Court Opinion

ID: 4509247
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-02-21 05:01:29.686592+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:12:03.588519
License: Public Domain

T.C. Memo. 2020-26

                       UNITED STATES TAX COURT

         ROCK BORDELON AND TORIE BORDELON,1 Petitioners v.
          COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

     Docket Nos. 19031-13, 27735-13,            Filed February 20, 2020.
                 11905-14.

           P-H was in the healthcare business in the years at issue
     (2008-11). He owned H Corp. (which provided hospital management
     services) and M LLC, which he formed to purchase and own a
     hospital in Louisiana. To make that purchase, in 2008 P-H borrowed
     Loan 1 (a USDA development loan) from Bank 1 and listed M LLC
     and H Corp. as the borrowers. He executed a note on the borrowers’
     behalf, listed the hospital and its equipment as collateral, and
     executed a personal guarantee (required by the USDA) for Loan 1.

           For Federal tax purposes, M LLC was a disregarded entity, and
     P-H reported its income and expenses on Schedule C, “Profit or Loss
     From Business”, of his return for each year at issue. For 2008 and
     2009, Ps reported net losses and claimed deductions attributable to

     1
       Three cases are consolidated here: Rock Bordelon and Torie Bordelon,
docket Nos. 19031-13 and 27735-13; and Rock Bordelon, docket No. 11905-14.
                                        -2-

[*2] M LLC; and for 2010 and 2011, P-H reported net profits attributable
     to M LLC.

             P-H also owned a 90% interest in K LLC, which owned and
      operated a hospital in Texas. K LLC had substantial losses in 2008,
      about $14,000 of income allocable to P-H in 2009, and $0 of income
      in each of 2010 and 2011. In 2011 K LLC obtained Loan 2 from
      Bank 2, which required P-H’s personal guarantee. P-H was the sole
      guarantor and the only member of K LLC bearing personal liability
      for Loan 2. K LLC was treated as a partnership for Federal tax
      purposes and reported its income and expenses on Form 1065, “U.S.
      Return of Partnership Income”. For 2008 P-H claimed deductions for
      his share of K LLC’s losses as reported on Schedule E,
      “Supplemental Income and Loss”, of his return for 2008.

            Loan 1 and Loan 2 were both substantially collateralized, and it
      was possible but not likely that P-H would have to make payments
      pursuant to his guarantees.

             R issued notices of deficiency for the years at issue and
      determined that: (1) for 2008 P-H failed to establish amounts “at
      risk” under I.R.C. sec. 465 to entitle him to deduct losses related to
      M LLC and (2) under I.R.C. sec. 704(d) P-H had an insufficient basis
      in K LLC to deduct related losses for 2008, and P-H failed to
      establish amounts at risk under I.R.C. sec. 465 to entitle him to deduct
      losses related to K LLC. Ps concede the 2008 disallowance as to
      K LLC but contend that: (1) P-H’s personal guarantee of Loan 1
      satisfies I.R.C. sec. 465 to allow him to deduct losses related to
      M LLC for 2008 and (2) P-H’s personal guarantee of Loan 2
      increased his basis in K LLC to allow him to deduct for 2011 the
      suspended losses disallowed for 2008. At trial R added the
      contention that P-H was not sufficiently at risk to be able to deduct
      those losses.

             Held: P-H’s personal guarantee of Loan 1 established
      sufficient amounts at risk under I.R.C. sec. 465 to entitle him to
      deduct the losses related to M LLC for 2008.
                                            -3-

[*3]          Held, further, P-H’s personal guarantee of Loan 2 increased his
       basis in K LLC under I.R.C. sec. 704(d) and established amounts at
       risk under I.R.C. sec. 465 sufficient to entitle him to deduct for 2011
       his share of suspended losses disallowed for 2008.

       Ray C. Mayo, Jr., for petitioners.

       Edwin B. Cleverdon, for respondent.

             MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

       GUSTAFSON, Judge: The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) determined

deficiencies in income tax of petitioners, Rock Bordelon and Torie Bordelon, for

2008 and 2009 and accuracy-related penalties under section 6662(a)2 for both

years. The IRS also determined deficiencies in income tax of petitioner Rock

Bordelon for 2010 and 2011, accuracy-related penalties for both years, and an

addition to tax under section 6651(a)(1) for 2010. The determinations were as

follows:

       2
       Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal
Revenue Code (26 U.S.C.), as amended, in effect at all relevant times, and all Rule
references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Some dollar
amounts are rounded in this opinion; and where they are, the precise amounts
appear in the record and are not disputed.
                                        -4-

[*4]                                           Addition to tax      Penalty
       Docket No.      Year      Deficiency    sec. 6651(a)(1)    sec. 6662(a)

       19031-13        2008      $1,236,414          ---          $247,282.80
       27735-13        2009       1,631,644          ---           326.328.80
       11905-14        2010       1,183,209      $59,160.45        236,641.80
       11905-14        2011       1,350,716          ---           270,143.20

Pursuant to section 6212(a), the IRS timely mailed statutory notices of deficiency

for the determinations, and the Bordelons timely filed petitions under section

6213(a) for redetermination of the deficiencies, addition to tax, and penalties.

