Court Opinion

ID: 4924397
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-22 19:03:56.948488+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:14:14.009000
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                     File Name: 21a0225p.06

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                           ┐
 BRIAN B. DEVEREUX; RENEE DEVEREUX,
                                                           │
                              Plaintiffs-Appellees,        │
                                                            >        No. 19-6071
                                                           │
        v.                                                 │
                                                           │
 KNOX COUNTY, TENNESSEE,                                   │
                               Defendant-Appellant.        │
                                                           ┘

                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Eastern District of Tennessee at Knoxville.
                    No. 3:17-cv-00197—J. Ronnie Greer, District Judge.

                                  Argued: March 23, 2021

                           Decided and Filed: September 22, 2021

             Before: BATCHELDER, GRIFFIN, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

                                    _________________

                                          COUNSEL

ARGUED: David S. Wigler, KNOX COUNTY, TENNESSEE, Knoxville, Tennessee, for
Appellant. Richard Everett Collins, II, STANLEY, KURTZ & COLLINS, PLLC, Knoxville,
Tennessee, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: David S. Wigler, KNOX COUNTY, TENNESSEE,
Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Richard Everett Collins, II, STANLEY, KURTZ &
COLLINS, PLLC, Knoxville, Tennessee, for Appellees.
                                    _________________

                                           OPINION
                                    _________________

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Brian Devereux suffered a major stroke during or
around the period of his custody by Knox County for misdemeanor first-time DUI. Corrections
 No. 19-6071                         Devereux, et al. v. Knox Cnty., Tenn.                             Page 2

officers were in and out of the holding cell where he sat motionless for several hours but did not
provide medical attention until it was too late to mitigate the stroke’s effects. Devereux and his
wife, Renee Devereux,1 sued the officers and Knox County. They brought federal civil rights
claims as well as negligence claims under the Tennessee Governmental Tort Liability Act, which
waives sovereign immunity for certain claims, but not those arising from “civil rights.” After
years of litigation, the district court dismissed all of Devereux’s claims against the officers as
well as his civil rights claims against Knox County. It then declined to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction over the TGTLA claims and dismissed them without prejudice, allowing Devereux
to refile them in state court. Knox County objects, arguing that the district court should have
retained jurisdiction and determined that the TGTLA’s “civil rights exception” necessarily
barred Devereux’s negligence claims. The parties also move to certify a question about the civil
rights exception’s timing and scope to the Tennessee Supreme Court. We VACATE the district
court’s 2018 order denying Knox County’s first motion to dismiss only as to its rationale
regarding the TGTLA negligence claim and VACATE the portion of the district court’s order of
September 11, 2019, that relied on that vacated part of the district court’s 2018 order, AFFIRM
its judgment in all other respects, and DENY the parties’ joint motion to certify.

                                           I. BACKGROUND

        A. Factual Background

        Late in the afternoon of June 3, 2016, Devereux turned himself in to the Knox County
Detention Facility to serve his sentence for a misdemeanor first-time DUI conviction. About an
hour later, he sat on a bench in a holding cell, which was monitored by a video camera (with no
audio), where he remained motionless and unresponsive for about six hours. During this time,
multiple corrections officers entered and exited the cell, carrying out their normal tasks, and
fellow detainees tried to wake Devereux (sometimes while officers were in the cell). Eventually,
officers and a nurse brought medical equipment; when an ambulance arrived, medical personnel
found Devereux “lying on the floor,” “hypotensive and hypoxic with a diminished respiratory
drive and shallow breath sounds” as well as “unconscious and only responsive to pain.”

        1
           Because the majority of the Devereuxs’ claims are asserted by Brian Devereux alone, we will typically
refer to the appellants as just “Devereux.”
 No. 19-6071                      Devereux, et al. v. Knox Cnty., Tenn.                     Page 3

        Devereux was brought to the University of Tennessee Medical Center, where he
remained for 10 days. An MRI showed that he had suffered a stroke and associated injuries,
causing “permanent neurologic injury.” In the opinion of Dr. Kenneth Gaines, Devereux’s
treating neurologist, the stroke occurred shortly after he entered the holding cell. Devereux, who
worked as a mechanical engineer, now experiences “significant cognitive impairment” and has
“poor fine motor control and a tremor that interferes with activities of daily living,” among other
medical conditions. He asserts that had he received treatment earlier, it is likely that his injuries
would have been substantially mitigated.

