Court Opinion

ID: 4202231
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-09-08 20:04:33.326336+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:35.570626
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                         No. 14-711C
                                  Filed: September 8, 2017

   * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **          *
                                               *
  STROMNESS MPO, LLC,                          *
                                               *   Trial; Lease Agreement; Fifth
                     Plaintiff,
                                               *   Amendment Taking; Holdover
             v.                                *   Tenancy; Contract Interpretation;
                                               *   Breach of Contract; United States
  UNITED STATES,                               *   Postal Service; Reformation.
                     Defendant.                *
                                               *
   * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **          *

      Stephen B. Hurlbut, Akerman LLP, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff. With him was
Harold J. Hughes, Ford and Hugh, LLC, Lehi, UT.

       Anand R. Sambhwani, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With him were Jessica
L. Cole, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Meen-Geu Oh, Trial Attorney,
Commercial Litigation Branch, Martin F. Hockey, Jr., Assistant Director, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, and Chad A. Readler, Acting
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. Of
counsel was Shoshana O. Epstein, Office of the General Counsel, United States Postal
Service.

                                           OPINION
HORN, J.

        Plaintiff, Stromness MPO, LLC (Stromness MPO), filed a complaint in the United
States Court of Federal Claims alleging that the United States Postal Service (USPS)
breached the terms of two lease agreements between the parties, violated the duty of
good faith and fair dealing, and effected a taking of plaintiff’s property in violation of the
Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In its complaint, plaintiff appeals two
USPS contracting officers’ final decisions denying plaintiff’s certified claim and a
supplemental certified claim. Plaintiff seeks declaratory and monetary relief, including
reformation of the leases, the fair market rental value of the leased property,
reimbursement of real property taxes, and compensation to restore and remediate the
leased property. A trial was held and post-trial briefings on the legal and factual issues
raised in the case were filed by both parties. After a review of the trial testimony, the
exhibits entered into the record, and the submissions filed by the parties, the court makes
the following findings of fact.
                                     FINDINGS OF FACT

        The dispute between the parties in the above-captioned case revolves around a
postal facility in Magna, Utah, which was constructed by plaintiff and leased by the
USPS. 1 Plaintiff, Stromness MPO, is one of several businesses owned by members of
the Stromness family. For several decades, the Stromness family businesses have
constructed and leased buildings for the USPS and other entities within the United States
federal government, including the Magna postal facility located in Magna, Utah, which is
at issue in this case. At the trial conducted in the above-captioned case, the court heard
testimony from two members of the Stromness family, Frederick (“Freddie”) Stromness,
the managing member of Stromness MPO and President of Build Inc., another Stromness
family business, and Richard (“Richie”) Daniel Stromness, the Director of Real Estate and
Facilities for Stromness MPO, who is the son of Frederick Stromness.

         In February 1996, the USPS determined that it needed a new postal facility in
Magna, Utah, after the USPS Salt Lake District Office requested a new construction lease
project. The Salt Lake District Office initially requested a postal facility that was
approximately 16,000 square feet in size, however, the District did not meet the criteria
to justify a building of that size. The USPS Denver Facilities Service Office supported the
Districts in their facility needs, including the construction and leasing of new postal
facilities for the Salt Lake District Office. Based on a site visit, the Denver Facilities Service
Office determined that the postal “facility project would not rank high enough on the Area’s
NCO Priority List to justify a facility of this size,” and, as a result, the Salt Lake District
Office chose to build a smaller facility in order to meet the immediate space deficiencies. 2
To address the District’s request for a postal facility, the USPS created a building plan for
the facility that contemplated an expandable building, which could be built in phases,

1 In addition to plaintiff, the Stromness family businesses relevant to the above-captioned
case include Build Inc. and MPO Leasing, because these two businesses were
Stromness MPO’s predecessors-in-interest related to the Magna postal facility. In
response to questions posed by the court, defendant acknowledged in its submission to
the court on February 3, 2016 that Build Inc. and MPO Leasing each assigned its lease
to Stromness MPO. Defendant stated, “we possess no evidence that calls into question
the legitimacy of the assignments,” “the assignments provided by Stromness appear to
pre-date the filing of this case,” and, “Stromness has established privity of contract as of
the filing of this case.”
2   Contracting officer Edward Bavouset explained at trial:

         All new leases and real estate acquisitions and major construction projects
         were administered by the facility service office. The functional level at the
         district office, which would have been referred to as administrative support
         offices, typically only held and handled what was called repair and alteration
         projects at the local level to manage and maintain their existing facilities.

                                                2
specifically Phases I, II, and III, depending on the future needs of the USPS. 3 During the
trial, the parties jointly moved to admit into evidence drawings that illustrate the phases
of the expandable building plan, including the following “MASTER PLAN”:

                                 Joint Exhibit 67, page 399

(capitalization in original). The drawing indicated that Phase I would measure 16,640
square feet in size, including 8,250 square feet of enclosed space and 8,390 square feet
of covered parking. Phase II would measure 16,359 square feet in size, including 8,390
square feet of enclosed space and 7,969 square feet of covered parking. Phase III would

3 At trial contracting officer Edward Bavouset explained, “the expandable building was
just kind of a pilot-type program that was being tried by this particular district. But it was
a building that could be expanded at a later date should the Postal Service desire to
pursue that option.” The Salt Lake District Office requested the expandable building
concept be used on the Magna postal facility so that, if growth projections did materialize,
the building then could be expanded, as needed.

                                              3
measure 9,626 square feet in size, including 4,992 square feet of enclosed space and
4,634 square feet of covered parking.

        On December 16, 1996, to satisfy the Salt Lake District’s request for a facility, the
USPS issued a solicitation for the construction and lease of a post office in Magna, Utah.
The solicitation requested offerors “to provide bids for both Phase I and Phase I & II
combined” of the expandable building plan, even though at the time the USPS only
intended to award a contract for the construction and lease of Phase I. 4 The contracting
officer for the Magna Main Post Office, Edward Bavouset, testified at trial that “Phase 1
would have been for the project that was approved through the appropriate approving
authorities for a new construction lease facility of approximately 6,500 square feet. Phase
2 was the expandable building portion of that,” such that “when the Postal Service asked
for both Phase 1 and Phase 2, Phase 1 proposal was based on what was approved.
Phase 2 was anticipation of whether or not any future approval would come for that.”5
The solicitation provided that “the successful offeror providing the best Phase I offer was
considered” for the contract award because funding had only been approved to complete
Phase I of the project. Contracting officer Edward Bavouset explained at trial that “[t]he
combination of Phase 1 and Phase 2 proposals was informational only, so the Postal
Service had that information should they decide to pursue that option at a later date.”

        In soliciting proposals, the USPS described Phase I and Phase I and II, combined,
as follows:

       Phase I consists of 6,498 sq. ft. of useable workspace/lobby space; 1,338
       sq. ft. of useable dock space; and 8,171 sq. ft. of useable covered parking
       and grounds. Phase I & II combined consists of 14,668 sq. ft. of useable
       workspace/lobby/ground storage; 1,338 sq. ft. useable dock space; and
       7,212 sq. ft. useable covered parking space.

4At trial Frederick Stromness testified that the building plans were incorporated into the
Magna Main Post Office solicitation and the Magna Main Post Office lease.
5 The trial transcript refers to the building phases with Arabic numerals 1 and 2, as well
as Roman numerals I and II, while the documentary evidence submitted to the court and
the parties’ filings identify the phases with Roman numerals I and II. To align with the
documentary evidence and the parties’ written references in their submissions to the
court, the court utilizes Roman numerals to identify the phases, unless quoting directly
from the parties’ submissions or exhibits or trial testimony.

                                             4
       The drawings submitted to the court included the following depiction of the Phase
I space:

                                Joint Exhibit 67, page 388

As the above drawing indicates, Phase I included the Phase I enclosed building and the
adjacent Phase I covered parking Sheet A-1, as referred to in the drawing above and
depicted on page 397 of Joint Exhibit 67, illustrated a more detailed floor plan of the Phase
I space:

                                             5
                                Joint Exhibit 67, page 387

According to the Phase I floor plan, the front area of the building would include the
counter, an office, and a work area, and the back area of the building would include the
women’s restrooms, the men’s restrooms, and a work room.

       Plaintiff’s predecessor-in-interest, Build Inc., submitted two proposals in response
to the solicitation, one for Phase I of the project, as well as one for Phases I and II,
combined. In the evaluation of proposals, the USPS explained:

      Build Inc. has built many post offices for the USPS and has always provided
      very satisfactory buildings in a timely manner. . . . According to Charlie
      Hubbert, the construction Project Manager, the builder is easy to work with
      and responsive to any instructions which are given. The project manager
      has worked with this particular builder for over ten years on NCL [New
      Construction Lease] projects in Idaho and Utah and feels he is “fair and
      ethical”.

                                            6
After reviewing the six proposals received in response to the solicitation, the USPS
determined that Build Inc. “provided the most acceptable, Best and Final offer” for Phase
I.

Magna Main Post Office Lease

        On January 27, 1997, the USPS and Build Inc. executed a contract for the
construction and lease of the “Magna – Main Post Office,” or the Phase I space, for a
base terms of 20 years, beginning on April 1, 1998 and continuing until March 31, 2018.
Joint Exhibit 1 indicates that Richard John Stromness, 6 the president of Build Inc. at the
time, signed the Magna Main Post Office contract on January 21, 1997, but contracting
officer Edward Bavouset signed the contract on January 27, 1997. The Magna Main Post
Office lease was identified as “SALT LAKE COUNTY Project: E20321,” and designated
by a specific finance number, “495270-002.” The parties generally both refer to the lease
for the “Magna – Main Post Office” executed on January 27, 1997 as the “Phase I” lease. 7
(capitalization in original).

       The Magna Main Post Office lease award was only for the construction of Phase I
and the building plan awarded under the lease was the Phase I plan, as depicted above
and in Joint Exhibit 67 on page 388. At trial, Frederick Stromness, the current President
of Build Inc., testified that the USPS only awarded a lease for Phase I:

       Q. And the Postal Service only awarded Phase I, correct?

       A. [Frederick Stromness] That’s correct, just Phase I.

      According to the terms of the Magna Main Post Office lease, the lessor, Build Inc.,
agreed to lease to the USPS the following premises: “[t]he Westerly most 115,486 Square
Foot Parcel of Land identified as Salt Lake County Parcel No. 14-20-379-004. . . .
Together with the Southwest ½ of the Vacated County Road consisting of a 9,805 Square

6 Richard John Stromness, who was the President of Build Inc. at the time the Phase I
lease was signed, is now deceased and was the father of Frederick Stromness and the
grandfather of Richard Daniel Stromness. At the time the amended complaint was filed in
this case, Frederick Stromness was the President of Build Inc.
7 Throughout their submissions to the court and during the trial proceedings, the parties
have used various names and labels to refer to the Magna Main Post Office lease
executed on January 27, 1997, including “MPO Lease” and “Phase I Lease.” Similarly,
the parties have used differing titles with regard to the lease for the District Training Center
space, which was executed on January 18, 2000, as discussed in more detail below. The
parties generally have referred to the District Training Center lease as the “Phase II
Lease.” In order to maintain consistency, uniformity, and clarity, the court refers to each
of these two lease agreements using the titles identified in the separate lease agreement
documents, specifically, the court will refer to the Magna Main Post Office lease and the
District Training Center lease.

                                               7
Foot Parcel of Land.” The Magna Main Post Office lease stated that upon the described
premises:

      [I]s a SINGLE STORY FRAME BUILDING and which property contains
      areas, spaces, improvements, and appurtenances as follows:

             AREA                       SQ. FEET

             Net Floor Space            6,498

             Platform                   1,338

             Parking and Maneuvering 13,860

             Other:

                    Driveway            50,047

                    Landscaping         43,085

                    Sidewalks           5,030

                    Enclosed Cvd. Pkg. 8,171

             Total Site Area:           134,553

(emphasis and capitalization in original). The USPS agreed to pay Build Inc. an annual
rent of $199,488.00 for the space. The lease provided that, as part of the rental
consideration, Build Inc. was required to furnish the heating system, air conditioning
equipment, light fixtures, sewerage system, electrical system, and water system.

       The Magna Main Post Office lease included “General Conditions,” such as Section
A.21, “ALTERATIONS,” which stated, in pertinent part:

      The Postal Service shall have the right to make alterations, attach fixtures
      and erect additions, structures or signs in or upon the premises hereby
      leased (provided such alterations, additions, structures, or signs shall not
      be detrimental to or inconsistent with the rights granted to other tenants on
      the property or in the building in which said premises are located); which
      fixtures, additions or structures so placed in, upon or attached to the said
      premises shall be and remain the property of the Postal Service and may
      be removed or otherwise disposed of by the Postal Service.

(capitalization in original). Section A.22, “APPLICABLE CODES AND ORDINANCES”
was another provision identified in the “General Conditions” of the Magna Main Post
Office lease, which stated:

      The Lessor, as part of the rental consideration, agrees to comply with all
      codes and ordinances applicable to the ownership and operation of the

                                           8
       building in which the rented space is situated and to obtain all necessary
       permits and related items at no cost to the Postal Service.

(capitalization in original). At trial, Frederick Stromness testified that Section A.22 required
Build Inc. to meet all codes and ordinances as of the time of construction:

       [Q]. As of the time of construction, it’s you’re understanding that the building
       has to meet all codes and ordinances, correct?

       A. [Frederick Stromness] Yes, sir.

       Q. And that includes all local codes and ordinances, correct?

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. And by signing the lease, you agreed to Section A.22, correct?

       A. Yes, sir.

Contracting officer Edward Bavouset testified:

       [I]n this situation, the Postal Service was only a tenant here and not the
       owner of the facility, so the owner of this facility does not have any immunity
       from noncompliance. Yes, they have to comply with all local building codes.
       And we placed that responsibility on them in the general conditions of the
       lease under the previous paragraph you cited, A22.

       Additionally, the construction was to comply with the requirements of the USPS
handbook “RE-5,” which contained security requirements for the facility. At trial,
contracting officer Edward Bavouset explained that the RE-5 handbook, “covers security
requirements for all postal facilities, and basically to meet Postal Service security
requirements as identified by the Postal Service inspection service.” Contracting officer
Edward Bavouset testified that security is necessary to maintain the integrity of the United
States mail “in order for the general public to be secure when they place any piece of mail
in the United States Postal Service . . . .” According to the trial testimony, the USPS
expects that all mail types will be secured from public access.

       The Magna Main Post Office lease also included a “Construction Rider,”
“Maintenance Rider,” “Tax Rider Reimbursement of Paid Taxes,” and an “Option to
Purchase Rider.” The Construction Rider provided that “[n]o changes will be allowed in
the building plan.” Frederick Stromness confirmed, at trial, that the terms of the Magna
Main Post Office lease disallowed changes to the building plan:

       Q. And the building plan that was awarded under this lease was the Phase
       I plan, correct?

       A. [Frederick Stromness] That’s correct.

                                               9
       Q. So read in context, it would be fair to say that no changes will be allowed
       in the building -- the Phase I building plan, correct?

       A. That’s correct.

The Construction Rider stated that “[c]hanges or modifications which may be required
during construction must be approved in writing by the contracting officer prior to
proceeding with such changes.” The Construction Rider identified Charlie Hubbert, as the
“A/E Project Manager” and the contact person for any questions regarding the
construction plans and specifications.

       The Construction Rider included an attachment, which stated:

       DOCUMENTS FOR THIS PROJECT HAS [SIC] BEEN 100% DESIGNED.

       Within thirty (30) days after having received a copy of the accepted Lease,
       the lessor shall submit four (4) sets of the plans and specifications. These
       construction documents must be reviewed, stamped, and signed by an
       architect/engineer (A/E)-firm, licensed to practice in the State of Utah, and
       hired and paid for by the Lessor. . . . No changes will be allowed in the
       building plan.

(emphasis and capitalization in original). At trial, Keith LaShier, the manager of the
Denver Facilities Service Office at the time the Magna Main Post Office lease was
executed, explained the requirement for stamped drawings. He testified that stamped
drawings are intended to demonstrate that a facility meets code requirements and that
“[s]tamped drawing are provided by an architect who is involved or an
architect/engineering firm involved in the preparation of the detailed drawings for a
particular building, that could get licensed and certified.”

       The Tax Rider for the Reimbursement of Paid Taxes stated:

       The Lessor agrees to pay all general real estate taxes levied on the land
       and buildings hereby demised. Upon final payment of the annual taxes due,
       the Postal Service will reimburse the Lessor, as additional rent, for all
       general real estate taxes applicable to any period of time within the term of
       this Lease.

The Tax Rider defined general real estate taxes as “those which are assessed on an ad
valorem basis, against all taxable real property in the taxing authority’s jurisdiction without
regard to benefit to the property, and for the purpose of funding general government
services.”

       At the time the Magna Main Post Office lease was executed, the USPS was the
only anticipated tenant of the facility. During the trial, defendant’s counsel asked Frederick
Stromness about the intended use of the postal facility:

                                              10
       Q. Mr. Stromness, as of January ’97 when this lease was executed, who
       were the expected tenants of the facility?

       A. [Frederick Stromness] US Postal Service.

       Q. Anybody else?

       A. Not anticipated at that time.

       Q. So if the Postal Service was the only tenant, the Postal Service would
       have exclusive right to the bathrooms, correct?

       A. Yes, sir, at that time.

       Q. And if the Postal Service is the only tenant, the Postal Service would
       have exclusive right to the parking, correct?

       A. Yes, sir.

                                             ...

       Q. And if the Postal Service is the only tenant, it’s your understanding the
       Postal Service would have exclusive rights to the hallways, correct?

       A. Correct.

As depicted in the Phase I floor plan included above, the planned Phase I space included
the men’s and women’s restrooms as well as covered parking.

      After the parties executed the Magna Main Post Office lease and a pre-
construction meeting was held, in May 1997, Build Inc. began a four-month period of
surcharging the soil on which the postal facility would be built. 8 At the trial held in the
8  During the trial in the above-captioned case, Frederick Stromness explained
“surcharging”:

       [E]xtra-weight surcharge, if you will, in the form of imported soil is placed
       over the existing site where buildings are going to be. Prior to that soil --
       extra soil surcharge being placed, you would put a settlement plate . . . . So
       what you’re doing is squeezing the water out of the soils. And you do this
       because what you’re trying to do with this surcharge is mimic the weight of
       the building. So when you remove the surcharge, then you construct the
       building. And it -- it does eliminate settlement in the building, and, of course,
       that’s important because nobody wants a building to have settlement
       cracks.

Frederick Stromness also testified that “[i]t was a requirement to surcharge for both
phases, for both Phase I and Phase II.”

                                              11
above-captioned case, Frederick Stromness testified that, during the four-month
surcharging process, the Manager of the Administrative Services Office for the Postal
Service’s Salt Lake District Office, Wayne Christensen, told Build Inc. to “[b]uild Phase
II,” in addition to Phase I, and stated that he would “find the funding.” 9 In response to
defendant’s interrogatories during discovery in this case, Frederick Stromness stated,

       Wayne Christensen, the Manager, Administrative Services, for the Postal
       Service’s Salt Lake District told Dick [Richard John] Stromness (now
       deceased) in the presence of Frederick Stromness, his son and the
       managing member of Stromness MPO, LLC, Plaintiff in this matter, that he
       wanted Phase II constructed, that he would have funding for Phase II, and
       that if Dick Stromness built Phase II, Mr. Christensen would find a way for
       the Postal Service to pay for it.

       Build Inc. proceeded to construct the Phase I and II combined space between May
1997 and January 1998, at Wayne Christensen’s alleged agreement. The parties have
stipulated that Build Inc. “proceeded to build Phase I and II combined as opposed to
Phase I only,” even though the Magna Main Post Office lease was for the construction
and lease of Phase I only. According to the testimony of the contracting officer, Edward
Bavouset, during construction of the Magna Main Post Office, Mr. Bavouset asked the
Salt Lake City Administrative Services Manager, Wayne Christensen, if Build Inc. was
constructing Phase II, and Wayne Christensen explained that, to his knowledge, only
Phase I was being built.

      Frederick Stromness testified during the trial that he believed Wayne Christensen
had contracting authority to authorize the construction of Phase II, however, Frederick
Stromness later realized that belief was erroneous:

       I felt at the time that reasonably Wayne had the authority -- the authority,
       and I didn’t question it again. But I obviously understand that I’m not going
       to prevail on anything that Wayne’s direction gave me, but I’d just say that I
       believed it to be reasonable that if Wayne was giving that direction, he was
       working with others in the Postal Service to gain the approval he needed or
       was needed from the Postal Service as a whole. I -- I’m not-- I’m not trying
       to argue with you, sir, the course of action was the correct course of action.
       It was not.

                                             ...

9 Although the court was never informed why, neither party elected to have Wayne
Christensen, who apparently was alive at the time of the trial, testify during the trial in the
above-captioned case. Based on testimony received at trial, it appears that Wayne
Christensen was a USPS employee at the time the Magna Main Post Office lease was
executed, and that, subsequently, he became an employee of the Stromness family
entities.

                                              12
      As we’ve established in the record, that myself and the Stromness group
      took Wayne’s -- Christensen’s direction and accepted it as valid. I also
      acknowledged that that direction was not a commitment from the Postal
      Service.

Frederick Stromness explained in his testimony:

      In the early ’97 time frame, we relied on Wayne Christensen and the
      direction we received. By later in 1997, Mr. Bavouset, Mr. Long and even
      others had ‘well informed’ us, is the term I’m using, that Mr. Christensen
      didn’t have the authority and what we did was a mistake and an error. I
      acknowledge that.[10]

       Similarly, during the trial, defendant’s counsel asked Keith LaShier, the Manager
of the Denver Facilities Service Office, about Wayne Christensen’s role with regard to the
Magna Main Post Office lease:

      Q. Could he [Wayne Christensen] make modifications to the contract?

      A. [Keith LaShier] No.

      Q. Could he expand the facility to double the size?

      A. No.

      Q. And he could not do so because he did not have contracting authority,
      correct?

      A. Correct.

The contracting officer for the Magna Main Post Office lease, Edward Bavouset, also
testified that Wayne Christensen did not have the authority to direct the construction of
Phase II:

      [Q.] Assuming Wayne Christensen had informed Build, Inc. to proceed with
      Phase 2 construction, based on your experience as a contracting officer,
      would that be considered a contract modification to the Phase 1 lease?

10 According to the trial testimony of Keith LaShier, the manager of the USPS Denver
Facilities Service Office between 1992 and 2007, it appears that, “at some point while he
was in Salt Lake city,” Wayne Christensen had contracting officer authority up to $2.5
million, however, Wayne Christensen did not have contracting officer authority to execute
a lease for the construction and leaseback for a postal service facility.

                                           13
      A. [Edward Bavouset] No, it would not, for a number of reasons, but
      primarily Mr. Christensen did not have contracting authority in this matter to
      make any changes on behalf of the United States Postal Service.

      Q. But Build, Inc., what if Build, Inc. doesn’t know whether Wayne
      Christensen had contracting officer authority or not?

      A. Well, it’s my understanding they know who the contracting officer was on
      this, they had been informed who the contracting officer is on this project,
      and they had substantial experience in dealing with the Postal Service
      before. So I think they had a pretty good understanding.

      Q. And based on your understanding as a contracting officer, could there
      by a contract modification to the Phase 1 lease that was not written? Or let
      me restate that because that may be construed as leading. I don’t mean to
      do that. Based on your understanding as a contracting officer, did contract
      modifications have to be in a particular form?

      A. Yes, it would have had to have been written and executed by both parties.

      Q. Does the Postal Service enter into oral contracts or modifications?

      A. No.

        Based on the testimony offered at trial, including the testimony of Frederick
Stromness who identified that Stromness MPO erred in following Wayne Christensen’s
alleged “direction,” a term chosen by Frederick Stromness, the court finds that Wayne
Christensen did not have contracting officer authority to authorize construction or to
authorize any changes to the existing Magna Main Post Office lease on behalf of the
USPS, including the alleged “direction” to construct Phase II. Thus, because there was
not an authorized change in the contract, or any other contractual document between
plaintiff and the USPS authorizing the construction of the Phase II space, Build Inc. did
not have authorization to construct Phase II.

        As construction of the Magna Main Post Office was underway, on November 14,
1997, USPS project manager Charlie Hubbert held a meeting with Richard John
Stromness regarding the construction of the Magna Main Post Office, during which Mr.
Hubbert learned about changes to the building plans that Richard John Stromness was
carrying out, including the construction of the Phase II space. During the trial, Frederick
Stromness testified that, as of November 24, 1997, plaintiff was “taking steps to build out
Phase II” even though Build Inc. “had not received authorization from Ed Bavouset [the
contracting officer] or anybody in the Denver FSO [Facilities Service Office] to build out
that Phase II” space. On November 24, 1997, Charlie Hubbert, wrote a letter to Build Inc.
indicating his awareness that the contractor had taken steps to build Phase II and
directing Build Inc. to complete Phase I as specified in the contract. The letter stated:

      I realize that you have taken steps to build a shell on phase II, that you have
      expended additional money to do that. What I’m telling you is phase I must

                                            14
       be completed as specified and short-cuts in phase I will not be allowed to
       make up for the short fall you have in constructing phase II.

In the letter Mr. Hubbert also wrote: “You have said on numerous occasions that you are
going to build and it will be safe and up to code. They are not the only requirements. The
requirements that you have are to build this building as per plans and specifications.” Mr.
Hubbert explained that it was imperative for Build Inc. to “construct the building as per the
plans and specifications,” in order “[t]o protect the integrity of the competitive bid process
and to be fair to other bidders.” Mr. Hubbert wrote in the letter that he would “have on site
a contract architect, mechanical engineer, structural engineer, civil engineer, and
electrical engineer to ensure that the project is built per the plans and specifications.”

        In December 1997, a different USPS project manager, Michael Long, visited the
Magna Main Post Office construction site and confirmed that Build Inc. was constructing
Phase II. Contracting officer Edward Bavouset stated at trial that, when Michael Long
reported that Phase II actually was being built, it caused him “to question everything about
the project.” Upon learning and confirming that Build Inc. had started construction on
Phase II of the postal facility, on December 30, 1997, contracting officer Edward Bavouset
visited the construction site and advised Build Inc. that it was not in compliance with the
contract and was not authorized to build Phase II.

       In a letter to Build Inc. on January 2, 1998, contracting officer Edward Bavouset
stated that he had “concerns that the project is not being developed according to the
terms and conditions of the lease awarded to you [Build Inc.] on January 21, 1997.”
Contracting officer Edward Bavouset further wrote:

       As you acknowledged during our on-site meeting, any deviations you have
       taken from the requirements of your contract are at your own risk and are
       not contractual commitments of the Postal Service. These deviations were
       not requested, nor authorized by the contracting officer. Furthermore, I want
       to clearly relay to you that the only person authorized to make changes to
       the subject contract is me, as contracting officer.

