Court Opinion

ID: 3169405
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-01-13 22:00:16.672869+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:00:58.709269
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit

No. 14-1953

                          DARRYL SCOTT,

                     Petitioner, Appellant,

                               v.

                           BRUCE GELB,

                      Respondent, Appellee.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

         [Hon. Douglas P. Woodlock, U.S. District Judge]

                             Before

                       Howard, Chief Judge,
              Torruella and Barron, Circuit Judges.

     Barbara J. Sweeney, for appellant.
     Thomas E. Bocian, Assistant Attorney General, Criminal
Bureau, with whom Maura Healey, Attorney General of Massachusetts,
was on brief, for appellee.

                        January 13, 2016
          TORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.       Darryl Scott, petitioner-

appellant, contests the district court's denial of his petition

for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254.      Scott, who is

African-American,   argues    that     Massachusetts    state   courts

unreasonably applied Batson v. Kentucky, which held that the Equal

Protection Clause prohibits prosecutors from challenging potential

jurors on the basis of race.         476 U.S. 79, 89 (1979).     After

careful consideration, we affirm the district court's denial of

habeas corpus relief.

                         I.   Background

          Petitioner Darryl Scott was convicted of murder in the

first degree, two counts of armed assault with intent to kill,

assault with a dangerous weapon, and "various firearms offenses"

by a jury in the Massachusetts Superior Court ("Superior Court")

following the shooting death of Nabil Essaid in December 2002 and

an attempt to evade police in February 2003.           Commonwealth v.

Scott, 977 N.E.2d 490, 493 (Mass. 2012). The Massachusetts Supreme

Judicial Court ("SJC") has ably detailed the events leading to

these charges as they could have been found by the jury, id. at

494-97, and they do not bear restatement here.         The sole issue

before us concerns the jury selection proceedings in the Superior

Court.

                                -2-
A.   Jury Selection in the Superior Court

           Jury selection took place over two days, April 7 and 10,

2006.   On the first day of jury selection, the prosecutor sought

a peremptory challenge against Juror No. 5-16, an African-American

man.    Defense counsel objected under Commonwealth v. Soares, 387

N.E.2d 499, 511-12, 515-16 (Mass. 1979), which bars the use of

peremptory challenges to "exclude members of discrete groups."

Id. at 516.     The judge then asked the prosecutor, "Why?"    The

prosecutor cited Juror No. 5-16's responses to the court's inquiry

about concerns over the length of the trial -- namely, that Juror

No. 5-16 had an upcoming job interview and was expecting a child

that month.   The judge responded that Juror No. 5-16 was "one of

the few black males in the room," adding, "[t]here's no difference

between him and anyone else that's been up here as a juror, other

than the fact that he's going to have a child."     The prosecutor

tried once more: "Your Honor, the other consideration, seemingly

he didn't want to be here."    The judge replied, "Nobody wants to

be here.   None of those people seated over there wants to be here.

I'm not going to give you that."   The judge then seated Juror No.

5-16.

           On the second day of jury selection, the prosecutor

challenged Juror No. 10-10, an African-American woman, and Juror

No. 11-10, a Latina.    Each time, defense counsel objected to the

                                -3-
challenge        under   Soares.        When   objecting     to   the    prosecutor's

challenge to Juror No. 10-10, defense counsel noted that she was

"the third or fourth person of color, the fourth person of color

the Commonwealth has challenged."                The judge responded that he did

not allow one of these challenges -- the challenge to Juror No. 5-

16 -- and for "[t]he others, there were neutral reasons . . . .

In   this    county,      they    challenge      everybody     under     twenty-five,

thirty, whatever."          The judge then asked the prosecutor for a

reason for the challenge; the prosecutor did not give a reason but

replied that there were a "number of women of color" whom he did

not challenge and who were seated, indicating that there was "no

pattern."        The prosecutor acknowledged the judge's decision to

seat   Juror       No.   5-16    over    his     challenge    "as    a   male,"   then

reiterated, "[b]ut there are a number of women of color who were

seated      on    the    jury    yesterday."         The     judge   permitted    the

prosecutor's challenge and noted defense counsel's objection.

