Court Opinion

ID: 4555774
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-14 17:02:55.301134+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:23:58.089747
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

CLP TOXICOLOGY, INC.,                  )
                                       )
                            Plaintiff, )
                                       )
          v.                           ) C.A. No. 2018-0783-PRW
                                       )            and
CASLA BIO HOLDINGS LLC, CASLA          ) C.A. No. N18C-10-332 PRW
BIO GP, LLC, CASLA PARTNERS, L.P.,     )                      CCLD
CASLA PARTNERS LLC, CASLA              )
PARTNERS CAPITAL FUND I, LP,           )
SAMUEL HINES, JARED ROCHWERG,          )
R2 INVESTMENTS, LLC a/k/a              )
SAMSON INVESTMENT PARTNERS,            )
HAWK CAPITAL PARTNERS, LP,             )
PROVCO VENTURES I, LP, CLIFTON         )
WRIGHT, ROY S. NEFF, LBCW              )
HOLDINGS, LP, CASLA ABS                )
INVESTORS, LP and LARRY HOLLIN,        )
                                       )
                          Defendants. )

                          Submitted: May 12, 2020
                          Decided: June 29, 2020
                         Corrected: August 14, 2020

                MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

                    Upon Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss,
                    DENIED in part; GRANTED in part.

Christopher Viceconte, Esquire, GIBBONS P.C., Wilmington, Delaware; Anthony
J. Rospert, Esquire, Thomas M. Ritzert, Esquire, THOMPSON HINE LLP,
Cleveland, Ohio, Attorneys for Plaintiff CLP Toxicology, Inc.

Peter B. Ladig, Esquire, Elizabeth A. Powers, Esquire, BAYARD, P.A.,
Wilmington, Delaware; Jordan D. Weiss, Esquire, GOODWIN PROCTER LLP,
New York, New York, Attorneys for Casla Bio Holdings LLC, Casla Bio GP, LLC,
Casla Partners, L.P., Casla Partners LLC, Casla Partners Capital Fund I, LP,
Samuel Hines, Jared Rochwerg, R2 Investments, LLC A/K/A Samson Investment
Partners, Hawk Capital Partners, LP, Provco Ventures I, LP, Clifton Wright, Roy
S. Neff, LBCW Holdings, LP, Casla ABS Investors, LP And Larry Hollin.

WALLACE, J.

                                     - ii -
      This civil action arises out of Plaintiff CLP Toxicology, Inc.’s (“CLP”)

purchase of all Alternative Biomedical Solutions LLC’s (“ABS” or the “Company”)

securities (the “Transaction”) pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement (the

“SPA”). CLP and Defendants Casla Bio Holdings LLC (“Casla” or “Company

Seller”), and Casla Bio GP, LLC (“Blocker Seller” and, together with Casla, the

“Seller Defendants”) executed the SPA and closed the Transaction on December 18,

2017 (the “Closing” or “Closing Date”).

      CLP alleges that Samuel Hines, Jared Rochwerg (together, the “Individual

Defendants”), and the Seller Defendants intentionally misled and induced CLP to

purchase   the   assets   based   on   omissions,   concealments,    and   material

misrepresentations.

      CLP also asserts that Casla Partners, LP, Casla Partners LLC, Casla Partners

Capital Fund I, LP (collectively, the “Principal Casla Defendants”), R2 Investments,

LLC, a/k/a Samson Investment Partners (“R2”), Hawk Capital Partners, LP

(“Hawk”), Casla ABS Investors, LP (“Casla ABS Investors” and, together with R2

and Hawk, the “Principal Investor Defendants”), the Seller Defendants, and

Individual Defendants worked in confederation with one another to induce CLP to

sign the SPA. CLP claims that the Seller Defendants and Individual Defendants

acted at all relevant times as the agents of Principal Casla Defendants and the

Principal Investor Defendants.

                                          -1-
       Finally, CLP asserts that the Seller Defendants transferred the proceeds of the

sale of ABS to Provco Ventures I, LP (“Provco”), Clifton Wright, Roy Neff, LBCW

Holdings, LP (“LBCW”), Larry Hollin (collectively, the “Investor Defendants”) and

the Principal Investor Defendants with intent to defraud CLP and prevent CLP from

being able to recover the amounts owed to it as a result of the Seller Defendants’ and

Individual Defendants’ fraudulent activities.

       CLP filed parallel actions in the Court of Chancery (the “Court of Chancery

Action”) and the Complex Commercial Litigation Division of the Superior Court

(the “Superior Court CCLD Action”), against the Seller Defendants, the Individual

Defendants, the Principal Casla Defendants, the Investor Defendants and the

Principal Investor Defendants (collectively, “Defendants”). Thereafter, the Chief

Justice designated the undersigned to sit in the Court of Chancery Action so that one

judicial officer could resolve the parties’ overlapping and related disputes.1

       In early 2019, CLP filed an amended complaint (the “Amended Complaint”)

in the Court of Chancery Action. CLP makes the following claims:

       - Charges Fraudulent Inducement and seeks Damages against Seller
         Defendants and Individual Defendants (“Count I”);

       - Charges Fraudulent Inducement and seeks Rescissory Damages against
         Seller Defendants (“Count II”);

1
    See Del. Const. art. IV, § 13(2).
                                         -2-
- Charges Fraud and seeks Damages against Seller Defendants and
  Individual Defendants (“Count III”);

- Seeks Declaratory Judgment that Casla is an alter ego of the Principal
  Investor Defendants and the Investor Defendants (“Count IV”);

- Seeks Declaratory Judgment that the Individual Defendants and Seller
  Defendants are agents of the Principal Investor Defendants and the
  Principal Casla Defendants (“Count V”);

- Charges Breach of Section 4.21 of the SPA and seeks Damages against
  Seller Defendants (“Count VI”);

- Charges Breach of Sections 4.6(b), 4.24, and 4.26 of the SPA and seeks
  Damages against Seller Defendants (“Count VII”);

- Charges Breach of Sections 4.8, 4.15, and 4.17 of the SPA and seeks
  Damages against Seller Defendants (“Count VIII”);

- Charges Breach of Section 9.1(c) of the SPA and seeks Damages against
  Seller Defendants (“Count IX”);

- Charges Breach Section 4.26 of SPA and seeks Damages against Seller
  Defendants (“Count X”);

- Seeks Unjust Enrichment/Disgorgement and Damages against Defendants,
  but in the alternative to Counts VI – X as to Seller Defendants Only
  (“Count XI”);

- Charges Civil Conspiracy and seeks Damages against Seller Defendants,
  Individual Defendants, Principal Investor Defendants, and Principal Casla
  Defendants (“Count XII”);

- Charges Fraudulent Transfer Under 6 Del. C. § 1301 et seq. and seeks
  Damages against All Defendants (“Count XIII”);

- Seeks Constructive Trust and Damages against All Defendants (“XIV”).

                                -3-
This is the Court’s ruling on the Defendants’ Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss (the

“Motion to Dismiss”) Counts I-VIII, X, and XI of the Amended Complaint.

          Having considered the record and the parties’ arguments, the Court concludes

that the Motion to Dismiss must be DENIED in part and GRANTED in part.

               I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2

          Pursuant to the SPA, CLP purchased all of the issued and outstanding shares

of the Company from Casla.3 The purchase price was based, in part, on the EBITDA

generated by ABS.4

          The SPA also includes a provision in which the Company Seller is deemed to

have knowledge of facts that are within the actual knowledge of several key people.

Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement “Company’s Knowledge” is defined as

“the actual knowledge, and the knowledge that could have been acquired with

respect to any fact or matter had such individual made reasonable inquiry of or

caused reasonable investigation by the Persons who would reasonably be expected

2
  Unless otherwise noted, the facts recited herein are drawn from the well-pled allegations of the
Amended Complaint, together with its attached exhibits.
3
    Am. Compl. ¶ 53.
4
    Id.

                                              -4-
to have knowledge of such fact or other matter, of one or more of Simon Bergeron,

Ray Fuller, Janet McGrath or Samuel Hines.”5

    A. THE SPA.

        1. The Pre-Closing Representations and Warranties Concerning the
           Company.

        In Article IV of the SPA, the Company made several representations and

warranties to CLP as of the Closing.6

        In Section 4.21 of the SPA, the Company represented and warranted to CLP

that its twenty (20) largest customers were named within Section 4.21(a) of the

Disclosure Schedule (“Material Customers”) and that “[n]o Material Customer . . .

has within the twelve (12) months prior to the date of this Agreement ceased or

materially altered its relationship with the Business, or, to Company’s Knowledge,

has threatened to cease or materially adversely alter any such relationship.”7

        In Section 4.24 of the SPA, the Company represented and warranted to CLP

that its books and records were “maintained in accordance with commercially

reasonable business practices and are complete and accurate in all material respects”

and that Company “maintained a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to

5
    Id. ¶ 54.
6
    Id. ¶ 55; see Am. Compl., Exhibit A (“SPA”) art. IV.
7
    Am. Compl. ¶ 56; SPA § 4.21.

                                             -5-
provide reasonable assurances that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with

management’s authorizations, (ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit

preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain

accountability for assets, and (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance

with management’s authorization.”8 In Section 4.6(b) of the SPA, the Company

represented and warranted to CLP that “[t]he Financials (including any notes

thereto) have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, consistently applied and

fairly present, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position and results

of the operations of the Group Companies in accordance with GAAP….”9

        In Section 4.26 of the SPA, the Company represented and warranted to CLP

that, other than certain accounts listed in the Section 4.26 Disclosure Schedule, “all

of the accounts receivable” (a) “represent bona fide arm’s length sales in the

Ordinary Course of Business” and (b) “are collectible in the Ordinary Course of

Business, less usual allowances for doubtful accounts provided for on the face of the

Most Recent Balance Sheet.”10

        In Section 4.15(vi) of the SPA and Section 4.15 of the Disclosure Schedule,

the Company identified “several pay or Compensation obligations . . . that would

8
     Am. Compl. ¶ 57; SPA §4.24.
9
     Am. Compl. ¶ 58; SPA § 4.6(b).
10
     Am. Compl. ¶ 59; SPA § 4.26.

                                          -6-
become payable by reason of the Contemplated Transactions” and that these

obligations were not in “material breach.”11 And in Section 4.17(b)(ii) of the SPA,

the Company represented and warranted that “no Group Company is delinquent in

any payments to any Company Employee or Contingent Worker for any wages,

salaries, commissions, bonuses, fees or other compensation due with respect to any

services performed for it to the date hereof or amounts required to be reimbursed to

such Company Employee or Contingent Worker.”12

        In Section 4.8 of the SPA, the Company represented and warranted to CLP

that “[n]o Year 1 Earnout (as such term is defined in the Bergeron Employment

Agreement) will be due and payable by any Group Company in accordance with,

and subject to, the terms of the Bergeron Employment Agreement.”13

        The Company represented in Section 4.17(a)(ii) of the SPA that all

independent contractors, consultants, temporary employees, leased employees or

other servants or agents performing services for the Company and classified as other

than a Company Employee were disclosed on the Section 4.17(a)(ii) Disclosure

11
     Am. Compl. ¶ 60; SPA § 4.15(vi).
12
     Am. Compl. ¶ 61; SPA § 4.17(b)(ii).
13
     Am. Compl. ¶ 62; SPA § 4.8.

                                           -7-
Schedule.14 The Section 4.17(a)(ii) Disclosure Schedule required the Company to

identify each Contingent Worker’s fee or compensation arrangement.15

           Section 4.32(a) of the SPA provides:

           (a) NONE OF THE COMPANY, NOR OR ANY OF ITS
           REPRESENTATIVES, DIRECTORS, MANAGERS, PARTNERS,
           OFFICERS OR DIRECT OR INDIRECT EQUITYHOLDERS HAS
           MADE ANY REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
           OR IMPLIED, OF ANY NATURE WHATSOEVER RELATING TO
           THE COMPANY, ANY OF ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR THE
           BUSINESS OF THE COMPANY, ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR
           OTHERWISE IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRANSACTIONS
           CONTEMPLATED HEREBY (INCLUDING ANY OF THE ASSETS
           OF ANY GROUP COMPANY OR ANY PROJECTION OR
           FORECAST RELATING TO ANY OF THEIR RESPECTIVE
           BUSINESSES), OTHER THAN THOSE REPRESENTATIONS AND
           WARRANTIES EXPRESSLY SET FORTH IN THIS ARTICLE IV.
           EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY SET FORTH HEREIN, THE
           CONDITION OF THE ASSETS OF THE GROUP COMPANIES
           SHALL BE “AS IS” AND “WHERE IS.”16

           Section 4.32(b) of the SPA provides:

           (b) Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, except as expressly
           set forth in this Agreement, none of the Group Companies, nor any
           Affiliate of the Group Companies, nor any of their respective
           representatives, employees, officers, directors, managers, partners or
           direct or indirect equityholders, has made, and shall not be deemed to
           have made, any representations or warranties in the materials relating
           to the Business made available to the Buyer, including due diligence
           materials, or in any presentation of the Business by management of the
           Group Companies or others in connection with the Contemplated
14
     Am. Compl. ¶ 63; SPA § 4.17(a)(ii).
15
     Id.
16
     SPA § 4.32(a).