At trial, contracting officer Edward Bavouset was asked about the January 2, 1998 letter
and explained that, during his onsite meeting with Build Inc., “[t]hey [Build Inc.] basically
told me they took those deviations for their own benefit. They had on-site crews, and Mr.
[Richard John] Stromness stated he did not want to have to go through remobilization.”
Frederick Stromness also was asked about the January 2, 1998 letter at trial, and he
testified that the letter accurately described that Build Inc. had deviated from the
requirements of the Magna Main Post Office lease and that those deviations were at its
own risk:

       Q. Now, I want to point your attention to the third paragraph of this letter. It
       reads: As you acknowledged during our on-site meeting, any deviations you
       have taken from the requirements of your contract are at your own risk and
       are not contractual commitments of the Postal Service. Did I read that
       correctly?

                                             15
       A. [Frederick Stromness] You did.

       Q. And your understanding was this was a true statement, correct?

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. And in other words, Build Inc. had acknowledged that the deviations in
       proceeding with Phase II construction were at its own risk, right?

       A. Yes, sir.

The January 2, 1998 letter also provided that the project manager, Charlie Hubbert, was
being replaced by contracting officer representative Michael Long. A letter on January 12,
1998 later explained: “Michael Long is the Project Manager designated on January 2,
1998 for this project and he will serve as the single-point-of-contact between the lessor
and the USPS during the remainder of the construction of the facility.”

        On January 12, 1998, the USPS sent another letter to Build Inc. directing it to stop
work on the Magna Main Post Office project. The letter to Build Inc. stated that only the
contracting officer could make changes to the contract and that “[t]here have been no
contract modifications made to the agreement to lease to date.” (emphasis in
original). The letter stated that “the building configuration being constructed is Phase
II/Alternate Bid 1 in lieu of Phase I as contracted to be constructed by the agreement to
lease.” Contracting officer Edward Bavouset testified that the construction of Phase II
“changed the layout of the floor plan.” The January 12, 1998 letter instructed Build Inc. to
“provide a preliminary revised floor plan by January 16, 1998 showing your [Build Inc.’s]
recommendation to implement the intent of the Phase I drawings into the Phase II shell
presently constructed.” The letter directed that “[n]o further work shall proceed until the
revised floor plan has been submitted and approved by the Contracting Officer.”
(emphasis in original).

       At trial, defendant’s counsel questioned contracting officer Edward Bavouset about
the intent of the phase I drawings, as referred to in the January 12, 1998 letter:

       Q. I’d like to talk to you about your use of the phrase “intent of Phase 1
       drawings.” What was the intent of the Phase 1 drawings with respect to the
       use of the bathrooms?

       A. [Edward Bavouset] They were there for exclusive use of the United
       States Postal Service.

       Q. What was the intent of the Phase 1 drawings with respect to the use of
       the hallways?

       A. The same, for the United States Postal Service.

       Q. And what was the intent of the Phase 1 drawings with respect to the use
       of the parking?

                                            16
       A. Once again, it would have been for the benefit of the United States Postal
       Service.

       Following the issuance of a stop work order on January 12, 1998, Build Inc. and
the USPS worked towards a resolution to address the unauthorized construction of the
Phase II space. At trial, contracting officer Edward Bavouset testified that he “was making
efforts to negotiate terms and conditions with Mr. Stromness . . . to hopefully see a
successful completion of this project so we could turn over a functioning post office to our
operational client.” Contracting officer Edward Bavouset stated that, “as a result of Build,
Inc. proceeding with Phase 2 without authorization, it impacted what we actually had
contracted for. So we needed to make sure that the Postal Service could be made whole
on what we contracted for, and Build, Inc. is representing here that that would not be a
problem.”

       Build Inc. and the USPS exchanged correspondence between January 1998 and
October 1998 to address the future of the Magna Main Post Office project. As part of
these discussions and at the request of the USPS, on March 27, 1998, Build Inc.
submitted two alternative price proposals, the first for a modified Magna Main Post Office
lease, and the second for an annual lease of the entire Phase II space:

   1. Revised annual lease on Phase I. This price is inclusive of:

   •   Concrete paving in place of asphalt paving

   •   Fencing

   •   Investigative Mezzanine Office

   •   CCTV System Based on $175,000.00

   •   Approximately 1,500 Sf of additional space

                            Total = $234,851.00 Annual Rent

   2. Annual lease on Phase 2 complete. This price is also inclusive of:

   •   Concrete paving in place of asphalt paving

   •   Additional Fencing

   •   Investigative Mezzanine Office

   •   CCTV System Based on $175,000.00

                            Total = $323,231.00 Annual Rent

(emphasis in original). In a letter sent on March 30, 1998 from Build Inc. to the USPS
regarding the two price proposals, Build Inc. explained:

                                            17
      Pursuant to your request to explain the monetary difference between Phase
      II pricing at bid time and the Phase II pricing currently being requested, Build
      Inc. offers the following comments:

                                            ...

      Build Inc. solely elected to construct the Phase II portion of the Magna, Utah
      facility to permit more efficient construction based on economy of scale and
      to avoid demolition to a portion of the Phase I structure, landscaping,
      sitework and drainage features at a later date. It was Build Inc.’s intent to
      either utilize the Phase II portion of the structure as additional office space
      for its expanding construction operations or to lease all or a portion out as
      a professional office space or storage space.

When Frederick Stromness was asked about the March 30, 1998 letter at trial, he
explained:

      So now, by the time we get to the March 30th, 1998, we’re-- we’re in the
      position of no longer claiming that Mr. Christensen directed this work, even
      though that was true in ’97, in early ’97. We learned of our mistake. So now
      we’ve constructed Phase II. Stromness has constructed Phase II. The post
      office is aware of it, and we’re having a conversation with Mr. Bavouset and
      explaining to him what we’re going to do with this space.

                                            ...

      And I think our purpose in sending this to Mr. Bavouset is -- particularly that
      paragraph, is to tell him, We [sic] want to use the space ourselves. We want
      to be able to lease it to others. You know, we made a mistake. Let’s work
      through this, which we did.

       On June 3, 1998, approximately six months after the USPS issued the stop work
order, the USPS sent a letter to Build Inc. indicating that it was considering four options
as to how to proceed with the Magna postal facility including, (1) approval of the project
as originally awarded with no changes; (2) approval of the Magna Main Post Office space,
as modified; (3) approval of Phase II; or (4) termination of the Magna Main Post Office
lease for default.

       While the stop work order was in place and the USPS was considering how to
proceed with the Magna Main Post Office lease, the USPS determined that it needed
additional space in the Magna postal facility. In a memorandum dated June 8, 1998, Keith
LaShier, the manager of the Denver Facilities Service Office at the time, explained the
need for additional space at the Magna postal facility:

      The District had requested a closed merchandising Postal Store on their
      original DAR [Decision Analysis Report]. Subsequently, it was determined
      that there was sufficient revenue to justify an open merchandising concept.
      Approval has been obtained from HQ Retail to provide for the open

                                            18
      merchandising layout. By converting from “closed” to “open” merchandising
      additional square footage in the building is needed.

                                            …

      Initially it was believed it was not necessary to have a CCTV [Closed Circuit
      Television] system and Inspection Service surveillance rooom [sic]. Later,
      instructions from the Inspection Service indicated this system was required
      to be built into the original building structure. This requirement further added
      to the additional space requirements.

A subsequent memorandum, dated June 19, 1998, also signed by Keith LaShier, stated
that “having Lessor/contractor perform according to the original contract award will not
accommodate postal requirements. Floor space necessary for open merchandising
negatively impacts workroom space.” The memorandum described a “modified Phase I,”
which would include “an additional 1,500 square feet to accommodate space
requirements” for a revised annual rent of $234,851.00, and stated “the modified Phase I
(additional annual rent of $35,451) proposal would meet operational requirements.” Keith
LaShier explained that the additional 1,500 square feet would be located in “what would
have previously been considered Phase II space.” The USPS approved “Amendment No.
1” to the Magna Main Post Office lease to include an additional 1,500 square feet of space
and increased annual rent of $234,851.00.

       Having determined that additional square footage would be used in the Magna
Main Post Office, the USPS and Build Inc. negotiated “Amendment No. 1” to the Magna
Main Post Office lease. During these negotiations, the USPS notified Build Inc. that there
was no approval or funding to lease the entire Phase II space, but that the USPS would
be amenable to discussing Build Inc.’s ability to lease the unused portion of Phase II to
another tenant. Contracting officer Edward Bavouset and Build Inc. negotiated various
terms of “Amendment No. 1,” including the square footage to include in the Magna Main
Post Office modified space, as well as rental amounts for the modified Magna Main Post
Office space and for the new Phase II space. During these negotiations, in a letter dated
September 25, 1998 and signed by Frederick Stromness, Build Inc. explained:

      Build Inc. constructed the phase II portion of the project for site settlement
      reasons based upon generally accepted engineering principles, which were
      reviewed with the geotechnical consultant. Build Inc. was very clear at all
      times that the USPS had no obligations to lease the space available in
      phase II. Build Inc. was also very clear at all times that there would be no
      difficulty implementing phase I into the phase II shell. On January 12, 1998,
      the USPS requested a floor plan indicating how phase I would be
      implemented into the phase II building as constructed. Build Inc.
      immediately complied and the submitted floor plan was and still is
      acceptable to all of the parties involved.

(emphasis in original). Ultimately, these negotiations resulted in “Amendment No. 1” to
the Magna Main Post Office lease. According to Frederick Stromness, the amendment to

                                            19
the Magna Main Post Office lease was the result of discussions between Frederick
Stromness and the USPS, specifically contracting officer Edward Bavouset, “over the
course of a number of months.” Exhibits submitted as evidence during trial demonstrate
that, during these negotiations, the USPS and Build Inc. both contributed to the language
of the final Magna Main Post Office lease amendment for the additional space.

      On October 26, 1998, ten months after the USPS issued the stop work order on
January 12, 1998, the USPS and Build Inc. executed “Amendment No. 1” to the Magna
Main Post Office lease, which the parties refer to as the “Phase I Lease Amendment.” On
August 25, 1998, the USPS issued a Notice to Proceed letter to Build Inc. for the Magna
Main Post Office.

The Magna Main Post Office Lease Amendment

       “Amendment No. 1” to the Magna Main Post Office lease was signed by Mr. Keith
LaShier, on behalf of the USPS. At trial, Mr. LaShier explained that he signed the
amendment, instead of contracting officer Edward Bavouset, because “Mr. Bavouset was
negotiating directly with the contractor to resolve the disputes. And since he was
negotiating, it would be inappropriate for him also to be the contracting officer, so we had
to have a separation of duties.” Contracting officer Edward Bavouset stated that “it would
not be fair and reasonable for me to sign something I negotiated that was involved in the
negotiations as a contracting officer.”

       According to the parties, there is not a true and original version of the Magna Main
Post Office lease document as it existed before “Amendment No. 1” to the Magna Main
Post Office lease. The Magna Main Post Office lease amendment was executed on the
same document as the original Magna Main Post Office lease, such that the same, single
document represents the Magna Main Post Office lease, as originally executed in 1997,
and the subsequent Magna Main Post Office lease amendment, which was executed in
1998. At trial, the parties agreed, and plaintiff’s counsel explained, that, when MPO
Leasing and the USPS amended the Magna Main Post Office lease, “they made changes
on the Phase I Lease, so we don’t have the Phase I Lease as it existed separately and
then the Phase II Lease Amendment. They appear together in the same document with -
- with sequential agreement.” The parties agree “that [Joint Exhibit] JX 1 is a complete
Phase I Lease and Phase I Lease Amendment.”

       The Magna Main Post Office lease amendment explained that, “[a]s a result of the
USPS requiring additional net interior space, and the Lessor proceeding with Phase II
construction, without authorization, a situation was created that requires amending said
lease. Lessor has acknowledged that he proceeded with Phase II construction without
authorization.” “Amendment No. 1” provided that “[t]he additional net interior square
footage provided under this lease amendment shall be 1,500 square feet.”

       The lease amendment stated the following:

       WHEREAS the Postal Service desires and Lessor is willing to: Amend the
       original lease to include additional square footage, and the following

                                            20
       improvements; perimeter security fencing, change from asphalt to concrete
       in all paved areas, and CCTV Inspection Service system and Criminal
       Investigation Room (Lessor’s lease cost for the CCTV & Criminal
       Investigation Room are based on $175,000, which is included in the new
       amortized lease rate.)

       The original square footage, as awarded was 6,498 net square feet floor
       space, 1,338 net square feet platform, and 8,171 net square feet enclosed
       covered parking, for a total of 16,007 net square feet under roof and
       available for postal use.

(capitalization in original). The lease amendment included “Exhibits ‘A’ & ‘B’.” Exhibit A
identified the revised square footage and space, and the additional 1,500 square feet of
net interior space was “identified on the attached floor plan (exhibit ‘A’) as ‘new area.’”
The lease amendment described the additional 1,500 square footage: “This additional
finished square footage (1,500) is located in the area that was originally identified as
covered enclosed parking (8,171 net sq.ft.) and was covered in the original lease.” In
addition to the 1,500 of “new area,” the lease amendment stated, “[t]he Lessor shall
provide approximately 255 net sq.ft. of space identified as ‘corridor’ on the attached floor
plan (exhibit ‘A’). This space was also part of the original lease, and identified as covered
enclosed parking.” 11

       The lease amendment described the new net interior square footage of the
modified Magna Main Post Office space:

       The new net interior sq. ft. will reflect the original number of 6,498, plus
       1,500 sq. ft. (additional required footage for postal operations) and 255 sq.
       ft. (corridor space) for a total net interior square footage of 8,253. It is
       specifically noted that the net interior square footage available for postal
       operations is 7,998 net interior square feet. The additional 255 (corridor
       space) is necessary for the functional use of the facility.

The lease amendment continued:

       Additionally, the Lessor shall provide use of the women’s bathroom and
       locker room (661 sq. ft.), and carrier vestibule (425 sq. ft) and maintenance
       storage area east of the carrier vestibule. This use is necessary due to
       Lessor proceeding with Phase II construction, and the fact that the Postal
       Service has agreed to allow the Lessor to lease the previous controlled
       enclosed carrier parking, and, is structured to minimize modifications by

11 Exhibit B to the lease amendment identified certain items that would be “compensated
in a lump sum amount of $51,000.00.”

                                             21
      Lessor. Furthermore, it is noted that this space was included in the original
      lease and identified as covered enclosed parking.

At trial, Keith LaShier discussed use of the restrooms, carrier vestibule, and the
maintenance storage area according to the lease amendment:

      Q. And when you signed this lease amendment, it was typically the case
      that the Postal Service would require exclusive use of the restrooms,
      correct?

      A. [Keith LaShier] Yes.

      Q. And this Lease Amendment did not change the previous understanding
      of the original Phase I Lease that the restrooms were for the US -- use of
      the Postal Service, correct?

      A. No change.

      Q. So to clarify, yes, there was no change to the previous understanding
      that their restrooms were for the use of the Postal Service, correct?

      A. That’s correct.

      Q. And are you familiar with the carrier vestibule?

      A. Yes.

      Q. The carrier vestibule in the Magna facility was for the intended use of --
      intended exclusive use of the Postal Service, correct?

      A. Yes.

      Q. And the maintenance storage area was for the exclusive use of the
      Postal Service, correct?

      A. Yes.

“Amendment No. 1” also stated that covered parking on the East and West side of the
facility was available for postal use. Pursuant to the lease amendment, “[o]ther modified
space as a result of the Phase II work, including the site, covered parking, men’s
restrooms, platform, carrier loading, covered parking, etc., is included under this lease
and amendment.”

       The revised annual rent amount for the modified Magna Main Post Office space
was $234,851.00, and “Amendment No. 1” provided for starting rental payments
retroactive to April 1, 1998. According to the testimony of Frederick Stromness at trial:

      The higher rent of [$]234,851 is a result of the negotiation between Mr.
      Bavouset and myself where -- you know, if we read the lease, you’ll see

                                           22
      where they required additional space and different things, and we
      incorporated some of those items into the -- amortized over the lease
      period; and other items there was a lump sum payment. So there was some
      give-and-take on how we -- the Postal Service got everything it wanted, and
      the lease amount is [$]234,851.

        Exhibit A of the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, depicted the revised
floor plan: 12

12When viewed in its color version, the floorplan diagram in Exhibit A to the Magna Main
Post Office lease, as amended, depicts certain areas colored yellow and blue, as well as
two red “X” areas. There was no contemporaneous explanation in the Magna Main Post
Office lease amendment for the use of yellow and blue on certain areas of the diagram,
and other contemporaneous evidence does not provide any guidance. Although Frederick
Stromness testified at trial that the yellow and blue areas on the diagram depict “shared”
space that could be leased to a non-postal tenant, there is no other evidence before the
court to explain the meaning of these colors, and, as a result, the purpose of the yellow
and blue colors remains unclear. With regard to the red “X” areas, the Magna Main Post
Office lease amendment explains that this area depicts the square footage that was not
available for use by the USPS when the Magna Main Post Office lease amendment was
executed by the parties. As such, the court understands that the red “X” area is
designated as space that was not available for postal use at the time the Magna Main
Post Office lease was amended on October 26, 1998.

                                           23
                                 Joint Exhibit 73, page 484

The revised floor plan was different than the Phase I floor plan contemplated in the original
Magna Main Post Office lease, as depicted above and illustrated in Joint Exhibit 67 at
page 388, because of the additional unauthorized construction carried out by Build Inc.
In constructing the Phase II space, Build Inc. did not adhere to the original Phase I building
plan. As a result, the location of various rooms and utilities differed from the Phase I
building plan. As Exhibit A illustrates, the women’s restroom and locker room is located
in the area that was intended to be covered parking under the Phase I building plan.
Similarly, the carrier vestibule and the maintenance storage areas also are located in the
area that was intended to be covered parking under the Phase I building plan.

                                             24
        “Amendment No. 1” described the area in the building that would “not be available
for postal use,” which was estimated to be “approximately 5,000 net sq. ft.” Contracting
officer Edward Bavouset explained at trial that, under the original Magna Main Post Office
lease, “the Postal Service solicited for and contracted for exclusive space of the entire
location,” however, because Build Inc. also constructed the entire Phase II area, and the
USPS could not justify leasing the entire Phase I and II area combined, the USPS would
not occupy the entire space. Pursuant to the lease amendment, the USPS would not
occupy the space marked with the red “X”s in Exhibit A, which, under the original Magna
Main Post Office lease, was designated as covered parking space.

       The area located above the “new area”, and identified by “red x” on the
       attached floor plan (exhibit “A”) will not be available for postal use. This area
       is approximately 5,000 net sq. ft. Even though this area was included in the
       original lease, identified as covered enclosed parking, it will not be available
       since the Lessor proceeded with Phase II construction.

The lease amendment prescribed: “[t]he Lessor shall secure the unoccupied space in any
manner he deems appropriate.” At the time the lease amendment was executed, there
was not an approved project for the USPS to rent the additional, unoccupied space.
Although this specific portion of the building would not be available for postal use, the
lease amendment stated: “However, it is specifically noted that the Postal Service will not
be deprived of use as intended in the original lease.”

       After the execution of “Amendment No. 1,” the parties referred to the “red ‘x’” space
that was not leased by the USPS as the “Phase II” space. Mr. LaShier testified that the
use of the term “Phase II” in the lease amendment was different than the “Phase II”
referred to in the solicitation and the original building floor plan.

       At trial, contracting officer Edward Bavouset explained the difference between the
space contracted for in the original Magna Main Post Office lease and the space as
modified by the lease amendment:

       Well, under the original lease and solicitation, the Postal Service solicited
       for and contracted for exclusive space of the entire location. As a result of
       the lessor’s actions proceeding with Phase 2, which was not authorized, it
       created some problems for us. So as a result of this lease amendment, we
       took off what has previously been identified in Exhibit JX-73 as identified by
       the red Xs on the right side, space that the Postal Service would not occupy.
       And that’s what was covered under this lease addendum.

Frederick Stromness explained the square footage included in the Magna Main Post
Office lease, as amended:

       [T]he bigger yellow box is definitely leased by the Postal Service, and it [the
       lease] lists two of the other areas. I might be able to tell just by looking at
       the square footages. But in the actual lease, there’s language that states
       that Stromness is going to provide that area in order that functional use of

                                              25
      Phase I can be obtained by the Postal Service in the Phase I-Phase II
      combined building. So this was part of the negotiation that Mr. Bavouset
      and I had, that we agreed to provide space that wasn’t included specifically
      in their square foot rental. And I believe the way it turned in the lease --
      . . . but that’s in exchange for allowing Stromness to lease the Phase II
      space.

When Frederick Stromness was questioned further about his understanding of the square
footage included in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, he testified that the
USPS was leasing the additional 1,500 square feet of new area but that Build Inc. was
“donating” the use of the women’s restroom, the carrier vestibule, and the corridor area:

      Q. Are you saying, in effect that they [the USPS] were leasing the big yellow
      box, but you were donating the two blue boxes and the smaller yellow box?

      A. That’s my -- that’s my testimony.

       In addition to modifying the square footage of the Magna Main Post Office, the
lease amendment explained that the lessor would be able to lease the “‘Phase II’ space”
subject to the following conditions:

      a)     Lease use shall be compatible with postal use and shall not be
             considered a competing business;

      b)     any lease shall contain a termination clause (nine months notice) to
             the Postal Service’s benefit, in the event the Postal Service requires
             said space;

      c)     Postal Service shall have right of first refusal for subject space, right
             of first refusal shall be exercised by Postal Service within 60 days
             upon notification by Lessor of lease for subject space;

      d)     In the event said space is leased, Lessor shall install a demising wall
             separating postal and leased space, said wall shall be constructed
             to RE5 security requirements, tenants shall not have any access to
             postal space, including secured parking and maneuvering area;

      e)     Up to 10 parking spaces shall be available for tenant in public
             customer parking area;

      f)     Postal Service shall not have any liability concerning legal actions,
             claims, and torts as a result of tenant’s and/or tenant’s customer’s
             use of leased space.

      All systems, utilities, and access supporting the unoccupied postal space
      shall not affect, or be a part of this lease.

                                             26
      At trial, Keith LaShier was asked about the reference in paragraph d) to “postal
space”:

      Q. The reference to the portion of (d) in the last paragraph on page 6, it
      states: Tenant shall not have any access to postal space. Do you see that?

      A. [Keith LaShier] I do.

      Q. The reference to “postal space” refers to all space that the post office is
      renting, correct?

      A. Yes.

      Q. And the bathrooms constitute postal space, correct?

      A. Right.

      Q. And the maintenance area, new area and corridor would all be postal
      space, correct?

      A. Correct.

      Q. And in your understanding, is the space -- if the space was rented to a
      third party, they would not have access to the bathrooms, correct?

      A. Based on this language, yes.

      Q. And you signed this language, right?

      A. I did.

Frederick Stromness testified that the lease amendment permitted Build Inc. to lease the
Phase II space and contemplated “shared space”:

      So we’ve been granted the right by the agreement to lease the entire Phase
      II space, which includes some space the Postal Service is using in Phase I
      and other space that Stromness has given. And I’m saying that I believe --
      my interpretation is that the Phase I Magna Main Post Office lease, with its
      addenda, anticipates shared space.

       Additionally, the lease amendment referred to a Closed Circuit Television (CCTV)
system. After the execution of the original Magna Main Post Office lease, the USPS
Inspection Service determined that a CCTV system was required to be built into the
original building structure. This requirement further added to the additional space
requirements. At trial, Frederick Stromness explained that the USPS determined it
needed CCTV installed throughout the facility and the CCTV cameras were “included in
the lease. We had to amortize that, I believe.” Defendant’s counsel questioned Frederick
Stromness about the payment for the CCTV system:

                                           27
      Q. Do you see the "whereas" clause references a CCTV and criminal
      investigation room? Do you see that?

      A. [Frederick Stromness] I do.

      Q. And the C -- this CCTV was baked into the rent that the Postal Service
      was paying to Build Inc.; is that correct?

      A. Yes, sir.

      Q. And the Postal Service is continuing to pay amounts under the Phase I
      Lease Amendment; is that correct?

      A. Yes, sir.

      Q. And Stromness is claiming damages for some CCT cameras -- some
      CCTV cameras; is that correct?

      A. Yes, sir.

      Q. And those are the same CCTV cameras that are promised under this
      lease agreement, correct?

      A. Yes, sir.

       The lease amendment also modified the Tax Rider attached to the original Magna
Main Post Office lease. The lease amendment explained that, if the unoccupied space
was leased by the lessor, as permitted by the lease, than the reimbursement of taxes for
the property would be prorated according to the following formula:

      tenant leased space (5,000 net sq. ft.) divided by 16,007 net sq. ft. = 31
      percent of tax bill that the Lessor shall be responsible. Additionally, since
      the Postal Service has the benefit of the additional Phase II items, as stated
      above, the Lessor percentage responsibility shall be reduced an additional
      10 percent to reflect this benefit.

      At the time the lease amendment was executed, there was no visible separation,
such as a wall or partition, between the modified Magna Main Post Office space and the
unoccupied space. According to Frederick Stromness, “[t]he space was open between
the space the post office was leasing and utilizing and the space that the Postal Service
determined they did not want to lease at the time the Phase I lease was signed, which is
October of ’98.” Referring to Exhibit A, attached to JX 73, Frederick Stromness stated:

      The walls did not exist at the time of the lease. And I will clarify by stating
      that below the left side of the larger yellow box that has the words “new
      area” upside down in them, specifically more below the area -- the word
      “area,” you will see four office spaces. Those walls were in place, but the
      other half of the yellow box below “new,” there was no wall.

                                            28
        Three days after the lease amendment was executed, a “Design
Variation/Clarification Request” (DVCR) was issued to Build Inc. This DVCR stated: “The
‘extra’ space not leased by the USPS, must be enclosed – this can be done with an 8’
high chain-link fence.” 13 According to contracting officer representative Michael Long, the
United States Inspection Service requested the construction of the fence “to ensure the
safety of the mail,” and “Build Inc. constructed the fence” as “part of their modified
contract.”

        On February 2, 1999, contracting officer representative Michael Long inspected
the modified Magna Main Post Office space. Contracting officer representative Michael
Long explained that, when he was conducting the inspection, he saw a “chain-link fence
erected that was about 12 feet high that delineated the Phase I modified space from the
Phase II space.” Mr. Long stated that he did not inspect the unoccupied Phase II area on
the other side of the fence because “[t]here wasn’t any way for us to actually access that
space because the chain-link fence,” and “it was not really relevant to the acceptance of
the Phase I modified space” to inspect the Phase II space. At trial, Frederick Stromness,
however, had no recollection about a fence separating the Magna Main Post Office space
from the remaining Phase II space: “I never saw a fence, nor did I see any indication of a
permanent-type separation being fastened to the floor with any bolts. There’s no damage
to the floor in that area, as I routinely visited the space for maintenance or other reasons.”

       The USPS “accepted” the modified Magna Main Post Office space and took
“beneficial occupancy” of the space identified in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as
amended, on February 6, 1999. Thereafter, “[o]n or around October 1, 1999, Defendant
agreed to a name change for lessor under the Phase I Lease from Build, Inc. to MPO
Leasing,” such that, after October 1, 1999, the lessor was MPO Leasing.

