Court Opinion

ID: 4636008
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-24 22:30:54.456936+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:28.081297
License: Public Domain

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                                Appellate Court                            Date: 2020.11.18
                                                                           13:52:59 -06'00'

                  People v. Kochevar, 2020 IL App (3d) 140660-B

Appellate Court      THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption              DEVIN M. KOCHEVAR, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.       Third District
                     No. 3-14-0660

Filed                February 4, 2020

Decision Under       Appeal from the Circuit Court of Whiteside County, No. 13-CM-121;
Review               the Hon. Michael R. Albert, Judge, presiding.

Judgment             Appeal dismissed in part; affirmed.

Counsel on           James E. Chadd, Peter A. Carusona, and Emily A. Koza, of State
Appeal               Appellate Defender’s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant.

                     Terry A. Costello, State’s Attorney, of Morrison (Patrick Delfino,
                     David J. Robinson, and Gary F. Gnidovec, of State’s Attorneys
                     Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Panel                PRESIDING JUSTICE LYTTON delivered the judgment of the court,
                     with opinion.
                     Justice Carter concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                     Justice McDade concurred in part and dissented in part, with opinion.
                                              OPINION

¶1       Defendant, Devin M. Kochevar, was charged by information with one count of criminal
     sexual abuse (720 ILCS 5/11-1.50(c) (West 2012)). He filed a motion to suppress the statement
     he made during a custodial interview with regard to the alleged abuse, which was denied. The
     case was tried before a jury, and Kochevar was found guilty. In the court’s written order, he
     was sentenced to serve 90 days of jail time with all but 10 days suspended and 24 months of
     probation, and he was required to register as a sex offender, undergo sex offender treatment
     and aftercare, provide a DNA sample, and pay a variety of fines and fees. He appealed,
     challenging the denial of his motion to suppress his custodial statement as involuntarily
     procured and seeking reversal of his conviction and new proceedings. Kochevar later sought
     and was given leave to bring an as-applied constitutional challenge to the Sex Offender
     Registration Act (SORA) (730 ILCS 150/1 et seq. (West 2012)). In our opinion, we vacated
     the portion of Kochevar’s sentence requiring him to register as a sex offender and remanded
     the case to the circuit court. The State filed a petition for leave to appeal in the supreme court.
     That petition was denied, and the court issued the following supervisory order:
                 “In the exercise of this Court’s supervisory authority, the Appellate Court, Third
             District, is directed to vacate its judgment in People v. Kochevar, case No. 3-14-0660
             (08/20/18). The appellate court is directed to consider the effect of this Court’s opinion
             in People v. Bingham, 2018 IL 122008, on the issue of the constitutionality of sex
             offender statutes as applied to defendant, and to determine if a different result is
             warranted.” People v. Kochevar, No. 124006 (Ill. Jan. 31, 2019) (supervisory order).
     Pursuant to that directive, we now vacate our earlier judgment (2018 IL App (3d) 140660) and
     consider whether People v. Bingham, 2018 IL 122008, compels us to reach a different result.

¶2                                       I. BACKGROUND
¶3       There is no report of proceedings of either the suppression hearing or the trial in the record.
     There is also no written order documenting the trial court’s decision on the motion to suppress,
     but there is a docket entry. There is no written order explaining the trial court’s finding that
     Kochevar’s statement was voluntary and denying the motion to suppress. An “Agreed
     Statement of Facts” and a “Supplemental Agreed Statement of Facts” were filed to supplement
     the common-law record. The balance of the record consists of a one-volume common-law
     record, which includes a sexual assessment, the two-part document signed by Kochevar, and
     his birth certificate. The following facts were derived from those documents and the parties’
     briefs.
¶4       Kochevar and C.R. had been acquainted for several years through their participation in
     track at Prophetstown High School. In 2012, when Kochevar was 16 (nearly 17) and C.R. was
     14, the relationship grew closer. After Kochevar turned 18, their relationship became sexual.
     On March 16, 2013, upon learning of this relationship and the couple’s alleged sexual activities
     the preceding night, C.R.’s parents called the police.
¶5       Two days later, Chief Michael Fisk and Sergeant Bruce Franks of the Prophetstown Police
     Department went to the high school and met with Kochevar in the school office. The officers
     asked him to go with them to the police station to give a statement regarding his relationship

                                                  -2-
     with C.R. Kochevar readily agreed and was driven to the station, uncuffed, in Franks’s marked
     police car.
¶6       Once there, Kochevar was escorted directly to an interview room and was questioned by
     Franks and Fisk. After about 20 minutes, Kochevar gave an oral statement. He then agreed to
     prepare a written statement, which he composed and signed while alone in the interview room.
     Thereafter, the interview apparently resumed in the form of a series of written questions set
     out at the end of Kochevar’s signed statement. He answered those questions in writing and
     signed them. Neither part of the document was prepared or signed under oath. This two-part
     document reads as follows:
                 “Right around a year ago, C.R. & I started talking. We were friends & neither one
             of us thought anything more would come of it. But C.R. & I talked a lot & started to
             like each other. When this first started I was 17 and she was 15. Or maybe I was about
             a month or so over 17. Either way, it was a two year difference. But C.R. & I would
             have never been aloud [sic] to see each other because a little over a year ago, me &
             some of my friends threw eggs at her house & her sister’s car because we didn’t like
             her. Honestly, I regret that. It was a mistake I had to learn from. My car was egged &
             then I knew how it felt & it made me feel worse about it. But anyways, that’s why we
             wouldn’t be aloud [sic] to be friends or anything like that. But neither one of us cared,
             we wanted to see each other so we made it work. Occasionaly [sic] C.R. would sneak
             out to see me. Sometimes we would just drive around & other times we would go to
             my house. Our relationship didn’t start out sexual. Honestly for the longest time we did
             no more than kiss. But eventually that changed & things became more than that. Yes,
             we did have sex, I won’t deny that. But never did I force her. No matter how bad I
             wanted to do anything, I didn’t do it unless she wanted to too. I’m not that kind of guy.
             Even after this I wouldn’t say that I’m a ‘bad guy.’ Sure I make mistakes, I’m human
             but I think I’m an alright guy. I mean I always go to school, I get good grades. I’m a 3
             sport athlete who excels in all of them. I’ve accepted an offer from Monmouth College
             to play basketball & run track for them on a scholarship. I actually plan to major in
             business and music so I can open up a place for kids, singers, or bands to come record
             music. That’s my big plan. If I had to say one more thing about myself, I guess I would
             mention [signature at end of first page] Drake. Drake is a young man on the Comanche
             track team. Drake throws shot & runs the short sprints. Drake isn’t good at those things
             but he gives it his all. So one meet last year after I had one [sic] the fastest heat of the
             200, I asked the official if I could run it again. This time with Drake. He shook my hand
             & smiled then told me I could. So I ran that second 200. I ran it right behind Drake. I
             ran it and I lost. To a kid in a wheelchair. Drake competes with able bodied athletes
             even though he has never walked. Winning wasn’t something he had experienced. So
             I cried my eyes out as I ran that race with him. It broke my heart. I talked with Drake
             & his parents & I ended up coming to another one of his meets & running with him
             again. To this day he & I remain friends. We always will be. But I’m not trying to sell
             anyone a sob story or convince you that I’m perfect. I wouldn’t be writing this if that
             was the case. I understand how my relationship with C.R. was wrong. I understand why
             her parents are extremely upset. I would probably feel about the same way they do.
             Maybe they will get to read this & maybe they won’t but I want to say that I’m sorry.
             I’m sorry for the past we have had & I’m sorry for this. But I can’t say I wish it never

