Court Opinion

ID: 9377426
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-07 19:08:22.822253+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:14.071156
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Dodson, 2023-Ohio-701.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

State of Ohio,                                     :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,               :
                                                                  No. 22AP-388
v.                                                 :          (C.P.C. No. 90CR-5725)

Ricardo Dodson,                                    :    (ACCELERATED CALENDAR)

                 Defendant-Appellant.              :

                                            D E C I S I O N

                                      Rendered on March 7, 2023

                 On brief: Janet A. Grubb, First Assistant Prosecuting
                 Attorney, and Taylor M. Mick, for appellee.

                 On brief: Ricardo Dodson, pro se.

                  APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

BEATTY BLUNT, P.J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Ricardo Dodson, appeals from the June 9, 2022 entry
denying defendant's motion for leave to file a delayed motion for new trial and entry
denying defendant's motion for an order directing prosecution to provide a complete copy
of its file to the court. (June 9, 2022 Jgmt. Entry.) For the reasons that follow, we affirm
the judgment of the trial court.
I. Facts and Procedural History
        {¶ 2} In April 1991, Dodson was convicted of kidnapping, rape, and attempted
rape in Franklin C.P. No. 90CR-5678B and kidnapping and rape in Franklin C.P. No.
90CR-5725. The cases involved separate incidents in 1990 with different victims. In
October 1991, we affirmed Dodson's convictions after considering seven assignments of
error in his direct appeals in both cases. State v. Dodson, 10th Dist. No. 91AP-411, 1991
No. 22AP-388                                                                               2

Ohio App. LEXIS 5172 (Oct. 24, 1991) (direct appeal in case No. 90CR-5678B); State v.
Dodson, 10th Dist. No. 91AP-498, 1991 Ohio App. LEXIS 5264 (Oct. 31, 1991) (direct
appeal in case No. 90CR-5725).
       {¶ 3} In the years following his convictions, this court has addressed Dodson's
cases numerous times in various contexts, beginning with Dodson's motion for delayed
reconsideration of his direct appeal in case No. 90CR-5678B. After reviewing that
motion, we found no merit for appellant's numerous assertions of defense counsel error,
including an allegation that the trial court "misread" the jury verdict, and we ultimately
determined Dodson received a fair trial and excellent representation at all stages of the
proceedings. See State v. Dodson, 10th Dist. No. 91AP-411, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS 6538
(Sept. 7, 1993).
       {¶ 4} After his direct appeals, this court considered Dodson's appeal challenging
his designation as a sexual predator and his appeal of the trial court's denial of his motion
for an execution of a death warrant. See State v. Dodson, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-141, 2002-
Ohio-4771 (affirming trial court judgment finding Dodson to be a sexual predator under
R.C. 2950.09); State v. Dodson, 10th Dist. No. 03AP-306, 2004-Ohio-581 (affirming trial
court judgment denying Dodson's Civ.R. 60(B) motion for relief from judgment
pertaining to sexual predator designation); State v. Dodson, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-801
(May 7, 2013) (memorandum decision) (affirming trial court judgment denying Dodson's
motion for execution of a death warrant).
       {¶ 5} Most recently, we considered Dodson's motion for delayed appeal of an
August 27, 2021 decision and entry of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
denying his motion to correct his 1991 judgment-sentencing entries and motion
for resentencing, and his motion requesting this court exercise jurisdiction to determine
whether the sentencing entries are void, both of which we denied after review. See State
v. Dodson, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-554 (Feb. 17, 2022) (memorandum decision).
Subsequently, we denied Dodson's application for reconsideration of that decision in
State v. Dodson, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-554. See State v. Dodson, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-554
(Aug. 18, 2022) (memorandum decision).
       {¶ 6} Dodson's latest appeal stems from case No. 90CR-5725, wherein he was
convicted of one count of rape and one count of kidnapping. See State v. Dodson, 10th
No. 22AP-388                                                                                                 3

Dist. No. 91AP-498, 1991 Ohio App. LEXIS 5264 (Oct. 31, 1991). As previously noted, on
direct appeal, we affirmed the convictions. See id. We reiterate the facts as set forth in
that decision and incorporate them by reference as follows:
                 The alleged victim testified that she was approached by
                 defendant on the afternoon of October 17, 1990. Appellant was
                 a casual acquaintance and she agreed to accompany him to his
                 apartment to talk. She stated that, shortly after she entered
                 the apartment, appellant removed his clothing and required
                 her to remove her clothing and that he forced her to submit to
                 rape. After the rape was over, appellant allowed her to leave
                 the apartment and she returned to her home where she told
                 her husband about the episode and a report was made to the
                 police. She accompanied the police to the area where she
                 identified the apartment. She submitted to a physical
                 examination, showing that there was sperm on her blue jeans.
                 She had some tenderness in the vaginal area, which was
                 equally consistent with consensual as with nonconsensual
                 intercourse.