        B. Procedural Background

        Brian and Renee Devereux brought claims against the corrections officers (the
“individual Defendants”) and Knox County under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Eighth Amendment
for “deliberate indifference to and violation of Brian Devereux’s right to be provided adequate
medical care for a serious medical need.” In a separate claim, Devereux contended that the
individual Defendants and Knox County “owed [him] a duty to provide him adequate medical
care while he was in custody” and breached that duty, negligently violating their statutory duty to
“[s]ee that when sick [he had] proper medicine and medical treatment.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 41-
2-109(5). This count also asserted that the individual Defendants and Knox County were
“negligent per se for not complying with various provisions of state-established minimum
standards for jail facilities.”

        In July 2017, Knox County filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim (“first
motion to dismiss”). It argued that sovereign immunity barred the state-law claims under the
“civil rights exception” in the TGTLA, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-205(2), and that Devereux
failed to allege facts sufficient to allow the factfinder to determine “that Knox County has
customs, policies[,] or practices that encouraged deliberate indifference to serious medical
needs.” The individual Defendants filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings and a motion
for summary judgment, both based on qualified immunity. Knox County then filed a motion for
summary judgment, incorporating the arguments from its pending first motion to dismiss.
 No. 19-6071                      Devereux, et al. v. Knox Cnty., Tenn.                    Page 4

         In September 2018, the district court granted in part and denied in part Knox County’s
first motion to dismiss, leaving only the TGTLA negligence claims against it. It concluded that
“Knox County has established that it is entitled to dismissal of Mr. Devereux’s municipal-
liability claim under § 1983 but has failed to show, under the TGTLA’s civil rights exception,
that it is entitled to dismissal of Mr. Devereux’s negligence claim.” The court also opined that
Tennessee law allowed a TGTLA claim to stand alone, without an accompanying civil rights
claim.

         In October 2018, Knox County filed a second motion to dismiss, this time for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction (“second motion to dismiss”). It also moved the court to certify to the
Tennessee Supreme Court a question about the point in the litigation at which a district court
should determine its subject-matter jurisdiction over TGTLA claims when the plaintiff also
brings claims under § 1983.

         During extensive motion practice, the parties disputed the admissibility of the testimony
of Dr. Gaines, the neurologist who treated Devereux and who Devereux sought to introduce as
an expert. The district court ultimately excluded Dr. Gaines’s testimony because the disclosures
were inadequate—and because Devereux did not respond to the individual Defendants and Knox
County’s renewed motion to exclude and instead raised his arguments in objections to the
magistrate judge’s order. The court remarked:

                 The Court begins by emphasizing—as [the magistrate judge] did—the
         importance of Dr. Gaines’ testimony about the timing of the stroke. Dr. Gaines is
         Plaintiffs’ only expert witness, so his testimony that Mr. Devereux suffered a
         stroke in the Knox County Jail is, by every appearance, necessary to establish a
         violation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983—specifically, to establish that a delay in
         medical treatment resulted in a constitutional violation.

(R. 135, Order, PageID 1382 (citations omitted))

         On September 11, 2019, the district court also granted the individual Defendants’ motion
for summary judgment on the § 1983 claims but denied Knox County’s second motion to dismiss
and motion to certify.     The court noted that without Gaines’s declaration, “the remaining
evidence in the record suggests that Mr. Devereux suffered a stroke after he was transported
from the Knox County Jail to the hospital.” The court declined to exercise supplemental
 No. 19-6071                     Devereux, et al. v. Knox Cnty., Tenn.                     Page 5

jurisdiction over the TGTLA claims and dismissed them without prejudice, allowing refiling in
state court. And it dismissed all remaining motions, including Knox County’s motion for
summary judgment, as moot. Devereux refiled his TGTLA claims against Knox County in state
court, and the state court entered an agreed order staying that case pending this appeal. Agreed
Order for Stay of Proceedings, Devereux v. Knox County, No. 3:354-19 (Tenn. Cir. Ct. Knox
Cnty. Jan. 16, 2020).

