Court Opinion

ID: 6104190
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-18 17:03:00.848154+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:18:14.359409
License: Public Domain

FOURTH DIVISION
                               DILLARD, P. J.,
                           MERCIER and PINSON, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                    January 18, 2022

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A21A1315. PARRISH v. THE STATE.

      DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

      Following trial, a jury convicted Emery Parrish on voluntary manslaughter (as

a lesser-included offense for one count of murder), two counts of felony murder,

aggravated assault, possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony,

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, reckless driving, two counts of leaving

the scene of an accident, and possession of cocaine. On appeal, Parrish contends the

trial court erred in (1) allowing him to be impeached with a statement drafted by his

trial counsel, or alternatively, denying his claim that his counsel rendered ineffective

assistance in drafting the statement, (2) providing a confusing jury instruction as to

his justification defense, and (3) refusing to instruct the jury as to aggravated assault
by the victim in connection with that defense. For the reasons set forth infra, we affirm.

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict,1 the record shows that

on the evening of August 18, 2012, Ayokunle Lumpkin—a recent Georgia State

University graduate and former soccer player for the school—went to a post-match

party at 270 Milton Avenue, a house leased by several current GSU soccer players.

Some time after 1:00 a.m., a few of the party’s attendees were hanging out on the

front porch of the house when they saw a dark-colored Ford Thunderbird speeding

down the rain-soaked street, lose control, crash through a fence in the neighboring

yard, and hit an SUV parked in the students’ driveway before spinning out in the front

yard. The vehicle then spun its wheels for a moment, ultimately gained traction, and

drove off from the yard. But after traveling a short distance down the street, the

Thunderbird’s damaged front bumper began dragging between the tire and pavement,

forcing it to stop.

       At this point, the party attendees who witnessed the crash alerted others inside

the house, including Jessica Chambliss, the owner of the SUV that was struck by the

Thunderbird. Chambliss, Lumpkin, and approximately ten others from the party then

headed down the street to where the Thunderbird stopped and noticed the driver had

       1
           See, e.g., Libri v. State, 346 Ga. App. 420, 421 (816 SE2d 417) (2018).

                                            2
exited the car and was attempting to tear off the front bumper that was impeding it.

As the group approached the vehicle, the driver—later identified as

Parrish—appeared disoriented. Chambliss confronted Parrish about trying to leave

after hitting her SUV and informed him that she and others were calling the police.

Hearing this, Parrish became agitated, exclaiming that there was no reason “to get the

cops involved.” Undeterred, several           of the party attendees—including

Lumpkin—called 911 to report the incident, while one or two others took cell-phone

pictures of or wrote down the Thunderbird’s license plate.

      But rather than provide any information, Parrish seemed intent on leaving the

scene and made a cell phone call, during which several of the party attendees heard

him say that he was “in the cut by the trap” and needed to be picked up. And upon

hearing that Parrish appeared to be calling friends for assistance rather than the

police, Chambliss confronted him again, and he responded by elbowing her in the

face, knocking her backward to the ground. Immediately, several of the party

attendees   intervened    to   separate   the   two,   and   one    attendee—Rufus

Thompson—engaged in a shoving match with Parrish, pushing him toward the

passenger side of the vehicle. At the same time, another attendee attempted to punch

Parrish, but with Thompson and others in his way, made only brushing contact. Once

                                          3
they were near the passenger side of the vehicle, the shoving subsided, at which point

Lumpkin—who was standing near the driver’s side—informed the crowd that the

police were on the way. Parrish then darted back to the driver’s side, leaned in to

reach into the vehicle’s center console, pulled out a handgun, and fired at close range

into Lumpkin’s chest. Then, as the party attendees scattered, Parrish fired at least two

more shots before getting back into the Thunderbird and speeding away. Less than

a mile from the scene of the shooting, he collided with another motorist, severely

damaging that vehicle and sending it spinning off the road. Even so, Parrish

continued his flight, threw the gun away at some point, and finally stopped his vehicle

at the back of an apartment complex parking lot a few miles away.

      Back at the scene of the shooting (after Parrish fled), Chambliss and others saw

Lumpkin lying in the street with a bullet wound in the center of his chest. Several

party attendees then again called 911, and Chambliss ran to Lumpkin to try to render

aid. Soon thereafter, police officers and an ambulance arrived. Chambliss rode in the

ambulance with Lumpkin to the hospital, but efforts to save him were unsuccessful.

      Meanwhile, officers at the scene began their investigation, which included

interviewing the numerous party attendees. Additionally, a GSU Ph.D. student—who

lived in a house just around the corner from where the party was being held—told

                                           4
police that she was on her front porch when she heard the sounds of an automobile

accident. She also heard numerous voices, including a female asking for someone to

call 911 and a responding male argue that there was no need to call the police. The

Ph.D. student then went inside to get her phone and called 911 to report the accident.

Then, as she walked back onto her porch, she heard gunshots, and immediately called

911 again. Seconds later, she saw a car speeding past where her street connected to

Milton Avenue.