                                             -8-
        Transactions, and no statement contained in any of such materials or
        made in any such presentation shall be deemed a representation or
        warranty hereunder and deemed to be relied upon by the Buyer or any
        of their Affiliates in executing, delivering and performing this
        Agreement and the Contemplated Transactions. It is understood that
        any cost estimates, projections or other predictions, any data, any
        financial information or any memoranda or offering materials or
        presentations, including any offering memorandum or similar materials
        made available by the Group Companies and their Representatives, are
        not and shall not be deemed to be or to include representations or
        warranties of any such Person, and are not and shall not be deemed to
        be relied upon by the Buyer or any of their Affiliates in executing,
        delivering and performing this Agreement and the Contemplated
        Transactions.17

        2. CLP’s Disclaimer of Other Representations and Warranties.

        Article V sets forth CLP’s representations and warranties. 18 Section 5.9(a) of

the SPA provides:

        (a) NEITHER BUYER NOR ANY OF ITS REPRESENTATIVES,
        DIRECTORS,     MANAGERS,   PARTNERS,    OFFICERS,
        EMPLOYEES OR DIRECT OR INDIRECT EQUITYHOLDERS
        HAS MADE ANY REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES,
        EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF ANY NATURE WHATSOEVER
        RELATING TO BUYER OTHERWISE IN CONNECTION WITH
        THE CONTEMPLATED TRANSACTIONS, OTHER THAN THOSE
        REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES EXPRESSLY SET
        FORTH IN THIS ARTICLE V.19

17
     SPA § 4.32(b).
18
     SPA art. V.
19
     SPA § 5.9(a).

                                          -9-
        Section 5.9(b) of the SPA provides:

        The Buyer agrees to and acknowledges the disclaimers set forth in
        Section 4.32, Section 6.8 and Section 7.8.20

        3. Seller Defendants’ Disclaimer of Other Representations and
           Warranties.

        Article VI of the SPA sets forth the Sellers’ representations and warranties.21

Section 6.8(a) of the SPA provides that none of the Seller Defendants

        HAS MADE ANY REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES,
        EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, OF ANY NATURE WHATSOEVER
        RELATING TO SUCH SELLER, THE COMPANY, ANY OF ITS
        SUBSIDIARIES OR THE BUSINESS OF SUCH SELLER, THE
        COMPANY, ITS SUBSIDIARIES OR OTHERWISE IN
        CONNECTION WITH THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED
        HEREBY, OTHER THAN THOSE REPRESENTATIONS AND
        WARRANTIES EXPRESSLY SET FORTH IN THIS Article VI.22

        Section 6.8(b) of the SPA provides that none of the Seller Defendants

        has made, and shall not be deemed to have made, any representations
        or warranties in the materials relating to the Business made available to
        the Buyer, including due diligence materials, or in any presentation of
        the Business by management of the Group Companies or others in
        connection with the Contemplated Transactions, and no statement
        contained in any of such materials or made in any such presentation
        shall be deemed a representation or warranty hereunder and deemed to
        be relied upon by the Buyer or any of their Affiliates in executing,
        delivering and performing this Agreement and the Contemplated
        Transactions. It is understood that any cost estimates, projections or
        other predictions, any data, any financial information or any
20
     SPA § 5.9(b).
21
     SPA art. VI.
22
     SPA § 6.8(a).

                                         - 10 -
        memoranda or offering materials or presentations, including any
        offering memorandum or similar materials made available by the
        Group Companies and their Representatives, are not and shall not be
        deemed to be or to include representations or warranties of any such
        Person, and are not and shall not be deemed to be relied upon by the
        Buyer or any of their Affiliates in executing, delivering and performing
        this Agreement and the Contemplated Transactions.23

Section 6.8(c) of the SPA provides that the Seller Defendants "agree to and

acknowledge the disclaimers set forth in Section 5.9(a).”24 Substantively

identical language is used with respect to the representations of the Blocker

and Blocker Seller in Section 7.8 of the SPA.

        4. The Indemnification Clause.

Section 9.1(a) of the SPA provides CLP a remedy from the Seller Defendants, jointly

and severally, for breaches of these representations and warranties: the Seller

Defendants agreed to indemnify the Buyer Indemnified Parties, including CLP, for

all Losses incurred, and continuing to be incurred by the Buyer Indemnified Parties

as a result of “any breach of, or any misrepresentation with respect to, any

representations and warranties set forth in Articles IV, VI or VII” as well as “any

breach or violation of any covenant or agreement of such Seller contained in this

Agreement.”25 Section 9.3(c) provides “notwithstanding anything to the contrary

23
     SPA § 6.8(b).
24
     SPA § 6.8(c).
25
     Am. Compl. ¶ 64; SPA § 9.1.

                                         - 11 -
herein, neither the Deductible nor the Cap shall apply to any Losses resulting from

or arising out of (i) fraud…”26

         5. The Integration Clause.

         Section 10.5 of the SPA provides:

         This Agreement, together with the other Ancillary Agreements and any
         documents, instruments and certificates explicitly referred to herein,
         constitutes the entire agreement among the Parties with respect to the
         subject matter hereof and supersedes any and all prior discussions,
         negotiations, proposals, undertakings, understandings and agreements,
         whether written or oral, with respect thereto. There are no restrictions,
         promises, warranties, covenants, or undertakings, other than those
         expressly provided for herein and therein.27

     B. SELLER DEFENDANTS’ AND INDIVIDUAL DEFENDANTS’ ALLEGED PRE-
        CLOSING MISREPRESENTATIONS.

         1. Loss of Material Customers.

         In the Section 4.21(a) Disclosure Schedule, Defendants identified both ESA

Laboratories (“ESA”) and Maplewood Laboratories (“Maplewood”) as Material

Customers.28 Under Section 4.21, the Company represented that within twelve

months prior to the Purchase Agreement, neither ESA nor Maplewood “ceased or

26
     SPA § 9.3(c)
27
     Id. § 10.5.
28
     Am. Compl. ¶ 69.

                                          - 12 -
materially altered its relationship with the Business or, to Company’s Knowledge,

has threatened to cease or materially adversely alter any such relationship.”29

         As of December 18, 2017—the Closing Date—neither ESA nor Maplewood

were in operation, nor has either ever been able to restart their toxicology

laboratories and begin processing clinical samples again.30 CLP alleges that the

Seller Defendants and the Individual Defendants were aware that ESA and

Maplewood were not operational at the time the SPA was executed.31

         As to ESA, CLP alleges in detail that in September 2017, three months before

the false representations were made in the SPA, ABS employees became aware of

significant issues with ESA’s operations—including that ESA was entering a two-

week shutdown as a result of a negative business inspection—and were concerned

that ESA might never be able to reopen.32 They informed Rochwerg of their

concerns.33

         As to Maplewood, CLP alleges that in October of 2017, ABS employees

learned of a dispute among Maplewood’s ownership that led to a shutdown of

29
     Id. ¶ 70.
30
     Id. ¶ 112.

31
     Id. ¶ 113.

32
     Id. ¶¶ 75-81.

33
     Id. ¶¶ 75-81, 87.
                                         - 13 -
operations and loss of employees.34       These facts too were communicated to

Rochwerg.35

        ABS employees met with Maplewood representatives in November of 2017

to discuss the lab’s ongoing issues, the fact that Maplewood was not operational, and

concern as to whether Maplewood would be able to pay ABS the current amount

owing—which was in excess of $100,000.36 Maplewood represented it needed

short-term relief to restructure, and that it had hired consultants to assist.37 These

consultants asked ABS for a grace period and forgiveness of the amount owed,

saying it was necessary to turn Maplewood around.38

        2. Overstated Revenue and Financial Results.

        In the Summer of 2017, Rochwerg directed ABS employees to secure as many

equipment sales as possible to boost ABS revenues for the express purpose of

showing a higher EBITDA in connection with the planned sale to CLP.39 In August

34
     Id. ¶¶ 100-104.

35
     Id. ¶ 103.
36
     Id. ¶¶ 106-107.
37
     Id. ¶ 108.

38
     Id. ¶¶ 106-110.

39
     Id. ¶ 143.

                                        - 14 -
2017, Radeas agreed to purchase $750,000 worth of equipment—a substantial

purchase as ABS annual equipment sales were approximately $3,000,000.40 But

ABS employee Ray Fuller (“Fuller”) felt it was more of a prospective deal, rather

than an actual purchase, and so-informed Rochwerg.41

        Rochwerg then instructed Fuller to invoice the Radeas sale. Because the order

had not been fulfilled and no equipment had been shipped, the invoice was a

violation of ABS’s accounting policies and a process not in accordance with GAAP

that overstated and deliberately inflated ABS’s financial data.42 Specifically, ABS

policy provided that a customer would not be invoiced until the customer’s order

was fulfilled and the equipment shipped.43

        Seller Defendants allegedly breached Sections 4.6(b), 4.24, and 4.26 through

their invoicing of the Radeas sale.44 CLP alleges that if it had known the real facts

concerning the Radeas “sale” it either would not have proceeded with acquiring ABS

or would have acquired it at a lower price.45

40
     Id. ¶¶ 145-146.
41
     Id. ¶¶ 147-148.

42
     Id. ¶¶ 150-154.

43
     Id. ¶ 142.

44
     Id. ¶ 155.

45
     Id. ¶ 154.

                                        - 15 -
           3. Understated Liabilities.

           Seller Defendants also allegedly breached Sections 4.8, 4.15, and 4.17 of the

SPA by: (i) breaching the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer’s Employment

Agreement that entitled him to a $375,000 earn-out bonus payment; (ii) failing to

pay $833,332.29 in consulting fees owed under a Consulting Agreement between

ABS and the Company’s founder, Cliff Wright—an amount in excess of what was

specifically represented in the balance sheet as the only outstanding-balance-related

liability; and (iii) understating the doubtful accounts receivable reserve (the

“Accounts Receivable Reserve”) in the amount of $605,201 because several

accounts were not collectable in the Ordinary Course of Business.46

     C. SELLER DEFENDANTS’, INDIVIDUAL DEFENDANTS’, PRINCIPAL INVESTOR
        DEFENDANTS’, AND PRINCIPAL CASLA DEFENDANTS’ ALLEGED
        FRAUDULENT SCHEME.

