Court Opinion

ID: 6522564
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-19 19:05:05.650215+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:55:10.969283
License: Public Domain

THOMAS, J.
The appeal is on the record proper and seeks to review the action of the trial court in sustaining a demurrer to the complaint, as a result where*531of it became necessary for tbe appellant (plaintiff below) to take a nonsuit, which it did under the provisions of section 3017 of the Code.
Count 2 of the complaint will appear in the report of the case; and, while there are numerous grounds of alleged insufficiency stated in the demurrer filed to it, only one of such grounds need claim our attention and consideration, since appellee seems to concede the lack of merit in all the others. This one goes to the very gist of the complaint, and raises the question as to whether or not comity between states requires or permits the enforcement in this state of the statute of the state of Georgia that is pleaded in the count and upon which plaintiff’s right of action is therein predicated, it being insisted by the demurrant that it does not so require or permit, because, as urged, such statute is in conflict with the rule of decision and the public policy obtaining in this state as to such matters, and its enforcement here would operate to the injury of the defendant as a citizen of this state, in that it would impose upon him a liability which would not have existed had the alleged sale occurred in this state rather than, as is alleged in the complaint, in the state of Georgia.
In the Code of 1867, as section 1164 thereof, we had in this state a statute similar to the mentioned statute of the state of Georgia that is set out in the complaint. This statute of ours was carried also into our Code of 1876 as section 1415, and received a construction by our Supreme Court in the case of Lehman, Durr & Co. v. Warren & Burk, 53 Ala. 535. It does not appear, however, in any subsequent Code, and by its repeal — it being in abrogation of common law — the common-law rule was restored, and has ever since obtained in this jurisdiction, which is to the effect that a sale of *532goods, even for cash, if the possession is delivered unconditionally to' the buyer, without any fraud on his part, vests the title at once in him, although the purchase money is not paid.—Blachshear v. Burke, 74 Ala. 239; Pelham v. Grocery Co., 146 Ala. 216, 41 South. 12, 8 L. R. A. (N. S.) 448, 119 Am. St. Rep. 19.
The Georgia statute, as will be seen from it as copied into the complaint, provides that “cotton [and other produce therein named] * * * sold by planters and commission merchants, on cash sale, shall not be considered as the property of the buyer until fully paid for, although it may have been delivered to the buyer,” etc., and the Supreme Court of Georgia, in construing and applying this statute, have held that since, under the conditions named in the statute, the buyer could acquire no title to the property, he could not confer any upon a purchaser from him, although the purchaser bought in good faith, for value, and without any knowledge that the purchase price had not been paid by the buyer to the seller, and that consequently the seller could assert his title and ownership to the property against either the buyer or the innocent purchaser found in possession.—Savannah G. P. A. v. MacIntyre, 92 Ga. 166, S. E. 1023.
The action here, as1 will be seen from a reading of the complaint, is against the defendant as such a purchaser —not, however, in detinue for the recovery of the property, which, the complaint avers, had been disposed of by defendant before the bringing of the suit, nor in tro-ver for its conversion, but waiving the tort, ex con-tractu, on a special count for money had and received, for the value of the cotton belonging to plaintiff that had been so disposed of by defendant, which form of action .for the wrong complained of is entirely permissible, under our system of pleading, when the property *533has been sold and converted into money before tbe bringing of tbe suit.—Miller v. King, 67 Ala. 575; Pike v. Bright, 29 Ala. 332; Bettis v. McNider, 137 Ala. 588, 34 South. 813, 97 Am. St. Rep. 59; Potts v. First Nat. Bank, 102 Ala. 286, 14 South. 663; Steiner v. Clisby, 103 Ala. 181, 15 South. 612; Stafford v. Sibley, 106 Ala. 189, 17 South. 324.
