Court Opinion

ID: 2660468
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-03 04:46:13.852275+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:26:41.319259
License: Public Domain

UNCLASSIFIED//FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

                                UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                         )
 SHAFIIQ, et aL,                         )
                                         )
                 Petitioners,            )
                                         )
            v.                          )              Civil Action No. 05-1506 {RMC)
                                        )
 BARACK OBAMA, eta/.,                   )
                                        )
                                                                  Filed with Classified
                 Respondents.           )
                                                              Infonnation Security Officer
                                        )
 IN RE PETITION OF                      )                CISO         ?fft.h ~
 SUFYIAN BARHOUMI 1
 (ISN 694)
                                        )
                                        )
                                                         Date \ [itNE        _s- ~

                                              OPINION

                 Sufyian Barhoumi, a native of Algeria, is a detainee held by the United States at

 Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. This Court previously denied his petition for a writ of habeas corpus

and was sustained on appeal, on the basis that he was "'part o:f an al·Qaida·associate609 F.3d 416, 418 (D.C. Cir. 20 I 0). Mr. Barhourni presents

new evidence and argues that he should be relieved from the final judgment against him. The

        1
          Petitioner's correct name is uncertain. His counsel identify him as Sufyian Barhoumi
and call him Mr. Barhoumi. See Pet'r's Mot. Relief [Dkt. 232] at 1. When he appeared before
an Administrative Review Board (ARB) at Guantanamo Bay in January 2008, he agreed that his
name is Barghomi fsic] Sufyian, and the Presiding Officer referred to him as Mr. Sufyian. See
Respondent's Excerpted and Highlighted Materials for Oral Argument July 13, 2009, Ex. 11, at
1, 6. Petitioner also used aliases, including "Abu Obaida, Ubaydah al Jaza'iri, and Shafiq."
Barhoumi v. Obama, 609 F.3d 416, 426 (D.C. Cir. 20 I 0). For clarity, the Court will refer to him
as Sufyian Barhoumi.

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govcrrunent disagrees. Having considered all ofthe materials submitted, the underlying record,

and the parties' arguments, the Court will deny the motion.

                                        I. BACKGROUNI>

                Sufyian Barhoumi was captured in Faisalabad, Pakistan, in February 2002, during

the height of the hostilities in Afghanistan after the attack on September 11, 2001. 2 He had left

Algeria after high school and ended up in London, where he attended a mosque that featured

films depicting Russian atrocities against Muslims in Chechnya. "Inspired by these films,

Barhoumi traveled to Karachi, Pakistan, and then to Jalalabad, Afghanistan, where he trained to

fight alongside the Chechens in their struggle against the Russian government." Barhoumi, 609

F.3d at 418. Mr. Barhoumi trained at several military camps in Afghanistan, including Khaldan,

a camp run by Abu Zubaydah, "a reputed terrorist leader who commanded his O'WTl fighting

force" and who was associated with Osama bin Laden, although Abu Zubaydah was not directly

under bin Laden's command. !d. Abu Zubaydah "had agreed with Usama bin Laden to
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coordinate training efforts and allow Khaldan recruits to join al-Qaida." !d. Along the way, Mr.

Barhoumi lost all of the fingers and most of his thumb on one hand when a bomb with which he

was training exploded prematurely.

                Mr. Barhoumi fled Afghanistan through the mountains into Pakistan in late 2001.

"In his ARB hearing, [Mr.] Barhoumi testified that he traveled to a gucsthousc in Faisalabad,

       2
         In this case, the D.C. Circuit prepared both a classified opinion and a redacted, public
version. See Notice of Filing of D.C. Circuit Mandate and Opinion [Dkt. 237]. In this Opinion,
the Court will cite to the public version where possible. The circuit's opinion provides a more
detailed summary of the record evidence. See Barhoumi, 609 F.3d at 418-19.

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 Pakistan, in Febmary 2002,'' where he was arrested approximately I 0 days later "along with Abu

Zubaydah, who was also staying at the Faisalabad guesthouse." Jd. at 419. Mr. Barhoumi was

 taken into U.S. custody in May 2002 and transferred to Guantanamo. Jd.

                   Mr. Barhoumi filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in July 2005. Although

this Court dismissed his case after Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006, 28

U.S.C. § 224J(e), it vacated that decision when the Supreme Court decided Boumediene v. Bush,

553 U.S. 723 (2008), and held that Guantanamo detainees have constitutional protections to file

writs of habeas corpus despite the MCA. After extensive briefing, an evidentiary hearing, and

oral argument, t.his Court denied Mr. Barhoumi's petition on September 3, 2009. See Order [Dkt.

21 9]. The Court, explaining its mling from the bench, concluded that Mr. Barhoumi was

lawfully detained because the evidence supported the government's claim that he was "part of'

Abu Zubaydah's militia, which was an "associated force ... engaged in hostilities against the

United States or its coalition partners" under the Authorization for Use of Military Force

(AUMF). 3 Barhoumi, 609 F.3d at 420.