                 The defense was that the intercourse occurred but that it was
                 consensual. Appellant's roommate testified that he was in the
                 bedroom when he heard "love sounds." He opened the door
                 and watched the intercourse for about three to five minutes. He
                 said that it did not look like rape to him. He asked appellant if
                 he could join in and appellant said no and told him to return to
                 the bedroom. Appellant did not testify.

                 The sole issue was whether the intercourse between appellant
                 and the alleged victim was consensual. The victim testified that
                 she accompanied appellant to his apartment to talk and that
                 she was forced to engage in sexual intercourse beyond her will.

Dodson, 1991 Ohio App. LEXIS 5264, *2-3.
        {¶ 7} The procedural history relevant to Dodson's current appeal is as follows. On
September 1, 2021, Dodson filed two motions, the first of which was a "motion for order
for leave to file delayed motion for new trial based on new evidence when timely discovery
was unavoidably prevented[.]" In this motion, Dodson asserted that from discovery
conducted in a federal lawsuit1 he had initiated, he learned that the victim in the instant

1In the federal lawsuit, Dodson v. Mohr, Case No. 2:18-cv-908, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 138303, 2021 WL
3169153 (S.D. Ohio, July 26, 2021), the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the ODRC, former
ODRC Director Gary Mohr, Chrystal P. Alexander of the Office of Victim Services, Ohio Adult Parole Authority
(OAPA) Chairperson Tracy Thalheimer, and eight other members of the OAPA who were on the Ohio Parole
Board (OPB) at the time of his parole hearings. On appeal, the Sixth Circuit affirmed, finding that [1] the OPB
No. 22AP-388                                                                                                    4

case had been diagnosed with an intellectual disability. Dodson further asserted that in
2017, he had received a letter from the victim wherein she stated, "she is a secret admirer
of the defendants." 2 (Mot. at 1.)
        {¶ 8} The second motion filed by Dodson was titled "Defendant's for (sic) an order
directing that a complete copy of the prosecutor's file be made and turned over to the
court for review and to be sealed for appellate review, if necessary." Dodson asserted this
motion was "corollary to these other motions, designed to search for evidence relating to
the mental retardation3 of the victim that was not disclosed." (Mot. at 35.)
        {¶ 9} On June 9, 2022, the trial court issued an entry denying both of Dodson's
motions without holding a hearing. (June 9, 2022 Entry.) In denying the motion for leave
to file delayed motion for new trial, the trial court found Dodson "was not unavoidably
prevented from discovering evidence related to the victim's intellectual disability, even
assuming that such evidence existed at the time of trial in this matter, because the victim
testified and was subject to cross-examination at trial." Id. at 3. The trial court also found
that Dodson failed to file his motion for leave within a reasonable period of time after
discovering the alleged new evidence. Id. at 4-5.
        {¶ 10} In denying the motion for an in camera inspection of the prosecution's file,
the trial court found Dodson's assertions in support of his motion "constitutes
speculation, at best, that the prosecutor's file may contain evidence which would have
been material to his defense at trial." Id. at 5. The trial court concluded that Dodson had
not established a plausible showing that the prosecutor's file contained material evidence
that was not disclosed pursuant to his pre-trial requests for such information, and thus

did not violate appellant's due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment because the procedures used
in appellant's parole hearing were sufficient to comport with due process. While appellant alleged that the
OPB concealed the actual grounds upon which it denied him parole, he presented no evidence showing that
the OPB was less than candid with him as to its stated reasons for denying him parole; and [2]- the District
Court properly granted summary judgment in favor of the OPB members on appellant's due process claim
because appellant failed to produce evidence that his parole records contained any false information, let alone
false information of a substantive nature.

