Court Opinion

ID: 805408
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-07-27 17:43:59+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:15.650943
License: Public Domain

FILED
                               FOR PUBLICATION                                  JUL 27 2012

                                                                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        U .S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DANIEL WAYNE COOK,                                No. 12-16562

              Petitioner - Appellant,             D.C. No. 2:97-cv-00146-RCB

  v.
                                                  ORDER AND OPINION
CHARLES L. RYAN,

              Respondent - Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Arizona
               Robert C. Broomfield, Senior District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted July 26, 2012
                            San Francisco, California

                                 Filed July 27, 2012

Before:      O’SCANNLAIN, GRABER, and CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges.

                   Opinion by Judge CALLAHAN, Circuit Judge:

       This is the second time Daniel Wayne Cook seeks habeas review in this

court. See Cook v. Schriro, 538 F.3d 1000, 1007 (9th Cir. 2008). Three things

have happened since we issued our decision in 2008. First, the Supreme Court

issued its decision in Martinez v. Ryan, -- U.S. -- , 132 S. Ct. 1309 (2012).
Martinez “changed the landscape with respect to whether ineffectiveness of

postconviction counsel may establish cause for procedural default.” Lopez v. Ryan,

678 F.3d 1131, 1133 (9th Cir. 2012). Second, the State of Arizona issued a death

warrant and set August 8, 2012, as Cook’s execution date. Third, the district court

denied Cook’s Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6) motion for relief from

judgment under Martinez. Cook v. Ryan, No. 97-cv-00146-RCB, 2012 WL

2798789 (D. Ariz. July 9, 2012) (unpublished).1

      Cook asserts that his pretrial counsel was ineffective and that his

postconviction relief (“PCR”) counsel was ineffective in Cook’s presentation of

that claim. In Cook’s view, Martinez requires us to excuse his procedural default

because of ineffective assistance of counsel (“IAC”) in his state PCR proceedings.

Cook also asks us to stay his execution so that he may further pursue his

underlying pretrial IAC claim.

      We affirm the district court’s decision to deny Cook’s Rule 60(b) motion

and deny Cook’s motion for a stay of execution. Martinez does not apply to this

case given Cook’s decision to represent himself during his trial and at sentencing.

      1
        Cook filed a second habeas petition raising the same IAC claims that form
the basis of his Rule 60(b) motion. The district court dismissed the petition as a
second or successive petition barred by 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b). Cook has not
appealed from that ruling, and we do not discuss it further.

                                          2
Even if Martinez does apply, that decision affords Cook no relief because his

pretrial IAC claim lacks merit.

      A unique feature of this case, and one that informs much of our analysis, is

that Cook’s pretrial counsel ceased to represent Cook after seven months, at which

point Cook decided to represent himself. The propriety of Cook’s waiver of

counsel has been fully litigated and is not at issue in this appeal. During his

limited period of representation, Cook’s pretrial counsel acted competently by,

among other things, procuring two mental evaluations and a hearing on Cook’s

competence to stand trial. Indeed, in Cook’s waiver of counsel hearing, Cook

stated that his lawyer “has worked hard for my defense; [he] cares about the

outcome of my trial.”

      Cook’s pretrial counsel cannot be faulted for failing to develop a mitigation

case based on information that Cook knew but decided not to disclose, either

before or during sentencing. Even if such fault could be assigned to Cook’s

pretrial counsel, Cook cannot show prejudice because Cook affirmatively chose

not to present any mitigation information. Moreover, the same judge who

sentenced Cook in 1988 recently reviewed most of the “new” mitigation

information Cook has since developed and concluded that it would not have

                                           3
changed his decision. Thus, even assuming Martinez applies to this case, Cook has

not raised a “substantial” claim that his pretrial counsel was ineffective.

                                  BACKGROUND

A.    Factual background

      The facts are set forth in our opinion affirming the denial of Cook’s first

federal habeas petition, as well as in the Arizona Supreme Court’s opinion denying

Cook’s direct appeal. See Cook v. Schriro, 538 F.3d 1000, 1008-09 (9th Cir.

2008); State v. Cook, 821 P.2d 731, 736-37 (Ariz. 1991). To summarize, at about

6 p.m. on July 19, 1987, Cook suggested to his roommate, John Eugene Matzke,

that the two men steal money from Carlos Cruz-Ramos, a co-worker at a local

restaurant who recently had moved in with Cook and Matzke. After Cruz-Ramos

realized his money was gone, Cook and Matzke tied Cruz-Ramos to a chair and

tortured him for six hours. Among other things, Cook and Matzke beat

Cruz-Ramos with a metal pipe; burned his chest, stomach, and genitals with

cigarettes; and cut his chest with a knife. Cook also raped Cruz-Ramos and stapled

Cruz-Ramos’s foreskin to a chair. Matzke finally strangled Cruz-Ramos to death

with a metal pipe, and the two men put his body in a closet.

      At around 2:30 or 3 a.m., Kevin Swaney arrived at Cook and Matzke’s

apartment. Swaney was a 16-year-old dishwasher at the restaurant where Cook

                                           4
and Matzke worked. Cook originally told Swaney to go away, but then invited him

in. Cook barricaded the door after telling Swaney that he and Matzke had drugs

they wanted to get rid of. Cook took Swaney upstairs and showed him

Cruz-Ramos’s body. When they returned downstairs, Swaney was crying. Cook

and Matzke forced Swaney to undress and then gagged him and tied him to a chair.