                  As the D.C. Circuit noted on appeal, Mr. Barhoumi does not challenge the AUMF

detention standard, under which which the President is authorized "to detain persons who were

part of(,] or substantially supported, Tali ban or ai Qaida f()rces or associated forces that are

engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners ...." Barhoumi, 609

F.3d at 423. Nor does Mr. Barhoumi contest that the militia headed by Abu Zubaydah was so

         3
             Pub. L. No. 107-40, § 2(a), 115 Stat. 224,224 (2001) (reprinted at 50 U.S.C. § 1541
note).

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 associated within the meaning of the AUMF. !d. "The only dispute, then, is whether Barhoumi

 wa.;;, as the district court found, 'part of' Zubaydah's organization." Id Both this Court and the

 Circuit on appeal determined that the record demonstrated Mr. Barhoumi's participation by a

 preponderance of the evidence. /d at 422-23 (rejecting Mr. Barhoumi's argument that "a

 standard of at least clear and convincing evidence" should apply because that argwnent is

"toreclosed by circuit precedent" (citing Al-Bihani v. Obama, 590 FJd 866, 878 (D.C. Cir.

2010)).

                After canvassing all of the evidence, the D.C. Circuit focused on: Mr. Barhoumi's

own statement that he was "trained at the Khaldan camp, which was associated with Zubaydah;"

the statement to the Federal Bureau of Investigation by another detainee that Mr. Barhoumi was

"captured along w i t h - at the Faisalabad guesthouse;" and the statement in the diary of

Abu   IIIII al-Suri, which was recovered from the Faisalabad guesthouse, that Mr. Barhoumi was
a "Permanent" member of Mr. Zubaydah's militia (recorded under the name Ubaydah Al-Jaza'iri

(Ubaydah the Algerian) in the diary). !d. at 425-27.

               Mr. Barhoumi now challenges these conclusions on two separate bases: first, that

he was so harshly questioned at Guantanamo Bay in March and April of2003 that none ofhis

later statements before the ARB or Combatant Status Review Tribunal ("CSRT") is reliable, see

Classified Mot. Relief("R. 60 Mot.") [Dkt. 232]; and second, that the true author of the al-Suri

diary was a teenager n a m e d - whose writings are, for various reasons, unreliable and

unrelated to Mr. Barhoumi. See Classified Mot. Supp. R. 60 Mot. [Dkt. 239].

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                                     II. LEGAL STANDARD

                Mr. Barhoumi argues that the final judgment against him should be vacated

pursuant to Rule 60(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 60(b)(2) provides that

'"the court may relieve a party ... from a final judgment, order, or proceeding" if the party

presents "newly discovered evidence which by due diligence could not have been discovered in

time for a new trial under Rule 59(b)." In order to receive relief under Rule 60(b)(2), a movant

must demonstrate that '"(I) the newly discovered evidence [is] of facts that existed at the time of

trial or other dispositive proceeding, {2) the [party seeking relief] must have been justifiably

ignorant of rthe evidence J despite due diligence, (3) the evidence must be admissible and of such

importance that it probably would have changed the outcome, and (4) the evidence must not be

merely cumulative or impeaching."' Lightfoot v. District of Columbia, 555 F. Supp. 2d 61, 66--68

(D.D.C. 2008) (quoting United States v. Int'l Bhd. ofTeamsters, 247 F.3d 370, 392 (2d Cir.

2001 )); see also Manhattan Ctr. Studios, Inc. v. NLRB, 452 F.3d 813, 817 (D.C. Cir. 2006). A

motion under Rule 60(b)(2) "must be made ... no more than a year after the entry of the

judgment or order or the date ofthe proceeding." Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(c)(l). The moving party

must show that the proffered evidence is "of such a material and controlling nature as will

probably change the outcome." 1n re Korean Airlines, I 56 F.R.D. 18,22 (D.D.C. 1994).

               "!be Court finds that Mr. Barhoumi presents "new evidence" previously Wlknown

to his counsel and which existed at the time of the hearing on his habeas petition; that the unique

circumstances ofGuantanamo proceedings explain counsel's earlier lack ofknowledge of the

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interrogations of Mr. Barhoumi; 4 that the evidence of the interrogations of Mr. Barhoumi and the

alleged teenage author of the al-Suri diary would be admissible in a Guantanruno habeas

proceeding, although hearsay; and the evidence is not merely impeaching or cumulative, although

some of it is offered to impeach the provenance of the al-Suri diary. However, the Court cannot

agree that either type of evidence "probably would have changed the outcome." Dghtfoot, 555 F.

Supp. 2d at 68.

                                          III. ANALYSIS

                  Mr. Barhoumi presents two kinds of newly-discovered evidence and argument:

first, in his Rule 60(b) Motion, that he was subjected to harsh interrogation during March and

April2003 so that no reliance can be placed on his later testimony, and second, in the Motion to

Supplement, that the al-Suri diary was authored by a plagiarizing teenager and not an Abu

Zubaydah contidant, so it is not reliable. Both certainly require serious consideration and cannot

be ignored. With such consideration, however, it becomes evident that neither is of such import

to the question of Mr. Barhoumi's role in the Zubaydah militia as to have affected the outcome of

this case.