                                                  -3-
             happened. There is a big spot for that girl in my heart & I think there always will be.
             We have so much in common its [sic] crazy. Yes, she is a little younger than me, but
             we still click. Will I end up with C.R.? Who knows, maybe & maybe not. Obviously
             some people might not like that but as long as she is happy, I’m happy. If she never
             wants to speak to me again or even wants to wait & see what happens when she is 18,
             I’m okay with whatever. As long as she is happy. I’m very sorry that any of this ever
             had to happen. I should have used my head more. But like I said, I’m only human. So
             hopefully this can all get worked out as easily as possible so we [signature at end of
             second page] can move forward with our lives & get back on track. Thank you for
             taking the time to read what I had to say about this matter. I appreciate it. Sincerely,
             [signature at end of handwritten statement].
                 Q. HOW OLD IS C*** R***?
                 A. 15
                 Q. HOW MANY TIMES HAVE YOU HAD SEX WITH C*** R*** AT AGE 17?
                 A. 0
                 Q. HOW MANY TIMES AT AGE 18 DID YOU HAVE SEX WITH C*** R***?
                 A. 20-30 times maybe
                 Q. WHEN IS THE LAST TIME YOU HAD SEX WITH C*** R*** ?
                 A. 3/15/13
                 Q. WHERE DID THE SEX OCCUR THE LAST TIME?
                 A. My house (320 Woodlawn Drive)
                 Q. DID YOU EVER FORCE HER TO HAVE SEX?
                 A. No
                 Q. DID YOU GIVE HER ALCOHOL OR DRUGS FOR SEX?
                 A. No
                 Q. DID YOU VIOLATE ANY LAW WITH YOUR RELATIONSHIP WITH C***
             R***, IF SO WHAT LAW?
                 A. I don’t think I did mainly because she was all for it & we didn’t drink or do
             drugs or anything like that. But the age thing plays a part.
             [signature at end of questions]”
     After Kochevar signed the last part of the document, the officers took him back to school.
¶7       About three weeks later, on April 13, 2013, Kochevar was charged by information with
     one count of misdemeanor criminal sexual abuse. The count alleged that on March 15, 2013,
     he committed an act of sexual penetration with C.R., who was at least 13 but under 17 years
     of age and that he was less than 5 years older than C.R.
¶8       Kochevar filed a motion to suppress his custodial statement, arguing that it was made
     involuntarily. He claimed that, during the interview, Franks and Fisk, both of whom he had
     known personally since boyhood, repeatedly told him that “they already knew the truth,” that
     he “had to” give a statement before he left the station, and that the state’s attorney would go
     easy on him if he admitted the truth in a written statement. Through counsel, he asserted that
     the officers exploited their personal relationships with him to secure the statement.
¶9       A hearing was held on the motion. Kochevar testified that, prior to the police interview, he
     was informed of his Miranda rights (Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)), orally and in

                                                -4-
       writing on a preprinted rights waiver form. He signed the preprinted form and did not ask to
       leave or for an attorney at any time during the interview. He testified that he had no difficulty
       understanding the officers’ questions during the interview and that he had not been upset or
       crying. He stated that his academic performance at school was typical and that he did not have
       any learning disabilities or other intellectual impairments. He initially asserted that the
       interview lasted for “over an hour” but later amended that, saying it could have been less than
       an hour because when he was returned to school classes were still in session and it was still
       daylight. The record confirms that he was, in fact, at the station for about an hour.
¶ 10        Kochevar further testified that he knew Franks and Fisk personally. He had known Fisk,
       who was a family friend, since childhood. Franks had coached him in youth football and
       baseball and was also a friend of his father. He viewed the officers as people he was friendly
       with and he trusted. He opined that both officers spoke to him in a friendly manner and not
       “like cops.” They did not speak aggressively, use profanity, or raise their voices. He affirmed
       that no physical coercion was used during the interview but testified that one of the officers
       told him he “had to” give a statement before he left. They gave him the impression that his
       giving a statement would cause the State to “take it easy” on him.
¶ 11        Kochevar testified that he told the officers that he had sex with C.R. but that he had done
       nothing wrong. He said that he insisted during the interview—as he did at the hearing—that it
       was all consensual. He confirmed that he was alone when he wrote the statement that the State
       submitted as evidence during the suppression hearing.
¶ 12        Franks and Fisk also testified. They both confirmed that Kochevar was brought to the
       station, was informed of his Miranda rights, signed the Miranda rights waiver, and then
       promptly admitted to having had consensual sex with C.R. Franks stated Kochevar gave no
       sign of knowing what the officers wanted to talk about when they met him at the school. He
       denied promising the State would be lenient with him if Kochevar gave them a written
       statement but acknowledged telling him that he “needed to” make a statement before he left.
       Franks denied having a “mentor” relationship with or being particularly close to Kochevar. He
       did, however, confirm that he had been his coach for youth sports and opined that it would be
       fair to say that they were “friends.” The record is silent as to any testimony of Fisk confirming
       or denying the claimed relationship with Kochevar.
¶ 13        The trial court ultimately denied Kochevar’s motion to suppress, finding that (1) his waiver
       of his Miranda rights was knowing and voluntary and (2) the officers’ prior relationships with
       Kochevar did not place them in such a position of trust and authority so as to render their
       influence over Kochevar coercive.
¶ 14        The matter proceeded to a jury trial. The State called only two witnesses, Sergeant Franks
       and C.R. Kochevar made a continuing objection to the introduction of evidence of or
       concerning his verbal and written statements on the grounds set forth in the motion to suppress.
       Franks testified about the events leading up to Kochevar’s interview and the subsequent
       charges. His testimony included a recitation of what occurred during Kochevar’s interview and
       was substantially similar in all salient respects to what he gave during the suppression hearing.
       Kochevar’s handwritten statement with his answers to the additional tacked-on questions and
       his signed Miranda waiver were entered into evidence.
¶ 15        C.R. testified that on the night of March 15, 2013, she had sex with Kochevar. At the time,
       she was 15 years old, and he was 18. Kochevar’s birth certificate, documenting his birth on

                                                   -5-
       September 27, 1994, was admitted into evidence. The State rested. Kochevar’s motion for a
       directed verdict was denied, and the defense rested.
¶ 16       The jury found Kochevar guilty of one count of criminal sexual abuse. The trial court
       denied his motion for a new trial, which had alleged, among other issues, that his interview
       statement was involuntary and should have been suppressed. He was sentenced to 24 months’
       probation and required to register as a sex offender and undergo sex offender treatment and
       aftercare.

¶ 17                                          II. ANALYSIS
¶ 18                             A. Voluntariness of Custodial Statements
¶ 19       Kochevar initially argues on appeal that the trial court erred in not suppressing his custodial
       statements because they were involuntarily given. He asserts that he had a long-standing
       personal relationship with each of the officers that led him to trust that they would treat him
       fairly but that they did not. Rather, he claims, they used that trust, his youth, and his lack of
       any experience with the criminal justice system to create a deceptively benign environment
       that, together with a promise of leniency and a failure to tell him what was criminal about his
       conduct, coerced his involuntary, unwitting admission to an undisclosed, undefined crime.
¶ 20       The State counters that the trial court was correct in finding that the interview, even with
       the existence of any personal relationships, was not coercive and the statement should not be
       suppressed. It points out that throughout the encounter the officers did not act in an intimidating
       or abusive manner or use any coercive physical tactics. The State further argues that Kochevar,
       who was 18 years old at the time of the interview, possessed the intelligence and education to
       understand the nature and purpose of his presence at the station, to make a rational decision to
       waive his Miranda rights, and to deny wrongdoing with respect to C.R.
¶ 21       At all times throughout the hearing on a motion to suppress a challenged statement, the
       State bears the burden of proof, but there is a shifting burden of production. Once the State has
       made a prima facie showing that the statement was voluntary, the burden shifts to the
       defendant to present some evidence that it was involuntary. People v. Richardson, 234 Ill. 2d
       233, 254 (2009). If he does so, it remains for the State to prove by a preponderance of the
       evidence, considered in the light most favorable to the defendant (People v. Tanser, 75 Ill.
       App. 3d 482, 486 (1979) (citing People v. Ruegger, 32 Ill. App. 3d 765, 771 (1975))), that the
       statement was, in fact, voluntary. Richardson, 234 Ill. 2d at 254.
¶ 22       On review, a trial court’s factual findings following a hearing on a motion to suppress a
       defendant’s inculpatory statement will not be disturbed unless they are against the manifest
       weight of the evidence. People v. Murdock, 2012 IL 112362, ¶ 29. However, its ultimate ruling
       on whether the statement was made voluntarily is reviewed de novo. Id.
¶ 23       The basic test for determining whether a statement is voluntary was set out by the supreme
       court in People v. Prim, 53 Ill. 2d 62, 70 (1972), as follows:
                   “Whether a statement is voluntarily given depends upon the totality of the
               circumstances. The test is whether it has been made freely, voluntarily and without
               compulsion or inducement of any sort or whether the defendant’s will was overcome
               at the time he confessed. [Citation.] In making its decision the trial court need not be
               convinced beyond a reasonable doubt, and the finding of the trial court that the

