Court Opinion

ID: 9496881
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 16:37:51.05534+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:57:51.894078
License: Public Domain

*1307DYK, Circuit Judge.
Appellants Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novartis AG, Novartis Pharma AG, and Novartis International Pharmaceutical Ltd. (collectively “Novartis”) appeal the final judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware granting Eon Labs Manufacturing, Inc. (“Eon”) summary judgment of non-infringement of U.S. Patent No. 5,389,382 (“the '382 patent”). Novartis Pharm. Corp. v. Eon Labs Mfg., Inc., 234 F.Supp.2d 464 (D.Del. 2002) (“Novartis II”). We affirm.
BACKGROUND
The central issue in this case is the meaning of the claim term “hydrosol” in the '382 patent.
Cyclosporin is an important immuno-suppressant drug, typically administered to organ transplant patients to reduce the risk of rejection. The patent for cyc-losporin itself has expired. The '382 patent is directed toward solving a problem concerning administration of the drug. Because it is not very soluble in water, cyclosporin is difficult to administer in a formulation that will be readily absorbed by the aqueous environment of the human body.
Novartis addressed this problem by discovering a formulation for administering cyclosporin as a hydrosol. As explained in the '382 patent, a hydrosol formulation can be prepared by dissolving cyclosporin in a water-miscible solvent and then adding a comparatively large amount of water to that solution. This results in an aqueous dispersion of very small solid particles of the drug that is more readily absorbed by the body. In addition a stabilizing compound is added to keep those small solid particles from growing larger. Novartis claimed this invention in the '382 patent. All of the claims in the '382 patent claim the invention as a hydrosol. Claim 1 is representative:
1. A hydrosol which comprises solid particles of a cyclosporin and a stabilizer which maintains the size distribution of said particles, wherein said cyclosporin has a water solubility below 0.5 grams per 100 milliliters, and said particles have a weight ratio of cyclosporin to water of about 1:300 to about 1:1500 and a weight ratio of cyclosporin to said stabilizer of about 1:1 to about 1:50.
’382 patent, col. 9, ll. 20-27.
Novartis filed suit against Eon for infringement of the '382 patent. Novartis concedes that Eon does not sell cyclospo-rin in the form of a hydrosol. Instead, Eon manufactures capsules that contain cyclosporin dissolved in a small amount of ethanol. Because there is no water in these capsules, and the cyclosporin inside is completely dissolved, the mixture contained in Eon’s capsules is not a hydrosol. However, Novartis contends that when one of Eon’s capsules is ingested an infringing hydrosol is formed when the capsule mixes with the aqueous environment of the user’s stomach. Novartis therefore alleges that Eon is liable for indirect infringement arising from the use of its capsules.
After reviewing the parties’ claim construction briefs and expert declarations, the district court issued an order construing the claims on August 9, 2002. Before the district court, Novartis argued that the plain meaning of the term “hydrosol” was a dispersion of solid particles in an aqueous medium, and thus included a dispersion formed in a user’s stomach upon ingestion. The district court disagreed and construed “hydrosol” to require the following two elements:
a) a synthetic pharmaceutical preparation, i.e. it does not encompass a dispersion of solid particles of cyclosporin *1308which only forms in the stomach of a patient; and
b) all the cyclosporin is in solid particle form and not in solution, excepting for a very small amount of cyclosporin which the water in the hydrosol can solubilize.
Novartis Pharm. Corp. v. EON Labs Mfg., Inc., 215 F.Supp.2d 452, 457 (D.Del.2002) (“Novartis I”). The district court based its construction on statements in the intrinsic record indicating that the claimed hydrosol was intended to be administered via intravenous injection. Id. at 454. Based on these statements the court concluded that “hydrosol” must be limited to “synthetic pharmaceutical preparations ... not formed within the stomach of a patient.” Id.
Subsequently, the district court granted summary judgment against Novartis, holding that there was no direct infringement, either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents, arising from use of Eon’s capsules. Novartis II, slip op. at 14. The court therefore granted summary judgment dismissing Novartis’s claims of induced and contributory infringement. Id. Final judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b) against Novartis on its infringement claim and for Eon on its counterclaim of non-infringement was entered on January 28, 2003. Novartis timely appealed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).
