Court Opinion

ID: 7803264
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-24 19:01:01.06499+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:36.367041
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
PETER TOREN,
Plaintiff,
Vv.

Civil Case No. 16-1885 (RJL)

FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF
GERMANY,

Defendant.

Vel
MEMORANDUM OPINION
(August 2g, 2022) [Dkt. # 51]

Pending before the Court is a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction filed by defendant Federal Republic of Germany (“Germany”) pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). Germany contends that, as a foreign sovereign,
it is immune from the claims brought here by plaintiff Peter Toren, who seeks damages
stemming from the alleged taking of art and other valuable assets from his great-uncle,
David Friedmann, by the German Nazi regime in the course of the Holocaust.! Toren
argues that his claims are encompassed by the so-called “expropriation exception” to the
Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(3). This case was stayed
pending the Supreme Court’s decision in a similar case concerning the application and

scope of the expropriation exception, Philipp v. Federal Republic of Germany. See 141 S.

 

' This suit was originally brought by David Toren, Peter Toren’s father, but unfortunately David Toren passed
away during the suit’s pendency. The Court granted Peter Toren’s motion to substitute as plaintiff for his father. See
Minute Order, July 27, 2020.
Ct. 703 (2021). Following amendment of the complaint and the Supreme Court’s decision
in Philipp, Germany renewed its motion to dismiss the now-operative Second Amended
Complaint. As explained below, the Court agrees with Germany that, following Philipp,
Toren’s claims are not encompassed by the FSIA’s expropriation exception. Accordingly,
the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate Toren’s claims, and Germany’s
motion to dismiss must be GRANTED.

BACKGROUND?

I. Factual Background

The present case arises from the historically horrific conduct of Germany’s Nazi
regime in the lead-up to and course of World War II. David Friedmann was a “wealthy
industrialist” in Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland). Pl.’s Second Amended
Complaint (“SAC”) 993, 13 [Dkt. #49]. Because he was Jewish, Friedmann “was
declared an enemy of the state [in 1939] and confined by the Gestapo before he died in
1942.” Id. 93. At the same time as it confined Friedmann, the Nazi regime confiscated a
large quantity of art belonging to him, as well as a number of securities. See id. J§ 8, 11.
Friedmann’s art collection included works by “French impressionists such as Courbet,
Pissarro, Raffaélli, [and] Rousseau,” as well as by “well-known landscape painters, such
as Frits Thaulow, Adolf Oberlander, and Walter Leistikow.” Jd. [J 80-81

In 2013, David Toren, the original plaintiff in this case and the father of the current

plaintiff, Peter Toren, learned that a painting he recalled from Friedmann’s home, Max

 

? The facts are drawn from Toren’s Second Amended Complaint and, to the extent they are relevant to the
Court’s decision on the pending motion, are undisputed.
. Liebermann’s “Two Riders on the Beach,” had been recovered from the collection of the
son of a noted Nazi art dealer. Jd. {§] 6-7. Friedmann was David Toren’s great-uncle, id.
48, and David Toren had seen “Two Riders” at Friedmann’s house prior to his fleeing
Germany for Sweden in 1939, id. 92, 7. After the “Two Riders” discovery, Toren
undertook an investigation to prove that his family lawfully owned “Two Riders” and to
learn what had become of the rest of the family’s property. /d. 47. This research ultimately
led to the discovery in a Polish archive of an inventory list identifying items that had been
taken from Friedmann by the Nazis. See id. 9-11. The Nazi regime eventually sold the
confiscated property. See id. J§] 101-107, 129-138.

Of course, the specific harms inflicted on Toren were part of a broader series of
atrocities committed by the Nazi regime. Indeed, as relevant here, German Jews were
formally stripped of nearly all of their rights of German citizenship by a series of
governmental actions and decrees. See generally id. {| 42, 44, 45, Among these actions
were a 1935 law that demoted German Jews to a second-class citizenship tier; a 1933 law—
overwhelmingly used to target Jews—that provided for loss of German citizenship if an
individual engaged in certain behaviors and accordingly deemed an “enemy of the state,”
see id. J] 44, 60-62, 96; the invalidating of passports held by German Jews, see id. 4 64;
and a 1941 law that provided for the loss of “status as a German national” for any German
Jew who “takes up ordinary residence abroad,” id. 468. These legal maneuvers were
intertwined with the Nazi regime’s overarching genocidal course of conduct toward Jews
living in Germany as well as the other European states that became subject to German rule

