Court Opinion

ID: 2673365
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-10 03:14:14.586448+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:06:49.376466
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                No. 11-355V
                    (Originally Filed: December 3, 2013)
                      (Reissued: December 19, 2013)*

**********************

C. K., as Mother and Next
Friend of V. K.,
                                                  Vaccine case; off-table
                                                  claim; Althen; petitioner’s
                     Petitioner,
                                                  challenge to the Special
                                                  Master’s decision; HPV
v.
                                                  vaccine; Gardasil;
                                                  systemic juvenile
SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND
                                                  idiopathic arthritis
HUMAN SERVICES,

           Respondent.
**********************

                                   OPINION

       Currently before the court is petitioner’s motion for review of the
Special Master’s ruling of May 30, 2013 denying compensation for an injury
allegedly caused by a vaccine. The matter is fully briefed, and oral argument
was held on October 18, 2013. For the reasons explained below, we deny
petitioner’s motion for review.

       On June 6, 2011, petitioner, C. K., filed a petition for compensation
under the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-1 to-34
(2006) (“Vaccine Act”), on behalf of her minor daughter, V. K. (“V”). The
petition alleges that V developed systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis
(“SJIA”) because she received two doses of the human papillomavirus

       *
         This opinion was initially withheld from publication to provide the
parties with a period of time to propose redactions. The court adopted the
parties’ proposed redactions, which were made to protect petitioner’s identity.
The opinion is now prepared for release.
(“HPV”) vaccine. Specifically, petitioner’s theory of the case was that the
HPV vaccine causes an increase in particular cytokines, the same cytokines are
implicated in SJIA, and therefore the HPV vaccine can be a significant factor
in causing SJIA. After conducting a hearing, reviewing epidemiological
studies, and weighing the evidence provided by the experts, the Special Master
concluded that petitioner had failed to establish a persuasive theory of
causation and denied petitioner’s request for compensation. See Koehn v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., No. 11-355V, 2013 WL 3214877 (Fed. Cl.
Spec. Mstr. May 30, 2013) (hereinafter “Decision”).

                               BACKGROUND1

       I.       Facts

        V was born in 1995. She was generally healthy throughout childhood.
She had no remarkable medical events for the first twelve years of her life
other than asthma. Dr. Elena R. Regala, V’s routine physician, administered
the first dose of the HPV2 vaccine in February of 2008 during a regular check-
up. The brand of HPV vaccine given to V was Gardasil, which is
manufactured by Merck.3 Gardasil provides immunization against four strands
of virus: HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, and HPV-18, and is therefore referred to
as a quadrivalent HPV vaccine.

       The HPV vaccine contains virus-like particles (“VLP”) that were
created from the L1 protein of the human papillomavirus. In order to generate
a robust immune response sufficient to generate long term immunity, the

       1
           The facts are derived from the Special Master’s decision.
       2
         There are over 130 strands of HPV. Some of these strands cause
warts. Two strains of the virus, HPV 16 and HPV 18, are known to cause
cancer. For a more thorough description of symptoms caused by an HPV
infection, see Decision at *2.
       3
         The other brand of HPV vaccine discussed in some of the studies
considered by the Special Master is Cervarix, which provides immunity against
HPV strands 16 and 18. Cervarix differs from Gardasil in that it provides
immunity against only two strains of HPV and contains a lipid and aluminum
salt adjuvant known as AS04.

                                        2
vaccine contains an adjuvant4 and is delivered intramusculary. This vaccine
can cause the host to produce more antibodies than he or she would have
produced in response to a natural infection.

        The second dose of Gardasil was given to V on April 18, 2008. On or
around June 21, 2008, V experienced a rash all over her body. This caused her
on June 24, 2008 to visit Dr. Regala, who prescribed Benadryl and prednisone
for what Dr. Regala believed to be an allergic reaction. Within three days, V’s
rash had disappeared. After V stopped taking the prednisone, she developed
pain in multiple places including her knees, thighs, and calves. V was admitted
to Marian Medical Center on June 28, 2008, for severe joint pain and high
fever. While at the hospital, V received medical tests, saw a Rheumatologist,
and was prescribed prednisone. On July 2, 2008, she was discharged from the
hospital with a presumptive discharge diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
At the time she was discharged, V no longer had a fever or joint pain but still
had a rash.

       The cause of SJIA is unknown. The annual incidence rate of this
disease in children less than 16 years of age is between 0.3 and 0.8 out of every
100,000. Children with SJIA exhibit symptoms of arthritis and a recurring
fever for at least two weeks as well as a rash, enlargement of the liver or
spleen, lymphadenopathy, or serositis. When a child with SJIA has active
inflamation, commonly referred to as a flare, he or she may experience muscle
pain, pain in more than one joint, a fever, and a rash. SJIA may also cause
problems with the heart, liver, or in rare cases, the central nervous system.

       Many of the symptoms described above are associated with a
dysfunction of the innate immune response and a corresponding increase in the
production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. A cytokine is a protein which is
released almost immediately by certain cells when they come into contact with
a specific antigen. When the cytokine is released it signals other cells to
generate an immune response. In short, cytokines are like smoke signals
which cells send out to indicate the presence of an invasion and to elicit a
defensive response. Respondent’s expert testified that the cytokine response

       4
       The particular adjuvant contained in Gardasil is amorphous aluminum
hydroxyphosphate sulfate, which stimulates antibody production.

                                       3
is almost universal.5 There are, however, specific cytokines which are
recognized as being either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory. Pro-
inflammatory cytokines can lead to fever, increased vascular permeability, and
increased synovial inflammation. “The specific pro-inflammatory cytokines
that have been implicated in the development of SJIA include interleukin
(“IL”) 1, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-18, macrophage inhibitory factor, and tumor
necrosis factor [(“TNF”)].” Decision at *8. Because of the involvement of
these cytokines, which are part of the innate immune system, SJIA is classified
as an autoinflammatory disease as opposed to an autoimmune disease.6

       SJIA is treated by medications which minimize inflamation, including
some combination of the following: any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
pharmaceutical such as ibuprofen or naproxen; intravenous immunoglobulin;
cyclosporine-A; thalidomide; prednisone, which reduces inflamation and
generally suppresses the immune system; etanercept, which targets and inhibits
TNF; methotrexate, which is a folic acid inhibitor; tocilizumab, which inhibits
IL-6 production; and anakinra, which is a IL-1 inhibitor.