       After concessions by the parties,3 the remaining issues for decision are:

(1) whether for 2008 (or a subsequent year) Mr. Bordelon was “at risk” for

purposes of section 465 to the extent of almost $1 million of loss deductions he

claimed related to Allegiance Hospital of Many, LLC (“Many LLC”) (we hold that

he was “at risk” for such amount in 2008); (2) whether Mr. Bordelon’s basis in

Allegiance Specialty Hospital of Kilgore, LLC (“Kilgore LLC”), increased in 2011

(we hold that it did); and (3) whether Mr. Bordelon was “at risk” for purposes of

section 465 with respect to Kilgore LLC, thus entitling him to claim for that year a

       3
        The parties have stipulated that: (1) Mr. Bordelon is liable for the addition
to tax under section 6651(a)(1) for taxable year 2010; (2) for taxable year 2008,
the adjustment for bad debt deduction is $1,188,109; and (3) neither of the
Bordelons is liable for the accuracy-related penalties for any of the years at issue.
                                          -5-

[*5] corresponding deduction for partnership losses carried forward from 2008

(we hold that he was).

                                FINDINGS OF FACT

      The Bordelons resided in Louisiana when they filed their petitions. For

2008 and 2009, the Bordelons properly filed their Forms 1040, “U.S. Individual

Income Tax Return”, as married filing jointly. For 2010 and 2011 Mr. Bordelon

filed his own separate Forms 1040.

Allegiance Health Management, Inc.

      During the years at issue Mr. Bordelon was in the healthcare business, from

which he provided the couple’s primary source of income. As part of his business,

Mr. Bordelon owned a medical services company, Allegiance Health

Management, Inc. (“AHM”), in Louisiana. AHM provided management services

to hospitals, outpatient facilities, rehabilitation facilities, and medical clinics. For

Federal tax purposes, AHM was a C corporation during 2008 and 2009 and an

S corporation beginning in 2010. Mr. Bordelon directly owned 100% of AHM

during the relevant years.

Allegiance Hospital of Many, LLC

      In addition to AHM, Mr. Bordelon owned Many LLC, which he formed in

2008 to purchase and own a hospital in Many, Louisiana (“the Many Hospital”).
                                        -6-

[*6] Many LLC was a single-member limited liability company (“LLC”) that was

subject to Louisiana law for State law purposes and was treated as a disregarded

entity for Federal tax purposes during the relevant years. Mr. Bordelon directly

owned 100% of Many LLC during the relevant years.

      In July 2008 Mr. Bordelon used Many LLC and AHM to purchase the Many

Hospital for $9.9 million. He funded the purchase using an agricultural

development loan (“the Many Loan”) obtained from Union Bank in Louisiana.

Union Bank granted the Many Loan under a U.S. Department of Agriculture and

Rural Development (“USDARD”) lending program that provided banks with a

Government guarantee on loans for certain development projects; however, as a

condition for such loans, the USDARD required borrowers to execute personal

guarantees for the full loan amount, $9.9 million in this instance.

      The Many Loan was structured so that Many LLC and AHM were listed as

the co-borrowers. On July 15, 2008, Mr. Bordelon executed a corresponding

promissory note on behalf of Many LLC and AHM that reflected a payment

schedule over 347 months, a maturity date of July 15, 2037, and collateral

consisting of the Many Hospital facilities and equipment. Mr. Bordelon also

executed the USDARD’s required personal guarantee that made him directly liable
                                       -7-

[*7] to Union Bank for the full amount of the Many Loan and any amounts due for

as long as the Many Loan was outstanding.

      The guarantee created strict obligations for Mr. Bordelon regardless of any

obligations of the borrowers (Many LLC and AHM). Under the terms of the

personal guarantee, Union Bank was not required to seek payment from any other

source before demanding payment from Mr. Bordelon. The guarantee also clearly

stated that the USDARD was “not a co-guarantor” on the Many Loan and that

Mr. Bordelon had “no right of contribution” from the USDARD with respect to

the guarantee. Furthermore, the guarantee provided that if the USDARD paid any

amounts on the Many Loan to Union Bank, those amounts would become a

Federal debt owed by Mr. Bordelon and subject to all remedies the USDARD

could employ to recover the debt. There were no other guarantors to the Many

Loan, and it remained outstanding through the years at issue.

Allegiance Specialty Hospital of Kilgore, LLC

      During the relevant years, Mr. Bordelon also owned a 90.2% interest in

Kilgore LLC, which owned and operated a hospital in Kilgore, Texas. The
                                        -8-

[*8] remaining interests were owned by an LLC and an individual.4 Kilgore LLC

was treated as a partnership for Federal tax purposes.

      Kilgore LLC was not profitable during the years at issue: It incurred

substantial losses in 2008, earned less than $16,000 of income in 2009, and earned

zero income in 2010 and 2011. On February 18, 2011, Kilgore LLC borrowed

$550,000 (“the Kilgore Loan”) from Home Federal Bank (“HFB”) in Shreveport,

Louisiana. The Kilgore Loan required 36 monthly payments, beginning in March

2011, and had a maturity date of February 18, 2014. On Kilgore LLC’s behalf,

Mr. Bordelon executed the loan and a corresponding promissory note with HFB.

The note secured the debt with possessory collateral, including petitioners’

residence in Louisiana, accounts receivable of Kilgore LLC, and a continuing

security interest in amounts Kilgore LLC had or may have on deposit with HFB.