      While the investigation at the scene of the shooting continued, another police

officer—who had originally been dispatched to that scene—received a second

dispatch, diverting him to the scene of a nearby motor vehicle hit-and-run that was

believed to be connected to the shooting. There, the officer spoke with the motorist

whose car had been struck by a vehicle that never stopped, and the officer observed

what appeared to be debris from a Ford Thunderbird on the street. Upon concluding

his interview with the motorist, the officer decided to follow a hunch—based on his

past experiences working in this precinct—as to where the Thunderbird may have

been abandoned; and so he proceeded to an apartment complex less than a few miles

away. And indeed, at the back of the apartment complex parking lot, the officer

discovered a badly damaged Ford Thunderbird with a license plate matching the

                                          5
number provided by several of the party attendees. Subsequently, police officers

impounded the vehicle, and, in searching it, found a small bag of cocaine, a bullet

shell casing, and some documents—including a fairly recent receipt from an oil

change and another from a school—both bearing Parrish’s name. The vehicle’s tag

and registration, however, indicated that it belonged to Tyrone Jackson.

      Parrish and Jackson were close friends, and Jackson occasionally stayed at

Parrish’s apartment. And over the course of the night following the shooting, Parrish

sent Jackson several text messages. At approximately 5:30 a.m., Parrish sent Jackson

a text message stating, “They got [the] car.” Later that afternoon, Jackson called the

police to report that his Thunderbird had been stolen. When police asked him who

had access to the vehicle, Jackson did not mention Parrish. Later that day, when

police informed Jackson that his vehicle been recovered, he seemed to express no

surprise.

      Less than one week later, Parrish turned himself in to police. Around this same

time, Parrish’s counsel provided the police with an unsigned statement, explaining

that following the collision with Chambliss’s SUV, Parrish tried to provide his

insurance information, but the crowd of party attendees threatened and pushed him.

                                          6
The statement further claimed that Parrish ultimately feared for his own life and, thus,

grabbed his gun and fired at a male who was trying to enter his vehicle.

      Thereafter, the State charged Parrish, via indictment, with one count of murder,

two counts of felony murder, two counts of aggravated assault, one count of

possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, one count of possession

of a firearm by a convicted felon, one count of reckless driving, two counts of leaving

the scene of an accident, and one count of possession of cocaine. In the same

indictment, the State charged Jackson with one count of theft by receiving (of a

firearm), one count of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, one count of

filing a false report of a crime, and one count of hindering the apprehension of a

criminal. Prior to trial, the State filed notice of its intent to introduce prior bad acts

committed by Parrish, and the trial court issued an order ruling that such evidence

was admissible.

      The case then proceeded to trial, during which the State presented the above-

referenced evidence through the testimony of numerous party attendees, the Ph.D.

student, the other motorist whose vehicle Parrish struck during his flight, and the

investigating officers. The State also presented forensic evidence through the

testimony of a GBI firearms expert and a medical examiner, who both opined that

                                            7
Lumpkin was three to five feet away at the time he was shot and not in Parrish’s

vehicle. In addition, the State presented the previously mentioned prior bad acts

evidence through two police officers, who testified about two separate incidents in

which the respective officers attempted to stop Parrish for traffic violations, but he

instead fled. In both instances, Parrish lead the officers on a high-speed chase before

being apprehended, and, in one instance, he first drove his vehicle directly at the

officer before fleeing.

      In Parrish’s defense, he presented testimony from his own firearms expert, who

opined that Lumpkin was much closer than three feet away when Parrish shot him.

Parrish testified as well, and claimed that after his collision with Chambliss’s SUV,

he attempted to provide her with his insurance information but she and other party

attendees began threatening him. According to Parrish, others soon began shoving

him and he started to fear for his own safety. Parrish further claimed that he then got

back into his vehicle to try to leave, but Lumpkin grabbed him, pushed him across the

driver’s seat, and began choking him. Parrish testified that he began reaching down

to the floorboard of the vehicle for anything that would help get Lumpkin to stop his

attack and, in doing so, found the handgun, which he did not even realize was in the

vehicle. At this point, Parrish claimed that after he raised the weapon, Lumpkin kept

                                          8
choking him, so he fired a shot in his direction and then two more in the air before

fleeing as the crowd scattered. And while speeding away from the scene, he threw the

handgun into some woods, before colliding with the other motorist, and finally

abandoning the vehicle in the apartment complex parking lot.

      At the conclusion of the trial, the jury convicted Parrish on voluntary

manslaughter (as a lesser-included offense to the count of murder), two counts of

felony murder, one of the aggravated-assault counts, possession of a firearm during

the commission of a felony, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, reckless

driving, both leaving-the-scene-of-an-accident counts, and possession of cocaine.

Additionally, the jury acquitted Jackson on all of the charges against him.

      After his trial, Parrish obtained new counsel and filed a motion for new trial,

in which he enumerated several claims of error, including that his trial counsel

rendered ineffective assistance. The State filed a response, and the trial court held a

hearing on the matter, during which Parrish’s trial counsel testified extensively

regarding his representation. Subsequently, the trial court denied Parrish’s motion for

new trial. This appeal follows.

      1. Parrish argues that the trial court erred in allowing him to be impeached with

the statement about the shooting drafted by his trial counsel, or alternatively, denying

                                           9
his claim that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance in drafting this statement.

We disagree.