or control.
II. Procedural History

David Toren first sued Germany in 2014 to recover “Two Riders on the Beach,” and
in 2015 Germany agreed to return the painting to him. See id. § 10. After learning about
the remainder of Friedmann’s property, Toren filed the instant suit against Germany in
2016, seeking compensation for the Nazi regime’s taking of the unrecovered art and the
securities. See Compl. [Dkt. # 1]. The case was stayed while two cases presenting similar
issues regarding the scope of the FSIA’s expropriation exception— Republic of Hungary
v. Simon and Federal Republic of Germany v. Philipp—were heard and decided first by
our Court of Appeals and then, eventually, by the Supreme Court. See, e.g., Minute Order,
July 9, 2018. Sadly, during the course of the stay, David Toren passed away. His son, Peter
Toren, however was available and substituted as the plaintiff in this matter pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25. See Minute Order, July 27, 2020.

In February 2021, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Philipp. 141 S. Ct. 703
(2021); see also Simon v. Republic of Hungary, 141 S. Ct. 691 (mem.) (vacating decision
of Court of Appeals in light of Philipp). Following that decision, Toren filed the operative
Second Amended Complaint, and Germany filed its now-pending renewed motion to

dismiss, see Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“MTD”) [Dkt. # 51].

ANALYSIS

Germany moves to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint primarily on the basis

that it is immune from Toren’s claims pursuant to the FSIA, and thus the Court lacks
subject matter jurisdiction.? The FSIA “creates a baseline presumption of immunity from
suit” for foreign sovereigns, meaning that unless one of the FSIA’s enumerated exceptions
applies to a claim against the sovereign, “‘a federal court lacks subject matter jurisdiction”
over that claim. Philipp, 141 S. Ct. at 709 (quoting Saudi Arabia v. Nelson, 507 U.S. 349,
355 (1993)). Here, Toren argues that his claims come within the so-called expropriation
exception, which provides, in relevant part, that courts may exercise jurisdiction over
claims “in which rights in property taken in violation of international law are in issue” and
where “that property or any property exchanged for such property is present in the United
States in connection with a commercial activity carried on in the United States by the

foreign state,” 28 U.S.C § 1605(a)(3).

In Philipp, the Supreme Court clarified and limited the scope of claims that are
encompassed by this exception, focusing specifically on what constituted “property taken
in violation of international law.” 141 S. Ct. at 709. The Philipp plaintiffs were heirs to a
collection of medieval relics; the Nazi regime had acquired the collection by coercing its
original owners, a consortium of firms owned by German Jews, into selling the relics at a
fraction of their value. See id. at 708. The heirs argued that the relics were “taken in
violation of international law” because their coerced sale “constituted an act of genocide,

and genocide is a violation of international human rights law.” Jd. at 709. However, the

 

3 Germany also moves for dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), arguing that the Court
lacks personal jurisdiction over Germany. See MTD at 29. Under the FSIA, personal jurisdiction over a foreign
sovereign exists only where (1) the sovereign has been validly served and (2) the court has subject matter jurisdiction.
E.g., Schubarth v. Fed. Rep. of Germany, 891 F.3d 392, 397 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 2018). Germany does not argue it was
improperly served, so its argument as to personal jurisdiction is wholly overlapping with its argument as to subject
matter jurisdiction, see MTD at 29, and I therefore address them here as a single argument.
Supreme Court held that the expropriation exception did not encompass such claims;
instead, the exception was limited to property taken in violation of “the international law
of expropriation rather than of human rights.” /d. at 712. Because the expropriation
exception was so limited, the Court continued, the so-called “domestic takings rule” applies
to all claims brought pursuant to the exception. That rule limits the exception such that it
“does not cover expropriations of property belonging to a country’s own nationals.” Jd. at
711 (quoting Republic of Austria v. Altmann, 541 U.S. 677, 713 (2004) (Breyer, J.,
concurring)). Accordingly, for purposes of the exception, a “taking of property’ could be
‘wrongful under international law’ only where a state deprived ‘an alien’ of property.” Id.

at 712 (quoting REST. (SECOND) OF U.S. FOREIGN RELS. L. § 185 (Am. L. Inst. 1965)).

