Court Opinion

ID: 4064707
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 21:35:08.096937+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:24.581534
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                                 06-15-00013-CV
                                                                      SIXTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                            TEXARKANA, TEXAS
                                                                           12/14/2015 2:21:13 PM
                                                                                DEBBIE AUTREY
                                                                                          CLERK

                          No. 06-15-00013-CV

                              IN THE                      FILED IN
                                                   6th COURT OF APPEALS
                        COURT OF APPEALS             TEXARKANA, TEXAS
                    SIXTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS        12/14/2015 2:21:13 PM
                           TEXARKANA                    DEBBIE AUTREY
                                                            Clerk
__________________________________________________________________

               C ITY N ATIONAL B ANK OF S ULPHUR S PRINGS,
                                Appellant

                                   v.

                       J OHN A LEXANDER S MITH,
                                Appellee
__________________________________________________________________

       On Appeal from the District Court of Hopkins County, Texas
                          62nd Judicial District
                  The Honorable Will Biard Presiding
__________________________________________________________________

                        APPELLEE’S BRIEF
__________________________________________________________________

                                             J. Mark Sudderth
                                             Texas Bar No. 19461500
                                             N OTEBOOM – T HE L AW F IRM
                                             669 Airport Freeway, Suite 100
                                             Hurst, Texas 76053
                                             (817) 282-9700
                                             (817) 282-8073 (facsimile)
                                             Sudderth@Noteboom.com

                                             Attorney for Appellee,
                                             John Alexander Smith

                   ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
                             REQUEST FOR ORAL ARGUMENT

        Appellee John Alexander Smith respectfully requests the opportunity to

present oral argument. T EX. R. A PP. P. 39.7.

Appellee’s Brief - Page ii
                                         TABLE OF CONTENTS

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

ABBREVIATIONS AND RECORD REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii

STATEMENT OF THE CASE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

STATEMENT OF FACTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

         1.       How it Really All Began. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

         2.       Who Cares About Probable Cause?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

         3.       Untruths and Consequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

         4.       Misery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

         5.       Things Cone Forgot.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

         6.       Shame and Degradation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

         7.       The Litigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

ARGUMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

I.       Response to Appellant’s Issue No. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

         A.       The Bank is barred and estopped from asserting that it is not a
                  “responsible third party” under Chapter 33 because such assertion
                  is clearly adverse to its position in the trial court that Clark was a
                  “settling person” under Chapter 33, upon which the Bank sought
                  and obtained judgment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Appellee’s Brief - Page iii
       B.      The Bank is barred and estopped from asserting that it is not a
               “responsible third party” under Chapter 33 because the bank
               judicially admitted that “the harm for which recovery of damages
               is sought” from Clark and the Bank was the same by affirmatively
               and unequivocally pleading that Clark was a “settling person”
               under Chapter 33, which requires that Clark settled claims with
               respect to “the harm for which recovery of damages is sought”
               from the Bank... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

       C.      The Bank has failed to preserve any error on its alleged statute of
               limitations defense.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

               1.       The Bank never secured an order on its improper motion to
                        strike its own designation as a responsible third party,
                        choosing instead to proceed with its limitations defense by
                        motion for summary judgment... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

               2.       The denial of the Bank’s motion for summary judgment
                        preserved no alleged error.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

               3.       At trial, the Bank offered no proof to establish its alleged
                        limitations defense and did not request or secure any findings
                        to sustain such affirmative defense; nor did it move for a
                        directed verdict in such regard.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

       D.      The trial court had no discretion to grant the Bank’s improper
               motion to strike its own designation as a responsible third party... . . 25

       E.      The trial court did not err in entering judgment against the Bank
               for malicious prosecution.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

               1.       The Bank was properly joined and timely sued under
                        Chapter 33 because it was responsible for contributing,
                        in some way, to some portion of Smith’s alleged injury
                        or damages.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Appellee’s Brief - Page iv
                        a.        The damages Smith sought from Clark included all
                                  damages recoverable from the Bank in a malicious
                                  prosecution suit.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

                        b.        The damages Smith sought from the Clark also
                                  included mental anguish and harm to his reputation.. . . 29

               2.       Identity of cause of action is not required.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

               3.       Smith’s claims against Clark and the Bank are not mutually
                        exclusive, and Chapter 33 would apply, regardless.. . . . . . . . . 36

               4.       Applying the statute as written does not produce an absurd
                        result, and no vested right was curtailed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

               5.       The statute promotes public policy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

II.    Response to Appellant’s Issue No. 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

       A.      Punitive damages recoverable from the Bank in a malicious
               prosecution case were part of the actual damages Smith’s sought
               against Clark... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

       B.      Chapter 33 prohibits the reduction of exemplary damages, not their
               recovery.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

III.   Response to Appellant’s Issue No. 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

       A.      Sufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding that the Bank
               initiated or procured the prosecution.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

               1.       The evidence shows that the Bank initiated the prosecution;
                        moreover, the Banks’ representative and retained expert each
                        testified and admitted that it did... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

               2.       The evidence shows that the Bank procured the prosecution. . 47

                        a.        Cone knowingly provided false information. . . . . . . . . 48

Appellee’s Brief - Page v
                  b.        The Bank was the source of information that caused Smith’s
                            prosecution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

         B.       Sufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding that the Bank lacked
                  probable cause.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

IV.      Response to Appellant’s Issue No. 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

         Sufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding that the Smith sustained
         some physical pain or mental anguish.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

         A.       Physical Pain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

         B.       Mental Anguish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

PRAYER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

APPENDIX . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Separate Index Located in Front of Materials)

Appellee’s Brief - Page vi
                                    INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases

Ackerman v. Vordenbaum,
     403 S.W.2d 362 (Tex. 1966). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Adams v. Parker Square Bank,
     610 S.W.2d 250 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 1980). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. v. Nat'l Dev. & Research Corp.,
      299 S.W.3d 106 (Tex.2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 41

Anzaldua v. State,
      696 S.W.2d 911 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc.,
     377 S.W.3d 45 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2012). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Baker v. Hughes,
      12 S.W.3d 1 (Tex. 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. v. Lieck,
     881 S.W.2d 288 (Tex. 1994). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44, 45, 46, 47

City of Rockwall v. Hughes,
       246 S.W.3d 621 (Tex. 2008). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

City of San Antonio v. Talerico,
       81 S.W. 518 (1904). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Clark v. Dillard’s, Inc.,
      460 S.W.3d 714 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2015). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd.,
      123 S.W.3d 735 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2008). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Cosgrove v. Grimes,
     774 S.W.2d 662 (Tex.1989). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30, 41

Appellee’s Brief - Page vii
Dixon v. SW Bell Tel. Co.,
      607 S.W.2d 240 (Tex. 1980). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 23

Edlund v. Bounds,
     842 S.W.2d 719 (Tex.App.–Dallas 1992). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Elizondo v. Krist,
      415 S.W.3d 259 (Tex. 2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 41

Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc.,
      49 S.W.3d 891 (Tex.App.–Austin 2001).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

ExxonMobil Corp. v. Pagayon,
     467 S.W.3d 36 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2015). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

FFP. Operating Ptnrs., L.P. v. Duenez,
     237 S.W.3d 680 (Tex. 2007). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Flack v. Hanke,
      334 S.W.3d 251 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2010). . . . . . 25, 26, 27, 38, 40, 43

French v. Gill,
     252 S.W.3d 748 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 2008).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Moore,
    829 S.W.2d 345 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 1992).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson,
     116 S.W.3d 757 (Tex. 2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Gonzalez v. Grimm,
     No. 08-13-00326-CV, 2015 WL 4137862
     (Tex.App.–El Paso, July 8, 2015). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46, 47
Gray v. Nash,
      259 S.W.3d 286 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2008). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Greathouse v. McConnell,
      982 S.W.2d 165 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Appellee’s Brief - Page viii
Heath v. Herron,
      732 S.W.2d 748 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1987). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Hernandez v. Bumbo, Ltd.,
     No. 3:12-CV-1213-M, 2014 WL 924238 (N.D. Tex. March 10, 2014). . . . 36

Hines v. Commission for Lawyer Discipline,
      28 S.W.3d 697 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf,
      44 S.W.3d 562 (Tex. 2001). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Houston First Am. Sav. v. Musick,
     650 S.W.2d 764 (Tex. 1983). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

In re: Bexar County,
       224 S.W.3d 182 (Tex. 2007). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

In re: Brokers Logistics, Ltd.,
       320 S.W.3d 402 (Tex.App. – El Paso 2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 35

In re: Smith,
       366 S.W.3d 282 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2012). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24

Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp.,
      997 S.W.2d 203 (Tex. 1999). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Isern v. Watson,
       942 S.W.2d 186 (Tex.App.– Beaumont 1997). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

J.C. Penney Co., Inc. v. Ruth,
      982 S.W.2d 586 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 1998).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 54

Jay Miller & Sundown, Inc. v. Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc.,
     381 S.W.3d 635 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2012). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26, 27

Latham v. Castillo,
     972 S.W.2d 66 (Tex. 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58, 59

Appellee’s Brief - Page ix
Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn,
      209 S.W.3d 83 (Tex.2006). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Litton Indus. Prod., Inc. v. Gammage,
       668 S.W.2d 319 (Tex. 1984). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender,
      968 S.W.2d 917 (Tex. 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 43

Parkway Co. v. Woodruff,
     901 S.W.2d 434 (Tex.1995). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56, 58

Parsons v. Greenberg,
     No. 02-10-00131-CV, 2012 WL 310505
     (Tex.App.–Fort Worth, Feb. 2, 2012). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer,
      93 S.W. 146 (Tex.Civ.App.–El Paso 1906).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer,
      94 S.W. 324 (Tex. 1906). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Rhodes v. Batilla,
     848 S.W.2d 833 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co.,
      952 S.W.2d 515 (Tex.1997). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 54

Shepherd v. Ledford,
     962 S.W.2d 28 (Tex. 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd.,
     826 S.W.2d 933 (Tex. 1992). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C.,
      395 S.W.3d 178 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera,
      445 S.W.3d 698 (Tex. 2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Appellee’s Brief - Page x
Tex. & P. Ry. Co. v. Wood,
      199 S.W.2d 652 (1947). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley,
      146 S.W.3d 637 (Tex. 2004). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Thrift v. Hubbard,
       974 S.W.2d 70 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50, 57, 58

Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp.,
       171 S.W.3d 857 (Tex. 2005). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Tobin v. Garcia,
      316 S.W.2d 396 (Tex. 1958). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Turner v. State,
      850 S.W.2d 210 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 1993).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Svcs., LLC,
       315 S.W.3d 109 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Statutes and Rule

T EX. C IV. P RAC. & R EM. C ODE §33.002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 43

T EX. C IV. P RAC. & R EM. C ODE §33.004. . . . . . . . . 23, 25, 26, 28, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41

T EX. C IV. P RAC. & R EM. C ODE §33.011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 20, 27, 28, 31, 32

T EX. C IV. P RAC. & R EM. C ODE §33.012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

T EX. G OV. C ODE § 311.011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

T EX. R. C IV. P. 38(a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Dictionary

Webster’s Dictionary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Appellee’s Brief - Page xi
                  ABBREVIATIONS AND RECORD REFERENCES

Abbreviations

Plaintiff/Appellee,
John Alexander Smith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Plaintiff” or “Smith”

Defendant/Appellant,
City National Bank of Sulphur Springs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . “Defendant” or “the Bank”

Record References

References to Clerk’s Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “CR:[page #]”

References to Supplemental Clerk’s Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “SCR:[page #]”

References to Reporter’s Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “[vol#]RR:[page #]”

Plaintiff’s Exhibits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “PX-[exhibit #]”

Defendant’s Exhibits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “DX-[exhibit #]”

Appellee’s Brief - Page xii
                               STATEMENT OF THE CASE

        This is a malicious prosecution case.1 Smith filed a Rule 202 petition

against the Bank to investigate his malicious prosecution claim,2 but his attorney

neglected to file suit within one year. Smith sued the attorney for malpractice,3 but

the attorney designated the Bank as a responsible third party.4 Smith joined the

Bank as a defendant and settled with the attorney. The case was transferred from

Smith County to Hopkins County on the Bank's motion and proceeded to trial,

resulting in a verdict against the Bank including actual and exemplary damages.5

The trial court entered judgment on such verdict, applying a settlement credit as

requested by the Bank.6 The judgment was modified to reduce the amount of

pre-judgment interest.7 The Bank appeals.

        1
            CR:403
        2
            CR:585
        3
            CR:12
        4
            CR:23
        5
            CR:535
        6
            CR:582
        7
            SCR:5

Appellee’s Brief - Page xiii
                            STATEMENT OF FACTS

       1.      How it Really All Began

        Smith obtained a loan from the Bank to purchase a commercial embroidery

machine and pledged the machine as collateral. (DX-20) He fell behind on his

payments, and in July, 2004, the Bank’s vice-president in charge of collections,

Jerry Cone, sent Smith a letter threatening to file “Hindering a Secured Creditor

with the Sulphur Springs Police Department” if payment arrangements were not

made. (3RR:44; PX-6) When Cone made this threat, he had never spoken to Smith

and had no information whatsoever that Smith had done anything improper with

any collateral. (3RR:45,76; 4RR:102)

       Smith contacted Cone (4RR:126) and agreed to sign a new, consolidated

loan with monthly $400 payments. (3RR:47; 4RR:79) Smith executed the new note

and security agreement on August 13, granting a security interest in the machine.

(DX-41,42)

       Smith and Cone agreed that Cone would help Smith sell the machine by

taking it to the bank to show customers, and that when it was sold, all the proceeds

would be applied to Smith’s loan balance. (3RR:45-47; 4RR:81-82; PX-20) With

Smith’s help, Cone loaded the machine in his vehicle and took it to the bank.

(3RR:46-47,171; 4RR:47-48; PX-20)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 1
       Smith and Cone agreed that the minimum price Smith would accept for the

machine was $9,800. (4RR83,101)8 Nevertheless, Cone sold the machine for

$6,000 without Smith’s permission. (3RR:69; 4RR:11-12,13,14,27-28,185-

186,192) The buyers financed their purchase with a $500 down payment to the

Bank and a $5,500 loan for the balance, which Cone personally handled. (3RR:59-

60,127)

       When Smith learned of the sale, he demanded Cone credit his loan by his

$9,800 asking price, but Cone refused. (4RR:87) Smith had his partner, Lillian

Lake, stop payment on the $400 loan payment check she had recently sent.

(4RR:86) Cone called Lake, angry and upset, and told her he would get his money

one way or another. (4RR:55-56) Cone told Smith he would fix him so he would

never again work on a military base or government job. (4RR:89-90) After these

discussions, Cone and Smith had no further contact, and the Bank never requested

or demanded the return of any other alleged collateral. (3RR:118, 119,125;

4RR:58,59,67,68,90,91,143)

       Although he refused Smith’s demand to credit the loan by $9,800, Cone

understood and believed that Smith’s loan had nevertheless been credited by the

       8
           Cone claimed it was $7,800. (3RR:68-69)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 2
$6,000 selling price as they had agreed. (3RR:64-65; PX-20)9 Such $6,000 credit

would put Smith fifteen months ahead on his loan payments, giving Smith the

option to wait fifteen months to make his next payment. (3RR:66-67)

       Five months later, on February 7, 2005, the Bank filed a lawsuit against

Smith, alleging Smith had defaulted on the loan, that the entire $24,378.54

principal amount was unpaid, and that $30,425.91 was currently due. (PX-14). On

the same day the lawsuit was filed, the Bank secured an Order Granting Motion for

Substituted Service based on an affidavit of Cone. (PX-15) The affidavit falsely

swore that Cone had attempted to contact Smith at his residence on many

occasions and had been advised many times that Smith was a long-haul truck

driver and was seldom home. (PX-21:p.CNB_00222) Cone admitted that these

statements in the affidavit were false. (3RR:135-136,137,139). The Bank’s expert

confirmed such constitutes perjury. (4RR:290-291)

       The Bank took no action on its lawsuit. (PX-16,17) Instead, three weeks

later, Cone personally filed “hindering a secured creditor” charges against Smith

with the Sulphur Springs Police Department. (3RR:76; PX-20)10 Cone initiated

       9
        Cone did not discover until after his 2009 deposition that no money was actually
credited to the loan. (3RR:64-65)
       10
          Cone knew from experience the police would want to see that a civil lawsuit had
been attempted. (3RR:133) The Bank never pursued the suit because, he said, “we turned
it over to the police department to file the claim.” (3RR:140)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 3
such charges on behalf of the Bank. (3RR:77)

       2.      Who Cares About Probable Cause?

       Cone’s purpose in filing the charges was “to get him indicted and charged

with the crime.” (3RR:112-113) Nevertheless, Cone admitted that when he filed

charges, he had no knowledge of any facts or circumstances whatsoever that would

lead him to reasonably and honestly believe that any crime had been committed.

(3RR:115-116,119) Smith had never interfered with any efforts to repossess any

collateral or even refused to tell the Bank where it was. (3RR:118-119).

       Cone specialized in collections and knew and understood that the crime of

hindering a secured creditor is not a vehicle to collect a debt, but applies to a

situation where someone has destroyed or basically stolen collateral . (3RR:35-36)

He knew that a Bank cannot file such charges to collect a debt, as opposed to in a

situation where somebody has destroyed collateral. (3RR:36,104-105)

Nevertheless, Cone admitted that when he filed the complaint with the police, he

knew nothing about Smith destroying, removing, or even hiding any collateral.

(3RR:115-116) "I didn't know anything about the collateral."(3RR:119)

       3.      Untruths And Consequences

       As reflected on the incident and offense reports, (PX-27; PX-28) Cone

provided the following documents to the police:

Appellee’s Brief - Page 4
•      Two copies of the August, 2004, security agreement. The only collateral
       specifically identified is the embroidery machine. (PX-21:pp.CNB_00188,
       CNB_00196)

•      Copy of a financing statement dated May, 2001. No collateral is identified,
       and the loan was no longer outstanding. (PX-21:p.CNB_00216)

•      Copy of the Bank’s civil petition against Smith. (PX-21:p.CNB_00217)

•      Copy of “civil paper,” apparently the Bank’s Motion for Substituted Service,
       including the false affidavit of Cone. (PX-21:p.CNB_00220-222)

•      Copy of Texas license plate return.

•      Copy of the demand letter Cone had sent in July threatening to file criminal
       charges (before Smith contacted the Bank, signed a new loan, and turned
       over the machine), and the envelope showing it was returned unclaimed.
       (PX-21:pp.CNB_00224-225)

No other loan documents were provided. (3RR:88) The only piece of equipment

mentioned as collateral was the embroidery machine. (3RR:79-80)

       Cone met with Officer Irving. (3RR:79; 4RR:32) Cone was the only bank

representative who dealt with the police, and Irving was the only police officer

Cone spoke to. (3RR:75; 4RR:33)

       The police conducted no investigation beyond talking to Cone and receiving

information from him; they had no other source of information and “totally took

the word of the Bank.” (4RR:33,36) Irving documented what Cone told him in a

written narrative. (4RR:39; PX-29) It stated that Smith secured a loan on 8/13/2004

for $24,378.54, that no part of it had been repaid, and that Smith had not contacted

Appellee’s Brief - Page 5
the Bank or returned any property associated with the loan. (PX-29) Cone admitted

these statements were false, as Smith had been in contact with the Bank, the

embroidery machine had been returned, and payments had been made. (3RR:204)11

       In addition to providing documents which identified the embroidery

machine as the collateral, Cone told Irving that Smith had not contacted the Bank

or returned any of the property associated with the loan. (4RR:36) Cone told

Irving the machine was the collateral. (4RR:37) Irving wrote exactly what Cone

told him and did not add or omit anything. (4RR:39) This was his job and practice,

and if Cone had told him the machine was not actually the collateral in question,

Irving would have noted that on his narrative. (4RR:38,39)

       Cone told the police the missing collateral was worth $23,150. (3RR:81,92)

At the time, Cone knew that all the collateral on all of Smith's loans, other than the

machine, was worth at most, $14,800. (3RR:100-102). The Bank estimated the

embroidery machine was worth approximately $8,000 (3RR:94).12

       When Cone filed the criminal charges, he believed the $6,000 sales price of

the machine had been credited against Smith's loan (3RR:64-65), and knew that

       11
        The Bank is thus absolutely incorrect in asserting that “no one disputes that the
information in Plaintiff's Exhibit 29 is true.”
       12
         Adding $8,350 to $14,800 yields the $23,150 value Cone reported. No other
collateral was ever pledged by Mr. Smith. (3RR:94-95)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 6
would have put Smith 15 months ahead on his payments. (3RR:66-67). Yet Cone

told the authorities that Smith had not contacted the Bank, had made no payments,

and had returned no collateral. (PX-29)

       Irving forwarded the information and allegations Smith had provided to

Lieutenant Stillwagoner, who did not himself speak to Smith. (4RR:33)13

Stillwagoner put such information in a probable cause affidavit. (PX-25) Based on

such information, an arrest warrant was issued for Smith on a charge of hindering a

secured creditor (signed by a Justice of the Peace who was the wife of the Bank’s

vice-president). (4RR:277; PX37,pp.CNB_00300-301)

       4.      Misery

       Smith was arrested in front of his friend and neighbor while on a fishing trip,

after he was stopped in Henderson County for not wearing a seat belt, and was

taken to jail. (4RR:104-105) For the first day and a half, Smith was forced to sit in

the drunk tank (though he did not drink and was not drunk) before being

transferred to a cell with a bunk. (4RR:105) The conditions were bad, including: a

one-inch feather mattress, an open shower, no toilet paper, a cup of coffee in the

morning with a quarter scoop of egg, half a bologna sandwich for lunch; further,

       13
          It is not uncommon for a detective to simply rely on what a victim tells an
officer. (5RR67-68)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 7
Smith had a fight with another inmate over a bunk. (4RR:106)

       Smith suffers from a seizure disorder for which he takes Phenobarbital.

(4RR:61) The medication is very important, because without having it at least

twice a day he can go into seizures, including grand mal seizures. (4RR:61) While

in jail, Smith was without this medication. (4RR:61) He kept asking for it, but

they could not give him any. (4RR:105) Without his medication, he is unable to

sleep and loses his sense of time and space. (4RR:107) His mind goes into

overdrive and he just overloads. (4RR:107)

       After several days in the Henderson County jail Smith was transferred to

Sulphur Springs, where he spent several more days before finally being released.

(4RR:107) When Lake picked him up he was physically very shaky.(4RR:61) He

was speaking incoherently, like he had "fuddle brain." He would start to say

something then his sentences would become all jumbled. (4RR:62) The first thing

he did when he got to the car was take a double dose of his medication.

(4RR:61-62)

       He was rough, dirty, and smelled. (4RR:61-62) He was also very angry

because he knew he had not done what he was accused of. (4RR:62) He felt like he

had been dropped down and kicked – and totally wronged. (4RR:62) He was also

scared because he did a lot of work on high security military bases, and feared the

Appellee’s Brief - Page 8
effect it would have on his ability to work. (4RR:63)

       5.      Things Cone Forgot

       When Smith appeared in court for his arraignment, Cone was present in the

courtroom, observed the proceedings, and heard the charges read. (4RR:108-109)

The indictment stated that Smith did:

       sell or dispose of secured property, to-wit: Toyota 860-12 needle embroidery
       machine, with intent to appropriate the proceeds or value of the secured
       property, and at the time of the said sale or disposition, the said defendant
       was a debtor under a security agreement and did not have a right to sell or
       dispose of the secured property, and said proceeds were $20,000 or more but
       less than $100,000... (PX-22)

Over one year later, in May of 2007, the indictment was amended to allege that

Smith:

       having theretofore signed a security agreement (see Exhibit “A”) creating a
       security interest in property, namely, Toyota 860-12 needle embroidery
       machine, conceal said property by not allowing a representative of City
       National Bank to retrieve the property or returning the property at the
       request of City National Bank. (PX-36,p.CNB_00263)

       Although Cone testified he never had any communications with the D.A.’s

office,14 the evidence proved he did. After filing the charges with the police, Cone

received a letter from the D.A. stating they needed to know the value of the items

in question so that proper restitution could be ordered. (3RR:91-92; PX-34) The

       14
       Cone testified that if he had been in communication with the D.A.’s office, he
would have “straightened out this error.” (3RR:214)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 9
letter enclosed a "Restitution Form" asking for the amount of "property damages,"

and the value of "unrecovered property." (PX-35) Cone filled it out and signed it

on behalf of the Bank, stating that the Bank's damages totaled $31,925.91 and that

the value of the allegedly unrecovered collateral was $23,150. (PX-35)

       On cross-examination, Cone admitted sending the form, but claimed he had

no other communications with the D.A. and never knew anything about Smith

being arrested, jailed, or indicted. (3RR:215-216) He was then shown a copy of a

letter the D.A. had sent to him personally, stating Smith had been indicted and that

Cone would be notified of relevant court dates. (PX- 33) Cone conceded he

probably did receive the letter, but claimed not to remember. (3RR:216) Cone

admitted the handwritten notes on the bottom of the letter were his. (3RR:216)

Cone’s notes included several apparent hearing dates, including “2-28-06” (three

days after the date of the letter), “pre-trial 6-23-06, 9AM, w/no atty Probably will

be reset,” and “11-13-06 Tim Rountree w/D.A.’s office.” (PX-33) Cone then

admitted he could not tell the jury he was not in communication with the D.A.’s

office. (3RR:216-217) The Bank’s expert confirmed that Tim Rountree was indeed

an assistant district attorney (4RR:270) and that Cone’s notations obviously

indicated he was checking to see what had happened in court that day and finding

out when the next setting was. (4RR:272)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 10
       6.      Shame And Degradation

       Smith remained under indictment for over two years until the D.A.

dismissed the charges without explanation in 2008. (PX-21,pp.CBB_00256-257)

During this time, Smith had to appear in court approximately 18 times. (4RR:109;

PX-36,pp.CNB_000270-292)

       Having a felony charge hanging over him was extremely distressing. He had

to lie to his boss every time he had to take off work to appear in court, as Smith

was afraid of being fired if he found out. (4RR:111) When Smith would appear in

court, he would be seen by friends and people in town he did business with, who

would wonder why he was going to jail. (4RR:111) He was embarrassed and

humiliated. (4RR:112)

       It was very upsetting to be indicted for something he knew he was innocent

of. (4RR:63) He felt like the neighbors were all looking down on him. The people

that he had worked for and with now had a different view of him. He had been

charged with a felony and branded a crook, a thief. (4RR:63) He was terribly

embarrassed around family and friends. (4RR:63) At the time of trial – years after

he was originally arrested – Smith still felt humiliated and embarrassed. (4RR:112)

       Smith also suffered significantly from his inability to earn a living doing

what he most enjoyed, working on government construction projects. Prior to

Appellee’s Brief - Page 11
being arrested, Smith had a security clearance and had done a lot of construction

work for the government in different parts of the country. (4RR:64,75) For most of

his life he had made a living working in construction. (4RR:74) He particularly

liked working on government jobs – “the only one in the world that guarantees

pay” – and did so every chance he could. (4RR:74) The government jobs required

a security clearance. (4RR:75) As a result of the Bank’s allegations, he lost

government jobs and was never again able to work on a military base. (4RR:65,66)

The loss of his security clearance prevented him from getting a lot of jobs he

otherwise would have gotten, which he testified about. (4RR:113,114,115)

       Despite the dismissal of the criminal charges, as of the date of trial Smith’s

arrest still showed up on criminal background checks, hanging over his head and

continuing to limit what he could do professionally. (4RR:113) This was very

upsetting to him, as it impacted not only his reputation, but his ability to provide

for his family. (4RR:66) It was very important to Smith to clear his name.

(4RR:69) This had been hanging over him almost a decade. (4RR:117) Even at the

time of trial, the Bank was still telling people he was guilty, which angered and

insulted him. (4RR:118)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 12
       7.      The Litigation

       After the criminal charges were dismissed, Smith retained attorney Charles

Clark, who filed an “Application for Investigative Depositions” of the Bank under

T EX. R. C IV .P. 202 (CR:585) Clark’s efforts to schedule pre-suit depositions of

the Bank were delayed for months by the Bank's attorney until he finally notified

Clark that limitations had expired. (CR:35,39)

       Smith sued Clark for negligence. (CR:12) After fifteen months of litigation,

Clark filed a motion for leave to designate the Bank as a responsible third party,

alleging the Bank “caused or contributed to cause the harm for which the plaintiff

in this matter seeks to recover damages from Defendants.” (CR:23) No objection

was filed; accordingly, the court entered an order granting the motion and

designating Bank a responsible third party. (CR:25)

       In accordance with T EX. C IV. P RAC. & R EM. C ODE [“C.P.R.C.] § 33.004(e)

(WEST 2008), Smith then joined the Bank as a defendant, alleging malicious

prosecution. (CR:27) Smith subsequently settled his claims against Clark for

$100,000 and dismissed Clark from the case. (CR:79; CR:74)

       The Bank affirmatively pled that Smith had settled with Clark, who was a

settling party under Chapter 33, and that the Bank was therefore entitled to an

offset and settlement credit. (CR:494,497)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 13
       The Bank filed a motion for summary judgment based on the statute of

limitations, which was denied. (CR:487) Thereafter, the Bank did not attempt to

offer any evidence or obtain any findings at trial in support of such affirmative

defense.

       The jury returned a unanimous verdict finding the Bank had maliciously

prosecuted Smith and assessing damages of $150,000 for “physical pain and

mental anguish,” $250,000 for “injury to reputation,” and $500,000 in “exemplary

damages.” (CR:535-545)

       The trial court entered a judgment which, based on Bank’s affirmative

pleading and the parties’ stipulation (4RR:165), provided that “the amount of

damages to be recovered by the Plaintiff should be reduced by $100,000 in

accordance with C.P.R.C. § 33.0l2(b).” After such credit, the judgment awarded

$800,000, plus $84,542 in prejudgment interest. (CR:582-3)

       The Court then granted the Bank’s motion to modify the judgment to include

only $54,243 in prejudgment interest. (SCR:5)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 14
                             SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT

       The Bank’s argument that it was improperly designated as a responsible

third party – because it allegedly did not contribute to “the harm for which

recovery of damages was sought” from Clark – is barred because such assertion is

clearly adverse to the Bank’s request for a settlement credit under Chapter 33,

which the trial court granted. Such credit required that Clark settled claims with

respect to “the harm for which recovery of damages was sought” from the Bank.

Additionally, the Bank’s affirmative pleading for such a credit was a judicial

admission, which estopps the Bank from arguing the contrary.

       Furthermore, the Bank waived its alleged statute of limitations defense by

offering no proof and requesting no findings at trial on such affirmative defense.

As a matter of law, its motion for summary judgment preserved no error.

Moreover, the Bank secured no order on its motion to strike its designation as a

responsible party, which the trial court could not have granted in any event as the

Bank had been joined as a defendant and was no longer a designated third party.

       Regardless, the Bank was properly joined under Chapter 33 because it was

alleged to be responsible for contributing, in some way, to some portion of the

injuries or damages Smith sought from Clark. Such damages included all

underlying damages recoverable from the Bank in a malicious prosecution suit, as

Appellee’s Brief - Page 15
well as additional mental anguish and harm to Smith’s reputation as a result of

Clark’s conduct.

       After being properly designated, the Bank was timely joined as the plain

language of Chapter 33 clearly permitted. The statute does not apply only to

derivative claims or consistent claims as the Bank asserts, and does not produce an

absurd result, nor was any vested right curtailed. The statute promotes public

policy, as determined by the legislature, and this Court should decline the Bank’s

request to disregard its unambiguous language

       This Court should also reject the Bank’s argument that punitive damages

must be reversed because Chapter 33 does not apply to punitive damages. Smith

did not seek punitive damages from Clark, and Clark did not designate the Bank as

being responsible for such a non-existent claim. All damages recoverable from the

Bank in a malicious prosecution case were part of the actual damages Smith sought

against Clark, but Smith recovered punitive damages against the Bank (which was

a defendant, not a third party) under the common law, not Chapter 33. Moreover

Chapter 33 prohibits the reduction of exemplary damages, not their recovery.

       Turning to the evidence, the jury’s finding that the Bank initiated the

prosecution was not only sufficiently supported, it was required. The Bank’s own

attorney elicited clear and specific testimony from the Bank’s own expert witness

Appellee’s Brief - Page 16
that the Bank initiated the prosecution for purposes of malicious prosecution. This

fact was also confirmed by the testimony of the Bank’s vice-president Cone, who

filed the charges.

       Although not required, the evidence established that the Bank also

“procured” the prosecution by providing information to the authorities it knew to

be false, thereby causing the prosecution.

       The jury’s finding that the Bank lacked probable cause was likewise strongly

supported by more than sufficient evidence, including Mr. Cone’s clear

acknowledgment that he had no knowledge of any facts whatsoever that would

lead him to reasonably and honestly believe that Smith had committed any crime.

       Finally, overwhelming evidence supports the jury’s finding that Mr. Smith –

who was wrongfully accused of a felony of moral turpitude, arrested, jailed for

almost a week without his medication, prosecuted for over two years, stripped of

his security clearance, humiliated in front of his friends and neighbors, and forced

to fight almost a decade to clear his name – sustained some physical pain or mental

anguish.

       In short, the trial court did not err and was well within its discretion in

entering judgment in Smith’s favor, based on the law and the jury’s verdict, and

must be sustained.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 17
                                    ARGUMENT

I.     Response to Appellant’s Issue No. 1

A.     The Bank is barred and estopped from asserting that it is not a
       “responsible third party” under Chapter 33 because such assertion is
       clearly adverse to its position in the trial court that Clark was a
       “settling person” under Chapter 33, upon which the Bank sought and
       obtained judgment.

       The Bank affirmatively pled for,15 proved,16 and obtained judgment

awarding,17 a settlement credit on the grounds that Clark was a “settling person”

under Chapter 33. Chapter 33 defines a “settling person” as a person who has

settled with respect to “the harm for which recovery of damages is sought.”18

Using identical language, Chapter 33 defines a “responsible third party” as a

person who contributed to causing in any way “the harm for which recovery of

damages is sought.”19

       The Bank was designated as a responsible third party for the same reason

Clark is a settling person – the harm for which recovery of damages was sought

       15
            CR:497, paragraph 10.
       16
            RR:165
       17
            CR:582
       18
            C.P.R.C. 33.011(5)
       19
            C.P.R.C. 33.011(6)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 18
from each of them was the same harm (in whole or in part). The Bank's assertion

that it did not contribute to the harm for which damages were sought from Clark is

directly and irreconcilably in conflict with its affirmative pleading that Clark

settled with respect to the harm for which damages were sought from the Bank,

and to the Court entering judgment in the Bank's favor based on the Bank's request

for a settlement credit on such basis.

         A party is estopped from taking a position on appeal that is clearly adverse

to its position in the trial court. See, e.g., Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d
857, 863 (Tex. 2005). Having affirmatively obtained a judgment from the trial

court, the Bank cannot, on appeal, take a position inconsistent with that part of the

judgment. Litton Indus. Prod., Inc. v. Gammage, 668 S.W.2d 319, 321-22 (Tex.

1984).

B.       The Bank is barred and estopped from asserting that it is not a
         “responsible third party” under Chapter 33 because the Bank judicially
         admitted that “the harm for which recovery of damages is sought” from
         Clark and the Bank was the same by affirmatively and unequivocally
         pleading that Clark was a “settling person” under Chapter 33, which
         requires that Clark settled claims with respect to “the harm for which
         recovery of damages is sought” from the Bank.

         The Bank clearly, deliberately, and unequivocally pled that Plaintiff had

sued and settled with Clark, who was a settling party under Chapter 33, and that

the Bank was entitled to an offset and settlement credit for any and all monies

Appellee’s Brief - Page 19
paid by Clark.20 The Bank thus pled that Clark is a person who settled with

respect to “the harm for which recovery of damages is sought.” 21

       “The facts alleged or admitted in the live pleadings of a party are accepted as

true by the court and jury and are binding on the pleader.”22 “Assertions of fact, not

pleaded in the alternative, in the live pleadings of a party are regarded as formal

judicial admissions. A judicial admission that is clear and unequivocal has

conclusive effect and bars the admitting party from later disputing the admitted

fact.”23

       By pleading that Clark was a settling person under Chapter 33, and that the

Bank was entitled to a settlement credit under Chapter 33, the Bank has judicially

admitted the required Chapter 33 element that Clark settled with respect to “the

harm for which recovery of damages is sought,” and is estopped to claim the

contrary.24

       20
            CR 497, paragraph 10. See also CR 494, paragraph 5.
       21
            C.P.R.C. 33.011(5).
       22
            Houston First Am. Sav. v. Musick, 650 S.W.2d 764, 769 (Tex. 1983).
       23
        French v. Gill, 252 S.W.3d 748, 754 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 2008, pet. denied),
quoting, Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562, 568 (Tex. 2001).
       24
         Shepherd v. Ledford, 962 S.W.2d 28, 33 (Tex. 1998) ("because the defendants
judicially admitted facts ... they are estopped from now claiming to the contrary.")

Appellee’s Brief - Page 20
C.     The Bank has failed to preserve any error on its alleged statute of
       limitations defense.

       1.      The Bank never secured an order on its improper motion to strike
               its own designation as a responsible third party, choosing instead
               to proceed with its limitations defense by motion for summary
               judgment.

       Appellant’s Brief refers to the Bank’s motion to strike its designation as a

responsible third party and to several motions for summary judgment; however, the

only such motion the Bank ever secured an order on was its second amended

motion for summary judgment. (CR: 487)

       2.      The denial of the Bank’s motion for summary judgment
               preserved no alleged error.

       As a matter of law, an order denying a motion for summary judgment is not

reviewable after a conventional trial on the merits has been held. Ackerman v.

Vordenbaum, 403 S.W.2d 362, 365 (Tex. 1966);25 See also, e.g., Hines v.

Commission for Lawyer Discipline, 28 S.W.3d 697, 700 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi

2000, no pet.) (“The general rule is that appellate courts do not have jurisdiction to

hear denied motions for summary judgment on appeal.”); Adams v. Parker Square

Bank, 610 S.W.2d 250 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 1980, no pet.) (“an appeal does not

       25
         An exception exists where, unlike at bar, both parties file competing motions for
summary judgment on the same issue and one is granted. Ackerman, 403 S.W.2d at 364,
365 (citing Tobin v. Garcia, 316 S.W.2d 396 (Tex. 1958)).

Appellee’s Brief - Page 21
lie from an order overruling a motion for summary judgment.”). Therefore, the

trial court’s order overruling the Bank’s motion for summary judgement could not

and did not preserve any error.

       3.      At trial, the Bank offered no proof to establish its alleged
               limitations defense and did not request or secure any findings to
               sustain such affirmative defense; nor did it move for a directed
               verdict in such regard.

       Because the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense, the Bank had the

burden to plead, prove, and secure findings to support the defense. Clark v.

Dillard’s, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714, 719 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2015, no pet.); Edlund v.

Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719, 728 (Tex.App.–Dallas 1992, writ denied). The Bank

failed to do so. Instead, after the trial court denied its summary judgment, the

Bank did not attempt to offer any evidence or obtain any findings at trial in support

of the defense, either by the submission of jury questions or by motion for directed

verdict.26

       Notably, this is not a case where evidence and jury findings were not

required due to the defense being established as a matter of law.27 Under the

       26
         The Bank did move for a directed verdict on the statute of limitations with regard
to Plaintiff’s “unreasonable collection efforts” cause of action, which was granted.
4RR:162-163. A limitations defense was not pursued, however, with regard to the
malicious prosecution claim.
       27
        An issue which is normally a question of fact can, in some circumstances, be
proved so conclusively by the evidence at trial that it becomes a question of law. See, e.g.,

Appellee’s Brief - Page 22
posture of this case, in order to establish that Smith’s suit was barred by

limitations, the Bank would have to prove that it was not responsible for any

portion of the damages Smith had alleged against Clark.28 Such would have

entailed evidence and arguments addressing the damages Smith had alleged against

Clark – including the loss of the underlying lawsuit recovery, mental anguish, and

ongoing damage to Smith’s reputation – and whether the Bank was allegedly

partially responsible for such alleged damages.

       Moreover, although not necessary, the evidence could have also addressed

whether or not the Bank contributed to causing Clark to miss the statute of

limitations.29 An illustrative case in this regard is In re: Smith, 366 S.W.3d 282

(Tex.App.–Dallas 2012, no pet.) As in the case at bar, the plaintiff in Smith sued

Dixon v. SW Bell Tel. Co., 607 S.W.2d 240, 242 (Tex. 1980)
       28
         C.P.R.C. § 33.004 (l) (“A party may move to strike the designation of a
responsible third party on the ground that there is no evidence that the designated person
is responsible for any portion of the claimant's alleged injury or damage.”) This standard
is addressed in more depth in Section I-E of this brief, infra.
       29
         Clark testified in his deposition that his efforts to schedule pre-suit depositions of
the Bank were delayed for months by the Bank’s attorney until he finally notified Clark
that limitations had expired. (CR:35,39) Clark had known the Bank’s attorney for 35
years (CR:57) and (unbeknownst to Smith) once served with him as co-counsel for the
Bank in defense of another lawsuit filed by a bank customer. [Such testimony appears in
the deposition of the Bank’s president, Lee Teets, which is not a part of the record in this
appeal.] Because this issue was not tried, none of this testimony was introduced at trial
and is mentioned solely to illustrate the type of hypothetical testimony that could have
been admitted if the Bank had proceeded with the defense.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 23
his attorney for missing a statute of limitations to file a lawsuit against a tortfeasor

– the driver of a vehicle involved in an injury accident. After being sued, the

attorney moved for leave to designate the driver as a responsible third party. The

plaintiff opposed such motion and the trial court denied it, but the Court of Appeals

reversed. Like the Bank in the case at bar, the plaintiff argued that since the driver

was not an attorney, she could not have contributed to the attorney’s error in

missing limitations, thereby losing the right to pursue the car-wreck case, which

the plaintiff characterized (apparently without disagreement) as the harm in

question. Without addressing whether such characterization was correct, the Court

of Appeals held that it was nevertheless improper to deny the motion without

giving the movant an opportunity to attempt to show that the driver had indeed

somehow contributed to the attorney’s error. Smith, 366 S.W.3d at 286.30

       As addressed in detail below, the Bank was properly designated as a

responsible third party because it allegedly contributed to causing part of the harm

or damages Smith sought to recover from Clark; however, even if the Bank were

       30
         The attorney/defendant pled contributory negligence against the plaintiff,
claiming to have relied on information provided by the plaintiff when he mistakenly sued
the wrong person. Smith, 366 S.W.3d at 286, fn.2. The court explained, “If [the
attorney/defendant] made a similar allegation against [the driver] – that she somehow
tortiously contributed to any error committed by [the attorney/defendant] –the fact that
[the driver] is not an attorney would not necessarily mean she could not have tortiously
contributed to cause the harm, for which [plaintiff] is suing [the attorney/defendant] .” Id.
at 286.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 24
correct in asserting it would have to have contributed to Clark’s missing

limitations, rather than simply contributing to the damages sought, the Bank still

never proved that it did not somehow contribute to such error. The Bank made no

effort whatsoever to present anything to the jury or trial court in such regard.

       In short, although the Bank did plead limitations, it did not prove such

defense under the evidence and did not secure any findings to support the defense.

Accordingly, the affirmative defense of limitations was waived.

D.     The trial court had no discretion to grant the Bank’s improper motion
       to strike its own designation as a responsible third party.

       Although the Bank failed to secure an order on its motion to strike, denial of

such motion could not have been erroneous as the Bank had no standing and was

now a defendant and no longer a designated third party.

       If a defendant designates an entity as a responsible third party, an opposing

“party” may move to strike that designation [C.P.R.C. § 33.004(f), (g),(l) (WEST

2008)], but a responsible third party cannot object to or strike its own designation.

Jay Miller & Sundown, Inc. v. Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., 381 S.W.3d 635, 642

(Tex. App. --San Antonio 2012, no pet.); Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251, 261-62

(Tex. App.-San Antonio, 2010 pet. dism'd). Further, once a party has been joined

as a defendant, it is a party, not a responsible “third party” subject to being

stricken. Flack, 334 S.W.3d at 262. Accordingly, a trial court has no discretion to

Appellee’s Brief - Page 25
strike the designation of a responsible third party when the challenge comes from

the responsible third party itself. Flack, 334 S.W.3d at 263; See FFP. Operating

Ptnrs., L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680, 694 (Tex. 2007). Simply stated, “Chapter

33 does not authorize a joined defendant to litigate its previous designation as a

responsible third party.” Jay Miller, 381 S.W.3d at 642, citing, Flack, 334 S.W.3d

at 261-63.

       In this case, Clark filed a motion for leave to designate the Bank as a

responsible third party, which the trial court reviewed and granted. The Bank, as

an entity which had been designated as a responsible third party but had not yet

been sued, simply did not have standing to object or to strike its designation, and

did not attempt to do so. The court then granted the designation, and the statute of

limitations no longer barred Smith's claims against the Bank, per the express

language of the statute.

       Once Smith subsequently joined the Bank as a defendant, there was no

longer any responsible third party designated. Allowing a recently-joined

defendant that was previously a responsible third party to challenge its own

designation as a responsible third party would improperly require that party to be

simultaneously both a defendant and a responsible third party. Flack, 334 S.W.3d

at 262. Such a use of the statute “conflicts with its plain wording and renders the

Appellee’s Brief - Page 26
statute unworkable.” Id.

       Accordingly, the Bank was not capable of striking its designation before it

was joined as a defendant and, once joined as an actual party, was no longer a

"third party" capable of being stricken. As explained in Jay Miller and Flack, the

statute simply provides no mechanism for a responsible third party to challenge its

own designation, and a joined defendant lacks standing to collaterally attack that

designation. The court thus could not have properly granted the Bank’s motion to

strike, and its refusal to do so could not constitute error.

E.     The trial court did not err in entering judgment against the Bank for
       malicious prosecution.

       1.      The Bank was properly joined and timely sued under Chapter 33
               because it was responsible for contributing, in some way, to some
               portion of Smith’s alleged injury or damages.

       The Bank’s argument that it was improperly joined in a legal malpractice

case because it did not commit legal malpractice mis-construes the law, and is

unsupported by any authority. The clearly-defined test is whether the Bank was

responsible for contributing “in any way” to “any portion of [Smith’s] alleged

injury or damages.” C.P.R.C. § 33.011(6) (A “responsible third party” means “any

person who is alleged to have caused or contributed to causing in any way the

harm for which recovery of damages is sought, whether by negligent act or

omission, by any defective or unreasonably dangerous product, by other conduct or

Appellee’s Brief - Page 27
activity that violates an applicable legal standard, or by any combination of

these.”); C.P.R.C. § 33.004 (l) (“A party may move to strike the designation of a

responsible third party on the ground that there is no evidence that the designated

person is responsible for any portion of the claimant’s alleged injury or damage.”)

(emphasis added).

               a.      The damages Smith sought from Clark included all
                       damages recoverable from the Bank in a malicious
                       prosecution suit.

       The causes of action Smith asserted against the Bank and attorney Clark

were distinct, but the Bank was responsible for the harm giving rise to the damages

Smith sought from Clark as a matter of law. When Smith sued Clark for mis-

handling his case against the Bank, his primary measure of damages was defined as

the money he could prove he would have recovered from the Bank, had Clark not

negligently failed to file suit.

       When an attorney is sued by a client for mis-handling a case, the plaintiff

must prove the “case within the case,” that is, he must prove that, but-for the

attorney’s neglect, he would have prevailed in the underlying lawsuit.

Significantly, to prove damages in the malpractice case, he must prove that he

would have actually recovered damages in the underlying suit. By definition, a

major portion of his damages in the malpractice suit are the damages he would

Appellee’s Brief - Page 28
have recovered in the underlying suit, had the malpractice not occurred

(compensatory, punitive, or otherwise).31

       Accordingly, the harm caused by the Bank – and all damages recoverable

from the Bank – is precisely the “harm for which recovery of damages [was]

sought” in Smith’s suit against Clark.

                 b.    The damages Smith sought from the Clark also included
                       mental anguish and harm to his reputation.

       The damages Smith sought against Clark included not only the loss of his

recovery against the Bank, but all other damages resulting from Clark's

malpractice, including continuing damage to his reputation and mental anguish.

See, e.g., Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662, 666 (Tex.1989) (affirming a

mental anguish award in legal malpractice case).

       Although the criminal charges had been dropped, the Bank had continued to

assert that Smith was not innocent.32 After everything the Bank had put Smith

       31
         The Texas Supreme Court has repeatedly explained that, “in a legal-malpractice
case damages consist of ‘the amount of damages recoverable and collectible ... if the suit
had been properly prosecuted.’” Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259, 263 (Tex. 2013)
(quoting, Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662, 666 (Tex.1989)); see also Akin, Gump,
Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. v. Nat'l Dev. & Research Corp., 299 S.W.3d 106, 112
(Tex.2009). Court’s refer to this method of proving damages as a “suit-within-a-suit.”
See, e.g., Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C., 395 S.W.3d 178, 183 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.); Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165,
173 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. denied).
       32
            See, e.g., 5RR:125-126; 4RR:232-233,236.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 29
through, the loss of Smith’s ability to proceed with a lawsuit to finally clear his

name was devastating, and could certainly have caused substantial mental anguish

and reputational injury. At the very least, Smith was entitled to allege33 and attempt

to prove such damages against Clark.34 Had the case against Clark gone to trial

rather than settling, Clark could have attempted to prove that all or part of the

mental anguish and harm to Smith’s reputation alleged to have resulted from his

malpractice was caused or contributed to by the conduct of the Bank.

       Accordingly, Clark’s designation of the Bank as a responsible third party,

and Smith’s subsequent joinder of the Bank, were entirely proper, even without

considering the “case-within-a-case” damages.

       2.      Identity of cause of action is not required.

       The Bank’s argument that Chapter 33 “does not waive the statute of

limitations on claims not asserted in the original case” because the “plain language

of the statute only allowed revival of the cause of action originally sued under”

       33
        Smith’s pleadings against Clark, which were not excepted to, broadly and
generally pled for all damages. CR:14
       34
         Mental anguish damages are not recoverable in a legal malpractice claim alleging
“pure economic loss” (anguish caused solely by the loss of economic compensation) but
are recoverable where the circumstances of a legal malpractice case otherwise make an
award of emotional distress damages appropriate. See, e.g., Cosgrove, 774 S.W.2d at
666; Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, pet.
denied); Heath v. Herron, 732 S.W.2d 748 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ
denied).

Appellee’s Brief - Page 30
makes no sense, and is contrary to the statutory language. Chapter 33 specifically

provides for the joinder of claims that would otherwise be barred by limitations35

and thus not “originally sued under.” Moreover, it expressly allows such claims

against “any person”36 alleged to have contributed to “any portion”37 of a

claimant’s “injury or damage,”38 “in any way,”39 “whether by negligent act or

omission, by [product liability], by other conduct or activity that violates an

applicable legal standard, or by any combination of these.”40 The plain language of

the statute thus clearly and unambiguously allows the assertion of virtually any

independent cause of action against any party who allegedly contributed to the

“injury” or the “damage.”

       The Bank’s attempt to construe “harm” to somehow mean “cause of action”

is contradicted by numerous references throughout Chapter 33 which demonstrate

that “harm” clearly refers to the injuries which are compensated by an award of

       35
            C.P.R.C. 33.004(e)
       36
            C.P.R.C. 33.011(6)
       37
            C.P.R.C. 33.004(l)
       38
            Id.
       39
            C.P.R.C. 33.011(6)
       40
            Id.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 31
damages.41 The statute consistently uses “harm” to mean injury, which in this case

was the injury Smith suffered as a result of the Bank’s wrongful prosecution.42

Such harm is precisely what the jury would have considered and evaluated in

awarding damages had Plaintiff’s claims against Clark gone to trial, just as it was

the harm the jury considered and evaluated in assessing damages against the Bank.

       Ignoring the plain and unambiguous language of the statute,43 the Bank

attempts to re-write Chapter 33's definition of a responsible third party to mean a

person who is liable for all or part of the plaintiff’s claim or cause of action against

       41
         See, e.g., C.P.R.C. § 33.011(1)–(1)(A)(“. . . ‘claimant’ includes: the person who
was injured, was harmed, or died or whose property was damaged . . .”); § 33.011(1),
(1)(B) (“. . . ‘claimant’ includes: . . . any person who is seeking ... recovery of damages
for the injury, harm, or death of that person”); § 33.011(4) (“‘Percentage of
responsibility’ means that percentage . . . attributed . . . with respect to causing . . . the
personal injury, property damage, death, or other harm for which recovery of damages is
sought.”); § 33.011(5) (“‘Settling person’ means a person who has . . . paid or promised
to pay money . . . with respect to the personal injury, property damage, death, or other
harm for which recovery of damages is sought.”); § 33.011(6) (“‘Responsible third party’
means any person . . . causing in any way the harm for which recovery of damages is
sought . . . .”). Substituting “cause of action,” “legal theory,” or “defendant's conduct” for
“harm” in any of these provisions would yield absurd results.
       42
        Courts must read a statute as whole, not just isolated portions. Tex. Dep't of
Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637, 642 (Tex.2004)
       43
        Court's “look first and foremost to the words of the statute.” Lexington Ins. Co. v.
Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83, 85 (Tex.2006). A court must construe the statute's words
according to their plain and common meaning, unless a contrary intention is apparent
from the context or unless such a construction leads to absurd results. City of Rockwall v.
Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625–26 (Tex.2008); see also T EX. G OV.C ODE A NN. §
311.011(a) (Vernon 2005) (“Words and phrases shall be read in context and construed
according to the rules of grammar and common usage.”)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 32
the defendant, as opposed to a person responsible for any part of the plaintiff’s

alleged injuries or damages. If the legislature had intended to limit responsible

third parties to those liable for the plaintiff’s cause of action against a defendant it

could have done so, using clear and well-understood language such as appears in

T EX.R.C IV.P. 38(a), which allows a defendant to join a third party who is liable to

the defendant or to the plaintiff “for all or part of the plaintiff’s claim against him.”

Instead, by referring to causing any portion of the “alleged injury or damages,”

Chapter 33 provides a much broader definition than Rule 38(a).

       Moreover, in contrast to the broad language of Chapter 33, Rule 38(a)’s

definition allows only derivative claims for contribution and indemnity.44 Such

derivative actions do not accrue for limitations purposes until a plaintiff recovers

damages or settles its suit against a defendant.45 Accordingly, if Chapter 33 were

indeed limited to such derivative claims, there would be no need for Section

33.004(d)’s provision authorizing joinder notwithstanding limitations. Such would

be meaningless surplusage, which cannot be presumed, since every word of a

       44
        See, Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 891, 902
(Tex.App.–Austin 2001, no pet.), citing, Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd., 826 S.W.2d 933, 935
(Tex. 1992).
       45
       City of San Antonio v. Talerico, 81 S.W. 518, 520 (1904); see also, Ingersoll-
Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp., 997 S.W.2d 203, 211 (Tex. 1999).

Appellee’s Brief - Page 33
statute must be presumed to have been used for a purpose.46

       In addition to being contrary to the clear statutory language, the Bank’s

position is contrary to case law. Citing no supporting authority, the Bank argues

this is a case of first impression, but the Bank’s position is actually counter to well-

established law recognizing that when apportioning responsibility and liability for

damages among multiple defendants, no joint conduct or identity of cause of action

is required. Instead, liability and comparative causation under independent causes

of action is routinely considered.

       Significantly, this is true even in cases involving an original tort followed by

subsequent professional malpractice. Under Chapter 33's proportionate

responsibility scheme, the negligence of an original tortfeasor and a subsequently-

malpracticing professional are compared in evaluating causation. An example is In

re: Brokers Logistics, Ltd., 320 S.W.3d 402 (Tex.App. – El Paso 2010, no pet.),

which was decided under the same (2008) version of Chapter 33 applicable to the

case at bar. In Brokers, the original defendant in a premises liability case

designated a subsequently-treating doctor as a responsible third party. The

plaintiff then sued the doctor within sixty days, despite the fact that limitations had

otherwise expired. The trial court granted a motion to strike the doctor’s

       46
Gray v. Nash, 259 S.W.3d 286, 291 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2008, pet. denied).

Appellee’s Brief - Page 34
designation as a responsible third party, but the court of appeals granted

mandamus, holding that, because “a genuine issue of fact regarding [the doctor’s]

responsibility for at least a portion of [the plaintiff’s] injury or damages” had been

raised, “[t]he trial court clearly abused its discretion by striking the designation of

[the doctor] as a responsible third party.” Brokers, 320 S.W.3d at 408. The

original tortfeasor did not cause the doctor to malpractice, and the doctor did not

cause the original tort, but part of the damages sought from each were the same.

       The rule continues to apply under the current version of Chapter 33. See,

e.g., ExxonMobil Corp. v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36, 52 (Tex.App.–Houston [14 th

Dist.] 2015, pet. filed) (trial court in intentional assault case erred in striking the

defendant’s designation of a subsequent treating doctor as a responsible third party

where the evidence raised an issue as to whether the doctor was “responsible for at

least a portion of [the plaintiff’s] ‘alleged injury or damage,’ which is all that the

statute requires.”)

       Nevertheless, citing no authority, the Bank asserts that the 2003 amendments

to Chapter 33 provided “a very limited definition of a proper responsible third

party,” limiting it to parties at blame for a “particular cause of action.” Case law

recognizes the opposite is true – that the 2003 amendments actually liberalized and

significantly broadened the definition of a responsible third party:

Appellee’s Brief - Page 35
       The purpose of the 2003 amendments to the requirements for designating
       responsible third parties was to liberalize who may be so designated, such
       that the jury may be permitted to consider the extent to which each involved
       entity is at fault, regardless of the extent to which the plaintiff could actually
       recover against such an entity.(... the 2003 amendments “substantially
       broadened” the meaning of responsible third parties to eliminate those
       restrictions and to allow the jury to allocate responsibility among all persons
       potentially responsible); Holman, supra, at 884 (describing the new rule as a
       “veritable free-for-all, with submission of ‘... unidentified defendants,
       phantom vehicles, subcontractors ... whose names can't be remembered,’ and
       so forth”) (quoting Tort Reform of 2003: Hearings on Tex. H.B. 4 Before the
       Senate Comm. on State Affairs, 78th Leg., R.S. (Apr. 10, 2003), reprinted in
       2 Legislative History of Texas H.S. 4: The Medical Malpractice & Tort
       Reform Act of 2003, at 1304 (2003)).

Hernandez v. Bumbo, Ltd., No. 3:12-CV-1213-M, 2014 WL 924238, *5 (N.D. Tex.

March 10, 2014) (emphasis added).

       3.      Smith’s claims against Clark and the Bank are not mutually
               exclusive, and Chapter 33 would apply, regardless.

       The Bank did not raise its “mutually exclusive” argument in the trial court.

On appeal, the Bank cites no authority for its novel assertion that Chapter 33 does

not waive limitations as to mutually exclusive claims. Instead, numerous scenarios

exist involving mutually exclusive claims where Chapter 33 clearly applies. One

example is where an original defendant and a designated responsible third party,

later joined as a defendant, each assert that the other’s conduct was the sole cause

of a plaintiff’s injuries – for example, by disputing which of them caused an

accident, or disputing which of two distinct events caused the plaintiff’s alleged

Appellee’s Brief - Page 36
damages. If the Bank’s theory were correct, Chapter 33 would not provide for

joinder in such “mutually exclusive” cases.

       At any rate, Smith’s claims against the Bank and Clark are not mutually

exclusive. Smith’s entire claim against the Bank was an element of his claim

against Clark (due to the “case-within-a-case” rule), and Smith’s claim against

Clark does not contradict or affect his claim against the Bank at all. There is no

inconsistency.

       There is nothing “inconsistent” about the fact that – as applied in this case –

Chapter 33 allows all parties who are somehow responsible for injuring a plaintiff

to be brought into litigation filed against other parties which involves such injuries,

notwithstanding the statute of limitations. This represents a legislative policy, not

an inconsistency.

       4.      The statute does not produce an absurd result, and no vested right
               was curtailed.

       The Bank argues that reading the statute to permit its joinder produces an

“absurd result.” Smith could as easily argue it was an “absurd result” that a Rule

202 petition filed against the Bank did not toll limitations on the identified claims,

of which the Bank was fully aware. But in specific response to the Bank’s

argument, it would be much more absurd if the law permitted a Bank which had

maliciously harmed its customer to shift all of its liability to the attorney

Appellee’s Brief - Page 37
attempting to help the aggrieved customer by allowing – or perhaps even

contributing to causing – the statute of limitations to be missed. In short, there is

nothing “absurd” about a legislative scheme that permits the party that actually

caused damages to be joined and held to account, rather than allowing all

responsibility to be permanently shifted onto somebody else.

       The Bank’s argument it was deprived of some “vested right” to rely on

limitations is unsupportable and contrary to law. The Bank relies on Baker v.

Hughes, 12 S.W.3d 1 (Tex. 2000), which addressed the completely different

situation where a statutory amendment took away a limitations defense that had

already vested under prior law, thereby violating Article I, Section 16 of the Texas

Constitution which prohibits “ex post facto or retroactive laws.” See, Baker, 12

S.W.3d at 4.47 Such rule has no application to the case at bar, where no statutory

amendment destroyed a pre-existing right.

       The precise argument made by the Bank was squarely rejected in Flack v.

Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251, 260 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 2010, pet. denied), which

held that joinder of claims under Chapter 33.004(e) which would otherwise be

       47
         The Texas Supreme Court recently noted, “We have only upheld constitutional
retroactivity challenges four times. In two of those cases, we upheld retroactivity
challenges because amendments to statutes of limitations revived claims the previous
statutes barred. [citing Baker] Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698, 708 (Tex.
2014).

Appellee’s Brief - Page 38
barred by limitations cannot violate the rule against retroactive application unless

the cause of action arose before the statute was amended in 2003.

       The Bank’s other cited case is to the same effect. Villarreal v. Wells Fargo

Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109, 123 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.]

2010, no pet.) (Because “claims were time-barred when the 2003 amendments to

Chapter 33 were enacted,” section 33.004(e) would not be applied retroactively.)

       5.      The statute promotes public policy.

       The Bank urges this Court to question the statute’s wisdom and logic and

apply a “different construction than as written” in the interest of “public policy.”

The Court should decline to do so. A court’s job is to ascertain the policy and

intent of a statute from its language and apply it as written, not to substitute its

opinions on matters of public policy.

       Furthermore, it is much better public policy to permit a tortfeasor primarily

responsible for causing damages to be joined in an ongoing lawsuit, despite

limitations, than to allow all of its liability to be permanently shifted onto others.

Regardless, this is an area entrusted to the legislature.

       An extreme example illustrates that courts properly apply Chapter 33.004(e)

as written and permit joinder, even where it is argued that such permits absurd

results or violates public policy. In Flack, the court applied the “plain meaning” of

Appellee’s Brief - Page 39
the statute to hold that joinder of third parties should have been permitted, despite

the fact they had been “designated as RTPs solely to ‘try and wash out their

limitations defense,’” allegedly contrary to “public policy.” Flack, 334 S.W.3d at

260. 261. Applying the statute as written, the court explained:

       Section 33.004(e) creates the potential to revive otherwise barred claims
       against a designated RTP. This procedure may result in the plaintiff
       collaborating with a defendant to join additional tortfeasors. For example,
       section 33.004(e) allows a plaintiff to sue a defendant with little or no
       liability, and that defendant may then designate the true tortfeasor as an
       RTP. Id. The plaintiff subsequently may join the true tortfeasor, avoid a
       limitations defense, and nonsuit the original defendant. Id.; see also Gregory
       J. Lensing, Proportionate Responsibility and Contribution Before and After
       the Tort Reform of 2003, 35 TEX. TECH L.REV. 1125, 1182 (2004) ("A
       plaintiff who misses limitations as to one joint tortfeasor can easily suggest
       to another joint tortfeasor that it should invoke the responsible-third-party
       device-perhaps even offer that tortfeasor some inducement to do so-and then
       enjoy a new sixty-day window of opportunity to sue the responsible third
       party.")

Flack, 334 S.W.3d at 256. Despite such “public policy” concerns, court applied

the plain language of the statue and held that the trial court abused its discretion in

dismissing the plaintiff’s claims against the third party based on limitations. Id. at

263.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 40
II.    Response to Appellant’s Issue No. 2

A.     Punitive damages recoverable from the Bank in a malicious prosecution
       case were part of the actual damages Smith’s sought against Clark.

       The Bank argues that punitive damages should not be recoverable against

the Bank because Smith did not seek punitive damages against Clark, since

Chapter 33.004(e) only allows for the joinder of tortfeasors who could be

responsible for the damages sought from the original defendant. This argument

completely mis-construes the basis of Smith’s claims. All damages Smith could

have recovered from the Bank in a malicious prosecution suit – including punitive

damages – represent part of the compensatory damages Smith sought from Clark.48

Such damages were thus included in the damages which Clark alleged the Bank

was responsible for in his designation of the Bank as a responsible third party.

       48
         Damages in a legal malpractice case include “the amount of damages recoverable
and collectible ... if the suit had been properly prosecuted.” Elizondo, 415 S.W.3d at 263
(citing Cosgrove, 774 S.W.2d at 666; see also, Akin, 299 S.W.3d at 112. This includes
exemplary damages. Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 93 S.W. 146, 148, (Tex.Civ.App.–
El Paso 1906) (“[S]he has lost by such negligence of defendants what she would have
otherwise collected; and the fact that part of the judgment which might reasonably have
been expected to be recovered and collected might have been for exemplary damages
would make no difference.”), rev’d o.g., 94 S.W. 324, 328 (Tex. 1906) (holding that the
trial court’s error in instructing the jury regarding what a witness had said was “harmful”
because it prevented the jury from considering facts in mitigation of the underlying
damages, “especially in the matter of exemplary damages.”); Parsons v. Greenberg, No.
02-10-00131-CV, 2012 WL 310505, *11, (Tex.App.–Fort Worth, Feb. 2, 2012, pet.
denied) (noting that no known case has ever overruled Patterson’s holding that the loss of
underlying punitive damages are recoverable as compensatory damages in a legal
malpractice case.)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 41
B.     Chapter 33 prohibits the reduction of exemplary damages, not their
       recovery.

       The Bank next argues that Chapter 33 “does not apply to exemplary

damages;” however, rather than supporting the Bank’s position, such fact actually

highlights why the Bank’s preceding argument is incorrect.

       Section 33.002(c)(2) states that Chapter 33 “does not apply to ... a claim for

exemplary damages included in an action to which this chapter otherwise apples.”

Thus, a defendant cannot shift or reduce his liability for punitive damages to a third

party, nor can a defendant receive a “settlement credit” for settlement payments

representing punitive damages. This is the meaning and effect of section

33.002(c)(2). See, Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917, 927 (Tex. 1998)

(“A defendant cannot receive credit for settlement amounts representing punitive

damages [because] ‘[t]his chapter does not apply to ... a claim for exemplary

damages included in an action to which this chapter otherwise applies.’”)

       Accordingly, if Smith had sought punitive damages against Clark, Clark

could not have properly designated the Bank as a responsible third party with

respect to such punitive damages claim, and the Bank’s first argument would

indeed apply. Punitive damages from Clark, based on Clark’s own conduct, would

not represent compensation for a loss the Bank caused.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 42
       This did not occur, however. Smith did not sue Clark for exemplary

damages, and the Bank was not designated or joined because it allegedly caused

the harm giving rise to a non-existent punitive damage claim against Clark. The

Bank was designated because it caused the “actual damages” sought from Clark.

Such is expressly permitted, by Chapter 33. Once the Bank had been so-

designated, it was proper for Smith to join the Bank as a defendant. At that point,

the Bank was no longer a “responsible third party” under Chapter 33 but a

defendant in the case. Flack, 334 S.W.3d at 262. Nothing prohibited Smith from

recovering from the Bank every element of damages the Bank was liable for –

certainly all elements representing part of the actual damages alleged against Clark.

       Chapter 33's prohibition against using another party’s comparative

responsibility to reduce a defendant’s liability for punitive damages has never been

construed to prohibit holding a defendant responsible for its own punitive

damages, as the Bank advocates. Instead, punitive damages are routinely awarded

in cases which also involve the application of comparative responsibility under

Chapter 33; the defendant simply does not receive a reduction on punitive

damages. See, e.g., Mobil Oil Corp. 968 S.W.2d at 927.49

       49
         Thus, if the Bank had alleged and proved that Smith was negligent and
responsible for his own injuries, Smith’s negligence would still have reduced his recovery
of actual damages against the Bank under 33.012(a), notwithstanding the fact that it
would not have reduced his recovery of punitive damages, per 33.002(c)(2).

Appellee’s Brief - Page 43
       The Bank was properly designated as a responsible third party because it

allegedly caused at least part of the damages Smith sought to recover from Clark. It

was then permissibly joined as a defendant. Smith’s claims against the Bank arose

under common law, not Chapter 33. Chapter 33 allowed for the Bank’s joinder in

the case, but did not otherwise create or diminish any substantive rights, once the

Bank became a defendant.

III.   Response to Appellant’s Issue No. 3

A.     Sufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding that the Bank initiated or
       procured the prosecution.

       1.      The evidence shows that the Bank initiated the prosecution;
               moreover, the Bank’s representative and its retained expert each
               testified and admitted it did.

       “A person initiates a criminal prosecution if he makes a formal charge to law

enforcement authorities.” Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. v. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d
288, 292 (Tex. 1994). That is exactly what the Bank’s vice president Jerry Cone

did when he personally “filed hindering a secured creditor” charges against Smith

with the Sulphur Springs Police Department. (3RR:76; PX-20) Indeed, Cone

testified (then denied) that his purpose in filing the charges was “to get him

indicted and charged with the crime.” (3RR:112-113) Moreover, Cone

acknowledged that he “initiated criminal prosecution” against Smith on behalf of

the bank. (3RR:77)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 44
       Significantly, the Bank’s attorney elicited clear and specific testimony from

the Bank's own retained expert witness, former Hopkins County District Attorney

Frank Long, that when the Bank filed the complaint with the police department, the

Bank “initiated the prosecution” within the meaning of the required element of

malicious prosecution. (4RR:234) On cross-examination, Mr. Long confirmed

that, consistent with the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals’ holding that, “A person

initiates a criminal prosecution if he makes a formal charge to law enforcement

authorities,” that is what Cone did when he filed a complaint with the police in this

case. (4RR:254-255)

       Smith’s expert, Lamar County District Attorney Gary Young, likewise

testified, “if a person goes to the police, reports a crime, they have initiated

criminal prosecution.” (5RR:22)

       The Bank did not object to any of this testimony, offer any contrary

testimony, or request any sort of instruction or definition from the court regarding

initiating the prosecution. The charge did not define “initiate,”50 which is

commonly understood and defined to mean, “to cause or facilitate the beginning

       50
        “Initiation would not ordinarily need to be defined, as it would be demonstrated
by evidence that a defendant filed formal charges against plaintiff.” Browning-Ferris, 881
S.W.2d at 293.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 45
of.”51 Under the evidence and the charge, “initiation of prosecution” was clearly

established, in addition to being admitted by the Bank’s vice president, and though

expert testimony offered by and on behalf of the Bank.

       Contrary to its own testimony and admissions, the Bank quotes language out

of context from an unpublished, unreviewed, El Paso opinion, Gonzalez v. Grimm,

that “initiating” an action “describes executing the charging instrument which goes

before the magistrate who may then issue an arrest warrant.”52 While Gonzalez did

quote such language from the Restatement of Torts, the Bank omits the remainder

of the citation, where the court went on to also quote the Texas Supreme Court’s

holding that, “A person initiates a criminal prosecution if he makes a formal charge

to law enforcement authorities.”53

       Gonzalez did not hold or suggest that “execution of a charging instrument”

is required. Gonzalez held that a witness, who had previously reported a man to

the police for threatening to misuse her social security number, had not “initiated

prosecution” when the D.A. had declined to prosecute him based on her complaint,

       51
            See Webster’s Dictionary: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/initiate
       52
      Appellant’s Brief p.24, quoting Gonzalez v. Grimm, No. 08-13-00326-CV, 2015
WL 4137862, (Tex.App.–El Paso 2015, no pet.)
       53
            Gonzalez, 2015 WL 4137862 at *5, quoting Browning-Ferris, 881 S.W.2d at
292.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 46
but one year later had filed different charges – for criminal assault – based on the

factual statements of an investigating police officer and other witnesses (including

allegations which the original witness herself actually disputed), without

communicating with her at all.54 Such holding in no way changes the fact,

confirmed by the court, that “[a] person initiates a criminal prosecution if he makes

a formal charge to law enforcement authorities.”55 As all the witnesses agreed at

trial, that is exactly what the Bank did.

       2.        The evidence shows that the Bank procured the prosecution.

       Because the Bank initiated Smith’s prosecution, evidence of procurement is

not required, as a plaintiff asserting malicious prosecution may prove the defendant

“either ‘initiated’ or ‘procured’” criminal proceedings. Browning-Ferris, 881

S.W.2d at 293 (emphasis added). Nevertheless, even if Cone had not personally

initiated the criminal proceedings by filing hindering a secured creditor charges

against Smith with the police, the Bank would still be liable for “procuring” the

prosecution, as sufficient evidence supports a finding that the Bank provided

information it knew to be false, thereby causing the prosecution, which would not

have occurred absent the Bank's actions.

       54
            Gonzalez, 2015 WL 4137862 at *3-*4,*6.
       55
            Gonzalez, 2015 WL 4137862 at * 5, quoting, Browning-Ferris, 881 S.W.2d at
292.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 47
                 a.      Cone knowingly provided false information.

       When Cone accused Smith of hindering a secured creditor, he was not aware

of any facts or circumstances whatsoever that would lead him to believe that Smith

had committed such crime. (3RR:45,76,115-116,118-110; 4RR:102)56

       In addition to groundlessly accusing Smith of committing a crime, Cone

gave the police several pieces of important information he knew to be false –

information he later repeated and confirmed to the D.A.’s office when they

contacted him, including: that Smith had not paid any part of the $24,378.54 loan;

that Smith had refused to contact the Bank; that Smith had not returned any part of

the collateral associated with the loan; that the value of the unreturned collateral

was $23,150; and that the collateral included in particular the Toyota commercial

embroidery machine.57 He also gave the police his false affidavit claiming he had

been unable to contact Smith at his house on multiple occasions, and had been

informed he was a long-distance trucker, and gave them an unclaimed demand

letter he had sent before the consolidated loan was even executed.58

       56
            Please see the “Facts” section of this brief, supra, p. 4
       57
            Supra, pp. 4-7
       58
            Id. See also supra, p. 3

Appellee’s Brief - Page 48
       The Bank attempts to rely on Cone’s self-serving assertions that he told

Officer Irving the truth, did not realize the ramifications of filing a complaint; and

had no contacts with the D.A.’s office after filing the charges, but such assertions

are demonstrably false, and the jury was well within its purview in concluding

otherwise.59

                 b.     The Bank was the source of information that caused
                        Smith’s prosecution.

       A plaintiff in a malicious prosecution suit need not provide direct evidence

of causation, but may prove his case through “alternative means,” including

circumstantial evidence. In re: Bexar County, 224 S.W.3d 182, 186 (Tex. 2007).

Nevertheless, as detailed in the “Facts” section of this brief, strong, direct evidence

shows that all of the allegations and information which the police and D.A.’s office

relied upon in arresting, jailing, indicting, and prosecuting Smith were provided

exclusively by Cone, on behalf of the Bank.60 There was no independent

investigation, beyond talking to Cone and receiving information from him.61

       59
            Supra, pp. 2-3; 4-7; 9-10
       60
            Supra, pp. 3-7; 9-10
       61
        4RR:33,36. See also the first page of the D.A. documents (PX-21) which states
that most of the file consists of documents the Bank provided. It contains no
independently-developed evidence.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 49
       The Bank claims that “Officer Russell Sterling [sic.] swore out the complaint

against Smith based on his investigation and own beliefs,” but cites only Officer

Stillwagoner’s probable cause affidavit, failing to mention that Stillwagoner

undisputedly never conducted any independent investigation. (4RR:33,36) The

Bank’s own expert, former D.A. Frank Long, did not fault the police department

for relying on the information Cone provided. (4RR:286) A police officer would

reasonably expect and assume that someone reporting that certain property has

been destroyed or sold would accurately identify the property. (4RR:289)

       As addressed in Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (Tex.App.–San Antonio

1998, pet. denied), even though the decision to prosecute is ultimately made by the

District Attorney, evidence that a party intentionally included false and misleading

information in his complaint to the police is sufficient to support a finding of

procurement.62 The evidence in this case is more than sufficient.

B.     Sufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding that the Bank lacked
       probable cause.

       When asked about the Bank’s probable cause to believe that Smith was

guilty of the crime the Bank accused him of, Cone acknowledged that he had no

knowledge of any facts whatsoever that would lead him to reasonably and honestly

       62
        Thrift cited the defendant’s misidentification of certain accounts receivable
pledged as collateral on a loan as an example of false information the D.A. had acted
upon. Thrift, 974 S.W.2d at 78.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 50
believe that any crime had been committed. (3RR:115)

       Although there is an initial presumption that the defendant in a malicious

prosecution case acted reasonably and in good faith and had probable cause to

initiate the proceedings, this presumption disappears once the plaintiff produces

evidence that the motives, grounds, beliefs, and evidence upon which the defendant

acted did not constitute probable cause. Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952
S.W.2d 515, 517, 518 (Tex.1997). The burden then shifts to the defendant to offer

proof of probable cause. Id. Cone’s admission that he knew of no facts

whatsoever that would lead him to reasonably and honestly believe that any crime

had been committed not only shifted the burden, it established the lack of probable

cause as a mater of law.63

       To overcome the jury’s finding, the Bank “must show that [the] evidence

could only be interpreted in such a way as to provide it with probable cause to

believe that [Smith] was guilty of the offense.” J.C. Penney Co., Inc. v. Ruth, 982
S.W.2d 586, 589 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 1998, no pet.), citing, Richey, 952 S.W.2d

at 517. Thus, this Court must “look to see if [the Bank] conclusively proved that a

       63
        When a litigant admits positive facts, he is conclusively bound by such
admissions. “The testimony of a party to a suit and admissions made by him must be
construed as binding upon him, and not merely as raising issues of fact.” Turner v. State,
850 S.W.2d 210, 213 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 1993, no pet.), quoting, Tex. & P. Ry. Co. v.
Wood, 145 Tex. 534, 199 S.W.2d 655 (1947).

Appellee’s Brief - Page 51
reasonable person would believe that a crime had been committed, given the facts

as [the Bank] honestly and reasonably believed them to be before the criminal

proceedings were instituted.” Id. Even aside from Cone’s admissions, the Bank

has failed to meet this burden.

       The “Facts” section of this brief cites clear evidence establishing the Bank

lacked probable cause.64 Moreover, the Bank's own expert, former District

Attorney Long, testified that he could not state an opinion that Cone had probable

cause to accuse Smith of hindering a secured creditor. (4RR:274)

       As Long confirmed, hindering a secured creditor requires more than simply

refusing to tell a lender where collateral is located. (4RR:244) The statute does not

outlaw refusal by the debtor to reveal the location of property. (4RR:245-246) Not

paying on a secured loan does not constitute the crime. (4RR:261) Nor does the

law outlaw refusal by a debtor to conceal both himself and the collateral from the

lender. (4RR:262) District Attorney Gary Young, agreed: Refusing to reveal the

location of collateral or merely refusing to deliver collateral upon demand does not

constitute an offence, nor does the debtor’s concealment of himself. (5RR:15,16)65

       64
            Supra, p. 4
       65
       The trial court correctly so charged the jury. CR:538. See, Anzaldua v. State, 696
S.W.2d 911, 912-913 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985).

Appellee’s Brief - Page 52
       The Bank attempts to prove probable cause based solely on Cone’s

testimony that, at the time the renewal note was executed, Smith allegedly told

Cone that he would return later and tell him where some unidentified other

collateral was located, but never did. Smith denied such conversation ever

occurred. (4RR:143) The jury was free to believe Smith, rather than Cone.

       Moreover, even if the jury believed Cone’s testimony, such does not

establish probable cause, as a mere refusal by a debtor to reveal the location of

collateral does not constitute the crime of hindering a secured creditor.66 The

Bank’s attorney attempted to elicit testimony from the Bank’s expert that if Cone

had indeed asked Smith where other collateral was, and if Smith had indeed told

Cone he would come back later and show him but then refused to do so, such could

have constituted hindering a secured creditor, but Mr. Long testified it would not.

Such would not be a demand to deliver possession of the property, and refusing to

reveal its location would not constitute the crime of hindering a secured creditor.

(4RR:296,297)

       66
         Furthermore, Cone claimed this discussion occurred when he renewed Smith's
loan, during a pleasant conversation, when Smith supposedly indicated it was in storage
somewhere by pointing over his shoulder to the west. (3RR:51) At that time, the loan
was being renewed, Smith was cooperating, and there was no demand for payment or
return of any collateral. Cone testified he never again spoke to Mr. Smith about such
collateral, and did not mention it or ask him about it several weeks later when Smith came
up to the Bank to demonstrate the machine to the Stones. (3RR:206-207) He never again
asked Smith about it. (3RR:115,125)

Appellee’s Brief - Page 53
       The Bank also cites Cone’s testimony that his intent in filing charges was

not to get Smith indicted, but to get paid. Although largely irrelevant to the issue

of probable cause, Smith would point out that, at one point, Cone admitted that his

purpose in filing the charges was “to get him indicted and charged with the crime.”

(3RR:112-113) Furthermore, Cone knew it was improper to file criminal charges in

order to get paid. (3RR:36,104-105)

       Because the evidence does not conclusively prove that a reasonable person

would believe that a crime had been committed, given the facts as the Bank

honestly and reasonably believed them, its point of error must be overruled.67

IV.    Response to Appellant’s Issue No. 4

       Sufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding that Smith sustained
       some physical pain or mental anguish.

       As Appellant acknowledges, because the charge submitted physical pain and

mental anguish in a single question, the verdict and judgment must be upheld if

there is some evidence of just one of those elements.68 The record contains

sufficient evidence of both elements.

       67
            See, J.C. Penney Co., 982 S.W.2d at 589; Richey, 952 S.W.2d at 517.
       68
            Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 771 (Tex. 2003).

Appellee’s Brief - Page 54
       A.      Physical Pain

       Although most of Smith’s anguish was mental, the evidence shows Smith

also suffered some physical pain. For one thing, he was physically restrained and

locked in jail for five days without freedom of movement, forced to sleep on a very

uncomfortable mattress, obliged to eat unpalatable food and to use the bathroom

with no toilet paper, forced to wear filthy, smelly clothes. (4RR:106)

Significantly, during this time he was denied access to important anti-seizure

medication, without which he was unable to sleep or maintain his sense of time and

space. (4RR:107) He became physically very shaky and was speaking

incoherently. (4RR:61,62)

       Ignoring the evidence, Appellant argues that “Smith recognizes there was no

evidence of physical pain” because Smith’s counsel stated he was “talking mental

anguish” in his closing argument. (5RR:111) That Smith’s counsel chose to talk

about mental anguish in argument in no way establishes there was no evidence of

physical pain.69

       69
         The Bank does not assert such comments constituted a judicial admission, and
could not support such assertion in any event, as counsel’s statement that he was “talking
mental anguish” was not a “clear, deliberate, and unequivocal admission” that no
evidence of physical pain existed. See, Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake
Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735, 753-754 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet.
denied); Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45, 62 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st
Dist.] 2012, pet. denied); Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186, 201 (Tex.App.– Beaumont
1997, pet. denied).

Appellee’s Brief - Page 55
       The Bank does not appeal the amount of damages awarded. Accordingly,

because there was sufficient evidence from which the jury could conclude that

Smith experienced some physical pain, the verdict must be affirmed.

       B.      Mental Anguish

       “An award of mental anguish damages will survive a legal sufficiency

challenge when the plaintiffs have introduced direct evidence of the nature,

duration, and severity of their mental anguish, thus establishing a substantial

disruption in the plaintiffs’ daily routine.” Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d
434, 444 (Tex.1995) Even absent such evidence, the award will survive if the

record nevertheless reveals “any evidence of ‘a high degree of mental pain and

distress’ that is ‘more than mere worry, anxiety, vexation, embarrassment, or

anger.’” Id.70 Considering all that Smith endured, the Bank’s assertion that he

suffered no compensable mental anguish is absurd. The evidence in such regard

was not merely sufficient, it was overwhelming.71

       70
         Courts have typically defined mental anguish as, “more than mere
disappointment, anger, resentment or embarrassment, although it may include all of these.
It includes a mental sensation of pain resulting from such painful emotions as grief,
severe disappointment, indignation, wounded pride, shame, despair and/or public
humiliation.” Parkway, 901 S.W.2d at 444.
       71
         Please refer to the evidence of Smith's mental anguish set forth in the "Facts"
section of this brief, Supra, pp. 7-9; 11-12.

Appellee’s Brief - Page 56
       A closely analogous case addressing mental anguish damages for malicious

prosecution is Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 1998,

pet. denied), in which the court affirmed an award of mental anguish based on

evidence very similar to, though not as compelling as, that at bar:

       Thrift contends that the evidence is insufficient to support the jury's award of
       damages for emotional distress because the award necessitates an inference
       of humiliation. We disagree. The evidence reflects that Hubbard was
       indicted by a grand jury of four counts of criminal activity reflecting
       negatively on her character, and that she remained under indictment for
       over three years. Hubbard testified that she had to sit with other criminal
       defendants who were chained and attended by guards during her fifteen
       court appearances. She further testified that, during these hearings, she
       endured “glossy eyed” on-lookers “pawing” at her and asking why she was
       there. She spent over three years assisting in her defense and fearing a
       conviction of unfounded charges. She testified that it was “terrible.”

       Hubbard testified that she discontinued her church activities because she
       feared misleading people about her faith if they discovered that she was
       under indictment. She also worried about her business dealings and
       feared applying for certain projects because she would be compelled to
       disclose the indictment. Hubbard's criminal attorney testified that she was
       many times, “crying, a nervous wreck.” Hubbard's stepdaughter testified
       that the Hubbards's criminal defense took up “pretty much all of their time
       and all of their thoughts and everything ... I mean they worked hard to get
       where they were, and it was all gone, taken away.”

       Thrift's contention that the award of damages for emotional distress required
       evidence that Hubbard could not sleep or eat, required medication or
       psychiatric care, experienced depression, or fell into substance abuse as a
       result of the charges against her is unfounded. The evidence in this case
       supports a finding that Hubbard's daily routine was substantially
       disrupted by fear and anxiety related to the charges pending against
       her, not to mention by the emotional strain surrounding her
       preparation for and attendance at over 15 court proceedings as a

Appellee’s Brief - Page 57
       criminal defendant. The jury's award of $150,000 for mental anguish was,
       therefore, appropriate. Thrift's third point of error is overruled.

Thrift, 974 S.W.2d at 81 (emphasis added).

       As in Thrift, the evidence at bar shows that Smith’s “daily routine was

substantially disrupted by fear and anxiety related to the charges pending against

[him], not to mention by the emotional strain surrounding [his] preparation for and

attendance at [18] court proceedings as a criminal defendant.” Like Ms. Hubbard,

Smith was indicted, felt ashamed, and feared people finding out that he was

accused of a crime. Unlike Hubbard, however, Smith was actually arrested and

jailed for days, deprived of important medication, and actually did lose the ability

to work on certain, projects, as opposed to just fearing that he would.

       In addition to being stronger than the evidence held sufficient in Thrift, the

evidence of Smith’s mental anguish is also significantly greater than the evidence

held by the Texas Supreme Court to support such award in Latham v. Castillo, 972
S.W.2d 66 (Tex. 1998). Like Thrift, Latham was decided after Parkway, and

applied the standards from that case to hold that the evidence was sufficient.

       Latham involved a DTPA suit against a lawyer by a married couple who

claimed they suffered mental anguish when they learned the lawyer had missed the

statute of limitations to file a medical malpractice lawsuit over their daughter’s

death, and had misled them about it. The father testified that when he found out

Appellee’s Brief - Page 58
the lawyer had lied to him, it “made me throw up,” made him “sick, nervous, and

mad,” and “it just hurt me a lot because I trusted in him.” Latham 972 S.W.2d at

70. The mother simply testified, “my heart was broken. I was devastated, I felt

physically ill.” Id. Citing no other evidence, the Supreme Court held this was

“some evidence” that the attorney’s conduct caused each of the plaintiffs a “high

degree of mental pain and distress,” exceeding the evidence of “mere emotions” as

referenced in Parkway. Id.

       Even more so than in Latham, the anguish Smith suffered also exceeded

“mere emotions,” and included great physical discomfort and restraint, the loss of

sleep, shakiness, confusion, incoherent speech, “fuddle brain” from lack of

medication, the loss of the ability to work in his chosen field, harm to his ability to

provide for his family, and the fear and humiliation of being branded a criminal.

       “Evidence of what has taken place in a plaintiff's life as a result of a

defendant's actions is important in showing mental anguish. [] Jurors are best

suited to determine, by referring to their own experiences, whether and to what

extent the defendant's conduct caused compensable mental anguish.” GAB

Business Services, Inc. v. Moore, 829 S.W.2d 345, 350 (Tex.App.–Texarkana

1992, no writ). In this case, the evidence strongly supports the jury’s verdict. In

short, the jury’s conclusion that Smith suffered some pain or mental anguish was

Appellee’s Brief - Page 59
well supported by all the evidence, and the trial court did not err in granting

judgment on the jury’s verdict.

                                      PRAYER

       For the foregoing reasons, Appellee respectfully requests:

1.     that the trial court’s judgment be affirmed (except to the extent that the

judgment is reversed and rendered, in part, so as to include $84,542.00 in

prejudgment interest, as addressed and requested in Smith’s Cross-Appeal herein);

2.     that Appellee recover the appellate costs incurred by him herein; and

3.     that Appellee have all other and/or further relief that the law and the nature

of this case may require.

                                               Respectfully submitted,

                                               /s/ J. Mark Sudderth
                                               J. Mark Sudderth
                                               Texas Bar No. 19461500
                                               N OTEBOOM – T HE L AW F IRM
                                               669 Airport Freeway, Suite 100
                                               Hurst, Texas 76053
                                               (817) 282-9700
                                               (817) 282-8073 (facsimile)
                                               Sudderth@Noteboom.com

                                               Attorney for Appellee,
                                               John Alexander Smith

Appellee’s Brief - Page 60
                              CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

       I certify that a true and correct copy of the attached document been served
upon all counsel record on the 14th day of December, 2015, via e-service, to the
attorneys of record for Cross-Appellee City National Bank of Sulphur Springs as
follows:

       John R. Mercy
       Mercy, Carter, Tidwell, L.L.P.
       1724 Galleria Oaks Drive
       Texarkana, Texas 75503
       E-mail: jmercy@texarkanalawyers.com

       Coy Johnson
       E-mail: coy@clayjohnsonlaw.com
       Clay Johnson
       E-mail: clay@clayjohnsonlaw.coim
       Johnson Law Firm, P.C.
       609 Gilmer Street
       Sulphur Springs, Texas 75482
                                              /s/ J. Mark Sudderth
                                              J. Mark Sudderth

                             CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

       This document complies with the typeface requirements of T EX. R. A PP. P.
§ 9.4(e) because it has been prepared in a conventional typeface no smaller than
14-point for text and 13-point for footnotes.

       I certify that this brief was prepared with Corel WordPerfect X5, and that,
according to that program’s word-count function, the sections covered by T EX. R.
A PP. P. § 9.4(i)(1) contain 14,217 words, thus bringing the brief into compliance
with the word-count limitations of that Rule.

                                              /s/ J. Mark Sudderth
                                              J. Mark Sudderth

Appellee’s Brief - Page 61
                                   APPENDIX

A.   Ackerman v. Vordenbaum

B.   Adams v. Parker Square Bank

C.   Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. v. Nat'l Dev. & Research Corp.

D.   Anzaldua v. State

E.   Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc.,

F.   Baker v. Hughes,

G.   Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. v. Lieck,

H.   City of Rockwall v. Hughes,

I.   City of San Antonio v. Talerico,

J.   Clark v. Dillard’s, Inc.,

K.   Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd.,

L.   Cosgrove v. Grimes,

M.   Dixon v. SW Bell Tel. Co.,

N.   Edlund v. Bounds,

O.   Elizondo v. Krist,

P.   Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc.,

Q.   ExxonMobil Corp. v. Pagayon,

R.   FFP. Operating Ptnrs., L.P. v. Duenez,

S.   Flack v. Hanke,
T.    French v. Gill,

U.    GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Moore,

V.    Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson,

W.    Gonzalez v. Grimm,

X.    Gray v. Nash,

Y.    Greathouse v. McConnell,

Z.    Heath v. Herron,

AA.   Hernandez v. Bumbo, Ltd.,

BB.   Hines v. Commission for Lawyer Discipline,

CC.   Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf,

DD.   Houston First Am. Sav. v. Musick,

EE.   In re: Bexar County,

FF.   In re: Brokers Logistics, Ltd.,

GG.   In re: Smith,

HH.   Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp.,

II.   Isern v. Watson,

JJ.   J.C. Penney Co., Inc. v. Ruth,

KK.   Jay Miller & Sundown, Inc. v. Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc.,

LL.   Latham v. Castillo,

MM. Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn,
NN.    Litton Indus. Prod., Inc. v. Gammage,

OO.    Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender,

PP.    Parkway Co. v. Woodruff,

QQ.    Parsons v. Greenberg,

RR.    Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer (App.)

SS.    Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer (Tex.)

TT.    Rhodes v. Batilla,

UU.    Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co.,

VV.    Shepherd v. Ledford,

WW. Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd.,

XX.    Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C.,

YY.    Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera,

ZZ.    Tex. & P. Ry. Co. v. Wood,

AAA. Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley,

BBB. Thrift v. Hubbard,

CCC. Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp.,

DDD. Tobin v. Garcia,

EEE. Turner v. State,

FFF. Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Svcs., LLC,

GGG. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE Chapter 33
HHH. TEX. GOV. CODE § 311.011

III.   TEX. R. CIV. P. 38
A
Ackermann v. Vordenbaum, 403 S.W.2d 362 (1966)
15 A.L.R. 3d 893

                                                                           Generally, order overruling motion for summary
                                                                           judgment is interlocutory in nature and not
                     403 S.W.2d 362
                                                                           appealable.
                  Supreme Court of Texas.
                                                                           151 Cases that cite this headnote
       Milton O. ACKERMANN et ux., Petitioners,
                        v.
        Ernestine VORDENBAUM, Respondent.                           [3]    Appeal and Error
                                                                              On Appeal from Intermediate Court
           No. A—11101. | May 25, 1966.                                    Where an order of dismissal was appealed from
          | Rehearing Denied June 22, 1966.                                Court of Civil Appeals and Supreme Court had
                                                                           determined that order of dismissal was improper,
Suit in form of trespass to try title. The Second Twenty-Fifth
                                                                           a remand and reinstatement of case in trial court's
District Court, Guadalupe County, Paul C. Boethel, J., entered
                                                                           docket was the proper disposition of case rather
a dismissal and the plaintiff appealed. The San Antonio Court
                                                                           than the Supreme Court's rendition of a judgment
of Civil Appeals of the Fourth Supreme Judicial District, 393
                                                                           for the plaintiff.
S.W.2d 927, reversed and rendered and error was brought.
The Supreme Court, Norvell, J., held that although where                   11 Cases that cite this headnote
amended original petition of plaintiff was defective in the
matters pointed out by defendants' motion to strike which
related to form rather than substance of petition which was
not claimed to have failed to state a cause of action and trial
                                                                   Attorneys and Law Firms
court had not ordered a repleader, the decision of plaintiff not
to amend did not render cause subject to dismissal.                *362 Jandt & Jandt, Seguin, for petitioners.

Judgment of Court of Civil Appeals reformed, and as so             Threlkeld, Saegert & Saegert, Seguin, W. James Kronzer,
reformed, affirmed.                                                Houston, for respondent.

                                                                   Opinion

 West Headnotes (3)                                                NORVELL, Justice.

                                                                   Upon an appeal from an order dismissing this cause, the Court
 [1]     Pretrial Procedure                                        of Civil Appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court and
             Defects and Objections Ground for                     rendered judgment for the plaintiff, Ernestine Vordenbaum.
         Dismissal in General                                      The Court of Civil Appeals held that the trial court erred in
         Where second amended original petition of                 overruling the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment and
         plaintiff was defective in the matters pointed out        rendered judgment for the plaintiff in accordance with Rule
         by defendants' motion to strike which related to          434, Texas *363 Rules of Civil Procedure. 393 S.W.2d 927.
         form rather than substance of petition, which was         We affirm.
         not claimed to have failed to state a cause of
                                                                   The plaintiff in the trial court was the appellant in the Court
         action and trial court had not ordered a repleader,
                                                                   of Civil Appeals and is the respondent here. 1 We will use the
         the decision of plaintiff not to amend did not
                                                                   trial court designation of the parties.
         render cause subject to dismissal. Rules of Civil
         Procedure, rules 46, 69, 90.                              Two questions are involved, namely, (1) Did the trial court err
                                                                   in dismissing this cause?, and, if that question be answered in
         7 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                   the affirmative, (2) Was the Court of Civil Appeals correct in
                                                                   rendering judgment for the plaintiff or should the cause have
 [2]     Appeal and Error                                          been remanded for another trial?
            Nature and Scope of Decision

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              1
Ackermann v. Vordenbaum, 403 S.W.2d 362 (1966)
15 A.L.R. 3d 893

                                                                   repleader and plaintiff had violated no order of the court. The
The first question presents little difficulty. The action was in   ground set forth in the motion to strike related to form rather
trespass to try title in which the grounds of recovery were        than substance and it was not contended that the petition failed
specifically alleged. The plaintiff alleged that on December 5,    to state a cause of action. We have no true analogy between
1951, she executed a deed conveying one and one-fifth acre         the action taken here and the now outmoded general demurrer
of land out of the G. Malpaz Survey No. 67 in Guadalupe            practice (Rule 90), in which a dismissal could be ordered
County, Texas to the defendants, Milton O. Ackermann               upon a refusal *364 to amend after a court had held that the
and wife, Emelie Ackermann, in which she reserved a life           petition stated no cause of action. We hold that the order of
estate and a vendor's lien, said lien being reserved ‘until        dismissal was erroneous and must be reversed.
the above described obligations are fully complied with
according to their intent and purpose when this deed shall
become absolute’. The consideration for this deed was that         This brings us to a consideration of the second question,
the Ackermanns ‘take care of and provide the meals for             that is, whether an order of rendition or remand constitutes
the grantor (Mrs. Vordenbaum) as long as she lives'. These         the correct disposition of the case. This largely depends
were the obligations referred to in the vendor's lien clause.      upon whether an appellate court having held that an order
The plaintiff asserted the agreement to support had not been       of dismissal was improper may then examine a trial court's
carried out, but had been abandoned and consequently she           action in overruling a summary judgment. In Tobin v. Garcia,
was entitled to recover upon the superior legal title retained     159 Tex. 58, 316 S.W.2d 396 (1958), we held that:
by her in the deed above mentioned.                                          ‘If the only order in the trial court is
                                                                             one overruling a motion for summary
Plaintiff's Second Amended Original Petition in the forepart
                                                                             judgment, then that order is interlocutory
thereof contained a number of exceptions directed against
                                                                             and no appeal will lie therefrom. But
defendants' answer. These exceptions were followed by a
                                                                             when, as in this case, both parties
repleading of her cause of action. The defendants moved
                                                                             file motions for summary judgment and
to ‘strike from the record the document called the second
                                                                             one such motion is granted, then the
amended original petition for the reason that the same is not
                                                                             trial court's judgment becomes final and
in compliance with Rules 46 and 69 of the Texas Rules of
                                                                             appealable, and on appeal the Court
Civil Procedure’. Apparently the motion to strike was heard
                                                                             of Civil Appeals should determine all
on May 21, 1964, but the order sustaining the same was not
                                                                             questions presented. If reversible error
signed by the trial judge until December 14, 1964. It appears
                                                                             is found, the court should render such
that on the same date the order was signed, the defendants
                                                                             judgment as the trial court should have
made a further motion in which they requested the trial court
                                                                             rendered, Rule 434, and if the case is
to dismiss the case for want of prosecution because plaintiff
                                                                             brought to this court and the judgment of
had failed to amend her second amended original petition.
                                                                             the Court of Civil Appeals is reversed, we
The trial court sustained the motion to strike the second
                                                                             should render such judgment as that court
amended original petition and then dismissed the case. The
                                                                             should have rendered. Rules 501 and 505.
order of dismissal was not based upon the theory that the
                                                                             Rogers v. Royalty Pooling Co. (Tex., 302
plaintiff had failed to prosecute her case, but on the contrary
                                                                             S.W.2d 938) is overruled.’
recites that as ‘plaintiff desires to stand on her pleadings and
not to replead the same after having a reasonable opportunity
to do so, it is further ordered that this cause be and the same    In the Tobin-Garcia case, the appeal was from an order
is hereby dismissed, * * *.’                                       granting a summary judgment based upon the defendants'
 [1] Undoubtedly, the second amended original petition was         motion. We held that the order granting such summary
defective in the particulars pointed out by defendants' motion     judgment was erroneous and that after having made such
and we do not know why plaintiff did not amend her defective       holding, we were authorized to review the trial court's action
petition. However that may be, the only pleading which was         in overruling the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment.
stricken was the second amended original petition and if           In the present case, an order of dismissal was appealed from
plaintiff decided not to file another amendment, such decision     instead of an order granting a motion for summary judgment.
did not render the cause subject to dismissal. As pointed out
by the Court of Civil Appeals, the trial court did not order a

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             2
Ackermann v. Vordenbaum, 403 S.W.2d 362 (1966)
15 A.L.R. 3d 893

                                                                    for summary judgment do not always disclose all the pertinent
This circumstance squarely raises the question of whether           facts relating to a case and the same may be said as to answers
the Tobin-Garcia rule is a comparatively narrow one having          and defenses to such motions. Generally, the facts are more
application only to that situation wherein both parties have        fully developed upon a conventional trial than they are by the
moved for summary judgment, or whether it should be                 affidavits and depositions relied upon to support or defeat a
applied broadly as applicable to all cases in which a motion        motion for summary judgment. It would seem incongruous
for judgment has been overruled and thereafter an appealable        for a court, upon finding that a judgment following a full and
judgment has been rendered. In Gulf, Colorado & Santa               complete conventional trial should be reversed because of the
Fe Ry. Co. v. McBride, 159 Tex. 442, 322 S.W.2d 492                 admission of improper evidence, to then review the action of
(1959), the Tobin-Garcia rule was thus broadly stated: ‘We          a trial court in overruling a summary judgment, particularly if
held (in Tobin v. Garcia) that where there was a final              it appears from the evidence adduced upon the conventional
judgment rendered in a cause, which was appealable (and             trial that there were genuine issues of fact in the case even
was appealed), the appellate court could act upon a denied          though the summary judgment record might not reflect this
motion for summary judgment, if the point has been properly         situation because of an incomplete development of the facts.
preserved’. Although in McBride, both sides had filed                [2] In Wright v. Wright, 154 Tex. 138, 274 S.W.2d 670
motions for summary judgment, the Court of Civil Appeals in         (1955), this Court pointed out that the general rule was that
the present case took the language of McBride as indicating         an order overruling a motion for summary judgment was
that this Court intended the Tobin-Garcia rule to apply to all      interlocutory in nature and hence not appealable. In speaking
cases wherein an appealable judgment (including a dismissal,        of the practice later sanctioned in Tobin v. Garcia, it was said:
or judgment rendered at the conclusion of a conventional
                                                                              ‘True, where there is an appeal from
trial upon the merits), had been entered subsequent to the
                                                                              that part of the court's order which
overruling of a motion for summary judgment. The broader
                                                                              grants summary judgment, it might
interpretation of the rule would undoubtedly lead to the
                                                                              be convenient to allow the appellate
expeditious disposal of lawsuits in cases where it appears
                                                                              court to review also the part refusing
that a litigant whose motion for summary judgment had been
                                                                              summary judgment and itself to render
overruled was clearly entitled to prevail, and undoubtedly
                                                                              summary judgment on the latter issue,
this factor was considered by the Court of Civil Appeals
                                                                              if it concludes that the trial court ought
in rendering judgment in the case. However, there are
                                                                              to have done so. At the same time,
other considerations which must be taken into account in
                                                                              since such a practice would be by way
determining whether to adopt a narrow or broad interpretation
                                                                              of exception to a general rule, any
of the Tobin-Garcia doctrine.
                                                                              benefits might well be outweighed by the
When both sides file motions for summary judgment, each                       resultant confusion.’
litigant in support of his own motion necessarily takes the
position that there is no genuine issue of fact in the case and
that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. While it does
                                                                    Undoubtedly, the rule of practice adopted by Tobin v. Garcia
not necessarily follow that when both sides file motions for
                                                                    is an exception to the general rule that an order overruling
summary judgment there is no genuine fact issue in the case,
                                                                    a motion for summary judgment is not subject to review
it does indicate that the legal controversy is one *365 which
                                                                    upon appeal. Compare, Brown v. Aetna Casualty & Surety
generally turns upon an interpretation of some rule of law and
                                                                    Co., 135 Tex. 583, 145 S.W.2d 171 (1940). Such rule
both sides are prepared to present their respective contentions
                                                                    was recognized in the interest of the prompt disposal of
with reference thereto.
                                                                    causes and its operation has generally been attended with
However, when we have a case in which a motion for                  satisfactory results. However, the rule should not be so
summary judgment is overruled and thereafter,—perhaps               broadened as to produce confusion or injustice. Thomas
years thereafter, the suit is removed from the trial court docket   de Quincey once intimated that many a man could trace
by dismissal or a judgment following a conventional trial on        his downfall to some murder he thought little of at the
the merits, a different situation is presented. In such instances   time. However, our system of practice should not permit
a review of the overruled motion for summary judgment could         the downfall of a cause because of an overruled motion for
result in judgments which would be patently unjust. Motions         summary judgment, which in the light of a conventional

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              3
Ackermann v. Vordenbaum, 403 S.W.2d 362 (1966)
15 A.L.R. 3d 893

                                                                      and the appeal is prosecuted from a judgment granting one or
trial on the merits appears to have been defectively defended
                                                                      more of them.
against by insufficient pleadings, depositions or affidavits.
                                                                       [3] Accordingly, the judgment of the Court of Civil
Many of the considerations militating against the review of a
                                                                      Appeals is reformed to provide *366 for a remand and a
trial court's action overruling a motion for summary judgment
                                                                      reinstatement of the case on the trial court's docket rather than
after the case has been tried in the conventional manner before
                                                                      a rendition of a judgment for the plaintiff. As so reformed, the
judge or jury are also applicable when the final judgment
                                                                      judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals is affirmed.
appealed from is one of dismissal. The safer rule is one
restricting the Tobin-Garcia doctrine to its factual situation
and that disclosed in Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Ry. Co.
                                                                      All Citations
v. McBride, that is, to cases in which motions for summary
judgment have been filed by all of the real parties at interest       403 S.W.2d 362, 15 A.L.R. 3d 893

Footnotes
1      The action was instituted by Ernestine Vordenbaum, who is advanced in years. She was joined by her grandson, Wilbur
       Paul Vordenbaum, as next of kin and temporary guardian, while the suit was pending in the trial court.

End of Document                                                   © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 4
B
Adams v. Parker Square Bank, 610 S.W.2d 250 (1980)

                                                               the summary judgment for Bank and denied the summary
                                                               judgment for Adams. Adams appealed. (See also Ormsby v.
                      610 S.W.2d 250
                                                               Parker Square Bank, 610 S.W.2d 246 (Tex.Civ.App.) handed
       Court of Civil Appeals of Texas, Fort Worth.
                                                               down this date. Background of the instant Adams appeal is
             Van E. ADAMS, Appellant,                          nearly identical.)
                       v.
          PARKER SQUARE BANK, Appellee.                        We dismiss the appeal.

               No. 18351.     |   Dec. 31, 1980.               Strangely the appellant in this case could have but did not
                                                               appeal from the summary judgment for appellee, but chose
The District Court, Wichita County, Calvin Ashley, J.,         instead to limit his appeal to the denial of his own motion for
entered summary judgment, and appeal was taken. The Court      summary judgment.
of Civil Appeals, Massey, C. J., held that appellant could
not raise by point of error denial of his motion for summary   Of this we could not have been aware until appellant's brief
judgment where appellant did not challenge by point of error   was filed, because up until the time he became committed by
granting summary judgment in favor of adverse party.           his point of error it was to be assumed that his appeal would
                                                               be predicated upon the action of the trial court in granting
Appeal dismissed.                                              judgment for his opponent. (Adams waived all but the single
                                                               point of error which is identical to the point in the appeal
                                                               by Ormsby companion hereto.) It is by reference to his brief
                                                               that we have found absence of any complaint of error by
 West Headnotes (1)
                                                               the trial court in having granted summary judgment for his
                                                               adversary. This fact is evidenced by the point and by the
 [1]     Appeal and Error                                      language thereunder to which we have referred to seek to
            Scope and Effect                                   determine whether there was any such complaint of error in
         Appellant could not raise by point of error denial    the summary judgment which was granted to the defendant
         of his motion for summary judgment where              bank. Rather than any such complaint we find that appellant
         appellant did not challenge by point of error         Adams has confined himself to point of error and complaint
         granting summary judgment in favor of adverse         thereunder of no more than the court's failure to grant the
         party.                                                motion for summary judgment filed by him.

         12 Cases that cite this headnote                      Could we have known of this at the time the clerk received
                                                               the transcript in the case it would not have been filed, for
                                                               an appeal does not lie from an order overruling a motion for
                                                               summary judgment.
Attorneys and Law Firms
                                                               Obviously it is the theory of appellant that because both
*250 James Q. Smith, Wichita Falls, for appellant.             he and his adversary filed motions for summary judgment,
                                                               followed by order of the court granting the motion of his
Donald E. Short, Wichita Falls, for appellee.
                                                               adversary and denying his own motion, he can predicate
                                                               his appeal solely upon the denial and disregard the motion
                                                               granted. That is not the law.
                         OPINION
                                                               Until there is successful attack made on appeal of the motion
MASSEY, Chief Justice.
                                                               granted, with judgment entered in accord, the question does
Van E. Adams sued Parker Square Bank (Bank) which had          not exist as to whether the trial court should have granted
financed the purchase of a truck for Adams. Adams sued         the motion which was denied. In such a situation this court
for penalties under the Texas Consumer Credit Code. Both       would lack authority to rule upon the contentions made of
sides moved for summary judgment. The trial court granted      impropriety of the denial.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         1
Adams v. Parker Square Bank, 610 S.W.2d 250 (1980)

                                                                        Since Wright v. Wright a great deal has been written on the
                                                                        question, with the ultimate resolution of that upon which the
 *251 It is after having made the holding that the trial court
                                                                        appellate court has the power to decide, as we understand
erred in granting a summary judgment that a complainant
                                                                        it, be in accord with what is written in the paragraph next
becomes entitled to have the appellate court review the court's
                                                                        preceding. See Tobin v. Garcia, 159 Tex. 58, 316 S.W.2d
action in overruling his own motion for summary judgment.
                                                                        396 (1958), and Ackermann v. Vordenbaum, 403 S.W.2d 362
If it were otherwise his appeal would be no different from the
                                                                        (Tex.1966), and the authorities referred to in both opinions.
situation where it was only the appellant who had moved for
summary judgment and had his motion overruled, and who
                                                                        The appeal is dismissed.
attempted an appeal from the denial. In such a case it is settled
that no appeal shall lie. Wright v. Wright, 154 Tex. 138, 274
S.W.2d 670 (1955).
                                                                        All Citations

                                                                        610 S.W.2d 250

End of Document                                                     © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                  2
C
Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. v. National..., 299 S.W.3d 106 (2009)
53 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 77

                                                                         Reversed, rendered, and remanded.

     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
Disagreed With by    Smith v. McLaughlin,     Va.,   February 26, 2015
                                                                          West Headnotes (20)
                       299 S.W.3d 106
                   Supreme Court of Texas.
                                                                          [1]    Attorney and Client
          AKIN, GUMP, STRAUSS, HAUER                                                 Pleading and evidence
             & FELD, L.L.P., Petitioner,                                         When a former client sues a lawyer for
                        v.                                                       improperly prosecuting a prior lawsuit, provided
          NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND                                               the judgment is not dormant or preempted, the
       RESEARCH CORPORATION, Respondent.                                         requirement that client must prove amount of
                                                                                 damages that would have been collectible from
             No. 07–0818. | Argued Dec. 9,                                       defendant in prior suit is satisfied by proof of the
           2008. | Decided Oct. 30, 2009.                                        greater of either (1) the fair market value of the
            | Rehearing Denied Jan. 15, 2010.                                    underlying defendant's net assets that would have
                                                                                 been subject to legal process for satisfaction of
Synopsis
                                                                                 the judgment as of the date the first judgment
Background: Client, a consulting company, brought legal
                                                                                 was signed or at some point thereafter, or (2)
malpractice action against law firm that represented it in
                                                                                 the amount that would have been paid on the
litigation against energy company and its affiliates, which
                                                                                 judgment by the defendant or another, such as a
litigation resulted in entry of judgment notwithstanding the
                                                                                 guarantor or insurer.
verdict (JNOV) against client due to firm's failure to submit
jury questions to support partial verdict in client's favor. The                 5 Cases that cite this headnote
68th Judicial District Court, Dallas County, Charles Stokes,
J., entered judgment on jury verdict finding firm negligent
                                                                          [2]    Attorney and Client
and awarded client damages. Firm appealed. The Court of
                                                                                      Elements of malpractice or negligence
Appeals, 232 S.W.3d 883, Bea Ann Smith, J., retired, sitting
                                                                                 action in general
by assignment, affirmed as modified. Parties petitioned for
review.                                                                          To prevail on a legal malpractice claim, the
                                                                                 plaintiff must prove the defendant owed the
                                                                                 plaintiff a duty, the defendant breached that duty,
                                                                                 the breach proximately caused the plaintiff's
Holdings: The Supreme Court, Johnson, J., held that:                             injury, and the plaintiff suffered damages.

[1] evidence was insufficient to support damages award to                        26 Cases that cite this headnote
client for value of stock at time energy company breached
parties' agreement;
                                                                          [3]    Attorney and Client
                                                                                     Conduct of litigation
[2] evidence was insufficient to support finding that attorney's
negligence was a cause in fact of client's appellate attorney's                  When the claim for legal malpractice is that
fees and expenses;                                                               lawyers improperly represented the plaintiff in
                                                                                 another case, the plaintiff must prove and obtain
[3] evidence was legally sufficient to support award for                         findings as to the amount of damages that would
separate counsel fees; and                                                       have been recoverable and collectible if the other
                                                                                 case had been properly prosecuted.
[4] evidence was insufficient to support amount of award for
                                                                                 11 Cases that cite this headnote
separate counsel fees.

                                                                          [4]    Attorney and Client

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                    1
Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. v. National..., 299 S.W.3d 106 (2009)
53 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 77

             Pleading and evidence                                    Findings based on speculation are not based on
        When the claim for legal malpractice is that                  legally sufficient evidence.
        lawyers improperly represented the plaintiff in
                                                                      1 Cases that cite this headnote
        another case, evidence that a defendant in the
        underlying suit could have satisfied a judgment
        at times prior to the time a judgment is signed        [8]    Appeal and Error
        generally will not be relevant to and will not be                Verdict
        probative of the judgment's collectibility unless             In reviewing a legal sufficiency challenge to the
        it is also shown that the defendant's ability to              evidence, the Supreme Court credits evidence
        satisfy a judgment was not diminished by the                  that supports the verdict if reasonable jurors
        passage of time until judgment was signed.                    could have done so and disregards contrary
                                                                      evidence unless reasonable jurors could not have
        2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      done so.

 [5]    Attorney and Client                                           15 Cases that cite this headnote
            Pleading and evidence
        When the claim for legal malpractice is that           [9]    Appeal and Error
        lawyers improperly represented the plaintiff                     Sufficiency of Evidence in Support
        in another case, evidence that a judgment in                  Appeal and Error
        client's favor in the other case would have been                 Total failure of proof
        collectible on or after the date a judgment was
                                                                      A legal sufficiency challenge will be sustained
        first signed is relevant, since a judgment creditor
                                                                      by the Supreme Court when (a) there is a
        does not have to wait thirty days past signing
                                                                      complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (b)
        of the final judgment to begin procedures for
                                                                      the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence
        collecting its judgment.
                                                                      from giving weight to the only evidence offered
        Cases that cite this headnote                                 to prove a vital fact, (c) the evidence offered
                                                                      to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla,
                                                                      or (d) the evidence conclusively establishes the
 [6]    Attorney and Client                                           opposite of the vital fact.
            Pleading and evidence
        When the claim for legal malpractice is that                  44 Cases that cite this headnote
        lawyers improperly represented the plaintiff in
        another case, prejudgment or pre-suit evidence         [10]   Appeal and Error
        of solvency or other evidence that damages                       Sufficiency of Evidence in Support
        would be collectible from a defendant could
                                                                      Evidence does not exceed a scintilla, as required
        be sufficient to support a finding that damages
                                                                      to sustain a legal sufficiency challenge, if it is so
        were later collectible, provided the evidence
                                                                      weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise
        also shows a reasonable probability that the
                                                                      or suspicion that the fact exists.
        underlying defendant's financial condition did
        not change during the time before a judgment                  45 Cases that cite this headnote
        was signed in a manner that would have
        adversely affected collectibility.
                                                               [11]   Attorney and Client
        5 Cases that cite this headnote                                   Pleading and evidence
                                                                      Evidence submitted against law firm was
                                                                      insufficient to prove that damages that client
 [7]    Evidence
                                                                      would have been awarded in underlying lawsuit
            Sufficiency to support verdict or finding
                                                                      against energy company for value of stock, if

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        its attorney had submitted jury questions to
        support partial verdict in client's favor, were        [15]   Negligence
        collectible from company, as required to support                   “But-for” causation; act without which
        award of damages against firm for malpractice;                event would not have occurred
        statements admitted to show that company                      Negligence
        had sufficient assets to pay judgment, such as                    Substantial factor
        company's financial statement showing over $47                Element of cause in fact, as required to support
        million in equity, did not represent its financial            finding of proximate cause in a negligence
        capabilities or access to any asset listed on                 case, must be established by proof that (1) the
        statement, or set out which company entities                  negligent act or omission was a substantial factor
        were included in statement, but implied that only             in bringing about the harm at issue, and (2)
        the financial condition of four joint ventures                absent the negligent act or omission, the harm
        were represented, and those joint ventures were               would not have occurred.
        not parties to underlying lawsuit.
                                                                      18 Cases that cite this headnote
        2 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                               [16]   Negligence
 [12]   Attorney and Client                                               In general; degrees of proof
            Damages and costs
                                                                      Causation must be proved to support finding of
        General rule that a party may not recover                     negligence, and conjecture, guess, or speculation
        attorney fees for the litigation in which it is               will not suffice as that proof.
        involved unless recovery is authorized by statute
        or contract does not bar a malpractice plaintiff              3 Cases that cite this headnote
        from claiming damages in the malpractice case
        for fees it paid its attorney in the underlying suit   [17]   Attorney and Client
        if it was the defendant attorney's negligence that                Pleading and evidence
        proximately caused the fees.
                                                                      In legal malpractice action against law firm,
        47 Cases that cite this headnote                              there was legally insufficient evidence to support
                                                                      a finding that attorney's negligence was a cause
                                                                      in fact of client's appellate attorney's fees and
 [13]   Attorney and Client
                                                                      expenses in underlying lawsuit, so as to support
            Deductions and forfeitures
                                                                      award of appellate fees as damages against
        Part or all of the fees a client paid to an attorney          firm; there was no evidence that defendant in
        may be recovered through disgorgement and                     underlying suit would not have appealed case if
        forfeiture if the attorney breached his or her                client had obtained a favorable judgment, or that
        fiduciary duty to the client.                                 client would not have defended its judgment on
                                                                      appeal if underlying defendant appealed.
        6 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      11 Cases that cite this headnote
 [14]   Negligence
            Necessity of causation                             [18]   Attorney and Client
        Negligence                                                        Damages and costs
            Foreseeability                                            Evidence was legally sufficient that attorney's
        In a negligence case, proximate cause has two                 failure in underlying lawsuit to request jury
        elements: cause in fact and foreseeability.                   instruction on whether opposing party had
                                                                      breached certain agreements was a cause in
        15 Cases that cite this headnote                              fact of client's need to retain separate counsel
                                                                      for post-trial proceedings, and thus client could

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        recover attorney fees and expenses paid to the
        separate counsel as damages in legal malpractice       Opinion
        action; separate counsel were retained to focus
                                                               Justice JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the Court.
        on the jury charge in underlying lawsuit and
        argue to trial court that despite the absence of a      [1] When a former client sues a lawyer for improperly
        jury finding that the opposing party had breached      prosecuting a prior lawsuit, part of what the plaintiff must
        the agreements, the verdict entitled client to         prove is the amount of damages that would have been
        specific performance of the agreements.                collectible from the defendant in the prior suit. In this legal
                                                               malpractice case we address the following issues: (1) what
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               evidence is necessary to prove damages would have been
                                                               collectible in the prior case, and (2) whether a client may
 [19]   Attorney and Client                                    recover attorney's fees and expenses paid for representation
            Damages and costs                                  in the prior case as damages in the malpractice case.
        In legal malpractice action, evidence was legally
        insufficient to support amount of jury award           We hold that (1) the amount of damages that would have
        for separate counsel appellate fees incurred by        been collectible in the prior suit is the greater of the amount
        client, where client's actual fees were less than      of a judgment for damages that would have been either paid
        half amount that jury awarded. Rules App.Proc.,        or collected from the underlying defendant's net assets; and
        Rule 61.2.                                             (2) the time at which collectibility is determined is as of or
                                                               after the time a judgment was first signed in the underlying
        5 Cases that cite this headnote                        case. We also hold that attorney's fees and expenses paid for
                                                               representation in the underlying lawsuit may be recovered as
                                                               damages to the extent they were proximately caused by the
 [20]   Appeal and Error
                                                               defendant's negligence.
           Rendering Final Judgment
        Generally, Supreme Court renders judgment
                                                               Because there is legally insufficient evidence in this case
        when it sustains a no evidence issue, however,
                                                               to support a finding that damages in the underlying suit
        when there is some evidence of damages, but
                                                               would have been collectible or that the defendant attorneys'
        not enough to support the full amount, it is
                                                               negligence proximately caused the entire amount the jury
        inappropriate to render judgment.
                                                               awarded as damages for attorney's fees and expenses, we
        8 Cases that cite this headnote                        reverse the judgment of the court of appeals. Because there is
                                                               evidence that the attorneys' negligence caused some amount
                                                               of attorney's fees and expenses in the underlying suit, we
                                                               remand to the court of appeals for further proceedings.

Attorneys and Law Firms

 *108 Thomas Fenton Allen Jr., Christopher John Scanlan,                           I. BACKGROUND
Carrington, Coleman, Sloman & Blumenthal, L.L.P., Jeffrey
S. Levinger, Hankinson Levinger LLP, Dallas, and Corbet F.
Bryant Jr., Richardson, for petitioner.                                           A. The Underlying Suit

David W. Shuford, Law Office of David W. Shuford, and          At times relevant to this matter, Panda Energy
Michael L. Jones, Henry & Jones LLP, Dallas, for respondent.   International Corporation (Panda International) was involved
                                                               in developing energy-related projects. Its operations were
*109 Mark C. Harwell, Cotham Harwell & Evans, P.C.,            conducted, in part, through several subsidiary corporations
Houston, Luther H. Soules III, Soules & Wallace, San           and joint ventures. In 1994, National Development and
Antonio, for amicus curiae.                                    Research Corporation (NDR) entered into a Letter Agreement
                                                               with Panda Energy Corporation (PEC), one of Panda
                                                               International's subsidiary corporations, for NDR to assist

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                                                                 Panda International, the parent Panda corporation. PEC also
PEC in locating and securing energy-related projects in
                                                                 sold its Pan–Sino stock to Panda Global Energy Company
China. NDR's compensation was to be (1) an annual service
retainer, (2) stock grants in a Panda subsidiary corporation,    (Panda Global), another subsidiary of Panda International. 1
and (3) success fees for each transaction that closed. To
facilitate the stock grants, NDR and PEC entered into a           *110 In the spring of 1997, Panda Global, as the issuing
Shareholders' Agreement with respect to Pan–Sino Energy          company, closed a $155 million Senior Secured Notes
Development Company, L.L.C. (Pan–Sino), the Panda                offering (the bonds) from which a project in Luannan County,
subsidiary corporation whose shares would be transferred         China (the Luannan project) was funded. NDR assisted with
to NDR as part of its compensation. The Shareholders'            the Luannan project and, pursuant to the Letter Agreement,
Agreement required NDR to sell its interest in Pan–Sino to       received 4 1/2% of Pan–Sino's stock. After NDR received its
PEC if the Letter Agreement was terminated.                      stock in Pan–Sino, and as relevant to this appeal, the corporate
                                                                 structure of the Panda entities and interests was as follows:
Subsequently, and with NDR's approval, PEC assigned its
interest in and obligations under the Letter Agreement to

                                                                 against NDR and Tang for breach of contract, constructive
Shortly after funding closed on the Luannan project, Panda
                                                                 fraud, breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, and
Global notified NDR that it was terminating the Letter
                                                                 negligence.
Agreement and exercising its rights under the Shareholders'
Agreement to purchase NDR's Pan–Sino stock. NDR
                                                                 The case was tried to a jury in August 1999. The trial court
disputed Panda Global's authority to take those actions. The
                                                                 held several post-trial hearings and signed, then modified,
dispute resulted in Panda Global filing a declaratory judgment
                                                                 four successive judgments, all generally in favor of the Panda
action (the “underlying” or “Panda” suit) in Dallas County
                                                                 entities. Final judgment was signed on February 6, 2001,
against NDR and its President, Robert Tang. NDR and Tang
                                                                 and provided that (1) Panda Global recover $111,043.50
retained Akin Gump to represent them in the suit and agreed
                                                                 from NDR and Tang as attorney's fees for obtaining
to pay the firm an hourly fee and a sliding percentage
                                                                 the declaratory judgment; (2) Panda Global and Pan–Sino
contingency fee on any recovery they obtained in the suit.
                                                                 recover $316,273.50 from NDR as attorney's fees pursuant to
NDR and Tang then, through Akin Gump, counterclaimed
                                                                 the Shareholders' Agreement; (3) contingent attorney's fees be
for declaratory judgment and breach of the Letter Agreement
                                                                 awarded in the event of appeal; and (4) all parties take nothing
and filed third party claims against Panda International and
                                                                 otherwise. The court of appeals affirmed the judgment. Nat'l
Pan–Sino. The Panda entities responded by asserting claims

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Dev. & Research Corp. v. Panda *111 Global Energy Co.,               We agree with Akin Gump that the evidence is legally
No. 05–00–00820–CV, 2002 WL 1060483 (Tex.App.-Dallas                 insufficient to support the jury's findings that NDR would
May 29, 2002, pet. denied) (not designated for publication).         have collected damages awarded in the Panda suit for the
                                                                     value of NDR's Pan–Sino stock and for success fees. Absent
                                                                     such evidence, there is no evidence Akin Gump's negligence
                                                                     proximately caused those damages to NDR. We do not reach
                   B. The Malpractice Suit
                                                                     the law firm's issue challenging the evidentiary support for
                                                                     the damages findings or the issue of whether NDR's damages
NDR 2 later sued Akin Gump for legal malpractice based
                                                                     should be reduced by Akin Gump's contingency fee.
on its handling of the Panda suit. NDR asserted, in part,
that Akin Gump negligently failed to request jury questions
                                                                     We also agree with NDR that it may recover damages for
asking whether Panda breached the Letter and Shareholders'
Agreements. NDR alleged that because there were no jury              attorney's fees it paid 3 to its attorneys in the underlying suit to
findings that the agreements were breached by Panda, the             the extent the fees were proximately caused by the defendant
trial court rendered judgment against NDR despite the verdict        attorneys' negligence. We conclude the evidence is legally
having been favorable to NDR.                                        sufficient to support a finding that *112 some attorney's
                                                                     fees paid by NDR were proximately caused by Akin Gump's
The malpractice jury found Akin Gump's negligence resulted           negligence, but the evidence is legally insufficient to support
in damages to NDR as follows: (1) $168,667.41 for the                the finding of $216,590.
judgment paid by NDR in the Panda lawsuit; (2) $427,777.77
that was owed to NDR for the fair market value of its Pan–
Sino stock; (3) $109,596.68 for success fees owed to NDR;                   II. COLLECTIBILITY OF A JUDGMENT
and (4) $216,590.00 for attorney's fees and expenses paid by                      IN THE UNDERLYING SUIT
NDR in the Panda lawsuit. The trial court rendered judgment
in favor of NDR according to the verdict.                             [2] [3] To prevail on a legal malpractice claim, the plaintiff
                                                                     must prove the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty, the
Akin Gump did not appeal the negligence finding or damages           defendant breached that duty, the breach proximately caused
awarded for the $168,667.41 NDR paid on the Panda                    the plaintiff's injury, and the plaintiff suffered damages.
judgment. 232 S.W.3d 883, 889. However, it appealed the              Peeler v. Hughes & Luce, 909 S.W.2d 494, 496 (Tex.1995).
other damage awards. The court of appeals reversed that part         When the claim is that lawyers improperly represented the
of the judgment awarding attorney's fees and expenses and            plaintiff in another case, the plaintiff must prove and obtain
affirmed the remainder of the judgment. Id. at 887.                  findings as to the amount of damages that would have
                                                                     been recoverable and collectible if the other case had been
We granted petitions for review filed by both Akin Gump              properly prosecuted. Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662,
and NDR. Akin Gump urges that the court of appeals erred             666 (Tex.1989). In Cosgrove, a lawyer was sued for failing
in upholding the trial court's judgment for the value of             to properly prosecute an automobile collision case. Id. at 662.
NDR's Pan–Sino stock and success fees because (1) there              The jury was charged to find the amount of damages the
is legally insufficient evidence to support the jury's finding       malpractice plaintiff would have “in reasonable probability
that a favorable judgment in the Panda suit would have been          recovered” and “in reasonable probability collected from
collectible, (2) there is legally insufficient evidence to support   [the defendant] as a result of the collision.” Id. at 665 n. 3
the jury's finding as to the amount NDR was owed for the             (emphasis added). Addressing the submission, we said, “The
value of its Pan–Sino stock, and (3) the damages should have         two issues should have inquired as to the amount of damages
been reduced by the amount Akin Gump's contingency fee               recoverable and collectible [in the prior case] if the suit had
would have reduced NDR's net recovery.                               been properly prosecuted.” Id. at 666.

NDR challenges the court of appeals' determination that              The jury in this case was charged to find the amount of
attorney's fees it paid for representation in the Panda suit are     damages that would have been “recovered and collected” in
not recoverable as damages.                                          the prior case. In connection with the damages question, the
                                                                     jury was instructed:

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                                                                    NDR, citing Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
             In determining damages, you are                        sections 31.002 and 63.001(c), argues that the court of appeals
             instructed to only consider the amount                 was correct: evidence of collectibility prior to the date the
             of money NDR actually would have                       judgment was signed is relevant because some remedies
             recovered and collected from [Panda                    are available to judgment creditors even before a judgment
             Global and Panda International].                       becomes final. Section 31.002, commonly referred to as the
                                                                    “turnover statute,” allows a party that has already secured
See COMM. ON PATTERN JURY CHARGES, STATE
                                                                    a final judgment to collect the judgment through a separate
BAR OF TEX., TEXAS PATTERN JURY CHARGES—
                                                                    court proceeding. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODEE §
MALPRACTICE, PREMISES, PRODUCTS PJC 84.3 cmt.
                                                                    31.002; see also Schultz v. Fifth Judicial Dist. Court of
(2008). Neither party questions whether the jury instruction
                                                                    Appeals at Dallas, 810 S.W.2d 738, 739 n. 3 (Tex.1991)
was correct. Cf. Cosgrove, 774 S.W.2d at 665 n. 3 (instructing
                                                                    (stating that the “purpose of the turnover statute is to aid the
jury to find the amount of damages the plaintiff would have
                                                                    collection of final money judgments”). Because that section
collected to a reasonable probability). Because there was no
                                                                    does not address prejudgment remedies, it does not aid NDR
objection to the charge as submitted, we assume, without
                                                                    here.
deciding, that the instruction was correct and measure the
evidence by the charge as given. See Osterberg v. Peca, 12
                                                                    Section 63.001 contemplates the availability of prejudgment
S.W.3d 31, 55 (Tex.2000).
                                                                    writs of garnishment. But NDR did not attempt to garnish any
                                                                    Panda assets before judgment nor did it prove that it would
Akin Gump's argument on the collectibility issue is twofold.
                                                                    have been entitled to do so. Accordingly, Section 63.001
First, it asserts the court of appeals erred in considering
                                                                    does not make evidence of Panda International's prejudgment
evidence of collectibility as of the time the Panda suit was
                                                                    financial condition relevant in determining collectibility of a
filed in 1997, as opposed to evidence of collectibility on
                                                                    judgment favorable to NDR.
or after the date execution could have issued on the final
judgment. Second, it contends that if a judgment favorable to
                                                                    We next address Akin Gump's position that a plaintiff must
NDR had been rendered in the underlying suit for its Pan–
                                                                    prove a judgment would have been collectible when the
Sino stock values and success fees, there is legally insufficient
evidence that the judgment would have been collected.               judgment becomes final or at some later time. 4 Texas Rule
                                                                    of Civil Procedure 627 states that unless an exception applies,
                                                                    “the clerk of the court or justice of the peace shall issue
                                                                    the execution upon [a] judgment upon application of the
         A. When Must Judgment be Collectible                       successful party or his attorney after the expiration of thirty
                                                                    days from the time a final judgment is signed.” TEX. R. CIV.
The Panda case was filed in October 1997 and tried in
                                                                    P. 627. Depending on the particular case's circumstances,
August 1999. The trial court signed its first judgment on
                                                                    however, the thirty-day period may be shortened or extended.
February 25, 2000, and its final judgment on February 6,
                                                                    See TEX. R. CIV. P. 628 (allowing a trial court to issue
2001. In affirming the trial court judgment for NDR, the
                                                                    execution any time before the thirtieth day after the final
court of appeals considered evidence of the Panda entities'
                                                                    judgment is signed if the plaintiff shows that the defendant
financial condition at times before any judgment was signed.
                                                                    may remove personal property subject to execution out of the
In doing so, the court cited Jackson v. Urban, Coolidge,
                                                                    county); TEX. R. CIV. P. 627 (extending the period for which
Pennington & Scott, 516 S.W.2d 948, 949 (Tex.Civ.App.-
                                                                    a clerk must wait before issuing execution when a motion for
Houston [1st Dist.] 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.), for the proposition
                                                                    new trial or a motion in arrest of judgment is filed). Further,
that the time to be considered in determining whether NDR
                                                                    unless the judgment debtor properly supersedes the judgment,
would have collected on a *113 judgment was “on the date
                                                                    the judgment creditor is not precluded from immediately
the [underlying] case was filed or anytime thereafter.” 232
                                                                    filing an abstract of judgment to aid in seeking satisfaction of
S.W.3d at 895. Akin Gump asserts collectibility can only be
                                                                    its judgment. See 5 ROY W. MCDONALD & ELAINE A.
proved by evidence of the underlying defendant's financial
                                                                    GRAFTON CARLSON, TEXAS CIVIL PRACTICE § 31:2
status as of the time execution could have been issued—thirty
                                                                    (2d ed. 1999).
days after the final judgment was signed. We agree with Akin
Gump's position in part.

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 [4] [5] In light of the foregoing, we conclude that evidence       some judgment debtors might be classified as insolvent
a defendant in the underlying suit could have satisfied a           because they have a balance sheet showing more debts
judgment at times prior to the time a judgment is signed            than assets, or showing liens or pledges that encumber their
generally will not be relevant to and will not be probative of      property, yet there is insurance or a surety that will pay
the judgment's collectibility unless, as discussed below, it is     some or all of the judgment. Or an insolvent judgment debtor
also shown that the defendant's ability to satisfy a judgment       might have current income, profits, or access to finances
 *114 was not diminished by the passage of time until               that can be diverted to satisfy a judgment. Evidence that
judgment was signed. On the other hand, because a judgment          damages awarded against the debtor in the underlying suit
creditor does not have to wait thirty days past signing of          probably would have been paid, even though the debtor was
the final judgment to begin procedures for collecting its           not solvent, would be probative evidence that the damages
judgment, evidence that the judgment would have been                were collectible.
collectible on or after the date a judgment was first signed will
be relevant.                                                   Generally, then, the amount that would have been collectible
                                                               in regard to an underlying judgment—provided the judgment
 [6] [7] Part of the evidence NDR references predates not is not dormant or preempted—will be the greater of either (1)
only signing of a judgment in the Panda suit but the suit      the fair market value of the underlying defendant's net assets
itself. We agree that prejudgment or pre-suit evidence of      that would have been subject to legal process for satisfaction
solvency or other evidence that damages would be collectible   of the judgment as of the date the first judgment was signed
from a defendant could be sufficient to support a finding      or at some point thereafter, or (2) the amount that would
that damages were later collectible, provided the evidence     have been paid on the judgment by the defendant or another,
also shows a reasonable probability that the underlying        such as a guarantor or insurer. See 4 RONALD E. MALLEN
defendant's financial condition did not change during the      & JEFFREY M. SMITH, LEGAL MALPRACTICE § 31.17
time before a judgment was signed in a manner that would       (2009); see also James V. Mazuca & Assocs. v. Schumann,
have adversely affected collectibility. Absent such evidence   82 S.W.3d 90, 96 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2002, pet. denied)
as to the gap time period, however, a factfinder could only    (finding collectibility was adequately shown by a letter
speculate as to how events during the period affected the      recognizing the defendant in the underlying suit was insured
judgment debtor's finances. Findings based on speculation      and the policy would have satisfied a judgment against the
are not based on legally sufficient evidence. See Leitch v.    defendant). But *115 collectibility must be proved; it is not
Hornsby, 935 S.W.2d 114, 119 (Tex.1996) (noting that proof     presumed.
of causation cannot rest on speculation or conjecture).
                                                               We next consider Akin Gump's contention that the evidence
                                                               was legally insufficient to support the jury's finding that NDR
                                                               would have collected damages for the value of its Pan–Sino
                B. Evidence of Collectibility
                                                               stock and success fees had they been awarded in the Panda
The court of appeals stated that a legal malpractice plaintiff suit. In doing so, we note NDR did not claim in the court
must prove the underlying defendant was solvent in order       of appeals that Panda Global was solvent or that damages
to prove collectibility of damages that would have been        would have been collectible from it. See 232 S.W.3d at 895
recovered in the underlying suit. 232 S.W.3d at 895. We        (noting that the parties did not dispute that Panda Global was
agree with the court of appeals, at least in part. Proving     insolvent). Nor does it do so here. Accordingly, our focus
the underlying defendant was solvent is one way to prove       will be on whether NDR would have recovered and collected
collectibility when “solvent” means the underlying defendant   damages from Panda International.
owned sufficient property subject to legal process to satisfy
all outstanding debts and have property remaining to satisfy
some or all of the damages the malpractice plaintiff would                                  C. Analysis
have recovered. See BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 434
(8th ed. 2004) (defining a “solvent debtor” as a debtor              [8] [9] [10] In reviewing a legal sufficiency challenge to
who owns enough property to satisfy all outstanding debts           the evidence, we credit evidence that supports the verdict if
and against whom a creditor can enforce a judgment). But            reasonable jurors could have done so and disregard contrary
collectibility may also be shown in other ways. For example,        evidence unless reasonable jurors could not have done so.

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City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex.2005). A         NDR. We will address the evidence as it is categorized by
legal sufficiency challenge “will be sustained when (a) there       NDR.
is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (b) the court
is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to      First, the consolidated financial statements which NDR
the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (c) the evidence   refers to as part of Panda International's business records,
offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla, or       and as showing “owner's equity,” comprise just over one
(d) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of the       page. The document heading states “Consolidated Financial
vital fact.” Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d        Statements (JV1–JV4) as of May 2001.” The statements (1)
706, 711 (Tex.1997). “Evidence does not exceed a scintilla          do not purport to represent Panda International's financial
if it is ‘so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise       capabilities or access to any asset shown on the financial
or suspicion’ that the fact exists.” Kroger Tex., Ltd. P'ship       statement, and (2) do not expressly set out which Panda
v. Suberu, 216 S.W.3d 788, 793 (Tex.2006) (quoting Ford             entities were included in the statement, but imply that only the
Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex.2004)).              financial condition of the four joint ventures is represented.
                                                                    The same group of business records included a one-page
The jury charge instructed that in determining damages the          balance sheet from Pan–Western, the subsidiary through
jury was to consider the amount NDR would have collected            which Panda International's interest in the joint ventures
from “Panda.” “Panda” was defined as Panda International            flowed. 5 Pan–Western owned 87.92% of the joint ventures.
and Panda Global. As previously noted, however, because             The Pan–Western balance sheet, however, showed no owner's
NDR did not address the collectibility of damages from Panda        equity and indicated that as of May 31, 2001, the Luannan
Global in the court of appeals and does not do so here,             Project had not commenced commercial operations, Pan–
our review is for evidence that damages would have been             Western had not yet received any interest on loans it made to
collectible from Panda International.                               the joint ventures to fund the project, and Pan–Western had
                                                                    paid no interest on the $96.136 million in loans it received
 [11] NDR generally contends the evidence showing Panda             from Panda Global, the issuer of the $155 million in bonds
International “owned numerous subsidiaries with hundreds            that funded the Luannan project.
of millions of dollars of assets is evidence that Panda
[International], through its ownership of these subsidiaries,       To the extent the consolidated financial statement referenced
had sufficient assets to pay” a judgment. Specifically,             the joint ventures, the joint ventures were not parties to the
NDR points to the following as legally sufficient evidence          Panda suit, nor did NDR allege that it would have been
of collectibility from Panda International: (1) May 2001            entitled to collect a judgment from any of them. See TEX.
“Consolidated Financial Statements” which were attached to          BUS. ORGS. CODEE § 21.223 (stating that any affiliate of
a Panda International business records affidavit and showed         a corporation shall be under no obligation to the corporation
over $47 million of owner's equity; (2) Panda International         or to its obligees with respect to “any contractual obligation
owned 100% of the stock of Panda Holdings, Inc. (Panda              of the corporation or any matter relating to or arising from
Holdings) and a May 1999 investor service report showed             the obligation” unless “the obligee demonstrates that the ...
that Panda Holdings had $70 million on its balance sheet;           affiliate caused the corporation to be used for the purpose
(3) Tang's testimony that Panda International and Panda             of perpetrating and did perpetrate an actual fraud on the
Global indirectly owned a portion of the Luannan project as         obligee”). Nor does one corporation's ownership of all or the
well as several other power projects in the United States,          majority of a second entity affect the second entity's existence
Latin America, and Asia; (4) the value of Pan–Sino stock            as a distinct, separate legal entity. See BMC Software Belg.,
owned by Panda Global (which was wholly owned by Panda              N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 798 (Tex.2002); Lucas v.
International) would have been over $8 million based on the         Tex. Indus., Inc., 696 S.W.2d 372, 374 (Tex.1984); Gentry
jury finding as to the value of NDR's 4.5% ownership interest       v. Credit Plan Corp. of Houston, 528 S.W.2d 571, 573
in Pan–Sino; (5) the ability of Panda International and Panda       (Tex.1975); Bell Oil & Gas Co. v. Allied Chem. Corp.,
Global to pay NDR $593,000 in success fees in 1997; and (6)         431 S.W.2d 336, 337 (Tex.1968). The consolidated financial
the award of attorney's fees to Panda International and *116        statements NDR references are not evidence that a judgment
Panda Global in the underlying suit as well as their ability        would have been collectible from Panda International as of or
to pay their own attorneys to prosecute their claims against        after February 2000.

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Next, NDR references a report reflecting that Panda                  International's ownership of the projects. Tang testified that
Holdings's May 1999 balance sheet showed it had “millions            Panda International indirectly owned multiple projects. But
of dollars.” To begin with, NDR does not contend that it             Tang's testimony is no better evidence a judgment would
would have been entitled to collect its damages from Panda           have been collectible from Panda International than the
Holdings, a separate corporation, and Panda International's          financial statement in Panda International's business records.
ownership of Panda Holdings is not, by itself, evidence              First, the evidence was uncontroverted that the joint ventures
that NDR would have collected any amount from Panda                  directly owned the Luannan project and there were several
International, the parent corporation. See TEX. BUS. ORGS.           corporate entities between the joint ventures and Panda
CODEE § 21.223; BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 798. Further,             International. Moreover, there was no evidence the judgment
the report was dated May 14, 1999, which was more than               was collectible from the joint ventures themselves, and
nine months before *117 the first judgment was signed on             NDR does not contend it would have been. Second, Tang's
February 25, 2000. And the May 1999 report itself negates            testimony did not set out any particular owner's equity, cash
its value as evidence a judgment would have been collectible         on hand, current assets, or similar details that would support
from Panda Holdings, even disregarding the fact Panda                a conclusion Panda International was solvent or that NDR
Holdings is a separate corporation from Panda International.         could have collected any damages from it. Third, testimony
The document is a third party report disclosing that “Moody's        from the Panda trial of a Panda International employee with
Investors Service has downgraded the bonds of Panda Global           first-hand knowledge of Panda International's affairs was
Energy from B2 to B3. The rating outlook is negative.”               read into evidence. The employee's testimony was that he
The report says that Panda Holdings “has up to $70–million           was “trying to save the company” because the Luannan
available on its balance sheet currently,” but “there is no          project “cannot meet its debt, and therefore, we are at risk of
certainty as to how much may be available both in the short          foreclosure.”
—and medium-term to supply Panda Global ” (emphasis
added). To the extent NDR's argument is that cash held               Next, the total value of the Pan–Sino stock based on NDR's
by Panda Holdings implies the corporation was an asset               ownership interest is not evidence that damages in the Panda
evidencing Panda International's solvency, we disagree with          suit would have been collectible. The court of appeals relied
it. The Offering Memorandum for the $155 million bond                on the jury finding that NDR's interest in Pan–Sino stock was
issue contains financial data for Panda Holdings, including          valued at over $400,000 to conclude that the remaining 94.5%
an Unaudited Pro Forma Consolidated Balance Sheet as                 of Pan–Sino stock *118 was worth over $8 million. The
of December 31, 1996. The balance sheet showed Panda                 court attributed that value to Panda International. 232 S.W.3d
Holdings' liabilities exceeded its assets by $101.5 million.         at 895. But on April 11, 1997, four years prior to the final
There is no evidence that its financial situation improved even      judgment in the Panda suit, PEC had transferred all the Pan–
though it sold one of its assets and had $70 million in cash as      Sino stock to Panda Global, which NDR does not contend
of May 1999. No evidence shows whether the asset sale was            was solvent. The Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive
at a loss or profit, how the sale affected the solvency of Panda     Officer of Panda International testified in the Panda trial that
Holdings itself, whether the cash was committed to and used          bonds with a face value of over $155 million issued in 1997 to
for other projects or to pay creditors, or other such details. The   finance the Luannan project were trading at “30 to 40 cents on
May 1999 report simply is not evidence that damages would            the dollar” at the time of the Panda trial because the “Chinese
have been collectible from Panda International.                      markets ha [d] deteriorated dramatically.... Banks ha[d] lost
                                                                     all confidence in this Chinese market.” His testimony was
Third, the fact that success fees were paid to NDR in May            introduced as evidence in the malpractice suit. Further, notes
1997 is no evidence a judgment in the Panda suit would have          accompanying a Balance Sheet for Pan–Western Energy
been collectible over two years later. There is no evidence          Corporation LLC (Pan–Western) stated that as of May 31,
of events between the time the success fees were paid and            2001, the Luannan Project had not commenced commercial
the time judgment was signed except testimony evidencing             operations, Pan–Western had not received any interest on
financial deterioration of the Panda entities and projects.          loans it made to fund the project, and Pan–Western had
                                                                     not paid any interest on the loans it received from Panda
NDR argues that collectibility is also shown by Panda                Global, the issuer of the bonds that funded the project. The
International's indirect ownership of the Luannan Project            Bond Offering Memorandum showed that the $155 million
and other power projects and Tang's testimony as to Panda            bonds were secured not only by the assets of Panda Global,

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including the Pan–Sino stock, but by the capital stock of            involved unless recovery is authorized by statute or contract.
                      6                                              It urges adoption of the “tort of another” exception. See
Panda Global itself. The only interest Panda International
had in the Pan–Sino stock flowed from Panda Global's status          RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 914(2) (1977)
as a subsidiary of Panda International, and any value the Pan–       (allowing a party to recover attorney's fees when that party
Sino stock had was subsumed in the uncontested insolvent             must, as a result of some tort committed by another, bring or
financial status of Panda Global.                                    defend an action against a third party). NDR contends that
                                                                     under the exception, it can recover the attorney's fees it had
NDR asserts that the award of attorney's fees Panda Global           to pay for appealing the Panda judgment.
incurred in the Panda suit and the fact that Panda International
and Panda Global obtained representation in the Panda suit           As to the jury's finding on attorney's fees, Akin Gump asserts
are evidence a judgment against them was collectible. We             (1) NDR is seeking fee disgorgement, which is available
disagree. First, if judgment in the Panda suit had been in           only if the attorneys breached a fiduciary duty to NDR, but
favor of NDR, then Panda Global would not have recovered             NDR did not plead or request jury questions on breach of
attorney's fees. Therefore, the fact it recovered fees in the suit   fiduciary duty, see Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 241–43
has no bearing on whether a judgment against Panda Global            (Tex.1999); (2) the “tort of another” exception to the general
would have been collectible. See Cosgrove, 774 S.W.2d at             rule is not implicated by facts such as these where the fees
666. Second, as to NDR's assertion that a judgment would             being sought were paid to the defendant attorneys in the
have been collectible because the Panda parties had sufficient       underlying suit; (3) NDR did not prove it paid the appellate
assets to pay attorneys in the underlying lawsuit, NDR offered       fees it seeks to recover; and (4) to the extent NDR paid the
no evidence of (1) the terms by which the attorneys for the          fees, the fees would have been incurred regardless of the
Panda entities were compensated, (2) whether the attorneys           firm's negligence and therefore were not proximately caused
were actually paid, (3) the source of any funds used to pay          by Akin Gump's actions. 8
the attorneys, even if they were paid, or (4) if any funds that
might have been used to pay the Panda attorneys would have           We disagree with Akin Gump that attorney's fees paid in an
been used to pay NDR's damages.                                      underlying suit can only be recovered through forfeiture for
                                                                     breach of fiduciary duty. For the reasons set out below, we
In sum, none of the evidence NDR cites is legally sufficient to      conclude the general rule as to recovery of attorney's fees
prove collectibility of damages it would have been awarded           from an adverse party in litigation does not bar a malpractice
in the Panda suit for its Pan–Sino stock value and success           plaintiff from claiming damages in the malpractice case for
fees. Accordingly, we need not and do not reach the issues           fees it paid its attorneys in the underlying suit. Because the
of whether there was evidence to support the jury findings as        general rule does not apply to NDR's claim, we need not and
to the amount of NDR's damages and whether the judgment              do not address whether the exception set out in section 914(2)
in favor of NDR should have been reduced by the *119                 of the Second Restatement should be adopted as Texas law.
contingency fee Akin Gump would have collected had NDR
prevailed in the Panda lawsuit.

                                                                                     *120 A. The American Rule

        III. ATTORNEY'S FEES AS DAMAGES                              It has long been the rule in Texas that attorney's fees paid
                                                                     to prosecute or defend a lawsuit cannot be recovered in that
In its petition, NDR argues that the court of appeals erred in       suit absent a statute or contract that allows for their recovery.
holding the attorney's fees it paid in the Panda lawsuit are         See Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299,
not recoverable. 232 S.W.3d at 897. It says the fees paid to         310–11 (Tex.2006) (“Absent a contract or statute, trial courts
appeal the judgment in Panda's favor are economic damages            do not have inherent authority to require a losing party to
proximately caused by Akin Gump's negligent failure to               pay the prevailing party's fees.”); Wm. Cameron & Co. v.
properly submit jury questions. 7                                    Am. Sur. Co. of N.Y., 55 S.W.2d 1032, 1035 (Tex. Comm'n
                                                                     App.1932, judgm't adopted) (“It is settled law in this state
Citing Turner v. Turner, 385 S.W.2d 230, 233 (Tex.1964),             that, unless provided for by statute or by contract between the
NDR acknowledges the general rule that a party may not               parties, attorneys' fees incurred by a party to litigation are not
recover attorney's fees for the litigation in which it is            recoverable against his adversary either in an action in tort or

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a suit upon a contract.”); Sherrick v. Wyland, 14 Tex.Civ.App.      case, could be read out of context as generally precluding
299, 37 S.W. 345, 345 (1896) (“It has often been ruled,             recovery of attorney's fees for prosecuting or defending a suit.
in this state and elsewhere, that fees of counsel, incurred         It was not intended to extend so far.
in prosecuting a suit for or defending against a wrong, are
not ordinarily recoverable as actual damages, because they           *121 The situation before us does not involve the American
are not considered proximate results of such wrong.”). The          Rule that prevails in Texas. NDR does not seek to recover
rule is known as the American Rule. See Buckhannon Bd. &            attorney's fees for prosecuting its malpractice suit against
Care Home, Inc. v. W. Va. Dep't of Health and Human Res.,           Akin Gump. It seeks damages measured by the economic
532 U.S. 598, 602, 121 S. Ct. 1835, 149 L. Ed. 2d 855 (2001)           harm it suffered from Akin Gump's breach of its duty of
(“[P]arties are ordinarily required to bear their own attorney's    care in prosecuting the Panda suit. Akin Gump does not
fees—the prevailing party is not entitled to collect from the       contend it did not have or did not breach a duty of care. Thus,
loser.”); Fleischmann Distilling Corp. v. Maier Brewing Co.,        unless there is some reason not to consider the Panda suit
386 U.S. 714, 718, 87 S. Ct. 1404, 18 L. Ed. 2d 475 (1967).            attorney's fees as damages in the malpractice suit, the question
                                                                    becomes an evidentiary one: Does evidence support the jury's
 [12] The court of appeals in this case concluded that              finding that $216,590 in attorney's fees and expenses were
attorney's fees are not recoverable as damages for legal            proximately caused by Akin Gump's negligence?
malpractice. 232 S.W.3d at 896–97 (citing El Dorado Motors,
Inc. v. Koch, 168 S.W.3d 360, 366 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2005, no         Akin Gump, in effect, urges us to exclude all the Panda suit
pet.) (noting that attorney's fees are not recoverable in a legal   attorney's fees from being considered as damages. It says that
malpractice suit because attorney's fees expended in prior          awarding damages for the fees would be fee forfeiture by
litigation are recoverable only when provided for by contract       another name, and NDR did not plead or obtain findings that
or agreement between the parties)). The court of appeals            Akin Gump breached a duty that would allow fee forfeiture
also cited Martin–Simon v. Womack, 68 S.W.3d 793, 797–98            under the holding of Burrow v. Arce. See Burrow, 997 S.W.2d
(Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied), where it         at 241–43. We disagree with the proposition.
was held that a plaintiff in an interference-with-contract case
could not recover attorney's fees as damages when the fees           [13] If an attorney has breached his or her fiduciary duty
were paid in a prior suit related to enforcement of the contract.   to a client, then part or all of the fees the client paid may
That court relied on Dallas Central Appraisal District v.           be recovered through disgorgement and forfeiture. See id. at
Seven Investment Co., 835 S.W.2d 75, 77 (Tex.1992), and             237. In Burrow, we noted our agreement with the following
New Amsterdam Casualty Co. v. Texas Industries, Inc.,               forfeiture rule: “A lawyer engaging in clear and serious
414 S.W.2d 914, 915 (Tex.1967), for the proposition that            violation of duty to a client may be required to forfeit some
attorney's fees are not recoverable unless provided for by          or all of the lawyer's compensation for the matter.” Id. at
statute or contract. But those cases should not be read so          241–42 (quoting RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE LAW
broadly.                                                            GOVERNING LAWYERS § 49 (Proposed Final Draft No.
                                                                    1, 1996)). But because attorney's fees in an underlying case
For example, in New Amsterdam Casualty Co., we considered           may be subject to forfeiture for breach of fiduciary duty,
the appeal of a case in which an unpaid materialman sued a          it does not follow that fees and expenses paid to attorneys
construction contractor and its surety. New Amsterdam Cas.          who negligently try a suit should not be recoverable as
Co., 414 S.W.2d at 914. Judgment was rendered in favor of           compensatory damages in a second suit for malpractice.
the materialman for the amount due on the materials plus
attorney's fees for prosecuting the suit. Id. at 915. The appeal    In Burrow, the plaintiffs were injured in explosions at a
before this Court concerned only the award of attorney's fees.      Phillips 66 chemical plant. Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 232.
See id. The Court reversed the award of attorney's fees and         The defendant lawyers represented the plaintiffs in a suit
rendered judgment in favor of the surety. Id. at 916. In doing      for their personal injuries. Id. The suit was settled and the
so, we “reaffirmed the rule previously recognized as settled        plaintiffs received settlement payments. Id. They then sued
law ... that attorney's fees are not recoverable either in an       their lawyers for breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, violations
action in tort or a suit upon a contract unless provided by         of the Deceptive Trade Practices–Consumer Protection Act,
statute or by contract between the parties.” Id. at 915. Our        negligence, and breach of contract. Id. at 232. The trial court
statement, considered without reference to the facts of the         granted summary judgment for the defendant attorneys on the

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basis that the settlement in the underlying case was fair and     attorney's negligence caused identifiable economic harm to
reasonable and any misconduct of the lawyers did not cause        the malpractice plaintiff. The better rule, and the rule we
damages to the plaintiffs. Id. at 233.                            adopt, is that a malpractice plaintiff may recover damages
                                                                  for attorney's fees paid in the underlying case to the extent
This Court held that the defendants were not entitled to          the fees were proximately caused by the defendant attorney's
summary judgment because they did not establish as a matter       negligence. See Alexander v. Turtur & Assocs., Inc., 146
of law that the plaintiffs suffered no actual damages. Id. at     S.W.3d 113, 119 (Tex.2004); Knebel v. Capital Nat'l Bank,
237. As to the breach of fiduciary duty claim, though, we         518 S.W.2d 795, 799 (Tex.1974); 3 RONALD E. MALLEN
held that a client need not prove actual damages as part of       & JEFFREY M. SMITH, LEGAL MALPRACTICE § 21:19
the breach of fiduciary duty claim. Id. at 240. We remanded       (2009).
the claim to the trial court for determination of whether
the lawyers breached their fiduciary duties and if so, the
appropriate amount of fee forfeiture. Id. at 246. The question
                                                                                           B. Analysis
of whether the plaintiffs were precluded from recovering, as
damages in a malpractice case, attorney's fees paid to the        NDR's position is that it incurred damages by paying
defendant lawyers in the underlying case was not before the       attorney's fees to appeal the judgment rendered against it
Court in Burrow. As we said, “[t]he main purpose of [fee]         because Akin Gump negligently failed to request inclusion of
forfeiture is not to compensate an injured principal, even        necessary questions in the jury charge. NDR does not contest
though it may have that effect. Rather, the central purpose of    its burden to prove that Akin Gump's negligence proximately
the equitable remedy of forfeiture is to protect relationships    caused it to pay the fees and expenses it seeks to recover.
of trust by discouraging agents' disloyalty.” Id. at 238.
                                                                   [14] [15] [16] Proximate cause has two elements: cause in
 *122 A negligence claim, unlike a fee forfeiture claim for       fact and foreseeability. IHS Cedars Treatment Ctr. of DeSoto,
breach of fiduciary duty, is about compensating an injured        Tex., Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex.2004). Cause
party. See Douglas v. Delp, 987 S.W.2d 879, 885 (Tex.1999)        in fact must be established by proof that (1) the negligent
(“[W]hen the injuries caused by an attorney's negligence          act or omission was a substantial factor in bringing about the
are economic, the plaintiff can be fully recompensed by           harm at issue, and (2) absent the negligent act or omission
the recovery of any economic loss. Restoration of the             (“but for” the act or omission), the harm would not have
pecuniary interest suffices to return a plaintiff to her          occurred. See id. at 799. Causation must be proved, and
prior circumstances.”); THOMAS D. MORGAN, LAWYER                  conjecture, guess, or speculation will not suffice as that proof.
LAW: COMPARING THE ABA MODEL RULES AND                            Leitch, 935 S.W.2d at 119; Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater
THE ALI RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF THE LAW                            Dallas, Inc., 907 S.W.2d 472, 477 (Tex.1995).
GOVERNING LAWYERS 98 (2005) (“A key distinction
between fee forfeiture and the malpractice remedy is that
the amount forfeited need have no relation to actual
damages suffered by the client.”) (emphasis omitted);                     1. Fees and Expenses Paid to Akin Gump
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 903 cmt. a                        NDR does not contest the reasoning of the court of appeals
(1977) (“When there has been harm only to the pecuniary           that “even a successful litigant may be forced to defend its
interests of a person, compensatory damages are designed to       judgment when the losing party appeals.” 232 S.W.3d at 896.
place him in a position substantially equivalent in a pecuniary   Instead, NDR argues that the court of appeals overlooked
way to that which he would have occupied had no tort been         Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 38.001,
committed.”).                                                     which allows a successful litigant on a breach of contract
                                                                  claim to recover its attorney's fees for appeal. It asserts that
We see little difference between damages measured by              NDR would not have suffered economic loss by paying
the amount the malpractice plaintiff would have, but did          appellate attorney's fees because a judgment favorable to
not, recover and collect in an underlying suit and damages        NDR would have included provisions that it recover *123
measured by attorney's fees it paid for representation in the     appellate attorney's fees from Panda.
underlying suit, if it was the defendant attorney's negligence
that proximately caused the fees. In both instances, the

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 [17] First, we agree with the court of appeals. There is no
evidence that if NDR had recovered a favorable judgment              Akin Gump further argues that even if NDR were entitled to
in the Panda suit, it would not have paid appellate fees             recover fees and expenses charged by Dorsaneo and Armour,
to defend the judgment. The evidence does not show that              there was no evidence NDR actually paid them. However,
if NDR had obtained a favorable judgment, Panda would                Professor Armour testified NDR paid her several thousand
not have appealed the case or that NDR would not have                dollars for her work on the case, and Tang testified that
defended its judgment on appeal if Panda appealed. Thus, the         Professor Dorsaneo was paid for his work. Thus, there was
court of appeals was correct in determining there is legally         more than a scintilla of evidence that NDR actually paid
insufficient evidence to support a finding that Akin Gump's          attorney's fees and expenses to the professors. See City of
negligence was a cause in fact of the appellate attorney's fees      Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 810.
and expenses NDR paid to Akin Gump.
                                                                      [19] But although there is some evidence that the fees and
Next, we address NDR's argument that it would have been              expenses of Dorsaneo and Armour were paid, the evidence
entitled to recover in the Panda suit for its appellate attorney's   is undisputed that the total of those payments was less than
fees under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section            half the $216,590 awarded by the jury. NDR only argues that
38.001. As Akin Gump points out, NDR's position in the               it paid Armour $49,500 and Dorsaneo $10,000. Accordingly,
malpractice suit was not that it would have recovered and            although the evidence is legally sufficient to support a finding
collected a judgment for additional appellate attorney's fees        of some amount, it is legally insufficient to support the entire
from Panda had Akin Gump properly tried the Panda case.              amount the jury found. *124 Guevara v. Ferrer, 247 S.W.3d
The damages question in the malpractice jury charge asked            662, 669–70 (Tex.2007); see Texarkana Mem'l Hosp., Inc. v.
about, and NDR argued to the jury that it sought recovery for,       Murdock, 946 S.W.2d 836, 841 (Tex.1997).
“[a]ttorney's fees and expenses paid by NDR in the Panda
Lawsuit,” not about what fees and expenses would have been            [20] Ordinarily, we render judgment when we sustain a no
recovered and collected from Panda had Akin Gump properly            evidence issue. Guevara, 247 S.W.3d at 670; Murdock, 946
tried the underlying case.                                           S.W.2d at 841. However, when there is some evidence of
                                                                     damages, but not enough to support the full amount, it is
                                                                     inappropriate to render judgment. Guevara, 247 S.W.3d at
                                                                     670. In such a situation, we may either remand the case to the
                2. Fees for Separate Counsel
                                                                     court of appeals for a suggestion of remittitur or to the trial
 [18] The situation is different as to the fees NDR paid             court for a new trial. Id. Given the state of the evidence in
the separate, additional counsel who were retained post-             this case, it is appropriate to remand the case to the court of
trial. Post-trial proceedings focused on whether the jury            appeals. See id. (remanding to the court of appeals to consider
verdict entitled NDR to specific performance of the Letter           suggestion of remittitur rather than remanding for a new
and Shareholder Agreements calling for NDR's Pan–Sino                trial after determining the evidence was legally insufficient
stock to be purchased by Panda upon termination of the               to support all of the damages awarded by the jury). If the
agreements, or whether NDR waived its claims by failing              court of appeals determines that suggestion of remittitur is not
to request jury questions as to breach of the agreements.            appropriate or is unable to successfully suggest a remittitur,
NDR at that point retained law Professors William Dorsaneo           then the part of the case involving liability and attorney's
and Maureen Armour to help Akin Gump convince the trial              fees and expenses—including those of both Akin Gump and
judge to render judgment favorable to NDR. There was                 separate counsel—should be remanded for a new trial. See
evidence that Professors Dorsaneo and Armour were retained           TEX. R. APP. P. 61.2.
to focus on the jury charge and argue to the trial court that
despite the absence of a jury finding that Panda breached
the agreements, the verdict supported judgment for NDR.                                  IV. CONCLUSION
The evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury finding
that Akin Gump's negligence was a cause in fact of NDR's             We reverse the court of appeals' judgment. We render
retaining the professors and, thus, that the firm's negligence       judgment that NDR take nothing on its claims for the fair
proximately caused NDR to pay the fees and expenses of the           market value of its stock and success fees owed to it. The
professors.                                                          claim for attorney's fees and expenses is remanded to the

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court of appeals for further proceedings consistent with this
                                                                     All Citations
opinion.
                                                                     299 S.W.3d 106, 53 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 77

Justice GUZMAN did not participate in the decision.

Footnotes
1      NDR, PEC, and Panda International are Texas corporations. Panda Global and Pan–Sino are Cayman Island
       corporations. NDR, PEC, Panda International, and Panda Global have their principal offices in Dallas.
2      Tang was initially a party in the suit but was dismissed in the trial court. He is not a party to this appeal.
3      The jury found and NDR argues that the attorney's fees paid in the Panda suit are recoverable as damages. We address
       only that issue and express no opinion as to whether attorney's fees incurred but not paid in an underlying case would
       be recoverable as damages.
4      To be enforced, an unsatisfied final judgment must not have become dormant and must not be preempted by federal
       law. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE E § 34.001; 5 ROY W. MCDONALD & ELAINE A. GRAFTON CARLSON,
       TEXAS CIVIL PRACTICE § 31:3 (2d ed. 1999). Here, however, there is no contention that a judgment in the Panda suit
       would have been dormant or preempted by federal law.
5      As we begin our analysis of the evidence, it is helpful to review the relationships among the Panda entities. Panda
       International owned 100% of Panda Holdings, which owned 100% of Panda Global. Panda Global owned 95.5% of Pan–
       Sino (NDR owned the other 4.5%). Pan–Sino owned 99% of Pan–Western. Pan–Western owned 87.92% of each of the
       joint ventures, which in turn owned the Luannan facilities.
6      The record shows that Panda Global owned 94.5% of Pan–Sino, which in turn owned 99% of Pan–Western. The 1997
       Bond Offering Memorandum stated that the bonds were secured by a pledge of 100% of Panda Global's Capital Stock
       as well as by
             a security interest in certain assets of [Panda Global] and its Subsidiaries, including a pledge of (i) at least 90%
             of the Capital Stock of Pan–Sino, (ii) 99% of the Capital Stock of Pan–Western, (iii) the Issuer Note and (iv) the
             Luannan Facility Notes and the granting of a security interest in certain funds of [Panda Global] and its Subsidiaries
             maintained by the Senior Secured Notes trustee.
7      In its petition for review, NDR claims that legally sufficient evidence supports the jury finding it paid attorney's fees to Akin
       Gump for appeal. In its reply brief, NDR argues that it also paid post-trial and appellate attorney's fees to two attorneys
       who were not members of the firm and the evidence it paid those fees also supports the jury finding. Akin Gump asserts
       NDR did not timely raise the argument about evidence of fees paid to separate counsel supporting the jury finding. We
       believe the argument is fairly encompassed within the issue framed by NDR. TEX. R. APP. P. 53.2(f) (“The statement of
       an issue or point [in a petition for review] will be treated as covering every subsidiary question that is fairly included.”).
8      Akin Gump does not assert the collectibility argument in response to NDR's petition seeking attorney's fees based on
       the actual jury finding awarding attorney's fees. The firm makes the collectibility argument as to attorney's fees only in
       response to NDR's argument that if Akin Gump had not negligently submitted the underlying case, NDR would have
       recovered its appellate attorney's fees under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code § 38.001.

End of Document                                                  © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 15
D
Anzaldua v. State, 696 S.W.2d 911 (1985)

                                                                Before the court en banc.
                    696 S.W.2d 911
          Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.

             Gilbert ANZALDUA, Appellant,                                     OPINION ON APPELLANT'S
                          v.                                                  MOTION FOR REHEARING
             The STATE of Texas, Appellee.                      ONION, Presiding Judge.

             No. 64066.      |   Sept. 25, 1985.                Our opinion on original submission is withdrawn in lieu of
                                                                the following.
Defendant was convicted in the County Court at Law No. 2,
Bell County, William P. Gibson, J., of hindering a secured
                                                                This appeal is from a conviction for hindering a secured
creditor, and he appealed. The Court of Criminal Appeals,
                                                                creditor under V.T.C.A., Penal Code, § 32.33 (1974).
Onion, P.J., held that information did not adequately charge
                                                                Appellant entered a plea of nolo contendere before the court.
one element of offense.
                                                                His punishment was assessed at 60 days in jail and at a fine
                                                                of $50.00. Appellant, however, was placed on misdemeanor
Reversed and cause dismissed.
                                                                probation for a period of 12 months and ordered to pay
                                                                restitution of $165.03.
Davis and McCormick, JJ., dissented.

                                                                Among his grounds of error appellant contends the
                                                                information filed in the County Court at Law No. 2 of
 West Headnotes (1)                                             Bell County did not allege an offense under § 32.33 of the
                                                                Penal Code. 1 Appellant urges, as we understand it, that the
                                                                information is fundamentally defective.
 [1]    Secured Transactions
            Criminal Liability of Debtor
                                                                Omitting the formal parts, the information alleged that
        Information     charging      that    defendant
                                                                appellant
        “concealed . . . by refusing to return . . .”
        property in which secured party had interest                        “having signed a security agreement
        did not sufficiently allege an element of                           with Arthur Neale Potts creating
        offense of hindering secured creditor as defined                    interest in property, namely One Weed
        in V.T.C.A., Penal Code § 32.33, namely,                            Eater, One Lawnmower, One Bicycle,
        that defendant “destroys, removes, conceals,                        One Ladder with intent to hinder the
        encumbers, transfers or otherwise harms or                          enforcement of the security interest,
        reduces value of property”, and thus did not                        the defendant intentionally concealed
        charge an offense under that section.                               the above described property by
                                                                            refusing to return said property upon
        8 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                            demand at a time when a part of the
                                                                            debt secured by the aforesaid security
                                                                            was due and unpaid. 2 (Emphasis
                                                                            added.)
Attorneys and Law Firms

 *911 Glenn H. Williams, Copperas Cove, Frank Newton,           V.T.C.A., Penal Code, § 32.33 (1974), in effect at the time of
Del Rio, Charles O. Grigson, James G. Boyle, Austin, for        the alleged offense, 3 provides as follows:
appellant; H. Clyde Farrell, Austin, of counsel.

Patrick Ridley, Co. Atty., and Pete Hamer, Asst. Co. Atty.,       “(a) For purposes of this section:
Belton, Robert Huttash, State's Atty., Austin, for the State.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         1
Anzaldua v. State, 696 S.W.2d 911 (1985)

                                                                  information alleges appellant “concealed ... by refusing to
       “(1) ‘Remove’ means transport, without the effective       return....” The information does not allege that appellant hid
       consent of the secured party, from the state in which      or secreted the property nor that he withheld the whereabouts
        *912 the property was located when the security           of the property. The terms “conceal” or “refuse” are not
       interest or lien attached.                                 defined in the statute or by the Penal Code.

       “(2) ‘Security interest’ means an interest in personal
                                                                  V.T.C.A., Penal Code, § 1.05 (Construction of the Code),
       property or fixtures that secures payment or
                                                                  provides in part:
       performance of an obligation.
                                                                              “(b) Unless a different construction
     “(b) A person who has signed a security agreement
                                                                              is required by the context, Sections
     creating a security interest in property or a mortgage
                                                                              2.01, 2.02, 2.04, 2.05, and 3.01
     or deed of trust creating a lien on property commits
                                                                              through 3.12 of the Code Construction
     an offense if, with intent to hinder enforcement of
                                                                              Act (Article 5429b–2, Vernon's
     that interest or lien, he destroys, removes, conceals,
                                                                              Texas Civil Statutes) apply to the
     encumbers, transfers, or otherwise harms or reduces the
                                                                              construction of this code.”
     value of the property.

     “(c) For purposes of this section, a person is presumed      Section 2.01 of said Article 5429b–2, V.A.C.S., provides:
     to have intended to hinder enforcement of the security
     interest or lien if, when any part of the debt secured by                “Words and phrases shall be read in
     the security interest or lien was due, he failed:                        context and construed according to
                                                                              rules of grammar and common usage.
       “(1) to pay the part then due; and                                     Words and phrases that have acquired
                                                                              a technical or particular meaning,
       “(2) if the secured party had made demand, to deliver                  whether by legislative definition
       possession of the secured property to the secured                      or otherwise, shall be construed
       party.                                                                 accordingly.”

     “(d) Except as provided in Subsection (e) of this section,
     an offense under this section is a Class A misdemeanor.      Thus we give to “conceal” and “refuse” their original
                                                                  meaning and common usage. See Courtemanche v. State,
    “(e) If the actor removes the property, the offense is a      507 S.W.2d 545 (Tex.Cr.App.1974). Black's Law Dictionary
    felony of the third degree.                                   (1968), defines “conceal” as “to hide, secrete, withhold from
The elements of the offense are                                   the knowledge of others; to withdraw from observation....”
                                                                  Webster's Third International Dictionary (1961) defines
  (1) a person                                                    “refuse” as “to show or express a positive unwillingness to do
                                                                  or comply with (as something asked, demanded, expected).
  (2) who has signed
                                                                  The mere refusal to deliver property upon demand does not
  (3) a security agreement that created a security interest in    constitute “concealing.” Further, the intent of § 32.33, supra,
     property, or                                                 is apparently to protect secured property for the benefit of
                                                                  the credit. The clause “otherwise harms or reduces the value
  (4) a mortgage or deed of trust creating a lien on property     of the property” implies that aforementioned acts, destroys,
                                                                  removes, conceals, etc., also harm or reduce such value.
  (5) with intent to hinder enforcement of interest on lien       Certainly the mere refusal to deliver property generally would
                                                                  not harm or reduce its value.
  (6) destroys, removes, conceals, encumbers, transfers or
     otherwise harms or reduces value of property.
                                                                  In the Practice Commentary to § 32.33 (Searcy & Patterson)
                                                                  it is stated in part:
Subsection (b) of the statute sets out two elements of
the offense which are (5) and (6) above. The information            “This section is derived from Business & Code Secs. 25.0
sufficiently alleges element (5) above. As to element (6), the      and 25.02, but is somewhat broader in its choice of verbs. It

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          2
Anzaldua v. State, 696 S.W.2d 911 (1985)

                                                                       beyond mere refusal to deliver citing 53 Tex.Jur.2d, Statutes,
    is narrower in that it does not outlaw refusal by the debtor
                                                                       § 165 and authorities there cited. The Attorney General
    to reveal the location *913 of the property (although this
                                                                       concluded that “mere refusal to deliver property to a secured
    may violate Section 32.34); nor does it make the debtor's
                                                                       party is not an offense under § 32.33 of the Penal Code.”
    concealment of himself an offense....” (Emphasis added.)

Accord: Explanatory Comment, § 32.33, Texas Anno. Penal                We conclude that the instant information does not charge an
Statutes, Branch's 3rd Ed., Vol. 2, p. 578.                            offense under V.T.C.A., Penal Code, § 32.33 (1974). The
                                                                       judgment is reversed and the cause ordered dismissed.
In Attorney General's Opinion H–980 (1977), the Attorney
General was asked whether there was concealment under
V.T.C.A., Penal Code, § 32.33 (1974), when the debtor                  W.C. DAVIS and McCORMICK, JJ., dissent.
refuses to deliver collateral upon demand of a secured party
but does not harm or reduce the value of the collateral.               All Citations
The Attorney General answered that concealment under
subsection (b) of the statute must entail some further act             696 S.W.2d 911

Footnotes
1        Appellant complains the court erred in failing to set aside the information pursuant to his motion.
2        Now see the 1979 amendment to § 32.33 (Acts 1979, 66th Leg., p. 501, ch. 232, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1979).
3        Now see the 1979 amendment to § 32.33 (Acts 1979, 66th Leg., p. 501, ch. 232, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1979).

End of Document                                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                3
E
Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

                     377 S.W.3d 45                                Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
                Court of Appeals of Texas,
                  Houston (1st Dist.).

       ARDMORE, INC. f/k/a GHX Incorporated                        West Headnotes (35)
         and Star Properties, LLC, Appellants
                          v.
                                                                   [1]    Landlord and Tenant
          The REX GROUP, INC. d/b/a T–
                                                                              Conditions precedent
          3 Support Services, Inc., Appellee.
                                                                          Landlord and Tenant
       No. 01–11–00328–CV.           |   April 19, 2012.                      Time
                                                                          Sublease, which had a separate exercise date
Synopsis                                                                  for the purchase option in the lease than the
Background: After lessor asserted that lessee's attempt                   lease did, did not modify the lease, even
to exercise purchase option in lease was ineffective, and                 though lessor's required consent to sublease
lessee asserted that sublessee's attempt to exercise purchase             was expressly conditioned on specific terms of
option in sublease was ineffective, lessee brought claims for             sublease, and thus lessee timely exercised its
declaratory relief against lessor and sublessee, and lessor and           purchase option under the lease, where lease
sublessee brought counterclaims against lessee, each seeking              provided that any sublease entered into by lessee
an adjudication of which, if any, of the purchase options                 would not relieve it “of any of its obligations
were properly exercised. The 125th District Court, Harris                 hereunder,” the sublease provided that it was
County, Kyle Carter, J., granted lessee's motion for summary              “subject and subordinate to” the lease, and the
judgment on basis that it had timely exercised its purchase               consent to sublease provided that the sublease
option under the lease and that the description of the property           “shall not diminish or in any way effect the
subject to the purchase option in the sublease was rendered               obligations of [lessee] to [lessor] under the
unenforceable by the statute of frauds. Lessor and sublessee              Lease” and that the original lessors “executed
appealed, lessee cross-appealed, and appeals were dismissed               this Consent solely to evidence [their] consent to
for lack of jurisdiction, 2011 WL 486588.                                 the Sublease.”

                                                                          Cases that cite this headnote

Holdings: On appeal after remand, the Court of Appeals,
Laura Carter Higley, J., held that:                                [2]    Landlord and Tenant
                                                                              Time
[1] sublease, which had a separate exercise date for the                  While lessee's purchase option in lease was
purchase option in the lease than the lease did, did not modify           generally a right, the notice requirement and
the lease, and thus lessee timely exercised its purchase option           deadline were obligations that could not be
under the lease;                                                          effected by sublease, where lessor's required
                                                                          consent to sublease explicitly provided that the
[2] property to be sold under purchase option in sublease was             sublease would not “in any way effect” lessee's
sufficiently identified to satisfy statute of frauds;                     obligations in the lease.

[3] sublessee was not entitled to summary judgment on its                 Cases that cite this headnote
claim for specific performance of purchase option in sublease;
and
                                                                   [3]    Landlord and Tenant
                                                                              Construction and Operation of Subleases
[4] lessor's attorney's statement during closing argument of
                                                                          Lessor could not assert that the modified
bench trial on attorney fees did not preclude trial court from
                                                                          notification date in sublease for the purchase
awarding lessee only $85,000 in attorney fees.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             1
Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

        option in lease was fraudulently induced,                     The purpose of a description in a written
        rendered the contract unenforceable, or had                   conveyance is not to identify the land, but to
        resulted in a material breach of the contract,                afford a means of identification.
        where lessor was not party to sublease.
                                                                      2 Cases that cite this headnote
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               [9]    Frauds, Statute Of
 [4]    Contracts                                                         Purpose
            Rights Acquired by Third Persons                          Frauds, Statute Of
        The general rule is that only the parties to                      Sufficiency in general
        a contract have the right to complain of a                    While courts apply a strict application of the
        breach thereof; and if they are satisfied with the            statute of frauds, they allow for a liberal
        disposition that has been made of it and all claims           construction of the words describing the land.
        under it, a third person has no right to insist that          V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 26.01.
        it has been broken.
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
        Cases that cite this headnote

                                                               [10]   Frauds, Statute Of
 [5]    Frauds, Statute Of                                                Sufficiency in general
            Sufficiency in general
                                                                      A metes-and-bounds description is not required
        For a contract concerning the conveyance of real              to satisfy the statute of frauds. V.T.C.A., Bus. &
        estate to satisfy the statute of frauds, the writing          C. § 26.01.
        must furnish within itself, or by reference to
        some other existing writing, the means or data by             Cases that cite this headnote
        which the particular land to be conveyed may be
        identified with reasonable certainty. V.T.C.A.,
                                                               [11]   Frauds, Statute Of
        Bus. & C. § 26.01.
                                                                          Sufficiency in general
        2 Cases that cite this headnote                               A plat in a recorded property description is not
                                                                      required to satisfy the statute of frauds. V.T.C.A.,
                                                                      Bus. & C. § 26.01.
 [6]    Frauds, Statute Of
            Nature of Contract in General                             Cases that cite this headnote
        The statute of frauds applies to a purchase option
        in a contract. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 26.01.
                                                               [12]   Frauds, Statute Of
        Cases that cite this headnote                                     Sufficiency in general
                                                                      The description of the property does not require
                                                                      conviction beyond all peradventure of doubt to
 [7]    Frauds, Statute Of
                                                                      satisfy the statute of frauds. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C.
            Questions for jury
                                                                      § 26.01.
        Whether a contract falls within the statute of
        frauds is a question of law. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C.              Cases that cite this headnote
        § 26.01.

        Cases that cite this headnote                          [13]   Frauds, Statute Of
                                                                          Sufficiency in general
                                                                      If enough appears in the description of the
 [8]    Frauds, Statute Of
                                                                      property so that a party familiar with the locality
            Sufficiency in general
                                                                      can identify the premises with reasonable

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           2
Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

        certainty, it will be sufficient to satisfy the statute          Frauds, Statute Of
        of frauds. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 26.01.                              Admissibility of evidence to aid
                                                                         memorandum
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                         Parol evidence cannot be used to supply the
                                                                         essential elements of a contract for the sale of real
 [14]   Frauds, Statute Of                                               estate.
            Sufficiency in general
                                                                         Cases that cite this headnote
        Generally, a property can be identified with
        reasonable certainty, as required to satisfy the
        statute of frauds, if it identifies the general area      [19]   Evidence
        of the land and contains information regarding                       Grounds for admission of extrinsic evidence
        the size, shape, and boundaries. V.T.C.A., Bus.                  Frauds, Statute Of
        & C. § 26.01.                                                        Admissibility of evidence to aid
                                                                         memorandum
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                         Parol evidence can be used to explain or clarify
                                                                         the essential terms appearing in a contract for the
 [15]   Deeds                                                            sale of real estate.
            Language of instrument
        When construing a conveyance, the court does                     Cases that cite this headnote
        not look at terms in isolation; rather, it must give
        effect to all parts of the conveyance and construe        [20]   Frauds, Statute Of
        the document as a whole.                                             Sufficiency in general

        Cases that cite this headnote                                    If it does not sufficiently describe the land to
                                                                         be conveyed, a conveyance of an interest in real
                                                                         property is void and unenforceable under the
 [16]   Frauds, Statute Of                                               statute of frauds. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 26.01.
            Sufficiency in general
        When a contract includes a map of the property                   Cases that cite this headnote
        to be conveyed as a part of its description of
        the property, this is included in the analysis of         [21]   Frauds, Statute Of
        whether the description satisfies the statute of                     Sufficiency in general
        frauds. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 26.01.
                                                                         Property to be sold under purchase option
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                                  in sublease, which was a portion of property
                                                                         subject to purchase option in lease, was
                                                                         sufficiently identified to satisfy the statute of
 [17]   Frauds, Statute Of                                               frauds, where property subject to sale under the
            Sufficiency in general                                       sublease could be identified with a metes-and-
        Whether a map is helpful in remedying                            bounds description, by reference to the property
        descriptive defects of the contract so as to satisfy             description in the lease, on three out of four
        the statute of frauds depends on whether the                     of its borders, and the fourth border, a hand-
        missing details are shown on the map. V.T.C.A.,                  drawn line on a map attached as an exhibit to
        Bus. & C. § 26.01.                                               sublease, could be identified with reasonable
                                                                         certainty given the amount of detail on the
        Cases that cite this headnote                                    map, including designations of buildings on the
                                                                         premises. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 26.01.
 [18]   Evidence
                                                                         Cases that cite this headnote
            Contracts of sale

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               3
Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

                                                                      its claims against lessor and sublessee for
 [22]   Evidence                                                      declaratory relief required reversal of trial court's
            Leases                                                    award of attorney fees in favor of lessee.
        Frauds, Statute Of
            Admissibility of evidence to aid                          Cases that cite this headnote
        memorandum
        While testimony by representative of sublessee         [26]   Judgment
        who prepared exhibit to sublease showing the                      Specific performance
        property subject to purchase option was parol                 Sublessee was not entitled to summary judgment
        evidence, it could be used to clarify the meaning             on its claim for specific performance of purchase
        of the markings on exhibit.                                   option in sublease, following appellate court's
                                                                      reversal of trial court's grant of summary
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      judgment to lessee on basis that sublease was
                                                                      rendered unenforceable by the statute of frauds,
 [23]   Frauds, Statute Of                                            where sublessee's only summary judgment
            Admissibility of evidence to aid                          evidence concerned whether the purchase option
        memorandum                                                    was unenforceable under the statute of frauds,
        Surveyor's affidavit stating that he was able                 and its motion for summary judgment did not
        to identify and determine the boundaries of                   present any legal authority for what was required
        property to be sold under purchase option                     to entitle it to specific performance of the
        in sublease, and metes-and-bounds description                 purchase option, nor did it present any evidence
        attached to affidavit, did not function in violation          to establish that it had done everything required
        of rule that the information required to satisfy              to entitle it to specific performance. V.T.C.A.,
        the statute of frauds must be in the document or              Bus. & C. § 26.01.
        by reference to some other existing writing, or
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
        rule that parol evidence cannot be used to supply
        the essential requirements to satisfy the statute
        of frauds, but rather, functioned to show that a       [27]   Appeal and Error
        party familiar with the locality could identify the              Verdict
        premises with reasonable certainty. V.T.C.A.,                 In conducting a legal sufficiency review of the
        Bus. & C. § 26.01.                                            evidence, appellate court considers all of the
                                                                      evidence in a light favorable to the verdict
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      and indulges every reasonable inference that
                                                                      supports it.
 [24]   Frauds, Statute Of
            Admissibility of evidence to aid                          Cases that cite this headnote
        memorandum
        The information required to satisfy the statute of     [28]   Appeal and Error
        frauds must be in the document or by reference                   Sufficiency of Evidence in Support
        to some other existing writing. V.T.C.A., Bus. &              In conducting a legal sufficiency review
        C. § 26.01.                                                   of the evidence, appellate court considers
                                                                      evidence favorable to the challenged finding
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      if a reasonable factfinder could consider
                                                                      it, and disregards evidence contrary to the
 [25]   Declaratory Judgment                                          finding unless a reasonable factfinder could not
            Determination and disposition of cause                    disregard it.
        Appellate court's reversal of trial court's
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
        summary judgment in favor of lessee on

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Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

 [29]   Appeal and Error                                       [32]   Evidence
           Extent of Review                                               Judicial Admissions
        Appeal and Error                                              A judicial admission results when a party makes
           Clearly, plainly, or palpably contrary                     a statement of fact which conclusively disproves
        In conducting a factual sufficiency review,                   a right of recovery or defense he currently
        appellate court considers all of the evidence                 asserts.
        supporting and contradicting the challenged
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
        finding and sets it aside only if the evidence is so
        weak as to make it clearly wrong and manifestly
        unjust.                                                [33]   Evidence
                                                                          Judicial Admissions
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      The elements for establishing that a statement is
                                                                      a judicial admission are (1) the statement must
 [30]   Appeal and Error                                              be made in the course of a judicial proceeding;
             Credibility of witnesses; trial court's                  (2) it must be contrary to an essential fact or
        superior opportunity                                          defense asserted by the party; (3) it must be
        Appeal and Error                                              deliberate, clear, and unequivocal; (4) it cannot
           Province of trial court                                    be destructive of the opposing party's theory
                                                                      of recovery or defense; and (5) enforcing the
        In an appeal of a judgment rendered after a
                                                                      statement as a judicial admission would be
        bench trial, appellate court may not invade the
                                                                      consistent with public policy.
        fact-finding role of the trial court, who alone
        determines the credibility of the witnesses, the              Cases that cite this headnote
        weight to give their testimony, and whether to
        accept or reject all or any part of that testimony.
                                                               [34]   Evidence
        Cases that cite this headnote                                     Judicial admissions in general
                                                                      The public policy concerning judicial admissions
 [31]   Costs                                                         is that it would be unjust to permit a party to
            Vendor and purchaser; sales                               recover after he has sworn himself out of court
                                                                      by a clear, unequivocal statement.
        Evidence
            By counsel                                                Cases that cite this headnote
        Lessor's attorney's recognition during closing
        argument of bench trial on attorney fees, that
                                                               [35]   Trial
        it would risk appearing hypocritical arguing it
                                                                           Statements as to Facts, Comments, and
        should be entitled to $120,000 in attorney fees
                                                                      Arguments
        but that lessee should be entitled to less for work
        done during the same period, was not a judicial               Unsworn statements of counsel generally do not
        admission and was not excepted from rule                      constitute evidence.
        that unsworn statements of counsel generally
                                                                      1 Cases that cite this headnote
        do not constitute evidence, and thus attorney's
        statement did not preclude the trial court from
        performing its obligation to determine what
        were reasonable and necessary attorney fees and
        awarding lessee only $85,000 in attorney fees.         Attorneys and Law Firms

        1 Cases that cite this headnote                        *48 Ben A. Baring Jr., Paul J. McConnell, De Lange,
                                                               Hudspeth, McConnell & Tibbets, *49 L.L.P., Robert A.

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Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

Jones, Craig W. Saunders, Barlow Jones L.L.P., Richard H.          was ineffective, and The Rex Group asserted that Ardmore's
Edelman, Houston, TX, for Appellants.                              attempt was ineffective. The parties brought this litigation
                                                                   seeking to establish their respective claims to ownership of
Katherine T. Garber, James M. Kimbell, Strasburger &               the property.
Price, L.L.P., Thomas W. Paterson, Susman Godfrey, LLP,
Houston, TX, for Appellee.                                         The commercial property at issue in this case is located along
                                                                   Ardmore Street in Houston, Texas. In 1991, the property in
Panel consists of Chief Justice RADACK and Justices
                                                                   question was owned by Baker Hughes, Inc. and Combustion
HIGLEY and BROWN.
                                                                   Engineering, Inc. Combustion Engineering later conveyed
                                                                   its interest in the property to ABB Prospects, Inc. Baker
                                                                   Hughes, Combustion Engineering, and ABB Prospects will
                          OPINION                                  be referred to collectively as the “Original Lessors.” The
                                                                   Original Lessors entered into a lease agreement with The Rex
LAURA CARTER HIGLEY, Justice.
                                                                   Group, Inc. in May 1991. The lease was effective until the end
This appeal concerns whether purchase options in two leases        of November 1997. During the term of the lease—provided
were properly exercised. Appellants, Ardmore, Inc. and Star        that proper notice was given—The Rex Group was authorized
Properties, LLC, appeal the trial court's grants of summary        to purchase the property in question for $2,500,000.
judgment against them and in favor of appellee, The Rex
Group, Inc. In one issue, Star Properties argues that the          The lease also prevented The Rex Group from assigning or
trial court erred by determining that The Rex Group had            subleasing any portion of the property to non-affiliated parties
timely exercised its option to purchase from Star Properties.      without obtaining the prior written consent of the landlord.
In two issues, Ardmore argues that the trial court erred by        Specifically, the lease provided, in pertinent part,
determining the statute of frauds barred the application of
                                                                                 *50 Except for subleases to affiliates
its option to purchase from The Rex Group because (1)
                                                                                or subsidiaries of Tenant [The
the property was identified with reasonable certainty; (2)
                                                                                Rex Group] for which no consent
Ardmore fully performed under the contract; (3) Ardmore
                                                                                to sublease shall be required by
partially performed under the contract; and (4) The Rex
                                                                                Landlord [the Original Lessors],
Group is estopped from asserting the statute of frauds defense.
                                                                                Tenant may not sublet all or any
In a cross-appeal, The Rex Group challenges the sufficiency
                                                                                portion of the Premises without the
of the evidence to support the trial court's award of attorneys'
                                                                                prior written consent of Landlord.
fees in favor of The Rex Group and against Star Properties.
                                                                                Landlord shall not unreasonably
                                                                                withhold its required consent to a
We affirm, in part, and reverse and remand, in part.
                                                                                particular subletting provided [certain
                                                                                enumerated conditions exist]. Tenant
                                                                                shall not be relieved of any of its
                         Background                                             obligations hereunder by reason of any
                                                                                sublease of all or part of the premises.
This lawsuit concerned a dispute over ownership of certain
commercial property located in Houston, Texas. There are
                                                                   The lease was amended by agreement of the parties at least
three parties involved in the suit: Star Properties, the owner
                                                                   seven times. Among other things, the amendments extended
of the property; The Rex Group, the lessee of the property;
                                                                   the term of the lease to July 2008, and modified the terms
and Ardmore, a sublessee of the property. Both the lease
                                                                   of the purchase option. As modified by the sixth amendment,
from Star Properties to The Rex Group and the sublease
                                                                   the purchase option section of the lease provided, in pertinent
from The Rex Group to Ardmore contain purchase options,
                                                                   part,
exercisable at the end of the lease from Star Properties to The
Rex Group. At the end of the lease, The Rex Group attempted          A. In consideration of the mutual covenants herein
to exercise the purchase option in the lease, and Ardmore            contained, Landlord grants to Tenant the option to purchase
attempted to exercise the purchase option in the sublease. In        the Premises during the Term for $2,500,000 in accordance
turn, Star Properties asserted that The Rex Group's attempt          with this Section. This option to purchase may not be

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Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

                                                                    condition of the merger was that Industrial Holdings would
  exercised to be effective at any time or times other than in
                                                                    sell Ardmore prior to the merger.
  the month of June, 2008 (the “Effective Month”).

  ....                                                              As a result, Industrial Holdings approached Ben Andrews
                                                                    and Dan Ahuero, the executives then in charge of Ardmore,
  D. Except as provided in subsection F. below, to exercise         about purchasing Ardmore. Andrews and Ahuero agreed but
  such purchase option, Tenant must ... (ii) give Landlord          insisted as part of the sale that they be allowed to remain
  written notice of its intent to purchase at least 90 days prior   on the leased premises and, if The Rex Group elected to
  to the first day of the applicable Effective Month....            exercise the purchase option in the lease, that they be allowed
                                                                    to purchase a lesser portion of the property.
The parties agree that, by the terms of these two subsections
alone, The Rex Group's deadline to exercise the purchase
                                                                    To that end, The Rex Group entered into a sublease with
option was March 3, 2008.
                                                                    Ardmore. The sublease provided that it was “subject and
                                                                    subordinate to” the lease. It also recognized that Ardmore was
As of 2001, both The Rex Group and Ardmore were
                                                                    already subleasing a portion of the property. That portion of
subsidiaries of Industrial Holdings Incorporated, and both
                                                                    the property was defined as the “Premises” in the sublease “as
were operating their businesses in the commercial property
                                                                    more particularly described on Exhibit A.” Exhibit A consists
subject to the lease. In 2001, Industrial Holdings began
                                                                    of the following image:
negotiations over a merger with T3 Energy Services. One

                                                                    The purchase option in the sublease provided, in pertinent
 *51 The sublease gave Ardmore continued use of the                 part:
Premises along with “the nonexclusive right to use for
                                                                                In the event that Sublessor [The Rex
vehicular and pedestrian access and vehicular parking, any
                                                                                Group] elects to exercise the option
and all driveways, parking areas, pedestrian walkways, and
                                                                                to purchase the premises covered
other common or shared areas, including, without limitation,
                                                                                by the Base Lease (the “Entire
the “Shared Drive” depicted on Exhibit A.”

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Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

                                                                               be entitled, contemporaneously with
            Base Lease Premises”) in accordance
                                                                               Sublessor's acquisition of the Entire
            with the terms of such purchase
                                                                               Base Lease Premises, to acquire
            option contained in Section 27 of the
                                                                               from Sublessor that portion of the
            Base Lease (the “Purchase Option”),
                                                                               Entire Base Lease Premises (“Option
            Sublessor shall give Lessors the
                                                                               Property”) as is depicted on the
            required written notice of Sublessor's
                                                                               drawing attached hereto as Exhibit D
            intent to exercise the Purchase Option
                                                                               ....
            (the “Exercise Notice”) no later than
            the thirtieth (30th) day (“Sublessor
            Exercise Deadline”) prior to the last                 The parties agree that the Ardmore's exercise deadline, as
            day by which the Purchase Option                      defined in the sublease, was February 2, 2008.
            may be timely exercised pursuant to
            Section 27.D(ii) of the Base Lease....                Exhibit D consists of the following image:
            Sublessee [Ardmore] shall thereupon

                                                                  of Lessee [The Rex Group] to Lessor [the Original
 *52 Both exhibits were prepared by Andrews on behalf
                                                                  Lessors] under the Lease and Lessee shall remain primarily
of Ardmore. Andrews testified in his deposition that both
                                                                  liable for the performance of its obligations under the
exhibits were drafted from the same basic drawing. Andrews
                                                                  Lease notwithstanding the existence of the Sublease.” The
acknowledged that there were already markings on the basic
                                                                  consent also provided that “Lessee and Sublessee [Ardmore]
drawing he used to create the exhibits. Exhibit A defines the
                                                                  acknowledge and agree that Lessor has executed this Consent
premises to be leased, and Exhibit D defines the premises
                                                                  solely to evidence its consent to the Sublease and this Consent
subject to the purchase option. To that end, Andrews testified,
                                                                  shall not in any way create any liabilities, obligations or duties
Exhibit A contains a line that “more heavily note [s]” the
                                                                  on the part of Lessor.” It was signed by representatives for the
subleased area. The markings added to Exhibit D show what
                                                                  Original Lessors, The Rex Group, and Ardmore.
would be subject to the purchase option.

                                                                  In 2003, the Original Lessors sold the property and its lease
The Original Lessors consented in writing to the sublease on
                                                                  to Star Properties.
December 13, 2001. In it, the Original Lessors acknowledged
that consent was given and provided that the “Sublease
shall not diminish or in any way effect the obligations

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Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

On February 7, 2008, The Rex Group sent Star Properties a
written notification of its intent to exercise its purchase option
under the lease. On February 15, 2008, Star Properties sent
                                                                                  Motions for Summary Judgment
The Rex Group a letter, asserting that The Rex Group had
failed to timely exercise its purchase option in accordance          In one issue, Star Properties argues that the trial court
with the lease as modified by the sublease.                          erred by determining that The Rex Group had timely
                                                                     exercised its option to purchase from Star Properties. In
Following The Rex Group's notification of its intent to              two issues, Ardmore argues that the trial court erred by
exercise the purchase option under the lease, Ardmore elected        determining the statute of frauds barred the application of
to exercise its purchase option under the sublease. The Rex          its option to purchase from The Rex Group because (1)
Group asserted that Ardmore *53 could not enforce the                the property was identified with reasonable certainty; (2)
purchase option on the grounds that the description of the           Ardmore fully performed under the contract; (3) Ardmore
property subject to the sublease's purchase option violated the      partially performed under the contract; and (4) The Rex
statute of frauds.                                                   Group is estopped from asserting the statute of frauds defense.

The underlying litigation ensued. The Rex Group brought
claims against Star Properties and Ardmore. Star Properties          A. Standard of Review
and Ardmore each brought counterclaims against The Rex               The summary-judgment movant must conclusively establish
Group. As those claims pertain to this appeal, each of               its right to judgment as a matter of law. See MMP, Ltd.
the parties sought an adjudication of which, if any, of the          v. Jones, 710 S.W.2d 59, 60 (Tex.1986). Because summary
purchase options were properly exercised. All of the parties         judgment is a question of law, we review a trial court's
ultimately brought motions for summary judgment on the               summary judgment decision de novo. Mann Frankfort Stein
issues.                                                              & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848
                                                                     (Tex.2009).
As a part of its summary judgment evidence, Ardmore
presented the affidavit of Ernest Roth, a registered                 To prevail on a “traditional” summary-judgment motion
professional land surveyor. Roth testified in his affidavit that     asserted under Rule 166a(c), a movant must prove that there
he was familiar with the locality of the property subject to         is no genuine issue regarding any material fact and that it is
the sublease's purchase option, that he “was able to identify        entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See TEX.R. CIV. P.
and determine the boundaries of the Option Property with             166a(c); Little v. Tex. Dep't of Criminal Justice, 148 S.W.3d
reference to the description thereof provided in the sublease        374, 381 (Tex.2004). A matter is conclusively established if
and Exhibit D thereto,” and that the property could be               reasonable people could not differ as to the conclusion to be
identified with reasonable certainty. He included with his           drawn from the evidence. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168
affidavit a metes-and-bounds description of the property             S.W.3d 802, 816 (Tex.2005).
subject to the sublease's purchase option based on the property
description.                                                         When a party moves for summary judgment on a claim for
                                                                     which it bears the burden of proof, it must show that it is
In a series of rulings on the motions, the trial court determined    entitled to prevail on each element of its cause of action.
that The Rex Group had timely exercised its purchase option          See *54 Parker v. Dodge, 98 S.W.3d 297, 299 (Tex.App.-
under the lease and that the description of the property             Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). The party meets this burden
subject to the purchase option in the sublease was rendered          if it produces evidence that would be sufficient to support an
unenforceable by the statute of frauds.                              instructed verdict at trial. Id.

The parties submitted the issue of attorneys' fees to a bench        To determine if there is a fact issue, we review the evidence in
trial. The trial court ultimately awarded attorneys' fees in         the light most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting favorable
favor of The Rex Group and against Ardmore and Star                  evidence if reasonable jurors could do so, and disregarding
Properties.                                                          contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. See
                                                                     Fielding, 289 S.W.3d at 848 (citing City of Keller, 168
Each of the parties appealed.                                        S.W.3d at 827). We indulge every reasonable inference and

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Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

resolve any doubts in the nonmovant's favor. Sw. Elec. Power        was signed by all three ... parties to the lease and sublease, the
Co. v. Grant, 73 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex.2002).                        signing of the consent was tantamount to all three parties also
                                                                    signing the lease and sublease so as to each be mutually bound
When, as here, the parties file cross-motions for summary           by the terms of the three agreements that applied to them.”
judgment on overlapping issues, and the trial court grants
one motion and denies the other, we review the summary              Specific terms from the lease, the sublease, and the consent
judgment evidence supporting both motions and “render the           show that this argument is incorrect. The lease provides that
judgment that the trial court should have rendered.” FM             any sublease entered into by The Rex Group will not relieve it
Props. Operating Co. v. City of Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 872          “of any of its obligations hereunder by reason of any sublease
(Tex.2000).                                                         of all or part of the Premises.” The sublease provides that it
                                                                    is “subject and subordinate to” the lease. The consent *55
                                                                    provides that the sublease “shall not diminish or in any way
B. Timeliness of the Notice under the Lease                         effect the obligations of [The Rex Group] to [then Original
 [1] Star Properties acknowledges that, under the terms of          Lessors, now Star Properties] under the Lease” and that the
the lease alone, The Rex Group's deadline to exercise the           Original Lessors “executed this Consent solely to evidence
purchase option was March 3, 2008. It also acknowledges that        [their] consent to the Sublease.” The plain language of each of
The Rex Group sent its written notice of its intent to exercise     these contracts establishes that Star Properties was not a party
its purchase option under the lease on February 7, 2008. Star       to the sublease and that the sublease did not modify the lease.
Properties maintains that The Rex Group nevertheless failed
to timely exercise the purchase option under the lease because       [2] Star Properties argues that the provision in the consent
the purchase option under the lease was modified by the             stating that the sublease does not diminish or effect the
purchase option under the sublease to Ardmore.                      obligations of The Rex Group should not affect our analysis
                                                                    because the purchase option is a right, not an obligation.
The Rex Group acknowledges that, under the terms of the             The Rex Group counters that, while the purchase option may
sublease purchase option, it had agreed with Ardmore that           generally be a right, the notice requirement and deadline
The Rex Group would submit its notice of its intent to exercise     are obligations. We agree with The Rex Group. Generally,
the purchase option by February 2, 2008. The Rex Group              an option in a contract “is a privilege or right.” Faucette
maintains, however, that Star Properties was not a party to         v. Chantos, 322 S.W.3d 901, 907 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th
the sublease and, accordingly, cannot use the notice deadline       Dist.] 2010, no pet.). But that right can only be exercised by
under the sublease as a basis to claim that The Rex Group's         strictly complying with the obligations set out in the contract.
notice was untimely.                                                See id. at 908; Mensa–Wilmot v. Smith Int'l, Inc., 312 S.W.3d
771, 781 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.). The
The trial court determined that the deadline to exercise the        consent explicitly provides that the sublease would not “in
purchase option under the lease was March 3, 2008 and that          any way effect” The Rex Group's obligations in the lease. No
The Rex Group timely exercised its right to purchase the            exception is made for the obligations required to exercise the
property.                                                           purchase option.

In making its argument, Star Properties relies on the following      [3] Star Properties also argues that allowing the lease and
facts: The lease required consent of the landlord for subleases     sublease to have separate exercise dates for the purchase
with entities that were not affiliates or subsidiaries of The Rex   option in the lease leads to the conclusion that The Rex
Group. Star Properties signed a written consent in the form of      Group intended to allow for the breach of the sublease.
a contract, which incorporated the sublease into the consent.       It further argues that such a conclusion would violate the
The sublease incorporated the lease into the sublease. The          rules of contract construction because this would mean the
consent was expressly conditioned on the specific terms of          sublease was fraudulently induced and, accordingly, invalid.
the sublease, including, Star Properties argues, the February       See Tawes v. Barnes, 340 S.W.3d 419, 425 (Tex.2011)
2 exercise date for the option.                                     (holding all provisions of a contract must be given effect so
                                                                    that none is rendered meaningless).
Based on these facts, Star Properties argues, “Because the
consent was a formal contract that expressly incorporated the
sublease (which, in turn, expressly incorporated the lease) and

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Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

 [4] Whether the sublease was fraudulently induced, is               [8]    [9] The purpose of a description in a written
unenforceable, or allows for an easy breach by The Rex              conveyance is not to identify the land, but to afford a means
Group is irrelevant to our analysis. “The general rule is that      of identification. Jones v. Kelley, 614 S.W.2d 95, 99–100
only the parties to a contract have the right to complain of a      (Tex.1981). While we apply a strict application of the statute
breach thereof; and if they are satisfied with the disposition      of frauds, we allow for a liberal construction of the words
that has been made of it and all claims under it, a third           describing the land. Gates v. Asher, 154 Tex. 538, 280 S.W.2d
person has no right to insist that it has been broken.” Wells       247, 248 (1955).
v. Dotson, 261 S.W.3d 275, 284 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2008, no
pet.); see also Allan v. Nersesova, 307 S.W.3d 564, 571              [10]    [11]    [12] A metes-and-bounds description is not
(Tex.App.-Dallas 2010, no pet.) (holding party must be in           required to satisfy the statute of frauds. Tex. Builders v.
privity of contract or beneficiary of contract to have standing     Keller, 928 S.W.2d 479, 481 (Tex.1996). Similarly, a plat
to complain about contract). Neither The Rex Group nor              in a recorded property description is not required. Nguyen v.
Ardmore has asserted that the modified notification date in         Yovan, 317 S.W.3d 261, 269 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.]
the sublease was fraudulently induced, rendered the contract        2009, pet. denied). Nor does the description of the property
unenforceable, or has resulted in a material breach of the          require “[c]onviction beyond all peradventure of doubt.”
contract. Star Properties may not assert this argument on their     Gates, 280 S.W.2d at 249; see also Templeton v. Dreiss, 961
behalf. See Wells, 261 S.W.3d at 284.                               S.W.2d 645, 659 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1998, pet. denied)
                                                                    (holding mathematical certainty not required). Instead, only
We hold that the evidence establishes, as a matter of law, that     proof within “reasonable certainty” is required. Gates, 280
The Rex Group timely exercised its purchase option under the        S.W.2d at 249.
lease. We overrule Star Properties' sole issue.
                                                                     [13]    [14] “If enough appears in the description so that
                                                                    a party familiar with the locality can identify the premises
C. Application of the Statute of Frauds to the Purchase             with reasonable certainty, it will be sufficient.” Id. at 248–
Option in the Sublease                                              49. Generally speaking, a property can be identified with
In its first issue, Ardmore argues the trial court erred by         reasonable certainty if it identifies the general area of the
granting The Rex Group's motion for summary judgment.               land and “contains information regarding the size, shape, and
Both parties' motions for summary judgment focus on                 boundaries.” Reiland v. Patrick Thomas Props., Inc., 213
whether the statute of frauds bars the application of the           S.W.3d 431, 437 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet.
purchase option in the sublease and, if it does, *56 whether        denied); accord Fears v. Tex. Bank, 247 S.W.3d 729, 736
any of the exceptions to the application of the statute of frauds   (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2008, pet. denied).
also apply.
                                                                    [15]    [16]    [17] “[W]hen construing a conveyance, the
 [5]     [6]     [7] Under the applicable statute of frauds, a court does not look at terms in isolation; rather, it must
contract for the sale of real estate is not enforceable unless     give effect to all parts of the conveyance and construe the
it, or a memorandum of it, is in writing and signed by             document as a whole.” Plainsman Trading Co. v. Crews, 898
the person to be charged with the contract. TEX. BUS. &            S.W.2d 786, 789 (Tex.1995). When a contract includes a map
COM.CODE ANN. § 26.01(a), (b)(4) (Vernon 2009). For a              of the property to be conveyed as a part of its description
contract concerning the conveyance of real estate to satisfy       of the property, this is included in the analysis of whether
the statute of frauds, “the writing must furnish within itself, or the description satisfies the statute of frauds. Matney, 210
by reference to some other existing writing, the means or data     S.W.2d at 984; U.S. Enters., Inc. v. Dauley, 535 S.W.2d 623,
by which the particular land to be conveyed may be identified      628 (Tex.1976). “Whether a map is helpful in remedying
with reasonable certainty.” Wilson v. Fisher, 144 Tex. 53, 188     descriptive defects of the contract depends on whether the
S.W.2d 150, 152 (1945). This applies to a purchase option          missing details are shown on the map.” U.S. Enters., 535
in a contract. See Matney v. Odom, 147 Tex. 26, 210 S.W.2d         S.W.2d at 628.
980, 981–82 (1948) (applying statute of frauds analysis to
purchase option in contract). Whether a contract falls within       [18] [19] While parol evidence may be considered under
the statute of frauds is a question of law. Iacono v. Lyons, 16    certain circumstances, it cannot be used to supply the
S.W.3d 92, 94 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.).        “essential elements” of the contract. Wilson, 188 S.W.2d at

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Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

152. In contrast, it can be used *57 to “explain or clarify the     The Rex Group focuses on the irregular loop and the arrows
essential terms appearing in the” contract. Id.                     on the map, arguing that these drawings are too vague to
                                                                    identify the property subject to the sublease's purchase option.
 [20] If it does not sufficiently describe the land to be           Ardmore, in contrast, focuses on the solid line and arrows
conveyed, a conveyance of an interest in real property is void      on the map, arguing this is sufficient to satisfy the statute of
and unenforceable under the statute of frauds. Nguyen, 317          frauds. We hold that Ardmore's explanation of the markings
S.W.3d at 267.                                                      on Exhibit D is supported by the record.

 [21] In order to determine if the purchase option under the        Andrews, one of the representatives for Ardmore, prepared
sublease is barred by the statute of frauds, we must determine      Exhibit D to the sublease. In his deposition, Andrews testified
if the property to be sold under the sublease is identified with    that he prepared both Exhibit A and Exhibit D. He further
reasonable certainty. Wilson, 188 S.W.2d at 152. We begin by        testified that both exhibits were drafted from the same basic
noting that the entire property subject to the lease is described   drawing. Andrews acknowledged that there were already
by three metes-and-bounds descriptions. The lease identifies        markings on the basic drawing used to prepare the exhibits.
the property subject to the lease as the property “described on     Exhibit A defined the premises to be leased, and Exhibit D
Exhibit A” of the lease. Exhibit A of the lease is a metes-and-     defined the premises subject to the purchase option. To that
bounds description of three tracts of land.                         end, Andrews testified, Exhibit A contains a line that “more
                                                                    heavily note[s]” the subleased area. The markings added to
The sublease expressly incorporated the lease by reference,         Exhibit D showed what would be subject to the purchase
and made the lease “a part [of the sublease] for all purposes.”     option.
Additionally, the purchase option in the sublease expressly
recognizes The Rex Group's authority to purchase the                This testimony is borne out by a review of the two exhibits.
premises covered by the lease and defines those premises as         Both exhibits contain the irregular loop and the dashed line.
the “Entire Base Lease Premises.” The sublease then allows           *58 Exhibit A adds the heavier line, which follows the basic
Ardmore to purchase a portion of the Entire Base Lease              path of the irregular loop. It also adds some shaded areas with
Premises, provided that The Rex Group exercises its right to        arrows indicating that the shaded areas were a shared drive.
purchase the Entire Base Lease Premises.                            In contrast, Exhibit D adds the solid line, which follows the
                                                                    same basic path of the dashed line. It also adds the arrows at
The question we must answer, then, is whether the portion of        the top and bottom of the solid line and the notation “property
the Entire Base Lease Premises that was a part of the purchase      covered by option.”
option in the sublease was sufficiently identified. See Matney,
210 S.W.2d at 982 (considering whether portion of larger             [22] While Andrews's testimony is parol evidence, it
identified property was sufficiently identified).                   falls within the exception of when parol evidence can be
                                                                    considered. See Wilson, 188 S.W.2d at 152 (holding parol
The sublease identifies the portion subject to its purchase         evidence can be used to “explain or clarify the essential
option as “that portion of the Entire Base Lease Premises ...       terms appearing in the contract”); see also David J. Sacks,
as is depicted on the drawing attached hereto as Exhibit D.”        P.C. v. Haden, 266 S.W.3d 447, 450 (Tex.2008) (per
Exhibit D is a map of the premises, including designations          curiam) (holding when contract contains ambiguity, courts
of the buildings on the premises at the time of the creation        can admit extraneous evidence to determine true meaning of
of the sublease. There are three main markings on Exhibit D.        contract). 1 Because there were multiple markings on Exhibit
It contains an irregular loop around certain buildings on the       D, Andrews's testimony may be used to clarify the meaning
map. It contains a dashed line that intersects the property from    of the markings.
Highway 288 to Ardmore Street. It also contains a solid line
that follows the same basic path as the dashed line. On either      We are left, then, with a map of the Entire Base Lease
end of the two lines are two arrows that point in the same          Premises with a line running through the parking lot, midway
direction. Next to one of the arrows is a notation that says        between two groups of buildings, and notations indicating
“property covered by option.”                                       that the property covered by the purchase option is everything
                                                                    to one side of this line. To put it another way, the property
                                                                    subject to sale under the sublease can be identified with a

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Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

metes-and-bounds description—by reference to the property           this utility line could be identified, the last border was a fence
description in the lease, which contains a metes-and-bounds         that was not identified in any way. Id. Because there was no
description of the entire premises—on three out of four             indication of the location of the fence, the size of the property
of its borders. Whether the fourth border—the hand-drawn            or the length of the borders, there was no information to fill
line running through the premises—can be identified with            in what would be needed to identify this last border either.
reasonable certainty determines whether the purchase option         See id.
under the sublease satisfies the statute of frauds.
                                                                    We find this case to be easily distinguishable from U.S.
The Rex Group argues that the map is too ambiguous to               Enterprises and Guenther. Unlike U.S. Enterprises, the map
identify the property subject to the sublease's purchase option     consists only of the property subject to the lease's purchase
with reasonable certainty. To support this argument, The Rex        option and the portion of that property that is subject to the
Group relies on U.S. Enters., 535 S.W.2d at 623 and Guenther        sublease's purchase option is demarcated. Unlike Guenther,
v. Amer–Tex Constr. Co., 534 S.W.2d 396 (Tex.Civ.App.-              three of the four boundaries can be identified with metes-
Austin 1976, no writ).                                              and-bounds descriptions, leaving only one line that is not
                                                                    identified at that level of detail.
In U.S. Enterprises, the Texas Supreme Court recognized
that, when a map is included as a part of a property                We hold that this last line on Exhibit D of the sublease can be
description, it “becomes a part of the written contract and can     identified with reasonable certainty. There is enough detail on
aid a defective written description if the map contains enough      the map—including designations of buildings on the premises
necessary descriptive information.” 535 S.W.2d at 628. In           —to show fairly clearly where this last line falls. While the
that case, the written description of the land to be sold was 10    location of the line is not identified with exact precision, this
tracts of land out of three identified surveys in Wise County,      is not required to satisfy the statute of frauds. See Gates, 280
Texas. Id. at 625. The 10 tracts were generally identified          S.W.2d at 249 (holding “[c]onviction beyond all peradventure
in the written description. Id. The written description also        of doubt” is not required); Templeton, 961 S.W.2d at 659
said that the tracts—other than certain identified tracts—were      (holding mathematical certainty is not required).
identified on a map marked as Exhibit A. Id.
                                                                    Additionally, as Ardmore points out, the property subject
The issue for the court to resolve was whether two of the           to the sublease's purchase option has been identified by a
10 tracts were properly identified in the contract, including       land surveyor. Roth, the surveyor, testified in his affidavit
the map. Id. at 626–27. It was undisputed that, without the         that he was familiar with the locality of the property subject
map, the two tracts were not sufficiently identified. Id. at 628.   to the sublease's purchase option, that he “was able to
The court held that the map did not correct this inadequacy         identify and determine the boundaries of the Option Property
because there was nothing on the map “which supplies any            with reference to the description thereof provided in the
aid as to *59 the name or location of” the tracts at issue.         sublease and Exhibit D thereto,” and that the property could
Id. U.S. Enterprises sought to establish by parol evidence that     be identified with reasonable certainty. He included with
the two tracts were located on the map, but the court held          his affidavit a metes-and-bounds description of the property
that—even if this were a proper use of parol evidence—the           subject to the sublease's purchase option based on the property
proffered evidence did not show where on the map the two            description.
properties were. Id. at 629. Accordingly, even if admissible,
it was insufficient. Id.                                             [23] [24] The Rex Group argues that Roth's affidavit and
                                                                    attached metes-and-bounds description cannot be considered
In Guenther, the only reference to the land to be conveyed          because after-the-fact parol evidence cannot be used to cure
was a map. 534 S.W.2d at 396–97. The map referenced two             an inadequate description in a contract. It is true that, the
roads, two fences, and a utility line to establish the boundaries   information required to satisfy the statute of frauds must
of the land. Id. One of the fences bordered a park. Id. The         be in the document “or by reference to some other existing
court recognized that the two roads and the fence bordering         writing.” Wilson, 188 S.W.2d at 152 (emphasis added). It is
the park could likely be found. Id. at 398. It held, however,       also true that parol evidence cannot be used to supply the
that the type of utility line—such as electric, telephone, or gas   essential requirements to satisfy the statute of frauds. Id. at
—forming one of the borders was not identified. Id. Even if         57, 188 S.W.2d at 152. Roth's affidavit and attached metes-

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              13
Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

and-bounds description do not function in violation of either      purchase option could not be identified with a reasonable
of these rules, however. Instead, they function to show “that      certainty. 2
a party familiar with the locality can identify the premises
with reasonable certainty.” Gates, 280 S.W.2d at 248–49;            [25] In the remainder of its first issue, Ardmore argues that,
see also Dixon *60 v. Amoco Prod. Co., 150 S.W.3d 191,             if we reverse the trial court's summary judgment in favor
195 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2004, pet. denied) (holding testimony          of The Rex Group, we must also reverse the trial court's
of surveyor can be admitted to show that property can be           award of attorneys' fees in favor of The Rex Group. The
identified with reasonable certainty); Foster v. Bullard, 496      Rex Group acknowledges this is the law, and we agree.
S.W.2d 724, 733 (Tex.Civ.App.-Austin 1973, writ ref'd n.r.e.)      See Bd. of Med. Exam'rs v. Nzedu, 228 S.W.3d 264, 276
(holding parol evidence can be considered to show property         (Tex.App.-Austin 2007, pet. denied) (holding that reversal
can be identified with reasonable certainty).                      of declaratory judgment act claim also requires reversal of
                                                                   award of attorneys' fees for new determination of equitable
The Rex Group included evidence of its own surveyor,               and just award). Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's
who asserted in an affidavit that the property subject to the      award of attorneys' fees in favor of The Rex Group and against
sublease cannot be identified with reasonable certainty. At        Ardmore.
best, however, this creates a fact issue. We must review the
evidence in the light most favorable to Ardmore, crediting         We sustain Ardmore's first issue.
favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could do so, and
disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could       *61 [26] Ardmore's second issue concerns whether the trial
not. See Fielding, 289 S.W.3d at 848 (citing City of Keller,       should have granted summary judgment in favor of Ardmore
168 S.W.3d at 827). Additionally, we must indulge every            and against The Rex Group.
reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in Ardmore's
favor. See Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Grant, 73 S.W.3d at 215.         When a party moves for summary judgment on a claim for
The affidavit of The Rex Group's surveyor does not overcome        which it bears the burden of proof, it must show that it is
the affidavit of Ardmore's surveyor. As a result, The Rex          entitled to prevail on each element of its cause of action. See
Group was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law.             Parker, 98 S.W.3d at 299. When, as here, the parties file
                                                                   cross-motions for summary judgment on overlapping issues,
In this way, this case is similar to W. Beach Marina, Ltd. v.      and the trial court grants one motion and denies the other,
Erdeljac, 94 S.W.3d 248 (Tex.App.-Austin 2002, no pet.).           we review the summary judgment evidence supporting both
In West Beach Marina, the property at issue was identified         motions and “render the judgment that the trial court should
by “a hand-drawn sketch superimposed on an elevation map           have rendered.” FM Props., 22 S.W.3d at 872.
that indicates the location of” the relevant property. Id. at
265. Both parties presented testimony from a surveyor. Id.         Ardmore's counter-petition against The Rex Group seeks
at 266. During a bench trial, one surveyor asserted he could       specific performance of the purchase option, arguing that
not identify the property with reasonable certainty, while the     it had exercised the purchase option and that it “is ready,
other surveyor testified that he could identify it and created a   willing, and able to complete its purchase of the property.”
metes-and-bounds description of the property. Id. The court        Ardmore argued the same thing in its motion for summary
of appeals held that the trial court did not err in relying on     judgment. In its prayer, Ardmore asked the court to “enter
the other surveyor's testimony and accepting that the property     judgment decreeing specific performance, requiring [The Rex
could be identified with reasonable certainty. Id.                 Group] to convey the property described in Exhibit ‘D’ to
                                                                   the sublease to [Ardmore] in accordance with the terms and
The same reasoning is applicable here. The property                conditions of the sublease.”
description contained with the sublease is not so vague
or ambiguous as to render its boundaries indeterminable.           Ardmore's only summary judgment evidence, however,
Additionally, the record shows that a surveyor, using the          concerned whether the purchase option was unenforceable
information contained in or referenced by the sublease,            under the statute of frauds. Its motion for summary judgment
was able to identify the property with reasonable certainty.       did not present any legal authority for what was required
Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred by determining,    to entitle it to specific performance of the purchase option.
as a matter of law, that the property subject to the sublease's    Nor did it present any evidence to establish that it had done

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           14
Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

everything required to entitle it to specific performance. See     CODE ANN. tit. 2, subtit. G, app. A (Vernon Supp. 2011)
TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(c) (requiring movant to establish with         (Tex. State Bar R., art. X, § 9)).
competent evidence that it is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law). Accordingly, we hold that the record does not permit      During the bench trial, it was established that Star Properties
us to render judgment in favor of Ardmore and against The          had incurred about $120,000 in attorneys' fees for about
Rex Group.                                                         410 hours of work through the time that summary judgment
                                                                   was rendered against it. Star Properties' attorney then
We overrule Ardmore's second issue.                                acknowledged to the trial court that it was “in no position to
                                                                   deny that [$]120,000 is reasonable in the case.”

                                                                   Ultimately, the trial court awarded $85,000 in attorneys' fees
              Bench Trial on Attorneys' Fees
                                                                   in favor of The Rex Group and against Star Properties. On
In a cross-appeal, The Rex Group challenges the sufficiency        appeal, The Rex Group argues the trial court abused its
of the evidence to support the trial court's award of attorneys'   discretion by only awarding $85,000 in attorneys' fees based
fees in favor of The Rex Group and against Star Properties.        on Star Properties' attorney's statement. Specifically, The Rex
                                                                   Group argues,

A. Standard of Review                                                          Thus the record contains undisputed
 [27] [28] [29] [30] In conducting a legal sufficiency                         evidence that Rex's reasonable and
review of the evidence, we consider all of the evidence in a                   necessary attorneys' fees against
light favorable to the verdict and indulge every reasonable                    Star were at least $120,000. This
inference that supports it. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827.                 conclusion in turn triggers a series
We consider evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable                  of subsidiary conclusions: (1) that
factfinder could consider it, and disregard evidence contrary                  as a matter of law the evidence
to the finding unless a reasonable factfinder could not                        contradicts the trial court's implied
disregard it. Id. at 827. In conducting a factual sufficiency                  finding that only an $85,000 fee was
review, we consider all of the evidence supporting and                         reasonable and necessary; (2) that the
contradicting the challenged finding and set it aside only                     finding is against the great weight and
if the evidence is so weak as to make it clearly wrong                         preponderance of the evidence; and (3)
and manifestly unjust. Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176                       that the trial court abused its discretion
(Tex.1986); see also Plas–Tex, Inc. v. U.S. Steel Corp., 772                   in setting the fee at $85,000.
S.W.2d 442, 445 (Tex.1989). In an appeal of a judgment
rendered after a bench trial, we may “not invade the fact-         [32] [33] [34] The Rex Group does not cite to any legal
finding role of the trial court, who alone determines the         authority to show why the statement made during closing
credibility of the witnesses, the weight to give their testimony, arguments by Star Properties' attorney would constitute
and whether to accept or reject all or any part of that           evidence or would otherwise be binding on the trial court. Star
testimony.” Volume Millwork, Inc. v. W. Hous. Airport Corp.,      Properties' attorney's statement does not constitute a judicial
218 S.W.3d 722, 730 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006,           admission. “A judicial admission results when a party makes
pet. denied).                                                     a statement of fact which conclusively disproves a right of
                                                                  recovery or defense he currently asserts.” Seminole Pipeline
                                                                  Co. v. Broad Leaf Partners, Inc., 979 S.W.2d 730, 740
B. Analysis                                                       (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.). The elements
 [31] In the bench trial on the issue of attorneys' fees, The for establishing that a statement is a judicial admission are
Rex Group presented *62 evidence that it had incurred             (1) the statement must be made in the course of a judicial
$209,552 in attorneys' fees. It also presented expert testimony   proceeding; (2) it must be contrary to an essential fact or
concerning whether the fees were reasonable and necessary         defense asserted by the party; (3) it must be deliberate, clear,
based on Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. Corp.,             and unequivocal; (4) it cannot be destructive of the opposing
945 S.W.2d 812, 818 (Tex.1997) (quoting Tex. Disciplinary         party's theory of recovery or defense; and (5) enforcing
Rules Prof'l 1 Conduct R. 1.04, reprinted in TEX. GOV'T           the statement as a judicial admission would be consistent

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           15
Ardmore, Inc. v. Rex Group, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 45 (2012)

                                                                    Properties' attorney's statement should be excepted from this
with public policy. Kaplan v. Kaplan, 129 S.W.3d 666, 669
                                                                    rule. Accordingly, we hold that this statement did not preclude
(Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied). The public policy
                                                                    the trial court from performing its obligation to determine
concerning judicial admissions is that it would be unjust to
                                                                    what were reasonable and necessary attorneys' fees.
permit a party to recover after he has sworn himself out of
court by a clear, unequivocal statement. Id.
                                                                    We overrule The Rex Group's sole issue.
Star Properties' attorney's recognition that it would risk
appearing hypocritical arguing it should be entitled to
$120,000 in attorneys' fees but that The Rex Group should be                                  Conclusion
entitled to less for work done during the same period is not
tantamount to a deliberate, clear, and unequivocal admission        We reverse the trial court's grant of summary judgment in
that $120,000 is inherently reasonable and necessary. See id.       favor of The Rex Group and against Ardmore as well as its
                                                                    award of attorneys' fees in favor of The Rex Group and against
 [35] Moreover, unsworn statements of counsel generally do          Ardmore. We affirm the judgment in all other respects. We
not constitute evidence. See Banda v. Garcia, 955 S.W.2d            remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings.
270, 272 (Tex.1997); see also Vaughn v. Tex. Emp't Comm'n,
792 S.W.2d 139, 144 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1990,
                                                                    All Citations
no writ) (holding unsworn attorney's statement does not
constitute evidence to support award of attorneys' fees).           377 S.W.3d 45
The Rex Group offers no argument as to why Star *63

Footnotes
1      While The Rex Group argues that the irregular loop formed the property subject to the sublease's purchase option,
       it presented no evidence that this in any way reflected the intent of the parties. Accordingly, whether this alternative
       interpretation satisfies the statute of frauds is not before us. See Travis v. City of Mesquite, 830 S.W.2d 94, 100 (Tex.1992)
       (holding appellate courts may only review issues “actually presented to and considered by the trial court”); City of Houston
       v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 677 (Tex.1979) (holding that trial court may not grant summary judgment
       on ground not presented by movant in writing).
2      Because we hold that the trial court could not determine as a matter of law that the statute of frauds barred the enforcement
       of the purchase option in the sublease, we do not reach Ardmore's remaining arguments concerning the application of
       certain exceptions to the statute of frauds. See TEX.R.APP. P. 47.1 (requiring appellate courts to address every issue
       raised and necessary to final disposition of the appeal).