      (a) Impeachment Evidence. Around the same time that Parrish turned himself

in to police, his trial counsel provided law enforcement with a statement recounting

Parrish’s version of the shooting, which he claimed was in self defense. Parrish

testified at trial, and during the State’s cross-examination, the statement was

introduced for impeachment purposes. The trial court admitted the statement despite

the objections of Parrish’s trial counsel, who argued that Parrish did not draft the

statement and had never specifically reviewed its contents. Thereafter, the State cross-

examined Parrish regarding the inconsistencies between his direct testimony and the

statement prepared by his counsel. Most notably, the State questioned him regarding

the contrast in his trial testimony, in which he claimed to be unaware there was a

handgun in his vehicle until reaching down to the floorboard for something to ward

off Lumpkin’s attack, with the claim in the prepared statement that he reached for

“my pistol.” The State also noted that, again in contrast to his trial testimony, the

prepared statement provided to police did not claim Lumpkin was on top of Parrish

and choking him when Parrish shot him.

                                          10
      On appeal, Parrish now contends the trial court erred in admitting the prepared

statement for impeachment purposes, arguing that the statement was not his but,

rather, was drafted by his trial counsel without his input and, thus, was essentially

inadmissible hearsay. We disagree.

      A trial judge has broad discretion to “determine what evidence will be admitted

for review by a jury, and such evidentiary decisions will not be disturbed on appeal

absent an abuse of discretion.”2 With that deferential standard of review in my mind,

we now turn to the relevant statutory provisions, OCGA § 24-8-801 (d) (2) (C) and

(D), which provide:

      Admissions shall not be excluded by the hearsay rule. An admission is
      a statement offered against a party which is . . . [a] statement by a person
      authorized by the party to make a statement concerning the subject [or]
      [a] statement by the party’s agent or employee, but not including any
      agent of the state in a criminal proceeding, concerning a matter within
      the scope of the agency or employment, made during the existence of the
      relationship[.]

      2
         Hines v. State, 350 Ga. App. 752, 753 (1) (830 SE2d 380) (2019); see
McGarity v. State, 311 Ga. 158, 163 (3) (856 SE2d 241) (2021) (noting that a trial
court’s rulings on the admission of evidence are reviewed by for abuse of discretion).

                                          11
Federal case law—which is relevant in interpreting our Evidence Code3—has held

that the federal counterpart to this statute (Federal Rule of Evidence 801 (d) (2)

(D))—allows statements by an attorney to be admissible against a defendant in

criminal cases in certain situations.4 Additionally, OCGA § 24-6-621 provides that

“[a] witness may be impeached by disproving the facts testified to by the witness.”5

      3
        See Olds v. State, 299 Ga. 65, 69 (2) (786 SE2d 633) (2016) (explaining that
“[m]any provisions of the new Evidence Code were borrowed from the Federal Rules
of Evidence, and when we consider the meaning of these provisions, we look to
decisions of the federal appellate courts construing and applying the Federal Rules,
especially the decisions of the United States Supreme Court and the Eleventh
Circuit.”); Hines, 350 Ga. App. at 753-54 (1) (same).
      4
         See United States v. Amato, 356 F3d 216, 218-20 (2nd Cir. 2004) (holding
that the district court properly admitted defendant’s attorney’s letter regarding aspect
of case under Rule 801 (d) (2) (D) after defendant’s testimony at trial contradicted
statement in letter); United States v. Harris, 914 F2d 927, 931 (7th Cir. 1990)
(finding that defense counsel’s out-of-court statements in inquiry into whether
witness might have confused defendant’s brother with defendant were admissible
against defendant as statements of agent on behalf of his principal under Rule 801 (d)
(2) (D)); see also Ronald L. Carlson & Michael Scott Carlson, Carlson on Evidence,
p. 498-99 (6th ed. 2018) (noting that courts have concluded that both Rules 801 (d)
(2) (C) and (d) (2) (D) can encompass statements made by an attorney on her client’s
behalf).
      5
        See Ronald L. Carlson & Michael Scott Carlson, Carlson on Evidence, p. 369
(6th ed. 2018) (noting OCGA § 24-6-621 has no counterpart in the Federal Rules of
Evidence, but federal jurisprudence recognizes impeachment by contradiction and
there is some consensus that OCGA § 24-6-621 may be read in conjunction with
OCGA § 24-6-607); Taylor v. State, 302 Ga. 176, 180 (3) n.5 (805 SE2d 851) (2017)
(same).

                                          12
And a trial court may admit evidence relevant to the issue of impeachment even if

“the evidence would not qualify for admission on other grounds.”6 Furthermore, the

State has a right to “a thorough and sifting cross-examination of appellant’s direct

testimony.”7

      But even if the trial court erred in admitting trial counsel’s statement about the

shooting, we conclude that any alleged error in this regard was harmless. In making

this determination, we review the record de novo and “weigh the evidence as we

would expect reasonable jurors to have done so.”8 And importantly, the test for

determining nonconstitutional harmless error is “whether it is highly probable that the

error did not contribute to the verdict.”9

      6
      Bolah v. Driskell, 318 Ga. App. 405, 407 (734 SE2d 108) (2012); accord
Pouncey v. Adams, 206 Ga. App. 126, 127 (424 SE2d 376) (1992).
      7
        Taylor, 302 Ga. at 180; see OCGA § 24-6-611 (b) (“A witness may be
cross-examined on any matter relevant to any issue in the proceeding. The right of a
thorough and sifting cross-examination shall belong to every party as to the witnesses
called against the party. . . .”); Griffin v. State, 309 Ga. 860, 871 (5) (a) (849 SE2d
191) (2020) (same).
      8
       Jones v. State, 301 Ga. 544, 551 (3) (802 SE2d 234) (2017) (punctuation
omitted); accord Webb v. State, 359 Ga. App. 453, 460 (2) (858 SE2d 546) (2021).
      9
        Jones, 301 Ga. at 551 (3) (punctuation omitted); accord Webb, 359 Ga. App.
at 460 (2).

