Court Opinion

ID: 9497922
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 17:03:52.052713+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:58:30.574371
License: Public Domain

Petition denied by published opinion. Judge WILLIAMS wrote the majority opinion, in which Judge LUTTIG joined. Judge GREGORY wrote a dissenting opinion.
OPINION
WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge:
Qiao Hua Li, a citizen of the People’s Republic of China, petitions for review of a final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying her application for asylum and withholding of removal. Li maintains that she is entitled to refugee status because she was persecuted for her resistance to China’s coercive population control program. Specifically, Li argues that she was persecuted for having an unauthorized child because she was fined 10,000 Renminbi (RMB) and she was required to have an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) implanted against her will. Li also alleges that she has a well-founded fear of being persecuted in the future if she returns to China. The BIA concluded that the fine and the IUD requirement did not rise to the level of persecution and that any fear Li had of future persecution was not well founded. Because the BIA’s decision was not manifestly contrary to law or an abuse of discretion, we affirm.
I.
Li was born on March 12, 1980 in Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China. In January 1997, Li married Jing Cai Yang, in a traditional marriage ceremony despite the denial of their application for a marriage certif*174icate because Li was underage.1 Four months later, Li became pregnant even though she and Yang lacked a marriage certificate. Fearing that the Chinese government would force her to abort the unauthorized pregnancy, Li and her husband fled into the mountains, and her child was born on January 12, 1998. Li and her husband returned home eight months after the child was born. Upon returning, they were fined 10,000 RMB for the unauthorized birth. They did not pay the fine and were “harassed” by family-planning authorities. In her brief, Li contends that this fine was more money than she and her husband earned in a year.
In addition, after Li returned home, Chinese officials “forced [her] to submit to an IUD insertion against [her] will.” (J.A. at I, 10; Supp. J.A. at 24.) Li initially experienced “abnormal menstruation” from the IUD, but the effects lessened over time and now Li can “tolerate it.” (J.A. at 10; Supp. J.A. at 24.) She was checked every few months by Chinese doctors to ensure that the IUD was still in place and that she was not pregnant. Li testified that the family-planning officials came to her home in China to collect the fine every year and that her husband did not live at home in order to avoid being harassed by the officials. Li’s son lives with her parents. Li testified that she repeatedly asked to remove the IUD while in China, but the Chinese officials refused those requests. Although Li has been in the United States since 2001, she has not had the IUD removed. She testified that she “dare not have it removed” because she fears the repercussions if she is returned to China and it has been removed. (Supp. J.A. at 66.)
Li incurred a debt to smugglers of more than $60,000 for help to flee China through Hong Kong and Japan. She arrived in the United States, at the Los Angeles International Airport, on July 31, 2001, and was detained by officials because she failed to present proper travel documents. Because Li told the officials that she feared returning to her native China, she was referred to an asylum officer for an interview. See 8 U.S.C.A. § 1225(b)(1)(A) (West). Following this interview, the asylum officer determined that Li had a “credible fear of persecution” and that further proceedings were necessary. See 8 U.S.C.A. § 1225(b)(l)(B)(ii).
The Government charged Li with re-movability and began removal procedures against her. Li conceded removability, but requested asylum and withholding of removal. Li’s proceedings initially commenced in California, but were transferred to New York, where Li moved upon arrival in the United States. In November, 2001, a status hearing was conducted in New York. During that hearing, Li’s immigration case was transferred again, to Virginia, where Li apparently now resides.
On November 20, 2002, the immigration judge (IJ) conducted the merits hearing in Li’s case. Li was not accompanied by counsel to the courtroom. When the IJ asked Li where counsel was, Li responded that she was “not expecting him,” and that he was not coming “[b]ecause the fee [wa]s too high” and she “couldn’t afford it.”2 (Supp. J.A. at 53.) After the IJ conferred with counsel by telephone to confirm that he was no longer representing Li, the hearing continued.
The IJ concluded that Li had not been persecuted and did not have a we 11-found-*175ed fear of persecution because neither the fine nor the IUD insertion were severe enough to amount to persecution.3 The IJ also noted that Li had not had the IUD removed while she was in the United States, and that her husband and child were still living in China. The IJ ordered that Li be removed to China.4
