Court Opinion

ID: 3151749
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-03 20:07:43.448329+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:55:35.389690
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                                NO. 2013-KA-01946-COA

THEOTUS BARNETT                                                              APPELLANT

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI                                                           APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                           10/15/2013
TRIAL JUDGE:                                HON. C.E. MORGAN III
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                  ATTALA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                     OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER
                                            BY: JUSTIN TAYLOR COOK
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                      OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                            BY: ALICIA MARIE AINSWORTH
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:                          DOUG EVANS
NATURE OF THE CASE:                         CRIMINAL - FELONY
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:                    CONVICTED OF DELIBERATE DESIGN
                                            MURDER AND SENTENCED TO LIFE IN
                                            THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI
                                            DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
DISPOSITION:                                AFFIRMED - 11/03/2015
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       BEFORE GRIFFIS, P.J., CARLTON AND WILSON, JJ.

       WILSON, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    An Attala County Circuit Court jury convicted Theotus Barnett of deliberate design

murder, and the trial judge sentenced him to life in the custody of the Mississippi Department

of Corrections. On appeal, Barnett raises one issue: whether the trial judge’s failure to grant

him funds to hire an expert violated due process. Finding no error, we affirm.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2.    On Friday, May 25, 2007, Danny Tavares, then fifty-two years old, went to work at

his family’s used car lot, Tavares Motors in Kosciusko, which his father had operated before

him. Tavares typically talked to his wife, Cindy, several times a day, and on this day, he last

spoke to her around 1:00 p.m. Tavares usually came home early on Fridays, so when he had

not come home by around 6:00 or 6:30 p.m., Cindy and their daughter, Jenny, went to check

on him.

¶3.    When Cindy and Jenny arrived at Tavares Motors, they noticed that the front door of

the office building was pushed out from its frame. Upon entering the building, Cindy saw

that the lobby area was torn apart, a table was knocked over and broken, and there were

blood stains on the carpet and walls. Cindy then saw her husband’s legs protruding from the

adjacent bathroom, and she found him kneeling with his head over the toilet, clutching the

rim. She tried to pull him off, hoping he was alive, but his body was extremely stiff so that

moving him was difficult. Once she was able to pry his body from the toilet and saw that he

was dead, she called the police.

¶4.    The police and the Mississippi Bureau of Investigation took swabs from the numerous

blood stains in the building. There was a large pool of blood in the lobby and significant

blood spattered on the bathroom walls and floor, on the toilet seat and lid, and inside the

toilet. The pattern of blood and hair on the underside of the toilet seat was consistent with

the seat having been forced down on the back of Tavares’s head. There was also an empty

bottle of Clorox bleach, and the bleach had been poured out in the bathroom and on

Tavares’s body.

                                              2
¶5.    Nearly all of the blood was Tavares’s, but one sample taken from the bathroom floor

was later found to match Barnett’s DNA profile. Almost four years later, Barnett turned up

in Tennessee, where he had been arrested and was awaiting trial on charges of aggravated

kidnapping and aggravated robbery.1 Law enforcement officers from Mississippi traveled

to Tennessee to interview Barnett. The interview was recorded and transcribed, and a

partially redacted version of the transcript was introduced into evidence at trial.

¶6.    In the interview, Barnett initially denied that he had ever been to Tavares Motors.

However, after officers told him that DNA evidence linked him to the crime scene, Barnett

admitted he had been there on the day of Tavares’s death. Barnett first stated that he went

there to look at a truck. Then he claimed that he went there both because he was interested

in buying a truck for himself and also to confront Tavares about having “sold [his] son a

lemon car” (a red Cadillac). Barnett said that things “got out of hand” after he and Tavares

exchanged “words.” Barnett said that Tavares accused his son of “lying,” which led to

shoving and a fistfight; however, Barnett told the interviewers that he “didn’t get injured”

in the fight and that Tavares was still alive when he left.

¶7.    As the interview progressed, Barnett claimed that the fight started because Tavares

“had a mouth on him” and, specifically, called Barnett’s son a “lying . . . nigger . . . son of

       1
         In September 2010, Barnett robbed a Memphis self-storage facility after pretending
to be interested in renting a storage unit. Only one employee was present at the time, and
she was eight months pregnant. Barnett choked her, repeatedly struck her in the face and
head with his fists and a gun, held a knife to her throat, and threatened to kill her. Barnett
was convicted of aggravated robbery and aggravated kidnapping and sentenced to thirty-five
years in prison, and his convictions and sentence were affirmed on appeal. See State v.
Barnett, No. W2012-00048-CCA-R3CD, 2013 WL 2297128 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 22,
2013). No evidence of the Barnett’s crimes in Tennessee was introduced at trial in this case.