Matzke told Cook he wanted no part of any torture, and went to the living room

and fell asleep. At around 4:30 or 5 a.m., Cook woke Matzke. Swaney remained

tied and gagged and was crying. Cook told Matzke they had to kill Swaney

because he (Cook) had raped him. Cook then strangled Swaney, and the two men

put his body in the closet. Cook and Matzke went to sleep.

      Matzke went to work that afternoon but returned home a few hours later. He

and Cook went to a bar and then hung out with Byron Watkins and other friends by

the pool of their apartment complex, as well as in their apartment. The following

morning, Matzke showed Watkins the bodies. Watkins convinced Matzke to go to

the police. The two men went to the police department, whereupon Matzke gave a

videotaped statement.

      The police went to Cook and Matzke’s apartment and arrested Cook. After

receiving Miranda warnings, Cook said, “we got to partying; things got out of

hand; now two people are dead.” Cook then said, “my roommate killed one and I

                                         5
killed the other.” He specifically admitted choking Swaney to death. After

making these statements, Cook refused to say anything further.

B.    Procedural background

      1.     Proceedings before and during trial

      The long procedural history of this matter is set forth in Cook, 538 F.3d at

1009-14. As relevant here, Cook and Matzke were charged with two counts of

first-degree murder, including a death penalty allegation under Arizona Revised

Statute § 13-703. The trial court appointed attorney Claude Keller (hereinafter

“pretrial counsel”) to represent Cook. A grand jury returned an indictment on two

counts of first-degree murder against both defendants.

      Cook was given two pretrial psychological evaluations. After a hearing, the

trial court concluded that Cook was competent to stand trial. Cook was then given

an additional neurological examination, the results of which were filed with the

trial court. A couple of months later, Cook filed a pro se motion to waive counsel

and have his counsel appointed as advisory counsel. During the ensuing hearing,

Cook asked that the trial court “not appoint Mr. Keller as my legal advisor.” Cook

explained, “Mr. Keller has worked hard for my defense; cares about the outcome

of my trial. My personal belief[] is that he cannot advise me according to my

defense.” Cook asked for a specific attorney, but the trial court said only someone

                                         6
else was available, whom Cook rejected. The trial court explained at length the

perils of self-representation, but Cook still wanted to proceed pro se. The court

then conducted extensive questioning pursuant to Faretta v. California, 422 U.S.

806, 835 (1975), and found that Cook knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily

relinquished his right to counsel. The court granted Cook’s motion and appointed

Keller as Cook’s advisory counsel. This was two weeks before trial.

      Matzke entered into a stipulated guilty plea and was sentenced to 20 years in

prison. Matzke testified against Cook at Cook’s trial. At the end of the trial, the

jury deliberated for 77 minutes before returning a guilty verdict against Cook on

both first-degree murder counts.

      Following his conviction, Cook continued to represent himself and presented

no mitigating evidence at the sentencing hearing, stating that the “[o]nly sentence I

will accept from this Court at this time is the penalty of death, your Honor. I have

nothing further.” The court reviewed the presentence report, the mental health

evaluations, the State’s sentencing memorandum, a letter from Cook, the trial

evidence, and matters from hearings in the case. The court found three aggravating

factors (the murders were multiple, were committed for pecuniary gain, and were

committed in an especially heinous, cruel, or depraved manner). The court found

                                          7
no mitigating factors to offset these aggravating factors and sentenced Cook to

death.

         2.    State PCR and federal habeas proceedings

         Cook, with the help of a lawyer (hereinafter “appellate counsel”), filed a

direct appeal in which he raised 16 issues. Cook argued, among other things, that

the trial court had erred in allowing him to waive his appointed trial counsel. The

Arizona Supreme Court rejected this claim, explaining that “[w]hile Cook certainly

lacked a lawyer’s skills, the record demonstrates that he was intellectually

competent, understood the trial process, and was capable of making—and did

make—rational decisions in managing his case.” Cook, 821 P.2d at 739.

         While his appeal was pending, Cook filed a motion to relieve his appellate

counsel for allegedly failing to communicate with him and explain the issues to

him. Cook also filed, pursuant to Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 32, a PCR

petition asserting IAC by his pretrial counsel. Cook’s appellate counsel moved to

withdraw or, in the alternative, to have the Arizona Supreme Court clarify his

status. The Arizona Supreme Court denied the motion to withdraw and issued an

order finding Cook’s PCR petition premature, appointing new counsel for PCR

proceedings, and granting additional time to file an amended PCR petition, if

necessary. About nine months later, the Arizona Supreme Court affirmed Cook’s

                                            8
conviction and sentence. Cook, 821 P.2d at 756. The United States Supreme

Court denied Cook’s petition for certiorari. Cook v. Arizona, 506 U.S. 846 (1992).