2 We note that this characterization is inaccurate as the letter allegedly written by the victim only states "I'm
Secret admire." (sic), with no reference whatsoever to appellant or any "defendants."
3 The court is cognizant that, although Dodson repeatedly uses the outdated term "mental retardation" in his

filings, the preferred term now is "intellectual disability." Therefore, we will utilize the preferred term unless
it is necessary to use the outdated term in a direct quote.
No. 22AP-388                                                                          5

had not met his burden to establish a Brady [v. Mayland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963)] claim. Id.
at 6.
        {¶ 11} Dodson's timely appeal from the June 9, 2022 entry is now before us.
II. Assignments of Error

        {¶ 12} Appellant asserts the following assignments of error for our review:

               [1.] The Trial Court Grossly Abused Its Discretion, Violated
               Appellant's Due Process and Equal Protection Rights Under
               the United States and Ohio Constitution, and Thus Ruled
               Contrary to Clearly Established Ohio Supreme Court Precedent
               Set Forth in State v. Bethel, 2022-Ohio-783 (Ohio March 22,
               2022) When It Denied The Motion for Leave to File Delayed
               Motion for New Trial Based Upon the Finding That Appellant
               Failed to File The Motion for Leave Within a Reasonable Time
               After the Discovery of the New Evidence Relating To The
               Victim's Intellectual Disability and the Letter from the Victim
               Stating that She is a secret Admirer of Appellant.

               [2.] The Trial Court Grossly Abused Its Discretion, Violated
               Appellant's Due Process and Equal Protection Rights Under
               the United States and Ohio Constitution, and Thus Ruled
               Contrary to Clearly Established Ohio Supreme Court Precedent
               Set Forth in State v. Bethel, 2022-Ohio-783 (Ohio March 22,
               2022), By Concluding That Appellant Was Not Unavoidably
               Prevented from Discovering The Evidence of the Victim's
               Intellectual Disability Because Appellant Could Have
               Discovered this Evidence Through Cross-Examination of the
               Victim During Trial.

               [3.] The Trial Court Grossly Abused Its Discretion, Violated
               Appellant's Due Process and Equal Protection Rights Under
               the United States and Ohio Constitution, and Thus Ruled
               Contrary to Clearly Established Ohio Supreme Court Precedent
               Set Forth in State v. Bethel, 2022-Ohio-783 (Ohio March 22,
               2022) and Clearly Established State Law in Statute By
               Concluding That Appellant Was Not Unavoidably Prevented
               from Discovering The Information Contained in the Letter Sent
               By the Victim to the Appellant in Prison Because Appellant
               Could Have Discovered this Information Through Cross-
               Examination of the Victim During Trial.

               [4.] The Trial Court erred to the prejudice of Appellant when it
               denied the motion to have a complete copy of the Prosecutor's
               file turned over to the court and sealed for appellate review, by
               using an incorrect standard of review set forth by the United
No. 22AP-388                                                                                  6

                States Supreme Court, in violation of the rights under the Fifth,
                Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
                Constitution and the corresponding provision of the Ohio
                Constitution.

                [5.] Trial Court erred and denied Appellant due process of law
                under the Ohio and U.S. Constitutions when he was denied a
                hearing on his motion for leave to file a motion for new trial
                pursuant to Crim.R. 33 when the record and circumstance
                supported appellant's claim that he was unavoidably
                prevented from discovering the new evidence.

                [6.] The Trial Court erred in holding that Appellant failed to
                demonstrate a Brady violation relating the evidence of the
                victims mental disability.

(Sic passim.)
III. Discussion

   A. Assignments of Error One, Two, Three and Five–Denial of Motion for
      Leave to File Delayed Motion for New Trial Without Holding a Hearing

       {¶ 13} Appellant's first, second, third and fifth assignments of error all pertain to the
trial court's denial of his motion for leave to file a delayed motion for new trial without
holding a hearing; therefore, we address them together.
       {¶ 14} In reviewing a trial court's denial of a motion for leave to file a delayed
motion for new trial, an appellate court applies an abuse of discretion standard. State v.
McNeal,         Ohio St.3d     , 2022-Ohio-2703, ¶ 13. A trial court's decision whether to
conduct an evidentiary hearing on a motion for leave to file a delayed motion for new trial
is also discretionary. State v. Hoover-Moore, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-1049, 2015-Ohio-4863,
¶ 14, citing State v. Cleveland, 9th Dist. No. 08CA009406, 2009-Ohio-397, ¶ 54. "A
criminal defendant 'is only entitled to a hearing on a motion for leave to file a motion for a
new trial if he submits documents which, on their face, support his claim that he was
unavoidably prevented from timely discovering the evidence at issue.' " State v.
Ambartsoumov, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-878, 2013-Ohio-3011, ¶ 13, quoting Cleveland at ¶ 54,
citing State v. McConnell, 170 Ohio App.3d 800, 2007-Ohio-1181, ¶ 7 (2d Dist.).
       {¶ 15} Appellant filed his motion for new trial pursuant to Crim.R. 33(A)(6), which
provides that a new trial may be granted "[w]hen new evidence material to the defense is
discovered which the defendant could not with reasonable diligence have discovered and
No. 22AP-388                                                                                   7

