Court Opinion

ID: 4336135
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 02:39:55.488746+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:01.846374
License: Public Domain

TERRI L. AND AUSTIN W. HARTSOCK, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentHartsock v. Comm'rNo. 8950-05 United States Tax CourtT.C. Memo 2006-205; 2006 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 206; 92 T.C.M. (CCH) 297; RIA TM 56631; September 25, 2006, Filed *206 Stuart Levine, for petitioners. 1Karen Lynne Baker, for respondent.  Chiechi, Carolyn P.CAROLYN P. CHIECHIMEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINIONCHIECHI, Judge: Respondent determined deficiencies in, and accuracy-related penalties under section 6662(a)2 on, petitioners' Federal income tax (tax), as follows:                    Accuracy-Related   Year       Deficiency         Penalty   ____       __________      ________________   1999       $ 87,099         $ 17,420   2000        104,225          20,845 *207  The issues remaining for decision are:(1) Are petitioners entitled for each of the years at issue to deduct gambling losses in excess of the deduction allowed by respondent for each such year? We hold that they are not.(2) Are petitioners liable for each of the years at issue for the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a)? We hold that they are.FINDINGS OF FACTSome of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.Petitioners, Terri L. Hartsock (Ms. Hartsock) and Austin W. Hartsock (Mr. Hartsock), resided in Frederick, Maryland, at the time they filed the petition.Around 1994, Mr. Hartsock incorporated his business known as The Frederick Painting Company. Since that time, he and Ms. Hartsock have been employed by that company.During the years at issue, petitioners did not have a mortgage loan with respect to their residence and therefore did not have any mortgage loan expenses. Nor did petitioners have very many other expenses during those years.During 1999 and 2000, petitioners made a number of trips to Atlantic City, New Jersey (Atlantic City), where they, inter alia, gambled at slot machines at various gambling establishments, including Tropicana, Trump*208 Taj Mahal, Resorts Atlantic City, and Harrah's. 3 During 1999 and 2000, petitioners did not maintain the records required by the Code to substantiate any gambling losses that they incurred during each of those years. For 1999, Harrah's issued to Mr. Hartsock at least three substitute forms in lieu of Forms W-2G, Certain Gambling Winnings (Harrah's substitute 1999 Form W-2G), 4 with respect to the following respective dates: August 13 and 14 and September 4, 1999. *209  Harrah's substitute 1999 Form W-2G issued to Mr. Hartsock with respect to August 13, 1999, showed, inter alia, the following gross winnings of Mr. Hartsock from each of several slot machines that he played at Harrah's, the time of such gross winnings from each such machine, and the minimum amount required to be wagered in each such machine:                          Minimum AmountGross Winnings    Time of Gross Winning    Required To Be Wagered______________    _____________________    ______________________  $ 5,000          9:20 p.m.            $ 25    750          9:30 p.m.             25   5,000         10:30 p.m.             25   1,750          9:40 p.m.             25   3,000         12:00 a.m.            100  _______ $ 15,500Harrah's substitute 1999 Form W-2G issued to Mr. Hartsock with respect to August 14, 1999, showed, inter alia, the following gross winnings of Mr. Hartsock from*210  each of several slot machines that he played at Harrah's, the time of such gross winnings from each such machine, and the minimum amount required to be wagered in each such machine:                          Minimum AmountGross Winnings    Time of Gross Winning    Required To Be Wagered______________    _____________________    ______________________  $ 3,000          10:22 p.m.           $ 100   5,100          10:51 p.m.             25   2,000          10:55 p.m.            100   2,000          11:15 p.m.            100   2,000          12:20 a.m.            100  18,000          12:30 a.m.            100   2,000          12:50 a.m.            100   1,500          1:15 a.m.            100  _______ $ 35,600Harrah's substitute 1999 Form W-2G issued to Mr. Hartsock with*211  respect to September 4, 1999, showed, inter alia, the following gross winnings of Mr. Hartsock from each of several slot machines that he played at Harrah's, the time of such gross winnings from each such machine, and the minimum amount required to be wagered in each such machine:                          Minimum AmountGross Winnings    Time of Gross Winning    Required To Be Wagered______________    _____________________    ______________________  $ 5,100         10:07 p.m.           $ 25   2,875         11:30 p.m.            25   1,200         12:22 a.m.            25   4,000         12:55 a.m.           100  10,000         12:56 a.m.           100  10,000         1:25 a.m.            100   2,000         2:00 a.m.            100   4,000         2:45 a.m.            100   2,000    *212       3:00 a.m.            100   2,000         3:20 a.m.            100   8,000         3:40 a.m.            100  _______ $ 51,175On August 13, 1999, in exchange for cash, Mr. Hartsock issued three checks totaling $ 13,000 payable to Marina Associates, a company that handled the casino credit for Harrah's. On August 14, 1999, in exchange for cash, Mr. Hartsock issued three checks totaling $ 12,000 payable to Marina Associates and one $ 5,100 check payable to T.T.M.A., a company that handled the casino credit for Trump Taj Mahal. (We shall sometimes refer collectively to the respective checks that Mr. Hartsock issued to Marina Associates on August 13 and 14, 1999, and to T.T.M.A. on August 14, 1999, as Mr. Hartsock's checks.) Shortly after Mr. Hartsock issued Mr. Hartsock's checks to Marina Associates and T.T.M.A., those organizations presented such checks to Mr. Hartsock's bank, Frederick County National Bank, for payment from funds in his bank account.Petitioners timely filed Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for each of their taxable years 1999 and 2000*213  (petitioners' 1999 return and petitioners' 2000 return, respectively).In petitioners' 1999 return, petitioners reported the following income:    Income                  Amount    ______                  ______Wages, salaries, tips, etc.           1 $ 2,461Taxable interest                 2,333Ordinary dividends                 701Capital gain or (loss)             76,940Rental real estate, royalties,          9,463 partnerships, S corporations, trusts, etc.Other income                  2*214  230,825                      ________   Total income   ?            $ 412,723In petitioners' 1999 return, petitioners claimed itemized deductions totaling $ 245,250. Included in those itemized deductions was a deduction for $ 230,825 of claimed gambling losses.In petitioners' 2000 return, petitioners reported the following income:    Income                  Amount    ______                  ______Wages, salaries, tips, etc.           1*215  $ 93,582Taxable interest                  152Ordinary dividends                  30Capital gain or (loss)              2 (3,000)Rental real estate, royalties, partnerships, S corporations,          9,736 trusts, etc.Other income                  3 293,750                       ________   Total income               $ 394,250In petitioners' 2000 return, petitioners claimed itemized deductions totaling $ 309,580. Included in those itemized deductions was a deduction for $ 293,022 of claimed gambling losses.Respondent issued to petitioners a notice of deficiency (notice) for their taxable years 1999 and 2000. In that notice, respondent disallowed the gambling loss deductions of $ 230,825 and $ 293,022 that petitioners claimed in petitioners' 1999 return and petitioners' 2000 return, respectively. In the notice, respondent also determined that petitioners are liable for each of their taxable years 1999 and 2000 for the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) because of section 6662(b)(1). OPINIONClaimed Gambling LossesAt trial, respondent conceded that petitioners incurred gambling losses of $ 76,314 and $ 55,750 during 1999 and 2000, respectively, and that they are entitled*216  to deduct such losses for those respective years. We must decide whether petitioners are entitled for each of the years at issue to deduct gambling losses in excess of the deduction allowed by respondent for each such year.Section 165(d) permits a taxpayer to deduct losses from wagering transactions to the extent of the winnings from such transactions. The taxpayer bears the burden of proving entitlement to such a deduction. Schooler v. Commissioner, 68 T.C. 867">68 T.C. 867, 869 (1977). Moreover, deductions are a matter of legislative grace, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving entitlement to any deduction claimed. INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79">503 U.S. 79, 84, 112 S. Ct. 1039">112 S. Ct. 1039, 117 L. Ed. 2d 226">117 L. Ed. 2d 226 (1992). A taxpayer is required to maintain records sufficient to establish the amount of any deduction claimed. Sec. 6001; sec. 1.6001-1(a), Income Tax Regs.It is petitioners' position that the burden of proof with respect to the claimed gambling loss deductions at issue has shifted to respondent under section 7491(a). That is because, according to petitioners, they "introduced credible evidence that they suffered extensive gambling losses in 1999". 