           CLP contends Seller Defendants, Individual Defendants, Principal Investor

Defendants, and Principal Casla Defendants engaged in a fraudulent scheme to

misrepresent and conceal the fact that two of the Company’s Material Customers

were not in business, operating, and processing customer samples at the time of the

Closing Date.47

46
     Id. ¶ 10.
47
     Id.

                                           - 16 -
           Specifically, CLP alleges the Seller Defendants and the Individual Defendants

actively discussed the true state of affairs with ABS’s customer base.48 Internal

emails and discussions between the Individual Defendants and ABS employees

openly acknowledged the loss of two Material Customers.49

           CLP alleges that Rochwerg directed Fuller to orchestrate the execution of a

new contract with ESA, despite the fact that it was not operational, because any

issues with the ESA account would be a potential issue for closing the transaction

with CLP.50 Fuller did so, arranging for what appeared to be a 12-month renewal

that, in fact, would likely be cancelled after just 90 days given the state of ESA’s

business.51 This contract was executed just seven days before the Closing of the

transaction with CLP.52 Rochwerg, on behalf of Seller Defendants and Individual

Defendants, designed a scheme to conceal the reality of ESA’s and Maplewood’s

statuses, and directed ABS employees to take steps to prevent CLP from learning

the true status of these accounts.53 For example, Rochwerg allegedly directed that a

48
     Id. ¶ 7.
49
     Id.
50
     Id. ¶¶ 88-99.
51
     Id. ¶ 94.
52
     Id. ¶ 97.

53
     See id. ¶¶ 114-136.

                                           - 17 -
summary of ABS contracts be manipulated in a deceptive way to show a single start-

and-end date range for all contracts, rather than the true specific start-and-end

dates.54

           In another incident, in advance of a meeting with lenders and CLP to discuss

the status of certain accounts, Rochwerg instructed Fuller and another ABS

employee not to volunteer information about ESA or Maplewood.55 To the contrary,

these employees were told to “stick to the script” that ESA and Maplewood were

“still under contract” even though those labs were not operational. The employees

were also told to deflect any questions seeking more specifics for contract dates

beyond those listed in the manipulated, misleading summary. 56

           The Principal Investor Defendants and the Principal Casla Defendants are

alleged to have acted as part of this scheme through their agents.57 The Principal

Investor Defendants collectively owned over 69% of the membership interest in

Casla, and, according to CLP, at all relevant times, both dominated Casla and had

the right to control the conduct of Seller Defendants, Hines, and Rochwerg.58

54
     Id. ¶¶ 119-123.

55
     Id. ¶¶ 123-125.
56
     Id. ¶ 127.
57
     Id. ¶ 13.
58
     Id.

                                           - 18 -
R2 and Hawk each controlled at least one seat on Casla’s board of directors. 59 The

Principal Casla Defendants participated in this controlling block through Casla ABS

Investors. And, it is alleged, Hines and Rochwerg: are each members, principals or

officers of each of the Principal Casla Defendants; are each members of Casla’s

board of directors; and each actively participated in the management of Casla.60

     D. SELLER DEFENDANTS’ TRANSFER OF SALE PROCEEDS            TO THE   PRINCIPAL
        INVESTOR DEFENDANTS AND INVESTOR DEFENDANTS.

           CLP also brings claims for unjust enrichment, fraudulent transfer, and

constructive trust.61 These claims arise from Seller Defendants alleged transfer of

the ABS sales proceeds to the Principal Investor Defendants and the Investor

Defendants with intent to defraud CLP and prevent CLP from being able to recover

the amounts owed to it as a result of the Seller Defendants’ and Individual

Defendants’ fraudulent activities.62 Specifically, CLP alleges Casla: (i) transferred

the ABS sale proceeds to the Principal Investor Defendants and the Investor

Defendants who own, operate, and control Casla such that they are insiders under

the Delaware Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (“DUFTA”); (ii) transferred ABS

59
     Id.
60
     Id.
61
     Id. ¶ 15.
62
     Id.

                                        - 19 -
sale proceeds to the Principal Investor Defendants and the Investor Defendants

despite knowing that its statements in the Purchase Agreement’s representations and

warranties were false so as to decapitalize itself and avoid paying the judgment that

would ultimately be issued against it; and (iii) transferred substantially all of Casla’s

assets to the Principal Investor Defendants and the Investor Defendants, which

rendered Casla severely undercapitalized in relation to its business, likely unable to

pay CLP the amounts, and insolvent under the DUFTA.63

                            II. PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

     A. CLP’S CLAIMS.

        CLP sets forth fourteen counts in its Amended Complaint, twelve of which

are disputed in the Motion to Dismiss.64 In summary, Counts I, II, and III relate to

the Seller Defendants’ and Individual Defendants’ omissions and misrepresentations

of material facts in negotiations with CLP leading up to the Closing and in the Article

IV representations and warranties. Count I seeks monetary damages for fraudulent

inducement against Seller Defendants and Individual Defendants. Count II seeks

rescissory damages for fraudulent inducement against Seller Defendants. Count III

63
     Id. ¶ 276.
64
   Defendants do not dispute the merits of Counts IX and XII. Still, Count XII for Civil
Conspiracy depends on the survival of at least one of the fraud claims.

                                         - 20 -
seeks monetary damages for fraud against Seller Defendants and Individual

Defendants.

      Counts IV and V seek declaratory judgement. Count IV seeks a declaration

that Casla is merely an alter ego of the Principal Investor Defendants and Investor

Defendants and therefore the corporate veil of Casla should be pierced. Count V

seeks a declaration that Casla, Hines, and Rochwerg were acting as the agents of the

Principal Investor Defendants and the Principal Casla Defendants and therefore the

Principal Investor Defendants are jointly and severally liable for Casla, Hines, and

Rochwerg’s misconduct.

      Counts VI, VII, VIII, and X seek damages from Seller Defendants for breach

of contract. Count VI seeks monetary damages from Seller Defendants for failing

to disclose the true status of the ESA and Maplewood accounts in violation of

Section 4.21 of the SPA. Count VII seeks monetary damages for Seller Defendants’

failure to disclose the true nature of the Radeas “sale” in violation of Sections 4.6(b),

4.24, and 4.26 of the SPA. Count VIII seeks monetary damages from Seller

Defendants for failing to disclose the Bergeron earn-out bonus and the Cliff Right

consulting fees in violation of Sections 4.8, 4.15. and 4.17 of the SPA. Count X

seeks monetary damages for Seller Defendants’ failure to disclose the true status of

the Company’s accounts receivable and the proper accounting thereof in violation

of Section 4.26.

                                         - 21 -
      Count XI seeks monetary damages, disgorgement, and equitable relief for the

unjust enrichment of all Defendants. In the alternative, CLP seeks monetary

damages, disgorgement, and equitable relief for unjust enrichment of the Seller

Defendants only.

      Count XIII seeks monetary damages against all Defendants via DUFTA for

fraudulent transfer of the proceeds realized from the Transaction to the Principal

Investor Defendants and Investor Defendants. Finally, Count XIV seeks damages

and equitable relief in the form of an order imposing a constructive trust over the

proceeds of the transaction held by Defendants, including disgorgement of all

proceeds readily traceable therefrom.

      In their answering brief to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, CLP argues that

all Defendants are equitably estopped from challenging jurisdiction. Even so, CLP

contends, there is jurisdiction over the Investor Defendants, Casla Partners LLC

(collectively, “Non-Delaware Defendants”) and the Individual Defendants and the

exercise of such jurisdiction comports with due process. CLP says that the long-arm

statute provides jurisdiction over the Non-Delaware Defendants and jurisdiction

over the Individual Defendants is conferred by the Manager Consent Statute.

Finally, CLP suggests it is entitled to jurisdictional discovery at a minimum.

                                        - 22 -
   B. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS.

      Defendants contend (1) there is a lack of personal jurisdiction over the Non-

Delaware Defendants and the Individual Defendants; and (2) Counts I-VIII, X, and

XI fail to state cognizable causes of action.

      Defendants first argue that the Non-Delaware Defendants are not equitably

estopped from challenging jurisdiction. Defendants next argue that the Non-

Delaware Defendants have taken no actions in Delaware sufficient to confer

jurisdiction under the long arm statute and that the exercise of personal jurisdiction

over the Non-Delaware Defendants does not comport with due process.

      As for the Individual Defendants, Defendants contend that the Individual

Defendants are not subject to jurisdiction under the Manager Consent Statute and

that CLP did not serve the Individual Defendants under Delaware’s Long-Arm

Statute. Defendants further argue that CLP’s conspiracy theory does not provide a

basis for personal jurisdiction over the Individual Defendants.

      With respect to Counts I, II, and III, Defendants allege that the anti-reliance

language in the SPA bars CLP’s fraud claims based on statements outside the four

corners of the SPA. Defendants argue further that the fraud claims are duplicative

of the breach-of-contract claims and should be dismissed. Defendants contend too

that CLP has not pled sufficient facts to establish any fraudulent representation

within the four corners of the SPA.

                                         - 23 -
      Defendants next argue that Count IV should be dismissed because CLP has

not stated a claim for veil piercing against the Principal Investor Defendants and

Investor Defendants. Defendants argue that Count V should be dismissed because

CLP has not stated a claim under agency theory against the Principal Investor

Defendants or the Principal Casla Defendants.

      With respect to the breach claims in Counts VI, VII, VIII and X, Defendants

argue that CLP cannot maintain a claim for breach of the SPA by the Seller

Defendants. First, Defendants contend that the SPA bars any claims based on the

Accounts Receivable Reserve and Mr. Wright’s Consultancy Agreement. Second,

Defendants argue that CLP’s claim regarding the Bergeron Earnout are insufficient

where CLP has not even alleged that Mr. Bergeron achieved it.

      With respect to Count XI, Defendants claim that CLP’s unjust

enrichment/disgorgement claim should be dismissed on the merits. Defendants

further suggest that CLP cannot assert unjust enrichment against non-parties to the

SPA. Finally, Defendants contend that Counts XIII and XIV should also be

dismissed on the merits.

                                      - 24 -
                                III. STANDARD OF REVIEW65

        The Defendants’ motion seeks to dismiss the Amended Complaint for failing

to state a claim on which relief can be granted.66 In Delaware, the pleading standards

for purposes of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion “are minimal.”67 When considering a

defendant’s motion to dismiss, the Court should accept all well-pleaded factual

allegations in the Complaint as true, accept even vague allegations in the Complaint

as “well-pleaded” if they provide the defendant notice of the claim, draw all

reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor, and deny the motion unless the plaintiff

65
    While CLP—the party that decided to file simultaneous parallel suits in two of our trial
courts—quibbles over whether the Court should apply the Court of Chancery Rules or the Superior
Court Civil Rules here, it is mute as to whether there is any substantive difference between the two
Court’s rules or any operative difference in the analyses thereunder that must be engaged to decide
this motion to dismiss. That’s because there is nothing to say—there is no difference. See Ct. Ch.
R. 12(b)(2), 12(b)(6); Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 12(b)(2),12(b)(6). Compare Ryan v. Gifford, 935
A.2d 258, 265 (Del. Ch. 2007) (explicating standard applied under Chancery Rule 12(b)(2)), with
Economical Steel Building Technologies, LLC, v. E. West Construction, Inc., 2020 WL 1866869,
at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 14, 2020) (explicating that same standard as applied under Superior
Court Civil Rule 12(b)(2)). Compare also Matthew v. Laudamiel, 2012 WL 605589, at *12 (Del.
Ch. Feb. 21, 2012) (explicating standard applied under Chancery Rule 12(b)(6)), with Khushaim
v. Tullow Inc., 2016 WL 3594752, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. June 27, 2016) (explicating that same
standard as applied under Superior Court Civil Rule 12(b)(6)). And compare Savor, Inc. v. FMR
Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002) (setting forth Supreme Court’s standard of review and
spelling out the “well-settled” standards governing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim
under Chancery Rule 12(b)(6)), with Beck v. Brady, 2004 WL 2154284, at *1 (Del. Sept. 20, 2004)
(setting forth the Supreme Court’s standard of review and spelling out those same “well-settled”
standards governing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Superior Court Civil
Rule 12(b)(6)). And so, the Court will wait until the point in this litigation when there is a
meaningful distinction and when a decision to be made between the two courts’ sets of rules is of
moment.
66
     See Ch. Ct. R. 12(b)(6).
67
     Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 536 (Del. 2011).

