Court Opinion

ID: 4924208
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-22 14:14:27.004708+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:14:13.006198
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-0437-18

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

          Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

AKEEME THOMPSON, a/k/a
AKEEM J. THOMPSON,

     Defendant-Appellant.
__________________________

                   Argued September 13, 2021 – Decided September 22, 2021

                   Before Judges Fasciale and Vernoia

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Essex County, Indictment No. 17-06-1722.

                   Zachary Markarian, Assistant Deputy Public Defender,
                   argued the cause for appellant (Joseph E. Krakora,
                   Public Defender, attorney; Zachary Markarian, of
                   counsel and on the briefs).

                   Barbara A. Rosenkrans, Special Deputy Attorney
                   General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause
                   for respondent (Theodore N. Stephens, III, Acting
                   Essex County Prosecutor, attorney; Barbara A.
                   Rosenkrans, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM

      Defendant appeals from his convictions for first-degree murder, N.J.S.A.

2C:11-3(a)(1)(2) (count one); second-degree unlawful possession of a handgun,

N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b) (count two); and second-degree possession of a handgun

for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(a) (count three). Defendant received

an aggregate prison term of sixty years subject to the No Early Release Act,

N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. We conclude the cumulative effect of the errors committed

during the trial had the probable effect of rendering the trial unfair. We therefore

reverse.

      Shortly after 1 a.m. on April 3, 2017, police responded to reports of shots

fired outside of 98 Ashland Avenue in East Orange and found the victim struck

by gunfire. The victim was transported to the hospital, where he later died. The

Medical Examiner determined his death had been caused by multiple gunshot

wounds.

      Immediately before that shooting, the victim called Patricia Keys, the

mother of his two children, who lives five hours away in Pennsylvania. When

Keys answered the call, the victim told her that "Mack just pulled a gun" on him.

Keys responded, "Mack? Mack who," to which the victim responded, "[o]ur

                                                                              A-0437-18
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Mack." After that, the victim failed to respond. Police recovered twelve forty-

caliber cartridge casings from the vicinity of the shooting.

      Detective Murad Muhammad canvassed the area of the shooting. He

"develop[ed] a secondary location that was relevant" to the investigation: 129

North Arlington Avenue, the Hampshire House apartment building three blocks

away from the shooting where defendant regularly stayed with the mother of his

children, Dominique Jackson. That same day, Detective Hervey Cherilien went

to 129 North Arlington Avenue and retrieved video footage. Officers also

obtained video footage from 98 Ashland Avenue, the location of the shooting.

      Thereafter, Muhammad traveled to Keys' home with Detective Maritza

Colon.1 Colon showed a photo array to Keys, who identified defendant as the

as the person the victim referred to as Mack. Defendant was charged with the

murder and arrested. Thereafter, he was taken to the Homicide Major Crimes

unit, where Muhammad and Cherilien interrogated him.

1
  Prior to trial, Detective Colon changed her last name from Colon to Gonzalez.
On this record, she has been referred to as Colon, which we have adopted for
purposes of this opinion.

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                                        3
       The parties dispute whether officers informed defendant that he had been

charged with the murder before asking him to waive his Miranda2 rights.

Muhammad testified at the hearing that he informed defendant he had been

charged with murder before he began the recording and that the arresting officer,

Sergeant Smith, also informed him of the charges. After Muhammad read

defendant his Miranda rights, defendant refused to initial the form. Muhammad

asked defendant if he understood his rights, and defendant replied that he did.

Muhammad nonetheless signed the Miranda form to document he had read the

form to defendant, and Cherilien signed as a witness.

       During the interrogation, defendant said that the victim was a friend, but

defendant denied being present at the shooting or having any knowledge of the

incident. Muhammed showed defendant a photo of an individual entering 129

North Arlington Avenue at 1:26 a.m. on April 3, who defendant identified as

himself. Muhammad then showed defendant a photo from the same day, which

he claimed showed a person entering 129 North Arlington Avenue wearing "the

same clothes" defendant was wearing in the first photo. Defendant said the

photo was blurry, and he could not make out identifying details.

2
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

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                                        4
      Dominique Jackson consented to a search of her apartment. After the

search, police recovered a forty-caliber Glock handgun magazine but could not

determine whether the magazine had been fired. Muhammad took a statement

from Jackson, who identified defendant as the person shown in a photograph

entering her building at 1:26 a.m.