        4
           As the government points out, Mr. Barhoumi himself was clearly in a position to
inform his lawyers of the 2003 interrogation. Classified Gov't Opp. R. 60(b) Mot. [Dkt. 235] at
 15-16. In this environment, however, the Court places no weight on that fact, even though Mr.
Barhoumi is the Petitioner. Detainees at Guantanamo and their lawyers have great difficulty
communicating, visiting, and, most of all, establishing mutual trust. Fearing other terrorist
activity, the government has been slow and reluctant to share cJassificd information. Mr.
Barhoumi's counsel are working pro bono in the fmest tradition of the legal profession and
deserve the gratitude of the Court and the government. ll1e Court will not fault client or counsel
for lack of communication about interrogations that occurred two years before the petition was
filed.

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                A. Harsh Interrogation Techniques

                In his Rule 60(b) Motion, filed with the Court Security Officer on August 27,

2010, Mr. Barhoumi sought relief from the judgment against him and for sanctions against the

government for its failure to disclose exculpatory evidence before judgment was entered. The

motion was based on "over 600 pages of recently disclosed documents describing, among other

things, the government's exceedingly harsh and inhumane treatment of [Mr.! Barhoumi at

Guantanamo." R. 60(b) Mot. at 1. The initial tranche of documents was released on June 29,

20 I0, 18 days after the Circuit's opinion was posted (although 78 days before the mandate was

issued) and nearly a year after the habeas hearing on Mr. Barhoumi's petition, "with no credible

explanation for the extraordinarily late date of disclosure." R. 60(b) Mot. at 2. The Government

produced additional classified documents on August 24, 2010. ld

                Mr. Barhoumi contends that his interrogations in March and April 2003 were

"severe, cruel, and dehumanizing." fd at 3. He specifically notes that a high-ranking military

officer expressed concern that some aspects ofthe interrogation '"may have exceeded the scope'''

of instructions, parti.cularly as it involved "'threats of transfer to a worse place or transfer to a

prison (where a detainee would be subjected to forced homosexual acts),"' which the officer

"'rna[d]e clear that [he] disapprovel_d].'" Id at 4 (quoting R. 60(b) Mot., Ex. 3 at 292 (26 May

2006 Memorandum from General Brantz Craddock, United States Southern Command)). Mr.

Barhoumi maintained silence during almost all of these interrogations, id at 4, but he appeared to

be affected by the interrogation techniques through obvious signs of stress and agitation. Id

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               The Court has reviewed all the Memoranda for Record (MFRs) that recount these

                       R. 60(b) Mot., Ex. I, at 5 (March 1, 2003 MFR). Mr. Barhoumi had

earlier been questioned by the PBI and had answered some questions. During the March~ April

at 4. Counsel argue that this treatment in March and April2003 "could have impacted his

statements during subsequent CSRT and ARB proceedings." ld. at 5, see also id. ("Because the

Court relied extensively on Barhoumi's own statements ... , the Court may have reached a

different decision in this case had the government produced these documents when Barhoumi's

habeas petition was pending."). Counsel also argue that the "late~isclosed evidence, had it been

timely produced, may have had an impact on the ultimate outcome of this case." Id at 6.

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                While the Court deplores the late production of the~>e documents, see below, it

cannot agree with counsel's argument that earlier disclosure would have affected the legal and

factual conclusions in the case. It is clear Mr. Barhoumi appeared at

                                                    . 60(b) Mot., Ex. 2, at 7-9 (March 2, 2003 MFR);

R. 60(b) Mot., Ex. 1 at 17 (March 5, 2003 MFR) .

                                     .g., id   at   18 (March 8, 2003 MFR)

when Mr. Barhoumi was left alone in the interrogation room with the interpreter, he engaged "in

a one hour two-way conversation" in which he advised the interpreter, among other things, that

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"the only reason he was talking now was to pass a message ... that he would never talk

regardless of how bad his life gets" and that "being placed in isolation only serves to make him[ ]

... stronger against interrogation." !d. at 22 (March 9, 2003 MFR).

Barhoumi again took the opportunity to talk to the interpreter when they were left alone, to

complain about the interrogators and their disrespect for his mother, as well as his need to pray.

!d. at 24-25 (March 10, 2003 MFR). When immediately given time to pray, Mr. Barhoumi told

his interrogator that "he is a good Muslim, and not a member of Al-Quada [sic]." !d. at 25.

Nonetheless, "he declined" to answer questions about his travel prior to capture. ld.

               Mr. Barhoumi refused to talk at all during most of his interrogation sessions in the

period under scrutiny. He did speak to ·                                     t only to try to collect

information about the current situation in Iraq and the current disposition of Saddam Hussein.

Additionally, he complained about not being treated with respect." ld at I 08 (April 21, 2003

              The personal strength ofMr. Barhoumi is evident.

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  his statements to the FBI and others before the period of harsh interrogation are not affected by

  the interrogation in 2003. Counsel offer no evidence that his later statements were affected,

  either when testifYing before the CSRT in September 2004, 17 months after the harsh

  interrogations ended, or before the ARB in January 2008, 57 months afterwards. To the contrary,

  the current record does not support a conclusion that Mr. Barhoumi's will was overborne by the

 interrogation in March and April2003, much less at any later time. 7 See Anam v. Obama, 696 F.

