Court Opinion

ID: 9400681
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-08 19:14:08.997199+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:47.246697
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
                                                                                   FILED
                                 January 2023 Term
                                 _______________                                June 8, 2023
                                                                                released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                            EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                   No. 22-0070                              SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                 _______________                                 OF WEST VIRGINIA

            CRAIG BLAIR, President of the West Virginia Senate,
     ROGER HANSHAW, Speaker of the West Virginia House of Delegates, and
         JAMES C. JUSTICE, II, Governor of the State of West Virginia,
                                Petitioners

                                         v.

                               SAM BRUNETT, and
                               ROBERT McCLOUD,
                                  Respondents.

      ____________________________________________________________

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kanawha County
                      The Honorable Jennifer F. Bailey, Judge
                             Civil Action No. 21-P-340

                       REVERSED AND REMANDED
      ____________________________________________________________

                               Submitted: May 9, 2023
                                 Filed: June 8, 2023

Joshua E. Weishart, Esq.                      Patrick Morrisey, Esq.
Morgantown, West Virginia                     Attorney General
Bren J. Pomponio, Esq.                        Lindsay S. See, Esq.
Mountain State Justice, Inc.                  Solicitor General
Charleston,West Virginia                      Michael R. Williams, Esq.
Lydia C. Milnes, Esq.                         Senior Deputy Solicitor General
Mountain State Justice, Inc.                  Sean M. Whelan, Esq.
Morgantown, West Virginia                     Assistant Attorney General
Jeffrey G. Blaydes, Esq.                      Charleston, West Virginia
Blaydes Law, PLLC                             Counsel for Petitioners
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for Respondents
Gordon L. Mowen, II, Esq.               J. Zak Ritchie, Esq.
Zachary A. Viglianco, Esq.              Andrew C. Robey, Esq.
Ryan A. Nash, Esq.                      Hissam Forman Donovan Ritchie PLLC
Orndorff Mowen PLLC                     Charleston, West Virginia
Scott Depot, West Virginia              Counsel for Amicus Curiae,
Counsel for Amicus Curiae,              Mountain State Learning Solutions, Inc.
National Coalition for
Public School Options

JUSTICE ARMSTEAD delivered the Opinion of the Court.
                               SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.      “Unless an absolute right to injunctive relief is conferred by statute,

the power to grant or refuse or to modify, continue, or dissolve a temporary [preliminary]

or a permanent injunction, whether preventive or mandatory in character, ordinarily rests

in the sound discretion of the trial court, according to the facts and the circumstances of

the particular case; and its action in the exercise of its discretion will not be disturbed on

appeal in the absence of a clear showing of an abuse of such discretion.” Syl. Pt. 1, Baisden

v. W. Va. Secondary Schools Activities Comm’n., 211 W. Va. 725, 568 S.E.2d 32 (2002)

(internal citation omitted).

              2.      “This Court reviews the circuit court’s final order and ultimate

disposition under an abuse of discretion standard. We review challenges to findings of fact

under a clearly erroneous standard; conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.” Syl. Pt. 4,

Burgess v. Porterfield, 196 W. Va. 178, 469 S.E.2d 114 (1996).

              3.      “Standing is comprised of three elements: First, the party attempting

to establish standing must have suffered an ‘injury-in-fact’—an invasion of a legally

protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent and

not conjectural or hypothetical. Second, there must be a causal connection between the

injury and the conduct forming the basis of the lawsuit. Third, it must be likely that the

injury will be redressed through a favorable decision of the court.” Syl. Pt. 5, Findley v.

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 213 W. Va. 80, 576 S.E.2d 807 (2002).

                                              i
ARMSTEAD, Justice:

                In 2021, the Legislature passed House Bill 2012 (“HB 2012”) which created

the West Virginia Professional Charter School Board (“PCSB”). The PCSB is tasked with

authorizing and approving public charter schools. 1 Respondents Sam Brunett and Robert

McCloud (“Respondents”) filed a lawsuit in the Circuit Court of Kanawha County seeking

a writ of mandamus and declaratory relief, or, alternatively, injunctive relief seeking to

prevent the creation of public charter schools without a majority vote of the citizens of the

county or counties in which the charter schools would be located. Respondents did not sue

the PCSB. Instead, they named three defendants: Governor James C. Justice, II (“Governor

Justice”), House Speaker Roger Hanshaw, and Senate President Craig Blair (collectively

referred to as “Petitioners”).