                                              - 25 -
could not recover under any reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible

of proof.68 The operative test here is one of “reasonable conceivability.”69 This

standard asks whether there is a “possibility” of recovery. 70 And Delaware’s test is

more lenient than the federal “plausibility” pleading standard, which invites judges

to “‘determin[e] whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief’ and ‘draw

on . . . judicial experience and common sense.’”71 So this Court does not assess a

claim’s plausibility.72

         When a defendant invokes Rule 12(b)(2) to seek a complaint’s dismissal for

lack of personal jurisdiction, “[t]he plaintiff has the burden to show a basis for the

Court’s jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant.”73 In determining whether a

plaintiff has met its burden, the Court engages in a two-pronged inquiry: first, it

must determine that service of process is authorized by statute, and “then [it] must

determine that the exercise of jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant comports

68
     Id. (footnote omitted).
69
     Id. at 537 (footnote and internal quotation marks omitted).
70
     Id. at 537 n.13.
71
     Id. (alteration in original).
72
    See Cambium Ltd. v. Trilantic Capital Partners III L.P., 2012 WL 172844, at *2 (Del. Jan. 20,
2012) (“The Court of Chancery erred by applying the federal ‘plausibility’ standard in dismissing
the amended complaint.”).
73
   Terramar Retail Centers, LLC v. Marion #2-Seaport Trust U/A/D/ June 21, 2002, 2017 WL
3575712, at *4 (Del. Ch. Aug. 18, 2017) (citation omitted).

                                               - 26 -
with traditional due process notions of fair play and substantial justice.”74 “The

plaintiff has the burden to offer affirmative proof that these two steps are satisfied

as to each defendant.”75

                                       IV. DISCUSSION

     A. PERSONAL JURISDICTION.

        1. There is Personal Jurisdiction Over the Individual Defendants.

        Defendants argue that there is a lack of personal jurisdiction over the

Individual Defendants, including under Section 18-109 of the Delaware Limited

Liability Company Act, (the “LLC Manager Consent Statute”).76 The LLC Manager

Consent Statute authorizes personal jurisdiction over persons serving as managers

of Delaware limited liability companies “in all civil actions or proceedings brought

in the State of Delaware involving or relating to the business of the limited liability

company, or a violation by the manager . . . of a duty to the limited liability company

or any member of the limited liability company, whether or not the manager . . . is a

manager . . . at the time suit is commenced.”77

74
     Ryan v. Gifford, 935 A.2d 258, 265 (Del. Ch. 2007).
75
   Hartsel v. Vanguard Group, Inc., 2011 WL 2421003, at *7 (Del. Ch. June 15, 2011), aff’d, 38
A.3d 1254 (Del. 2012).
76
     DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 6, § 18-109 (2018).

77
     Id. at § 18-109(a).

                                               - 27 -
        So what is the scope of “involving or relating to the business of the limited

liability company”?

        Defendants contend this Court’s Hartsel v. Vanguard Group decision answers

that question. In Hartsel, the Court observed that an action involves or relates to the

business of an LLC if:

        (1) the allegations against [the manager] focus centrally on his rights,
        duties and obligations as a manager of a Delaware LLC; (2) the
        resolution of this matter is inextricably bound up in Delaware law; and
        (3) Delaware has a strong interest in providing a forum for disputes
        relating to the ability of managers of an LLC formed under its law to
        properly discharge their respective managerial functions.78

And, the Court explained, “Delaware courts interpret the ‘rights, duties and

obligations as a manager of a Delaware LLC’ to refer to rights, duties, and

obligations a manager owes to his organization.”79

        CLP counters with our Supreme Court’s more recent Hazout v. Tsang Mun

Ting decision. In Hazout, the Supreme Court held that it may exercise personal

jurisdiction over a non-resident officer or director of a Delaware corporation in any

civil action in which the corporation is a party and the officer or director is a

“necessary or proper party” under 10 Del. C. § 3114 (the “Corporate Director and

78
     Hartsel, 2011 WL 2421003, at *8 (citations omitted).

79
   Id. (quoting Vichi v. Koninklijke Philips Elecs. N.V., 2009 WL 4345724 (Del. Ch. Dec. 1,
2009)).

                                             - 28 -
Officer Consent Statute”).80 The Supreme Court overturned longstanding precedent

that limited § 3114 personal jurisdiction over corporate directors and officers to

actions involving alleged breaches of a fiduciary or statutory duty owed to the

corporation or its stockholders by the non-resident officer or director.81             The

Supreme Court—relying on § 3114’s plain language—abrogated this Court’s Hana

Ranch, Inc. v. Lent82 (and its progeny) and conducted a de novo review of the

Superior Court’s interpretation of § 3114:

           In its analysis, the Superior Court acknowledged the effect Hana Ranch
           had of limiting the application of § 3114 to suits that involve claims of
           breach of a corporate fiduciary’s duty. Being mindful of that constraint,
           the Superior Court strained to find jurisdiction over Hazout under the
           Internal Affairs Claim Provision. Even though the trial court
           acknowledged that Tsang did not allege that Hazout breached a duty
           that he owed in his official capacity, it determined that “the alleged
           misconduct would be adverse to Hazout’s fiduciary duty to Silver
           Dragon.” The Superior Court also observed that “Hazout acted in his
           corporate capacity as Silver Dragon’s Director, President, CEO and
           Principal Financial and Accounting Officer when he transferred the
           money to his company, Travellers.” On those grounds, the trial court
           determined that the Internal Affairs Claim Provision could be used to
           exercise jurisdiction over Hazout.83

80
     Hazout v. Tsang Mun Ting, 134 A.3d 274, 288-94 (Del. 2016).
81
     Id.
82
     424 A.2d 28 (Del. Ch. 1980).
83
     Hazout, 134 A.3d at 283.

                                            - 29 -
The Supreme Court said of the Superior Court’s analysis:

           To our minds, it is counterproductive to embrace Hana Ranch and then
           create an incentive to read the Internal Affairs Claim Provision
           overbroadly. Rather, the historical view of the Court of Chancery that
           the Internal Affairs Claim Provision addressed only claims against
           nonresident fiduciaries of Delaware corporations for internal affairs
           claims involving an argument that they breached statutory or fiduciary
           duties they owed to the corporation or its stockholders is the correct one
           dictated by the language of that provision. In this case, Hazout is not
           being sued for having breached any duty he owed to Silver Dragon or
           its stockholders. He is being sued by Tsang for torts he allegedly
           committed against Tsang and the Investor Group in the course of
           negotiating on behalf of Silver Dragon and by using his powers at Silver
           Dragon to divert their funds to his affiliate.84

           In short, the Supreme Court opted for a plain-language approach.85 And

thereunder, the Supreme Court found the Corporate and Officer Consent Statute

conferred jurisdiction over Hazout to Delaware state courts.86 It’s noteworthy that

the Hartsel test originates from Hana Ranch’s reasoning,87 the Hazout Court closely

examined Hana Ranch’s reasoning, and the Hazout Court then decidedly moved

away from Hana Ranch’s narrow approach.

84
     Id. at 292.
85
     Id. at 293-94.
86
     Id.
87
   Hartsel, 2011 WL 2421003, at *9 n.56 (citing Assist Stock Management L.L.C. v. Rosheim,
753 A.2d 974 (Del. Ch. 2000)); Assist Stock Management, 753 A.2d at 979-81 (citing Hana
Ranch).

                                             - 30 -
           Although Hazout concerned the Corporate Director and Officer Consent

Statute, this Court’s decision last year in Metro Storage International v. Harron

applied Hazout in the LLC context.88

           In Metro Storage, this Court found the LLC Manager Consent Statute and the

Corporate Director and Officer Consent Statute at issue in Hazout to be “comparable

jurisdictional” statutes.89 And so, Metro Storage convincingly explains, the history

of the corporate director and officer consent statute equally supports allowing

Delaware courts to exercise personal jurisdiction over key individuals who take

action on behalf of an LLC.90

           The Corporate Director and Officer Consent Statute originally applied only to

directors, and provided Delaware courts no ability to exercise personal jurisdiction

over senior officers.91        Because this omission was problematic, the General

Assembly eventually expressly extended § 3114 to senior officers.92 But, as this

Court observed in Metro Storage, the LLC Manager Consent Statute has avoided a

88
     Metro Storage Int’l LLC v. Harron, 2019 WL 3282613, at *11 (Del. Ch. July 19, 2019).

89
     Id.

90
     Id. at *21.

91
    See In re American International Group, Inc., 965 A.2d 763, 778 (Del. Ch. 2009); Metro
Storage, 2019 WL 3282613, at *21.

92
     See DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 10, § 3114(b) (2019).

                                             - 31 -
similar problem by always enabling a Delaware court to exercise personal

jurisdiction over one who “participates materially” in the business of an LLC—

regardless of that individual’s title—for claims relating to his or her actions.93

        It follows, therefore, that this Court should look beyond any individual’s title

and consider whether the alleged actions underlying the claims fall within the scope

of the LLC Manager Consent Statute. Defendants argue here that Hazout should be

limited only to corporate directors and officers. Defendants say “both pre- and post-

Hazout, Delaware courts have consistently applied Hartsel’s three-pronged due

process analysis.”94        But the cases Defendants cite hardly support the broad

propositions Defendants wish the Court to adopt—that Hazout must be limited only

to corporate directors and officers and that in the LLC context a Delaware court must

apply Hartsel’s three-pronged due process analysis.                 Rather, those cases are

examples of where Hartsel’s due process analysis was applied to tort or contract

claims unconnected to the internal affairs or corporate governance issues that

Delaware law is concerned with.95 The situation here is different and most akin to

93
     Metro Storage Int’l LLC v. Harron, 2019 WL 3282613, at *21 (Del. Ch. July 19, 2019).
94
     Moving Defs.’ Reply Br. in Further Supp. of Their Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs. Reply”) at 6.
95
    See, e.g., CelestialRX Investments, LLC v. Krivulka, 2019 WL 1396764, at *20 (Del. Ch. Mar.
27, 2019) (“The Plaintiffs’ claims against Mazur during that time period deal with his duties and
obligations as a director and manager of Akrimax.”); Baier v. Upper New York Investment Co.
LLC, 2018 WL 1791996, at *9 (Del. Ch. Apr. 16, 2018) (“[T]he alleged fraudulent scheme was
commenced and completed prior to the existence of the LLC Defendants. It is inconceivable how
Johny’s alleged wrongdoing, which occurred prior to the formation of the LLC Defendants, arose
                                              - 32 -
Hazout—that is, the specific claims against the Individual Defendants involve

“actions in [their] official capacity of negotiating contracts that involved that change

of control of a Delaware[-formed entity].”96

       And so due process, in the context of the LLC Manager Consent Statute, is

satisfied. The Hazout Court explained that, “[b]y becoming a director and officer of

a Delaware corporation, Hazout purposefully availed himself of certain duties and

protections under our law.”97          And, the Court found, “the claims against Hazout

involve his actions in his official capacity of negotiating contracts that involved the

change of control of a Delaware public corporation.”98 Here, the parties to the SPA

out of his rights, duties and obligations as manager of limited liability companies that were not yet
in existence when the wrongdoing occurred. Moreover, the Complaint acknowledges that the LLC
Defendants ‘have no offices, no employees, and conduct no business.’ Thus the claims at issue
cannot possibly focus on Johny’s rights, duties and obligations as manager of the LLC Defendants
where, by Danny’s own admission, there is nothing for Johny to do (or not do) as relates to these
entities.”) (citations omitted); Republic Business Credit, LLC v. Metro Design USA, LLC, 2016
WL 3640349, at *10 (Del. Super. Ct. June 29, 2016) (“[T]his case involves tort claims unconnected
with the internal affairs of DE Metro Design.”); Wiggins v. Physiologic Assessment Services, LLC,
138 A.3d 1160, 1165 (Del. Super. Ct. 2016) (finding employee failed to meet burden that claims
concerning the nonresident CEO’s duty to ensure employer compliance with employment laws
were centrally focused on CEO’s rights, duties, and obligations as manager); Schweitzer v. LCR
Capital Partners, LLC, 2020 WL 1131716, at *6 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 9, 2020) (concerning a
violation of a Connecticut wage laws between two Connecticut residents).