                                                    -6-
                statement was voluntary will not be disturbed unless it is contrary to the manifest
                weight of the evidence.”
¶ 24       In more recent decisions, our supreme court has given us a more specific set of factors to
       consider in assessing the voluntariness of a statement/confession. These include (1) the
       presence of Miranda warnings; (2) the defendant’s personal characteristics including his age,
       intelligence, background, experience, education, mental capacity, and physical condition at the
       time of questioning; (3) the legality and duration of the detention and questioning; (4) the
       conditions of detention; and (5) whether any threats, promises, deception, guilt, or other
       coercive tactics were used in inducing the confession. People v. Slater, 228 Ill. 2d 137, 160
       (2008); People v. Gilliam, 172 Ill. 2d 484, 500-01 (1996); People v. Martin, 102 Ill. 2d 412,
       426-27 (1984). In the instant case, Kochevar relies on the fifth factor.
¶ 25       The record shows, and the parties agree, that at the time of the interview Kochevar was an
       18-year-old high school senior of average or better intelligence. He was given Miranda
       warnings orally and in writing, and he does not deny waiving those rights by signing the
       preprinted waiver form. In addition, he and the officers agree that he did not cry or otherwise
       exhibit any emotional distress during the interview. Kochevar does not claim that the officers
       at any time used abusive, profane, or intimidating language or physical tactics in an effort to
       elicit an inculpatory statement or that they denied him his rights to an attorney, to remain silent,
       or to end the interview. To the contrary, he was brought to the police station voluntarily and
       free of handcuffs. He described the conduct of the officers as friendly and “not like cops.” The
       interview lasted less than an hour, and he was returned to school before the end of classes. The
       State points out that these concessions would normally support a finding that there was no
       coercion and that the challenged statements were voluntary.
¶ 26       Kochevar, however, claims an entirely different form of coercion. He argues that he was
       subtly coerced by a combination of promises, omissions, and deception on the part of people
       with whom he had personal relationships and whom he trusted to deal with him fairly. He
       claims a combination of factors, along with his youth and unfamiliarity with the criminal
       justice system, allowed the officers to extort statements from him that were incriminating and
       inculpatory. Kochevar argues that the same factors relied on by the State actually prove his
       claim of coercion.
¶ 27       As our supreme court has stated, “the relationship of an interrogator to a party being
       questioned is a relevant consideration in assessing a statement’s voluntariness.” People v.
       Wipfler, 68 Ill. 2d 158, 173 (1977). The court made it clear, however, that voluntariness
       depends on the totality of the circumstances. Id. at 172-73. Other relevant factors to be weighed
       include the alleged promise of leniency; the exhortation to tell the truth; the alleged failure to
       define the crime being investigated; the “friendliness” of the officers during interrogations;
       and youth, unfamiliarity, and lack of experience with the criminal justice system. See id. at
       174.
¶ 28       Viewing the totality of the evidence in the light most favorable to Kochevar, it seems likely
       that the incriminating portions of Kochevar’s written statement were given to earn leniency
       allegedly promised by persons he trusted and believed and not as a knowing admission,
       willingly given, of criminal wrongdoing. We understand that the overall circumstances may
       well have misled Kochevar about the gravity of the conduct to which he was admitting;
       however, we cannot find on this record that the conduct of the officers was coercive or that
       Kochevar’s confession was coerced.

                                                    -7-
¶ 29      We also note that the confession was unnecessary to Kochevar’s conviction and that any
       questions about the manner in which it was secured are essentially irrelevant. All that is
       necessary to sustain Kochevar’s conviction is his acknowledgement that he had a sexual
       encounter with C.R. when he was 18 and she was 15. See 720 ILCS 5/11-1.50(c) (West 2012).
       That information was true, was provided freely to Franks and Fisk during the interview and in
       Kochevar’s written statement, and was proven at trial through the testimony of C.R. and the
       admission of Kochevar’s birth certificate.
¶ 30      Kochevar’s challenge to his conviction on the grounds that his custodial statement was
       procured coercively and involuntary fails.

¶ 31                             B. As-Applied Constitutional Challenge
¶ 32       In compliance with the supreme court’s supervisory order in this case, we now consider
       whether the opinion in Bingham, 2018 IL 122008, requires a different result than the one we
       earlier reached with respect to Kochevar’s as-applied constitutional challenge to SORA.
¶ 33       In Bingham, our supreme court stated: “[A] reviewing court has no power on direct appeal
       of a criminal conviction to order that defendant be relieved of the obligation to register as a
       sex offender.” Id. ¶ 18. This is because the obligation to register and other restrictions imposed
       by SORA are collateral consequences of a conviction and not part of the judgment under
       review. Id. ¶¶ 16-21. According to our supreme court, challenges to SORA may be pursued
       only in two circumstances: (1) on direct appeal in a case finding a defendant guilty of violating
       a SORA requirement or (2) by pursuing a constitutional claim in a civil suit. Id. ¶ 21.
¶ 34       Neither circumstance applies here. Kochevar raised an as-applied constitutional challenge
       to SORA on appeal from his sexual abuse conviction. Pursuant to Bingham, we lack
       jurisdiction to consider such a challenge. See id. ¶ 18.
¶ 35       While differences exist between this case and Bingham, we do not believe that they are
       substantial enough to outweigh Bingham’s broad prohibition precluding review of SORA
       constitutional challenges. Thus, we must dismiss Kochevar’s as-applied constitutional
       challenge for lack of jurisdiction.

¶ 36                                     III. CONCLUSION
¶ 37      For the foregoing reasons, the portion of defendant’s appeal challenging the
       constitutionality of SORA is dismissed. In all other respects, the judgment of the circuit court
       of Whiteside County is affirmed.

¶ 38      Appeal dismissed in part; affirmed.

¶ 39      JUSTICE McDADE, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
¶ 40      I agree with the decision of the majority to affirm the trial court’s finding that Kochevar’s
       confession was not coerced. Because of the factual and procedural posture of this case, I do
       not agree that we are prohibited by Bingham from a review of Kochevar’s as-applied
       constitutional challenge.
¶ 41      There are two broad reasons why I do not believe the preclusion set out in Bingham
       mandates dismissal of as-applied constitutional challenges in every case or in this case
       specifically. The first derives from the Bingham decision itself. The entirety of the decision is