                Respondents filed a motion for a preliminary injunction in the circuit court

seeking to enjoin Petitioners from creating “any PCSB-authorized charter schools absent a

vote of county residents.” Petitioners filed a motion opposing the preliminary injunction

and a motion to dismiss. By order entered on January 20, 2022, the circuit court granted

Respondents’ motion for a preliminary injunction and denied Petitioners’ motion to

dismiss. The preliminary injunction enjoined Governor Justice and his executive officers,

agents, employees, and any person acting in concert or participation with them from

       1
           West Virginia Code § 18-5G-15 (2021).

                                              1
“further enforcement of [HB] 2012 in the creation of PCSB-authorized charter schools.” 2

Petitioners then filed the instant appeal.

              Upon thorough review, 3 we conclude that Respondents lack standing to seek

the preliminary injunction at issue against Governor Justice because (1) he does not have

the ability to authorize public charter schools, and (2) granting injunctive relief against him

does not prevent the PCSB, a nonparty in this case, from authorizing public charter schools.

Therefore, we reverse the circuit court’s order, dissolve the preliminary injunction, and

remand for further proceedings. 4

       2
          The circuit court determined that it only needed to enjoin Governor Justice and
that it “need not enjoin the Senate President and House Speaker.” We discuss this ruling in
footnote 9, infra.
       3
         We express our appreciation for the contributions of the amici curiae who
submitted briefs in this matter: National Coalition for Public School Options and Mountain
State Learning Solutions, Inc.
       4
         The only issue properly before the Court in this appeal is the circuit court’s ruling
granting the preliminary injunction against Governor Justice. While this Court generally
does not review interlocutory orders, we have recognized that a party may seek review of
preliminary and temporary injunctions: “West Virginia Constitution, article VIII, section
3, which grants this Court appellate jurisdiction of civil cases in equity, includes a grant of
jurisdiction to hear appeals from interlocutory orders by circuit courts relating to
preliminary and temporary injunctive relief.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. McGraw v. Telecheck
Servs., Inc., 213 W. Va. 438, 582 S.E.2d 885 (2003).

        The circuit court’s January 20, 2022, order also denied Petitioners’ motion to
dismiss. This ruling is interlocutory and not subject to appellate review at this time.
“Ordinarily the denial of a motion for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted made pursuant to West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) is interlocutory
and is, therefore, not immediately appealable.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex re. Arrow Concrete Co.
                                                                             (continued . . .)

                                              2
                I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

              In 2019, the Legislature provided for the establishment of public charter

schools in West Virginia. See W. Va. Code § 18-5G-1, et seq. Per the 2019 statute, a

county’s board of education was designated as the primary “authorizer” of charter schools. 5

An “authorizer” is “the entity empowered . . . to review applications, decide whether to

approve or reject applications, enter into charter contracts with applicants, oversee public

charter schools, and decide whether to renew or not renew charter contracts.” Id. § 18-5G-

2(2).

              In 2021, the Legislature again addressed public charter schools with the

passage of HB 2012, which was signed into law by Governor Justice. Through the passage

of HB 2012, the PCSB was created and empowered as an additional “authorizer” of charter

schools. The creation and duties of the PCSB are set forth in West Virginia Code § 18-

5G-15(a) (2021):

v. Hill, 194 W. Va. 239, 460 S.E.2d 54 (1995). See Edwards v. Stark, 247 W. Va. 415, 419,
880 S.E.2d 881, 885 (2022) (“[O]rders denying motions to dismiss generally constitute
non-appealable interlocutory orders[.]”); W. Va. Bd. of Educ. v. Marple, 236 W. Va. 654,
660, 783 S.E.2d 75, 81 (2015) (quoting Hutchison v. City of Huntington, 198 W. Va. 139,
147, 479 S.E.2d 649, 657 (1996)) (“Ordinarily, we do not review the denial of a Rule
12(b)(6) motion because it is not a final order. However, we recognize an exception to this
general rule ‘when the defense is in the nature of an immunity.’”). Because we find that
the motion to dismiss is not subject to appellate review at this time, the sole issue we
consider herein is the circuit court’s ruling granting the preliminary injunction against
Governor Justice.
        5
         The West Virginia Board of Education was also designated as an “authorizer”
under limited circumstances. § 18-5G-2(2)(C) (2019).