                                             13
      Here, the evidence supporting Parrish’s convictions—including that he was not

justified in using deadly force against Lumpkin—was overwhelming. It is undisputed

that Parrish was driving the vehicle that crashed into Chambliss’s SUV and that he

tried to leave the scene. When the damage to his vehicle prevented him from leaving

the scene, multiple witnesses—including the Ph.D. student who had no personal

relationship with the party attendees—testified that Parrish stated he did not want the

police to be called. Thereafter, several witnesses recounted that Parrish struck

Chambliss, knocking her down. And while witnesses claimed that some mutual

pushing then ensued, those same witnesses also testified that this shoving subsided

when Parrish ran back to the driver’s side of his vehicle, reached into the center

console, drew a handgun, and fired at Lumpkin from a few feet away. More

importantly, other than Parrish, not a single witness to the shooting testified that

Lumpkin or any other party attendee was attacking Parrish when he drew his

handgun. Furthermore, the State’s forensic evidence—including the small amount of

gunshot residue inside the vehicle, the lack of blood in the vehicle or on Parrish, and

the lack of any gunpowder burn injuries to Lumpkin—supported the party attendees’

account of the shooting. Finally, it is undisputed that Parrish fled the scene, discarded

his weapon, left the scene of a second accident, abandoned Jackson’s vehicle, and

                                           14
never contacted the police until he eventually turned himself in. Given these

particular circumstances, the undisputed facts and testimony from multiple

eyewitnesses undermined Parrish’s testimony far more than the discrepancies between

his testimony and trial counsel’s statement. Accordingly, it is highly probable that

Parrish’s trial counsel’s written statement did not contribute to the jury’s guilty

verdict.10

       10
         See Brewer v. State, 301 Ga. 819, 821-22 (4) (804 SE2d 410) (2017) (holding
that any error in excluding evidence of victim’s prior crimes was harmless given that
multiple witnesses undermined defendant’s self-defense claim); Rivera v. State, 295
Ga. 380, 382 (2) (761 SE2d 30) (2014) (holding that it is highly probable that any
error in admitting the evidence about defendant’s prior bad act did not contribute to
the jury’s verdict because of the overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt,
including defendant’s admissions that he stabbed victim, and the testimony of
multiple eyewitnesses and security footage contradicting defendant’s self-defense
claim); Adams v. State, 316 Ga. App. 1, 4-5 (1) (728 SE2d 260) (2012) (holding that
even if trial court erred in admitting out-of-court statement, such error was harmless
given overwhelming evidence that defendant committed burglary, including
defendant being identified in surveillance video of the crime); Johnson v. State, 307
Ga. App. 791, 793 (706 SE2d 150) (2011) (concluding that alleged error in admitting
the prior-convictions evidence was harmless because eyewitness testimony that
victim was unarmed, defendant initiated attack, and defendant’s flight constituted
overwhelming evidence that defendant did not stab victim in self-defense); Massey
v. State, 306 Ga. App. 180, 182-83 (2) (b) (702 SE2d 34) (2010) (finding that any
error in trial court’s admission of defendant’s prior conviction for impeachment
evidence was harmless in prosecution for burglary, given the overwhelming evidence
of guilt, including victim seeing him inside her home and him being caught in
possession of victim’s laptop).

                                         15
      (b) Ineffective assistance of counsel. Alternatively, Parrish maintains that his

counsel rendered ineffective assistance by drafting the statement about the shooting

without his input and then providing it to the police. Again, we disagree.

      To evaluate Parrish’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we apply the

two-pronged test established in Strickland v. Washington,11 which requires him to

show that his trial counsel’s performance was “deficient and that the deficient

performance so prejudiced him that there is a reasonable likelihood that, but for

counsel’s errors, the outcome of the trial would have been different.”12 Importantly,

should a defendant “fail to meet his burden on one prong of this two-prong test, we

need not review the other prong.”13 In addition, there is a strong presumption that trial

counsel’s conduct falls within the broad range of reasonable professional conduct,

and a criminal defendant must overcome this presumption.14 In fact, the

      11
           466 U.S. 668 (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984).
      12
         Chapman v. State, 273 Ga. 348, 349-50 (2) (541 SE2d 634) (2001); see
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 (III); Ashmid v. State, 316 Ga. App. 550, 556 (3) (730
SE2d 37) (2012).
      13
       McAllister v. State, 351 Ga. App. 76, 93 (6) (830 SE2d 443) (2019); accord
Gomez v. State, 300 Ga. 571, 573 (797 SE2d 478) (2017).
      14
       Chapman, 273 Ga. at 350 (2); see Cammer v. Walker, 290 Ga. 251, 255 (1)
(719 SE2d 437) (2011) (“A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is judged by

                                           16
reasonableness of counsel’s conduct is “examined from counsel’s perspective at the

time of trial and under the particular circumstances of the case[.]”15 And decisions

regarding trial tactics and strategy may form the basis for an ineffectiveness claim

only if “they were so patently unreasonable that no competent attorney would have

followed such a course.”16 Moreover, unless clearly erroneous, this Court will

“uphold a trial court’s factual determinations with respect to claims of ineffective

assistance of counsel; however, a trial court’s legal conclusions in this regard are

reviewed de novo.”17 With these guiding principles in mind, we turn to Parrish’s

specific claim of error.