       5
           Scientists have identified approximately 40 specific cytokines thus far.
       6
         The distinction between an autoimmune and an autoinflammatory
disease is made based on the part of the immune system that is dysregulated
or out of balance. The immune system is comprised of two systems: the
adaptive and innate. These two systems interact continuously to maintain
balance. Hr’g Tr. 67-70, June 21, 2012. When the adaptive immune system
is dysregulated, the autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells do not function as
they would in a healthy individual and the resultant state is called an
autoimmune disease. Rheumatoid arthritis is typically understood to be an
autoimmune disease. When the innate immune system, which involves
cytokine production by monocytes and neutrophils, functions abnormally, then
the resulting state is known as an autoinflammatory disease. See Elizabeth D.
Mellins et al., Pathogenesis of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: some
answers, more questions, 7 Nature Revs. Rheumatology 416 (2011)
(hereinafter “Mellins”). Before this distinction was made between
autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, most forms of arthritis were
generally referred to as autoimmune disorders. SJIA was only recently
classified as an autoimmune disease. Some scholars continue to broadly
characterize arthritis as an autoimmune disease and include SJIA in this
characterization.

                                          4
       After being discharged from the hospital, V saw a pediatric
rheumatologist, Dr. Deborah McCurdy, on July 8, 2008, who noted that V’s
family history included juvenile idiopathic arthritis and concluded that SJIA
was a likely diagnosis in this case. Dr. McCurdy recorded that V’s
vaccinations were up to date and that V had received two of three courses of
the HPV vaccine. Dr. McCurdy communicated these findings to Dr. Regala.
When Dr. Regala saw V again on August 19, 2008, she administered the third
dose of HPV vaccine. At the time that V received the third course of Gardasil,
she was no longer taking prednisone but had started etanercept. A physical
therapist recorded that on August 25, 2008, V experienced a flare with
symptoms of fever, rash, and increased joint pain. Dr. McCurdy saw V again
on September 3, 2008. Dr. McCurdy noted that V complained of having some
symptoms after stopping prednisone and that V had swollen ankles and knees.
Dr. McCurdy concluded that V had improved but still showed signs of active
disease while being treated with methotrexate and etanercept.

        Dr. McCurdy continued to care for V through 2010. On January 12,
2011, V visited another pediatric rheumatologist, Dr. Alice Hoftman. During
this visit, Dr. Hoftman recommended that V receive the influenza vaccine.
Although V had received the influenza vaccine during the previous three years,
C. K. refused this treatment for her daughter. Dr. Hoftman recorded that C. K.
was hesitant about giving V the vaccine because of Gardasil. Dr. Hoftman
explained that there was “‘no data but all vaccines and infections can trigger
autoimmune response.’” Decision at *10 (quoting Ex. 5 at 28).

       II.    Expert Opinions

              A.     Petitioner’s Expert

        Petitioner offered the testimony of Dr. Michael J. McCabe, Jr., an
expert in the field of immunology. Dr. McCabe is not a medical doctor and
does not treat patients. In his report, Dr. McCabe wrote that the cause of
arthritis is multi-factorial. Genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers
such as infections and vaccinations are possible causative factors. Dr.
McCabe’s theory is essentially that the HPV vaccine, which Dr. McCabe
characterized as a potent immunogen, was the environmental trigger that
caused V’s immune system to fall out balance resulting in her SJIA. The
evidence of this is that the vaccine elicited a strong cytokine response which
involved the same cytokines that are associated with SJIA.

                                      5
        In support of his theory, Dr. McCabe provided “‘scientific and medical
literature that implicates pro[-]inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory
responses and innate immunity in the pathogenesis of systemic juvenile
arthritis.’” Decision at *12 (quoting Hr’g Tr. 123). One such article was Ligia
A. Pinto et al., HPV-16 L1 VLP vaccine elicits a broad-spectrum of cytokine
responses in whole blood, 23 Vaccine 3555 (2005) (hereinafter “Pinto”),
which Dr. McCabe interpreted as showing an increase in the production of
particular cytokines in response to the HPV vaccine.7 The Special Master
summarized the Pinto study as follows:

             Twenty-four women participated in the study. Blood
       specimens were collected before the initial injection, known as
       month zero. Twenty women, then, received a 50 µg dose of
       vaccination without adjuvant and four women received a
       placebo of sterile saline solution. One month later, all women
       were given a second injection of the same substance (either the
       vaccination or a placebo). At month two, more blood was
       drawn. At six months, the women received a third injection. At
       seven months, more blood was drawn.

               The researchers determined the level of cytokines for
       each of the three blood samples after different types of
       stimulation. This process was done “in vitro,” meaning in glass,
       like a test tube. The blood from women who received the
       vaccine and women who received the placebo was evaluated in
       the context of four substances. In the first, the blood was not
       stimulated at all. The researchers refer to this as the “media.”
       In the second, the blood was stimulated with 10 µg of the virus-
       like particle present in the vaccine. In the third, the blood was
       stimulated with 1.0 µg of the virus-like particle. In the fourth,
       the blood was stimulated with a control known as PHA. The
       stimulation was for 24 hours in the absence or presence of L1
       VLP or PHA.

       7
         The HPV vaccine used in the Pinto study provides immunity against
just one strand of HPV, HPV-16, and did not contain an adjuvant. By contrast,
the vaccine that V received, Gardasil, provided immunity against four strands
of HPV, including HPV-16, and contained an adjuvant.

                                      6
                . . . . [T]he researchers obtained different results
       depending upon whether there was any stimulation. For cells in
       the media–meaning no stimulation–the cytokine levels stayed
       relatively similar from month zero to month two to month seven.
       . . . [S]pontaneous secretion of cytokines in the absence of any
       stimuli (media control) did not show any significant increases
       following vaccination. For blood that was stimulated either with
       10 µg or 1.0 µg of the virus-like particle, cytokines increased.
       Stimulation of cells from vaccine recipients with L1 VLP (10
       µg/ml) induced significant increases in the median levels of
       inflammatory [] cytokines. Similar patterns of cytokine
       production to the ones seen in response to L1 VLP at 10 µg/ml
       were observed when L1 VLP was tested at 1.0 µg/ml.

Decision at *4 (citations and quotations omitted). The Pinto study included a
graph that Dr. McCabe used to show how levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines
like IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF alpha increased in response to direct stimulation
with the L1 VLP.8 Pinto at 3558; see Hr’g Tr. 104. According to Dr.
McCabe, the particular cytokines that increased in response to the HPV L1
VLP are the same cytokines, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF, that are dysregulated in
SJIA. This commonality of cytokines present in response to the HPA vaccine
and involved in SJIA is the foundation and mechanistic support for Dr.
McCabe’s theory of causation.

