Court Opinion

ID: 9477073
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 06:12:59.503477+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:45:40.432639
License: Public Domain

*1260BRIGHT, Senior Circuit Judge,
dissenting.
I dissent.
While I agree with the majority’s conclusion of no merit to Thomerson’s allegations that his sixth amendment right was violated by ineffective assistance of counsel at trial, and that his due process rights were violated both by the prosecutor’s failure to disclose exculpatory evidence and the district court’s denial of his motion for a continuance and failure to suppress his confession, I cannot agree with the majority’s conclusion that the prosecution presented sufficient evidence to convict Thomerson of first-degree murder.
Thomerson argues that a conviction for this crime requires proof, beyond a reasonable doubt, of a premeditated and deliberad ed purpose to cause the death of the victim. He claims the State presented no evidence of premeditation or deliberation. He argues that both his confession and the circumstantial evidence linking him to the crime show that the killing was done impulsively, and without premeditation. In his confession, Thomerson states that he returned home to find another “dude” with his girlfriend in his house. He states that he and his girlfriend began to argue over the “dude”, that he started hitting her and that the two of them fought for over an hour. He states that when she stopped moving, he realized she was dead. Photographs of the crime scene similarly indicate a violent struggle preceded the murder. Also, the psychological report found Thom-erson to suffer from habitual excessive drinking, and a friend of Thomerson testified that Thomerson drank a couple beers before returning home on the night of the killing.
Under Arkansas law, premeditation and deliberation are elements of the crime of first-degree murder. The statutory definition states, “[a] person commits murder in the first degree if * * * (b) with the premeditated and deliberated purpose of causing the death of another person, he causes the death of any person.” Ark.Stat.Ann. § 41-1502 (Repl.1977). To sustain a verdict of first-degree murder, Arkansas courts require the state to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant acted with premeditation. See Robinson v. State, 269 Ark. 90, 598 S.W.2d 421, 424 (1980); Simmons v. State, 227 Ark. 1109, 305 S.W.2d 119, 121 (1957).
In Simmons, the court held that an unlawful killing is presumed to be second-degree murder unless the prosecution proves, by further evidence, that the killing was done with premeditation and deliberation. 305 S.W.2d at 121. As the majority correctly points out, in Robinson, the Arkan-sas Supreme Court stated that the premeditation or deliberation need not exist for any particular length of time to sustain a first-degree murder conviction. 598 S.W.2d at 424. See also Shipman v. State, 252 Ark. 285, 478 S.W.2d 421, 422 (1972). Nevertheless, the court stated that “there must be a weighing in the mind of the consequences of a course of conduct as distinguished from acting upon sudden impulse without the exercise of reasoning powers.” 598 S.W.2d at 424. The court went on to say that the absence of evidence of premeditation may still result in a conviction for second-degree murder, as this requires only “a purposeful homicide or a homicide which was knowingly caused under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to the value of human life.” Id.
I agree with Thomerson that the State failed to introduce any evidence that Thom-erson acted with premeditation and deliberation in killing Debra Jackson. Thomer-son’s confession, the only direct evidence presented by the prosecution linking Thom-erson to the crime, shows him to have killed Jackson in a fit of anger prompted by his discovery of her alone with a strange man. None of the circumstantial evidence presented by the State demonstrates premeditation either. The photographs of the house show it to have been completely tom apart, evidencing a bloody battle between him and the deceased.
At trial, the State argued that the nature of Jackson’s wounds and the cause of her death demonstrate at least “an instant” of premeditation. The prosecution pointed out that Jackson was struck about the *1261head, face, back, and legs, was burned on several parts of her body, and was strangled.