                                                   -8-
       an analysis of four conceptual components of the specific appeal under consideration,
       seemingly to ascertain whether the issue had been sufficiently litigated in the trial court to
       permit meaningful appellate review. The court thoroughly assessed each of the components.
       This analysis would have been a wholly useless and meaningless exercise if the court’s only
       purpose was to announce a blanket prohibition of any review of any and all as-applied
       constitutional challenges raised for the first time on appeal. Instead, the analysis appears to be
       a roadmap for making that determination on a case-by-case basis. The second reason is the
       issuance and directive of the supervisory order. If Bingham were indeed the blanket prohibition
       the court’s “conclusion” seems to imply, there would be no point in requiring the appellate
       court “to consider the effect of [the Bingham opinion] on the issue of the constitutionality of
       the sex offender statutes as applied to defendant” or “to determine if a different result is
       warranted.” The court would have simply reversed our decision outright. It did not do so.
¶ 42       For the reasons that follow, I would find that it was appropriate to reach the merits of
       Kochevar’s claim and that our original decision in this case was correct and should stand. In
       that regard, I would also note that the original opinion in this case was a unanimous decision
       of this panel. The dissent that follows tracks that earlier analysis, and I have every reason to
       believe that it would be the same unanimous decision if we all read Bingham’s impact as a
       roadmap and not as a blanket prohibition of all as-applied challenges or all as-applied SORA
       challenges raised for the first time on appeal.
¶ 43       The first step in my analysis is comparing the legal footprints of the two cases based on the
       four conceptual components of the Bingham decision, which found (1) the sex offender
       registration did not relate in any way to defendant’s conviction and sentence in the circuit court,
       (2) the defendant’s obligation to register was not imposed by the trial court, (3) the obligation
       to register was not “punishment” imposed by the trial court, and (4) absent the constitutional
       challenge being raised in the trial court, there was no opportunity for detailed development of
       the facts necessary to consider the issue.
¶ 44       First, the Bingham appeal, unlike our case, involved a retroactive obligation to register.
       Bingham’s sex offense had occurred prior to the adoption of the legislation creating SORA. It
       was his conviction of a completely unrelated felony that triggered his obligation to register,
       and it is his appeal from that unrelated conviction in which his challenge was raised. Because
       of this fact, the supreme court noted that “[t]he requirement that defendant register as a sex
       offender is not encompassed within the judgment or any order of the trial court.” Id. ¶ 17. That
       is clearly not the procedural posture here. Kochevar was charged with and convicted of the
       sexual offense that was the sole basis for his obligation to register, and his appeal was taken in
       that case. While his initial notice of appeal challenged only the sufficiency of the evidence
       upon which he was convicted, he was granted leave, after issuance of the now-vacated decision
       in People v. Tetter, 2018 IL App (3d) 150243, to add the constitutional issue, which was the
       subject of full supplemental briefing prior to the issuance of our original opinion.
¶ 45       Second, in Bingham the trial court’s judgment was devoid of any reference to a requirement
       to register as a sex offender, nor would such a requirement even be contemplated following a
       conviction of felony theft. By contrast, the trial court in the instant case, as required by state
       statute, expressly included within its orders the requirement that Kochevar register as a sex
       offender. Specifically, we note the original and amended “Order Granting Probation (Sex
       Offenses).” These are preprinted form orders declaring and certifying, pursuant to “Chapter

                                                    -9-
       730, Act 150, Illinois Compiled Statutes,” that the named defendant is a “sex offender” and his
       victim was 15 years old. Paragraph 19 of that order provides:
                “The defendant shall comply with the terms and conditions of the Sex Offender
                Registration Act as required by Chapter 730, Act 150, Illinois Compiled Statutes.
                Failing to register or violating the Sex Offender Registration Act in any manner may
                result in a violation of this term of probation. [A handwritten addition to this paragraph
                says ‘defendant shall register under the names Johnson and Kochevar.’] (Emphasis in
                original).”
       These orders require a consequence related to and dependent on the judgment of conviction
       entered by the trial court. I note that this same general basis was used by the First District to
       find its decision in People v. Rodriguez, 2018 IL App (1st) 151938-B, was not prohibited by
       Bingham.
¶ 46       The third factor considered in Bingham concerns Illinois Supreme Court Rule 615(b)’s
       authorization that a reviewing court may “reduce the punishment imposed by the trial court.”
       (Emphasis added.) Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(b)(4) (eff. Jan. 1, 1967). Under existing precedent the
       requirement to register does not impose “punishment” but rather is a mere collateral
       consequence. In almost all sex offender cases, this factor would be dispositive in favor of
       dismissal of Kochevar’s constitutional claim. However, I believe there is an exception
       applicable in this case, which I discuss below.
¶ 47       Finally, in Bingham, the supreme court expressed its concern about the lack of opportunity
       for development of “detailed factual findings” if there is not a civil case or other evidentiary
       proceeding in the trial court. In the instant case, Kochevar argues that the facts of the crime of
       which he was convicted were so benign, as sex offenses go, that the nature and duration of the
       restrictions quite simply outstrip the relative severity of the offense. As to Kochevar’s claim,
       the criminal trial itself constitutes a fact-finding proceeding—one that is documented by
       factual statements agreed upon by the parties. Although several documents on which the court
       would customarily rely are not part of the record, there is nonetheless enough to yield facts
       sufficient to assess Kochevar’s claims.
¶ 48       In this comparison of the two cases, the factual differences related to the first and fourth
       factors are significant and, standing alone, should permit review. The problem for Kochevar
       lies with the second (arguably) and third factors and their common denominator—the
       “collateral consequences” classification. It is that designation that prevents the trial court’s
       written directive that Kochevar register as a sex offender from being an obligation “imposed
       by” the court and precludes the obligation from being “punishment” imposed by the court. The
       significance of this fact in this case is that the entire thrust of Kochevar’s constitutional
       challenge is his argument for a change in the law—a change that recognizes that, in the
       evolution of the SORA statutory scheme, the modifications have transformed something that
       started out as a benign civil protection system into a draconian, oppressive, and life-altering
       process—and a finding that registration is now punishment rather than a collateral
       consequence. Put differently, the legal change he seeks is from the very classification that
       Bingham has found precludes his appeal in this case. Given that and the other major distinctions
       identified between the two cases, I believe this appeal is a proper vehicle for presenting his
       claim and that a result different from that in Bingham is warranted. Accordingly, I would reach
       the merits of Kochevar’s as-applied constitutional challenge.

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¶ 49        Finally, I briefly address the majority’s reliance on the supreme court’s directive that
       “challenges to SORA may be pursued only in two circumstances: (1) on direct appeal in a case
       finding a defendant guilty of violating a SORA requirement or (2) by pursuing a constitutional
       claim in a civil suit.” Supra ¶ 33 (citing Bingham, 2018 IL 122008, ¶ 21). I believe this case is
       unique in that the defendant is specifically challenging the continued appropriateness and
       viability of the supreme court’s prior holdings that the SORA statutes are not punishment but
       are instead collateral consequences. That specific challenge seems to beg consideration in the
       case in which, unlike Bingham, the punishment/consequence was actually imposed. Moreover,
       given the particular posture of this case, compelling Kochevar to either violate the statute and
       risk extending his requirements for an additional 10 years or incur the expense and delay of
       filing a new civil action seems to violate at least the spirit of enhancing access to justice. So,
       again, I would reach the merits in this appeal.
¶ 50        Kochevar’s constitutional challenge alleges the “Illinois statutory scheme of penalties that
       apply to a convicted sex offender, including community notification, and, inter alia,
       restrictions on movement and employment are unconstitutional as applied to him.” He cites
       the following offending statutes: SORA (730 ILCS 150/1 et seq. (West 2016)), the Sex
       Offender Community Notification Law (Notification Law) (730 ILCS 152/101 et seq. (West
       2016)), section 11-9.3 of the Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS 5/11-9.3 (West 2016)), section
       5-5-3(o) of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-5-3(o) (West 2016)), and section
       21-101 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/21-101 (West 2016)).
¶ 51        Kochevar’s as-applied challenge rests on two arguments: first, that the restrictions
       constitute punishment and their application to him renders that punishment grossly
       disproportionate to the severity of the crime in violation of the eighth amendment to the United
       States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. VIII) and, second, that the restrictions constitute a
       “penalty” and their application to him violates the clause of the Illinois Constitution requiring
       “[a]ll penalties shall be determined both according to the seriousness of the offense and with
       the objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship” (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11).
¶ 52        Of course, the major obstacle to Kochevar’s requested relief is the firm position of our
       supreme court that the statutes in question do not constitute punishment. The State has cited
       and discussed the supreme court’s decisions and the conforming decisions of all of the
       appellate districts in great detail, but its recitation was unnecessary—we are well aware of the
       line of cases including People v. Adams, 144 Ill. 2d 381, 387-89 (1991), in which the court
       held that the restrictions of SORA are not punishment but rather are merely collateral
       consequences of a conviction for covered sexual offenses, and People v. Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d
       413 (2000), in which the court reaffirmed the sex offender laws are not punishment, and others
       listed and unlisted in the State’s recital. See also 720 ILCS 5/11-9.4-1(b) (West 2016). The
       thrust of Kochevar’s appeal is his argument for reconsideration, in light of numerous changes
       in the statutory SORA scheme since its fairly benign inception, of the classification of its
       registration obligation as a collateral consequence. The raison d’etre of this appeal is his
       argument for that change in that law.
¶ 53        The supreme court could not have made its position clearer. The SORA statutes do not
       constitute punishment or penalty. And yet offenders who live under SORA restrictions
       continue to be confronted with what certainly feels and operates as to them like punishment. I
       acknowledge the heavy weight of supreme court precedent and still urge reconsideration and
       a different result in light of more recent statutory changes. I am mindful of the deference due

