Court Opinion

ID: 9539194
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 11:09:19.840936+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:58:36.031768
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued August 3, 2023

                                      In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                      For The

                          First District of Texas
                           ————————————
                               NO. 01-22-00652-CV
                            ———————————
  VERONICA RODRIGUEZ AND JEANETTE RODRIGUEZ, Appellants
                                         V.
      JOSE JUAN REYES AND ALMA CANALES REYES, Appellees

                    On Appeal from the 333rd District Court
                             Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 2022-33300

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      This interlocutory appeal arises from the trial court’s order denying a

temporary injunction to enjoin a foreclosure sale of a residential property. For the

reasons discussed below, we affirm the trial court’s order.
                                  BACKGROUND

      The relevant facts are undisputed. In 2009, appellant Jeanette Rodriguez

bought a residential property, secured by a deed of trust, from the appellees, Jose

Juan Reyes and Alma Canales Reyes. Under the deed of trust, Jeanette is the

borrower and the grantor, and the appellees are the lenders and the beneficiaries. The

deed of trust requires the beneficiaries—the appellants—to give notice of default:

             If Grantor defaults on the note or fails to perform any of
      Grantor’s obligations or if default occurs on a prior lien note or other
      instrument, and the default continues after Beneficiary gives Grantor
      notice of the default and the time within which it must be cured, as may
      be required by law or by written agreement, then Beneficiary may . . .
      request Trustee to foreclose this lien, in which case Beneficiary’s agent
      shall give notice of the foreclosure sale as provided by the Texas
      Property Code as then amended . . . . (emphasis added)
      Jeanette and her mother, appellant Veronica Rodriguez, lived together at the

property for a few years until Jeanette moved to the house next door. Veronica still

lives at the property. Although only Jeanette signed the deed of trust, Veronica was

the one making payments under the note. Veronica defaulted on her loan payments

in August 2021.

      The appellees appointed their attorney, Bernardo Garcia, as the substitute

trustee under the deed of trust in March 2022. A month later, Garcia sent Veronica

and Jeanette a notice of default and intent to accelerate the loan. The letter stated:

            This Law Firm represent[s] Jose Juan Reyes and wife, Alma
      Canales Reyes, hereinafter referred to as “Lenders[.]”[]

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            One or more defaults have occurred under the Note and Deed of
      Trust because all of the monthly installments of Principal, Interest and
      Escrow that are due and payable by the terms of the Note and the Deed
      of Trust, have not been received.
            Accordingly, as counsel for Lender and on behalf of Lender,
      notice of and demand is hereby made for payment of (i) all due and
      unpaid installments of principal, interest, and escrow; (ii) accrued and
      unpaid late fees; and (iii) attorney’s fees, as itemized below.

      Garcia later sent Veronica and Jeanette a notice of acceleration of the loan and

notice of a nonjudicial foreclosure sale of the property, scheduled to take place June

7, 2022. Veronica and Jeanette filed this lawsuit asserting breach of contract,

requesting a declaratory judgment that the substitute trustee acted improperly and

that the loan was improperly accelerated, and requesting a temporary restraining

order and temporary injunction to enjoin the scheduled foreclosure sale. The trial

court issued a temporary restraining order and set the temporary injunction for

hearing two weeks later.

      After the hearing, the trial court denied the temporary injunction. Veronica

and Jeanette filed this interlocutory appeal.

                                   DISCUSSION

      Veronica and Jeanette argue the trial court erred in denying the temporary

injunction. They argue they have evidence that the appellees violated a foreclosure

statute by having the substitute trustee send the required default notice. Because

strict compliance with foreclosure statutes is necessary for a valid foreclosure sale,

Veronica and Jeanette argue a future foreclosure sale based on that default notice
                                           3
would be void. Therefore, Veronica and Jeanette argue, the appellees should be

enjoined from conducting the foreclosure sale.