produced at the trial." " ' " 'Newly discovered evidence' is 'evidence of facts in existence
at the time of trial of which the party seeking a new trial was justifiably ignorant.' " ' "
State v. Wilson, 10th Dist. No. 20AP-556, 2021-Ohio-3046, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Gaven,
10th Dist. No. 16AP-645, 2017-Ohio-5524, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Holzapfel, 10th Dist. No.
10AP-17, 2010-Ohio-2856, ¶ 20, quoting State v. Love, 1st Dist. No. C-050131, 2006-
Ohio-6158, ¶ 43.
       {¶ 16} Under Crim.R. 33(B), "when a new-trial motion is premised on newly
discovered evidence, the defendant must file the motion within 120 days of the date of the
jury's verdict." McNeal at ¶ 15. However, "Crim.R. 33(B) excuses a defendant's failure to
move for a new trial within the * * * 120-day deadline * * * if the defendant proves by clear
and convincing evidence that he or she was unavoidably prevented from discovering the
evidence on which the motion would be based within that time." Id. at ¶ 16. A defendant
is unavoidably prevented from discovering new evidence if he "had no knowledge of the
existence of the new evidence and, in the exercise of reasonable diligence, could not have
learned of its existence within the time prescribed for filing a motion for new trial." State
v. Lundy, 10th Dist. No. 19AP-505, 2020-Ohio-1585, ¶ 11. Further, "a defendant may
satisfy the 'unavoidably prevented' requirement contained in Crim R. 33(B) by establishing
that the prosecution suppressed the evidence on which the defendant would rely in seeking
a new trial." McNeal at ¶ 17, citing State v. Bethel, 167 Ohio St.3d 362, 2022-Ohio-783,
¶ 25, 59.
       {¶ 17} When a defendant seeks leave to file a delayed motion for a new trial under
Crim.R. 33(B), "the trial court may not consider the merits of the proposed motion for a
new trial until after it grants the motion for leave." State v. Hatton, ___ Ohio St.3d ___,
2022-Ohio-3991, ¶ 30, citing Bethel at ¶ 41, citing State v. Brown, 8th Dist. No. 95253,
2011-Ohio-1080, ¶ 14. "The sole question before the trial court when considering whether
to grant leave is whether the defendant has established by clear and convincing proof that
he was unavoidably prevented from discovering the evidence on which he seeks to base the
motion for a new trial." Id.
       {¶ 18} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that it was error for the trial
court to deny his motion for leave to file a delayed motion for a new trial based upon the
finding that appellant failed to file the motion for leave within a reasonable time after the
No. 22AP-388                                                                                                    8

discovery of the purported new evidence. The state concedes, and we agree, that this
assignment of error must be sustained on the authority of the Supreme Court of Ohio
decision of Bethel, which was issued after appellant filed his motion but before the trial
court rendered its June 9, 2022 judgment entry. In Bethel, the Supreme Court implicitly
overruled previous appellate cases that had required that a motion for leave to file a delayed
motion for new trial be filed "within a reasonable time after the discovery of the new
evidence," finding that no such timing requirement exists in Crim.R. 33(B). Bethel at ¶ 58.
See also, State v. McNeal, _ Ohio St.3d                    , 2022-Ohio-2703 (reaffirming Bethel, but
decided after the trial court's June 9, 2022 judgment.)
         {¶ 19} Accordingly, appellant's first assignment of error is sustained. However, we
find such error is harmless based upon on the remainder of our discussion, as set forth
below.
         {¶ 20} In his second, third, and fifth assignments of error, appellant asserts, in
essence, that the trial court abused its discretion in denying appellant's motion for leave to
file a delayed motion for new trial without holding a hearing. We disagree.
         {¶ 21} Appellant has presented two pieces of purported "new evidence" as the basis
for his motion for leave: one, a letter allegedly written by the victim4 that appellant claims
he received in 2017 and which appellant asserts supports his original defense theory that
the sexual relations between him and the victim was consensual; and two, the victim's
alleged intellectual disability. As explained below, because appellant has failed to establish
by clear and convincing proof that he was unavoidably prevented from discovering the
information presented as "new evidence" on which he seeks to base the motion for a new
trial, he has not met the requirements under Crim.R. 33(B) so as to be entitled to file a
delayed motion for a new trial.
         {¶ 22} As previously stated, a defendant is unavoidably prevented from discovering
new evidence if he "had no knowledge of the existence of the new evidence and, in the
exercise of reasonable diligence, could not have learned of its existence within the time