Germany argues that Philipp forecloses the claims here because Friedmann was at
all times a German national, and thus the taking of the property at issue was a domestic
one that does not come within the expropriation exception.* Toren, for his part, relies on
the Supreme Court’s express disclaimer in Philipp that it was not addressing “an alternative
argument” that the taking was “not subject to the domestic takings rule because the
[victims] were not German nationals” when it occurred—an issue Toren raised in an
amicus brief filed in Philipp. See id. at 715-16; see also Br. of Peter Toren as Amicus

Curiae in Support of Respondents, Philipp, 141 S. Ct. 703 (No. 19-351), 2020 WL

 

* Germany makes additional arguments disputing whether the property at issue “or any property exchanged
for such property is present in the United States in connection with a commercial activity carried on in the United
States by the foreign state,” as required by the second half of the expropriation exception. See MTD at 13-29.
However, because I agree with Germany that Toren’s claim does not involve “property taken in violation of
international law,” I do not address these further grounds for dismissal.
6599029. Toren contends that the various Nazi-era decrees described above, together with
the Nazi regime’s broader campaign of persecution against German Jews, had the effect of
rendering Friedmann and other German Jews stateless. Accordingly, Friedmann had been
deprived of his German nationality at the time of the taking of his property, and thus the

claim was not subject to the domestic-takings bar.

However, I need not resolve the thorny question of whether Germany had in fact
deprived Friedmann of his German nationality. Instead, I agree with Germany’s alternative
argument that, in light of Philipp, the kind of claim Toren articulates here—involving the
taking of property by a foreign state from a person rendered stateless by virtue of that
state’s conduct—is not encompassed by the expropriation exception, and thus I do not have
subject matter jurisdiction. As described above, the Supreme Court held in Philipp that
property “taken in violation of international law” does not include property taken in the
course of a state’s genocidal conduct. Though Toren contends that his claim is
distinguishable from that precluded by Philipp, that argument is unavailing. Instead,
Toren’s claim here is for all relevant purposes identical to that made in Philipp, albeit with
an added middle step: in effect, Toren claims that Germany, during the course of a
genocidal course of conduct, sufficiently persecuted its Jewish nationals so as to render
them stateless, and then took their property. But the addition of the allegations in that
middle step—that the genocidal course of conduct at issue rendered its victims stateless—
is insufficient to transform Toren’s claim into one encompassed by the expropriation

exception. Instead, it is in the final analysis a claim that the property was taken in the course
of some other violation of international law. And while the conduct underlying such claims
is without question appalling, the Supreme Court has made clear that these claims are not
encompassed by the expropriation exception, and thus Germany, like all foreign

sovereigns, has been granted immunity from them.

Indeed, to hold otherwise would vitiate the holding of Philipp. A plaintiff seeking
to get around the domestic-takings rule would need only to plead that a given genocidal
course of conduct against a sovereign’s own nationals had the particular effect of rendering
its victims stateless. And because it does not require much of a leap to link the kinds of
terrible state actions that comprise a genocide with a concurrent severance of the
connection between a state and its victimized nationals, an exception for this kind of claim
would in all likelihood swallow the Supreme Court’s rule. Moreover, it would leave a
court considering these types of claims in the unenviable position of having to determine
whether a given genocidal course of conduct was sufficiently horrific so as to render its
victims stateless, just to satisfy itself whether it has jurisdiction to adjudicate the underlying
property conversion claims brought by the plaintiff.> Nothing in the text of the FSIA
suggests Congress intended to require such inquiries at the jurisdictional stage. And
indeed, such a requirement would seem to be precisely what the Supreme Court sought to
preclude in Philipp by making “the district court sit as a war crimes tribunal to adjudicate

claims of genocide,’ while ‘clear[ing] the way for a wide range of litigation against foreign

 