             Defense counsel opposed the challenge to Juror No. 11-

10 on the grounds that "[s]he's a Hispanic female, member of the

minority community."             The prosecutor responded by again denying

the existence of a "pattern" and noting that Juror No. 11-10 worked

at a school where a man whom the prosecutor was trying for murder

was employed.       When asked, Juror No. 11-10 stated that she did not

know the man being prosecuted.                    The prosecutor withdrew the

                                           -4-
challenge, and the judge seated Juror No. 11-10.                 Scott was

convicted of murder in the first degree and related offenses.           The

Superior Court subsequently denied his motion for a new trial;

Scott then filed an amended motion for a new trial which was also

denied.

B.   Appeal to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court

             On appeal to the SJC, Scott argued, inter alia, that the

Superior   Court   erred   by   allowing    the   prosecutor's   peremptory

challenge of Juror No. 10-10.1      Scott, 977 N.E.2d at 497-99.        The

SJC began its opinion by observing that "[p]eremptory challenges

are presumed to be proper."        Id. at 498 (citing Commonwealth v.

Maldonado, 788 N.E.2d 968, 971 (Mass. 2003)).         That presumption of

propriety can be rebutted, the SJC noted, by demonstrating that

"(1) there is a pattern of excluding members of a discrete group

and (2) it is likely that individuals are being excluded solely on

the basis of their membership."       Id.

             The SJC outlined the process for determining whether a

peremptory     challenge   is    improper    under    Massachusetts    law,

explaining that "the judge must make an initial finding as to

whether the opposing party has made a prima facie showing that the

1  Scott also raised three other claims of error in his appeal to
the SJC; those other claims are not relevant to our analysis here.
Scott, 977 N.E.2d at 493-94.

                                    -5-
use was improper."     Id.    Next, "[i]f the judge concludes that the

opposing party has established a prima facie case that the use was

for a discriminatory purpose, the burden shifts to the party

seeking to exercise the challenge to provide a 'group-neutral'

explanation for that challenge."          Id. at 498-99.     Finally, "[t]he

judge must then determine whether the reason provided is 'bona

fide'   or    a   'sham'     offered     to    avoid   admitting    to   group

discrimination."     Id. at 499.       The SJC stated that ultimately "[a]

determination     whether    the   explanation     offered   is   adequate   to

establish a permissible, nondiscriminatory basis for the challenge

is within the sound discretion of the judge, and will not be

disturbed so long as there is support for the ruling in the

record."     Id. (citing Commonwealth v. LeClair, 708 N.E.2d 107, 115

(Mass. 1999)).

             The SJC noted that a challenge to "a single prospective

juror within a protected class could, in some circumstances,

constitute a prima facie case of impropriety" where the venire

contains few such individuals. Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Fryar,

610 N.E.2d 903, 908 (Mass. 1993)).            Moreover, it acknowledged that

there are some circumstances in which a judge, by asking for a

reason for the prosecutor's challenge, may have "implicitly found

that a defendant has made a prima facie showing that the challenge

was improper."     Id. (citing Commonwealth v. Calderón, 725 N.E.2d

                                       -6-
182, 185 (Mass. 1997)).    In certain situations, however, "[w]here

a venire contains a paucity of African-Americans, a judge has broad

discretion to require an explanation without having to make the

determination that a pattern of improper exclusion exists."                 Id.

(quoting Commonwealth v. Van Winkle, 820 N.E.2d 220, 227 (Mass.

2005)).

           Regarding   Juror   No.    10-10,     the   SJC   found   that   the

Superior Court judge did not supply a race-neutral explanation by

mentioning the "under thirty" reasoning.          Id.    The SJC noted that

the age remark "was made before he asked the prosecutor for a

reason, and after the judge had pointed out that either there had

been race-neutral reasons for earlier peremptory challenges, or

that, in one instance, he had rejected the challenge and seated

the male African-American juror."          Id.   The court reasoned that

      [b]y not requiring the prosecutor to provide a reason
      for the challenge after his initial statement that there
      was no pattern of discrimination, the judge plainly
      accepted the prosecutor's assertion, unchallenged by the
      defendant, that a number of African-American women . . .
      had been seated without challenge on the previous day,
      and that there was no pattern of discrimination, thus
      concluding that the defendant had not met his burden of
      establishing a prima facie case.