      Parrish argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by drafting

the statement regarding the shooting without his input, specifically claiming that, in

whether counsel rendered reasonably effective assistance, not by a standard of
errorless counsel or by hindsight.” (punctuation omitted)).
      15
           Lockhart v. State, 298 Ga. 384, 385 (2) (782 SE2d 245) (2016).
      16
           Id.
      17
         Sowell v. State, 327 Ga. App. 532, 539 (4) (759 SE2d 602) (2014); accord
Howard v. State, 340 Ga. App. 133, 139 (3) (796 SE2d 757) (2017); see Grant v.
State, 295 Ga. 126, 130 (5) (757 SE2d 831) (2014) (holding that “[i]n reviewing a
claim of ineffective assistance, we give deference to the trial court’s factual findings
and credibility determinations unless clearly erroneous, but we review a trial court’s
legal conclusions de novo”).

                                          17
doing so, his counsel violated the attorney-client privilege and then helped to

undermine his credibility when the State was able to use the statement for

impeachment purposes on cross-examination. But the first part of Parrish’s argument

completely lacks merit. It is well established that “[t]he attorney-client privilege

protects communications between the client and the attorney that are intended to be

confidential; the protection does not extend to communications which are not of a

confidential nature.”18 Indeed, it does not extend to “client communications to an

attorney for the purpose of being conveyed by the attorney to a third party.”19 And in

this matter, during the hearing on Parrish’s motion for new trial, his trial counsel

testified that while Parrish never signed or read the statement, he provided counsel

with the information necessary to draft it, was aware that counsel intended to inform

the police that Parrish acted in self-defense, and explicitly agreed with that course of

action. Needless to say, the trial court was authorized to credit trial counsel’s

      18
          Bryant v. State, 282 Ga. 631, 636 (4) (651 SE2d 718) (2007); accord Rogers
v. State, 290 Ga. 18, 20 (2) (717 SE2d 629) (2011); Davis v. State, 285 Ga. 343, 347
(6) (676 SE2d 215) (2009).
      19
       Bryant, 282 Ga. at 636 (4); accord Howard v. State, 279 Ga. 166, 169-70 (3)
(611 SE2d 3) (2005).

                                          18
testimony,20 and the evidence shows that the statement was intended to be conveyed

to third parties and, therefore, was not privileged.21 As a result, the trial court did not

err in denying Parrish’s claim of ineffective assistance in this regard.

       As to the second part of this contention, during the motion-for-new-trial

hearing, Parrish’s counsel testified that he drafted the statement and provided it to the

police for the tactical purpose of informing them that this was an incident of self-

defense and possibly getting charges dropped without his client having to testify. In

fact, trial counsel further testified that he had successfully employed this same tactic

in previous self-defense cases and that Parrish gave him permission to do so in this

case. Suffice it to say, this is exactly the kind of strategic decision that, generally,

“cannot and will not serve as the basis for an ineffective assistance claim.”22 And

counsel’s reasoned explanation for his strategy here was “not so unsound that no

       20
        See Littlejohn v. State, 320 Ga. App. 197, 208 (5) (b) (739 SE2d 682) (2013)
(finding that trial court was authorized to believe trial counsel’s testimony that
defendant never reported that jury saw him wearing shackles in court, thereby
prejudicing him, and its resolution of that issue was not clearly erroneous).
       21
            See supra note 19.
       22
        Issa v. State, 340 Ga. App. 327, 344 (8) (796 SE2d 725) (2017) (punctuation
omitted).

                                            19
reasonable lawyer would have pursued it.”23 Thus, trial counsel’s decision to provide

the statement to the police did not constitute deficient performance.24 Furthermore,

the evidence supporting Parrish’s convictions was overwhelming and, therefore, he

has failed to show that his trial counsel’s actions prejudiced him.25 Accordingly, the

      23
         Id. at 344 (8) (punctuation omitted); see Pope v. State, 311 Ga. 557, 559 (858
SE2d 492) (2021) (noting that “decisions regarding trial tactics and strategy may form
the basis for an ineffectiveness claim only if they were so patently unreasonable that
no competent attorney would have followed such a course” (punctuation omitted)).
      24
          See Stuckey v. State, 301 Ga. 767, 772 (2) (b) (804 SE2d 76) (2017) (holding
that trial counsel’s failure to object to 400-page printout of 15-year-old defendant’s
social media account that was comprised mainly of sexually provocative photographs
of defendant and other people’s comments on photographs was matter of reasonable
trial strategy as it showed that defendant sought approval of older men, including
boyfriend on whom he blamed murder); Issa, 340 Ga. App. at 343-44 (8) (concluding
that trial counsel’s arguments in prosecution for crimes arising from home invasion,
suggesting that unknown third perpetrator shot defendant outside of victims’ home
when he abandoned robbery plan and then faked gunshot wound during struggle with
victim in order to implicate defendant, represented a strategic decision that could not
serve as the basis for an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim). Cf. Pope, 311 Ga.
at 560-61 (holding that defendant failed to show how his trial counsel’s strategic
decision not to seek a pre-trial immunity hearing and thereby reveal the defense
theory to the prosecutor before trial, and instead to wait and present self-defense
claim to the jury, was objectively unreasonable); Dent v. State, 303 Ga. 110, 119 (4)
(d) (810 SE2d 527) (2018) (finding that trial counsel’s strategic decision not to file
pre-trial motion for immunity from prosecution because he did not want to expose
defendant to pre-trial cross-examination was not unreasonable, and therefore,
defendant failed to show that trial counsel performed deficiently).
      25
       See Watts v. State, 308 Ga. 455, 461 (2) (841 SE2d 686) (2020) (holding that
defendant failed to show that his trial counsel’s decision not to impeach witness

                                          20
trial court did not err in denying Parrish’s ineffective assistance claim in this regard

either.