                                              3
a bitch.” Barnett then said that he could not recall if Tavares ever hit him and reiterated that

he was not injured in the fight. Still later, Barnett told the interviewers that Tavares initially

denied having sold his son a car but eventually recalled his son, uttered the racial slur, and

then told Barnett that he was “sick of talking to [him].” Barnett said “that’s when . . . all hell

broke loose.” Barnett then claimed: “[Tavares] hit me with something, and then I don’t know

. . . what exactly it was but I took it from him,” “[a]nd that’s when I started whooping him

up with it.” Barnett said that Tavares hit him only once in the arm—and, again, did not

injure him—with the unknown object. Barnett stated that when he took the object from

Tavares and began striking him with it, he knocked Tavares into the bathroom and to the

floor. Barnett then poured bleach on Tavares’s body, washed his own hands, and left.

Barnett claimed that he did not know whether Tavares was alive when he left. Barnett said

that he could not “remember everything” that happened, but the “main part [he did]

remember” was hitting Tavares with the object. In his subsequent written statement, Barnett

identified the object as a leg from the broken table in the building’s lobby.

¶8.    At trial, the State proved that, contrary to Barnett’s claims, Tavares had never sold

Barnett’s son a car. Rather, about fourteen months before Tavares was killed, Barnett’s son

bought a red Cadillac from Lindsay’s Auto Sales, a used car dealer down the street from

Tavares Motors. In 2005, Barnett had also purchased a used car from Lindsay’s.

¶9.    Dr. Steven Hayne performed Tavares’s autopsy. At trial, Dr. Hayne testified that there

were numerous bruises, scrapes, lacerations, stab wounds, and slash wounds on multiple sites

on Tavares’s body, including his face, head, neck, back, chest, legs, arms, and hands. Dr.

                                                4
Hayne testified that Tavares’s most extensive injuries were to his neck. Dr. Hayne found to

a reasonable degree of scientific certainty that the cause of death was not blunt force trauma

or stabbing. Rather, he found that the cause of death was strangulation brought on by

compression of the blood vessels in the neck, which stopped blood flow to the brain. Dr.

Hayne based his opinion on the significant bleeding he found in the soft tissue of the neck,

including extensive hemorrhaging around the right and left carotid arteries and the jugular

veins. He testified that death would have occurred within one and a half to two minutes of

compression of the blood vessels and that Tavares would have lost consciousness within five

to thirty seconds of compression. Dr. Hayne’s opinion was consistent with the crime scene

investigators’ findings of blood and hair on the underside of the toilet seat (see supra ¶4).

¶10.   The State initially indicted Barnett for capital murder, with robbery as the underlying

felony.2 On December 17, 2012, Barnett’s counsel filed three motions for funds—one for

“an independent expert in the fields of cause of death analysis and investigation,” one for “an

independent expert in the fields of DNA analysis and investigation,” and one for a fact

investigator.3 A hearing on these motions was held the same day, and the court granted funds

for both a DNA expert and an investigator.

¶11.   At the December 17 hearing, one of Barnett’s attorneys stated, “[W]hat we would like

to have is an opportunity . . . to have another medical examiner go back and review Dr.

       2
        The State later indicted Barnett for deliberate design murder and robbery and
dismissed the capital murder indictment.
       3
        A fourth motion for funds for a mitigation expert became moot after the State opted
not to pursue the capital murder indictment.

                                              5
Hayne’s . . . reports and autopsies and procedures . . . . You know, there may be another

possible cause of death that would be a nice defense for our client.” The district attorney

argued that there was no basis for such an expenditure of funds in this case. In response,

Barnett’s attorney cited only Dr. Hayne’s general “history” as an expert and argued that she

did not “think it would . . . be cost prohibitive to have some other medical examiner review”

his work in this case. The trial judge noted that the State had only recently named a new state

medical examiner, and he suggested that the new examiner review the autopsy. One of

Barnett’s attorneys seemed to agree with this suggestion, but the other stated that he felt

“duty bound” to ask for a completely independent expert. However, counsel was unable to

provide a name of such an expert, and so the trial judge granted Barnett four weeks to

provide a name and details of the analysis that the expert would conduct.

¶12.   On December 31, 2012, the trial judge signed an order granting Barnett the funds “to

obtain expert assistance in the field of cause of death analysis and investigation.” The order

also stated, “The defendant shall provide the court with the name and qualifications of the

proposed expert and details of the cost associated with the investigation by January 14,

2013.” On January 4, Barnett’s counsel filed supplemental information with the court, which

provided only the name, curriculum vitae, and hourly rate of his proposed expert. In the

supplement, Barnett asked “that he be provided adequate funding to acquire her services to

review the autopsy, cause of death, and the work of the medical examiner in this matter, and

to provide information that may be beneficial to Mr. Barnett.” Barnett’s supplement

provided no additional detail on the need for her services in this case.