      Mr. Bordelon also personally guaranteed the Kilgore Loan on February 18,

2011. Mr. Bordelon’s guarantee of the Kilgore Loan was an absolute and

unconditional guarantee of performance under the loan, entitling HFB to enforce

its rights against Mr. Bordelon without proceeding against any other obligor on

      4
       The parties have not alleged nor do we perceive any issues as to whether
any of the adjustments in dispute here might be “partnership items” under
section 6231(a)(3), which under section 6221 are “determined at the partnership
level” and over which we might not have jurisdiction in this deficiency case.
                                       -9-

[*9] the underlying indebtedness. Mr. Bordelon’s liability under the guarantee

was unlimited and his obligations continuing. There were no other guarantors to

the Kilgore Loan, and no other member of Kilgore LLC was personally liable for

the debt. The debt remained outstanding at the end of 2011.5

Tax returns

      For each year at issue, Mr. Bordelon reported the income and expenses of

Many LLC on a Schedule C, “Profit or Loss From Business”. For 2008 he

reported a net loss--and claimed a corresponding deduction--of about $1.6 million

related to Many LLC. For 2009 he reported a net loss--and claimed a

corresponding deduction--of $176,000 related to Many LLC. For 2010 he

reported a net profit of about $191,000 related to Many LLC. For 2011 he

reported a net profit of $1.97 million related to Many LLC.

      For each year at issue, Kilgore LLC reported its income and expenses on

Form 1065, “U.S. Return of Partnership Income”. For 2008 Mr. Bordelon

reported losses of $2.7 million, of which roughly $2.2 million related to Kilgore

      5
        The Commissioner argues that nothing in the record clearly shows the
Kilgore Loan was still outstanding at the end of 2011, and a document that
petitioners offered as evidence of a 2014 renewal of the 2011 guarantee had
discrepancies that made the connection unclear. However, the maturity date on
the promissory note is February 18, 2014, on a 36-month payment schedule. No
indication of prepayment appears in the record, and we are satisfied that the
Kilgore Loan and guarantee remained outstanding at the end of 2011.
                                        - 10 -

[*10] LLC, on Schedule E, “Supplemental Income and Loss”, and claimed

corresponding deductions. For 2009 he reported about $14,000 of income and

zero income or loss for 2010 or 2011.

IRS examinations and SNODs

      For each year at issue, the IRS reviewed the return, determined a deficiency,

and timely mailed a statutory notice of deficiency (“SNOD”) to petitioners.

      The SNOD for 2008 disallowed, among other things, almost $1 million of

Mr. Bordelon’s $1.6 million claimed loss deductions related to Many LLC on the

grounds that he had not demonstrated that he was “at risk” to the extent of the

reported loss. The IRS also disallowed the deductions claimed for the Schedule E

losses related to Kilgore LLC for 2008 on the grounds that Mr. Bordelon did not

have a sufficient adjusted basis in that entity to claim the deductions. (The IRS

did not determine, and does not contend here, that Many LLC and Kilgore LLC

did not actually incur the expenses underlying those losses. Rather, the only

dispute is Mr. Bordelon’s entitlement to deductions for those losses under the

at-risk and basis-limitation rules.)

      The Bordelons timely filed petitions in this Court. The parties have settled

various issues raised in the SNODs and the petitions, and the only issues

remaining involve: (1) Mr. Bordelon’s amount at risk related to Many LLC for
                                        - 11 -

[*11] 2008, (2) his basis in Kilgore LLC for 2011, and (3) his amount at risk

related to Kilgore LLC for 2011.

                                      OPINION

      The Commissioner’s determinations in a notice of deficiency are presumed

correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving them erroneous. Welch v.

Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933); see also Rule 142(a). The taxpayer also

bears the burden of proving his entitlement to any deduction claimed. New

Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435, 440 (1934). If, in any court

proceeding, the taxpayer puts forth credible evidence with respect to any factual

issue relevant to ascertaining the liability of the taxpayer, the burden of proof

shifts to the Commissioner. Sec. 7491(a)(1). When each party has satisfied its

burden of production, then the party supported by the weight of the evidence will

prevail, and thus a shift in the burden of proof has real significance only in the

event of an evidentiary tie. See Knudsen v. Commissioner, 131 T.C. 185, 189

(2008), supplementing T.C. Memo. 2007-340.

      We do not perceive an evidentiary tie in these cases and are able to decide

the remaining issues on the preponderance of the evidence. The issues for

decision are: (1) whether the personal guarantee that Mr. Bordelon executed in

2008 left him “at risk” under section 465 to the extent of $998,975 of loss
                                       - 12 -

[*12] deductions related to Many LLC for 2008; (2) whether the personal

guarantee that Mr. Bordelon executed in 2011 increased his basis in Kilgore LLC

under section 704(d) to allow him to deduct $550,000 of suspended losses related

to Kilgore LLC from 2008; and (3) whether he had sufficient amounts at risk

under section 465 with respect to the Kilgore Loan to be entitled to deduct those

losses.6

I.    Whether Mr. Bordelon was sufficiently at risk for the Many Loan in 2008

      For 2008 Mr. Bordelon claimed loss deductions related to Many LLC. The

Commissioner has not challenged whether Many LLC incurred expenses in

connection with a trade or business, but rather, whether in 2008 Mr. Bordelon was

“at risk” for purposes of section 465 to the extent of $998,975 of such deductions.

Consequently, Mr. Bordelon bears the burden to show that he was at risk for the

Many Loan.