End of Document                                                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              16
F
Baker Hughes, Inc. v. Keco R. & D., Inc., 12 S.W.3d 1 (1999)
43 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 9

                                                                         [2]   Limitation of Actions
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                                      Nature of statutory limitation
Declined to Extend by Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera,   Tex.,   August
                                                                               Statutes of limitations are procedural.
22, 2014

                                                                               6 Cases that cite this headnote
                        12 S.W.3d 1
                   Supreme Court of Texas.
                                                                         [3]   Statutes
              BAKER HUGHES, INC. and                                                Effect on vested rights
          Envirotech Controls, Inc., Petitioners,
                                                                               Statutes
                           v.                                                       Application to pending actions and
           KECO R. & D., INC., Respondent.                                     proceedings

            No. 98–0520. | Argued Sept. 15,                                    Procedural statutes may apply to suits pending
                                                                               at the time they became effective, but even a
           1999. | Decided Oct. 7, 1999. |
                                                                               procedural statute cannot be given application to
             Rehearing Overruled Jan. 6, 2000.
                                                                               a suit pending at the time it becomes effective if
Manufacturer of calibration apparatus sued buyer, alleging                     to do so would destroy or impair rights which had
misappropriation of trade secrets and breach of contract                       become vested before the act became effective.
for violating confidential disclosure agreement. The 165th                     Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 16.
District Court, Harris County, Elizabeth Ray, J., entered
                                                                               10 Cases that cite this headnote
summary judgment for buyer. Manufacturer appealed, and
buyer cross-appealed. The Houston Court of Appeals, First
District, 982 S.W.2d 25, reversed and remanded. Buyer                    [4]   Limitation of Actions
petitioned for review. The Supreme Court, Hecht, J., held                          Retroactive Operation
that: (1) application of three-year statute of limitations to                  After a cause has become barred by a statute of
revive misappropriation claim violated prohibition against                     limitations, a defendant has a vested right to rely
retroactive laws, but (2) genuine issues of material fact                      on such statute as a defense, so that a procedural
precluded summary judgment for buyer on breach of contract                     statute that became effective while the cause was
claim.                                                                         pending and that impaired that right would not
                                                                               apply.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
                                                                               19 Cases that cite this headnote

 West Headnotes (8)                                                      [5]   Courts
                                                                                    In general; retroactive or prospective
                                                                               operation
 [1]     Limitation of Actions
                                                                               As a rule, court decisions apply retroactively.
              Revival of causes of action by amendment
         or repeal of statute                                                  4 Cases that cite this headnote
         Application of three-year statute of limitations to
         revive claim for misappropriation of trade secrets
                                                                         [6]   Courts
         that was barred by two-year statute of limitations
                                                                                    In general; retroactive or prospective
         violated State Constitution's prohibition against
                                                                               operation
         retroactive laws. Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art.
         1, § 16; V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies                          Exceptions to general rule that court decision
         Code § 16.010.                                                        applies retroactively are determined mostly by
                                                                               three factors: (1) whether the decision establishes
         17 Cases that cite this headnote                                      a new principle of law by either overruling clear

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 1
Baker Hughes, Inc. v. Keco R. & D., Inc., 12 S.W.3d 1 (1999)
43 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 9

        past precedent on which litigants may have relied
        or by deciding an issue of first impression whose      Opinion
        resolution was not clearly foreshadowed; (2)
                                                               Justice HECHT delivered the opinion of the Court.
        whether prospective or retroactive application
        of the particular rule will further or retard its      The principal issue we address here is whether a claim
        operation through an examination of the history,       for misappropriation of trade secrets that was barred by
        purpose, and effect of the rule; and (3) whether       limitations was revived by the later enactment of section
        retroactive application of the rule could produce      16.010 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, which
        substantial inequitable results.                       extended the limitations period from two years to three years
                                                               and adopted the discovery rule for determining accrual. We
        9 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               hold that for section 16.010 to have such effect would violate
                                                               the prohibition against retroactive laws in article I, section 16
 [7]    Judgment                                               of the Texas Constitution. Consequently, we reverse in part
            Contract cases in general                          and affirm in part the judgment of the court of appeals 1 and
        Genuine issues of material fact existed as to          remand the case to the district court for further proceedings.
        whether information about plaintiff's product
        that defendant disclosed to third party could
        be classified as trade secret and whether
                                                                                              I
        that information was confidential, precluding
        summary judgment for defendant on claim of             Keco R. & D., Inc., a small, closely-held corporation,
        breach of contract for violating confidential          manufactured a device that recalibrates industrial pollution
        disclosure agreement.                                  gas analyzer systems when the accuracy of their readings
                                                               drifts. Keco began selling the device, which Keco called
        7 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               a “Texas Ranger,” to Tracor Atlas, Inc. in 1987 for
                                                               incorporation into industrial gas analyzer systems that Tracor
 [8]    Appeal and Error                                       manufactured. Baker Hughes, Inc. later bought Tracor and
           Determination of part of controversy                merged it into Envirotech Controls, Inc., a wholly owned
        General rule that a denial of summary judgment         Baker Hughes subsidiary. For convenience, we refer to
        is interlocutory and not appealable does not           Tracor, Envirotech, and Baker Hughes collectively as “Baker
        apply when a movant seeks summary judgment             Hughes.”
        on multiple grounds and the trial court grants the
        motion on one or more grounds but denies it,           Keco also provided Baker Hughes information concerning
        or fails to rule, on one or more other grounds         the “Texas Ranger” that Keco considered proprietary. To
        presented in the motion and urged on appeal;           protect that information, Keco had Baker Hughes sign a
        this exception does not depend on the number of        “Confidential Disclosure Agreement” in December 1989.
        motions filed, when they were presented to the         Reciting that Keco had “developed substantial confidential
        trial court, or when the trial court ruled.            information data and products,” the Agreement provided that
                                                               as long as Keco continued to sell to Baker Hughes and for
        38 Cases that cite this headnote                       three years thereafter, Baker Hughes would not (1) disclose
                                                               confidential information, data, or processes supplied by Keco,
                                                               (2) manufacture, in competition with Keco, components
                                                               of original Keco design, or (3) use Keco's confidential
Attorneys and Law Firms                                        information for the development of competitive component
                                                               equipment. The Agreement gave Baker Hughes ownership of
*2 Claudia Wilson Frost, Jacalyn Ann Hollabaugh, David         any test data it developed.
Hricik, Steve Rosenblatt, Houston, for petitioners.
                                                               On April 26, 1991, Keco's president and principal, Charles
D. Arlon Groves, David Alton Bryant, Jr., Houston, for
                                                               Kimbell, wrote to a Baker Hughes employee and asserted that
respondent.
                                                               a paper the employee had presented at an industry trade show

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           2
Baker Hughes, Inc. v. Keco R. & D., Inc., 12 S.W.3d 1 (1999)
43 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 9

some six months earlier violated the Confidential Disclosure
Agreement. The paper purported to discuss Baker Hughes              (a) This Act applies to all actions:
test data concerning calibration of gas analyzer systems,
                                                                          (1) commenced on or after the effective date of this
but Kimbell called it “plagiarism” of Keco information. In
                                                                          Act [May 1, 1997]; or
response, Baker Hughes terminated its relationship with Keco
and sought a different supplier for a calibration device to               (2) pending on that effective date and in which the
incorporate in its analyzer systems. Also in April 1991,                  trial, or any new trial or retrial following motion,
Baker Hughes furnished a Keco competitor, Kin–Tek, with a                 appeal, or otherwise, begins on or after that effective
disassembled “Texas Ranger,” the test data it had presented               date.
at the trade show, and Keco's promotional literature. Within
a month or so, Kin–Tek had developed *3 a unit for Baker                (b) In an action commenced before the effective date of
Hughes's use in place of the “Texas Ranger.”                            this Act, a trial, new trial, or retrial that is in progress
                                                                        on the effective date is governed by the law applicable
On October 27, 1993, Keco sued Baker Hughes for                         to the trial, new trial, or retrial immediately before the
misappropriation of trade secrets and breach of the                     effective date, and that law is continued in effect for that
Confidential Disclosure Agreement. Baker Hughes moved                  purpose. 6
for summary judgment on the trade secrets claim on the            The court of appeals concluded simply that because Keco's
ground that it was barred by the applicable two-year statute      action was pending on May 1, 1997, section 16.010 applied,
of limitations, section 16.003 of the Texas Civil Practice and    and that the parties' dispute over when Keco knew or should
Remedies Code. About a month later, Baker Hughes filed a          have known of the misappropriation of its trade secrets
second motion for summary judgment on the contract claim
                                                                  precluded summary judgment. 7
on the ground that the evidence established as a matter of
law that no breach had occurred. The district court granted
                                                                  Concerning Keco's contract claim, the court held that Baker
the first motion but denied the second one at the same time.
                                                                  Hughes had not established that information it obtained from
Several months later, Baker Hughes then filed a third motion
                                                                  Keco was not a trade secret, so that its third motion for
for summary judgment on the ground that it did not breach
the Confidential Disclosure Agreement because none of the         summary judgment should not have been granted. 8 The court
information it obtained from Keco was a trade secret. The trial   refused to consider whether Baker Hughes's second motion
court granted this motion. In accordance with its rulings, the    for summary judgment should have been granted. 9
court rendered a final judgment that Keco take nothing.
                                                                   *4 We granted Baker Hughes's petition for review. 10 Baker
The court of appeals reversed and remanded both of Keco's         Hughes argues that the court of appeals' application of section
claims. 2 Concerning limitations, the court held that section     16.010 violates the prohibition against retroactive laws in
16.010, enacted almost a year after final judgment was            article I, section 16 of the Texas Constitution, and that Keco's
rendered, applied to Keco's trade secrets claim. 3 Section        trade secrets claim is barred by limitations. Baker Hughes also
16.010(a) states:                                                 argues that it was entitled to summary judgment on Keco's
                                                                  contract claim. We address each argument in turn.

  A person must bring suit for misappropriation of trade
  secrets not later than three years after the misappropriation
                                                                                                  II
  is discovered or by the exercise of reasonable diligence
   should have been discovered. 4                                  [1] This case was pending on May 1, 1997, the effective
The statute extends the applicable limitations period from        date of section 16.010, and any trial following this appeal will
two years, which it had been under section 16.003 and             begin after that date. Thus, section 3(a)(2) of the Act adopting
adopts the discovery rule for determining the accrual of a        section 16.010 makes the statute applicable to this case.
claim, something we declined to do in Computer Associates
International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc. 5 Section 3 of the Act         [2]     [3]   [4]   Statutes of limitations are procedural. 11
adopting section 16.010 adds:

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Baker Hughes, Inc. v. Keco R. & D., Inc., 12 S.W.3d 1 (1999)
43 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 9

                                                                    discovery rule was in keeping with this Court's precedents and
  The rule is well settled that procedural statutes may apply       with the purpose of limitations.
  to suits pending at the time they became effective, but even
  a procedural statute cannot be given application to a suit        Keco's claims against Baker Hughes accrued, at the latest,
  pending at the time it becomes effective if to do so would        in April 1991, when Baker Hughes provided Kin–Tek with
  destroy or impair rights which had become vested before           information to manufacture a calibrator to compete with
  the act became effective. In this connection it is the settled    Keco's “Texas Ranger.” Within a few weeks Kin–Tek began
  law that, after a cause has become barred by the statute of       manufacturing the new device. Keco's trade secrets claim,
  limitation, the defendant has a vested right to rely on such      filed well over two years later, was therefore barred by
  statute as a defense. 12                                          the then-applicable two-year statute of limitations. Baker
To permit barred claims to be revived years later would             Hughes's right to a limitations defense vested before section
undermine society's interest in repose, which is one of the         16.010 was enacted. Section 16.010's divestiture of that right
principal justifications for statutes of limitations. 13 Thus, we   violates article I, section 16 of the Texas Constitution.
have written that a statute extending the limitations period
of a claim already barred by limitations violates the Texas         Baker Hughes was thus entitled to summary judgment on
Constitution's prohibition against retroactive laws, which is       Keco's trade secrets claim.

article I, section 16. 14

 [5]     [6] Keco argues that Baker Hughes had no vested                                         III
right to its limitations defense because at the time suit was
filed, it was an “open question” whether the discovery rule          [7] Baker Hughes argues that it is entitled to summary
applied to claims for misappropriation of trade secrets. It is      judgment on Keco's contract claim because it established, in
true that no reported decision of a Texas court addressed the       its third motion, that no information it received from Keco
applicability of the discovery rule to such claims until our        was a trade secret and, in its second motion, that no breach of
opinion in Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai,        the Confidential Disclosure Agreement occurred.

Inc., 15 which issued while the present case was pending in
                                                                    We agree with the court of appeals that factual disputes over
the district court. But whether a party has a vested right to
                                                                    whether the information Baker Hughes obtained from Keco
a limitations defense does not depend on whether the law
                                                                    can be classified as trade secrets preclude summary judgment.
was settled when suit was filed. Our decision in Computer
                                                                    Baker Hughes relied on the affidavit of an expert on pollution
Associates did not create new law for trade secrets claims;
                                                                    analyzers who stated that the information in question was
rather, it recognized what the law was. As a rule, court
                                                                    widely known in the industry and therefore could not qualify
decisions apply retroactively. 16 Exceptions are determined         for trade secret protection. But Keco's president, also an
mostly by three factors:                                            expert in engineering and manufacturing Keco's products,
                                                                    made statements in his affidavit directly counter to Baker
                                                                    Hughes's expert. Because of this conflict in the evidence,
  (1) whether the decision establishes a new principle of law
                                                                    Baker Hughes's third motion for summary judgment should
  by either overruling clear past precedent on which litigants
                                                                    have been denied.
  may have relied or by deciding an issue of first impression
  whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed; (2)
                                                                     [8] The court of appeals refused to consider whether Baker
  whether prospective or retroactive application of the
                                                                    Hughes's second motion for summary judgment should have
  particular rule will further or retard its operation through
                                                                    been granted, citing the general rule that a denial of summary
  an examination of the history, purpose, and effect of the
  rule; and (3) whether retroactive application *5 of the rule      judgment is interlocutory and not appealable. 18 But as we

   could produce substantial inequitable results. 17                recognized in Cincinnati Life Insurance Co. v. Cates, 19 the
We did not indicate in Computer Associates that our decision        rule does not apply when a movant seeks summary judgment
there should be prospective only, and these factors clearly do      on multiple grounds and the trial court grants the motion on
not weigh in favor of a prospective application. Although the       one or more grounds but denies it, or fails to rule, on one
issue was one of first impression, denying applicability of the     or more other grounds presented in the motion and urged

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           4
Baker Hughes, Inc. v. Keco R. & D., Inc., 12 S.W.3d 1 (1999)
43 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 9

                                                                  was not confidential, but the Baker Hughes employee who
on appeal. 20 In Cates we held that the appellate court must
                                                                  provided the information to Kin–Tek testified that he could
review all of the summary judgment grounds on which the
                                                                  not recall exactly what was furnished. Keco's president
trial court actually ruled, whether granted or denied, and
                                                                  averred that Kin–Tek could not possibly have designed and
which are dispositive of the appeal, 21 and may consider any      built, in a few weeks, a device that Keco had taken four
grounds on which the trial court did not rule. 22 The court of    years and spent millions of dollars to develop, unless Kin–
appeals refused to follow Cates because the second motion         Tek had used confidential information that Keco had provided
was denied months before the third motion was granted. 23         Baker Hughes. As we have noted, Keco's president was an
The court of appeals offered no rationale for its position, and   expert involved in the design and manufacture of the “Texas
we know of none. The rule in Cates does not depend *6             Ranger”. On this record, we conclude that questions of fact
on the number of motions filed, when they were presented          precluded summary judgment on the grounds raised in Baker
to the trial court, or when the trial court ruled. The court      Hughes's second motion.
of appeals should have considered whether the district court
properly denied Baker Hughes's second motion for summary          Thus, Baker Hughes was not entitled to summary judgment
judgment.                                                         on Keco's contract claim.

Rather than remand the case to the court of appeals, however,
we have examined the grounds of Baker Hughes's second                                        *****
                    24
motion ourselves.     Baker Hughes argues that the essence
                                                                  Accordingly, the court of appeals' judgment is affirmed in part
of Keco's breach of contract claim is that Baker Hughes
                                                                  and reversed in part, and the case is remanded to the district
provided Keco's confidential information to Kin–Tek, who
                                                                  court for further proceedings.
used it to design and manufacture a product to compete with
the “Texas Ranger.” Baker Hughes concedes that it obtained
information from Keco, and we have concluded that there           All Citations
is evidence to support Keco's claims that that information
included trade secrets. Baker Hughes contends that the only       12 S.W.3d 1, 43 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 9
information it furnished Kin–Tek, and that Kin–Tek used,

Footnotes
1      982 S.W.2d 25.
2      Id.
3      Id. at 28.
4      TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 16.010.
5      918 S.W.2d 453, 458 (Tex.1996).
6      Act of Apr. 17, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 26, § 3, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 68.
7      982 S.W.2d at 28.
8      Id. at 28–29.
9      Id. at 29.
10     42 Tex. Sup.Ct. J. 420 (Mar. 25, 1999).
11     Franco v. Allstate Ins. Co., 505 S.W.2d 789, 793 (Tex.1974).
12 Wilson v. Work, 122 Tex. 545, 62 S.W.2d 490, 490 (1933) (per curiam) (citing Cathey v. Weaver, 111 Tex. 515, 242 S.W.
447, 453 (1922)); see Mellinger v. City of Houston, 68 Tex. 37, 3 S.W. 249, 255 (1887).
13     Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Certainteed Corp., 710 S.W.2d 544, 545 (Tex.1986).
14     Mellinger, 3 S.W. at 251.
15     918 S.W.2d at 458; see Computer Assocs. Int'l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 22 F.3d 32, 33 (2d Cir.1994).
16     State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Gandy, 925 S.W.2d 696, 719(Tex.1996); Elbaor v. Smith, 845 S.W.2d 240, 250 (Tex.1992);
       Carrollton–Farmers Branch Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Edgewood Indep. Sch. Dist., 826 S.W.2d 489, 515 (Tex.1992); Sanchez
       v. Schindler, 651 S.W.2d 249, 254 (Tex.1983).

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            5
Baker Hughes, Inc. v. Keco R. & D., Inc., 12 S.W.3d 1 (1999)
43 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 9

17     Gandy, 925 S.W.2d at 719–720 (quoting Elbaor, 845 S.W.2d at 250). See also Carrollton–Farmers Branch, 826 S.W.2d
       at 518 (quoting Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97, 106–07, 92 S. Ct. 349, 30 L. Ed. 2d 296 (1971)).
18     See Novak v. Stevens, 596 S.W.2d 848, 849 (Tex.1980).
19     927 S.W.2d 623 (Tex.1996).
20     Id. at 625, 626.
21     Id. at 624.
22     Id.
23     982 S.W.2d at 29.
24     See Coulson & CAE, Inc. v. Lake L.B.J. Mun. Util. Dist., 734 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tex.1987); Roark v. Allen, 633 S.W.2d
804, 811 (Tex.1982).

End of Document                                            © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          6
G
Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. v. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d 288 (1994)

                                                                                  about prosecution and, but for his actions,
                                                                                  prosecution would not have occurred; abrogating
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                                     -Flowers, 314 S.W.2d 373.
Disagreed With by    Pahle v. Colebrookdale Tp.,   E.D.Pa.,   March 26,
2002                                                                              89 Cases that cite this headnote
                      881 S.W.2d 288
                   Supreme Court of Texas.                                 [2]    Husband and Wife
                                                                                       Personal injuries to wife resulting in loss of
           BROWNING–FERRIS INDUSTRIES,                                            services or consortium, impairment of earning
          INC. and James Meszaros, Petitioners,                                   capacity, or expenses
                           v.
                                                                                  Husband and Wife
                Kenneth LIECK and Nydia                                               Personal injuries to husband
              Hinojosa Lieck, Respondents.
                                                                                  Damages for loss of consortium cannot be
                                                                                  awarded for harm to spouse that involves no
             No. D–3616. | Argued Oct. 13,
                                                                                  physical injury.
           1993. | Decided June 2, 1994. |
             Rehearing Overruled Sept. 8, 1994.                                   29 Cases that cite this headnote

City manager, against whom charges of official misconduct
had been dropped, brought action against defendant who
had provided information to authorities, alleging malicious
prosecution. The 138th District Court, Cameron County,                    Attorneys and Law Firms
Darrell B. Hester, J., entered jury verdict for city manager,
                                                                           *289 Roger Townsend, Houston, William Powers, Jr.,
and appeal was taken. The Corpus Christi Court of Appeals,
                                                                          Austin, Lisa Powell, Charles C. Murray, McAllen, for
845 S.W.2d 926, Gilberto Hinojosa, J., affirmed in part and
                                                                          petitioners.
reversed in part, and writ of error was sought. The Supreme
Court, Hecht, J., held that, unless person knowingly provides             Neil E. Norquest, McAllen, Norton A. Colvin, Jr.,
false information, person cannot be held to have “caused”                 Brownsville, Gordon L. Briscoe, Harlingen, for respondents.
criminal prosecution, as required to establish tort of malicious
prosecution, unless person's acts were both necessary and                 Opinion
sufficient cause of prosecution.
                                                                          HECHT, Justice, delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
                                                                          PHILLIPS, Chief Justice, and HIGHTOWER, CORNYN,
Reversed and remanded.
                                                                          GAMMAGE, ENOCH, and SPECTOR, Justices, join.
Doggett, J., concurred in part and dissented in part.                     We address three questions in this malicious prosecution
                                                                          action: first, whether the trial court properly instructed
                                                                          the jury concerning the causal connection a plaintiff must
 West Headnotes (2)                                                       prove between defendant's conduct and plaintiff's criminal
                                                                          prosecution to establish liability; second, whether a defendant
                                                                          can ever be liable for making statements to law enforcement
 [1]     Malicious Prosecution                                            officials which he did not actually know were false; and third,
             Instigation of or participation in prosecution               whether damages for loss of consortium can be awarded for
         Unless person knowingly provides false                           harm to a spouse that involves no physical injury? For reasons
         information to authorities, person cannot be                     that follow, we answer the first and third questions “no”,
         held to have “caused” criminal prosecution,                      and the second question “yes”. The district court rendered
         as required to establish tort of malicious                       judgment against defendants, which a sharply divided court
         prosecution, unless person's acts were both                      of appeals, 845 S.W.2d 926, en banc, affirmed with some
         necessary and sufficient cause of prosecution,                   modifications. 845 S.W.2d at 950. We reverse and remand the
         i.e., person's actions in course of things brought               case for further proceedings.

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                    1
Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. v. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d 288 (1994)

                                                                  that the terms of BFI's contract had been made public during
                                                                  the City Commission's consideration of the bids, even though
                                                                  he knew that was true, nor did he tell officials that he
                              I
                                                                  believed Lieck had not committed a crime, even though that
A detailed account of the evidence in this case has been made     was his belief. From these admissions it may thus be fairly
by the court of appeals in assessing the sufficiency of the       said that Meszaros withheld from law enforcement officials
evidence to support the judgment. As we have not been asked       information which they might well have considered important
to review the method or standard used in that assessment, we      in deciding whether to prosecute Lieck.
need not recapitulate the entire record. We focus instead on
the circumstances directly relevant to the legal issues raised    An assistant district attorney reviewed the matter and
here.                                                             presented it to the grand jury, which indicted Lieck for giving
                                                                  Torres confidential information, specifically, the contract BFI
When James Meszaros, an employee of Browning–Ferris               had submitted to the Brownsville City Commission. The
Industries, Inc., heard that the Texas Rangers were               indictment alleged a misdemeanor, although it did not state
investigating the purchasing practices of the City of             what statute had been violated. The indictment was dismissed
Brownsville, he became concerned that they might question         about two months later because the grand jury had been
his attempt to make a financial contribution to the reelection    improperly constituted. A second grand jury refused to indict
campaign of one of the members of the City Commission at a        Lieck, and the prosecution was then terminated.
time when BFI was bidding on the City's garbage collection
business. Meszaros asked another BFI employee and former          Lieck and his wife Nydia sued BFI and Meszaros for
Ranger, Dan North, to contact his friends among the Rangers       malicious prosecution. The jury rendered a verdict favorable
and try to determine the scope of the investigation. North        to the Liecks on all issues and found actual damages of
did so, and arranged for Meszaros to meet with two officials      $706,500 for Lieck 1 and $250,000 for his wife for loss of
involved in the investigation.                                    consortium, and punitive damages against BFI of $1,500,000.
                                                                  The trial court rendered judgment awarding Lieck his actual
At that meeting, Meszaros brought up the subject of the           damages against BFI and Meszaros, jointly and severally, and
bidding on the City's garbage collection business. BFI had        his punitive damages against BFI, but rendered judgment non
submitted its bid on its standard form contract, which was        obstante veredicto that Nydia Lieck take nothing. The court
similar to the ones it, and its competitors, used with other      of appeals reversed in part, awarding Nydia the consortium
Texas cities. Garbage Management Services also bid on the         damages found by the jury, then modified the punitive
City's business. The terms of the bids were summarized            damages, apportioning them between Nydia and Kenneth,
by Brownsville's City Manager, Kenneth Lieck, distributed         and otherwise affirmed the judgment. 845 S.W.2d 926.
to members of the City Commission and to the press, and
discussed at several City Commission meetings *290 which
were open to the public. After the Commission voted to award
                                                                                                 II
the business to GMS, Lieck gave GMS' representative, Robert
Torres, a slightly modified form of the contract BFI had          Before we turn to petitioners' complaints, it is necessary to
submitted, and that proposed contract became the basis of         recognize the important societal interests in tension in the tort
the final negotiations between the City and GMS. Meszaros         of malicious criminal prosecution. A century ago this Court
complained to the investigators that the contract Lieck had       wrote:
given Torres was confidential information. North showed the
two investigators a statute from which they concluded, after                   It is important that every citizen
reading it, that Lieck had violated the law.                                   should be protected against malicious
                                                                               prosecutions, and it is equally
At the request of various other law enforcement officials,                     important that crimes should be
Meszaros and an attorney for BFI provided additional                           punished, in order that the law-abiding
statements and affidavits. Two City Commissioners also told                    citizen may be secure in life, liberty,
officials that Lieck had given Torres confidential information.                and property. To make the citizen
Meszaros, by his own admission at trial, never told officials                  liable to be mulcted in damages for

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              2
Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. v. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d 288 (1994)

            an honest discharge of duty is to give                malicious prosecution is that there is little room for error
            immunity to crime, and to weaken the                  in applying the law. Even a small departure from the
            restraining power of the criminal law,                exact prerequisites for liability may threaten the delicate
            thereby endangering the security of                   balance between protecting against wrongful prosecution and
            law-abiding people.                                   encouraging reporting of criminal conduct. It is in this context
                                                                  that we consider the issues raised.
Sebastian v. Cheney, 86 Tex. 497, 25 S.W. 691, 694 (1894).
The Restatement (Second) of Torts describes these competing
interests similarly:
                                                                                                III
            The first is the interest of society
            in the efficient enforcement of the
                                                                                                 A
            criminal law, which requires that
            private persons who aid in the                        Petitioners complain that the trial court erred in refusing to
            enforcement of the law should be                      require the jury to find whether Meszaros' actions actually
            given an effective protection against                 caused the indictment of Lieck. The trial court asked instead:
            the prejudice that is likely to arise from
            the termination of the prosecution in                              Did James R. Meszaros, acting without
            favor of the accused. The second                                   probable cause and with malice, cause,
            is the interest that the individual                                or aid or cooperate in causing, a
            citizen has in being protected against                             criminal prosecution to be commenced
            unjustifiable and oppressive litigation                            against Kenneth J. Lieck?
            of criminal charges, which not only
                                                                  (Emphasis added.) The trial court did not define “cause, or
            involve pecuniary loss but also distress
                                                                  aid or cooperate in causing” in the jury charge. Giving these
            and loss of reputation.
                                                                  words their plain meaning, the jury could have concluded
 *291 RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS ch.                           that it was enough for Meszaros to have aided or cooperated
29, intro. note, at 405 (1977) [hereinafter “the                  with law enforcement officials in bringing about Lieck's
RESTATEMENT”]. These interests are balanced by carefully          prosecution. Petitioners argue that this does not satisfy the
defining the elements of an action for malicious prosecution,     requirements for liability.
and the balance is maintained by strictly adhering to these
elements.                                                         The court of appeals rejected petitioners' argument in a
                                                                  single sentence: “The courts of this State have repeatedly
It is frequently said that actions for malicious prosecution      stated that the causation issue submitted in this case is
are not favored in the law. E.g., Sullivan v. O'Brien, 85         the proper question for malicious prosecution cases.” 845
S.W.2d 1106, 1112 (Tex.Civ.App.—San Antonio 1935, writ            S.W.2d at 943. The court cited four cases in support of
ref'd); Diamond Shamrock Corp. v. Ortiz, 753 S.W.2d 238,          this statement. In Davis v. City of San Antonio, 752 S.W.2d
241 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1988, writ denied); Parker           518 (Tex.1988), this Court held that there was evidence to
v. Dallas Hunting & Fishing Club, 463 S.W.2d 496, 499             support a finding that defendant caused, aided or contributed
(Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1971, no writ); Montgomery Ward &            to a criminal prosecution, but did not consider—because it
Co. v. Kirkland, 225 S.W.2d 906, 909 (Tex.Civ.App.—San            was not questioned by the parties—whether such a finding
Antonio 1949, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Deaton v. Montgomery Ward       was sufficient for liability. In Bass v. Metzger, 569 S.W.2d
& Co., 159 S.W.2d 969, 972 (Tex.Civ.App.—Beaumont                 917, 924 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi 1978, writ ref'd
1942, writ ref'd w.o.m.); Reed v. Lindley, 240 S.W. 348,          n.r.e.), and Ellis v. Sinton Sav. Ass'n, 455 S.W.2d 834,
351 (Tex.Civ.App.—Ft. Worth 1922, no writ); 54 C.J.S.             836 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi 1970, writ ref'd n.r.e.),
Malicious Prosecution § 4, at 524–25 (1987); 52 AM.JUR.2D         the court listed the elements of a malicious prosecution
Malicious Prosecution § 5, at 188 (1970). This aphorism is        action as including that defendant have caused, or aided
far too vague to serve as an analytical tool. As with any         or cooperated in causing, plaintiff's prosecution. Neither of
other cause of action, if the elements of malicious prosecution   these cases considered the causation element specifically;
are proved, liability is established. What is distinctive about   each merely listed the element among the other requirements

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             3
Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. v. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d 288 (1994)

to establish liability. See also Yianitsas v. Mercantile Nat'l      The concept of procurement in the RESTATEMENT is
Bank, 410 S.W.2d 848, 850 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1967,                essentially the same as the cause-in-fact element of proximate
no writ). Finally, Thomas v. Cisneros, 596 S.W.2d 313,              cause. Cause in fact is ordinarily defined as “that cause
316–17 (Tex.Civ.App.—Austin 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.), also          which, in a natural and continuous sequence, produces an
lists the same elements but later refers to a requirement           event, and without which cause such event would not have
that defendant's actions have proximately caused plaintiff's        occurred”. 1 STATE BAR OF TEXAS, TEXAS PATTERN
prosecution. Thus, none of the cases cited by the court of          JURY CHARGES PJC 2.04 (1987). A person procures a
appeals, or by respondents, specifically considers the element      criminal prosecution if his actions in the course of things bring
of causation.                                                       it about, and if, but for his actions, the prosecution would not
                                                                    have occurred. Just as there may be more than one proximate
The statement of the element as “cause, or aid or cooperate         cause of an event, a single prosecution may be procured
in causing”, appears to have originated in Flowers v. Central       by more than one person. The RESTATEMENT idea of
Power & Light Co., 314 S.W.2d 373, 375 (Tex.Civ.App.—               procurement does not, however, include the foreseeability
Waco 1958, writ ref'd n.r.e.). That case cites no authority         component of proximate cause, which requires that “the
for so broad an element *292 of causation. Prior decisions          act or omission complained of must be such that a person
included among the required elements a stricter showing that        using ordinary care would have foreseen that the event,
defendant actually caused the prosecution. See Davidson v.          or some similar event, might reasonably result therefrom.”
First State Bank, 310 S.W.2d 678, 680 (Tex.Civ.App.—El              Id. Foreseeability is not an appropriate requirement for
Paso 1958, no writ); Kirkland, 225 S.W.2d at 907–08; Meyer          procurement. An ordinary person simply cannot be expected
v. Viereck, 286 S.W. 894, 897 (Tex.Civ.App.—Galveston               to foresee that his communication with law enforcement
1926, writ dism'd w.o.j.); Reed, 240 S.W. at 351. Although          officials either will or will not lead to a criminal prosecution.
as noted above several courts of appeals have recited the           There are too many participants in the process to foresee what
Flowers version of the elements of malicious prosecution,           the outcome of one person's role in the investigatory process
several others have referred to the pre-Flowers version of the      is likely to be.
causation element. See McHenry v. Tom Thumb Page Drug
Stores, 696 S.W.2d 664, 665 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1985, writ             The RESTATEMENT rule does not subject a person to
dism'd); Blanton v. Morgan, 681 S.W.2d 876, 878 (Tex.App.           liability for merely aiding or cooperating in causing a
—El Paso 1984, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Fisher v. Beach, 671 S.W.2d      criminal prosecution. We agree that liability should be
63, 66 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1984, no writ); Martin v. Trevino,          thus restricted. Were it otherwise, persons only incidentally
578 S.W.2d 763, 766 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi 1978,              involved in a criminal investigation might find themselves
writ ref'd n.r.e.); Lloyd v. Almeda State Bank, 346 S.W.2d 947,     facing allegations in a civil suit. The prospect of such liability
951 (Tex.Civ.App.—Waco 1961, writ ref'd n.r.e.).                    poses too great a disincentive for people to cooperate freely
                                                                    with law enforcement officials. As many Texas courts have
The RESTATEMENT formulates the causation element as                 already recognized, a person's actions must be the cause in
“initiates or procures”. RESTATEMENT § 653. 2 A person              fact of a criminal prosecution before he can be liable for
initiates a criminal prosecution if he makes a formal charge        malicious prosecution. The trial court's instruction permitted
to law enforcement authorities. Id. cmt. c. A person procures       the jury to find liability under a lesser standard and was
a criminal prosecution if his actions are enough to cause the       therefore in error.
prosecution, and but for his actions the prosecution would not
have occurred. Id. cmts. d, f–h. In other words, procurement         *293 [1] The RESTATEMENT concepts of initiation
requires that a person's actions be both a necessary and a          and procurement are better suited to malicious prosecution
sufficient cause of the criminal prosecution. Thus, a person        cases than the more general idea of causation. In such cases
cannot procure a criminal prosecution when the decision             in the future, the jury should be asked, not whether the
whether to prosecute is left to the discretion of another person,   defendant “caused” criminal proceedings, but whether he
a law enforcement official or the grand jury. Id. An exception,     either “initiated” or “procured” them, depending on the nature
which we discuss below, occurs when a person provides               of the case. Initiation would not ordinarily need to be defined,
information which he knows is false to another to cause a           as it would be demonstrated by evidence that defendant filed
criminal prosecution. Id. cmt. g.                                   formal charges against plaintiff, but procurement should be
                                                                    defined as follows:

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                4
Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. v. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d 288 (1994)

                                                                     should not be liable for malicious prosecution unless he
             A person procures a criminal                            knows the information to be false. Petitioners base their
             prosecution if his actions were enough                  argument on the RESTATEMENT § 653, cmt. g, quoted
             to cause the prosecution, and but for                   in Thomas, 596 S.W.2d at 317, and policy considerations
             his actions the prosecution would not                   underlying actions for malicious prosecution and defamation.
             have occurred. A person does not
             procure a criminal prosecution when                     Comment g describes the circumstances under which a person
             the decision whether to prosecute                       may be said to have procured a criminal prosecution by
             is left to the discretion of another,                   influencing a public prosecutor. The comment states:
             including a law enforcement official
             or the grand jury, unless the person                      A private person who gives to a public official information
             provides information which he knows                       of another's supposed criminal misconduct, of which the
             is false. A criminal prosecution may be                   official is ignorant, obviously causes the institution of
             procured by more than one person.                         such subsequent proceedings as the official may begin
                                                                       on his own initiative, but giving the information or even
We discuss below the basis for the exception for providing             making an accusation of criminal misconduct does not
false information.                                                     constitute a procurement of the proceedings initiated by
                                                                       the officer if it is left entirely to his discretion to initiate
                                                                       the proceedings or not. When a private person gives to a
                                B                                      prosecuting officer information that he believes to be true,
                                                                       and the officer in the exercise of his uncontrolled discretion
Respondents argue that even if the trial court erred in failing        initiates criminal proceedings based upon that information,
to instruct the jury properly on the element of causation, that        the informer is not liable under the rule stated in [§ 653]
error was harmless, citing Island Recreational Dev. Corp. v.           even though the information proves to be false and his
Republic of Texas Sav. Ass'n, 710 S.W.2d 551 (Tex.1986).               belief was one that a reasonable man would not entertain.
Petitioners urge us to overrule Island Recreational as having          The exercise of the officer's discretion makes the initiation
been wrongly decided. See 34 GUS. M. HODGES & T.                       of the prosecution his own and protects from liability the
RAY GUY, THE JURY CHARGE IN TEXAS CIVIL                                person whose information or accusation has led the officer
LITIGATIONN § 34, at 92–94 (Texas Practice 1988). Island               to initiate the proceedings.
Recreational considered whether the trial court's failure to
instruct the jury on a party's theory was reversible error. In         If, however, the information is known by the giver to
the present case, the trial court affirmatively charged the jury       be false, an intelligent exercise *294 of the officer's
on the wrong standard of causation. We have not extended               discretion becomes impossible, and a prosecution based
the holding of Island Recreational, see Exxon Corp. v. Perez,          upon it is procured by the person giving the false
842 S.W.2d 629 (Tex.1992) (per curiam), and we do not do               information. In order to charge a private person with
so in this case. We need not consider here whether Island              responsibility for the initiation of proceedings by a public
Recreational should be overruled.                                      official, it must therefore appear that his desire to have
                                                                       the proceedings initiated, expressed by direction, request
The trial court rendered judgment against petitioners on a             or pressure of any kind, was the determining factor in the
verdict which allowed the jury to find only that Meszaros              official's decision to commence the prosecution, or that the
aided or cooperated in causing Lieck's criminal prosecution.           information furnished by him upon which the official acted
The trial court's failure to limit the jury to the proper standard     was known to be false.
of causation constitutes reversible error.
                                                                     Plainly, comment g does not support petitioners' argument.
                                                                     The last sentence states that a person may be liable, not
                                                                     only when he gives information he knows is false to a
                               IV                                    prosecutor, but also when his conduct is the determining
                                                                     factor in the prosecutor's decision to prosecute. The comment
Petitioners also argue that a person who cooperates with             states that a person who provides information which he
law enforcement authorities by providing them information            believes is true but is in fact false is not liable when the

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 5
Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. v. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d 288 (1994)

prosecutor relies upon his own discretion in deciding whether       absent proof of physical injury, the only cases in which
to prosecute. If the prosecutor does not exercise his own           we have allowed such damages did involve physical injury.
discretion, however, the comment indicates that the provider        See Reed Tool Co. v. Copelin, 610 S.W.2d 736 (Tex.1980);
of information has procured a criminal prosecution whether          Whittlesey v. Miller, 572 S.W.2d 665 (Tex.1978). Moreover,
he knew the information to be false or not.                         in Reagan v. Vaughn, 804 S.W.2d 463, 467 (Tex.1990), we
                                                                    limited recovery of damages for loss of parental consortium
The comment states that an intelligent exercise of discretion is    to those cases where the parent has sustained “serious,
impossible when a prosecutor is provided false information.         permanent, and disabling” physical injuries. There is no
This is not literally true in all instances. Prosecutors may well   reason to have one rule for parental relationships and another
suspect that information they receive is unreliable and decide      rule for spousal relationships. We are bound by Reagan to
not to initiate criminal proceedings. What is true is that a        hold that damages for loss of spousal consortium are not
person who provides false information cannot complain if            recoverable absent proof of physical injury.
a prosecutor acts on it; he cannot be heard to contend that
the prosecutor should have known better. Such a person has          Furthermore, we believe that the conflicting policies
procured the resulting prosecution, regardless of the actions       underlying malicious prosecution actions require that
of the prosecutor, and the causation element for malicious          recovery of damages be limited to the person prosecuted,
prosecution is satisfied. This rule does not assist the Liecks.     and should not extend to members of his family. A person
The jury found that Meszaros did not make full and fair             who provides information leading to *295 the prosecution
disclosure to investigating officers. This is not the equivalent    of another should not face liability for damages other than to
of a finding that Meszaros made statements he knew were             the person prosecuted.
false.
                                                                    Nydia cites decisions by four intermediate appellate courts
Petitioners have cited no authority from any other jurisdiction     in other states which have permitted recovery of consortium
which supports their argument, and we are aware of none.            damages in malicious prosecution cases without proof of
They argue that a person would not be liable for defamation         physical injury. See Minion v. Gaylord's Int'l Corp., 541
of a public official, like Lieck, without proof that statements     So.2d 209 (La.Ct.App.1989); Rivers v. Ex–Cell–O Corp.,
made were known to be false, and that the same rule                 100 Mich.App. 824, 300 N.W.2d 420 (1980); Zalewski v.
should apply in a malicious prosecution case. Otherwise,            Gallagher, 150 N.J.Super. 360, 375 A.2d 1195 (1977); Dunn
they argue, the imposition of civil liability will infringe         v. Alabama Oil & Gas Co., 42 Tenn.App. 108, 299 S.W.2d 25
upon constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech. We are          (Tenn.Ct.App.1956). She does not cite a case from any state's
not persuaded. As we noted above, the conflicting policies          highest court, and we are aware of none. We decline to follow
underlying malicious prosecution actions must be carefully          these authorities.
balanced. The requirements that a person make statements
without probable cause and with malice, and the stringent           Accordingly, we hold that Nydia is not entitled to recover
requirement of procurement, are sufficient protection to those      damages for loss of consortium.
cooperating with law enforcement officials.
                                                                    ******
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in
refusing to instruct the jury that Meszaros could not be liable     For the reasons explained, we reverse the judgment of the
for malicious prosecution unless he knew the statements he          court of appeals, remand Kenneth Lieck's action against BFI
made to investigators to be false.                                  and Meszaros to the trial court for further proceedings, and
                                                                    render judgment that Nydia Lieck take nothing.

                               V
                                                                    DOGGETT, J., joins in Parts I–IV only, and notes his dissent
 [2] We turn finally to the question whether Nydia Lieck            to Part V.
is entitled to damages for loss of consortium when Lieck
suffered no physical injury. Although we have never held that       GONZALEZ, J., not sitting.
damages for loss of spousal consortium cannot be recovered

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            6
Browning-Ferris Industries, Inc. v. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d 288 (1994)

All Citations

881 S.W.2d 288

Footnotes
1      The jury found Lieck's damages to be $50,000 for past loss of earning capacity, $0 for future loss of earning capacity,
       $50,000 for past mental anguish, $100,000 for future mental anguish, $500,000 for injury to reputation, and $6,500
       attorney fees to defend the criminal charges.
2      “A private person who initiates or procures the institution of criminal proceedings against another who is not guilty of
       the offense charged is subject to liability for malicious prosecution if (a) he initiates or procures the proceedings without
       probable cause and primarily for a purpose other than that of bringing an offender to justice, and (b) the proceedings
       have terminated in favor of the accused.”

End of Document                                                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              7
H
City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

                                                                     its intent to annex. V.T.C.A., Local Government
                                                                     Code § 43.052(c).
                    246 S.W.3d 621
                Supreme Court of Texas.                              1 Cases that cite this headnote
       CITY OF ROCKWALL, Texas, Petitioner,
                         v.                                    [2]   Municipal Corporations
 Vester T. HUGHES, as Sole Independent Executor of                      Notice
  the Estate of W.W. Caruth, Deceased, Respondent.                   If an area is exempt from the three-year notice
                                                                     requirement, then annexation can take place by
           No. 05–0126. | Argued Jan. 25,                            use of abbreviated procedures with less notice
         2006. | Decided Jan. 25, 2008.                              of a city's intent to annex. V.T.C.A., Local
          | Rehearing Denied April 4, 2008.                          Government Code § 43.052(h).

Synopsis                                                             1 Cases that cite this headnote
Background: After city proposed to annex land under
“sparsely populated” exemption from three-year annexation
                                                               [3]   Appeal and Error
plan, declined landowner's petition to include land in
                                                                        Cases Triable in Appellate Court
annexation plan, and refused to arbitrate the dispute,
landowner sought order compelling arbitration. The 382nd             Statutory construction is a legal question
Judicial District Court, Rockwall County, Paul Banner, J.,           Supreme Court reviews de novo.
granted city's plea to the jurisdiction. Landowner appealed.
                                                                     55 Cases that cite this headnote
The Dallas Court of Appeals, 153 S.W.3d 709, reversed and
remanded. City petitioned for review.
                                                               [4]   Statutes
                                                                          Language and intent, will, purpose, or
                                                                     policy
Holdings: The Supreme Court, Johnson, J., held that:
                                                                     In construing statutes, courts ascertain and give
[1] statute did not create a substantive private right for           effect to the Legislature's intent as expressed by
landowner to compel arbitration, and thus landowner lacked           the language of the statute.
standing, and
                                                                     80 Cases that cite this headnote

[2] landowner could pursue a quo warranto action.
                                                               [5]   Statutes
                                                                          Defined terms; definitional provisions
Judgment of Court of Appeals reversed and judgment                   Statutes
rendered.                                                                 Technical terms
                                                                     In construing statutes, courts use definitions
Willett, J., dissented and filed opinion in which Hecht,
                                                                     prescribed by the Legislature and any technical
O'Neill, and Brister, JJ., joined.
                                                                     or particular meaning the words have acquired.
                                                                     V.T.C.A., Government Code § 311.011(b).

 West Headnotes (17)                                                 71 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                               [6]   Statutes
 [1]    Municipal Corporations
                                                                          Relation to plain, literal, or clear meaning;
           Notice
                                                                     ambiguity
        A municipality generally must annex land
                                                                     Statutes
        pursuant to a plan giving three years' notice of

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        1
City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

           Plain Language; Plain, Ordinary, or                       Quo warranto proceedings are used by the State
        Common Meaning                                               to protect itself and the good of the public
        Courts construe a statute's words according                  through agents of the State who control the
        to their plain and common meaning, unless a                  proceedings.
        contrary intention is apparent from the context,
                                                                     3 Cases that cite this headnote
        or unless such a construction leads to absurd
        results.
                                                              [11]   Quo Warranto
        248 Cases that cite this headnote                                Exclusiveness of remedy by quo warranto
                                                                     Quo Warranto
 [7]    Statutes                                                         Exercise of powers by municipality
             Plain, literal, or clear meaning; ambiguity             Unless an annexation is wholly void or the
        Courts may consider legislative history in                   Legislature has expressly granted a private right
        construing a statute that is not ambiguous.                  to challenge the annexation in some manner,
        V.T.C.A., Government Code § 311.023(3).                      a quo warranto proceeding brought by the
                                                                     State is the only proper means of attacking a
        4 Cases that cite this headnote                              municipality's annexation in court.

                                                                     6 Cases that cite this headnote
 [8]    Statutes
             Absence of Ambiguity; Application of
        Clear or Unambiguous Statute or Language              [12]   Alternative Dispute Resolution
        Statutes                                                          Remedies and Proceedings for Enforcement
             Extrinsic Aids to Construction                          in General
        When a statute's language is clear and                       Statute providing that “if the municipality fails
        unambiguous, it is inappropriate to resort to rules          to take action on the petition [to include the
        of construction or extrinsic aids to construe the            area in the municipality's annexation plan], the
        language.                                                    petitioner may request arbitration of the dispute,”
                                                                     allows arbitration to be requested if the city
        58 Cases that cite this headnote                             did not bring the landowner's petition up for
                                                                     consideration, or, if it was brought up for
                                                                     consideration, the city failed to take action on it
 [9]    Alternative Dispute Resolution
                                                                     one way or the other, but not if the city denied the
             Nature and form of proceeding
                                                                     petition and refused to put the land into a three-
        Statute providing that “if the municipality fails
                                                                     year plan. V.T.C.A., Local Government Code §
        to take action on the petition [to include the
                                                                     43.052(i).
        area in the municipality's annexation plan], the
        petitioner may request arbitration of the dispute,”          Cases that cite this headnote
        did not create a substantive private right for
        landowner to compel arbitration when city took
                                                              [13]   Statutes
        action on landowner's petition by denying it,
                                                                          Plain Language; Plain, Ordinary, or
        and thus landowner lacked standing to pursue
                                                                     Common Meaning
        action to compel arbitration. V.T.C.A., Local
        Government Code § 43.052(i).                                 Ordinary citizens should be able to rely on the
                                                                     plain language of a statute to mean what it says.
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     7 Cases that cite this headnote

 [10]   Quo Warranto
            Nature and scope of remedy                        [14]   Constitutional Law

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          2
City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

             Inquiry Into Legislative Judgment
                                                                Attorneys and Law Firms
        Supreme Court's standard for construing statutes
        is not to measure them for logic.                        *622 Terry D. Morgan, Terry Morgan & Associates, P.C.,
                                                                James W. Morris Jr., Goins *623 Underkofler Crawford &
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                Langdon, L.L.P., Dallas, F. Dayton Eckert Jr., Law Offices
                                                                of F. Dayton Eckart Jr., Garland, Bob E. Shannon, Joseph R.
 [15]   Alternative Dispute Resolution                          Knight, Alice G. McAfee, Baker Botts LLP, Austin, TX, for
             Remedies and Proceedings for Enforcement           Petitioner.
        in General
                                                                R. Matthew Molash, James A. Baker, Robert H. Mow Jr.,
        Subchapter of Local Government Code
                                                                Dwight A. Shupe, Matthew R. Miller, Garon R. Horton,
        setting out annexation procedures for areas
                                                                Hughes & Luce, L.L.P., Dallas, TX, for Respondent.
        included in three-year plans provides different
        methodologies for arbitration in three different        Theodore Paul Gorski Jr., City of Fort Worth, Fort Worth,
        situations: (1) disputes about a landowner's            Edwin M. Snyder, City Attorney's Office, Denton, M. Scott
        petition to include an area in the municipality's       Norman Jr., Texas Association of Builders, Scott Houston,
        annexation plan, (2) disputes during negotiations       Texas Municipal League, Austin, Darrin M. Coker, City
        for services to be provided by the municipality,        Attorney for City of Pearland, Pearland, Brian D. Shannon,
        and (3) disputes about whether the service              Texas Tech University School of Law, Lubbock, L. Stanton
        plan has been fulfilled; disputes arising under         Lowry, Boyle & Lowry, LLP, Irving, TX, for Amicus Curiae.
        each different section and its dispute resolution
        provision must be construed in its own context.         Opinion
        V.T.C.A., Local Government Code §§ 43.052(i),
        43.056(l ), 43.0564.                                    Justice JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the Court, in
                                                                which Chief Justice JEFFERSON, Justice WAINWRIGHT,
        Cases that cite this headnote                           Justice MEDINA, and Justice GREEN joined.

                                                                 [1] [2] A municipality generally must annex land pursuant
 [16]   Quo Warranto                                            to a plan giving three years' notice of its intent to annex. If an
            Exercise of powers by municipality                  area is exempt from the three-year notice requirement, then
        Landowner, whose petition to include property           annexation can take place by use of abbreviated procedures
        in city's three-year annexation plan was denied         with less notice of a city's intent to annex.
        by city, could pursue a quo warranto action.
        V.T.C.A., Local Government Code § 43.052(i).            In this case, a landowner sought inclusion in the City of
                                                                Rockwall's three-year annexation plan. The City denied the
        4 Cases that cite this headnote                         request, claimed the proposed annexation was statutorily
                                                                exempt from the three-year requirement, and gave notice of
 [17]   Constitutional Law                                      intent to annex the landowner's territory under abbreviated
            Judicial rewriting or revision                      procedures. The landowner requested that the City arbitrate
        Changing the meaning of a statute by adding             the dispute. When the City refused, the landowner sought
        words to it is a legislative function, not a judicial   a court order compelling arbitration. The trial court refused
        function.                                               to compel arbitration and dismissed the landowner's case
                                                                for lack of jurisdiction. The court of appeals held that the
        7 Cases that cite this headnote                         City must arbitrate. We reverse the judgment of the court of
                                                                appeals and affirm the trial court's judgment dismissing the
                                                                suit.

                                                                                       I. Background

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          3
City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

                                                                   separate tracts of land on which one or more residential
                                                                   dwellings are located on each tract....
                    A. Annexation Law
                                                                   (i) A municipality may not circumvent the requirements
The Texas Constitution confers on cities the power to annex
                                                                   of this section by proposing to separately annex two
land. TEX. CONST. art. XI, § 5. The Legislature prescribes
                                                                   or more areas described by Subsection (h)(1) if no
procedures to be used by cities in conducting annexations.
                                                                   reason exists under generally accepted municipal planning
See TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODEE ch. 43; 1 Alexander Oil                  principles and practices for separately annexing the areas.
Co. v. City of Seguin, 825 S.W.2d 434, 439 (Tex.1991).             If a municipality proposes to separately annex areas in
Statutory annexation procedures require municipalities to          violation of this section, a person residing or owning land in
prepare annexation plans specifically identifying areas which      the area may petition the municipality to include the area in
may be annexed beginning on the third anniversary of the           the municipality's annexation plan. If the municipality fails
date the plan is adopted or amended (a “three-year plan”).         to take action on the petition, the petitioner may request
See TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODEE § 43.052(c). Subchapter 43C              arbitration of the dispute. The petitioner must request the
sets out annexation procedures for areas included in such          appointment of an arbitrator in writing to the municipality.
three-year plans. See id. §§ 43.051–.057.                          Sections 43.0564(b), (c), and (e) apply to the appointment
                                                                   of an arbitrator and the conduct of an arbitration proceeding
Section 43.052(h) lists several types of exemptions from           under this subsection.
three-year plans. One type of area exempted is a “sparsely-
populated” area. Id. § 43.052(h)(l ). If an area is exempt
from inclusion in a three-year plan, annexation occurs
according to procedures set out in subchapter 43C–1. See id.                         B. The Controversy
§ 43.061 (“This subchapter applies to an area proposed for
                                                                 The estate of W.W. Caruth (the Estate) owns 405 acres of
annexation that is not required to be included in a municipal
                                                                 land (the Caruth property) within a part of the extraterritorial
annexation plan under Section 43.052.”). *624 Annexations
                                                                 jurisdiction of the City, a home-rule city. In August 2004,
of section 43.052(h)(l ) sparsely-populated areas may be
                                                                 the Estate applied to the City for initial approval of a
initiated subject to 30 days' notice of the first hearing on
                                                                 residential development plan for the Caruth property. After
the proposed annexation. Id. § 43.062(b). Annexations under
                                                                 the Estate filed its application, the City initiated annexation
subchapter 43C–1 procedures generally must be completed
                                                                 procedures pursuant to section 43.052(h)(l ) in regard to
within ninety days of the time proceedings are begun.
                                                                 two areas: one included the Caruth property and another
Id. § 43.064. Cities are prohibited from using the section
                                                                 included land not contiguous to the Caruth property. The
43.052(h)(1) “sparsely populated” exemption to circumvent
requirements that annexations be pursuant to a three-year        City sent notices of annexation to affected persons 2 pursuant
plan. Id. § 43.052(i).                                           to subchapter 43C–1 procedures for areas exempted from
                                                                 three-year annexation plans. The Estate objected to the
The controversy before us primarily involves subsections         City's attempt to annex using subchapter 43C–1 procedures
43.052(c), (h), and (i) which in pertinent part provide as       and petitioned the City to include the Caruth property in
follows:                                                         the City's three-year annexation plan. The Rockwall City
                                                                 Council adopted a resolution rejecting the Estate's request.
  (c) A municipality shall prepare an annexation plan            The Estate then asserted that the City was circumventing
  that specifically identifies annexations that may occur        section 43.052(c)'s requirement that annexations be carried
  beginning on the third anniversary of the date the             out pursuant to a three-year plan and requested arbitration
  annexation plan is adopted. The municipality may amend         pursuant to section 43.052(i). The City responded by advising
  the plan to specifically identify annexations that may occur   the Estate that the proposed annexations were exempt from
  beginning on the third anniversary of the date the plan is     inclusion in a three-year plan *625 and the Estate's “request
  amended.                                                       for arbitration [was] not appropriate.”

  ....                                                           The Estate filed suit in district court seeking an order
                                                                 compelling arbitration pursuant to section 43.052(i) and
  (h) This section [43.052] does not apply to an area proposed
                                                                 a temporary restraining order and temporary injunction
  for annexation if: (1) the area contains fewer than 100

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            4
City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

preventing the City from proceeding with annexation                  (Tex.2006). We use definitions prescribed by the Legislature
pending completion of arbitration, including related appeals,        and any technical or particular meaning the words have
if any. The City responded, in part, by filing a plea                acquired. TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.011(b). Otherwise, we
to the jurisdiction asserting that the Estate did not                construe the statute's words according to their plain and
have standing because the dispute concerned annexation               common meaning, Texas Department of Transportation v.
procedures, the suit was a collateral attack on the annexation       City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637, 642 (Tex.2004),
ordinances and proceedings and the only way to challenge             unless a contrary intention is apparent *626 from the
alleged annexation procedural irregularities was through quo         context, Taylor v. Firemen's and Policemen's Civil Service
warranto proceedings. In support of its plea to the jurisdiction,    Commission of City of Lubbock, 616 S.W.2d 187, 189
the City argued, in part, that section 43.052(i) authorized the      (Tex.1981), or unless such a construction leads to absurd
Estate to request arbitration if the City did not take action on     results. Univ. of Tex. S.W. Med. Ctr. v. Loutzenhiser, 140
the Estate's petition to be included in a three-year plan but that   S.W.3d 351, 356 (Tex.2004); see also Tex. Dep't of Protective
the City took action on the petition by denying it. The trial        and Regulatory Servs. v. Mega Child Care, Inc., 145 S.W.3d
court denied the Estate's applications, granted the City's plea      170, 177 (Tex.2004) (noting that when statutory text is
to the jurisdiction and dismissed the action.                        unambiguous, courts must adopt the interpretation supported
                                                                     by the statute's plain language unless that interpretation would
The Estate appealed. The court of appeals agreed with the            lead to absurd results). We presume the Legislature intended
Estate's interpretation of section 43.052(i):                        a just and reasonable result by enacting the statute. TEX.
                                                                     GOV'T CODE § 311.021(3). 6 When a statute's language is
             [W]e read the plain language of the
                                                                     clear and unambiguous, it is inappropriate to resort to rules
             statute to provide that, if the City
                                                                     of construction or extrinsic aids to construe the language.
             fails to take action on the petition to
                                                                     See St. Luke's Episcopal Hosp. v. Agbor, 952 S.W.2d 503,
             include the area in the [three-year]
                                                                     505 (Tex.1997); Ex parte Roloff, 510 S.W.2d 913, 915
             annexation plan, the landowner may
                                                                     (Tex.1974).
             request arbitration of the dispute.

153 S.W.3d 709, 713–14 (emphasis added). The court of
appeals reversed and remanded with instructions that the trial                                III. Analysis
court compel arbitration and enjoin the City from proceeding
with annexation pending the outcome of arbitration. Id. at            [9] The statutory language on which the issue turns
714.                                                                 provides: “If the municipality fails to take action on
                                                                     the petition, the petitioner may request arbitration of the
In this Court, the City, supported by amicus curiae, 3               dispute....” TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODEE § 43.052(i). The
maintains that the court of appeals erred in concluding that         Estate urges that the statute be read differently than the plain
section 43.052(i) grants a private right to the Estate to elect,     language reads. The Estate says that the statute “expressly
and thereby require, arbitration of the Estate's claim even          provides for arbitration between a landowner and a city when
though the City took action on the Estate's petition by denying      the city, upon the petition of a landowner, fails to act to
                                                                     include the landowner's property in a three year annexation
it. 4 The Estate, also supported by amicus curiae, 5 claims it
                                                                     plan.” (Emphasis added). The Estate asks that we affirm the
has standing because section 43.052(i) grants it a substantive,
                                                                     court of appeals' construction to that effect. We decline to do
private right to require the City to arbitrate the Estate's claim.
                                                                     so.

                                                              We first address the City's standing argument. In challenging
                   II. Standard of Review                     the Estate's standing, the City cites Alexander Oil Co.
                                                              v. City of Seguin, 825 S.W.2d 434 (Tex.1991), for the
 [3]   [4]    [5]   [6]    [7]   [8] Statutory construction isproposition
                                                                a          that the Estate does not have standing because the
legal question we review de novo. In construing statutes,     validity of the City's annexation can only be challenged by
we ascertain and give effect to the Legislature's intent as   a quo warranto proceeding unless the proposed annexation
expressed by the language of the statute. See State, Texas    is wholly void. See id. at 436 (“The only proper method
Parks and Wildlife Dept. v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279, 284      for attacking the validity of a city's annexation of territory

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               5
City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

is by quo warranto proceeding, unless the annexation is         annexation law, the cornerstone of the changes was section
wholly void.”). The City reasons that the trial court lacked    43.052(c)'s requirement that municipalities must prepare
jurisdiction to hear a suit to compel arbitration because the   annexation plans specifically identifying areas that may be
Estate does not allege that the City has no power to annex      annexed beginning on the third anniversary of the date the
the areas in question or that the annexation proceedings are    plan is adopted or amended. According to the Estate, the
otherwise wholly void, but rather alleges only that the City    exemptions of section 43.052(h) have been used regularly
must annex pursuant to the three-year plan procedures of        by cities to circumvent the three-year planning requirement.
subchapter 43C as opposed to using the more expedited           The Estate posits that by enacting section 43.052(i), the
procedures of subchapter 43C–1.                                 Legislature must have intended to protect against such abuse
                                                                by requiring arbitration if a municipality fails to take action
 [10] [11] In Alexander Oil, the City of Seguin passed an on a landowner's petition to incorporate the land into the
ordinance annexing land owned by Alexander Oil Company.         city's three-year plan and that any other interpretation of the
Id. at 435. Alexander Oil filed suit alleging that Seguin       statute would lead to absurd results. As part of its argument,
failed to comply with procedures required by the Municipal      the Estate references the policy of the State which favors
                  7                                             arbitration of disputes and the short time frame necessary
Annexation Act such as providing proper notice for
hearings, conducting the required hearings, and providing an    to complete arbitration if there are no appeals from the
annexation plan. Id. at 436. Seguin responded that because the  arbitration award. See Jack B. Anglin Co. v. Tipps, 842
ordinance annexing Alexander Oil's *627 property was not        S.W.2d 266, 268 (Tex.1992). The Estate also argues that
                                                                it would be illogical for the Legislature to have crafted a
void, a quo warranto 8 proceeding by the State was the only
                                                                detailed statutory framework around the requirement that
proper way to collaterally attack the ordinance and the case
                                                                municipalities enact three-year annexation plans, provide
should be dismissed. Id. The Court agreed with Seguin that
                                                                for exemptions to the three-year plan requirement, allow
procedural irregularities render ordinances voidable, not void.
                                                                landowners to contest whether a city is circumventing the
Id. at 439. The Court also noted that the Legislature had not
                                                                three-year plan requirement by requesting inclusion in a
expressly provided a private action to set aside annexations
                                                                three-year plan, yet require a city to arbitrate the contest only
where an annexation ordinance is merely voidable. Id. at
                                                                if the city ignores, or “pocket vetoes,” the petition.
437. Thus, Alexander Oil affirmed the rule that unless an
annexation is wholly void or the Legislature has expressly
                                                                 [12] But we are not persuaded that the process and
granted a private right to challenge the annexation in some
                                                                result called for by the plain language of the statute is
manner, a quo warranto proceeding brought by the State is the
                                                                illogical, much *628 less absurd. Subchapters 43C and
only proper means of attacking a municipality's annexation in
                                                                43C–1 contain extensive provisions in regard to annexations.
court. Id.
                                                                Section 43.052(i) is detailed in specifying how and when the
                                                                landowner may present a complaint to the city. It incorporates
The Estate does not urge that the City's annexation proceeding
                                                                by reference part, but not all, of section 43.0564's arbitration
is void or that the City lacks power to annex the area
                                                                procedures. And in the midst of the detailed language, we find
in question. Nor does the Estate challenge the authorities.
                                                                that the Legislature specifically addressed when arbitration
The City cites various cases for its contention that the
                                                                may be requested: “If the municipality fails to take action
annexation process in general is procedural. See Werthmann
                                                                on the petition....” In regard to “logic,” it seems to us
v. City of Fort Worth, 121 S.W.3d 803 (Tex.App.-Fort
                                                                that by crafting language specifying when arbitration of the
Worth 2003, no pet.); City of Balch Springs v. Lucas,
                                                                dispute could be requested, legislators logically would have
101 S.W.3d 116 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2002, no pet.); City of
                                                                considered that there are two instances in which a dispute
San Antonio v. Hardee, 70 S.W.3d 207 (Tex.App.-San
                                                                would need to be resolved. The first instance is if the city did
Antonio 2001, no pet.). The Estate says those authorities
                                                                not bring the landowner's petition up for consideration, or,
simply are not applicable because none of them interpret
                                                                if it was brought up for consideration, the city failed to take
the language of section 43.052(i) which is the issue in
                                                                action on it one way or the other (what the parties refer to in
this case. The Estate maintains that it has standing because
                                                                this case as a “pocket veto”). The second instance is if the city
subsequent to Alexander Oil the Legislature expressly granted
                                                                denied the petition and refused to put the land into a three-
landowners a substantive private right to arbitration by
                                                                year plan. It follows, logically, that because the statutory
enacting section 43.052(i). It argues that when the Legislature
                                                                language as enacted allows arbitration to be requested only in
enacted comprehensive changes in 1999 to impose order in

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City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

the first instance, the Legislature's intent was not to provide      arbitration essentially is a dispute resolution process agreed
for arbitration in the second instance. See Cameron v. Terrell       to by the parties. In the event multiple landowners submit
& Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 540 (Tex.1981) (“It is a rule       petitions, the city might delay acting on the petitions in an
of statutory construction that every word of a statute must be       attempt to have all the petitioning landowners agree to join in
presumed to have been used for a purpose ... [and] we believe        one arbitration to resolve the issue(s). If an agreement cannot
every word excluded from a statute must also be presumed to          be reached to join in one arbitration, the city might choose
have been excluded for a purpose.”).                                 to either grant or deny each petition. The landowners whose
                                                                     petitions are denied have the option of seeking institution of
 [13] Contrary to the Estate's position, we see benefits from        a quo warranto action in which the claims of all landowners
reading the statute's language literally. One significant benefit    will be resolved, instead of the city and each landowner being
is that by not reading language into the statute when the            involved in individual arbitration proceedings.
legislature did not put it there, we do not risk crossing the
line between judicial and legislative powers of government           The literal language of the statute can be viewed as a
as prescribed by article II of the Texas Constitution. TEX.          legislative attempt to encourage cities and landowners to
CONST. art. II, § 1. (“[N]o person, or collection of persons,        resolve their conflicts without court action. First, if the statute
being of one of these [three governmental] departments,              is interpreted according to its literal language—not mandating
shall exercise any power properly attached to either of the          arbitration if a landowner's petition is denied—the result is
others, except in the instances herein expressly permitted.”).       that neither landowners nor cities have lost protections which
Another benefit is that by interpreting statutes such as this        they had prior to the statute's amendment. Landowners will
in a straightforward manner, we build upon the principle             continue to have the right to seek a quo warranto action to
that “ordinary citizens [should be] able ‘to rely on the plain       challenge the annexation. Cities will continue to be protected
language of a statute to mean what it says.’ ” Fitzgerald            because a disinterested party such as the attorney general
v. Advanced Spine Fixation Sys., 996 S.W.2d 864, 866                 or a county or district attorney will review and weigh the
(Tex.1999) (quoting Addison v. Holly Hill Fruit Prods. Inc.,         strength of landowner claims before cities are subjected to
322 U.S. 607, 618, 64 S. Ct. 1215, 88 L. Ed. 1488 (1944)).             litigation and disruption of their annexation processes. By
                                                                     giving landowners the right to request arbitration if cities
As presented in this case, construing the statute's language         delay taking action on their petitions, the Legislature gave
to mean what it says results in a landowner having the               landowners leverage to push the processes to conclusion,
right to request arbitration only if a city refuses to include       prevent pocket vetoes of petitions to be included in three-year
the area in question in a three-year plan, fails to deny the         plans and, if necessary, bolster arguments to state's attorneys
petition, and fails to otherwise accommodate the landowner.          in support of quo warranto actions to challenge proposed
The statute as written, in effect, provides a structured method      annexations.
for landowners to seek redress from cities if landowners
believe cities are annexing in violation of section 43.052(c).        [14] But in any event, our standard for construing statutes
If a landowner petitions to be included in a three-year plan         is not to measure them for logic. See Lee v. City of Houston,
and the city acts on the petition in a way that is acceptable        807 S.W.2d 290, 293 (Tex.1991) (“Our function is not to
to the landowner, there is no dispute to be resolved. If the         question the wisdom of the statute; rather, we must apply it
city denies the landowner's petition, then the landowner has         as written.”). As previously noted, our standard is to construe
notified the city of its specific complaint in writing and           statutes to effectuate the intent of the Legislature, with the
pursued and exhausted a legislatively-provided method for            language of the statute as it was enacted to be our guide unless
seeking redress before asking a State's attorney to disrupt the      the context or an absurd result requires another construction.
city's annexation process by filing a quo warranto action. See       See Fitzgerald, 996 S.W.2d at 866 (Tex.1999) (“[I]t is a fair
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 66.002(c) (quo warranto                 assumption that the Legislature tries to say what it means,
proceedings may be brought by the attorney general or county         and therefore the words it chooses should be the surest guide
or district attorney on his or her own motion or at the request      to legislative intent.”); Jones v. Del Andersen & Assocs.,
of an individual). And a city has the option of taking no *629       539 S.W.2d 348, 350 (Tex.1976) (“[The intention of the
action to either grant or deny the landowner's petition and,         Legislature] is to be found in the language of the statute
thereby, effectively agreeing to arbitration of the dispute if the   itself ... we cannot give Section 28 the limited construction
landowner requests arbitration. Under this last scenario, the        advocated by Andersen. To do so would require that we

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                  7
City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

read into the statute words which are not there.”). In this         with section 43.0565. Section 43.0565(d) specifies three
instance, the context does not indicate that the plain meaning      options available to an arbitrator if the arbitrator finds that
of the language was not intended. The sentence in question          the municipality has not complied with its service plan
addresses a separate subject from the surrounding language:         requirements. But that same subsection provides that the
the circumstances under which a city can be requested to            municipality has the option of disannexing the area in lieu
arbitrate. It would not have been inconsistent with the context     of complying with its service plan. In other words, even if
of the sentence for the Legislature to have provided that a         an arbitration occurs pursuant to section 43.056(l ), however
landowner could request arbitration if the municipality failed      it comes about, the municipality retains the right to make
to act favorably upon the landowner's petition or failed to         its own decision as to annexation or disannexation of the
include the landowner's property in a three-year annexation         property. That prerogative is expressly not ceded to an
plan. Clearly, though, there is a difference between the            arbitrator by the statute.
meaning of the statute as it is written and the statute as
contended for by the Estate.                                        Section 43.052(i), on the other hand, provides only that
                                                                    sections 43.0564(b), (c), and (e) apply to the arbitration
 *630 The dissent agrees as to the standards for interpreting       referenced in 43.052(i). Those sections address procedures
the statute and that “words matter” and “context matters.” The      for selecting an arbitrator, setting a hearing, giving notice
dissent, however, says that “the most natural reading” of the       of the hearing, and powers of the arbitrator in regard
statute results from adding words to make it mean something         to conducting the arbitration. Section 43.052(i) does not
other than what the plain words mean. For the reasons we            prescribe or incorporate any provisions as to issues to be
have set out, we disagree that the proper reading of the statute    decided by the arbitrator, how long the arbitration is to take,
results from changing the language of the statute.                  when the arbitrator is to issue a decision, or whether the
                                                                    parties have a right to appeal the arbitrator's decision—all
The dissent also references section 43.056(l ), the provision       of which are provided by subsections of 43.0564 but not
for resolving disputes over whether a municipality has              incorporated by 43.052(i). Nor does section 43.052(i) specify
complied with the service plan adopted to provide full              what remedies an arbitrator may impose, as does section
municipal services to the area to be annexed, and that              43.0565(d).
section's use of the “[i]f the municipality fails to take action”
language. A municipality's service plan must be adopted              [15]     In sum, subchapter 43C provides different
by the municipality's governing body and is a contractual           methodologies for arbitration in three different situations:
obligation of the municipality by statute. See TEX. LOC.            (1) disputes under section 43.052(i), (2) disputes during
GOV'T CODEE § 43.056(j), (k). Whatever construction is              negotiations for services to be provided by the municipality,
eventually given to the language of section 43.056(l )—             see section 43.0564, and (3) disputes about whether the
and we venture none here because there is no controversy            service plan has been fulfilled. Disputes arising under each
before us as to that section—it will be according to statutory      different section and its dispute resolution provision must be
construction principles. And that construction, when and if         construed in its own context. That is what we do as to the
it occurs, must take into consideration the context of the           *631 controversy presented by this case: we construe the
language: section 43.056 addresses controversies regarding          language of section 43.052(i) in its context.
whether the municipality is fulfilling its service plan
contractual commitment. The controversy presented by the             [16] The dissent also states that under our construction of the
present case and the statutory language of section 43.052(i)        statute, if a city rejects the landowner's petition, the landowner
do not involve the question of whether a municipality is            has no further recourse. That is incorrect. The statute does not
fulfilling a contractual obligation. The controversy involves       deprive the landowner of the right to a quo warranto action,
a governmental decision of whether to annex territory, and if       which is the recourse long available to landowners.
so, how.
                                                                     [17] If the Legislature desires to amend the statute to add
In this regard, we note that sections 43.052(i) and 43.056(l        words so that the statute will then say what is contended
) not only differ in the types of disputes they address, but        for by the Estate, we are confident it will do so. However,
also in how arbitrations of those disputes are to be conducted.     changing the meaning of the statute by adding words to it, we
Arbitration under section 43.056(l ) must be in accordance          believe, is a legislative function, not a judicial function. See

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               8
City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

67 TEX. JUR. 3d Statutes § 85 (2003) (noting that it is for         by the City of Houston their statutory right to arbitrate the
the Legislature, not the courts, to remedy deficiencies, if any,    City's failure to provide municipal services to the annexed
in laws).                                                           area if the City rejects the residents' petition to enforce
                                                                    the service plan. As the Court reads “fails to take action,”
                                                                    Houstonians deprived of basic city services will have no
                                                                    private remedy.
                        V. Conclusion

We decline to read additional language into the statute             Read as a whole, the statutory scheme—in both section
as the Estate urges us to do. We go no further than the             43.052(i) and in section 43.056(l )—is straightforward and
unambiguous language of the statute to interpret it. Section        cannot bear the narrow meaning the Court ascribes to it.
43.052(i) does not create a substantive private right for a         The Court's unduly restrictive *632 reading is foreclosed by
landowner to compel arbitration if a municipality takes action      statutory context, and because context matters, I respectfully
on the landowner's petition by denying it, as the City did.         dissent.
Accordingly, the Estate lacks standing to pursue the suit it
filed.
                                                                            I. When Searching for Statutory Meaning,
We reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and render                     Words Matter—And So Does Context
judgment dismissing the Estate's suit.
                                                                    The Court aptly describes, then misapplies, the pertinent
                                                                    ground rules for construing statutory language. Words and
                                                                    phrases must be read “in context and construed according to
Justice WILLET filed a dissenting opinion, in which Justice
HECHT, JUSTICE O'NEILL, and Justice BRISTER joined.                 the rules of grammar and common usage.” 1 The import of
                                                                    language, plain or not, must be drawn from the surrounding
                                                                    context, particularly when construing everyday words and
Justice WILLETT, joined by Justice HECHT, Justice
                                                                    phrases that are inordinately context-sensitive. 2 Given the
O'NEILL, and Justice BRISTER, dissenting.
                                                                    power of context to transform the meaning of language, courts
The Court espouses sound principles of statutory construction
                                                                    should resist rulings anchored in hyper-technical readings
but unsoundly applies them. Basically, it takes literalism
too literally. Read naturally, section 43.052(i) means this:        of isolated words or phrases, 3 or forced readings that are
landowners who request inclusion of their land in a city's          exaggerated or, at the other extreme, constrained. 4
annexation plan may arbitrate the city's failure to include it.
                                                                    This “context matters” maxim—a cardinal rule not only of
The City's position—arbitration is only available if the            statutory construction but “of language itself” 5 —is rooted
City ignores the petition, not if it rejects it—makes little
                                                                    in common sense, 6 Texas statutory law, 7 and caselaw from
sense. Studied in context, the arbitration-triggering phrase
“fails to take action” in section 43.052(i) has a more              both this Court 8 and the United States Supreme Court. 9
substantively coherent meaning than “fails to take any
action”; it necessarily means “fails to take favorable action.”      *633 Accordingly, when interpreting the (h)(1) exemption
Landowners are seeking a specific outcome: inclusion in the         for quick annexation of rural land and the arbitration remedy
city's annexation plan. The statute grants arbitration if the       in subsection (i), we must consult the text and structure of
property remains excluded, and exclusion persists just as           surrounding and related provisions. Doing so yields a clear
surely through adverse action as through inaction.                  and forthright interpretation that confirms the statute's natural
                                                                    meaning while giving effect to every part of the statute.
The meaning of “fails to take action” is best revealed by
how this phrase is used in another Chapter 43 arbitration           Subsection (i) begins: “A municipality may not circumvent
provision. Applying today's wooden construction to that             the [three-year plan] requirement[ ] by proposing to
provision dictates an illogical result that lays bare the Court's   separately annex two or more areas described by Subsection
misinterpretation. As discussed more fully below, the Court's       (h)(1) if no reason exists under generally accepted municipal
literalist interpretation would deny residents of areas annexed     planning principles and practices for separately annexing

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               9
City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

the areas.” This proscriptive language sets the context;            Houston residents and landowners to request arbitration to
lawmakers intended arbitration to curb the overzealous use of       force compliance with the City's service plan, and, strikingly,
expedited, piecemeal annexations under subsection (h)(1) in         it uses the very same “fails to take action” phrase that appears
order to evade the three-year planning requirement.                 in section 43.052(i). Subsection (l ) provides:

Ignoring this context, the Court adopts the City's view that
“fails to take action” means “fails to take any action,” in other     A person residing or owning land in an annexed area ... may
words, when a city succumbs to bureaucratic inertia and does          enforce a service plan by petitioning the municipality for a
nothing. But if a city rejects a petition outright, the landowner     change in policy or procedures to ensure compliance with
                                                                      the service plan. If the municipality fails to take action with
has no further recourse. 10 This interpretation subverts the
                                                                      regard to the petition, the petitioner may request arbitration
Legislature's effort to curb abusive annexation tactics.
                                                                      of the dispute.... 14
The City complains that Hughes's interpretation requires            Under long-settled authority, “fails to take action” must mean
arbitration of all requests, no matter how groundless,              the same thing here as it does in section 43.052(i). 15 The
but the City's rigid interpretation enables it to deny all          multiple parallels at work here—the same phrase enacted the
requests, no matter how meritorious. The Court's holding will       same day in the same bill describing the same proceeding—
effectively prescribe, not proscribe, the very circumvention        could not present a more “classic case for application of the
that subsection (i), by its terms, was intended to cure. 11         normal rule of statutory construction that identical words used
                                                                    in different parts of the same act are intended to have the same
In context, the phrase “fails to take action” captures not only     meaning.” 16
a city's inaction but also a city's overt denial of favorable
action. The word “favorable” is implicit, honors the phrase's       I venture this prediction: if today's case centered not on
(and the overall statute's) common-sense meaning, and gives         subsection (i) but on subsection *635 (l ) and a Houston
full effect to the statute's objective: giving landowners a         resident's request to arbitrate the City's alleged breach of
specific and workable remedy against abuse of the (h)(1)            a service plan, the Court would read “fails to take action”
exemption. *634 In my view, the language cannot fairly be           exactly as I read it in subsection (i). Studied consistently
read any other way, and the Court's reading almost certainly        and contextually, the meaning is self-evident: someone in an
undermines the Legislature's intent.                                annexed area can request arbitration to enforce the service
                                                                    plan if the city grants no relief on the petition.

                                                                    Applying today's construction of “fails to take action,”
II. The Court's Strained Reading Invites Absurd Results
                                                                    however, if the City of Houston denied a service-plan
The Court acknowledges that any interpretation, literal or not,     enforcement petition, arbitration would be unavailable. This
                                                                    reading runs head-long into subsection (l )'s two-step process
that produces absurd results should be discarded. 12 In my
                                                                    for enforcing City of Houston service plans: (1) a petition
view, the Court's interpretation works multiple absurdities.
                                                                    urging the City to comply, then (2) arbitration if the petition
                                                                    produces no compliance. The notion that arbitration is
                                                                    possible only if the City refuses to move a bureaucratic
      A. The Undeniable Meaning of “Fails to Take                   muscle is conceptually untenable. The paramount goal of
     Action” Elsewhere in Chapter 43 Undercuts the                  service-plan enforcement is illusory if the City of Houston
     Court's Literalist Construction of Subsection (i)              can foreclose a service-plan challenge simply by rejecting
                                                                    the petition outright. Such a result would render subsection
Most disconcerting is that the Court's noncontextual analysis       (l ) wholly impotent and allow the concerns that prompted
cannot be squared with other parts of Chapter 43, principally
                                                                    its enactment to thrive unchecked. 17 The landowner is
section 43.056, which centers on the City of Houston's
                                                                    seeking to compel obedience to the service plan—a formal
contractual duty to provide must-have services to areas slated
for annexation (e.g., fire and police protection, EMS, road         “contractual obligation” 18 —and vital city services will
maintenance, solid waste collection, water and wastewater           remain unprovided whether the City rejects the petition or
facilities). 13 The Legislature in subsection (l ) authorizes

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City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

ignores it; granting arbitration only if the City's response is     nothing. Under this view, if a city (for reasons I cannot
dilatory, but not if it is direct, works an absurd result.          imagine) wanted to cede some of its planning authority,
                                                                    it would ignore the petition. But if a city wanted to
The very next sentence in subsection (l ) removes any               retain unfettered control, it would deny the petition. Given
doubt that the Legislature intended “fails to take action”          how cities prize and safeguard their municipal annexation
to mean “fails to take favorable action.” It authorizes             authority, 23 no rational city would ever renounce power by
persons living outside of Houston to apply for a writ               ignoring a petition when it could redouble power by denying
of mandamus to prod service-plan compliance from their              it. If the Legislature intended only to authorize cities to
respective cities. 19 It cannot possibly be the law that            volunteer for arbitration, then no statute was necessary as
every Texan outside the Houston city limits can freely and          home-rule cities already possess “all the powers of the state
immediately seek mandamus relief to enforce their cities'           not inconsistent with the Constitution, the general laws, or
service plans while Houstonians deprived of basic services          the city's charter.” 24 A city that wants to arbitrate something
and whose enforcement petitions are rejected must hope              does not need a statute granting it permission. Because “the
exclusively for a State-led quo warranto action. Again,
                                                                    legislature is never presumed to do a useless act,” 25 we
this result defeats the fundamental purpose (and contractual
                                                                    must presume that it intended something more than voluntary
promise) of the service-plan statute, but it is necessitated by
                                                                    arbitration.
the Court's construction of section 43.052(i).

                                                                    More revealing, though, is the City's argument that all
Chapter 43 is most coherent and consistent when “fails
                                                                    this sound and fury about arbitration and inclusion in the
to take action” means the same thing in both provisions.
                                                                    city's annexation plan signifies nothing because the fast-track
The Court, however, cites “context” to reserve the right
                                                                    nature of (h)(1) annexations will quickly moot the entire
to interpret subsection (l ) differently because “sections
                                                                    dispute. As the City noted at oral argument: “If the *637
43.052(i) and 43.056(l ) not only differ in the types of disputes
                                                                    landowner asks to be included in a three-year plan, the city
they address, but also in how arbitrations of those disputes
                                                                    sits on it, that remedy or rather any consideration of whether
are to be conducted.” 20 That is true, but also irrelevant;         it should be in a three-year plan is lost [once the area is
the decisive “fails to take action” language is word-for-           annexed].”
word identical and operates the same way—the triggering
phrases are grammatical and structural twins—and there is no        The underlying facts illustrate the City's position that all
principled basis for distinguishing the indistinguishable. 21       landowner action under subsection (i) is ultimately futile:

                                                                      • the Estate proposed to the City a high-density housing
                                                                         plan in the City's extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ)
         *636 B. The City Says Arbitration Is
        Possible “Only Under the Narrowest of                         • five days later the City directed its staff to begin
   Circumstances”—Namely, When a City Volunteers                        expeditious (h)(1) annexation (goal: to bring the
                                                                        property within the City limits so it could impose low-
The City's view, at its core, is that a landowner entitled to           density development restrictions)
request arbitration is never entitled to receive arbitration.
Rather, subsection (i) is “an essentially consensual remedy           • the Estate then petitioned for inclusion in the City's three-
of limited applicability,” something vested in the City's                year plan (goal: to delay the (h)(1) annexation so it could
absolute discretion. 22 I disagree that cities are only subjected        vest the property's high-density development plan)
to arbitration if they choose to be. Section 43.052(i), like
the identically worded section 43.056(l ), grants an actual         Under the City's position, heads the city wins and tails the
remedy, not a “consensual” one and not merely a request for         landowner loses. The calendar is inexorable. Arbitration is
one.                                                                forever a mirage because even if a landowner is theoretically
                                                                    entitled to arbitration, the City's annexation—the very
The Court's “consensual remedy” holding endorses a path by          annexation being challenged—zooms along the (h)(1) fast
which cities may circumvent the legislatively preferred three-      track, thus short-circuiting the dispute.
year plan: “Just Say No”—deny everything and arbitrate

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City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

              C. The City's “Pocket Veto”                                   III. The Legislature Enacted a Specific
             Analogy Is Facially off the Mark                               Alternative to Quo Warranto in Cases
                                                                             of Alleged Abuse of Subsection (h)(1)
The City says arbitration is possible in exactly one situation:
“when a city refuses to consider or evaluate the request          The Court says landowners are no worse off given the
—exercising the proverbial ‘pocket veto.’ ” The pocket-           possibility of State-initiated quo warranto intervention. The
veto analogy is inapposite because a pocket veto, classically     Court reasons that annexation law is largely procedural and
understood, quickly yields a definitive outcome: rejection. 26    that our 1991 decision in Alexander Oil Co. v. City of Seguin
                                                                  declared quo warranto the exclusive mechanism to challenge
Accepting arguendo the City's pocket-veto characterization,       improperly conducted annexations. 32 The Court's analysis is
the Legislature, unlike the United States Constitution, has       unconvincing.
failed to define the contours, and the Court avoids addressing
these concerns, 27 most notably (1) how much time must            The Legislature is presumed to understand extant law
elapse before the landowner may request arbitration? and (2)      when it enacts legislation, 33 and if it intended that quo
what form of “action” suffices to derail arbitration? 28          warranto remain a landowner's sole remedy against post–
                                                                  1999 annexation abuses, it would not have enacted a statute
 *638 Subsection (i) is open-ended and sets no decision-          that explicitly grants a private arbitration right. 34 This
making deadline by which a city must respond to a                 Court recently held that the “truest manifestation” of what
landowner's petition. If a city sits idle, a landowner has        lawmakers intended is what lawmakers enacted—the text
no way of knowing whether the city has merely failed to           they actually voted on—and the intent to supersede Alexander
open its mail or, alternatively, has in fact reviewed the         Oil is found in a statute that does exactly that. 35
petition but quietly decided not to grant it. What length
of city inaction is sufficient before a landowner may seek         *639 We decided Alexander Oil in 1991 largely on
arbitration? Meanwhile, as the landowner awaits a formal          the basis that the Legislature had not yet given private
response, the city continues speedily annexing the targeted       individuals a way to challenge annexations. Eight years
property under subsection (h)(1).                                 later, the Legislature did so, granting landowners a defined
                                                                  arbitration right. 36 The Legislature, we must presume,
Moreover, the Court, while purporting to construe “fails
                                                                  understood the role of quo warranto in challenging annexation
to take action” literally, actually spurns its own literalist
                                                                  proceedings when it provided for arbitration in subsection
method. The Court says arbitration is unavailable because
                                                                  (i), but the Legislature's comprehensive overhaul makes no
the City's categorical refusal amounts to “action.” The word
                                                                  mention of quo warranto, much less retains the exclusivity
“action,” however, encompasses a wide range of activities:
                                                                  of such relief. The City insists the Legislature's failure to
reviewing a petition, conducting research, convening a
                                                                  unequivocally declare that it was superseding Alexander Oil
hearing, deliberating, etc. 29 Why are these actions not          indicates it never intended to do so. We have never required
“action”? The Court implicitly limits the word “action”           such declarations, and Alexander Oil overtly disclaims the
to mean dispositive action—when a city formally denies            necessity for any such declaration: quo warranto, we said in
a petition—but the Court cites nothing to explain why             that case, is the way to attack annexation irregularities unless
nondispositive action fails to qualify. By restricting “action”   the Legislature has “acted to expressly provide a private
to a yes-or-no decision, 30 the Court has in fact abandoned       action.” 37 The Legislature did precisely that post-Alexander
literalism by reading the statute to mean “fails to take
                                                                  Oil. 38
final action,” a locution that, notably, lawmakers have used
elsewhere in the Local Government Code regarding land use
                                                                  This 1999 legislative exception to the general quo warranto
regulation, but not here. 31 The Court thus allows context to     rule provides a simple yet substantive remedy that is complete
inform the meaning of “action,” but it does so selectively,       unto itself: the landowner petitions for inclusion in the three-
picking and choosing when it will permit context to guide its     year plan, and if the land is not added, the landowner may
statutory analysis.                                               seek arbitration. Subsection (i) never states or suggests that

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City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

                                                                   The statute in this case speaks for itself. The Court mutes
quo warranto remains part of the legal landscape or that quo
                                                                   the statute, however, by *640 fixating on four words
warranto must precede arbitration as an intermediate step.
                                                                   divorced from the surrounding statutory framework. I agree
                                                                   judges must adhere to the language that lawmakers voted
Finally, the City's reliance on three courts of appeals'
                                                                   on, but statutes operate as a whole and must be read as
decisions construing section 43.052 as strictly procedural, and
                                                                   a whole, not as a hodgepodge of isolated fragments. The
thus subject only to quo warranto challenge, is misplaced. 39
                                                                   Court's noncontextual reading is incompatible with related
While those courts held that quo warranto is the sole means
                                                                   provisions (including one identical provision) in the same
to attack a city's alleged violation of 43.052, none of those
                                                                   statute. Literalism can sometimes border on trivialism and
decisions considered the (h)(1) exemption or interpreted
                                                                   should not be confused with textualism, which considers
subsection (i), focusing instead on other portions of section
                                                                   both statutory text and statutory context to ascribe meaning.
43.052.
                                                                   Today's decision is literalism gone bad.

The remedy for abuse of the sparsely-populated-area
                                                                   Hughes is statutorily entitled to arbitration, and because
exemption is arbitration, which subsection (i) clearly
                                                                   the Court “fails to take action” to enforce that remedy, I
authorizes.
                                                                   respectfully dissent.

                       IV. Conclusion                              All Citations

                                                                   246 S.W.3d 621, 51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

Footnotes
1      Further references to Local Government Code provisions will generally be by reference to the chapter, section, or
       subsection number.
2      Section 43.052(i) refers to “persons residing or owning land in the area.” We will refer to such persons as “landowners”
       for ease of reference.
3      This Court has received briefs in support of the City's position from the Texas Municipal League and the Texas cities of
       Fate, Fort Worth, Denton, and Pearland.
4      The City also maintains that even if section 43.052(i) grants a right to arbitration, the Estate still lacks standing because
       section 43.052(i) comprises a procedural part of the annexation process and violations of procedural requirements can
       only be challenged through quo warranto proceedings. We do not reach the argument and express no opinion on it.
5      This Court has received briefs in support of the Estate from Brian Shannon, Associate Dean and Charles “Tex” Thornton
       Professor of Law at Texas Tech University and by the Texas Association of Builders.
6      We may also consider legislative history in construing a statute that is not ambiguous. See TEX. GOV'T CODE §
       311.023(3). In this instance we are at a disadvantage because the language in question was crafted by a conference
       committee, and legislative history does not provide illumination as to how it was formulated.
7      TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. art 970a §§ 6, 10, repealed by Act of May 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 149, § 49, 1987 Tex.
       Gen. Laws 1306, now codified as TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODEE § § 43.052, .053, .056. Further references are to the Local
       Government Code.
8      Quo warranto proceedings are used by the State to protect itself and the good of the public through agents of the State
       who control the proceedings. See Fuller Springs v. State ex rel. City of Lufkin, 513 S.W.2d 17, 19 (Tex.1974); State ex
       rel. Candler v. Court of Civil Appeals, Fourth Supreme Judicial Dist., 123 Tex. 549, 75 S.W.2d 253 (1934); Staples v.
       State, 112 Tex. 61, 245 S.W. 639 (1922).
1      TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.011(a).
2      Id. Some familiar words, depending on how they are used, convey polar opposite meanings. For example, the word
       “sanction” may indicate approval (“I sanction eating that bowl of ice cream.”) or disapproval (“My wife will sanction me for
       eating that bowl of ice cream.”). See WEBSTER'S NEW WORLD DICTIONARY & THESAURUS 566 (Michael Agnes,
       ed., 2d ed.2002). Its meaning—permission or prohibition—turns entirely on context.
3      Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637, 642 (Tex.2004) (“We must read the statute as a whole
       and not just isolated portions.”).

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              13
City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

4      Cities of Austin, Dallas, Ft. Worth, & Hereford v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 92 S.W.3d 434, 442 (Tex.2002).
5      Deal v. United States, 508 U.S. 129, 132, 113 S. Ct. 1993, 124 L. Ed. 2d 44 (1993).
6      As noted above, some words are auto-antonyms that can mean diametrically opposite things depending on the context.
       The word “fast,” for example, can mean “swift” or “firmly fastened.” See WEBSTER'S, supra note 2, at 233. The word
       “cleave” can mean “to adhere” or “to divide.” See id. at 112. In my view, the Court's decision today “cleaves” to a myopic
       approach that “cleaves” literal meaning from plain meaning.
7      See TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.011(a).
8      For example, in Tooke v. City of Mexia, 197 S.W.3d 325 (Tex.2006), our sole objective was to define the meaning of
       “sue and be sued”-type language. Rather than concluding that these simple and apparently unambiguous words have
       one, definitive meaning, we recognized that “the import of these phrases cannot be ascertained apart from the context
       in which they occur.” Id. at 329; see also, e.g., City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d at 642.
9      In Deal, the Court identified numerous possible meanings of “conviction” in a bank robbery statute but reasoned that “of
       course susceptibility of all of these meanings does not render the word ‘conviction,’ whenever it is used, ambiguous; all
       but one of the meanings is ordinarily eliminated by context.” 508 U.S. at 131–32, 113 S. Ct. 1993.
          The author of Deal, Justice Scalia, was determined to drive home this point, as he wrote a dissent two weeks later in
          Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 241–47, 113 S. Ct. 2050, 124 L. Ed. 2d 138 (1993), which centered on the meaning
          of “using a firearm” and where Justice Scalia again stressed the importance of giving words their fair meaning:
             To use an instrumentality ordinarily means to use it for its intended purpose. When someone asks, “Do you use a
             cane?,” he is not inquiring whether you have your grandfather's silver-handled walking stick on display in the hall;
             he wants to know whether you walk with a cane. Similarly, to speak of “using a firearm” is to speak of using it for
             its distinctive purpose, i.e., as a weapon.
          Id. at 242, 113 S. Ct. 2050.
          The Court is equally attuned to context in civil cases. In Textron Lycoming Reciprocating Engine Division v. UAW of
          America, 523 U.S. 653, 118 S. Ct. 1626, 140 L. Ed. 2d 863 (1998) (construing “suits for violation of contracts”), the Union
          urged a narrow focus on the meaning of the preposition “for,” but the Court refused to turn statutory interpretation into
          a brain teaser and instead insisted on a natural reading that examined each word in context, not under a microscope.
          Id. at 656–58 (“It is not the meaning of the word ‘for’ we are seeking here, but the meaning of ‘[s]uits for violation of
          contracts.’ ” (alteration in original)).
10     While this opinion uses the term “landowner” for simplicity, section 43.052(i) makes clear that a petitioner may be either
       “a person residing or owning land in the area.” Id.
11     The record suggests that few cities enact three-year municipal annexation plans. In fact, amicus curiae The Texas
       Municipal League (“TML”), an association of more than 1,070 incorporated cities that advocates municipal interests,
       notes that many of its member “cities will have a one page plan stating that they do not intend to annex any area for
       which an annexation plan is required.” See SCOTT N. HOUSTON, TEX. MUN. LEAGUE, MUNICIPAL ANNEXATION
       IN TEXAS: “IS IT REALLY THAT COMPLICATED?” 13 (2003, updated Nov. 2004), available at htt p://www.tml.org/
       legal_ pdf/ANNEXATION111704.pdf. The City of Rockwall's annexation “plan” is a near carbon copy: “[t]he City does not
       intend to annex any territory that in order to be annexed, is required to be in an annexation plan.” City of Rockwall, Tex.,
       Ordinance 99–49 (Dec. 20, 1999). Hughes argues that such “plans” clash with a key objective underlying the Legislature's
       1999 rewrite, that annexation decisions should be driven not by circumvention of the three-year planning process but by
       order, thoughtfulness, and predictability. Judging by the myriad amicus briefs filed by Texas cities, expedited annexations
       under (h)(1) are so common that (h)(1) is actually the rule. TML's brief admits as much, saying the (h)(1) exception “is
       routinely used by most home rule cities. Only a handful of cities annex under an annexation plan” at all.
12     See 246 S.W.3d. 627.
13     The statute defines the service plan as a contract between the city and the annexed area. TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODEE §
       43.056(k) (“On approval by the governing body, the service plan is a contractual obligation....”). This contract establishes
       the method that the city will follow in extending services to the newly annexed area. TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE E §
       43.056(b).
14     TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODEE § 43.056(l ) (emphasis added). Compare this statute with section 43.052(i): “If the municipality
       fails to take action on the petition, the petitioner may request arbitration of the dispute.” It seems beyond serious dispute
       that “fails to take action with regard to the petition” in subsection (l ) means exactly the same thing as “fails to take action
       on the petition” in subsection (i).
15     See Comm'r of Internal Revenue v. Lundy, 516 U.S. 235, 249–50, 116 S. Ct. 647, 133 L. Ed. 2d 611 (1996), superseded
       by statute, Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub.L. No. 105–34, sec. 1282(a), 111 Stat. 1037 (codified as amended at 26

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                14
City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

       U.S.C. § 6512); see also Dallas County Cmty. Coll. Dist. v. Bolton, 185 S.W.3d 868, 873 (Tex.2005) (“We must interpret a
       statute according to its terms, giving meaning to the language consistent with other provisions in the statute.”); Paddock
       v. Siemoneit, 147 Tex. 571, 218 S.W.2d 428, 435 (Tex.1949) (observing that the same words must be given the same
       meaning unless context dictates otherwise).
16     Lundy, 516 U.S. at 250, 116 S. Ct. 647 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Sullivan v. Stroop, 496 U.S. 478, 484,
       110 S. Ct. 2499, 110 L. Ed. 2d 438 (1990)); see also Paddock, 218 S.W.2d at 435.
17     See HOUSTON, supra note 11, at 5–8 (describing the furor surrounding the City of Houston's annexation of suburban
       Kingwood in 1996, a controversy that fueled the Legislature's 1999 overhaul of Texas annexation law).
18     See supra note 13.
19     TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODEE § 43.056(l ) (“A person residing or owning land in an annexed area ... may enforce a service
       plan by applying for a writ of mandamus....”).
20     246 S.W.3d 630.
21     Besides eviscerating the arbitration provision in section 43.056(l ) regarding service-plan enforcement, the Court's holding
       also nullifies parts of section 43.056(i) above and beyond the arbitration provision itself. For example, subsection (i)
       features a cost-shifting penalty provision whereby arbitrators can sanction landowners if the petition was “groundless or
       requested in bad faith or for the purposes of harassment.” It is inconceivable, however, that any right-minded city would
       ever submit to city-funded arbitration of any petition, much less a baseless one, if it knew that it could dodge arbitration
       just by denying the petition outright.
22     At oral argument, the City insisted that a valid arbitration request alone cannot trigger arbitration or justify a court order
       compelling arbitration:
          COURT: So does 43.052 give a private landowner any right at any time under any circumstances to sue for an order
            compelling arbitration?
          RESPONSE: No, it doesn't....
          COURT: So even when the city fails to act one way or the other, they sit on it for whatever reason, there is still no
            private right of action to compel arbitration?
          RESPONSE: Well, that's correct. We take that position....
23     Cities regard the broad, unilateral power to annex as a matter of municipal life and death: “According to many national
       authorities, this annexation power is the primary difference between the flourishing cities of Texas and the declining urban
       areas in other parts of the nation.” See HOUSTON, supra note 11, at 10.
24     Proctor v. Andrews, 972 S.W.2d 729, 733 (Tex.1998) (observing that the Legislature may restrict the power of home-rule
       cities that derive their plenary power directly from the Constitution); see also TEX. CONST. Art. XI, § 5.
25     Hunter v. Fort Worth Capital Corp., 620 S.W.2d 547, 551 (Tex.1981); see also Travis County v. Pelzel & Assocs., Inc.,
       77 S.W.3d 246, 249–50 (Tex.2002), superseded by statute, TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODEE § 262.007; Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.
       v. Garrison Contractors, Inc., 966 S.W.2d 482, 485 (Tex.1998).
26     A true pocket veto occurs when the President fails to sign a bill passed by Congress within ten days, if Congress is not
       in session at the end of those ten days. U.S. CONST. art. I, § 7, cl. 2; see also The Pocket Veto Case, 279 U.S. 655,
       49 S. Ct. 463, 73 L. Ed. 894 (1929). Timing is the critical element. The President can only kill legislation with a pocket
       veto if Congress adjourns before the ten days expire; if Congress remains in session, and ten days elapse, then the bill
       automatically becomes law without the President's signature. U.S. CONST. art. I, § 7, cl. 2.
27     246 S.W.3d 628.
28     The City argues that two other Texas statutes use the phrase “fails to take action” to mean “fails to take any action” and not
       overt rejection. See TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODEE § 232.096 (authorizing commissioner's courts to approve or disapprove
       plat decisions of a land planning commission and providing that if the court “fails to take action” within thirty days, the
       commission's decision becomes final); TEX. OCC.CODE § 262.1025 (authorizing the State Board of Dental Examiners to
       review rules proposed by an advisory committee and providing that if the board fails to take action on the recommendation
       within ninety days, it must adopt the recommendation). These two statutes are facially different. In both, one governmental
       body is reviewing the prior decision or proposal of another governmental body; if the reviewing body “fails to take action”
       for a specified number of days, the prior decision is ratified by operation of law. The annexation statute, by contrast, lacks
       this critical “deeming” feature. The City's theory leaves the landowner in perpetual limbo since inaction is never treated
       as either approval or rejection of the landowner's petition, no matter how much time elapses. Meanwhile, the challenged
       annexation proceeds unabated. The reason the identical phrase “fails to take action” is interpreted differently in these
       other statutes is because the surrounding language is different in these other statutes. Again, context controls.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              15
City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621 (2008)
51 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 349

29     According to BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY, “action” means “[t]he process of doing something; conduct or behavior.”
       BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 31 (8th ed.2004).
30     See, e.g., 246 S.W.3d 628 (“[T]he city failed to take action on it one way or the other....”).
31     The Legislature, for example, says if a county planning commission “fails to take final action” on a completed plat
       application within sixty days, the applicant may seek mandamus relief “to compel the planning commission to approve or
       disapprove the plat.” TEX. LOC. GOV'T CODE E § 232.096(g) (emphasis added).
32     825 S.W.2d 434, 436–37 (Tex.1991).
33     In re Pirelli Tire, L.L.C., 247 S.W.3d 670 (Tex.2007).
34     Again, “the legislature is never presumed to do a useless act.” Hunter v. Fort Worth Capital Corp., 620 S.W.2d 547,
       551 (Tex.1981).
35     Alex Sheshunoff Mgmt. Servs., L.P. v. Johnson, 209 S.W.3d 644, 651–52 (Tex.2006).
36     Act of May 31, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 1167, § 4, sec. 43.052(i), 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 4074, 4076–77.
37     Alexander Oil, 825 S.W.2d at 437.
38     The Court posits the specter of multiple “individual arbitration proceedings” as another basis for its pro-quo-warranto
       holding. 246 S.W.3d. 629. To be sure, the City and various amici predict calamitous and “drastic implications” if we
       interpret the statute to provide a private arbitration right. I concede that landowner-invoked arbitration may well saddle
       cities with real and nonincidental costs. I also understand the City's fear that developers will (1) target areas within
       the ETJ for dense, out-of-character projects that clash with the city's overall vision for the area and (2) use arbitration
       under subsection (i) as a delaying tactic or as negotiating leverage. These arguments, however, are rooted in policy
       and prudential concerns, which are quintessential legislative judgments, not judicial ones. Burdensome or not, the costs
       and hassles attending arbitration were, I would conclude, presumed acceptable by the Legislature, and in any event,
       avoidable if cities scrupulously complied with the statute's three-year annexation plan requirement in lieu of successive
       fast-track annexations under (h)(1).
39     The City cites Werthmann v. City of Fort Worth, 121 S.W.3d 803, 807 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2003, no pet.); City of Balch
       Springs v. Lucas, 101 S.W.3d 116, 122 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2002, no pet.); City of San Antonio v. Hardee, 70 S.W.3d 207,
       212 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2001, no pet.).

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               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             16
I
City of San Antonio v. Talerico, 98 Tex. 151 (1904)
81 S.W. 518

                                                                        action are fundamental, and may be reviewed on
                                                                        appeal without assignments of error, although,
                     98 Tex. 151
                                                                        in addition to the general demurrer, there were
                Supreme Court of Texas.
                                                                        special exceptions, which might have been well
                CITY OF SAN ANTONIO                                     taken, and which could only be reviewed under
                          v.                                            specific assignments of error.
                   TALERICO et al.
                                                                        21 Cases that cite this headnote
                        June 16, 1904.
                                                                 [4]    Limitation of Actions
Error to Court of Civil Appeals of Fourth Supreme Judicial                  Indemnity
District.
                                                                        A person injured by a defect in a sidewalk
                                                                        caused by a property owner, who was therefore
Action by Willie Talerico against the city of San Antonio, in
                                                                        primarily liable, sued the city, which impleaded
which the St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum was impleaded. There
                                                                        the property owner. Held that, as no cause of
was a judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals (for opinion,
                                                                        action in favor of the city against the property
see 78 S.W. 28) affirming a judgment for plaintiff against
                                                                        owner accrued in favor of the former until it
defendant city and dismissing the orphan asylum from the
                                                                        had suffered damage by the latter's act, i.e. until
case, and defendant city brings error. Judgment for plaintiff
                                                                        recovery against it, the fact that the city did not
affirmed, and judgment of dismissal reversed.
                                                                        file its answer impleading the property owner
                                                                        until two years after the injury to plaintiff did not
                                                                        bar the city's action for indemnity.
 West Headnotes (5)
                                                                        37 Cases that cite this headnote

 [1]    Appeal and Error
                                                                 [5]    Municipal Corporations
           Incompetent or immaterial evidence
                                                                           Parties
        The admission of incompetent testimony to
                                                                        In an action against a city for injuries caused by a
        contradict other incompetent testimony is
                                                                        defective sidewalk, a pleading, filed by the city,
        harmless.
                                                                        showing that a property owner caused the defect
        Cases that cite this headnote                                   without the city's knowledge or consent, made a
                                                                        case for impleading such property owner as the
                                                                        party primarily liable.
 [2]    Appeal and Error
           Necessity                                                    11 Cases that cite this headnote
        Appellate courts may consider without
        assignment of errors, rulings of trial courts which
        are fundamental in character, or which determine
        a question upon which the very right of the case        Attorneys and Law Firms
        depends.
                                                                 *152 **519 William Aubrey and Chas. C. Cresson, for
        19 Cases that cite this headnote                        plaintiff in error.

                                                                 *153 P. H. Swearingen, H. C. Carter, and Perry J. Lewis, for
 [3]    Appeal and Error                                        defendant in error Talerico.
           Pleadings and rulings thereon
        Rulings of trial courts sustaining or overruling        T. F. Shields, for defendant in error orphan asylum.
        general demurrers to a petition on the ground of
        its insufficiency or sufficiency to state a cause of

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              1
City of San Antonio v. Talerico, 98 Tex. 151 (1904)
81 S.W. 518

                                                                    it is the practice of the appellate courts to consider without
Opinion                                                             assignment rulings of the trial courts which are ‘fundamental
                                                                    in character,’ or which determine ‘a question upon which the
*154 WILLIAMS, J.
                                                                    very right of the case depends.’ Wilson v. Johnson, 94 Tex.
Willie Talerico, one of the defendants in error, brought            276, 60 S.W. 242. It has always been regarded as proper
this action against the city to recover damages for personal        for the appellate court, before affirming a judgment, to see
injuries received by him in stepping in a hole which the city       that the petition states a good cause of action, since nothing
had negligently allowed to exist in a sidewalk on one of its        short of that will sustain a judgment in favor of a plaintiff.
streets. The city caused the St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum to be       Dean v. Lyons, 47 Tex. 18; Browne v. Johnson, 29 Tex. 40.
made a party defendant, and sought judgment over against it         It is true that this court has said in a number of its opinions
in case plaintiff recovered. The pleading by which this was         that assignments of error specifying the overruling of general
done appears to be full and specific in all its allegations. It     and special exceptions, of which there were several, were
will be sufficient for the purposes of this opinion to state that   too general. But we think it may be safely assumed that
such pleading, construed, as it must be, in connection with         in such cases the pleadings were regarded as sufficient to
plaintiff's petition, fully alleged that the dangerous condition    sustain the judgments based upon them, and that all that was
of the sidewalk was created by the action of the St. Joseph's       meant was that the assignments were insufficient to raise any
Orphan Asylum, and that the injury for which plaintiff sought       question requiring an assignment. Were it otherwise, those
to recover was caused by its negligence in making the               decisions would be in conflict with the practice established
sidewalk with the hole in it, and the bridge by which the           by many others. If the overruling a general demurrer going
hole was hidden from plaintiff, in consequence of which he          to the foundation of the action will be examined without
stepped into it, and that this was done without the knowledge       an assignment, ‘it would seem to follow,’ as is well said
or consent of the city. It also set up ordinances by which          by Mr. Justice Fly in Hall v. Jackson (Tex. Civ. App.) 40
it was made the duty of lot owners to keep the sidewalks            S. W. 47, ‘that a judgment sustaining a general demurrer,
in front of their property in repair, and subjected such            which is a declaration that no cause of action exists, would
owners to prescribed penalties for not repairing sidewalks          be fundamental, and therefore should be considered, although
within a given time after notice to do so, and also made it         the error is not assigned.’ The Court of Civil Appeals were of
unlawful for any person to place obstructions in streets, etc.      the opinion that the rule referred to would not apply in this
St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, to this pleading, answered by           case because there were, in addition to the general demurrer,
general demurrer and 10 further exceptions, styled by the           special exceptions, which may **520 have been properly
pleader ‘special exceptions.’ The general demurrer and all          sustained, and the merits of which would only be examined
special exceptions except the one setting up limitation were        under specific assignments of error. But the fact, if it existed,
sustained, this defendant was dismissed from the case, and          that special exceptions to the form and manner of stating the
plaintiff recovered judgment against the city. Upon appeal the      cause of action were well taken, would not sustain a ruling on
Court of Civil Appeals refused to consider the assignment           general demurrer that plaintiff had no cause of action. Everett
of error made by the city attacking the ruling in favor of St.      v. Henry, 67 Tex. 405, 3 S.W. 566; Porter v. Burkett, 65
Joseph's Orphan Asylum, and affirmed the judgment in favor          Tex. 387. We think it clear that the general demurrer was
of plaintiff against the city.                                      improperly sustained. The pleading showed that St. Joseph's
                                                                    Orphan Asylum was the original and active perpetrator of th
In its application for writ of error the city has assigned many     wrong for which the city, without participation therein, but
rulings made in the trial between it and plaintiff, and also        only by reason of its passive negligence, was sought to be held
the action in the court below in favor of St. Joseph's Orphan       responsible. A case was made for impleading the party thus
Asylum. We have examined all of the points urged, and see           primarily liable. City of San Antonio v. Smith, 94 Tex. 266,
no reason to disturb the judgment in favor of the plaintiff.        59 S.W. 1109, and authorities cited.

The assignment of error made in the Court of Civil Appeals          Most of the other exceptions were either mere repetitions
against the St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum was to the ‘sustaining       of the general demurrer, or reasons assigned, which, if well
the general demurrer and special exceptions' of that party and      founded, would have justified sustaining it. What we have
dismissing the cause *155 as to it. We may concede that             said answers most of them. We may remark, however, that
this is too general to require the court to consider any ruling     the view of the pleading by which it is held to show a cause
to present which an assignment of error is necessary. But           of action is not based upon the charter and ordinances of the

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               2
City of San Antonio v. Talerico, 98 Tex. 151 (1904)
81 S.W. 518

                                                                       Inhabitants of Veazie v. The Penobscot Railroad Co., 49 Me.
city. Whether or not, as alleged, they would impose a liability
                                                                       119. It is permitted by our law to bring into the suit against
of the character asserted, it is unnecessary to decide. The view
                                                                       it the party whom it seeks to hold liable as an indemnitor, in
taken is based upon the general principles of law laid down in
                                                                       order that protection may be given to it by the same judgment
the authorities cited, by which the active wrongdoer may be
                                                                       that fixes its liability; but this does not make the limitation
made to *156 indemnify one who has been subjected to, or is
                                                                       applicable to the cause of action of the plaintiff control its
sought to be held liable for, damage through his wrong. This
                                                                       action over against the indemnitor. In bringing in another
is enough to show that the general demurrer was improperly
                                                                       party it has no right to delay the suit of the plaintiff, to which
sustained.
                                                                       such other party is not essential, and it is not at all necessary
St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, in the Court of Civil Appeals,             that the plaintiff's rights should be further involved in the
made a cross-assignment of error upon the overruling of the            litigation between the two defendants.
exception invoking the two-years statute of limitations. The
                                                                       The judgment in favor of the plaintiff against the city may
pleadings showed that the injury to plaintiff happened more
                                                                       be affirmed, and that in favor of St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum
than two years before the filing of the answer of the city
                                                                       may be reversed, and the cause remanded for a trial of the
impleading the asylum. The ruling was correct. No limitation
                                                                       issues between it and the city, without prejudicing the rights
against the city ever commenced to run so long as it had
                                                                       of any of the parties. City of San Antonio v. Smith, supra. It
no cause of action, and a cause of action could only arise
                                                                       is accordingly so ordered.
in its favor when it sustained damage from the act of the
asylum. According to the strict rules of the common law it
could not have brought any other party into this litigation,           All Citations
and could have maintained no independent action, until the
suit had terminated by judgment, or it had paid the damages            98 Tex. 151, 81 S.W. 518
to plaintiff. Hence no limitation would have run against it.

End of Document                                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

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J
Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

                                                                       come into existence that authorize a claimant to
                                                                       seek a judicial remedy.
                    460 S.W.3d 714
                Court of Appeals of Texas,                             Cases that cite this headnote
                          Dallas.

             Stephen W. Clark, Appellant                         [2]   Limitation of Actions
                             v.                                            Questions for Jury
            Dillard's, Inc. and The Campbell                           The date a cause of action accrues is normally a
                 Agency, Inc., Appellees                               question of law.

                No. 05–13–01503–CV |                                   Cases that cite this headnote
               Opinion Filed March 25, 2015
                                                                 [3]   Implied and Constructive Contracts
Synopsis
                                                                           Unjust enrichment
Background: Fashion model brought action against
department store and modeling agency, alleging claims                  Unjust enrichment occurs when the defendant
including misappropriation of likeness and unjust enrichment           has wrongfully secured or passively received
based on assertion that photographs of model were used                 a benefit from another that would be
without his permission. After jury trial, the 44th Judicial            unconscionable to retain, and the defendant
District Court, Dallas County, entered judgment in favor of            obtained the benefit from the plaintiff by fraud,
model as to unjust enrichment claim and entered take-nothing           duress, or the taking of an undue advantage.
judgment as to other claims. Model appealed.
                                                                       Cases that cite this headnote

                                                                 [4]   Limitation of Actions
Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Myers, J., held that:
                                                                           Contracts; warranties

[1] store's use of model's image on packages of underwear              Department store's use of fashion model's image
was not inherently undiscoverable, and therefore discovery             on packages of underwear was not inherently
rule did not apply to toll limitations period on model's claim         undiscoverable, and therefore discovery rule
for unjust enrichment;                                                 did not apply to toll limitations period on
                                                                       model's claim for unjust enrichment based on
[2] model did not establish an imminent threat of irreparable          use of image, despite argument that model
injury, as could support grant of injunctive relief; and               spent large parts of each year outside country
                                                                       and, even when in county, never went to that
[3] model's complaint failed to state claim for unfair                 particular department store; image was used on
competition.                                                           packaging for products prominently displayed in
                                                                       stores open to the public and thus was readily
                                                                       observable and on public display. Tex. Civ. Prac.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and rendered.                      & Rem. Code Ann. § 16.003.

                                                                       Cases that cite this headnote

 West Headnotes (31)
                                                                 [5]   Limitation of Actions
                                                                           In general; what constitutes discovery
 [1]    Limitation of Actions                                          The discovery rule is a very limited exception to
            Causes of action in general                                statutes of limitations that defers the accrual of
        A cause of action generally accrues, and the                   the cause of action until the injury was or could
        statute of limitations begins to run, when facts               have reasonably been discovered.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          1
Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

                                                                      discovery rule to toll limitations period, if it
        Cases that cite this headnote                                 generally is capable of detection within the time
                                                                      allotted for bringing such suits.
 [6]    Limitation of Actions
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
            In general; what constitutes discovery
        The discovery rule applies to toll the statute of
        limitations only when the nature of the plaintiff's    [11]   Limitation of Actions
        injury is both inherently undiscoverable and                      In general; what constitutes discovery
        objectively verifiable.                                       Limitation of Actions
                                                                          Questions for Jury
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      Whether an injury is inherently undiscoverable,
                                                                      as could support application of discovery rule to
 [7]    Limitation of Actions                                         toll limitations period, is a legal question decided
            Questions for Jury                                        on a categorical basis rather than case-specific
        Whether the discovery rule applies to toll the                basis.
        statute of limitations in a given context is a
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
        question of law.

        Cases that cite this headnote                          [12]   Appeal and Error
                                                                          Particular orders or rulings reviewable in
 [8]    Limitation of Actions                                         general
            In general; what constitutes discovery                    Trial court's denial of fashion model's motion for
        An injury being inherently undiscoverable, as                 summary judgment on claim against department
        could support application of discovery rule                   store for misappropriation of likeness was not
        to toll limitations period, does not mean                     appealable, where trial court also denied store's
        that plaintiff failed to discover injury within               motion for summary judgment on claim, and
        limitations period; instead, court determines                 claim was subsequently tried on merits before a
        whether an injury is inherently undiscoverable                jury.
        on a categorical basis in which the focus is on the
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
        type of injury rather than a particular injury.

        Cases that cite this headnote                          [13]   Injunction
                                                                          Protection of name or likeness
 [9]    Limitation of Actions                                         Fashion model did not establish an imminent
            In general; what constitutes discovery                    threat of irreparable injury, as could support
        An injury is inherently undiscoverable, as could              grant of injunctive relief in model's action against
        support application of discovery rule to toll                 department store seeking injunction to restrain
        limitations period, if by its nature, it is unlikely          store's allegedly unauthorized use of model's
        to be discovered within the limitations period                likeness on packaging of underwear, where store
        despite due diligence.                                        had changed its packaging of the underwear to
                                                                      show a different model's picture.
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote

 [10]   Limitation of Actions
            In general; what constitutes discovery             [14]   Injunction
                                                                          Grounds in general; multiple factors
        A wrong or injury is not inherently
        undiscoverable, as could support application of

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           2
Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

        To be entitled to an injunction, a plaintiff                 Antitrust and Trade Regulation
        must plead and prove: (1) a cause of action                       Sponsorship, approval, or connection,
        against the defendant; (2) a probable right to the           representations concerning
        relief sought; and (3) a probable, imminent, and             Antitrust and Trade Regulation
        irreparable injury.                                              Passing off or Palming off

        Cases that cite this headnote                                Unfair competition is a common law tort that
                                                                     occurs when one business entity “palms off” its
                                                                     products as those of another; the determinative
 [15]   Injunction                                                   question is whether the tortfeasor's practices are
            Irreparable injury                                       likely to mislead customers into believing that
        Injunction                                                   the product emanates from or has been endorsed
            Recovery of damages                                      by the claimant, and the test is likelihood of
        An assertedly imminent injury is irreparable, as             confusion.
        could support grant of injunction, if the injured
                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
        party cannot be compensated in damages or if
        the damages cannot be measured by any certain
        monetary standard.                                    [19]   Declaratory Judgment
                                                                         Pendency of other action
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     A declaratory judgment is not available to settle
                                                                     legal disputes already pending before the court.
 [16]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation
            Particular cases                                         Cases that cite this headnote
        Fashion model's complaint against department
        store failed to state claim for unfair competition,   [20]   Declaratory Judgment
        in case in which model alleged that store                        Pendency of other action
        engaged in unauthorized use of model's image                 Disputes encompassed by declarations sought by
        on underwear packaging, where complaint did                  fashion model to determine what rights, if any,
        not allege that store's use of image created a               of model were transferred, affected, or otherwise
        likelihood of confusion of the public.                       released by any agreement among modeling
                                                                     agency, third party contractor, and department
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     store were already before the trial court in
                                                                     model's action alleging misappropriation of his
 [17]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation                               likeness by store, and thus disputes could not
             Sponsorship, approval, or connection,                   be subject of declaratory judgment, where store's
        representations concerning                                   defense to model's misappropriation of likeness
        The tort of unfair competition concerns the                  claim was that it paid for full use of model's
        use of another's good will with the public to                image and that contractor told store that it would
        gain a competitive advantage in the market;                  have the right to reproduce photographs of model
        any practice which may mislead customers into                at will so long as invoice for photographs was
        believing that the product of the defendant                  paid.
        is endorsed by or somehow connected to the
                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
        plaintiff falls within the parameters of the tort.

        Cases that cite this headnote                         [21]   Appeal and Error
                                                                         Grounds for Sustaining Decision Not
 [18]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation                               Considered
            Confusion or deception

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        3
Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

        An appellant must attack every ground on which                    Nature of the relation in general
        summary judgment could have been granted in                  To prove agency, a party must prove the alleged
        order to obtain a reversal.                                  principal has the rights: (1) to assign the agent's
                                                                     task, and (2) to control the means and details of
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     the process by which the agent will accomplish
                                                                     that task.
 [22]   Appeal and Error
            Grounds for Sustaining Decision Not                      Cases that cite this headnote
        Considered
        If an appellant fails to challenge one of the         [28]   Principal and Agent
        grounds for summary judgment, an appellate                       Contractor
        court may affirm the summary judgment on that                It is primarily the extent of the principal's control
        ground alone.                                                over the details of the agent's accomplishing the
                                                                     assigned task that distinguishes an agent from an
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     independent contractor.

 [23]   Fraud                                                        Cases that cite this headnote
            Fiduciary or confidential relations
        A fiduciary relationship is an extraordinary one      [29]   Appeal and Error
        and will not be created lightly.                                Reply briefs
                                                                     An appellant may not present arguments for the
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     first time in a reply brief.

 [24]   Fraud                                                        1 Cases that cite this headnote
            Fiduciary or confidential relations
        The mere fact that one party to a relationship        [30]   Appeal and Error
        subjectively trusts the other does not indicate the             Instructions
        existence of a fiduciary relationship.                       Trial court's statement in off-the-record
                                                                     conference, that to the extent to which court's
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     jury charge included instructions or questions
                                                                     which either party had not included in its
 [25]   Fraud                                                        proposed charge, “the request to excise same is
            Presumptions and burden of proof                         denied” did not constitute a specific objection by
        The party claiming a fiduciary duty has the                  fashion model to two jury questions as allegedly
        burden of proving that a fiduciary duty exists.              internally inconsistent and incorrect as matter of
                                                                     law, as would be required to preserve objection
        Cases that cite this headnote                                for appeal, in model's action against department
                                                                     store for misappropriation of likeness and unjust
 [26]   Principal and Agent                                          enrichment.
            Nature of the relation in general
                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
        Agency is a consensual relationship between two
        parties by which one party acts on behalf of the
                                                              [31]   Evidence
        other subject to the other's control.
                                                                          Records and decisions in other actions or
        Cases that cite this headnote                                proceedings
                                                                     Trial court was not required to take judicial
                                                                     notice of complaint filed in another action, which
 [27]   Principal and Agent

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           4
Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

         fashion model alleged was relevant to issue                jury questions. Dillard's brings a cross-appeal, contending
         of punitive damages in model's action against              the trial court erred by granting judgment for Clark because
         department store alleging misappropriation of              Clark's claims of misappropriation of likeness and unjust
         likeness and unjust enrichment from store's use            enrichment were barred by the statute of limitations.
         of model's image, where jury did not find that
         model's harm resulted from store's malice and              We reverse the trial court's judgment in part and render
         thus never reached the punitive damages stage.             judgment that Clark take nothing on his claim against
         Tex. R. Evid. 201(d).                                      Dillard's for unjust enrichment, and we affirm the trial court's
                                                                    judgment in all other respects.
         Cases that cite this headnote

                                                                                          BACKGROUND
*717 On Appeal from the 44th Judicial District Court,               In 1998, Dillard's hired Mollie McKool Photography, Inc. in
Dallas County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. DC–11–12848–            Dallas to submit photographs of men modeling underwear
B. Eric Moye, Judge.                                                from Dillard's house brand, Roundtree & Yorke. McKool
                                                                    contacted TCA to provide a model. Clark was a fashion
Attorneys and Law Firms
                                                                    model and used TCA and other modeling agencies to obtain
Stephen A. Kennedy, Dallas, TX, for appellants.                     modeling jobs. TCA contacted Clark about the modeling
                                                                    job, and Clark agreed to do it. McKool paid TCA Clark's
Ophelia Camina, Andrew Robertson, Michael James                     standard rate for two days of modeling, and after deducting
Noordsy, Brian Sheguit, Dallas, TX, for appellees.                  its commission, TCA paid Clark. The testimony showed it
                                                                    was customary for models in Dallas to be paid a bonus in
Before Justices Bridges, Lang–Miers, and Myers                      addition to their standard rate if their picture from the photo
                                                                    shoot was used for product packaging. Clark testified he was
                                                                    not paid anything for further use of the photos and that he
                          OPINION                                   did not agree to Dillard's commercial use of the photos for
                                                                    product packaging.
Opinion by Justice Myers

This case involves claims by a fashion model, Stephen                *718 Beginning in about 2001 or 2002, Dillard's used
W. Clark, against a department store, Dillard's, Inc., and a        photographs showing Clark from the tip of his nose
modeling agency, The Campbell Agency, Inc. (TCA). Clark             to his waist on its packaging of Roundtree and Yorke
sued Dillard's and TCA after pictures of Clark were used            men's underwear. In September 2005, Dillard's changed its
without his permission on packages of underwear that were           packaging and used pictures showing Clark from midthigh or
sold in Dillard's stores nationwide. Based on the jury's verdict,   waist to the top of his head and showing Clark's entire face.
the trial court awarded Clark damages of $4,500 against             Dillard's used these pictures on the packaging of Roundtree
Dillard's for unjust enrichment and ordered that Clark take         & Yorke underwear from September 2005 to September
nothing on his other claims.                                        2011. Clark testified he never went into a Dillard's store until
                                                                    December 2009 and was unaware of Dillard's use of his image
Clark brings seven issues on appeal, contending the trial court     on packaging for Roundtree & Yorke underwear.
erred by (1) denying Clark's motion for summary judgment
on misappropriation of likeness; (2) granting Dillard's motion      In November 2009, while Clark was living in Europe, a friend
for summary judgment on some of Clark's claims against              in the United States told him she had seen his photograph
it; (3) granting TCA's motion for summary judgment on               in a Dillard's store on its products. The next month, when
all of Clark's claims against it; (4) constructively striking       Clark traveled to Arkansas, he went to a Dillard's store and
Clark's expert witness; (5) failing to take judicial notice of      saw his image on the packaging of Roundtree and Yorke
past pleadings; (6) refusing to consider requiring Dillard's        underwear. He contacted his “mother agency” in New York to
disgorgement of profits as a remedy in this case; and (7)           investigate. In January 2010, that agency contacted Dillard's.
overruling Clark's objections to incorrect and inconsistent         Dillard's asked the agency to provide a contract from the 1998

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              5
Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

photo shoot, but Clark no longer had the paperwork. In 2011,        unjust-enrichment claims as barred by the statute of
Clark contacted Nancy Campbell, the president of TCA, for           limitations. Dillard's moved for directed verdict on the ground
assistance in pursuing his claim against Dillard's. Campbell        of the statute of limitations, and the trial court implicitly
told Clark she had shredded all documents from 1998 and that        denied the motion. Because the trial court rendered a take-
TCA no longer had the vouchers and other documents from             nothing judgment on the misappropriation-of-likeness claim
the photo shoot. Campbell refused to write to Dillard's, but        and the only relief granted Clark was on his claim for
she agreed to search TCA's premises for any records from the        unjust enrichment, we consider the question of the statute of
1998 photo shoot; she found no records.                             limitations only on the unjust-enrichment claim.

In September 2011, Dillard's changed its packaging on
Roundtree & Yorke underwear, including changing the image
                                                                                        Standard of Review
on the packaging by using new photographs and a different
model. Dillard's paid the model $4,500 for the right to use his     Claims of unjust enrichment are governed by the two-year
image on the packaging for the life of the products.                statute of limitations in section 16.003 of the Texas Civil
                                                                    Practice and Remedies Code. Elledge v. Friberg–Cooper
On October 5, 2011, Clark filed his original petition against       Water Supply Corp., 240 S.W.3d 869, 871 (Tex.2007) (per
Dillard's and TCA for misappropriation of likeness, unjust          curiam); see TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN.
enrichment, and other claims. Clark later amended his               § 16.003(a) (West Supp.2014). Because the statute of
petition, including adding claims against TCA for breach            limitations is an affirmative defense, the defendant has the
of contract and breach of fiduciary duty. Clark, Dillard's,         burden to plead, prove, and secure findings to support the
and TCA each moved for summary judgment. The trial                  defense. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 94 (limitations is affirmative
court denied Clark's motion. The court granted Dillard's            defense); Woods v. William M. Mercer, Inc., 769 S.W.2d
motion for summary judgment on all of Clark's claims except         515, 517 (Tex.1988) (affirmative defense of limitations must
misappropriation of likeness and unjust enrichment. The             be proven by asserting party). To prevail on a motion for
court granted TCA's motion as to all of Clark's claims and          directed verdict, the movant must prove the grounds asserted
rendered judgment that Clark take nothing on his claims             as a matter of law. Thus, to prevail on a motion for directed
against TCA.                                                        verdict on the ground of limitations, Dillard's had to have
                                                                    (1) proved as a matter of law when the cause of action
The court held a jury trial on Clark's claims against Dillard's     accrued and (2) negated the discovery rule if it applied and
for misappropriation of likeness and unjust enrichment. The         if Clark both pleaded it and presented evidence in support
jury found Dillard's misappropriated Clark's likeness and that      of it. See Woods, 769 S.W.2d at 518 & n. 2; see also
his damages for the unauthorized use of his image were              Hua Xu v. Lam, No. 14–13–00730–CV, 2014 WL 5795475,
$9,000. However, the jury also found the misappropriation           at *13 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 6, 2014, no
of his likeness “was excused as a result of a mistake.” 1 On        pet.) (mem.op.) (defendant moving for directed verdict on
Clark's unjust-enrichment claim, the jury found Dillard's was       limitations had no burden to negate discovery rule even
unjustly enriched and that Clark's damages were $4,500. On          though discovery rule was pleaded unless plaintiff presented
Clark's assertion of the discovery rule to Dillard's defense of     evidence supporting application of discovery rule). In this
the statute of limitations, the jury found Clark “should ... have   case, Clark pleaded the discovery rule and presented evidence
discovered the benefits obtained by Dillard's” by December 6,       of when he learned Dillard's used his image.
2009. The court's judgment ordered that Clark take nothing on
his misappropriation-of-likeness claim and ordered that Clark
recover *719 $4,500 from Dillard's, presumably on Clark's
                                                                       Accrual of the Unjust–Enrichment Cause of Action
unjust-enrichment claim.
                                                                     [1] [2] A cause of action generally accrues, and the statute
                                                                    of limitations begins to run, when facts come into existence
              DILLARD'S CROSS–APPEAL                                that authorize a claimant to seek a judicial remedy. Schneider
                                                                    Nat'l Carriers, Inc. v. Bates, 147 S.W.3d 264, 279 (Tex.2004).
In its cross-appeal, Dillard's contends the trial court erred       The date a cause of action accrues is normally a question
by not dismissing Clark's misappropriation-of-likeness and

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             6
Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

of law. Etan Indus., Inc. v. Lehmann, 359 S.W.3d 620, 623            cause of action accrued in 1999, 2001, 2002, or 2005, Dillard's
(Tex.2011) (per curiam).                                             failed to prove the accrual date as a matter of law. However, to
                                                                     prove the accrual date as a matter of law, Dillard's did not have
Dillard's asserts the evidence established as a matter of            to prove the exact date on which the cause of action accrued.
law that the unjust-enrichment claim accrued no later than           Instead, Dillard's had only to prove as a matter of law the
September 2005 when the packaging was changed to use                 latest date by which the cause of action accrued. See Williams
an image showing Clark's entire face. Dillard's argues that          v. Wachovia Mortg. Corp., 407 S.W.3d 391, 398 (Tex.App.–
because Clark filed his lawsuit in October 2011, more than           Dallas 2013, pet. denied) (court need not determine the exact
six years after the accrual of the cause of action, Clark's          date the cause of action accrued because regardless of the date
unjust-enrichment claim was barred by the two-year statute           applied, suit was filed outside the limitations period).
of limitations.
                                                                     The evidence was uncontroverted that the packaging showing
Dillard's General Merchandise Manager, William Shields,              Clark's entire face first went on display in September 2005
testified that the 2005 packaging showing Clark's entire face        and that this packaging replaced the previous packaging that
was first displayed in Dillard's stores in September 2005            showed Clark's image from his nose to his waist. Therefore,
and continued to be displayed for sale in the stores until           the evidence established Clark's image was first displayed
September 2011. Clark argues that Shields's testimony should         on Roundtree & Yorke underwear packaging no later than
not have been considered because the trial court erred by            September 2005.
overruling Clark's *720 objection to Shields's testifying.
Clark argued to the trial court that Shields was identified           [3] Unjust enrichment occurs when the defendant has
as a fact witness for the first time on November 27, 2012,           wrongfully secured or passively received a benefit from
which he asserted was after the August or September 2012             another that would be unconscionable to retain, and the
discovery deadline. 2 The trial court considered the objection       defendant obtained the benefit from the plaintiff by fraud,
at a pretrial hearing. At the hearing, Dillard's asserted that       duress, or the taking of an undue advantage. Heldenfels Bros.,
the discovery deadline was January 13, 2013, and that the            Inc. v. City of Corpus Christi, 832 S.W.2d 39, 41 (Tex.1992);
November 27, 2012 identification of Shields was before the           Tex. Integrated Conveyor Sys., Inc. v. Innovative Conveyor
discovery deadline. After considering the parties' arguments         Concepts, Inc., 300 S.W.3d 348, 367 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2009,
and examining the documents they presented to support                pet. denied). On Clark's unjust-enrichment claim, facts came
their positions, the trial court overruled Clark's objection.        into existence that authorized Clark to seek a judicial remedy
On appeal, Clark continues to argue that the discovery               when Dillard's first used Clark's image for packaging without
deadline was in August 2012, but he presents no argument,            having paid Clark for the right to use his image on product
explanation, or authority as to why the trial court could            packaging. The evidence *721 conclusively established that
not have concluded from the documents before it that the             Dillard's initial use of Clark's image without paying him
discovery deadline was after Dillard's identified Shields as a       occurred no later than September 2005, which was over six
fact witness. We conclude Clark has not shown that Shields's         years before Clark filed suit in October 2011. Therefore,
testimony could not be considered.                                   unless the discovery rule applies, Clark filed his suit outside
                                                                     the two-year limitations period.
Dillard's Vice President for Merchandising, Michael McNiff,
testified that the earlier packaging using Clark's image from
his nose to his waist was first displayed in stores in “[l]ate                              Discovery Rule
2001, 2002.” McNiff later testified that he did not know when
Clark's image was first used. In affidavits and his deposition,       [4] Clark pleaded that the discovery rule delayed
McNiff stated the earlier packaging may have first been used         commencement of the limitations period until he learned in
in 1991 (an impossible date since the photograph was taken           November or December 2009 that Dillard's used his image,
in 1998) and 1999.                                                   which was less than two years before he filed suit in October
                                                                     2011. Dillard's contends that the discovery rule does not apply
Clark argues that Dillard's failed to establish as a matter of law   as a matter of law.
the accrual date of Clark's cause of action. Clark appears to
argue that because the evidence was conflicting whether the

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                7
Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

 [5]    [6]   [7] The purpose of statutes of limitations is to *722 The supreme court has discussed the types of
compel the assertion of claims within a reasonable period       cases in which the wrong and injury to the plaintiff were
while the evidence is fresh in the minds of the parties and     inherently undiscoverable. See S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1, 6–
witnesses. Computer Assocs. Int'l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 918     7 (Tex.1996). The cases where the court concluded the wrong
S.W.2d 453, 455 (Tex.1996). The discovery rule is “a very       and injury were inherently undiscoverable were ones in which
                                              3                 the wrong and the injury were, by their nature, difficult or
limited exception to statutes of limitations,” id. that “defers
the accrual of the cause of action until the injury was or      impossible to detect until circumstances changed. See id.
could have reasonably been discovered,” Shell Oil Co. v.        (discussing inherently undiscoverable nature of undetectable
Ross, 356 S.W.3d 924, 929–30 (Tex.2011). “The discovery         medical malpractice, latent construction defects, false credit
rule applies ‘only when the nature of the plaintiff's injury is   report, and corporate self-dealing). 4 “The common thread in
both inherently undiscoverable and objectively verifiable.’ ”     these cases is that when the wrong and injury were unknown
Id. (quoting Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Horwood, 58 S.W.3d           to the plaintiff because of their very nature and not because
732, 734 (Tex.2001)). The supreme court has “restricted the       of any fault of the plaintiff, accrual of the cause of action was
discovery rule to exceptional cases to avoid defeating the        delayed.” Id. at 7.
purposes behind the limitations statutes.” Via Net v. TIG Ins.
Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex.2006) (per curiam). Whether      Clark argues he could not have discovered Dillard's use of his
the discovery rule applies to a given context is a question    image because he spent large parts of each year outside the
of law. Velocity Databank, Inc. v. Shell Offshore, Inc., 456   United States and, even when in this country for brief periods,
S.W.3d 605, 609 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet.       he never went to a Dillard's store. He states he was never
filed); Steel v. Rhone Poulenc, Inc., 962 S.W.2d 613, 618      informed that Dillard's intended to use the pictures from the
(Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1997), aff'd, 997 S.W.2d 217     photo shoot for packaging, so he had no reason to research the
(Tex.1999).                                                    use of his image by Dillard's. Clark also asserts that fashion
                                                               models pose for thousands of photos and cannot know which
 [8]     [9]    [10]     [11] “Inherently undiscoverable” doespictures are actually used. He argues that “[t]he sheer volume
not mean that the plaintiff failed to discover the injury      of a successful international model's body of work would
within the limitations period. Wagner & Brown, 58 S.W.3d       make discovering product packaging exclusive to a chain of
at 735. “Instead, we determine whether an injury is            U.S. stores in limited areas virtually impossible, even when
inherently undiscoverable on a categorical basis because       exercising due diligence and relying on internet searches.”
such an approach ‘brings predictability and consistency
to the jurisprudence.’ ” Id. (quoting Apex Towing Co. v.       The type of wrong or injury in this case is a company's unjust
Tolin, 41 S.W.3d 118, 122 (Tex.2001)). “The focus is on        enrichment by using a model's image without payment on
whether a type of injury rather than a particular injury       packaging for products prominently displayed in stores open
was discoverable.” Via Net, 211 S.W.3d at 314. “An injury      to the public. Unlike the wrongs and injuries to which the
is inherently undiscoverable if by its nature, it is unlikely  supreme court has applied the discovery rule, this type of
to be discovered within the limitations period despite due     injury is not by its nature hidden or undetectable but is readily
diligence.” Id. at 313 (quoting Wagner & Brown, 58 S.W.3d      observable and on public display. See S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 6–
at 734–35). The question is whether Clark's injury is “the     7 (discussing cases applying the discovery rule). This type
type of injury that generally is discoverable by the exercise  of wrong or injury is generally capable of detection within
of reasonable diligence.” Wagner & Brown, 58 S.W.3d at         two years by the plaintiff entering the store and seeing the
735 (quoting HECI Exploration Co. v. Neel, 982 S.W.2d          display. The fact that a particular plaintiff might not enter
881, 886 (Tex.1998)). A wrong or injury is not inherently      one of the stores where the product is on display within
undiscoverable if it “generally is capable of detection        two years of the first display does not make the company's
within the time allotted for bringing such suits.” Computer    unjust enrichment inherently undiscoverable. See Via Net,
Assocs., 918 S.W.2d at 457. Whether an injury is inherently    211 S.W.3d at 314 (issue is whether a type of injury and
undiscoverable is a legal question “decided on a categorical   not a particular *723 injury is discoverable within the
basis rather than case-specific basis.” Via Net, 211 S.W.3d at limitations period). “[P]ermitting application of the discovery
314.                                                           rule exception in these cases would do no more than permit
                                                               the litigation of stale claims.” Computer Assocs., 918 S.W.2d
                                                               at 457.

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Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

                                                                  We review a no-evidence summary judgment under the same
We conclude as a matter of law the discovery rule does            legal sufficiency standard used to review a directed verdict.
not apply. Clark's cause of action for unjust enrichment          See TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Flood v. Katz, 294 S.W.3d
accrued when Dillard's first displayed the Roundtree & Yorke      756, 762 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2009, pet. denied). “Thus, we
packaging with Clark's image without having paid Clark for        must determine whether the nonmovant produced more than
the use of his image on product packaging. The evidence           a scintilla of probative evidence to raise a fact issue on the
conclusively established this first display occurred no later     material questions presented.” Flood, 294 S.W.3d at 762.
than September 2005. Clark's suit filed in October 2011 was       “More than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence
not brought within two years of the accrual of the unjust-        ‘rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-
enrichment cause of action. We conclude the trial court erred     minded persons to differ in their conclusions.’ ” King Ranch,
by denying Dillard's motion for directed verdict on Clark's       Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex.2003) (quoting
claim for unjust enrichment. We sustain Dillard's cross-point     Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711
as to unjust enrichment.                                          (Tex.1997)). “Less than a scintilla of evidence exists when
                                                                  the evidence is ‘so weak as to do no more than create a mere
                                                                  surmise or suspicion’ of a fact.” Id. (quoting Kindred v. Con/
                                                                  Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex.1983)).
                SUMMARY JUDGMENT

 [12] In his first three issues, Clark contends the trial court
erred by denying his motion for summary judgment and by                    Clark's Motion for Summary Judgment
granting Dillard's and TCA's motions for summary judgment.
The standard for reviewing a traditional summary judgment         In his first issue, Clark contends the trial court erred by
is well established. See Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690        denying his motion for *724 summary judgment on his
S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex.1985); McAfee, Inc. v. Agilysys, Inc.,       claim for misappropriation of likeness. A party cannot appeal
316 S.W.3d 820, 825 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2010, no pet.). The          the denial of a summary judgment unless (a) both sides moved
movant has the burden of showing that no genuine issue of         for summary judgment on the same issues and the trial court
material fact exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a     granted one motion for summary judgment and denied the
matter of law. TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(c). In deciding whether        other, or (b) a statute expressly permits appeal of the denial
a disputed material fact issue exists precluding summary          of the motion for summary judgment. Valence Operating Co.
judgment, evidence favorable to the nonmovant will be             v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex.2005); see, e.g., TEX.
taken as true. Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 548–49; In re Estate          CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(5), (6), (12)
of Berry, 280 S.W.3d 478, 480 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2009, no           (West 2015). In this case, no statute authorizes an appeal from
pet.). Every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor       the denial of Clark's motion for summary judgment. Although
of the nonmovant and any doubts resolved in its favor. City       both Clark and Dillard's moved for summary judgment on
of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 824 (Tex.2005). A            Clark's claim for misappropriation of likeness, the trial court
defendant moving for summary judgment is not required             denied both motions, and the claim was tried on the merits
to prove the plaintiff cannot succeed on any conceivable          before a jury. In this situation, the denial of the motion
theory; “he is only ‘required to meet the plaintiff's case as     for summary judgment is not appealable. See Ackermann
pleaded.’ ” SmithKline Beecham Corp. v. Doe, 903 S.W.2d v. Vordenbaum, 403 S.W.2d 362, 365 (Tex.1966); Moore
347, 355 (Tex.1995) (quoting Cook v. Brundidge, Fountain,         v. Jet Stream Invs., Ltd., 261 S.W.3d 412, 427 (Tex.App.–
Elliott & Churchill, 533 S.W.2d 751, 759 (Tex.1976)); see         Texarkana 2008, pet. denied) (“Where a motion for summary
Via Net v. TIG Ins. Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex.2006)           judgment is denied by the trial court and the case is tried
(per curiam) (“Defendants are not required to guess what          on its merits, the order denying the summary judgment
unpleaded claims might apply and negate them.”). We review        cannot be reviewed on appeal.”); Anderton v. Schindler, 154
a summary judgment de novo to determine whether a party's         S.W.3d 928, 931 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2005, no pet.) (“The
right to prevail is established as a matter of law. Dickey v.     denial of a motion for summary judgment when followed by
Club Corp. of Am., 12 S.W.3d 172, 175 (Tex.App.–Dallas            a conventional trial on the merits does not finally decide any
2000, pet. denied).                                               issue pending before the trial court; the denial of a motion
                                                                  for summary judgment presents nothing for review.”). We
                                                                  conclude Clark may not appeal the trial court's order denying

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Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

his motion for summary judgment. We overrule Clark's first
issue.
                                                                                  Unfair Business Practices

                                                                  [16] Clark alleged that an agreement existed among or
        Dillard's Motion for Summary Judgment                    between the defendants Dillard's, TCA, and Mollie McKool
                                                                 Photography, Inc. 5 to use Clark's image on product
In his second issue, Clark contends the trial court erred by     packaging and that this conduct constituted an unfair business
granting Dillard's motion for summary judgment on Clark's        practice, depriving him of control of his image for business
claims for injunctive relief, unfair business practices, and     purposes, preventing him from earning fees to which he
declaratory relief.                                              was otherwise entitled, and causing him damages. Clark
                                                                 brought this cause of action as an alternative to his claim for
                                                                 misappropriation of likeness.
                     Injunctive Relief
                                                                 Dillard's moved for summary judgment on the grounds that
 [13] In his original petition, filed in 2011, Clark pleaded     (1) there was no such cause of action recognized in Texas 6
for “an injunction precluding Dillard's further unauthorized     and (2) Clark had no evidence that Dillard's conduct (a) was
use of Clark's likeness.” Clark asserted that unless Dillard's   an unfair business practice; (b) deprived Clark of control of
was restrained from unauthorized use of Clark's likeness,        his image for business purposes; (c) prevented Clark from
“Clark will continue to suffer irreparable injury for which      benefitting from the use of his image; (d) prevented Clark
he has no adequate remedy at law.” In his first and second       from earning fees to which he would otherwise have been
amended petitions (the second amended petition is Clark's        rightfully entitled; and (e) caused Clark damages.
live pleading), Clark omitted the allegations supporting an
injunction, but his prayer included a request for “judgment    In his response to the motion for summary judgment and
enjoining further unauthorized use of Clark's likeness.”       on appeal, Clark asserts that he was damaged not only
                                                               by Dillard's failure to pay him for the use of his image,
 [14] [15] To be entitled to an injunction, a plaintiff must but also because he lost the opportunity for “the publicity
plead and prove (1) a cause of action against the defendant;   and exposure that otherwise could have resulted from an
(2) a probable right to the relief sought; and (3) a probable, advertising campaign lasting over 10 years” “preventing
imminent, and irreparable injury. Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co.,   hi[m] from benefitting from the use of that image and
84 S.W.3d 198, 204 (Tex.2002). An injury is irreparable if     thereby preventing him from earning fees to which he would
the injured party cannot be compensated in damages or if       otherwise have been rightfully entitled.” However, in his
the damages cannot be measured by any certain monetary         response to Dillard's motion for summary judgment, Clark did
standard. Id.                                                  not point to any evidence that he would likely have had other
                                                               fee-earning opportunities that did not arise due to his being
Dillard's moved for summary judgment on the ground that        unaware of Dillard's use of his image.
there was no evidence to support one of the elements
for injunctive relief, namely, imminent irreparable injury.     [17] [18] Concerning Dillard's argument that Texas does
In its motion for summary judgment, Dillard's presented        not recognize a cause of action for “unfair business practices”
evidence that in September 2011 it changed its packaging of    as pleaded by Clark, Clark cites no authority that such a
Roundtree & Yorke underwear and used a different model's       claim is viable under Texas law. Clark argues in his reply
picture on the packaging. On appeal, Clark does not identify   brief that his “unfair business practices” cause of action is
any evidence that Dillard's past misappropriation of Clark's   actually a claim for “unfair competition.” We disagree. The
likeness poses an imminent threat of irreparable injury. We    tort of unfair competition concerns the use of “another's good
conclude Clark has not shown the trial *725 court erred by     will with the public to gain a competitive advantage in the
granting Dillard's motion for summary judgment on Clark's      market.” Nat'l Bank of Commerce v. Shaklee Corp., 503
request for injunctive relief.                                 F.Supp. 533, 541 (W.D.Tex.1980). “[A]ny practice which
                                                                 may mislead customers into believing that the product of
                                                                 the defendant is endorsed by or somehow connected to the

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Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

plaintiff falls within the parameters of the tort.” Id. As another   Clark's consent. In its first amended answer, Dillard's asserted
court defined it,                                                    the defense of payment, alleging it paid for full use of Clark's
                                                                     image because “[p]ayment was made to Mollie McKool
             Unfair competition is a common                          photo studio, which in turn paid The Campbell Agency,
             law tort that occurs when one                           which in turn paid Plaintiff [Clark].” Subsequently, Dillard's
             business entity *726 “palms off”                        filed a motion to designate Mollie McKool Photography,
             its products as those of another. The                   Inc. as a responsible third party under section 33.004 of
             determinative question is whether the                   the civil practice and remedies code. See CIV. PRAC. §
             tortfeasor's practices are likely to                    33.004 (West 2015). In the motion, Dillard's stated that
             mislead customers into believing that                   McKool sent Dillard's an invoice with the photographs and
             the product emanates from or has been                   told Dillard's that it “would have the right to reproduce
             endorsed by the claimant.... [T]he test                 the photographs at will so long as the invoice was *727
             is likelihood of confusion.
                                                                     paid.” 8 Clark then amended his petition and requested a
Ky. Fried Chicken Corp. v. Diversified Packaging Corp.,              declaratory judgment declaring “what rights, if any, of the
549 F.2d 368, 382 (5th Cir.1977) (citations omitted). Clark's        Plaintiff were transferred, affected or otherwise released by
pleading of unfair business practices did not allege that            any agreement among McKool, Dillard's and Campbell.”
Dillard's use of his image created a “likelihood of confusion”       Clark also requested specific declarations that there were no
of the public. Id. Instead, Clark's petition and his response        agreements between the parties that transferred the usage
to Dillard's motion for summary judgment asserted that his           rights of Clark's image to Dillard's for product packaging.
unawareness of Dillard's use of his image deprived him of the        The record shows that the disputes encompassed by these
opportunity to obtain other fee-earning modeling assignments         requested declarations were already before the trial court.
arising from Dillard's use of his image for packaging. That is       Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not err by
not the tort of unfair competition.                                  granting Dillard's motion for summary judgment on Clark's
                                                                     claim for declaratory judgment.
We conclude Clark has not shown the trial court erred by
granting Dillard's motion for summary judgment on the claim          We conclude Clark has not shown the trial court erred
of unfair business practices.                                        by granting Dillard's motion for summary judgment. We
                                                                     overrule Clark's second issue.

                    Declaratory Judgment
                                                                           TCA's Motion for Summary Judgment
 [19] [20] Clark also asserts the trial court erred by granting
Dillard's motion for summary judgment on Clark's claim for      In his third issue, Clark contends the trial court erred by
                                                                granting TCA's motion for summary judgment. Clark sued
declaratory relief. 7 A declaratory judgment is a remedial
                                                                TCA for breach of fiduciary duty and breach of contract for
action that determines the rights of the parties and affords
                                                                not assisting him when he informed it of Dillard's use of his
relief from uncertainty with respect to rights, status, and
                                                                image.
legal relations. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. §
37.002 (West 2015). “A court of record within its jurisdiction
has power to declare rights, status, and other legal relations
whether or not further relief is or could be claimed.” Id. §                         Breach of Contract
37.003(a). However, a declaratory judgment is not available
to settle legal disputes already pending before the court.       [21] [22] TCA moved for summary judgment on Clark's
Hydroscience Techs., Inc. v. Hydroscience, Inc., 401 S.W.3d     claim for breach of contract on several grounds, including
783, 801 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2013, pet. denied).                   that there was no evidence of a written contract between TCA
                                                                and Clark and that any oral contract would have violated the
Clark pleaded in his original petition that Dillard's           statute of frauds. See TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE ANN. §
misappropriated his likeness by displaying his image            26.01(b)(6) (West 2009). Clark did not respond to this ground
prominently on packaging for men's undergarments without        in his response to TCA's motion for summary judgment,
                                                                and he does not argue on appeal that the trial court would

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Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

have erred by granting summary judgment on that ground.             it and Clark. A fiduciary relationship is an extraordinary one
An appellant must attack every ground on which summary              and will not be created lightly. In re Estate of Kuykendall,
judgment could have been granted in order to obtain a               206 S.W.3d 766, 771 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 2006, no pet.).
reversal. See Malooly Bros., Inc. v. Napier, 461 S.W.2d 119,        The mere fact that one party to a relationship subjectively
121 (Tex.1970); Trevino & Assocs. Mech., L.P. v. Frost              trusts the other does not indicate the existence of a fiduciary
Nat'l Bank, 400 S.W.3d 139, 144 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2013, no           relationship. Id.; see also Crim Truck & Tractor Co. v.
pet.). If an appellant fails to challenge one of the grounds        Navistar Int'l Transp. Corp., 823 S.W.2d 591, 595 (Tex.1992)
for summary judgment, an appellate court may affirm the             (“[M]ere subjective trust alone is not enough to transform
summary judgment on that ground alone. See Trevino &                arms-length dealing into a fiduciary relationship.”). The party
Assocs., 400 S.W.3d at 144. Because Clark does not challenge        claiming a fiduciary duty has the burden of proving that a
on appeal TCA's ground that there was no written contract           fiduciary duty exists. Marathon Oil Co. v. Moye, 893 S.W.2d
and that any oral contract would have violated the statute of       585, 591 (Tex.App.–Dallas 1994, orig. proceeding). Whether
frauds, we affirm the trial court's grant of summary judgment       a fiduciary duty exists is a question of law. Id. A fiduciary
on Clark's claim for breach of contract on that ground.             relationship may arise as a matter of law in a principal-agent
                                                                    relationship. McAfee, Inc. v. Agilysys, Inc., 316 S.W.3d 820,
                                                                    829 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2010, no pet.).

                  Breach of Fiduciary Duty
                                                                     [26]     [27]     [28] Agency is a consensual relationship
TCA moved for summary judgment on Clark's claim for                 between two parties “by which one party acts on behalf
breach of fiduciary duty on several grounds, including that         of the other subject to the other's control.” Suzlon Energy
no fiduciary relationship existed at any time between it and        Ltd. v. Trinity Structural Towers, Inc., 436 S.W.3d 835, 841
Clark, and that no fiduciary relationship existed between it        (Tex.App.–Dallas 2014, no pet.) (quoting Reliant Energy
and Clark when Clark sought its assistance to contact Dillard's     Servs., Inc. v. Cotton Valley Compression, L.L.C., 336
in 2011.                                                            S.W.3d 764, 782–83 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2011,
                                                                    no pet.)). To prove agency, a party must prove the alleged
Clark first argues that the trial court erred by granting the       principal has the rights (1) to assign the agent's task and (2)
motion for summary judgment because the motion was based            to control the means and details of the process by which the
entirely on defensive grounds not disclosed in response to          agent will accomplish that task. Happy Indus. Corp. v. Am.
Clark's discovery requests. In support of this argument, Clark      Specialties, Inc., 983 S.W.2d 844, 852 (Tex.App.–Corpus
cites *728 Hernandez v. Mid–Loop, Inc., 170 S.W.3d 138              Christi 1998, pet. dism'd w.o.j.); see Suzlon, 436 S.W.3d at
(Tex.App.–San Antonio 2005, no pet.), and Chasewood Oaks            841. It is primarily the extent of the principal's control over
Condominiums Homeowners Ass'n v. Amatek Holdings, Inc.,             the details of the agent's accomplishing the assigned task
977 S.W.2d 840 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 1998, pet. denied).             that distinguishes an agent from an independent contractor.
These two cases concerned plaintiffs who, after filing suit,        Walker Ins. Servs. v. Bottle Rock Power Corp., 108 S.W.3d
actively frustrated all legitimate attempts by the defendants to    538, 549 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.);
define the causes of action and investigate potential defenses.     Happy Indus., 983 S.W.2d at 852.
The trial courts in those cases dismissed the plaintiffs' claims,
and the appellate courts affirmed. See Hernandez, 170 S.W.3dClark pleaded that TCA breached fiduciary duties arising
at 144; Chasewood Oaks, 977 S.W.2d at 845. Neither of       from TCA's position as Clark's agent. TCA asserted in
those cases involved a motion for summary judgment filed    its motion for summary judgment that no principal-agent
by a defendant who had failed to disclose its theories of   relationship existed with Clark as a matter of law because
the case. We conclude Clark has not shown the trial court   Clark did not have control over the means and details of
erred by granting the motion for summary judgment due to    the process by which TCA conducted its representation of
TCA's failure to supplement its discovery responses with    him. In his response to the motion for summary judgment
the defensive theories asserted in the motion for summary   and in his brief on appeal, Clark argues that fact issues
judgment.                                                   exist concerning the extent of TCA's duties to him in their
                                                            relationship, but Clark does not argue that he had control
 [23]   [24]    [25] One of TCA's grounds for summary over the means and details of TCA's representation of him.
judgment was that no fiduciary relationship existed between An appellant must attack *729 every ground upon which

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Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

summary judgment could have been granted in order to obtain      use of his image for packaging. The jury answered “No” to
a reversal. See Malooly Bros., 461 S.W.2d at 121; Trevino &      question 3. Jury question 4 asked if the jury found Dillard's
Assocs., 400 S.W.3d at 144. If an appellant fails to challenge   misappropriation was excused by mistake, and the question
one of the grounds for summary judgment, an appellate court      contained definitions for “mutual mistake” and “unilateral
may affirm the summary judgment on that ground alone.            mistake.” The jury answered “Yes” to question 4. Clark
See Trevino & Assocs., 400 S.W.3d at 144. Because Clark          contends that jury questions 3 and 4 were incorrect as a matter
does not challenge on appeal TCA's ground that it disproved      of law and were internally inconsistent.
Clark's claim of agency as a matter of law because Clark had
no right to control the means and details of the process by      Dillard's asserts that Clark did not preserve any error because
which TCA represented him, we affirm the grant of summary        the record does not show Clark presented the objection to
judgment on that ground. 9                                       the trial court. “Any complaint as to a question, definition,
                                                                 or instruction, on account of any defect, omission, or fault
 [29] In his reply brief, Clark argues for the first time that   in *730 pleading, is waived unless specifically included
his claim of breach of fiduciary duty was not based on a         in the objection.” TEX.R. CIV. P. 274. Clark argues that
formal relationship created between the parties by contract      the following excerpt from the reporter's record shows he
but was instead based on modeling industry standards that        objected and that his objection was overruled:
give rise to a special relationship of good faith and fair
                                                                   [The Court:] We are off the record.
dealing. An appellant may not present arguments for the
first time in a reply brief. Cebcor Serv. Corp. v. Landscape       (Discussion off the record ensued.)
Design & Constr., Inc., 270 S.W.3d 328, 334 (Tex.App.–
Dallas 2008, no pet.); Dall. Cnty. v. Gonzales, 183 S.W.3d 94,     (Recess from 11:30 to 12:45 p.m.)
104 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2006, pet. denied). Moreover, Clark's
claim in his petition is clearly one for breach of fiduciary       The Court: We're back on the record.
duty based on an alleged principal-agent relationship between
                                                                   I have given to—I discussed with counsel the form of the
Clark and TCA. Clark did not plead a cause of action for
                                                                   proposed charge to give to the jury.
breach of a duty of good faith and fair dealing. TCA was not
required to move for summary judgment on claims that were          To the extent that either Plaintiff or Defendant has
not pleaded. See Via Net v. TIG Ins. Co., 211 S.W.3d 310,          requested instructions or questions that are not included
313 (Tex.2006) (“Defendants are not required to guess what         with the charge—in my charge, the request to include same
unpleaded claims might apply and negate them.”); SmithKline        is denied, the objection to the failure to include same is
Beecham Corp. v. Doe, 903 S.W.2d 347, 355 (Tex.1995)               overruled.
(defendant need not show that plaintiff cannot succeed on any
theory conceivable in order to obtain summary judgment but         To the extent that the Court's charge includes instructions
is only required to “meet the plaintiff's case as pleaded”).       and/or questions which either party has not included in its
                                                                   proposed charge, the request to excise same is denied, the
We conclude Clark has not shown the trial court erred by           objection to the failure to excise same is overruled. Okay?
granting TCA's motion for summary judgment. We overrule
                                                                   [Clark's attorney]: Yes, Your Honor.
Clark's third issue.
                                                                   The Court: I think that covers all the objections to the
                                                                   charge.
                     JURY CHARGE
                                                                 We disagree with Clark. This portion of the record does not
 [30] In his seventh issue, Clark contends the trial court       show that Clark made any objection to jury questions 3 and 4,
erred by overruling his objections to questions 3 and 4 of       much less that he asserted they were incorrect as a matter of
the jury charge. Jury question 3 asked whether Dillard's         law and internally inconsistent. Nor does any other part of the
misappropriation of Clark's likeness was excused because (a)     record establish that Clark timely objected to jury questions 3
Dillard's paid Clark for the use of his image for packaging;     and 4. We conclude Clark has not preserved any error from the
(b) Clark authorized or consented to Dillard's use of his        trial court's submission of jury questions 3 and 4. We overrule
image for packaging; or (c) Clark released Dillard's from the    Clark's seventh issue.

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Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

                                                                    complaint. Clark's attorney explained, “it really has to do with
                                                                    punitive damages so perhaps it is part of the bifurcation that
                                                                    should be considered then.” The trial court stated, “If it's only
            ISSUES ON CLARK'S DAMAGES                               with regard to the punitive damages we'll jump off that bridge
                                                                    when we get to it.” The court's written order regarding the
In his fourth issue, Clark contends the trial court abused
                                                                    pretrial hearing stated, “Plaintiff's Request for Judicial Notice
its discretion by constructively striking Dr. Peter Sealey,
                                                                    filed July 10, 2013 is denied.” Because the jury did not find
Clark's expert witness on the damages Clark suffered. In his
                                                                    that Clark's harm resulted from Dillard's malice, the jury did
sixth issue, Clark contends the trial court erred by excluding
                                                                    not reach the punitive damages stage. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.
evidence supporting disgorgement of Dillard's profits from
                                                                    & REM. CODE ANN.. § 41.003(a) (West 2015). Therefore,
the sale of Roundtree & Yorke underwear with Clark's image
                                                                    the Henley complaint never became relevant. We conclude
on the packaging. Clark's claim for unjust enrichment was
                                                                    Clark has not shown the trial court erred by denying this
barred by the statute of limitations, and Clark has not shown
                                                                    request for judicial notice.
the trial court erred by rendering a take-nothing judgment
on the misappropriation-of-likeness claim based on the jury's
                                                                    On July 17, 2013, the first day of trial, Clark filed three more
finding that claim was excused by mistake. Therefore, our
                                                                    requests for judicial notice of (1) the federal district court's
resolution of Clark's issues concerning his damages is not
                                                                    opinion in Henley v. Dillard Department Stores, (2) the trial
necessary to final disposition of this appeal. See Guerra v.
                                                                    court's order granting TCA's motion for summary judgment,
Wal–Mart Stores, Inc., 943 S.W.2d 56, 60–61 (Tex.App.–San
                                                                    and (3) the trial court's order finding McKool a responsible
Antonio 1997, writ denied). Accordingly, we do not address
                                                                    third party. Although Clark states in his brief, “Incredibly, the
Clark's fourth and sixth issues. See TEX.R.APP. P. 47.1.
                                                                    trial court did not take judicial notice of these documents,”
                                                                    Clark does not cite to any place in the record showing the
                                                                    court refused to take judicial notice, and nothing in the record
                    JUDICIAL NOTICE                                 shows the court refused to take judicial notice. We conclude
                                                                    that the record does not support Clark's contention that the
 [31] In his fifth issue, Clark contends the trial court erred by   trial court did not take judicial notice of these items. We
failing to take judicial notice of past pleadings. Specifically,    overrule Clark's fifth issue.
Clark wanted the trial court to take judicial notice of (1) the
order granting TCA's motion for summary judgment, (2) the
complaint and judicial opinion in the federal case Henley v.
                                                                                           CONCLUSION
Dillard Department Stores, 10 and (3) the trial court's finding
that McKool was a responsible third party in the case. Rule         We reverse the trial court's judgment awarding Clark damages
of evidence 201 states, “A court shall take judicial notice [of     of $4,500, and we render judgment that Clark take nothing
adjudicative facts] if requested by a party and supplied with       on his claim for unjust enrichment. In all other respects, we
the necessary information.” TEX.R. EVID. 201(d).                    affirm the trial court's judgment.

On July 10, 2013, Clark filed a pretrial motion requesting that
the court take judicial *731 notice of the Henley complaint,        All Citations
and Clark attached a certified copy of the complaint to the
motion. At the pretrial hearing on July 16, 2013, the trial         460 S.W.3d 714
court considered the request for judicial notice of the Henley

Footnotes
1      Whether mistake excuses a misappropriation of likeness is not properly before us, and we do not address that issue.
2      Clark was inconsistent concerning the date of the discovery deadline. In his written objection to Shields's testifying, he
       asserted the discovery deadline was September 10, 2012. At the pretrial hearing, he stated the discovery deadline was
       August 12, 2012, and in his cross-appellee's brief on appeal, he states the discovery deadline was August 15, 2012.
3      Clark states in his cross-appellee's brief, “The presumption is that the discovery rule applies,” and cites Woods v. William
       M. Mercer, Inc., 769 S.W.2d 515, 518 (Tex.1988). The supreme court stated in Woods that the party asserting the

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             14
Clark v. Dillard's, Inc., 460 S.W.3d 714 (2015)

       discovery rule bears the burden of pleading, proving, and securing favorable findings on the rule. Id. Thus, contrary to
       Clark's assertion, there is no “presumption ... that the discovery rule applies.”
4      The supreme court cited the following cases as illustrative of the types of cases to which the discovery rule applied. (The
       parenthetical descriptions of the cases are the supreme court's parenthetical descriptions in S.V. of these cases.) Willis
       v. Maverick, 760 S.W.2d 642, 645 (Tex.1988) (lawyer's error could not be discovered by client who was ignorant of the
       law); Nelson v. Krusen, 678 S.W.2d 918, 923 (Tex.1984) (malpractice in muscular dystrophy gene screening could not
       be discovered by parents until child showed symptoms); Kelley v. Rinkle, 532 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tex.1976) (false credit
       report could not be discovered until credit denied); Hays v. Hall, 488 S.W.2d 412, 414 (Tex.1972) (“One who undergoes a
       vasectomy ... and then after tests is told that he is sterile, cannot know that he is still fertile ... until either his wife becomes
       pregnant or he is shown to be fertile by further testing.”); Gaddis v. Smith, 417 S.W.2d 577, 578 (Tex.1967) (“it is often
       difficult, if not impossible, to discover that a foreign object has been left within the body within the statutory period of
       limitation”); Int'l Bankers Life Ins. Co. v. Holloway, 368 S.W.2d 567, 580 (Tex.1963) (disinterested directors could not
       discover certain corporate self-dealing); Ruebeck v. Hunt, 142 Tex. 167, 176 S.W.2d 738, 739 (1943) (homeowner could
       not discover faulty construction of roof); Hous. Waterworks Co. v. Kennedy, 70 Tex. 233, 8 S.W. 36, 38 (1888) (cut into
       plaintiff's building not discoverable until walls cracked). S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 6–7.
5      Clark sued Mollie McKool Photography, Inc. in his second amended petition, but he later nonsuited his claims against it.
6      Dillard's also specially excepted to the pleading, asserting the cause of action was not recognized under Texas law. The
       appellate record does not show that the trial court ruled on the special exception. Clark does not contend on appeal that
       the issue should have been resolved by special exception instead of summary judgment. Clark also does not complain
       on appeal that he lacked opportunity to amend his pleading. See Chambers v. Huggins, 709 S.W.2d 219, 223 (Tex.App.–
       Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, no writ) (special exception should be filed before moving for summary judgment attacking
       pleadings for failing to state a cause of action to provide nonmovant an opportunity to amend and correct a pleading
       defect; summary judgment is appropriate when pleadings “fail to set forth any cause of action whatsoever”).
7      Dillard's presented two grounds in its motion for summary judgment on Clark's claim for declaratory judgment. Dillard's
       asserted that the Declaratory Judgment Act “does not allow for the requested declarations.” In the alternative, Dillard's
       asserted that any declarations the trial court made on the issues should support Dillard's position on those issues. The trial
       court's order on the motion simply “granted” Dillard's motion on the claim for declaratory judgment and did not expressly
       make any declarations. The final judgment observed that the court had rendered summary judgment in favor of Dillard's
       on the claims for declaratory judgment, injunctive relief, and unfair business practices, and the judgment ordered that
       Clark take nothing on those claims. The judgment made no declarations requested by Clark in his petition or by Dillard's
       in its motion for summary judgment. Therefore, it appears the trial court granted Dillard's motion for summary judgment
       on the ground that the Declaratory Judgment Act “does not allow for the requested declarations.” Clark did not object in
       the trial court or argue on appeal that this ground was not sufficiently specific; accordingly, we do not address that issue.
8      Clark alleged in his live pleading that he filed a motion to strike the designation of McKool as a responsible third party but
       that the trial court denied the motion to strike, “apparently finding that disputed facts existed as to whether McKool was
       responsible for a portion of the injuries or damages claimed by Plaintiff.” The trial court's order simply stated that Clark's
       motion to strike was denied and that Dillard's was granted leave to designate McKool as a responsible third party.
9      Any fact issues concerning the extent of TCA's duties would not be material fact issues on Clark's claim for breach
       of fiduciary duty unless a principal-agent relationship existed. Clark has not shown the trial court would have erred by
       determining that no principal-agent relationship existed; therefore, any fact issues concerning the extent of TCA's duties
       are not material to Clark's claim for breach of fiduciary duty.
10     See 46 F. Supp. 2d 587 (N.D.Tex.1999).

End of Document                                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                     15
K
Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

                                                                      with voter-approved bond funds that were legally available
                                                                      and allocated for that purpose;
                      123 S.W.3d 735
                 Court of Appeals of Texas,
                                                                      [3] trial court's submission of single broad-form liability
                   Houston (14th Dist.).
                                                                      question to jury incorporating an invalid theory of recovery
              CLEAR LAKE CITY WATER                                   was harmful error;
       AUTHORITY, Appellant/Cross–Appellee,
                           v.                                         [4] district's counsel's statement during closing argument to
                                                                      the effect that developers provided compensable work to
         KIRBY LAKE DEVELOPMENT, LTD.,
                                                                      district was not judicial admission of liability in quantum
       Miter Development Company, LLC, Taylor
                                                                      meruit;
        Lake, Ltd., and University Development,
           Inc., Appellees/Cross–Appellants.                          [5] trial court's declaratory judgment was not alternative
                                                                      ground upon which to sustain underlying judgment awarding
        No. 14–01–00976–CV.             |   Dec. 9, 2003.
                                                                      actual damages to developers; and
Synopsis
Background: Developers, which were not paid by municipal              [6] district's use and control of developer's water, sewer, and
water district for district's use of their water, sewage, and         drainage facilities did not constitute a taking of developers'
drainage facilities as result of lack of voter approval of            property without compensation in violation of takings clause
bond funds, sued district for, among other things, breach             of state constitution.
of underlying contracts between district and developers,
which provided for, among other things, developers to
                                                                      Affirmed in part, reversed and rendered in part, and reversed
lease facilities at no charge until district purchased them,
                                                                      and remanded in part.
and for district to reimburse developers 70 percent of
costs of constructing facilities. The 113th District Court,
Harris County, Patricia Ann Hancock, J., ultimately awarded
actual damages for breach of the four underlying contracts             West Headnotes (30)
totaling $1,696,171, attorney's fees, pre-and post-judgment
interest, and costs to developers, declared that district was
obligated, under its contracts with developers, to purchase            [1]    Contracts
their facilities, and ordered district to levy, assess, and collect               Construing whole contract together
taxes or assessments to pay the judgment. District appealed,                  Primary concern of a court in construing a
and developers cross-appealed from trial court's grant of                     written contract is to ascertain the true intent
directed verdict to district on their claim that district's use and           of the parties as expressed in the instrument;
control of facilities was a taking in violation of takings clause             to achieve this objective, courts examine and
of state constitution.                                                        consider the entire writing in an effort to
                                                                              harmonize and give effect to all the provisions
                                                                              of the contract so that none will be rendered
                                                                              meaningless.
Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Leslie Brock Yates, J., held
that:                                                                         2 Cases that cite this headnote

[1] three of the contracts unambiguously required district to
                                                                       [2]    Contracts
reimburse developers only with voter-approved bond funds
                                                                                   Subject, object, or purpose as affecting
that were legally available and allocated for that purpose and,
                                                                              construction
thus, district's failure to pay developers prior to voter approval
of such funds was not breach of underlying contracts;                         Courts construe a contract from a utilitarian
                                                                              standpoint, bearing in mind the particular
[2] contract with fourth developer was ambiguous/did not                      business activity sought to be served.
unambiguously require district to reimburse developers only

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               1
Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

                                                                         Grounds for admission of extrinsic evidence
       2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    In context of contract interpretation, only when a
                                                                    contract is first determined to be ambiguous, may
 [3]   Contracts                                                    the courts consider the parties' interpretation and
           Existence of ambiguity                                   admit extraneous evidence to determine the true
       Contracts                                                    meaning of the instrument.
           Ambiguity in general
                                                                    1 Cases that cite this headnote
       If a written contract is so worded that it can be
       given a definite or certain legal meaning, then
       it is not ambiguous and it can be construed as a      [8]    Contracts
       matter of law.                                                   Existence of ambiguity
                                                                    For purposes of contract interpretation, an
       Cases that cite this headnote                                ambiguity does not arise simply because the
                                                                    parties advance conflicting interpretations of
 [4]   Evidence                                                     the contract; for an ambiguity to exist, both
           Grounds for admission of extrinsic evidence              interpretations must be reasonable.
       Parol evidence is not admissible for the purpose             Cases that cite this headnote
       of creating an ambiguity in context of contract
       interpretation.
                                                             [9]    Municipal Corporations
       Cases that cite this headnote                                   Contracts relating to use of sewer system
                                                                    Water Law
 [5]   Contracts                                                       Contracts
           Existence of ambiguity                                   Municipal water district's contracts with
       For purposes of contract interpretation, if the              developers providing for, among other things,
       language of a contract is subject to two or more             developers to lease water and sewer facilities
       reasonable interpretations, it is ambiguous.                 constructed by them to district at no charge
                                                                    until district purchased them, and for district
       Cases that cite this headnote                                to reimburse developers 70 percent of costs of
                                                                    constructing facilities, unambiguously required
 [6]   Contracts                                                    district to reimburse developers only with
           Construction as a whole                                  voter-approved bond funds that were legally
                                                                    available and allocated for that purpose and,
       Contracts
                                                                    thus, district's failure to pay developers prior to
           Extrinsic circumstances
                                                                    voter approval of such funds was not breach
       Contracts                                                    of underlying contracts; payment provision of
           Ambiguity in general                                     contracts unambiguously provided that district's
       Whether a contract is ambiguous is a question                obligation to pay was expressly conditioned
       of law for the court to decide by looking at the             upon receipt of voter-approved bond funds.
       contract as a whole in light of the circumstances
       present at the time the contract was executed.               4 Cases that cite this headnote

       Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             [10]   Contracts
                                                                        What are conditions precedent in general
 [7]   Contracts                                                    A condition precedent may be either a condition
           Construction by Parties                                  to the formation of a contract or to an obligation
       Evidence                                                     to perform an existing agreement.

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Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

                                                                    acknowledged voter approval of issuance of
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                             bonds in certain election, and it was susceptible
                                                                    to two competing interpretations, namely, that
 [11]   Contracts                                                   developer was to be paid for with voter-approved
            Nature and scope in general                             funds or with other funds specified.
        Contracts                                                   4 Cases that cite this headnote
            What are conditions precedent in general
        “Conditions precedent” to an obligation to
                                                             [14]   Municipal Corporations
        perform are those acts or events, which occur
                                                                       Construction and operation
        subsequently to the making of a contract, that
        must occur before there is a right to immediate             Public Contracts
        performance and before there is a breach of                     Performance or Breach
        contractual duty; however, when the intent of the           Once a governmental entity exercises its
        parties is doubtful or when a condition would               discretion to enter into a valid and enforceable
        impose an absurd or impossible result, then                 contract, it no longer has unfettered “legislative
        the agreement will be interpreted as creating a             discretion” to decide what its obligations are and
        covenant rather than a condition.                           how it will perform those obligations.

        Cases that cite this headnote                               1 Cases that cite this headnote

 [12]   Contracts                                            [15]   Water Law
            Nature and scope in general                                Contracts
        Contracts                                                   Issue of whether contracts entered into by
            Conditions Precedent in General                         municipal water district, as governmental entity,
        Because of their harshness in operation,                    are enforceable and whether the district breached
        conditions are not favorites of the law; thus,              them is subject to review by the courts.
        in construing a contract, forfeiture by finding
                                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
        a condition precedent is to be avoided when
        another reasonable reading of the contract is
        possible.                                            [16]   Trial
                                                                         Contracts
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    Trial court's submission of single broad-form
                                                                    liability question to jury was error, in lawsuit
 [13]   Municipal Corporations                                      for breach of contract, where underlying petition
           Contracts relating to use of sewer system                alleged multiple theories of breach of contract.
        Water Law
                                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
           Contracts
        Municipal water district's contract with
        developer contemplating, among other things,         [17]   Appeal and Error
        developer to lease water and sewer facilities                  Submission of Issues or Questions to Jury
        constructed by it to district at no charge until            Trial court's submission of single broad-form
        district purchased them and for district to                 liability question to jury incorporating an invalid
        reimburse developer 70 percent of costs of                  theory of recovery was harmful error, in breach-
        constructing facilities, did not unambiguously              of-contract proceedings.
        require district to reimburse developers only
        with voter-approved bond funds that were legally            Cases that cite this headnote
        available and allocated for that purpose; contract

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Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

                                                                    clear, deliberate, and unequivocal admission of
 [18]   Appeal and Error                                            quantum meruit liability.
           Submission of Issues or Questions to Jury
        When a single broad-form liability question                 Cases that cite this headnote
        submitted to jury erroneously commingles valid
        and invalid liability theories and defendant's       [22]   Evidence
        objection to said question is timely and specific,              Judicial Admissions
        such error is harmful when it cannot be
                                                                    A judicial admission must be clear, deliberate,
        determined whether the improperly submitted
                                                                    and unequivocal.
        theories formed the sole basis for the jury's
        finding.                                                    Cases that cite this headnote

        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             [23]   Implied and Constructive Contracts
                                                                        Contract for Services
 [19]   Implied and Constructive Contracts
            Work and labor in general; quantum meruit               Recovery in quantum meruit is generally not
                                                                    available when there is an express contract
        “Quantum meruit” is an equitable remedy
                                                                    covering the services or materials furnished.
        which does not arise out of a contract, but is
        independent of it.                                          Cases that cite this headnote

        2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             [24]   Declaratory Judgment
                                                                        Determination and disposition of cause
 [20]   Implied and Constructive Contracts
            Work and labor in general; quantum meruit               Trial court's declaratory judgment, that
                                                                    municipal water district was obligated under its
        To recover under “quantum meruit,” a claimant
                                                                    contracts with plaintiffs/developers to purchase
        must prove that: (1) valuable services were
                                                                    their sewer, water, and drainage facilities, which
        rendered or materials furnished; (2) for the
                                                                    was a constituent part of judgment in favor of
        person sought to be charged; (3) which services
                                                                    developers in their lawsuit against district for
        and materials were accepted by the person sought
                                                                    breach of contract, was not alternative ground
        to be charged, used and enjoyed by him; (4)
                                                                    upon which to sustain underlying judgment
        under such circumstances as reasonably notified
                                                                    awarding actual damages to developers for
        the person sought to be charged that the plaintiff
                                                                    breach of contract upon district's appeal from
        in performing such services was expecting to be
                                                                    said judgment; validity of trial court's declaration
        paid by the person sought to be charged.
                                                                    was wholly dependent on existence of contract
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                             liability.

                                                                    1 Cases that cite this headnote
 [21]   Evidence
            Construction
                                                             [25]   Declaratory Judgment
        Water district's counsel's statement during                     Scope and extent of relief in general
        closing argument to the effect that developers
                                                                    A declaratory judgment action is not necessarily
        provided compensable work to district was not
                                                                    an action for affirmative relief.
        judicial admission of liability in quantum meruit,
        in developers' breach-of-contract lawsuit against           Cases that cite this headnote
        district, where it was evident from context of
        argument that counsel was arguing that quantum
                                                             [26]   Eminent Domain
        meruit was not applicable; statement was not a

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Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

            What Constitutes a Taking; Police and                    district disputed developers' contention that it
        Other Powers Distinguished                                   was obligated under the subject contracts to pay
        To recover under a theory that property has been             developers as soon as possible with funds other
        taken by a governmental entity without adequate              than voter-approved bond funds; district lacked
        compensation, a plaintiff must establish the                 requisite intent. Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art.
        following: (1) that the government entity                    1, § 17.
        intentionally performed certain acts; (2) that
                                                                     3 Cases that cite this headnote
        resulted in the taking of the property; (3) for
        public use. Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, §
        17.                                                   [30]   Eminent Domain
                                                                        Government contracts
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     A governmental entity does not have the
                                                                     requisite intent under constitutional-takings
 [27]   Eminent Domain                                               jurisprudence when it withholds property or
           Public Use                                                money from an entity in a contract dispute.
        For purposes of state constitutional provision               Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 17.
        prohibiting the taking of private property
                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
        by a governmental entity without adequate
        compensation, property is taken for a public
        use only when there results to the public some
        definite right or use in the undertaking. Vernon's
        Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 17.                       Attorneys and Law Firms

        Cases that cite this headnote                        *739 Barry Abrams, Houston, for appellants.

                                                             Ramon G. Viada, III, Houston, for appellees.
 [28]   Eminent Domain
           Questions for jury                                Panel consists of Justice LESLIE BROCK YATES and
                                                             Justice HUDSON.
        Whether particular facts are enough to constitute
        a taking in violation of state constitutional
        provision prohibiting the taking of private
        property by a governmental entity without                                    OPINION
        adequate compensation is a question of law.
                                                             LESLIE BROCK YATES, Justice.
        Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 17.
                                                             Appellant Clear Lake City Water Authority (“the Authority”)
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             appeals a judgment awarding actual damages for breach of
                                                             four contracts totaling $1,696,171, attorney's fees, pre-and
 [29]   Eminent Domain                                       post-judgment interest, and costs in favor of appellees. The
           Waters and Water Courses; Flooding                judgment also declared that the Authority was obligated,
        Eminent Domain                                       under its contracts with appellees, to purchase appellees'
           Drains and sewers                                 sewer, water, and drainage facilities. Additionally, the
                                                             Authority board of directors was ordered to levy, assess, and
        Water district's use and control of developer's
                                                             collect taxes or assessments to pay the judgment. For the
        water, sewer, and drainage facilities pursuant
                                                             reasons stated below, we reverse and render the claims of
        to underlying contracts with developers did
                                                             three of the plaintiffs, and reverse and remand the claims of
        not constitute a taking of developers' property
                                                             the remaining plaintiff.
        without compensation in violation of takings
        clause of state constitution, although district
        failed to compensate developers due to lack of
        requisite voter approval of bond funds, where

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Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

                                                                    Gayle Yoder, then a member of the board of directors of
                                                                    the Authority and later its President, became concerned that
               FACTUAL BACKGROUND
                                                                    voters should be given a choice about authorizing bonds
The Authority is a conservation and reclamation district            for developer reimbursements. She favored separating the
created by the Texas Legislature in 1963 to provide                 bond propositions to distinguish between what she termed the
water, sewer, and drainage facilities to the Clear *740             “necessities” of keeping the system running and developer
Lake area. Between 1993 and 1998, the Authority entered             “subsidies.” She objected to the inclusion of developer
into contracts with appellees Kirby Lake Development,               reimbursements in Proposition 1, and publicly took a position
Ltd. (“Kirby Lake”), Miter Development Company, LLC                 against the bond election as structured. Her opinion became
(“Miter”), Taylor Lake Ltd. (“Taylor Lake”), and University         the subject of local newspaper articles, and at one point,
Development, Inc. (“University”), to pay a portion of the           she distributed a memorandum detailing her opposition in
costs incurred in constructing water and sewer facilities           her neighborhood of Taylor Lake Village. The memorandum
                                                                    reflected that it was from “Gayle I. Yoder, Director, Clear
on properties appellees developed within the Authority. 1
                                                                    Lake City Water Authority.”
Under each contract, entitled “Sales Agreement and Lease of
Facilities,” the developer agreed to lease the facilities to the
                                                                    The May 2 election also included several directors' positions.
Authority at no charge until the Authority purchased them,
                                                                    Two incumbent directors were challenged by Don Johnson
and the Authority agreed to reimburse the developer 70% of
                                                                    and Elliott Cooper, who both ran on an anti-bond platform.
the costs of constructing the facilities. All of the contracts
                                                                    They prepared “Vote No Bond$” campaign signs, some
except University's contract contained substantially the same
                                                                    of which *741 Yoder distributed. The signs also stated
payment language.
                                                                    “Stop using taxes to subsidize developers” and “CLC Water
The contracts contemplated that the primary source of funds         Authority.” 2 Johnson posted a number of signs around the
for developer reimbursements would be the proceeds from             Authority's building.
bond sales. In 1989, the voters within the Authority had
authorized the sale of $43.6 million in bonds for the purpose       All the propositions submitted to the voters in the May
of reimbursing developers and paying for the installation           2 election failed, and Johnson and Cooper defeated the
and upkeep of the Authority's water, sewer, and drainage            incumbent directors. Of the three voting precincts in the
system. The Authority subsequently reimbursed University            Authority, the precinct that included Yoder's neighborhood of
for the facilities constructed in two of the four sections in its   Taylor Lake Village (where she had distributed her memo to
development with the proceeds of one of the bond sales. By          residents) defeated the bonds by the widest margin.
1997, however, all of the bonds authorized in 1989 had been
sold, so the Authority decided to call another bond election        Because Proposition 1 failed and the Authority still required
to obtain voter approval for the sale of additional bonds to        funds for maintenance and expansion of its system, the
be used for system needs and to pay for reimbursements to           Authority decided to hold another bond election in October
developers, including University and the other appellees.           1998. This time, system needs were separated from developer
                                                                    reimbursements into two propositions. As before, the “Vote
On March 12, 1998, the Authority voted to call a bond               No Bond $” signs reappeared around the Authority building
election for May 2, 1998. It also voted to submit its               and elsewhere, this time prompting a letter from the
bond proposals in three different propositions. Proposition 1       Authority's counsel requesting they be taken down because
requested voter authorization for bonds for system needs and        they could be read to imply that the Authority was taking a
current developer reimbursements, including reimbursements          position against the bonds.
to appellees. Propositions 2 and 3 were for future developer
reimbursements. The Authority also approved DEV–90,                 Ultimately, Proposition 1, requesting bonds for system needs,
which put into written policy the practice of requiring             passed. However, Proposition 2, requesting bonds for funds
developers to pay 100% of the construction costs for facilities     to reimburse developers—including appellees—failed. One
in their developments up front, and reimbursing them 70% of         month later, in November 1998, the Authority changed
the costs from voter-approved bond funds.                           its DEV–90 policy on reimbursing developers to require
                                                                    developers to pay 100% of the cost of water, sewer, and
                                                                    drainage facilities they install in new subdivisions.

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Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

                                                                   motions, including a motion for directed verdict and judgment
When appellees were not paid for the facilities, they brought      notwithstanding the verdict. This appeal followed.
suit against the Authority alleging breach of contract,
quantum meruit, and an unconstitutional taking based on the
Authority's use of the facilities to provide water, sewer, and
                                                                                      ISSUES ON APPEAL
drainage services to customers in appellees' developments.
Appellees also sought a writ of mandamus and a declaratory         On appeal, the Authority raises seventeen issues (not
judgment that the Authority was obligated to fulfill its           including subparts) that can be grouped in the following
obligation to purchase the facilities “as soon as possible”        broad categories: (1) contract construction; (2) charge error;
with funds on hand or with the issuance of revenue bonds,          (3) attorney fees; (4) pre- and post-judgment interest; and
which would not require voter approval. Appellees pleaded          (5) quantum meruit. By cross-appeal, the appellees contend
for attorney's fees and costs based on sections 37.009 and         the trial court erred in granting a directed verdict on their
38.001 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, and          takings claim. Our disposition of the Authority's contract
requested a jury trial.                                            construction and charge error issues make it unnecessary
                                                                   for us to address its remaining issues. We will then take
At trial, during questioning from appellees' attorney, Yoder       up the appellees' alternative grounds for recovery based on
took the position that the revised DEV–90 policy requiring         their quantum meruit claim and the trial court's declaratory
developers to pay 100% of the cost of constructing water,          judgment. Lastly, we will address appellees' cross-point that
sewer, and drainage facilities within their developments           the trial court erred in granting a directed verdict on their
applied to appellees, even though it was not in effect when        takings claim.
they signed their contracts, and appellees' agreements call for
the Authority to pay 70% of the costs. However, she also
stated that the full board had not voted on whether to apply the   I. The Authority's Issues
new policy to appellees. Don Johnson, when asked whether
he was opposed to spending any money the Authority has on          A. The Construction of the Contracts
                                                                   The Authority contends the payment provisions of the
hand to reimburse appellees, stated that the Authority “has
                                                                   contracts were unambiguous and the Authority did not breach
evolved beyond the point of paying any kind of developer
                                                                   those provisions. In response, appellees do not directly
subsidies. I think we are past that.” Johnson also testified
                                                                   address whether the contracts were ambiguous. Instead, they
that he thought the Authority could just continue the lease
                                                                   take aim at specific contract language and assert that, as they
arrangement indefinitely, so it would not have to pay for the
                                                                   construe the language, the Authority breached the contracts
facilities and taxpayers would not be charged.
                                                                   in several ways. Because the parties' arguments regarding the
                                                                   contract language and the facts are often at cross-purposes,
The jury found breach of contract and awarded Kirby Lake
                                                                   we will incorporate into our discussion as much of the parties'
$748,675.00, Miter $74,252.00, Taylor Lake $510,000.00,
                                                                   arguments as required to resolve the issues raised.
and University $363,244.00. 3 The jury also *742 found
that appellees were entitled to recover in quantum meruit
and awarded the same amount of damages. The issue of               1. Were the Contracts Unambiguous?
attorney's fees was tried to the court. Appellees elected to       The trial court determined the contracts were ambiguous
recover for breach of contract, and the trial court entered        and instructed the jury to interpret them. However, the
judgment for $1,696,171.00 in actual damages, $442,398.56          trial court did not include special issues asking the jury to
in prejudgment interest, and $362,014.75 in attorney's fees,       interpret specific provisions, so we do not know how the
plus post-judgment interest and costs. The trial court also        jury interpreted the contracts or on what basis they found
declared that the Authority was obligated to purchase              breach of contract. The Authority contends the payment
the facilities and ordered it to take any and all actions          provisions of the contracts unambiguously provide that the
required to purchase them. The trial court further ordered the     developers were to be paid only out of legally available
Authority, pursuant to Texas Water Code section 49.066(b),         and allocated voter-approved bond funds, and while the
to levy, assess, and collect taxes or assessments to pay           Authority could use funds from other sources to pay the
the judgment. The court denied the Authority's post-verdict        developers, it was not obligated to do so. In contrast, appellees
                                                                   contend the Authority agreed to pay “as soon as possible”

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Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

from any available source, including revenue bonds, which          instrument. Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. v. New Ulm
                                4                                  Gas, Ltd., 940 S.W.2d 587, 589 (Tex.1996).
do not require voter approval. The payment provisions of
all *743 the contracts at issue are similarly worded, with
the exception of the University contract, which is discussed        [8] An ambiguity does not arise simply because the parties
separately.                                                        advance conflicting interpretations of the contract. Forbau
                                                                   v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 876 S.W.2d 132, 134 (Tex.1994);
We hold that the Authority is correct with regard to three of      Sun Oil Co. (Delaware) v. Madeley, 626 S.W.2d 726, 727
the four contracts at issue: the Kirby Lake, Miter, and 1994       (Tex.1981). For an ambiguity to exist, both interpretations
Taylor Lake contracts. Accordingly, we reverse and render          must be reasonable. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co., 907 S.W.2d at
judgment in favor of the Authority as to those contracts. With     520; see also Glover v. Nat'l Ins. Underwriters, 545 S.W.2d
regard to the University contract, we find that it is ambiguous.   755, 761 (Tex.1977). Thus, the appellate court must decide
However, as discussed in section I.B. below, charge error          whether there is more than one reasonable interpretation of
requires that University's claims be remanded for new trial.       the contract such that a fact issue was created concerning the
                                                                   parties' intent. Columbia Gas Transmission, 940 S.W.2d at
                                                                   589.
(a) The applicable law
 [1]     [2] The primary concern of a court in construing a
written contract is to ascertain the true intent of the parties as (b) The Kirby Lake, Miter, and 1994 Taylor Lake
expressed in the instrument. Lenape Res. Corp. v. Tennessee        contracts
Gas Pipeline Co., 925 S.W.2d 565, 574 (Tex.1996); Coker            The first two “whereas clauses” of the Kirby Lake, Miter, and
v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex.1983). To achieve this          1994 Taylor Lake contracts are identical:
objective, we examine and consider the entire writing in an
                                                                     WHEREAS, the Authority is authorized to provide, among
effort to harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of the
                                                                     other things, water supply, waste disposal and drainage
contract so that none will be rendered meaningless. Coker,
                                                                     facilities to the land within its boundaries;
650 S.W.2d at 393. We construe a contract from a utilitarian
standpoint, bearing in mind the particular business activity         WHEREAS, the Developer is developing land within the
sought to be served. Lenape Res., 925 S.W.2d at 574.                 Authority and desires *744 that water supply, waste
                                                                     disposal, and drainage facilities be provided to such land
 [3]     [4]   [5] If a written contract is so worded that it prior to the time at which the Authority can obtain voter
can be given a definite or certain legal meaning, then it            approval and pay for the construction or acquisition of such
is not ambiguous and it can be construed as a matter of              facilities with the proceeds of its bonds;....
law. Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v. Sturges, 52 S.W.3d 711, 728
(Tex.2001); Lenape Res., 925 S.W.2d at 574. Parol evidence         The three contracts also contain substantially the same
is not admissible for the purpose of creating an ambiguity.        payment provision:
Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, v. CBI
Indus., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 517, 520 (Tex.1995). However, if            PURCHASE AND ASSIGNMENT. Subject to other
the language of a contract is subject to two or more reasonable      terms and provisions hereof, the Developer agrees to sell
interpretations, it is ambiguous. Id.; see also Lenape Res., 925     and the Authority agrees to purchase all completed portions
S.W.2d at 574.                                                       of the Facilities ... as soon as possible, but not more than
                                                                     30 days after receipt of bond proceeds legally available
 [6]     [7] Whether a contract is ambiguous is a question           and allocated by the Authority for payment therefore, in
of law for the court to decide by looking at the contract            consideration of the purchase price defined in the following
as a whole in light of the circumstances present at the              Section. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed by the
time the contract was executed. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co.,           parties hereto, that the Authority has no existing voter
907 S.W.2d at 520; see also Coker, 650 S.W.2d at 394.                authorization to issue any bonds to pay for the cost of
Only when a contract is first determined to be ambiguous             the Facilities, and does not anticipate that funds will be
may the courts consider the parties' interpretation and admit        available for such costs without a voter approved bond
extraneous evidence to determine the true meaning of the             sale for such purchase. The Authority intends to call a
                                                                     bond election in the near future, but is not obligated to

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Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

  do so, and the Authority cannot predict when, if ever,            [10] [11] [12] Appellees argue that the payment provision
  such an election and bond sale will occur, or when, if           constitutes the Authority's promise to pay for the facilities,
  ever, the Authority will have other funds available and          and voter approval to sell bonds is not a condition precedent
  allocated for the purchase of the Facilities. The Authority      that excuses the Authority's obligation to pay. A condition
  shall have the right to purchase the Facilities with funds       precedent may be either a condition to the formation of
  available from a source other than a bond sale for such          a contract or to an obligation to perform an existing
  purpose, but shall have no obligation to do so. The              agreement. Hohenberg Bros. Co. v. George E. Gibbons &
  Authority does agree, however, that it shall include in          Co., 537 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Tex.1976). Conditions precedent to
  any bond election it does hold subsequent to the effective       an obligation to perform are those acts or events, which
  date of this Agreement bond authorization in an amount           occur subsequently to the making of a contract, that must
  sufficient to pay the purchase price of the Facilities. The      occur before there is a right to immediate performance and
  Authority further agrees that it shall include purchase of       before there is a breach of contractual duty. Id. However,
  the Facilities in any bond issue sold subsequent to any          when the intent of the parties is doubtful or when a
                                                                   condition would impose an absurd or impossible result, then
  such election. 5
                                                                   the agreement will be interpreted as creating a covenant
                                                                   rather than a condition. Id. Because of their harshness in
 [9] We have carefully reviewed the contracts in their
                                                                   operation, conditions are not favorites of the law. Criswell v.
entirety, and conclude that the language of the above
                                                                   European Crossroads Shopping Ctr., Ltd., 792 S.W.2d 945,
provisions, as well as the remainder of the contracts,
                                                                   948 (Tex.1990). Thus, in construing a contract, forfeiture by
demonstrate that these contracts unambiguously require the
                                                                   finding a condition precedent is to be avoided when another
Authority to reimburse appellees only with voter-approved
                                                                   reasonable reading of the contract is possible. Id.
bond funds that are legally available and allocated for that
purpose. While the Authority obligated itself to purchase the
                                                                   We reject appellees' contention that the receipt of voter-
completed facilities “as soon as possible,” that requirement
                                                                   approved bond funds is not a condition precedent, because
did not arise until after the Authority received the proceeds
                                                                   the payment provision of the contracts unambiguously
of voter-approved bond funds. That the bond funds were to
                                                                   provides that the Authority's obligation to pay is expressly
be voter-approved bond funds, as opposed to other types of
                                                                   conditioned upon the receipt of voter-approved bond funds.
bonds or funds, is also evident in the payment provision: “It
                                                                   See McWilliams v. Gilbert, 715 S.W.2d 761, 763–64
is expressly acknowledged and agreed by the parties hereto,
                                                                   (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1986, no writ) (holding
that the Authority has no existing voter authorization to issue
                                                                   that indemnity agreement unambiguously restricted general
any bonds to pay for the cost of the Facilities, and does not
                                                                   partners' reimbursement from partner to designated specific
anticipate that funds will be available for such costs without a
                                                                   source); see also City of Seymour v. Municipal Acceptance
voter approved bond sale for such purchase.” This statement,
                                                                   Corp., 96 S.W.2d 814, 816–17 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1936,
in the context of the entire provision, and in conjunction with
                                                                   writ dism'd by agreement) (holding that contract with city
other sections of the contracts, unequivocally indicates that
                                                                   limiting source of payment to net revenues of light plant
the only funds the Authority was required to use to purchase
                                                                   created a condition precedent to city's liability). To construe
the facilities was voter-approved bond funds. This conclusion
                                                                   the payment provisions another way would be contrary to the
is confirmed by the explicit language that the Authority could,
                                                                   plain language of the contracts.
but was not obligated to, use other sources of payment: “The
Authority *745 shall have the right to purchase the Facilities
                                                                   Moreover, the failure of the condition precedent at a given
with funds available from a source other than a bond sale
                                                                   time does not result in a forfeiture, only a delay in payment.
for such purpose, but shall have no obligation to do so.”
                                                                   Nowhere in the contracts does it provide that the failure
Additionally, there is no obligation on the Authority to ensure
                                                                   to obtain voter approval forfeits appellees' right to receive
that a bond election occurs, or that the voters give their
                                                                   payment for their facilities. The Authority is not excused
approval: “The Authority cannot predict when, if ever, such
                                                                   from performing its obligation to pay when voters do not,
an election and bond sale will occur, or when, if ever, the
                                                                   in a particular election, approve the sale of bond funds to
Authority will have other funds available and allocated for the
                                                                   pay appellees; its obligation to pay simply does not arise
purchase of the Facilities.”
                                                                   at that time. That it may have appeared highly unlikely,
                                                                   at the time appellees entered to these contracts, that voters

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Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

would not approve a bond sale is no reason to rewrite the             to reasonably and efficiently integrate any and all other
plain language of the contracts. This conclusion is further           eligible Authority projects in such sale. The Authority
supported by the fact that, under the contracts, the Authority        agrees to proceed with due diligence to consummate the
was permitted to lease the facilities until such time as it           issuance of such bonds and the acquisition of the Facilities
purchased them—a provision that demonstrates the parties              under such circumstances.
contemplated a continuing contractual relationship of an
                                                                    According to appellees, the Authority breached its “due
unspecified duration. 6
                                                                    diligence” obligation by drawing the public's attention
                                                                    to a misleading distinction between system needs and
 *746 Appellees contend that even if the receipt of voter-
                                                                    developer “subsidies,” opposing the bond propositions, and
approved bond funds is a condition precedent to payment, the
                                                                    separating the propositions for developer reimbursements
Authority's actions amount to a repudiation of the contracts.
                                                                    from the proposition for system needs, which caused the
Specifically, appellees argue that (1) the trial testimony of
                                                                    bond elections to fail. Appellees also contend these actions
Yoder and Johnson amounts to a judicial admission that the
                                                                    constituted a violation of the Authority's ethical duties. We
Authority has no intention of complying with the contracts,
                                                                    disagree.
(2) voters authorized bonds to be sold to reimburse University
and Kirby Lake, and (3) the Authority had over $5 million
                                                                    As an initial matter, it is plain that the provision imposes no
in surplus funds from voter-approved bond sales it could
                                                                    obligation on the Authority *747 to obtain voter approval:
have used to pay appellees for their facilities. First, while the
                                                                    “the Authority is not obligated to obtain approval from
statements of Yoder and Johnson may reflect their individual
                                                                    the voters of bonds to finance the purchase of facilities....”
beliefs, appellees cite no authority to support their contention
                                                                    The remainder of the sentence also makes clear that this
that these statements may be attributed to the Authority,
                                                                    provision does not apply until such time as voter approval is
and the jury was charged that action by the Authority
                                                                    obtained: “but if voter approval is obtained, then it shall seek
requires a vote of at least a quorum of the directors in a
                                                                    Commission approval of the bonds, and shall proceed with
public meeting in compliance with the Open Meetings Act.
                                                                    due diligence to consummate the issuance of the bonds and
Second, the record shows that the voters approved the sale of
                                                                    acquisition of the facilities” (emphasis added). The remainder
bonds for improvements within the Authority's boundaries,
                                                                    of the paragraph details the Authority's obligations “upon the
not specifically to University and Kirby Lake, as appellees
                                                                    successful passage of a bond election.” We do not interpret
contend. Third, as we have held, while the Authority could
                                                                    this provision to require the Authority to proceed with due
use other funds to pay for appellees' facilities, it was not
                                                                    diligence to obtain voter approval. Even if the provision
obligated to do so with any funds other than those from
                                                                    could be read as appellees suggest, Yoder's actions, such
a voter-approved bond sale for that purpose; there was no
                                                                    as distributing memorandums in her neighborhood, publicly
obligation that the Authority use funds from previous bond
                                                                    opposing the structure of the propositions, and referring to
sales.
                                                                    the reimbursements as “subsidies,” are not official acts of the
                                                                    Authority. Webster v. Texas & Pac. Motor Transp. Co., 140
(c) Appellees' evidence of breach                                   Tex. 131, 134–35, 166 S.W.2d 75, 76–77 (1942) (holding
Appellees place great emphasis on the following provision           that individual members acting separately and not in a public
in the contracts, which appellees call the “due diligence”          meeting do not bind the board of a governmental entity); King
requirement:                                                        v. Guerra, 1 S.W.2d 373, 374 (Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio
                                                                    1927, writ ref'd) (same); see also City of Corpus Christi v.
  ISSUANCE OF BONDS: The Authority shall have no                    Bayfront Assoc., Ltd., 814 S.W.2d 98, 105–06 (Tex.App.-
  obligation to obtain approval from the voters of bonds to         Corpus Christi 1991, writ denied) (inappropriate statements
  finance purchase of the Facilities, but if such voter approval    by city council member on city stationery were not binding
  is obtained, the Authority shall sell Authority bonds for         on city). Appellees cite no contradictory authority.
  the purpose of purchasing the Facilities. The Authority
  agrees to commence to obtain approval by the [Texas               Appellees also point to the Authority's “official acts”
  Natural Resource Conservation] Commission of the bonds            of issuing official newsletters which, appellees contend,
  to finance purchase of the facilities upon the successful         signaled the voters to vote against the propositions, and
  passage of a bond election subsequent to the effective date       separating the propositions in the October 1998 elections.
  of this Agreement, but subject to the right of the Authority      However, appellees identify nothing in the newsletters that

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Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

indicated that the Authority was advising voters to vote          election in which the voters approved the issuance of $43.6
against the bond proposition for developer reimbursements.        million in bonds: 9
We also find no language in the contracts to support the
contention that separating the propositions was a breach
of contract. The contracts contain no requirement that the          WHEREAS, the Authority is authorized to provide, among
ballot language be structured in any particular way; all that       other things, water supply, waste disposal, and drainage
was required was that the developers be included in any             facilities to the land within its boundaries and held a bond
subsequent election, and they were. 7                               election on October 14, 1989 at which the voters authorized
                                                                    the issuance of $43.6 million in bonds for those purposes;
Appellees similarly argue the “consents and approvals”              The second and third whereas clauses provide as follows:
paragraph that appears in each of the contracts obligated
                                                                       WHEREAS, the Authority desires that such facilities be
the Authority not to unreasonably withhold its consent or
                                                                       provided prior to the sale of its bonds to pay therefor,
approval to use other available funds to pay appellees. This
                                                                       because the interim growth of taxable values in the
paragraph, which appears toward the end of the contracts
                                                                       Authority should make such bonds saleable upon better
along with other miscellaneous provisions, provides as
                                                                       terms and will permit the Authority to meet more easily
follows:
                                                                       debt service requirements on such bonds and because
  CONSENTS AND APPROVALS. Whenever the consent                         timely construction of such facilities will prevent further
  or approval of either party hereto, or of any engineer of            escalation of construction costs;
  [sic] agent therefore, shall be required under the provisions
                                                                       WHEREAS, the Authority desires that such facilities be
  hereof, such consent or approval shall not be unreasonably
                                                                       provided prior to the sale of its bonds to pay therefor,
  withheld.
                                                                       because the interim growth of taxable values in the
We disagree with appellees' interpretation of this provision.          Authority should make such bonds *749 saleable upon
The payment provisions contain no language that the                    better terms and will permit the Authority to meet
Authority is required to “consent” or give its “approval” to           more easily debt service requirements on such bonds
                                                                       and because timely construction of such facilities will
make this provision applicable. 8 *748 Moreover, appellees'
                                                                       prevent further escalation of construction costs;
interpretation conflicts with the express acknowledgment in
the contracts that the Authority “shall have the right to           The University contract also contains additional language
purchase the Facilities with funds available from a source          not found in the payment provisions of the other contracts,
other than a bond sale for such purpose, but shall have             which is indicated by added italics:
no obligation to do so.” We cannot agree that this general
provision trumps the express language of the payment                   Section 2.01. PURCHASE AND ASSIGNMENT.
provisions.                                                            Subject to the other terms and provisions hereof, the
                                                                       Developer agrees to sell and the Authority agrees to
Therefore, we hold that the Kirby Lake, Miter, and Taylor              purchase all completed portions of the Facilities ... as
Lake contracts unambiguously require the receipt of legally            soon as possible, but not more than 30 days after receipt
available and allocated voter-approved bond funds as a                 of bond proceeds, or other funds not required for the
condition precedent to reimbursement. We further hold that             payment of operating and maintenance expenses or the
the actions of Yoder and the other Authority board members             payment of debt service on any bonds of the Authority,
in connection with the bond elections, the statements of Yoder         legally available and allocated by the Authority for
and Johnson at trial, and the wording of the bond propositions         payment therefor, in consideration of the purchase price
in May and October of 1998 do not constitute a breach of the           in the following Section.
contracts as a matter of law.
                                                                    This section does not contain the express acknowledgments
                                                                    and “no obligation” language found in the other contracts.
(d) The University contract                                         Appellees do not address whether the contract is
 [13] The University contract, however, is different. Unlike        ambiguous, but they interpret this provision to mean that
the other contracts, the University contract expressly              the Authority agreed to purchase the facilities as soon as
acknowledges, in the first whereas clause, the 1989 bond            possible from any available source of funds. We disagree

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Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

   with appellees' interpretation and find that the University     authorization is available (such authorization is presently
   contract is ambiguous.                                          limited) or would be included in a future bond authorization
The first whereas clause of the University contract                election that would require voter approval.” Kawaja testified
specifically acknowledges that voters authorized the issuance      that he understood that he was to be paid as described in
of $43.6 million in bonds for the purpose of the development       Molbert's letter.
of water supply, waste disposal, and drainage facilities on
land within the Authority, including the land later purchased      However, as noted above, the “Purchase and Assignment”
by University. In the second and third whereas clauses, the        section provides that the Authority agrees to pay for the
parties acknowledge that the development of the facilities         facilities with either bond proceeds or “other funds not
prior to the time the Authority can pay for them with bond         required for the payment of operating and maintenance
proceeds is desired and advantageous to both parties. The          expenses or the payment of debt service on any bonds of the
bonds referred to in the second and third whereas clauses refer    Authority.” Additionally, in the “Purchase Price” section's
back to the bonds authorized by the voters in the first whereas    provision for the payment of interest, the parties agree to
clause. Therefore, the contract appears to contemplate that        a formula for the calculation of the interest, “provided,
University was to be paid with voter-approved bond funds. 10       however, that if such purchase price is paid in whole or in
                                                                   part from proceeds of bonds of the Authority, such purchase
Other provisions in the University contract similarly              price or part thereof shall be subject to the Rules and
demonstrate that such bond funds were the intended source          applicable orders of the Commission, and the Development
of payment. In the “Purchase Price” section, the Authority         Policies of the Authority then in effect” (emphasis added).
agreed to pay an amount equal to specified costs of the            This language further suggests that an alternate, or additional,
developer, plus interest based on the interest rate “borne by      source of funding was contemplated. Moreover, unlike the
the Authority's bonds issued to reimburse the Developer for        other contracts, the University contract does not contain the
these amounts....” In the next section, the Authority agreed       express language that the Authority may, but is not obligated
to “proceed with due diligence” to obtain the Commission's         to, pay for the facilities with funds other than bond funds.
approval of a bond offering to finance the purchase of
University's contemplated facilities. In a separate section, the   Nevertheless, the extent to which the “other funds” language
timing of University's obligation to build street improvements     may apply is unclear. It does not appear to encompass a
is tied to the Authority's “delivery of its bonds issued to        complete alternative to payment with bond proceeds, because
finance the acquisition and construction of the Facilities.”       the references to bond funds throughout the contract indicate
Similarly, the developer agrees to provide a letter of credit      that such funds were intended to be at least a primary source
to cover the cost of street improvements unless the street         of funding. Additionally, there is no alternative language for
improvements are completed by the date the Authority               those provisions of the contract that are tied to the issuance
advertises “the sale of its bonds issued to finance acquisition    or sale of bonds, with the exception of the calculation of
and construction of the Facilities.”                               interest. Consequently, the University contract is susceptible
                                                                   to two competing interpretations: the facilities are to be paid
Moreover, evidence of the circumstances surrounding the            for with voter-approved bond funds; or, the facilities are to
execution of the contract support the construction that the        be paid for with either voter-approved bond funds or the
facilities *750 were to be paid for with voter-approved            “other funds” specified. Therefore, we find that the payment
bond funds. The minutes of the October 14, 1993 board of           language of the University contract, in contrast to the other
directors meeting of the Authority reflects that the board         contracts discussed above, is ambiguous.
approved University's project “to be funded with bond
funds.” In a follow-up letter to University's principal, George     [14]    [15] Having found that the University contract
Kawaja, from the Authority's general manager, Wilbert              is ambiguous, we must next address the Authority's
Molbert, Kawaja was informed that the Authority had agreed         arguments that any interpretation of the contracts must be
to participate in the construction costs for the proposed          harmonized with certain “special considerations” applicable
water, sewer, and drainage facilities for the project “in          to government contracts, or else the contracts will be rendered
accordance with the Authority's developmental policies.”           void. As an initial matter, the Authority argues that, as a
Kawaja also was informed that the Authority's contribution         governmental entity, it has legislative discretion to allocate
was to be financed “by a future bond sale if adequate bonding      public bond funds for the benefit of the public, and the

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Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

courts have no authority to interfere unless the governing         (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, writ denied); City of
body has acted illegally or abused its substantial discretion.     Houston v. Moody, 572 S.W.2d 13 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston
See Barrington v. Cokinos, 161 Tex. 136, 338 S.W.2d                [1st Dist.] 1978, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Brady v. Hidalgo County
133, 142–43 (1960); Inverness Forest Improvement Dist. v.          Water Control & Improvement Dist. No. 12, 56 S.W.2d 298
Hardy Street Investors, 541 S.W.2d 454, 460 (Tex.Civ.App.-         (Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio 1932), aff'd, 127 Tex. 123, 91
Houston [1st Dist.] 1976, writ ref'd n.r.e.). However, once        S.W.2d 1058 (1936). 11
the Authority exercises its discretion to enter into a valid
and *751 enforceable contract, it no longer has unfettered         The Authority also argues that the Texas Constitution directly
“legislative discretion” to decide what its obligations are        limits the power of water districts to incur debt. See TEX.
and how it will perform those obligations. Whether the             CONST. art. XVI, § 59(c). Article XVI, section 59(c)
contracts here are enforceable and whether the Authority           provides in part that “[t]he Legislature *752 shall authorize
breached them is subject to review by the courts. See, e.g.,       all such indebtedness as may be necessary to provide all
Winograd v. Clear Lake City Water Auth., 811 S.W.2d 147            improvements and the maintenance thereof requisite to the
(Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, writ denied) (affirming        achievement of the purposes of this amendment.” See id. The
judgment against Authority on jury verdict finding breach          only limitation on that indebtedness is the requirement of
of contract and denial of due process and equal protection);       voter approval for indebtedness to be paid by taxes. See id.;
Clear Lake City Water Auth. v. Clear Lake Utils. Co., 549          Lower Colorado River Auth. v. McCraw, 125 Tex. 268, 274,
S.W.2d 385 (Tex.1977) (construing Authority's obligations          83 S.W.2d 629, 633 (1935); City of Houston v. Moody, 572
under a contract); see also TEX. WATER CODE § 49.066(a)            S.W.2d 13, 15–16 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1978,
(“district may sue and be sued in the courts of this state”).      writ ref'd n.r.e.). The Authority cites no case law applying this
                                                                   constitutional provision to invalidate or limit a water district's
The Authority also contends that the contracts must be             contract in analogous circumstances.
construed to allow it to decide whether and how it will
pay because the Authority cannot surrender its legislative         In summary, we hold that the University contract is
discretion to decide whether and how to allocate public funds.     ambiguous, and we reject the Authority's arguments that our
In essence, the Authority argues a “future board” of the           construction of the contract violates constitutional principles
Authority cannot be required to allocate funds for developer       or impermissibly impinges on its governmental or legislative
reimbursement. In support of this assertion, the Authority         functions. However, as discussed in the next section, we find
cites a single case, Marco Dev. Corp. v. City of Cedar             the trial court erred in submitting a single liability question
Falls, 473 N.W.2d 41 (Iowa 1991). In Marco Development,            incorporating an invalid theory of recovery. Accordingly, we
the court refused to enforce the city's agreement to widen         reverse the trial court's judgment in favor of University and
a street next to the developer's mall project because it
                                                                   remand for trial. 12
found that the city could not contract for the performance
of its governmental functions. See id. at 42–43. We find
Marco Development inapplicable because here the Authority          B. Casteel Charge Error
has only agreed to pay for facilities; the fact that the           The Authority next contends that there is Casteel error
payment is to be “allocated” for that purpose does not,            in the broad-form submission of the breach of contract
in this circumstance, impermissibly restrict its ability to        liability question, because it cannot be determined whether
undertake its governmental functions. Indeed, the Authority        the jury applied an invalid theory to find a breach. For the
is authorized by statute to contract for the joint construction,   same reason, the Authority asserts the damages question
financing, ownership, and operation of water and drainage          is defective. Specifically, the Authority contends that the
facilities, and such contracts may be of unlimited duration.       developers alleged three theories of breach of contract in their
See TEX. WATER CODE §§ 49.211, 213(a) & 49.213(c)                  pleadings, and that all three are invalid: (1) breach of the pay
(4). Nothing in the statutes governing the Authority limits        provision, (2) the “prevention doctrine,” and (3) the “split
its ability to pay its contractual obligations, and Texas courts   format” theory. As to the first of these—breach of the pay
have routinely enforced contracts requiring water districts        provision—we have determined that University's breach of
to pay in the future. See, e.g., Quincy Lee Co. v. Lodal &         contract claim was properly before the jury. However, we
Bain Eng'rs, Inc., 602 S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex.1980); Harris          agree with the Authority that the other breach of contract
County Mun. Util. Dist. No. 48 v. Mitchell, 915 S.W.2d 859         theories were invalid and should not have been considered

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             13
Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

by the jury as a basis for breach of contract. Because we         the error was harmful, and reverse and remand University's
cannot determine from the jury's answers the basis for their      claims for new trial.
finding that the Authority failed to comply with its contracts,
we find that the error is harmful, and we reverse and remand
University's claims for trial.                                    II. Appellees' Alternative Grounds for Recovery

                                                                A. Quantum Meruit
 [16] [17] Here, the trial court submitted a single question
                                                                 [19] [20] Alternatively, appellees argue that they should be
on liability under the contracts, which asked the jury the
                                                                allowed to recover on their quantum meruit claim. Quantum
following: “Did the Water Authority fail to comply with the
                                                                meruit is an equitable remedy which does not arise out of a
sales agreements, if any, entered into with the respective
                                                                contract, but is independent of it. Vortt Exploration Co. v.
Plaintiffs?” 13 Beneath the question was a line for each        Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 787 S.W.2d 942, 944 (Tex.1990). To
developer in which the jury was to answer “yes” or “no.” At     recover under quantum meruit, a claimant must prove that: (1)
the charge conference, the Authority timely and specifically    valuable services were rendered or materials furnished; (2)
objected to the question on the grounds now raised. The         for the person sought to be charged; (3) which services and
jury answered “yes” for each appellee, except as to the 1998    materials were accepted by the person sought to be charged,
Taylor Lake contract.                                           used and enjoyed by him; (4) under such circumstances as
                                                                reasonably notified the person sought to be charged that the
 [18] As stated above, the two theories we find invalid are, plaintiff in performing such services was expecting to be paid
as referred to by the Authority, the “prevention doctrine”      by the person sought to be charged. Id.
and the “split format” theory. The “prevention doctrine”
refers to actions of certain members of the Authority's board    [21] Appellants first contend that they are entitled to recover
during *753 the May and October 1998 bond elections             on quantum meruit because liability was judicially admitted
because the developers allege that those actions prevented the  by the Authority's counsel in closing argument. Appellants
passage of the bond proposals that would have authorized        point to the statements by the Authority's counsel during his
the sale of additional bonds to pay them. The “split format     discussion of the jury charge, when he said that the jury
theory” refers to the developers' argument that the Authority's question on quantum meruit liability should be answered
decision to split the bond propositions in the October 1998     “yes” and told the jury that, as to whether appellees provided
bond election into one for developer reimbursements and         compensable work to the Authority, “Of course. We've never
one for water system necessities caused the bond proposition    disputed that. This issue isn't whether the private developers
for developer reimbursements to fail. Both were specifically    did something of value. The issue is when and how they
alleged in appellees' petition as bases for breach of contract. ought to be paid.” Appellees also point to the Authority's
As we have already discussed in section I.A.(1)(c) above,       counsel's arguments to the jury that they should not award
we do not find either the prevention doctrine or the split      more than the 70% figure calculated by appellees' expert, and
format theory to be a valid basis for breach of contract in     requesting that the jury award that amount as the reasonable
this case. Under Crown Life Insurance Co. v. Casteel, 22        value of the compensable work performed by the plaintiffs.
S.W.3d 378 (Tex.2000), “when a single broad-form liability      We have reviewed the record and find that the statements of
question erroneously commingles valid and invalid liability     the Authority's counsel do not constitute a judicial admission.
theories and the appellant's objection is timely and specific,
the error is harmful when it cannot be determined whether the    *754 [22] A judicial admission must be clear, deliberate,
improperly submitted theories formed the sole basis for the     and unequivocal. Regency Advantage Ltd. P'ship v. Bingo
jury's finding.” Id. at 389. Here, we are unable to determine   Idea–Watauga, Inc., 936 S.W.2d 275, 278 (Tex.1996).
whether the jury based its conclusion on the actions of Yoder   During closing argument, the Authority's counsel began his
or other board members in opposing the bond propositions for    discussion of the jury question on quantum meruit liability
developer reimbursement, or on the Authority's decision to      by stating that “this one should not be applicable.” He went
split the bond propositions, or something else. The problem     on to argue that whether appellees did something of value
is compounded by the trial court's instruction to the jury to   was undisputed—what was at issue was whether they had
interpret the contracts without specifying which provisions     contractually agreed to be paid for that work when the voters
they were to interpret. Therefore, we must conclude that        approved payment from bond proceeds:

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                       14
Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

                                                                    not argue that any of these exceptions are applicable to them.
  This issue isn't whether the private developers did               In any event, we do not find the stated exceptions applicable
  something of value. The issue is how and when they ought          to the facts of this case; therefore, we hold that the existence
  to be paid.                                                       of express contracts prohibits appellees from recovering on
                                                                    the alternative ground of quantum meruit.
  Question three should be answered yes. They were going
  to be paid 70 percent of their reimbursable expenses out of
  voter-approved bond funds. That's an easy one. They may           B. Declaratory Judgment
  still be paid, if, as and when a future election authorizes the    [24]      [25] Appellees also argue that the trial court's
  use of funds to pay them. And as the Court told you, this is      declaratory judgment is an alternative ground for the
  an unlimited duration contract.                                   judgment which the Authority did not appeal. Appellees refer
                                                                    to that part of the reformed final *755 judgment in which
The Authority's counsel also addressed the question of
                                                                    the trial court ordered that “Pursuant to Chapter 37 of TEX.
quantum meruit damages by arguing that under the contracts,
                                                                    CIV. PRAC. & REM CODE, the Clear Lake City Water
the developers were only going to get reimbursed 70% of
                                                                    Authority is obligated under its contract with Plaintiffs to
the cost of the facilities, and therefore they should not be
                                                                    purchase Plaintiffs' sewer, water, and drainage Facilities and
compensated for the reasonable value of their services in an
                                                                    its Board of Directors shall take any and all actions required to
amount greater than the amount they would have received
                                                                    purchase the Facilities.” Appellees contend that the Authority
under the contracts.
                                                                    did not raise any challenge in its brief to this declaration, and
                                                                    any complaint about it is therefore waived. They also contend
We do not find the Authority's statements to be a “clear,
                                                                    that the Authority judicially admitted what a reasonable price
deliberate, and unequivocal” admission of quantum meruit
                                                                    for the facilities would be. For this assertion, appellees again
liability. It is evident from the context that counsel was
                                                                    rely on the Authority's counsel's closing remarks about the
arguing that quantum meruit was not applicable, but if the
                                                                    reasonable value of the compensable work performed by the
jury was going to answer it in favor of appellees, they should
                                                                    plaintiffs in his statements to the jury regarding their answer
award no more than the amount they agreed to be paid
                                                                    to the quantum meruit damages question discussed above.
under the contracts. Even if counsel's statement that it was
                                                                    However, a declaratory judgment action is not necessarily
“undisputed” that appellees “did something of value” were
                                                                    an action for affirmative relief. See Republic Ins. Co. v.
construed as an admission, at most it addresses only the first
                                                                    Davis, 856 S.W.2d 158, 164 (Tex.1993). The relief provided
of the four necessary elements of quantum meruit. Therefore,
                                                                    under the Declaratory Judgments Act is remedial only, and it
we reject appellees' argument that the Authority judicially
                                                                    serves only “ ‘to settle and to afford relief from uncertainty
admitted liability in quantum meruit.
                                                                    and insecurity with respect to rights, status, and other legal
                                                                    relations.’ ” Id. (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE §
 [23] Appellees next argue that they satisfy the elements
                                                                    37.002(b)). Here, the Authority has requested that we reverse
of quantum meruit because the Authority has accepted the
                                                                    “the judgment,” which subsumes the declaratory judgment,
facilities and is using them to provide water and sewer
                                                                    because appellees' contract claims are infirm. The viability
services to customers within its boundaries in accordance
                                                                    of the trial court's declaration is wholly dependent upon the
with its statutory duties, and it was reasonably notified
                                                                    existence of the contract liability the Authority challenges.
that appellees expected payment for the facilities. However,
                                                                    Because we have found the Authority is not liable under its
recovery in quantum meruit is generally not available when
                                                                    contracts with appellees, the relief granted pursuant to the Act
there is an express contract covering the services or materials
                                                                    cannot be sustained. Therefore, we hold that the trial court's
furnished. See Vortt, 787 S.W.2d at 944. In their brief,
                                                                    declaration does not constitute an alternative ground upon
appellees mention that the existence of an express contract
                                                                    which to sustain the judgment.
will not defeat a recovery in quantum meruit when the
contract is deemed invalid, abandoned, or if it is partially
performed without the fault of the party seeking to recover in      III. Appellees' Cross–Point on Their Takings Claim
quantum meruit, citing W & W Oil Co. v. Capps, 784 S.W.2d            [26] [27] [28] In a single cross-point, appellees contend
536, 537–38 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1990, no writ), and Angroson,           the trial court erred in granting the Authority's directed verdict
Inc. v. Independent Communications, Inc., 711 S.W.2d 268,           on their claim that the Authority's use and control of the
271–72 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.), but they do       facilities constitutes a taking of appellees' property without

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              15
Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

                                                                  of right to the extent it had a good faith belief that its
compensation in violation of Article I, Section 17 of the
                                                                  actions were justified due to disagreements over payment
Texas Constitution. To recover under a theory that property
                                                                  due or performance under the contract.”). Here, the Authority
has been taken by a governmental entity without adequate
                                                                  disputed appellees' contention that it was obligated under
compensation, a plaintiff must establish the following: (1)
                                                                  the contracts to pay appellees for their facilities as soon
that the government entity intentionally performed certain
                                                                  as possible with any available funds; therefore, it lacks the
acts; (2) that resulted in the taking of the property; (3)
                                                                  requisite intent. Accordingly, we overrule appellees' cross-
for public use. Gen. Servs. Comm'n v. Little–Tex Insulation
                                                                  point.
Co., 39 S.W.3d 591, 598 (Tex.2001); Loyd v. ECO Res.,
Inc., 956 S.W.2d 110, 128 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.]
1997, no writ). Property is taken for a public use only when
there results to the public some definite right or use in the                            CONCLUSION
undertaking. Loyd, 956 S.W.2d at 128. Whether particular
facts are enough to constitute a taking is a question of law.    We hold that the Kirby Lake, Miter, and Taylor Lake
Little–Tex Insulation, 39 S.W.3d at 598.                         contracts unambiguously require the receipt of voter-
                                                                 approved bond funds as a condition precedent to payment by
 [29] [30] Appellees argue that the evidence was sufficient the Authority; accordingly, we reverse and render judgment
to submit the claim to the jury, because it showed that          in favor of the Authority against Kirby Lake, Miter, and
the Authority, a governmental entity, took possession of         Taylor Lake. We further hold that University's breach of
appellees' facilities for public use to provide residents of the contract claims are reversed and remanded for a new trial.
district with water, sewer, and drainage services, but has       We further hold that the trial court did not err in granting the
not, and said it will not, pay for the facilities. However,      Authority's motion for directed verdict on appellees' takings
a governmental entity does not have the requisite intent         claim.
under constitutional-takings jurisprudence when it withholds
property or money from an entity in a contract dispute.
See Little–Tex, 39 S.W.3d at 598–99; see also Green Int'l,       Former Chief Justice SCOTT BRISTER not participating.
Inc. v. State, 877 S.W.2d 428, 434 (Tex.App.-Austin 1994,
writ dism'd) (“Even if the government were to withhold           All Citations
property or payment it believed to be due the *756 other
party, the government would still be acting within the color     123 S.W.3d 735

Footnotes
1      Kirby Lake, Miter and University each entered into one contract with the Authority. Taylor Lake entered into two contracts
       with the Authority, one in 1994 and one in 1998, because the Authority was not immediately able to annex a portion of
       the property Taylor Lake sought to develop.
2      Apparently, the signs also included a date that was taped over for use in the later bond election held in October 1998.
3      The jury found that the Authority failed to comply with each of the contracts except the 1998 Taylor Lake contract, and
       did not award damages for that contract. Taylor Lake does not appeal this finding.
4      In addition to revenue bonds, appellees contend that the Authority could pay with surplus funds from the sale of ad
       valorem tax bonds or cash on hand.
5      The bold and italicized portions are reproduced as they appear in the Kirby Lake and Miter contracts. The provision in the
       1994 Taylor Lake contract consists of uniform characters without emphasis. The 1994 Taylor Lake contract also specifies
       that “The Authority intends to call a bond election in March or May of 1994” instead of “in the near future.”
6      The Authority, in addition to arguing that the receipt of voter-approved bond funds is a condition precedent to payment
       under the contracts, also contended that the language in the payment provision of the contracts that the funds must be
       “legally available” likewise constituted a condition precedent to payment. Because no funds became “legally available” for
       payment, the Authority urges, the condition precedent was not fulfilled and there can be no breach of contract. However,
       we do not find the phrase “legally available” in the context of the payment provisions to constitute a condition precedent.
       At most, it simply recognizes the manner and mechanism by which the Authority would authorize the expenditures.
7      The Authority also argues, as additional support for its contention that it did not breach the contracts by refusing to
       combine the bond elections, that the October 1998 election was outside the scope of the Kirby Lake, Miter, and Taylor

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            16
Clear Lake City Water Authority v. Kirby Lake Development, Ltd., 123 S.W.3d 735 (2003)

      Lake contracts because it was only required to include a proposition for developer reimbursements in one election. We
      express no opinion on the Authority's interpretation of the provision, as appellees make no argument in response and
      neither party raises this interpretation of the provision as an issue.
8     In contrast, other provisions of the contracts expressly incorporate this provision. For example, section 1.01 of the
      University contract, dealing with construction of the facilities, provides “[a]ny and all Contracts or change orders to the
      Contracts shall be subject to approval by the board of Directors of the Authority (the “Board”) (which approval shall not be
      unreasonably withheld).” Likewise, in section 4.01, dealing with the construction of street improvements, the developer
      agrees to complete and pay for street improvements in the subdivision “as described in the respective plats thereof (as
      the same may hereafter be amended either without effect to the size or location of such Street Improvements or with
      the consent of the Authority) in accordance with the plans and specifications therefor approved by the engineers for the
      Authority, which approval shall not unreasonably be withheld....”
9     Appellees also contend the area that became the subject of the Kirby Lake contract was included in the 1989 bond
      election, but there is no reference to the bond election in the Kirby Lake contract, which was executed in July of 1997,
      as there is in the University contract. Moreover, Kirby Lake did not enter into its contract with the Authority until after
      all the 1989 bond proceeds had been spent or allocated for other purposes. As reflected in the minutes of the public
      meeting in which the Authority voted to authorize the contract with Kirby Lake, Jack Beard, Kirby Lake's principal, and
      the Authority stipulated to the following:
            Developer reimbursements are strictly subject to the availability of appropriate bond funds. At this time the Authority
            and the Developer, Kirby Lake Development, Inc. acknowledge that such funds are not available and that the
            availability of such funds is subject to voter approval.
10    Sections 1 and 2 of the University development were ultimately included in a 1997 bond sale, and University was paid
      for those sections out of those proceeds. Sections 3 and 4 were put on the May 1998 ballot, but the proposition failed,
      and University was not paid for those sections.
11    In connection with this issue, the Authority argues that because the Texas Constitution limits the legislature's discretion
      to create debt, see TEX. CONST. art. III, §§ 44, 49a, 50; art. IV, § 14; art. VIII, § 6, the Authority, as a creation of the
      legislature, is similarly limited and therefore cannot bind “future boards” of the Authority to allocate funds to pay for the
      facilities. We are unpersuaded that the constitutional limitations on legislative appropriations is applicable here, and the
      Authority cites no case law in which these limitations were applied to a water district's contractual obligations. Similarly, the
      Authority argues that any interpretation of the contract that implies a requirement to appropriate future public funds, when
      no such requirement clearly and unmistakably appears on the face of the contract, violates the constitutional requirement
      of separation of powers. Again, we disagree that the contractual agreement to pay a portion of the cost of the facilities
      in these contracts impinges on the Authority's governmental functions.
12    Because of our disposition of the case, we do not reach the Authority's argument that there was legally and factually
      insufficient evidence of developer interest, which was part of the damages award.
13    The question also included this instruction: “It is your duty to interpret the meaning of the written agreements of the parties
      in this case. To interpret each agreement, you must consider, in addition to the language in the agreements, the facts
      and circumstances surrounding the making of the agreement, the interpretation placed on the agreement by the parties,
      and the conduct of the parties.”