5 It is respondent's position*217  that the burden of proof has not shifted to respondent under section 7491(a). The burden of proof shifts to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (Commissioner) with respect to the Commissioner's determination of a deficiency if the taxpayer introduces credible evidence with respect to any factual issue relevant to ascertaining any such deficiency and complies with the requirements of section 7491(a)(2), including the requirements, inter alia, that (1) the taxpayer has complied with the requirements of the Code to substantiate any item, and (2) the taxpayer*218  has maintained all records required by the Code. See sec. 7491(a)(1), (2)(A) and (B).On the record before us, we find that petitioners have not introduced credible evidence within the meaning of section 7491(a) with respect to the respective amounts of their claimed gambling losses for the years at issue and have not complied with the requirements of section 7491(a)(2)(A) and (B). On that record, we find that the burden of proof has not shifted to respondent under section 7491(a) with respect to the claimed gambling loss deductions at issue.We turn now to whether petitioners are entitled for each of the years at issue to a gambling loss deduction in excess of the deduction allowed by respondent for each such year. 6 To support their position that they are entitled to such a greater deduction for each year at issue, petitioners rely on: The testimony of Mr. Hartsock; the respective Harrah's substitute 1999 Forms W-2G with respect to August 13 and 14 and September 4, 1999; Mr. Hartsock's checks dated August 13, 1999, totaling $ 13,000 payable to Marina Associates; Mr. Hartsock's checks dated August 14, 1999, totaling $ 12,000 payable to Marina Associates; Mr. Hartsock's $ 5,100*219  check dated August 14, 1999, payable to T.T.M.A., and certain documents (workpapers) that petitioners prepared and that purport to show how petitioners estimated the respective amounts of money that they gambled and lost in slot machines at Harrah's on each of those dates. Respondent counters that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of showing that they are entitled for each of the years at issue to a gambling loss deduction in excess of the deduction allowed by respondent for each such year. On the record before us, we agree with respondent.Petitioners' focus at trial and on brief is on the gambling losses that they contend they incurred during the years at issue at Harrah's. 7 Mr. Hartsock testified that petitioners calculated their claimed gambling losses at Harrah's by using the minimum amount*220  required to be wagered in each slot machine that they played at Harrah's as shown on the respective Harrah's substitute Forms W-2G with respect to August 13 and 14 and September 4, 1999, the respective times of gambling winnings as shown on such respective forms, and the respective amounts that they estimated they would have been able to wager within a minute in each such slot machine that they played at Harrah's if they had played two coins at one time. 8 In support of Mr. Hartsock's testimony, petitioners rely on, inter alia, certain workpapers that they prepared and that purport to show how they calculated the gambling losses that they contend they incurred at Harrah's during 1999.*221  We have serious reservations about the reliability of the self-serving and uncorroborated workpapers on which petitioners rely. 9*222  We also have serious reservations about the reliability of the methodology that petitioners contend they used, as reflected on such workpapers, to estimate the gambling losses that they claim they incurred at Harrah's on August 13 and 14 and September 4, 1999.10 We are unwilling to rely on Mr. Hartsock's self-serving and uncorroborated testimony and the self-serving and uncorroborated workpapers that petitioners prepared in order to establish that they incurred gambling losses at Harrah's on certain dates during 1999. Petitioners presented no evidence in support of their claim that they incurred gambling losses at Harrah's during 2000. 11*223  Based upon our examination of the entire record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that they are entitled for each of the years at issue to a gambling loss deduction in excess of the deduction allowed by respondent for each such year.Accuracy-Related PenaltyRespondent determined that petitioners are liable for each of the years at issue for the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) because of negligence or disregard of rules or regulations under section 6662(b)(1).The term "negligence" in section 6662(b)(1) includes any failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with the Code. Sec. 6662(c). Negligence has also been defined as a failure to do what a reasonable person would do under the circumstances. See Leuhsler v. Comm'r, 963 F.2d 907">963 F.2d 907, 910 (6th Cir. 1992), affg. T.C. Memo. 1991-179; Antonides v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 686">91 T.C. 686, 699 (1988), affd. 893 F.2d 656">893 F.2d 656 (4th Cir. 1990). The term "disregard" includes any careless, reckless, or intentional disregard. Sec. 6662(c).The accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) does not apply to any portion of an underpayment*224  if it is shown that there was reasonable cause for, and that the taxpayer acted in good faith with respect to, such portion. Sec. 6664(c)(1). The determination whether the taxpayer acted with reasonable cause and in good faith depends upon the pertinent facts and circumstances, including the taxpayer's efforts to assess such taxpayer's proper tax liability, the knowledge and experience of the taxpayer, and the reliance on the advice of a professional, such as an accountant. Sec. 1.6664-4(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.Respondent