      A.     Section 465 principles

             1.    General rule

      For certain taxpayers (including individuals and certain closely held

corporations) who are engaged in certain activities (including each activity

      6
      As for the burden of proof on the Commissioner’s contention that
Mr. Bordelon was not at risk with respect to the Kilgore Loan, see note 15 below.
                                        - 13 -

[*13] engaged in by the taxpayer in carrying on a trade or business or for the

production of income), section 465 generally limits loss deductions to the amount

for which the taxpayer is considered “at risk”. Sec. 465(a), (c)(3)(A). If losses are

disallowed under section 465, then the losses are suspended and carried forward to

the first succeeding taxable year (subject to the same “at risk” limitations) or to

each year thereafter until the losses can be deducted.7 Sec. 465(a)(2).

             2.     Amounts at risk

      A taxpayer’s amount at risk for an activity generally includes: “(A) the

amount of money and the adjusted basis of other property contributed by the

taxpayer to the activity, and (B) amounts borrowed with respect to such activity”.

Sec. 465(b)(1). Amounts borrowed are considered to be at risk only to the extent

that the taxpayer: “(A) is personally liable for the repayment of such amounts, or

(B) has pledged property, other than property used in such activity, as security for

such borrowed amount (to the extent of the net fair market value of the taxpayer’s

      7
        For the Many LLC loss deductions, Mr. Bordelon argued alternatively that
if those deductions were disallowed for 2008, then a portion of them could be
claimed for 2010 and 2011 corresponding with the Many LLC profits for those
years (which increased Mr. Bordelon’s basis in Many LLC). The Commissioner
did not dispute Mr. Bordelon’s entitlement to this lesser alternative relief; but
since we hold that Mr. Bordelon was sufficiently at risk to claim the disallowed
losses for 2008, the Commissioner’s implicit concession of the alternative
argument has no effect on the outcome here.
                                        - 14 -

[*14] interest in such property).” Sec. 465(b)(2) (emphasis added). Furthermore,

“a taxpayer shall not be considered at risk with respect to amounts protected

against loss through nonrecourse financing, guarantees, stop loss agreements, or

other similar arrangements.” Sec. 465(b)(4) (emphasis added).

             3.     Recapture

      The at-risk rules include provisions for amounts previously deducted as

losses to be recaptured as income in subsequent years when the amounts no longer

remain at risk, i.e., when the amount at risk falls below zero. Sec. 465(e). For

example, if a taxpayer is considered to be at risk to the extent of $1,000 in year 1

on account of debt for which he was liable, and if he therefore deducts $1,000 of

losses for year 1, then the taxpayer’s amount at risk would be reduced from $1,000

to zero at risk for year 2. If the loan were thereafter forgiven (or paid off by

someone else), and if the taxpayer’s original $1,000 worth of risk were therefore

eliminated in year 2, then the taxpayer’s amount at risk would fall to a negative

amount: !$1,000. In that instance the taxpayer would be required to report the

deficit as income for year 2, restoring equilibrium to the taxpayer’s at-risk

universe. (The recaptured amount is then added to any disallowed losses being

carried forward, for eventual deduction when the activity produces income or

when the at-risk amount increases.) In effect, these recapture rules help to protect
                                         - 15 -

[*15] against evasion of the at-risk rules by means of manufactured tax benefits

that do not reflect economic reality.

      B.     Application to the Many Loan

      With regard to the Many LLC deductions, the Commissioner contends that

the personal guarantee that Mr. Bordelon executed in 2008 did not actually put

him at risk to the extent of the disallowed deductions. The personal guarantee

would qualify under section 465(b)(1)(B), if at all, only as an “amount[]

borrowed”. Thus, Mr. Bordelon must show: (1) that he was “personally liable”

under section 465(b)(2)(A) for the Many Loan and (2) that he was not “protected

against loss” under section 465(b)(4).

             1.    “Personally liable”

      Section 465 does not specifically address whether a guarantor is considered

“personally liable” (and therefore potentially “at risk”) for amounts borrowed, but

opinions in other cases construing section 465 have determined that some

guarantees do result in personal liability. As a general matter, we have held that

merely executing a guarantee is insufficient to establish personal liability for

purposes of section 465(b)(2)(A). See Brand v. Commissioner, 81 T.C. 821, 828

(1983). The reason is that in the case of a typical guarantee, if the guarantor were

required to pay on the underlying debt, the guarantor would generally be entitled
                                        - 16 -

[*16] to seek reimbursement from the primary obligor; and in Brand we held that

in such circumstances “Congress did not intend that a guarantor of a loan is

personally liable for repayment of the loan within the meaning of section

465(b)(2)(A).” Id.

      However, not all guarantees are created equal; and as we acknowledged in

Abramson v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 360, 376 (1986), when a guarantor is directly

liable on a debt and there is no primary obligor bearing recourse liability for the

debt, then the guarantor would not have any meaningful right to reimbursement

and would thus be ultimately liable for the debt. Indeed, under those

circumstances a guarantor’s liability could clearly be distinguished from that in

Brand v. Commissioner, 81 T.C. 828, and would amount to personal liability for

purposes of section 465(b)(2)(A). Abramson v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 376; see

also Thornock v. Commissioner, 94 T.C. 439, 452-453 (1990).

      Accordingly, a guarantor’s personal liability for purposes of section

465(b)(2)(A) depends on whether or not the guarantor has the ultimate liability for

the debt.8 See Melvin v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 63, 75 (1987), aff’d, 894 F.2d
8
       The “ultimate liability” analysis used to determine personal liability under
section 465(b)(2)(A) is distinct from the “realistic possibility of economic loss”
analysis used to determine protection against loss under section 465(b)(4)
discussed below in part I.B.2 of this opinion.
                                        - 17 -

[*17] 1072 (9th Cir. 1990). To answer that question, we consider the “worst-case

scenario” and then identify the “obligor of last resort” based on the substance of

the transaction. Id. We ask: If there are no funds to repay the debt and all of the

assets of the activity or business are worthless, to whom would the creditor look

for repayment? See id.