       The parties filed notices of appeal, but all except Knox County voluntarily dismissed
their appeals.     Knox County appealed the district court’s September 11, 2019, order.
Subsequently, Devereux and Knox County filed a joint motion asking us to certify the following
question to the Tennessee Supreme Court:

       When does the GTLA’s civil rights exception attach in a case where, as here, the
       plaintiff’s complaint avers claims against a Tennessee municipality under both 42
       U.S.C. § 1983 (civil rights) and the GTLA (negligence) in the same action under
       the same underlying facts?

(Dkt. 34-1 at 2)

                                         II. ANALYSIS

       A. Standard of Review

       We review de novo a district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-
matter jurisdiction or failure to state a claim. Rote v. Zel Custom Mfg. LLC, 816 F.3d 383, 387
(6th Cir. 2016); Beydoun v. Sessions, 871 F.3d 459, 464 (6th Cir. 2017). We review a district
court’s denial of a motion to certify a question to a state court for abuse of discretion. Church
Joint Venture, L.P. v. Blasingame, 947 F.3d 925, 930 (6th Cir. 2020).

       B. The Civil Rights Exception and Knox County’s Motions

       The civil rights exception provides that Tennessee governmental entities do not waive
their sovereign immunity “for injury proximately caused by a negligent act or omission of any
employee within the scope of his employment” if “the injury arises out of . . . [f]alse
imprisonment pursuant to a mittimus from a court, false arrest, malicious prosecution, intentional
trespass, abuse of process, libel, slander, deceit, interference with contract rights, infliction of
 No. 19-6071                            Devereux, et al. v. Knox Cnty., Tenn.                               Page 6

mental anguish, invasion of right of privacy, or civil rights.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-205
(emphasis added).2 Noting that this “exception has been construed to include claims arising
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the United States Constitution,” we have held that “the plain
language of the TGTLA preserves immunity for suits claiming negligent injuries arising from
civil rights violations.” Johnson v. City of Memphis, 617 F.3d 864, 872 (6th Cir. 2010). In
Johnson, the plaintiff brought a Fourth Amendment claim under § 1983 and sought to add
Tennessee-law claims alleging negligence by an emergency dispatcher. Id. at 867, 871. The
district court denied her motion to amend on the ground that the civil rights exception would
render the additional negligence claim futile. Id. at 871. On de novo review, we affirmed the
decision, finding that the negligence claim “arises out of the same circumstances giving rise to
her civil rights claim under § 1983” and “therefore falls within the exception.” Id. at 872.

       We have since applied Johnson’s analysis to similarly parallel civil rights and negligence
claims. See Savage v. City of Memphis, 620 F. App’x 425, 429–30 (6th Cir. 2015); Bryant v.
City of Memphis, 644 F. App’x 381, 384 (6th Cir. 2014). Tennessee courts have typically done
the same. See, e.g., Siler v. Scott, 591 S.W.3d 84, 96–98 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2019), appeal denied
(Oct. 11, 2019); Cochran v. Town of Jonesborough, 586 S.W.3d 909, 914–21 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2019), appeal denied (Aug. 4, 2019); Merolla v. Wilson County, No. M201800919COAR3CV,
2019 WL 1934829, at *4–6 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 1, 2019), appeal denied (Sept. 18, 2019).