      In September 1993, Cook filed, through counsel John Williams (hereinafter

“first PCR counsel”), a “Supplement to Petition for Post-Conviction Relief” in

Arizona Superior Court. The supplemental petition raised nine claims, two of

which were that Cook’s pretrial counsel was ineffective in failing to investigate

and prepare for trial and sentencing, and that this ineffectiveness forced Cook to

choose between ineffective counsel and self-representation. In May 1994, Cook’s

first PCR counsel moved to withdraw due to a conflict and the court appointed a

new attorney, Michael Terribile (hereinafter “second PCR counsel”). In various

rulings issued in late 1994 and early 1995, the trial court—which was the same

court that presided over Cook’s trial and sentencing—rejected some of Cook’s

supplemental PCR issues as precluded or not colorable and denied the others on

their merits after holding evidentiary hearings to receive any newly discovered

evidence.2

      In denying Cook’s pretrial IAC and “forced” self-representation claims, the

court explained that Cook failed to show prejudice or deficient performance.

      2
         During one of the evidentiary hearings, Cook’s second PCR counsel
elicited testimony about pretrial counsel’s actions in preparing Cook’s case,
alleged inexperience with capital cases and applicable law, and personal problems.

                                          9
Specifically: (1) there was “no evidence of witnesses who could have been called

that would have testified in a way that was beneficial” to Cook; (2) the court could

only speculate as to what might have happened at trial had Cook not represented

himself or had Cook’s pretrial counsel “done a better job”; (3) Cook did not show

any specific deficiency, and no case required the judge to inquire into the

effectiveness of appointed counsel in determining whether a waiver of counsel is

knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.

      Cook, through his second PCR counsel, filed a motion for rehearing

regarding several of the claims asserted in his supplemental PCR petition, as well

as one new claim. Cook sought rehearing of his self-representation/waiver claim,

but not of his pretrial IAC claim. The court denied the motion for rehearing. Cook

then filed a petition for review that simply stated, “Daniel Wayne Cook, through

counsel and pursuant to Rule 32.9 of the Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure,

petitions the Arizona Supreme Court for review.” The Arizona Supreme Court

denied the petition and the United States Supreme Court denied Cook’s petition for

certiorari. Cook v. Arizona, 519 U.S. 1013 (1996).

      In January 1997, Cook filed a federal habeas petition in Arizona district

court. The court appointed habeas counsel and granted Cook’s motion to proceed

                                         10
in forma pauperis.3 Cook asserted 21 claims for relief, among them the claim that

his decision to waive counsel was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary, as well

as the claim that his pretrial counsel was ineffective by failing to investigate

mitigating evidence. The district court denied Cook’s waiver claim on its merits,

holding that no clearly established federal law required the state trial court to

inquire into Cook’s dissatisfaction with pretrial counsel’s performance before

allowing him to waive representation. Cook v. Schriro, No. 97-cv-00146-RCB,

2006 WL 842276, at *6-10 (D. Ariz. Mar. 28, 2006) (unpublished). As for Cook’s

independent pretrial IAC claim, the court held that this claim was procedurally

barred because Cook had failed to preserve it in his motion for rehearing. Under

the version of Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.9 that applied to Cook,

      [a]ny party aggrieved by a final decision of the trial court in these
      proceedings may, within ten days after the ruling of the court, move
      the court for a rehearing setting forth in detail the grounds for
      believing the court erred.

Ariz. R. Crim. P. 32.9(a). Moreover, “[o]n denial of a motion for rehearing any

party aggrieved may petition the appropriate appellate court for review of the

actions of the trial court.” Id. R. 32.9(c). Thus, a petitioner could (but was not

      3
       The court originally appointed an attorney from the federal public
defender’s office, but he was replaced by a Criminal Justice Act (“CJA”) attorney.
That CJA attorney continues to represent Cook, including in this appeal.

                                           11
required to) seek rehearing, but doing so was a prerequisite to further review.

Moreover, failure to file a detailed motion for rehearing waived further review.4

See State v. Gause, 541 P. 2d 396, 397 (Ariz. 1975); State v. Bortz, 821 P. 2d 236,

239 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1991).

      On appeal in 2008, we affirmed the district court’s rulings. As relevant here,

we concluded that “the state trial court’s determination that Cook’s waiver of his

right to counsel was voluntary . . . was not objectively unreasonable.” Cook, 538

F.3d at 1015. We also affirmed the district court’s ruling that Cook’s claim that his

pretrial counsel was ineffective was procedurally barred. Specifically, we held that

“preclusion for failure to preserve the issue on motion for rehearing was proper”

under Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure 32.2(a)(3) and 32.9(c), and thus that

“Cook must demonstrate cause and prejudice in order to excuse his procedural

default.” Id. at 1027 (citing Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991)).

Cook argued that he had cause because his second PCR counsel was ineffective in

failing to preserve his pretrial IAC claim in the motion for rehearing and the

      4
        The Arizona Supreme Court changed Rule 32.9 in June 1992 to eliminate
the requirement for a detailed motion for rehearing. However, the court made that
change applicable only to defendants sentenced after December 1, 1992, well after
Cook’s sentencing. Cook’s first PCR counsel “realized that the former Rule 32.9
governed the case and filed an unopposed motion for rehearing to conform to the
old rule.” Cook, 538 F.3d at 1026-27.