                                              6
¶13.   The record is silent as to what, if anything, occurred between the filing of the

supplemental information and a pretrial hearing held on May 10, 2013. At the end of the

May 10 hearing, the following exchange occurred:

       COUNSEL: The . . . other motion that was pending was for an independent
                forensic pathologist. The Court refused to grant us funds for
                that.4 And you . . . told us at the time that if our investigation
                led us to believe that there was some concrete reason for one to
                be appointed. We wanted one basically to review Dr. Hayne’s
                work due mainly to the questions and concerns that had . . . been
                raised about his legitimacy as an expert.

       COURT:       Well, you can do that on [a] Daubert hearing. . . . You can file
                    a motion and have a Daubert hearing. And if that . . . reveals
                    some reason we should do that, I will. But y’all have not
                    furnished me any reason why, why there is any debate about
                    whether this is a homicide or not.

       COUNSEL: Okay.

       COURT:       [T]he details of Mr. Tavares’s death are out there in the autopsy.
                    If there is some . . . reason to believe that maybe he was shot or
                    maybe somebody beat him or maybe he had a heart attack, then
                    . . . that would be reason for there to be some independent
                    forensic pathology. Y’all have not presented me with anything
                    other than speculation as to it at this point. I am not going to
                    order it on speculation.

                    Now, if you want to file a motion for a Daubert hearing on Dr.
                    Hayne, we can have a Daubert hearing. And . . . if in that
                    Daubert hearing something comes up that would indicate that
                    there needs to be [an] independent analysis of it we will do that.

                    ....

                    I can’t determine what you are looking for.

       4
         Barnett’s counsel referred to the motion as both “pending” and “refused.”
However, as noted above, the only motion in the record appears to have been conditionally
granted per the trial judge’s order signed on December 31, 2012.

                                            7
       COUNSEL: Specifically, initially we were looking for a review of his work.

       COURT:        For what purpose?

       COUNSEL: To determine if there is an issue there.

       COURT:        But you gotta determine what issue you are looking for. . . .
                     [A]ll that is . . . is a fishing expedition is what you are doing.

                     ....

                     There’s nothing—you’ve produce nothing, no reason to fish.

       COUNSEL: Your honor, . . . what I would like the opportunity to do is revise
                that motion, refile it, and we can . . . revisit it later.

       COURT:        Certainly, you can file whatever you want to file, but until y’all
                     get me some more specifics than what you’ve got, I mean your
                     investigator may find some reason to do that. But you’ve got to
                     have some factual basis to do that. And there again, you can
                     have a Daubert hearing. I prefer the Daubert hearing to be
                     pretrial. We will get Dr. Hayne up here.

                     ....

                     If something comes out of that, then I will be more than happy
                     to give you an independent pathologist. But just to do it just to
                     say we did it for no reason, I am not going to do that at this
                     point.

                     ....

                     I mean if it’s an issue, I will get somebody to check the issue.
                     But . . . this is way too general for me to order that at this time.
                     I am not going to do that at this time.

¶14.   Despite the judge’s repeated suggestions that Barnett request a Daubert

hearing—which the judge specifically offered to hold prior to trial—as a means of exploring

his alleged need for an independent expert, Barnett never requested such a hearing at any

                                              8
time prior to his trial in October 2013. Nor did Barnett ever “revise” and “refile” the motion

for funds or seek to “revisit [the issue] later,” as counsel indicated he would. Rather, after

the trial judge advised that he was not going to grant Barnett any funds “at this time,” the

issue was simply abandoned. On the day of trial, Barnett’s counsel announced that Barnett

was “withdraw[ing] any other motions that we may have pending before the court.”

¶15.   During Barnett’s two-day trial, the State called Cindy Tavares, Dr. Hayne, the county

coroner, members of the Kosciusko Police Department, the crime scene investigator from the

Mississippi Bureau of Investigation, two analysts from the state crime lab, and the owner of

Lindsay’s Auto Sales. The jury found Barnett guilty of deliberate design murder but not

guilty of robbery.5 The trial judge then sentenced Barnett to life without parole, as required

by statute.

                                        ANALYSIS

¶16.   Barnett raises only one issue on appeal. He claims that the trial court erred by denying

him funds to hire an independent forensic pathologist to rebut the testimony of the State’s

witness, Dr. Hayne. Barnett argues that he was entitled to funds for his independent expert

because Dr. Hayne’s testimony was the State’s sole basis for proving the deliberate design

element of the murder charge. For the reasons that follow, we disagree.

       A.     The Constitutional Right to Expert Assistance at State Expense

       5
        The evidence of robbery was that Tavares’s wallet (in which he usually kept $300
to $500) and his pocketknife were missing and never recovered. At trial, Barnett called one
witness who testified that he saw someone else running from Tavares Motors the afternoon
that Tavares was killed. Barnett’s attorneys argued that this unidentified man may have
stolen Tavares’s wallet sometime after Barnett killed him.