       In Tennessee, when a plaintiff’s civil rights claim is dismissed for failure to state a claim,
it remains an open question whether the district court must necessarily reach the parallel TGTLA
negligence claim or can instead decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. We have likewise
not conclusively answered the question but have touched upon adjacent issues. In Bryant, the
plaintiff brought an employment discrimination claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, which the district
court construed as having been brought under § 1983 and then dismissed. 644 F. App’x at 384;
see Johnson v. City of Shelby, 574 U.S. 10, 11–12 (2014) (per curiam). He also brought a claim
for negligent training, which the court dismissed under the civil rights exception. Bryant, 644 F.
App’x at 384. On appeal, Bryant argued that “if the district court had dismissed his improperly
brought § 1981 claim, there would have been no civil-rights bypass to the City’s liability for
       2
           Though this statute has been amended since the events in this case, this provision remains the same.
 No. 19-6071                     Devereux, et al. v. Knox Cnty., Tenn.                    Page 7

negligent training.” Id. (emphasis removed). Without commenting on whether this reasoning
was valid, we held that the district court acted properly by recasting the § 1981 claim. Id.
Meanwhile, prior to Johnson v. City of Memphis, we analyzed a district court’s decision that “did
not consider the distinction between a cause of action based on [a civil rights violation] and one
based on allegations of . . . independently negligent acts,” when the latter included other
circumstances that were both “temporally and factually distinct.” Partee v. City of Memphis, 449
F. App’x 444, 449 (6th Cir. 2011). While noting that “Tennessee state courts have not explicitly
determined whether the limited factual overlap between these claims would be sufficient to
render the City immune from the [negligence] claim under the GTLA,” we declined to reach the
issue of whether the GTLA barred the negligence claim because it was unnecessary to resolving
the appeal. Id. at 449–50.

       In a similar situation, another Tennessee federal court recently employed the
same jurisdictional procedure as the district court did here.     In Blevins v. Marion County,
No. 1:18-CV-53, 2020 WL 3036359 (E.D. Tenn. June 5, 2020), the plaintiff, a pretrial detainee,
“had a stroke and was not treated for ‘several hours’ afterwards.” Id. at *2. Like Devereux,
she brought federal civil rights claims in addition to claims for “violation of [Tenn. Code Ann.]
§ 41-2-109” and “state-law negligence” against individual defendants and Marion County. Id. at
*3.   On the defendants’ motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim and for summary
judgment, the district court dismissed Blevins’s civil rights claims. Id. at *4–12. Finding that
her state-law claims were “predicated on Defendants’ alleged violation of her civil rights in
denying her medical care,” the court ruled that the civil rights exception afforded Marion County
immunity from those claims, but that Blevins could maintain them against the individual
defendants. Id. at *9. The district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the
state-law claims due to “the interests of judicial economy and abstention from needlessly
deciding state-law issues.” Id. at *13.

       In earlier comparable cases, Tennessee courts offered no indication that this procedure
posed a problem. See, e.g., Payne v. Tipton County, 448 S.W.3d 891, 894 n.1 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2014), appeal denied (Sept. 18, 2014); Payne v. Tipton County, No. 05-2310 MAP, 2006 WL
1967046, at *2 (W.D. Tenn. July 12, 2006); Parker v. Henderson County, No. W2009-00975-
 No. 19-6071                      Devereux, et al. v. Knox Cnty., Tenn.                       Page 8

COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 377044, at *2 n.2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 4, 2010); Parker v. Henderson
County, 450 F. Supp. 2d 842, 857 (W.D. Tenn. 2006). Nor has our court found this procedure
objectionable. See, e.g., Siler v. Webber, No. 3:05-CV-341, 2009 WL 10680025, at *6 (E.D.
Tenn. Jan. 27, 2009) (declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over TGTLA claims), aff’d,
Siler v. Webber, 443 F. App’x 50 (6th Cir. 2011).

       Decisions by district courts to decline supplemental jurisdiction over TGTLA claims
remaining after dismissing the core civil rights claims generally draw on our decision in Gregory
v. Shelby County, 220 F.3d 433 (6th Cir. 2000). There, the court dismissed the plaintiff’s
TGTLA claims against a corrections officer, declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. Id.
at 445. We affirmed, highlighting that 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c) allows district courts to decline
supplemental jurisdiction if “in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling reasons for
declining jurisdiction” and that Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-20-307 confers upon Tennessee circuit
courts “exclusive original jurisdiction” over TGTLA claims. Gregory, 220 F.3d at 446. We
emphasized that “[i]n this instance, the Tennessee legislature expressed a clear preference that
TGTLA claims be handled by its own state courts.              This unequivocal preference of the
Tennessee legislature is an exceptional circumstance for declining jurisdiction.” Id.