The Arkansas courts have enunciated the principle that “[t]he jury may infer premeditation and deliberation from the circumstances of the case, such as the character of the weapon used, the manner in which it was used, the nature, extent and location of the wounds inflicted and the like.” Jones v. State, 11 Ark.App. 129, 668 S.W. 2d 30, 33 (1984). See, e.g., McLemore v. State, 274 Ark. 527, 626 S.W.2d 364, 365 (1982); Stout v. State, 263 Ark. 355, 565 S.W.2d 23, 26 (1978); Hamilton v. State, 262 Ark. 366, 556 S.W.2d 884, 888 (1977); Turner v. State, 258 Ark. 425, 527 S.W.2d 580, 589 (1975); Wilson v. State, 258 Ark. 110, 522 S.W.2d 413, 415, cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1017, 96 S.Ct. 451, 46 L.Ed.2d 388 (1975); Shipman v. State, 478 S.W.2d at 422; Figeroa v. State, 244 Ark. 457, 425 S.W.2d 516, 518 (1968). In the cases in which that proposition is cited, however, either additional evidence of premeditation was presented, see, e.g., McLemore (defendant had earlier threatened to kill victim and hunted down victim on day of shooting); Wilson (gap in time between sexual abuse of and choking of victim as well as precautions made by defendant to ensure victim would not struggle or scream out), or premeditated murder was the only explanation for the killing, see, e.g., Stout (defendant shot police officer upon being arrested for drunk driving and asked to take breath test); Turner (defendant shot when pulled over and asked to take breath test); Shipman (defendant hit sister-in-law with brick after disappearing in bathroom for four to five minutes following argument); Figeroa (defendant drove car right at police officer at high speed upon being approached by the officer on foot); or premeditated murder served as the only explanation for the homicide when the defendant’s explanation had been discredited, see, e.g., Jones (prosecution discredited defendant’s account of killing as an accident); Hamilton (prosecution discredited defendant’s account of killing as an accident).
In the present case, unlike McLemore and Wilson, the State introduced no evidence, save the killing itself, to demonstrate premeditation. Furthermore, considerable evidence was introduced by the defendant to prove that the killing was committed in a rage provoked by the defendant’s witnessing his girlfriend with another man. Thus, unlike the circumstances in Stout, Turner, and Figeroa, premeditated homicide was not the only explanation for the killing. Also, unlike Jones and Hamilton, this alternative explanation for the killing was not contradicted or discredited by the State’s evidence in any way. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the nature of these wounds, as disclosed by the record, seem to negate premeditation and, if anything, demonstrate that this was an impulsive and nondeliberate killing. The bums found on Jackson’s body, which might signal a deliberate killing, were, according to the statements contained in Thomerson’s confession, sustained when Jackson’s clothes caught fire when she fell over an electric heater during their fight. Addressing a claim of premeditated murder based on similar evidence, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia stated, “[t]he violence and multiple wounds, while more than ample to show an intent to kill, cannot standing alone support an inference of a calmly calculated plan to kill requisite for premeditation and deliberation, as contrasted with an impulsive and senseless, albeit sustained, frenzy.” Austin v. United States, 382 F.2d 129, 139 (D.C.Cir.1967).
Conviction of a crime for which the State has presented insufficient evidence violates the due process rights of the accused. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2791, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). Assuming prejudice can be shown, it is an appropriate ground for habeas relief. Id. I believe Thomerson has established a valid claim for habeas relief based on the insufficiency of the evidence presented at his state trial to convict him of first-degree murder. Because Thomerson received a life sentence for this conviction, whereas the maximum sentence he could have received for second-degree murder (the greatest crime of which he could have been convicted) is twenty years imprisonment, Ark.Stat.Ann. § 41-901 (Repl.1977), he was prejudiced by this error.
*1262The majority opinion, however, finds sufficient evidence of first-degree murder without any evidence of premeditation or deliberation. For example, without testimony of deliberate burning, the majority envisions a conflict between testimony of accidental burning in the confession and an inference of deliberate burning. There is, however, no evidence of deliberate burning other than the fact of bums. Thus the State, relying on the confession for its conviction, must pluck out of the air something found nowhere in the evidence and the majority, in turn, elevates pure speculation into proof. In so doing, the majority disregards the fundamental principle that no man or woman shall be convicted without a proof of the commission of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Thus, because I do not believe Thomer-son’s conviction for murder in the first degree can be sustained, I would reverse and remand this case to the district court with instructions to enter an appropriate judgment granting the writ of habeas corpus unless the state of Arkansas resentenc-es Thomerson for second-degree murder with a reasonable time to be set by the district court.1

. I recognize that, for strategic considerations, Thomerson chose not to request jury instructions for the lesser-included offense of second-degree murder at trial. Nevertheless, I would grant Thomerson’s petition because a conviction of first-degree murder cannot stand under the evidence presented. See Robinson v. State, 269 Ark. 90, 598 S.W.2d 421, 424 (1980).