       Dr. McCabe also presented the Special Master with an epidemiological
study, which evaluated a database of the medical history of approximately
189,000 women to determine whether these women developed autoimmune
conditions within 180 days of receiving the quadrivalent HPV vaccine. Chun
Chao et al., Surveillance of autoimmune conditions following routine use of
quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine, 271 J. Intern. Med. 193 (2012)

       8
        This was not the only study Dr. McCabe relied on to show an increase
in pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation with the HPV
vaccine. Dr. Pinto participated in a more recent study which also showed “that
various cytokines increased after the administration of a vaccine against
human papillomavirus.” Decision at *12; see Alfonso García-Piñeres et al.,
Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles following Vaccination with Human
Papillomavirus Type 16 L1 Virus-Like Particles, 14 Clinical & Vaccine
Immunology 984 (2007) (hereinafter “García-Piñeres”).

                                      7
(hereinafter “Chao”). One of the diseases that the researchers targeted was
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis9 (“JRA”). In order to identify JRA within the
population, the researchers looked for a diagnostic code which included JRA
and searched for medications commonly prescribed to treat JRA. While the
researchers did not reach any statistically relevant findings regarding JRA, they
concluded, “no safety signal for autoimmune conditions was found following
HPV4 vaccination in routine clinical use.” Id. at 202. Dr. McCabe used this
study to show that, despite the large population involved in this study, it was
not large enough to detect any increase in the rate of SJIA following HPV
vaccination because SJIA is such a rare disease. During the hearing, Dr.
McCabe explained that there is an absence of epidemiological studies in
support of his theory because the disease is too rare for scientists to be able to
generate statistically relevant data. Hr’g Tr. 134-35. Dr. McCabe testified that
“there is ‘no epidemiology that’s meaningful enough to inform us’ as to
whether the HPV vaccine causes sJIA.” Decision at *13 (quoting Hr’g Tr.
141-42).

      The additional literature which Dr. McCabe relied on in his report to
support the connection between vaccines and SJIA was summarized by the
Special Master in the following manner:

       Dr. McCabe identified three articles in which the authors stated
       that infections or vaccinations could be the initial cause for
       sJIA. Tr. 136, 142-43, 145-46. One article stated, “in juvenile
       idiopathic arthritis (JIA) a temporal relationship between disease
       onset, childhood vaccination, remissions and flares hint[s] at a
       possible relation of JIA disease activity and vaccinations or
       infections.” Exhibit 15 (Arash Ronaghy et al., Vaccination
       leads to an aberrant FOXP3 T-cell response in non-remitting
       juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 70 Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2037 (2011))
       at 1 [(hereinafter “Roghany”)] . . . . Another article asserted that
       “[o]ne scenario is that infectious agents that are typically
       encountered in childhood initiate sJIA; no single environmental
       trigger has been identified, although this lack of an obvious

       9
        The researchers did not search for SJIA in particular. However, Dr.
Rose believed that “almost certainly all cases of JRA within the study
population would have been detected with the methodology utilized by the
investigators.” Decision at *5 (citations and quotations omitted).

                                        8
       candidate could point to multiple common agents being capable
       of initiating sJIA.” [Mellins at 417] A third article stated “[i]n
       juvenile idiopathic arthritis, infections and vaccinations have
       been suggested as two candidate triggers.” Exhibit 12 (Berent
       Prakken et al., Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 377 Lancet 2138
       (2011)) at 2141 [(hereinafter “Prakken”)]. This article
       continued, “but neither has been confirmed as a trigger because
       of a scarcity of proper controlled, prospective studies.” Id.

Decision at *8 (underlining in original). These articles speculate that there
might be a link between vaccination in general and the development of SJIA,
but Dr. McCabe suggested that V was most likely predisposed to develop SJIA
and that V’s environmental trigger, which substantially caused her to develop
the disease, was Gardasil. Hr’g Tr. 162, 197.

       Dr. McCabe applied the Bradford-Hill criteria for causation to lend
credence to his theory. See Sir Austin Bradford Hill, The Environment and
Disease: Association or Causation?, 7 Proc. of the Royal Society of Medicine
295 (1965) (hereinafter “Bradford-Hill”). Dr. McCabe believes that the
temporal sequence, the dose-response relationship, biological plausibility, and
experimental evidence, all of which are indicative of causation under the
Bradford-Hill assessment, showed that Gardasil could cause SJIA. Dr.
McCabe acknowledged that some of the Bradford-Hill criteria, such as
strength of association and analogy, were not necessarily supportive of his
theory of causation.

        Regarding the dose-response correlation, Dr. McCabe pointed to
evidence that V experienced a flare after receiving the third dose of HPV
vaccine. While acknowledging that V was receiving anti-inflammatory
treatments when she received the third dose, which made the causation of this
flare less than clear, Dr. McCabe suggested that the worsening of symptoms
such as fever, rash, and joint pain during this flare showed that V was
generating pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to the third dose of
vaccination.

       Dr. McCabe also noted that studies showed that almost all of the
patients who received the HPV vaccine seroconverted, or developed sufficient
antibodies for immunity, within seven months. Based on that data, Dr.
McCabe concluded that development of disease within seven months after
receiving an HPV vaccine was evidence of a proximate temporal relationship.

                                       9
              B.      Respondent’s Expert

        Dr. Carlos Rose, an expert in the field of pediatric rheumatology,
testified on behalf of the Secretary of Health and Human Services. As a
pediatric rheumatologist, Dr. Rose routinely treats children with SJI–Dr. Rose,
however, is not an immunologist, he has not done any research on the HPV
vaccine, and he has not researched the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in
SJIA. After reviewing the literature and Dr. McCabe’s report, Dr. Rose
concluded that it was mere coincidence that V developed SJIA shortly
following her second dose of HPV vaccine. Although Dr. Rose acknowledged
that there is some overlap in the cytokines, particularly IL-1 and IL-6,10 present
in those recently vaccinated against HPV and those who have SJIA, Dr. Rose
concluded that this overlap was more likely due to the limited number of
cytokines that are involved in the stereotypical inflammatory response rather
than due to a causal relationship with the vaccine.

        In response to the research cited by Dr. McCabe regarding the
connection between the HPV vaccine and SJIA, Dr. Rose opined that these
articles were simply hypothesis-generating and did not represent a scientific
consensus based on evidence and testing. Instead, Dr. Rose explained that, in
his experience, pediatric rheumatologists generally discuss the safety of HPV
vaccine for their patients and are not asserting links between SJIA and
vaccines.