      On appeal, defendant raises the following arguments for this court's

consideration:

            POINT I

            [DEFENDANT] WAS NOT INFORMED OF THE
            CHARGES AGAINST HIM BEFORE DETECTIVES
            ASKED HIM TO WAIVE HIS RIGHT AGAINST
            SELF-INCRIMINATION.   HIS WAIVER WAS
            THEREFORE NOT KNOWING AND VOLUNTARY
            AND THE TRIAL [JUDGE'S] ERRONEOUS
            ADMISSION OF HIS STATEMENTS VIOLATED
            HIS FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHTS. (Raised below).

                      A. The Trial [Judge] Erroneously Considered
                         Whether [Defendant] Was Informed [O]f
                         [T]he Charges Against Him Prior [T]o
                         Waiving His Rights [A]s Merely "One
                         Factor Out [O]f Many" [I]n Determining
                         Whether His Waiver Was Knowing [A]nd
                         Voluntary. (Raised below).

                      B. The Trial [Judge's] Finding That [T]he
                         Video "Captured" Detective Muhammad
                         Informing [Defendant] He Was Charged
                         With Murder [I]s Not Supported [B]y

                                                                       A-0437-18
                                      5
            Sufficient Credible Evidence [I]n [I]he
            Record. (Raised below).

        C. The State Failed [T]o Meet Its Burden [T]o
           Show Beyond [A] Reasonable Doubt That
           Detectives Informed [Defendant] He Was
           Charged [W]ith Murder Prior [T]o Seeking
           His Waiver. (Raised below).

POINT II

REVERSAL IS REQUIRED BECAUSE THE STATE
PRESENTED INADMISSIBLE LAY OPINION
TESTIMONY IN WHICH DETECTIVES CLAIMED
VIDEO FOOTAGE DEPICTED THE SHOOTER
WEARING A SWEATSHIRT MATCHING THAT
WORN BY DEFENDANT ON THE SAME NIGHT.
(Raised below).

POINT III

REVERSAL IS REQUIRED BECAUSE THE STATE
PRESENTED PREJUDICIAL HEARSAY EVIDENCE
INDICATING THAT, DURING A CANVAS THE
DAY OF THE SHOOTING, UNNAMED WITNESSES
IMPLICATED [DEFENDANT] AND DIRECTED
OFFICERS TO HIS PLACE OF RESIDENCE.
(Partially raised below).

POINT IV

THE   CUMULATIVE     EFFECT      FOR     THE
AFOREMENTIONED        ERRORS         DENIED
[DEFENDANT] A FAIR TRIAL. (Not raised below).

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                         6
            POINT V

            [DEFENDANT'S] SENTENCE IS EXCESSIVE
            BECAUSE THE [JUDGE] IMPROPERLY WEIGHED
            IN AGGRAVATION HIS PRIOR ARRESTS THAT
            DID NOT RESULT IN CONVICTIONS. (Not raised
            below).

      In reply, defendant also raises the following arguments for this court's

consideration, which we have renumbered:

            [POINT VI]

            POLICE DID NOT INFORM [DEFENDANT] OF THE
            CHARGES AGAINST HIM BEFORE SEEKING HIS
            WAIVER.      HIS STATEMENT MUST BE
            SUPPRESSED. (Raised below).

            [POINT VII]

            THE TRIAL [JUDGE] SHOULD NOT HAVE
            ALLOWED DETECTIVE MUHAMMAD TO OFFER
            LAY OPINION TESTIMONY ON THE CENTRAL
            ISSUE FOR THE JURY'S DETERMINATION.
            (Raised below).

                                        I.

      We first address defendant's contention that his statement was not

knowing and voluntary because the officers did not inform him that he was

charged with the victim's murder before seeking his Miranda waiver.

Particularly, defendant argues that the judge applied the incorrect legal standard

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                                        7
in determining voluntariness,3 that the judge's finding that Muhammad apprised

him of his charges during the recorded interrogation is unsupported by the

record, and that there exists no other credible evidence that officers otherwise

apprised him of his charges.

      We defer to the trial judge's evidentiary rulings absent an abuse of

discretion. State v. Garcia, 245 N.J. 412, 430 (2021). We review the trial judge's

evidentiary rulings "under the abuse of discretion standard because, from its

genesis, the decision to admit or exclude evidence is one firmly entrusted to the

trial [judge's] discretion." State v. Prall, 231 N.J. 567, 580 (2018) (quoting Est.

of Hanges v. Metro. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 202 N.J. 369, 383-84 (2010)).