       Federal district courts in Tennessee have echoed this point, noting that it “is even more
compelling where . . . the underlying federal claim has been dismissed.” Payne, 2006 WL
1967046, at *2; see also Parker, 450 F. Supp. 2d at 857; Siler, 2009 WL 10680025, at *6
(collecting cases). That is exactly what the district court did here, citing Gregory. And that is
substantially what happened in the cases that Knox County cites. Cochran, 586 S.W.3d at 911–
12; Cochran v. Town of Jonesborough, No. 2:17-CV-44, 2018 WL 1144816, at *7 (E.D. Tenn.
Mar. 2, 2018); Siler, 591 S.W.3d at 92; Siler, 2009 WL 10680025, at *1.

       Knox County argues that Gregory is entirely inapplicable, contending that it “cannot be
read as creating a categorical rule precluding supplemental jurisdiction over TGTLA claims in
every case.” True, Gregory creates no categorical bar—or requirement. Gregory simply holds
that it is valid, under 28 U.S.C. § 1367, for a district court to exercise its discretion to decline to
retain supplemental jurisdiction. That holding is consistent with the actions of the district court
here and those taken in cases like Blevins. Knox County then argues that our decisions in
 No. 19-6071                      Devereux, et al. v. Knox Cnty., Tenn.                         Page 9

Briscoe v. Fine, 444 F.3d 478 (6th Cir. 2006), and Grover by Grover v. Eli Lilly & Co., 33 F.3d
716 (6th Cir. 1994), control over Gregory. But Knox County’s lengthy quotation from Briscoe
refers to the court’s jurisdiction to hear a cross-appeal about whether a dismissal of pendent
state-law claims should have been with prejudice—not at issue here—and the remainder of the
case concerns the application of ERISA—a federal law, unlike the TGTLA. 444 F.3d at 495–
501. And the possibility of undue prejudice to a defendant resulting from a dismissal without
prejudice which Grover discusses seems minimal when applied to this case. See 33 F.3d at 718–
19. Tennessee courts, moreover, have regularly countenanced federal district courts’ dismissals
without prejudice of TGTLA claims. Finally, there is no need here to resolve the issue of
whether speculative prejudice to a defendant can ever outweigh the strong preference of the
Tennessee legislature to have Tennessee courts decide those claims.

       Knox County also posits that declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over
TGTLA claims after dismissing federal civil rights claims will lead to procedural maneuvering
that will deprive Tennessee governmental entities of a meaningful opportunity to assert
sovereign immunity. But denials of motions to dismiss that assert sovereign immunity are
immediately appealable as collateral orders. Town of Smyrna v. Mun. Gas Auth. of Georgia, 723
F.3d 640, 645 (6th Cir. 2013); Kelly v. Great Seneca Fin. Corp., 447 F.3d 944, 948 (6th Cir.
2006). That provides an appropriate opportunity for Tennessee governmental entities to litigate
and vindicate any sovereign immunity they can validly assert.

       And that remains a secondary issue because the Tennessee Court of Appeals has already
threaded the needle on this argument:

       [W]e are . . . unpersuaded by Appellant’s argument that because the district court
       dismissed Appellant’s federal claims at the summary judgment stage, there were
       no civil rights violations, and section 29-20-205(2) [the civil rights exception] is
       thereby inapplicable. Appellant asserts in his brief that “the [f]ederal [c]ourt
       specifically found, based on the [d]efendants[’] [m]otions, that there were no
       ‘civil-rights’ violations.” Respectfully, we disagree. Nothing in the language of
       section 29-20-205(2) indicates that there must be an express finding that a civil
       rights violation occurred in order for the exception to apply. Indeed, immunity
       offered by section 29-20-205 is broad, preserving immunity for negligence
       claims so long as the “injury arises out of . . . civil rights.” Tenn. Code Ann.
       § 29-20-205(2). Here, there is no dispute that Appellant originally claimed that
       his injuries arose from violations of his civil rights . . . . As such, the district court
 No. 19-6071                      Devereux, et al. v. Knox Cnty., Tenn.                    Page 10