       Dr. Rose also provided his interpretation of the relevance of the Pinto
study. The media group, i.e. the group not stimulated in vitro, was the most
relevant to Dr. Rose because it showed a lack of sustained cytokine response
one month after each dose of vaccination. Dr. Rose observed that the cytokine
response in this media group remained relatively consistent at months zero,
two, and seven. This, according to Dr. Rose, is “‘very suggestive that the
response that this vaccine elicited in these normal people has not been
sustained.’” Decision at *17 (quoting Hr’g Tr. 225). By contrast, patients with
SJIA experience a pattern of up-regulated cytokines, which is why they are
treated with medications that inhibit these specific cytokines. Dr. Rose

       10
          “Dr. Rose stated that his experience as a clinician who has seen some
(but not all) patients with sJIA improve after taking drugs that control
interleukin 1 and interleukin 6 informs his belief that these cytokines play a
role in the disease.” Decision at *16.

                                       10
disagreed that the Pinto or García-Piñeres studies showed how a vaccine,
which may trigger a temporary cytokine response, can cause permanent
cytokine dysregulation resulting in disease.

        In support of his assertion that SJIA is not caused by the HPV vaccine,
Dr. Rose cited an epidemiological study of roughly 60,000 individuals that
found no “evidence of an overall increase in relative risks for autoimmune
disorders in participants receiving vaccines containing AS04.” Thomas
Verstraeten et al., Analysis of adverse events of potential autoimmune
aetiology in a large integrated safety database of AS04 adjuvant vaccines, 26
Vaccine 6630, 6633 (2008) (hereinafter “Verstraeten”) (comparing the
development of autoimmune diseases in recipients of three different vaccines,
only one of which was an HPV vaccine known as Cevarix, containing the
adjuvant AS04 against a control group of recipients of vaccines that did not
contain AS04 and finding that there was no greater risk of autoimmune disease
in the population exposed to AS04).11 Dr. Rose believed that this study would
have shown a connection between SJIA and the HPV vaccine if one existed.

              C.     Additional Studies the Special Master Considered

       Part of the Bradford-Hill criteria referenced by Dr. McCabe is causation
judged by analogy, i.e. whether similar vaccines cause results that are similar
to those alleged by petitioner. Bradford-Hill at 299. To explore this criteria
of causation, the Special Master looked at analogous studies which evaluated
whether there was a connection between SJIA and the meningococcal C
vaccine or the measles, mumps, and rubella (“MMR”) vaccine. Decision at
*22; see Marloes W. Heijstek et al., Safety of measles, mumps, and rubella
vaccination in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 66 Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1384 (2007)
(hereinafter “Heijstek”); Evelien Zonneveld-Huijssoon et al., Safety and
Efficacy of Meningococcal C Vaccination in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, 56
Arthritis & Rheumatism 639 (2007) (hereinafter “Zonneveld-Huijssoon”). The
subjects of these studies already had juvenile idiopathic arthritis or SJIA and

       11
          At the hearing, the weaknesses of this study were discussed, including
the fact that the study did not involve Gardasil or the adjuvant contained in
Gardasil and that the researchers looked for JRA rather than SJIA. Hr’g Tr.
240-44. Dr. Rose also conceded that a proper epidemiological study of SJIA
would have to test at least 100,000 individuals because of the rarity of the
disease. Hr’g Tr. 245-46.

                                      11
the researchers sought to determine whether the subjects’ disease symptoms
worsened after receiving either the meningococcal C or the MMR vaccine.
The conclusion was the same in each study: the researchers did not observe
any flares or worsening of disease activity in the subjects with SJIA or juvenile
idiopathic arthritis following vaccination.

       According to Dr. Rose, these studies show that the meningococcal
vaccine and the MMR vaccine are safe for use in patients with SJIA. Because
of this record of safety, Dr. Rose added that Pediatric Rheumatologists
recommend that their patients receive all vaccines, except those containing live
viruses. Hr’g Tr. 222.

       III.     The Special Master’s Analysis

        In order to receive compensation for an injury caused by a vaccine
other than those injuries listed on the Vaccine Injury Table,12 a petitioner must,

       show by preponderant evidence that the vaccination brought
       about her injury by providing: “(1) a medical theory causally
       connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence
       of cause and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason
       for the injury; and (3) a showing of a proximate temporal
       relationship between vaccination and injury.

Althen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir.
2005); see 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-13(a)(1)(A). Petitioner “must provide a
reputable medical or scientific explanation that pertains specifically to the
petitioner’s case, although the explanation need only be ‘legally probable, not
medically or scientifically certain.’”13 Moberly v. Sec’y of Health & Human

       12
          See 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-14(a) (injury table); W.C. v. Sec’y of Health
& Human Servs., 704 F.3d 1352, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (explaining that “[i]n
a table claim, the petitioner benefits from a statutory presumption of causation
upon showing that the injury is listed in the Vaccine Injury Table for the
vaccine received and occurred within the time period in the table” but that “[i]f
the injury is not listed in the table, the petitioner must prove actual causation
by a preponderance of the evidence”).
       13
            “[A] finding of causation in the medical community may require a
                                                                    (continued...)

                                       12
Servs., 592 F.3d 1315, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (quoting Knudsen v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 35 F.3d 543, 548-49 (Fed. Cir. 1994)). The theory
presented by petitioner need only be more likely than not and “close calls
regarding causation are resolved in favor of injured claimants.” Althen, 418
F.3d at 1280. “Nonetheless, the petitioner must do more than demonstrate a
‘plausible’ or ‘possible’ causal link between the vaccination and the injury; he
must prove his case by a preponderance of the evidence.” W.C., 704 F.3d at
1356.

       If petitioner establishes a prima facie case under the Althen elements,
then the burden shifts to the government to show “‘also by a preponderance of
evidence, that the injury was in fact caused by factors unrelated to the
vaccine.’” Id. (quoting Knudsen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 35 F.3d
543, 547 (Fed. Cir. 1994)).

       The Special Master analyzed each prong of Althen in turn. Pursuant to
prong one of Althen, the Special Master considered whether petitioner
presented a reliable scientific theory under the framework of Daubert v.
Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 592-95 (1993), whether
petitioner’s theory originated within the scientific community or arose for the
purposes of litigation, and whether the epidemiological evidence supported
petitioner’s theory.

      First, the Special Master assessed the reliability of Dr. McCabe’s theory
by applying three14 of the following Daubert factors:

       (1) whether a theory or technique can be (and has been) tested;
       (2) whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer
       review and publication; (3) whether there is a known or
       potential rate of error and whether there are standards for
       controlling the error; and, (4) whether the theory or technique
       enjoys general acceptance within a relevant scientific

              13
                   (...continued)
much higher level of certainty than that required by the Vaccine Act to
establish a prima facie case.” Broekelschen v. Sec’y of Health & Human
Servs., 89 Fed. Cl. 336, 343 (2009), aff’d 618 F.3d 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
       14
         The third Daubert factor was not considered by the Special Master
because neither party introduced evidence regarding the potential rate of error.