However, we will review an evidentiary decision de novo if—like here—the

judge applies the wrong legal standard in deciding to admit or exclude the

evidence. State v. Trinidad, 241 N.J. 425, 448 (2020).

      "The right against self-incrimination is guaranteed by the Fifth

Amendment to the United States Constitution and this state's common law, now

embodied in statute, N.J.S.A. 2A:84A-19, and evidence rule, N.J.R.E. 503."

State v. Sims, 466 N.J. Super. 346, 363 (App. Div. 2021) (quoting State v. S.S.,

3
 The State does not dispute that the judge applied the incorrect standard but
maintains that her underlying ruling—that the officers apprised defendant of the
charges against him before seeking his waiver—was ultimately correct.
                                                                             A-0437-18
                                        8
229 N.J. 360, 381-82 (2017)).         In determining whether a defendant's

incriminating statement is admissible, the State must "prove beyond a

reasonable doubt that the suspect's waiver [of rights] was knowing, intelligent,

and voluntary." Ibid. (quoting State v. A.M., 237 N.J. 384, 397 (2019)). A

judge will typically evaluate whether the State has satisfied its burden by

considering the "totality of the circumstances." Ibid. (quoting A.M., 237 N.J. at

398). Under this standard, a judge will consider factors such as the defendant's

"age, education and intelligence, advice as to constitutional rights, length of

detention, whether the questioning was repeated and prolonged in nature and

whether physical punishment or mental exhaustion was involved."             Ibid.

(quoting A.M., 237 N.J. at 398).

      To make a knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to remain silent, a

defendant must have been advised of the nature of the charges being brought

against him or her. State v. Vincenty, 237 N.J. 122, 132-34 (2019); State v.

A.G.D., 178 N.J. 56, 68 (2003). In A.G.D., the Court held that a defendant's

waiver of Miranda rights is invalid when the police fail to inform the defendant

that a criminal complaint has been filed, or arrest warrant has been issued,

against him or her. 178 N.J. at 58-59. There, the Court explained:

            a criminal complaint and arrest warrant signify that a
            veil of suspicion is about to be draped on the person,

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                                       9
            heightening his risk of criminal liability. Without
            advising the suspect of his true status when he does not
            otherwise know it, the State cannot sustain its burden
            to the Court's satisfaction that the suspect has exercised
            an informed waiver of rights, regardless of other factors
            that might support his confession's admission.

            [Id. at 68.]

      In Vincenty, the Court reiterated its adherence to A.G.D. and held that

interrogating officers must not only inform a suspect that an arrest warrant or

complaint has been issued or filed but must also notify the suspect of the

charges. 237 N.J. at 126. Where defendant is not apprised of this information,

"the State cannot sustain its burden" of proving a suspect has knowingly and

intelligently waived the right against self-incrimination. Id. at 134 (quoting

A.G.D., 178 N.J. at 68); State v. Nyhammer, 197 N.J. 383, 404 (2009)

(explaining that under A.G.D., the failure to inform a suspect who has already

been charged at the time of interrogation of the charges against them renders the

suspect's waiver "per se invalid").

      Here, the record reflects that defendant was already charged when

detectives sought his waiver. In assessing the impact of the alleged failure to

inform defendant of the murder charge against him, the judge incorrectly applied

the totality of the circumstances test. The judge explained that whether a suspect

is informed of the charges against him "is only one factor out of many to be

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                                       10
considered in the totality of the circumstances analysis, and it does not impede

his waiver to such a degree as to be considered not voluntary, intelligent, and

knowing."      We apply the standard set forth in A.G.D. and reaffirmed in

Vincenty. Under this standard, we conclude the State failed to satisfy its burden

to prove that police informed defendant of the charges against him before

seeking his Miranda waiver.

         The judge noted "Detective Muhammad testified at the evidentiary

hearing that he informed the [d]efendant that he was going to interview him and

that he was charged with murder before informing the [d]efendant of his

Miranda rights and before the interrogation began." The judge found that "[t]his

was captured in . . . the recording of the interrogation on April 13, 2017." But

the recording does not support the judge's finding as it does not show

Muhammad informing defendant that he had been charged before the

interrogation. In the recording, Muhammad states only that "I am going to ask

you certain questions regarding H number 22-17, a homicide."           The State

contends that this statement effectively informed defendant of the charge he

faced.