       never concluded that the injuries alleged by Appellant did not sound in civil
       rights; rather, the district court simply concluded that Appellant failed to put forth
       sufficient evidence at the summary judgment stage to proceed with his action.
       Moreover, none of the cases discussed herein indicate that section 29-20-205(2)
       requires the claimant to be successful in his or her civil rights claim in order for
       the civil rights exception to apply to corresponding state law claims. As such,
       Appellant’s argument in this regard is simply without basis.

Cochran, 586 S.W.3d at 919–20; see also Siler, 591 S.W.3d at 97.

       This is very similar to the situation presented here. When confronting issues of state law,
we view intermediate state appellate courts’ decisions as persuasive “unless it is shown that the
state’s highest court would decide the issue differently,” and no such showing has been made
here. In re Dow Corning Corp., 419 F.3d 543, 549 (6th Cir. 2005). Cochran and cases like it
counsel a particular course of action: the district court may decline to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction over TGTLA cases, leaving it to the Tennessee courts to decide those claims in the
first instance. As in Cochran, it could be that once in state court, TGTLA claims that arose from
the same set of facts as the federal civil rights claims decided in federal court are unlikely to
succeed. But as Cochran and cases like it indicate, Tennessee’s courts are best situated to
resolve that question. Thus, under governing precedent, the district court did not abuse its
discretion by declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ TGTLA claims.

       Knox County also contends that the district court’s order denying its first motion to
dismiss (asserting sovereign immunity on the TGTLA claims because they arose from his civil
rights claims) is unduly prejudicial because collateral estoppel will prevent it from litigating that
issue in state court. That September 2018 order stated:

               But the Court has no need to determine whether Mr. Devereux’s
       negligence claim arises out of his § 1983 claim because it has already concluded
       that his § 1983 claim requires dismissal, leaving no civil-rights claim standing
       against Knox County. Without an existing civil-rights claim from which the
       negligence claim against Knox County can “directly flow,” . . . the negligence
       claim cannot come within subsection 29-20-205(2)’s civil-rights exception. The
       viability of this claim now simply depends on whether Mr. Devereux has pleaded
       sufficient facts under each of the elements that comprises a negligence claim
       under Tennessee law . . . . Knox County, however, does not challenge the
       sufficiency of the allegations as they pertain to the elements of Mr. Devereux’s
       negligence claim itself. The Court therefore offers no opinion as to whether Mr.
 No. 19-6071                     Devereux, et al. v. Knox Cnty., Tenn.                     Page 11

       Devereux states a plausible negligence claim under Tennessee law, and it will
       allow this claim to survive dismissal.

(R. 75 at PageID 551 (emphasis added))

       In its later order of September 11, 2019, the district court described its previous order:

       [T]he Court dismissed Mr. Devereux’s municipal liability claim against Knox
       County, but it declined also to dismiss Mr. Devereux’s negligence claim against
       Knox County under the TGTLA’s civil-rights exception, observing that, under
       Tennessee law, a TGTLA claim could potentially stand alone—that is, without an
       accompanying civil-rights claim under § 1983.

(R. 136 at PageID 1405)

       At the time of its decision on Knox County’s first motion to dismiss, the district court did
not have the benefit of the decision of the Tennessee Court of Appeals in Cochran. By the time
the district court entered its order of September 11, 2019, Cochran had been published, but the
district court did not address it. This timing notwithstanding, “[t]he general rule . . . is that an
appellate court must apply the law in effect at the time it renders its decision.” Henderson v.
United States, 568 U.S. 266, 271 (2013) (second alteration in original) (quoting Thorpe v. Hous.
Auth., 393 U.S. 268, 281 (1969)).