Id.   The SJC concluded that it could not say that it was an abuse

of discretion to allow the peremptory challenge to Juror No. 10-

10 because defense counsel did not object to the argument that

three African-American jurors had already been seated.               Id.

                                     -7-
           Scott then filed a petition for habeas corpus relief

under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United States District Court for the

District of Massachusetts ("district court") alleging, again inter

alia, that his state court convictions were contrary to, or

constituted an unreasonable application of, clearly established

federal law in Batson.2      Scott v. Gelb, No. 13-10306, 2014 WL

3735914, at *1, *8-10 (D. Mass. July 28, 2014). The district court

denied the petition, but granted a certificate of appealability.

Id. at *13.

                            II.   Analysis

A.   Standard of Review

           We review the district court's decision to deny habeas

relief de novo.    Sánchez v. Roden, 753 F.3d 279, 293 (1st Cir.

2014).   "Our de novo review encompasses the district court's own

'determination of the appropriate standard of review of the state

court proceeding.'"    Id. (quoting Zuluaga v. Spencer, 585 F.3d 27,

29 (1st Cir. 2009)).   The district court's opinion is not entitled

to deference.   Healy v. Spencer, 453 F.3d 21, 25 (1st Cir. 2006).

2  As with his appeal to the SJC, Scott also raised a number of
other issues in his petition, including prosecutorial misconduct,
ineffective assistance of counsel, and the failure of the trial
judge to provide a jury instruction regarding defense of another.
The district court granted a certificate of appealability only as
to his Batson claim.

                                  -8-
Rather,    this   Court   "determine[s]   whether   the   habeas   petition

should have been granted in the first instance."             Sánchez, 753

F.3d at 293.

B.   Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act Standards

            Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act

of 1996 (AEDPA), habeas relief

      shall not be granted with respect to any claim that
      was adjudicated on the merits in State court
      proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim--

          (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary
          to, or involved an unreasonable application
          of, clearly established Federal law, as
          determined by the Supreme Court of the United
          States; or

          (2) resulted in a decision that was based on
          an unreasonable determination of the facts in
          light of the evidence presented in the State
          court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d); see Hodge v. Mendonsa, 739 F.3d 34, 41 (1st

Cir. 2013); Zuluaga, 585 F.3d at 29 ("When a habeas claim has been

adjudicated on its merits in state court, [AEDPA] mandates highly

deferential federal court review of state court holdings.").

            An adjudication is "'on the merits' giving rise to

deference under § 2254(d) of AEDPA, 'if there is a decision finally

resolving the parties' claims, with res judicata effect, that is

based on the substance of the claim advanced, rather than on a

procedural, or other, ground."       Yeboah-Sefah v. Ficco, 556 F.3d

                                   -9-
53, 66 (1st Cir. 2009) (quoting Teti v. Bender, 507 F.3d 50, 56–

57 (1st Cir. 2007)).     "[A] state-court adjudication of an issue

framed in terms of state law is nonetheless entitled to deference

under section 2254(d)(1) as long as the state and federal issues

are for all practical purposes synonymous and the state standard

is at least as protective of the defendant's rights."           Foxworth v.

St. Amand, 570 F.3d 414, 426 (1st Cir. 2009).

            Here, we find the SJC analyzed Scott's Batson claim using

state law standards that were at least as protective as the federal

standard,   entitling   that   court   to   deference   under    18   U.S.C.