         Defendant correctly points out that this statement "informed [defendant]

only that police wanted to talk to him about a homicide, not that he had in fact

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                                        11
already been charged with one." Defendant asserts that this is "precisely the

type of incomplete disclosure that our Supreme Court found did not satisfy the

requirement of a knowing and voluntary waiver in A.G.D." In A.G.D., the Court

found that the detectives' explanation that they sought to interview the defendant

about allegations of sexual abuse asserted against him, without specifying the

charges, impeded the defendant's ability to knowingly and intelligently waive

his right against self-incrimination. 178 N.J. at 59. Here, Muhammad informed

defendant only that he was going to interview defendant about "a homicide," not

that he was going to question defendant about the murder of the victim, with

which defendant had already been charged. Given the incomplete disclosure,

defendant's ability to knowingly and intelligently decide whether to waive his

right against self-incrimination was fundamentally altered. Vincenty, 237 N.J.

at 135.

      Apart from the judge's factual error, the State erroneously contends that

Smith, the arresting officer, told defendant he had been charged with murder

during his arrest. The judge found Muhammad credible and "although less

persuasive," the judge also found credible Muhammad's testimony that Smith

told defendant that he was under arrest for the murder of the victim.

Importantly, Muhammad was not present at the time of defendant's arrest , he

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                                       12
admitted he did not hear Smith tell defendant he was charged with murder, and

he did not provide an explanation for why he believed that Smith had done so.

The State asks us to defer to the judge's finding on this point because "the [judge]

below knew all of this and still found Detective Muhammad credible." Although

this court will defer to credibility determinations, that deference is not "blind."

S.S., 229 N.J. at 381. We reject the State's call for deference, especially where

Muhammad was not present at the arrest, did not hear Smith inform defendant

of the charges, and where Smith himself did not testify.

      Finally, the State contends that even if it cannot meet its burden to show

Muhammad or Smith told defendant he was charged, it should have been clear

to defendant he had been charged. The State asserts that defendant must have

known at the time of his arrest that "the officers weren't there for a friendly

poker game." We reject this argument, which finds no support in our case law.

On this record, and in light of the applicable legal standard, the State failed to

meet its burden, and the statement should have been excluded.

      The admission of defendant's inculpatory statement was undoubtedly

prejudicial. While defendant denied being present at the shooting, or having

any involvement in it, he identified himself as the person shown in surveillance

video entering the Hampshire House Apartments. In doing so, he placed himself

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                                        13
three blocks from the shooting shortly after it occurred, which the State relied

upon heavily and sought to corroborate at trial. Essential to the State's case was

proving that the shooter, who appears briefly on surveillance video from outside

98 Ashland Avenue, was the same person shown in surveillance footage from

129 North Arlington Avenue, who defendant identified as himself in his

statement.   This could not have been accomplished without defendant's

statement.   We, therefore, conclude that the error is "sufficient to raise a

reasonable doubt as to whether [it] led the jury to a result it otherwise might not

have reached." State v. Daniels, 182 N.J. 80, 95 (2004) (alteration in original)

(quoting State v. Macon, 57 N.J. 325, 336 (1971)).

                                        II.

      The prejudicial effect of the admission into evidence of defendant's

statement was further exacerbated by the erroneous admission of the detective's

lay opinion testimony about what the surveillance videos depicted. At trial,

Muhammad and Cherilien narrated surveillance video taken at both locations.

Defendant specifically argues that the judge erred in overruling defense

counsel's objection to Muhammad's lay opinion testimony because he had no

firsthand knowledge of the events in the video, and his testimony invaded the

province of the jury.

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                                       14
      As to the video footage from 129 North Arlington Avenue, Cherilien

repeatedly described the video as showing an individual wearing a black-hooded

sweatshirt with a "circular emblem" on the left side of his chest entering the

apartment at 1:26 a.m. on the night of the shooting. The State then played the

portion of defendant's interrogation where he identified himself as the person

seen entering 129 North Arlington Avenue at that time, thereby seeking to

establish that defendant was wearing a sweatshirt with what Cherilien described

as a "circular emblem" on the night of the shooting.

      Later, the State asked Muhammad to describe what he saw when viewing

the video footage that captured the shooting outside of 98 Ashland Avenue.