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       the legislature’s enactment of laws, and I recognize that the sex offender statutory scheme has
       been developed to address legitimate and important state concerns.
¶ 54       It is, however, also true that the checks and balances built into our state and federal
       constitutions require the courts to evaluate and reevaluate challenged legislation to ascertain
       when or if it runs afoul of federal and state constitutional rights and protections. See Kennedy
       v. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. 144, 165 (1963) (“ ‘[i]f society is disturbed by civil commotion
       *** these safeguards need, and should receive, the watchful care of those entrusted with the
       guardianship of the Constitution and laws’ ” (quoting Ex parte Milligan, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 2,
       124 (1866))). That duty is triggered in a situation such as this, in which a claim has been raised
       that statutes deemed civil and regulatory appear to have evolved and become “ ‘so punitive
       either in purpose or effect as to negate [the State’s] intention’ to deem it ‘civil.’ ” Kansas v.
       Hendricks, 521 U.S. 346, 361 (1997) (quoting United States v. Ward, 448 U.S. 242, 248-49
       (1980)). More specifically in this case, Kochevar claims that changes to the original legislative
       system have converted a once-benign registration requirement with strictly limited
       dissemination to one of sweeping reach and harsh punitive consequences. To assist in
       evaluating such claims, the Mendoza-Martinez court set out the following multiple-factor test
       for determining whether civil regulation is or has evolved into punishment: (1) whether the
       sanction involves affirmative disability or restraint, (2) whether it has been historically
       regarded as punishment, (3) whether its operation will promote the traditional aims of
       punishment, (4) whether the sanction is rationally related to an alternative, nonpunitive
       purpose, and (5) whether it appears excessive in relation to the alternative, nonpunitive
       purpose. Mendoza-Martinez, 372 U.S. at 168-69; Smith v. Doe, 538 U.S. 84, 97 (2003). When
       those factors are applied to the sex offender statutory scheme at issue here, there are strong
       indications that the scheme has become penal. Having and intending to convey no disrespect
       to either the supreme court or to the legislature, the supporting arguments for a change in the
       law are set out below.

¶ 55                                           A. Defendant
¶ 56       The analysis begins by considering who Kochevar was at the time he committed and was
       convicted for his offense. This information is derived from the custodial statement quoted
       earlier in the majority decision. He was a senior at Prophetstown High School whose positive
       academic and athletic performances earned him admission to Monmouth College and an
       athletic scholarship to play basketball and run track. He said of his academics, “I always go to
       school, I get good grades.” He planned to study business and music in college, and his “big
       plan” for his life was to “open up a place for kids, singers, or bands to come record music.”
¶ 57       He described himself as “a 3 sport athlete who excels in all of them.” Included in his
       narrative was the description of an act of kindness, repeated on one later occasion, toward a
       physically handicapped teammate, which resulted in a friendship. He did not, however, gloss
       over his shortcomings, candidly admitting joining with some friends to throw eggs at the house
       and car of C.R.’s sister because they “didn’t like her.” In a self-centered, teenage way, he
       regretted that action when his own car was egged at a later time—in part because he thought it
       contributed to C.R.’s parents’ dislike of him and because experiencing it “made [him] feel
       worse about it.”
¶ 58       Kochevar’s relationship with C.R., as he described it, began as a friendship. He was 16,
       almost 17, and she was 14 when its character began to develop romantic overtones. Their first

                                                   - 12 -
       sexual encounter occurred when he had turned 18 and she was 15. He described his feelings
       for her (“there is a big spot in my heart for that girl and I think there always will be”) and
       expressed a hope that perhaps when she was 18 and could make her own decisions they would
       be able to get together. He said his relationship with C.R. was “wrong,” and he understood
       why her parents were upset. However, he denied any knowledge that his actions were criminal,
       and there is no indication in the record that he possessed any criminal intent.
¶ 59        In response to a direct written question: “Did you violate any law with your relationship
       with C.R. and, if so what law?” his response was “I don’t think I did mainly because she was
       all for it and we didn’t drink or do drugs or anything like that. But the age thing plays a part.”
       I would note that the additional questions appended to his narrative statement would cause any
       person of average intelligence to suspect that age might have been a factor in whatever had
       brought him to the police station.
¶ 60        The record in this case does not reveal a “sex offender who targets children” or a “sexual
       predator.” It should be noted, however, that he has acknowledged and rationalized continuing
       attempts to see C.R. after he was charged and in violation of no contact orders. What the record
       does show is a typical teenager—brash, occasionally rash, with soft spots and spurts of poor,
       but largely harmless, judgment—generally living life much like other teens. He was graduating
       from high school, going off to college on scholarship, full of potential and plans when he was
       removed from this relative homogeneity, charged, convicted, and sentenced for criminal sexual
       abuse. As a mandatory part of his sentence of probation, he was and is required to register as
       a sex offender.

¶ 61                                        B. Effect of Statute
¶ 62        Because he was 18 years old at the time of his offense, certain benefits, which would have
       been applicable to him had he acted six to seven months earlier, are unavailable. He is arguably
       (and the State in fact makes this argument) not entitled to the sentencing considerations
       afforded younger offenders by the United States Supreme Court in Miller v. Alabama, 567
       U.S. 460 (2012). Nor can he benefit from a juvenile’s entitlement to more limited
       dissemination of his status as a convicted sex offender. 730 ILCS 152/121 (West 2016). Instead
       a few keystrokes on any Internet browser will bring up Kochevar’s name, his picture, the name
       and citation of his offense, and the fact of his conviction on the Illinois sex offender website.
       Id. § 120(c), (d). Upon inputting his name on the national website, a searcher will be referred
       to the State’s more informative site. His status as a sex offender is thus broadcast to the world,
       and he faces a lifetime of employment rejection, public disdain, impairment of his enjoyment
       of parental involvement and his discharge of parental responsibilities, curtailment of his liberty
       to live where he chooses and to move freely about his community, suspicion, and permanent
       stigma. His life as he knew it was over.
¶ 63        Kochevar notes that the public data on the website and additional information of a much
       more personal nature are required to be maintained by the Illinois State Police in the Statewide
       Sex Offender Database (id. § 115) and that the local sheriff is required to disclose that
       information to numerous community groups whose duties and services relate to children. These
       include school boards, libraries, childcare facilities, public housing agencies, the Department
       of Children and Family Services, and volunteer organizations. Id. § 120(a). The information
       may also be given to members of the public who request it. Id. § 120(c).