4 Appellant has failed to provide an affidavit from the victim attesting that the letter appellant attached to his
own affidavit is authentic and as required by Crim.R. 33(A)(6). Furthermore, even assuming the letter is
authentic, we do not share appellant's view that the letter is exculpatory evidence. Nevertheless, as we may
not consider the merits of appellant's proposed motion for a new trial unless and until the motion for leave to
file such motion is granted as set forth in Hatton at ¶ 30, we refrain from expounding upon our impression
regarding the contents of the letter any further.
No. 22AP-388                                                                                                   9

prescribed for filing a motion for new trial." (Emphasis added.) Lundy at ¶ 11. Indeed,
appellant had an obligation to exercise reasonable diligence to discover the alleged "new"
evidence. State v. Cashin, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-338, 2017-Ohio-9289, ¶ 16. "Given the
defendant's obligation to exercise reasonable diligence, the defendant cannot claim that
evidence was undiscoverable simply because no one made efforts to obtain the evidence
sooner." Id., citing State v. Graggs, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-611, 2017-Ohio-4454, ¶ 15; State
v. Noor, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-340, 2016-Ohio-7756, ¶ 17; State v. Anderson, 10th Dist. No.
12AP-133, 2012-Ohio-4733, ¶ 14. "In other words, a defendant cannot demonstrate that he
was unavoidably prevented from discovering new evidence when he could have discovered
that evidence earlier had he exercised reasonable diligence and effort." Id., citing State v.
Lenoir, 2d Dist. No. 26846, 2016-Ohio-4981, ¶ 24.
        {¶ 23} Defendants and their trial counsel have a "duty to make a 'serious effort' of
their own to discover potential favorable evidence." Anderson at ¶ 14, citing State v.
Golden, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-1004, 2010-Ohio-4438, ¶ 15. "Bald assertions that appellant
could not have timely discovered the evidence is not enough." Id. Granting a motion made
pursuant to Crim.R. 33(B) when the defendant has not met his burden " 'would reward
appellant for his failure to perform a proper pretrial investigation.' " Golden at ¶ 19, quoting
State v. Townsend, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-371, 2008-Ohio-6518, ¶ 13.
        {¶ 24} Here, appellant was not unavoidably prevented from discovering the state
of mind of the victim at the time of the sexual relations between himself and the victim, and
he was not unavoidably prevented from discovering that the victim may have been
intellectually challenged. This is so because appellant had full opportunity—and indeed, as
discussed above, an obligation—to learn of this evidence during discovery prior to trial.5
Appellant does not explain any investigative actions taken before trial or within the 120-
day time frame set forth in Crim.R. 33(B), and further fails to explain why he was
unavoidably prevented from discovering the allegedly new evidence upon which he relies
as the basis for his motion for leave. As discussed above, merely asserting that he could not

5 We recognize that in denying appellant's motion for leave to file delayed motion for new trial, the trial court
found Dodson "was not unavoidably prevented from discovering evidence related to the victim's intellectual
disability, even assuming that such evidence existed at the time of trial in this matter, because the victim
testified and was subject to cross-examination at trial." (June 9, 2022 Entry at 3.) Although we disagree with
this specific point, such disagreement is of no import as we have determined alternative grounds for finding
that appellant was not unavoidably prevented from discovering that the victim may have been intellectually
challenged, as discussed herein.
No. 22AP-388                                                                                           10