Defense counsel objected, explaining that "the jury has to make a determination

what the video shows. They are the fact-finders. It is not for this witness to

make a determination and tell them what the video shows." During the sidebar,

defense counsel noted that Muhammad had identified the victim in the video and

stated she would object to any question eliciting testimony from Muhammad as

to "who the other people are" in the video because that question was for the jury.

The judge rejected the objection as premature, telling defense counsel to "wait

until . . . something that you object to is actually before me, and then I can rule

on it without predicting what the State is going to ask next." Defense counsel

                                                                             A-0437-18
                                       15
reiterated that the prosecutor could not ask Muhammad to identify the

individuals shown in the video. The judge overruled the objection and did not

offer further guidance as to the narration.

      The prosecutor played video of the shooting and asked Muhammad

whether he had "[b]ecome aware of anything particular that . . . any particular

clothing that the shooter was wearing?" in the still photograph marked S-173,

taken at 1:41 a.m. Muhammad responded that he noticed a sweatshirt that had

"an emblem on his left chest that was circular." The prosecutor then showed

Muhammad a still image captured at 1:40 a.m.           The prosecutor asked if

Muhammed could see the same emblem on the sweatshirt, to which Muhammad

responded "absolutely."       Defense counsel renewed her objection that

Muhammad should not be permitted to narrate the video, as it was for "the jury's

determination as to what they're able to see." The judge again overruled the

objection without providing further instruction.

      "[T]he determination of whether a person is competent to be a witness lies

within the sound discretion of the trial judge." State v. G.C., 188 N.J. 118, 133

(2006) (quoting State v. Savage, 120 N.J. 594, 632 (1990)). "We defer to a trial

judge's evidentiary ruling absent an abuse of discretion" and "will not substitute

[our] judgment unless the evidentiary ruling is 'so wide of the mark' that it

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                                       16
constitutes 'a clear error in judgment.'" Garcia, 245 N.J. at 430 (quoting State v.

Medina, 242 N.J. 397, 412 (2020)). This court also defers to a judge's findings

based on video recording or documentary evidence that is available for review.

State v. Tillery, 238 N.J. 293, 314 (2019).

      Recently, in State v. Singh, our Supreme Court addressed the requirements

of lay opinion testimony. 245 N.J. 1, 14 (2021). The Court began its analysis

by examining the purpose and boundaries of N.J.R.E. 701, which provides:

            If a witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness'
            testimony in the form of opinions or inferences may be
            admitted if it:

            (a) is rationally based on the witness' perception; and

            (b) will assist in understanding the witness' testimony
                or determining a fact in issue.

The Court in Singh stressed that "[t]he purpose of N.J.R.E. 701 is to ensure that

lay opinion is based on an adequate foundation." 245 N.J. at 14 (alteration in

original) (quoting State v. Bealor, 187 N.J. 574, 586 (2006)).

      N.J.R.E. 701(a) "requires the witness's opinion testimony to be based on

the witness's 'perception,' which rests on the acquisition of knowledge thro ugh

use of one's sense of touch, taste, sight, smell or hearing." Ibid. (quoting State

v. McLean, 205 N.J. 438, 457 (2011)). "[U]nlike expert opinions, lay opinion

testimony is limited to what was directly perceived by the witness and may not

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                                       17
rest on otherwise inadmissible hearsay."      Id. at 27 (alteration in original)

(quoting McClean, 205 N.J. at 460).

      Our case law illustrates the application of N.J.R.E. 701(a). In State v.

Lazo, our Supreme Court held that "lay witness testimony is permissible where

the witness has had 'sufficient contact with the defendant to achieve a level of

familiarity that renders the lay opinion helpful.'" 209 N.J. 9, 22 (2012) (quoting

United States v. Beck, 418 F.3d 1008, 1015 (9th Cir. 2005)). In Lazo, a detective

who "had not witnessed the crime and did not know [the] defendant" testified

that he chose the defendant's arrest photograph for a photo array because it

looked like a composite sketch prepared based on a witnesses' descriptions of

the suspect. Id. at 24. The Court observed that this testimony, which was not

based on the detective's perception, made clear his approval of the victim's

identification by relaying that "he, a law enforcement officer, thought defendant

looked like the culprit as well." Ibid. The Court, therefore, concluded that the

testimony failed to meet N.J.R.E. 701(a).