96
     Hazout, 134 A.3d at 293.
97
    Id. at 292; see also LVI Group Investments, LLC v. NCM Group Holding, LLC, 2018 WL
1559936, at *10 (Del. Ch. Mar. 28, 2018) (Exercising personal jurisdiction over individual
defendant directors and officers of a Delaware corporation who had purposefully availed
themselves of certain duties and protections under Delaware law by agreeing to serve as directors
and officers of a Delaware corporation was “consistent with due process.”).

98
     Hazout, 134 A.3d at 293.

                                               - 33 -
agreed that Delaware law would govern and that any action arising out of the SPA

would be brought in Delaware. So not one of the Individual Defendants can credibly

suggest that he never foresaw that he would be subject to litigation in Delaware over

his conduct.99       The Court finds that there is jurisdiction over the Individual

Defendants because they are alleged to have used their capacity as managers of Casla

to commit the well-pled wrongs when negotiating contracts involving the change of

control of ABS.

         2. There is No Personal Jurisdiction Over the Non-Delaware Defendants.

         CLP asserts Delaware’s Long-Arm Statute, the alter ego theory of

jurisdiction, the agency theory of jurisdiction, and the conspiracy theory of

jurisdiction allow for this Court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over the Non-

Delaware Defendants.100 Defendants argue that CLP cannot obtain jurisdiction over

the Non-Delaware Defendants under any theory.

99
      See Hazout, 134 A.3d at 293-94.

100
    CLP’s argument that Defendants are equitably estopped from challenging jurisdiction fails. As
alleged, Non-Delaware Defendants’ held positions as unit holders or limited parties and any
benefits these non-Delaware Defendants received were indirect because they depended upon the
acts of the managers of the respective entities to further distribute funds from the sale of ABS.
And the mere contemplation of benefits is not sufficient to constitute a direct benefit. See
Neurvana Med., LLC v. Balt USA, LLC, 2019 WL 4464268, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 18, 2019),
reargument denied, 2019 WL 5092894 (Del. Ch. Oct. 10, 2019).

                                             - 34 -
         All of these theories require CLP to plead an act within the state of Delaware

sufficient to confer jurisdiction over the Non-Delaware Defendants.101                       In its

answering brief, CLP provides a summary of the acts allegedly conferring

jurisdiction:

         [t]hese acts, and their effects, involved no less than eight Delaware
         entities: two Delaware entities (Seller Defendants) made knowingly
         false representations in the Purchase Agreement to a third Delaware
         entity (CLP), who through the Purchase Agreement, governed by
         Delaware law with a Delaware forum selection clause, acquired a fourth
         Delaware entity (ABS). (See generally FAC). These fraudulent
         representations harmed a Delaware entity (CLP), yet benefited each of
         the co-conspirators, including six Delaware entities (Seller Defendants,
         Casla Partners, LP, Casla Partners Fund I, LP, and Principal Investor
         Defendants).102

Specifically, CLP alleges all Defendants “received substantial direct benefits from

the Purchase Agreement and should reasonably have anticipated defending against

lawsuits related to the Purchase Agreement in Delaware”103 and “perpetuated and

101
    See Mobile Diagnostic Grp. Holdings, LLC v. Suer, 972 A.2d 799, 804 (Del. Ch. 2009)
(“Under Delaware’s long-arm statute, Delaware courts can exercise personal jurisdiction over a
defendant for a claim that ‘arises from’ a ‘jurisdictional act’ enumerated in the statute.”); EBG
Holdings LLC v. Vredezicht’s Gravenhage 109 B.V., 2008 WL 4057745, at *11 (Del. Ch. Sept. 2,
2008) (“The second common factor is that a successful showing of alter ego or agency does not
necessarily mean that the principal or parent is subject to jurisdiction. As theories of indirect
jurisdiction, the underlying question on both theories is whether the subsidiary’s actions satisfy §
3104 of the long-arm statute.”); Istituto Bancario Italiano, SpA v. Hunter Eng’g Co., Inc., 449
A.2d 210 (Del. 1982) (The third part of the five-part test for jurisdiction under the conspiracy
theory requires a plaintiff to show “a substantial act or substantial effect in furtherance of the
conspiracy occurred in the forum state.”).
102
      CLP Ans. Br. at 23-24.
103
      Am. Compl. ¶ 38.
                                              - 35 -
carried out the fraud and other misconduct alleged herein, which had effects in

Delaware on CLP, which is a Delaware corporation.”104 CLP alleged that these

Defendants transacted business in Delaware through their involvement with the

Purchase Agreement, Casla, and ABS, out of which arise CLP’s claims.

Additionally, with respect to Casla Partners LLC, CLP alleged that it holds an equity

interest in Casla ABS Investors and controls that entity.105

          These alleged acts do not suffice to confer specific jurisdiction under either

Section 3104(c)(1) of Delaware’s Long Arm Statute or any of CLP’s other alleged

theories. Section 3104(c)(1) permits a Court to exercise jurisdiction over a non-

resident Defendant that “[t]ransacts any business or performs any character of work

or service in the State.”106 But “[b]ecause Section 3104(c)(1) constitutes a specific

jurisdiction provision, it only allows jurisdiction over causes of action that are

closely intertwined with the jurisdictional contact.”107 And none of the jurisdictional

contacts suggested by CLP are so closely intertwined.

104
      Id. ¶ 40.
105
      Am. Compl. ¶ 46.
106
      DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 10, § 3104(c)(1) (2018).
107
      In re Mobilactive Media, LLC, 2013 WL 297950, at *28 (Del. Ch. Jan. 25, 2013).

                                               - 36 -
         First, the holding of an interest in a Delaware entity is not an act in Delaware

sufficient to confer specific jurisdiction.108 Second, a choice of law provision in a

contract selecting Delaware law is not an act in the State of Delaware for purposes

of conferring jurisdiction.109 Third, in Delaware, “[i]t is well established law that

merely contracting with an entity that is incorporated within a forum state does not

provide necessary connections between the contract and the forum to support a

finding of jurisdiction.”110 And lastly, “the passive receipt of income by defendants

from debt and equity securities of Delaware companies does not constitute sufficient

contacts with the state to support a finding of minimum contacts.”111

         CLP also alleges that there is jurisdiction because the “entire transaction

revolved around Delaware and its corporate law.”112 Relying on Crescent/Mach I

108
   AeroGlobal Capital Management, LLC v. Cirrus Industries, Inc., 871 A.2d 428, 439 (Del.
2005) (“We acknowledge that the ownership of a Delaware subsidiary does not, without more,
amount to the transaction of business under Delaware’s Long Arm Statute.”).
109
      Mobile Diagnostic, 972 A.2d at 805.
110
      Abajian v. Kennedy, 1992 WL 8794, at *10 (Del. Ch. Jan. 17, 1992).
111
   Hart Holding Co. Inc. v. Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., 1992 WL 127567, at *5 (Del. Ch. May
28, 1992) (“The isolated act of investing in the shares of a Delaware corporation creates a
foreseeable relationship with this state in only one respect: the law of Delaware will determine the
nature of the rights thereby acquired. While that relationship is sufficient alone to support in
personam jurisdiction in a narrow class of cases . . . it surely cannot support in personam
jurisdiction for a general conspiracy and fraud claim.”).
112
      CLP Ans. Br. at 24.

                                              - 37 -
Partners, L.P. v. Turner,113 CLP contends that with the transaction’s focus on

Delaware law and the transfer of a Delaware entity between Delaware entities, “a

substantial act in furtherance of the plan . . . occurred in Delaware.”114

Crescent/Mach, however, centered on a merger that involved the formation of a

Delaware entity and a filing with Secretary of State.115 This Court has held “[t]he

formation of a Delaware entity or the filing of a corporate instrument in Delaware to

facilitate the challenged transaction satisfies this element.”116 But none of that’s

alleged here. CLP has not said the SPA required a specific filing with Delaware’s

Secretary of State, nor that a Delaware entity was formed as a result of the SPA. So

the required close nexus is lacking in CLP’s claims.117

         CLP also argues that there is general jurisdiction over the Non-Delaware

Defendants under Section 3104(c)(4) of Delaware’s Long Arm Statute. Section

3104(c)(4) provides for personal jurisdiction over non-resident defendants if the

defendant causes tortious injury within or outside Delaware from an act or omission

113
   846 A.2d 963, 977 (Del. Ch. 2000) (merger between Delaware corporations under Delaware
corporate law was a substantial act in furtherance of the conspiracy).
114
      CLP Ans. Br. at 24.
115
      Crescent/Mach, 846 A.2d at 977.
116
      Hamilton Partners, L.P. v. Englard, 11 A.3d 1180, 1198 (Del. Ch. 2010).
117
   See LVI Grp. Invs., LLC v. NCM Group Holdings, LLC, 2017 WL 3912632, at *5 (Del. Ch.
Sept. 7, 2017) (“To confer jurisdiction, the transaction of business must have a ‘tight nexus’ to the
cause of action and must ‘form a source of the claim.’”).

                                               - 38 -
outside of the State if the defendant “regularly does or solicits business, engages in

any other persistent course of conduct in the State or derives substantial revenue

from services, or things used or consumed in the State[.]”118                     “Specifically,

subsection (c)(4) jurisdiction arises only ‘when a defendant has had contacts with

this state that are so extensive and continuing that it is fair and consistent with state

policy to require that the defendant appear here and defend a claim.’”119 CLP claims

this element is satisfied because (1) each of the Investor Defendants holds an equity

interest in Casla;120 (2) Casla Partners LLC’s sole member is Hines, whom Plaintiffs

have alleged controlled and dominated ABS;121 (3) Casla entities are closely related

and share overlapping management and ownership;122 (4) Casla Partners LLC had

an advisory services agreement with ABS;123 and (5) CLP’s injury arises out of the

118
      DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 10 § 3104(c)(4) (2018).
119
    Comput. People, Inc. v. Best Int’l Grp., Inc., 1999 WL 288119, at *7 (Del. Ch. Apr. 27, 1999);
see also HMG/Courtland Props., Inc. v. Gray, 729 A.2d 300, 310 (Del. Ch. 1999) (“The[]
conditions [of Section 3104(c)(4)] are rigorous and require a showing of substantial and continuous
activity in Delaware.”).
120
      See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 22, 24, 30-34.
121
      See id.
122
      CLP Ans. at 20.
123
      Id.