          2. Parrish also contends that the trial court erred by providing a conflicting and

confusing jury instruction as to his justification defense. Yet again, we disagree.

          Importantly, Parrish did not object to the particular portion of the trial court’s

jury charges, which he now cites as constituting error. And under OCGA § 17-8-58,

“[a]ny party who objects to any portion of the charge to the jury or the failure to

charge the jury shall inform the court of the specific objection and the grounds for

such objection before the jury retires to deliberate.”26 The failure to so object

precludes “appellate review of such portion of the jury charge, unless such portion of

the jury charge constitutes plain error which affects the substantial rights of the

prejudiced his case given overwhelming evidence that shooting was not in self-
defense, including testimony from multiple witnesses that victim was not armed, did
not threaten defendant, was still a considerable distance away when defendant opened
fire, and that defendant fled scene); Lambert v. State, 287 Ga. 774, 777 (2) (700 SE2d
354) (2010) (concluding that because the evidence of defendant’s guilt was
overwhelming, there was no reasonable probability that the outcome of his murder
trial would have been more favorable had counsel attempted to prevent the jury from
hearing defendant’s version of events via his statement to police).
          26
               OCGA § 17-8-58 (a).

                                              21
parties.”27 In such cases, as the Supreme Court of Georgia has explained, “the proper

inquiry is whether the instruction was erroneous, whether it was obviously so, and

whether it likely affected the outcome of the proceedings.”28 Consequently, because

Parrish failed to object to this portion of the trial court’s jury charges, our review is

limited to consideration in this regard.29

       Turning to the instructions at issue, the charge to the jury is “to be taken as a

whole and not out of context when making determinations as to its correctness.”30

      27
         OCGA § 17-8-58 (b); see also Alvelo v. State, 290 Ga. 609, 614 (5) (724
SE2d 377) (2012) (holding that OCGA § 17-8-58 (b) requires an appellate court to
review for plain error an alleged jury-instruction error to which no objection was
raised at trial); Issa, 340 Ga. App. at 336 (4) (same).
      28
         Alvelo, 290 Ga. at 615 (5) (punctuation omitted); accord Issa, 340 Ga. App.
at 336 (4); see Williams v. State, 306 Ga. 717, 720 (2) (832 SE2d 805) (2019) (“When
reviewing a jury instruction for plain error that has not been affirmatively waived, the
proper inquiry is whether the instruction was erroneous, whether it was obviously so,
and whether it likely affected the outcome of the proceedings.” (punctuation
omitted)).
      29
         See OCGA § 17-8-58 (b); see also Russell v. State, 309 Ga. 772, 782 (3) (a)
(848 SE2d 404) (2020) (holding that because defendant’s trial counsel failed to object
to the pretrial jury charge, defendant’s argument that the charge was inadequate is
limited to a review of the charge for plain error).
      30
         Issa, 340 Ga. App. at 336 (4) (punctuation omitted); see Drayton v. State,
297 Ga. 743, 748-49 (2) (b) (778 SE2d 179) (2015) (explaining that before a jury
charge will be considered reversible error, it must be considered in the context of the
jury instructions as a whole).

                                             22
And in this matter, the trial court provided the jury with the following instructions on

the issue of justification:

             Now, ladies and gentlemen, an affirmative defense is a defense
      that admits the doing of the act charged but seeks to justify, excuse, or
      mitigate it. Once an affirmative defense is raised, the burden is on the
      State to disprove it beyond a reasonable doubt.

             A person is justified in using force against another person when,
      and to the extent that, he reasonably believes that such force is necessary
      to defend himself against the other’s imminent use of unlawful force.
      The person is justified in using force that is intended or likely to cause
      death or great bodily harm only if that person reasonably believes that
      such force is necessary to prevent death or great bodily injury to himself.

             The State has the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt
      that the defendant was not justified.

             I charge you further that two elements must be present before the
      use of deadly force is justified as self-defense. One, the danger to the
      defendant must have been imminent; and, two, the defendant must have
      reasonably believed that such force was necessary to prevent death or
      great bodily harm to himself.

             Now, ladies and gentlemen, a person is justified in using force
      against another person when, and to the extent that, the person
      reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent or terminate

                                          23
      the other’s unlawful entry into or attack upon a motor vehicle. A person
      is justified in the use of force that is intended or likely to cause death or
      great bodily harm only if the entry is made or attempted in a violent and
      disorderly manner and the person reasonably believes that the entry is
      attempted or made for the purpose of assaulting or offering personal
      violence to any person present in the motor vehicle and that such force
      is necessary to prevent the assault or offer of personal violence.

             In applying the law of self-defense, ladies and gentlemen, a
      defendant is justified to use deadly force against another person in
      defense of self. The standard is whether the circumstances were such
      that they would excite not merely the fears of the defendant but the fears
      of a reasonable person. For the use of deadly force to be justified under
      the law, the defendant must truly have acted under the influence of these
      fears and not in a spirit of revenge.