                                             3
                      There is hereby created the West Virginia Professional
              Charter School Board which shall report directly to and be
              responsible to the state board, separate from the Department of
              Education, for carrying out its duties in accordance with this
              article. The mission of the board is to authorize high-quality
              public charter schools throughout the state that provide more
              options for students to attain a thorough and efficient
              education, particularly through schools designed to expand the
              opportunities for at-risk students. The Professional Charter
              School Board and public charter schools authorized in
              accordance with this article are subject to the general
              supervision of the state board solely for the purposes of
              accountability for meeting the standards for student
              performance required of other public school students under §
              18-2E-5 of this code.

              The PCSB is made up of five members who are appointed by the Governor,

with the advice and consent of the Senate. Id. § 18-5G-15(b). The Governor may remove

a PCSB member “for official misconduct, incompetence, neglect of duty, or gross

immorality.” Id. § 18-5G-15(g).

              In September of 2021, Respondents, two public school teachers in West

Virginia, filed a complaint in the Circuit Court of Kanawha County alleging that several

entities had applied to the PCSB to operate charter schools. Respondents stated that any

charter schools the PCSB authorized would be “independent free public school

organizations.” They argued that allowing such schools without the consent of the county

voters would violate article XII, section 10 of the West Virginia Constitution. 6

       6
        Article XII, section 10 of the West Virginia Constitution provides: “No
independent free school district, or organization shall hereafter be created, except with the
                                                                              (continued . . .)

                                              4
Respondents requested three forms of relief: (1) a writ of mandamus ordering Petitioners

to permit county residents the opportunity to vote on the creation of any PCSB-authorized

charter school; or, alternatively, (2) an injunction preventing the creation of any PCSB-

authorized charter school absent a vote of county residents; and (3) a declaration that West

Virginia Code § 18-5G-1 et seq. is unconstitutional. In response, Petitioners filed a motion

in opposition to the preliminary injunction and a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule

12(b)(1) and (6) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure.

              The circuit court held a hearing on these motions. During the hearing,

counsel for Respondents stated that “[a]t this point[,] the only requested relief is a

preliminary injunction to prevent irreparable harm and protect the Constitutional right of

county voters to vote on charter schools.” Counsel for Petitioners argued that Respondents

lacked standing, stating that

              [t]he preliminary injunction is designed to restrain [Petitioners]
              from taking future actions that are likely to cause irreparable
              harm, but the Plaintiffs even in their argument today have
              failed to identify any future actions that the Senate President,
              Speaker of the House, or the Governor - - that they wish to
              stop.

                     They are objecting to the authorization of charter
              schools, but none of the [Petitioners] are capable of authorizing
              charter schools.

                      State law makes clear [that] the [PCSB is] responsible
              for this, and as it stands, the Court cannot restrain the [PCSB]

consent of the school district or districts out of which the same is to be created, expressed
by a majority of the voters voting on the question.” W. Va. Const. art. XII, § 10.

                                              5
                from authorizing charter schools because the Plaintiffs failed
                to sue them.

                 By order entered on January 20, 2022, the circuit court granted the

preliminary injunction and denied Petitioners’ motion to dismiss.           In granting the

preliminary injunction, the circuit court rejected Petitioners’ argument that Respondents’

lacked standing. The circuit court determined that Governor Justice was a proper party for

standing purposes because he signed HB 2012 into law, appointed the PCSB’s members,

and is responsible for seeing that the State’s laws are “faithfully executed.” Further, the

circuit court found that the PCSB’s participation as a named party was unnecessary. 7

While the circuit court could not directly bind the PCSB, it ordered Governor Justice to

“direct [the] PCSB, under threat of removal, if necessary, to temporarily suspend the

creation of PCSB-authorized charter schools to comply with the preliminary injunction.”

It also found that the preliminary injunction extended to the PCSB under Rule 65 of the

West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, explaining that

       7
           The circuit court explained this conclusion as follows:

                       Because the Governor can be enjoined to effectuate
                [Respondents’] requested preliminary           injunction—to
                temporarily halt further implementation of HB 2012 in the
                creation of PCSB-authorized charter schools—and PCSB
                would thus be bound by both the constitutional directive of the
                Governor and the scope of an injunction against the Governor
                as a state agency within his charge, the [c]ourt FINDS and
                CONCLUDES PCSB’s participation as a named party to this
                action is unnecessary.

