Court Opinion

ID: 4530638
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-01 07:14:18.516214+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:00.775277
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued April 30, 2020

                                     In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                              NO. 01-18-01004-CR
                              NO. 01-18-01009-CR
                           ———————————
                        MOSES ELI LOPEZ, Appellant
                                        V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                   On Appeal from the 248th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                   Trial Court Case Nos. 1562829 & 1562830

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant Moses Eli Lopez was charged in separate indictments with two

counts of continuous sexual abuse of a child. In a consolidated trial, a jury found

appellant guilty on both counts and the court assessed his punishment in each case
at 99 years’ incarceration to be served concurrently in the Texas Department of

Criminal Justice. On appeal, appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion

in denying his motion to strike a prospective juror. We affirm the trial court’s

judgment.

                                     Background

      Juror No. 45 made the following remarks during voir dire. Specifically, during

the State’s general voir dire, Juror No. 45 answered that she did not believe that

children lie about having been sexually abused and she “disagreed strongly” with

the statement, “Children are easily influenced to make up allegations of sexual

abuse.”

      During trial counsel’s general voir dire, counsel asked the venire members

that if he or she believed beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant was guilty of one

of the two acts required to be proven to convict him of continuous sexual abuse, it

would be easier to believe that appellant was guilty of the second act, thereby

lowering the State’s burden of proof on the second act. Several jurors raised their

hands, including Juror No. 45.

      THE JUROR: 45. I’m not very happy sitting here.

      TRIAL COUNSEL: Why do you think? [2 RR 95]

      THE JUROR: For a lot of reasons. I feel bad for your client. I’m sure
           it’s something behind this but based on my personal issues that
           I’ve had to deal with I meet with men every Saturday that have

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             gone through this and if it’s established that your client is one
             and the same I’m not going to be happy to be sitting on that jury.

      TRIAL COUNSEL: So if I understand correctly you have a bias on that
          case based on the kind of work that you do?

      THE JUROR: Yes. Yes, sir.

      TRIAL COUNSEL: No. 45. Thank you for your honesty.

      When the trial court asked trial counsel to identify the prospective jurors that

he wanted to discuss during the bench conference, counsel stated: “10 and 1 and 20

and 51.” The trial court struck Jurors No. 10, 20, and 51 without further discussion

but did not specifically address Juror No. 1. When asked if he wanted to strike any

other jurors besides Jurors No. 10, 13, 15 and 20, trial counsel replied, “I think 49.”

Counsel later moved to strike Juror No. 45 for cause.

      TRIAL COUNSEL: The other one was 45. 45, talked --

      THE COURT: 45 is --

      TRIAL COUNSEL: We can talk to him about --

      THE COURT: This was because of the kind of case that he would have
           to --

      STATE: If I may Your Honor he very specifically said that if it is
          clearly established that the guy is the guy then he would have a
          bias. So he wasn't saying biased from the beginning but if he
          found him guilty he would have an issue, which is allowed.

      THE COURT: He thought actually telling you but he was saying based
           on the kind of case, was it based on the kind of case because of
           the work he does. It’s like we have a bias against sexual abusers.
           That’s kind of what he’s saying. That’s -- actually he is not
           struck. He’s not going to be granted.

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       TRIAL COUNSEL: He’s someone --

      THE COURT: So at the moment I’ve got 10, 13, 20, 49 and 51.
          Anybody else?

After the jury was seated, the trial court asked if either side objected to the

composition of the jury. Trial counsel asked for an additional preemptory strike to

replace the one he had to use due to the court’s denial of his motion to strike for

cause Juror No. 45. The trial court denied the request. Trial counsel then informed

the court that if he had been granted his request for an additional preemptory strike,

he would have exercised it on Juror No. 1.

                                       Issue 1

      In his sole issue, appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in

denying his motion to strike Juror No. 45 because the prospective juror “admitted he

would be biased and he would not be a fair and impartial juror in this case.”

A.    Standard of Review and Applicable Law

      A prospective juror is challengeable for cause if he or she has a bias or

prejudice against the defendant or against the law upon which either the State or the

defense is entitled to rely. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 35.16(a)(9) & (c)(2); Buntion

v. State, 482 S.W.3d 58, 83–84 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). “Bias, by itself, is not

sufficient for a challenge for cause.” Henson v. State, 173 S.W.3d 92, 99 (Tex.

App.—Tyler 2005, pet. ref’d). Rather, the test is whether the bias or prejudice would

substantially impair the prospective juror’s ability to carry out his oath and judicial

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instructions in accordance with the law. Buntion, 482 S.W.3d at 84; see also

Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 424 (1985).

      Before a prospective juror may be excused for cause on this basis, the law

must be explained to him, and he must be asked whether he can follow that law,

regardless of his personal views. Buntion, 482 S.W.3d at 84; Davis, 329 S.W.3d at

807. Thus, to establish that a challenge for cause is proper, the proponent of the

challenge must show that the prospective juror understood the requirements of the

law and could not overcome his prejudice well enough to follow the law. Buntion,
482 S.W.3d at 84; Davis v. State, 329 S.W.3d 798, 807 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

When determining whether a trial court abused its discretion when it overruled a

challenge for cause during voir dire, we examine the voir dire of the venire member

as a whole and decide whether the record shows that his convictions would interfere

with his ability to serve as a juror and uphold his oath. Buntion, 482 S.W.3d at 84;

Davis, 329 S.W.3d at 807. A trial judge’s ruling on a challenge for cause may be

reversed only for a clear abuse of discretion. See Davis, 329 S.W.3d at 807.