                                      13
       community.

Terran v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 195 F.3d 1302, 1316 (Fed. Cir.
1999) (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592-95).

        In the absence of studies that directly tested petitioner’s theory, the
Special Master explored the Bradford-Hill causation criteria of analogy. The
Special Master considered two types of analogous studies: those that were
conducted on animals and those that involved other vaccines. As for the first
type, neither party identified a study conducted with animals even though an
animal model for macrophage activation syndrome exists, which is similar to
SJIA. Dr. Rose explained that the lack of animal studies on this issue was
likely attributable to the fact that researchers were pursuing more productive
theories. Then the Special Master considered the Heijstek and Zonneveld-
Huijssoon studies, which belonged to the second type. These studies showed
no disease aggravation when the test subjects who had JIA or SJIA were
vaccinated with the meningococcal C or the MMR vaccination. The Special
Master wrote that these “studies suggest that when researchers have explored
whether vaccinations affect juvenile idiopathic arthritis, they have not found
that the vaccine worsens the disease.” Decision at *22. The Special Master
acknowledged that these studies contained some factual differences from the
present case, but concluded that “[b]ecause they are studies, the Heijstek and
Zonneveld-Huijssoon findings are entitled to more weight than speculative
passages in other articles.” Id. The Special Master concluded that the
analogous evidence weighed against petitioner’s case, or was, at best, neutral.

        Next, the Special Master observed that Dr. McCabe’s theory was
unprecedented and had not been published or peer reviewed, although the
Special Master noted that Dr. McCabe relied on peer reviewed and published
articles in support of his theory. Specifically, the Special Master discussed Dr.
McCabe’s reliance on the Pinto experiment to show an increase in cytokines
seven months after vaccination. Dr. McCabe had drawn that result from the
part of the experiment in which researchers had stimulated blood samples from
vaccinated individuals with VLP. Dr. Rose agreed with Dr. McCabe that an
increase in the cytokine response would follow from direct stimulation with
the VLP. However, Dr. Rose opined that the most relevant part of the Pinto
study to the present case was the “media” column, which showed that the level
of cytokines present in the blood is relatively stable when it is left alone
following vaccination. The Special Master found Dr. Rose’s interpretation of
the Pinto experiment more persuasive. According to the Special Master, this

                                       14
evidence did not weigh in favor of finding that petitioner’s theory is more
likely than not.

       While the Special Master acknowledged that petitioner had provided the
Prakken article, which shows that some scientists may be hypothesizing about
a possible link between vaccination and SJIA, the Special Master noted that
one equivocal article did not constitute “evidence that the relevant scientific
community generally accepts the theory that Gardasil can cause sJIA.”
Decision at *24. Given that Dr. Rose is the head of pediatric rheumatology at
the Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, the Special Master believed that
Dr. Rose would know if pediatric rheumatologists were discussing a possible
link between Gardasil and SJIA. However, Dr. Rose testified that pediatric
rheumatologists were not discussing whether Gardasil caused SJIA. Rather,
pediatric rheumatologists, including Dr. Rose, generally recommend that their
patients receive all vaccines except those that contain a live virus. The Special
Master found that the relevant scientific community, at this time, does not
accept the theory that Gardasil can cause SJIA.

        Next, the Special Master analyzed the epidemiological studies provided
by respondent. One of these articles, authored by Chao, studied the effects of
Gardasil in upwards of 189,000 young women. The Special Master noted that
the researchers in this study did not find a cluster of autoimmune disease onset
in relation the vaccine. The Special Master then turned to the Verstraeten
article, which, although he found to be somewhat weak because of the small
sample size and because the researchers tested Cervarix instead of Gardasil,
“[t]aken together, the Verstraeten and the Chao articles are an additional (but
not decisive) reason for finding that Dr. McCabe’s theory that a vaccine
against human papillomavirus can cause sJIA to be unlikely.” Decision at *26.

        Lastly, the Special Master noted that Dr. McCabe developed his theory
of causation for the purpose of litigation. The Special Master weighed this
fact against petitioner’s theory under the Althen prong-one analysis, which
considers whether petitioner has put forth a medical theory causally connecting
the vaccination and the injury. After reviewing the totality of petitioner’s
theory, the Special Master found it problematic that, even if he accepted “the
proposition that pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the course of sJIA,
this observation does not identify the causes of the disease because something
must initiate the increase in cytokines.” Decision at *8. Ultimately, the
Special Master found that Dr. McCabe’s theory of causation contained
sufficient gaps to make it unpersuasive and petitioner therefore failed to prove

                                       15
a medical theory that more likely than not the vaccination was causally
connected to the injury.

        Although the Special Master was not required to reach conclusions
about the remaining Althen prongs after holding that petitioner had failed to
prove prong one, he noted that the record did not support a finding that
development of SJIA within a seven-month interval was sufficient to establish
a proximate temporal relationship. Specifically, the Special Master found that
the Pinto experiment undermined Dr. McCabe’s proposed seven-month
interval for the onset of SJIA symptoms because the cytokine response to
stimulation with VLP was immediate in the Pinto experiment. While Dr.
McCabe attempted to explain the delay between vaccination and symptom
onset with a theory of amplification, the Special Master saw the media portion
of the Pinto study as contradictory because cytokines in this group remained
relatively constant over time. Additionally, the Special Master deduced that
the evidence provided about V did not persuasively show that she developed
SJIA because of the HPV vaccine. After reviewing Dr. McCabe’s theory, Dr.
Rose’s contradictory opinion, and the evidence presented by each expert, the
Special Master concluded that petitioner’s theory “contain[ed] sufficient gaps
to make it unpersuasive.” Decision at *26.