 Supp. 2d l, 5-7 (D.D.C. 2010) (in Guantanamo habeas proceeding, holding that confessions

 made during confinement at Guantanamo were tainted by prisoner's "harsh treatment" during

 earlier interrogations in Afghan prisons, including

                                                              Counsel's breathless argument that

 "[t]here can be no question that the treatment detailed in the government's late-disclosed

 evidence constitutes torture under various accepted definitions, and that it had a lasting effect on

         7
           Mr. Barhoumi has knowledge of the impact ofthe March-April2003 interrogation on
 his later statements, if any. Counsel's supposition that it "may have" affected his later testimony
 before the CSRT and ARB is insufficient to carry the point.
         8
           This case is starkly different from Anam for three reasons. First, unlike Anam, there is
  no evidence that Mr. Barhoumi suffered "harsh interrogation techniques" before arriving at
  Guantanamo. Anam, 696 F. Supp. 2d at 7. Second, during the March-April2003 interrogations,
  unlike the petitioner in Anam who confessed while being subject to interrogation, Mr. Barhoumi
  never confessed, remaining steadfast in his refusal to cooperate. The presence of the first
  coerced confession was key to the Anam court's finding that the later confession should be
· disregarded because "the interrogators at Guantanano ... reviewed Petitioner's coerced
  confessions from Afghanistan and asked him to make identical confessions." Jd Third, the
  nature of the               of the           in Anam

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Barhoumi's mental and physical state," R. 60(b) Mot. Reply (notice of filing at [Dkt. 238]) at 2,

does not constitute evidence of its truth. Counsel's certainty of a "lasting effect" on Mr.

Barhoumi's psyche from interrupted sleep patterns and repetitive rounds of harsh questioning for

two months in 2003 is completely unsupported. The Court intimates no judgment about the

nature of the March-April 2003 questioning of Mr. Barhourni, finding only that there is no

evidence that it aflected his later statements to the CSRT and ARB. It provides no reason,

therefore, to reopen this matter.

                8. Delayed Release of llocumentation

               Counsel for Mr. Barhoumi also seek sanctions against the government pursuant to

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 37(c)(l)(A) and (C) for its failure to produce these documents

on a timely basis when his petition was pending. SeeR. 60(b) Mot. at 8. Because counsel are

based in Denver, Colorado, and were required to make two unexpected trips to the secured

facility in Washington to review the documents and prepare their motion, they seek money

sanctions to pay for their trips and time. !d.

               Government counsel argue that they fulfilled their obligations fu!Jy, regularly

supplementing discovery with arguably exculpatory evidence as the Amended Case Management

Order required and as such evidence was identified. See Gov't Opp. R. 60(b) Mot. at 5-8

(explaining history of production of documents in this case). The government notes that Mr.

Barhoumi did not seek any discovery relating to questioning in 2003 and never mentioned his

interrogation, so government counsel (located in the District of Columbia) did not seek any such

documentation from Guantanamo. Further, government counsel's review ofmaterials for

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exculpatory evidence relating to Mr. Barhoumi did not include review of materials assembled hy

the Guantanamo Review Task Force pursuant to Executive Order 13,492, 74 Fed. Reg. 4897

(Jan. 22, 2009), because it was neither sought by Mr. Barhoumi nor ordered by the Court. Gov't

Opp. R. 60(b) Mot. at 6 (citing Decl. ofTerry M. Henry, Assistant Branch Director, U.S. Dep't

of Justice,   1,[ 5-9)).   Only in the spring of2010, when searching Task Force records for

information on Mr. Barhoumi because one or more of his interrogation statements was being

used in the case of Alhag (JSN 686) v. Ohama, No. 05-cv-21 99 (HHK), did government counsel

discover the instant MFRs and other docwnents concerning his interrogation. ld at 7. They then

sought authorization to disclose these classified documents to Mr. Barhoumi's lawyers in June

20 I 0 and, upon further searches and evaluation for classii1cation, disclosed a second tranche of

documents in August 2010.

                  A Case Management Order was issued by the Court in all of the Guantanarno

cases in 2008, and it was adopted in this case as amended on December 16, 2008. See Amended

Case Management Order ("CMO"), fDkt. I 54]. The CMO ordered the government to disclose

all "reasonably available evidence," defined to mean "evidence contained in any infimnation

reviewed by attorneys preparing factual returns for all detainees" as well as "any other evidence

the government discovers while litigating habeas corpus petitions filed by detainees at

Guantanamo Bay." !d. § I.D.l. The Court's careful definition recognized that the United States

could have infom1ation aboutthe detainees spread across the world in various operations of war,

to which government lawyers on the habeas cases did not have access. However, all documents

on which the government relied to support detention or which it discovered during the litigation

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                                                                                                9
of these habeas cases were ordered released so that both parties would have equal knowledge.

The specific evidence at issue-MFRs on the interrogations of Mr. Barhoumi at Guantanamo in

2003 and the alleged teenage author of the al-Suri diary-was collected for purposes of the Task

Force appointed by President Obama in January 2009, well after Mr. Barhoumi's 2005 habeas

petition. Despite the CMO, without a specific request from Mr. Barhoumi 's lawyers or order

from this Court, government counsel did not search the Task Force data base to augment their

discovery in this case.

