Court Opinion

ID: 6903948
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-23 21:57:53.250363+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:06:16.190561
License: Public Domain

Mr. Justice Burnett
delivered the opinion of the court.
As stated, the action is one based upon an alleged breach of an executory contract for the sale of personal property. The defendants answering do not allege any fraud or deceit by which they were induced to make the contract. The allegations about the inferior quality of the flour are redundant, or, at best, mere matters of inducement leading to the allegation that the plaintiff by its agent agreed that the contract should he canceled. No counterclaim for damages on account of the defect in the flour delivered and accepted is stated, and hence nothing can be claimed by the defendants on account thereof. The question raised by them respecting the right to inspect goods before receiving them is academic in its nature and not material in this case. A denial of the right of inspection before receiving the goods, if insisted upon by the defendants, might furnish ground for a rescission of the contract. Even then the defendants would have to act on the right to rescind and give the plaintiff timely notice of the rescission. The defense, however, does not proceed from that theory. On the contrary, the contention of the answer is that the de*478fendants were always ready and willing to accept and pay for the flour ordered, if the plaintiff would deliver the quality stipulated.
1. On the assumption that the defendants had broken the contract by refusing to order any more flour after the first shipment had been received, the court over the objection of the defendants allowed the plaintiff to show that it was its custom, on receiving orders for flour for future delivery, to set aside a sufficient amount of wheat from which to manufacture the amount of flour ordered and carry it upon its books at the then prevailing price of wheat, in what was called a hedge account, crediting it with flour as the same was delivered, until the order was filled. With this as a basis, the court over the further objection of the defendants allowed the plaintiff to show that wheat thus set aside had depreciated in market value from the time the order was given until a breach of the agreement by the defendants, all for the purpose of affecting the amount of damages to be recovered by adding the amount of decline in the price of wheat to the difference between the contract price of the flour and the market price of the same at the time of the breach.
It may he remarked in passing that a custom cannot he received to affect the express terms of a contract. It can he used only as an aid to its interpretation, and not then unless the custom was known to both parties at the time the contract was made or was of such universal prevalence as to raise the presumption that both parties were aware of .its existence: Holmes v. Whitaker, 23 Or. 319 (31 Pac. 705); Willis v. Lance, 28 Or. 371 (43 Pac. 487); Savage v. Salem Mills Co., 48 Or. 1 (85 Pac. 69, 10 Ann. Cas. 1065); Manerud v. Eugene, 62 Or. 196 (124 Pac. 662). The *479custom was .not pleaded, the parties are not shown to have contracted with reference to it, and no knowledge of it is imputed to the defendants in either pleadings • or evidence; hence its consideration as a factor in the trial was erroneous.
2. The decline in the price of wheat cannot be taken as an element of damages in this case because there is nothing in the complaint indicating that any special article of merchandise was to be manufactured by the plaintiff for the defendants out of any particular material to be used for the purpose. It is a plain question of a breach of an executory contract for the sale of personal property at a price specified. The measure of damages for a breach of such a contract by the purchaser is the difference between the contract price and the lesser market value of the goods at the time of the breach of the contract. This is the rule laid down for cases of this nature in Kingman v. Western Manufacturing Co., 92 Fed. 486 (34 C. C. A. 489), a precedent cited by the plaintiff. Other rules are there stated respecting the measure of damages in actions where materials have been purchased and labor bestowed upon them, but they have no application to the case pleaded in the complaint here. For aught that appears in this case, the plaintiff could have gone into open market and purchased flour to fill its contract. All questions about the purchase of material and the decline in price thereof were foreign to the issue framed by the pleadings. The following precedents are helpful in the consideration of this case: Hopkinsville Milling Co. v. Gwin (Ala.), 60 South. 270; Art-Aseptible Furniture Co. v. Shannon (Iowa), 140 N. W. 358; Stock v. Snell, 213 Mass. 449 (100 N. E. 830); Globe Wernicke v. Deutser Furniture Co. (Tex. Civ. App.), 155 S. W. 1007; Nelson v. Hirschberg, 70 Ark. *48039 (66 S. W. 347). There was much in the testimony to the effect that the plaintiff’s practice was not to manufacture flour to' fill an order like the one here in-, volved until it received shipping directions, but it also, appears that the brand of flour specified was one regularly made by the plaintiff in the usual course of business for indiscriminate sale to whomsoever would purchase. It is not like a transaction where the article desired is for a special purpose and of no use to either the maker or a stranger like a set of artificial teeth for a certain person, or advertising matter for a particular firm, or a party dress for a fashionable society belle. The flour in this instance is shown by the testimony to be a staple article on the market, of an established standard in quality, and an agreement like the one in question having as its subject merchandise of that kind, although it is yet to he manufactured, under the circumstances disclosed by the testimony, is still only an executory contract for the sale of personal property. The conclusion is that whether we consider the pleadings or the evidence the result is the same, involving the measure of damages above indicated.
Many other errors are assigned, but in the main they depend either upon the question about the grade of the flour which we have shown is irrelevant under the pleadings, or upon the other question of the damages being affected by the decline in the price of wheat; hence they will not be considered.
For the reasons indicated, the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings..
Reversed and Remanded.
Mr. Chief Justice McBride, Mr. Justice Moore and Mr. Justice Ramsey concur.