The complaint (said count 2) brings plaintiff’s case clearly within the purview of the Georgia statute, as so construed by the Supreme Court of that state, in that it alleges that the plaintiff was, at the time of the sale, a commission merchant in that state; that the cotton, the subject-matter of the sale, was at the time of the sale in that state and was sold by plaintiff to one Tift in that state, to be paid for on delivery; that it was delivered to him in that state in pursuance of the contract of sale, but that, without paying for it, said Tift sold and delivered it in that state to the defendant, who had disposed of it before the bringing of the suit. It is plain, therefore, from the averments of the complaint, that, under the laws of the state of Georgia (in which state the property was situated, where its owner was domiciled, and where the defendant went and purchased and received it), the defendant acquired no' title to the property; and it seems to us it would be a strange comity that we would show our sister state were we to say that, because the defendant is a citizen of Alabama, where different laws prevail as to the purchase and acquisition of title to personal property that is within its jurisdiction, these laws should folloAV defendant and measure his rights when he goes into the state of Georgia and purchases personal property there that is within and is subject to the jurisdiction and control of that state. If the property iiad been brought or shipped into this state by the original buyer, Tift, and purchased here by de*534fendant in good faith for value, there would be more show of reason for contending that defendant’s rights should be governed by the laws of Alabama; but when he goes into the state of Georgia and buys and receives there personal property that is subject to its jurisdiction, then the fact that he is a citizen of Alabama, or that he subsequently removes the property to this jurisdiction, will not, under the rules of either comity or policy, confer title when title was not acquired under the laws of the state where the purchase was made.
The specific public policy of this state, as expressed in its laws, before pointed out, regulating the sale, transfer, and acquisition of title to personal property, has reference to such property as is within its jurisdiction and control, and not to property that is within the jurisdiction and control of another state. With reference to the latter, the public policy of this state is to enforce the general rule of comity existing between states by giving operation and effect to the laws of the state that had such jurisdiction and control at the time of the sale; and if this course results in what-appellee incorrectly terms “an injury to a resident of this state,” it is a legal or lawful injury — if such a self-contradictory expression may be used — of which he cannot complain; and which, it may be added, he voluntarily brought upon himself by going into and submitting himself, in the making of the purchase, to the laws of the foreign state, the existence of which he is conclusively presumed to have known at the time of the purchase, since at such time he was within said state. The rules of comity with respect to the sale of personal property are thus succinctly stated in 9 Cyc. 682, par. 3: “Where the subject of and the parties to a sale of personal property are within the jurisdiction of another state, the contract of sale is made and executed according to the laws of *535that state, the sale and the rights growing out of it must be tested by the laws of the place where the contract of sale is made, and no subsequent removal of the property even for lawful purposes divests jurisdiction. Where an order is given and accepted in a certain place and the goods there delivered to the carrier for shipment, the contract is governed by the law of the place of shipment, and it maltes no difference that they are not to be paid for until they arrive in the state to which they are shipped, unless the title is not to pass until they are received and paid for. Where goods are ordered from one state to be sent from another state to the purchaser ‘C. O. D.,’ there is a difference of opinion as to where the sale is made. Some courts hold that it is made in the state of the seller when the goods are delivered to the carrier (citing, among other cases, Philgreen v. State, 71 Ala. 368) ; and others that there is no sale until the goods arrive at their destination and the price is collected by the carrier and the property actually delivered to the purchaser.”—9 Cyc. 682, 683.
Of course, we are not here concerned with these latter questions, since the complaint in this case shows affirmativly, as before pointed out, that both the subject of the sale and the parties to it were in the state of Georgia at the time of the sale — whether the defendant was there in person or by agent being immaterial — and consequently the laws of Georgia must prevail as to the propositions here involved.—Weinstein v. Freyer, 93 Ala. 257, 9 South. 285, 12 L. R. A. 700; Ensley Lumber Co. v. Lewis, 121 Ala. 99, 25 South. 729; Hanover Wat-Bank v. Johnson, 90 Ala. 549, 8 South. 42; Marsh’s Adm’r v. Elsworth, 37 Ala. 85; Donald & Co. v. Hewitt, 33 Ala. 534, 73 Am. Dec. 431; Newcombe v. Leavitt, 22 Ala. 631; Turner v. Fenner, 19 Ala. 355; McMahan v. Green, 12 Ala. 71, 46 Am. Dec. 242; Cubbedge, etc. v. *536Napier, 62 Ala. 518, Diether v. Ferguson Lumber Co., 9 Ind. App. 173, 35 N. E. 843, 36 N. E. 765; Born v. Shaw, 29 Pa. 288, 72 Am. Dec. 633; Lewis v. McCabe, 49 Conn. 141, 44 Am. Rep. 217; Weil v. Golden, 141 Mass. 364, 6 N. E. 229; Marvin Safe Co. v. Norton, 48 N. J.. Law, 410, 7 Atl. 418, 57 Am. Rep. 566.