has the burden of production under section 7491(c) with respect to the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662. To meet that burden, respondent must come forward with sufficient evidence indicating that it is appropriate to impose that penalty. Higbee v. Comm'r, 116 T.C. 438">116 T.C. 438, 446 (2001). Although respondent bears the burden of production with respect to the accuracy-related penalty that respondent determined for petitioners' taxable years 1999 and 2000, respondent "need not introduce evidence regarding reasonable cause * * * or similar provisions. * * * the taxpayer bears the burden of proof with regard to those issues. *225  " Id.In the instant case, petitioners' underpayment for each of the years at issue is attributable solely to their claimed gambling loss deduction for each such year. Petitioners concede that they did not keep the records required by the Code to substantiate each such loss deduction. Failure to keep adequate records is evidence not only of negligence, but also of intentional disregard of regulations. See sec. 1.6662-3(b)(1) and (2), Income Tax Regs.; see also Magnon v. Commissioner, 73 T.C. 980">73 T.C. 980, 1008 (1980). On the record before us, we find that respondent has met respondent's burden of production under section 7491(c). On that record, we further find that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of showing that they were not negligent and did not disregard rules or regulations, or otherwise did what a reasonable person would do, with respect to the underpayment for each of the years at issue.On the record before us, we also find that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of showing that there was reasonable cause for, and that they acted in good faith with respect to, the underpayment for each of the years at issue. 12 See sec. 6664(c)(1). *226  Based upon our examination of the entire record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that they are not liable for each of the years at issue for the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a).We have considered all of the contentions and arguments of the parties that are not discussed herein, and we find them to be without merit, irrelevant, and/or moot.To reflect the foregoing and the concessions of respondent,Decision will be entered under Rule 155.  Footnotes1. Petitioners filed their petition with the Court and appeared at trial pro sese. On Feb. 14, 2006, after the trial in this case, Stuart Levine entered his appearance.↩2. All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in effect for the years at issue. All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. ↩3. During 1999, Ms. Hartsock traveled with her parents, and without Mr. Hartsock, to Atlantic City, where she gambled at at least one gambling establishment. ↩4. The instructions for Form W-2G, Certain Gambling Winnings, with respect to 1999 stated in pertinent part: "If the [gambling] winnings (not reduced by the wager) from a * * * slot machine are $ 1,200 or more, they are reportable gambling winnings." ↩1. Of the $ 92,461 of total wages reported in petitioners' 1999 return, The Frederick Painting Company paid $ 74,911.40 to Mr. Hartsock and $ 17,550 to Ms. Hartsock.↩2. The parties agree that the $ 230,825 of "Other income" reported in petitioners' 1999 return consisted solely of petitioners'  gambling winnings.1. Of the $ 93,582 of total wages reported in petitioners' 2000 return, The Frederick Painting Company paid $ 75,381.54 to Mr. Hartsock and $ 18,200 to Ms. Hartsock.2. In Schedule D, Capital Gains and Losses, petitioners reported a net short-term capital loss of $ 283,646 and a net long-term capital gain of $ 11.↩3. The parties agree that the $ 293,750 of "Other income" reported in petitioners' 2000 return consisted solely of petitioners' gambling winnings.↩5. It is not clear whether petitioners are claiming that the burden of proof has shifted to respondent under sec. 7491(a) with respect to their claimed gambling loss deductions for both of their taxable years 1999 and 2000, or only with respect to the claimed gambling loss deduction for their taxable year 1999. In any event, as discussed below, we hold that the burden of proof has not shifted to respondent under sec. 7491(a)↩ with respect to either year at issue. 6. Petitioners acknowledge, as they must, that they are entitled for each of the years at issue to deduct gambling losses only to the extent of their gambling winnings for each such year. See sec. 165(d)↩. 