DISCUSSION
Determination of patent infringement requires a two-step analysis: (1) the scope of the claims must be construed; and (2) the allegedly infringing device must be compared to the construed claims. PSC Computer Prods., Inc. v. Foxconn Int’l, Inc., 355 F.3d 1353, 1357 (Fed.Cir.2004). When indirect infringement is at issue, it is well settled that there can be no inducement or contributory infringement absent an underlying direct infringement. Epcon Gas Sys., Inc. v. Bauer Compressors, Inc., 279 F.3d 1022, 1033 (Fed.Cir.2002); Carborundum Co. v. Molten Metal Equip. Innovations, Inc., 72 F.3d 872, 876 n. 4 (Fed.Cir.1995). We review the district court’s claim construction and the grant of summary judgment based thereon without deference. Kumar v. Ovonic Battery Co., 351 F.3d 1364, 1367 (Fed.Cir.2003).
I
The key issue on appeal is whether “hydrosol” as it appears in all of the '382 patent claims is limited to medicinal products prepared outside of the body or whether it also includes products formed within the stomach of a patient after a particular medicinal product has been ingested. Novartis argues that the plain meaning of hydrosol includes products formed inside the stomach and that this definition controls the outcome of this case. We disagree.
Neither party has suggested that hydro-sol has a specialized meaning inconsistent with the ordinary dictionary definition, (see Br. for Pls.-Appellants at 9 (urging definitions “consistent with the definitions found in dictionaries”); Br. for Def.-Appellee at 21-22 (urging a definition consistent with the dictionary definition)), thus under our precedent, we begin our claim construction analysis with an examination of general purpose dictionary definitions. Texas Digital Sys., Inc. v. Telegenix, Inc., 308 F.3d 1193, 1203-04 (Fed.Cir.2002); see also Inverness Med. Switz. GmbH v. Warner Lambert Co., 309 F.3d 1373, 1378 (Fed.Cir.2002). Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (2002) (“Webster’s ”)1 defines the term “hydrosol” as “a sol in which the liquid is water.” Webster’s at 1110. In *1309turn a “sol” is “a dispersion of solid particles in a liquid colloidal solution.” Id. at 2167.2 The term “solution” has two pertinent definitions. These are: “(1): a liquid containing a dissolved substance” and “(2): a liquid and usu. aqueous medicinal preparation with the solid ingredients soluble.” Id. at 2170. The first of these definitions is broad enough to include a solution (ie., the liquid medium in which the solid particles are dispersed) within the body, but, as explained below, the second definition is not.3
“Medicinal” means “of or relating to medicine” and the relevant definition of “medicine” is “a substance or preparation used in treating disease.” Webster’s at 1402. The Oxford English Dictionary, offers a similar definition of “medicine” as “[a]ny substance or preparation used in the treatment of disease; a medicament. ... Now commonly restricted to medicaments taken internally.” 9 The Oxford English Dictionary 549 (2d ed.1989).
Medical dictionaries define “preparation” in terms of a substance that is made prior to being administered. See Merriam Webster (defining preparation as “something that is prepared; specifically: a medicinal substance made ready for use); Dorland’s at 1502” (defining “preparation” as “a medicine made ready for use”); Stedman’s at 1440 (defining “preparation” as “Something made ready, as a medicinal or other mixture, or a histologic specimen”). Thus, contrary to the suggestion in the dissent, post at 1314, a “medicinal preparation” is a preexisting product that is administered to treat disease and therefore must necessarily be prepared outside the body. Indeed, Novartis (the patentee) conceded at oral argument that the normal connotation of medicinal preparation would lead you to believe it was something prepared outside the body.
Our analysis of the dictionary definition of hydrosol therefore yields a range of possible meanings consisting of two com*1310peting definitions. The claim term “hy-drosol” is either broadly defined to include a dispersion of solid particles in aqueous colloidal solution formed in a patient’s stomach, or limited to a medicinal preparation consisting of a dispersion of solid particles in an aqueous colloidal solution formed outside the body.
II