                                                   - 13 -
¶ 64       It is not clear to me that he would be allowed to take advantage of his scholarship to
       Monmouth College because his probation order specifies that “under no circumstances” is he
       permitted to reside outside of Whiteside County before completing two years of sex offender
       treatment. Monmouth College is in Knox County. But wherever he attends college, he is
       required to register with both local law enforcement and the school’s public safety or security
       director; those people must be notified each and every time he competes in an out-of-town
       track meet or basketball tournament over a long weekend, goes on an extended trip with
       friends, or is otherwise absent from his residential community for three or more days. 730
       ILCS 150/3 (West 2016); see also People v. Pearse, 2017 IL 121072. Any slip-up with these
       notification obligations automatically extends his registration requirement by another 10 years.
       730 ILCS 150/7 (West 2016).
¶ 65       Any contact with children (or even his mere presence in their general vicinity) is rigidly
       circumscribed. Beyond the negative impacts if he ultimately has children of his own or has
       friends or family members with children, this particular restriction would effectively foreclose,
       or at the least postpone, his “big plan” to provide and run a recording studio for “kids, singers
       or bands.”
¶ 66       This does not purport to be an exhaustive or comprehensive list of either the registration or
       notification obligations applicable to Kochevar but is merely a sampling of the restrictions
       imposed on him because of his conviction. And, as noted above, although his registration term
       is 10 years, any failure of strict compliance with the numerous technical registration and
       notification requirements results in an automatic extension for another 10 years. Id.
       Misunderstanding any of the myriad rules, inadvertence, even hospitalization when a deadline
       arrives, or a new notification requirement being allegedly incurred (see Pearse, 2017 IL
       121072) can extend a 10-year registration, one term at a time, to a lifetime obligation.

¶ 67               C. Application of the Mendoza-Martinez Factors to Kochevar’s Facts
¶ 68       A careful, thorough, and thoughtful retrospective of sex offender registration and
       notification cases in the Illinois and federal courts results in what I believe to be a compelling
       argument that modifications in the implementation and reach of the registration itself and the
       increasingly burdensome and debilitating restrictions of the legislative program have
       gradually, but inexorably, transformed rationally based, protective consequences into a
       statutory scheme that is indeed punitive. Using the five-factor test set out in Mendoza-
       Martinez, 372 U.S. at 168-69 (supra ¶ 54), the evolution of sex offender registry cases and the
       legislatively enacted registration, notification, and restriction regulations can be assessed to
       determine whether legislation intended to create a civil regulatory scheme has become “so
       punitive either in purpose or effect as to negate [the State’s] intention to deem it civil.” (Internal
       quotation marks omitted.) Hendricks, 521 U.S. at 361 (quoting Ward, 448 U.S. at 248-49). In
       the original opinion in this case, we adopted the analysis in Tetter, now vacated pursuant to
       supervisory order. In this dissent, I have essentially coopted portions of the analysis of the
       Tetter majority with the permission of its author, Justice Schmidt.
¶ 69       With regard to the first Mendoza-Martinez factor, in 2000 our supreme court found in
       Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d at 421, that the 1998 version of the Notification Law placed no affirmative
       disability or restraint on sex offenders. Similarly, the United States Supreme Court in Smith,
       538 U.S. at 101, validated Alaska’s sex offender registry law because it left sex offenders “free
       to move where they wish and to live and work as other citizens, with no supervision.” Those

                                                    - 14 -
       reasons were clearly correct at the time. However, in the years since those decisions were
       issued, the Illinois legislature has significantly increased the number, severity, and technicality
       of requirements and restrictions on sex offenders.
¶ 70       Perhaps most importantly, the legislature imposed specific restrictions on where sex
       offenders may be present or live. See 720 ILCS 5/11-9.3 to 11-9.4-1 (West 2012). Sex
       offenders cannot have jobs in which they work, at any time for any reason, within 500 feet of
       a school or public park or within 100 feet of a school bus stop. Id. SORA also effectively bars
       offenders from working any job requiring extensive travel; sex offenders must notify, in
       person, both Illinois law enforcement and the destination’s law enforcement when they are
       away from home for three or more days. 730 ILCS 150/3(a) (West 2012). The amendments
       since Malchow “directly restrict where [a sex offender] can live, work, and even move about
       his community.” People v. Avila-Briones, 2015 IL App (1st) 132221, ¶ 51. Thus, Illinois now
       has very different and more restrictive statutes than those addressed in Malchow or Smith. In
       the time since the legislature began enacting statutes that affirmatively constrain a convicted
       sex offender’s presence, residence, and liberty to move about society, the court has not actually
       and specifically addressed whether the sex offender statutes’ punitive effects negate the
       legislature’s expressed intent to deem the laws civil. See Hendricks, 521 U.S. at 361. For the
       reasons stated below, I would urge a finding that they do.

¶ 71                               1. Affirmative Disability or Restraint
¶ 72       Neither Malchow nor Smith found that Illinois’s 1998 Notification Law and Alaska’s
       SORA, respectively, affirmatively disabled or restrained registered sex offenders. The more
       recent amendments to the sex offender statutes are now strikingly akin to probation or
       supervised release, both of which are considered punishment. Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S.
       868, 874 (1987) (“Probation is simply one point (or, more accurately, one set of points) on a
       continuum of possible punishments ranging from solitary confinement in a maximum-security
       facility to a few hours of mandatory community service.”). Indeed, for Kochevar, registration
       and compliance were mandatory conditions of his probation.
¶ 73       Non-sex-offender parolees are subject to parole conditions. Parolees must, among other
       conditions, not break the law in any jurisdiction; not possess a firearm or dangerous weapon;
       report to an agent of the Illinois Department of Corrections (DOC); permit a DOC agent to
       visit the parolee at home or place of employment; attend or reside in a facility established for
       the instruction or residence of persons on parole or mandatory supervised release (MSR);
       obtain the DOC’s permission before leaving the state; obtain permission before changing
       residence or employment; consent to searches of the parolee’s person, property, or residence;
       refrain from using narcotics and submit to urinalysis testing; not frequent places where
       controlled substances are illegally sold or used; not knowingly associate with others on MSR
       or parole; provide true and accurate information regarding the parolee’s community integration
       and adjustment; and follow the parole agent’s instructions. See 730 ILCS 5/3-3-7(a) (West
       2016). Parolees may additionally be required to work, pursue education or vocational training,
       undergo treatment for medical issues or addiction, and/or support the parolee’s dependents. Id.
       § 3-3-7(b).
¶ 74       Sex offenders, like defendant, are subject to dozens of additional parole conditions. See id.
       §§ 3-3-7(a)(7.5) to (7.13), (b)(7.5) to (7.6), (b-1). These conditions include sex offender
       treatment, not living in the same residential unit (including apartments or condominiums) with

                                                   - 15 -
       other known sex offenders, wearing an electronic monitoring device, not communicating with
       or contacting people on the Internet whom the offender believes to be under 18, consenting to
       searches of all devices with Internet access, not possessing prescription medications for erectile
       dysfunction, not “scrubbing” or erasing data on any computer device, residing only at an
       approved location, obtaining approval prior to accepting employment or pursuing education,
       not being employed or participating in any volunteer activity involving contact with children,
       refraining from entering designated geographic areas without approval, neither possessing nor
       having access to pornography or sexually stimulating material, not patronizing any adult
       entertainment establishment or telephone hotline, not residing near or being present in places
       where minors may congregate without advance approval, taking an annual polygraph exam,
       maintaining a travel log, and other restrictions. See id.
¶ 75       Even after completing sex offender probation, offenders are subject to the sex offender
       statutes for either 10 years or life—Kochevar’s misdemeanor conviction subjects him to
       registration for 10 years. Under the sex offender statutes, sex offenders who have completed
       their parole must register with the DOC, inform the DOC of certain life events (such as buying
       or using a new car, growing a beard, moving, or taking a vacation); must consent to having
       Internet usage monitored; and, importantly, must not live or be present near school zones,
       school bus stops, or public parks. Sex offenders who have completed their parole are more
       restricted in many ways than non-sex-offenders who remain on parole. While non-sex-offender
       parolees are monitored and prohibited from committing crimes, even off-parole sex offenders
       may not reside or be present near places where the legislature has deemed them more likely to
       recidivate. With few exceptions, these restrictions apply to all sex offenders regardless of the
       nature of their offense and the likelihood of reoffending.
¶ 76       Sex offender statutes restrict where Kochevar may live, work, or be present, in addition to
       the numerous obstacles imposed by the registration requirements. These requirements and
       restrictions, collectively, constitute an affirmative disability and restraint—defendant is
       restricted in most aspects of his daily life. Specifically, “safe zones” surrounding schools,
       school bus stops, and public parks significantly limit defendant’s lawful movement within the
       community. These zones restrict where he may live, drive, work, visit, or attend any social
       function for life. Although not to the same degree as prison, the sex offender statutes’
       restrictions affirmatively disable and restrain offenders such as defendant. Therefore, this
       factor suggests that the sex offender statutes constitute punishment.