                              Temporary Injunction

                                Standard of Review

      The purpose of a temporary injunction is “to preserve the status quo of the

litigation’s subject matter pending a trial on the merits.” Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co.,

84 S.W.3d 198, 204 (Tex. 2002). The “status quo” is the “last, actual, peaceable,

non-contested status which preceded the pending controversy.” Clint Indep. Sch.

Dist. v. Marquez, 487 S.W.3d 538, 555 (Tex. 2016) (quoting In re Newton, 146

S.W.3d 648, 651 (Tex. 2004) (orig. proceeding)). “A temporary injunction is an

extraordinary remedy and does not issue as a matter of right.” Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d

at 204. To obtain a temporary injunction, the applicant must plead and prove: “(1) a

cause of action against the defendant; (2) a probable right to the relief sought; and

(3) a probable, imminent, and irreparable injury in the interim.” Id. To show a

probable right to the relief sought, the applicant does not need to offer evidence

proving she will prevail on the merits; she need only “plead a cause of action and

present some evidence that tends to sustain it.” Stewart Beach Condo. Homeowners

Ass’n, Inc. v. Gili N Prop Invs., LLC, 481 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2015, no pet.) (quoting Intercontinental Terminals Co., LLC v. Vopak N.

Am., Inc., 354 S.W.3d 887, 897 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.)).

                                          4
“The evidence must be sufficient to raise a bona fide issue as to the applicant’s right

to ultimate relief.” Id. (quoting Intercontinental Terminals, 354 S.W.3d at 897).

Particularly, to obtain a temporary injunction to enjoin a foreclosure, the applicant

“must establish a probable right to recovery based on a lienholder’s wrongful attempt

to foreclose.” Alpha Adventure Ranch at Nocona, LLC v. Warrior Golf Mgmt., LLC,

No. 02-19-00030-CV, 2019 WL 6768123, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 12,

2019, no pet.) (mem. op.).

      We review a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a temporary injunction for

an abuse of discretion.1 Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 204. “A trial court abuses its

discretion when it acts with disregard of guiding rules or principles or when it acts

in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner.” In re Acad., Ltd., 625 S.W.3d 19, 25 (Tex.

2021) (orig. proceeding). We may not substitute our judgment for that of the trial

court. Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 204. We review the evidence submitted to the trial

court in the light most favorable to its ruling, drawing all legitimate inferences from

the evidence and deferring to the trial court’s resolution of any conflicting evidence.

Shor v. Pelican Oil & Gas Mgmt., LLC, 405 S.W.3d 737, 748 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.).

1
      Appellate courts have jurisdiction to review a trial court’s interlocutory order
      granting or refusing a temporary injunction. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
      § 51.014(a)(4).
                                          5
                                    Applicable Law

      Chapter 51 of the Property Code governs nonjudicial foreclosure sales under

a deed of trust. See TEX. PROP. CODE §§ 51.0001–51.016. A trustee is the person

authorized to exercise the power of sale, and the beneficiary under a deed of trust

may appoint a substitute trustee to succeed to all powers and duties of the original

trustee. Id. §§ 51.0001(7), (8), 51.0075–76.

      The trustee or substitute trustee is a “special agent” for both the beneficiary

and the grantor under the deed of trust and must act “with absolute impartiality and

with fairness to all concerned” when conducting a foreclosure sale. Powell v. Stacy,

117 S.W.3d 70, 74 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). Section 51.0074(b) of

the Property Code prohibits a trustee or substitute trustee from being assigned any

duty under a deed of trust other than to exercise the power of sale in accordance with

the terms of the deed of trust. TEX. PROP. CODE § 51.0074(b).

      The trustee or substitute trustee must strictly comply with the terms of the

deed of trust and all applicable statutes to lawfully foreclose on a property.2 See

Univ. Sav. Ass’n v. Springwoods Shopping Ctr., 644 S.W.2d 705, 706 (Tex. 1982)

2
      Section 51.002(d) of the Property Code imposes certain requirements for sending a
      default notice, but those requirements only apply when the property is the debtor’s
      residence. Parker v. Frost Nat’l Bank of San Antonio, 852 S.W.2d 741, 745 (Tex.
      App.—Austin 1993, writ dism’d by agr.). Jeanette, the only debtor under the deed
      of trust, no longer lives at the property, so Section 51.002(d)’s requirements do not
      apply here.
                                            6
(“Texas courts have consistently held that the terms set out in a deed of trust must

be strictly followed.”); Houston First Am. Sav. v. Musick, 650 S.W.2d 764, 768 (Tex.