       On January 10, 2001, the USPS and MPO Leasing executed “Amendment No. 2”
to the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended. 14 This amendment was intended to
“[c]hange the existing Reimbursement Tax Rider to a Percentage Reimbursement Rider,
to more accurately reflect Main Office occupancy of Parcel #14-20-379-006-000.”
“Amendment No. 2” changed the property tax percentage for the Magna Main Post Office
to 66.5%. The amendment stated: “The Postal Service will reimburse Lessor 66.50% of
the total paid Real Property Taxes . . . .”

13At trial, contracting officer representative Michael Long explained that the architectural
engineering firm Frank Murdock & Associates issued the DVCR, and that the firm was
contracted by the USPS to “look after . . . the design of this project as well as the
construction.”
14Contracting officer Edward Bavouset signed lease “Amendment No. 2” on January 11,
2001.

                                             29
District Training Center Lease

       In November 1999, approximately eight months after the USPS took beneficial
occupancy of the modified Magna Main Post Office space, the Salt Lake District
requested a training center space to support their employees and staff throughout the
entire District. Subsequently, in order to fulfill this request, the USPS decided to lease the
unoccupied Phase II space at the Magna postal facility. In a memorandum dated
December 14, 1999, the USPS acknowledged that “[t]he Salt Lake City District is in dire
need of a training facility to provide the ongoing and incidental Postal training required,”
and determined that “[i]n reviewing available space throughout the Salt Lake City area . .
. the space available for lease at 8574 W. 2700 S. in Magna, Utah would most suit our
training needs; is available at fair market value; and could be ready expeditiously.” The
December 14, 1999 memorandum explained that the USPS needed the “facility to be
functional as close to January 10th as possible.”

        The USPS and MPO Leasing negotiated a lease for the District Training Center
space between December 1999 and January 2000, and, on January 18, 2000, contracting
officer Edward Bavouset and MPO Leasing executed a lease. The parties refer to the
District Training Center lease as the “Phase II” lease. 15 The lease agreement identified
the “Facility Name/Location” as “SALT LAKE CITY – DISTRICT TRAINING CENTER,”
and the agreement also indicates that it was labeled “Project: E35434.” (capitalization in
original). The District Training Center lease provided that “[t]he Lessor hereby leases to
the Postal Service and the Postal Service leases from the Lessor the following premises,
hereinafter legally described in paragraph 8.” Paragraph 8 provided the legal description
of the premises as:

       A portion of the Westerly most 115,486 square foot Parcel of Land identified
       as Salt Lake County Parcel No. 14-20-379-004 together with the Southwest
       1/2 of the vacated County Road consisting of a 9,805 square foot parcel of
       land. Located in Salt Lake County, UT. Also know [sic] as 8450 W 2700
       South, Magna, UT. 84044-9998.

        During the lease negotiations, MPO Leasing sent a fax identifying the square
footage for the training center as “5,143.5.” At trial, Frederick Stromness was asked about
this fax and the square footage calculation:

       Q. And you would agree that the calculation, for what appears to be the
       district training space, adds up to 5143, setting aside the partial feet or
       inches; is that correct?

       A. I’ll agree with that.

15As discussed above, the court notes that the way in which the parties referred to the
amendments and the Phase I and Phase II leases was not always consistent. To bring
uniformity, and in reliance on the actual lease document, the court refers to this
agreement as the District Training Center lease.

                                             30
                                           ...

      Q. And regardless of who prepared these specific calculations, you sent
      them to the Postal Service to represent the calculation for the Magna
      facility, correct?

      A. Yes.

      Q. And you would not provide the Postal Service inaccurate information
      regarding calculations at the Magna facility, correct?

      A. Correct.

As executed, however, the District Training Center lease stated that, upon this land
parcel, was a “one story brick/block building” described as follows:

             AREA                         SQ. FEET

             Net Floor Space              5,374

             Platform

             Parking and Maneuvering 2,000

             Other:

                    Driveway

                    Landscaping

                    Sidewalks

      Hallways, restrooms, parking shared by tenants.

      Total Site Area:            7,374

(capitalization and emphasis in original). When Frederick Stromness was asked about
the discrepancy in the square footage numbers at trial and why the District Training
Center lease described the space as 5,374 square feet and not 5,143 square feet, he was
unable to offer an explanation. Nor did defendant offer any witnesses to explain the basis
for the 5,374 square foot measurement in the executed District Training Center lease.

       Attached to the District Training Center lease was Exhibit A, admitted as Joint
Exhibit 2 page 43, which depicted the floor plan for the District Training Center space:

                                           31
                               Joint Exhibit 2, page 43

       The District Training Center lease had a base period of five years, from January
1, 2000 to December 31, 2004. The annual lease rental rate was $108,149.00 per year.
The terms of the lease provided that the lessor, MPO Leasing, would “reimburse
Postmaster of Magna MPO for prorata share of utilities,” including “Heating System, Air
Conditioning Equipment, Light Fixtures, Sewerage System, Electrical System, Water
System,” and explained that the percentage of usage for the District Training Center
space was 33.5%.

                                          32
      Like the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, the District Training Space
lease was subject to “General Conditions,” which included clauses regarding alterations
and applicable codes and ordinances. Clause “A.21 ALTERATIONS,” stated, in pertinent
part:

       The Postal Service shall have the right to make alterations, attach fixtures
       and erect additions, structures or signs in or upon the premises hereby
       leased (provided such alterations, additions, structures, or signs shall not
       be detrimental to or inconsistent with the rights granted to other tenants on
       the property or in the building in which said premises are located) . . .

(capitalization in original). Clause “A.22 APPLICABLE CODES AND ORDINANCES,”
stated:

       The Lessor, as part of the rental consideration, agrees to comply with all
       codes and ordinances applicable to the ownership and operation of the
       building in which the rented space is situated and to obtain all necessary
       permits and related items at no cost to the Postal Service.

(capitalization in original). Additionally, attached to the District Training Center lease was
a Tax Rider, which explained that the USPS was required to reimburse MPO Leasing
33.5% of the total paid real property taxes.

        After the District Training Center lease was executed on January 18, 2000, the
fence erected between the Magna Main Post Office space and the previously unoccupied
space was removed. As defendant’s expert Kenneth Downes explained at trial, “the space
was opened up so that the training space had access to the exits and the phase 1 portion
of the lease.” The parties have stipulated that, once the District Training Center lease was
executed, the USPS built out the District Training Center space and constructed walls,
including walls intended to partially, but not entirely, separate the Magna Main Post Office
space from the District Training Center space. The USPS also constructed the walls that
separated the training rooms and offices within the District Training Center space. None
of these walls completely separated the Magna Main Post Office space from the District
Training Center space. Frederick Stromness stated that the area between the Magna
Main Post Office space and the District Training Center space “remained open after the
training center occupied the space, with unfettered access” between the spaces.

        On July 31, 2002, the USPS and MPO Leasing executed “Lease Amendment No.
1” to the District Training Center lease in order to extend the terms of the lease for a term
beginning January 1, 2006 and continuing until December 31, 2012, at an annual rental
rate of $108,149.00. As a result, the contract expiration date for the District Training
Center lease was extended eight years, from December 31, 2004 to December 31, 2012.

       Approximately 10 years after the USPS and MPO Leasing executed the District
Training Center lease, in February 2010, the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended,
and the District Training Center lease, as amended, were both assigned to plaintiff,
Stromness MPO.

                                             33
        In 2010, two years before the District Training Center lease, as amended, would
expire, the USPS began considering whether to renew the District Training Center lease,
as amended, upon the expiration of the base period on December 31, 2012. On
September 8, 2010, the USPS offered to renew the District Training Center lease with
plaintiff for a reduced rental rate of $50,000.00, which would be effective on January 1,
2013, the day after the expiration of the base period. Plaintiff rejected the USPS’s offer.

        On December 23, 2010, the USPS completed a “node study” concerning the
District Training Center. According to trial testimony, a “node study” is an internal USPS
study “basically for cost savings. They look at consolidation of facilities to either reduce
lease costs or to move people out of lease space into a postal-owned [s]pace. Sometimes
it’s about downsizing, so it’s really all about cost savings.” The “node study”
recommended termination of the District Training Center lease, as amended, upon its
expiration on December 31, 2012 and that the training center be relocated to Draper,
Utah. As a result of the “node study,” the USPS intended to vacate the District Training
Center space when the base period of the lease expired on December 31, 2012, and to
relocate the training center to the postal facility in Draper, Utah.

        On September 4, 2012, more than two months before the District Training Center
lease, as amended, was scheduled to expire, the USPS issued a notice of termination to
plaintiff regarding the “MAGNA – DISTRICT TRAINING CENTER,” or the Phase II lease
agreement. (capitalization in original). The notice explained that “the [District Training
Center] Lease will terminate upon its expiration date, 12/31/2012.” The notice of
termination stated: “[T]he Postmaster will arrange to have the meters read and the utilities
disconnected. All postal equipment will be removed by the above date, and the keys will
be mailed or delivered to you.”

       After plaintiff received the notice of termination, plaintiff made efforts to continue
the District Training Center lease, as amended, beyond the expiration of the base term.
On December 6, 2012, Real Estate Asset Counseling, Inc. (REAC), a consulting firm hired
by plaintiff, sent a letter to then USPS contracting officer Candace Kinne offering the
space for $70,000.00 a year for a five-year term. 16 In the letter, REAC stated that
“[s]eparating the space proposed for termination is a costly venture” and that “[t]he
Lessor’s architect has developed a cost estimate of $290,590” to divide the training space
from the main post office space. The USPS rejected plaintiff’s offer.

        On December 20, 2012, plaintiff’s counsel, Mr. Hughes, wrote to contracting officer
Candace Kinne and requested that the USPS reconsider and withdraw its notice of
termination or postpone the termination for 90 days so that the parties could “discuss a
resolution.” In this letter to the contracting officer, plaintiff’s counsel alleged that the
District Training Center lease, as amended, was created merely to “paper over” a problem
created during construction at the Magna Post Office facility. The letter stated that the
Magna Post Office facility is “one unitary entity,” that “the Phase II lease is not an

16Contracting officer Candace Kinne was the contracting officer for the termination of the
District Training Center lease, as amended.

                                             34
integrated document,” and that “the legal description of the premises to be covered by the
Phase I and Phase II leases is substantially identical.” In the letter, plaintiff’s counsel
stated that “the Postal Service, which has complete control of the entire facility, has taken
no action to separate the Main Post Office from the space it wishes to vacate by
December 31, 2012.” The letter asserts that “[b]y proposing to terminate the Training
Center lease, the Postal Service leaves the lessor with a landlocked, unusable,
uneconomic remnant which, in effect, deprives the lessors of all reasonable use of their
property, and amounts to a compensable inverse condemnation.”

      Plaintiff’s efforts to continue leasing the District Training Center space to the USPS
were not successful, and the USPS began vacating the District Training Center space on
September 26, 2012. The USPS vacated the District Training Center space on or before
December 28, 2012.

       At trial, the parties jointly submitted into evidence a notice to the Magna Main Post
Office Postmaster written “to advise that the Lease for the subject location has been
terminated effective Close of Business 12/31/2012.” The notice requests that the
Postmaster at the Magna facility complete certain actions, including:

       (1) Remove or plug the mail drop slot, if any, located in the door of the
           vacated building; remove all mail drop boxes on the property.

       (2) Arrange for removal of all signs which may lead customers to believe
           the building is still occupied by the post office. Signs owned by the
           Landlord should be left in the building.

       (3) Have all utilities that are metered in the name of the U.S. Postal Service
           read and disconnected on the effective date of termination.

       (4) Leave the existing facility broom cleaned with all debris and postal
           equipment removed from the premises, consistent with the requirements
           of the Lease; make all necessary repairs, beyond reasonable and
           ordinary wear and tear.

       (5) Return the keys to the Landlord as directed in the Notice of Termination
           Letter to the Landlord and attached to this document. Prompt return of
           the keys is required to avoid additional rent.

The Acting Postmaster at the time the District Training Center lease, as amended, expired
was James Kenyon, who testified at the trial. Neither party established at trial whether
Mr. Kenyon, the Acting Postmaster at the time the USPS vacated the training center
space, received the aforementioned notice intended for the Postmaster. In an e-mail sent
on December 28, 2012, James Kenyon confirmed that the District Training Center space
was “broom clean” when it was vacated. At trial, Postmaster Kenyon explained that, after
ensuring that the vacated space was broom clean, he “put an office divider up” so that
the space between the Magna Main Post Office was closed off from the vacated training
center space and no one would be able to enter the vacated space from the Magna Main

                                             35
Post Office. Postmaster Kenyon explained that the partitions he erected were “about 5-
and-a-half, 6 feet tall, about 8 feet wide, somewhere around there, 8, 10 feet wide.”

       Postmaster Kenyon also described three instances that occurred when he was the
Acting Postmaster at the Magna Main Post Office, between January 2013 and June 2013,
when members of the Stromness family visited the Magna postal facility and asked to see
the vacated space. According to Postmaster Kenyon’s testimony at trial, he always
accommodated requests from the Stromness family with regard to the vacated space and
he escorted them through the secure main post office space to the vacated, former
training center space, but did not accompany them into the vacated space. At trial,
Postmaster Kenyon testified about one occasion on which plaintiff attempted to enter the
vacated, former training center space:

      Q. So the customer -- the Stromnesses came through the customer lobby
      and someone knocked on your door?

      A. [Postmaster Kenyon] Yes.

      Q. And then what happened?

      A. I opened the door, and then they wanted to go back to the back area
      there, so I walked them over so I could move the partition back and they
      could get back to that other area.

      Q. Okay, so you’re saying you walked to your office onto the workroom
      floor?

      A. Yes.

      Q. Did you walk with them?

      A. Yeah, I did. Walked over to the partition there, yes.

      Q. So after you walked into the partitions through the workroom floor, what
      did you do next?

      A. Moved the partitions so they could get back to that area.

      Q. Did you follow them in?

      A. No.

      Q. Why not?

      A. I would have had no reason to go back in that area.

      Q. Why did you walk them through the workroom floor, though?

                                           36
       A. It’s a secured facility. Like, when we have anybody there, we don’t just
       let them, you know, walk around. It’s – the federal mails, everything you got
       back there, it’s a secure location.

Postmaster Kenyon also explained that, during each of these visits to the vacated space,
the partitions separating the Magna Main Post Office space and the vacated District
Training Center space were in place.

        In May 2013, Roland Dalton became the Postmaster at the Magna Main Post
Office. At trial, Postmaster Dalton stated that he had been instructed by his predecessor,
Postmaster Kenyon, not to access the vacated training center space: “I was briefed by
James Kenyon that the phase 2 part of the building was -- we were not to access that,
that there was possible pending litigation, and we have it blocked off with two -- they are
basically office barriers, cubicle walls that we have blocking the hallway to prevent entry.”
Similar to Postmaster Kenyon, Postmaster Dalton stated that members of the Stromness
family visited the postal facility to see the vacated space. In his testimony, Postmaster
Dalton explained an instance in which members of the Stromness family came to the
Magna facility to visit the former, vacated training center space. Postmaster Dalton
testified that he “brought them [the Stromnesses] into the building,” “took them up to
where they needed to be,” and did not follow them into the vacated training center space.
Postmaster Dalton explained that he did not tell the Stromnesses that they could not
access their space without a USPS escort and that he never denied them access to their
space.

         At trial, Frederick Stromness testified that each time he visited the Magna postal
facility he was able to visit the vacated space with a postal escort. Frederick Stromness
testified:

       [T]o gain access to the space, we would show up to the site -- and this is --
       we don’t think too much about this because we do maintenance on any of
       our facilities. We show up; they let us in. But this was a little more rigid in
       that we went – go in the postal lobby, we wait in line to get up to a clerk and
       say, We want to access this space, and . . . generally the clerk wouldn’t
       escort us, but he would notify whoever had the higher authority at the Postal
       Service. Sometimes it would be the postmaster; other times it would be a
       temporary postmaster. Or, if the postmaster wasn’t there, just one of the
       other employees would let us in, and they would stand there with us while
       we were in the training center space . . . .

Similarly, Richard Daniel Stromness testified that after the District Training Center lease,
as amended, expired he had to be escorted to the vacated training center space by USPS
personnel. Richard Daniel Stromness testified that, according to his understanding, the
USPS required that he be escorted into the vacated training center space because “the
postal service felt that we could compromise their sanctity to the mail.”

      After the USPS notified plaintiff that it intended to vacate the District Training
Center space, the USPS and MPO Leasing began considering how the Magna Main Post

                                             37
Office space would be separated from the vacated District Training Center space. On
September 19, 2012, approximately two weeks after plaintiff received the termination
notice, Richard Daniel Stromness sent an e-mail to Wayne Christensen, who was
previously a USPS employee:

       I want to specifically ask Wayne what the Post Offices [sic] responsibility is
       when moving out? As you know Wayne, there is the Post Masters [sic]
       Office and a break room that are in the training center portion of the building.
       Will the Post Office be required to construct the dividing wall. [sic] The
       training center also included 2,000 square feet of parking and I would like
       to know if we can just take that from the front. What items in the building
       belong to the landlord and what belong [sic] to the tenant?

        Additionally, in October 2012, plaintiff requested quotes from a contractor
regarding a possible remodel of the District Training Center space to include a new
demising wall and new restrooms. E-mail exchanges admitted into evidence during the
trial demonstrate that, in October and November 2012, Richard Daniel Stromness
corresponded with an architect to receive an estimate for remodeling the District Training
Center space. On May 15, 2013, plaintiff asserted in a letter to the USPS that “if the Postal
Services wishes to exclude the lessor from its space, it [USPS] needs to build a wall under
its Alterations clause” unless “the lessor subleases the Phase II space.” According to
plaintiff, Stromness MPO was not required to construct a demising wall unless the former
training center space was leased because “that [Magna Main Post Office] lease provides
that the lessor [plaintiff] is responsible for installing a demising wall only ‘in the event said
space is [sub]leased. . . .’” (emphasis in original). In response to plaintiff, the USPS
explained that the USPS would build the demising wall. The contracting officer explained
that “[n]otwithstanding the Postal Service’s belief that the Landlord should have erected
the demising wall once the District Training Center Lease expired, the Postal Service
plans to erect a demising wall to ensure the security of the Main Office lease space.”17 In
an e-mail dated June 14, 2013, from Jeffrey Davis, 18 an architect-engineer, to contracting
officer Shirley Wheeler, 19 Mr. Davis explained that to separate the electrical and heating
systems between the Magna Main Post Office space and the District Training Center
space could cost “between $60k and $80k” and an additional “$40-50K to bring in a

17The “node study” did not account for any funding to separate or divide the training
center space from the Magna Main Post Office after the USPS vacated the space.
18Jeffery Davis was an architect engineer who worked for the Salt Lake City Facility
Service Office.
19While Candace Kinne was the contracting officer who issued the termination notice to
Stromness MPO at the expiration of the District Training Center lease, as amended,
Shirley Wheeler was the USPS contracting officer who issued a final decision denying
plaintiff’s supplemental certified claim.

                                               38
separate water line and put in a restroom in the returned space.”20 Based on testimony
received at trial, and the exhibits admitted into evidence, it appears that, while plaintiff
and the USPS were contemplating how to separate the Magna Main Post Office and the
vacated space, the two areas were separated, for approximately nine months, by the
temporary partitions put in place by Postmaster Kenyon in December 2012. It is also
evident that, during this nine-month time period, plaintiff was only permitted to access the
former, vacated training center space with a USPS escort during USPS business hours.

        According to trial testimony, on September 9, 2013, approximately nine months
after the USPS vacated the District Training Center space, a demising wall was erected
permanently separating the Magna Post Office space from the space that was previously
leased for the District Training Center. Postmaster Dalton, who was the Postmaster of the
Magna Main Post Office in September 2013, explained that the temporary partitions put
in place by Postmaster Kenyon were removed and the demising wall was installed in their
place. Postmaster Dalton stated that, in order to secure the Magna Main Post Office
space, the USPS had to build the demising wall. According to Postmaster Dalton, during
the construction of the demising wall, a member of the Stromness family came to look at
the construction and advised Postmaster Dalton that “the wall was in the wrong spot.” At
trial, Postmaster Dalton explained that when he was told that the demising wall was being
constructed in the wrong place he informed the Salt Lake City District Finance Manager,
Steven Black, who had previously been in contact with Postmaster Dalton regarding the
Magna Main Post Office. Postmaster Dalton testified at trial that he did not talk to anyone
at the Denver Facilities Service Office about the statement from plaintiff that the demising
wall was in the wrong spot.

         The location of the demising wall separating the two areas of the Magna postal
facility was discussed at length at trial, and it is undisputed by the parties that the demising
wall was not constructed in the correct spot. The parties have stipulated that, “[b]ased on
the location of the demising wall and other interior walls, Defendant has retained
possession and control over a certain amount of square footage that was included as part
of the Phase II Lease.” The parties, however, dispute the amount of square footage
retained by defendant. At trial, the parties proffered expert witnesses and other evidence
to establish the amount of square footage retained by defendant as a result of the
demising wall constructed between the Magna Main Post Office and the former training
space. According to the report of plaintiff’s expert, Birk Larsen, the USPS is retaining 683
square feet. Mr. Larsen explained that he measured the vacated, former training center
space to be 4,691 net interior square feet, which is less than the 5,374 net interior square
feet identified in the District Training Center lease. Mr. Larsen testified that the difference
between the 5,374 net interior square footage identified in the District Training Center
lease, and the 4,691 net interior space that he measured, is 683 square feet, thus, he
concluded that, by operation of the demising wall being in the wrong location, the USPS

20 The discussions between Shirley Wheeler and Jeffrey Davis concerning the separation
of the two spaces continued through March 2014.

                                              39
was retaining 683 square feet. In contrast, according to defendant’s expert, Kenneth
Downes, the USPS “is occupying 371 sf of space that was formerly leased under the
Training Space lease.” At trial, Mr. Downes testified that he measured the entire Magna
facility and determined that the actual size of the former training center space was 5,082
square feet, and not 5,374 square feet, as identified in the District Training Center lease,
as amended. After measuring the entire size of the facility, Mr. Downes concluded that,
following the expiration of the District Training Center lease, as amended, the USPS
returned 4,711 square feet of space and is, therefore, continuing to occupy 371 square
feet of the training center space.

       Evidence received at trial establishes that, as a result of the demising wall
constructed between the Magna Main Post Office space and the vacated, former training
center space, the vacated space is not compliant with local codes and ordinances
because it does not have access to restrooms, electrical panels, or a second means of
ingress or egress. The government’s expert witness, Kenneth Downes, explained that the
demising wall resulted in three deficiencies that rendered the vacated space not code
complaint:

       Q. I’d like to talk about code compliance with the district training space.
       Generally you agree that the district training space as-is is not code
       compliant, correct?

       A. [Kenneth Downes] I do.

       Q. Why do you believe that? Why is that your opinion?

       A. It’s basically three deficiencies. One is the exiting, the two exits are
       required. To be occupied it needs toilets, and the third issue is the -- any
       tenant need [sic] to have access to their electrical panels, which all the
       electrical panels are currently within the postal service, and they don’t have
       free access to that.

Similarly, plaintiff’s expert, Birk Larsen, concluded that “[m]odification of the vacant suite
within the subject property will be required to make leasable and usable by another
tenant.” Mr. Larsen stated that the vacated space is not code compliant:

       A. The primary way -- there are two primary ways I see they did not: One
          is it only contains one egress point; and the other is that it’s missing
          restrooms for any sort of tenant.

                                             ...

       The other code issue I know is that there would need to be electrical
       separation or at least access to an electrical subpanel for that tenant. Right
       now the US Postal Service tenant controls access to the electrical for the
       building.

                                             40
        Additionally, trial testimony established that, after the USPS vacated the District
Training Center space on December 31, 2012, it did not deliver keys to the space to
plaintiff, notwithstanding the language in the termination notice that the keys would be
delivered to plaintiff. At trial, Richard Daniel Stromness explained that the USPS did not
provide keys to plaintiff after the termination:

       Q. Now, when -- after -- on or after December 31, 2012, did the postal
       service ever mail the keys to Stromness?

       A. [Richard Stromness] They did not.

       Q. Did they ever provide them to you personally?

       A. They did not.

       Q. Did anyone ever explain to you why they weren’t doing that?

       A. No. There was no explanation.

       Plaintiff obtained the key to the vacated space on September 9, 2013, the same
day that the wall was constructed, when plaintiff changed the lock to the exterior door that
provided access to the vacated District Training Center space. Plaintiff changed the lock
to the exterior door after the USPS informed plaintiff that maintenance personnel would
be removing the lock cylinders on September 9, 2013. Postmaster Dalton explained:

       So after the wall was constructed and the construction was complete, the
       postal service had their maintenance people come out and they pulled all
       the cylinders, which is the actual lock, out of the doorknob. They said those
       belong to us and so they pulled those all out. I was told that somebody from
       the Stromness family had a locksmith coming and that they would change -
       - that they would key -- put their lock into that slot so that they had access
       to that building.

Frederick Stromness testified:

       So, in September of 2013, I became aware that the Postal Service was
       closing off the Phase II space from the Magna main post office space, and
       I became aware of that because my recollection is that I got a phone call on
       my cell phone from Magna Post Office. I don’t believe it was the postmaster,
       but it was a postal employee that identified themselves and informed me
       the Postal Service was removing the cores out of the locks.

                                            ...

       And in this phone call, I wasn’t informed about the demising wall, but I was
       informed that the postal service was removing those cores and, if I wanted
       to secure the space, we needed to take steps to secure it ourselves, at
       which point I called my son, Richy, and said, Well, we’ve got to run out there

                                            41
       and get a locksmith. He called the locksmith, and he proceeded to the site
       and then observed the construction.

Testimony received at trial from Postmaster James Kenyon and Postmaster Roland
Dalton indicated that the Postmaster of the Magna Post Office facility had control over
keys to the District Training Center space prior to the lease termination and continuing
after the lease terminated on December 31, 2012, until the locks were changed on
September 9, 2013. Postmaster Kenyon testified that, while he was Acting Postmaster at
the Magna Main Post Office, he never had a conversation about a key. Postmaster
Kenyon explained that he did not know whether he possessed a key that would access
the front door to the former training center space. He also testified that he never sent
anyone a key to the front door of the former training space and he never refused to turn
over the keys to plaintiff.

       Q. But you never sent them [Stromness] a key to the front door?

       A. [James Kenyon] I never sent anybody a key to the front door.

       Q. Did anybody suggest to you that you should send them a key?

       A. No, I’ve never had a conversation about a key.

       Q. So nobody from the district ever contacted you and said, “Hey, you need
       to send the Stromnesses the key”?

       A. No.

Postmaster Dalton explained at trial that he did not offer plaintiff the key to the vacated
space for security reasons:

       The reason that I didn’t offer the key -- well, number one, they never did ask
       for a key. But until our side of the building got secured, I have to provide
       security for the post office side of the building. And so I did not offer to give
       them a key because I had to be in control of all the keys for the building.

Postmaster Dalton stated that he was never instructed to return the keys to the former
District Training Center space to plaintiff.

        Since the USPS vacated the District Training Center space on December 31, 2012,
the USPS has not reimbursed 33.5% of the taxes for the Magna postal facility for 2013 or
the following years.