§ 2254(d)(1).     Id. at 426.    In its opinion, the SJC cited and

relied upon both Maldonado, based in part on the standard set in

Soares, and Fryar, which together ensure essentially the same

protections as the standard set by Batson and its progeny.            Scott,

977 N.E.2d at 498-99; see Caldwell v. Maloney, 159 F.3d 639, 650

n.11 (1st Cir. 1998) ("Because the judge conducted an inquiry which

was virtually identical to a Batson inquiry . . . and because the

holding of Soares is quite similar to the holding of Batson, we do

not accord the trial judge's findings any less of a presumption of

correctness . . . ." (citations omitted)).3         As such, we review

the SJC's decision under AEDPA's deferential standard.

3  While the standard in Maldonado alone may fall short of that in
Batson, in that it states there must be a "pattern of excluding

                                  -10-
C.   Clearly Established Federal Law

              To determine whether a decision was contrary to Supreme

Court precedent or constituted an unreasonable application of

federal law under such precedent per § 2254(d), this Court "look[s]

to the Supreme Court's holdings, as opposed to dicta, at the time

the state court rendered its decision."                 Hensley v. Roden, 755

F.3d 724, 730-31 (1st Cir. 2014) (citing González–Fuentes v.

Molina, 607 F.3d 864, 876 (1st Cir. 2010)); see Thaler v. Haynes,

559 U.S. 43, 47 (2010).

              The parties agree that Batson, in which the Supreme Court

held that "the Equal Protection Clause forbids the prosecutor to

challenge potential jurors solely on account of their race," 476

U.S. at 89, constitutes the "clearly established federal law" at

issue.   So, too, do we.

              Batson    set   forth   a    three-part   test   for   determining

whether a prosecutor's peremptory challenges against members of a

group    to     which    the    defendant        belongs   constitute    racial

members of a discrete group" in addition to a likelihood "that
individuals are being excluded solely on [that] basis," 788 N.E.2d
at 971 (emphasis added), the SJC also recognized the clarifying
precept advanced in Fryar, consistent with Batson and its progeny,
that a challenge to "a single prospective juror within a protected
class could, in some circumstances, constitute a prima facie case
of impropriety." 977 N.E.2d at 499 (quoting Fryar, 610 N.E.2d at
907).

                                          -11-
discrimination.4 476 U.S. at 93-94, 98. The Batson Court explained

the first prong, requiring the defendant to make a prima facie

case of discrimination, at length:

       the defendant first must show that he is a member
       of a cognizable racial group, and that the
       prosecutor has exercised peremptory challenges to
       remove from the venire members of the defendant's
       race. Second, the defendant is entitled to rely on
       the fact, as to which there can be no dispute, that
       peremptory challenges constitute a jury selection
       practice that permits those to discriminate who are
       of a mind to discriminate. Finally, the defendant
       must show that these facts and any other relevant
       circumstances   raise   an   inference   that   the
       prosecutor used that practice to exclude the
       veniremen from the petit jury on account of their
       race.

476 U.S. at 96 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted);

see also Johnson v. California, 545 U.S. 162, 169 (2005) ("[A]

prima facie case of discrimination can be made out by offering a

wide variety of evidence.").   The second prong of the Batson test,

reached only if the first is satisfied, requires the prosecution

to respond.   "Once the defendant makes the requisite showing, the

burden shifts to the State to explain adequately the racial

exclusion."   Id. at 94.   The third prong falls to the court, as

after the defendant has made a showing and the prosecution has

4  The race of the defendant challenging the strike is no longer
required to bring a Batson claim. See Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S.
400, 402 (1991).

                               -12-
responded, "[t]he trial court then will have the duty to determine

if the defendant has established purposeful discrimination."       Id.

at 98.

            While Gelb engaged 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2) to some extent,

and the district court suggested that both 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)

and § 2254(d)(2) may be implicated, Scott, 2014 WL 3735914, at

*10, Scott's phrasing of the issue and arguments are limited to 28

U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) and, further, to "an unreasonable application

of . . . Federal law." Therefore, we, too, limit our consideration

to § 2254(d)(1) and the question of "unreasonable application."