               This Court agrees with Mr. Barhoumi's lawyers that government counsel were

required by the terms of the CMO to search for, locate, and produce the documents in question

once they were gathered for purposes of the Task Force. The documents should have been

disclosed earlier. The defense that Mr. Barhoumi's lawyers did not specifically request and the

Court did not specifically order such disclosure in this case is unavailing. The Task Force was

convened under the auspices of the Attorney General, ultimate supervisor of government counsel

here, and information known to it could not be ignored as "not reasonably available" to these

Department of Justice counsel. See Executive Order 13492, 74 Fed. Reg. at 4898 ("['r]he

Attorney General ... shall coordinate the Review .... "). Thus, the Court agrees with Mr.

Barhoumi's counsel that a violation of the CMO occurred.

       9
          The CMO recognized that certain circumstances could arise in whjch the information to
be disclosed to petitioner's counsel was classified and the government objected to disclosure.
CMO § l.F. There is no such issue here. See Mousovi v. Obama, No. 05-1124, 2013 WL 97355,
at *4-5 (D.D.C. Jan. 9, 2013) (discussing AI Odah v. United States, 559 F.3d 539 (D.C. Cir.
2009) and concluding that Top Secret material need not be disclosed to a petitioner's counsel
even if relevant despite the fact that the Court could review it).

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                Even so, the Court finds that no sanction is appropriate. Even assuming arguendo

that the discovery provisions of the Federal Rules provide authority for sanctions in Guantanamo

habeas proceedings, justice does not require entry of any of the sanctions available under either

Rule 37(b) or 37(c)(1 ). 10 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(A) (providing that a Court "may issue

further just orders" upon a discovery violation (emphasis added)), Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(c)(l)(A)

(providing that for a failure to disclose a court "may order payment of ... reasonable expenses"

(emphasis added)). "The central requirement of Rule 37 is that 'any sanction must be just."'

Bonds v. District ofColumbia, 93 F.3d 801, 808 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (quoting Ins. Corp. v.

Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 707 (1982)). The law governing habeas

proceedings, including the disclosure requirements that were breached here, was too much in flux

to justify an award of sanctions. Whether Mr. Barhoumi even had the right to t1le this

proceeding was unsettled until Boumediene was decided in 2008, and the very discovery

provision requiring this disclosure, § l.D.l, was changed between the original Case Management

Order issued by Judge Hogan on November 6, 2008, and the amended CMO. Under the original

order, the government arguably complied with its obligations. Moreover, the Henry Declaration

submitted by the government shows that Mr. Barhoumi's counsel received the first tranche of

        10
           Mr. Barhoumi, relying primarily on Ninth Circuit precedent, asks the Court to find that
the government is not immune from an award of sanctions under Rule 37. SeeR. 60(b) Mot.
Reply at 8. Government counsel respond that Mr. Barhourni's Ia~yers cannot collect money
damages from the United States, which enjoys sovereign immunity. See, e.g., FDIC v. Meyer,
510 U.S. 471, 475 (1994) (absent a specific waiver, the United States government is protected
from suit by the doctrine of sovereign immunity); see also Clark v. Library ofCongress, 750
F .2d 89, I 03 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (sovereign immunity bars suits for money damages against public
officials sued in their official capacities absent a specific waiver). Because the Court concludes
that sanctions arc not appropriate, the Court docs not reach Mr. Barhoumi's argument.

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materials within a month ofDOJ counsel becoming aware oftheir existence. Henry Decl. ,~ 8,

10. In these circumstances, the Court finds that no purpose would be served by granting Mr.

Barhoumi's motion for sanctions.

               C. Author of "ai-Suri Diary"

               On review, the D.C. Circuit stated that "the central issue in this case" is whether

"the al-Suri diary is sufficiently reliable." Barhoumi, 609 F.3d at 424. "Applying the reliability

requirement set torth by this court in Parhat v. Gates, 532 F.3d 834 (D.C. Cir. 2008), we

conclude that the district court did not clearly err in relying on the diary." ld The Supplement to

Mr. Barhoumi's Rule 60(b) motion challenges directly the authorship ofthc ai-Suri diary. The

Court will grant Mr. Barhoumi's motion for leave to file his Supplement to his Rule 60(b)

Motion and considers it in conjunction with his original motion under Rule 60(b).

               "To begin with," Mr. Barhoumi "was captured along with Zubaydah at the

Faisalabad guesthousc, a fact he acknowledges. Barhoumi also acknowledges that he trained at

the Khaldan camp." Barhoumi, 609 F.3d at 425; see also id ("[T]he government's assertion here

that Zubaydah ran the Khaldan camp is backed up by testimony from a self-professed Khaldan

trainee who, in proceedings having nothing to do with Barhoumi and which predated the

September ll, 2001, attacks, attested to Zubaydah's connection to K.haldan. "). According to

Circuit precedent, these facts alone may be sufficient to warrant Mr. Barhoumi's detention. Id at

425,427.