                                DISCUSSION

        This court has jurisdiction to review decisions of the special masters in
accordance with 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12. We review the special master’s
decision under the standard articulated in 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e) and can
only set aside “findings of fact or conclusion of law” that were “arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”
42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e)(2); see Carson v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
727 F.3d 1365, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (describing how the reviewing court
should “give no deference to the . . . Special Master’s determinations of law,
but uphold the Special Master’s findings of fact unless they are arbitrary or
capricious”). “The arbitrary and capricious standard of review is difficult for
[a petitioner] to satisfy with respect to any issue, but particularly with respect
to an issue that turns on the weighing of evidence by the trier of fact.” Lampe
v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 219 F.3d 1357, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
“Weighing the persuasiveness of particular evidence often requires a finder of
fact to assess the reliability of testimony, including expert testimony, and we
have made clear that the special masters have that responsibility in Vaccine
Act cases.” Moberly v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 592 F.3d 1315, 1325

                                       16
(Fed. Cir. 2010). Special masters have discretion to weigh the evidence and
“reversible error is ‘extremely difficult to demonstrate’” unless the special
master has failed to consider the relevant evidence of record, drawn
implausible inferences or failed to articulate a rational basis for the decision.
Lampe 219 F.3d at 1360 (quoting Hines v. Sec’y Health & Human Servs., 940
F.2d 1518, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). The reviewing court does “not reweigh the
factual evidence, assess whether the special master correctly evaluated the
evidence, or examine the probative value of the evidence or the credibility of
the witnesses–these are all matters within the purview of the fact finder.”
Porter v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 663 F.3d 1242, 1249 (Fed. Cir.
2011).

      Petitioner makes four challenges to the Special Master’s decision. We
address each allegation in turn.

       I.     Whether the Special Master failed to consider the record as a
              whole

        Petitioner claims that the Special Master failed to consider the whole
record in his decision. See Dickerson v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 35
Fed. Cl. 593, 601 (1996) (“[F]ailure to examine the full record and provide
sufficient findings constitutes error.”). Petitioner believes that, if the Special
Master had considered the entire record, he would have seen that petitioner
presented a plausible theory supported by the scientific evidence and research.

       Respondent replies that the Special Master did not exclude any
evidence and that he considered “all ‘relevant and reliable evidence governed
by principles of fundamental fairness to both parties’” as evidenced by the
thoroughness of his decision. Resp’t’s Resp. to Pet’r’s Mot. for Review 10
(quoting RCFC, App. B, Rule 8(b)(1)). Once the Special Master thoroughly
considered the record, he was entitled to weigh the evidence and conclude that
he was not persuaded by petitioner’s theory of the case.

       We agree that the Special Master was careful to consider all relevant
evidence, particularly those pieces on which petitioner relied to support her
case. The Special Master discussed the literature that Dr. McCabe cited to
show that medical experts were considering whether there is a connection
between SJIA and vaccination, and he found these articles to be equivocal.
See Decision at *8. The Special Master reviewed the content of the Pinto
study at length and concluded that Dr. Rose’s interpretation of the significance

                                       17
of the study was more persuasive. Decision at *23-24. Additionally, the
Special Master engaged each part of Dr. McCabe’s expert opinion in the
analysis of his decision. The Special Master also considered relevant evidence
and testimony provided by Dr. Rose. The fact that the Special Master found
Dr. Rose’s expert opinion more persuasive in light of Dr. Rose’s testimony and
scientific evidence is simply a function of the Special Master’s role as fact
finder. So long as the Special Master considered the relevant evidence, and we
conclude that he did, we cannot disturb his findings on this ground.

       II.    Whether petitioner’s burden of proof was erroneously elevated

              A.      Whether the Special Master required petitioner to
                      provide epidemiological proof

        Petitioner asserts that the Special Master erred by requiring
epidemiological proof of petitioner’s theory. See Cappizzano v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 440 F.3d 1317, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“[R]equiring
either epidemiological studies, rechallenge, the presence of pathological
markers or genetic disposition, or general acceptance in the scientific or
medical communities to establish a logical sequence of cause and effect . . . .
impermissibly raises a claimant’s burden.”). Petitioner acknowledges that,
throughout the Special Master’s decision, he asserted that he was not requiring
epidemiological proof. Nevertheless, petitioner alleges that, instead of
accepting Dr. McCabe’s explanation for why there is an absence of
epidemiological and animal studies connecting Gardasil and the development
of SJIA, the Special Master turned to and placed “inordinate emphasis” on
epidemiological studies provided by respondent that were not squarely on
point. Pet’r’s Mot. for Review 25. In sum, petitioner believes that the Special
Master de facto required epidemiological evidence by pointing to the Chao
article, which did not find any statistically relevant increase in the development
of JRA following vaccination with Gardasil, and the Verstraeten article, which
involved a different HPV vaccine, a different adjuvant, and did not target SJIA
within the studied pool of individuals.

       Respondent argues that the Special Master did not raise the burden of
proof. Rather, throughout his decision, the Special Master maintained that
petitioner must prove her case by a preponderance of the evidence. See, e.g.,
Decision at *18, *20, *28. Respondent states, and we agree, that under the
preponderance of the evidence standard, simply positing a theory is not
enough. Petitioner must provide a theory that is persuasive. See W.C., 704

                                       18
F.3d at 1356.

       The Special Master has discretion to assess the reliability of expert
testimony when weighing the persuasiveness of the evidence. Moberly, 592
F.3d at 1325. While the special master may not require epidemiological proof
of petitioner’s theory, Cappizzano, 440 F.3d at 1325, he may evaluate
contradictory evidence provided by respondent, Stone v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., 676 F.3d 1373, 1379-80, reh’g en banc denied, 690 F.3d 1380
(Fed. Cir. 2012), cert. denied, 133 S. Ct. 2022 (2013), and he may consider the
presence or absence of peer reviewed scientific studies in the context of
applying the Daubert framework for analyzing whether an expert’s theory is
persuasive, Terran, 195 F.3d at 1316 (upholding the special master’s approach
of “using Daubert’s questions as a tool or framework for conducting the
inquiry into the reliability of the evidence”); see Cedillo v. Sec’y of Health &
Human Servs., 617 F.3d 1328, 1339 n.3 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (listing the case law
in which the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit upheld the special
master’s application of the Daubert factors).

        In this case, the Special Master considered epidemiological and other
medical articles in the context of assessing the persuasiveness of the expert
opinions using the first Daubert factor, which is whether the theory has been
or can be tested. See 509 U.S. at 593. Throughout his analysis the Special
Master considered the evidence presented by both experts. After considering
the lack of animal studies, the articles that posited about a connection between
SJIA and vaccination, and the studies that showed no worsening of symptoms
in subjects with JIA and SJIA after receiving the MMR or the meningococcal
C vaccine, the Special Master found that the latter evidence was more
persuasive than the former and, therefore, this Daubert factor was either
neutral or balanced against petitioner. While the Special Master may not
require petitioner to prove his case with epidemiological studies, that does not
mean that scientific evidence that tends to contradict petitioner’s theory must
be ignored. The Special Master was squarely within his role as a fact-finder
when he weighed the evidence presented to him. Because we are not tasked
with reweighing the evidence, and the Special Master’s conclusion about the
first Daubert factor was neither arbitrary nor capricious, we find no error. See
Hulbert v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 49 Fed. Cl. 485, 490 (2001), aff’d,
35 F. App’x 899 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (deferring to the Special Master’s
determination that the petitioner’s expert did not present an opinion that was
as credible as the opinion given by the respondent’s expert when analyzed
under the Daubert framework).