      In these cases we are persuaded that Mr. Bordelon bore the “ultimate

liability” with respect to the Many Loan, satisfying the requirements of section

465(b)(2)(A). In 2008 Mr. Bordelon obtained a $9.9 million loan through two of

his wholly owned entities, Many LLC and AHM. The loan was part of a

USDARD lending program that required Mr. Bordelon to personally guarantee the

full amount of the loan, and he executed the guarantee in 2008. There were no

other guarantors to the loan. The guarantee created a direct liability against Mr.

Bordelon that would have permitted Union Bank to pursue him directly without

any action against Many LLC or AHM if either of them defaulted on the loan.

The only other viable option for Union Bank to pursue in the event of Many

LLC’s or AHM’s default would have been to seek loss payments from the

USDARD through its lending program, in which case Mr. Bordelon would have

incurred a Federal debt obligation subject to the full recourse actions available to

the U.S. Government for any such payments. In either case, Mr. Bordelon most
                                       - 18 -

[*18] certainly would have been ultimately liable for the debt, either to Union

Bank or to the USDARD.

      The Commissioner argues that “[u]nder Louisiana law, a member of an LLC

is not personally liable for the debts of the LLC. La. Rev. Stat. §§ 12:1-622.B,

12:1303.A.” We assume correct the Commissioner’s analysis of Louisiana law in

that a member of an LLC is not ordinarily liable for the debts of the LLC--nor is a

shareholder personally liable for debts of his corporation. See Bridges v.

AutoZone Props., Inc., 900 So. 2d 784, 797 (La. 2005). But Mr. Bordelon became

liable for Many LLC’s debt not because he was a member of the LLC but because

he executed a personal guarantee for that debt. See La. Civ. Code Ann. art. 3045

(2019); see also 8 La. Civ. L. Treatise, Business Organizations sec. 33:3 (2019).

      The Commissioner also argues that Mr. Bordelon was not personally liable

for purposes of section 465(b)(2)(A) because “Louisiana law provides that ‘A

surety who pays the creditor is entitled to reimbursement from the principal

obligor.’ La. Civ. Code. § 3049 (1988).” That is, the Commissioner asserts that,

if Mr. Bordelon made payments on the Many Loan, he then would have a right to

reimbursement from the primary obligors--Many LLC and AHM. To evaluate this

argument, however, we invoke the principle, stated above, that for purposes of

section 465(b)(2)(A), we presume the worst-case scenario--a circumstance in
                                        - 19 -

[*19] which the primary obligors (Many LLC and AHM) would be worthless and

thus unable to reimburse Mr. Bordelon for any amounts paid on account of his

guarantee.

        Moreover, even if we looked to Many LLC and AHM (whether or not

deemed defunct or insolvent) as the obligors responsible in form for any such

reimbursement, we cannot ignore the fact that Mr. Bordelon, as the sole owner of

Many LLC and AHM, would still bear the economic responsibility for such

reimbursement in substance. See Melvin v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 75 (“the

fact that the partnership or other partners remain in the ‘chain of liability’ should

not detract from the at-risk amount of the parties who do have the ultimate

liability”). In other words, any reimbursement to which Mr. Bordelon might

theoretically be entitled would be due to him from his own 100%-owned entity.

Mr. Bordelon would ultimately be paying the debt, and the fact that he might then

be entitled to seek reimbursement from himself would not render him any less at

risk.

        The Commissioner stresses that the Many Loan was substantially

collateralized, that it was not likely that Mr. Bordelon would ever be called on to

make payments pursuant to his guarantee, and that he did not in fact ever do so.

But these facts do not undermine his personal liability under section 465(b)(2)(A).
                                         - 20 -

[*20] The Commissioner does not cite any authority for the relevance of these

propositions, and the authorities that he does cite9 in the “at risk” analysis rely on

the “worst-case scenario”--a scenario in which the collateral is already deemed

insufficient to cover the liability--and do not consider whether a payment from the

guarantor was ever actually required or likely would be required.

      Thus, as to the Many Loan we find Mr. Bordelon “personally liable” for

purposes of section 465(b)(2)(A). We must next consider whether Mr. Bordelon

was “protected against loss” for purposes of section 465(b)(4).

             2.     “Protected against loss”

      Section 465(b)(4) states that “a taxpayer shall not be considered at risk with

respect to amounts protected against loss through nonrecourse financing,

guarantees, stop loss agreements, or other similar arrangements.” This Court’s

analysis for loss protection under section 465(b)(4) has been similar to the analysis

for personal liability under section 465(b)(2)(A). Under either paragraph, a

      9
        See Melvin v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 63, 75 (1987) (“The relevant
question is who, if anyone, will ultimately be obligated to pay the partnership’s
recourse obligations if the partnership is unable to do so. It is not relevant that the
partnership may be able to do so. The scenario that controls is the worst-case
scenario, not the best case”), aff’d, 894 F.2d 1072 (9th Cir. 1990); Tepper v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1991-402, 62 T.C.M. 505, 510 (1991) (“Under
the worst-case scenario, the assets of the partnership would be insufficient to
satisfy the loan obligation and the general partner would be unable to repay the
loan”).
                                        - 21 -

[*21] guarantor who had a right to reimbursement from a primary obligor is, as a

general rule, not considered to be at risk. See Melvin v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 63

(applying sec. 465(b)(4)); Brand v. Commissioner, 81 T.C. 821 (applying sec.