Li filed a notice of appeal with the BIA. On November 25, 2003, the BIA adopted the IJ’s ruling and denied Li’s asylum claim. The BIA found that “[Li] ha[d] not been persecuted in the past by being forcibly sterilized or forced to have an abortion. Rather, [Li] was required to use an intrauterine birth control device, which she continues to use in the United States of her own volition, and to pay a fine.” (J.A. at 1.) The BIA concluded that Li had failed to “establish that either [the IUD or the fíne] constitute^] harm rising to the level of persecution.” (J.A. at 1.) The BIA also noted that “the father of [Li’s] child, with whom she entered into a traditional marriage, remains in China unharmed despite the non-payment of the fine.” (J.A. at 1.) Thus, concluded the BIA, Li “failed to establish an objectively reasonable fear that, if ... returned to China, she [would] suffer greater harm, rising to the level of persecution.” (J.A. at 1.) Li then filed the instant petition for review, which we have jurisdiction to entertain under 8 U.S.C.A. § 1252(a) (West 1999).
II.
On petition for review, the BIA’s determination that an alien is not eligible for asylum must be upheld unless that determination is “manifestly contrary to the law and an abuse of discretion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(D) (West 1999). “[A]dministrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B) (West 1999). Thus, we may reverse the denial of Li’s asylum application only if the evidence “was so compelling that no reasonable fact finder could fail to find the requisite fear of persecution.” Rusu v. INS, 296 F.3d 316, 325 n. 14 (4th Cir.2002) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Blanco de Belbruno v. Ashcroft, 362 F.3d 272, 284 (4th Cir.2004).
Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, the Attorney General may confer asy*176lum to anyone who is a “refugee.” Prior to 1997, circuit courts and the BIA had uniformly held that victims of China’s “one child” policy had not been persecuted on a protected basis, and had denied asylum requests based on this ground. See, e.g., Chen v. INS, 95 F.3d 801 (9th Cir.1996); Chen Zhou Chai v. Carroll, 48 F.3d 1331 (4th Cir.1995). To change this result, Congress, in the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA), created 8 U.S.C.A. § 1101(a)(42)(B). That section provides, in relevant part:
For purposes of determinations under this chapter, a person who has been forced to abort a pregnancy or to undergo involuntary sterilization, or who has been persecuted for failure or refusal to undergo such a procedure or for other resistance to a coercive population control program, shall be deemed to have been persecuted on account of political opinion, and a person who has a well founded fear that he or she will be forced to undergo such a procedure or subject to persecution for such failure, refusal, or resistance shall be deemed to have a well founded fear of persecution on account of political opinion.
8 U.S.C.A. § 1101(a)(42)(B)(West 1999).
In Chen v. INS, 195 F.3d 198 (4th Cir.1999), we interpreted this section as follows:
In amending the Immigration and Nationality Act, Congress included three additional classes of individuals in the definition of “refugee”: 1) persons who had been forced to undergo an involuntary sterilization or abortion; 2) persons who had been persecuted for refusing to undergo such a procedure or for other resistance to a coercive population control program; and 3) persons who have a well-founded fear of being subjected to [a forced abortion or sterilization, or persecuted for resistance to] a coercive population control program. See 8 U.S.C.A. § 1101(a)(42). By including applicants with a “well founded fear” of persecution as a distinct category, Congress directed that an individual in fear of a population control program would be able to qualify for refugee status even in the absence of a showing of past persecution.
Chen, 195 F.3d at 202.
In order to establish a well-founded fear of persecution, a petitioner must make both a subjective and an objective showing. INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 430-31, 107 S.Ct. 1207, 94 L.Ed.2d 434 (1987). The subjective component can be met through the presentation of “candid, credible, and sincere testimony demonstrating a genuine fear of persecution.” Chen, 195 F.3d at 201 (internal quotation marks omitted). The subjective “fear [must have] some basis in the reality of the circumstances and [be] validated with specific, concrete facts,” Huaman-Cornelio v. BIA, 979 F.2d 995, 999 (4th Cir.1992) (internal quotation marks omitted), and it cannot be “mere irrational apprehension,” M.A. v. INS, 899 F.2d 304, 311 (4th Cir.1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The objective element requires the asylum petitioner to show, with specific, concrete facts, that a reasonable person in like circumstances would fear persecution.” Chen, 195 F.3d at 202; see also 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(i)(B) (2002).
If an alien can establish past persecution based on a protected factor, the alien is presumed to have a well-founded fear of future persecution. Gonahasa v. INS, 181 F.3d 538, 541 (4th Cir.1999). In contrast, if an alien has been mistreated in the past on the basis of a protected factor, but the mistreatment did not rise to the level of persecution, the alien cannot prove *177a well-founded fear of future persecution merely by relying on the past mistreatment. Zalega v. INS, 916 F.2d 1257, 1261 (7th Cir.1990) Instead, the alien must prove that she has reason to believe she will be treated worse, i.e., persecuted, upon return to her native country. Id.