                                         12
petition for review. We rejected this argument, citing a long line of Supreme Court

and Ninth Circuit cases for the proposition that IAC in post-conviction proceedings

does not establish cause. Id. at 1027-28; see, e.g., Coleman, 501 U.S. at 752-53;

see also Sexton v. Cozner, 679 F.3d 1150, 1158 (9th Cir. 2012) (discussing these

cases); Towery v. Ryan, 673 F.3d 933, 941 (9th Cir.) (per curiam), cert. denied, 132

S. Ct. 1738 (2012) (same). We also cited the fact that Cook had no right to counsel

at the motion for rehearing stage. Cook, 538 F.3d at 1027 (citing State v. Smith,

910 P.2d 1, 4 (Ariz. 1996) (“After counsel or the pro per defendant submits the

post-conviction petition to the court and the trial court makes its required review

and disposition, counsel’s obligations are at an end.”)). Because Cook was unable

to show cause, we did not consider whether he suffered prejudice. Id. at 1028 n.13.

We affirmed the district court’s denial of Cook’s habeas petition, and the Supreme

Court denied Cook’s petition for certiorari. Id. at 1031; Cook v. Schriro, 555 U.S.

1141 (2009).

                                          13
      3.     Additional post-trial proceedings

      In January 2009, after the Supreme Court denied certiorari, the State of

Arizona sought a warrant of execution.5 The Arizona Supreme Court declined to

issue a warrant because litigation regarding the constitutionality of Arizona’s

lethal-injection protocol was then underway. Cook filed a second PCR petition

challenging the lethal-injection protocol, but also asserting that his pretrial counsel

was ineffective in failing to investigate mitigating evidence. In December 2009,

the trial court denied Cook’s second PCR petition after concluding, among other

things, that Cook’s pretrial IAC claim had been previously litigated and therefore

was barred. In September 2010, the Arizona Supreme Court denied Cook’s

petition for review, and the State once again sought a warrant of execution.

      5
         In February 2009, Cook sought, and we granted, re-appointment of an
attorney from the federal defender’s office to represent Cook, along with his CJA
attorney, in potential further proceedings. See infra. Specifically, Cook sought re-
appointment of the federal defender’s office on the grounds that his CJA attorney
had “never litigated a death penalty case through execution,” and that the federal
defender’s office would help his CJA attorney: (1) mount a challenge to Arizona’s
lethal injection protocol; (2) assert unexhausted claims “based on changes in recent
state and federal law”; (3) provide funding for a mental health expert to explore
“issues related to competency”; (4) file a second or successive habeas petition
based on new constitutional rules of law or a showing of actual innocence; and (5)
pursue any due process violations that might occur during clemency proceedings.
Cook did not argue that he needed the federal defender’s expertise or resources to
conduct an investigation into mitigating circumstances.
                                           14
      In November 2010, while the State’s warrant request was pending, Cook

filed a third PCR petition seeking relief on the ground that newly discovered

information likely would have led the original state trial court to impose a sentence

other than death. See Ariz. R. Crim. P. 32.1(e), (h) (allowing PCR relief on

grounds of newly discovered evidence). Specifically, based on an investigation

conducted by his federal defender, Cook presented the declarations of Cook’s

mother, sister, and a former group home parent, all of whom knew Cook as a child

or adolescent. These declarations documented a long history of physical and

sexual abuse by family members, sexual abuse by the group home parent, a gang

rape by Cook’s peers in the group home when Cook was fifteen years old, and

Cook’s own drug and alcohol abuse. Several of the declarants indicated that no

one had contacted them previously.6

      In addition, Cook presented the declaration of a psychiatrist who reviewed

information from Cook’s trial and the declarations and records described above.

The psychiatrist opined that, at the time Cook committed the murders, Cook

suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”), “organic mental syndrome,

not otherwise specified,” and alcohol and amphetamine intoxication. A letter and a

      6
        As part of his Rule 60(b)(6) motion, Cook submitted additional
declarations containing similar statements.
                                         15
declaration from a clinical psychologist highlighted what the psychologist believed

were deficiencies in Cook’s pretrial competency evaluations.

      Finally, Cook presented the declaration of Eric Larsen, the lead prosecutor at

Cook’s trial in 1988. Larsen declared that Cook’s pretrial counsel was at the “low

end of the competency scale” and “did not speak with me about mitigating

circumstances.” Larsen also declared that: he reviewed the declarations of Cook’s

relatives; “[e]vidence of [Cook’s] brain damage and post-traumatic stress disorder

was present at the time that Mr. Cook was arrested and tried for murder”; and

“[h]ad I been informed of this mitigating information regarding Mr. Cook’s

severely abusive and traumatic childhood and his mental illnesses, I would not

have sought the death penalty in this case.”7

      7
        Cook asserted in his Rule 60(b)(6) motion that all of this newly discovered
mitigation information

      could not have been presented in Cook’s 1997 petition for habeas
      corpus, because it was not until the Federal Public Defender for the
      District of Arizona was appointed co-counsel for Cook in 2009, with
      its financial and personnel resources to carry out the necessary
      investigative and professional investigations and evaluations, that a
      proper mitigation investigation could be accomplished. It was in the
      process of preparing for clemency . . . that facts were uncovered to
      support an application such as is made here.
                                         16
      In January 2011, the trial court denied Cook’s third PCR petition. State v.

Cook, No. CR-9358 (Maricopa Co. Sup. Ct. Jan. 27, 2011).8 The judge—who

again was the same judge who presided over Cook’s trial and

sentencing—considered Cook’s additional information and explained that it either

reflected information the court already knew in 1988 or was irrelevant post-hoc

speculation. Thus, the judge still would have imposed the death penalty. The

judge also concluded that Cook had not been diligent in securing his PTSD

diagnosis.