            On appeal, this Court asks, as the district court did,

"whether the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court's determination

that a prima facie case of discrimination had not been made out

was an 'unreasonable application' of Batson and its Supreme Court

progeny."    Scott, 2014 WL 3735914 at *9.

D.   An Unreasonable Application of Clearly Established Federal Law

            "[A]   state   court      adjudication   constitutes    an

unreasonable application [of clearly established federal law] 'if

the state court identifies the correct governing legal principle

from the Supreme Court's then-current decisions but unreasonably

applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner's case.'"

Hensley, 755 F.3d at 731 (quoting Abrante v. St. Amand, 595 F.3d

11, 15 (1st Cir. 2010)).       "For purposes of § 2254(d)(1), 'an

                                   -13-
unreasonable application of federal law is different from an

incorrect application of federal law.'"       Harrington v. Richter,

562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (quoting Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362,

410 (2000)).     "A state court's determination that a claim lacks

merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as 'fairminded

jurists could disagree' on the correctness of the state court's

decision."    Id. (quoting Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 664

(2004)).   Thus, to obtain federal habeas relief, a petitioner must

show "the state court's ruling on the claim . . . was so lacking

in justification that there was an error well understood and

comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility of fairminded

disagreement."    Id. at 103.   "[I]n considering a Batson objection,

or in reviewing a ruling claimed to be Batson error, all of the

circumstances that bear upon the issue of racial animosity must be

consulted."    Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472, 478 (2008) (citing

Miller-El v. Drake (Miller-El II), 545 U.S. 231, 239 (2005)).

             We have elsewhere held that where a defendant makes a

Batson objection on the basis of a "bare numerical argument," "[i]t

[i]s the [defendant's] burden to bring forward other reasons and

to flesh out the record with regard to the numerical claim."

United States v. Girouard, 521 F.3d 110, 116 (1st Cir. 2008).     "A

defendant who advances a Batson argument ordinarily should 'come

forward with facts, not just numbers alone.'"       United States v.

                                  -14-
Bergodere, 40 F.3d 512, 516 (1st Cir. 1994) (quoting United States

v. Moore, 895 F.2d 484, 485 (8th Cir. 1990)).              While one sustained

Batson (or equivalent) challenge to a peremptory strike could in

some instances raise an inference of discriminatory intent, that

is not always the case.           Instead, consistent with the Supreme

Court's mandate in Snyder, we must consider other factors including

but not limited to "the number of strikes involved in the objected-

to conduct; the nature of the prosecutor's other strikes; and, as

the    'capstone,'    the    presence    of    an    alternative,    race-neutral

explanation     for   the    strike."         Girouard,   521    F.3d   at   115-16

(internal citation omitted).        Relevant to our inquiry here, other

factors to which we may give some weight include the presence of

other members of a certain group on the jury.                   See United States

v. Escobar-de Jesús, 187 F.3d 148, 165 (1st Cir. 1999).                 Not every

case    will   present   every    factor,      and    accordingly    each    Batson

analysis will turn on the peculiarities of the proceedings below.

What ultimately guides our review, however, is the principle that

the Constitution affords a defendant the right be tried by a jury

of the defendant's peers.          To that end, Batson and its progeny

help guarantee that a defendant receives a fair trial by protecting

a potential juror's "right not to be discriminated on account of

his [or her] race."         Sánchez, 753 F.3d at 300.

                                        -15-
              Here, Scott argues, in essence, that the trial judge

unreasonably applied Batson with respect to Juror No. 10-10 by

stating   a    potential   race-neutral   reason    for   the   prosecutor's

challenge and failing to require an explanation from the prosecutor

-- and that the SJC perpetuated that misapplication.              We cannot

agree.