For more than 45 years we, and our predecessor court, have looked to the intrinsic record to determine as a matter of claim interpretation which of the available, relevant definitions should be applied to the claim term at issue. As our predecessor court explained, “[o]ne need not arbitrarily pick and choose from the various accepted definitions of a word to decide which meaning was intended as the word is used in a given claim. The subject matter, the context, etc., will more often then not lead to the correct conclusion.” Liebscher v. Boothroyd, 46 C.C.P.A. 701, 258 F.2d 948, 951 (CCPA 1958); see also, e.g., Inverness, 309 F.3d at 1379 (“[W]e must determine whether the specification or prosecution history clearly demonstrates that only one of the multiple meanings was intended.”); Texas Digital, 308 F.3d at 1203 (“Because words often have multiple dictionary definitions, some having no relation to the claimed invention, the intrinsic record must always be consulted to identify which of the different possible dictionary meanings of the claim terms in issue is most consistent with the use of the words by the inventor.”); Renishaw PLC v. Marposs Societa’ per Azioni, 158 F.3d 1243, 1250 (Fed.Cir.1998) (“[WJhere there are several common meanings for a claim term, the patent disclosure serves to point away from the improper meanings and toward the proper meaning.”).
In the present case, the specification describes the claimed hydrosol in terms of a pharmaceutical composition and makes no mention of the term in any other context. Novartis concedes “that the specification contains no description or examples of making hydrosols in the patient’s body.” (Reply Br. for Plaintiffs-Appellants at 4.) Rather, the abstract states that “[t]he invention provides a hydrosol of a pharmacological active agent in an intravenous applicable, stabilised, pharmaceutically acceptable form.” '382 patent, abstract; see also id. at col. 4, l.32; col. 5, ll.26-27 (describing the hydrosol as comprising solid particles of the drug “in an intravenously applicable, stabilised, pharmaceutically acceptable form.”). The specification repeatedly describes the invention as a “pharmaceutical composition,” see id. at col. 6, ll.66-68; col. 7, ll.1-2; col. 7, l.8, a method for “preparation of a pharmaceutical composition,” id. at col. 6, l.65, and a “method of treatment using the corresponding pharmaceutical compositions,” id. at col. 7, ll.10. Since the dictionary defines “pharmaceutical” as a “medicinal drug,” Webster’s at 1694, these descriptions support adoption of the narrower definition of hydrosol. Moreover, another aspect of the claimed hydrosol, an “inject-able solution” is distinguished from the prior art on the ground that “it was never [previously] proposed to use pharmacologi-cally active agent particles in an aqueous hydrosol form for intravenous injection purposes.” '382 patent col. 1, ll.51, 56-58.4 Because an injectable hydrosol must necessarily be prepared outside the body, these statements further support adoption of the more limited definition of “hydro-*1311sol” as a medicinal preparation prepared outside the body.
The prosecution history of the '382 patent points to the same conclusion. The examiner initially rejected Novartis’s claims as obvious. Novartis distinguished the prior art, arguing that its invention “form[ed] finely divided solid drug compound particles in amorphous colloid form.” (App. at 974.) Novartis argued that this “dispersion contains particles of such small diameters that they can be administered by intravenous injection.” Id. This description likewise supports the narrower definition of hydrosol as it clearly suggests that the hydrosol is a “pharmaceutical composition” that can be injected into a patient.
In light of the specification and prosecution history, we conclude that the narrower definition of “hydrosol” applies; that is, the term “hydrosol” is limited to a medicinal preparation consisting of a dispersion of solid particles in a liquid colloidal solution prepared outside the body. While none of the statements in the intrinsic record is an explicit disclaimer of subject matter sufficient to vary the scope of the claim from its ordinary meaning,5 these statements are helpful in guiding us to choose between competing dictionary definitions of a claim term.