      We review a trial court’s ruling on a challenge for cause with considerable

deference because the trial court is in the best position to evaluate the venire

member’s demeanor and responses. Id. When a venire member’s answers are

vacillating, unclear, or contradictory, we accord particular deference to the trial

court’s decision. Id.; see also Rachal v. State, 917 S.W.2d 799, 810 (Tex. Crim. App.

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1996) (explaining that “trial judge’s superior point of view is particularly important

and deserving of our deference” when potential juror’s statements are unclear).

B.    Analysis

      Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by denying his

motion to strike Juror No. 45 because the prospective juror “admitted he would be

biased and he would not be a fair and impartial juror in this case.” Juror No. 45,

however, did not directly express bias against appellant. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.

art. 35.16(a)(9) & (c)(2) (stating prospective juror is challengeable for cause if he is

biased or prejudiced against defendant or against law upon which either State or

defense is entitled to rely). Rather, the record reflects that Juror No. 45 expressed

compassion for appellant and stated that he was “sure it’s something behind this.”

He also did not express a bias or prejudice against any of the law applicable to the

case upon which the defense was entitled to rely. He stated that he meets with men

every Saturday who have “gone through this” and that “if [it was] established” that

appellant was “one and the same,” he was not going to be happy to be sitting on the

jury. At most, Juror No. 45 admitted that he had a “bias against the nature of the case

based on the kind of work that [he does],” i.e., continuous sexual assault of a child,

and he indicated that he was not “happy” at the prospect of serving on a jury in such

a case.

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      To the extent that Juror No. 45’s remarks are ambiguous and could be

interpreted as demonstrating a bias against appellant, the trial court understood the

juror’s remarks as indicating a bias towards the nature of the case, rather than a bias

against appellant. We must accord particular deference to the trial court’s decision

to deny a challenge for cause under such circumstance. See Davis, 329 S.W.3d at

807 (stating appellate courts accord particular deference to trial court’s decision

when venire member’s answers are vacillating, unclear, or contradictory).

      As the party challenging Juror No. 45 for cause, appellant had the burden of

proving by a preponderance of the evidence that Juror No. 45 was not only biased

or prejudiced against him, but that he also lacked impartiality. See Buntion, 482
S.W.3d at 84 (stating venire member is challengeable for cause if bias or prejudice

would substantially impair venire member’s ability to carry out his oath and judicial

instructions in accordance with law). Even if Juror No. 45’s remarks expressed a

bias against appellant, as appellant contends, trial counsel did not ask him whether

he could overcome his bias well enough to follow the law, or ask for an opportunity

to do so, as counsel had done with other venire members who indicated a bias or

prejudice. Therefore, appellant did not meet his burden of proof because he did not

establish that Juror No. 45 understood the requirements of the law and could not

overcome his prejudice well enough to follow the law. See id.; Davis, 329 S.W.3d

at 807.

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      Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to call

Juror No. 45 to the bench to clarify his remarks. The record, however, reflects that

appellant has not preserved this complaint for our review because he did not ask the

trial court to call Juror No. 45 to the bench during conference or object to the trial

court’s alleged failure to allow him to do so. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1).

      Based on the record before us, given the considerable deference we must show

to the trial court’s decision, we cannot say that the trial judge’s denial of appellant’s

motion to strike Juror No. 45 for cause constituted a clear abuse of discretion. See

Buntion, 482 S.W.3d at 84; Davis, 329 S.W.3d at 807.

      In his concluding paragraph, appellant further contends that the trial court

abused its discretion by failing to allow him to argue his motion to strike Juror No.

45 for cause and failing to address appellant’s request to “talk about” Juror No. 1 at

the beginning of the bench conference. Appellant, however, did not object to the trial

court’s alleged failure to allow him to argue his motion to strike Juror No. 45 for

cause or make a proffer or bill of exception regarding any argument his counsel

wanted to make regarding his challenge for cause, and therefore, he has not

preserved this issue for our review. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.2 (“To complain on appeal

about a matter that would not otherwise appear in the record, a party must file a

formal bill of exception.”); cf. Barnes v. State, Nos. 04-98-00514-CR, 04-98-00515-

CR, 1999 WL 623686, at *6 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 18, 1999, no pet.) (not

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designated for publication) (holding that defendant did not preserve his complaint

that trial court erred by not allowing his counsel to finish his objection because

defendant did not object to trial court’s conduct and did not make proffer or bill of

exception regarding what else his counsel wanted to say). Similarly, appellant did

not object to the trial court’s failure to address appellant’s request to “talk about”

Juror No. 1 at the beginning of the bench conference, and therefore, he has not

preserved his complaint for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); see also

Credille v. State, 925 S.W.2d 112, 115 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, pet.

ref’d) (holding that in order to preserve claim that trial court erred in overruling

defendant’s challenge against venire member, defendant must object before jury is

sworn, pursue objection until he receives adverse ruling from trial court, and, if

necessary, press trial court to make definite ruling on his objection).

      We overrule appellant’s sole issue.

                                     Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                               Russell Lloyd
                                               Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Lloyd and Kelly.
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

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