      The Arizona Supreme Court then issued a warrant of execution for April 5,

2011. Cook filed a petition for review to that court of the trial court’s denial of his

third PCR petition. Among other things, he argued that his lack of diligence in

developing the PTSD diagnosis was the result of his first PCR counsel’s

ineffectiveness. The Arizona Supreme Court summarily denied review. Cook

filed a petition for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court and sought a stay

of execution pending the Court’s resolution of the petition in Martinez. The Court

granted a stay pending the resolution of Cook’s certiorari petition. Cook v.

Arizona, 131 S. Ct. 1847 (2011).

      8
       We take judicial notice of this decision. See Holder v. Holder, 305 F.3d
854, 866 (9th Cir. 2002) (taking judicial notice of state judicial opinion).
                                          17
      4.     Martinez

      In March 2012, the Supreme Court decided Martinez. The Court

established an equitable, rather than constitutional, “narrow exception” to the rule

previously announced in Coleman:

      Where, under state law, claims of ineffective assistance of trial
      counsel must be raised in an initial-review collateral proceeding, a
      procedural default will not bar a federal habeas court from hearing a
      substantial claim of ineffective assistance at trial if, in the
      initial-review collateral proceeding, there was no counsel or counsel
      in that proceeding was ineffective.

Martinez, 132 S. Ct. at 1320. Thus, under Martinez, a petitioner may establish

cause for procedural default of a trial IAC claim, where the state (like Arizona)

required the petitioner to raise that claim in collateral proceedings, by

demonstrating two things: (1) “counsel in the initial-review collateral proceeding,

where the claim should have been raised, was ineffective under the standards of

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984),” and (2) “the underlying

ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim is a substantial one, which is to say

that the prisoner must demonstrate that the claim has some merit.” Martinez, 132

S. Ct. at 1318.

      Immediately after deciding Martinez, the Supreme Court denied Cook’s

certiorari petition, Cook v. Arizona, 132 S. Ct. 1790 (2012), and the State sought a

new warrant of execution. Cook filed a motion before the Supreme Court for leave
                                          18
to file an untimely petition for rehearing from the Court’s 2009 denial of his

petition for certiorari in the federal habeas proceedings, urging a remand to allow

the Ninth Circuit to apply Martinez to Cook’s pretrial and PCR IAC claims. On

May 29, 2012, the Court denied Cook’s motion. Cook v. Schriro, 132 S. Ct. 2709

(2012).

      5.     Current proceedings

      On June 5, 2012, Cook filed in Arizona district court the Rule 60(b) motion

that underlies this appeal. On June 12, 2012, the Arizona Supreme Court issued a

warrant of execution for August 8, 2012. Cook filed a motion for stay of execution

pending the district court’s disposition of his Rule 60(b)(6) motion.

      On July 9, 2012, the district court denied Cook’s motions. Applying the

six-factor test from Phelps v. Alameida, 569 F.3d 1120 (9th Cir. 2009); see also

Lopez, 678 F.3d at 1135-37, the court concluded that Martinez does not constitute

an “extraordinary circumstance” justifying relief under Rule 60(b). Although

certain factors favored granting relief, others—namely finality, comity, and the

degree of connection between Cook’s claims and Martinez—did not. Furthermore,

the court held, Cook failed to show that his underlying pretrial IAC claim was

substantial, and therefore he could not establish cause under Martinez for his

procedural default.

                                         19
      Cook timely appeals the district court’s order denying his Rule 60(b)(6)

motion. Cook also seeks a stay of his execution from this court.

                                    DISCUSSION

A.    Cook’s Rule 60(b)(6) motion is not a second or successive petition under
      28 U.S.C. § 2244(b).

      A Rule 60(b)(6) motion constitutes a second or successive habeas petition

under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b) when it “seeks to add a new ground” for relief or “it

attacks the federal court’s previous resolution of a claim on the merits . . . .”

Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 532 (2005) (emphasis in original). “On the

merits” means “a determination that there exist or do not exist grounds entitling a

petitioner to habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2254(a) and (d).” Id. at 532

n.4. A habeas petitioner does not seek merits review “when he merely asserts that

a previous ruling which precluded a merits determination was in error—for

example, a denial for such reasons as failure to exhaust, procedural default, or

statute-of-limitations bar.” Id.

      We agree with the district court that Cook’s Rule 60(b)(6) motion is not a

barred second or successive habeas petition. In his motion, Cook seeks relief not

from the district court’s ruling on the merits of his claim that his waiver of counsel

was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary because his pretrial counsel was

ineffective, but from the district court’s ruling that his separate claim that his
                                           20
counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and prepare a mitigation plan was

procedurally barred.9 The district court correctly interpreted the statement in

Cook—that “the trial court’s rulings on Cook’s ineffective assistance of counsel

claims were not contrary to or unreasonable applications of Strickland,” Cook, 538

F.3d at 1016—as being limited to the waiver issue. Section 2244(b) therefore did

not bar the district court from considering Cook’s Rule 60(b)(6) motion.