In this regard, the present case is different from Zenith Laboratories, Inc. v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 19 F.3d 1418 (Fed.Cir.1994), where we held that the claimed compound was not limited to its pre-in-gested form. Id. at 1422. There the claim at issue was drafted to a specific chemical compound, cefadroxil monohydrate, in a crystalline form characterized by specific x-ray diffraction properties. See Id. at 1420. Since the plain meaning of the claim language was clear and there was no express or implied pre-ingestion limitation, we found no basis for so limiting the claim. Thus, we held that “while the claim ... is limited to the crystalline form of cefadroxil exhibiting the specified x-ray diffraction pattern, it is not limited to the compound in its pre-ingested form.” Id. at 1422. However, in the present case the plain meaning of “hydrosol” is not clear, and nothing in Zenith purports to change the long-standing precedent that we look to statements made in the specification and prosecution history to choose between competing dictionary definitions.
Likewise our more recent decision in Schering Corp. v. Geneva Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 339 F.3d 1373 (Fed.Cir.2003), does not require us to construe the '382 patent to encompass hydrosols formed only after ingestion. In Sobering the parties agreed that the claims at issue covered a metabolite of the drug Loratadine, i.e., “the compound formed in the patient’s body upon ingestion of [that] pharmaceutical.” Id. at 1375. We held that these claims were anticipated by an earlier patent for the drug itself. Id. at 1382. This conclusion was based in part on the assumption that ingesting the earlier claimed pharmaceutical would create the metabolite and thus infringe the metabolite patent. Id. at 1380. However, in the present ease *1312there is no agreement that the claim encompasses the product formed after ingestion (in Schering the metabolite). Here that is at the heart of the dispute.
III
Having concluded that “hydrosol” as used in the '382 patent is limited to an aqueous medicinal preparation prepared outside the body, we must determine if the accused product infringes prior to ingestion. Novartis concedes that “Eon does not sell cyclosporin in the form of a hydrosol,” and argues only that a hydrosol is formed after ingestion. (Br. for Pls.Appellants at 7.) Therefore, applying the appropriate construction of hydrosol there is no direct infringement of the '382 patent. Because there can be no induced or contributory infringement without an underlying direct infringement, see, e.g., Epcon, 279 F.3d at 1033, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment against the patentee on literal infringement.
IV
Novartis argues that even if the claimed hydrosol is limited to products prepared outside the body, the formation of a hydrosol inside the body infringes under the doctrine of equivalents. The district court granted summary judgment of no infringement under the doctrine of equivalents in part because doing so would vitiate a claim limitation. We agree.
Here the formation of a particulate dispersion inside the body cannot infringe under the doctrine of equivalents because this would vitiate the claimed requirement that the dispersion be prepared outside the body. Infringement under the doctrine of equivalents requires that any difference between the claim elements at issue and the corresponding elements of the accused product be insubstantial. Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chem. Co., 520 U.S. 17, 39-40, 117 S.Ct. 1040, 137 L.Ed.2d 146 (1997). To extend the scope of the claims at issue to encompass a dispersion formed inside the stomach would necessarily read the “hydrosol” limitation out of those claims. See Moore U.S.A., Inc. v. Standard Register Co., 229 F.3d 1091, 1106 (Fed.Cir.2000) (“[I]t would defy logic to conclude that a minority — the very antithesis of a majority — could be insubstantially different from a claim limitation requiring a majority, and no reasonable juror could find otherwise.”); see also Conopco, Inc. v. May Dep’t Stores Co., 46 F.3d 1556, 1562 (Fed.Cir.1994) (“A conclusion that the 162.9:1 formulation infringes [a claim requiring a ratio of ‘about 40:1’] under the doctrine of equivalents would eviscerate the plain meaning of that limitation.”); Dolly, Inc. v. Spalding & Evenflo Cos., Inc., 16 F.3d 394, 398 (Fed.Cir.1994) (“The doctrine of equivalents is not a license to ignore claim limitations.”). Consequently, the district court did not err in granting summary judgment of non-infringement under the doctrine of equivalents.
CONCLUSION
The plain meaning of the claim term “hydrosol” is ambiguous. The intrinsic record in this case leads us to adopt the narrower definition of that term as a medicinal preparation consisting of a dispersion of solid particles in an aqueous colloidal solution prepared outside the body. The doctrine of equivalents cannot here expand the claim so as to include particle dispersions formed within the body. We therefore affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment of non-infringement.6