¶ 77                              2. History and Tradition as Punishment
¶ 78       The Smith majority found that the version of Alaska’s SORA in effect in 2003 did not
       resemble a historically recognized form of punishment—it merely disseminated accurate,
       already-public information. Smith, 538 U.S. at 97-99. More recently, the Sixth Circuit Court
       of Appeals has found Michigan’s Sex Offender Registration Act (Michigan’s SORA) (Mich.
       Comp. Laws § 28.723 et seq. (2012)) does meet “the general definition of punishment, has
       much in common with banishment and public shaming, and has a number of similarities to
       parole/probation.” Does #1-5 v. Snyder, 834 F.3d 696, 703 (6th Cir. 2016), cert. denied, 583
       U.S. ___, 138 S. Ct. 55 (2017). The Snyder court primarily focused on Michigan’s SORA’s
       1000-foot school safety zone restriction; sex offenders were not allowed to live, work, or
       “loiter” within 1000 feet of any school. Id. at 698, 702. The court found this restriction punitive,
       concluding that it drastically hindered offenders’ ability to live in or move about society. Id. at

                                                    - 16 -
       702. The court also found that Michigan’s SORA went far beyond publishing already-public
       information, like Alaska’s SORA in Smith. Id. Instead, Michigan’s SORA set forth a
       nonappealable “byzantine code” in which “the ignominy *** flows not only from the past
       offense, but also from the statute itself.” Id. at 697, 703.
¶ 79       Illinois’s current sex offender statutes are more similar to Michigan’s SORA addressed in
       Snyder than Alaska’s SORA considered in Smith or our own 1998 Notification Law reviewed
       in Malchow. Arguably, our current sex offender statutes are more restrictive than Michigan’s
       SORA deemed punishment in Snyder. Although Michigan’s SORA imposed larger school
       safety zones than our sex offender statutes (1000 feet as opposed to 500 feet), our sex offender
       statutes impose a 500-foot zone around public parks and a 100-foot zone around school bus
       stops that Michigan’s SORA did not impose. Michigan’s SORA also did not “prohibit the
       registrant from setting foot in the school zones.” Id. at 701. Our sex offender statutes do. 720
       ILCS 5/11-9.3, 11-9.4-1 (West 2016).
¶ 80       Our sex offender statutes satisfy the traditional definition of punishment. Citing published
       legal philosophy, the Snyder court defined “punishment” as involving pain or unpleasant
       consequences following from an offense against the law, applying to the offender, being
       intentionally administered by people other than the offender, and being imposed and
       administered by an authority constituted by a legal system against which the offense was
       committed. Snyder, 834 F.3d at 701 (citing H.L.A. Hart, Punishment and Responsibility in
       Essays in the Philosophy of Law 4-5 (1968)). Our sex offender statutes, like parole or MSR,
       satisfy this definition. I would contend that this factor also suggests that the sex offender
       statutes constitute punishment.

¶ 81                                3. Traditional Aims of Punishment
¶ 82       The traditional aims of punishment are incapacitation, retribution, and deterrence. Our
       legislature implemented the sex offender statutes to deter future sex crimes and protect the
       public. If the sex offender statutes are not meant or do not operate to deter sex crimes, then
       they do not protect the public at all. As the United States Supreme Court noted in Smith,
       however, civil regulations can deter crime: “To hold that the mere presence of a deterrent
       purpose renders such sanctions criminal *** would severely undermine the Government’s
       ability to engage in effective regulation.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Smith, 538 U.S.
       at 102. A statute that deters crime is not necessarily punitive.
¶ 83       Our sex offender statutes, however, do not merely deter recidivism; they incapacitate
       convicted sex offenders and serve as retribution for having committed sex crimes. The sex
       offender statutes’ residence and presence restrictions, at work or otherwise, incapacitate sex
       offenders by banning them from places where children routinely congregate. Restricting
       offenders’ liberty of residence and movement, as well as monitoring their daily lives solely
       because of certain convictions, emits a strong scent of retribution, for better or worse. In sum,
       our sex offender statutes satisfy all three traditional aims of punishment. I would conclude that
       this factor strongly suggests that the sex offender statutes constitute punishment.

¶ 84               4. Rational Relation to a Nonpunitive Purpose and 5. Excessive Application
¶ 85        The final two Mendoza-Martinez factors relevant to sex crimes can be effectively assessed
       in tandem. These factors instruct us to determine whether the sex offender statutes’ restrictions
       are rationally related to their nonpunitive purpose of protecting the public and, if so, whether

                                                  - 17 -
       the application of the sex offender statutes is excessive with respect to serving its nonpunitive
       purpose.
¶ 86       Smith held that Alaska’s SORA, which was limited to identifying offenders, was rationally
       related to protecting the public from sex offenders, a nonpunitive regulatory purpose, primarily
       due to the high risk of recidivism. Id. at 102-04. The Court cited research on child molesters,
       which noted a high recidivism rate and concluded that most offenders reoffend more than a
       few years after their prison terms, sometimes as many as 20 years after release. Id. at 104. The
       Court also found the application of Alaska’s SORA to be reasonable in light of its nonpunitive
       objective. Id. at 103-04.
¶ 87       In his concurrence, Justice Souter questioned whether Alaska’s SORA’s excessive or
       indiscriminate application undermined its nonpunitive purpose. He observed that not all sex
       offenders threaten public safety and, “when a legislature uses prior convictions to impose
       burdens that outpace the law’s stated civil aims, there is room for serious argument that the
       ulterior purpose is to revisit past crimes, not prevent future ones.” Id. at 109 (Souter, J.,
       concurring in the judgment).
¶ 88       Here, even if the sex offender statutes are rationally related to a nonpunitive purpose, their
       broad application and harsh liberty restrictions extend far beyond the purpose’s purview. To
       determine whether a statute’s application is excessive with respect to its nonpunitive purpose,
       “[t]he question is whether the regulatory means chosen are reasonable in light of the
       nonpunitive objective.” Id. at 105 (majority opinion). In light of its nonpunitive purpose,
       protecting the public from dangerous sex offenders, the sex offender statutes’ scope and
       substance is unreasonably punitive.
¶ 89       Our current sex offender statutes, unlike Alaska’s SORA in Smith or our own Notification
       Law in Malchow, restrict the liberty of movement in society of all sex offenders, not just
       dangerous ones. Although we must not question “whether the legislature has made the best
       choice possible to address the problem it seeks to remedy” (id.), we must recognize, as did the
       Smith majority, that restricting one’s liberty of movement in the community is drastically
       different than merely disseminating information. See id. at 101.
¶ 90       Sex offender statutes with broad undifferentiated application also greatly exceed their
       nonpunitive purpose. The Snyder court found that indiscriminate restrictions on sex offenders’
       residence or presence in certain areas have, “at best, no impact on recidivism” because
       Michigan’s SORA made “no provision for individualized assessments of proclivities or
       dangerousness, even though the danger to children posed by some *** is doubtless far less
       than that posed by a serial child molester.” Snyder, 834 F.3d at 704-05. Likewise, the scope
       and restrictions of Illinois’s sex offender statutes substantially outpace their public safety
       objective. Illinois individually evaluates sex offenders (including defendant) to determine their
       risk to recidivate, yet the application of the sex offender statutes does not take these individual
       evaluations into account.
¶ 91       There is no effort to determine if a particular offender is a person at whom the purposes
       and restrictions of SORA ought to be directed. Its statutes are not tailored to regulate only
       dangerous offenders, those likely to recidivate, or those with little or no potential for
       rehabilitation; therefore, offenders like defendant must endure the statutes’ restrictions without
       society reaping any benefit. These statutes go well beyond the dissemination of accurate,
       already-public information and are not “analogous to a visit to an official archive of criminal
       records.” Smith, 538 U.S. at 99.