                                               6
              the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure extend the scope of
              the preliminary injunction to “parties to the action, their
              officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys, and upon
              those persons in active concert or participation with them.” W.
              Va. R. Civ. P. 65. The scope of preliminary injunction would
              therefore extend to [the] PCSB as a state agency within the
              executive charge of the Governor.

              After concluding that Governor Justice was a proper party for standing

purposes, the circuit court found that the four preliminary injunction factors weighed in

Respondents’ favor. 8 Therefore, it granted the preliminary injunction “to ENJOIN the

further enforcement of [HB] 2012 in the creation of PCSB-authorized charter schools by

the Governor, the Governor’s executive officers, agents, or employees, and any persons

acting in concert or participation with them.” 9

       8
         In Justice v. West Virginia AFL-CIO, 246 W. Va. 205, 866 S.E.2d 613 (2021), we
provided that courts “must consider, in ‘flexible interplay,’ the following four factors in
determining whether to issue a preliminary injunction: (1) the likelihood of irreparable
harm to the plaintiff without the injunction; (2) the likelihood of harm to the defendant with
an injunction; (3) the plaintiff’s likelihood of success on the merits; and (4) the public
interest.” Id. at 212, 866 S.E.2d at 620 (internal quotation omitted). The circuit court
determined that each of these factors weighed in Respondents’ favor.
       9
        As we noted in footnote 2, the circuit court determined that the injunctive relief
was only proper against Governor Justice. The circuit court explained that it

              need not enjoin the Senate President and House Speaker to
              effectuate [Respondents’] requested preliminary injunctive
              relief. However, this fac[t] does not require the dismissal of
              the House Speaker and Senate President from this action,
              which is sufficiently alleged against them for purposes of
              [Respondents’] requested mandamus and declaratory relief.
                                                                              (continued . . .)

                                              7
               After entry of the circuit court’s order granting the preliminary injunction,

Petitioners filed the instant appeal. This Court subsequently granted Petitioners’ motion to

stay the circuit court’s order pending the resolution of this appeal.

                              II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

               Our standard of review when addressing a circuit court’s ruling on injunctive

relief is as follows:

                      Unless an absolute right to injunctive relief is conferred
               by statute, the power to grant or refuse or to modify, continue,
               or dissolve a temporary [preliminary] or a permanent
               injunction, whether preventive or mandatory in character,
               ordinarily rests in the sound discretion of the trial court,
               according to the facts and the circumstances of the particular
               case; and its action in the exercise of its discretion will not be

        Regarding the potential mandamus relief that could be directed against the Senate
President and House Speaker, the circuit court provided that it was “unwilling at this stage
of the proceedings to exclude the possibility that it could, consistent with its authority and
separation of powers, issue an extraordinary writ against the Legislature when the law
requires.” (Internal quotation omitted). As we have previously observed, “our cases . . .
make clear that mandamus will lie against a State official to adjust prospectively his or her
conduct to bring it into compliance with any statutory or constitutional standard.” Gribben
v. Kirk, 195 W. Va. 488, 497, 466 S.E.2d 147, 156 (1995). We find it concerning that the
circuit court did not identify the specific conduct that the Senate President and House
Speaker could be ordered to adjust prospectively. Instead, it simply declared that it was
“unwilling . . . to exclude the possibility that it could” grant mandamus relief against these
parties and, accordingly, declined to dismiss them from this action. We find the circuit
court’s failure to identify a specific basis for keeping the Senate President and House
Speaker in this case, based on a speculative and unarticulated possibility that it may, in the
future, discover a basis for mandamus relief against them, to be concerning. However,
issues relating to Respondents’ requested mandamus relief, as well as the circuit court’s
interlocutory order denying the motion to dismiss filed by the Senate President and House
Speaker, are not before us in the instant appeal. The only issue properly before us at this
juncture is the circuit court’s ruling granting injunctive relief against Governor Justice.
                                               8
              disturbed on appeal in the absence of a clear showing of an
              abuse of such discretion.

Syl. Pt. 1, Baisden v. W. Va. Secondary Schools Activities Comm’n., 211 W. Va. 725, 568

S.E.2d 32 (2002) (internal citation omitted).