1983) (“Compliance with the notice condition contained in the deed of trust and as

prescribed by law is a prerequisite to the right of the trustee to make the sale.”); see

also Stephenson v. LeBoeuf, 16 S.W.3d 829, 836 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2000, pet. denied) (“The powers conferred upon a trustee in a deed of trust must be

strictly followed.”).

      But a minor defect in an otherwise valid foreclosure proceeding does not void

the entire proceeding. Hemyari v. Stephens, 355 S.W.3d 623, 628 (Tex. 2011) (per

curiam) (defect in signature line of deed of trust did not void foreclosure sale);

Powell, 117 S.W.3d at 74 (trustee’s default notice stating incorrect amount due did

not void foreclosure sale). A minor defect relating to a notice required under a deed

of trust does not void a foreclosure sale when the borrower has actual notice and

there is no prejudice or harm resulting from the defect. See Jasper Fed. Sav. & Loan

Ass’n v. Reddell, 730 S.W.2d 672, 675 (Tex. 1987) (failure to inform borrower of

right to reinstate, as required by deed of trust, did not void foreclosure when

borrowers had actual notice of right to reinstate); Univ. Sav. Ass’n, 644 S.W.2d at

706 (failure to record substitute trustee appointment before foreclosure sale did not

void foreclosure sale conducted by substitute trustee when borrower had actual

notice of substitute trustee’s substitution and identity); MMM 410 Bar & Grill, LLC

                                           7
v. Fong, No. 04-18-00156-CV, 2018 WL 5018767, at *3 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

Oct. 17, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (failure to send required default notice to address

stated in deed of trust would not have voided foreclosure sale when borrowers had

actual knowledge of default notice, in temporary-injunction appeal). If the defect

affects notice to the public about the foreclosure sale, however, strict compliance

must be observed because one of the purposes of Section 51.002 is to “adequately

inform the third party public in order to maximize the likelihood of a profitable

public sale at market value.” Jasper Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 730 S.W.2d at 674–

75; see also Villa v. Villa, 664 S.W.3d 415, 419 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2023, no pet.)

(voiding foreclosure sale because public notice of foreclosure sale was posted and

filed 20 days before sale instead of 21 days required by statute and deed of trust).

                                      Analysis

      Veronica and Jeanette argue the trial court abused its discretion in denying

their request for a temporary injunction to enjoin the foreclosure sale because the

appellees violated Section 51.0074(b) of the Property Code by assigning the

substitute trustee a duty other than exercising the power of sale. Veronica and

Jeannette argue the appellees assigned to Garcia the duty of sending the default

notice required by the deed of trust. This violation, Veronica and Jeanette argue,

shows the appellees did not strictly comply with the statute, and any foreclosure sale

resulting from this default notice would be void. Thus, Veronica and Jeanette argue,

                                          8
they can show a probable right to the relief they seek, and the trial court should have

granted the temporary injunction.

      Even assuming the appellees violated Section 51.0074(b) by assigning the

substitute trustee an additional duty, Veronica and Jeanette have not shown a

probable right to the relief they seek because they have not shown a resulting

foreclosure sale would be void. Veronica and Jeanette do not argue the default notice

was itself deficient. Nor do they dispute that the loan is in default or that they actually

received the default notice and notice of acceleration3 Garcia sent them; thus, they

had actual notice. They have not shown any prejudice or harm resulting from their

receiving the default notice from the substitute trustee rather than from the appellees

themselves. This minor defect, when they had actual notice and suffered no prejudice

or harm, would not void a foreclosure sale. See Jasper Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 730

S.W.2d at 675; Univ. Sav. Ass’n, 644 S.W.2d at 706; MMM 410 Bar & Grill, 2018

WL 5018767, at *3.