               Beyond these facts, the Circuit identified the last page of the al-Suri diary, listing

Mr. Barhoumi as a "Permanent" member of the Zubaydah forces, as "perhaps the most probative

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record evidence that [Mr. Barhoumi] was in fact 'part of Zubaydah's associated force." /d. at

425. In rejecting Mr. Barhoumi's challenge to the diary, the Circuit described it as "more than 65

pages of detailed observations recorded by a self-professed associate of both Zubaydah and

Barhoumi." Id. at 428. After evaluating the diary's "internal coherence as well as its consistency

with uncontested record evidence," the Court of Appeals "conclude[d] that the al-Suri diary

contains sufficient.indicia of reliability to justify the district court's reliance on it." Id In

reaching that conclusion, the D.C. Circuit rejected Mr. Barhoumi's attempt to analogize his case

to Parhat v. Gates, 532 F.3d 834·(D.C. Cir. 2008), in which the Court found intelligence reports

"inherently unreliable." Barhoumi, 609 F.3d at 428-29 ("The al-Suri diary is therefore a far cry

from the 'bare assertions' deemed unreliable in Parhat, 532 F.3d at 847, as it possesses both

endogenous and exogenous indicia of reliability.").

               In his Supplemental Motion, Mr. Barhoumi contends that "[t]he evidence

submitted in conjunction with this Motion is significant and calls into question the reliability of

the al-Suri diary." Mot. Supp. R. 60(b) Mot., 4. Comparing the past lack of information on the

identity of the diary's author, Mr. Barhoumi argues:

               Now, thanks to a recent government disclosure in another case, we do
               know who al-Suri is, and documents obtained from another case
               reveal that the ai-Suri diary is nothing more than a combination of
               pages of a diary authored by a teenager n a m e d - · who
               included miscellaneous pages from the historical works of Sheik
               Abdullah Azzaz that describe Soviet/Afghani hostilities from years
               before the present war on terror even began.

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  ld ~ 9.
            11
                 Mr. Barhoumi's argument is based on the govcmment's description ofthe author of

  the diary in a pleading filed in Ali (JSN 685) v. Obama, No. 10-cv-1 020 (RJL), another

                                            Al-Suri, is the same person   as-,
 Guantanamo habeas case, a s · - aJ-Suri, a k a - Al-Suri." Mr. Barhoumi claims

 t h a t - al-Suri,                                                                       a teenager who

 allegedly kept a diary and included in it miscellaneous pages from the historical works of Sheik

 Abdullah Az..zam.

                    At the outset, it bears noting that the authorship of the al-Suri diary is irrelevant to

 a large extent. Neither this Court nor the D.C. Circuit relied on the identity of Mr. al-Suri to find

 his diary persuasive. See Barhoumi, 609 F.3d at 429 ("[A]lthough it is true, as [Mr.] Barhoumi

 emphasizes, that the govcrrunent has provided no information about al-Suri, the diary itself

 suggests that al-Suri possessed first-hand knowledge of Zubaydah and his organization."). It was

 the diary's "more than 65 pages of detailed observations" with "internal coherence [and] ... its

consistency with uncontested record evidence," that lent it authority. Jd at 428. Whether written

by a man named al Suri or a man n a m e d - , the diary itself carries the same hallmarks

of credibility and reliability.

                   Recognizing this, Mr. Barhoumi's counsel attempt to transform the al-Suri diary

into something entirely different. Relying primarily on analyses by tmnamed persons working for

detainee Abdal Razak Ali (ISN 685), Mr. Barhowni's lawyers argue that a comparison between

English translations ofthe al-Suri diary and Sheik Azzaro's writings demonstrate that the former

       11
         Mr. Barhoumi relies on the government's Amended Narrative Regarding Petitioner
Abdal Razak Ali (ISN 685), which refers t o · - al-Suri, a k a - Al-Suri." Id ~ l 0.

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is, in large part, plagiarized from the latter. Although they cite 56 of the al-Suri diary's 63 pages

that allegedly "describe battles and individuals related to the Soviet invasion reflected in

Azzam's writings and books," Mot. Supp. R. 60(b) Mot.~ 17, counsel provide no expert analysis

or other support for their statement. Only in their Reply do counsel for Mr. Barhoumi offer a
                                                                                                  12
chart that notes small similarities, such as: references to the name Abu Ubaida (or Ubaydah), a

name admittedly used by Mr. Barhoumi and mentioned in the al-Suri diary, compared to

approximately the same name with different spellings in The Signs of the Merciful in the Jihad of

the Afghan and The Lofty Mountain, written by Sheik Azzam; a reference to "green birds" in the

al-Suri diary compared to "hearts of green birds" in The Lofty Mountain; a reference to "shining

lights from the graves of Arab martyrs in Qandahar" in the al-Suri diary compared to light

coming from "a Shaheed" and "Suraquah" in The Lofty Mountain and The Signs <~{the Merciful

in the Jihad of the Afghan, respectively; references in the al-Suri diary that "Tali ban bodies do

not decay" and their blood remains hot after death compared to references in The Signs ofthe

Merc(ful in the Jihad of the Afghan to lack of rot in the bodies of martyrs and their fresh flowing

blood a year after death; plus similar, limited, comparisons. See Reply Mot. Supp. R. 60(b) Mot.

at 2-5.

          12
           Abu Ubaydah was a kunya admittedly used by Mr. Barhoumi; the evidence indicates
that he                                   kunya is used to conceal true identities. See generally
                                                 Kunyas, Aliases and Variants" (Sept. 19, 2009)
(exhibit to the Factual Return) at 2 (Redacted version available as Exhibit to Public Factual
Return, [Dkt. 259-2] pages 39-51). "Because Arabic and English have several letters
representing sounds that do not correspond directly, several letters or letter combinations are used
to represent the same sound. For example, 'Noor' and 'Nur' are two variants of the same word.
Additionally, 'AI,' 'Ul,' and 'Ur' are commonly interc~d 'Uddin."'
Gov't Opp. Mot. Supp. R. 60(b) Mot. at 9 n.IO (citing~ecl).