End of Document                                                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 17
L
Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662 (1989)

                                                                      [3]   Attorney and Client
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                                   Nature of Attorney's Duty
Declined to Extend by McIntyre v. Commission for Lawyer Discipline,
                                                                            In a legal malpractice action, the jury must
 Tex.App.-Dallas, March 6, 2008
                                                                            evaluate the attorney's conduct based on the
                      774 S.W.2d 662                                        information the attorney had at the time of the
                  Supreme Court of Texas.                                   alleged act of negligence.

             Frank COSGROVE, Petitioner,                                    30 Cases that cite this headnote
                         v.
           Walter GRIMES et al., Respondents.                         [4]   Attorney and Client
                                                                                Pleading and Evidence
              No. C–8089.        |   June 28, 1989.
                                                                            Determination that attorney was negligent in his
Client sued attorneys for negligence, breach of contract, and               representation of client in personal injury action
violation of state Deceptive Trade Practices Act under theory               and that such negligence adversely affected
of breach of implied warranty. The 334th District Court,                    client was supported by sufficient evidence.
Harris County, Marsha D. Anthony, J., rendered take-nothing
                                                                            Cases that cite this headnote
judgment as to one attorney after client dropped second
attorney from suit and third attorney died, and client appealed.
The Court of Appeals, 757 S.W.2d 508, affirmed and client             [5]   Attorney and Client
applied for writ of error. The Supreme Court, Spears, J., held                  Damages and Costs
that: (1) no subjective good-faith excuse existed for attorney              Proper amount of damages in legal malpratice
negligence; (2) client was entitled to recover in negligence;               action for negligent misrepresentation in a
and (3) attorney waived objections to damage instructions.                  personal injury action is amount of damages
                                                                            recoverable and collectible by client from
Reversed and rendered.                                                      personal injury defendant if suit had been
                                                                            properly prosecuted.

                                                                            22 Cases that cite this headnote
 West Headnotes (8)

                                                                      [6]   Appeal and Error
 [1]     Attorney and Client                                                   Instructions
              Elements of Malpractice or Negligence
                                                                            Attorney's failure to distinctly point out any
         Action in General
                                                                            error in damage instructions in legal malpractice
         An attorney malpractice action is based on                         action resulted in waiver of issue of whether
         negligence.                                                        instructions were proper.

         53 Cases that cite this headnote                                   9 Cases that cite this headnote

 [2]     Attorney and Client                                          [7]   Damages
             Skill and Care Required                                           Particular Cases
         There is no subjective good-faith excuse for                       Plaintiff in legal malpractice action was entitled
         attorney negligence, but rather a lawyer is held                   to recover for mental anguish suffered as a result
         to the standard of care which would be exercised                   of attorney's negligence.
         by a reasonably prudent attorney.
                                                                            58 Cases that cite this headnote
         63 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                                      [8]   Trial

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              1
Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662 (1989)

              Particular Actions or Issues                          that he was leaving the state and was turning his automobile
         Legal malpractice plaintiff's failure to tender            collision claim over to Grimes. It is disputed at what point
         to court a properly worded jury issue on                   Grimes was notified of the circumstances surrounding the
         breach of implied warranty under Deceptive                 automobile collision. At some time before the statute of
         Trade Practices Act waived any ground of                   limitations ran, however, Grimes filed suit against Purnell.
         recovery based on Act. Vernon's Ann.Texas
         Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 278; V.T.C.A., Bus. & C.             After the statute of limitations had run, Cosgrove learned that
         § 17.41 et seq.                                            suit had been filed against the wrong person. Grimes, alleging
                                                                    that he had relied on Cosgrove's information, had filed suit
         13 Cases that cite this headnote                           against the passenger in the car which struck Cosgrove, rather
                                                                    than Stephens, the car's driver. Cosgrove also discovered that
                                                                    Grimes had alleged the wrong location of the accident.

Attorneys and Law Firms                                             Based upon errors in the suit filed, Cosgrove sued attorneys
                                                                    Bass and Grimes, and another attorney, Don Hendrix. 1
*663 Timothy H. Pletcher, Helm, Pletcher, Hogan, Bowen
                                                                    Cosgrove's malpractice suit alleged negligence, breach of
& Saunders, Houston, for petitioner.
                                                                    contract, false representations and Deceptive Trade Practices
George D. Gordon, Baggett & Gordon, Richard S. Browne,              Act (“DTPA”) violations under a theory of breach of implied
Houston, for respondents.                                           warranty. 2 This suit was consolidated with Cosgrove's
                                                                    personal injury claim.

      OPINION ON MOTION FOR REHEARING                               Eventually, the defendant Hendrix was dropped, and the suit
                                                                    against the remaining defendants proceeded to trial before
SPEARS, Justice.                                                    a jury. Most of the evidence at trial regarding the legal
                                                                    malpractice claim concerned only Grimes. Grimes insisted
Our opinion and judgment of April 19, 1989 are withdrawn            that he had no knowledge of Cosgrove's cause of action
and the following substituted therefor:                             until July 10, 1978, five days before the two-year statute of
                                                                    limitations would run. Grimes testified that on that date he
The issues in this case concern the applicability of the “good      met with Cosgrove and received information concerning the
faith” defense in legal malpractice actions. The trial court        name of the party to sue and the accident's location. Grimes
held that the exception barred client Frank Cosgrove from           also stated he had not been notified that his name was on
recovering on his claim. The court of appeals affirmed. 757         the power of attorney executed by Cosgrove, and that he had
S.W.2d 508. We reverse and render judgment for Cosgrove.            never been engaged in a partnership with Bass. Cosgrove
                                                                    testified that he contacted and met with Grimes shortly after
In July 1976, Cosgrove was injured when the automobile              Bass left the state. Cosgrove said the contact, five days before
he was driving was struck from the rear by a car driven by          limitations ran, was actually only a telephone inquiry about
Will Michael Stephens. Timothy Purnell was a passenger              the status of the case.
in Stephens' car at the time of the accident which occurred
on Decker Drive, south of the intersection with Airhart in          The jury found that Stephens, the driver of the car that hit
Baytown, Texas. The Baytown Police Department was called,           Cosgrove, had been negligent and that such negligence was a
and an accident report was made by the responding officer.          proximate cause of the accident. The jury *664 also found
                                                                    that Cosgrove would probably have collected $2,000 from
Soon after the accident, Cosgrove contacted attorney Ed W.          Stephens as damages resulting from the collision.
Bass, Jr. regarding the accident. Cosgrove executed a power
of attorney which designated Bass and Walter Grimes, also an        The jury also found that Grimes had been negligent and
attorney, to represent his interest in the claim. Bass apparently   that such negligence was a proximate cause of damages to
performed no investigation of the circumstances surrounding         Cosgrove. Further, the jury found that Grimes had failed
the case and no lawsuit was filed by Bass. Some time after this     to use “reasonable and ordinary care and diligence” in
initial meeting and before July 1978, Bass notified Cosgrove        prosecuting the suit arising from the automobile collision,

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              2
Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662 (1989)

that this failure adversely affected Cosgrove, and that $500.00    S.W. 146 (Tex.Civ.App.), rev'd on other grounds, 100 Tex.
would compensate Cosgrove for the mental anguish he                103, 94 S.W. 324 (1906). Some courts have held that if an
suffered as a result of Grimes' representation. No issues were     attorney makes an error in judgment, but acted in good faith
submitted regarding the role of attorney Bass.                     and in what the attorney believed was the client's best interest,
                                                                   the attorney is not liable for malpractice. See e.g., Cook v.
Grimes submitted proposed issues which included a good             Irion, 409 S.W.2d 475 (Tex.Civ.App.—San Antonio 1966, no
faith defense to a legal malpractice claim. Cosgrove objected      writ). In the instant case the jury found that Grimes had acted
to these issues as merely evidentiary, as submitting an            in good faith in relying on the information Cosgrove allegedly
inferential rebuttal issue, and as failing to properly submit      furnished to Grimes, and the trial court rendered judgment for
all elements of any good faith defense, should one exist.          Grimes.
The trial court submitted the two issues over Cosgrove's
objections. The jury found Grimes had in good faith relied on       [2] [3] There is no subjective good faith excuse for attorney
the information given to him by Cosgrove, and based upon           negligence. A lawyer in Texas is held to the standard of care
that information, Grimes had acted in Cosgrove's best interest.    which would be exercised by a reasonably prudent attorney.
                                                                   The jury must evaluate his conduct based on the information
Having received favorable jury answers on their submitted          the attorney has at the time of the alleged act of negligence.
issues, both Cosgrove and Grimes moved for judgment on             In some instances an attorney is required to make tactical
the verdict. Cosgrove later filed a motion to disregard the        or strategic decisions. Ostensibly, the good faith exception
special issues concerning Grimes' good faith and whether his       was created to protect this unique attorney work product.
actions were in Cosgrove's best interest. The trial court denied   However, allowing the attorney to assert his subjective good
this motion, and judgment was rendered that Cosgrove take          faith, when the acts he pursues are unreasonable as measured
nothing in his suit against the passenger, Purnell, and that he    by the reasonably competent practioner standard, creates too
take nothing against Grimes or Bass.                               great a burden for wronged clients to overcome. *665 The
                                                                   instruction to the jury should clearly set out the standard
The court of appeals affirmed, holding that the good faith         for negligence in terms which encompass the attorney's
exception to attorney negligence applied when the attorney         reasonableness in choosing one course of action over another.
exercised his best judgment in what he believed was his
client's best interests. 757 S.W.2d 508. The court of appeals      If an attorney makes a decision which a reasonably prudent
also ruled that the issue of good faith was defensive, rather      attorney could make in the same or similar circumstance, it
than an inferential rebuttal, and thus its submission in this      is not an act of negligence even if the result is undesirable.
case was proper. Finally, the court held that Cosgrove had not     Attorneys cannot be held strictly liable for all of their
properly submitted issues concerning his DTPA claim, and           clients' unfulfilled expectations. An attorney who makes a
thus the trial court properly denied him recovery on that cause    reasonable decision in the handling of a case may not be
of action.                                                         held liable if the decision later proves to be imperfect. The
                                                                   standard is an objective exercise of professional judgment,
In his application for writ of error in this court Cosgrove        not the subjective belief that his acts are in good faith.
advances two arguments. First, he contends the good faith          To the extent that some Texas courts have recognized an
exception to attorney negligence should be abolished because       exception to attorney negligence based on the subjective
it allows attorney conduct to be measured by a lower standard      good faith of the attorney, those cases are disapproved. E.g.,
of care than that of other professions. Second, he argues that     Tijerina v. Wennermark, 700 S.W.2d 342 (Tex.App.—San
the jury's answers to the issues submitted establish his right     Antonio 1985, no writ); Medrano v. Miller, 608 S.W.2d 781
to recover based on negligence and also breach of implied          (Tex.Civ.App.—San Antonio 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.); State v.
warranty under the DTPA.                                           Baker, 539 S.W.2d 367 (Tex.Civ.App.—Austin 1976, writ
                                                                   ref'd n.r.e.); Hicks v. State, 422 S.W.2d 539 (Tex.Civ.App.
 [1] An attorney malpractice action in Texas is based on           —Houston [14th Dist.] 1967, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Cook v. Irion,
negligence. Fireman's Fund Amer. Ins. Co. v. Patterson &           409 S.W.2d 475 (Tex.Civ.App.—San Antonio 1966, no writ).
Lamberty, Inc., 528 S.W.2d 67 (Tex.Civ.App.—Tyler 1975,
writ ref'd n.r.e.); Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 79 S.W.         Disregarding the jury's findings concerning good faith, we
1077 (Tex.Civ.App. 1904, no writ), appeal after remand, 93         must now determine whether Cosgrove may recover on his

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              3
Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662 (1989)

                                                                anguish suffered as a result of Grimes' negligence. This issue
claim of malpractice. An action for negligence is based on
                                                                properly assessed damages incurred by Cosgrove because
four elements. The plaintiff must prove that there is a duty
                                                                of Grimes' negligent handling of the first suit. Therefore,
owed to him by the defendant, a breach of that duty, that
                                                                Cosgrove is entitled to recover this amount based upon the
the breach proximately caused the plaintiff injury and that
                                                                jury's finding.
damages occurred. McKinley v. Stripling, 763 S.W.2d 407
(Tex.1989).
                                                                [8] Cosgrove also argues that issue number 5 and issue
                                                               number    6 embrace a DTPA claim based on breach of an
 [4]    In this case Cosgrove submitted seven special
                                                               implied warranty. Assuming arguendo such a cause of action
issues regarding his professional malpractice claim against
                                                               existed against an attorney under the 1977 version of the
Grimes. 3 The jury found in issue number 5 that Grimes had
                                                               DTPA, the issues requested by Cosgrove did not properly
been negligent in his representation of Cosgrove and in issue
                                                               place the matter before the jury. At best the language of
number 6 that such negligence adversely affected Cosgrove.
                                                               the submission vaguely alluded to a standard of care, not
There is evidence in the record to support these findings.
                                                               to an implied warranty. Because the issue did not inquire
                                                               whether Grimes breached an implied warranty, Cosgrove may
 [5]    [6] Issues number 7 and 8 inquired about damages
                                                               not recover on such a claim. Cosgrove's failure to tender a
Cosgrove would have recovered and collected as a result of
                                                               properly worded jury issue to the court for inclusion in the
the *666 collision. The two issues should have inquired as
                                                               jury charge constituted waiver of any ground of recovery
to the amount of damages recoverable and collectible from
                                                               based on the DTPA. Tex.R.Civ.P. 278.
Stephens if the suit had been properly prosecuted. See 3
State Bar of Texas, Texas Pattern Jury Charges PJC 85.01
                                                               We hold that the trial court erred in submitting issues to
(1982). Although these issues were defectively submitted,
                                                               the jury concerning Grimes' good faith. Based on the jury's
Grimes failed to object to them by distinctly pointing out any
                                                               answers to the remaining issues, we reverse the judgment of
error. Because Grimes waived the error in the submission, we
                                                               the court of appeals and render judgment that Cosgrove be
render judgment that Cosgrove recover $2000 in accordance
                                                               awarded $2500.00 as compensation for damages suffered as
with the jury's finding on issues number 7 and 8. See
                                                               a result of Grimes' negligent prosecution of Cosgrove's cause
Tex.R.Civ.P. 274; see also 34 G. Hodges & T. Guy, The Jury
                                                               of action.
Charge in Texas Civil Litigation § 149, at 271–74 (Texas
Practice 2d ed. 1988).
                                                                All Citations
[7] The jury found in response to issue number 9, that $500
would fairly and reasonably compensate Cosgrove for mental      774 S.W.2d 662

Footnotes
1      After the death of Bass, his estate was made a party defendant.
2      The DTPA claim was brought under the 1977 version of that act, thus all references to the DTPA concern the act in
       effect in 1977.
3      The five special issues relevant here are set out below:
          SPECIAL ISSUE NO. 5
          Do you find that Defendant Walter Grimes failed to exercise reasonable and ordinary care and diligence in applying
          the skill and knowledge at hand in the prosecution of the lawsuit arising from the July 15, 1976 collision?
          Answer “Yes” or “No.”
          ANSWER: Yes
          If your answer to Special Issue No. 5 was “Yes,” and only in that event, then answer Special Issue No. 6 below.
          SPECIAL ISSUE NO. 6
          Did such failure adversely affect Frank Cosgrove?
          Answer “Yes” or “No.”
          ANSWER: Yes
          SPECIAL ISSUE NO. 7

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         4
Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662 (1989)

        Find from a preponderance of the evidence what sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably
        compensate Frank Cosgrove for his loss, if any, resulting from the occurrence in question?
        You are to consider each element of damage separately, so as not to include damages for one element in any other
        element.
        You are instructed that you shall award the sum, if any, that Frank Cosgrove would have in reasonable probability
        recovered as a result of the July 15, 1976 collision.
        Consider the following elements of damage, if any, and none other and answer separately in dollars and cents, if any:
        (a) Physical pain and mental anguish in the past; loss of earning capacity in the past; disfigurement in the past and
           physical impairment in the past.
           $2,000.00
        (b) Disfigurement and physical impairment that, in reasonable probability, he will suffer in the future.
           $0
        SPECIAL ISSUE NO. 8
        Find from a preponderance of the evidence the amount of damages you found in Special Issue No. 7 that Frank
        Cosgrove would have in reasonable probability collected from WILL MICHAEL STEPHENS as a result of the collision?
        Answer in dollars and cents, if any.
        $2,000.00
        SPECIAL ISSUE NO. 9
        Find from a preponderance of the evidence what sum of money, if any, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably
        compensate Frank Cosgrove for the mental anguish he has suffered if any, as a result of the actions of Walter Grimes
        in connection with his representation of Mr. Cosgrove regarding the July 15, 1976 collision?
        Answer in dollars and cents, if any.
        ANSWER: $500.00

End of Document                                            © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

             © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            5
M
Dixon v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 607 S.W.2d 240 (1980)

                                                                         Court of Civil Appeals or Supreme Court upon
                                                                         material question of law. Vernon's Ann.Civ.St.
                    607 S.W.2d 240
                                                                         arts. 1728, subd. 2, 1821.
                 Supreme Court of Texas.
                                                                         1 Cases that cite this headnote
          Oleta Gravitt DIXON, Individually
          and as Executrix et al., Petitioners,
                          v.                                       [2]   Trial
              SOUTHWESTERN BELL                                               Questions of Law or Fact in General
        TELEPHONE COMPANY, Respondent.                                   Issue which is normally question of fact can be
                                                                         proved so conclusively by evidence at trial that
              No. B-8208. | Oct. 22, 1980.                               it becomes question of law rather than question
          |    Rehearing Denied Nov. 19, 1980.                           of fact.

Former employee and executrix of deceased former employee                5 Cases that cite this headnote
brought action against employer alleging conspiracy, oral
and written defamation, invasion of privacy, and economic
                                                                   [3]   Courts
duress. The 166th District Court, Bexar County, Peter
                                                                              Review by or Certificate to Supreme Court
Michael Curry, J., entered judgment in favor of employee and
                                                                         by Court of Civil Appeals of Questions Where
executrix on a jury verdict imposing liability on employer
                                                                         Its Decision Conflicts with or Overrules That of
for slander, and employer appealed. The Court of Civil
                                                                         Another Court of Civil Appeals or That of the
Appeals, Murray, J., 575 S.W.2d 596, reversed and rendered
                                                                         Supreme Court
a take nothing judgment against plaintiffs, who petitioned for
review. The Supreme Court, Pope, J., held that holding of                Holding of Court of Civil Appeals that
Court of Civil Appeals that conditional privilege of employer            conditional privilege of employer to make
to make inquiries or investigations so as to render statements           inquiries or investigations so as to render
made by employer or representatives of employer during                   statements made by employer or representatives
such investigations conditionally privileged for purposes of             of employer during such investigations
slander action existed as matter of law under facts in the case          conditionally privileged for purposes of slander
did not conflict with cited cases which held that under those            action existed as matter of law under facts in
records issue of conditional privilege was question of fact for          the case did not conflict with cited cases which
jury; therefore, Supreme Court had no jurisdiction to review             held that under those records issue of conditional
decision of the Court of Civil Appeals.                                  privilege was question of fact for the jury so
                                                                         as to give Supreme Court jurisdiction to review
Application dismissed for want of jurisdiction.                          decision of Court of Civil Appeals. Vernon's
                                                                         Ann.Civ.St. arts. 1728, subds. 1, 2, 1821.

                                                                         45 Cases that cite this headnote
 West Headnotes (3)

 [1]    Courts
                                                                  Attorneys and Law Firms
             Review by or Certificate to Supreme Court
        by Court of Civil Appeals of Questions Where               *240 Law Offices of Pat Maloney, Pat Maloney and Jack
        Its Decision Conflicts with or Overrules That of          Pasqual, San Antonio, for petitioners.
        Another Court of Civil Appeals or That of the
        Supreme Court                                             Green & Kaufman, Hubert W. Green, Groce, Locke &
        In slander case wherein justices of Court of              Hebdon, Jack Hebdon, James E. Barden, San Antonio, for
        Civil Appeals did not disagree, jurisdiction of           respondent.
        Supreme Court, if it existed at all, had to rest
        upon conflict with prior decision of another

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           1
Dixon v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 607 S.W.2d 240 (1980)

                                                                       state of facts that the decision of one case is necessarily
Opinion                                                                conclusive of the decision in the other. In other words, the
                                                                       rulings alleged to be in conflict must be upon the same
POPE, Justice.
                                                                       question, and, unless this is so, there can be no conflict.’
This is a slander case. The trial court rendered judgment              Garitty v. Rainey, 112 Tex. 369, 247 S.W. 825, 827. It is
                                                                       essential, moreover, that such conflict appear on the face of
for Oleta Gravitt Dixon 1 and James H. Ashley, in their
                                                                       the opinions themselves and that the same be specifically
suit against Southwestern Bell Telephone Company. The
                                                                       pointed out in the application for writ of error. State v.
court of civil appeals reversed the judgment and rendered a
                                                                       Wynn, supra (157 Tex. 200, 301 S.W.2d 76) ....” (Emphasis
take-nothing judgment against the plaintiffs, holding that the
                                                                       added.)
undisputed facts in the case established Southwestern Bell's
defense of conditional privilege to conduct an investigation
                                                                     Petitioners, Mrs. Dixon and Ashley, urge that the court of
and that there was no evidence of malice *241 which would
                                                                     civil appeals misapplied the law of defamation to hold that
overcome the privilege. 575 S.W.2d 596. The application is
                                                                     the defense of conditional privilege is a question of law. They
dismissed for want of jurisdiction.
                                                                     assert that such a holding is in conflict with three prior courts
                                                                     of civil appeals decisions, to wit: Houston Belt & Terminal
Since the Legislature has limited our jurisdiction of slander
                                                                     Ry. Co. v. Wherry, 548 S.W.2d 743 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston
cases, we must determine at the outset if we have jurisdiction.
                                                                     (1st Dist.) 1976, writ ref'd n. r. e.); Stearns v. McManis,
Article 1821 2 provides in part that in all cases of slander, “the   543 S.W.2d 659 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston (1st Dist.) 1976,
judgments of the Courts of Civil Appeals shall be conclusive         writ dism'd w. o. j.); Buck v. Savage, 323 S.W.2d 363
on the law and facts” and no “writ of error (shall) be allowed       (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston 1959, writ ref'd n. r. e.). We disagree.
thereto from the Supreme Court ....” The only exceptions
permitted by this statute are from an appealable judgment “in        Wherry was a libel action wherein the court of civil appeals
which the judges of the Courts of Civil Appeals may disagree         affirmed a jury verdict for plaintiff. Although the court
upon any question of law material to the decision, or in which       held that the defendant railroad had waived its defense of
one of the Courts of Civil Appeals holds differently from a          conditional privilege, it quoted the rule set forth in Denton
prior decision of another Court of Civil Appeals or of the           Publishing Company v. Boyd, 460 S.W.2d 881 (Tex.1970),
Supreme Court upon a question of law, as provided for in             as follows:
Subdivisions (1) and (2) of Article 1728.”
                                                                       “Where the facts are undisputed and the language used in
 [1] The justices of the court of civil appeals did not disagree       the publication is not ambiguous, the question of privilege
here, and our jurisdiction, if it exists at all, must rest upon a      is ordinarily one of law for the court. ... (citations omitted)
conflict as provided for in Subdivision 2 of Article 1728. 3
                                                                        *242 “It is for the jury, however, to resolve any dispute
We have concluded that the requisite conflict does not exist
                                                                       in the evidence as to the circumstances under which the
and that the application for writ of error must be dismissed
                                                                       publication was made. ...”
for want of jurisdiction.

                                                                     Stearns was a suit for slander wherein the court of civil
The applicable rules for determining the requisite conflict
                                                                     appeals affirmed a jury verdict for plaintiff after finding, on
of decisions under Subdivision 2 of Article 1728 were
                                                                     rehearing, that the evidence summarized there supported the
summarized by this court in John Farrell Lumber Company
                                                                     jury finding that defendant acted with malice in making the
v. Wood, 400 S.W.2d 307 (Tex.1966), as follows:
                                                                     defamatory statement. The court quoted with approval from
  “When a conflict of decisions is made the basis of Supreme         36 Tex.Jur.2d 475 Libel and Slander s 149 which provides in
  Court jurisdiction, the conflict must be such that one             part:
  decision would operate to overrule the other in case
                                                                                  “In cases involving qualifiedly
  they were both decided by the same court. International
                                                                                  privileged defamation, although the
  Harvester Co. v. Stedman, supra (159 Tex. 593, 324
                                                                                  existence of actual or express malice
  S.W.2d 543). ‘An apparent inconsistency in the principles
                                                                                  is not presumed as a matter of
  announced, or in the application of recognized principles,
                                                                                  law and must be proved, it need
  is not sufficient. The rulings must be so far upon the same

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               2
Dixon v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 607 S.W.2d 240 (1980)

                                                                    be established as a matter of law. Nor did the courts in the
              not be proved by direct or extrinsic
                                                                    three cases asserted to be in conflict hold that the question
              evidence; its existence is sufficiently
                                                                    of conditional privilege or malice would always be a fact
              shown by evidence of facts and
                                                                    question for the jury. It is fundamental that an issue, which is
              circumstances from which it is
                                                                    normally a question of fact, can be proved so conclusively by
              reasonably inferable. ...”
                                                                    the evidence at trial that it becomes a question of law, rather
                                                                    than a question of fact. Cf. Texas & N. O. R. Co. v. Burden,
In Buck the court of civil appeals reformed and affirmed a
                                                                    146 Tex. 109, 203 S.W.2d 522 (1947).
plaintiff's judgment for actual and exemplary damages for
libel and slander. The court held that the evidence enumerated
                                                                    Since there was no objection to the New York Times standard
in its opinion was sufficient to raise the issue of malice and
                                                                    of malice which was submitted by the trial court, the court
that defendant's conditional privilege was lost by the jury
                                                                    of civil appeals did not find it necessary to determine the
finding of malice. The following rules were recognized by the
                                                                    proper standard to be applied against a non-media defendant.
court:
                                                                    See: New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254,
    “A qualified or conditional privilege, as we understand         84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686 (1964); Gertz v. Robert
    the rule, comprehends bona fide communications, oral            Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 94 S. Ct. 2997, 41 L. Ed. 2d 789
    or written, upon any subject in which the author or the         (1974); Foster v. Laredo Newspapers, Inc., 541 S.W.2d 809
    public has an interest or with respect to which he has a        (Tex.1976); Dun and Bradstreet, Inc. v. O'Neil, 456 S.W.2d
    duty to perform to another owing a corresponding duty.          896 (Tex.1970); El Paso Times, Inc. v. Trexler, 447 S.W.2d
    Such privilege is termed conditional or qualified because a     403 (Tex.1969); Roegelein Provision Co. v. Mayen, 566
    person availing himself of it must use it in a lawful manner    S.W.2d 1 (Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio 1978, writ ref'd n. r.
    and for a lawful purpose. The effect of the privilege is to     e.). It held only that there was no evidence to support the jury
    justify the communication when it is made without actual        finding of malice.
    malice. ...
                                                                     [3] Without considering the merits of this appeal, we
    “The law, therefore, places the burden on the plaintiff to      conclude that the holding of the court of civil appeals that
    prove that the defendant in the exercise of a conditional       conditional privilege of Southwestern Bell exists as a matter
    privilege was prompted or partially prompted by malice or       of law under the facts in this cause does not conflict with the
    a want of good faith. ...                                       cited cases which held that under those records the issue of
                                                                    a *243 conditional privilege was a question of fact for the
    “While actual or express malice must be proved, it need not     jury.
    be proved by direct or extrinsic evidence. Proof of facts and
    circumstances from which it may be reasonably inferred is       Our order granting the application for writ of error is set aside
    sufficient. ...”                                                and the application is dismissed for want of jurisdiction.

 [2] In the instant case, the court of civil appeals held that,
under the facts proved at trial, Southwestern Bell's conditional
privilege to make the investigation arose as a matter of law        GARWOOD, J., not sitting.
and that there was no evidence of malice or improper motive
                                                                    All Citations
to cause Southwestern Bell to lose the conditional privilege. It
did not hold that under all facts a conditional privilege would     607 S.W.2d 240

Footnotes
1        Mrs. Dixon is the surviving widow and Independent Executrix of the Estate of T. O. Gravitt, Deceased.
2        All statutory references are to Texas Revised Civil Statutes Annotated.
3        Subdivision 2 of Article 1728 reads as follows:
                        “Those in which one of the Courts of Civil Appeals holds differently from a prior decision of
                        another Court of Civil Appeals, or of the Supreme Court upon any question of law material to
                        a decision of the case.”

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              3
Dixon v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 607 S.W.2d 240 (1980)

End of Document                                         © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        4
N
Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

                                                                        Instructed verdict is proper if: specifically
                                                                        indicated defect in opponent's pleading makes
                    842 S.W.2d 719
                                                                        it insufficient to support judgment; evidence
                Court of Appeals of Texas,
                                                                        proves conclusively truth of fact propositions
                          Dallas.
                                                                        that, under substantive law, establish right of
             James A. EDLUND, Appellant,                                movant, or negate right of his opponent, to
                         v.                                             judgment; or evidence is insufficient to raise fact
               R.W. BOUNDS, Appellee.                                   issue as to one or more fact propositions that
                                                                        must be established for opponent to be entitled
          No. 05–90–00085–CV. | Sept. 14,                               to judgment.
       1992. | Rehearing Denied Oct. 26, 1992.
                                                                        27 Cases that cite this headnote
Payee brought action against maker to enforce promissory
note, and maker counterclaimed. The 98th Judicial District        [3]   Trial
Court, Dallas County, Joe Brown, J., entered judgment for                    Insufficiency to support other verdict;
payee, and maker appealed. The Court of Appeals, Enoch,                 conclusive evidence
C.J., held that: (1) valuable consideration supported note;
                                                                        Instructed verdict is warranted when evidence is
(2) payee was proper party to enforce note; (3) issue of
                                                                        such that no other verdict can be rendered and
whether majority shareholder converted note receivables and
                                                                        moving party is entitled, as matter of law, to
real estate brokerage franchise was for jury; and (4) payee was
                                                                        judgment.
entitled to recover 15% of amount of principal and interest
owing at time of judgment as attorney fees.                             5 Cases that cite this headnote

Affirmed in part, modified in part, and reversed and remanded
in part.                                                          [4]   Trial
                                                                             Sufficiency to present issue of fact
                                                                        It is error for trial court to instruct verdict when
                                                                        material issue is raised by evidence.
 West Headnotes (38)
                                                                        6 Cases that cite this headnote

 [1]     Appeal and Error
              Effect of evidence and inferences therefrom         [5]   Trial
         on direction of verdict                                             Conflicting evidence
         In reviewing instructed verdict, appellate                     If there is any conflicting evidence of probative
         court considers all evidence in light most                     value in record, determination of issue is for jury.
         favorable to party against whom verdict was
         instructed, disregarding all contrary evidence                 4 Cases that cite this headnote
         and inferences.
                                                                  [6]   Bills and Notes
         7 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                              Nature and essentials in general
                                                                        Note used to secure purchase of brokerage firm
 [2]     Trial                                                          was promissory note as defined by Business and
              Sufficiency to present issue of fact                      Commerce Code; note was signed by maker and
         Trial                                                          contained unconditional promise to pay $75,000
              Insufficiency to support other verdict;                   to order of payee, note contained due date
         conclusive evidence                                            and was clearly designated “promissory note.”
         Trial                                                          V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 3.104(a, b).
              Nature and Grounds

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             1
Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

                                                                    must be showing of some type of trickery, deceit,
        2 Cases that cite this headnote                             or device employed by payee as well as showing
                                                                    that payee represented to maker that he would not
 [7]    Bills and Notes                                             be liable on note.
              Nature and essentials in general
                                                                    1 Cases that cite this headnote
        “Note” is written unconditional promise to pay
        another certain sum of money at certain time.
        V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 3.104(a, b).                   [12]   Bills and Notes
                                                                          Parties Plaintiff
        5 Cases that cite this headnote                             Payee was proper party to enforce promissory
                                                                    note used to apportion debt between partners
 [8]    Bills and Notes                                             who purchased brokerage firm, although sole
              Weight and Sufficiency of Evidence                    consideration for note used to purchase firm was
                                                                    owned by third-party corporation in which payee
        To collect on note, holder need only establish
                                                                    was majority shareholder; corporation's absence
        that there is a note, that he is legal owner and
                                                                    did not prevent existing parties from obtaining
        holder of note, that maker signed note, and that
                                                                    complete relief, note was between maker and
        certain balance was due and owing on note.
                                                                    payee, and corporation was not mentioned on
        10 Cases that cite this headnote                            note.

                                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
 [9]    Bills and Notes
              Sufficiency
                                                             [13]   Limitation of Actions
        Valuable consideration supported note; maker
                                                                        Bills and notes
        agreed to be liable on $75,000 note to payee
                                                                    Four-year statute of limitations applicable to
        in return for payee's pledge of real property
                                                                    actions for debt began running at maturity date of
        worth over $150,000 to secure purchase of
                                                                    promissory note, notwithstanding maker's ability
        brokerage firm, maker benefitted by acquisition
                                                                    to prepay.
        of firm, and there was detriment to payee
        in securing purchase of firm with property                  5 Cases that cite this headnote
        belonging to corporation in which he was
        majority shareholder.
                                                             [14]   Bills and Notes
        Cases that cite this headnote                                     General rules of construction
                                                                    Rules of construction governing contracts are
 [10]   Bills and Notes                                             applicable to notes, and note must be construed
              Mistake, fraud, or duress                             as a whole.
        Maker failed to establish that note was obtained            4 Cases that cite this headnote
        by payee through fraud where maker testified at
        trial that payee never told him that he would have
        no responsibility on note.                           [15]   Contracts
                                                                        Conflicting clauses in general
        Cases that cite this headnote                               When provisions of contract appear to conflict,
                                                                    they should be harmonized if possible to reflect
 [11]   Evidence                                                    intentions of parties.
            Fraud
                                                                    7 Cases that cite this headnote
        To establish fraud in the inducement sufficiently
        to allow exception to parol evidence rule, there

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        2
Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

 [16]   Contracts                                                   Cases that cite this headnote
            Intention of Parties
        Contracts                                            [21]   Conversion and Civil Theft
            Conflicting clauses in general                              Assertion of ownership or control in general
        Parties to contract intend every clause to have             “Conversion” is wrongful exercise of dominion
        some effects and court will not strike down any             and control over another's property in denial of
        portion of contract unless there is irreconcilable          or inconsistent with property owner's rights.
        conflict.
                                                                    12 Cases that cite this headnote
        6 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                             [22]   Conversion and Civil Theft
 [17]   Contracts                                                       Measure of damages in general
            Questions for Jury
                                                                    Measure of damages in conversion action is
        If written instrument is so worded that it can              value of property at time and place of conversion.
        be given certain or definite legal meaning or
        interpretation, then it is not ambiguous and court          4 Cases that cite this headnote
        will construe contract as matter of law.

        2 Cases that cite this headnote                      [23]   Conversion and Civil Theft
                                                                        Money and commercial paper; debt
                                                                    Action for conversion of money will lie if money
 [18]   Bills and Notes
                                                                    can be identified as specific chattel.
              Time of Maturity
        Words “on or before” on promissory notes are                12 Cases that cite this headnote
        well understood to mean, “immediately at or at
        any time in advance of” period named.
                                                             [24]   Conversion and Civil Theft
        4 Cases that cite this headnote                                 Money and commercial paper; debt
                                                                    Action for conversion of money may be brought
                                                                    where money is: delivered for safekeeping;
 [19]   Limitation of Actions
                                                                    intended to be kept segregated; substantially in
            Bills and notes
                                                                    form in which it is received or intact fund; and
        When note is payable at definite time, limitations          not subject of title claim by keeper.
        begins to run at maturity of note.
                                                                    26 Cases that cite this headnote
        5 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                             [25]   Appeal and Error
 [20]   Conversion and Civil Theft                                       Time of bringing suit, limitations, and
            Questions for jury                                      laches
        Issue of whether majority shareholder converted             Majority shareholder failed to preserve issue
        note receivables and real estate brokerage                  of whether minority shareholder's conversion
        franchise was for jury in counterclaim for                  claim was barred by limitations where majority
        conversion brought by minority shareholder                  shareholder did not obtain trial court's ruling on
        where allegedly converted items were identified             his limitations defense. Rules App.Proc., Rule
        chattels of which minority shareholder adduced              52(a).
        evidence of their value on date of their alleged
        conversion.                                                 1 Cases that cite this headnote

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Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

                                                                    not entitled to affirmative defense of offset
 [26]   Corporations and Business Organizations                     by assignment in suit on note; note was not
             Allegations as to interest of or injury to             disposed of by divorce decree and there was no
        plaintiff                                                   evidence of judgment determining former wife's
        Corporations and Business Organizations                     ownership interest in note. V.T.C.A., Family
             Necessity of allegation of demand and                  Code § 3.91.
        refusal
                                                                    1 Cases that cite this headnote
        Corporations and Business Organizations
              Allegations of excuse for failure to demand;
        futility                                             [29]   Appeal and Error
        Corporations and Business Organizations                        Contracts in general
            Derivative or direct action                             Trial court did not err in excluding testimony
        Derivative suit for conversion could not be                 of witness for maker in suit on promissory
        brought by counterclaimant on behalf of                     note; maker failed to show relevancy of witness'
        corporation where counterclaimant failed to                 testimony and that its exclusion resulted in
        establish that he was owed individual duty                  improper judgment.
        by plaintiff in any transactions regarding
                                                                    1 Cases that cite this headnote
        corporation, and counterclaimant's pleadings
        failed to allege that he was record or beneficial
        owner of shares at time of alleged conversion and    [30]   Appeal and Error
        his efforts to have suit brought for corporation                Necessity of Setting Forth Evidence
        by board of directors, or reasons for not                   Excluded
        making such efforts. V.A.T.S. Bus.Corp.Act,                 Error is not shown in exclusion of evidence
        art. 5.14, subd. B(2); Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules             unless complaining party brings before appellate
        Civ.Proc., Rule 42.                                         court record that clearly shows not only what
                                                                    evidence would have been if admitted, but also
        2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    its relevancy.

 [27]   Corporations and Business Organizations                     Cases that cite this headnote
            Actions by or Against Directors, Officers,
        or Agents in General                                 [31]   Bills and Notes
        When corporation is fully functional, cause of                    Mode and Sufficiency of Payment
        action for breach of director's fiduciary duties            Maker of promissory note was not entitled to jury
        normally belongs to corporation and cannot                  question asking it to determine what amount of
        be brought by shareholder, unless shareholder               note remained unpaid where no evidence was
        establishes that he is owed individual duty by              introduced that any payments were made on note
        corporation, its officers, directors, or majority           or that any credits were applied to note.
        shareholders.
                                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
        1 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                             [32]   Bills and Notes
 [28]   Bills and Notes                                                   Attorney fees
              Particular Grounds
                                                                    Payee was entitled to 15% of principal and
        Divorce                                                     interest owing at time of judgment as attorney
             Property not disposed of by judgment or                fees in action to collect amount owing on
        decree                                                      promissory note; payee proved his entitlement to
        Former wife of payee had no interest in                     attorney fees based on contractual provision as
        promissory note and, therefore, maker was                   matter of law and maker presented no evidence

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Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

        on unreasonableness of requested fees, nor did he            Supersedeas bond is not intended to secure
        prove lesser amount that was reasonable under                speculative damages or damages that have not
        circumstances.                                               been finally determined.

        5 Cases that cite this headnote                              1 Cases that cite this headnote

 [33]   Appeal and Error                                      [37]   Execution
           Interrogatories and special verdicts                          Nature and form
        Appeal and Error                                             Execution cannot issue on judgment that is not
           Extent of Review                                          final.
        Appeal and Error
                                                                     2 Cases that cite this headnote
           Sufficiency of Evidence in Support
        Appeal and Error
           Against Weight of Evidence                         [38]   Judgment
                                                                         Final judgment
        In reviewing “matter of law” challenge, appellate
        court uses two-pronged test: first, court examines           Judgment for plaintiff that does not dispose of
        record for evidence that supports jury's findings,           defendant's counterclaim is not final judgment.
        while ignoring all evidence to contrary; second,
                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
        if there is no evidence to support fact finder's
        answer, court will examine entire record to see
        if contrary proposition was established as matter
        of law.
                                                             Attorneys and Law Firms
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             *722 John Alan Goren, Dallas, for appellant.

 [34]   Appeal and Error                                     Will Ford Hartnett, Jack Kent Davenport, Dallas, for appellee.
             Void or defective appeal or other
        proceeding                                           Before ENOCH, C.J., and BISSETT 1 and ONION 2 , JJ.
        Surety's obligations on supersedeas bond would
        be discharged in suit to collect amount owing on
        promissory note since maker's counterclaim was                      OPINION ON REHEARING
        still pending, judgment was not final, and Court
                                                             ENOCH, Chief Justice.
        of Appeals could not render judgment against
        surety on bond.                                      We withdraw our opinion of July 3, 1992. This is now the
                                                             opinion of the court. R.W. Bounds sued James A. Edlund on a
        3 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             promissory note. Edlund answered with a general denial and
                                                             asserted affirmative defenses and a counterclaim. Edlund now
 [35]   Appeal and Error                                     appeals the trial court's judgment rendered in favor of Bounds.
           Nature of obligation                              Bounds cross-appeals the judgment on the issue of attorney's
        Purpose of supersedeas bond is to secure             fees. We affirm in part, modify and affirm in part, and reverse
        appellee and abate remedies he would otherwise       and remand in part.
        have for realizing his judgment.

        3 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                            FACTUAL BACKGROUND

 [36]   Appeal and Error                                     Bounds testified that he and Edlund formed the real estate
           Nature of obligation                              brokerage company, K–John Real Estate, Inc. (K–John) in the

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Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

early 1980s. Bounds owned fifty-one percent of the shares.        money in K–John. To expand their business, they agreed
Edlund was president of K–John, ran its day-to-day affairs,       to purchase the Frances Powell Gallery of Homes. Edlund
and owned forty-nine percent of the shares. In February,          would not have signed the note to Bounds had he known
1981, they agreed to purchase the Frances Powell Gallery of       that Bounds did not own the Plano property securing the
Homes for $150,000. The purchase was accomplished with a          Frances Powell note. In January, 1982, Edlund and Bounds
$150,000 promissory note to Frances Powell in which both          formed Zanz Corporation (Zanz) for franchise transactions.
Bounds and Edlund were personal guarantors. Frances Powell        In February, 1982, Bounds and Edlund agreed to close the
required security of at least 125% of $150,000, which Bounds      businesses because they were losing money. They thought
satisfied by pledging a 9.7 acre tract of real property located   that they “could settle out of the relationship on an equal
in Plano. The property was owned by R–Co Corporation (R–          basis,” and Edlund “would make up the difference” if they did
Co), a corporation in which Bounds owned a majority of            not break even. Bounds never told Edlund that K–John was
the shares. Bounds further testified that since Edlund had no     over $400,000 in debt. Edlund stated that in addition to the
security to pledge, Edlund voluntarily signed a $75,000 note      $150,000 Frances Powell debt, K–John owed about $30,000
payable to Bounds. In 1982, Edlund informed Bounds that           to $40,000 to various creditors. Bounds told Edlund that K–
he was leaving K–John and surrendered his stock to him.           John expected to collect about $70,000 in income during
Bounds agreed to wind up the affairs of K–John. The business      the winding up period. Edlund testified that their settlement
was “broke” and owed over $400,000 to various creditors.          agreement included the forgiveness of the $75,000 note and
Per Edlund's request, Bounds told Edlund that he could delay      the distribution of the furniture and over $51,000 to Bounds.
payment of the $75,000 note until after Edlund sold his home.     Edlund never had any stock in Zanz to surrender. Bounds
Bounds testified that he never agreed to forgive the $75,000      stated that he left K–John in March, 1982, and left Dallas after
note. Edlund sold his home, moved to New York, and failed         he sold his home in August, 1984. In January, 1987, Bounds
to pay Bounds the $75,000 due him. In the meantime, Bounds        requested payment of $75,920.09. Edlund believed that the
sold the Plano property and with the sale proceeds paid           $75,920.09 represented the net difference between amounts
Frances Powell $150,000. Bounds filed suit against Edlund on      collected and debts owed and included interest and a credit
June 23, 1987 to collect on the note. Bounds also mentioned       on the $75,000 note.
that he was awarded the $75,000 note in his divorce from
Suzanne Stringer.                                                 Richard Euting testified that he was president and forty-nine
                                                                  percent owner of R–Co. The remainder of his testimony was
Kent Davenport testified that reasonable and necessary legal      excluded by the court as not relevant.
expenses for trying this case for Bounds was $20,000, to
appeal this case to the court of appeals would cost $7,500, and   Robert Bounds was called for the defense. He explained that
to file an application for writ of error with the Texas Supreme   the figures totalling $75,920.09 that he supplied to Edlund
Court would cost $2,500. If the Supreme Court granted the         in January, 1987, reflected figures Bounds copied from K–
writ, Bounds would incur an additional $2,500 in fees.            John's files. The $75,920.09 represented a settlement offer
                                                                  to prevent a lawsuit. Bounds stated that he never agreed to
For the defense, Suzanne Stringer testified that she was          forgive Edlund's $75,000 note and that Edlund had paid him
formerly Bounds's wife. At the time of their divorce, she was     nothing on the note to date. Bounds was able to elucidate
unaware of the $75,000 note. She stated that she claimed          some of the credits and debts received during the winding-
a one-half interest in this note because she was married to       up period, but could not explain all of the figures provided to
Bounds at the time it was executed. The divorce decree was        Edlund.
admitted into evidence. She also stated that she received
nothing from Edlund when she assigned her interest in the         Edlund was recalled and testified that he never told Bounds
note to him on January 13, 1988.                                  that he would pay off the note after he sold his house. Bounds
                                                                  never told him that payment of $75,920.09 would prevent a
Edlund testified that he became acquainted with Bounds            lawsuit.
when Bounds sold him a *723 home. Bounds appeared to
be a successful real estate developer and builder. Edlund         Bounds called Lawrence Kruger, K–John's accountant, by
agreed to go into business with Bounds, and they formed           deposition as a rebuttal witness. Kruger stated that the files he
K–John in February, 1981. They invested equal amounts of          produced were complete records for K–John. He was never

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Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

told of any settlement agreement between Bounds and Edlund
concerning the $75,000 note. Edlund told Kruger that he
                                                                                     PROMISSORY NOTE
would be owed some money during the winding-up period
but to write it off on his income tax return. Edlund reported      [6] In Edlund's first point of error, he contends that the trial
a $36,000 loss.                                                   court erred by granting Bounds's motion for instructed verdict
                                                                  and in rendering judgment because the evidence proves that
Edlund urged a motion for instructed verdict which was            the $75,000 note was not a conventional promissory note in
overruled. Bounds presented a motion for instructed verdict       which he would be considered the maker and Bounds the
which was granted with respect to Edlund's defenses of            payee. Edlund argues that the evidence shows that the note
fraud in the inducement, limitations, and improper plaintiff,     was actually security for the Frances Powell transaction.
and all of Edlund's counterclaims. The jury determined
reasonable and necessary attorney's fees for legal services in      [7] The Texas Business and Commerce Code defines a
the preparation and trial of the cause to be one dollar and        promissory note. It provides that a writing is a negotiable
found that Bounds did not agree to an accord and satisfaction      instrument if it (1) is signed by the maker; (2) contains
of the $75,000 note.                                               an unconditional promise or order to pay a sum certain;
                                                                   (3) is payable on demand or at a definite time; and (4) is
                                                                   payable to order or to bearer. TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE
                  STANDARD OF REVIEW                               ANN. § 3.104(a) (Vernon 1968). It further provides that “[a]
                                                                   writing which complies with the requirements of this section
 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] In reviewing an instructed verdict,           is ... (4) a “note” if it is a promise other than a certificate
we consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable        of deposit.” TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE ANN. § 3.104(b)
to the party against whom the verdict was instructed,              (Vernon 1968). In short, a note is a written unconditional
disregarding all contrary evidence and inferences. We              promise to pay another a certain sum of money at a certain
determine whether there is any evidence of probative force to      time. FDIC v. Eagle Properties, Ltd., 664 F. Supp. 1027, 1034
raise fact issues on the material questions presented. C & C       (W.D.Tex.1985).
Partners v. Sun Exploration & Prod. Co., 783 S.W.2d 707,
712 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1989, writ denied). An instructed             Here, the $75,000 note was signed by Edlund and contained
verdict is proper if (1) a specifically indicated defect in        an unconditional promise to pay $75,000 to the order of
the opponent's pleading makes it insufficient to support a         Bounds. The note stated that it was “due on or before February
judgment; (2) the evidence proves conclusively the truth           3, 1984.” It was clearly designated a “promissory note.” See
of fact propositions that, under the substantive *724 law,         Clark v. Dedina, 658 S.W.2d 293, 297 (Tex.App.—Houston
establish the right of the movant, or negate the right of his      [1st Dist.] 1983, writ dism'd). We conclude that the $75,000
opponent, to judgment; or (3) the evidence is insufficient to      note was a promissory note as defined by the Texas Business
raise a fact issue as to one or more fact propositions that must   and Commerce Code and, accordingly, overrule Edlund's first
be established for the opponent to be entitled to judgment.        point of error.
Fort Worth State School v. Jones, 756 S.W.2d 445, 446
(Tex.App.–Fort Worth 1988, no writ). An instructed verdict
is warranted when the evidence is such that no other verdict
                                                                                             DAMAGES
can be rendered and the moving party is entitled, as a matter
of law, to judgment. C & C Partners, 783 S.W.2d at 712. It          [8] Edlund argues, in his second point of error, that the
is error for the trial court to instruct a verdict when a material judgment is improper because there is no evidence that
issue is raised by the evidence. Graziadei v. D.D.R. Mach.         Bounds suffered any damages. The holder of a note need only
Co., 740 S.W.2d 52, 55–56 (Tex.App.–Dallas 1987, writ              establish that there is a note, that he is the legal owner and
denied). An instructed verdict is improper when reasonable         holder of the note, that the maker signed the note, and that a
minds may differ as to the truth of the controlling facts. Id. at  certain balance was due and owing on the note. Clark, 658
56. If there is any conflicting evidence of probative value in     S.W.2d at 295. Since Bounds sufficiently established these
the record, determination of the issue is for the jury. White v.   elements, we overrule Edlund's second point of error.
Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 651 S.W.2d 260, 262 (Tex.1983).

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Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

                                                                    [12] Edlund's fifth point asserts that the trial court erred
                                                                   in granting Bounds's motion for instructed verdict and
                    CONSIDERATION
                                                                   rendering judgment on his affirmative defense of improper
 [9] In his third point, Edlund asserts that the trial court       party plaintiff. The record reveals that Edlund verified
erred in granting Bounds's motion for instructed verdict and       the affirmative defense of improper party plaintiff. See
in rendering judgment against him on his affirmative defense       TEX.R.CIV.P. 93. However, Edlund has failed to prove this
that there was no consideration or a failure of consideration      affirmative defense.
to support the $75,000 note. The record reveals that Edlund
verified these affirmative defenses. See TEX.R.CIV.P. 93. A        Edlund argues that R–Co was a necessary party since the sole
sworn plea of no consideration places the burden of proof on       consideration for the Frances Powell note was an asset owned
Edlund to show that there was none. Clark, 658 S.W.2d at           by R–Co. A party must be joined if (1) his absence prevents
297. Our review shows that Edlund failed to meet this burden.      granting complete relief to existing parties in the lawsuit, or
                                                                   (2) he claims an interest in the subject matter and his absence
“Valuable consideration for a contract may consist of either       in the lawsuit may impair or impede his ability to protect
a benefit to the promisor or a detriment to the promisee.”         this interest or leave the parties already present in the lawsuit
 *725 Clark, 658 S.W.2d at 297 (emphasis in original). Here,       subject to substantial risk of incurring double, multiple, or
Edlund agreed to be liable on the $75,000 note to Bounds           inconsistent obligations. TEX.R.CIV.P. 39.
in return for Bounds's pledge of real property worth over
$150,000 to secure the Frances Powell note. The pledge             Here, R–Co's absence does not prevent the existing parties
was necessary for K–John to acquire the Frances Powell             from obtaining complete relief. The $75,000 note is between
brokerage firm. As president and shareholder of K–John,            Edlund, the maker, and Bounds, the payee. Nowhere on the
Edlund benefitted from the acquisition of the Frances Powell       note is R–Co mentioned. Any claim on the $75,000 note
brokerage firm. See Texas Export Dev. Corp. v. Schleder,           can be adjudicated without R–Co's presence. Additionally,
519 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1974, no writ).           we cannot conclude that R–Co's interests are impaired or
Additionally, there was a detriment to Bounds in securing          that Edlund was subjected to substantial risk of incurring
the Frances Powell note with property belonging to R–Co,           double liability. “Under the provisions of ... Rule 39 it would
a corporation in which he was a majority shareholder. Since        be rare indeed if there were a person whose presence was
Edlund failed to establish his affirmative defense of failure of   so indispensable in the sense that his absence deprives the
or want of consideration, we overrule his third point.             court of jurisdiction to adjudicate between the parties already
                                                                   joined.” Cooper v. Texas Gulf Ind., Inc., 513 S.W.2d 200, 204
                                                                   (Tex.1974). We overrule Edlund's fifth point.

                           FRAUD

 [10]     [11] In his fourth point, Edlund asserts that the                      STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS
trial court erred in granting Bounds's motion for instructed
verdict and rendering judgment against him on his affirmative       [13] Edlund's sixth and seventh points of error contend
defense that the note was obtained by Bounds through fraud.        that the trial court erred in granting Bounds's motion
To establish fraud in the inducement sufficiently to allow an      for instructed verdict and in denying Edlund's motion for
exception to the parol evidence rule, there must be a showing      judgment n.o.v. and motion for new trial. Edlund argues that
of some type of trickery, deceit, or device employed by the        the lawsuit was barred by the four-year statute of limitations.
payee as well as a showing that the payee represented to           See TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 16.004(a)(3)
the maker that he would not be liable. Clark, 658 S.W.2d           (Vernon 1986). The instrument consisted of a preprinted form
at 296. Edlund testified at trial that Bounds never told him       wherein blank lines were completed with typewritten words.
that he would have no responsibility on the $75,000 note. We       The first line of the instrument reads: “$ 75,000.00 Plano,
overrule Edlund's fourth point of error.                           Texas, August 24 A.D. 1981.” The second line begins: “Due
                                                                   upon demand after date....” Edlund argues that this language
                                                                   makes the instrument a demand note which matured on the
                                                                   date of execution. See Loomis v. Republic Nat'l Bank of
            IMPROPER PARTY PLAINTIFF                               Dallas, 653 S.W.2d 75, 77 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1983, writ

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Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

ref'd n.r.e.) (limitations begins to run on a *726 demand           the corporations; and (2) Edlund adduced no evidence of
note on the date of making). However, at the lower left-hand        what assets were purportedly converted, their value, and
corner of the note, the printed word “Due” precedes a blank         the date of their conversion. In his motion for rehearing,
line. Typed upon the blank line are the words: “On or before        Bounds also asserts that Edlund's conversion claim is barred
February 3, 1984.”                                                  by limitations.

 [14] [15] [16] [17] It is well established in Texas thatOn appeal, Edlund argues that he is entitled to an accounting,
the rules of construction governing contracts are applicable to a constructive trust, and damages for Bounds's “failure to
notes, and a note must be construed as a whole. Amarillo Nat'l  distribute the net assets resulting from the winding up of
Bank v. Dilday, 693 S.W.2d 38, 41 (Tex.App.—Amarillo            affairs of K–John and Zanz.” However, Edlund's second
1985, no writ). When the provisions of a contract appear        amended answer and counterclaim states:
to conflict, they should be harmonized if possible to reflect
the intentions of the parties. Ogden v. Dickinson State Bank,                On February 20, 1984, K–John
662 S.W.2d 330, 332 (Tex.1983). The parties to a contract                    forfeited its charter and was
intend every clause to have some effect and a court will                     involuntarily dissolved pursuant to
not strike down any portion of the contract unless there is                  Article 7.010(B) of the Texas
an irreconcilable conflict. Id. If the written instrument is so              Corporations Act. At that time,
worded that it can be given a certain or definite legal meaning              Plaintiff seized control of all assets
or interpretation, then it is not ambiguous and the court will               of K–John and converted them to
construe the contract as a matter of law. Coker v. Coker, 650                his personal benefit. Defendant hereby
S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex.1983).                                                  sues Plaintiff for 49% of all assets
                                                                             of K–John, for an accounting of all
 [18] [19] We find no ambiguity in the terms of the $75,000                  assets of K–John between March 1982
note. The $75,000 was due, at the latest date, on February                   and the present, and for a constructive
3, 1984. Edlund could prepay this amount at his option. See                  trust over all assets which should
Fortson v. Burns, 479 S.W.2d 722, 724 (Tex.Civ.App.—                         have been allocated by Plaintiff to
Waco 1972, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The words “on or before” on                   Defendant's 49% interest, the value
promissory notes are well understood to mean, “immediately                   of which Defendant asserts to be in
at or at any time in advance of” a period named. Lovenberg v.                excess of $75,000 before interest.
Henry, 104 Tex. 550, 140 S.W. 1079, 1080 (Tex.1911). Upon
the passing of the due date of February 3, 1984, the option         Similar arguments were made with respect to Zanz. When
ceased to prepay and the note became an obligation to pay at        Bounds asserted his motion for instructed verdict with respect
all events. See id. When a note is payable at a definite time,      to Edlund's counterclaims, Bounds formulated his arguments
limitations begins to run at the maturity of the note. Loomis,      based on a conversion claim. Edlund responded to the
653 S.W.2d at 77. Here, the note matured on February 3,             conversion issues and added: “It would be our position once
1984. As this lawsuit was filed on June 23, 1987, filing            the assets come out of that corporation, [Bounds] has got to
occurred within the four-year statute of limitations applicable     give Mr. Edlund his half, seems obvious.”
to actions for debt. We overrule Edlund's sixth and seventh
points of error.                                                    Allegations contained in the pleadings define the nature and
                                                                    character of a suit. *727 Bobby Smith Brokerage, Inc. v.
                                                                    Bones, 741 S.W.2d 621, 622 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1987,
                                                                    no writ). Here Bounds had the right to assume that the case
                      CONVERSION
                                                                    made by the pleadings was the only case he was called upon
 [20] In his eighth point of error, Edlund asserts that the trial   to defend. See id. Edlund must recover on the basis on which
court erred in granting Bounds's motion for instructed verdict      he sued and upon proof of facts stated in his pleadings, and
and rendering judgment against Edlund on his counterclaims          he cannot recover through a right not asserted. Id. Therefore,
for a constructive trust, damages, or distribution of the net       Edlund's request for the remedies of a constructive trust,
assets of K–John and/or Zanz. Bounds responds that (1)              damages, or distribution stem from a claim of conversion as
Edlund lacks standing to sue because his claims belong to           set forth in his second amended answer and counterclaim.

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Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

                                                                   we now address Bounds's assertion that Edlund presented no
                                                                   evidence of what assets were purportedly converted, their
The record shows that the Secretary of State revoked K–
                                                                   value, and the date of the conversion of K–John's assets.
John's right to do business on September 15, 1983, and its
charter on February 20, 1984, for failure to file a franchise
                                                                    [21] [22] [23] [24] Conversion is the wrongful exercise
tax report. The effect of the Secretary of State's forfeiture is
                                                                   of dominion and control over another's property in denial of
summarized as follows:
                                                                   or inconsistent with the property owner's rights. Tripp Village
             The Supreme Court of Texas has                        Joint Venture v. MBank Lincoln Centre, N.A., 774 S.W.2d
             held that where the Secretary of State                746, 750 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1989, writ denied). The measure
             has entered on the record in his                      of damages is the value of the property at the time and place
             office forfeiture of the right of the                 of the conversion. Matter of Village Mobile Homes, Inc., 947
             corporation to do business in this state,             F.2d 1282, 1283 (5th Cir.1991); Prewitt v. Branham, 643
             the charter of the corporation has not                S.W.2d 122, 123 (Tex.1982) (per curiam). An action for the
             thereby been cancelled nor has the                    conversion of money will lie if the money can be identified
             corporation been dissolved. The effect                as a specific chattel. Eckman v. Centennial Sav. Bank, 757
             of such a forfeiture is to prohibit the               S.W.2d 392, 398 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1988, writ denied).
             corporation from doing business in the                “When an indebtedness can be discharged by payment of
             state, and to deny to it the right to                 money generally, an action in conversion is inappropriate.”
             sue or defend in any court of the state               Id. An action for the conversion of money may be brought
             except in a suit to forfeit its charter.              where money is (1) delivered for safe keeping; (2) intended
             The legal title to the assets remains                 to be kept segregated; (3) substantially in the form in which it
             in the corporation, but the beneficial                is received or an intact fund; and (4) not the subject of a title
             title to the assets of the corporation is             claim by the keeper. Houston Nat'l Bank v. Biber, 613 S.W.2d
             in the stockholders. This being true,                 771, 774–75 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1981, writ
             and since the right to sue has been                   ref'd n.r.e.).
             denied to the corporation by forfeiture,
             the stockholders, as beneficial owners                At trial, Bounds testified that he owned fifty-one percent
             of the assets of the corporation, may                 and Edlund owned forty-nine percent of K–John. They began
             prosecute or defend such actions in the               losing money and agreed to dissolve K–John in 1982. Bounds
             courts as may be necessary to protect                 was charged with the duty of closing up the offices, collecting
             their property rights.                                any funds owed to K–John, and paying any debts.

Regal Constr. Co. v. Hansel, 596 S.W.2d 150, 153                   Edlund testified about an exhibit admitted into evidence
(Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.)         representing three pages of figures that Bounds presented to
(citing Humble Oil & Refining Co. v. Blankenburg, 149 Tex.         Edlund in January, 1987, when Bounds requested payment of
498, 235 S.W.2d 891, 894 (Tex.1951)). Since Edlund is one          $75,920.09. This document reflects a total of $20,433.80 in
of the beneficial owners of the assets of K–John, Edlund is        fees collected and $5,749.55 paid. The figures are itemized
entitled to pursue his cause of action for conversion against      with a description of each transaction, and then summarized
Bounds to protect his property right. See Regal Constr. Co.,       as follows:
596 S.W.2d at 153. Concluding that Edlund is so entitled,
         Note—Date Aug. 24, 1981
         $75,000 @ 10% for 9 mos.                                                             –             5,626.00
         47,651.54 @ 10% 4 yrs. 9 mos.
         Int. through Feb. 1, 1987                                                            –           22,637.55
         (397.15 per mo.)
         Prip.                                                                                –           47,657.54

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          10
Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

                                                                                                          75,920.09
                                                                  TEX.R.APP.P. 52(a). Since Bounds did not obtain the trial
 *728 Additional documents were admitted into evidence
                                                                  court's ruling on his limitations defense, he has failed to
to demonstrate that some of K–John's financial obligations
                                                                  preserve error. We sustain Edlund's eighth point of error as
were relieved. Another exhibit reflected that K–John received
                                                                  to K–John.
$25,000 on March 18, 1982 from Sanger Suburban Realty,
Inc. for the Coit Road office. This figure was not reflected
                                                                   [26] [27] We do not reach the same conclusion regarding
in the document shown to Edlund in January, 1987. Edlund
                                                                  Edlund's claim that Bounds converted the assets of Zanz.
also stated that Elizabeth Carrol Enterprises bought their
                                                                  No evidence was introduced at trial that Zanz's right to do
Plano office on October 31, 1981. Bounds's personal financial
                                                                  business had been revoked or that its charter was forfeited.
statement reflects a $76,800 note receivable from Elizabeth
                                                                  We must, therefore, assume that Zanz, unlike K–John, is
Carrol Enterprises.
                                                                  a fully functional corporation. When a corporation is fully
                                                                  functional, a cause of action for the breach of a director's
Bounds's testimony included the explanation of his June
                                                                  fiduciary duties normally belongs to the corporation and
31, 1982 personal financial statement reflecting an asset of
                                                                  cannot be brought by a shareholder, unless the shareholder
$360,000 for the Gallery of Homes franchise. Bounds stated
                                                                  establishes that he is owed an individual duty by the
that the asset was probably left over from K–John. Bounds
                                                                  corporation, its officers, directors, or majority shareholders.
also testified that a note receivable from Hallmark Gallery of
                                                                  Schautteet v. Chester State Bank, 707 F. Supp. 885, 887
Homes for $10,000 was due to the sale of a K–John office.
                                                                  (E.D.Tex.1988). Here, Edlund has failed to establish that he
                                                                  was owed an individual duty by Bounds in any transactions
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Edlund,
                                                                  regarding Zanz.
the party against whom the verdict was instructed, we find
that there is sufficient evidence to raise a fact issue on
                                                                  A derivative suit may be brought by Edlund on behalf of Zanz
Edlund's counterclaim for conversion on the note receivables
                                                                  if his pleadings allege (1) that he was a record or beneficial
and the Gallery of Homes franchise. These are specifically
                                                                  owner of shares at the time of the transaction of which he
identified chattels of which Edlund adduced evidence of their
                                                                  complains, and (2) specifically his efforts to have suit brought
value on the date of their conversion. Bounds's personal
                                                                  for the corporation by the board of directors, or the reasons
financial statement reflects Bounds's valuation of the Gallery
                                                                  for not making such efforts. See TEX.R.CIV.P. 42; *729
of Homes franchise. Additionally, the actual sales price of
                                                                  TEX.BUS.CORP.ACT ANN. art. 5.14(B)(2) (Vernon 1980).
property provides some evidence of fair market value. See
                                                                  Since Edlund failed to comply with these derivative suit
Religious of the Sacred Heart of Texas v. City of Houston, 836
                                                                  requirements, we hold that the trial court properly granted
S.W.2d 606, 616 (Tex.1992). However, any claims involving
                                                                  Bounds's motion for instructed verdict and rendered judgment
the conversion of money must fail because they involve
                                                                  against Edlund on his claim for conversion of Zanz's assets.
alleged indebtedness that can be discharged by the payment
of money generally.
                                                                  We sustain Edlund's eighth point of error asserting that
                                                                  the trial court erred in granting Bounds's motion for
 [25]     We next address Bounds's contention that the
                                                                  instructed verdict and rendering judgment against him on his
conversion claim was barred by limitations. In Bounds's
                                                                  counterclaims for the conversion of nonmonetary assets of K–
motion for instructed verdict, Bounds asserted that
                                                                  John. We overrule this point as to Zanz.
Edlund failed to comply with TEX.R.CIV.P. 42 and
TEX.BUS.CORP.ACT ANN. art. 5.14(B)(2) (Vernon 1980).
Bounds also contended that there was no evidence of the value
of the assets, dates of the conversion, and that Bounds seized                SUPPLEMENTAL TRANSCRIPT
the assets. The same arguments were made with respect to
Zanz. Bounds did not assert his limitations defense although      On rehearing, Edlund has requested to supplement the
he did raise the issue in his pleadings. In order to preserve     record with his first amended answer and counterclaim to
error for appellate review, a party must obtain a ruling upon a   show the date on which he first asserted his conversion
timely and specific request, objection, or motion for a ruling.   counterclaim. This request was in response to Bounds's

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            11
Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

contention that the conversion claim is barred by limitations.    Under section 3.63 of the Family Code, a court shall, in a
Due to our disposition of Bounds's limitations argument, we       decree of divorce, order a division of the estate of the parties
deny Edlund's motion to supplement the record. See K & S          in a manner that the court deems just and right having due
Interests v. Texas Am. Bank/Dallas, 749 S.W.2d 887, 891–92        regard for the rights of each party. TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. §
(Tex.App.—Dallas 1988, writ denied) (op. on reh'g).               3.63 (Vernon Supp.1992). Should the court not do so, section
                                                                  3.90 provides, in part: “Property not divided or awarded to a
                                                                  spouse in a final decree of divorce ... may be divided in a suit

             THE STRINGER ASSIGNMENT                              under this subchapter.” 4 *730 TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. §
                                                                  3.90(a) (Vernon Supp.1992). Section 3.91 provides, in part:
 [28] In his ninth and tenth points, Edlund contends that the     “If a final decree of divorce or annulment rendered by a
trial court erred in granting Bounds's motion for instructed      Texas court failed to dispose of property subject to division
verdict and rendering judgment on his affirmative defense         under Section 3.63 of this code ..., the court shall divide the
of offset by assignment. Before trial, Edlund obtained an         property in a manner that the court deems just and right.”
assignment from Bounds's ex-wife, Suzanne Stringer, of any        TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 3.91(a) (Vernon Supp.1992).
community property interest she may have had in the $75,000
note. If the divorce decree did not partition the note, Edlund    Thus, the “just and right” division rule applies also to property
argues, then Bounds and Stringer are joint owners of the note.    not covered by the final divorce decree. Stringer has no
To the contrary, Bounds argues that the divorce decree awards     ascertainable interest in the note until there is a division under
the note to him and, therefore, the trial court acted properly.   the “just and right” standard of section 3.63 of the Family
Bounds cites the court to the following portions of his divorce   Code. A suit filed pursuant to section 3.90 is a prerequisite to
decree awarding Bounds, as his sole property: “Any and            determine Stringer's assignable interest in the note. As there is
all sums ... related to any profit-sharing plan, retirement       no evidence of a judgment determining Stringer's ownership
plan, pension plan, ... or other benefit program existing by      interest in the note, we cannot assign error to the trial court's
reason of [Bounds's] past, present, or future employment          judgment against Edlund on his affirmative defense of offset
[and] all stocks, bonds, and securities registered in the name    by assignment. We overrule Edlund's ninth and tenth points
of [Bounds].”                                                     of error.

Property held or acquired by a spouse during marriage
is presumed to be community property. Southern Title
                                                                                  EXCLUDED TESTIMONY
Guar. Co., Inc. v. Prendergast, 494 S.W.2d 154, 157
(Tex.1973); see also TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 5.02 (Vernon              [29] In his eleventh point of error, Edlund asserts that
Supp.1992). As the note in this case was acquired during          the trial court erred in excluding the testimony of Richard
Bounds's marriage, it is presumed to be community property.       Euting, a forty-nine percent shareholder of R–Co. In his bill
It was not disposed of by the divorce decree—the above cited      of exceptions, Euting testified that he invested in the R–Co
portions of the divorce decree do not apportion the $75,000       property, but Bounds had not. Bounds was the controlling
note.                                                             owner of R–Co. Euting was unaware that Bounds made an
                                                                  unauthorized pledge of the R–Co property as security for the
Next, we address the validity of the Stringer assignment          Frances Powell note. Euting would not have agreed to such
absent the disposition of the $75,000 note in the divorce         a pledge. Euting stated that he was also unaware that the
decree. Texas common law once provided that when a                property had been sold until he researched the deed records
divorce decree did not dispose of community property, the         at the courthouse. Euting stated that he would assign Edlund
parties became owners of the property as tenants in common.       his stock in R–Co “if it would help [Edlund] in his situation.”
Each owned an undivided one-half interest in the property.        Euting further stated that Bounds offered to transfer the R–Co
Thompson v. Thompson, 500 S.W.2d 203, 207 (Tex.Civ.App.           property to him if he would assume all indebtedness against
—Dallas 1973, no writ). However, sections 3.90 and 3.91           it. He refused the offer. Bounds objected to the testimony as
of the Family Code, added by the Legislature in 1987, now         being irrelevant and likely to confuse the issues before the
require a different result. 3                                     jury. Edlund's attorney, outside of the jury's presence, said
                                                                  that he just wanted to “disclose to the jury that Mr. Edlund

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            12
Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

was fraudulently induced to sign the note and there was no          the amount still unpaid under the note. No evidence was
consideration given by Mr. Bounds.”                                 introduced that any payments were made on the note or that
                                                                    any credits were applied to the note. Accordingly, we overrule
 [30] Error is not shown in the exclusion of evidence unless        Edlund's twelfth and thirteenth points of error.
the complaining party brings before the appellate court a
record that clearly shows not only what the evidence would
have been if admitted, but also its relevancy. Rio Grande
                                                                                         ATTORNEY'S FEES
Valley Sugar Growers, Inc. v. Campesi, 580 S.W.2d 850, 861
(Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi), rev'd on other grounds, 592           [32] [33] Bounds sets forth three cross points challenging
S.W.2d 340 (Tex.1979). Additionally, Edlund has the burden          the jury's finding of one dollar as reasonable attorney's fees.
of proving that reversible error occurred by demonstrating          Bounds bases his attack on the theories that (1) the jury
that the exclusion of Euting's testimony was reasonably             finding is immaterial, (2) the amount of the fees was proven
calculated to cause and probably did cause the rendition of         as a matter of law, and (3) the finding is against the great
an improper judgment. TEX.R.APP.P. 81(b)(1); Rio Grande             weight and preponderance of the evidence. In reviewing a
Valley Sugar Growers, Inc., 580 S.W.2d at 861. We find              “matter of law” challenge, we use a two-pronged test. First,
that Edlund has failed to demonstrate the relevancy of this         we examine the record for evidence that supports the jury's
testimony and failed to show that its exclusion resulted in an      findings, while ignoring all evidence to the contrary. Second,
improper judgment. We overrule Edlund's eleventh point of           if there is no evidence to support the factfinder's answer, then
error.                                                              we examine the entire record to see if the contrary proposition
                                                                    was established as a matter of law. Sterner v. Marathon Oil
                                                                    Co., 767 S.W.2d 686, 690 (Tex.1989).
            CREDITS AGAINST THE NOTE
                                                                    The evidence consists of the promissory note itself and the
 [31] Edlund's twelfth and thirteenth points of error challenge     testimony of Bounds's attorney. The relevant portion of the
the trial court's failure to submit a question to the jury asking   note provides: “It is further expressly agreed that if this note ...
it to determine what amount of the note remained unpaid.            is collected ... through other legal proceedings ... to pay the
Edlund testified at trial that in their agreement to dissolve       owner or holder of this note fifteen per cent additional on
K–John, he and Bounds would “settle out of the relationship         the principal and interest then due hereon as attorney's fees.”
on an equal basis.” Edlund also stated that, although Bounds        Bounds's attorney testified about the amount and kind of
may not have stated it specifically, he agreed to forgive the       work done and the reasonableness of the fees he charged
$75,000 note as part of the settlement. Edlund further stated:      Bounds. On cross-examination, Edlund only asked Bounds's
                                                                    attorney how much he had been paid to date and whether that
             The terms of the settlement that we                    amount related solely to the lawsuit. Since Edlund presented
             had reached was that [Bounds] was                      no evidence on the unreasonableness of the requested fees,
             going to stay on and finish up closing                 nor did he prove a lesser amount that was reasonable under
             the various offices, collect the money;                the circumstances, he is not entitled to a fee reduction. F.R.
             and that based upon how much I was                     Hernandez Constr. & Supply Co., Inc. v. National Bank of
             owed and how much he was owed, that                    Commerce of Brownsville, 578 S.W.2d 675, 677 (Tex.1979);
             it would *731 about cover the debts                    see also Long v. Tascosa Nat'l Bank of Amarillo, 678 S.W.2d
             and I was going to take the difference,                699, 706 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 1984, no writ).
             which I did take, and my accountant
             took this and I wrote the rest of it off               We hold that Bounds proved his entitlement to attorney's
             in income tax as a loss. * * * I think it              fees based on the contractual provision as a matter of law.
             was over forty thousand dollars.                       We render judgment that Bounds recover fifteen percent of
                                                                    the amount of principal and interest owing at the time of
We find that this evidence raised a fact issue as to Edlund's       judgment as attorney's fees. Bounds is not entitled to recover
affirmative defense of accord and satisfaction. This issue was      an additional amount for attorney's fees for appealing the
properly submitted to the jury. We find nothing in the record       judgment. 5
to support the submission of a jury question to determine

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                13
Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

                 SUPERSEDEAS BOND
                                                                     Since in this case Edlund's counterclaim is still pending,
 [34] In his motion for reconsideration, Bounds requests that        the judgment is not final, and we cannot render judgment
we enter judgment against the surety on Edlund's supersedeas         against the surety on the supersedeas bond. Accordingly,
bond. Edlund responds that judgment should not be entered            our judgment will reflect that the surety's obligations on the
against the surety because our remand of the counterclaim            supersedeas bond are discharged.
renders the amount of the surety's liability uncertain. Edlund
further argues that it is improper to render judgment against
a surety without a final judgment. He asserts that Bounds's
                                                                                             DISPOSITION
judgment against him cannot be final until the trial court
disposes of his counterclaim.                                   We affirm the trial court's judgment as to Edlund's liability
                                                                under the note, his affirmative defenses, and his counterclaim
 *732 [35]       [36]     [37]    [38] When a court of appealson the conversion of Zanz's assets. We modify the attorney's
affirms the trial court's judgment, it shall render judgment    fees award and we render judgment that Edlund pay, as
against the appellant and the sureties on his appeal or         attorney's fees, fifteen percent of the trial court's award of
supersedeas bond, if any, for such costs as are taxed against   principal and interest owing at the time of judgment, and
him. TEX.R.APP.P. 82. The purpose of a supersedeas bond         affirm that part of the judgment as modified. We reverse
is to secure the appellee and abate the remedies he would       the judgment on Edlund's counterclaim for conversion of
otherwise have for realizing his judgment. Carter Real Estate   K–John's assets and remand that portion of the cause for a
& Dev., Inc. v. Builder's Serv. Co., 718 S.W.2d 828, 830        new trial in accordance with this opinion. We grant Edlund's
(Tex.App.—Austin 1986, no writ). A supersedeas bond is not      motion for rehearing and Bounds's motions for rehearing
intended to secure speculative damages or damages that have     and reconsideration. We deny Edlund's motion to supplement
not been finally determined. Hughes v. Habitat Apartments,      the record. The parties are ordered to bear their own costs
828 S.W.2d 794, 795 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1992, n.w.h.).             incurred by reason of this appeal. The obligations of the
Execution cannot issue on a judgment that is not final. Id. A   supersedeas bond surety, Fidelity and Deposit Company, are
judgment for a plaintiff that does not dispose of a defendant's ordered discharged.
counterclaim is not a final judgment. Springwoods Shopping
Ctr., Inc. v. University Sav. Ass'n, 610 S.W.2d 177, 178
(Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.).     All Citations

                                                                     842 S.W.2d 719

Footnotes
1      The Honorable Gerald T. Bissett, Justice, Court of Appeals, Thirteenth District of Texas at Corpus Christi, Retired, sitting
       by assignment.
2      The Honorable John F. Onion, Jr., Presiding Judge, Court of Criminal Appeals, Retired, sitting by assignment.
3      The Legislature changed the application of these sections so they apply to decrees of divorce and annulment rendered
       before, on, or after November 1, 1987. Act approved June 14, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 371, 1989 Tex.Gen.Laws 1466
       (emphasis added).
4      The statute further provides: “(b) The suit may be brought by either former spouse. (c) The suit must be filed before two
       years after the date on which a former spouse unequivocally repudiates the existence of the ownership interest of and
       communicates that repudiation to the other spouse.” TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 3.90(b), (c) (Vernon Supp.1992). We make
       no finding as to whether the statute of limitations now prevents a suit to determine proper division of the note.
5      Bounds, in his pleadings, relies on the contractual provision for his claim for attorney's fees. He did not plead an entitlement
       under the statute which allows for attorney's fees in suits on a written contract. See TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN.
       § 38.001(8) (Vernon 1986). Thus, Bounds is entitled only to fifteen percent of the amount owing on the note. Additionally,
       being limited by his pleadings, there was no proper question before the trial court on the issue of Bounds's attorney's
       fees in case of appeal. Edlund properly objected to the submission of question number one. Subparts (b), (c), and (d) of
       question number one, requesting findings for reasonable and necessary attorney's fees if the case was appealed, have
       no basis in the pleadings and should not have been presented to the jury. See TEX.R.CIV.P. 278.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                14
Edlund v. Bounds, 842 S.W.2d 719 (1992)

End of Document                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

             © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                  15
O
Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

                                                                        refinery had not obtained an adequate settlement
                                                                        for client and his wife in underlying suit they
                     415 S.W.3d 259
                                                                        had brought against refinery was insufficient to
                 Supreme Court of Texas.
                                                                        establish that client and his wife had suffered
               Jose L. ELIZONDO and                                     damages resulting from former attorney's alleged
         Guillermina Elizondo, Petitioners,                             malpractice, as expert offered only conclusory
                          v.                                            and speculative opinions, and he did not evaluate
                                                                        what underlying case would have yielded by way
  Ronald D. KRIST, The Krist Law Firm, P.C., Kevin
                                                                        of a judgment if case had gone to trial, nor did he
    D. Krist, and William T. Wells, Respondents.
                                                                        compare the settlement reached with other actual
            No. 11–0438. | Argued Dec. 5,                               settlements obtained in litigation involving the
                                                                        explosion.
          2012. | Decided Aug. 30, 2013.
           | Rehearing Denied Dec. 13, 2013.                            3 Cases that cite this headnote
Synopsis
Background: Client and his wife brought action against            [2]   Attorney and Client
their former attorneys for professional negligence, breach                  Damages and costs
of fiduciary duty, violations of the Deceptive Trade                    In a legal-malpractice case, damages consist
Practices Act (DTPA), common law fraud, fraudulent                      of the amount of damages recoverable and
misrepresentations, negligent representations, and fraudulent           collectible if the suit had been properly
inducement. The 129th District Court, Harris County, S.                 prosecuted.
Grant Dorfman, J., entered judgment in favor of attorneys.
Client and his wife appealed. The Houston Court of Appeals,             2 Cases that cite this headnote
338 S.W.3d 17, affirmed. Client and his wife filed petition for
review.
                                                                  [3]   Attorney and Client
                                                                            Damages and costs
                                                                        Legal malpractice damages are the difference
[Holding:] The Supreme Court, Don R. Willett, J., held that             between the result obtained for the client and
summary judgment affidavit of expert for client and his wife            the result that would have been obtained with
was insufficient to establish legal malpractice damages.                competent counsel; damages in such cases are
                                                                        the difference between the result obtained and
                                                                        the case's “true value,” defined as the recovery
Affirmed.
                                                                        that would have been obtained following a trial
                                                                        in which the client had reasonably competent,
Boyd, J., dissented, with opinion, in which Lehrmann, J.,
                                                                        malpractice free counsel.
joined.
                                                                        1 Cases that cite this headnote

 West Headnotes (9)                                               [4]   Trial
                                                                             Expert and other opinion evidence

 [1]    Judgment                                                        Bare, baseless opinions will not support a
            Matters of fact or conclusions                              judgment even if there is no objection to their
                                                                        admission in evidence.
        Judgment
            Attorneys                                                   2 Cases that cite this headnote
        Conclusory statements in summary judgment
        affidavit of expert witness that former attorney
                                                                  [5]   Judgment
        for client who was injured in explosion at oil
                                                                            Matters of fact or conclusions

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            1
Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

        A conclusory statement of an expert witness is                        Pleading and evidence
        insufficient to create a question of fact to defeat             Method available to establish attorney
        summary judgment.                                               malpractice damages requiring an analysis
                                                                        of settlements made under comparable
        9 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                        circumstances requires expert testimony.

 [6]    Evidence                                                        Cases that cite this headnote
            Necessity and sufficiency
        A claim will not stand or fall on the mere ipse
        dixit of a credentialed witness.
                                                                Attorneys and Law Firms
        2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                 *260 Andrew D. Kumar, Michael J. Lowenberg, The
                                                                O'Quinn Law Firm, Brian K. Tully, Jesse R. Pierce &
 [7]    Evidence                                                Associates, P.C., Donald B. McFall, Kenneth R. Breitbeil,
            Necessity and sufficiency                           McFall, Breitbeil & Smith, P.C., Levon G. Hovnatanian,
        Expert testimony fails if there is simply too           Martin Disiere Jefferson & Wisdom LLP, Houston, TX, for
        great an analytical gap between the data and the        Jose L. Elizondo.
        opinion proffered.
                                                                Jane M.N. Webre, Ryan Squires, Stephen E. McConnico,
        2 Cases that cite this headnote                         Scott Douglass & McConnico, L.L.P., Austin, TX, for
                                                                Respondent Kevin Krist.
 [8]    Appeal and Error                                        Jeffrey L. Oldham, Bracewell & Guiliani LLP, Jennifer
           Judgment                                             Rustay, William Fred Hagans, Hagans Burdine Montgomery
        Attempts by former attorneys for client, who            Rustay, P.C., Warren W. Harris, Bracewell & Giuliani, LLP,
        was injured in explosion at oil refinery, to            Houston, TX, for Respondent Ronald D. Krist.
        limit client's discovery of information about
        other settlements that had been reached with            Diana L. Faust, Cooper & Scully, P.C., Dallas, TX,
        others injured in explosion, did not estop              John Wesley Raley, Raley & Bowick LLP, Kirsten Anne
        former attorneys from arguing that summary              Davenport, Davenport Law Firm PC, Houston, TX, for
        judgment affidavit of client's expert was               Respondent William T. Wells.
        insufficient to establish that client had suffered
                                                                Opinion
        damages resulting from former attorney's alleged
        malpractice in failing to obtain an adequate            Justice WILLETT delivered the opinion of the Court, in
        settlement for client in client's legal malpractice     which Chief Justice JEFFERSON, Justice GREEN, Justice
        suit against former attorneys; former attorneys         JOHNSON, Justice GUZMAN, and Justice DEVINE joined.
        argued within bound of zealous advocacy in
        contending that the information regarding other         In this legal-malpractice case, the clients sued their former
        settlements reached should not be disclosed even        attorneys, complaining the attorneys had obtained an
        if it might be helpful to client, and client did not    inadequate settlement. The trial court granted summary
        take position in trial court that discovery of dollar   judgment for the attorneys, and the court of appeals affirmed.
        amount of other settlements in similar cases            We affirm the court of appeals' judgment.
        was needed so their expert could make a valid,
        nonconclusory determination of adequacy of
        client's settlement or better describe his analysis.
                                                                                       I. Background
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                In March 2005, an explosion occurred at the Texas City
                                                                refinery of BP Amoco Chemical Company (BP), killing
 [9]    Attorney and Client                                     fifteen workers and injuring many others. Approximately

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         2
Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

4000 claims were filed against BP, and BP settled them all. A        contends his representation of Jose had ended months earlier.
handful of cases proceeded to trial but settled before a verdict.    The Elizondos also claimed that because Guillermina did not
                                                                     sign the release her claim was never settled, and the Attorneys
Jose Elizondo was working for a BP contractor at the plant           should have pursued her claim before it became time-barred.
on the day of the explosion. The blast threw him about
twenty feet. He received medical treatment for neck and back         The Attorneys filed several motions for summary judgment
injuries. He returned to work a few days later but claimed           on grounds of no evidence of damages, impermissible
he continued to suffer from psychological problems. His              “claim splitting,” and no attorney-client relationship with
wife, Guillermina, claimed that she too suffered, from loss of       Guillermina, as well as other grounds. In response to the
consortium. Jose met with attorney William Wells and signed          motions regarding damages, the Elizondos submitted the
a power of attorney *261 retaining Wells to represent him            expert affidavit of attorney Arturo Gonzalez.
on “all claims I may have against BP and others” arising from
the March 2005 explosion.                                            The trial court granted some of the summary-judgment
                                                                     motions, including the motions regarding damages. The court
Wells sent a demand letter to BP asking for a settlement of $2       of appeals affirmed, holding that because the Elizondos had
million on the Elizondos' claims. The settlement demand was          not presented more than a scintilla of competent evidence
made on behalf of both husband and wife. 1 A few months              of damages, the trial court did not err in granting summary
later, an attorney for BP offered to settle “any and all claims of   judgment on this ground. 2
Jose L. Elizondo and his family members” for $50,000. In an
effort to increase the settlement in this and three other cases,
Wells associated Ronald Krist, Kevin Krist, and the Krist Law
                                                                                          *262 II. Discussion
Firm as additional counsel. Ronald and Kevin Krist met with
BP, but could not obtain a larger settlement for the Elizondos.
                                                                        A. The Gonzalez Affidavit Did Not Raise a Genuine
Wells and Kevin Krist met with Jose to discuss the settlement            Issue of Material Fact on Malpractice Damages.
offer. They went through a form release prepared by BP.
                                                                     [1] The parties disagree on whether the Gonzalez affidavit
Jose decided to accept the settlement offer and signed
                                                                     was sufficient to defeat summary judgment on the issue of
the release in February 2006. The release covers Jose
and Guillermina, defining the “RELEASORS” as “JOSE                   malpractice damages. 3 Summary judgment was warranted
ELIZONDO, GUILLERMINA ELIZONDO, and any of their                     for the Attorneys if, after adequate time for discovery, they
heirs, executors, agents, trustees, assignees, representatives,      demonstrated that the Elizondos had failed to offer competent
attorneys, advisors, administrators, successors and assigns.”        summary judgment evidence raising a genuine issue of
The release had signature lines for Jose and Guillermina, but        material fact as to damages. 4
only Jose signed it. Guillermina testified that she cannot speak
or read English. Jose contends that when he met with his             In his eight-page affidavit, Gonzalez recites his general
counsel, he asked whether Guillermina needed to sign the             qualifications and his specific involvement in the BP
agreement and was told it was not necessary.                         litigation. He worked for two firms that represented claimants
                                                                     in litigation arising from the plant explosion and was
In August 2007, Jose brought this suit against Wells,                appointed by the 212th district court as plaintiffs' liaison
Kevin Krist, Ronald Krist, and the Krist Law Firm (the               counsel. He attested that these experiences familiarized him
Attorneys). Guillermina was later added as a plaintiff, but all      with the settlement of many claims. He stated that BP focused
the Attorneys deny ever representing Guillermina. The suit           on ten criteria in determining the general value of a case
claimed that the Attorneys represented both Elizondos and            for settlement purposes: (1) proximity to ground zero; (2)
failed to obtain an adequate settlement on their behalf. The         when injury was reported to a supervisor; (3) corroboration
petition asserted claims of professional negligence, breaches        of proximity and reporting of injuries to supervisor or
of fiduciary duty, and fraud, as well as other claims. It            management; (4) age of victim; (5) wage earning capacity and
contended that Jose was “sold down the river” so that                wage loss (present and future); (6) injuries and bio-mechanics
Ronald Krist could represent BP. After Jose accepted BP's            of injuries—e.g., nature, extent, and duration; (7) medical
settlement offer, Ronald Krist did represent BP, but he              treatment received and duration thereof (physical and mental/

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Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

PTSD); (8) surgical versus non-surgical interventions; (9)                    in excess *263 of the $50,000 offer
single or married/residual consortium claims; and (10) onsite                 which was supposedly the most that
versus offsite claims. The affidavit describes the basic facts                BP would ever pay.
regarding Jose's injuries, family situation, and work history.
It then states:                                                  It then concludes that, in light of the risk of punitive
                                                                 damages in the BP explosion cases, “these cases were heavily
            Based on the factual information                     evaluated and settlements obtained were significantly higher
            provided and reviewed by me, my                      as compared to the average personal injury lawsuit in the
            experience in the BP litigation,                     [S]tate of Texas.”
            my knowledge of general settlement
            values and in the criteria and                       At the outset, the Attorneys contend that the Gonzalez
            protocol relied upon to establish                    affidavit is defective because a legal-malpractice suit is a “suit
            general settlement values in the BP                  within a suit,” and proof of malpractice damages requires
            litigation, it is my opinion that for a              proof of what the plaintiff would have recovered by way of
            plaintiffs' attorney acting within the               a judgment after trial absent his attorney's negligence. For
            standard of care applicable to the                   example, the Attorneys argue in their brief that plaintiffs
            same or similar circumstances, using                 alleging malpractice damages “must prove that the ‘true
            reasonable due diligence, the Elizondo               value’ of their case is a collectible recovery, after a trial, that
            case would have had a general value,                 is greater than the actual result they received,” and that “[t]o
            by way of settlement or verdict, in                  show the existence of malpractice damages, the Elizondos
            the range of between Two Million                     had to show the true value of their claims was greater than
            ($2,000,000.00) and Three Million                    what they received, i.e., that they would have recovered by
            ($3,000,000.00) dollars. Guillermina                 way of judgment an amount greater than they did from BP.”
            Elizondo's individual claim would                    They contend that Gonzalez only analyzed why the settlement
            represent some part of that value,                   was inadequate for various reasons, and he did not discuss
            but Jose's claim would represent the                 what amount the Elizondos would have recovered if the case
            majority of that value. The settlement               had proceeded to judgment after a trial. We disagree with this
            value of the Elizondo claim is not                   argument.
            distinguished as compensatory, non-
            economic or exemplary in nature, but                  [2] We have recognized that in a legal-malpractice case
            instead is a single value offered by BP              damages consist of “the amount of damages recoverable and
            so that BP could avoid a trial or jury               collectible ... if the suit had been properly prosecuted.” 5 In
            verdict.                                             Keck, Mahin & Cate v. National Union Fire Insurance Co.,
                                                                 we described damages in such cases as the difference between
The affidavit sets out the information reviewed by Gonzalez      the result obtained and the case's “true value,” defined as the
and details why, in Gonzalez's opinion, the Attorneys failed     recovery that would have been obtained “following a trial”
to exercise due diligence in their representation of the         in which the client had “reasonably competent, malpractice-
Elizondos. It then states:                                       free” counsel. 6
            The settlement offer made by
                                                                  [3] These cases recognize that legal-malpractice damages
            BP for the Elizondos' claim
                                                                 are the difference between the result obtained for the client
            was basically for nuisance value.
                                                                 and the result that would have been obtained with competent
            Given the extraordinary circumstances
                                                                 counsel. They do not require that damages can only be
            surrounding the BP explosion[ ]
                                                                 measured against the result the client would have obtained if
            claims, a reasonably competent
                                                                 the case had been tried to a final judgment.
            plaintiff's lawyer should have
            continued to prosecute the claim until a
                                                                 In this case, it is undisputed that BP, a large, solvent
            fair and reasonable offer was made by
                                                                 corporation, made the decision to settle every case arising
            BP. In my opinion, had that been done,
                                                                 from the plant explosion. Here, where the same defendant
            the Lawyers would have garnered far

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Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

settled thousands of cases, and indeed made the business         investigate and assess individual claims.” 15 The trial court
decision to settle all cases and not try any to a verdict,       granted summary judgment for the attorneys on grounds that
we see no reason why an expert cannot base his opinion           the settlements were fair and reasonable and therefore the
of malpractice damages on a comparison of what similarly         clients had suffered no actual damages and were not entitled
situated plaintiffs obtained from the same defendant. This
                                                                 to the forfeiture of fees they sought. 16
data is perhaps the best evidence of the real-world settlement
value of the case. Under Evidence Rule 703, experts may
                                                                 We held that the affidavits submitted by the attorneys were
base their testimony on facts or data that are “of a type
                                                                 conclusory and therefore insufficient to entitle the attorneys to
reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in
                                                                 summary judgment. We considered three affidavits. The most
forming opinions or inferences upon the subject.” 7 That test    detailed affidavit, from retained expert-attorney Malinak,
is met when, in a mass tort litigation involving thousands       set out numerous criteria that were important in evaluating
of similar claimants and arising out of the same event, the      settlements in the case, including the underlying liability
expert measures the “true” settlement value of a particular      facts, the identity of the employer, the elements of damages
case by persuasively comparing all the circumstances of the
                                                                 available to each plaintiff, and the losses to each plaintiff. 17
case to the settlements obtained in other cases with similar
                                                                 The expert then declared that he had evaluated the criteria as
circumstances arising from the event.
                                                                 to each plaintiff and had concluded that the settlement as to

 *264 Nevertheless, the Attorneys argue that the Gonzalez        each was reasonable and fair. 18 We held that the affidavit
affidavit was conclusory, while the Elizondos maintain that it   was *265 too conclusory to sustain a summary judgment on
was sufficiently specific to raise a fact issue on damages.      the element of damages:

 [4] [5] [6] [7] “Bare, baseless opinions will not support
                                                                  The affidavit says no more than that Malinak, an
a judgment even if there is no objection to their admission
                                                                  experienced attorney, has considered the relevant facts
in evidence,” 8 and we have “often held that such conclusory      and concluded that the Clients' settlements were all fair
testimony cannot support a judgment.” 9 “A conclusory             and reasonable.... Credentials qualify a person to offer
statement of an expert witness is insufficient to create a        opinions, but they do not supply the basis for those
question of fact to defeat summary judgment.”        10
                                                         Further, opinions. The opinions must have a reasoned basis which
“a claim will not stand or fall on the mere ipse dixit of a       the expert, because of his “knowledge, skill, experience,
                                                                  training, or education [,”] is qualified to state. That basis
credentialed witness.” 11 Expert testimony fails if there is
                                                                  is missing in Malinak's affidavit. He does not explain
“simply too great an analytical gap between the data and
                                                                  why the settlements were fair and reasonable for each
the opinion proffered.” 12 Courts are not required “to ignore     of the Clients. His affidavit ... is nothing more than a
                                                       13
fatal gaps in an expert's analysis or assertions.”        Stated  sworn denial of plaintiffs' claims and no more entitles the
another way, in a legal-malpractice case, we have observed        Attorneys to summary judgment than a lawyer's equally
that even where an attorney-expert was qualified to give          conclusory affidavit stating that the Clients had suffered
expert testimony, his affidavit “cannot simply say, ‘Take my      $10 million damages would entitle them to summary
word for it, I know: the settlements were fair and reasonable.’   judgment.... [T]he issue is whether Malinak's affidavit
” 14 Conversely, in this case, an attorney-expert, however        states a sufficient basis for his opinions. Malinak might
well qualified, cannot defeat summary judgment if there are       have analyzed the Clients' injuries by type, or related
fatal gaps in his analysis that leave the court to take his word  settlement amounts to medical reports and expenses, or
that the settlement was inadequate.                               compared these settlements to those of similar claims, or
                                                                  provided other information showing a relationship between
Our decision in Burrow v. Arce is instructive. In that case       the plaintiffs' circumstances and the amounts received.
as in today's case, attorneys had settled numerous suits in a     He did not do so. The absence of such information
mass tort proceeding arising out of a plant explosion. The        did not merely make the affidavit unclear or indirect; it
plaintiffs, former clients of the attorneys, contended that       deprived Malinak's opinions of any demonstrable basis.
the settlements they received were inadequate for various         We therefore conclude that summary judgment could not
reasons, including the failure of the attorneys to “fully           rest on Malinak's affidavit. 19

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Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

The Gonzalez affidavit in today's case is similarly conclusory.     the settlement here was inadequate. In this regard, we agree
Like the Malinak affidavit, the Gonzalez affidavit is from an       with the court of appeals:
experienced attorney whose credentials are not the problem.
The problem is the lack of a demonstrable and reasoned
basis on which to evaluate his opinion that the settlement            [A]lthough Gonzalez lists specific criteria he contends
was inadequate. Like the Malinak affidavit, the Gonzalez              BP “focused on” when determining settlement values, he
affidavit explains in some detail the factors or criteria that        offers no analysis to explain how these factors would be
should inform a determination of the value of the case. Like          applied to the Elizondos' situation. He also fails to link
the Malinak affidavit, the Gonzalez affidavit confirms that           settlement amounts to specific injuries and circumstances,
the affiant considered the facts relevant to the case, but it         and provides no comparison of settlement amounts of
fails to offer specifics on why the value of the case was $2–         similar claims. Thus, Gonzalez's affidavit offers only
3 million as opposed to the $50,000 received in settlement.           conclusory and speculative opinions. 21
A fatal analytical gap divides the recitation of the facts of the   We conclude, therefore, that the affidavit did not raise a
Elizondo case and the declaration of its settlement value.          genuine issue of material fact sufficient to defeat summary
                                                                    judgment.
Gonzalez did not evaluate what the Elizondo case would
have yielded by way of a judgment if the case had gone              The dissent reasons that the affidavit raised a fact issue on
to trial. On the contrary, he based his opinion on what the         whether competent counsel would have obtained a settlement
Attorneys should have obtained in settlement. The affidavit         in excess of $50,000, which Gonzalez characterized as
makes clear throughout that Gonzalez's opinion of the value         nuisance value. We differ because, for the reasons stated, the
of the case stems from his opinion of the settlement the            affidavit was devoid of a demonstrable basis, whether we
Attorneys should have obtained. As noted above, none of             consider that portion of the affidavit claiming the case had a
the approximately 4000 claims arising from the BP plant             settlement value of $2–3 million, or that portion declaring the
explosion was tried to a verdict. Gonzalez states in the            settlement value was “far in excess of the $50,000” actually
affidavit that through his experience he gained knowledge of        received. These assertions are equally conclusory, suffer from
the “settlement ranges or case values” in the BP litigation.        the same fatal gap in analysis, and, as in Burrow, rely on
He then lists the criteria BP used in “determining the general      nothing more than the ipse dixit of the expert. We are simply
value of a case for settlement purposes.” He states his value       left to take the expert's word as to the adequacy of the
of the case based on his “knowledge of general settlement           settlement, the same defect we recognized in Burrow.
values and ... the criteria and protocol relied upon to establish
general settlement values.” He states that “[t]he settlement
offer made by BP ... was basically for nuisance value”
                                                                              B. Discovery Disputes in the Trial
and that, given the extraordinary circumstances of the BP
                                                                             Court Did Not Warrant Denial of the
plant explosion, “a reasonably competent plaintiff's lawyer
                                                                           Summary Judgment Motions on Damages.
should have continued to *266 prosecute the claim until a
fair and reasonable offer was made by BP.” He concludes              [8] The court of appeals dissent noted that at various points
by stating that the Attorneys could have “greatly enhanced          in the litigation the Lawyers objected to the discovery of
the settlement value of the Elizondo claim” by developing           information about other settlements, and this dissent thought
facts supporting exemplary damages. As explained above,             it “fundamentally unfair for the Lawyers to thwart discovery
we conclude that an analysis of settlements of cases with           as to other settlements and at the same time use the lack
injuries and circumstances similar to the Elizondo case might
                                                                    of that information to strike Gonzalez's affidavit.” 22 It
be sufficient to raise a fact issue as to the inadequacy of the
                                                                    noted that “[t]he Elizondos asked for a court order to allow
settlement, but Gonzalez did not undertake to compare the
                                                                    Gonzalez to reveal specifics from the BP settlements, and
Elizondo settlement with other actual settlements obtained
in the BP litigation. As in Burrow, the expert might have           the Lawyers opposed the order.” 23 On the other hand, the
compared this settlement “to those of similar claims, or            court of appeals majority concluded that the Elizondos did
provided other information showing a relationship between           not assign as error on appeal that the trial court erred in
the plaintiffs' circumstances and the amounts received [but         denying their request to obtain discovery on or otherwise

he] did not do so.” 20 We are simply left to take his word that     reveal information regarding settlements in other cases. 24

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Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

On this issue, *267 we ultimately are not persuaded by the        affidavit.” As detailed above, 28 even if we consider the entire
court of appeals dissent—essentially urging that, because the     Gonzalez affidavit, including the portions struck by the trial
Lawyers objected to discovery regarding other settlements,        court, we still conclude that it failed to raise a material issue
the Lawyers should be estopped from prevailing on grounds         of fact as to damages.
that the Gonzalez affidavit was inadequate. Nevertheless, we
find the issue difficult and discuss it at some length herein.    As noted above, the Elizondos filed a motion, mentioned
                                                                  by the court of appeals majority and dissent, seeking a
The settlement agreements in the BP cases contained a             trial court order allowing Gonzalez to reveal information
confidentiality provision prohibiting disclosure of the details   regarding other settlements under a proposed protective
of the settlements to third parties. The Elizondos' expert,
                                                                  order. 29 But from the record before us the Attorneys were
Gonzalez, stated in his affidavit that he was bound by
this provision. The Attorneys were also bound by this             not actually opposing such disclosures. 30 In fact, the motion
                                                                  sought entry of an order allowing Gonzalez to testify in
provision. 25 To the extent the Attorneys contended as
                                                                  his deposition about other settlements because the Elizondos
an initial discovery response that they and others could
                                                                  anticipated that the Lawyers would ask about these other
not disclose information regarding other settlements for
contractual reasons, we believe they argued within the bounds     settlements. 31 Gonzalez sought a court order because the
of zealous advocacy in contending that the information should     settlement agreements authorized disclosure of settlement
not be disclosed even if it might be helpful to the Elizondos.    amounts if “required by law or court order.”

Further, we can find no place in the record where the             In several pleadings in our record the Elizondos requested
Elizondos contended that their expert needed to review and        a continuance or more discovery before the trial court ruled
reveal information about other specific settlements in order      on the summary judgment motions. These requests met with
to prepare a valid expert opinion. The voluminous record          some success, in that the trial court agreed not to set a hearing
before us indicates several pretrial skirmishes where other       on the summary judgment motions until two weeks after
                                                                  the depositions of the Lawyers were taken. In a motion for
settlements came up. 26 But the Elizondos point to nothing
                                                                  continuance filed in April 2008, the Elizondos contended
in the record indicating that, but for objections raised by the
                                                                  that they needed settlement-related documents pertaining to
Attorneys, Gonzalez would have augmented his affidavit with
                                                                  other BP clients of the Lawyers. However, this pleading
a more revealing analysis and comparison of other specific
                                                                  disclaimed any need for information regarding the amounts of
settlements obtained in similar cases. On the contrary, he
                                                                  other settlements, stating that the Elizondos were content with
stated in his affidavit that “I am precluded pursuant to the
                                                                  redaction of settlement amounts if that information raised
confidentiality provisions from divulging specific settlement
amounts related to the monetary payments by BP to specific        confidentiality concerns 32 and that the Attorneys' *269
plaintiffs.” Gonzalez did not indicate that he wished to          summary judgment motions on damages were based on a
analyze and describe other specific settlements to buttress       “faulty premise,” namely that the “only way of proving
his opinion but had been thwarted by the objections of the        damages is by showing that someone else with identical
Attorneys.                                                        injuries and claims against BP received a larger settlement.”
                                                                  A pleading styled “Demonstration of Need for Additional
In addition, the Elizondos did not ask the trial court to         Discovery Prior to Hearing on Defendants' Sixteen Motions
defer ruling on the summary judgment motions until they           for Summary Judgment,” also filed in April 2008, stated
could obtain from the Lawyers or third parties evidence of        that the Elizondos needed settlement documents related to
other settlements. The Elizondos should have made such            other BP clients of the Lawyers, but the stated need was to
                                                                  refute the Lawyers' contention that they did not represent
a request if they thought their expert needed this data. 27
                                                                  Guillermina, the wife of the plaintiff directly injured in the
Moreover, they do not even now *268 contend that they
                                                                  blast. At least two other pleadings—plaintiffs' April 2008
needed discovery of other settlements so that Gonzalez could
                                                                  motion for continuance and a March 2008 motion to compel
provide a comparison of them in opining on the adequacy of
                                                                  production of documents—made the same argument. Again,
the Elizondo settlement. In their principal brief, they argue
                                                                  the Demonstration of Need disclaimed any need for discovery
to us only that the Lawyers' refusal to produce information
                                                                  of the amounts of the other settlements, stating that “Plaintiffs
about other settlements should lead us to hold “that the trial
                                                                  would not object to limited redactions necessary to comply
court abused its discretion in striking portions of Gonzalez's

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Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

with confidentiality provisions, such as dollar amounts....” 33     case settled for $50,000. Even if the Elizondos suffered
Another motion for continuance, filed in October 2008               some compensable damages, they suffered as a result of
and relating specifically to the summary judgment motions           the Attorneys' conduct only if, absent malpractice, they
on damages, made no request for additional discovery on             probably would have recovered a settlement for more than
settlements in other cases. It contended, on the contrary, that     $50,000. As explained above, the general measure of damages
the Gonzalez affidavit was adequate to refute all the Lawyers'      in a legal-malpractice case is the difference between the
arguments in favor of summary judgment on grounds that              amount the plaintiff probably would have recovered in the
no evidence had been presented on damages, including the            absence of malpractice, and the amount recovered. While
Lawyers' argument that “Plaintiffs cannot identify anyone           a “suit within a suit” analysis is not required in a case
who obtained a larger settlement for the same claims, much          like this one, for the reasons explained, the alternative
less the amount received, which demonstrates that Plaintiffs        method available to establish attorney-malpractice damages
cannot prove damages.” It asked for a continuance only if           requires an analysis of settlements made under comparable
the Court was considering granting summary judgment on              circumstances. While this alternative method is sometimes
grounds that Guillermina had no consortium claim because            available, we conclude that such an analysis requires expert
Jose's injuries were not sufficiently “serious, permanent, and      testimony. We have in the past noted that proof of attorney
disabling,” grounds unrelated to the alleged inadequacy of          malpractice requires expert testimony, because establishing
the Elizondo settlement that might be revealed by an expert         such negligence requires knowledge beyond that of most
comparison of other BP settlements.                                 laypersons. 34 The same is true of proof of damages under a
                                                                    theory that a settlement was inadequate. The Elizondos' own
In sum, none of these discovery skirmishes indicate that the        expert attested that a calculation of a reasonable settlement in
Elizondos took the position in the trial court that (1) discovery   this case required an analysis of at least ten factors considered
of the dollar amount of other settlements in similar cases was      by BP in determining settlement values, a balancing and
needed so their expert could make a valid, non-conclusory           evaluation of which is surely “beyond the ken of most
determination of the adequacy of the Elizondo settlement            jurors.” 35 We conclude that even these factors are inadequate
or better describe his analysis, and (2) consideration of the       if considered in a vacuum without evaluation of settlements
summary judgment motions on damages should be continued             of comparable cases. Given the complexity of these factors,
until such discovery was provided. Accordingly, we do not           we conclude that such an analysis requires expert testimony.
agree with the court of appeals dissent insofar as it would         It cannot be based solely on the testimony of the claimants,
hold that the Lawyers were not entitled to summary judgment         particularly where Jose testified that he did not know the value
because of their attempts to limit discovery regarding other        of his claim, he testified that he had “no idea” of the value of
settlements.                                                        his wife's claim, and both husband and wife testified that they
                                                                    did not know whether anyone had received a larger settlement
                                                                    in a case involving similarly situated claimants.
         C. The Lay Testimony of the Elizondos
            Did Not Raise a Genuine Issue of                        The Elizondos also argue that summary judgment was not
         Material Fact on Malpractice Damages.                      warranted as to Guillermina because she recovered nothing.
                                                                    They argue that Guillermina did not sign the release and
The Elizondos contend that their own deposition testimony           therefore still had an unsettled claim, and that she received
raised fact issues as to damages sufficient to defeat summary       nothing in the settlement. The parties disagree on whether
judgment. Jose testified about his pain and suffering, and          the Lawyers ever represented Guillermina. But even if
Guillermina testified *270 about her loss of consortium. The        Guillermina is correct that the Lawyers represented her and
Elizondos contend that these unliquidated damages are best          had a duty to obtain a settlement for her, or at least advise
left to a jury and that summary judgment therefore was not          her that her claim should be pursued before limitations ran,
warranted.                                                          we cannot agree that she raised a fact issue on damages in
                                                                    light of the Elizondos' own evidence proffered in response to
 [9] We agree with the Lawyers that even if the Elizondos           the summary judgment motions. The Elizondos offered proof
presented some evidence of actual damages, this does not            that (1) William Wells advised BP that he represented Jose
mean they raised a material issue of fact as to malpractice         and Guillermina and made a settlement demand on behalf of
damages. The two are not the same here, because the                 both husband and wife; (2) BP responded with a settlement

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Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

offer to settle “all claims of Jose L. Elizondo and his *271       imposes too strict a standard at this summary judgment stage.
family” for $50,000; (3) the settlement offer was accepted,        Because the expert based his opinion on facts that could
and BP drafted a release to be signed with disbursement of         support a finding that the Elizondos' claims had substantial
the settlement proceeds, defining the “releasors” to include       merit but were settled as if they had no merit at all, I would
both Jose and Guillermina; (4) the release had signature lines     hold that the Elizondos created a fact issue on the existence
for both husband and wife; (5) Jose alone met with Wells           of malpractice damages. I therefore respectfully dissent.
and Kevin Krist to go over the release; (6) Jose was told
that Guillermina (who could not speak or read English) did
not need to sign the release; and (7) Jose signed the release
                                                                                                 I.
and received the settlement proceeds. To prevail under the
theory that Guillermina received nothing on her claim of
loss of consortium, she would have to prove that her claim                             Standard of Review
survived the release because Jose did not have authority to
                                                                   This is an appeal from a summary judgment. We must
sign the release and accept the settlement proceeds on behalf
                                                                   consider the evidence in the light most favorable to
of both of them, and that she and her lawyers tricked BP
                                                                   the Elizondos, indulging every reasonable inference and
into paying $50,000 to settle both claims and BP remained
                                                                   resolving any doubts in their favor. See City of Keller v.
liable on the loss of consortium claim. She would also have to
                                                                   Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 824 (Tex.2005); see also Shah v.
prove that BP could have been persuaded to pay an additional
settlement or a trier of fact could have been persuaded to         Moss, 67 S.W.3d 836, 844 (Tex.2001). The trial court found
                                                                   that the Elizondos submitted no evidence that they incurred
award additional damages in such unsavory circumstances.
                                                                   any damages *272 as a result of the defendants' alleged
We have reviewed the record and conclude that Guillermina
                                                                   breaches. At this stage of the case, the Elizondos did not
failed to proffer evidence, expert or otherwise, upon which
                                                                   have to prove the amount of their damages; they only had to
a reasonable and fair-minded trier of fact could have found
                                                                   create a fact issue as to the existence of damages—that is,
damages for her under such a novel theory. 36
                                                                   whether they sustained any damages at all. To do this, they
                                                                   had to “produce some evidence from which a reasonable jury
                                                                   could infer” that they sustained some damages. See Garcia
                       III. Conclusion                             v. Gomez, 319 S.W.3d 638, 642 (Tex.2010) (observing that
                                                                   even though there was no evidence of amount of damages,
We affirm the court of appeals' judgment.                          there was evidence that some damages were incurred); see
                                                                   also Alexander v. Turtur & Assocs., Inc., 146 S.W.3d 113,
                                                                   117 (Tex.2004) (noting that plaintiff must “produce evidence
Justice BOYD filed a dissenting opinion, in which Justice          from which a jury may reasonably infer that the attorney's
LEHRMANN joined.                                                   conduct caused the damages alleged”) (citing Haynes &
                                                                   Boone v. Bowser Bouldin, Ltd., 896 S.W.2d 179, 181
Justice HECHT did not participate in the decision.                 (Tex.1995)). If they have done this, we must reverse the trial
                                                                   court's summary judgment.
Justice BOYD, joined by Justice LEHRMANN, dissenting.
To prove the existence of legal malpractice damages, clients
who sue their attorneys must establish that “the result                                          II.
obtained for the client” was less (or lower or worse) than
“the result that would have been obtained with competent
                                                                                   A Qualified Expert Witness
counsel.” See ante at 263. The Court holds that Jose and
Guillermina Elizondo failed to submit any evidence that could      The Elizondos relied primarily on the affidavit of their
meet that burden, despite their expert's testimony that, in his    expert witness, Arturo J. Gonzalez. According to his affidavit,
opinion, the attorneys' breaches of their duties caused the        Gonzalez is a Texas lawyer who has specialized in personal
Elizondos to settle their claims “basically for nuisance value,”   injury claims for over twenty years. Following a 2005
and “a reasonably competent plaintiff's lawyer ... would have      explosion at BP Amoco Chemical Company's plant in
garnered far in excess” of that amount. I believe the Court        Texas City, Gonzalez assisted in the representation of over

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Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

525 plaintiffs who, like the Elizondos, asserted claims for        229, 236 (Tex.1999) (noting that the expert “might have ...
damages against BP. For most of that time, Gonzalez served         compared these settlements to those of similar claims”), and
as the plaintiffs' court-appointed liaison counsel to facilitate   I agree with it. I also agree with the Court's holding that
discovery and the exchange of information between the              Gonzalez's affidavit was insufficient under this “comparison-
parties. He “was intimately involved on a day to day basis         of-settlements” method. Gonzalez “did not undertake to
with the settlement process” involving these claims, and           compare the Elizondo settlement with other actual settlements
participated in numerous settlement conferences with BP's          obtained in the BP litigation.” Ante at 266. He did not state
representatives and attorneys. He was “directly responsible”       the values for which any of the other cases settled, and he did
for negotiating and settling three cases, and has personal         not assert that the Elizondos' claims were comparable to, but
knowledge of the values for which most of the other                settled for less than, any of the other cases. 2
claims were settled. The defendants may ultimately dispute
Gonzalez's assertions and qualifications and, at trial, would be   But the Elizondos did not rely on the comparison-of-
free to disprove them or otherwise undermine his credibility       settlements method. Instead, they challenged the defendants'
or the reliability of his opinions. But for purposes of            “faulty premise” that the “only way of proving damages is by
summary judgment, as the Court acknowledges, Gonzalez's            showing that someone else with identical injuries and claims
affidavit establishes that he is “an experienced attorney whose    received a larger settlement.” See ante at 269. I agree with
credentials are not the problem.” 1 Ante at 265.                   the Elizondos that the suit-within-a-suit and the comparison-
                                                                   of-settlements methods are not the only ways to prove the
                                                                   existence of legal malpractice damages. Just as our decisions
                                                                   “do not require that damages can only be measured against
                              III.
                                                                   the result the client would have obtained if the case had been
                                                                   tried in court to a final judgment,” ante at 263, they also do
              An Acceptable Method of Proof                        not require that damages can only be measured against the
                                                                   result the client would have obtained if the case had settled for
We have previously held that a client who was the plaintiff in     the amounts for which similar cases settled. Since malpractice
an underlying case can establish the existence of malpractice      damages are “the difference between the result obtained and
damages by proving that the amount the client recovered was        the case's ‘true value,’ ” see ante at 263, I would hold that any
less than the amount “that would have been recoverable and         method that provides competent evidence that the case's “true
collectible if the other case had been properly prosecuted.”       value” was greater than the “results obtained” will suffice to
Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. v. Nat'l Dev. &          raise a fact issue on the existence of malpractice damages.
Research Corp., 299 S.W.3d 106, 112 (Tex.2009). Because            And I would hold that, by submitting sufficient expert opinion
we have focused on the recoverable and collectible amount of       evidence that their claims had merit but were settled as if they
a judgment following trial, courts often refer to this method of   had none, the Elizondos satisfied that burden.
proving damages as a “suit-within-a-suit.” See, e.g., *273
Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C., 395 S.W.3d
178, 183 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (“This
causation burden in this type of legal malpractice claim                                          IV.
has been called the ‘suit-within-a-suit’ requirement.”) (citing
Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165, 173 (Tex.App.–                             Sufficient Expert Opinions
Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. denied)).
                                                                   Gonzalez did not utilize the comparison-of-settlements
Today, the Court holds that a client who was a plaintiff           method because confidentiality agreements prohibited him
“in a mass tort litigation involving thousands of similar          from disclosing the amounts for which other cases settled.
claimants and arising out of the same event” can also establish    Nor did he utilize the suit-within-a-suit method, presumably
the existence of malpractice damages by proving that the           because BP settled every one of the 2005 explosion claims
amount the client received in settlement is lower than the         prior to the entry of any judgment. Instead, after stating his
amounts of “the settlements obtained in other cases ... arising    experience and qualifications, explaining the confidentiality
from the event.” Ante at 263. This holding is consistent           of BP's settlement amounts, listing the *274 factors that
with the Court's comments in Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d            BP considered when determining the settlement value of a

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Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

case, stating his opinion of the general settlement value of       as ‘untriable’ or otherwise legally untenable on an applicable
the Elizondos' claims, listing the sources on which he relied,     dispositive motion for merits review”). 3
describing the things that a reasonably diligent attorney would
have done to pursue the Elizondos' claims, and listing the          *275 Reading Gonzalez's affidavit in the light most
specific ways in which the attorney defendants failed to meet      favorable to the Elizondos, and indulging every reasonable
that standard, Gonzalez stated his opinions as follows:            inference in their favor, it is Gonzalez's opinion that the
                                                                   Elizondos were paid as if their claims had no merit, when
             The settlement offer made by
                                                                   in fact they had substantial merit. If, in fact, the Elizondos'
             BP for the Elizondos' claim
                                                                   claims had substantial merit but were settled as if they had
             was basically for nuisance value.
                                                                   no merit, a reasonable jury could at least infer that the
             Given the extraordinary circumstances
                                                                   Elizondos sustained damages of some amount. Although
             surrounding the BP explosions claims,
                                                                   Gonzalez's opinions could not establish any particular amount
             a reasonably competent plaintiff's
                                                                   of damages, in my view they are sufficient to create a fact
             lawyer should have continued to
                                                                   issue on the existence of damages.
             prosecute the claim until a fair and
             reasonable offer was made by BP. In
             my opinion, had that been done, the
             Lawyers would have garnered far in                                                   V.
             excess of the $50,000 offer[.]

(Emphasis added.) In Gonzalez's opinion, the $50,000 that                           An Adequate Factual Basis
the Elizondos received to settle their claim was “basically for
                                                                   Gonzalez's opinions, however, are not enough. Absent an
nuisance value” and not a “fair and reasonable” amount based
                                                                   adequate factual basis, an expert's bare opinion that a claim
on the merits of the claim.
                                                                   had merit or that it was settled for nuisance value would be
                                                                   conclusory and, therefore, incapable of creating a fact issue to
Although Gonzalez did not define “nuisance value,” its
                                                                   avoid summary judgment. Gonzalez cannot just expect us to
meaning is common knowledge, at least among American
                                                                   “take his word” for it, see ante at 264; he must provide facts to
litigators and judges: a nuisance value settlement is a
                                                                   support his opinions. See, e.g., Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d
settlement of meritless, frivolous, or groundless claims for an
                                                                   526, 536 (Tex.2010) (“We have rejected expert opinions not
amount that is less than the defendant would have to spend
                                                                   grounded in a sound evidentiary basis: ‘[I]f no basis for the
to defeat them. See, e.g., Valores Corp. v. McLane Co., 945
                                                                   opinion is offered, or the basis offered provides no support,
S.W.2d 160, 169 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 1997, writ denied)
                                                                   the opinion is merely a conclusory statement and cannot be
(noting that summary judgment rule was intended to dispose
                                                                   considered probative evidence, regardless of whether there is
of “groundless actions instituted by plaintiffs seeking to
                                                                   no objection.’ ” (citation omitted)); see also Elizondo v. Krist,
harass defendants into nuisance value settlements”) (quoting
                                                                   338 S.W.3d 17, 25–28 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2010)
Roy W. McDonald, Summary Judgment, TEX. L.REV. 286,
                                                                   (Christopher, J., dissenting) (discussing Gonzalez affidavit).
286 (1952)); Wolcott v. Trailways Lines, Inc., 774 So.2d
                                                                   In my view, Gonzalez's affidavit recites numerous facts that,
1054, 1055 n. 1 (La.App. 2nd Cir.2000) (“The ‘nuisance
                                                                   taken in the light most favorable to the Elizondos, constitute
value’ of a claim is generally considered to be the cost of
                                                                   evidence that the Elizondos' claims had merit but were settled
defending a claim in which it is doubtful the plaintiff will
                                                                   for nuisance value, as if they did not.
prevail, but is unwilling to simply dismiss.”); Fletcher v.
City of Fort Wayne, Ind., 162 F.3d 975, 976 (7th Cir.1998)
(“[a] compromise for less than the cost of defense is a good       A. Facts supporting merit
working definition of a nuisance-value settlement”); R. Kozel
& D. Rosenberg, Solving the Nuisance–Value Settlement              Gonzalez provided an extensive recitation of facts supporting
Problem: Mandatory Summary Judgment, 90 VA. L.REV.                 his conclusion that the Elizondos' claims had merit. First, he
1849, 1851 (2004) (defining a nuisance-value settlement as         listed ten “criteria or factors” that BP “focused on” when
“a payoff extracted by a threat to litigate a meritless claim or   determining the value of claims arising out of the 2005
defense that both parties know the court would readily dismiss     explosion:

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Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

  • proximity to ground zero of the explosion;                       • Jose was first treated for mental anguish or emotional
                                                                        distress by Dr. Susana Rosin on May 6, 2005. He
  • when injury was reported to a supervisor;                           attended additional therapy sessions on May 20, July 6,
                                                                        and August 3, 2005. His treatment lasted approximately
  • corroboration of proximity and reporting of injuries to
                                                                        three months.
     supervisor or management;
                                                                     • Jose is married to Guillermina Elizondo, and they had four
  • age of the victim;
                                                                        children at the time of the explosion. They now have five
  • wage earning capacity and wage loss (present and future);           children.

  • injuries and biomechanics of injuries—e.g., nature,              • Jose earned about $23 per hour at the time of the
    extent, and duration;                                              explosion, and worked about 50 to 60 hours each week.

  • medical treatment received and duration of (physical and         • Jose missed work as a result of the explosion.
     mental/PTSD);
                                                                     • Jose has not been physically or medically restricted from
  • surgical vs. nonsurgical intervention(s);                           working, but he was injured in the explosion.

  • single or married/residual consortium claims; and              Based on these facts and the “criteria and protocol relied upon
                                                                   to establish general settlement values in the BP litigation,”
  • onsite vs. offsite claims.                                     Gonzalez opined that the Elizondo case “would have had a
                                                                   general value, by way of settlement or verdict, in the range
He then listed the facts of the Elizondos' claims that were        of between Two Million ... and Three Million ... dollars,” and
relevant to these factors:                                         he later summarized his view by opining that the claims were
                                                                   worth “far in excess” of the $50,000 that BP paid. Whether
  • On the date of the explosion, Jose was working for a
                                                                   the facts that Gonzalez recited were sufficient to support his
    subcontractor at the BP facility. He was 37 years old.
                                                                   $2–3 million valuation is doubtful (at best), but, in my view,
   *276 • Jose was approximately 200 to 300 feet from the          they constitute some evidence that the Elizondos' claims had
    blowdown stack when the explosion occurred. The force          merit.
    of the explosion blew him a number of feet into a port-
    a-potty.
                                                                   B. Facts supporting nuisance value
  • Jose was near Mr. Eamello at the time of the blast.
                                                                   Next, Gonzalez recited facts to support his view that the
  • Jose sustained injuries to his neck and lower back and         claims were settled “basically for nuisance value,” as if they
     suffered such mental anguish and emotional distress that      had no merit. First, he described in some detail what a
     he was considered to have post-traumatic stress disorder.     “plaintiff's attorney using reasonable due diligence” would
                                                                   have done to establish the claims' merit. Specifically, a
  • Jose was first treated for his neck and back injuries by Dr.   reasonably diligent attorney would have:
     Ron Kirkwood and Dr. English of Kirkwood Medical
     Associates, on March 26, 2005.                                            taken steps that included prosecuting
                                                                               the case to its fullest extent including
  • Jose saw Dr. David Winberly at Fondren Orthopedic on                       investigation, prosecution and filing
     April 1, 2005, for complaints of neck and lower back                      of a lawsuit ..., the taking of
     pain, and had a follow-up visit on June 7, 2005 for                       depositions or sworn statements of
     persistent neck and back pain.                                            important witnesses, requesting or
                                                                               obtaining and reviewing liability
  • Jose received physical therapy at TIRR twelve times over
                                                                               documents, coordinating efforts to
     the six-week period between April 7 and May 19, 2005.
                                                                               develop liability and damages in this
                                                                               matter, interviewing other potential

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Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

             fact witnesses that can determine the                  this, the Court explained, he “might have analyzed the Clients'
             extent and location of the injuries                    injuries by type, or related settlement amounts to medical
             sustained by their client, determining                 reports and expenses, or compared the settlements to those
             any and all responsible parties,                       of similar claims, or provided other information showing
             determining all claims that their clients              a relationship between the plaintiffs' circumstances and the
             could respectfully (sic) have ..., and                 amounts received.” Id. at 236.
             addressing and developing facts and
             issues relevant to establishing the                    In the present case, the Court concludes that Gonzalez's
             egregious conduct of BP.                               affidavit is “similarly conclusory” because it “fails to offer
                                                                    specifics on why the value of the case was $2–3 million as
He then described specifically how the attorneys failed to          opposed to the $50,000 received in settlement.” Ante at 265.
do these things: they did *277 not file a lawsuit; conduct          But to avoid summary judgment, Gonzalez did not have to
any investigation into the liability and damages facts; send        establish that the case was worth $2–3 million as opposed to
out any discovery requests; take any depositions; investigate       $50,000; he only had to establish that the case was worth more
and develop evidence of gross negligence; or investigate            than $50,000. By providing specifics on why $50,000 reflects
and determine how BP valued the explosion claims. Instead,          the value of a case that had “basically” no merit, and specifics
Gonzalez asserted, the attorneys “perform[ed] no work other         on why the Elizondos' case had merit, I would hold that he
than to review a demand package prepared by a referring             has done that.
lawyer.”
                                                                    Burrow is distinguishable from this case in all material
These facts, if true, would certainly support the duty and          aspects. In Burrow, the defendants sought and obtained a
breach elements of the Elizondos' malpractice claims. But in        traditional summary judgment—they had the burden to prove
my view, they also support Gonzalez's opinion that the claims       the absence of damages as a matter of law. 997 S.W.2d at
were settled for nuisance value, as if they had no merit. If, in    234. Here, the Elizondos are defending against a no-evidence
fact, the attorney defendants did nothing to develop the claims     summary judgment—they need only raise a question of fact
and establish their merit, a reasonable jury could infer that the   on the existence of damages. More importantly, the expert
amount BP paid reflected the cost of defense and the claims'        in Burrow provided no facts to support his opinion that the
lack of merit, and that the amount was lower than BP would          “fair and reasonable” amounts the plaintiffs received were
have paid for a meritorious claim. Again, although this cannot      equal to or greater than their true value. Here, by contrast,
constitute evidence of any particular amount of damages,            Gonzalez provided extensive facts to support his conclusion
in my view it does constitute evidence of the existence of          that the Elizondos' settlement was “basically for nuisance
damages.                                                            value,” meaning it did not reflect any merit at all. Because a
                                                                    reasonable jury can infer that a claim that lacks merit is worth
                                                                    less than a claim that has merit, I would hold that Gonzalez's
                              VI.                                    *278 testimony was sufficient to defeat summary judgment,
                                                                    and that Burrow does not counsel otherwise.

               Distinguishing Burrow v. Arce

In rejecting Gonzalez's affidavit, the court of appeals relied                                   VII.
heavily on our decision in Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229
(Tex.1999), as does this Court. In Burrow, the defendants'
                                                                                             Conclusion
expert testified by affidavit that he had considered the
relevant factors (including the underlying facts, the identity      In response to the attorney defendants' motions for summary
of the defendant, the elements of damages available, and            judgment, the Elizondos' expert testified that, in his opinion,
the losses each plaintiff incurred) and concluded based on          their claims had merit but were settled as if they had no
these factors that each plaintiff was “reasonably and fairly        merit, and he did so in an affidavit in which he identified
compensated.” Id. at 235. The Court held that this affidavit        numerous facts that support each of these two propositions.
was conclusory because the expert “[did] not explain why the        Because I would hold that the expert's affidavit constitutes
settlements were fair and reasonable.” Id. at 235–36. To do

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             13
Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

competent evidence from which a reasonable jury could infer
                                                                     All Citations
the existence of damages, I respectfully dissent.
                                                                     415 S.W.3d 259, 56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

Footnotes
1      The letter begins “Re: Our Clients: Jose Elizondo and spouse Guillermina Elizondo.” It states that “Our office represents
       Jose Elizondo and his wife Guillermina Elizondo” regarding the BP explosion and requests “settlement to the Elizondos”
       of $2 million. It describes the family life and background of both spouses. It details Jose's physical and psychological
       injuries. It states that “Mr. Elizondo and his wife have the privilege and responsibility of providing for, nurturing and raising
       four daughters. The events of March 23rd and following disrupted their family existence and security.”
2      338 S.W.3d 17, 24.
3      The trial court struck certain portions of the affidavit after the Attorneys complained that it was conclusory. Unlike the
       court of appeals, we do not separately analyze this ruling but address whether the affidavit, considered in its entirety,
       raised a material issue of fact as to damages.
4      See TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(i).
5      Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662, 666 (Tex.1989); see also Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. v. Nat'l Dev.
       & Research Corp., 299 S.W.3d 106, 112 (Tex.2009).
6      20 S.W.3d 692, 703 n. 5 (Tex.2000).
7      TEX.R. EVID. 703.
8      City of San Antonio v. Pollock, 284 S.W.3d 809, 816 (Tex.2009).
9      Coastal Transp. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp., 136 S.W.3d 227, 232 (Tex.2004).
10     McIntyre v. Ramirez, 109 S.W.3d 741, 749–50 (Tex.2003).
11     Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 235 (Tex.1999).
12     Gammill v. Jack Williams Chevrolet, Inc., 972 S.W.2d 713, 726 (Tex.1998) (quoting Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S.
136, 146, 118 S. Ct. 512, 139 L. Ed. 2d 508 (1997)).
13     Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. Ramirez, 159 S.W.3d 897, 912 (Tex.2004).
14     Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 236.
15     Id. at 232.
16     Id. at 233.
17     Id. at 235.
18     Id.
19     Id. at 235–36 (quoting TEX.R. EVID. 702).
20     Id. at 236.
21     338 S.W.3d at 21–22.
22     Id. at 28 (Christopher, J., concurring and dissenting).
23     Id. (footnote omitted).
24     The court of appeals majority noted:
            The Elizondos sought to obtain discovery regarding various documents relating to the BP settlements and, in
            response, the Lawyers asserted various objections. The Elizondos also asked for a court order under which Gonzalez
            could reveal specific information regarding the BP settlements, and the Lawyers opposed this motion. But, the
            Elizondos have not asserted on appeal that the trial court sustained the Lawyers' discovery objections or denied
            this motion, and the Elizondos have not cited any place in the record in which the trial court made any ruling in this
            regard. In addition, the Elizondos have not assigned error or presented argument challenging any such ruling by
            the trial court.
         Id. at 21 n. 2 (majority opinion).
25     The Elizondo release applies to the Elizondos and their attorneys and other agents, and provides: “The parties agree to
       keep confidential and not to disclose to third parties any of the consideration paid under this Agreement or any of the
       other terms of this Agreement, except that any party may disclose such portions of the Agreement, and to such limited
       extent, as may be necessary for obtaining tax or legal advice or as may be required by law or court order.”

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Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

26     For example, the Elizondos sought from the Lawyers production of settlement documents of other BP explosion clients
       and sought production of settlement documents from third-party law firms who had represented BP. They also sought the
       production of any matrix or grid used by BP in valuing claims. The Lawyers raised various objections to these requests.
27     See Tex.R. Civ. P. 166a(g) (“Should it appear from the affidavits of a party opposing the [summary judgment] motion
       that he cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify his opposition, the court may refuse the
       application for judgment or may order a continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or depositions to be taken or
       discovery to be had or may make such other order as is just.”); Tenneco Inc. v. Enter. Prods. Co., 925 S.W.2d 640, 647
       (Tex.1996) (“When a party contends that it has not had an adequate opportunity for discovery before a summary judgment
       hearing, it must file either an affidavit explaining the need for further discovery or a verified motion for continuance.”).
28     See supra note 3 and Part II.A.
29     See supra notes 23–24 and accompanying text. The protective order would have limited disclosure to this lawsuit only.
30     The court of appeals majority and dissent perhaps noted that the Lawyers opposed the motion because the certificate
       of conference to this motion stated that counsel for the two sides “have been unable to work out any resolution of this
       motion,” and that counsel for Kevin Krist was unavailable and would likely oppose the relief requested.
31     The motion states: “The Lawyer Defendants have made it clear that they intend to inquire of Mr. Gonzalez, or seek
       documents from him, regarding the specific amounts paid by BP to settle other similar claims ... as referenced by Mr.
       Gonzalez in his affidavit. Plaintiffs are more than willing for such information to be disclosed, but want to do so in a way
       that limits disclosure to this lawsuit only and for no other use or purpose. Likewise, Mr. Gonzalez has advised that he is
       willing to disclose such information under a fair protective order.”
32     The motion states: “The only apparent confidentiality concern raised by anyone concerns the ‘confidential’ settlement
       amounts paid to injured BP claimants, as set out in settlement/release agreements. This concern does not apply to any
       settlement demand made by a plaintiff's lawyer to BP's defense counsel. To the extent the concern is legitimate in regard
       to any settlement/release agreement, the Court can permit the producing party to redact any actual settlement amounts
       and thereby protect confidentiality.”
33     The March 2008 motion to compel similarly states that “Plaintiffs are willing to allow Defendants to redact the actual
       dollar amounts contained in any demands and in any settlement/release agreements signed by their other clients, so
       Defendants have no basis to object on these purported confidentiality grounds.”
34     See Alexander v. Turtur & Assocs., Inc., 146 S.W.3d 113, 119–20 (Tex.2004) (noting that “the wisdom and consequences”
       of “tactical choices made during litigation are generally matters beyond the ken of most jurors” and that “when the causal
       link is beyond the jury's common understanding, expert testimony is necessary”).
35     Id. at 119.
36     See Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 755 (Tex.2007) (“An appellate court reviewing a summary
       judgment must consider whether reasonable and fair-minded jurors could differ in their conclusions in light of all the
       evidence presented.”).
1      The Court holds that expert testimony is necessary to establish the existence of damages under the comparison-of-
       settlements method that it approves today, because the balancing and evaluation of factors necessary to compare
       different claims and their settlement values is “beyond the ken of most jurors.” Ante at 270 (quoting Alexander, 146
       S.W.3d at 119–20). Because I would hold that Gonzalez's affidavit was sufficient, under a different method, to create a
       fact issue and defeat summary judgment, I need not decide in this case whether expert testimony would be necessary
       in all such cases.
2      As the Court notes, Gonzalez did not use the “comparison-of-settlements” method because confidentiality agreements
       prevented him from disclosing the amounts for which the other cases settled. I agree with the Court that, to the extent the
       Elizondos are now arguing that the attorney defendants thwarted their efforts to compare the values of other settlements,
       they waived that argument in the court of appeals and in the trial court. Ante at 263.
3      See also Fed. Land Bank of Hous. v. Brooks, 124 S.W.2d 161, 167 (Tex.Civ.App.–Beaumont 1938) (Combs, J.,
       dissenting) (expressing concern that majority's holding would “give to many an unfounded and unjust claim, ‘a nuisance
       value’ which may encourage such claims being asserted merely in the hope of a settlement”), rev'd, 135 Tex. 370, 143
S.W.2d 928 (Tex.Com.App.1940); Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 548, 69 S. Ct. 1221, 93 L. Ed.
1528 (1949) (characterizing suits brought to “realize upon their nuisance value” as suits “brought not to address real
       wrongs”); Owens Corning v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, Pa., 257 F.3d 484, 495 n. 6 (6th Cir.2001) (explaining
       that suit's “nuisance value” is “based on the prospective litigation costs required to effect a dismissal of the action”);
       Travelers Ins. Co. v. Motorists Mut. Ins. Co., 178 N.E.2d 613, 619 (Ohio.Ct.App.1961) (“The fact that insurers agree to
       defend groundless claims, otherwise within the coverage of their policies, is a recognition that even groundless claims

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Elizondo v. Krist, 415 S.W.3d 259 (2013)
56 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1074

       have a nuisance value subject to defense and settlement.”); Robert A. Sachs, Product Liability Reform and Seller Liability:
       A Proposal for Change, 55 BAYLOR L.REV. 1031, 1040 n. 25 (2003) (noting that parties “pay ‘nuisance value’ to avoid
       continuing with the defense of a frivolous claim”); Geoffrey P. Miller, Payment of Expenses in Securities Class Actions:
       Ethical Dilemmas, Class Counsel, and Congressional Intent, 22 REV. LITIG. 557, 592 (2003) (characterizing strike suits
       and “nuisance value” suits as “litigation without substantial merit”); Cym H. Lowell & Jack P. Governale, U.S. INT'L TAX:
       PRAC. & PROC. ¶ 6.02 (2012) (noting that, under 26 C.F.R § 601.106(f)(2), the IRS will not settle based on “nuisance
       value,” described as “any concession made solely to eliminate the inconvenience or cost of further negotiations or litigation
       and is unrelated to the merits of the issues”).

End of Document                                                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              16
P
Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 891 (2001)

                                                                                 Nature and Theory of Right
                                                                            “Subrogation” is a doctrine of equity and is the
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
                                                                            substitution of another person in the place of the
Declined to Follow by   Davis v. City of Grapevine,   Tex.App.-Fort
Worth, March 9, 2006                                                        creditor, so that the person in whose favor it is
                                                                            applied succeeds to the rights of the creditor in
                       49 S.W.3d 891                                        relation to the debt.
                  Court of Appeals of Texas,
                           Austin.                                          Cases that cite this headnote

           ESLON THERMOPLASTICS; Tokyo
                                                                      [2]   Insurance
         Electron America, Inc. and Tokio Marine
                                                                                Equitable Subrogation
         & Fire Insurance Company, Appellants,
                                                                            Generally, an insurer paying a claim under a
                            v.
                                                                            policy becomes equitably subrogated to any
          DYNAMIC SYSTEMS, INC., Appellee.
                                                                            cause of action the insured may have against a
                                                                            third party responsible for the injury.
           No. 03–00–00501–CV. | June 29,
       2001. | Rehearing Overruled Aug. 9, 2001.                            3 Cases that cite this headnote
Corporation and its insurer brought action against water
line manufacturer and water line installer for damages                [3]   Judgment
which occurred when water line broke at corporation's                           Presumptions and Burden of Proof
building. After manufacturer brought action against installer               The party moving for summary judgment has the
for contribution, installer brought motion for summary                      burden of showing that there is no genuine issue
judgment against corporation, insurer, and manufacturer,                    of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment
based on a waiver of subrogation clause. The 200th Judicial                 as a matter of law.
District Court, Travis County, John K. Dietz, J., granted
the motion for summary judgment. Corporation, insurer, and                  1 Cases that cite this headnote
manufacturer appealed. The Court of Appeals, Bea Ann
Smith, J., held that: (1) installation of water line was work
                                                                      [4]   Judgment
and thus covered by waiver clause in contract between
                                                                                Presumptions and Burden of Proof
contractor and corporation; (2) genuine issue of material fact
as to whether installation of water line was performed under                Evidence favorable to the nonmovant will be
separate contract between installer and corporation or was                  taken as true in deciding whether there is a
subcontract of contract between contractor and corporation,                 disputed material fact issue that would preclude
and thus incorporated waiver clause, precluded summary                      summary judgment.
judgment; (3) affidavits that may have been filed to create
                                                                            1 Cases that cite this headnote
a fact issue to defeat summary judgment, and one of which
did not show personal knowledge of contracts between
corporation and installer, were inadmissible; and (4) genuine         [5]   Judgment
issue of material fact as to whether manufacturer was entitled                  Presumptions and Burden of Proof
to contribution from installer precluded summary judgment.                  Every reasonable inference must be indulged in
                                                                            favor of the nonmovant for summary judgment
Reversed and remanded.                                                      and any doubts resolved in its favor.

                                                                            1 Cases that cite this headnote

 West Headnotes (20)
                                                                      [6]   Judgment
                                                                                Presumptions and Burden of Proof
 [1]      Subrogation

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Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 891 (2001)

        When a defendant moves for summary judgment
        on an affirmative defense, it must conclusively     [11]   Contracts
        establish each element of its defense as a matter              Merger in Subsequent Contract
        of law.                                                    A subsequent agreement does not supersede
                                                                   a prior agreement if it is not inconsistent
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                            with the prior agreement, is made for separate
                                                                   consideration, or is such an agreement as might
 [7]    Judgment                                                   naturally be made as a separate agreement by
            Existence of Defense                                   parties situated as were the parties to the written
                                                                   agreement
        A defendant is not entitled to judgment as a
        matter of law on an affirmative defense if the             Cases that cite this headnote
        plaintiff supplies evidence as to any material
        fact issue relevant to the defense upon which
        reasonable minds could differ.                      [12]   Contracts
                                                                       Merger in Subsequent Contract
        2 Cases that cite this headnote                            Whether merger occurs, or whether another
                                                                   agreement is simply supplemental and does not
 [8]    Appeal and Error                                           contradict an earlier agreement, is determined
           Cases Triable in Appellate Court                        from the parties' intent.
        Because the propriety of a summary judgment is             4 Cases that cite this headnote
        a question of law, the Court of Appeals reviews
        the trial court's decision de novo.
                                                            [13]   Judgment
        3 Cases that cite this headnote                                Insurance Cases
                                                                   Genuine issue of material fact as to whether
 [9]    Appeal and Error                                           hookup of water line was performed under a
            Grounds for Sustaining Decision Not                    separate contract between corporation and water
        Considered                                                 line installer, or under a modified subcontract
                                                                   which incorporated waiver of rights clause
        When the trial court has not stated the grounds
                                                                   contained in main contract between corporation
        for granting a summary judgment motion, the
                                                                   and contractor, precluded summary judgment
        Court of Appeals may affirm the judgment if any
                                                                   in corporation's and insurer's action against
        of the grounds advanced in the motion has merit.
                                                                   installer and manufacturer for damages which
        Cases that cite this headnote                              occurred after water line broke.

                                                                   Cases that cite this headnote
 [10]   Insurance
            Waiver or Loss of Subrogation Rights
                                                            [14]   Judgment
        Installer's hookup of water lines was “work,”                  Personal Knowledge or Belief of Affiant
        and as such was covered by clause waiving
                                                                   Judgment
        subrogation rights in contract between general
                                                                       Matters of Fact or Conclusions
        contractor and corporation, for purposes of
        determining whether corporation and insurer                Judgment
        could maintain action against installer for                    Operation and Effect of Affidavit
        damages after water line broke.                            Affidavits were inadmissible in corporation's and
                                                                   insurer's action against water line installer and
        2 Cases that cite this headnote                            manufacturer for damages from broken water
                                                                   line; affidavits may have been filed for the
                                                                   express purpose of creating a fact issue to

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Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 891 (2001)

        defeat summary judgment, affidavits did not                   corporation and insurer against manufacturer and
        show personal knowledge of contracts between                  installer for damages caused when water line
        corporation and installer, and affidavits were                broke. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies
        simply legal conclusions.                                     Code § 33.013(b).

        Cases that cite this headnote                                 Cases that cite this headnote

 [15]   Trial                                                  [20]   Contribution
             Admission of Evidence in General                             Nature and Grounds of Obligation
        The exclusion of evidence rests within the sound              A claim of contribution is derivative of the
        discretion of the trial court.                                plaintiff's right to recover from a joint defendant
                                                                      against whom contribution is sought.
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
 [16]   Appeal and Error
           Abuse of Discretion
        The trial court commits an abuse of discretion
                                                              Attorneys and Law Firms
        only when it acts in an unreasonable or arbitrary
        manner, or acts without reference to any guiding      *894 John William Belk, Sheiness, Scott, Grossman &
        principles.                                           Cohn, L.L.P., Houston, for Eslon.

        Cases that cite this headnote                         Mark Daniel Hopkins, Black & Connolly, L.L.P., Vic Fields,
                                                              Austin, for Tokyo & Tokio.
 [17]   Judgment
                                                              David L. Downs, Law Office of David L. Downs, Wallace B.
            Operation and Effect of Affidavit
                                                              Jefferson, Jacqueline M. Stroh, Crofts, Callaway & Jefferson,
        An individual cannot file an affidavit to             P.C., San Antonio, for appellee.
        contradict his own deposition testimony without
        any explanation for the change in the testimony,      Before Justices KIDD, B.A. SMITH and PURYEAR.
        for the purpose of creating a fact issue to avoid
        summary judgment; such an affidavit presents no       Opinion
        more than a “sham” fact issue.
                                                              BEA ANN SMITH, Justice.
        12 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               [1]   [2] After a water line broke causing $800,000 in
                                                              damages to a semiconductor wafer processor and the new
 [18]   Affidavits                                            building in which it was installed, owner Tokyo Electron
             Form and Contents                                America, Inc. (Tokyo Electron) and its property insurer Tokio
        Affidavits must state facts, not legal conclusions.   Marine & Fire Insurance Company (Tokio Marine) 1 sued
                                                              Dynamic Systems, Inc., which installed the water line, and
        Cases that cite this headnote                         Eslon Thermoplastics (Eslon), which manufactured the pipe
                                                              fitting that broke. Eslon, in turn, sued Dynamic Systems for
 [19]   Judgment                                              indemnity and contribution. Dynamic Systems was granted
            Particular Cases                                  summary judgment against Tokyo Electron and Eslon based
        Genuine issue of material fact as to whether          on a waiver of subrogation clause in the contract between
        water line manufacturer was entitled to right of      Tokyo Electron and the general contractor, which was
        contribution from water line installer precluded      incorporated into its contracts with subcontractors. Tokyo
        summary judgment in action by manufacturer            Electron and Tokio Marine appeal that judgment, arguing that
        against installer, which arose from action by         the water line was installed pursuant to a separate contract
                                                              between Tokyo Electron and Dynamic Systems, which had no

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Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 891 (2001)

waiver of subrogation clause. In the event this Court reverses     covered the loss on the Mark 8. Tokio Marine now seeks to
the summary judgment against Tokio, Eslon urges that we            recover from Dynamic Systems and Eslon.
reverse the summary judgment on its contribution claim.
Because we hold that there is a genuine issue of material          Tokyo Electron and Tokio Marine (collectively Tokio) sued
fact whether the work occurred under a separate contract, we       Dynamic Systems and Eslon 3 for strict liability, negligence,
reverse both summary judgments and remand to the trial court       and breach of implied warranties. It was their position that
for further proceedings.                                           Dynamic Systems connected the chilled water lines to the
                                                                   Mark 8 under a direct contract with Tokyo Electron, which
                                                                   had no waiver of claims for damages and no waiver of
  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND                                subrogation. Dynamic Systems contends that Tokyo Electron
                                                                   and Taisei intended to avoid legal disputes such as this
Tokyo Electron manufactures, sells, and services                   one by allocating all risks of damage growing out of
semiconductor equipment. In April 1995, Taisei Construction        the construction project to insurance, without a right of
Corporation agreed to be the design/builder of Tokyo               subrogation. Dynamic Systems insists that it was performing
Electron's new corporate facility in Austin. 2 This facility       under the subcontract with Taisei when it installed the chilled
included an on-site training lab to familiarize customers with     water lines and connected them to the Mark 8. It relies
the operation of Tokyo Electron's Clean Track photoresist          on the waiver to defeat Tokio Marine's subrogation claims.
processing systems. Taisei hired subcontractors to provide         In the trial court, Dynamic Systems filed a motion for
labor and materials on various parts of the project. Dynamic       summary judgment based on this clause. The court granted
Systems contracted to install the building's plumbing              the summary judgment in favor of Dynamic Systems but then
infrastructure. Taisei later asked Dynamic Systems to submit       granted Tokio's motion for new trial, which asserted newly
a bid on bringing chilled water lines from the ceiling of the      discovered evidence. Dynamic Systems subsequently filed its
training facility down the wall to a piece of machinery called     second motion for summary judgment against Tokio and a
the Clean Track Mark 8 wafer processor (Mark 8), which             motion for summary judgment against Eslon, based on the
is used in the production of semiconductor wafers. Dynamic         derivative claims of contribution and indemnity. The trial
 *895 Systems submitted a bid to Taisei in April 1996, and         court granted both motions in favor of Dynamic Systems.
performed the Mark 8 hookup in July 1996.
                                                                   Tokio and Eslon appeal. Tokio urges that the trial court
Tokyo Electron began moving into the new facility during the       erroneously granted summary judgment because genuine
first weekend of August 1996. On August 3, one of the chilled      issues of material fact exist as to whether the hookup was
water lines in the training lab burst, forcefully spraying water   performed as part of Dynamic Systems' subcontract with
that destroyed the Mark 8 and severely damaged parts of            Taisei or pursuant to a separate contract with Tokyo Electron
the building. Tokyo Electron's investigation concluded that        that did not contain or incorporate the waiver. Should this
certain pipe fittings manufactured by Eslon were defective or      Court reverse the summary judgment against Tokio, Eslon
were negligently installed and that this was the cause of the      seeks reversal of the summary judgment against Eslon on the
accident that resulted in damages exceeding $800,000.              issue of contribution.

Taisei's contract with Tokyo Electron included a waiver
of all claims for damage arising out of the construction                           STANDARD OF REVIEW
project, allocating such risks to insurers without a right
of subrogation. Tokyo Electron was obligated to procure             [3] [4] [5] A summary judgment shall be rendered if the
insurance to cover any losses that might occur during              evidence properly before the court indicates that “there is no
construction regardless of blame. Taisei's subcontract with        genuine issue as to any material fact and the *896 moving
Dynamic Systems expressly incorporated the waiver of               party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Tex.R. Civ.
claims. Tokyo Electron carried two types of insurance on           P. 166a(c); see also Rodriguez v. Naylor Indus., Inc., 763
the building, builder's risk coverage and property insurance.      S.W.2d 411, 413 (Tex.1989). The party moving for summary
Because the project was substantially complete at the time of      judgment has the burden of showing that there is no genuine
the loss, the builder's risk coverage was no longer in effect.     issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a
Therefore, Tokyo Electron's property insurer, Tokio Marine,        matter of law. Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546,

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Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 891 (2001)

548 (Tex.1985). Evidence favorable to the nonmovant will be                   property insurance obtained pursuant
taken as true in deciding whether there is a disputed material                to this Paragraph 7.3 or other
fact issue that would preclude summary judgment. Id. at 548–                  property insurance applicable to the
49. Every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of                   Work, except such rights as they
the nonmovant and any doubts resolved in its favor. Id. at 549.               may have to proceeds of such
                                                                              insurance held by the Owner as
 [6] [7] [8] [9] When a defendant moves for summary                           trustee. The Owner or Design/Builder,
judgment on an affirmative defense, as Dynamic Systems                        as appropriate, shall require from
does, it must conclusively establish each element of its                      contractors and subcontractors by
defense as a matter of law. See Velsicol Chem. Corp. v.                       appropriate agreements, written where
Winograd, 956 S.W.2d 529, 530 (Tex.1997). A defendant is                      legally required for validity, similar
not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on an affirmative                 waivers each in favor of other parties
defense if the plaintiff supplies evidence as to any material                 enumerated in this Paragraph 7.3. The
fact issue relevant to the defense upon which reasonable                      policies shall be endorsed to include
minds could differ. Santanna Natural Gas Corp. v. Hamon                       such waivers of subrogation.
Operating Co., 954 S.W.2d 885, 890 (Tex.App.—Austin
1997, pet. denied) (citing Kassen v. Hatley, 887 S.W.2d 4, 9     Taisei's subcontract with Dynamic Systems incorporated
(Tex.1994)). Because the propriety of a summary judgment is      this waiver in article 1, which defines the term “Contract
a question of law, we review the trial court's decision de novo. Documents” as “the ‘Contract’ between [Tokyo Electron] and
Id. When the trial court has not stated the grounds for granting [Taisei] together with all plans, drawings and specifications
the motion, we may affirm the judgment if any of the grounds     including the General Conditions and Special *897
advanced in the motion has merit. See State Farm Fire & Cas.     Conditions, Addenda, Amendments, and/or instruments of
Co. v. S.S., 858 S.W.2d 374, 380 (Tex.1993). Eslon concedes      like effect.”
that if we affirm this summary judgment in favor of Dynamic
Systems, then the trial court correctly granted Dynamic           Tokio asserts that the waiver does not apply, but even
Systems' summary judgment against Eslon. Therefore, we            if it does, it only forecloses claims for damage done to
begin by addressing Dynamic Systems' summary judgment             the building, not damage to machinery or equipment such
against Tokio.                                                    as the Mark 8. This argument hinges on the following
                                                                  language in the waiver: “for damages caused by fire or other
                                                                  perils to the extent covered by ... other property insurance
                                                                  applicable to the Work.” (Emphasis added.) Tokio posits
                       DISCUSSION                                 that the Mark 8 was not part of the “work” performed by
                                                                  Dynamic Systems and cites out-of-state cases that distinguish
Waiver Clause
                                                                  work and non-work in waiver of subrogation clauses. See
A. Work v. Non–Work                                               Fidelity & Guar. Ins. Co. v. Craig–Wilkinson, Inc., 948
Tokyo Electron and Taisei entered a construction contract that    F.Supp. 608, 614 (S.D.Miss.1996) (holding that the waiver
obligated Tokyo Electron, under the part of the agreement         did not bar claims for damage to “non-Work property”);
entitled “Terms and Conditions,” to purchase and maintain         Town of Silverton v. Phoenix Heat Source Sys., Inc., 948 P.2d
property insurance on the work at the site. This insurance        9, 12 (Colo.Ct.App.1997) (stating that the waiver does not
was required to include the interests of Tokyo Electron,          show an intent to exculpate parties for “parts of the building
Taisei, and “their respective contractors and subcontractors.”    other than the work”); St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v.
The waiver clause appears in the section entitled “Property       Freeman–White Assocs., Inc., 322 N.C. 77, 366 S.E.2d 480,
Insurance,” and provides:                                         484 (1988) (holding that the contract was ambiguous as to
                                                                  whether the plaintiff had waived its claims); S.S.D.W. Co. v.
            The Owner and Design/Builder waive                    Brisk Waterproofing Co., 76 N.Y.2d 228, 233, 557 N.Y.S.2d
            all rights against each other and                     290, 556 N.E.2d 1097 (N.Y.1990) (stating that the contract
            the contractors, subcontractors, agents               required the owner of the construction project to acquire
            and employees, each of the other,                     insurance for the “Work” and the contractor to provide
            for damages caused by fire or other                   insurance for property damage it may cause “other than to
            perils to the extent covered by                       the Work itself”); Travelers Ins. Cos. v. Dickey, 799 P.2d

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Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 891 (2001)

625, 630 (Okla.1990) (concluding that the “agreement clearly      for damages and waived its right to recover against Dynamic
is ineffective to exonerate the contractor from liability for     Systems, which defeats Tokio Marine's subrogation claim.
negligently inflicted harm to the owner's interior property”).
                                                                  Specifically, Dynamic Systems maintains that the connection
Dynamic Systems urges that Tokio presents only a minority         was performed under the subcontract between Taisei
view that has been rejected by a majority of the states,          and Dynamic Systems, which implicates the waiver. The
which originally supported the work/non-work distinction.         subcontract includes “any supplemental written agreements
See ASIC II Ltd. v. Stonhard, Inc., 63 F. Supp. 2d 85, 92–          made and entered into by the parties hereto subsequent to
93 (D.Me.1999) (rejecting Craig–Wilkinson and Dickey );           the date of execution of the Subcontract.” Dynamic Systems
Lloyd's Underwriters v. Craig & Rush, Inc., 26 Cal.App.4th        points out that Tokio never produced a separate contract
1194, 32 Cal. Rptr. 2d 144, 148 (1994) (rejecting S.S.D.W.          between Tokyo Electron and Dynamic Systems for the
and Dickey); Employers Mut. Cas. Co. v. A.C.C.T., Inc.,           hookup, and insists that the Mark 8 work was performed as a
580 N.W.2d 490, 494 n. 4 (Minn.1998) (rejecting Craig–            supplement to its subcontract with Taisei.
Wilkinson, S.S.D.W., and Dickey); Mu Chapter of Sigma
Pi Fraternity of United States Inc. v. Northeast Constr.          During the performance of the subcontract, Dynamic Systems
Servs. Inc., 273 A.D.2d 579, 709 N.Y.S.2d 677, 680 n. 2           submitted a bid to Taisei for the work necessary to connect
(N.Y.App.Div.2000) (explaining that the waiver in the form        the chilled water lines to the Mark 8. Taisei's project manager
contract discussed in S.S.D.W. was later revised to overcome      authorized and initialed the work in a fax to Dynamic Systems
the holding in that case).                                        stating, “Please Provide the Air and Vacuum hook up.”
                                                                  Dynamic Systems did the work and subsequently billed Taisei
 [10] Dynamic Systems, however, asserts that we need not          for the hookup.
address this question of first impression in Texas because
connecting the Mark 8 to the water lines was part of              Dynamic Systems contends that this evidence proves that
the work as defined in this contract. The construction            the work was performed as a supplement to its original
contract states that the “[w]ork comprises the completed          subcontract with Taisei, citing Boudreaux Civic Ass'n v. Cox,
construction designed under the Project and includes labor        882 S.W.2d 543, 547–48 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
necessary to produce such construction, and materials and         1994, no writ) (treating amendments to deed restrictions as
equipment incorporated or to be incorporated in such              contracts among parties). In Boudreaux, the court held that
construction.” (Emphasis added.) We agree that the Mark 8         “[a] modification to a contract creates a new contract that
became equipment incorporated into the construction when it       includes the new, modified provisions and the unchanged old
was installed and connected to the chilled lines in the walls     provisions.” Id. (citations omitted).
of the new facility. We hold that under the contract, hookup
of the Mark 8 was work and as such it was covered by the           [11] [12] Alternatively, Dynamic Systems urges that its
waiver. We overrule Tokio's second issue.                         written bid and Taisei's faxed approval merged with their
                                                                  original subcontract. See Carr v. Weiss, 984 S.W.2d 753,
                                                                  764 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 1999, pet. denied). In Carr, the
B. Modified Subcontract v. New Contract                           court of appeals explained that the “merger doctrine” refers
Dynamic Systems argues that the waiver evidenced the              to the “absorption of one contract into another subsequent
parties' intent to allocate all construction risks to their       contract.” Id. A subsequent agreement does not supersede
insurers, making insurance the exclusive remedy for *898          a prior agreement if it is not inconsistent with the prior
accidents and damages. See Richmond Steel, Inc. v. Legal &        agreement, is made for separate consideration, or is such an
Gen. Assurance Soc'y, 821 F. Supp. 793, 800 (D.P.R.1993)           agreement as might naturally be made as a separate agreement
(“The purpose of a waiver of subrogation clause in                by parties situated as were the parties to the written agreement
construction contracts is to avoid disruptions and disputes       Id. Whether merger occurs, or whether another agreement
between the parties working on a project.... The clause is        is simply supplemental and does not contradict the earlier
also meant to require a party to the contract to provide          agreement, is determined from the parties' intent. Id.
property insurance for all the parties.” (Citations omitted.));
Chadwick v. CSI, Ltd., 137 N.H. 515, 629 A.2d 820, 825–           Tokio counters that it offered ample contravening summary-
26 (1993). Dynamic Systems urges that Tokyo Electron              judgment evidence indicating that Tokyo Electron contracted
agreed to purchase sufficient insurance as its only remedy

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Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 891 (2001)

directly with Dynamic Systems, 4 thereby creating a fact          writing. Second, it contends that even if a change order were
issue as to whether the work was subject to the waiver. See       required, it would not yet have been issued because at the
Santanna, 954 S.W.2d at 890. As a result, Tokio urges that        time of the accident Dynamic Systems was still calculating
Dynamic Systems failed to establish as a matter of law all        the final bill to be submitted to Taisei. Third, Dynamic
the elements of its affirmative defense upon which summary        Systems asserts that “a written contract not required by law
judgment rests. See Velsicol, 956 S.W.2d at 530.                  to be in writing, may be modified by a subsequent oral
                                                                  agreement even though it provides it can be modified only by
 *899 The most persuasive evidence that Dynamic Systems           a written agreement.” Robbins v. Warren, 782 S.W.2d 509,
performed the connection services directly for Tokyo              512 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, no writ).
Electron, not as a part of the subcontract with Taisei, is
found in a letter from Taisei's project manager Richard Aman      Tokio's assertion is not that a change order was required
on July 16, 1996, informing Tokyo Electron that Dynamic           between Dynamic Systems and Taisei, but rather that a
Systems “is proceeding on a cost plus basis and also expect[s]    change order was required between Tokyo Electron *900
to be compensated by [Tokyo Electron]. Please let me know         and Taisei concerning the overall scope of the work.
if this is not your understanding. Should you want this to be     Connection of the Mark 8 was expressly excluded from
handled under the construction portion, [Taisei] will submit a    the original construction contract. To add these services, to
                                                                  be performed by a subcontractor, to the scope of work for
change order for this work.” 5
                                                                  which Taisei would eventually bill Tokyo Electron, a change
                                                                  order was required to modify their contract, as Taisei noted.
The construction contract between Tokyo Electron and
                                                                  According to Aman's letter of July 16, Dynamic Systems
Taisei required written change orders. Article 8 of the
                                                                  expected to be paid directly by Tokyo Electron for these
contract provided that Tokyo Electron could order additions,
                                                                  services. Although Dynamic Systems initially billed Taisei
deletions, or other revisions, “and the contract sum and
                                                                  for the hookup, when it was not paid it did subsequently
contract time shall be adjusted accordingly. Such changes in
                                                                  bill Tokyo Electron directly. In Robbins, the court held
the Work shall be authorized by Change Order....” A change
                                                                  that a question of fact existed as to whether there was a
order, according to the contract, is a written order signed by
                                                                  supplemental agreement entered into between the parties. Id.
Tokyo Electron and Taisei authorizing a change in the work.
                                                                  On these facts, we cannot say as a matter of law that the
“The contract sum and contract time may be changed only by
                                                                  construction contract or the subcontract was modified by oral
Change Order.”
                                                                  agreement to include the hookup services that failed.

Tokio emphasizes that there was no change order adjusting
                                                                   [13] In light of this evidence, we cannot say that Dynamic
the contract sum, time, or work to cover services for the
                                                                  Systems has proved as a matter of law that the hookup
hookup of the Mark 8. If the connection was to come within
                                                                  was performed under a modified subcontract that included
Dynamic Systems' responsibilities under the subcontract,
                                                                  the allocation of risks to insurance and the waiver of
then Tokio insists that a change order was required to show
                                                                  subrogation. See Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 548. Indulging every
this as part of the scope of Taisei's work. Tokio maintains
                                                                  reasonable inference in favor of Tokio, we conclude that
that Aman's letter supports this interpretation: Taisei offered
                                                                  there is a material fact issue as to whether the hookup was
to submit a change order if Tokyo Electron wanted the work
                                                                  performed under a separate contract between Tokyo Electron
covered under the construction contract. Aman testified in
                                                                  and Dynamic Systems or under a modified subcontract
an oral deposition that Tokyo Electron worked directly with
                                                                  incorporating the waiver. See id. at 549. We therefore sustain
Dynamic Systems to perform this work. As Taisei's project
                                                                  Tokio's first issue.
manager, he acknowledged that the connection of the chilled
lines to the Mark 8 was not contemplated by the original
contract: “In my contract with Tokyo Electron, I do not have      Alternative Grounds
the tool hook-up .” Indeed, the hookup is expressly excluded      Dynamic Systems also presented a no-evidence motion for
under the original construction contract.                         summary judgment. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 166a(i). The parties
                                                                  dispute whether Dynamic Systems was in a position to bring
Dynamic Systems first responds that a change order was not
                                                                  a no-evidence motion for summary judgment. 6 Assuming
necessary because the subcontract between it and Taisei did
                                                                  this motion was properly raised, we hold that Tokio produced
not require formal change orders but only that changes be in

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Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 891 (2001)

sufficient competent summary-judgment evidence to defeat        to contradict his own deposition testimony without any
a no-evidence motion for summary judgment. Sufficient           explanation for the change in the testimony, for the purpose
evidence was raised, as previously discussed, in the form of    of creating a fact issue to avoid summary judgment.” Farroux
Aman's letter to Tokyo Electron, his deposition testimony,      v. Denny's Rests., Inc., 962 S.W.2d 108, 111 (Tex.App.—
and the appendix to the construction contract specifically      Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no pet.). Such an affidavit presents
excluding the hookup. We sustain Tokio's fourth point of        no more than a “sham” fact issue. Id.
error.
                                                                Dynamic Systems next argues that the stricken part of
                                                                Austin's affidavit, which stated he was involved in approving
Affidavits                                                      and processing invoices for the hookup, fails to show
 [14] Tokio contends that the trial court erred in striking     personal knowledge of contracts between Tokyo Electron
parts of two affidavits as conclusory and not based on          and Dynamic Systems. We may not consider statements that
personal knowledge. Aman, Taisei's project manager, and         offer no basis for purported knowledge about the contracts at
Thomas Austin, a member of Tokyo Electron's project team,       issue. See Morin v. Helfrick, 930 S.W.2d 733, 738 (Tex.App.
both provided affidavit testimony that included this common     —Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ), overruled on other
statement, which the court struck:                              grounds by Rizkallah v. Conner, 952 S.W.2d 580 (Tex.App.
                                                                —Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, no writ).
            The specific fitting, and related
            plumbing, for actual hook-up of
                                                                 [18] Further, Dynamic Systems maintains that these stricken
            [the Mark 8], *901 was selected,
                                                                statements are simply legal conclusions, which may not
            designed, and installed by Dynamic
                                                                support summary judgment as a matter of law. See Clement v.
            Systems, Inc., ... at the request of
                                                                City of Plano, 26 S.W.3d 544, 552 (Tex.App.—Dallas 2000,
            Tokyo Electron. I am personally aware
                                                                no pet.). Affidavits must state facts, not legal conclusions.
            that the hook-up of the fitting at issue
                                                                See id. For all the reasons advanced by Dynamic Systems,
            was not done as a change order to
                                                                we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in striking
            the original construction contract....
                                                                this affidavit testimony. We overrule Tokio's third issue. But
            The tool hook-up was considered a
                                                                as we have held, there is sufficient evidence apart from the
            separate contract made directly with
                                                                stricken affidavits to create a genuine issue of material fact
            TEA and DSI.
                                                                that prevents disposition of this case by summary judgment.
The court also struck the following sentence from Austin's
affidavit: “I am aware of this fact because I was involved in
                                                            Contribution
the approval and processing of DSI invoices covering tool
                                                             [19] [20] Because we reverse Dynamic Systems' summary
hook-up.” Additionally, it struck from Aman's affidavit the
                                                            judgment against Tokio, we must consider Eslon's argument
sentence: “I am aware of this fact because I attended some
                                                             *902 that the trial court erred in granting Dynamic Systems'
of the meetings between DSI and TEA concerning the ‘hook-
                                                            motion for summary judgment against Eslon on the issue
up’ of the tools, including the Mark 8.”
                                                            of contribution. A claim of contribution is derivative of the
                                                            plaintiff's right to recover from a joint defendant against
 [15] [16] The exclusion of evidence rests within the sound
                                                            whom contribution is sought. Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd., 826
discretion of the trial court. Porter v. Nemir, 900 S.W.2d
                                                            S.W.2d 933, 935 (Tex.1992). In other words, Eslon's claim
376, 381 (Tex.App.—Austin 1995, no writ). The trial court
                                                            of contribution derives from Tokio's right to recover from
commits an abuse of discretion only when it acts in an
                                                            Dynamic Systems.
unreasonable or arbitrary manner, or acts without reference
to any guiding principles. Id.
                                                            Eslon maintains that on remand Dynamic Systems may be
                                                            found jointly and severally liable with Eslon for Tokyo
 [17] Dynamic Systems asserts that the sentences from
                                                            Electron's damages, and Eslon then might be called upon
Aman's affidavit were stricken because they conflicted
                                                            to pay a greater amount of the damages than its percentage
with his earlier deposition testimony that he had no
                                                            of responsibility. In such a case, Eslon argues that it would
knowledge of a separate contract between Tokyo Electron and
                                                            be entitled to a right of contribution, and that right should
Dynamic Systems. 7 An individual “cannot file an affidavit  be determined in the main suit. See Tex. Civ. Prac. &

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         8
Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 891 (2001)

                                                                   jointly and severally liable.” We, therefore, sustain Eslon's
Rem.Code Ann. § 33.013(b) (West 1997) (when a defendant
                                                                   issue and reverse the summary judgment against Eslon on its
who is jointly and severally liable pays a percentage of
                                                                   contribution claim only and remand that issue for disposition
damages that is greater than its percentage of responsibility,
                                                                   in the trial court.
then that defendant may have a right of contribution for
the overpayment); cf. Casa Ford, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co.,
951 S.W.2d 865, 874–75 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1997, pet.
denied). Therefore, Eslon asks us to reverse the summary                                   CONCLUSION
judgment against it so that its claim of contribution can be
considered on remand. Eslon concedes that the trial court was      Tokio produced competent evidence to raise a fact issue
correct in granting summary judgment against its claim for         that Dynamic Systems' hookup work was performed under
indemnity.                                                         a separate contract that did not allocate the risks of damage
                                                                   to insurance and had no waiver of subrogation. The trial
Dynamic Systems urges that it is free from liability as a          court, therefore, erred in granting summary judgment in
matter of law, thus it is not a “liable defendant” against         favor of Dynamic Systems. Because we reverse the summary
whom judgment can be entered, and against whom a right of          judgment against Tokio, we also reverse the summary
contribution can be sought. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code         judgment against Eslon on its claim of contribution. We
Ann. §§ 33.003, .013(b) (West 1997). Because we have               remand this cause to the trial court for further proceedings
reversed the summary judgment against Tokyo Electron,              consistent with this opinion.
Dynamic Systems cannot say it is free from liability as
a matter of law. In this circumstance, Dynamic Systems
                                                                   All Citations
concedes that “Eslon would be entitled to a remand of its
contribution claims to await a determination that Eslon is         49 S.W.3d 891

Footnotes
1      Tokio Marine urges that it is the real party in interest entitled to subrogation for the insurance payments made to Tokyo
       Electron to cover the loss. Subrogation is a doctrine of equity and is the substitution of another person in the place of
       the creditor, so that the person in whose favor it is applied succeeds to the rights of the creditor in relation to the debt.
       Fleetwood v. Med Ctr. Bank, 786 S.W.2d 550, 553 (Tex.App.—Austin 1990, writ denied). Generally, an insurer paying
       a claim under a policy becomes equitably subrogated to any cause of action the insured may have against a third party
       responsible for the injury. Medina v. Herrera, 927 S.W.2d 597, 604 (Tex.1996).
2      Taisei Construction Company, in turn, formed a joint venture with Hensel Phelps Construction Company to serve as
       design/builder and general contractor (collectively Taisei).
3      Eslon, the manufacturer, sued Dynamic Systems for contribution and indemnity. Tokio also sued Liebert Corporation,
       which was subsequently nonsuited.
4      Tokio refers us to the provision of the construction contract that reserved Tokyo Electron's right to award separate
       contracts in connection with other work at the site.
5      Tokio also states that it offered additional evidence that raised a fact question that precluded summary judgment, including
       a March 1996 letter Dynamic Systems sent to Taisei stating that its scope of work did not include the “Process Systems
       in the Parts and Training Facility,” a May 1996 letter from Taisei to Dynamic Systems stating that Dynamic Systems had
       substantially finished its work under the construction contract (as evidence that the July 1996 hookup was excluded from
       the construction contract), and the fact that Dynamic Systems did not increase its bonding requirements even though the
       existing bond only covered the value of the work under the construction contract and subcontract (as evidence that the
       hookup was not part of either one of these contracts). Tokio also relies on statements in affidavits by Thomas Austin and
       Richard Aman, which we subsequently hold were appropriately stricken.
6      Tokio maintains that a no-evidence motion for summary judgment may only be brought against a party on a claim on
       which the nonmovant bears the burden of proof at trial. See Tex.R. Civ. P. 166a(i). Waiver is an affirmative defense on
       which Dynamic Systems bore the burden of proof. See id. 94; In re Epic Holdings, Inc., 985 S.W.2d 41, 57 (Tex.1998).
       Tokio urges that because Dynamic Systems bore this burden, it could not bring a no-evidence motion for summary
       judgment. Dynamic Systems counters that it did not bring the no-evidence motion based on its own waiver claim; rather,
       it asserts that it “moved for a no-evidence summary judgment on what is essentially a plea in avoidance offered by [Tokyo

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               9
Eslon Thermoplastics v. Dynamic Systems, Inc., 49 S.W.3d 891 (2001)

      Electron].” Dynamic Systems asserts that Tokyo Electron was attempting to avoid the effect of the waiver by claiming
      that the work was performed outside of the contracts, and thus, Tokyo Electron “raised a defense to [Dynamic Systems']
      defense” to which a no-evidence summary judgment motion was proper. We need not resolve this conflict to hold that
      the evidence presented raised a fact issue that defeated summary judgment.
7     Aman's deposition testimony is as follows:
        Q. But do you know if there was any other different contract? You're not offering testimony today about their [sic] being
           some other different contract between Tokyo Electron and DSI, are you?
        A. Not that I'm aware of. I don't know.
        Q. You don't know? You have no personal knowledge?
        A. I don't.

End of Document                                              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            10
Q
ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

                                                                [7] error in striking designation of physician as responsible
                                                                third party was reversible error.
                     467 S.W.3d 36
                Court of Appeals of Texas,
                  Houston (14th Dist.),                         Reversed and remanded for new trial.
                 Houston (14th Dist.).
                                                                McCally, J., issued dissenting opinion.
           ExxonMobil Corporation, Appellant
                           v.
        Delia Pagayon, Michelle Fulton, Alfredo
        G. Pagayon, Michael G. Pagayon, and the                  West Headnotes (28)
        Estate of Alfredo M. Pagayon, Appellees
                                                                 [1]    Labor and Employment
        NO. 14–13–00456–CV | Opinion and
                                                                            Scope of Employment
       Dissenting Opinion filed April 9, 2015 |
       Rehearing En Banc Overruled July 14, 2015                        To impute liability to an employer for its
                                                                        employee's tort, the employee's act usually must
Synopsis                                                                fall within the course and scope of the employee's
Background: Decedent's estate brought action against                    general authority and must have been performed
convenience store, seeking to hold it directly liable for               in furtherance of the employer's business.
negligent supervision of store employee who instigated a
violent physical altercation with decedent, who later died              Cases that cite this headnote
allegedly from injuries sustained in the fight. The Probate
Court No. 2, Harris County, entered judgment on jury verdict     [2]    Labor and Employment
awarding estate approximately $1.35 million in damages.                     Intentional Acts
After its motion for new trial was denied, store appealed.              Intentional torts are not ordinarily within the
                                                                        scope of a worker's employment, as is necessary
                                                                        to impute liability to an employer for the
Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Tracy Christopher, J., held             employee's actions.
that:
                                                                        Cases that cite this headnote
[1] store had duty to use reasonable care to prevent employee
from intentionally harming others;                               [3]    Labor and Employment
                                                                            Intentional Acts
[2] store breached its duty;                                            An employer ordinarily is not vicariously liable
                                                                        for the employee's intentional torts that are
[3] store proximately caused violent altercation between                motivated by personal animosity.
employee and coworker's father;
                                                                        Cases that cite this headnote
[4] emergency medical care standard did not apply for
purposes of ruling on motion to strike designation of
                                                                 [4]    Labor and Employment
physician as responsible third party;
                                                                            Negligent training and supervision

[5] proportionate responsibility statute applied for purposes           Unlike a claim of vicarious liability, a claim
of ruling on motion to strike designation;                              of negligent supervision does not depend on a
                                                                        finding that the employee committed the tort
[6] evidence of physician's medical treatment of decedent was           while acting in the course and scope of his
sufficient to defeat motion to strike designation; and                  employment; in particular, an employer can be
                                                                        held liable under a negligent supervision theory
                                                                        for its employee's intentional torts.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          1
ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

                                                                     employer knows or should know of the necessity
       Cases that cite this headnote                                 and opportunity for exercising such control.

                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
[5]    Labor and Employment
           Negligent training and supervision
       Under a negligent-supervision theory, an               [9]    Labor and Employment
       employer that breaches the duty to use                            Negligent training and supervision
       reasonable care to control an employee so as                  Evidence was sufficient to establish that
       to prevent him from harming others can be                     convenience store, the employer, knew or should
       held directly liable for harm that is proximately             have known of the necessity and opportunity
       caused by its employee's intentional conduct that             for exercising control over employee, giving
       is outside the scope of his employment.                       rise to duty to use reasonable care to prevent
                                                                     employee from intentionally harming others, in
       Cases that cite this headnote                                 action in which decedent's estate sought to hold
                                                                     store directly liable for negligent supervision
[6]    Appeal and Error                                              of employee who instigated a violent physical
          Sufficiency of Evidence in Support                         altercation with decedent, resulting in injuries or
                                                                     condition that allegedly caused decedent's death;
       Appeal and Error
                                                                     store manager was made aware of employee's
          Total failure of proof
                                                                     threat to harm decedent prior to the altercation,
       The appellate court will conclude that the
                                                                     and she had the opportunity to prevent the
       evidence is legally insufficient to support a
                                                                     altercation.
       finding only if: (1) there is a complete absence
       of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred          Cases that cite this headnote
       by rules of law or evidence from giving weight
       to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact;
                                                              [10]   Negligence
       (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is
                                                                         Foreseeability
       no more than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence
       conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital            For a result to be foreseeable, all that is required
       fact.                                                         is that the injury be of such a general character
                                                                     as might reasonably have been anticipated; and
       Cases that cite this headnote                                 that the injured party should be so situated with
                                                                     relation to the wrongful act that injury to him or
                                                                     to one similarly situated might reasonably have
[7]    Labor and Employment
                                                                     been foreseen.
           Negligent hiring, retention, and supervision
       Whether a duty exists, as element of negligent                Cases that cite this headnote
       employee supervision claim, is generally a legal
       question for the court.
                                                              [11]   Labor and Employment
       Cases that cite this headnote                                     Negligent training and supervision
                                                                     Convenience store manager's request that an
                                                                     individual relay her message to employee
[8]    Labor and Employment
                                                                     ordering him to avoid the person toward
           Negligent training and supervision
                                                                     whom he had ill feelings, after learning that
       The duty for an employer to use reasonable care
                                                                     employee had threatened physical violence, was
       to prevent its employee from harming others can
                                                                     not sufficient to satisfy the store's duty to
       arise if: (1) the employee is on the employer's
                                                                     use reasonable care to prevent employee from
       premises; (2) the employer knows it has the
                                                                     intentionally harming others, in action in which
       ability to control the employee; and (3) the
                                                                     decedent's estate sought to hold store directly

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           2
ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

       liable for negligent supervision of employee               knew or should have known that harm would
       who instigated a violent physical altercation              eventually befall a victim.
       with decedent, the father of the other employee,
       resulting in injuries or condition that allegedly          Cases that cite this headnote
       caused decedent's death; a relayed message
       asking the agitated and threatening employee to     [16]   Labor and Employment
       avoid the other employee did little to prevent                 Negligent training and supervision
       employee from harming his coworker's father.
                                                                  Convenience store proximately caused violent
       Cases that cite this headnote                              altercation between store employee and
                                                                  coworker's father, in action in which decedent's
                                                                  estate sought to hold store directly liable
[12]   Negligence                                                 for negligent supervision of employee who
           Necessity of causation                                 instigated a violent physical altercation with
       Negligence                                                 decedent, resulting in injuries or condition that
           Foreseeability                                         allegedly caused decedent's death; ill feelings
       Proximate cause consists of the elements of                between employee and coworker arose from
       cause-in-fact and foreseeability.                          their working relationship, employee threatened
                                                                  coworker with physical violence, and although
       Cases that cite this headnote                              store's manager was made aware of the threat,
                                                                  she did little to prevent the altercation despite the
                                                                  foreseeability of harm.
[13]   Negligence
            ‘But-for‘ causation; act without which                Cases that cite this headnote
       event would not have occurred
       Negligence
                                                           [17]   Negligence
           Substantial factor
                                                                      Possibility of multiple causes
       Cause in fact, an element of proximate cause,
                                                                  There can be more than one proximate cause of
       is shown by establishing that the negligent act
                                                                  an event.
       or omission was a substantial factor in bringing
       about the injury; without the act or omission,             Cases that cite this headnote
       harm would not have occurred.

       Cases that cite this headnote                       [18]   Parties
                                                                       Effect of striking out parties, and
                                                                  proceedings in cause thereafter
[14]   Negligence
           Foreseeability                                         Standard recognized in statute governing health
                                                                  care liability claims involving alleged deficient
       Foreseeability, an element of proximate cause,
                                                                  emergency medical care, requiring the claimant
       means that the actor, as a person of ordinary
                                                                  to establish that the health care provider
       intelligence, should have anticipated the dangers
                                                                  deviated from the standard of care “with wilful
       his negligent act or omission created for others.
                                                                  and wanton negligence,” did not apply to
       Cases that cite this headnote                              convenience store's response to estate's motion
                                                                  to strike store's designation of emergency room
                                                                  physician, rather than itself, as a third party
[15]   Negligence
                                                                  who was responsible for the injuries or condition
           Knowledge or notice
                                                                  resulting in decedent's death, in action in which
       Before liability will be imposed, there must be            decedent's estate sought to hold store directly
       sufficient evidence indicating that the defendant          liable for negligent supervision of employee who
                                                                  instigated the violent physical altercation with

             © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          3
ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

       decedent that necessitated the emergency room                its breach. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §
       visit; statute applied to ultimate determinations            74.153.
       of an emergency medical care provider's liability
       in health care liability cases, rather than                  Cases that cite this headnote
       questions of third-party responsibility. Tex. Civ.
       Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.153.                      [22]   Parties
                                                                         Effect of striking out parties, and
       Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    proceedings in cause thereafter
                                                                    Proportionate-responsibility statute, which
[19]   Health                                                       provided the means for comparing the extent
           Breach of Duty                                           of fault as between responsible parties and
       In determining a physician's standard of care in             allowing a defendant to reduce both its own
       a health care liability action, the question to be           liability and the claimant's recovery, applied to
       answered is whether the physician undertook a                convenience store response to estate's motion
       mode or form of treatment which a reasonable                 to strike store's designation of emergency room
       and prudent member of the medical profession                 physician, rather than itself, as a third party
       would not have undertaken under the same or                  who was responsible for the injuries or condition
       similar circumstances.                                       resulting in decedent's death, in action in which
                                                                    decedent's estate sought to hold store directly
       Cases that cite this headnote                                liable for negligent supervision of employee
                                                                    who instigated the violent physical altercation
[20]   Health                                                       with decedent that necessitated the emergency
           Breach of Duty                                           room visit; and thus, store needed to respond
                                                                    to estate's motion to strike by producing
       In determining whether the physician undertook
                                                                    evidence sufficient to raise a fact question
       a mode or form of treatment which a reasonable
                                                                    about whether the emergency room physician
       and prudent member of the medical profession
                                                                    contributed to causing decedent's death in a
       would not have undertaken under the same
                                                                    manner encompassed by the statute. Tex. Civ.
       or similar circumstances, the circumstances to
                                                                    Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 33.003(a), 33.012.
       be considered include, but are not limited to,
       the expertise of and means available to the                  Cases that cite this headnote
       physician-defendant, the health of the patient,
       and the state of medical knowledge.
                                                             [23]   Parties
       Cases that cite this headnote                                     Effect of striking out parties, and
                                                                    proceedings in cause thereafter
[21]   Health                                                       Convenience store's response to estate's motion
           Emergency room care in general                           to strike store's designation of emergency room
                                                                    physician as a responsible third party, and
       Standard recognized in statute governing health
                                                                    evidence in support thereof, was sufficient to
       care liability claims involving alleged deficient
                                                                    raise a fact question about whether physician
       emergency medical care, requiring the claimant
                                                                    contributed to causing decedent's death in a
       to establish that the health care provider deviated
                                                                    manner encompassed by the proportionate-
       from the standard of care “with wilful and
                                                                    responsibility statute, as was necessary to
       wanton negligence,” does not change the general
                                                                    defeat the motion to strike, in action in
       acceptable standard of medical care standard; it
                                                                    which decedent's estate sought to hold store
       simply allows one providing emergency medical
                                                                    directly liable for negligent supervision of
       care to deviate from that standard by a wider
                                                                    employee who instigated the violent physical
       margin before becoming liable in damages for
                                                                    altercation with decedent that necessitated the

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                       4
ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

       emergency room visit; store introduced evidence                 Error in striking convenience store's designation
       questioning physician's treatment of decedent,                  of emergency room physician as a third
       indicating it was possible that the treatment,                  party who was responsible for decedent's
       rather than injuries from the fight, caused                     death was reversible error, in action in
       decedent to develop sepsis, which ultimately led                which decedent's estate sought to hold store
       to respiratory and renal failure. Tex. Civ. Prac. &             directly liable for negligent supervision of
       Rem. Code Ann. §§ 33.003(a), 33.004, 33.012.                    employee who instigated the violent physical
                                                                       altercation with decedent that necessitated the
       Cases that cite this headnote                                   emergency room visit preceding decedent's
                                                                       death; proper application of proportionate
[24]   Evidence                                                        responsibility statute would have compelled trial
           Due care and proper conduct in general                      court to deny estate's motion to strike store's
                                                                       designation, but by striking the designation of a
       A physician from one school of practice may
                                                                       responsible third party, jury never learned of the
       testify about the negligence of a physician of a
                                                                       emergency room care, including a misdiagnosis,
       different school of practice so long as the subject
                                                                       which, according to store and medical expert
       of inquiry is common to and equally recognized
                                                                       testimony, could have led to decedent's sepsis
       and developed in both fields.
                                                                       and respiratory and renal failure. Tex. Civ. Prac.
       Cases that cite this headnote                                   & Rem. Code Ann. § 33.002(a)(1).

                                                                       Cases that cite this headnote
[25]   Evidence
           Due care and proper conduct in general
       In determining whether a doctor is qualified to
       testify as a medical expert for determination of         *40 On Appeal from the Probate Court No. 2, Harris
       standard of care in a health care liability claim,      County, Texas, Trial Court Cause Nos. 408,329-401 &
       the trial court should not focus on the specialty       408,329. Michael James Wood, Judge.
       of the medical expert.
                                                               Attorneys and Law Firms
       Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               Rahfaan (Clive) Markland, Richard P. Hogan, Jr., Houston,
                                                               TX, for appellant.
[26]   Appeal and Error
          Prejudicial Effect                                   Graham Eugene Sutliff, Houston, TX, Matthew Brian
       Instructional error is generally considered             Ploeger, Austin, TX, for appellee.
       harmful if it relates to a contested, critical issue.
                                                               *41 Panel consists of Justices Christopher, McCally, and
       Cases that cite this headnote                           Wise

[27]   Appeal and Error
                                                                                       OPINION
           Prejudice to Rights of Party as Ground of
       Review                                                  Tracy Christopher, Justice
       To determine if an error was harmful, the
       appellate court must examine the entire record.         Alfredo M. Pagayon (“Alfredo”) died several weeks after
                                                               an altercation between himself, his son Alfredo G. Pagayon
       Cases that cite this headnote                           (“J.R.”), and an ExxonMobil Corporation employee at an
                                                               ExxonMobil service station/convenience store. ExxonMobil
[28]   Appeal and Error                                        challenges the judgment rendered on the jury's verdict in
          Parties                                              favor of Alfredo's wife, children, and estate (collectively,
                                                               “the Pagayons”) on their claims arising from Alfredo's

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           5
ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

death. ExxonMobil asserts that the judgment should be             treated in the emergency room by Dr. Hung Hoang Dang
reversed because (1) it had no duty to control its employee       until after midnight, then admitted to the hospital. Shortly
under the facts of this case, (2) the evidence is legally         thereafter, Alfredo was transferred to the intensive-care unit
and factually insufficient to support a finding that its          for treatment of his respiratory distress, and Dr. Jaime Clavijo
negligent supervision caused Alfredo's death, (3) issues          intubated him. An attempt to wean Alfredo from the respirator
of causation and comparative fault were not fairly tried          failed, and he was transferred to a long-term intensive-care
because the trial court refused to allow ExxonMobil to            facility. On August 24, 2011, Alfredo died. The stated cause
present certain evidence and defenses, (4) the evidence           of death was cardiac arrhythmia, renal failure, and respiratory
is insufficient to support the medical-expenses damages            *42 failure. According to Dr. Clavijo, the organ failure
awarded, and (5) a remittitur of Alfredo's widow's non-           was caused by sepsis, a blood infection. The source of the
pecuniary damages should be suggested because her pain            infection was not definitively identified, and the parties'
and mental anguish were due almost entirely to events that        respective medical experts had differing opinions regarding
occurred during Alfredo's hospitalization and not to the fight    the most probable source.
at the convenience store. We conclude that ExxonMobil is not
entitled to rendition of a take-nothing judgment on any of the    The Pagayons sued ExxonMobil, seeking to hold it directly
asserted grounds, that is, we conclude that ExxonMobil had a      or vicariously liable for Alfredo's injury and death. The
duty to control the employee who injured Alfredo, and there is    Pagayons attributed Alfredo's death solely to the events at the
legally sufficient evidence that its breach of that duty caused   store. ExxonMobil maintained that it was not liable for any
Alfredo's death. However, we agree with ExxonMobil that the       harm that Alfredo sustained in the fight, and in any event,
trial court erred in striking its designation of an emergency-    his death was caused by negligent medical care. ExxonMobil
room physician as a responsible third party. We further           sought to designate Dr. Dang as a responsible third party, but
conclude that the error probably caused the rendition of an       the Pagayons successfully moved to strike the designation.
improper judgment; thus, without reaching ExxonMobil's            They also successfully moved to exclude the testimony of
remaining issues, we reverse the judgment and remand the          ExxonMobil's medical expert, Dr. Jose Gregorio Casar.
case for a new trial.
                                                                  The jury failed to find that Cabulang's actions were within the
                                                                  course and scope of his employment; thus, ExxonMobil was
                                                                  not held vicariously liable for its employee's actions. The jury
                   I. INTRODUCTION
                                                                  did find, however, that ExxonMobil was directly liable for its
J.R. Pagayon and Carlos Cabulang were both employed by            negligent supervision of Cabulang, and that this negligence,
ExxonMobil as sales associates at a convenience store in the      together with the negligence of both J.R. and Alfredo,
Houston area. Cabulang, J.R., and J.R.'s father Alfredo had       proximately caused Alfredo's death. The jury was then
known each other prior to the employment. J.R. had conflicts      asked to apportion liability for the fight among ExxonMobil,
with Cabulang at work and reported those problems not only        J.R., and Alfredo. It attributed seventy-five percent of the
to his ExxonMobil manager, but also to Alfredo. On July 31,       responsibility for causing the fight to ExxonMobil, fifteen
2011, Alfredo telephoned Cabulang and the two had heated          percent to J.R., and ten percent to Alfredo. Finally, the jury
words about the conflict between J.R. and Cabulang.               assessed damages of over $1.8 million for the Pagayons'
                                                                  claims. In accordance with the proportionate-responsibility
The next day, Cabulang and J.R. worked together. During           statute, the trial court signed a judgment awarding the
that time, Cabulang repeatedly cursed J.R. and said things        Pagayons seventy-five percent of the damages assessed by
to him that J.R. described as threats against himself and         the jury. The trial court denied ExxonMobil's motion for new
Alfredo. A co-worker told store manager Roce Asfaw of             trial, and ExxonMobil appealed.
Cabulang's threats against J.R., but Asfaw simply told the co-
worker to tell J.R. to stay away from Cabulang. J.R. did so,
but when Alfredo came into the ExxonMobil store to pick                   II. VICARIOUS V. DIRECT LIABILITY
up J.R. from work that afternoon, Cabulang left his sales
register and started a fight with Alfredo. Cabulang struck        In ExxonMobil's first two issues, it argues that it is entitled
Alfredo several times in the head and back, and Alfredo was       to rendition of a take-nothing judgment on the Pagayons'
transported to a hospital for treatment of his injuries. He was   two theories of liability: vicarious liability as Cabulang's

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ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

employer (also called “imputed” liability), and direct liability
for negligent supervision. The distinction between these two         (i) is upon the premises in possession of the master or
theories is crucial to our analysis, because although the               upon which the servant is privileged to enter only as his
jury failed to find ExxonMobil vicariously liable, many of              servant, or
ExxonMobil's appellate arguments pertain only to that theory
                                                                     (ii) is using a chattel of the master, and
of liability rather than to the negligent-supervision theory of
liability on which the judgment is based.                            (b) the master

 [1]    [2]    [3] To impute liability to an employer for its (i) knows or has reason to know that he has the ability to
employee's tort, the employee's act usually must fall within           control his servant, and
the course and scope of the employee's general authority and
                                                                    (ii) knows or should know of the necessity and opportunity
must have been performed in furtherance of the employer's
                                                                       for exercising such control.
business. See Wrenn v. G.A.T.X. Logistics, Inc., 73 S.W.3d
489, 493 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2002, no pet.). Intentional        RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 317 (1965)
torts are not ordinarily within the scope of a worker's
                                                                 (emphasis added), adopted in Kelsey–Seybold Clinic v.
employment. Cowboys Concert Hall–Arlington, Inc. v. Jones,       Maclay, 466 S.W.2d 716, 720 (Tex.1971), superseded by
No. 02–12–00518–CV, 2014 WL 1713472, at *9 (Tex.App.–            statute on other grounds as stated in Helena Labs. Corp.
Fort Worth May 1, 2014, pet. denied) (per curiam, mem. op.).     v. Snyder, 886 S.W.2d 767, 768 (Tex.1994) (per curiam);
And as ExxonMobil points out, an employer ordinarily is not      see also Otis Eng'g Corp. v. Clark, 668 S.W.2d 307, 309
vicariously liable for the employee's intentional torts that are (Tex.1983) (including this section among other Restatement
motivated by personal animosity. See Wrenn, 73 S.W.3d at         provisions in which, as a matter of law, a relationship imposes
494 (citing Tex. & P. Ry. Co. v. Hagenloh, 151 Tex. 191, 197,    certain duties upon the parties); accord, Nabors Drilling,
247 S.W.2d 236, 239 (1952)).                                     U.S.A., Inc. v. Escoto, 288 S.W.3d 401, 404–05 (Tex.2009).
                                                                 Thus, under a negligent-supervision theory, an employer that
 [4] Unlike a claim of vicarious liability, a claim of negligent breaches this duty can be held directly liable for harm that is
supervision does not depend on a finding that the employee       proximately caused by its employee's intentional conduct that
committed the tort while acting in the course and scope of       is outside the scope of his employment.
his employment. See *43 Soon Phat, L.P. v. Alvarado, 396
S.W.3d 78, 100 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet.         Because the jury failed to find ExxonMobil liable on a
denied). In particular, an employer can be held liable under     theory of vicarious liability, we do not address ExxonMobil's
a negligent-supervision theory for its employee's intentional    arguments and authorities that pertain to that theory of
torts.                                                           liability rather than to the Pagayons' negligent-supervision
                                                                   claim. Specifically, we do not address ExxonMobil's
 [5] To illustrate this, we need only look to the test for         arguments that liability cannot be imputed to it because
determining whether the “duty” element of a negligent-             the altercation was (a) based on intentional conduct or
supervision claim is satisfied. Where, as here, a claimant         personal animosity, (b) unauthorized, (c) not in the course
seeks to hold an employer liable under a negligent-                and scope of Cabulang's employment, or (d) not in the
supervision theory for an employee's actions that were outside     furtherance of ExxonMobil's business. We instead analyze
the scope of his employment, the Texas Supreme Court has           only ExxonMobil's arguments that could require reversal of
adopted the following test to determine whether the employer       the judgment on the Pagayons' negligent-supervision claim.
had a duty to use reasonable care to control the employee so
as to prevent him from harming others:

  A master is under a duty to exercise reasonable care so to                   III. NEGLIGENT SUPERVISION
  control his servant while acting outside the scope of his
  employment as to prevent him from intentionally harming          To prevail on a claim of negligent supervision, the Pagayons
  others or from so conducting himself as to create an             were required to prove that (a) ExxonMobil owed Alfredo
  unreasonable risk of bodily harm to them, if                     a duty to supervise its employees, (b) ExxonMobil breached
                                                                   that duty, and (c) the breach proximately caused Alfredo's
  (a) the servant                                                  injuries. See Knight v. City Streets, L.L.C., 167 S.W.3d

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ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

580, 584 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.).             there is legally sufficient evidence that ExxonMobil knew
In ExxonMobil's first issue, it argues that, as a matter of         or should have known “of the necessity and opportunity for
law, it had no duty to control Cabulang, and in its second          exercising such control” over Cabulang. See id.
issue, it contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to
support *44 the finding that its actions were a proximate           ExxonMobil asserts there is no evidence that it should have
cause of Alfredo's death. ExxonMobil also makes a subsidiary        known of Cabulang's violent tendencies, thereby implying
argument that we construe as an assertion that ExxonMobil           that it should not have known of the need and opportunity to
fulfilled any duty that it owed to the Pagayons, or in other        exercise control over him. But the evidence on this issue is
words, that it did not breach its duty.                             uncontroverted; indeed, it consists largely of admissions by
                                                                    Asfaw.
 [6] To analyze the legal sufficiency of the evidence,
we review the record in the light most favorable to                 First, Asfaw's testimony established that ExxonMobil knew
the challenged finding, crediting favorable evidence if             or should have known of the need to control Cabulang. Asfaw
a reasonable factfinder could and disregarding contrary             acknowledged that if she, as the store manager, were alerted
evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. See City         to a threat of violence, then she should do something about
of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex.2005).                it, and that failing to do so could pose a threat to others. It is
Evidence is legally sufficient if it “rises to a level that would   undisputed that before the fight occurred, Asfaw was alerted
enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their         to a threat of violence. Asfaw admits that she left the store
conclusions.” Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598,            before Cabulang arrived to work at around 3:30 p.m. to work
601 (Tex.2004). We will conclude that the evidence is legally       a shift that overlapped with J.R.'s, and while she was away,
insufficient to support the finding only if (a) there is a          Cabulang's co-worker Jovita Leslie telephoned her and said
complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (b) the court is      that Cabulang was threatening “to beat J.R. up” and asking
barred by rules of law or evidence from giving weight to the        him to go outside to fight. Asfaw agreed that such statements
only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (c) the evidence       are threatening. *45 Nevertheless, she did not tell Cabulang
offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla,     to stop, and she did not investigate the complaint.
or (d) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of
the vital fact. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 810.              Second, Asfaw's testimony established that she had
                                                                the opportunity to exercise control over Cabulang. She
                                                                acknowledged that J.R. continued working until around 4:30
A. ExxonMobil's Duty                                            p.m., and she admitted that she received the phone call about
 [7]    [8]    [9] In its first issue, ExxonMobil contends that Cabulang's threats “long before” that time. Asfaw agreed that
there is no evidence to support the imposition of a duty.       although she was not physically present at the store when she
Whether a duty exists is generally a legal question for the     was told of Cabulang's threats, she still could have sent him
court. See Nabors Drilling., 288 S.W.3d at 404; Tex. Home       home. Indeed, she conceded that, regardless of whether she
Mgmt., Inc. v. Peavy, 89 S.W.3d 30, 33 (Tex.2002); Otis         believed the report of Cabulang's threats, the fight could have
Eng'g Corp., 668 S.W.2d at 312. As previously discussed,        been avoided if she had just spoken to him.
the duty for an employer to use reasonable care to prevent its
employee from harming others can arise if (1) the employee      This evidence distinguishes the facts of this case from those
is on the employer's premises, (2) the employer knows it        of the cases ExxonMobil cites in support of its argument
has the ability to control the employee, and (3) the employer   that, as a matter of law, it had no duty to exercise reasonable
“knows or should know of the necessity and opportunity for      care to prevent Cabulang from intentionally harming others.
exercising such control.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF               Here, the employee's manager had advance warning of his
TORTS § 317. According to the uncontroverted evidence,          current violent tendencies, expressed through his verbal
Cabulang was on ExxonMobil's premises when he threatened        threats of physical violence while working on the employer's
physical violence and when he fought Alfredo, and store         premises. There was no such evidence in the cases on
manager Roce Asfaw knew that she was authorized to              which ExxonMobil relies. See, e.g., Garrett v. Great W.
exercise control over him, to reprimand him, send him home,     Distrib. Co. of Amarillo, 129 S.W.3d 797, 804 (Tex.App.–
or terminate his employment. Thus, the question of whether      Amarillo 2004, pet. denied) (holding that employer has no
ExxonMobil had a duty to use reasonable care to prevent         duty to prevent employee from fighting unless it reasonably
Cabulang from intentionally harming others turns on whether

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ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

should have known of that particular employee's propensity         ” Motsenbocker v. Wyatt, 369 S.W.2d 319, 323 (Tex.1963)
for violence; thus, beer-distribution company's executive          (quoting Carey v. Pure Distrib. Corp., 133 Tex. 31, 35, 124
secretary's knowledge that “fights could occur in a bar” or that   S.W.2d 847, 849 (1939)); see also Mindi M. v. Flagship
two other employees had been involved in such a fight did not      Hotel, Ltd., 439 S.W.3d 551, 557 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th
make it foreseeable that different employees would do so on        Dist.] 2014, pet. pending) (“An employer is negligent if the
a different occasion); Dailey v. Albertson's, Inc., 83 S.W.3d      employer hires, retains, or supervises an employee whom the
222, 229 (Tex.App.–El Paso 2002, no pet.) (explaining that a       employer knows, or by the exercise of reasonable care should
grocery store should not have foreseen its employee's physical     have known, is unfit or incompetent, and whose unfitness or
assault of a customer where the assault was preceded only          incompetence creates an unreasonable risk of harm to others
by the employee making loud comments about the customer's          because of the employee's job-related duties.” (emphasis
hair and following the customer from one check-out line            added)); Watkins v. Basurto, No. 14–10–00299–CV, 2011
to another); Peek v. Equip. Servs., Inc., 906 S.W.2d 529,          WL 1414135, at *4 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] Apr.
532 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 1995, no writ) (holding that             14, 2011, no pet.) (mem.op.) (“An employer has a general
an employee's shooting of a customer was unforeseeable             duty to control its employees ..., and to adequately hire, train,
because although the employee was “nervous and sweating”           and supervise employees to prevent injuries to third parties
on the day of the shooting, he had made no threats and acted       that are reasonably foreseeable.” (emphasis added) (citations
“without warning”). In contrast to the holdings of these cases,    omitted)). As the facts of this case illustrate, relaying a
we conclude that the evidence here establishes, as a matter of     message to one potential victim—J.R.—to “stay away” from
law, that ExxonMobil had a duty to exercise reasonable care        Cabulang did not prevent Cabulang from harming someone
to control Cabulang so as to prevent him from harming others.      else who was similarly situated. 1

B. Breach                                                          C. Proximate Cause
 [10]      [11] Although not listed as a distinct issue,            [12]      [13]     [14]     [15]      [16] In its second issue,
ExxonMobil also makes an argument that appears to be               ExxonMobil asks us to reverse and render a take-nothing
directed to the element of breach of duty. ExxonMobil              judgment because the evidence is legally insufficient to
states that although it had no duty, Asfaw nevertheless “did       support the jury's finding that ExxonMobil's negligent
take precautions” by relaying instructions to J.R. to stay         supervision proximately caused Alfredo's death. Proximate
away from Cabulang. ExxonMobil implies that this was               cause consists of the elements of cause-in-fact and
all that was required. But the duty at issue here was the          foreseeability. See Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater Dall.,
duty to exercise reasonable care “to control the servant           Inc., 907 S.W.2d 472, 477 (Tex.1995). Cause-in-fact is
while acting outside the scope of his employment as to             shown by establishing that the negligent act or omission
prevent him from intentionally harming others or from so           was a substantial factor in bringing about the injury; without
conducting himself as to create an unreasonable risk of bodily     the act or omission, harm would not have occurred. See
harm to them.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS §                     Transcontinental Ins. Co. v. Crump, 330 S.W.3d 211, 221–
317 (emphasis added). The only person who expressed an             23 (Tex.2010); Travis v. City of Mesquite, 830 S.W.2d 94, 98
intention to harm “others” or who is claimed to have posed an      (Tex.1992). Foreseeability means that the actor, as a person
unreasonable risk of bodily harm to “others” was Cabulang;         of ordinary intelligence, should have anticipated the dangers
thus, ExxonMobil's duty was to exercise reasonable care to         his negligent act or omission created for others. See D. Hous.,
control Cabulang. Moreover, the duty was owed not just to          Inc. v. Love, 92 S.W.3d 450, 454 (Tex.2002). Thus, “before
J.R., but to “others” who were similarly situated—including        liability will be imposed, there must be sufficient evidence
Alfredo. *46 ExxonMobil asserts in its reply brief that it         indicating that the defendant knew or should have known
could not have foreseen that Cabulang would assault Alfredo        that harm would eventually befall a victim.” Greater Hous.
because Asfaw was told only that Cabulang had threatened           Transp. Co. v. Phillips, 801 S.W.2d 523, 526 (Tex.1990).
J.R. This, however, was sufficient, because for a result to
be foreseeable, “[a]ll that is required is ‘that the injury be      [17] As the jury here was instructed, there can be more than
of such a general character as might reasonably have been          one proximate cause of an event. Del Lago Partners, Inc. v.
anticipated; and that the injured party should be so situated      Smith, 307 S.W.3d 762, 774 (Tex.2010). ExxonMobil does
with relation to the wrongful act that injury to him or to         not contend otherwise. It instead implies that, as a matter
one similarly situated might reasonably have been foreseen.’

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ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

of law, other events proximately caused the fight, and that         assertions. First, there is no evidence that the altercation
the existence of these other causes negates the jury's finding      was inevitable. Asfaw instead testified that if she had sent
that ExxonMobil's negligence was “a proximate cause” of the         Cabulang home or simply spoken to him, then the altercation
fight or of Alfredo's death. Specifically, ExxonMobil urges         would not have occurred. Cabulang additionally testified that
that its negligence cannot be a proximate cause of either event     if he had just let J.R. and Alfredo walk out of the store,
because, as a matter of law, (1) intentional conduct caused the     then there would have been no fight. Second, it was not a
 *47 fight rather than any act or omission by ExxonMobil;           coincidence that the participants in the altercation were all
and (2) the store “merely provided the location for this assault    inside the store; it instead was foreseeable to ExxonMobil,
to occur,” so that Exxon Mobil was not the legal cause of this      because it scheduled Cabulang and J.R. to work overlapping
“personal-animus incident.” Stated in terms of the standard of      shifts, and it did not send Cabulang home after being informed
review, ExxonMobil contends that “the evidence establishes          that Cabulang was threatening J.R. It was foreseeable to
conclusively the opposite of the vital fact.” See City of Keller,   ExxonMobil that a person “similarly situated” to J.R.—his
168 S.W.3d at 810.                                                  father—would come to the store that afternoon, because
                                                                    Asfaw knew that Alfredo provided J.R.'s transportation. And
These arguments are variations of ExxonMobil's assertion            it was foreseeable that J.R. and Alfredo would be in the
that it cannot be liable under a negligent-supervision theory       store with Cabulang because Asfaw knew both that J.R.
if its employee acted intentionally and from personal animus.       customarily waited inside the store for his father—a practice
As previously explained, however, this is incorrect as a            that *48 she permitted—and that Alfredo customarily came
matter of law. The question of whether Cabulang's behavior          inside the store when he arrived to drive J.R. home. The day
was an intentional tort motivated by personal animus is             of the altercation was no exception to this pattern: J.R. called
relevant to the determination of whether he acted in the            his father when he finished working, and twelve minutes after
course and scope of his employment or in the furtherance            he changed out of his uniform, Alfredo entered the store to
of ExxonMobil's business. Those are elements necessary to           pick him up. 3
establish vicarious liability, but not to establish ExxonMobil's
direct liability under a negligent-supervision theory. As           In sum, the store was the location where ExxonMobil's duty to
previously discussed, it is precisely because Asfaw was             supervise its employees arose, and the evidence supports the
told that Cabulang made threats of violence while he was            jury's finding that ExxonMobil's negligence in supervising
on the premises working that ExxonMobil had a duty to               Cabulang was a proximate cause of the altercation, as
exercise reasonable care “to prevent him from intentionally         described in more detail above. We thus reject ExxonMobil's
harming others or from so conducting himself as to create an        argument that the store was “merely the location” of the
unreasonable risk of bodily harm to them.” RESTATEMENT              fight and that its conduct was too attenuated to have been a
(SECOND) OF TORTS § 317 (emphasis added). Thus, even
                                                                    proximate cause of Alfredo's death. We overrule this issue. 4
if Cabulang's conduct were intentional and motivated by
personal animus, these would not be grounds on which to
reverse the judgment on the Pagayons' negligent-supervision
claim. Cf. CoTemp, Inc. v. Hous. W. Corp., 222 S.W.3d 487,                          IV. DESIGNATION OF
492 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (plurality                    RESPONSIBLE THIRD PARTIES
op.) (“Under the tort of negligent hiring, supervision, or
retention, an employer who negligently hires an incompetent         In its third issue, ExxonMobil argues that the trial court erred
or unfit individual may be directly liable to a third party whose   by striking its designation of emergency-room physician
injury was proximately caused by the employee's negligent or        Dr. Dang as a responsible third party. 5 The resolution of
intentional act.” (emphasis added)). 2                              this issue turns on the interpretation and application of the
                                                                    proportionate-responsibility statute found in Chapter 33 of
ExxonMobil also contends that its conduct was “too                  the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code and the health-
attenuated” from the fight to have proximately caused it,           care-liability statute found in Chapter 74 of the same code.
because the store was “just the location for an inevitable          We review the trial court's ruling de novo. See Flack v.
wrestling match,” which occurred there “only because events         Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251, 261 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 2010,
and people coincided by chance inside the store.” But the           pet. denied) (sub.op.).
only evidence on these subjects is at odds with ExxonMobil's

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ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

                                                                   care-liability claims in which damages are sought directly
A. Chapter 74's “Standard of Proof” v. Chapter 33's                from the physician or health-care provider. See id. §
“Responsibility”                                                   74.001(2), (13) (West Supp. 2014) (defining “claimant”
The parties principally join issue on the legal question of        as “a person, including a decedent's estate, seeking or
whether, to survive a motion to strike the designation of          who has sought recovery of damages in a health care
an emergency-room physician as a responsible third party,          liability claim,” and defining a “health care liability claim”
the designating defendant is required to produce evidence          as “a cause of action against a health care provider or
of simple negligence, or instead must produce evidence of          physician for ... claimed departure from accepted standards
“wilful and wanton” negligence. Under Chapter 74 of the            of medical care, or health care, or safety or professional
Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code governing health-           or administrative services directly related to health care,
care-liability claims, “the claimant bringing the suit” for        which proximately results in injury or death of a claimant”).
damages arising from allegedly deficient emergency medical         In contrast, the proportionate-responsibility statute concerns
care cannot establish liability absent proof that the physician    “responsibility,” not “liability,” so that a person can be
or health-care provider deviated from the standard of care         wholly or partially “responsible” for the harm at issue without
“with wilful and wanton negligence.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC.           being “liable” for the damages assessed as compensation for
& REM. CODE § 74.153 (West 2011). The parties dispute              that harm. Compare id. § 33.011(3) (West 2015) (“ ‘Liable
whether this is the correct standard to apply when measuring       defendant’ means a defendant against whom a judgment can
the sufficiency of ExxonMobil's response to a motion to            be entered for at least a portion of the damages awarded
strike its designation of an emergency-room physician as a         to the claimant.” (emphasis added)) with id. § 33.011(6) (“
responsible third party.                                           ‘Responsible third party’ means any person who is alleged to
                                                                   have caused or contributed to causing in any way the harm for
The Pagayons argue that the following provision from               which recovery of damages is sought ....” (emphasis added)).
Chapter 74 applies:                                                To determine that a person is “responsible,” the factfinder
                                                                   need find only that the person “caus[ed] or contribut[ed]
  Standard of Proof in Cases Involving Emergency
                                                                   to cause in any way the harm for which recovery of
  Medical Care
                                                                   damages is sought, whether by negligent act or omission, by
   *49 In a suit involving a health care liability claim against   any defective or unreasonably dangerous product, by other
  a physician or health care provider for injury to or death       conduct or activity that violates an applicable legal standard,
  of a patient arising out of the provision of emergency           or by any combination of these.” Id. § 33.003 (emphasis
  medical care in a hospital emergency department ..., the         added).
  claimant bringing the suit may prove that the treatment or
  lack of treatment by the physician or health care provider
                                                                   B. Chapter 74's “Standard of Proof” of Liability is
  departed from accepted standards of medical care or health
                                                                   Inapplicable
  care only if the claimant shows by a preponderance of the
                                                                    [18] [19] [20] We agree with ExxonMobil that section
  evidence that the physician or health care provider, with
                                                                   74.153 does not apply to the designation of Dr. Dang as a
  wilful and wanton negligence, deviated from the degree of
                                                                   responsible third party. Since Hood v. Phillips, the Texas
  care and skill that is reasonably expected of an ordinarily
                                                                   Supreme Court's seminal case defining a physician's standard
  prudent physician or health care provider in the same or
                                                                   of care, a single standard of care has applied to physicians: the
  similar circumstances.
                                                                   question to be answered is whether the physician undertook
Id.(emphasis added). Citing this provision, the Pagayons           “a mode or form of treatment which a reasonable and
moved to strike ExxonMobil's designation of Dr. Dang as a          prudent member of the medical profession would not have
responsible third party solely on the ground that there was        undertaken under the same or similar circumstances.” 554
no evidence that Dr. Dang deviated from the standard of care       S.W.2d 160, 165 (Tex.1977). In answering that question,
“with wilful and wanton negligence.”                               “[t]he circumstances to be considered include, but are not
                                                                   limited to, the expertise of and means available to the
ExxonMobil responded that the provisions of Chapter 74             physician-defendant, *50 the health of the patient, and the
should not affect the application of responsible-third-party       state of medical knowledge.” Id.
practice because Chapter 74 is designed to apply to health-

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ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

 [21] Section 74.153 of the Civil Practice & Remedies              orig. proceeding) (mem.op.) (agreeing that a motion to
Code does not purport to change this standard of care ;            strike the designation of a responsible third party may be
it instead provides the standard of proof that is required         defeated without evidence of an “actionable act or omission”
to establish liability for harm to a patient arising from the      to “establish liability”; the designating party need only
provision of emergency medical care, because with limited          produce more than a scintilla of evidence that the third
exceptions, one “who in good faith administers emergency           party is “responsible” for the claimant's injury or damage, as
care is not liable in civil damages for an act performed           that term is used in the proportionate-responsibility statute
during the emergency unless the act is wilfully or wantonly        (internal quotation marks omitted)). We may not ignore such
negligent.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.                   specific statutory language even where its application may
§ 74.151(a) (West Supp. 2014); see also Benish v. Grottie,         render a plaintiff less than whole. See, e.g., Galbraith Eng'g
281 S.W.3d 184, 191 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2009, pet.                Consultants, Inc. v. Pochucha, 290 S.W.3d 863, 868–69
denied) (“Section 74.153's statutorily created standard of         (Tex.2009) (noting that the proportionate-liability statute is
proof and the applicable medical standards of care are             “apparently unconcerned with the substantive defenses of
not the same thing.”); Baylor Med. Ctr. at Waxahachie v.           responsible third parties” that place them beyond the reach of
Wallace, 278 S.W.3d 552, 556 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2009, no             the plaintiff).
pet.) (same); Bosch v. Wilbarger Gen. Hosp., 223 S.W.3d
460, 464 (Tex.App.–Amarillo 2006, pet. denied) (same).              *51 Accordingly, we agree with ExxonMobil that for
Thus, when a claimant seeks to recover damages for harm            purposes of its response to the Pagayons' motion to strike,
caused by allegedly deficient emergency medical care, the          it was not required to raise a fact issue regarding whether
legislature has heightened the standard of proof required to       Dr. Dang, “with wilful and wanton negligence,” violated
establish the health-care provider's liability. See Bosch, 223     the standard of care. On the other hand, we disagree with
S.W.3d at 464 (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE                  ExxonMobil that it needed only to raise a fact issue on
ANN. § 74.153). Stated differently, Chapter 74 does not            whether Dr. Dang “caused or contributed to cause” Alfredo's
change the “acceptable standard of medical care”; it simply        death; that is, we disagree that causation is the sole question
allows one providing emergency medical care to deviate             under Chapter 33. As the discussion above demonstrates,
from that standard by a wider margin before becoming               ExxonMobil needed to respond to the Pagayons' motion to
liable in damages for its breach. But as discussed further         strike by producing evidence sufficient to raise a fact question
below, even if an emergency-room physician has not deviated        about whether Dr. Dang contributed to causing Alfredo's
from the standard of care sufficiently to make him “liable”        death in a manner encompassed by the proportionate-
for damages, he nevertheless may have deviated from it             responsibility statute, such as by (1) negligent act or omission,
sufficiently to make him “responsible.”                            (2) any defective or unreasonably dangerous product, (3)
                                                                   other conduct or activity that violates an applicable legal
                                                                   standard, or (4) any combination of these. See TEX. CIV.
C. Chapter 33's Definition of “Responsibility” Applies             PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 33.003(a).
 [22] In contrast to section 74.153, the proportionate-
responsibility statute does not address the standard of proof
for a claimant to hold a defendant liable for damages. It          D. Sufficiency of the Evidence
instead provides a means for comparing the extent of fault,         [23] Under the proportionate-responsibility statute, a motion
providing the means for a defendant to reduce both its own         to strike the designation of a responsible third party is
liability and the claimant's recovery. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.         warranted only if “there is no evidence that the designated
& REM. CODE ANN. § 33.012 (West 2015) (reducing the                person is responsible for any portion of the claimant's alleged
amount of a claimant's recovery); id. § 33.013 (reducing the       injury or damage.” See id. § 33.004(l ). When measured by the
amount of a liable defendant's liability). Because the statute     correct standard, ExxonMobil produced sufficient evidence
evidences the legislature's intent that the factfinder determine   to defeat the Pagayons' motion to strike.
the “percentage of responsibility,” its plain language requires
the factfinder to compare the conduct of those who allegedly       In its response, ExxonMobil asserted that in the opinion of its
violated a legal standard—even if the plaintiff could not          expert Dr. Casar, Dr. Dang breached the standard of care in
hold all of them liable for the resulting harm. See In re          three interconnected ways.
Transit Mix Concrete & Materials Co., No. 12–13–00364–
CV, 2014 WL 1922724, at *2–3 (Tex.App.–Tyler 2014,

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ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

First, Dr. Casar contends that Dr. Dang misread a chest x-ray     This evidence is sufficient to raise a question of fact as to
that was taken shortly after Alfredo arrived in the emergency     whether Dr. Dang is responsible for at least a portion of the
room. Alfredo was born without a left lung, but according to      Pagayons' “alleged injury or damage,” which is all that the
Dr. Casar, Dr. Dang misinterpreted the chest x-ray showing        statute requires. See id.
this defect and instead diagnosed Alfredo with a hemothorax
on that side, meaning that Dr. Dang believed that blood           Although our dissenting colleague would conclude that the
was collecting in the space between Alfredo's chest wall and      trial court did not err in granting the motion to strike because
his left lung. Dr. Casar stated in his report that the x-ray      Dr. Casar was not familiar with the standard of care for an
revealed three signs that could be “clearly viewed on the         emergency-room physician, that is a conclusion concerning
chest x-ray” and that were “inconsistent with the diagnosis of    Dr. Casar's qualifications. See Roberts v. Williamson, 111
hemothorax.” Dr. Casar additionally stated that if Alfredo had    S.W.3d 113, 121–22 (Tex.2003). But on appeal, no one
been bleeding into his chest cavity, his blood pressure would     has challenged Dr. Casar's qualifications to offer an expert
have dropped, but instead, his blood pressure was elevated.       opinion on the applicable standard of care—nor, so far as
                                                                  we can tell, did anyone do so in the trial court. Thus, any
Second, Dr. Dang failed to order a CT scan of Alfredo's           objection to his qualifications to render an expert opinion
chest before attempting to insert a chest tube to drain the       on the subject has been neither preserved nor presented. See
hemothorax that he believed existed. Regarding the failure        Croft v. State, 148 S.W.3d 533, 544 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th
to timely secure a CT scan of Alfredo's chest, Dr. Casar          Dist.] 2004, no pet.).
stated in his report only that “any prudent physician would
have ordered a CT scan in order to acquire more information        [24]     [25] Moreover, the dissent applies the wrong test.
in regards to the chest x-ray,” and that when the scan was        Whether Dr. Casar is qualified to testify on the causes
actually performed, it revealed that Alfredo was born without     and effects of a person's injuries would be measured by
a left lung and had a large hematoma from the unsuccessful        Texas Rule of Evidence 702. See Roberts, 111 S.W.3d at
attempt to place a chest tube.                                    121–22. The question to be answered is whether the party
                                                                  offering the expert's testimony has established that the witness
Third, Dr. Casar opined that Dr. Dang breached the standard       “has ‘knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education’
of care by attempting to insert a chest tube to drain the         regarding the specific issue before the court which would
hemothorax. Dr. Casar stated that after the failed attempts       qualify the expert to give an opinion on that particular
to insert a chest tube, Alfredo was given ten milligrams          subject.” Broders v. Heise, 924 S.W.2d 148, 153 (Tex.1996)
of morphine for his resulting complaints of pain. Dr.             (quoting TEX. R. EVID. 702). A physician from one school
Casar explained that a patient who is missing a lung and          of practice may testify about the negligence of a physician
has pulmonary hypertension is “extremely sensitive to the         of a different school of practice “so long as the ‘subject of
depressing effects of narcotics and it comes as no surprise       inquiry is common to and equally recognized and developed’
that the patient developed progressive respiratory failure that   in both fields.” Id. at 152 (quoting Hart v. Van Zandt, 399
required intubation and mechanical ventilation.” According        S.W.2d 791, 797 (Tex.1965)). Thus, in determining whether
to Dr. Casar, “This was a direct result of giving the patient     a doctor is qualified to testify on the specific issue before
narcotics to control the chest wall pain caused by *52 the        it, the trial court “should not focus on the specialty of the
attempted insertion of a chest tube that should ha[ve] not        medical expert.” Tenet Hosps. Ltd. v. Love, 347 S.W.3d 743,
been placed to begin with.” He further stated that Alfredo        750 (Tex.App.–El Paso 2011, no pet.) (citing Roberts, 111
developed multiple organ failures, most likely as a result of     S.W.3d at 122). And here, Dr. Casar testified repeatedly—and
uncontrolled sepsis. He opined that although the source of        without contradiction—that the standard of care for reading
the sepsis was not clear from the cultures obtained, the most     a chest x-ray is the same regardless of the physician's school
likely source was an infected chest-wall hematoma that was        of practice.
directly caused by the attempted chest-tube placement. In Dr.
Casar's opinion, Dr. Dang's acts and omissions began a chain       *53 In rejecting Dr. Casar's opinion on the ground that he
of medical complications that ultimately led to Alfredo's         was not familiar with the standard of care for an emergency-
death. 6                                                          room physician, the dissent follows the approach that we
                                                                  rejected in Blan v. Ali. In that health-care-liability case, the
                                                                  defendant physicians did not dispute that the opposing expert

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ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

was “qualified by training and experience to offer expert         probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment or
testimony regarding the diagnosis, care and treatment of a        probably prevented the appellant from properly presenting the
neurological condition”; they simply argued that the opposing     case on appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1 (a). By striking
expert “does not know the standard of care as applied to          the designation of Dr. Dang as a responsible third party, the
emergency room physicians.” 7 S.W.3d 741, 746 (Tex.App.–          trial court removed Dr. Dang from the list of persons whose
Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.). But as we explained          percentage of responsibility could be submitted to the jury.
in Blan, that argument “ignores the plain language of the         See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 33.003(a). 9
statute, which focuses not on the defendant doctor's area of      Thus, the result is analogous to charge error, which “is
expertise, but on the condition involved in the claim.” Id.       generally considered harmful if it relates to a contested,
(emphasis in original) (quoting the predecessor to TEX. CIV.      critical issue.” See Thota v. Young, 366 S.W.3d 678, 687
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 74.401(a) (West 2011)). 7                (Tex.2012). To determine if the error was harmful, we
The expert in Blan attested “that the standard of care he         must examine the entire record. See Timberwalk Apartments,
describes applies to any physician treating a patient suffering   Partners, Inc. v. Cain, 972 S.W.2d 749, 756 & n. 25
from a stroke and lupus, regardless of the physician's area       (Tex.1998) (citing Lorusso v. Members Mut. Ins. Co., 603
of expertise.” Id. (emphasis in original). Although in Blan       S.W.2d 818, 821–22 (Tex.1980) and Patterson Dental Co.
we discussed the application of provisions in the health-care-    v. Dunn, 592 S.W.2d 914, 921 (Tex.1979)); Heritage Gulf
liability statute concerning expert qualifications to testify     Coast Props., Ltd. v. Sandalwood Apartments, Inc., 416
regarding “the standards applicable to the ‘illness, injury, or   S.W.3d 642, 655 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no
condition involved in the claim,’ ” 8 the inquiry is the same     pet.).
under Texas Rule of Evidence 702, that is, whether the expert
is qualified to testify “regarding the specific issue before      Here, the extent to which Dr. Dang was responsible for
the court.” See Broders, 924 S.W.2d at 153 (concluding that       “causing or contributing to cause in any way the harm
the trial court properly excluded expert testimony where the      for which recovery of damages is sought” 10 was such a
proponent failed to establish that the physician was qualified    “contested, critical issue.” Medical records reflect that the
to opine “on cause in fact”); see also Roberts, 111 S.W.3d        Houston Fire Department evaluated Alfredo at the scene
at 122 (concluding that the proponent established that a          at 5:06 p.m. Responders were told that Alfredo had been
physician from a different school of practice “had experience     punched in the face and the back. He was alert, and
and expertise regarding the specific causes and effects” of       complained of swelling in his cheek and pain in his neck. He
the decedent's injuries). And here, there is no issue before      also had difficulty breathing. Alfredo was transported to the
us regarding Dr. Casar's qualifications to opine that Dr.         hospital's emergency room, arriving at 5:34 p.m. In medical
Dang breached the standard of care and proximately caused         records prepared at that time, the only complaints listed were
Alfredo's death through his misreading of the chest x-ray and     “assault—punched on the left side of head and on the back.”
his resultant attempts to treat Alfredo for a hemothorax he did   Alfredo also continued to be described as alert and oriented.
not have.                                                         He complained of pain in his face and lower back, but when
                                                                  CT scans of his brain and lumbar spine were performed later
In sum, we conclude the evidence is sufficient to raise a         that evening, neither showed any injuries. No one contends
question of fact as to whether Dr. Dang caused or contributed     that Cabulang struck Alfredo in the chest; that Alfredo fell on
to causing “in any way the harm for which recovery of             his chest; or that Alfredo's chest was injured in the fight.
damages is sought, whether by negligent act or omission ...,
by other conduct or activity that violates an applicable legal    But as Dr. Casar would have testified, something else
standard, or by any combination of these.” See TEX. CIV.          happened in the emergency room. When Alfredo's vital signs
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 33.003(a). We accordingly                were checked upon his arrival, it was discovered that he
sustain this issue.                                               had no breath sounds from the lower left side of his chest,
                                                                 and he had an oxygen saturation of just 75%. 11 Dr. Dang
                                                                 ordered a chest x-ray, which was performed at 6:08 p.m.
 *54 E. Harm Analysis
                                                                 The radiologist, Dr. *55 Luis DeSantos, read the x-ray and
 [26] [27] [28] Although we conclude that the trial court
                                                                 commented that the “left hemithorax is completely opaque
erred in striking ExxonMobil's designation of Dr. Dang as
                                                                 and there is displacement of the mediastinum toward the right
a responsible third party, the error is not reversible unless it
                                                                 side suggesting the presence of a large amount of fluid in

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ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

the left hemithorax with displacement of the mediastinum.”          admit observation for pain controll [sic].” But here, too, the
Dr. Dang reviewed the x-ray and concluded that Alfredo had          testimony of the Pagayons' expert Dr. Clavijo is consistent
a hemothorax. Although this conclusion was consistent with          with Dr. Casar's proffered testimony rather than with Dr.
Dr. DeSantos's observations, it was Dr. Dang who actually           Dang's notes. Dr. Clavijo testified that Alfredo was admitted
diagnosed Alfredo as having a hemothorax.                           to the hospital from the emergency room for observation
                                                                    and for somnolence, because Alfredo “was just entirely ...
It is undisputed, however, that this diagnosis was wrong.           lethargic.”
Alfredo did not have a hemothorax; he was born without a left
lung. Dr. Casar would have testified that Dr. Dang breached         Alfredo was admitted “to the floor” of the hospital, but
the standard of care by misreading the x-ray in that he failed      shortly after his arrival, he suffered acute respiratory failure
to note the signs that Alfredo did not have a hemothorax and        and was transferred to the intensive-care unit where Dr.
had only one lung. Even Dr. Clavijo, the Pagayons' testifying       Clavijo intubated him at 8:20 a.m. Dr. Clavijo testified
medical expert, wrote in his own consultation notes, “Chest         that Alfredo was intubated because he was hypoventilating,
x-ray showed absence of left lung.”                                 meaning that his body could not get rid of carbon dioxide.
                                                                    Dr. Clavijo testified that hypoventilating “causes somnolence
According to Dr. Casar, Alfredo's medical complications             and lethargy and, subsequently, complete respiratory failure,”
and eventual death arose from Dr. Dang's misreading of the          but he identified no injuries that Alfredo received in the fight
chest x-ray and his resultant efforts to treat a condition that     that could have caused hypoventilation. He further testified
Alfredo did not have (a hemothorax), while failing to take          that Alfredo was never able to be weaned off of intubation,
into consideration the condition that Alfredo did have (a           and that continuing intubation was a problem because this
missing lung). 12 The evidence of Dr. Dang's actions and their      leaves tubes in the patient's body that can cause infection
consequences is as follows:                                         and further complications—including, in Alfredo's case, “a
                                                                    sepsis-type of infection.” According to Dr. Clavijo, Alfredo's
Dr. Dang stated in his notes that Alfredo was given morphine        respiratory failure also caused his other systems to shut down.
for the attempted insertion of a chest tube to drain the excess     Dr. Casar, Dr. Clavijo, and Alfredo's death certificate all
fluid that Dr. Dang believed was collecting in Alfredo's            identify respiratory failure as one of the causes of Alfredo's
chest. Alfredo was given the first dose of four milligrams          death.
of morphine at 6:42 p.m., four minutes before Dr. Dang's
first attempt to insert a chest tube. He attempted to insert a      Finally, Dr. Clavijo agreed that “the trauma ... that occurred
chest tube at 6:46 p.m. and again at around 6:52 p.m. After         on August 1, at Exxon, it kind of set off a chain of
these attempts, Alfredo's primary complaint of pain no longer       events that caused this respiratory failure that then caused
concerned his face or back, and he instead complained of            [Alfredo's] renal failure and that eventually resulted in his
pain at the site where Dr. Dang had attempted to insert the         death.” (emphasis added). The “trauma” sustained “at Exxon”
chest tube. Dr. Dang responded with more morphine. Sixteen          was not identified, and the jury did not hear the evidence
minutes after Dr. Dang's second attempt to insert a chest tube,     that the events in this chain included Dr. Dang's alleged
Alfredo was given four more milligrams of morphine, and             negligence in misreading Alfredo's chest x-ray, failing to
twenty minutes after that, Alfredo was given a further six          observe that Alfredo had only one lung, attempting to insert
milligrams of morphine. Thus, in connection with his attempt        a chest tube, and administering morphine in doses high
to insert a chest tube, Dr. Dang caused Alfredo to be given a       enough to cause respiratory failure. Jurors also did not hear
total of fourteen milligrams of morphine in the space of forty-     Dr. Casar's testimony that the injuries Alfredo received in
six minutes. Dr. Casar would have testified that when a dose        the fight did not cause his death, and that Alfredo's death
of about eight milligrams is given to someone with only one         instead was caused by Dr. Dang's negligence. And because
lung, it can be expected that the patient will stop breathing. He   the question of Dr. Dang's responsibility was removed from
stated that although Alfredo was given a medication to reverse      the case by the trial court's striking of the designation, the jury
the effects of morphine and “for a little bit he *56 became         was unable to consider this hotly contested issue.

more responsive,” 13 his condition continued to deteriorate,
                                                                    The Pagayons contend that even if Dr. Dang made errors
and he had to be placed on a respirator. At 12:20 a.m. on
                                                                    that increased the harm to Alfredo or led to his death, Exxon
August 2, 2011, Dr. Dang wrote in Alfredo's progress notes,
                                                                    would still bear the liability for the doctor's negligence under
“Discuss [with] Dr. Fisher about events in E.R. Agrees to

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ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

the “original tortfeasor rule.” See, e.g., Cannon v. Pearson,
383 S.W.2d 565, 567 (Tex.1964) (“It has long been an
                                                                   Sharon McCally Justice, dissenting.
accepted and established in this State that one who wrongfully
                                                                   I agree with the Majority's determination that for purposes of
injures another is liable in damages for the consequences of
                                                                   its response to the Pagayons' motion to strike, ExxonMobil
negligent treatment by a doctor or surgeon selected by the
                                                                   was not required to raise a fact issue regarding whether
injured person in good faith and with ordinary care.”); Galvan
                                                                   Dr. Dang, with willful and wanton negligence, violated the
v. Fedder, 678 S.W.2d 596, 598 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th
                                                                   standard of care. I disagree, however, with the Majority's
Dist.] 1984, no writ) (same). But as the Texas Supreme Court
                                                                   conclusion that ExxonMobil raised a fact issue concerning
 *57 recently pointed out, the legislature “has overhauled
                                                                   Dr. Dang's alleged negligence in providing emergency care to
Texas's system for apportioning fault in negligence cases”
                                                                   Alfredo. Because I would instead conclude that the trial court
over the past four decades, enacting a comparative-negligence
                                                                   did not err in striking Dr. Dang's designation, I respectfully
statute, which was replaced by a comparative-responsibility
                                                                   dissent.
statute, and which has since been modified to become our
current proportionate-responsibility statute. See Nabors Well
                                                                   Though the trial court did not articulate its basis for striking
Servs., Ltd. v. Romero, 456 S.W.3d 553, 555, 559(Tex.2015).
                                                                   the designation of Dr. Dang in its order, there are two
By its terms, the proportionate-responsibility statute applies
                                                                   independent reasons that the decision is not error. The trial
to “any cause of action based on tort in which a defendant,
                                                                   court would not have erred in concluding that the medical
settling person, or responsible third party is found responsible
                                                                   opinion ExxonMobil offered to raise a fact issue on Dr.
for a percentage of the harm for which relief is sought.”
                                                                   Dang's alleged departure from the standard of care was
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 33.002(a)(1)
                                                                   not probative opinion testimony in that (1) the “expert”
(West 2015). The Pagayons asserted causes of action based
                                                                   disclaimed knowledge of the applicable standard of care and
on tort, and the jury determined ExxonMobil's percentage of
                                                                   (2) the physician's “expert opinion” was based upon assumed
responsibility; thus, the proportionate-responsibility statute
                                                                   facts that varied from the actual, underlying facts.
governs the determination of responsibility in this case. 14
For the reasons we have described, we conclude that
ExxonMobil was harmed by the trial court's erroneous               1. The basis for the “expert opinion” that Dr. Dang fell
application of the statute in striking the designation of Dr.      below the standard of care
Dang as a responsible third party.
                                                                    *58 The medical record relied upon by Dr. Casar reflects
We sustain this portion of ExxonMobil's third issue. Because       that Alfredo arrived at the hospital's emergency room via
we conclude that this error requires us to reverse the judgment    EMS at 17:58. 1 The record also shows injury to the left
and remand the case for a new trial, we do not reach               back and decreased breath sounds on the lower left side. The
ExxonMobil's remaining issues.                                     radiology report also relied upon by Dr. Casar confirms that
                                                                   Dr. Dang immediately ordered a chest x-ray due to chest
                                                                   pain, and the x-ray was performed at 18:08. The radiologist,
                                                                   Dr. Luis DeSantos, read the x-ray at 18:10 and provided a
                     V. CONCLUSION
                                                                   diagnosis of “[c]omplete opacification of the left hemithorax”
Although the evidence is legally sufficient to support the         and commented that the “left hemithorax is completely
jury's liability finding against ExxonMobil under a negligent-     opaque and there is displacement of the mediastinum toward
supervision theory, we conclude that the trial court erred         the right side suggesting the presence of a large amount
in striking the designation of Dr. Dang as a responsible           of fluid in the left hemithorax with displacement of the
third party, and that this error harmed ExxonMobil. Thus,          mediatinum.” At 18:46 the emergency room records show
without reaching ExxonMobil's remaining issues, we reverse         “chest tube insertion because of hemothorax.” 2 In fact,
the judgment and remand the case for a new trial consistent        Alfredo had no left lung and the x-ray was misread. According
with this opinion.                                                 to Dr. Casar, Dr. Dang fell below “the standard of care” when,
                                                                   faced with what, in Dr. Casar's opinion was, an unusual x-
                                                                   ray, Dr. Dang failed to wait for a CT scan before deciding to
                                                                   attempt insertion of a chest tube. Dr. Casar stated that “[a]fter
(McCally, J., dissenting).