B.    Cook is not entitled to relief under Rule 60(b)(6).

      We review the district court’s denial of a Rule 60(b) motion for abuse of

discretion. Delay v. Gordon, 475 F.3d 1039, 1043 (9th Cir. 2007). “‘However, as

the Supreme Court held in Gonzalez, 545 U.S. at 536-38, appellate courts may, in

their discretion, decide the merits of a Rule 60(b) motion in the first instance on

appeal.’” Lopez, 678 F.3d at 1135 (quoting Phelps, 569 F.3d at 1134-35).

Whether we conduct our review independently or through the lens of the district

court’s discretion, Cook’s claim to Rule 60(b)(6) relief fails. Even if Cook

otherwise could “show ‘extraordinary circumstances’ justifying the reopening of a

final judgment,” Gonzalez, 545 U.S. at 535 (citations omitted), the ground for his

motion—Martinez—affords him no relief.

      9
        Although the two claims are interrelated, as we discuss infra, they are
sufficiently separate to evade § 2244(b)’s bar.
                                         21
      1.     Martinez does not apply to Cook’s claims.

      In Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835 (1975), the Supreme Court

explained that, “[w]hen an accused manages his own defense, he relinquishes, as a

purely factual matter, many of the traditional benefits associated with the right to

counsel. For this reason, in order to represent himself, the accused must

‘knowingly and intelligently’ forgo those relinquished benefits.” The Court also

explained that, “whatever else may or may not be open to him on appeal, a

defendant who elects to represent himself cannot thereafter complain that the

quality of his own defense amounted to a denial of ‘effective assistance of

counsel.’” Id. at 834 n.46.

      In this case, Cook was represented by pretrial counsel from August 1987

through April 1988. Cook then made a knowing, intelligent, and voluntary waiver

of his right to counsel,10 and represented himself at his trial and sentencing hearing.

Even if Cook’s pretrial counsel performed deficiently during the seven months he

represented Cook (a contention we reject below), Cook could have corrected those

      10
        As discussed supra, we previously rejected Cook’s claim that his waiver
was not voluntary. See Cook, 538 F.3d at 1015.
                                       22
errors once he decided to represent himself.11 Faretta therefore precludes Cook

from complaining about the “quality of his own defense.” It follows that the

reason given by the Supreme Court for creating an exception to the Coleman rule

in Martinez—“[t]o protect prisoners with a potentially legitimate claim of

ineffective assistance of trial counsel”—does not apply to Cook. Martinez, 132 S.

Ct. at 1315 (emphasis added).12

      11
           This is particularly true because Cook already knew much, if not all, of the
information he now faults his counsel for failing to develop. Indeed, Cook admits
that much of his “new” mitigation information was “available” before and during
his trial in 1988. Cook has to admit this: even if he was not completely aware of
the mental impairments he now alleges he had at the time he committed the
murders, he plainly was aware of his own troubled childhood and adolescence.
Yet Cook apparently never told his pretrial or PCR counsel about that mitigation
information, never presented the information during the penalty phase of his trial
(instead saying that he would accept only the death penalty, and that he had
“nothing further”), and never presented the information in his federal habeas
proceedings, even though he has been represented by the same counsel since his
habeas proceedings commenced in 1997.
        Cook points to the district court’s decision to deny his request for funding in
2000. However, while Cook said he needed funds for a “documents
investigator/mitigation specialist” and a mental health examination, his pretrial
IAC claim was not among the claims for which he said he needed those things.
Cook also suggests that it was not until he had the additional resources of the
federal defender’s office in 2009 “that a proper mitigation investigation could be
accomplished.” But Cook did not seek that assistance to develop a mitigation case.
See supra. Finally, even if these explanations had merit, they fail to explain
Cook’s inaction before 2000.
      12
        We do not hold that a Martinez claim can never be available to a
defendant who represents himself. Here, however, the conduct of the trial and
sentencing phases, and Cook’s strategy, were his own.
                                        23
      In short, Cook’s trial counsel was, at his own request, Cook. Accordingly,

he cannot claim he was denied effective assistance of counsel. Nor can Cook be

prejudiced by PCR counsel’s alleged failures to assert IAC by trial counsel where,

again, Cook chose to forego trial counsel. Nonetheless, even if Martinez applied to

Cook notwithstanding Faretta, he is not entitled to relief because his pretrial IAC

claim is not substantial.

      2.     Cook’s underlying pretrial IAC claim is not substantial.

      To succeed under Martinez, a petitioner must “demonstrate that the

underlying ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim is a substantial one, which

is to say that the prisoner must demonstrate that the claim has some merit.”

Martinez, 132 S. Ct. at 1318. “Thus, Martinez requires that a petitioner’s claim of

cause for a procedural default be rooted in ‘a potentially legitimate claim of

ineffective assistance of trial counsel.’” Lopez, 678 F.3d at 1137-38 (quoting

Martinez, 132 S. Ct. at 1315); see also Martinez, 132 S. Ct. at 1319 (“When faced

with the question whether there is cause for an apparent default, a State may

answer that the ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim is insubstantial, i.e., it

does not have any merit or that it is wholly without factual support . . . .”).

      As an initial matter, Cook argues that the district court applied too exacting a

standard to his pretrial IAC claim. In Cook’s view, the court evaluated whether

                                           24
Cook would succeed on his IAC claim, rather than whether his claim was

“substantial,” i.e., “has some merit.”13 Martinez, 132 S. Ct. at 1318. We disagree.