                                              - 39 -
Investor Defendants’ and Casla Partners LLC’s fraud, which is related to their

investments in Delaware.124

          A non-resident’s ownership interest in a Delaware entity, without more, does

not provide a basis for the “persistent course of conduct in [Delaware]” required for

general jurisdiction.125 The Altech Indus., Inc. v. Al Tech Specialty Steel Corp. case

that CLP cites is inapposite.126 In Altech the federal district court recognized general

jurisdiction where: the defendant corporation acquired the stock of a Delaware co-

defendant as a result of a merger under Delaware law; the majority of defendant’s

subsidiaries were Delaware corporations; the defendant corporation regularly filed

and recorded corporate documents with Delaware’s Secretary of State; the defendant

corporation used a Delaware-based corporation trust company as its agent; and the

defendant corporation regularly employed Delaware corporation law to merge its

subsidiaries.127 CLP has alleged neither the formation of a company in Delaware

nor any filing with the Secretary of State as the result of the Transaction.

          Because CLP has not even made a prima facie case for personal jurisdiction

over the Non-Delaware Defendants, jurisdictional discovery is also denied. “If a

124
      Am. Compl. ¶ 40.
125
      Conn. Gen. Life Ins. Co. v. Pinkas, 2011 WL 5222796, at *3 (Del. Ch. Oct. 28, 2011).
126
      542 F. Supp. 53 (D. Del. 1982).
127
      Id. at 55.
                                               - 40 -
plaintiff presents factual allegations that suggest ‘with reasonable particularity’ the

possible existence of the requisite ‘contacts between [the parties] and the forum

state,’ the plaintiff’s right to conduct jurisdictional discovery should be

sustained.”128        But jurisdictional discovery is not appropriate until there is

demonstration of a non-frivolous ground for jurisdiction.129

            Given the dearth of factual allegations, CLP cannot use jurisdictional

discovery to simply “fish for a possible basis for this court’s jurisdiction.”130 No,

the Court must determine whether certain discovery avenues, “if explored, might

provide the ‘something more’ needed” to establish personal jurisdiction.131 To merit

jurisdictional discovery, plaintiffs show that their factual allegations establish with

reasonable particularity the possible existence of requisite contacts. Yet, CLP does

not explain how discovery would provide the “something more” needed to establish

personal jurisdiction. And CLP has failed to establish with requisite particularity

any act in Delaware sufficient to confer jurisdiction.

128
   Toys “R” Us, Inc. v. Step Two, S.A., 318 F.3d 446, 456 (3d Cir. 2003) (quoting Mellon Bank
(East) PSFS, Nat’l Ass’n v. Farino, 960 F.2d 1217, 1223 (3d Cir. 1992)).
129
      In re Am. Int’l Gp., 965 A.2d at 831 n.195 (Del. 2011).
130
      Id.
131
      Toys “R” Us, 318 F.3d at 456.

                                                - 41 -
      Jurisdictional discovery will not change the documents governing the

Transaction nor will it create new contacts sufficient to confer jurisdiction over the

Non-Delaware Defendants. Accordingly, all claims against the Non-Delaware

Defendants must be dismissed.

   B. CLP’S FRAUD CLAIM SURVIVES.

      Defendants argue that the Court should dismiss the fraud claim because it is

barred by the SPA’s anti-reliance language and integration provision. According to

Defendants these provisions bar CLP from claiming it reasonably relied on any

alleged misrepresentations or omissions outside of those representations and

warranties specified in the SPA.

      1. The non-reliance provision              limits   fraud   claims   to   written
         representations in the SPA.

      Article IV of the SPA sets forth the Company’s representations and

warranties. Defendants rely on the non-reliance and integration provisions in

Sections 4.32, 5.9, 6.8, 7.8 and 10.1 of the SPA to make its argument. Section 4.32

provides:

      Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, except as expressly set
      forth in this Agreement, none of the Group Companies, nor any
      Affiliate of the Group Companies, nor any of their respective
      representatives, employees, officers, directors, managers, partners or
      direct or indirect equity holders, has made, and shall not be deemed to
      have made, any representations or warranties in the materials relating
      to the Business made available to the Buyer, including due diligence
      materials, or in any presentation of the Business by management of the
      Group Companies or others in connection with the Contemplated
                                        - 42 -
          Transactions, and no statement contained in any of such materials or
          made in any such presentation shall be deemed a representation or
          warranty hereunder and deemed to be relied upon by the Buyer or any
          of their Affiliates in executing, delivering and performing this
          Agreement and the Contemplated Transactions. It is understood that
          any cost estimates, projections or other predictions, any data, any
          financial information or any memoranda or offering materials or
          presentations, including any offering memorandum or similar
          materials made available by the Group Companies and their
          Representatives, are not and shall not be deemed to be or to include
          representations or warranties of any such Person, and are not and shall
          not be deemed to be relied upon by the Buyer or any of their Affiliates
          in executing, delivering and performing this Agreement and the
          Contemplated Transactions.132

Substantively identical language is used with respect to the representations of the

Company Seller and Blocker Seller in Section 6.8133 and the Blocker and Blocker

Seller in Section 7.8.134 In Section 5.9(b) of the SPA, CLP represented that “[t]he

Buyer agrees to and acknowledges the disclaimers set forth in Section 4.32, Section

6.8 and Section 7.8.”135 Section 10.1 is a standard integration clause that should not

be considered a non-reliance provision.136

132
      SPA § 4.32(b) (emphasis added).
133
      See id. § 6.8.
134
      See id. § 7.8.
135
      Id. § 5.9(b).
136
  See Novipax Holdings LLC v. Sealed Air Corp., 2017 WL 5713307, at *12 (Del. Super. Ct.
Nov. 28, 2017).

                                          - 43 -
          CLP claims Defendants’ argument ignores the fact that CLP’s fraud claims

(Counts I, II, and III) are based on fraudulent statements in the SPA’s representations

and warranties and that a fraud claim can be based on a purchase agreement’s

representations and warranties. Additionally, CLP claims that even if CLP were

relying on extra-contractual statements, the SPA “specifically preserved the right to

pursue a legal remedy for fraud,” which demonstrates that the parties did not intend

to wholly disclaim reliance on intentional fraud made outside the parameters of the

SPA’s representations and warranties.137 CLP cites Section 9.3(c) to show that the

parties expressly preserved CLP’s right to seek relief outside of the provisions set

forth in the Purchase Agreement for claims of fraud.138

          CLP relies on Anvil Holding Corp. v. Iron Acquisition Co. Inc. to argue that

its fraud claim is cognizable in spite of the non-reliance provisions.139 In Anvil, this

Court refused, for two reasons, to dismiss a fraud claim when the defendant resorted

to the non-reliance provisions of the subject agreement.140 First, the Anvil court

found that the non-reliance provisions did not unambiguously demonstrate that both

137
   See CLP Ans. Br. at 38 (quoting Anvil Holding Corp. v. Iron Acquisition Co. Inc, 2013 WL
2249655, at *1 (Del. Ch. May 17, 2013)).

138
   CLP Ans. Br. at 39; see § 9.3(c) (“Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, neither the
Deductible nor the Cap shall apply to any Losses resulting from or arising out of (i) fraud . . .”).
139
      2013 WL 2249655.
140
      Id. at *8.

                                              - 44 -
parties disclaimed reliance on extra-contractual statements. Second, the Anvil court

found that the “exclusive remedies” clause, in which the parties agreed to reserve all

rights to claims based on fraud, preserved the fraud claim.141 The exclusive remedies

provision thus provided further evidence that the parties intended that fraud claims

could be based on extra-contractual representations.142

            Similar to Anvil, the parties included an exclusive remedies provision and

expressly provided that fraud claims were reserved. Unlike Anvil, the Company, the

Seller Defendants, and CLP expressly represented in Sections 4.32, 5.9, 6.8, and 7.8

that they were not relying on any extra-contractual representations. Still, the fraud

claims may proceed based on the written representations in the SPA. As in Novipax

Holdings v. Sealed Air Corp., both parties had disclaimed reliance and also included

an exclusive remedies provision that expressly reserved fraud claims.143           The

Superior Court there explained “the non-reliance provision likely places a limit on

the types of fraud claims that can be brought to those based on written

representations in the APA . . . when drafters specifically preserve the right to assert

141
      Id.
142
      Id.
143
      2017 WL 5713307, at *12.

                                           - 45 -
fraud claims, they must say so if they intend to limit that right to claims based on

written representations in the contract.”144

            While Defendants read otherwise, the language in the SPA does not warrant

dismissal of CLP’s fraud claim. At this stage of the proceedings, the Court finds

that the parties preserved a fraud claim in Section 9.1(c), but limited that fraud claim

through the non-reliance provisions in Section 4.20 and 5.7 to written

representations in the SPA. As alleged, the representations relied upon are intra-

contractual. Throughout paragraphs 69-155 of the Amended Complaint, however,

CLP appears to be relying on extra-contractual misrepresentations and omissions.145

To the extent that CLP is relying on extra-contractual misrepresentations and

omissions, those are barred by the non-reliance provisions.

            2. The fraud claim is pled with the requisite particularity.

            Defendants also attack the fraud claim with suggestions that it (1) is not

pleaded with particularity and (2) alleges no damages separate from the breach-of-

contract damages. As to the first argument, it is abundantly clear that the Amended

Complaint pleads fraud with the requisite particularity. In general, the Amended

Complaint alleges that: Defendants made material misrepresentations, CLP

144
      Id.
145
      See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 69-155.

                                           - 46 -
justifiably relied on those misrepresentations, Defendants knew the representations

were false or made them recklessly and with the intent to deceive CLP, CLP was

fraudulently induced into the transaction, and CLP suffered damages as a result.

          As to the second argument, CLP asserts separate claims for fraud that are not

duplicative of its breach-of-contract claims. For example, the Individual

Defendants—who actively engaged in the fraud alleged in the Amended

Complaint—are not parties to the SPA and therefore the damages for fraud asserted

against them are not duplicative of any breach-of-contract claim. Counts I and III,

therefore, cannot be dismissed as against the Individual Defendants.

          “Delaware courts have consistently held that to successfully plead a fraud

claim, the allegedly defrauded plaintiff must have sustained damages as a result of a

defendant’s action.”146 The damages allegations, however, may not simply rehash

the damages allegedly caused by breach of contract.147 Moreover, plaintiff cannot

“bootstrap a claim of breach of contract into a claim for fraud by alleging that a

contracting party never intended to perform its obligations.”148

146
    Cornell Glasgow, LLC v. La Grange Props. LLC, 2012 WL 2106945, at *8 (Del. Super. Ct.
June 6, 2012) (quoting Dalton v. Ford Motor Co., 2002 WL 338081, at *6 (Del. Super. Ct. Feb.
28, 2002)).

147
   Id. at *8-9 (dismissing a fraud claim because the plaintiffs’ damages allegation was nothing
more than a “rehash” of the allegations in its breach of contract claims).

148
      Id. at *8.

                                            - 47 -
            It appears that the principal claim in the Amended Complaint is for fraud and

fraudulent inducement, which would render the SPA void. And the breach-of-

contract claim, on the facts presented here, is a valid alternative pleading for

remedy.149 CLP alleges that it obtained contractual representations and covenants to

ensure that the Business, including stability of customers, still existed at the Closing.

CLP, however, purportedly misrepresented and concealed information regarding

Material Customers and its Radeas equipment sales, in order to induce CLP into the

SPA. These allegations, if true, go beyond a mere intention not to comply with the

terms of the Agreement. As such, at this juncture, the fraud claim is sufficiently

different from the breach-of-contract claim.150

            While the two claims are different, Defendants are correct that CLP pleads

damages that on their face are similar for both claims. But CLP prays for rescission

of the transaction or rescissory damages, which is a remedy for fraud. This Court

has held that a claim for rescission or rescissory damages separates a fraudulent

149
      See The Anschutz Corp. v. Brown Robin Capital, LLC, 2020 WL 3096744, at *15 (Del. Ch.
June 11, 2020) (Noting that “[a]s a general rule, the bootstrapping bar makes perfect sense. When
a party claims he was fraudulently induced into entering a contract by promises that were then
included in the negotiated language of that very contract, his remedy should be in contract, not tort
. . . . [But w]hile our courts do not hesitate to dismiss bootstrapped fraud claims, our courts also
recognize that the bootstrap rule is not absolute.”).
150
      Id.