465(b)(2)(A)).

      In Brand v. Commissioner, 81 T.C. 828, we stated: “Since a guarantor is

entitled to reimbursement from the primary obligor, it is clear that Congress did

not intend that a guarantor of a loan is personally liable for repayment of the loan

within the meaning of section 465(b)(2)(A).” That case involved guarantees by

limited partners for amounts in excess of their initial capital contributions. Id. at

823-825. The primary obligor on the underlying debt was a limited partnership

that had a general partner with personal liability for partnership debts. We

determined that if a guarantor were required to pay an amount on the underlying

debt beyond his initial contribution, then he would have a right to reimbursement

from the general partner (i.e., a person with unlimited liability) and thus the

guarantor’s risk would be limited. See id. at 828.

      In Melvin v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 71, we stated: “Where a taxpayer’s

debt obligation constitutes only a secondary liability under which the taxpayer has

a right of reimbursement against the primary obligor, the taxpayer will not be

treated as at risk with respect to such an obligation. The taxpayer’s right of
                                        - 22 -

[*22] reimbursement from the primary obligor is regarded as a type of protection

against loss within the meaning of section 465(b)(4).” That case involved a

limited partnership in which there was no general partner who carried unlimited

personal liability for the debt at issue, because each limited partner executed a

separate agreement guaranteeing a pro rata portion of the underlying debt if the

partnership defaulted. Id. at 77. We determined that each guarantee was a definite

and fixed recourse obligation to reimburse a pro rata portion of the underlying

debt and thus any guarantor’s risk was limited because of the definite and fixed

right to reimbursement independent of the partnership’s success or failure. Id.

      In both Brand and Melvin, the guarantor’s right to reimbursement limited

the risk because the facts indicated a certainty as to the reimbursement, i.e., the

right to reimbursement was meaningful. Conversely, when a guarantor’s right to

reimbursement is against a primary obligor that has only limited liability (e.g., a

corporation or an LLC) and there is no definite or fixed recourse obligation for the

underlying debt, then the right to reimbursement is less meaningful and thus there

may indeed be risk.

      Accordingly, when evaluating a guarantor’s loss protections (including

reimbursements from primary obligors), we look at the facts and circumstances to

determine not only whether there is a right to the reimbursement but whether the
                                        - 23 -

[*23] substance of the right is meaningful. In other words, we must consider the

“realistic possibility” that the guarantor would ultimately be subject to “economic

loss” if called upon to make payments on account of the guarantee. See Levien v.

Commissioner, 103 T.C. 120, 126 (1994), aff’d without published opinion, 77
F.3d 497 (11th Cir. 1996); Miller v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2006-125,

91 T.C.M. 1267, 1276 (2006).

      We note that in these cases, the realistic-possibility analysis of protection

against loss under section 465(b)(4) is not contrary to or divergent from the worst-

case-scenario analysis we apply for purposes of determining personal liability

under section 465(b)(2)(A).10 Indeed, the tests may intuitively run together in a

      10
         Among the U.S. Courts of Appeals there has been a perceived split on the
appropriate framework for analyzing section 465(b)(4)--i.e., whether analyzing
“realistic possibility”, see, e.g., Waters v. Commissioner, 978 F.2d 1310, 1316 (2d
Cir. 1992), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1991-462; Young v. Commissioner, 926 F.2d 1083,
1089 (11th Cir. 1991), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1988-440 and T.C. Memo. 1988-525;
Moser v. Commissioner, 914 F.2d 1040, 1048-1049 (8th Cir. 1990), aff’g T.C.
Memo. 1989-142; Am. Principals Leasing Corp. v. United States, 904 F.2d 477,
483 (9th Cir. 1990), or else analyzing “obligor of last resort” under a “worst-case
scenario”, see, e.g., Emershaw v. Commissioner, 949 F.2d 841, 845 (6th Cir.
1991), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1990-246. These cases would presumably be appealable
to the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (absent a stipulation to the contrary,
see sec. 7482(b)(1)(A), (2)), and we know of no opinion of that court addressing
this issue. However, the split may not really be implicated in a situation like the
one in these cases. Although we acknowledge that in factually complex cases,
such as those involving multi-party sale-leaseback transactions or stop-loss
agreements, choosing between the tests might lead to different results, see, e.g.,
                                                                         (continued...)
                                       - 24 -

[*24] two-step at-risk analysis. For example, in facts involving an individual

guaranteeing debts of his solely owned business, we would first apply the

section 465(b)(2)(A) analysis presuming a worst-case scenario wherein the

primary obligor defaults, becomes worthless, and is unable to make payments on

the debt--thus triggering payments from the guarantor. See IRS Chief Counsel

Advice 201308028 (Feb. 22, 2013).11 Second, we would consider the realistic

possibility of economic loss, in which case “it would be inappropriate * * * to then

assume that the guaranteeing member will nevertheless be able to successfully

seek subrogation, reimbursement, or indemnification from the primary obligor”

who defaulted and became worthless in step 1. Id. Accordingly, we can apply

both distinct analyses congruently in cases such as Mr. Bordelon’s.