7. According to petitioners, "The gambling losses allowed by the Respondent for both years in question were those incurred at all of the casinos that the Petitioners gambled in during those years, except for Harrah's." ↩8. As we understand the way in which petitioners calculated their claimed gambling losses at Harrah's, petitioners multiplied the number of minutes between gambling winnings at a $ 100 slot machine or a $ 25 slot machine, as reflected on the respective Harrah's substitute Forms W-2G with respect to Aug. 13 and 14 and Sept. 4, 1999, by the amount that they estimated they would have been able to wager within a minute in such a $ 100 slot machine or such a $ 25 slot machine if they had played two coins at one time. Mr. Hartsock testified that he would have been able to wager within a minute $ 1,200, "give or take $ 200", in a $ 100 slot machine and $ 300 in a $ 25 slot machine. Mr. Hartsock testified that petitioners reduced the amount so calculated to reflect that they would not have been constantly wagering in slot machines that they were playing because they would have stopped wagering to light up cigarettes, get drinks, or talk with others. ↩9. For example, one of the workpapers that petitioners pre-pared purports to show their estimate of the gambling losses that they incurred at Harrah's on Aug. 13 and 14, 1999. The total gambling winnings shown on that workpaper for those dates are different from the total gambling winnings shown (1) on the respective Harrah's substitute Forms W-2G with respect to those dates and (2) on another workpaper that petitioners prepared and that purports to show the total of petitioners' gambling winnings at Harrah's on Aug. 13 and 14, 1999, as reflected on such respective forms with respect to Aug. 13 and 14, 1999, as well as other gambling winnings that petitioners claim they had at Harrah's on such dates and that are not reflected on such respective forms.Moreover, one of the workpapers that petitioners prepared purports to show their estimate of the gambling losses that they incurred at Harrah's on Sept. 4, 1999. The total gambling winnings shown on that workpaper for that date are different from the total gambling winnings shown on (1) Harrah's substitute Form W-2G with respect to Sept. 4, 1999, and (2) on another workpaper that petitioners prepared and that purports to show the total of petitioners' gambling winnings at Harrah's on Sept. 4, 1999, as reflected on Harrah's substitute Form W-2G with respect to that date, as well as other gambling winnings that petitioners claim they had at Harrah's on such date and that are not reflected on such form.Another example of the unreliability of petitioners' workpapers is that one of those workpapers indicates that petitioners estimated that Mr. Hartsock wagered in a $ 25 slot machine, and lost before any reduction for time spent not wagering, $ 22,800 during what they computed to be a 19-minute period between 10:22 p.m. and 10:51 p.m. on Aug. 14, 1999. However, the time interval between 10:22 p.m. and 10:51 p.m. is 29 minutes, not 19 minutes. Moreover, Mr. Hartsock testified that he would have been able to wager within a minute only $ 300 in a $ 25 slot machine, or at most $ 5,700 in a 19-minute period and at most $ 8,700 in a 29-minute period.An additional example of the unreliability of petitioners' workpapers is that one of those workpapers indicates that petitioners estimated that Mr. Hartsock wagered in a $ 100 slot machine, and lost before any reduction for time spent not wagering, $ 42,000 during what they computed to be a 35-minute period between 1:35 a.m. and 2:00 a.m. on Sept. 5, 1999. However, the time interval between 1:35 a.m. and 2:00 a.m. is 25 minutes, not 35 minutes. ↩10. For example, petitioners have failed to establish that they gambled during each time interval between gambling winnings shown on the respective Harrah's substitute Forms W-2G with respect to Aug. 13 and 14 and Sept. 4, 1999, at the same slot machine from which they received gambling winnings at the end of each such time interval, as shown on such forms. Nor have petitioners persuaded us that they would have been able to wager within a minute the respective amounts that they claim they wagered in a $ 100 slot machine (i.e., $ 1,200) and a $ 25 slot machine (i.e., $ 300). In addition, petitioners did not provide a specific and acceptable explanation as to how they calculated the respective amounts of time that they assert they did not spend playing slot machines to smoke cigarettes, get drinks, and talk with others, which time they assert they used to reduce their claimed gambling losses at Harrah's. ↩11. Assuming arguendo that petitioners had carried their burden of proof with respect to their claim that they had gambling losses for each year at issue in excess of the gambling losses allowed by respondent for each such year, on the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to provide sufficient evidence on which the Court would be able to make an estimate of the total amount of gambling losses sustained for each such year. Cf. Cohan v. Comm'r, 39 F.2d 540">39 F.2d 540, 543-544↩ (2d Cir. 1930). In this connection, we note that we find the cases on which petitioners rely here and in which the Court relied on Cohan to estimate the amount of gambling losses sustained in each such case to be materially distinguishable from the instant case and their reliance on those cases to be misplaced. 12. On the instant record, we also find that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of showing that the respective underpayments for the years at issue are attributable to their reliance on a professional, such as an accountant. See sec. 1.6664-4(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.↩