                                      19
              B.     Whether the Special Master impermissibly held against
                     petitioner the fact that Dr. McCabe’s theory had not been
                     published or peer reviewed

        Petitioner asserts the Special Master heightened her burden to
something close to scientific certainty by holding against her the fact that Dr.
McCabe’s theory had not been published and subject to peer review. Rather,
plaintiff claims that she met her burden of preponderant evidence by
presenting a theory that was in line with published and peer reviewed scientific
literature.

        Respondent responds that it was permissible for the Special Master to
ask whether Dr. McCabe’s theory had been published and subject to peer
review because it is the second factor of the Daubert framework for assessing
the reliability of an expert opinion. See 509 U.S. at 593. While we agree that
it would be problematic if the Special Master had required petitioner uniquely
to present a theory that had been tested and peer reviewed, that is not what
happened in this case. The Special Master sought indicia of reliability through
the use of the Daubert framework, and he noted that, “until [V]’s case, there
was not even one case report published in the medical journals showing even
a temporal sequence in which a Gardasil vaccination preceded sJIA.”
Decision at *23 (citation omitted). The Special Master did not end his analysis
of the second Daubert factor there, however. He proceeded to consider the
peer reviewed medical evidence presented by petitioner and, after weighing it,
concluded, “the evidence relating to peer review and publication does not
assist in finding that Dr. McCabe’s theory is probable.” Decision at *24. The
Special Master’s finding was not arbitrary or capricious, and it did not
impermissibly raise petitioner’s burden because it occurred within a larger
framework and was not the Special Master’s sole reason for concluding that
petitioner’s theory was unpersuasive.

              C.     Whether it was in error and raised petitioner’s burden
                     when the Special Master considered if rheumatologists
                     generally accept Dr. McCabe’s theory

       When the Special Master inquired about whether rheumatologist
generally accept the theory that Gardasil can cause SJIA, petitioner claims that
he impermissibly raised her burden by requiring a theory that is generally
accepted within the scientific community. Petitioner cites Graves v. Secretary

                                      20
of Health and Human Services, 101 Fed. Cl. 310, 323 (2011) (reciting that
general acceptance of the theory within the medical community is not
required). According to petitioner, the Special Master arbitrarily and
capriciously relied on Dr. Rose’s statement that he did not recall hearing
discussion amongst his colleagues about Gardasil causing SJIA.

        Respondent contends, and we agree, that the Special Master’s inquiry
into whether there is general acceptance of Dr. McCabe’s theory within the
scientific community is permissible as part of the Daubert analysis. See 509
U.S. at 594. In his analysis of this factor, the Special Master noted that
petitioner provided articles, such as Berent Prakken et al., Juvenile idiopathic
arthritis, 377 Lancet 2138, 2141 (2011), that showed that the scientific
community was hypothesizing that vaccinations or infections might trigger
SJIA. Decision at *24. Also, the Special Master noted that Dr. Rose testified
that pediatric rheumatologists did not accept the theory that Gardasil can cause
SJIA and that the general practice of pediatric rheumatologists is to
recommend that their patients receive all vaccinations except those that contain
a live virus. As between these indications of what the relevant medical
community believes about a connection between Gardasil and SJIA, the
Special Master found that the relevant scientific community does not generally
accept Dr. McCabe’s theory. This inquiry, as part of the Daubert framework,
did not impermissibly raise petitioner’s burden of proof

       III.   Whether the Special Master misinterpreted the Pinto article

        Petitioner asserts that the Special Master’s findings regarding the Pinto
study were contrary to the evidence. First, petitioner alleges that the Special
Master was confused in thinking that the Pinto study involved a live strand of
HPV. Petitioner points out that there is no evidence of a live human
papillomavirus being involved in either V’s case or in the Pinto study. The
Special Master’s statement regarding the live human papillomavirus appeared
in the context of the following paragraph in the Special Master’s decision:

               Despite contrary testimony from Dr. McCabe . . . , Dr.
       Rose’s focus on the media column is logical. The blood in the
       media encountered the L1 virus-like particle only in the context
       of the three doses of vaccination. This pattern resembles what
       happened to [V] in the sense that no medical record suggests
       that she was exposed to a living strand of the human
       papillomavirus. If [V] encountered the human papillomavirus

                                       21
       after the vaccination, the Pinto article predicts that she would
       produce a robust immune response like the ones reported for 10
       µg and 1.0 µg of the virus-like particle.

Decision at *23. This paragraph, when considered with the Special Master’s
earlier description of the Pinto study, Decision at *4, shows that the Special
Master understood that only VLP was used in the Pinto study. The Special
Master’s comparison of the reaction of the blood samples when stimulated
with VLP to show how the body would react to a natural HPV infection was
made to illustrate Dr. Rose’s opinion that a robust cytokine response would be
expected in response to stimulation. However, the distinction in this case is
that V never experienced a stimulant such as a live human papillomavirus or
a concentrated dose of VLP as was administered in the Pinto study. This is the
reason why Dr. Rose thought that the media group in the Pinto study was more
relevant than the stimulated groups. The Special Master’s agreement with
that analysis was neither erroneous or illogical.

       Second, petitioner argues that the Special Master’s reliance on Dr.
Rose’s interpretation of the Pinto study was arbitrary and capricious because
Dr. Rose is not an immunologist and has not conducted research involving
vaccines or pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dr. Rose was accepted as an expert
in pediatric rheumatology and, as such, was qualified to opine about medical
studies. The Special Master did not exclude Dr. McCabe’s interpretation of
the Pinto study, but instead found Dr. Rose’s interpretation to be more reliable.
Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1325-26 (“Assessments as to the reliability of expert
testimony often turn on credibility determinations, particularly in cases . . .
where there is little supporting evidence for the expert’s opinion.”).
Respondent asserts, and we agree, that, in light of all of the evidence, the
Special Master’s reliance on Dr. Rose’s interpretation of the significance of
the Pinto study was within his discretion as the fact-finder.