                                              9
¶17.   “Whether an indigent defendant must be provided expert funding is decided on a case-

by-case basis, and we review this issue for an abuse of discretion.” Barksdale v. State,

2013-KA-01949-COA, 2015 WL 1528975, at *4 (¶18) (Miss. Ct. App. Apr. 7, 2015) (citing

Lowe v. State, 127 So. 3d 178, 183 (¶20) (Miss. 2013)). “[A] trial court must provide expert

assistance to an indigent defendant when denial of such assistance would render the trial

fundamentally unfair.” Id. (quoting Lowe, 127 So. 3d at 181 (¶13)). Thus, while the State

need not “purchase for the indigent defendant all the assistance that his wealthier counterpart

might buy,” he must have “access to the raw materials integral to the building of an effective

defense.” Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 77 (1985).

¶18.   However, “[t]his does not ‘mean that an expert must be supplied any time an indigent

defendant requests one.’” Barksdale, 2015 WL 1528975, at *4 (¶18) (quoting Fisher v. City

of Eupora, 587 So. 2d 878, 883 (Miss. 1991)). Rather, “[a]n indigent’s right to defense

expenses is ‘conditioned upon a showing that such expenses are needed to prepare and

present an adequate defense.’” Green v. State, 631 So. 2d 167, 171 (Miss. 1994) (quoting

Ruffin v. State, 447 So. 2d 113, 118 (Miss. 1984)); accord, e.g., King v. State, 960 So. 2d

413, 422 (¶10) (Miss. 2007) (defendant must establish a “substantial need” for expert

assistance). “Concrete reasons for requiring an expert must be provided by the accused.”

Green, 631 So. 2d at 171 (citing Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114, 125 (Miss. 1991)).

Accordingly, a court does not abuse its discretion by denying funds when an indigent

defendant offers only “unsubstantiated assertions that assistance would be beneficial.”

Brown v. State, 152 So. 3d 1146, 1166 (¶90) (Miss. 2014) (quoting Harrison v. State, 635

                                              10
So. 2d 894, 901 (Miss. 1994)); see also Caldwell v. Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320, 323 n.1 (1985)

(“Given that [the indigent defendant] offered little more than undeveloped assertions that the

requested [expert] assistance would be beneficial, we find no deprivation of due process in

the trial judge’s decision [denying funds].”).

¶19.   When an indigent defendant is denied expert assistance despite having articulated a

concrete need for it, our Supreme Court has identified several factors as relevant to

“determining whether [he] was denied a fair trial because of the failure to appoint or allow

funds for an expert.” Townsend v. State, 847 So. 2d 825, 829 (¶13) (Miss. 2003). “[S]ome

of the factors to consider are whether and to what degree the defendant had access to the

State’s experts, whether the defendant had the opportunity to cross-examine those experts,

and lack of prejudice or incompetence of the State’s experts.” Id. (citing Fisher, 587 So. 2d

at 883). “[The Supreme] Court has also considered to what extent the State’s case depends

upon the State’s expert, and the risk of error in resolving the issue for which the expert is

requested.” Id. (citing Tubbs v. State, 402 So. 2d 830, 836 (Miss. 1981); Johnson v. State,

529 So. 2d 577, 592 (Miss. 1988)); see also Brandon v. State, 109 So. 3d 128, 133 (¶16)

(Miss. Ct. App. 2013) (trial judge properly “considered the factors from Townsend”).6

¶20.   Barnett argues that he was entitled to an independent forensic pathologist, at county

expense, because the State relied on Dr. Hayne’s testimony to prove the deliberate design

element of the murder charge. Barnett principally relies on three recent Mississippi Supreme

Court decisions on the scope of an indigent defendant’s right to expert assistance at public

       6
        Barnett recites these factors in his opening brief but only addresses the significance
of Dr. Hayne’s testimony to the State’s case.

                                             11
expense: Lowe v. State,7 Brown v. State,8 and Isham v. State.9 However, Barnett’s reliance

on these three decisions—which we discuss in detail below—is misplaced, as all three are

distinguishable in relevant and significant respects.

       B.     The Mississippi Supreme Court’s Recent Decisions in Lowe,
              Brown, and Isham

¶21.   Brown and Isham each involved a young child (six months old and two years old,

respectively) rushed to the hospital with serious internal injuries, but no visible external

injuries, after being alone in the care of a parent or stepparent. See Isham, 161 So. 3d at

1077-78 (¶¶2-8); Brown, 152 So. 3d at 1149-50 (¶¶2-6). In Brown, Dr. Hayne testified that

the child’s injuries were consistent with “Shaken Baby Syndrome,” and in Isham experts

testified that the child’s injuries were caused by abusive blunt force trauma to the head, rather

than an accidental fall or some other cause. See Isham, 161 So. 3d at 1079-80 (¶¶14-17);