                                               - 48 -
inducement claim from breach-of-contract damages.151 Nonetheless, if discovery

demonstrates that CLP’s damage claims for breach of contract and fraud are the

same, the Court can revisit the issue prior to a trial.

      C. FRAUDULENT INDUCEMENT.

            A fraud claim can be based on representations found in a contract.152 But the

allegations of fraud must be separate from the breach-of-contract claim.153 And

“[a]llegations that are focused on inducement to contract are ‘separate and distinct’

conduct.”154

            CLP’s allegations rely on the representations, warranties, and covenants

contained in Sections 4.6(b), 4.21, 4.22, and 4.24. Under these sections, the

Individual Defendants and Seller Defendants represented, warranted, and

covenanted to make certain disclosures regarding its Business prior to the Closing.

For example, In Section 4.21(a), the Company represented that “[n]o Material

151
    See Abry, 891 A.2d at 1064; see also 3M Co. v. Neology, Inc., 2019 WL 2714832, at *14 (Del.
Super. Ct. June 28, 2019) (holding that fraud claim was not impermissibly bootstrapped where
plaintiff was seeking rescissory damages, “which are a remedy for fraud, not breach of contract”);
Firmenich Incorporated v. Natural Flavors, Inc., 2020 WL 1816191, at *10 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr.
7, 2020).
152
    ITW Global Investments. Inc. v. Am. Indus. Partners Cap. Fund IV, L.P., 2015 WL 3970908,
at *6 (Del. Super. Ct. June 24, 2015) (quoting Furnari v. Wallpang, Inc., 2014 WL 1678419, at *4
(Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 16, 2014)).

153
      Id.

154
      Id.

                                              - 49 -
Customer . . . has within the twelve (12) months prior to the date of this Agreement

ceased or materially altered its relationship with the Business, or, to Company’s

Knowledge, has threatened to cease or materially alter any such relationship.”155

Despite this representation and warranty, Seller Defendants and Individual

Defendants actively and intentionally concealed that two of the customers they

identified as a Material Customers, ESA and Maplewood, were no longer

operational, and had therefore “ceased or materially altered [their] relationship with

the Business or, to Company’s Knowledge, ha[d] threatened to cease or materially

adversely alter any such relationship.”156 Seller Defendants therefore fraudulently

represented in the representations and warranties of the SPA that ESA and

Maplewood had not altered their relationship with ABS in the twelve months

preceding the date of the Agreement. These are not extra-contractual statements on

which CLP disclaimed reliance.

         The same is true with the fraud concerning the Radeas transaction. The

Company represented and warranted that its book and records were “maintained in

accordance with commercially reasonable business practices and are complete and

accurate in all material respects,” that the Company “maintained a system of internal

155
      Am. Compl. ¶ 56 & SPA § 4.21(a).

156
      Id. ¶¶ 69-137.

                                         - 50 -
accounting controls . . . ” and that its Financials were prepared in accordance with

GAAP.157 Nonetheless, Seller Defendants and Individual Defendants directed ABS

employees to improperly book sham equipment sales to Radeas in order to inflate

ABS’s EBITDA and inflate the amount CLP paid for ABS.158 This fraud is based

on CLP’s reliance on the representations and warranties expressly set forth in the

SPA.

            The facts of this case are similar to both Novipax159 and Abry.160 In Novipax,

the plaintiff, the buyer of the company, relied on representations in the subject asset

purchase agreement about how the defendant was to conduct the business and about

the financial viability of the business before the closing, including the business’s

major customers.161 However, after the parties closed the transaction, the plaintiff

learned that those representations were false, and that defendant did not correct the

misrepresentations before the closing in an attempt to induce the plaintiff into

closing the transaction.162 The Superior Court found this sufficient to support a claim

157
      Id. ¶¶ 57-58.

158
      Id. ¶¶ 138-155.

159
      2017 WL 5713307, at *13 (Del. Super. Ct. Nov. 28, 2017).

160
      891 A.2d 1032.

161
      Novipax, 2017 WL 5713307, at *13.
162
      Id.

                                             - 51 -
for fraudulent inducement at the initial pleading/motion to dismiss stage of the

litigation.163 Similarly, CLP alleges that after the transaction closed, it learned of

Defendants’ misrepresentation concerning the operational state of two material

customers—a misrepresentation that Defendants never sought to correct before the

Closing—and a misrepresentation made and continued in an attempt to induce CLP

into closing the transaction.164

            In Abry, the parties entered into a purchase agreement for the buyer’s purchase

of a portfolio company.165               The purchase agreement contained several

representations and warranties about the company’s financial statements.166 After

the parties entered into the purchase agreement, the buyer discovered that the

financial statements prior to the purchase agreement were fraudulently manipulated

by the seller.167 This Court refused to dismiss the fraudulent inducement claim,

finding that the “financial statements were represented and warranted in the

Agreement and were therefore intended to induce the Buyer to sign the Agreement

and close the sale to purchase the Company.”168 Similarly, CLP claims Defendants

163
      Id.
164
      Am. Compl. ¶¶ 70-74, 189, 198.
165
      Abry, 981 A.2d at 1034-35.

166
      Id.

167
      Id. at 1038-40.

                                             - 52 -
improperly booked sham equipment sales to Radeas to inflate ABS’s EBITDA and

the amount CLP paid for ABS. Accordingly, CLP has pled facts sufficient to support

a claim for fraudulent inducement at this stage in the litigation.

      D. BREACH OF CONTRACT.

         Defendants next seek to dismiss the breach-of-contract claims. CLP has

alleged that Seller Defendants breached Sections 4.6(b), 4.8, 4.15, 4.17, 4.21, 4.22,

and 4.24. Defendants first argue that all of the Article IV representations and

warranties alleged to be breached are only representations by the Company, not the

Seller Defendants. Second, Defendants contend that CLP has not alleged any facts

that demonstrate that Seller Defendants breached any provision of the SPA.

         Defendants’ first argument is a technical one. Defendants are correct that the

Company is the only party specifically named to make the representations and

warranties concerning the group of companies in Article IV.169 Before analyzing the

particular language of the SPA, is important to look at the SPA in context. In Abry,

the Court analyzed the stock purchase agreement’s terms in light of the seller’s

relationship with the company that was sold:

         Both the Seller and the Buyer are private equity firms. The Company
         was a portfolio company of the Seller. That meant that the Seller had
         an intense interest in its value and in keeping with that, the Seller had

168
      Id. at 1051.

169
      See SPA art. 4.

                                          - 53 -
          assigned key personnel, specifically Dominguez, to monitor the
          performance of the Company and interact with the Company’s
          management during the sale. But that did not necessarily mean that the
          Seller knew the Company in the same intimate manner that the
          Company's managers did. The managers had no prior affiliation with
          the Seller, and like any other private equity firm, the Seller was as much
          a monitor of, as a partner with, the Company’s management.

          In view of this common context, it is not surprising that the Stock
          Purchase Agreement’s terms recognized a distinction between the
          Seller and the Company and gave this distinction importance in
          addressing questions relating to liability. The Agreement did not
          conflate the Seller with the Company and make it responsible for
          everything the Company and the Company’s management did or said.
          Rather, the Seller only accepted responsibility for the Company’s
          actions and words to the extent set forth in the Agreement and the
          required Officer’s Certificate. Nothing about that arrangement is novel
          to anyone with any rudimentary familiarity with negotiated acquisition
          agreements, particularly those involving private equity firms.170

          The business context of Abry is significantly different from the circumstances

of this case. CLP claims that the Company made the representations under the

control and direction of the Seller Defendants and the Individual Defendants.

Specifically, CLP alleges Sellers should be liable because: (1) Rochwerg signed the

Purchase Agreement on behalf of ABS and the Seller Defendants; (2) Rochwerg,

who held the same assortment of titles of VP, Secretary, and or Treasurer for ABS

and the Seller Defendants,171 controlled the disclosures, representations and

170
      Abry, 981 A.2d at 1040-41.
171
      See Am. Compl., Ex. A at signature pages.

                                              - 54 -
warranties made by ABS in connection with CLP’s acquisition; and (3) Seller

Defendants expressly agreed to indemnify CLP for any breaches of Article IV

regardless of which party actually made the representations.172 Under the well-pled

standard of a motion to dismiss, even vague allegations in the Complaint are well-

pled if Defendants were provided notice of the claim.173                 Even if the Seller

Defendants are liable only for indemnification of the Company’s violations of

Article IV, the Court will not dismiss CLP’s claims merely because the Amended

Complaint “does not invoke the word ‘indemnification.’” 174 CLP’s breach-of-

contract claims provide notice of the claim, even if it does not explicitly state it seeks

indemnification under Section 9.1.175 These allegations are sufficient to show that

the Seller Defendants should be liable for violations of Article IV.

            As for the second argument, this Court need not address whether there was a

breach of the SPA. CLP’s claim against the Seller Defendants is based on their

violations of Sections 4.6(b), 4.8, 4.15, 4.17, 4.21, 4.22 and 4.24.176 For the present

172
      CLP Ans. Br. at 52.
173
  See Eurofins Panlabs, Inc. v. Ricerca Biosciences, LLC, 2014 WL 2457515, at *5 (Del. Ch.
May 30, 2014).
174
      Id.
175
    Id; see also Anvil, 2013 WL 2249655, at *9 (finding buyer had stated a claim against sellers
for the company’s breaches of the purchase agreement because the sellers had agreed to indemnify
the buyer for the company’s breach).
176
      See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 160-161, 164-178, 239-244, 249-253.
                                             - 55 -
motion, the Court must accept all well-pleaded allegations as true. The Court must

construe these allegations and the inferences to be drawn therefrom in the light most

favorable to CLP. In doing so, the Court finds that the allegations, if true, support a

claim for breach of contract, specifically. Therefore, the Court will not dismiss the

breach-of-contract claims.

      E. FRAUDULENT TRANSFER.

         CLP asserts fraudulent transfer claims against all of the defendants except the

Seller Defendants because they allegedly are the transferees of the proceeds that

were fraudulently transferred to them with the debtor’s actual intent to hinder, delay,

or defraud. Defendants argue that CLP must prove that each defendant alleged to

have fraudulently transferred proceeds of the fraudulent transaction is a debtor under

DUFTA and that each transferred proceeds with the intent to hinder, delay, or

defraud CLP.

         But under DUFTA’s plain language, a plaintiff may bring an action to avoid

a transfer or attach the “asset transferred or other property of the transferee.”177 And

CLP does not need a judgment against the Seller Defendants in order to pursue

claims for fraudulent transfer against transferees.              Because under DUFTA, a

177
      DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 6, § 1307(a)(1) & (2) (2018) (emphasis added).

                                              - 56 -
“debtor” is one who is “liable on a claim.”178 And a claim “means a right to payment,

whether or not the right is reduced to judgment.”179

         Defendants also argue CLP must show that Seller Defendants transferred their

assets to the remaining Defendants with “actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud

any creditor.”180 CLP has asserted allegations sufficient to state a claim for

fraudulent transfer. Specifically, CLP alleges the following: (1) Seller Defendants

transferred their assets “[w]ithout receiving a reasonably equivalent value in

exchange for the transfer or obligation, and the debtor . . . believed or reasonably

should have believed that the debtor would incur, debts beyond the debtor’s ability

to pay as they became due”;181 (2) Seller Defendants transferred assets “without

receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer or obligation”

and were “insolvent at that time or the debtor became insolvent as a result of the

transfer”;182 and (3) Seller Defendants’ “transfer was made to an insider for an

antecedent debt, the debtor was insolvent at that time and the insider had reasonable

178
      Id. at § 1301(6).
179
      Id. at § 1301(3) (emphasis added).
180
      Id. at § 1304(a)(1).
181
      Id. at § 1304(a)(2); Am. Compl. ¶¶ 276, 278-279.