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ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

the CT Scan was obtained, it became clear that the patient had       same or similar circumstances—to support the designation of
a congenital absence of the left lung.”                              Dr. Dang as a responsible third party.

                                                                     In short, Dr. Casar admitted he has neither the expertise nor
2. The “expert” disclaims knowledge of the standard of               the knowledge of reading x-rays or making critical decisions
care                                                                 in an emergency room setting. Thus, I would conclude that the
                                                                     trial court did not err in determining that Dr. Casar lacked the
Problematic to the above evidence is Dr. Casar's testimony
                                                                     requisite knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education
that he is not familiar with the standard protocol for
                                                                     to opine on the emergency care provided to Alfredo. See
emergency room physicians when they believe they are
                                                                     Tex.R. Evid. 702; cf. Ehrlich v. Miles, 144 S.W.3d 620,
confronted with a hemothorax and his assumption about the
                                                                     625 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied) (“A medical
timely availability of diagnostic tools in the emergency room.
                                                                     expert who is not of the same school of medicine, however,
First, Dr. Casar's field of expertise is critical care medicine,
                                                                     is competent to testify if he has practical knowledge of what
which he concedes has a different standard of care than
                                                                     is usually and customarily done by a practitioner under
emergency room medicine. Standing alone, the fact that Dr.
                                                                     circumstances similar to those confronting the [allegedly
Casar's expertise is in a different area is not fatal if Dr. Casar
                                                                     negligent physician].” (emphasis added)).
demonstrates knowledge of the area at issue. See Tex. R. Evid.
702 (“If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge
                                                                     The majority urges that, notwithstanding Dr. Casar's
will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to
                                                                     admission that he is not familiar with the applicable standard,
determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert
                                                                     we may not affirm on this basis because the Pagayon's did
by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may
                                                                     not object to Dr. Casar's qualifications. I disagree factually
testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.”); cf.
                                                                     and legally. Counsel for the Pagayons consistently and
Blan v. Ali, 7 S.W.3d 741, 745–46 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th
                                                                     persistently pointed out Dr. Casar's lack of qualification
Dist.] 1999, no pet.). But Dr. Casar repeatedly testified that
                                                                     before the trial court:
he does not know the standard of care for an emergency room
physician. Although Dr. Casar testified that, in his opinion,          Q. Certainly, an emergency room physician's practice is
the standard of care for reading an x-ray is the same despite          very different from your practice as a critical care doctor,
the diagnostic setting, he also stated that he was not familiar        correct?
with the standard of care for an emergency room physician.
When Dr. Casar admitted that he does not know the standard             ...
for an emergency room physician, he caused his own opinion
that the standards are the same to be completely without               A. It is different, yes.
foundation. In other words, if he does not know what the
                                                                       ...
emergency standard is, he cannot know that the emergency
standard is the same as the non-emergency standard.                    Q. You don't practice in the ER, correct?

Where the treatment criticized is provided as part of                  A. I practice in ICU.
emergency care, the expert should demonstrate familiarity
                                                                       Q. Okay.
with that standard of care, not simply guess that the setting
for care does not matter. *59 Cf. Ly v. Austin, No.                    A. Not in the ER.
03–05–00516–CV, 2007 WL 2010757, at *5 (Tex.App.–
Austin July 13, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op) (holding that                 Q. So you don't know what the standard protocol is for
when the specific issue before the court is “the standard              emergency room physicians when they believe they have
of care applicable to neurologists providing emergency care            a hemothorax is, do you?
immediately following a stroke,” testimony from an expert
in caring for stroke patients in rehabilitative setting is             A. I don't know what their standard is.
insufficient). Thus, in my view, Dr. Casar must know the
                                                                       ...
applicable standard of care—in this case, what a reasonably
prudent emergency room physician would have done in the                Q. But—but for the emergency room. You don't know
                                                                       the emergency room standard—you're—you're basing your

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ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

  understanding of the ICU standard with the ER standard,
  fair?                                                            Further, the nature of the opinion Dr. Casar proffers is, in the
                                                                   words of our opinion in Blan v. Ali, “peculiar to the field”
  A. Fair.                                                         of emergency medicine about which he knows nothing. 7
S.W.3d 741, 746 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no
  Q. That's not necessarily fair to the doctors is it? Because
                                                                   pet.). As noted above, Alfredo was admitted to the emergency
  you agree with me that an ICU setting is different from
                                                                   room at 5:58 p.m. Dr. Dang testified that he “was very
  emergency room setting, fair?
                                                                   concerned about [Alfredo]'s medical condition and believed
  ...                                                              that if [he] did not take immediate medical action, [Alfredo]'s
                                                                   health could have been placed in serious jeopardy.” Dr.
  A. It is different, yes.                                         Dang performed a physical examination and obtained a chest
                                                                   x-ray at approximately 6:08 p.m., which, as noted above,
  Q. And so, sitting here today, you don't know what the           revealed complete opacification of the left hemithorax. Dr.
  standard protocol is for an emergency room physician?            Dang's interpretation of the chest x-ray was confirmed by Dr.
                                                                   DeSantos. Further, as Dr. Dang testified,
  A. I don't—I don't know what the standard of care is for an
  emergency room physician.                                                     Based on, among other things, the x-
                                                                                ray, Mr. Pagayon's medical condition,
  ...
                                                                                and his need for emergency care, I
  Q. Again, you're not familiar with the standard of care in                    made the decision to place a chest
  the emergency room?                                                           tube to drain what I believed to be a
                                                                                hemothorax in his left lung.... Based on
  ...                                                                           the circumstances and the emergency
                                                                                situation, I made the determination
  A. I'm not sure if—what the standard of care for the
                                                                                that there was not time to perform a
  emergency room, but I would be surprised if it's any
                                                                                CAT scan prior to placing the chest
  different.
                                                                                tube. In my training and experience
   *60 Q. But I just want to make sure.                                         when dealing with what one believes
                                                                                to be a hemothorax, the same must be
  You're not qualified to testify on the standard of care in an                 addressed as soon as possible.
  emergency room?
                                                                   (emphasis added). Thus, according to Dr. Dang—and
  ...                                                              acknowledged by Dr. Casar—Dr. Dang was providing
                                                                   emergency medical care when he attempted the chest tube
  A. I don't know what the standard of care in the emergency       insertion. Dr. Casar's admission that he does not know
  room is.                                                         the standard of care for emergency room physicians is
                                                                   “determinative.” See id.
Thus, in my view, the Pagayons placed Dr. Casar's
qualification at issue. Here, we are not faced with an alleged
error on the admissibility of Dr. Casar's opinion. The trial       3. The “expert opinion” ' rests on misperceived facts
court did not exclude the evidence. Instead, as the Texas
Supreme Court has recently pointed out, the question is            Second, Dr. Casar repeatedly displayed his unfamiliarity with
whether the expert's opinion is any evidence at all. Cf.           the facts of Alfredo's care in his deposition testimony. Cf.
Houston Unlimited, Inc. Metal Processing v. Mel Acres              Houston Unlimited, Inc. Metal Processing, 443 S.W.3d at 822
Ranch, 443 S.W.3d 820, 832–33 (Tex.2014) (“[I]f no basis           (“If an expert's opinion is unreliable because it is ‘based on
for the opinion is offered, or the basis offered provides no       assumed facts that vary from the actual facts,’ the opinion ‘is
support, the [expert] opinion is merely a conclusory statement     not probative evidence.’ ” (quoting Burroughs Wellcome Co.
and cannot be considered probative evidence, regardless of         v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499–500 (Tex.1995)). If the factual
whether there is no objection.” (internal quotation and citation   assertions or assumptions underlying an expert's opinion are
omitted)).                                                         contrary to the facts, opinion testimony founded on those

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            18
ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

assumptions is not competent evidence. Cf. id. at 833. Here,
Dr. Casar's opinion was based on assumptions contrary to           A. Yeah. So, you see—uh-huh.

proven facts in several respects. 3                                Q. You can't wait three hours for a CAT scan, can you doc?

 *61 For example, Dr. Casar was mistaken about the time and        A. Well, they waited and nothing happened.
dosages of morphine provided to Alfredo: Dr. Casar initially
stated that the morphine was still in Alfredo's system when he     Q. If you can get a CAT scan at the snap of a finger, as you
was intubated, but when confronted with Alfredo's medical          claim you can—
records that established the contrary, Dr. Casar acknowledged
                                                                   A. Yeah. You should be able to here.
that morphine was “probably not” still in Alfredo's system
when he was later intubated in the ICU. Dr. Casar also             Q. Took two hours here?
testified that Alfredo's respiratory rate was 32 breaths per
minute, an elevated rate, when he was admitted to the ICU.         A. Right.
But when confronted with Alfredo's records, Dr. Casar stated
                                                                   Q. And they ordered one immediately, and it took two
that the record showed Alfredo's breath rate was 24 breaths
                                                                   hours?
per minute. Further, he testified that there was a note in
Alfredo's medical records that Afredo could be released that       A. That's not good. That's not good. That's not what it [sic]
“afternoon” from the emergency room. 4 Yet, the doctor was         should happen in an emergency room.
unable to find this note when given an opportunity to search
through the records. Finally, Dr. Casar's criticism of Dr.
Dang's failure to wait for a CT scan to confirm his hemothorax
                                                                                              ***
diagnosis emanated from his belief that “in the emergency
room, you can get a CAT scan in 15 minutes.” But the               Q. Would you like to correct your testimony wherein you
following exchange occurred during Dr. Casar's deposition:         stated he received a *62 CAT scan 30 minutes after his
                                                                   chest tube?
  Q. You also testified he had a CT scan less than an hour
  after ... after the chest tube.                                      A. Yes.
                                                                 In summary, Dr. Casar did not indicate that he was familiar
     Remember that?
                                                                 with the facts of Alfredo's care. Instead, the record before the
  A. Yes.                                                        trial court indicates that he based his conclusions on either
                                                                 improper recollections of the facts or assumptions. See id.; cf.
  Q. That's not the case, is it, Doctor?                         Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d 526, 539 (Tex.2010) (holding
                                                                 that the basis for an expert's opinion must be linked to the
  A. I said I don't remember exactly the time line.              facts).
  Q. In fact, let me show you what's ... previously been
  marked as Exhibit No. 37.                                      4. Conclusion
  A. Okay.                                                       I would conclude, after considering Dr. Casar's testimony
                                                                 as a whole, that Dr. Casar's opinions do not raise a fact
  Q. And he didn't have a CT scan until 8:53 that night, more
                                                                 question regarding whether Dr. Dang failed to act as a
  than two hours—
                                                                 reasonably prudent physician under the same or similar
  A. Two hours. Well, that's terrible.                           circumstances. Although Exxon Mobil offered Dr. Casar's
                                                                 opinion on emergency room treatment in an emergency
  Q. More than two hours, correct?                               situation, Dr. Casar did not undertake to analyze Dr. Dang's
                                                                 conduct in the context of the circumstances of emergency
  A. That's terrible.
                                                                 care. As such, Dr. Casar's statements that he does not know
  Q. And more than three hours after his initial ... consult,    the emergency room standard of care is determinative. Cf.
  right?                                                         Ehrlich, 144 S.W.3d at 625; Blan, 7 S.W.3d at 746 (noting

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          19
ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

that expert's admission that he was unfamiliar with the
                                                                    In sum, I agree with the Majority that ExxonMobil
emergency room and cardiology standards of care would be
                                                                    did not need to bring forth evidence that Dr. Dang
“persuasive, if not determinative if [he] were purporting to
                                                                    willfully and wantonly departed from the standard of
offer expert medical opinions in matters peculiar to the fields
                                                                    care. But ExxonMobil nonetheless needed to bring forth
of cardiology or emergency medicine”). Dr. Casar's testimony
                                                                    some probative evidence that Dr. Dang departed from the
completely misses the mark regarding whether Dr. Dang's
                                                                    applicable standard of care. Because ExxonMobil failed to do
care of Alfredo fell below the standard of care for a reasonably
                                                                    so, I would conclude that the trial court did not err in striking
prudent physician in an emergency room setting. Indeed, Dr.
                                                                    the designation of Dr. Dang. Because the Majority concludes
Casar's testimony demonstrated he was unfamiliar with the
                                                                    otherwise, I respectfully dissent.
actual facts surrounding Alfredo's medical care. Cf. Houston
Unlimited, Inc. Metal Processing, 443 S.W.3d at 832–33;
Jelinek, 328 S.W.3d at 539. Thus, I would conclude that Dr.
                                                                    All Citations
Casar's opinion is no evidence of Dr. Dang's responsibility for
Alfredo's death.                                                    467 S.W.3d 36

Footnotes
1      ExxonMobil does not argue that J.R. and his father were not “similarly situated.”
2      This is not the only problem with ExxonMobil's argument. In addition, it appears to be contrary to the position it maintained
       at trial, where it argued that Cabulang did not cause the fight, but instead acted only in self-defense. Whether Cabulang
       caused the fight was a disputed question of fact. Moreover, the jury found that ExxonMobil, J.R., and Alfredo acted
       negligently, but it was not asked to find that anyone acted intentionally.
3      Although ExxonMobil points out that its written “policies prohibit loitering inside the store,” there is no evidence that J.R.
       did so.
4      Having rejected ExxonMobil's arguments that it cannot be the proximate cause of Alfredo's death because (a) “intentional
       conduct” caused the fight, and (b) the store was merely the location of the fight, we do not reach its remaining argument
       under this heading, i.e., that “[a]ny reliance on the foreseeability of medical negligence cannot overcome these problems
       with causation.”
5      The parties sometimes refer to the trial court's ruling as a denial of ExxonMobil's motion to designate Dr. Dang as a
       responsible third party, and sometimes refer to it as a grant of the Pagayons' motion to strike the designation. Our record
       contains only an order granting the Pagayons' motion to strike the designation of Dr. Dang as a responsible third party.
6      We acknowledge that “if evidence presents ‘other plausible causes of the injury or condition that could be negated, the
       [proponent of the testimony] must offer evidence excluding those causes with reasonable certainty.’ ” See Crump, 330
       S.W.3d at 218 (quoting Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 720 (Tex.1997) (alterations in original)).
       But, in determining whether the trial court erred in striking the designation of Dr. Dang as a responsible third party, we
       must consider the evidence before it at the time of that ruling. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 33.004(l ).
       At this point in the proceedings, the trial court was not presented with evidence about other possible sources of sepsis;
       it was simply presented with Dr. Casar's opinion that even though cultures did not clarify the source of the sepsis, the
       chest-wall hematoma from the failed chest-tube insertion was the most likely cause.
7      Tellingly, this statute is entitled, “Qualifications of Expert Witness in Suit Against Physician,” and provides as follows:
          (a) In a suit involving a health care liability claim against a physician for injury to or death of a patient, a person may
             qualify as an expert witness on the issue of whether the physician departed from accepted standards of medical
             care only if the person is a physician who:
             (1) is practicing medicine at the time such testimony is given or was practicing medicine at the time the claim arose;
             (2) has knowledge of accepted standards of medical care for the diagnosis, care, or treatment of the illness, injury,
                or condition involved in the claim; and
             (3) is qualified on the basis of training or experience to offer an expert opinion regarding those accepted standards
                of medical care.
          (emphasis added).
8      Id. at 746 (quoting Act of May 5, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 140, § 2, sec. 14.01(a)(2), 1995 TEX. GEN. LAWS 985, 988,
       repealed by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 10.09, 2003 TEX. GEN. LAWS 847, 884).

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             20
ExxonMobil Corporation v. Pagayon, 467 S.W.3d 36 (2015)

9     Having removed that issue from the jury's consideration, the trial court also excluded evidence relevant to that
      determination.
10    See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 33.003(a).
11    There are many inconsistencies in the medical records. To cite a few examples, Dr. Dang's handwritten notes identify
      Alfredo himself as the person from whom Dr. Dang obtained Alfredo's medical history; other records identify the family
      as the historian. Dr. DeSantos stated on the radiology report that Alfredo was referred for a chest x-ray due to chest
      pain, but this was not listed among Alfredo's complaints. Although Dr. Clavijo was not present when Alfredo arrived at
      the hospital, he wrote that Alfredo was confused and disoriented at that time; however, before Dr. Dang administered
      fourteen milligrams of morphine as discussed infra, Alfredo was consistently described as alert and oriented by those
      who evaluated him at ExxonMobil and by the emergency-room personnel. Our description of the evidence is intended
      only to show our reasons for concluding that the extent of Dr. Dang's responsibility, if any, for causing or contributing to
      Alfredo's death was a contested, critical issue.
12    Even if a chest CT scan were needed to properly diagnose Alfredo's true condition and rule out a hemothorax, evidence
      supports Dr. Casar's opinion that Dr. Dang had time to have the scan performed. Dr. DeSantos made his comments on
      the chest x-ray at approximately 6:10 p.m., and Dr. Dang did not administer the first dose of morphine in preparation for
      the chest tube until 6:42 p.m.—a time lapse of thirty-two minutes. Medical records also show that Dr. Dang finally ordered
      a chest CT scan at 8:31 p.m., and that it was completed at 8:53 p.m.—a time lapse of just twenty-two minutes. Thus, the
      record supports the conclusion that if Dr. Dang had ordered a chest CT scan after seeing the unusual chest x-ray, the
      extra procedure would not have delayed the insertion of the chest tube if the CT scan had confirmed his diagnosis of a
      hemothorax. We note, however, that it is unclear what role the chest CT scan played in Dr. Dang's treatment of Alfredo.
      Although other doctors state in their notes that the CT scan “confirmed” that Alfredo had only one lung, the CT scan is
      not mentioned in Dr. Dang's narrative. He instead wrote, “Wife arrive to ER many hours later and I was informed that
      patient was born w/o one lung, but they are not sure which side.”
13    At 11:30 p.m., Dr. Dang wrote that Alfredo was asleep and was given Narcan, a drug which, as Dr. Casar explained
      in his deposition, was intended to reverse the effects of morphine. After writing that Narcan was given, Dr. Dang wrote
      “patient continues to be drowsy → more alert now.” The time of this entry was also stated to be 11:30 p.m. (or as written
      in the records, 2330 pm).
14    Although the statute contains a few exceptions to its broad application, the Pagayons do not contend that any of the
      enumerated exceptions applies. See id. § 33.002(c) (providing that Chapter 33 does not apply to actions for workers'
      compensation benefits, claims for exemplary damages, or claims arising from the manufacture of methamphetamine).
1     The entirety of Alfredo's medical records were not included as part of the motion-to-strike record. Only a two page
      “Emergency Provider Record” and the “Diagnostic Radiography” report are provided as the basis for Dr. Casar's opinion.
2     According to Dr. Casar, the thorax is the space between the waist and the neck; a hemothorax is a thorax full of blood,
      which means that something is bleeding inside, and it is a condition that may be life-threatening if not treated promptly.
3     The “facts” as proven at the time of the motion to strike did not include Alfredo's entire medical records. Instead, these
      “facts” included Dr. Casar's deposition testimony and a few pages from Alfredo's records. Thus, although the Majority
      notes several facts from Alfredo's medical records in its harm analysis, those facts were not part of the record when
      the trial court implicitly determined that Dr. Casar's opinion testimony failed to raise a fact issue regarding Dr. Dang's
      purported responsibility. In other words, the Majority has reviewed the trial court's alleged error based upon a record that
      was not before the trial court at the time it made the challenged ruling. Moreover, the facts the Majority draws from the
      expanded record are facts neither articulated, nor apparently known, by Dr. Casar at the time he supplied the deposition
      testimony ExxonMobil presented to the trial court.
4     As noted above, Alfredo was admitted to the emergency room at 17:58, which is 5:58 p.m. Thus, it does not appear that
      Alfredo was in the emergency room in the “afternoon.”

End of Document                                               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             21
R
F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

                                                                                     Cases Triable in Appellate Court
                                                                                Statutes
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
                                                                                     Plain Language; Plain, Ordinary, or
Distinguished by Williams v. McCollister,     S.D.Tex.,   September 22,
2009                                                                            Common Meaning
                                                                                Statutory construction is a legal question that
                      237 S.W.3d 680
                                                                                Supreme Court reviews de novo, ascertaining
                   Supreme Court of Texas.
                                                                                and giving effect to the legislature's intent as
                                                                                expressed by the plain and common meaning of
          F.F.P. OPERATING PARTNERS, L.P.,
                                                                                the statute's words.
          d/b/a Mr. Cut Rate # 602, Petitioner,
                           v.                                                   61 Cases that cite this headnote
         Xavier DUENEZ and Wife Irene Duenez,
          As Next Friends of Carlos Duenez and
                                                                          [2]   Intoxicating Liquors
          Pablo Duenez, Minors, Respondents.                                         Proximate cause of injury

              No. 02–0381. | Argued Nov.                                        Intoxicating Liquors
          30, 2005. | Decided May 11, 2007.                                          Presumptions and burden of proof
                                                                                If a plaintiff meets the onerous burden of
Synopsis                                                                        proof imposed by the Dram Shop Act, then
Background: Motorists injured in collision with intoxicated                     the provider of alcoholic beverages is liable for
driver brought action under the Dram Shop Act against                           damages proximately caused by its employees or
owner of a convenience store which had provided alcoholic                       patrons. V.T.C.A., Alcoholic Beverage Code §
beverages to driver. The County Court at Law No. 1, Calhoun                     2.02.
County, Alex R. Hernandez, J., severed store owner's cross-
action against driver, and rendered judgment on jury verdict                    4 Cases that cite this headnote
awarding motorists $35 million. Store owner appealed. The
Corpus Christi-Edinburg Court of Appeals, 69 S.W.3d 800,
                                                                          [3]   Intoxicating Liquors
affirmed. Review was granted.
                                                                                     Statutory provisions
                                                                                In the Dram Shop Act, the Legislature created a
                                                                                duty, not recognized at common law, on alcohol
Holdings: On denial of rehearing, the Supreme Court,                            providers and increased the potential liability
Wainwright, J., held that:                                                      of providers as a means of deterring providers
                                                                                from serving obviously intoxicated individuals.
[1] Proportionate Responsibility Act applies to all claims                      V.T.C.A., Alcoholic Beverage Code §§ 2.02,
under Dram Shop Act, including third-party claims, and                          2.03.

[2] store owner's cross-action against driver was not                           3 Cases that cite this headnote
severable.
                                                                          [4]   Intoxicating Liquors
                                                                                     Nature of remedy
Reversed and remanded.
                                                                                Intoxicating Liquors
Jefferson, C.J., and O'Neill, J., dissented and filed opinions.                      Contributory act or negligence
                                                                                Section of Dram Shop Act setting forth the
                                                                                exclusivity of statutory remedy against an
                                                                                alcohol provider for damages caused by an
 West Headnotes (16)
                                                                                intoxicated patron does not make an alcohol
                                                                                provider responsible, without regard to fault, for
 [1]     Appeal and Error                                                       100% of the damages caused by an intoxicated

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 1
F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

        patron. V.T.C.A., Alcoholic Beverage Code §                   V.T.C.A., Alcoholic Beverage Code §§ 2.02,
        2.03.                                                         2.03; V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code
                                                                      §§ 33.002, 33.003(a), 33.013; § 33.001(a)(2003).
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      15 Cases that cite this headnote
 [5]    Labor and Employment
            Nature of liability in general                     [9]    Constitutional Law
        Principal and Agent                                               Inquiry Into Legislative Judgment
            Rights and liabilities of principal                       Constitutional Law
        Generally, the doctrine of “vicarious liability,” or              Policy
        respondeat superior, makes a principal liable for             Statutes
        the conduct of his employee or agent.                              Intent
                                                                      Supreme Court's role is not to second-guess the
        12 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      policy choices that inform statutes or to weigh
                                                                      the effectiveness of their results; rather, Court's
 [6]    Principal and Agent                                           task is to interpret those statutes in a manner that
            Rights and liabilities of principal                       effectuates the legislature's intent.
        Vicarious liability is based on the principal's
                                                                      4 Cases that cite this headnote
        control or right to control the agent's actions
        undertaken to further the principal's objectives.
                                                               [10]   Statutes
        6 Cases that cite this headnote                                    Prior construction
                                                                      Legislature must be regarded as intending
 [7]    Negligence                                                    statutes, when repeatedly reenacted, to be given
            Control over object                                       that interpretation which has been settled by the
        Basis for imposing liability on the owner of                  courts.
        the thing entrusted to another, under theory of
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
        negligent entrustment, is that ownership of the
        thing gives the right of control over its use.
                                                               [11]   Action
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                                    Severance of actions
                                                                      Contribution
 [8]    Intoxicating Liquors                                              Automobile cases
             Contributory act or negligence                           Indemnity
        Intoxicating Liquors                                              Nature of obligation
             Persons Liable                                           Convenience store owner's claim against
        Apportionment of responsibility, under                        intoxicated driver who purchased beer and
        Proportionate Responsibility Act, applies to                  then had automobile accident was not an
        all claims under Dram Shop Act, including                     indemnification claim that could be properly
        third-party claims; neither the purpose nor                   severed from injured motorist's and passenger's
        the language of Dram Shop Act makes a                         action against store owner under Dram Shop Act;
        dram shop automatically responsible for all of                store owner's claim was one of contribution for
        the damages caused by an intoxicated patron,                  proportionate share of damages for which driver
        regardless of a jury's determination of the dram              was responsible. V.T.C.A., Alcoholic Beverage
        shop's proportion of responsibility, and imposing             Code §§ 2.02, 2.03; V.T.C.A., Civil Practice
        vicarious liability in dram-shop cases would                  & Remedies Code §§ 33.002, 33.003; Vernon's
        conflict with Proportionate Responsibility Act.               Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 41.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           2
F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

        4 Cases that cite this headnote                       [16]   Appeal and Error
                                                                        Abuse of discretion

 [12]   Appeal and Error                                             A trial court's failure to correctly apply the law
             Allowance of remedy and matters of                      is an abuse of discretion.
        procedure in general
                                                                     3 Cases that cite this headnote
        Supreme Court will not reverse a trial court's
        order severing a claim unless the trial court
        abused its discretion. Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules
        Civ.Proc., Rule 41.
                                                             Attorneys and Law Firms
        2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                              *681 Oscar H. Villarreal, Villarreal Moreno & Ruiz, San
                                                             Antonio, Gregory J. Lensing, Cowles Thompson, Dallas,
 [13]   Action                                               Arthur C. Reyna Jr., San Antonio, Glen Garey, Austin, James
             Severance of actions                            E. Rensimer, Markle & Ramos, *682 Houston, TX, Victor
        A claim is properly severable if (1) the             E. Schwartz, Emily J. Laird, Manuel Lopez, Shook, Hardy &
        controversy involves more than one cause of          Bacon L.L.P., Washington, DC, Edward J. Murphy, Beirne,
        action, (2) the severed claim is one that would be   Maynard & Parsons, L.L.P., Houston, E. Lee Parsley, E. Lee
        the proper subject of a lawsuit if independently     Parsley, P.C., Austin, Grant E. Adami III, Adami Goldman &
        asserted, and (3) the severed claim is not so        Shuffield, San Antonio, TX, for Amicus Curiae.
        interwoven with the remaining action that they
                                                             Russell H. McMains, Law Offices of Russell H. McMains,
        involve the same facts and issues. Vernon's
                                                             Corpus Christi, Reagan W. Simpson, King & Spalding LLP,
        Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 41.
                                                             Houston, Mike A. Hatchell, Locke Liddell & Sapp, LLP,
        22 Cases that cite this headnote                     Austin, TX, for Petitioner.

                                                             David Roberts, Wanda Roberts, Garner, Roberts & Roberts,
 [14]   Action                                               L.L.P., Port Lavaca, Christa Brown, Austin, Cynthia T.
             Severance of actions                            Sheppard, Attorney At Law, Cuero, David C. Griffin, John
        Avoiding prejudice, doing justice, and increasing    W. Griffin Jr., Houston, Marek & Griffin, L.L.P., Victoria,
        convenience are the controlling reasons to allow     TX, for Respondent.
        severance of a claim. Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules
                                                             Opinion
        Civ.Proc., Rule 41.
                                                             Justice WAINWRIGHT delivered the opinion of the Court, in
        23 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             which Justice HECHT, Justice BRISTER, Justice MEDINA,
                                                             Justice GREEN, Justice JOHNSON and Justice WILLETT
 [15]   Intoxicating Liquors                                 joined.
             Persons Liable
                                                             On December 12, 2002, we granted this petition for review,
        Dram Shop Act does not make a provider of
                                                             and on September 3, 2004, the Court issued an opinion.
        alcoholic beverages vicariously liable to a third
                                                             On April 8, 2005, we granted the petitioner's motion for
        party for the conduct of an intoxicated patron;
                                                             rehearing, reargued the case, and issued an opinion on
        provider's liability arises from the actions of
                                                             November 3, 2006. Today we deny the respondents' motion
        its employees and agents, and not through the
                                                             for rehearing. We withdraw our opinion of November 3, 2006
        actions of patron. V.T.C.A., Alcoholic Beverage
                                                             and substitute the following in its place.
        Code §§ 2.02, 2.03.

        7 Cases that cite this headnote                      We are asked to revisit our holding in Smith v. Sewell
                                                             that the proportionate responsibility scheme of chapter 33
                                                             of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code requires

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        3
F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

an apportionment of responsibility under chapter 2 of the           for trial. F.F.P.'s severed action against Ruiz remains pending
Alcoholic Beverage Code. 858 S.W.2d 350 (Tex.1993). We              in the trial court.
decline the invitation to reverse Sewell and instead affirm its
holding that the language of the proportionate responsibility       The Duenezes' claim against F.F.P. proceeded to trial. At the
statute includes claims under the Dram Shop Act. Neither            charge conference, the trial court refused to submit questions
the purpose nor the language of the Act makes a dram shop           for determination of Ruiz's negligence. The court also failed
automatically responsible for all of the damages caused by an       to submit questions on the proportionate responsibility of
intoxicated patron, regardless of a jury's determination of the     Ruiz and F.F.P.
dram shop's proportion of responsibility. Instead, pursuant to
Chapter 33, a dram shop is responsible for its proportionate        The jury found that when the alcohol was sold to Ruiz, it
share of the damages as determined by a jury. Accordingly,          was “apparent to the seller that he was obviously intoxicated
we reverse the court of appeals' judgment and remand the case       to the extent that he presented a clear danger to himself and
for a new trial.                                                    others,” and that Ruiz's intoxication was a proximate cause of
                                                                    the collision. The jury returned a $35 million verdict against
                                                                    F.F.P., upon which the trial court rendered judgment.

          I. Factual and Procedural Background
                                                                    The court of appeals affirmed the trial court's judgment,
After spending the day cutting firewood while consuming a           holding:
case and a half of beer, Roberto Ruiz drove his truck to a
                                                                                [I]n third-party actions under the Dram
Mr. Cut Rate convenience store owned by F.F.P. Operating
                                                                                Shop Act in which there are no
Partners, L.P. and purchased a twelve-pack of beer. The
                                                                                allegations of negligence on the part of
store's assistant manager, Carol Solis, sold the beer to Ruiz.
                                                                                the plaintiffs, a provider is vicariously
Ruiz then climbed into his truck, opened a can of beer, and
                                                                                liable for the damages caused by
put the open beer can between his legs. There was conflicting
                                                                                an intoxicated person, and such a
testimony about whether Ruiz actually drank any of the beer
                                                                                provider is not entitled to offset its
that he purchased at Mr. Cut Rate.
                                                                                liability by that of the intoxicated
                                                                                person.
Ruiz then drove onto a nearby highway and swerved into
oncoming traffic several times. Two cars dodged his truck           69 S.W.3d 800, 805. In reaching that conclusion, the court
to avoid a collision. As he crossed a bridge approximately a        distinguished our decision in Sewell, in which we held that
mile and a half from the Mr. Cut Rate convenience store, Ruiz       the comparative responsibility statute applied to dram-shop
swerved across the center line, hitting the Duenezes' car head-     causes of action. Id. The court of appeals concluded that
on. All five members of the Duenez family suffered injuries.        Sewell's holding was limited to first-party actions in which
                                                                    the intoxicated patron is suing for his own injuries and is
Ruiz was arrested at the accident scene for drunk driving.          inapplicable when the plaintiff is an innocent third party
He pled guilty to intoxication assault and was sentenced to         injured by an intoxicated patron. Id. at 805–06. The court
prison. The Duenezes brought a civil suit against F.F.P., Ruiz,     also held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
Solis, Nu–Way Beverage Company, and the owner of the                severing F.F.P.'s contribution claim against Ruiz, concluding
land where Ruiz had spent the afternoon cutting firewood            that because F.F.P.'s statutory liability was vicarious and
and drinking. F.F.P. filed a cross-action against Ruiz, naming      not direct, F.F.P. had an indemnity claim rather than a
him as a *683 responsible third-party and a contribution            contribution claim against Ruiz. Id. at 807–08.
defendant. The Duenezes thereafter nonsuited all defendants
except F.F.P.                                                       We granted F.F.P.'s petition for review. While the petition
                                                                    was pending, Xavier, Irene, and Ashley Duenez settled their
At the pretrial conference, the Duenezes obtained a partial         claims against F.F.P. Only the claims of Pablo and Carlos
summary judgment that chapter 33 of the Texas Civil Practice        Duenez against F.F.P. remain before the Court.
and Remedies Code, the proportionate responsibility statute,
did not apply to this case. The trial court then severed F.F.P.'s
cross-action against Ruiz, leaving F.F.P. as the only defendant

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

                                                                 obviously intoxicated individuals. Historically, the “rule of
                                                                 non-liability” held that an alcohol provider owed no duty
                 II. Statutory Interpretation
                                                                 to third persons for injuries caused by the provision of
 [1] Statutory construction is a legal question that we review alcohol. Sewell, 858 S.W.2d at 352; Poole, 732 S.W.2d at
de novo, ascertaining and giving effect to the Legislature's     310; see also Joel Smith, Annotation, Common–Law Right of
intent as expressed by the plain and common meaning of the       Action for Damages Sustained by Plaintiff in Consequence of
statute's words. Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, Sale of Gift of Intoxicating Liquor or Habit–Forming Drug
146 S.W.3d 637, 642 (Tex.2004).                                  to Another, 97 A.L.R. 3d 528 (1980). Providers also were
                                                                 generally able to avoid liability because the consumption of
                                                                 alcohol, rather than its provision, was considered the sole
                                                                 proximate cause of injury to the patron and third persons.
                    A. The Dram Shop Act                         Poole, 732 S.W.2d at 309. Finally, even if the sale was a
 [2]     [3] The Legislature enacted the Dram Shop Act proximate cause of intoxication, injury was considered to be
                                                                 an unforeseeable result of the patron's intoxication. Id. The
to “deter providers of alcoholic beverages from serving
                                                                 common law effectively precluded dram shops from incurring
alcoholic beverages to obviously intoxicated individuals who
                                                                 liability when their intoxicated patrons caused injury to third
may potentially inflict serious injury on themselves and on
                                                                 parties. Id.; see also Mata v. Schoch, 337 B.R. 135, 136
innocent members of the general public.” Sewell, 858 S.W.2d
                                                                 (Bankr.S.D.Tex.2005).
at 356. Section 2.02 of the Alcoholic Beverage Code sets forth
the scope and elements of this action:
                                                                 Relying on “modern analysis,” in 1987 the Court in Poole
   (a) This chapter does not affect the right of any person to   discarded the “absolute rule of no liability” and imposed a
   bring a common law cause of action against any individual     duty on a dram shop not to serve alcoholic beverages to a
   whose consumption of an alcoholic beverage allegedly          person it knows or should know is intoxicated. Poole, 732
   resulted in causing the person bringing the suit to suffer    S.W.2d at 310. For the first time, the Court held that a provider
   personal injury or property damage.                           of alcohol is negligent as a matter of law when he knowingly
                                                                 sells an alcoholic beverage to an intoxicated person, and the
   (b) Providing, selling, or serving an alcoholic beverage      Court relaxed the standards for proving proximate cause and
   may be made the basis *684 of a statutory cause of            foreseeability. Id. at 313–14. The claimant was still required
   action under this chapter and may be made the basis of a      to prove that the dram shop's conduct was the proximate cause
   revocation proceeding under section 6.01(b) of this code      of his or her injury to recover. Id. at 313.
   upon proof that:
                                                                   The Legislature acted to address the problem of providers'
     (1) at the time the provision occurred it was apparent
                                                                   excessive provision of alcohol to patrons. A week after this
     to the provider that the individual being sold, served,
                                                                   Court issued Poole, the Dram Shop Act became effective
     or provided with an alcoholic beverage was obviously
                                                                   and narrowed potential liability from Poole in several ways.
     intoxicated to the extent that he presented a clear danger
                                                                   See id. First, it made the Act the exclusive *685 means of
     to himself and others; and
                                                                   pursuing a dram shop for damages for intoxication. TEX.
     (2) the intoxication of the recipient of the alcoholic        ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.03. 3 Second, as an element of
     beverage was a proximate cause of the damages suffered.       liability, the patron must be “obviously intoxicated,” not just
                                                                   intoxicated, when the dram shop serves him alcohol. Id. § 2.02
TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.02 (emphasis added). 1 If                 (emphasis added). 4 Third, under Chapter 2, “the intoxication
a plaintiff meets the “onerous burden of proof” imposed by         of the recipient must be a proximate cause of the damages.”
the Dram Shop Act, then the provider is liable for damages         Sewell, 858 S.W.2d at 355 (citing TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE
proximately caused by its employees or patrons. El Chico           § 2.02(b)).
Corp. v. Poole, 732 S.W.2d 306, 314 (Tex.1987); see also
TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.03. 2 In the Dram Shop Act,               The common foundation of both CHIEF JUSTICE
the Legislature created a duty, not recognized at common           JEFFERSON'S and JUSTICE O'NEILL'S dissents is the
law, on alcohol providers and increased the potential liability    contention that the Legislature abolished the element of
of providers as a means of deterring providers from serving        proximate cause for a third party to recover from a dram shop

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

and replaced it with “a form of vicarious liability,” as CHIEF    APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY § 7 cmt. j (2000)
JUSTICE JEFFERSON labels it, or “imputed liability,” as           (stating that “[t]he employer is responsible for the share of
JUSTICE O'NEILL terms it. The dissenters contend that once        the verdict assigned to the employee and is also responsible
the dram shop provides alcohol to an obviously intoxicated        for the share of the verdict assigned to its own negligence”).
patron, it becomes responsible for all subsequent injuries        The common law has been supplanted by statute and Section
caused by the patron's intoxication. This assumption forms        7 is not the law on this issue in Texas. The Proportionate
the basis of their conclusions that submitting a proportionate    Responsibility Act and the Dram Shop Act govern this issue.
liability question to the jury does not change the dram
shop's joint and several liability for all of the damages. For     [4] JUSTICE O'NEILL insists that the Legislature intended
example, even if the patron consumed none of the alcohol          the phrase “the liability of providers under this chapter for
purchased from the dram shop, the dissenters would hold the       the actions of their customers,” to mean that providers under
provider liable for all the injuries caused by the patron to      this chapter are liable for the actions of their customers. 237
third parties. The statutes do not support their approaches,      S.W.3d at 710; TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.03. 7 The
which would nullify the effect of the expansive language in       statute can mean this only if words not in the text are inserted.
the proportionate responsibility statute.                         Read as written, in context, Section 2.03 simply means that
                                                                  the Dram Shop Act provides the exclusive remedy against an
The dissenters contend that the failure to read vicarious         alcohol provider for damages caused by an intoxicated patron
or imputed liability into the Act undermines the legislative      at least 18 years of age—i.e., common law remedies are no
purpose. On the contrary, the Act accomplishes the objective      longer available. See Borneman v. Steak & Ale of Tex., Inc.,
of deterring the sale of alcohol to obviously intoxicated         22 S.W.3d 411, 412 (Tex.2000). We do not read Section 2.03
persons in several ways. The Act provides a previously            to say that a provider of alcohol is responsible, without regard
foreclosed remedy against sellers of alcohol. And unlike the      to fault, for one hundred percent of the damages caused by an
prior common law, dram shops now owe a duty to patrons and        intoxicated patron.
injured third parties under specified circumstances and can
be subject to civil liability for the damages they proximately     [5]     [6]     [7] CHIEF JUSTICE JEFFERSON seeks to
cause. Compare Poole, 732 S.W.2d at 309 with Sewell, 858          support his position with an analogy to reasoning in vicarious
S.W.2d at 355. The Legislature also deterred irresponsible        liability theory for negligent entrustment cases. 237 S.W.3d at
conduct by providing that a dram shop's alcohol license is        697. Generally in Texas, the doctrine of vicarious liability, or
subject to revocation for violating the Act. TEX. ALCO.           respondeat superior, makes a principal liable for the conduct
BEV.CODEE § 2.02(b). 5                                            of his employee or agent. See Baptist Mem. Hosp. Sys. v.
                                                                  Sampson, 969 S.W.2d 945, 947 (Tex.1998). This liability is
JUSTICE O'NEILL finds the imposition of imputed liability         based on the principal's control or right to control the agent's
on providers in a single phrase in Section 2.03 of the Act, set   actions undertaken to further the principal's objectives. See
out in italics: “The liability of providers under this chapter    Wingfoot v. Alvarado, 111 S.W.3d 134, 136 (Tex.2003);
for the actions of their customers, members, or guests who        PROSSER & KEETON ON THE LAW OF TORTS, § 69–
are or become intoxicated is in lieu of common law or other       70 (W. Page Keeton et al. eds., 5th ed.1984). Should an
statutory law warranties and duties of providers of alcoholic     innocent third party suffer injury at the hands of the agent or
beverages.” 237 S.W.3d at 704; TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE               employee, the theory is that the enterprise itself, not only the
§ 2.03. 6 Although JUSTICE O'NEILL states that Chapter            agent, should be held accountable. See Wingfoot, 111 S.W.3d
33 applies, she nevertheless concludes that “the dram shop        at 146; KEETON ET AL., § 69; see also RESTATEMENT
is liable to injured third parties for both its own actions       (THIRD) OF TORTS: APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY
and for its patron's share of responsibility.” 237 S.W.3d at      § 13 (2000). Here, the patron is not the agent or employee of
709. She borrows support for this position from section 7         the dram shop, the provider has no control or right to control
of the Restatement of Torts: a party to whom liability is         the patron, and the patron's actions causing the accident are
imputed and who is also independently liable “is responsible      not in furtherance of the provider's business. The analogy to
for the share of the verdict assigned to [the party whose         negligent entrustment, a form of vicarious liability, suffers
liability is imputed] and is also responsible for the share       from similar deficiencies. As the late Dean Prosser explained,
of the verdict assigned *686 to its own negligence.” Id.          the basis for imposing liability on the owner of the thing
at 710; see also RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF TORTS:                    entrusted to another is that ownership of the thing gives the

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

right of control over its use. KEETON ET AL., § 73; see            Chapter 33 applied to a broad range of cases, including “any
Schneider v. Esperanza Transmission Co., 744 S.W.2d 595,           cause of action based on tort in which a defendant, settling
596 (Tex.1987) (proving negligence by a theory of negligent        person, or responsible third party is found responsible for
entrustment requires establishment of ownership). Hence,           a percentage of the harm for which relief is sought” and
an owner may have to answer in damages for negligently             actions brought under the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices–
exercising her control by entrusting an item to a person           Consumer Protection Act. Id. §§ 33.002(a), 10 (h). 11 Section
who the owner knew or should have known would act in a             33.002(c) expressly excluded from its coverage actions to
reckless or incompetent manner. Schneider, 744 S.W.2d at           collect workers' compensation benefits, actions against an
596. Because there is no ownership by the dram shop of the         employer for exemplary damages arising out of the death of
object used by a patron to cause the accident, the vicarious       an employee, and claims for exemplary damages included in
liability doctrine does not support—and the Dram Shop Act
                                                                   an action to which this chapter otherwise applies. 12 *688
does not create—the indemnification scheme proposed by
                                                                   Section 33.002(b) excluded application of Chapter 33 to
JUSTICE O'NEILL or the vicarious liability scheme that
                                                                   actions for damages caused by a list of intentional criminal
CHIEF *687 JUSTICE JEFFERSON would create. Their
                                                                   acts committed in concert with another person by imposing
positions expand the theory of vicarious liability beyond its
traditional boundaries.                                            joint and several liability. 13 Chapter 33 does not specifically
                                                                   exclude the Dram Shop Act.

                        B. Chapter 33
                                                                                         C. Smith v. Sewell
Chapter 33 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code
governs the apportionment of responsibility in cases within        This Court addressed the applicability of Chapter 33 to
its scope. The 1995 version of the proportionate responsibility    the Dram Shop Act in Smith v. Sewell, 858 S.W.2d 350
scheme applies to this case because the collision that injured     (Tex.1993). When Sewell was decided, Chapter 33 provided
the Duenezes occurred in July 1997. At that time, section          that it applied “[i]n an action to recover damages for
33.013 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code provided,           negligence ... or an action for products liability grounded
with certain exceptions, that a defendant was liable only          in negligence.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE §
for the percentage of responsibility found by the trier of         33.001(a). 14 The Court held that the essential elements of
fact, unless the percentage of responsibility exceeded fifty       a dram-shop action replicated those of a negligence claim,
percent. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.013. 8 If                 hence Chapter 33 applied to the Act. Sewell, 858 S.W.2d at
a defendant's percentage of responsibility exceeded fifty          355–56.
percent, that defendant was jointly and severally liable for all
of the claimant's recoverable damages. Id.                         In Sewell, the plaintiff became intoxicated at a bar. Id. at
                                                                   351. On his way home, he lost control of his car and was
Section 33.003 provided that the factfinder was to compare         severely injured in a one-car accident. He sued the bar. This
a defendant's responsibility with the responsibility of the        Court explicitly recognized that a cause of action against a
claimant, other defendants, and any responsible third party        provider of alcohol is a direct action for the wrongful conduct
joined by a defendant. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE §                of the provider: “[L]iability under [the Dram Shop Act] is
                                                                   premised on the conduct of the provider of the alcoholic
33.003. 9 The statute required the trier of fact to apportion
                                                                   beverages—not the conduct of the recipient or a third party.”
responsibility
                                                                   Id. at 355. The Court reasoned this is true “regardless
                                                                   of whether the intoxicated individual injures himself or a
  with respect to each person's causing or contributing            third party.” Id. The Court then examined the comparative
  to cause in any way the harm for which recovery of               responsibility scheme and its exclusions and concluded that a
  damages is sought, whether by negligent act or omission,         cause of action against a provider of alcohol was not excluded
  by any defective or unreasonably dangerous product, by           from the Comparative Responsibility Act, and therefore, the
  other conduct or activity that violates an applicable legal      comparative responsibility scheme applied. Id. at 356. The
  standard, or by any combination of these....                     Court identified the Legislature's intent, expressed under
  Id. § 33.003(a).                                                 Chapter 33, as “requir[ing] the trier of fact to determine the

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

percentage of responsibility attributable to each of the parties    the problem of Sewell differently. CHIEF JUSTICE
involved in causing the injury.” Id. (emphasis added). Under        JEFFERSON argues that Sewell was wrongly decided but
the combined effect of both statutes, an intoxicated person         nevertheless would keep the holding intact as to first-party
“will be entitled to recover damages only if his percentage         claims and create a different rule for third-party claims. 237
of responsibility is found to be less than or equal to 50           S.W.3d at 701. Similarly, JUSTICE O'NEILL would limit
percent,” and any recovery must be reduced by the percentage        Sewell's holding to first-party claims thereby distinguishing
of the intoxicated individual's responsibility. Id. The Court       it from the instant case. 237 S.W.3d at 706. Nothing in
recognized that this interpretation of the statutes ensured         the statute supports a different rule in this regard for first
a consistent and equitable approach to dram-shop liability,         versus thirdparty claims. In fact, the statute anticipates the
whether the case involved first or third person liability. Id.      existence of both types of claims by describing the “person
                                                                    bringing the suit” broadly and referring to the danger created
In this case, the court of appeals held that Sewell did not         by the intoxicated person as impacting “himself and others.”
apply to third-party Dram Shop claims like this one. 69             TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.02. 15 Contrary to CHIEF
S.W.3d at 805. The court interpreted Sewell as limiting an          JUSTICE JEFFERSON'S dissent, nothing in the Dram Shop
intoxicated patron's recovery against a provider according          Act prevents a provider from “lessen[ing] or escap[ing]
to the intoxicated person's percentage of responsibility but        liability altogether” if a jury determined that the intoxicated
not imposing similar limitations when a third party seeks           patron was completely responsible for the damages and
recovery against a provider for damages caused by an                injuries suffered by a third-party. See 237 S.W.3d at 701–
intoxicated patron's actions. Id. Instead, the court of appeals     02. Refusing to apply Sewell's rule of law to cases in which
concluded that a provider is vicariously liable for the damages     a third party is injured as a result of an intoxicated person's
caused by an intoxicated employee or patron in third party          actions is contrary to the language of the Dram Shop Act, to
actions in which there are no allegations of negligence of          the premise of Sewell, and to the purpose of the Dram Shop
the third party. *689 Id. The court reasoned that this              Act: the provider's liability stems from its own conduct. See
interpretation is consistent with the Dram Shop Act because         Borneman, 22 S.W.3d at 413 (correctly holding that a jury
the Act imposes liability on the provider for the actions of        question that was inconsistent with the language of the Dram
the intoxicated person, “just as an employer is liable for the      Shop Act for establishing liability was erroneous).
damages caused by an employee in the course and scope of the
employment.” Id. at 806 (citations omitted). Thus, the court
concluded, “a division of liability would be meaningless: the
vicariously liable party is liable for the other party's actions,                       D. Legislative Intent
as though those actions were its own.” Id.
                                                                     [8] Our review is confined to identifying the expressed
                                                                    legislative intent and applying it. Even if this Court were
This is contrary to our opinion in Sewell, and rebutted by
                                                                    to agree with the court of appeals that holding a provider
the deterrent effects of the Act, discussed above. This Court
                                                                    vicariously liable for a patron's intoxication may be a
has interpreted the Dram Shop Act to create liability based
                                                                    legitimate public policy, we would still be constrained
“on the conduct of the provider of the alcoholic beverages
                                                                    to faithfully apply the Legislature's statutory proportionate
—not the conduct of the recipient or a third party.” Sewell,
                                                                    responsibility scheme. Imposing vicarious liability in dram-
858 S.W.2d at 355. The conduct for which the provider may
                                                                    shop cases conflicts with the Proportionate Responsibility
be held liable is the same conduct “whether the intoxicated
                                                                    Act. The court of appeals suggested that the Legislature
individual injures himself or a third party.” Id. Thus, the
                                                                    did not intend for an innocent third party to bear the risk
premise of the court of appeals' vicarious liability holding
                                                                     *690 of an intoxicated patron's insolvency. But, by enacting
—that the provider's liability stems from the conduct of
                                                                    Chapter 33, the Legislature made the policy decision that an
the intoxicated individual instead of the provider's own
                                                                    innocent third party, suing the intoxicated patron and the dram
conduct—runs contrary to both the Dram Shop Act and our
                                                                    shop, could be burdened with the risk of a joint tortfeasor's
interpretation of the Act in Sewell. Compare Sewell, 858
                                                                    insolvency. A tortfeasor who was found less than fifty-one
S.W.2d at 355, with 69 S.W.3d at 806.
                                                                    percent responsible does not have to pay the entire amount
                                                                    of damages, only his or her proportionate share. TEX. CIV.
The dissents likewise recognize significant problems with
their approaches in light of this precedent. They approach          PRAC. & REM.CODE §§ 33.013(a), (b)(1). 16

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50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

 [9] We recognize that there may be a greater incentive          damages included in an action to which this chapter otherwise
to avoid conduct that leads to responsibility for higher         applies. 21 When the Legislature has chosen to impose joint
damages than to avoid conduct that leads to responsibility for   and several liability rather than proportionate liability, it has
lower damages. Accordingly, a statute that makes providers       clearly said so.
liable for all the damages caused by an intoxicated patron
could be a greater deterrent to serving that patron. That        The Legislature created a strict liability cause of action
may influence the drafting of a statute, but it says little      against a person who manufactures methamphetamine for
about how to interpret the words of the Dram Shop and            injuries, damages, or death arising from the manufacture or
Proportionate Responsibility Acts. The statutes only hold        exposure to the manufacturing process of that drug. TEX.
providers responsible for their own conduct causing injury.      CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE §§ 99.002–.003. The Legislature
This is consistent with a fundamental tenet of tort law          declared that a person who manufactures methamphetamine
that an entity's liability arises from its own injury-causing    and is found liable for any amount of damages arising from
conduct. Under the dissenters' positions, the provider would     the manufacture is jointly liable with any other defendant for
be responsible for all the damages caused by an inebriated       the entire amount of damages arising from the manufacture.
patron even if he never drank any of the product purchased       Id. § 99.004. In both the statute that created the cause of
from the provider. The same would occur if an inebriated         action against such manufacturers and in amendments to the
patron drank a bit of the dram shop's alcohol but evidence       Proportionate Responsibility Act, the Legislature specifically
established that it did not contribute any further to the        said that the proportionate responsibility scheme “does not
deterioration of the patron's ability to drive safely. We        apply in an action for damages arising from the manufacture
recognize some of the alternatives the Legislature considered    of methamphetamine.” Id. § 99.005; see also id. § 33.002(c)
as it drafted the statutes; however, we do not pick and choose   (3). The Legislature did not carve out an exclusion for alcohol
among policy options on which the Legislature has spoken.        providers in either the Proportionate Responsibility Act or the
“Our role ... is not to second-guess the policy choices that     Dram Shop Act.
inform our statutes or to weigh the effectiveness of their
results; rather, our task is to interpret those statutes in a    Both dissents struggle to conclude that an injured third party
manner that effectuates the Legislature's intent.” McIntyre v.   may recover his damages entirely from the alcohol provider
Ramirez, 109 S.W.3d 741, 748 (Tex.2003). Upon a finding          under the Dram Shop Act. CHIEF JUSTICE JEFFERSON
of liability, the statutes make dram shops responsible for the   argues that the Act creates “a form of vicarious liability,”
proportionate share of the injuries their conduct caused.        while JUSTICE O'NEILL allows a jury to apportion liability
                                                                 but ultimately holds the provider liable for the full amount
The broad coverage of the proportionate responsibility statute   of damages, regardless of the jury's determination. The stated
to tort claims is persuasive. The Chapter 33 proportionate       public policy behind the Alcoholic Beverage Code, including
responsibility scheme includes exceptions for certain torts,     the Dram Shop Act, is “the protection of the welfare, health,
but claims against providers of alcohol are not among those      peace, temperance, and safety of the people of the state.”
exceptions. See, e.g., TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE §§             TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 1.03. More specifically, the
33.002(b), 17 (c). 18 For example, the Legislature carved out    Dram Shop Act codifies the exclusive action against an
exceptions for a host of criminal acts, declaring that there     alcohol provider for injuries or damages resulting from the
should be joint and several liability instead of proportionate   intoxication of a patron. Id. § 2.02. The legislative intent
responsibility, but only if there was specific intent to do      to protect the public and provide a potential remedy against
harm to others and the defendant acted in concert with           an alcohol provider does not equate to a guarantee of
another. Id. § 33.002. 19 The list of crimes is numerous and     recovery against a provider by an injured party. The Act
broad in scope, ranging from capital murder to fraudulent        simply supplants in a single codified action all prior common
destruction of a writing, and also includes theft when “the      law theories that previously could have been employed by
punishment level ... is a felony of the third degree or          the injured party (either a third party or the intoxicated
higher.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 33.002(b)                 patron himself) against a provider. See id. § 2.03. While the
                                                                 dissents' positions might express sound public policy, we
(13). 20 Section 33.002(c) expressly *691 excluded from its
                                                                 are constrained to conclude that neither correctly applies the
coverage actions to collect workers' compensation benefits,
                                                                 Legislature's statutory proportionate responsibility scheme.
actions against an employer for exemplary damages arising
out of the death of an employee, and claims for exemplary

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

Both read more into the Dram Shop Act than the words chosen         vicarious liability and joint and several liability in lieu of
by the Legislature can bear.                                        proportionate liability for alcohol providers.

At the time of the Duenezes' injuries, the proportionate            The dissenters suggest that the Court's opinion exonerates
responsibility scheme imposed joint and several liability           dram shops from liability. They draw a stark distinction
on those who caused toxic tort injuries and those who               between excusing a dram shop from liability for its conduct
released hazardous substances into the environment if their         that violates the Act, which they assert to be the Court's
responsibility was equal to or greater than fifty percent. TEX.     opinion, and making the provider liable for all the injuries
CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.013(c). 22 In such cases,                caused by an inebriated patron, which is the dissenters'
liability was not limited by proportionate responsibility. In       position. For several reasons, our interpretation does not
2003, the Legislature revisited that exclusion and repealed         excuse dram shops from liability for their conduct. First, it is
                                                                    simply inaccurate to describe the Court's holding as allowing
it in its entirety. 23 Now, defendants *692 found liable for
                                                                    dram shops to escape liability. The central issue in this
these tortious acts are subject to the general proportionate
                                                                    case is the apportionment of damages among liable parties.
responsibility scheme. The Legislature seemed intent on
                                                                    Dram shops are liable if they provide alcoholic beverages
creating a general scheme of proportionate responsibility for
                                                                    to an individual that is obviously intoxicated to the extent
tort claims, subject to specific statutory exclusions.
                                                                    that he presents a clear danger to himself and others, and
                                                                    the intoxication of the patron was a proximate cause of
 [10] Finally, our controlling interpretation of that statutory
                                                                    the injuries. TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.02(b). These
scheme has remained in place since our 1993 decision
                                                                    requirements were promulgated by the passage of the Act in
in Smith v. Sewell. 858 S.W.2d at 356 (holding that
                                                                    1987. In this case, we hold that dram shops are responsible
“[a]pplication of the principles of comparative responsibility
                                                                    for the proportion of damages they cause or contribute to
to causes of action brought under [the Dram Shop Act]
                                                                    cause, as set forth in the Proportionate Responsibility Act.
establishes a consistent and equitable approach to the issue
of ‘dramshop liability’ generally, and first party ‘dramshop        TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.003. 24 Second,
liability’ specifically”). In the thirteen years since Sewell was   we follow the Legislature's guidance in the language of
decided, the Legislature has amended the Dram Shop Act              the statute, *693 as explained above. Third, it is not true
and has extensively amended the proportionate responsibility        that juries will always assign most of the responsibility for
statutes, but it has never excluded a cause of action against       injury, as between a provider and an inebriated patron, to
a provider of alcohol from comparative or proportionate             the patron. Juries have found the dram shop equally or more
responsibility. We presume that the Legislature knew of our         responsible than the patron for injuries proximately caused
holding in Sewell and that by subsequently re-enacting the          by the intoxication of the patron. See, e.g., I–Gotcha, Inc. v.
Proportionate Responsibility Act and the Dram Shop Act, it          McInnis, 903 S.W.2d 829, 837 (Tex.App.Fort Worth 1995,
accepted this Court's construction of those statutes. “ ‘The        writ denied) (jury found that the dram shop proximately
Legislature must be regarded as intending statutes, when            caused fifty-one percent of the injuries); Venetoulias v.
repeatedly reenacted, as in the case here, to be given that         O'Brien, 909 S.W.2d 236, 239 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th
interpretation which has been settled by the courts.’ ” Wich v.     Dist.] 1995, writ dism'd by agr.) (trial court found that the
Fleming, 652 S.W.2d 353, 355 (Tex.1983) (quoting Marmon             patron proximately caused thirty-three percent of the injuries
v. Mustang Aviation, Inc., 430 S.W.2d 182, 187 (Tex.1968));         and the dram shop thirty-three percent). Unlike CHIEF
Coastal Indus. Water Auth. v. Trinity Portland Cement Div.,         JUSTICE JEFFERSON's position, which would take the
Gen. Portland Cement Co., 563 S.W.2d 916, 918 (Tex.1978).           question of apportioning responsibility away from the jury,
                                                                    we leave this determination to the fact-finder imbued with
Given the many instances in which the Legislature has (1)           “constitutional authority to weigh conflicting evidence.” See
expressly said that certain causes of action are excluded           Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. Ramirez, 159 S.W.3d 897, 913–
from the Proportionate Responsibility Act, which would              14 (Tex.2004) (Jefferson, C.J., dissenting).
otherwise limit liability commensurate with proportionate
responsibility, and (2) has expressly tailored special joint and
several liability provisions for some causes of action, the                                 III. Severance
phrase in Section 2.03 cannot reasonably be read to require

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

 [11] The trial court severed F.F.P.'s cross-claim against Ruiz     Duenezes' action against F.F.P. In fact, to succeed in a
and then tried the case with F.F.P. as the only defendant.          claim against F.F.P., the Duenezes had to prove that Ruiz
The court of appeals affirmed the trial court's severance           was obviously intoxicated and that his conduct proximately
order, concluding that because F.F.P. was vicariously liable        caused damages—the same facts and issues that *694 would
for Ruiz's conduct, F.F.P.'s right of recovery, if any, was         be litigated in a separate suit by F.F.P. against Ruiz. The trial
through an indemnification action only. 69 S.W.3d at 807.           court abused its discretion in severing F.F.P.'s claim against
The court of appeals held that any indemnity claim F.F.P.           Ruiz.
might have against Ruiz would not accrue until F.F.P.'s
liability to the Duenezes' was “fixed and certain.” Id. at          [16] Chapter 33 requires “[t]he trier of fact, as to each
807–08. By this reasoning, F.F.P.'s claim for indemnification      cause of action asserted, [to] determine the percentage
against Ruiz would not become actionable until an adverse          of responsibility ... for [each claimant, defendant, settling
judgment was taken. Id. The court rejected F.F.P.'s request to     person, and responsible third party who has been joined under
include Ruiz as a responsible third party under Chapter 33,        Section 33.004] with respect to each person's causing or
reasoning that F.F.P.'s vicarious liability puts F.F.P. in the     contributing cause in any way the harm for which recovery
same position as Ruiz would have been. Id. at 808. Because         of damages is sought....” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE
Ruiz's actions are imputed to F.F.P., the court continued, Ruiz    § 33.003. This statutory mandate is not discretionary; failing
is not a responsible third party who may be included in a          to correctly apply the law is an abuse of discretion. In re
proportionate responsibility question. Id.                         Kuntz, 124 S.W.3d 179, 181 (Tex.2003). Therefore, F.F.P.
                                                                   was entitled to a charge that included a question to allow the
 [12]     [13]      [14] Rule 41 of the Texas Rules of Civil trier of fact in a single trial to determine Ruiz's proportionate
Procedure provides that “[a]ny claim against a party may be        share of responsibility. The trial court's severance constituted
severed and proceeded with separately.” We will not reverse a      reversible error.
trial court's order severing a claim unless the trial court abused
its discretion. Guar. Fed. Sav. Bank v. Horseshoe Op. Co.,
793 S.W.2d 652, 658 (Tex.1990).
                                                                                           IV. Conclusion
             A claim is properly severable if (1) the
                                                                    The trial court abused its discretion by severing F.F.P.'s
             controversy involves more than one
                                                                    claim against Ruiz, proceeding to trial with F.F.P. as
             cause of action, (2) the severed claim
                                                                    the only defendant, and refusing to submit jury questions
             is one that would be the proper subject
                                                                    for determination of Ruiz's negligence and proportion of
             of a lawsuit if independently asserted,
                                                                    responsibility. We reverse the court of appeals judgment and
             and (3) the severed claim is not so
                                                                    remand the case to the trial court for a new trial.
             interwoven with the remaining action
             that they involve the same facts and
             issues.
                                                                    Chief Justice JEFFERSON filed a dissenting opinion.
Id. We have explained that avoiding prejudice, doing justice,
and increasing convenience are the controlling reasons to           Justice O'NEILL filed a dissenting opinion.
allow a severance. See id.
                                                                    Chief Justice JEFFERSON, dissenting.
 [15] As already explained, the Dram Shop Act does not              If a bar sells liquor to a person so “obviously intoxicated”
make a provider vicariously liable for the conduct of an            that he is “a clear danger to himself and others,” to what
intoxicated patron. F.F.P.'s liability arises from the actions of   extent does the sale “proximately cause” the harm that person
its employees and agents—not through the actions of Ruiz.           inflicts when he gets behind the wheel? The Legislature
See Sewell, 858 S.W.2d at 355. Thus, F.F.P.'s claim against         has answered that it does not matter. If the bar sells to a
Ruiz is not one for indemnification that could be properly          drunk, it must pay damages when the drunk's intoxication
severed; it is one of contribution for Ruiz's proportionate         (not the provider's sale) causes the sort of trauma at the heart
share of the damages for which he is responsible. F.F.P.'s          of this case. The Legislature plainly believes that deterring
claim against Ruiz is “interwoven with the remaining action”:       such a sale is sound public policy. By imposing potentially
it involves the same facts and issues to be litigated in the

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

crippling financial penalties on those who ignore its dictates,       its underlying purpose”). Nor have we been the only court to
the statute has the salutary effect of enlisting providers in         recognize exceptions to the statute's apportionment scheme.
the state's campaign against drunk driving. Under the Court's         See, e.g., Fid. & Guar. Ins. Underwriters, 2006 U.S. Dist.
construction, however, the bar may avoid liability precisely          LEXIS 23545, at *18, 2006 WL 870683, at *5 (“Although
because its patron was so “obviously intoxicated” and such a          the language of the statute itself indicates a clear legislative
“clear danger” that the sale could not have proximately caused        preference for apportionment of responsibility in all tort
carnage on a Texas road. The dram shop thus has a perverse            actions, it is equally clear that an apportionment scheme is not
incentive to establish at trial that its customer was in such a       proper in certain cases.”); Rosell v. Cent. W. Motor Stages,
drunken state that selling him “one for the road” could not           Inc., 89 S.W.3d 643, 656–57 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2002, pet.
have contributed to the harm his intoxication later caused.           denied).
I cannot agree that the Legislature intended as a defense to
liability proof that the dram shop completed a sale that the          The Court and JUSTICE O'NEILL would submit both the
statute quite sensibly forbids.                                       provider and the intoxicated person in the apportionment
                                                                      question, the Court employing it to reduce the dram shop's
The Court relies heavily on our opinion in Sewell, but as             liability and JUSTICE O'NEILL to facilitate the shop's
I demonstrate below, the Court's reliance on that case only           contribution action against the intoxicated tortfeasor. While
perpetuates our prior error in interpreting the Dram Shop             I concede that Sewell supports a comparative submission of
Act. See Smith v. Sewell, 858 S.W.2d 350, 356 (Tex.1993).             the provider and the intoxicated person, such a submission
I would hold, contrary to Sewell, that the Legislature has            is inconsistent both with the provider's essentially vicarious
imposed a form of vicarious liability on a dram shop for the          liability and chapter 33's mandate to apportion liability only
acts of its intoxicated customer. Because the shop's conduct is       among those causing the harm at issue. The Court holds
statutorily irrelevant in relation to the plaintiff's injury, there   that dram shop liability cannot be vicarious, reiterating our
is no legitimate basis for comparing its responsibility with that     holding in Sewell that such liability is based on the provider's
of the intoxicated person.                                            own conduct. JUSTICE O'NEILL writes that liability is both
                                                                      direct and vicarious, as it includes the provider's wrongful sale
                                                                      and imputes to the provider the harm caused by the drunk's
                                                                      intoxication. I disagree with those interpretations. To give
                                I
                                                                      effect to each statute, we must acknowledge that the Dram
                                                                      Shop Act imposes a form of vicarious liability.
        Vicarious Liability and the Dram Shop Act
                                                                      Both the Dram Shop Act and chapter 33 support such an
The question here is whether and, if so, how chapter                  interpretation. While liability under the Dram Shop Act
33's proportionate responsibility scheme applies to claims            is premised on the provider's sale, the requisite causal
based on the *695 Dram Shop Act. Our separate writings
                                                                      link focuses solely on the drunk's actions. Once alcohol is
in this case demonstrate that the statutes are not easily             provided to a person so “obviously intoxicated to the extent
harmonized. See also Fid. & Guar. Ins. Underwriters Inc.              that he presented a clear danger to himself and others,” the
v. Wells Fargo Bank, No. H–04–2833, 2006 U.S. Dist.                   provider's role is complete. See TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE
LEXIS 23545, at *17, 2006 WL 870683, at *5 (S.D.Tex.                  § 2.02(b)(1). From that point forward, any harm caused by
Mar. 31, 2006) (noting that “courts and commentators alike            the intoxicated person is imputed to the provider; indeed,
have recognized the difficulty in reconciling the language of         for purposes of the Dram Shop Act, the provider virtually
the Proportionate Responsibility Statute with certain causes          becomes the drunk. Hence, the only causation required
of actions, including vicarious and/or derivative liability           under the statute focuses on the intoxicated person's, not the
actions”). This is not the first time we have struggled to            dram shop's, actions. Id. § (b)(2) (requiring proof that “the
reconcile chapter 33 with another statute's terms. See, e.g.,         intoxication of the recipient of the alcoholic beverage was a
Southwest Bank v. Info. Support Concepts, Inc., 149 S.W.3d            proximate cause of the damages suffered”) (emphasis added).
104, 111 (Tex.2004) (concluding that, even assuming a UCC
conversion claim is a tort, “the Legislature did not intend           F.F.P. concedes that, under the Dram Shop Act, the provider's
to upset the UCC's carefully balanced liability provisions by
                                                                      actions need not be a cause-infact of the harm. 1 Earlier
applying Chapter 33 to a UCC-based conversion claim” and
                                                                       *696 versions of the act included such an element, but
“[t]o hold otherwise would ignore the UCC itself and thwart

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

the Legislature deleted it before the statute was enacted.           tortfeasor who was directly responsible and assumed that
Compare Tex.C.S.H.B. 1652, 70th Leg., R.S. (1987) (Dram              person's responsibility to the claimant.
Shop Act claim requires proof that “the provider was the last        Id. at 628–29 (footnote omitted). Because the inquiry
known contributor to the intoxication of the recipient; and          involves the harm for which recovery of damages is sought,
that the recipient consumed no alcoholic beverage subsequent         “it is obvious that it concerns only the primary conduct of
to that served by the last contributor”) with TEX. ALCO.             the active participants in the event, accident, or physical
BEV.CODEE § 2.02(b) (containing no such requirement).                episode giving rise to the injuries complained of by the
Instead, unlike other states, 2 the Texas statute imposes            claimant, and the causational role of that primary conduct
liability even absent causation relating to the provision of         in the episode.” Carl David Adams, The “Tort” of Civil
                                                                     Conspiracy in Texas, 54 BAYLOR L.REV. 305, 315
alcohol. 3 If the dram shop's conduct need not be a substantial
                                                                     (2002); Gregory J. Lensing, Proportionate Responsibility
factor in bringing about the injury, then it cannot be said to
                                                                     and Contribution Before and After the Tort Reform of 2003,
have caused or contributed to the accident. See Union Pump
                                                                     35 TEX. TECH L.REV. 1125, 1184–86 (2004) (noting
Co. v. Allbritton, 898 S.W.2d 773, 775 (Tex.1995).
                                                                     that “[i]t is problematic to assign the jury the task of
                                                                     apportioning responsibility between the intoxicated person
That Texas omitted such a requirement is significant. Chapter
                                                                     and the dram shop when the dram shop's statutory liability
33 requires apportionment among claimants, defendants,
                                                                     is not necessarily based on true responsibility for the
settling persons, and responsible third parties, but not all
                                                                     accident, in the sense of causing the accident, at all”).
such persons are submitted in the apportionment question.
                                                                  Courts applying chapter 33's apportionment scheme in
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.003. Instead,
                                                                  negligent entrustment cases—a variant of vicarious liability
chapter 33 imposes an important limitation on the allocation
                                                                  —have used similar reasoning to conclude that an entrustor
of responsibility: Only those persons who “caus[ed] or
                                                                  should not be included in the apportionment question. In
contribut[ed] to cause in any way the harm for which
                                                                  Rosell v. Central West Motor Stages, Inc., the Rosells,
recovery of damages is sought ” must be included in
                                                                  plaintiffs in a wrongful death and survival action, contended
apportioning responsibility for that harm. 4 Id. §§ 33.003,       that the trial court erred by refusing to submit Central West,
 *697 33.011(4) (emphasis added); William D. Underwood            employer of the allegedly negligent bus-driver and owner
& Michael D. Morrison, Apportioning Responsibility                of the vehicle that struck and killed their son, in the jury's
in Cases Involving Claims of Vicarious, Derivative,               apportionment question. The court of appeals disagreed:
or Statutory Liability for Harm Directly Caused by
Another, 55 BAYLOR L.REV. 617, 638 (2003) (hereinafter              The Rosells contend that Central West should be included
“Apportioning Responsibility ”) (“[U]nder section 33.003,           because it was a producing or contributing cause of
the jury apportions responsibility among only those persons         the injuries to Chad. Although negligent entrustment
whose conduct caused or contributed to cause the plaintiff's        and negligent hiring are considered independent acts of
injury.”) (footnote omitted). This restriction is “especially       negligence, these causes are not actionable unless a third
significant” in cases involving claims against persons whose        party commits a tort. In that respect, these causes are
liability is vicarious:                                             similar to the respondeat superior theory of recovery
                                                                    where, unless the employee commits a tort in the scope
                                                                    of employment, the employer has no responsibility. In
  A person whose liability was purely vicarious had not             reviewing the application of section 33.003 *698 to
  personally engaged in “conduct or activity” that had              responsibility, we observe that, while the statute on its face
  “caused or contributed to cause” the harm. Liability was          requires all defendants to be included in the apportionment
  based instead entirely on the relationship between the            question, it would not be proper for an employer to be
  person whose tortious conduct proximately caused the              included along with the driver if its only responsibility was
  harm and the person who was vicariously responsible.              that of respondeat superior. Section 33.003 has not been
  Thus, rather than allocating responsibility among persons         used to require both a driver and employer to be submitted
  directly liable and persons vicariously liable, whatever          in the apportionment question in that situation.
  responsibility existed for persons directly liable was simply
  passed on to persons vicariously liable. The vicariously          Similarly, the causes of action for negligent entrustment
  liable defendant essentially stepped into the shoes of the        and hiring are a means to make a defendant liable
                                                                    for the negligence of another. Once negligent hiring or

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           13
F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

  entrustment is established, the owner/employer is liable         2005, no pet.). Based in part on this Court's now-withdrawn
  for the acts of the driver, and the degree of negligence of      opinion in this case, the court concluded that the entrustor
  the owner/employer is of no consequence. Thus, because           should be submitted in the apportionment question. The court
  Rieve's negligence would be passed on, it was proper             then held, however, that failure to submit the entrustor was
  to apportion fault among those directly involved in the          not reversible error:
  accident.
                                                                                There were only two people involved
Rosell, 89 S.W.3d at 656–57 (citations and footnote omitted).                   in the accident. Therefore, the
                                                                                submission of the acts of “other
Even before chapter 33's 1995 amendments, courts engaged                        parties” whose actions preceded the
in similar analysis to conclude that the entrustor should not be                actions of [the driver] at the time of the
included in an apportionment question. In Loom Craft Carpet                     accident could only have contributed
Mills, Inc. v. Gorrell, the court of appeals noted that:                        to her actions at the accident scene,
                                                                                that is, to her forty percent negligence.
             Negligent entrustment liability is                                 In other words, because there were
             derivative in nature. While entrusting                             only two parties involved in the
             is a separate act of negligence, and                               incident, the jury has decided how
             in that sense not imputed, it is                                   those actions at the time of the
             still derivative in that one may be                                accident should be apportioned as far
             extremely negligent in entrusting and                              as responsibility is concerned. What
             yet have no liability until the driver                             led up to those actions at the time
             causes an injury. If the owner is                                  of the accident does not change those
             negligent, his liability for the acts                              actions at the accident scene but can
             of the driver is established, and the                              only be subparts of those respective
             degree of negligence of the owner                                  responsibilities. [The entrustors] did
             would be of no consequence. When                                   not cause [the plaintiff] to cross the
             the driver's wrong is established, then                            highway *699 or [the driver] to strike
             by negligent entrustment, liability for                            that truck. Therefore ... we conclude
             such wrong is passed on to the                                     that it was harmless error to omit them
             owner. We believe the better rule is                               from those questions.
             to apportion fault only among those
             directly involved in the accident, and                Bedford, 166 S.W.3d at 464. 5 This passage captures the
             to hold the entrustor liable for the                  proper submission in a vicarious liability case: If, in fact, the
             percentage of fault apportioned to the                entrustor's share of responsibility is merely a “subpart” of the
             driver.                                               entrustee's share, then the entrustor should not be submitted
                                                                   separately. Only the entrustee should be submitted, and his
Loom Craft, 823 S.W.2d 431, 432 & n. 7 (Tex.App.-
                                                                   or her negligence would then be imputed to the entrustor as
Texarkana 1992, no pet.) (declining to follow cases from
                                                                   a matter of law.
other jurisdictions in which fault was apportioned to the
entrustor); see also Wyndham Hotel Co. v. Self, 893 S.W.2d
                                                                   Under similar reasoning, even after chapter 33's 1995
630, 640 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1994, writ denied);
                                                                   amendments, the provider should not be included in the
Rodgers v. McFarland, 402 S.W.2d 208, 210 (Tex.App.-
                                                                   apportionment question. The Dram Shop Act is “intended
El Paso 1966, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (noting that, in a negligent
                                                                   to deter providers of alcoholic beverages from serving
entrustment case, “[t]he proximate cause of the accident or
                                                                   alcoholic beverages to obviously intoxicated individuals who
the occurrence is the negligence of the driver and not that of
                                                                   may potentially inflict serious injury on themselves and on
the owner”).
                                                                   innocent members of the general public.” Sewell, 858 S.W.2d
                                                                   at 356. The Court's holding runs counter to that policy. As
More recently, the Fort Worth Court of Appeals grappled
                                                                   commentators recognize:
with the proper submission of a negligent entrustment claim.
Bedford v. Moore, 166 S.W.3d 454 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

                                                                 the governing rule for independent tortfeasors who cause an
            If a person whose conduct creates                    indivisible injury.” RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF TORTS:
            a foreseeable risk of misconduct by                  APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITYYY § 13 (2000).
            another (in other words, a person
            whose liability is derivative) can                   The Court concludes that it is improper to analogize dram
            largely escape responsibility simply                 shop claims to other vicarious liability situations, because
            because the very event which made his                those situations typically rely on a right of control *700 or
            own conduct wrongful in the first place              an employer/employee relationship, which may be absent in
            actually occurs, then the incentive to               a dram shop situation. In this case, however, the Legislature
            take precautions against the risk is                 chose to impose vicarious liability for Dram Shop Act claims
            substantially reduced. This concern is               and consciously opted to omit control as a prerequisite. That
            especially great when the foreseeable                the justification for doing so may not comport with the
            event is a crime of violence given                   rationale for common-law vicarious liability is beside the
            the likelihood that a jury, when asked               point.
            to apportion responsibility between
            a person who commits a crime of                      The Court reasons that, because the Dram Shop Act was
            violence and a person whose conduct                  not among the explicit exceptions to proportionate liability
            simply involved facilitating that crime              set forth in chapter 33, it must be included. This is not
            through negligence, might be expected                necessarily so. As we recognized in Southwest Bank, if
            to apportion most of the responsibility              another statute enacts a comparative responsibility scheme,
            to the person who actually committed                 chapter 33 will not govern a claim brought under the other
            the crime. Allocating responsibility                 statute, notwithstanding that the other statute is not among
            in cases of vicarious or derivative                  chapter 33's enumerated exceptions. See Southwest Bank, 149
            liability would not only be bad policy,              S.W.3d at 111. Nor did the Legislature exclude negligent
            but has not traditionally been how                   entrustment or respondeat superior claims from the reach of
            Texas courts have interpreted and                    chapter 33. Applying the Court's logic, by omitting those
            applied the allocation of responsibility             actions the Legislature intended that employers or entrustors
            provisions in Chapter 33. Moreover,                  be submitted in an apportionment question even though their
            nothing in the language or the                       liability is purely vicarious. More likely, the Legislature never
            legislative history of the 1995 tort                 envisioned that a court would include in the apportionment
            reform revisions to the allocation of                question persons whose only liability was vicarious.
            responsibility provisions of Chapter 33
            either requires or justifies departure               The Court's decision to include the provider in the
            from the traditional rule that juries                apportionment question would first necessitate an inquiry
            are not asked to allocate responsibility             otherwise unnecessary under the Dram Shop Act: whether
            between persons who are directly                     the provider's conduct caused or contributed to cause the
            liable and persons whose liability is                plaintiff's injuries. Apportioning Responsibility, 55 BAYLOR
            either derivative or vicarious.                      L.REV. at 638.

Apportioning Responsibility, 55 BAYLOR L.REV. at 624–25                       If the jury's answer was no, then
(footnotes omitted). Thus, “given that causation is imputed to                under the express language of
the provider in an action under the [Dram Shop] Act, section                  section 33.003, the jury could not
33.003 neither contemplates or permits the apportionment                      consider the provider in apportioning
of responsibility between the intoxicated patron and the                      responsibility. Since no responsibility
provider in an action brought by an injured third party.” Id.                 could be apportioned to the provider,
at 642. This approach is supported by the Restatement, which                  one possible result would be that the
provides that “[a] person whose liability is imputed based on                 provider would not be liable for any
the tortious acts of another is liable for the entire share of                of the plaintiff's damages. This result
comparative responsibility assigned to the other, regardless                  would have the effect of rewriting the
of whether joint and several liability or several liability is                Dram Shop Act to read into the Act

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

             a causation requirement that simply                   seek indemnity from the intoxicated person. Cf. Bonniwell v.
             is not there. The provider would                      Beech Aircraft Corp., 663 S.W.2d 816, 819–20 (Tex.1984).
             always escape all responsibility unless
             the jury found a causal connection
             between the provider's conduct and the
                                                                                                 II
             plaintiff's injury. That result obviously
             would be wrong.
                                                                                 Sewell and Third–Party Actions
Id. (footnote omitted) (emphasis added). The Legislature
meant to make providers liable whether or not their conduct        If I were writing on a clean slate, my analysis could end here.
played a causative role in subsequent harm. The Court's            But in Smith v. Sewell, we determined that “[chapter 33] is
holding eviscerates that policy choice and requires that the       applicable to Chapter 2 causes of action” and held that “an
Duenezes prove not only that Ruiz consumed F.F.P.'s alcohol,       intoxicated person suing a provider of alcoholic beverages for
but also that his consumption so aggravated the danger he          his own injuries under Chapter 2 will be entitled to recover
posed pre-sale that the sale (and not just his prior intoxicated   damages only if his percentage of responsibility is found to be
condition) “caused” the ultimate harm. But the statute does        less than or equal to 50 percent.” Sewell, 858 S.W.2d at 356.
not require that the patron consume the alcohol, that the sale     Although our holding was not limited to first-party claims (i.e.
aggravate the patron's prior intoxication, or that the provider    a drunk suing a dram shop), our reasoning arguably supports
play any role in causing or contributing to the accident.          such a limitation:
Ironically, under the Court's interpretation, the provider now
has an incentive to establish that its patron was so drunk at                   Chapter 2 is intended to deter
the time of sale that its conduct could not, as a matter of law,                providers of alcoholic beverages
have contributed to the harm the patron ultimately caused. As                   from serving alcoholic beverages
a result, the very instrument that the Legislature employed to                  to obviously intoxicated individuals
deter drunk driving (liability for serving a drunk) becomes a                   who may potentially inflict serious
means to escape responsibility entirely.                                        injury on themselves and on innocent
                                                                                members of the general public.
Joining the intoxicated person as a responsible third party                     But when it is the intoxicated
does not change this result. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &                              individual who is injured due to his
REM.CODE § 33.011. As commentators have noted:                                  own intoxication, it is particularly
                                                                                appropriate that his conduct in
             By adding the [responsible third                                   contributing to his injury should
             party language] to section 33.003,                                 be considered in assessing the
             the Texas legislature clearly intended                             amount of recovery, if any, to
             to change existing law regarding the                               which he is entitled. Application
             apportionment *701 of responsibility                               of the principles of comparative
             among tortfeasors with direct liability.                           responsibility to causes of action
             But there is absolutely no indication                              brought under Chapter 2 establishes
             in either the legislative history or the                           a consistent and equitable approach
             text of the amended apportionment of                               to the issue of “dramshop liability”
             responsibility provisions of Chapter 33                            generally, and first party “dramshop
             that the legislature intended to now                               liability” specifically. This approach
             permit apportionment of responsibility                             provides an effective solution to a
             among directly liable tortfeasors                                  difficult and controversial issue.
             and those whose liability was only
             derivative or vicarious.                              Id.

Apportioning Responsibility, 55 BAYLOR L.REV. at 631.              Even if limited to first-party claims, however, Sewell
Whatever percentage of responsibility is attributed to the         presents another, more difficult, problem. In Sewell, we
drunk should be imputed to the provider, who may then              held—incorrectly, in my opinion—that a provider should

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

be included in the apportionment question because its            its holding that the provider is properly included within those
conduct violated an applicable legal standard. Sewell, 858       persons who caused the harm.
S.W.2d at 356 (quoting “percentage of responsibility”
definition and holding that “[b]ecause Chapter 2 clearly
establishes a legal standard and creates a cause of action
                                                                                               III
for conduct violative of that legal standard, the definition
of ‘percentage of responsibility’ provides additional support
for our determination that the Comparative Responsibility                                 Conclusion
Act is applicable to Chapter 2 causes of action”). Implicitly,
                                                                 The Legislature, confronting a serious question of public
therefore, we held that the provider in a dram shop case must
                                                                 health, enacted a strong deterrent to curb the plague of drunk
have “caused or contributed to cause” the harm for which
                                                                 driving in Texas. If a provider sells to a drunk, it must answer
recovery of damages was sought. For the reasons set forth
                                                                 in damages for the injury its patron's intoxication visits upon
above, that simply need not be the case. While Sewell remains
                                                                 an innocent person, even if the sale is not itself the proximate
workable for first-party claims, as apportionment between the
                                                                 cause. The policy reflects a concern not only for the victim.
drunk and the provider approximates what would occur in
                                                                 It is a comprehensive approach designed to discourage the
an indemnity action, 6 Sewell's reasoning breaks down when
                                                                 sale of liquor to a person whose intoxication poses an obvious
applied to third-party dram shop actions. Submitting both
                                                                 danger to the public. Faced with the specter of catastrophic
the drunk and the provider as parties who *702 “caused
                                                                 financial loss, a provider is more likely to intervene (for
or contributed to cause” the harm, rather than imputing the
                                                                 selfish interests, and to the public good) by closely monitoring
drunk's actions to the provider, would allow the provider to
                                                                 a customer's alcohol intake, by refusing to serve more liquor
lessen or escape liability altogether.
                                                                 to an obviously drunk person and, where appropriate, by
                                                                 offering to arrange alternative transportation or by alerting
Thus, for example, a jury could determine that a provider's
                                                                 law enforcement. At a minimum, the provider has a direct
“percentage of responsibility” is zero—a not unlikely
                                                                 incentive to enroll its employees in training that emphasizes
scenario given that the provider's actions are compared with a
                                                                 how to recognize the debilitating effects of excessive alcohol
person so obviously intoxicated he posed a danger to himself
                                                                 consumption and offers methods to avoid its devastating
and others—notwithstanding that the drunk's intoxication
                                                                 consequences. See TEX. AL CO. BEV.CODE § 106.14(a).
proximately caused the harm. This contravenes the purpose
                                                                 Considerations like these justify the Legislature's intentional
as well as the text of the Dram Shop Act, which imposes
                                                                 omission of a proximate cause element with respect to the
liability even absent causation relating to the provision of
                                                                 provider's sale. The Court's insertion of that defense, contrary
alcohol, and is unnecessary to a proper application of chapter
                                                                 to the statute's terms, seriously undermines an important
33. See TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 1.03 (requiring that
                                                                 deterrent.
the Dram Shop Act be liberally construed to accomplish its
purpose of protecting the welfare, health, and safety of the
                                                                 In an appeal to cozening hope, the Court offers that a jury will
people). “To paraphrase Dean Prosser, it simply cannot be
                                                                 not always assign most of the responsibility to a provider's
the law that a defendant can be relieved of the consequences
                                                                 patron. 237 S.W.3d at 705. The Duenezes will take cold
of his wrongful conduct by the occurrence of the very risk
                                                                 comfort in that pronouncement. The record shows that Ruiz
which made his conduct negligent in the first instance.”
                                                                 —already so intoxicated that he was a clear danger to others
Apportioning Responsibility, 55 BAYLOR L.REV. at 650.
                                                                 before F.F.P. completed the sale—drank, at most, one more
                                                                 beer in 1.5 miles of highway driving *703 afterwards.
In Sewell, we were faced with a person suing a dram shop
                                                                 Under the legal sufficiency standards announced in City of
for damages he suffered in a one-car accident due to his
                                                                 Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802 (Tex.2005), that evidence
own intoxication. Although Sewell correctly held that chapter
                                                                 will never support a finding that F.F.P. caused the accident.
33 applies to first-party Dram Shop Act claims, its holding
                                                                 The Court's remand for a new trial is, in reality, a decree of
regarding the submission of the provider in the apportionment
                                                                 rendition.
question cannot apply to third-party claims, and its reasoning
for that submission does not comport with the statute's terms.
                                                                 I would affirm the court of appeals' judgment. 7 See
Thus, I would limit Sewell to first-party claims and overrule
                                                                 TEX.R.APP. P. 60.2(a).

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

                                                                    what the Legislature intended if a provider serves alcohol in
                                                                    violation of the Dram Shop Act. To avoid this potential result,
Justice O'NEILL, dissenting.                                        the Court simply ignores the Dram Shop Act's derivative-
The proportionate-responsibility statute directs its application    liability component, i.e., the provider's liability “for the
to all tort-based causes of action. TEX. CIV. PRAC. &               actions of [its] customers.” TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE §
REM.CODE § 33.002. At the same time, the Dram Shop                  2.03. By ignoring the very language that imbues the Dram
Act directs that alcohol providers who serve customers so           Shop Act with deterrent effect, the Court undermines the
obviously intoxicated that they present a clear danger to           legislative policy underlying the entire Alcoholic Beverage
themselves and others are liable “for the actions of their          Code, which is to “protect[ ] the welfare, health, peace,
[intoxicated] customers....” TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE §                 temperance, and safety of the people of the state,” and to
2.03. 1 Over two years ago, this Court issued an opinion            “liberally construe [the Code] to accomplish this purpose.”
giving effect to both statutes; when a customer who has             TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 1.03. The Dram Shop Act's
been served in violation of the Dram Shop Act injures an            derivative-liability component, designed to deter providers
innocent third party, the intoxicated customer's percentage         from selling alcohol to obviously intoxicated and clearly
of responsibility must be apportioned so that the provider          dangerous persons, can and should be reconciled with the
may seek reimbursement from the customer, but the innocent          proportionate-responsibility statute rather than selectively
third party may recover from the provider “for the actions          ignored.
of [its] customer[ ].” TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.03.
Unlike today's decision, our holding honored both the               To support its selective view, the Court today finds arguments
statutory-apportionment directive and the Dram Shop Act's           convincing that the prior Court did not. Specifically, the
derivative-liability component. Rather than reiterate the           Court interprets section 2.03 of the Dram Shop Act to signal
original opinion's exhaustive analysis here, I attach the           nothing more than the exclusivity of the statutory remedy,
Court's decision as an appendix to this dissent. A few              marginalizing the specific language used. But as the prior
additional points, though, are worthy of note.                      Court noted:

First, between the time the Court issued its original decision in     [i]f that had been the statutory purpose, [the statute] would
this case and the date rehearing was granted, more than seven         have simply said:
months passed and three members of the former majority
                                                                         The liability of providers under this chapter is in lieu of
left the Court. F.F.P.'s motion for rehearing raised no new
                                                                         common law or other statutory law warranties and duties
issues; every point was thoroughly considered by the Court
                                                                         of providers of alcoholic beverages.
in its prior decision. While F.F.P.'s motion for rehearing was
pending, the Legislature convened without taking any action           Instead, section 2.03 clearly says:
to alter this Court's original interpretation. Nevertheless,
the Court withdrew the prior opinion, reached the opposite               [t]he liability of providers under this chapter for the
result, and accomplished judicially what the Legislature itself          actions of their customers, members, or guests who are
declined to do.                                                          or become intoxicated is in lieu of common law or
                                                                         other statutory law warranties and duties of providers of
More substantively, while the Court parrots the statutory                alcoholic beverages.
construction rule favoring interpretations that harmonize
different statutes, it makes no effort whatsoever to reconcile        TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.03 (emphasis added).
the Dram Shop Act's specific language with the more general
                                                                    237 S.W.3d at 690. The Court today also picks up the
proportionate-responsibility statute, giving effect only to
                                                                    prior dissents' refrain that the Legislature specifically carved
the latter. The Court reasons that *704 holding the dram
                                                                    out exceptions to the proportionate-responsibility scheme
shop liable for the actions of its intoxicated customer
                                                                    for a number of criminal acts, like the manufacture of
could, in some cases, impose joint and several liability
                                                                    methamphetamine, yet did not make exceptions for alcohol
on the dram shop if the jury found it less than fifty-one
                                                                    providers. But the Dram Shop Act, with its express derivative-
percent responsible, which would be contrary to Chapter 33's
                                                                    liability component, came out of the same legislative session
provisions. See 237 S.W.3d at 690 (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC.
                                                                    that enacted comparative responsibility; being by its own
& REM.CODE § 33.013(a), (b)(1)). I believe this is precisely
                                                                    terms a limited exception to comparative responsibility, there

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

was no need to create a separate one. Act of June 1, 1987,       had purchased alcohol from a convenience store that the
70th Leg., R.S., ch. 303, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 1673,         defendant owned. The trial court refused to submit the
1674 (amended 2003) (current version at TEX. ALCO.               intoxicated driver's percentage of responsibility to the jury
BEV.CODEE § 2.03); Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st           for apportionment, as we required in Smith v. Sewell, 858
C.S., ch. 2, § 2.06, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41 (amended         S.W.2d 350, 356 (Tex.1993) when the intoxicated driver
2003) (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE             sued his provider for his own injuries. Instead, the trial
§ 33.003).                                                       court severed the provider's cross-action against the driver
                                                                 and rendered judgment on the jury's verdict against the
In sum, the disagreement in this case is, and has always been,   provider. The court of appeals affirmed, holding that the
over what the Legislature meant in the Dram Shop Act when        proportionate responsibility statute does not apply when the
it referred to “the liability of providers under this chapter    injured plaintiff is an innocent third party. 69 S.W.3d 800.
for the actions of their customers ... who are or become         We hold that the proportionate responsibility statute applies
intoxicated.” TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.03. Over two              to all Dram Shop Act claims, including the type at issue
years ago, the Court considered this language significant and    here. We conclude, however, that the judgment was correct
straightforward, and afforded the Legislature deference in       because the provider is responsible to the innocent third-party
choosing it. F.F.P. raised no new arguments on rehearing, and    plaintiffs for its own liability and that of its intoxicated patron,
the Legislature proposed no new legislation in light of our      from whom it seeks recovery in the cross-action. We also
prior interpretation. Today the Court usurps the legislative     conclude that, although the trial court should have submitted
function and dilutes the deterrent protections the Dram Shop     the intoxicated patron's percentage of responsibility to the
 *705 Act was designed to afford. For the reasons expressed      jury for apportionment, its order severing the provider's
in the original Court's opinion, I would affirm the court of     cross-action against the intoxicated driver did not amount to
appeals' judgment.                                               reversible error. Finally, we hold that the trial court did not
                                                                 err in refusing to submit an instruction on sole proximate
                                                                 cause to the jury. Accordingly, we affirm the court of appeals'
                          APPENDIX                               judgment, although on different grounds.

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS

F.F.P. OPERATING PARTNERS, L.P., D/B/A MR. CUT                                                    I
RATE # 602, PETITIONER,
                                                                 After consuming a case-and-a-half of beer, Roberto Ruiz
v.                                                               drove his truck to a Mr. Cut Rate convenience store owned
                                                                 by F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P., and purchased a twelve-
XAVIER DUENEZ AND WIFE, IRENE DUENEZ, AS
                                                                 pack of beer. The store's assistant manager, Carol Solis, sold
NEXT FRIENDS OF CARLOS DUENEZ AND PABLO
                                                                 the beer to Ruiz. Ruiz then got into his truck, opened a can of
DUENEZ, MINORS, RESPONDENTS
                                                                 beer, and put the open beer can between his legs. 2
ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE COURT
OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF                        Ruiz then drove onto a nearby highway, and several times
TEXAS                                                            swerved into oncoming traffic. Two cars had to dodge his
                                                                 truck to avoid a collision. As he crossed a bridge less than
Argued on March 5, 2003                                          a mile from the convenience store, Ruiz swerved across the
                                                                 center line and hit the Dueñezes' car head-on. At the time
JUSTICE O'NEILL delivered the opinion of the Court, in
                                                                 of the collision, Ruiz had lowered his head below his truck's
which CHIEF JUSTICE PHILLIPS, JUSTICE JEFFERSON,
                                                                 dashboard as he tried to reach beneath his seat to retrieve a
JUSTICE SCHNEIDER, and JUSTICE SMITH joined.
                                                                 compact disc.
JUSTICE OWEN filed a dissenting opinion, in which
JUSTICE HECHT, JUSTICE WAINWRIGHT, and                            *706 All five members of the Dueñez family suffered some
JUSTICE BRISTER joined.                                          injury. Nine-year-old Ashley was the most seriously hurt.
The plaintiffs in this dram-shop case were injured when          She suffered a traumatic brain injury, and will require round-
their car was struck head-on by an intoxicated driver who        the-clock care for the rest of her life. Xavier Dueñez, a

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

corrections officer, also suffered some degree of permanent                      an intoxicated person, and such a
brain damage.                                                                    provider is not entitled to offset its
                                                                                 liability by that of the intoxicated
Ruiz was arrested at the accident scene for drunk driving. He                    person.
pleaded guilty to intoxication assault and was sentenced to
prison. The Dueñezes initially sued F.F.P., Ruiz, Solis, Nu–        69 S.W.3d at 805. In reaching that conclusion, the court
Way Beverage Company, and the owner of the land where               distinguished our decision in Sewell, 858 S.W.2d at 356,
Ruiz had spent the afternoon cutting firewood and drinking.         in which we held that the comparative responsibility statute
F.F.P. named Ruiz a responsible third party and filed a cross-      applied to dram-shop causes of action. 69 S.W.3d at 805. The
action against him. F.F.P. named no other persons or entities       court of appeals concluded that Sewell's holding was limited
as responsible for the accident. The Dueñezes thereafter            to first-party actions, in which the intoxicated patron is suing
nonsuited all defendants except F.F.P.                              for his own injuries, and did not apply when the plaintiff is an
                                                                    innocent third party injured by an intoxicated patron. Id. The
At the pretrial conference, the Dueñezes obtained a partial         court also held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
summary judgment that Texas Civil Practice and Remedies             in severing F.F.P.'s cross-action against Ruiz, concluding that
Code Chapter 33's proportionate responsibility provisions did       F.F.P.'s statutory liability was vicarious and not direct so that
not apply to this type of case. The trial court then severed        any rights F.F.P. had against Ruiz did not accrue until its own
F.F.P.'s cross-action against Ruiz, leaving F.F.P. as the only      liability became fixed. Id. at 807.
defendant for trial. The severed action remains pending in the
trial court.                                                        Finally, the court rejected F.F.P.'s argument that the trial court
                                                                    should have submitted an instruction on sole proximate cause.
At trial, F.F.P. requested a jury instruction that “if an act or    Id. at 808–09. We granted *707 F.F.P.'s petition for review
omission of any person not a party to the suit was the ‘sole        to consider Chapter 33's application and related issues. 3
proximate cause’ of an occurrence, then no act or omission
of any other person could have been a proximate cause.” The
trial court refused to give the instruction. The trial court also
                                                                                                   II
overruled F.F.P.'s objections that the jury charge omitted: (1)
any question submitting Ruiz's negligence as a responsible          In enacting the Dram Shop Act, the Legislature sought
third party; and (2) any comparative responsibility question        to “deter providers of alcoholic beverages from serving
asking the jury to determine what percentage of negligence          alcoholic beverages to obviously intoxicated individuals who
causing the occurrence in question was attributable to Ruiz         may potentially inflict serious injury on themselves and
and what percentage was attributable to F.F.P.                      on innocent members of the general public.” Sewell, 858
                                                                    S.W.2d at 356. A plaintiff seeking to impose liability on a
The jury found, as required to impose dram-shop liability,          provider under the Act must shoulder what we have called
that when the alcohol was sold to Ruiz, it was “apparent to         “an onerous burden of proof,” El Chico Corp. v. Poole, 732
the seller that he was obviously intoxicated to the extent that     S.W.2d 306, 314 (Tex.1987), approaching the common-law
he presented a clear danger to himself and others,” and that        gross negligence standard. See Steak & Ale of Tex., Inc.
Ruiz's intoxication was a proximate cause of the collision. See     v. Borneman, 62 S.W.3d 898, 909 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth
TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.02(b). The jury returned a                 2001, no pet.). The Act requires a plaintiff to prove that,
$35 million verdict against F.F.P., upon which the trial court      when the alcohol was provided, the recipient “was obviously
rendered judgment.                                                  intoxicated to the extent that he presented a clear danger
                                                                    to himself and others,” and the recipient's intoxication was
The court of appeals affirmed the trial court's judgment,           a proximate cause of the damages suffered. TEX. ALCO.
holding:                                                            BEV.CODEE § 2.02(b) (emphasis added). If the plaintiff
                                                                    can meet this burden, the Act nevertheless affords providers
             [I]n third-party actions under the Dram
             Shop Act in which there are no                         a relatively simple safe-harbor. Section 106.14(a) 4 shields
             allegations of negligence on the part of               a provider from liability for its employee's actions if the
             the plaintiffs, a provider is vicariously              provider establishes that it required the employee to attend
             liable for the damages caused by                       a training course approved by the Texas Alcoholic Beverage

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

Commission, the employee actually attended the course, and          If anything, that change indicates the Legislature intended
the provider did not encourage the employee to violate the          a broader application, since the term would include non-
Alcoholic Beverage Code. Act of May 21, 1987, 70th Leg.,            negligent tortious conduct.
R.S., ch. 582, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 2298, 2299 (amended
2003) (current version at TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE §                    The court of appeals held that Sewell did not apply in cases
106.16(a)); see D. Houston, Inc. v. Love, 92 S.W.3d 450,            like this one because the Dram Shop Act imposes vicarious
453 (Tex.2002). If the plaintiff meets the burden of proof          liability on F.F.P. for Ruiz's actions; thus, as between F.F.P.
that the Dram Shop Act imposes, and the provider is unable          and the Dueñezes, there is nothing to apportion. 69 S.W.3d at
to establish a server-training defense, then the provider is        806. The court noted that vicarious liability is “problematic”
liable “for the actions of [its] customer[ ].” Act of June 1,       in first-party suits because allowing an intoxicated patron to
1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 303, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws            impose vicarious liability on a provider without regard to the
1673, 1674 (amended 2003) (current version at TEX. ALCO.            patron's own conduct would be “unpalatable.” Id. It was a
BEV.CODEE § 2.03).                                                  desire to avoid this result, the court of appeals reasoned, that
                                                                    fueled our Sewell analysis, as evidenced by our statement that
Chapter 33 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code            the decision was based on “the limited circumstances present
governs the apportionment of responsibility and applies to          in this cause....” Sewell, 858 S.W.2d at 356.
“any cause of action based on tort in which a defendant,
settling person, or responsible third party is found responsible    It is true, though hardly remarkable, that we based our holding
for a percentage of the harm for which relief is sought.” Act       in Sewell on the facts presented, and those facts presented a
of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.05, 1987           first-party claim. But our holding was more broadly stated:
Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41 (amended 2003) (current version at            “[T]he Comparative Responsibility Act—Chapter 33 of the
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.002). Section 33.003                Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code—is applicable
provides that the trier of fact shall apportion responsibility      to Chapter 2 [dram shop] causes of action.” Id. at 351
“with respect to each person's causing or contributing to           (emphasis added). Nowhere did we create an exception for
cause in any way the harm for which recovery of damages is          third-party claims. The statute's plain language leaves no
sought.” Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.06,   doubt that Chapter 33 applies to all claims brought under the
1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41 (amended 2003) (current version          Dram Shop Act. Moreover, the nature of the liability that
at TEX.ALCO.BEV.CODE § 33.003). Chapter 33 expressly                the Dram Shop Act imposes on a provider does not render
excludes certain types of cases from its coverage, such as          the proportionate responsibility statute meaningless, nor does
workers' compensation cases, id. § 33.002(c)(1), but it *708        Chapter 33's application undermine the Dram Shop Act's
does not exclude actions brought under the Dram Shop Act.           effect.

It is clear from Chapter 33's language that the Legislature         Causation under the Dram Shop Act is tied to the patron's
intended all causes of action based on tort, unless expressly       intoxication rather than the provider's conduct. See Borneman
excluded, to be subject to apportionment. The statute was           v. Steak & Ale of Tex., Inc., 22 S.W.3d 411, 413 (Tex.2000).
similarly plain when we decided in Sewell, 858 S.W.2d at            Because the Act imposes liability on providers “for the
356, that Chapter 33 applied to claims brought under the            actions of their customers” regardless of whether the
Dram Shop Act. When Sewell was decided, Chapter 33                  provider's conduct actually caused the injuries suffered, the
provided that it applied “[i]n an action to recover damages         court of appeals in this case concluded that the provider's
for negligence ... or an action for products liability grounded     liability is purely vicarious. 69 S.W.3d at 805–06. Under the
in negligence.” Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C.S.,           court's analysis, the provider and the intoxicated patron are
ch. 2, § 2.04, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 40 (amended 1995)            one and the same, like the employer and employee in a case
(current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE §                    founded upon the doctrine of respondeat superior. Id.
33.001(a)). We concluded that the statute applied because
the essential elements of a dram-shop action replicated             It is true that, if a provider's liability under the Dram Shop
those of a negligence claim. Sewell, 858 S.W.2d at 355–             Act were purely vicarious, as the court of appeals held, there
56. Since Sewell, the Legislature has amended Chapter 33's          would be nothing for the jury to apportion between F.F.P.
applicability provision to encompass “any cause of action           and the Dueñezes in this case. But the Act has a direct
based on tort.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.002.                liability component that the court of appeals wholly ignored.

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

Unlike true vicarious *709 liability, in which one party's                     the presence of vicarious liability, the
actionable conduct is imputed to another, a dram shop's                        master bears the burden of his servant's
liability stems in part from its own wrongful conduct. See                     negligence. If the master has been
Sewell, 858 S.W.2d at 355; KEETON ET AL., PROSSER &                            partially at fault, the percentage of
KEETON ON TORTS § 69, at 499 (5th ed.1984). In order to                        negligence attributed to the servant is
impose liability under the Act, the factfinder must conclude                   added to the percentage attributed to
that the provider made alcohol available to an obviously                       the master.
intoxicated patron whose intoxication caused the plaintiff
harm. TEX. ALCO.BEV.CODE § 2.02(b). As we said in                 SCHWARTZ, COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE § 16.1 (2d
Sewell, “liability under [the Dram Shop Act] is premised on       ed.1986) (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Thus, while
the conduct of the provider of the alcoholic beverages—not        the dram shop is entitled to seek recovery from an intoxicated
the conduct of the recipient or a third party.” 858 S.W.2d at     patron to the extent causation is imputed, rather than direct,
355. Accordingly, the dram shop's liability is based on its own   the dram shop is liable to injured third parties for both its own
wrongful or dangerous conduct even though the statutorily         actions and for its patron's share of responsibility.
required causal link focuses on the patron's intoxication. TEX.
ALCO.BEV.CODE § 2.02(b).                                          This construct comports with the rule stated in section 13
                                                                  of the Restatement of Apportionment of Liability that “[a]
That a provider's liability under the Dram Shop Act has           person whose liability is imputed based on the tortious
a derivative component does not make it antithetical to           acts of another is liable for the entire share of comparative
proportionate responsibility. Under Chapter 33, the trier         responsibility assigned to the other....” RESTATEMENT
of fact must apportion the percentage of responsibility           (THIRD) OF TORTS: APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY
attributable to each of the persons who “caus[ed] or              § 13 (2000). While section 13 refers to the situation in which a
contribut[ed] to cause in any way” the harm suffered. TEX.        party is held vicariously liable solely on the basis of another's
CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.003. Although the Act ties             conduct, the Restatement makes clear that a party to whom
causation to the intoxicated patron's actions, certainly dram-    liability is imputed and who is also independently liable “is
shop liability was fashioned on the notion that providing         responsible *710 for the share of the verdict assigned to [the
alcohol to one who is obviously intoxicated to the extent         party whose liability is imputed] and is also responsible for
that the public is clearly endangered “contributes [in some]      the share of the verdict assigned to its own negligence.” Id.
way” to harm that the intoxication causes. Id.; see Sewell, 858   § 7 cmt. j (2000).
S.W.2d at 356.
                                                                  We conclude that, when the factfinder determines that a
The Dueñezes contend that allowing F.F.P. to avoid                provider has violated the Dram Shop Act and its patron's
its statutory liability by shifting responsibility onto its       intoxication has caused a third party harm, responsibility must
intoxicated customer will undermine the legislative policy        be apportioned between the dram shop and the intoxicated
choice to deter the sale of alcohol to obviously intoxicated      patron, as well as the injured third party if there is evidence
persons and the Legislature's “recogni[tion] that providers       of contributory negligence. The resulting judgment should
of alcoholic beverages owe a duty to those who may be             aggregate the dram shop's and driver's liability so that the
injured due to the consumption of those alcoholic beverages.”     plaintiff fully recovers from the provider without assuming
Sewell, 858 S.W.2d at 354. We agree that the Legislature          the risk of the driver's insolvency. The dram shop may
did not intend for an innocent third party to bear the risk       then recover from the driver based upon the percentages of
of an intoxicated patron's insolvency when a provider has         responsibility that the jury assessed between them.
breached the duty that the Act imposes. But applying Chapter
33 to a dram-shop liability scheme that partially imputes         In reaching this conclusion, we pay heed to the principle that
causation does not thwart the Legislature's purpose. As one       courts should, if possible, construe statutes to harmonize with
commentator has noted:                                            each other. La Sara Grain Co. v. First Nat'l Bank of Mercedes,
                                                                  673 S.W.2d 558, 565 (Tex.1984) (citing State v. Standard
            Comparative negligence, in and of                     Oil Co., 130 Tex. 313, 107 S.W.2d 550 (Tex.1937)). In
            itself, has not changed these basic                   enacting the Dram Shop Act, the Legislature sought to protect
            principles [of imputed negligence].                   innocent members of the public from the dangers intoxicated
            When negligence is apportioned in                     individuals pose by placing some responsibility for injury on

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

those who sell alcoholic beverages. Sewell, 858 S.W.2d at                         statutory law warranties *711 and
356. That is why the Act speaks in terms of “[t]he liability of                   duties of providers of alcoholic
providers under this chapter for the actions of their customers,                  beverages.
members, or guests who are or become intoxicated....” TEX.
ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.03. As the Iowa Supreme Court                     TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.03(a) (emphasis added). The
has postulated, juries in dram shop cases are likely to assign        dissent's construction of the statute violates the fundamental
most, if not all, of the responsibility for third parties' injuries   rule that we are to give effect to “every sentence, clause, and
to the intoxicated patron. See Slager v. HWA Corp., 435               word of a statute so that no part thereof [will] be rendered
N.W.2d 349, 357 (Iowa 1989). If the provider who serves               superfluous.” City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111
a clearly intoxicated patron does not bear responsibility             S.W.3d 22, 29 (Tex.2003) (quoting Spence v. Fenchler, 107
for injuries caused by the patron's intoxication, the remedy          Tex. 443, 180 S.W. 597, 601 (1915)).
the Legislature provided in the Dram Shop Act would be
meaningless, at least to the extent the intoxicated patron            Finally, the dissent's discussion of the Legislature's
proves to be insolvent, hardly a result that the Legislature          imposition of strict liability on illegal methamphetamine
likely contemplated in substituting dram-shop liability for           manufacturers and other criminal actors improperly presumes
otherwise available common-law remedies.                              that we are similarly exempting alcohol providers from the
                                                                      proportionate responsibility scheme. Clearly we are not.
Moreover, the Legislature has directed that, in construing            Instead, we apply that scheme consistent with the Dram
statutes, we must consider the object sought to be                    Shop Act's language and purpose. Our interpretation gives
obtained and the consequences of a particular construction.           effect to both the Dram Shop Act's express language and
CODE CONSTRUCTION ACT, TEX. GOV'T CODE §§                             the statutory proportionate responsibility scheme. Even the
311.023(1), (5); see TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODE § 1.02                       dissent acknowledges that our decision “may express sound
(expressly incorporating the Code Construction Act). The              public policy.” (OWEN, J., dissenting). That is exactly the
Legislature has further instructed courts to liberally construe       public policy we believe the Legislature chose when it crafted
the Alcoholic Beverage Code so that the safety and welfare            section 2.03(a).
of our citizens are protected. TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODE §
1.03. Rather than undermine the Legislature's purpose in              We conclude that the court of appeals erred in holding that the
enacting the Dram Shop Act, we give effect to both it and the         proportionate responsibility statute does not apply to third-
Proportionate Responsibility Act.                                     party actions under the Dram Shop Act. The judgment is
                                                                      correct, though, because F.F.P. is responsible to the Dueñezes
In contrast, the dissent gives no weight to section 2.03(a) of        for its own liability and that of Ruiz, from whom F.F.P. may
the Dram Shop Act, concluding it “means only that a cause             recover to the extent of his imputed liability. We must now
of action for damages caused by an intoxicated patron is the          decide whether the trial court erred in severing F.F.P.'s claim
exclusive remedy against an alcohol provider.” (OWEN, J.,             against Ruiz.
dissenting). But if that had been the statutory purpose, section
2.03(a) would have simply said:
                                                                                                   III
             The liability of providers under this
             chapter is in lieu of common law                         The trial court severed F.F.P.'s claim against Ruiz and
             or other statutory law warranties                        proceeded to trial with F.F.P. as the only defendant. The
             and duties of providers of alcoholic                     court of appeals affirmed the trial court's severance order,
             beverages.                                               concluding that a vicariously liable party's right of recovery
                                                                      against a tortfeasor is through indemnity, which does not
Instead, subsection (a) clearly says:
                                                                      become actionable until an adverse judgment is taken. 69
             [t]he liability of providers under                       S.W.3d at 807–08. Because the court considered F.F.P.'s
             this chapter for the actions of their                    liability vicarious in nature, it also held that Ruiz did not
             employees, customers, members, or                        meet Chapter 33's definition of a responsible third party for
             guests who are or become intoxicated                     apportionment purposes. Id.
             is in lieu of common law or other

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

                                                                     cause’ of an occurrence, then no act or omission of any other
As already explained, F.F.P.'s dram-shop liability is not
                                                                     person could have been a proximate cause.” The proposed
purely vicarious; therefore the trial court should have
                                                                     submission merely instructs that if a non-party's action was
submitted Ruiz's percentage of responsibility to the jury
                                                                     the sole proximate cause of the Dueñezes' injury, then no
for apportionment under Chapter 33. But because F.F.P.
                                                                     other *712 person's action could be a proximate cause.
is responsible to the Dueñezes for its own percentage of
                                                                     The instruction thus asks the jury to compare the actions
liability and that of Ruiz, and because there is nothing that
                                                                     of two different people rather than distinguish between the
would prevent a jury from fairly apportioning responsibility
                                                                     same person's intoxication and inattention. The requested
between F.F.P. and Ruiz in the severed action, the trial court's
                                                                     instruction would not have focused the jury's attention on the
severance order did not constitute reversible error.
                                                                     act that F.F.P. contends was the sole proximate cause of the
                                                                     Dueñezes' injuries; thus, the trial court did not err in refusing
                                                                     to submit it. See Hyundai Motor Co. v. Rodriguez, 995 S.W.2d
IV                                     661, 665–66 (Tex.2002).

Finally, F.F.P. contends the trial court erred in refusing to
instruct the jury on sole proximate cause. F.F.P. bases its
claimed entitlement to that instruction on evidence that Ruiz                                        V
was reaching under the seat for a compact disc when the
                                                                     For the foregoing reasons, the court of appeals' judgment is
accident occurred, and it was this inattention rather than
                                                                     affirmed.
Ruiz's intoxication that caused the accident. The Dueñezes
respond that the instruction F.F.P. requested did not preserve
this argument. We agree.
                                                                     All Citations

F.F.P.'s requested instruction stated: “if an act or omission        237 S.W.3d 680, 50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764
of any person not a party to the suit was the ‘sole proximate

Footnotes
1      The Legislature has amended much of the code applicable to this case. For clarity, the text references the codified version
       of the statutes applicable to the case as current law with the full citation appearing in footnotes. Citations without clarifying
       footnotes refer to the version in effect on the date of this opinion.
          Act of June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 303, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 1673, 1674, amended by Act of June 17, 2005,
          79th Leg., R.S., ch. 643, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1617, 1617 (current version at TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.02).
2      Act of June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 303, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 1673, 1674, amended by Act of June 20, 2003,
       78th Leg., R.S., ch. 456, § 1, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 1698, 1698–99 (current version at TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODE E §
       2.03(a)).
3      Act of June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 303, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 1673, 1674 (amended 2003).
4      Act of June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 303, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 1673, 1674 (amended 2005).
5      Act of June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 303, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 1673, 1674 (amended 2005).
6      Act of June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 303, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 1673, 1674 (amended 2003).
7      Act of June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 303, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 1673, 1674 (amended 2003).
8      Act of May 17, 1985, 69th Leg., R.S., ch. 959, § 1, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 3242, 3271, amended by Act of June 3, 1987,
       70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.09, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 42, amended by Act of May 8, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 136,
       § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 971, 974, amended by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, §§ 4.07, 4.10(5), 2003
       Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 858–59 (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.013).
9      Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.06, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41, amended by Act of May 8, 1995,
       74th Leg., R.S., ch. 136, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 971, 972, amended by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204,
       § 4.02, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 855 (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.003).
10     Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C. S., ch. 2, § 2.05, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41, amended by Act of May 29, 1989,
       71st Leg., R.S., ch. 380, § 4, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 1490,1492, amended by Act of May 8, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 136,
       § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 971,971–72, amended by Act of May 21, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 643, § 2, 2001 Tex. Gen.

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

       Laws 1208, 1208–09, amended by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 4, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 858–
       59 (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.002).
11     Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C. S., ch. 2, § 2.05, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41 (amended 1989, 1995, 2001,
       repealed 2003).
12     Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C. S., ch. 2, § 2.05, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41 (amended 1989, 1995, 2001, 2003).
13     Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C. S., ch. 2, § 2.05, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41 (amended 1989, 1995, 2001,
       repealed 2003).
14     Act of May 17, 1985, 69th Leg., R.S., ch. 959, § 1, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 3242, 3271, amended by Act of June 3, 1987,
       70th Leg. 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.04, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 40, amended by Act of May 8, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch.
       136, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 971, 971 (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.002). Section 33.001
       grounded the applicability of the statute in negligence. However, Section 33.002, added to the code in 1987, is specifically
       devoted to the applicability of the chapter and is rooted in torts, giving the current law a broader application than that
       at the time of Sewell.
15     Act of June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 303, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 1673, 1674 (amended 2005).
16     Act of May 17, 1985, 69th Leg., R.S., ch. 959, § 1, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 3242, 3271 (amended 1987, 1995, 2003).
17     Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C. S., ch. 2, § 2.05, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41 (amended 1989, 1995, 2001,
       repealed 2003).
18     Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C. S., ch. 2, § 2.05, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41 (amended 1989, 1995, 2001, 2003).
19     Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C. S., ch. 2, § 2.05, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41 (amended 1989, 1995, 2001, 2003).
20     Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C. S., ch. 2, § 2.05, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41 (amended 1989, 1995, 2001,
       repealed 2003).
21     Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C. S., ch. 2, § 2.05, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41 (amended 1989, 1995, 2001, 2003).
22     Act of May 17, 1985, 69th Leg., R.S., ch. 959, § 1, 1985 Tex. Gen. Laws 3242, 3271 (amended 1987, 1995, 2003).
23     Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 4.10(5), 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 859.
24     Act of June 3, 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.06, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 37, 41, amended by Act of May 8, 1995,
       74th Leg., R.S., ch. 136, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 971, 972, amended by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204,
       § 4.02, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 855 (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.003).
1      F.F.P.'s reply brief asserts, correctly, that “[u]nder [the statutory] elements, the dram shop plaintiffs need not prove that
       ‘but for’ the alcohol seller's conduct, the harm would not have occurred—presumably because it will always be hard to
       prove that any injury occurred because of any particular sale of alcoholic beverage.”
2      Some states require that the dram shop's provision of alcohol cause the harm. See, e.g., ARK.CODE § 16–126–104
       (2006) (requiring jury in dram shop case to determine “whether or not the sale constitutes a proximate cause of any
       subsequent injury to other persons”) (emphasis added); GA.CODE § 51–1–40 (2000) (“[A] person who ... knowingly sells,
       furnishes, or serves alcoholic beverages to a person who is in a state of noticeable intoxication, knowing that such person
       will soon be driving a motor vehicle, may become liable for injury or damage caused by or resulting from the intoxication of
       such minor or person when the sale, furnishing, or serving is the proximate cause of such injury or damage.”) (emphasis
       added); MICH. COMP. LAWS § 436.1801 (2001) (“[A]n individual who suffers damage or who is personally injured by a
       minor or visibly intoxicated person by reason of the unlawful selling, giving, or furnishing of alcoholic liquor to the minor
       or visibly intoxicated person, if the unlawful sale is proven to be a proximate cause of the damage, injury, or death, or the
       spouse, child, parent, or guardian of that individual, shall have a right of action in his or her name against the person who
       by selling, giving, or furnishing the alcoholic liquor has caused or contributed to the intoxication of the person or who has
       caused or contributed to the damage, injury, or death ”) (emphasis added); TENN.CODE § 57–10–102 (2002)(imposing
       liability if a jury finds, “beyond a reasonable doubt that the sale by such person of the alcoholic beverage or beer was
       the proximate cause of the personal injury or death sustained and that such person ... [s]old the alcoholic beverage or
       beer to an obviously intoxicated person and such person caused the personal injury or death as the direct result of the
       consumption of the alcoholic beverage or beer so sold ”) (emphasis added).
3      This may seem punitive, as it risks imposing liability without fault, but the Legislature also provides a relatively cost-free
       safe harbor: the trained server defense. As the Court's original opinion noted, section 106.14(a) provides that “the actions
       of an employee shall not be attributable to the employer if” the provider establishes that it required the employee to attend
       a training course approved by the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission, the employee actually attended the course,
       and the provider did not encourage the employee to violate the Alcoholic Beverage Code. Act of May 21, 1987, 70th
       Leg., R.S., ch. 582, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen. Laws 2298, 2299 (amended 2003) (current version at TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODE
       E § 106.14(a)).

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F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 764

4      This is consistent with Borneman v. Steak & Ale of Texas, Inc., 22 S.W.3d 411, 412–13 (Tex.2000), a dram shop case
       in which we held that it was error to submit a jury question asking whether the conduct of an alcohol provider was a
       proximate cause of the occurrence in question. After the Court issued its November 3, 2006 opinion, the Duenezes moved
       for rehearing, asserting that the Court's latest interpretation of the statute directly conflicts with Borneman. A comparative
       submission, which the Court now requires in this case, presupposes that the provider's conduct is in issue. In this respect,
       the Court's current holding certainly undermines, if not overrules, Borneman.
5      On the failure-to-submit issue, Chief Justice Cayce concurred in the result only, as he felt that the sixty-percent
       responsibility the jury placed on the plaintiff barred her recovery as a matter of law, rendering harmless any error in failing
       to submit the employer's negligence. Bedford, 166 S.W.3d at 456 (Cayce, C.J., concurring).
6      See B & B Auto Supply, Sand Pit, & Trucking Co. v. Cent. Freight Lines, Inc., 603 S.W.2d 814, 817 (Tex.1980) (recognizing
       common law right to indemnity when a party's liability is vicarious).
7      F.F.P. also contends the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on sole proximate cause. F.F.P. bases its claimed
       entitlement to that instruction on evidence that Ruiz was reaching under the seat for a compact disc when the accident
       occurred, and it was this inattention, rather than Ruiz's intoxication, that caused the accident. The court of appeals
       held that Ruiz's carelessness was indistinguishable from his intoxication and, therefore, the trial court did not abuse
       its discretion in refusing to give the requested instruction. 69 S.W.3d at 809. In this Court's original opinion, the Court
       concluded that, as “[t]he instruction ... ask[ed] the jury to compare the actions of two different people rather than distinguish
       between the same person's intoxication and inattention[,][t]he requested instruction would not have focused the jury's
       attention on the act that F.F.P. contends was the sole proximate cause of the Duenezes' injuries; thus, the trial court did
       not err in refusing to submit it.” I agree with both the court of appeals and the Court's original opinion on this point.
1      The Dram Shop Act has since been amended in a manner that does not affect my analysis. All citations in this dissent
       refer to the version applicable to the present case. Act of June 1, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 303, § 3, 1987 Tex. Gen.
       Laws 1673, 1674 (amended 2003) (current version at TEX. ALCO. BEV.CODEE § 2.03).
2      There was conflicting testimony about whether Ruiz actually drank any of the beer that he purchased at Mr. Cut Rate.
3      In addition to briefing from the parties, we received briefs from several amici, including the Saltgrass Steakhouse Private
       Club, Inc., Waco Texas Management, Inc., on behalf of Cactus Canyon, Texas Restaurant Association, Texas Petroleum
       Marketers and Convenience Store Association, and Mothers Against Drunk Driving.
4      Although this provision has since been amended, in this opinion, we refer to the version of the statute that governs these
       proceedings. We treat other code provisions that have been amended similarly.

End of Document                                                  © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 26
S
Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251 (2010)

                                                                       [4] trial court had no discretion to deny on “public policy”
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                          grounds the designation of law firms and attorneys as RTPs;
Distinguished by Hernandez v. Bumbo (Pty.) Ltd.,   N.D.Tex.,   March
                                                                       and
10, 2014

                     334 S.W.3d 251                                    [5] as a matter of first impression, law firm could not use
                 Court of Appeals of Texas,                            status as defendant to strike former designation as RTP.
                       San Antonio.

            Lawrence T. FLACK, Appellant,                              Reversed and remanded; motions denied.
                          v.
      Dan H. HANKE and the Hanke Group, P.C.,
       f/k/a Hanke, Green and Stein, Cox Smith                          West Headnotes (12)
      Matthews Incorporated, f/k/a Cox & Smith
        and f/k/a Matthews & Branscomb; John
                                                                        [1]    Attorney and Client
       D. Fisch; Mary Potter; Langley & Banack
                                                                                   In general; limitations
      Incorporated a/k/a Langley & Banack, Inc.;
                                                                               The statute of limitations on professional
    Steven R. Brook; and David S. Gragg, Appellees.
                                                                               negligence claims against lawyers is two years.
        No. 04–08–00177–CV.             |   Oct. 13, 2010.                     V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code §
                                                                               16.003(a).
Synopsis
Background: Client brought action against financial advisor                    Cases that cite this headnote
to recover for negligent advice regarding creation of
employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) which borrowed                     [2]    Limitation of Actions
money and purchased client's stock in corporation that later                       Intervention or bringing in new parties
went into bankruptcy. In a settlement agreement, advisor
                                                                               Settling party was also a “defendant” authorized
designated law firms and attorneys in connection with ESOP,
                                                                               by statute to designate responsible third parties
loans to ESOP, and bankruptcy as responsible third parties
                                                                               (RTP), for purposes of avoiding limitations
(RTP), even though statute of limitations had run against
                                                                               defense of law firms and attorneys in client's
them. Advisor was then dropped from the suit, and the RTPs
                                                                               suit arising from advice and a bankruptcy
were joined as defendants. The 166th Judicial District Court,
                                                                               which related to an unsuccessful employee stock
Bexar County, Lori Massey, J., granted summary judgment
                                                                               ownership plan (ESOP); nothing in RTP statute
in favor of firms and attorneys based on limitations. Client
                                                                               precluded a party from being both a defendant
appealed.
                                                                               and a settling person, client had neither filed, nor
                                                                               taken, a nonsuit against settling party, and he was
                                                                               thus still a defendant at the time he designated
Holdings: On motions for rehearing, the Court of Appeals,                      the RTPs. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies
Rebecca Simmons, J., held that:                                                Code §§ 33.004(a), 33.011(2, 5, 6).

[1] advisor as settling party was also a “defendant” authorized                2 Cases that cite this headnote
by statute to designate responsible third parties (RTP);
                                                                        [3]    Parties
[2] firms and attorneys designated as RTPs waived any                               Necessity, Mode, and Time of Objection
objection;                                                                     Law firm and attorneys designated as responsible
                                                                               third parties (RTPs) waived any objection that
[3] joining firms and attorneys as defendants after expiration                 the motion to designate them as RTPs did
of statute of limitations did not involve retroactive application              not meet the pleading requirements implicit in
of RTP statute;

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                   1
Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251 (2010)

       the statute, by failing to object as provided              thus, joining firms and attorneys as defendants
       in RTP statute, in client's suit arising from              after expiration of statute of limitations did not
       advice in a bankruptcy which related to an                 involve retroactive application of RTP statute.
       unsuccessful employee stock ownership plan                 V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code §
       (ESOP). V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies                33.004(e).
       Code § 33.004(f).
                                                                  1 Cases that cite this headnote
       1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                           [7]    Limitation of Actions
 [4]   Appeal and Error                                               Intervention or bringing in new parties
          Nature of error or defect in general                    Trial court had no discretion to deny, on “public
       Plaintiff preserved challenge to summary                   policy” grounds, the designation of law firms
       judgment for defendants on ground that joinder             and attorneys as responsible third parties (RTPs)
       as defendants after expiration of statute of               under the RTP statute, although it appeared
       limitations was unconstitutional application of            they were designated as RTPs solely to defeat
       statute permitting joinder of person designated            their limitations defense; the settling party who
       as responsible third party (RTP), even though              designated them as such was also a defendant,
       statute of limitations had run; plaintiff's brief          such that his designations were proper under
       stated the two issues raised in the summary                the statute. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies
       judgment motions as (1) the case was filed after           Code § 33.004(e).
       limitations ran and (2) application of the RTP
       statute would violate constitutional prohibition           3 Cases that cite this headnote
       against retroactive laws, and Court of Appeals
       was required to broadly construe the issues to      [8]    Appeal and Error
       encompass core question of constitutionality of               Parties
       retroactive application. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice
                                                                  Defendants failed to preserve argument that the
       & Remedies Code § 33.004(e).
                                                                  trial court properly granted motion to strike
       2 Cases that cite this headnote                            designation as responsible third parties, where
                                                                  co-defendants filed only motion to strike the
                                                                  designation. Rules App.Proc., Rule 33.1(a);
 [5]   Appeal and Error                                           V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code §
          Form and requisites in general                          33.004(e).
       An appellate court is required to construe a
       party's brief liberally. Rules App.Proc., Rule             5 Cases that cite this headnote
       38.9.
                                                           [9]    Appeal and Error
       1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     Cases Triable in Appellate Court
                                                                  Whether the proof establishes as a matter of law
 [6]   Limitation of Actions                                      that there is no genuine issue of fact regarding
           Retroactive Operation                                  the responsible third parties' (RTP) responsibility
       Client's claims against law firms and attorneys            for the claimant's injury is a question of law
       for negligence in connection with sale of                  reviewed de novo. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice &
       client's stock to employee stock ownership plan            Remedies Code § 33.004(l ).
       (ESOP), his purchase of loans to ESOP, and
       corporation's bankruptcy arose after effective             1 Cases that cite this headnote
       date of statute permitting joinder of person
       designated as responsible third party (RTP),        [10]   Statutes
       even though statute of limitations had run, and,                Superfluousness

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Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251 (2010)

        Statutes
             Absent terms; silence; omissions                 Casey L. Dobson, Jane M.N. Webre, Paige Arnette Amstutz,
                                                              Scott, Douglass & McConnico, L.L.P., Austin, TX, Laura A.
        Courts read every word, phrase, and expression
                                                              Cavaretta, Bridget A. Douglass, Lewin Plunkett, Plunkett &
        in a statute as if it were deliberately chosen, and
                                                              Gibson, Inc., George H. Spencer, Jr., Kathryn A. Stephens,
        presume the words excluded from the statute are
                                                              Clemens & Spencer, P.C., San Antonio, TX, for Appellee.
        done so purposefully.
                                                              Sitting: KAREN ANGELINI, Justice, REBECCA
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                              SIMMONS, Justice, STEVEN C. HILBIG, Justice.

 [11]   Parties
             Bringing in New Parties                                                    OPINION
        An entity cannot be both a defendant and a
        responsible third party (RTP) designated under        Opinion by: REBECCA SIMMONS, Justice.
        the RTP statute at the same time. V.T.C.A., Civil
                                                              The following motions are denied: (1) Appellees John D.
        Practice & Remedies Code § 33.004(l ).
                                                              Fisch and Mary M. Potter's Motion for Rehearing; (2)
        9 Cases that cite this headnote                       Appellees John D. Fisch and Mary M. Potter's Motion for En
                                                              Banc Reconsideration; (3) Langley & Banack, Incorporated
                                                              a/k/a Langley & Banack, Inc., Steven R. Brook and David
 [12]   Judgment                                              S. Gragg's Motion for Rehearing; (4) Langley & Banack,
            Existence of defense                              Incorporated a/k/a Langley & Banack, Inc., Steven R. Brook
        Parties                                               and David S. Gragg's Motion for Rehearing En Banc; and (5)
             Necessity, mode, and time of objection           Motion for Rehearing of Cox Smith Matthews Incorporated.
        Law firm's claim, that there was no evidence of       This court's opinion and judgment dated May 27, 2009, are
        its responsibility for a client's claimed monetary    withdrawn, and this opinion and judgment are substituted. We
        loss as a lender due to failure to maximize           substitute this opinion to clarify our analysis and to address
        collateral in his former company's bankruptcy,        the argument relating to the alleged retroactive application of
        was not properly asserted by contesting its           the 2003 amendments to section 33.004(e).
        designation as a responsible third party (RTP)
        by the client's financial advisor, who was then       This appeal stems from a summary judgment in favor of, and
        dismissed from the suit, but could be asserted by     an order striking the designation of, Steven R. Brook, David
        law firm and attorneys in their status as joined      S. Gragg, and Langley & Banack, Incorporated a/k/a Langley
        defendants, who then lost their RTP status, by        & Banack, Inc. and Cox Smith Matthews Incorporated f/
        a no-evidence motion for summary judgment,            k/a Cox & Smith and f/k/a Matthews & Branscomb, John
        thereby requiring client to present some evidence     D. Fisch and Mary M. Potter as responsible third parties.
        of law firm's responsibility; firm could not use      Appellant Lawrence T. Flack asserts the trial court erred in
        status as party to strike former designation as       granting: (1) summary judgment in favor of the appellees,
        RTP. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code         and (2) Langley & Banack's motion to strike its designation
        §§ 33.004(a, l ), 33.011; Vernon's Ann.Texas          as a responsible third party. We reverse the judgment of the
        Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 166a(i).                        trial court and remand this matter for further proceedings
                                                              consistent with this opinion.
        Cases that cite this headnote

                                                                             FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Attorneys and Law Firms                                       Appellant Flack hired Dan H. Hanke and the Hanke Group,
                                                              P.C., f/k/a Hanke, Green, and Stein (collectively Hanke) to
*254 Charles H. Portz, III, Portz & Portz, Houston, TX, for
                                                              create an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) in Flack
Appellant.
                                                              Interiors and to sell Flack's stock in the business to the ESOP.

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Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251 (2010)

The stock plan subsequently purchased Flack's stock with         settlement documents. Attached to the agreement were the
loans from Frost National Bank, but Flack Interior's poor        necessary pleadings to effectuate the settlement, signed by the
financial performance quickly caused Frost to demand that        parties, and ready to be filed in keeping with the timetable.
the loans be restructured. In April of 2000, Flack purchased
the restructured loans from Frost and became the business's      In accordance with the settlement agreement, on July 27,
primary lender.                                                  2007, Hanke filed Defendants' Motion for Leave to Designate
                                                                 Responsible Third Parties pursuant to Texas Civil Practice
Upon the advice of Hanke, Flack then hired Langley &             and Remedies Code section 33.004. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.
Banack, Incorporated, along with attorneys Steven R. Brook       & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004 (West 2008). The trial
and David S. Gragg, (collectively Langley & Banack) to           court granted the motion and approved the designation
represent Flack in connection with Flack Interior's 2004–2005    pursuant to an agreed order. Shortly thereafter, Flack and
bankruptcy proceeding. On February 7, 2005, the bankruptcy       Hanke filed an Agreed Motion to Add Third Parties, also
court approved a settlement agreement resolving Flack's          signed by the trial court, joining each of the Appellees
claims regarding his financial dealings with the ESOP. A         as defendants. On August 1, 2007, the trial court signed
few months later, Flack sued Hanke for negligent advice          an agreed order dismissing Flack's claims against Hanke
regarding the creation of the ESOP and the restructuring of      pursuant to a previously executed compromise and settlement
the loans. More than two years later, Flack joined Langley &     agreement between the parties. The following day, Flack
Banack in the suit. Flack asserted that he suffered a monetary   filed Plaintiff's Second Amended Original Petition asserting
loss due to Langley & Banack's failure to maximize collateral    claims of negligence and breaches of fiduciary duty against
in the bankruptcy.                                               the Appellees.

 *255 In June 2004, on Hanke's advice, Flack hired Cox           Each of the Appellees subsequently filed a general denial
Smith Matthews Incorporated f/k/a Cox & Smith and f/k/a          and affirmative defenses including a limitations defense.
Matthews & Branscomb, including attorneys John D. Fisch          Additionally, all of the Appellees filed traditional motions
and Mary M. Potter, (collectively Cox Smith) for advice          for partial summary judgment based on limitations, and
regarding Flack's sale of the business, the ESOP, and the        Langley & Banack filed a motion to strike its designation
loans. More than two years following the initial suit against    as a responsible third party. On February 21, 2008, the
Hanke, Flack also joined Cox Smith in the lawsuit.               trial court considered and granted summary judgment in
                                                                 favor of Appellees based on limitations and granted Langley
                                                                 & Banack's motion to strike. The trial court entered final
                                                                 judgment on February 22, 2008. To understand Flack's
               PROCEDURAL HISTORY
                                                                 objections to the trial court's judgment, a brief review of
Flack filed suit against Hanke on July 26, 2005, alleging        section 33.004 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code is
breach of fiduciary duties, negligence, and violation of the     necessary.
Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act in connection with
the sale of his stock in Flack Interiors, Inc. and certain
real property. In July 2007, Flack reached a settlement                      TEXAS CIVIL AND PRACTICE
agreement with Hanke which required Hanke to agree to a                      REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 33
new trial setting and to designate both Langley & Banack
and Cox Smith (jointly Appellees) as responsible third parties   In 2003, the Texas Legislature revised the Texas Civil
(RTPs). In short, through the settlement agreement, Flack and    Practice and Remedies Code to change from a joinder
Hanke agreed: (1) to amend the scheduling order because the      procedure to a designation procedure for inclusion
deadline to add new parties had passed; (2) Hanke would file     of responsible third parties in the apportionment of
a designation of RTPs and secure an agreed order granting        responsibility. See Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S.,
the designation; (3) Flack would file a motion to join the       ch. 204, §§ 4.02–.04, secs. 33.003–.004, 2003 Tex. Gen.
RTPs as defendants and secure an order granting the joinder;     Laws *256 847, 855–56 (codified at TEX. CIV. PRAC.
and (4) the parties would file a motion to dismiss Hanke         & REM.CODE ANN. §§ 33.003–.004) (West 2008). The
and secure an order of dismissal. Moreover, each step was to     2003 amendments to section 33.004 significantly changed the
be completed in accordance with a timeline provided in the       procedures for apportioning responsibility to third parties. See

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Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251 (2010)

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(a), (h)
(West 2008).

                                                                           MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
After the 2003 amendments became effective, the defendant
need only file a motion for leave to designate an RTP sixty         All of the Appellees filed traditional motions for summary
days prior to trial and, absent objection by another party,         judgment urging the two-year statute of limitations barred
the trial court must grant leave to designate the RTP. TEX.         Flack's recovery. In response to Flack's assertion that section
CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(a), (f) (West                   33.004(e) defeated their limitations defense, Appellees urged
2008). The granting of leave to designate an RTP does not,          they were improperly joined.
absent joinder as a defendant, impose liability on the RTP
and may not be used in other proceedings on the basis of res
judicata or collateral estoppel. Id. § 33.004(i). Additionally,     A. Standard of Review
the statute allows parties who could never have been sued,          The standard of review for a traditional summary judgment
as well as unknown parties, to be designated as RTPs. Id. §         is well established: (1) the movant must show “that there is
33.004(i), (j), (k). The statute further provides that joinder is   no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to
not prohibited “even though such joinder would otherwise be         judgment as a matter of law; (2)[i]n deciding whether there is
barred by limitations, if the claimant seeks to join that person    a disputed material fact issue precluding summary judgment,”
not later than 60 days after that person is designated as a         the court must take “evidence favorable to the non-movant ...
responsible third party.” Id. § 33.004(e).                          as true”; and (3) the court must indulge every reasonable
                                                                    inference in favor of the non-movant and resolve any doubts
Although generally regarded as a defense-oriented statute,          in the non- *257 movant's favor. Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt.
plaintiffs benefit from Section 33.004's erosion of the             Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548–49 (Tex.1985). If the defendant
limitations defense. See id. § 33.004(e). Section 33.004(e)         meets this burden, the plaintiff must then raise a genuine
creates the potential to revive otherwise barred claims against     issue of material fact on each challenged element. Centeq
a designated RTP. This procedure may result in the plaintiff        Realty, Inc. v. Siegler, 899 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex.1995).
collaborating with a defendant to join additional tortfeasors.      Additionally, a “defendant moving for summary judgment
For example, section 33.004(e) allows a plaintiff to sue            on an affirmative defense has the burden to conclusively
a defendant with little or no liability, and that defendant         establish that defense.” Long Distance Int'l, Inc. v. Telefonos
may then designate the true tortfeasor as an RTP. Id. The           de Mex., S.A. de C.V., 49 S.W.3d 347, 350–51 (Tex.2001).
plaintiff subsequently may join the true tortfeasor, avoid a
limitations defense, and nonsuit the original defendant. Id.;
see also Gregory J. Lensing, Proportionate Responsibility           B. Grounds for Summary Judgment
                                                                     [1] The motions for summary judgment were all based,
and Contribution Before and After the Tort Reform of 2003,
                                                                    in part, on the affirmative defense of limitations. Appellees
35 TEX. TECH L.REV. 1125, 1182 (2004) (“A plaintiff
                                                                    assert that Flack's claims of negligence are barred by the
who misses limitations as to one joint tortfeasor can easily
                                                                    two-year statute of limitations because the claims were
suggest to another joint tortfeasor that it should invoke
                                                                    filed approximately three years after the day the cause of
the responsible-third-party device—perhaps even offer that
tortfeasor some inducement to do so—and then enjoy a new            action accrued. 1 “The statute of limitations on professional
sixty-day window of opportunity to sue the responsible third        negligence claims against lawyers is two years.” Murphy v.
party.”).                                                           Gruber, 241 S.W.3d 689, 693 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2007, pet.
                                                                    denied); accord TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN.
Finally, although Chapter 33 provides for the liberal               § 16.003(a) (West 2002); Parsons v. Turley, 109 S.W.3d
designation of RTPs, the chapter allows a party to challenge        804, 807 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2003, pet. denied). Therefore,
the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the designation of       Appellees argue that Flack, as the non-movant, was required
an RTP. The trial court must grant a party's motion to strike       to bring forth evidence raising a fact issue as to whether the
the designation of an RTP unless the defendant produces             statute of limitations should apply. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.
sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of fact as to          & REM.CODE ANN. § 16.003(a) (West 2002); Gonzalez
the RTP's responsibility. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE                v. City of Harlingen, 814 S.W.2d 109, 112 (Tex.App.-
ANN. § 33.004(l ) (West 2008).                                      Corpus Christi 1991, writ denied). Flack responds that section

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Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251 (2010)

33.004(e) of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code defeats          whether by negligent act or omission, by any defective
Appellees' limitations claim. We agree.                            or unreasonably dangerous product, by other conduct or
                                                                   activity that violates an applicable legal standard, or by any
                                                                   combination of these.
1. Timeliness
The claims against Appellees were timely filed in accordance     Id. § 33.011(2), (5), (6); see also In re Unitec Elevator Servs.
with section 33.004(e) of the Civil Practice and Remedies        Co., 178 S.W.3d 53, 58 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005,
Code. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. §                      no pet.). Flack contends the foregoing definitions are not
33.004(e) (West 2008). Section 33.004(e) provides:               mutually exclusive.

            If a person is designated under this
            section as a responsible third party, a
            claimant is not barred by limitations                               a. Agreement to Designate RTPs
            from seeking to join that person,
                                                                 There is no question that Hanke's designation of Appellees
            even though such joinder would
                                                                 as RTPs, and ultimately their joinder by Flack, was clearly
            otherwise be barred by limitations, if
                                                                 part of the settlement agreement between Flack and Hanke.
            the claimant seeks to join that person
                                                                 The case was set for trial on November 5, 2007, and the
            not later than 60 days after that person
                                                                 trial court granted the Agreed Motion for Leave to Designate
            is designated as a responsible third
                                                                 Responsible Third Party pursuant to an Agreed Order on July
            party.
                                                                 27, 2007, well before the sixty-day requirement of section
Id. Here, the claims were timely because Appellees were          33.004(a). See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. §
joined as defendants within sixty days of Hanke's designation    33.004(a) (West 2008). Absent an objection by any party to
of Appellees as responsible third parties.                       the suit, the trial court was required to grant the request. Id. By
                                                                 granting a motion for leave to designate a person as an RTP,
                                                                 the person is designated as a responsible third party without
2. Settling Persons                                              further action by the trial court or any party. Id. § 33.004(h);
 [2] Appellees argue that their limitations defense is not       Tex. Dep't of Pub. Safety v. Boswell, No. 13–06–327–CV,
defeated by section 33.004(e) because Hanke was a settling       2007 WL 2471447, at *3 n. 3 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi Aug.
party and not a defendant; therefore, his designation of RTPs    31, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.).
was improper. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. §
33.004(a) (West 2008). Flack counters that a plain reading of    Hanke designated Appellees as RTPs after Flack's claims
the statute does not preclude such a designation and joinder.    against each of the Appellees would have been barred by
Section 33.011 provides:                                         limitations. After a defendant designates an RTP, section
                                                                 33.004(e) allows the plaintiff to join the RTPs, regardless
  (2) “Defendant” includes any person from whom, at the          of limitations. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN.
  time of the submission of the case to the trier of fact, a     § 33.004(e) (West 2008); id. § 16.003(a) (West 2002)
  claimant seeks recovery of damages.                            (establishing a two-year limitations period for various causes
                                                                 of action). We must, therefore, determine whether Hanke was
  ....
                                                                 a defendant when the RTP designation was made.
  (5) “Settling person” means a person who has, at any time,
  paid or promised to pay money or anything of monetary
  value to a claimant in consideration of potential liability       b. Effect of Settlement on Hanke's Status in the Suit
  with respect to the personal injury, property damage, death,
   *258 or other harm for which recovery of damages is           Flack and Hanke signed the settlement agreement on July
  sought.                                                        23, 2007, four days before the trial court's order designating
                                                                 RTPs. Based on the signed settlement agreement, at the time
  (6) “Responsible third party” means any person who is          of the designation, Hanke was clearly a settling person under
  alleged to have caused or contributed to causing in any        section 33.011. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN.
  way the harm for which recovery of damages is sought,          § 33.011 (West 2008). Nothing in Chapter 33, however,

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Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251 (2010)

precludes a party from being both a defendant and a settling     [5] An appellate court is required to construe a party's brief
person, and Appellees have not provided any authority to        liberally. TEX.R.APP. P. 38.9; see also Perry v. Cohen, 272
the contrary. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN.               S.W.3d 585, 587 (Tex.2008); Ditta v. Conte, 298 S.W.3d 187,
ch. 33 (West 2008); Kimbrell v. Molinet, 288 S.W.3d 464,        189–90 (Tex.2009) (construing petitioner's brief liberally to
467–68 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2008, pet. granted) (mem.          contain argument that it did not expressly contain because
op.) (Simmons, J., concurring). As such, because Flack had      it contained similar and related arguments). Instead of using
neither filed, nor taken, a nonsuit against Hanke, Hanke        the term “retroactive constitutionality” as the Appellees do,
was both a settling person and a defendant under section        Flack couches the argument in terms of “applicability.” Flack
33.011. Hanke was still a defendant at the time Appellees       argues the Appellees were properly joined as defendants
were designated as RTPs, and summary judgment cannot be         under section 33.004(e). Moreover, at the beginning of
sustained based on limitations. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &           Flack's brief, he sets out the two issues raised in the summary
REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004 (West 2008).                             judgment motions as (1) the case was filed after limitations
                                                                ran; and (2) “application of Texas Civil Practice & Remedies
                                                                Code § 33.004(e) to this case would violate the Texas
3. Pleading Requirements within Section 33.004                  Constitutional prohibition against retroactive laws.” Flack
 [3] Appellees Fisch and Potter next argue that Hanke's         further argues “the Court should have in all things denied
motion to designate RTPs did not meet the pleading              Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment.” “In order to
requirements implicit in the statute. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.       see that ‘a just, fair[,] and equitable adjudication of the
& REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(f) (West *259 2008). 2 No              rights of the litigants' is obtained,” this court is mandated
party, however, filed an objection in accordance with section   to broadly construe Flack's issues to “encompass the core
33.004(f). See id. (“A court shall grant leave to designate     question” of whether a retroactive constitutional violation
the named person as a responsible third party unless another    occurred. See Ditta, 298 S.W.3d at 190 (internal citations
party files an objection to the motion for leave on or before   omitted). Accordingly, we conclude, after reviewing Flack's
the 15th day after the date the motion is served.”). Absent     entire brief, the argument is preserved for appellate review.
a timely objection, Fisch and Potter waived any objection
to Hanke's motion for leave to designate RTPs. Thus, the         [6] Substantively, Appellees contend that section 33.004(e)
trial court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Fisch and   is an unconstitutional application of an extended limitations
Potter cannot be sustained based on insufficient pleading.      period in this case because their dealings with Flack were
                                                                concluded before the statute was implemented and, thus,
                                                                extending the statute of limitation in this case would be
4. Unconstitutional Retroactive Application of Section          an impermissible retroactive application. *260 See Baker
33.004(e)                                                       Hughes, Inc. v. Keco R. & D., Inc., 12 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex.1999),
 [4] As Appellees point out, it well-settled law that the       (reaffirming “settled law” that, “after a cause has become
non-movant is required to negate on appeal any grounds          barred by the statute of limitation, the defendant has a vested
upon which the trial court could have rendered judgment.        right to rely on such statute as a defense.”) (citing Wilson v.
See Malooly Bros., Inc. v. Napier, 461 S.W.2d 119, 121          Work, 122 Tex. 545, 62 S.W.2d 490, 490 (1933)). On appeal,
(Tex.1970); Villanueva v. Gonzalez, 123 S.W.3d 461, 464         Appellees suggest that all of their dealings with Flack were
(Tex.App.-San Antonio 2003, no pet.). Absent such action by     concluded in the 1990s, and any limitations period would
the non-movant, an appellate court will affirm the summary      have run prior to the enactment of the 2003 amendments to
judgment if any one of the theories advanced is meritorious.    Chapter 33. See also Mann v. Jack Roach Bissonnet, Inc., 623
Carr v. Brasher, 776 S.W.2d 567, 569 (Tex.1989). We             S.W.2d 716, 718–19 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1981,
therefore must address whether in his original briefing Flack   no writ) (holding that legislature cannot extend limitations
failed to address the summary judgment ground relating          period for claims that are already time-barred). Yet, in their
to the unconstitutionality of the retroactive application of    motions for summary judgment, the Appellees concede that
section 33.004(e). More specifically, the summary judgment      their dealings with Flack continued until as late as June of
argument that any claims that Flack may have had against        2004, when the bankruptcy was filed. There is no other date
Fisch and Potter were already barred by the statute of          relied upon in their motion for summary judgment. See In re
limitations before the 2003 amendments took effect.             A.D., 73 S.W.3d 244, 247–49 (Tex.2002) (holding that statute
                                                                would be an unconstitutional, retroactive law if it destroyed

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Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251 (2010)

a vested right by eliminating a matured statute-of-limitations     [to] produce[ ] sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of
defense, but concluding that statute in question did not do so).   fact regarding the designated person's responsibility,” Id., and
Accordingly, because Appellees' pleadings before the trial         Hanke was no longer in the case to present evidence. Thus,
court support that Flack's claims arose after the enactment of     Langley & Banack contend that under section 33.004(l ), the
the 2003 amendments to Chapter 33, we conclude that the            motion to strike was properly granted because there was no
trial court erred in granting the motion for summary judgment      evidence produced that Langley & Banack was responsible
based on retroactive application. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &            for a portion of Flack's alleged injury or damage.
REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004 (West 2008).
                                                                   Flack responds that Langley & Banack's motion to strike
                                                                   became moot when Langley & Banack was joined as a
5. Public Policy                                                   defendant and lost its status as an RTP. Once Langley &
 [7] Appellees additionally argue that they were designated        Banack was joined in the suit, it could only contest its status
as RTPs solely to “try and wash out their limitations              as a defendant—not its prior designation as an RTP.
defense.” 3 Although this appears to be true, the statute does
not specifically preclude such designations based on the intent
of the designator. See id. § 33.004. Appellees further assert      A. Standard of Review
their designations as RTPs were unrelated to the purpose of         [9] According to section 33.004(l ), the movant has the
section 33.004 and were nothing more than an attempt to            burden to show there is no genuine issue of material
manipulate the process and circumvent statutory limitations.       fact regarding the designated person's responsibility for the
More specifically, Cox Smith points out that Flack's and           claimant's injury. Whether the proof establishes as a matter
Hanke's settlement did not resolve the litigation, but actually    of law that there is no genuine issue of fact is a question
promoted a brand new suit against the lawyers. See Elbaor          of law reviewed de novo. See Valence Operating Co. v.
v. Smith, 845 S.W.2d 240, 250 (Tex.1992) (“[W]e do not             Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex.2005) (citing Provident
favor settlement arrangements that skew the trial process,         Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215
mislead the jury, promote unethical collusion among nominal        (Tex.2003)) (reviewing a summary judgment de novo); see
adversaries, and create the likelihood that a less culpable        also Tex. Dep't of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d
defendant will be hit with the full judgment.”). However,          217, 226 (Tex.2004) ( “[W]hether undisputed evidence of
because Hanke was both a settling party and a defendant in         jurisdictional facts establishes ... jurisdiction is ... a question
Flack's lawsuit, the designations were proper under Chapter        of law.”).
33. Thus, the trial court had no discretion to deny the
designation of Appellees as responsible third parties under the
                                                                   B. Analysis
statute.
                                                                    [10] This is a case of first impression. The parties have cited
                                                                   no authority for their arguments, and our search has likewise
Accordingly, because section 33.004 provides that a properly
                                                                   yielded no results. We, therefore, turn to the plain meaning
designated responsible third party may be joined regardless
                                                                   of the statute. Fireman's Fund County Mut. Ins. Co. v. Hidi,
of limitations, the trial court erred in granting the motions
                                                                   13 S.W.3d 767, 768–69 (Tex.2000). In construing the statute,
for partial summary judgment based on limitations. See TEX.
                                                                   we look to the plain meaning of the words used in the statute
CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004 (West 2008).
                                                                   in our “attempt to give effect to the Legislature's intent.” Id.
                                                                   Moreover, “[w]e read every word, phrase, and expression in
                                                                   a statute as if it were deliberately chosen, and presume the
         MOTION TO STRIKE DESIGNATION                              words excluded from the statute are done so purposefully.”
         OF RESPONSIBLE THIRD PARTIES                              USA Waste Servs. of Houston, Inc. v. Strayhorn, 150 S.W.3d
491, 494 (Tex.App.-Austin 2004, pet. denied); see also Cities
 [8] In addition to its motion for summary judgment, the           of Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, & Hereford v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co.,
trial court also granted Langley & Banack's Motion to Strike       92 S.W.3d 434, 442 (Tex.2002) (reiterating that an appellate
Responsible Third Parties. 4 Langley & *261 Banack claim           court begins with the words used by the Legislature).
that it was not a proper RTP because it was not responsible
for a portion of the injury or damage resulting from Hanke's       Section 33.004(l ) provides:
poor advice. Furthermore, the statute requires “a defendant

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               8
Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251 (2010)

                                                                     § 33.004(l ). Certainly, the defendant in this case would not
             After adequate time for discovery,                      be Hanke because he no longer was a defendant when the
             a party may move to strike the                          motion to strike was filed. It would be illogical to assume
             designation of a responsible third                      Langley & Banack, as a defendant, would raise an issue
             party on the ground that there                          against the motion it filed. Such an interpretation would
             is no evidence that the designated                      permit defendants to re-litigate their designation of RTPs—
             person is responsible for any portion                   which the statute does not permit.
             of the claimant's alleged injury or
             damage. The court shall grant the                        [12] There are other procedures available for a defendant
             motion to strike unless a defendant                     such as Langley & Banack to assert that there is no evidence
             produces sufficient evidence to raise                   that it “is responsible for any portion of the claimant's alleged
             a genuine issue of fact regarding the                   injury or damage” and thereby obtain a dismissal from the
             designated person's responsibility for                  suit. See id. The trial court may grant a no-evidence summary
             the claimant's injury or damage.                        judgment under Rule 166a(i) when there is no evidence of
                                                                     one or more essential elements of a claim or defense on which
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(l ).
                                                                     an adverse party would have the burden of proof at trial.
The statute anticipates that a party may move to strike the
                                                                     TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(i). The similarity in language between
designation of an RTP. Generally, the party moving *262 to
                                                                     section 33.004(l ) and a no-evidence summary judgment is not
strike would be the plaintiff seeking to remove an RTP from
                                                                     coincidental. See Elaine A. Carlson, Tort Reform: Redefining
before the jury when there is no evidence the particular RTP
                                                                     the Role of the Court and the Jury, 47 S. TEX. L.REV. 245,
bore any responsibility for the plaintiff's injury. 5 In response,   263 (2005); Gregory J. Lensing, Proportionate Responsibility
the defendant typically would be the party seeking to retain         and Contribution Before and After the Tort Reform of 2003,
the RTP in the jury charge to diminish his potential liability       35 TEX. TECH. L.REV. 1125, 1182 (2004). As a defendant,
and perhaps eliminate any joint and several liability. Thus,         Langley & Banack's claim that *263 there is no evidence
to retain the RTP, the statute provides the “defendant” must         of its responsibility is not properly asserted by contesting its
produce sufficient evidence to raise a fact issue regarding          designation as an RTP, but may be asserted by a no-evidence
the RTP's responsibility to the claimant. Notably absent from        motion for summary judgment thereby requiring Flack to
section 33.004 is any method for the RTP to object to its own        present some evidence of Langley & Banack's responsibility.
designation. According to the statute, only a party may object       See TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(i).
to the designation and move to strike the designation. See
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(f), (g), (l )               Accordingly, because Langley & Banack was no longer a
              6
(West 2008). With this general construct in mind, we review          designated RTP, but was instead a party to the lawsuit, the
the parties' differing interpretations of the statute.               trial court had no discretion but to deny Langley & Banack's
                                                                     motion to strike its designation as a responsible third party.
 [11] At the time Langley & Banack filed its motion to
strike itself as an RTP, it was a defendant in the lawsuit
and therefore a party. But Langley & Banack was no longer
                                                                                           CONCLUSION
an RTP, and thus, no longer subject to being stricken under
section 33.004(l ). See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE                   The motion to designate responsible third parties was timely
ANN. § 33.004(l ). Langley & Banack cannot use its status            filed by Hanke without objection. Nothing in Chapter 33
as a defendant to strike its former designation as an RTP.           of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code prevents a
Such a theory would require Langley & Banack to define               party from being both a defendant and a settling person.
itself as both a defendant and an RTP at the same time. This         Thus, Hanke's designation of Appellees as responsible third
interpretation of the statute conflicts with its plain wording       parties was in accordance with section 33.004. See TEX. CIV.
and renders the statute unworkable. See Cities of Austin,            PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. §§ 33.004(a); 33.011 (West
Dallas, 92 S.W.3d at 442. As Langley & Banack points                 2008). Because Appellees were properly designated RTPs,
out, in response to a motion to strike, the statute requires a       Flack was not barred by limitations from joining Appellees
defendant to produce sufficient evidence to raise a genuine          as defendants and the trial court erred in granting Appellees'
issue of fact. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN.                   motions for partial summary judgment based on limitations.

                  © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             9
Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251 (2010)

                                                                  We, therefore, reverse the judgment of the trial court and
Additionally, because Langley & Banack was no longer an
                                                                  remand this matter for proceedings consistent with this
RTP under section 33.004, but was a defendant, the trial
                                                                  opinion.
court erred in granting Langley & Banack's Motion to Strike
Responsible Third Parties.
                                                                  All Citations

                                                                  334 S.W.3d 251

Footnotes
1      Appellees further argued that Flack and Hanke were perpetrating a fraud upon the court.
2      Fisch and Potter contend that sections 33.004(g)(1) and (2) imply a pleading requirement because the trial court may
       refuse to grant leave to designate an RTP if the “defendant failed to plead sufficient facts concerning the alleged
       responsibility of the person.” However, we note section 33.004(g) is predicated on “an objection to the motion for leave
       [being] timely filed.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004 (West 2008).
3      This argument is contained in Langley & Banack's motion for summary judgment that was adopted by the other appellees.
4      Although Appellees Cox Smith and Appellees Fisch and Potter argue the trial court properly granted the motion to strike,
       only Langley & Banack filed a motion to strike in the trial court. Therefore, any issue raised or briefed by Cox Smith
       or Fisch and Potter relating to the motion to strike their designation as responsible third parties was not preserved for
       appeal. See TEX.R.APP. P. 33.1(a) (“[T]he record must show that ... the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely
       request, objection, or motion....”).
5      This is the only means available to a plaintiff to remove an objectionable RTP. Procedures such as summary judgment are
       unavailable because the RTP is not a party to the suit. Notably, the plaintiff would seek to dismiss an RTP because asking
       the jury to determine the RTP's percentage of responsibility potentially diminishes the named defendant's percentage
       of fault.
6      The RTP has limited rights regarding its designation presumably because the designation or finding of fault against the
       RTP does not, absent joinder as a defendant, impose liability or responsibility on the RTP and may not be used in other
       proceedings. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(i).

End of Document                                               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           10
T
French v. Gill, 252 S.W.3d 748 (2008)

                                                                         record establishes intentional disregard and that
                                                                         jurisdiction did not lie in the tribunal in which
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                            the proceeding was originally filed, the original
Distinguished by In re NETtel Corp., Inc.,    Bankr.D.Dist.Col.,
                                                                         lawsuit did not, as a matter of law, serve to toll
 September 21, 2011
                                                                         limitations. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies
                      252 S.W.3d 748                                     Code § 16.064.
                  Court of Appeals of Texas,
                         Texarkana.                                      2 Cases that cite this headnote

             Michael A. FRENCH and Wife,                           [2]   Judgment
            Misti Michelle French, Appellants                                Particular defenses
                            v.
                                                                         When the movant seeks summary judgment
        Brian James GILL and Giuseppe V. Riccio                          based on the expiration of limitations, the
       d/b/a Tigers Trucking Company, Appellees.                         movant must conclusively prove the bar
                                                                         of limitations. Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules
         No. 06–07–00076–CV. | Submitted
                                                                         Civ.Proc., Rule 166a(c).
       April 2, 2008. | Decided April 16, 2008.
                                                                         Cases that cite this headnote
Synopsis
Background: After plaintiffs' second amended complaint in
federal suit arising from automobile accident was stricken,        [3]   Appeal and Error
plaintiffs sued defendants in state court for negligence arising             Extent of Review Dependent on Nature of
from automobile accident. The 402nd Judicial District Court,             Decision Appealed from
Wood County, G. Timothy Boswell, J., granted defendants'                 When a movant seeks summary judgment based
motion for summary judgment on limitations grounds, and                  on the expiration of limitations, the question on
plaintiffs appealed. The Court of Appeals, 206 S.W.3d 737,               appeal is not whether the summary judgment
reversed and remanded. On remand, the 402nd Judicial                     proof raises a fact issue with reference to the
District Court, Wood County, entered summary judgment in                 essential elements of the plaintiff's cause of
favor of defendants, and plaintiffs again appealed.                      action, but whether the summary judgment proof
                                                                         establishes the movant is entitled to judgment as
                                                                         a matter of law.
[Holding:] The Court of Appeals, Moseley, J., held that the              12 Cases that cite this headnote
amended complaint in the federal diversity action did not
invoke statutory tolling provision.
                                                                   [4]   Judgment
                                                                             Particular defenses
Affirmed.                                                                On a motion for summary judgment based on the
                                                                         statute of limitations, if the nonmovant asserts
                                                                         that the statute has been tolled, it becomes
 West Headnotes (10)                                                     the movant's burden to conclusively negate the
                                                                         tolling provision's application before summary
                                                                         judgment may be awarded. V.T.C.A., Civil
 [1]      Limitation of Actions                                          Practice & Remedies Code § 16.064.
              Failure of action for want of jurisdiction
                                                                         2 Cases that cite this headnote
          The statute tolling the limitations period if
          plaintiff filed a previous suit in a different court
          that is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction does          [5]   Evidence
          not apply if the initial filing was done with                      Pleadings
          intentional disregard of proper jurisdiction; if the

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          1
French v. Gill, 252 S.W.3d 748 (2008)

        Assertions of fact not plead in the alternative                the pleadings filed in the first lawsuit. V.T.C.A.,
        in the live pleadings of a party are regarded as               Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 16.064.
        formal judicial admissions.
                                                                       Cases that cite this headnote
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                [10]   Limitation of Actions
 [6]    Evidence                                                           Failure of action for want of jurisdiction
            Judicial admissions in general                             Plaintiffs' filing of an amended complaint
        A judicial admission that is clear and                         seeking to add nondiverse parties as defendants
        unequivocal has conclusive effect and bars the                 in a federal diversity action, indicated intentional
        admitting party from later disputing the admitted              disregard of proper jurisdiction which prevented
        fact.                                                          tolling of the statute of limitations in state
                                                                       negligence action based on the same underlying
        Cases that cite this headnote                                  automobile accident; amended complaint on
                                                                       its face established federal court's lack of
 [7]    Evidence                                                       jurisdiction, and counsel's belief that the federal
            Pleadings                                                  court might retain jurisdiction had it chosen to
                                                                       did not show he had a mistaken understanding of
        The statement in an amended pleading in a
                                                                       the facts. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies
        federal diversity action seeking to add additional
                                                                       Code § 16.064.
        defendants, that diversity would be destroyed
        by doing so, was not a judicial admission,                     Cases that cite this headnote
        in determining whether later state action was
        barred by limitations; statement was not a
        factual statement, but was a legal statement or
        conclusion based on stated facts.
                                                               Attorneys and Law Firms
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               *749 John R. Mercy, Mercy*Carter*Tidwell, LLP,
                                                               Texarkana, Richard G. Danner, Jr., Dallas, John W.
 [8]    Judgment                                               Alexander, Winnsboro, for Appellants.
            Sufficiency of pleading
                                                               Gregory S. Porter, Charles H. Clark, Clark, Lea & Porter,
        Judgment
                                                               Tyler, for Appellees.
            Documentary evidence or official record
        Although pleadings generally do not constitute         Before MORRISS, C.J., CARTER and MOSELEY, JJ.
        summary judgment proof, if a plaintiff's
        pleadings contain judicial admissions negating
        a cause of action, summary judgment may                                         OPINION
        properly be granted on the basis of the pleadings.
                                                               Opinion by Justice MOSELEY.
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               This appeal involves a summary judgment granted against
                                                               Michael A. and Misti Michelle French in a suit brought
 [9]    Limitation of Actions
                                                               by them against Brian James Gill and Guiseppe V. Riccio,
            Failure of action for want of jurisdiction
                                                               doing business as Tigers Trucking Company. The same
        One way to prove the intentional disregard             suit and very closely-related questions were previously
        of proper jurisdiction in the initial filing of a      appealed by the Frenches to this Court; a summary judgment
        lawsuit, which will prevent the tolling of the         rendered against them was reversed and remanded for further
        statute of limitations, is by looking at the face of
                                                               proceedings. 1

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            2
French v. Gill, 252 S.W.3d 748 (2008)

The controlling issue in both of these appeals is the impact        in the wrong court. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN.
of limitations on the claim of the Frenches against Gill and        § 16.064; Clary Corp., 949 S.W.2d at 461. The Frenches
Riccio.                                                             maintain that because they had filed their claim in federal
                                                                    court within two years of the collision, this tolling of the
                                                                    statute of limitations occurred.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
The claims of the Frenches arose as the result of a motor-
vehicle collision which occurred January 29, 2002. Initially,       B. The Exception to the Exception
the Frenches filed suit in March 2003 in federal court against       [1] However, Gill and Riccio contest the application of that
several defendants (not including Gill or Riccio), all of whom      tolling statute by pointing out an exception to that exception.
were citizens of states other than Texas. See 28 U.S.C.A. §         The tolling provision of Section 16.064 of the Texas Civil
1332(a) (West 2006) (granting *750 federal jurisdiction in          Practice and Remedies Code does not apply if the initial filing
cases where complete diversity of citizenship exists).              was done with intentional disregard of proper jurisdiction.
                                                                    Parker v. Cumming, 216 S.W.3d 905, 909–10 (Tex.App.-
On January 14, 2004, the Frenches filed an amended pleading         Eastland 2007, pet. denied). Under that exception, if the
in the pending federal court action, seeking permission to          record establishes intentional disregard and that jurisdiction
join Gill and Riccio (Texas residents); an order was then           did not lie in the tribunal in which the proceeding was
entered on January 28, 2004, which permitted the filing of          originally filed, the original lawsuit did not, as a matter of law,
that amendment to the pleadings. However, the federal court         serve to toll limitations. Therefore, Gill and Riccio maintain,
reconsidered that order and withdrew its consent for the            if those conditions exist, and under these facts, the Frenches
joinder of Gill and Riccio by order entered on March 4, 2004.       would be time-barred from maintaining their action in state
Suit was then filed by the Frenches against Gill and Riccio in      court. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a; see also Parker, 216 S.W.3d
the district court of Wood County, Texas, on April 29, 2004.        at 908.

II. The Rule on Limitations                                         III. What is the Difference Between This Case and the
On January 29, 2004 (between the date the Frenches had              First One?
been granted leave to include Gill and Riccio in the federal        In the first judgment and appeal, appellees/defendants argued
lawsuit and the date of the entry of the order which                before the trial court and here that collateral estoppel or
withdrew that permission), the two-year anniversary of the          the full faith and credit clause ended the action. Gill and
collision occurred. The two-year anniversary of the collision       Riccio had convinced the trial court at the first summary
is significant; after then, this kind of tort claim would be        judgment hearing to find that rulings by the federal court
barred under Texas's two-year statute of limitations. See TEX.      (which included a statement that “The additional Defendants
CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 16.003(a) (Vernon                      that the Plaintiffs wish to add are not indispensable and were
Supp.2007).                                                         clearly added solely for the purposes of defeating diversity
                                                                    jurisdiction”) conclusively proved that the savings clause
                                                                    of *751 Section 16.064 of the Texas Civil Practice and
A. Tolling Exception to the Rule                                    Remedies Code did not toll limitations. We found to the
Although recovery on most tort actions would be barred after        contrary and reversed the summary judgment granted Gill and
the expiration of two years, an exception to that rule provides     Riccio.
that a tolling of the statute of limitations takes place if a
party has filed a previous suit in a different court and that       In the present appeal, the sole issue is one that we mentioned
action was dismissed because of lack of jurisdiction, provided      in our previous opinion in this case but could not then address:
that the party refiled the suit in a court of proper jurisdiction   Whether the Frenches' statements in their federal pleading
within sixty days after such dismissal. TEX. CIV. PRAC. &           seeking to add Gill and Riccio preclude the Frenches from
REM.CODE ANN. § 16.064 (Vernon 1997); Clary Corp. v.                seeking to apply the exception to the limitations statute in the
Smith, 949 S.W.2d 452, 461 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1997, writ          state lawsuit. In other words, when they filed their pleadings
denied). The cases also note that the statute is to be liberally    in federal court, did they plead themselves right out of court?
construed to effectuate its objective—relief from penalty of
limitation bar to one who has mistakenly brought his action

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                3
French v. Gill, 252 S.W.3d 748 (2008)

Another motion for summary judgment was filed by Gill
and Riccio and this motion was granted. The validity of that        B. Summary Judgment Evidence
summary judgment is now before us.                                  Gill and Riccio attached a number of documents as summary
                                                                    judgment evidence, but rely largely on the federal pleading:
                                                                    “Plaintiffs' Second Amended Original Complaint.”
IV. Standard of Review
Summary judgment is proper when the movant establishes              That document was filed by the Frenches in federal court
that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that            January 28, 2004. In relevant part, it reads as follows:
he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX.R.
CIV. P. 166a(c); City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin                           6. There will no longer be diversity
Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671 (Tex.1979); Baubles & Beads v.                            of citizenship between the parties
Louis Vuitton, S.A., 766 S.W.2d 377 (Tex.App.-Texarkana                         to this [federal] civil action with
1989, no writ). When reviewing a summary judgment, we                           the joinder of Defendants, Brian
take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant and                        James Gill and Giuseppe V. Riccio,
indulge in every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts                    d/b/a Tigers Trucking Co. The
in the nonmovant's favor. Limestone Prods. Distrib., Inc.                       amount in controversy, exclusive
v. McNamara, 71 S.W.3d 308, 311 (Tex.2002); Rhone–                               *752 of interest and costs, exceeds
Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 223 (Tex.1999).                         SEVENTY–FIVE THOUSAND AND
                                                                                NO/100 DOLLARS ($75,000.00).
 [2] [3] [4] When the movant seeks summary judgment                             Jurisdiction will no longer exist
based on the expiration of limitations, the movant must                         pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1392 and the
conclusively prove the bar of limitations. Jennings v. Burgess,                 Plaintiffs request that this proceeding
917 S.W.2d 790, 793 (Tex.1996). The question on appeal                          be transferred to the State District
is not whether the summary judgment proof raises a fact                         Court in Wood County, Texas.
issue with reference to the essential elements of the plaintiff's
cause of action, but whether the summary judgment proof             Another piece of Gill and Riccio's summary judgment
establishes the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter          evidence is the federal district court's “Order Striking
of law. Gonzalez v. Mission Am. Ins. Co., 795 S.W.2d                Plaintiffs' Second Amended Complaint.” In relevant part, that
734, 736 (Tex.1990). Because the movant bears the burden            document includes the following language:
of proof, all conflicts in the evidence are disregarded,
                                                                      On January 14, 2004, the Plaintiffs filed a motion for
evidence favorable to the nonmovant is taken as true, and
                                                                      leave to file their second amended complaint. The Court
all doubts as to the genuine issues of material fact are
                                                                      inadvertently granted said motion before the Defendants
resolved in favor of the nonmovant. Nixon v. Mr. Prop.
                                                                      in the case had adequate time to file their response. The
Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546 (Tex.1985). If the nonmovant
                                                                      Court's Order (Docket No. 24) allowed the Plaintiffs leave
asserts that the statute of limitations has been tolled, it
                                                                      to add Brian James Gill and Giuseppe V. Riccio d/b/a
becomes the movant's burden to “conclusively negate the
                                                                      Tigers Trucking Co. as Defendants in this matter.
tolling provision's application” before summary judgment
may be awarded. Allen v. Intercapital Lodge Ltd. P'ship, 66           On January 30, 2004, the Defendants filed the instant
S.W.3d 351, 353 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet.             motion to strike the Plaintiffs' second amended complaint,
denied).                                                              noting that they [Defendants] were not afforded an
                                                                      opportunity to respond. Because the Court ruled on the
                                                                      Plaintiffs' motion before the expiration of the Defendants'
A. Basis Upon Which This Summary Judgment Rests
                                                                      deadline to respond, the Court will reconsider the
Gill and Riccio's motion for summary judgment specifically
                                                                      Defendants' motion to strike as if it were their original
states that they are entitled to summary judgment based on
                                                                      response to the Plaintiff's motion for leave to amend.
limitations because the time had run on the Frenches' lawsuit
and that due to the statements contained in the Frenches'             After reconsidering the Plaintiffs' motion for leave to
pleadings in the federal suit, the statutory tolling provision        amend and the Defendants['] motion to strike, it is clear
did not apply.                                                        to the Court that the former should be denied. The

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            4
French v. Gill, 252 S.W.3d 748 (2008)

  additional Defendants that the Plaintiffs wish to add             their involvement and needed to file suit against them to
  are not indispensable and were clearly added solely for           toll the statute of limitations and preserve Plaintiffs' rights.”
  the purposes of defeating diversity jurisdiction. Further,
  there has already been extensive discovery in this case:          13. “Further, the case against Gill and Riccio was based
  the Plaintiffs and Defendant Omang have served and                on the same nucleus of operative facts as the one against
  responded to interrogatories and requests for production;         Henderson and Omang and I sought to avoid piecemeal
  Defendant Omang has served depositions on written                 litigation of this matter. Filing it in federal court, whether
  questions to 17 of the Plaintiffs' healthcare providers, all of   it defeated jurisdiction or not, was to keep the case as one.”
  which have been answered; Defendant Omang has served
                                                                    14. “Moreover, I did not add Gill and Riccio to defeat
  a deposition on written questions to the Plaintiffs' former
                                                                    federal jurisdiction. I chose to file this case initially in
  employer and has filed discovery pleadings regarding same
                                                                    federal court as there was diversity of the initial parties.
  with the Court; the Plaintiffs and Omang have made
                                                                    I would not seek to intentionally disregard the proper
  not only their Initial Disclosures, but also their Expert
                                                                    jurisdiction in a case I filed in federal court.”
  Disclosures, including production of all expert reports and
  other materials.                                                  15. “Initially, I thought that if jurisdiction was defeated,
                                                                    that the entire case would be transferred to Wood County.
  As an equitable matter, the Plaintiffs chose to seek damages
                                                                    I was relying upon the Freeport–McMoRan, Inc. v. KN
  from Omang and Mr. Henderson. They also chose to pursue
                                                                    Energy case and thought that the federal court might have
  their claims in this Federal Court. To justify their 10–
                                                                    been able to retain jurisdiction had it wanted to, but that
  month–long delay in adding these nondiverse, dispensable
                                                                    the decision would be up to the federal court. In the event
  parties to their lawsuit, the Plaintiffs claim they just now
                                                                    the federal trial court decided it did not want to retain
  discovered that they need to join Mr. Gill and his employer,
                                                                    jurisdiction, I requested a transfer to state court.”
  Giuseppe V. Riccio d/b/a Tigers Trucking Co. However,
  the Plaintiffs and their counsel have known of Mr. Gill, and      16. “Indeed, in Plaintiffs' Rejoinder to Defendants' Reply
  all other witnesses to the accident, since January 30, 2002.      to Plaintiffs' Response to Defendants' Motion for Summary
  In the subsequent two-year period, the Plaintiffs and their       Judgment, Plaintiffs argued that diversity was not defeated
  counsel made no effort to contact Mr. Gill or his employer,       as it was determined at the time of filing a lawsuit, based
  much less join them in this case. Meanwhile, Defendant            on the same interpretation of Freeport–McMoran, Inc.
  Omang has expended a significant amount of time and               v. K N Energy, Inc., 498 U.S. 426, 111 S. Ct. 858, 860
  resources in discovery for this case and in preparing its         [112 L. Ed. 2d 951] (1991). My interpretation was not an
  defense to this case.                                             unreasonable one. Even the treatise O'Connor's Federal
                                                                    Rules * Civil Trials (2003) states, relying upon Freeport–
  Finally, the Plaintiffs have not shown that they will
                                                                    McMoran that ‘Diversity is determined as of the date the
  be prejudiced or how they will be denied an adequate
                                                                    action is commenced.’ See page 83, a copy of which is
  judgment or an adequate remedy of their claims if Mr.
                                                                    attached hereto as Exhibit A–5.[”]
  Gill and his employer are not joined as Defendants.
  Accordingly, the Court will now vacate its previous order         17. “I did not, in any event, purposely ignore jurisdiction
  granting the Plaintiffs leave to amend.                           by filing in federal court. That is where the case was
                                                                    pending originally and since the second set of Defendants
                                                                    to be added were involved in the same accident, it only
C. The Frenches' Response to the Motion for Summary
                                                                    made sense to add them to the lawsuit existing at the time,
Judgment
                                                                    whether that meant the case would remain in federal court
 *753 As its primary summary judgment evidence, counsel
                                                                    or be transferred to state court.”
for the Frenches filed his own affidavit in which he stated in
relevant part as follows:                                           18. “I requested a transfer to state court in the event the
                                                                    federal court determined that jurisdiction was no longer
  12. “As I stated during the oral argument on the MSJ prior
                                                                    appropriate in federal court. This was to conserve judicial
  to the appeal in this case, I did not add Gill and Riccio to
                                                                    resources and keep the case, which had already been on
  defeat jurisdiction. In fact, I had only recently learned of
                                                                    file for 10 months and for which most of the discovery was
                                                                    completed.”

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                5
French v. Gill, 252 S.W.3d 748 (2008)

  19. “Defendants make the following statement in their             1. Was There a Judicial Admission?
  Motion for Summary Judgment at page 2 which is patently            [5] [6] [7] Initially, we will look at whether the document
  false and without basis in fact: ‘Clearly, Plaintiffs added       itself constitutes a judicial admission. The general language
  Mr. Gill and Mr. Riccio to destroy diversity jurisdiction.’       involving judicial admissions states that:
  Defendants do not cite to any evidence to support this
  statement. Further, as explained above, this is illogical                     Assertions of fact, not plead in the
  since Plaintiffs were the ones who chose to file in the                       alternative, in the live pleadings of a
  federal court to begin with. It does not make sense that                      party are regarded as formal judicial
  some 10 months later, well into the lawsuit, that Plaintiffs                  admissions. A judicial admission
  would then seek to destroy the jurisdiction they chose.”                      that is clear and unequivocal has
                                                                                conclusive effect and bars the
  ....                                                                          admitting party from later disputing
                                                                                the admitted fact.
  21. “Judge Steger's comment, which was dicta, that
  Plaintiff's addition of Mr. Gill and Mr. Riccio was ‘for the      Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562,
  purposes *754 of defeating diversity jurisdiction,’ was           568 (Tex.2001) (citations omitted).
  not based on any findings of fact. No testimony was taken
  and there was no basis upon which to make this comment.            [8] In a more typical scenario, courts acknowledge that
  As demonstrated above, this is illogical.”                        although pleadings generally do not constitute summary
                                                                    judgment proof, if a plaintiff's pleadings contain judicial
                                                                    admissions negating a cause of action, summary judgment
D. The Frenches' Argument                                           may properly be granted on the basis of the pleadings.
The Frenches argue that the language that they chose to use in      Commercial Structures & Interiors, Inc. v. Liberty Educ.
their motions to the federal court did not conclusively show        Ministries, Inc., 192 S.W.3d 827, 835 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth
that they intentionally disregarded proper jurisdiction when        2006, no pet.); see Brooks v. Ctr. for Healthcare Servs., 981
they filed the first lawsuit. As previously discussed, under        S.W.2d 279, 283 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1998, no pet.).
that exception to the application of the tolling statute, if the
record affirmatively establishes that jurisdiction did not lie      All of those situations, however, explain the use of pleadings
in the tribunal in which the proceeding was originally filed,       by a party in the suit in which they were filed. This situation
the original lawsuit did not, as a matter of law, serve to toll     is, however, different. The pleading is not from this case. It
limitations. Therefore, the Frenches were time-barred from          is not being used to prove or disprove the cause of action
recovering from Gill and Riccio in state court.                     based on the Frenches' allegations or statements of fact about
                                                                    the cause of action. It is used by the Frenches to prove that
There are three separate aspects to the Frenches' argument:         there was a prior case in which the new defendants had been
                                                                    sued; thus, when those defendants were dropped, the tolling
1) The pleadings in the federal case cannot be classified as        provision allowed the Frenches to bring suit in state court.
“judicial admissions”; thus, the pleadings are not conclusive       It is then used by Gill and Riccio as proof that the Frenches
proof that the Frenches were aware of the impact of what they       knew that their addition of Gill and Riccio as new defendants
were doing. As a result, summary judgment was therefore             would destroy diversity and nevertheless added them in;
improper.                                                           therefore, the exception to the tolling provision applies, and
                                                                    the Frenches' state lawsuit is untimely brought.
2) There is “reliable authority” to support the Frenches'
counsel's belief that diversity would not be destroyed by           As Gill and Riccio point out, a number of facts were pled
adding the two nondiverse parties.                                  by the Frenches in the *755 federal complaint, including
                                                                    the names and citizenship of the defendants. Based on those
3) The Frenches provided summary judgment evidence in               factual statements, the Frenches then stated that no diversity
which their counsel stated that they did not intentionally file     of citizenship would continue to exist between the parties
the case in the wrong court in an effort to destroy jurisdiction.   and asked the federal court to transfer the proceeding to state
                                                                    district court.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             6
French v. Gill, 252 S.W.3d 748 (2008)

                                                                      provides summary judgment evidence of much more than
The statement that diversity would be destroyed is not a              simply the date of its filing. The question before us is whether
factual statement. Rather, it is a legal statement or conclusion      the Frenches' counsel's unequivocal and clear statement that
based on stated facts. As such, it does not fit within the            adding the new players would defeat jurisdiction conclusively
definition of a judicial admission.                                   shows that he made the filing with intentional disregard of the
                                                                      proper jurisdiction.
The Frenches' counsel goes further to maintain that the
statement in federal court pleadings could not possibly be a          On its face, it does. The filing of the petition which included
judicial admission because it is not a live pleading (in this         nondiverse parties clearly sets out the facts defeating diversity
lawsuit). That aspect of his argument is not persuasive. The          and then correctly states the legal impact of those facts.
facts stated in the pleading are not contested and were not part      It then goes on to, based on the termination of the court's
of alternative pleadings. The fact that the federal lawsuit is no      *756 jurisdiction, request the federal court to transfer the
longer being pursued is not a reason to conclude that the facts       proceeding to state court.
stated have no further usefulness to prove the Frenches' intent
and knowledge when causing them to be filed.                          The Frenches argue that because they have provided summary
                                                                      judgment evidence by their counsel's affidavit, they have
 [9] In applying this particular statute, as pointed out by Gill      sufficiently explained the motive for filing in federal court
and Riccio, one primary way to prove intentional disregard is         to enable them to avoid summary judgment. Looking at
by looking at the face of the pleadings filed in the first lawsuit.   counsel's affidavit critically, it states that he did not intend to
See Gordon v. Staudt, No. 03–02–00768–CV, 2004 WL                     add the additional parties in an effort to defeat jurisdiction;
314965, at *3, 2004 Tex.App. LEXIS 1685, at *9 (Tex.App.-             rather, that he did so to toll limitations and that he had thought
Austin Feb. 20, 2004, pet. denied); Parker, 216 S.W.3d at             that if jurisdiction was defeated, the federal court could
910; Williamson v. John Deere Co., 708 S.W.2d 38, 39–                 nonetheless either transfer the case to state court or retain
40 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1986, no writ) (all using the pleadings            jurisdiction. He states repeatedly in multiple paragraphs that
from the prior lawsuits to determine limitations—and the              he did not ignore jurisdiction.
application of the exceptions—under this section).
                                                                      The Frenches' counsel's affidavit does not directly address the
Accordingly, although it does appear that the pleading did            dispositive issue. It answers another and different question:
make certain formal judicial admissions of fact, the part upon        whether he had the intention to defeat jurisdiction. Counsel's
which Gill and Riccio rely is not an admission of fact; it is,        affidavit states that he did not intend to defeat jurisdiction.
rather, a statement of the application of the law to those facts.
                                                                      The question here is not whether he intended to defeat
It is very clear, however, that the pleading is a statement by the    jurisdiction but whether he filed in conscious disregard
Frenches' counsel reflecting his understanding that his action        of proper jurisdiction. Those are different propositions.
in including Gill and Riccio as defendants would destroy              Although these arguments bear some real similarity, they do
diversity; the case thereafter lacking diversity of parties, the      not intersect.
jurisdiction of the federal court to hear the suit would be
destroyed. 2                                                          The Frenches' counsel's affidavit also stated that he had
                                                                      believed that the federal court might have been able to retain
Although the statement is not a “fact” as to actual                   jurisdiction over the entirety had it chosen to do so. That
jurisdictional authority, it may well be a “fact” as to whether       was a mistake in an understanding of the law, not a mistake
the Frenches filed their action against Gill and Riccio in            of fact. As pointed out by the Eastland court in Parker, the
federal court with intentional disregard of its jurisdiction to       issue focused on the question of whether the record showed
hear the case.                                                        that claimant had made “a good faith mistake” by initially
                                                                      filing in a (federal) court without jurisdiction over the claim. 3
                                                                      The court found that the claimant had not acted in good faith
E. Determining Intent                                                 (recognizing that the party's factual complaint, if taken as
 [10] Even though the pleading filed by the Frenches in               true, affirmatively established that the other tribunal had no
federal court is not a judicial admission, it nonetheless             jurisdiction) and that it was not necessary for the defendants

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                   7
French v. Gill, 252 S.W.3d 748 (2008)

                                                                         of fact exists as to whether he simply made a mistake or
to prove that Parker “consciously appreciated this because her
                                                                         intended to defeat the jurisdiction of the *757 federal court.
knowledge of the law is imputed.” Parker, 216 S.W.3d at 910.
                                                                         We conclude that this is a distinction without a difference.
The court concluded that absent some evidence of accident
                                                                         He is charged with knowledge of the law, and there is no
or mistake of fact, the filing of a suit with a pleading which,
                                                                         suggestion that there were any mistaken understandings of
on its face, establishes the court's lack of jurisdiction does not
                                                                         fact (such as the residence of the parties or the situs in
invoke the tolling provision.
                                                                         which an event occurred) that could support any suggestion of
                                                                         mistaken application of that law. The only evidence on point
In its analysis, the Parker court recognized that Parker's
                                                                         thus shows that his filing was made in intentional disregard
construction of the section that he claimed provided
                                                                         of the jurisdiction of the federal court. Because there was
jurisdiction was incorrect, and that whether Parker was
                                                                         intentional disregard of the jurisdiction, the tolling does not
conscious of this was immaterial, due to the fact that all
                                                                         occur and limitations barred the prosecution of the lawsuit.
persons are presumed to know the law and are charged
with knowledge of statutory provisions. 4 Id. at 911; Virtual
                                                                         We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Healthcare Servs., Ltd. v. Laborde, 193 S.W.3d 636, 644
(Tex.App.-Eastland 2006, no pet.). All are presumed to know
the law. Redmon v. Griffith, 202 S.W.3d 225, 238 (Tex.App.-              All Citations
                            5
Tyl. 2006, pet. denied).
                                                                         252 S.W.3d 748
In this case, the Frenches' counsel argues that he
misunderstood the import of the law, and that a question

Footnotes
1       French v. Gill, 206 S.W.3d 737 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2006, no pet.).
2       Gill and Riccio point out that the Frenches never argued to the trial court that the pleading could not be considered
        as summary judgment proof and also points to our opinion in the earlier appeal, in which we also pointed out that the
        Frenches had offered the documents for the summary judgment proceedings, and declining to “reward the Frenches
        for complaining the trial court erred by considering the very evidence they originally offered and certified as authentic.”
        French, 206 S.W.3d at 741.
3       Parker, 216 S.W.3d at 910.
4       N. Laramie Land Co. v. Hoffman, 268 U.S. 276, 283, 45 S. Ct. 491, 69 L. Ed. 953 (1925); Greater Houston Transp. Co.
        v. Phillips, 801 S.W.2d 523, 525 n. 3 (Tex.1990).
5       It is a maxim that all persons are presumed to know the law. Greater Houston Transp. Co., 801 S.W.2d at 528 n. 3
        (citing E.H. Stafford Mfg. Co. v. Wichita Sch. Supply Co., 118 Tex. 650, 23 S.W.2d 695, 697 (1930)). A parallel maxim is
        that ignorance of the law is no excuse. Cherokee Water Co. v. Forderhause, 727 S.W.2d 605, 615 (Tex.App.-Texarkana
        1987), rev'd on other grounds, 741 S.W.2d 377 (Tex.1987); Goss v. Bobby D. Assocs., 94 S.W.3d 65, 69 (Tex.App.-
        Tyler 2002, no pet.).

End of Document                                                      © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                   8
U
GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Moore, 829 S.W.2d 345 (1992)

                                                                                 Cases that cite this headnote
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
Declined to Follow by   Foster v. Teacher Retirement System,   Tex.App.-
Austin, December 23, 2008
                                                                           [2]   Workers' Compensation
                                                                                    Unfair Practices; Bad Faith; Penalties
                      829 S.W.2d 345                                             Workers' compensation carriers have duty to deal
                  Court of Appeals of Texas,                                     fairly and in good faith with injured employees.
                         Texarkana.
                                                                                 1 Cases that cite this headnote
       GAB BUSINESS SERVICES, INC., Appellant,
                        v.
                                                                           [3]   Workers' Compensation
              Sherry MOORE, Appellee.
                                                                                    Reasonable cause to dispute or deny
           No. 6–91–103–CV.            |   April 14, 1992.                       Workers' Compensation
                                                                                    Delay
Workers' compensation claimant brought action against city
                                                                                 Workers' compensation claimant who asserts
employer, risk pool through which city insured itself, and
                                                                                 that carrier has breached duty of good faith and
workers' compensation insurer, alleging insurance bad faith
                                                                                 fair dealing must establish absence of reasonable
and deceptive trade practices in connection with denial of
                                                                                 basis for denying or delaying payment of claim
her claim. The 71st Judicial District Court, Harrison County,
                                                                                 and that carrier knew or should have known that
Bonnie Leggat, J., granted judgment non obstante veredicto
                                                                                 there was no reasonable basis for denying or
in favor of city and risk pool, but entered judgment against
                                                                                 delaying payment of claim.
insurer. Insurer appealed. The Court of Appeals, Grant, J.,
held that: (1) evidence was sufficient to support jury's finding                 4 Cases that cite this headnote
that insurer failed to act fairly and in good faith by failing
to provide claimant weekly workers' compensation benefits;
(2) evidence was sufficient to support jury's finding that                 [4]   Workers' Compensation
insurer engaged in unfair or deceptive act or practice; (3)                          Rights as Between Employers, Insurers, and
evidence was sufficient to support award of $25,000 for                          Employees
mental anguish; (4) insurer was not entitled to governmental                     Evidence was sufficient to support finding that
immunity from liability; and (5) trial court properly excluded                   there was no reasonable basis for workers'
defendant's former employee's deposition testimony.                              compensation carrier to deny claim and that
                                                                                 carrier knew or should have known that there
Affirmed.                                                                        was no reasonable basis to deny claim, even
                                                                                 though claimant's back injury upon which claim
                                                                                 was based occurred while claimant was at home
                                                                                 putting on her pants six months after work
 West Headnotes (22)                                                             injury, where carrier had several medical reports
                                                                                 indicating that claimant's back problems resulted
 [1]      Appeal and Error                                                       from the initial on-the-job injury.
             Extent of Review
                                                                                 Cases that cite this headnote
          Appeal and Error
             Clear or palpable weight or preponderance
                                                                           [5]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation
          When considering insufficiency of evidence
                                                                                     Insurance
          point, Court of Appeals must consider and weigh
          all evidence and should set aside verdict only                         Workers' compensation insurer's lack of good
          if it is so contrary to overwhelming weight of                         faith in processing claim is unfair or deceptive
          evidence as to be clearly wrong.                                       act and can be basis of cause of action under

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 1
GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Moore, 829 S.W.2d 345 (1992)

       Deceptive Trade Practices Act. V.T.C.A., Bus. &                    Humiliation, insults, and indignities in
       C. § 17.41 et seq.                                             general
                                                                      In order to establish “mental anguish,” plaintiff
       2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      must show more than mere worry, anxiety,
                                                                      vexation, embarrassment, or anger; mental
 [6]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation                                 anguish includes mental sensation of pain
           Weight and sufficiency                                     resulting from such painful emotions as grief,
       Evidence was sufficient to support finding that                severe disappointment, wounded pride, shame,
       workers' compensation insurer engaged in unfair                despair, and public humiliation.
       or deceptive act or practice, where even after
                                                                      4 Cases that cite this headnote
       insurer received medical reports indicating that
       claimant's back injury was caused by her on-the-
       job fall, insurer refused to reconsider its position    [10]   Damages
       denying benefits, offer reasonable settlement                     Workers' compensation
       amount, or begin weekly benefit payments.                      Damages
       V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 17.41 et seq.                               Particular cases

       Cases that cite this headnote                                  Evidence that, as result of workers'
                                                                      compensation insurer's improper refusal to pay
                                                                      benefits, claimant changed residences two or
 [7]   Trial                                                          three times, accepted charity from church food
            Noting disposition of requests                            bank on two occasions, sold personal property
       When requested jury instruction is submitted in                and was planning to pawn her wedding ring,
       writing and trial judge refuses it, trial judge shall          accepted $600 loan from neighbor, and was
       write “refused” on requested instruction and sign              on verge of nervous breakdown, was sufficient
       or initial it; such endorsed, refused instruction              to support jury's award of $25,000 for mental
       serves as bill of exceptions. Vernon's Ann.Texas               anguish damages against insurer.
       Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 276.
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
       1 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                               [11]   Damages
 [8]   Appeal and Error                                                  Mental suffering and emotional distress
          Instructions                                                Evidence of what has taken place in plaintiff's
       Appeal and Error                                               life as result of defendant's actions is important
          Decisions Not Otherwise Reviewable                          in showing mental anguish.
       Contention that trial court erred in refusing
                                                                      1 Cases that cite this headnote
       to submit requested jury instruction was
       not preserved for review, where record did
       not include requested instruction marked and            [12]   Damages
       endorsed as “refused” by trial judge and there                    Mental suffering and emotional distress
       was no formal bill of exceptions. Vernon's                     Jurors are best suited to determine, by referring
       Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 276.                           to their own experiences, whether and to what
                                                                      extent defendant's conduct caused compensable
       1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      mental anguish.

 [9]   Damages                                                        7 Cases that cite this headnote
          Nature of Injury or Threat in General
       Damages                                                 [13]   Municipal Corporations

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          2
GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Moore, 829 S.W.2d 345 (1992)

            Application of principle of agency to                          Governmental powers in general
        municipalities                                                Workers' compensation insurer, which handled
        Workers' compensation insurer which handled                   workers' compensation claims against city,
        workers' compensation claims against city was                 was not performing uniquely governmental
        independent contractor acting on its own                      duties, as might give rise to official immunity,
        authority when it denied claimant's claim, and                but rather was acting as would adjuster for
        was not agent of city as might entitle insurer                private insurance company in denying claim for
        to governmental immunity, where insurer paid                  benefits.
        all claims of less than certain amount without
        notifying city and claim was within that amount               5 Cases that cite this headnote
        which was not beyond insurer's authority to pay
        without notifying city.                                [18]   Witnesses
                                                                          Leading questions
        5 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      Ordinarily, leading questions should be
                                                                      permitted on cross-examination; however, use
 [14]   Judges                                                        of leading questions may be denied when
            Liabilities for official acts                             cross-examination is of friendly witness, as in
        Under official immunity doctrine, state                       cross-examination of party by his own counsel
        employee who gathers facts and acts on them                   after party was called by opponent. Rules of
        is clothed with quasi-judicial status and enjoys              Civ.Evid., Rule 611(c).
        immunity from personal liability as long as
        employee acts in good faith within scope of his               Cases that cite this headnote
        or her authority.
                                                               [19]   Pretrial Procedure
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                          Admissibility in general
                                                                      Trial court properly excluded defendant's
 [15]   States                                                        former employee's deposition testimony, which
             Appointment or employment and tenure of                  consisted of responses to leading questions asked
        agents and employees in general                               on cross-examination by defendant's counsel;
        Workers' compensation insurer, which handled                  although witness was no longer working for
        workers' compensation claims against city, was                defendant, she could still be characterized as
        not protected by official immunity doctrine,                  friendly witness to defense. Rules of Civ.Evid.,
        where insurer was not state employee but was                  Rule 611(c).
        private company which contracted to provide
        specific services to city and insurer did not act in          Cases that cite this headnote
        good faith in denying claim for benefits.
                                                               [20]   Witnesses
        3 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                          In general; right to use
                                                                      “Leading questions” are questions that suggest
 [16]   Judges                                                        desired answer, framed so that “yes” or “no”
            Liabilities for official acts                             answer will enable witness to merely echo words
        In some cases, state employee with quasi-judicial             of counsel.
        status is not entitled to official immunity.
                                                                      4 Cases that cite this headnote
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               [21]   Witnesses
 [17]   Municipal Corporations                                            In general; right to use

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        3
GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Moore, 829 S.W.2d 345 (1992)

        “Leading question” is one which instructs                 in denying GAB's motion for instructed verdict based on
        witness how to answer or puts words into                  sovereign immunity and the Texas Tort Claims Act, and in
        witness' mouth to be echoed back.                         refusing to allow a deposition excerpt into evidence.

        4 Cases that cite this headnote                           GAB is an insurance adjuster specializing in workers'
                                                                  compensation claims. GAB contracted to handle all workers'
 [22]   Appeal and Error                                          compensation claims brought against any of the 850 cities
           Discovery and depositions                              that insure themselves through the Texas Municipal League
                                                                  Intergovernmental *348 Risk Pool (the “Risk Pool”).
        Any error in trial court's exclusion of deposition
                                                                  Marshall, Texas, is one of those cities.
        testimony which had been elicited by leading
        questions on cross-examination of friendly
                                                                  On January 20, 1987, Sherry Moore, an employee of the
        witness, was harmless, where questions inquired
                                                                  City of Marshall, slipped and fell at work while carrying a
        whether witness, who was claims adjuster for
                                                                  bulky container of mail. Moore's injuries required medical
        workers' compensation insurer, had access to
                                                                  treatment and physical therapy. GAB authorized payment of
        certain medical records in handling claimant's
                                                                  the medical expenses for this treatment and therapy.
        claim, which records claimant had already
        established were in insurer's files when insurer
                                                                  Moore continued to work full time, taking an hour every few
        denied claim; excluded testimony was merely
                                                                  days for physical therapy. Then, on July 26, 1987, while she
        cumulative of what already had been presented
                                                                  was at home putting on a pair of pants, Moore experienced
        to jury.
                                                                  severe lower back pain and had to be taken to Marshall
        Cases that cite this headnote                             Memorial Hospital. The hospital stay lasted two weeks. By
                                                                  October 6, 1987, Moore had missed over 190 hours of work,
                                                                  and the City of Marshall ceased to pay her.

Attorneys and Law Firms                                           Moore requested weekly workers' compensation benefits.
                                                                  GAB denied weekly benefits on the theory that Moore's lower
*347 W. David Carter, Barry Bryant, Smith, Stroud,                back injury was not connected to her on-the-job fall but was
McClerkin, Dunn, Nutter, Texarkana, Ark., for appellant.          caused solely by the strain she incurred while putting on
                                                                  her pants at home. Moore's numerous requests for weekly
Jim Ammerman, II, Marshall, for appellee.                         benefits were unavailing.

Before CORNELIUS, C.J., and BLEIL and GRANT, JJ.
                                                                  The Industrial Accident Board awarded Moore $5,484.63 for
                                                                  her on-the-job injury. Moore appealed, and in July of 1988,
                                                                  a bench trial was held. The judge found that Moore's back
                         OPINION                                  problem was a result of her on-the-job injury and that Moore
                                                                  was totally and permanently incapacitated.
GRANT, Justice.

GAB Business Services appeals from a judgment in favor            In November of 1988, Moore filed this suit, alleging that the
of Sherry Moore for insurance bad faith and deceptive trade       City of Marshall, the Risk Pool, and GAB failed to act in
practices.                                                        good faith and violated portions of the Insurance Code and
                                                                  the Deceptive Trade Practices Act in handling her claim. A
GAB contends there was insufficient evidence to support the       jury trial was held, and the jury found in favor of Moore.
jury's findings that GAB failed to act fairly and in good faith   The trial court granted the City's and the Risk Pool's motion
in handling Sherry Moore's workers' compensation claim,           for judgment non obstante veredicto, finding no evidence that
that GAB engaged in an unfair or deceptive act or practice,       those defendants violated their duty of good faith, and entered
and that Moore suffered out-of-pocket expenses or mental          judgment only against GAB for $25,000 in actual damages,
anguish damages. GAB also contends the trial court erred          $75,000 in exemplary damages, and forty percent attorney's
in refusing to submit GAB's requested jury instructions,          fees. GAB appeals from that judgment.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            4
GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Moore, 829 S.W.2d 345 (1992)

                                                                     GAB filed a statement of controversion on October 30, 1987,
 [1] GAB first contends that there was insufficient evidence         listing its reasons for denying the claim. According to the
to support the jury's finding that GAB failed to act fairly and in   statement, GAB's investigation did not indicate that Moore's
good faith in providing Moore weekly workers' compensation           disability was due to her January injury.
benefits. When considering an insufficiency of the evidence
point, this Court must consider and weigh all of the evidence    On November 12, Dr. Bob Herrin, who had been treating
and should set aside the verdict only if it is so contrary to theMoore's back, wrote GAB stating, “It is my opinion that Mrs.
overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong.      Moore's problems with her back originated on January 20,
Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex.1986).                    1987, as a result of her fall.” A few days later, GAB was
                                                                 forwarded a report from the physical therapy department of
 [2] [3] Workers' compensation carriers have a duty to deal Marshall Memorial Hospital indicating that the therapy Dr.
fairly and in good faith with injured employees. Aranda v.       Duncan had prescribed in March included therapy to the left
Insurance Co. of North America, 748 S.W.2d 210, 212–13           arm, shoulder, neck, and lower back. GAB also received an
(Tex.1988). A claimant who asserts that a carrier has breached   employer's supplemental injury report indicating that, as of
its duty of good faith and fair dealing must establish (1)       October 6, 1987, Moore was off the job as a result of her
the absence of a reasonable basis for denying or delaying        January injury.
payment of the claim, and (2) that the carrier knew or should
have known that there was no reasonable basis for denying or     Despite this additional documentation, GAB refused to
delaying payment of the claim. Aranda, 748 S.W.2d at 213.        reconsider its statement of controversion and would not begin
                                                                 weekly benefits. Ken Hargrove, who had worked as a claims
 [4] Patricia Strobel, the GAB employee who handled the adjuster for twenty years, testified that he would have started
case, testified that the medical reports in GAB's file indicated benefits in this situation and that GAB unreasonably delayed
that Moore's on-the-job accident had injured her shoulder,       payment.
elbow, and wrist. Strobel and her supervisor, Mike Bratcher,
both testified that GAB was willing to pay any expenses          Two witnesses testified that Sherry Moore's husband,
related to Moore's shoulder, elbow, and wrist. But they took     William Moore, told them that Moore's back pain was due
the position that Moore's back problem was caused by a           to her putting on her pants at home. There was testimony,
separate, intervening accident which happened at home and        however, that it is not uncommon for a person to incur an
therefore was not compensable.                                   injury and then later, while performing some ordinary task,
                                                                 feel the effects of that injury.
The initial report of injury filed by the City, however,
indicated that Moore suffered injury to her left shoulder, left  There was sufficient evidence for the jury to find that there
leg, and the left side of her back. Moreover, GAB had medical    was no reasonable basis to deny Moore's claim and that GAB
reports indicating that Moore was having back problems in        knew or should have known that there was no reasonable basis
the Spring of 1987, after her on-the-job injury but before       to deny the claim. The point of error is overruled.
the alleged intervening incident on July 26, 1987. GAB had
a hospital report dated March 26, 1987 indicating that Dr.        [5] GAB next contends there was insufficient evidence to
Douglas Duncan had ordered a CT-scan of Moore's lumbar           support the jury's finding that GAB engaged in any unfair
spine. GAB also had a *349 report from Dr. David Adams           or deceptive act or practice. An insurer's lack of good faith
dated March 26, 1987, stating, “This 38–year–old lady gives      in processing a claim is an unfair or deceptive act and can
a history of falling at work two months ago injuring her left    be the basis of a cause of action under the Deceptive Trade
upper extremity and low back. She complains of paresthesia       Practices Act, TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE ANN. § 17.41,
of her left hand with frequent nocturnal hand pain. She also     et seq. (Vernon 1987 & Supp.1992). Vail v. Texas Farm
complains of severe low back pain radiating into the left lower  Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 754 S.W.2d 129, 135 (Tex.1988);
extremity.” (Emphasis added.) GAB had a medical history          Allied General Agency, Inc. v. Moody, 788 S.W.2d 601, 604
from Dr. Jorge Martinez indicating that Moore's back had         (Tex.App.—Dallas 1990, writ denied).
been injured by the January fall.
                                                                  [6] The evidence shows that even after GAB received
                                                                 medical reports indicating that Moore's back injury was

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           5
GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Moore, 829 S.W.2d 345 (1992)

caused by her on-the-job fall, GAB refused to reconsider          an effect on her health because she couldn't provide for her
its position, offer a reasonable settlement amount, or begin      family.” Ken Hargrove testified that Moore came into his
weekly benefit payments. There was sufficient evidence for        office on more than one occasion and cried because of the
the jury to find that GAB engaged in an unfair or deceptive       family's financial difficulties.
act or practice. The point is overruled.
                                                                  [11] [12] Evidence of what has taken place in a plaintiff's
 [7]     [8] GAB next urges that the trial court erred in life as a result of a defendant's actions is important in showing
refusing to submit GAB's requested jury instructions. When       mental anguish. National Union Fire Ins. v. Dominguez,
a requested instruction is submitted in writing and the trial    793 S.W.2d 66, 73 (Tex.App.—El Paso 1990, writ denied).
judge refuses it, the judge shall write “refused” on it and sign Jurors are best suited to determine, by referring to their
or initial it. Such an endorsed, refused instruction serves as a own experiences, whether and to what extent the defendant's
bill of exceptions. TEX.R.CIV.P. 276. Nowhere in the record      conduct caused compensable mental anguish. St. Elizabeth
is there a sheet so marked and endorsed, nor is there a formal   Hosp. v. Garrard, 730 S.W.2d 649, 654 (Tex.1987). There
bill of exceptions. We therefore conclude that GAB did not       was sufficient evidence to support the jury's award of $25,000
comply with Rule 276 and did not preserve error. Templeton       for mental anguish damages. The point is overruled.
v. Unigard Sec. Ins. Co., 550 S.W.2d 267, 269 (Tex.1976);
Moffett v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 652 S.W.2d 609,           GAB next contends that it should have been granted a directed
612 (Tex.App.—Austin 1983, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Breithaupt        verdict because it was the agent of a governmental entity and
v. Navarro County, 675 S.W.2d 335, 339 (Tex.App.—Waco            therefore entitled to governmental immunity.
1984, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
                                                                  [13] First, the evidence does not clearly establish that
 [9] GAB next contends that there was insufficient evidence GAB was an agent of the Texas Municipal League
to support the jury's finding that Moore suffered any out-       Intergovernmental Risk Pool. Leigh Goodwin, an employee
of- *350 pocket expenses or mental damages. In order to          of the Risk Pool, testified that GAB paid all claims of less
establish mental anguish, a plaintiff must show more than        than a certain amount without notifying the Risk Pool. If
mere worry, anxiety, vexation, embarrassment, or anger.          GAB estimated that liability on a claim would be more than
Town East Ford Sales, Inc. v. Gray, 730 S.W.2d 796               $15,000, GAB would notify the Risk Pool, which would
(Tex.App.—Dallas 1987, no writ). Mental anguish includes a       then determine whether to extend a settlement offer to the
mental sensation of pain resulting from such painful emotions    injured worker. Goodwin testified, however, that, based on
as grief, severe disappointment, wounded pride, shame,           the information she was provided, the instant claim was
despair, and public humiliation. Trevino v. Southwestern Bell    not beyond GAB's $15,000 authority. The evidence shows
Telephone Co., 582 S.W.2d 582, 584 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus          that GAB was an independent contractor acting on its own
Christi 1979, no writ).                                          authority.

 [10] Ireba Hartsell, Moore's Sunday school teacher and            [14]     [15] Second, GAB does not come within the
personal friend, visited with Moore during the time she was       protective ambit of the official immunity doctrine. Under that
unable to work. Hartsell testified that the Moores had to         doctrine, a state employee who gathers facts and acts on them
change residences two or three times during this period; that     is clothed with quasi-judicial status and enjoys immunity
the Moores had to accept charity from the church food bank        from personal liability as long as he or she acts in good faith
on at least two occasions; that Moore told her that Moore had     within the scope of his or her authority. Austin v. Hale, 711
sold personal property and was going to pawn her wedding          S.W.2d 64, 66 (Tex.App.—Waco 1986, no writ); Augustine
ring; and that Moore had had to accept a $600 loan from a         By Augustine v. Nusom, 671 S.W.2d 112, 115 (Tex.App.—
neighbor.                                                         Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, writ ref'd n.r.e.). GAB was not
                                                                  a state employee but a private company that contracted to
Hartsell testified that during the time that Sherry Moore was     provide specific services to the Risk Pool. More importantly,
unable to work, William Moore was also disabled by a back         the jury found that GAB did not act in good faith.
injury. Hartsell testified that Sherry Moore was on the verge
of a nervous breakdown: very upset, worried, and scared.           [16] [17] In some cases, even a state employee with quasi-
“She was disturbed to the extent that it was, I believe, having   judicial status is not entitled to official immunity. Armendarez

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           6
GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Moore, 829 S.W.2d 345 (1992)

                                                                  deposition was taken, Strobel was no longer working for
v. Tarrant County Hospital Dist., 781 S.W.2d 301, 306
                                                                  GAB, but she could still be characterized as a friendly
(Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1989, writ denied). The Armendarez
                                                                  witness. Rule 611(c) gives the trial judge discretion to limit
court held that a medical doctor is not entitled to immunity
                                                                  the use of leading questions in cross-examining a friendly
if the doctor's duties are neither uniquely governmental in
                                                                  witness.
purpose or different from the duties of a doctor in private
 *351 practice. In the present case, GAB was not performing
                                                                   [20]   [21] Leading questions are questions that suggest
uniquely governmental duties; it was acting just as an adjuster
                                                                  the desired answer. Implement Dealers Mutual Ins. Co.
for a private insurance company would. We are not persuaded
                                                                  v. Castleberry, 368 S.W.2d 249, 253 (Tex.Civ.App.—
that GAB is entitled to official or governmental immunity.
                                                                  Beaumont 1963, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The questions Moore
The trial court committed no error in refusing to grant a
directed verdict on the basis of governmental immunity.           objected to as leading called for yes or no answers. 1 A
                                                                  question framed so that a yes or no answer will enable the
GAB also contended that the Texas Tort Claims Act,                witness to merely echo the words of counsel is leading.
TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE § 101.001, et seq. (Vernon               Texas Employers' Ins. Ass'n v. Hughey, 266 S.W.2d 456, 458
1986 & Supp.1991), does not allow recovery of the type            (Tex.Civ.App.—Fort Worth 1954, writ ref'd n.r.e.). A leading
Moore sought. GAB was not entitled to immunity, however,          question is one which instructs the witness how to answer or
so the extent to which the Tort Claims Act allows recovery is     puts words into the witness' mouth to be echoed back. Myers
irrelevant. These points are overruled.                           v. State, 781 S.W.2d 730, 733 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1989,
                                                                  pet. ref'd).
GAB next contends that the trial court erred in refusing to
allow an excerpt from Patricia Strobel's deposition to be read     [22] The trial judge did not err by keeping out these
to the jury. The excerpt contains questions that were objected    questions and answers. Moreover, even if it had been error, it
to as leading. The court sustained this objection.                would not have been harmful. The questions inquired whether
                                                                  Strobel had access to certain medical records in handling
 [18] The portion of the deposition in which these questions      Moore's claim. Moore had already shown, as part of her
appear is clearly marked “cross-examination.” Ordinarily,         prima facie case, that GAB had these records in its files
leading questions should be permitted on cross-examination.       when it denied her claim. The excluded testimony was merely
TEX.R.CIV.EVID. 611(c). The purpose of the qualification          cumulative of what had already been presented to the jury.
“ordinarily” is to furnish a basis for denying the use of         The point is overruled.
leading questions when the cross-examination is of a friendly
witness, for example, the cross-examination of a party by         The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
his own counsel after the party was called by the opponent.
TEX.R.CIV.EVID. 611(c) (Notes and comments).
                                                                  All Citations
[19] The deponent, Patricia Strobel, was an employee of           829 S.W.2d 345
GAB, whose counsel was asking the questions. When this

Footnotes
1      Q. Did you have the benefit of Dr. Duncan's report of March 26, 1987, where he indicated he wanted to run a CAT scan
       of Ms. Moore's low back, and if it was negative, he was going to proceed as though her injury was a mild ligamentous
       type strain?
              A. Yes, sir.
              ....
          Q. Did you also have the benefit of Dr. Duncan's report of April the 14th, 1987, where he reported that Ms. Moore's
          CAT scan was negative and the EMG or the nerve conduction study performed by Dr. Adams was also negative?
          ....
          A. Yes, sir.
          Q. Did you have, in considering Ms. Moore's claim, the report of Dr. Duncan dated 6–3–87 where he makes no mention
          of any back problem?

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           7
GAB Business Services, Inc. v. Moore, 829 S.W.2d 345 (1992)

        A. Yes, sir.

End of Document                                        © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                       8
V
Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

                                                                         standard in conducting a factual sufficiency
                                                                         review.
                     116 S.W.3d 757
                 Supreme Court of Texas.                                 11 Cases that cite this headnote
           GOLDEN EAGLE ARCHERY, INC.
                        v.                                         [2]   Appeal and Error
                Ronald JACKSON.                                             Conclusiveness in General
                                                                         In conducting a factual sufficiency review, a
            No. 01–0007. | Argued Oct. 16,                               court must not merely substitute its judgment for
           2002. | Decided Sept. 11, 2003.                               that of the jury.

In a products liability action against the manufacturer of               65 Cases that cite this headnote
compound bow, the user moved for a new trial alleging
juror misconduct. The 136th Judicial District Court, Jefferson
County, entered judgment and denied motion for new trial.          [3]   Appeal and Error
User appealed. The Court of Appeals, Stover, J., 974 S.W.2d                 Province of Jury
952, reversed and remanded. Review was granted. The                      The jury is the sole judge of the credibility of
Supreme Court, Gonzales, J., 24 S.W.3d 362, reversed and                 witnesses and the weight to be given to their
remanded. On remand, the Court of Appeals, 29 S.W.3d                     testimony.
925, reversed and remanded. Manufacturer filed a petition
                                                                         244 Cases that cite this headnote
for review. The Supreme Court, Owen, J., held, as an issue
of first impression, that: (1) a jury may consider “physical
impairment” as a factor loss of enjoyment of life; (2) when        [4]   Appeal and Error
only one category of damages is challenged on the basis that                Sufficiency of Evidence in Support
the award in that category was zero or was too low, a court              Before a court can properly conduct a factual
should consider only whether the evidence unique to that                 sufficiency review, it must first have a clear
category is so against the great weight and preponderance                understanding of the evidence that is pertinent to
of the evidence; and (3) when the jury's failure to find                 its inquiry.
greater damages in more than one overlapping category is
challenged, the court of appeals should first determine if the           9 Cases that cite this headnote
evidence unique to each category is factually sufficient and,
if it is not, the court of appeals should then consider all the
                                                                   [5]   Appeal and Error
overlapping evidence.
                                                                            Sufficiency of Evidence in Support

Reversed and remanded.                                                   The starting point of factual sufficiency review
                                                                         generally is the charge and instructions to the
O'Neill, J., filed a concurring opinion, in which Schneider, J.,         jury.
joined.
                                                                         14 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                                   [6]   Damages
 West Headnotes (20)                                                        Elements of Compensation in General
                                                                         When someone suffers personal injuries, the
 [1]     Appeal and Error                                                damages fall within two broad categories-
            Review of Questions of Fact                                  economic and non-economic damages:
         Although the Supreme Court does not have                        traditionally, “economic damages” are those
         jurisdiction to conduct a factual sufficiency                   that compensate an injured party for lost
         review, it does have jurisdiction to determine                  wages, lost earning capacity, and medical
         whether a court of appeals has applied the correct              expenses, whereas “non-economic damages”

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           1
Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

        include compensation for pain, suffering, mental              Whether to award damages and how much is
        anguish, and disfigurement.                                   uniquely within the factfinder's discretion.