AFFIRMED.

*1313COSTS
No costs.

. Neither party contends that the relevant definitions in this case have changed since the '382 patent application was filed and the patent issued.

. The dissent relies on the Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary (2003), available at http://www.intelihealth. com ("Merriam Webster”), which defines "sol” as "a fluid colloidal system; especially: one in which the dispersion medium is a liquid.” Post at 1313—14; see also Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary 1718 (30th ed. 2003) (“Dorland’s”) (defining "sol” as "a colloid system in which the dispersion medium is a liquid”). Contrary to the dissent, we are not foreclosed from referring to the definition of "solution” simply because the medical dictionary it cites refers to a "fluid colloidal system" and does not use the word “solution.” See post at 1314. Other medical dictionaries make clear that "sol” is often used synonymously with "colloidal solution.” Stedman’s Medical Dictionary 528, 1653 (27th ed. 2000) (“Sted-man’s ") (defining "sol” as "a colloidal dispersion of a solid in a liquid” and further indicating that "colloidal dispersion” is a synonym for "colloidal solution”); see also 4 Attorneys’ Dictionary of Medicine, Vol. S-139 (1995) ("Some scientists refer to a sol as a colloidal solution, rather than a dispersion....”). Thus, there is no indication that the general purpose dictionary definition is inconsistent with the medical dictionary definition.

. The dissent mistakenly suggests that the majority is equating the meaning of "hydro-sol” with the meaning of the term "solution.” Post at 1314. We are doing no such thing. Rather, we recognize that a hydrosol consists of two things: (1) solid particles (here the cyclosporin) suspended in (2) an aqueous solution. In this context we are simply holding that the solution component of the hydrosol can mean a medicinal preparation. We are unaware of any evidence that one of ordinary skill in the art would consider the solution dispersing the solid particles of cyclosporin to no longer be a "solution,” as the dissent suggests here. Indeed, the patentee’s brief informs us that "[t]here is no dispute that in-jectable solutions [including the cyclosporin] are one particular embodiment of the claimed invention.” (Pls.-Appellants Br. at 11 (emphasis added).) Thus, contrary to the dissent's view, the narrower definition of solution is entirely consistent with the claim language.

. In addition, the specification teaches that the water portion of the hydrosol may be removed leaving the cyclosporin particles in a dry form that "is a starting material for preparation of pharmaceutical compositions,” which after being "redispersed with distilled water ... may be intravenously administra-ble.” '382 patent, col. 6, ll. 50-60.

. Cf. Omega Eng’g, Inc. v. Raytek Corp., 334 F.3d 1314, 1324 (Fed.Cir.2003) ("[W]here the patentee has unequivocally disavowed a certain meaning to obtain his patent, the doctrine of prosecution disclaimer attaches and narrows the ordinary meaning of the claim congruent with the scope of the surrender.”); SciMed Life Sys., Inc. v. Advanced Cardiovascular Sys., Inc., 242 F.3d 1337, 1344 (Fed.Cir.2001) (construing the claims to include a "coaxial” limitation, despite their ordinary meaning, because "portions of the ... specification lead to the inescapable conclusion that the references ... to an inflation lumen separate from the guide wire lumen must be understood as referring to coaxial lumens”); see also Liebel-Flarsheim Co. v. Medrad, Inc., 358 F.3d 898, 906-08 (Fed.Cir.2004) (discussing the appropriateness of limiting unambiguous claim language based on the intrinsic record).

. In light of our decision that there is no infringement because the claims are limited to medicinal preparations prepared outside *1313the body, we need not reach other aspects of the district court’s construction of “hydro-sol.” Nor do we address the parties’ arguments related to other claim terms construed by the district court.