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                   Assuming that this evidence should be considered at all, despite its tardy

    presentation in a Reply brief, it is not persuasive. The adoption of words, phrases and revelations

    from early holy works by devout followers writing later commonly demonstrates continuity of

religious belief, not identical authorship. While it makes no finding, having insuflicient Islamic

scholarship and no access to the original writings in their original languagc(s), the Court

concludes that the similarities among the three writings relied upon by Mr. Barhoumi do not

carry his argument. They are certainly not sufficiently persuasive to say that they probably

"would have changed the outcome" of the case. Lightfoot, 555 F. Supp. 2d at 66-68.

                  Further, however, Mr. Barhoumi cites interview reports that a teenager named

-               was staying at the guesthouse in Faisalabad when Mr. Barhoumi and Mr. Zubaydah

were apprehended there; t h a t - was most knowledgeable about computers among

those at the guesthouse; and that    IIIII. was attempting to upload a book he had written
about the life ofSheik Azzam. Mot. Supp. R. 60(b) Mot.,, 12-16, 19. Mr. Barhoumi contends

that these facts demonstrate that the · - al-Suri, a k a - AI-Suri"-identified by the

government in AIi v. Obama as author of the ai-Suri diary-is r e a l l y - · whose written

references to Abu Ubaida (or Ubaydah) in the al-Suri diary did not refer to Mr. Barhoumi. 13 !d.

,, 10-12.

           13
         Establishing- as the diary's author supports Mr. Barhoumi's argument that
he was not "part of' Zubaydah's forces because, according to Mr. Barhoumi,- had not
seen Zubaydah prior to March 2002 and thus "could not possibly have been a 'close associate' of
Zubaydah at the time ofthe March 28, 2002 raid." Mot. Supp. R. 60(b) Mot. ,119.

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                  Counsel put too much weight on the name similarity when the real Arabic names

contain sounds not readily translated into English and it is doubtful that many records contain

persons' true names. Seen. 12, supra. The instant record contains multiple similar names

referencing obviously different persons who were staying in the Faisalabad guesthouse,

undercutting Mr. Barhoumi's argument that the t e e n a g e r - must have been the author

ofthe al-Suri diary. An FBI report, for example, reflects an interview o - a

computer specialist. See Mot. Supp. R. 60(b) Mot., Ex. Cat 1 (June 13, 2002 FBI FD-302

Report) ('. . advised that he had helped/taught others to use and set up email accounts on the

computer.") The computer specialist- at times used the k u n y a - and sustained

gunshot wounds in the raid of the Faisalabad guesthouse, during which he was seized. !d . .

-

photograph. .
                              as·-
                the computer specialist identified a photograph

clearly other than himself,
                                                                                          someone

                                              from the Faisalabad safehouse." Id at 4 (referencing

                 In another FBI interview,                    the computer specialist-identified

by the FBI as                                             Mot. Supp. R. 60(b) Mot., Ex. D

(Investigative Report) at 1-said that he had been most knowledgeable about the computer

among those at the Faisalabad guesthouse, id at 20, and had been shot in the stomach and his

right hand, id. at 26.                     also                            arrival at the safehouse,

u s i n g - k u n y a , - /d. at 16-17.                                the computer specialist said

that he had never s e e n - before but that                                          greeted

- a s he arrived." /d. Notably,                            the computer specialist also stated that

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email account at the Faisalabad safehouse for                                 Id at 20. When

Pakistani police raided the safehouse, its occupants fled to the roof. Id.                   was

among those on the rooftop where he sa                                         with Mr. Barhoumi

(identified as Shafiq). Id. at 25. Thus, based on the evidence Mr. Barhoumi himselfhas

submitted, his preferred a u t h o r , - reported others of approximately the same name

                                                            being at the same location at the same

time.

               Additional exhibits submitted by Mr. Barhoumi recount interviews with Ahmed

Bin Kadr Labed (ISN 703), in which Mr. Labed referred to both. . the computer specialist

                          5
                              and a second. . at the Faisalabad safehouse. See Mot. Supp. R.

60(b) Mot., Ex. G (Mar. 3, 2006 ISN 703 Report of!nvestigative Activity) (referencing~

        14
           -             the computer specialist, indicated that he purchased various supplies for
Mr. Barhoumi/Shafiq to train on and build remote controls. Id at 21-24. Shafiq was training
"Jubran" on electronics and was very secretive. ld. at 24, 28. Mr. Barhoumi's own Exhibit F, a
report of an interview of ISN 696, indicates that "S [h]afiq, who had a deformed hand, was one of
the trainers from the training camp at Faisalabad. Shafiq taught how to weld and fix electronic
bombs." See Mot. Supp. R. 60(b) Mot., Ex. F (Aug. 8, 2002 Report of Investigative Activity of
ISN 696).
        15
           Mr. Labed "stated. . had a computer in his room, and was very knowledgeable
about computers. Mr. Labed stated one of the projects[]  Illwas attempting was placing a book
on the internet, which was written by Abdullah Azzam, so others could read it." See Mot. Supp.
R. 60(b) Mot., Ex. G (Mar. 3, 2006 ISN 703 Report ofinvestigative Activity) at 3.