      We further note that the default notice indicates Garcia sent the letter on behalf

of appellees: “This Law Firm represent[s] Jose Juan Reyes and wife, Alma Canales

Reyes, hereinafter referred to as ‘Lenders[.]’” To the extent Veronica and Jeanette

argue the substitute trustee’s sending the default notice on behalf of the appellees

3
      In the trial court, Veronica and Jeanette also argued that the appellees improperly
      accelerated the loan, but they have not raised this issue on appeal, so we do not
      consider it here.
                                            9
violated his duty to act with impartiality and fairness, a substitute trustee does not

breach this duty by also representing a lender or beneficiary in his capacity as an

attorney. Powell, 117 S.W.3d at 74 (holding substitute trustee did not breach his duty

of fairness and impartiality by also representing lender as attorney and sending

required notices of default). Nothing in these facts suggests that a foreclosure sale

would be unfair or void because Veronica and Jeanette received the required default

notice from Garcia rather than from the appellees themselves. Though we have

found no case addressing this specific issue of a trustee or substitute trustee sending

a notice required to be sent by the lender or mortgage servicer, some cases mention

in passing a trustee or substitute trustee sending a required notice and find no fault

with the practice. See, e.g., Jasper Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 730 S.W.2d at 673

(noting that substitute trustee sent notice to borrowers informing them that their

account was past due); Terra XXI, Ltd. v. Harmon, 279 S.W.3d 781, 784, 787 (Tex.

App.—Amarillo 2007, pet. denied) (explaining that lender, believing borrowers had

defaulted on their loan, “contacted Harmon to act as its trustee for foreclosure

proceedings” and, “[i]n furtherance of the foreclosure, Harmon sent notice to”

borrowers); Benitez v. Perales, No. 01-00-00211-CV, 2002 WL 1981189, at *1

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 29, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for

publication) (noting that trustee sent borrower notice of default).

                                          10
      Even if the appellees violated Section 51.0074, which we do not determine on

this interlocutory appeal, Veronica and Jeanette have not shown that this violation,

based on receiving the required default notice from the substitute trustee rather than

from the appellees themselves, would void a resulting foreclosure sale. Veronica and

Jeanette received actual notice and did not suffer any harm or prejudice from the

defect. See Jasper Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 730 S.W.2d at 675 Univ. Sav. Ass’n, 644

S.W.2d at 706; MMM 410 Bar & Grill, 2018 WL 5018767, at *3. Thus, they have

not shown a probable right to the relief they seek, and the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in denying the temporary injunction. See Butnaru, 84 S.W.3d at 204.

      We overrule Veronica and Jeanette’s sole issue.

                                Appellate Sanctions

      The appellees have requested that we award them damages because Veronica

and Jeanette have pursued a frivolous appeal.

      Rule 45 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure authorizes an appellate

court to award a prevailing party “just damages” for “frivolous” appeals. TEX. R.

APP. P. 45; Smith v. Brown, 51 S.W.3d 376, 380 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2001, pet. denied). In objectively determining whether an appeal is frivolous, we

view the record from the advocate’s viewpoint and ask whether the advocate had

reasonable grounds to believe the judgment could be reversed. Smith, 51 S.W.3d at

381. We exercise prudence and caution and carefully deliberate before awarding

                                         11
appellate sanctions. Id. Rule 45 does not require us to award damages in every case

in which an appeal is frivolous. R. Hassell Builders, Inc. v. Texan Floor Serv., Ltd.,

546 S.W.3d 816, 833 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. dism’d). Instead,

the decision to award damages falls within our discretion, and we will impose such

damages only under egregious circumstances. Id.; Durham v. Zarcades, 270 S.W.3d

708, 720 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.).

      We decline the appellees’ request for damages under Rule 45.

                                  CONCLUSION

      We affirm the trial court’s order denying the temporary injunction.

                                              Gordon Goodman
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Justices Goodman, Landau, and Rivas-Molloy.

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