Brown, 152 So. 3d at 1155-58 (¶¶41-49). In each case, the defendant denied having ever

       7
         Lowe, 127 So. 3d at 181 (¶13) (“[T]he circuit court deprived Lowe of a
fundamentally fair trial by denying him the assistance of a computer forensics expert when
the State relied exclusively on its own expert to identify Lowe as the perpetrator[.]”).
       8
         Brown, 152 So. 3d at 1167 (¶93) (“Dr. Hayne offered the only evidence on both the
underlying felony of child abuse and the cause and manner of death, and Brown had no way
to rebut it.”).
       9
          Isham v. State, 161 So. 3d 1076, 1083 (¶34) (Miss. 2015) (denial of expert
assistance violated due process because it was “unquestionable that the State’s experts were
the only source of testimony concerning . . . essential components of the prosecution’s
proof,” i.e., proof that Isham physically abused his stepchild and caused his injuries “to the
exclusion of every reasonable hypothesis consistent with innocence”); see also id. at (¶33)
(“The mandate of Lowe and Brown is abundantly clear: if the State relies on expert
testimony alone to prove or corroborate an element of the crime, then the defendant is
entitled to an expert to assist in his defense and preparation for cross-examination.”).

                                               12
abused the child, and there were no witnesses to any alleged abuse. Thus, in each case, the

prosecution’s case was purely circumstantial and rested entirely on whether the jury believed

its experts. See Isham, 161 So. 3d at 1083 (¶34); Brown, 152 So. 3d at 1164 (¶83).

¶22.   In Brown, the Court held that the trial court’s denial of funds for a defense expert was

an abuse of discretion and a denial of due process because “Dr. Hayne offered the only

evidence on both the underlying felony of child abuse and the cause and manner of death,

and Brown had no way to rebut it.” Brown, 152 So. 3d at 1167 (¶93) (emphasis added); see

also id. at 1170 (¶107) (Kitchens, J., joined by all other Justices, specially concurring)

(“Utilization of an expert witness was the only way that Brown could defend himself against

the testimony of Dr. Hayne.”). Indeed, the Court reasoned that, given the nature of Dr.

Hayne’s testimony in that case, Brown needed his own expert “even to determine the proper

questions to ask to challenge [him] on cross.” Brown, 152 So. 3d at 1166 (¶92) (majority

opinion).

¶23.   Notably, in Brown, the Supreme Court specifically distinguished Brown’s claim from

the claim that this Court rejected in McFadden v. State, 929 So. 2d 365 (Miss. Ct. App.

2006). See Brown, 152 So. 3d at 1167 (¶94). McFadden also involved allegations of child

abuse, with Dr. Hayne as the State’s expert witness. See McFadden, 929 So. 2d at 367-69

(¶¶3-14). However, in that case, we affirmed the trial court’s denial of expert assistance,

finding that the defendant had failed to show that such assistance was necessary to his

defense. See id. at 368-69 (¶¶9-14). And in Brown, the Supreme Court specifically

recognized that McFadden was distinguishable for two reasons: unlike Brown, McFadden

                                             13
(1) “had changed his story several times about how the injuries to the child occurred” and

also (2) admitted to having caused the child’s death and disputed only the precise manner

or cause of death. Brown, 152 So. 3d at 1167 (¶94).

¶24.   One year later, the Supreme Court applied Brown’s reasoning to Isham’s similar facts.

The Court said that Brown’s “mandate . . . is clear: if the State relies on expert testimony

alone to prove or corroborate an element of the crime, then the defendant is entitled to an

expert to assist in his defense and preparation for cross-examination.” Isham, 161 So. 3d

at 1083 (¶33). As in Brown, because “the State’s experts were the only source of . . . proof”

that the child’s injuries resulted from abuse and not some other cause, the defendant was

entitled to expert assistance of his own as a matter of due process.       Isham, 161 So. 3d at

1083 (¶34). Because “[t]he State could not have proved its case against Isham without

expert testimony, . . . the trial court deprived Isham of his right to a fair trial when it denied

him funds to procure opposing experts.” Id. at 1084 (¶38). Moreover, Isham had provided

the trial judge with concrete reasons why he needed funds for an expert by identifying

experts who would offer specific alternative causes (medical conditions) for the child’s

injuries. See id. at (¶37).

¶25.   Finally, Lowe was a different type of case but involved a similar need for an expert.

Lowe was charged with downloading child pornography to his computer, but he offered

proof that numerous others had access to and used his computer. See Lowe, 127 So. 3d at

179-80 (¶¶3-9). No witnesses claimed personal knowledge that Lowe downloaded such

material; rather, the State’s case rested entirely on its expert’s opinion that the “digital

                                               14
fingerprint”—i.e., the times, passwords, and networks that the expert associated with the

downloads—“pointed to Lowe as the individual who had downloaded the files.” Id. at 180-

81, 183 (¶¶11, 21). When Lowe initially requested funds for expert assistance, the trial court

directed his attorney to speak with the State’s expert first; however, the State’s expert refused

to discuss the specifics of his forensic analysis and was unwilling to meet until two weeks

prior to the trial date. Id. at 180 (¶7). Nonetheless, the trial court denied Lowe’s request for

funds. Id. at (¶8).