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and Noor Uthrnan Muhammad, known as Sarnir), and id, Ex. H 16 (Oct. 24, 2002 FBI FD-302

Report)                                                 Finally, the author of the al-Suri diary

himself referred in the third person to . . as a computer specialist who had joined them

recently:

               BrotheriiiiAt-DinAI-((Muhtasab)) (he is the brother amongst the
               many who entered Afghanistan recently and since he is specialized in
               computers, he joined our group so that my friend [Zubaydah) could
               benefit from his expertise)[.]

may or may not   be-
Mot. Supp. R. 60(b) Mot., Ex. I (al-Suri Diary                         at 6. This particular . .

                                  who also was known a s - and who had "recently" joined

them. See June 13, 2002 FBI FD-302 Report at 1; Mot. Supp. R. 60(b) Mot., Ex. E (Dcp't of

Defense Intelligence Report) at 4 ('-taught computer training at the safe house ... known to

interviewers                                     ");Mar. 3, 2006 ISN 703 Report oflnvestigative

Activity at 1--3; Oct. 24,2002 FBI FD-302 Report at 6-7. The al-Suri diary names '. . AI-

Din AI-Muhtassib AI-Suri" as a permanent member of Abu Zubaydah's force, along with Abu

Kamil al-Suri ("Myself, A b u - al-Suri: Permanent") and Mr. Barhoumi ("Ubaydah al-

Jaza'iri: Permanent"). See al-Suri Diary at 67 (lines 2, 5 and 8).

       16
          Interviewed on October 22 and 23, 2 0 0 2 , - said that . . "was a 24 year old
Syrian who spoke English and sounded educated. He would teach some of the brothers about
using the computer. He t o l d - that he resided in Saudi Arabia. He t o l d - , while
they were in Pakistani prison together, that he was going to receive $50,000 when he finished a
book he was writing about Sheik Azzam, the man who was Osama Bin Ladin's mentor." Mot.
Supp. R. 60(b) Mot., Ex. H (Oct. 24, 2002 FBI FD-302 Report) at 5-6.

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                      "The party seeking relief from judgment has an onerous standard to meet." lnt 'I

    Bhd ofTeamsters, 246 F.3d at 392. Not only must he present "new evidence," but he must show

    that his new evidence is so sufficiently material and important that the previous result, had the

    new evidence been knovm, would probably be changed. !d. Mr. Barhoumi argues that his new

    evidence suggests a different author of the al-Suri diary, but he fails to support his are,rument that

    the al-Suri diary is actually plagiarized from Sheik Azzam. He also fails to deal with the

    evidence of multiple persons with approximately similar names at the faisalabad guesthouse at

    the time in question, or the fact that his proffered author of the al-Suri d i a r y , - himself

    reported on the presence of such similar persons, as did others in a variety of investigative reports

    and settings.

                      Confusion about a fact is not evidence that a contrary fact is more accurate. At

    best, Mr. Barhoumi has offered evidence that     a young man knovm    as-       whose name might

    have b e e n - , had knowledge of computers, was interested in Sheik Azzam, and stayed

at the Faisalabad guest house when it was raided.                                      was 11"riting a book

about Sheik Af..zarn or merely trying to upload a copy of one of Sheik Azzam 's books is unclear.

See Mol. Supp. R. 60(b) Mot.~ 14 (arguing that Mr. Labed's statement . . . was attempting

was placing [sic] a book on the intemet, which was written by Abdullah Azzarn, so others could

read it," from the Mar. 3, 2006 ISN 703 Report oflnvestigative Activity at 3, shows . . . was

... writing a book about Sheik Abdullah Azzam"). But nothing in the record suggests that. .

-                   was keeping a diary and, as explained above, nothing in the commonality of small

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phrases used in the diary and used by Sheik Azzam demonstrate that the diary is actually

plagiarized from Sheik Azzaro's books, as Mr. Barhoumi contends.

                Mr. Barhoumi argues that his new evidence shows that much of the text of the al-

Suri diary comes from the writings of Sheik Azzam and refers to different times, places and

people and that the author of the al-Suri diary was reaily a young man with no attachment to Abu

Zubaydah or Mr. Barhoumi. His first challenge fails for lack of substantive support beyond

lawyer argument. His second challenge fails for want of persuasive evidence that it is more

likely true than not.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

                The movant under Rule 60(b){2) must satisfY each part of a rigorous four-part test

to gain relief. See Lightfoot, 555 F. Supp. 2d at 66--68. This Court has studied Mr. Barhoumi's

briefs, exhibits and contentions at length. He has notshown that the evidence he presents now, if

available before, would probably have made a difference to the outcome of his petition for a writ

of habeas corpus. Accordingly, his motion will be denied. A memorializing Order will be

entered on the public docket, and this Opinion will be submitted to the Court Security Officer for

classification review.

DATE: June 5, 2013
                                                            --------~~~----------
                                                            ROSEMARYM. COLLYER
                                                            United States District Judge

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