> Indeed, the relatively underdeveloped law of statelessness and its relationship to internationally unlawful
state action would make it particularly difficult, if not impossible, for a foreign sovereign to counteract a plaintiff's
allegations of statelessness and for courts to determine whether the state’s alleged conduct indeed rose to the level of
causing statelessness.
sovereigns for public acts committed within their own territories.’” Philipp, 141 S. Ct. at
709 (quoting Philipp v. Fed. Rep. of Germany, 925 F.3d 1349, 1350 (D.C. Cir. 2019)
(Katsas, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc)); see also Philipp, 925 F.3d at
1350 (Katsas, J., dissenting from denial of rehearing en banc) (noting that this kind of
analysis “oddly matches the jurisdictional equivalent of a thermonuclear weapon
(determining the scope of a genocide) to the merits equivalent of swatting a fly

(determining whether there was a common-law conversion)”.

In sum, then, I do not believe the expropriation exception, as interpreted by the
Supreme Court in Philipp, encompasses a claim based on a foreign sovereign’s rendering
its own nationals stateless before taking their property, at least where those two actions are
part of the same broad course of conduct.® Because Toren brings just such a claim here,
he cannot rely on the expropriation exception to get around the blanket grant of sovereign
immunity contained in the FSIA. Accordingly, Germany remains immune from suit, and

the Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate Toren’s claim.

 

© My conclusion here is indeed the same as that reached by my colleague, Chief Judge Howell, in her recent
opinion in Simon v. Republic of Hungary, which was remanded from the Supreme Court at the same time as Philipp
was decided. See Simon v. Rep. of Hungary, No. 10-cv-1770, 2021 WL 6196995, at *18—19 (D.D.C. Dec. 30, 2021).
As here, the court in Simon found that the Supreme Court’s decision in Philipp precluded a claim brought pursuant to
the expropriation exception where “plaintiffs ... would have been nationals of the offending state but for the genocidal
conduct” that was coincident to the challenged taking of property. Jd. at *19. Even more recently, Judge Howell
reaffirmed this holding in a related case, Heller v. Republic of Hungary. See No. 21-cv-1739, 2022 WL 2802351
(D.D.C. July 18, 2022) (reiterating “that Philipp ‘precludes reliance on the egregiousness or genocidal nature of
expropriative conduct as a means to escape the limitation of the domestic takings rule” and that “Philipp is also
irreconcilable with plaintiffs’ argument that statelessness induced by genocidal conduct removes such conduct from
the confines of the domestic takings rule’” (quoting Simon, 2021 WL 6196995, at *16)).

Additionally, like the court in Simon, I also do not reach an alternative argument raised by the defendants
both here and in Simon, namely that the international law of expropriation does not reach any taking by a foreign state
of property belonging to stateless persons. See Def.’s Reply in Support of MTD at 10-13 [Dkt. # 55]; see also Simon,
2021 WL 6196995 at *19 n.20. Whether international law recognizes such a taking is a question of first impression
in this Circuit that has to date been addressed by only one federal court, see Mezerhane v. Republica Bolivariana de
Venezuela, 785 F.3d 545, 551 (11th Cir. 2015), and I need not address it to decide the motion presently before me.
In closing, while the actions of the Nazi regime toward Friedmann as described in
Toren’s pleadings were abhorrent and deserve the utmost condemnation, I do not make any
finding here concerning whether Toren is entitled to compensation for the taking of
Friedmann’s property by the Nazi regime. I merely conclude that such compensation
cannot be provided by this Court pursuant to the FSIA. As interpreted by the Supreme
Court in Philipp, that statute provides Germany with immunity from the claims of Toren

and others brought in the United States courts.’

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction to
adjudicate the claims Toren brings against Germany, because Germany is immune from
them pursuant to the FSIA. Accordingly, Germany’s motion to dismiss the petition
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) is GRANTED and this case is
dismissed. A separate order consistent with this decision accompanies this Memorandum

Opinion.

    

RICHARD J.
United States District Judge

 

7 Germany argues in the alternative that, even if the Court has jurisdiction, it should decline to exercise it
pursuant to the forum non conveniens doctrine. See MTD at 30. Because I conclude that Toren’s claims are not
encompassed by the expropriation exception, however, I need not address this additional basis for dismissal.

10