      In Singh, a surveillance video captured an armed robbery, and the

arresting officer was properly permitted to testify that the sneakers worn by the

perpetrator in the surveillance video were similar to the sneakers worn by the

defendant when the officer encountered him shortly after the robbery. 245 N.J.

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                                       18
at 5-7. Although the officer had not witnessed the crime in Singh, he had

firsthand knowledge of the sneakers in the immediate aftermath of the crime

because he saw them as he was arresting the defendant. Id. at 19-20. The Court,

therefore, concluded that the narration testimony met the requirements of

N.J.R.E. 701(a). Id. at 19.

      This case is distinguishable from Singh because Muhammad's testimony

about the clothing worn by the shooter was not based on his firsthand knowledge

or perception. Unlike Singh, where the arresting officer testified based on his

perception of the defendant's shoes at the time of arrest, Muhammad was not

present for the events depicted in the footage, was not the arresting officer, and,

therefore, had no familiarity with defendant or the sweatshirt at issue.

Moreover, in contrast to the officer in Singh, who offered opinion testimony

comparing the clothing in a video to the clothing he had observed while arresting

defendant, Muhammad compared video footage to other video footage.

Muhammad's testimony was therefore not "rationally based on [his] perception"

as required under N.J.R.E. 701(a).

      N.J.R.E. 701(b) requires that lay opinion testimony be "limited to

testimony that will assist the trier of fact either by helping to explain the

witness's testimony or by shedding light on the determination of a disputed

                                                                             A-0437-18
                                       19
factual issue." Singh, 245 N.J. at 15 (quoting McLean, 205 N.J. at 458). A

witness may not offer lay opinion on a matter "as to which the jury is as

competent as [the witness] to form a conclusion." McLean, 205 N.J. at 459

(quoting Brindley v. Firemen's Ins. Co., 35 N.J. Super. 1, 8 (App. Div. 1955));

see also Biunno, Weissbard & Zegas, New Jersey Rules of Evidence, cmt. 3 on

N.J.R.E. 701 (2021).

      In Singh, like here, the defendant argued that the officer's testimony was

inadmissible under N.J.R.E. 701(b) because the jury just as easily could have

made the comparison when they were presented the surveillance video and the

sneakers. 245 N.J. at 19. The Court disagreed, concluding that N.J.R.E. 701(b)

            does not require the lay witness to offer something that
            the jury does not possess. Nor does it prohibit
            testimony when the evidence in question has been
            admitted, as it was here.

                  ....

            Simply because the jury may have been able to evaluate
            whether the sneakers were similar to those in the video
            does not mean that [the detective's] testimony was
            unhelpful. Nor does it mean that [the detective's]
            testimony usurped the jury's role in comparing the
            sneakers. Indeed, the jury was free to discredit [the
            detective's testimony] and find that the sneakers in
            evidence were dissimilar to those on the surveillance
            video.

            [Id. at 19-20.]

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                                      20
      Notably, in Singh, the jury saw the same surveillance video that the

detective saw, and the jury saw the physical sneakers taken from the defendant

that the detective saw. The same cannot be said here, where the sweatshirt worn

by defendant was not entered into evidence and could not form the basis of

comparison for the jury. Here, the jury was no less competent than Muhammad

to form a conclusion as to what the recordings depicted. See McClean, 205 N.J.

at 459.

      Most recently, in State v. Sanchez, ___ N.J. ___ (2021), our Court

clarified considerations a judge should make before admitting lay opinion

testimony under N.J.R.E. 701(b).       During a homicide investigation, the

Prosecutor's Office circulated a flyer entitled "Attempt to Locate" that included

a still photo derived from surveillance video where the faces of two male

passengers were visible. Id. at ___ (slip op. at 5). In response to the flyer, a

parole agent contacted the detective leading the investigation. Id. at ___ (slip

op. at 6). Defendant filed a motion to preclude the testimony, arguing that the

parole agent, who was not present when the shooting occurred or when the

surveillance video was taken, could not provide testimony that satisfies N.J.R.E.

701. Id. at ___ (slip op. at 7). The Court found that the testimony met N.J.R.E.

701(b) based on the agent's extensive contacts, namely thirty in-person parole

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                                      21
visits, the absence of any other identification testimony, and the quality of the

surveillance photograph. Id. at ___ (slip op. at 17).