“Persecution involves the infliction or threat of death, torture, or injury to one’s person or freedom, on account of one of the enumerated grounds in the refugee definition.” Kondakova v. Ashcroft, 383 F.3d 792, 797 (8th Cir.2004) cert. denied - U.S. -, 125 S.Ct. 894, 160 L.Ed.2d 775 (2005) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Gormley v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1172, 1176 (9th Cir.2004); Liu v. Ashcroft, 380 F.3d 307, 312 (7th Cir.2004); see also INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 418, 104 S.Ct. 2489, 81 L.Ed.2d 321 (1984). “Although the term ‘persecution’ includes actions less severe than threats to life or freedom, actions must rise above the level of mere harassment to constitute persecution.” Dandan v. Ashcroft, 339 F.3d 567, 573 (7th Cir.2003) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Gormley, 364 F.3d at 1176; see Dandan 339 F.3d at 573 (holding that three-day detention which included interrogations, beatings, and deprivation of food and water did not compel a conclusion of past persecution); Kubon v. INS, 913 F.2d 386, 388 (7th Cir.1990) (finding that brief confinement for political opposition to a totalitarian regime did not constitute persecution); Mendez-Efrain v. INS, 813 F.2d 279, 283 (9th Cir.1987) (holding that a four-day detention did not amount to persecution). “Persecution is an extreme concept that does not include every sort of treatment that our society regards as offensive.” Gormley, 364 F.3d at 1176 (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). For example, brief detentions and repeated interrogations by governmental officials over a substantial period of time do not rise to the level of persecution. See, e.g., Zalega, 916 F.2d at 1260 (upholding BIA’s determination that alien had not been persecuted despite four years of intermittent searches, arrests, and detainments). Similarly, economic penalties “rise to the level of persecution” only if such “sanctions are sufficiently harsh to constitute a threat to life or freedom.” Ahmed v. Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 1011, 1012 (8th Cir.2005); see also Stevic, 467 U.S. at 418, 104 S.Ct. 2489. (“[Persecution] has also been construed to encompass economic sanctions sufficiently harsh to constitute a threat to life or freedom.”).
Courts, thus, have been reluctant to categorize detentions unaccompanied by severe physical abuse or torture as persecution. See Dandan 339 F.3d at 574; Borca v. INS, 77 F.3d 210, 213 (7th Cir.1996) (upholding determination that illegal searches, interrogations and threatening phone calls did not amount to persecution); Skalak v. INS, 944 F.2d 364, 365 (7th Cir.1991) (upholding determination that two three-day detentions and interrogations did not amount to persecution); Zalega, 916 F.2d at 1260 (upholding determination that repeated interrogations did not amount to persecution). Even “[m]inor beatings and ... detentions lasting two or three days, do not amount to ... persecution.” Kondakova, 383 F.3d at 797 (internal quotation marks omitted). In contrast, when one who seeks asylum demonstrates that he has been severely physically abused or tortured, courts have not hesitated to characterize such treatment as persecution. Bace v. Ashcroft, 352 F.3d 1133, 1138 (7th Cir.2003) (finding persecution when petitioner was beaten successively by multiple assailants, was attacked and cut with a razor, his home was broken into, his father beaten, and his wife raped in front of him and his family); Asani v. *178INS, 154 F.3d 719, 725 (7th Cir.1998) (stating that it was “likely that the events described by [the petitioner]' — being beaten resulting in the loss of two teeth, deprived of food and water, detained in a cell with no room to sit, and chained to a radiator — [we]re sufficiently serious to rise beyond the level of mere harassment”); Vaduva v. INS, 131 F.3d 689, 690 (7th Cir.1997) (upholding determination that a petitioner was persecuted when he was severely beaten and suffered a broken finger).
In this case, Li argues that she has suffered past persecution for her resistance to China’s coercive population control program and that she has a well-founded fear that the persecution will recur if she returns to China. Specifically, Li contends that both the 10,000 RMB fine and the required insertion of the IUD were persecution for having had an unauthorized child. For the reasons that follow, we hold that the BIA’s decision that neither the fine nor the IUD insertion amounted to persecution was not manifestly contrary to law or an abuse of discretion.
We first consider whether the BIA was compelled to conclude that the 10,000 RMB fine amounted to persecution. As we have noted, economic penalties rise to the level of persecution only if they are so harsh as to constitute a threat to life or liberty. According to Li, 10,000 RMB, an amount equivalent to approximately $1,300, is more than one year’s wages for her family in China. Although we acknowledge that Li’s fine is a harsh one, we do not believe that it is so large as to compel a finding that it threatens Li’s life or freedom. The 2000 State Department Report on China, which was adopted by the IJ, notes that “[i]n Quanzhou, Fujian Province, the fine for violating birth quotas is ... to be paid over a 12 to 13 year period.” U.S. Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2000 (China) available at http:// www.state.gov/g/dr]/rls/hrrpt/2000/eap/684. htm (released Feb. 23, 2001). Thus, Li and her husband were given a substantial period of time to repay the fine, mitigating any risk that the magnitude of the fine posed to' Li’s life or freedom. Our conclusion is buttressed by the fact that Li was willing to incur a debt of more than $60,000 to the smugglers who brought her to this country. Given that Li was willing to undertake such a sizeable obligation voluntarily, we cannot reasonably say that the BIA was compelled to conclude that the much smaller fine threatened Li’s life or freedom’.