Here, while the district court explained that Cook “cannot establish” deficient

performance or prejudice, the court was clear that it was applying the “Martinez

test of substantiality.” Lopez, 678 F.3d at 1138.

      Cook’s pretrial IAC claim—that his pretrial counsel was ineffective in

failing to investigate and to prepare a mitigation case for sentencing—does not

meet Martinez’s test. An IAC claim has merit where counsel’s “performance was

unreasonable under prevailing professional standards,” and (2) “there is a

reasonable probability that but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result would

have been different.” Hasan v. Galaza, 254 F.3d 1150, 1154 (9th Cir. 2001)

(citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-91, 694).

      First, Cook cannot show that his pretrial counsel performed deficiently.

Cook’s lawyer represented Cook for just seven months. During that time, the

      13
          In explaining that an underlying trial IAC claim must have “some merit,”
Martinez referenced, not as direct but as generally analogous support, Miller-El v.
Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322 (2003), which sets forth the standards for issuing
certificates of appealability under 28 U.S.C. § 2253. Under Miller-El, a certificate
of appealability should issue where the “resolution [of a habeas petitioner’s claim]
[is] debatable amongst jurists of reason.” Id. at 336. A court should conduct a
“general assessment of the[] merits,” but should not decline to issue a certificate
“merely because it believes the applicant will not demonstrate an entitlement to
relief.” Id. at 336-37.
                                          25
lawyer obtained two mental health evaluations, hired an investigator who

interviewed several witnesses, filed a host of motions, and caused the trial court to

hold a competency hearing. In particular, Cook’s two mental health evaluations

provided detailed information about Cook’s background, mental state at the time of

the murders, and competency to stand trial. The first evaluation, conducted by Dr.

Daniel Wynkoop, a psychologist, described Cook’s unstable home life, juvenile

delinquency, continuing drug and alcohol use, sexual abuse, emotional instability,

and repeated hospitalizations for depression. The second evaluation, conducted by

Dr. Eugene Almer, a psychiatrist, recapped much of the first evaluation but also

detailed the unstable life of Cook’s parents and siblings, Cook’s medical history,

and other topics. Dr. Almer reviewed Dr. Wynkoop’s evaluation, “extensive”

medical records, and a taped interview of Cook’s mother and stepfather that was

conducted after the murders. Although both doctors explained that Cook likely

had been using drugs and alcohol when he committed the murders, they also

explained that he did not have significant cognitive deficits or organic brain

problems. Finally, both doctors concluded that Cook was competent to assist his

pretrial counsel in his defense, with Dr. Wynkoop adding that Cook “could provide

considerable data if he so chose.”

                                          26
      As the district court explained, it is apparent from these evaluations that

Cook’s pretrial counsel obtained extensive records and background information

about his client during the limited period during which he represented Cook. It is

also apparent that the state trial court, which reviewed these evaluations, the

presentence report, the State’s sentencing memorandum, a letter from Cook, the

trial evidence, and the testimony from evidentiary hearings, was aware of that

information when it imposed the death penalty. Given these facts, we cannot say

that Cook’s pretrial counsel performed deficiently.14

      14
         Thus, this is not a case where a lawyer knew his client had or might have
mitigating circumstances but did nothing to investigate them. Cf. James v. Ryan,
679 F.3d 780, 807-10 (9th Cir. 2012), petition for cert. filed, -- U.S.L.W. -- (U.S.
June 28, 2012) (No. 12-11) (finding deficient performance where counsel “failed to
conduct even the most basic investigation of James’s social history” despite
“obvious indications” of a troubled childhood and mental health problems).
      Nor is this a case in which counsel discovered initial mitigating information
and then did nothing further despite continuing to represent his client through
sentencing. Cf. Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 523-28 (2003) (holding that
counsel performed deficiently where they considered only basic social history
documents, conducted no further investigation after learning of possible leads, and
presented no mitigating information at the sentencing hearing); Williams v. Taylor,
529 U.S. 362, 370, 396 (2000) (counsel performed deficiently where he failed to,
among other things, present known mitigating information during sentencing);
James, 679 F.3d at 807-10 (finding deficient performance where counsel learned of
substantial mitigating information following guilty verdict but failed to present it
during the sentencing hearing).
      As discussed above, Cook’s pretrial counsel took actions that were
reasonable “under prevailing professional norms,” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688,
especially in light of the short period during which Cook allowed his counsel to
represent him.
                                           27
      Our conclusion is bolstered by the unique procedural history of this case,

and in particular Cook’s own role in it. First, Cook’s pretrial counsel represented

him for at most seven months, before Cook successfully moved to represent

himself. In doing so, Cook accepted responsibility for preparing for his trial and

sentencing hearing. Second, the information Cook’s pretrial counsel allegedly

failed to discover or to develop during this short period was peculiarly within

Cook’s knowledge, but he withheld that information from his counsel and the

court. Indeed, Dr. Wynkoop noted that Cook could provide considerable data if he

chose to. Instead, Cook declined to provide any information, going so far as to say

at sentencing that the “[o]nly sentence I will accept from this Court at this time is