       Cochran suggests that the district court’s statement—that the civil rights exception can
only apply if a civil rights claim is currently pending—was erroneous. The court was correct
that after it dismissed Devereux’s municipal liability claim against Knox County, no civil rights
claims were pending. But under Cochran, the issue is whether the claims “did not sound in civil
rights,” and the presence of a civil rights claim is not strictly necessary for the civil rights
exception to apply to parallel TGTLA claims. Cochran, 586 S.W.3d at 920. Given the district
court’s now-incorrect statement of law, concern regarding collateral estoppel in subsequent
proceedings is justified because “even an erroneous judgment is entitled to preclusive effect as
long as all the other prerequisites have been met.” Mullins v. State, 294 S.W.3d 529, 537 n.3
(Tenn. 2009). And here, when the mandate in this case becomes effective, the issue will have
been fully “actually raised, litigated, and decided on the merits” in the earlier proceeding (this
case), with the decision made final, and with Knox County having “had a full and fair
opportunity” to argue the matter. Id. at 535.
 No. 19-6071                       Devereux, et al. v. Knox Cnty., Tenn.                   Page 12

        The best approach on this record, then, is to give the Tennessee courts a fresh opportunity
to consider whether Plaintiffs’ TGTLA claims against Knox County “did not sound in civil
rights,” Cochran, 586 S.W.3d at 920, per the Tennessee legislature’s strong preference. We
therefore vacate the rationale of the district court’s 2018 order on Knox County’s first motion to
dismiss regarding the TGTLA claim (R. 75 at PageID 551), and do so in order to prevent any
issue of collateral estoppel in state court based on this aspect of the district court’s reasoning.
We also vacate the part of the district court’s order of September 11, 2019 (R. 136 at PageID
1404–06), which relies on that aspect of the district court’s 2018 order. We do not disturb the
remainder of the district court’s order of September 11, 2019.

        C. Motion to Certify

        Tennessee, like other states, invites federal courts of appeals to certify questions of law,
which its Supreme Court may answer at its discretion. Tenn. Ct. R. 23(1). The certifying court
must “determine[] that, in a proceeding before it, there are questions of [Tennessee] law . . .
which will be determinative of the cause and as to which it appears to the certifying court there is
no controlling precedent in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Tennessee.” Id. Tennessee’s
rule mirrors our explanation that certification “is a matter within the discretion of the court” and
is “most appropriate when the question is new and state law is unsettled.” State Auto Prop. &
Cas. Ins. Co. v. Hargis, 785 F.3d 189, 194 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Transamerica Ins. Co. v.
Duro Bag Mfg. Co., 50 F.3d 370, 372 (6th Cir. 1995)). We do “not trouble our sister state courts
every time an arguably unsettled question of state law comes across our desks.” Id. (quoting
Pennington v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co, 553 F.3d 447, 450 (6th Cir. 2009)). Instead,
“[w]hen we see a reasonably clear and principled course, we will seek to follow it ourselves”;
“[t]he state court need not have addressed the exact question, so long as well-established
principles exist to govern a decision.” Id. Certain procedural concerns matter when deciding a
motion to certify, including that “the appropriate time for a party to seek certification of a state-
law issue is before, not after, the district court has resolved the issue.” Id.

        Certification of the question the parties have proposed is not warranted here.            As
discussed above, there exists sufficient Tennessee appellate case law addressing questions
similar to the one the parties seek to certify. The broad ruling that the parties would have the
 No. 19-6071                     Devereux, et al. v. Knox Cnty., Tenn.                    Page 13

Tennessee Supreme Court make is not necessary to resolve this case. Moreover, given that the
Tennessee legislature strongly prefers that Tennessee courts adjudicate TGTLA claims (and
matters of Tennessee law in general), there is no need to impose the delays that would result
from invoking the certification procedure when the option of letting the parties litigate this issue
in Tennessee courts alone is readily available.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

        For the reasons discussed above, we VACATE the portion of the district court’s 2018
order denying Knox County’s first motion to dismiss the Devereuxs’ TGTLA claims only as to
its rationale regarding the TGTLA negligence claim and also VACATE the portion of the
district court’s order of September 11, 2019, that relied on the vacated part of its 2018 order. We
AFFIRM the district court’s judgment in all other respects, and DENY the parties’ joint motion
to certify.