        Prior to the construction of the demising wall, on May 15, 2013, plaintiff submitted
a certified claim to the USPS seeking a contracting officer’s final decision. In the certified
claim, plaintiff alleged that the USPS was a holdover tenant keeping complete access
and control over the former training center space; that the USPS vacated the wrong
portion of the Magna postal facility; that the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended,
and the District Training Center lease, as amended, were a unified lease; that the USPS’s

                                              42
termination of the District Training Center lease deprived plaintiff of reasonable use of the
property; that the USPS was unjustly enriched; and that the USPS violated the covenant
of good faith and fair dealing. Plaintiff demanded that the USPS pay the annual rental rate
for the District Training Center space through 2019; that the USPS pay all heating, air
conditioning, lighting, sewage, electrical, and water expenses; and that the USPS
reimburse plaintiff for all taxes for the space.

        Contracting officer Bradford Meador issued a final decision to plaintiff on August
15, 2013, which denied plaintiff’s claim in full. 21 In the final decision, the contracting officer
asserted that the “1997 Main Office Lease, as amended, and the 2000 District Training
Center Lease, as amended, are not one unified lease.” The contracting officer stated that
“[t]he two leases are distinct” because they were entered into at different times and with
different occupancy dates, that the leased premises were different, and that the leases
had separate rental obligations and tax reimbursement obligations. The contracting officer
asserted that “[f]rom January 2000 through December 2012, the Postal Service made
separate rental payments and tax reimbursements from separate finance numbers for the
Main Office and the District Training Center.” The contracting officer concluded that “[t]he
Postal Service properly terminated the District Training Center Lease and so the Postal
Service is not responsible for any further rent, taxes or utilities associated with this [District
Training Center] space.” Additionally, the contracting officer informed plaintiff that the
USPS “plans to erect a demising wall to ensure the security of the [Magna] Main [Post]
Office leased space.”

       On January 21, 2015, plaintiff submitted a supplemental, certified claim to the
USPS seeking a contracting officer’s final decision. In addition to reasserting plaintiff’s
claims set forth in the May 15, 2013 certified claim, plaintiff’s supplemental certified claim
requested a declaration that the USPS be required to move the demising wall to the
correct location and to allow plaintiff access to restrooms, hallways, parking, and code-
compliant ingress and egress. Plaintiff’s supplemental certified claim requested payment
for the fair market rental value of the vacated district training center space and parking
area. Plaintiff also requested reimbursement of property taxes for 2006-2009 and 2012
and a declaration that plaintiff is entitled to receive property tax reimbursements for the
years in which the vacated training center spaced remains “uninhabitable.”

        In response to plaintiff’s supplemental, certified claim, a different contracting
officer, Shirley Wheeler, issued a final decision, granting property tax reimbursement for
the District Training Center space for the years 2006-2009 and 2012, but denying, in full,
the remainder of plaintiff’s supplemental certified claim.

       At the time the trial occurred in this case, the USPS continued to occupy the Magna
Main Post Office space, and the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, does not
expire until March 31, 2018. Since the USPS vacated the District Training Center space
on December 31, 2012, to the time of the trial, plaintiff has not leased the former, vacated
training center space to another tenant. Plaintiff has hired a real estate professional to

21   Bradford Meador was not called to testify at the trial held in this case.

                                                43
market the property, however, plaintiff has been told “that the space is not able to be
occupied in its present condition.”

Procedural History

         Plaintiff filed its complaint in the United States Court of Federal Claims on August
6, 2014, thereafter, plaintiff filed an amended complaint on May 18, 2015, appealing the
contracting officers’ final decisions on plaintiff’s original, certified claim and plaintiff’s
supplemental, certified claim. In the amended complaint, plaintiff alleges that the USPS
breached the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, and the District Training
Center lease, as amended; that the USPS is a holdover tenant owing holdover rent; that
the USPS effected a taking in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the United States
Constitution; that the two leases represent a single, unified agreement for the entire
Magna Post Office building and should be reformed to reflect the intent of the parties; and
that the USPS breached the covenant of good faith and fair dealing implied in both lease
agreements. Plaintiff seeks declaratory relief, including a declaration that the USPS’s
termination of the District Training Center lease, as amended, “was arbitrary, capricious,
wrongful, improper and in violation of the parties’ rights and obligations”; a declaration
“that the leases for the Magna premises be interpreted and/or reformed in conformance
with the agreement and intention of the parties”; a declaration that “the Postal Service
vacated the wrong portion of the facility;” a declaration that the hallways, restrooms, and
parking are to be shared by the USPS with other tenants in the facility; and a declaration
that the USPS is contractually obligated to move the walls it erected to the correct
location. Plaintiff seeks monetary damages “in an amount to be proven at trial
representing the fair market value currently estimated to be $18.00 per square foot” for
the USPS’s occupancy and use of the former training center space between January 1,
2013 through the date of judgment and continuing after the judgment until the USPS
relinquishes control of the former training center space, as well as “damages in the
amount of all unreimbursed real property taxes for the entire property up to the date of
judgment” and continuing after judgment until the USPS relinquishes control of the former
training center space. Plaintiff also seeks to recover monetary damages “for the cost to
remediate and restore the facility by removing detrimental alterations, additions or
structures” made by the USPS “and to restore the premises to as good condition that
existed at the time it entered the premises,” which, at the time the amended complaint
was filed, amounted to $56,675.00. Plaintiff also demands interest, costs, and attorneys’
fees. In response to the amended complaint, defendant filed a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s
complaint, and the court issued a decision denying defendant’s motion to dismiss on April
12, 2016. See Stromness MPO, LLC v. United States, Case No. 14-711C (Apr. 12, 2016).
A trial in the above-captioned case was held in Salt Lake City, Utah.

                                             44
                                        DISCUSSION

       As a preliminary matter, the jurisdiction of this court is uncontested by the parties,
and this court independently concludes that it has jurisdiction over the above-captioned
case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2) (2012).

         In the instant case, plaintiff puts forth various breach of contract allegations against
the USPS, as well as allegations that the USPS violated the Takings Clause of the Fifth
Amendment to the United States Constitution. Plaintiff’s breach of contract allegations
are based on the same facts as those regarding plaintiff’s takings claims. Much of the
breach of contract and takings allegations arise from a disagreement about the location
of the demising wall constructed in September 2013 and the space within the Magna
facility over which the USPS has exclusive use and control pursuant to the terms of the
Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, and the District Training Center lease, as
amended. Specifically, the parties dispute whether the USPS has the right to exclusive
use of the women’s bathroom and locker room, a vestibule, corridor space, and a
maintenance storage area within the Magna facility, all of which were retained for the
USPS’s exclusive use when the USPS constructed the demising wall inside the Magna
facility to separate the active main post office area from the former training space area.

        Plaintiff’s principle breach of contract argument alleges that, when defendant
constructed the demising wall in the Magna facility and prevented access from the former
training space to the women’s bathroom and locker room, vestibule, corridor space, and
maintenance storage area, the USPS impeded plaintiff’s right to lease the former training
space to non-postal tenants, as allegedly granted to plaintiff in the Magna Main Post
Office lease, as amended. According to plaintiff, the demising wall is a “detrimental
alteration” in breach of the amended Magna Main Post Office lease because, as a result
of the demising wall, the former training center space is not compliant with local building
laws and plaintiff is unable to lease the space to a non-postal tenant. Plaintiff contends
that, despite the “written covenant” in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended,
granting plaintiff the right to lease the unoccupied, former training center space in the
Magna facility, the USPS “made that impossible by walling off all restrooms, shutting off
the circuit breakers for that space,” and “making alterations which render the space non-
Code compliant,” thereby breaching the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended. In
addition to its allegations that defendant breached the Magna Main Post Office lease, as
amended, when it constructed the demising wall, plaintiff alleges that the USPS is liable
for a Fifth Amendment taking because the USPS’s action have left plaintiff with an
“uneconomic remnant,” an “isolated, desolate island of useless property, a landlocked
remnant lacking any necessities.” Additionally, plaintiff argues that “the Postal Service
constructed its original walls and the later demising wall in the wrong locations, walling
off approximately 400 square feet of the Phase II space. 22

22As discussed below, throughout the proceedings in this case, plaintiff has changed the
amount of square footage allegedly retained as a result of the incorrect location of the

                                               45
        Additionally, plaintiff argues that the USPS breached the District Training Center
lease, as amended, and effected a taking without just compensation by retaining
possession and control of the District Training Center space after the termination of the
District Training Center lease, as amended, on December 31, 2012, and by removing
CCTV equipment from the District Training Center space. Plaintiff also argues that the
USPS breached the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, by failing to properly
reimburse plaintiff for property taxes assessed against the former training center space.

        Plaintiff also argues that the USPS breached the implied covenant of good faith
and fair dealing by: denying or making delinquent reimbursement payments for property
taxes; constructing the demising wall without the mandatory consultation with appropriate
State and local officials; constructing the demising wall without advance discussions with
plaintiff; disconnecting all utilities to the former training center space upon termination of
the District Training Center lease, as amended; blocking the former training center space
from necessary utilities and facilities; failing to provide sufficient notice of the USPS’s
intent to terminate the District Training Center lease, as amended; and failing to postpone
the termination of the District Training Center lease, as amended.

         In response, defendant argues that plaintiff has failed to prove its allegations, with
the exception that the USPS concedes to erroneously retaining 371 square feet of space
within the Magna Main Post Office area, based on the measurements of the USPS’s
expert, as a result of constructing the demising wall in the wrong location, which should
have been returned to plaintiff with the former training center space on January 1, 2013. 23
Defendant argues that plaintiff failed to prove that the USPS breached the Magna Main
Post Office lease, as amended, or the District Training Center lease, as amended, by
building the demising wall and retaining exclusive use of the women’s bathroom and
locker room, vestibule, corridor space, and maintenance storage area. According to
defendant, the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, granted the USPS exclusive
right to the postal space in the Magna facility, which includes the women’s restroom,
vestibule, corridor space, and maintenance storage area. Defendant argues that the
USPS’s construction of the demising wall in September 2013 was in compliance with both
the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, and the District Training Center lease,
as amended, because the former training center space was required to be secured under
the amendment to the Magna Main Post Office lease and plaintiff asked the USPS to
install the wall pursuant to the Alterations clause in the District Training Center lease, as
amended. Moreover, defendant asserts that, under the terms of the District Training
Center lease, as amended, the USPS was required to return the former training center
space to plaintiff as it was received in January 2000, and, when the space was received,
there was a chain-link fence separating the main post office space, including the women’s

demising wall. Plaintiff has alleged that the USPS is improperly retaining 387.899 square
feet, 400 square feet, and 683 square feet.
23 As discussed, the parties both presented expert witnesses at trial to testify about the
amount of square footage improperly retained as a result of the demising wall’s incorrect
location. These expert witnesses had different conclusions, set forth in more detail below.

                                              46
bathroom and locker room, vestibule, corridor space, and maintenance storage area, from
the space that would later become the training center. Furthermore, defendant argues
that, to the extent the court finds the USPS breached the lease agreements by
constructing the demising wall, the court should deny plaintiff’s request for monetary relief
because plaintiff has failed to prove damages.

        Additionally, defendant argues that plaintiff’s other breach of contract allegations
also should be denied. Specifically, defendant argues that, other than the erroneously
retained space, the USPS did not improperly retain control over the training center space
after the District Training Center lease, as amended, terminated on December 31, 2012,
and that the USPS did not improperly remove the CCTV equipment from the former
training center space because the USPS continues to pay rent for the CCTV equipment.
Defendant also argues that it is not obligated to reimburse plaintiff for the property taxes
assessed against the vacated training center space since 2013 because that obligation
expired with the District Training Center lease, as amended, on December 31, 2012. To
the extent plaintiff seeks equitable relief, defendant argues that the court is without
jurisdiction to award such equitable relief because plaintiff is not entitled to monetary
damages, other than for the 371 square feet of improperly retained space, for which
plaintiff has failed to prove damages. 24

        In response to plaintiff’s takings claims, defendant argues that plaintiff’s claims are
legally barred because the property rights at issue are governed by the District Training
Center lease, as amended, or the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, thus
plaintiff’s claims lie in contract alone. According to defendant, plaintiff’s alleged rights to
the women’s bathroom and locker room, vestibule, corridor space, and maintenance
storage area are based on the terms of the District Training Center lease, as amended,
thus “[b]ased on Stromness’ own admissions, the rights at issue” were voluntarily created
by contract. Defendant argues that, when a contract between a private party and the
government creates the property right subject to a takings claim, the proper remedy for
infringement lies in a contract claim, not in a taking claim. Furthermore, according to
defendant, because plaintiff leased away its rights to the women’s bathroom and locker
room, vestibule, corridor space, and maintenance storage area, plaintiff does not have a
present possessory interest in the space.

        As a threshold issue, the court considers whether plaintiff’s claims are based on
rights created voluntarily by contract, so as to preclude plaintiff’s takings claims. Plaintiff
does not articulate whether its taking claims are independent or alternative allegations to
plaintiff’s breach of contract claims. Indeed, plaintiff did not submit any response to
defendant’s argument that plaintiff’s takings claims are legally barred.

       As a general proposition, although a lease concerns property interests, a lease is
a contract. See Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1295, 1298 (Fed.

24Defendant asserts that, while plaintiff is entitled to recover for the improperly retained
371 square feet of space, plaintiff has ultimately failed to prove the amount of damages it
would be entitled to receive.

                                              47
Cir. 1986); see also Keydata Corp. v. United States, 504 F.2d 1115, 1123 (Ct. Cl. 1974)
(“But though a lease may concern and convey a property interest, it is also very much a
contract. . . .”). Pursuant to the precedent established by the United States Court of
Appeals for the Federal Circuit, plaintiff is permitted to file a complaint pursuing relief
under its breach of contract theory as well as a Fifth Amendment takings theory. See
Stockton E. Water Dist. v. United States, 583 F.3d 1344, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2009). If,
however, the court determines that the property rights alleged to have been taken were
solely created by the terms of the voluntary lease agreements between plaintiff and
defendant, then the proper remedy, if any, lies in contract. See Barlow & Haun, Inc. v.
United States, 87 Fed. Cl. 428, 438 (2009). Although plaintiffs are permitted to plead
alternative theories of breach of contract and a Fifth Amendment taking, “the concept of
a taking as a compensable claim theory has limited application to the relative rights of
party litigants when those rights have been voluntarily created by contract.” Sun Oil Co.
v. United States, 572 F.2d 786, 818 (Ct. Cl. 1978) (explaining that remedies for violation
of a lease right must be directed at the United States in its proprietary capacity and not in
its sovereign capacity).

       While a plaintiff may simultaneously allege in its complaint breach of contract and
takings claims, interference with a right created by contract “generally gives rise to a
breach claim not a taking claim.” Id. at 818. “It is well established that, generally,
governmental interference with a contractual right does not give rise to a taking, but
instead entitles a plaintiff to seek compensation for breach of contract.” Bailey v. United
States, 53 Fed. Cl. 251, 256 (2002); see also Barlow & Haun, Inc. v. United States, 87
Fed. Cl. at 438 (“Ordinarily, the Government’s interference with contractual rights arising
under a contract with the Government will give rise to a breach of contract action, rather
than a taking claim.”). “[A] Fifth Amendment takings claim is not viable when the parties’
rights and obligations are governed by contract.” Sonoma Apartment Assocs. v. United
States, 124 Fed. Cl. 595, 600 (2015); see also Tamerlane, Ltd. v. United States, 80 Fed.
Cl. 724, 738 (2008) (“Although rights existing independently of a contract may be brought
pursuant to a takings claim, when a contract between a private party and the Government
creates the property right subject to a Fifth Amendment claim, the proper remedy for
infringement lies in contract, not taking.”); Allegre Villa v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 11,
18 (2004) (“When a contract between a private party and the Government creates the
property right subject to a Fifth Amendment claim, the proper remedy for infringement lies
in a contract claim, not one for a taking.”).

        The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held “that when the
government itself breaches a contract, a party must seek compensation from the
government in contract rather than under a takings claim.” Piszel v. United States, 833
F.3d 1366, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2016). “Taking claims rarely arise under government contracts
because the Government acts in its commercial or proprietary capacity in entering
contracts, rather than in its sovereign capacity. Accordingly, remedies arise from the
contracts themselves, rather than from the constitutional protection of private property
rights.” Hughes Commc’n Galaxy, Inc. v. United States, 271 F.3d 1060, 1070 (Fed. Cir.
2001) (internal citations omitted); see also A & D Auto Sales, Inc. v. United States, 748
F.3d 1142, 1156 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (explaining that remedies available under a breach of
contract theory make takings liability redundant); St. Christopher Assocs., L.P. v. United

                                             48
States, 511 F.3d 1376, 1385 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“In general, takings claims do not arise
under a government contract because, as stated by the Court of Federal Claims, the
government is acting in its proprietary rather than its sovereign capacity, and because
remedies are provided by the contract.”).

       Additionally, when a plaintiff alleges a breach of contract claim and a takings claim,
the court first will consider whether a viable contract claim exists because “[i]t has long
been the policy of the courts to decide cases on non-constitutional grounds when that is
available, rather than reach out for the constitutional issue.” Stockton E. Water Dist. v.
United States, 583 F.3d at 1368; see also City Line Joint Venture v. United States, 503
F.3d 1319, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“When a viable contract claim exists, we should not
reach out to decide the takings issue. Clearly, there should not be double recovery, we
should not commingle takings compensation and contract damages.”). “If the right at
issue is not governed by the terms of the parties’ contract, plaintiffs may pursue a takings
action.” Allegre Villa v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. at 18.

         In the instant case, the dispute between the parties arises from a disagreement
about the terms in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, and the District
Training Center lease, as amended. Plaintiff’s claims revolve around the assertion that
the USPS breached the terms of the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, and
the District Training Center lease, as amended, and that the USPS interfered with
plaintiff’s rights in the facility as set forth in the terms of these lease agreements, including
the right to lease non-postal space to a non-postal tenant. Plaintiff’s takings claim that the
USPS has left Stromness with an “uneconomic remnant” is apparently based on the
language in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, that grants Stromness the
right to lease unoccupied space in the Magna facility to a non-postal tenant, under certain
delineated conditions. Similarly, plaintiff’s takings claims that the USPS retained control
of the former training center space between January 1, 2013 and September 9, 2013,
that the USPS continues to retain control over 2,000 square feet of “parking and
maneuvering” space, and that the USPS continues to retain control over 683 square feet
of space as a result of the incorrectly placed demising wall are anchored in the rights and
obligations of the parties as set forth in the terms of the Magna Main Post Office lease,
as amended, and the District Training Center lease, as amended, governing the Magna
facility. Because plaintiff’s allegations are based on rights and obligations created
voluntarily by the parties in these lease agreements, the proper remedy for plaintiff, if any,
lies in contract and not pursuant to a takings theory. Accordingly, the court considers
plaintiff’s numerous breach of contract claims and does not consider plaintiff’s takings
claims.

       It is well settled that “[t]o recover for breach of contract, a party must allege and
establish: (1) a valid contract between the parties, (2) an obligation or duty arising out of
the contract, (3) a breach of that duty, and (4) damages caused by the breach.” 25 San

25 As indicated by a Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims, “[t]o satisfy this
fourth element, the plaintiff also must show that: ‘(1) the damages were reasonably
foreseeable by the breaching party at the time of contracting; (2) the breach is a
substantial causal factor in the damages; and (3) the damages are shown with reasonable

                                               49
Carlos Irr. & Drainage Dist. v. United States, 877 F.2d 957, 959 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied
(Fed. Cir. 1989); see also Shell Oil v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. 8, 34 (2017); Barlow &
Haun, Inc. v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl. 597, 620 (2014); Cooley v. United States, 76
Fed. Cl. 549, 555–56 (2007) (citing San Carlos Irr. & Drainage Dist. v. United States, 877
F.2d at 959).

        The parties in this case do not dispute that the Magna Main Post Office lease, both
in its original form and as amended, and the District Training Center lease, in its original
form and as amended, are valid contracts between the parties. Instead, as identified
above, the dispute between the parties relates to the obligations and rights of the parties
pursuant to the original Magna Main Post Office lease, executed on January 27, 1997,
the amended Magna Main Post Office lease, executed on January 12, 1998, and the
District Training Center lease, executed on January 18, 2000 and amended on July 31,
2002 and, again, amended in February and April of 2010. The parties dispute whether
the USPS breached the terms of these lease agreements, how the provisions of these
lease agreements should be interpreted, and whether the leases represent a single
agreement between the USPS and plaintiff and should be interpreted together, or whether
each lease represents a separate and distinct agreement between the parties and should
be read independently. To determine if defendant breached the Magna Main Post Office
lease, as amended, and the District Training Center lease, as amended, the court must
look to the language of the contract documents and the rights, duties, and obligations of
the parties, as prescribed therein. Because the parties dispute the terms of the lease
agreement documents, the outcome of the above-captioned case turns on the
interpretation of the language in the Magna facility lease agreement documents entered
into by the USPS and plaintiff.

        “Contract interpretation starts with the language of the contract.” SUFI Network
Servs., Inc. v. United States, 785 F.3d at 593 (Fed. Cir. 2015); see also Agility Pub.
Warehousing Co. KSCP v. Mattis, 852 F.3d 1370, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2017); Bell/Heery v.
United States, 739 F.3d 1324, 1331 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir.
2014); Precision Pine & Timber, Inc. v. United States, 596 F.3d 817, 824 (Fed. Cir. 2010),
cert. denied, 562 U.S. 1178 (2011); LAI Servs., Inc. v. Gates, 573 F.3d 1306, 1314 (Fed.
Cir.), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 2009); Barron Bancshares, Inc. v. United States, 366 F.3d
1360, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2004); Foley Co. v. United States, 11 F.3d 1032, 1034 (Fed. Cir.
1993); Nw. Title Agency, Inc. v. United States, 126 Fed. Cl. 55, 57-58 (2016) (citing Foley
Co. v. United States, 11 F.3d 1032, 1034 (Fed. Cir. 1993)) (“The starting point for any
contract interpretation is the plain language of the agreement.”); Beard v. United States,
125 Fed. Cl. 148, 158 (2016); Eden Isle Marina, Inc. v. United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 372,
483–84 (2013).

       “‘“In contract interpretation, the plain and unambiguous meaning of a written
agreement controls.’”” Arko Exec. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 553 F.3d 1375, 1379 (Fed.
Cir. 2009) (quoting Hercules Inc. v. United States, 292 F.3d 1378, 1380–81 (Fed. Cir.),

certainty.’” Shell Oil v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. at 34 (quoting Indiana Michigan Power
Co. v. United States, 422 F.3d 1369, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2005)).

                                            50
reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2002) (quoting Craft Mach. Works, Inc. v. United
States, 926 F.2d 1110, 1113 (Fed. Cir. 1991))). “Terms must be given their plain meaning
if the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous.” SUFI Network Servs., Inc. v.
United States, 785 F.3d at 593 (citing Coast Fed. Bank, FSB v. United States, 323 F.3d
1035, 1038 (Fed. Cir. 2003)); see also Nw. Title Agency, Inc. v. United States, 855 F.3d
1344, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2017); CanPro Invs. Ltd. v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. 320, 347
(2017); Beard v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl. at 158 (“If the contract language is
unambiguous, then it must be given its plain and ordinary meaning . . . .”). The United
States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit stated in Massie v. United States:

       In interpreting a contract, “[w]e begin with the plain language.” “We give the
       words of the agreement their ordinary meaning unless the parties mutually
       intended and agreed to an alternative meaning.” In addition, “[w]e must
       interpret the contract in a manner that gives meaning to all of its provisions
       and makes sense.’”

Massie v. United States, 166 F.3d 1184, 1189 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (quoting McAbee Constr.,
Inc. v. United States, 97 F.3d 1431, 1435, reh’g denied and en banc suggestion declined
(Fed. Cir. 1996); (internal citations omitted)); Jowett, Inc. v. United States, 234 F.3d 1365,
1368 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (quoting McAbee Constr., Inc. v. United States, 97 F.3d at 1435
and Harris v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 142 F.3d 1463, 1467 (Fed. Cir. 1998)); Harris v.
Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 142 F.3d at 1467; see also Coast Professional, Inc. v. United
States, 828 F.3d 1349, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2016); Shell Oil Co. v. United States, 751 F.3d
1282, 1305 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2014) (noting that a contract must
be interpreted in context, giving meaning to the document as a whole) (citing NVT Techs.,
Inc. v. United States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004); Metric Constructors, Inc. v.
Nat’l Aeronautics & Space Admin., 169 F.3d 747, 752 (Fed. Cir. 1999)); McHugh v. DLT
Solutions, Inc., 618 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Giove v. Dep’t of Transp., 230 F.3d
1333, 1340-41 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (“In addition, we must interpret the contract in a manner
that gives meaning to all of its provisions and makes sense. Further, business contracts
must be construed with business sense, as they naturally would be understood by
intelligent men of affairs.”) (citations omitted); Gould, Inc. v. United States, 935 F.2d 1271,
1274 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (indicating that a preferable interpretation of a contract is one that
gives meaning to all parts of the contract rather than one that leaves a portion of the
contract “useless, inexplicable, void, or superfluous”). A Judge of the United States Court
of Federal Claims has explained:

       “The words of a contract are deemed to have their ordinary meaning
       appropriate to the subject matter, unless a special or unusual meaning of a
       particular term or usage was intended, and was so understood by the
       parties.” Lockheed Martin IR Imaging Sys., Inc. v. West, 108 F.3d 319, 322
       (Fed. Cir. 1997). “Under general rules of contract law we are to interpret
       provisions of a contract so as to make them consistent.” Abraham v.
       Rockwell Int'l Corp., 326 F.3d 1242, 1251 (Fed. Cir. 2003). “[A]n agreement
       is not to be read in a way that places its provisions in conflict, when it is
       reasonable to read the provisions in harmony. . . . [T]he provisions must be
       read together in order to implement the substance and purpose of the entire

                                              51
       agreement.” Air–Sea Forwarders, Inc. v. United States, 166 F.3d 1170,
       1172 (Fed. Cir. 1999). “A reasonable interpretation must assure that no
       contract provision is made inconsistent, superfluous, or redundant.” Medlin
       Const. Group, Ltd. v. Harvey, 449 F.3d 1195, 1200 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (internal
       quotation marks omitted).

Dynetics, Inc. v. United States, 121 Fed. Cl. 492, 512 (2015); see also Marquardt Co. v.
United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 265, 269 (2011) (“In interpreting contractual language, the
court must give reasonable meaning to all parts of the contract and avoid rendering
portions of the contract meaningless.” (citation omitted)).