We next consider whether the BIA was compelled to conclude that Li was persecuted when she was required to submit to the insertion of an IUD. Here, because Li has not alleged that she was or will be subject to, or has refused to undergo, a forced abortion or forced sterilization, we must consider only whether she “has been persecuted ... for other resistance to a coercive population control program” or has a well-founded fear of such persecution. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). Moreover, because neither the Board nor the IJ addressed the issue of whether the mistreatment Li alleges was imposed “for other resistance to a coercive population control program,” we would be required to remand to the Board for an initial determination on that issue if it were necessary to dispose of this case. See INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 17, 123 S.Ct. 353, 154 L.Ed.2d 272 (2002) (per curiam). Therefore, we address only the narrow issue of whether the penalties of which Li complains constituted “persecution” within the meaning of 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42).
Of these penalties, we have already determined that the fine did not rise to the *179level of economic “persecution.” Thus, we have only to consider whether the IUD requirement constituted persecution. Moreover, because Li challenges only the insertion of the IUD as mistreatment constituting persecution, our holding is correspondingly narrow. In particular, Li does not argue that the harms and injuries associated with compelled IUD usage — such as the continuing invasion of her most intimate bodily privacy and the potentially indefinite disabling of her reproductive capability — when taken together with the flagrant violation of personal privacy involved in the actual insertion of the IUD, might collectively rise to the level of “persecution.” Instead, apparently because she has voluntarily chosen to leave the IUD in place during her residence in the United States, (Supp. J.A. 25), Li challenges on appeal, as the treatment constituting persecution, only the act of inserting the IUD. (See Pet. Br. at 27-35; Supp. J.A. at 32 (“The IUD, as an instrument, in the victim’s body, is not itself a persecution^] the process of forceful insertion of the IUD into the body of an unwilling recipient is a persecution.”).)
Therefore, on this issue, the sole question presented to us is whether the single event of insertion of the IUD constituted persecution. Moreover, even as to this single act, Li does not allege force, physical abuse, or other equivalent circumstances, and thus she does not challenge the manner or means of the insertion. Contrast Li v. Ashcroft, 356 F.3d 1153, 1158 (9th Cir.2004) (holding that a half-hour compelled gynecological examination, conducted by means of force and physical restraint while the victim resisted by kicking and screaming, constituted “persecution”). Rather, Li claims only that she was required to submit to what we are left (by the bareness of the record and her arguments) to believe was a medically routine insertion. That is, but for the fact that the procedure was required, the record contains no evidence that the procedure differed from a voluntary IUD insertion, which typically does not cause substantial pain or lasting side effects. See Novak’s Textbook on Gynecology 225 (Howard Jones III et al., eds., 11th ed.1998); Williams Obstetrics 1363 (Gary F. Cunningham et al., eds., 20th ed.1997); Danforth’s Obstetrics and Gynecology 633 (James R. Scott et al., eds., 7th ed.1994). On these specific and bare allegations, we cannot conclude that the BIA’s holding that insertion of the IUD alone did not constitute persecution was “manifestly contrary to law.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(D). If our review here were de novo, or if the record contained evidence of forcible mistreatment or physical abuse of Li during the IUD insertion, or if Li’s argument on appeal were not so narrowly limited to the single act of insertion, we might well be prepared to hold that the compulsory insertion and required usage of an IUD constitutes “persecution” within the meaning of 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42). In any event, we would certainly not treat any such claim as dismissively as the IJ and BIA evidently treated Li’s claim. But, as we are constrained by the standard of review, the bareness of the record, and the issue as deliberately limited by the petitioner, we cannot conclude that the BIA’s determination that Li was not “persecuted” was manifestly contrary to law.5
*180Finally, given that we have upheld the BIA’s conclusion that Li did not suffer past persecution, we must also uphold the BIA’s conclusion that she has not demonstrated a well-founded fear of future persecution. Li presented no evidence suggesting that she will be treated any worse upon her return to China than she has been in the past. Zalega, 916 F.2d at 1261. Therefore, the BIA was not compelled to conclude that Li had an objectively reasonable fear of future persecution for resistance to China’s coercive population control program.6
III.
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the BIA did not abuse its discretion when it determined that Li was not persecuted for resistance to China’s coercive population control program. We also conclude that the BIA did not abuse its discretion when it determined that Li had not established a well-founded fear of future persecution. Accordingly, we deny Li’s petition for review.