the penalty of death, your Honor. I have nothing further.”15

      Even if Cook’s pretrial counsel could be faulted for not developing

information that Cook withheld, Cook cannot show that he suffered any prejudice

      15
         Even though Cook never told his counsel about his own background, Cook
argues that the need for a more “thorough” investigation nonetheless was made
apparent by his pretrial motion for a competency hearing, in which he revealed that
he had been a patient at two mental hospitals and received treatment at a mental
health clinic, and that a car had run over his head. However, that information was
more fully developed during, and as a result of, the dual competency evaluations.
As for the alleged car accident, Dr. Almer discussed it in his report, even though
the neurology expert who examined Cook’s hospital records found no record of a
head injury. When confronted with this fact, Cook claimed his records had been
“transferred.” The expert also conducted a neurological exam of Cook and
concluded that it was “[c]ompletely normal.”
                                           28
as a result of that alleged error. First, whether Cook’s pretrial counsel had

developed further mitigation information would have made no difference given

that Cook already knew the information but affirmatively chose not to present it.

See Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 477 (2007) (“The District Court was

entitled to conclude that regardless of what information counsel might have

uncovered in his investigation, Landrigan would have interrupted and refused to

allow his counsel to present any such evidence.”).

      Second, the same trial judge who sentenced Cook to death in 1988 has stated

that Cook’s additional information would not have made any difference. See id. at

476 (“And it is worth noting, again, that the judge presiding on postconviction

review was ideally situated to make this assessment because she is the same judge

who sentenced Landrigan and discussed these issues with him.”). In ruling on

Cook’s third PCR petition, the judge considered much of Cook’s “new” mitigation

information, particularly his PTSD diagnosis. The judge explained that Cook’s

“subsequent diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder simply gave a name to

significant mental health issues that were already known to the Court at the time of

sentencing.” Thus, the judge, writing as the court, determined “unequivocally that

if it had known in 1988 that the Defendant had been diagnosed with post-traumatic

                                          29
stress disorder at the time of the murders it still would have imposed the death

penalty.”

      The trial judge also explained that the declaration of Eric Larsen, the

prosecutor-turned-criminal-defense-attorney who said he would not have sought

the death penalty had he known about Cook’s mitigating circumstances,

represented “the ultimate in speculation.” Given the prosecutor’s background and

practices in 1987 and 1988, as well as the “fairly regular basis” on which the

prosecutor’s office sought the death penalty during that period, it was

“unfathomable” that the death penalty would not have been sought in a case

“involving the torture, mutilation, and eventual killing of 2 completely innocent

victims.” That was true “even for a defendant who was known to have been

diagnosed” with PTSD. We think these observations, made by the same judge who

sentenced Cook nearly 25 years ago, are persuasive.

      In sum, Cook fails to set forth a substantial claim that his pretrial counsel

performed deficiently or that, even if he did, Cook suffered prejudice. This

conclusion supports the district court’s denial of Rule 60(b)(6) relief.

C.    Cook has not established that he is entitled to a stay of execution.

      “[L]ike other stay applicants, inmates seeking time to challenge the manner

in which the State plans to execute them must satisfy all of the requirements for a

                                          30
stay, including a showing of a significant possibility of success on the merits.”

Hill v. McDonald, 547 U.S. 573, 584 (2006). As discussed supra, we reject

Cook’s Martinez claim on the grounds that Martinez does not apply, and that, even

if it does, Cook’s pretrial IAC claim is not substantial. Because Cook therefore

fails to show “a significant possibility of success on the merits,” we must deny his

request for a stay.

      We also conclude that Cook fails to meet two of the three remaining

requirements for a stay: “that the balance of equities tips in his favor[] and that an

injunction is in the public interest.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 555

U.S. 7, 20 (2008). As discussed supra, Cook has delayed for 25 years disclosing

much of the information on which he now premises his pretrial IAC claim. Cf.

Hill, 547 U.S. at 584 (explaining that where a prisoner has delayed bringing his

claim, the equities cut sharply against him); Gomez v. U.S. Dist. Court, 503 U.S.

653, 654 (1992) (per curiam) (noting that the “last-minute nature of an application”

or an applicant’s “attempt at manipulation” of the judicial process may be grounds

for denial of a stay). In addition, the citizens of the State of Arizona—especially

the families of Carlos Cruz-Ramos and Kevin Swaney—have a compelling interest

in seeing that Arizona’s lawful judgments against Cook are enforced.

                                          31
                                 CONCLUSION

      The district court properly denied Cook’s Rule 60(b)(6) motion for relief

from judgment. Martinez does not apply to Cook given Cook’s decision to

represent himself. Even if Martinez does apply, Cook has not established that his

pretrial counsel IAC claim is substantial. Cook also fails to meet the requirements

for a stay of execution. The district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED, and Cook’s

motion for a stay of execution is DENIED.

                                         32
                                  COUNSEL

Michael J. Meehan (argued), Law Office of Michael Meehan, Tucson, Arizona,
and Dale A. Baich and Robin C. Konrad, Federal Public Defender, Capital Habeas
Unit, Phoenix, Arizona (on the briefs), for Petitioner-Appellant Daniel Wayne
Cook.

Kent E. Cattani (argued) and Thomas C. Horne (on the briefs), Office of the
Attorney General, Phoenix, Arizona, for Respondent-Appellee Charles L. Ryan.

                                      33