             Now, ladies and gentlemen, one who is not the aggressor is not
      required to retreat before being justified in using such force as is
      necessary for personal defense or in using force that is likely to cause
      death or great bodily harm if one reasonably believes such force is
      necessary to prevent death or great bodily injury to oneself.

      On appeal, Parrish claims that these instructions were conflicting and, thus,

confusing to the jury. Particularly, he argues that instructing the jury on the use of

                                           24
deadly force in defense of a motor vehicle31 in the middle of the general instructions

on self-defense was confusing, because while the former instruction explains that use

of deadly force is allowed if one reasonably believes such force is necessary to

prevent a violent entry of a vehicle for the purpose of an assault, the latter requires

that the defendant reasonably believe that deadly force is necessary to prevent death

or harm to himself.32 But Parrish sought both of these charges in his “Defendant’s

Requests to Charge” and reiterated that request during the charge conference.

      31
         See OCGA § 16-3-23 (1) (“A person is justified in threatening or using force
against another when and to the extent that he or she reasonably believes that such
threat or force is necessary to prevent or terminate such other’s unlawful entry into
or attack upon a habitation; however, such person is justified in the use of force
which is intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm only if . . . [t]he entry
is made or attempted in a violent and tumultuous manner and he or she reasonably
believes that the entry is attempted or made for the purpose of assaulting or offering
personal violence to any person dwelling or being therein and that such force is
necessary to prevent the assault or offer of personal violence[.]”); OCGA § 16-3-24.1
(“As used in Code Sections 16-3-23 and 16-3-24, the term ‘habitation’ means any
dwelling, motor vehicle, or place of business, and ‘personal property’ means personal
property other than a motor vehicle.”).
      32
         See OCGA § 16-3-21 (a) (“A person is justified in threatening or using force
against another when and to the extent that he or she reasonably believes that such
threat or force is necessary to defend himself or herself or a third person against such
other’s imminent use of unlawful force; however, except as provided in Code Section
16-3-23, a person is justified in using force which is intended or likely to cause death
or great bodily harm only if he or she reasonably believes that such force is necessary
to prevent death or great bodily injury to himself or herself or a third person or to
prevent the commission of a forcible felony.”).

                                           25
Consequently, Parrish arguably “invited the alleged error, and it therefore provides

no basis for reversal.”33

      Nevertheless, even if not waived, Parrish has not shown plain error. Of course,

in reviewing a challenge to the trial court’s jury instructions, we view the charge “as

a whole to determine whether the jury was fully and fairly instructed on the law of the

case.”34 Viewing the jury instructions given in this case in that context, the trial court

properly charged the jury on the use of deadly force in defense of a motor vehicle and

use of deadly force in self-defense. In fact, the trial court’s instructions were nearly

identical to the suggested pattern jury instructions on these issues.35 And Parrish

      33
          Shank v. State, 290 Ga. 844, 845 (2) (725 SE2d 246) (2012); see Vasquez v.
State, 306 Ga. 216, 229 (2) (c) (830 SE2d 143) (2019) (noting that an affirmative
waiver may occur when a defendant explicitly requests a jury instruction that he later
argues on appeal should not have been given); Brown v. State, 298 Ga. 880, 882 (3)
(785 SE2d 512) (2016) (holding that because defendant agreed that his justification
instruction only applied to one victim, any error regarding such charge was invited
and, thus, defendant waived even plain error review of such charge); Cheddersingh
v. State, 290 Ga. 680, 682-84 (2) (724 SE2d 366) (2012) (explaining that affirmative
waiver, as opposed to mere forfeiture by failing to object, prevents a finding of plain
error under OCGA § 17-8-58 (b)).
      34
        Walker v. State, 308 Ga. 33, 36 (2) (838 SE2d 792) (2020) (punctuation
omitted); accord Martin v. State, 310 Ga. 658, 664 (3) (852 SE2d 834) (2020).
      35
         See Georgia Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II: Criminal Cases (4th
ed.) §§ 3.12.10, 3.16.20.

                                           26
points to no authority for “the proposition that the pattern charge[s] [are]

inadequate.”36 Indeed, these charges were proper concepts of law, regardless of the

order in which they were provided, and given that Parrish has provided no evidence

that the jury was either misled or confused, he has failed to show that the trial court

plainly erred.37

      36
          Williams v. State, 304 Ga. 455 459 (3) (818 SE2d 653) (2018); accord
Martin v. State, 308 Ga. 479, 483 (2) (841 SE2d 667) (2020); see Norris v. State, 309
Ga. 11, 13-14 (2) (843 SE2d 837) (2020) (holding that defendant’s argument that she
was entitled to charge on mistake of fact is “so convoluted and unsupported by
Georgia authority directly on point that we cannot say that the trial court’s ruling
amounted to clear or obvious error beyond reasonable dispute” (punctuation
omitted)); Simmons v. State, 299 Ga. 370, 374 (2) (788 SE2d 494) (2016) (explaining
that “[a]n error cannot be plain where there is no controlling authority on point . . .”
(punctuation omitted)).
      37
         See Martin, 310 Ga. at 663-64 (3) (holding that trial court’s instructions that
the testimony of a single witness is sufficient to establish a fact, but that accomplice
testimony must be corroborated were proper concepts of law, irrespective of the order
in which they were given, and though it might have been preferable for the trial court
to have given the charges in a different order, because the charge, as a whole, was
complete, and the defendants provided no evidence that the jury was either misled or
confused, the defendants failed to show plain error); Morris v. State, 308 Ga. 520,
529-30 (4) (842 SE2d 45) (2020) (finding that the charge given by the trial court was
not error as it was an accurate statement of the law that was properly adjusted to the
evidence and circumstances of the case, and defendant offered no evidence that the
jury was confused or misled by this instruction); Williams, 304 Ga. at 458-59 (3)
(concluding that because trial court’s charge was substantially identical to the
suggested pattern jury instruction on good character evidence and defendant points
to no authority for the proposition that the pattern charge is inadequate, trial court’s
charge was not plain error).