        28 Cases that cite this headnote                              2 Cases that cite this headnote

 [7]    Damages                                                [12]   Damages
           Mental Suffering and Emotional Distress                       Mental Suffering and Emotional Distress
        “Hedonic damages” are a type of non-economic                  Damages
        damages and compensate for loss of enjoyment                     Instructions Authorizing Double Recovery
        of life.                                                      Damages
                                                                          Physical Suffering and Inconvenience
        15 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      Resulting from Injuries
                                                                      If “physical impairment” is defined for a jury, the
 [8]    Appeal and Error                                              jury may consider as a factor loss of enjoyment
           Instructions Understood or Followed                        of life, although the jury should be instructed
        Unless the record demonstrates otherwise, an                  that the effect of any physical impairment
        appellate court must presume that the jury                    must be substantial and extend beyond any
        followed its instructions on damages.                         pain, suffering, mental anguish, lost wages or
                                                                      diminished earning capacity and that a claimant
        23 Cases that cite this headnote                              should not be compensated more than once for
                                                                      the same elements of loss or injury.
 [9]    Appeal and Error
                                                                      40 Cases that cite this headnote
           Amount of Recovery
        In conducting its factual sufficiency review, the
        court of appeals should presume that the jury did      [13]   Appeal and Error
        not award damages for any element more than                       Mistake, Passion or Prejudice; Shocking
        once, unless the record demonstrates otherwise.               Conscience or Sense of Justice
                                                                      When only one category of damages is
        8 Cases that cite this headnote                               challenged on the basis that the award in that
                                                                      category was zero or was too low, a court should
 [10]   Damages                                                       consider only whether the evidence unique to
           Nature of Injury or Threat in General                      that category is so against the great weight
        The pangs of separation from family during                    and preponderance of the evidence as to be
        hospitalization may be taken into account as a                manifestly unjust, shock the conscience, or
                                                                      clearly demonstrate bias even if the evidence also
        part of the injured person's mental suffering.
                                                                      relates to another category of damages.
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      74 Cases that cite this headnote

 [11]   Damages
                                                               [14]   Appeal and Error
           Discretion as to Amount of Damages
                                                                         Inadequate Verdict
        Damages
                                                                      When the jury's failure to find greater damages
           Discretion as to Amount of Damages
                                                                      in more than one overlapping category is
        Damages
                                                                      challenged, the court of appeals should first
           Discretion as to Amount of Damages
                                                                      determine if the evidence unique to each
        Damages                                                       category is factually sufficient; if it is not, the
           Questions for Jury                                         court of appeals should then consider all the
                                                                      overlapping evidence, together with the evidence

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           2
Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

        unique to each category, to determine if the total            Court of appeals was required to detail the
        amount awarded in the overlapping categories is               evidence that supported the jury's failure to
        factually sufficient.                                         award to bow user any damages in products
                                                                      liability action for physical impairment other
        23 Cases that cite this headnote                              than loss of vision or state in what regard
                                                                      the contrary evidence greatly outweighed the
 [15]   Appeal and Error                                              evidence in support of the verdict.
           Amount of Recovery
                                                                      7 Cases that cite this headnote
        A court of appeals should confine its review to
        evidence, if any, that is unique to the challenged
        category of damages.                                   [20]   Appeal and Error
                                                                         Submission of Issues or Questions to Jury
        4 Cases that cite this headnote                               Trial court's error, if any, in submitting
                                                                      both “physical impairment of loss of vision”
 [16]   New Trial                                                     and “physical impairment other than loss of
            Inadequate Damages                                        vision” as separate items of damage was not
                                                                      reversible error, absent any explanation by bow
        New Trial
                                                                      manufacturer of how it was harmed by the
            Inadequate Damages
                                                                      submission, particularly in light of the jury's
        If the jury's failure to award damages or the
                                                                      award of “$0” for physical impairment other than
        amount of damages awarded is so against the
                                                                      loss of vision in the products liability action.
        great weight and preponderance of the evidence
        as to be manifestly unjust, shock the conscience,             9 Cases that cite this headnote
        or clearly demonstrate bias, then a new trial
        would be required.

        59 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             Attorneys and Law Firms

 [17]   Appeal and Error                                     *759 Jacqueline M. Stroh, Crofts & Callaway, P.C., San
           Inadequate Verdict                                Antonio, Lipscomb Norvell, Jr., Benckenstein Norvell &
                                                             Nathan, Beaumont, for petitioner.
        Courts should not conclude that a jury's failure
        to award any damages for physical impairment         John Cash Smith, Bush, Lewis & Roebuck, George Barron,
        is against the great weight and preponderance of     Orange, David W. Holman, Holman & keeling, P.C.,
        the evidence simply because there is objective       Houston, for respondent.
        evidence of an injury.
                                                             Opinion
        13 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             Justice OWEN delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
                                                             Chief Justice PHILLIPS, Justice HECHT, Justice ENOCH,
 [18]   Damages
                                                             Justice SMITH, and Justice WAINWRIGHT joined.
           Nature and Theory of Compensation
        A tort victim should be fully and fairly             In this case, we resolve how courts of appeals are to conduct
        compensated, but double recovery should be           a factual sufficiency review when 1) a jury is permitted to
        avoided.                                             award damages for elements that somewhat overlap, 2) the
                                                             jury is instructed not to duplicate an award for any particular
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             loss, and 3) the jury awards no damages or *760 damages
                                                             that are allegedly inadequate for an element that could overlap
 [19]   Appeal and Error                                     with another.
           Form and Requisites

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        3
Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

Because the court of appeals in this case did not properly          a design defect, but found that Golden Eagle did not give
apply the standard of review set forth in Pool v. Ford Motor        adequate warnings of the product's danger. A single damage
Co., 1 and because this Court has never before articulated          question was submitted in which the jury was permitted to
the standard for factual sufficiency review when evidence           award damages in six separate categories. They awarded
pertains to more than one category of damages, we reverse           $25,393.10 for medical care, $2,500 for physical pain and
                                                                    mental anguish, $2,500 for “physical impairment of loss of
the court of appeals' judgment 2 and remand this case to that
                                                                    vision,” $0 for “physical impairment other than the loss of
court for another factual sufficiency review.
                                                                    vision,” $1,500 for disfigurement, and $4,600 for loss of
                                                                    earnings in the past.

                                I                                   The trial court rendered judgment on the verdict in favor
                                                                    of Jackson, and Jackson appealed. As we have already
This is the second time that this case has been before our          described *761 above, the court of appeals reversed the
Court. In our prior decision, 3 we considered alleged juror         trial court's judgment after concluding that two of our rules
misconduct and whether Texas Rule of Civil Procedure                of procedure were unconstitutional. We reversed the court
327(b) and Texas Rule of Evidence 606(b), limiting proof            of appeals and remanded other, unresolved issues to that
of juror misconduct, are constitutional. We held that there         court. Following that remand, the court of appeals considered
was no competent evidence of juror misconduct and that              Jackson's contention that he was entitled to a new trial
Rules 327(b) and 606(b) neither deprive litigants of a fair trial   because the jury's failure to award any damages for “physical
under the Texas Constitution nor fail to afford litigants due       impairment other than loss of vision” was against the great
process. 4 We remanded the case to the court of appeals to          weight and preponderance of the evidence. Jackson also
                                                                    contended that the jury's awards for physical pain and mental
consider issues it had not reached. 5 On remand, the court
                                                                    anguish, physical impairment because of loss of vision, and
of appeals held that the jury's failure to award any damages
                                                                    disfigurement were inadequate and required a new trial. The
for a category of physical impairment was so against the
                                                                    court of appeals agreed with Jackson regarding the award of
great weight and preponderance of the evidence that the zero
                                                                    no damages for physical impairment other than loss of vision.
damages award was manifestly unjust and required a new
                                                                    It remanded the case for a new trial and therefore did not reach
trial. 6 Our focus is on that issue.                                Jackson's other issues on appeal.

Ronald Jackson received a compound hunting bow                      Golden Eagle filed a petition for review in our Court. We
manufactured by Golden Eagle Archery as a gift from                 granted that petition to consider the proper standard to be
his wife. When she presented it to him, he attempted to             applied in conducting a factual sufficiency review of a jury's
demonstrate how it is used. The bow went out of control,            failure to award any damages for physical impairment.
and the metal rod that separated the bow string from the
cables struck Jackson in the eye. He bled profusely, required
emergency treatment at one hospital, was transferred to
another hospital for additional treatment, and spent ten days                                      II
there. He suffered broken bones around the orbit of his eye,
                                                                     [1] [2]       [3] Although this Court does not have jurisdiction
some loss of vision, a ruptured sinus, and a broken nose.
                                                                    to conduct     a factual sufficiency review, we do have
Upon discharge he was instructed to limit activities to avoid
                                                                    jurisdiction   to determine whether a court of appeals
straining or lifting. About a month later, he underwent surgery
                                                                    has applied    the correct standard in conducting a factual
to repair the orbital fractures and other reconstructive surgery
and was hospitalized an additional three days. Jackson was          sufficiency review. 7 It is a familiar principle that in
unable to work for about two months after the date of the           conducting a factual sufficiency review, a court must not
accident with the bow. He returned to work thereafter, but has      merely substitute its judgment for that of the jury. 8 It is an
some permanent impairment to his eye and vision, and some           equally familiar principle that the jury is the sole judge of the
disfigurement.                                                      credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to their
                                                                    testimony. 9
Jackson sued Golden Eagle, alleging that the bow was
defectively designed and marketed. The jury failed to find

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               4
Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

                                                                      weighed along with the *762 other evidence in the case,
We held in Pool v. Ford Motor Co. that in order for this Court
to conduct a meaningful review of whether a court of appeals           including that which is contrary to the verdict. 12
has correctly applied the factual sufficiency standard, courts       [4]    [5] Before a court can properly conduct a factual
of appeals “should, in their opinions, detail the evidence          sufficiency review, it must first have a clear understanding of
relevant to the issue in consideration and clearly state why        the evidence that is pertinent to its inquiry. The starting point
the jury's finding is factually insufficient or is so against       generally is the charge and instructions to the jury. In this case
the great weight and preponderance as to be manifestly              the jury was instructed and answered as follows:
unjust; why it shocks the conscience; or clearly demonstrates
                                                                      What sum of money, if paid now in cash, would fairly and
bias.” 10 Pointedly, we added, “[f]urther, those courts, in their     reasonably compensate Ronald Jackson for his damages, if
opinions, should state in what regard the contrary evidence           any, that resulted from the injury in question?
greatly outweighs the evidence in support of the verdict. It
is only in this way that we will be able to determine if the          Consider the elements of damages listed below and none
requirements of In re King's Estate have been satisfied.” 11          other. Consider each element separately. Do not include
We held in In re King's Estate that a court of appeals must           damages for one element in any other element. Do not
                                                                      include interest on any amount of damages you find.

  consider and weigh all of the evidence in the case and              Do not reduce the amounts, if any, in your answers because
  to set aside the verdict and remand the cause for a new             of the negligence, if any, of Ronald Jackson.
  trial, if it thus concludes that the verdict is so against the
                                                                      Answer in dollars and cents for damages, if any, that were
  great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be
                                                                      sustained in the past and that in reasonable probability will
  manifestly unjust—this, regardless of whether the record
                                                                      be sustained in the future, unless otherwise instructed.
  contains some “evidence of probative force” in support of
  the verdict.... The evidence supporting the verdict is to be           Answer:

         a. Medical care                                                                                        $25,393.10

         b. Physical pain and mental anguish                                                                    $
                                                                                                                2,500.00

         c. Physical impairment of loss of                                                                      $
         vision                                                                                                 2,500.00

         d. Physical impairment other than loss of vision                                                       $0

         e. Disfigurement                                                                                       $
                                                                                                                1,500.00

         f. Loss of earnings in the past                                                                        $
                                                                                                                4,600.00

                                                                    Jackson does not challenge the jury's findings regarding
The only definition that was given regarding this question
                                                                    medical care and loss of past earnings. The jury awarded
was a definition of “injury” that said: “ ‘Injury’ means
                                                                    the full amounts he requested in those categories. It is
damage or harm to the physical structure of the body and
                                                                    the non-economic damages that are at issue. The court of
such diseases or infection as naturally result therefrom, or
                                                                    appeals addressed only the jury's failure to award damages for
the incitement, acceleration, or aggravation of any disease,
                                                                    “Physical impairment other than loss of vision.” The court of
infirmity, or condition, previously or subsequently existing,
                                                                    appeals concluded that the failure to award damages in this
by reason of such damage or harm.” “Physical impairment”
                                                                    category was against the great weight and preponderance of
was not defined, nor were any of the other listed categories
                                                                    the evidence because “Jackson sustained multiple fractures
of damages.
                                                                    to his face; four of the seven bones that make up the orbit

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Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

of the eye were fractured.... [H]e sustained a ruptured sinus     In reviewing the record evidence, the court of appeals
and a broken nose.... [H]e remained [in the hospital] for         generally focused on physical injuries while Jackson focuses
ten days.... Thirty-seven days elapsed from the date of the       on what are sometimes called “hedonic damages.” 15 Our
accident ... until the injuries to his face were repaired,” and   first inquiry is to determine whether the evidence recounted
he had headaches up until the time of trial. 13                   by the court of appeals and relied upon by Jackson pertains
                                                                  to “physical impairment other than loss of vision,” to some
Jackson's arguments in this Court focus more directly on the      other category of damage that was submitted to the jury, or
“loss of enjoyment of life” he suffered while hospitalized and    both. For the reasons we consider below, we conclude that
recuperating. Specifically, Jackson's brief says:                 this evidence pertains to more than one of the categories that
                                                                  were submitted, particularly in light of the fact that neither
             The injury to [Jackson's] orbital                    “physical impairment” nor any of the other damage elements
             area, nose and sinuses resulted in                   were defined. Our second inquiry is how a factual sufficiency
             his hospitalization for ten days                     review should be conducted given that overlapping elements
             immediately following the accident                   of damages were submitted and the jury was instructed not to
             and then for another three days                      award damages for the same loss more than once.
             for surgery to repair the broken
             orbital bones, nose and ruptured sinus.
             These objective injuries did not allow
             [Jackson] to enjoy any of his normal                                              III
             life activities during the time of
                                                                   [6]    [7] When someone suffers personal injuries, the
             his *763 hospitalizations. Moreover,
                                                                  damages fall within two broad categories—economic and
             the pain medication prescribed for
                                                                  non-economic damages. Traditionally, economic damages
             Jackson kept him “zombied out” most
                                                                  are those that compensate an injured party for lost wages,
             of the time between the first and
                                                                  lost earning capacity, and medical expenses. Non-economic
             second hospitalizations. The normal
                                                                  damages include compensation for pain, suffering, mental
             life activities impaired by these
                                                                  anguish, and disfigurement. “Hedonic” damages are another
             injuries include enjoyment of home
                                                                  type of non-economic damages and compensate for loss of
             life activity with family, socializing
             with friends such as he was doing                    enjoyment of life. 16
             when he was injured, enjoying the bow
             which he had looked forward to having                This Court has never considered the historical origins
             and the bow hunting season which he                  of the term “physical impairment” or its parameters in
             was wanting to do and had brought                    any detail. *764 But Texas courts, including this one,
             on the desire for the bow in the first               have long recognized that “physical impairment” or similar
             place.... The disability of [Jackson]                concepts could encompass both economic and non-economic
             was obvious form [sic] the injuries                  damages. 17 Early Texas decisions seemed to recognize
             themselves and did not require Jackson               that while an injured party was entitled to a full recovery,
             to produce evidence to show the tasks                care should be taken to prevent a double recovery when
             that he could not do during the periods              instructions are given to a jury. Courts of appeals have been
             of his hospitalizations and the time in              conscious of these concerns. In Robinson v. Minick, the court
             between the hospital stays.... A person              observed, “[t]he intermediate appellate courts have shown
             that is hospitalized with traumatic                  extreme caution in reviewing claims for physical impairment
             injuries cannot engage (at least for                 because of justified concern to prevent a double recovery.” 18
             the time of hospitalization) in his or               That same court lamented, “[o]ur review of this difficult area
             her normal life activities outside of                of the law is hampered by the absence of supreme court
             work and consequently suffers loss of
                                                                  authority.” 19
                                          14
             physical impairment [sic].
                                                                  The only guidance our Court has given since our early
                                                                  decisions was in Estrada v. Dillon. 20 There we considered

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Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

whether a court of appeals had properly conducted a factual      The genesis of this definition of “physical impairment”
sufficiency review of evidence of damages due to physical        is not entirely clear. And the courts of appeals have not
impairment. 21 The jury had awarded damages for past             been entirely congruent in applying that term to particular
physical pain and mental anguish, past loss of earnings, and     facts. Most of the Texas cases that have addressed physical
past medical care. The jury did not award any damages            impairment have concluded either explicitly or implicitly that
for future physical pain and mental anguish, future medical      the injury must be permanent and affect physical activities. 31
care, future loss of earning capacity, past or future physical   There are *766 some decisions, though, that seem to have
impairment, or past or future disfigurement. 22 The court of     concluded that temporary injuries can give rise to physical
appeals reversed the trial court's judgment and remanded the     impairment. 32 In Estrada v. Dillon, this Court seems to have
case, concluding that the failure to award any damages for       agreed with a court of appeals that evidence of temporary
past physical impairment required a new trial. 23 The court      injuries could amount to evidence against the great weight and
of appeals did not reach the plaintiffs' contention that the     preponderance when a jury failed to award any damages for
failure to award damages for other elements also required        past physical impairment. 33
reversal. 24 We found no error in the factual sufficiency
review, but we did hold that the court of appeals erred in       The courts of appeals are in far greater disagreement,
                                                                 however, on whether “physical impairment” encompasses
remanding for a new trial solely on damages. 25 We did not
                                                                 hedonic damages, that is, the “loss of enjoyment of life.”
analyze in any detail the history of physical impairment, but
                                                                 There are three possibilities. Loss of enjoyment of life
instead focused on whether a jury must award damages for
                                                                 could be encompassed entirely by “physical impairment,”
past physical impairment if there was objective evidence of
                                                                 not encompassed in that term at all, or spill across physical
an injury. 26 We “assumed” that the defendants' definition       impairment as well as other categories of damage. Other than
of physical impairment was correct. We said: “Assuming           this Court's early, tangential ruminations in International &
that [the defendants] are correct that evidence of physical
                                                                 G.N. Railway Co. v. Butcher, 34 mentioned above, we have
impairment must focus on restriction of activities caused by
                                                                 never decided whether loss of enjoyment of life can be an
the injury, the court of appeals' analysis in this case is not
                                                                 element of recovery.
inconsistent with that focus. The court of appeals did not
hold that proof of objective injury alone establishes physical
                                                                 A very early court of appeals' decision, Locke v. International
impairment.” 27 Today, we examine more carefully what            & G.N. R. Co., indicated there could be no recovery for
evidence relates to physical impairment, the potential for
                                                                 loss of enjoyment of life. 35 It held that there was no error
double recovery, *765 and how a factual sufficiency review
                                                                 in excluding testimony about “loss of capacity for ‘the
should be conducted.
                                                                 enjoyment of pleasures of life’ ” because the concept was “too
                                                                 vague to furnish any information upon a definite subject upon
The courts of appeals have recognized that physical
impairment can encompass economic as well as non-                which damages would arise or be allowed.” 36 We have found
                                                                 no other court of appeals decision in Texas that ascribes to
economic damages. 28 A number of those courts have
                                                                 this view.
attempted to separate physical impairment from economic
damages by defining physical impairment to exclude any
                                                                 Subsequently, a court of appeals recognized that the inability
impediment to earning capacity and also to separate physical
                                                                 to have a normal life is compensable. In Dr. Pepper Bottling
impairment from the non-economic damages of pain and
suffering. Over the last thirty years, a number of courts of      *767 Co. v. Rainboldt, 37 a delivery truck struck a young
                                                                 girl. The defendant argued on appeal that the trial court
appeals have said, 29 as the court of appeals in the case
                                                                 allowed a double recovery because “physical pain and
before us today said, that “[t]o recover damages for physical
impairment, a plaintiff must prove ‘that the effect of his       anguish are involved in bodily impairment.” 38 The court of
physical impairment extends beyond any impediment to his         appeals rejected that argument, pointing out that the trial court
earning capacity and beyond any pain and suffering to the        had defined bodily impairment as “the loss or injury of a
extent that it produces a separate and distinct loss that is     member.” 39 The court explained that there was, of course,
substantial and for which he should be compensated.’ ” 30        pain incident to such a loss, but that it was separate. 40 The
                                                                 court continued:

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             7
Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

                                                                  Houston seems to have agreed with the latter view of the Tyler
                                                                  court, holding that “[p]hysical impairment, sometimes called
  To illustrate, a man might lose his leg; that would be a        loss of enjoyment of life, encompasses the loss of the injured
  bodily impairment. In connection with the loss of the leg,
                                                                  party's former lifestyle.” 49 A dissenting opinion in the San
  he might suffer at the same time pain and anguish. The
                                                                  Antonio court of appeals contended that loss of enjoyment
  wound might heal and the pain and anguish disappear, but
                                                                  of life should be categorized as part of mental anguish
  the bodily impairment, to wit, the loss of the leg, would
  remain. The evidence [in Dr. Pepper ] supports the element      damages. 50 Thus, loss of enjoyment of life has variously
  of bodily impairment. Her bladder is permanently injured.       been categorized as an element of pain and suffering, mental
  She will not be able to bear children. Her injuries are         anguish, or physical impairment.

   permanent. 41
                                                                  The divergence of views is understandable. Courts across the
Under this reasoning, recovery for loss of a member could
                                                                  country have struggled with whether loss of enjoyment of
include the mental anguish for the loss of bodily functions,
                                                                  life is compensable at all, and if so, whether it is part of
separate and apart from the pain and anguish experienced
                                                                  pain and suffering, mental anguish, or physical impairment,
during recuperation, and could also include the loss of the
ability to have, nurture, and enjoy children.                     or is a separate, independent category of damages. 51 And,
                                                                  as indicated above, there *769 is a logical nexus between
Other Texas courts of appeals' opinions that have considered      loss of enjoyment of life and each of the categories of non-
loss of enjoyment of life have agreed on at least two things.     economic damages recognized in Texas—pain, suffering,
First, a factfinder should be free to compensate an injured       mental anguish, disfigurement, and physical impairment.
party who is physically impaired to the extent that party may
no longer engage in or enjoy activities that he or she was able   The widely disparate views of courts in Texas and across the
to do before the injury. Second, Texas courts of appeals have     country lead us to conclude that in the case before us today,
uniformly held that loss of enjoyment of life is not a separate   the court of appeals should not have applied the definition
                                                                  of “physical impairment” so frequently quoted by Texas
category of damage, 42 which is in accord with a number
                                                                  courts of appeals in considering the factual sufficiency of the
of other jurisdictions. 43 Beyond this, the courts of appeals'
                                                                  evidence. 52 The court of appeals said, “[t]o recover damages
decisions diverge.
                                                                  for physical impairment, a plaintiff must prove ‘that the effect
                                                                  of his physical impairment extends beyond any impediment
 *768 The Texarkana court of appeals said in Missouri
                                                                  to his earning capacity and beyond any pain and suffering to
Pacific Railroad Co. v. Lane that “[l]oss of enjoyment of
                                                                  the extent that it produces a separate and distinct loss that is
life may not be claimed as a separate element of damages,
but may be treated as a factor in determining the damages         substantial and for which he should be compensated.’ ” 53

in general or those for pain and suffering.” 44 It reiterated
                                                                   *770 First, that definition does not fully eliminate the
this view in Fibreboard Corp. v. Pool. 45 The Corpus Christi      overlap among physical impairment, pain, suffering, mental
court of appeals in Spohn Hospital v. Mayer seemed to agree       anguish, and disfigurement. Nor does it give adequate
with Lane and Fibreboard, concluding that “[e]vidence of a        guidance about whether the impairment must be the result
loss of enjoyment of life may be considered in determining        of a permanent injury. Second, and more importantly, that
damages in general or for pain and suffering.” 46 However,        definition was not given to the jury in this case. If courts
the Tyler court of appeals' analyses do not agree entirely        across the country can rationally conclude that loss of
with the Texarkana and Corpus Christi courts. In Brookshire       enjoyment of life can be part of pain and suffering or mental
Brothers, Inc. v. Wagnon, the Tyler court suggested that          anguish or disfigurement or physical impairment, then so can
“certainly the loss of enjoyment of life, which encompasses       a jury. The jury in this case could have compensated Jackson
the loss of the injured party's former lifestyle, may be          for loss of enjoyment of life as part of physical pain and
considered when determining mental anguish damages.” 47           mental anguish, or disfigurement, or divided compensation
In Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v. Holland, that court said that         in some manner between the two categories. The jury charge
“physical impairment, sometimes termed loss of enjoyment          permitted the jury to make its own determination of how to
of life, encompasses the loss of the injured party's former       categorize and compensate the losses suffered by Jackson.

lifestyle.” 48 The Fourteenth District court of appeals in

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Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

The jury submission in this case comports with a practice            element that is supported by the evidence, the damages award
suggested by some courts of appeals. Instead of defining             will be affirmed if it is supported by the evidence.” 60
damage categories for juries in such a way that they do not
overlap, which we recognize may not be feasible for some              [8] [9] In the case before us, the jury had six blanks to fill
damage elements, some courts of appeals have concluded               and was instructed not to award damages for the same element
that to avoid double awards of damages, particularly when            more than once. Unless the record demonstrates otherwise,
physical impairment is submitted, juries should be directly          an appellate court must presume that the jury followed these
instructed not to award overlapping damages. 54 The decision         instructions. 61 In conducting its factual sufficiency review,
                         55
in French v. Grigsby        approved such an instruction in          the court of appeals should presume that the jury did not
affirming the trial court's judgment awarding damages for            award damages to Jackson for any element more than once,
physical impairment:                                                 unless the record demonstrates otherwise. Accordingly, in
                                                                     reviewing the evidence, the court of appeals should consider
                                                                     whether the jury could reasonably have compensated Jackson
  In answering this special issue you shall not award any            for a particular loss that might be “physical impairment other
  sum of money on any element if you have otherwise, under           than loss of vision” under another category of damages. If the
  some other element, awarded a sum of money for the same            jury could have done so, then the failure to award damages
  loss, that is, do not compensate twice for the same loss, if       for that particular loss would not be against the great weight
   any. 56                                                           and preponderance of the evidence.
This type of instruction informs the jury that it is not to make a
duplicative award of damages. In this regard, we note that the       The court of appeals should first consider what evidence is
trial court in the case before us today followed the State Bar       unique to “physical impairment other than loss of vision.”
of Texas Pattern Jury Charge to some extent, 57 which uses           In this regard, the bone fractures, ruptured sinus, and broken
language different from the instruction in French. The trial         nose sustained by Jackson are the typical type of physical
court's charge said: “Consider the elements of damages listed        injury for which a jury could reasonably compensate an
below and none other. Consider each element separately. Do           injured party through an award for physical pain and mental
not include damages for one element in any other element.”           anguish. Evidence of Jackson's headaches could also logically
The instruction in French is clearer.                                fall either within “physical impairment other than loss of
                                                                     vision,” for which the jury awarded no damages, or within
Given that some of the categories of damages submitted to            past and future physical pain and mental anguish, for which
the jury in this case were not defined and therefore were not        the jury did award damages.
cleanly and clearly segregated from one another, the question,
then, is how should the court of appeals review the factual           [10]     [11] The evidence regarding Jackson's hospital
sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury's award for          confinements and his alleged loss of enjoyment of life for
physical impairment. It is to that question that we now turn.        the two months he was recuperating present a more complex
                                                                     question. A number of decisions in other jurisdictions indicate
                                                                     that loss of enjoyment of life results from permanent rather
                                                                     than temporary injuries, 62 *772 although a few decisions
                               IV
                                                                     indicate otherwise. 63 Particularly in light of the availability
The charge in this case permitted the jury to award separate         of damages in other categories, such as pain, suffering, and
amounts of damages *771 in six different categories. The             mental anguish to compensate for a temporary inability to
standard of review to determine factual sufficiency of the           enjoy life's activities, a jury could reasonably conclude that
evidence that we set forth today differs from the standard           hedonic damages should be awarded only for permanent
of review that is applied when the jury is asked to award a          injuries. To the extent that our decision in Estrada v. Dillon 64
single amount of damages, but is told that it may consider           could be read to hold otherwise, we did not focus on that
various elements in arriving at that amount. 58 In the latter        specific issue, as we now have done. As the Supreme Court of
circumstance, we have held that a challenge must address all         Michigan has observed, “the pangs of separation from family
the elements that could have been considered by the jury in          during hospitalization may be taken into account as a part
making its total, single-amount award. 59 “If there is just one      of the injured person's mental suffering.” 65 The Supreme

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                9
Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

Court of Alaska has also categorized “a substantial amount        If only one category of the jury's award is challenged, and
of time convalescing in the hospital” as evidence of pain and     the award in that category is not against the great weight
suffering. 66 But whether to award damages and how much           and preponderance of the evidence unique to it, the court's
is uniquely within the factfinder's discretion.                   inquiry should end there. A court should not consider losses
                                                                  or injuries for which the jury could have compensated the
 [12] We are persuaded that in the proper case, when the          injured party under a different category unless a factual
evidence supports such a submission, loss of enjoyment of         sufficiency challenge is made to all overlapping categories
life fits best among the factors a factfinder may consider        of damages. Otherwise, an injured party could receive an
in assessing damages for physical impairment. Indeed, if          adequate award for all injuries and losses sustained when
other elements such as pain, suffering, mental anguish, and       a jury chooses to compensate for injuries or losses in the
disfigurement are submitted, there is little left for which to    categories of pain, suffering or mental anguish, rather than
compensate under the category of physical impairment other        physical impairment, and the injured party would still get a
than loss of enjoyment of life. Accordingly, if “physical         new trial by challenging only the jury's award under physical
impairment” is defined for a jury, it would be appropriate        impairment.
to advise the jury that it may consider as a factor loss of
enjoyment of life. But the jury should be instructed that the   In this case, Jackson has challenged the factual sufficiency of
effect of any physical impairment must be substantial and       the jury's failure to award larger damages in the categories
extend beyond any pain, suffering, mental anguish, lost wages   of physical pain and mental anguish, physical impairment of
or diminished earning capacity and that a claimant should not   loss of vision, and disfigurement, as well as the award of no
be compensated more than once for the same elements of loss     damages for “physical impairment other than loss of vision.”
or injury.                                                      The court of appeals should conduct a review of each of these
                                                                categories, considering the evidence unique to each category.
 *773 [13]         [14]      [15]    [16] In the case before usIf, after considering evidence unique to a category, the court
today, no definition of “physical impairment” was given or      concludes that the jury's failure to award larger damages for
requested. Without any definition to guide it, the jury could   that category is against the great weight and preponderance
have concluded that Jackson's temporary injuries resulted in    of the evidence, it should then consider all the overlapping
compensable loss of enjoyment of life. However, the jury        evidence, together with the evidence unique to each other
could reasonably have decided to compensate Jackson for the     category to determine if the total amount awarded in the
time he spent hospitalized and recuperating, during which he    overlapping categories is factually sufficient. This takes into
was unable to enjoy recreational activities, under the category account all the evidence regarding damages in categories that
of physical pain and mental anguish. Or, the jury could         overlap, but does not credit that evidence more than once in
have decided that Jackson should not recover any hedonic        evaluating the amount awarded by the jury.
damages for his temporary injuries. If a court of appeals were
to base its decision on the sufficiency of the evidence to      The necessary corollary to these principles is that in reviewing
support the jury's failure to award damages for one category of a challenge that an award for a category is excessive because
damages (or its failure to award larger damages) on evidence    there is factually insufficient evidence to support it, a court
that the jury could have credited in making an award for        of appeals should consider all the evidence that bears on that
other damage elements, then the court of appeals would be       category of damages, even if the evidence also relates to
substituting its judgment for that of the jury in evaluating in another category of damages. To do otherwise would mean
which category, if any, the injured party should have been      that evidence that reasonably could have supported the jury's
compensated. A court of appeals should therefore confine its    award would not be considered, which would be improper. If
review to evidence, if any, that is unique to the challenged    more than one award in overlapping categories is challenged
category. If the jury's failure to award damages or the amount  as excessive, the court *774 of appeals should consider
of damages awarded is so against the great weight and           all the evidence that relates to the total amount awarded in
preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust,       all overlapping categories to determine if the total amount
shock the conscience, or clearly demonstrate bias, then a new   awarded was excessive. This likewise gives full effect to all
trial would be required.                                        the evidence without crediting any of the evidence more than
                                                                once.

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Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

Golden Eagle contends that the court of appeals concluded          jury's failure to award any damages for pain and suffering. 75
that the jury was required to award damages for “physical          This does not mean, however, that a verdict awarding no
impairment other than loss of vision” solely on the basis          damages for pain and suffering should be upheld on appeal if
that there was objective evidence of physical injury. In this      there is objective, undisputed evidence of a significant injury
regard the court of appeals said that it found the decision        and the jury could not have compensated the injured party in
in Robinson v. Minick 67 “instructive.” 68 The injured party       some other category of damages.
in Robinson had facial fractures, surgery, and spent a month
in the hospital. The court in Robinson held that “when we          In Monroe v. Grider, 76 the court of appeals properly drew
apply settled law that requires a jury to award something for      a distinction between a jury's failure to award damages for
every element of damage proven, to the undisputed, objective       pain and suffering when there was objective, undisputed
evidence of severe physical impairment in the past, we cannot      evidence of injury and the jury's failure to award damages
escape the conclusion that the jury's finding of $0 is against     for mental anguish. In that case, the trial court had submitted
the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.” 69            physical pain and mental anguish in one issue. The jury
Similarly, the court of appeals in this case held that “[t]here    failed to award any damages in that category, although the
is nothing subjective or conflicting about the evidence of         plaintiff had a fractured wrist and a sprained muscle in her
the broken bones around [Jackson's] eye, the broken nose,          groin that “temporarily prevented her from working and fully
or ruptured sinus” and that these “injuries are demonstrative      enjoying recreational activities.” 77 The court of appeals held,
of impairment beyond pain and suffering, loss of earning           “[u]ncontroverted evidence of an objective injury does not
capacity, and loss of vision.” 70                                  always require mental anguish damages,” but the jury could
                                                                   not ignore uncontroverted evidence of injury in denying any
 [17] In keeping with the principles that a court may not          recovery for past physical pain. 78
substitute its judgment for that of the jury and that the jury
is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of testimony,      To summarize the factual sufficiency standard of review
courts should not conclude that a jury's failure to award any      that we adopt today, when only one category of damages is
damages for physical impairment is against the great weight        challenged on the basis that the award in that category was
and preponderance of the evidence simply because there is          zero or was too low, a court should consider only whether the
objective evidence of an injury. The courts of appeals in          evidence unique to that category is so against the great weight
Landacre v. Armstrong Building Maintenance Co. 71 and              and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust,
Platt v. Fregia 72 both concluded that a jury's failure to award   shock the conscience, or clearly demonstrate bias. When, as
damages for physical impairment was not against the great          in this case, the jury's failure to find greater damages in more
weight and preponderance of the evidence even though the           than one overlapping category is challenged, the court of
plaintiffs in those cases had some permanent functional loss       appeals should first determine if the evidence unique to each
of a part of their body. In Landacre, the plaintiff had a frozen   category is factually sufficient. If it is not, the court of appeals
shoulder and her normal range of motion decreased to 50%.          should then consider all the overlapping evidence, together
In Platt, the plaintiff lost 30% function in his knee. The jury    with the evidence unique to each category, to determine if
in each case had awarded amounts in other categories of            the total amount awarded in the overlapping categories is
non-economic damages. The court in Landacre concluded              factually sufficient.
that “[t]he determination that the appellant has not and
will not suffer physical impairment apart from that already         [18] This standard of review gives due regard to a jury's
                                                                   choice of whether and how to categorize and compensate for
compensated for is uniquely within the jury's province.” 73
                                                                   specific losses or injuries that could reasonably fall into more
                                                                   than one category of damages. It also advances the principles
Similarly, in Pilkington v. Kornell, the court of appeals
                                                                   that a tort victim should be fully and fairly compensated, but
concluded that when a jury is presented with conflicting
                                                                   that a double recovery should be avoided.
evidence about the existence and severity of a physical injury
and associated pain, the jury “could believe all or any part of
                                                                    [19] Additionally, in reviewing a jury's failure to award
the testimony *775 of any witness and disregard all or any
                                                                   any damages, courts of appeals should apply the principles
part of the testimony of any witness.” 74 The court upheld a
                                                                   articulated in Pool v. Ford Motor Co. 79 In this case, the

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Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

court of appeals did not detail the evidence that supported the   appeals' judgment and remand the case for consideration
jury's failure to award any damages for physical impairment       of the evidence under the well-established Pool standard.
other than loss of vision or state in what regard the contrary    Because the Court fashions a confusing and unnecessary
evidence greatly *776 outweighed the evidence in support          review standard that will be difficult, if not impossible, to
of the verdict, as our decision in Pool requires.                 apply, I concur in the judgment only.

                                                                  In Pool v. Ford Motor Company, we said that courts of
                                                                  appeals should, when reversing on insufficiency grounds,
                              V
                                                                               detail the evidence relevant to the
 [20] Finally, we consider Golden Eagle's contention that the
                                                                               issue in consideration and clearly state
trial court erred in submitting both “physical impairment of
                                                                               why the jury's finding is factually
loss of vision” and “physical impairment other than loss of
                                                                               insufficient or is so against the
vision” as separate items of damage. Golden Eagle argues
                                                                               great weight and preponderance as
that submitting these elements violated Texas Rule of Civil
                                                                               to be manifestly unjust; why it
Procedure 277. We need not decide whether Golden Eagle
                                                                               shocks the conscience; or clearly
preserved this complaint for appeal because we conclude that
                                                                               demonstrates bias. Further, those
there was no reversible error in the submission.
                                                                               courts, in their opinions, should state
                                                                               in what regard the contrary evidence
Rule 277 provides that “[i]n all jury cases the court
                                                                               greatly outweighs the evidence in
shall, whenever feasible, submit the cause upon broad-form
                                                                               support of the verdict.
questions.” 80 Although the trial court granulated physical
impairment into two separate categories, Golden Eagle             715 S.W.2d at 635. Courts of appeals may not reverse on the
did not explain how it was harmed by this submission,             mere conclusion that the evidence preponderates toward an
particularly in light of the jury's award of “$0” for physical    affirmative answer but may reverse only after a detailing of
impairment other than loss of vision.                             evidence under Pool indicates that the great weight of that
                                                                  evidence supports an affirmative answer. Herbert v. Herbert,
We reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand        754 S.W.2d 141, 144 (Tex.1988).
this case to that court for further proceedings.
                                                                  Some courts of appeals, though, have applied a different rule
                                                                  when a jury finds *777 liability but fails to award damages.
                                                                  Although the so-called “zero damages” rule has various
Justice O'NEILL filed a concurring opinion, in which Justice
                                                                  iterations, it generally provides that, once a jury has found an
SCHNEIDER joined.
                                                                  injury and some resulting damage, the failure to compensate
Justice JEFFERSON did not participate in the decision.            for intangible damage elements such as pain and suffering
                                                                  is necessarily against the great weight and preponderance
                                                                  of the evidence. See W. Wendall Hall, Standards of Review
Justice O'NEILL filed a concurring opinion, in which Justice
                                                                  in Texas, 29 St. Mary's L.J. 351, 465–66 (1998); Raul A.
SCHNEIDER joined.
                                                                  Gonzalez & Rob Gilbreath, Appellate Review of a Jury's
If I were directed to conduct a factual sufficiency review
                                                                  Finding of “Zero Damages,” 54 Tex. B.J. 418 (1991). When
of the evidence in this case under the standard the Court
                                                                  strictly applying the “zero damages” rule, a reviewing court
articulates today, I wouldn't have a clue. The question this
                                                                  does not consider and weigh all of the evidence in the case
case presents is simple and straightforward: did the court of
                                                                  (both that which tends to support the jury's finding and that
appeals follow the review standard we articulated in Pool
                                                                  which does not), state in what regard the contrary evidence
v. Ford Motor Company, 715 S.W.2d 629 (Tex.1986), in
                                                                  greatly outweighs the evidence that supports the verdict,
reviewing the jury's award of zero damages for Jackson's
                                                                  or explain why the jury's finding shocks the conscience or
physical impairment other than loss of vision? Clearly it
                                                                  clearly demonstrates bias, as Pool requires. Because the “zero
did not, applying instead the so-called “zero damages” rule.
                                                                  damages” rule is inconsistent with the Pool review standard,
That rule is inconsistent with Pool, and we should take this
                                                                  we should take this opportunity to expressly disavow it.
opportunity to clearly say so. I would reverse the court of

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Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

                                                                  allowed the jury to award separate damages for medical
In this case, although the court of appeals recited the
                                                                  care, physical pain and mental anguish, physical impairment
Pool standard, it actually conducted an evidentiary review
                                                                  of loss of vision, physical impairment other than loss of
that more closely resembles the “zero damages” rule.
                                                                  vision, disfigurement, and loss of earnings in the past.
From the existence of the injury itself, which necessitated
                                                                  The jury was instructed to consider each damage element
hospitalization and surgery, the court of appeals concluded
                                                                  separately and not to include damages for one element in any
that Jackson suffered compensable physical impairment other
                                                                  other. We must presume that the jury followed the court's
than loss of vision and that the jury's finding to the contrary
                                                                  instruction. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 298 (Tex.2002)
was so against the great weight and preponderance of the
                                                                  (Hankinson, J., dissenting). Accordingly, to reverse based
evidence as to be manifestly unjust. There are several
                                                                  on the jury's finding of zero damages for Jackson's alleged
problems with the court of appeals' approach. First, the court
                                                                  physical impairment other than loss of vision, the court
began its analysis by examining the record for evidence
                                                                  of appeals was required to detail the evidence that would
against the jury's finding, citing Jackson's facial fractures,
                                                                  show Jackson suffered a distinct physical impairment loss
hospitalization and frequent headaches as some evidence of
                                                                  that did not overlap the other damage elements the jury
impairment other than loss of vision. It then failed to recite
                                                                  found. Further, that evidence must demonstrate a distinct
all of the evidence that supports the jury's finding. Jackson
                                                                  loss so substantial and compelling that, when weighed
himself testified that he recovered well from his eye injury,
                                                                  against the contrary evidence, the jury's failure to compensate
and that he received an excellent result from his surgery.
                                                                  it is manifestly unjust, shocks the conscience, or clearly
There was evidence that Jackson's headaches had lessened
                                                                  demonstrates bias. The court of appeals summarily concluded
over time. At Jackson's request, his doctor released him to
                                                                  that Jackson's facial fractures, hospitalization, and headaches
return to work approximately two months after the injury,
                                                                  “are demonstrative of impairment beyond pain and suffering,
and he continued to work five days a week as he had before.
                                                                  loss of earning capacity, and loss of vision,” but it does not
Jackson was able to perform tasks around the home after
                                                                  explain how they resulted in any impairment beyond the
his injury, and he continued to go hunting, although not
                                                                  damages elements for which Jackson was compensated or
as frequently. The court of appeals recounted some of this
                                                                  why the jury's contrary finding was manifestly unjust. I would
evidence, but failed to articulate in what regard the contrary
                                                                  reverse and remand the case to the court of appeals with
evidence so greatly outweighed the evidence supporting the
                                                                  instructions to conduct a proper factual sufficiency review
jury's verdict as to shock the conscience or be manifestly
                                                                  under the standard we articulated in Pool.
unjust. See Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 635.

                                                                  Rather than applying the relatively straightforward Pool
More importantly, though, in order to recover, Jackson had
                                                                  standard, the Court wanders through the origins of physical
to demonstrate that his physical impairment other than loss
                                                                  impairment as a distinct damage element (something neither
of vision produced a distinct loss that was substantial and
                                                                  party felt compelled to discuss), ruminates on whether
should be compensated. See Estrada v. Dillon, 44 S.W.3d
                                                                  impairment damages should be awarded for other than
558, 562 (Tex.2001) (citing Landacre v. Armstrong Bldg.
                                                                  permanent injuries (again, neither party raised the issue), and
Maint. Co., 725 S.W.2d 323, 325 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi
                                                                  contemplates which damage element best encompasses the
1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.)) (applying rule that to recover for
                                                                  concept of hedonic damages (nary a word from the parties).
physical impairment a plaintiff must prove that the effect
                                                                  Because the Court's writing consists primarily of dicta, and
of the physical impairment extends beyond any impediment
                                                                  the factual sufficiency review standard it “adopt[s] today” is
to earning capacity or pain and suffering to the extent
                                                                  confusing at best and completely unnecessary, I concur in the
that it produces a substantial separate and distinct loss);
                                                                  judgment only.
Platt v. Fregia, 597 S.W.2d 495, 495–96 (Tex.Civ.App.-
Beaumont 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (concluding that the jury
was not required to award physical impairment damages
                                                                  All Citations
where plaintiff suffered severe knee injury, but surgery
produced good results, plaintiff was soon able to resume          116 S.W.3d 757, Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex.
almost everything he could do before the injury, and he           Sup. Ct. J. 1133
had a 30% functional loss). The *778 charge in this case

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Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

Footnotes
1      715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex.1986).
2      29 S.W.3d 925.
3      Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 24 S.W.3d 362, 364 (Tex.2000).
4      Id. at 375.
5      Id.
6      29 S.W.3d at 929.
7      Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 634–35 (Tex.1986); see also Herbert v. Herbert, 754 S.W.2d 141, 144 (Tex.1988)
       (plurality opinion); Id. at 145 (Phillips, C.J., concurring); In re King's Estate, 150 Tex. 662, 244 S.W.2d 660, 661 (1951).
8      Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 635.
9 Jones v. Tarrant Util. Co., 638 S.W.2d 862, 866 (Tex.1982).
10     Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 635.
11     Id.
12     244 S.W.2d at 661.
13     29 S.W.3d at 929.
14     Ronald Jackson's Brief on the Merits at 11–12, 13, 18 (record citations omitted).
15     The purported origin of the term “Hedonic damages” is discussed in Loth v. Truck–A–Way Corp., 60 Cal. App. 4th 757,
       70 Cal. Rptr. 2d 571, 573 n. 1 (1998).
16     See Peek v. Equip. Serv. Co. of San Antonio, 779 S.W.2d 802, 803 (Tex.1989); see also Mo. Pac. R.R. Co. v. Handley,
       341 S.W.2d 203, 205 (Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio 1960, no writ) (concluding that damages for “mental anguish, severe
       and continued pain and suffering, disfigurement, embarrassment and inability to live a normal life” were not excessive
       when the plaintiff's fingers had been amputated and he was unable to grip anything or hunt and fish as he had in the
       past); but see Ramos v. Kuzas, 65 Ohio St. 3d 42, 600 N.E.2d 241, 243 (1992) (holding that “ ‘[h]edonic losses' include
       the inability to perform the plaintiff's usual specific activities which had given pleasure to this particular plaintiff, such
       as playing golf, dancing, bowling, playing musical instruments, and engaging in specific outdoor sports,” which must be
       distinguished from “[b]asic losses” or “disability losses” that “include the inability to perform the basic mechanical body
       movements of walking, climbing stairs, feeding oneself, and driving a car”).
17     See Houston Transit Co. v. Felder, 146 Tex. 428, 208 S.W.2d 880, 883–84 (1948); Int'l & G.N. Ry. Co. v. Butcher, 98
Tex. 462, 84 S.W. 1052, 1053 (1905); Int'l–Great N. R.R. Co. v. King, 41 S.W.2d 234, 236 (Tex. Comm'n App.1931,
       holding approved); see also Dupont v. Preston, 9 P.3d 1193, 1197 (Colo.Ct.App.2000) (physical impairment can result
       in pecuniary or nonpecuniary harm).
18     755 S.W.2d 890, 893 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, writ denied); see also Rosenboom Mach. & Tool, Inc. v.
       Machala, 995 S.W.2d 817, 825 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. denied).
19     755 S.W.2d at 893.
20     44 S.W.3d 558 (Tex.2001).
21     Id. at 561.
22     Id. at 560.
23     Estrada v. Dillon, 23 S.W.3d 422, 427–28 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2000), rev'd in part, 44 S.W.3d 558 (Tex.2001).
24     Id. at 427.
25     Estrada, 44 S.W.3d at 562 (citing TEX.R. APP. P. 44.1(b)).
26     Id. at 561.
27     Id.
28     See, e.g., Green v. Baldree, 497 S.W.2d 342, 350 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1973, no writ) (observing “[i]t would
       not be proper in every personal injury case to instruct the jury that it might consider loss of earning capacity, pain and
       physical impairment as separate elements of plaintiff's damage,” but concluding that “in almost all of such cases, if not
       all of them, the defendant would be entitled, on request, to have the court submit a special instruction that would be
       calculated to prevent the jury from allowing a double recovery”); Santa Rosa Med. Ctr. v. Robinson, 560 S.W.2d 751,
       760 (Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio 1977, no writ) (reviewing charge that included physical pain and mental anguish, loss of
       earnings, and physical impairment, concluding that “[t]here is clearly a possibility of some overlapping and blending in
       the issues as submitted,” but finding no reversible error); Mikell v. La Beth, 344 S.W.2d 702, 709 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston
       1961, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (concluding that when physical impairment and diminished capacity to work and earn money were

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       both submitted, “there was no necessary duplication of elements of damage.... But if we are mistaken in this, we are of
       the opinion that appellants' [point of error] nevertheless must be overruled because the objection made to the issue in
       the Trial Court did not specifically point out that there was any duplication in the elements of damage as submitted.”).
29     Blankenship v. Mirick, 984 S.W.2d 771, 777 (Tex.App.-Waco 1999, pet. denied); Peter v. Ogden Ground Servs., Inc., 915
S.W.2d 648, 650 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, no writ); Sharm, Inc. v. Martinez, 900 S.W.2d 777, 784 (Tex.App.-
       Corpus Christi 1995, judgm't vacated); Pipgras v. Hart, 832 S.W.2d 360, 366 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1992, writ denied);
       Lawson–Avila Constr., Inc. v. Stoutamire, 791 S.W.2d 584, 599 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 1990, writ denied); Tri–State Motor
       Transit Co. v. Nicar, 765 S.W.2d 486, 493 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, no writ); Robinson v. Minick, 755 S.W.2d
890, 893 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, writ denied); S. Pac. Transp. Co. v. Harlow, 729 S.W.2d 946, 950 (Tex.App.-
       Corpus Christi 1987), writ dism'd, improvidently granted, 745 S.W.2d 320 (Tex.1988); Landacre v. Armstrong Bldg. Maint.
       Co., 725 S.W.2d 323, 324 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Baker Marine Corp. v. Herrera, 704 S.W.2d
58, 62 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Allen v. Whisenhunt, 603 S.W.2d 242, 244 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston
       [14th Dist.] 1980, writ dism'd); Browning v. Paiz, 586 S.W.2d 670, 675 (Tex.Civ.App.-Corpus Christi 1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.);
       French v. Grigsby, 567 S.W.2d 604, 607 (Tex.Civ.App.-Beaumont), writ ref'd n.r.e., 571 S.W.2d 867 (Tex.1978); Santa
       Rosa Med. Ctr., 560 S.W.2d at 760; Green, 497 S.W.2d at 350.
30     29 S.W.3d at 928 (quoting Blankenship, 984 S.W.2d at 777).
31     See Rosenboom Mach. & Tool, Inc. v. Machala, 995 S.W.2d 817, 826–28 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet.
       denied); Blankenship, 984 S.W.2d at 778 (concluding that evidence that plaintiff could no longer do aerobic exercises,
       she did not walk as well, her knees gave out, and her physician said likelihood of developing arthritis was much higher
       was sufficient to support award for physical impairment); Peter, 915 S.W.2d at 650; Lawson–Avila Constr., Inc., 791
       S.W.2d at 600 (noting that physician testified that 27–year–old plaintiff would have to restrict his activities for the rest of
       his life and his condition would become worse over time); Tri–State Motor Transit Co., 765 S.W.2d at 493 (concluding
       that evidence of loss of ability to enjoy recreational sports supported award); S. Pac. Transp. Co., 729 S.W.2d at 950–51;
       Allen, 603 S.W.2d at 244 (observing that plaintiff could no longer engage in manual labor as an employee or for his own
       benefit, mow a lawn, or play basketball); Platt v. Fregia, 597 S.W.2d 495, 495–96 (Tex.Civ.App.-Beaumont 1980, writ
       ref'd n.r.e.); Browning, 586 S.W.2d at 675 (observing that physician testified that condition of plaintiff's leg was permanent
       and the prognosis was poor, perhaps requiring amputation); French, 567 S.W.2d at 607–08; Santa Rosa Med. Ctr., 560
       S.W.2d at 760 (concluding that evidence of partial paralysis, spasticity, difficulty focusing both eyes, slurring of words,
       and inability to perform any of the usual tasks of a working man supported award for physical impairment); Charles T.
       Picton Lumber Co. v. Redden, 452 S.W.2d 713, 723 (Tex.Civ.App.-Corpus Christi 1970, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (noting that
       plaintiff, a paraplegic, was permanently injured and would require braces, crutches, or a wheel chair); Dr. Pepper Bottling
       Co. v. Rainboldt, 66 S.W.2d 496, 501 (Tex.Civ.App.-Waco 1933), rev'd on other grounds, Schroeder v. Rainboldt, 128
Tex. 269, 97 S.W.2d 679 (1936) (plaintiff's bladder was permanently injured and she would be unable to have children);
       see also Mo. Pac. R.R. Co. v. Handley, 341 S.W.2d 203, 205 (Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio 1960, no writ).
32     See, e.g., Schindler Elevator Corp. v. Anderson, 78 S.W.3d 392, 412–13 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, judgm't
       vacated) (holding that temporary injuries supported award for past physical impairment, but that permanent injuries
       supported award for future physical impairment).
33     44 S.W.3d 558, 561–62 (Tex.2001).
34     98 Tex. 462, 84 S.W. 1052 (1905).
35     25 Tex. Civ. App. 145, 60 S.W. 314, 316 (1901).
36     Id.
37     66 S.W.2d at 497.
38     Id. at 501.
39     Id.
40     Id.
41     Id.
42     See, e.g., Mo. Pac. R.R. Co. v. Lane, 720 S.W.2d 830, 834 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1986, writ denied); Spohn Hosp. v.
       Mayer, 72 S.W.3d 52, 67 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2001), rev'd on other grounds, 104 S.W.3d 878 (Tex.2003); Brookshire
       Bros., Inc. v. Wagnon, 979 S.W.2d 343, 353 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1998, pet. denied).
43     Akers v. Kelley Co., 173 Cal. App. 3d 633, 219 Cal. Rptr. 513, 526 (1985); Loth v. Truck–A–Way Corp., 60 Cal. App. 4th
757, 70 Cal. Rptr. 2d 571, 575 (1998); Knight v. Lord, 271 Ill.App.3d 581, 207 Ill. Dec. 917, 648 N.E.2d 617, 623 (1995);
       Sena v. N.M. State Police, 119 N.M. 471, 892 P.2d 604, 610–11 (Ct.App.1995) (noting that loss of enjoyment of life is a

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       factor to be considered in relation to other elements of damage such as disability, pain, suffering, and mental anguish);
       Jones v. Chicago Osteopathic Hosp., 316 Ill.App.3d 1121, 250 Ill. Dec. 326, 738 N.E.2d 542, 554–55 (2000); Frito–Lay,
       Inc. v. Cloud, 569 N.E.2d 983, 989 (Ind.Ct.App.1991); Poyzer v. McGraw, 360 N.W.2d 748, 753 (Iowa 1985); Gregory v.
       Carey, 246 Kan. 504, 791 P.2d 1329, 1336 (1990); Adams v. Miller, 908 S.W.2d 112, 116 (Ky.1995) (holding that hedonic
       value of life “is already recoverable in the recognized category of mental suffering”); Anunti v. Payette, 268 N.W.2d 52,
       55 (Minn.1978); Anderson v. Neb. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 253 Neb. 813, 572 N.W.2d 362, 367 (1998) (holding that loss of
       enjoyment of life may properly be considered as it relates to pain and suffering and to disability, but it is improper to treat
       it as a separate category of nonpecuniary damages); Bennett v. Lembo, 145 N.H. 276, 761 A.2d 494, 498 (2000); Wilt v.
       Buracker, 191 W.Va. 39, 443 S.E.2d 196, 207 (1993); but see Ogden v. J.M. Steel Erecting, Inc., 201 Ariz. 32, 31 P.3d
806, 813 (Ct.App.2001); Preston v. Dupont, 35 P.3d 433, 441 (Colo.2001); Montalvo v. Lapez, 77 Hawai'i 282, 884 P.2d
345, 364 (1994); Curtis v. Porter, 784 A.2d 18, 26 (Me.2001); Kan. City S. Ry. Co. v. Johnson, 798 So. 2d 374, 380–81
       (Miss.2001); Moscatello v. Univ. of Med. and Dentistry, 342 N.J.Super. 351, 776 A.2d 874, 881 (2001); Boan v. Blackwell,
       343 S.C. 498, 541 S.E.2d 242, 244 (2001); Overstreet v. Shoney's, Inc., 4 S.W.3d 694, 715 (Tenn.Ct.App.1999); Kirk v.
       Wash. State Univ., 109 Wash.2d 448, 746 P.2d 285, 292–93 (1987); Mariner v. Marsden, 610 P.2d 6, 12 (Wyo.1980).
44     720 S.W.2d at 834.
45     813 S.W.2d 658, 674 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1991, writ denied) (stating that loss of enjoyment of life “may be treated as
       a factor in determining damages in general or for pain and suffering”).
46     72 S.W.3d at 67.
47     979 S.W.2d at 353.
48     956 S.W.2d 590, 599 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1997), rev'd on other grounds, 1 S.W.3d 91 (Tex.1999) (reversing award of
       attorney's fees).
49     Schindler Elevator Corp. v. Anderson, 78 S.W.3d 392, 412 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, judgm't vacated).
50     Santa Rosa Med. Ctr. v. Robinson, 560 S.W.2d 751, 762 (Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio 1977, no writ) (Cadena, C.J.,
       dissenting).
51     See generally Boan v. Blackwell, 343 S.C. 498, 541 S.E.2d 242, 244–45 (2001) (holding that, when supported by the
       evidence, a jury shall be charged that the injured person is entitled to recover damages for loss of enjoyment of life); Kan.
       City S. Ry. Co., Inc. v. Johnson, 798 So. 2d 374, 380 (Miss.2001) (holding that “loss of enjoyment of life should be fully
       compensated and should be considered on its own merits as a separate element of damages, not as a part of one's pain
       and suffering”); Ogden v. J.M. Steel Erecting, Inc., 201 Ariz. 32, 31 P.3d 806, 813 (Ct.App.2001) (holding that a “separate
       charge on hedonic damages will minimize the risk that a jury will under- or over-compensate an injured person for her
       noneconomic losses”); Jones v. Chicago Osteopathic Hosp., 316 Ill.App.3d 1121, 250 Ill. Dec. 326, 738 N.E.2d 542, 554
       (2000) (stating that “ ‘loss of normal life’ has almost universally been interpreted as a component of disability which
       compensates for a change in the plaintiff's lifestyle”); Knepper v. Robin, 745 So. 2d 1248, 1257 (La.Ct.App.1999) (holding
       that trial court erred in “depriv[ing] the jurors of the opportunity to consider the distinctions between loss of enjoyment of
       life and the general damages of pain and suffering”); Loth v. Truck–A–Way Corp., 60 Cal. App. 4th 757, 70 Cal. Rptr. 2d
571, 575 (1998) (surveying decisions and holding that “[l]oss of enjoyment of life, however, is only one component of a
       general damage award for pain and suffering [but] is not calculated as a separate award”); Smallwood v. Bradford, 352
Md. 8, 720 A.2d 586, 592–95 (1998) (examining authorities, concluding that loss of enjoyment of life was not recoverable
       when decedent was almost instantly killed in a car crash); Adams v. Miller, 908 S.W.2d 112, 116 (Ky.1995) (holding
       that hedonic value of life “is already recoverable in the recognized category of mental suffering”); Knight v. Lord, 271
       Ill.App.3d 581, 207 Ill. Dec. 917, 648 N.E.2d 617, 623 (1995) (noting that loss of enjoyment of life is a component of
       disability damages, but the term “loss of a normal life” is less likely to be misunderstood than “disability”); Fantozzi v.
       Sandusky Cement Prods. Co., 64 Ohio St. 3d 601, 597 N.E.2d 474, 481–87 (1992) (surveying decisions regarding loss
       of enjoyment of life and holding that “permitting a separate interrogatory and jury finding on this damage, would help the
       jury understand exactly what claimed damages it is addressing”); Eyoma v. Falco, 247 N.J.Super. 435, 589 A.2d 653,
       658 (1991) (holding that loss of enjoyment of life is a separate and distinct item of damages); Frito–Lay, Inc. v. Cloud, 569
N.E.2d 983, 989 (Ind.Ct.App.1991) (holding it “is error to instruct the jury on the loss of quality and enjoyment of life as
       an element of damages separate from other elements of damage, such as pain and suffering or permanency of injury”);
       Gregory v. Carey, 246 Kan. 504, 791 P.2d 1329, 1335–36 (1990) (discussing the various decisions that have considered
       loss of enjoyment of life and concluding that it is “inextricably included within the more traditional areas of damages for
       disability and pain and suffering”); Nussbaum v. Gibstein, 73 N.Y.2d 912, 539 N.Y.S.2d 289, 536 N.E.2d 618, 619 (1989)
       (holding that “loss of enjoyment of life is not a separate element of damages deserving a distinct award but is, instead, only
       a factor to be considered by the jury in assessing damages for conscious pain and suffering”); McDougald v. Garber, 73

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       N.Y.2d 246, 538 N.Y.S.2d 937, 536 N.E.2d 372, 376–77 (1989) (surveying authorities and holding that loss of enjoyment
       of life is a permissible factor in assessing pain and suffering, but no purpose would be served by having the jury make
       separate awards); see generally Hermes, Loss of Enjoyment of Life–Duplication of Damages Versus Full Compensation,
       63 N.D. L.REV. 561 (1987); Annotation, Loss of Enjoyment of Life as Distinct Element or Factor in Awarding Damages
       for Bodily Injury, 34 A.L.R.4TH 293 (1984); Cramer, Comment, Loss of Enjoyment of Life as a Separate Element of
       Damages, 12 PAC. L.J. 965 (1981).
52     See, e.g., Green v. Baldree, 497 S.W.2d 342, 350 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1973, no writ) (holding that “[t]he
       plaintiff must sustain the burden of proving that the effect of his physical impairment extends beyond any impediment to
       his earning capacity and beyond any pain and suffering to the extent that it produces a separate and distinct loss that
       is substantial and for which he should be compensated”).
53     29 S.W.3d at 928 (quoting Blankenship v. Mirick, 984 S.W.2d 771, 777 (Tex.App.-Waco 1999, pet. denied)).
54     See, e.g., Rosenboom Mach. & Tool, Inc. v. Machala, 995 S.W.2d 817, 825 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet.
       denied); Green, 497 S.W.2d at 350 (commenting that when physical impairment is submitted as a separate element, “the
       defendant would be entitled, on request, to have the court submit a special instruction that would be calculated to prevent
       the jury from allowing a double recovery”); see also Robinson v. Minick, 755 S.W.2d 890, 894–95 (Tex.App.-Houston
       [1st Dist.] 1988, writ denied) (stating that limiting instruction might have prevented jury from considering past physical
       impairment in making its award for other elements).
55     567 S.W.2d 604 (Tex.Civ.App.-Beaumont), writ ref'd n.r.e., 571 S.W.2d 867 (Tex.1978).
56     Id. at 608.
57     TEXAS PATTERN JURY CHARGES PJC 8.2 (2000 ed.).
58     See, e.g., Thomas v. Oldham, 895 S.W.2d 352, 360 (Tex.1995); Price v. Short, 931 S.W.2d 677, 688 (Tex.App.-Dallas
       1996, no writ); Greater Houston Transp., Inc. v. Zrubeck, 850 S.W.2d 579, 589 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1993, writ
       denied).
59     See Price, 931 S.W.2d at 688.
60     Greater Houston Transp., Inc., 850 S.W.2d at 589.
61     See Gillette Motor Transp. Co. v. Whitfield, 145 Tex. 571, 200 S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex.1947); see also In re K.R., 63
S.W.3d 796, 800–01 (Tex.2001); Turner, Collie, & Braden, Inc. v. Brookhollow, Inc., 642 S.W.2d 160, 167 (Tex.1982);
       Daugherty v. S. Pac. Transp. Co., 772 S.W.2d 81, 83 (Tex.1989).
62     Kan. City S. Ry. Co. v. Johnson, 798 So. 2d 374, 381 (Miss.2001) (distinguishing loss of enjoyment of life from pain and
       suffering, noting that “[a] permanent injury differs from pain and suffering in that it is an injury from which the plaintiff
       cannot completely recover”); Ogden v. J.M. Steel Erecting, Inc., 201 Ariz. 32, 31 P.3d 806, 813 (Ct.App.2001) (defining
       loss of enjoyment of life as “damages [that] compensate the individual not only for the subjective knowledge that one
       can no longer enjoy all of life's pursuits, but also for the objective loss of the ability to engage in these activities”);
       Bennett v. Lembo, 145 N.H. 276, 761 A.2d 494, 498 (N.H.2000) (holding that damages for loss of enjoyment of life are
       a component of permanent impairment); Sena v. N.M. State Police, 119 N.M. 471, 892 P.2d 604, 611 (Ct.App.1995)
       (holding that “New Mexico permits proof of nonpecuniary damages resulting from the loss of enjoyment of life in tort
       actions involving permanent injuries”); Laing v. Am. Honda Motor Co., Inc., 628 So. 2d 196, 204 (La.Ct.App.1993) (finding
       evidence sufficient to support award for hedonic damages when, seven years after the accident, plaintiff could not feed
       himself or enjoy writing or cooking, and required assistance to perform basic tasks); Wilt v. Buracker, 191 W.Va. 39, 443
S.E.2d 196, 200 (1993) (stating that “damages for the loss of enjoyment of life are a valid element of recovery when a
       plaintiff has suffered a permanent injury”) (emphasis omitted); Fantozzi v. Sandusky Cement Prods. Co., 64 Ohio St. 3d
601, 597 N.E.2d 474, 486–87 (1992) (holding that a jury should be instructed that it may award damages for an inability
       to perform usual activities of life or usual activities that give pleasure if it finds a permanent disability); Eyoma v. Falco,
       247 N.J.Super. 435, 589 A.2d 653, 662 (1991) (holding that loss of enjoyment of life is an element of the permanent injury
       a plaintiff has suffered); Kirk v. Wash. State Univ., 109 Wash.2d 448, 746 P.2d 285, 292–93 (1987) (holding that trial
       court did not err in allowing jury to consider loss of enjoyment of life when injury to plaintiff's elbow was permanent and
       she could not become a professional dancer); Gowdy v. United States, 271 F. Supp. 733, 751 (W.D.Mich.1967) (noting
       in reviewing evidence of loss of enjoyment of life that the plaintiff's impairment was permanent).
63     Smith v. City of Evanston, 260 Ill.App.3d 925, 197 Ill. Dec. 810, 631 N.E.2d 1269, 1279 (1994) (noting that “loss of a
       normal life” should be “defined as plaintiff's ‘diminished ability to enjoy life that the plaintiff has experienced,’ which
       should include plaintiff's temporary or permanent inability to pursue the pleasurable aspects of life, such as recreation
       or hobbies”) (citation omitted).
64     44 S.W.3d 558 (Tex.2001).

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               17
Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757 (2003)
Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 16,745, 46 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1133

65     Berger v. Weber, 411 Mich. 1, 303 N.W.2d 424, 436 (1981).
66     Am. Nat'l Watermattress Corp. v. Manville, 642 P.2d 1330, 1341 (Alaska 1982).
67     755 S.W.2d 890 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, writ denied).
68     29 S.W.3d at 929.
69     755 S.W.2d at 894.
70     29 S.W.3d at 929.
71     725 S.W.2d 323, 325 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
72     597 S.W.2d 495, 495–96 (Tex.Civ.App.-Beaumont 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
73     725 S.W.2d at 325; see also Platt, 597 S.W.2d at 495–96 (holding that jury was not required to award damages for
       physical impairment in addition to damages for past physical and mental anguish even though plaintiff severely injured
       his knee, surgery was required, and there was a 30% functional loss).
74     822 S.W.2d 223, 230 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1991, writ denied).
75     Id. at 231; see also Waltrip v. Bilbon Corp., 38 S.W.3d 873, 881–82 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2001, pet. denied) (holding that
       $100 award for past physical pain and mental anguish was not against great weight and preponderance of the evidence);
       Srite v. Owens–Ill., Inc., 870 S.W.2d 556, 563 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1993), rev'd on other grounds, Owens–Ill.,
       Inc. v. Estate of Burt, 897 S.W.2d 765 (Tex.1995) (reversing only on pre-judgment interest).
76     884 S.W.2d 811, 820 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1994, writ denied).
77     Id. at 819.
78     Id. at 820.
79     715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex.1986).
80     TEX.R. CIV. P. 277.

End of Document                                              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          18
W
Gonzalez v. Grimm, --- S.W.3d ---- (2015)
2015 WL 4137862

                                                                       of the prosecution in the plaintiff's favor; (4)
                                                                       the plaintiff's innocence; (5) lack of probable
                     2015 WL 4137862
                                                                       cause to initiate or procure the prosecution; (6)
       Only the Westlaw citation is currently available.
                                                                       malice in filing the charge; and (7) damage to the
      NOTICE: THIS OPINION HAS NOT BEEN                                plaintiff.
      RELEASED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE
                                                                       Cases that cite this headnote
 PERMANENT LAW REPORTS. UNTIL RELEASED,
 IT IS SUBJECT TO REVISION OR WITHDRAWAL.
                                                                 [2]   Malicious Prosecution
                  Court of Appeals of Texas,                               Instigation of or participation in prosecution
                           El Paso.
                                                                       Malicious Prosecution
                  Gary Gonzalez, Appellant,                                Institution or continuation of prosecution
                             v.                                        Malicious prosecution plaintiff must prove that
                   Ione Grimm, Appellee.                               the defendant either initiated or procured the
                                                                       prosecution as an element of the claim, and
           No. 08–13–00326–CV          |   July 8, 2015                initiating the action describes executing the
                                                                       charging instrument which goes before the
Synopsis                                                               magistrate, who then may issue an arrest warrant.
Background: After parent of schoolchild was charged with
harassment regarding parent's phone call to school principal,          Cases that cite this headnote
parent brought action against principal for malicious criminal
prosecution. The 171st District Court, El Paso County,
                                                                 [3]   Malicious Prosecution
Yvonne Rangel, J., awarded summary judgment to principal
                                                                           Instigation of or participation in prosecution
but declined to award attorney fees. Parent and principal
appealed. The Court of Appeals, Guadalupe Rivera, J., 353              Defendant can be liable for malicious
S.W.3d 270, reversed and remanded. AFter remand, the 171st             prosecution for procuring the prosecution, and
District Court, El Paso County, Yvonne Rangel, J., granted             person procures a criminal prosecution if his
principal's motion for directed verdict, and parent appealed.          actions are enough to cause the prosecution, and
                                                                       but for his actions the prosecution would not
                                                                       have occurred.

[Holding:] The Court of Appeals, Ann Crawford McClure,                 Cases that cite this headnote
C.J., held that parent did not establish malicious prosecution
claim against principal.
                                                                 [4]   Malicious Prosecution
                                                                           Instigation of or participation in prosecution
Affirmed.                                                              Merely aiding or cooperating with the authorities
                                                                       cannot “cause” a criminal prosecution for
                                                                       purposes of malicious prosecution claim, nor
                                                                       does a person procure a criminal prosecution
 West Headnotes (6)                                                    when the decision whether to prosecute is left
                                                                       to the discretion of another person, such as law
 [1]       Malicious Prosecution                                       enforcement or a grand jury.
                Nature and elements of malicious
                                                                       Cases that cite this headnote
           prosecution in general
           Elements of malicious prosecution are: (1)
           commencement of a criminal prosecution against        [5]   Malicious Prosecution
           the plaintiff; (2) the defendant's initiation or                Instigation of or participation in prosecution
           procurement of that prosecution; (3) termination

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        1
Gonzalez v. Grimm, --- S.W.3d ---- (2015)
2015 WL 4137862

        Even if the decision is ultimately left to law         a charge of criminal harassment, which was later dismissed
        enforcement, when a person knowingly provides          at the request of the State's prosecutor. After the charge was
        false information which causes a criminal              dismissed, Gonzalez sued Grimm who initially prevailed on
        prosecution, they have effectively procured the        a motion for summary judgment, premised on an affirmative
        prosecution and may be liable for malicious            defense under the Education Code. That summary judgment
        prosecution.                                           was reversed on appeal. Gonzalez v. Grimm, 353 S.W.3d 270
                                                               (Tex.App.–El Paso 2011, no pet.). Following remand, the
        Cases that cite this headnote                          case proceeded to trial and at the conclusion of Gonzalez' case
                                                               in chief, the trial court granted a directed verdict, the propriety
 [6]    Malicious Prosecution                                  of which is the only issue before us.
            Instigation of or participation in prosecution
        Malicious Prosecution
            Institution or continuation of prosecution                               Standard of Review
        Parent, who was charged with harassment
                                                               A directed verdict is properly granted when there is “no
        regarding parent's phone call to school principal,
                                                               evidence” to support a material issue in the case. Prudential
        did not establish malicious prosecution claim
                                                               Insurance Company of America v. Financial Review Services,
        against principal; prosecutor initiated charge and
                                                               Inc., 29 S.W.3d 74, 77 (Tex.2000). A trial record contains “no
        not the principal, the claim that principal was
                                                               evidence” when (1) there is a complete absence of evidence
        threatened with bodily injury was itself false,
                                                               of a vital fact, (2) the court is barred by the rules of law or
        but it did not come from principal, and even if
                                                               evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to
        principal provided false information, there was
                                                               prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital
        no indication that the claimed false information
                                                               fact is no more than a mere scintilla, or (4) the evidence
        procured the prosecution.
                                                               conclusively establishes the opposite of a vital fact. City of
        Cases that cite this headnote                          Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 810 (Tex.2005).

                                                               In reviewing a directed verdict, we examine the evidence in
                                                               the light most favorable to the person suffering the adverse
Appeal from 171st District Court of El Paso County, Texas      judgment. S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1, 8 (Tex.1996). But
(TC # 2008–3874). Yvonne Rangel, Judge.                        evidence cannot be taken out of context in a way that makes it
                                                               seem to support a material issue when in fact it never did. City
Attorneys and Law Firms                                        of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 812. Nor do we consider the evidence
                                                               “in isolated bits and pieces divorced from its surroundings;
Mark Berry, El Paso, TX, for Appellant.                        it must be viewed in its proper context with other evidence.”
                                                               AutoZone, Inc. v. Reyes, 272 S.W.3d 588, 592 (Tex.2008).
Albert Armendariz Jr., Law Offices of Dunbar, Armendariz,
                                                               Evidence is legally sufficient if it rises to a level that would
Hegeman & Holguin, P.L.L.C., El Paso, TX, for Appellee.
                                                               enable a reasonable and fair-minded jury to make the finding.
Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, J., and Perez, Judge          City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 810. Evidence that is “so weak
                                                               as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion”
                                                               of a fact is not legally sufficient. Kroger Tex. Ltd. P'ship v.
                                                               Suberu, 216 S.W.3d 788, 793 (Tex.2006), quotingFord Motor
                        OPINION
                                                               Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex.2004). With these
ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice                            standards in mind, we turn to the facts presented prior to the
                                                               directed verdict.
 *1 This is an appeal from a directed verdict. Gary Gonzalez
sued Ione Grimm for malicious prosecution. At the time of
events in question, Grimm was a middle school principal and
                                                                                      Factual Summary
Gonzalez was the father of two students at the school. The
malicious prosecution claim arose out of Gonzalez' arrest on

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Gonzalez v. Grimm, --- S.W.3d ---- (2015)
2015 WL 4137862

Gonzalez' case was presented through four witnesses: Ione         the EPISD where they both could make money. At that point,
Grimm; Victor Araiza (the school district's police chief);        she claims to have hung up on him.
Gonzalez; and his wife. The admitted exhibits included
the court's file from the underlying criminal case, and the       Conversely, Gonzalez denied ever talking to Grimm about
investigation file from the police. We recite only those          holding his daughter back, as that is a decision made by a
matters from the testimony and exhibits that bear on the          specific committee at the school. Instead, Grimm wanted to
issues before us and the background necessary to put them in      talk about his complaint to the District about her. While he
context.                                                          agreed there was a discussion about his possession of her
                                                                  personnel file and Social Security number, he mentioned it
 *2 Ione Grimm started with the El Paso Independent School        only so she could pursue an action against the school district.
District (EPISD) as a principal at Wiggs Middle School in         He denied any intent to participate in such a lawsuit himself.
2000. Following a run-in with an EPISD board member's             He also denied making any threats to harm to Grimm through
wife, she was transferred to an administrative position for       use of her Social Security number, including the statement
several years. By 2004, she was assigned to Magoffin Middle       “do you know what I could do with this?”
School as its principal.
                                                                  Following the phone call, Grimm consulted her husband, her
Her tenure at Magoffin Middle School was not without some         personal attorney, and an EPISD Associate Superintendent,
conflict. Five sets of parents had issues with her and Grimm      all of whom recommended that she file a report with the
believed that Gonzalez led the group. By January 2006, this       police. She then reported the matter to the EPISD campus
group of parents had filed a complaint against Grimm with         police 1 who took her statement on March 14, 2006. She
the EPISD. Part of the dispute related to the PTA chapter at      signed and initialed the written statement which repeated the
the school. Gonzalez also complained about an incident with       substance of her version of the March 8 phone conversation
his daughter. The EPISD Board ruled in Grimm's favor in           set out above. Grimm also sent a letter to the EPISD
February 2006.                                                    superintendent regarding the phone call and requested that
                                                                  the EPISD look into the possible release of her un-redacted
The genesis of this lawsuit is a telephone call that occurred     personnel file. On March 28, 2006 she completed a second
on March 8, 2006. Grimm contends that Gonzalez called the         statement for the EPISD police department. It repeated
school and left a message for her that morning, and that the      the substance of her version of theconversation and then
two talked later that day. Gonzalez claims he never left a        concluded by stating: “I am afraid of Gary Gonzalez and
message for Grimm, and that he called the school to talk to       I do believe that he will use any method within his power
his daughter's teacher, but instead the call was routed into      to cause me harm. I do want to prosecute Gary Gonzalez
Grimm's office. Gonzalez and Grimm sharply dispute what           for being in possession of my identifying numbers and
was said in the conversation.                                     threatening me with using those numbers.” Several EPISD
                                                                  officers participated in the investigation, the last being Officer
Grimm maintains the phone call started with Gonzalez              Lionel Calanche. He had passed away by the time of trial.
requesting that the school hold his daughter back a year.         Only Victor Araiza, Chief of EPISD Police, testified at trial
Grimm did not think that was a good idea, as the daughter         about the handling of the investigation. Generally, when an
was passing all her classes. Gonzalez was upset with this         allegation is brought to his department, it is investigated and if
decision and then told Grimm she was going to be “real            the complaining witness desires prosecution, the department
unhappy” because he had something that belonged to her            proceeds further. In some instances, the department might
and that he had gotten it from the EPISD. He explained            pursue prosecution even if the complaining witness wanted
that he had her Social Security number and then asked her         to drop the matter. After the investigation was completed, the
“how it made me feel” and “do you know what I could               investigating officers, and their supervisor, would discuss the
do with this?” Grimm interpreted this as a threat. Gonzalez       matter and determine what charges might be appropriate and
then supposedly explained that another parent had gotten          how to pursue them. In some cases, the officers might decide
Grimm's un-redacted personnel file from the EPISD through         to immediately take a probable cause affidavit to a judge to
an open records request and that person had given him a copy.     secure an arrest. In other cases, they may refer the matter to
Gonzalez then solicited Grimm's participation in a suit against   the district attorney's office through a “non-arrest” complaint.

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Gonzalez v. Grimm, --- S.W.3d ---- (2015)
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The district attorney would then decide whether and how to         file was sent to the district attorney's office. The Complaint,
proceed further.                                                   sworn to by Officer Calanche, alleges three violations of
                                                                   TEX. PEN. CODE ANN.. § 42.07, the criminal harassment
 *3 In this particular case, based on the March 28, 2006           statute. Paragraph A alleged that Gonzalez with the intent to
written statement from Grimm, the EPISD police believed            “harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, and embarrass Ione
that Gonzalez may have violated TEX. PEN. CODE ANN..               Grimm threaten Ione Grimm by telephone, in a manner
§ 32.51 (West Supp.2014) which is entitled “Fraudulent             likely to alarm Ione Grimm, to wit: commit a felony against
Use or Possession of Identifying Information.” 2 Thatcharge        Ione Grimm.” [Emphasis added]. Paragraph B alleged that,
was presented to the district attorney's office which declined     with the same intent, Gonzalez caused Grimm's phone to
to prosecute the matter. The district attorney instead asked       ring repeatedly. Paragraph C alleged that, with the same
that the EPISD police investigate the case under a possible        intent, Gonzalez made repeated telephone communications in
charge of criminal harassment. TEX. PEN. CODE ANN.. §              a manner to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment or embarrass
                                                                   Grimm.
42.07. 3 Based on this direction, Officer Calanche resumed
the investigation.
                                                                   The supporting Complaint Affidavit, also sworn to by
                                                                   Officer Calanche, alleged that Gonzalez committed criminal
At the same time the EPISD police department was handling
                                                                   harassment “by threatening by telephone in manner
its initial investigation, Grimm was encountering more
                                                                   reasonably likely to alarm the person receiving the threat,
problems at work. On March 24, 2006 the new EPISD
                                                                   to inflict bodily injury on the person or to commit a felony
superintendent had posted an agenda item to reassign Grimm
                                                                   against the person.” [Emphasis added]. The factual basis for
to a different school. 4 The next day he told her it was a         the allegation is stated in a separate paragraph:
mistake and that he wanted more time to investigate the
unauthorized release of her personal information. On May 1,          Affiant [Officer Calanche] is aware of defendants conduct
2006, she was informed that the district wanted to put her on        and constant harassments during the months of February
a “growth plan” which is apparently a euphemism for a poor           And March of 2006 by means of EPISD Case reports
performance report in the EPISD system. In June 2006, the            06–44288 and numerous witness statements. On March
EPISD Board demoted her to an assistant principal position           8, 2006 at 11:59 a.m. at 4931 Hercules, El Paso, Tx.
at Hornedo Middle School. Grimm soon thereafter filed a              The Principal at Magoffin Middle School and defendant
federal lawsuit against the EPISD claiming the demotion and          spoke via the school business telephone. Defendant
growth plan constituted retaliation for her complaint about the      had initiated the phone contact and asked to speak to
unauthorized release of her personal information to Gonzalez.        the Principal. Defendant in a threatening manner in
Gonzalez countered in this trial that Grimm's true motive in         conversation informed the Principal of obtaining her Social
making the allegations against him was to set up a retaliation       Security number and alarmed the Principal by asking,
claim to protect her position at Magoffin Middle School.             ‘HOW DOES THAT MAKE YOU FEEL? YOU KNOW
                                                                     WHAT I CAN DO WITH IT DON'T YOU?’Defendant
 *4 On February 2, 2007, Grimm was contacted by                      was able to provide the Principal with the correct SS #
Officer Calanche of the EPISD police department. Calanche            belonging to the Principal. The Principal felt harassed,
explained that the district was examining “cold cases” and           annoyed, alarmed, abused, tormented, and or embarrassed
he was following up on the Gonzalez complaint and wanted             by defendant's comments. Affiant does believe this to be
to meet with her. Under the department's policy, an officer          true and correct to the best of his knowledge.
should check again with the complaining witness to be sure
that he or she still wanted to pursue a charge, and if not, the    Contrary to the Complaint Affidavit, Grimm testified that
case would likely be dropped. No new statement was taken           she did not believe that Gonzalez ever threatened her with
from Grimm at the February 2007 meeting. A note in Officer         bodily injury, and as importantly, she never made that claim to
Calanche's file following the meeting recites that she “will       Officer Calanche. Chief Araiza agreed that the department's
appear for court, if necessary.” The file note reflects that the   investigation file does not contain any supporting information
case was being presented to the district attorney's office.        for a threat of bodily injury, as sworn to by Officer Calanche.
                                                                   Grimm denied knowing that Calanche was going to initiate
Following their meeting, Officer Calanche executed a               charges against Gonzalez following their meeting, and she
Complaint and a Complaint Affidavit, which along with his

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Gonzalez v. Grimm, --- S.W.3d ---- (2015)
2015 WL 4137862

denied seeing his complaint paperwork before he filed it with      the consequences of arrest and prosecution for an offense
the district attorney's office.                                    are considerable, and every citizen should be protected from
                                                                   a prosecution based on false claims arising from some
The Complaint, the Complaint Affidavit, and various witness        malicious intent. Id.
statements were forwarded to the district attorney's office that
then had the discretion to pursue or not pursue the charge. The    There is no dispute below that Gonzalez was charged for
district attorney's office did not contact Grimm during that       an offense that was terminated in his favor. Grimm does
process. On February 21, 2007, Assistant District Attorney         not challenge that he suffered some damages. The relevant
Manny Arambula executed and filed an “Information” 5               issues focus on whether Grimm initiated or procured the
repeating the same three paragraphs as were in Calanche's          criminal charge, whether Gonzalez was innocent of the
Complaint form. On March 1, 2007, a capias for Gonzalez'           charge, whether there was probable cause to make the charge,
arrest was issued and several months later he turned himself       and whether the charge was brought with malice. We find
in. The charges were later dropped based on prosecutorial          the element of initiation or procurement, which embodies
discretion.                                                        a causation element, to be determinative and begin our
                                                                   discussion there.
 *5 At the conclusion of Gonzalez' case, the trial court
granted Grimm's motion for directed verdict and entered a           [2] A plaintiff must prove that the defendant either initiated
final judgment in her favor. Raising three issues on appeal,       or procured the prosecution as an element of the claim.
Gonzalez challenges that ruling. Issue One questions whether       RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS, § 653(a)(1977).
Gonzalez was required to prove that Grimm made false               Initiating the action describes executing the charging
statements to the police. Issue Two contends there is evidence     instrument which goes before the magistrate, who then
to support the element of malice and Issue Three generally         may issue an arrest warrant. Id.§ 653(a) cmt.c (“Criminal
contends he presented evidence of each element of his              proceedings are initiated by making a charge before a public
malicious prosecution claim.                                       official or body in such form as to require the official or
                                                                   body to determine whether process shall or shall not be issued
                                                                   against the accused.”); see alsoLieck, 881 S.W.2d at 292. (“A
                                                                   person initiates a criminal prosecution if he makes a formal
                   Malicious Prosecution                           charge to law enforcement authorities.”).
 [1] The elements of malicious prosecution are: (1)
                                                                    [3] [4] [5] A defendant can also be liable for procuring
commencement of a criminal prosecution against the
                                                                   the prosecution. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d at 292. A person procures
plaintiff; (2) the defendant's initiation or procurement of
                                                                   a criminal prosecution “if his actions are enough to cause the
that prosecution; (3) termination of the prosecution in the
                                                                   prosecution, and but for his actions the prosecution would
plaintiff's favor; (4) the plaintiff's innocence; (5) lack of
                                                                   not have occurred.” Id. Merely aiding or cooperating with
probable cause to initiate or procure the prosecution; (6)
                                                                   the authorities cannot “cause” a criminal prosecution. Id.
malice in filing the charge; and (7) damage to the plaintiff.
                                                                   Nor does a person “procure a criminal prosecution when
Suberu, 216 S.W.3d at 793 n. 3; Richey v. Brookshire Grocery
                                                                   the decision whether to prosecute is left to the discretion of
Co., 952 S.W.2d 515, 517 (Tex.1997).
                                                                   another person” such as law enforcement or a grand jury. Id.
                                                                   But even if the decision is ultimately left to law enforcement,
We are reminded by the Texas Supreme Court to strictly apply
                                                                   when a person knowingly provides false information which
these elements as they reflect a delicate balance of societal
                                                                   causes a criminal prosecution, they have effectively procured
values. Browning–Ferris Industries, Inc. v. Lieck, 881
                                                                   the prosecution and may be liable. Id. at 292, 294 (“What is
S.W.2d 288, 291 (Tex.1994)(“Even a small departure from
                                                                   true is that a person who provides false information cannot
the exact prerequisites for liability may threaten the delicate
balance between protecting against wrongful prosecution and        complain if a prosecutor acts on it”). 6
encouraging reporting of criminal conduct.”). Citizens must
be encouraged and free to report possible crimes to the             *6 The Texas Supreme Court expanded on this false
authorities. Id., citingSebastian v. Cheney, 86 Tex. 497, 25       information exception in King v. Graham, 126 S.W.3d 75
S.W. 691, 694 (1894) and RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF                   (Tex.2003). As King is controlling of the outcome here, we
TORTS ch. 29, intro. note, at 405 (1977). At the same time,        revisit its facts. The plaintiffs in King were hunting guides

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Gonzalez v. Grimm, --- S.W.3d ---- (2015)
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who agreed to secure for the defendants hunting rights and         the defendant, or from expert testimony on prosecutorial
reserve a certain number of animals to be hunted. Id. at 76.       decision-making. Id. at 189. The court never suggested,
The defendants were promoters who would arrange the hunts          however, that the decision making process of the district
for paying hunters. Id. The defendants advanced money to           attorney was not a necessary component of the plaintiff's case.
the plaintiffs for that purpose and then the defendants began
soliciting, apparently unsuccessfully, hunters for the venture.
Id. As hunting season approached, the defendants believed the
                                                                                              Analysis
plaintiffs had not fulfilled their end of the deal and contacted
the sheriff's office claiming the plaintiffs committed theft and    [6] Gonzalez had the burden to prove that Grimm either
criminal fraud. Id. at 77. The sheriff's office investigated the   initiated or procured the criminal prosecution. The court in
matter and referred it to a prosecutor, who in turn submitted      Lieck chose not to provide a jury instruction defining the
the case to a grand jury which indicted the plaintiffs. Id.        term “initiate” because ordinarily that would be apparent
                                                                   from the formal charging instruments. 881 S.W.2d at 293. In
The criminal case soon unraveled. While the defendants             other words, it is usually a question of law. As the record
claimed to the authorities that they had booked several            here reflects, Officer Calanche executed the Complaint and
hunters, that turned out to be false. Id. The claim that the       Complaint affidavit, and the district attorney's office executed
plaintiffs had not reserved any animals was also false. Id.        the Information which led to the capias. The Information is
Ultimately the district attorney dismissed the charges and the     a formal charging instrument in Texas. “An ‘information’
plaintiff hunting guides filed suit for malicious prosecution,     is a written statement filed and presented in behalf of the
prevailing against some defendants before a jury and the court     State by the district or county attorney, charging the defendant
of appeals. The Texas Supreme Court reversed and rendered.         with an offense which may by law be so prosecuted.” TEX.
Id. at 76. While noting the false information exception from       CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 21.20 (West 2009). Thus,
Lieck, the court held proving that false information was           Grimm did not “initiate” the charge, the State's prosecutor
given to authorities is “necessary” but it is not “sufficient.”    did. Lermon v. Minyard Food Stores, Inc., No. 05–13–
Id. Instead, the plaintiff has the burden of proving that the      00034–CV, 2014 WL 6466840 *5 (Tex.App.–Dallas, Nov.
decision to prosecute “would not have been made but for the        19, 2014, pet.denied)(mem.op.)(voluntary statement made
false information supplied by the defendant.” Id. at 78. In        by defendant was not a “formal charge” nor did it actually
King, the prosecutor testified, but was never asked whether        operate to initiate the criminal prosecution when detective
the specific pieces of false information which the plaintiffs
                                                                   presented his own probable cause affidavit to a magistrate). 7
had alleged influenced his decision to take the case to the
grand jury. Id. Because the plaintiffs failed to meet this
                                                                    *7 Gonzalez was therefore left with proving that Grimm
burden, the court rendered judgment in the defendants' favor.
                                                                   procured the charge by showing she provided false
                                                                   information that led to the filing of the information. The false
Several years later the court discussed a malicious
                                                                   information Gonzalez focuses upon is contested statements
prosecution plaintiff's burden in In re Bexar County Criminal
                                                                   such as “do you know what I could do with this” which
Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (Tex.2007). There, a
                                                                   imply some improper use of the Social Security number.
malicious prosecution plaintiff subpoenaed several assistant
                                                                   But in this case, Officer Calanche executed a Complaint and
district attorneys to solicit testimony as to how the charging
                                                                   Complaint Affidavit that made three specific allegations, one
decision was made in that case. Id. at 184. The district
                                                                   of which stated Grimm was threatened with bodily injury.
attorneys sought to quash the subpoena, contending any
                                                                   Grimm testified she never made such a claim, and there is no
testimony they might give would be privileged. Id. The
                                                                   evidence in the record that she did. Stated otherwise, Officer
court of appeals concluded that King necessitated the district
                                                                   Calanche included allegations in the complaint paperwork
attorney's testimony because the plaintiff had to show any
                                                                   that Grimm never made, and the claim that she was threatened
false information was important to the charging decision.
                                                                   with bodily injury was itself false, but it did not come from
Id. at 185. The Texas Supreme Court disagreed, noting
                                                                   Grimm. Whether the district attorney filed the information
the plaintiffs need for the testimony did not outweigh the
                                                                   based on Calanche's false information, or that alleged to
importance of the privilege. Id. at 187–88. Moreover, the
                                                                   be from Grimm, is unknowable without testimony from the
court suggested a malicious prosecution plaintiff might prove
                                                                   district attorney, its file, or some other indication as to how
their case through circumstantial evidence, testimony from
                                                                   the actual decision to proceed with the charge was made.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             6
Gonzalez v. Grimm, --- S.W.3d ---- (2015)
2015 WL 4137862

                                                                       district in the course and scope of her employment. But all
Gonzalez had neither the district attorney's testimony, nor the
                                                                       of these contentions in one way or another turn on whether
district attorney's file. On the facts in this case, the lack of any
                                                                       Gonzalez in fact threatened Grimm in the March 8 phone call.
such testimony is fatal to his claim.
                                                                       If he never threatened her, there was no crime to report, no
                                                                       probable cause to make a complaint, and no crime of which
The plaintiffs in King argued that a jury could infer causation
                                                                       to be guilty. The threat arose from the words “do you know
from the falsity of the information itself. 126 S.W.3d at 79.
                                                                       what I could do with” in the context of the other things said in
And the court suggests such an inference might be drawn
                                                                       the call. Because the witnesses disputed what was said in that
when the only information the official relied on was the
                                                                       phone call, as well as the other surrounding contextual facts,
false information. Id. But just like in King, the prosecutor
                                                                       these issues would have all been appropriate for the jury to
here had much more information before him than just
                                                                       decide.
the defendant's statement. For instance, Officer Calanche's
Complaint affidavit references events over a two month
                                                                        *8 In summary, we overrule Issue One which contends there
period, supported by statements from multiple witnesses,
                                                                       was no need for proof of a false statement. Because there
which were forwarded to the district attorney's office. Those
                                                                       was no evidence that Grimm initiated the prosecution, and
statements included claims by another principal, a PTA
                                                                       the ultimate decision was left to the district attorney's office,
vice president, and a teacher who described confrontations
                                                                       the only means to prove Grimm procured the prosecution
with Gonzalez. 8 The charging decision made by the district
                                                                       was to prove she knowingly provided false information. But
attorney's office involved more than simply looking at
                                                                       even assuming she did provide false information, there was
Grimm's version of the March 8, 2006, phone call. Without
                                                                       no evidence that the claimed false information procured the
some evidence that Grimm's version of the March 8 phone call
                                                                       prosecution, and we accordingly overrule Appellant's third
formed the basis of the district attorney's decision, Gonzalez
                                                                       issue (claiming there is some evidence of each element of
simply lacks any evidence of causation. 9                              the claim). The second issue regarding evidence of Grimm's
                                                                       malice is moot. We affirm the judgment below.
Grimm urges that we could also affirm the judgment below
based upon her having probable cause (as a matter of
law) to believe that Gonzalez committed Fraudulent Use or
                                                                       Perez, Judge, sitting by assignment
Possession of Identifying Information (the charge the district
attorney initially declined). She also believes the record             All Citations
shows that Gonzalez is guilty of that charge as a matter of
law. She contends that she was privileged as a matter of law           --- S.W.3d ----, 2015 WL 4137862
to report a crime because she did so an employee of a school

Footnotes
1       The EPISD police are certified peace officers in Texas. SeeTEX. EDUC. CODE ANN. § 37.081(b)(2)(West Supp.
        2014)(school board may commission peace officers who “may enforce all laws, including municipal ordinances, county
        ordinances and state laws”).
2       Section 32.51 provides in pertinent part:
          (a) In this section:
          (1) ‘Identifying information’ means information that alone or in conjunction with other information identifies a person,
             including a person's:
             ...
          (E) social security number or other government-issued identification number.
             ...
          (b) A person commits an offense if the person, with the intent to harm or defraud another, obtains, possesses, transfers,
             or uses an item of:
          (1) identifying information of another person without the other person's consent;
             ...
          (c) An offense under this section is:
          (1) a state jail felony if the number of items obtained, possessed, transferred, or used is less than five.

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 7
Gonzalez v. Grimm, --- S.W.3d ---- (2015)
2015 WL 4137862

3      Section 42.07 titled, “Harassment” provides in pertinent part:
          (a) A person commits an offense if, with intent to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, or embarrass another, the
             person:
             ...
          (2) threatens, in a manner reasonably likely to alarm the person receiving the threat, to inflict bodily injury on the person
             or to commit a felony against the person, a member of the person's family or household, or the person's property;
             ...
          (4) causes the telephone of another to ring repeatedly or makes repeated telephone communications anonymously or
             in a manner reasonably likely to harass, annoy, alarm, abuse, torment, embarrass, or offend another;
             ...
          (c) An offense under this section is a Class B misdemeanor, except that the offense is a Class A misdemeanor if the
             actor has previously been convicted under this section.
4      In February of 2006, the district hired a new superintendent, Lorenzo Garcia. Grimm believed that the new superintendent
       and Gonzalez knew each other and that Gonzalez took advantage of that relationship to work against her. For instance,
       Grimm claims that Gonzalez had a picture of Garcia on his cell phone and would flash it and claim he had a personal
       relationship with Garcia that would help him get rid of Grimm.
5      “An ‘information’ is a written statement filed and presented in behalf of the State by the district or county attorney, charging
       the defendant with an offense which may by law be so prosecuted.”TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 21.20 (West
       2009). “The primary pleading in a criminal action on the part of the State is the indictment or information.”TEX. CODE
       CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 27.01 (West 2006).
6      The Lieck court provides this instruction for the jury:
             A person procures a criminal prosecution if his actions were enough to cause the prosecution, and but for his actions
             the prosecution would not have occurred. A person does not procure a criminal prosecution when the decision
             whether to prosecute is left to the discretion of another, including a law enforcement official or the grand jury, unless
             the person provides information which he knows is false. A criminal prosecution may be procured by more than
             one person.
          Id. at 293.
7      Gonzalez cites a number of cases in support his contention that Grimm initiated the charge. We have previously discussed
       Lieck and King, and neither supports the claim that simply signing a witness statement is the same as initiating a formal
       charge. The four other cases cited by Gonzalez are all inapposite. All American Telephone, Inc. v. USLD Communications,
       Inc., 291 S.W.3d 518, 534 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied)(“Appellants do not assert that appellees initiated
       Nowik's and Thibodeaux's prosecutions by filing a formal complaint.”); Tranum v. Broadway, 283 S.W.3d 403, 416
       (Tex.App.–Waco 2008, pet. denied)(court affirmed on evidence that defendant procured the prosecution by presenting
       false evidence, not by initiating the charge); Ogg v. Dillard's, Inc., 239 S.W.3d 409, 422 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2007, pet.
       denied)(holding defendant did not initiate or procure prosecution, rather the State did); Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d
70, 77-78 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 1998, pet. denied) (court did not need to reach question of whether sworn complaint
       was equivalent of formal charging document because there was ample proof of false information given to authorities
       which led to arrest).
8      At time of Grimm's first report about the March 8 phone call, the EPISD police already were already investigating
       Gonzalez, based on staff concerns that he was aggressive, rude, and abrasive, which some perceived as threatening
       conduct. Some of the witnesses stated that Gonzalez never threatened them. None claimed that Gonzalez ever physically
       threatened them, and of most of his statements were related to threats of filing lawsuits, getting people fired, or filing
       grievances with the EPISD.
9      The Austin Court of Appeals in Bennett v. Grant, 460 S.W.3d 220 (Tex.App.–Austin March 20, 2015, no pet. hist.) recently
       held that a plaintiff could also overcome a prosecutor's role in the decision making process by showing that “a defendant's
       conduct was the determining factor in the prosecutor's decision to prosecute.”Id. at 233. Without endorsing this holding, we
       note that the facts in Grant are unique and far different than those here. In Grant, the defendant shopped the prosecution
       to four different counties, and when no one would pursue the matter, he was apparently instrumental in having a special
       prosecutor appointed who did pursue the case. Id. at 229–32. In any event, the special prosecutor testified that he relied
       on the false information provided by the defendant, which provided some evidence for the false information exception
       described in Lieck. Id. at 233–36.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                  8
Gonzalez v. Grimm, --- S.W.3d ---- (2015)
2015 WL 4137862

End of Document                                     © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                    9
X
Gray v. Nash, 259 S.W.3d 286 (2008)

                                                                          Ex-wife of insured was entitled to disputed
                                                                          life insurance policy proceeds; ex-wife was the
                     259 S.W.3d 286
                                                                          designated beneficiary to $60,000 of the life
                 Court of Appeals of Texas,
                                                                          insurance proceeds. V.T.C.A., Insurance Code §
                        Fort Worth.
                                                                          1103.102(a).
               Brenda GRAY, Appellant
                                                                          1 Cases that cite this headnote
                            v.
              Maria Gloria NASH, Appellee.
                                                                    [2]   Insurance
         No. 2–07–351–CV.          |    June 19, 2008.                        Policies considered as contracts
                                                                          Insurance
Synopsis
                                                                              Application of rules of contract construction
Background: Life insurance company filed an interpleader
action to determine who was entitled to a portion of                      An insurance policy is a contract, and it is
life insurance proceeds. The 17th District Court, Tarrant                 governed by the same rules of construction
County, Fred W. Davis, J., granted wife's motion for                      applicable to all contracts.
summary judgment and denied ex-wife's motion for summary
                                                                          1 Cases that cite this headnote
judgment. Ex-wife appealed.

                                                                    [3]   Contracts
                                                                              Language of contract
Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Anne Gardner, J., held that:
                                                                          When interpreting a contract the court's primary
[1] statute governing the applicability of a pre-divorce decree           goal is to give effect to the written expression of
designation of an ex-spouse as the beneficiary under a                    the parties' intent.
life insurance policy did not apply to invalidate insured's
                                                                          1 Cases that cite this headnote
designation of ex-wife as the beneficiary of $60,000 of
insured's life insurance proceeds;
                                                                    [4]   Insurance
[2] ex-wife had a continuing insurable interest in insured's life             Effect on prior designation of beneficiary
at the time of his death;                                                 Statute governing the applicability of a pre-
                                                                          divorce decree designation of an ex-spouse as the
[3] termination of insured's child support obligation did                 beneficiary under a life insurance policy did not
not override insured's designation of his ex-wife as the                  apply to invalidate insured's designation of ex-
beneficiary of $60,000 in life insurance proceeds; and                    wife as the beneficiary of $60,000 of insured's
                                                                          life insurance proceeds; statute provided that
[4] ex-wife was not entitled to recover from wife $1,500 in               only divorce decrees and annulments nullified
costs the trial court awarded life insurance company.                     the beneficiary designations, insured named
                                                                          ex-wife as a beneficiary after they divorced,
                                                                          and order modifying insured's parent child
Reversed and rendered.
                                                                          relationship did not trigger statute, as argued
                                                                          by insured's wife. V.T.C.A., Family Code §
                                                                          9.301(a).
 West Headnotes (13)
                                                                          Cases that cite this headnote

 [1]     Insurance
                                                                    [5]   Statutes
              Divorce or Separation; Agreements and
                                                                               Plain Language; Plain, Ordinary, or
         Settlements
                                                                          Common Meaning

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             1
Gray v. Nash, 259 S.W.3d 286 (2008)

       Statutes                                                           Insufficient discussion of objections
            Language                                                 Insured's wife waived her appellate argument
       When construing a statute, the Court of Appeals               that alleged the doctrines of unjust enrichment
       begins with the statute's plain language because              and estoppel precluded ex-wife form recovering
       the court assumes that the legislature tried to say           any life insurance proceeds, where wife failed
       what it meant and, thus, that its words are the               to cite any authority in support of her argument.
       surest guide to its intent.                                   Rules App.Proc., Rules 38.1(h), 38.2(a)(1).

       2 Cases that cite this headnote                               5 Cases that cite this headnote

 [6]   Statutes                                               [10]   Appeal and Error
            Statute as a Whole; Relation of Parts to                    Insufficient discussion of objections
       Whole and to One Another                                      An argument may be waived if inadequately
       In ascertaining legislative intent, for the purpose           briefed.
       of statutory construction, the Court of Appeals
       does not confine its review to isolated statutory             14 Cases that cite this headnote
       words, phrases, or clauses, but it instead
       examines the entire act.                               [11]   Interpleader
                                                                          Costs and fees
       3 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     Ex-wife was not entitled to recover from wife
                                                                     $1,500 in costs the trial court awarded life
 [7]   Insurance                                                     insurance company, even though ex-wife was
           Spouses and former spouses                                the prevailing party in the litigation; ex-wife
       Insured's ex-wife had a continuing insurable                  specifically agreed that insurance company was
       interest in insured's life at the time of his death,          entitled to recover its reasonable attorney fees,
       for the purpose of proceeding to determine                    costs and expenses paid out of the interpleaded
       beneficiary to life insurance proceeds, where                 funds.
       insured applied for the life insurance policy
       on his own life and designated ex-wife as                     Cases that cite this headnote
       a beneficiary. V.T.C.A., Insurance Code §§
       1103.053, 1103.054.                                    [12]   Interpleader
                                                                          Costs and fees
       1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     A party interpleading funds may be entitled to
                                                                     have his attorney's fees deducted from the funds.
 [8]   Insurance
           Effect on prior designation of beneficiary                Cases that cite this headnote
       The termination of insured's child support
       obligation did not override insured's designation      [13]   Interpleader
       of his ex-wife as the beneficiary of $60,000 in                    Costs and fees
       life insurance proceeds; insured named ex-wife
                                                                     Generally, the ultimate burden between rival
       individually, and not as trustee for child, as the
                                                                     claimants should fall on the party whose
       beneficiary under the policy, and insured never
                                                                     unsuccessful claim rendered the interpleader
       changed the beneficiary designation, even after
                                                                     necessary.
       his support obligation terminated.
                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
       Cases that cite this headnote

 [9]   Appeal and Error

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        2
Gray v. Nash, 259 S.W.3d 286 (2008)

                                                                   support payment obligations” and ordered that Brent's child
Attorneys and Law Firms                                            support obligation was terminated.

*288 Moses, Palmer & Howell, LLP and Shayne D. Moses,
                                                                   Brent died on October 14, 2006, in a motor vehicle accident.
David A. Palmer and Brandon J. Edmundson, Fort Worth, for
                                                                   Gloria submitted his death certificate and a claim for payment
Appellant.
                                                                   of the full $500,000 death benefit to Pan–American in
Thorne & Skinner and Michael L. Skinner, Grand Prairie, for        December 2006. Pan– *289 American filed an interpleader
Appellee.                                                          action and deposited $60,460.27 (the proceeds plus interest)
                                                                   into the trial court's registry. Pan–American paid the rest
Panel B: LIVINGSTON, HOLMAN, and GARDNER, JJ.                      of the death benefit to Gloria. By agreement of the parties,
                                                                   the trial court dismissed Pan–American from the suit and
                                                                   awarded it costs of $1,500 out of the funds in the registry.
                          OPINION
                                                                   Brenda and Gloria filed traditional cross-motions for
ANNE GARDNER, Justice.                                             summary judgment. The trial court denied Brenda's motion
                                                                   and granted Gloria's and awarded Gloria the $58,960.27
This is a life insurance case. The question before the court
                                                                   remaining in the court's registry. Brenda filed this appeal.
is whether a disputed portion of the policy's death benefit
is payable to Appellant Brenda Gray—the insured's ex-wife
and the policy's designated beneficiary—or to Appellee Maria
Gloria Nash (“Gloria”)—the insured's wife at the time of his                           Standard of Review
death. We reverse the trial court's summary judgment in favor
                                                                   In a summary judgment case, the issue on appeal is
of Gloria and render judgment in favor of Brenda.
                                                                   whether the movant met the summary judgment burden by
                                                                   establishing that no genuine issue of material fact exists and
                                                                   that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
                         Background                                TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Grant,
                                                                   73 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex.2002); City of Houston v. Clear
The following facts are not in dispute. The decedent, Brent
                                                                   Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678 (Tex.1979). We
Nash, and Brenda were divorced in 1997. The divorce decree
                                                                   review summary judgments de novo. Valence Operating Co.
required Brent, as “additional child support,” to purchase a
                                                                   v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex.2005); Tex. Dep't of
life insurance policy with a death benefit of at least $60,000
                                                                   Transp. v. Needham, 82 S.W.3d 314, 318 (Tex.2002). When
and naming Brenda as irrevocable beneficiary as trustee for
                                                                   both parties move for summary judgment and the trial court
the benefit of Brent and Brenda's daughter, Amanda.
                                                                   grants one motion and denies the other, the reviewing court
                                                                   should review both parties' summary judgment evidence and
In July 1997, Brent purchased a life insurance policy from
                                                                   determine all questions presented. Valence Operating Co.,
Pan–American Life Insurance Co. with a death benefit of
                                                                   164 S.W.3d at 661. The reviewing court should render the
$500,000 and designated Amanda as the beneficiary.
                                                                   judgment that the trial court should have rendered. Id.

Brent married Gloria in 1998. In June 1998, Brent submitted
a change of beneficiary form to Pan–American. The new
beneficiary designation states that “$60,000.00 shall be paid                               Discussion
to [Brenda]. The balance of the net proceeds, if any, shall be
                                                                   Brenda argues that she is entitled to the disputed policy
paid to [Gloria], wife.” It is undisputed that Brent never again
                                                                   proceeds because she is the policy's designated beneficiary.
changed the beneficiary designation thereafter.
                                                                   Gloria argues that she is entitled to the proceeds because the
                                                                   divorce court's July 2001 order appointing Brent as Amanda's
In July 2001, the divorce court issued its “Order in
                                                                   primary joint managing conservator was the equivalent of a
Suit to Modify Parent–Child Relationship and Motion
                                                                   divorce decree and terminated Brenda's rights to the policy
for Enforcement,” appointing Brent to serve as Amanda's
                                                                   proceeds under family code section 9.301(a); Brenda had
primary joint managing conservator. The divorce court found
                                                                   no insurable interest in Brent's life; family code section
that Brent was “current in all child support and medical

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           3
Gray v. Nash, 259 S.W.3d 286 (2008)

154.015(f) imposes a constructive trust on the proceeds as                    death of the insured to the designated
excess child support payments; and failure of consideration,                  beneficiary.
unjust enrichment, and estoppel preclude Brenda from
collecting the proceeds.                                         TEX. INS.CODE. ANN. § 1103.102(a) (Vernon 2007).
                                                                 Subsection (b) provides that the insurer is not required to pay
                                                                 the proceeds of the policy to a designated beneficiary under
1. Under the express terms of the policy, Brenda                 subsection (a) if the company receives notice of an adverse
is entitled to the disputed proceeds as the policy's             claim to the proceeds from a person who has a bona fide
designated beneficiary. 1                                     legal claim to all or part of the proceeds. Id. § 1103.102(b). 2
 [1] [2] [3] An insurance policy is a contract, and it is Thus, but for notice of Gloria's adverse claim to the proceeds,
governed by the same rules of construction applicable to all  section 1103.102 obliged Pan–American to pay the policy
contracts. Balandran v. Safeco Ins. Co., 972 S.W.2d 738,      proceeds to Brenda.
740–41 (Tex.1998). The court's primary goal is to give effect
to the written expression of the parties' intent. Id. at 741. We therefore hold that under the express terms of the
                                                              insurance contract, Brenda is entitled to the disputed
In this case, the insurance contract provides as follows:     proceeds.

  We will pay the life insurance proceeds upon proof the
  Insured died prior to the Expiration Date. The proceeds will   2. Family code section 9.301.
  be paid to the Beneficiary.                                     [4] Gloria argues that notwithstanding the plain language
                                                                 of the policy and insurance code section 1103.102, Brenda is
     ....                                                        not entitled to the proceeds by virtue of family code section
                                                                 9.301(a). That section, captioned “Pre–Decree Designation
  You may change any Beneficiary at any time during the
                                                                 of Ex–Spouse as Beneficiary of Life Insurance,” provides in
  Insured's lifetime unless otherwise provided in the previous
                                                                 relevant part as follows:
  designation. The new designation must be made by a
  signed notice in satisfactory form to our Home Office. The       (a) If a decree of divorce or annulment is rendered after an
  change *290 will take effect on the date the notice was          insured has designated the insured's spouse as a beneficiary
  signed subject to any action taken by us before recording        under a life insurance policy in force at the time of
  the change.                                                      rendition, a provision in the policy in favor of the insured's
                                                                   former spouse is not effective unless:
It is undisputed that Brenda was the designated beneficiary of
$60,000 of the policy proceeds at the time of Brent's death.          (1) the decree designates the insured's former spouse as
Thus, under its contract of insurance, Pan–American was               the beneficiary;
obligated to pay $60,000 to Brenda upon Brent's death.
                                                                      (2) the insured redesignates the former spouse as the
The Texas Insurance Code compels the same result. Insurance           beneficiary after rendition of the decree; or
code section 1103.102, captioned “Payment to Designated
Beneficiary,” mandates that a life insurance company must             (3) the former spouse is designated to receive the
pay a policy's death benefit to the policy's designated               proceeds in trust for, on behalf of, or for the benefit of a
beneficiary:                                                          child or a dependent of either former spouse.

            Except as provided by Subsection                       (b) If a designation is not effective under Subsection
            (b) or (c), if an individual obtains a                 (a), the proceeds of the policy are payable to the named
            policy insuring the individual's life,                 alternative beneficiary or, if there is not a named alternative
            designates in writing a beneficiary to                 beneficiary, to the estate of the insured.
            receive the proceeds of the policy,
                                                                 TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 9.301 (Vernon 2006). Gloria
            and files the written designation with
                                                                 contends that the divorce court's July 2001 order appointing
            the company, the company shall pay
                                                                 Brent as Amanda's primary managing conservator was the
            the proceeds that become due on the
                                                                 equivalent of a divorce decree, thus triggering section

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             4
Gray v. Nash, 259 S.W.3d 286 (2008)

9.301 and nullifying Brent's 1998 designation of Brenda as         [7] Gloria next argues that Brenda did not have an insurable
beneficiary, and that the difference between *291 “a decree       interest in Brent's life at the time of his death. In a closely-
of divorce or annulment” and an order modifying the parent-       related argument, she contends that public policy prohibits
child relationship is merely a matter of semantics.               Brenda from collecting the policy proceeds. We recently
                                                                  addressed a similar question in Allen v. United of Omaha
 [5] [6] When construing a statute, our goal is to ascertain Life Insurance Co., 236 S.W.3d 315, 322–23 (Tex.App.-
and give effect to the legislature's intent as expressed by       Fort Worth 2007, pet. denied). In Allen, the question was
the plain and common meaning of the statute's words. TEX.         whether a limited partnership had a continuing insurable
GOV'T CODE ANN. § 312.002 (Vernon 2005); F.F.P.                   interest in the life of its former CEO after his association with
Operating Partners, L.P. v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680, 683           the partnership ended. Id. at 319. We noted that under the
(Tex.2007); Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley,       common law, the designated beneficiary of a life insurance
146 S.W.3d 637, 642 (Tex.2004). We begin with the statute's       policy must have an insurable interest in the insured's life
plain language because we assume that the legislature tried       when the policy is issued and when the insured dies. Id. at 322
to say what it meant and, thus, that its words are the surest     (citing Torrez v. Winn–Dixie Stores, Inc., 118 S.W.3d 817,
guide to its intent. Fitzgerald v. Advanced Spine Fixation Sys.,  820 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2003, pet dism'd)). Two policies
Inc., 996 S.W.2d 864, 865–66 (Tex.1999). In ascertaining          drive the common law rule: A practice that encourages one to
legislative intent, we do not confine our review to isolated      take another's life should be prohibited, and no one should be
statutory words, phrases, or clauses, but we instead examine      permitted to wager on the life of another. Id. (citing Torrez,
the entire act. Meritor Auto., Inc. v. Ruan Leasing Co., 44       118 S.W.3d at 820).
S.W.3d 86, 90 (Tex.2001); Rodgers v. Comm'n for Lawyer
Discipline, 151 S.W.3d 602, 614 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2004,        While the insurable-interest rule is still followed by Texas
pet. denied). It is a well-settled rule of statutory construction courts, the legislature *292 has enlarged the class of persons
that every word of a statute must be presumed to have been        deemed to have an insurable interest. Id. Under the insurance
used for a purpose. See Quick v. City of Austin, 7 S.W.3d         code, an individual may apply for a life insurance policy
109, 123 (Tex.1998); Laidlaw Waste Sys., Inc. v. City of          on the individual's own life and designate as beneficiary
Wilmer, 904 S.W.2d 656, 659 (Tex.1995). Likewise, every           any individual. TEX. INS.CODE ANN. § 1103.054 (Vernon
word excluded from a statute must also be presumed to have        2007); Allen, 236 S.W.3d at 323. Insurance code section
been excluded for a purpose. Quick, 7 S.W.3d at 123; Laidlaw      1103.053 further provides that a beneficiary of a life insurance
Waste Sys., Inc., 904 S.W.2d at 659.                              policy who is designated in accordance with section 1103.054
                                                                  has, at all times after the designation, an insurable interest
The legislature specified that only divorce decrees and           in the life of the individual who is insured under the policy.
annulments nullify beneficiary designations; we must              TEX. INS.CODE ANN. § 1103.053; Allen, 236 S.W.3d at
presume that it included those instruments, and excluded          323. Thus, the legislature has conferred an insurable interest
others, like orders modifying the parent-child relationship, for  on those persons named by an insured as beneficiaries in a
a purpose. See TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 9.301(a); Quick, 7            policy on the insured's own life. Allen, 236 S.W.3d at 323.
S.W.3d at 123; Laidlaw Waste Sys., Inc., 904 S.W.2d at 659.
Moreover, the legislature limited section 9.301's nullifying      The cases cited by Gloria for the proposition that a beneficiary
effect to designations made before the decree or annulment,       must have a continuing insurable interest independent of
at a time when the insured and the designated beneficiary are     the beneficiary designation predate insurance code sections
still married—a circumstance not present in this case.            1103.053 and 1103.054 and their predecessor. See TEX.
                                                                  INS.CODE ANN. §§ 1103.053, .054 (effective June 1, 2003);
Because the unambiguous language of section 9.301 limits          Act of April 30, 1953, 53rd Leg., R.S., ch. 113, § 1, 1953
its application to life insurance policies issued before a trial  Tex. Gen. Laws 400, repealed by Act of May 22, 2001,
court renders a decree of divorce or an annulment, we hold        77 Leg., R.S., ch. 1419, § 31(a), 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws
that it does not apply in this case and does not nullify Brent's  4208; Cheeves v. Anders, 87 Tex. 287, 28 S.W. 274, 275
designation of Brenda as beneficiary of the disputed proceeds.    (Tex.1894); McBride v. Clayton, 140 Tex. 71, 166 S.W.2d
125, 128–29 (Tex. Comm'n App.1942); Drane v. Jefferson
                                                                  Standard Life Ins. Co., 139 Tex. 101, 161 S.W.2d 1057, 1059
3. Insurable interest.                                            (Tex. Comm'n App.1942); Whiteselle v. Nw. Mut. Life Ins.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             5
Gray v. Nash, 259 S.W.3d 286 (2008)

Co., 221 S.W. 575, 576 (Tex. Comm'n App.1920), overruled          trustee for the benefit of the child” as ordered by the divorce
in part on other grounds by Womack v. Womack, 141 Tex.            decree and (2) never undesignated Brenda as beneficiary
299, 172 S.W.2d 307, 308 (Tex.1943). Gloria also cites            after the 2001 modification order terminated his child support
Torrez as fundamentally indistinguishable from this case. But     obligation. There is no evidence in the record that Brent
in Torrez, the insured's employer—not the insured himself—        obtained life insurance coverage solely to comply with the
took out a policy on the insured's life. Torrez, 118 S.W.3d       divorce decree, and the only evidence of his intent regarding
at 819. Thus, unlike this case, Torrez did not implicate the      the disputed proceeds is his unconditional and unambiguous
continuing-insurable-interest provisions of insurance code        designation of Brenda as beneficiary. Therefore, the record
sections 1103.053 and 1103.054.                                   does not support Gloria's argument that the policy proceeds
                                                                  are solely a form of child support, excess or otherwise.
In Allen, we held that because the CEO, himself, applied
for the life insurance policy on his own life and designated      Nor do the foreign cases Gloria cites support her argument
the partnership as the beneficiary, the partnership had, at the   that a beneficiary designation in favor of a former spouse is
policy's inception and at all times thereafter, an insurable      ineffective when the insured's child support obligation ends.
interest in the CEO's life, even after the CEO's relationship     In Caracansi v. Caracansi, the Connecticut court of appeals
with the partnership ended. Allen, 236 S.W.3d at 323.             held that a divorce court erred by ordering a father to maintain
Likewise, in this case, Brent, himself, applied for the life      a life insurance policy for the benefit of his children after
insurance policy on his own life and designated Brenda as         they reached the age of majority because the insurance policy
a beneficiary. Thus, we hold that Brenda had a continuing         served solely as a means to secure payment of the father's
insurable interest in Brent's life.                               child support obligations. 4 Conn.App. 645, 496 A.2d 225,
                                                                  227–28 (1985). Likewise, in H.P.A. v. S.C.A., the Supreme
                                                                  Court of Alaska held that a divorce court could not order
4. Effect of termination of Brent's child support                 a father to maintain a life insurance policy for the benefit
obligation.                                                       of his children past their ages of majority. 704 P.2d 205,
 [8] Gloria next argues that because the life insurance           211 (Alaska 1985). In Equitable Life Assurance Society v.
policy was security for Brent's child support obligation          Flaherty, a federal district court in Alabama held that when
under the 1997 divorce decree, and the 2001 order                 a father failed to obtain a divorce-court-ordered $10,000
modifying the parent-child relationship terminated his child      life insurance policy for the benefit of his minor child as
support obligation, the sole reason for designating Brenda        security for child support payments, his ex-wife was entitled
as beneficiary was extinguished. Gloria further argues            to recover $10,000 for the benefit of the child from the only
that allowing Brenda to collect the disputed proceeds is          policy the father had at the time of his death, even though
tantamount to an excess child support payment, which Brenda       it named his second wife as beneficiary. 568 F. Supp. 610,
would merely hold in constructive trust for Brent's estate. See   616 (D.C.Ala.1983). In In re Marriage of Weidner, the Iowa
TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 154.015(f) (Vernon 2007) (“If                supreme court held that a divorce court had the power to order
money paid to the obligee for the benefit of the child exceeds    a father to maintain an existing life insurance policy for the
the amount of the unpaid child support obligation remaining       benefit of his minor children. 338 N.W.2d 351, 360 (Iowa
at the time of the obligor's death, the obligee shall hold the
                                                                  1983). 3
excess amount as constructive trustee for the benefit of the
deceased obligor's estate until the obligee delivers the excess
                                                                  Thus, all of the cases Gloria cites support a divorce court's
amount to the legal representative of the deceased obligor's
                                                                  power to order a parent to maintain life insurance for the
estate.”).
                                                                  benefit of the parent's minor children, and some of the cases
                                                                  recognize such insurance as security for the parent's support
 *293 Implicit in Gloria's arguments are the notions that
                                                                  obligation. To this extent, they are consistent with Texas law.
the only reason Brent designated Brenda as beneficiary was
                                                                  See TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 154.006(a) (recognizing trial
to comply with the divorce decree—a notion which Gloria
                                                                  court's authority to order that child support payments continue
calls an undisputed fact—and that he did not intend Brenda
                                                                  after obligor's death); Miles v. Peacock, 229 S.W.3d 384, 389
to receive any portion of the policy proceeds after the 2001
                                                                  (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (recognizing
modification order. But Brenda does dispute these assertions,
                                                                  trial court's authority to order parent to maintain life insurance
and the record is silent as to why Brent (1) designated Brenda
                                                                  for benefit of minor children); Niskar v. Niskar, 136 S.W.3d
as beneficiary in her individual capacity rather than “as

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               6
Gray v. Nash, 259 S.W.3d 286 (2008)

749, 759 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2004, no pet.) (same); Grayson
                                                                    6. Allocation of costs awarded to Pan–American.
v. Grayson, 103 S.W.3d 559, 563 (Tex.App.-San Antonio
                                                                     [11]     [12]     [13] Brenda argues that she is entitled to
2003, no pet.) (same). But none of the cases hold that              recover from Gloria the $1,500 in costs the trial court awarded
termination of a child support obligation during the child's        to Pan–American out of the disputed proceeds. A party
minority overrides a life insurance policy's *294 beneficiary       interpleading funds may be entitled to have his attorney's
designation in favor of the insured's former spouse.                fees deducted from the funds. Foreman v. Graham, 693
S.W.2d 774, 778 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1985, writ ref'd
Finding no support for Gloria's argument in the record or the       n.r.e.). Generally, the ultimate burden between rival claimants
law, we hold that the termination of Brent's child support          should fall on the party whose unsuccessful claim rendered
obligation in 2001 does not override his designation of             the interpleader necessary. Id. (citing Monarch Tile Sales v.
Brenda, individually, as beneficiary of the disputed proceeds       Frost Nat'l Bank, 496 S.W.2d 254, 255–56 (Tex.Civ.App.-
or result in an excess child support payment.                       San Antonio 1973, no writ); Givens v. Girard Life Ins. Co.,
                                                                    480 S.W.2d 421, 430 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1972, writ ref'd
                                                                    n.r.e.) (op. on reh'g)). But in this case, Brenda and Gloria
5. Gloria's remaining arguments.
                                                                    specifically agreed in the “Joint Stipulations and Motion for
 [9] Gloria—without citation to any authority—argues (1)
                                                                    Dismissal with Prejudice Regarding [Pan–American]” that
that failure of consideration and the doctrine of unjust
                                                                    “[a]s a disinterested stakeholder, Pan–American is entitled to
enrichment preclude Brenda's recovery of the policy proceeds
because the divorce decree was a contract between Brent and         recover its reasonable attorney[']s fees, costs, and expenses,
                                                                    paid out of the interpleaded funds ... in the amount of
Brenda and Brenda failed to hold up her end of the bargain
                                                                    $1,500.00.” Because Brenda agreed to pay Pan–American's
by serving as Amanda's primary managing conservator after
                                                                    fees and costs out of the interpleaded funds, we hold that the
2001; (2) that Brenda is estopped from claiming the policy
                                                                    trial court did not err by so ordering.
proceeds because she agreed in the divorce decree that Brent
was obligated to fund the life insurance policy only so long
as he was obligated to pay child support; and (3) that even if
Brenda is entitled to the disputed proceeds, Gloria is entitled                              Conclusion
to at least one-half of the value of the policy premiums
because Brent paid them with community property.                    We sustain Brenda's sole issue. We reverse the trial court's
                                                                    judgment and render judgment in favor of Brenda for the
 [10] An appellate brief must contain appropriate citations to      remaining policy proceeds on deposit in the trial court's
authorities. TEX.R.APP. P. 38.1(h), 38.2(a)(1). An argument         registry.
may be waived if inadequately briefed. Fredonia State Bank
v. Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284 (Tex.1994).
                                                                    All Citations
Because Gloria cites no authority whatsoever in support of
these arguments, we hold that she has waived them.                  259 S.W.3d 286

Footnotes
1      Gloria does not argue otherwise; instead, she argues that other factors preclude Brenda's entitlement to the proceeds.
       Thus, we may curtail our analysis of this threshold issue.
2      Subsection (c) involves private placement contracts and is not relevant to this case. See id. § 1103.102(c).
3      Gloria cites Weidner for the proposition that an order to maintain life insurance may be invalid to the extent that the
       amount of insurance required exceeds the insured's alimony or child support obligation. The case does not support or
       even discuss that proposition.

End of Document                                                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               7
Y
Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165 (1998)

                                                                              Waiver of Objections
                                                                         Subject matter jurisdiction is essential to the
    KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
                                                                         authority of a court to decide a case; it is never
Superseded by Statute as Stated in Lemery v. Ford Motor Co.,
 S.D.Tex.,  November 19, 2002                                            presumed and cannot be waived.

                     982 S.W.2d 165                                      1 Cases that cite this headnote
                 Court of Appeals of Texas,
                   Houston (1st Dist.).                            [3]   Courts
                                                                             Causes which may be transferred
       Carolyn GREATHOUSE, Individually and
        as Independent Executor of the Estate of                         Statutory probate court had authority to transfer
                                                                         legal malpractice claim from the district court
       Clyde R. Greathouse, Deceased, Appellant,
                                                                         to itself, where client's estate administration
                          v.
                                                                         was pending before probate court, and legal
            Gary L. McCONNELL, Appellee.
                                                                         malpractice action was brought by executor of
                                                                         client's estate in her capacity as such. V.A.T.S.
        No. 01–97–00324–CV.             |   July 30, 1998.
                                                                         Probate Code, §§ 5A(b), 5B.
Action was brought for legal malpractice in representation of
                                                                         6 Cases that cite this headnote
client and his estate. Suit was transferred to the Probate Court
and County Court at Law No. 3, Brazoria County, James
Blackstock, J., which granted attorney's motion for summary        [4]   Courts
judgment. Client's executor appealed. The Court of Appeals,                  Causes which may be transferred
Wilson, J., held that: (1) transfer of suit was authorized, and          Statutory probate court may properly transfer to
(2) executor failed to create genuine issues of material fact            itself any case brought by or against a personal
regarding whether client could have prevailed in underlying              representative of an estate, regardless of whether
litigation but for attorney's conduct.                                   the claim meets the definition of “appertaining to
                                                                         or incident to” an estate. V.A.T.S. Probate Code,
Affirmed.                                                                §§ 5A(b), 5B.

                                                                         4 Cases that cite this headnote

 West Headnotes (10)
                                                                   [5]   Judgment
                                                                             Motion or Other Application
 [1]     Courts
                                                                         A defendant is not entitled to a summary
             Acts and proceedings without jurisdiction
                                                                         judgment on the entire case unless the defendant
         When a trial court acts without subject matter                  files a summary judgment that addresses, and
         jurisdiction by exceeding the limits of its                     then conclusively demonstrates, that the plaintiff
         statutory authority, any orders entered by the                  is not entitled to recover on any theory of liability
         court are void, and not merely voidable.                        alleged.
         4 Cases that cite this headnote                                 Cases that cite this headnote

 [2]     Courts                                                    [6]   Judgment
             Jurisdiction of Cause of Action                                 Attorneys, cases involving
         Courts                                                          Claims against attorney for breach of fiduciary
              Presumptions and Burden of Proof as to                     duty, breach of the duty of good faith and
         Jurisdiction                                                    fair dealing, fraud, Deceptive Trade Practices
         Courts                                                          Act (DTPA) violations, breach of contract,

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              1
Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165 (1998)

        and breach of express and implied warranties                   By failing to make reference to issue in her
        were essentially duplicative of legal malpractice              appellate brief, executor of client's estate waived
        claim, and therefore, attorney could obtain                    any complaint concerning propriety of summary
        summary judgment on entire case by disproving,                 judgment on legal malpractice claim relating to
        as matter of law, one element of legal                         attorney's duty to raise the affirmative defense
        malpractice claim. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. §§                      of interest beyond the contractual term, in
        17.41–17.63.                                                   underlying suit to recover deficiency judgment.

        38 Cases that cite this headnote                               5 Cases that cite this headnote

 [7]    Attorney and Client
             Elements of malpractice or negligence
        action in general                                      Attorneys and Law Firms

        Generally, to recover on a claim of legal               *166 Timothy Ferguson, Cheryl A. Schultz, Beaumont, for
        malpractice, a plaintiff must prove: (1) the           appellant.
        attorney owed the plaintiff a duty; (2) the
        attorney breached that duty; (3) the breach            Gary L. McConnell, Lynn J. Klement, Angleton, for appellee.
        proximately caused the plaintiff's injuries; and
        (4) damages occurred.                                  Before SCHNEIDER, C.J., and WILSON and SMITH, * JJ.

        30 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                                        OPINION
 [8]    Attorney and Client
            Pleading and evidence                              WILSON, Justice.

        When a legal malpractice case arises from prior        The case involves a legal malpractice action originally
        litigation, the plaintiff has the burden to prove      brought by the appellants, Carolyn Greathouse in her
        that, “but for” the attorney's breach of duty, he      individual capacity and as representative of her husband's
        or she would have prevailed on the underlying          estate (Greathouse), in state district court. The case was
        cause of action and would have been entitled to        later transferred to a statutory probate court which granted a
        judgment.                                              summary judgment on the merits of the dispute in favor of the
                                                               appellee, Gary McConnell. Greathouse appealed to this Court
        28 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               challenging both the transfer and the granting of summary
                                                               judgment. We affirm.
 [9]    Judgment
            Attorneys, cases involving
        Executor of client's estate failed to create genuine                               Facts
        issues of material fact as to whether client could
        have prevailed in underlying suit to recover           Greathouse's current claims against McConnell arise out of
        deficiency judgment but for attorney's failure to      his representation of Greathouse's deceased husband, Clyde
        raise commercial reasonableness of the sale of         R. Greathouse (Clyde), and Forrest Allen & Associates, Inc.
        the collateral and usury as affirmative defenses,      (Forrest Allen), an insurance agency formerly owned by
        as would preclude summary judgment on legal            Clyde, in a suit (the “underlying suit”) brought against them
        malpractice claim.                                     by Charter National Bank–Southwest (Charter) to recover a
                                                               deficiency judgment on a $250,000 loan Charter made to the
        Cases that cite this headnote                          Forrest Allen agency. Pursuant to the terms of that loan, the
                                                               Forrest Allen agency was pledged as collateral and Clyde
 [10]   Appeal and Error                                       agreed to act as guarantor. After Charter declined to renew
           To verdict, findings, or judgment                   the note, Clyde informed Charter that he was abandoning the

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           2
Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165 (1998)

Forrest Allen agency. Charter than took control of the agency      court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to transfer the legal
and sold it to another insurance agency in Corpus Christi.         malpractice suit from the district court to itself, and (2) even
Charter subsequently sought to recover a deficiency judgment       if the transfer was proper, the trial court erred in granting
from Forrest Allen as maker and from Clyde as guarantor on         summary judgment to McConnell.
the note.

After Clyde's death, Greathouse was appointed independent
                                                                     Transfer Pursuant to Section 5B of the Probate Code
executrix of his estate and, on June 3, 1986, Clyde's will was
admitted to probate in the statutory Probate Court and County       [1]     [2] In her first point of error, Greathouse alleges
Court at Law Number 3 of Brazoria County (the probate              the probate court lacked statutory authority to transfer the
court). The administration of Clyde's estate is still pending,     legal malpractice claim from the district court to itself, and,
and no final distribution or accounting has been made.             therefore, the order granting the transfer and all subsequent
                                                                   rulings by the probate court are void. When a trial court acts
Because Clyde died during the pendency of the underlying           without subject matter jurisdiction by exceeding the limits
suit, Greathouse, in her capacity as independent executrix of      of its statutory authority, any orders entered by the court are
Clyde's estate, was substituted as a party in place of Clyde.      void, and not merely voidable. See Qwest Microwave, Inc. v.
On August 24, 1989, the trial court entered a judgment in          Bedard, 756 S.W.2d 426, 437 (Tex.App.–Dallas 1988, orig.
the underlying suit against Forrest Allen and against Clyde's      proceeding). Subject matter jurisdiction is essential to the
estate for an amount in excess of $250,000.                        authority of a court to decide a case; it is never presumed and
                                                                   cannot be waived. Texas Ass'n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control
On August 11, 1993, Greathouse, in her individual capacity,        Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443–44 (Tex.1993).
instituted the current action (the “legal malpractice suit”)
against McConnell in the 149th District Court of *167
Brazoria County (the district court) alleging legal malpractice    1. The Probate Code
and violations of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act (DTPA),        The provisions of the Probate Code at issue in this appeal
TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE ANN. § 17.41–.63 (Vernon 1987                  are section 5B and subsections (b) through (e) of section
& Supp.1998), stemming from McConnell's representation of          5A. Section 5B of the Probate Code, entitled “Transfer of
Clyde and Clyde's estate in the underlying suit. In an amended     Proceeding,” permits the judge of a statutory probate court
petition filed on May 3, 1995, Greathouse sued McConnell in        to transfer from another court an action appertaining to or
her capacity as independent executrix of Clyde's estate as well    incident to an estate pending in the probate court. Specifically,
as in her individual capacity, and added allegations of breach     section 5B provides:
of contract and fraud. On November 22, 1995, McConnell
                                                                                A judge of a statutory probate court on
filed a motion in the probate court asking the court to transfer
                                                                                the motion of a party to the action or
the legal malpractice suit from the district court to itself and
                                                                                on the motion of a person interested
to consolidate that action with Clyde's estate administration
                                                                                in an estate, may transfer to his court
pending in the probate court. McConnell alleged that section
                                                                                from a district, county, or statutory
5B of the Probate Code authorized the probate court to
                                                                                court a cause of action appertaining
transfer the legal malpractice suit from the district court to
                                                                                to or incident to an estate pending in
itself because the legal malpractice suit was appertaining to or
                                                                                the statutory probate court and may
incident to Clyde's estate. Greathouse filed a motion opposing
                                                                                consolidate the transferred cause of
the transfer claiming that the legal malpractice suit was not
                                                                                action with the other proceedings in
appertaining to or incident to the estate administration, and,
                                                                                the statutory probate court relating to
therefore, transfer pursuant to section 5B was inappropriate.
                                                                                that estate.
The probate court granted McConnell's motion.
                                                                   TEX.PROB.CODE ANN. § 5B (Vernon Supp.1998)
After the legal malpractice suit was transferred, McConnell        (emphasis added).
filed a motion for summary judgment which the probate court
granted on December 6, 1996 without stating the grounds. In        Subsections (b) through (e) of section 5A, entitled “Matters
two points of error, Greathouse alleges that (1) the probate       Appertaining and Incident to an Estate and Other Probate

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              3
Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165 (1998)

Court Jurisdiction,” set forth the subject matter jurisdiction      jurisdiction to matters in which the controlling issue was
of statutory probate courts. Those sections, as they existed in     the settlement, partition, or distribution of an estate, and that
1995, provided, in pertinent part:                                  wrongful death actions did not fall within this definition.
                                                                    Seay, 677 S.W.2d at 23. Seay did not involve an interpretation
  (b) In proceedings in the statutory probate courts and            of the transfer statute, section 5B, but addressed only whether
  district courts, the phrases “appertaining to estates” and        the plaintiff's claims could be filed in the probate court in the
  “incident to an estate” in this Code include the probate          first instance pursuant to the jurisdictional requirements of
  of wills, the issuance of letters testamentary and of             section 5A(b).
  administration, and the determination of heirship, and also
  include, but are not limited to, all claims by or against         In 1985, the Legislature responded to Seay by amending the
  an estate, all actions for trial of title to land and for         Probate Code to broaden statutory probate court jurisdiction.
  the enforcement of liens thereon, all actions for trial           Palmer v. Coble Wall Trust Co., Inc., 851 S.W.2d 178, 181
  of the right of property, *168 all actions to construe            (Tex.1992). The 1985 amendment added a sentence to the
  wills, the interpretation and administration of testamentary      end of section 5A(b) which provided that “in actions by
  settlement, partition, and distribution of estates of deceased    or against a personal representative, the statutory probate
  persons.... In situations where the jurisdiction of a statutory   courts have concurrent jurisdiction with the district court.”
  probate court is concurrent with that of a district court, any    Palmer, 851 S.W.2d at 181. The purpose of the amendment
  cause of action appertaining to estates or incident to an         was to legislatively overrule the result in Seay by insuring
  estate shall be brought in a statutory probate court rather       that personal representatives could bring wrongful death or
  than in the district court.                                       survival actions on behalf of others in the statutory probate
                                                                    courts. See Palmer, 851 S.W.2d at 181.
  (c) A statutory probate court has concurrent jurisdiction
  with the district court in all actions: (1) by or
                                                                    However, after the 1985 amendment many courts continued
  against a person in the person's capacity as a personal
                                                                    to apply the “controlling issue” test set out in Seay in
  representative....
                                                                    determining whether a claim was “appertaining to or incident
  (d) A statutory probate court may exercise the pendent            to an estate,” which had the effect of denying statutory probate
  and ancillary jurisdiction necessary to promote judicial          courts jurisdiction over wrongful death and survival actions
  efficiency and economy.                                           because the “controlling issue” in such actions was not the
                                                                    settlement, partition, and distribution of an estate. See Palmer,
  (e) Subsections (c) and (d) apply whether or not the matter       851 S.W.2d at 181. To further clarify the issue, in 1989 the
  is appertaining to or incident to an estate.                      Legislature again amended section 5A to give probate courts
                                                                    jurisdiction over claims by or against personal representatives
Act of May 30, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 957, § 6, 1993            “whether or not the matter is appertaining to or incident to an
Tex.Gen.Laws 4081, 4162 (amended 1997) (current version
                                                                    estate.” Palmer, 851 S.W.2d at 182. 1
at TEX.PROB.CODE ANN. § 5A(b) (Vernon Supp.1998));
TEX.PROB.CODE ANN. § 5A(c)–(e) (Vernon Supp.1998).
                                                                    In 1992, the supreme court in Palmer addressed the effect
                                                                    of the 1985 and 1989 amendments to section 5A, and
2. Legislative and Decisional Law History                           the continuing validity of the “controlling issue” test in
To answer whether the probate court was authorized under            determining probate court jurisdiction under that section.
the Probate Code to transfer the district court case to             Palmer, 851 S.W.2d at 178. The court stated that to apply the
itself, a review of the case law and legislative amendments         “controlling issue” test in the context of the 1985 amendment,
relevant to these sections is necessary. In Seay v. Hall,           as some courts continued to do, *169 would deny probate
the Texas Supreme Court, interpreting an earlier version            courts jurisdiction over wrongful death and survival actions,
of Section 5A(b), held that a statutory probate court did           in direct contravention of the purpose of the amendment.
not have jurisdiction over a wrongful death and survival            Palmer, 851 S.W.2d at 181–82. Furthermore, the court stated
action filed in that court by the representative of a decedent's    the 1989 amendment, which gave probate courts jurisdiction
estate. 677 S.W.2d 19, 23 (Tex.1984). The court stated that         over claims by or against personal representatives whether or
the “appertaining to an estate and incident to an estate”           not the matter was “appertaining to or incident to an estate,”
language of section 5A(b) was designed to limit probate court       had dispensed altogether with the need to determine whether

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               4
Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165 (1998)

the “controlling issue” test applied in suits involving personal     D.B. Entertainment, Inc. v. Windle, 927 S.W.2d 283, 288
representatives. Palmer, 851 S.W.2d at 182. However, the             (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1996, orig. proceeding). In D.B.
court stated that the need for an ascertainable meaning of           Entertainment, the defendants in a wrongful death and
“appertaining to or incident to an estate” still existed in          survival action pending in a district court sought mandamus
certain circumstances. Id. The court went on to confirm              relief after a statutory probate court transferred the district
its earlier reasoning in Seay that, under section 5A, a              court case to itself pursuant to section 608 of the Probate Code
suit is “appertaining to or incident to an estate” when the          to be consolidated with guardianship proceedings pending in
controlling issue is the settlement, partition, or distribution of   the probate court. TEX.PROB.CODE ANN. § 608 (Vernon
an estate insofar as it does not apply to suits by or against        Supp.1998); D.B. Entertainment, 927 S.W.2d at 284–85.
a personal representative. Palmer, 851 S.W.2d at 182. As             Sections 607 and 608 of the Probate Code, which apply to
in Seay, Palmer addressed only a probate court's concurrent          guardianships, are almost identical to sections 5A and 5B
jurisdiction over wrongful death and survival actions, but did       respectively. TEX.PROB.CODE ANN. §§ 607, 608 (Vernon
not involve a transfer under section 5B of the Probate Code.         Supp.1998). Because of the similarity in the statutes, the Fort
                                                                     Worth Court examined sections 5A and 5B and the case
                                                                     law construing those sections to determine if the section 608
3. The Present Dispute                                               transfer was appropriate. The court held that the wrongful
 [3] As previously stated, McConnell moved to transfer the           death and survivorship action at issue in that case was not a
legal malpractice suit from the district court to the probate        cause of action “appertaining to or incident to” a guardianship
court pursuant to section 5B of the Probate Code. The trial          estate, and, therefore, the transfer was not authorized by
court granted McConnell's request, specifically finding that         section 608. The court noted that the “controlling issue”
the legal malpractice claim was “appertaining to or incident         test, used to determine what claims were “appertaining to
to” Clyde's pending estate administration. On appeal, the            or incident to” an estate, was still good law in certain
only issue contested by the parties is whether the legal             circumstances, *170 as was the Seay court's determination
malpractice claim was “appertaining to or incident to” a             that wrongful death actions do meet that standard. D.B.
pending estate administration, as required by section 5B.            Entertainment, 927 S.W.2d at 286. The court also noted
See Henry v. LaGrone, 842 S.W.2d 324, 326 (Tex.App.                  that, despite the fact that statutory probate courts were
—Amarillo 1992, orig. proceeding) (holding that transfer             unquestionably given concurrent jurisdiction over claims by
under section 5B requires showing that (1) court ordering            or against personal representatives by adding to section 5A
transfer is a statutory probate court, (2) an estate is pending      the language “whether or not the [claim by or against a
in that court, (3) a separate case is pending in a district,         representative] is appertaining to or incident to an estate,” this
county, or statutory court, and (4) that case involves claims        language does not appear in section 5B, which controls the
that are appertaining to or incident to the estate pending in        transfer of actions. D.B. Entertainment, 927 S.W.2d at 287–
the statutory probate court ). On appeal, McConnell argues           88. The court concluded that (1) because nothing in section
that, because the definition of “appertaining to or incident         608 authorizes the transfer of actions by or against a person in
to an estate” found in section 5A(b) includes “all claims by         their capacity as a guardian, regardless of whether the matter
or against an estate,” Greathouse's legal malpractice claim          is “appertaining to or incident to” a guardianship estate, and
brought in her capacity as the personal representative of            because (2) a wrongful death action was not “appertaining to
Clyde's estate was a claim “appertaining to or incident to           or incident to” an estate under the “controlling issue” test, the
an estate,” and, therefore, transfer pursuant to section 5B          probate court had no statutory authority to transfer the action
was proper. According to McConnell, whether the legal                to itself under section 608. D.B. Entertainment, 927 S.W.2d
malpractice claim is one “appertaining to or incident to             at 287.
an estate” under section 5B should not be judged by the
“controlling issue” test because, as the supreme court stated        In Ford, the defendants in a wrongful death and survival
in Palmer, that test is not applicable when the claim is brought     action pending in a district court sought mandamus relief
by or against a personal representative. See Palmer, 851             after a statutory probate court transferred that case to itself
S.W.2d at 182.                                                       pursuant to section 5B after finding that the wrongful death
                                                                     action was “appertaining to or incident to” an estate action
Greathouse points out two cases which she claims support             pending in the probate court. Ford, 965 S.W.2d at 572–
her position. See In re Ford Motor Co., 965 S.W.2d 571, 575          73. The Fourteenth Court relied on D.B. Entertainment,
(Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, orig. proceeding);

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Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165 (1998)

finding its reasoning equally applicable to the facts in           all actions by or against a personal representative whether
Ford, 965 S.W.2d at 574. The court went on to note                 or not the matter is appertaining to or incident to an estate,
that D.B. Entertainment was not inconsistent with Palmer.          section 5B contains no language allowing the court to transfer
Ford, 965 S.W.2d at 574. According to the Fourteenth               any action whether or not the matter is appertaining to or
Court, although in Palmer the supreme court acknowledged           incident to an estate. See *171 Ford, 965 S.W.2d at
that the subsequent amendments to section 5A dispensed             575; D.B. Entertainment, 927 S.W.2d at 287–88. The courts
with the need to determine by use of the “controlling              concluded that, due to the absence of this language in section
issue” test whether a claim is “appertaining to or incident        5B, a probate court may only transfer causes of action which
to an estate” in suits involving a personal representative,        are appertaining to or incident to an estate, regardless of
Palmer did recognize the continued validity of that test           whether the action was brought by a personal representative.
in certain circumstances. Ford, 965 S.W.2d at 574. The             See Ford, 965 S.W.2d at 575; D.B. Entertainment, 927
Fourteenth Court held that, as implicitly recognized in D.B.       S.W.2d at 287–88.
Entertainment, a transfer is such a circumstance because
there is nothing in section 5B that authorizes the transfer of      [4] However, we find no reason to draw such a distinction
an action by or against a personal representative, regardless      between sections 5A and 5B. In unambiguous terms, the
of whether the action is “appertaining to or incident to” an       legislature amended section 5A in 1989 to grant probate
estate. Ford, 965 S.W.2d at 574. The court concluded that,         courts concurrent jurisdiction over all actions brought by or
although the relators in that case argued that section 5B cannot   against a personal representative, whether or not those claims
be applied without looking to section 5A, section 5A is a          standing alone would meet the definition of “appertaining to
jurisdictional statute that determines the court where a suit      or incident to” an estate. See Palmer, 851 S.W.2d at 182.
may be filed. Ford, 965 S.W.2d at 575. Unlike section 5B, the      While similar language was not added to section 5B, we
court stated, section 5A does not govern transfers, and courts     believe the broad grant of jurisdiction found in section 5A
need only look to section 5A to ascertain the definition of the    requires that the two sections be read together. We do not
phrase “appertaining to or incident to” an estate. Ford, 965       believe the legislature intended to grant the probate courts
S.W.2d at 575.                                                     concurrent jurisdiction over such claims in one section and
                                                                   then restrict the transfer of those claims in another. As
Based on our reading of the plain language of sections 5A and      the supreme court stated in Palmer, the 1989 amendments
5B, and upon the nature of the underlying cause of action at       “dispensed with the need to make this inquiry [whether
issue in this case, we decline to follow the holdings in Ford      an action was appertaining to or incident to an estate]
and D.B. Entertainment. At the outset, we note that, unlike        in suits involving a personal representative” under section
Seay, Ford, and D.B. Entertainment, this case involves the         5A. Palmer, 851 S.W.2d at 182. We find this reasoning
transfer of a legal malpractice claim and not wrongful death       applies equally to section 5B. Therefore, we hold that a
and survivorship claims. Key to the holdings in both Ford and      statutory probate court may properly transfer to itself any
D.B. Entertainment was the fact that, according to that portion    case brought by or against a personal representative of an
of the Seay opinion which is still good law, wrongful death        estate, regardless of whether the claim meets the definition
and survivorship claims are not causes of action appertaining      of “appertaining to or incident to” an estate. Accordingly,
to or incident to an estate. Ford, 965 S.W.2d at 575; D.B.         because Greathouse brought her legal malpractice claim in
Entertainment, 927 S.W.2d at 287. No cases have extended           her capacity as independent executrix of Clyde's estate, and
this per se rule to other causes of action.                        because Clyde's estate administration was pending before the
                                                                   probate court, the court had jurisdiction to transfer the legal
Notwithstanding the fact that in this case we are not faced        malpractice suit to itself.
with a wrongful death or survivorship claim, we disagree
with the conclusion reached by the courts in Ford and D.B.         We overrule Greathouse's first point of error.
Entertainment that, because section 5A is a “jurisdiction”
statute and section 5B is a “transfer” statute, the two statutes
should not be read together. See Ford, 965 S.W.2d at 575;
                                                                               Propriety of Summary Judgment
D.B. Entertainment, 927 S.W.2d at 287–88. In both Ford and
D.B. Entertainment, the courts noted that, although section        Because we have held that the probate court properly
5A grants to the probate courts concurrent jurisdiction over       transferred Greathouse's legal malpractice claim to itself,

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           6
Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165 (1998)

we now address Greathouse's second point of error which          what is essentially a legal malpractice claim into several
challenges the trial court's granting of summary judgment in     causes of action. We agree.
favor of McConnell.
                                                                Although Greathouse did allege multiple causes of action,
                                                                they were all essentially “means to an end” to achieve
1. Standard of Review                                           one complaint of legal malpractice. See Klein, 923 S.W.2d
A defendant, as the movant, is entitled to prevail on a motion  at 49. A cause of action arising out of bad legal advice
for summary judgment if the defendant can establish with        or improper representation is legal malpractice. Sullivan
competent summary judgment proof that, as a matter of law,      v. Bickel & Brewer, 943 S.W.2d 477, 481 (Tex.App.—
there is no genuine issue of fact as to one or more of the      Dallas 1995, writ denied). Although Greathouse alleged
essential elements of the plaintiff's cause of action. City of  separate and distinct causes of action, the crux of each of
Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 679         those claims was that McConnell did not provide adequate
(Tex.1979). The standard for appellate review of a summary      legal representation to Greathouse. Greathouse's petition
judgment is well established:                                   separately alleges negligence, breach of fiduciary duty,
                                                                and breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing;
   (1) the movant has the burden of showing that there is no
                                                                however, each of those allegations are followed by identical
      genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to
                                                                paragraphs detailing how McConnell breached these duties
      judgment as a matter of law;
                                                                to Greathouse. Under her DTPA subheading, Greathouse
   (2) in deciding whether there is a disputed material fact    alleged that McConnell (1) falsely represented that his legal
      issue precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable     services were of a competent quality, when they were not, (2)
      to the nonmovant must be taken as true; and               represented that the attorney-client relationship between them
                                                                conferred certain rights, remedies or obligations that it did
   (3) every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of  not have, (3) engaged in an unconscionable course of conduct
      the nonmovant and any doubts resolved in its favor.       that took advantage of Greathouse's lack of knowledge and
                                                                experience such that there existed a gross disparity between
Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Co., 690 S.W.2d 546,           the value of legal services received and the consideration
548–49 (Tex.1985). On appeal, we will affirm a summary          paid to McConnell for those services, because McConnell's
judgment if any of the theories advanced in the motion is       legal services were of no value. Under her breach of contract
meritorious. Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d      subheading, Greathouse alleged that (1) McConnell made
623, 626 (Tex.1996).                                            express and implied warranties to Greathouse that McConnell
                                                                would provide good and competent legal services, and
                                                                McConnell breached those warranties by failing to, among
2. Nature of Action
 [5] [6] Before determining if any of the grounds asserted other things, handle the lawsuit as a reasonably prudent
by McConnell supported the trial court's grant of summary       attorney would have. 2 As to Greathouse's allegations of
judgment, we must first address the precise nature of           fraud, she does not provide any specific allegations separate
the claims Greathouse has alleged against McConnell. A          from those alleged misrepresentations which, according
defendant is not entitled to a summary judgment on the          to Greathouse, violated the DTPA. We hold that these
entire case unless the defendant files a summary judgment       claims amounted to nothing more than allegations of legal
that addresses, and then conclusively demonstrates, that the    malpractice, and, therefore, McConnell could have obtained
plaintiff is not entitled to recover on any theory of liability summary judgment on the entire case by disproving, as a
alleged. *172 Klein v. Reynolds, Cunningham, Peterson           matter of law, one element of Greathouse's legal malpractice
& Cordell, 923 S.W.2d 45, 48–49 (Tex.App.—Houston               cause of action.
[1st Dist.] 1995, no writ). Greathouse's petition contained
allegations of legal malpractice (professional negligence),
                                                                 3. Legal Malpractice Cause of Action
breach of fiduciary duty, breach of the duty of good faith
                                                                  [7]    [8]     Generally, to recover on a claim of legal
and fair dealing, fraud, DTPA violations, breach of contract,
                                                                 malpractice, a plaintiff must prove: (1) the attorney owed
and breach of express and implied warranties. McConnell
                                                                 the plaintiff a duty; (2) the attorney breached that duty; (3)
contends that Greathouse should not be allowed to “fracture”
                                                                 the breach proximately caused the plaintiff's injuries; and

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         7
Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165 (1998)

(4) damages occurred. Farah v. Mafrige & Kormanik, P.C.,            in a commercially reasonable manner, McConnell attached
927 S.W.2d 663, 670 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996,             the affidavit of Winston Davis, the president of Charter Bank
no writ). When a legal malpractice case arises from prior           at the time Charter brought suit against Clyde and Forrest
litigation, the plaintiff has the burden to prove that, “but for”   Allen. In his affidavit, Davis outlined the events surrounding
the attorney's breach of duty, he or she would have prevailed       the sale of the Forrest Allen agency, including (1) the notice
on the underlying cause of action and would have been               given to the parties, (2) Davis's efforts to solicit bids from
entitled to judgment. Jackson v. Urban, Coolidge, Pennington        insurance agents in Corpus Christi, and (3) the sale of the
& Scott, 516 S.W.2d 948, 949 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st             agency to the only bidder, Courtesy Insurance Agency, for
Dist.] 1974, writ ref'd n.r.e.); *173 Schlager v. Clements,         $100,000. 3 McConnell refers us to several cases in which
939 S.W.2d 183, 186–87 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.]               affidavits similar to Davis's were found sufficient to prove,
1996, writ denied). This aspect of the plaintiff's burden is        as a matter of law, that a sale of collateral was commercially
commonly referred to as the “suit within a suit” requirement.       reasonable pursuant to section 9.504. See Wilson v. General
See id.                                                             Motors Acceptance Corp., 897 S.W.2d 818, 822 (Tex.App.
                                                                    —Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, no writ); Folkes v. Del Rio Bank
                                                                    & Trust Co., 747 S.W.2d 443, 446 (Tex.App.—San Antonio
4. Failure to Raise Affirmative Defenses
                                                                    1988, no writ). We hold that Davis's affidavit contains
 [9]    Although Greathouse's pleadings alleged several
                                                                    sufficient information to establish, as a matter of law, that the
breaches of the applicable standard of care, the crux of her
                                                                    sale was conducted in a commercially reasonable manner.
claim was that McConnell did not raise affirmative defenses
in the underlying suit which a reasonable attorney would
                                                                    In her response to McConnell's motion for summary
have raised. Specifically, Greathouse alleged that McConnell
                                                                    judgment, Greathouse objected to Davis's affidavit on the
should have raised the following affirmative defenses: (1)
                                                                    ground that it contained *174 legal conclusions and
the commercial reasonableness of the sale of the collateral
                                                                    was therefore not competent summary judgment proof.
securing the note in the underlying case; (2) usury; and
                                                                    Greathouse also attached the affidavit of Denice Smith,
(3) interest beyond the contractual term of the note. In
                                                                    an attorney, which Greathouse claimed raised fact issues
his motion for summary judgment, McConnell attempted to
                                                                    concerning McConnell's culpability for failing to plead and
disprove the “suit within a suit” element of Greathouse's legal
                                                                    prove the affirmative defense of commercial reasonableness.
malpractice cause of action by showing that, even if he would
have raised those affirmative defenses, Greathouse would
                                                                    However, neither Greathouse's objections to McConnell's
not have prevailed in the underlying litigation. Therefore, if
                                                                    summary judgment proof nor her own summary judgment
McConnell was successful in proving as a matter of law that
                                                                    evidence addressed the element of her cause of action
raising these defenses would not have resulted in a favorable
                                                                    which McConnell sought to disprove, namely, the “suit
outcome for Greathouse, McConnell was entitled to summary
                                                                    within a suit” requirement. As previously stated, McConnell
judgment on Greathouse's legal malpractice claim.
                                                                    proved, as a matter of law, that the sale of Clyde's
                                                                    insurance company was conducted in a commercially
a. Commercial Reasonableness                                        reasonable manner. Therefore, even if McConnell would have
In his motion for summary judgment, McConnell attempted             pleaded and proved the affirmative defense of commercial
to show that the sale of the collateral securing the note,          reasonableness, Greathouse would not have been successful
the Forrest Allen agency, was conducted in a commercially           in the underlying action because the sale was commercially
reasonable manner, and, therefore, raising commercial               reasonable. Greathouse objected to those portions of Davis's
reasonableness as a defense would not have resulted in a            affidavit in which he stated “Charter gave reasonable notice
successful outcome for Greathouse in the underlying suit.           of a private sale of the collateral to Forrest Allen and the
                                                                    Greathouses,” and “Charter subsequently sold the collateral
Section 9.504 of the Business and Commerce Code requires            in a commercially reasonable manner, including the method,
that, before the holder of a note can obtain a deficiency           manner, time, place and terms.” However, in addition to
judgment against the maker, or in this case a guarantor, it         these statements, Davis provided a detailed summary of the
must show the sale was made in a commercially reasonable            facts surrounding the loan transaction and the subsequent
manner. See TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE ANN. § 9.504                        sale of the collateral. As in Wilson and Folkes, these facts
(Vernon 1991). In support of his claim that the sale was made       allowed McConnell to prove the commercial reasonableness

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Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165 (1998)

of the sale as a matter of law, notwithstanding any conclusory       we will review Smith's affidavit to determine if it raised a fact
statements contained in the affidavit.                               issue concerning McConnell's usury arguments.

The affidavit of Denice Smith, attached as summary judgment          As she did in connection with the affirmative defense of
evidence to Greathouse's response, also misses the mark. In          commercial reasonableness, Smith states in her affidavit that
her affidavit, Smith stated it was her expert opinion that a         McConnell, *175 by failing to raise the affirmative defense
reasonably prudent attorney would have raised the affirmative        of usury, failed to act as a reasonable and prudent attorney
defense of commercial reasonableness, and that by failing            would have. However, in his motion for summary judgment
to do so, McConnell breached the standard of care owed to            McConnell sought to negate the “suit within a suit” element
Greathouse. However, in her affidavit Smith did not attempt          of Greathouse's legal malpractice action by proving that the
to dispute the facts surrounding the sale of the underlying          affirmative defense of usury was not available to Clyde,
collateral as described in Davis's affidavit, nor did she explain    and, therefore, Greathouse would not have prevailed in the
why the sale was not conducted in a commercially reasonable          underlying suit even if McConnell would have raised that
manner. Smith merely attempted to establish that McConnell           defense. Merely stating that McConnell, by failing to raise
breached a duty owed to Greathouse, but did not address              usury as a defense, breached a duty of care to Greathouse does
the question whether Greathouse would have prevailed in the          not counter McConnell's summary judgment argument that
underlying suit but for McConnell's negligence. Therefore,           the defense was not available in the first instance. Therefore,
as to the affirmative defense of commercial reasonableness,          as to the affirmative defense of usury, Greathouse did not raise
Greathouse failed to raise a fact issue concerning the “suit         a fact issue concerning the “suit within a suit” element of her
within a suit” element of her legal malpractice cause of action.     legal malpractice cause of action.

b. Usury                                                             c. Interest Beyond the Contractual Term
Greathouse also alleged in her pleadings that McConnell               [10] Finally, Greathouse alleged McConnell was negligent
should have raised the affirmative defense of usury. In his          by not raising interest beyond the contractual term as an
motion for summary judgment, McConnell argued (1) the                affirmative defense. In his motion for summary judgment,
note and Clyde's guarantee, which were attached as summary           McConnell argued that the loan documents clearly show
judgment evidence, make clear that Clyde was liable for the          Clyde was liable for the interest accruing on the note until
interest which accrued on the note, and (2) even if Charter          final payment, and that his death had no effect on his
had charged usurious interest to Forrest Allen and sought to         obligation because his liability for that interest was created
recover that interest from Clyde, the defense of usury was not       prior to his death. However, Greathouse makes no mention
available to Clyde because he was only a guarantor on the            of interest beyond the contractual term in her appellate
note.                                                                brief. Although Greathouse does make the general assertion
                                                                     that Smith's affidavit raises fact issues precluding summary
It is well settled that usury is a defense personal to the debtor,   judgment, we find no reference to the affirmative defense of
one that a guarantor may not interpose. Arndt v. National            interest beyond the contractual term in Smith's affidavit. We
Supply Co., 633 S.W.2d 919, 925 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th              are not authorized to reverse a judgment in the absence of
Dist.] 1982, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Because Clyde was a guarantor       properly assigned error, and thus cannot address contentions
on the note, McConnell could not have raised this defense on         which Greathouse either failed to raise or chose to abandon.
Clyde's behalf, and, therefore, his failure to do so could not       See Houston Mercantile Exch. Corp. v. Dailey Petroleum
have affected the outcome of the underlying suit.                    Corp., 930 S.W.2d 242, 249 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th
                                                                     Dist.] 1996, no writ). Therefore, Greathouse has waived any
In her response to McConnell's motion, Greathouse did                complaint concerning the propriety of summary judgment
not specifically mention McConnell's failure to raise usury          relating to McConnell's duty to raise the affirmative defense
as a defense, nor did she specifically address McConnell's           of interest beyond the contractual term.
summary judgment arguments on this issue. However, in her
response to McConnell's motion and in her appellate brief
Greathouse makes the general statement that Smith's affidavit        7. Conclusion
raised fact issues precluding summary judgment. Therefore,           Because McConnell proved, as a matter of law, that raising
                                                                     the affirmative defenses of (1) commercial reasonableness

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                9
Greathouse v. McConnell, 982 S.W.2d 165 (1998)

and (2) usury in the underlying suit would not have
resulted in a successful outcome for Greathouse, and because
                                                                    All Citations
Greathouse waived any argument concerning the affirmative
defense of interest beyond the contractual term, we overrule        982 S.W.2d 165
Greathouse's second point of error and affirm the judgment
of the trial court.

Footnotes
*      The Honorable Jackson B. Smith, Jr., retired Justice, Court of Appeals, First District of Texas at Houston, participating
       by assignment.
1      The 1989 amendment to section 5A was the last legislative change relevant to this appeal. An amendment in 1993 had
       no bearing on the issues in this case, and an amendment in 1997 became effective after the conclusion of the trial court
       proceedings.
2      In Jampole v. Matthews, we recognized a cause of action for breach of contract independent of a legal malpractice
       claim. 857 S.W.2d 57, 62 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied). That case, however, limited this distinction
       to actions against attorneys for excessive legal fees:
              We distinguish ... between an action for negligent legal malpractice and one for fraud allegedly committed by an
              attorney relating to the establishing and charging of fees for services. Similarly, we distinguish between an action for
              negligent legal malpractice and one for breach of contract relating to excessive fees for services.
           Id. However, this case does not involve a dispute over the amount of attorney's fees which McConnell charged
           Greathouse. Rather, Greathouse alleges only that, by not taking certain actions during the course of his representation,
           McConnell did not provide the services for which Greathouse contracted, i.e., the services that a reasonably prudent
           attorney would have provided. Therefore, the facts of this case do not give rise to the Jampole exception. See id.
3      Davis's affidavit began by detailing the terms of the loan transaction, specifically, that Charter loaned $253,308.19 to
       Forrest Allen, Clyde's insurance agency, and that the loan was guaranteed by Clyde and was secured by all rights,
       title and interest in the insurance expirations, commissions, accounts receivable, furniture, and fixtures belonging to
       Forrest Allen. Davis then explained that Forrest Allen and Clyde were notified that the loan would not be renewed at
       maturity, and that upon maturity, Charter demanded full payment of all sums owed to Charter. According to Davis, a
       representative of Greathouse informed Charter that the Greathouses were abandoning the insurance agency. Davis
       then traveled to Corpus Christi to inspect Charter's collateral, and sent a Charter employee to watch over the collateral
       pending sale. Charter then gave notice of a private sale to Forrest Allen and Greathouse, a copy of which was attached
       to the affidavit. Davis then contacted a number of insurance agents in Corpus Christi to solicit bids for the agency. Davis
       received only one offer in the amount of $100,000 from Courtesy Insurance Agency, and on May 9, 1985, Charter sold
       the agency to Courtesy for that amount. Davis concluded that, based on his background and experience, Charter gave
       reasonable notice of the sale to Forrest Allen and Greathouse, and the subsequent sale of the collateral was conducted
       in a commercially reasonable manner.

End of Document                                                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               10
Z
Heath v. Herron, 732 S.W.2d 748 (1987)

                                                                        Cases that cite this headnote
                    732 S.W.2d 748
                Court of Appeals of Texas,
                  Houston (14th Dist.).                           [2]   Judgment
                                                                            Persons Not Parties or Privies
                 Bob HEATH, Appellant,                                  Judgment
                           v.                                               Scope and Extent of Estoppel in General
              Glen Earl HERRON, Appellee.                               Collateral estoppel did not bar relitigation
                                                                        of issue of existence of partnership in
           No. A14–86–517–CV. | June 11,
                                                                        partner's subsequent legal malpractice suit; facts
       1987. | Rehearing Denied July 7, 1987.
                                                                        concerning that issue were not fully and fairly
In legal malpractice suit alleging negligence and violations            litigated in underlying lawsuit, in absence of
of Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act, the 133rd District              failure to verify denial of partnership, and parties
Court, Harris County, David Hittner, J., entered judgment               to present action were not cast as adversaries in
against attorney, who appealed. The Court of Appeals,                   former action.
J. Curtiss Brown, Chief Justice, held that: (1) client's
                                                                        Cases that cite this headnote
introduction of trial pleadings and judgment from underlying
partnership suit did not act as collateral or judicial
estoppel on that issue in malpractice suit, and settlement        [3]   Election of Remedies
of partnership suit did not bar client from bringing legal                   Nature and Grounds in General
malpractice suit under election doctrine; (2) attorney had              Election doctrine may constitute bar to relief
duty to file verified denial of partnership or failure of               when one successfully exercises informed choice
consideration, under circumstances of case; (3) evidence was            between two or more remedies, rights, or states
legally and factually sufficient to support jury's answers to           of facts which are so inconsistent as to constitute
special issues finding attorney's omissions to be negligent             manifest injustice.
conduct proximately causing damage to client; (4) emotional
distress damages should not have been awarded, absent                   1 Cases that cite this headnote
egregious or extraordinary circumstances; and (5) attorney's
announcement of “ready” in open court at commencement             [4]   Election of Remedies
of partnership suit was not false representation giving rise to              Acts Constituting Election
cause of action under Deceptive Trade Practices Act.
                                                                        Client's decision to settle lawsuit did not act as
                                                                        bar to later malpractice suit against his attorney
Affirmed in part, reversed and rendered in part.
                                                                        under election doctrine, in view of client's
                                                                        testimony that attorney told him his case was lost
                                                                        and that he should probably settle and that he was
 West Headnotes (10)                                                    relying on his attorney to make legal decision on
                                                                        what course to pursue.

 [1]    Evidence                                                        1 Cases that cite this headnote
             Conclusiveness of Evidence on Party
        Introducing It
                                                                  [5]   Torts
        Client's introduction of trial pleadings from                       Duty and Breach Thereof in General
        underlying partnership suit did not act as
                                                                        In order to establish tort liability, plaintiff must
        judicial admission in legal malpractice suit
                                                                        initially prove existence and breach of duty owed
        of truth of matters contained therein; party
                                                                        to him by defendant.
        was not conclusively bound by introduction of
        opponent's pleadings and could disprove any                     Cases that cite this headnote
        facts in document introduced.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             1
Heath v. Herron, 732 S.W.2d 748 (1987)

 [6]   Attorney and Client                                     [10]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation
           Conduct of Litigation                                          Legal Professionals; Attorney and Client
       For purposes of legal malpractice suit, attorney               Attorney's announcement of “ready” in open
       had duty to file verified denial of partnership and            court at commencement of suit was not
       failure of consideration in partnership suit, and              false representation to client concerning
       failure to do so deprived client of viable defense             characteristics and quality of legal services
       notwithstanding that other party's pleadings in                giving rise to cause of action under Deceptive
       that suit did not allege partnership or make                   Trade Practices Act. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. §
       failure of consideration an issue; failure to                  17.46(a, b).
       deny partnership status resulted in admission
       of partnership's existence and was result of                   1 Cases that cite this headnote
       oversight rather than mere error in judgment.
       Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 93.

       3 Cases that cite this headnote                        Attorneys and Law Firms

                                                              *749 Robert Heath, Houston, for appellant.
 [7]   Attorney and Client
           Pleading and Evidence                              J.L. Culpepper, Houston, for appellee.
       Evidence was legally and factually sufficient
       to support jury's answers to special issues,           Before J. CURTISS BROWN, C.J., and ROBERTSON and
       finding numerous omissions by attorney in his          CANNON, JJ.
       representation of client in partnership suit to be
       negligent conduct that was proximate cause of
       damage to client.                                                               OPINION

       1 Cases that cite this headnote                        J. CURTISS BROWN, Chief Justice.

                                                              This is an appeal from a judgment entered against appellant
 [8]   Attorney and Client                                    (Heath or appellant) in a legal malpractice suit brought
           Conduct of Litigation                              by appellee (Herron or appellee) alleging negligence and
       In order to support malpractice recovery against       violations of the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. We
       attorney representing defendant in civil suit, it is   affirm the trial court's judgment except as to the award of
       necessary to establish that client had meritorious     damages and attorney's fees under the DTPA claim and those
       defense to that suit; “meritorious defense” is one     damages awarded for mental anguish under the negligence
       that, if proved, would cause different result upon     claim.
       retrial of case.
                                                              Appellee retained appellant to represent him as sole defense
       11 Cases that cite this headnote                       counsel in a suit filed by Neil Beene, who sought a dissolution
                                                              and accounting of monies and property under partnerships
 [9]   Damages                                                and other business relationships with appellee (hereafter the
          Mental Suffering and Emotional Distress             Beene/Herron suit). In particular, Beene alleged that in 1977
                                                              he and appellee entered into a written partnership agreement
       Emotional distress damages should not be
                                                              whereby each was to share an interest in the Jerry Dominy,
       awarded in legal malpractice cases, at least
                                                              Trustee, tract of land. Beene's petition further alleged that
       in absence of egregious or extraordinary
                                                              in 1978 he and appellee entered into an oral agreement of
       circumstances.
                                                              partnership whereby Beene was to pay appellee one-half of all
       5 Cases that cite this headnote                        profits received by Beene for the construction of the Houston
                                                              Northwest Professional Building in return for one-half of
                                                              appellee's ownership interest in the building.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         2
Heath v. Herron, 732 S.W.2d 748 (1987)

Appellant, on behalf of appellee, filed an answer denying            We find these pleas in bar inapplicable. Appellee's
“that there was ever any *750 agreement finally consumated           introduction into evidence of the trial pleadings from the
[sic] between the Plaintiff and Defendant concerning any             Beene/Herron suit does not act as a judicial admission of
1977 written partnership agreement” and denying “that                the truth of the matters contained therein; a party is not
any oral agreement was entered into in 1978” between                 conclusively bound by the introduction of his opponent's
Plaintiff and Defendant concerning the Houston Northwest             pleadings and may disprove any facts in a document he
Professional Building. This answer was not verified.                 introduced. Pope v. Darcey, 667 S.W.2d 270, 274 (Tex.App.
                                                                     —Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Nor does
Trial proceeded before a jury. At the conclusion of the              collateral estoppel bar relitigation of the issue of the existence
presentation of Beene's evidence, Beene moved for an                 of a partnership between Beene and appellee. The facts
“instructed verdict” requesting that all testimony offered           concerning this issue were not fully and fairly litigated in
by appellee contradicting the existence of partnerships be           the Beene/Herron lawsuit since appellant failed to verify a
stricken from the record as appellee had failed to verify            denial of partnership; nor were appellant and appellee cast
his answer as required by Tex.R.Civ.P. 93(f). The motion             as adversaries in that action. See Bonniwell v. Beech Aircraft
further requested the trial court to instruct the jury to return a   Corp., 663 S.W.2d 816, 818 (Tex.1984).
verdict that established Beene and appellee as partners in the
Houston Northwest Professional Building, the Jerry Dominy            The election doctrine may constitute a bar to relief when (1)
tract and two other properties located in Limestone County.          one successfully exercises an informed choice (2) between
Understanding that the trial court was inclined to grant the         two or more remedies, rights or states of facts (3) which are so
motion, appellee decided to settle with Beene. The settlement,       inconsistent as to (4) constitute manifest injustice. Bocanegra
approved by the court, resulted in a judgment dissolving             v. Aetna Life Insurance Co., 605 S.W.2d 848, 851 (Tex.1980).
the alleged partnerships and awarding $250,000.00 to Beene           Contrary to appellant's assertion otherwise, appellee denied
from funds held in escrow pending trial deposited by Sumed,          throughout both trials that a partnership existed as to the Jerry
Inc., the management company for the alleged partnership             Dominy tract and the Northwest Professional Building. Nor is
in the Northwest Professional Building. The final judgment           this court convinced that appellee made his decision to settle
further awarded to Beene several parcels of land in which he         with a full and clear understanding of the problem, facts and
claimed an interest.                                                 remedies essential to the exercise of an intelligent choice.
                                                                     Appellee testified that appellant told him that his case was
Appellee complied with the settlement agreement, then                lost because of appellant's pleading mistake and that, while
filed his legal malpractice suit against appellant alleging          they could try the case and hope for *751 different results
negligence and violations of the DTPA (hereafter the Herron/         on appeal, Beene was ready to settle and that was probably
Heath or malpractice suit). Trial was to the jury, which             what appellee should do. Appellee further testified that he did
answered special issues favorably to appellee on both claims.        not understand the legal significance of what appellant was
Judgment was entered awarding appellee $298,308.58                   telling him and was relying on appellant to make the legal
in actual damages, $2,000.00 under the DTPA claim,                   decision on what course to pursue. Under these circumstances
$25,000.00 in attorney's fees, and pre- and postjudgment             appellee's decision to settle does not act as a bar to the later
interest. It is from this judgment that appellant appeals.           malpractice suit. Points of error 1, 2, 5 and 17 are overruled.

 [1]    [2]     [3]    [4] Appellant brings 74 points of error.In points of error 6–9 and 28 appellant contends the trial
In points of error 1, 2, 5 and 17 appellant contends the       court erred in failing to grant his Motions for Directed Verdict
trial court erred in failing to grant his Motion for Directed  and New Trial because appellant had no duty to plead and
Verdict because, as a matter of law, appellee's introduction   have appellee verify a denial of partnership or failure of
into evidence of the trial pleadings and judgment from the     consideration.
Beene/Herron suit act as collateral or judicial estoppel on
the issue of partnership in the Herron/Heath suit. Appellant    [5] [6] In order to establish tort liability, a plaintiff must
further contends that the settlement of the Beene/Herron suit  initially prove the existence and breach of a duty owed
bars appellee from bringing suit against appellant for legal   to him by the defendant. Otis Engineering Corp. v. Clark,
malpractice according to the election doctrine.                668 S.W.2d 307, 309 (Tex.1983). Appellant argues that as

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 3
Heath v. Herron, 732 S.W.2d 748 (1987)

appellee's attorney in the Beene/Herron lawsuit he had no           with Beene, while Beene in other parts of his pleading
duty to file a verified denial of partnership or failure of         labelled his business relationships with appellee as “joint
consideration with appellee's trial pleading because Beene's        ventures.” Thus, appellant argues, the “truth of such matters
pleadings did not allege partnership nor was failure of             appear of record” and need not be verified under Rule 93.
consideration made an issue by Beene. Appellant further
contends that no verified denial was required as a matter of        Appellant further contends that the true issues raised by
law because there is no statutory or case authority in this state   Beene's petition had to do with whether certain agreements
mandating that certain steps be taken in preparing a defense.       between the two were carried out, not the identity of the
                                                                    relationship between the two; therefore he should have been
The two main issues in the Beene/Herron suit are contained          allowed to defend appellee's case without addressing the
within paragraphs V and VI of Beene's second amended                partnership issue.
petition. Paragraph V states that:
                                                                    We are not persuaded by appellant's “no duty” argument.
             In 1977, Plaintiff and Defendant,                      A lawyer is required under the Texas Code of Professional
             GLEN EARL HERRON, entered                              Responsibility to represent a client competently, and this
             into a written partnership agreement                   includes a mandate that the lawyer shall not handle a legal
             whereby each party was to share a one-                 matter without adequate preparation under the circumstances.
             half (½) undivided interest in a ten                   Under the pleadings in effect at the time of trial, Beene
             per cent (10%) interest in the JERRY                   clearly alleged the existence of a partnership with appellee
             DOMINY, TRUSTEE, tract of land.                        in paragraphs V and VI concerning the Jerry Dominy tract
             A copy of this written partnership                     and the Northwest Professional Building. Equally clear from
             agreement is attached as Exhibit “D”                   appellee's testimony is that he maintained throughout the
             and included herein for all purposes                   Beene/Herron suit and the malpractice suit that no such
             verbatim.                                              partnership existed. The failure by appellant to file the *752
                                                                    verified denial required by Rule 93 deprived appellee of a
Paragraph VI states that:
                                                                    viable defense in the Beene/Herron suit, since the failure
             In 1978, Plaintiff and Defendant,                      to deny partnership status by a verified denial results in an
             GLEN EARL HERRON entered into                          admission of the existence of a partnership which cannot
             an oral agreement of partnership                       be controverted at trial. Washburn v. Krenek, 684 S.W.2d
             whereby Plaintiff was to pay said                      187, 191 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, writ ref'd
             Defendant one-half (½) of all                          n.r.e.). Nor was appellant's omission a mere error in judgment
             profits received by Plaintiff for the                  for which he would not be held liable since he admitted in
             construction of a building known                       testimony that he would have filed a verified denial had he
             as Houston Northwest Professional                      thought of it.
             Building, in return for one-half (½) of
             Defendant, GLEN EARL HERRON'S                          We therefore hold that appellant had a duty under the
             twenty per cent (20%) ownership                        circumstances to file a verified denial of partnership and
             interest in the building.                              failure of consideration on behalf of appellee in the Beene/
                                                                    Herron suit. Points of error 6–9 and 28 are overruled.
Tex.R.Civ.P. 93 (Vernon 1979) provides that “A pleading
setting up any of the following matters, unless the truth of         [7] In points of error 4, 10, 11, 19, 20, 30, 32–47, 55 and
such matters appear of record, shall be verified by affidavit....   56, appellant challenges the factual and legal sufficiency of
(f) A denial of partnership as alleged in any pleading as to any    the evidence to support the jury's answers to Special Issue
party to the suit.”                                                 Nos. 2, 3 and 4. In these issues the jury found numerous
                                                                    omissions by appellant in his representation of appellee in
Appellant insists that these pleadings do not require a verified    the Beene/Herron suit to be negligent conduct and that such
denial because the nature of the relationship between Beene         negligence was a proximate cause of damage to appellee.
and appellee was not the controlling issue, particularly as         These omissions included the failures to file verified denials
appellee acknowledged the existence of some partnerships            denying partnership and failure of consideration, to properly

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            4
Heath v. Herron, 732 S.W.2d 748 (1987)

prepare appellee's defense for trial, to properly represent        he might well have a malpractice case against him for failing
appellee during trial, to properly counsel and advise appellee     to verify the denial.
concerning his defense, and to properly counsel and warn
appellee concerning the risks of loss involved in the Beene/       The jury found these omissions to be negligent conduct
Herron trial.                                                      in answers to Special *753 Issue No. 3. David Lueders,
                                                                   an attorney called by appellee as an expert witness in the
Appellant's briefing obligations do not end with a statement of    malpractice case, testified that the organization of facts was
his points of error. He has the further burden to show that the    essential to the preparation of appellee's defense in the Beene/
record supports his contentions and to point out the place in      Herron suit and that appellant did not conduct the pretrial
the record where the matters upon which he relies are shown.       discovery that he should have. Lueders further testified that
Perez v. Baker Packers, 694 S.W.2d 138, 142 (Tex.App.—             appellant should have advised appellee of the state of the
Houston [14th Dist.] 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Appellant's few     evidence and how the law would affect the issues, and
references to the record do not meet this burden. We also note     should have evaluated the probable outcome of the trial
that nowhere in his voluminous brief does appellant cite the       so that appellee could properly evaluate the risks of loss
applicable standards of review for these points of error.          involved. Finally, Lueders testified that appellant's failure
                                                                   to verify the denials was negligent and that appellee was
When reviewing legal sufficiency points of error, this court       not properly represented. Appellant raised no objection to
must consider only the evidence and the inferences tending to      this testimony nor did he object to Lueders' qualifications as
support the findings and disregard all evidence and inferences     an expert witness. Concerning the proximate cause issue in
to the contrary. Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821, 823              Special Issue No. 4, the record indicates that no settlement
(Tex.1965). In considering factual insufficiency points of         negotiations were undertaken prior to the indication by the
error, we are required to consider and weigh all of the            trial court that appellee would not be permitted to present
evidence. In re King's Estate, 150 Tex. 662, 244 S.W.2d 660,       evidence on the issue of partnership. In addition, Vernon
661 (1951).                                                        Hankins, Beene's counsel, testified at the malpractice trial
                                                                   that appellant's failure to file a verified denial effectively
A review of the evidence shows these points to be without          destroyed appellee's trial strategy and his basis for strength in
merit even with proper briefing by appellant. With respect         negotiating a settlement.
to Special Issue No. 2 concerning whether appellant failed
to do certain acts on behalf of appellee in the Beene/Herron       The jury had before it sufficient evidence to answer the
suit, it is uncontested that appellant failed to file a verified   contested issues affirmatively. Points of error 4, 10, 11, 19,
denial of partnership and failure of consideration. Concerning     20, 30, 32–42, 55 and 56 are overruled.
the failures to properly prepare appellee's defense, to properly
represent appellee during the trial and to properly counsel        In points of error 12, 18 and 29 appellant asserts that the jury's
appellee concerning his defense and the risks of loss involved,    answer to Special Issue No. 1 should have been disregarded
the record reflects that appellant submitted to Beene no           because the issue of whether appellee had a meritorious
interrogatories, requests for admission nor production of          defense in the Beene/Herron suit is immaterial in deciding
documents, did not depose any witnesses or Beene, did not          whether appellant's acts were negligent and the proximate
attend two depositions taken by Beene, sought no records           cause of injury to appellee. In related points of error 21, 48,
from anyone but appellee and did not prepare what records          70 and 72 appellant contends the evidence does not support
he did obtain in admissible form. During trial appellant did       an award of damages under a negligence theory.
not seek a trial amendment even after the trial court indicated
it would sustain Beene's motion to exclude all testimony on         [8] In order to support a malpractice recovery against
the partnership issue because of the failure to file a verified    an attorney, it is necessary that the client establish that
denial. Appellee testified that at no time did appellant consult   he had a meritorious defense to the suit filed by Beene.
with him on his trial strategy or advise him on the merits of      Rice v. Forestier, 415 S.W.2d 711, 713 (Tex.Civ.App.—San
his suit. Appellant testified that the reason he did not file a    Antonio 1967, writ ref'd n.r.e.). A meritorious defense is one
verified denial was because he did not think to do it, that it     that, if proved, would cause a different result upon retrial of
was an oversight, and that he probably would have done it had      the case. Martin v. Allman, 668 S.W.2d 795, 797 (Tex.App.
he thought to do so. Appellee testified that appellant told him    —Dallas 1984, no writ).

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               5
Heath v. Herron, 732 S.W.2d 748 (1987)

                                                                     *754 [10] In points of error 22, 52 and 68 appellant
                                                                    contends the trial court erred in entering judgment for
While we agree with appellant that appellee had the burden of
                                                                    appellee on the DTPA claim because appellee failed to prove
proving what would have happened in the Beene/Herron suit
                                                                    a cause of action under the DTPA as a matter of law. We
had special issues been submitted and answered, and that the
                                                                    agree. The jury found in Special Issue No. 10 that appellant
proper measure of damages would have been the difference
                                                                    represented to appellee that he was adequately prepared for
between the value of the settlement handled properly and
                                                                    trial in the Beene/Herron lawsuit when appellant was not
improperly, appellant did not object to the submission of
                                                                    adequately prepared.
Special Issue No. 1, nor did he submit issues on the correct
measure of damages. While appellant did submit instructions
                                                                    Appellee contends that appellant's announcement of “ready”
to be included with Special Issue No. 9 concerning the proper
                                                                    in open court at the commencement of the Beene/Herron suit
measure of damages, his request was not made separate
                                                                    was a false representation to appellee that the characteristics
from his objections to the court's charge as required by
                                                                    and quality of his legal services were such that appellee's
Tex.R.Civ.P. 273. See Woods v. Crane Carrier Co., 693
                                                                    defense was prepared and appellant was competent to begin
S.W.2d 377, 379 (Tex.1985). Points of error 12, 18, 21, 29,
                                                                    trial, and that this misrepresentation gave rise to a cause of
48, 70 and 72 are overruled.
                                                                    action under sections 17.46(a) and (b) of the DTPA. We are
                                                                    aware that legal services are actionable under the DTPA.
 [9] In point of error 49 appellant contends the trial court
                                                                    See, e.g., DeBakey v. Staggs, 612 S.W.2d 924 (Tex.1981).
erred in failing to grant his Motion to Reform the Judgment
                                                                    We are not willing, however, to go so far as to say that an
on grounds that the evidence is legally insufficient to
                                                                    announcement of “ready” in open court with later adverse
support the jury's award of $10,000.00 for mental anguish.
                                                                    results constitutes the basis for a DTPA claim. As appellee's
Appellee concedes that no Texas court to date has awarded
                                                                    DTPA cause of action fails as a matter of law, the trial
mental anguish damages in a legal malpractice suit, but
                                                                    court erred in entering judgment based on this claim and in
suggests this court do so by comparing legal malpractice
                                                                    awarding attorney's fees. We sustain points of error 22, 52
to medical malpractice. Appellee further cites recent cases
                                                                    and 68.
in which the Texas Supreme Court has eliminated the
requirement of a physical manifestation of injury to recover
                                                                    We affirm the trial court's judgment except as to the award
for mental anguish. See St. Elizabeth Hospital v. Garrard,
                                                                    to appellee of $10,000.00 in damages for mental anguish,
730 S.W.2d 649 (Tex.1987); Moore v. Lillebo, 722 S.W.2d
                                                                    $2,000.00 in DTPA damages, and attorney's fees. As to these
683 (Tex.1986). We choose to decline appellee's offer and
                                                                    we reverse and render judgment that appellee take nothing.
hold that emotional distress damages should not be awarded
                                                                    All other points are overruled. The trial court's judgment is
in legal malpractice cases at least in the absence of egregious
                                                                    affirmed in part and reversed and rendered in part.
or extraordinary circumstances. See Gautam v. De Luca, 215
N.J.Super. 388, 521 A.2d 1343 (1987). Appellant's point of
error 49 is sustained.
                                                                    All Citations

                                                                    732 S.W.2d 748

End of Document                                                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               6
AA
Hernandez v. Bumbo (Pty.) Ltd., Slip Copy (2014)
2014 WL 924238, Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 19,346

                                                                    response, Plaintiffs contend that the Motion should be denied
                                                                    because (1) the applicable statute of limitations has expired;
                  2014 WL 924238
                                                                    (2) the doctrine of parental immunity bars Mrs. Hernandez
    Only the Westlaw citation is currently available.
                                                                    being designated as a responsible third party; and (3) Mrs.
             United States District Court,
                                                                    Hernandez cannot be designated a responsible third party
                     N.D. Texas,
                                                                    because she is already a party to this lawsuit.
                   Dallas Division.

        Candido HERNANDEZ, Sr. and Waikiki
      Hernandez, Individually and as Next Friends                                    II. LEGAL STANDARD
       and Guardians of C.H., a Minor, Plaintiffs,
                          v.                                        Chapter 33 of the CPRC applies to all common law torts
           BUMBO (PTY.) LTD. and Bumbo                              and statutory torts that do not have a separate and conflicting
                                                                    fault-allocation scheme. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code §
          International Trust f/k/a Jonibach
                                                                    33.002; JCW Elec., Inc. v. Garza, 257 S.W.3d 701, 704–
           Management Trust, Defendants.
                                                                    07 (Tex.2008). The statute applies to federal diversity cases
   No. 3:12–cv–1213–M.          |   Signed March 10, 2014.          under the Erie Doctrine, as it is state substantive law that
                                                                    does not conflict with Rule 14 of the Federal Rules of
Attorneys and Law Firms                                             Civil Procedure, the closest federal procedural counterpart.
                                                                    Nationwide Lloyds Ins. Co. v. Norcold, Inc., Nos. 09–0113 &
M. Ross Cunningham, Elizabeth Mitchell Cunningham, Rose             09–0114, 2009 WL 3381523, at *2 n. 1 (W.D.Tex. Oct.19,
Walker LLP, Dallas, TX, for Plaintiffs.                             2009); Harris Constr. Co. v. GG–Bridgeland, LP, No. 07–
                                                                    3468, 2009 WL 2486030, at *1 n. 1 (S.D.Tex. Aug.10, 2009).
Tarush R. Anand, Brown Sims, Houston, TX, for Defendants.

                                                                    Chapter 33 provides that “[a] defendant may seek to designate
                                                                    a person as a responsible third party by filing a motion
          MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER                                for leave to designate that person as a responsible third
                                                                    party.”Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 33.004(a). Under
BARBARA M.G. LYNN, District Judge.
                                                                    Chapter 33, a defendant may liberally designate responsible
 *1 Before the Court is the Motion of Defendants Bumbo              third parties, including parties not subject to the court's
(Pty.) Ltd. and Bumbo International Trust (collectively             jurisdiction, unknown parties, and parties immune from
“Bumbo”) for Leave to Designate Waikiki Hernandez a                 suit. Id. § 33.004(j); In re Unitec Elevator Servs. Co.,
Responsible Third Party with respect to the claims of the           178 S.W.3d 53, 58 n. 5 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.]
minor Plaintiff, C.H. [Docket Entry # 42]. For the reasons          2005, no pet.). If the court provides leave to designate a
stated below, the Motion is GRANTED.                                responsible third party, and there is evidence sufficient to
                                                                    submit a jury question regarding the party's conduct, the
                                                                    trier of fact determines the percentage of responsibility “by
                                                                    any combination” of claimants, defendants, settling persons,
                     I. BACKGROUND
                                                                    and designated responsible third parties. Tex. Civ. Prac. &
In this products liability action, Defendants have moved            Rem.Code § 33.003; Dhaliwal v. Vanguard Pharm. Mach.,
under Section 33.004 of the Texas Civil Practice and                Inc., No. 08–2452, 2010 WL 231755, at *1 (S.D.Tex. Jan.20,
Remedies Code (“CPRC”) for leave to designate Waikiki               2010).
Hernandez as a responsible third party with respect to the
claims of her minor son and Plaintiff, C.H. Defendants claim         *2 Once a defendant has moved for leave to designate a
that Mrs. Hernandez's use of the Bumbo Seat on a raised             responsible third party, a plaintiff may object in a timely
surface was an improper use of the product, and contrary            fashion. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 33.004(f). Once
to the warnings that accompanied the product. Defendants            the plaintiff objects, the court must grant leave to designate
seek to designate Mrs. Hernandez as a responsible third party       the person as a responsible third party “unless the objecting
so that the jury may determine whether, and to what extent,         party establishes: (1) the defendant did not plead sufficient
she shares in the responsibility for C.H.'s fall and injuries. In   facts concerning the alleged responsibility of the person to

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             1
Hernandez v. Bumbo (Pty.) Ltd., Slip Copy (2014)
2014 WL 924238, Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 19,346

satisfy the pleading requirement of the Texas Rules of Civil       Defendants' Motion was filed on Monday, November 25,
Procedure; and (2) after having been granted leave to replead,     2013, the Motion would be timely even if it were limited to
the defendant [still] failed to plead sufficient facts.”Id. §      Mrs. Hernandez's bystander claim.
33.004(g).

                                                                   B. Mrs. Hernandez's Designation as a Responsible Third
                                                                   Party Is Not Precluded by the Doctrine of Parental
                       III. ANALYSIS                               Immunity.
                                                                   Plaintiffs also allege that the doctrine of parental immunity
A. Defendants' Motion Is Not Untimely Under Section
                                                                   prohibits the designation of Mrs. Hernandez as a responsible
33.004(d) of the CPRC
                                                                   third party to the claims of C.H. under Chapter 33 of
Plaintiffs maintain that the statute of limitations on Mrs.
                                                                   the CPRC. Although Plaintiffs are correct that the parental
Hernandez's individual bystander cause of action expired
                                                                   immunity doctrine applies generally under Texas law,
on November 24, 2013, and argue that Defendants' motion,
                                                                   Plaintiffs' cited authority does not concern parental immunity
which was filed on November 25, 2013, is therefore time-
                                                                   in the context of responsible third party designations made
barred under Section 33.004(d). The full text of Section
                                                                   after the 2003 amendments to Chapter 33.
33.004(d) states:

             A defendant may not designate a                        *3 Previously, Chapter 33 required that the person
             person as a responsible third party with              designated be someone who could be held liable—i.e.,
             respect to a claimant's cause of action               someone not immune from suit by the plaintiff.Fisher v.
             after the applicable limitations period               Halliburton, Nos. 05–1731 & 06–1971, 2009 WL 1098457,
             on the cause of action has expired                    at *4 (S.D.Tex. Apr.23, 2009), rev'd on other grounds,667
             with respect to the responsible third                 F.3d 602, 621–22 (5th Cir.2012). However, in 2003, the
             party if the defendant has failed to                  Texas Legislature “significantly liberalized who could be
             comply with its obligations, if any, to               designated as a responsible third party,” and since then, the
             timely disclose that the person may                   statute has allowed defendants to designate “parties [who
             be designated as a responsible third                  are] not subject to the court's jurisdiction, immune from
             party under the Texas Rules of Civil                  suit or who are unknown.”Nationwide Lloyds, 2009 WL
             Procedure.                                            3381523, at *2 (quotation omitted) (emphasis added); see
                                                                   also Galbraith Eng'g Consultants, Inc. v. Pochucha, 290
Id. § 33.004(d) (emphasis added).                                  S.W.3d 863, 868 n. 6 (Tex.2009) (“The 2003 amendments
                                                                   substantially broadened the meaning of the term ‘responsible
Plaintiffs, as an initial matter, have not alleged that            third party’ ... regardless of whether ... there is some other
Defendants have failed to comply with any obligations to           impediment to the imposition of liability on them, such as a
“disclose” that Mrs. Hernandez may be designated as a              statutory immunity.”) (quoting 19 Dorsaneo, Texas Litigation
responsible third party. Furthermore, the relevant limitations     Guide § 291.03[2][b][i] ).
period in Section 33.004(d) is specific to the “claimant's cause
of action.” Id. Here, Defendants' motion is limited to the         Under Chapter 33 as it now exists, traditional immunity
claims of Mrs. Hernandez's minor son and Plaintiff, C.H,           defenses under Texas law, including parental immunity, do
and does not concern Mrs. Hernandez's individual bystander         not prevent responsible third party designations. See Fisher
claim. Plaintiffs do not allege that the statute of limitations    v. Halliburton, 667 F.3d 602, 621–22 (5th Cir.2012) (“Even
for C.H.'s claims has expired.                                     parties ‘who ... are immune from liability to the claimant’ can
                                                                   be designated responsible third parties under the statute.”); In
However, even if Mrs. Hernandez's bystander claim were             re Unitec, 178 S.W.3d at 58 n. 5 (“a responsible third party
relevant to the analysis, Defendants' motion would still be        may include persons ... who are immune from liability to the
timely, because November 24, 2013 was a Sunday. The                claimant”); David W. Holman, Responsible Third Parties,
CPRC provides that “[i]f the last day of a limitations period      46 S. Tex. L.Rev. 869, 885 (2005) (noting that a “claimant's
under any statute of limitations falls on a Saturday, Sunday,      parents whom the claimant cannot sue because of parental
or holiday, the period for filing suit is extended to include      immunity” may now be submitted as a responsible third
the next day....”Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code § 16.072. Since        party after the 2003 amendments). Therefore, the doctrine

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             2
Hernandez v. Bumbo (Pty.) Ltd., Slip Copy (2014)
2014 WL 924238, Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 19,346

of parental immunity does not preclude Mrs. Hernandez's                         damage. The court shall grant the
designation as a responsible third party under Chapter 33 of                    motion to strike unless a defendant
the CPRC.                                                                       produces sufficient evidence to raise
                                                                                a genuine issue of fact regarding the
                                                                                designated person's responsibility for
C. Despite Being A Party to the Case, Mrs. Hernandez                            the claimant's injury or damage.
May Be Designated as a Responsible Third Party with
Respect to the Claims of the Minor, C.H.
                                                                   Id. at 262.The appellate court emphasized that this provision
Plaintiffs allege that because Mrs. Hernandez is already a
                                                                   lacks any mechanism for a responsible third party to challenge
party to the lawsuit, Defendants cannot designate her as a
                                                                   its designation. Flack, 334 S.W.3d at 262. The appellate
responsible third party. Defendants assert that while Mrs.
                                                                   court held that Langley & Banack could not strike itself
Hernandez is a party to this lawsuit through her individual
                                                                   as a responsible third party because under Chapter 33, the
bystander claim, she is not a party to the claims of the minor
                                                                   only entity that could possibly respond to such a motion
Plaintiff C.H., for which Defendants seek to designate her a
                                                                   is “a defendant produc[ing] sufficient evidence” as to the
responsible third party, because she is merely bringing those
                                                                   designated person's responsibility. Id. The court reasoned
claims as the next friend and guardian of C.H. Nevertheless,
                                                                   that with Hanke, the defendant who designated Langley &
Chapter 33 still classifies Mrs. Hernandez as a “claimant”
                                                                   Banack, dismissed from the case, “[i]t would be illogical
with respect to C.H.'s claims, because its definition of
                                                                   to assume Langley & Banack, as a defendant, would
“claimant” encompasses both “the person who was injured”
                                                                   raise an issue against” its own motion and that “such an
and “any person who is seeking ... recovery of damages for
                                                                   interpretation would permit defendants to re-litigate their
the injury ... of that person.”Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code §
                                                                   designation of [responsible third parties]—which the statute
33.011(1). There is, however, little authority as to whether a
                                                                   does not permit.”Id. at 262.Here, however, Defendants are
claimant, particularly a guardian bringing a claim on behalf of
                                                                   not attempting to contest designation of them as responsible
a minor plaintiff, may nonetheless be designated a responsible
                                                                   third parties. Instead, they are attempting to designate Mrs.
third party.
                                                                   Hernandez as a responsible third party, and she would not,
                                                                   as Langley & Banack were, be placed on both sides of a
 *4 Plaintiffs rely on Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251,
                                                                   single motion in contravention of the statute. Therefore, the
254 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2010, pet. denied). In Flack,
                                                                   concerns expressed in Flack are not at issue here.
defendant Hanke designated two law firms-Langley &
Banack and Cox Smith-as responsible third parties under
                                                                   The parties also each cite to unpublished orders in support of
Chapter 33. Id. at 255.Shortly thereafter, plaintiff Flack and
                                                                   their positions. Plaintiffs cite to an order in Ferrell v. Bumbo
defendant Hanke jointly moved to add the two law firms
                                                                   (Pty.) Ltd., in which the court denied a similar motion to
as defendants. Id. After granting that motion, the trial court
                                                                   designate the parents of a minor plaintiff as responsible third
signed an agreed order dismissing Hanke, leaving the two
                                                                   parties on the basis that Chapter 33 “clearly distinguishes
law firms as the only remaining defendants in the case.
                                                                   between ‘claimants' and ‘responsible third part[ies]’ ” and that
Id. Langley & Banack then moved to strike its previous
                                                                   plaintiffs were “first parties, having brought the case in the
designation as a responsible third party by Hanke. Id. The trial
                                                                   first place.”No. A–11–CA–467–SS (W.D.Tex. Feb. 21.2012)
court granted the motion, but the appellate court overturned
                                                                   (quoting Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code. §§ 33.004(a)(1), (4)).
this decision on the grounds that allowing Langley & Banack,
                                                                   Defendants respond that in a similar case, Blythe v. Bumbo
which was then a defendant, to strike the prior designation
                                                                   Int'l Trust, No. 6:12–CV–00036 (S.D.Tex. Nov. 5, 2013), the
of it as a responsible third party, would contradict the plain
                                                                   court granted the defendants' motion to designate the minor
meaning of Section 33.004(l ):
                                                                   plaintiff's mother as a responsible third party, despite the fact
             After adequate time for discovery,                    that she was a plaintiff in the case. 1 Defendants also note two
             a party may move to strike the                        other instances in which federal courts in Texas have granted
             designation of a responsible third                    motions to designate parents bringing claims on behalf of
             party on the ground that there                        minor children as responsible third parties, even though the
             is no evidence that the designated                    parents were also asserting claims individually; however,
             person is responsible for any portion                 these motions were unopposed. See Stanley v. Target Corp.,
             of the claimant's alleged injury or

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              3
Hernandez v. Bumbo (Pty.) Ltd., Slip Copy (2014)
2014 WL 924238, Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 19,346

                                                                     would preclude Defendants from asserting any claim for
No. H–07–03680 (S.D. Tex. June 3, 2008); Mix v. Target
                                                                     contribution against her, thereby making a claim by
Corp., No. 3:09–cv00382–PRM (W.D.Tex. Aug. 2, 2010).
                                                                     Defendants against her legally untenable. See Salinas v.
                                                                     Kristensen, No. 13–08–00110–CV, 2009 WL 4263107, at
 *5 The differences between the pre- and post–2003
                                                                     *2 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2009, no pet.)(“[W]here the
amendment versions of the CPRC are instructive in deciding
                                                                     parental immunity doctrine bars legal action by a child against
this issue. Before 2003, the CPRC restricted designations of
                                                                     his parents, that child's recovery from other defendants is not
responsible parties to persons “to whom all of the following
                                                                     reduced by his parents' percentage of negligence.”) (quotation
apply: (1) the court in which the action was filed could
                                                                     omitted). Since Mrs. Hernandez's assertion of parental
exercise jurisdiction over the person; (2) the person could
                                                                     immunity would prevent a jury from considering the extent of
have been, but was not, sued by the claimant; and (3) the
                                                                     her liability in the contributory negligence context, allowing
person is or may be liable to the plaintiff for all or part
                                                                     Mrs. Hernandez to be designated as a responsible third party
of the damages claimed against the named defendant or
                                                                     would not be “superfluous,” as Plaintiffs claim. Rather, it
defendants.”In re Unitec, 178 S.W.3d at 58 n. 5. In its
                                                                     would facilitate the goals behind the 2003 amendments to
current form, however, the CPRC lacks such restrictions and
                                                                     the CPRC, by allowing pursuit of the only mechanism by
explicitly defines a responsible third party as “any person”
                                                                     which such alleged fault could be considered. See Galbraith,
alleged to have caused or contributed to harm. Tex. Civ. Prac.
                                                                     290 S.W.3d at 868 n. 6 (concluding that “[t]he thrust of the
& Rem.Code. §§ 33.004(a), 33.011(6).
                                                                     statute is that the jury should allocate responsibility among
                                                                     all persons who are responsible”) (emphasis added) (quoting
The purpose of the 2003 amendments to the requirements
                                                                     19 Dorsaneo, Texas Litigation Guide § 291.03[2][b][i] ).
for designating responsible third parties was to liberalize
who may be so designated, such that the jury may be
                                                                      *6 In Ferrell, the parents of the minor plaintiff were also
permitted to consider the extent to which each involved
                                                                     plaintiffs and were not asserting parental immunity, and the
entity is at fault, regardless of the extent to which the
                                                                     court there underscored the fact that the defendants' motion to
plaintiff could actually recover against such an entity. Fisher
                                                                     designate was redundant because the trier of fact was already
v. Halliburton, 2009 WL 1098457, at *3 (describing “the
                                                                     required to consider the degree of responsibility attributed
legislature's expansive intentions” with regard to Chapter
                                                                     to the parents. No. A–11–CA–467–SS (W.D.Tex. Feb. 21,
33); Galbraith, 290 S.W.3d at 868 n. 6 (noting that while
                                                                     2012). In contrast, in this case if the Court were to deny
the 1995 proportionate responsibility legislation contained
                                                                     Defendants' Motion, the trier of fact will have no other means
several limitations on responsible third party designations, the
                                                                     of apportioning the alleged fault of Mrs. Hernandez for C.H.'s
2003 amendments “substantially broadened” the meaning of
                                                                     injuries, thereby frustrating the goals of the 2003 amendments
responsible third parties to eliminate those restrictions and
                                                                     to the CPRC.
to allow the jury to allocate responsibility among all persons
potentially responsible); Holman, supra, at 884 (describing
                                                                     Therefore, because (1) Defendants' motion was timely; (2)
the new rule as a “veritable free-for-all, with submission of ‘...
                                                                     Mrs. Hernandez's designation is not precluded by parental
unidentified defendants, phantom vehicles, subcontractors ...
                                                                     immunity; and (3) her designation as a responsible third party
whose names can't be remembered,’ and so forth”) (quoting
                                                                     would be consistent with the aims of the 2003 amendments
Tort Reform of 2003: Hearings on Tex. H.B. 4 Before the
                                                                     to the CPRC, the Court GRANTS Defendants' motion and
Senate Comm. on State Affairs, 78th Leg., R.S. (Apr. 10,
                                                                     designates Waikiki Hernandez as a responsible third party.
2003), reprinted in 2 Legislative History of Texas H.S. 4: The
Medical Malpractice & Tort Reform Act of 2003, at 1304
                                                                     SO ORDERED.
(2003)).

Accordingly, in furtherance of this goal, courts should permit
                                                                     All Citations
the designation of responsible third parties where those
parties' alleged fault could not otherwise be considered.            Slip Copy, 2014 WL 924238, Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 19,346
Here, Mrs. Hernandez's assertion of parental immunity

Footnotes

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              4
Hernandez v. Bumbo (Pty.) Ltd., Slip Copy (2014)
2014 WL 924238, Prod.Liab.Rep. (CCH) P 19,346

1     The court in Blythe apparently did not sign an order, but instead, ruled on the record, and no transcript has been furnished
      to the Court. However, Mrs. Hernandez's counsel also represented the plaintiffs in Blythe, and Plaintiffs do not dispute
      Defendants' account of the ruling.

End of Document                                               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              5
BB
Hines v. Commission for Lawyer Discipline, 28 S.W.3d 697 (2000)

                                                                        pursuant to amended summary judgment rule.
                                                                        Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 166a
                     28 S.W.3d 697
                                                                        comment.
                Court of Appeals of Texas,
                     Corpus Christi.                                    12 Cases that cite this headnote
              Zerrie L. HINES, Appellant,
                           v.                                     [3]   Appeal and Error
               THE COMMISSION FOR                                          Verdict
            LAWYER DISCIPLINE, Appellee.                                In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the
                                                                        evidence, appellate court must consider all of
         No. 13–99–233–CV.         |    Aug. 17, 2000.                  the record evidence in a light most favorable
                                                                        to the party in whose favor the verdict has
Commission for Lawyer Discipline initiated disciplinary
                                                                        been rendered, and indulge in that party's favor
action against attorney for alleged violations of rules of
                                                                        every reasonable inference deducible from the
professional conduct in representation of client in child
                                                                        evidence.
support enforcement proceeding. The 127th District Court,
Harris County, Dean R. Keith, J., entered judgment against              7 Cases that cite this headnote
attorney. On appeal, the Court of Appeals, Hinojosa, J.,
held that: (1) appellate court did not have jurisdiction to
                                                                  [4]   Appeal and Error
review trial court's denial of attorney's no evidence motion
                                                                           Total Failure of Proof
for summary judgment, and (2) evidence was sufficient to
find that attorney failed to keep client reasonably informed            Legal sufficiency point must and may only be
about status of her case, failed to explain matter to extent            sustained by the appellate court when the record
reasonably necessary to permit client to make informed                  discloses: (1) a complete absence of evidence
decisions regarding representation of her case, and failed to           of a vital fact; (2) the court is barred by rules
take steps to extent reasonably practicable to protect client's         of law or of evidence from giving weight to
interests upon termination of attorney's representation.                the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact;
                                                                        (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact
Affirmed.                                                               is no more than a mere scintilla; and (4) the
                                                                        evidence established conclusively the opposite
                                                                        of the vital fact; if there is more than a scintilla
                                                                        of evidence to support the finding, the legal
 West Headnotes (10)                                                    sufficiency challenge fails.

                                                                        23 Cases that cite this headnote
 [1]    Appeal and Error
            Determining Action and Preventing
        Judgment                                                  [5]   Evidence
        Generally, appellate courts do not have                             Sufficiency to Support Verdict or Finding
        jurisdiction to hear denied motions for summary                 When the evidence offered to prove a vital fact
        judgment on appeal.                                             is so weak as to do no more than create a
                                                                        mere surmise or suspicion of its existence, the
        11 Cases that cite this headnote                                evidence is not more than a scintilla and, in legal
                                                                        effect, is no evidence.
 [2]    Appeal and Error
                                                                        13 Cases that cite this headnote
            Determining Action and Preventing
        Judgment
        Appellate court did not have jurisdiction                 [6]   Evidence
        to review trial court's denial of attorney's                        Sufficiency to Support Verdict or Finding
        no evidence motion for summary judgment

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             1
Hines v. Commission for Lawyer Discipline, 28 S.W.3d 697 (2000)

       Test for the application of no evidence/scintilla
       rule is that if reasonable minds cannot differ          [10]   Attorney and Client
       from the conclusion, then the evidence offered                     Weight and Sufficiency
       to support the existence of a vital fact lacks                 Evidence was sufficient to find that attorney
       probative force, and it will be held to be the legal           failed to keep client reasonably informed
       equivalent of no evidence.                                     about status of her case, failed to explain
                                                                      matter to extent reasonably necessary to permit
       10 Cases that cite this headnote                               client to make informed decisions regarding
                                                                      representation of her case, and failed to take
 [7]   Appeal and Error                                               steps to extent reasonably practicable to protect
          On Conflicting Evidence                                     client's interests upon termination of attorney's
                                                                      representation, though there was no written
       Appeal and Error
                                                                      contract between attorney and client, and he was
          Credibility and Number of Witnesses
                                                                      never paid for appellate representation, given
       Appeal and Error                                               that attorney did accept money to represent
          Clearly, Plainly, or Palpably Contrary                      client, and failed to file necessary amendment
       In reviewing the factual sufficiency of the                    to client's pleadings to keep case from being
       evidence, appellate court will consider, weigh                 dismissed, failed to inform her of her options
       and examine all of the evidence which supports                 after adverse ruling dismissed case so that she
       or undermines the finding of the trier of fact,                could make an informed decision, and thereafter
       keeping in mind that it is the fact finder's role,             failed to promptly comply with reasonable
       not appellate court's, to judge the credibility of             requests from client for information after he
       the evidence, to assign the weight to be given to              stopped representing her. V.T.C.A., Government
       testimony, and to resolve inconsistencies within               Code Title 2, Subtitle G App. A–1, Disciplinary
       or conflicts among the witnesses' testimony, and               Procedure Rule 1.03, 1.03(b), 1.15(d).
       court will then set aside the verdict only when it
       finds that the evidence standing alone is too weak             1 Cases that cite this headnote
       to support the finding or that the finding is so
       against the overwhelming weight of the evidence
       that it is manifestly unjust and clearly wrong.
                                                              Attorneys and Law Firms
       Cases that cite this headnote
                                                              *699 Joseph Rutherford Willie, Houston, for appellant.
 [8]   Appeal and Error                                       Luis Andres Paredes, Office of General Counsel, State Bar of
          Implied Findings in General                         Texas, Houston, Linda Acevedo, Asst. Disciplinary Counsel,
       It is implied that the trial court made all the        Austin, for appellee.
       necessary findings to support its judgment.
                                                              Before Justices HINOJOSA, CHAVEZ, and RODRIGUEZ.
       Cases that cite this headnote

 [9]   Appeal and Error                                                              OPINION
          Reasons for Decision
                                                              Opinion by Justice HINOJOSA.
       Judgment of the trial court must be affirmed if it
       can be upheld on any legal theory supported by         This is an attorney discipline case. Appellee, the Commission
       the evidence.                                          for Lawyer Discipline (the “Commission”), initiated a
                                                              disciplinary action against appellant, Zerrie L. Hines, and
       1 Cases that cite this headnote                        the case was tried in the 127th District Court of Harris
                                                              County. The trial court: (1) found that appellant had violated

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         2
Hines v. Commission for Lawyer Discipline, 28 S.W.3d 697 (2000)

Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct 1.03(a), 1
1.03(b), 2 and 1.15(d), 3 (2) ordered that he be given a                             1. Summary Judgment
public reprimand, and (3) ordered him to pay $1,000 in
attorney's fees. By two issues, appellant contends: (1) the        [1] In his first issue, appellant complains the trial court
trial court erred in denying his “no evidence” motion for         erred in denying his no evidence motion for summary
summary judgment, and (2) the evidence is factually and           judgment. The general rule is that appellate courts do not have
legally insufficient to support the trial court's judgment. We    jurisdiction to hear denied motions for summary judgment
affirm.                                                           on appeal. Ackermann v. Vordenbaum, 403 S.W.2d 362, 365
                                                                  (Tex.1966); Highlands MGMT. Co. v. First Interstate Bank of
Appellant agreed to handle a child support enforcement            Tex., N.A., 956 S.W.2d 749, 752 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th
hearing for Nancy A. Hennessy when Hennessy's attorney,           Dist.] 1997, pet. denied). Appellant contends there should be
Alicia Johnson, moved to Fort Worth. Johnson arranged for         an exception to this general rule because the federal courts
appellant to handle the hearing, and Hennessy paid appellant      allow review of a denial of a no evidence motion for summary
$500 for his services. Appellant met with Hennessy, her           judgment after a trial on the merits, 4 and the Texas no
husband, and her son to discuss the case. At the time the         evidence motion for summary judgment was modeled after
hearing was scheduled, Hennessy's ex-husband did not appear       the federal rule.
and could not be located, and the hearing was reset. At the
next hearing, appellant continued representing Hennessy. At        [2]   The Texas Supreme Court order approving the
the conclusion of the hearing, the judge dismissed the case       amendment to Rule 166a of the Texas Rules of Civil
because Hennessy's pleadings were not proper.                     Procedure which authorized the no evidence motion for
                                                                  summary judgment provides in relevant part:
The record reflects that Hennessy was very upset. Appellant
told Hennessy only that she had a right to appeal. He did                     The comment appended to these
not *700 file new pleadings. After the hearing, appellant                     changes, unlike other notes and
failed to maintain contact with Hennessy. Hennessy tried                      comments in the rules, is intended
many times to contact appellant, but appellant made no effort                 to inform the construction and
to reply until after Hennessy filed a grievance against him. By               application of the rule.
then, it was too late to file an appeal.
                                                                  Order in Misc. Docket No. 97–9139, dated August 15, 1997,
                                                                  published in 60 TEX. B.J. 872 (Oct.1997). The comment
The Commission determined that appellant was culpable
                                                                  appended to the changes states in relevant part:
for his actions, and appellant elected to have the complaint
heard in a district court of Harris County, without a                         The denial of a [no evidence motion
jury. TEX.R. DISCIPLINARY P. 2.14, reprinted in TEX.                          for summary judgment under Texas
GOVT.CODE ANN., tit. 2, subtit. G app. A–1 (Vernon                            Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(i) ]
1998). The Commission filed a disciplinary petition,                          is no more reviewable by appeal or
TEX.R. DISCIPLINARY P. 3.01, and the supreme court                            mandamus than denial of a [motion for
appointed Judge Dean R. Keith to hear the case. TEX.R.                        summary judgment under Texas Rule
DISCIPLINARY P. 3.02. Appellant filed a “no evidence”                         of Civil Procedure 166a(c) ].
motion for summary judgment under Texas Rule of Civil
Procedure 166a(i), but the trial court denied the motion. After   TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a cmt. to 1997 change. Following this
a trial on the merits, the trial court found that appellant had   guidance from the supreme court, we conclude we have no
violated Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct         jurisdiction to review the trial court's denial of appellant's
1.03(a), 1.03(b), and 1.15(d). The trial court entered judgment   no evidence motion for summary judgment. We overrule
against appellant, ordered that he be given a public reprimand,   appellant's first issue.
and ordered him to pay $1,000 in attorney's fees. This appeal
ensued. TEX.R. DISCIPLINARY P. 3.16.
                                                                                 2. Sufficiency of the Evidence

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           3
Hines v. Commission for Lawyer Discipline, 28 S.W.3d 697 (2000)

In his second issue, appellant contends the evidence is
                                                              [8]    [9] Appellant did not request findings of fact and
factually and legally insufficient to support the verdict of the
                                                             conclusions of law, and none were made by the trial court.
trial court.
                                                             In the absence of findings of fact and conclusions of law,
 *701 [3]        [4]    [5]    [6] When we review the legalwe must presume that the trial court made all necessary
                                                             findings to support its judgment. Worford v. Stamper, 801
sufficiency of the evidence, we must consider all of the
                                                             S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex.1990); In re W.E.R., 669 S.W.2d 716,
record evidence in a light most favorable to the party in
                                                             717 (Tex.1984). It is implied that the trial court made all
whose favor the verdict has been rendered, and indulge in
                                                             the necessary findings to support its judgment. Roberson v.
that party's favor every reasonable inference deducible from
                                                             Robinson, 768 S.W.2d 280, 281 (Tex.1989); Buchanan v.
the evidence. Formosa Plastics v. Presidio Engineers, 960
                                                             Byrd, 519 S.W.2d 841, 842 (Tex.1975). The judgment of the
S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex.1998). A legal sufficiency point must
                                                             trial court must be affirmed if it can be upheld on any legal
and may only be sustained when the record discloses: (1) a
                                                             theory supported by the evidence. In re W.E.R., 669 S.W.2d
complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court
                                                             at 717.
is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight
to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the
                                                                    [10] Appellant argues the evidence shows that: (1) the
evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere
                                                                   only written contract was between Hennessy and Johnson,
scintilla; and (4) the evidence established conclusively the
                                                                   (2) Hennessy never paid for appellate representation, (3)
opposite of the vital fact. Juliette Fowler Homes, Inc. v. Welch
                                                                   Johnson remained Hennessy's attorney of record, and (4) the
Assoc., 793 S.W.2d 660, 666 n. 9 (Tex.1990). If there is more
                                                                   Commission failed to present any evidence of an adverse
than a scintilla of evidence to support the finding, the legal
                                                                   judgment against Hennessy. However, none of this evidence
sufficiency challenge fails. Stafford v. Stafford, 726 S.W.2d
                                                                   negates the implied findings by the trial court necessary to
14, 16 (Tex.1987). When the evidence offered to prove a vital
                                                                   support a violation of rules 1.03(a), 1.03(b), or 1.15(d). See
fact is so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise
                                                                   Roberson, 768 S.W.2d at 281.
or suspicion of its existence, the evidence is not more than a
scintilla and, in legal effect, is no evidence. Kindred v. Con/
                                                                   Appellant accepted money to represent Hennessy. He did
Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex.1983). The test for the
                                                                   not file the necessary amendment to Hennessy's pleadings
application of this no evidence/scintilla rule is: if reasonable
                                                                   to keep Hennessy's case from being dismissed. He failed to
minds cannot differ from the conclusion, then the evidence
                                                                   inform Hennessy of her options after the adverse ruling so that
offered to support the existence of a vital fact lacks probative
                                                                   she could make an informed decision. He did not promptly
force, and it will be held to be the legal equivalent of no
                                                                   comply with reasonable *702 requests for information and
evidence. Id.
                                                                   failed to protect her interests after he stopped representing her.
                                                                   If appellant believed that his representation had terminated or
 [7] When we review the factual sufficiency of the evidence,
                                                                   that Johnson was going to further advise Hennessy, he could
we consider, weigh and examine all of the evidence which
                                                                   easily have made that clear to her, either orally or in writing.
supports or undermines the finding of the trier of fact. Plas–
                                                                   He did neither.
Tex, Inc. v. United States Steel Corp., 772 S.W.2d 442, 445
(Tex.1989). We review the evidence, keeping in mind that it
                                                                   We hold the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to
is the fact finder's role, not ours, to judge the credibility of
                                                                   support the trial court's finding that appellant violated Texas
the evidence, to assign the weight to be given to testimony,
                                                                   Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct 1.03(a), 1.03(b),
and to resolve inconsistencies within or conflicts among the
                                                                   and 1.15(d). We overrule appellant's second issue.
witnesses' testimony. Corpus Christi Teachers Credit Union
v. Hernandez, 814 S.W.2d 195, 197 (Tex.App.—San Antonio
                                                                   We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
1991, no writ). We then set aside the verdict only when we
find that the evidence standing alone is too weak to support
the finding or that the finding is so against the overwhelming
                                                                   All Citations
weight of the evidence that it is manifestly unjust and clearly
wrong. Garza, 395 S.W.2d at 823.                                   28 S.W.3d 697

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               4
Hines v. Commission for Lawyer Discipline, 28 S.W.3d 697 (2000)

Footnotes
1     “A lawyer shall keep a client reasonably informed about the status of a matter and promptly comply with reasonable
      requests for information.” TEX. DISCIPLINARY R. PROF'L CONDUCT 1.03(a), reprinted in TEX. GOVT.CODE ANN .,
      tit. 2, subtit. G app. A (Vernon 1998) (TEX. STATE BAR R . art. X, § 9).
2     “A lawyer shall explain a matter to the extent reasonably necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions
      regarding the representation.” TEX. DISCIPLINARY R. PROF'L CONDUCT 1.03(b).
3     “Upon termination of representation, a lawyer shall take steps to the extent reasonably practicable to protect a client's
      interests, such as giving reasonable notice to the client, allowing time for employment of other counsel, surrendering
      papers and property to which the client is entitled and refunding any advance payments of fee that has not been earned.
      The lawyer may retain papers relating to the client to the extent permitted by other law only if such retention will not
      prejudice the client in the subject matter of the representation.” TEX. DISCIPLINARY R. PROF'L CONDUCT 1.15(d).
4     See e.g. Dickinson v. Auto Center Mfg. Co., 733 F.2d 1092, 1102 (5th Cir.1983) (“Under the final appealability rule, a
      party may obtain review of prejudicial adverse interlocutory rulings upon his appeal from adverse final judgment, at which
      time the interlocutory rulings (nonreviewable until then) are regarded as merged into the final judgment terminating the
      action.”); Kamen v. Kemper Fin. Servs., 908 F.2d 1338, 1341 (7th Cir.1990).

End of Document                                              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             5
CC
Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562 (2001)
44 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 605

                                                                                36 Cases that cite this headnote
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
Distinguished by Barnes v. LPP Mortg., Ltd.,    Tex.App.-Dallas,   July
12, 2011
                                                                          [2]   Judgment
                                                                                    Bar of statute of limitations
                       44 S.W.3d 562                                            A party moving for summary judgment on
                   Supreme Court of Texas.                                      limitations grounds must prove when the cause
                                                                                of action accrued.
                HOLY CROSS CHURCH OF
                GOD IN CHRIST, Petitioner,                                      31 Cases that cite this headnote
                          v.
                Johnny WOLF, Respondent.
                                                                          [3]   Limitation of Actions
           No. 00–0250. | Argued Dec. 6,                                            Bills and notes
         2000. | Decided April 12, 2001. |                                      If a promissory note or deed of trust secured by
           Rehearing Overruled June 21, 2001.                                   real property contains an optional acceleration
                                                                                clause, default does not ipso facto start the statute
The maker of a promissory note brought action against                           of limitations running on the note; rather, the
holder for a declaratory judgment that foreclosure sale was                     action accrues only when the holder actually
void as barred by the statute of limitations. The District                      exercises its option to accelerate.
Court entered summary judgment in favor of maker. Holder
appealed. The Tyler Court of Appeals reversed and remanded.                     51 Cases that cite this headnote
On review, the Supreme Court, Baker, J., held that: (1)
a predecessor of the holder could accelerate the debt by                  [4]   Bills and Notes
a clear and unequivocal notice of intent to accelerate and                            Maturity on nonpayment of installment of
notice of acceleration without taking affirmative steps toward                  interest or principal
foreclosure, disapproving Swoboda v. Wilshire Credit Corp.,
                                                                                Effective acceleration of a debt evidenced
975 S.W.2d 770; Shepler v. Kubena, 563 S.W.2d 382;
                                                                                by a promissory note requires two clear
National Debenture Corp. v. Smith, 132 S.W.2d 429; (2)
                                                                                and unequivocal acts: (1) notice of intent to
holder's cause of action accrued, and four-year statute of
                                                                                accelerate, and (2) notice of acceleration.
limitations began to run, when the predecessor accelerated the
debt; and (3) as a matter of first impression, federal six-year                 51 Cases that cite this headnote
statute of limitations for suit by the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC) did not apply.
                                                                          [5]   Bills and Notes
Reversed and rendered.                                                                Maturity on nonpayment of installment of
                                                                                interest or principal
                                                                                Even when the holder of a promissory note has
                                                                                accelerated the note upon default, the holder can
 West Headnotes (15)                                                            abandon acceleration if the holder continues to
                                                                                accept payments without exacting any remedies
 [1]     Appeal and Error                                                       available to it upon declared maturity.
            Rendering Final Judgment
                                                                                37 Cases that cite this headnote
         When both sides move for summary judgment
         and the trial court grants one motion, but denies
         the other, the reviewing court should review both                [6]   Mortgages
         sides' summary judgment evidence, determine                               Time to sue, limitations and laches
         all questions presented, and render the judgment                       Mortgages
         that the trial court should have rendered.                                Time to foreclose

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                    1
Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562 (2001)
44 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 605

        Promissory note holder's cause of action accrued,
        and four-year statute of limitations began to run,          24 Cases that cite this headnote
        when predecessor gave a clear and unequivocal
        notice of intent to accelerate and notice            [11]   Mortgages
        of acceleration, even though the predecessor                   Change in time or mode of payment
        took no affirmative steps toward foreclosure.
                                                                    The holder of a promissory note secured by
        V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code §
                                                                    real property could accelerate the debt without
        16.035(b).
                                                                    taking affirmative steps toward foreclosure;
        31 Cases that cite this headnote                            rather, it could accelerate the debt by a clear
                                                                    and unequivocal notice of intent to accelerate
                                                                    and notice of acceleration without following the
 [7]    Limitation of Actions                                       posting and notice procedures for foreclosure;
            Questions for Jury                                      disapproving Swoboda v. Wilshire Credit Corp.,
        The issue of when a cause of action accrues is a            975 S.W.2d 770; Shepler v. Kubena, 563 S.W.2d
        question of law, not fact.                                  382; National Debenture Corp. v. Smith, 132
S.W.2d 429. V.T.C.A., Property Code § 51.002.
        20 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    37 Cases that cite this headnote
 [8]    Stipulations
             Matters which may be subject of stipulation     [12]   Banks and Banking
        While accrual of a cause of action is a legal                   Actions
        question, whether a holder has accelerated a                The federal six-year statute of limitations for suit
        promissory note is a fact question to which                 by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
        parties may agree by stipulation.                           (FDIC) did not apply to the claim by the holder
                                                                    of promissory note sold by the FDIC, since the
        10 Cases that cite this headnote                            cause of action on the accelerated debt accrued
                                                                    after the sale; even though the maker was in
 [9]    Evidence                                                    default while the FDIC held the note, it did not
            Judicial admissions in general                          accelerate the debt. Federal Deposit Insurance
                                                                    Act, § 2[11](d)(14), 12 U.S.C.A. § 1821(d)(14).
        A judicial admission that is clear and
        unequivocal has conclusive effect and bars the              6 Cases that cite this headnote
        admitting party from later disputing the admitted
        fact.
                                                             [13]   Banks and Banking
        52 Cases that cite this headnote                                Actions
                                                                    The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's
 [10]   Evidence                                                    (FDIC) successors do not receive the benefit
            Construction                                            of the FDIC's six-year limitations period if the
                                                                    cause of action does not accrue until after the
        Promissory note holder's agreement that
                                                                    note leaves the FDIC's hands. Federal Deposit
        predecessor had accelerated note and that the
                                                                    Insurance Act, § 2[11](d)(14), 12 U.S.C.A. §
        statute of limitations began to run on that
                                                                    1821(d)(14).
        date amounted to a judicial admission of the
        acceleration date in a response to a summary                5 Cases that cite this headnote
        judgment motion and in a counter-motion for
        summary judgment. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice &
        Remedies Code § 16.035(b).                           [14]   Banks and Banking
                                                                        Actions

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         2
Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562 (2001)
44 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 605

         The federal six-year statute of limitations for suit      limitations statute barred Wolf's foreclosure of the Church's
         by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation              property. The trial court granted the Church summary
         (FDIC) has no significance independent of a               judgment on that ground. The court of appeals held that an
         claim to which it applies; it attaches only to an         optional acceleration clause cannot be effectively exercised
         accrued claim, not to a performing promissory             without the noteholder's taking specific affirmative steps
         note. Federal Deposit Insurance Act, § 2[11](d)           towards foreclosure. Because the Church did not present
         (14), 12 U.S.C.A. § 1821(d)(14).                          summary-judgment evidence that Wolf's predecessor had
                                                                   taken these affirmative steps, the court of appeals reversed
         1 Cases that cite this headnote                           the summary judgment, *565 concluding that the Church
                                                                   did not carry its burden of proving conclusively when Wolf's
 [15]    Banks and Banking                                         cause of action accrued. For this reason, the court did not
             Powers, functions and dealings in general             reach the question of whether the four-year or six-year statute
                                                                   of limitations applied.
         Banks and Banking
             Actions
                                                                   We hold that, absent evidence of abandonment or a contrary
         The federal six-year statute of limitations
                                                                   agreement between the parties, a clear and unequivocal notice
         for suit by the Federal Deposit Insurance
                                                                   of intent to accelerate and a notice of acceleration is enough
         Corporation (FDIC) does not attach to the
                                                                   to conclusively establish acceleration and therefore accrual.
         bundle of rights passed to subsequent assignees
                                                                   Thus, we conclude the Church did conclusively prove when
         unless the express terms of the Financial
                                                                   the Church's note was accelerated, and consequently, when
         Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement
                                                                   Wolf's cause of action accrued. We also conclude that the
         Act (FIRREA) actually trigger the right. Federal
                                                                   Texas four-year limitations period applies here. We hold
         Deposit Insurance Act, § 2[11](d)(14), 12
                                                                   that the FDIC's six-year limitations period only enures to a
         U.S.C.A. § 1821(d)(14).
                                                                   subsequent noteholder's benefit if a claim accrues on the note
         4 Cases that cite this headnote                           before the FDIC transfers the note. Accordingly, we reverse
                                                                   the court of appeals' judgment and render judgment for the
                                                                   Church.