have discovered the information he seeks to introduce as support for a new trial is not
enough.
        {¶ 25} Neither has appellant established that the prosecution suppressed the
evidence on which the defendant would rely in seeking a new trial so as to satisfy the
"unavoidably prevented" requirement contained in Crim R. 33(B). Appellant's conclusory
statements to that effect are not enough.6 Therefore, he cannot claim now that he was
unavoidably prevented from discovering any of the above alleged new evidence.
        {¶ 26} In short, appellant has failed to provide any proof whatsoever, let alone clear
and convincing proof, that he was unavoidably prevented from discovering the evidence on
which he seeks to base the motion for a new trial. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in denying the motion for leave to file a delayed motion for new trial without
holding a hearing, and assignments of error two, three, and five are hereby overruled.
    B. Assignments of Error Four and Six–Denial of Motion for In Camera
       Review of State's File and Sealing for Appellate Review Based on
       Failure to Present Evidence Demonstrating Brady Violation

        {¶ 27} Appellant's fourth and sixth assignments of error pertain to the trial court's
denial of his motion for in camera review of the state's file and request for sealing pending
appellate review based on appellant's alleged Brady violation premised on the victim's
alleged intellectual disability. We therefore address these two assignments of error
together.
        {¶ 28} In Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), the Supreme Court held that the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is violated where a state
"withholds evidence that is favorable to the defense and material to the defendant's guilt
or punishment." Smith v. Cain, 565 U.S. 73, 75 (2012). "There are three components of
a true Brady violation: The evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused, either
because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; that evidence must have been
suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice must have
ensued." Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82 (1999). A Brady violation involves
the post-trial discovery of information that was known to the prosecution, but unknown
to the defense. United States v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 103 (1976); State v. Wickline, 50 Ohio

6See also our discussion pertaining to appellant's alleged Brady violation under assignments of error four
and six.
No. 22AP-388                                                                               11

St.3d 114, 116 (1990). Brady obligations apply to information within the actual possession
of the prosecution and within the knowledge of "others acting on the government's
behalf." State v. Sanders, 92 Ohio St.3d 245, 261 (2001), quoting Kyles v. Whitley, 514
U.S. 419, 437 (1995).
       {¶ 29} "Evidence suppressed by the prosecution is 'material' within the meaning of
Brady only if there exists a 'reasonable probability' that the result of the trial would have
been different had the evidence been disclosed to the defense." (Emphasis added.) State
v. Moore, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-1116, 2013-Ohio-3365, ¶ 43, quoting State v. LaMar, 95
Ohio St.3d 181, 2002-Ohio-2128, ¶ 27.        "A 'reasonable probability' is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." State v. Lawson, 64 Ohio St.3d 336,
343 (1992), quoting United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682 (1985).
       {¶ 30} Furthermore, the defendant "bears the burden of proving a Brady violation
and consequent denial of due process." Moore at ¶ 43, citing State v. Jackson, 57 Ohio
St.3d 29, 33 (1991). Importantly, "[a] Brady violation may not rest upon a claim that is
'purely speculative.' " Id., quoting State v. Hanna, 95 Ohio St.3d 285, 296 (2002). " 'The
mere possibility that an item of undisclosed information might have helped the defense,
or might have affected the outcome of the trial, does not establish 'materiality' in the
constitutional sense.' " (Emphasis sic.) Lawson at 343, quoting Agurs, 427 U.S. 97 at
109-110.
       {¶ 31} Moreover, a trial court is not required to "conduct an in camera inspection
of the prosecutor's file or order the file be sealed for appellate review any time the
defendant so requests." State v. Braun, 8th Dist. No. 91131, 2009-Ohio-4875, ¶ 84. See
also, State v. Adams, 11th Dist. No. 2000-T-0149, 2004-Ohio-3510, ¶ 30; State v.
Alexander, 11th Dist. No. 93-T-4948, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 5418, *11. Indeed, where a
defendant has made a general request for Brady material, due process does not mandate
that a trial judge conduct an in camera inspection "to determine whether material held by
the prosecution contains exculpatory evidence." Lawson at 343. Instead, a defendant
must make "some plausible showing" in order to establish a "basis for his claim that [the
prosecutor's file] contains material evidence." Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 58
(1987), fn. 15.
No. 22AP-388                                                                                                      12