              Further, “[t]his Court reviews the circuit court’s final order and ultimate

disposition under an abuse of discretion standard. We review challenges to findings of fact

under a clearly erroneous standard; conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.” Syl. Pt. 4,

Burgess v. Porterfield, 196 W. Va. 178, 469 S.E.2d 114 (1996). With these standards as

guidance, we consider the parties’ arguments.

                                     III. ANALYSIS

              The circuit court granted a preliminary injunction enjoining Governor Justice

from “further enforcement of [HB] 2012 in the creation of PCSB-authorized charter

schools[.]” The threshold issue presented in this appeal is whether Respondents had

standing to seek this injunctive relief against Governor Justice. Petitioners contend that

Respondents lack standing because (1) Governor Justice does not have the ability to

authorize charter schools and (2) redressing Respondents’ alleged injury requires an order

against the PCSB, a nonparty.

              After review, we agree with Petitioners and conclude that Respondents lack

standing to seek the injunctive relief at issue against Governor Justice. We begin our

analysis with a brief discussion of standing and then address the parties’ arguments.

              This Court has recognized that “Article VIII, Section 6 of the West Virginia

Constitution establishes that there must be a justiciable case or controversy—a legal right

                                                9
claimed by one party and denied by another—in order for the circuit court to have subject

matter jurisdiction. In part, this means the party asserting a legal right must have standing

to assert that right.” State ex rel. Healthport Techs., LLC v. Stucky, 239 W. Va. 239, 242,

800 S.E.2d 506, 509 (2017) (footnote omitted). Similarly, this Court has held that “[i]n

essence, the question of standing is whether the litigant is entitled to have the court decide

the merits of the dispute or of particular issues.” Syl. Pt. 4, in part, Manville Personal

Injury Settlement Trust v. Blankenship, 231 W. Va. 637, 749 S.E.2d 329 (2013) (emphasis

added). “[S]tanding is defined as ‘[a] party’s right to make a legal claim or seek judicial

enforcement of a duty or right.’” Findley v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 213 W. Va. 80,

94, 576 S.E.2d 807, 821 (2002) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1413 (7th ed.1999)).

              This Court has held that:

                     Standing is comprised of three elements: First, the party
              attempting to establish standing must have suffered an “injury-
              in-fact”—an invasion of a legally protected interest which is
              (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent and
              not conjectural or hypothetical. Second, there must be a causal
              connection between the injury and the conduct forming the
              basis of the lawsuit. Third, it must be likely that the injury will
              be redressed through a favorable decision of the court.

Syl. Pt. 5, Findley, 213 W. Va. 80, 576 S.E.2d 807.

              We have observed that the foregoing standing test “makes clear that all three

elements must be present; thus, if one element is absent, there is no standing.” State ex rel.

W. Va. Univ. Hosps.-E., Inc. v. Hammer, 246 W. Va. 122, 132, 866 S.E.2d 187, 197 (2021).

Petitioners argue, and we agree, that Respondents do not meet the causation or

redressability prongs of this test.

                                              10
              As set forth in Findley, standing requires “a causal connection between the

injury and the conduct forming the basis of the lawsuit.” Syl. Pt. 5, in part, Findley. The

Supreme Court has addressed the causation element of standing and explained that “there

must be a causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of—the injury

has to be fairly . . . trace[able] to the challenged action of the defendant, and not . . . the

result [of] the independent action of some third party not before the court.” Lujan v.

Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560, 112 S. Ct. 2130, 2136 (1992) (internal citation

and quotation omitted).

               Respondents posit two ways in which Governor Justice is causally

connected to their injury-in-fact. 10 First, they assert that Governor Justice signed HB 2012

into law despite the fact that he “was on notice, prior to signing [HB] 2012, that it had a

constitutional infirmity conflicting with [article XII,] section 10.” Second, Respondents

argue that after Governor Justice signed HB 2012, he failed to discharge his duty to hold a

special election pursuant to article XII, section 10.

       10
          The circuit court described Respondents’ injury-in-fact as follows: Respondents
“have averred that [HB] 2012 permits the creation of independent school organizations in
their respective counties without the consent of a majority of county voters thereby
depriving [Respondents] of their constitutional right to vote afforded to them by article 12,
section 10.” The issue before us is whether Respondents had standing to seek injunctive
relief against Governor Justice. Thus, we do not need to address the validity of
Respondents’ claimed injury-in fact because “[t]he focus of a standing analysis is not on
the validity of the claim but instead is ‘on the appropriateness of a party bringing the
questioned controversy to the court.’” Healthport, 239 W. Va. at 243, 800 S.E.2d at 510
(quoting Findley, 213 W. Va. at 95, 576 S.E.2d at 822).