Attorneys and Law Firms
                                                                                       I. BACKGROUND
 *564 Susan Lea Hays, Shawn Preston Ricardo, Jeffrey
Michael Goldfarb, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, Dallas,          In June 1987, Holy Cross Church executed a $140,000,
for petitioner.                                                    twenty-year promissory note payable to Wynnewood Bank
                                                                   and secured by a deed of trust on its South Dallas church
William Bret, III, Given & Bret, Dallas, for respondent.           property. Wynnewood Bank failed and Continental Bank
                                                                   succeeded it. Continental Bank also eventually failed and the
Opinion
                                                                   Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) became its
Justice BAKER delivered the opinion of the Court.                  receiver and holder of the Church's note. While the FDIC held
                                                                   the Church's note, the Church could not make its $1,640.20
We decide two issues in this case: (1) whether a noteholder        monthly payment but paid $500 a month to show good
must take affirmative steps towards foreclosure, in addition       faith. The FDIC and the Church agreed to settle the note
to serving a debtor with notice of acceleration, to effectively    for $75,000. The Church was unable to pay this amount on
accelerate a note secured by real property and thereby trigger     the due date. However, even though the Church remained
limitations; and (2) whether the Texas four-year or the federal    in default, the FDIC did not accelerate the note. The FDIC
six-year statute of limitation applies to the noteholder's claim   then sold the note to Mortgage Investment Trust Corporation
in this case.                                                      (MITC).

Holy Cross Church of God in Christ sued Johnny Wolf                On July 15, 1994, MITC sent the Church a notice of
seeking a declaratory judgment that the Texas four-year            default and intent to accelerate. On August 15, and again

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            3
Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562 (2001)
44 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 605

on September 8, MITC sent the Church letters indicating             question existed about when Wolf's claim accrued. Thus,
it had accelerated the note. Both letters specified dates           it held that the trial court erroneously granted the Church's
for nonjudicial foreclosure sales. But MITC never actually          motion and reversed and remanded the claims. 49 S.W.3d at
foreclosed and the Church did not resume payments. On               ––––, 1999 WL 33256589.
August 1, 1995, MITC sold the note to Great Plains Capital
Corporation. Finally, on February 2, 1998, Great Plains sold
the note to Johnny Wolf.
                                                                                      II. APPLICABLE LAW

On February 23, 1998, Wolf's attorney sent the Church a letter
informing it that Wolf now owned the note and that the note                       A. SUMMARY JUDGMENT
was in default. On July 29, Wolf's attorney sent another letter                   —STANDARD OF REVIEW
stating that the “maturity of the aforesaid note has occurred
                                                                     [1]    [2] A party moving for summary judgment must
and full payment of the balance of same is now due and
                                                                    conclusively prove all elements of its cause of action or
owing.” On September 11, Wolf's attorney sent a notice of
                                                                    defense as a matter of law. TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Rhone–
foreclosure on the promissory note explaining a foreclosure
                                                                    Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 223 (Tex.1999);
sale was scheduled for October 6. On the sale date, a trial court
                                                                    Walker v. Harris, 924 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Tex.1996). When
granted the Church a temporary injunction to prevent the sale.
                                                                    both sides move for summary judgment and the trial court
Nevertheless, the trustee held the sale and Wolf purchased the
property.                                                           grants one motion but denies the other, the reviewing court
                                                                    should review both sides' summary judgment evidence,
                                                                    determine all questions presented, and render the judgment
The Church sued Wolf for a declaratory judgment that the
                                                                    that the trial court should have rendered. FM Props.
foreclosure sale was void because limitations barred Wolf's
                                                                    Operating Co. v. City of Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 872
foreclosure. The Church also pleaded wrongful foreclosure,
                                                                    (Tex.2000). A party moving for summary judgment on
unjust enrichment, and constructive trust but later nonsuited
                                                                    limitations grounds must prove when the cause of action
these claims without prejudice. The parties then agreed to a
                                                                    accrued. Burns v. Thomas, 786 S.W.2d 266, 267 (Tex.1990).
temporary injunction. Subsequently, the Church moved for
summary judgment, arguing that MITC's August 15, 1994,
demand and acceleration triggered the limitations period on
Wolf's claim. Thus, the Church argued, limitations had run on                              B. ACCRUAL
August 15, 1998, almost two months before the foreclosure
sale.                                                               By statute, if a series of notes or obligations or a note or
                                                                    obligation payable in installments is secured by a lien on real
 *566 In response, Wolf agreed that limitations began to run        property, limitations does not begin to run until the maturity
on August 15, 1994. However, he argued that because the             date of the last note, obligation, or installment. TEX. CIV.
FDIC had once owned the note, the six-year limitations period       PRAC. & REM.CODE § 16.035(e); Swedlund v. Banner,
afforded federal receivers applied rather than the Texas four-      970 S.W.2d 107, 111 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1998, pet.
year period. He filed a cross-motion for summary judgment,          denied). Section 16.035 modifies the general rule that a claim
contending that limitations did not bar the foreclosure because     accrues and limitations begins to run on each installment
the federal statute applied. He also argued the Church lacked       when it becomes due. See Palmer v. Palmer, 831 S.W.2d 479,
standing to sue, but he abandons that argument here. See            481–82 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1992, no writ).
TEX.R.APP. P. 74(f). The trial court granted the Church's
summary-judgment motion on limitations grounds, declared             [3]    [4]    [5] If a note or deed of trust secured by real
the Church's obligations under the deed and note time-barred,       property contains an optional acceleration clause, default does
declared the sale void, and ordered the Church vested with fee      not ipso facto start limitations running on the note. Rather,
simple title to the property.                                       the action accrues only when the holder actually exercises
                                                                    its option to accelerate. Hammann v. H.J. McMullen & Co.,
Wolf appealed, arguing that the six-year federal limitations        122 Tex. 476, 62 S.W.2d 59, 61 (1933); Curtis v. Speck,
period governed his claim. The court of appeals did not reach       130 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex.Civ.App.—Galveston 1939, writ
the limitations issue. Instead, the court concluded that a fact     ref'd). Effective acceleration requires two acts: (1) notice

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             4
Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562 (2001)
44 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 605

of intent to accelerate, and (2) notice of acceleration. See       of limitations under state law. 12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(14)(A)
Shumway v. Horizon Credit Corp., 801 S.W.2d 890, 892               (i). While FIRREA's express terms only grant this six-year
(Tex.1991); Ogden v. Gibraltar Sav. Ass'n, 640 S.W.2d              limitations period to the FDIC, we have held that the FDIC's
232, 233 (Tex.1982). Both notices must be “clear and               successors in interest are entitled to the benefit of this longer
unequivocal.” Shumway, 801 S.W.2d at 893. Even when a              period when the claim had already accrued before the FDIC
noteholder has accelerated a note upon default, the holder         received the note. Jackson v. Thweatt, 883 S.W.2d 171, 174
can abandon acceleration if the holder continues to accept         (Tex.1994).
payments *567 without exacting any remedies available to
it upon declared maturity. City Nat'l Bank v. Pope, 260 S.W.
903, 905 (Tex.Civ.App.—San Antonio 1924, no writ); see
                                                                                          III. ANALYSIS
also San Antonio Real Estate, Bldg. & Loan Ass'n v. Stewart,
94 Tex. 441, 61 S.W. 386, 388 (1901) (explaining that the          The court of appeals did not reach the limitations issue
parties' agreement or actions can “have the effect of obviating    because it concluded that the Church had not conclusively
the default and restoring the contract to its original condition   established the date Wolf's claim accrued. Accordingly, we
as if it had not been broken”); Denbina v. City of Hurst,          consider that question first.
516 S.W.2d 460, 463 (Tex.Civ.App.—Tyler 1974, no writ)
(explaining that an option to accelerate may be withdrawn
or revoked after it is exercised by the noteholder, effectively
restoring the note's original maturity date).                                              A. ACCRUAL

                                                                    [6] Under its terms, the Church's note would mature in June
Federal law provides a different scheme for determining            2007, the month the last installment was due. See TEX. CIV.
accrual of foreclosure actions brought by the FDIC. The            PRAC. & REM.CODE § 16.035(e). The Church claims, and
Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement           Wolf agreed, that MITC's August 15, 1994, letter accelerated
Act of 1989 (FIRREA) provides that limitations on FDIC             this maturity date. The parties also agreed that, upon this
claims begins to run on the later of (1) the date the FDIC is      acceleration, any cause of action for unpaid amounts accrued,
appointed receiver, or (2) the date the cause of action accrues.   thereby triggering limitations under both state and federal
12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(14)(B).                                        law.

                                                                    [7] The court of appeals correctly noted that when a cause
                     C. LIMITATIONS                                of action accrues is a question of law, not fact. See Moreno v.
                                                                   Sterling Drug, Inc., 787 S.W.2d 348, 351 (Tex.1990). It then
Under state law, a sale of real property under a power of sale     concluded that the parties' agreement about the acceleration
in a mortgage or deed of trust that creates a real-property        and accrual date was an impermissible attempt *568 to
lien must be made not later than four years after the day the      stipulate to a legal question. The court explained that it
cause of action accrues. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE §              was incumbent upon the Church to prove the actual accrual
16.035(b); McLemore v. Pacific Southwest Bank, 872 S.W.2d          date rather than rely on the parties' agreement. Because it
286, 292 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1994, writ dism'd by agr.).           determined that the Church had not carried this burden, the
When this four-year period expires, the real-property lien         court of appeals reversed the trial court's summary judgment
and the power of sale to enforce the lien become void.             for the Church and remanded the case for further proceedings.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 16.035(d). This four-                 49 S.W.3d at ––––, 1999 WL 33256589.
year limitations period can be suspended by filing a written
agreement in the county clerk's office where the real property     The Church argues that the court of appeals violated Rule
is located. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 16.036.                   166a(c) by reversing summary judgment on grounds other
                                                                   than those presented in the trial court. See TEX.R. CIV.
Federal law provides a different limitations period for FDIC       P. 166a(c); McConnell v. Southside Indep. Sch. Dist., 858
foreclosure actions. FIRREA provides that when the FDIC            S.W.2d 337, 341 (Tex.1993). The Church also argues that
brings a contract action as a conservator or receiver, the         the court of appeals erred in holding that it did not present
statute of limitations is the longer of (1) the 6 year period      summary-judgment evidence conclusively establishing that
beginning on the date the claim accrues, or (2) the statute

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              5
Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562 (2001)
44 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 605

the note was accelerated on August 15, 1994, and that             included: (1) a copy of the deed of trust containing optional
limitations began running on that date.                           acceleration and power of sale clauses in favor of the original
                                                                  mortgagee and its successors and assigns; (2) documents
Wolf responds by arguing that the trial court's recognition       tracing the note's ownership from Wynnewood bank to each
during the summary-judgment hearing that “everybody seems          *569 successor, including MITC and Wolf; and (3) a July
to agree” on the accrual date establishes that the issue was      15, 1994, notice of intent to accelerate and an August 15,
before the trial court and thus the court of appeals could        1994, notice of acceleration signed by MITC's attorneys.
review it. He also contends that the court of appeals correctly
held that the Church did not establish the accrual date, and      The court of appeals held that this evidence was not enough
that, in fact, the record shows that MITC's attempted August      to establish effective acceleration, or, in the alternative, that
1994 acceleration was ineffective or abandoned.                   MITC had abandoned acceleration:

 [8] We disagree with the court of appeals' analysis and hold                  MITC was required to serve the
that the parties' agreement about the acceleration date and                    Church with written notice of the sale,
the summary-judgment evidence each provide independent                         post written notice at the courthouse
bases for the trial court to find the Church had conclusively                  door for twenty-one days, and file a
established an accrual date. While accrual is a legal question,                copy of the notice with the county
whether a holder has accelerated a note is a fact question                     clerk. There is no evidence in the
to which parties may, and in this case did, agree. See, e.g.,                  record that MITC posted the property
McLemore, 872 S.W.2d at 291 (treating whether “note was                        for sale or filed the notice with
accelerated, and when” as fact question); Texas Airfinance                     the county clerk. There is nothing
Corp. v. Lesikar, 777 S.W.2d 559, 563 (Tex.App.—Houston                        in the record stating that MITC
[14th Dist.] 1989, no writ) (treating whether promissory note                  actually conducted a foreclosure sale.
had been accelerated as fact question).                                        Accordingly, based on the record
                                                                               before us, it appears that, although
 [9] [10] “Assertions of fact, not plead in the alternative,                   the Church was in default and MITC
in the live pleadings of a party are regarded as formal                        served the Church with notice of
judicial admissions.” Houston First Am. Sav. v. Musick,                        a sale, MITC did not comply with
650 S.W.2d 764, 767 (Tex.1983). A judicial admission that                      the contractual or statutory conditions
is clear and unequivocal has conclusive effect and bars                        necessary to exercise its option
the admitting party from later disputing the admitted fact.                    to accelerate the note as declared.
Gevinson v. Manhattan Constr. Co., 449 S.W.2d 458, 467                         Apparently, MITC abandoned the note
(Tex.1969). Here, Wolf's summary-judgment response and                         acceleration.
counter-motion for summary judgment states: “Defendant
                                                                  49 S.W.3d at ––––, 1999 WL 33256589 (citations omitted).
accepts Plaintiff's argument that the note was accelerated by
                                                                  We disagree.
the [sic] MITC on August 15, 1994, and that the statute of
limitations began to run on that date.” And at the summary-
judgment hearing and in his court of appeals' brief Wolf
consistently agreed that MITC accelerated the Church's note                           1. ACCELERATION
on August 15, 1994. Wolf's agreement amounted to a judicial
                                                                  In holding that MITC's acceleration was ineffective, the court
admission of the acceleration date. Once Wolf's judicial
                                                                  of appeals concluded that an optional acceleration clause
admission established the acceleration date, the trial court
                                                                  cannot be exercised without actually taking steps towards
could apply the law to conclude as a matter of law that
                                                                  foreclosing on the property. It relied on section 51.002 of
accrual occurred upon this acceleration and that limitations
                                                                  the Texas Property Code and Swoboda v. Wilshire Credit
then began running.
                                                                  Corp., 975 S.W.2d 770 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1998, pet.
                                                                  denied).
 [11] And, even without Wolf's admission, the summary-
judgment evidence conclusively establishes an August 15,
                                                                  Section 51.002 establishes the procedures for conducting a
1994, accrual. The Church's summary-judgment evidence
                                                                  foreclosure sale. The court of appeals held that MITC could

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              6
Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562 (2001)
44 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 605

not have accelerated the Church's note without following          such action. To hold, as the court of appeals did here, that
section 51.002's posting and notice procedures. In other          acceleration does not occur and thus an action does not accrue
words, the court held that the cause of action on the             until a foreclosure posting or sale takes place would, in
Church's note could not have accrued absent compliance with       essence, mean the foreclosure posting or sale would be the
section 51.002. However, section 51.002 has nothing to do         triggering event bringing about the right to hold a foreclosure
with accrual or limitations; it only governs the procedures       sale. This result is nonsensical.
noteholders must follow if they choose to exercise their power
of sale. Rather, section 16.035 of the Texas Civil Practice
and Remedies Code governs accrual, and it provides that a
                                                                                     2. ABANDONMENT
cause of action accrues and limitations begins to run from an
installment note's maturity date.                                 The court of appeals alternatively held that MITC abandoned
                                                                  its attempted acceleration. However, as the court of appeals
Swoboda holds that:                                               noted, it “is undisputed that the Church did not pay the
                                                                  balance or any portion thereof, or resume making regular
            Exercise of the right of acceleration
                                                                  payments or in any way change its position.” 49 S.W.3d at
            requires the mortgagee to make a clear,
                                                                  ––––, 1999 WL 33256589. And Wolf has not argued that
            positive, and unequivocal declaration
                                                                  MITC or its successors had otherwise expressed an intent to
            in some manner of the exercise
                                                                  abandon acceleration. Thus, abandonment is not implicated
            thereof, followed by affirmative
                                                                  in this case.
            action towards enforcing the declared
            intention.... [A] declaration alone
                                                                  Both MITC's notice of intent to accelerate and its notice of
            does not amount to an election
                                                                  acceleration were “clear and unequivocal.” See Shumway,
            to accelerate without accompanying
                                                                  801 S.W.2d at 893. Because there is no evidence of
            enforcement action, i.e., steps to
                                                                  abandonment, these notices established MITC's acceleration.
            execute foreclosure on the real
                                                                  Accordingly, we conclude that the Church presented
            property.
                                                                  conclusive evidence that MITC accelerated the Church's note
975 S.W.2d at 776 (citations omitted). Several other cases        on August 15, 1994. The trial court correctly held that any
have likewise required affirmative steps towards foreclosure      cause of action on the note accrued on that date and that
to accelerate a note secured by real property. E.g., Shepler v.   limitations then began to run. Thus, the court of appeals erred
Kubena, 563 S.W.2d 382, 385 (Tex.Civ.App.—Austin 1978,            in holding that a fact issue existed about when MITC's action
no writ) (“Intention to mature the note may be evidence[d]        accrued.
by declarations, which alone do not amount to an election,
unless followed by affirmative action toward enforcing the
declared intention.”); National Debenture Corp. v. Smith,                              B. LIMITATIONS
132 S.W.2d 429, 431 (Tex.Civ.App.—Galveston 1939,
writ dism'd judgm't cor.) (“[D]eclaration alone does not           [12] Wolf foreclosed on the Church's property on October
amount to an election to accelerate the maturity; ... to          6, 1998. Because Wolf's action accrued August 15, 1994, we
be effective as such, it must be followed by affirmative          must decide whether the state four-year or federal six-year
action toward enforcing the declared intention.”); cf. Joy        statute of limitations governs his right to foreclose.
Corp. v. Nob Hill N. Props., Ltd., 543 S.W.2d 691, 694–95
(Tex.Civ.App.—Tyler 1976, no writ) (holding acceleration          Wolf urges us to hold that, as a FDIC successor, he is entitled
may be accomplished by either declaring *570 entire debt          to FIRREA's six-year limitations period. See Jackson, 883
due or taking some other unequivocal action indicating debt       S.W.2d at 178 (applying six-year FIRREA limitations period
is accelerated).                                                  to FDIC successor in interest where cause of action accrued
                                                                  before FDIC received the note). He recognizes that two
We disapprove of Swoboda and this line of cases to the            federal courts have refused to extend FIRREA's limitations
extent they can be read to require affirmative action towards     to FDIC successors when the notes were not in default until
foreclosure to trigger acceleration of a note secured by          after the notes left the FDIC's hands. See Beckley Capital
real property when the parties' agreement does not require        Ltd. P'ship v. DiGeronimo, 184 F.3d 52, 58 (1st Cir.1999)

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            7
Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562 (2001)
44 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 605

( “[T]he assignee does not get this benefit where an obligation
is transferred by the FDIC before it is in default.”); Cadle Co.          (i) the date of the appointment of the Corporation as
v. 1007 Joint Venture, 82 F.3d 102, 105 (5th Cir.1996) (“We                  conservator or receiver; or
agree with Joint Venture that an assignee of the FDIC can
                                                                          (ii) the date on which the cause of action accrues.
invoke FIRREA's six-year period of limitations only if the
note at issue was in default either before the FDIC acquired       12 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(14). FIRREA does not expressly extend
it or while the FDIC owned it.”). However, he argues that          the benefit of this expanded limitations period to the FDIC's
because the Church's note was in default while in the FDIC's       successors in interest. However, most jurisdictions have
hands, he should receive the benefit of the six-year limitations   recognized, based on different theories, that the FDIC's
period.                                                            successors do enjoy the benefit of the six-year period
                                                                   in some circumstances. See, e.g., UMLIC–Nine Corp. v.
Conversely, the Church argues that the state four-year             Lipan Springs Dev. Corp., 168 F.3d 1173, 1177 n. 3 (10th
limitations period applies in this case. It contends that the      Cir.1999); United States v. Thornburg, 82 F.3d 886, 891–
relevant question is not whether the note was in default           92 (9th Cir.1996); FDIC v. Bledsoe, 989 F.2d 805, 810 (5th
while the FDIC held it, but whether a cause of action had          Cir.1993); Tivoli Ventures, Inc. v. Bumann, 870 P.2d 1244,
accrued before the FDIC transferred the note to a subsequent       1246 (Colo.1994); Cadle Co. II, Inc. v. Lewis, 254 Kan. 158,
holder, thereby triggering limitations. It reasons that applying   864 P.2d 718, 724 (1993); N.S.Q. Assocs. v. Beychok, 659
FIRREA's *571 limitations period when a cause of action            So.2d 729, 734 (La.1995); Investment Co. of the Southwest
does not accrue until after the FDIC transfers the note does       v. Reese, 117 N.M. 655, 875 P.2d 1086, 1095 (1994); Union
nothing to further FIRREA's policies.                              Recovery Ltd. P'ship v. Horton, 252 Va. 418, 477 S.E.2d 521,
                                                                   524 (1996). And we so held in Jackson v. Thweatt, the case
                                                                   upon which Wolf relies. 883 S.W.2d at 178.
                          1. FIRREA
                                                                    [13] The question we did not answer in Jackson, however, is
FIRREA's relevant section provides:                                the one presented here—whether the FDIC's successors enjoy
                                                                   the benefit of the six-year limitations period when a cause of
  (14) Statute of limitations for actions brought by               action on the note has not accrued before the FDIC assigns
    conservator or receiver.                                       the note to a subsequent holder. We agree with the Church
                                                                   that the policy justifications we cited for extending limitations
     (A) In general
                                                                   in Jackson do not apply here. Thus, we join the two federal
       Notwithstanding any provision of any contract, the          courts that have considered this issue and hold that the FDIC's
       applicable statute of limitations with regard to any        successors do not receive the benefit of the FDIC's six-year
       action brought by the Corporation as conservator or         limitations period if the cause of action does not accrue until
       receiver shall be—                                          after the note leaves the FDIC's hands.

       (i) In the case of any contract claim, the longer of—

       (I) the 6–year period beginning on the date the claim                       2. JACKSON V. THWEATT
       accrues; or
                                                                   In Jackson, we considered two conflicting court of appeals
       (II) the period applicable under State law;                 opinions about whether FIRREA's six-year limitations period
                                                                   applies to the FDIC's successors in interest. 883 S.W.2d at
       ....                                                        172–74. In both cases the noteholders' claims had accrued
                                                                   before the FDIC became the receiver of the noteholders.
     (B) Determination of the date on which a claim accrues
                                                                   Jackson, 883 S.W.2d at 172–74. We recognized that
       For purposes of subparagraph (A), the date on which         18 U.S.C. § 1821(d)(14) expressly confers the six-year
       the statute of limitations begins to run on any claim       limitations only on actions the FDIC brings. Jackson, 883
       described in such subparagraph shall be the later of—       S.W.2d at 174. However, based on the common law maxim
                                                                    *572 that “[a]n assignee stands in the shoes of his assignor,”
                                                                   we held that the FDIC's successors also have the benefit of the

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             8
Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562 (2001)
44 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 605

FDIC's longer limitations period. Jackson, 883 S.W.2d at 174.                 applies; it attaches only to an accrued
Any other holding, we explained, would diminish the note's                    claim, not to a performing note.... The
market value in the hands of the FDIC, thereby hindering the                  six-year period is not triggered by
purpose behind the longer limitations period:                                 the FDIC's appointment as receiver;
                                                                              rather, it becomes relevant only upon
            To hold that assignees are relegated to                           the accrual of a cause of action, at
            the state statute of limitations would                            which time it identifies the starting
            serve only to shrink the private market                           date for the six-year period. Until there
            for the assets of failed banks. It would                          is a default, there is no claim....
            require the FDIC to hold onto and
            prosecute all notes for which the                    Cadle Co., 82 F.3d at 105. The court recognized the policies
            state statute of limitations has expired             behind extending the six-year period to transferees, but noted
            because such obligations would be                    that this “reasoning loses force with a note performing when
            worthless to anyone else. This runs                  the FDIC transfers it; because such a note is not in default, it
            contrary to the policy of allowing the               has value to a prospective transferee and no limitation period
            FDIC to rid the federal system of failed             is running.” Cadle Co., 82 F.3d at 106. Thus, it distinguished
            bank assets. The FDIC can only make                  these facts from its previous cases holding that the six-year
            full use of the market in discharging its            period applies to the FDIC's successors in interest. See, e.g.,
            statutory responsibilities if the market             Bledsoe, 989 F.2d at 810–11.
            purchasers have the same rights to
            pursue actions against recalcitrant
            debtors as does the FDIC.
                                                                             4. BECKLEY CAPITAL LIMITED
Jackson, 883 S.W.2d at 174 (quoting Fall v. Keasler, 1991                    PARTNERSHIP V. DIGERONIMO
WL 340182, at *4 (N.D.Cal. Dec. 18, 1991)).
                                                                 In DiGeronimo, the First Circuit considered whether
                                                                 FIRREA's six-year limitations period applied to expand a
While we have never considered whether the result we
                                                                 state statute of limitations requiring that suit be brought
reached in Jackson would compel extending FIRREA's
                                                                 against an estate within one year after a decedent's death. 184
limitations if the cause of action accrued after the note left
                                                                 F.3d at 55. DiGeronimo guaranteed a note that was in default
the FDIC's hands, two federal circuit courts have declined to
                                                                 while the FDIC held it. DiGeronimo, 184 F.3d at 54. The
extend limitations in such a situation. See DiGeronimo, 184
                                                                 FDIC later sold the note to Beckley Capital and DiGeronimo
F.3d at 58; Cadle Co., 82 F.3d at 105.
                                                                 died a month later. DiGeronimo, 184 F.3d at 58. Because
                                                                 the note was already in default when the FDIC transferred
                                                                 the note, DiGeronimo was already subject to *573 suit as
    3. CADLE COMPANY V. 1007 JOINT VENTURE                       guarantor while the FDIC held the note. Despite this, the court
                                                                 refused to extend the statute of limitations:
In Cadle Company, the Fifth Circuit first considered whether
FIRREA's six-year limitations period enured to the benefit of                 [T]he one-year New Hampshire statute
a FDIC successor when the note was not in default until after                 [for bringing suit against an estate]
the FDIC transferred it. 82 F.3d at 104–05. It held “that an                  had not begun to run at the time of
assignee of the FDIC can invoke FIRREA's six-year period                      the transfer because Beckley acquired
of limitations only if the note at issue was in default either                the note and the guaranty in June
before the FDIC acquired it or while the FDIC owned it.”                      1994 and DiGeronimo did not die
Cadle Co., 82 F.3d at 105. While the court spoke in terms                     until July 1994. Accordingly, Beckley
of “default” rather than “accrual,” its analysis treated the                  had the same one-year period to sue
concepts as synonymous:                                                       as any other person (apart from the
                                                                              FDIC) who happened to have a claim
            FIRREA's    six-year   period  of                                 against a New Hampshire decedent.
            limitations has no significance                                   And because Beckley acquired the
            independent of a claim to which it                                guaranty before this period even began

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            9
Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562 (2001)
44 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 605

             to run, its position is closely analogous              be contrary to the policies behind FIRREA's enactment. See
             to the assignee in Cadle that acquired                 generally Jackson, 883 S.W.2d at 174.
             its note prior to the default. Put
             differently, there is no reason why a                  The second justification cited for extending FIRREA's
             special statute of limitations is needed               limitations period to its successors is the premise that “[a]n
             in this case to make the obligation                    assignee stands in the shoes of his assignor.” General Fin.
             marketable to a purchaser, and absent                  Servs., Inc. v. Practice Place, Inc., 897 S.W.2d 516, 520
             such a reason, the policy behind state                 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1995, no writ). This maxim supports
             statutes of limitation—vivid in this                   the notion that the FDIC's right to an extended limitations
             case—ought to be respected.                            period is part of the bundle of rights that transfers to its
                                                                    subsequent assignees. See, e.g., Bledsoe, 989 F.2d at 810. But
DiGeronimo, 184 F.3d at 58. The court expressly “adopt[ed]          see WAMCO, III, Ltd. v. First Piedmont Mortgage Corp.,
the principle in Cadle that the assignee does not get this          856 F. Supp. 1076, 1087–88 (E.D.Va.1994) (holding common
benefit where an obligation is transferred by the FDIC before       law assignment theories do not support extending FIRREA
it is in default.” DiGeronimo, 184 F.3d at 58 (emphasis             limitations to assignees). We cited both justifications for our
added). And, as the Cadle court had done, the First Circuit         holding in Jackson. 883 S.W.2d at 174.
discussed default and accrual as synonymous concepts.
                                                                     *574 However, while these policies justify extending the
                                                                    six-year limitations period when a cause of action has accrued
                        5. ANALYSIS                                 before the FDIC transfers the note, we agree with the First
                                                                    Circuit that “[n]o reason exists to extend this special benefit
In response to the huge number of bank failures in 1987 and         beyond the point where it serves the federal policy; and it does
1988, FIRREA was enacted to “strengthen the enforcement             not do so here.” DiGeronimo, 184 F.3d at 57. When a cause
power of [f]ederal regulators of depository institutions.”          of action has not accrued before the FDIC transfers the note,
Boteler, Comment: Protecting the American Taxpayers:                a transferee has the same four years under section 16.035(b)
Assigning the FDIC's Six Year Statute of Limitations to Third       of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code to sue as any
Party Purchasers, 24 TEX. TECH L.REV. 1169, 1169–71                 other person. Accordingly, refusal to extend limitations in
(1993). The six-year limitations period was created because         this situation does not significantly impact the FDIC's notes'
“once the FDIC is appointed receiver, it needs extra time to        marketability.
review all of the assets and liabilities it has just acquired,
before it can go forward with any litigation by which to             [14]    [15] Moreover, even though an assignee generally
recover on defaulted promissory notes.” Boteler, supra at           “stands in the shoes of his assignor,” Bledsoe, 989 F.2d at
1078.                                                               810, the Fifth Circuit aptly explained why that concept would
                                                                    not apply here, where a claim has not accrued and thus the
Two justifications are generally cited to support extending         FDIC's right to a six-year limitations period is never triggered.
FIRREA's six-year period to FDIC's successors in interest           “FIRREA's six-year period of limitations has no significance
even though FIRREA is silent about assignees. First, absent         independent of a claim to which it applies; it attaches only
such an exception, the FDIC would be forced to prosecute            to an accrued claim, not to a performing note.” Cadle Co.,
all notes where state limitations has already run. See,             82 F.3d at 105. We agree. Absent application of FIRREA's
e.g., Bosque Asset Corp. v. Greenberg, 19 S.W.3d 514,               statute of limitations, a noteholder's right to sue is limited by
521 (Tex.App.—Eastland 2000, pet. denied) (“[T]he federal           section 16.035(b). The six-year provision does not “attach”
policy of insuring a market for the assets of failed depositories   to the bundle of rights passed to subsequent assignees unless
militates strongly in favor of extending the federal statute of     FIRREA's express terms actually trigger the right.
limitations to all subsequent assignees of the FDIC.”); see
also Tivoli Ventures, Inc., 870 P.2d at 1250 (“Requiring the        Wolf recognizes that the Cadle and DiGeronimo courts
FDIC to prosecute each outstanding loan would ... unduly            refused to extend FIRREA's limitations when the notes
delay the transfer and sale of the insolvent bank's assets.”).      were not in default until after the FDIC transferred the
Interpreting FIRREA to require the FDIC to prosecute all            notes. However, he argues that their reasoning cannot apply
notes where the state statute of limitations had run would          here because it is undisputed that the Church's note was

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             10
Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562 (2001)
44 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 605

                                                                        be effectively exercised without specific affirmative steps
in default in the FDIC's hands. We disagree. While Cadle
                                                                        towards foreclosure. Rather, absent evidence of abandonment
and Beckley do use the term “default” as the triggering
                                                                        or a contrary agreement between the parties, a clear and
event for determining whether FIRREA's limitations period is
                                                                        unequivocal notice of intent to accelerate and a notice of
extended, it is clear from their reasoning that these courts rely
                                                                        acceleration is enough to conclusively establish acceleration.
on the default date only to the extent that it was synonymous
                                                                        Therefore, the trial court correctly concluded that the
with the accrual date in those cases. However, under Texas
                                                                        Church's evidence conclusively established the date its note
law we look to the accrual date as the event to determine
                                                                        was accelerated and thus the date Wolf's cause of action
if limitations had been triggered while the FDIC held the
                                                                        accrued. And, because we further conclude that the cause of
note. Because the evidence reflects that accrual occurred after
                                                                        action accrued after the FDIC had assigned the note, we also
the FDIC transferred the note, we hold that Texas' four-year
                                                                        hold that the Texas four-year statute of limitation applicable
statute of limitations applies to bar Wolf's foreclosure. See
                                                                        to foreclosure actions governs this case. Accordingly, we
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 16.035(b).
                                                                        reverse the court of appeals' judgment and render judgment
                                                                        for the Church.

                     IV. CONCLUSION

The parties here agreed about the date the note was                     Justice HANKINSON did not participate in this decision.
accelerated and the summary judgment evidence conclusively
established the note's acceleration date. The court of appeals          All Citations
erred in holding that an optional acceleration clause cannot            44 S.W.3d 562, 44 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 605

End of Document                                                     © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                11
DD
Houston First American Sav. v. Musick, 650 S.W.2d 764 (1983)

                                                                             33 Cases that cite this headnote
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
Distinguished by Hughes Wood Products, Inc. v. Wagner,   Tex.,   May
25, 2000
                                                                       [3]   Evidence
                                                                                 Judicial Admissions in General
                       650 S.W.2d 764                                        Act of defendant in admitting as a fact that
                   Supreme Court of Texas.                                   individual bought note and deed of trust in name
                                                                             of corporation which named substitute trustee
        HOUSTON FIRST AMERICAN
                                                                             under whose deed plaintiff claimed was to be
          SAVINGS, et al., Petitioners,
                                                                             regarded as a formal judicial admission and,
                      v.
                                                                             hence, conclusively established in trespass to try
 Vann MUSICK and C.C. Divine, et al., Respondents.                           title action that corporation had bought the deed
                                                                             of trust.
               No. C–1370. | April 20, 1983.
           |    Rehearing Denied June 15, 1983.                              5 Cases that cite this headnote

Action was instituted in trespass to try title. The District
Court No. 164, Harris County, Solito, J., rendered judgment            [4]   Evidence
non obstante veredicto in favor of plaintiff, and defendants                     Private Contracts and Other Writings
appealed. The Houston Court of Civil Appeals, Fourteenth                     Recitals contained in deed by which substitute
Supreme Judicial District, Murphy, J., reversed and                          trustee conveyed property were prima facie
remanded, and plaintiff brought error. The Supreme Court,                    evidence that terms of trust were fulfilled, but
Ray, J., held that: (1) trust deed on which plaintiff based                  gave rise only to a presumption of validity and
its claim to property was invalid when trustee failed to give                related only to matters of evidence, and thus
notice of sale as required by law, and (2) plaintiff was,                    did not conclusively establish that foreclosure
however, entitled to rely on doctrine of after-acquired title                sale under which plaintiff claimed property
with respect to remaining defendants.                                        conformed to conditions set out in deed.

Judgment of the Court of Appeals reversed, judgment                          13 Cases that cite this headnote
rendered that plaintiff take nothing from one defendant, and
judgment of trial court as to remaining defendants affirmed.           [5]   Mortgages
                                                                                Notice of Sale
                                                                             Substitute trustee's deed was invalid where
 West Headnotes (17)                                                         substitute trustee was not appointed until within
                                                                             21 days of sale, with result that notice of sale was
                                                                             not given for 21 days prior to sale as required
 [1]     Evidence
                                                                             by deed of trust and statute. Vernon's Ann.Texas
             Admissibility in Same Proceedings
                                                                             Civ.St. art. 3810.
         Assertions of fact, not pled in alternative, in
         live pleadings of a party are regarded as formal                    14 Cases that cite this headnote
         judicial admissions.
                                                                       [6]   Mortgages
         80 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                                Power as Authority for Sale in General
                                                                             Maker of a deed of trust with power of sale
 [2]     Evidence
                                                                             may condition exercise of power upon such
             Conclusiveness and Effect
                                                                             conditions as he may prescribe and, since
         Any fact admitted is conclusively established                       that power admits of no substitution and no
         in case without introduction of pleadings or                        equivalent, trustee must strictly adhere to terms
         presentation of other evidence.                                     of power.

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                1
Houston First American Sav. v. Musick, 650 S.W.2d 764 (1983)

        6 Cases that cite this headnote                               7 Cases that cite this headnote

 [7]    Mortgages                                              [11]   Evidence
           Necessity                                                      Pleadings
        Compliance with notice condition contained in                 Facts alleged or admitted in live pleadings of a
        deed of trust and as prescribed by law is a                   party are accepted as true by court and jury and
        prerequisite to right of trustee to make sale.                are binding on pleader.

        20 Cases that cite this headnote                              27 Cases that cite this headnote

 [8]    Evidence                                               [12]   Trial
            Pleadings                                                      Effect of Failure to Object or Except
        Language in answer and cross petition referring               Party relying on his opponent's pleadings as
        to “purported” appointment of substitute trustee              judicial admissions of fact must protect his
        on certain date was not so clear and unequivocal              record by objecting to introduction of evidence
        as to rise to a judicial admission that substitute            contrary to that admission of fact and by
        trustee was appointed on that date, particularly              objecting to submission of any issue bearing on
        where answer included plea of not guilty on                   fact admitted.
        general denial.
                                                                      35 Cases that cite this headnote
        5 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               [13]   Estoppel
 [9]    Evidence                                                          By Deed
            Admissibility in Same Proceedings                         Although substitute trustee's deed was invalid as
        Allegations in answer which includes a general                between grantee of the trustee's deed and grantor
        denial are not a waiver of the general denial and             of deed of trust, where it did give appearance of
        may not be used by plaintiff as admissions.                   good title in grantee, grantor would be estopped
                                                                      to assert the invalidity of the trustee's sale with
        Cases that cite this headnote                                 respect to a subsequent bona fide purchaser of
                                                                      the property.
 [10]   Evidence
                                                                      3 Cases that cite this headnote
            Pleadings
        Assuming that answer in trespass to try title
        case admitted that substitute trustee, under           [14]   Mortgages
        whose deed plaintiff claimed, was appointed                      Grantees or Mortgagees of Purchasers
        on certain date, plaintiff nonetheless waived its             Although invalid trustee's deed gave appearance
        right to rely on admission, where plaintiff's only            of good title, party claiming under the grantee
        objection to special issue regarding appointment              was not a bona fide purchaser or bona fide
        of substitute trustee was that there was no                   mortgagee, and thus had no better title than its
        evidence raising such an issue and that it was                grantor, where it was aware of litigation at time
        irrelevant, and objection did not indicate that it            it acquired its interest and notice of lis pendens
        was relying on defendant's pleadings as a judicial            had been filed.
        admission, and where plaintiff's own chain of
        title established that substitute trustee was not             12 Cases that cite this headnote
        appointed on date claimed by plaintiff.
                                                               [15]   Appeal and Error

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           2
Houston First American Sav. v. Musick, 650 S.W.2d 764 (1983)

             To Sustain Judgment Appealed From
                                                                Opinion
        Where trial court's judgment non obstante
        veredicto was exactly the judgment requested by         RAY, Justice.
        plaintiff, it was unnecessary for plaintiff to file
        cross points on defendant's appeal in order to          This is a trespass to try title case. Houston First American
        advance arguments supporting the trial court's          Savings Association, successor to American Savings &
        judgment.                                               Loan Association of Houston, filed suit in 1966 to recover
                                                                possession of 618.7 acres in Harris *766 County. Named as
        4 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                defendants were Vann Musick, 1 who claims an undivided #
                                                                interest in the 618.7 acres, and C.C. Divine, 2 who claimed
 [16]   Estoppel                                                a specific 27 acres. The trial court rendered judgment
            Actual Transfer of Title by Operation of            non obstante veredicto in favor of Houston First American
        Law                                                     Savings (American). The court of appeals reversed the
        When one conveys land by warranty of title,             judgment of the trial court and remanded the cause with
        or in such a manner as to be estopped to                instructions to render judgment for Vann Musick and C.C.
        dispute title of his grantee, a title subsequently      Divine consistent with the jury's verdict. 3
        acquired to that land will pass eo instante to his
        warrantee, binding both warrantor and his heirs         We reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and render
        and subsequent purchasers from either.                  judgment that American take nothing from defendant Vann
                                                                Musick and that the judgment of the trial court be affirmed
        8 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                in all other respects. American's claims against the respective
                                                                defendants are unrelated and will be discussed separately.
 [17]   Mortgages
           Conveyance to Purchaser
        Plaintiff was entitled to rely on doctrine of after-
                                                                                I. American v. Vann Musick
        acquired title with respect to certain tract of land,
        though deed to its ancestor in title was executed,      In 1951, W.O. Bartle conveyed the 618.7 acres in controversy
        individually, by one of three trustees while            to Ted and Levoy Musick, the brothers of Vann Musick. In
        property was held under deed of trust requiring         1952 Ted Musick and Levoy, joined by his wife Mary Ann
        signature of two trustees, where, subsequently,         Musick, conveyed an undivided # interest in the property to
        all three trustees conveyed the property to             Vann Musick. On March 14, 1961, Vann Musick, joined by
        a person who, through mesne conveyance,                 her brothers, executed a deed of trust covering the 618.7 acres
        conveyed the property to the grantor of the first       to secure a note of the same date payable to Theodore Lucas,
        deed.                                                   trustee of the J.B. Lucas Trust. This note was subsequently
                                                                purchased by TWI Development Company, a corporation
        2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                wholly owned by Levoy Musick and his wife. Thereafter,
                                                                TWI appointed B.J. Brown, substitute trustee, to replace
                                                                the trustee originally named in the deed of trust. At the
                                                                trustee's sale held on July 2, 1963, Brown, as substitute
Attorneys and Law Firms                                         trustee, conveyed the 618.7 acres to TWI. In June 1964, TWI
                                                                conveyed the land to Harry Holmes, Jr. and W.M. Wheless,
*765 Anderson, Brown, Orn & Jones, Nelson Jones,
                                                                Sr., reserving an option to repurchase. Four months after this
Houston, for petitioners.
                                                                conveyance Levoy Musick died. Under the terms of his will,
Heath & Associates, Robert A. Heath, Gladys R. Goffney,         Mary Ann Musick became owner of all TWI stock and the
Houston, for respondents.                                       repurchase option. Subsequently, TWI agreed to a plan for
                                                                exercising its repurchase option. Pursuant to this plan, TWI
                                                                repurchased the land and conveyed the 618.7 acres to Meyer
                                                                Jacobson and T.S. Kent who used the land as collateral to

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          3
Houston First American Sav. v. Musick, 650 S.W.2d 764 (1983)

secure a loan from American. On December 18, 1964, three           American argues that the court of appeals has erred in
transactions occurred:                                             remanding the cause for entry of judgment on the jury's
                                                                   verdict, because the special issues are immaterial and
  1) TWI exercised its option and Holmes and Wheless               unsupported by the pleadings and evidence. American
    executed a warranty deed to TWI;                               submits that the trial court correctly rendered judgment in its
                                                                   favor because it established superior title out of a common
  2) Mary Ann Musick, as president of TWI conveyed the
                                                                   source.
    land to Kent and Jacobson by general warranty deed;

  3) Kent and Jacobson executed a deed of trust to Ralph B.        American's claim of superior title depends upon the
     Lee as trustee for the benefit of American.                   foreclosure of a deed of trust signed by Vann Musick and
                                                                   her brothers on March 14, 1961. This deed of trust was given
The deed of trust secured a loan of $150,000 from American         to secure a note payable to Theodore Lucas, Trustee of the
to Kent and Jacobson. No payments were ever made on the            J.B. Lucas Trust. This deed of trust granted the trustee the
promissory note. At a trustee's sale held on February 6, 1966,     power to sell the property at the request of the holder or payee
the property was sold to American for $25,000.                     of the note in the event of default. The deed of trust further
                                                                   set forth the conditions of the Trustee's power of sale which
American initiated its trespass to try title action in 1966,       included, among others, that notice of the sale be posted
naming as defendants several members of the Musick family          in three public places in Harris County for at least twenty-
who were already litigating their respective rights in the         one days prior to the sale. The deed of trust also contained
property. American's lawsuit and the Musick family litigation      the customary provisions authorizing the trustee, or a duly
were consolidated in 1968. Thereafter, American's claims           appointed substitute trustee, to recite in the trustee's deed the
against Vann Musick and C.C. Divine were severed and a             facts concerning the sale, and that such recitals should be
separate trial ordered. Before this case was tried, a separate     prima facie evidence of the truth of the facts recited.
trial was held between American, Levoy Musick, Mary Ann
Musick, TWI and others who claimed an interest in the               [1]    [2]    [3] In order to connect this deed of trust to
618.7-acre tract. As between the parties to that suit, this        a substitute trustee's deed which purported to convey the
Court rendered judgment for American. American Savings             618.7-acre tract to TWI, American introduced in evidence
and Loan Ass'n of Houston v. Musick, 531 S.W.2d 581                a document entitled “Appointment of Substitute Trustee.”
(Tex.1975).                                                        This document recited that TWI was the owner and holder of
                                                                   the note and deed of trust, dated March 14, 1961. Although
In January, 1980, American's trespass to try title claim against   there was no other evidence in the record confirming that
Vann Musick and C.C. Divine came to trial. At the close of         TWI bought the note and deed of trust from the J.B. Lucas
 *767 evidence American moved for an instructed verdict.           Trust, none was necessary. Vann Musick admitted as a fact
The trial court denied American's motion and submitted             that Levoy Musick “bought the note and deed of trust in the
twenty-four special issues requested by Vann Musick. All           name of TWI Development Company, a corporation” in a
of the jury's answers to these issues favored Vann Musick.         pleading which she entitled “Cross-Plaintiff's First Amended
Vann Musick thereafter moved for judgment on the verdict.          Petition.” Assertions of fact, not pled in the alternative, in
American filed an opposing motion for judgment non                 the live pleadings of a party are regarded as formal judicial
obstante veredicto. The trial court granted American's motion,     admissions. Any fact admitted is conclusively established
finding that the jury's verdict was not supported by the           in the case without the introduction of the pleadings or
pleadings or evidence and was immaterial.                          presentation of other evidence. Kirk v. Head, 137 Tex. 44,
                                                                   152 S.W.2d 726 (1941); 1A R. Ray, Texas Law of Evidence,
The court of appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court      § 1144 (Texas Practice 3d ed. 1980).
and remanded the cause for entry of judgment on the jury's
verdict. Although the court of appeals found evidence to           American next introduced in evidence the deed by which the
support the verdict, the court did not specifically discuss the    substitute trustee conveyed the property to TWI. This deed
evidence or address which issue or issues served to defeat         recited compliance with all conditions of the deed of trust.
American's title.                                                  American argues that the recitals in the substitute trustee's
                                                                   deed establish that the foreclosure sale at which TWI acquired

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              4
Houston First American Sav. v. Musick, 650 S.W.2d 764 (1983)

the property conformed to the conditions set out in the deed        the trustee to make the sale. Goode v. Davis, 135 S.W.2d 285,
of trust.                                                           292 (Tex.Civ.App.—Fort Worth 1939, writ dism'd judgmt
                                                                    cor.); Childs v. Hill, 20 Tex. Civ. App. 162, 49 S.W. 652
 [4] While we agree that these recitals are prima facie             (Tex.Civ.App.1898, no writ).
evidence that the terms of the trust were fulfilled, we note that
the recitals in a trustee's deed only give rise to a presumption     [8]    [9]    [10] American argues, however, that the jury
of validity and relate only to matters of evidence. Slaughter       finding that the substitute trustee was not appointed by TWI
v. Qualls, 139 Tex. 340, 162 S.W.2d 671, 676 (1942). The            until sometime after June 17, 1963 is immaterial because
presumption of the validity of the sale is not conclusive and       Vann Musick admitted in her pleadings that the appointment
may be rebutted. Hart v. Eason, 159 Tex. 375, 321 S.W.2d            of the substitute trustee was made on May 21, 1963. In
574, 575 (1959). Although Vann Musick admitted in her               “Cross-Plaintiff's First Amended Petition,” Vann Musick
“cross-claim” that TWI purchased the note and deed of trust         alleged:
and *768 thereby conceded TWI's authority to appoint a
substitute trustee, Vann Musick nevertheless did rebut the                      “On the 21st day of May, 1963,
presumption that the substitute trustee complied with the                       conspiring with B.J. Brown and Pat
conditions contained in the deed of trust.                                      Towery, a purported appointment of
                                                                                Substitute Trustee was executed by
 [5] The “Appointment of Substitute Trustee” recites that                       A.R. Morris, as president attested by
B.J. Brown was appointed substitute trustee on May 21, 1963.                    Pat Towery, Secretary of the TWI
The appointment, however, refers to the volume and page                         Development Company.”
where the deed of trust is recorded. Since the deed of trust was
                                                                    In her amended answer she alleged:
not recorded until June 17, 1963, the volume and page could
not have been known on May 21, 1963. The jury found that                        “The TWI Development Company
B.J. Brown was not appointed substitute trustee until some                      obtained title to the 618.7 acres
time after June 17, 1963. Since Brown sold the property to                      in question by an invalid substitute
TWI on July 2, 1963, it is apparent that notice of the sale was                 trustee sale from B.J. Brown who
not given for twenty-one days prior to sale as required by the                  was appointed trustee by A.R.
deed of trust and Article 3810. 4                                               Morris purported president of TWI
                                                                                Development Company on the 21st
 [6] [7] The maker of a deed of trust with power of sale may                    day of May, 1963.”
condition the exercise of the power upon such conditions as
he may prescribe. Slaughter v. Qualls, supra. The trustee must      Assuming for the sake of argument that Vann Musick's
strictly adhere to the terms of the power for the power “admits     pleadings do admit as fact that TWI appointed the substitute
of no substitution and no equivalent.” Michael v. Crawford,         trustee on May 21, 1963, 5 American has nevertheless waived
108 Tex. 352, 193 S.W. 1070 (1917). In Fuller v. O'Neal, 69         its right to rely on the admission. *769 American's only
Tex. 349, 6 S.W. 181 (1887) we wrote:                               objection to the special issue regarding the appointment of
                                                                    B.J. Brown as substitute trustee was “there is no evidence
             The course marked out for the trustee                  which raises such an issue and it is irrelevant.” American's
             to pursue must be strictly followed                    objection did not indicate that it was relying on Vann Musick's
             by him: for the method of enforcing                    pleadings as a judicial admission. Furthermore, American's
             the collection through such deeds is a                 own chain of title, and hence its own evidence, establishes
             harsh one. The grantor of the power is                 that B.J. Brown was not appointed substitute trustee on May
             entitled to have his directions obeyed;                21, 1963. Although the “Appointment of Substitute Trustee”
             to have the proper notice of sale given;               recites that the appointment was executed on May 21, 1963,
             to have it to take place at the time and               when this instrument is considered together with the deed of
             place, and by the person appointed by                  trust to which it refers by volume and page, it is evident that
             him.                                                   the May 21 date is erroneous.

Compliance with the notice condition contained in the deed of
trust and as prescribed by law is a prerequisite to the right of

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             5
Houston First American Sav. v. Musick, 650 S.W.2d 764 (1983)

 [11] [12] The facts alleged or admitted in the live pleadings        title is identical to that traced above with respect to its claim
of a party are accepted as true by the court and jury and are         against Vann Musick.
binding on the pleader. 1A R. Ray, Texas Law of Evidence, §
1127 (Texas Practice 3d ed. 1980). The party relying on his           On December 13, 1961, Levoy and his wife conveyed the 27
opponent's pleadings as judicial admissions of fact, however,         acres to C.C. Divine. On October 25, 1962, C.C. Divine and
must protect his record by objecting to the introduction of           H.G. Divine placed certain property in trust. The corpus of
evidence contrary to that admission of fact and by objecting          the trust included the 27 acres in controversy. The purpose of
to the submission of any issue bearing on the fact admitted.          the trust was to serve as security for the posting *770 of bail
Starks v. City of Houston, 448 S.W.2d 698 (Tex.Civ.App.               bonds. The trust required the signatures of at least two trustees
—Houston [1st Dist.] 1969, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Restelle v.            for a valid conveyance of property from the trust. C.C. Divine,
Williford, 364 S.W.2d 444 (Tex.Civ.App.—Beaumont 1963,                H.G. Divine and A. Divine were named trustees. On July 27,
writ ref'd n.r.e.); Dallas Transit Co. v. Young, 370 S.W.2d 6         1963, C.C. Divine, individually, executed a general warranty
(Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1963, writ ref'd n.r.e.).                        deed conveying the 27 acres to Levoy Musick and his wife.
                                                                      The other two trustees did not join in this conveyance.
 [13] [14] Although the substitute trustee's deed was invalid
as between TWI and Vann Musick, it did give the appearance            On September 5, 1963, all three trustees conveyed the 27
of good title in TWI. Were American a bona fide purchaser             acres to Fred Divine who, on March 19, 1964, conveyed the
of the property, Vann Musick would be estopped to assert              property to W.E. Whitter and G.D. Peyton. On June 15, 1965,
the invalidity of the trustee's sale. Slaughter v. Qualls, 162        Whitter and Peyton, by general warranty deed, conveyed the
S.W.2d at 675. The jury, however, found that American was             27 acres to C.C. Divine.
neither a bona fide purchaser, nor a bona fide mortgagee. Both
terms were defined as requiring the purchaser or mortgagee            Over the objections of American, C.C. Divine was permitted
to acquire its interest in the property in good faith, for value      to testify that he did not intend to convey the 27 acres by his
and without notice of the claim or interest of a third party.         warranty deed of July 27, 1963. The jury apparently believed
Houston Oil Co. of Texas v. Hayden, 104 Tex. 175, 135 S.W.            Divine's testimony, because all special issues were answered
1149 (1911). There is evidence in the record from which               in Divine's favor. The trial court, however, disregarded the
the jury could reasonably have concluded that American was            jury's verdict and rendered judgment for American.
aware of the Musick family litigation at the time it acquired its
interest in the 618.7-acre tract. This land was the subject of a      The court of appeals reversed the judgment of the trial court
lawsuit filed in May, 1962. Vann Musick, Ted Musick, Levoy            and remanded the cause for entry of judgment on the verdict.
Musick, TWI and other members of the Musick family were               The court of appeals concluded that there was evidence to
all parties to the litigation. In 1963, a notice of lis pendens was   support the jury verdict and that American had waived any
filed in the lis pendens records of Harris County. American           error by failing to file cross-points.
did not take its deed of trust on the property until December,
1964, and did not foreclose on the property until 1966.               American argues that it was not required to file cross-points
                                                                      in the court of appeals. American further argues that under
In summary, we hold that the substitute trustee's deed                the doctrine of after-acquired title, the title conveyed to C.C.
conveying the property to TWI is invalid because the trustee          Divine by Whitter and Peyton on June 15, 1965, flowed
failed to give the notice required by law and by the terms of         immediately into Levoy Musick and wife, and their assigns
the deed of trust. We further hold that American is not a bona        because of Divine's general warranty deed dated July 27,
fide purchaser and, hence, has no better title than its grantor.      1963.
See Hartel v. Dishman, 135 Tex. 600, 145 S.W.2d 865 (1940).
                                                                       [15] We agree with both arguments. In Jackson v. Ewton,
                                                                      411 S.W.2d 715, 717 (Tex.1967) we explained that “cross-
                                                                      points” are used to preserve error committed by the trial
                 II. American v. C.C. Divine
                                                                      court and “are the means by which an appellee may bring
C.C. Divine claimed a specific 27 acres out of the 618.7-acre         forward complaints of some ruling or action of the trial court
tract. Levoy Musick is the common source of title. American's         which the appellee alleges constituted error as to him.” The
                                                                      judgment non obstante veredicto rendered by the trial court

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 6
Houston First American Sav. v. Musick, 650 S.W.2d 764 (1983)

                                                                   that land will pass eo instante to his warrantee, binding both
is exactly the judgment requested by American. In fact, the
                                                                   the warrantor and his heirs and subsequent purchasers from
trial court judgment incorporates by reference American's
                                                                   either.” Caswell v. Llano Oil Co., 120 Tex. 139, 36 S.W.2d
entire motion for judgment non obstante veredicto. Hence, it
                                                                   208, 211 (Tex.Comm'n App.1931, opinion adopted), citing
was unnecessary for American to file cross-points, because
                                                                   Baldwin v. Root, 90 Tex. 546, 40 S.W. 3, 6 (1897).
American had no complaint with the judgment of the trial
court.
                                                                   The judgment of the court of appeals is reversed. We render
 [16]    [17] The court of appeals' erroneous “cross-point” judgment that American take nothing from Vann Musick. The
                                                                   judgment of the trial court is affirmed in all other respects.
holding apparently caused the court to conclude that
American had waived its argument under the doctrine of after-
acquired title. We hold that American is entitled to rely on
                                                                   All Citations
the doctrine. The rule is that “when one conveys land by
warranty of title, or in such a manner as to be estopped to        650 S.W.2d 764
dispute the title of his grantee, a title subsequently acquired to

Footnotes
1      Vann Musick has conveyed a part of her interest in the 618.7 acres to her attorney, Bob Heath.
2      C.C. Divine is deceased.
3      The court of appeals decision is unpublished. Tex.R.Civ.P. 452.
4      Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. art. 3810 (1966) provided in part:
                      “ * * * Notice of such proposed sale shall be given by posting written notice thereof for three
                      consecutive weeks prior to the day of sale in three public places in said county or counties, one
                      of which shall be made at the courthouse door of the county in which such sale is to be made,
                      and if such real estate be in more than one county, one at the courthouse door of each county
                      in which said real estate may be situated, or the owner of such real estate may, upon written
                      application, cause the same to be sold as provided in said deed of trust or contract lien. * * * ”
5      We doubt that Vann Musick judicially admitted as fact that TWI appointed B.J. Brown substitute trustee on May 21, 1963.
       Both the answer and cross-petition use “purported” which is synonymous with “rumored.” We do not view the sentence
       from either the cross-petition or answer as being so clear and unequivocal as to rise to a judicial admission. American
       Savings and Loan Ass'n of Houston v. Musick, supra, at 589. Furthermore, the answer includes a plea of not guilty and a
       general denial. Allegations in a defendant's answer which includes a general denial are not a waiver of the general denial
       and may not be used by the plaintiff as admissions. Climatic Air Distributors v. Climatic Air Sales, Inc., 162 Tex. 237,
       345 S.W.2d 702 (1961); Hynes v. Packard, 92 Tex. 44, 45 S.W. 562, 564 (1898).

End of Document                                                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              7
EE
In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                          West Headnotes (13)
Distinguished by In re Hays County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office,
 Tex.App.-Austin,   October 1, 2010
                                                                       [1]   Mandamus
                       224 S.W.3d 182                                           Remedy by Appeal or Writ of Error
                   Supreme Court of Texas.                                   Mandamus
                                                                                Matters of discretion
          IN RE BEXAR COUNTY CRIMINAL
       DISTRICT ATTORNEY'S OFFICE, Relator.                                  The Supreme Court grants mandamus relief
                                                                             when the trial court has abused its discretion and
            No. 05–0613. | Argued Sept. 28,                                  a party has no adequate appellate remedy.
           2006. | Decided May 4, 2007.
                                                                             9 Cases that cite this headnote
           | Rehearing Denied June 29, 2007.

Synopsis                                                               [2]   Mandamus
Background: Former criminal defendant brought malicious                         Matters of discretion
prosecution action against complainants, following county's
                                                                             For purposes of the “abuse of discretion” prong
dismissal of criminal terroristic threat charges against
                                                                             for mandamus relief, a lower court has no
defendant, and issued subpoenas for testimony of county
                                                                             discretion in determining what the law is, even
assistant district attorney, former assistant district attorney,
                                                                             when the law is unsettled.
and investigator. District attorney's office moved to quash
the subpoenas based on discovery privilege. The 408th                        2 Cases that cite this headnote
Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Karen H. Pozza, J.,
granted the motion. Former defendant petitioned for writ of
                                                                       [3]   Mandamus
mandamus. The San Antonio Court of Appeals, 179 S.W.3d
                                                                                  Modification or vacation of judgment or
47, conditionally granted a writ. District attorney's office and
                                                                             order
complainant petitioned for writ of mandamus.
                                                                             Appeal is inadequate, as element for mandamus
                                                                             relief, when a court erroneously orders
                                                                             disclosure of privileged information.
Holdings: The Supreme Court, Don R. Willett, J., held that:
                                                                             7 Cases that cite this headnote
[1] district attorney's office did not waive attorney work-
product protection, and
                                                                       [4]   Malicious Prosecution
                                                                                 Instigation of or participation in prosecution
[2] assuming testimony sought by former criminal defendant
was non-core attorney work product, former criminal                          Malicious Prosecution
defendant did not have substantial need for the testimony.                       Presumptions and burden of proof
                                                                             To recover for malicious prosecution when
                                                                             the decision to prosecute is within another's
Writ conditionally granted.                                                  discretion, the plaintiff has the burden of proving
                                                                             causation, i.e., that the decision would not have
Don R. Willett, J., filed a concurring opinion.                              been made but for the false information supplied
                                                                             by the defendant.
Phil Johnson, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which
Jefferson, C.J., and Medina, J., joined.                                     5 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                                       [5]   Pretrial Procedure
                                                                                 Work-product privilege

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               1
In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

        The primary purpose of the attorney work-                            Subpoena duces tecum
        product rule is to shelter the mental processes,             While disclosure pursuant to subpoena duces
        conclusions, and legal theories of the attorney,             tecum, by county district attorney's office to
        providing a privileged area within which the                 plaintiff in malicious prosecution action against
        lawyer can analyze and prepare his or her                    complainant, of documents from prosecution
        case. Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule               file, regarding conversations made in course
        192.5(a)(1).                                                 of criminal investigation, information learned
                                                                     during investigation, and district attorney's
        7 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     decision to drop the criminal prosecution,
                                                                     waived attorney work-product protection as to
 [6]    Pretrial Procedure                                           those documents, such selective disclosure did
            Work product privilege; trial preparation                not waive attorney work-product protection as
        materials                                                    to trial testimony from staff of district attorney's
        Attorney work-product protection continues                   office, interpreting, explaining, or otherwise
        indefinitely beyond the litigation for which the             elaborating on matters contained in file. Vernon's
        materials were originally prepared. Vernon's                 Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 192.5(a)(1),
        Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 192.5(a)(1).                 (b)(1); Rules of Evid., Rule 511(1).

        1 Cases that cite this headnote                              2 Cases that cite this headnote

 [7]    Pretrial Procedure                                    [10]   Witnesses
            Work-product privilege                                       Judges, Jurors, and Judicial Officers, as
                                                                     Witnesses as to Proceedings by or Before Them
        Pretrial Procedure
            Work product privilege; trial preparation                Assuming that trial testimony sought, by
        materials                                                    plaintiff in malicious prosecution action against
                                                                     complainant, from staff of county district
        Attorney work-product protection covers more
                                                                     attorney's office was non-core attorney work
        than just documents: it extends to an attorney's
                                                                     product, as would be discoverable upon showing
        mental impressions, opinions, conclusions, and
                                                                     of substantial need and undue hardship, plaintiff
        legal theories, as well as the selection and
                                                                     did not have substantial need; the live testimony
        ordering of documents. Vernon's Ann.Texas
                                                                     sought by plaintiff would merely improve
        Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 192.5(a)(1), (b)(1).
                                                                     plaintiff's chances of showing, but was not
        2 Cases that cite this headnote                              essential to showing, causation, i.e., that decision
                                                                     by district attorney's office to prosecute would
                                                                     not have been made but for false information
 [8]    Pretrial Procedure
                                                                     supplied by complainant. Vernon's Ann.Texas
            Work-product privilege
                                                                     Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 192.5(b)(2).
        Attorney work-product protection is broader
        than the attorney-client privilege, because it               8 Cases that cite this headnote
        includes all communications made in preparation
        for trial, including an attorney's interviews
                                                              [11]   Witnesses
        with parties and non-party witnesses. Vernon's
                                                                         Judges, Jurors, and Judicial Officers, as
        Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 192.5(a)(1, 2);
                                                                     Witnesses as to Proceedings by or Before Them
        Rules of Evid., Rule 503.
                                                                     Assuming that trial testimony sought, by
        2 Cases that cite this headnote                              plaintiff in malicious prosecution action against
                                                                     complainant, from staff of county district
                                                                     attorney's office was non-core attorney work
 [9]    Witnesses
                                                                     product, as would be discoverable upon showing

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          2
In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

        of substantial need and undue hardship, plaintiff
        did not show inability to obtain, without undue        Robert W. Wilson, Mark A. Sanchez, Christopher John Gale,
        hardship, the substantial equivalent of such           Law Offices of Gale, Wilson & Sa#nchez, P.L.L.C., San
        testimony by other means; while malicious              Antonio, for Real Party In Interest.
        prosecution claim required proof of causation,
                                                               Opinion
        i.e., that decision by district attorney's office to
        prosecute would not have been made but for false       Justice WILLETT delivered the opinion of the Court,
        information supplied by complainant, district          in which Justice HECHT, Justice O'NEILL, Justice
        attorney's office had produced for plaintiff           WAINWRIGHT, and Justice BRISTER joined.
        the office's prosecution file, which was the
        substantial equivalent of the testimony sought by      This case presents an issue of first impression: whether the
        plaintiff. Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc.,         work-product privilege protects prosecutors from testifying
        Rule 192.5(b)(2).                                      in a malicious prosecution suit when they have already
                                                               released the prosecution file. Relator Bexar County Criminal
        10 Cases that cite this headnote                       District Attorney's Office (“DA” or “DA's Office”) provided
                                                               its prosecution file to real party in interest David Crudup, who
 [12]   Evidence                                               had sued relator Cynthia Blank for malicious prosecution.
            Making of statement fact in issue                  Crudup subpoenaed DA representatives to testify, but the trial
                                                               court granted the DA's Motion to Quash and For Protective
        Any false statements made by complainant
                                                               Order. The court of appeals disagreed and ordered the trial
        to county district attorney's office would
        not constitute hearsay, in former criminal             court to withdraw its order. 1 The DA's Office and Blank now
        defendant's malicious prosecution action against       seek mandamus relief in this Court, and given the record and
        complainant, if offered for their effect on the        circumstances presented, we conditionally grant it.
        listener rather than for the truth of the matter
        asserted. Rules of Evid., Rule 801(d).
                                                                         I. Factual and Procedural Background
        8 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               David Crudup and his wife were feuding neighbors of
 [13]   Pretrial Procedure                                     Cynthia Blank and her teenage son Travis. The Crudups and
            Work-product privilege                             the Blanks complained repeatedly about each other to the
                                                               Bexar County Sheriff's Office regarding such incivilities as
        The attorney work-product rule strikes a sensible
                                                               barking dogs, obscenities yelled, cut cable lines, strewn grass
        balance, recognizing that a lawyer's thoughts are
                                                               clippings, trash left in a yard, rocks thrown at a fence, water
        his own and that a party cannot invade every
                                                               sprayed on cars and grass, and a sprinkler that ran too long
        nook and cranny of a lawyer's case preparation,
                                                               and created a puddle. Each time, the responding officer would
        particularly when the essence of what the party
                                                               talk to both sides and prepare an incident report.
        seeks has already been revealed to him or is
        readily available. Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules
                                                               On one occasion, Travis Blank alleged that Crudup threatened
        Civ.Proc., Rule 192.5.
                                                               to kill him. Following this complaint, the DA charged Crudup
        Cases that cite this headnote                          with making terroristic threats. 2 During their investigation,
                                                               members of the DA's Office interviewed Blank on several
                                                               occasions. The DA's prosecution file contains sheriff's
                                                               department reports, typed internal memos, letters written by
Attorneys and Law Firms                                        Blank, and handwritten notes from interviews and telephone
                                                               calls prepared by the DA's office. One set of notes detailed
 *184 Susan Dolan Reed, Criminal District Attorney,            a series of calls between Blank and Assistant DA Robert
Clarkson F. Brown, Assistant Criminal District Attorney,       McCabe. The file indicates that Blank refused to testify or
Thomas W. Gendry, Claudia Damy Brown, Gendry &                 to allow Travis to testify at trial, despite McCabe's warnings
Spargue, P.C., San Antonio, for Relator.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          3
In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

that the DA's Office would drop the charges against Crudup        appellate remedy. 5 As to the first prong, a lower court has
if they did not testify.                                          no discretion in determining what the law is, even when the
                                                                  law is unsettled. 6 As to the second, we have repeatedly held
The DA's Office indeed dropped the charges, and Crudup
                                                                  that appeal is inadequate when a court erroneously orders
sued the Blanks for malicious prosecution. The DA's Office
complied with a subpoena duces tecum and turned over              disclosure of privileged information. 7
its prosecution file to Crudup for use in the civil case.
Crudup subpoenaed McCabe, another assistant DA, and a
DA investigator to testify at trial. The DA's Office and          B. The King Decision Does Not Mandate DA Testimony
the three subpoenaed individuals filed a Motion to Quash
and For Protective Order, arguing that the work-product            [4] Causation is an indispensable element of this malicious
privilege precluded the testimony *185 Crudup sought.             prosecution case. As we explained in King, “to recover
Crudup's response attached no evidentiary support other than      for malicious prosecution when the decision to prosecute
the previously produced prosecution file. Crudup insisted         is within another's discretion, the plaintiff has the burden
the DA testimony was not work product, and in any event           of proving that that decision would not have been made
the DA had waived any privilege claim by disclosing the           but for the false information supplied by the defendant.” 8
prosecution file. The trial court conducted a brief non-          So Crudup must prove not only that the Blanks furnished
evidentiary hearing and granted the DA's motion from the          false information, but also that this false information caused
bench. At the hearing, Crudup's counsel complained, without
                                                                  Crudup to be prosecuted. 9
elaboration, that the court had “damaged my case” and
“severely limited and handicapped my case.” Crudup filed
                                                                  In King, Kerr County district attorney Sutton testified in the
a motion for reconsideration, attaching a transcript of the
                                                                  malicious prosecution case brought by plaintiffs Graham and
hearing and arguing that he needed the testimony from the
DA personnel “to fully develop” his case and to prove the          *186 Wren. 10 In rendering judgment for defendants, we
elements of malicious prosecution. The motion also attached       wrote, “Graham and Wren offered no evidence whatever—as
notes from the prosecution file written by McCabe, and            by opinion from Sutton, for example—that the decision to
purporting to “state the reasons” and “describe the reason” the   prosecute was based on any information supplied by King that
criminal case was dismissed. The trial court entered a written    Graham and Wren assert was false.” 11 The King decision and
order again granting the DA's motion and effectively denying      our review of the King record do not reveal whether Sutton
the motion for reconsideration.                                   testified voluntarily or pursuant to a subpoena.

The court of appeals granted Crudup mandamus relief and           Crudup argues that “[a] necessary element for a malicious
directed the trial court to withdraw its order. The court of      prosecution is the testimony of the District Attorney's office,”
appeals concluded that under King v. Graham 3 Crudup must         and insists that this Court “has ruled that the testimony
prove that Blank's provision of false information was the         of the District Attorney's office is necessary to prove an
determining factor in the DA's decision to bring the criminal     element of malicious prosecution.” This is assuredly wrong;
prosecution, and that “[u]nder these circumstances the work-      nothing in King suggests that plaintiffs must provide direct
product privilege does not operate as a blanket privilege         evidence of causation or that prosecutors can be subpoenaed
                                                                  to provide live testimony regarding causation or anything
covering all decisions made by the DA's office.” 4 The DA
                                                                  else. In King, the district attorney did testify, and as this
now seeks mandamus relief in this Court.
                                                                  Court weighed but-for causation in that case, we noted that
                                                                  his testimony nowhere opined “that the decision to prosecute
                                                                  was based on any information supplied by [the defendant]
                          II. Discussion                    that [plaintiffs] assert was false.” 12 We summarized what
                                                            the district attorney did and did not say and mentioned
                 A. Standard of Review                      his testimony as merely one way causation could have
                                                            been proved in that case. Our reference to the district
 [1]   [2]    [3] We grant mandamus relief when the trial attorney's testimony in King, however, did not announce a
court has abused its discretion and a party has no adequate blanket privilege waiver or authorize plaintiffs to subpoena

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             4
In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

prosecutors to testify whenever plaintiffs wish to bolster the
                                                           the statements made by Defendant Cindy.” He stated in his
causation element of their malicious prosecution lawsuit.  motion for reconsideration that he needed the testimony in
                                                           order to “present evidence of the conduct of the Defendants
                                                           before the criminal case was initiated” and also “to present
                                                           evidence of the conduct of the Defendants during the course
               C. Crudup Cannot Overcome
                                                           of the criminal proceedings, especially as to the reason of the
              the DA's Testimonial Privilege
                                                           dismissal of the criminal case.” In his briefing to this Court,
 [5]     [6]   [7]    [8] The United States Supreme Courthe stresses that without DA testimony, he cannot prove the
first recognized the work-product doctrine 60 years ago in specific elements of malicious prosecution.
Hickman v. Taylor, 13 and our state discovery rules protect
                                                                      [9] For purposes of his civil case, conversations made
those materials prepared by or at the request of an attorney
                                                                     in the course of the criminal investigation, information
in anticipation of litigation. 14 As we have explained, “The         learned during that investigation, and the DA's decision to
primary purpose of the work product rule is to shelter               drop the case all constitute work product as defined above,
the mental processes, conclusions, and legal theories of             and while producing the prosecution file unquestionably
the attorney, providing a privileged area within which the           waived protection of the documents themselves, that selective
lawyer can analyze and prepare his or her case.” 15 The              disclosure does not oblige DA staff to provide deposition
privilege continues indefinitely beyond the litigation for           and trial testimony interpreting, explaining, or otherwise
which the materials were originally prepared. 16 Moreover,           elaborating on matters contained in the file. The dissent notes
the privilege covers more than just documents: it extends            that Crudup may well want to quiz DA staff about various
to an attorney's mental impressions, opinions, conclusions,          matters unrelated to the specifics of the prosecution against
                                                                     him: “testimony as to general procedures such as procedures
and legal theories, 17 as well as the selection and ordering
                                                                     of the DA's office for intake of criminal complaints,
of documents. 18 The work product privilege is broader               processing of those complaints, whether investigation is
than the attorney-client privilege 19 because it includes all        made into the facts of cases before criminal proceedings
communications made in preparation for trial, including an           are instituted, and whether contacts are typically made
attorney's interviews with parties and non-party witnesses. 20       with complaining witnesses before criminal proceedings are
                                                                     begun, during the proceedings, or after the proceedings are
 *187 In the pending case, all of the DA's Office's work             completed.” 224 S.W.3d at 193. Crudup, however, has never
in connection with the criminal proceeding against Crudup,           expressed the slightest interest in such general matters, which
and relevant to the decision to bring criminal charges against       might well be fair game; the record and his briefs to this Court
him, constitutes work product, namely “material prepared             show him focused solely on eliciting DA testimony regarding
or mental impressions developed in anticipation of litigation        the specific events surrounding his criminal case and insisting
or for trial” or communications “made in anticipation of             that without such case-specific details, “he will not be able to
litigation or for trial ... among a party's representatives” under   prove every element of malicious prosecution.”
Rule 192.5(a). The totality of the DA's work on the Crudup
matter, as evidenced by the prosecution file, consisted of           Rule 192.5(b)(1) distinguishes everyday work product from
the preparation of a criminal charge against Crudup and              “core work product” and makes clear that the latter—defined
the criminal litigation that followed. The trial court record        as “the attorney's or the attorney's representative's mental
indicates that Crudup was not interested in eliciting general        impressions, opinions, conclusions, or legal theories”—is
factual testimony from DA witnesses regarding how the                inviolate and flatly “not discoverable,” subject to narrow
DA's Office receives, processes, and investigates criminal           exceptions that are inapplicable here. 21 Core work product is
complaints. Crudup only subpoenaed DA employees who                  sacrosanct *188 and its protection impermeable. Assuming
had been directly involved with his criminal case to testify         arguendo that the testimony Crudup seeks is non-core work
in the civil case. He informed the district court, in his            product, which seems doubtful, Crudup still bears a heavy
response to the Motion to Quash and For Protective Order,            burden: he must show that he “has substantial need” for the
that he was interested in their testimony because “[t]he DA's        testimony in the preparation of his case and that he “is unable
office had numerous conversations with Defendant Cindy               without undue hardship to obtain the substantial equivalent of
and because of these conversations they are fact witnesses to        the material by other means.” 22

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              5
In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

                                                                    of records in order to establish that the prosecution file
The court of appeals said it granted mandamus relief because        contains records of a regularly conducted activity under Rule
“the DA's office has failed to meet its burden of showing           803(6). Crudup is not required to produce live testimony
any basis to quash the subpoenas.” 23 This misses the               from a prosecutor, and he might well be able to prove his
mark. In the record, briefing, and oral argument, Crudup            case through alternative means, including (1) circumstantial
continued to demonstrate his intention to interrogate the           evidence, (2) trial testimony and pretrial discovery from the
DAs about case-specific details. Such testimony would               Blanks, and (3) expert testimony on prosecutorial decision-
unquestionably require the disclosure of DA work product,           making and whether the file suggests the DA would not have
which, at a minimum, places the burden on Crudup to show a          charged Crudup but for the allegedly false information. Rule
“substantial need” for the testimony and the inability to obtain    192.5 strikes a sensible balance, recognizing that a lawyer's
its substantial equivalent by other means without “undue            thoughts are his own and that a party cannot invade every
hardship.”                                                          nook and cranny of a lawyer's case preparation, particularly
                                                                    when the “essence” of what the party seeks has already
 [10] Addressing the first prong, “substantial need,” Crudup        been revealed to him or is readily available. 27 Indeed, while
contends that he “will not be able to prove an element of           insisting he needs live testimony to prove Blank's malice,
his case” (namely, causation) without testimony from the            Crudup's brief concedes that the prosecution file contains
prosecutors. To be sure, granting Crudup access to live DA          all the evidence he needs: “The notes of District Attorney
testimony might improve his chances in court, but improving         McCabe clearly indicate the malice of Cynthia Blank.”
a civil litigant's odds of winning is not enough. Substantial
need is not merely substantial desire. Prosecutors could win       Understandably, Crudup desires live testimony to fortify his
more convictions absent the Fifth Amendment, or the priest-        case, but Rule 192.5(b)(2) is not nearly so permissive. Even
penitent privilege, or the marital privilege, but we safeguard     assuming the testimony sought is non-core work product,
these privileges and others because they advance a greater         Crudup's burden of showing causation in his malicious
societal good. Like every litigant, Crudup wants to strengthen     prosecution suit is insufficient to constitute “substantial
his lawsuit, understandably so, but that cannot trump a            need.” Nor has Crudup shown an inability to obtain the
settled privilege and justify a wide-ranging excavation of         substantial equivalent of the testimony sought without “undue
prosecutorial decision-making.                                     hardship.” If anything, when it comes to affecting Crudup's
                                                                   burdens at trial, the DA's disclosure of its prosecution file did
 [11] [12] [13] The second prong is inability to obtain more to alleviate than to aggravate.
the substantial equivalent of the requested material. As stated
above, Crudup cannot win his malicious prosecution suit
without showing that false information supplied by the Blanks
                                                                                   D. The DA Has Not Consented
to the DA's Office caused the DA to prosecute. 24 The                             to Testify by Producing the File
DA's Office, however, has already provided Crudup with
the substantial equivalent of testimony: it has, pursuant to       Crudup alternatively argues that the DA waived the privilege
a subpoena duces tecum, turned over its entire prosecution         under Texas Rule of Evidence 511(1) and cannot resist
file, which contains notes related to the investigation, sheriff's testifying. Again, we disagree. Rule 511(1) provides that a
department complaint reports, Travis Blank's affidavit to          person waives a privilege against disclosure if he “voluntarily
the sheriff's department detailing Crudup's alleged threat,        discloses or consents to disclosure of any significant part of
and McCabe's log of conversations with Cynthia Blank that          the privileged matter....” Although the DA's Office turned
ultimately prompted him to dismiss the criminal charges.           over its prosecution file without objection, which waived the
Many if not all of these documents might come into evidence        work-product privilege as to the file's contents, the record is
either through a non-hearsay use or as an *189 exception           devoid of any indication that by doing so the DA likewise
to hearsay. 25 Any false statements made by the Blanks             enlisted its current and former personnel to testify in Crudup's
to the DA, for example, would not constitute hearsay if            malicious prosecution suit regarding their case materials and
offered for their effect on the listener rather than for the       related impressions and communications. The DA's waiver
                                                                   here is limited, not limitless, and agreeing to produce a
truth of the matter asserted. 26 And Crudup has already
                                                                   prosecution file does not in itself require the DA to produce
taken a deposition on written questions of the DA's custodian

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In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

its personnel so that their mental processes and related case     asserted as a bar to discovery in civil litigation, its role in
preparation may be further probed.                                assuring the proper functioning of the criminal justice system
                                                                  is even more vital.” 1 In my view, mandating testimony from
We therefore hold on this record, given the protected nature      DA personnel on these facts would impose an unwarranted
of what Crudup intends to elicit, that the DA's selective         burden on our State's finite prosecutorial resources and
disclosure of the prosecution file, while waiving the privilege   impede the vigorous deployment of such resources.
as to the documents themselves, does not waive the DA's
testimonial work-product privilege regarding the prosecutor's     When interpreting the rules of procedure and evidence, courts
mental processes; nor did the DA's file disclosure itself give    must always be mindful of the mandates of Rule of Civil
rise to a *190 “substantial need” or “undue hardship”             Procedure 1 and Rule of Evidence 102. The former declares
sufficient to overcome the privilege that protects non-core       this paramount objective: “to obtain a just, fair, equitable and
work product.                                                     impartial adjudication ... with as great expedition and dispatch
                                                                  and at the least expense both to the litigants and to the state
                                                                  as may be practicable.” The latter states a similar overarching
                       III. Conclusion                            purpose: “to secure ... elimination of unjustifiable expense
                                                                  and delay.” These two policy pronouncements, both adopted
Direct prosecutor testimony is not required to prove causation    by this Court, govern construction of the rules and require the
and malice in malicious prosecution suits. Nor, on this           promotion of fair and efficient proceedings. And both rules
record, did the DA's Office waive its work-product privilege      necessarily inform our analysis of whether Texas law permits
against testifying by producing the prosecution file. Given       private plaintiffs to force DA testimony in cases like this.
the nature of what Crudup seeks and his inability to show
both “substantial need” and “undue hardship” under Rule           The DA's Office's brief advances various practical reasons
192.5(b)(2), he cannot force DA personnel to discuss their        for its view that “turning every prosecutor's office into civil
mental processes or other case-related communications and         litigants' private investigators and witnesses on the public's
preparation, even if the subpoenaed testimony relates to          dime is not sound public policy.” One argument is that
documents already produced.                                       allowing malicious prosecution plaintiffs to commandeer DA
                                                                  personnel to testify under a Rule 511 waiver theory would
We conditionally grant the petition for writ of mandamus and      actually cause plaintiffs more problems than it would cure.
direct the court of appeals to vacate its writ of mandamus and    I agree with the DA's Office that granting *191 Crudup's
to reinstate the trial court order quashing the subpoenas and     demand for live testimony would, if anything, exacerbate
issuing a protective order. 28 The writ will issue only if the    evidentiary challenges for future malicious prosecution
court of appeals fails to comply.                                 plaintiffs. District attorneys are chiefly focused on their
                                                                  criminal caseloads—“the primary duty of all prosecuting
                                                                  attorneys ... [is] to see that justice is done” 2 —not on
                                                                  being taxpayer-funded witnesses and investigators in private
Justice WILLETT delivered a concurring opinion.
                                                                  damages suits. If selective production of a case file effected a
Justice JOHNSON delivered a dissenting opinion, in which          sweeping subject-matter waiver that forfeited the testimonial
Chief Justice JEFFERSON and Justice MEDINA joined.                privilege and obliged DAs to endure civil depositions,
                                                                  hearings, and trials while their criminal caseloads languished,
Justice GREEN did not participate in the decision.                prosecutors would simply forswear cooperation altogether
                                                                  and never disclose anything. Plaintiffs like Crudup would
Justice WILLETT, concurring.                                      then be forced to prove “substantial need” and “undue
Privileges, to be effective, must be predictable; an uncertain    hardship” for each individual document in the prosecutor's
privilege, or one subject to widely varying applications, is      file, a laborious practice that would succeed only in wasting
barely better than no privilege at all.                           time and expense for the bench and bar alike.

The United States Supreme Court declared a generation             The Court properly limited the scope of the work-product
ago, “Although the work-product doctrine most frequently is       waiver resulting from the DA's disclosure to the documents

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In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

themselves, not to live testimony concerning the thoughts and    relevant to the suit; (3) there had been other instances of
communications underlying each document's contents.              DA employees or attorneys having been subpoenaed to give
                                                                 testimony in malicious prosecution cases and that testifying
I write separately only to make these practical points, which    in such suits was becoming burdensome; or (4) the witnesses'
while unnecessary to our holding today, are nonetheless          attendance at court in this particular suit would disrupt the
compelling.                                                      work of the DA's office. 2 McCabe, who no longer worked
                                                                 for the DA, did not urge that his attendance at court would
                                                                 work a hardship or that he needed some accommodation as to
Justice JOHNSON, joined by Chief Justice JEFFERSON and           the time or date of his attending court.
Justice MEDINA, dissenting.
The trial court quashed trial subpoenas and granted a            The Crudups' response asserted, in part, that (1) the
protective order shortly before trial was scheduled to start     subpoenaed individuals were fact witnesses based on their
in a malicious prosecution case, effectively excluding all       having had conversations with real party in interest Cindy
testimony from current and former employees of the Bexar         Blank and testimony about such conversations was not
County Criminal District Attorney's office who participated      privileged; (2) even if some documents in the DA's file might
in prosecuting the underlying criminal case. The trial court's   ordinarily be privileged work product, not all documents in
action was based on an unsworn “Motion to Quash Trial            the file would be privileged as work product; and (3) the
Subpoenas and For Protective Order” filed by the DA's office     DA's entire file had already been produced in response to a
and argued by the parties without testimony or evidence. I       subpoena duces tecum, had been on file in the civil case for
agree with the court of appeals that based on this record the    over a year, and any privilege which might otherwise exist as
trial court abused its discretion in quashing the subpoenas.     to the contents of the file was waived. A copy of the DA's case
                                                                 file and the written deposition questions and answers proving
The Bexar County District Attorney's office filed its unsworn    it up were attached to the response. Following a hearing at
motion in late February 2005 in a malicious prosecution          which no evidence was introduced, the trial court quashed the
suit filed by David and Annette Crudup. The motion related       subpoenas.
that DA investigator Al Larry, assistant DA Sylvia Cavazos,
and former assistant DA Robert McCabe had been served            The DA's argument relies to a significant degree on our
with subpoenas on behalf of the Crudups to give trial            opinion in State ex rel. Curry v. Walker, 873 S.W.2d 379
testimony in early March in the 166th District Court in          (Tex.1994). The DA cites Walker in support of its position
San Antonio. The motion stated that “The [DA's] Office           that the work-product privilege exempts its entire litigation
objects, on its behalf and on behalf of these individuals, to    case file from discovery. In Walker a subpoena duces tecum
their required appearance and testimony based on the work        was issued for:
product privilege.” By its motion the DA's office claimed
                                                                               Any and all records, books, papers,
that testimony based on the individuals' work or by reference
                                                                               documents written memoranda [sic],
to the DA's records should be found privileged; that the
                                                                               handwritten notes, photographs and
mental impressions, opinions, conclusions, legal theories and
                                                                               videotapes, including but not limited
strategies of an attorney and the attorney's employees which
                                                                               to the entire file(s) in your
were “prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial”
                                                                               possession or under your custody or
were privileged; and that the DA's entire litigation file was
                                                                               control, indictments, arrest records,
privileged. 1 The motion requested that the subpoenas be                       investigation, punishment evidence,
quashed *192 and a protective order granted. The motion                        forensics, internal correspondence and
did not mention that the DA's litigation case file had been                    memos regarding the arrest and
produced in August 2003 in response to a subpoena duces                        subsequent conviction of [NAME OF
tecum or that an assistant DA had given a deposition on                        DEFENDANT] on September 27,
written questions at that time to prove the file as a business                 1993.
record. Nor did the motion claim that (1) the file had been
involuntarily or mistakenly disclosed; (2) testimony of the      Id. at 380.
subpoenaed witnesses would not be relevant to the civil suit
or that the witnesses did not possess knowledge of facts

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In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

Before the file was produced in Walker the DA moved to               be determined. Witnesses occasionally are instructed, upon
quash the subpoena and for a protective order. The trial             timely and proper motion, not to answer certain questions
court examined the DA's files in camera, directed that certain       because the questions seek testimony as to matters which
documents comprising work product be withheld and directed           are privileged or are otherwise inadmissible. But if the
production of the remaining documents, including police              questions are rephrased the witnesses then may sometimes
reports, court documents, photographs, etc. We conditionally         be allowed to answer. Lawyers may be instructed not to
granted a writ directing the trial court to rescind that part of     ask witnesses about certain matters, such as privileged work
its order denying the DA's motion to quash. In doing so, we          product, but that does not preclude lawyers from asking, and
stated:                                                              witnesses from testifying about, other matters. 4 For example,
                                                                     testimony as to general procedures such as procedures of
  In effect, this requires the District Attorney to produce
                                                                     the DA's office for intake of criminal complaints, processing
  his entire litigation file, except for documents involving
                                                                     of those complaints, whether investigation is made into the
  direct communications. This order is too broad. In National
                                                                     facts of cases before criminal proceedings are instituted,
  Union Fire Insurance *193 Co. v. Valdez, 863 S.W.2d
                                                                     and whether contacts are typically made with complaining
  458, 460 (Tex.1993, orig. proceeding), we stated that “[a]n
                                                                     witnesses before criminal proceedings are begun, during the
  attorney's litigation file goes to the heart of the privileged
                                                                     proceedings, or after the proceedings are completed would
  work area guaranteed by the work product exemption. The
                                                                     not be work product as to the Crudup prosecution. Yet
  organization of the file, as well as the decision as to what
                                                                     such testimony was encompassed by the DA's motion and is
  to include in it, necessarily reveals the attorney's thought
                                                                     precluded by the trial court's order.
  processes concerning the prosecution or defense of the
  case.”
                                                                     There is no rule that gives an attorney or an attorney's
                                                                     employees a privilege *194 from being called to testify.
Id. The DA's reliance on Walker is misplaced. 3
                                                                     Texas Rule of Evidence 501 provides that:

First, in the case before us the file was produced over a              Except as otherwise provided by Constitution, by statute,
year before the DA filed the motion to quash. The subpoena             by these rules, or by other rules prescribed pursuant to
duces tecum pursuant to which the Bexar County DA's office             statutory authority, no person has a privilege to:
produced its file in 2003 required the production of all records
relating to, and the case file for, the prosecution of David              (1) refuse to be a witness;
Crudup. The testimony of the assistant DA in response to
the subpoena was that all the requested records had been                  (2) refuse to disclose any matter;
produced. To the extent that the DA's work product was
                                                                          (3) refuse to produce any object or writing; or
disclosed by documents, notes, trial preparatory memoranda,
organization of the case file or in any other way by the file,            (4) prevent another from being a witness or disclosing
the privilege was waived long before the DA's motion was                  any matter or producing any object or writing.
filed in February 2005. See TEX.R. EVID. 511(1); Axelson,
Inc. v. McIlhany, 798 S.W.2d 550, 554 (Tex.1990).                    Privileges are addressed in Article V of the Texas Rules
                                                                     of Evidence. The DA's office does not cite a provision of
Second, the objects of the DA's motion to quash were                 Article V, any rule, or a Constitutional or statutory provision
witnesses. The work product privilege precludes testimony            which allows its attorneys and employees to be completely
or discovery as to types of information; it does not make            exempted from attending court or testifying as to facts or
persons privileged from testifying. Witnesses are not the            relevant matters within their knowledge. The DA cites an
same as documents. Documents have fixed contents that can            exemption only for testimony as to one area: work product.
be analyzed to determine whether the documents and their             The work product privilege in our rules of civil procedure
contents are privileged. But the full knowledge of a witness as      allows the DA employees to be protected from testifying as
to facts and matters relevant to claims made in a lawsuit can        to the subject matter of their work product and that protection
hardly ever be known, and the testimony of a witness is not          continues past termination of the criminal case and applies in
fixed until after the witness has completed testifying. It is only   a situation such as that before us. Owens–Corning Fiberglas
while witnesses are testifying or after they have testified that     Corp. v. Caldwell, 818 S.W.2d 749, 751–52 (Tex.1991).
the admissibility or privileged nature of their testimony can        However, the privilege is not a general exemption from being

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In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

called as a witness. It is limited and as relevant here extends               communication between attorney and
to (1) material prepared or mental impressions developed                      client. But those principles *195 give
in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for a party                  us no real assistance here because what
or a party's representatives, including the party's attorneys,                is being sought is neither evidence
consultants, employees, or agents; or (2) communications                      nor is it a privileged communication
made in anticipation of litigation or for trial between a                     between attorney and client.
party and the party's representatives or among a party's
representatives, including the party's attorneys, consultants,    Id. at 515–16, 67 S. Ct. 385 (Jackson, J., concurring) (citation
employees, or agents. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 192.5(a). The            omitted). As to statements signed or written by witnesses,
privilege does not extend to protecting facts the attorney or     “Such statements are not evidence for the defendant.... Nor
the attorney's representatives may acquire. Owens–Corning         should I think they ordinarily could be evidence for the
Fiberglas Corp., 818 S.W.2d at 750 and n. 2; Axelson, 798         plaintiff.” Id. at 519, 67 S. Ct. 385.
S.W.2d at 554.
                                                                  In United States v. Nobles, 422 U.S. 225, 95 S. Ct. 2160,
In Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 67 S. Ct. 385, 91              45 L. Ed. 2d 141 (1975), the Supreme Court addressed the
L.Ed. 451 (1947), cited by the Court, the United States           work-product privilege as to an investigator's report when
Supreme Court addressed the question of whether either            the investigator was called as a witness in the criminal trial.
written witness statements in possession of, or oral witness      The Court held that under the circumstances the privilege
statements made to, an attorney in the case at bar had to         was waived. Id. at 239–40, 95 S. Ct. 2160. Justice White,
be produced to opposing parties in response to a pretrial         in a concurring opinion joined by then-Justice Rehnquist,
discovery request. The witness statements being discussed         questioned the Court's reaching the “waiver” issue before
were not made by a non-client witness to an attorney in           determining what protection the report had in the first
another case, as is the situation with the Crudups, nor were      instance. Justice White opined that the work-product doctrine
the witness statements asserted to be evidence in another         of Hickman could not be
proceeding. They were witness statements taken by an
                                                                    extended wholesale from its historic role as a limitation on
attorney as part of trial preparation in the case in which the
                                                                    the nonevidentiary material which may be the subject of
discovery was sought. In addressing disclosure of any such
                                                                    pretrial discovery to an unprecedented role as a limitation
oral witness statements, the Hickman Court noted that:
                                                                    on the trial judge's power to compel production of
            Such testimony could not qualify                        evidentiary matter at trial....
            as evidence; and to use it
                                                                    [T]he work-product doctrine of Hickman v. Taylor, supra,
            for impeachment or corroborative
                                                                    has been viewed almost exclusively as a limitation on the
            purposes would make the attorney
                                                                    ability of a party to obtain pretrial discovery. It has not
            much less an officer of the court
                                                                    been viewed as a “limitation on the broad discretion as to
            and much more an ordinary witness....
                                                                    evidentiary questions at trial.”
            Denial of production of this nature
            does not mean that any material, non-                 Id. at 242–43, 95 S. Ct. 2160 (White, J., concurring). As to
            privileged facts can be hidden from the               the work-product privilege and trial evidence Justice White
            petitioner in this case.                              continued:

Id. at 513, 67 S. Ct. 385. In a concurring opinion, Justice          Indeed, even in the pretrial discovery area in which
Jackson noted that the question of depriving a litigant of          the work-product rule does apply, work-product notions
evidence was not involved:                                          have been thought insufficient to prevent discovery of
                                                                    evidentiary and impeachment material. In Hickman v.
            It seems clear and long has been
                                                                    Taylor, 329 U.S. at 511, 67 S. Ct. 385, the Court stated:
            recognized that discovery should
                                                                    “... Where relevant and nonprivileged facts remain hidden
            provide a party access to anything
                                                                    in an attorney's file and where production of those facts is
            that is evidence in his case. It seems
                                                                    essential to the preparation of one's case, discovery may
            equally clear that discovery should not
                                                                    properly be had....” Pursuant to this language, the lower
            nullify the privilege of confidential
                                                                    courts have ordered evidence to be turned over pretrial even

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           10
In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

  when it came into being as a result of the adversary's efforts      (providing that a party seeking to avoid having a witness
  in preparation for trial ...                                        give deposition testimony on the basis of privilege is required
                                                                      to provide evidence to support the claim of privilege in the
  Accordingly, it would appear that with one exception to be          form of testimony or affidavits served before hearing on the
  discussed below, the work-product notions of Hickman v.             privilege claim). The quashed subpoenas in this case were
  Taylor, supra, impose no restrictions on the trial judge's          not discovery inquiries requesting the DA's office to disclose
  ordering production of evidentiary matter at trial; that these      specific information to which the motion for protective order
  notions apply in only a very limited way, if at all, to a party's   was directed. They were trial subpoenas which would require
  efforts to obtain evidence pretrial pursuant to discovery           the witnesses to testify generally. At a minimum the trial court
  devices....                                                         should have required the DA's office to show what particular
                                                                      knowledge and information possessed by its employees was
Id. at 249–51, 95 S. Ct. 2160 (emphasis in original). Justice
                                                                      work product for which the privilege had not been waived. It
White then referenced an example of such a disclosable fact:
                                                                      then could have limited the Crudups' inquiries pending further
“A member of a defense team [who] witnesses an out-of-
                                                                      development of a record. Because this record is clear that the
court statement of someone who later testifies at trial in a
                                                                      DA did not make any such showing, the DA's employees were
contradictory fashion becomes at that moment a witness to a
                                                                      not entitled by law or rule to refuse to be witnesses and testify,
relevant and admissible event....” Id. at 250, 95 S. Ct. 2160.
                                                                      even if some testimony as to their knowledge, information,
Although Justice White was addressing whether notes of
                                                                      and mental processes was later properly excluded upon
the defense team member concerning the witness's statement
                                                                      objection. TEX.R. EVID. 501(1), (2); 511(1). Nor was the
should be disclosed in the trial for which the notes were
                                                                      DA's office entitled to prevent its employees from being
prepared, a matter on which Texas and federal procedure
                                                                      witnesses and testifying absent such showing. TEX.R. EVID.
might differ, the substance of his example applies to the
                                                                      501(4).
situation before us. Attorneys and members of an attorney's
trial-preparation team may in some circumstances be fact
                                                                      The Court concludes that conversations between the DA's
witnesses to matters and events.
                                                                      office and Blank during the course of the criminal charge
                                                                      investigation were work product. But Blank was a non-
 *196 Furthermore, to the extent a work product privilege
                                                                      party to the criminal proceeding and was not an employee
exists, it can be waived. Nobles, 422 U.S. at 239, 95 S.Ct.
                                                                      of the state. The DA's office did not offer any proof that
2160. Texas rules and practice are in accord. If a privilege
                                                                      more conversations between Blank and DA employees took
applies, it is waived if the “person or a predecessor of the
                                                                      place than were memorialized by the DA's file. Apart from
person while holder of the privilege voluntarily discloses or
                                                                      information disclosed by notes in the DA's file, for which
consents to disclosure of any significant part of the privileged
                                                                      the privilege had been waived by disclosure, the content
matter unless such disclosure is itself privileged.” TEX.R.
                                                                      of statements made by Blank to the DA's employees, if
EVID. 511(1); see Axelson, 798 S.W.2d at 554.
                                                                      any, might be work product. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 192.3(h).
                                                                      But even in the absence of a record showing there were
In disputes such as this, the burden of proceeding and
                                                                      more conversations between Blank and the employees than
producing evidence must be on one of the parties. The trial
                                                                      are disclosed in the DA's file and assuming there were,
court effectively placed the burden on the Crudups to show
                                                                      statements made by the DA's employees to Blank arguably,
why the DA's attorneys and employees should be required to
                                                                      if not conclusively, were not privileged. The DA's office did
testify and what information or facts would be elicited from
                                                                      not show that any conversations between its employees and
them. That is different from the placement of the burden by
                                                                      Blank not memorialized in its litigation file included work
Texas Rule of Evidence 501 and our prior cases. We have
                                                                      product, that is, either (1) material prepared by the DA's office
previously required the party resisting testifying or having its
                                                                      or its employees for, or mental impressions of its *197
employees testify to shoulder the burden of properly asserting
                                                                      employees developed in anticipation of, the criminal trial; or
a privilege and showing that it applied to the testimony
                                                                      (2) communications made in preparation for the criminal trial
in question. See Huie v. DeShazo, 922 S.W.2d 920, 926
                                                                      between a party and the party's representatives. See TEX.R.
(Tex.1996) (orig. proceeding); Peeples v. Honorable Fourth
                                                                      CIV. P. 192.5(a). If the DA's employee's statements to
Supreme Judicial Dist., 701 S.W.2d 635, 637 (Tex.1985)
                                                                      Blank did not include work product, the statements were not
(orig. proceeding); Giffin v. Smith, 688 S.W.2d 112, 114
                                                                      privileged to start with. If the statements to Blank disclosed
(Tex.1985) (orig. proceeding). See also TEX.R. CIV. P. 199.6

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                11
In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

work product, the privilege as to the material disclosed was        may have occurred as to more of the DA's work product
presumptively waived and the DA would have had the burden           than just the amount disclosed. See TEX.R. EVID. 511(1).
to prove or show why the conversations did not effect a waiver      Intuitively, one could speculate that there remained some of
of privilege as to the disclosed matters. See TEX.R. EVID.          the DA's work product for which the privilege had not been
511(1); Jordan v. Court of Appeals for Fourth Supreme               waived. But speculation is not sufficient: proof is required.
Judicial Dist., 701 S.W.2d 644, 648–49 (Tex.1985) (orig.
proceeding); see also Axelson, 798 S.W.2d at 553–54 (“Since         In their motion for reconsideration of the trial court's order,
there was evidence that the investigation [which was being          the Crudups attached and quoted individual notes from the
claimed as privileged work product] was disclosed to the            DA's file setting out the contents of a conversation between
FBI, IRS, and the Wall Street Journal, the court of appeals         Blank and the assistant DA handling the prosecution. They
properly held that these privileges had been waived.”); Nat'l        *198 again urged that the contents of notes reflecting
Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Hoffman, 746 S.W.2d 305, 311                 conversations were a proper subject of testimony from the
(Tex.App.-Dallas 1988) (orig. proceeding). And, to the extent       subpoenaed witnesses. The DA's office still did not attempt to
that documents memorializing the conversations had been             show authority for or offer evidence to support its employees
produced and the privilege as to their contents thereby             being exempt from giving testimony as to contents of
waived, the DA's employees had no privilege to refuse to            the notes. The trial court denied the Crudups' motion to
testify about them. See TEX.R. EVID. 501; Hoffman, 746              reconsider.
S.W.2d at 311 (holding that attorneys who authored letter to
client which had been disclosed could be examined about the         The quashing of subpoenas by the trial court on this record
letter despite claim of attorney-client privilege).                 turned the procedure for protecting privileged work product
                                                                    upside down. Instead of the DA having to show why its
Because the Crudups' response raised the question of                employees who had knowledge of relevant matters should be
disclosure of the DA's work product both by disclosure of the       protected from testifying, the Crudups' attorney had to try to
DA's litigation file and by its employees' conversations with       preserve his clients' right to call witnesses by disclosing his
Blank, the question of waiver of privilege was raised and the       work product in pleadings and argument in the trial court and
DA had the burden of proving that no waiver occurred. See           setting out testimony he wanted to elicit from the subpoenaed
Jordan, 701 S.W.2d at 648–49. Even though the Crudups did           employees. He has had to continue that course through two
not have the burden to proceed, given the state of the record,      appellate court proceedings.
their response to the motion specifically set out some reasons
the DA's motion should be denied. As noted above, those             Unlike the situation in Walker where the district attorney
reasons included assertions that (1) the subpoenaed witnesses       challenged an overly broad subpoena and court order, here
were fact witnesses because they had conversations with             it was the DA's office that made an overly broad request
real party in interest Cindy Blank and testimony about those        seeking an order from the trial court permitting witnesses to
conversations was not privileged; and (2) prior production          refuse to give testimony. See TEX. R. EVID. 501; Walker,
of the DA's file waived any privilege as to contents of the         873 S.W.2d at 380. If the DA's office had sought only to
file. The Crudups provided support for their response: a copy       preclude testimony as to work product, the privileged nature
of the DA's file. The file contains, among other matters,           of the subject matter might not have required much, if any,
a report from investigator Larry and notes documenting              proof. The trial court could have entered a protective order
progress of the prosecution and conversations between Blank         precluding the Crudups' attorney from inquiring into certain
and assistant DAs handling the case. At least one of the            matters pending further orders of the court. Then as the trial
conversations took place after the criminal proceeding was          proceeded the court would have had the benefit of at least
dismissed. As previously noted, the DA was representing the         some record on which to base its decision as to both the
State in the criminal proceeding against David Crudup; Blank        existence of privilege as to the subject matter and whether
was neither a party to the proceeding nor an employee of the        waiver of the privilege as to the specific testimony sought had
state; and the DA did not prove any reason that the content         occurred. When the DA's office ended its pretrial presentation
of its employees' conversations with such a non-party witness       in the trial court without providing proof that all of the
was privileged work product. If the DA's employees disclosed        testimony the subpoenaed witnesses could give would be
work product to Blank in the conversations or by disclosure         work product for which the privilege had not been waived,
of the file and if either disclosure was significant, then waiver   however, that should have been the end of the matter as to

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            12
In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

                                                                   with the Crudups' attorney's trial preparation and forecloses
the motion to quash. There was no evidence to support the
                                                                   certain choices as to how his client's case can be presented
trial court's order which effectively granted a privilege to the
                                                                   at trial. Among other problems it creates, the trial court's
DA's employees and attorneys from testifying at all, and the
                                                                   order (1) impairs the Crudups' attorney's ability to determine
motion should have been denied. See TEX.R. EVID. 501. The
                                                                   how best to present the Crudups' case to the jury because
motion should have been denied also because the question of
                                                                   he cannot count on having the subpoenaed witnesses (or any
waiver of the privilege by disclosure was raised and there was
                                                                   other witness from the DA's office) available to testify; (2)
not evidence that waiver had not occurred. See TEX.R. EVID.
                                                                   forecloses the Crudups' attorney from using live testimony
511(1).
                                                                   to present and explain matters disclosed by the DA's file
                                                                   such as the dates of contact with Blank, the substance of
A quote from the United States Supreme Court which we have
                                                                   conversations with her and both the existence and substance
previously referenced is applicable here:
                                                                   of reports from police officers and investigators; and (3) keeps
             “Proper presentation of a client's case               the Crudups' attorney from asking DA employees to interpret
             demands that (the attorney) assemble                  notes they made in the case file, or even whether records of
             information, sift what he considers to                all conversations with complaining witnesses were made.
             be the relevant from the irrelevant
             facts, prepare his legal theories and                 The Crudups' counsel has maintained that he planned to prove
             plan his strategy without undue and                   that the complaint made by the Blanks to the DA was false
             needless interference.”                               and that the DA would not have filed the criminal proceedings
                                                                   absent the false complaint. Maybe he can; maybe he can't.
Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Valdez, 863 S.W.2d 458, 461           But counsel was entitled to formulate and pursue trial strategy
(Tex.1993) (quoting Hickman, 329 U.S. at 511, 67 S.Ct.             without having it limited by a preemptive exclusion of certain
385). Much evidence can be presented in different ways. For        witnesses with knowledge of relevant matters or having to
example, records of events can be read or witnesses can be         disclose his strategy and justify it in pretrial and appellate
called to testify as to the matters covered by the records;        proceedings simply because the DA's office filed a motion
witnesses can be called live or by reading depositions; or         such as the one it filed.
several witnesses can be called to present evidence (hopefully
non-repetitiously) which could be presented by one witness         I would deny the relief sought by the DA's office. See State v.
when the impact of calling multiple witnesses will be greater      Biggers, 360 S.W.2d 516, 517 (Tex.1962).
in the trial lawyer's judgment than using only one witness to
tell the story. Decisions about how evidence will be presented
at trial so as to maximize the client's chances of prevailing      All Citations
are among the most *199 important a trial lawyer must
                                                                   224 S.W.3d 182, 50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733
make. In this case the trial court's order unduly interfered

Footnotes
1      179 S.W.3d 47, 51.
2      This crime ranges from a Class B misdemeanor to a state jail felony depending upon the circumstances of the threat.
       See TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.07.
3      126 S.W.3d 75 (Tex.2003) (per curiam).
4      179 S.W.3d at 50.
5      In re Prudential Ins. Co., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135–36 (Tex.2004) (orig. proceeding); Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833,
       839–40 (Tex.1992) (orig. proceeding).
6      Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 135 (citing Huie v. DeShazo, 922 S.W.2d 920, 927–28 (Tex.1996)).
7      In re Ford Motor Co., 211 S.W.3d 295, 298 (Tex.2006) (per curiam) (orig. proceeding); In re Bass, 113 S.W.3d 735, 745
       (Tex.2003) (orig. proceeding).
8      126 S.W.3d at 78.
9      See id. at 76; see also Browning–Ferris Indus., Inc. v. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d 288, 292–93 (Tex.1994) (citing RESTATEMENT
       (SECOND) OF TORTS § 653 cmt. g (1977)).

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            13
In re Bexar County Criminal Dist. Attorney's Office, 224 S.W.3d 182 (2007)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 733

10     126 S.W.3d at 78–79.
11     Id. at 78 (emphasis added).
12     Id.
13     329 U.S. 495, 509, 67 S. Ct. 385, 91 L. Ed. 451 (1947).
14     TEX.R. CIV. P. 192.5(a)(1).
15     Owens–Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Caldwell, 818 S.W.2d 749, 750 (Tex.1991) (orig. proceeding) (citing Axelson, Inc. v.
       McIlhany, 798 S.W.2d 550, 554 (Tex.1990)).
16     Id. at 751–52.
17     TEX.R. CIV. P. 192.5(b)(1).
18     Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. Valdez, 863 S.W.2d 458, 460 (Tex.1993) (orig. proceeding) (citing Hickman, 329 U.S. at 511,
       67 S. Ct. 385).
19     See TEX.R. EVID. 503.
20     See TEX.R. CIV. P. 192.5(a)(1)-(2); Hickman, 329 U.S. at 512–13, 67 S. Ct. 385.
21     Rule 192.5(c) provides exceptions to the work-product privilege for:
           (1) information discoverable under Rule 192.3 concerning experts, trial witnesses, witness statements, and
           contentions; (2) trial exhibits ordered disclosed under Rule 166 or Rule 190.4; (3) the name, address, and telephone
           number of any potential party or any person with knowledge of relevant facts; (4) any photograph or electronic image
           of underlying facts (e.g., a photograph of the accident scene) or a photograph or electronic image of any sort that
           a party intends to offer into evidence; and (5) any work product created under circumstances within an exception to
           the attorney-client privilege in Rule 503(d) of the Rules of Evidence.
         A “witness statement” under Rule 192.3(h) includes signed witness statements and recorded statements, but does not
         include “[n]otes taken during a conversation or interview with a witness.”
22     TEX.R. CIV. P. 192.5(b)(2).
23     179 S.W.3d at 51.
24     See King, 126 S.W.3d at 78.
25     See TEX.R. EVID. 801(e)(2) (admission by party-opponent); id. 803(6) (records of regularly conducted activity); id. 803(8)
       (A), (C) (public records and reports).
26     See id. 801(d).
27     See Hickman, 329 U.S. at 509, 67 S. Ct. 385.
28     See TEX.R.APP. P. 52.8(c).
1      United States v. Nobles, 422 U.S. 225, 238, 95 S. Ct. 2160, 45 L. Ed. 2d 141 (1975).
2      TEX.CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 2.01.
1      The DA's motion arguably sought protection for the contents of its case file. The trial court's order granted the motion
       without specifying whether the material in the DA's case file was going to be excluded from evidence as work product
       or whether the court only quashed the trial subpoenas. The DA disclaims any issue as to the documents which were
       produced and asserts that the only issue is whether the subpoenas were properly quashed.
2      The motion was signed by an Assistant Civil Division DA whose address was listed as 300 Dolorosa in San Antonio.
       The record gives the address of the Bexar County Courthouse as 100 Dolorosa—apparently a short distance from the
       DA's office.
3      Even though Walker dealt with discovery matters and the case before us deals with trial testimony, neither party contends
       that the principles to be applied in determining privilege and waiver are different in the different settings. Both parties
       rely on cases involving discovery matters.
4      See TEX.R. CIV. P. 199.5(d)-(g) and 199.6 as to conduct of oral depositions and assertion of privilege from testifying.

End of Document                                                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            14
FF
In re Brokers Logistics, Ltd., 320 S.W.3d 402 (2010)

                                                                          Mandamus
                                                                             Matters of discretion
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
                                                                          To be entitled to mandamus relief, a relator must
Distinguished by In re Transit Mix Concrete & Materials Co.,
 Tex.App.-Tyler,   May 14, 2014                                           show the trial court clearly abused its discretion
                                                                          and he must demonstrate that he has no adequate
                      320 S.W.3d 402                                      remedy by appeal.
                  Court of Appeals of Texas,
                           El Paso.                                       1 Cases that cite this headnote

          In re: BROKERS LOGISTICS, LTD. (f/
                                                                    [2]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation
          k/a Brokers Logistics, Inc.) and Brokers
                                                                              Parties
         Logistics Genpar, L.L.C. (General Partner
                                                                          Negligence
            of Brokers Logistics, Ltd.), Relators.
                                                                               Nature of conduct to which doctrine
           No. 08–09–00086–CV. | May 19,                                  applies; what constitutes “fault”
       2010. | Rehearing Overruled July 7, 2010.                          Under statute governing the designation of
                                                                          a responsible third party for purposes of
Synopsis                                                                  apportioning responsibility in tort and deceptive
Background: Worker who was injured while making                           trade practice actions, which permits party to
delivery on premises in course and scope of his employment                move to strike designation of a responsible third
filed suit against premises owners, seeking to recover for his            party on the ground that there is no evidence
injuries. Owners filed motion for leave to designate physician            that the designated person is responsible for
as a responsible third party, alleging that physician's                   any portion of the claimant's alleged injury or
negligence in treating worker's knee injuries caused worker's             damages, the legislature did not intend for a
injuries, which motion was granted. Thereafter, worker filed              responsible third party designation to be struck
motion to strike the designation of physician as a responsible            on any ground other than the one contained in
third party. The 34th District Court, El Paso County, William             the statute. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies
E. Moody, J., granted motion. Owners filed petition for writ              Code § 33.004(l ).
of mandamus, challenging this ruling.
                                                                          9 Cases that cite this headnote

Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Ann Crawford McClure, J.,           [3]   Damages
held that:                                                                     Aggravation of previous injury, disease, or
                                                                          disability
[1] owners produced sufficient evidence to raise a genuine                Premises owners produced sufficient evidence to
issue of fact regarding physician's responsibility for at least a         raise a genuine issue of fact regarding physician's
portion of worker's injuries or damages, and                              responsibility for at least a portion of worker's
                                                                          injuries or damages, arising out of worker being
[2] owners had no adequate remedy by appeal.                              injured on premises while making a delivery
                                                                          in course and scope of his employment, such
                                                                          that trial court was not justified in striking
Petition conditionally granted.
                                                                          the designation of physician as a responsible
                                                                          third party in worker's suit against owners, in
                                                                          which owners alleged that physician's negligence
 West Headnotes (8)                                                       in treating worker's injuries caused workers'
                                                                          damages; owners' expert report stated that
                                                                          physician's treatment of worker's knee injury
 [1]      Mandamus                                                        was excessive, unnecessary, and more likely
             Remedy by Appeal or Writ of Error                            than not contributed to a rapid chondrolysis of

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            1
In re Brokers Logistics, Ltd., 320 S.W.3d 402 (2010)

        the articular surfaces of the knee resulting in a             considers whether mandamus review will allow
        total knee replacement, and expert also believed              the appellate court to give needed and helpful
        that the steroidal treatments possibly resulted in            direction to the law that would otherwise prove
        immune compromise and may have led to post-                   elusive in appeals from final judgments.
        operative infection. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice &
        Remedies Code § 33.004(l ).                                   Cases that cite this headnote

        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                              [7]     Mandamus
                                                                         Remedy by Appeal or Writ of Error
 [4]    Mandamus                                                      In determining adequacy of an appellate remedy
             Modification or vacation of judgment or                  for mandamus purposes, appellate court must
        order                                                         consider whether mandamus will spare litigants
        Premises owners, on whose premises worker                     and the public the time and money utterly
        was injured while making a delivery in the                    wasted enduring eventual reversal of improperly
        course and scope of his employment, had no                    conducted proceedings.
        adequate remedy by appeal with respect to trial
        court's erroneous order striking designation of               Cases that cite this headnote
        physician as a responsible third party in worker's
        suit against owners, in which owners alleged          [8]     Mandamus
        that physician's negligence in treating worker's                 Remedy by Appeal or Writ of Error
        injuries caused workers' damages, and, thus,
                                                                      Where a trial court's error will cause a waste
        mandamus relief, compelling trial court to set
                                                                      of judicial resources, an appellate court may
        aside order, was appropriate; denial of owners'
                                                                      properly consider that factor in determining the
        right to designate physician as responsible third
                                                                      adequacy of an appeal to remedy the error in
        party would skew proceedings, potentially affect
                                                                      question for mandamus purposes.
        outcome of case, and compromise presentation
        of owners' defense in ways unlikely to be                     2 Cases that cite this headnote
        apparent in appellate record. V.T.C.A., Civil
        Practice & Remedies Code § 33.004(l ).

        9 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             Attorneys and Law Firms

 [5]    Mandamus                                              *404 Steven L. Hughes, Mounce, Green, Myers, Safi,
           Remedy by Appeal or Writ of Error                 Paxson & Galatzan, El Paso, TX, for Relator.
        The adequacy of an appellate remedy must             John P. Mobbs, Attorney at Law, El Paso, TX, for Real Party
        be determined by balancing the benefits of           in Interest.
        mandamus review against the detriments; in
        evaluating benefits and detriments, the appellate    Before CHEW, C.J., McCLURE, J., and ANTCLIFF, Judge.
        court considers whether mandamus will preserve
        important substantive and procedural rights from
        impairment or loss.                                  OPINION ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                      ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Justice.

                                                             Relators seek a writ of mandamus against the Honorable
 [6]    Mandamus
                                                             William E. Moody, Presiding Judge of the 34th District Court
           Remedy by Appeal or Writ of Error
                                                             of El Paso County, Texas, to compel him to set aside an order
        In determining adequacy of an appellate remedy       striking the designation of Dr. Randy J. Pollet as a responsible
        for mandamus purposes, the appellate court           third party. We conditionally grant relief.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         2
In re Brokers Logistics, Ltd., 320 S.W.3d 402 (2010)

                                                                     or responsibility of Dr. Randy J. Pollet under the Health
                                                                     Care Liability Act.” Echoing what Judge Moody had stated
                                                                     at the previous hearing, Martinez also alleged that permitting
                  FACTUAL SUMMARY
                                                                     Relators to hold Dr. Pollet liable “would subject Dr. Pollet to
The real party in interest, Rafael Martinez, filed suit              potential licensure issues without being able to defend himself
against Relators alleging he was injured on the premises             against his accuser, Dr. Blair.” At the conclusion of a hearing
while making a delivery in the course and scope of his               held on February 12, 2009, Judge Moody orally granted
employment with Aeroground. Relators filed a motion for              Dr. Pollet's motion to dismiss Martinez's suit against him. 2
leave to designate Randy Pollet, M.D. as a responsible               Following entry of a written order dismissing Martinez's
third party under Section 33.004 of the Civil Practice and           suit against Dr. Pollet and severing that portion of the case
Remedies Code, alleging that Dr. Pollet's negligence in              into a new cause number, Martinez filed notice of appeal.
treating Martinez's injuries caused Martinez's damages. See          The trial court also granted Martinez's motion to strike the
TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(a)(Vernon                     designation of Dr. Pollet without specifying the basis for the
2008). Relators based their designation on an expert report          ruling. Relators filed a mandamus petition to challenge the
prepared by William Blair, M.D. The trial court granted              trial court's order striking the designation. This mandamus
the motion and designated Dr. Pollet as a responsible third          proceeding does not concern the dismissal of Martinez's
party. As permitted by Section 33.004, Martinez amended              claims against Dr. Pollet. 3
his petition within sixty days of the designation to include
a negligence claim against Dr. Pollet. 1 When Martinez did
not file an expert report and curriculum vitae within 120
                                                                        RESPONSIBLE THIRD PARTY DESIGNATION
days after filing his claims against Dr. Pollet, Dr. Pollet filed
a motion to dismiss pursuant to Section 74.351(b) of the             In their sole issue, Relators contend that the trial court abused
Civil Practice and Remedies Code. Dr. Pollet also filed a            its discretion by striking the designation of Dr. Pollet as a
motion for summary judgment on the ground that the two-              responsible third party. Because Judge Moody did not specify
year statute of limitations had expired. During this same time       the basis for his ruling, Relators must show that the ruling
period, Martinez filed a motion to strike the designation of Dr.     cannot be upheld on any ground asserted by Martinez in his
Pollet on the ground that Relators had not produced sufficient       motion to strike the designation.
evidence to raise a genuine issue of fact regarding Dr. Pollet's
responsibility for Martinez's injuries or damages. Initially, the     [1] To be entitled to mandamus relief, a relator must meet
trial court took Dr. Pollet's motion to dismiss and Martinez's       two requirements. First, it must show the trial court clearly
motion to strike the designation under advisement pending            abused its discretion. In re Prudential Insurance Company
discovery. Dr. Pollet challenged the trial court's failure to rule   of America, 148 S.W.3d 124, 135 (Tex.2004). Second, the
by filing a writ of mandamus and we conditionally granted            relator must demonstrate it has no adequate remedy by appeal.
relief on September 25, 2008. See In re Randy J. Pollet, M.D.,       Id. at 136.
281 S.W.3d 532 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2008, orig. proceeding).
                                                                     A trial court abuses its discretion if it reaches a decision
On January 6, 2009, the trial court conducted a hearing on           so arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and
Dr. Pollet's motion to quash the deposition of Dr. Blair.            prejudicial error of law. In re Ford Motor Company, 165
During this hearing, the trial court expressed a number of           S.W.3d 315, 317 (Tex.2005). When reviewing the trial court's
concerns about the responsible third party designation being         decision for an abuse of discretion, the reviewing court may
unfair to Dr. *405 Pollet. First, Dr. Pollet's insurance carrier     not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court with
could take the position it did not have a duty to defend,            respect to resolution of factual issues or matters committed to
and if the jury found Dr. Pollet was 90 percent responsible,         the trial court's discretion. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators,
then Dr. Pollet would have a judgment against him for                Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex.1985); see Walker v. Packer,
medical malpractice and the insurance company could raise            827 S.W.2d 833, 839 (Tex.1992). Review of the trial court's
Dr. Pollet's premiums. Second, Dr. Pollet's medical license          determination of the legal principles controlling its ruling is
could be at risk in the event there was a judgment against           much less deferential. Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840. A trial
him. A few days after this hearing, Martinez filed another           court has no discretion in determining what the law is or
motion to strike the designation because “there is no liability      applying the law to the facts, even when the law is unsettled.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                3
In re Brokers Logistics, Ltd., 320 S.W.3d 402 (2010)

In re Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 135. A clear failure by the         issue of fact regarding the designated person's responsibility
trial court to analyze or apply the law correctly will constitute   for the claimant's injury or damages. Id.
an abuse of discretion. Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840.
                                                                    The mandamus record reflects that Martinez filed an untimely
                                                                    objection to Relators' motion for leave to designate Dr.

                  Clear Abuse of Discretion                         Pollet as a responsible third party. 4 Thus, the trial court
                                                                    complied with the mandate of Section 33.004(f) by entering
Chapter 33 sets forth the statutory scheme for the                  an order which designated Dr. Pollet as responsible third
apportionment of responsibility *406 in tort and deceptive          party. Once Dr. Pollet was designated as a responsible third
trade practice actions. See TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE                party, the only statutory ground for striking the designation
ANN. § 33.003. Section 33.004(a) of the Civil Practice and          is that “there is no evidence that the designated person
Remedies Code provides:                                             is responsible for any portion of the claimant's alleged
                                                                    injury or damage.” TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN.
             A defendant may seek to designate a                    § 33.004(l ). Martinez asserted non-statutory grounds in
             person as a responsible third party by                 his motion to strike the designation and the trial court
             filing a motion for leave to designate                 certainly expressed concern at various hearings about the
             that person as a responsible third party.              potential negative and unfair consequences of permitting the
             The motion must be filed on or before                  designation to stand. The first issue we must address is
             the 60th day before the trial date unless              whether the statutory ground for striking a designation is
             the court finds good cause to allow the                the only permissible ground. When construing a statute, we
             motion to be filed at a later date.                    begin with its language. State v. Shumake, 199 S.W.3d 279,
                                                                    284 (Tex.2006). Our primary objective is to determine the
TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(a). A court
                                                                    Legislature's intent which, when possible, we discern from
is required to grant leave to designate the named person
                                                                    the plain meaning of the words chosen. Id.; City of San
as a responsible third party unless another party files an
                                                                    Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 25 (Tex.2003).
objection on or before the 15th day after the date the
                                                                    If the statute is clear and unambiguous, we must apply its
motion is served. TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN.
                                                                    words according to their common meaning without resort to
§ 33.004(f). If an objection is timely filed, the court shall
                                                                    rules of construction or extrinsic aids. *407 Shumake, 199
grant leave to designate unless the objecting party establishes:
                                                                    S.W.3d at 284; Fitzgerald v. Advanced Spine Fixation Sys.,
(1) the defendant did not plead sufficient facts concerning
                                                                    Inc., 996 S.W.2d 864, 865–66 (Tex.1999). We may consider
the alleged responsibility of the person to satisfy the
                                                                    other matters in ascertaining legislative intent, including the
pleading requirement of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure;
                                                                    objective of the law, its history, and the consequences of
and (2) after having been granted leave to replead, the
                                                                    a particular construction. See TEX. GOVT.CODE ANN. §
defendant failed to plead sufficient facts. TEX.CIV.PRAC.
                                                                    311.023(1), (3), (5)(Vernon 2005); Shumake, 199 S.W.3d at
& REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(g). By granting a motion for
                                                                    284. It is a well-settled rule of statutory construction that
leave to designate a person as a responsible third party, the
                                                                    every word of a statute must be presumed to have been used
person named in the motion is designated as a responsible
                                                                    for a purpose, and those excluded must be presumed to have
third party for purposes of the Proportionate Responsibility
                                                                    been excluded for a purpose. See Quick v. City of Austin, 7
Chapter of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code without
                                                                    S.W.3d 109, 123 (Tex.1998). Because statutory construction
further action by the court or any party. TEX.CIV.PRAC. &
                                                                    is a question of law, we review it de novo. Shumake, 199
REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(h).
                                                                    S.W.3d at 284.
After adequate time for discovery, a party may move to
                                                                     [2] Section 33.004(l ) articulates a single ground for striking
strike the designation of a responsible third party on the
                                                                    a designation of a responsible third party. If the Legislature
ground that there is no evidence that the designated person is
                                                                    had intended to authorize trial courts to strike designations on
responsible for any portion of the claimant's alleged injury or
                                                                    any other ground it could have easily indicated that intent in
damages. TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(l
                                                                    the statute. It did not. The trial court clearly believed it was
). The court is required to grant the motion to strike unless
                                                                    unfair to permit the case to proceed against Dr. Pollet given
a defendant produces sufficient evidence to raise a genuine
                                                                    that the court had dismissed Martinez's suit against him. 5

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             4
In re Brokers Logistics, Ltd., 320 S.W.3d 402 (2010)

There is nothing in Section 33.004 that suggests a designation        the clinical literature, Dr. Pollet's treatment of Martinez fell
can be struck if the plaintiff's suit against the responsible third   below the acceptable standard of care.
party is dismissed for some reason. To the contrary, Section
33.004 permits a claimant to sue a designated responsible             We conclude that Relators produced sufficient evidence
third party but it does not require that the claimant do so for       to raise a genuine issue of fact regarding Dr. Pollet's
the designation to stand. We conclude that the plain language         responsibility for at least a portion of Martinez's injury or
of Section 33.004(l ) reflects that the Legislature did not           damages. The trial court clearly abused its discretion by
intend for a responsible third party designation to be struck         striking the designation of Dr. Pollet as a responsible third
on any ground other than the one contained in the statute.            party. The only remaining issue is whether Relators have an
                                                                      adequate remedy by appeal.
 [3] We now consider whether the trial court's ruling can
be upheld on the statutory ground. If Relators failed to
produce sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of fact
                                                                                     Inadequate Remedy by Appeal
regarding Dr. Pollet's responsibility for the claimant's injury
or damages, Section 33.004(l ) would have required the trial           [4]    [5] The adequacy of an appellate remedy must be
court to strike the designation. On the other hand, if Relators       determined by balancing the benefits of mandamus review
produced evidence raising a genuine issue of fact on that             against the detriments. In re Team Rocket, L.P., 256 S.W.3d
issue, the trial court clearly abused its discretion by striking      257, 262 (Tex.2008), citing Prudential Insurance Company
the designation.                                                      of America, 148 S.W.3d 124, 136 (Tex.2004). In evaluating
                                                                      benefits and detriments, we consider whether mandamus will
Relators claim to have offered sufficient evidence to raise           preserve important substantive and procedural rights from
an issue of fact regarding Dr. Pollet's responsibility for            impairment or loss. Id. We have already determined that
any portion of Martinez's injury or damages. Dr. Blair's              Relators presented sufficient evidence to raise a genuine
expert report described how Dr. Pollet treated Martinez's             issue of fact regarding Dr. Pollet's responsibility for at
knee injury with multiple steroidal injections over a two             least a portion Martinez's injury or damages. Under these
month period along with steroidal phonophoretic treatments            circumstances, Relators have a statutory right to demand
during physical therapy. Dr. Blair expressed grave concern            that the trier of fact determine Dr. Pollet's percentage of
over the number of steroidal treatments given in this time-           responsibility for Martinez's injuries or damages. Mandamus
frame and he believed it was more likely than not that the            review would preserve this valuable right.
injections and other steroidal treatments played a significant
role in the degeneration of the articular cartilage subsequently       [6] In addition to impairment of rights, we consider whether
requiring a total knee replacement. The report states that Dr.        mandamus review will “allow the appellate courts to give
Pollet's treatment of Martinez's knee injury was excessive,           needed and helpful direction to the law that would otherwise
unnecessary, and more likely than not contributed to a                prove elusive in appeals from final judgments.” In re Team
rapid chondrolysis of the articular surfaces of the knee              Rocket, 256 S.W.3d at 262, quoting Prudential, 148 S.W.3d
resulting in a total knee replacement. He also believed that          at 136. The trial court's ruling certainly could be reviewed
the steroidal treatments possibly resulted *408 in immune             on appeal in the event Relators suffer an adverse judgment,
compromise and may have led to post-operative infection.              but Relators would be required to prove that the court's error
Relators provided another report by Dr. Blair in which he             caused the rendition of an improper judgment in order to
concluded that: (1) the medical documentation indicates that          obtain a reversal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a)(1). The denial
clinical protocols initiated by Dr. Pollet resulted in a severe       of Relators' right to designate Dr. Pollet as a responsible
compromise of Martinez's left lower leg resulting in a total          third party would skew the proceedings, potentially affect the
knee arthroplasty, which became infected and resulted in              outcome of the litigation, and compromise the presentation
multiple surgeries and an unknown long-term prognosis;                of Relators' defense in ways unlikely to be apparent in the
(2) Dr. Pollet deviated from the acceptable standard of               appellate record. See In re Arthur Andersen, L.L.P., 121
medical care established by the clinical literature and the           S.W.3d 471, 486 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, orig.
standardized guidelines for acceptable patient care published         proceeding). Thus, it is possible Relators would be unable
by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; and (3)              to obtain relief on direct appeal from the trial court's clearly
based upon Dr. Blair's analysis of the medical records and
                                                                      erroneous ruling. 6 Id.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                5
In re Brokers Logistics, Ltd., 320 S.W.3d 402 (2010)

                                                                however, a trial court's error will cause a waste of judicial
 *409 [7]        [8] Finally, we must also consider whether resources, an appellate court may properly consider that factor
                                                                in determining the adequacy of an appeal to remedy the error
mandamus will spare litigants and the public “the time
                                                                in question. See id. at 843. The potential waste of resources,
and money utterly wasted enduring eventual reversal of
                                                                when combined with the possibility that Relators may not
improperly conducted proceedings.” In re Team Rocket, 256
                                                                be able to successfully prosecute an appeal, supports our
S.W.3d at 262, quoting Prudential, 148 S.W.3d at 136. It is
                                                                conclusion that Relators do not have an adequate remedy at
beyond dispute that there will be a substantial waste of the
                                                                law. Accordingly, we sustain the sole issue presented in the
litigants' time and money if they to proceed to trial without
                                                                mandamus petition and conditionally grant mandamus relief.
the error being corrected, proceed through the appellate
                                                                The writ will issue only if the trial court fails to withdraw its
process only to have the judgment reversed, and then retry the
                                                                order striking the designation.
entire case with Dr. Pollet as a designated responsible third
party. The additional expense and effort of preparing for and
participating in those trials does not, standing alone, justify
                                                                All Citations
the issuance of a writ of mandamus. See Walker, 827 S.W.2d
at 842 (remedy by appeal not inadequate merely because it       320 S.W.3d 402
may involve more delay or cost than mandamus). Where,

Footnotes
1      If a person is designated under Section 33.004 as a responsible third party, a claimant is not barred by limitations from
       seeking to join that person provided that the claimant joins the person not later than sixty days following the designation.
       TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. . § 33.004(e).
2      The trial court did not sign a written order until May 8, 2009.
3      Because the issues in this mandamus proceeding are distinct from the issues in the direct appeal, we denied Martinez's
       motion to consolidate the cases.
4      Relators served the motion for leave on June 6, 2006 and Martinez did not file his objection until July 10,2006.
5      Many of the trial court's concerns regarding the negative consequences of a judgment finding Dr. Pollet responsible
       for Martinez's injuries or damages are unfounded. Section 33.004(i) expressly provides that: “The filing or granting of a
       motion for leave to designate a person as a responsible third party or a finding of fault against the person: (1) does not by
       itself impose liability on the person; and (2) may not be used in any other proceeding, on the basis of res judicata, collateral
       estoppel, or any other legal theory, to impose liability on the person.” TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(i).
6      We are aware that the Fourteenth Court of Appeals has more recently denied mandamus relief in a case where the trial
       court refused to allow a party to designate a responsible third party within sixty days of the trial date because it found
       appeal was an adequate remedy. See In re Investment Capital Corporation, No. 14–09–00105–CV, 2009 WL 310899
       (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 4, 2009, orig. proceeding). In that case, a party attempted to designate a former
       defendant, SCI Funeral, as a responsible third party after the trial court had granted summary judgment in favor of SCI
       Funeral and dismissed it from the case. A party seeking to file the designation must show good cause for filing the motion
       inside of the sixty day time period. TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(a). The court of appeals did not address
       whether the trial court clearly abused its discretion but instead found that mandamus relief was unavailable because the
       facts were relatively straightforward and the error could be corrected through the regular appellate process. Our case
       is distinguishable because it does not concern the good cause issue as Dr. Pollet had been properly designated as a
       responsible third party when the trial court struck the designation for a non-statutory reason. Further, we have concluded
       that Relators might not be able to have the error corrected on direct appeal because it is possible the appellate record
       would not show how the trial court's ruling caused the rendition of an improper judgment.

End of Document                                                  © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                  6
GG
In re Smith, 366 S.W.3d 282 (2012)

                     366 S.W.3d 282                                 West Headnotes (7)
                 Court of Appeals of Texas,
                           Dallas.
                                                                    [1]   Attorney and Client
         In re Houston M. SMITH and the Law                                   In general; limitations
        Offices of Houston Smith, P.C., Relators.                         Legal malpractice is a tort, such that chapter
                                                                          of civil practices and remedies code relating
       No. 05–11–01657–CV.           |    March 30, 2012.                 to proportionate responsibility in a tort action
                                                                          applied in legal malpractice action in which trial
Synopsis
                                                                          court denied defendants' motion to designate a
Background: Client filed action against attorney and his law
                                                                          responsible third party without giving defendants
firm for legal malpractice after those defendants failed to
                                                                          an opportunity to replead. V.T.C.A., Civil
timely sue motorist allegedly at fault in accident giving rise to
                                                                          Practice & Remedies Code §§ 33.002(a)(1),
underlying personal injury action. Defendants motioned for
                                                                          33.004.
leave to designate that motorist as a responsible third party.
Following a hearing, the 192nd Judicial District Court, Dallas            1 Cases that cite this headnote
County, Craig Smith, J., denied motion without affording
defendants an opportunity to replead. Defendants petitioned
for writ of mandamus.                                               [2]   Parties
                                                                               Application and proceedings thereon
                                                                          Allowing defendants in legal malpractice action
                                                                          an opportunity to replead the facts prior to
Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Fitzgerald, J., held that:
                                                                          denying their motion to designate a responsible
                                                                          third party, i.e., the allegedly negligent motorist
[1] the trial judge does not have the discretion in tort action
                                                                          whom defendants failed to timely sue in
to deny, on basis of futility, a motion for leave to designate
                                                                          underlying personal injury action, would not
a responsible third party without first giving the movant an
                                                                          necessarily be futile, even though motorist was
opportunity to replead;
                                                                          not an attorney; plaintiff did not negate every set
                                                                          of facts that might show the motorist could have
[2] client failed, in response to defendants' motion, to shift
                                                                          contributed to cause harm at issue in malpractice
any burden to defendants to request an opportunity to replead
                                                                          action, namely, the loss of plaintiff's negligence
the facts;
                                                                          claim against motorist. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice
                                                                          & Remedies Code § 33.004.
[3] trial judge was statutorily required to give defendants
an opportunity to replead before denying their motion,                    1 Cases that cite this headnote
regardless of whether defendants made a specific request for
time to replead; and
                                                                    [3]   Parties
[4] for purposes of determining availability of mandamus                       Application and proceedings thereon
relief, appeal is ordinarily an inadequate remedy when a trial            The trial judge does not have the discretion in
judge erroneously denies a motion in tort action for leave to             tort action to deny, on basis of futility, a motion
designate a responsible third party without granting leave to             for leave to designate a responsible third party
replead.                                                                  without first giving the movant an opportunity
                                                                          to replead. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies
                                                                          Code § 33.004(a, f, g).
Petition conditionally granted.
                                                                          3 Cases that cite this headnote
Murphy, J., filed a dissenting opinion.
                                                                    [4]   Parties

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             1
In re Smith, 366 S.W.3d 282 (2012)

             Application and proceedings thereon
                                                             [7]    Courts
        Plaintiff in legal malpractice action failed, in
                                                                         Number of judges concurring in opinion,
        responding to defendant's motion for leave to
                                                                    and opinion by divided court
        designate a responsible third party, namely, the
        allegedly negligent motorist whom defendants                Absent an intervening change in the law by
        had failed to timely sue in underlying personal             the legislature, a higher court, or the Court of
        injury action, to shift any burden to defendants            Appeals sitting en banc, three-judge panel of
        to request an opportunity to replead the facts;             Court of Appeals was obliged was follow a
        plaintiff made bare assertion, buried in a                  prior panel decision of the Court of Appeals,
        footnote, that defendants could not merely                  holding in mandamus action that appeal is
        “contend” that motorist caused or contributed to            ordinarily an inadequate remedy when a trial
        damages at issue in malpractice action, and that            judge erroneously denies a motion for leave
        defendants had failed to plead any specific facts           to designate a responsible third party without
        explaining how motorist could have committed                granting leave to replead. V.T.C.A., Civil
        legal malpractice upon plaintiff. V.T.C.A., Civil           Practice & Remedies Code § 33.004.
        Practice & Remedies Code § 33.004(g).
                                                                    3 Cases that cite this headnote
        Cases that cite this headnote

 [5]    Parties
                                                            Attorneys and Law Firms
             Application and proceedings thereon
        Trial judge was statutorily required to give        *284 Michael A. Yanof, Alison H. Moore, Jason R. Jobe,
        defendants in legal malpractice action an           Thompson, Coe, Cousins, & Iron, L.L.P., Dallas TX, for
        opportunity to replead before denying their         Relators.
        motion to designate a responsible third party,
        regardless of whether defendants made a             Daniel J. Sheehan, Jr., Michael Patrick McShan, John M.
        specific request for time to replead; plaintiff,    Phalen, Jr., Daniel Sheehan & Associates, L.L.P., Dallas TX,
        in objecting to motion, made no showing that        for Real Party in Interest.
        defendants were given leave to replead, as
                                                            Before Justices BRIDGES, FITZGERALD, and MURPHY.
        would be necessary before trial judge could have
        discretion to deny motion for leave to designate.
        V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code §
                                                                                     OPINION
        33.004(f), (g)(2).
                                                            Opinion by Justice FITZGERALD.
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                            Relators filed this mandamus proceeding after the trial judge
 [6]    Mandamus                                            signed an order denying their motion for leave to designate
             Modification or vacation of judgment or        a responsible third party. We conclude the trial judge abused
        order                                               his discretion in doing so without granting leave to replead
        For purposes of determining availability            and relators have no adequate remedy by appeal. We therefore
        of mandamus relief, appeal is ordinarily            conditionally grant mandamus relief.
        an inadequate remedy when a trial judge
        erroneously denies a motion in tort action for
        leave to designate a responsible third party                            I. BACKGROUND
        without granting leave to replead. V.T.C.A.,
        Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 33.004.            Real party in interest Melvia Lewis sued relators for legal
                                                            malpractice. Lewis alleges the following facts. He was injured
        4 Cases that cite this headnote                     in an auto accident when the vehicle in which he was riding

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                      2
In re Smith, 366 S.W.3d 282 (2012)

was rear-ended by a vehicle driven by Edith Winfrey. Lewis          party without giving the movant an opportunity to replead.
hired relators Houston M. Smith and his law firm, The Law           See id. We held that this was an abuse of discretion that
Offices of Houston Smith, P.C., to represent him. Relators          could not be adequately addressed by appeal. Id. Accordingly,
then erroneously sued Mary Winfrey, the mother of Edith             we conditionally granted mandamus relief, directing the trial
Winfrey. Although Mary Winfrey owned the car that her               judge to vacate the order denying the motion for leave and to
daughter was driving, she was not in the car at the time            render a new order either granting the movant leave to replead
of the accident. Relators amended Lewis's petition within           or granting the motion for leave to designate. Id. Thus, it
limitations to add Kristi McDowell, the driver of the vehicle       appears that relators are entitled to the same relief in this case.
Lewis was a passenger in, as a defendant, but they never
joined Edith Winfrey as a defendant. After limitations ran,         Lewis raises several arguments in opposition to relators'
Mary Winfrey filed a motion for summary judgment on the             petition, and we consider each in turn.
ground that she was not in the car at the time of the accident,
and relators nonsuited Lewis's claims against Mary Winfrey.
Lewis eventually settled with McDowell. Lewis sued relators         1. The applicability of Chapter 33
for negligently investigating his case, failing to sue Edith         [1] Lewis argues that Chapter 33 of the civil practice and
Winfrey in a timely fashion, and failing to obtain sufficient       remedies code does not apply to this case at all. We disagree.
compensation for Lewis's injuries and medical needs.                Chapter 33 applies to “any cause of action based on tort
                                                                    in which a defendant, settling person, or responsible third
Relators moved for leave to designate Edith Winfrey as a            party is found responsible for a percentage of the harm for
responsible third party. In their motion, they alleged that Edith   which relief is sought.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE
Winfrey was the driver of the vehicle involved in the auto          ANN. § 33.002(a)(1) (West 2008). Lewis is suing relators—
accident and that she negligently caused or contributed to          defendants—for legal malpractice, which is a tort. See Willis
cause Lewis's injuries and damages. Lewis filed a response in       v. Maverick, 760 S.W.2d 642, 644 (Tex.1988) (“A cause of
opposition, in which he argued that Chapter 33 of the Texas         action for legal malpractice is in the nature of a tort....”). Thus,
Civil Practice and Remedies Code did not apply at all and           Chapter 33 applies.
that Edith Winfrey could not be a responsible third party
because she did not cause or contribute to cause the harm
                                                                    2. Waiver and futility
for which Lewis was suing relators. After a hearing, the trial
                                                                    Lewis also asserts that relators are not entitled to mandamus
judge signed an order denying relators' motion for leave to
                                                                    relief because they did not ask the trial judge for an
designate Edith Winfrey as a responsible third party without
                                                                    opportunity to replead. Factually, the mandamus record does
affording relators an opportunity to replead.
                                                                    not show a specific request by relators for an opportunity
                                                                    to replead. There is no reporter's record, and relators assert
                                                                    without contradiction that no testimony was taken and the
                        II. ANALYSIS                                hearing was not transcribed by a court reporter. In their
                                                                    motion for leave to designate a responsible third party,
A. Abuse of discretion                                              relators prayed that Edith Winfrey be designated a responsible
We agree with relators that the trial judge lacked the              third party and “for such other and further relief to which
discretion to deny their *285 motion for leave without              Defendants may be justly entitled.” Lewis also contends that
first granting them leave to replead. Our recent decision           it would be futile for us to require the trial judge to grant
in In re Oncor Electric Delivery Co. LLC, 355 S.W.3d                relators an opportunity to replead.
304 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2011, orig. proceeding), is controlling.
Under section 33.004 of the civil practice and remedies code,       We reject Lewis's arguments for the following reasons.
a trial judge may not deny a motion for leave to designate a
responsible third party without first giving the movant leave
to replead the facts concerning the alleged responsibility of       a. Lewis did not demonstrate futility
the alleged responsible third party. Id. at 306 (construing          [2] Lewis argues that relators were not entitled to an
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(a), (f),                   opportunity to replead because affording that opportunity
and (g)). 1 In In re Oncor, as in this case, the trial judge        would have been futile. Lewis contends that, because Edith
denied a motion for leave to designate a responsible third          Winfrey was not an attorney, there is no set of facts that

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 3
In re Smith, 366 S.W.3d 282 (2012)

relators *286 could plead that would make her a proper              the sufficiency of relators' pleadings. Rather, Lewis referred
responsible third party in this legal-malpractice case. We          to the pleading standard of section 33.004(g) only in a
disagree.                                                           footnote in his response, in which he stated:

One of Lewis's claims against relators is that relators                          Defendants cannot merely “contend”
negligently investigated Lewis's personal-injury case, thereby                   that Edith Winfrey caused or
leading them to sue the wrong defendant and to fail to sue                       contributed to “Plaintiff's alleged
the actual tortfeasor, Edith Winfrey, within limitations. Lewis                  injuries and damages.” They must
has not negated every set of facts that may show that non-                       plead specific facts concerning her
attorneys could have contributed to cause the resulting harm,                    alleged responsibility. TRCP [sic] §
that being the loss of Lewis's negligence claim against Edith                    33.004(g). Defendants have failed to
Winfrey. We note that relators have pleaded the affirmative                      meet this burden because they have
                                                                                 failed to plead any specific facts
defense of contributory negligence against Lewis himself. 2
                                                                                 explaining how Edith Winfrey could
If relators made a similar allegation against Edith Winfrey
                                                                                 have committed legal malpractice
—that she somehow tortiously contributed to any error
                                                                                 upon Lewis.
committed by the relators—the fact that Edith Winfrey is
not an attorney would not necessarily mean she could not            This bare assertion, buried in a footnote, was not sufficient
have tortiously contributed to cause the harm for which Lewis       to satisfy Lewis's burden under section 33.004(g)(1) to
is suing relators. At this early stage in the proceedings, we       establish that relators failed to meet their pleading burden.
cannot accept Lewis's contention that it would necessarily be       See TEX.R.APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A) (stating that party must
futile to grant relators an opportunity to replead.                 state the grounds for *287 the ruling it sought from the trial
                                                                    court “with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware
 [3] Moreover, section 33.004 does not contain a futility           of the complaint, unless the specific grounds were apparent
exception to its rule that the movant must be given an              from the context”); Odom v. Clark, 215 S.W.3d 571, 574
opportunity to replead. Thus, the trial judge does not have         (Tex.App.-Tyler 2007, pet. denied) (stating that purpose of
the discretion to deny a motion for leave to designate a            Rule 33.1(a) is “to ensure that the trial court has had the
responsible third party without first giving the movant an          opportunity to rule on matters for which parties later seek
opportunity to replead. See In re Oncor Elec. Delivery Co.,         appellate review”); see also Lincoln v. Clark Freight Lines,
355 S.W.3d at 306.                                                  Inc., 285 S.W.3d 79, 84–85 n. 4 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st
                                                                    Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (argument raised only by bare assertion
                                                                    in footnote in appellate brief was waived); cf. Bever Props.,
b. Lewis's objection in the trial court was insufficient
                                                                    L.L.C. v. Jerry Huffman Custom Builder, L.L.C., 355 S.W.3d
 [4] We also reject Lewis's argument that relators waived the
                                                                    878, 888 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2011, no pet.) (if no-evidence
right to replead. As the party opposing a motion for leave
                                                                    motion for summary judgment fails to identify and challenge
to designate a responsible third party, Lewis bore the burden
                                                                    specific elements, it is fundamentally defective and cannot
of establishing two elements: (1) that relators did not plead
                                                                    support a judgment).
sufficient facts concerning Edith Winfrey's responsibility to
satisfy the general pleading requirements of the rules of civil
                                                                    Because Lewis's response and objection to the motion for
procedure, and (2) that relators still failed to plead sufficient
                                                                    leave to designate was insufficient under section 33.004(g),
facts after having been granted leave to replead. See TEX.
                                                                    the response could not and did not shift any burden to relators
CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(g). In the text
                                                                    to request leave to replead.
of Lewis's written response to relators' motion for leave to
designate, he asserted three principal arguments: (1) that
Chapter 33 did not apply at all, (2) that Edith Winfrey was         c. Relators bore no burden to request leave to replead
not a proper responsible third party because the damages             [5] We also reject Lewis's waiver argument because it is
Lewis sought from relators were different from his auto-            not consistent with the statutory scheme allocating burdens
accident damages, and (3) that relators could not use Chapter       between the parties. If the movant seeking to designate a
33 to avoid their own responsibility by reviving limitations        responsible third party timely files a motion for leave to
against Edith Winfrey. None of these arguments addressed            designate, the trial court “shall grant leave to designate the

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              4
In re Smith, 366 S.W.3d 282 (2012)

named person as a responsible third party unless another            Our conclusion that relators did not bear the burden of seeking
party files an objection to the motion for leave on or              leave to replead is reinforced by our opinion in In re Oncor.
before the 15th day after the date the motion is served.”           That opinion contains no indication that the relator made
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(f). Under                  a separate request for an opportunity to replead, but rather
the Code Construction Act, the word “shall” “imposes a              states only that the relator “moved to designate [a plaintiff]
duty” unless context necessarily requires a different meaning       as a responsible third party.” In re Oncor Elec. Delivery
or express statutory text provides otherwise. TEX. GOV'T            Co., 355 S.W.3d at 305. Nevertheless, we construed the
CODE ANN. § 311.016(2) (West 2005); see also Albertson's,           statute to preclude the trial judge from denying a motion to
Inc. v. Sinclair, 984 S.W.2d 958, 961 (Tex.1999) (“We               designate without granting the movant a chance to replead.
generally construe the word ‘shall’ as mandatory, unless            See id. at 306 (“The statute requires the trial judge to grant
legislative intent suggests otherwise.”). So a trial judge          relator leave to replead the facts concerning the alleged
must grant the motion for leave to designate if no timely           responsibility of [the responsible third party] before denying
objection is filed. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN.                 its motion for leave to designate him a responsible third
§ 33.004(f). Moreover, and of particular relevance to this          party.”). We then granted mandamus relief, requiring the
original proceeding, section 33.004(g) provides that the trial      trial judge either to grant leave to replead or to grant the
judge must grant the motion even if a timely objection is filed     motion to designate a responsible third party. Id. It would be
unless the objecting party carries the burden of establishing       inconsistent with In re Oncor to deny relators relief in this
two matters. The statute provides:                                  case because they did not specifically request leave to replead.
                                                                    We conclude that the trial judge was statutorily required to
  (g) If an objection to the motion for leave is timely             give relators an opportunity to replead before denying their
     filed, the court shall grant leave to designate the person     motion, regardless of whether they made a specific request
     as a responsible third party unless the objecting party
                                                                    for time to replead. 4
     establishes:

  (1) the defendant did not plead sufficient facts concerning       In sum, the relief relators wanted was leave to designate a
     the alleged responsibility of the person to satisfy the        responsible third party, and by filing a timely motion for that
     pleading requirement of the Texas Rules of Civil               leave, they satisfied the threshold burden the statute placed on
     Procedure; and                                                 them. Their motion shifted the burden onto Lewis to establish
                                                                    that relators had been given an opportunity to replead before
  (2) after having been granted leave to replead, the               the trial judge could have any discretion to deny relators'
     defendant failed to plead sufficient facts concerning          motion. The only options lawfully available to the trial judge
     the alleged responsibility of the person to satisfy the        were to grant relators' motion for leave to designate or to grant
     pleading requirements of the Texas Rules of Civil              relators an opportunity to replead. Accordingly, we conclude
     Procedure.                                                     that relators were not required to ask for leave to replead in
                                                                    order to preserve error.
Id. § 33.004(g). Thus, under section 33.004(g)(2), Lewis
bore the burden of showing that relators were given leave to
replead before the trial judge could have discretion to deny        B. No adequate remedy by appeal
relators' motion for leave to designate. The record contains no      [6]   [7] In our opinion in In re Oncor, we concluded,
indication that Lewis made that showing, nor any indication         “An improper denial of leave to designate a responsible
that the trial judge gave relators an opportunity to replead.       third party may not be adequately addressed by appeal,”
During oral argument in this Court, Lewis admitted that he          and we granted mandamus relief. 5 In re *289 Oncor Elec.
had not met his burden *288 on this element. 3 Because              Delivery Co., 355 S.W.3d at 306. Thus, we conclude that In
Lewis did not carry his burden, the trial judge's only options      re Oncor stands for the proposition that appeal is ordinarily
were to grant relators' motion for leave to designate or to defer   an inadequate remedy when a trial judge erroneously denies
ruling while giving relators an opportunity to replead. The         a motion for leave to designate a responsible third party
judge abused his discretion by denying the motion for leave to      without granting leave to replead. See id. The instant case
designate outright, regardless of whether relators specifically     is thus indistinguishable from In re Oncor, and we are
asked for an opportunity to replead.                                obliged to follow it. See MobileVision Imaging Servs., L.L.C.
                                                                    v. LifeCare Hosps. of N. Tex., L.P., 260 S.W.3d 561, 566

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               5
In re Smith, 366 S.W.3d 282 (2012)

(Tex.App.-Dallas 2008, no pet.) (“We may not overrule a           Lewis's underlying personal injury lawsuit could be an RTP
prior panel decision of this Court absent an intervening          in his subsequent malpractice lawsuit against his former
change in the law by the legislature, a higher court, or this     attorneys. For the first time in their petition *290 for writ of
Court sitting en banc.”).                                         mandamus, relators claim the trial court abused its discretion
                                                                  by not allowing them the opportunity to replead facts; yet
Relators have shown that they have no adequate remedy by          the facts related to the RTP designation were not disputed.
appeal, and thus they are entitled to mandamus relief.            The parties' dispute is a legal issue. And while I agree that
                                                                  counsel for real party in interest agreed at oral argument
                                                                  that relators are entitled to replead, I would conclude they
                                                                  did not preserve that right for purposes of their petition for
                    III. CONCLUSION
                                                                  writ of mandamus and that they have an adequate remedy at
We express no opinion as to whether relators satisfied their      law. Relators can file a motion with the trial court seeking
pleading burden under section 33.004(g)(1). We hold only          reconsideration on the basis urged to this Court or ask for
that the trial judge abused his discretion by denying relators'   leave to amend. Relators could have already repleaded at the
motion for leave to designate a responsible third party without   trial court and re-addressed the merits of their substantive
granting them an opportunity to replead. See In re Oncor Elec.    arguments as to the capacity of the driver in the underlying
Delivery Co., 355 S.W.3d at 306.                                  personal injury lawsuit to be an RTP in this subsequent legal
                                                                  malpractice lawsuit.
Accordingly, we conditionally grant relators' petition for
writ of mandamus. The writ will issue only if the trial           The majority relies on our recent decision in In re Oncor
judge fails to vacate his October 27, 2011 “Order Denying         Electric Delivery Co. LLC, 355 S.W.3d 304 (Tex.App.-
Defendants' Motion for Leave to Designate Edith Winfrey           Dallas 2011, orig. proceeding), as controlling authority for
as a Responsible Third Party” and to render a new order           the proposition that the trial court was required on its own
either granting relators leave to replead facts supporting the    motion to allow relators leave to amend their petition under
designation or granting the motion for leave to designate.        chapter 33. The opinion in that case, as noted by the majority,
                                                                  is silent as to whether there was a request for leave to
                                                                  replead. Notwithstanding that silence, which often is used to
                                                                  distinguish cases, the majority assumes there was no request
MURPHY, J. dissenting.                                            to replead in Oncor by concluding it “would be inconsistent
                                                                  with Oncor to deny relators relief in this case because they did
Dissenting Opinion By Justice MURPHY.                             not specifically request leave to replead.” Chapter 33 no doubt
A prerequisite to presenting a complaint for appellate review     contains mandatory language. Yet we have found waiver or
is a timely request, objection, or motion that states the         lack of preservation in similar circumstances.
grounds for the ruling that the complaining party sought
from the trial court. TEX.R.APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A). This Court     For example, an opposing party must have the opportunity
has cited or quoted this mandate repeatedly to emphasize          to amend a summary judgment affidavit in response to an
that the trial court must have the opportunity to rule on         objection to the form. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(f); Hewitt
an issue or to correct an erroneous ruling before we can          v. Biscaro, 353 S.W.3d 304, 307–08 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2011,
review the issue on appeal, much less mandamus a trial court      no pet.). The trial court is required to give a party that
for a clear abuse of discretion. Yet we are conditionally         opportunity to amend. TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(f). For purposes
granting mandamus to require the trial court to allow relators    of appeal, however, that right is waived if the proponent of the
the opportunity to replead facts relating to their motion to      evidence fails to request a continuance or “otherwise assert
designate a responsible third party (RTP) when relators never     its right to amend.” Brown v. Wong, No. 05–99–00706–CV,
asked the trial court for that opportunity and stated at oral     2000 WL 433973, at *3 (Tex.App.-Dallas Apr. 24, 2000,
argument that there is “no need to replead.” I respectfully       pet. denied) (not designated for publication) (citing Eckmann
dissent.                                                          v. Des Rosiers, 940 S.W.2d 394, 400 (Tex.App.-Austin
                                                                  1997, no writ)). Similarly, when a trial court sustains special
The only chapter 33 arguments before the trial court related      exceptions, the court “must give the pleader an opportunity
to the merits of whether the driver of the vehicle in Melvia      to amend the pleading”—the trial court has no discretion.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             6
In re Smith, 366 S.W.3d 282 (2012)

                                                                   petition for writ of mandamus or on appeal. Similarly, we are
Friesenhahn v. Ryan, 960 S.W.2d 656, 658 (Tex.1998). The
                                                                   empowered as an appellate court to address only those issues
complaining party must, however, prove “the opportunity
                                                                   preserved for review. See TEX.R.APP. P. 33.1. Accordingly,
to replead was requested and denied to preserve the error
                                                                   I respectfully dissent from the majority's decision to grant
for review.” Parker v. Barefield, 206 S.W.3d 119, 120
                                                                   mandamus.
(Tex.2006) (per curiam); Cadle Co. v. Jenkins, 266 S.W.3d 4,
7 n. 5 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2008, no pet.).
                                                                   All Citations
It is incumbent on counsel, when possible, to allow trial
judges and opposing parties the opportunity to consider            366 S.W.3d 282
new arguments before raising those for the first time in a

Footnotes
1      We said the same in a previous mandamus opinion arising from the same litigation: “A trial court that is presented with
       a motion for leave to designate a responsible third party and an objection to the motion, as the trial court was here,
       may either grant the motion or, should the objection to the motion be sustained, grant leave to replead sufficient facts to
       allege the person's responsibility.” In re Oncor Elec. Delivery Co. LLC, No. 05–11–00188–CV, 2011 WL 989071, at *1
       (Tex.App.-Dallas Mar. 22, 2011, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.).
2      At oral argument, relators stated that they relied on information provided by Lewis when they sued Mary Winfrey.
3      Based on Lewis's concession during oral argument, the dissent argues that relators could have already repleaded in the
       trial court. We disagree. After oral argument, we asked the parties to advise us whether they had reached agreement
       during argument that we should dismiss this original proceeding so that relators could replead in the trial court. Lewis
       responded that no agreement was reached and that remand to the trial court to allow relators to replead was inappropriate
       because relators did not seek such relief in the trial court or in this Court. Thus, it appears that Lewis would oppose any
       attempt to replead by relators.
4      The dissent argues that relators bore the burden of seeking leave to replead in order to preserve error. The dissent relies
       on cases involving formally defective summary-judgment evidence and special exceptions to deficient pleadings. These
       cases are distinguishable. Under the unique scheme set forth in section 33.004, an opportunity to replead is an element
       that must be proved by the party objecting to the motion for leave to designate a responsible third party. It would be
       inconsistent with this statutory scheme to place any burden on the movant to request leave to replead.
5      Courts of appeals have disagreed about whether a party that is aggrieved by a trial judge's erroneous ruling on a
       responsible-third-party issue has an adequate remedy by appeal. Some courts have granted mandamus relief. E.g., In
       re Brokers Logistics, Ltd., 320 S.W.3d 402, 408 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2010, orig. proceeding); In re Arthur Andersen LLP,
       121 S.W.3d 471, 485–86 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, orig. proceeding [mand. denied] ). Others have denied
       mandamus relief, holding that appeal is ordinarily an adequate remedy for such errors. E.g., In re Inv. Capital Corp., No.
       14–09–00105–CV, 2009 WL 310899, at *2 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 4, 2009, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.); In
       re Unitec Elevator Servs. Co., 178 S.W.3d 53, 63–64 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, orig. proceeding); In re Martin,
       147 S.W.3d 453, 459–60 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2004, orig. proceeding, pet. denied).

End of Document                                                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              7
HH
Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp., 997 S.W.2d 203 (1999)
42 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 818

                                                                           Matters which might have been litigated
                    997 S.W.2d 203                                    Res judicata prevents parties and their privies
                Supreme Court of Texas.                               from relitigating a cause of action that has
                                                                      been finally adjudicated by a competent tribunal,
 INGERSOLL–RAND COMPANY, et al., Petitioners,                         as well as claims or defenses that, through
                      v.                                              diligence, should have been litigated in the prior
      VALERO ENERGY CORPORATION,                                      suit but were not.
            et al., Respondents.
                                                                      24 Cases that cite this headnote
            No. 97–1168. | Argued Oct. 21,
         1998. | Decided June 24, 1999. |                       [2]   Judgment
          Opinion On Rehearing Aug. 26, 1999.                             Splitting Cause of Action
        | Rehearing Overruled Sept. 23, 1999.                         Res judicata doctrine is intended to prevent
                                                                      causes of action from being split, thus curbing
Refinery owner sued contractor and subcontractor for
                                                                      vexatious litigation and promoting judicial
damages arising out of construction project. The 117th
                                                                      economy.
District Court, Nueces County, Robert M. Blackmon, J.,
granted defendants motions' for summary judgment asserting            10 Cases that cite this headnote
that indemnity provision barred owner's claim. Owner
appealed. The Corpus Christi Court of Appeals, 866 S.W.2d
252, affirmed. Defendants sought attorney fees and costs        [3]   Judgment
incurred in defending against owner's claims. The District                 Matters for defense in former action as
Court granted summary judgment for owner, and defendants              cause of action in second
appealed. The Court of Appeals, affirmed. Petition for review         Res judicata does not bar a former defendant
was filed. The Supreme Court, Enoch, J., held that: (1)               who asserted no affirmative claim for relief in
indemnity claims for attorney fees against owner were not             an earlier action from stating a claim in a later
compulsory counterclaims at time of initial action; (2) res           action that could have been filed as a cross-claim
judicata doctrine did not bar indemnity claims for attorney           or counterclaim in the earlier action, unless the
fees against owner after entry of take nothing judgment               claim was compulsory in the earlier action.
against owner; (3) subcontractor's claim for attorney fees
                                                                      15 Cases that cite this headnote
under indemnity clause did not accrue until date on which
trial court signed take nothing judgment; (4) contractor's
indemnity claim for attorney fees accrued, despite any          [4]   Set–Off and Counterclaim
anticipatory breach, when contractor made demand for                      Effect of failure to assert or claim;
indemnity and owner refused to perform; and, on rehearing,            compulsory counterclaim
(5) refinery owner's amended petition asserting breach of             Counterclaim is compulsory only if: (1) it is
contract claim in order to attack validity of indemnity               within the jurisdiction of the court; (2) it is not
agreement was barred by doctrine of res judicata.                     at the time of filing the answer the subject of
                                                                      a pending action; (3) the claim is mature and
Judgment of the Court of Appeal reversed and case remanded.           owned by the defendant at the time of filing the
                                                                      answer; (4) it arose out of the same transaction
                                                                      or occurrence that is the subject matter of the
 West Headnotes (14)                                                  opposing party's claim; (5) it is against an
                                                                      opposing party in the same capacity; and (6) it
                                                                      does not require the presence of third parties
 [1]    Judgment                                                      over whom the court cannot acquire jurisdiction.
             Nature and requisites of former recovery as              Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 97(a,
        bar in general                                                d).
        Judgment

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          1
Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp., 997 S.W.2d 203 (1999)
42 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 818

                                                                    was only a defendant in initial action and made
        31 Cases that cite this headnote                            no affirmative claims, and its claim against
                                                                    owner for attorney fees under indemnity clause
 [5]    Set–Off and Counterclaim                                    was thus permissive rather than compulsory in
            Effect of failure to assert or claim;                   relation to owner's initial action.
        compulsory counterclaim
                                                                    3 Cases that cite this headnote
        Claim is mature, for purposes of determining
        whether it is compulsory counterclaim, when it
        has accrued.                                         [9]    Limitation of Actions
                                                                        Indemnity
        12 Cases that cite this headnote                            Indemnity claim does not accrue until all of the
                                                                    potential liabilities of the indemnitee become
 [6]    Indemnity                                                   fixed and certain by judgment, and recovery for
            Accrual of liability                                    attorney fees component of potential liabilities
                                                                    need not be pursued before and separate from
        Broad language that holds an indemnitee
                                                                    remaining components.
        “harmless” against “all claims” and “liabilities”
        evidences an agreement to indemnify against                 24 Cases that cite this headnote
        liability and thus entitles the indemnitee to
        recover when the liability becomes fixed and
        certain, as by rendition of a judgment, whether      [10]   Limitation of Actions
        or not the indemnitee has yet suffered actual                   Indemnity
        damages, as by payment of a judgment.                       Subcontractor's claim for attorney fees against
                                                                    refinery owner under indemnity clause did not
        25 Cases that cite this headnote                            accrue for purposes of statute of limitations
                                                                    until date on which trial court signed summary
 [7]    Set–Off and Counterclaim                                    judgment that refinery owner take nothing in
            Effect of failure to assert or claim;                   its action against subcontractor. V.T.C.A., Civil
        compulsory counterclaim                                     Practice & Remedies Code § 16.004(a)(3).
        Subcontractor's liabilities from refinery owner's           10 Cases that cite this headnote
        suit against subcontractor did not become fixed
        and certain until date of judgment that owner take
        nothing, and thus, subcontractor's claim against     [11]   Limitation of Actions
        owner for attorney fees under indemnification                   Breach of contract in general
        clause was not mature until that date and did not           Limitations may begin to run upon a promisor's
        have to be asserted as compulsory counterclaim              anticipatory repudiation, but only if the
        at time of initial suit. Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules           repudiation is adopted by the nonrepudiating
        Civ.Proc., Rule 97(a, d).                                   party.

        12 Cases that cite this headnote                            8 Cases that cite this headnote

 [8]    Judgment                                             [12]   Contracts
             Matters for defense in former action as                    Renunciation
        cause of action in second                                   Effect of an anticipatory repudiation is to give
        Doctrine of res judicata did not preclude                   the nonrepudiating party the option of treating
        subcontractor from pursuing indemnity claim for             the repudiation as a breach or ignoring the
        attorney fees against refinery owner after entry            repudiation and awaiting the agreed upon time of
        of judgment in owner's initial action against               performance.
        subcontractor, in light of fact that subcontractor

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                      2
Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp., 997 S.W.2d 203 (1999)
42 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 818

                                                              Valero 1 sued Kellogg 2 and Ingersoll–Rand 3 for damages
        9 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                              caused by malfunctioning equipment. Kellogg and Ingersoll–
                                                              Rand installed the equipment during an expansion of
 [13]   Limitation of Actions                                 Valero's oil refinery. Kellogg was the general contractor on
            Demand for performance of contract                the expansion, and Ingersoll–Rand was one of Kellogg's
        Contractor's indemnity claim against refinery         subcontractors. Both Kellogg and Ingersoll–Rand defended
        owner for attorney fees accrued and statute           by asserting that certain indemnification and hold-harmless
        of limitations began to run when contractor           provisions in the Valero–Kellogg contract applied. The
        made demand for indemnity and owner                   trial court concluded that the contract's indemnification
        refused to perform, even assuming owner's             provisions were enforceable and granted interlocutory
        initial petition against contractor acted as          summary judgment for Kellogg and Ingersoll–Rand. The
        unequivocal anticipatory repudiation, given that      court then severed that part of the case, so that Valero could
        contractor was entitled to ignore any anticipatory    appeal the summary judgment. The court of appeals affirmed,
        repudiation, await time of performance, and sue       and that judgment is now final. 4
        after actual breach of indemnity clause when
        owner refused to pay.                                 During that appeal, the trial court abated the remaining
                                                              claims. After the abatement was lifted, Kellogg and Ingersoll–
        14 Cases that cite this headnote                      Rand moved for summary judgment, seeking attorney's fees
                                                              under the indemnity provisions upheld in Valero I. Valero
 [14]   Judgment                                              filed its own motion for summary judgment, asserting that
            Contracts in general                              Kellogg's and Ingersoll–Rand's claims for attorney's fees
        Refinery owner's amended petition asserting           were compulsory counterclaims barred by res judicata and
        breach of contract claim to attack validity of        by the statute of limitations. The trial court granted Valero
        indemnity agreement was barred by doctrine            summary judgment. The court of appeals affirmed. 5
        of res judicata, where amended petition was
        attempt to recast owner's prior tort challenge        The pivotal question in this case is when does an indemnitee's
        to indemnity agreement, upon which adverse            contractual claim for indemnification mature for purposes
        judgment already had been rendered, as contract       of the compulsory counterclaim rule. We adhere to the
        claim. Restatement (Second) of Judgments §§           longstanding rule that a claim based on a contract that
        24, 25(1).                                            provides indemnification from liability does not accrue until
                                                              the indemnitee's liability becomes fixed and certain. Applying
        13 Cases that cite this headnote                      this rule, we conclude that Kellogg's and Ingersoll–Rand's
                                                              indemnity claims did not accrue until the trial court's rendition
                                                              of summary judgment in Valero I. Accordingly, neither res
                                                              judicata nor limitations bar Kellogg's and Ingersoll–Rand's
Attorneys and Law Firms                                       claims. We reverse the court of appeals' judgment and remand
                                                              to the trial court for further proceedings.
*204 John B. Shely, Houston, Audrey Mullert Vicknair,
Roberta Shellum Dohse, Corpus Christi, Dimitri Zgourides,
Kendall M. Gray, Joseph A. Katarincic, Houston, Paul W.
Nye, Harvey Ferguson, Jr., Corpus Christi, for Petitioners.                              Valero I

*205 Thomas H. Watkins, C.A. Davis, Austin, Gilberto          Valero sued Kellogg in 1986 over mechanical malfunctions
Hinojosa, Brownsville, James K. McClendon, Elizabeth G.       allegedly resulting from Kellogg's flawed installation
Bloch, Austin, for Respondents.                               of refinery equipment. Valero pleaded fraudulent
                                                              misrepresentation, breach of contract, violations of the
                                                              Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act, 6 breach of implied
Justice ENOCH delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
                                                              and express warranties, products liability, negligence, gross
                                                              negligence, and intentional misconduct. Valero added

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Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp., 997 S.W.2d 203 (1999)
42 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 818

Ingersoll–Rand as a defendant in 1989, after a piece             between the time summary judgment was entered and the time
of equipment supplied by Ingersoll–Rand exploded. The            the severance order was entered, but more than five years
suit eventually came to include a host of cross-claims,          after Valero first sued Kellogg. After the trial court dissolved
counterclaims, and third-party claims not at issue here.         the abatement, Ingersoll–Rand initiated its own counterclaim
                                                                 against Valero for attorney's fees and costs. This claim was
Kellogg and Ingersoll–Rand answered Valero's petition,           raised more than five years after Valero added Ingersoll–Rand
asserting that the contract's indemnity provision barred         as a defendant.
Valero's *206 claims. Both relied on the following contract
provision:                                                       Kellogg and Ingersoll–Rand filed a joint motion for summary
                                                                 judgment asserting that the contract's indemnity provision,
            6.8 OWNER [Valero] shall release,                    held enforceable in Valero I, entitled each to attorney's fees,
            defend,       indemnify     and    hold              court costs, and litigation expenses incurred in Valero I.
            harmless CONTRACTOR [Kellogg],                       Valero responded with a motion for summary judgment,
            its subcontractors [Ingersoll–Rand]                  asserting two affirmative defenses: (1) Kellogg and Ingersoll–
            and affiliates and their employees                   Rand's counterclaims were compulsory, had not been asserted
            performing services under this                       in Valero I, and were therefore precluded by res judicata; and
            Agreement against all claims,                        (2) the four-year statute of limitations for breach of contract
            liabilities, loss or expense, including
                                                                 barred the claims. 8
            legal fees and court costs in connection
            therewith, arising out of or in
                                                                 Without specifying grounds, the trial court granted Valero's
            connection with this Agreement or
                                                                 motion for summary judgment, and denied Kellogg and
            the Work to be performed hereunder,
                                                                 Ingersoll–Rand's motion. The court of appeals affirmed,
            including losses attributable to
                                                                 holding that Ingersoll–Rand's counterclaim was compulsory
            CONTRACTOR'S negligence, to
                                                                 and barred by res judicata, and Kellogg's claim was barred
            the extent CONTRACTOR is not
            compensated by insurance carried                     by limitations. 9 Kellogg and Ingersoll–Rand each petitioned
            under this ARTICLE....                               for review.

Valero replied that the contract's indemnity provision was       Because resolution of the issues we consider in Ingersoll–
unenforceable as against public policy. On this issue, each      Rand's appeal disposes of issues presented by Kellogg's
side filed competing motions for summary judgment.               appeal, we consider Ingersoll–Rand's appeal first.

The trial court granted Kellogg's and Ingersoll–Rand's
motions for summary judgment, denied Valero's motion,
                                                                                   Ingersoll–Rand's Appeal
and rendered judgment that Valero take nothing on its
claims against Kellogg and Ingersoll–Rand. That matter           The court of appeals held that Ingersoll–Rand's claim for
was severed, and the remaining issues were abated pending        attorney's fees was a compulsory counterclaim that Ingersoll–
appeal. Valero appealed, and the court of appeals affirmed the   Rand should have brought in Valero I; and, therefore, res
trial court's judgment on June 30, 1993. 7 This Court denied     judicata barred the claim in Valero II. We disagree.
Valero's application for writ of error on April 20, 1994, and
overruled its motion for rehearing of the application on June     [1] [2] [3] Res judicata prevents parties and their privies
2, 1994. That judgment is final.                                 from relitigating a cause of action that has been finally
                                                                 adjudicated by a competent tribunal. 10 Also precluded
                                                                  *207 are claims or defenses that, through diligence, should
                          Valero II                              have been litigated in the prior suit but were not. 11 The
                                                                 doctrine is intended to prevent causes of action from being
One of the remaining abated claims was Kellogg's                 split, thus curbing vexatious litigation and promoting judicial
counterclaim for attorney's fees and costs incurred in
                                                                 economy. 12 Res judicata, however, does not bar a former
defending against Valero. Kellogg filed the counterclaim
                                                                 defendant who asserted no affirmative claim for relief in

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Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp., 997 S.W.2d 203 (1999)
42 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 818

an earlier action from stating a claim in a later action that        a liability indemnification clause does not accrue, and thus is
could have been filed as a cross-claim or counterclaim in the        not mature, until the indemnitee's liability to the party seeking
earlier action, unless the claim was compulsory in the earlier       damages becomes fixed and certain. 20
       13
action. Here, the court of appeals concluded that Ingersoll–
Rand's claim was compulsory.                                          [7] When Ingersoll–Rand was added as a defendant in
                                                                     Valero I, it was entirely conceivable that Ingersoll–Rand
 [4] But a counterclaim is compulsory only if: (1) it is within      might sustain extensive liabilities because of Valero's claims
the jurisdiction of the court; (2) it is not at the time of filing   for damages. And Ingersoll–Rand, presumably, would have
the answer the subject of a pending action; (3) the claim is         sought indemnification for all such liabilities under the
mature and owned by the defendant at the time of filing the          contract's indemnity provision. Any claim Ingersoll–Rand
answer; (4) it arose out of the same transaction or occurrence       could have asserted, however, could not have accrued until
that is the subject matter of the opposing party's claim; (5)        all of Ingersoll–Rand's potential liabilities to Valero became
it is against an opposing party in the same capacity; and (6)        fixed and certain by rendition of a judgment.
it does not require the presence of third parties over whom
the court cannot acquire jurisdiction. 14 A claim having all         In Valero I, the trial court rendered summary judgment for
of these elements must be asserted in the initial action and         Ingersoll–Rand that Valero take nothing on its claims for
                                                                     damages. That judgment was signed on October 25, 1991.
cannot be asserted in later actions. 15
                                                                     Ingersoll–Rand's liabilities became fixed and certain at zero
                                                                     for Valero's tort, DTPA, and contract damages plus the total
To meet its summary judgment burden on the affirmative
                                                                     amount of attorney's fees and costs incurred in defending
defense that Ingersoll–Rand's claim was compulsory and
                                                                     against Valero when summary judgment was rendered in
barred by res judicata, Valero had to prove that Ingersoll–
Rand's counterclaim satisfied each element above. Ingersoll–         Valero I. 21 Because Valero demonstrated no time earlier than
Rand asserts that its indemnity claim for attorney's fees was        the date of judgment in Valero I by which Ingersoll–Rand's
not compulsory because the claim could not have become               liabilities became fixed and certain, the third element of the
mature before the trial court's rendition of summary judgment        compulsory counterclaim rule—maturity of the claim—was
in Valero I.                                                         not satisfied.

                                                                Our reasoning is bolstered by commentary on the analogous
 [5]     [6] A claim is mature when it has accrued. 16 To
                                                                federal rule. The Texas compulsory counterclaim rule is based
determine the correct accrual date of an indemnity claim we
look to the contract's indemnity provision. There are two       on Rule 13 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 22 In
types of indemnity agreements, those that indemnify against     commenting on Federal Rule 13(a)'s condition that a claim
                                                                must be mature in order to be compulsory, Professors Wright
liabilities and those that indemnify against damages. 17 Broad
                                                                and Miller state:
language, like that in this contract, that holds the indemnitee
“harmless” against “all claims” and “liabilities” evidences an
agreement to indemnify against liability. 18 Such provisions           This exception to the compulsory counterclaim
entitle the indemnitee to recover when the liability becomes           requirement necessarily encompasses a claim that depends
fixed and certain, as by rendition of a judgment, whether or           upon the outcome of some other lawsuit and thus does not
not the indemnitee has yet suffered actual damages, as by              come into existence until the action upon which it is based
payment of a judgment. 19                                              has terminated. For example, ... a claim for contribution
                                                                       cannot be compulsory in the action whose judgment is the
 *208 Valero's suit presented the rather anomalous situation            subject of the contribution suit. 23
of an indemnitor (Valero) acting concurrently as the plaintiff       Likewise, an indemnity claim cannot be compulsory in the
seeking damages from the indemnitee (Ingersoll–Rand).                action whose judgment is the subject of the indemnity suit.
The more common scenario for an indemnification dispute              In a suit for either contribution or indemnity the injury upon
involves three separate and distinct parties: plaintiff (party       which suit might be based does not arise until some liability
one), indemnitee (party two), and indemnitor (party three).          is established. In this case, as in a contribution claim against a
Despite the unusual factual setting here, we find no persuasive      joint tortfeasor, liability could not have been established until
reason not to apply the longstanding rule that a claim under         judgment was rendered.

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Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp., 997 S.W.2d 203 (1999)
42 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 818

                                                                    elements were not met by Ingersoll–Rand's potential claims
The court of appeals relied heavily on Getty Oil v. Insurance       in Valero I. Thus, Ingersoll–Rand's claims in Valero II are not
Company of North America 24 in reaching a different                 barred.
conclusion. In Getty we stated:
                                                                    As the court of appeals points out, and as we said in Getty,
                                                                    we have held that an indemnitee may bring a claim against
   *209 The contingent nature of these claims, however,             an indemnitor before the judgment is assigned against the
  does not preclude the operation of res judicata. We held in       indemnitee. 28 That is indeed what Getty did. We allow such
  Barr [v. Resolution Trust Corp.] that “[a] subsequent suit        claims to be brought, in the interest of judicial economy, as
  will be barred if it arises out of the same subject matter of a
                                                                    an exception to the accrual rule for indemnity claims. 29 Such
  previous suit and which, through the exercise of diligence,
                                                                    claims are contingent on accrual. But we have never held
  could have been litigated in a prior suit.” 837 S.W.2d at
                                                                    that an indemnitee must state such claims in the initial suit to
  631. Getty could have asserted its present claims in the
                                                                    preserve them. As we specifically noted in Getty, such claims
  [previous] suit, with their resolution being contingent on
                                                                    are permissive. 30 None of the cases we cited in Getty, for
   the plaintiffs' claims. 25
                                                                    the *210 proposition that an indemnitee may file a claim
In all respects, we stand by Getty. But Getty's language cannot
                                                                    for indemnification before judgment is rendered, stand for the
be applied without considering the case's factual context.
                                                                    proposition that contingent indemnity claims must be brought
                                                                    in the initial action. Rather, the cases cited in Getty hold that
In Getty we held that an indemnitee (Getty) was barred by
                                                                    it is merely permissive for such claims to be brought before
res judicata from maintaining a claim against an indemnitor
(NL Industries), because Getty had sought the same relief           judgment in the initial action. 31
under a different theory in an earlier suit. In the earlier
wrongful death suit Getty and NL were co-defendants, and            The fact that attorney's fees and costs were the only liabilities
Getty chose to file a permissive cross-claim against NL based       for which Ingersoll–Rand was eventually entitled to seek
on indemnification language in their contract. By taking this       indemnity does not change our conclusion. It is true that
action Getty put itself in the same position, for purposes of res   a counterclaim for attorney's fees will in most cases be
judicata, as a plaintiff filing a cause of action for damages. We   compulsory. 32 We do not dispute the legal basis of such a
specifically held this to be so in Getty. 26 As the plaintiff for   statement because a claim for attorney's fees will generally
res judicata purposes, Getty was subject to the general rule of     satisfy the elements of the compulsory counterclaim rule.
res judicata that any cause of action that arises out of the same   However, an indemnity claim based on an agreement to
subject matter should, if practicable, be litigated in the same     indemnify against liabilities has different characteristics than
                                                                    a simple claim for attorney's fees. The attorney's fees are
lawsuit. 27 In the second suit, Getty was the actual plaintiff.
                                                                    certain to be incurred as soon as an attorney is retained, while
Its claim again involved asserting indemnity provisions as the
                                                                    liabilities covered by an indemnity agreement in any given
basis for damages. Because Getty could have asserted those
                                                                    case may never be incurred depending on the outcome of the
claims in the earlier action but did not, res judicata barred the
                                                                    case. This difference is significant.
claims.

                                                                    Consider Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company v.
 [8] We face a different situation here. In relation to Valero,
Ingersoll–Rand was a defendant only and made no affirmative         Kaminsky, 33 another case upon which the court of appeals
claims for relief in Valero I. Ingersoll–Rand, like Getty, could    relied. In Kaminsky the court concluded that a contractual
have stated a permissive claim against Valero, but it did not.      claim for attorney's fees, even though contingent on the
This fact is significant because of the rule we pointed out         outcome of the suit, was mature and compulsory. 34
earlier: the doctrine of res judicata does not bar claims against   The contractual provision on which Dr. Kaminsky relied
the plaintiff from an earlier suit by a defendant from the          established his contractual right to attorney's fees contingent
earlier suit, unless the later claims were compulsory in the        on the result of the suit, but it did not indemnify him against
earlier suit. Because Ingersoll–Rand, unlike Getty, made no         other liabilities generally. It was not an indemnification
affirmative claims in the first suit, res judicata does not bar     agreement. Thus, the general rule that a cause of action
Ingersoll–Rand's later claims unless they were compulsory.          accrues when facts come into existence that authorize the
But, as we explained earlier, the compulsory counterclaim

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Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp., 997 S.W.2d 203 (1999)
42 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 818

claimant to seek a judicial remedy applied in Kaminsky. 35          properly preserved through the severance order for later
Dr. Kaminsky's claim for attorney's fees accrued when he first      adjudication, and res judicata does not bar it.
incurred fees.
                                                                    As to Valero's statute of limitations defense, limitations could
 [9] As we have explained, a specific accrual rule applies          not have began to run before Kellogg's indemnity claim
to claims for indemnification: an indemnity claim does not          became fixed and certain. Like Ingersoll–Rand, Kellogg's
accrue until all of the potential liabilities of the indemnitee     claim did not become fixed and certain until judgment was
become fixed and certain. This specific rule is consistent with     signed in Valero I. Kellogg filed its claim on November 20,
the general accrual rule. The facts that entitle an indemnitee      1991, less than a month after summary judgment was signed
to seek indemnification through suit come into existence            in Valero I, and well within the four-year limitations period.
when the indemnitee's liabilities become fixed and certain by
judgment.                                                            [11] [12] [13] The court of appeals, however, held that
                                                                    limitations began to run on Kellogg's indemnification claim
While attorney's fees will almost always be a component             when Valero filed suit on July 11, 1986, because Valero's suit
of an indemnitee's total liabilities, we decline to hold that       acted as a repudiation of the contract's indemnity provision.
recovery for the attorney's fees component of an indemnitee's       It is true that limitations may begin to run upon a promisor's
potential liability must be pursued before and separate from        anticipatory repudiation, but only if the repudiation is adopted
the remaining components. An indemnification claim does             by the nonrepudiating party. 40 Valero contends that its
not accrue until all of the indemnitee's liabilities become fixed   petition in Valero I was an unequivocal repudiation of its
and certain.                                                        duty to indemnify. However, the effect of such an anticipatory
                                                                    repudiation is to give the nonrepudiating party the option of
Because we resolve Valero's res judicata claim by applying          treating the repudiation as a breach or ignoring the repudiation
the compulsory counterclaim rule, we need not consider              and awaiting the agreed upon time of performance. 41 Thus,
Ingersoll–Rand's assertion that Valero waived, by Rule 11           even if Valero's petition acted as an unequivocal repudiation,
agreement, 36 the right to assert res judicata.                     an issue we do not decide, Kellogg was still entitled to await
                                                                    the time of performance and sue only after an actual breach
 [10] Valero also asserted in its motion for summary                of the indemnity clause. Valero did not breach its agreement
judgment that the four-year statute of limitations for contract     to indemnify Kellogg until Kellogg made a demand for
claims barred Ingersoll–Rand's claims for attorney's fees. 37       indemnity, and Valero refused to perform. It was only at this
To prevail on the limitations affirmative defense, Valero had       time that the statute of limitations began to run.
the burden of conclusively proving when the cause of action
                                                                    The record reveals that Kellogg made its demand for
accrued. 38 Ingersoll–Rand's claim *211 did not accrue until
                                                                    attorney's fees on November 20, 1991, and filed its claims
October 25, 1991, the date that the trial court signed summary
                                                                    for attorney's fees on the same day. Thus, even if Valero
judgment in Valero I. 39 Because Ingersoll–Rand filed its           repudiated the contract, Kellogg still satisfied the statute of
claim for attorney's fees on September 16, 1994, less than four     limitations.
years after the trial court's judgment, the four-year statute of
limitations does not bar Ingersoll–Rand's claim.

                                                                                             Conclusion

                      Kellogg's Appeal                              Kellogg and Ingersoll–Rand's claims for attorney's fees were
                                                                    not compulsory counterclaims and are not barred by res
Our conclusions above largely dispose of Valero's claims            judicata. Further, the claims were filed within the applicable
against Kellogg. Like Ingersoll–Rand, Kellogg's claim for           limitations period. Accordingly, we reverse the court of
attorney's fees did not accrue until summary judgment was           appeals' judgment and remand to the trial *212 court for
rendered in Valero I. Consequently, Kellogg's claim was             further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
not compulsory. In any event, Kellogg filed its claim one
month before severance in the original action while summary
judgment was still interlocutory. As such, the claim was

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Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp., 997 S.W.2d 203 (1999)
42 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 818

Justice OWEN did not participate in the decision.
                                                                  Valero's cross-point has no merit. Valero's late-filed amended
                                                                  petition circumvents the trial court's adverse ruling in Valero
                     ON REHEARING                                 I. In Valero I, Valero attacked the validity of the indemnity
                                                                  agreement. By its late-filed amended petition, Valero recast
 [14] Like Kellogg, which filed its claim for attorney's
                                                                  its attack on the indemnity provision as a breach of contract
fees in Valero I after judgment was rendered but before
                                                                  claim, which is classic claim-splitting. This, Valero cannot
severance was granted, Valero filed an amended petition.
Unlike Kellogg, which for the first time asserted a claim         do. 3 The subject of the judgment in Valero I was Valero's
for affirmative relief, Valero repackaged its original tort       liability under the indemnity provision; it cannot escape the
claim upon which the adverse judgment had been rendered           effect of that judgment through a late-filed amended petition,
as a contract claim. Valero urged in the court of appeals         whether there was a severance order or not. The trial court
by conditional cross-point that if res judicata did not bar       properly concluded that Valero's “new” breach of contract
Kellogg's claim, then likewise, res judicata would not bar its    claim is barred by res judicata.
breach of contract claim. The court of appeals, because of
its disposition of the appeal, did not consider Valero's cross-   Our opinion and judgment of June 24, 1999 remain
                                                                  unchanged.
point. 1 But because we are reversing and remanding this case
to the trial court, Valero, on motion for rehearing, reminds us
of its cross-point and we consider it now. 2                      All Citations

                                                                  997 S.W.2d 203, 42 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 818

Footnotes
1      Valero Energy Corp. appears individually and as parent corporation of Valero Refining & Marketing Co. Valero Refining &
       Marketing Co. (formerly known as Saber Energy, Inc.) appears individually and as parent corporation of Valero Refining
       Co. Valero Refining Co. (formerly known as Saber Refining Co.) appears individually. We refer to these respondents
       as “Valero.”
2      We refer to petitioners, M.W. Kellogg Co., M.W. Constructors, Inc., M.W. Kellogg Constructors, Inc., Kellogg Rust
       Synfuels, Inc., and Henley/MWK Holdings, Inc., as “Kellogg.”
3      We refer to petitioners, Ingersoll–Rand Co., and Dresser–Rand Co., as “Ingersoll–Rand.”
4      See Valero Energy Corp. v. Kellogg Constr. Co., 866 S.W.2d 252 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1993, writ denied) (“Valero
       I ”).
5      See 953 S.W.2d 861 (“Valero II ”).
6      See TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE § 17.46.
7      See Valero I, 866 S.W.2d 252.
8      See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 16.004(a)(3).
9      953 S.W.2d at 866, 868.
10     See Getty Oil Co. v. Insurance Co. of N. Am., 845 S.W.2d 794, 798 (Tex.1992) (citing Barr v. Resolution Trust Corp.,
       837 S.W.2d 627, 630 (Tex.1992)), cert denied, 510 U.S. 820, 114 S. Ct. 76, 126 L. Ed. 2d 45 (1993); Gracia v. RC Cola–
       7–Up Bottling Co., 667 S.W.2d 517, 519 (Tex.1984); Texas Water Rights Comm'n v. Crow Iron Works, 582 S.W.2d 768,
       771–72 (Tex.1979).
11     See Barr, 837 S.W.2d at 629.
12     See id.; Jeanes v. Henderson, 688 S.W.2d 100, 103 (Tex.1985).
13     See TEX.R. CIV. P. 97(a); Valley Forge Ins. Co. v. Ryan, 824 S.W.2d 236, 238–39 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1992, no writ);
       Lesbrookton, Inc. v. Jackson, 796 S.W.2d 276, 281 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 1990, writ denied); Swiss Ave. Bank v. Slivka,
       724 S.W.2d 394, 396 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1986, no writ).
14     See TEX.R. CIV. P. 97(a) & (d); Wyatt v. Shaw Plumbing Co., 760 S.W.2d 245, 247 (Tex.1988); see also Denbina v. City
       of Hurst, 516 S.W.2d 460, 463 (Tex.Civ.App.—Tyler 1974, no writ) (“Under Sections (a) and (d) of [Rule 97] a party is
       not required to file a counterclaim unless the claim is mature at the time the answer is due.”) (citing McDonald, Texas
       Civil Practice, § 7.49, p. 285 (1970)).

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Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp., 997 S.W.2d 203 (1999)
42 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 818

15     See Wyatt, 760 S.W.2d at 247.
16     See, e.g., Ryan, 824 S.W.2d at 239; Stille v. Colborn, 740 S.W.2d 42, 44 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1987, writ denied);
       Gray v. Kirkland, 550 S.W.2d 410, 411 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi 1977, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
17     See Tubb v. Bartlett, 862 S.W.2d 740, 750 (Tex.App.—El Paso 1993, writ denied); Russell v. Lemons, 205 S.W.2d 629,
       631 (Tex.Civ.App.—Amarillo 1947, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
18     See, e.g., Tubb, 862 S.W.2d at 750; Bernard v. L.S.S. Corp., 532 S.W.2d 409, 410 (Tex.Civ.App.—Austin 1976, writ
       ref'd n.r.e.).
19     See Tubb, 862 S.W.2d at 750; Russell, 205 S.W.2d at 631.
20     See Humana Hosp. Corp. v. American Med. Sys., Inc., 785 S.W.2d 144, 145 (Tex.1990); Pope v. Hays, 19 Tex. 375,
       379–80 (1857); Tubb, 862 S.W.2d at 750; Holland v. Fidelity & Deposit Co., 623 S.W.2d 469, 470 (Tex.App.—Corpus
       Christi 1981, no writ); Pate v. Tellepsen Constr. Co., 596 S.W.2d 548, 552 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1980, writ
       ref'd n.r.e.); Bernard, 532 S.W.2d at 410; Texas Auto Servs., Inc. v. Kemp, 478 S.W.2d 646, 648 (Tex.Civ.App.—Austin
       1972, no writ); Russell, 205 S.W.2d at 631.
21     See, e.g., Pope, 19 Tex. at 379; Tubb, 862 S.W.2d at 750; Kemp, 478 S.W.2d at 648; Russell, 205 S.W.2d at 631.
22     See TEX.R. CIV. P. 97, Notes and Comments.
23     6 Charles Alan Wright and Arthur R. Miller, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 1411, at 82–84 (2d ed.1990)
       (footnotes omitted) (emphasis added).
24     845 S.W.2d 794 (Tex.1992).
25     Id. at 799.
26     See id. at 800 (“The cross-claimant [Getty] becomes a plaintiff for res judicata purposes, and is required to assert all
       claims against the cross-defendant arising from the subject matter of the original cross-claim.”).
27     See Barr, 837 S.W.2d at 630.
28     See Getty, 845 S.W.2d at 799 (citing Gulf, Colo. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. McBride, 159 Tex. 442, 322 S.W.2d 492, 495
       (1958); Mitchell's, Inc. v. Friedman, 157 Tex. 424, 303 S.W.2d 775, 779 (1957); K & S Oil Well Serv., Inc. v. Cabot Corp.,
       491 S.W.2d 733, 739 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi 1973, writ ref'd n.r.e.)).
29     See id. (“Forcing the indemnity suit to wait for judgment in the liability suit ‘would contravene the policy of the courts to
       encourage settlements and to minimize litigation.’ ”) (citation omitted).
30     See id.
31     See id.
32     See, e.g., Fidelity Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Kaminsky, 820 S.W.2d 878, 882 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1991, writ denied).
33     Id.
34     Id.
35     See Murray v. San Jacinto Agency, Inc., 800 S.W.2d 826, 828 (Tex.1990).
36     See TEX.R. CIV. P. 11.
37     See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 16.004(a)(3).
38     See KPMG Peat Marwick v. Harrison County Hous. Fin. Corp., 988 S.W.2d 746, 748 (Tex.1999); Burns v. Thomas, 786
S.W.2d 266, 267 (Tex.1990); Willis v. Maverick, 760 S.W.2d 642, 646 (Tex.1988).
39     See City of San Antonio v. Talerico, 98 Tex. 151, 81 S.W. 518, 520 (1904); Koonce v. Quaker Safety Prod. & Mfg. Co.,
       798 F.2d 700, 706–13 (5th Cir.1986) (discussing application of Texas law); see also Maurice T. Brunner, Annotation,
       When Statute of Limitations Commences to Run Against Claim for Contribution or Indemnity Based on Tort, 57 A.L.R. 3d
867, 875–76 (1974).
40     See Hubble v. Lone Star Contracting Corp., 883 S.W.2d 379, 382 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1994, writ denied).
41     See Murray v. Crest Constr., Inc., 900 S.W.2d 342, 344 (Tex.1995); Greenwall Theatrical Circuit Co. v. Markowitz, 97
Tex. 479, 79 S.W. 1069, 1071 (1904); America's Favorite Chicken Co. v. Samaras, 929 S.W.2d 617, 626 (Tex.App.—
       San Antonio 1996, writ denied).
1      See 953 S.W.2d at 869.
2      See TEX.R.APP. P. 53.4.
3      See RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF JUDGMENTS §§ 24, 25(1); Barr v. Resolution Trust Corp., 837 S.W.2d 627, 629–
       31 (Tex.1992).

End of Document                                                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             9
II
Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

                                                                           submission,” is not mandatory. Vernon's
                                                                           Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 277.
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
Distinguished by Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. v. Sevcik,   Tex.,          2 Cases that cite this headnote
 September 26, 2008

                     942 S.W.2d 186                                  [2]   Appeal and Error
                 Court of Appeals of Texas,                                   Nature of Error or Defect
                        Beaumont.                                          Appeal and Error
                                                                              Necessity of Timely Objection
           Reuben A. ISERN, M.D., Appellant,
                         v.                                                Physician waived any alleged error as to conflict
                                                                           in jury findings in malpractice action, where
       Helen WATSON and Rix Watson, Appellees.
                                                                           physician failed to object to receipt of verdict or
           No. 09–95–344 CV. | Submitted                                   at time that any of jury's findings were in conflict
       Dec. 5, 1996. | Decided March 20, 1997.                             before discharge of jury.

Patient brought medical malpractice against physician to                   3 Cases that cite this headnote
recover for amputation of leg, after physician's alleged
negligence in failing to properly diagnose and treat patient,        [3]   Trial
or to seek consultation from specialist. Following remand,                      Failure to Answer Interrogatories or Make
782 S.W.2d 546, the 60th District Court, Jefferson County,                 Findings
Gary Sanderson, J., entered judgment for patient, reduced
                                                                           Affirmative finding as to one question on verdict
award by patient's contributory negligence, and awarded
                                                                           form which will sustain judgment can never
patient $3,091,495.43. Physician appealed and patient cross-
                                                                           conflict with unanswered question.
appealed. The Court of Appeals, Ron Carr, J. (Assigned),
held that: (1) jury's findings were not in conflict; (2) patient's         1 Cases that cite this headnote
expert was entitled to testify that physician was negligent; (3)
whether physician was negligent in failing to perform test on
                                                                     [4]   Health
patient was question for jury; (4) expert testimony supported
                                                                               Verdict and Findings
damage award of $5,500 in future medical expenses; (5)
patient's testimony supported damage award of $200,000 for                 Negative finding of jury question regarding
future physical pain or mental anguish; (6) patient's reference            physician's alleged negligence in failure to obtain
to insurance during closing argument did not warrant grant of              arteriogram, and affirmative finding of question
mistrial; (7) total damage award was not excessive; and (8)                as to whether physician was negligent in failing
whether patient was contributorily negligent was question for              to hospitalize patient for further diagnosis, tests,
jury.                                                                      or medical evaluation did not create conflict of
                                                                           jury answers in malpractice action; questions
Affirmed.                                                                  did not involve same subject matter, but rather
                                                                           related to two different negligence claims.

                                                                           Cases that cite this headnote
 West Headnotes (25)
                                                                     [5]   Health
 [1]     Trial                                                                 Verdict and Findings
              Form in General                                              Jury's affirmative answer to question regarding
         Submission of jury question that encompasses                      alleged negligence in physician's failure to
         more than one independent ground of liability                     hospitalize patient and jury's refusal to find
         in same question, known as “broad-form                            that physician was negligent in failing to have
                                                                           patient's injury evaluated by cardiovascular

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               1
Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

        specialists were not in conflict in malpractice             Damage award of $5,500 in future medical
        action.                                                     expenses to patient whose leg was amputated as
                                                                    result of physician's negligence was supported by
        Cases that cite this headnote                               expert testimony that patient would be confined
                                                                    to wheelchair for life, that she would be deprived
 [6]    Courts                                                      of normal exercise and activities which could
            Trial or Evidence, Rulings Relating To                  cause future problems, and she would require
                                                                    “future follow-up.”
        Determination in medical malpractice action that
        fact issue existed as to whether physician was              Cases that cite this headnote
        negligent in failing to use doppler instrument,
        and in failing to hospitalize patient for further
        observation and further testing, was law of case     [11]   Damages
        on retrial.                                                    Particular Cases
                                                                    Health
        Cases that cite this headnote                                   Amount
                                                                    Damage award of $200,000 for future physical
 [7]    Evidence                                                    pain or mental anguish to patient whose leg was
            Matters Directly in Issue                               amputated as result of physician's negligence
        Physician who testified as expert for patient in            was supported by testimony of patient as to
        medical malpractice action was provided with                her ongoing pain and inability to do things she
        proper legal definition of negligence, and thus             formerly did, that she and her husband no longer
        was entitled to testify that defendant physician            had normal sex life, and fact that patient had 20
        was negligent.                                              years of life expectancy.

        2 Cases that cite this headnote                             Cases that cite this headnote

 [8]    Evidence                                             [12]   Damages
            Due Care and Proper Conduct                                Particular Cases
        Medical expert evidence that is based on                    Pure mental anguish associated with loss of leg
        reasonable medical probability, other than                  will support $200,000 damage award.
        ultimate issue evidence, will support jury finding
                                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
        in malpractice action.

        1 Cases that cite this headnote                      [13]   Husband and Wife
                                                                         Personal Injuries to Wife Resulting in Loss
 [9]    Health                                                      of Services or Consortium, Impairment of
            Questions of Law or Fact and Directed                   Earning Capacity, or Expenses
        Verdicts                                                    Husband and Wife
        Whether physician was negligent in failing to                   Personal Injuries to Husband
        perform test on 270–pound patient who hurt her              Loss of services of spouse as homemaker,
        leg when she fell down was question for jury in             loss of marital rights, and loss of society and
        patient's medical malpractice action.                       companionship do not all constitute loss of
                                                                    consortium, but rather provide separate bases for
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                             recovery of damages by spouse for harm to other
                                                                    spouse.
 [10]   Evidence
                                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
            Damages

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        2
Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

                                                                         Arguments and Conduct of Counsel
 [14]   Trial
                                                                    In determining whether improper argument
             In General; Duty of Court
                                                                    caused improper verdict, appellate court must
        Patient's reference to insurance during closing             examine argument in light of whole case,
        argument of medical malpractice action did                  beginning with voir dire and ending with
        not cause rendition of improper verdict, and                closing argument, looking at length of argument,
        thus did not warrant grant of mistrial; at most             whether it was repeated or abandoned, whether
        reference was casual or inadvertent reference               there was cumulative error, and probable effect
        to insurance coverage and at least as having                of argument on material finding.
        different connotations. Rules App.Proc., Rule
        81(b)(1).                                                   Cases that cite this headnote

        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             [18]   Appeal and Error
                                                                       Reference to Insurance or Other Indemnity
 [15]   Appeal and Error
                                                                    Complaining party must establish that mere
           Requests and Failure to Give Instructions
                                                                    injection of word “insurance” in argument
        Appeal and Error                                            actually caused improper verdict to warrant
           Necessity of Timely Objection                            mistrial or reversal; in absence of clear showing
        Physician waived any error of objectionable                 that any reference to insurance resulted in any
        argument from patient's reference to insurance              harm or prejudice, refusal to declare mistrial is
        in closing argument of malpractice action, where            not error.
        physician failed to timely object and request
        instruction that jury disregard argument.                   1 Cases that cite this headnote

        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             [19]   Interest
                                                                         Constitutional and Statutory Provisions
 [16]   Appeal and Error                                            Tort Reform Act which required prejudgment
           Arguments and Conduct of Counsel                         interest on future damages applied to medical
        Appeal and Error                                            malpractice action even though action was
           At Trial or Hearing                                      commenced prior to effective date, since action
        Appeal and Error                                            proceeded to retrial following appeal. Vernon's
           Error Committed or Invited by Party                      Ann.Texas Civ.St. art. 5069–1.05, § 6.
        Complaining
                                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
        Appeal and Error
           Arguments and Conduct of Counsel
                                                             [20]   Interest
        To establish reversible error in jury argument,
                                                                         Prejudgment Interest in General
        appellant must prove argument was not invited
        or provoked, was preserved by proper trial                  There exists no necessity to segregate past and
        predicate such as objection, motion to instruct,            future damages to award prejudgment interest on
        or motion for mistrial, that error was not curable          future damages.
        by instruction, prompt withdrawal of statement,
                                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
        or reprimand from court, and that argument
        constituted reversible harmful error.
                                                             [21]   Constitutional Law
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                                 Tort or Financial Liabilities
                                                                    Interest
 [17]   Appeal and Error                                                 Torts; Wrongful Death

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                       3
Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

        Prejudgment interest in tort cases does not
        violate defendant's constitutional due process
        safeguards. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14.
                                                               Attorneys and Law Firms
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               *189 Denice Smith, Houston, Jo Ben Whittenburg, Orgain,
                                                               Bell & Tucker, Beaumont, for appellant.
 [22]   Health
            Amount                                             John H. Holloway, Houston, for appellee.

        Damage award in excess of $3.1 million was not         Before BURGESS, STOVER and CARR, JJ.
        excessive in medical malpractice action in which
        patient suffered amputation of leg as result of
        physician's negligence.
                                                                                         OPINION
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               CARR, Justice 1 .

 [23]   Evidence                                               This is a medical malpractice case which arises out of
            Construction                                       appellees Helen and Rix Watson's claim that appellant, Dr.
        Counsel for physician who was defendant in             Reuben A. Isern, was negligent in failing to properly diagnose
        medical malpractice action did not make judicial       and treat Mrs. Watson, or to seek a consultation from a
        admission that patient was not contributorily          specialist, during her visit to a hospital emergency room after
        negligent when, during closing argument, he            a fall. The Watsons claimed at trial that the alleged acts or
        stated, “you haven't heard me claim anything           omissions of Dr. Isern caused Mrs. Watson's leg to be later
        about [patient] being negligent during this trial or   amputated at the knee.
        offer any evidence on that. That's up to you to --.”
                                                               This appeal is from a retrial of this case and is the second time
        2 Cases that cite this headnote                        the case has been appealed to this Court. In the first trial, the
                                                               jury awarded zero damages to the Watsons and the trial judge
                                                               rendered judgment that the Watsons take nothing. Watson
 [24]   Evidence
                                                               v. Isern, 782 S.W.2d 546 (Tex.App.—Beaumont 1989, writ
            Due Care and Proper Conduct
                                                               denied) (Brookshire, J., writing).
        Jury was not bound by testimony of
        expert witnesses as to whether patient was             In the second trial, the jury found that Dr. Isern was negligent
        contributorily negligent in medical malpractice        in failing to hospitalize Mrs. Watson for further evaluation
        action against physician.                              and negligent in failing to do a “Doppler” exam to assure
                                                               that there was no major damage to a blood vessel. The jury
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               awarded Mrs. Watson $1,432,600 and Mr. Watson $9,000
                                                               in damages. With reduction of the damages by 35% for
 [25]   Health                                                 contributory negligence, the trial court rendered judgment
            Questions of Law or Fact and Directed              for damages, with prejudgment interest, in the amount of
        Verdicts                                               $3,091,495.43, plus post-judgment interest and cost.
        Whether patient was contributorily negligent
        in failing to return to emergency room or see          Dr. Isern has appealed asserting eight points of error. The
        other physician was question for jury in patient's     Watsons, in five cross-points, have appealed the jury's 35%
        medical malpractice action in which patient            apportionate finding that Mrs. Watson was negligent in
        alleged that physician was negligent, and that         failing to return to the emergency room or seek other medical
        negligence caused amputation of her leg.               care prior to seeing another doctor on Tuesday, following her
                                                               injury on Saturday. We affirm.
        2 Cases that cite this headnote

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           4
Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

                                                                   below the knee, and there is a window of 6–8 hours from the
                                                                   severance within which surgery must be performed to save
                           Evidence
                                                                   the leg.
On May 1, 1982, Mrs. Watson fell and injured her right
leg. She weighed 270 pounds at the time. She arrived at the        Dr. John Mayo, a board certified emergency room physician
emergency room of a Beaumont hospital at 11:50 p.m. where          who has been in charge of the Baptist Hospital ER since
Dr. Isern saw her. She complained of pain in the right knee,       1987 or 1988, and who worked with both Dr. Isern and Nurse
lower leg and ankle.                                               Lannelle (Hussey) Wilson at the Baptist Hospital ER at the
                                                                   time of Mrs. Watson's ER visit, testified that in his medical
After X-raying her and finding that the leg was not broken,        opinion, Dr. Isern treated Mrs. Watson correctly; and, in his
but finding that there was some damage to the knee joint area,     medical opinion, based on reasonable medical probability,
Dr. Isern discharged Mrs. Watson. She was to remain in bed         Mrs. Watson did not have a ruptured popliteal artery when Dr.
for two or three days, applying ice packs to the knee. Tylenol     Isern treated her in the ER. Part of the basis for his opinion
pain medication was prescribed.                                    was that a patient with a ruptured popliteal artery would have
                                                                   an elevated pulse of at least 120, and Mrs. Watson's was 103;
The hospital records reflect her discharge at 1:50 a.m. Sunday     that she would not have had a pulse in her foot, while Dr.
morning; it took her family about 30 to 40 minutes to get her      Isern's medical records noted she did have a foot pulse; and,
into a car to go home. The Tylenol prescription was filled         that her knee would have been gangrenous by the time she
early Sunday morning and she took it for pain, kept the ice        was operated on at John Sealy on Wednesday, five days after
packs on her leg as instructed, and remained in bed except to      her Saturday fall and a gangrenous leg is not reflected in the
be helped to the bathroom by her family.                           Sealy operative report of her first surgery.

Mr. Watson talked with Dr. Isern or his office early Monday        Mrs. Watson's subsequent treating physician, Dr. Bessell
morning, and while Mrs. Watson could not detail the two-           testified that there is no way to tell how long the severed
sided telephone conversation, it was her understanding she         popliteal artery findings had been present. He could only
was to continue with the prescribed treatment by Dr. Isern.        say that the injury had been present several hours. If Mrs.
                                                                   Watson had a twisting fall with dislocation a day or even two
On Tuesday morning, Mrs. Watson called her orthopedic              days after she left Dr. Isern's care in the ER, that would be
doctor, Dr. Shorkey. He was unavailable, so she went to            consistent with what he and Dr. Gordon found.
see his partner, Dr. Alfred Bessell. Dr. Bessell referred Mrs.
Watson across the street to St. Elizabeth Hospital. At St.         Dr. Mayo further testified that in his opinion, Dr. Isern's chart
Elizabeth, she was seen by a vascular surgeon, Dr. Gordon.         of his physical exam revealed that he gave Mrs. Watson an
He referred her to John Sealy Hospital in Galveston where          appropriate exam, and that Dr. Isern's recommendations of
she arrived on the evening of Tuesday, May 4, 1982.                bed rest, elevating the knee, and ice packs were appropriate
                                                                   for Dr. Isern's diagnosis.
Mrs. Watson spent almost a month at John Sealy. After
several procedures on her leg, the Galveston doctors finally       Dr. Barbee, also a board certified emergency room physician,
removed it, because *190 of lack of proper blood supply due        testified on Dr. Isern's behalf, that based upon his review of
to a ruptured popliteal artery.                                    the medical records in the case and his personal knowledge,
                                                                   training and experience as an emergency room physician, in
At trial, the Watsons contended that Mrs. Watson's ruptured        his opinion Dr. Isern treated Mrs. Watson properly, did a
popliteal artery was a result of the fall on the night of May 1,   proper examination of Mrs. Watson, and made proper records
1982, before she came to see Dr. Isern and that Dr. Isern was      in the case. Dr. Barbee further testified that had Mrs. Watson
negligent in his examination, his diagnosis and treatment of       been injured to the extent she claimed, it would have been
Mrs. Watson, and that it resulted in the loss of her leg.          very apparent to Dr. Isern that Saturday night. Instead, Dr.
                                                                   Barbee raised the issue of another possible fall.
Medical experts testified that when a popliteal artery is
severed, as Mrs. Watson's was found to be at the time of           Additional factual details of this case will be stated in
her hospitalization at John Sealy, the blood supply is cut off     connection with the points to which they pertain.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              5
Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

                                                                 Also contrary to appellant's “mandatory” argument is the
                                                                 holding by our Texas Supreme Court in H.E. Butt Grocery
                                                                 Co. v. Warner, 845 S.W.2d 258, 260 (Tex.1992):
                     Appellant's Appeal
                                                                             Because Warner tendered a proper
Dr. Isern's first point of error contends that the trial court
                                                                             broad-form question with appropriate
erred in submitting jury question one 2 because (1) it was not               instructions, the trial court should
submitted broad-form in violation of the TEX.R.CIV.P. 277,                   have granted her request. However, its
and (2) resulted in conflicting jury findings.                               failure to do so was not harmful error.
                                                                             TEX.R.APP.P. 81(b)(1). Although
                                                                             submitted in granulated form, the
                    Standard of Review                                       jury questions contained the proper
                                                                             elements of a premises liability action.
The standard of review for error in the court's charge is                    Because the charge fairly submitted
abuse of discretion. Texas Dept. of Human Services v. E.B.,                  to the jury the disputed issues of fact
802 S.W.2d 647, 649 (Tex.1990). An abuse of discretion                       and because the charge incorporated
occurs when the trial court acts without reference to guiding                a correct legal standard for the jury
principles. Id.                                                              to apply, we hold that the trial court's
                                                                             refusal to submit Warner's tendered
Where error in the charge has occurred which caused                          question and instructions did not
the jury's finding to be in conflict, a legal question is                    amount to harmful error.
presented for the appellate court. Bender v. Southern Pacific
Transportation Co., 600 S.W.2d 257, 260 (Tex.1980), the          We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion is
Supreme Court explained the test for determining whether         submitting jury question one and it did not amount to harmful
jury findings conflict:                                          error.

             *191 A court may not strike down
            jury answers on the ground of conflict
            if there is any reasonable basis upon                                 Conflicting Jury Findings
            which they may be reconciled....
            We do not determine whether the                       [2] First, we note that Dr. Isern did not object to receipt of
            findings may reasonably be viewed                    the verdict or make any objection at the time that any of the
            as conflicting; to the contrary, the                 jury's findings were in conflict before discharge of the jury,
            question is whether there is any                     thereby “waiving” any alleged error as to any conflict in the
            reasonably possible basis upon which                 jury findings. See Ciba–Geigy Corp. v. Stephens, 871 S.W.2d
            they may be reconciled.                              317, 324 (Tex.App.—Eastland 1994, writ denied); Durkay
                                                                 v. Madco Oil Co., 862 S.W.2d 14, 23 (Tex.App.—Corpus
                                                                 Christi 1993, writ denied); Greater Houston Transp. Co. v.
                                                                 Zrubeck, 850 S.W.2d 579, 586 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi
                 Broad–Form Submission                           1993, writ denied); Roling v. Alamo Group (USA), Inc., 840
S.W.2d 107, 109 (Tex.App.—Eastland 1992, writ denied).
 [1]     TEX.R.CIV.P. 277 does not support appellant's
argument that the practice of submitting a jury question that    In any event, no conflict can exist between affirmative
encompasses more than one independent ground of liability        and negative answers concerning two different claims of
in the same question, known as “broad-form submission”,          negligence. See Robertson Transport Co. v. Hunt, 345 S.W.2d
is mandatory in Texas or that our trial courts have “no          293, 296 (Tex.Civ.App.—San Antonio 1961, no writ). A
discretion” in submission of the charge. Rule 277 specifically   “No” answer to a special issue simply means that a party
directs that a broad-form submission be given only “whenever     having the burden of proof failed to convince the jury as
feasible”.                                                       to such liability issue. Herbert v. Herbert, 774 S.W.2d 1
                                                                 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1988, writ denied).

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          6
Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

                                                                    Mrs. Watson's injured right leg.” We hold that an affirmative
In order for conflicting findings to destroy each other, one        finding which will sustain a judgment can never conflict with
finding must be such as would warrant a judgment for one of         an “unanswered” question. See Stalder v. Bowen, 373 S.W.2d
the parties, and the other finding would warrant a judgment         824 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1963, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
for the other party. Grice v. Hennessy, 327 S.W.2d 629, 633
(Tex.Civ.App.—San Antonio 1959, no writ); Woodard v.                 [4] Doctor Isern next argues a conflict between a negative
Tatum, 277 S.W.2d 943, 945 (Tex.Civ.App.—Waco 1955, no              finding and an affirmative finding. He asserts a conflict
writ). In addition, the existence of a claimed irreconcilable       between the negative finding of Question 1(4), regarding
conflict between certain findings becomes immaterial if there       negligence in failure to obtain an arteriogram, and the
“remains at least one finding supporting the judgment which         affirmative finding of Question 1(6), that Dr. Isern was
is not in conflict with any other,” Gilcrease v. Hartford Acc. &    negligent in failing to hospitalize Mrs. Watson for “further
Indem. Co., 252 S.W.2d 715 (Tex.Civ.App.—El Paso 1952,              diagnosis, tests or medical evaluation in view of the possible
no writ).                                                           injuries she may have suffered ... as a result of the fall on May
                                                                    1, 1982.” However, it is clear that the two questioned findings
Also, to present a conflict the jury findings must concern          do not involve the same subject matter—but rather two
the “same subject matter.” Phipps v. City of Waco, 551              different negligence claims, i.e., one asking about the failure
S.W.2d 140 (Tex.Civ.App.—Waco 1977, writ ref'd n.r.e.);             to obtain an “immediate arteriogram” and the other as to
Turner v. Victoria County Elec. Co-op. Co., 428 S.W.2d              whether appellant was negligent in failing to hospitalize Mrs.
484 (Tex.Civ.App.—Waco 1968, no writ). When testing an              Watson for further diagnosis, tests or medical evaluation.
alleged conflict, specific findings control over general or
ambiguous findings and if a conflict is apparent, the court will     [5] The next alleged conflict is asserted on the basis that
disregard general or ambiguous findings to resolve it. Winn         the failure to hospitalize affirmative finding to Question 1(6)
v. Ridgewood Dev. Co., 691 S.W.2d 832 (Tex.App.—Fort                conflicts with the jury's refusal to find in Question 1(1) that
Worth 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.).                                     Dr. Isern was negligent in failing to have Mrs. Watson's
                                                                    injury evaluated by cardiovascular specialists. We find the
Any apparent conflict in a jury's verdict should be reconciled      findings are not in conflict. See Robertson, 345 S.W.2d at 296;
if it can be done reasonably in light of the pleadings, the         Herbert, 774 S.W.2d at 3. For the reasons stated, appellant's
evidence, *192 the answers to other issues and the verdict          first point of error is denied.
as a whole. In making such determination, the court must
consider the entire charge and all of the verdict. Cox v.           Appellant's second point of error argues the negligence/
Huffman, 159 Tex. 298, 319 S.W.2d 295 (1958); Little Rock           proximate cause liability findings against Dr. Isern on the
Furniture Mfg. Co. v. Dunn, 148 Tex. 197, 222 S.W.2d 985            basis of no evidence and insufficient evidence that Dr. Isern
(1949).                                                             was negligent (1) in failing to hospitalize Mrs. Watson or (2)
                                                                    in not performing a Doppler exam under the circumstances
 [3] With the foregoing in mind, Dr. Isern first complains          to ensure that Mrs. Watson did not have a ruptured popliteal
about the partial verdict. He asserts the jury's affirmative        artery.
finding to Question 1(6)(a) that Dr. Isern failed to exercise
ordinary care in failing to admit Mrs. Watson to the hospital
for further diagnosis, tests, or medical evaluation conflicts
                                                                                    Evidence Standards Review
with the jury's failure to reach a verdict to Question 1(5)(a) as
to whether Dr. Isern was negligent in failing to perform the        When addressing a no evidence point, we must consider
necessary physical examination of Mrs. Watson's right leg to        only the evidence and inferences tending to support the
diagnose or evaluate the nature and extent of possible vascular     finding and disregard all evidence and inferences to the
injuries or damages to ligaments of the knee. Doctor Isern          contrary. Lewelling v. Lewelling, 796 S.W.2d 164, 166
asserts a second conflict between Question 1(3) and 1(5),           (Tex.1990); Alm v. Aluminum Co. of America, 717 S.W.2d
claiming that the failure of the jury to answer question 1(5)       588, 593 (Tex.1986); King v. Bauer, 688 S.W.2d 845, 846
conflicts with the jury's affirmative answer under question         (Tex.1985); White v. Sullins, 917 S.W.2d 158 (Tex.App.—
1(3) that he was negligent in failing to use a Doppler              Beaumont 1996, writ denied). Where there is no evidence
instrument to “diagnose or evaluate the vascular system of          to support the jury's verdict, and the appellant has filed

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              7
Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

a motion for judgment n.o.v. as here, the case must be               negligence cases to involve scientific, technical, specialized
reversed and rendered, and the plaintiff takes nothing. Id.          and complicated knowledge, skills and standards that are
When reviewing an insufficient evidence point, however, we           difficult or impossible for a jury to evaluate without the
consider and weigh all the evidence; and we set aside the            guidance of medical expert testimony. See Hood v. Phillips,
verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight         554 S.W.2d 160, 165–66 (Tex.1977); Hart v. Van Zandt, 399
of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Dyson v.          S.W.2d 791, 792 (Tex.1965).
Olin Corp., 692 S.W.2d 456, 457 (Tex.1985); Cain v. Bain,
709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex.1986). If we sustain a factual              In 1987, the Texas Supreme Court abandoned the prior
insufficiency point, we must “clearly state why the jury's           “ultimate issue rule” which prevented experts in Texas cases
finding is factually insufficient or is so against the great         from expressing an opinion on mixed law-fact issues prior to
weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly         the adoption of TEX.R.CIV.EVID. 704. See Danell L. Keith,
unjust.” Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex.1996),             Medical Expert Testimony in Texas Medical Malpractice
quoting *193 Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629,                 Cases, 43 Baylor L.Rev. 1,17 (1991). In other words,
635 (Tex.1986). If we find factually insufficient evidence to        experts, may now testify as to whether a defendant's conduct
support a jury's verdict, we must remand for a new trial. Id.        constituted “negligence,” “gross negligence,” “proximate
                                                                     cause,” or the like. See Louder v. DeLeon, 754 S.W.2d 148–
                                                                     49 (Tex.1988); Birchfield v. Texarkana Memorial Hosp., 747
S.W.2d 361, 365 (Tex.1987). See also TEX.R.CIV.EVID.
                       Law of the Case
                                                                     704.
 [6] This Court held in Watson, 782 S.W.2d at 553–555,
that the evidence of Dr. Ivey and Dr. Wolma, the same                However, this new era of freedom allowing experts to testify
evidence offered on retrial, raised a fact issue as to Dr. Isern's   on the ultimate issue is not without bounds. The Supreme
negligence in failing to use the doppler instrument, and in          Court has said that:
failing to hospitalize Mrs. Watson for further observation
                                                                                 Fairness and efficiency dictate that an
and further testing; and, that the failure to submit the above
                                                                                 expert may state an opinion on a mixed
two issues was error, and required reversal. Such holdings
                                                                                 question of law and fact as long as
constitute the “law of the case” to be applied on appeal
                                                                                 the opinion is confined to the relevant
following a second trial. The law of the case doctrine applies
                                                                                 issues and is based on proper legal
where the appellate court holds that there was evidence
                                                                                 concepts.
raising a fact issue for the jury, and in a second trial the
jury returned a verdict for the plaintiffs on almost identical       Louder, 754 S.W.2d at 148–49, quoting Birchfield, 747
evidence. Lincoln National Life Insurance Co. v. Roosth,             S.W.2d at 365 (emphasis supplied).
306 F.2d 110 (5th Cir.1962), cert. denied, 372 U.S. 912,
83 S. Ct. 726, 9 L. Ed. 2d 720 (1963); Consolidated Casualty            Accordingly, before a testifying expert's opinion can be
Ins. v. Smith, 309 S.W.2d 80 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston 1958,             rendered, a predicate must be laid showing that the expert
writ ref'd n.r.e.); Bingham v. Kimbrell, 285 S.W.2d 312              is familiar with the proper legal definition in question. E–Z
(Tex.Civ.App.—Austin 1955, writ ref'd n.r.e.).                       Mart Stores, Inc. v. Terry, 794 S.W.2d 63, 65 (Tex.App.—
                                                                     Texarkana 1990, writ denied).
We deny appellant's second point of error based upon the “law
of the case doctrine”. However, in the interest of justice we         [7] With the foregoing in mind, appellant first argues that
will address the conflicting evidence presented by both sides        only Dr. Davies and Dr. Sibley testified to “the ultimate issue,
at retrial.                                                          i.e.”, that Dr. Isern was “negligent and/or grossly negligent”,
                                                                     and because such testimony by both witnesses was not based
                                                                     on proper legal concept in that neither was given a proper
         Competence of Medical Expert Testimony                      legal definition of the “terms”, and, there is no evidence that
                                                                     either was knowledgeable about such legal terms, there is
It is well-established that the plaintiff must offer medical         no competent expert medical evidence to support the jury
expert testimony to prove a medical malpractice case                 findings against Dr. Isern of negligence or proximate cause.
against a physician because Texas law considers medical

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Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

 [8] We reject appellant's argument for two reasons. First,          Doctor Martin Ivey, a treating Orthopedic Surgeon at John
our review of the record reflects that while Dr. Sibley did          Sealy Hospital, when asked if a Doppler instrument would
testify as to negligence he was provided with a proper legal         be “a better thing to utilize to test the sufficiency of a
definition of that term and appellant's *194 lack of legal           popliteal artery than merely feeling it with your hand”,
concepts 3 argument so far as Dr. Sibley is concerned is             answered, “Well, I've always had difficulty, personally,
without merit. Second, the “ultimate issue rule” is permissive       feeling a popliteal artery directly in the back of the knee
and not mandatory and we find no authority to the contrary.          because of the other structures and fatty tissue. I think a
We hold medical expert evidence that is based on reasonable          Doppler is helpful in some cases to detect pulses in the foot
medical probability, other than, “the ultimate issue” evidence,      area.”
will support a jury finding.
                                                                     Lastly, Dr. Bessell testified that a Doppler is not a more
                                                                     reliable tool if a pulse in the foot is palpable; that a Doppler
                                                                     is only more reliable if the pulse is not palpable; and that a
               “Doppler” 4 Liability Evidence                        physician might now use a Doppler for injuries, but back in
                                                                     1982 in all reasonable medical probability a physician would
 [9] Doctor Isern testified that he performed a thorough             not have. Dr. Bessell further testified that in all reasonable
physical exam, and that he felt Mrs. Watson's pulses in the          medical probability, if Mrs. Watson's popliteal artery had
foot. He further testified where the foot pulses are felt, a         been ruptured, Dr. Isern would not have been able to feel the
“Doppler” exam is not necessary.                                     pedal pulse.

Doctor George Sibley testified that a “Doppler exam” was
mandatory in Mrs. Watson's case because of her weight and
because it was an easy test to do.                                                Evidence of Failure to Hospitalize

                                                                     Mrs. Watson testified that Dr. Isern did not tell her of the
Doctor Sibley stated he was an Orthopedic Surgeon in 1986.
                                                                     possibility of damage to the blood vessels, which might
He further testified that a total transection or disruption of the
                                                                     require the leg to be amputated if surgery was not done; that
popliteal artery is unusual; that there are tests like a “Doppler”
                                                                     a Doppler exam was available to test the blood supply to her
or an arteriogram, but that a physical examination should be
                                                                     leg; that an arteriogram may be necessary; or tell her of any
sufficient; that you might check a pulse in the ankle if you
                                                                     other risk which would directly or by inference advise her she
have a question about circulation as to whether the pulse is
                                                                     stood a risk of amputation of her leg if her injury was not
present or faint. Doctor Sibley opined that an absent pulse is
                                                                     properly diagnosed and treated.
the sort of finding that would lead a doctor to use a “Doppler.”