PETITION DENIED

. Chinese law prohibits women from marrying until they are twenty years of age.

. All of Li's testimony at the hearing has been translated from the Mandarin and Fuzhou languages.

. The IJ also concluded that Li could not have been fined for having a child out of wedlock based on the timing of Li's marriage. This conclusion was erroneous and was apparently not relied on by the BIA. The IJ, apparently as a result of the language barrier, did not understand that Li's 1997 marriage was not sanctioned by the Chinese government and that therefore any child born of the marriage was not authorized by the one child policy. This error was not fatal, however, because the IJ also analyzed Li's claim in the alternative, assuming that she had in fact been fined for having a child out of wedlock.

. At the time that the IJ rendered its decision, Hong Kong was still independent of China, and the IJ ordered Li removed to Hong Kong or, in the alternative, to China. Since that time, Hong Kong has reverted to Chinese control, and the BIA amended the IJ's order to provide for Li's removal to China. In a section of her brief that is largely incomprehensible, Li apparently asks us to order that she be deported to Hong Kong, even though she acknowledges that such an order would be “technically impossible to ... enforced'' (Appellant’s Br. at 27.) Because this section of Li's brief contains no citation to legal authority, Li forfeited the argument. See Fed. R.App. P. 28(a)(9)(A) (noting that the appellant’s brief must contain, inter alia, "citations to the authorities ... on which the appellant relies.”); Shopco Distribution Co., Inc. v. Commanding General of Marine Corps, 885 F.2d 167, 170 n. 3 (4th Cir.1989) (noting that claims are forfeited if brief does not comply with Rule 28). In any event, the BIA's decision to amend the IJ's removal order in light of Hong Kong’s reversion to China was not an abuse of discretion.

. Our dissenting colleague mischaracterizes our interpretation of ''persecution.” He argues that we require a finding of ''force,” construed narrowly to mean “physical restraint,” as a necessary predicate to a finding of "persecution.” See post at 17-18. But there is not even a hint of such in our opinion. On the contrary, our holding explicitly leaves open the possibility that the required insertion and continuous usage of an IUD *180might constitute "persecution,” even absent any physical force or restraint whatsoever. Moreover, from our discussion of persecution via economic penalties, it is obvious that "persecution” does not always involve physical force or restraint. We have concluded merely that the absence of physical force in the insertion of Li's IUD is one relevant factor among several in our determination that the Board did not manifestly err in holding that such an isolated event did not rise to the level of persecution. Judge Gregory’s suggestion that we require a showing of physical restraint for any allegation of "persecution” is thus baseless.

. Li also argues that she was denied due process by the absence of counsel during her hearing before the IJ. Because Li did not make this argument in her appeal to the BIA, the claim is procedurally defaulted, and we may not consider it. 8 U.S.C.A. § 1252(d)(l)(2) (West 1999).