        The Federal Circuit also has indicated that “‘[t]he contract must be construed to
effectuate its spirit and purpose giving reasonable meaning to all parts of the contract.’”
Arko Exec. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 553 F.3d at 1379 (quoting Hercules Inc. v. United
States, 292 F.3d at 1380–81); see also Nw. Title Agency, Inc. v. United States, 855 F.3d
at 1347; LAI Servs., Inc. v. Gates, 573 F.3d at 1314; Gardiner, Kamya & Assocs., P.C. v.
Jackson, 467 F.3d 1348, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (citations omitted); Medlin Constr. Grp.,
Ltd. v. Harvey, 449 F.3d 1195, 1200 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (reviewing the contract as a whole
to determine the meaning of relevant provisions); Hunt Constr. Grp., Inc. v. United States,
281 F.3d 1369, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“We begin with the plain language when
interpreting a contract . . . . The contract must be considered as a whole and interpreted
to effectuate its spirit and purpose, giving reasonable meaning to all parts.” (citations
omitted)); Beard v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl. at 158 (quoting Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v.
United States, 536 F.3d 1282, 1288 (Fed. Cir. 2008)) (“In construing the meaning of a
contractual provision, the court does not interpret the disputed term or phrase in isolation,
but “construes contract terms in the context of the entire contract, avoiding any meaning
that renders some part of the contract inoperative.”).

        It has been “‘a fundamental precept of common law that the intention of the parties
to a contract controls its interpretation.’” Tri-Star Elecs. Int'l, Inc. v. Preci-Dip Durtal SA,
619 F.3d 1364, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (quoting Beta Sys., Inc. v. United States, 838 F.2d
1179, 1185 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (quoting Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. United States, 195
Ct. Cl. 21, 30, 444 F.2d 547, 551 (1971))); Alvin, Ltd. v. United States Postal Serv., 816
F.2d 1562, 1565 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (“In the case of contracts, the avowed purpose and
primary function of the court is the ascertainment of the intent of the parties.”); see also
Flexfab, LLC v. United States, 424 F.3d 1254, 1262 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“[I]ntent is
determined by looking to the contract and, if necessary, other objective evidence. In the
absence of clear guidance from the contract language, the requisite intent on the part of
the government can be inferred from the actions of the contracting officer. . . .”); see also
CanPro Invs. Ltd. v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. at 347 (“Contract interpretation requires
determining the intention of the parties.”).

Exclusive Use and Plaintiff’s Right to Lease Unoccupied Space to a Non-Postal Tenant

        According to plaintiff, the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, and the
District Training Center lease, as amended, granted plaintiff the right to lease the
unoccupied “Phase II” space within the Magna facility to non-postal tenants, but the USPS

                                              52
“installed an incorrectly located demising wall and closed off doors which cut off all access
from the Phase II [former training center] space to bathrooms, circuit breakers, water,
sewer, gas, and Code-compliant egress, rendering the Phase II space unleasable to
anyone” other than the USPS because it is not Code-compliant space. Defendant does
not dispute plaintiff’s assertion that, pursuant to the Magna Main Post Office lease, as
amended, Stromness was permitted to lease unoccupied “Phase II” space within the
Magna facility to non-postal tenants. As defendant acknowledges, “Amendment No. 1” to
the Magna Main Post Office lease stated that “[t]he Salt Lake City District has approved
Lessor’s request to lease ‘Phase II’ space” subject to certain conditions. It is apparent
from the parties’ presentations at trial and their post-trial briefings, however, that the
parties disagree as to the definition of Phase II space within the facility that Stromness
was granted the right to lease and what space would remain under the exclusive control
of the USPS.

       The court looks to the language in the lease documents and to the parties’
testimony to determine the meaning of “Phase II” space, which plaintiff was permitted to
lease to a non-postal tenant pursuant to the amended Magna Main Post Office lease. As
discussed above, the original expandable building floor plan contemplated a Phase I area,
a Phase II area, and a Phase III area, as depicted below:

                                             53
                                     Joint Exhibit 67, page 399

While the original Magna Main Post Office lease was for the construction of only the
Phase I space, plaintiff proceeded, without authorization, to build out the Phase I and
Phase II spaces.

        There is nothing in the record to demonstrate a change in the construction plans
in the original Magna Main Post Office lease by an authorized contracting officer. In fact,
Frederick Stromness acknowledged that Build Inc. did not have authority to construct the
Phase II space. Because the United States can only be bound by contract changes
administered by an authorized agent, Build Inc. constructed the Phase II space entirely
at its own risk. 26 See Winter v. Cath-dr/Balti Jt. Venture, 497 F.3d 1339, 1344 (Fed. Cir.
2007); see also Trauma Serv. Grp. v. United States, 104 F.3d 1321, 1326 (Fed. Cir. 1997)

26   Plaintiff does not put forth a constructive change argument.

                                              54
(“Anyone entering into an agreement with the Government takes the risk of accurately
ascertaining the authority of the agents who purport to act for the Government . . .”); S&M
Mgmt. Inc. v. United States, 82 Fed. Cl. 240, 247 (2008) (“To modify a contract, a
contracting officer or his or her delegate must possess actual authority to bind the
government.”).

       According to the floor plan in the original Magna Main Post Office lease, as
depicted in Joint Exhibit 67, page 387, the Phase I space included the entire postal
operations area, including the men’s and women’s restrooms, storage space, and utilities.
Following plaintiff’s unauthorized construction, however, the parties negotiated
“Amendment No. 1” to the original lease for the Magna Main Post Office, which resulted
in additional square footage to be leased to the USPS, changes to the floor plan, and
changes to the USPS’s use of space within the facility. At trial, contracting officer Edward
Bavouset testified that plaintiff’s unauthorized construction of the Phase II area “changed
the layout of the floor plan,” as it was designed and agreed to in the original Magna Main
Post Office lease. Specifically, the revised floor plan indicated that the women’s restroom
and locker room would be located in the space identified as covered parking in the original
Magna Main Post Office lease. As a result, the first amendment to the Magna Main Post
Office lease provided a new floor plan, depicted below:

                                            55
                                Joint Exhibit 73, page 484

      “Amendment No. 1” to the Magna Main Post Office lease described the square
footage as follows:

      The new net interior sq.ft. will reflect the original number of 6,498, plus 1,500
      sq. ft. (additional required footage for postal operations) and 255 sq. ft.
      (corridor space) for a total net interior square footage of 8,253. It is
      specifically noted that the net interior square footage available for postal
      operations is 7,998 net interior square feet. The additional 255 (corridor
      space) is necessary for the functional use of the facility. Additionally, the
      Lessor shall provide use of the women’s bathroom and locker room (661
      sq. ft.), and carrier vestibule (425 sq. ft) and maintenance storage area east
      of the carrier vestibule. This use is necessary due to Lessor proceeding with
      Phase II construction, and the fact that the Postal Service has agreed to
      allow the Lessor to lease the previous controlled enclosed carrier parking,
      and, is structured to minimize modifications by Lessor.

                                             56
In addition to describing the revised floor plan and square footage of the Magna Main
Post Office lease, “Amendment No. 1” explained that, due to plaintiff’s unauthorized
construction of the Phase II space, there would be a portion of the building left unoccupied
and “not available for postal use.” The amendment explained: “Even though this area was
included in the original lease, identified as covered enclosed parking, it will not be
available since the Lessor proceeded with Phase II construction. However, it is
specifically noted that the Postal Service will not be deprived of use as intended in the
original lease.” This unoccupied space was described in the amendment as
“approximately 5,000 net sq. ft.” The lease amendment explained that “[t]he area located
above the ‘new area’, and identified by ‘red x’ on the attached floor plan (exhibit ‘A’) will
not be available for postal use. This area is approximately 5,000 net sq. ft.”

        As this language explains, at the time “Amendment No. 1” was entered into, after
the unauthorized construction of the Phase II space, it was designed to preserve the
USPS’s functional use of the facility as intended under the original Magna Main Post
Office lease, without requiring plaintiff, the lessor, to make significant modifications to the
building as constructed, to the benefit of the lessor. As contracting officer Edward
Bavouset explained, because plaintiff had constructed the Phase II portion of the building
without authorization and changed the floor plan as intended in the original Magna Main
Post Office lease, the USPS could have required plaintiff to de-construct the building and
re-construct the space so that it conformed to the original floor plan in the initial Magna
Main Post Office lease. Contracting officer Edward Bavouset testified: “I mean, because
if I wanted to, say, take it back to Phase 1, guess what? All this stuff would have had to
have been relocated.”

        The language in “Amendment No. 1” is central to the parties’ dispute about the use
of the space within the Magna facility. Plaintiff argues that, according to the language in
the amendment, the USPS would be “permitted to use, without leasing it, an additional
1,341 net interior square feet, including the women’s bathroom and locker room, a
vestibule, corridor space, and a storage area,” and that the USPS only had “non-
exclusive” use of those four areas. Plaintiff argues that Stromness was “donating” these
areas for the USPS to use, but that the space could be “shared” with other non-postal
tenants. During the trial, Frederick Stromness testified that the women’s restroom was
“located in the space that Stromness is donating, for lack of another, better word . . . .”
According to plaintiff, “Amendment No. 1” “modified the Magna facility plans to include
the ‘men’s restrooms,’ but not the ‘women’s restroom’ within the space the Postal Service
was leasing,” and, instead, under the lease amendment, the women’s restroom and
locker room were moved to the “Phase II space,” which plaintiff was granted the right to
lease to a non-postal tenant. (internal quotations omitted). Plaintiff argues that, because
the USPS was granted “non-exclusive” use of the additional 1,341 net interior square feet,
under the terms of “Amendment No. 1,” plaintiff could lease the unoccupied space and
the areas of shared use, which included the restrooms, exit, and hallways, to a non-postal
tenant. According to plaintiff, its right to lease this “shared” space was confirmed in the
subsequent District Training Center lease with the USPS because that lease stated
“[h]allways, restrooms, parking” would be “shared by tenants.”

                                              57
        Defendant argues that the USPS maintained exclusive use of the additional 1,341
net interior square feet, including the women’s bathroom and locker room, vestibule,
corridor space, and storage area, under the terms of the original Magna Main Post Office
lease, “Amendment No. 1” to the Magna Main Post Office lease, and the District Training
Center lease. Defendant explains that the original Magna Main Post Office lease required
restrooms and a second egress point to be in the postal space. According to defendant,
plaintiff did not construct the Magna facility in accordance with the original plans, which
resulted in a change to the location of the restrooms and second egress point. Defendant
asserts that, when the USPS amended the Magna Main Post Office lease to
accommodate the unauthorized construction performed by plaintiff, the amendment
“specifically noted that the Postal Service will not be deprived of use as intended in the
original lease.” Defendant argues that, because the intent of the original Magna Main Post
Office lease “was that the Postal Service would have exclusive use of the bathrooms and
the second fire exit” and “Amendment No. 1” expressly preserved that intention, the USPS
maintained its right to the exclusive use of the restrooms and second egress point and
neither plaintiff, nor plaintiff’s non-postal tenant, was not permitted access to that area.
To further support its position, defendant points to language in “Amendment No. 1” which
contemplated how the USPS would retain exclusive use of its space in the event plaintiff
leased the unoccupied space to a non-postal tenant. The lease amendment stated: “in
the event said space is leased, Lessor shall install a demising wall separating postal and
leased space, said wall shall be constructed to RE5 security requirements, tenant shall
not have any access to postal space, including secured parking and maneuvering area.” 27
Defendant argues that this language establishes that plaintiff was required to secure and
separate the Magna Main Post Office space from the approximately 5,000 square feet of
space not available for postal use, and the USPS was entitled to deny access to the
restrooms and second egress point by separating the two spaces.

        “Amendment No. 1” to the Magna Main Post Office lease describes the square
footage intended for the USPS’s exclusive use as “6,498, plus 1,500 sq. ft. (additional
required footage for postal operation) and 255 sq. ft. (corridor space)” and “the women’s
bathroom and locker room (661 sq. ft.),” “carrier vestibule (425 sq. ft),” and “maintenance
storage area east of the carrier vestibule.” The changes to the square footage from the
original Magna Main Post Office lease were “structured to minimize modifications by
Lessor,” in light of plaintiff’s unauthorized additional construction, and to preserve the
USPS’s use of the facility as a secure postal facility as intended under the original Magna
Main Post Office lease. At the time the Magna Main Post Office lease was executed in
1997 for the construction of the Phase I space, the USPS was the only anticipated tenant
of the facility, and the building plans contemplated a single occupant with exclusive use
of the entire space, including the restrooms and second egress point, as depicted in the
diagram below:

27 Contracting officer Edward Bavouset explained at trial that the “RE5 Handbook” sets
forth security requirements for all postal facilities.

                                            58
                                    Joint Exhibit 67, page 397

       At trial, Frederick Stromness testified about the intended exclusive use of the
postal facility when the Magna Main Post Office lease was originally executed:

       Q. Mr. Stromness, as of January ’97 when this lease was executed, who
       were the expected tenants of the facility?

       A. [Frederick Stromness] US Postal Service.

       Q. Anybody else?

       A. Not anticipated at that time.

       Q. So if the Postal Service was the only tenant, the Postal Service would
       have exclusive right to the bathrooms, correct?

       A. Yes, sir, at that time.

       Q. And if the Postal Service is the only tenant, the Postal Service would
       have exclusive right to the parking, correct?

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. And if the Postal Service is the only tenant, it’s your understanding the
       Postal Service would have exclusive rights to the hallways, correct?

       A. Correct.

       With regard to the language in the amendment to the Magna Main Post Office
lease that stated “the Postal Service will not be deprived of use as intended in the original

                                             59
lease,” contracting officer Edward Bavouset testified that the original lease terms intended
for the USPS to have exclusive use of the restrooms, parking, and hallways:

       Q. “However, it is specifically noted that the Postal Service will not be
       deprived of use as intended in the original lease.”

       A. [Edward Bavouset] Yes.

       Q. Did I read that correctly?

       A. Yes, you did.

       Q. What was your understanding of what the intention was for the use of
       the bathrooms of the original lease?

       A. They were for exclusive Postal Service use.

       Q. What was your -- what was your understanding of the intention of the
       use of parking and hallway [sic] in the original lease?

       A. They were for exclusive Postal Service use.

        In agreement with Edward Bavouset’s testimony, Frederick Stromness testified
that at the time the lease amendment to the Magna Main Post Office lease was executed
on October 26, 1998, the USPS agreed to retain exclusive use of the bathrooms, as
intended in the original lease:

       Q. As of October ’98, the Postal Service agreed to retain the bathrooms as
       part of the postal space, an exclusive use of those bathrooms, correct?

       A. Yes, sir, as of October ’98.

       This testimony explains the context in which the original Magna Main Post Office
lease and the subsequent lease amendment were executed, and unanimously confirms
that the USPS intended to have exclusive use of space within the Magna facility under
the original Magna Main Post Office lease, and that intention was reiterated and
preserved in the amendment to the Magna Main Post Office lease. There is no dispute
that the original Magna Main Post Office lease for the Phase I space contemplated a
single tenant, with the USPS to enjoy exclusive use of the facility as the only tenant. The
language in “Amendment No. 1” demonstrates that, although plaintiff’s unauthorized
additional construction resulted in changes to the building plan, when signing the
amendment, the parties intended to preserve this exclusive and secured use as intended
under the original Magna Main Post Office lease for the space to be occupied by USPS
operations, despite acknowledging the possibility that the USPS may not be the only
tenant in the Magna building.

       The language in “Amendment No. 1” to the Magna Main Post Office lease
specifically identifies the space intended for postal use as “6,498, plus 1,500 sq. ft.

                                            60
(additional required footage for postal operations) and 255 sq. ft. (corridor space)” and
“the women’s bathroom and locker room (661 sq. ft.),” “carrier vestibule (425 sq. ft),” and
“maintenance storage area east of the carrier vestibule.” Although the lease amendment
did not include the square footage for the women’s bathroom and locker room, the carrier
vestibule, or the maintenance storage area in the “total net interior square footage of
8,253,” the lease amendment requires “the Lessor” to “provide use” of this space and
notes that “this space was included in the original lease and identified as covered
enclosed parking.” In its efforts to accommodate plaintiff’s significant deviation from the
terms of the original Magna Main Post Office lease, it seems unlikely that the USPS would
have executed a lease amendment that made the USPS space unsecured or that
eliminated any of the rights or space that it enjoyed under the terms of the original Magna
Main Post Office lease. It is similarly implausible, notwithstanding plaintiff’s suggestion to
the contrary, that at the time “Amendment No. 1” was executed the USPS would have
intended to lose its exclusive use of the women’s restrooms, but continue to maintain
exclusive use of the men’s restrooms. The language in the amendment to the Magna
Main Post Office lease specifically ensures that the USPS would not be deprived of its
original bargain for use under the Magna Main Post Office lease.

        The court also finds plaintiff’s offered testimony and argument that the USPS was
“donating” and not leasing the “additional 1,341 net interior square feet, including the
women’s bathroom and locker room, a vestibule, corridor space, and a storage area”
unpersuasive. “Amendment No. 1” to the Magna Main Post Office lease specifically
required plaintiff to provide use of the women’s restrooms and locker room, vestibule,
corridor space, and storage area, and explained that the use was “necessary due to
Lessor proceeding with Phase II construction.” Because the Magna Main Post Office
lease amendment modified and increased the square footage of the Magna Main Post
Office space, the USPS was paying approximately $35,000.00 in additional annual rent.
Plaintiff has not put forth any lease language to suggest that this additional payment was
not intended to account for the additional square footage that the USPS was granted in
the lease amendment, including the right to use “the women’s bathroom and locker room
(661 sq. ft.),” “carrier vestibule (425 sq. ft),” and “maintenance storage area east of the
carrier vestibule.” Instead, the language in the Magna Main Post Office lease amendment
explains that the increased rental rate was exchanged as “good and valuable
consideration” for “the mutual covenants and agreements” between the parties to the
Magna Main Post Office lease amendment.

        Plaintiff asserts, however, that “Amendment No. 1” to the Magna Main Post Office
lease did not explicitly use the term “exclusive” in defining the square footage that would
be available for use by the USPS. Plaintiff argues that the language of the lease
amendment and the interpretation of the contextual circumstances in which it was
executed, including allowance of plaintiff to seek other tenants for the remaining space,
suggest that the bathrooms and second egress would be available to plaintiff. This clearly
was not the intent of the USPS. In addition to the testimony of both parties discussed
above, the Magna Main Post Office lease amendment states that, in the event the
unoccupied space of approximately 5,000 square feet were to be leased, “Lessor shall
install a demising wall separating postal and leased space, said wall shall be constructed
to RE5 security requirements, tenant shall not have any access to postal space.” This

                                             61
language, together with the trial testimony, establishes that, at the time the parties
executed “Amendment No. 1,” the parties understood that plaintiff and a tenant other than
the USPS might occupy the 5,000 square feet of non-postal space, but would not have
access to any area in the building used by the USPS. Additionally, the parties agreed
that, if the space was leased, plaintiff would build a demising wall separating the postal
space from the tenant’s space. Although plaintiff argues that this demising wall could have
included a door that would allow for shared access to the restrooms and the second
egress point, the lease amendment does not implicitly or explicitly contemplate a shared
use or constructing a demising wall with a door, which could make the USPS space no
longer secure. In contrast, the lease amendment memorialized the parties’ intention to
separate the USPS from any non-postal spaces within the building and to deny any future
tenant access to the USPS’s space. 28

         To the extent plaintiff argues that it has a right to lease the women’s bathroom and
locker room, vestibule, corridor space, and storage area to a non-postal tenant under a
shared use arrangement because the Magna Main Post Office lease amendment granted
plaintiff the right “to lease ‘Phase II’ space,” that argument misconstrues the meaning of
“Phase II” as understood in context. At trial, Keith LaShier testified that the term “Phase
II” in the Magna Main Post Office lease amendment was used differently than how “Phase
II” was referred to in the original building floor plan for the Magna Main Post Office.
Contracting officer Edward Bavouset explained:

       Well, under the original lease and solicitation, the Postal Service solicited
       for and contracted for exclusive space of the entire location. As a result of
       the lessor’s actions proceeding with Phase 2, which was not authorized, it
       created some problems for us. So as a result of this lease amendment, we
       took off what has previously been identified in Exhibit JX-73 as identified by
       the red Xs on the right side, space that the Postal Service would not occupy.
       And that’s what was covered under this lease addendum.

        As discussed above, the Magna Main Post Office lease amendment allowed the
lessor, Stromness MPO, to lease the “‘Phase II’ space” to a non-postal tenant, however
circumstances surrounding the Magna Main Post Office lease amendment prove that the
reference to “Phase II” in the lease amendment is different than the Phase II area depicted
in the original Magna Main Post Office expandable building plan. Specifically, the “‘Phase
II’ space” does not include the additional square footage within the Magna facility that was
leased to the USPS in order to accommodate plaintiff’s unauthorized, additional
construction.

       The floor plan attached to the Magna Main Post Office lease amendment
represented the parties’ changed intention to lease additional square footage to the USPS
and to leave the “red x” designated area not available for postal use. As Frederick

28As discussed below, when the USPS executed the District Training Center lease it
granted shared use of the hallways, restrooms, and parking to the training center function,
which was also a USPS entity and function.

                                             62
Stromness testified, “the bigger yellow box is definitely leased by the Postal Service” and
“in the actual lease, there’s language that states that Stromness is going to provide that
area in order that functional use of Phase I can be obtained by the Postal Service in the
Phase I-Phase II combined building.” Frederick Stromness confirmed that plaintiff “agreed
to provide space that wasn’t included specifically in their square foot rental” to the USPS,
which included the women’s restroom, the carrier vestibule and the maintenance storage
area.

       Although plaintiff’s counsel argues in its post-trial submission that the amendment
to the Magna Main Post Office lease granted Stromness the right to lease the entire
Phase II space, Frederick Stromness’s testimony establishes that plaintiff only anticipated
leasing the unoccupied space designated by “red x” to another tenant. During the trial,
Frederick Stromness testified that Exhibit A to the Magna Main Post Office lease
amendment marked the Phase II space with red “X”s, and that the two red “X”s designate
the space that the USPS would not be using. Frederick Stromness also testified that, at
the time the Magna Main Post Office lease amendment was executed, he understood
that plaintiff would be permitted to lease only the space designated with red “X”s to non-
postal tenants:

       Q. It was at this point, as of the signing of this Lease Amendment, you
       wanted to rent the red X’ed out space which is referred to by the parties as
       Phase II space to a third party; is that correct?

       A. We wanted to have that ability, that option. In my discussions with Mr.
       Bavouset, that did include owner use, Stromness’ use for the business. We
       saw that one letter. I’ll agree with that. We were in a little bit of a financial
       bind with the construction of Phase II, and we needed -- we needed some
       avenue to move. And that included being able to lease to a tenant.

Frederick Stromness’s testimony proves that the meaning of “Phase II” space changed
between the floor plan attached to the original Magna Main Post Office lease and the floor
plan attached to “Amendment No. 1” to the Magna Main Post Office lease, and that, when
the Magna Main Post Office lease was amended, the parties understood that “Phase II”
space to be only the area marked by red “X”s on the revised floor plan. As further evidence
of the new “Phase II” meaning, when plaintiff leased the space to the USPS for the District
Training Center, the space was described as 5,374 square feet of “Net Floor Space,” as
opposed to the original size of the “Phase II” space, which was 8,390 interior square feet.

        The parties further disagree as to whether, after the Magna Main Post Office lease
was amended, the subsequent District Training Center lease further modified the Magna
Main Post Office lease and granted plaintiff or plaintiff’s tenant the right to access
restrooms, utilities, parking, or adequate egress located in the space used by the USPS.
In its post-trial submission to the court, plaintiff argues that all of the leases, and their
amendments, should be interpreted as a single agreement in order to effectuate what
plaintiff argues is the parties’ mutual intent to allow plaintiff to lease the unoccupied portion
of the building to non-postal tenants. Plaintiff alleges that the Magna Main Post Office
lease, as amended, “explicitly created the right for the Plaintiff to lease to other tenants”

                                               63
and the subsequent District Training Center lease made it possible for plaintiff to lease to
non-postal tenants “by providing for access to restrooms, hallways, and parking by other
non-postal tenants.” According to plaintiff, at the time of the amendment to the Magna
Main Post Office lease, the parties “necessarily understood” that plaintiff’s right and ability
to lease the unoccupied space to a non-postal tenant “was unavoidably contingent on
Code-compliant access to restrooms, utilities, parking, and most importantly, adequate
egress,” as evidenced by the language in the later, executed District Training Center
lease. According to plaintiff, when the parties executed the subsequent District Training
Center lease, that lease “functioned more as an amendment than as a true, separate
lease,” which made it possible for plaintiff to lease the unoccupied space to non-postal
tenants “by providing for access to restrooms, hallways, and parking by other non-postal
tenants.”

       Although defendant does not directly address plaintiff’s argument in its post-trial
submission that the two leases should be interpreted as a single, unified agreement,
defendant argues that the District Training Center lease did not modify or change the
Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, which provides that the USPS would have
exclusive use of the women’s bathroom and locker room, vestibule, corridor space, and
maintenance storage area. Defendant argues that the District Training Center lease “in
no way suggests that Stromness would have access to the bathrooms.”

        Notwithstanding plaintiff’s assertion that the Magna Main Post Office lease, as
amended, and the District Training Center lease, as amended, should be considered a
single, integrated lease, there is no evidence to support such an interpretation. The
District Training Center lease, as amended, was executed approximately three years after
the original Magna Main Post Office lease and does not refer to the Magna Main Post
Office lease directly or indirectly. The District Training Center lease, as amended, is
identified with an independent project number and the facility name is “SALT LAKE CITY
– DISTRICT TRAINING CENTER.” (capitalization in original). Evidence submitted at trial
demonstrates that the parties did not originally intend for the leases to represent a single
agreement at the time the lease agreements were executed, but that plaintiff
subsequently pursued integration of the leases after the District Training Center lease
expired. In an e-mail from Richard Daniel Stromness to the USPS on August 9, 2015,
approximately fifteen years after the leases were executed, he stated:

       1) Renewal and integration of the Magna, Utah Post Office leases. Despite
          the litigation, this is the right thing to do if the Postal Service wants to act
          in a moral and honest manner. That the Postal service papered-over
          their mistakes in the past, should not adversely affect the Lessor in the
          future. The Lessor did as the Postal Service requested and the internal
          political fumbling should not become Lessor [sic] responsibility. Nor
          should the current financial situation of the USPS serve as a
          rationalization to act iniquitously. Integrating the leases is a win-win for
          both parties, considerable money on both sides will be saved and a long
          standing relationship will be preserved.

                                               64
At trial, Richard Daniel Stromness testified that, at the time the e-mail was written, he
believed “[t]here were two leases.” He stated:

       Right. I thought the leases should be reformed. I felt like it’s a single building
       built for a single tenant, and it should have a single lease. In my opinion,
       those spaces are not meant to be separate.

When asked why he suggested integrating the leases in his e-mail, Richard Daniel
Stromness explained: “My intent in writing this was to get a single lease for that facility.
That was my hope.” Richard Daniel Stromness’s e-mail and subsequent testimony
regarding the e-mail suggest that he and his organization understood that there were
multiple leases and that, even as late as 2015, neither of the parties believed that the
leases represented a single agreement.