      The Court outlined factors that should inform a judge's determination

whether lay opinion testimony will assist the jury. Id. at ___ (slip op. at 18).

First, the "nature, duration, and timing of the witness's contacts with the

defendant."   Ibid.   Second, "if there has been a change in the defendant's

appearance since the offense at issue." Id. at ___ (slip op. at 21) (citing Lazo,

209 N.J. at 23). Third, "whether there are additional witnesses available to

identify the defendant at trial." Ibid. (citing Lazo, 209 N.J. at 23). And fourth,

the quality of the photograph or video. Ibid. As to the final consideration, the

Court noted that "[i]f the photograph or video recording is so clear that the jury

is as capable as any witness of determining whether the defendant appea rs in it,

that factor may weigh against a finding that lay opinion evidence will assist the

jury." Id. at ___ (slip op. at 22). "Conversely, if the photograph or video

recording is of such low quality that no witness—even a person very familiar

with the defendant—could identify the individual who appears in it, lay opinion

testimony will not assist the jury, and may be highly prejudicial." Ibid.

      Applying the factors set forth in Sanchez, Muhammad's testimony does

not satisfy N.J.R.E. 701(b). As to the first factor, Muhammad had insufficient

                                                                            A-0437-18
                                       22
contacts with defendant to achieve a level of familiarity to render his opinion

helpful, especially considering he was not present when the crime took place

and was not the arresting officer. As to the second factor, Muhammad observed

defendant's appearance during his interrogation. However, defendant was not

wearing the clothing at issue during this time. As to the third factor, there were

no other witnesses to identify the person shown in the recording.

Notwithstanding this fact, and unlike in Singh, Muhammad was in no special

position to offer his opinion as to what the video showed because he lacked

firsthand knowledge. Finally, as to the fourth factor, the lay opinion testimony

is highly prejudicial given how blurry the video footage and still photographs

are.

       The State contends that out-of-state case law supports the admission of

Muhammad's testimony on this point. Citing Illinois law, the State claims that

"[t]he so-called 'lack of clarity' of the video is even more reason the jury needed

Muhammad's narration of the video." Sanchez and Lazo clearly contravene this

argument. In Sanchez, the Court cited to a First Circuit decision, where the First

Circuit observed that a lay witness's testimony identifying a defendant in a

surveillance photograph is helpful to the jury "when the witness possesses

sufficiently relevant familiarity with the defendant that the jury cannot also

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possess, and when the photographs are not either so unmistakably clear or so

hopelessly obscure that the witness is no better-suited than the jury to make the

identification." Id. at ___ (slip op. at 22) (quoting United States v. Jackman, 48

F.3d 1, 4-5 (1st Cir. 1995)); see also Lazo, 209 N.J. at 24 (noting that if a video

that the jury is able to review for itself is unclear, a police witness who has no

prior knowledge of the events is not permitted to "invade the jury's province" by

supplying his or her own interpretation). Here, Muhammad was no better suited

than the jury to interpret the video. The Sanchez factors clearly weigh in favor

of disallowing the testimony under N.J.R.E. 701(b), as it will not assist the jury.

Because the testimony did not satisfy the prerequisites of N.J.R.E. 701, and in

light of the Court's decisions in Singh and Sanchez, the testimony should not

have been admitted.

      Although we might not conclude that Muhammad's testimony identifying

defendant in the video itself constitutes harmful error, we are convinced that the

cumulative effect of its admission with the erroneous admission of defendant's

statement rendered his trial unfair. The lay testimony was prejudicial where it

was presented by a law enforcement officer and concerned the central issue for

the jury's resolution⁠—the shooter's identity.    Moreover, the judge gave no

immediate instruction to the jury on how to interpret Muhammad's narration and

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gave only general credibility and identification instructions at the close of

defendant's case, which were insufficient to remove any potential prejudice from

the testimony.

      The remainder of the State's case is circumstantial, consisting of blurry

surveillance footage and the testimony and identification of Keys, who was not

present at the time of the shooting. There were no eyewitnesses at the scene and

no forensic evidence connecting defendant to the crime. The error, in light of

the overall strength of the State's case, is "sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt

as to whether [it] led the jury to a result it otherwise might not have reached."

Daniels, 182 N.J. at 95 (alteration in original) (quoting Macon, 57 N.J. at 336).

      We need not consider defendant's remaining arguments since these

cumulative errors alone warrant a new trial.

      Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.

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