                                                                     Dr. Isern testified that based upon the history of the patient's
Doctor Fred Wolma, a teaching Galveston Cardiovascular
                                                                     fall that he did consider “she could have disrupted the
Surgeon, opined that at the time of her injury [fall] Mrs.
                                                                     ligaments of the knee or that she could have suffered a
Watson most likely sustained an injury to the popliteal artery;
                                                                     rupture or damage to the popliteal artery or *195 an artery
that at the time of Mrs. Watson's surgery it appeared her artery
                                                                     or vein in the leg or any nerve in the leg.” Based upon the
had been totally “torn apart, disruptured, transacted”; and,
                                                                     findings of a ruptured popliteal artery and disruption of the
that with that type of damage one would not be able to feel
                                                                     cruciate and lateral ligaments in the surgery at Galveston,
a pulse in her foot.
                                                                     Dr. Isern admitted the facts reveal that when he saw her
                                                                     she had the “ultimate risk of losing her leg.” Doctor Isern
Doctor Al Davies, an Associate Professor at Baylor Medical
                                                                     also admitted, based upon the assumption that the injury to
School, admitted that there would have been no need for a
                                                                     Mrs. Watson's popliteal artery occurred at about 11:00 p.m.
“Doppler” exam if the patient's distal pulses were good; that
                                                                     Saturday, that when he discharged her from the emergency
a “Doppler” exam is only used if there is some question as to
                                                                     room at approximately 2:00 a.m. Sunday, three hours of
the patient's pulses; and, that failure to do one of two things
                                                                     the “golden time” to repair the damage has already passed,
would fall below the standard of care of the profession, either
                                                                     which involved a loss of one-half of the “ideal six-hour”
to examine Mrs. Watson's other leg or perform a Doppler, not
                                                                     safety zone necessary to save the leg from amputation. Based
both.
                                                                     upon a hypothetical “assumption” of facts favorable to Mrs.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               9
Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

Watson's version of her injury and medical evaluation, Dr.          described by Mrs. Watson is the “most likely time” of the
Isern admits he would not have discharged her from the              rupture of the artery; and that based upon a reasonable
hospital based upon such facts or circumstances, and that           medical probability, her leg would probably have been saved
he would have been alerted to the possibility of a ruptured         if surgery had been performed within six hours following her
popliteal artery. He also admits he knew that the overall           fall. Based upon a hypothetical question, Dr. Wolma testified
statistical literature reflects that 21 to 25% of dislocation       that immediate hospitalization and immediate surgery is the
of the knee injuries will cause a rupture of the artery and         proper treatment for a ruptured popliteal artery, and that a
that, using the patient's history of dislocation of her knee,       patient should be advised of these facts.
coolness of the leg, and feeling of ants crawling on the leg, the
symptoms are those of “probably a popliteal artery rupture.”        Doctor Bessell opined that Mrs. Watson had suffered a
                                                                    “severe injury”; that if Mrs. Watson's vascular injury had been
Doctor Sibley testified that the “golden time” to repair a          timely diagnosed, in all probability if the surgery had been
ruptured popliteal artery in order to prevent a loss of the leg     done within 6–8 hours time the leg could have been saved;
is probably six hours and that “Beyond that time the chance         and, that based upon the signs and symptoms reflected by the
of saving the leg is fairly remote; and if you get ten hours ...    testimony of Mrs. Watson and the ER records, the emergency
in an adult I don't think you can save a usable leg.” Dr. Sibley    room standard of care required the patient to be admitted to
testified that discharging the patient with the advice to go        the hospital and further watched and evaluated.
home and put an ice pack on the knee, stay off her feet and
elevate the leg on a pillow, and to take Tylenol for pain is not     *196 As reflected by the record, each side vigorously
appropriate treatment and involved an entire want of care for       presented evidence in support of their respective positions
the patient. Doctor Sibley further testified it was negligence      and at the time the evidence was conflicting, which is within
for Dr. Isern to discharge Mrs. Watson to go home with the          the province of the fact finder to resolve. After reviewing
statement that she was to stay off her foot, put ice packs on the   the entire record, we find that there is some evidence and
leg, and to take Tylenol; and, based upon the legal definitions     sufficient evidence to support the jury finding regarding
of negligence and proximate cause, Dr. Isern's malpractice          negligence by failure to use a “Doppler” and failure to
was a proximate cause of the amputation of Mrs. Watson's leg.       hospitalize. Accordingly, we will not substitute our judgment
                                                                    for that of the jury. Appellant's second point of error is denied.
Doctor Ivey testified that the “time frame” of 6 to 8 hours
is “usually held as a standard” for repair of a popliteal           Appellant's third point of error makes a no evidence attack
artery in order to have a possibility of salvaging the leg;         on the jury's award of (1) $200,000.00 for future pain and
that the probability of amputation is caused by delay in            suffering and (2) $5,500.00 for future medical.
repair of the popliteal artery within the 6–8 hour time frame
after a traumatic injury because of “damage to the muscles
and nerves, loss of their blood supply, and death of those
                                                                                            Future Medical
structures”; that based upon a hypothetical question, the
damage found at surgery was, with a reasonable medical              A jury may award future medical expenses based on the
probability, related to the fall described by Mrs. Watson on        nature of the injuries, medical care rendered prior to trial,
the Saturday night before she was seen by Dr. Isern; that there     and plaintiff's condition at trial. Harvey v. Culpepper, 801
was a reasonable medical possibility that her leg could have        S.W.2d 596 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1990, no writ); North
been saved if she had undergone surgery within 6 hours after        Houston Pole Line Corp. v. McAllister, 667 S.W.2d 829
her injury; and, sending a patient home based upon such a           (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1983, no writ).
history and findings would not be proper medical practice.
                                                                     [10] Our record reflects expert testimony that Mrs. Watson
Dr. Wolma testified that based upon the condition of the            will be confined to a wheelchair for life, that she will be
leg at surgery, “there's no question that four to six hours         deprived of normal exercise and activities which could cause
would be essential to reestablish the circulation to that limb      future problems, and she will require “future follow-up.”
in order to save it”; that with a loss of blood supply, there is    Although Mrs. Watson testified that she was not currently
marked damage to the nerves and muscles that is irreparable,        receiving any medical treatment for her leg amputation, she
and based upon the history and examination that the injury          has had various medical treatments and problems since her

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              10
Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

injury and being confined to a wheelchair has its risks for
future injury.                                                       The undisputed facts are that Mrs. Watson's life has been
                                                                     totally altered by the amputation of her leg, and she is
We find there is some evidence to support the jury's award of        confined for her remaining lifetime to a wheelchair.
$5,500.00 in future medical.
                                                                     Life expectancy is entrusted to the “common sense of a jury,”
                                                                     and in this case it is *197 reasonable that Mrs. Watson
                                                                     may live at least another 20 years. Using 20 years as her life
              Future Pain and Mental Anguish
                                                                     expectancy, the jury allocated $10,000 a year for physical
 [11] Appellant's third point of error also attacks the jury's       pain and mental anguish.
award of $200,000 to Mrs. Watson on the complaint that there
is no evidence that Mrs. Watson would, in reasonable medical
probability, suffer any future physical pain or mental anguish                            The Above Evidence
as a result of the loss of her leg.
                                                                     We find there is some evidence to defeat appellant's “no
In addressing future damages, the law entrusts to the jury's         evidence” attack on the jury's award of $200,000.00 for future
good sense what future damages would be fair and reasonable.         physical pain and future mental anguish.
There is no need for expert speculation because doctors do
not have a crystal ball to guide them in deciding future pain         [12] It must also be kept in mind that the award was
and mental anguish.                                                  for both future physical pain and future mental anguish.
                                                                     The pure mental anguish associated with the loss of her
Mrs. Watson was 56 years old at time of trial, and she testified     leg will support a $200,000.00 award. See Pipgras v. Hart,
that prior to her injury that she had been a “happy person”          832 S.W.2d 360 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1992, writ denied);
and content, with no problems with her life or family; she           Pentes Design, Inc. v. Perez, 840 S.W.2d 75 (Tex.App.
was able to work and do the things she wanted to do; she still       —Corpus Christi 1992, writ denied); Hicks v. Ricardo,
has the feeling that her leg is still there, although she tries to   834 S.W.2d 587 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no
ignore it, and has the mental awareness of “feeling of pain and      writ); Gulf States Utilities Co. v. Dryden, 735 S.W.2d 263
discomfort in her leg”; that she continues to suffer quite a bit,    (Tex.App.—Beaumont 1987, no writ). Appellant's third point
and mentally she suffers because she cannot do the things for        of error is denied.
her grandchildren she should be able to do; that she cannot
go places without being pushed in her wheelchair, and has            Appellant's fourth point of error claims the trial court erred in
problems getting in and out of a car, which she says, “it's just a   allowing (1) impermissible elements of damages in the charge
misery to me”; that she experiences severe pain or discomfort        and judgment and (2) triple recovery for Rix Watson.
from the leg that was amputated as an everyday thing; and,
that she has mental anguish about dying and having to go              [13] In Question 5 the jury awarded Mr. Watson $3,000 for
before God without a leg, because everything in Heaven is            each of the following three (3) separate elements of damages,
perfect: “So, me with one leg and I would have to face God           a total of $9,000 for past and future losses: (1) loss of services
like this, that's hard on me.”                                       of his wife as a housewife; (2) loss of marital rights; and (3)
                                                                     loss of society and companionship.
Mr. Watson testified that his wife has been affected pretty
badly by the loss of her leg; that it “hurts her to her heart”       Appellant's trial objection: to Question 5(1) was that Mr.
that she cannot do things she wants to do, including being           Watson was entitled to “loss of household services,” but not
with her grandchildren; and, that she sometimes says that she        “loss of services,” and that there was no definition of loss
is “happy but just don't feel right,” and that she is “just not      of services; to Question 5(2) that Mr. Watson is not entitled
like other persons with a leg.” They had a normal sexual life        to “loss of marital rights,” but only for “loss of consortium”
before she lost her leg, but now they do not, and it bothers his     and that the question permits the jury to speculate as to
wife; and, the loss of her leg has effected her mentally and         what damages are to be awarded; and to Question 5(3) that
she is “depressed” and seems “anxious and worried about her          there was no definition of the term “loss of society and
problems and the loss of her leg.”

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Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

companionship” and it would allow the jury to speculate upon       We first reject appellees' argument that in the context of
an improper element of damage.                                     the jury argument made the use of the word “insurance'
                                                                   is solely synonymous with “ensure” and “assure”, i.e., that
Appellant's fourth point of error claims that Question             Dr. Isern could have assured that Mrs. Watson would not
5(1) through (3) damages are impermissible because such            suffer an amputation by his doing a simple, non-evasive
elements of damages “do not exist under Texas Law.”                “Doppler” exam. Rather we would characterize the use of
Appellant admits that the husband is entitled to recover for       the term “insurance” at most as a casual or inadvertent
loss of material rights or “consortium,” see Whittlesey v.         reference to insurance coverage and at least as having
Miller, 572 S.W.2d 665 (Tex.1978); and is silent as to any         different connotations.
authority regarding “loss of society and companionship.”
                                                                   We also reject appellant's argument that the injection of
Without citing any authority, appellant also argues that all       insurance in a personal injury trial is always reversible error.
three damage elements are all one and the same recoverable         The “presumed harmful error” no longer exists under Texas
loss, i.e., loss of consortium, thus Mr. Watson was allowed        law, being replaced by the “harmless error” rule which
a “triple recovery.” We also find no authority to support          requires the complaining party to show the error caused an
appellant's argument and thus reject same by concluding            improper verdict. TEX.R.APP.P. 81(b)(1).
that the trial court did not err in rendering judgment for the
damages to Mr. Watson. Appellant's fourth point of error is         [15] Appellant did move for a mistrial after closing of the
denied.                                                            jury argument based upon a claim that plaintiff “injected
                                                                   insurance into the case intentionally.” However, appellant
                                                                   “waived” any error of objectionable argument by failing
                                                                   to timely object and requesting an instruction that the jury
                       Jury Argument
                                                                   disregard the argument. Ramirez v. Acker, 134 Tex. 647,
 [14] Appellant's fifth point of error complains of the trial      138 S.W.2d 1054 (1940); Jenkins v. Chapman, 636 S.W.2d
court's refusal to grant a mistrial based on a claimed incurable   238 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1982, writ dism'd); Travis v.
jury argument which injected insurance into the case.              Vandergriff, 384 S.W.2d 936 (Tex.Civ.App.—Waco 1964,
                                                                   writ ref'd n.r.e.); Maxwell v. Maxwell, 204 S.W.2d 32
During closing arguments, appellant's counsel addressed the        (Tex.Civ.App.—Amarillo 1947, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Shaw v.
jury as follows:                                                   Porter, 190 S.W.2d 396 (Tex.Civ.App.—Fort Worth 1945,
                                                                   writ ref'd w.m.). An objection is required because the
  Now, she didn't walk in there with a little sign board           opposing party has the “right to know” of any claimed error
  hanging around her neck, ‘I tripped and I have a ruptured        so that he can explain or withdraw it. In fact, upon insisting
  popliteal artery.’ She didn't know anything about popliteal      that the mere word insurance was prejudicial, the trial court
  arteries. He did. She didn't have the sign around her neck,      could have cured any error by an instruction that insurance
  but he had the knowledge to put it there. He could have          had nothing to do with the case to be decided and was to
  hung a sign around her neck and said, ‘Take this lady in a       be disregarded. See Patranella v. Scott, 370 S.W.2d 922
  wheelchair right now and do an arteriogram. Before I let her     (Tex.Civ.App.—Waco 1963, no writ).
  go, I want to make sure that she doesn't lose her leg because
  we have already lost three hours.’ Did you ever think about      Instances in which jury argument results in incurable harm
  insurance? We all buy insurance to protect our homes and         are rare. Strahan v. Davis, 872 S.W.2d 828, 836 (Tex.App.
  our property. You've heard the term since you were a little      —Waco 1994, writ denied). Not every casual mention of
  kid, ‘to insure.’ (sic ensure) One of the other words used is    the word ‘insure’ requires either a mistrial or new trial. Id;
  ‘to assure,’ assure that something won't happen. Don't you       Dennis v. Hulse, 362 S.W.2d 308 (Tex.1962); Trice Contract
  think that this man owed her that obligation? She walked         Carpets & Furniture Co. v. Gilson, 329 S.W.2d 476, 483
  out of there, she was going to lose her leg. She was going       (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston 1959, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
  to lose her leg, and all he had to do was do a Doppler exam.
  It would have taken him, *198 what, ten minutes at the           [16] To establish reversible error in jury argument, appellant
  most ... [emphasis added]                                        must prove (1) the argument was not invited or provoked, (2)
                                                                   was preserved by proper trial predicate such as an objection,

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Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

motion to instruct, or motion for mistrial, (3) that the error    TEX.R.APP.P. 81(b)(1). For the reasons stated, appellant's
was not curable by instruction, prompt withdrawal of the          fifth point of error is rejected.
statement, or reprimand from the court, and (4) that the
argument constituted “reversible harmful error.” Wells v.
HCA Health Services of Texas, Inc., 806 S.W.2d 850, 854
                                                                           Prejudgment Interest on Future Damages
(Tex.App.—Fort Worth 1990, writ denied).
                                                                  Appellant's sixth point of error contends the trial court erred
 [17] Haryanto v. Saeed, 860 S.W.2d 913 (Tex.App.—                in awarding prejudgment interest on the future damages
Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, writ denied), holds that where the     awarded the Watsons.
complaining party complains of incurable harm he must show
that the alleged improper argument causing harm was greater        [19] Appellant argues that Cavnar v. Quality Control
than the “probability that the verdict was based upon proper      Parking, 696 S.W.2d 549 (Tex.1985), controls the
proceedings and evidence.” In making that determination, an       prejudgment interest award in this case because the suit filed
appellate court must examine the argument in light of the         in September 1983, asserts an injury in 1982, a time prior to
whole case, beginning with voir dire and ending with closing      the Tort Reform Act which added section 6 to article 5069–
argument. The court must look at the length of the argument,
                                                                  1.05 to require prejudgment interest on future damages. 5
whether it was repeated or abandoned; whether there was
                                                                  However, article 5069–1.05 applies to actions commenced
cumulative error, and the probable effect of the argument on
                                                                  after September 1, 1987, or “to new trials or retrials following
a material finding. Id. at 919.
                                                                  an appeal in the action commenced before the effective date.
                                                                  ” Id.; Owens–Illinois, Inc. v. Estate of Burt, 897 S.W.2d 765,
 [18] Moreover, it is essential that the complaining party
                                                                  768 (Tex.1995). This case is such a retrial following such an
establish that the mere injection of the word “insurance”
                                                                  appeal.
actually caused an improper verdict. Tripp v. Bloodworth,
374 S.W.2d 713, 717 (Tex.Civ.App.—Eastland 1964, writ
                                                                   [20] Appellant also argues that because Mr. Watson's past
ref'd n.r.e.).
                                                                  and future damages were not segregated, he is not entitled
                                                                  to prejudgment interest. However, since enactment of the
In the absence of a clear showing that any reference to
                                                                  prejudgment interest statute, there exists no necessity to
insurance resulted in any harm or prejudice, refusal to declare
                                                                  segregate past and future damages. Missouri Pacific R. Co.
a mistrial is not error. Red Ball Motor Freight, Inc. v.
                                                                  v. Lemon, 861 S.W.2d 501 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
Cordova, 332 S.W.2d 753 (Tex.Civ.App.—Beaumont 1960,
                                                                  1993, writ dism'd by agr.) as suggested by appellant does
writ ref'd n.r.e.); Southwestern Freight Lines v. McConnell,
                                                                  not control this case. Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v. Berry, 833
269 S.W.2d 427, 430–31 (Tex.Civ.App.—El Paso 1954, writ
                                                                  S.W.2d 587, 597 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1992, writ denied),
ref'd n.r.e.). Mere mention of insurance *199 before a jury
                                                                  held that the “clear language of the statute mandates awarding
does not result in an automatic mistrial or reversal. The
                                                                  prejudgment interest to the full amount of judgments, whether
complaining party has an obligation to prove that it was
                                                                  or not damages are segregated.” The court cites C.T.W. v.
prejudicial and reasonably calculated to create an improper
                                                                  B.C.G., 809 S.W.2d 788, 795 (Tex.App.—Beaumont 1991,
verdict. TEX.R.CIV. EVID. 411; Beall v. Ditmore, 867
                                                                  no writ), for its statement that our courts recognize that the
S.W.2d 791 (Tex.App.—El Paso 1993, writ denied).
                                                                  statute makes no distinction between past and future damages,
                                                                  and that presumptively, the Legislature was aware of Cavnar
In summary, we find the questioned jury argument was at
                                                                  when it enacted the new statute.
most only a casual and incidental reference to insurance
which while we do not condone, does not rise to the level
                                                                  In C & H Nationwide v. Thompson, 903 S.W.2d 315
of error; that in any event, error, if any, could have been
                                                                  (Tex.1994), the Supreme Court specifically held that the
corrected and was waived by appellant's failure to object
                                                                  Legislature did not intend to segregate past and future
and request an instruction to disregard; and in the light
                                                                  damages in the award of prejudgment interest, and held that
of the whole case we cannot say that such jury argument
                                                                  the statute modified Cavnar as to allow prejudgment interest
error amounted to such a denial of rights of appellant
                                                                  on future damages.
as was reasonably calculated to cause and primarily did
cause rendition of an improper judgment in this case,

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Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

 [21] Lastly, appellant incorrectly asserts that Nationwide       Appellant's eighth point of error remittitur argument is
holds that prejudgment interest in tort cases violates a          rejected.
defendant's Constitutional “due process” of law safeguards.
To the contrary, the opinion holds that prejudgment interest
does not violate a defendant's due process of law safeguards
                                                                                    Appellees' Cross Appeal
since it meets the “rational relative test.”
                                                                  In Question 2(3)(a)(b) the jury found that Mrs. Watson was
Appellant's sixth point of error is overruled.                    negligent in “failing to return to the emergency room at
                                                                  Baptist Hospital or to contact a physician before May 4,
                                                                  1982, when she saw Dr. Bessell” and that such negligence
                      Cumulative Error                            was proximate cause of injury. 7 The jury answered the
                                                                  apportionment portion of Question 3 by finding Mrs.
Failing to have found reversible error in appellant's points of   Watson's negligence was 35% in causing the amputation of
error one through six, we reject appellant's “cumulative error”   her right leg and that Dr. Isern's negligence was 65% of the
argument in his seventh point of error.                           cause.

                                                                  The trial court denied the Watson's motion to disregard
             Remittitur for Excessive Damages                     the contributory findings and reduced the total damages of
                                                                  $1,432,600 awarded to Mrs. Watson and $9,000 awarded to
 [22] Appellant's final point of error argues that the jury       Mr. Watson by 35% in entering judgment against Dr. Isern.
award to Mrs. Watson for the loss of her limb is excessive        The court denied the Watson's motion for new trial asserting
because when pre-judgment interest is added, a judgment in        she should be awarded full damages based upon no evidence,
excess of $3.1 million in this case “shocks the conscience.”      legally insufficient evidence, judicial admission of defendant,
Appellant cites no *200 authority and we know of none             and great weight points.
which supports such an argument for a remittitur based upon
“prejudgment interest” 6 , which is allowed by statute.           In five cross-points of error, appellees contend that the trial
                                                                  court erred in submitting contributory negligence issues to
An “abuse of discretion” test covers remittitur. Texaco, Inc.     the jury; in refusing to disregard the jury's contributory
v. Pennzoil, Co., 729 S.W.2d 768 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st           negligence findings; and, in disregarding the judgment
Dist.] 1987, writ ref. n.r.e.), certiorari dismissed, 485 U.S.    damage award of 35% because such actions by the trial
994, 108 S. Ct. 1305, 99 L. Ed. 2d 686 (1988). TEX.R.APP.P.          court are contrary to the judicial admissions of Dr. Isern,
85 does provide for a suggested “remittitur” by the Court of      unsupported by legally sufficient evidence, and are so
Appeals. However, we should not disturb the jury's award of       contrary to the great weight and preponderance of the
damages “unless it is irrational or so excessive as to shock      evidence as to be manifestly wrong and unjust.
the conscience of the court.” Clark v. Smith, 494 S.W.2d 192,
198 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1973, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
                                                                                       Judicial Admission
Based upon Mrs. Watson's permanent injuries there is nothing
to suggest a “run-away jury” or that the damages award was         [23] Formal declarations in open court by a party's attorney
due to passion, prejudice, bias or improper jury deliberations.   constitute judicial admissions, and include facts asserted by
Where the record does not show the jury was influenced            pleading. Rosse v. Northern Pump Co., 353 S.W.2d 287
by passion and prejudice in awarding damages, the Court is        (Tex.Civ.App.—Austin 1962, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Therefore,
without power to require a remittitur. Bluebonnet Exp., Inc.      where submission of an issue is not supported by evidence
v. Foreman, 431 S.W.2d 45 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [14th             or is contrary to judicial admissions in trial of the case,
Dist.] 1968, no writ); Pioneer Bus Co. v. Ward, 422 S.W.2d        the jury's findings on such issues are not binding on either
550 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1967, no writ);            the trial court or appellate court. Thweatt v. Ocean Acc. &
Texarkana Bus Co. v. Carter, 301 S.W.2d 300 (Tex.Civ.App.         Guarantee Corp., 62 S.W.2d 250 (Tex.Civ.App.—El Paso
—Texarkana 1957, writ ref'd n.r.e.).                              1933, writ ref'd). The effect of a judicial admission is to
                                                                  waive proof of matters admitted in favor of an opposing

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          14
Isern v. Watson, 942 S.W.2d 186 (1997)

                                                                         [24] Because Mrs. Watson is an “ordinary person,” her
party, and the admitting party is bound by the admission.
                                                                        conduct may be evaluated by the jury without the need for
Turner v. State, 850 S.W.2d 210, 213 (Tex.App.—Texarkana
                                                                        medical or expert testimony. She is held to the standard
1993); Markwardt v. Harrell, 430 S.W.2d 1 (Tex.Civ.App.—
                                                                        of ordinary care, i.e., that care of a person of reasonable
Eastland 1968, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Jones v. Underwood & Weld
                                                                        prudence under the same or similar circumstances. Colvin
 *201 Co., Inc., 406 S.W.2d 491 (Tex.Civ.App.—Beaumont
                                                                        v. Red Steel Co., 682 S.W.2d 243, 245 (Tex.1984); Great
1966, no writ).
                                                                        Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Evans, 142 Tex. 1, 175
S.W.2d 249, 250–51 (1943). The trier of fact may take
During closing jury argument, defense counsel addressed the
                                                                        into consideration the “common experience of mankind,” to
jury as follows:
                                                                        determine the care and diligence an ordinary prudent person
    MR. WHITTENBURG: I'm not going to talk to you about                 would use to prevent injuries under the circumstances. Id. at
    No. 2. I—you haven't heard me claim anything about                  251, 175 S.W.2d 249. The testimony of the Watson experts
    Mrs. Watson being negligent during this trial or offer any          that she was not contributorily negligent is merely some
    evidence on that. That's up to you to—                              evidence that she was not negligent, and the jury was not
                                                                        bound by that testimony.
    MR. HOLLOWAY: Your Honor, if that's true, then I ask
    that that issue be withdrawn from the Court's charge if he's         [25] In addition, each side vigorously presented evidence
    not making that claim. He has pled it, and he has claimed it.       in support of the proposition that she was or was not herself
                                                                        negligent. The record reflects a number of instances of
    MR. WHITTENBURG: I have not claimed it, your Honor.
                                                                        conflicting testimony which required resolution of credibility
    It's raised by the evidence, but I haven't claimed that.
                                                                        issues. These are decisions within the province of the fact
    THE COURT: All right. That's denied.                                finder.

The Watson's argue the trial court should have disregarded              After reviewing the entire record, we find that there is some
the jury's contributory negligence and apportionment findings           evidence to support the finding of contributory negligence.
because defense counsel's declaration amounted to a judicial            Accordingly, we will not substitute our judgment for that of
admission regarding these issues. We find that the questioned           the jury. Appellees' cross-points are denied.
jury argument does not rise to the level of a judicial
admission.                                                              Judgment is AFFIRMED.

                                                                        All Citations
                   Contributory Negligence
                                                                        942 S.W.2d 186

Footnotes
1        The Honorable Ron Carr, sitting by assignment pursuant to Tex.Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003(b) (Vernon 1988).
2        Jury question one with the jury answers is attached to this opinion as Exhibit A.
3        Appellant's brief mentions that Dr. Sibley was allowed to testify that “Dr. Isern was guilty of malpractice” over his
         “inflammatory testimony” objection. No admission of evidence point of error or argument is made. Accordingly, we do
         not address that issue.
4        A “Doppler” is an instrument used to amplify pulse signals within a blood vessel.
5        . TEX.REV.CIV.STAT.ANN. art. 5069–1.05, § 6 (Vernon Supp.1997).
6        We note “ prejudgment interest” in this case covers fifteen (15) years since date of injury.
7        The jury refused to find under Questions 2(1) and 2(2) that Mrs. Watson was negligent in failing to give an accurate
         statement as to how she was injured or in failing to accurately state what her complaints or symptoms were at the time
         of her fall or when seen in the Baptist Hospital, and refused to find proximate cause.

End of Document                                                     © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               15
JJ
J.C. Penney Co., Inc. v. Ruth, 982 S.W.2d 586 (1998)

                                                                              Grounds in General
                                                                         Department store did not have probable cause to
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
                                                                         prosecute customer for shoplifting, as required to
Distinguished by Airgas-Southwest, Inc. v. IWS Gas and Supply of
Texas, Ltd.,  Tex.App.-Hous. (1 Dist.), August 30, 2012                  defeat customer's malicious prosecution claim,
                                                                         where customer did not have stolen item in her
                     982 S.W.2d 586                                      bag or on her person, the security guard did not
                 Court of Appeals of Texas,                              see customer steal item, item was recovered from
                        Texarkana.                                       bag of customer's companion, security guard
                                                                         stated that he did not believe that customer had
       J.C. PENNEY COMPANY, INC., Appellant,
                                                                         stolen item, and only evidence that department
                            v.                                           store had was an acknowledgment that customer
             Kristen Ashley RUTH, Appellee.                              claimed she signed only because security guard
                                                                         indicated that he would not allow her to call her
        No. 06–98–00105–CV. | Submitted
                                                                         mother until she signed the document.
       Nov. 3, 1998. | Decided Nov. 25, 1998.
                                                                         1 Cases that cite this headnote
Customer brought action against department store for false
arrest and malicious prosecution. The 136th Judicial District
Court, Jefferson County, Milton Shuffield, J., entered             [3]   Malicious Prosecution
judgment on jury verdict in favor of customer. Department                    Presumptions and Burden of Proof
store appealed. The Court of Appeals, Grant, J., held that:              There is an initial presumption that the defendant
(1) department store did not have probable cause to prosecute            in a malicious prosecution case acted reasonably
customer for shoplifting, and (2) there was sufficient evidence          and in good faith and had probable cause to
that department store acted with malice when it prosecuted               initiate the proceedings.
customer, as would support finding of malicious prosecution.
                                                                         Cases that cite this headnote
Affirmed.
                                                                   [4]   Malicious Prosecution
                                                                             Presumptions and Burden of Proof
 West Headnotes (12)                                                     The presumption that the defendant in a
                                                                         malicious prosecution case acted reasonably and
                                                                         in good faith and had probable cause to initiate
 [1]     Malicious Prosecution                                           the proceedings disappears once the plaintiff
              Nature and Elements of Malicious                           produces evidence that the motives, grounds,
         Prosecution in General                                          beliefs, and evidence upon which the defendant
         To prevail on a claim of malicious prosecution,                 acted did not constitute probable cause, and the
         a plaintiff must establish the following: (1)                   burden then shifts to the defendant to offer proof
         commencement of a criminal prosecution                          of probable cause.
         against the plaintiff; (2) causation (initiation or
         procurement) of the action by the defendant; (3)                Cases that cite this headnote
         termination of the prosecution in the plaintiff's
         favor; (4) the plaintiff's innocence; (5) the             [5]   Malicious Prosecution
         absence of probable cause for the proceedings;                      Probable Cause
         (6) malice in filing the charge; and (7) damage
                                                                         If the facts underlying the decision to prosecute
         to the plaintiff.
                                                                         are not disputed, whether probable cause existed
         1 Cases that cite this headnote                                 to prosecute is a question of law to be decided by
                                                                         the trial court in malicious prosecution action.

 [2]     Malicious Prosecution

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          1
J.C. Penney Co., Inc. v. Ruth, 982 S.W.2d 586 (1998)

        Cases that cite this headnote                         [10]   Torts
                                                                         Intent or Malice

 [6]    Malicious Prosecution                                        Torts
            Belief in Guilt of Accused                                   Weight and Sufficiency
        Probable cause to prosecute, precluding                      Malice is defined as ill will, evil motive, or gross
        malicious prosecution claim, is defined as the               indifference or reckless disregard of the rights
        existence of such facts and circumstances as                 of others, and may be established by direct or
        would excite belief in a reasonable mind, acting             circumstantial evidence.
        on the facts within the knowledge of the
                                                                     2 Cases that cite this headnote
        complainant, that the person charged was guilty
        of the crime for which he was prosecuted.
                                                              [11]   Torts
        Cases that cite this headnote                                    Intent or Malice
                                                                     In order to show malice, a plaintiff is not required
 [7]    Malicious Prosecution                                        to prove that the defendant acted with personal
            Belief in Guilt of Accused                               spite but instead that the defendant committed
        The determination of probable cause to                       wrongful acts in reckless disregard of another's
        prosecute, precluding malicious prosecution                  rights and with indifference as to whether that
        claim, asks whether a reasonable person would                party would be injured.
        believe that a crime had been committed,
                                                                     3 Cases that cite this headnote
        given the facts as the complainant honestly
        and reasonably believed them to be before the
        criminal proceedings were instituted.                 [12]   Malicious Prosecution
                                                                         Acts and Conduct Evidence of Malice
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     There was sufficient evidence that department
                                                                     store acted with malice when it prosecuted
 [8]    Malicious Prosecution                                        customer, as would support malicious
            Grounds in General                                       prosecution claim, in light of the fact that,
        In a malicious prosecution case based on a                   security guard who detained customer testified
        criminal complaint, the complainant's failure to             that he did not believe that she stole anything,
        make a further investigation into the suspect's              agents of department store stated by deposition
        state of mind does not constitute lack of probable           that the real reason for having customer sign
        cause if all objective elements of a crime                   acknowledgment admitting the theft was to avoid
        reasonably appear to have been completed.                    civil liability, and after failing to show for trial on
                                                                     its first prosecution of case, store filed a second
        Cases that cite this headnote                                complaint against customer two months after she
                                                                     initiated her civil suit.
 [9]    Malicious Prosecution                                        Cases that cite this headnote
            Belief in Guilt of Accused
        In order to prevail on malicious prosecution
        claim, defendant must show that the evidence
        could only be interpreted in such a way as to        Attorneys and Law Firms
        provide it with probable cause to believe that
        plaintiff was guilty of the offense.                 *587 Michael Ray McGown, Law Office of Michael R.
                                                             McGown, Beaumont, for appellant.
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             W. Don Bush, Beaumont, for appellee.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              2
J.C. Penney Co., Inc. v. Ruth, 982 S.W.2d 586 (1998)

                                                                  testified that the officers told her if she signed the form she
Before CORNELIUS, C.J., and GRANT and ROSS, JJ.                   would be permitted to go home and call her mother. Cates
                                                                  also testified that the officers told her and Ruth that they
                                                                  must sign the form before they could leave and that it was
                         OPINION                                  not an admission of guilt. The officers neither confirmed nor
                                                                  denied this allegation. They also testified that they had been
GRANT, Justice.                                                   trained to inform the alleged shoplifters that the form was
                                                                  for their own protection as well, because it would ensure that
Kristen Ruth sued J.C. Penney Company, claiming false
                                                                  no additional items would be added to the allegedly stolen
arrest and malicious prosecution. Ruth prevailed at trial,
                                                                  items listed on the form. The “acknowledgment,” despite
and a jury awarded her $20,000 in actual damages, $5,000
                                                                  its name, constituted a confession of the crime of theft of
in attorney's fees, and $50,000 in exemplary damages.
                                                                  the pantyhose. On that same date, Cates also signed another
J.C. Penney appeals from the denial of its motion for
                                                                  document entitled “Texas–Civil Demand Notice,” agreeing
instructed verdict and the denial of its motion for judgment
                                                                  that she had confessed to theft of merchandise and stating
notwithstanding the verdict on Ruth's malicious prosecution
                                                                  that she understood that she might receive a letter seeking
claim.
                                                                  recovery of civil monetary damages.
J.C. Penney raises several points of error concerning two
                                                                  When the police arrived, they took both girls to jail, where
factual issues. J.C. Penney contends that Ruth presented no
                                                                  Cates was shortly released, but where Ruth remained until her
evidence that J.C. Penney's agents acted either with malice
                                                                  mother arrived at about 4:00 a.m.
or without probable cause. J.C. Penney contends that, in the
absence of such evidence, the court erred by denying its
                                                                  J.C. Penney filed a criminal charge against Ruth in municipal
motion for an instructed verdict or, alternatively, erred by
                                                                  court, but the charge was dismissed because J.C. Penney
submitting jury question 2 to the jury or, alternatively, erred
                                                                  failed to appear for trial. After Ruth filed this lawsuit, J.C.
by overruling J.C. Penney's motion for j.n.o.v.
                                                                  Penney refiled the same criminal charge, but when called
                                                                  for trial, J.C. Penney failed to appear a second time, so the
The evidence shows that Kristen Ruth, age 17, and Cori Cates,
                                                                  charges were dismissed again. Ruth filed suit against J.C.
age 17, went shopping at a J.C. Penney store. They were
                                                                  Penney for false arrest and for malicious prosecution. The
carrying bags from other stores containing purchases made
                                                                  jury found for her on both grounds. The trial court denied
by Cates that evening. Cates picked up a pair of pantyhose
                                                                  J.C. Penney's motion for a directed verdict, but later granted
and took them with her to the lingerie department, where she
                                                                  a motion for j.n.o.v. on the false arrest cause of action.
obtained and tried on a brassiere in a dressing room. She
asked Ruth to join her in the dressing room to see if she
                                                                  J.C. Penney has raised several points of error involving
thought the brassierie would be appropriate to wear under a
                                                                  whether there was any evidence that its agents acted with
prom dress. Ruth brought the bags and the pantyhose into
                                                                  malice or had probable cause to prosecute Ruth.
the dressing area and stayed there briefly. While there, an
announcement was made that the store was closing. When
                                                                  [1] To prevail on a claim of malicious prosecution, a plaintiff
they left the dressing room, Ruth was carrying her own purse,
                                                                  must establish the following:
and Cates was carrying everything else. Cates went to the
counter and paid for the bra (about $43 to $45), but did not
pay for the pantyhose, (valued at $5.50) which were inside        (1) commencement of a criminal prosecution against the
one of the other bags.                                            plaintiff; (2) causation (initiation or procurement) of the
                                                                  action by the defendant; (3) termination of the prosecution
After they left the store, they were stopped by security,         in the plaintiff's favor; (4) the plaintiff's innocence; (5) the
who searched the bags carried by Cates and found the              absence of probable cause for the proceedings; (6) malice in
pantyhose. Cates explained that because of their hurry she        filing the charge; and (7) damage to the plaintiff. Richey v.
had forgotten the pantyhose. Both girls were then taken           Brookshire Grocery Co., 952 S.W.2d 515, 517 (Tex.1997);
to a security office and *588 questioned for about forty          Metzger v. Sebek, 892 S.W.2d 20, 41–42, 42 n. 10 (Tex.App.
minutes before the police were called. Both girls signed what     —Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied).
J.C. Penney describes as an “acknowledgment” form. Ruth

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             3
J.C. Penney Co., Inc. v. Ruth, 982 S.W.2d 586 (1998)

 [2] Malicious prosecution does not present a question of          was wearing relatively tight-fitting clothing and was carrying
whether J.C. Penney had probable cause to stop Ruth and            only a purse, while Cates was carrying multiple bags and her
question or arrest her. That issue is a part of the false arrest   own purse, but this did not negate the possibility that Ruth
claim on which J.C. Penney obtained a j.n.o.v. The question        had the item or that there had been collusion between the
is whether J.C. Penney had probable cause to prosecute Ruth.       two. Thus, the trial court concluded that there was undisputed
Thus, J.C. Penney contends that there is no evidence that it       evidence adequately justifying a stop and arrest, and rendered
had no probable cause to initiate the proceedings or that it had   a j.n.o.v. as to the false arrest claim.
any malice in filing the charge.
                                                                 When the security guard searched the bags, however, he
 [3] [4] [5] We first review the record for any evidence found that Cates had the item inside one of her bags. Ruth
of probable cause. There is an initial presumption that the      did not have the bag containing the pantyhose, and the
defendant in a malicious prosecution case acted reasonably       guard did not see Ruth hide the item. It is clear from the
and in good faith and had probable cause to initiate the         evidence that the bags and their contents belonged to Cates.
proceedings. Richey, 952 S.W.2d at 517; Metzger, 892             There was no evidence of Ruth's involvement except that
S.W.2d at 42. The presumption disappears once the plaintiff      Ruth signed a document entitled “acknowledgment,” stating
produces evidence that the motives, grounds, beliefs, and        that she admitted that she took “from the possession of the
evidence upon which the defendant acted did not constitute       Company, without making payment, without the permission
probable cause. Richey, 952 S.W.2d at 518. The burden then       of the Company, the following property of the Company: 1
shifts to the defendant to offer proof of probable cause. Id. If pantyhose.”
the facts underlying the decision to prosecute are not disputed,
whether probable cause existed is a question of law to be        Ruth testified that she signed the document only because they
decided by the trial court. Id.; Burrows v. Neiman–Marcus        would not let her call her mother unless she signed it, and
Group, Inc., 976 S.W.2d 784 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.]        that the security guard told her that she was not admitting
1998, n.w.h.).                                                   guilt by so doing. Cates signed this same form document
                                                                 and another document acknowledging that she had confessed
 [6]     [7] Probable cause is defined as the existence of to theft and acknowledging that she might receive a letter
such facts and circumstances as would excite belief in a         requiring restitution to the company.
reasonable mind, acting on the facts within the knowledge
of the prosecutor [complainant], that the person charged was      [9] In order for J.C. Penney to prevail, it must show that
guilty of the crime for which he was prosecuted. Richey, 952     this evidence could only be interpreted in such a way as
S.W.2d at 517. The probable-cause determination asks *589        to provide it with probable cause to believe that Ruth was
whether a reasonable person would believe that a crime had       guilty of the offense. In this review, we look to see if J.C.
been committed, given the facts as the complainant honestly      Penney conclusively proved that a reasonable person would
and reasonably believed them to be before the criminal           believe that a crime had been committed, given the facts as
proceedings were instituted. Id.                                 J.C. Penney honestly and reasonably believed them to be
                                                                 before the criminal proceedings were instituted. Richey, 952
 [8] In a malicious prosecution case based on a criminal S.W.2d at 517. In this case, J.C. Penney could reasonably
complaint, the complainant's failure to make a further           rely on Ruth's signing of the acknowledgment that admitted
investigation into the suspect's state of mind does not          participation in the theft.
constitute lack of probable cause if all objective elements
of a crime reasonably appear to have been completed. See         However, that evidence does not stand alone. The security
Thomas v. Cisneros, 596 S.W.2d 313, 317–18 (Tex.Civ.App.         guard who instituted the prosecution on behalf of J.C. Penney
—Austin 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Carswell v. Southwestern       testified that even at the time of the arrest he did not believe
Bell Tel. Co., 449 S.W.2d 805, 817 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston         that Ruth had stolen anything. Further, the objective evidence
[1st Dist.] 1969, no writ).                                      shows only that Ruth took all the packages into the dressing
                                                                 room, that the pantyhose were not visible while they were
In this case, the security guard watched Ruth and Cates leave    both in the dressing room, and that the pantyhose were was
the store and had probable cause to believe that one of them     ultimately found in Cate's possession. In that situation, even
was leaving without paying for an item. At that point, Ruth      though J.C. Penney might reasonably believe that Ruth had

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            4
J.C. Penney Co., Inc. v. Ruth, 982 S.W.2d 586 (1998)

                                                                       (Tex.Civ.App.—Fort Worth 1922, no writ). Further, Texas
participated in the theft because of her admission, the jury had
                                                                       courts have long held that the jury may infer malice from the
before it evidence that the “acknowledgment” was obtained
                                                                       proof of lack of probable cause. Biering v. First Nat'l Bank,
only through a form of mental coercion, based upon the
                                                                       69 Tex. 599, 7 S.W. 90, 92 (1888); Apache Corp., 857 S.W.2d
girls' testimony that they were not permitted to contact their
                                                                       at 690; Diamond Shamrock Corp. v. Ortiz, 753 S.W.2d 238,
parents until they signed the form. In addition, the guard
                                                                       241 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1988, writ denied).
stated that he had been instructed to inform detainees that
the “acknowledgment” was in part for their own protection—
                                                                       We have previously discussed the evidence of probable
because it ensured that no J.C. Penney employee would later
                                                                       cause, or the lack thereof. In addition, the guard testified
add more allegedly stolen items to the list on the form.
                                                                       that he had told Ruth and Cates that signing the form was
                                                                       for their protection, but other agents of J.C. Penney stated
Further, the security guard testified that he did not believe
                                                                       by deposition that the real reason for having the girls sign
that Ruth stole anything and that he was only sure that one
                                                                       the acknowledgment was to avoid civil liability. Indeed, as
of the girls had the pantyhose. He testified that Cates had
                                                                       previously noted, the security guard, acting on behalf of
picked up the pantyhose, that she was carrying the bags, and
                                                                       J.C. Penney, testified that he did not believe that Ruth stole
that the pantyhose were found in one of Cates's bags. As
                                                                       anything.
shown by the undisputed evidence, when *590 they were
stopped, the pantyhose were in Cates's possession. As an
                                                                       The timing of the second prosecution also raises serious
employee of J.C. Penney, the security guard's knowledge was
                                                                       questions about the purpose of the prosecution. On March 22,
necessarily imputed to J.C. Penney. In addition, Cates signed
                                                                       1995, the first prosecution ended when the complainant failed
the second “Texas–Civil Demand Notice” form discussed
                                                                       to show for trial, and the State moved for a dismissal. Ruth
earlier in which she agreed that she had admitted to stealing
                                                                       filed suit against J.C. Penney on June 2, 1995. Two months
the item.
                                                                       later, J.C. Penney filed another complaint against Ruth, on
                                                                       August 23, 1995, but J.C. Penney again failed to appear at
Even if we disregarded these factors, however, the evidence
                                                                       trial, and the prosecution was dismissed for a second time.
also shows that the prosecution was re-instituted against
                                                                       Further, the prosecution against Cates, the individual who
Ruth only—after it had been dismissed—but that Cates (the
                                                                       actually possessed the property, had been dismissed also but
possessor of the stolen merchandise) was not prosecuted for
                                                                       was not refiled.
her alleged crime. This is also some evidence from which
a jury might conclude that the prosecution was not brought
                                                              It would be possible for a jury to draw the conclusion that
because J.C. Penney believed that Ruth was guilty of the
                                                              the only reason the second complaint was filed was an effort
offense, but for some other reason. Thus, this no-evidence
                                                              to improve the company's legal position in Ruth's civil suit,
contention fails.
                                                              rather than the proper purpose of bringing an offender to
 [10] [11] [12] J.C. Penney also contends that the evidence justice.
conclusively shows that it did not act with malice. Malice
                                                              Based upon these factors, we conclude that there is some
is defined as ill will, evil motive, or gross indifference
                                                              evidence that the jury could have taken as proof of malice.
or reckless disregard of the rights of others, and may be
                                                              Accordingly, the trial court did not err by denying the motion
established by direct or circumstantial evidence. Apache
                                                              for a directed verdict and the motion for j.n.o.v. Because
Corp. v. McLean, 857 S.W.2d 683, 690 (Tex.App.—Houston
                                                              of our conclusion on this issue, we need not address the
[14th Dist.] 1993, no writ); see Fisher v. Beach, 671 S.W.2d
                                                              conditional cross-point of error raised by Ruth.
63, 67 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1984, no writ); Dahl v. Akin,
645 S.W.2d 506, 515 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 1982), aff'd, 661
                                                              The judgment is affirmed.
S.W.2d 917 (Tex.1983). A plaintiff is not required to prove
that the defendant acted with personal spite but instead that
the defendant committed wrongful acts in reckless disregard
                                                              All Citations
of another's rights and with indifference as to whether that
party would be injured. Reed v. Lindley, 240 S.W. 348, 351    982 S.W.2d 586

End of Document                                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 5
KK
Jay Miller & Sundown, Inc. v. Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., 381 S.W.3d 635 (2012)

                                                                    [2]   Appeal and Error
                     381 S.W.3d 635                                          Cases Triable in Appellate Court
                 Court of Appeals of Texas,
                                                                          Court of Appeals reviews summary judgments
                       San Antonio.
                                                                          and issues of statutory construction de novo.
  JAY MILLER & SUNDOWN, INC. d/b/a Sundown
                                                                          Cases that cite this headnote
    Construction, Appellant and Cross–Appellee,
                         v.
      CAMP DRESSER & McKEE, INC. d/b/                               [3]   Statutes
                                                                               Plain Language; Plain, Ordinary, or
      a CDM, Appellee and Cross–Appellant.
                                                                          Common Meaning
        No. 04–11–00056–CV.           |    Aug. 15, 2012.                 Statutes
                                                                               Relation to plain, literal, or clear meaning;
Synopsis                                                                  ambiguity
Background: General contractor on project to replace and
                                                                          The plain meaning of the text is the best
improve parts of city's water distribution system brought
                                                                          expression of legislative intent unless a different
action against city for breach of contract, violation of the
                                                                          meaning is apparent from the context or the plain
Prompt Payment Act, and property damage due to negligence
                                                                          meaning leads to absurd or nonsensical results.
in operation or use of water pumping equipment. Contractor
brought cross-claim against engineering firm that designed                Cases that cite this headnote
project and provided related services, claiming tortious
interference with contract, negligent misrepresentation, and
fraud. The 83rd Judicial District Court, Val Verde County,          [4]   Torts
Carl Pendergrass, J., entered partial summary judgment in                      Constitutional, statutory, and local
favor of firm. Contractor appealed.                                       regulation
                                                                          Torts
                                                                              Grounds and conditions precedent

[Holding:] The Court of Appeals, Steven C. Hilbig, J., held               Section of Civil Practice & Remedies Code
that statute that required dismissal of action arising out of the         that required dismissal with prejudice of action
provision of professional services by an engineering firm, if             arising out of the provision of professional
an affidavit of merit was not filed with the complaint, did not           services by an engineering firm, if an affidavit
apply.                                                                    of merit was not filed with the complaint,
                                                                          did not apply to general contractor's tortious
                                                                          interference claim against engineering firm that
Reversed.                                                                 designed city's water distribution system; the
                                                                          legislative enactment that imposed the certificate
                                                                          requirement on firms did not have the effect
                                                                          of making the certificate of merit requirement
 West Headnotes (5)
                                                                          applicable to causes of action which accrued
                                                                          before the effective date of the amendment.
 [1]     Judgment                                                         V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code §
             Particular defenses                                          150.001.
         As a defendant moving for summary judgment                       1 Cases that cite this headnote
         on the affirmative defense of the statute of
         limitations, engineering firm had the burden to
         conclusively establish the defense.                        [5]   Action
                                                                               Proceedings constituting commencement
         1 Cases that cite this headnote                                  An action is filed or commenced when the
                                                                          original petition is filed.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             1
Jay Miller & Sundown, Inc. v. Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., 381 S.W.3d 635 (2012)

                                                                2003, the City contracted with Sundown to be the general
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                         contractor on the project. The contract required Sundown
                                                                to construct water lines throughout the city, install a
                                                                booster pump station, and construct an elevated storage tank.
                                                                Sundown began work in June 2003, and the contract required
Attorneys and Law Firms                                         the project be substantially complete within 365 days and
                                                                be complete for final payment by July 8, 2004. The contract
 *636 Bryan L. Kost, John C. Dulske, Law Offices of Dulske      contained a liquidated damages clause and a provision that
& Florino, P.C., Jason Speights, Speights Law Firm, L.L.P.,     if the City, the project engineer or others performing work
San Antonio, TX, for Appellant.
                                                                for the City or for whom the City was responsible, delayed,
                                                                disrupted, or interfered with the performance or progress
Gregory P. Sapire, K & L Gates, LLP, Austin, TX, for
                                                                of the work, then Sundown was entitled to an equitable
Appellee.
                                                                adjustment in the contract price, the contract times, or both.
Sitting: CATHERINE STONE, Chief Justice, SANDEE                 CDM was not a party to the contract between Sundown and
BRYAN MARION, Justice, STEVEN C. HILBIG, Justice.               the City, and Sundown did not have a separate contract with
                                                                CDM. The City terminated CDM's contract at the end of
                                                                2004. Because of numerous delays, the project was not finally
                        OPINION                                 complete until January 2005.

Opinion by: STEVEN C. HILBIG, Justice.                          Sundown sued the City in February 2007 for breach of
                                                                contract and violation of the Prompt Payment Act. Sundown
Jay Miller & Sundown, Inc. (“Sundown”) appeals the              alleged the City, through its employees and agents, delayed,
summary judgment granted in favor of Camp Dresser &             disrupted, and interfered with performance of the work,
McKee Inc. (“CDM”) on the ground that Sundown's claim           resulting in additional work, expense, and overhead and
for tortious interference with contract was barred by the       significantly delaying the completion date. Sundown sought
statute of limitations. Sundown argues that the statute of      unpaid sums due under the contract, including change orders
limitations was not available to CDM as a defense because       and additional work, delay damages, interest, and attorney's
CDM was properly joined in the action as a responsible third    fees. In October 2009, Sundown amended its petition to add
party pursuant to chapter 33 of the Texas Civil Practice and    a claim under the Texas Tort Claims Act for property damage
Remedies Code. CDM contends that Sundown misinterprets          caused by the City's negligent operation or use of water
and misapplies Chapter 33. CDM argues alternatively in a        pumping equipment. Sundown alleged the City's improper
cross-point that the trial court erred in denying its motion    operation of the water pumps that supplied pressure to water
to dismiss the suit pursuant to section 150.002 of the Civil    lines caused some lines to burst, causing flooding of the
Practice and Remedies Code because Sundown did not file         project site and damage to Sundown's work and property.
a certificate of *637 merit. We hold the trial court erred      Sundown further alleged that had the City not improperly
in granting the summary judgment and that under the law         interfered with and delayed the work, Sundown would have
applicable to Sundown's claim, no certificate of merit was      progressed beyond the site of the flooding when the pipes
required. We therefore reverse the trial court's judgment and   burst and its damages would have been less.
remand for further proceedings.
                                                                The City amended its answer, pleading that to the extent
                                                                Sundown's negligence allegations against the City were found
                     BACKGROUND                                 to be true, CDM was a responsible third party within the
                                                                meaning of section 33.011(6) of the Texas Civil Practice
CDM is an engineering firm that contracted with the City        and Remedies Code. At the same time, the City filed an
of Del Rio to provide design and construction administrative    unopposed motion for leave to designate CDM a responsible
services for a project to replace and improve parts of the      third party pursuant to section 33.004 of the Civil Practice
City's water distribution system. CDM designed the project,     and Remedies Code. The trial court signed an order granting
managed the bidding process, and provided construction          the motion. 1 In December 2009 and within sixty *638
administrative services after construction began. In April      days of the designation, Sundown filed an amended petition,

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         2
Jay Miller & Sundown, Inc. v. Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., 381 S.W.3d 635 (2012)

joining CDM as a defendant, and alleging causes of action         v. Pochucha, 290 S.W.3d 863, 867 (Tex.2009)). “The plain
against CDM for tortious interference with contract, negligent    meaning of the text is the best expression of legislative intent
misrepresentation, and fraud.                                     unless a different meaning is apparent from the context or the
                                                                  plain meaning leads to absurd or nonsensical results.” Id.
Sundown later settled with and nonsuited the City. CDM
filed a motion to dismiss, alleging Sundown had not filed a       Chapter 33 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code
certificate of merit as required by chapter 150 of the Civil      is the “complex statutory scheme for the comparative
Practice and Remedies Code. CDM also filed a motion for           apportionment of responsibility among parties in most tort
summary judgment on the ground that Sundown's causes of           actions in Texas.” Galbraith Eng'g, 290 S.W.3d at 868.
action were barred by the statute of limitations. The trial       Among other things, it allows a tort defendant to designate
court heard arguments on the motions and took them under          as a responsible third party a person who has not been sued
advisement. At the next hearing in the case, the trial court      by the plaintiff, but who is alleged to have caused in any way
orally rendered its rulings granting summary judgment on          the *639 harm for which the plaintiff seeks damages. See
the tortious interference claim, denying summary judgment         TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(a) (West
on the fraud and negligent misrepresentation claims, and          Supp.2011), § 33.011(6) (West 2008). When such designation
denying CDM's motion to dismiss. On the same day,                 is made, subsection 33.004(e) authorizes the plaintiff to join
Sundown filed its fourth amended petition, naming CDM as          the person as a defendant and, if joinder is sought within
the sole defendant and dropping the fraud and negligence          sixty days of the designation, limitations cannot be raised as
claims. The court then signed a final judgment.                   a bar. See Galbraith Eng'g, 290 S.W.3d at 865. The relevant
                                                                  statutory sections state:
Sundown appeals the summary judgment. CDM argues in a
cross-point that the trial court should have dismissed the suit     § 33.011 Definitions
for failure to file a certificate of merit.
                                                                    In this chapter:

                                                                    (1) “Claimant” means a person seeking recovery of
              STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS                                damages, including a plaintiff, counterclaimant, cross-
                                                                    claimant, or third-party plaintiff....
The parties agree the statute of limitations on Sundown's
tortious interference claim is two years and that Sundown           (2) “Defendant” includes any person from whom, at the
joined CDM as a defendant more than two years after                 time of the submission of the case to the trier of fact, a
CDM's last involvement in the project. CDM's motion for             claimant seeks recovery of damages.
summary judgment asserted the claim is barred by limitations.
                                                                    ...
Sundown contends the trial court erred in granting the
motion because former section 33.004(e) 2 of the Texas Civil        (6) “Responsible third party” means any person who is
Practice and Remedies Code authorizes it to pursue the claim        alleged to have caused or contributed to causing in any
even though it would otherwise be barred by limitations.            way the harm for which recovery of damages is sought,
                                                                    whether by negligent act or omission, by any defective
                                                                    or unreasonably dangerous product, by other conduct or
Applicable law and standard of review                               activity that violates an applicable legal standard, or by
 [1] [2] [3] As a defendant moving for summary judgment             any combination of these. The term “responsible third
on the affirmative defense of limitations, CDM had the              party” does not include a seller eligible for indemnity under
burden to conclusively establish the defense. See Rhone–            Section 82.002.
Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 223 (Tex.1999).
We review summary judgments and issues of statutory               TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.011 (West.2008).
construction de novo. Molinet v. Kimbrell, 356 S.W.3d 407,
411 (Tex.2011); Carreras v. Marroquin, 339 S.W.3d 68,               § 33.004 Designation of Responsible Third Party
71 (Tex.2011). The court's “primary objective in construing
                                                                    (a) A defendant may seek to designate a person as a
statutes is to give effect to the Legislature's intent.” Molinet,
                                                                    responsible third party by filing a motion for leave to
356 S.W.3d at 411 (citing Galbraith Eng'g Consultants, Inc.
                                                                    designate that person as a responsible third party. The

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             3
Jay Miller & Sundown, Inc. v. Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., 381 S.W.3d 635 (2012)

  motion must be filed on or before the 60th day before the       tort damages sought against it, both in its pleadings and by
  trial date unless the court finds good cause to allow the       timely filing a motion to designate. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
  motion to be filed at a later date.                             REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(a). The City's pleadings asserted
                                                                  that CDM was a responsible third party within the meaning of
  ...                                                             section 33.011(6) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies
                                                                  Code because CDM's tortious conduct caused the harm for
  (e) [repealed] If a person is designated under this section
                                                                  which Sundown sought to recover damages from the City.
  as a responsible third party, a claimant is not barred by
                                                                  The trial court granted the unopposed motion for leave to
  limitations from seeking to join that person, even though
                                                                  designate CDM a responsible third party. See id. § 33.004(f).
  such joinder would otherwise be barred by limitations, if
                                                                  Within sixty days of the designation, Sundown joined CDM
  the claimant seeks to join that person not later than 60 days
                                                                  as a defendant in the suit. See id. § 33.004(e).
  after that person is designated as a responsible third party.

  (f) A court shall grant leave to designate the named person     The third amended petition listed numerous acts and
  as a responsible third party unless another party files an      omissions of CDM that Sundown alleged delayed, disrupted,
  objection to the motion for leave on or before the 15th day     and interfered with Sundown's contract with the City.
  after the date the motion is served.                            Sundown generally alleged CDM's acts and omissions
                                                                  caused the project to be significantly delayed and that
Id. § 33.004 (West 2008; West Supp.2011). 3                       Sundown incurred actual damages and loss as a result.
                                                                  The petition alleged the delays and interruptions increased
                                                                  Sundown's costs and expenses and damaged its relationship
Discussion                                                        with the City. The petition also alleged that the delays
Sundown argues the trial court erred in granting summary          and interruptions caused Sundown to be working in the
judgment. Sundown contends that because all the statutory         area flooded when the water lines burst, causing damage
procedural steps for designating and joining a responsible        to both Sundown's personal property and to the work.
third party were precisely followed in this case, CDM's           Sundown prayed broadly for recovery against CDM for its
limitations defense is defeated by section 33.004(e). We          actual damages, consequential damages, incidental damages,
agree.                                                            compensatory damages, interest, fees, and costs.

Sundown's tort claim against the City alleged the City's          The City's pleadings asserted CDM's tortious conduct caused
operation or use of motor-driven water pumps caused water         or contributed to the property damage for which Sundown
lines to rupture, flooding areas in which Sundown was             sought to recover against the City in its tort claim. See TEX.
working. Sundown alleged the flooding damaged its property,       CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.011(6)(definition
including construction work it had already performed and          of “responsible third party”). The City complied with the
later had to repair. Sundown additionally alleged:                statutory requirements for designating CDM a responsible
                                                                  third party, and the court properly granted leave to so
            Had the overall PROJECT schedule
                                                                  designate CDM. See id. § 33.004(f) (court “shall” grant
            not been delayed ..., Sundown would
                                                                  leave absent timely objection by a party). Pursuant to section
            have progress[ed] beyond those areas
                                                                  33.004(e), Sundown was therefore “not barred by limitations”
            ultimately *640 impacted by the
                                                                  from joining CDM as a party defendant “even though such
            flooding before the flooding occurred.
                                                                  joinder would otherwise be barred by limitations.” Id. §
            Consequently, the delays caused by
                                                                  33.004(e); see Flack v. Hanke, 334 S.W.3d 251, 258–63
            DEL RIO, by and through their
                                                                  (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2010, pet. denied).
            [sic] employees, agents and other
            individuals for whom DEL RIO is
                                                                  In response, CDM asserts that, construing Chapter 33 as
            responsible, also contributed to the
                                                                  a whole, subsection 33.004(e) “cannot revive a limitations-
            amount of property damage incurred
                                                                  barred tort claim unless the harm for which the plaintiff seeks
            by Sundown as a result of the flooding.
                                                                  recovery of damages against the responsible third party is the
After Sundown added this tort claim against the City, the         same harm for which the plaintiff seeks recovery of damages
City timely designated CDM a responsible third party for the      against the original, designating defendant.” CDM argues

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            4
Jay Miller & Sundown, Inc. v. Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., 381 S.W.3d 635 (2012)

section 33.004(e) does not apply in this case and the trial
court properly granted summary judgment on its limitations         In its post-submission brief, CDM argues for the first time
defense because (1) Sundown does not allege CDM caused             that we should review the summary judgment in light of
or contributed to the property damage that was the basis of        the allegations made in Sundown's fourth amended petition.
Sundown's tort claim against the City; (2) CDM was not             We disagree. First, as discussed above, whether section
a legal cause of the property damages Sundown sought to            33.004(e) abrogates a limitations defense depends on whether
recover against the City; and (3) it would “lead to an absurd      a responsible third party was properly designated and timely
result by making CDM a joint tortfeasor with [the City] for        joined; it does not depend on the substance of the allegations
tort damages that Sundown did not seek to recover against          in a subsequent petition against the joined defendant. Second,
[the City].” We address each of these arguments in turn.           the record clearly establishes the summary judgment was
                                                                   based on Sundown's third amended petition. The third
 *641 CDM first argues the tortious interference claim is          amended petition was its live pleading when the motion for
barred by limitations “because the harm for which Sundown          summary judgment was filed, when it was heard by the trial
seeks recovery of damages against CDM is not the same harm         court, and when the motion was taken under submission.
for which Sundown sought recovery of damages against Del           When the case was next called for hearing over a month
Rio.” Initially, we note that CDM's argument focuses entirely      later, the court announced it was ready to rule on the pending
on the substance of the allegations in Sundown's pleading          motions, including the motion for summary judgment. The
against CDM—the claimant's allegations against the joined          trial judge noted he had just received the fourth amended
defendant (the former responsible third party). However, as        petition, which had been filed earlier in the day, but stated
the statute is written, whether the statute of limitations is      he had not reviewed the amended petition in reaching its
waived is not dependent on the substance of the claimant's         decision. Finally, our conclusion would not be different were
allegations against the joined defendant. Section 33.004(e)        we to consider the fourth amended petition. Because the
provides that limitations does not bar the joinder if (1) the      fourth amended petition was filed after the City was dismissed
person was designated under section 33.004 as a responsible        as a defendant, it does not contain allegations relating to the
third party and (2) joinder was sought within sixty days of        tort claim against the City and therefore does not expressly
the designation. Those two conditions were indisputably met        allege that CDM's conduct contributed to the harm caused
in this case. Under a plain reading of the statute, no further     by the City's tort. The fourth amended petition alleges the
inquiry is necessary to conclude that the statute of limitations   numerous acts of interference and delay by *642 CDM that
may not be raised as a bar to Sundown's tortious interference      caused harm and damage to Sundown and prays broadly for
with contract claim. See Flack, 334 S.W.3d at 258–60.              actual damages, which could reasonably include the property
                                                                   damages Sundown previously sought against the City.
Nevertheless, we also disagree with CDM's contention that
Sundown did not allege “acts or omissions that caused or           CDM argues in its post-submission brief that the summary
contributed to causing the property damage forming the basis       judgment should be affirmed because Sundown's allegations
of Sundown's claim against Del Rio under the Texas Tort            of delay are “too attenuated to have ‘caused or contributed
Claims Act.” Against the City, Sundown sought to recover           in any way to the harm for which’ Sundown sought damages
for the damage to its property, including the cost to repair       against Del Rio,” and as a matter of law could not be a
the work in progress at the site of the flooding. Both the         legal cause of Sundown's injuries. However, CDM did not
City and Sundown alleged that CDM's conduct in delaying            move for summary judgment on the ground there was no
progress of the work caused or contributed to the damage           evidence it proximately caused any of Sundown's damages.
caused by the flooding. Sundown's petition joining CDM             Rather, it moved for and obtained summary judgment on
and Sundown's third amended petition, filed while the City         an affirmative defense of limitations. Moreover, CDM is
remained a defendant in the case, clearly alleged that CDM's       essentially contending that section 33.004(e) does not apply
tortious conduct contributed to causing the harm for which         because it should not have been designated a responsible third
Sundown sued the City in tort. And, contrary to CDM's              party. In Flack v. Hanke, this court held that Chapter 33
assertion that Sundown sought only economic damages from           does not authorize a joined defendant to litigate its previous
it, Sundown's pleadings seeking “actual,” “consequential,”         designation as a responsible third party. 334 S.W.3d at 261–
“incidental,” and “compensatory” damages are broad enough          63.
to encompass property damage.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            5
Jay Miller & Sundown, Inc. v. Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., 381 S.W.3d 635 (2012)

In its final argument, CDM contends that Sundown's                  party and Sundown timely joined CDM as a defendant, the
interpretation of Chapter 33 would lead to an absurd result “by     trial court erred by granting summary judgment based on the
making CDM a joint tortfeasor with Del Rio for tort damages         statute of limitations. Whether the *643 purpose or language
that Sundown did not seek to recover against Del Rio.” CDM          of Chapter 33 limits in any way the damages that Sundown
contends Sundown should not be allowed to use section               can recover against CDM does not bear on whether the cause
33.004(e) to revive the tortious interference claim because the     of action is barred by limitations and is not an issue before us.
tort allegedly caused economic losses substantially beyond
contributing to the harm caused by the City's tort, losses
which were completely unrelated to the flooding and which
                                                                                    CERTIFICATE OF MERIT
Sundown could not have recovered in a tort claim against the
City. However, nothing in Chapter 33 requires the original          CDM cross-appeals the trial court's order denying its motion
defendant and the joined responsible third party be joint           to dismiss pursuant to chapter 150 of the Civil Practice
tortfeasors with respect to all the damages sought in order for     & Remedies Code. That chapter requires the trial court
section 33.004(e) to apply. We have previously recognized           dismiss with prejudice a suit arising out of the provision of
that, although Chapter 33 is generally considered a defense-        professional services by an engineering firm if an affidavit
oriented statute, the revival of limitations provision in section   certifying the merit of the complaint is not filed with the
33.004(e) provides a benefit to plaintiffs that may be subject      complaint. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. §§
to manipulation:                                                    150.001(1), 150.002(a), (d) (West 2011). Sundown did not
                                                                    file a certificate of merit, but contends its claim against CDM
             Section 33.004(e) creates the potential
                                                                    is governed by a prior version of Chapter 150, under which
             to revive otherwise barred claims
                                                                    no certificate of merit was required in a tortious interference
             against a designated RTP. This
                                                                    with contract suit against a corporation.
             procedure may result in the plaintiff
             collaborating with a defendant to join
                                                                    We review a ruling on a motion to dismiss under section
             additional tortfeasors. For example,
                                                                    150.002 for abuse of discretion. Kniestedt v. S.W. Sound
             section 33.004(e) allows a plaintiff
                                                                    & Electronics, Inc., 281 S.W.3d 452, 454 (Tex.App.-
             to sue a defendant with little or
                                                                    San Antonio 2007, no pet.). However, construction of the
             no liability, and that defendant may
                                                                    statutory language is a question of law we review using
             then designate the true tortfeasor as
                                                                    the de novo standard. Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers,
             an RTP. The plaintiff subsequently
                                                                    282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex.2009); JNY, L.P. v. Raba–Kistner
             may join the true tortfeasor, avoid a
                                                                    Consultants, Inc., 311 S.W.3d 584, 585 (Tex.App.-El Paso
             limitations defense, and nonsuit the
                                                                    2010, no pet).
             original defendant.

Flack, 334 S.W.3d at 256 (citation omitted). In Flack, we           When Chapter 150 was enacted in 2003, it applied only
rejected appellant's public policy argument that limitations        to a claim of professional negligence against a “design
should not be revived because “their designation as                 professional,” which was defined as “a registered architect
responsible parties was “unrelated to the purpose of section        or licensed professional engineer.” Act of June 2, 2003,
33.004 and ... nothing more than an attempt to manipulate           78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 20.01, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws
the process and circumvent statutory limitations.” Id. at 260.      847, 896 (amended 2005 and 2009) (current version at TEX.
Instead, we applied the plain language of the statute and           CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. §§ 150.001–.002) (“2003
held that “[b]ecause section 33.004 provides that a properly        Act”). The 2003 Act was subsequently construed as applying
designated responsible third party may be joined regardless         only to claims against individual architects and engineers, and
of limitations, the trial court erred in granting the motion [ ]    not to claims against architectural or engineering corporations
for summary judgment based on limitations.” Flack, at 260;          or firms. Raba–Kistner, 311 S.W.3d at 588; J.E. Saenz &
see also Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Servs., LLC, 315       Assocs. v. Munoz, No. 13–10–00139–CV, 2011 WL 193113,
S.W.3d 109, 122 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.)        at *3 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi–Edinburg Jan. 13, 2011, no
(rejecting public policy argument against reviving barred           pet.).
claim and applying plain language of statute). Likewise,
because CDM was properly designated a responsible third

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               6
Jay Miller & Sundown, Inc. v. Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., 381 S.W.3d 635 (2012)

The Legislature amended Chapter 150 twice in 2005. The             Kistner, 311 S.W.3d at 586–87 (discussing amendments
first 2005 amendment changed some of the wording of the            and legislative history). The 2009 Act also added registered
statute and added registered professional land surveyors to its    landscape architects to its scope, detail regarding the
scope. See Act of May 12, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 189,          qualifications of the expert, and a new subsection specifying
2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 348 (amended 2009) (current version at         the required contents of the certificate of merit affidavit. Id.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. §§ 150.001–.002).                  The 2009 Act was effective September 1, 2009, and section
This amendment took effect immediately on the governor's           3 of the Act stated:
signature May 27, 2005. Id.
                                                                                The change in law made by this Act
The second 2005 amendment was passed without reference to                       applies only to an action or arbitration
the changes made by the earlier 2005 amendment. See Act of                      filed or commenced on or after the
May 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 208, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws.                    effective date of this Act. An action
369 (amended 2009) (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC.                          or arbitration filed or commenced
& REM.CODE ANN. §§ 150.001–.002) (“the second 2005                              before the effective date of this Act
Act”). The second 2005 Act changed the definition of “design                    is governed by the law in effect
professional” to mean:                                                          immediately before the effective date
                                                                                of this Act, and that law is continued
             a     licensed   architect,   licensed                             in effect for that purpose.
             professional engineer, or any
             firm in which such licensed                           Id. ch. 789 §§ 3, 4.
             professional practices, including but
             not limited to a corporation,                         CDM argues that the current 2009 version of Chapter 150
             professional corporation, limited                     applies to Sundown's tortious interference claim because,
             liability corporation, partnership,                   although Sundown's suit against the City was filed before
             limited liability partnership, sole                   September 1, 2009, CDM was not joined as a defendant until
             proprietorship, joint venture, or any                 December 2009. CDM argues the action against it therefore
             other business entity.                                was not “filed or commenced” until after the effective date
                                                                   of the 2009 Act. As Chapter 150 is currently written, a
Id. ch. 208, § 2. This amendment also made Chapter 150             certificate of merit must be filed in a tort suit against an
apply “[i]n any action or arbitration proceeding for damages       engineering firm. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE
arising out of the provision of professional services by a         ANN. §§ 150.001–.002 (West 2011). Sundown responds that
design professional.” Id. The changes to Chapter 150 made          the trial court correctly denied the motion to dismiss because
by the second 2005 Act applied “only to a cause of action          this suit, filed before the 2009 Act, is governed by an earlier
that accrues on or after the effective date of this Act.” Id.      version of Chapter 150.
ch. 208, § 4. The *644 Legislature further provided that
“[a]n action that accrued before the effective date of this Act     [4] We agree with Sundown that the certificate of merit
is governed by the law applicable to the action immediately        requirement does not apply to its claims against CDM in this
before the effective date of this Act, and that law is continued   case. By its terms, the enabling provision in the 2009 Act
in effect for that purpose.” Id. The second 2005 Act became        governs only the applicability of the “change in law” made by
effective September 1, 2005. Id. ch. 208, § 5. Thus, the second    that Act. The controlling question in this case is whether the
2005 Act, which made the certificate of merit requirement          change to section 150.001 made by the second 2005 Act that
applicable to suits against firms, applied only to causes of       made Chapter 150 applicable to suits against firms, applies.
action that accrued on or after September 1, 2005. It is           That provision of the law was not changed by the 2009
undisputed that Sundown's tortious interference claim against      Act. The legislative enactment that imposed the certificate
CDM accrued before December 31, 2004, before the effective         requirement on suits against firms expressly excluded causes
date of the second 2005 Act.                                       of action such as Sundown's against CDM that accrued before
                                                                   September 1, 2005. Act of May 18, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch.
In 2009, the Legislature reenacted Chapter 150 to harmonize        208, § 4, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws. 369, 370. We hold the 2009
the two 2005 amendments. Act of May 29, 2009, 81st Leg.,           amendments did not have the effect of making the certificate
ch. 789, 2009 Tex. Gen. Laws 1991 (“2009 Act”). See Raba–          of merit requirement applicable to causes of action against

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             7
Jay Miller & Sundown, Inc. v. Camp Dresser & McKee Inc., 381 S.W.3d 635 (2012)

                                                                      affidavit, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
firms that accrued before the effective date of the second 2005
                                                                      order denying CDM's motion to dismiss under Chapter 150
Act. The trial court therefore did not abuse its discretion by
                                                                      of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. We therefore
denying CDM's motion to dismiss. 4
                                                                      reverse the trial court's judgment and remand the cause to the
                                                                      trial court for further proceedings.

                   *645 CONCLUSION
                                                                      All Citations
 [5] We hold the trial court erred in granting summary
judgment for CDM on statute of limitations grounds. We                381 S.W.3d 635
further hold CDM was not required to file a certificate of merit

Footnotes
1      CDM complains in its brief that it had no notice of the City's designation or motion and no opportunity to object to them.
       CDM suggests this lack of notice violated its right to due process. However, CDM did not raise this complaint or seek a
       ruling on it in the trial court. Accordingly, these issues are not before us.
2      In 2011, section 33.004 was amended to delete subsection (e) and to add a new subsection (d). Act of May 8, 1995,
       74th Leg., R.S., ch. 136, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 971, 972, amended by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch.
       204, art. 4, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 855, amended by Act of May 25, 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., ch. 203, §§ 5.01–5.02,
       2011 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. ch. 203 (West) (current version at TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004 (West
       Supp.2011)). The parties agree that former section 33.004(e) applies in this case. All references to section 33.004(e)
       are to the now-repealed subsection.
3      See note 2, supra.
4      We also agree with Sundown and the Austin Court of Appeals that, as used in section 4 of 2009 Act, “an action” is “filed or
       commenced” when the original petition is filed. See S & P Consulting Eng'rs, PLLC v. Baker, 334 S.W.3d 390, 395–398
       (Tex.App.-Austin 2011, no pet.) (holding that, “for purpose of the effective date of the 2009 version of section 150.002,
       an action commences when the original petition is filed. For this purpose, the action does not recommence with the filing
       of an amended petition even if that petition names a new defendant for the first time”); but see Nangia v. Taylor, 338
S.W.3d 768, 770–71 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2011, no pet.) (holding 2009 Act applies to claim against engineer joined in
       suit in 2010, even though suit was filed in 2008).

End of Document                                                   © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 8
LL
Latham v. Castillo, 972 S.W.2d 66 (1998)

                                                                          must be glaringly noticeable, flagrant, complete
                                                                          and unmitigated. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 17.45(5)
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                             (A).
Distinguished by Kemp v. Jensen, Tex.App.-Eastland,   December 2,
2010                                                                      7 Cases that cite this headnote
                     972 S.W.2d 66
                 Supreme Court of Texas.                            [2]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation
                                                                              Legal professionals; attorney and client
      B. Mills LATHAM, Law Offices of B. Mills
                                                                          Attorneys can be found to have engaged in
   Latham, P.C., and Latham and Moss, Petitioners,
                                                                          unconscionable conduct under Deceptive Trade
                            v.
                                                                          Practices-Consumer Protection Act (DTPA) by
    Ernest M. CASTILLO and Audona A. Castillo,                            the way they represent their clients. V.T.C.A.,
       individually and as representatives of the                         Bus. & C. §§ 17.45, 17.50(a)(3).
    Estate of Kay Castillo, deceased, Respondents.
                                                                          13 Cases that cite this headnote
           No. 96–0986. | Argued April 23,
         1997. | Decided June 23, 1998. |
                                                                    [3]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation
           Rehearing Overruled Aug. 25, 1998.
                                                                              Questions of law or fact
Clients sued attorney who failed to timely file medical                   Whether attorney engaged in unconscionable
malpractice action claiming violation of Deceptive Trade                  conduct actionable under Deceptive Trade
Practices-Consumer Protection Act (DTPA), breach of                       Practices-Consumer Protection Act (DTPA) by
contract, and fraudulent misrepresentation. The trial court               affirmatively misrepresenting to clients that he
granted directed verdict for attorney. Clients appealed. The              had filed their medical malpractice claim when in
Corpus Christy Court of Appeals, reversed and remanded.                   fact he had not, and whether that conduct caused
Attorney filed application for writ of error. The Supreme                 clients to suffer mental anguish were questions
Court, Spector, J., held that: (1) whether attorney engaged               for jury in clients' DTPA action against attorney.
in unconscionable conduct actionable under DTPA by                        V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. §§ 17.45, 17.50(a)(3).
affirmatively misrepresenting to clients that he had filed their
                                                                          32 Cases that cite this headnote
medical malpractice claim when in fact he had not, and
whether that conduct caused clients to suffer mental anguish
were questions for jury, and (2) evidence did not support           [4]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation
fraudulent misrepresentation or breach of contract claims.                    Purpose and construction in general
                                                                          Legislative intent in enacting the Deceptive
Court of Appeals' judgment affirmed in part and reversed in               Trade Practices-Consumer Protection Act
part.                                                                     (DTPA) was to provide plaintiffs a remedy
                                                                          where the common law fails. V.T.C.A., Bus. &
Owen, J., filed concurring and dissenting opinion in which                C. § 17.44.
Gonzalez, Hecht, and Enoch, JJ., joined.
                                                                          3 Cases that cite this headnote

 West Headnotes (9)                                                 [5]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation
                                                                              Legal professionals; attorney and client
                                                                          Clients would not be required to prove
 [1]     Antitrust and Trade Regulation
                                                                          they would have won underlying medical
             In general; unfairness
                                                                          malpractice action to recover on Deceptive Trade
         Unconscionability under unfair advantage test                    Practices-Consumer Protection Act (DTPA)
         of the Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer                        claim against attorney based on attorney's
         Protection Act requires that resulting unfairness                affirmative misrepresentation that he had filed

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            1
Latham v. Castillo, 972 S.W.2d 66 (1998)

        their medical malpractice claim when in fact he
        had not. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 17.50(a)(3).

        24 Cases that cite this headnote                   Attorneys and Law Firms

                                                           *67 Deborah R. Sunderman, Corpus Christi, Gaston M.
 [6]    Damages                                            Broyles, Jr., Dallas, for Petitioners.
           Nature of Injury or Threat in General
                                                           John Gano, Stephen M. Gano, Houston, Errlinda M. Castillo,
        Mental anguish damages are recoverable under
                                                           Corpus Christi, for Respondents.
        Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer Protection
        Act (DTPA) without first proving economic          Opinion
        injury. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 17.50(a).
                                                           SPECTOR, Justice, delivered the opinion of the Court,
        39 Cases that cite this headnote                   in which PHILLIPS, Chief Justice, Baker, Abbott and
                                                           Hankinson, Justices, join.
 [7]    Fraud
                                                           In this case, we consider whether an attorney's affirmative
             Difference between actual and represented
                                                           misrepresentations to his clients that cause the clients to lose
        value
                                                           their day in court can constitute unconscionable action under
        Fraud                                              the Deceptive Trade Practices–Consumer Protection Act. The
            Difference between value and price paid        court of appeals answered in the affirmative. We affirm the
        Fraudulent misrepresentation plaintiff may         court of appeals' remand of the DTPA claim, and we reverse
        recover either the “out of pocket damages,”        and render judgment that the Castillos take nothing on their
        difference between the value of that which was     remaining claims.
        parted with and the value of which was received,
        or the “benefit of the bargain damages,”
        difference between the value represented and the
                                                                                          I.
        value actually received, whichever is greater.
                                                           On January 3, 1986, Audona Castillo prematurely gave birth
        10 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                           to twin daughters, Kay and Sara, at Taft Hospital. Born
                                                           with birth defects, the girls were immediately transferred
 [8]    Attorney and Client                                to Driscoll Foundation Children's Hospital where both
            Pleading and evidence                          underwent surgery. Sara died approximately one week later.
        Clients, who did not plead or prove either         The Castillos then filed a medical malpractice suit against
        out of pocket or benefit of the bargain            Driscoll Hospital on Sara's behalf and received a $6,000,000
        damages, could not prevail on fraudulent           default judgment. Later, their attorney, Rene Rodriguez,
        misrepresentation claim against attorney who       settled the case for $70,000.
        affirmatively misrepresented to clients that he
        had filed their medical malpractice claim when     Kay Castillo, the surviving twin, died on February 14,
        in fact he had not.                                1988. In December 1989, the Castillos hired B. Mills
                                                           Latham to file a legal malpractice claim against Rodriguez
        6 Cases that cite this headnote                    for settling the default judgment and to pursue a medical
                                                           malpractice claim against Driscoll Hospital for Kay's death.
 [9]    Damages                                            While Latham settled the legal malpractice claim against
           Particular cases                                Rodriguez for $400,000, the statute of limitations ran on the
                                                           Castillos' medical malpractice claim on February 14, 1990
        Mental anguish damages were not recoverable
                                                           without suit being filed. The Castillos then sued Latham
        under a breach of contract cause of action.
                                                           for legal malpractice because Latham failed to file the
        34 Cases that cite this headnote                   medical malpractice action for Kay's death within the two-
                                                           year statute of limitations. The Castillos also sued Latham

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                       2
Latham v. Castillo, 972 S.W.2d 66 (1998)

for unconscionable action under the DTPA because Latham               on subsection (A) in asserting that Latham's actions were
affirmatively represented to them that he had filed and was           unconscionable. To be actionable under subsection (A), the
actively prosecuting the medical malpractice claim. Finally,          resulting unfairness must be “glaringly noticeable, flagrant,
the Castillos alleged that Latham wrongfully misrepresented           complete and unmitigated.” Chastain v. Koonce, 700 S.W.2d
himself, breached the contract of employment, and was                 579, 584 (Tex.1985).
negligent.
                                                                      The Legislature's stated public policy in enacting the DTPA
After the Castillos presented their case to a jury, the trial court   is to “protect consumers against false, misleading, and
granted a directed verdict for Latham that the Castillos take         deceptive business practices [and] unconscionable actions.”
nothing. The court of appeals reversed and remanded, holding          TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE § 17.44. To achieve that goal,
that the Castillos had presented some evidence to prevent a           the Legislature has mandated that the Act shall be “liberally
directed verdict on their DTPA claim. The court of appeals            construed and applied.” Id. Therefore, we must view Latham's
also remanded the “remaining theories of recovery”—                   actions with this legislative directive in mind.
fraudulent misrepresentation and breach of contract—without
discussion. The court of appeals affirmed the directed verdict         [2]     Attorneys can be found to have engaged in
on the negligence claim, however, because the Castillos did           unconscionable conduct by the way they represent their
not present evidence that but for Latham's negligence, *68            clients. See, e.g., DeBakey v. Staggs, 605 S.W.2d 631, 633
the medical malpractice suit would have been successful. 1 .          (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1980), writ ref'd n.r.e.
                                                                      per curiam, 612 S.W.2d 924 (Tex.1981) (finding an attorney
The central question before us is whether the Castillos have          unconscionably took advantage of a client to a grossly unfair
presented some evidence to support each element of their              degree when the attorney knowingly failed to obtain in a
DTPA cause of action. We hold that they have done so.                 timely manner a name change for the client's minor child).
                                                                      The Castillos assert that Latham acted unconscionably in
                                                                      representing that he was actively prosecuting their medical
                                                                      malpractice claim for Kay's death when in fact he was not.
                                II.
                                                                       [3] The Castillos depended on Latham to file suit against
The trial court granted a directed verdict against the Castillos
                                                                      the hospital for Kay's death. As Mrs. Castillo testified, “You
on all claims. Accordingly, we must view the evidence in the
                                                                      trust in a professional because they know more than you.”
light most favorable to them and indulge every reasonable
                                                                      The record reveals, and Latham's attorney conceded at oral
inference in their favor. Harbin v. Seale, 461 S.W.2d 591, 592
                                                                      argument before this Court, that there is some evidence that
(Tex.1970). If reasonable minds could differ on controlling
                                                                      Latham told the Castillos he had filed the medical malpractice
facts, the trial court errs in refusing to submit the issues to the
                                                                      claim when in fact he had not. Although he affirmatively
jury. Collora v. Navarro, 574 S.W.2d 65, 68 (Tex.1978). We
                                                                      represented to them that he was actively pursuing the claim,
consider the DTPA claim first. 2                                      Latham never did file the suit and limitations ran. As a result,
                                                                      the Castillos lost the opportunity to prosecute their claim
                                                                      against the hospital for Kay's death.
                                A.
                                                                       *69 Viewing Latham's actions in the light we must, his
 [1] The Castillos alleged Latham's conduct constituted an            actions are similar to the attorney's conduct in DeBakey.
“unconscionable action or course of action” that violated the         Latham took advantage of the trust the Castillos placed in him
DTPA. TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE § 17.50(a)(3). Under                       as an attorney. Therefore, the Castillos have presented some
section 17.45, “unconscionable action or course of action”            evidence that they were taken advantage of to a grossly unfair
means “an act or practice which, to a person's detriment: (A)         degree.
takes advantage of the lack of knowledge, ability, experience,
or capacity of a person to a grossly unfair degree; or (B)            Latham argues, however, that the Castillos' DTPA claim is
results in a gross disparity between the value received and           essentially a dressed-up legal malpractice claim. Therefore,
consideration paid, in a transaction involving transfer of            he asserts, the Castillos must prove that they would have
consideration.” Id. § 17.45(5). The Castillos have relied only        won the medical malpractice case for Kay's death in order to

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               3
Latham v. Castillo, 972 S.W.2d 66 (1998)

recover. Because they did not present any evidence on this,      and by analogy for knowing violations of certain statutes
Latham argues, the Castillos cannot recover. We disagree.        such as the Deceptive Trade Practices Act.” City of Tyler v.
                                                                 Likes, 962 S.W.2d 489, 495 (Tex.1997) (citations omitted).
 [4] [5] The legislative intent in enacting the DTPA was Therefore, the Castillos do not have to first prove that they
to provide plaintiffs a remedy where the common law fails.       have suffered economic damages in order to recover mental
See Woo v. Great Southwestern Acceptance Corp., 565              anguish damages. The Castillos have satisfied their burden on
S.W.2d 290, 298 (Tex.Civ.App.—Waco 1978, writ ref'd              the damages element of a DTPA cause of action if they have
n.r.e.). Section 17.43 states that the remedies provided by      presented some evidence of mental anguish.
the Act “are in addition to any other procedures or remedies
provided for in any other law.” TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE §           In Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (Tex.1995),
17.43 (emphasis added). Moreover, the Legislature mandates       we established the evidentiary requirements for recovery
that the DTPA is to be “liberally construed and applied to       of mental anguish damages. To survive a legal sufficiency
promote its underlying purposes.” Id. § 17.44. Recasting the     challenge, plaintiffs must present “direct evidence of the
Castillos' DTPA claim as merely a legal malpractice claim        nature, duration, and severity of their mental anguish, thus
would subvert the Legislature's clear purpose in enacting the    establishing a substantial disruption in the plaintiffs' daily
DTPA—to deter deceptive business practices.                       *70 routine.” Id. at 444. If there is no direct evidence,
                                                                 the Court will apply “traditional ‘no evidence’ standards to
If the Castillos had only alleged that Latham negligently        determine whether the record reveals any evidence of ‘a high
failed to timely file their claim, their claim would properly    degree of mental pain and distress' that is ‘more than mere
be one for legal malpractice. However, the Castillos alleged     worry, anxiety, vexation, embarrassment, or anger’ to support
and presented some evidence that Latham affirmatively            any award of damages.” Id. (citation omitted).
misrepresented to them that he had filed and was actively
prosecuting their claim. It is the difference between negligent  The plaintiffs in Parkway alleged that they were “hot,” “very
conduct and deceptive conduct. To recast this claim as one for   disturbed,” “not pleased,” and “upset.” Id. at 445. We held
legal malpractice is to ignore this distinction. The Legislature that these allegations were “mere emotions” that did not rise
enacted the DTPA to curtail this type of deceptive conduct.      to a compensable level. Id.; see also Saenz v. Fidelity &
Thus, the DTPA does not require and the Castillos need not       Guar. Ins. Underwriters, 925 S.W.2d 607, 614 (Tex.1996)
prove the “suit within a suit” element when suing an attorney    (holding that plaintiff's allegations that she “worried ... a
under the DTPA. The Castillos have presented some evidence       lot” did not rise to a compensable level under Parkway );
of unconscionable action.                                        Republic Ins. Co. v. Stoker, 903 S.W.2d 338, 342 (Tex.1995)
                                                                 (Spector, J., concurring) (stating that plaintiff's allegations
It is not enough that the Castillos merely prove an              that she was “very upset” by the offending conduct did not
unconscionable action or course of action by Latham,             rise to the level of any evidence of compensable mental
however. Latham's unconscionable action must have been           anguish required under Parkway ). In each of these cases,
the producing cause of actual damages. TEX. BUS. &               the plaintiffs' evidence of mental anguish amounted to “mere
COM.CODE § 17.50(a). Latham argues that the Castillos            emotions.” The mental anguish testimony in this record,
cannot recover mental anguish damages under the DTPA             however, exceeds that in Parkway, Saenz, and Stoker.
without first proving an economic injury. We disagree.
                                                                 For example, at trial Ernest Castillo testified that because
 [6] Section 17.50(a) of the DTPA, as it appeared when this Latham told them he had filed the medical malpractice suit
suit was filed, indicated that “[a] consumer may maintain        when in fact he had not:
an action where any of the following constitute a producing
cause of actual damages.” TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE                      A Well, it made me throw up.

§ 17.50(a) (emphasis added). 3 We have stated that the              Q Made you sick?
term “actual damages,” as used in the DTPA, means those
recoverable at common law. Brown v. American Transfer               A Sick, nervous, mad.
& Storage Co., 601 S.W.2d 931, 939 (Tex.1980). It is
axiomatic that mental anguish damages are actual damages            Q Tell the jury how you felt about that, what it did to you.
recoverable at common law for “some common law torts ...,

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           4
Latham v. Castillo, 972 S.W.2d 66 (1998)

                                                                   683 S.W.2d 369, 373 (Tex.1984)). A plaintiff may recover
  A It just—it just hurt me a lot because I trusted in him and     either the out of pocket or the benefit of the bargain damages,
    I—and if I had known, I would have looked for more             whichever is greater. Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip.
    lawyers. And he promised me he was going [to] do it,           Corp., 945 S.W.2d 812, 817 (Tex.1997). The Castillos have
    and I trusted him to do it. Because of what they had done      not pleaded or proved either of these types of damages.
    to my daughters, I would have never stopped; what the
    doctors done, I would have never stopped.                       *71 The Castillos presented no evidence of the amount
                                                                   they expected to recover on the medical malpractice claim
Audona Castillo testified at trial:
                                                                   for Kay's death but for Latham's actions. See Cosgrove v.
             A I—my heart was broken. I was                        Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662, 665–66 (Tex.1989). Accordingly,
              devastated, I felt physically ill.                   they presented no evidence to support benefit of the bargain
                                                                   damages. The Castillos also did not demonstrate any out
In sum, there is some evidence that Latham's conduct caused        of pocket expenses paid to Latham. Therefore, the Castillos
the Castillos a “high degree of mental pain and distress”          have not presented any evidence of recoverable common-
that a jury could consider. We are confident that the trial        law fraudulent misrepresentation damages, and the trial court
judge will instruct the jury to differentiate between the mental   correctly granted a directed verdict on this claim.
anguish the Castillos suffered because of their daughters'
deaths, which is not compensable in this suit, and that they
may have suffered because of Latham's actions, for which the
                                                                                                 C.
Castillos may be compensated.
                                                                    [9] Finally, the Castillos have alleged a breach of contract
The Castillos have presented some evidence of each element         claim against Latham for his failure to prosecute the medical
of their DTPA cause of action and the trial court erred in         malpractice claim for Kay's death. However, because the only
directing a verdict against them on the DTPA claim. We             damages alleged, mental anguish, are not recoverable under
therefore remand this claim to the trial court for a new trial.    a breach of contract cause of action, this claim also fails.
                                                                   See Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Aiello, 941 S.W.2d 68, 72
                                                                   (Tex.1997).
                               B.

The Castillos also complained in the court of appeals that
                                                                                                III.
the trial court erred in granting a directed verdict on their
fraudulent misrepresentation and breach of contract claims.        We hold that the Castillos have presented some evidence
The court of appeals sustained these points of error without       to support each element of their DTPA cause of action.
discussion and remanded them to the trial court. The court         Therefore, we affirm the court of appeals' remand of the
of appeals erred by not discussing issues necessary to final       DTPA cause of action. We nevertheless reverse and render
disposition of the appeal. See TEX.R.APP. P. 47.1. Upon our        judgment that the Castillos take nothing on their fraudulent
consideration of these issues, we find no evidence to support      misrepresentation and breach of contract claims.
these claims.

 [7]    [8] Under common law, two measures of damages
are available for fraudulent misrepresentation: (1) the “out of    OWEN, Justice, joined by GONZALEZ, HECHT and
pocket” measure, which is the “difference between the value        ENOCH, Justices, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
of that which was parted with and the value of that which was      The unconscionability section of the DTPA is not a catchall
received”; and (2) the “benefit of the bargain” measure, which     provision or an open-ended supplement to the laundry
is the difference between the value represented and the value      list of specifically enumerated violations. Unconscionability
actually received. Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio          is something more than a misrepresentation. The statute
Eng'rs & Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 49 (Tex.1998);          requires that the act or practice take advantage of the
W.O. Bankston Nissan, Inc. v. Walters, 754 S.W.2d 127, 128         consumer “to a grossly unfair degree.” Until now this
(Tex.1988) (citing Leyendecker & Assocs., Inc. v. Wechter,         Court has equated unconscionability with grossly unfair,

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            5
Latham v. Castillo, 972 S.W.2d 66 (1998)

flagrant, and unmitigated conduct. It is not grossly unfair          agreed and held that evidence that a defendant “simply ...
or unmitigated conduct when an attorney fails to pursue a            took unfair advantage” is not enough. Id. at 582. The resulting
meritless suit, even if the attorney represents to the client that   unfairness must be “grossly unfair,” which means “glaringly
suit had been filed when it had not. While such conduct is not       noticeable, flagrant, complete and unmitigated.” Id. at 584.
to be condoned and would subject the attorney to disciplinary
proceedings, it is not unconscionable within the meaning             In its decision in this case, the Court seems to equate
of the DTPA. Nor is there any evidence that the Castillos            “unconscionability” with “deception” when it says that
suffered actual damages as a result of Latham's conduct.             Latham's misrepresentation “is the difference between
Even assuming that mental anguish damages, standing alone,           negligent conduct and deceptive conduct.” 972 S.W.2d
would suffice under the DTPA prior to its amendment in 1995          at 69. But if every misrepresentation and deceptive act
in a case such as this, there is no evidence that the Castillos'     could also constitute an unconscionable act, then the
mental anguish was referable to Latham's misrepresentation           laundry list violations in section 17.46(b), which include
as distinguished from the mental anguish they suffered from          numerous specific representations and deceptive acts, would
the deaths of their daughters and the fact that they blamed the      be redundant. See TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE § 17.46(b)(1)-
hospital but had no proof that it was responsible. Accordingly,      (25).
I dissent from that part of the Court's judgment that remands
the unconscionability claims. I concur in Parts I, II B, and II      More than a decade ago, we held that not every
C of the Court's opinion.                                            misrepresentation of fact, even an intentional one, constitutes
                                                                     unconscionable conduct. See Chastain, 700 S.W.2d at 582–
                                                                     83. We explained that “[a]lthough knowledge and intent
                                                                     may make an act unconscionable, there must be some
                                I
                                                                     other means of distinction as well.” Id. at 582. The test is
We indicated in Willis v. Maverick, 760 S.W.2d 642, 647              whether the consumer was taken advantage of to a grossly
(Tex.1988), that an attorney may be liable under the DTPA            unfair degree. Id. “This should be determined by examining
for unconscionable conduct, citing DeBakey v. Staggs, 612            the entire transaction and not by inquiring whether the
S.W.2d 924 (Tex.1981). However, we did not define in Willis          defendant intended to take advantage of the consumer or acted
or DeBakey what “unconscionable” meant in the context                with knowledge or conscious indifference.” Id. at 583. The
of a suit against an attorney for professional malfeasance.          misrepresentation in this case cannot be distinguished from
And in DeBakey, we reserved for future determination the             those in Chastain, which we held were not unconscionable
“standard of care by which a legal malpractice claim is to be        under the DTPA.
determined” in a DTPA case. 612 S.W.2d at 925.
                                                                     The transaction between the Castillos and Latham did not take
The Court today places heavy reliance not on our decision in         advantage of the Castillos and was not grossly unfair. Latham
DeBakey, but on that of the court of appeals in DeBakey, even        certainly gained no advantage. There is no evidence that he
though we expressly called into question the precedential            was ever paid a fee or that the Castillos agreed to pay a fee
value of the court of appeals' determination that the attorney's     other than one contingent on the success of the suit against
misfeasance rose to the level of unconscionability. See id.          the hospital. And how were the Castillos disadvantaged if
The holding today is contrary to prior decisions of this             their claims against the hospital had no merit? While Latham's
Court that have more narrowly defined what is meant by               conduct was wrong and unethical, it is not actionable under
“unconscionable action” within the meaning of the DTPA.              section 17.45(5) of the DTPA because it is not grossly unfair
                                                                     to represent that a suit that has no merit has been filed when
We had the opportunity in Chastain v. Koonce, 700 S.W.2d             it has not.
579, 583 (Tex.1985), to consider what section 17.45(5) of the
DTPA means when it says that an act or practice must “take[ ]
advantage ... to a grossly unfair degree” to be unconscionable.                                    II
In *72 Chastain, a jury had found that false statements and
threats made by sellers of land to purchasers and to residents       As alluded above, the Castillos have failed to offer
in the area were unconscionable. The court of appeals                any evidence that they were harmed by their attorney's
reversed, finding no evidence of unconscionable conduct. We          misrepresentation. Harm is a prerequisite to recovery under

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              6
Latham v. Castillo, 972 S.W.2d 66 (1998)

the DTPA. The pre–1995 version of the DTPA, under                    The Court's failure to require the Castillos to prove that they
which the Castillos sued, required a consumer to demonstrate         lost a meritorious claim because of Latham's representation is
that the unconscionable act was “a producing cause of                also at odds with overarching Legislative policy as expressed
actual damages.” 1 The definition of “unconscionable” also           in other statutes. It seems incongruous to me that the
embodies a requirement that a loss result from the conduct: “        Legislature intended to authorize the recovery of damages and
‘Unconscionable action or course of action’ means an act or          potential treble damages under the DTPA for failing to file a
practice which, to a person's detriment ... takes advantage ... to   suit that had no merit, even if the attorney falsely stated that
a grossly unfair degree.” Former TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE                suit had been filed. Legislative policy discourages the filing
                                                                     of meritless suits, particularly medical malpractice suits.
§ 17.45(5) (emphasis added). 2 There is no evidence of actual
                                                                     For example, the Legislature requires a plaintiff asserting
damages in this case. There is no evidence that, had the
                                                                     a medical malpractice claim to come forward within 180
suit been timely filed as Latham represented that it had, the
                                                                     days after suit is filed with an expert's report that sets forth
Castillos would have recovered. *73 The Castillos offered
                                                                     the standard of care, how that standard was breached, and
no evidence that their claims against the hospital had any
                                                                     causation. See TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. art. 4590i, § 13.01.
merit at all. To the contrary, the Castillos testified that they
                                                                     The statute directs that the suit must be dismissed if a report is
had consulted numerous lawyers before they met with Latham
                                                                     not filed, and the plaintiff is obligated to pay the other side's
and had been turned down by all of them. One of the attorneys
                                                                     attorney's fees and court costs. See id. § 13.01(e). Although
they attempted to hire advised them in writing that the case
                                                                     this statute was enacted after the events in this case took place
had no merit.
                                                                     and would not have been applied to the Castillos' suit against
                                                                     the hospital, it demonstrates that the Legislature demands that
The Castillos contend that the loss of a “day in court” was
                                                                     there be some merit to a medical malpractice claim before
enough, and the Court implicitly accepts this argument when
                                                                     it can be asserted. There is no indication that the Castillos'
it observes that the Castillos “lost the opportunity to prosecute
                                                                     claims against the hospital had any merit at all. Yet, the Court
their claim against the hospital for Kay's death.” 972 S.W.2d
                                                                     would allow the recovery of damages from Latham when the
at 68. The ability to have one's claim heard is a valuable right
                                                                     suit he failed to file bordered on frivolous.
in our system of justice, but it does not follow that liability
and damages should be imposed in every case in which a
party is deprived of the opportunity to present a claim. If
there is no evidence that a claim had merit, failing to file a                                      III
suit on that claim does not fall within the types of conduct
that the Legislature intended to reach under the DTPA. Even          Lacking any evidence of actual damages, the Court concludes
when there is a tangible, measurable loss, not all improper          that mental anguish damages alone will support a recovery
conduct falls within the ambit of the DTPA. For example,             under the pre–1995 version of the DTPA and that there is
we have long recognized that “mere breach of contract,               some evidence of compensable mental anguish damages. I
without more, does not constitute a ‘false, misleading or            agree with the Court that actual damages within the meaning
deceptive act.’ ” Ashford Dev., Inc. v. USLife Real Estate           of the DTPA means those available at common law. See 972
Servs. Corp., 661 S.W.2d 933, 935 (Tex.1983); see also               S.W.2d at 69; see also Brown v. American Transfer & Storage
Crawford v. Ace Sign, Inc., 917 S.W.2d 12, 14 (Tex.1996)             Co., 601 S.W.2d 931, 939 (Tex.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1015,
(holding misrepresentation that ad would be placed in yellow         101 S. Ct. 575, 66 L. Ed. 2d 474 (1980). But the mental anguish
pages was mere breach of contract and not actionable under           that the Castillos unquestionably suffered was not caused
the DTPA).                                                           by Latham's misrepresentation, and accordingly, I would not
                                                                     reach the issue of whether, in this type of case, the Castillos
The “day-in-court” argument fails for an even more                   could recover mental anguish for Latham's conduct absent a
fundamental reason. The Castillos had the opportunity                showing of actual damages. When the Castillos' testimony is
to prove in their suit against Latham that the hospital              considered in context, it can be seen that their mental anguish
had committed professional malpractice or had otherwise              stemmed from the unfortunate deaths of their daughters and
breached a duty to Kay that resulted in injury to her and            the Castillos' desire to *74 hold the hospital accountable, not
ultimately in her death. They had their day in court.                from Latham's misrepresentation.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 7
Latham v. Castillo, 972 S.W.2d 66 (1998)

The Court has blurred the distinct line between the modicum
of anguish the Castillos suffered over what Latham said            A Well, it made me throw up.
and did, which is not compensable under our decision in
                                                                   Q Made you sick?
Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434, 444 (Tex.1995),
and the mental anguish damages caused by the deaths of their       A Sick, nervous, mad.
daughters that unquestionably would be recoverable in a suit
against one who had caused those deaths or in a suit against       Q Tell the jury how you felt about that, what it did to you.
one who, through legal malpractice, prevented the Castillos
                                                                   A [I]t just hurt me a lot because I trusted in him and I—and
from recovering for their anguish. The emotions aroused by
                                                                     if I had known, I would have looked for more lawyers.
Latham's misrepresentation are of a wholly different character
                                                                     And he promised me he was going [to] do it, and I trusted
from the mental anguish caused by the loss of their twins. We
                                                                     him to do it. Because [of] what they had done to my
held in Parkway:
                                                                     daughters, I would have never stopped; what the doctors
  When a challenge is made to the sufficiency of the evidence        done, I would have never stopped.
  to go to the jury or to support the jury's finding, ...
  [t]he reviewing court must distinguish between shades and
  degrees of emotion. These distinctions are critical under
                                                                                             ***
  our substantive law because evidence of lesser reactions
  cannot support an award of mental anguish damages.               Q Did it make you nervous?

  Under this admittedly nebulous definition and the                     A Made me nervous that I couldn't get my hands on
  traditional standard of review, it is nevertheless clear that           Driscoll [Hospital]. He let them go, and they did do
  an award of mental anguish damages will survive a legal                 a lot of damage to my girls.
  sufficiency challenge when the plaintiffs have introduced
  direct evidence of the nature, duration, and severity of their
                                                                                             ***
  mental anguish, thus establishing a substantial disruption
  in the plaintiffs' daily routine.                                A I love my kids so much. What those doctors done, they
                                                                     shouldn't have done, and [Latham] knew it. I had told
Id. at 444.
                                                                     him, and he said he knew it, too. He said, “I'll help you,
                                                                     Ernest, I will help you,” and I trusted him to help me,
Latham's misrepresentation did not result in “a substantial
                                                                     and he let it go.
disruption in the plaintiffs' daily routine.” Id. Nor did the
Castillos offer evidence of the “nature, duration, and severity         Q. Did it break your heart?
of their anguish” from Latham's misrepresentation as required
by Parkway. Id. We held in Parkway that testimony by the                A. Yes, sir. I lost two daughters.
plaintiffs that the flooding of their home changed their lives,
that the husband would become very quiet when he came              Audona Castillo testified:
home, and that he was very disturbed over the flooding did not
                                                                        Q How did this make you feel, that is, what effect did
surmount the evidentiary hurdle for legally sufficient proof of
                                                                          this information have on you?
mental anguish damages. Id. at 445.
                                                                        *75 A I—my heart was broken. I was devastated, I
When the record in this case is consulted, it is beyond dispute          felt physically ill. After—excuse me. After running
that the only mental anguish that meets the Parkway standard             around so many months in pursuit of a lawyer and
was not caused by Latham. It was caused by the deaths of the             trying to beat the statute of limitations and having
Castillos' daughters and the nonexistence of any evidence that           confided in this man and him having promised me
the hospital was responsible. Ernest Castillo testified:                 that he could handle it. And my daughter's death,
                                                                         and her disabilities, and the pain she suffered by
  Q When he told you that it was your fault, in effect, that
                                                                         being blind and—and all the other damages, the
    the statute of limitations had gone by, how did that make
                                                                         seizures, and her very short life of two years; and
    you feel? What effect did that have on you?
                                                                         then he tells me that I don't have anything to hold

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          8
Latham v. Castillo, 972 S.W.2d 66 (1998)

                                                                      In construing the DTPA to allow recovery for Latham's
           on to. And it's not as if he could bring her back, but
                                                                      improper conduct, the Court has ignored well-established
           I needed some justice, at least, and I still feel the
                                                                      principles of law and the record in this case and has failed to
           same way.
                                                                      effectuate the intent of the Legislature.
The Castillos were distraught because they wanted a court
to determine that the hospital was responsible for the pain,
suffering, and deaths of their children. But if Latham had filed
suit, there is no evidence that a court would have found the                                       *****
hospital responsible or even that there was a fact question for
the jury. There was no evidence that the Castillos' desire to         I agree with the Court that because the Castillos failed to
establish the hospital's culpability and to require it to respond     prove any proper measure of damages under their claims for
in damages for negligence would have been satisfied. Further,         breach of contract and fraud, the court of appeals erred in
even assuming that all the Castillos wanted was to prove              remanding those claims. But I would hold that the trial court
that the hospital was at fault rather than to recover damages         did not err in directing a verdict against the Castillos on all of
from the hospital, the Castillos had the opportunity in this          their claims, including unconscionability, and accordingly, I
suit against Latham to present the same case against the              would reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and render
hospital that they would have presented had Latham filed suit.        judgment that the Castillos take nothing.
The Castillos have not shown that Latham's failure to file
suit prevented them from vindicating their position that the
                                                                      All Citations
hospital was to blame for their daughters' deaths.
                                                                      972 S.W.2d 66

Footnotes
1       The Castillos have not appealed the court of appeals' disposition of the negligence cause of action and therefore, it is
        not before this Court.
2       The Legislature amended the DTPA in 1995. Act of May 19, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 414, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 2988.
        Unless otherwise noted, all DTPA references will be to the pre-amendment provisions applicable when this suit was filed.
           Under the amendments effective September 1, 1995, lawyers may not be sued under the DTPA unless they engage
           in one of the following acts: (1) an express misrepresentation of a material fact that cannot be characterized as
           advice, judgment, or opinion; (2) a failure to disclose; (3) an unconscionable action or course of action that cannot be
           characterized as advice, judgment, or opinion; or (4) breach of an express warranty that cannot be characterized as
           advice, judgment, or opinion. TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE § 17.49(c).
3       In 1995, the Legislature amended section 17.50(a) to provide that “[a] consumer may maintain an action where any of the
        following constitute a producing cause of economic damages or damages for mental anguish: ... (3) any unconscionable
        action or course of action by any person.” Act of May 19, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 414, § 5, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 2988,
        2992 (codified at TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE § 17.50(a)(3)).
1       Act of May 16, 1979, 66th Leg., R.S., ch. 603, § 4, 1979 Tex. Gen. Laws 1327, 1329 (amended 1995) (current version
        at TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE § 17.50(a)(1)(3)).
           The DTPA was amended in 1995 and now provides:
           (a) A consumer may maintain an action where any of the following constitute a producing cause of economic damages
           or damages for mental anguish:
        ***
              (3) any unconscionable act or course of action by any person[.]
        ***
           (b) In a suit filed under this section, each consumer who prevails may obtain:
              (1) the amount of economic damages found by the trier of fact. If the trier of fact finds that the conduct of the defendant
              was committed knowingly, the consumer may also recover damages for mental anguish, as found by the trier of fact,
              and the trier of fact may award not more than three times the amount of economic damages....
           TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE § 17.50.
2       Act of May 10, 1977, 65th Leg., R.S., ch. 216, § 1, 1977 Tex. Gen. Laws 600, 600 (amended 1995).

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                   9
Latham v. Castillo, 972 S.W.2d 66 (1998)

End of Document                                     © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                  10
MM
Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83 (2006)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 181

                                                                           If a policy is procured from an eligible
                                                                           surplus lines carrier without a licensed surplus
                     209 S.W.3d 83
                                                                           lines agent, the premium tax applicable to
                 Supreme Court of Texas.
                                                                           unauthorized insurance policies may be collected
  LEXINGTON INSURANCE COMPANY, Landmark                                    from the insurer. V.A.T.S. Insurance Code, art.
   Insurance Company, and American International                           1.14-1, § 11(a) (Repealed).
   Specialty Lines Insurance Company, Petitioners,
                                                                           5 Cases that cite this headnote
                            v.
 Carole Keeton STRAYHORN, Comptroller of Public
                                                                    [3]    Insurance
    Accounts of the State of Texas, and Greg Abbott,
                                                                               Preemption; Application of State or Federal
 Attorney General of the State of Texas, Respondents.
                                                                           Law
           No. 04–0429. | Argued Sept. 28,                                 States
       2005. | Opinion Delivered Dec. 1, 2006.                                  Insurance
                                                                           Insurance regulation and taxation is generally
Synopsis                                                                   a state rather than federal matter. Insurance
Background: Eligible surplus lines insurers brought                        Regulation Act, § 2(a), 15 U.S.C.A. § 1012(a).
declaratory judgment action against Comptroller of Public
Accounts and Attorney General seeking refund of                            Cases that cite this headnote
unauthorized insurance premium tax. The 250th Judicial
District Court, Charles F. Campbell, J., entered summary
                                                                    [4]    Insurance
judgment in favor of insurers. Comptroller and Attorney
                                                                               Surplus Lines
General appealed. The Austin Court of Appeals, Bea Ann
Smith, J., 128 S.W.3d 772, reversed and remanded. Insurers                 The only two conditions a surplus lines
petitioned for review.                                                     carrier must confirm to avoid the unauthorized
                                                                           insurance premium tax are its own eligibility
                                                                           and issuance through a licensed agent. V.A.T.S.
                                                                           Insurance Code, art. 1.14-1, § 11(a) (Repealed).
[Holding:] The Supreme Court, Scott Brister, J., held that
unauthorized insurance premium tax could be collected from                 3 Cases that cite this headnote
eligible surplus lines insurers on policies that were not placed
through licensed surplus lines agents.

                                                                   Attorneys and Law Firms
Judgment of Court of Appeals affirmed and remanded.
                                                                    *83 Cynthia Hollingsworth, Curtis L. Frisbie Jr., Randy D.
                                                                   Gordon, Samuel Eugene Joyner Jr., Gardere Wynne Sewell
                                                                   LLP, Dallas, Jeremy C. Martin, Irving, Anthony Icenogle,
 West Headnotes (4)
                                                                   Joseph C. Boggins, De Leon Boggins & Icenogle, Austin,
                                                                   Chester J. Makowski, Royston Rayzor Vickery & Williams,
 [1]     Statutes                                                  L.L.P., Houston, for Petitioners.
              Language
                                                                   William E. Storie, Office of Atty. Gen. of Texas–Taxation,
         In any case of statutory construction, court looks
                                                                   Greg Abbott, Atty. Gen. of Texas, Barry Ross McBee,
         first and foremost to the words of the statute.
                                                                   Edward D. Burbach, Esteban H. Rodriguez, Office of Atty.
         88 Cases that cite this headnote                          Gen., Austin, for Respondents.

                                                                   Craig T. Enoch, Alexander J. Gonzales, Alejandro Sin
 [2]     Insurance                                                 Valdes, David Fowler Johnson, Winstead Sechrest & Minick
             Surplus Lines

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           1
Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83 (2006)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 181

P.C., Austin, for Amicus Curiae, American Insurance                Insurance Code imposes a 4.85 percent premium tax on both
Association.                                                       unauthorized insurance and surplus lines policies. 6 Here,
                                                                   because Lexington was not authorized to issue insurance
*84 Melvin L. Burner, Long Burner Parks & DeLargy, P.C.,
                                                                   in Texas other than as an eligible surplus lines carrier, its
Austin, for Amicus Curiae, Scottsdale Insurance Company.
                                                                   policies were subject to the 4.85 percent tax.
Alene Ross Levy, Haynes & Boone, L.L.P., Houston, for
Amicus Curiae, Varco International, Inc.                            *85 This suit is about who should pay that tax. On policies
                                                                   issued by unauthorized insurers, the insurer must pay the
John Smithee, Templeton Smithee Hayes Heinrich & Russell,          tax, and the insured must pay it if the insurer does not. 7 By
L.L.P., Amarillo, for Amicus Curiae, John Smithee.                 contrast, on surplus lines policies, the surplus lines agent must
James W. Paulsen, Houston, for Amicus Curiae, Yorkshire            pay the tax after collecting it from the insureds; 8 insurers are
Ins. Co., Ltd.                                                     not liable for the tax. Thus, we must decide whether these
                                                                   policies should be treated as surplus lines insurance (in which
Opinion                                                            case the insurers are not liable) or unauthorized insurance (in
                                                                   which case they are).
Justice BRISTER delivered the opinion of the Court.
                                                                   The Insurance Code provides that only licensed agents may
The Comptroller 1 assessed almost $7 million in premium
taxes against Lexington Insurance Company, Landmark                issue surplus lines policies, 9 and requires that such policies
Insurance Company, and American International Specialty            bear the agent's name and address. 10 In a 1998 audit of
Lines Insurance Company (collectively, “the insurers”) for         records for the years 1992–95, the Comptroller could not
policies issued in the early 1990s. 2 After the insurers proved    confirm whether licensed surplus lines agents placed many
that most of their policies were procured through surplus          of the insurers' policies or paid taxes on them. Accordingly,
lines agents licensed in Texas, the Comptroller dropped 70         the Comptroller treated the policies as unauthorized insurance
                                                                   and assessed the insurers almost $7 million in past-due
percent of her claim, 3 recognizing that in such cases the agent
                                                                   premium taxes.
rather than the carrier was liable for the taxes. But because
the insurers could not prove the same as to the rest of their
                                                                   Although the insurers argued they had no statutory obligation
policies, they paid almost $2 million in premium taxes under
                                                                   to file or maintain records of those transactions, they
protest and sought a refund.
                                                                   nevertheless tried to gather information showing that their
                                                                   policies were in fact placed through licensed surplus lines
We agree with the insurers that the Texas Insurance Code
                                                                   agents, who either paid or should have paid the taxes. These
distinguishes between eligible surplus lines carriers and other
                                                                   efforts were largely successful, but because some agents
unlicensed insurers, and often treats the two quite differently.
                                                                   were deceased, unavailable, uncooperative, or unhelpful, the
But we agree with the Comptroller that when it comes
                                                                   insurers were unable to identify licensed agents who should
to collecting premium taxes, the Code treats the two the
                                                                   have paid $1,973,352 in taxes. After administrative hearings
same if a surplus policy is not placed through a licensed
                                                                   and requests for redetermination, the insurers paid the taxes
agent. Accordingly, we affirm the court of appeals' judgment
                                                                   under protest and filed declaratory judgment actions seeking
remanding the case to the trial court.
                                                                   refunds of the taxes, interest, and additional penalties.

                                                                   The insurers moved for summary judgment on the ground
                               I                                   that eligible surplus lines insurers cannot be liable for these
                                                                   premium taxes, whether or not a licensed agent was used.
Texas law imposes a variety of taxes on insurance                  The trial court granted their motions, but the Third Court of
premiums. 4 Generally those taxes are imposed on and               Appeals reversed and remanded for further proceedings. 11
paid by insurers licensed to do business in Texas. 5 But
premium taxes are assessed even if there is no licensed
insurer (as with surplus lines policies) to prevent giving
                                                                                                  II
policies by unlicensed insurers an unfair advantage. Thus, the

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              2
Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83 (2006)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 181

                                                                  insurers.” 15 Because “legislative history makes plain that the
                                  A                               term ‘unauthorized’ refers to insurers who are unlicensed,”
                                                                  we held that eligible surplus lines insurers would be included
 [1] We begin with the premium tax on unauthorized                “because by definition [they] are unlicensed.” 16 While we
insurance—the one the Comptroller seeks to collect. As in         noted several distinctions between eligible surplus lines
any case of statutory construction, we look first and foremost
                                                                  insurers and “ordinary unauthorized insurers,” 17 that holding
to the words of the statute. 12                                   constrains us from adopting the insurers' construction today.

Throughout the tax years here, the Insurance Code required        The insurers point to the separate premium tax provision
unauthorized insurers to pay a tax on premiums, with certain      in the surplus lines statute (imposed on insureds and paid
exceptions:                                                       by agents), and argue that the specific statute applicable to
                                                                  surplus lines policies should prevail over the general statute
  Except as to premiums on insurance procured by a licensed
  surplus lines agent from an eligible surplus lines insurer as   applicable to all unauthorized carriers. 18 But that rule of
  defined in Article 1.14–2 and premiums on independently         construction applies only when overlapping statutes cannot be
  procured insurance on which a tax has been paid pursuant        reconciled; 19 we believe these statutes can. *87 Here, one
  to this Article or Article 1.14–2, every unauthorized insurer   statute imposes a tax on insureds for surplus lines premiums;
  shall pay to the comptroller, on a form prescribed *86          the other imposes a tax on insurers for unauthorized premiums
  by the comptroller, before March 1 next succeeding the          except when procured by a licensed agent from an eligible
  calendar year in which the insurance was so effectuated,        surplus lines carrier. Because a licensed agent and eligible
  continued or renewed or another date as prescribed by the       carrier are prerequisites for all surplus lines policies, 20 these
  comptroller a premium receipts tax of 4.85 percent of gross     two statutes can be reconciled by applying the former when
  premiums charged for such insurance on subjects resident,       both conditions are met, and the latter when one or both
  located or to be performed in this state. 13                    conditions are not.

While the full passage is somewhat cumbersome, the                 [2] We have recognized that the Legislature has amended
introductory exception is not—surplus lines premiums are          these statutes several times “to clarify the distinction between
carved out if two conditions are met: (1) the insurance is        eligible surplus lines insurers and unauthorized insurers.” 21
procured by a licensed surplus lines agent (2) from an eligible   But that does not mean the Legislature intended to make the
surplus lines insurer. The insurers' argument that eligible       two categories mutually exclusive, or to exclude the former
surplus lines carriers are always exempted from this tax
                                                                  from treatment as the latter in all cases. 22 Accordingly, we
would effectively remove the first of these conditions. As the
                                                                  agree with the Comptroller that the words of the unauthorized
statutory exception contains two conditions, we are not at
                                                                  insurance statute appear to make its premium tax collectible
liberty to disregard one of them.
                                                                  from an eligible surplus lines carrier if the policy was not
                                                                  procured through a licensed surplus agent.
The insurers' primary argument is that this provision requires
only that “every unauthorized insurer” must pay the premium
tax, a class it asserts does not include eligible surplus lines
insurers. We disagree. First, the insurers' argument would                                        B
render the introductory exception superfluous—if eligible
surplus lines carriers can never be “unauthorized insurers,”      In construing these statutes, we may also consider the
there would be no need for an exception carving them              purposes of the Insurance Code. 23 Both the surplus lines and
out. We must presume that the entire statute—including the        unauthorized insurance statutes include among their purposes
introductory exception—was intended to be effective. 14           “protecting the premium tax revenues of this state.” 24 These
                                                                  and other purposes of these statutes would be frustrated if we
Moreover, we concluded ten years ago in Mid–American              were to treat all policies by eligible carriers as surplus lines,
Indemnity Insurance Co. v. King that “the general term            whether procured through a licensed agent or not.
‘unauthorized insurers' does include eligible surplus lines

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              3
Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83 (2006)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 181

The surplus lines statute relies heavily on licensed surplus
lines agents. It is the agent who determines and certifies
that coverage is unavailable from authorized insurers, thus
                                                                                                      C
justifying surplus lines placement. 25 An agent must make
sure that a carrier meets eligibility requirements, and must         Finally, in construing statutes we may also consider the
make a reasonable effort *88 to ascertain the carrier's              consequences of a particular construction. 35 Here, the
           26                                                        insurers and several amici argue that treating surplus lines
soundness.     It is the agent's duty to issue and deliver
the policy, file it with the State, and notify insureds of           policies as unauthorized insurance will unfairly punish
any material changes. 27 The agent keeps a record of all             insurers for *89 omissions by third parties, and impose
                                                                     penalties that could destroy an important part of the Texas
transactions, and makes an annual report to the State. 28
                                                                     insurance market.
Indeed, the State's effort to protect the public interest in
this area is almost entirely dependent on monitoring licensed
                                                                     We recognize that whether a surplus lines policy complies
surplus lines agents. 29                                             with the Code is largely out of a surplus carrier's hands.
                                                                     Surplus lines policies are initiated by insureds or local agents
The surplus lines premium tax is similarly dependent on              when they cannot procure coverage from Texas-licensed
the involvement of a licensed agent. Agents must compute             insurers. Agents are responsible for getting their own licenses,
the premium taxes (by allocating premiums to Texas risks),           as well as properly placing, reporting, and keeping records
collect them from insureds, hold them in trust, and report and
                                                                     of all transactions. 36 Agents are responsible for paying the
                            30
render them to the State.        Agents are guilty of theft if the
                                                                     premium tax after collecting it from insureds. 37 As a result,
                            31
taxes are not timely paid. If (as the insurers argue) the tax        surplus lines carriers often will not know whether insurance
cannot be collected from eligible insurers when no licensed          was available from a licensed insurer, whether the policy
agent participated, it is hard to see how it will be collected       was properly reported, whether proper records were kept, or
at all.                                                              whether the premium tax was paid.

 [3] This cannot simply be written off as a procedural defect        We also recognize that the consequences of treating a policy
in the Insurance Code. Because insurance regulation and              as unauthorized insurance can be severe. Anyone who assists
taxation is generally a state rather than federal matter, 32         in procuring unauthorized insurance is individually liable
states have long tried to make sure that insurers are not only       for unpaid claims under the policy. 38 Violations of the
reliable but reachable—that local agents and records exist           surplus lines statute may result in administrative penalties up
so that local regulations and taxes can be enforced. 33 By           to $25,000, 39 but violations of the unauthorized insurance
definition, surplus lines insurers are not located in Texas,         statute are punishable by felony conviction and fines up to
and have not applied for permission to do business here. By
                                                                     $10,000 per day. 40 An unauthorized insurer cannot enforce
requiring that surplus lines insurance must be placed through
                                                                     its policies, 41 while an eligible surplus line carrier may
a licensed Texas surplus lines agent, 34 the Code prescribes a
                                                                     do so except in cases of a material and intentional Code
condition vital to the State's regulatory jurisdiction.
                                                                     violations. 42 Unauthorized insurers cannot even defend
When policies are procured through both a licensed agent and         themselves in Texas without filing a bond, while eligible
an eligible surplus lines carrier, state policy is fulfilled by      surplus lines insurers can. 43
requiring the agent to collect the tax and pay the State. When
policies are procured through neither a licensed agent nor           But we do not agree that these difficult fair notice, due
an eligible carrier, the policy is met by requiring the insurer      process, and business impact problems are implicated by
to pay the tax. But when a policy is procured through an             our decision today. For tax purposes, eligible surplus lines
eligible carrier but not through a licensed agent, exempting         carriers that fail to use a licensed agent are treated like
the insurer may result in no one paying the tax—indeed, the          unauthorized insurers only because of the two explicit
State may never even know the policy was written. Adopting           conditions in the unauthorized insurance premium tax
the insurers' interpretation would leave a hole in the State's       statute. 44 A similar exception with the same conditions does
insurance regulation and taxation plan.                              not appear in most other parts of the unauthorized insurance

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               4
Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83 (2006)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 181

                                                                     that the Legislature could never have intended the Insurance
statute, including the separate penalty provisions that punish
violations of each statute. Without any indication from the          Code to mean what the Comptroller says it does, 48 because
Legislature that any particular violations of the surplus lines      the Legislature has now made clear that this is precisely its
statute would make the unauthorized insurance penalties              current intent.
apply, it is hard to see why violations of each statute would
not be limited to the separate penalties that each prescribes.
                                                                                                  ***
 [4] Additionally, our holding today is limited to the two
conditions stated in the particular exception before us (i.e.,       Accordingly, we agree with the Comptroller that if a policy
eligible carrier and licensed agent). As this provision states       is procured from an eligible surplus lines carrier without a
that it applies except when those two conditions are met, it         licensed surplus lines agent, the premium tax applicable to
clearly does not apply if they are. While many other violations      unauthorized insurance policies may be collected from the
of the surplus lines statute might occur beyond an eligible          insurer. We affirm the court of appeals' judgment and remand
carriers' knowledge or control, the only two it must *90             to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this
confirm to avoid the unauthorized insurance premium tax are          opinion.
its own eligibility and issuance through a licensed agent. 45

Finally, we note that the Legislature amended the Insurance          Chief Justice JEFFERSON did not participate in the decision.
Code in 2003 to make clear that eligible surplus lines carriers
must pay the 4.85 percent premium tax on unauthorized
                                                                     All Citations
insurers unless an agent paid the tax. 46 The parties of course
disagree whether this was a clarification or change in the           209 S.W.3d 83, 50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 181
        47
Code.        But in either event, we must reject the argument

Footnotes
1        Suit was filed against both the Comptroller of Public Accounts of the State of Texas, Carole Keeton Strayhorn, and the
         Attorney General of the State of Texas, Greg Abbott, but as their interests do not diverge, we refer to them jointly as
         the “Comptroller.”
2        The Comptroller initially assessed taxes, interest and an additional penalty against Lexington, Landmark, and American
         International, in the amounts of $6,303,394.91, $171,300.83, and $362,975.97, respectively.
3        The taxes and penalties against Lexington, Landmark, and American International were reduced to $1,596,196.63,
         $36,174.92, $340,980.31, respectively.
4        See generally TEX. INS.CODE §§ 221–226.
5        See, e.g., id. § 221.002(a) (imposing 1.6 percent gross premiums tax on property and casualty insurers), § 222.003
         (imposing up to 1.75 percent gross premiums tax on life, health, and accident insurers), § 223.003 (imposing 1.35 percent
         gross premiums tax on title insurers).
6        See id. §§ 226.003, 225.004 (formerly codified at TEX. INS. CODE art. 1.14–1, § 11(a) (repealed 1999), 1.14–2, § 12(a)
         (repealed 2003)). The Texas Insurance Code was recently recodified. When a cited provision has not materially changed
         from that in effect during the time relevant to this dispute, citation will be to the current Code with the former provision
         noted parenthetically.
7        See id. §§ 225.002–.003, 226.005(c) (formerly art. 1.14–1, § 11(a)).
8        See id. §§ 225.004, 225.006, 225.010 (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 12).
9        See id. § 981.020 (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 3).
10       See id. § 981.101(c) (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 7(a)).
11       Strayhorn v. Lexington Ins. Co., 128 S.W.3d 772 (Tex.App.-Austin 2004).
12       See PPG Indus., Inc. v. JMB/Houston Ctrs. Partners Ltd. P'ship, 146 S.W.3d 79, 83 (Tex.2004).
13       TEX.INS.CODE art. 1.14–1, § 11(a) (repealed 1999) (emphasis added). Before the 1993 amendment, the same section
         provided that “every unauthorized insurer” shall pay the premium tax “[e]xcept as to premiums on lawfully procured
         surplus lines insurance.” See Act of Apr. 27, 1967, 60th Leg., R.S., ch. 185, § 1, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 400, 401–14,

                  © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             5
Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83 (2006)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 181

       amended by Act of May 27, 1993, 73d Leg., R.S., ch. 999, § 6, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 4373, 4375, repealed by Act of Apr.
       30, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch 101, § 5, 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 486, 538.
14     See TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.021(1).
15     22 S.W.3d 321, 326 (Tex.1995) (emphasis added).
16     Id.
17     Id. at 323.
18     See TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.026(b) (providing that if a “conflict between the general provision and the special or local
       provision is irreconcilable, the special or local provision prevails as an exception to the general provision”); Sultan v.
       Mathew, 178 S.W.3d 747, 751 (Tex.2005).
19     See TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.026(a) (“If a general provision conflicts with a special or local provision, the provisions
       shall be construed, if possible, so that effect is given to both.”).
20     See TEX. INS.CODE §§ 981.002(3), 981.004(a) (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 3(a)).
21     Mid–American Indem. Ins. Co. v. King, 22 S.W.3d 321, 325 (Tex.1995). Beginning in 1951, the Insurance Code referred
       to both unauthorized and surplus lines carriers as “unauthorized insurers” and addressed them in one article. See Act of
       June 7, 1951, 52d Leg., R.S., ch. 491, § 1, 1951 Tex. Gen. Laws 868, 1085–89, repealed by Act of Apr. 27, 1967, 60th
       Leg., R.S., ch. 185, § 2, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 400, 408. In 1967, the two were separated into different articles of the
       Insurance Code, See Act of Apr. 27, 1967, 60th Leg., R.S., ch. 185, § 1, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 400, 401–14, repealed
       by Act of Apr. 30, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 101, § 5, 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 486, 538; Act of Apr. 27, 1967, 60th Leg.,
       R.S., ch. 185, § 2, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 400, 409, repealed by Act of May 22, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1419, § 31(b)
       (1), 2001 Tex. Gen. Laws 3658, 4208, but a surplus lines insurer was still defined as “an unauthorized insurer in which
       an insurance coverage is placed or may be placed under this Article.” TEX. INS.CODE art. 1.14–2, § 2(b)(as added by
       Act of Apr. 27, 1967, 60th Leg., R.S., ch. 185, § 2, 1967 Tex. Gen. Laws 400, 409) (repealed 2001)(emphasis added). In
       1993, the Legislature changed “unauthorized insurer” in this definition to “unlicensed insurer.” TEX. INS.CODE art. 1.14–
       2, § 2(b)(as added by Act of 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 999, § 9, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 4373, 4377) (repealed 2001).
22     See Mid–American, 22 S.W.3d at 326.
23     See TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.023 (“In construing a statute, whether or not the statute is considered ambiguous on
       its face, a court may consider among other matters the: (1) object sought to be attained ...”); PPG Indus., Inc. v. JMB/
       Houston Ctrs. Partners Ltd. P'ship, 146 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex.2004).
24     TEX. INS.CODE §§ 101.001(b), 981.001(b) (formerly art. 1.14–1, § 1, art. 1.14–2, § 1).
25     See id. § 981.216 (formerly art. 1.14–2, §§ 5, 6).
26     See id. § 981.211 (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 8(a)-(b)).
27     See id. §§ 981.103–.105, 981.213, & 981.216 (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 6(b), (c), & (e)).
28     See id. §§ 981.215, 981.216 (formerly art. 1.14–2, §§ 15, 16).
29     See id. § 981.004 (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 3(a)).
30     See id. §§ 225.006–.010 (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 12(a)-(b)).
31     See id. § 225.013 (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 12(b)).
32     See 15 U.S.C. § 1012(a) (“The business of insurance, and every person engaged therein, shall be subject to the laws of
       the several States which relate to the regulation or taxation of such business.”).
33     See, e.g., Paul v. Virginia, 75 U.S. (8 Wall) 168, 170, 19 L. Ed. 357 (1868) (holding constitutional a state statute prohibiting
       out-of-state insurers from issuing in-state policies without obtaining a license and posting bond).
34     See TEX. INS.CODE § 981.001(c) (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 3(a)(1), (3)).
35     See TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.023(5).
36     See TEX. INS.CODE §§ 981.103–.105, 981.202–.203, 981.211, 981.213, & 981.216 (formerly art. 1.14–2, §§ 4, 5, 6(c),
       7, 8, 12, 15, 15A, & 16).
37     See id. §§ 225.006–.010 (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 12).
38     See id. § 101.201 (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 8).
39     See id. §§ 981.006, 82.052, & 84.021–.022 (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 17).
40     See id. §§ 101.105, 101.106 (formerly art. 1.14–1, §§ 3(d) & 13).
41     See id. § 101.201 (formerly art. 1.14–1, § 8).
42     See id. § 981.005 (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 9(a)).
43     See id. §§ 101.352–.354 (formerly art. 1.36, § 11(a), (d)).

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 6
Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83 (2006)
50 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 181

44     See id. former art. 1.14–1, § 11(a).
45     Licensed surplus lines agents may accept applications from other agents and share commissions with them. See id. §
       981.212 (formerly art. 1.14–2, § 14).
46     See id. § 226.003 (assessing tax on premiums of all insurers—authorized, unauthorized, and eligible surplus lines—
       and then excluding premiums on insurance procured from authorized insurers and from eligible surplus lines insurers
       through a licensed agent).
47     See, e.g., In re C.O.S., 988 S.W.2d 760, 764 (Tex.1999) (holding that legislature's intent merely to clarify rather than
       change existing law does not mean original legislature had the same understanding).
48     Cf. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc. v. Glyn–Jones, 878 S.W.2d 132, 135 (Tex.1994) (Hecht, J., concurring) (“The real principle
       at work here is this: in some circumstances, words, no matter how plain, will not be construed to cause a result the
       Legislature almost certainly could not have intended.”)

End of Document                                               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

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NN
Litton Indus. Products, Inc. v. Gammage, 668 S.W.2d 319 (1984)

                                                                              In personal injury action brought against
                                                                              company which manufactured defective ratchet
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                                 adapter, the company, which had moved at trial
Declined to Extend by Hooks v. Samson Lone Star, Limited Partnership,
                                                                              that judgment for amount of actual damages
 Tex., January 30, 2015
                                                                              found by jury be rendered against it, could not on
                      668 S.W.2d 319                                          appeal take a position inconsistent with that part
                  Supreme Court of Texas.                                     of judgment.

                 LITTON INDUSTRIAL                                            15 Cases that cite this headnote
           PRODUCTS, INC. et al., Petitioners,
                         v.                                             [2]   Appeal and Error
            Earnest GAMMAGE, Respondent.                                         Judgment
                                                                              Defendant company in products liability suit
               No. C–2003.        |    Jan. 11, 1984.
                                                                              could not complain on appeal either that findings
Action was brought on basis of negligence, strict liability, and              in support of actual damages had no support
for deceptive trade practices to recover for injuries sustained               in evidence or that evidence was factually
by plaintiff, a diesel mechanic, when he fell backwards                       insufficient, where company had previously filed
due to failure of ratchet adapter tool manufactured by one                    motion that trial court render judgment on verdict
of the defendants. The District Court, Harris County, Wm.                     for the actual damages found by jury.
N. Blanton, J., entered judgment in favor of plaintiff, and
                                                                              11 Cases that cite this headnote
defendants appealed. The Houston Court of Civil Appeals,
14th Supreme Judicial District, Miller, J., affirmed, 644
S.W.2d 170, and defendants brought error. The Supreme                   [3]   Appeal and Error
Court, Pope, C.J., held that: (1) defendants did not, by filing                  Judgment
motion for entry of judgment on verdict for actual damages                    In personal injury action brought against
found by jury, waive their right to complain about trial                      company which manufactured defective ratchet
court's trebling the jury's damages award; (2) defendants                     adapter, the company, which had filed motion
could not reserve right to complain about judgment itself,                    that trial court render judgment on verdict for
after filing motion that trial court render judgment for actual               actual damages found by jury, could not attack
damages found by jury, by accompanying the motion with                        jury findings concerning company's negligence
brief in which they took back what they urged in motion; (3)                  and its manufacture of a defective product.
defendants did not, by failing to file motion for new trial,
waive right to argue on appeal that there was no evidence or                  4 Cases that cite this headnote
insufficient evidence to support finding that they had violated
Deceptive Trade Practices Act; and (4) there was no more                [4]   Appeal and Error
than a scintilla of evidence that defendants did any act or                      Judgment
practice after effective date of Deceptive Trade Practices Act;
                                                                              In personal injury action brought against
thus, award of treble damages under the Act was error.
                                                                              company which manufactured defective ratchet
                                                                              adapter, the company did not, by filing motion
Affirmed in part, reversed in part.
                                                                              urging trial court to render judgment on verdict
                                                                              for actual damages found by jury, waive its right
                                                                              to complain about trial court's action, grounded
 West Headnotes (11)                                                          upon the Deceptive Trade Practices Act, in
                                                                              trebling the jury's award. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. §
                                                                              17.41 et seq.
 [1]     Appeal and Error
            Judgment                                                          11 Cases that cite this headnote

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               1
Litton Indus. Products, Inc. v. Gammage, 668 S.W.2d 319 (1984)

                                                                   after effective date of Deceptive Trade Practices
 [5]   Appeal and Error                                            Act, there must be more than scintilla of
          Judgment                                                 evidence. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 17.63.
       Defendant company could not reserve right to
       complain about judgment after filing motion                 1 Cases that cite this headnote
       urging trial court to render judgment for actual
       damages found by jury, by accompanying               [10]   Evidence
       motion with brief in which it took back what it                 Grounds
       urged in motion.
                                                                   When circumstances are consistent with either
       15 Cases that cite this headnote                            of two facts and nothing shows that one is
                                                                   more probable than the other, neither fact can be
                                                                   inferred.
 [6]   Appeal and Error
          Proceedings Included in General                          50 Cases that cite this headnote
       Trial briefs and memoranda of authorities should
       not be included in transcript on appeal. Vernon's    [11]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation
       Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 376–a(a).                       Retroactive Operation

       1 Cases that cite this headnote                             In personal injury action brought against
                                                                   company which manufactured defective ratchet
                                                                   adapter, there was no more than a scintilla
 [7]   Appeal and Error                                            of evidence supporting deemed finding that
            Review of Sufficiency of Evidence to                   manufacturing company did any act or practice
       Sustain Verdict, Findings, or Judgment                      after, rather than before, effective date of
       In personal injury action brought against                   Deceptive Trade Practices Act; thus, award of
       company which manufactured defective ratchet                treble damages pursuant to Deceptive Trade
       adapter, the company, which failed to file motion           Practices Act was error. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. §
       for new trial, did not waive right to argue                 17.41 et seq.
       on appeal that there was no evidence that it
       had violated Deceptive Trade Practices Act.                 5 Cases that cite this headnote
       Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 324;
       V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 17.41 et seq.

       13 Cases that cite this headnote                    Attorneys and Law Firms

                                                           *321 A.J. Watkins, Butler, Binion, Rice, Cook & Knapp,
 [8]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation
                                                           Eugene A. Cook and Louis H. Salinas, Jr., Fletcher Etheridge,
           Retroactive Operation
                                                           Houston, for petitioners.
       Date of sale of tool is not determinative as to
       whether manufacturing company did any act or        Young, Cook, Pfeifer and Hampton, Russell L. Cook, Jr., and
       practice after effective date of Deceptive Trade    Phillip A. Pfeifer, Houston, for respondent.
       Practices Act. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 17.63.
                                                           Opinion
       1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                           POPE, Chief Justice.

 [9]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation                      Earnest Gammage sued and obtained a judgment against
           Weight and Sufficiency                          Litton Industrial Products, Inc. (Litton) upon a jury verdict
       While     circumstantial   evidence     may         of defendant's strict liability, negligence, and breach of
       be considered in determining whether                warranty. The judgment was for $705,852 actual damages
       manufacturing company did any act or practice       which the trial court trebled, pursuant to the terms of the

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                      2
Litton Indus. Products, Inc. v. Gammage, 668 S.W.2d 319 (1984)

Deceptive Trade Practice Act as it was first enacted in 1973.     by the jury, Litton could not, on appeal, take a position
The court of appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial court.    inconsistent with that part of the judgment. Miner-Dederick
644 S.W.2d 170. We granted the application for writ of error      Construction Corporation v. Mid-County Rental Service,
to review the holding of the court of appeals that Litton         Inc., 603 S.W.2d 193 (Tex.1980). Litton could not complain
Industries had waived its right to complain that there was        either that the findings in support of the actual damages had
no evidence and insufficient evidence that it did any act or      no support in the evidence or that the evidence was factually
practice that violated the Deceptive Trade Practice Act after     insufficient. Likewise, the jury findings concerning Litton's
its effective date. We reverse the judgment of the court of       negligence and its manufacture of a defective product could
appeals in part and render judgment for actual damages only.      not be attacked under our decision in Miner-Dederick, supra.

Earnest Gammage, a diesel mechanic, asked his employer,            [4] Litton has not attacked on appeal the judgment for actual
Waukesha-Pearce Industries, Inc., to buy for him a ¾-inch         damages. Litton's motion was not for a judgment grounded
ratchet adapter. As was the practice, Waukesha purchased          upon the Deceptive Trade Practices Act; it was, in fact, made
the tool and charged it to Gammage. Gammage and the               to avoid the treble damages allowed by that law. Litton has
other employees furnished their own hand tools. That Litton       at all times during trial and appeal taken the stance that this
manufactured the ratchet adapter is not disputed. Gammage         is not a suit for damages under the Deceptive Trade Practices
was putting the tool under load by pulling it toward himself      Act. Its motion for judgment was consistent with, rather than
when it failed, causing him to fall backwards resulting in        inconsistent with that posture. Litton did not waive its right
extensive personal injuries. The evidence was that the pawl, a    to complain about the trial court's trebling the damages.
component of the adapter, had a chipped tooth, which caused
it to fail when Gammage put it under load.                         [5] [6] We disapprove, however, Litton's argument that it
                                                                  reserved the right to complain about the judgment, because it
The jury made the following findings: the tool was defectively    accompanied its motion for judgment with a brief in which it
manufactured which was a producing cause of the occurrence        took back what it urged in its motion. Litton's trial brief that
in question; the tool was unfit for ordinary purposes for which   accompanied its motion reserved the right to “challenge any
such tools are used; the unfitness was a producing cause of the   adverse judgment based upon the verdict.” We disapprove a
occurrence; Litton failed to warn Gammage that the ratchet        practice by which a party, by motion, induces the trial court
adapter would slip, which was negligence and a proximate          on the one hand to render a judgment, but reserves in a brief
cause; Gammage was not contributorily negligent; and the          the right for the movant to attack the judgment if the court
actual damages to Gammage were $705,852. Upon the basis           grants the motion. Litton could not have it both ways. The
of those findings, Litton moved that judgment for the amount      briefs that Litton filed in the trial court were brought forward
of actual damages found by the jury be rendered against it.       in the transcript. This violates the provision of Rule 376–
The trial court did not, however, grant that motion. It instead   a(a), Tex.R.Civ.P., that says trial briefs and memoranda of
rendered judgment for three times that amount.                    authorities shall not be included in the transcript. We arrive at
                                                                  our decision in this case, however, that Litton did not waive
Litton urged on its appeal to the court of appeals that           its right to complain about the treble damages, because the
plaintiff Gammage could not recover treble damages for an         motion itself excluded a judgment for treble damages.
occurrence that preceded the effective date of the Deceptive
Trade Practices Act, May 21, 1973, and that there was no          The court of appeals also erred in its holding that Litton
evidence and insufficient evidence that showed the date of        waived its points that there was no evidence or insufficient
the occurrence. The court of appeals ruled that Litton had        evidence that the act or practice occurred after May 21, 1973,
waived its points by its own motion that the trial court render   the date the Deceptive Trade Practices Act became effective.
judgment for the actual damages and also by failing to file a     That court held that Litton's failure to file a motion for new
motion for new trial. This court granted the application for      trial urging these points amounted to a waiver. This case was
writ of error to review the holding that Litton had waived its    tried in March 1981, shortly after this court had promulgated
points, and we conclude that it did not.                          a revised Rule 324, Tex.R.Civ.P., relating to motions for new
                                                                  trial.
 [1] [2] [3] By filing its motion that the trial court render
judgment on the verdict for *322 the actual damages found

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           3
Litton Indus. Products, Inc. v. Gammage, 668 S.W.2d 319 (1984)

Prior to January 1978, Rule 324 had an express provision that      to rule. The court then held that the fourth sentence of Rule
a motion for new trial was not required in a non-jury case         324, supra, that excused a motion for new trial predicate, was
or in a case where the appeal was based on some error of           expressly limited to jury cases. It concluded that in a non-
the trial court arising after its action on the motion for new     jury case, the revised rule required a motion for new trial
trial. It was settled under that rule that, in a non-jury case,    as a predicate for a complaint on appeal about no evidence,
one could raise for the first time on appeal complaints that       insufficient evidence, or that the finding was against the
attacked factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the        overwhelming weight of the evidence. The holding was that a
trial court's expressed or implied findings of fact. Boswell v.    motion for new trial was required as a predicate for complaint
Handley, 397 S.W.2d 213 (Tex.1965). There was at that time         about no evidence in a non-jury case even though none had
an additional Rule 325 that required a motion for new trial to     been required before the rule was amended.
complain about motions for continuance, change of venue, or
other preliminary motions.                                          [7] Brown v. Brown, 590 S.W.2d 808 (Tex.Civ.App.—
                                                                   Eastland 1979, no writ), recognized the logic of the court
Effective January 1, 1978, Rule 325 was repealed and Rule          in Brock, but concluded that in a non-jury case, neither an
324 was amended to provide:                                        attack upon the legal or factual sufficiency of the evidence
                                                                   required a motion for new trial as a predicate to an attack
             A motion for new trial shall not be a                 on appeal of the legal or factual sufficiency of the evidence.
             prerequisite to the right to complain                 This court resolved this conflict by disapproving Brock v.
             on appeal, in any jury or non-jury                    Brock, supra, and holding that the intent of Rule 324 was
             case. A motion for new trial may                      to eliminate the requirement for motions for new trial in
             be filed by any party, however, and                   either a non-jury or a jury case. Howell v. Coca-Cola Bottling
             the omission of a point in such                       Company of Lubbock, Inc., 599 S.W.2d 801 (Tex.1980). We
             motion shall not preclude the right                   hold, therefore, that at the time this case was tried, Howell v.
             to make the complaint on appeal.                      Coca-Cola, had clearly held that a motion for new trial was
             Notwithstanding the foregoing, it shall               not required for Litton to urge that there was no evidence that
             be necessary to file a motion for new                 it had violated the Deceptive Trade Practices Act.
             trial in order to present a complaint
             which has not otherwise been ruled
                                                                   Rule 324 has again been amended, effective April 1, 1984. 1
             upon. A complaint that one or more
                                                                   The prior version of the rule created problems including
             of a jury's findings have insufficient
                                                                   the complaint that an appeal on points complaining *324
             support in the evidence or are against
                                                                   of errors that the trial court had not previously had an
             the overwhelming preponderance of
                                                                   opportunity to rule upon was resurrecting the rejected
             the evidence as a matter of fact may be
                                                                   fundamental error rule.
             presented for the first time on appeal.

 *323 Courts of appeals and the bar had trouble with the            [8] [9] We also hold that there was no evidence that Litton
fourth sentence of Rule 324, quoted above. Brock v. Brock,         did any act or practice after May 21, 1973, the effective date
586 S.W.2d 927 (Tex.Civ.App.—El Paso 1979, no writ),               of the Act. Tex.Bus. & Comm.Code Ann. § 17.63 (Vernon
construed the rule to excuse a motion for new trial urging         Supp.1982–83). Plaintiff Gammage did not allege the date of
no evidence or insufficient evidence in jury cases but not in      or any particular act or practice that Litton did to violate the
non-jury cases. The third sentence of the above quoted rule,       Act. He also failed to request an issue fixing the date of the
according to Brock, required a motion for new trial if the         claimed act or practice, so the trial court deemed a finding
complaint had not otherwise been ruled upon. It held that “no      in support of its judgment for treble damages. See Rule 279,
evidence” points could be ruled upon in a trial court by an        Tex.R.Civ.P. The date of sale of the tool is not determinative.
order on a motion for instructed verdict, an objection to the      Stagner v. Friendswood Development Company, Inc., 620
submission of a fact issue to the jury, a motion for judgment      S.W.2d 103 (Tex.1981); Woods v. Littleton, 554 S.W.2d
notwithstanding the verdict, or a motion to disregard the jury's   662, 666 (Tex.1977). While circumstantial evidence may
answer. The court held that since none of those steps are          be considered, Darryl v. Ford Motor Co., 440 S.W.2d 630
available for a ruling in a non-jury case, a motion for new        (Tex.1969), there must be more than a scintilla of evidence.
trial was required so the trial court would have the chance        Joske v. Irvine, 91 Tex. 574, 44 S.W. 1059 (1898).

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            4
Litton Indus. Products, Inc. v. Gammage, 668 S.W.2d 319 (1984)

                                                                     [10]     [11] We have in this case meager circumstantial
                                                                    evidence giving rise to inferences which are equally
Richard C. Langdon, Director of Quality Control for a Litton
                                                                    consistent with the proposition that Litton's act or conduct
affiliate, testified by deposition under the adverse witness
                                                                    occurred before May 21, 1973, or after that date. When
rule that he had been working for Litton and its affiliate for
                                                                    circumstances are consistent with either of the two facts and
twenty-three years. He said that the company manufactured
                                                                    nothing shows that one is more probable than the other,
the ratchet adapter in batches of two to three hundred at
                                                                    neither fact can be inferred. Texas Sling Co. v. Emanuel, 431
a time and that during the period around 1973, there were
                                                                    S.W.2d 538 (Tex.1968); Continental Cas. Co. v. Fountain,
about 1,150 sales a year. He answered in the negative whether
                                                                    257 S.W.2d 338 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1953, writ ref'd).
he could tell from an examination of the tool when it was
                                                                    We conclude that there was no more than a scintilla of
manufactured and said that it was “possible that it could have
                                                                    evidence supporting the deemed finding that Litton did an
been manufactured at any time before June 12, 1974, back to
                                                                    act or practice after rather than before May 21, 1973. Warren
the time they were originally put into production.” The tool
                                                                    Petroleum Corp. v. Martin, 153 Tex. 465, 271 S.W.2d 410
had been produced since 1970.
                                                                    (Tex.1954).
There was some proof that Gammage's employer billed
                                                                    We affirm those parts of the judgments below that rendered
Gammage for $20.14 for the new tool after it received the
                                                                    judgment for Gammage in the sum of $705,852. We reverse
shipment on November 8, 1973. Plaintiff Gammage was
                                                                    those parts of the judgments that trebled the damages, and we
uncertain about dates. He said he thought he ordered the
                                                                    render judgment that plaintiff take nothing by way of treble
ratchet at the end of 1973 but did not actually pick it up until
                                                                    damages.
sometime in 1974. There was no proof of the source from
which his employer acquired the tool. The witness Langdon
explained that Litton would sell the tools to a warehouse
                                                                    All Citations
distributor who in turn would sell to a jobber who would sell
to the mechanic.                                                    668 S.W.2d 319

Footnotes
1      Rule 324. Prerequisites of Appeal
         (a) Motion for New Trial Not Required. A point in a motion for new trial is not a prerequisite to a complaint on appeal
         in either a jury or a nonjury case, except as provided in subdivision (b).
         (b) Motion for New Trial Required. A point in a motion for new trial is a prerequisite to the following complaints on appeal:
            (1) A complaint on which evidence must be heard such as one of jury misconduct or newly discovered evidence or
            failure to set aside a judgment by default;
            (2) A complaint of factual insufficiency of the evidence to support a jury finding;
            (3) A complaint that a jury finding is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence;
            (4) A complaint of inadequacy or excessiveness of the damages found by the jury; or
            (5) Incurable jury argument if not otherwise ruled on by the trial court.
         (c) Judgment Notwithstanding Findings; Cross-Points.
         When judgment is rendered non obstante veredicto or notwithstanding the findings of a jury on one or more special
         issues, the appellee may bring forward by cross-point contained in his brief filed in the Court of Appeals any ground
         which would have vitiated the verdict or would have prevented an affirmance of the judgment had one been rendered
         by the trial court in harmony with the verdict, including although not limited to the ground that one or more of the jury's
         findings have insufficient support in the evidence or are against the overwhelming preponderance of the evidence as
         a matter of fact, and the ground that the verdict and judgment based thereon should be set aside because of improper
         argument of counsel.
         The failure to bring forward by cross-points such grounds as would vitiate the verdict shall be deemed a waiver thereof;
         provided, however, that if a cross-point is upon a ground which requires the taking of evidence in addition to that
         adduced upon the trial of the cause, it is not necessary that the evidentiary hearing be held until after the appellate
         court determines that the cause be remanded to consider such a cross-point.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                5
Litton Indus. Products, Inc. v. Gammage, 668 S.W.2d 319 (1984)

End of Document                                         © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        6
OO
Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

                                                                              Gross negligence includes two elements: (1)
                                                                              viewed objectively from the actor's standpoint,
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                                 the act or omission must involve an extreme
Distinguished by Diamond Shamrock Refining Co., L.P. v. Hall,   Tex.,
                                                                              degree of risk, considering the probability and
 July 8, 2005
                                                                              magnitude of the potential harm to others, and (2)
                      968 S.W.2d 917                                          the actor must have actual, subjective awareness
                  Supreme Court of Texas.                                     of the risk involved, but nevertheless proceed in
                                                                              conscious indifference to the rights, safety, or
        MOBIL OIL CORPORATION, Petitioner,                                    welfare of others.
                            v.
       Anna Mae ELLENDER, Individually, and as                                64 Cases that cite this headnote
        Representative of the Estate of Eli Arnold
         Ellender, Deceased, James G. Ellender,                         [2]   Negligence
       Dwain A. Ellender, Ricky Ellender, W. Craig                                Gross negligence
         Ellender, Arnold Kent Ellender, Jr., and                             Evidence of simple negligence is not enough to
       Florence Faye Ellender Hoyt, Respondents.                              prove either the objective or subjective elements
                                                                              of gross negligence.
             No. 96–1299. | Argued March
           4, 1998. | Decided May 8, 1998.                                    3 Cases that cite this headnote

Surviving family members and administrator of estate of
                                                                        [3]   Negligence
contractor who died of leukemia brought action against
                                                                                  Gross negligence
chemical company, alleging that exposure to benzene at
company‘s facility caused contractor's death. The 58th                        “Extreme risk” element of gross negligence is
District Court, Jefferson County, Michael J. Bradford, J.,                    not a remote possibility of injury or even a
entered judgment on jury verdict awarding $622,888.97                         high probability of minor harm, but rather the
in compensatory damages and $6,000,000 in punitive or                         likelihood of serious injury to the plaintiff.
exemplary damages, and applied punitive damages “cap” to
                                                                              34 Cases that cite this headnote
reduce award. Chemical company appealed. The Beaumont
Court of Appeals, 934 S.W.2d 439, affirmed in part and
reversed in part. Chemical company petitioned for writ of               [4]   Negligence
error. The Supreme Court, Baker, J., held that: (1) there was                     Gross negligence
legally sufficient evidence of gross negligence; (2) court of                 Actual awareness of risk, as element of gross
appeals should not have recalculated cap on punitive damages                  negligence, means that the defendant knew about
when that issue was not appealed; (3) chemical company met                    the peril, but its acts or omissions demonstrated
its burden of proving amount of family members' settlement                    that it did not care.
with other defendants, as basis for credit; and (4) family
members had burden to show what portion of settlement was                     19 Cases that cite this headnote
non-creditable punitive damages.
                                                                        [5]   Negligence
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with                             Direct or circumstantial evidence in general
instructions.
                                                                              Negligence
                                                                                  Heightened degrees of negligence
                                                                              Circumstantial evidence is sufficient to prove
 West Headnotes (22)                                                          either objective or subjective element of gross
                                                                              negligence.
 [1]     Negligence                                                           9 Cases that cite this headnote
             Gross negligence

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               1
Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

                                                                     Whether corporation's acts can be attributed to
 [6]    Corporations and Business Organizations                      the corporation itself, and thereby constitute
            Exemplary damages                                        corporate gross negligence, is determined by
        A corporation may be liable in punitive damages              reasonable inferences the factfinder can draw
        for gross negligence only if the corporation itself          from what the corporation did or failed to do
        commits gross negligence.                                    and the facts existing at relevant times that
                                                                     contributed to a plaintiff's alleged damages.
        10 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     5 Cases that cite this headnote
 [7]    Corporations and Business Organizations
            Exemplary damages                                 [11]   Negligence
        A corporation is liable for punitive damages if it               Gross negligence
        authorizes or ratifies an agent's gross negligence           An appellate court must sustain a gross
        or if it is grossly negligent in hiring an unfit             negligence finding if legally sufficient evidence
        agent.                                                       shows both that the complained of act or
                                                                     omission was likely to result in serious harm and
        17 Cases that cite this headnote                             that the defendant was consciously indifferent to
                                                                     the risk of harm.
 [8]    Corporations and Business Organizations
                                                                     7 Cases that cite this headnote
            Exemplary damages
        A corporation is liable for punitive damages
        if it commits gross negligence through the            [12]   Appeal and Error
        actions or inactions of a vice principal, which                 Findings and conclusions
        encompasses: (a) corporate officers; (b) those               If there is no legally sufficient evidence of
        who have authority to employ, direct, and                    either gross negligence's objective or subjective
        discharge servants of the master; (c) those                  elements, appellate court must reverse a gross
        engaged in the performance of nondelegable or                negligence finding.
        absolute duties of the master; and (d) those to
        whom the master has confided the management                  6 Cases that cite this headnote
        of the whole or a department or a division of the
        business.                                             [13]   Appeal and Error
                                                                        Total failure of proof
        20 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     In evaluating legal sufficiency of evidence,
                                                                     appellate court determines whether the proffered
 [9]    Corporations and Business Organizations                      evidence as a whole rises to a level that would
            Exemplary damages                                        enable reasonable and fair-minded people to
        In determining whether acts are directly                     differ in their conclusions.
        attributable to the corporation, the reviewing
        court does not simply judge individual elements              9 Cases that cite this headnote
        or facts; instead, the court should review all
        the surrounding facts and circumstances to            [14]   Negligence
        determine whether the corporation itself is                      Premises Liability
        grossly negligent.
                                                                     There was legally sufficient evidence that
        5 Cases that cite this headnote                              chemical company's conduct in failing to
                                                                     warn contract workers about benzene exposure
                                                                     or protect them from it, viewed objectively
 [10]   Corporations and Business Organizations                      from chemical company's point of view when
            Exemplary damages                                        contractor worked at its facility, involved an

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                       2
Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

        extreme degree of risk to contract workers, as             considering five factors: (1) nature of the wrong;
        element of gross negligence, in light of evidence          (2) character of conduct involved; (3) degree
        of widespread knowledge that benzene was                   of culpability of wrongdoer; (4) situation and
        dangerous and presented risk of leukemia, of               sensibilities of parties concerned; and (5) extent
        extent of contractor's exposure, and of chemical           to which such conduct offends public sense of
        company's failure to take sufficient precautions.          justice and propriety.

        14 Cases that cite this headnote                           4 Cases that cite this headnote

 [15]   Negligence                                          [18]   Appeal and Error
            Heightened degrees of negligence                          Modification as to Amount of Recovery
        There was legally sufficient evidence that                 Court of appeals could not include actual
        chemical company vice principals had actual                damages awarded to contract workers' estate
        awareness of extreme risk benzene exposure                 in its punitive damages recalculation, in suit
        involved, but nevertheless proceeded in                    by estate and family members against chemical
        conscious indifference to rights, safety or                company for failure to protect contract worker
        welfare of contract workers, as element of gross           from benzene exposure, where family members
        negligence, in light of evidence that chemical             did not appeal trial court's exclusion of estate's
        company had warning and monitoring policy                  actual damages in its calculation of punitive
        for its own workers, but chose to disregard that           damages cap. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice &
        policy when dealing with contract workers.                 Remedies Code § 41.007.

        43 Cases that cite this headnote                           Cases that cite this headnote

 [16]   Appeal and Error                                    [19]   Appeal and Error
           Form and requisites                                        Power to modify judgment or order
        Court of appeals properly reviewed factual                 A court of appeals cannot modify a judgment
        sufficiency of punitive damages award, in suit             without a point of error asking it to do so.
        against chemical company by contractor's estate
        and family members for gross negligence in                 1 Cases that cite this headnote
        allowing contractor's exposure to benzene, even
        if court did not accurately state proper punitive   [20]   Damages
        damages review throughout its opinion, where it               Reparation by wrongdoer
        provided abbreviated version of detailed review
                                                                   Damages
        of all relevant evidence undertaken in its review
                                                                      Weight and Sufficiency
        of gross negligence finding, it applied relevant
                                                                   By placing uncontested settlement amount in
        punitive damages factors, and it explained why
                                                                   record, nonsettling defendant met its burden of
        evidence supported the punitive damages award.
                                                                   proof on settlement amount, and was entitled to
        7 Cases that cite this headnote                            credit against damages, though it did not present
                                                                   judicial admission, stipulation, judicial notice,
                                                                   or properly admitted documents or testimony to
 [17]   Appeal and Error
                                                                   establish amount, where nonsettling defendant
           Form and requisites
                                                                   informed trial court of settlement amount when
        When conducting factual sufficiency review                 plaintiffs announced settlement in open court,
        of punitive damages award amount, court of                 and plaintiffs did not contest settlement amount.
        appeals must detail all relevant evidence in its           V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code §
        opinion, and must explain why evidence does                33.002(a).
        or does not support punitive damages amount

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                      3
Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

                                                               In this appeal, Mobil Oil Corporation asserts that the court of
        38 Cases that cite this headnote                       appeals erred by: (1) affirming the punitive damages awarded
                                                               against Mobil because there is legally insufficient evidence
 [21]   Damages                                                of gross negligence and malice; (2) improperly reviewing
           Reparation by wrongdoer                             the factual sufficiency of the punitive damages award; (3)
                                                               recalculating the punitive damages award to include an extra
        To limit a nonsettling defendant's dollar-for-
                                                               $91,555.58; and (4) denying Mobil a $500,000 settlement
        dollar settlement credit to amount of settlement
                                                               credit. We hold that: (1) there is legally sufficient evidence
        representing actual damages, plaintiff must
                                                               of gross negligence to support Mobil's liability for punitive
        tender a valid settlement agreement allocating
                                                               damages; (2) the court of appeals properly reviewed the
        between actual and punitive damages to trial
                                                               factual sufficiency of the punitive damages award; (3) the
        court before judgment; otherwise, nonsettling
                                                               court of appeals improperly added $91,555.58 to the punitive
        party is entitled to a credit equaling entire
                                                               damages amount; and (4) the court of appeals improperly
        settlement amount. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice &
                                                               denied Mobil's request for a settlement credit.
        Remedies Code § 33.002(a), (c)(2).

        45 Cases that cite this headnote                       Therefore, we affirm the court of appeals' judgment that there
                                                               is legally sufficient evidence of Mobil's gross negligence and
                                                               we *920 affirm the court of appeals' factual sufficiency
 [22]   Evidence
                                                               review of the punitive damages award. We reverse the court
            Nature and Extent of Liability
                                                               of appeals' erroneous $91,555.58 award in extra punitive
        Because requiring settling plaintiffs to tender        damages and its denial of a settlement credit. We remand
        valid settlement agreement allocating between          to the trial court and instruct the trial court to provide
        actual and punitive damages, in order to limit         the Ellenders an opportunity to prove whether there was
        credit against damages payable by nonsettling          any allocation between actual and punitive damages in the
        defendant, was a new rule, plaintiffs in present       settlement agreement. We further instruct the trial court to
        case, and in any case in which a settlement            allow a settlement credit consistent with this opinion, to
        was reached before effective date of decision          recalculate punitive damages, excluding the estate's actual
        announcing rule, would be permitted to prove           damages, and to recalculate prejudgment interest.
        allocation through extrinsic evidence.

        30 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                                    I. BACKGROUND

                                                               Eli Ellender worked periodically as an independent contractor
                                                               millwright at Mobil's Beaumont refinery and chemical plants
Attorneys and Law Firms
                                                               between 1963 and 1977. As a millwright, Ellender repaired,
*919 Lori Meghan Gallagher, Houston, Michael L. Baker,         serviced, and cleaned pumps, product lines, and other
Beaumont, Mark L. Carlton, Fairfax, VA, Laura B. Rowe,         equipment. While working at Mobil, Ellender was exposed
Elizabeth A. Wiley, Mariann Sears, Houston, for Petitioner.    to benzene. He was diagnosed with acute myelogenous
                                                               leukemia and died in 1989. Ellender's surviving family,
Paul F. Ferguson, Darren Brown, Beaumont, Stephen D.           individually and on behalf of his estate, sued Mobil and
Susman, Charles R. Eskridge, Houston, James A. Holmes,         other defendants, alleging that exposure to benzene caused
Dallas, J. Keith Hyde, Beaumont, Otto D. Hewitt, III, Alvin,   Ellender's leukemia and subsequent death. Specifically, the
Mark C. Hall, Lubbock, for Respondents.                        Ellenders alleged that Mobil was negligent, grossly negligent,
                                                               and malicious in: (1) failing to warn Ellender about his
Opinion                                                        exposure to benzene on Mobil's premises and the risks
                                                               associated with it, and (2) failing to protect Ellender from
BAKER, Justice, delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
                                                               those risks. Just before trial, all defendants, except Mobil,
PHILLIPS, Chief Justice, GONZALEZ, HECHT, ENOCH,
                                                               agreed to settle. Before the trial court submitted the case to the
SPECTOR, ABBOTT, and HANKINSON, Justices, join.
                                                               jury, Mobil elected a dollarfor-dollar settlement credit. See

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            4
Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.014. The jury found                Mobil first argues that there is legally insufficient evidence to
that Mobil's conduct was grossly negligent and malicious and       support the jury's findings that Mobil's conduct was grossly
awarded the Ellenders $622,888.97 in compensatory damages          negligent and malicious. The jury's answer to the punitive
and $6,000,000 in punitive damages.                                damages question was conditioned on a finding of gross
                                                                   negligence or of gross negligence and malice. The jury found
After the jury verdict, the Ellenders and the settling             both and awarded punitive damages. We conclude that there
defendants executed a settlement agreement. The Ellenders          is legally sufficient evidence of gross negligence to uphold
received $500,000 in exchange for releasing all claims for         the punitive damages award against Mobil. Because Mobil
actual and punitive damages against the settling defendants.       relies solely on its gross negligence arguments to support its
The agreement did not allocate the settlement amount               malice arguments, and because the gross negligence finding
between actual and punitive damages. Mobil opposed the             alone will support the punitive damages award in this case, we
Ellenders' motion for judgment, arguing that the proposed          need not consider Mobil's argument that no evidence supports
judgment did not reduce the actual damages award by the            the jury's malice finding.
$500,000 settlement amount.

The trial court rendered judgment on the jury's verdict. The
                                                                                     A. APPLICABLE LAW
trial court denied Mobil a settlement credit, finding that Mobil
did not prove its right to a settlement credit. Mobil moved to
modify the judgment, filed a verified copy of the settlement                            1. Gross Negligence
agreement, and again requested the settlement credit. The
                                                                    [1]    [2]    [3]    [4]    [5] Gross negligence includes two
trial court again refused to credit Mobil with the settlement
                                                                   elements: (1) viewed objectively from the actor's standpoint,
amount.
                                                                   the act or omission must involve an extreme degree of risk,
                                                                   considering the probability and magnitude of the potential
The court of appeals affirmed the trial court's denial of
                                                                   harm to others, and (2) the actor must have actual, subjective
settlement credit, holding that Mobil had not met its burden
                                                                   awareness of the risk involved, but nevertheless proceed in
to prove the settlement amount. The court of appeals did not
                                                                   conscious indifference to the rights, safety, or welfare of
reach the Ellenders' second argument that Mobil's failure to
                                                                   others. See Transportation Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d
prove the allocation between actual and punitive damages
was an additional reason to deny a settlement credit. The          10, 23 (Tex.1994). 2 Evidence of simple negligence is not
court of appeals also affirmed the gross negligence and            enough to prove either the objective or subjective elements
malice findings and the punitive damages award. However,           of gross negligence. See Universal Servs. Co. v. Ung, 904
the court of appeals held that the trial court erroneously         S.W.2d 638, 641 (Tex.1995); Moriel, 879 S.W.2d at 22–
added prejudgment interest to actual damages before applying       23. Under the first element, “extreme risk” is not a remote
                                                                   possibility of injury or even a high probability of minor harm,
the statutory punitive damages cap. 1 The court of appeals
                                                                   but rather the likelihood of serious injury to the plaintiff. See
recalculated punitive damages and modified the trial court's
                                                                   Ung, 904 S.W.2d at 641; Moriel, 879 S.W.2d at 22. Under the
judgment accordingly. In its recalculation, the court of
                                                                   second element, actual awareness means that the defendant
appeals sua sponte included the estate's actual damages of
                                                                   knew about the peril, but its acts or omissions demonstrated
$22,888.97 in the total actual damages amount, so that it
                                                                   that it did not care. See Wal–Mart Stores, Inc. v. Alexander,
equaled $622,888.97. Therefore, when the court of appeals
                                                                   868 S.W.2d 322, 326 (Tex.1993). Circumstantial evidence is
reapplied the statutory cap by multiplying $622,888.97 by
                                                                   sufficient to prove either element of gross negligence. See
four, the punitive damages awarded totaled $2,491,555.88.
                                                                   Moriel, 879 S.W.2d at 22–23; Wal–Mart Stores, 868 S.W.2d
This amount was $91,555.88 ($22,888.97 x 4) over what the
                                                                   at 327.
punitive damages would have been had the court of appeals
not included the estate's actual damages.

                                                                           2. Punitive Damages—Corporate Liability
            *921 II. LEGAL SUFFICIENCY                              [6] [7] A corporation may be liable in punitive damages
               —GROSS NEGLIGENCE                                   for gross negligence only if the corporation itself commits

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              5
Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

gross negligence. See Fort Worth Elevators, Co. v. Russell,        that the complained of act or omission was likely to result
123 Tex. 128, 70 S.W.2d 397, 406 (1934), overruled                 in serious harm and that the defendant was consciously
on other grounds by Wright v. Gifford–Hill & Co., 725              indifferent to the risk of harm. See Moriel, 879 S.W.2d at
S.W.2d 712 (Tex.1987). Because a corporation can “act only         22, 24. If there is no legally sufficient evidence of either
through agents of some character,” Fort Worth Elevators,           gross negligence's objective or subjective elements, this Court
70 S.W.2d at 402, this Court has developed tests for               must reverse a gross negligence finding. See Ung, 904
distinguishing between acts that are solely attributable to        S.W.2d at 642 (reversing the court of appeals' judgment and
agents or employees and acts that are directly attributable        rendering judgment that plaintiffs take nothing because there
to the corporation. See Hammerly Oaks, Inc. v. Edwards,            was no evidence of gross negligence's objective element).
958 S.W.2d 387 (Tex.1997). A corporation is liable for             In evaluating legal sufficiency, we determine whether the
punitive damages if it authorizes or ratifies an agent's gross     proffered evidence as a whole rises to a level that would
negligence or if it is grossly negligent in hiring an unfit        enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their
agent. See King v. McGuff, 149 Tex. 432, 234 S.W.2d                conclusions. See Moriel, 879 S.W.2d at 25 (citing William
403, 405 (1950) (adopting the RESTATEMENT OF TORTS                 Powers, Jr. & Jack Ratliff, Another Look at “No Evidence”
section 909); Purvis v. Prattco, Inc., 595 S.W.2d 103, 104         and “Insufficient Evidence,” 69 TEX. L.REV. 515, 522, 523
(Tex.1980) (citing the RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF                     (1991)).
TORTS section 909, *922 which is unchanged from the
original RESTATEMENT OF TORTS section 909).

                                                                                          B. ANALYSIS
 [8] A corporation is also liable if it commits gross
negligence through the actions or inactions of a vice principal.
See Hammerly Oaks, 958 S.W.2d at 389. “Vice principal”                      1. Gross Negligence—Objective Element
encompasses: (a) corporate officers; (b) those who have
                                                                 [14] Mobil asserts that there is legally insufficient evidence
authority to employ, direct, and discharge servants of the
                                                                of an extreme risk to Ellender of serious injury from
master; (c) those engaged in the performance of nondelegable
                                                                benzene exposure at Mobil's facilities. Mobil argues that the
or absolute duties of the master; and (d) those to whom
                                                                trial court and the court of appeals improperly relied on
the master has confided the management of the whole or a
                                                                evidence of Mobil's conduct and the resultant risks arising
department or a division of the business. See Hammerly Oaks,
                                                                after Ellender worked at Mobil. We conclude that legally
958 S.W.2d at 391.
                                                                sufficient evidence shows that, viewed objectively from
 [9]     [10]      In determining whether acts are directly Mobil's standpoint when Ellender worked at Mobil, Mobil did
                                                                not warn contract workers about benzene exposure or protect
attributable to the corporation, the reviewing court does not
                                                                them from it and this failure involved an extreme degree of
simply judge individual elements or facts. Instead, the court
                                                                risk to those workers.
should review all the surrounding facts and circumstances
to determine whether the corporation itself is grossly
                                                                There is evidence that, from Mobil's viewpoint during the
negligent. See McPhearson v. Sullivan, 463 S.W.2d 174, 176
                                                                period Ellender worked at Mobil in the 1960s and 1970s, the
(Tex.1971). Whether the corporation's acts can be attributed
                                                                extreme degree of risk associated with benzene exposure was
to the corporation itself, and thereby constitute corporate
                                                                common knowledge in the petrochemical industry. As early
gross negligence, is determined by reasonable inferences the
                                                                as 1926, the National Safety Council reported that “[t]he most
factfinder can draw from what the corporation did or failed
                                                                characteristic pathological effect of [benzene] is perhaps its
to do and the facts existing at relevant times that contributed
                                                                destructive influence upon the cells of the blood and the blood
to a plaintiff's alleged damages. See Bowman v. Puckett, 144
                                                                forming organs.” Mobil stipulated NSC membership dating
Tex. 125, 188 S.W.2d 571, 574 (1945).
                                                                back to 1922. In 1948, the American Petroleum Institute
                                                                reported that benzene could cause leukemia and that the only
                                                                absolutely safe concentration for benzene was zero. The API
                     3. Standard of Review                      report also warned that a person should avoid all contact
                                                                with benzene if possible, but that if the hands must contact
 [11] [12] [13] An appellate court must sustain a gross
                                                                the solvent, then a person should use neoprene gloves or
negligence finding if legally sufficient evidence shows both

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Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

protective creams. Mobil stipulated API membership dating         David B. Dunham, a Mobil industrial hygienist, testified that
back to 1919.                                                     although Mobil monitored its employees, it had an “unwritten
                                                                  practice or policy” not to monitor contract workers and that
Dr. R.J. Potts, Mobil's medical director for the Western region   when he attempted to monitor contract workers, he was told
(including Beaumont) from 1960 to 1983, testified that he         not to. Ellender's co-workers testified that they never saw
believed Mobil had knowledge of benzene hazards in the            any signs warning them of benzene hazards at Mobil and
1950s. The record shows other petrochemical companies had         that Mobil did not monitor them for exposure or provide
knowledge of benzene *923 hazards. For example, Conoco's          them with protective gear when they worked around benzene.
1953 Employee Safety Manual included information from             Moreover, Mobil did not include any reference to benzene
the 1948 API report and warned that the only safe level of        or other chemicals in its 1967 pamphlet entitled “Mobil
benzene exposure was zero. Conoco also warned that workers        Safety and Security Regulations for Contract Workers.” Dr.
should use air masks in case of benzene leaks and neoprene        Josh Esslinger, a former medical consultant for Mobil in
gloves in case of hand contact. In 1948, Exxon noted a definite   Beaumont, testified that he knew workers washed their hands
correlation between benzene and cancer. A 1943 report to          in benzene and that such a practice indicated that workers
Shell warned that prolonged exposure to low concentrations        were not adequately warned of benzene hazards. Dr. Dement
of benzene may be very dangerous.                                 testified that Mobil's industrial hygiene program was poor
                                                                  and practically nonexistent for contractors. This is evidence
There is evidence that Ellender's benzene exposure was            from which the jury could reasonably infer that Mobil had
dangerously high. Mobil's own benzene samples, taken at           a company policy of not monitoring contract workers for
the olefins and aromatic plant where Ellender periodically        benzene exposure, not warning them of the dangers of such
worked in the 1960s and 1970s, showed dangerous levels            exposure, and not providing them with protective gear and
of benzene exposure between 1976 and 1978. These levels           that this policy involved an extreme degree of risk to those
were many times more than levels the Occupational Safety          workers. See generally McPhearson, 463 S.W.2d at 174.
and Health Administration considered dangerous in 1977.           Thus, there is evidence that acts and omissions of Mobil itself
Roy Gatlin, one of Ellender's co-workers, testified that on       involved an extreme degree of risk to contract workers like
many occasions he and Ellender steam-cleaned equipment            Ellender.
containing benzene and inhaled benzene. Gatlin and other co-
workers also testified that workers used benzene, furnished by    Relying on Ung, Mobil argues that it is not grossly negligent
Mobil, to wash their tools and hands as often as daily. Russell   for not taking all the precautions it could have. See Ung, 904
Witzke, an industrial hygienist at Mobil from 1973 to 1976        S.W.2d at 641–42. Specifically, Mobil claims that it complied
admitted that benzene was always being spilled on the ground      with the industrial standards for benzene exposure that existed
when piping equipment was connected and disconnected.             when Ellender worked at Mobil and that Mobil took steps
                                                                  to protect employees and contract workers from benzene
Dr. Eula Bingham, a toxicologist specializing in                  exposure. Mobil essentially argues that the Court should
environmental occupational health, reviewed testimony             overturn the jury's gross negligence finding because there is
about Ellender's exposure to benzene and described it as          evidence that Mobil's conduct was not grossly negligent.
“substantial.” Dr. John M. Dement, a industrial hygienist and
epidemiologist, reviewed the same testimony and described         Mobil's argument is flawed. As this Court made clear in
Ellender's exposure as “significant lifetime exposure that        Burk Royaltyand Moriel, the fact that a defendant exercises
would have put him at increased risk for leukemia.”               some care *924 does not insulate the defendant from gross
                                                                  negligence liability. See Moriel, 879 S.W.2d at 20 (discussing
Mobil counters that because there is no evidence that a vice      cases before Burk Royalty that erroneously focused on “entire
principal's conduct involved an extreme degree of risk to         want of care” part of the gross negligence definition in
contract workers like Ellender, Mobil cannot be liable for        reasoning that “some care” defeated a gross negligence
gross negligence. However, in reviewing all the facts and         finding); Burk Royalty Co. v. Walls, 616 S.W.2d 911, 921–
circumstances, we conclude that there is evidence that Mobil's    922 (Tex.1981). Therefore, Mobil's reference to evidence of
own acts and omissions involved an extreme degree of risk to      some care does not affect our legal sufficiency review of the
contract workers like Ellender.                                   jury's gross negligence finding.

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Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

We conclude that there is legally sufficient evidence that       likely source of benzene intoxication and that continuous
Mobil's conduct, viewed objectively from Mobil's point of        exposure to benzene affects the formation of red-blood cells
view when Ellender worked at Mobil, involved an extreme          in bone marrow. This circumstantial evidence is legally
degree of risk to contract workers like Ellender.                sufficient evidence that Mobil vice principals knew that not
                                                                 providing protective gear, not monitoring and not warning
                                                                 workers about benzene exposure was an extreme risk to
                                                                 contract workers, like Ellender, who routinely came into
        2. Gross Negligence—Subjective Element
                                                                 contact with benzene at Mobil.
 [15] Mobil also asserts that there is legally insufficient
evidence of gross negligence's subjective element. Mobil         Furthermore, there is probative evidence that despite this
argues that the court of appeals erred in relying on evidence    knowledge, Mobil proceeded in conscious indifference to the
of general knowledge of some benzene exposure risks to           rights, safety or welfare of contract workers like Ellender.
affirm the finding of actual awareness of an extreme risk.       Contrary to Mobil's policy of warning, monitoring, and
Mobil further argues that there is no evidence that a Mobil      protecting its employees, Mobil did not warn, monitor, or
vice principal knew of an extreme risk to contract workers.      protect contract workers from benzene exposure. Dunham
We conclude that there is legally sufficient evidence that       admitted that personal monitoring and medical surveillance
Mobil vice principals had actual awareness of the extreme        are the only sure ways to assess a worker's exposure to
risk benzene exposure involves, but nevertheless proceeded       benzene. Yet, Dunham testified that Mobil had an “unwritten
in conscious indifference to the rights, safety or welfare of    practice or policy” not to monitor contract workers and
Ellender and other contract workers.                             that when he attempted to monitor contract workers, he
                                                                 was told not to. Ellender's co-workers testified that they
Dr. Potts, Mobil's regional medical director from 1960 to        were not warned about benzene hazards or provided benzene
1983, testified that even before he became medical director      protective equipment and that Mobil actually furnished
he knew that benzene caused, among other diseases, aplastic      benzene for workers to wash their tools. Dr. Dement testified
anemia. He knew that washing hands and tools in benzene          that Mobil's failure to inform workers *925 about benzene
was hazardous. He further testified that he and Dr. Stewart,     exposure reflected Mobil's conscious disregard for worker
a physician working directly under him at the Beaumont           safety. Evidence that Mobil had a policy of monitoring and
refinery, implemented a plan “to see that noxious agents         protecting its own employees but chose not to do the same for
[including benzene] were not being used in a manner that was     contract workers provides additional facts and circumstances
deleterious to employee health.” Dr. Esslinger testified that    for the jury to infer that Mobil knew the risks of benzene
Mobil had a policy to conduct blood and urine tests on its own   exposure yet proceeded with conscious indifference toward
employees for benzene exposure and that he carried out that      the rights, safety or welfare of contract workers vis-a-vis that
policy.                                                          risk.

Dunham testified that Mobil had a fleet of industrial hygiene    Because there is legally sufficient evidence that Mobil was
monitors who monitored employees for benzene, among              grossly negligent, we affirm the jury's finding of gross
other chemicals, and who sent their results to Mobil's           negligence against Mobil.
corporate medical director. Some of these samples, including
one sample of a Mobil maintenance mechanic doing work
identical to the work Ellender periodically did, showed                 III. FACTUAL SUFFICIENCY REVIEW
excessive levels of benzene exposure. Further, in 1969,                     —PUNITIVE DAMAGES AWARD
Mobil's Employee Relations Division established “a medical
and industrial hygiene program designed to protect the health     [16] Mobil argues that the court of appeals did not properly
of those employees who handle benzene and benzene related        review the factual sufficiency of the punitive damages award.
products.” The program directed Mobil doctors, hygienists,       Specifically, Mobil argues that the court did not properly
and other personnel to monitor employees for benzene             detail all the evidence in light of the Kraus 3 factors. We
exposure, to furnish them benzene protective gear, and to        disagree.
instruct employees on proper benzene handling. The program
recognized that long-term benzene inhalation is the most

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Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

 [17] When conducting a factual sufficiency review of a                       the guidelines enumerated in Kraus.
punitive damages award amount, irrespective of whether the                    The only feasible means of doing so is
court of appeals ultimately affirms or reverses the award,                    though a restatement of the evidence
the court must detail all relevant evidence in its opinion.                   supportive of gross negligence. It shall
See Ellis County State Bank v. Keever, 915 S.W.2d 478,                        also become necessary to restate such
479 (Tex.1995)(remanding to the court of appeals to detail                    evidence yet a third time under the
all the evidence instead of just the evidence supporting the                  discussion of ‘why.’
punitive damages award); Moriel, 879 S.W.2d at 31. The
court of appeals must explain why the evidence does or does      934 S.W.2d at 457 (emphasis added). Finally, the court of
not support the punitive damages amount considering five         appeals properly applied the Kraus factors and explained
factors: (1) the nature of the wrong; (2) the character of       why the evidence supported the punitive damages award.
the conduct involved; (3) the degree of culpability of the       Accordingly, we conclude that the court of appeals' factual
wrongdoer; (4) the situation and sensibilities of the parties    sufficiency review of the punitive damages award, despite the
concerned; and (5) the extent to which such conduct offends a     *926 court's occasional misleading language, was proper.
public sense of justice and propriety. See Keever, 915 S.W.2d
at 479; Kraus, 616 S.W.2d at 910; see also TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM.CODE §§ 41.011 and 41.013 (requiring courts of                            IV. PUNITIVE DAMAGES
appeals, in reviewing evidence of punitive damages amounts,                    AWARD—RECALCULATION
to consider the evidence or lack of evidence with specificity
in light of the Kraus factors).                                   [18] [19] Mobil also argues that the court of appeals erred
                                                                 by including, sua sponte, the estate's actual damages in its
The court of appeals misdefined factual sufficiency review       punitive damages calculation, thereby adding $91,555.58 to
of punitive damages awards as detailing “the evidence            the punitive damages award. We agree. A court of appeals
supportive of the punitive damage award under Kraus ” and        cannot modify a judgment without a point of error asking it
“the evidence relating to why the evidence supports such         to do so. See Texas Nat'l Bank v. Karnes, 717 S.W.2d 901,
award.” 934 S.W.2d at 458 (emphasis added). Nevertheless,        903 (Tex.1986)(holding that the court of appeals erred in
the court of appeals recognized its duty to review “the          modifying the judgment to include attorneys fees when the
evidence supportive of an affirmative finding of gross           trial court's refusal to grant attorneys fees was not the subject
negligence and apply such evidence, along with any other         of a point of error).
evidence, in determining whether or not the exemplary
damages awarded [were] reasonable.” 934 S.W.2d at 456            Here, the jury charge asked the jury to apportion the punitive
(emphasis added).                                                damages award, if any, between the individual plaintiffs,
                                                                 excluding Eli Ellender's estate. Accordingly, the trial court's
Further, while the court of appeals may not have accurately      judgment excluded the estate's actual damages award in its
stated the proper punitive damages review throughout its         punitive damages calculation. The Ellenders did not complain
opinion, it complied with the Kraus, Moriel, and Keever          about the trial court's punitive damages calculation.
requirements. Although the court of appeals' Kraus analysis
seems to restate only the evidence supporting the punitive       The court of appeals recalculated punitive damages to exclude
damage award, the court of appeals painstakingly detailed        prejudgment interest. For no apparent reason, the court's
all relevant evidence in its exhaustive review of the gross      recalculation included the estate's actual damages and thus,
negligence finding. Therefore, its Kraus analysis is simply an   resulted in $91,555.58 more punitive damages than the trial
abbreviated version of its gross negligence review of all the    court's award. Because the Ellenders did not appeal the
evidence. The court of appeals stated:                           trial court's exclusion of the estate in its punitive damages
                                                                 calculation, the court of appeals erred in including the estate's
            Explaining “why” the evidence either                 actual damages in its punitive damages recalculation. See
            does or does not support the punitive                Karnes, 717 S.W.2d at 903.
            damages requires revisiting gross
            negligence evidence on a factual
            sufficiency standard. In compliance,
            we consider relevant evidence through

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Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

                                                                   REM.CODE § 32.012(b). The only question left is by what
                                                                   amount the trial court should reduce the judgment.
 V. SETTLEMENT CREDIT—BURDEN OF PROOF

Lastly, Mobil argues that the court of appeals erred in            Section 33.014 provides:
affirming the trial court's refusal to grant Mobil a $500,000
                                                                                If a claimant has settled with one or
settlement credit. The court of appeals held that Mobil did
                                                                                more persons, an election must be
not meet its burden to prove the settlement amount. The
                                                                                made as to which dollar credit is to
Ellenders argue that even if Mobil did prove the settlement
                                                                                be applied under Section 33.012(b).
amount, Mobil's failure to allocate the settlement amount
                                                                                This election shall be made by any
between actual and punitive damages is an additional reason
                                                                                defendant filing a written election
to affirm the denial of settlement credit. We disagree with
                                                                                before the issues of the action are
both the court of appeals' holding and the Ellenders' allocation
                                                                                submitted to the trier of fact and, when
argument.
                                                                                 *927 made, shall be binding on all
                                                                                defendants. If no defendant makes this
                                                                                election or if conflicting elections are
              A. SETTLEMENT AMOUNT                                              made, all defendants are considered
                                                                                to have elected Subdivision (2) of
 [20] Chapter 33 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies                       Section 33.012(b).
Code governs settlement credit in this case. See TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.002(a) (“[T]his chapter applies to           TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.014. Thus, for
any cause of action based on tort in which a defendant, settling   a dollar-for-dollar settlement credit, Chapter 33 requires a
person, or responsible third party is found responsible for a      written dollar-for-dollar credit election before the case is
percentage of the harm for which relief is sought.”). Section      submitted to the factfinder. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM
33.012(b) provides:                                                CODE § 33.014. Because the statute is silent on which
                                                                   party has the burden to prove the settlement amount, we
  If the claimant has settled with one or more persons, the        refer to the common law. See First Title Co. v. Garrett, 860
  court shall further reduce the amount of damages to be           S.W.2d 74, 78 (Tex.1993)(relying on common law principles
  recovered by the claimant with respect to a cause of action      for settlement credit determination because Chapter 32 of
  by a credit equal to one of the following, as elected in         the Civil Practice and Remedies Code does not consider
  accordance with Section 33.014:                                  settlement credit).
     (1) the sum of the dollar amounts of all settlements; or
                                                                   At common law, a defendant seeking a settlement credit has
     (2) a dollar amount equal to the sum of the following         the burden of proving its right to such a credit. See First
     percentages of damages found by the trier of fact:            Title, 860 S.W.2d at 78. This burden includes proving the
                                                                   settlement credit amount. A party can meet this burden by
       (A) 5 percent of those damages up to $200,000;              placing the settlement agreement or some evidence of the
                                                                   settlement amount in the record. See First Title, 860 S.W.2d at
       (B) 10 percent of those damages from $200,001 to
                                                                   79. If a party fails to meet this burden, the party is not entitled
         400,000;
                                                                   to a dollar-for-dollar credit and the trial court is limited to
       (C) 15 percent of those damages from $400,001 to            using section 32.012(b)(2) to reduce the judgment.
         500,000;
                                                                   Here, the court of appeals held that Mobil did not meet its
       (D) 20 percent of those damages greater than                burden to prove the settlement amount because Mobil did
         $500,000.                                                 not prove the amount by a judicial admission, a stipulation,
                                                                   judicial notice, or properly admitted documents or testimony.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 33.012(b). When there                 However, neither Chapter 33 nor existing case law demands
is a settlement covering some or all of the damages awarded        such proof. For a dollar-for-dollar settlement credit, Chapter
in the judgment, section 33.012 requires the trial court to        33 requires only a written election before the case is submitted
reduce the judgment accordingly. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &             to the factfinder. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE §

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41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

33.014. And, First Title requires only that the record show, in   settlement agreement itself allocated between actual and
the settlement agreement or otherwise, the settlement credit      punitive damages. See Hill, 383 S.W.2d at 81. When the
amount. See First Title, 860 S.W.2d at 74.                        nonsettling *928 defendant claimed a credit equaling the
                                                                  entire settlement amount, the court of appeals held that the
The record here shows that Mobil first informed the trial         settlement agreement was conclusive proof of the proper
court of the $500,000 settlement amount when the Ellenders'       allocation. See Hill, 383 S.W.2d at 83. Therefore, the court
attorneys announced the settlement in open court during trial.    limited the defendant's settlement credit to that part of the
Later, Mobil's written opposition to the Ellenders' motion        settlement amount expressly representing actual damages.
for judgment included the settlement amount. The Ellenders        See Hill, 383 S.W.2d at 83.
did not contest the $500,000 settlement amount. Thus, we
conclude that by placing the uncontested settlement amount        In Texas Gen. Petroleum Corp. v. Leyh, 52 F.3d 1330, 1340
in the record, Mobil met its burden of proof on the settlement    (5 th Cir.1995), the court placed the burden on plaintiffs to
amount.                                                           show that a settlement does not involve a double recovery.
                                                                  See also United States Indus. v. Touche Ross & Co., 854 F.2d
1223, 1262 (10 th Cir.1988). Plaintiffs can meet this burden
   B. ALLOCATION OF SETTLEMENT AMOUNT                             by offering into evidence a written settlement agreement
                                                                  specifically allocating damages to each cause of action. See
 [21] The court of appeals did not consider the Ellenders'        Leyh, 52 F.3d at 1340 (reasoning that a plaintiff that is a
argument that Mobil was obligated to allocate between actual      party to the settlement agreement is in a better position than a
and punitive damages in the settlement amount. We have            nonsettling defendant to allocate damages in the settlement).
the option to consider the Ellenders' allocation argument to      While Leyh is not directly on point, it is analogous. In cases
determine if it will support the court of appeals' judgment       involving allocation between actual and punitive damages,
denying Mobil a settlement credit or to remand the issue to       settling plaintiffs are in a better position than nonsettling
the court of appeals. See First Baptist Church v. Bexar County    defendants to insure that the settlement award is allocated
Appraisal Review Bd., 833 S.W.2d 108, 111 (Tex.1992). To          between actual and punitive damages.
serve judicial economy, we choose to consider the allocation
argument.                                                         Here, unlike in Hill, the settlement agreement released
                                                                  the Ellenders' actual and punitive damages claims without
A defendant cannot receive credit for settlement amounts          allocating between them. Without an allocation, Mobil, who
representing punitive damages. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &              was not a party to the settlement, had almost no ability
REM.CODE § 33.002(c)(2) (“This chapter does not apply             to prove which part of the settlement amount represented
to ... a claim for exemplary damages included in an action        actual damages. Nonsettling parties should not be penalized
to which this chapter otherwise applies.”); see also Hill v.      for events over which they have no control. See Sisters of
Budget Fin. & Thrift Co., 383 S.W.2d 79, 81 (Tex.Civ.App.—        Charity of the Incarnate Word v. Dunsmoor, 832 S.W.2d
Dallas 1964, no writ) (holding that a defendant cannot receive    112, 117 (Tex.App.—Austin 1992, writ denied) (holding
credit for settlement amounts representing punitive damages,      that prejudgment interest is based on the amount of the
which are not common damages but are individual in nature);       judgment, not the total amount of damages awarded by
Howard v. General Cable Corp., 674 F.2d 351, 358 (5 th            the jury, because nonsettling defendants have no control
Cir.1983) (citing Hill, 383 S.W.2d at 79); Paschall v. Peevey,    over settlement negotiations and should not be forced to
813 S.W.2d 710, 712 (Tex.App.—Austin 1991, writ denied)           pay prejudgment interest on settling defendants' parts of a
(citing Hill, 383 S.W.2d at 79). Chapter 33 does not specify      damages award). When the settlement agreement does not
which party has the burden of proving the allocation between      allocate between actual and punitive damages, requiring a
actual and punitive damages in a settlement amount. Again,        nonsettling party to prove the agreement's allocation before
common law provides the general rule.                             receiving a settlement credit not only unfairly penalizes
                                                                  the nonsettling party but also allows settling parties to
In Hill, the court of appeals held that the party seeking         abrogate the one satisfaction rule. See Hess Oil Virgin Islands
the settlement credit has the burden to prove the allocation      Corp. v. UOP, Inc., 861 F.2d 1197, 1208 (10 th Cir.1988);
of the settlement amount between actual and punitive              United States Indus., 854 F.2d at 1262. Settling parties
damages. See Hill, 383 S.W.2d at 81–82. In Hill, the              could prevent nonsettling parties from receiving settlement

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Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

                                                                     8, 1998, and to all other cases currently in the judicial process
credit by refusing to allocate between actual and punitive
                                                                     in which the issue has been preserved. For valid settlements
damages in settlement agreements. See United States Indus.,
                                                                     agreements reached before May 8, 1998, plaintiffs can prove
854 F.2d at 1262. The better rule is to require a settling party
                                                                     through extrinsic evidence whether, when the settlement was
to tender to the trial court, before judgment, a settlement
                                                                     reached, the parties allocated between actual and punitive
agreement allocating between actual and punitive damages as
                                                                     damages.
a condition precedent to limiting dollar-for-dollar settlement
credits to settlement amounts representing actual damages.
Accord Howard, 674 F.2d at 351 (holding that the defendant
was entitled to a credit equaling the full amount of the                                  VI. CONCLUSION
settlement when the plaintiff conceded that the agreement did
not indicate whether it covered punitive damages).                   We affirm the court of appeals' holding that there is legally
                                                                     sufficient evidence to support the trial court's judgment
Therefore, we hold that to limit a nonsettling party's dollar-       against Mobil for gross negligence. We affirm the court of
for-dollar settlement credit to an amount representing actual        appeals' factual sufficiency review of the punitive damages
damages, the settling party must tender a valid settlement           award. We reverse the court of appeals' erroneous $91,555.58
agreement allocating between actual and punitive damages to          award in extra punitive damages, and its denial of settlement
                                                                     credit. In the interest of justice, we remand the case to
the trial court before judgment. 4 Otherwise, the nonsettling
                                                                     the trial court and instruct the court to afford the Ellenders
party is entitled to a credit equaling the entire settlement
                                                                     an opportunity to prove whether there was any allocation
amount.
                                                                     between actual and punitive damages in the settlement
                                                                     agreement. We further instruct the trial court to grant
 [22] Because we announce a new proposition of law today,
                                                                     a settlement credit in accordance with this opinion, to
we remand this action to the trial court to allow the Ellenders
                                                                     recalculate punitive damages, excluding the estate's actual
an opportunity to prove what allocation between actual and
                                                                     damages, and to recalculate prejudgment interest.
punitive damages, if any, was agreed to when they settled with
the other defendants. The issue is not what the parties *929
would have agreed to, but what if anything they did agree to.
The trial court should allow the Ellenders to prove allocation       OWEN, Justice, did not participate in the decision.
through extrinsic evidence. Furthermore, our holding limiting
plaintiffs' ability to prove allocation to that which is expressly   All Citations
stated in a valid settlement agreement applies to all cases in
                                                                     968 S.W.2d 917, 41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763
which a valid settlement agreement is reached on or after May

Footnotes
1      See former TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 41.007, Act of June 3, 1987, 70 th Leg., 1 st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.12, 1987 Tex.
       Gen. Laws 37, 94, amended and renumbered by Act of April 6, 1995, 74 th Leg., ch. 19, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 108.
2      In 1995, after this case was tried, the Legislature substituted malice for gross negligence as the prerequisite for punitive
       damages in cases like this one. However, the Legislature also redefined “malice” as:
            (A) a specific intent by the defendant to cause substantial injury to the claimant [or]
          (B) an act or omission
               (i) which when viewed objectively from the standpoint of the actor at the time of its occurrence involves an extreme
               degree of risk, considering the probability and magnitude of the potential harm to others; and
               (ii) of which the actor has actual, subjective awareness of the risk involved, but nevertheless proceeds with
               conscious indifference to the rights, safety, or welfare of others.
          See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 41.001(7). The malice definition in section 41.001(7)(B) mirrors this Court's
          definition of gross negligence inTransportation Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 23 (Tex.1994). Therefore, this
          opinion's legal sufficiency review of gross negligence is relevant to legal sufficiency review of malice as redefined by
          section 41.001(7)(B).
3      See Alamo Nat'l Bank v. Kraus, 616 S.W.2d 908 (Tex.1981).

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Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 763

4      Notably, this Court has held that Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 11 applies to settlement agreements. See Padilla v.
       LaFrance, 907 S.W.2d 454 (Tex.1995); Kennedy v. Hyde, 682 S.W.2d 525 (Tex.1984). Accordingly, the plaintiff may
       either offer a written and signed settlement agreement into the record, or the agreement may be made in open court
       and entered of record. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 11. An allocation completed in either form is enough to meet the plaintiff's
       burden of proof.

End of Document                                             © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

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PP
Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

                                                                           Warranties actionable under Deceptive Trade
                                                                           Practices-Consumer Protection Act (DTPA),
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                              both express and implied, must be recognized
Declined to Extend by Excel Corp. v. Reyes,     Tex.App.-Amarillo,
                                                                           by common law or created by statute. V.T.C.A.,
 October 17, 2000
                                                                           Bus. & C. § 17.50(a)(2).
                       901 S.W.2d 434
                   Supreme Court of Texas.                                 32 Cases that cite this headnote

            The PARKWAY COMPANY, Parkway                             [2]   Contracts
              Company of Texas, Inc. and Sugar                                 Services
               Creek Corporation, Petitioners,
                                                                           Implied service warranty is common law
                             v.                                            creation.
         Ray WOODRUFF and Constance Woodruff
       Presley, Mickelson & Klein, Inc., and Vansickle,                    17 Cases that cite this headnote
           Mickelson & Klein, Inc., Respondents.
                                                                     [3]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation
             No. D–4185. | Argued Sept. 21,
                                                                               Other particular subjects
           1994. | Decided June 15, 1995. |
                                                                           No implied warranty to perform future
             Rehearing Overruled July 21, 1995.
                                                                           development services would be imposed in
Homeowners brought action against developer for damages in                 connection with real estate developer's sale of
connection with flooding of their home caused by developer's               lot to homebuilder, as no services were included
allegedly negligent activities resulting in diversion of surface           in sales transaction; developer's use of phrase
water across their property. The 268th District Court, Fort                “planned community” to describe development
Bend County, Brady G. Elliott, J., rendered judgment for                   could fairly be construed as representation as
homeowners against developer, and developer appealed. The                  to form of common interest ownership, not
Houston First Judicial District Court of Appeals, 857 S.W.2d               implied promise to provide future development
903, affirmed as reformed. On application for writ of error, the           services, and scale model of development did
Supreme Court, Cornyn, J., held that: (1) there was no implied             not represent implied promise to never adversely
warranty that developer's postsale development services                    affect lot, which was flooded allegedly because
would be performed in good and workmanlike manner,                         of developer's negligence. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C.
so as to support claim under Deceptive Trade Practices-                    § 17.50(a)(2).
Consumer Protection Act (DTPA); (2) developer did not
                                                                           20 Cases that cite this headnote
act unconscionably, so as to violate DTPA; (3) allowing
award of both cost of repairs and of diminution in value of
home improperly gave homeowners double recovery; and (4)             [4]   Antitrust and Trade Regulation
evidence did not demonstrate compensable “mental anguish”                      Housing sales
of homeowners.                                                             Real    estate    developer      did   not    act
                                                                           “unconscionably”       in     connection     with
Modified and affirmed as reformed.                                         development activities allegedly responsible for
                                                                           flooding of lot owners' home, thus barring
Gammage, J., filed dissenting opinion.                                     imposition of liability under Deceptive Trade
                                                                           Practices-Consumer Protection Act (DTPA)
                                                                           on unconscionability theory; homeowners
                                                                           advanced no theory as to how developer's alleged
 West Headnotes (13)
                                                                           advantage in exclusively controlling drainage on
                                                                           adjacent lots was exploited at time of sale to
 [1]       Antitrust and Trade Regulation                                  homebuilder, and there was no evidence that
               Warranties and Service Contracts                            developer, at time of sale, did anything to cause

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           1
Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

        gross disparity between value of home and what              When prevailing party fails to elect between
        owners paid for it. V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. §                   alternative measures of damages, court should
        17.45(5).                                                   render judgment affording greatest recovery.

        16 Cases that cite this headnote                            3 Cases that cite this headnote

 [5]    Antitrust and Trade Regulation                       [10]   Damages
            In general; unfairness                                     Nature and theory of compensation
        “Unconscionability,” for purposes of Deceptive              Damages for diminution in value and for cost
        Trade Practices-Consumer Protection Act                     of repairs are not always duplicative; diminution
        (DTPA), requires that seller take advantage                 in value does not duplicate cost to repairs if
        of special skills and training at time of sale.             diminution is calculated based on comparison of
        V.T.C.A., Bus. & C. § 17.45(5).                             original value of property and value after repairs
                                                                    are made.
        9 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    8 Cases that cite this headnote
 [6]    Antitrust and Trade Regulation
            Completion of transaction                        [11]   Damages
        For purposes of determining “unconscionability”                Mental suffering and emotional distress
        under Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer                    Award of mental anguish damages will survive
        Protection Act (DTPA), time for evaluating                  legal sufficiency challenge when plaintiffs have
        disparity between value received and                        introduced direct evidence of nature, duration
        consideration paid is time of sale. V.T.C.A., Bus.          and severity of their mental anguish, thus
        & C. § 17.45(5).                                            establishing substantial disruption in their daily
                                                                    routine; such evidence, whether in form of
        2 Cases that cite this headnote                             plaintiffs' own testimony, that of third parties or
                                                                    that of experts, is more likely to provide fact
 [7]    Damages                                                     finder with adequate details to assess mental
           Nature and theory of compensation                        anguish claims, and absence of such evidence
                                                                    justifies close judicial scrutiny of other evidence
        Homeowners bringing action in connection with
                                                                    offered on that element of damages.
        flooding of their home received improper double
        recovery when they were allowed award of both               260 Cases that cite this headnote
        costs of repairs and diminution in value of home,
        as diminution was calculated assuming that no
        repairs had been made.                               [12]   Appeal and Error
                                                                       Particular Cases and Items
        15 Cases that cite this headnote                            When claimants fail to present direct evidence
                                                                    of nature, duration or severity of their anguish,
 [8]    Damages                                                     Supreme Court applies traditional “no evidence”
           Nature and theory of compensation                        standard to determine whether record reveals
                                                                    any evidence of high degree of mental pain and
        Law does not permit double recovery.
                                                                    distress that is more than mere worry, anxiety,
        9 Cases that cite this headnote                             vexation, embarrassment or anger to support any
                                                                    award of damages.

 [9]    Damages                                                     297 Cases that cite this headnote
           Construction and operation

                                                             [13]   Damages

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Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

                                                                 conclude that the homeowners received a double recovery
              Mental suffering and emotional distress
                                                                 for their property damage, and delete the duplicative part
        Evidence did not demonstrate that homeowners
                                                                 of the award. We affirm the remainder of the judgment for
        suffered compensable “mental anguish” in
                                                                 negligence-based damages, which were not challenged by the
        connection with flooding of their home;
                                                                 developer, and for out-of-pocket expenses. Finally, we agree
        homeowners' statements, “I was hot,” “It was
                                                                 with those parts of the court of appeals' opinion that find no
        just upsetting,” and “I was just upset” showed
                                                                 evidence to support the mental anguish damages awarded and
        anger, frustration or vexation, but did not
                                                                 that affirm the directed verdict rendered on Parkway's claims
        support conclusion that those emotions rose to
                                                                 against its engineers.
        compensable level.

        145 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                                            I. Facts

                                                                 The Sugar Creek Corporation and its successor-in-interest,
Attorneys and Law Firms                                          the Parkway Company (collectively, Parkway), created a real
                                                                 estate development known as Sugar Creek on the south side
 *436 Randall D. Wilkins, Edward J. Hennessy, Houston, for       of Houston. Parkway prepared the land for homebuilding by
petitioners.                                                     platting, surveying, regrading, building roads, and dealing
                                                                 with local regulatory and utility authorities. The Sugar Creek
Amy Dunn Taylor, Linda Foreman Clark, Michael T. Powell,         community was developed over a period of years, and
Houston, for respondents.                                        included plans for retail and recreational areas.

Opinion
                                                                 In 1977 Harrington Homes purchased the lot at issue, in
Justice CORNYN delivered the opinion of the Court, joined        section 24 of the development, and built a house on it. After
by Chief Justice PHILLIPS, Justice GONZALEZ, Justice             Harrington Homes sold it to the original occupants, the house
HIGHTOWER, Justice HECHT, Justice ENOCH, Justice                 was resold and occupied by another homeowner before Ray
SPECTOR and Justice OWEN.                                        and Constance Woodruff bought it and moved in during April
                                                                 1981.
We decide in this case whether a real estate development
company violated the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices             In 1983 Parkway began to develop Sugar Creek section 34,
—Consumer Protection Act (DTPA),              TEX.BUS. &         which lies immediately to the east of the Woodruffs' lot and
COM.CODE § 17.41–.63, when it sold a vacant lot in a             the Kaneb tract, a large commercial tract that lies to the north
master-planned community and years later negligently caused      of the Woodruffs' lot and the rest of section 24. During the
a home built on that lot to be flooded. The homeowners           course of its work in early 1983, Parkway began constructing
argue that the developer breached an implied warranty that its   a wall along the line dividing section 34 from the Kaneb tract
future development services would be performed in a good         and section 24.
and workmanlike manner and that it acted unconscionably.
Because we reject both of these theories of DTPA liability in
this case, we reform the judgment of the court of appeals to     *437
delete any award of damages based on the DTPA. We also

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Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

                                                                 The Woodruffs filed suit in 1984 for negligence, gross
Ray Woodruff, who holds an engineering degree, advised
                                                                 negligence, nuisance, trespass, and Water Code violations.
Parkway by letter on February 3, 1983, that the wall might
                                                                 They also alleged that Parkway was liable under the DTPA
alter drainage patterns on his lot. Six days later, during
                                                                 for: (1) unconscionable conduct; (2) false, misleading, or
a heavy rainstorm, the Woodruffs observed that regrading
                                                                 deceptive acts or practices; and (3) the knowing breach of
activities on section 34 had diverted runoff from the Kaneb
                                                                 an implied warranty to perform “development services” in “a
tract onto their land.
                                                                 good and workmanlike manner.” Parkway, in turn, filed third-
                                                                 party claims against its engineers, the owners of the Kaneb
After investigation, Parkway's engineers proposed a new
                                                                 tract, and Harrington Homes. The Woodruffs later amended
drainage system, but Mr. Woodruff objected to the proposal
                                                                 their petition to sue directly these additional parties.
because it called for the construction of an earthen berm
across the back of his lot. Instead Woodruff installed
                                                                 At trial, the district court granted a directed verdict in
another type of drainage system. Parkway offered to pay for
                                                                 favor of Harrington Homes and Parkway's engineers. On the
Mr. Woodruff's drainage system on the condition that the
                                                                 remaining claims, a jury found that Parkway was negligent
Woodruffs release Parkway from any future liability. The
                                                                 but that the owners of the Kaneb tract were not. The jury
Woodruffs objected to the release, however, and covered the
                                                                 also found that Parkway violated the Water Code, that it
construction costs themselves. Parkway finished the wall in
                                                                 knowingly breached an implied warranty, and that it acted
July 1983.
                                                                 unconscionably. The jury declined, however, to find that
                                                                 Parkway was grossly negligent, that it engaged in any
When Hurricane Alicia struck the Texas coast on August 18,
                                                                 false, misleading, or deceptive acts or practices, or that it
1983, run-off from the Kaneb tract flooded the Woodruffs'
                                                                 intentionally caused a trespass of the Woodruffs' property.
sun room. The house flooded again in 1986, 1987, and 1989.
                                                                 The court rendered *438 judgment for actual damages of
As a result, the house suffered a cracked foundation and other
                                                                 $220,000, including $120,000 for diminution in value and
structural damage.
                                                                 $100,000 for repairs to the Woodruffs' house. Based on the

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Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

DTPA findings, the trial court also rendered judgment for        judicial recognition of an implied warranty was justified
the Woodruffs for “additional” damages, a percentage-based       in light of existing remedies available to the patient. In
award of attorney's fees, and mental anguish damages.            denying recovery under an implied warranty theory, the Court
                                                                 concluded: “It is not necessary to impose an implied warranty
The court of appeals affirmed most of the trial court's          theory as a matter of public policy because the plaintiff patient
judgment, but deleted any damages for mental anguish, and        has adequate remedies to redress wrongs committed during
added $14,000 in out-of-pocket expenses claimed by the           treatment.” Id. at 96.
Woodruffs. 857 S.W.2d 903.
                                                                  *439 Two years later, in Melody Home, this Court first
                                                                 recognized a limited implied warranty relating to services.
                                                                 Without retreating from its holding in Dennis v. Allison,
                    II. DTPA Violations
                                                                 the Court recognized “an implied warranty to repair or
The Woodruffs allege that Parkway violated the DTPA by           modify existing tangible goods or property in a good and
breaching an implied warranty to perform future development      workmanlike manner.” 741 S.W.2d at 354.
services in a good and workmanlike manner, or alternatively,
by committing an unconscionable act. Assuming that the           At least two principles from Dennis and Melody Home apply
                                                                 in this case. First, an implied warranty will not be judicially
Woodruffs are consumers under the DTPA, 1 we analyze
                                                                 imposed unless there is a demonstrated need for it. Second,
each basis for DTPA recovery.
                                                                 the Melody Home implied warranty extends only to services
                                                                 provided to remedy defects existing at the time of the relevant
                                                                 consumer transaction. 5
                   A. Implied Warranty
                                                                  [3] These preliminary issues aside, we view the issue
 [1] [2] The DTPA prohibits the breach of an express or
                                                                 presented here to be whether consumers who are injured by
implied warranty, see TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE § 17.50(a)
                                                                 substandard services can recover under an implied warranty
(2), but it does not create warranties. The warranties, both
                                                                 theory when they neither sought nor acquired the services
express and implied, actionable under the DTPA must be
                                                                 about which they complain. The requirement that a consumer
recognized by the common law or created by statute. See La
                                                                 urging an implied warranty for services seek or acquire that
Sara Grain Co. v. First Nat'l Bank, 673 S.W.2d 558, 565
                                                                 specific service flows from the historical definition of a
(Tex.1984). Unlike the implied warranties imposed on certain
                                                                 warranty:
sales transactions under the Uniform Commercial Code, 2
the implied service warranty is a common law creation. See                    A warranty is an express or implied
Melody Home Mfg. Co. v. Barnes, 741 S.W.2d 349, 353                           statement of something with respect
(Tex.1987) (“An implied warranty arises by operation of law                   to the article sold, which the seller
when public policy so mandates.”). Before it was adopted by                   undertakes shall be part of a contract
the court of appeals, the implied warranty to perform future                  of sale; and though part of the contract,
development services was unknown to Texas jurisprudence.                      yet collateral to the express object of it.
The question presented for our decision, then, is whether such
                                                                 ARTHUR BIDDLE, A TREATISE ON THE LAW
an implied warranty 3 should be recognized under the facts
                                                                 OF WARRANTIES IN THE SALE OF CHATTELS 1
of this case.
                                                                 (Philadelphia, Kay & Brother 1884) (emphasis added). 6
The judicial recognition of implied warranties in service        Therefore, to determine whether an implied warranty to
transactions in Texas has had a short and somewhat uneven        provide future development services should be extended
                                                                 to the Woodruffs, we must first identify an underlying
history. 4 Until 1987 this Court had never recognized a
                                                                 transaction upon which an implied warranty might be
cause of action for breach of an implied warranty relating
                                                                 imposed. The parties identify three possible underlying
to services. In Dennis v. Allison, 698 S.W.2d 94 (Tex.1985),
                                                                 transactions: the sale of the lot from Parkway to the
we declined to recognize an implied warranty in connection
                                                                 homebuilder, the purchase of the home by the Woodruffs, and
with medical services when a patient was sexually assaulted
and beaten by her psychiatrist. The Court considered whether

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Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

the regrading and drainage work performed by Parkway in          ownership. 8 In the Sugar Creek development, Parkway
1983.                                                            established a homeowners' association to maintain common
                                                                 area improvements, imposed similar deed restrictions on
Of these three options, we find the last one the least           all homes within the development, and created the formal
persuasive. In the 1983 negotiations, no contract was            development plan required for a planned unit development.
formed, and no goods or services were sold. The second           These features distinguished Sugar Creek as a “planned
alternative, the Woodruffs' purchase of the home in 1981,        community,” as the term is used in the real estate industry.
is also problematic. Parkway was not involved at all in this     Parkway's use of the term to describe its development can be
transaction and did not sell any goods or offer or agree         fairly construed as a representation about the form of common
to perform any particular services in connection with the        interest ownership, not an implied promise to provide future
sale. That leaves the initial sale of the lot by Parkway to      development services of the type at issue here.
the homebuilder as the only remaining transaction upon
which a service-related implied warranty could be imposed.       The only other evidence relied on by the Woodruffs to
The Woodruffs' claim hinges on whether any services were         support their implied warranty claim is a scale model of the
conveyed or promised as a part of this transaction. The sale     development displayed in Parkway's information center. We
clearly conveyed goods, 7 but our focus is on whether the sale   recognize that models can create express warranties about
had a service element as well.                                   the qualities of goods sold: when a model is displayed prior
                                                                 to sale, the goods delivered must conform to the model.
We find no reasonable basis under these facts for concluding     TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE § 2.313(a)(3). But the Woodruffs'
that Parkway impliedly agreed to perform future development      argument confuses a statutorily created express warranty with
services for the Woodruffs' benefit. The court of appeals        a judicially-created implied warranty. The testimony about
pointed to Parkway's claim that Sugar Creek was a “master        Parkway's model was to the effect that it was intended to
planned community” as evidence of an implied promise to          show “where everything was eventually going to be within
provide these services. The court reasoned that this term        the community.” Neither our past holdings nor sound logic
                                                                 support the conclusion that such a model represents an
            certainly suggests to a potential                    implied promise to never adversely affect the Woodruffs'
            purchaser that each aspect of the                    property.
            development would be undertaken
            with concern for the rest of the                     Accordingly, we hold that no implied warranty to perform
            development, that the subdivision                    future development services should be imposed in this
            would not be built piecemeal, and that               case. Because no services were included in the transaction,
            the construction of one section would                no service-related warranty was breached. Moreover, the
            not, as happened here, be allowed                    Woodruffs have not met their burden under Dennis v. Allison
            to adversely affect another section.                 to show why damages for negligence do not provide an
            The concept of “master planning”                     “adequate remed[y] to redress wrongs committed,” see 698
            also implies provision of continued                  S.W.2d at 96, and thus have not demonstrated a compelling
            competent development including                      case for recognition of an implied warranty under these
            flood control, drainage, management,                 circumstances. To the extent the judgment relied on this
            and maintenance services.                            breach of warranty theory, it cannot stand.

857 S.W.2d at 911.

In reaching this conclusion, the court of appeals equated                           B. Unconscionability
the use of the term “master *440 planned community”
with an implied promise to never “adversely affect” any           [4] The Woodruffs also contend that Parkway violated
homeowner in the community. We do not believe that               the DTPA by acting unconscionably. The DTPA defines an
these terms should be given such an expansive meaning.           “unconscionable action or course of action” as one which:
“Master planned community” and “planned community”
are terms of art, specifying a particular form of common

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Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

                                                                    any remedy predicated on the DTPA. This includes the
  A. takes advantage of the lack of knowledge, ability,             discretionary award of damages for a knowing violation of
    experience, or capacity of a person to a grossly unfair         the DTPA and the award of attorney's fees. In the absence of
    degree; or                                                      recovery under the DTPA, there is no basis for the recovery
  B. results in a gross disparity between the value received        of attorney's fees in this case. 9 See First City Bank v. Guex,
    and consideration paid, in a transaction involving              677 S.W.2d 25, 30 (Tex.1984).
    transfer of consideration.

TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE § 17.45(5). The Woodruffs did
                                                                                       III. Double Recovery
not specify whether they sought to show unconscionability
under Part A or B of this definition, and both parts were            [7] Parkway also alleges that the judgment gives the
included in the jury charge. Although the jury found that           Woodruffs a double recovery for the damages to their home.
Parkway committed an unconscionable act, the court of               Parkway claims that the court of appeals erred by allowing
appeals did not address unconscionability because it affirmed       an award of both the cost of repairs and the diminution in
the trial court's DTPA judgment on the theory of implied            the value of the home, because the diminution was calculated
warranty, which we have rejected. Because unconscionability         assuming that no repairs had been made. We agree.
is an alternative theory of DTPA liability upon which the
court of appeals judgment might be affirmed, we must address         [8]     [9] Texas law does not permit double recovery.
it. Parkway challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence        Southern Co. Mut. Ins. Co. v. First Bank & Trust, 750 S.W.2d
under both definitions.                                             170, 173–74 (Tex.1988). When the prevailing party fails to
                                                                    elect between alternative measures of damages, the court
 [5] Under Part A, the Woodruffs argue that Parkway's               should render the judgment affording the greatest recovery.
exclusive control over the *441 drainage on the adjacent            See, e.g., Kish v. Van Note, 692 S.W.2d 463, 468 (Tex.1985)
lots deprived them of the “ability or capacity” to protect          (rendering judgment for each separate element of damages in
their own interests. The Woodruffs overlook the fact that           order to give the plaintiffs complete compensation for their
unconscionability requires that the seller take advantage of        losses).
special skills and training at the time of the sale. See Chastain
v. Koonce, 700 S.W.2d 579, 584 (Tex.1985) (rejecting                 [10] Damages for diminution in value and damages for cost
allegations of unfairness based on events occurring one year        of repairs are not always duplicative. Diminution in value
after the sale). The Woodruffs advance no theory as to how          does not duplicate the cost of repairs if the diminution is
this advantage was exploited at the time of the sale of the         calculated based on a comparison of the original value of the
property from Parkway to the homebuilder, and there is no           property and the value after repairs are made. See Ludt v.
evidence that would support such a finding.                         McCollum, 762 S.W.2d 575, 576 (Tex.1988). As the court
                                                                    of appeals recounted, however, the Woodruffs' appraiser
 [6] Under Part B, the Woodruffs argue that the flooding            calculated the diminution in value by comparing the original
created a gross disparity between the value of their home           value of the house to the value of the unrepaired house:
and what they paid for it. Again, the time for evaluating
the disparity in value is the time of sale. Diminution in                       The Woodruffs' expert appraiser
value caused by later events cannot support a claim of                          testified that he had done two
unconscionability. As there is no evidence that Parkway                         appraisals of market value as of
did anything to cause a gross disparity in value at the                         September 19, 1983, one assuming
time of sale, the Woodruffs' claim under this definition of                     the flooding, and attendant damages
unconscionability also fails.                                                   of a cracked slab, had occurred and
                                                                                one assuming it had not. The house
                                                                                was worth $240,000 before it flooded
                                                                                and without being subject to flooding.
                              C.
                                                                                After it flooded and with the damages
Because we conclude that the Woodruffs cannot recover                           cause[d] by the flooding, it was worth
under the DTPA, we reform the judgment to delete                                $120,000.

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Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

                                                                 the body as the bones and muscles, and an injury to the
857 S.W.2d at 913 (emphasis added). The Woodruffs also           body included the whole, and its effects were not separable.”
sought, and the jury awarded, $100,000 for the cost to repair    Connell v. Western Union Tel. Co., 116 Mo. 34, 22 S.W. 345,
the slab of the house. The Woodruffs were required to choose     349 (1893).
between the diminution in market value of the house and
the cost of repair; they cannot recover both. Accordingly, we    Similarly, once particularly disturbing events were proved
reduce the judgment for actual damages by $100,000.              by reference to objective phenomena or conditions, the
                                                                 law generally allowed the claimant's mental suffering to
                                                                 be presumed to flow from such events. See Nancy Levit,
                 *442 IV. Mental Anguish                         Ethereal Torts, 61 GEO.WASH.L.REV. 136, 142 (1992)
                                                                 (noting that recovery for mental anguish “depended on proof
The Woodruffs challenge the court of appeals' deletion of        of an independent tort”). The oldest examples of this category
their award for mental anguish based on legal insufficiency.     of cases are those involving assault, slander, and other
The court of appeals concluded that “the evidence simply         intentional torts. See, e.g., I. de S. v. W. de S., Y.B. 22 Edw. Ch. III,
does not demonstrate mental anguish as that term is defined      fo. 99, pl. 60 (1348) (allowing tavern-keeper to recover when
by law.” 857 S.W.2d at 916. We agree with the court of           the defendant threw a hatchet at the tavern-keeper's wife).
appeals.
                                                                 Although limiting mental anguish damages to cases with
At the outset, we emphasize the limited nature of our present    either physical impact or disturbing events avoided many
inquiry: we are focusing only on the type of evidence required   evidentiary problems, the limitations were admittedly
to support an award of mental anguish damages in cases in        arbitrary: some claimants with relatively minor mental
which recovery is allowed. Nonetheless, we find it helpful to    anguish recovered, while others who might have suffered
begin with a historical overview of mental anguish damages       significant anguish were precluded from any recovery. As
before addressing the legal sufficiency of the Woodruffs'        a result, many of these limitations were first relaxed and
evidence of their mental anguish.                                later abandoned. The requirement of a physical impact was
                                                                 relaxed, and recovery for mental anguish was permitted
The history of mental anguish damages in Anglo–American          so long as the anguish manifested itself physically. See
jurisprudence is convoluted and complex. Mental anguish          James G. Curenton, The Twilight Zone of Danger: Negligent
claims have long been distrusted by the common law, and          Infliction of Emotional Distress as an Actionable Tort, 15
an early general rule developed that mental anguish damages      CUMB.L.REV. 519, 522 n. 23 (1985) (listing 39 jurisdictions
were not recoverable. See Lynch v. Knight, 11 Eng.Rep. 854,      that abandoned the physical impact rule between 1890 and
863 (H.L.1961). The inherently subjective nature of mental       1983). But see Consolidated Rail Corp. v. Gottshall, 512 U.S.
anguish and the concomitant potential for false claims were      532, ––––, 114 S. Ct. 2396, 2406, 129 L. Ed. 2d 427 (1994)
two of the most commonly cited reasons for skepticism about      (noting that at least five states continue to adhere to the
such claims. See, e.g., Battalla v. State, 10 N.Y.2d 237,        physical impact test). Abandonment of the physical impact
219 N.Y.S.2d 34, 37–39, 176 N.E.2d 729, 731–32 (1961);           requirement led the way to recovery for mental injuries
Knaub v. Gotwalt, 422 Pa. 267, 220 A.2d 646, 647 (1966).         suffered by bystanders in the “zone of danger,” see id. (noting
Exceptions to the general rule gradually emerged, falling into   that 14 states have expanded recovery for mental anguish
roughly two categories. Recovery for mental anguish was          to this point and no further); and even to specified parties
permitted when the mental suffering was: (1) accompanied         beyond this zone. See, e.g., Dillon v. Legg, 68 Cal. 2d 728,
by a physical injury resulting from a physical impact, or (2)    69 Cal. Rptr. 72, 80, 441 P.2d 912, 920 (1968) (allowing
produced by a particularly upsetting or disturbing event.        recovery for mental anguish by a witness to the injury of
                                                                 a close relative). In *443 recent years, several states have
Once the threshold requirements of physical injury and           eliminated the physical manifestation requirement altogether.
impact or of particularly disturbing events were met, recovery   See, e.g., Schultz v. Barberton Glass Co., 4 Ohio St. 3d 131,
of mental anguish damages was not hard to justify. Mental        447 N.E.2d 109, 112 (1983); Johnson v. Ruark Obstetrics &
suffering could be inferred from the fact of physical injury.    Gyn. Assocs., 327 N.C. 283, 395 S.E.2d 85, 97 (1990).
The Missouri Supreme Court, for example, justified this
inference by reasoning that “the mind is as much a part of

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Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

Over time, the disturbing events exception also yielded to           Wyatt, 442 S.W.2d 904, 907 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [14th
pressure to provide compensation in more routine cases.              Dist.] 1969, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
Courts took cognizance of mental anguish injuries not only
in cases of malicious intentional wrongs, but also in cases          The physical manifestation requirement was first excused
involving violations of statutes. See, e.g., Johnson v. Alaska       under exceptional circumstances, and then abandoned
State Dep't of Fish & Game, 836 P.2d 896, 915 (Alaska                completely in 1987. See St. Elizabeth Hosp. v. Garrard, 730
1991) (allowing recovery of mental anguish damages caused            S.W.2d 649, 654 (Tex.1987), overruled on other grounds,
by violation of a discrimination statute). But cf. Gallagher         Boyles v. Kerr, 855 S.W.2d 593 (Tex.1993). Similarly, the
v. Bituminous Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 303 Md. 201, 492               types of culpable conduct for which mental anguish damages
A.2d 1280, 1284 (1985) (refusing to permit recovery of               were allowed expanded to include more commonplace
mental anguish damages caused by the intentional violation           misconduct, such as knowing misrepresentations in a
of a statute when the statute merely required the payment of         consumer transaction. See Luna v. North Star Dodge Sales,
money). Some jurisdictions came to recognize a distinct legal        Inc., 667 S.W.2d 115 (Tex.1984).
duty to avoid even the negligent infliction of emotional harm
itself. See, e.g., Taylor v. Baptist Med. Ctr., Inc., 400 So.2d      As mental anguish damages have became more readily
369 (Ala.1981); Montinieri v. Southern New Eng. Tel. Co.,            available, members of this Court have voiced concerns
175 Conn. 337, 398 A.2d 1180 (1978); Rodrigues v. State,             about the potential for over-compensation and even
52 Haw. 283, 472 P.2d 509 (1970); Gammon v. Osteopathic              double recovery. See Moore v. Lillebo, 722 S.W.2d 683,
Hosp. of Maine, Inc., 534 A.2d 1282 (Me.1987); Johnson               688–692 (Tex.1986) (Spears, J., joined by Gonzalez,
v. Supersave Markets, Inc., 211 Mont. 465, 686 P.2d 209              J., dissenting) (arguing that elimination of physical
(1984); Bass v. Nooney Co., 646 S.W.2d 765 (Mo.1983);                manifestation requirement for recovery of mental anguish
Johnson v. Ruark Obstetrics & Gyn. Assocs., 327 N.C. 283,            damages would allow damages for non-compensable sorrow,
395 S.E.2d 85 (1990); Schultz v. Barberton Glass Co., 4 Ohio         anger, worry, and fear, and in a wrongful death case,
St.3d 131, 447 N.E.2d 109 (1983).                                    would duplicate those damages already allowed for loss of
                                                                     companionship and society); see also Birchfield v. Texarkana
Texas law has generally followed the same ad hoc pattern of          Memorial Hosp., 747 S.W.2d 361, 368–69 (Tex.1987)
development. We initially allowed mental anguish damages             (disallowing recovery for “shock and emotional trauma” as
only in cases in which there was a physical injury. See Hill         duplicative *444 of award for mental anguish). Genuineness
v. Kimball, 76 Tex. 210, 13 S.W. 59, 59 (1890) (“Probably            of a claim of mental anguish has never been the solitary basis
an action will not lie when there is no injury except the            for judicial concerns about this species of recovery. Rather,
suffering of the fright itself....”). At the turn of the century,    the variability and thus unpredictability of such awards,
we allowed recovery for mental anguish unaccompanied by              due to the broad discretion routinely afforded juries when
physical impact injury, provided the mental anguish had a            awarding mental anguish damages, helps to explain some of
physical manifestation. See Hill, 13 S.W. at 59; Gulf, C. &          the artificial constraints historically placed on the recovery
S.F. Ry. Co. v. Hayter, 93 Tex. 239, 54 S.W. 944, 945 (1900).        of such damages. The early requirements for establishing the
We eased the physical impact rule even further when we               recoverability of mental anguish damages served primarily
adopted the bystander rule from Dillon v. Legg in Freeman v.         as proxies for direct evidence of mental injury. When, for
City of Pasadena, 744 S.W.2d 923, 923–24 (Tex.1988).                 example, evidence of a physical manifestation of a mental
                                                                     injury was required, evidence tended to be directed at
Texas courts have also struggled to distinguish between              proving the manifestation, rather than proving the amount of
the disturbing events that justify mental anguish damages            actual anguish. Similarly, when recovery of mental anguish
and those that do not. Unwilling to confine mental anguish           damages was limited to cases of especially culpable conduct,
damages to intentional torts, our courts have allowed mental         the focus of the evidence tended to be on the nature of the
anguish damages for such things as failing to deliver a              malfeasance, rather than on the extent of anguish. See, e.g.,
telegraph relating to death or last illness, see Stuart v. Western   Texas & Pac. Ry. Co. v. Armstrong, 93 Tex. 31, 51 S.W.
Union Tel. Co., 66 Tex. 580, 18 S.W. 351, 353 (1885);                835 (1899) (devoting a significant portion of the opinion
sending a passenger to the wrong destination, see Texas &            to the details of the railroad's mistaken issuance of a ticket
Pac. Ry. Co. v. Armstrong, 93 Tex. 31, 51 S.W. 835, 836              to the wrong destination, but only a single sentence to the
(1899); and mishandling a corpse. See Pat H. Foley & Co. v.          passenger's reaction).