              The SJC reasonably concluded that the trial judge found

that Scott had not met his burden to raise an inference of

discrimination.      Neither does the Superior Court judge's out-loud

reasoning as to whether an inference of racial discrimination had

been   established    following   the   challenge    to   Juror   No.   10-10

establish such an inference.       The judge's suggestion of a race-

neutral explanation for the peremptory challenge came before his

request for the prosecutor's reasoning, suggesting the judge had

not determined that an inference of racial discrimination had

already been established. Moreover, the judge could have, pursuant

to Van Winkle, requested an explanation without satisfying the

first Batson prong if there were a "paucity of African-Americans"

in the venire.     820 N.E.2d at 227 (quoting Commonwealth v. Garrey,

765 N.E.2d 725, 734 (Mass. 2002)).        That the judge permitted the

prosecutor's challenge after the prosecutor argued that there was

no pattern supports the conclusion that he had not found Scott

                                   -16-
made a prima facie case of discrimination.       Scott, 977 N.E.2d at

499.

           And the SJC reasonably upheld the trial court's ruling

that no inference of discrimination had been raised.         Scott failed

to adequately support his Batson claim at trial, claiming only

that "this is the fourth person of color that the Commonwealth has

challenged" and requesting his objection be noted rather than

pushing back against the prosecutor's assertion that there was no

pattern to the strikes.    Nor did Scott support his claim on appeal

by reference to juror questionnaires, as in Sánchez, 752 F.3d at

285-86,   or,   for   example,   demographic   information    about   the

composition of the venire, the jurors seated, and the use and

nature of the prosecutor's strikes overall.5     As such, Scott cannot

surmount the deferential standard of review we apply in reviewing

the SJC's decision on the merits under AEDPA. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

           The SJC did "consider all of the circumstances bearing

on potential racial discrimination," Sánchez, 753 F.3d at 299,

about which it had information. Scott bore the burden of providing

5  Scott bears responsibility for submitting a complete record to
support his claims. This makes good sense, as "the ultimate burden
of proof is on the party making the Batson challenge. This means
that the inadequacies in the record which preclude a determination
of whether facts exist to support the prosecutor's reasoning works
[to the petitioner's] disadvantage."     Caldwell v. Maloney, 159
F.3d 639, 654 (1st Cir. 1998).

                                  -17-
enough information for the SJC to find an inference of racially

discriminatory intent.     See Girouard, 521 F.3d at 116-17.    He

failed to meet it.     In this case, the SJC could rely upon only

what the transcript reflected about the outcomes of prosecutor's

prior strikes, the Superior Court judge's exchanges with the

prosecutor and defense counsel, and on-the-record assertions about

the demographics of jurors already seated; it touched on all of

these factors.    Scott, 977 N.E.2d at 499.

          While perhaps suggestive, especially given the judge's

comments as to "the only difference" between Juror No. 5-16 and

others being impending fatherhood, the fact that the trial judge

upheld the Soares objection to the prosecutor's challenge against

Juror No. 5-16 does not itself establish an inference of racial

discrimination.   See Girouard, 521 F.3d at 115; Bergodere, 40 F.3d

at 516.

          Scott's failure to offer additional evidence supporting

the inference of racial discrimination is why, despite Scott's

attempts to draw parallels to Sánchez, that ruling is ultimately

easily distinguishable.    In Sánchez, the state court's "written

opinion rejected Sánchez's racial discrimination claim in a single

sentence that merely acknowledged the presence of other black

people on the jury," an obviously "unreasonabl[e] appli[cation of]

Batson's first part in that it wholly failed to consider all of

                                -18-
the circumstances bearing on potential racial discrimination."

753 F.3d at 299.       In the instant case, the SJC made a similar

reference to the prior seating of several women of color as a

reason why the Superior Court judge did not infer a prima facie

case, but it also considered all other available information

bearing on whether an inference of racial discrimination had been

raised.   The state court in Sánchez, by contrast, actively ignored

that a similarly situated white member of the venire was seated

while a person of color was not.     753 F.3d at 303-04.    Pointedly,

as Sánchez itself noted, "[e]vidence of different treatment of

similarly situated jurors was conspicuously absent in other cases

in which we upheld a trial judge's determination that a defendant

failed to make out a prima facie case."        Id. at 304 n.19.

                           III.   Conclusion

           We therefore affirm the district court's conclusion that

habeas be denied.

           Affirmed.

                                  -19-