182
      DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 6, § 1305(a) (2018); Am. Compl. ¶¶ 276, 278-279.
                                              - 57 -
cause to believe the debtor was insolvent.”183 CLP’s allegations are sufficient to

survive Defendants’ motion to dismiss.184

      F. UNJUST ENRICHMENT.

         Defendants argue that CLP has failed to state a claim for unjust enrichment

against all Defendants. As to the Seller Defendants, Defendants argue that CLP

cannot recover for disgorgement based upon unjust enrichment because CLP does

not allege anywhere that there was not a valid and enforceable agreement governing

the subject of this dispute. Defendants are correct in arguing that CLP cannot

maintain both a cause of action for breach of contract and unjust enrichment.

However, breach of contract and an unjust enrichment claim may survive a motion

to dismiss when pled as alternative theories of recovery. 185 CLP has adequately

alleged unjust enrichment as an alternative theory of recovery here. If the principal

claim in this case is for fraud and fraudulent inducement and the fraudulent

inducement renders the SPA void, then a claim for unjust enrichment may thus

183
      DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 6, § 1305(b) (2018); Am. Compl. ¶¶ 276, 278-279.
184
      See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 276-280.
185
    BAE Sys. Info. & Elec. Sys. Integration, Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 2009 WL 264088, at
*8 (Del. Ch. Feb. 3, 2009) (“In some instances, both a breach of contract and an unjust enrichment
claim may survive a motion to dismiss when pled as alternative theories for recovery.”) (emphasis
in original); Yu v. GSM Nation, LLC, 2018 WL 2272708, at *21 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 24, 2018)
(“In some cases, however, both a breach of contract and an unjust enrichment claim may survive
a motion to dismiss when pled as alternative theories of recovery.”) (emphasis in original).

                                              - 58 -
proceed under the theory that no valid contract exists. Therefore, the Court will not

dismiss the unjust enrichment claim, but CLP must eventually decide under what

theory it wishes to proceed—fraud and unjust enrichment or breach of contract.

         As to the remaining moving defendants, Defendants argue that CLP does not

state a claim for unjust enrichment because only the Seller Defendants signed the

SPA. Although non-signatories generally cannot be bound by the terms of a

contract,186 CLP has alleged that the non-parties to the contract owed a duty arising

out of tort rather than contract.187 Specifically, CLP has alleged that the non-

signatory related parties engaged in scheme to defraud CLP and received benefits

resulting from that fraud.188 These allegations are separate and independent from

the fact that the Seller Defendants breached the SPA and are thus sufficient to

survive Defendants’ motion to dismiss.

      G. DECLARATORY JUDGMENT.

         CLP seeks the Court’s declaratory judgment that: (1) Casla, Hines, and

Rochwerg were agents of the Principal Investor Defendants and the Principal Casla

Defendants; and (2) Casla is an alter ego of the Principal Investor Defendants.

186
      NAMA Holdings, LLC v. Related World Mkt. Ctr., LLC, 922 A.2d 417, 430 (Del. Ch. 2007).
187
      See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 184, 254-263.
188
    See id.; Great Hill Equity Partners IV, LP v. SIG Growth Equity Fund I, LLLP, 2014 WL
6703980, at *27-28 (Del. Ch. Nov. 26, 2014) (“If the Plaintiffs can implicate these defendants in
a fraud, they obviously have a remedy at law in damages.”).

                                             - 59 -
         1. CLP Has Adequately Alleged Its Agency Theory.

         Defendants argue that CLP fails to allege a basis to hold the Principal Investor

Defendants and the Principal Casla Defendants liable for Hines, Rochwerg, and

Casla’s purported misconduct under an agency theory. In evaluating a claim under

an agency theory the factual inquiry includes whether: “(1) the agent ha[s] the power

to act on behalf of the principal with respect to third parties; (2) the agent do[es]

something at the behest of the principal and for his benefit; and (3) the principal

ha[s] the right to control the conduct of the agent.”189

         Due to the fact-intensive nature of the claim, whether a party was acting as an

agent should not be decided on a motion to dismiss.190 “The standard in Delaware

is notice pleading.”191 And CLP has met this standard.

         As outlined in the Amended Complaint, Casla, Rochwerg, and Hines were

acting as the agents of the Principal Casla Defendants and Principal Investor

Defendants because of the control exercised by the Principal Casla Defendants and

the Principal Investor Defendants over Casla and ABS.192                       Principal Casla

189
   EBG Holdings LLC v. Vredezicht’s Gravenhage 109 B.V., 2008 WL 4057745, at *11 (Del. Ch.
Sept. 2, 2008) (alterations in original) (quoting Fasciana v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp., 829 A.2d 160,
169 n.30 (Del. Ch. 2003)).
190
      EBG Holdings LLC, 2008 WL 4057745, at *11 (Del. Ch. Sept. 2, 2008).

191
   Carlyle Investment Mgmt. L.L.C. v. Moonmouth Co. S.A., 2015 WL 5278913, at *14 n.75 (Del.
Ch. Sept. 10, 2015) (citing Cent. Mortg. Co., 27 A.3d at 536)).
192
      Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13, 21-29, 50.
                                              - 60 -
Defendants and Principal Investor Defendants all owned a significant controlling

interest in Casla, the entity that owned ABS, and/or were members or representatives

on Casla’s board of directors. So, they controlled the operation of both Casla and

ABS.193

            CLP has sufficiently alleged that the Principal Casla Defendants and Principal

Investor Defendants, therefore, had the right to control Casla, ABS, and ABS’s

management. This management included Rochwerg and Hines who were working

out of ABS’s offices and managing ABS on a day-to-day basis.194

            Further, CLP alleges Casla, Rochwerg, and Hines had the power to act, and

in fact did act, both on behalf of the Principal Casla Defendants and Principal

Investor Defendants and at those Defendants’ direction when managing ABS and

when defrauding CLP.195 CLP claims the Principal Investor Defendants and Casla

Partners, L.P., are liable based on their fraudulent conduct, rather than solely by

reason of their being a member or manager of Casla.

            CLP has adequately alleged its agency theory. However, as stated before,

Casla Partners LLC is dismissed from this claim for lack of personal jurisdiction.

193
      Id.
194
      Am. Compl. ¶¶ 24-25, 50.

195
      Id. ¶¶ 24-25, 50.

                                             - 61 -
          2. CLP’s Alter Ego Theory May Be Viable.

          Defendants argue that CLP has not plead specific facts supporting its

suggestion that the Principal Investor Defendants and the Principal Casla Defendants

should be liable under an alter ego theory. This alter ego theory of liability “allows

courts to permit contractual [and tort] creditors to reach the assets of the owners of

the entity based on a multi-factor test.”196 Appropriate circumstances for piercing

the corporate veil are not limited to fraud, and include using the corporate form to

contravene the law or commit a public wrong.197

          Whether to pierce the corporate veil is a fact-intensive inquiry that requires

the court to evaluate whether the owners of the entity unjustly misused the corporate

form.198 Some of the factors to be considered include: “(1) whether the company

was adequately capitalized for the undertaking; (2) whether the company was

solvent; (3) whether corporate formalities were observed; (4) whether the dominant

196
      Feeley v. NHAOCG, LLC, 62 A.3d 649, 667 (Del. Ch. 2012).

197
   David v. Mast, 1999 WL 135244, at *1-2 (Del. Ch. Mar. 2, 1999) (piercing the corporate veil
where the defendant advertised that “an undercapitalized, massively indebted corporation that . . .
had been ‘winding down’ for years and that had been ‘discounted two years before August 1997’
could guarantee its work for up to 10 years”).

198
      Id. at *2-3.

                                              - 62 -
shareholder siphoned company funds; and (5) whether, in general, the company

simply functioned as a facade for the dominant shareholder.”199

          CLP has alleged that the Principal Investor Defendants have an equity interest

that totals more than 69% of the total equity interest in Casla, heavily participated in

Casla’s management as directors or representatives on Casla’s board, worked closely

with Casla in managing ABS, and directed themselves to be paid significant

compensation from Casla’s coffers.200 CLP alleges that the Principal Investor

Defendants ignored all corporate formalities with respect to Casla in their

management of Casla and ABS.201

          CLP also contends the Principal Investor Defendants used Casla solely as a

risk-free investment vehicle with no regard for corporate formalities. For instance,

CLP explained at length how Casla and the Individual Defendants defrauded CLP

into paying an inflated price for ABS.202 Then, immediately after this transaction,

the Principal Investor Defendants decided to decapitalize Casla and transfer

199
   See, e.g., U.S. Bank N.A. v. U.S. Timberlands Klamath Falls, L.L.C., 2005 WL 2093694, at *1
(Del. Ch. Mar. 30, 2005).
200
      Am. Compl. ¶¶ 26-29, 45.

201
      Id. ¶ 49.

202
      Id. ¶¶ 53-209.
                                            - 63 -
essentially all of Casla’s assets to themselves, knowingly leaving Casla unable to

pay a judgment for Casla’s fraud.203

         Defendants argue that CLP fails to state a claim because the parties

specifically agreed to what portion of the sale proceeds would be distributed and

what portion would remain with the Seller Defendants to fund post-Closing

obligations under Section 8.11 of the SPA. It is conceivable, however, that SPA

Section 8.11 could be construed only as a representation from Sellers, and not a

provision that CLP expressly acknowledged and accepted. Under the facts alleged

in the Amended Complaint and allowing for the reasonable inferences drawn from

those facts, the Court simply cannot say there is no reasonable conceivability that

CLP might be able to obtain recovery on their claim for fraudulent transfer.

      H. CONSTRUCTIVE TRUST IS A POTENTIAL REMEDY.

         “The doctrine of a constructive trust is based on the equitable principle that

‘one who would be unjustly enriched, if permitted to retain property, is under an

equitable duty to convey it to the rightful owner.’”204 A constructive trust is not

203
      Id. ¶¶ 13-16, 43, 49, 184, 213-214.

204
   Ciappa Constr., Inc. v. Innovative Property Resources, LLC, 2007 WL 914640, at *1 (Del.
Super. Ct. Mar. 2, 2007) (quoting Hogg v. Walker, 622 A.2d 648, 652 (Del. 1993)).

                                            - 64 -
itself a cause of action but is instead an equitable remedy.205 It is often a remedy for

unjust enrichment, however it also can be a remedy for fraudulent transfers.206

         CLP has alleged that Defendants: (1) are “wrongfully in possession of

specifically identifiable property, namely the proceeds of the transaction, which in

equity belongs to CLP”; (2) “knew its actions in obtaining this properly were

wrongful, fraudulent, unfair, and unconscionable”; and (3) would be unjustly

enriched at CLP’s expense if Defendants are “permitted to retain the proceeds of the

transaction.”207 In sum, CLP has pled sufficient facts in its fraudulent transfer and

unjust enrichment claims to support the potential remedy of a constructive trust.

                                       V. CONCLUSION

         For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss is hereby

GRANTED as to all claims against the Non-Delaware Defendants for lack of

personal jurisdiction and DENIED as to all other claims.

         IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                            /s/ Paul R. Wallace
                                                            _______________________
                                                            Paul R. Wallace, Judge

Original to Prothonotary
cc: All Counsel via File and Serve
205
      VTB Bank v. Navitron Projects Corp., 2014 WL 1691250, at *6 n.60 (Del. Ch. Apr. 28, 2014).
206
    See Duffield Assocs., Inc. v. Lockwood Bros., LLC, 2017 WL 2954618, at *4 (Del. Ch. July
11, 2017).
207
      Am. Compl. ¶¶ 282-285.
                                              - 65 -