      We determined above in part I.B.1 that Mr. Bordelon was personally liable

for purposes of section 465(b)(2)(A). In that analysis we presumed that the

      10
        (...continued)
Thornock v. Commissioner, 94 T.C. 439, 450 (1990), we found little distinction
between the two frameworks in Wag-A-Bag, Inc. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.
1992-581, 64 T.C.M. 948, 952 (1992), and held that either would lead to
the same result in that case. In these cases we follow Wag-A-Bag and find that in
the circumstances before us, both approaches would lead to the same result.
      11
         A memorandum of “Chief Counsel advice” is not precedent,
sec. 6110(b)(1)(A), (k)(3), and we do not cite it as such. We use it simply as an
illustration of one means of applying these two tests in tandem. We do not
consider the Commissioner bound by this analysis or this method.
                                        - 25 -

[*25] primary obligors (Many LLC and AHM) were worthless and unable to pay

the amount owed under the Many Loan. If we maintain that presumption as to the

primary obligors and turn to the question of whether there is a realistic possibility

of reimbursement, it is clear that Mr. Bordelon would not be protected against loss

for purposes of section 465(b)(4) because his right to reimbursement would be

against the worthless entities with no means to repay him for any amounts

contributed.12

      Mr. Bordelon executed a personal guarantee in 2008 for Many Loan. Under

that guarantee, he became directly liable to Union Bank for the full amount of the

debt if the obligors defaulted. There was no other guarantor on the debt, nor was

there a definite or fixed right to any contribution from other members of Many

LLC or from AHM on account of the debt. Indeed, Mr. Bordelon was the sole

owner of these entities and the only person with unlimited liability for the Many

Loan. Even if we disregard a worthlessness determination when considering

Mr. Bordelon’s realistic possibility of economic loss, we cannot disregard that in

      12
         The Commissioner’s position in this case suggests we ignore the
presumption that AHM would be worthless and instead hold that Mr. Bordelon is
not at risk because if he were required to make a payment as guarantor to the debt,
then Louisiana law provided him with a right of reimbursement from AHM.
However, ignoring the presumption that an obligor is worthless would be a
divergence from our jurisprudence on the at-risk rules, and we are not persuaded
that such divergence would be appropriate in these cases.
                                        - 26 -

[*26] substance Mr. Bordelon was the only one involved with respect to the

liability for the Many Loan, the corresponding promissory note, and the personal

guarantee. Accordingly, we are persuaded that Mr. Bordelon was personally

liable, not protected against loss, and ultimately at risk under the Many Loan

during 2008 so as to be entitled to deduct the losses related to Many LLC that he

claimed on the Bordelons’ 2008 return.

II.   Whether Mr. Bordelon had a sufficient basis in Kilgore LLC for 2011

      The Commissioner does not challenge any deductions or other partnership

items reported by Kilgore LLC. Moreover, the Commissioner and Mr. Bordelon

agree that for 2008, Mr. Bordelon’s basis in Kilgore LLC was zero and that the

IRS’s disallowance of the $2.2 million claimed loss deduction was correct for

2008. However, Mr. Bordelon argues that his basis in Kilgore LLC increased for

2011 by $550,000 on account of his personal guarantee in 2011 of the Kilgore

Loan and that his basis increase would allow him to deduct $550,000 of the losses

disallowed for 2008 as carryforward losses for 2011. The Commissioner

disagrees, arguing that Mr. Bordelon’s basis did not increase in 2011 or, in the

alternative, that Mr. Bordelon has not established that he was at risk at the end of

2011 for the Kilgore Loan.
                                        - 27 -

[*27] A.     Partner’s basis

      Section 704(d) generally limits a partner’s loss deduction to an amount

equal to his adjusted basis in the partnership at the end of the partnership year in

which the loss occurred. Any excess that he could not deduct in that year would

be carried forward until such time as the loss could be deducted. The beginning

basis of a partner’s interest in a partnership is the amount of money and the

adjusted basis of the property contributed (increased by the amount of gain

recognized by the contributing partner under section 721(b)). Sec. 722. The

adjusted basis of a partner’s interest in a partnership is determined under section

722 (relating to contributions to a partnership) or section 742 (relating to transfers

of partnership interests) increased by his distributive share of partnership taxable

income (plus any exempt income and excess depletion deductions). Sec.

705(a)(1). The adjusted basis of a partner’s interest in a partnership is decreased

(but not below zero) by distributions to the partner from the partnership and by the

partner’s distributive share of partnership losses (plus “expenditures of the

partnership not deductible in computing its taxable income and not properly

chargeable to capital account”). Sec. 705(a)(2). A partner’s basis is increased by

an increase in a partner’s share of partnership liabilities and decreased by a

decrease in the partner’s share of partnership liabilities. Sec. 752(a).
                                         - 28 -

[*28] A partner’s share of partnership liabilities (and corresponding change to

basis) is dependent upon whether the liability is recourse (i.e., the creditor has

recourse to the partner) or nonrecourse (i.e., the creditor has no recourse to the

partner). A liability is considered “recourse” to a partner only to the extent that

the partner bears the economic risk of loss for the liability. 26 C.F.R. sec. 1.752-

1(a)(1), Income Tax Regs. In the past, we held that “[t]he guarantee [by a partner]

of an otherwise nonrecourse note places each guaranteeing partner in an economic

position indistinguishable from that of a general partner with liability under a

recourse note--except that the guaranteeing partner’s liability is limited to the

amount guaranteed.” Abramson v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 374. Regulations

promulgated after Abramson provide, to similar effect, a “constructive liquidation”

test for determining whether a liability is recourse to a partner. See 26 C.F.R. sec.