¶26.   On appeal, the Supreme Court held that the trial court’s denial of Lowe’s renewed

motion for expert assistance was an abuse of discretion because “the State relied solely on

. . . its expert to establish that the files existed on Lowe’s laptop and that Lowe, rather than

another individual using his laptop, downloaded the images from the internet.” Id. at 183

(¶21) (emphasis added). Put simply, “the State could not have convicted Lowe” without the

expert, and yet Lowe had no reasonable means of cross-examining him or rebutting his

testimony. Id. at (¶¶21-22). The Supreme Court also emphasized that “Lowe’s counsel

repeatedly explained to the trial court . . . specific needs for an independent expert in

computer forensics”—i.e., “to examine the computer’s hard drive and to refute the State

expert’s allegations that the hard drive contained [child pornography],” and “to determine

who downloaded the content and under what user name and password.” Id. at (¶22)

(emphasis added).

       C.     Whether Barnett provided concrete reasons why he needed expert
              assistance and whether the denial of such assistance rendered his
              trial fundamentally unfair.

                                               15
¶27.   At the outset, we are tempted to conclude that Barnett waived his only claim on appeal

by failing to develop it in the trial court. As discussed above, the trial judge specifically

urged Barnett to notice a hearing at which he could cross-examine Dr. Hayne and thereby

develop his need, if any, for independent expert assistance. For instance, the trial judge

stated, “[Y]ou can have a Daubert hearing [prior to trial]. . . . We will get Dr. Hayne up

here.” The judge continued, “If something comes out of that, then I will be more than happy

to give you an independent pathologist.” The judge explained that he thought that a hearing

was necessary because he could not “determine what [Barnett’s was] looking for”—i.e., what

assistance Barnett thought an expert could provide. The judge’s comments are certainly

understandable given that Barnett did not seem to know either. At the first hearing on the

motion, his attorneys offered only speculation that “there may be another possible cause of

death that would be a nice defense.” Months later, counsel still could only say that they

wanted a “review” “[t]o determine if there [was] any issue.” The judge responded that this

was “way too general,” and so he was not going to grant the request “at this time”—and he

again urged Barnett to notice a hearing. Barnett’s counsel said that he would “revise” and

“refile” the motion, but he never did. The trial judge’s urging to develop the record and his

offers to hold a hearing were simply ignored.

¶28.   Moreover, “[t]he well-recognized rule is that a trial court will not be put in error on

appeal for a matter not presented to it for decision.” Moffett v. State, 49 So. 3d 1073, 1088

(¶41) (Miss. 2010) (quoting Mills v. Nichols, 467 So. 2d 924, 931 (Miss. 1985)). In this case,

it is far from clear that the issue raised on appeal is the same “matter . . . presented to [the

                                              16
trial judge] for decision.” Id. On appeal, Barnett argues that an independent expert might

have disagreed with Dr. Hayne’s finding that Tavares was strangled, which might have

bolstered Barnett’s “theory of . . . manslaughter.” For reasons explained below, we find this

argument unpersuasive, but we first note that the issue was never articulated to the trial judge

in these terms. Again, defense counsel simply stated that they wanted someone to “review”

Dr. Hayne’s opinions or that some other “possible cause of death” might be helpful to

Barnett in some unspecified way. The trial judge questioned whether there was “reason to

believe that maybe [Tavares] was shot or maybe somebody beat him or maybe he had a heart

attack,” but Barnett provided no clarification in response. Prior to trial, Barnett never

articulated his theory of the defense or why he thought the precise cause of death was

important in this case; rather, he simply asked the trial judge to rule that he was entitled to

funds for an independent forensic pathologist because Dr. Hayne was the State’s expert.

¶29.   Thus, Barnett not only failed to avail himself of the trial judge’s express invitation to

develop the factual basis of his claim but also failed to present the claim to the trial judge

with any degree of particularity. This arguably amounts to a waiver of the claim. In any

event, it clearly demonstrates that Barnett failed to meet his burden of showing a “substantial

need” for expert assistance. King, 960 So. 2d at 422 (¶10). “Concrete reasons for requiring

an expert must be provided by the accused.” Green, 631 So. 2d at 171 (emphasis added).