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¶ 92       Moreover, the sex offender statutes’ application is irrevocable. Were that not the case, this
       analysis might be different. See People ex rel. Birkett v. Konetski, 233 Ill. 2d 185, 203 (2009)
       (finding that a juvenile offender’s ability to petition for termination after five years was
       indicative of a nonpunitive restriction). In a similar case, New Hampshire’s supreme court
       fashioned a remedy whereby sex offenders were entitled to periodic hearings, subject to
       judicial review, to determine whether they still posed a danger to society. Doe v. State, 111
       A.3d 1077, 1101-02 (N.H. 2015). Such opportunities for sex offenders to be liberated from the
       sex offender statutes’ strictures would better reflect a nonpunitive regulatory scheme rather
       than extended and enhanced punishment for a crime.
¶ 93       In sum, I am persuaded that consideration of the impact of Illinois’s sex offender
       registration laws in light of the five Mendoza-Martinez factors compels a conclusion that our
       sex offender statutory scheme has morphed from civil regulation into something that is indeed
       punitive. The analytical correctness of this conclusion is strengthened when the statutory
       restrictions are applied to Kochevar and their necessity is assessed in light of his offense and
       his individual characteristics. Sex offender statutes do constitute punishment because they fall
       within the “continuum of possible punishments ranging from solitary confinement in a
       maximum-security facility to a few hours of mandatory community service.” Griffin, 483 U.S.
       at 874. Several of our sister states have found similar statutes to be punitive (see Doe v.
       Department of Public Safety & Correctional Services, 62 A.3d 123 (Md. 2013); Gonzalez v.
       State, 980 N.E.2d 312, 321 (Ind. 2013); Starkey v. Oklahoma Department of Corrections, 2013
       OK 43, 305 P.3d 1004; State v. Letalien, 2009 ME 130, 985 A.2d 4; State v. Williams, 129
       Ohio St. 344, 2011-Ohio-3374, 952 N.E.2d 1108; Commonwealth v. Baker, 295 S.W.3d 437
       (Ky. 2009)).
¶ 94       Proceeding on the conviction that Kochevar’s subjection to the sex offender restrictions is
       indeed punishment, I turn to his claims that this punishment is both excessive and
       disproportionate as to him. The prism through which this assessment is viewed is generally the
       same under the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution and the proportionate
       penalties clause of our state constitution. People v. McDonald, 168 Ill. 2d 420, 455 (1995). The
       eighth amendment, in addition to prohibiting punishment that is cruel and unusual, also forbids
       “extreme sentences that are grossly disproportionate to the crime.” (Internal quotation marks
       omitted.) Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 60 (2010). Whether that standard has been met is
       examined considering the totality of the circumstances and applying the following three-factor
       test: (1) does the gravity of the offense comport with the harshness of the penalty, (2) are more
       serious crimes subject to the same or a less serious penalty, and (3) do other jurisdictions have
       the same punishments for the same crime? Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 290-92 (1983).
¶ 95       The proportionate penalties clause in our state constitution requires that penalties be
       proportionate to the nature of the offense. Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11. A sentence may be
       found unconstitutionally disproportionate if (1) the penalty is cruel, degrading, or so wholly
       disproportionate to the offense committed as to shock the moral sense of the community or
       (2) offenses with identical elements are given different sentences. People v. Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d
       481, 521 (2005). The reality of the sex offender registration and notification strictures is that,
       under most of the regulations, the same penalties are imposed upon conviction of a sex offense
       involving a minor without consideration of whether it is an act of “consensual” teen sex or
       persistent and predatory sexual conduct; the second alternative does not apply. Accordingly, I

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       consider Kochevar’s claim to determine whether, as to him, the penalties in the statute are so
       wholly disproportionate as to shock the moral conscience of the community.
¶ 96        In beginning this analysis, I want to stress that I do not diminish the gravity of Kochevar’s
       crime. I do, however, believe that its degree of seriousness, relative to other sex offenses that
       do include the targeted risks, is suggested by two facts: first, its classification by the legislature
       as a Class A misdemeanor—the least serious of the covered offenses—and, second, that the
       sentence imposed by the court was 90 days in the Whiteside County jail, with 80 of those days
       suspended, and a 24-month term of probation. By contrast with that sentence and under any
       reasonable standard of comparison, the pervasive negative impact of the sex offender
       restrictions is genuinely shocking in this case.
¶ 97        Of paramount importance, there is nothing in the record that suggests that this young man
       targeted children, targeted underage girls, or even targeted C.R. According to the record, based
       on Kochevar’s statements, he and C.R. were engaged in a friendship that evolved over time
       into a relationship that was sexual. He was not a predator. With regard to his individual risk
       assessment, forensic psychologist Kirk Witherspoon conducted a psychological evaluation
       prior to sentencing and concluded in his final report that there was no evidence of sexual
       deviance and the likelihood of reoffending was termed “low-to-moderate.” Kochevar reported
       to Witherspoon that, other than C.R., all of his sexual partners have been his age or older. There
       is nothing in his personal record or in the record on appeal that suggests that the rigid technical
       strictures of the sex offender statutes are necessary to restrain child-predatory instincts or
       predilections that Kochevar gives no evidence of having now or ever having had. The
       imposition of the restrictions is punitive, and because it is unnecessary in order to secure
       Kochevar’s compliance with the statutes’ expressed purpose of preventing abuse of children,
       it is grossly disproportionate to his crime and violates the eighth amendment to the United
       States Constitution.
¶ 98        Further, that the severe punitive impact on Kochevar constitutes a penalty subject to
       evaluation under the proportionate penalties clause seems clear to me. This was a young man
       who the record shows had worked hard to excel academically, athletically, and, most
       importantly, as a decent human being and was heading into a promising future. He was charged
       with and convicted of a sexual crime and removed from the typical teen pool. Now, after having
       served his sentence, he is tethered to that youthful mistake by a plethora of restrictions, some
       of which are effective for 10 years and others for the rest of his life. This system that the
       legislature has devised affirmatively obstructs the State’s constitutional objective of restoring
       this particular offender to useful citizenship in violation of the proportionate penalties clause
       of the Illinois Constitution.
¶ 99        My final point is not legal in nature but, instead, is grounded in truth and common sense.
       Simply put, I have no doubt that there are presidents, other government officials, members of
       the clergy, doctors, judges, lawyers, teachers, CEOs of major corporations, even members of
       the Illinois General Assembly, male and female, who, as teenagers, engaged in the same
       consensual sexual conduct as Devin Kochevar. They are now leaders and pillars of their
       communities who know they never posed any greater threat to children than he does; who have
       risen to their present positions unhampered by the stigma of SORA, which under our laws they,
       too, have earned; and who should look at this young man and acknowledge “there, but for the
       grace of God or family influence or plain dumb luck, go I.”

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¶ 100       For all of the foregoing reasons, I would find Illinois’s statutory sex offender scheme is
        punishment and that, as applied to Kochevar, it violates both the eighth amendment to the
        United States Constitution and the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution.
        Accordingly, I believe that, if the supreme court agreed with this analysis, the appropriate result
        would be to affirm Kochevar’s conviction, jail sentence, and his two-year term of probation
        but without the sex offender conditions of that probation, including vacating the requirement
        that he register as a sex offender and comply with SORA (730 ILCS 150/1 et seq. (West 2016)),
        the Notification Law (730 ILCS 152/101 et seq. (West 2016)), section 11-9.3 of the Criminal
        Code of 2012 (720 ILCS 5/11-9.3 (West 2016)), section 5-5-3(o) of the Unified Code of
        Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-5-3(o) (West 2016)), and section 21-101 of the Code of Civil
        Procedure (735 ILCS 5/21-101 (West 2016)).

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