1.752-2(b)-(k), Income Tax Regs. Under that test, the following events are

deemed to occur simultaneously: all partnership liabilities become payable in full;

all assets (except property contributed to secure a partnership liability) become

worthless; the partnership disposes of all of its property in a fully taxable

transaction for no consideration (other than satisfaction of nonrecourse liabilities

secured by the property); the partnership allocates all items of income, gain, loss,

or deduction for its last taxable year as of the date of the constructive liquidation;
                                        - 29 -

[*29] and the partnership liquidates. Id. para. (b)(1). If a partner would be liable

for a debt under those circumstances, then the liability is deemed recourse to that

extent. Id. para. (b).

      B.     Kilgore LLC

      During the relevant years, Mr. Bordelon was the majority member--a 90%

member--of Kilgore LLC. Kilgore LLC reported losses for 2008, and Mr.

Bordelon claimed a deduction for 90% of those losses on his 2008 return. The

Commissioner disallowed the deduction for lack of basis in the partnership, and

Mr. Bordelon agreed to the adjustment for 2008, acknowledging that he had a zero

basis in Kilgore LLC. The losses became suspended until such time as Mr.

Bordelon acquired a basis in Kilgore LLC.

      In 2011 Kilgore LLC borrowed $550,000 from HFB. The loan had a

three-year term and a 36-month payment schedule. Mr. Bordelon personally

guaranteed the loan. There were no other guarantors on the loan, and no other

member of Kilgore LLC had personal liability for any amount of the loan.

Nothing in the record indicates that the terms of the loan, including its 36-month

payment schedule and three-year term, were not honored; nothing in the record

indicates that Mr. Bordelon withdrew his guarantee or was released from his
                                       - 30 -

[*30] guarantee; and nothing in the record indicates the loan was paid in full

before its maturity date in 2014.13

      Applying the “constructive liquidation” test to these facts, we do not

perceive any scenario in which Mr. Bordelon could not be considered

economically at risk for the HFB debt to the full extent of his guarantee. There

were no other partnership assets securing any of the debt; no other partner was

liable for any portion of the debt; and if the debt were due in full, HFB would

certainly have sought payment directly from Mr. Bordelon. Thus, we are

persuaded that when Mr. Bordelon guaranteed the loan in 2011, it became a

recourse obligation to Mr. Bordelon and increased his basis in Kilgore LLC by

      13
         The Commissioner argued that Mr. Bordelon failed to show that the loan
was outstanding in 2011. We are persuaded that the loan remained outstanding at
the end of 2011. The only means by which the loan could not have remained
outstanding in 2011 would be payment in full before the end of 2011--which we
do not find occurred in these cases. Moreover, if we presumed full repayment did
in fact occur, then we would further presume repayment would have resulted in a
partnership item reported by Kilgore LLC as a distribution to Mr. Bordelon for
relief of his recourse liability--a liability which the parties stipulated. See sec.
752(b); see also 26 C.F.R. sec. 301.6231(a)(3)-1(a)(4), Proced. & Admin. Regs.
However, neither party provided partnership returns indicating such a discrepancy
or issue concerning partnership items relevant to these cases, and the
Commissioner failed to raise or present any issue as to any such item or a pending
partnership audit (which under TEFRA would preclude us from deciding the
instant cases until the TEFRA partnership case was resolved), and thus we hold
the matter to be conceded.
                                       - 31 -

[*31] $550,000,14 which then allowed him to deduct the same amount in Kilgore

LLC losses carried forward from 2008.

III.   Whether Mr. Bordelon was at risk with respect to the Kilgore Loan15

       As for Mr. Bordelon’s amount at risk, the foregoing basis analysis enables

us to reach easily the conclusion that his guarantee of the Kilgore Loan increased

his amount at risk in Kilgore LLC for 2011. We assume that there might be a

scenario in which a partner’s basis could increase on account of a guarantee but in

which the guarantee would not result in his being considered at risk under section

465, but this is not such a case.

       With respect to section 465(b)(2)(A), the personal guarantee in 2011 made

Mr. Bordelon personally liable for the loan. He was directly liable to HFB for the

       14
       The Commissioner has made no argument (other than disputing that the
debt was recourse) against the contention that, when Mr. Bordelon guaranteed the
Kilgore Loan in 2011, his basis increased by the full $550,000.
       15
         The determination that Mr. Bordelon was not at risk with respect to the
Kilgore Loan does not appear in the SNOD but rather was raised by the
Commissioner at trial. We therefore presume it is “new matter” as to which the
Commissioner bears the burden of proof. See Rule 142(a)(1). However, the
allocation of the burden of proof on this issue does not affect the outcome, because
we decided the facts about the Kilgore Loan in connection with the basis issue (in
part II.B above) where petitioners bear the burden of proof, and even then the facts
favored petitioners.
                                       - 32 -

[*32] underlying debt if a default occurred, and there was no right for a

contribution or reimbursement from any other member of Kilgore LLC.

      With respect to section 465(b)(4), there was no loss protection for Mr.

Bordelon on the amount guaranteed. There were no other guarantors, and no other

member of Kilgore LLC was personally liable for any portion of the debt.

Therefore, we find that Mr. Bordelon was at risk in 2011 for the Kilgore Loan.

      The Bordelons are entitled to the disallowed 2008 Many LLC loss

deductions and the 2011 Kilgore LLC loss deductions.

      To reflect the foregoing,

                                                Decisions will be entered

                                       under Rule 155.