Barnett failed to support his motion with any concrete reasons. Because Barnett made only

“unsubstantiated assertions that assistance would be beneficial,” the trial judge did not abuse

his discretion by denying the request for funds. Brown, 152 So. 3d at 1166 (¶90) (quoting

                                              17
Harrison, 635 So. 2d at 901); accord Caldwell, 472 U.S. at 323 n.1. Indeed, in a prior case

in which the only “reason given for [trial] counsel’s request for a state-funded expert was that

she wanted to challenge Dr. Hayne’s autopsy,” we affirmed the trial judge’s ruling that the

defendant had “failed to show a concrete need why a state-funded expert [should] be

provided.” Brandon, 109 So. 3d at 132-33 (¶¶15-16).

¶30.   Barnett’s failure to provide any concrete need for an expert distinguishes this case

from Lowe, Brown, and Isham. The defendant in Lowe explained that he needed an expert

to rebut the State’s expert testimony that child pornography was downloaded to his computer

and that he, as opposed to someone else, had downloaded it. Lowe, 127 So. 3d at 183 (¶22).

In both Brown and Isham, the defendant needed an expert to rebut the State’s expert

testimony that the victim’s injuries were the result of child abuse, rather than some other

cause. See Isham, 161 So. 3d at 1084 (¶¶36-37); Brown, 152 So. 3d at 1166-67 (¶¶92-94).

Here, in contrast, Barnett simply asserted—without explanation—that an expert might

identify some other possible cause of death which might be helpful to him. Such assertions

are insufficient to establish a substantial need for the testimony.

¶31.   Moreover, the cases on which Barnett relies are also distinguishable because the

State’s case against Barnett did not rest entirely or even primarily on Dr. Hayne’s testimony.

Barnett argues that he is entitled to relief under the holdings of Lowe, Brown, and Isham

because the State relied solely on Dr. Hayne’s testimony to prove the deliberate design

element of the murder charge. Specifically, Barnett emphasizes that in his closing argument,

the assistant district attorney characterized Dr. Hayne’s testimony that Tavares was strangled

                                              18
as “the most damning evidence” against Barnett. However, although the assistant district

attorney ultimately turned to Dr. Hayne’s testimony, he first emphasized the many

inconsistencies and apparent contradictions in Barnett’s own version of events as well as the

brutal nature of the attack as a whole—the significant blood throughout the lobby and

bathroom, including a large pool of blood in the lobby area, and the numerous wounds that

Barnett inflicted on Tavares before he died. Thus, although Dr. Hayne’s testimony was

certainly cited as evidence, it was far from the only evidence that the State offered to convict

Barnett of deliberate design murder.

¶32.   DNA evidence placed Barnett at the scene, and—after he changed his story more than

once—Barnett admitted that he killed Tavares. Specifically, he admitted beating Tavares to

the ground and then pouring Clorox on him as he lay motionless on the bathroom floor.

Thus, Barnett’s own changing statements to law enforcement provided ample evidence that

he murdered Tavares. As the Supreme Court recognized in Brown, once the defendant has

not only admitted that he killed the victim but also “changed his story several times about

how the [crime] occurred,” expert testimony concerning the precise cause of death is no

longer so essential to the State’s case that the defendant is entitled to funds for an expert.

Brown, 152 So. 3d at 1167 (¶94) (citing McFadden, 929 So. 2d at 367-69 (¶¶3-14)); see also

Lowe, 127 So. 3d at 184 (¶24) (holding that a defendant is entitled to his own expert where

“the State relies on expert testimony alone to connect the defendant to the offense charged”

(emphasis added)).

¶33.   Beyond Barnett’s own statements, additional evidence supported the jury’s verdict

                                              19
finding Barnett guilty of deliberate design murder. As our Supreme Court has explained,

“Deliberate design to kill a person may be formed very quickly, and perhaps only moments

before the act of consummating the intent.” Brown v. State, 965 So. 2d 1023, 1030 (¶28)

(Miss. 2007) (quotation marks and brackets omitted). Deliberate design “may be inferred

through the intentional use of any instrument which, based on its manner of use, is calculated

to produce death or serious bodily injury.” Id. The blood and hair found on the underside

of the toilet seat indicated that the seat had been forced down on Tavares’s head. The blood

that had pooled and spattered throughout the lobby and bathroom and Tavares’s many

injuries showed that Barnett beat Tavares brutally and thoroughly. In addition, almost all of

the blood at the crime scene was Tavares’s, and crime scene investigators recovered only one

small sample of Barnett’s DNA. Barnett himself told law enforcement that Tavares never

hit him (or maybe hit him once) and did not injure him. After Barnett had killed Tavares, he

washed his hands and poured Clorox on the body before leaving. All of this was evidence

of deliberate design murder.10 Thus, unlike in Lowe, Brown, and Isham, the expert testimony

in this case was far from the only evidence on which the State relied to prove its case.

¶34.   This case is also distinguishable from Lowe, Brown, and Isham in that Barnett was

able to advance his theory of defense through “rigorous cross-examination” of Dr. Hayne.

