Court Opinion

ID: 9563502
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 18:40:32.431834+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:52.807807
License: Public Domain

ELLETT, Justice:
This is an appeal by the City from an adverse ruling by the lower court sitting without a jury. The defendant, hereafter called the Mine, constructed an adit referred "to as the Spiro Tunnel into the mountain and obtained a large flow of water. The City claims that the flow of water down Big Cottonwood Creek was diminished by the diversion through the adit. The 'City owns most of the flow of this creek.
At the commencement of trial the .court determined that the following-issues were to be tried:
1. Has there been an unnatural loss in the flow of Big Cottonwood Creek ?
2. If so, what is the causal connection, if any, between this loss and the flow of water from the Spiro Tunnel and its connected underground workings ? 1
. ;3. . If. there, is a causal connection, is the City entitled to a. decree quieting .title to any, part, of, such water, and, if so, how much?.,
Big Cottonwood Creek is approximately twelve mile.s in length, and runs from the summit in a westerly direction to the valley below, draining an area of 50.54 square miles of mountain terrain. - The water flowing down this creek has béén measured since 1899 by means of various measuring devices near the mouth of the canyon.
Across the divide from the Big Cottonwood drainage area and extending easterly therefrom into another valley is the Thaynes Canyon drainage area consisting of 3.74 square miles. It was under this area that the defendant caused to be constructed its tunnel which--with its ramifications extends from the portal a distance of 21,000 feet and approximately 1800 feet below the surface of the divide between the two drainage areas. The flow from this tunnel now averages 5.5 c. f. s.2 but has discharged as much as 23 c. f. s.
The files and transcript in this case consist of more than three thousand pages, and in addition thereto there were 176 exhibits prepared and introduced into evidence for the consideration of the court. The court made and entered 156 pages -ot findings and prepared a memorandum decision of 143 pages plus a 20-page appendix.-
The City offered proof of the correlation between the reduced flow of Big Cottonwood Creek as compared with the normal flow of other streams. It also gave *411comparisons of the.runoff of Big Cottonwood Creek with the precipitation over the. years. It offered evidence to the effect that as the flow from the tunnel increased, the flow from the creek diminished. It offered. no evidence that any particular spring or stream dried up. The experts for the City testified that in their opinion approximately 90 percent of the water flowing .out of the Spiro Tunnel, would have entered Big Cottonwood Creek had it not been intercepted.
In the Findings of Fact the court' in speaking of the expert witnesses for the City said:
Professor Ray Marsell has few, if any, peers on knowing the geology of the Wasatch Mountains. . . . The long and practical experience of John Ward in water flow problems is probably un-equalled by anyone in the area. . . .
* * * * * *
John Ward, who certainly qualifies as an expert in this field, expressed the opinion that there has been an unnatural ■decrease of between 12-1S cfs. at the mouth of Big Cottonwood Creek . . ., expressed the opinion that 90% of Spiro flow is Big Cottonwood water, .
Professor Marsell, who’likewise clearly. qualifies as an expert in his field, ex? pressed the opinion that 90% of the water coming out of the 143 drift has its origin : in the ground, water reservoir, which, if not intercepted by. the . drift; ■would. have had .an opportunity to, con-, tribute to the flow in Big .Cottonw.ood, as would waters from the 137 cross c.ut. north of the Crescent fault and .that pumped from the West End- Shaft. Professor Marsell’s “leaky barrel” concept as the source of waters of Spiro Tunnel flow has more basis in logic and reason than does the “deep flow from the east” concept testified to by defendant’s '-wit? nesses. • •
The 143 drift, 137 cross cut, and West’End Shaft referred to above aré ' the main sources of the Spiro Tunnel flow..
Had the court based his ruling, upon the evidence before him, we do not know what the judgment might have been. However, instead of confining himself to the testimony and exhibits given in evidence,' he u'áed a book not in evidence, by the' use of which he made for his own consideration nine exhibits which were never seen’’'by counsel at trial, and then by the' use of a computer at the University of Utah,1 operated by a student whose skili in'progfatn-ming was, and is, unknown, arrived’'at what he called a “proper slope” which he saysr..i,s at .variance with that used by . the City in calculating the base line of a double mass curve used to compare, variance.in comparative stream flows. ^ . .
The computer gave the judge a slope not in accord with .the evidence given, liyj.the *412experts; yet he used this slope to decide that the exhibits of the City were in error and, therefore, the City had not sustained its burden of showing an unnatural decrease in the flow of the waters of Big Cottonwood Creek since the driving of the Spiro Tunnel. By making this determination, the court did not feel required to consider the other issues reserved for trial.
In deciding a case tried without the aid of a jury, the court has great leeway in deciding what are the facts as presented by the evidence before him. However, neither a judge nor a jury is permitted to go outside the evidence to make a finding.3
The law is aptly stated in the case of In re Hocking's Estate: 4
. . . It is elementary that in matters outside of the field of general knowledge and in cases where the testimony of experts or those particularly familiar with matters at issue is necessary, the findings of all triers of fact, either court or jury, must be based upon testimony of witnesses or other evidence made a part of the record. .
In view of the fact that we have found it necessary to reverse the findings and judgment because of impropriety of the methods used as discussed herein, we can appreciate that the appellant City, as the losing party who was obliged to take this appeal and obtain the reversal, may have apprehensions about a fair and impartial determination if the case were simply remanded for further consideration. In view of the desirability that in this important litigation there be such a fair and impartial trial with the most complete objectivity obtainable, we deem it appropriate to make the order that the case be remanded with directions that a new trial be had upon all of the issues. No costs are awarded.
TUCKETT and CROCKETT, JJ., concur.
CALLISTER, C. J., concurs in result of ELLETT, J., and also concurs in observations of HENRIOD, J., in his dissent.

. Water intercepted in tlie'first G600 feet was excluded by agreement of the parties.

. Cubic feet per second.

. Provo River Water Users’ Ass’n v. Carlson, 103 Utah 93, 133 P.2d 777 (1943).

. 3 Wis.2d 79, 87 N.W.2d 811, 817 (1958).