        The evidence in the record does not support plaintiff’s position that the Magna Main
Post Office lease, as amended, and the District Training Center lease, as amended, were
integrated or should be reformed to reflect the parties’ intention at the time the leases
were executed. Plaintiff “seeks reformation of the terms of the agreement” based on the
allegation that the parties were “mistaken in their perception or belief regarding the
mutually intended ability of the Plaintiff to lease the Phase II space to non-postal tenants.”
Plaintiff alleges the “possibility that the Postal Service and Stromness were mistaken in
their basic assumptions regarding the intended ability of Stromness to lease its Phase II
space to non-postal tenants in light of the Postal Service’s security restrictions” for the
Magna Main Post Office space. According to plaintiff, these mistaken beliefs constitute
basic assumptions underlying the lease agreements and “had a material effect on the
bargain intended by the parties.” Plaintiff alleges that, as a result of this mutual mistake,
“the leasing documents do not accurately reflect” the intent of the parties.

        The record does not support either of plaintiff’s assertions. Defendant did not
choose to integrate the lease documents or reform the legal relationship between the
parties. Defendant argues that the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, and the
District Training Center lease, as amended, should not be reformed because plaintiff has
not proven a mutual mistake and defendant does not agree that a mutual mistake
occurred. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held:

       [A] party seeking reformation under the doctrine of mutual mistake must
       allege: “(1) the parties to the contract were mistaken in their belief regarding
       a fact; (2) that mistaken belief constituted a basic assumption underlying
       the contract; (3) the mistake had a material effect on the bargain; and (4)
       the contract did not put the risk of the mistake on the party seeking
       reformation.”

Bank of Guam v. United States, 578 F.3d 1318, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Atlas Corp.
v. United States, 895 F.2d 745, 750 (Fed. Cir. 1990)); see also Nat’l Australia Bank v.
United States, 452 F.3d 1321, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“An erroneous mutual belief about
the contents of a written agreement is sufficient to constitute a ‘mistake’ for this
purpose. . . .”). “A ‘mistake’ that can support reformation is a belief that is not in accord

                                              65
with the facts.” Atlas Corp. v. United States, 895 F.2d at 750. “To satisfy this element of
a reformation claim, a plaintiff must allege that he held an erroneous belief as to an
existing fact.” Id.

        Plaintiff’s request for reformation fails because plaintiff’s claim rests on bare
assertions. As defendant asserts, plaintiff does not cite any evidence to support its
assertion that the lease agreements should be reformed. Plaintiff does not allege a
mistake as to an existing fact at the time the lease amendment to the Magna Main Post
Office lease was executed, but, instead alleges the “bare possibility that the Postal
Service and Stromness were mistaken in their basic assumptions regarding the intended
ability of Stromness to lease its Phase II space to non-postal tenants in light of the Postal
Service’s security restrictions for the Phase I space it was leasing.” Plaintiff states that
“[t]hese mistaken beliefs constitute basic assumptions underlying the Magna leasing
agreements and had a material effect on the bargain intended by the parties,” however,
plaintiff does not explain why the alleged mistaken beliefs were basic assumptions
underlying the lease amendment, or explain the material effect the mistaken beliefs had
on the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended. Moreover, plaintiff alleges the
possibility of a mistake, but does not even allege that a mistake in fact occurred.
Furthermore, plaintiff’s alleged mistake does not involve a mistake of fact, but, instead,
describes a misunderstanding on the part of plaintiff about the rights granted to the parties
under the lease amendment. Whether Stromness had the ability to lease the unoccupied
space to a non-postal tenant, and which areas would be available to a non-postal tenant,
are not issues of fact, but rather issues concerning interpretation of the legal rights
granted to plaintiff under the terms of the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended.
Moreover, it is difficult to find that what plaintiff alleges were mistaken beliefs had a
material effect on the parties’ bargain because the alleged misunderstanding appears to
have been identified nearly fifteen years after the parties executed the lease agreements.
Given plaintiff’s unsupported and sparse allegation that the Magna Main Post Office lease
amendment should be reformed, the court finds no basis to take the significant step of
reforming the lease agreements.

        Furthermore, the use of the term “tenants” in the District Training Center lease did
not grant non-postal tenants access to the hallways, restrooms, and parking. Plaintiff
argues that the reference to “tenants” in the District Training Center lease confirmed that
non-postal tenants could have access to the hallways, restrooms, and parking used by
the USPS under the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended. Defendant, however,
argues that the District Training Center lease did not change the exclusive use of the
restrooms, hallways, and parking as intended in order to have secure postal operations
under the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, and that the reference to “tenants”
is a reference to the USPS personnel who could constitute the “training center function
and post office function which where the respective tenants of the facility” when the
District Training Center lease was executed.

       At trial, Frederick Stromness testified that the reference to “tenants” in this
sentence within the District Training Center lease referred to the two tenants occupying
the facility, the Magna Main Post Office and the District Training Center:

                                             66
       Q. I’m asking you what your understanding is, Mr. Stromness. Does “tenants”
mean the main post office function on one hand and the training center function on the
other hand? Yes or no.

       A. [Frederick Stromness] Yes.

Therefore, according to Frederick Stromness’s testimony, at the time the District Training
Center lease was executed, plaintiff also did not understand the reference to “tenants” in
the District Training Center lease to refer to any possible non-postal tenant, but, instead,
to refer to the two, actual tenants that would occupy the facility, both of which were USPS
entities. Under the terms of the District Training Center lease, these two tenants, both
related to the USPS, would have shared access to the restrooms, hallways, and parking.
This shared use was not in contravention to the exclusive, secure USPS use intended in
the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, because the District Training Center
function is a part of the USPS organization, and the USPS, as the lessee enjoying
exclusive use of the Magna Main Post Office space, was within its discretion to share that
exclusive use with another USPS tenant. Plaintiff’s argument that, by sharing the space
with another postal tenant, the USPS amended the Magna Main Post Office lease and
surrendered its right to exclusive use of the restrooms, hallways, and parking is without
support. Instead, Frederick Stromness’s testimony works to counter plaintiff’s position
later put forth in its post-trial submission to the court.

        In further support of its position, plaintiff argues that the “Manager of its Denver
Facilities Service Office testified that ‘tenants’ was not limited to postal tenants.” Plaintiff
is referring to Keith LaShier, who was the Manager of the Denver Facilities Service Office
when the District Training Center lease was executed. When asked at trial about the
reference to “tenants” in the District Training Center lease, however, Keith LaShier
testified that it referred to the Magna Main Post Office and the District Training Center:

       Q. I want to ask you about this provision on page 39 where it states:
       Hallways, restrooms and parking shared by tenants. Do you see that?

       A. [Keith LaShier] I do.

       Q. The tenant that -- the word “tenants,” that reference is to the Magna post
       office and the district training center lease, correct?

       A. That’s correct.

       Q. So Tenant 1 is the Magna Main Post Office, and Tenant 2 is the district
       training center, correct?

       A. The tenant would be the party under the district training center. They
       would be the tenant.

       Q. There’s a phrase, “tenants,” though. I’m trying to understand what that
       means. The first tenant is the Magna -- Magna Post Office function, which

                                              67
       is on the other part of the facility, and the second function is the -- the
       second tenant is the district training center function, correct?

       A. That is correct. Without knowing the intent of the writer, typically that
       section only pertains to the occupants of the space particularly identified in
       a specific lease, which would be this lease.

       Q. So either it’s the district training center function alone, or it’s the Magna
       Post Office and the district training center function?

       A. Yeah.

Although plaintiff tries to rely on Mr. LaShier’s testimony as support for its argument that
“‘tenants’ was not limited to postal tenants,” Mr. LaShier’s testimony supports the opposite
conclusion.

       Considering the language of the District Training Center lease, and the context in
which it was executed, the lease intended to grant shared use of the bathrooms, hallways,
and parking to the USPS-operated Magna Main Post Office and to the Postal Service
operated District Training Center, and there is no indication in the language of the District
Training Center lease that the USPS intended to grant shared use to future non-postal
tenants. Plaintiff does not cite to any additional evidence to support its argument that the
USPS intended to amend the Magna Main Post Office lease through the District Training
Center lease in order to allow shared access to the restrooms, hallways, and parking for
non-postal tenants. After reviewing all of the evidence in the record, the court does not
find support for the conclusion that the District Training Center lease altered the exclusive
USPS use intended and granted to the USPS in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as
amended.

        A review of the plain language in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended,
and the District Training Center lease, as amended, establishes that plaintiff has failed to
prove that the USPS breached the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, by
interfering with plaintiff’s right to lease the “Phase II” space, or the part of the building
previously occupied by the District Training Center, to a non-postal tenant by simply
constructing the demising wall in September 2013. As discussed below, however, the
issue of where the demising wall was constructed and plaintiff’s rights based on the
square footage remaining is at issue. Plaintiff’s right to lease the “Phase II” space did not
include the right to shared access of the hallways, restrooms, parking, vestibule,
maintenance storage area, or any other area reserved for exclusive, secure postal space
in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended. Thus, in constructing the demising
wall, the USPS did not “block all access to bathrooms, water, sewer, gas, and means of
egress” from the Phase II space, because such access was not available to plaintiff with
or without the demising wall separating the Magna Main Post Office space from the former
training center space. To the extent plaintiff alleges that the demising wall was detrimental
or inconsistent with plaintiff’s right to lease the “Phase II” space to another party or to use
the space for its own purposes, that argument fails because the demising wall did not
impermissibly effect plaintiff’s right to access the facilities and utilities within the Magna

                                              68
Main Post Office space because plaintiff’s right to lease the “Phase II” space does not
include the right to access the Magna Main Post Office space.

        Additionally, in a one-sentence paragraph, plaintiff alleges that, when the District
Training Center lease, as amended, expired on December 31, 2012, the USPS shut off
the circuit breakers for the former training center space, thereby halting electrical service
to the area. Plaintiff alleges that depriving the former training center space of electrical
service access “also breached the Postal Service’s agreement that Stromness could
lease the Phase II space to non-postal tenants.” In response, defendant argues that the
USPS would have given plaintiff temporary access to the electrical panels in order to
address the code-compliance issues, however, plaintiff “has not requested for such
access.” Defendant also argues that the electricity to the former training center space
could be turned back on if plaintiff secures a tenant for the space.

       As discussed at length above, plaintiff’s right to lease the Phase II space within the
Magna facility to a non-postal tenant originally arises from the Magna Main Post Office
lease, as amended. Plaintiff’s allegation does not cite to any provision in that lease
obligating the USPS to maintain electrical service to the entire Magna facility. In fact, the
Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, stated that “[a]ll systems, utilities, and
access supporting the unoccupied postal space shall not affect, or be a part of this lease.”
This language specifically excluded the electrical service for the Phase II space from the
Magna Main Post Office lease.

        Plaintiff also does not explain how turning off electricity to the former training center
space impeded its ability to lease the space to a non-postal tenant because there is no
evidence that plaintiff attempted to access the circuit breakers or return electrical service
to the vacated space after the USPS moved out of the space in December 2012. Plaintiff
argues that, because the circuit breakers are located within the Magna Main Post Office,
“the circuit breakers are entirely in the Postal Service’s control.” Plaintiff itself, however,
built the facility and placed the circuit breakers in the Magna Main Post Office space.
Subsequently, plaintiff executed the amendment to the Magna Main Post Office lease
which granted the USPS exclusive use and access to the main post office space. Thus,
the location of the circuit breakers and plaintiff’s inability to freely access them is a
problem of plaintiff’s own creation. Because plaintiff does not fully address each of the
factors necessary to successfully allege that the USPS breached the Magna Main Post
Office lease when it turned off the circuit breakers for the former training center space, or
submit evidence to support this allegation, plaintiff’s claim with regard to the circuit
breakers fails.

        The court recognizes that without access to the restroom facilities and utilities, the
“Phase II” space is not code-compliant, in accordance with the 2000 International Building
Code (IBC), as acknowledged by expert witnesses for both plaintiff and defendant at trial.
The court also acknowledges that plaintiff has been unable to lease the space to another
non-postal tenant, however, this situation is the result of plaintiff’s unauthorized
construction in 1998 of a facility twice as large as agreed to under the original Magna
Main Post Office lease. As plaintiff emphasized at trial and in its post-trial submissions,
plaintiff is a sophisticated business entity, which has held many lease contracts with the

                                               69
United States government over several decades. Thus, plaintiff knew or should have
known the risks associated with performing work without receiving proper contracting
officer authority for construction. Moreover, the lease agreements explicitly placed the
burden of code-compliance on plaintiff, including section A.22 in the original Magna Main
Post Office lease, language that also was included in the District Training Center lease.
That language obligated plaintiff, as the lessor, “to comply with all codes and ordinances
applicable to the ownership and operation of the building in which the rented space is
situated and to obtain all necessary permits and related items at no cost to the Postal
Service.”

Construction of the Demising Wall

        Plaintiff also alleges that the USPS breached the Magna Main Post Office lease,
as amended, when it constructed the demising wall because, according to plaintiff,
building the demising wall was “purely the right and responsibility of the Lessor.” Plaintiff
asserts that the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, does not “provide for a
postal-constructed demising wall, but only for one constructed by the ‘Lessor,’ should the
Phase II space ever be leased to a third party.” In defense of plaintiff’s breach of contract
allegation, defendant offers several theories to support its construction of the demising
wall in September 2013, all of which relate to securing the Magna main post office space
and preserving the USPS’s exclusive use in order to protect the integrity of the USPS
functions.

      The Alterations clause included in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended,
and the District Training Center lease, as amended, states, in pertinent part:

       The Postal Service shall have the right to make alterations, attach fixtures
       and erect additions, structures or signs in or upon the premises . . . which
       fixtures, additions or structures so placed in, upon or attached to the said
       premises shall be and remain the property of the Postal Service and may
       be removed or otherwise disposed of by the Postal Service. Prior to
       expiration or termination of this lease the Postal Service may remove such
       alterations and improvements and restore the premises to as good condition
       as that existing at the time of entering upon the same under the lease,
       reasonable and ordinary wear and tear and damages by the elements or by
       circumstances over which the Postal Service has no control, excepted. If
       however, at the expiration or termination of the lease or any renewal or
       extension thereof, the Postal Service elects not to remove such alterations
       and/or improvements, said alterations and/or improvements shall become
       the property of the Lessor and any rights of restoration are waived.

Defendant states that, pursuant to the Alterations clause, the USPS was required to return
the space as the USPS received it, except for reasonable wear and tear. According to
defendant, when it received the training center space in January 2000, the Magna Main
Post Office area was separated from the training center space by a chain-link fence.
Defendant asserts that, in accordance with the requirement in the Alterations clause to
“restore the premises to as good condition as that existing at the time of entering upon

                                             70
the same under the lease,” the USPS installed the demising wall and returned the training
center space to plaintiff as it had been received.

       Defendant also argues that it was permitted to install the demising wall pursuant
to the language in the amendment to the original Magna Main Post Office lease, which
required plaintiff to “secure the unoccupied space in any manner he deems appropriate.”
Defendant asserts that plaintiff failed to secure the space as required by the Magna Main
Post Office lease, as amended, and, as a result, the USPS was entitled to install the
demising wall to maintain a secure postal facility.

        Although plaintiff argues that only the lessor was permitted to construct a demising
wall within the Magna facility, the provisions in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as
amended, also provided authority for the installation of a demising wall by the USPS.
Plaintiff is correct that the amendment to the Magna Main Post Office lease specifically
required the lessor to install a demising wall “separating postal and lease space” if the
unoccupied space was leased, however, the language in the amendment does not limit
the installation or construction of a demising wall to only that circumstance. Indeed, as
set forth above, the Alterations clause granted the USPS the right to make alterations and
erect structures on the premises during the tenancy period.

        As defendant asserts, upon the termination of the District Training Center lease,
as amended, the USPS was obligated to “restore the premises to as good condition as
that existing at the time” the District Training Center lease was executed. At trial,
contracting officer representative Michael Long testified that, when he inspected the
Magna Main Post Office space prior to the USPS taking beneficial occupancy, he saw a
chain-link fence separating the Magna Main Post Office space from the unoccupied
space, which would later become the District Training Center. Plaintiff disputes the
existence of the fence. At trial, Frederick Stromness testified that he “never saw a fence,”
nor did he “see any indication of a permanent-type separation being fastened to the floor
with any bolts.” Although neither party submitted photographic evidence to prove or deny
the presence of a fence between the two spaces, defendant submitted an exhibit into
evidence which documented a request for a fence through a “Design
Variation/Clarification Request” issued to Build Inc. This DVCR stated: “The ‘extra’ space
not leased by the USPS, must be enclosed – this can be done with an 8’ high chain-link
fence.” At trial, Michael Long explained that the architectural engineering firm Frank
Murdock & Associates issued the DVCR, and that the firm was contracted by the USPS
to “look after . . . the design of this project as well as the construction.” According to
Michael Long, “Build Inc. constructed the fence” as “part of their modified contract.” The
court finds the testimony of Michael Long, as corroborated by the documentary evidence,
credible and persuasive. Even if Frederick Stromness never saw a fence separating the
spaces, that would not prove a fence never existed, and his self-serving testimony is less-
credible. Because the fence between the Magna Main Post Office space and the
unoccupied space appears to have been in place at the time the parties executed the
District Training Center lease, when that lease terminated, the USPS was permitted to re-
install a fence or wall to re-separate the spaces and return the space to the same
condition in which it was received.

                                            71
        Additionally, the USPS was permitted to construct the demising wall for security
purposes. Plaintiff is not incorrect that Stromness, as the lessor, had a right to construct
a demising wall in the event the former training center space was leased to another
tenant, however, Stromness also had an obligation to secure the unoccupied space even
if the space was not leased to another tenant and failed to do so for the nine-month period
between the termination of the District Training Center lease, as amended, on December
31, 2012, and the construction of the demising wall on September 9, 2013. Also, plaintiff
did not submit any evidence to establish that it held the exclusive right to construct a
demising wall between the spaces. As discussed at length above, the Magna Main Post
Office lease granted the USPS exclusive use of the postal space, as identified in the
original Magna Main Post Office lease and the lease amendment, and the USPS could
reasonably rely on the Alterations clause to construct a demising wall in order to secure
the main post office space. Accordingly, the court finds that the USPS did not breach
either the District Training Center lease, as amended, or the Magna Main Post Office
lease, as amended, in constructing the demising wall. As discussed below, however, the
parties do not dispute that the USPS built the demising wall in the wrong location and
improperly retained as part of the main post office space a portion of the former training
center space that should have been returned to plaintiff upon the expiration of the District
Training Center lease, as amended.

Square Footage Retained by Erroneous Placement of the Demising Wall by the USPS

        Plaintiff alleges that, “by the construction and incorrect placement” of the demising
wall, the USPS “continues to retain net interior square footage” in the Magna Main Post
Office space, “which it [defendant] admits should have been returned to Plaintiff” as part
of the former training center space. Plaintiff’s position as to the amount of square footage
retained has shifted throughout the course of this case. Plaintiff’s amended complaint
alleges that defendant has “walled off and impermissibly retains 400 interior square feet
of space properly belonging to Plaintiff” as part of the former training center space. During
discovery, plaintiff stated in an interrogatory response that “the Postal Service has
retained a total of 387.899 interior square feet” of the former training center space
“belonging to the lessor.” At trial, however, plaintiff’s expert testified that the USPS
continues to retain 683 square feet. Finally, in its post-trial submission to the court, plaintiff
argues that “[d]efendant has retained 683 square feet of the space” previously occupied
by the District Training Center.

        Defendant concedes that “[b]ased on the location of the demising wall and other
interior walls, the Postal Service has retained possession and control over a certain
amount of square footage that was included” as part of the District Training Center lease,
as amended, “after the wall was installed in September 2013.” In its post-trial submission
to the court, defendant acknowledges that “[r]egrettably, the location of the demising wall
led to the Postal Service mistakenly retaining a small portion of the former training center
space – specifically, 371 square feet.”

       When the government, in its role as a lessee, holds over after the expiration of the
lease term and fails to vacate the property, it “can be held liable to the lessor either (i)
under a contractual theory for breach of the implied duty to vacate the premises at the

                                               72
expiration of the lease, or (ii) under a takings theory for temporarily taking the lessor's
property without just compensation.” See Reunion, Inc. v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 576,
581 (2009) (citing Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. United States, 801 F.2d at 1299, 1300 n.
13). As a general principle, the court will consider first the lessor’s breach of contract
claim, and, only when a contractual remedy is unavailable, will the court consider granting
relief to the lessor under a takings theory. See City Line Joint Venture v. United States,
503 F.3d at 1323 (“When a viable contract claim exists, we should not reach out to decide
the takings issue. Clearly, there should not be double recovery, we should not commingle
takings compensation and contract damages.”); see also Reunion, Inc. v. United States,
90 Fed. Cl. at 581 (explaining “ordinarily contractual claims take precedence and it is only
when a contractual remedy is unavailable that the court will grant relief under the Takings
Clause”).

       It is a well-established principle that, “an implied duty to vacate is an inherent part
of every fixed term lease agreement unless the parties explicitly express an intention to
the contrary,” including lease agreements between private parties and the United
States. 29 Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. United States, 801 F.2d at 1299 (“A general rule of
landlord-tenant law, as applied between private parties, is that the expiration or
termination of a lease agreement terminates all rights of the lessee in the premises, and
it becomes the lessee's duty to surrender possession of the leasehold to the lessor.”); see
also Reunion, Inc. v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. at 583 (explaining that there is an implied
duty to vacate the premises upon expiration of a lease); Allenfield Assocs. v. United
States, 40 Fed. Cl. 471, 486 (1998) (“The general rule is that ‘an implied duty to vacate
is an inherent part of every fixed term lease agreement unless the parties explicitly
express an intention to the contrary.’” (citing Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. United States,
801 F.2d at 1299)). “When a lessee has a contractual duty to vacate the property at the
end of the lease term, it necessarily follows that such a failure to vacate is a breach of
that contractual duty, which will subject the breaching party to liability for holding over.”
Allenfield Assocs. v. United States, 40 Fed. Cl. at 486. Whether the government in its role
as a lessee or tenant is holding over is a question of fact. See Asset 42302 LLC v. United
States, 77 Fed. Cl. 552, 562 (2007).

       In the instant case, defendant concedes that it is “retaining” square footage that
should have been returned to plaintiff when the District Training Center lease, as
amended, expired. As noted above, the parties disagree as to the amount of square
footage that is being retained. At trial, both parties presented expert witnesses to testify
about the amount of square footage improperly retained by the USPS as a result of the
incorrectly placed demising wall. Plaintiff’s expert, Birk Larsen, testified that the USPS is
retaining 683 square feet of space as a result of the incorrectly placed demising wall. Mr.
Larsen testified that he measured the former training center space to be 4,691 net square
feet, and that he then compared that size to the 5,374 net interior square feet identified in
the District Training Center lease, as amended. Mr. Larsen calculated the difference
between his measurement of the space and the square footage identified in the District

29 There is no dispute in the instant case that the District Training Center lease did not
include an express intention contrary to the implied duty to vacate.

                                             73
Training Center lease, as amended, to be 683 square feet, and, thus, concluded that the
USPS was retaining 683 square feet, “most likely due to the construction of demising and
other walls by the USPS tenant prior to and during 2013, before returning vacant suite
over to Owner.” In his expert report, Mr. Larsen explained that he “determined the Net
Interior Space for the vacant suite to be 4,691 NET interior square feet” and that “[t]his
area is less than the 5,374 square feet of NET floor space identified in the Phase II
lease by 683 square feet.” (emphasis in original). Mr. Larsen’s report explains that he
“took field measurements and photos of the vacated suite and exterior of the building.”
Mr. Larsen’s expert report is five pages in length and does not include his curriculum vitae
or, more importantly, any attachments to support his measurements of the space. At trial,
however, Mr. Larsen did testify as to his prior experience:

       I worked some construction jobs through college, but professionally I started
       working for Ark-ology Architects as an intern in 2006. In 2008 I switched
       firms, and I started working for Gary Francis & Associates Architects out of
       Park City. And while he [I] was with Gary Francis & Associates, I completed
       my internship hours, I completed licensing exams and received by
       architectural license.

                                            ...

       I worked for Gary Francis & Associates from 2008 until 2012. And on
       January 20, 2012, I founded Innovate Architecture, focusing primarily on
       design, and then in November of 2012 I began consulting for a company
       called Property Condition Assessments, LLC, doing property condition
       assessments and work in support of commercial due diligence transactions
       – or commercial real estate transactions. And I worked for Property
       Condition Assessments until September of 2016.

        Defendant’s expert, Kenneth Downes, concluded that the incorrect placement of
the demising wall resulted in the USPS retaining 371 square feet of space that should
have been returned to plaintiff upon the expiration of the District Training Center lease,
as amended. Mr. Downes testified that he measured the square footage of the entire
Magna facility, as well as each space within the facility. According to Mr. Downes, the
total size of the entire Magna facility is 15,939 square feet, with the Magna Main Post
Office currently occupying 10,818 square feet. Mr. Downes testified that, based on his
measurements of the entire facility and of the spaces within the facility, when the USPS
took occupancy of the District Training Center space in January 2000, the USPS only
received 5,082 square feet, and not the 5,374 square feet identified in the District Training
Center lease. Based on Mr. Downes measurements, defendant argues that the court
should find that the square footage identified in the District Training Center lease, as
amended, is incorrect, and that the USPS is only retaining 371 square feet.

       Mr. Downes testified that he has 40 years of experience measuring spaces and
that he has measured “hundreds of buildings” for the USPS. Mr. Downes explained that,
in order to reach his opinion, he “looked at the drawings, the construction drawings. I went
out and measured the space. I looked at the lease amendment, I read the lease.” Mr.

                                             74
Downes’ expert report is 355 pages in length and includes his curriculum vitae, an
explanation of his findings, and numerous attachments and exhibits to support those
findings. In his report, Mr. Downes explains that he has practiced architecture for 19 years
as a Project Architect, and for the previous 20 years he has “been working with the
Facilities group for the USPS.” He asserts that, during those 20 years, he “has been the
project manager on hundreds of projects during that time which include updating or
renovating every functional portion of postal facilities.”

        The parties’ dispute about the amount of square footage improperly retained as a
result of the incorrectly placed demising wall is a question of fact for the court to determine
based on the evidence submitted at trial. To succeed on its claim that the USPS is
retaining 683 square feet, plaintiff has the burden to prove this fact by a preponderance
of the evidence. See D&S Universal Mining Co., Inc. v. United States, 4 Cl. Ct. 94, 97
(1983) (“Suffice it to say that such factual issues should be resolved and the true facts
determined at trial on the basis of the preponderance of the evidence.”). To determine
this issue of fact, the court relies on the testimony and reports of the parties’ expert
witnesses. Based on the testimony of both expert witnesses and their expert reports, it
appears that Mr. Larsen and Mr. Downes used the same tools to complete their
measurements, a laser tape measure and a steel tape measure. While both experts
measured the size of the former training center space, only Mr. Downes measured the
size of the entire Magna facility. Based on his measurements of the entire facility, Mr.
Downes concluded that the square footage identified in the District Training Center lease
did not accurately reflect the size of the space that the USPS actually received in January
2000 when the parties executed the District Training Center lease. Although the District
Training Center lease identified the “Net Floor Space” as 5,374 square feet, Mr. Downes
concluded that the USPS actually received 5,082 square feet of net interior space.