Isham, 161 So. 3d at 1084 (¶34). This case did not involve complex or highly technical

       10
         See, e.g., Westbrook v. State, 29 So. 3d 828, 832 (¶11) (Miss. Ct. App. 2009) (jury
could infer deliberate design from the fact that the defendant struck the unarmed victim three
times with a baseball bat); Wright v. State, 915 So. 2d 527, 531 (¶8) (Miss. Ct. App. 2005)
(jury could infer deliberate design from the severity of the victim’s injuries and the
defendant’s use of a broken bottle and wooden tray).

                                             20
issues of computer forensics and “digital fingerprinting,” the validity or applicability of

“Shaken Baby Syndrome,” or a claim that a small child’s unwitnessed internal injuries were

the result of a medical condition. The issue at trial was whether deliberate design could be

inferred from the evidence of a brutal killing to which Barnett admitted. Barnett’s counsel

was able to advance Barnett’s position on this issue through cross-examination of Dr. Hayne.

For example, Dr. Hayne admitted on cross-examination that he could testify only that his

findings were “consistent with strangulation,” which he acknowledged meant that there was

some degree of uncertainty as to the cause of death. Dr. Hayne also admitted that some of

the usual signs of strangulation were not present—for example, there was no definitive line

around the neck and no apparent facial swelling. Thus, Barnett’s theory of what the physical

evidence showed—that he beat Tavares brutally and thoroughly but without malice or

deliberate design—was fairly presented through cross-examination. See King, 960 So. 2d

at 422-23 (¶10) (defendant failed to show a substantial need for an independent expert

pathologist where the State’s expert admitted on cross-examination that the defendant’s

theory was possible); King v. State, 784 So. 2d 884, 888-89 (¶15-18) (Miss. 2001) (same).

¶35.   Finally, “whether and to what degree the defendant had access to the State’s experts”

is a factor to be considered in determining whether there is a substantial need for funds for

an independent expert. McFadden, 929 So. 2d at 368 (¶12) (citing Townsend, 847 So. 2d at

829 (¶13)). In this case, as discussed above, the trial judge offered Barnett an opportunity

to explore Dr. Hayne’s opinions at a pretrial hearing. See Wilkerson v. State, 731 So. 2d

1173, 1179 (¶19) (Miss. 1999) (trial judge’s orders granting the defendant an opportunity to

                                             21
depose all of the State’s expert witnesses weighed against the need for an independent

expert). That Barnett failed to avail himself of that opportunity does not alter the fact that

the court expressly offered him meaningful pretrial access to Dr. Hayne.11

                                       CONCLUSION

¶36.   The trial judge did not abuse his discretion by denying Barnett’s motion for public

funds to retain an independent forensic pathologist. First, the trial judge’s ruling was not an

abuse of discretion because Barnett offered no concrete reason why such assistance was

necessary to an adequate defense—indeed, Barnett arguably waived the claim by failing to

develop the issue and articulate the claim clearly in the trial court. Second, the trial judge’s

ruling was not an abuse of discretion because Dr. Hayne’s testimony was not essential to the

State’s case, the State presented ample additional evidence of deliberate design, Barnett was

able to present his theory of manslaughter through cross-examination, and Barnett was

offered meaningful pretrial access to Dr. Hayne. Accordingly, we find no error and affirm

Barnett’s conviction and sentence.

¶37. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ATTALA COUNTY OF
CONVICTION OF MURDER AND SENTENCE OF LIFE IN THE CUSTODY OF

       11
          The Supreme Court has also listed the “lack of prejudice or incompetence of the
State’s experts” as a factor to be considered. Townsend, 847 So. 2d at 829 (¶13). While
“[w]e acknowledge that Dr. Hayne’s work has received criticism,” “we note [that] the
[S]upreme [C]ourt [has] made abundantly clear that ‘Dr. Hayne is qualified to proffer expert
opinions in forensic pathology[.]’” Cooper v. State, 76 So. 3d 749, 755 (¶24) (Miss. Ct.
App. 2011) (quoting Edmonds v. State, 955 So. 2d 787, 792 (¶8) (Miss. 2007)) (emphasis
added in Cooper). “And since Edmonds, the [S]upreme [C]ourt has consistently found Dr.
Hayne qualified to render expert opinions in the field of forensic pathology in criminal
cases.” Cooper, 76 So. 3d at 755 (¶24) (collecting additional cases). Dr. Hayne’s opinions
in this case were restricted to issues of forensic pathology, and Barnett did not object to his
being allowed to testify as an expert in that field.

                                              22
THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS IS AFFIRMED. ALL
COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO ATTALA COUNTY.

   LEE, C.J., IRVING AND GRIFFIS, P.JJ., BARNES, ISHEE, CARLTON,
MAXWELL, FAIR AND JAMES, JJ., CONCUR.

                               23