       IV.    Whether the Special Master arbitrarily and capriciously weighed
              the evidence against petitioner

              A.      Petitioner provided scientific support for her theory,
                      which the Special Master arbitrarily dismissed

        Petitioner claims that the Special Master erroneously dismissed
scientific support for petitioner’s theory. Specifically, in the Special Master’s
Althen prong-one analysis, he “neither cites not considers the Mellins,

                                       22
Roghany, Prakken, or Emeny articles.”15 Pet’r’s Mot. for Review 20.
Petitioner argues that, instead of affording proper weight to the
aforementioned studies provided by petitioner which were relevant, from
respected journals, and peer-reviewed, the Special Master arbitrarily favored
analogous, but off-topic, studies authored by Heijstek and Zonneveld-
Huijssoon. Petitioner distinguishes the Heijstek and Zonneveld-Huijssoon
studies because they involved the meningococcal C and the MMR vaccines,
which lack the potency of Gardasil, and involved patients who had already
developed SJIA and may have been taking pharmaceuticals to control the
disease. Additionally, Dr. McCabe testified that he would expect the
meningococcal C vaccine, which is a vaccine against a bacterial infection, to
elicit a different cytokine response than the HPV vaccine, which immunizes
against a virus. Hr’g Tr. 183-84. These differences between the Heijstek and
Zonneveld-Huijssoon studies and the facts of this case, according to petitioner,
make the Special Master’s reliance on them arbitrary and capricious.

       By contrast, respondent argues that the Special Master considered the
Prakken, Mellins, Roghany, and Emeny articles but found that they did not
support petitioner’s theory. While the Special Master did not evaluate each of
these articles specifically in the context of prong one, he did reference them
throughout his decision and found that the statements that petitioner relied on
from these articles were ambiguous. In his decision, the Special Master
described the scientific support that petitioner gleaned from the Prakken,
Mellins, and Roghany articles and found it to be unpersuasive due to the
equivocation in the findings. Decision at *8-9, *13, *16, *22, *24. While the
Special Master only briefly mentioned the Emeny article in his decision, he did
write that, “[a]t the hearing, relatively little attention was paid to the García-
Piñeres article, Emeny article, or the Evans article because Dr. McCabe and
Dr. Rose primarily discussed an article by Pinto.” Decision at *3. As fact-
finder, it is within the province of the Special Master to weigh the evidence
and determine whether it is reliable. He plainly was aware of all the articles
and was not obligated to unpack them in detail. His treatment of the Prakken,
Mellins, Roghany, and Emeny articles was not arbitrary or capricious.

       15
         The “Emeny” article referred to in the quotation above is Rebecca T.
Emeny et al., Cellular Immune Responses to Human Papillomavirus (HPV)–16
L1 in Health Volunteers Immunized with Recombinant HPV-16 L1 Virus-Like
Particles, 188 J. Infectious Diseases 327, 336 (2003) (hereinafter “Emeny”).

                                       23
              B.     Whether the Special Master arbitrarily and capriciously
                     disregarded Dr. McCabe’s testimony

        According to petitioner, the Special Master erred by disregarding Dr.
McCabe’s testimony on prong two because he does not treat patients.
Petitioner asserts that Dr. McCabe is qualified to testify about causation even
though he would not be qualified to testify about treatment. Petitioner also
opines that, while Dr. McCabe was uniquely qualified to testify about the
causal connection between Gardasil and SJIA based on his research as an
immunologist, Dr. Rose has never focused on causation but instead specializes
in treating children with SJIA.

       Respondent replies that the Special Master fully considered Dr.
McCabe’s testimony, including Dr. McCabe’s testimony concerning whether
V’s flare following the third Gardasil dose was indicative of specific
causation. Respondent points out that it is the Special Master’s prerogative
under the law to examine the qualifications and expertise of the witnesses
when weighing their opinions, citing Locane v. Secretary of Health and
Human Services, 685 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2012). Here, the Special
Master found more reliable Dr. Rose’s opinion that V’s vaccination with
Gardasil and development of SJIA were unrelated events. This finding is
sound under the law and was not arbitrary or capricious given the divergent
expert opinions.

       Finally, petitioner contends that the Special Master erred by
disregarding Dr. McCabe’s testimony about the temporal relationship between
vaccination and disease. Dr. McCabe explained that a cytokine response may
take months to cycle through a period of amplification to eventually manifest
as SJIA. Dr. McCabe testified that development of SJIA within seven months
of vaccination therefore would be a medically appropriate period for causation
because that is the time period when the immune system works to create
antibodies against HPV in response to the HPV vaccine. See Decision at *27.
Timing was thus indicative of causation in V’s case, according to Dr. McCabe,
because she developed SJIA within four months of her first dose and two
months of the second dose.

      The Special Master was not persuaded by Dr. McCabe’s explanation of
the amplification process. “[S]pecifically, Dr. McCabe did not explain why
the immune system’s production of cytokines would be amplified for weeks
and months without a stimulant being present.” Decision at *28. The Special

                                      24
Master found that Dr. McCabe failed to explain how a seven month period is
appropriate for causation based on a theory involving the cytokine response
when both experts agree the response is almost immediate to an antigen or
trigger. The Special Master wrote that “[t]he body’s rapid cytokine response
appears inconsistent with Dr. McCabe’s assertion that the onset of disease
could take many months.” Decision at *28.

       Respondent argues that the Special Master was entitled to find
persuasive Dr. Rose’s opinion regarding timing, which was that the medically
appropriate period for causation should be short if the cause is cytokine
related. Dr. Rose’s opinion was not the only scientific evidence that suggested
a shorter window for causation than Dr. McCabe proposed. The Special
Master also drew from data in the Pinto study showing increased cytokines in
response to stimulation and compared it to data that demonstrated a low and
consistent level of cytokines in the absence of stimulation. The Special Master
found that “[t]he Pinto experiment [] undermines the cohesiveness of Dr.
McCabe’s theory, particularly in regard to timing both for onset of symptoms
and duration of symptoms.” Decision at *23.

        After considering the evidence and testimony from both experts, the
Special Master asserted that a finding on Althen prong-three was not necessary
because petitioner had failed to establish prong-one. Nevertheless, the Special
Master noted the following: “In the absence of evidence, it is difficult to find
that [petitioner] has met her burden of proof. Even two months is probably too
long an interval for a cytokine-driven reaction.” Decision at *28. We will not
disturb this finding because it was not arbitrary or capricious in light of the
evidence.

                               CONCLUSION

        It is not our role to “reweigh the factual evidence, assess whether the
special master correctly evaluated the evidence, or examine the probative value
of the evidence or the credibility of the witnesses.” Porter, 663 F.3d at 1249.
Because the Special Master’s decision was not arbitrary, capricious, or
otherwise not in accordance with the law, we affirm his decision. For the
reasons set forth above, we deny petitioner’s motion for review. The clerk is
directed to enter judgment accordingly. No costs.

                                      25
     s/Eric G. Bruggink
     ERIC G. BRUGGINK
     Judge

26