                                          27
      3. Parrish further contends that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the

jury as to aggravated assault by the victim, and that such constituted a forcible felony,

in connection with his justification defense. Once again, we disagree.

      Importantly, a trial court’s refusal to give a requested jury charge is “not error

unless the request is entirely correct and accurate; is adjusted to the pleadings, law,

and evidence; and is not otherwise covered in the general charge.”38 And this Court

reviews “a trial court’s refusal to give a requested jury charge under an abuse of

discretion standard.”39 In this matter, in his “Requests to Charge,” Parrish sought a

charge on simple assault and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, that being

one’s hands, and that aggravated assault was a forcible felony, all of which pertained

to Lumpkin’s alleged conduct at the time of the shooting. During the charge

conference, when the trial court stated that it was not inclined to provide those

charges because Lumpkin was not charged with a crime, Parrish objected and argued

for their inclusion, claiming that because there was some factual basis for the

charges—his testimony that Lumpkin was choking him—the court should provide

      38
        Jones v. State, 318 Ga. App. 26, 33 (3) (733 SE2d 72) (2012) (punctuation
omitted); accord Turner v. State, 314 Ga. App. 263, 264 (1) (724 SE2d 6) (2012).
      39
        Jones, 318 Ga. App. at 33 (3) (punctuation omitted); accord Turner, 314 Ga.
App. at 263-64 (1).

                                           28
them. But despite Parrish’s argument, the trial court maintained its position,

explaining that the charges on self-defense would encompass instructing the jury that

one could employ deadly force to prevent death or serious bodily harm.

      Subsequently, during their respective closing arguments, both the State and

Parrish explained that self-defense could be employed to prevent a forcible felony.

Parrish further argued, without objection, that the alleged choking was an aggravated

assault. And thereafter, the trial court thoroughly instructed the jury on the defense

of justification generally, the use of force in self-defense, including deadly force, and

the use of force in defense of a motor vehicle. In addition, the court charged the jury

on the crime of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, albeit in the context of the

charges against Parrish. Given these circumstances, the jury had sufficient direction

in order to intelligently consider Parrish’s theory of justification based on his claim

that Lumpkin committed aggravated assault when he allegedly tried to choke Parrish.

And in light of the jury instructions as a whole, Parrish has not shown that the trial

court erred in refusing to give the additional simple or aggravated-assault

instruction.40

      40
        See Redding v State, 311 Ga. App. 757, 759-60 (2) (858 SE2d 469) (2021)
(explaining that trial court did not err in refusing to give mistake-of-fact charge,
despite defendant’s theory that he mistakenly thought victim had a gun, because

                                           29
       But even if the trial court’s refusal to provide this instruction amounted to

error, it would be harmless given that “it is highly probable that the error did not

contribute to the verdict.”41 As discussed supra, the evidence was overwhelming in

light of the fact that Parrish’s self-defense claim was contradicted by, inter alia,

numerous eyewitnesses to the shooting.42 Accordingly, it was highly probable that the

lengthy series of pattern jury instructions on justification and self-defense were
sufficient); Hood v. State, 303 Ga. 420, 425-26 (2) (a) (811 SE2d 392) (2018)
(holding that trial court did not plainly err in failing to instruct jury that victim’s
alleged attack on defendant was the forcible felony of aggravated assault given that
jury instructions as a whole, including charges on justification generally, the use of
force in self-defense, and the use of force in defense of habitation, were sufficient to
allow jury to intelligently consider defendant’s self-defense theory); see also
Mohamud v. State, 297 Ga. 532, 535 (2) (c) (773 SE2d 755) (2015) (holding that
defense counsel’s failure to request instruction regarding the definition of a forcible
felony, or a justification instruction that included the definition of aggravated assault
as a forcible felony, was not ineffective assistance, given that the trial court instructed
the jury as to when self-defense is warranted).
       41
        Calmer v. State, 309 Ga. 368, 372 (2) (c) (846 SE2d 40) (2020) (punctuation
omitted).
       42
         See Jones v. State, 310 Ga. 886, 889-90 (2) (855 SE2d 573) (2021) (holding
that any error in trial court’s failure to give justification instruction was harmless in
prosecution for murder because evidence supporting conviction made it highly
probable that the jury’s verdict was unaffected by such refusal); Calmer, 309 Ga. at
372-73 (2) (c) (assuming, but not deciding, that the testimony of the State’s witnesses
provided the slight evidence necessary to support charges on self-defense and no duty
to retreat, the trial court’s failure to give the charges was harmless in light of evidence
undercutting defendant’s theory of self-defense).

                                            30
trial court’s alleged instructional error did not contribute to the verdict, and therefore,

Parrish has failed to show reversible error in this regard.

       For all these reasons, we affirm Parrish’s convictions and the denial of his

motion for new trial.

       Judgment affirmed. Mercier and Pinson, JJ., concur.

                                            31