                                              11
              We conclude that neither of these arguments satisfies the causation element

of our standing test. In arriving at this conclusion, we emphasize that Governor Justice’s

only role in relation to HB 2012 was signing it after its passage and appointing PCSB

members, with the advice and consent of the Senate. W. Va. Code § 18-5G-15(b). The

PCSB is statutorily empowered to approve or reject charter school applications. Id. § 18-

5G-15(a) Governor Justice has no veto authority over the PCSB’s decision to approve or

reject a charter school application. Clearly, the Respondents’ claimed injury is that the

approval of charter schools would take place in a manner that, according to Respondents,

does not comply with their interpretation of article XII, section 10 of the West Virginia

Constitution. Even assuming, arguendo, that such approval were found to be violative of

the Constitution, that approval results from decisions and action taken by the PCSB, a

nonparty to this action. Because the PCSB has the statutory authority to approve or reject

charter school applications, Respondents cannot meet the causation prong of our standing

test because their injury is “the result [of] the independent action of some third party not

before the court.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, 112 S.Ct. at 2136 (emphasis added).

              Additionally, we disagree with Respondents’ position that causation is

satisfied because Governor Justice “was on notice, prior to signing [HB] 2012, that it had

a constitutional infirmity conflicting with [article XII,] section 10.”     To satisfy the

causation element of our standing test, Respondents must demonstrate that their alleged

injury is causally connected to Governor Justice. We find no support for Respondents’

argument that Governor Justice’s purported belief about HB 2012’s constitutionality when

                                            12
he signed it is sufficient to satisfy the causation element of our standing test. In rejecting

a similar argument, the Fourth Circuit recently addressed a lawsuit brought by the parents

of students with disabilities against the governor of South Carolina, and other parties,

challenging a state law prohibiting school districts from using certain funds to impose

COVID-19 mask mandates. Disability Rights South Carolina v. McMaster, 24 F.4th 893

(4th Cir. 2022). The governor signed the law and publicly defended it from claims that it

was unconstitutional. The Fourth Circuit concluded that these actions were not sufficient

to establish standing. Id. at 901. It explained that

              [t]he mere fact that a governor is under a general duty to
              enforce state laws does not make him a proper defendant in
              every action attacking the constitutionality of a state statute.
              The same is true with respect to the fact that [the governor] has
              publicly endorsed and defended the challenged statutes.
              Rather, in order to be a proper defendant in an action to enjoin
              an allegedly unconstitutional state law, the governor must have
              “a specific duty to enforce” that law.

Id. (internal quotation and citation omitted).

              We find that this rationale is applicable to the present case. Assuming that

Governor Justice knew HB 2012’s constitutionality could be challenged at the time he

signed it, such alleged knowledge does not establish causation in this case where the PCSB,

a nonparty, exercises its own, independent statutory authority to approve or reject charter

school applications.

              Similarly, we reject Respondents’ contention that causation is satisfied

because Governor Justice failed to hold a special election pursuant to article XII, section

10 after signing HB 2012. Respondents’ argument in this regard relates to relief in

                                              13
mandamus—to compel Governor Justice to call a special election consonant with article

XII, section 10. The purported neglect of duty to call a special election may not serve here

to satisfy the causation element of standing to seek injunctive relief because injunctive

relief stops or prevents performance of an act, it does not direct that an act be performed.

Again, the narrow issue before us is whether Respondents have standing for the injunctive

relief at issue against Governor Justice. This injunctive relief directs Governor Justice to

prevent the further creation of PCSB-authorized schools, and, as discussed above, he does

not possess this ability because he does not have the statutory authority to exercise control

over, or override, the PCSB’s statutory authority to approve or reject charter school

applications. Further, HB 2012 does not provide Governor Justice with the authority to

hold a special election. Thus, in seeking injunctive relief directing Governor Justice to

prevent the creation of PCSB-authorized charter schools pursuant to HB 2012, his failure

to hold a special election, which he is not statutorily authorized to call, does not satisfy the

causation element of our standing test.

              Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Respondents have not met the

causation element of our standing test. 11 While this finding is sufficient to resolve this

       11
          Respondents cite multiple cases in which this Court did not dismiss the Governor
as a party “for lack of standing despite no evidence of any special or specific duty under
the challenged statute.” See State ex rel. League of Women Voters of W. Va. v. Tomblin,
209 W. Va. 565, 550 S.E.2d 355 (2001); W. Va. Educ. Ass’n v. Consol. Pub. Ret. Bd., 194
W. Va. 501, 460 S.E.2d 747 (1995); McGraw v. Caperton, 191 W. Va. 528, 446 S.E.2d
921 (1994). However, we find that these cases do not address the narrow issue before us
                                                                           (continued . . .)

                                              14
appeal, we briefly note that Respondents have also failed to establish the redressability

prong of our standing test.

              In Findley, we held that “it must be likely that the injury will be redressed

through a favorable decision of the court.” Syl. Pt. 5, in part, Findley. The preliminary

injunction directs Governor Justice to prevent “further enforcement of [HB] 2012 in the

creation of PCSB-authorized charter schools.” As discussed in our causation analysis,

Governor Justice does not control the PCSB’s ability to approve or reject charter school

applications. Because Governor Justice does not possess this ability, the circuit court’s

preliminary injunction requires a party (Governor Justice) to order a nonparty (the PCSB)

to cease performing a function. 12 Since Respondents’ alleged injury is not, and cannot be,

in this appeal, whether Respondents’ have established standing for the injunctive relief at
issue. Nor do any of these cases compel the result reached in the instant case—enjoining
Governor Justice from enforcing a law that would require him to exercise authority over a
nonparty, the PCSB, that he does not control.
       12
           The circuit court suggested two main ways in which the preliminary injunction
against Governor Justice could bind the PCSB. First, the circuit court noted that Governor
Justice is “empowered to direct PCSB, under threat of removal, if necessary, to temporarily
suspend the creation of PCSB-authorized charter schools to comply with the preliminary
injunction.” While Governor Justice may remove a PCSB member “for official
misconduct, incompetence, neglect of duty, or gross immorality,” we do not find that this
removal power is sufficient to satisfy the redressability prong of our standing test. W. Va.
Code § 18-5G-15(g). The PCSB is statutorily empowered to approve charter school
applications. Assuming Governor Justice followed through with the circuit court’s
suggestion that he remove PCSB members if they continue to authorize charter schools,
new members would then be appointed. These new members would possess their own,
independent statutory authority when deciding whether to approve charter school
applications. Thus, we conclude that Governor Justice’s potential use of his limited
                                                                             (continued . . .)

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directly redressed through the circuit court’s preliminary injunction against Governor

Justice, we easily conclude that Respondents’ have not satisfied the redressability prong of

our standing test.

              In conclusion, we find that Respondents have not satisfied the causation or

redressability prongs of our standing test as set forth by this Court in Findley. Because

Respondents do not have standing for the injunctive relief at issue against Governor Justice,

we reverse the circuit court’s order and dissolve the preliminary injunction.

                                    IV. CONCLUSION

              Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, we find that the circuit court erred

by granting the preliminary injunction against Governor Justice. We reverse the circuit

removal power under West Virginia Code § 18-5G-15(g) does not change the fact that the
PCSB, not Governor Justice, has the ability to authorize public charter schools.

        We also reject the circuit court’s conclusion that the preliminary injunction extends
to the PCSB under Rule 65 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 65(d)
provides that an order granting an injunction is “binding only upon the parties to the action,
their officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys, and upon those persons in active
concert or participation with them who receive actual notice of the order by personal
service or otherwise.” W. Va. R. Civ. P. 65(d), in part. The circuit court found that the
PCSB, as a state agency, is “within the executive charge of the Governor.” We disagree.
Generally, an agent “acts for and represents the principal, and acquires authority from
him[.]” State ex rel. Clark v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of W. Va., Inc., 203 W. Va. 690, 714,
510 S.E.2d 764, 788 (1998). The PCSB does not act on behalf of Governor Justice. The
PCSB did not acquire its authority to authorize charter schools from Governor Justice. The
PCSB was created by statute and acts pursuant to its statutory authority. Governor Justice
cannot direct or veto the PCSB’s decision to approve a charter school application. Thus,
we find the circuit court’s reliance on Rule 65(d) to be misplaced.

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court’s January 20, 2022 order, dissolve the preliminary injunction, and remand the case

for further proceedings.

                                                               Reversed and Remanded.

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