In the first of the cases above cited (Weinstein v. Freyer), which is directly in point- and controlling here, our Supreme Court, in an opinion written by Clopton, J., held that the vendor of personal property which has been sold by him to a buyer in Georgia, under a contract retaining title in the vendor until the payment of the purchase money, may recover the property in this state (Alabama), to which it had been subsequently removed from Georgia by the buyer and sold after removal to a purchaser here for value, who had no knowledge of the retention of title by such original vendor. This decision was before the passage of our statute (Code, § § 3393, 3394), requiring the recording of conditional sales contracts (which, if it had then been in ex-ictence, would probably have protected any person who purchased the property after its removal here, unless the contract was before such purchase recorded here). But this fact in no wise alters the decisive character of the opinion as to the point here involved, where the facts are that the subsequent purchaser purchased, not in this state, but in the state of Georgia, under whose laws he acquired no title by such purchase; for, as bearing on this proposition, we quote from such opinion as follows: “The general rule is that when the state where a contract [of sale] is made is also the place of performance and the situs of the property, the laws of that state become a part of the contract, and the sufficiency of its execution, its validity, interpretation, and legal effect— the rights of the parties to the contract — will be gov*537erned by the laws of that state, wherever its enforcement may be sought. * * * The statute of Georgia affirms the validity of the reservation of title as between the parties [the original vendor and the original purchaser], whether or not the contract is recorded. By the law of that state, the title was in the original vendors when Franklin ■ [the original purchaser] brought the property into this stae, of which they could not be divested except by their voluntary act, or due process of law.”
So, in the present case, under the laws of Georgia, as pointed out, the title to the cotton ivas still in the plaintiff; at the time that the original buyer, Tift, sold it to the defendant; nor was it divested by such latter_ sale for the reason that such sale, like the first, took place in and was governed by the laws of the state of Georgia; hence the defendant could not acquire any-title by subsequently removing the property to- this or to another state; and, though after removal here he could, by a sale of it here, confer upon a bona fide purchaser a good title, yet the defendant would be liable in trover to the original vendor for a conversion in so doing, and such vendor might, as here, waive the tort and sue in assumpsit for money had and received.
The complaint alleges that before the bringing of the suit the property had been disposed of by defendant. Whether or not this averment is sufficient to show that the property had been converted into money is a question not raised by the demurrer, and that need not be considered.
We find nothing in any of the many cases cited by appellee in his brief which conflicts with the view we entertain that the rights of the parties are to- be determined by the laws of Georgia. Nor do we think there is any merit in the contention of appellee, to the effect *538that, under the ruling of our Supreme Court in the case of Long v. Holley, 157 Ala. 514, 47 South. 655, the judgment entry here fails to clearly show that the sufferance of the nonsuit by appellant, from which the appeal is taken, was necessitated, as is required by section 3017 of the Code, by the adverse ruling of the court on the said demurrer. The judgment entry, immediately after reciting that it was the judgment of the court that said demurrers be sustained, further recites, which is a complete answer to appellee’s contention, that: “Thereupon the plaintiff stated to the court that by said ruling of the court, sustaining the demurrers to the complaint as amended and to the second count of the com- . plaint, it has become necessary for the plaintiff to suffer a nonsuit for the purpose of appealing from said ruling to the Court of Appeals; and thereupon it is considered by the court and it is the judgment of the court that the plaintiff and this cause be and the same is non-suited, and judgment is hereby rendered against plaintiff for all costs in this behalf expended, for which,” etc. —Bush v. Russell, 180 Ala. 593, 61 South. 373; Ex parte Martin, 180 Ala. 620, 61 South. 905.
■ The judgment is likewise sufficient as a judgment of nonsuit to support an appeal.—Wood v. Coman, 56 Ala. 283.
It appears from the record that the original judgment was, after its entry, amended nunc pro tunc on motion of appellant; and contention is here made by appellee that the amended entry, from which we have just quoted, never became the judgment of the court on account of an alleged want of formal words so adjudging. We are equally clear that this contention is without merit. The said motion to amend nunc pro tunc set out in full the entry in the form in which it was desired, and prayed that the original entry should so read, when amended, *539and the court rendered judgment granting this motion, in words as follows: “And said motion is understood by tbe court, and it is considered by the court, and it is the judgment of the court that said motion he gra¡A%t-ed, and that said judgment as amended be and * * * is made the judgment of this court in said cause, and to be entered of record as such judgment as of date,” etc.
We have discussed all questions urged. For the error of the court in sustaining the demurrer to count 2 of the complaint, the judgment is reversed.
Reversed and remanded.