        Unfortunately, there does not appear to be any evidence other than the terms of
the District Training Center lease to document the amount of space the USPS received
in January 2000 for the training center space. It appears that the space after construction
was not measured by either party until 2017, as a result of the ongoing dispute between
the parties, and if the space was previously measured, no such measurements were
introduced into the record. Although the District Training Center lease provides for 5,374
of net interior square feet, and, in fact, the evidence establishes that the USPS accepted
the space provided by plaintiff at the time without raising any concerns about the amount
of square feet, the court cannot disregard the size of the space based on the actual
measurements of Mr. Downes. In the face of evidence questioning that the District
Training Center space received by the USPS in January 2000 may not have been 5,374
square feet, the court cannot rely solely on the 5,374 square feet identified in the District
Training Center lease, as amended, as the basis for determining how much square
footage the USPS is retaining as a result of the demising wall.

       Although Mr. Larsen’s approach to determining the amount of square footage
retained by the demising wall is reasonable, he only relied on the square footage identified
in the District Training Center lease and did not conduct more comprehensive
measurements of the facility, which detracts from the credibility of his finding that the
USPS is retaining 683 square feet of space. Mr. Larsen’s conclusion assumes the

                                              75
accuracy of the square footage identified in the District Training Center lease, which was
convincingly undermined by the more experienced Mr. Downes’ much more thorough
expert report and testimony. The court finds that Mr. Downes’ conclusion is more
persuasive because it is based on the actual size of the entire Magna facility, as well as
the different spaces within the facility. Moreover, Mr. Downes provided detailed graphs to
illustrate his measurements, while Mr. Larsen only provided a four-page summary of his
findings. Certainly, length of an expert report or the years of relevant experience are not
alone conclusive in this case, however, based on the record presented, the court finds
Mr. Downes to be a more reliable and credible expert than Mr. Larsen on the issues they
addressed for the court. Based on the evidence submitted, the court finds that plaintiff
has failed to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the USPS has retained 683
square feet of space as a result of the incorrect location of the demising wall. Defendant
concedes to retaining 371 square feet of space and Mr. Downes provided a detailed
explanation and basis for that finding. The court, therefore, concludes that, as a result of
the USPS constructing the demising wall in the wrong physical location, the USPS is
retaining 371 square feet of space that should have been returned to plaintiff upon the
expiration of the District Training Center lease, as amended.

       The parties dispute the amount of damages to which plaintiff is entitled as a result
of the USPS improperly retaining 371 square feet of space. Plaintiff argues that the terms
of the District Training Center lease, as amended, apply to the duration of the USPS’s
holdover. Plaintiff cites Yachts America, Inc. v. United States, 230 Ct. Cl. 26, 39 (1982)
for the proposition that “when a lessee holds over without new agreement after the
expiration of his lease, the terms of the old lease agreement apply.” Id.; see also Asset
42302 LLC v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. at 562 (“If the USPS was a holdover tenant at
the time of the damages to the premises, the terms of the original lease agreement apply,
and the USPS is liable for the damage.”). According to plaintiff, the annual lease rate
provided in the District Training Center lease, as amended, for the period from January
1, 2013 to December 31, 2017 is set at $121,668.00, or $22.64 per square foot, and this
lease rate should apply to defendant’s holdover that began when the demising wall was
constructed in September 2013. Alternatively, plaintiff argues that the appropriate market
rent was estimated by its expert, Troy Lunt, to be $12.75 per square foot.

        Defendant argues that the damages for a temporary holdover under a breach of
contract theory is measured by the fair market rental value of the property, and that
plaintiff has failed to establish the fair market rental value of the former training center
space between September 2013 and January 2017. Defendant cites to Allenfield
Associates v. United States, 40 Fed. Cl. at 486, to support its position on damages, which
held that “[t]he rental obligation of a tenant at sufferance is not based on the rent
provisions set forth in the original lease between the parties, but is the ‘reasonable rental
value of the property he occupies.’” Id. (citing Am. Jur. 2d Landlord and Tenant § 369, at
326 (1995)). According to defendant, plaintiff only has proven damages for the period of
time between February 2017 to the date of judgment in this case, because the effective
date of plaintiff’s property appraisal is February 2, 2017. Defendant argues that “the
market rent and market value provided by Stromness represent amounts as of February
2, 2017, or after that date,” therefore, the court should not rely on the property appraisal
to quantify plaintiff’s damages for years 2013 to 2016.

                                             76
       As plaintiff asserts, this court’s predecessor, the Court of Claims, established that
“when a lessee holds over without new agreement after the expiration of his lease, the
terms of the old lease agreement apply.” Yachts Am., Inc. v. United States, 673 F.2d at
365. In Garrity v. United States, 67 F. Supp. 821, 822 (1946), the Court of Claims held:

       It is a well settled general principle of law that when a tenant holds over
       after the expiration of his lease with the express or implied consent of the
       landlord and without any new or different agreement as to rent, the terms of
       the old lease will apply.

Id.; see also Raymond Commerce Corp. v. United States, 93 Ct. Cl. 698, 703–04 (1941)
(“If one person occupies the property of another for a period under an express agreement
as to the terms of his occupancy, and, after the end of the period he continues to occupy
without any indication that he contemplates a change in terms, and if the other accepts
rent, thus consenting to continued occupancy, and without indicating that he
contemplates a change in terms, their continued relation is consensual. They have, as
plainly as if they had put it into words, shown their mutual willingness to continue the
existing arrangement.”). In Modeer v. United States, 68 Fed. Cl. 131, 142 (2005), aff'd,
183 F. App'x 975 (Fed. Cir. 2006), a Judge on this court cited to the Court of Claims
decision in Garrity v. United States to hold:

       On the subject of holdover tenancies, controlling precedent states that: “It
       is a well settled general principle of law that when a tenant holds over after
       the expiration of his lease with the express or implied consent of the landlord
       and without any new or different agreement as to rent, the terms of the old
       lease will apply.”

Id. (quoting Garrity v. United States, 67 F. Supp. at 822); see also Asset 42302 LLC v.
United States, 77 Fed. Cl. at 562 (explaining that, when the USPS is a holdover tenant,
the terms of the original lease that preceded the holdover shall apply). A holdover tenancy
is governed by the terms of the expired lease, unless it is replaced by statute, a new
agreement, or an express holdover provision in the original lease. See Modeer v. United
States, 68 Fed. Cl. at 143. “Each leasehold period, and the rent due for that period, is
calculated in the same fashion as under the expired lease.” Id.

        Notwithstanding the decision in Garrity v. United States, and the subsequent cases
citing to that decision, defendant relies on Allenfield Associates v. United States, 40 Fed.
Cl. at 487, to assert that damages should be based on the reasonable market value of
the property. The court in Allenfield, however, did not address the previous and controlling
precedent established in Garrity v. United States or cite to other cases for support. 30 In

30 The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit adopted the body of law
established by its predecessor court, the United States Court of Claims, as binding
precedent in South Corp. v. United States, 690 F.2d 1368, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 1982); see
also Mercier v. United States, 786 F.3d 971, 973 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (explaining that the
decisions of the Court of Claims are binding on panels of the Federal Circuit).

                                             77
its submissions to the court, defendant also does not address the decision in Garrity v.
United States or discuss the decision in Yachts America, Inc. v. United States, on which
plaintiff relies in its post-trial submission.

       Because the weight of the case law precedent instructs that the terms of the
expired lease apply to a holdover tenancy, and because defendant has not provided an
explanation as to why the decision in Allenfield might be more applicable to the facts of
the case currently before the court, the court concludes that the terms of the District
Training Center lease, as amended, apply to the period of time during which the USPS
has retained 371 square feet of space that the USPS should have returned to plaintiff. 31
Although plaintiff argues that the applicable annual rental rate should be based on the
renewal rate for the term beginning on January 1, 2013 and continuing until December
31, 2017, the parties did not execute a renewal of the District Training Center lease, and,
thus, the law leads the court to apply the terms of the expired District Training Center
lease, which provided that the annual rental rate for the space was $108,149.00, or
$20.12 per square foot.

        Accordingly, because the demising wall was constructed in September 2013 and
continued to stand as of the date of the trial in this case, and presumably to the date of
this opinion, plaintiff is entitled to recover damages according to the following formula:
$22.64 per square foot per annum for the 371 square feet of space improperly retained
beginning on September 9, 2013 and continuing until March 31, 2018, upon which date
the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, is currently scheduled to expire
according to the terms of the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, unless the
USPS deconstructs and relocates the demising wall prior to that date, in which case
plaintiff is entitled to recover damages for the period beginning on September 9, 2013
and continuing until the space is returned to plaintiff.

January 1, 2013 to September 9, 2013 Holdover Tenancy

       Plaintiff contends that, prior to constructing the demising wall in September 2013,
the USPS held exclusive physical control of the District Training Center interior space
from the date of its termination of the District Training Center lease, December 31, 2012,
through September 9, 2013, when the demising wall was constructed. Plaintiff alleges
that the USPS failed to fully vacate the District Training Center space following the
termination of the District Training Center lease, as amended, kept the keys to that space,
and barred plaintiff from entering the space without a USPS escort, until September 9,
2013, when the wall was built between the Magna Main Post Office space and the former

31 The facts indicate that Stromness MPO implicitly permitted this holdover tenancy to
occur, and plaintiff did not put forth evidence demonstrating that Stromness MPO
contested the USPS’s exercise of control over the former training center space following
the expiration of the District Training Center lease, as amended, on December 31, 2012,
other than noting to the USPS one time that the demising wall was in the wrong location.
There is no additional evidence that plaintiff challenged the placement of the demising
wall until it filed a claim to the contracting officer, which initiated this litigation.

                                            78
training center space and the USPS advised plaintiff to change the key to the vacated
space. Plaintiff seeks to recover holdover rent to account for this alleged holdover period
of the former training center space, in addition to recovery for the space accounted for
above as a result of the improper placement of the demising wall.

        Defendant argues that plaintiff’s claim must fail because the USPS was not a
holdover tenant. According to defendant, on December 31, 2012, the USPS completely
vacated the training center space, and the space was made available to plaintiff. With
regard to plaintiff’s arguments that the USPS did not return the keys and required plaintiff
to have a USPS escort to visit the vacated space, defendant argues that the USPS
escorted plaintiff through the secure postal space in order to access the vacated space
and that the USPS left plaintiff to visit its space unescorted. Defendant argues that the
USPS kept the key to the exterior door of the training center space for security reasons
because the key could have opened all of the doors in the post office and that retaining
the key to the space is not sufficient to prove that the USPS was a holdover tenant.
Defendant also argues that plaintiff never asked for the key to the exterior door of the
vacated training center space and that plaintiff could have re-keyed the lock at any time.
According to defendant, even if the court finds that the USPS was a holdover tenant,
plaintiff has failed to establish damages with reasonable certainty.

       As stated above, it is a well-established principle that, “an implied duty to vacate
is an inherent part of every fixed term lease agreement unless the parties explicitly
express an intention to the contrary,” including lease agreements between private parties
and the United States. 32 See Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. United States, 801 F.2d at
1299.

       As previously described, the USPS entered into a lease with plaintiff for 5,374
square feet of unoccupied space in the Magna facility on January 18, 2000, which is
referred to by the parties as the District Training Center lease or the “Phase II” lease. The
term of the lease was initially January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2004, but the lease was
extended later for a term beginning January 1, 2006 and continuing until December 31,
2012, at an annual rate of $108,149.00. During the lease period, the USPS issued a
notice of termination indicating that the USPS intended to vacate the training center space
upon the expiration of the District Training Center lease, as amended, on December 31,
2012. The notice of termination stated: “The Postmaster will arrange to have the meters
read and the utilities disconnected. All postal equipment will be removed by the above
date, and the keys will be mailed or delivered to you.”

        During the trial in the instant case, witnesses for both plaintiff and defendant
testified about the actions of the USPS following the termination on December 31, 2012
of the District Training Center lease, as amended. Postmaster James Kenyon testified
that, as of December 28, 2012, the USPS had removed “all the desks and everything that
were [sic] there at one time,” and that the training center space was “broom clean” and

32 There is no dispute in the instant case that the District Training Center lease did not
include an express intention contrary to the implied duty to vacate.

                                             79
separated from the Magna Main Post office space by an office divider that Postmaster
Kenyon installed so that no one would enter the vacated space through the Magna Main
Post Office. Postmaster Kenyon explained that “broom clean” meant the USPS had to
“make sure everything’s cleaned up, there’s nothing left there, building is completely
empty and cleaned up.” There is no evidence in the record that the space was not “broom
clean” after December 28, 2012, as testified to by Postmaster Kenyon. Additionally, the
testimony received at trial and the admitted exhibits establish that there was an office
divider installed to separate the two areas of the Magna facility. Thus, the court concludes
that, on or before the expiration of the District Training Center lease, as amended, the
USPS had removed all of its furniture and equipment and was no longer physically
occupying the space leased to the USPS as the District Training Center, and that the
space was “broom clean” as of December 28, 2012.

        The court heard testimony from Richard Stromness and Postmasters James
Kenyon and Roland Dalton regarding the key to the vacated training center space, and
each of those witnesses confirmed that, following the termination of the District Training
Center lease, as amended, the USPS did not deliver a key to plaintiff, even though the
Termination Notice issued to plaintiff stated “All postal equipment will be removed by the
above date [December 31, 2012], and the keys will be mailed or delivered to you.” As
determined above, Postmasters James Kenyon and Roland Dalton indicated in their
testimony that the Postmaster of the Magna Post Office facility had control over keys to
the District Training Center space prior to the lease termination, which continued after the
lease terminated on December 31, 2012, until the locks were changed on September 9,
2013. While Postmaster Kenyon, who was the Acting Postmaster at the Magna Main Post
Office facility between January 2013 and May 2013, testified that, during his tenure, he
did not know whether he possessed a key that would access the exterior door to the
former training center space, Postmaster Dalton testified that the keys he possessed,
which he obtained from Postmaster Kenyon, opened all of the doors at the Magna facility.
Both Postmasters testified that they did not deliver to plaintiff a key to the front exterior
door to the former training center space, and that they were never instructed to return the
keys to the training center space to plaintiff. Postmaster Dalton testified further that he
did not offer plaintiff a key to the space because he had “to provide security for the post
office side of the building” and, until the Magna Main Post Office side of the building was
secured, he “had to be in control of all the keys for the building.”

       The testimony received at trial establishes that plaintiff did not obtain a key to the
former training center space until plaintiff hired a locksmith to install a new lock on the
exterior door on September 9, 2013. During the trial, Frederick Stromness explained:

       So in September of 2013, I became aware that the Postal Service was
       closing off the Phase II space from the Magna main post office space, and
       I became aware of that because my recollection is that I got a phone call on
       my cell phone from Magna Post Office. I don’t believe it was the postmaster,
       but it was a postal employee that identified themselves and informed me
       the Postal Service was removing the cores out of the locks.

                                            ...

                                             80
       And in this phone call, I wasn’t informed about the demising wall, but I was
       informed that the postal service was removing those cores and, if I wanted
       to secure the space, we needed to take steps to secure it ourselves, at
       which point I called my son, Richy, and said, Well, we’ve got to run out
       there and get a locksmith.

        Between December 31, 2012 and September 9, 2013, while plaintiff did not
possess a key to the exterior door of the former training center space, plaintiff conducted
numerous visits to the Magna facility to see the vacated space. During these visits, if
plaintiff wished to see the interior space formerly occupied by the training center, plaintiff
had to enter the Magna Main Post Office, ask a USPS representative for access to the
space, and be escorted through the Magna Main Post Office secure space to the vacated
space. As discussed above, Postmaster Kenyon testified at trial that he always
accommodated requests from the Stromness family with regard to the vacated space and
he escorted them through the secure main post office space to the vacated, former
training center space, but did not accompany them into the vacated space. Postmaster
Kenyon testified that plaintiff had to be escorted through the Magna Main Post Office
secure space because “[i]t’s a secured facility. Like, when we have anybody there, we
don’t just let them, you know, walk around. It’s -- the federal mails, everything you got
back there, it’s a secure location.” At trial, Frederick Stromness testified that each time he
visited the Magna postal facility he was able to visit the vacated space with a postal escort.
Frederick Stromness testified:

       [T]o gain access to the space . . . we went – go in the postal lobby, we wait
       in line to get up to a clerk and say, We want to access this space, and . . . if
       the postmaster wasn’t there, just one of the other employees would let us
       in, and they would stand there with us while we were in the training center
       space . . . .

Similarly, Richard Daniel Stromness testified that after the District Training Center lease
expired he had to be escorted to the vacated training center space by USPS personnel.

       The testimony received at trial and the other evidence submitted for the record
leads the court to conclude that, although the USPS had physically vacated the training
center space on or before December 28, 2012, the USPS continued to exercise the right
to control access to the space after the expiration of the District Training Center lease, as
amended, thereby breaching the implied duty to vacate the premises. Upon the
termination of the District Training Center lease on December 31, 2012, the USPS did not
surrender all of its rights in the space that it enjoyed as the lessee, as it indicated it would,
and as required by the expiration of the District Training Center lease, as amended.
Because the USPS did not deliver a key to the space to plaintiff, as explicitly stated in its
Notice of Termination, plaintiff had to rely on the USPS to gain access to the space.
Although defendant argues that merely retaining the key to the property is not sufficient
to establish that the USPS was a holdover tenant, the court does not rely solely on the
USPS’s failure to deliver a key to plaintiff as the basis for finding that the USPS was a
holdover tenant in breach of the District Training Center lease agreement, as amended.
The USPS’s failure to deliver a key to plaintiff is part of a larger context in which the USPS

                                               81
continued to exercise rights over the former training center space. Plaintiff’s ability to
access the space was hindered and plaintiff was not back in full control of the space.
Because plaintiff did not have a key to the exterior door of the former training center
space, which was the fault of the USPS, plaintiff was able to access the space only by
entering the Magna Main Post Office lobby and get to the space with a USPS escort
through the secure postal area. Notwithstanding defendant’s argument that plaintiff never
was denied access to the space, because the USPS required that plaintiff be escorted to
the space, plaintiff only was able to access the space during the USPS’s regular business
hours. Logically, because the USPS’s rights to the space terminated with the expiration
of the District Training Center lease, as amended, plaintiff, as the property owner,
assumed all rights in the property, including the right to access that property at any date
and time of its choosing. Furthermore, although defendant argues that plaintiff could have
asked for the key or could have “re-keyed the locks at any time,” in the Notice of
Termination defendant assumed the obligation to turn over the space and return control
of the space back to plaintiff by delivering a key to plaintiff. Moreover, based on the
testimony of Postmaster Kenyon, it was clear that he felt the USPS kept the key to
deliberately control access to all doors in order to keep the Magna Main Post Office a
secure facility and to protect the United States mail.

        The evidence before the court indicates that, in order to protect the security of the
mail, the USPS intended to exert control over the training center space because there
was not a permanent, secure separation between the former training center space and
the non-public Magna Main Post Office space. Not until the USPS erected the demising
wall between the two areas in September 2013, thereby better securing the non-public
Magna Main Post Office space, did the USPS remove the lock on the exterior door to the
former training center space and notify plaintiff that it could install a new lock on that door.
Had plaintiff changed the lock on the exterior door to the former training center space
prior to the construction of the demising wall, plaintiff would have had unfettered access
to the secure Magna Main Post Office space, with only the temporary office partitions that
Postmaster Kenyon installed, which Postmaster Dalton testified was not sufficient as a
security barrier and did not secure the mail to block entry to the main post office space.
Indeed, after plaintiff installed a new lock on the exterior door on September 9, 2013, the
USPS acknowledged that the mail was not secure unless a demising wall was
constructed to separate the Magna Main Post Office and the former training center space.
In an internal e-mail on September 9, 2013, the day the lock was changed, the contracting
officer sent an e-mail to a USPS architect/engineer that stated: “We need to brainstorm
what we can do if the wall isn’t going to be completed quickly, since the LL [landlord]
changed the locks and has access to our side. We need to secure the mail.” (emphasis
added).

        Because the USPS breached the duty to vacate the leased premises that was
implicit in the District Training Center lease, as amended, plaintiff is entitled to recover
damages for the period of time that the USPS held over the entire former training center
space, specifically from January 1, 2013 until the removal of the lock on the exterior door
on September 9, 2013. The District Training Center lease, as amended, states that the
USPS would pay plaintiff an annual rent of $108,149.00 “payable in equal installments at
the end of each calendar month,” and that “[r]ent for a part of a month will be prorated.”

                                              82
Accordingly, defendant shall pay damages to plaintiff for the period between January 1,
2013 and September 9, 2013 in the amount of $9,012.42 per month, with September
2013 prorated to account for the partial month holdover tenancy between September 1,
2013 and the changing of the lock on September 9, 2013, but not thereafter, in
accordance with the rental rate set forth in the expired District Training Center lease, as
amended.

2,000 Square Feet of Parking and Maneuvering Space

       In addition to the internal square footage that the USPS continued to assert control
over after the expiration of the District Training Center lease, as amended, plaintiff alleges
that defendant was in breach of the District Training Center lease, as amended, because
the USPS continues to control 2,000 external square feet of parking and maneuvering
space granted to the USPS under the District Training Center lease. Defendant disagrees
and argues that, since the termination of the District Training Center lease, as amended,
the USPS has made the 2,000 square feet of parking available to the public, including
any future tenant of the former training center space, and there are no signs restricting
the use of the space to USPS customers.

       The parties dispute the meaning of the term in the District Training Center lease,
as amended, that granted to the USPS 2,000 square feet to be used as “Parking and
Maneuvering” area. Specifically, the parties do not agree on the location of the 2,000
square feet described in the amended District Training Center lease. The Magna facility
includes two parking lots, a public parking area in the front, South side of the building, as
well as a secured parking area on the East side of the building surrounded by a perimeter
fence. Plaintiff interprets the 2,000 square feet for parking and maneuvering described in
the District Training Center Lease as “almost certainly enclosed within the Postal
Service’s security fencing [on the East side of the building] and is unavailable to
Stromness or to any potential non-postal tenant.” At trial, Frederick Stromness testified
that he understood the 2,000 square feet of parking and maneuvering space “to be in the
secure parking area just to leave spaces open for postal patrons, the public that visits the
Postal Service.” In contrast, defendant interprets the 2,000 square feet for parking and
maneuvering identified in the District Training Center lease as “necessarily within the
public parking area [on the South side of the building] and not the secured parking and
maneuvering area.” Defendant argues that plaintiff’s claim is based on “the erroneous
assumption that the 2,000 square feet of parking is within the secured parking and
maneuvering area.” To determine if the USPS breached its implied duty to vacate the
parking and maneuvering space, the court must determine the meaning of the term 2,000
square feet of “Parking and Maneuvering” area in the District Training Center lease, as
amended.

        As stated above, “[c]ontract interpretation starts with the language of the contract.”
SUFI Network Servs., Inc. v. United States, 785 F.3d at 593. “‘“In contract interpretation,
the plain and unambiguous meaning of a written agreement controls.”’” Arko Exec. Servs.,
Inc. v. United States, 553 F.3d at 1379 (quoting Hercules Inc. v. United States, 292 F.3d
at 1380–81). By its plain language, the District Training Center lease, as amended,
granted to the USPS 5,374 square feet of “Net Floor Space” and 2,000 square feet of

                                             83
“Parking and Maneuvering” area. According to the District Training Center lease, the
“Total Site Area” was 7,374 square feet. (emphasis in original). The District Training
Center Lease also provided that parking would be shared by tenants. There is no further
description of the parking and maneuvering area in the District Training Center lease, and
the lease does not identify where the 2,000 square feet for parking and maneuvering are
located within the leased premises. Additionally, the floor plan attached to the District
Training Center lease does not depict or identify the area for parking and maneuvering.
Given that the location of the “Parking and Maneuvering” area is not identified in the
District Training Center lease, the court must consider the circumstances which led to the
District Training Center lease and whether the language in the District Training Center
lease, as amended, is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation.

        As the preceding discussion illustrates, there was an extensive history and lack of
appropriate coordination between the parties with regard to the construction and lease of
the Magna facility prior to the execution of the District Training Center lease.
Approximately three years before the parties entered into the District Training Center
lease, Build Inc. and the USPS executed a lease for the Magna Main Post Office, which,
later, would occupy the same building as the District Training Center. The Magna Main
Post Office lease granted the USPS 13,860 square feet of “Parking and Maneuvering”
area, but the lease did not provide a further description of the specific area or identify the
location of the area. The building plans included in the solicitation indicate that the facility
would have 43 customer parking stalls available for public use.

       As discussed above, after the Magna Main Post Office lease was executed, Build
Inc. proceeded to construct a building that was “twice as big” as was intended by the
original Magna Main Post Office lease. As a result of this unauthorized additional
construction, the parties amended the Magna Main Post Office lease. The lease
amendment modified the original Magna Main Post Office lease to include “perimeter
security fencing” and “change from asphalt to concrete in all paved areas.” The Magna
Main Post Office lease, as amended, stated that, in the event Build Inc. leased the 5,000
square feet of unoccupied space within the Magna facility to another tenant, that “tenant
shall not have any access to postal space, including secured parked and maneuvering
area,” and that “up to 10 parking spaces shall be available for tenant in public customer
parking area.” The lease amendment did not further describe or identify the “secured
parking and maneuvering area” or the “public customer parking area.” Frederick
Stromness testified that, according to the amended Magna Main Post Office, the secured
parking and maneuvering area was exclusively available to the USPS, and that the USPS
was paying for the secured parking and maneuvering area under the amended lease.
Similarly, Keith LaShier, the contracting officer who executed the amendment to the
Magna Main Post Office lease, testified that the USPS would have exclusive use of, and
entire control over, the secured parking and maneuvering area under the amended
Magna Main Post Office lease.

        At trial, defendant’s counsel asked Frederick Stromness about the 2,000 square
feet of parking and maneuvering space granted to the USPS in the District Training Center
lease. In contrast to plaintiff’s post-trial submissions, Frederick Stromness testified that
the 2,000 square feet of parking identified and included in the District Training Center

                                              84
lease could not be the secured parking and maneuvering area in the amended Magna
Main Post Office lease.

       Q. And so, in other words, the Postal Service is already paying for the
       secured parking and maneuvering area under the Phase I Lease
       Amendment, correct?

       A. [Frederick Stromness] Correct.

       Q. So this parking [the 2,000 square feet] could not be for the secured
       parking and maneuvering because the Postal Service was already paying
       for it, correct?

       A. That’s correct. So -- but it doesn’t -- it doesn’t indicate that this doesn’t
       modify what they intended in the Phase I lease, and it also doesn’t preclude
       that the parking is the public parking, either, in addition to the ten stalls.

Although plaintiff alleges in its post-trial submission that the 2,000 square feet of parking
and maneuvering space in the District Training Center lease was “almost certainly
enclosed within the Postal Service’s security fencing,” the testimony offered by Frederick
Stromness at trial runs counter to that interpretation. According to the testimony of
Frederick Stromness, the 2,000 square feet of parking and maneuvering area in the
District Training Center lease was separate from the secured parking area surrounded by
a perimeter fence.