         {¶ 32} In this case, appellant has failed to prove a Brady violation that rises to a
violation of due process. First and foremost, appellant has failed to establish that any
alleged intellectual disability of the victim was "known to the prosecution" prior to trial.
The record shows that appellant was first denied release on parole in 2000. (Feb. 19,
2021, Report and Recommendations of Magistrate Judge Sharon L. Ovington, at 2.)7
After that, he received a parole hearing every three years and was denied release on each
occasion. Id. According to appellant's sworn affidavit, he received his complete parole
file on September 22, 2017 during discovery in the federal case. (Dodson Aff. at ¶ 7.)
Appellant asserts that upon review of his parole file, he discovered that part of the reason
he was denied parole in 2009, 2012, and 2015 was because the victim was allegedly
intellectually disabled. Id. at ¶ 8. Thus, both the record and appellant's filings indicate
that the issue of the victim's alleged intellectual disability was raised for the first time in
2009—nearly 20 years after the trial which took place in 1991. Simply stated, appellant's
filings fail to establish that the victim's alleged intellectual disability was known to anyone,
including the prosecutor or the police prior to 2009.
         {¶ 33} Nor are appellant's references in his sworn affidavit to several filings in
appellant's federal case of aid to him in attempting to establish a Brady violation. Indeed,
appellant has wholly misrepresented the statements in both the motion for summary
judgment filed by the Ohio Attorney General and Magistrate Ovington's Report and
Recommendations in that contrary to appellant's contentions, neither filing states that the
prosecutor knew about the victim's alleged intellectual disability but chose not to prosecute
appellant on that basis.
         {¶ 34} Appellant has further failed to provide any evidence as to when or if the victim
was actually diagnosed with an intellectual disability at the time of trial. Even if the victim
had been diagnosed as being intellectually disabled prior to the trial in 1991, appellant has
not established that the prosecutor's office or the police were "in possession" of any
information relating to the victim's alleged diagnosis. Appellant has not presented any
credible argument as to why he believes medical records unrelated to the victim's rape
would have been "in the possession" of the prosecutor's office or the police. Nor has

7The court takes judicial notice of all pleadings, filings, and rulings in appellant's federal case that gave rise to
appellant's claims in the instant matter. See Dodson v. Mohr, Case No. 2:18-cv-908, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
138303 (S.D. Ohio July 26, 2021).
No. 22AP-388                                                                                  13

appellant cited any authority establishing that the state had an affirmative duty to request
the victim's unrelated medical records in search of any potential diagnoses that could have
been used for impeachment purposes. See State v. Braun, 8th Dist. No. 91131, 2009-Ohio-
4875, ¶ 77 (noting there was no case law supporting a defendant's argument that the state
was required to delve into witnesses' medical records in search of potential Brady
information).
       {¶ 35} Furthermore, appellant's purely speculative assertions regarding the victim's
alleged intellectual disability fail to establish that this information is material in any event.
Appellant has not presented any evidence showing the severity of the victim's alleged
intellectual disability or how it actually affects her. Instead, his filings contain unsupported
generalizations about how he would have challenged the victim's competency as a witness
for being of "unsound mind" or cross-examined her about how she could be "easily led" and
would be "more prone to give false testimony." (Dodson Aff. at ¶ 17, 19.) In short, based
on the information provided by appellant, his contention that the victim's intellectual
disability would undermine her competency or otherwise impeach her credibility in any
way is highly speculative at best. Therefore, appellant has failed to show that this
information is material as required in order to establish a Brady violation.
       {¶ 36} Finally, appellant has failed to establish any ground that would require the
trial court to conduct an in camera review of the state's file and seal it for appellate review.
More specifically, appellant has failed to make any plausible showing to establish his claims
that the state's file contains material evidence as required by Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 58
(1987), fn. 15. As we have already determined, appellant has failed to present any
evidence that suggests the state was aware of the victim's alleged intellectual disability at
the time of appellant's trial in 1991. Likewise, we have already determined that appellant
has failed to show that such information would be material in any event. Therefore, the
trial court was not required to conduct an in camera inspection of the state's file, nor seal
it for appellate review.
       {¶ 37} Accordingly, based on the foregoing discussion, we overrule appellant's
fourth and sixth assignments of error.
No. 22AP-388                                                                             14

IV. Disposition
       {¶ 38} Based on all of the foregoing, appellant's first assignment of error is
sustained, but found to be harmless; and appellant's second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth
assignments of error are overruled; and the judgment of the Franklin County Court of
Common Pleas is affirmed.

                                                                      Judgment affirmed.
                          DORRIAN and MENTEL, JJ., concur.