        To the extent plaintiff argues that the District Training Center lease modified the
parking area granted to the USPS in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, that
argument is lacking support in in the record. The evidence before the court indicates that,
at the time the parties entered the District Training Center lease, the parties intended that
the main post office function would continue to have use of the secured parking area and
that the newly leased space for the training center function could share the parking area.
The District Training Center lease explained that parking would be “shared” by tenants.
As discussed above, the District Training Center lease was not a modification to the terms
of the existing Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, and, upon the termination of
the District Training Center lease, as amended, the USPS’s exclusive use of the secured
parking and maneuvering area continued pursuant to the terms of the amended Magna
Main Post Office lease. After the expiration of the District Training Center lease, as
amended, the USPS continued to pay to lease the secured parking and maneuvering
area under the amended Magna Main Post Office lease.

        The precise location of the 2,000 square feet for parking and maneuvering space
granted in the District Training Center lease, as intended by the parties, remains unclear
to date, however, the court need not determine the meaning of that lease term to resolve
plaintiff’s allegation that the USPS has breached the District Training Center lease, as
amended, by failing to vacate the secured parking and maneuvering area on the East
side of the Magna facility. When the District Training Center lease, as amended, expired
on December 31, 2012, the Magna Main Post Office lease term continued, and the USPS

                                             85
continued to have the right to exclusive use and control of the secured parking and
maneuvering area under the terms of the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended.
As noted above, the Magna Main Post Office lease term continues to run until March 31,
2018. Because the USPS has exclusive use and control of the secured parking and
maneuvering area pursuant to the terms of the Magna Main Post Office lease, as
amended, it was not obligated to vacate that portion of the Magna property when the
District Training Center lease, as amended, expired, and the USPS will continue to have
exclusive use and control of the secured parking and maneuvering area until the Magna
Main Post Office lease term expires, or the parties amend or terminate the Magna Main
Post Office lease. Accordingly, the court finds that plaintiff has failed to prove that the
USPS breached the duty to vacate or is otherwise unlawfully in possession of the secured
parking and maneuvering area on the East side of the Magna facility.

Closed Circuit Television System

       Plaintiff alleges that the USPS required Stromness MPO to purchase and install a
closed CCTV system in the entire Magna facility during construction. Plaintiff further
alleges that, following the termination of the District Training Center lease, as amended,
“postal employees removed the CCTV system” from the former training center space “and
did not return that equipment.” Plaintiff does not indicate what lease terms the USPS
allegedly breached in removing the CCTV equipment, nor does plaintiff point to a
provision in either the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, or the District Training
Center lease, as amended, preventing the USPS from moving the CCTV equipment.

       Defendant does not dispute that, after the USPS vacated the training center space,
it removed some CCTV cameras from that space. Defendant argues that plaintiff cannot
prove defendant’s actions were a breach of contract because “Stromness had to prove,
among other things, the Postal Service was contractually required to return the cameras
to Stromness and that Stromness is now entitled to damages from the removal.”
According to defendant, the USPS still continues to pay rent for those CCTV cameras
under the terms of the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended. Defendant asserts
that, because the USPS is paying rent for the CCTV cameras, it “is entitled to exclusive
possession thereof during the term” of the amended Magna Main Post Office lease.

        The CCTV system is referenced only in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as
amended, and is not addressed in the District Training Center lease, as amended.
Specifically, “Amendment No. 1” to the Magna Main Post Office lease stated that the
original lease was amended to include “CCTV Inspection Service system and Criminal
Investigation Room,” and explained that the “Lessor’s lease cost for the CCTV & Criminal
Investigation Room are based on $175,000, which is included in the new amortized lease
rate.” This provision in the amendment to the Magna Main Post Office lease establishes
that the USPS is paying rent for the CCTV system as part of the “new amortized lease
rate” for the Magna Main Post Office space. Although plaintiff argues that paying rent for
the CCTV system does not entitle the USPS to remove or destroy the property, plaintiff
does not cite any provision in either the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, or
the District Training Center lease, as amended, that obligates the USPS to leave the
CCTV system untouched or prohibits the USPS from moving, adjusting, or otherwise

                                            86
handling the CCTV cameras. Thus, plaintiff has failed to establish what duty or obligation
was breached when the USPS removed CCTV cameras from the vacated training center
space.

        Additionally, to the extent plaintiff alleges that the USPS stopped paying rent for
the CCTV cameras and equipment in the former training center space when the amended
District Training Center lease expired and the USPS vacated the space, there is no
support in the language of either lease for plaintiff’s assertion. As stated above, the lease
amendment to the Magna Main Post Office lease specifically accounted for the “CCTV
Inspection Service System” and included the cost for renting the system in the “new
amortized lease rate.” There is no indication in the language of the District Training Center
lease, as amended, that the lease rate included the cost of the CCTV system for that
space. Moreover, Frederick Stromness testified to the opposite position:

       Q. Do you see the "whereas" clause references a CCTV and criminal
       investigation room? Do you see that?

       A.[Frederick Stromness] I do.

       Q. And the C -- this CCTV was baked into the rent that the Postal Service
       was paying to Build Inc.; is that correct?

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. And the Postal Service is continuing to pay amounts under the Phase I
       Lease Amendment; is that correct?

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. And Stromness is claiming damages for some CCT cameras -- some
       CCTV cameras; is that correct?

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. And those are the same CCTV cameras that are promised under this
       lease agreement, correct?

       A. Yes, sir.

       Q. So the Postal Service is still paying for the CCTV cameras even though
       Build Inc. may have removed them; is that correct?

       A. Yes, sir.

As Frederick Stromness testified, the USPS is continuing to pay rent for the CCTV
cameras under the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, and plaintiff has failed to
establish that either the District Training Center lease, as amended, or the Magna Main
Post Office lease, as amended, prohibited the USPS from relocating any CCTV cameras

                                             87
it was renting. Accordingly, plaintiff has failed to prove that the USPS breached either
lease agreement when it relocated some CCTV cameras from the former training center
space.

Taxes

        Plaintiff also alleges that the USPS has breached the Magna Main Post Office
lease, as amended, by failing to make full and proper reimbursement of property taxes
for the entire Magna facility. Plaintiff seeks to recover reimbursement of 33.5% of the
property taxes assessed against the Magna facility for 2013 and the subsequent years,
which reflects the portion of the facility that was previously the District Training Center.
According to plaintiff, the USPS is obligated to reimburse plaintiff for all of the property
taxes for the entire Magna facility, including the former, vacated training center space.
Plaintiff argues that the USPS is responsible for the property taxes for the vacated training
center space because the space is not leased to a third party. Defendant argues that it is
not obligated to reimburse plaintiff for the property taxes assessed against the former
training center space because the District Training Center lease, as amended, which held
the USPS responsible for 33.5% of the taxes for the Magna facility, expired by its own
terms on December 31, 2012. The parties do not dispute that the USPS has not
reimbursed plaintiff for the property taxes on the former, vacated training center space
since the District Training Center lease, as amended, expired on December 31, 2012.

        The original Magna Main Post Office lease required the USPS to reimburse plaintiff
“for all general real estate taxes applicable to any period of time within the term” of the
lease. As discussed above, after Build Inc. constructed the Phase II space without
authorization, the USPS negotiated an amendment to the Magna Main Post Office lease
which added square footage to the Magna Main Post Office space, but left a portion of
the building unoccupied. As a result of the amendment, the Magna Main Post Office lease
was modified to state:

        In the event unoccupied space is leased by Lessor, reimbursement of taxes
        for the property shall be prorated according to the following formula: tenant
        leased space (5,000 net sq.ft.) divided by 16,007 net sq. ft. = 31 percent of
        tax bill that the Lessor shall be responsible. Additionally, since the Postal
        Service has the benefit of the additional Phase II items, as stated above,
        the Lessor percentage responsibility shall be reduced an additional 10
        percent to reflect this benefit.

Thus, pursuant to this amendment, the USPS was obligated to reimburse plaintiff for
100% of the general property taxes applicable to the Magna facility, unless the 5,000
square feet of “unoccupied space” not included in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as
amended, was leased to a third party tenant. Pursuant to the amendment, if the 5,000
square feet of space that the USPS was not occupying was leased to a third party tenant,
then the USPS would reimburse 79% of the property taxes to plaintiff, which reflected the
percentage of square footage that the Magna Main Post Office occupied.

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       Thereafter, on January 11, 2000, the USPS and plaintiff entered into the District
Training Center lease, under which the USPS would occupy the previously unleased
space. As a result of the District Training Center lease, the USPS occupied the entire
Magna facility. The Tax Rider to the District Training Center lease obligated the USPS to
reimburse plaintiff 33.5% “of the total paid Real Property Taxes” for the property. As a
result of the Tax Rider in the District Training Center lease, in combination with the Tax
Rider in the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, the USPS was obligated to
reimburse plaintiff more than 100% of property taxes on the Magna facility. In order to
avoid reimbursing plaintiff for more than 100% of the property taxes, the USPS executed
a second lease amendment to the Magna Main Post Office lease on January 11, 2001.

       The second lease amendment to the Magna Main Post Office lease, executed on
January 11, 2001, amended the existing Tax Rider and reduced the USPS’s obligation to
reimburse plaintiff for property taxes. Through the amendment, the parties agreed to
“[c]hange the existing Reimbursement Tax Rider to a Percentage Reimbursement Rider,
to more accurately reflect Main Office occupancy of Parcel #14-20-379-006-000.” The
amendment explained that the Magna Main Post Office occupied 66.5% of the facility,
and changed the USPS’s reimbursement obligation to 66.5% to reflect the “[p]ercentage
of usage.” At trial, Frederick Stromness testified that this amendment to the Magna Main
Post Office lease changed the percentage of tax reimbursement to 66.5%:

      Q. The Postal Service here is proposing an amendment to the Phase I lease
      to address the inconsistencies of the property tax riders in both of those
      leases, correct?

      A. [Frederick Stromness] That’s how I understand it. I don’t think they’re
      correcting the training center lease. I think they’re desiring to change the
      percentage of tax reimbursement the Magna Main Post Office is required to
      make.

      Q. So after the – and ultimately, the amendment was signed, correct?

      A. Yes, sir.

      Q. And after the amendment, the property tax percentage for the main post
      office was 66.5, correct?

      A. Yes, sir.

      Q. And in the Phase II Lease, the requirement for property taxes payment
      for the Postal Service was 33.5 percent, correct?

      A. That’s my understanding, yes.

      Q. And what is 66.5 plus 33.5?

      A. That’s a hundred percent, sir.

                                           89
       Q. So after the amendment was executed, the property tax obligations for
       the Postal Service for the main post office function was 66.5, correct?

       A. Correct.

Thus, pursuant to the January 11, 2001 amendment, under the Magna Main Post Office
lease, the USPS was obligated to reimburse plaintiff for 66.5% of the property taxes on
the Magna facility. Similarly, under the District Training Center lease, the USPS was
obligated to reimburse plaintiff for 33.5% of property taxes on the Magna facility. As a
result, during the period in with both leases were active, the USPS was obligated to
reimburse plaintiff for 100% of the property taxes on the Magna facility.

        When the District Training Center lease, as amended, expired on December 31,
2012, the USPS was no longer obligated to reimburse plaintiff for 33.5% of the property
taxes for the Magna facility because the terms of the District Training Center lease, as
amended, were terminated and no longer controlling on either party. Although plaintiff
argues that the language in the original Magna Main Post Office lease is controlling and
obligates the USPS to pay 100% of the real property taxes, that language was modified
by the first amendment to the Magna Main Post Office lease on October 26, 1998, and
modified again by the second amendment to the Magna Main Post Office lease on
January 11, 2001. Although the first amendment still required the USPS to reimburse
plaintiff for 100% of the property taxes if the unoccupied space was not leased to a third
party, the second amendment explicitly changed the Tax Rider so that the USPS was
obligated to reimburse plaintiff for 66.5% of property taxes on the Magna facility, which
reflected the Magna Main Post Office’s occupancy of the facility. The obligation to
reimburse plaintiff for 66.5% of the property taxes for the Magna facility was not contingent
or qualified by any terms, including whether the other area within the facility was leased
to a third party. Given the language in the January 11, 2001 amendment to the Magna
Main Post Office lease, and because the terms of the District Training Center lease, as
amended, expired on December 31, 2012, plaintiff cannot establish that defendant is
obligated to reimburse plaintiff for 33.5% of the property taxes assessed against the
Magna facility since 2013. 33

       Yet, to the extent this court has determined that the USPS was a holdover tenant
for the period beginning January 1, 2013 and continuing until September 9, 2013,
defendant was obligated to reimburse plaintiff for property taxes assessed against the
Magna facility during that period. Accordingly, in addition to the 66.5% of property taxes
for which plaintiff was entitled to be reimbursed for the Magna Main Post Office portion of
the Magna facility, plaintiff is entitled to reimbursement for 33.5% of the property taxes
assessed against the Magna facility between January 1, 2013 and September 9, 2013.

33 Plaintiff does not allege that the USPS has failed to reimburse plaintiff for 66.5% of
property taxes against the Magna facility, which the USPS is obligated to pay under the
terms of the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended.

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Breach of the Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

        Finally, plaintiff alleges that the USPS, by its actions, has breached the covenant
of good faith and fair dealing implied in both the Magna Main Post Office lease, as
amended, and the District Training Center lease, as amended. Specifically, plaintiff
alleges that, in building the demising wall, disconnecting the utilities, failing to return
interior and exterior square footage upon the termination of the District Training Center
lease, as amended, and blocking plaintiff’s effort to remediate and restore the former
training center space, the USPS has “completely interfered with” plaintiff’s ability to lease
the unoccupied space to a non-postal tenant and “destroyed the reasonable expectations”
of plaintiff. Plaintiff also alleges that the USPS’s failure to notify plaintiff of its intent to
vacate the District Training Center space until September 2012 was “more than mere
negligence, lack of cooperation or diligence required for a breach of the duty of good faith
and fair dealing.” Plaintiff appears to contend that the USPS should have notified
Stromness of the USPS’s intent to vacate soon after January 14, 2011, when the USPS
had final approval to let the District Training Center lease, as amended, expire at the end
of its term on December 31, 2012. Additionally, plaintiff alleges that the USPS’s late
reimbursement of owed property tax reimbursement breached the covenant of good faith
and fair dealing. As with a number of plaintiff’s other breach of contract allegations,
plaintiff does not identify which lease agreement the USPS breached, thus, the court
considers the USPS’s actions under both the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended,
and the District Training Center lease, as amended.

        In response, defendant denies any breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair
dealing. Defendant argues that the construction of the demising wall was consistent with
the terms of the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, and, thus, cannot be a
violation of the implied duty. Defendant asserts that the USPS was not obligated to notify
plaintiff regarding the decision to vacate the District Training Center space under the
terms of the District Training Center lease, as amended, and that plaintiff was aware of
the possibility that the USPS could vacate the space two years prior to the termination.
Defendant also denies plaintiff’s allegation that the USPS has prevented Stromness from
remediating and restoring the former training center space. According to defendant,
plaintiff has made no efforts to make the vacated space independently Code-compliant
without also demanding money from the USPS. Defendant also indicates that the USPS
has responded through telephone calls and e-mail correspondence to plaintiff’s
communications with regard to making the space Code-compliant.

        “Every contract imposes upon each party a duty of good faith and fair dealing in its
performance and enforcement.” Alabama v. North Carolina, 560 U.S. 330 (2010) (quoting
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 205 (1981)). “Failure to fulfill that duty constitutes
a breach of contract, as does failure to fulfill a duty ‘imposed by a promise stated in the
agreement.’” Metcalf Constr. Co. v. United States, 742 F.3d 984, 990 (Fed. Cir. 2014)
(quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 235). “The covenant of good faith and fair
dealing . . . imposes obligations on both contracting parties that include the duty not to
interfere with the other party's performance and not to act so as to destroy the reasonable
expectations of the other party regarding the fruits of the contract.” Metcalf Constr. Co. v.
United States, 742 F.3d at 991 (quoting Centex Corp. v. United States, 395 F.3d 1283,

                                               91
1304 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (emphasis in Metcalf Constr. Co. v. United States)); see also Agility
Public Warehousing Co. KSCP v. Mattis, 852 F.3d 1370, 1383-84 (Fed. Cir. 2017). As
explained by the Federal Circuit, “while the implied duty exists because it is rarely possible
to anticipate in contract language every possible action or omission by a party that
undermines the bargain, the nature of that bargain is central to keeping the duty focused
on ‘honoring the reasonable expectations created by the autonomous expressions of the
contracting parties.’” Metcalf Constr. Co. v. United States, 742 F.3d at 991 (quoting
Tymshare, Inc. v. Covell, 727 F.2d 1145, 1152 (D.C. Cir. 1984)); see also CanPro Invs.
Ltd. v. United States, 130 Fed. Cl. at 350.

        “Both the duty not to hinder and the duty to cooperate are aspects of the implied
duty of good faith and fair dealing.” Metcalf Constr. Co. v. United States, 742 F.3d at 991
(quoting Precision Pine & Timber, Inc. v. United States, 596 F.3d at 820 n.1); see also
Baistar Mechanical, Inc. v. United States, 128 Fed. Cl. 504, 525 (2016). Notably, “[i]t is
well settled that the parties' duty of good faith and fair dealing must be rooted in promises
set forth in the contract.” Helix Elec., Inc. v. United States, 68 Fed. Cl. 571, 587 (2005).
Thus, “[t]he implied duty of good faith and fair dealing cannot expand a party's contractual
duties beyond those in the express contract or create duties inconsistent with the
contract's provisions.” Precision Pine & Timber, Inc. v. United States, 596 F.3d at 831
(citing Centex Corp. v. United States, 395 F.3d at 1304–06); see also Agility Public
Warehousing Co. KSCP v. Mattis, 852 F.3d at 1384; Jarvis v. United States, 43 Fed. Cl.
529, 534 (1999) (“The implied duty of good faith and fair dealing does not form the basis
for wholly new contract terms, particularly terms which would be inconsistent with the
express terms of the agreement.”).

       As indicated by a Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims, “[t]he court
applies a reasonableness standard in assessing whether a party breached its duty to
cooperate, which requires a factual inquiry that depends upon ‘the particular contract, its
context, and its surrounding circumstances.’” Baistar Mechanical, Inc. v. United States,
128 Fed. Cl. at 525 (quoting Axion Corp. v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 99, 121 (2007)).

        In Precision Pine & Timber, Inc., the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit indicated that “[n]ot all misbehavior, however, breaches the implied duty of good
faith and fair dealing owed to other parties to a contract.” Precision Pine & Timber, Inc. v.
United States, 596 F.3d at 829. The Federal Circuit further explained that:

       Cases in which the government has been found to violate the implied duty
       of good faith and fair dealing typically involve some variation on the old bait-
       and-switch. First, the government enters into a contract that awards a
       significant benefit in exchange for consideration. Then, the government
       eliminates or rescinds that contractual provision or benefit through a
       subsequent action directed at the existing contract. See, e.g., id. at 1350–
       51; Centex Corp. v. United States, 395 F.3d 1283, 1304–07 (Fed. Cir.
       2005); see also Hercules, 516 U.S. 417, 116 S. Ct. 981, 134 L.Ed.2d 47.
       The government may be liable for damages when the subsequent
       government action is specifically designed to reappropriate the benefits the

                                             92
       other party expected to obtain from the transaction, thereby abrogating the
       government's obligations under the contract.

Precision Pine & Timber, Inc. v. United States, 596 F.3d at 829 (citing Centex Corp. v.
United States, 395 F.3d at 1311). The Federal Circuit subsequently expanded on the
language of Precision Pine & Timber, Inc., after finding a Judge of the United States Court
of Federal Claims had read the language of the decision too narrowly. In Metcalf, the
Federal Circuit explained that:

       The trial court misread Precision Pine, which does not impose a specific-
       targeting requirement applicable across the board or in this case. The cited
       portion of Precision Pine does not purport to define the scope of good-faith-
       and-fair-dealing claims for all cases, let alone alter earlier standards. The
       passage cited by the trial court, after saying as a descriptive matter that
       cases of breach “typically involve some variation on the old bait-and-switch,”
       Precision Pine, 596 F.3d at 829, says that the government “may be liable”—
       not that it is liable only—when a subsequent government action is
       “specifically designed to reappropriate the benefits the other party expected
       to obtain from the transaction.” Id. (emphasis added). Precision Pine then
       states its holding as rejecting breach for two reasons combined: the
       challenged government actions “were (1) not ‘specifically targeted[’ at the
       contracts,] and (2) did not reappropriate any ‘benefit’ guaranteed by the
       contracts.” Id.

       As that statement indicates, the court in Precision Pine did not hold that the
       absence of specific targeting, by itself, would defeat a claim of breach of the
       implied duty—i.e., that proof of specific targeting was a requirement for a
       showing of breach. When the court said that specific targeting would have
       been required for breach of the duty in that case, id. at 830, it did so in a
       context in which the more general bargain-impairment grounds for breach
       of the duty were unavailable, because the suspension-by-court-order
       provision expressly authorized the suspension, without limitation on the
       time of compliance with the order. That is enough to make clear that specific
       targeting is not a general requirement. In addition, the challenged
       government conduct in Precision Pine occurred in implementing a separate
       government authority and duty independent of the contract, namely,
       enforcement of and compliance with the injunction. In that context—as in
       the legislative context from which Precision Pine borrowed its reference to
       specific targeting, 596 F.3d at 830 (citing Centex and First Nationwide
       Bank)—the “specifically targeted” language protects against use of the
       implied contract duty to trench on the authority of other government entities
       or on responsibilities imposed on the contracting agency independent of
       contracts. The present case involves no such concern.

Metcalf Constr. Co. v. United States, 742 F.3d at 993 (emphasis in original). The Federal
Circuit instructed the trial court to focus on the broader language of the Federal Circuit’s
earlier opinions, and specifically:

                                             93
       The covenant of good faith and fair dealing . . . imposes obligations on both
       contracting parties that include the duty not to interfere with the other party's
       performance and not to act so as to destroy the reasonable expectations of
       the other party regarding the fruits of the contract.” Centex Corp. v. United
       States, 395 F.3d 1283, 1304 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (emphases added). “Both the
       duty not to hinder and the duty to cooperate are aspects of the implied duty
       of good faith and fair dealing.” Precision Pine, 596 F.3d at 820 n. 1. What is
       promised or disclaimed in a contract helps define what constitutes “lack of
       diligence and interference with or failure to cooperate in the other party's
       performance.” Malone, 849 F.2d at 1445.

Metcalf Constr. Co. v. United States, 742 F.3d at 991 & 993 (emphasis in original).

        Plaintiff’s accusations that the USPS breached the covenant of good faith and fair
dealing are unsupported by the evidence before the court. Plaintiff appears to attach an
allegation that the USPS breached the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing to each
of its several breach of contract allegations. As discussed above, plaintiff failed to prove
many of its breach of contract allegations. With regard to the construction of the demising
wall, as discussed at length above, plaintiff could cite to no provision in the contract
prohibiting the USPS from building the demising wall, although it should have been built
in the correct location, and the USPS could reasonably rely on the Alterations Clause to
build the demising wall to ensure the security of the mail operations in the main post office
area. In alleging that the USPS breached the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing,
plaintiff points again to the fact that the demising wall blocked plaintiff’s access to utilities,
necessary facilities, and a second egress point. As previously explained, however, the
Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, preserved the USPS’s right to exclusive use
of the space identified in the lease amendment as necessary for postal use, and this
space included the area containing the restrooms, utilities, and second egress point.
Given the court’s conclusion that the Magna Main Post Office lease amendment granted
the USPS exclusive use, it necessarily follows that the USPS did not breach the implied
duty of good faith and fair dealing in exercising that exclusive use. To the extent plaintiff’s
ability to lease the unoccupied, former training center space has been frustrated or
impeded because the space is not code compliant, that issue is the product of plaintiff’s
construction beyond the terms of the original Magna Main Post Office lease and, at times,
less than specific lease terms to which plaintiff freely bound itself.

         Similarly, to the extent the court has already determined that plaintiff failed to prove
all of its claims with regard to the taxes, parking, circuit breakers, and CCTV, the court
concludes that plaintiff cannot succeed on a theory that the USPS breached the implied
duty of good faith and fair dealing. As to the circuit breakers and the CCTV equipment,
plaintiff has not cited a contract provision that prohibited USPS’s actions or a promise that
the USPS has broken. Additionally, because the USPS continues to pay rent for the CCTV
system and cameras as part of the Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended, plaintiff’s
claim that the cameras have not been returned to Stromness MPO is premature.

       While the court has determined that the USPS is improperly retaining 371 square
feet of space within the former training center area, and the USPS failed to vacate the

                                               94
training center area until September 9, 2013, there is no evidence that these actions
amounted to an additional breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing. It
appears that the delay in surrendering control of the training center space after the
expiration of the District Training Center lease, as amended, was the result of trying to
separate the Magna Main Post Office space from the training center space in order to
ensure the security of the postal facility. The evidentiary record before the court includes
multiple communications between the parties discussing the separation of the parties and
the construction of a demising wall. Additionally, although the USPS has conceded to the
fact that the demising wall was constructed in the wrong location, there is not sufficient
evidence to find that this error breached the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing.
Moreover, as discussed above, plaintiff was permitted to access the former training center
space with a USPS escort, and it does not appear that plaintiff requested keys to the
vacated space. Thus, even though the USPS continued to control the former training
center space, plaintiff does not cite to any legal support for the conclusion that holding
over after the expiration of a lease is, necessarily, a breach of the duty of good faith and
fair dealing.

        Plaintiff’s allegations would have this court find that any errors or breaches on the
part of defendant, individually or taken together, constitute a breach of good faith and fair
dealing. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has explained,
however, that “[n]ot all misbehavior . . . breaches the implied duty of good faith and fair
dealing owed to other parties to a contract.” See Precision Pine & Timber, Inc. v. United
States, 596 F.3d at 829. Although the court has found that plaintiff is entitled to some
compensation, it has not found that the USPS breached the duty of good faith and fair
dealing. The history of the lease agreements between the parties considered above did
not develop without complications or less-than-perfect compliance by both parties. Both
parties made mistakes at various times during performance of the leases.

                                       CONCLUSION

        Neither party in this case is completely without fault for the broken down
relationship between the parties. For the reasons discussed above, the court finds in
partial favor of plaintiff on certain claims included in the complaint. Plaintiff is entitled to
recover for defendant’s failure to properly vacate the District Training Center space from
January 1, 2013 until the removal of the exterior door lock to the former training center
space on September 9, 2013, such that plaintiff is entitled to recover a prorated amount
of annual rent based on the terms of the now-expired District Training Center lease, as
amended, as well as prorated property tax reimbursement for the same period of time.
Additionally, the court finds in favor of plaintiff that defendant has improperly retained 371
square feet of space within the Magna facility beginning at the time the demising wall was
constructed on September 9, 2013, such that plaintiff is entitled to recover $20.12 per
square foot per annum for the 371 square feet of space improperly retained beginning on
September 9, 2013 and continuing until March 31, 2018, upon which date the Magna
Main Post Office lease, as amended, is currently scheduled to expire, unless the USPS
deconstructs and properly relocates the demising wall prior to that date or terminates the

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Magna Main Post Office lease, as amended . All other claims in plaintiff’s complaint are
DENIED.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                         s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                         MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                                 Judge

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