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Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

                                                                    or procured by the plaintiff, justifies close judicial scrutiny of
The erosion of these proxies as a substitute for proof of           other evidence offered on this element of damages.
mental anguish has created a vacuum of sorts, in which the
only guidance given by trial courts to juries is a confounding       [12] [13] When claimants fail to present direct evidence
definition of mental anguish, of which the following is             of the nature, duration, or severity of their anguish, we apply
typical:                                                            traditional “no evidence” standards to determine whether the
                                                                    record reveals any evidence of “a high degree of mental
             The term “mental anguish” implies a                    pain and distress” that is “more than mere worry, anxiety,
             relatively high degree of mental pain                  vexation, embarrassment, or anger” to support any award of
             and distress. It is more than mere                     damages. See J.B. Custom Design & Bldg. v. Clawson, 794
             disappointment, anger, resentment                      S.W.2d 38, 43 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no writ).
             or embarrassment, although it may                      In applying this standard to the record before us, we conclude
             include all of these. It includes a                    that the jurors here were left to speculate about the existence
             mental sensation of pain resulting from                of compensable mental anguish in this case.
             such painful emotions as grief, severe
             disappointment, indignation, wounded                    *445 Only two passages of the testimony directly addressed
             pride, shame, despair and/or public                    the Woodruffs' mental state. Ray Woodruff testified:
             humiliation.
                                                                      I was hot. I was very disturbed about that, and called him
Trevino v. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co., 582 S.W.2d                     and said, “I would like to sell you a house. I think you have
582, 584 (Tex.Civ.App.—Corpus Christi 1979, no                        just flooded my property, I think you have messed up my
writ). This definition requires a jury to distinguish                 house.” I begged the guy not to.
between disappointment and severe disappointment, between
embarrassment and wounded pride, between anger and                  Constance Woodruff made the following statements in one
indignation. It is little wonder that courts and juries             passage of her testimony (which is reprinted in full in the court
have found this and similar definitions of mental anguish           of appeals' opinion):
“somewhat unwieldy.” Sanchez v. Guerrero, 885 S.W.2d
487, 494 (Tex.Civ.App.—El Paso 1994, no writ).                        [I]t's just not pleasant walking around on cement floors.

                                                                      ....
When a challenge is made to the sufficiency of the evidence
to go to the jury or to support the jury's finding, the same type     Well, [our life] changed. It just—I don't know, it's a hard
of problem persists. The reviewing court must distinguish             feeling to describe, unless you go through it. It was just
between shades and degrees of emotion. These distinctions             upsetting, Ray would come home and he would become
are critical under our substantive law because evidence of            very quiet. He was—I guess we both were. It caused some
lesser reactions cannot support an award of mental anguish            friction between us because I wanted to just get it done
damages.                                                              and get over with and things couldn't move as quickly as
                                                                      I wanted them to.
 [11] Under this admittedly nebulous definition and the
traditional standard of review, it is nevertheless clear that         ....
an award of mental anguish damages will survive a legal
                                                                      Afraid? I wasn't afraid. I guess I was—I was just upset that
sufficiency challenge when the plaintiffs have introduced
                                                                      it changed our life style. We were all very happy, and since
direct evidence of the nature, duration, and severity of their
                                                                      I lived at home quite—well, most of the time, it meant a
mental anguish, thus establishing a substantial disruption in
                                                                      lot to me. I'm a very private person, and I really maybe
the plaintiffs' daily routine. Such evidence, whether in the
                                                                      depended upon my house a little more than other people.
form of the claimants' own testimony, that of third parties, or
that of experts, is more likely to provide the fact finder with
                                                                    These statements show that the Woodruffs felt anger,
adequate details to assess mental anguish claims. Although
                                                                    frustration, or vexation, but they do not support the conclusion
we stop short of requiring this type of evidence in all cases in
                                                                    that these emotions rose to a compensable level. For the most
which mental anguish damages are sought, the absence of this
                                                                    part, the quoted testimony does nothing but cite the existence
type of evidence, particularly when it can be readily supplied

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Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

of “mere emotions”: “I was hot,” “It was just upsetting,” and     majority, however, that the Woodruffs do not have a cause of
“I was just upset.” It does not support the conclusion that the   action under the DTPA.
Woodruffs suffered compensable mental anguish.
                                                                  The majority maintains that the Woodruffs do not have
Not only is the record devoid of direct evidence of the nature,   a cause of action under the DTPA based upon either
duration, or severity of the Woodruffs' mental anguish, there     implied warranty or unconscionability theories. I believe the
is also no circumstantial evidence other than the fact of         Woodruffs do present facts giving rise to a cause of action for
the flooding itself to support any award of mental anguish.       Parkway's breach of an implied service warranty.
As we have noted, historically, some types of disturbing
or shocking injuries have been found sufficient to support        As the majority notes, this Court has recognized an implied
an inference that the injury was accompanied by mental            warranty “to repair or modify existing tangible goods or
anguish. As a general matter, though, qualifying events have      property in a good and workmanlike manner” in Melody
demonstrated a threat to one's physical safety or reputation      Home Mfg. Co. v. Barnes, 741 S.W.2d 349, 354 (Tex.1987)
or involved the death of, or serious injury to, a family          (emphasis added). The court of appeals correctly held that the
member. While the flooding of the Woodruffs' home certainly       applicability of an implied warranty is not negated because
disrupted their lives temporarily, under our substantive          the Woodruffs did not purchase their home from the builder.
law this type of disruption will not support an inference         An implied warranty of good and workmanlike construction
that compensable mental anguish occurred. 10 Evidence of          from a builder/vendor extends to the remote purchaser. Gupta
Parkway's negligence and the resulting property damage            v. Ritter Homes, Inc., 646 S.W.2d 168 (Tex.1983); see also
cannot alone support the mental anguish damages.                  Nobility Homes of Texas, Inc. v. Shivers, 557 S.W.2d 77, 78
                                                                  (Tex.1977).
We therefore affirm the court of appeals' holding that the
evidence of mental anguish damages was legally insufficient.      The majority concludes, however, that Parkway did not
                                                                  impliedly agree to perform future development services “for
                                                                  the Woodruffs' benefit.” But the issue is not whether Parkway
                                                                  agreed to provide development services for the Woodruffs'
                       V. Conclusion                              benefit; it is whether Parkway impliedly agreed to conduct
                                                                  its future development in a manner not detrimental to the
The judgment of the court of appeals is hereby modified to
                                                                  Woodruffs and consistent with the scheme of the master-
delete any recovery under the DTPA, for attorney's fees, and
                                                                  planned community. When the Woodruffs purchased their
for the double recovery of damages, and as reformed the court
                                                                  house, they contracted not only for a house but also for
of appeals' judgment is affirmed. Regarding Parkway's point
                                                                  a master-planned community—a developed neighborhood.
of error challenging the directed verdict on its claims against
                                                                  They were forced to rely on Parkway for its expertise on
the engineers, we agree with the court of appeals' that there
                                                                  the technical aspects of building a housing development,
was no expert testimony of the applicable standard of care or
                                                                  including its skills in providing adequate drainage for all lots,
any basis for finding a breach of that standard. 857 S.W.2d at
                                                                  because the Woodruffs lacked the knowledge and ability to
919. Accordingly, we affirm the court of appeals' judgment
                                                                  do so themselves.
for the engineers.

                                                                  As the court of appeals notes, “a homebuyer/
                                                                  consumer cannot, by reasonable examination, discern or
Justice GAMMAGE, dissenting.                                      anticipate irresponsible or defective subdivision development
I dissent to that part of the majority opinion which refuses      activities.” 857 S.W.2d 903, 911. It is reasonable for a
to recognize an implied *446 warranty cause of action             consumer to expect that when he or she buys into a housing
in this case. I agree that the Woodruffs were awarded             community under development the developer will conduct its
a double recovery when they received both the cost of             future development activities without affirmatively damaging
repairs and the diminution in value of the home which was         their property. Certainly no reasonable homebuyer would
calculated assuming no repairs were made. I also agree that       purchase a house with the expectation that the neighborhood's
the Woodruffs presented insufficient evidence to support an       developer would take affirmative action to damage the
award for mental anguish damages. I do not agree with the         buyer's property. A developer or builder selling property in a

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Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

                                                                   ensure that its construction on lots adjoining the Woodruffs'
development community may not be impliedly warranting for
                                                                   would not result in property damage to other lots and homes
future development services, but equity demands that he does
                                                                   in the area. As a professional developer, Parkway impliedly
warrant to not in the future violate the development's master
                                                                   warranted that it would competently furnish development
plan in such a way as to interfere with purchasers' reasonably
                                                                   services. By intentionally flooding developed lots and homes,
anticipated use and enjoyment of their property.
                                                                   Parkway breached the implied warranty to repair or modify
                                                                   existing property in a good or workmanlike manner.
Service provided in a good and workmanlike manner
means “that quality of work performed by one who has
                                                                   I would find Parkway liable under the DTPA for breach of
the knowledge, training, or experience necessary for the
                                                                   the implied warranty to repair or modify existing property in
successful practice of a trade or occupation and performed in
                                                                   a good *447 and workmanlike manner. This cause should
a manner generally considered proficient by those capable of
                                                                   be remanded for trial under alternative theories of negligence
judging such work.” Melody Home, 741 S.W.2d at 354. As
                                                                   and DTPA. I respectfully dissent.
this Court pointed out in Melody Home, “a service provider is
in a much better position to prevent loss than is the consumer
of the service.... [A] consumer should be able to rely upon
                                                                   All Citations
the expertise of the service provider.” Id. at 353. In this
case, Parkway, as the developer, was in the better position to     901 S.W.2d 434, 38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

Footnotes
1      Parkway argues that the Woodruffs are not consumers under the DTPA. See generally TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE
       § 17.45(4) (defining “consumer”); see also Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 539 (Tex.1981)
       (summarizing judicial interpretations of this definition). Because we conclude that Parkway did not violate the DTPA, we
       do not address the issue of consumer status. See Delaney Realty, Inc. v. Ozuna, 593 S.W.2d 797 (Tex.Civ.App.—El
       Paso), writ ref'd n.r.e. per curiam, 600 S.W.2d 780, 782 (Tex.1980).
2      Chapter 2 of the Texas Business and Commerce Code establishes three implied warranties in sales transactions: (1)
       the warranty of title, TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE, § 2.312; (2) the warranty of merchantability, TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE, §
       2.314; and (3) the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE § 2.315. None of these warranties
       applies to a strictly service transaction.
3      “Warranty” was defined in the charge as an implied promise that services sold or offered for sale by Sugar Creek to the
       Woodruffs would be performed in a good and workmanlike manner.
4      Traditionally, commentators rejected the idea that warranties applied to services at all. See, e.g., BARKLEY CLARK &
       CHRISTOPHER SMITH, THE LAW OF PRODUCT WARRANTIES at 2–16 (1984) (characterizing the implied warranty
       of workmanlike performance as “merely another label for negligence”). The advent of enhanced remedies in consumer
       protection statutes like the DTPA has provided an incentive to characterize what have previously been regarded as simple
       negligence actions into breach of implied warranty claims actionable under the DTPA.
5      In Archibald v. Act III Arabians, 755 S.W.2d 84, 85 (Tex.1988), the Court considered whether “horse training services
       fall within the scope of the implied warranty enunciated in Melody Home.” A divided court answered that question in the
       affirmative, characterizing horse training as the modification of an existing tangible good, and viewing the case as fitting
       squarely within its decision in Melody Home. Id. at 86.
6      Biddle wrote his treatise before service-related warranties were recognized, but the same reasoning applies to them.
7      The DTPA includes land in its definition of goods. See TEX.BUS. & COM.CODE § 17.45(1).
8      Master planned communities are typically residential developments zoned as planned unit developments with a
       homeowners' association to maintain common area improvements and to enforce other covenants and restrictions
       after the initial development stage. See Wayne S. Hyatt & Jo Anne P. Stubblefield, The Identity Crisis of Community
       Associations: In Search of the Appropriate Analogy, 27 REAL PROP.PROB. & TRUST J. 589, 641–45 (1993). The owners
       of the individual units hold title to the unit, but the association holds title to the common amenities. See UNIF.COMMON
       INTEREST OWNERSHIP ACT, prefatory note, 7 U.L.A. 231 (1982). Membership in the association is mandatory for all
       owners of individual units. Id.
9      Although the Woodruffs have established their entitlement to actual damages under theories of negligence and Water
       Code violations, neither of these theories confers a right to recover attorney's fees.

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Parkway Co. v. Woodruff, 901 S.W.2d 434 (1995)
38 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 828

10     Although the jurors apparently concluded that the flooding was an event from which mental anguish may be inferred,
       this conclusion is at odds with the very definition of mental anguish. Homes flood with such frequency—from leaky roofs,
       clogged toilets, and bursting pipes—that flooding cannot be said to be beyond the vicissitudes of daily life. Had the
       Woodruffs presented additional evidence, for example, that the flooding jeopardized their personal safety, our conclusion
       today would likely be different. In the absence of such evidence, the jury's verdict is necessarily based on sympathy or the
       juror's personal experiences, considerations which are not permitted under Texas law. See Callejo v. Brazos Elec. Power
       Co-op., 755 S.W.2d 73, 75 (Tex.1988); see also TEX.R.CIV.P. 226a (approved instructions) pt. II, para. 7 & pt. III, para. 1.

End of Document                                                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             13
QQ
Parsons v. Greenberg, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2012)
2012 WL 310505

                                                              (DuPont); and ConocoPhillips f/k/a Conoco, Inc. (Conoco).
                                                              We will affirm the trial court's judgment.
                  2012 WL 310505
   Only the Westlaw citation is currently available.

         SEE TX R RAP RULE 47.2 FOR                                                 Background Facts
   DESIGNATION AND SIGNING OF OPINIONS.
                                                              In November 1991, Parsons retained Windle Turley and
            MEMORANDUM OPINION                                Windle Turley, P.C. (collectively, Turley) to represent him
             Court of Appeals of Texas,                       in wrongful death and survival actions in connection with
                    Fort Worth.                               the death of his wife (the DuPont litigation). A jury
                                                              returned a verdict for Parsons, awarding him $4.75 million in
            Roger K. PARSONS, Appellant
                                                              damages and also awarding punitive damages. The trial court
                           v.
                                                              granted judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the punitive
    Robert M. GREENBERG; Legal Services P.C.,
                                                              damages but signed a $4.75 million judgment for Parsons.
      Robert M. Greenberg, Attorney; Robert E.
 Motsenbocker; Shafer, Davis, O'Leary & Stoker, Inc.          In July 1996, Parsons retained Robert Greenberg to sue
  f/k/a Shafer, Davis, McCollum, Ashley, O'Leary &            Turley for legal malpractice (the Turley litigation) relating to
 Stoker, Inc.; E.I. Du Pont de nemours and company;           Turley's representation of him in the DuPont litigation. Later,
  and ConocoPhillips f/k/a Conoco, Inc., Appellees.           Parsons also hired Motsenbocker at Greenberg's suggestion.
                                                              Turley moved for summary judgment on limitations grounds
      No. 02–10–00131–CV. | Feb. 2, 2012.                     because Turley was not served with citation prior to the
     | Rehearing Overruled April 19, 2012. |                  expiration of the statute of limitations. The trial court granted
   Reconsideration En Banc Overruled April 19, 2012.          summary judgment for Turley, and the Dallas Court of
                                                              Appeals affirmed the summary judgment. See Parsons v.
From the 17th District Court of Tarrant County, Melody        Turley, 109 S.W.3d 804, 808–10 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2003, pet.
Wilkinson, Judge.                                             denied).
Attorneys and Law Firms
                                                              While Parsons appealed the summary judgment, he
Christopher Nygaard, Plano, TX, for appellant.                retained a new attorney, Kevin Queenan, and filed the
                                                              instant suit against Greenberg and Motsenbocker for their
Jim Ross, Jim Ross & Associates, P.C., Plano, TX, Joseph      representation in the Turley litigation. Parsons alleged claims
W. Spence, M. Keith Ogle, Monika T. Cooper, Shannon,          of misrepresentation and fraud, breach of fiduciary duty,
Gracey, Ratliff & Miller, L.L.P., Fort Worth, TX, Steven D.   negligence, gross negligence, and violations of the Deceptive
Sanfelippo, Martin E. Rose, Tammy H. Cole, Rose Walker,       Trade Practices Act against the attorneys. Greenberg and
L.L.P., Dallas, TX, for appellees.                            Motsenbocker filed motions for summary judgment on all
                                                              but the legal malpractice claims. The trial court granted the
PANEL: WALKER, McCOY, and GABRIEL, JJ.
                                                              motions.

                                                              Queenan later withdrew as Parsons's counsel, and Parsons
             MEMORANDUM OPINION 1                             continued pro se, adding Conoco and DuPont as defendants in
                                                              his third amended petition. Parsons alleged claims for unjust
LEE GABRIEL, Justice.                                         enrichment and conspiracy to defraud against Conoco and
                                                              DuPont, sought the imposition of a constructive trust against
 *1 This appeal arises from a legal malpractice suit by
                                                              them, and sought a declaration that Conoco and DuPont were
Appellant Roger K. Parsons against Appellees Robert M.
                                                              vicariously liable for the fraudulent acts of Greenberg and
Greenberg; Legal Services P.C.; Robert M. Greenberg,
                                                              Motsenbocker.
Attorney (collectively, Greenberg); Robert E. Motsenbocker;
Shafer, Davis, O'Leary & Stoker, Inc. f/k/a Shafer, Davis,
                                                              Conoco and DuPont specially excepted to Parsons's fourth
McCollum, Ashley, O'Leary & Stoker, Inc. (collectively,
                                                              amended petition, and the trial court ordered Parsons to
Motsenbocker); E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           1
Parsons v. Greenberg, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2012)
2012 WL 310505

replead his claims against Conoco and DuPont. After Parsons      was negligent in not arguing that the limitations period should
filed his fifth amended petition, Conoco and DuPont specially    have been calculated from a later date, thus making service
excepted again and moved to dismiss. The trial court granted     of citation on Turley timely.
Conoco and DuPont's special exceptions and dismissed the
claims against them.                                             In his brief, Parsons does not direct us to, nor have we found,
                                                                 any evidence presented at trial that Motsenbocker knew or
Parsons proceeded to trial on the claims of legal malpractice    should have known that lost punitives were not available in
against Greenberg and Motsenbocker. The jury found that          a legal malpractice case, or that he pursued them despite this
Greenberg had been negligent in handling the Turley              knowledge. An appellate court is not required to search the
litigation, that Motsenbocker had not been negligent, and it     appellate record, with no guidance from the briefing party, to
awarded Parsons $0 in damages. Parsons appealed.                 determine if the record supports the party's argument. 3 Hall v.
                                                                 Stephenson, 919 S.W.2d 454, 466–67 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth
                                                                 1996, writ denied). The only evidence that Parsons does
                         Discussion                              point to pertains to Motsenbocker's general responsibility
                                                                 to research Parsons's claims. This is not evidence that lost
I. The claims against Greenberg and Motsenbocker                 punitives were not available, that Motsenbocker pursued
                                                                 them regardless of their unavailability, or that he was
A. Sufficiency of the evidence                                   negligent in pursuing them.
 *2 In his first issue, Parsons argues that two of the jury's
findings are against the great weight and preponderance of       Likewise, Parsons does not direct us to, nor have we found,
the evidence. When reviewing an assertion that the evidence      any evidence presented at trial that Motsenbocker should
is factually insufficient to support a finding, we set aside     have argued in the Turley litigation that the limitations period
the finding only if, after considering and weighing all of the   should have been calculated from a later date. Parsons cites
evidence in the record pertinent to that finding, we determine   only to a bench conference in the reporter's record that makes
that the credible evidence supporting the finding is so weak,    no mention of the statute of limitations or any deadlines, and
or so contrary to the overwhelming weight of all the evidence,   to two briefs written by Motsenbocker and Greenberg that do
that the answer should be set aside and a new trial ordered.     not address a second accrual date. This is not evidence that
Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex.1986)           there was another way to calculate the limitations period or
(op. on reh'g); Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex.1986);    that Motsenbocker was negligent in failing to argue for it.
Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821, 823 (Tex.1965). When            Parsons's own testimony at trial referred to the 1996 date as
the party with the burden of proof appeals from a failure to     the correct start of the limitations period for his claims against
find, the party must show that the failure to find is against    Turley. He testified,
the great weight and preponderance of the credible evidence.
Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex.2001);            *3 And what Ms. Reggio says in her memorandum—
Cropper v. Caterpillar Tractor Co., 754 S.W.2d 646, 651            and I'll show you hopefully after lunch here—is that there
(Tex.1988).                                                        is a two-year statute of limitations on legal malpractice
                                                                   claims that begin to run—it is—the starting time is the date
                                                                   that mandate issued in the—in the appeal of Parsons v.
1. The jury's finding that Motsenbocker was not                    DuPont.So that was back in 1996, July the 18th, 1996.
negligent
In the first subpart of his first issue, Parsons claims that       So two years from that date—or between that time,
Motsenbocker was negligent under three theories and that the       between 19—July the 18th, 1996, and July the 18th, 1998,
jury's finding that he was not negligent was against the great     is when you have to file a lawsuit; otherwise, your case
weight and preponderance of the evidence. 2                        will be thrown out for reasons of not timely perfecting your
                                                                   claims against—against the party, in this case Mr. Turley
                                                                   and his law firm.
a. Lost punitives and statute of limitations deadlines
Parsons argues that Motsenbocker was negligent in pursuing       Parsons later mentions that an opinion in the Turley litigation
damages against Turley when he either knew or should have        from the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals noted that there was
known that they were not available and that Motsenbocker         a second, later appeal in the underlying DuPont litigation

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Parsons v. Greenberg, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2012)
2012 WL 310505

that possibly could have tolled the limitations period, but       for all pre-trial procedures. 4 In fact, when asked whether
there was no evidence presented that Motsenbocker should          Parsons had any knowledge that Motsenbocker had made an
have argued for it or that he was negligent in failing to         agreement to withhold service of citation to Turley, Parsons
do so. Thus, the jury's finding that Motsenbocker was not         responded, “No. I have no evidence of that, no.”
negligent under these theories is not against the great weight
and preponderance of the evidence.                                 *4 The undisputed evidence is that Greenberg filed the
                                                                  petition and delayed service of citation, a practice he had
                                                                  done “lot[s] of times.” Motsenbocker was never tasked
b. Failure to serve citation
                                                                  with issuing or serving the citation, and his name was
Parsons argues that, as his attorney, Motsenbocker was
                                                                  not on the petition. Parsons did not plead or argue any
negligent in failing to serve Turley with citation. The parties
                                                                  sort of vicarious liability that Motsenbocker might have
do not dispute that Parsons and Motsenbocker had an
                                                                  had for Greenberg's actions. See Tex. Disciplinary Rules
attorney-client relationship; they disagree as to the duties
                                                                  Prof'l Conduct R. 5.01 cmt. 1, reprinted in Tex. Gov't
that that relationship imposed upon Motsenbocker. A plaintiff
                                                                  Code Ann., tit. 2, subtit. G, app. A, art. 10 § 9 (West
in a legal malpractice suit must prove that (1) the attorney
                                                                  Supp.2011) (noting the “general principle that a lawyer is
owed the plaintiff a duty, (2) the attorney breached that duty,
                                                                  not vicariously subjected to discipline for the misconduct
(3) the breach proximately caused the plaintiff's injuries,
                                                                  of another person”); see also Tex. Disciplinary Rules Prof'l
and (4) damages occurred. Peeler v. Hughes & Luce, 909
                                                                  Conduct R. 7.01 cmt. 1 (noting that the prohibition against
S.W.2d 494, 496 (Tex.1995); Stancu v. Stalcup, 127 S.W.3d
                                                                  naming a law firm “in any manner suggesting such an
429, 432 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2004, no pet.). Parsons argues
                                                                  ongoing professional relationship” because it would “create
that Motsenbocker did not present evidence affirmatively
                                                                  the false impression that the lawyers named have assumed
showing that he had declined the duty of overseeing timely
                                                                  a joint professional responsibility for clients' legal affairs”).
service of citation. We are mindful that it was first Parsons's
                                                                  He presented no evidence that when two or more lawyers
burden to present evidence that Motsenbocker owed Parsons
                                                                  take on representation of a client, each lawyer is responsible
that duty. See Peeler, 909 S.W.2d at 496.
                                                                  for overseeing the other's work. See Dear v. Scottsdale
                                                                  Ins. Co., 947 S.W.2d 908, 918 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1997, writ
Parsons's expert Michael Quinn testified at trial that
                                                                  denied) (noting that one of the law firms representing the
Motsenbocker did not use due diligence in having citation
                                                                  plaintiff did not participate in or control the prosecution of his
issued and service achieved on Turley. Then when asked
                                                                  counterclaims when another law firm was hired to prosecute
whether he knew if Greenberg was the one who made the
                                                                  those claims and maintained exclusive control over them). As
decision to delay service, Quinn testified that he did not
                                                                  Motsenbocker explained,
know but that it would not surprise him. Motsenbocker's
expert Roland Johnson testified that Motsenbocker was not                      If you enter—if you're asked to
negligent in “the role that he had at the time of filing of the                become co-counsel in a case that's
lawsuit.”Johnson explained, “When multiple people work on                      already under progress, by two other
things, people have different roles.”At the time of filing the                 very fine lawyers, and they ask you
original petition, Johnson believed that Motsenbocker's role                   to do a specific task, that does not
did not include making sure that citation was served.                          impose, in my opinion, a duty on me to
                                                                               go look at all of the work those lawyers
Parsons argues that Johnson's testimony was not evidence                       have done for two years to find out if
because it conflicts with the undisputed facts. But contrary                   they might have made a mistake. I did
to Parsons's assertion, the evidence at trial was not that                     what I was asked to do and I did it
Greenberg was “completely dependent on Motsenbocker                            with reasonable prudence and [Parsons
when it c[a]me[ ] to pre-trial procedure.”Greenberg testified                  was] satisfied with the results of my
that he was “not ... very good” at legal writing and research                  work.
and so solicited the help of others in drafting petitions
and other motions practice. But neither Greenberg nor any
                                                                  Both sides presented expert witnesses to support their
other witness ever testified that Greenberg and Motsenbocker
                                                                  positions, and the jury was free to give each expert's testimony
had agreed that Motsenbocker alone would be responsible
                                                                  the weight it felt was appropriate. See Sears, Roebuck &

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Parsons v. Greenberg, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2012)
2012 WL 310505

Co. v. Black, 708 S.W.2d 925, 927 (Tex.App.-Eastland              even if the jury could have sifted through eight years of bills
1986, no writ) (noting that the jury was free to believe          and determined which tasks were related to defending against
one expert's testimony and to reject that of another when         the summary judgment motion on failure to diligently serve
both sides presented expert witnesses). Johnson testified that    citation, Parsons would still fail to meet his burden under
he had reviewed documents and “satisfied [himself] about          Akin, Gump.
the particular activity of Mr. Motsenbocker, as it related to
the filing and the service issues in this lawsuit that we're      In Akin, Gump, the plaintiff NDR sued its attorneys for failing
here today about.”Parsons's expert Quinn testified that he        to request certain jury instructions in the underlying trial
had not reviewed documents or testimony that described            against Panda. 299 S.W.3d at 111.The supreme court held
Motsenbocker's role in the Turley litigation other than the       that NDR could not recoup any of the attorneys' fees it paid
testimony presented at trial before he took the stand. Quinn      to Akin Gump in appealing its loss at trial because it did not
stated he only heard portions of Parsons's testimony. He          present evidence that it would not have otherwise had to pay
acknowledged that other than the trial testimony that he heard,   some appellate fees. Id. at 123.It said,
he had no basis for rendering an opinion as to Motsenbocker's
alleged negligence. The jury was free to believe Johnson's                     There is no evidence that if NDR
testimony and disbelieve Quinn's. Its determination that                       had recovered a favorable judgment
Motsenbocker was not negligent in his duties to Parsons is not                 in the Panda suit, it would not have
against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.                    paid appellate fees to defend the
                                                                               judgment. The evidence does not
                                                                               show that if NDR had obtained a
2. The jury's finding of $0 damages                                            favorable judgment, Panda would not
 *5 In the second subpart of his first issue, Parsons                          have appealed the case or that NDR
claims that the jury's finding that he suffered zero damages                   would not have defended its judgment
was against the great weight and preponderance of the                          on appeal if Panda appealed.
evidence. “[A] malpractice plaintiff may recover damages
for attorney's fees paid in the underlying case to the extent     Id. Under the reasoning of Akin, Gump, Parsons could only
the fees were proximately caused by the defendant attorney's      have met his burden by presenting evidence that if Greenberg
negligence.”Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P.             had diligently served Turley and the case had proceeded, there
v. Nat'l Dev. & Research Corp., 299 S.W.3d 106, 122               would have been no other appeal in the case for which Parsons
(Tex.2009). Parsons was therefore required to prove what          would have paid attorneys' fees. It is not enough to show that
amount he paid to Greenberg and Motsenbocker that he              Parsons would not have had to pay attorneys' fees for the
would not have had to pay but for Greenberg's negligence.         appeal of the summary judgment based on lack of diligence
“Causation must be proved, and conjecture, guess, or              in serving citation. And while we agree with Parsons that it
speculation will not suffice as that proof.”Id.                   is a difficult burden to bear, it is nonetheless the burden that
                                                                  Parsons had to meet and he did not meet it.
Parsons's evidence at trial on damages consisted of bills
from various entities and checks that he wrote throughout          *6 Because there was no evidence of the amount of damages
the course of the Turley litigation. Parsons did not present      proximately caused by Greenberg's negligence, the jury's
evidence as to which bills were proximately caused by             award of $0 damages is not against the great weight and
Greenberg's negligence, or conversely, what bills he would        preponderance of the evidence. We overrule Parson's first
have had to pay regardless of any negligence. See id.(citing      issue. 5
Thomas D. Morgan, Lawyer Law: Comparing the ABA Model
Rules and the ALI Restatement (Third) of the Law Governing
Lawyers 98 (2005) (distinguishing malpractice from fee            B. Procedural errors
forfeiture and noting that the “key distinction” is that a fee    In his second issue, Parsons argues that the trial court
forfeited “need have no relation to actual damages suffered by    committed three procedural errors that prejudiced the jury
the client”)). He argues that even if the evidence were unclear   against Parsons.
as to precisely how much damage Parsons actually suffered,
the jury “could have arrived at a number of plausible damages
awards” and thus, the award of zero damages is illogical. But

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Parsons v. Greenberg, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2012)
2012 WL 310505

                                                                    is admitted before the jury without the necessity of repeating
1. The trial court did not err by allowing evidence of              those objections.”Id. However, as stated above, there is no
Parsons's conspiracy theories to be admitted.                       ruling on the record. Therefore, Parsons has not preserved this
The morning of voir dire, Parsons filed a supplemental motion       complaint for our review.
in limine, which is not in the record, seeking to exclude all
references to any conspiracy theories Parsons might have had.
The defendants objected that the motion was untimely, and           2. The trial court did not err in its instructions to
the trial court declined to hear it.                                Parsons regarding admission of evidence.
                                                                     *7 Parsons argues that the trial court “[a]ctively
Five hours later, during voir dire, Lisa Blue 6 asked the jurors,   obscure[red]” evidentiary issues, “played ‘hide the ball,’
                                                                    “ and allowed opposing counsel to “bully” Parsons by
                                                                    not providing Parsons with more guidance in his attempts
   Roger Parsons with an S, has anyone ever Googled Mr.             to admit evidence. Numerous times during trial, opposing
   Roger Parsons? Anybody ever Googled him? Is there                counsel objected to Parsons's offers of evidence on the
   anybody on the jury, just raise your hand quickly, now, this     grounds that the evidence lacked foundation. In most
   is confusing, George Bush, the father, ... how many of you       instances, the trial court asked Parsons if he would like
   think George Bush, the father, did a good job, raise your        to continue in attempting to establish a foundation for
   hand?                                                            admission. The trial court admitted some of Parsons's
   Parsons objected, saying, “I would like to object, Your          evidence over objections but excluded other evidence.
   Honor. May we approach and discuss this?”A bench
   conference was held off the record after which Blue              Parsons's argument on appeal contains no authority
   returned to voir dire.                                           supporting his contention that the trial court's instructions
Parsons argues that Blue's line of questioning during voir          and rulings were improper; thus, it is inadequately briefed.
dire was prejudicial. Normally, to preserve a complaint for         SeeTex.R.App. P. 38.1(i) (requiring an appellant's brief
appellate review, a party must have presented to the trial court    to contain clear and concise arguments “with appropriate
a timely request, objection, or motion that states the specific     citations to authorities”); see also Fredonia State Bank v.
grounds for the desired ruling, if they are not apparent from       Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284–85 (Tex.1994)
the context of the request, objection, or motion. Tex.R.App.        (discussing the “long-standing rule” that a point may be
P. 33.1(a); see alsoTex.R. Evid. 103(a)(1). If a party fails to     waived due to inadequate briefing). We also note that it is not
do this, error is not preserved, and the complaint is waived.       the court's responsibility to school a pro se litigant in legal
Bushell v. Dean, 803 S.W.2d 711, 712 (Tex.1991) (op. on             terminology and procedure. 7 See, e.g., Rymer v. Lewis, 206
reh'g). Parsons argues that he preserved his complaint because      S.W.3d 732, 736 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2006, no pet.)(noting that
the grounds for his objection were apparent from the context.       public policy demands that a trial judge act with absolute
SeeTex.R. Evid. 103(a)(1). However, it is not clear from            impartiality and not act as an advocate for any party). Parsons
the record what Parsons's objection was, whether he argued          elected to represent himself, and he was bound to the same
that the question was prejudicial, or whether he objected on        standards as licensed attorneys. See Cheng v. Wang, 315
some other grounds. The questions to which Parsons objected         S.W.3d 668, 672 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2010, no pet.)(noting
did not include any references to conspiracy theories, and          that pro se litigant's difficulties with the technicalities of a
later when Blue did mention Parsons's belief in a conspiracy,       trial do not constitute grounds for reversal) (citing Mansfield
Parsons did not object. The same information also came in           State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181, 184–85 (Tex.1978)
at trial when Motsenbocker questioned Parsons regarding             (“There cannot be two sets of procedural rules, one for
conspiracy theories and George H.W. Bush. Parsons objected          litigants with counsel and the other for litigants representing
but stated no basis for his objection, and it was overruled.        themselves.”)).

Parsons argues that he did not have to renew his objections
under rule 103(a)(1) of the rules of evidence. SeeTex.R.            3. The trial court did not err by submitting the question
Evid. 103(a)(1).Rule 103(a)(1) states, in part, “When the           on damages to the jury.
court hears objections to offered evidence out of the presence      Parsons argues that the jury charge regarding damages was
of the jury and rules that such evidence be admitted, such          worded such that it “proximately caused” the jury to award
objections shall be deemed to apply to such evidence when it        zero damages. Parsons did not object to the question before

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              5
Parsons v. Greenberg, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2012)
2012 WL 310505

the charge was read to the jury, as required by the rules of       exclude Parsons's proposed expert testimony on matters
civil procedure. SeeTex.R. Civ. P. 272. During the charge          pertaining to lost punitives. The August 11, 2008 order
conference, the only reference Parsons made to Question 3          granted Motsenbocker's motion stating,
was
                                                                     On July 11, 2008, the Court heard [Motsenbocker's]
             Regarding Question 3, I've—I would                      “Motion to Exclude Testimony of Plaintiff's Designated
             like to have an additional Question 4                   Experts”.... [T]he Court hereby finds and orders as follows:
             that similarly worded, but instead of
             regarding the damages—I mean, the                       By Order entered June 6, 2008, the Court has previously
             amounts paid by Roger Parsons would                     granted [Motsenbocker's] Motion for Partial Summary
             be the amounts lost by Roger Parsons                    Judgment and has ordered that Plaintiff take nothing on his
             by the loss of the legal action that                    claims for lost punitive damages. Based upon that ruling,
             the defendants were hired to handle                     the Court finds that the only alleged damages the Plaintiff
             named Parsons v. Turley.Those are my                    is entitled to recover in this case are the attorneys['] fees
             objections, Your Honor.                                 and expenses that he paid to the Defendants and all other
                                                                     expenses Plaintiff paid to others, including, but not limited
Parsons's statement does not appear to be an objection to            to, expert witness fees and investigator fees and expenses
Question 3 at all, much less the same objection that he              in pursuing his claims against Windle Turley. Based upon
now attempts to make on appeal. See Banda v. Garcia, 955             the Court's rulings, insofar as the proffered testimony of
S.W.2d 270, 272 (Tex.1997) (noting that the complaint on             Plaintiff's proposed experts are not relevant to Plaintiff's
appeal must be the same as that presented in the trial court).       claims against these Defendants, such testimony should be
Parsons argues that he objected to Question 3 in his motion          excluded at the trial of the case.
for new trial. This is not sufficient to preserve error without
an objection during the charge conference. See Kirkpatrick v.        IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND
Mem'l Hosp. of Garland, 862 S.W.2d 762, 769 (Tex.App.-               DECREED that the testimony of [Parsons's proposed
Dallas 1993, writ denied) (“Objections to the charge in a            experts on lost punitive damages], all as set forth in their
motion for a new trial are untimely and preserve nothing             reports offered into evidence in this hearing, be excluded
for review.”). Because Parsons did not timely object, he has         from the trial of this case in their entirety.
waived his objection. SeeTex.R. Civ. P. 272; Tex.R.App. P.
                                                                     IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND
33.1. We overrule Parsons's second issue.
                                                                     DECREED that any testimony of Michael Quinn relating
                                                                     to his opinion as to any breaches of duty of Windle
C. The August 11, 2008 order                                         Turley constituting negligence, gross negligence, breaches
 *8 In his third issue, Parsons argues that the trial court          of fiduciary duties, or other matters related to the DuPont
issued an order sua sponte that incorrectly limited Parsons's        or Conoco litigation, and the amount of compensatory
recovery to a regurgitation of fees paid to Greenberg and            damages or punitive damages that could have been
Motsenbocker.                                                        awarded in the DuPont and/or Conoco litigation is hereby
                                                                     excluded in the trial of this case.
We first note that the August 11, 2008 order was not sua
sponte but an order on the defendants' motion to exclude           Parsons argues on appeal that the August 11, 2008 order was
expert testimony. In May 2008, Motsenbocker filed a motion         overbroad and incorrectly limited his recovery to the fees
(joined by Greenberg) for partial summary judgment on              he paid the attorneys because he had other live causes of
Parsons's claim for lost punitive damages (that is, the punitive   action at the time of the order, including a claim for gross
damages Parsons alleged he would have recovered from               negligence, for which other damages are recoverable. Parsons
Turley but for Greenberg and Motsenbocker's negligence).           received a copy of the proposed order at the hearing and asked
Motsenbocker argued that lost punitive damages in a legal          for “a couple of days to respond” to the proposed wording.
malpractice action were barred as a matter of law. The             There is nothing in the record showing that, in the month
trial court granted Motsenbocker's motion, and because             between the hearing and the date the trial judge signed the
Parsons would not be allowed to seek lost punitives at             order, Parsons ever objected to the language as overbroad, nor
trial, Motsenbocker (joined by Greenberg) then moved to            is there any evidence that Parsons made an objection to the

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Parsons v. Greenberg, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2012)
2012 WL 310505

trial court after the order was signed. Because Parsons never    (1959)). Parsons's constitutional argument is not properly
made an objection to the trial court, he has waived the issue    before us and we will not address it. See id.(refusing to
on appeal. 8 SeeTex.R.App. P. 33.1(a); Bushell, 803 S.W.2d       address constitutional arguments not asserted in the trial
at 712.                                                          court). We overrule Parsons's third issue.

 *9 Even if he had preserved the error, two partial summary
                                                                 D. Partial summary judgments
judgments ordered that Parsons take nothing on his other,
                                                                 In Parsons's fourth through seventh issues, he complains of
non-negligence claims prior to trial. Because we will uphold
                                                                 partial summary judgments dismissing his claims against
those summary judgments, Parsons has suffered no harm by
                                                                 Greenberg and Motsenbocker for fraud, unjust enrichment,
the limiting of his recovery in the August 11, 2008 order.
                                                                 breach of fiduciary duty, and gross negligence. We review
SeeTex.R.App. P. 44.1(a) (noting that the appellate court
                                                                 a summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. Co. v.
may not reverse a judgment unless the error caused harm
                                                                 Joachim, 315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex.2010). We consider
to the appellant); Romero v. KPH Consolidation, Inc., 166
                                                                 the evidence presented in the light most favorable to the
S.W.3d 212, 225 (Tex.2005). Parsons's argument that the
                                                                 nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if
August 11, 2008 order erroneously prevented the trial judge
                                                                 reasonable jurors could, and disregarding evidence contrary
from considering evidence on damages related to Parsons's
                                                                 to the nonmovant unless reasonable jurors could not. Mann
gross negligence and fraud claims when she ruled on the
                                                                 Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d
defendant's motion for summary judgment was also never
                                                                 844, 848 (Tex.2009). We indulge every reasonable inference
presented to the trial court and thus was waived. See Bushell,
                                                                 and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant's favor. 20801, Inc.
803 S.W.2d at 712.Further, none of the parties argued in their
                                                                 v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex.2008). A defendant
motions for summary judgment that Parsons's claims should
                                                                 who conclusively negates at least one essential element of
be dismissed because Parsons could not present evidence of
                                                                 a cause of action is entitled to summary judgment on that
damages beyond the fees he paid. Thus, it could not have been
                                                                 claim. Frost Nat'l Bank v. Fernandez, 315 S.W.3d 494,
the ground on which summary judgment was granted. See
                                                                 508 (Tex.2010); seeTex.R. Civ. P. 166a(b), (c). When a
State Farm Lloyds v. Page, 315 S.W.3d 525, 532 (Tex.2010)
                                                                 party moves for summary judgment on both no-evidence
(noting that a court cannot grant summary judgment on
                                                                 and traditional grounds, we will first review the trial court's
grounds not presented in the motion); Timpte Indus., Inc. v.
                                                                 judgment under the no-evidence standard. Ford Motor Co. v.
Gish, 286 S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex.2009). In fact, in the hearing
                                                                 Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex.2004). If the appellant
on the attorneys' motions for summary judgment, Parsons
                                                                 failed to produce more than a scintilla of evidence under
stated,
                                                                 that burden, then there is no need to analyze whether the
            We don't have a ruling that this                     appellees' summary judgment proof satisfied the less stringent
            is a legal malpractice case. We've                   rule 166a(c) burden. Id.
            had a ruling that the Motsenbocker
            defendants and Greenberg defendants
                                                                 1. Fraud
            have joined in [a] motion for summary
                                                                  *10 In his fourth issue, Parsons argues that the trial court
            judgment as to damages as to what—
                                                                 erred by granting summary judgment for Motsenbocker and
            whether I can collect punitive damages
                                                                 Greenberg on Parsons's claim for fraud. The only theory
            in this case, lost punitive damages.
                                                                 of fraud that Parsons argues on appeal is that the attorneys
            And all the Court said is, [”]No, you
                                                                 researched and prepared a claim against Turley for fraud on
            can't.[”]
                                                                 the court but never filed it. Motsenbocker argues that this
                                                                 specific theory of fraud was not alleged in the live pleading
In his reply brief on appeal, Parsons also appears to make a     at the time of the summary judgment. We cannot determine
due process argument. Parsons did not make this argument         whether the theory was or was not pleaded in Parsons's fourth
to the trial court (or in his opening brief on appeal). As a     amended petition because the petition does not appear in the
rule, a claim, including a constitutional claim, must have       record before us. However, we do not need to supplement
been asserted in the trial court in order to be raised on        the record with the relevant pleading because even if Parsons
appeal.Dreyer v. Greene, 871 S.W.2d 697, 698 (Tex.1993)          pleaded this theory, he failed to produce any evidence that the
(citing Wood v. Wood, 159 Tex. 350, 320 S.W.2d 807, 813

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Parsons v. Greenberg, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2012)
2012 WL 310505

attorneys committed fraud by failing to file the fraud-on-the-                  plaintiff or benefit to the defendant as
court claim against Turley.                                                     a result of the defendant's breach.”

To prevail on his fraud claim, Parsons must prove that: (1)         *11 Lindley v. McKnight, 349 S.W.3d 113, 124 (Tex.App.-
Greenberg and Motsenbocker made a material representation          Fort Worth 2011, no pet.)(quoting Lundy v. Masson, 260
that was false; (2) they knew the representation was false         S.W.3d 482, 501 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet.
or made it recklessly as a positive assertion without any          denied)).
knowledge of its truth; (3) they intended to induce Parsons
to act upon the representation; and (4) Parsons actually and       Parsons claims that it was a breach of fiduciary duty for the
justifiably relied upon the representation and thereby suffered    attorneys (1) to bill Parsons for work on his fraud-on-the-
injury. Ernst & Young, L.L.P. v. Pac. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 51       court claim when they had no intention of filing it; and (2)
S.W.3d 573, 577 (Tex.2001). To support his claim, Parsons          to handle the appeals of the dismissal of the Turley litigation
points to his affidavit, which stated that Greenberg and           themselves “without telling Parsons that their error was the
Motsenbocker told him that there was enough evidence to            reason for the dismissal” and when reversal of the dismissal
support a fraud-on-the-court claim against Turley and that         “was more likely with another attorney.”First, as we stated
the attorneys never filed the claim. This is not evidence that     above, there is no evidence that the attorneys never intended
the attorneys never intended to file the claim or that they        to file the fraud-on-the-court claim. Second, Parsons cites to
told Parsons they would file the claim with no intention           no evidence that supports his contention that the attorneys
                                                                   never told Parsons the reason for the dismissal or that reversal
to do so. 9 Because Parsons did not produce evidence on
                                                                   would be “more likely” with different appellate counsel.
every element of his fraud claim, the trial court did not err
                                                                   He argues without support that the attorneys “insisted” on
by granting summary judgment in favor of Greenberg and
                                                                   handling the appeals in the Turley litigation. This is not
Motsenbocker on the fraud claim. See Frost Nat'l Bank, 315
                                                                   evidence that the attorneys breached any fiduciary duty to
S.W.3d at 508.We overrule Parsons's fourth issue.
                                                                   Parsons that they may have had. We overrule Parsons's sixth
                                                                   issue.
2. Unjust enrichment
On appeal, Parsons's argument regarding the dismissal of his
                                                                   4. Gross negligence
claim of unjust enrichment contains no authority and thus, it is
                                                                   In his seventh issue, Parsons argues that the attorneys
inadequately briefed. SeeTex.R.App. P. 38.1(i) (requiring an
                                                                   committed gross negligence by pursuing a claim against
appellant's brief to contain clear and concise arguments “with
                                                                   Turley for lost punitive damages without conducting the
appropriate citations to authorities”); see also Fredonia State
                                                                   proper research. The factor that “lifts ordinary negligence
Bank, 881 S.W.2d at 284–85 (discussing the “long-standing
                                                                   into gross negligence is the mental attitude of the
rule” that a point may be waived due to inadequate briefing).
                                                                   defendant....”Burk Royalty Co. v. Walls, 616 S.W.2d 911,
Further, Parsons asserted in the trial court that he did not
                                                                   922 (Tex.1981). That is, Parsons was required to demonstrate
sue Greenberg and Motsenbocker for unjust enrichment. We
                                                                   that Greenberg and Motsenbocker were “consciously, i.e.,
overrule Parsons's fifth issue.
                                                                   knowingly, indifferent to his rights, welfare and safety.”Id.

3. Breach of fiduciary duty                                        As evidence of Greenberg and Motsenbocker's failure to
In his sixth issue, Parsons argues that the trial court erred by   properly research the claim, Parsons points to the fact that
granting summary judgment in favor of the attorneys on his         the attorneys successfully defended against a claim for lost
claim for breach of fiduciary duty.                                punitives when Parsons asserted it against them in the present
                                                                   case. That the state of the law in 2008—when the attorneys
             The elements of a breach of fiduciary                 moved for partial summary judgment on Parsons's claim for
             duty claim are: (1) a fiduciary                       lost punitive damages—was such that the attorneys argued
             relationship between the plaintiff and                that lost punitives were barred as a matter of law does
             defendant, (2) a breach by the                        nothing to demonstrate that the law was so in 1998, when the
             defendant of his fiduciary duty to                    attorneys filed the Turley litigation. Further, as Parsons noted
             the plaintiff, and (3) an injury to the               in the trial court, Texas law had at one point provided for
                                                                   the recovery of punitive damages as compensatory damages

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             8
Parsons v. Greenberg, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2012)
2012 WL 310505

in a legal malpractice case. See Patterson & Wallace v.              error, claiming only that because Parsons was not allowed
Frazer, 93 S.W. 146, 148 (San Antonio 1906), rev'd on                to seek lost punitives against Greenberg and Motsenbocker,
other grounds,100 Tex. 103, 94 S.W. 324 (1906). Parsons              DuPont and Conoco unjustly benefitted somehow. Parsons's
also noted in the trial court that he had found no case              argument on appeal is entirely without citation to authority,
explicitly overruling Patterson.Nor have we. Greenberg and           is inadequately briefed, and is thus waived. Fredonia State
Motsenbocker made a policy argument in their defense                 Bank, 881 S.W.2d at 284–85.We overrule Parsons's ninth
with which the trial court agreed. That is not evidence that         issue.
Greenberg and Motsenbocker knew ten years earlier that
pursuing lost punitive damages was a worthless endeavor.
Parsons cites to no other evidence except for a paragraph from       B. Special exceptions
one of his affidavits which was objected to and excluded by          In Parsons's tenth issue, he argues that the trial court
the trial court. Parsons did not complain of the exclusion on        erroneously granted Conoco and DuPont's special exceptions
appeal. Thus, Parsons has presented no evidence to support           and erred by granting their motion to dismiss. Special
his claim of gross negligence. We overrule Parsons's seventh         exceptions may be used to challenge the sufficiency
issue.                                                               of a pleading. Friesenhahn v. Ryan, 960 S.W.2d 656,
                                                                     658 (Tex.1998). A special exception must point out a
 *12 Because we hold there is no evidence to support                 particular pleading and “intelligibly and with particularity
Parsons's claims of fraud, unjust enrichment, breach of              the defect, omission, obscurity, duplicity, generality, or other
fiduciary duty, or gross negligence, we do not reach his             insufficiency in the allegations in the pleading excepted
argument that the claims were not impermissible fracturing of        to.”Tex.R. Civ. P. 91. When the trial court sustains special
his legal malpractice claim. See Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d at 600          exceptions, it must give the pleader an opportunity to amend
(noting that there is no need to analyze summary judgment            the pleading. Friesenhahn, 960 S.W.2d at 658.If a party
arguments under the traditional summary judgment burden of           refuses to amend, or the amended pleading fails to state a
proof if the appellant failed to produce more than a scintilla of    cause of action, then summary judgment may be granted. Id.
evidence under the no-evidence summary judgment burden);             We review a trial court's decision to sustain special exceptions
see alsoTex.R.App. P. 47.1.                                          under an abuse of discretion standard. Mowbray v. Avery,
                                                                     76 S.W.3d 663, 678 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2002, pet.
                                                                     denied).
II. The motion to disqualify
Parsons's argument on his eighth issue—that it was error for          *13 In his third amended petition, Parsons added claims
the trial court to refuse to hear his motion to disqualify a judge   against DuPont and Conoco. Parsons alleged that DuPont
after he retired—is comprised of two sentences, with no cites        and Conoco were unjustly enriched by Greenberg and
to supporting authority, other than to rule of civil procedure       Motsenbocker's alleged fraud and breach of fiduciary duty
18b and rule of appellate procedure 16, with no explanation          to Parsons, and he sought the imposition of a constructive
of how these rules apply to the issue here. 10 An inadequately       trust over funds that “should have been rightfully paid” to
briefed issue may be waived on appeal. Hall, 919 S.W.2d              him had Greenberg and Motsenbocker filed a fraud-upon-the-
at 467;see also Fredonia State Bank, 881 S.W.2d at 284–              court cause of action. DuPont and Conoco specially excepted,
85.Parsons has waived this issue on appeal, and we overrule          arguing that (1) unjust enrichment is not an independent cause
his eighth issue.                                                    of action, and (2) Parsons did not identify the funds that would
                                                                     be subject to a constructive trust. The trial court sustained the
                                                                     special exceptions and granted Parsons leave to file a fifth
III. The claims against DuPont and Conoco                            amended petition to replead his claims against DuPont and
                                                                     Conoco. 11
A. Partial summary judgment
Parsons presents his ninth issue as a complaint that the
trial court erred by granting partial summary judgment in            Parsons filed his amended petition, 12 which included new
favor of Greenberg and Motsenbocker on the issue that lost           allegations that unjust enrichment is an independent cause
punitives are not recoverable against a legal malpractice            of action; that DuPont and Conoco were unjustly enriched
defendant. However, his argument on this issue does not              by Greenberg and Motsenbocker's actions as well as the
attempt to demonstrate why the summary judgment was in               actions of “such other entity or person(s) that [Parsons] may

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                9
Parsons v. Greenberg, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2012)
2012 WL 310505

                                                                     all grounds on which the dismissal could have been based);
demonstrate at trial”; and identified the res of the constructive
                                                                     Britton v. Texas Dep't of Criminal Justice, 95 S.W.3d 676,
trust as DuPont and Conoco's insurance policy. DuPont and
                                                                     681 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.)(affirming
Conoco specially excepted again, arguing that Parsons's new
                                                                     granting of a plea to the jurisdiction because the plaintiff
allegations still did not state a cause of action against them.
                                                                     did not attack all grounds supporting the grant). We overrule
After a hearing on the motion, the trial court granted the
                                                                     Parsons's tenth issue.
special exceptions and dismissed Parsons's causes of actions
against DuPont and Conoco. The trial court's order also
stated that the claims against DuPont and Conoco for unjust
enrichment and constructive trust were not ripe.                                               Conclusion

On appeal, Parsons does not address the dismissal grounds            Having overruled all of Parsons's issues on appeal, we affirm
that his claims against DuPont and Conoco were not ripe.             the judgment of the trial court.
Because he has not attacked ripeness, we affirm the dismissal
on that ground. See Gross v. Carroll, 339 S.W.3d 718,
                                                                     All Citations
723 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.)(affirming
dismissal of plaintiff's claims because he failed to challenge       Not Reported in S.W.3d, 2012 WL 310505

Footnotes
1       SeeTex.R.App. P. 47.4.
2       Parsons argues that Greenberg is also negligent under these theories, but because Parsons does not appeal the jury's
        finding that Greenberg was negligent, we do not address Parsons's arguments pertaining to Greenberg's actions.
3       This case includes a reporter's record spanning forty-one volumes and a clerk's record of fifty-nine volumes.
4       If the evidence had shown such an agreement, it would have disproven any finding of negligence against Greenberg.
5       Parsons also appears to argue that the trial court erred by entering judgment for Greenberg and Motsenbocker consistent
        with the jury's findings because the trial court was aware of information outside the record that, according to Parsons,
        demonstrated negligence by the attorneys. To the extent that Parsons argues that the trial court should have considered
        information not in evidence, we overrule that argument. See Pool, 715 S.W.2d at 635 (noting that the appellate court
        reviews a factual sufficiency challenge based on the evidence in the record); see also K–Mart No. 4195 v. Judge, 515
S.W.2d 148, 155 (Tex.Civ.App.-Beaumont 1974, writ dism'd) (“[I]t would seem most inappropriate for the court to consider
        evidence outside its own record notwithstanding prior precedent supports such practice.”).
6       Blue represented Greenberg for the purposes of voir dire. Blue, as the executrix of the estate of Frederick M. Baron, and
        Baron & Budd, P.C. were also defendants in this case. The trial court granted summary judgment for them, which was
        upheld on appeal. See Parsons v. Baron, No. 02–09–00380–CV, 2011 WL 3546617, at *1 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth Aug.
        11, 2011, no pet. hist.) (mem.op.).
7       We further note that Parsons appeared to understand what it means to “lay the foundation” for the admission of evidence,
        as shown in this exchange during trial,
             MR. PARSONS: Okay. Thank you. Your Honor, I offer Plaintiff's Exhibit No. 31 as—
             MR. ROSS: Objection, lacks foundation.
             THE COURT: Mr. Parsons, would you like to lay a foundation for this exhibit?
             MR. PARSONS: Yes, ma‘am. I thought I had just done that in the trial.
             ....
             MR. ROSS: Your Honor, we'd like to withdraw our objection. I have no objection to this document coming in.
             THE COURT: Thank you, Mr. Ross. Hearing no objection to Plaintiff's Exhibit No. 31, that exhibit is admitted into
             evidence at this time.
8       We also note that contrary to his position on appeal, in the hearing on Parsons's motion for leave of court to amend his
        petition for the sixth time, Parsons argued that Greenberg and Motsenbocker misinterpreted the August 11, 2008 order
        and stated that the order “was limited to really saying that you could not recover punitive damages in a legal malpractice
        case.”
9       Parsons argues that the trial court erroneously struck two paragraphs from one of his affidavits. Parsons's first complaint,
        that the trial court erroneously struck a description of hiring an investigator, is immaterial because it is not evidence that

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              10
Parsons v. Greenberg, Not Reported in S.W.3d (2012)
2012 WL 310505

      the attorneys never intended to file the claim. Parsons's second complaint, that the trial court erroneously struck an entire
      paragraph when only some of it was speculative, is devoid of any citation to authority and thus, inadequately briefed.
      SeeTex.R.App. P. 38.1(i); see also Fredonia State Bank, 881 S.W.2d at 284–85.
10    We further note that neither the motion nor the order was found in the record before us.
11    There is presumably a fourth amended petition but it does not appear in the record before us.
12    The fifth amended petition also does not appear in the record except as an exhibit to DuPont and Conoco's special
      exceptions and motion to dismiss.

End of Document                                               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              11
RR
Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 100 Tex. 103 (1906)
94 S.W. 324

                                                                          of E.F., an unmarried woman, “the F. girls need
                                                                          not be talking about H. for at any time they want
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                             to it can be proved that the child born in S. is
Declined to Follow by   Ferguson v. Lieff, Cabraser, Heimann &
                                                                          not Mrs. D.'s child, but E.F. is its mother,” and
Bernstein,   Cal., June 9, 2003
                                                                          proof that M. said “the F. girls need not trouble
                        100 Tex. 103                                      or talk about H.'s affairs, and that the people said
                   Supreme Court of Texas.                                that E.F. was the mother of a child Mrs. D. was
                                                                          raising in A.”; the gist of the slander being that
                 PATTERSON & WALLACE                                      E.F., an unmarried woman, had given birth to a
                          v.                                              child.
                       FRAZER.
                                                                          1 Cases that cite this headnote
                           June 21, 1906.
                                                                  [3]     Libel and Slander
Error to Court of Civil Appeals of Fourth Supreme Judicial
                                                                              Damages
District.
                                                                          For the court, in an action for slander, where
Action by Ella Frazer against Patterson & Wallace. Judgment               the testimony was that M. said of plaintiff, an
for plaintiff, affirmed by Court of Civil Appeals (93 S. W.               unmarried woman, that “the people said” she
146). Defendants bring error. Reversed and remanded.                      was the mother of a certain child, to state in the
                                                                          charge on actual and exemplary damages that the
                                                                          undisputed testimony showed that M. said that
                                                                          it “could be proved at any time” that plaintiff
 West Headnotes (3)                                                       had given birth to a child, was error, as the jury
                                                                          may have thereby been led to have exercised
 [1]     Attorney and Client                                              their discretion against defendant in the matter of
             Trial and Judgment                                           damages, especially exemplary damages.

         Refusal of the instruction, in an action by a                    2 Cases that cite this headnote
         client against her attorneys for allowing an action
         begun by them for her to be dismissed for want
         of a bond for costs, that, “in order for plaintiff
         to recover in this case on account of negligence
                                                                 Attorneys and Law Firms
         or ignorance of defendants, you must believe
         that such negligence or ignorance on defendant's         *103 **325 Beall & Kemp, Maury Kemp, and Denman,
         part was gross ignorance or gross negligence,” is       Franklin & McGown, for plaintiffs in error.
         not error; there being nothing in such charge to
         assist the jury in determining whether defendants       S. P. Weisiger and Seymour Thurmond, for defendant in
         had been guilty of such negligence as would             error.
         render them responsible, and a charge clearly and
                                                                 Opinion
         explicitly stating the standard by which the jury
         should determine the liability of defendants as         BROWN, J.
         attorneys at law having been given.
                                                                 For the purposes of this opinion the following statement of the
         7 Cases that cite this headnote                         case will be sufficient: On or about the 1st day of February,
                                                                 1901, Ella Frazer employed a firm of lawyers, Patterson
 [2]     Libel and Slander                                       & Wallact, composed of the plaintiffs in error, who were
             Variance                                            practicing as partners in the city of El Paso, to institute in the
                                                                 district court of Reeves county a suit in her name against John
         There is a substantial agreement between the
                                                                 Moore and Ellen Moore, husband and wife, for damages on
         allegation of the petition for slander that M. said

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             1
Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 100 Tex. 103 (1906)
94 S.W. 324

account of these slanderous words, spoken by Ellen Moore             It is unnecessary for the disposal of this case, as we view
of and concerning the said Ella Frazer, to wit: ‘The Frazer          it, to state the pleadings or evidence more explicitly than we
girls need not be talking about Marie Howard (or Stone),             have done, except that in her petition against the defendants
for at any time they want to it can be proven that the child         Ella Frazer presented her cause of action with proper and
born in San Antonio is not Mrs. Durrell's child; but Ella            necessary allegations, alleging the charge as made in the
Frazer is its mother.’ The language was alleged to have been         original petition. Proof of the words spoken by Mrs. Moore
uttered by the said Ellen Moore on the-day of May, 1900.             was made by Mrs. Shertz that ‘Mrs. Moore said that the Frazer
The plaintiffs in error accepted the employment, and Miss            girls need not trouble or talk about Marie Stone's affairs, and
Frazer paid them a cash fee of $250, which was to compensate         that the people said that Ella Frazer was the mother of a
them for all of their services as attorneys in the said case         child Mrs. Durrell was raising in Alpine, Tex.’ Mrs. Shertz
through all of the courts to which it might be carried. Patterson    Stated this matter several times with slight variation in the
& Wallace instituted the suit in Reeves county in favor of           language, but containing substantially the same matter in
Ella Frazer against John and Ellen Moore by filing a petition        each statement. It is unnecessary for us to discuss the many
which contained all the necessary and appropriate allegations        questions which are presented by the application for writ of
to present to the court the case of the said plaintiff, and in the   error, and we shall confine ourselves in this opinion to three
petition is was sought *104 to recover of the Moores the sum         of the errors assigned in this court.
of $5,000, actual damages, and $5,000, exemplary damages,
charged to have been occasioned to the said Ella Frazer by           The objection that the proof which was made of the
the slanderous words uttered by Mrs. Moore. Service was              slanderous words charged to have been uttered by Mrs. Moore
had in due time upon the defendants, and, upon a motion              varied from the allegations of the petition is not well taken.
filed by the clerk of the said district court, the judge of the      The gist of the slander spoken by Mrs. Moore of Miss
court entered an order during the first term of 1900 requiring       Frazer was that the latter, being an unmarried woman, had
the said plaintiff to give bond for cost of the said suit on         given birth to a child. The words proved embodied fully that
or before the first day of the nest term as required by law.         charge, and the other words proved did not modify or qualify
Patterson & Wallace had notice of this rule entered by the           the slanderous charge. Courts have justly been very liberal
judge for the bond for cost, and assured Miss Frazer that            in permitting the proof of words spoken which constitute
they would attend to the matter and see that the bond was            slander, for the reason that *105 it is almost impossible to
filed. Ella Frazer called frequently upon the attorneys for          reproduce by witnesses the exact words used. A substantial
instructions about giving the bond, and from time to time            agreement between the allegation and the proof is all that the
wrote to them, urging the matter upon their attention. It is         law requires. Newell on Slander & Def. p. 804, § 50; Id. p.
unnecessary to state the facts in full upon this subject, but        808 (2), ‘Variance Immaterial.’
it is sufficient to say that she was unusually diligent with
regard to the matter, and the evidence justifies the finding         Plaintiffs in error requested the court to give to the jury
that the attorneys were negligent in failing to attend to the        the following charge: ‘In order for the plaintiff to recover
filing of the bond. At the September term in the year 1900           in thes case **326 on account of negligence or ignorance
the district court convened, and, no bond having been given,         of the defendants, you must believe that such negligence
on the second day of the term, when the docket was called,           or ignorance on defendants' part were gross negligence or
the clerk of the court and the defendant John Moore called           gross ignorance.’ This charge would have given the jury no
the court's attention to the requirement to give bond, and the       assistance in determining whether the defendants had been
fact that none had been given, whereupon the judge entered           guilty of such negligence as would render them responsible to
an order dismissing the case. Patterson & Wallace were not           the plaintiff for the loss of her case. The district court gave to
present in court at the time, but afterwards made a motion to        the jury a charge which very clearly and explicitly stated the
have the case reinstated, which was overruled by the court,          standard by which they would determine the liability of the
which ruling was affirmed by the Court of Civil Appeals.             defendants as attorneys at law. There was no error in refusing
Miss Ella Frazer's cause of action against the Moores was            the charge requested by the defendants below.
barred by the statute of limitations, and she brought this suit
in the district court of El Paso county against Patterson &          The application assigns as error the giving of the following
Wallace to recover of them the damages sustained by her by           instruction by the court: ‘You are instructed that the said
reason of the dismissal of her suit through their negligence.        language uttered by Mrs. Ellen Moore concerning the

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 2
Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 100 Tex. 103 (1906)
94 S.W. 324

plaintiff, Ella Frazer, in the month of May, 1900, to Mrs.          responsibility, while in the testimony of the witness the case
Louis Shertz, in substance, as follows: ‘That the Frazer girls      is presented as being stated as a matter of rumor among the
need not talk about Marie Stone's affairs, for at any time they     people; that is, the witness testified that Mrs. Moore purported
want to it can be proven that the child born in San Antonio is      to be repeating that which she had heard. It is true that in either
not Mrs. Durrell's child, but Ella Frazer's'-was slanderous in      case the gist of the charge is that Ella Frazer had given birth to
law, and the undisputed evidence showing that such language         a child, and, whether spoken as of her own knowledge or as a
was uttered by Mrs. Moore, you are instructed would have            repetition of a common report, was slanderous and would give
entitled the plaintiff, Ella Frazer, to have recovered against      a right of action. The injury to the defendants lies, in this; that
Mrs. Moore and John Moore, her husband, in damates in               under the testimony as it was actually given the jury might, in
such an amount as may be shown from the evidence she had            mitigation of damages, have taken into consideration the fact
sustained, if any, by reason of the utterance of said slanderous    that the slanderous words were repeated, and not originated
language by Mrs. Moore on the occasion above named, and             by Mrs. Moore. Marker v. Dunn, 68 Iowa, 720, 28 N.W. 38;
if said slanderous language was uttered maliciously by Mrs.         Galloway v. Courtney, 10 Rich. Law (S. C.) 418; McKinnis
Moore and actual damages in any sum had been found in favor         v. Freeman, 38 Iowa, 364; Evans v. Smith, 5 T. B. Mon.
of the said plaintiff, Ella Frazer, then in the discretion of the   (Ky.) 364, 17 Am. Dec. 74; Calloway v. Middleton, 2 A.
court or jury assessing such damages Ella Frazer could have         K. Marsh. (Ky.) 372, 12 Am. Dec. 406. In Calloway v.
recovered also such sum in exemplary damages as would have          Middleton, treating of a similiar question, the court expressed
constituted an adequate punishment to Mrs. Moore for the            the rule of law applicable to this case in this language: ‘But
utterance of such slanderous language.’ This charge, in effect,     malice is the gist of the action of slander, and the degree of
informs the jury that the undisputed evidence establishes that      responsibility of one who publishes slanderous words must
Mrs. Moore uttered to Mrs. Shertz this language: ‘That the          be proportioned to the malignity of the motives with which
Frazer girls need not talk about Marie Stone's affairs, for at      he is actuated in making the publication. Whatever, therefore,
any time they want to it can be proven that the child born          tends to diminish the malignity of the person who utters a
in San Antonio is not Mrs. Durrell's child, but Ella Frazer's.’     slander, though not evidence of its truth, must lessen the
The record shows that Mrs. Shertz, the only witness who             degree of his responsibility; and, most indisputably, one who
testified to the language used, said upon the stand: ‘Mrs.          only gives currency to a report already in existence cannot be
Moore said that the Frazer girls need not trouble or talk about     guilty of the same degree of malignity as one who is the prime
Marie Stone's affairs, and that people said that Ella Frazer        author or original fabricator of the slander.’
was the mother of a child Mrs. Durrell was raising in Alpine,
Tex.’ It is plain that the court did not correctly state the        The charge excluded testimony which the jury might have
testimony of the witness, and the question is, does it appear       considered in mitigation of damages, and placed the case
that the variance between the charge and the testimony is so        before them as being a slander originated and published by
immaterial that it did not mislead the jury to the injury of the    Mrs. Moore, which deprived the defendants of the benefit
defendants. Hudson v. Morriss, 55 Tex. 610.                         that they might have derived from the exercise of discretion
                                                                    by the jury in assessing a smaller amount against **327
The effect of the charge of the court is to construe for the jury   Mrs. Moore, especially in the matter of exemplary damages.
the testimony of Mrs. Shertz as establishing the language used      It appears to us that there could be no reasonable doubt that
in the charge, which is the same as that alleged in the petition.   the jury may have been led by charge of the court to consider
The principal difference *106 between the language stated           the case in the harshest light that could have been presented
in the charge and that to which Mrs. Shertz testified is that       against Mrs. Moore. The defendants were entitled to stand just
the charge makes it an undisputed fact that Mrs. Moore said         where Mrs. Moore would have stood in the trial of the suit
that the fact that Ella Frazer had given birth to a child ‘could    against her, and to have before the jury every fact that tended
be proved at any time,’ which necessarily implies that she,         to lessen the damages.
Mrs. Moore, claimed to know the fact to be true, and that she
knew of the witnesses who could establish the truth of her          We are of opinion that the giving of the charge above quoted
statement. The testimony of Mrs. Shertz in this particular is to    constituted such error against the plaintiffs in error as requires
the effect that ‘people said that Ella Frazer was the mother of     that this court shall reverse the judgment and remand the
the child.’ In other words, the one presents a case in which a      cause; and it is accordingly so ordered.
statement is made as upon Mrs. Moore's own knowledge and

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 3
Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 100 Tex. 103 (1906)
94 S.W. 324

All Citations

100 Tex. 103, 94 S.W. 324

End of Document                                       © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                    4
SS
Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 93 S.W. 146 (1906)

                                                                            Cases that cite this headnote
    KeyCite Red Flag - Severe Negative Treatment
Reversed by   Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer,  Tex.,   June 21, 1906
                                                                      [3]   Appeal and Error
                        93 S.W. 146                                            Instructions Understood or Followed
              Court of Civil Appeals of Texas.                              It is presumed that the jury followed instructions.

                 PATTERSON & WALLACE                                        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                          v.
                           FRAZER. *                                  [4]   Attorney and Client
                                                                                In General; Limitations
                Jan. 31, 1906. | Rehearing
                                                                            In an action against an attorney for negligence
                   Denied Feb. 28, 1906.
                                                                            whereby plaintiff lost a right of action for
Appeal from District Court, El Paso County; J. M. Goggin,                   slander, the damages were not too remote to
Judge.                                                                      support the action, even though a part of the
                                                                            judgment which might reasonably have been
Action by Ella Frazer against Patterson & Wallace. From a                   expected to be recovered might have been for
judgment in favor of plaintiff, defendants appeal. Affirmed.                exemplary damages.

                                                                            2 Cases that cite this headnote

 West Headnotes (13)
                                                                      [5]   Attorney and Client
                                                                                Pleading and Evidence
 [1]     Trial                                                              In an action against an attorney for negligence
              Construction and Operation                                    whereby plaintiff lost a right of action for
         In an action against an attorney for negligence                    slander, the petition alleged that plaintiff might
         whereby plaintiff lost a right of action for                       reasonably have recovered $5,000 actual and
         slander, the petition did not claim exemplary                      $5,000 exemplary damages, and concluded with
         damages as against defendant, and the verdict                      a prayer for $10,000, which it was alleged she
         was a certain sum for “actual damages” and                         was entitled to and “might reasonably have
         another sum for “exemplary damages.” Held,                         expected and would have recovered,” had her
         that the verdict was not erroneous, on the theory                  action not been lost. Held, that the petition
         that it awarded exemplary damages against                          did not claim exemplary damages as against
         defendant; it appearing from the pleadings and                     defendant.
         evidence and instructions that it must have been
                                                                            3 Cases that cite this headnote
         intended to indicate the amount of the actual
         and exemplary damages that plaintiff would have
         recovered in her action for slander.                         [6]   Attorney and Client
                                                                                Trial and Judgment
         2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                            In an action against an attorney for negligence
                                                                            in failing to attend to the filing of a cost bond,
 [2]     Appeal and Error                                                   whereby plaintiff's cause was dismissed and her
            Instructions in General                                         right of action lost, the court instructed that
         A party cannot complain of an instruction which                    contributory negligence means some negligent
         is the same, or to the same effect, as one asked                   act or omission on the part of the plaintiff which,
         by him.                                                            concurring or co-operating with some negligent
                                                                            act on the part of defendant, is the proximate
                                                                            cause of the injury. Held, that there was no error,

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              1
Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 93 S.W. 146 (1906)

        on the ground that, if plaintiff was guilty of
        contributory negligence, it must necessarily have        [12]    Libel and Slander
        been the proximate cause of the dismissal; the                       Publication
        court having stated in another instruction that, if              In an action for slander, it was proper to admit
        plaintiff was guilty of negligence in failing to file            testimony of plaintiff that a person told her that
        a bond herself, she could not recover.                           defendant had uttered the words alleged where
                                                                         the jury were instructed that they could only
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                                  consider the testimony as showing that plaintiff
                                                                         had been informed of the utterance of the words.
 [7]    Husband and Wife
                                                                         3 Cases that cite this headnote
            Torts
        Community property is subject to a judgment
        founded on the wife's torts, even though it              [13]    Libel and Slander
        includes exemplary damages.                                          Exemplary
                                                                         A husband is liable for exemplary as well as
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                                  actual damages for slanderous words uttered by
                                                                         the wife.
 [8]    Libel and Slander
                                                                         Cases that cite this headnote
            Implied
        Where words are actionable per se, the law
        presumes malice.

        Cases that cite this headnote                           Attorneys and Law Firms

                                                                *147 Beall & Kemp and Maury Kemp, for appellant. S. P.
 [9]    Libel and Slander                                       Weisiger and A. Seymour Thurmond, for appellee.
            Want of Chastity or Sexual Crimes in
        General                                                 Opinion

        Words imputing unchastity are actionable per se.        NEILL, J.

        Cases that cite this headnote                           This is the second appeal from a judgment in favor of appellee
                                                                in this case. The opinion of this court on the first appeal will
 [10]   Libel and Slander                                       be found in 79 S.W. 1077, and in 9 Tex. Ct. Rep. 1004,
             Rumors, Other Publications, and Reputation         where will be found a full statement of the nature of the
        of Person Defamed                                       action, which need not be repeated. In the opinion referred
                                                                to many of the questions of law presented here were, after
        The fact that a slanderous statement was a rumor
                                                                thorough and mature consideration, disposed of; and since,
        repeated by defendant was no justification.
                                                                upon reconsidering them on this appeal, our opinion on none
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                         has undergone any change, we will, in this opinion, without
                                                                discussing such questions, simply state the conclusions we
                                                                then reached. The judgment now appealed from is for $2,100,
 [11]   Libel and Slander
                                                                of which $1,050 are actual, and $1,050 exemplary, damages.
            Variance
        In an action for slander, it is not necessary to
                                                                                    Conclusions of Fact.
        prove the exact words used as alleged, but proof
        of the use of words substantially the same in           The evidence in the transcript of the record is reasonably
        meaning as those charged is sufficient.                 sufficient to warrant the following conclusions: On or about
                                                                February 1, 1901, the appellee, Ella Frazer, an unmarried
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                woman, employed appellants, C. B. Patterson and George

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            2
Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 93 S.W. 146 (1906)

E. Wallace, composing the firm of Patterson & Wallace,             said loss. That had appellee's cause of action not been lost by
attorneys at law, to institute and prosecute in the district       the negligence of appellants as aforestated, and had her suit
court of Reeves county, Tex., a suit in her name and for           embracing said cause of action been managed and prosecuted
her benefit against John Moore and his wife, Ellen, for the        by them with that degree of care, diligence, knowledge, and
sum of $10,000 damages occasioned appellee for slanderous          skill a practicing lawyer of ordinary skill, prudence, and
language uttered and published of and concerning her by            knowledge of the law would have exercised in cases of
Ellen Moore, the wife of John, on the ------ day of May and        like character under like circumstances, the appellee would
June 19, 1900, she (plaintiff) paying them (defendants) a cash     have recovered in said suit against Moore and wife, and
fee of $250, for which they agreed to institute and prosecute      collected from them, a judgment for $1,050 actual and $1,050
to final termination such suit. That suit, on plaintiff's cause    exemplary damages, which sums, amounting in the aggregate
of action against John Moore and wife, which she employed          to $2,100 she has lost by the negligence of appellants, which
defendants as attorneys at law to institute and prosecute,         proximately caused such loss and damage to her.
was on February 18, 1901, in pursuance of their contract of
employment, instituted by defendants by filing in the district
                                                                                       Conclusions of Law.
court of Reeves county, Tex., an original petition for plaintiff
against Moore and wife for $10,000 damages by reason of            The first assignment of error claims that the damages sought
the alleged slanderous language uttered by Mrs. Moore of and       to be recovered in this suit are too remote to support an
concerning plaintiff, upon which said suit was based, it being     action, and for this reason appellants' special exception to
as follows: “The Frazer girls need not be talking about Marie      appellee's petition based upon this ground should have been
Howard, for at any time they want to it can be proven that         sustained. In passing upon a phase of the case involving this
the child born in San Antonio is not Mrs. Durrell's child, but     question on the prior appeal, it was said: “In an action for
Ella Frazer is its mother.” The undisputed evidence shows          tort, the injured party is entitled to recover such damages
that such language was uttered in the presence and hearing         as will compensate him for the injury received, so far as
of one Mrs. Shertz by Mrs. Moore in May, 1900, of and              it might reasonably have been expected to flow from the
concerning appellee, Ella Frazer, an unmarried woman. Such         circumstances, such as, according to common experience
language was false, was maliciously uttered, and imputed that      and the usual course of events, might have been reasonably
appellee had been guilty of the offense of fornication. That       anticipated. He who is responsible for a negligent act must
after said suit had been instituted against Moore and wife,        answer for all injurious results which flow therefrom by
appellants represented to appellee and induced her to believe      ordinary, natural sequence, without the interruption of any
that it was unnecessary for her to file a cost bond in the         other negligent act or overpowering force. The damage is
case, and afterwards promised her that they would attend to        not too remote, if, according to the usual experience of
filing the cost bond when it became necessary; appellee being      mankind, the result was to be expected, If, therefore, plaintiff
ready and able to make such bond. Appellants, after a rule         had a cause of action against Moore and wife for slander,
for costs had been entered against appellee, negligently failed    which is a question of fact, for which suit was pending,
to attend to having such bond filed in time, and by reason         the loss of her action would inevitably follow from the
of such negligence and their representations to appellee, she      negligence of her counsel causing the dismissal of her suit,
having failed *148 to make and file said bond, her cause           when barred by limitations, and, after its dismissal, in so
was dismissed under the rule for costs; the appellants having      negligently preparing and presenting a motion to reinstate
negligently failed to appear before the court when the order       the suit as would not authorize the court to grant it. If,
of dismissal was made. After said cause was dismissed by           then, were it not for such negligence, it can be reasonably
the court for want of a cost bond, appellants negligently          shown that she would have recovered judgment and collected
failed to present a proper motion to the court containing the      anything on it, she has lost by such negligence of defendants
necessary and proper allegations to have said cause reinstated,    what she would have otherwise collected; and the fact that
and made no effort on said motion to show that appellee had a      a part of the judgment which might reasonably have been
meritorious cause of action against Moore and wife. Upon the       expected to be recovered and collected might have been
dismissal of said case, appellee's cause of action for damages     for exemplary damages would make no difference. It is
against the defendants therein, being barred by the statute        known that judgments for damages, actual and exemplary,
of limitation, was by reason of said negligence of appellants      are recovered and collected for slander, and it will not do
lost to appellee; said negligence being the proximate cause of     to say that attorneys at law are not liable to their clients for

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             3
Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 93 S.W. 146 (1906)

negligence in managing such cases, because of the difficulty a      special damages arising therefrom.” This answer we take as
jury may have in arriving at the damages occasioned by such         settling the question raised by this assignment.
negligence, for this would absolve them from all liability for
negligence in such cases.” See Lynch v. Munson (Tex. Civ.           It is further contended by appellants that their special
App.) 61 S.W. 141; T. & W. Tel. Co. v. Mackenzie (Tex.             exception challenging the sufficiency of the petition to entitle
Civ. App.) 81 S.W. 582; Fraser v. Mining Co., 9 Tex. Civ.          appellee to recover exemplary damage against them should
App. 210, 28 S.W. 714; Joske v. Pleasants, 15 Tex. Civ. App.       have been sustained. As we read the petition, exemplary
433, 39 S.W. 586; McLane v. Maurer, 66 S.W. 693. To               damages are not alleged nor sought against the defendants
deny an injured party the right to recover actual damages in        in this case. The petition in this case charges that, had it
cases of this character, because they are of a nature that cannot   not been for the alleged negligence of defendants, she might
be certainly measured, would be to enable the defendants            have reasonably recovered from Moore and wife $5,000
to profit by and speculate upon their own wrongs. Allison           actual and $5,000 exemplary damages, and concludes with a
v. Chandler, 11 Mich. 555; Gilbert v. Kennedy, 22 Mich.             prayer for $10,000 which she says “she was entitled to, and
129. That the cases in which damages have been recovered            might reasonably have expected, and would have recovered
against attorneys for negligently failing to prosecute suits        against John Moore and wife,” had her action, which was
of their clients are generally where the cause of action was        lost by defendants' negligence, been conducted properly.
a liquidated demand does not limit the right of the client's        This demonstrates that the petition was not obnoxious to the
recovery of damages on account of the attorney's negligence         exception. But in disposing of the assignment our attention
to such cases. The law cannot, when holding all others liable       was brought to the form of the verdict, which, after stating
for damages proximately caused by their negligence (though          the style and number of the case, is in these words: “We, the
difficult of ascertainment), justly exempt attorneys from the       jury in the above-styled case, find for the plaintiff as follows:
operation of the rule by which it measures the damages              $1,050 actual damages and $1,050 exemplary damages; total
consequent on the wrongs of others. This also disposes of the       $2,100.” This verdict is against the appellants in this case,
twentieth assignment of error, which complains of the court's       for it could have been against nobody else. Half of it is for
refusal to give a special charge, requested by appellants, to the   exemplary damages. While no objection was urged to it in
effect that the damages sued for are too remote, speculative,       the court below, nor in this court, it would seem, unless a
and conjectural to be recovered.                                    construction can be given it from the record different from
                                                                    its apparent meaning, that, as to the exemplary damages, it
It is urged by the second assignment of error that the alleged      cannot support the judgment. For an error more egregious
defamatory language is not actionable per se, and, for that         than a verdict for exemplary damages against a defendant,
reason, the court should have sustained appellant's special         when no such damages are alleged or prayed for by the
exception to appellee's petition, no special damages flowing        plaintiff, can hardly be conceived. It is evident, however,
from such language to plaintiff having been alleged. The            from the pleadings of the parties, the evidence adduced
same point was insisted upon on the prior appeal and decided        upon the trial, the charge of the court, and the whole record
adversely to appellants. This decision was expressly based          before us, that it was intended to indicate by the verdict the
upon the causes of Zeliff v. Jennings, 61 Tex. 467, and King v.     amount of actual and exemplary damages appellee would
Sassaman (Tex. Civ. App.) 54 S.W. 304, 64 S.W. 937, which         have recovered against Moore and wife, had their cause of
we observed, broke away from the common law-the rule of             action not been lost by appellants' negligence, and find in
decision in this state. In the case of Hatcher v. Range (Tex.       favor of plaintiff the aggregate amount of such damages. This
Sup.) 81 S.W. 239, the question whether language *149              we think was the construction placed upon the verdict by the
orally uttered imputing the want of chastity to an unmarried        trial judge, as well as counsel for the parties; and relieves it
female is actionable per se being involved, the Court of            of any error that could be noticed by this court, in the absence
Appeals of the Second District, being unable to adopt the view      of any objection on the part of appellants.
expressed in the case of King v. Sassaman, followed by us
in our former opinion, that the decision in Zeliff v. Jennings      The following testimony of the appellee was introduced
changed the common-law rule, certified the question to the          in evidence, over the objection of appellants that it was
Supreme Court, and it was answered: “That, under the law            incompetent and hearsay: “Mrs. Shertz came and told me
as it now exists in this state, words spoken or written, which      what Mrs. Moore said about me. Mrs. Shertz said Mrs.
‘falsely and maliciously, or falsely and wantonly’ impute to        Moore said: ‘The Frazer girls need not be talking about Marie
a female want of chastity, are actionable without showing           Howard, for at any time they want to, it can be proven that the

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               4
Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 93 S.W. 146 (1906)

child born in San Antonio is not Mrs. Durrell's child, but Ella     also, Wigmore on Evidence, § 2097; Hume v. Arrasmith, 4
Frazer is its mother’-which child is my sister's child, who was     Am. Dec. 626; Logan v. Steele, 4 Am. Dec. 659; Desmond
married and lives in Alpine. I was not married.” When this          v. Brown, 4 Am. Rep. 194. As is observed by counsel for
testimony was offered in evidence plaintiff's counsel stated        appellee in their brief: “The gravamen of the slander set out in
to the court and jury that it was not offered to prove the          appellee's petition was that the appellee, being an unmarried
utterance of slanderous words, but to show that plaintiff had       woman, was the mother of a child. * * * The testimony
been informed that they had been uttered. In admitting the          objected to substantially met the allegations in the petition,
testimony, the court instructed the jury that it was admitted       and was not subject to the objection urged. The fact that
only for the purpose stated by appellee's counsel, and that         Mrs. Moore said, ‘the people said that Ella Frazer was the
they must not consider it for any other purpose whatsoever.         mother of the child,’ could make no difference. ‘One who
It could as well be contended, that when a man has been shot        publishes a defamatory statement made by another cannot
at, he cannot prove the bullet hit him as to say that when          justify by proving that the other made the statement. By
defamatory words against a woman's character have been let          publishing it, he becomes responsible for his own act in so
loose by a malicious tongue, she cannot prove that she was          doing, and, if he seeks to justify, he must prove the truth of
stricken and wounded by them. Conscious of her innocence,           the charge published.”’ Dement v. Houston Printing Co. (Tex.
the plaintiff might have been happy, had she nothing known          Civ. App.) 37 S.W. 986; Branstetter v. Dorrough, 81 Ind. 530;
of the vicious assault upon her character. But, when known,         Holmes v. Jones (N. Y.) 41 N.E. 409, 49 Am. St. Rep. 646.
her peace and tranquility of mind, her content and happiness,
were gone, and she felt that she had become “a fixed figure         In the case of Nicholson v. Rust (Ky.) 52 S.W. 933, which
for the time of scorn to point its slow unmoving finger at.”        is a case very similar to the one that the appellee had against
Such are the wounds which a known slander inflicts. If not          Moore and wife, the defamatory words being, “One of Mrs.
allowed to prove the slander was known, the wounds could            Nicholson's twins had twins, so I heard,” which were spoken
not be shown. We think that the testimony was admissible as         of a young unmarried woman, the Court of Appeals of
evidence to show that appellee suffered from the defamation.        Kentucky, after holding it actionable per se to impute want
As the court expressly charged the jury in writing to disregard     of chastity to a female, without allegation or proof of special
the testimony, the admission of which is complained of in           damages, said: “Nor is it any justification for a repetition of
the fifth assignment of error, it must be presumed, in the          the slander that it had been reported in the neighborhood, or
absence of anything to the contrary, that the jury obeyed the       that appellant, at the time he communicated the slander, gave
instruction, and were not influenced in their verdict by the        the party to whom he related it the name of the person from
admission of such testimony.                                        whom he learned said report, or that he informed him at the
                                                                    time that he did not believe said report to be true; and it cannot
The testimony complained of in the sixth, seventh, and              be relied on by way of justification that he did not intend to
eighth assignments is not obnoxious to the objections urged         charge appellant with the offense of fornication. This court, in
by appellants to its admission in evidence. In proving the          the case of Parker v. McQueen, 8 B. Mon. 18, says: ‘The fact
slanderous utterances upon which an action of slander is            that the defendant had heard from another the charge which
based, it is only required to show that the words spoken            he himself afterwards circulates and gives credit to does not
were substantially as alleged. Zeliff v. Jennings, 61 Tex. 465;     repel the implication of malice arising from the falsehood and
Townshend on Slander, 364, 365. In Newell on Slander and            unnecessary publication of the charge by him. It may, in the
Libel, 804, it is said: “In an action for slander the plaintiff     estimation of the jury, mitigate the damages, but cannot, of
need not prove all the words in the declaration, unless it takes    itself, operate as a bar to the action’ (referring to Williams v.
all of them to constitute her cause of action; nor will the proof   Greenwade, 3 Dana, 432). This same doctrine was announced
of additional *150 words defeat his right of recovery, unless       by Judge Cooley, in the great leading case of Burt v. McBain,
they so qualify the meaning as to remove the slander; but           reported in 29 Mich. 260; and Mr. Newell, in his work on
he must prove enough of the words laid to amount to the             Defamation, Slander, and Libel (pages 354, 355), says: ‘It will
substance of the charge, and this must be done by proof of          afford no justification in any action for oral slander that the
the identical words laid.” While the evidence complained of         defamatory matter had been previously published by a third
shows that more was said than alleged, yet, as the identical        person, or that the defendant, at the time of his publication,
words laid were proven, and the additional words do not so          disclosed the name of that third person, and believed all of
qualify their meaning as to remove the slander, there was           the statements to be true.’ In Kelley v. Dillon, 5 Ind. 426, the
no variance in the language alleged and that proven. See,           court said: ‘Let it be understood that a bare rumor is sufficient

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                5
Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 93 S.W. 146 (1906)

to justify the retailing of slander, and character would be at     and the plaintiff's negligence, if found by the jury, was
the mercy of the artful and designing, as such defenses could      made an absolute bar to her recovery. In submitting another
be manufactured before hand to suit any emergency.’ Odgers,        phase of the issue of contributory negligence, in a charge
Lib. & Sland. p. 100, says: ‘Every repetition of a slander is      given at appellants' request “proximate cause” was likewise
a willful publication of it, rendering the speaker liable to an    eliminated from the issue, and the jury were instructed to find
action. Tale bearers are as bad as tale makers.”’ In cases of      for defendants if plaintiff was guilty of such negligence. But
slander, where there is a denial that the slanderous statement     if the charge upon this issue had been subject to the objection
was uttered, the issue on such denial of uttering the statement    urged, appellants would be in no attitude to complain of it;
is not whether the libelous statement is true, but whether the     for special charge No. 7, which was given at their request,
statement was really made. The making of the statement is          and relates to the same issue, instructs the jury in event they
the principal fact in issue. Testimony by one that heard the       should find that plaintiff was negligent in failing to see that
statement uttered is not hearsay, but original evidence of the     a good and sufficient cost bond was filed in said case and
fact in dispute. It is evidence within the personal knowledge      such negligence on her part was the direct and proximate
of the witness, and has nothing to do with the hearsay rule.       cause of said suit being dismissed to find for the defendants.
Elliott, Ev. § 323. The Court of Civil Appeals, in the case of     It is thus seen that the special charge requested by defendants
Frazer v. Moore, 67 S.W. 427, in which the sufficiency of the     themselves embodies the very objection that they urge and
application made by these appellants to require the trial court    which the main charge in its application to the issue is free
to set aside the judgment of dismissal was in question, having     from. If error, such error was invited by appellants, and the
held that the motion was insufficient, it was not error for the    court, in accepting the invitation, did not extend it beyond its
court to instruct the jury, as is complained of in the eleventh    express terms. Our conclusions of fact and what we have said
assignment of error, that such motion was insufficient to          in disposing of previous assignments dispose of the thirteenth
require the judge to set aside said judgment of dismissal, and     assignment of error adversely to appellants.
then charge the jury that it was for them to determine from the
evidence whether or not the defendants Patterson & Wallace         The twelfth paragraph of the charge does not, as is contended
were guilty of negligence in not presenting said motion with       under the fourteenth assignment of error, assume as a matter
other or additional allegations, or in not supporting said         of law that the facts, or any of them, submitted by that
motion with evidence.                                              paragraph constitute negligence. But the question as to
                                                                   whether such matters, or any of them, if proven, constitute
The twelfth assignment of error complains that the court           negligence is expressly submitted to the finding of the jury.
erred in defining contributory negligence as follows: “By          If correct, in our former opinion on the former appeal,
contributory negligence is meant some negligent act or             it was not error to submit the question to the jury as to
omission on the part of plaintiff, which, concurring or co-        whether exemplary damages could have been recovered
operating with some negligent act or omission on the part of       against Moore and wife in the suit brought by appellee against
the defendants, is the proximate cause of the loss or injury       them, and to instruct the jury if such damages would have
complained of.” The objection urged being that, under the          been recovered, to the extent of such recovery, appellants,
facts and circumstances of the case, if the plaintiff was guilty   if negligent, etc., would be liable. As has been shown, the
of negligence, which contributed to the failure to file a proper   words of Mrs. Moore spoken of and concerning appellee were
cost bond, such negligence must necessarily have been the          actionable per se, because, if false, the law imputes malice;
proximate cause of the dismissal of her suit. The definition       for such words are drops of venom from a malicious tongue,
is abstractly correct: and if it were error to apply it to the     which can only come from a depraved heart, bent on blighting
issue as to whether appellee *151 was negligent in failing to      the character of a pure and innocent woman. No other proof
make and file a cost bond in her suit against Moore and wife,      of malice than such words carry with them need be shown.
the court was guilty of no such error. For by the thirteenth
paragraph of its charge the jury were instructed as follows: “If   As is said in Zeliff v. Jennings, supra, “a husband is liable for
you believe from the evidence that the plaintiff was guilty of     his wife's acts, when liable at all, to the same extent as if she
negligence in failing to make up and file a good and sufficent     alone were answerable.” That a husband is liable for his wife's
cost bond herself in the district court in her case against John   torts, as well as she, is too well settled to admit of discussion,
Moore and wife before the dismissal of her suit, then, and in      or require citation of authorities. For slander, she is liable for
that event, your verdict should be for the defendants.” Thus       exemplary, as well as actual, damages; and the husband being
it is seen, as to this issue, “proximate cause” was ignored,       liable to the same extent as if she alone were answerable, he

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               6
Patterson & Wallace v. Frazer, 93 S.W. 146 (1906)

                                                                       such was her damages for which appellants, if negligent, were
is likewise liable for exemplary damages. Besides, it is to be
                                                                       liable.
presumed, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that
the assets that Moore and wife had on hand, out of which               What we have said, in connection with our former opinion,
the judgment which would have been obtained against them,              we believe, disposes of all the questions raised by the
had it not been for appellants' negligence, could have been            assignments of error, and brings us to an affirmance of the
satisfied, was community property and, as such, would have             judgment. In affirming it, it is needless to say what would
been subject to a judgment founded on the wife's torts, even           have been the findings of this court had the facts been
though it carried exemplary damages. The difficulty of trying          presented to us in the first instance. Suffice it to say that, in
two cases in one involved in this case, is more apparent than          our opinion, there is evidence tending to support the findings
real. For the jury trying the case had only to put itself in the       of the jury, which places it beyond our power to invade its
place of a jury in the Frazer-Moore Case, and determine what           province. And yet, it is not without regret that it becomes our
would have been its verdict, in order to ascertain what would          duty to affirm a judgment, on grounds of negligence, against
probably have been the verdict had such case been tried. What          attorneys known by the court to be competent, diligent, and
would have been its verdict is a safe criterion in determining         faithful in the discharge of their duties to their clients.
what would have been the verdict of another jury in such
case. Having in this manner determined what such verdict               Affirmed.
would have been, they would, then, only have to ascertain
what amount could have been collected on a judgment entered
                                                                       All Citations
on such verdict, and then find for plaintiff such amount; for
                                                                       93 S.W. 146

Footnotes
*      Writ of error granted by Supreme Court.

End of Document                                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                  7
TT
Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

                                                                        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                     848 S.W.2d 833
                 Court of Appeals of Texas,
                   Houston (14th Dist.).                          [3]   Attorney and Client
                                                                            Acts and omissions of attorney in general
            Christopher D. RHODES, Appellant,                           Acts of attorney hired by client to defend her
                            v.                                          against tax assessment, in signing form which
                Ione A. BATILLA, Appellee.                              consented to assessment of responsible person
                                                                        tax against her even though client had instructed
           No. A14–92–00154–CV. | Feb. 18,                              him to show Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that
       1993. | Rehearing Denied March 18, 1993.                         she was not responsible person, advising client
                                                                        to get “paper divorce” to thwart IRS collection
Client brought legal malpractice suit against tax attorney.
                                                                        attempts, and neglecting to discuss consent form
The 334th District Court, Harris County, Russell T. Lloyd,
                                                                        with client were sufficient to be negligence
J., entered judgment on jury verdict awarding client actual
                                                                        on part of attorney; additionally, even after he
and exemplary damages, and attorney appealed. The Court
                                                                        signed consent form, attorney never told client
of Appeals, Sears, J., held that: (1) acts of attorney hired by
                                                                        about consenting to assessment, and attorney
client to defend her against tax assessment were sufficient
                                                                        terminated relationship with client leaving her in
to be negligence on part of attorney; (2) award of $125,000
                                                                        ignorance of status of her case and without taking
in exemplary damages was not excessive; and (3) client's
                                                                        any steps to protect her interest.
response to attorney's interrogatories revealed that client had
personal knowledge of facts relevant to lawsuit, and thus, her          Cases that cite this headnote
testimony was not required to be excluded on grounds that she
was not properly identified as fact witness in interrogatories.
                                                                  [4]   Attorney and Client
Affirmed.                                                                   Trial and judgment
                                                                        Additional instructions tying issues in legal
                                                                        malpractice suit to proper prosecution of case
                                                                        by attorney were not warranted, where client
 West Headnotes (34)                                                    did not suffer damages because attorney failed
                                                                        to properly prosecute case, but instead claimed
 [1]      Attorney and Client                                           damage because attorney failed to defend case,
              Trial and judgment                                        he advised getting a “paper divorce,” and he
                                                                        secretly consented to assessment of tax against
          Generally, determination of negligence,
                                                                        her; instructions submitted to jury satisfied four
          causation and damages in legal malpractice
                                                                        elements of duty, breach of duty, proximate
          action are questions of fact for jury.
                                                                        cause, and damages. Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules
          1 Cases that cite this headnote                               Civ.Proc., Rule 277.

                                                                        Cases that cite this headnote
 [2]      Attorney and Client
              Trial and judgment
                                                                  [5]   Attorney and Client
          After jury makes its factual determinations in                    Pleading and evidence
          legal malpractice suit, court then determines
                                                                        Evidence was sufficient to support jury's
          legal question of whether facts found by jury are
                                                                        finding that negligent conduct by attorney, who
          professional misconduct; if trial court determines
                                                                        represented her in connection with responsible
          that facts constitute professional misconduct,
                                                                        person tax assessed by the Internal Revenue
          then it enters judgment in favor of plaintiff.
                                                                        Service (IRS), caused client's damage; evidence
                                                                        indicated that attorney signed form consenting

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          1
Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

        to assessment without telling client, advised
        client to get “paper divorce” to thwart collection           1 Cases that cite this headnote
        attempts, and terminated relationship without
        taking any steps to protect her interest.             [10]   Attorney and Client
                                                                         Trial and judgment
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     Jury instructions describing defendant attorney
                                                                     as “tax attorney” and client as “layman” were
 [6]    Attorney and Client                                          not abuse of discretion, in legal malpractice suit;
            Acts and omissions of attorney in general                attorney held himself out as tax attorney, and
        Failure of client to appeal final assessment                 client was layperson.
        of responsible person tax by the Internal
        Revenue Service (IRS) did not preclude her from              Cases that cite this headnote
        establishing malpractice by attorney, who signed
        form consenting to assessment on client's behalf      [11]   Attorney and Client
        without client's knowledge, despite defendant's                  Damages and costs
        contention that client should be compelled to
                                                                     Facts of malpractice by attorney, who signed
        exhaust administrative or judicial remedies; no
                                                                     consent to responsible person assessment
        administrative agency within IRS or elsewhere
                                                                     without knowledge of client and who advised her
        should have considered malpractice claim prior
                                                                     to obtain “paper divorce,” offended public sense
        to filing suit in trial court.
                                                                     of justice and propriety sufficient to support
        Cases that cite this headnote                                award of exemplary damages, and award of
                                                                     $125,000 was not excessive, in light of actual
                                                                     damages award of $125,500.
 [7]    Administrative Law and Procedure
           Exhaustion of administrative remedies                     Cases that cite this headnote
        Generally, exhaustion of remedies doctrine is
        utilized to prevent plaintiff from litigating issue   [12]   Damages
        in court which should have been first considered                Grounds for Exemplary Damages
        by administrative agency.
                                                                     Factors to consider when reviewing exemplary
        Cases that cite this headnote                                damages are: nature of wrong; character of
                                                                     conduct involved; degree of culpability of
                                                                     wrongdoers; situation and sensibilities of parties
 [8]    Attorney and Client                                          concerned; and extent to which conduct offends
            Acts and omissions of attorney in general                public sense of justice and propriety.
        Attorney, who according to his own testimony
        was tax expert, was properly held to standard of             Cases that cite this headnote
        care which should be exercised by reasonably
        prudent tax attorney.                                 [13]   Damages
                                                                          Actual damage or compensatory damages;
        2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     relationship and ratio
                                                                     Amount of exemplary damages awarded must
 [9]    Attorney and Client                                          be reasonably proportioned to amount of actual
            Skill and care required                                  damages awarded.
        Generally, standard of care for attorney is that
        which would be exercised by reasonably prudent               Cases that cite this headnote
        attorney, based on information attorney had at
        time of alleged act of negligence.                    [14]   Attorney and Client

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         2
Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

             Damages and costs
                                                                   2 Cases that cite this headnote
        Evidence of attorney's net worth was factually
        sufficient to support jury's award of exemplary
        damages of $125,000, in malpractice suit;           [18]   Attorney and Client
        attorney testified about rental property from                  Trial and judgment
        which he received income, acreage he owned,                First attorney's requested “new and independent
        office furniture and equipment, accounts                   cause” instruction, based on client's hiring new
        receivable, and sporting equipment, but claimed            attorney, was not supported by evidence, which
        that none of items had much value and that law             indicated that second attorney represented her for
        practice had zero value.                                   period of only three or four months in connection
                                                                   with federal tax matter, that tax debt had already
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                   been assessed against client due to first attorney's
                                                                   execution of consent to assessment, and that
 [15]   Attorney and Client                                        second attorney succeeded in having stopped
            Pleading and evidence                                  collection activities.
        Evidence of attorney's conscious indifference
                                                                   Cases that cite this headnote
        in investigating and presenting facts to Internal
        Revenue Service (IRS), which claimed client
        was liable for responsible person tax, in           [19]   Negligence
        failing to investigate or correct misleading                   In general; foreseeability of other cause
        information he sent to IRS, in failing to                  “New and independent cause” is separate or
        recognize effects of signing form consenting to            independent act that destroys causal connection
        assessment, and in terminating his relationship            between defendant's negligence and plaintiff's
        with client without informing her of status of             injury, thereby becoming immediate cause of
        case was sufficient to support finding of “gross           such injury.
        negligence” on attorney's part, as required for
        awarding exemplary damages.                                1 Cases that cite this headnote

        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                            [20]   Negligence
                                                                       Proximate Cause
 [16]   Damages
                                                                   In order for trial court to submit instruction
           Mental suffering and emotional distress
                                                                   on new and independent cause, there must
        Client, who testified that she suffered severe             be some evidence that independent act, rather
        emotional distress relating to mishandling of              than defendant's negligence, was responsible for
        her federal responsible person tax defense,                plaintiff's injuries; additionally, trial court does
        dissolution of marriage, and negative affects              not err in refusing such instruction where act
        on her credit by federal tax lien after attorney           alleged to be new and independent cause is
        consented to assessment without knowledge of               dependent on defendant's negligent act.
        client, presented sufficient evidence to support
        award of damages for emotional distress.                   Cases that cite this headnote

        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                            [21]   Appeal and Error
                                                                      Exclusion of evidence
 [17]   Damages
                                                                   Tax attorney was precluded from complaining
           Mental Suffering and Emotional Distress
                                                                   upon appeal in malpractice suit about trial court's
        In certain circumstances award of emotional                exclusion of evidence of client's motion for
        distress damages in legal malpractice case is              enforcement and clarification, filed by client's
        appropriate.                                               husband about a year after divorce, where

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         3
Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

        attorney never offered to trial court for admission          more prejudicial than probative and because
        into evidence.                                               client did not sufficiently state in her answers
                                                                     to interrogatories facts about which witness
        Cases that cite this headnote                                had knowledge, were not preserved for appeal;
                                                                     attorney objected to testimony on basis that it
 [22]   Trial                                                        was hearsay, extraneous, and irrelevant. Rules of
             Cumulative evidence in general                          Civ.Evid., Rules 402, 403, 802.
        Trial court, which admitted client's divorce                 3 Cases that cite this headnote
        decree as evidence that she did get her divorce
        in malpractice suit against attorney who had
        represented her in tax matter, could refuse           [25]   Evidence
        to admit into evidence divorce petition or                       Acts and Statements Accompanying or
        motion for temporary restraining order by                    Connected with Transaction or Event
        husband, as cumulative of evidence elicited in               Testimony by client's codefendant in Internal
        attorney's cross-examination of client; attorney             Revenue Service (IRS) collection action on
        was allowed to establish that petition alleged               responsible person tax regarding circumstances
        that grounds for divorce were cruel treatment by             of meeting with attorney and circumstances of
        husband and that she knew that papers had to be              client's filling out forms IRS official gave her at
        filed in order to obtain divorce.                            meeting was part of res gestae and not hearsay,
                                                                     and was admissible, in malpractice suit brought
        Cases that cite this headnote                                against attorney. Rules of Civ.Evid., Rule 402.

                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
 [23]   Privileged Communications and
        Confidentiality
             Impeachment or rehabilitation of witnesses       [26]   Pretrial Procedure
        Privileged Communications and                                     Sufficiency; option to produce business
        Confidentiality                                              records
             Waiver of privilege                                     Client's response to attorney's interrogatories in
        Trial court could allow client, who had presented            malpractice suit revealed that client had personal
        evidence of her divorce in malpractice suit                  knowledge of facts relevant to lawsuit, and thus,
        brought by her against tax attorney, to assert               her testimony was not required to be excluded on
        attorney-client privilege as to communications               grounds that she was not properly identified as
        with divorce attorney; client did not put in issue           fact witness in interrogatories.
        any advice given her by her divorce attorney,
                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
        and tax attorney was allowed to extensively
        attack client's credibility regarding her divorce
        on cross-examination without delving into             [27]   Pretrial Procedure
        privileged matters. Rules of Civ.Evid., Rule 503;                 Identity and location of witnesses and
        Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 166b,               others
        subd. 3.                                                     Pretrial Procedure
                                                                         Time, place, and mode of inspection;
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     copying, photographing, and testing
                                                                     Client, who produced names and addresses of
 [24]   Appeal and Error                                             two witnesses and documents complained of by
           Objections to evidence and witnesses                      defendant attorney more than 30 days before
        Claims by defendant attorney in malpractice                  trial and several days before discovery deadline,
        suit that testimony of client's witness should               was entitled to have documents and witnesses'
        have been excluded on grounds that it was                    testimony admitted, despite attorney's contention

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         4
Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

        that such evidence should have been excluded as             producing document as soon as it came into her
        discovery sanction.                                         possession, and thus, notice was not required to
                                                                    be excluded, in legal malpractice suit.
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
 [28]   Pretrial Procedure
             Request, notice, or motion and response or      [32]   Appeal and Error
        objection                                                      Discovery and depositions
        Defendant in attorney malpractice suit                      Pretrial Procedure
        specifically waived any objection to production                 Dismissal or default judgment
        of document, by stating at trial that he did not            Determination of good cause for admission of
        believe he complained to plaintiff that she failed          late produced evidence is within sound discretion
        to timely produce documents in question.                    of trial court and can only be set aside if that
                                                                    discretion is abused.
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
 [29]   Pretrial Procedure
             Request, notice, or motion and response or      [33]   Interest
        objection                                                        Torts; wrongful death
        Client was under no duty to produce personal                Trial court's determination that prejudgment
        income tax returns, where attorney never                    interest on award in malpractice suit against
        requested returns in any request for production,            tax attorney should accrue from April 25, 1988,
        in legal malpractice suit.                                  was supported by evidence; evidence indicated
                                                                    that by that date client had paid attorney $500
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    retainer fee, had learned that attorney had
                                                                    sent Internal Revenue Service (IRS) incorrect
 [30]   Appeal and Error                                            information, had obtained “paper divorce” on
           Particular cases                                         advice of attorney, and had retained new counsel
        Client's letter to Internal Revenue Service (IRS)           to salvage her case, and that attorney had agreed
        requesting abatement, which was produced four               to tax assessment against client without client's
        days before trial of malpractice suit against               knowledge.
        tax attorney, was admitted only for purpose of
                                                                    2 Cases that cite this headnote
        showing that client had tried to help herself and
        was cumulative of other evidence establishing
        such point, and thus, admission of such evidence     [34]   Attorney and Client
        was harmless, even though letter was produced                   Damages and costs
        only four days before trial and well after                  Attorney in legal malpractice suit failed to show
        discovery deadline. Rules App.Proc., Rule 81(b)             that deposition copy was not a cost incurred
        (1).                                                        by client pursuant to civil rule, and thus, cost
                                                                    of deposition copy was required to be paid by
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    attorney, as the losing party in malpractice suit.
                                                                    Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rules 131,
 [31]   Pretrial Procedure                                          133, 140.
             Request, notice, or motion and response or
        objection                                                   1 Cases that cite this headnote
        Client, who produced to attorney's counsel loan
        rejection notice within 48 hours of receipt,
        satisfied duty to supplement discovery by

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        5
Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

                                                                  a 100% penalty against her, i.e., essentially collecting the
Attorneys and Law Firms                                           unpaid company taxes from her. Batilla called her CPA,
                                                                  Jim Orick (Orick), and told him about the call from the
 *837 W. Stephen Rodgers, Charles Escher, Houston, for
                                                                  IRS. Orick officed in the same building as appellant, and he
appellant.
                                                                  referred Batilla to appellant for advice. Orick indicated to
David A. Furlow, Houston, for appellee.                           Batilla that appellant was a tax expert and could represent
                                                                  her. On January 27, 1986, Batilla called appellant, told him
Before J. CURTISS BROWN, C.J., and SEARS and ELLIS,               that Orick had referred her, and asked if appellant could help
JJ.                                                               her. Batilla testified appellant assured her he could help. She
                                                                  told appellant of the phone call from Mr. Bean and that the
                                                                  IRS had requested a personal interview. Appellant told Batilla
                         OPINION                                  to “go down and talk to Mr. Bean and then come and see
                                                                  him after [she] spoke with Mr. Bean.” She testified appellant
SEARS, Justice.                                                   further advised her “he would call Mr. Bean” and he indicated
                                                                  that “everything would be all right.” Further testimony shows
Ione A. Batilla (Batilla), appellee, brought suit for legal
                                                                  appellant told her there would be a $500 retainer fee and
malpractice against Christopher D. Rhodes, appellant. Trial
                                                                  “that he would help” her. They set an appointment for early
was to a jury which found gross negligence in appellant's
                                                                  February to meet in person. The same day as this initial
handling of Batilla's tax defense from the Internal Revenue
                                                                  telephone consultation, January 27, 1986, appellant filled out
Service (IRS). Judgment was entered on the verdict in favor
                                                                  a time-slip charging one-half hour to Batilla's account for
of Batilla, awarding her $125,500 in actual, and $125,000 in
                                                                  “several telephone conferences with client [and] [t]elephone
exemplary, damages. Appellant raises 22 points of error. We
                                                                  call to Mr. Beene of IRS.” On January 28, 1986, appellant
affirm.
                                                                  filled out a time-slip for Batilla's account reflecting one hour
                                                                  for “[p]reparation of Power of Attorney and letter to Mr.
Batilla's tax liability arose in connection with her employment
                                                                  Beene.” At trial, however, appellant testified he really was not
at Randolph Office Furniture (ROF). Batilla was employed
                                                                  retained to represent Batilla, and did not know “whether [he]
by ROF in January 1980 and left the company in December
                                                                  actually transcribed” the letter.
1984. While she was with ROF she was employed as
controller. She did the company books, worked with a
                                                                   *838 A couple of days after Batilla received the call from
company called ADP to issue payroll checks, and oversaw the
                                                                  the IRS, Larry Owens (Owens), a past president of ROF,
purchasing department. Batilla, however, had no authority to
                                                                  also received a call from Mr. Bean about the unpaid taxes.
sign company checks, even on the payroll account, without
                                                                  Batilla and Owens agreed to meet and go see the IRS agent
the owner's approval. In 1984 and 1985, the company was
                                                                  together on February 6, 1986. Owens testified he did not
having financial trouble and eventually went into Chapter
                                                                  want “to go to the IRS without professional help,” and he
7 bankruptcy. During this time period, the owner, George
                                                                  asked his long-time friend Joe Hart (Hart), a CPA, to go
Randolph (Randolph), refused to approve any checks to pay
                                                                  with him. When they got to the IRS building, Hart told them
the company's FICA payroll taxes. At first, ADP would
                                                                  they would have to sign a power of attorney before he could
automatically send the payroll taxes to the IRS. However,
                                                                  go into the meeting with them. Owens and Batilla signed a
after two of these drafts bounced, ADP notified Randolph
                                                                  power of attorney on the trunk of the car. Hart went in with
it would not handle the payroll taxes and would not be
                                                                  them and the meeting was a very unpleasant experience. Mr.
responsible for non-payment of these taxes. Thereafter, on
                                                                  Bean was “intimidating and rather rough,” and treated them
the advice of the company attorney, Batilla had someone
                                                                  as guilty until proven innocent. He refused to let them leave
witness her tender of checks for the taxes to Randolph for his
                                                                  the office until they filled out and signed a Form 4180. Batilla
signature. Randolph would either refuse to sign the checks or
                                                                  testified that Mr. Bean explained that this form “was not an
tear them up. As a result, the ROF payroll taxes were not paid.
                                                                  admission of guilty, but just that [they] had showed up for the
                                                                  meeting.” However, Mr. Bean told Batilla if she did not fill
In January 1986, Batilla received a call from Mr. Bean with
                                                                  out the form he would assess all of the penalty against her.
the IRS regarding ROF's unpaid FICA taxes for 1984 and
                                                                  They were not allowed to take the documents with them, get
the first quarter of 1985. Mr. Bean wanted to determine if
                                                                  professional help in filling them out, or make any phone calls
Batilla was a “responsible person” for purposes of assessing

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             6
Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

to get assistance. Further, they were not allowed to talk to       from Randolph had not resulted in payment. The letter went
each other while filling them out. Batilla was extremely upset,    on to state the IRS proposed to assess all of the penalty against
nervous, “scared to death,” and crying during this process.        Batilla, and if she agreed to the assessment she was to sign the
                                                                   attached Form 2751. Batilla called appellant and told him she
On February 13, 1986, Batilla and Owens met appellant.             “was not going to sign anything.” She informed appellant “he
Batilla took a copy of her Form 4180 with her to the meeting.      needed to call them up and *839 take care of it and give them
She went over it with appellant explaining that in the stress      the facts that he had not given them.” Appellant indicated that
of the moment she had made some mistakes on the form.              he would take care of it.
The most glaring mistake was that she claimed employment
at ROF for 1985, while in reality she was not employed             Appellant's time-slips indicate no further activity until June 6,
there during 1985. She and Owens gave appellant the facts          1986 when he charged Batilla 1.3 hours for “[p]reparation of
and explained that neither one was a “person responsible”          Letter of Protest [and] [r]eview of notice received regarding
for the payment of ROF's payroll taxes. They provided him          100% penalty,” and 2.0 hours for “[p]reparation of protest
with the names, addresses and phone numbers of witnesses           [and] [r]eview of files for L'Lani corporation.” When Batilla
who could verify these facts. They discussed the various           got a copy of the protest letter which appellant sent to the IRS,
company bank accounts and they specified on which accounts         she immediately called appellant to tell him the information
Batilla and Owens could and could not sign. Batilla explained      in the letter was incorrect and that he needed to give them
to appellant that the unpaid FICA taxes came out of the            the true facts. Appellant told her he would take care of it.
operating account and that she never had signature power on        However, appellant never corrected any of the facts in the
that account. She further told appellant how Randolph would        protest letter, and testified at trial he was not concerned that
refuse to sign, or would tear-up, the checks to the IRS for the    the letter contained totally inaccurate information “because it
payroll taxes. Appellant, however, testified he did not reduce     was to the best of [his] knowledge at that time.”
these facts to writing in order to follow up and investigate,
even though this information was vital to Batilla's defense. In    In 1986, appellant also gave Batilla advice on protecting her
fact, appellant took absolutely no notes of this or any other      family from tax liability. Mr. Bean had told Batilla he would
conversation with Batilla, and stated at trial that he did not     garnish her wages and her husband's wages. In response,
think it was important to take notes in order to get the facts     appellant told Batilla the only way she could prevent the IRS
straight.                                                          from taking her money was to get a “paper divorce,” give
                                                                   her assets to her husband, and put any equity that she had
At this initial meeting, appellant told them he was a “tax         in a trust fund for her son. Batilla followed this advice even
specialist.” That he had extensive experience with 100 percent     though her husband was against the idea. Due to the stress
penalty cases and that he was an expert in that area. He           of the tax problems and her husband's unhappiness over the
explained that his hourly rate was $125 an hour, and had           divorce, their “paper divorce” became a real divorce.
Batilla and Owens each sign a power of attorney. He told
Batilla that she had a defendable case. He further indicated       After the protest letter was sent, appellant's time-slips reflect
she would win, but the case might have to go to trial and that     no further activity on behalf of Batilla until January 20, 1987.
would cost $7,000 to $10,000. Batilla told him at that time        In 1987, appellant had several telephone conferences with
she did not have the money to go to court and she wanted him       IRS representatives, met with Larry Fagen (Fagen) of the IRS,
to present the facts to the IRS so they would know she was         talked to Batilla once, talked to Owens at least twice, spent a
not a “person responsible” for the taxes. Appellant told both      maximum of three hours researching the law, and sent a letter
Batilla and Owens he would keep them informed and send             to Fagen. At the meeting with Fagen, appellant was requested
them copies of any letters he wrote.                               to bring “facts, arguments, and legal authority” to support
                                                                   Batilla's position. Any statements appellant brought to the
Appellant filled out time-slips that same day, charging .4 of      meeting were to be “in affidavit form or signed under penalty
an hour to Batilla for “[p]reparation of Form 2848,” and 1.5       of perjury.” However, appellant presented an argument to
hours for “[c]onference with client.” Batilla and Owens were       Fagen at the meeting unsupported by any facts or legal
subsequently each sent a bill for the $500 retainer fee, which     authority. He took no case authority with him to the meeting,
they both paid to appellant. In May 1986, Batilla received a       and he failed to obtain affidavits from Batilla or any of the
letter from the IRS indicating that efforts to collect the taxes   witnesses, therefore he had no statement of facts to present to

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              7
Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

the IRS. The obvious result was that the meeting was of zero        all documents and correspondence in the file. He still failed
value to Batilla. If the true facts had been given to the IRS, it   to inform Batilla he had agreed to 100% assessment of the
would have been apparent Batilla had zero liability.                taxes against her.

Appellant's time-slips also indicate he had a telephone             In February 1988, Batilla received a bill from the IRS for
conference in 1987 with a “witness;” however, none of the           $32,124.31 in unpaid FICA taxes for ROF. Batilla went to the
witnesses had ever heard from or spoken to appellant. On June       IRS in an attempt to clear up the mistake. She was advised to
18, 1987, Fagen sent appellant a letter indicating he had tried     write out the facts of her case and get affidavits from people
to contact appellant and follow up on this matter on March          with personal knowledge of the events. On March 29, 1988,
27, 1987, April 8, 1987, April 27, 1987, and May 20, 1987,          Batilla prepared a letter stating the facts of her case, supported
but all of these attempts had failed. A copy of this letter from    by five affidavits. In early April 1988, Batilla presented her
Fagen was also sent to Batilla. She was extremely upset when        letter and affidavits to the collection officer, Mr. Amdexter
she received the letter, and immediately called appellant.          (Amdexter), who refused to listen to anything she had to say.
Batilla was concerned that the IRS still did not know the           He told her he could seize any asset she had to satisfy the debt.
truth of the matter, i.e., Batilla was not a “responsible person”
and in fact had no authority to issue checks for payroll            Batilla was subsequently referred to Ben Stevens (Stevens),
deductions. Appellant told her he previously had several            and she retained him in April 1988 to represent her in this tax
conversations with Fagen and that he would submit further           matter. In late April 1988, Stevens discovered that appellant
information to Fagen. On June 25, 1987, appellant sent              had signed the Form 2751, and agreed to the assessment of the
Fagen a letter indicating he had received the letter of June        100% penalty against Batilla. Stevens immediately informed
18, 1987 and would be submitting further information by             her of the agreement. On May 11, 1988, the IRS filed a
July 8, 1987. Appellant took no action, and never gave the          Federal Tax Lien against Batilla. She began payment on the
IRS the correct facts. Obviously, the IRS assumed Batilla           tax lien. In January 1989, Batilla retained Mary Heafner to
was a “responsible person” for the ROF taxes, and initiated         represent her in this malpractice action against appellant.
collection procedures.
                                                                    In points of error one and two, appellant complains the trial
Sometime in 1987, appellant signed the same Form 2751 that          court erred in not making a ruling regarding any “legal errors”
Batilla told him she would not sign, and in doing so appellant      he committed, and in rendering judgment for Batilla. He
agreed to the assessment of the 100% penalty against Batilla.       alleges the trial court should not have submitted questions to
This form was executed without her knowledge or consent.            the jury about his conduct generally, because an evaluation of
When he signed the form, he drew a line across the bottom           his acts or omissions as “legal errors” should have been made
and put an asterisk to the right of the line. Then across           by the court as a matter of law. Appellant also contends that
the middle of the form next to another asterisk he wrote            because his acts or omissions are in uncertain areas of law,
“[t]axpayer retains the option of filing claim and suit for         they cannot be negligence.
refund.” Appellant *840 never obtained Batilla's consent,
never informed her he had signed this form on her behalf, and        [1]      [2]   Generally, the determination of negligence,
never sent her a copy of the signed form.                           causation and damages in a legal malpractice action are
                                                                    questions of fact for the jury. Millhouse v. Wiesenthal, 775
On November 27, 1987, the IRS sent Batilla a letter stating         S.W.2d 626, 627 & n. 2 (Tex.1989). In the professional
the case was closed “on the basis agreed upon” and the file         misconduct case cited by appellant, the court made it clear
was to be sent to the service center for account adjustment         the jury is to determine these factual issues. Hebisen v.
and interest computation. Batilla frantically tried to contact      State, 615 S.W.2d 866, 867–68 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston
appellant. After several phone calls, she finally tracked him       [1st Dist.] 1981, no writ). After the jury makes its
down in December 1987. She told him about the letter from           factual determinations, the court then determines the legal
the IRS, and appellant told her he had done “everything he          question of “whether such facts found by the jury constitute
could” for her. He stated the case was closed, there was            professional misconduct.” Id. at 868 (citing Howell v. Texas,
nothing else he could do for her, and she would have to get         559 S.W.2d 432 (Tex.Civ.App.—Tyler 1977, writ ref'd
another attorney. Batilla asked if appellant had sent her copies    n.r.e.)). If the trial court determines the facts constitute
of everything in his files, and he assured her she had copies of

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Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

professional misconduct, it then enters judgment in favor of        The Texas Supreme Court in Cosgrove stated that “[a]n
the plaintiff. See id. at 867–68.                                   attorney malpractice action in Texas is based on negligence.”
                                                                    Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662, 664 (Tex.1989). There
 [3] Appellant opines that the effect of signing the Form           are four elements which must be established by the plaintiff
2751 is uncertain and requires numerous judgment calls,             in a negligence action: 1) “that there is a duty owed to [her]
however, this fact does not prevent the jury from finding him       by the defendant,” 2) “a breach of that duty,” 3) “that the
negligent in his handling of the case. The fact of the matter       breach proximately caused the plaintiff injury” and 4) “that
is that Rhodes was hired to defend Batilla against the tax          damages occurred.” Id. at 665 (citing McKinley v. Stripling,
assessment, and instead he signed a form against her interest       763 S.W.2d 407 (Tex.1989)).
which consented to the assessment of the tax against her. He
signed this form in contravention of his client's instructions      Under Texas' broad form submission rule, the definitions,
that he show the IRS she was not a person responsible for           instructions, and questions submitted to the jury in this case
the payment of the tax. Rhodes failed to go to the IRS              satisfy the four elements of negligence. See TEX.R.CIV.P.
meeting with the facts and affidavits which would have              277. The jury found Rhodes to be negligent and that
relieved Batilla of all *841 liability. In fact he presented        his negligent conduct proximately caused Batilla $125,500
incorrect information to the IRS. He advised Batilla to get a       in actual damages. The jury further found Rhodes to be
“paper divorce” to thwart IRS collection attempts, something        grossly negligent and awarded Batilla $125,000 in exemplary
a first year law student would have known better than to            damages.
do. Further, Rhodes failed to appreciate the consequences
of signing a Form 2751 before he executed the form. He              There was no need for additional questions tieing the issues
neglected to discuss this form with Batilla or get her consent      to the “proper prosecution of the suit,” as appellant contends.
before he signed it on her behalf. Additionally, even after he      The Court in Cosgrove stated the damages issues in that case
signed the form, Rhodes never told Batilla about consenting         should have been asked in terms of “what would the plaintiff's
to the assessment. Finally, Rhodes terminated his attorney-         damages have been if the suit had been properly prosecuted?”
client relationship with Batilla leaving her in ignorance of        In this case, Batilla did not suffer damages because of
the status of her case and without taking any steps to protect      Rhodes' failure to properly prosecute the case, instead she
her interests. These acts are sufficient to constitute negligence   incurred damages because of his failure to defend the case,
on the part of Rhodes. See Montfort v. Jeter, 567 S.W.2d            his advice on getting a “paper divorce,” and his secretly
498 (Tex.1978); Intercoastal Warehouse Corp. v. Clear Lake          consenting to the assessment of the tax against her. Thus,
Nat'l Bank, 795 S.W.2d 294, 295 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th             her damages questions were properly tied to the underlying
Dist.] 1990, writ dism'd w.o.j.); Southwestern Bell Tel. Co.        case by determining Iwhat damages Batilla incurred as a
v. Vidrine, 610 S.W.2d 803, 805 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston               result of Rhodes' negligent conduct, for example, his failure
[1st Dist.] 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Beck, Legal Malpractice in    to properly defend the case. We overrule appellant's point of
Texas, 43A BAYLOR L.REV. 1, 21, 51 (1991) (citing Smith             error three.
v. Lewis, 13 Cal. 3d 349, 118 Cal. Rptr. 621, 627, 530 P.2d
589, 595 (1975)). We overrule appellant's points of error one        [5] In points of error four and five, appellant complains the
and two.                                                            trial court erred in overruling his motion for directed verdict,
                                                                    motion for judgment non obstante veredicto and motion for
 [4] In point of error three, appellant contends the trial          new trial. He alleges the evidence was legally and factually
court erred in overruling his objections to the jury charge         insufficient to establish that a different result would have been
because it did not contain the controlling questions or             obtained with the IRS “but for” his acts or omissions, and that
instructions necessary to support a recovery for Batilla.           he proximately caused Batilla damage.
Appellant attempts to add questions which Batilla should
have asked the jury in order to be entitled to a recovery. He       Appellant's allegation that the evidence is legally insufficient
relies heavily on the issues set out in Cosgrove v. Grimes,         is a “no evidence” complaint. In reviewing a no evidence
which, unlike this case, was an attorney malpractice case           complaint we must consider only the evidence and inferences
brought by a plaintiff whose lawsuit had not been properly          which tend to support *842 the jury's findings, and disregard
prosecuted.                                                         all contrary evidence and inferences. Best v. Ryan Auto
                                                                    Group, Inc., 786 S.W.2d 670, 671 (Tex.1990). After such

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Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

a review, if we find any evidence of probative force to             litigating an issue in court which should have first been
support these findings, then the findings must be upheld.           considered by an administrative agency. See, e.g., Weinberger
Responsive Terminal Sys., Inc. v. Boy Scouts of Am., 774            v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 766, 95 S. Ct. 2457, 2467, 45 L.Ed.2d
S.W.2d 666, 668 (Tex.1989). See Southern States Transp.,            522 (1975); McKart v. United States, 395 U.S. 185, 193, 89
Inc. v. State, 774 S.W.2d 639, 640 (Tex.1989). When there           S.Ct. 1657, 1662, 23 L. Ed. 2d 194 (1969); Myers v. Bethlehem
is a challenge to the factual sufficiency of the evidence,          Shipbuilding Corp., 303 U.S. 41, 58 S. Ct. 459, 82 L. Ed. 638
we must review all of the evidence and determine if the             (1938); Gulf Oil Corp. v. United States Dep't of Energy,
weight of the record supports the jury's findings that Rhodes'      663 F.2d 296 (D.C.Cir.1981). We know of no administrative
negligence proximately caused Batilla damages. Plas–Tex,            agency within the IRS or elsewhere which should have
Inc. v. United States Steel Corp., 772 S.W.2d 442, 445              considered Batilla's malpractice claim prior to her filing suit
(Tex.1989); In re King's Estate, 150 Tex. 662, 664–65, 244          in the trial court.
S.W.2d 660, 661 (1951). The jury is the sole judge of the
credibility of the witnesses and the evidence, and is entitled to   Further, there was no requirement that Batilla appeal the final
resolve any conflicts or inconsistencies in the evidence. See       assessment by the IRS in order to establish the open and
Benoit v. Wilson, 150 Tex. 273, 239 S.W.2d 792 (1951); M.J.         obvious malpractice committed by appellant. We overrule
Sheridan & Son Co. v. Seminole Pipeline Co., 731 S.W.2d             appellant's point of error six.
620 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no writ).
                                                                     [8] In points of error seven and eight, appellant contends
Based on the facts and evidence already discussed in this           the trial court erred in its submission of his case to the jury.
opinion, there is ample evidence, both legally and factually,       He argues submitting the case under the standard applicable
to support the jury's finding that Rhodes' negligent conduct        to a “tax attorney” is improper because to do so suggests
caused Batilla damage. We overrule appellant's points of error      his conduct should be reviewed differently than that of “the
four and five.                                                      reasonably prudent attorney.” Additionally, appellant alleges
                                                                    the instructions to the jury describing Batilla as a “layman”
 [6] In point of error six, appellant complains the trial court     and him as a “tax attorney” emphasized Batilla's contentions
erred in rendering judgment for Batilla because she had             and amounted to an improper comment on the weight *843
not exhausted her administrative or judicial remedies prior         of the evidence, resulting in reversible error.
to bringing this action. Appellant cites the United States
Supreme Court describing the doctrine of exhaustion of               [9] As a general rule the standard of care for an attorney
administrative remedies as “the long-settled rule of judicial       being sued for malpractice is set out as follows:
administration that no one is entitled to judicial relief
for a supposed or threatened injury until the prescribed                         A lawyer in Texas is held to the
administrative remedy has been exhausted.” Myers v.                              standard of care which would be
Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp., 303 U.S. 41, 50–51, 58 S.Ct.                       exercised by a reasonably prudent
459, 463, 82 L. Ed. 638 (1938).                                                   attorney, based on the information the
                                                                                 attorney has at the time of the alleged
 [7] Although we agree with appellant's definition of the                        act of negligence.
exhaustion of remedies doctrine, we cannot agree that the
                                                                    Cosgrove, 774 S.W.2d at 664; Dyer v. Shafer, Gilliland,
doctrine bars Batilla from prosecuting this suit. The United
                                                                    Davis, McCollum & Ashley, Inc., 779 S.W.2d 474, 477
States Supreme Court has generally treated the exhaustion of
                                                                    (Tex.App.—El Paso 1989, writ denied). In other areas of
remedies doctrine “as a jurisprudential doctrine [which does
                                                                    professional malpractice, such as medical malpractice, a
not bar absolutely a court's jurisdiction to hear a case,] and
                                                                    practitioner “who holds himself out as a specialist is generally
has evaluat[ed] the specific circumstances of the particular
                                                                    expected to possess a higher degree of skill and learning
case to determine whether the [doctrine] should be applied.”
                                                                    than a general practitioner.” King v. Flamm, 442 S.W.2d
I.A.M. Nat'l Pension Fund Benefit Plan C v. Stockton TRI
                                                                    679, 681 (Tex.1969). Other jurisdictions have applied this
Indus., 727 F.2d 1204, 1208 (D.C.Cir.1984) (citing McKart
                                                                    standard to attorneys and have held that an attorney who
v. United States, 395 U.S. 185, 193, 89 S. Ct. 1657, 1662,
                                                                    holds himself out as a specialist or expert in a field is held
23 L. Ed. 2d 194 (1969)). As a general rule, the exhaustion
                                                                    to the standard of the reasonably prudent expert attorney in
of remedies doctrine is utilized to prevent a plaintiff from
                                                                    that field. See Rodriguez v. Horton, 95 N.M. 356, 359, 622

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Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

P.2d 261, 264 (App.1980); Wright v. Williams, 47 Cal.App.3d         which appellant's conduct offends the public sense of justice
802, 121 Cal. Rptr. 194 (Ct.App.1975). See also Beck, Legal          and propriety sufficient to support this award of exemplary
Malpractice in Texas, 43A BAYLOR L.REV. 1, 70 (1991)                damages. Additionally, the amount of exemplary damages
(citing Smith v. Lewis, 13 Cal. 3d 349, 118 Cal. Rptr. 621, 627,      awarded was $125,000 and the amount of actual damages
530 P.2d 589, 595 (1975)).                                          awarded was $125,500, a ratio of approximately one to one.
                                                                    The award of exemplary damages was not excessive in this
We see no reason why this standard of care for one who              case.
holds himself out as an expert or specialist should not apply
to appellant. According to his own testimony, appellant is a         [14] As to appellant's complaint of factually insufficient
“tax expert.” Batilla testified he held himself out to her as a     evidence to show his net worth, we will review all of the
tax specialist who was familiar with 100% penalty cases, and        evidence and determine if the weight of the record *844
that he would have no troubling taking care of her case. Thus,      supports the jury's award of exemplary damages based upon
appellant was properly held to the standard of care which           the evidence of his net worth. See Plas–Tex, Inc., 772 S.W.2d
would be exercised by a reasonably prudent tax attorney.            at 445.

 [10] As to the jury instructions which described appellant         Batilla entered into evidence a two page listing of real
as a “tax attorney,” and Batilla as a “layman,” we find no          property held in the name of Christopher Rhodes, either
abuse of discretion in the trial court's use of these terms. We     individually, or jointly with other persons, including an
agree with appellant that in most legal malpractice cases the       office building, rental property, and personal residences.
plaintiff will be a layperson. However, the fact of the matter      Appellant testified about rental property, from which he
is appellant held himself out as a tax attorney, and Batilla        received income. He also testified he owned acreage, office
was a layman. We do not find the use of these terms to be           furniture and equipment, accounts receivables, three boats,
an improper comment on the weight of the evidence. We               vehicles, residential furnishings, and guns and other sporting
overrule appellant's points of error seven and eight.               equipment. Further, he testified, that in his opinion, none of
                                                                    these items had much value and that his law practice had zero
 [11] In points of error nine, ten, and eleven, appellant           value.
complains the trial court erred in awarding $125,000 in
exemplary damages. He alleges the amount of exemplary               The jury was free to believe or disbelieve appellant's opinion
damages found by the jury is excessive and there is                 as to the value of his assets. See Benoit v. Wilson, 150 Tex.
insufficient evidence of his “net worth” on which to base           273, 239 S.W.2d 792 (1951); M.J. Sheridan & Son Co. v.
the award. Appellant also contends there is no evidence or          Seminole Pipeline Co., 731 S.W.2d 620 (Tex.App.—Houston
insufficient evidence of “gross negligence” upon which to           [1st Dist.] 1987, no writ). Based on a review of all of the
base the award of exemplary damages.                                evidence, there is sufficient evidence of appellant's net worth
                                                                    for the jury to have awarded $125,000 in exemplary damages.
 [12]      [13]    The factors to consider when reviewing
exemplary damages are set out in Alamo Nat'l Bank v. Kraus,          [15] Finally, we address appellant's complaint of no
616 S.W.2d 908 (Tex.1981). These five factors “are (1)              evidence or factually insufficient evidence to establish his
the nature of the wrong, (2) the character of the conduct           “gross negligence.” The standards of review for no evidence
involved, (3) the degree of culpability of the wrongdoer, (4)       and factually insufficient evidence are set out above under
the situation and sensibilities of the parties concerned, and (5)   points of error four and five.
the extent to which such conduct offends a public sense of
justice and propriety.” Id. Further, the amount of exemplary        The factor which “lifts ordinary negligence into gross
damages awarded must be reasonably proportioned to the              negligence is the mental attitude of the defendant....” Burk
amount of actual damages awarded. Id. at 910.                       Royalty Co. v. Walls, 616 S.W.2d 911, 922 (Tex.1981). In
                                                                    order for appellant to be found grossly negligent, Batilla
Based on the facts discussed earlier in this opinion, we            must have shown “that [he] was consciously, i.e., knowingly,
find the nature of the wrong, the character of appellant's          indifferent to h[er] rights, welfare and safety.” Id. Appellant's
conduct, the degree of culpability of appellant, the situation      conduct can be either active or passive in nature, which means
and sensibilities of appellant and Batilla, and the extent to

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Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

a finding of gross negligence can be based on either his acts
or omissions. Id.                                                     [18] In point of error thirteen, appellant complains the trial
                                                                     court erred in not submitting his requested instruction on
The record is replete with evidence sufficient to support the        “new and independent cause” to the jury. Appellant contends
jury's finding of gross negligence on the part of appellant. His     Batilla's new attorney, Stevens, was the source of this new
conscious indifference in investigating and presenting facts         and independent cause. He alleges that Stevens represented
to the IRS, in failing to return phone calls from the IRS,           Batilla from April 1988 until the time of trial in August 1991.
in failing to investigate or correct the false and misleading        During this time period appellant argues Stevens led Batilla
information he sent to the IRS, in failing to research or present    to believe she owed the IRS $32,124.31 when in reality the
any facts, affidavits, or legal authority favorable to his client    debt was already paid in full.
in his meeting with the IRS, in failing to recognize the effects
of signing the Form 2751 before signing it, in signing the form       [19] [20] A “new and independent cause” is a separate
agreeing to the assessment of the tax against his client in direct   or independent act that destroys the causal connection
contravention to the purpose for which he had been retained,         between a defendant's negligence and a plaintiff's injury,
in doing so without his client's knowledge or consent, and           thereby becoming the immediate cause of such injury. Tarry
in terminating his relationship with his client without even         Warehouse & Storage Co. v. Duvall, 131 Tex. 466, 115
informing her of the status of her case, are sufficient to           S.W.2d 401, 405 (1938); Allied Bank West Loop, N.A. v.
support a finding of gross negligence on appellant's part. We        C.B.D. & Assocs., Inc., 728 S.W.2d 49, 55 (Tex.App.—
overrule appellant's points of error nine, ten, and eleven.          Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, writ ref'd n.r.e.). In order for a trial
                                                                     court to submit an instruction on new and independent cause,
 [16] In point of error twelve, appellant complains the trial        “[t]here must be some evidence that the independent act,
court erred in entering judgment for “emotional distress”            rather than the defendant's negligence, was responsible for the
damages because the award is excessive and should not have           plaintiff's injury.” Allied Bank West Loop, N.A., 728 S.W.2d
been submitted in the absence of extraordinary or egregious          at 55 (citing Goldstein Hat Mfg. Co. v. Cowen, 136 S.W.2d
circumstances.                                                       867, 873 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1939, writ dism'd judgmt
                                                                     cor.)). Additionally, a trial court does not err in refusing a new
 [17] In certain circumstances the award of emotional                and independent cause instruction “where the act alleged to be
distress damages in a legal malpractice case is appropriate.         a new and independent cause is dependent on the defendant's
See Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662 (Tex.1989); Heath             negligent act.” Id. (citing McAllen Kentucky Fried Chicken
v. Herron, 732 S.W.2d 748 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.]             No. 1, Inc. v. Leal, 627 S.W.2d 480, 483 (Tex.App.—Corpus
1987, writ denied). We believe the facts of this case meet the       Christi 1981, writ ref'd n.r.e.)).
test of extraordinary or egregious circumstances.
                                                                     There is no evidence to support appellant's contention
Batilla testified she suffered severe emotional distress relating    that Stevens represented Batilla from April 1988 until
to the mishandling of her tax defense, the dissolution of            August 1991. Both Batilla and Stevens testified that Stevens
her marriage, and the negative affect on her credit by the           represented her for a period of approximately three or four
Federal Tax Lien filed after the tax assessment was agreed           months, from April 1988 until July 1988. Stevens further
to by appellant. She testified about her inability to deal           testified his only subsequent contact with Batilla had been
with relationships, both personal and professional, about her        through his involvement in this lawsuit as an expert witness.
weight loss, her inability to sleep, spastic stomach, sporadic       When Stevens first represented Batilla, the tax debt had
colon ulcers, fear, and nervousness. Batilla told the jury           already been assessed against her on February 15, 1988 due to
about her loss of credit, the destruction of her banking             appellant's execution of the Form 2751. Although Batilla was
relationships, the emotional trauma of her divorce and *845          unaware that appellant had agreed to the IRS' claim, she was
the accompanying property loss, and the pain of trying to help       aware the IRS was going to execute on her property to collect
her son understand the divorce and where his father had gone.        on the debt. Once he was retained on the case, Stevens got the
Other witnesses also testified about Batilla's severe weight         collection activities against Batilla stopped, and worked out
loss, nervousness and inability to function. We do not find the      an installment plan with the IRS for payment of the tax debt.
award of damages for emotional distress to be improper or
excessive. We overrule appellant's point of error twelve.

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Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

Further, there is no evidence to support appellant's contention     Batilla. At trial, Batilla testified she got a divorce because of
that the tax debt was paid off for the period from April            Rhodes' advice to protect her family from the IRS's collection
1988 to August 1991, and certainly no evidence to support           efforts. The trial court admitted Batilla's divorce decree as
his contention that the debt was paid off during the period         evidence that she did indeed get a divorce. Although the
of Stevens' representation. The record is devoid of evidence        trial court refused to allow either the divorce petition or
establishing when the majority of the tax debt was paid or          the motion for temporary restraining order into evidence, it
who paid it off. The only evidence in the record is Batilla's       did allow appellant to question Batilla extensively regarding
testimony that on August 12, 1991 she paid the final $69            these documents. The trial court did not abuse its discretion
owing on the account in order to zero out the balance. This         in refusing to admit these two documents into evidence as
pay-off of the remaining debt was subsequent to the period          they were cumulative of the evidence elicited in appellant's
of Stevens' representation. During the period of Stevens'           cross-examination of Batilla. See Mottu v. Navistar Int'l
representation, the collection efforts by the IRS were ongoing,     Transp. Corp., 804 S.W.2d 144, 147 (Tex.App.—Houston
and Batilla was still receiving phone calls from Amdexter           [14th Dist.] 1990, writ denied).
regarding the tax debt. Even after Stevens' representation had
ceased, there is evidence that the debt was still owing since the   Appellant was allowed to establish that the petition alleged
IRS sent Batilla a letter dated October 10, 1988, notifying her     the grounds for divorce were cruel treatment by her husband,
they were seizing $664.01 of her 1987 tax refund to be applied      and that her divorce attorney talked to her about the divorce
to the ROF tax debt. Additionally, there was evidence that,         in order to draft and file the petition. Appellant was also able
pursuant to the Form 2751 signed by appellant, the IRS filed        to establish that the petition indicated she needed protection
a Federal Tax Lien against Batilla which was outstanding for        from her husband, and that she got a temporary restraining
the period from May 2, 1988 until August 1991. This tax lien        order entered protecting her from her husband. Finally, he
adversely affected her *846 credit and contributed to her           was able to establish that she knew these papers had to be,
mental and emotional distress. We find no evidence to support       and were, filed in order to get a divorce, although she alleged
the submission of a new and independent cause instruction to        she had not seen these documents and was not aware of their
the jury. Appellant's point of error thirteen is overruled.         contents. This is exactly the relevant information appellant
                                                                    claims in his brief the jury could have gotten from having
In points of error fourteen and fifteen, appellant complains        the documents entered into evidence. Thus, error, if any, was
about the admission and exclusion of certain evidence               harmless. TEX.R.APP.P. 81(b)(1).
regarding Batilla's divorce. He alleges the trial court erred in
excluding Batilla's divorce papers which were put in issue by        [23]     Appellant also complains the trial court erred
her testimony, and claims this exclusion of evidence resulted       by allowing Batilla to claim an attorney-client
in harmful error. Additionally, appellant contends the trial        privilege regarding any advice given by her divorce
court erred by allowing Batilla to claim an attorney-client         attorney. Generally, attorney-client communications are
privilege regarding advice from her divorce attorney, while         protected from discovery by the attorney-client privilege.
at the same time allowing her to testify about the reasons for,     TEX.R.CIV.EVID. 503; TEX.R.CIV.P. 166b(3). Batilla
and affects of, her divorce.                                        did not put in issue any advice given her by her divorce
                                                                    attorney. Additionally, appellant was allowed to extensively
 [21] The divorce papers appellant is complaining about             attack Batilla's credibility regarding her divorce on cross-
are Batilla's petition for divorce, a motion for temporary          examination without delving into privileged matters. See
restraining order and temporary orders as to custody and            TEX.R.APP.P. 81(b)(1). Thus, the trial court did not abuse
support of Batilla's son, and a motion for enforcement and          its discretion by allowing Batilla to assert the attorney-client
clarification filed by Batilla's husband approximately a year       privilege as to communications with her divorce attorney. We
after the divorce. Appellant is precluded from complaining          overrule appellant's points of error fourteen and fifteen.
on appeal about the motion for enforcement and clarification
because he never offered it to the trial court for admission into    [24] In points of error sixteen and seventeen, appellant
evidence.                                                           complains the trial court erred in admitting Owens' testimony.
                                                                    He alleges that Owens was not properly identified in Batilla's
 [22] As to the other two documents, appellant attempted            answers to interrogatories. Appellant also contends Owens
to offer them into evidence during his cross-examination of

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Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

should not have been allowed to testify about his own              about what information Owens and Batilla gave him at their
separate, extraneous dealings with Batilla and the IRS.            initial meeting, and how well he used or followed up on that
                                                                   information.
 *847 Appellant asked in interrogatory number 10 for the
identity of persons with knowledge of relevant facts and the       We hold the trial court properly found the evidence was part
substance of their testimony. Batilla's answer in pertinent        of the res gestae and was not hearsay. See TEX.R.CIV.EVID.
part was “Larry Owens (Also met with Defendant).” At trial         803. BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1173 (5th ed. 1979).
appellant objected to Owens being called as a witness because      We overrule appellant's points of error sixteen and seventeen.
he had not been properly identified since Batilla did not
provide sufficient information about him in her interrogatory      In point of error eighteen, appellant complains that Batilla's
answer.                                                            testimony should have been excluded because she was not
                                                                   properly identified as a fact witness in her answers to
Owens was identified by Batilla as a witness. His address and      interrogatories.
phone number were easily ascertained from appellant's own
business records since he was one of appellant's own clients.       [26] Appellant claims that party status does not constitute
Also, Batilla filed a number of supplemental responses to          good cause for nondisclosure of a witness in answers to
interrogatories and requests for production prior to trial,        interrogatories. He cites us to Smith v. Southwest Feed
including an affidavit by Owens stating his address, phone         Yard, Ltd., 811 S.W.2d 717 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 1991, writ
number and the facts surrounding Batilla's employment and          pending). The Smith case was reversed and remanded by the
duties at ROF.                                                     Texas Supreme Court in a published opinion dated June 24,
                                                                   1992, a week before we heard this case on submission. See
At trial, appellant objected to Owens' testimony on the            Smith v. Southwest Feed Yards, 835 S.W.2d 89 (Tex.1992).
basis it was hearsay, extraneous, and irrelevant. See              The Texas Supreme Court created a limited exception under
TEX.R.CIV.EVID. 402, 802. In his brief, however, appellant         which a party may be allowed to testify despite the fact
also argues the trial court should have excluded this evidence     he failed to identify himself as a witness in answers to
under TEX.R.CIV.EVID. 403, and because Batilla did not             interrogatories. Id. at 90–91.
sufficiently state in her answers to interrogatories the facts
about which Owens had knowledge. Appellant never raised            The Smith opinion stresses that “[a] party cannot disregard
either objection at trial; therefore, they are not preserved for   procedural rules and still insist upon an absolute right to
appeal.                                                            testify in all circumstances.” Id. at 90 (emphasis added).
                                                                   However, “[t]he importance attached to a party's ability
 [25] According to appellant's own attorney, Batilla and           to testify in his or her own behalf [does] constitute[ ] an
Owens were co-debtors or co-defendants in the IRS's                additional factor [which] the trial court must consider in
collection action on the ROF taxes. The evidence is                making its good cause determination.” Id. The Supreme Court
uncontroverted they went together to the IRS to meet               goes on to state that “[i]n determining whether ‘good cause’
with Mr. Bean. Owens was an eye-witness to the entire              exists to permit his testimony, the substance of [a party's]
event. Additionally, it is uncontroverted Owens and Batilla        entire response should be considered, not just *848 his
went together to the meeting with appellant. Appellant's           incomplete reply to a single query.” Id. at 91.
representation of Batilla, or the inadequacy thereof, on the
ROF tax debt is what this suit is all about. Thus, this evidence   After a review of the facts and circumstances of this case,
is not about some extraneous event, but is the crux of the cause   we find the trial court was correct in overruling appellant's
of action for legal malpractice.                                   objection to Batilla's testifying. This is a legal malpractice
                                                                   case, and the importance of Batilla being able to testify
This evidence was also relevant to show the circumstances          as to the circumstances of appellant's representation weighs
surrounding Batilla's filling out the forms Mr. Bean               heavily in her favor. Further, a review of her entire response
gave her at the meeting, and to show the circumstances             to appellant's interrogatories reveals Batilla had personal
surrounding Batilla's initial meeting with appellant. See          knowledge of facts relevant to this lawsuit. See id. Batilla
TEX.R.CIV.EVID. 402. Further, some of the testimony                answered interrogatories as follows:
complained of by appellant was offered to rebut his testimony

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          14
Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

  3. During meeting in Defendant's office on February 13,           [28] Appellant has not preserved any complaint for appeal
  1986, Defendant told me he was a tax specialist. On              based upon a failure to timely provide the W–2 form. In the
  approximately June 28, 1986, I received a copy of a letter       trial court appellant did not object based on failure to timely
  from Defendant to Lawrence M. Fagen of the IRS in                produce, and in fact stated: “I don't believe I complained that
  which Defendant's letterhead reads “Board Certified Tax          you did not give that to me.” Appellant specifically waived
  Attorney.”                                                       any objection to the production of this document and there
                                                                   was no error in its admission.
  4. On approximately May 16, 1986, I called Defendant on
  the telephone and stressed that I would not be signing any
                                                                    [29] Appellant never requested Batilla's personal income
  forms which caused me to incur unnecessary tax liability.
                                                                   taxes in any request for production. Thus, she was under
  Despite that fact, Defendant signed Form 2751 where by I
                                                                   no duty to produce the documents. Additionally, the trial
  incurred unnecessary tax liability.
                                                                   court only admitted the tax return for the limited purpose of
  11. IRS has set up a payment schedule. Have called               showing that if Rhodes had used the return in representing
  my home several times. The IRS withheld my 1987 tax              Batilla before the IRS, it would have shown she did not
  refund and applied it to the penalty I incurred because of       receive income from ROF in 1985, was not a ROF employee
  Defendant's actions. The IRS has filed a personal tax lien       for that year, and therefore, could not have been a “person
  against me. The IRS has contacted my banker and informed         responsible” for paying the taxes for that year. The trial court
  him of the action they have against me.                          did not err in admitting Batilla's personal tax return.

These answers, and several others, in Batilla's 21 original        The record contains excerpts from Batilla's oral deposition
answers to appellant's interrogatories, show that she had          indicating that the divorce decree was produced on July 26,
unique knowledge of relevant facts. We overrule appellant's        1991 *849 in response to a request for documents. This is
point of error eighteen.                                           at least thirty days before trial and is prior the July 30, 1991
                                                                   discovery deadline. The trial court did not err in admitting the
 [27] In point of error nineteen, appellant complains the trial    divorce decree into evidence.
court erred in admitting numerous items of evidence, and
in allowing two witnesses, John Mingus (Mingus) and Elsie           [30] The next item on the list is Batilla's letter to the
Ford (Ford), to testify. He states he served interrogatories and   IRS requesting abatement. This letter was produced on
requests for production on April 3, 1990, and did not receive      August 21, 1991, four days before trial and well after the
the documents or witnesses' names until shortly before trial.      deadline for discovery. The trial court admitted the letter
                                                                   only for the limited purpose of showing that Batilla did
This case went to trial on August 26, 1991. On                     take steps to try and help herself with the IRS. There was
July 24, 1991, Batilla supplemented her responses to               other testimony establishing that she requested an abatement,
appellant's interrogatories and requests for production. In        requested affidavits from co-workers at ROF in order to prove
that supplement, she provided the names and addresses of           she was not responsible for the taxes, and met with the IRS
both Mingus and Ford, and produced the notice from the             to convey this information to Amdexter. Thus, the admission
IRS seizing her 1984 tax refund. These names, and one of           of this document for the purpose of showing she had tried
documents complained of by appellant, were produced more           to help herself was cumulative of other evidence establishing
than 30 days before trial and several days before the July         that same point, and as such was harmless. See Gee v.
30, 1991 discovery deadline. The trial court did not err in        Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 765 S.W.2d 394, 396 (Tex.1989);
admitting this document and the witnesses' testimony.              Richardson v. Green, 677 S.W.2d 497, 501 (Tex.1984). See
                                                                   also TEX.R.APP.P. 81(b)(1).
Appellant also complains specifically about the admission of
Batilla's W–2 form, her 1985 income tax return, her decree of       [31]     [32] Finally, as to Batilla's loan rejection notice,
divorce, her letter to the IRS requesting abatement, and her       Batilla's counsel explained to the trial court that she could
loan rejection notice. He alleges he was not served with any       not have produced the document any sooner, since it was
of these documents until August 21, 1991, less than a week         dated August 12, 1991. She produced it to appellant's counsel
before trial.                                                      within 48 hours of receipt. Determination of good cause for

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             15
Rhodes v. Batilla, 848 S.W.2d 833 (1993)

                                                                       case with the IRS. The trial court did not err in ordering pre-
the admission of late produced evidence is within the sound
                                                                       judgment interest to begin accruing on April 25, 1988. We
discretion of the trial court and can only be set aside if that
                                                                       overrule point of error twenty-one.
discretion is abused. Morrow v. H.E.B., Inc., 714 S.W.2d 297,
297–98 (Tex.1986). Logic dictates that a document cannot be
                                                                       In point of error twenty-two, appellant complains the trial
produced until after it is received. Batilla's counsel satisfied
                                                                       court erred in allowing Batilla to include as costs of court her
the duty to supplement as soon as it came into her possession.
                                                                       cost for copies of two depositions.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion, and we overrule
appellant's point of error nineteen.
                                                                        [34]    The Rules of Civil Procedure mandate that a
                                                                       “successful party to a suit shall recover of his adversary all
In point of error twenty, appellant contends this Court should
                                                                       costs incurred therein, except where otherwise provided.”
reverse the trial court's judgment based on the cumulative
                                                                       TEX.R.CIV.P. 131 (emphasis added). Additionally, the trial
effect of all errors. Having found no error, appellant's point
                                                                       court has the discretion to allocate costs in response to
of error twenty is overruled.
                                                                       motions by the parties. TEX.R.CIV.P. 133. The rules also
                                                                       provide that “[n]o fee for a copy of a paper not required
 [33] In point of error twenty-one, appellant complains
                                                                       by law or these rules shall be taxed in the bill of costs.”
the trial court erred in awarding pre-judgment interest to
                                                                       TEX.R.CIV.P. 140. Appellant has failed to show that the
Batilla because the evidence did not establish with reasonable
                                                                       deposition copy was not a cost incurred under rule 131, and
certainty when such interest should begin to accrue. Appellant
                                                                       thus, required to be paid by the losing party. We overrule
contends the April 25, 1988 date set by the trial court from
                                                                       appellant's point of error twenty-two.
which pre-judgment interest was to accrue was not proper.

                                                                       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
By April 25, 1988, Batilla had already paid appellant the
$500 retainer fee, learned appellant had sent the IRS incorrect
information, obtained her divorce, appellant had agreed to the
                                                                       All Citations
tax assessment against her, the IRS had seized a $664 tax
refund, and Batilla had retained new counsel to salvage her            848 S.W.2d 833

End of Document                                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                16
UU
Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952 S.W.2d 515 (1997)
40 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 839

                                                                              83 Cases that cite this headnote
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
Distinguished by Kroger Texas Ltd. Partnership v. Suberu,   Tex.App.-
Dallas, August 18, 2003
                                                                        [2]   Malicious Prosecution
                                                                                  Grounds in General
                       952 S.W.2d 515                                         Probable cause, for purposes of malicious
                   Supreme Court of Texas.                                    prosecution claim, is existence of such facts
                                                                              and circumstances as would excite belief
                 Kelley RICHEY, Petitioner,
                                                                              in reasonable mind, acting on facts within
                             v.
                                                                              knowledge of prosecutor or complainant, that
             BROOKSHIRE GROCERY CO. d/
                                                                              person charged was guilty of crime for which he
            b/a Super 1 Food Store, Respondent.                               or she was prosecuted.

             No. 95–0692. | Argued Oct. 22,                                   36 Cases that cite this headnote
            1996. | Decided July 9, 1997. |
              Rehearing Overruled Oct. 30, 1997.
                                                                        [3]   Malicious Prosecution
Grocery store customer who was arrested for allegedly                             Grounds in General
leaving store with concealed pack of cigarettes brought                       Probable cause determination in malicious
malicious prosecution action against store owner following                    prosecution case asks whether reasonable person
his acquittal on criminal charges. The 241st Judicial District                would believe that crime had been committed
Court, Smith County, Joe Tunnell, J., entered judgment in                     given facts as complainant honestly and
favor of customer, and owner appealed. The Court of Appeals,                  reasonably believed them to be before criminal
899 S.W.2d 331, reversed and rendered, and application for                    proceedings were instituted.
writ of error was filed. The Supreme Court, Spector, J., held
that owner had probable cause to initiate criminal proceedings                34 Cases that cite this headnote
against customer, barring customer's malicious prosecution
action.                                                                 [4]   Malicious Prosecution
                                                                                  Presumptions and burden of proof
Affirmed.
                                                                              There is initial presumption in malicious
                                                                              prosecution actions that defendant acted
Cornyn, J., filed dissenting opinion in which Gonzalez, Baker
                                                                              reasonably and in good faith and had probable
and Abbott, JJ., joined
                                                                              cause to initiate proceedings; that presumption
                                                                              disappears once plaintiff produces evidence that
                                                                              motives, grounds, beliefs and other evidence
 West Headnotes (11)                                                          upon which defendant acted did not constitute
                                                                              probable cause, and burden then shifts to
                                                                              defendant to offer proof of probable cause.
 [1]     Malicious Prosecution
              Nature and elements of malicious                                40 Cases that cite this headnote
         prosecution in general
         Plaintiff in malicious criminal prosecution                    [5]   Malicious Prosecution
         claim must establish: commencement of                                    Probable cause
         criminal prosecution against plaintiff; causation
                                                                              When facts underlying defendant's decision to
         (initiation or procurement) of action by
                                                                              prosecute are disputed in malicious prosecution
         defendant; termination of prosecution in
                                                                              action, trier of fact must weigh evidence and
         plaintiff's favor; plaintiff's innocence; absence of
                                                                              resolve conflicts to determine if probable cause
         probable cause for proceedings; malice in filing
                                                                              exists, as mixed question of law and fact.
         charge; and damage to plaintiff.

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             1
Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952 S.W.2d 515 (1997)
40 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 839

                                                                      leave store without paying for item in his
        11 Cases that cite this headnote                              concealed possession.

                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
 [6]    Malicious Prosecution
            Probable cause
        Probable cause was question of law for court and       [10]   Malicious Prosecution
        not trier of fact in malicious prosecution action                 Advice of prosecuting officer or magistrate
        arising from arrest of grocery store customer,                Grocery store employees' failure to fully and
        where facts and events leading up to customer's               fairly disclose all relevant facts to the police
        arrest were undisputed. Restatement (Second) of               at time of customer's arrest for shoplifting was
        Torts § 673(1)(c).                                            irrelevant to whether customer's prosecution
                                                                      was supported by probable cause in subsequent
        3 Cases that cite this headnote                               malicious prosecution action.

                                                                      2 Cases that cite this headnote
 [7]    Malicious Prosecution
            Acts and conduct of accused evidence of
        probable cause in general                              [11]   Malicious Prosecution
        Grocery store owner had probable cause to                         Instigation of or participation in prosecution
        initiate criminal proceedings against customer,               Malicious Prosecution
        barring customer's malicious prosecution action,                  Advice of prosecuting officer or magistrate
        where store employees observed customer place                 Malicious Prosecution
        pack of cigarettes in his pocket, retain cigarettes               Acts and conduct evidence of malice
        in his possession, and pass through checkout line
                                                                      Failing to fully and fairly disclose all material
        without paying for them. V.T.C.A., Penal Code
                                                                      information and knowingly providing false
        § 31.03.
                                                                      information to prosecutor are relevant to malice
        4 Cases that cite this headnote                               and causation elements of malicious prosecution
                                                                      claim but have no bearing on probable cause.

 [8]    Malicious Prosecution                                         19 Cases that cite this headnote
            Preliminary investigations by prosecutor
        In malicious prosecution case based on criminal
        complaint, complainant's failure to make further
        investigation into suspect's state of mind does not   Attorneys and Law Firms
        constitute lack of probable cause if all objective
        elements of crime reasonably appeared to have          *516 Gregory P. Grajczyk, William K. Gleason, Longview,
        been completed.                                       for Petitioner.

        12 Cases that cite this headnote                      Molly H. Hatchell, Mike A. Hatchell, Tyler, for Respondent.

                                                              Opinion
 [9]    Malicious Prosecution
            Preliminary investigations by prosecutor          SPECTOR, Justice, delivered the opinion of the Court,
                                                              in which PHILLIPS, Chief Justice, HECHT, ENOCH and
        Grocery store employees had no duty to inquire
                                                              OWEN, Justices, join.
        into customer's state of mind before causing
        customer's arrest for shoplifting, in determining     The issue in this malicious prosecution case is whether
        whether prosecution was supported by probable         Brookshire Grocery Store lacked probable cause to initiate
        cause in subsequent malicious prosecution             criminal proceedings against Kelley Richey. The jury found,
        action, where store manager observed customer         along with the other elements of malicious prosecution,

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         2
Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952 S.W.2d 515 (1997)
40 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 839

that Brookshire lacked probable cause to file a criminal            with one justice dissenting, reversed and rendered judgment
prosecution against Richey and awarded him damages. The             in favor of Brookshire, holding that there was no evidence
court of appeals reversed, holding that there was no evidence       to support the jury's finding that Brookshire lacked probable
to support the jury's finding on the probable cause issue. 899      cause to prosecute Richey. 899 S.W.2d at 335.
S.W.2d 331. We agree with the court of appeals and therefore
affirm.

                                                                                                  II.

                               I.                                   [1] A plaintiff in a malicious criminal prosecution claim
                                                                    must establish
On December 11, 1989, at approximately 2:30 a.m., Richey
entered a Brookshire Super 1 Food Store. Brookshire night             (1) the commencement of a criminal prosecution against
manager Russell Farris saw Kelley Richey enter the store                 the plaintiff;
and place a pack of cigarettes in his shopping cart. Farris
                                                                      (2) causation (initiation or procurement) of the action by
then observed Richey “twiddle” the cigarettes in his hand and
                                                                         the defendant;
later put them in his coat pocket. As night manager, Farris
was required to be alert to potential shoplifting, cigarettes         (3) termination of the prosecution in the plaintiff's favor;
topping the list of items commonly taken. As Richey *517
checked out, he wrote a check for $51.75 for some groceries           (4) the plaintiff's innocence;
and began to bag them. He did not pay for the cigarettes in
                                                                      (5) the absence of probable cause for the proceedings;
his pocket. Before walking out of the store, Richey pulled a
food carton from one of the bags and read the label. Then             (6) malice in filing the charge; and
Richey proceeded toward the door, stopping near a bin in
which customers could place items to be donated to charity.           (7) damage to the plaintiff.
He got a sack, went back to the food aisles and filled the sack
with baby food, and paid $8.89 in cash. He still did not pay for    See Coniglio v. Snyder, 756 S.W.2d 743, 744 (Tex.App.
the cigarettes. Richey then placed the baby food in the charity     —Corpus Christi 1988, writ denied); see also Ellis County
bin and left the store.                                             State Bank v. Keever, 888 S.W.2d 790, 793–94 (Tex.1994);
                                                                    Browning–Ferris Indus., Inc. v. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d 288, 292–
In the parking lot, Farris and another employee asked Richey        93 (Tex.1994). At issue in this appeal is whether Brookshire
if he had forgotten to pay for anything. Richey said that he had    had probable cause to initiate criminal proceedings against
not. When Farris mentioned the cigarettes in Richey's pocket,       Richey.
Richey stated that he had inadvertently put them there and
offered to pay for them. Following company policy, Farris            [2]    [3] We have long defined probable cause as “the
refused to accept payment for the cigarettes. When the police       existence of such facts and circumstances as would excite
arrived, Richey asked the police officer to mention in his          belief in a reasonable mind, acting on the facts within the
report that Richey had contributed to the charity bin. Richey       knowledge of the prosecutor [complainant], that the person
was interrogated, given a citation, and released. On his way        charged was guilty of the crime for which he was prosecuted.”
out of the store, Richey removed the baby food from the             Akin v. Dahl, 661 S.W.2d 917, 921 (Tex.1983), cert. denied,
charity bin and took it to his car. Farris later signed a sworn     466 U.S. 938, 104 S. Ct. 1911, 80 L. Ed. 2d 460 (1984); see
complaint charging Richey with theft of the cigarettes.             Ramsey v. Arrott, 64 Tex. 320, 323 (Tex.1885) (quoting
                                                                    Wheeler v. Nesbitt, 65 U.S. 544, 551–52, 24 How. 544, 16
At the criminal trial, the jury found Richey not guilty after       L.Ed. 765 (1860)). The probable-cause determination asks
deliberating only a few minutes. Richey then filed this suit        whether a reasonable person would believe that a crime had
for false imprisonment and malicious prosecution. The jury          been committed given the facts as the complainant honestly
in the civil trial returned a verdict against Richey on his false   and reasonably believed them to be before the criminal
imprisonment claim but found in his favor on the malicious          proceedings were instituted. Akin, 661 S.W.2d at 920–21;
prosecution claim, awarding him $18,400 in actual damages           Coniglio, 756 S.W.2d at 744.
and $18,400 in exemplary damages. The court of appeals,

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              3
Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952 S.W.2d 515 (1997)
40 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 839

 [4] Malicious prosecution actions involve a delicate balance    of mind at the time of the appropriation. See TEX. PENAL
between society's interest in the efficient enforcement of       CODE § 31.03.
the criminal law and the individual's interest in freedom
from unjustifiable and oppressive criminal prosecution.            [8]     [9] In a malicious prosecution case based on a
Lieck, 881 S.W.2d at 290–91. Accordingly, there is an             criminal complaint, the complainant's failure to make a
initial presumption in malicious prosecution actions that         further investigation into the suspect's state of mind does not
the defendant acted reasonably and in good faith and had          constitute lack of probable cause if all objective elements
probable cause to initiate the proceedings. Keever, 888           of a crime reasonably appear to have been completed. See
S.W.2d at 794; *518 Akin, 661 S.W.2d at 920. That                 Thomas v. Cisneros, 596 S.W.2d 313, 317–18 (Tex.Civ.App.
presumption disappears once a plaintiff produces evidence         —Austin 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Carswell v. Southwestern
that the motives, grounds, beliefs, and other evidence upon       Bell Tel. Co., 449 S.W.2d 805, 817 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston
which the defendant acted did not constitute probable cause.      [1st Dist.] 1969, no writ). In this case, in which the store
Id. The burden then shifts to the defendant to offer proof of     manager observed Richey leave the store without paying for
probable cause. Id.                                               an item in his concealed possession, the store employees
                                                                  had no duty to inquire into Richey's state of mind before
 [5] [6] Whether probable cause is a question of law or a prosecuting. See Delchamps, Inc. v. Morgan, 601 So.2d
mixed question of law and fact depends on whether the parties     442, 445 (Ala.1992) (“Because Morgan undisputedly had a
dispute the underlying facts. When the facts underlying the       visible pack of cigarettes in her pocket, [the store employee]
defendant's decision to prosecute are disputed, the trier of fact could have entertained ‘an honest and strong suspicion’ that
must weigh evidence and resolve conflicts to determine if         she had concealed store property. Therefore, the malicious
probable cause exists, as a mixed question of law and fact.       prosecution count should not have been submitted to the
Akin, 661 S.W.2d at 920. It has long been true, however,          jury.”); Melia v. Dillon Cos., Inc., 18 Kan. App. 2d 5, 846
that “[w]hen the facts are not contested, and there is no         P.2d 257, 261 (1993) (“Here, it is uncontested that Melia
conflict in the evidence directed to that issue, the question of  concealed and failed to pay for merchandise belonging to
probable cause is a question of law which is to be decided        the store. Consequently, the existence of probable cause in
by the court.” Ramsey v. Arrott, 64 Tex. 320, 323 (1885);         this case is not a jury question.”). As one court of appeals
see also Landa v. Obert, 45 Tex. 539, 543 (1876) (“[w]hat         has noted, “A private citizen has no duty to inquire of the
facts and circumstances amount to probable cause is a pure        suspect whether he has some alibi or explanation before filing
question of law”). Probable cause in this case, in which the      charges.” Marathon Oil Co. v. Salazar, 682 S.W.2d 624, 627
facts and events leading up to Richey's arrest are undisputed,    (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1984, writ ref'd n.r.e.); see
is therefore a question of law for the court and not the          also 52 AM.JUR.2D Malicious Prosecution § 54 (1970).
trier of fact. See also, e.g., Daniels v. Finney, 262 S.W.2d
431, 433 (Tex.Civ.App.—Galveston 1953, writ ref'd n.r.e.);        Even if Richey's intent to shoplift could not be presumed
Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Kirkland, 225 S.W.2d 906,                under these circumstances, the undisputed facts of this
908 (Tex.Civ.App.—San Antonio 1949, writ ref'd n.r.e.);           case dictate that it was not unreasonable for Brookshire's
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTSSSSS § 673(1)(c).                    employees to believe that Richey intended to steal the
                                                                  cigarettes. Richey admitted that he placed the cigarettes in
                                                                  his pocket and did not pay for them. At trial, he testified
                                                                  that his behavior could lead someone to believe that he was
                               III.
                                                                  shoplifting:
 [7] Because lack of probable cause in this case is a
                                                                    Q I know you had no intent but yet from your actions it
question of law, the issue for the Court is whether the
                                                                      looks like somebody was actually shoplifting by picking
undisputed facts underlying the decision to prosecute support
                                                                      up those cigarettes and concealing them, isn't that right?
a reasonable belief that Richey was guilty of theft. Because
Richey concealed merchandise, retained the merchandise in           *519 A That's right.
his possession, and passed through the check-out line without
paying for the merchandise, the only probable-cause issue is     ******
the reasonableness of Brookshire's belief as to Richey's state

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           4
Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952 S.W.2d 515 (1997)
40 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 839

                                                                    S.W.2d 902, 910 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1969,
  Q And the reason why it was a mistake is because                  writ dism'd).
   somebody could look at that and think you were in
   fact shoplifting based on what they observed about your          The probable cause inquiry asks only whether the
   conduct.                                                         complainant reasonably believed that the elements of a crime
                                                                    had been committed based on the information available to
  A That's right.
                                                                    the complainant before criminal proceedings began. When a
                                                                    complainant reasonably believes a crime has occurred, the
Richey thus admitted that it was reasonable to believe that
                                                                    reasonableness of that belief is not negated by the failure to
he had committed theft. Neither Richey's charity contribution
                                                                    fully disclose all relevant facts to the officer. Thus, the extent
nor his offer to pay after passing through the checkout line
                                                                    of the disclosure to the prosecutor is not probative of lack of
with the cigarettes negates Farris's reasonable belief that
                                                                    probable cause, but rather indicates whether the complainant
Richey intended to deprive Brookshire of the cigarettes.
                                                                    may have acted with malice or may have, by knowingly
It was therefore reasonable for Brookshire's employees to
                                                                    providing false information, caused the prosecution. See
believe that Richey intended to steal the cigarettes. 1             Sebastian, 25 S.W. at 693 (failure to make full disclosure
                                                                    to officer is probative of malice); Lieck, 881 S.W.2d at
 [10] Richey argues that Brookshire's failure to fully and          293–94 (knowingly making false disclosure is probative of
fairly disclose all relevant facts to the police constitutes a      causation). Whether Brookshire's employee failed to fully
lack of probable cause. It has been stated that the malicious-      disclose all relevant information to the officer is therefore
prosecution defendant lacks probable cause if he or she makes       immaterial to the probable-cause inquiry currently before us.
a material misrepresentation or does not disclose all known         See Biering v. First Nat'l Bank of Galveston, 69 Tex. 599, 7
material facts in good faith to law enforcement officials.          S.W. 90, 92 (1888) (“want of probable cause can never be
See, e.g., Ellis County State Bank v. Keever, 888 S.W.2d            inferred from proof of malice”). As a matter *520 of law,
at 794–95; Compton v. Calabria, 811 S.W.2d 945, 950                 then, we hold that Brookshire had probable cause to initiate
(Tex.App.—Dallas 1991, no writ); Marathon Oil Co., 682              criminal proceedings against Richey.
S.W.2d at 627; Eans v. Grocer Supply Co., Inc., 580 S.W.2d
17, 21 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1979, no writ).
In Browning–Ferris Industries, Inc. v. Lieck, however, we
held that knowingly providing false information to a public                                        IV.
official satisfies the causation element, rather than the lack-
                                                                    Actions for malicious prosecution create a tension between
of-probable-cause element, of a malicious prosecution claim.
                                                                    the societal interest in punishing crimes and the individual
881 S.W.2d at 293–94.
                                                                    interest in protection from unjustifiable criminal prosecution.
                                                                    Lieck, 881 S.W.2d at 290–91. We are not called upon today
 [11] We similarly conclude today that failing to fully
                                                                    to pass on the wisdom of Brookshire's policy of prosecuting
and fairly disclose all material information and knowingly
                                                                    customers who reasonably appear to have taken merchandise
providing false information to the prosecutor are relevant to
                                                                    from the store without paying—regardless of the value of the
the malice and causation elements of a malicious prosecution
                                                                    merchandise taken. In this case, Brookshire should not and
claim but have no bearing on probable cause. The notion that
                                                                    cannot be punished for prosecuting Richey when Brookshire's
probable cause can be negated by the failure to make a full and
                                                                    employees saw Richey conceal merchandise, retain the
fair disclosure seems to have been derived mistakenly from
                                                                    merchandise in his possession, and pass through the check-
the court of civil appeals' opinion in Sebastian v. Cheney, 24
                                                                    out line without paying for the merchandise. Accordingly, we
S.W. 970 (Tex.Civ.App.), rev'd, 86 Tex. 497, 25 S.W. 691
                                                                    affirm the take-nothing judgment of the court of appeals.
(1894). In that case, the court of appeals held that the fact
that a complainant consults with counsel before making a full
and fair disclosure to public officials does not always insulate
the complainant from a later malicious prosecution suit. 24         CORNYN, Justice, joined by GONZALEZ, BAKER and
S.W. at 972. Later courts have cited Sebastian wrongly, we          ABBOTT, Justices, dissenting.
think, for the proposition that a failure to make a full and fair   After he was acquitted of shoplifting by one jury, a second
disclosure in itself constitutes a lack of probable cause. See,     jury concluded from the evidence in this case that no
e.g., Eans, 580 S.W.2d at 21; Ada Oil Co. v. Dillaberry, 440        reasonable person would have believed that Kelley Richey,

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                5
Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952 S.W.2d 515 (1997)
40 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 839

first, paid $51 for groceries, and then paid almost $9 more        motives, grounds, and beliefs, before applying the law. See
for groceries that he donated to charity, and then intentionally   Akin v. Dahl, 661 S.W.2d 917, 921 (Tex.1983). But the
stole a $1.49 pack of cigarettes when he had the money             Court's analysis unjustifiably excludes far more evidence than
in his pocket to pay for it. Both juries concluded from the        it includes.
evidence that Richey took the cigarettes by mistake, without
any intention to steal them. Nevertheless, five members of         Second, contrary to the Court's conclusion, under the proper
this Court hold that the only conclusion that may reasonably       no-evidence standard of review, Richey produced legally
be drawn from the evidence is that Kelley Richey is a thief.       sufficient evidence to support the verdict. Probable cause
Like the two juries who heard all the evidence in this case,       is the existence of such facts and circumstances *521 as
three other members of this Court, one justice on the court of     would cause the belief, in a reasonable mind, acting on
appeals panel, and the trial judge, I disagree.                    the facts within the knowledge of the complainant, that the
                                                                   person charged was guilty of the crime for which he or she
The practical effect of the Court's holding is breathtaking:       was prosecuted. Akin, 661 S.W.2d at 921. Material to this
anytime a person leaves a store without paying for                 objective inquiry is evidence of the beliefs and motives of
merchandise by mistake, that is, with no intention to steal it,    the complainant at the time criminal proceedings began; the
the store owner is always legally justified in pursuing criminal   ultimate guilt or innocence of the accused is immaterial. Id.
charges against the customer. No other circumstances matter.       at 920. Thus, to prevail, Richey needed to offer evidence and
Even though the innocent customer may eventually be                secure a jury finding that facts and circumstances did not exist
acquitted, as was Kelley Richey, under today's decision, the       at the time criminal proceedings were instituted to support a
customer has no recourse for the public humiliation, the           reasonable belief that he had committed a crime. This, he did.
damage to one's reputation, and the potentially devastating
financial consequences of having to defend oneself in the          When reviewing a no-evidence point of error, we consider
criminal justice system against false charges.                     only the evidence and reasonable inferences that support
                                                                   the verdict and disregard all evidence and inferences to the
I object to the Court's actions on two grounds. My first           contrary. Ellis County State Bank v. Keever, 888 S.W.2d 790,
objection is to the Court's transformation of probable cause       794 (Tex.1994). If any evidence supports the finding, the
in this case from a fact question to a legal question.             finding must be upheld. In re King's Estate, 150 Tex. 662, 244
Simply because the “facts and events leading up to Richey's        S.W.2d 660, 661 (1951).
arrest are undisputed,” supra, 952 S.W.2d at 518, does not
mean probable cause is a question of law for the court.            The basic facts, detailed in the Court's opinion, support
While the underlying facts of what happened that night are         the jury's inference and finding that a reasonable person in
undisputed, those facts give rise to conflicting inferences.       Brookshire's position would not have believed that Richey
This Court has long held that resolution of conflicting            had intended to steal the cigarettes. While the jury was not
inferences, including those arising from undisputed facts, lies    required to believe Richey's story and could have rejected it,
with the factfinder: “If reasonable minds can draw different       it was certainly within the jury's power to accept it. Richey
inferences or conclusions from undisputed facts, a fact issue      paid $51.75 for groceries for his family, re-entered the store
is presented.” Commercial Standard Ins. Co. v. Davis, 134          to purchase items for charity, paid an additional $8.89 in
Tex. 487, 137 S.W.2d 1, 2 (1940); see also Ramo, Inc. v.           cash for those items, had cash on hand to pay $1.49 for the
English, 500 S.W.2d 461, 467 (Tex.1973); Mills v. Bartlett,        cigarettes, and offered to pay for them when he was reminded
377 S.W.2d 636, 638 (Tex.1964); Cavanaugh v. Davis, 149            of his oversight. The jury, in essence, found that a reasonable
Tex. 573, 235 S.W.2d 972, 977 (1951); Le Master v. Fort            person would not have believed that a customer who had just
Worth Transit Co., 138 Tex. 512, 160 S.W.2d 224, 226               paid $51.00 for his own groceries and $9.00 for groceries for
(1942). That the court of appeals or this Court would have         charity would intentionally steal cigarettes worth $1.49 when
drawn a different conclusion from the facts does not authorize     he had in his pocket the money to pay for them.
substitution of judicial factfinding for the jury's verdict. See
Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 634–35 (Tex.1986).         Jack Millican, Brookshire's Director of Safety and Loss
Moreover, even if probable cause in this case is a question        Control, testified that company policy required managers
of law, the Court is still bound to consider all the facts and     to investigate each suspected shoplifting incident. But, he
circumstances, including evidence relevant to Brookshire's         said, this policy was limited to determining whether the

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             6
Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952 S.W.2d 515 (1997)
40 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 839

customer left the store without paying for an item; company         682 S.W.2d 624, 627 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1984,
policy did not differentiate between criminal and noncriminal       writ ref'd n.r.e.). It is only after “a person fairly discloses
takings. Similarly, Kevin Santone, the District Manager,            facts in his possession to the prosecuting officer [that] he
testified that rather than determining whether a taking may         has no duty to make further investigation....” Id. at 628; see
have been inadvertent, Brookshire's policy was simply to            also Coniglio v. Snyder, 756 S.W.2d 743, 744 (Tex.App.—
conclude that the taking was intentional from the taking            Corpus Christi 1988, writ denied) (“Unless a person fairly
itself. Once a customer is suspected of being a thief, he said,     discloses information to a prosecuting attorney, in good faith,
the customer will always be regarded as such, regardless            probable cause does not exist.”); Diamond Shamrock Corp.
of the circumstances of the case. Finally, in contrast to           v. Ortiz, 753 S.W.2d 238, 242 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi
Brookshire's policy when dealing with customers, the jury           1988, writ denied) (“[Complainants] generally have a duty to
heard that store employees who left without paying for              make a full and fair disclosure of all evidence to police and
goods would be forgiven for “honest errors.” This evidence          a failure to make material exculpatory information known to
lends further support to the jury's apparent conclusion             the police could be evidence of a hostile motive or insufficient
that while a reasonable person would have concluded that            grounds.”).
Richey inadvertently took the pack of cigarettes, Brookshire
nevertheless pressed charges against Richey as a matter of          Farris's internal report on the incident read as follows:
course.
                                                                                 Subject removed 1 pack cigarettes
The jury could also have disregarded Brookshire's alleged                        from rack at front of store and placed
grounds for probable cause because of inconsistencies in the                     them in his buggy. Subject went down
testimony of Russell Farris, the night manager on duty during                    aisle # 8 (dog food) and placed cigs
the incident. He testified that Brookshire stressed accuracy                     in pocket of coat. Subject shopped for
in the internal reports filed by managers, and he told the                       approx. 15 mins. and left store. Subject
jury that he had filled out the Richey report while waiting                      was stopped in parking lot.
for the police to arrive, so that the details would be “fresh”
                                                                    Farris failed to mention that Richey went through the check-
on his mind. But, neither the internal report nor the police
                                                                    out stand once, paid $51.00 dollars for groceries, saw the
report mention that Richey paid $5 1.00 for his groceries, re-
                                                                    charity display, re-entered the store, paid almost $9.00 for
entered the store and paid for more groceries for charity, or
                                                                    more groceries for the charity bin, left the store again, and
had cash on hand to pay for the cigarettes. And, neither report
                                                                    then offered to pay for the cigarettes outside the store. If one
included a litany of other factors that Farris told the jury were
                                                                    read only the internal report, one would believe that Richey
important to his decision to press charges: Richey's “shifty
                                                                    walked down one aisle, put the cigarettes in his pocket, and
looks,” “stalling tactics,” “nervous” demeanor, and the smell
                                                                    then left the store without paying for any food at all, much
of alcohol on his breath. When, as here, conflicting evidence
                                                                    less re-entering to pay for more food for charity.
exists on an issue, the jury's verdict is generally conclusive
on such matters as the weight given to the evidence and the
                                                                    Likewise, Farris's report to the police was incomplete and
credibility of witnesses. Benoit v. Wilson, 150 Tex. 273, 239
                                                                    misleading. The relevant portions of the police report read as
S.W.2d 792, 796–97 (1951).
                                                                    follows:

Moreover, Farris's inaccurate report to the police was                           Farris stated that Richey came into
sufficient by itself to support a finding that probable cause                    the store and got a shopping cart.
did not exist to prosecute Richey. “[Lack of probable cause]                     Richey then got the above item
may be demonstrated by proof that the defendant *522                             [the cigarettes] and placed it in
made material misrepresentations to the prosecuting officer.”                    the shopping cart. Farris stated that
Ellis County State Bank v. Keever, 888 S.W.2d at 794–95.                         Richey continued to shop for about
Texas law requires a complainant to make a “full and fair                        15 minutes. Farris advised that while
disclosure of the facts and circumstances known to him at                        Richey was shopping, Richey took the
the time.... [U]nless he acts in good faith in disclosing to                     above listed item out of the shopping
the prosecuting attorney all material facts known to him,                        cart and placed it inside a coat pocket.
probable cause does not exist.” Marathon Oil Co. v. Salazar,                     Richey then went through the check-

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              7
Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952 S.W.2d 515 (1997)
40 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 839

                                                                        false imprisonment claim—probable cause to stop—with the
             out line and paid for some other items
                                                                        probable cause relevant to a malicious prosecution claim—
             and left the store. Farris then detained
                                                                        probable cause to believe that the taking was intentional. If
             Richey in the parking lot and escorted
                                                                        Brookshire had to show only that it had probable cause to
             Richey back inside the store.
                                                                        detain Richey to avoid liability for malicious prosecution,
Obviously, there is no mention by Farris of Richey re-                  then Richey's testimony would dispose of the issue. However,
entering the store to purchase more groceries for charity and           the question is whether probable cause existed, not to stop
no mention of Richey's offer to pay cash for the cigarettes             Richey, but to file a complaint. Instead of evaluating all of
upon being reminded of his oversight. Farris omitted only               the evidence supporting the finding of no probable cause, the
evidence tending to show that the taking was accidental. This           Court focuses on the one event that would suggest Richey
is precisely the type of material omission that this Court has          took the pack intentionally. This fixation on one piece of
held to be evidence that there was no probable cause to press           evidence with regard to one event, to the exclusion of nearly
criminal charges. See Keever, 888 S.W.2d at 794–95.                     all other evidence, violates the proper standard of review.

The importance of a complete police report cannot be                    “Once these opposing parties have entered into a factual
overstated. Retailers wishing to notify the authorities of every        contest on the issue of probable cause, a fact issue is created
case of suspected shoplifting and to avoid the role of amateur          for resolution by the trier of fact. This is a cornerstone of
police officers may discharge their duty by providing a                 our judicial system.” Akin, 661 S.W.2d at 920. Applying this
thorough report to the police and the prosecuting authorities.          principle, I conclude that Richey produced legally sufficient
This allows the authorities to weigh all of the exonerating             evidence to support the jury finding that Brookshire pursued
and incriminating evidence and to make an informed decision             criminal charges against him without probable cause. The
regarding the merits of a particular case. While the Court              Court, unfortunately, while acknowledging the need for
restricts this kind of evidence to the causation or malice              balance between vigilant law enforcement and the liberty
elements of malicious prosecution, I view such evidence as              interest of those unjustly accused, creates what is in effect a
relevant to a complaining party's motives and beliefs, and thus         rule of strict nonliability for store owners—if a customer takes
probative on the issue of probable cause.                               something out of a store without paying for it, regardless of
                                                                        the circumstances, the customer is a thief and the store owner
Finally, while Richey did admit that Farris had probable cause          cannot be held liable for malicious prosecution. By turning
to stop him and ask about the cigarettes, he never admitted             disputed facts into a question of law in this case, the Court has
that a reasonable person would have inferred from the taking            simply substituted its opinion for that of the jury. I cannot be
itself that the taking was intentional. He never said that Farris       part of such an illegitimate exercise of power. Accordingly,
should have ignored the groceries that he bought for himself,           I dissent.
his re-entry to buy more *523 groceries for charity, and his
offer to pay cash for the cigarettes. He characterized his taking
the cigarettes as a “mistake” and answered affirmatively                All Citations
to a question that assumed that he had no intent to steal.              952 S.W.2d 515, 40 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 839
The Court thus confuses the probable cause relevant to a

Footnotes
1       Contrary to the dissent's rhetoric, we do not conclude that Kelly Richey is a “thief.” As the court of appeals noted, “It
        appears from the record that Richey was acquitted by the municipal court jury because he did not intend to shoplift, not
        because there was a lack of probable cause.” 899 S.W.2d at 337. Our holding that Brookshire had probable cause to
        believe that Richey had committed theft is unrelated to Richey's actual innocence or guilt. See McManus v. Wallis, 52
Tex. 534 (1880); Haldeman v. Chambers, 19 Tex. 1 (1857).

End of Document                                                     © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                   8
VV
Shepherd v. Ledford, 962 S.W.2d 28 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 333

                                                                 and wife thus had standing to bring medical malpractice suit
                                                                 on behalf of husband's estate; (4) trial court erred in refusing
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                    to strike for cause prospective juror who had expressed
Distinguished by Hafi v. Baker,      Tex.,  May 13, 2005
                                                                 his bias against defendants in medical malpractice action;
                      962 S.W.2d 28                              and (5) purported wife's failure to initiate proceeding to
                  Supreme Court of Texas.                        prove common-law marriage within one year of purported
                                                                 husband's death barred her from subsequently offering any
          Richard L. SHEPHERD, M.D., and                         proof of that relationship to establish standing as surviving
           Allan Graham, M.D., Petitioners,                      spouse to bring suit under Wrongful Death Act.
                           v.
           Lahoma LEDFORD, Respondent.                           Judgments of Court of Appeals affirmed and remanded in part
         TRANSAMERICAN NATURAL GAS                               and reversed and rendered in part.
     CORPORATION, Southwest Texas Services,
                                                                 Hecht, J., filed an opinion concurring in part and dissenting
      Inc., L.T.V. Energy Products d/b/a Wilson
                                                                 in part in which Phillips, C.J., and Owen, J., joined.
  Manufacturing, Continental Emsco Company d/b/
  a Wilson Manufacturing, Wilson–Wichita, Inc. d/
  b/a Wilson Manufacturing, and Dana Corporation
      d/b/a Wilson Manufacturing, Petitioners,                    West Headnotes (12)
                           v.
      Nancy Rodriguez FUENTES, Respondent.                        [1]     Health
                                                                              Limitations; time requirements
          Nos. 96–0994, 96–1243. | Argued
                                                                          Provision of Medical Liability and Insurance
     April 23, 1997. | Decided Jan. 29, 1998.
                                                                          Improvement Act (MLIIA) barring any health
       | Rehearing Overruled March 13, 1998.
                                                                          care liability claim unless filed within two years
Plaintiff claiming to be patient's common-law wife brought                from occurrence, notwithstanding any other law,
wrongful death action based on medical malpractice. The                   is exclusive statute of limitations for medical
96th District Court, Tarrant County, entered judgment on                  malpractice claims. Vernon's Ann.Texas Civ.St.
jury verdict adverse to physicians. Physicians appealed.                  art. 4590i, § 10.01.
The Court of Appeals, Dixon W. Holman, J., 926 S.W.2d
1 Cases that cite this headnote
405, reversed and remanded for new trial. In a separate
action, alleged common-law spouse of decedent killed in
drilling accident brought wrongful death claim against several    [2]     Death
defendants. The 49th District Court, Zapata County, Manuel                    Persons Entitled to Sue
R. Flores, J., granted summary judgment to defendants on                  To bring suit under Wrongful Death Act, party is
limitations grounds, and plaintiff appealed. The Court of                 required to prove that he or she was deceased's
Appeals, Phil Hardberger, J., 933 S.W.2d 624, reversed                    spouse, child, or parent. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice
and remanded. Applications for writs of error were filed                  & Remedies Code § 71.004(a).
and cases consolidated. The Supreme Court, Baker, J., held
that: (1) former family Code provision requiring elements of              4 Cases that cite this headnote
informal marriage to be proven within one year from end
of relationship does not conflict with, and is not supplanted     [3]     Death
by, two-year limitations period under Medical Liability and                   Heirs and next of kin
Insurance Improvement Act (MLIIA) for medical malpractice
                                                                          Heirs at law can maintain survival suit
or Wrongful Death Act; (2) stipulation that purported spouses
                                                                          during four-year period allowed for instituting
had valid common-law marriage relieved wife of burden
                                                                          administration proceedings if they allege and
to prove marriage in order to establish standing to bring
                                                                          prove that there is no administration pending
wrongful death action for medical malpractice; (3) no formal
administration of estate was required under circumstances,

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           1
Shepherd v. Ledford, 962 S.W.2d 28 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 333

        and none necessary. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice &             one year from end of relationship. V.T.C.A.,
        Remedies Code § 71.021(b).                                 Family Code § 1.91(b) (Repealed); Vernon's
                                                                   Ann.Texas Civ.St. art. 4590i, § 10.01.
        31 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                   16 Cases that cite this headnote
 [4]    Death
            Special limitations                              [7]   Executors and Administrators
        Former Family Code provision requiring                         Estate of husband or wife
        elements of informal marriage to be proven                 No formal administration of estate was required,
        within one year from time of relationship's end            and wife thus had standing to bring medical
        did not conflict with, and was not supplanted by,          malpractice suit on behalf of husband's estate,
        Medical Liability and Insurance Improvement                under circumstances that husband owned only
        Act's (MLIIA) two-year statute of limitations              personal property at time he died intestate, that
        governing wrongful death action based on                   property vested immediately in wife, and that
        medical malpractice; purported wife could have             family had resolved estate's disposition and paid
        filed proceeding to declare heirship in order to           all debts. V.A.T.S. Probate Code, § 38(b), par. 2.
        establish existence of her common-law marriage
        within one year of purported husband's death and           30 Cases that cite this headnote
        then later filed medical malpractice action within
        its 2-year limitations period. V.T.C.A., Family      [8]   Appeal and Error
        Code § 1.91(b) (Repealed); Vernon's Ann.Texas                   Qualifications and selection, impaneling
        Civ.St. art. 4590i, § 10.01.                               and oath of jurors

        9 Cases that cite this headnote                            When trial court refuses to disqualify juror
                                                                   for bias or prejudice, complaining party must
                                                                   show that error was harmful by advising
 [5]    Stipulations                                               trial court, before exercising its peremptory
             Nature and essentials in general                      challenges, that court's denial of challenges
        “Stipulation” is agreement, admission, or                  for cause would force party to exhaust its
        concession made in judicial proceeding by                  peremptory challenges and, that, after exercising
        parties or their attorneys respecting some matter          its peremptory challenges, specific objectionable
        incident thereto.                                          jurors would still remain on panel. V.T.C.A.,
                                                                   Government Code § 62.105(4).
        31 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                   17 Cases that cite this headnote
 [6]    Stipulations
             Agreed statement of facts                       [9]   Jury
        Stipulation that purported spouses had valid                      Subject-Matter of Cause
        common-law marriage at time of husband's death             Prospective juror who had expressed his bias
        was signed by counsel for both parties and                 against defendants in medical malpractice action
        was accepted by trial court and, thus, became              was disqualified as matter of law, and thus, trial
        conclusive on existence of marriage and thereby            court erred in refusing to strike prospective juror
        relieved wife of burden to prove common-                   for cause when defendants made showing that
        law marriage in order to establish standing to             they would be forced to use peremptory strike
        bring wrongful death action based on medical               on him that they would otherwise have used on
        malpractice, even though wife otherwise would              another specific objectionable juror.
        have been barred from establishing common-
        law marriage by former provision of family code            16 Cases that cite this headnote
        requiring informal marriage to be proven within

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                       2
Shepherd v. Ledford, 962 S.W.2d 28 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 333

 [10]   Death                                                Attorneys and Law Firms
            Special limitations
                                                             *30 Anthony M. Kuehler, Jennifer M. Andrews, Joseph M.
        Former Family Code provision requiring
                                                             Gallagher, Fort Worth, for Petitioners in No. 96–0994.
        elements of informal marriage to be proven
        within one year from time of relationship's          David G. McCracken, Allister M. Waldrop, Dallas, Macey
        end does not conflict with or supplant two-          Reasoner Stokes, Houston, Michael V. Powell, Dallas, Allan
        year statute of limitations governing wrongful       R. King, Corpus Christi, Robert H. Etnyre, Houston, for
        death actions; purported spouse could file other     Petitioners in No. 96–1243.
        proceeding to establish existence of common-
        law marriage within one year of purported            Margaret I. Henning, Janis M. Calos, William A. Newman,
        spouse's death and then later file wrongful          Bruce A. Pauley, Dallas, for Respondent in No. 96–0994.
        death action within 2-year limitations period.
        V.T.C.A., Family Code § 1.91(b) (Repealed);          James K. Jones, Jr., Laredo, Alicia C. Finley–Richter, San
        V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code §§          Antonio, Arnulfo Gonzalez, Jr., Laredo, for Respondent in
        16.003(b), 71.004(a).                                No. 96–1243.

        6 Cases that cite this headnote                      Opinion

                                                             BAKER, Justice, delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
 [11]   Marriage                                             GONZALEZ, ENOCH, SPECTOR and ABBOTT, Justices,
           Annulment                                         join.
        Purported wife's failure to initiate proceeding to
                                                             In these two cases we consider whether former Family
        prove common-law marriage within one year of
        relationship's end at time of purported husband's    Code section 1.91(b) 1 conflicts with Medical Liability and
        death, as required by former provision of Family     Insurance Improvement Act (“MLIIA”) section 10.01 or
        Code, barred her from subsequently offering          Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 16.003.
        any proof of that relationship to establish          We hold that section 1.91(b), as it existed before the 1995
        standing as surviving spouse to bring suit under     amendment, does not conflict with either section 10.01 of
        Wrongful Death Act. V.T.C.A., Family Code §          the MLIIA or section 16.003 of the Texas Civil Practice and
        1.91(b) (Repealed); V.T.C.A., Civil Practice &       Remedies Code. Accordingly, we affirm the court of appeals'
        Remedies Code §§ 16.003(b), 71.004(a).               judgment in Shepherd v. Ledford, 2 and reverse the court of
                                                             appeals' judgment in Transamerican v. Fuentes.
        9 Cases that cite this headnote

 [12]   Death                                                                   I. BACKGROUND
            Nature and form of remedy
        Purpose of Wrongful Death Act is to provide
                                                                               A. Shepherd v. Ledford
        means whereby surviving spouses, children, and
        parents can recover for loss of their family         Shepherd v. Ledford involves a wrongful death and survival
        member. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies          claim for medical malpractice. Lahoma Ledford sued Drs.
        Code § 71.004(a).                                    Richard Shepherd and Allan Graham for the wrongful
                                                             death of her alleged common-law husband, John Ledford.
        6 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             The medical malpractice action resulted from the doctors'
                                                             treatment of Mr. Ledford for a heart condition. The jury
                                                             found for Mrs. Ledford on both causes of action. The trial
                                                             court rendered judgment on the verdict on the wrongful
                                                             death claim. However, the trial court partially granted the

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                    3
Shepherd v. Ledford, 962 S.W.2d 28 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 333

defendants' motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict
on the survival claim.                                                  (2) they agreed to be married, and after the agreement
                                                                        they lived together in this state as husband and wife, and
Affirming the trial court in part, the court of appeals held            they represented to others that they were married.
that section 1.91(b) did not bar Mrs. Ledford's cause of
                                                                     (b) A proceeding in which a marriage is to be proved under
action. The court reasoned that section 1.91(b) conflicted with
                                                                     this section must be commenced not later than one year
the medical malpractice two-year statute of limitations for
                                                                     after the date on which the relationship ended or not later
wrongful death in section 10.01 of the MLIIA. The court
                                                                     than one year after September 1, 1989, whichever is later.
then determined that section 10.01 supplanted section 1.91(b)
of the Family Code and held that Mrs. Ledford had two              TEX. FAM.CODE § 1.91(b).
years to bring a wrongful death action as the decedent's
wife. Additionally, the court of appeals reversed the trial        Legislative history shows that section 1.91(b)'s one year time
court's judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the survival       limit was a compromise alternative to completely abrogating
claim. The court of appeals determined that Mrs. Ledford did       common-law marriages in Texas. See Russell v. Russell,
have standing to assert the survival action on behalf of Mr.       865 S.W.2d 929, 932 (Tex.1993). The Texas Legislature
Ledford's estate. However, the court of appeals reversed and       has had a long history of “grudging” tolerance of common-
remanded the case for a new trial because the district judge       law marriages. See Russell, 865 S.W.2d at 931. Thus, the
did not disqualify a biased juror. 926 S.W.2d 405.                 Legislature intended for section 1.91(b) to strictly limit
                                                                   parties' ability to prove a common law marriage. See Riley
                                                                   v. State, 849 S.W.2d 901, 903 (Tex. App—Austin 1993, pet.
               B. Transamerican v. Fuentes                         ref'd).

Transamerican v. Fuentes involves a wrongful death claim
for ordinary negligence. On October 15, 1993, Nancy
                                                                                     B. MLIIA Section 10.01
Rodriguez Fuentes filed this wrongful death action as Julio
Fuentes's alleged common-law spouse. Mr. Fuentes was                [1] The MLIIA provides: “Notwithstanding any other law,
killed in a drilling rig accident on October 16, 1991. The trial   no health care liability claim may be commenced unless
court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment,         the action is filed within two years from the occurrence....”
and Mrs. Fuentes appealed. The court of appeals reversed           TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. art. 4590i, § 10.01. Section 10.01 is
the summary judgment *31 and remanded the case for trial,          the exclusive statute of limitations for medical malpractice
holding that Mrs. Fuentes had two years to bring a wrongful        claims. See Bala v. Maxwell, 909 S.W.2d 889, 892–
death action as Mr. Fuentes's common-law wife. 933 S.W.2d 93 (Tex.1995). In Bala, the Court concluded that the
624.                                                               phrase “notwithstanding any other law” clearly evinced the
                                                                   Legislature's unequivocal intent that section 10.01 govern
                                                                   when its time limitations conflicts with another law. See Bala,
                  II. APPLICABLE LAW                               909 S.W.2d at 892–93.

                A. Family Code Section 1.91
                                                                                     C. Wrongful Death Act
When Mrs. Ledford and Mrs. Fuentes filed suit, section 1.91
provided that:                                                      [2] An action to recover damages for wrongful death is
                                                                   for the exclusive benefit of the deceased's surviving spouse,
  (a) In any judicial, administrative, or other proceeding, the    children, and parents. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE
  marriage of a man and woman may be proved by evidence            § 71.004(a); see also Rose v. Doctors Hosp., 801 S.W.2d 841,
  that:                                                            846 (Tex.1990); Garza v. Maverick Mkt., Inc., 768 S.W.2d
273, 276 (Tex.1989); Brown v. Edwards Transfer Co., 764
     (1) a declaration of their marriage has been executed         S.W.2d 220, 222 (Tex.1988). Furthermore, to bring suit under
     under Section 1.92 of this code; or                           the Wrongful Death Act, a party is required to prove that he
                                                                   or she was the deceased's spouse, child, or parent. See TEX.

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Shepherd v. Ledford, 962 S.W.2d 28 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 333

CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 71.004(a); See also Garza,                  surviving spouse is entitled to all of the personal estate. See
768 S.W.2d at 275–76; Brown, 764 S.W.2d at 220.                     TEX. PROB.CODE § 38(b)(2).

                     D. Survival Statute                                                  III. ANALYSIS

The Survival Statute provides that only a personal
representative, administrator, or heir may sue on behalf of an                         A. Shepherd v. Ledford
estate. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 71.021(b).
A person who dies intestate with no children leaves all                                1. Limitations Period
of his or her estate to his or her spouse as sole heir. See
Tex. PROB.CODE §§ 37, 38(b)(2). The Wrongful Death                  Because Mrs. Ledford alleged a common-law marriage, as
Act expressly authorizes the surviving spouse to bring suit         opposed to a formal marriage, she was required to prove
on behalf of all wrongful death beneficiaries. However, the         the elements of an informal marriage within one year from
Survival Statute is silent about whether and when a spouse          the time the relationship ended. See TEX. FAM.CODE §
may bring a survival claim. Compare TEX. CIV. PRAC.                 1.91(b). The apparent conflict arises, however, because the
& REM.CODE § 71.004(b) with TEX. CIV. PRAC. &                       statute of limitations for medical negligence is two years. See
REM.CODE § 71.021(b).                                               TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. art. 4590i, § 10.01; Bala, 909 S.W.2d
                                                                    at 893.
 [3] This Court has determined that generally, personal
representatives of the decedent's estate are the only people        Affirming the trial court's judgment, the court of appeals
entitled to sue to recover estate property. See Frazier v. Wynn,    held that section 1.91(b) impermissibly reduced the time
472 S.W.2d 750, 752 (Tex.1971). However, circumstances              Mrs. Ledford had to file her wrongful death suit. The court
can exist when an heir may have standing to bring suit on           reasoned that because section 1.91(b) required her to file
behalf of the decedent's estate. Heirs at law can maintain          the wrongful death lawsuit within one year of Mr. Ledford's
a survival suit during the four-year period the law allows          death and the limitations for a medical malpractice wrongful
for instituting administration proceedings if they allege and       death claim is two years under section 10.01, section 1.91(b)
prove that there is no administration pending *32 and none          necessarily conflicted with section 10.01. We disagree.
necessary. See Frazier, 472 S.W.2d at 752.
                                                                     [4] We hold that section 1.91(b) of the Family Code does
A family settlement agreement is an alternative method of           not conflict with section 10.01 of the MLIIA. When the
administration in Texas that is a favorite of the law. See          one-year time period in section 1.91(b) expires, the party
In re Estate of Hodges, 725 S.W.2d 265, 267 (Tex.App.—              asserting an informal marriage is barred only from proving
Amarillo 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Estate of Morris, 577 S.W.2d     the marriage's existence. See Mossler v. Shields, 818 S.W.2d
748, 755–56 (Tex.Civ.App.—Amarillo 1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.)         752, 754 (Tex.1991).
Under section 37 of the Probate Code, when a person dies
leaving a will, all of the estate devised or bequeathed by the      Mrs. Ledford did not have to file her medical liability
will immediately vests in the devisees or legatees, subject to      claim within one year of Mr. Ledford's death. Rather, she
payment of the decedent's debts. The beneficiaries of an estate     only had to initiate a proceeding to prove the requisite
are free to arrange among themselves for the distribution of        elements of an informal marriage within one year of his
the estate and for the payment of expenses from that estate.        death. See TEX. FAM.CODE § 1.91(a) & (b). There
See Tex. Prob.Code § 37; see also Pitner v. United States, 388      are legal procedures available for common-law spouses in
F.2d 651, 656 (5th Cir.1967); Estate of Hodges, 725 S.W.2d          Mrs. Ledford's situation. For example, Mrs. Ledford could
at 267.                                                             have filed a Proceeding to Declare Heirship to establish
                                                                    the existence of her common-law marriage. See TEX.
Section 37 also provides that when a person dies intestate, all     PROB.CODE § 48(a). Or she could have filed the wrongful
of his estate shall vest immediately in his heirs at law, subject   death claim within one year of Mr. Ledford's death and
to payment of the debts of the estate. See TEX. PROB.CODE           established the existence of the common-law marriage at trial.
§ 37. If the deceased has no children or their descendants, the     The choice was hers, as long as she initiated a proceeding to

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             5
Shepherd v. Ledford, 962 S.W.2d 28 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 333

prove her informal marriage within the one-year time limit.
See TEX. FAM.CODE § 1.91(b); Mossler, 818 S.W.2d at                [5]     [6] A stipulation is “an agreement, admission, or
754.                                                              concession made in a judicial proceeding by the parties
                                                                  or their attorneys respecting some matter incident thereto.”
Accordingly, we reject the court of appeals' conclusion           Ortega–Carter v. American Int'l Adjustment, 834 S.W.2d
that section 1.91(b) provided an independent limitations          439, 441–42 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1992, writ denied). Counsel
mechanism that directly conflicted with section 10.01.            for both parties signed the stipulation and thereby judicially
Rather, we hold that section 1.91(b) simply estops a person       admitted that Mr. and Mrs. Ledford were common-law
from claiming that he or she is informally married unless he      spouses. The trial court accepted the stipulation and thus
or she starts a proceeding to establish an informal marriage      it became conclusive on the existence of the Ledfords'
within section 1.91(b)'s one year time limit. Consequently,       common-law marriage. See Herschbach v. City of Corpus
the person would be unable to assert standing to sue under the    Christi, 883 S.W.2d 720, 733 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi
Wrongful Death Act.                                               1994, writ denied) (citing Hennigan v. I.P. Petroleum Co.,
                                                                  Inc., 858 S.W.2d 371, 372 (Tex.1993)) (stating that a “true
This holding is compatible with Mossler. In Mossler, the          judicial admission is a formal waiver of proof usually found
petitioner filed a second divorce action after the trial court    in ... the stipulations of the parties.”). Therefore, because
dismissed with prejudice the initial divorce proceeding. See      the defendants judicially admitted facts that establish Mrs.
Mossler, 818 S.W.2d at 754. We held that the dismissal with       Ledford's standing to bring a wrongful death action as Mr.
prejudice of Mrs. *33 Mossler's first suit estopped her from      Ledford's surviving spouse, they are estopped from now
bringing a second suit for divorce. We then held that section     claiming to the contrary. See Herschbach, 883 S.W.2d at 733.
1.91 prevented Mrs. Mossler from claiming that a common-
law marriage existed in the second proceeding, achieving          Consequently, the stipulation relieved Mrs. Ledford of her
the same result as estoppel based upon a dismissal with           burden to prove her common law marriage, something she
prejudice. See Mossler, 818 S.W.2d at 754. We specifically        would not have been able to prove otherwise, and she had
noted that public policy supported our decision because the       standing to bring the wrongful death action. Accordingly,
Legislature approved barring stale claims of an informal          section 1.91(b) does not apply in this case.
marriage by enacting the one-year time limit in section
1.91(b) of the Family Code. See Mossler, 818 S.W.2d at 754.
Therefore, under the law, Mrs. Ledford was required to begin
                                                                                        3. Survival Suit
a proceeding to prove an informal marriage within one year
from the time the marriage ended.                                 Defendants' final contention is that the court of appeals erred
                                                                  in holding that Mrs. Ledford had standing to bring the survival
                                                                  claim on behalf of Mr. Ledford's estate. They assert that
                     2. The Stipulation                           Mrs. Ledford lacks standing to sue as Mr. Ledford's heir
                                                                  because she did not plead and prove that no administration
We have held that section 1.91(b) required Mrs. Ledford           was pending or necessary. Defendants contend that when Mr.
to begin a proceeding to prove her common-law marriage            Ledford died he owed more than the minimum two debts
within one year limit of Mr. Ledford's death, or forfeit the      to qualify for an informal estate administration. See TEX.
opportunity to establish her standing to bring suit under the     PROB.CODE § 178(b).
Wrongful Death Act. However, under the specific facts of this
case, her failure to comply with section 1.91(b) does not bar     Mrs. Ledford's evidence showed that Mr. Ledford owned no
her wrongful death claim.                                         real property and had no children. Therefore, his personal
                                                                  estate vested immediately in Mrs. Ledford, his surviving
Mrs. Ledford sued on November 15, 1991. Despite the fact          spouse. See TEX. PROB.CODE § 38(b)(2). Mrs. Ledford
that she had not complied with section 1.91(b), the court         testified that by the time of trial all Mr. Ledford's debts had
entered an order, which reflected the parties agreement,          been paid. She also testified that she made an agreement with
stating that the parties “stipulated and agreed ... that Lahoma   other family members permitting her to take the minimal
Ledford and John Ledford had a valid common-law marriage,         assets of Mr. Ledford's estate as his only heir. Defendants did
prior to and at the time of John Ledford's death.”                not controvert this evidence.

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Shepherd v. Ledford, 962 S.W.2d 28 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 333

                                                                   so.” Next, counsel asked prospective juror Somerville: “You
 [7] The evidence shows that the family had resolved the           feel that based upon your past experience, you could not be
estate's disposition and that all debts were paid. Accordingly,    fair and objective in looking at the medical facts as they have
no administration was necessary for it would have served no        been testified to so that both sides start out evenly in this case;
purpose. We see no reason why the Pitner rationale approving       is that correct ma'am?” In response, Somerville responded,
no administration *34 when the devisees under a will make          “That is true.” Immediately following this exchange, counsel
an agreement to distribute the estate and pay the bills does       began to ask the following question of the jury panel, and
not apply with equal force in the situation where the heirs        venireperson Guerra responded:
of an intestate decedent make an agreement to distribute the
estate and pay the bills. See Pitner, 388 F.2d at 656. Thus, the     COUNSEL: Is there anybody else, after we've listened to
Pitner rationale applies here, where the decedent owned only          this-
personal property, and that property vested immediately in
                                                                     GUERRA: I feel the same way. ... My dad died of a heart
Mrs. Ledford. Accordingly, we hold that under the facts and
                                                                      attack also. I just don't like to talk about it because it
because of the family agreement, no formal administration
                                                                      brings back bad memories. But yeah, I think it would
was necessary. See In re Estate of Hodges, 725 S.W.2d at
                                                                      have a—I would have a problem with that.
267; Estate of Morris, 577 S.W.2d at 755–56. We conclude
the court of appeals correctly determined that Mrs. Ledford          COUNSEL: [A]s a result of that, you feel that Mrs. Ledford
had standing to sue on behalf of Mr. Ledford's estate.                would be—you would feel for her and put her—sort of
                                                                      put her ahead of the defense in this case ... ?

                                                                     GUERRA: I think so. Like I said, my dad was—after that,
                 4. Juror Disqualification
                                                                      for a long, he was in a coma, so I seen [sic] him suffer a
We now turn to Mrs. Ledford's complaint that the court of             lot, and I know what it did to me.
appeals erred in remanding the case for trial because the trial
court did not disqualify an allegedly biased prospective juror.    The trial court granted Shepherd's motion to strike Caudill and
Drs. Shepherd and Graham contend that the trial court abused       Somerville for cause. However, despite defendants' showing
its discretion in refusing to strike the prospective juror for     that Guerra was biased and that they would be forced to use a
cause.                                                             peremptory strike on Guerra that they would otherwise have
                                                                   used on another specific objectionable juror, the trial court
 [8] A prospective juror who admits bias or prejudice is           refused to strike Guerra for cause.
disqualified to serve as a juror. See TEX. GOV'T CODE
§ 62.105(4); Compton v. Henrie, 364 S.W.2d 179, 182                 [9] The court of appeals correctly held that Guerra was
(Tex.1963). When a trial court refuses to disqualify a juror       disqualified as a matter of law. Guerra expressed his bias, and
for bias or prejudice, the complaining party must show that        the trial court should have granted the defendants' motion to
the error was harmful. To do this, the party, before exercising    strike Guerra for cause. Accordingly, we affirm the court of
its peremptory challenges, must advise the trial court that        appeals' judgment and remand this case to the trial court.
“the court's denial of the challenges for cause would force
the party to exhaust its peremptory challenges and, that after
exercising its peremptory challenges, specific objectionable                       B. Transamerican v. Fuentes
jurors would still remain on the panel.” Goode v. Shoukfeh,
943 S.W.2d 441, 452 (Tex.1997); Hallett v. Houston N.W.
Med. Ctr., 689 S.W.2d 888, 890 (Tex.1985).                                       1. Limitations—Wrongful Death

                                                                    [10] “A person must bring suit not later than two years after
During voir dire, defendants' counsel elicited statements from
                                                                   the day the cause of *35 action accrues in an action for injury
three consecutive prospective jurors that none of them could
                                                                   resulting in death.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE §
be fair to the defendants because of the results of medical
                                                                   16.003(b). As we have explained, section 1.91(b) sets the time
treatment experienced by family members. Defense counsel
                                                                   limit in which a proceeding to prove an informal marriage
asked prospective juror Caudill if she could consider the facts
                                                                   must be brought. Thus, for the same reasons discussed above,
objectively and in a neutral way. She replied, “I don't think

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 7
Shepherd v. Ledford, 962 S.W.2d 28 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 333

section 1.91(b) does not supplant or conflict with the two-year
statute in section 16.003(b).
                                                                                   B. Transamerican v. Fuentes

It is undisputed that Mrs. Fuentes and Mr. Fuentes were never       Mrs. Fuentes had no standing to file a wrongful death claim
formally married and never filed a declaration of informal          because she did not file a proceeding to prove the existence of
marriage. Thus, the only way Mrs. Fuentes could assert              a common-law marriage within section 1.91(b)'s time limit.
standing to bring this suit under the Wrongful Death Act is         Therefore, she is barred from maintaining her wrongful death
if she proved she was Mr. Fuentes's common-law surviving            claim against Transamerican. Accordingly, we reverse the
spouse. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 71.004(a).                 court of appeals' judgment and render judgment that Mrs.
                                                                    Fuentes take nothing.
 [11] Mrs. Fuentes had to initiate a proceeding to prove that
she was Mr. Fuentes's common-law surviving spouse within
one year of his death. See TEX. FAM.CODE § 1.91.
However, Mrs. Fuentes did not initiate a proceeding to prove        HECHT, J., joined by PHILLIPS, C.J., and OWEN, J.,
her common-law marriage within section 1.91(b)'s one-year           concurs and dissents in part.
requirement; therefore, she is barred from offering any proof
                                                                    HANKINSON, J., not sitting.
of that relationship.

 [12] The purpose of the Wrongful Death Act is “to                  HECHT, Justice, joined by PHILLIPS, Chief Justice, and
provide a means whereby surviving spouses, children, and            OWEN, Justice, concurring and dissenting in part.
parents can recover” for the loss of their family member.           I agree with the Court that Section 1.91(b) of the Family
Garza,, 768 S.W.2d at 275. Because section 1.91(b)bars Mrs.         Code bars plaintiffs' recoveries in these two cases. I do not
Fuentes from proving her standing as Mr. Fuentes's surviving        agree, however, that Dr. Shepherd and Dr. Graham's attorney
spouse, she cannot maintain her wrongful death action against       waived applicability of that statute by stipulating that Lahoma
Transamerican.                                                      and John Ledford had a valid common law marriage. The
                                                                    purpose and effect of the stipulation was merely to obviate
                                                                    the necessity of proof of the marriage at trial; it was not
                                                                    intended to waive defendants' consistent contention that even
                     IV. CONCLUSION
                                                                    if a marriage existed, Section 1.91(b) precluded Ledford from
                                                                    asserting it in this action. The Court's contrary conclusion is
                   A. Shepherd v. Ledford                           not supported by the text of the stipulation and is contrary
                                                                    to defendants' intent apparent in the context in which the
While we affirm the court of appeals' judgment in this              stipulation was made. I would hold that the stipulation does
case, we disapprove of the court of appeals' determination          not preclude the application of Section 1.91(b), and that
that Family Code section 1.91(b) conflicts with MLIIA               judgment should be rendered for Drs. Shepherd and Graham,
section 10.01. Section 1.91(b) is a time limit for bringing         just as the Court renders judgment for TransAmerican Natural
a proceeding to prove the requisite elements of a common-           Gas Corporation and the other defendants in the companion
law marriage. However, because the parties stipulated to the        case. From the affirmance of the *36 judgment against Drs.
Ledfords' common-law marriage, Mrs. Ledford had standing            Shepherd and Graham I respectfully dissent.
to bring a wrongful death claim without meeting section
1.91(b)'s requirements. Furthermore, Mrs. Ledford, as Mr.           Ms. Ledford could not sue for John Ledford's death without
Ledford's sole heir, also has standing to assert his survival       proving that she had been his wife. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.
action.                                                             & REM.CODE § 71.004. Ms. Ledford claimed a common-
                                                                    law marriage to John Ledford. Section 1.91(b) requires that a
Because the trial court erroneously refused to disqualify           proceeding in which a common-law marriage is to be proved
venireperson Guerra, despite his apparent bias, we remand           must be brought within one year of the relationship's end.
this case to the trial court for proceedings consistent with this   Ms. Ledford did not initiate such a proceeding within the
opinion.                                                            prescribed time period. Thus, as the Court holds, she cannot

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Shepherd v. Ledford, 962 S.W.2d 28 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 333

recover in this action unless defendants waived applicability       she was married to John Ledford if only Section 1.91(b)
of Section 1.91(b).                                                 permitted her to do so, without waiving their argument that
                                                                    Section 1.91(b) precluded her from making such proof. A
Before trial Dr. Shepherd and Dr. Graham asserted that              defendant can stipulate that available evidence would prove a
Section 1.91(b) prevented Ms. Ledford from recovering for           fact without waiving the contention that recovery based on the
John Ledford's death because this action was undisputedly           fact is barred for some other reason. To take another example,
not brought within one year of the termination of their             a defendant can stipulate that his negligence caused plaintiff's
relationship. Defendants took this position in a motion for         injuries without waiving his contention that plaintiff's claim is
summary judgment, a supplemental motion for summary                 barred by limitations. The Court does not, and cannot, argue
judgment, and a plea in abatement. The district court               to the contrary. The question is not could defendants make
consistently rejected defendants' argument.                         such a limited stipulation, but did they.

On the first day of trial, counsel for all parties approved a       “Waiver is an intentional relinquishment of a known right
written stipulation “that Lahoma Ledford and John Ledford           or intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming that right.”
had a valid common-law marriage prior to and at the time            Sun Exploration & Prod. Co. v. Benton, 728 S.W.2d 35, 37
of John Ledford's death.” The stipulation was made in the           (Tex.1987). More than a century ago we said that waiver is “
form of an order signed by the district court and approved          ‘largely a matter of intention’ ”. Pope v. A.T. Graham & Co.,
by counsel. At the close of plaintiff's evidence, defendants        44 Tex. 196, 199 (1875). More recently, we stated: “[W]aiver
moved for a directed verdict on the ground that Section             must be clearly established by facts or circumstances showing
1.91(b) precluded plaintiff from proving a common-law               an intention by one party to waive and an understanding to
marriage. Without allowing plaintiff's counsel to respond,          that effect by the other.” *37 Garner v. Texas State Bd. of
the district court denied the motion, stating: “I take this as      Pharmacy, 304 S.W.2d 530, 534 (Tex.Civ.App.—Eastland
[defendants' counsel's] preserving her record for purposes of       1957, writ ref'd). Neither the intention by Drs. Shepherd
appeal. Since we've addressed this question ... in motions for      and Graham to forego their Section 1.91(b) defense, nor
summary judgment and on other occasions, my ruling will be          the contemporaneous understanding by Ledford that they
consistent.” Thus, at this point in the trial, several days after   had done so, both requisite for waiver under our holding in
the stipulation had been made, the district court, who signed       Garner, is present.
the stipulation, was apparently of the view that defendants
had not waived their Section 1.91(b) defense. Had the court         I agree with the court of appeals in United States Fire
thought that the stipulation waived the defense, there would        Insurance Co. v. Carter, 468 S.W.2d 151, 154 (Tex.Civ.App.
have been no reason to refer to defendants' motion for directed     —Dallas), writ ref'd n.r.e., 473 S.W.2d 2 (Tex.1971) (per
verdict as being made to preserve their complaint for appeal.       curiam), when it wrote:
The district court's statement indicated that defendants had
not by their stipulation waived their contention that Section                    A stipulation is an agreement or
1.91(b) precluded plaintiff's recovery.                                          contract between the parties made in
                                                                                 a judicial proceeding in respect to
At the close of the evidence, Drs. Shepherd and Graham again                     some matter incident thereto and for
moved for a directed verdict based on Section 1.91(b). Again                     the purpose, ordinarily, of avoiding
the district court denied their motion without permitting                        delay, trouble and expense.... Being
plaintiff to respond. After a verdict against Drs. Shepherd and                  a contract the stipulation must truly
Graham, they moved for judgment non obstante veredicto,                          express the intentions of the parties
still asserting Section 1.91(b). For the first time, Ms. Ledford                 making same. A court will not
argued that defendants waived their contention by their                          construe a stipulation so as to effect an
pretrial stipulation. The court denied defendants' motion and                    admission of something intended to be
rendered judgment against Drs. Shepherd and Graham for                           controverted or so as to waive a right
$150,000, plus interest.                                                         not plainly agreed to be relinquished.

                                                                    Accord: Jackson v. Lewis, 554 S.W.2d 21, 24 (Tex.Civ.App.
Unquestionably, Drs. Shepherd and Graham could have
                                                                    —Amarillo 1977, no writ) (stating also that a stipulation “will
stipulated that Ms. Ledford would succeed in proving that
                                                                    be given no more force than the parties intended it to have”);

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               9
Shepherd v. Ledford, 962 S.W.2d 28 (1998)
41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 333

                                                                             that defendants had not waived their position. Ms. Ledford
see also Discovery Operating, Inc. v. Baskin, 855 S.W.2d
                                                                             did not assert that defendants had waived their Section
884, 886 (Tex.App.—El Paso 1993, no writ); Ortega–Carter
                                                                             1.91(b) defense until she filed her response to defendants'
v. American Int'l Adjustment Co., 834 S.W.2d 439, 441–442
                                                                             motion for judgment non obstante veredicto. While it now
(Tex.App.—Dallas 1992, writ denied); National Union Fire
                                                                             appears that defendants' counsel would have been prudent
Ins. Co. v. Martinez, 800 S.W.2d 331, 334 (Tex.App.—El
                                                                             to expressly reserve defendants' Section 1.91(b) contention
Paso 1990, no writ). I also agree with the court of appeals in
                                                                             in the stipulation, she was not required to do so. Waiver
Mann v. Fender, 587 S.W.2d 188, 202 (Tex.Civ.App.—Waco
                                                                             is the intentional relinquishment of a known right, not the
1979, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (quoting Texas Indem. Ins. Co. v. Dunn,
                                                                             unintentional failure to reserve a known right.
221 S.W.2d 922, 924 (Tex.Civ.App.—Waco 1949, no writ)),
that “[t]he intention of the parties in a trial stipulation is for the
                                                                             The Court offers no explanation for its holding that Drs.
determination of the court from the language used in the entire
                                                                             Shepherd and Graham intended to waive a defense they
agreement ‘in the light of the surrounding circumstances,
                                                                             had consistently asserted prior to trial and continued to
including the state of the pleadings, the allegations therein,
                                                                             assert afterward. Absent a clear statement of waiver in the
and the attitude of the parties in respect of the issues.’ ”
                                                                             stipulation, any evidence of an intent to waive defenses in
                                                                             defendants' conduct, any evidence that plaintiff understood
The stipulation does not itself reflect an intention to waive
                                                                             the stipulation to be a waiver at the time it was made, and any
applicability of Section 1.91(b), and there is no other evidence
                                                                             suggestion of a reason why defendants might have intended to
in our record from which that intention can be discerned. To
                                                                             waive a position they were continuing to assert, I would hold
the contrary, Drs. Shepherd and Graham have consistently
                                                                             that Drs. Shepherd and Graham did not waive their defense
maintained before trial, during trial, after trial, and on appeal,
                                                                             under Section 1.91(b). The $150,000 judgment against them
that Ms. Ledford's recovery is barred by Section 1.91(b).
                                                                             is simply not their lawyer's fault. Because the Court says it is,
Defendants explained that they agreed to the stipulation as a
                                                                             I respectfully dissent.
mechanism for shortening the trial of the case by obviating
the need for plaintiff to adduce evidence of her common-law
marriage which defendants acknowledged existed but argued
                                                                             All Citations
was to no avail because of the statute. The district court, who
signed the stipulation, was apparently of the view mid-trial                 962 S.W.2d 28, 41 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 333

Footnotes
1       All references to section 1.91(b) of the Family Code are to section 1.91(b) as it existed before the 1995 amendments and
        the 1997 recodification. Although we acknowledge that the issues presented in these two cases are unlikely to reoccur
        because of the amendment, the apparent conflict between the statutes as it affects these parties and others similarly
        situated is important to the jurisprudence of the state.
2       While the court in Shepherd misapplied section 1.91(b), we affirm its judgment on other grounds.

 End of Document                                                         © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                     10
WW
Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd., 826 S.W.2d 933 (1992)
60 USLW 2572

                                                                            [2]   Parent and Child
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                                          Right of action by child or child's
Declined to Extend by Rucker v. Killian,      Tex.App.-El Paso,   October         representatives against parent
11, 2001
                                                                                  Doctrine of parental immunity restricts right of
                      826 S.W.2d 933                                              unemancipated minor to bring tort action against
                   Supreme Court of Texas.                                        his or her parent.

              Janet SHOEMAKE, Individually                                        5 Cases that cite this headnote
             and as Administratrix of the Estate
               of Miranda Gilley, Petitioner,                               [3]   Parent and Child
                             v.                                                        Right of action by child or child's
             FOGEL, LTD., A.T., Federal Group                                     representatives against parent
               I, and International Property                                      Parental immunity does not extend to suits
              Management, Inc., Respondents.                                      arising in course of parent's business activities or
                                                                                  to automobile tort actions.
             No. D–0526. | Feb. 26, 1992. |
             Rehearing Overruled April 29, 1992.                                  Cases that cite this headnote

Apartment complex owners and manager sought contribution
                                                                            [4]   Contribution
for mother's negligent supervision of child in survival action
                                                                                       Persons not in pari delicto; active and
and wrongful death action following near drowning accident
                                                                                  passive wrongdoers
in swimming pool. The 153rd District Court, Tarrant County,
Sidney Farrar, J., reduced jury's award in wrongful death                         Contribution
action but rendered judgment for estate in full amount in                             Particular Torts or Wrongdoers
survival suit. Defendants appealed. The Fort Worth Court of                       Parental immunity barred contribution claim
Appeals, Second Judicial District, Sam Day, J., 795 S.W.2d                        by apartment complex owners and apartment
903, reversed in part. On application for writ of error, the                      complex manager against victim's mother
Supreme Court, Mauzy, J., held that doctrine of parental                          in survival action arising from death of
immunity barred contribution where mother's negligence                            child following near-drowning in apartment's
involved only negligent supervision of child.                                     swimming pool based on mother's alleged
                                                                                  negligence in management, supervision, and
Court of Appeals reversed and district court affirmed.                            control of child.

Hecht, J., dissented and filed opinion in which Phillips, C.J.,                   4 Cases that cite this headnote
Gonzalez and Doggett, JJ., joined.
                                                                            [5]   Parent and Child
                                                                                       Right of action by child or child's
                                                                                  representatives against parent
 West Headnotes (11)
                                                                                  Objective of parental immunity is to avoid undue
                                                                                  judicial interference with parental discretion.
 [1]      Contribution
              Nature and grounds of obligation                                    2 Cases that cite this headnote
          Contribution claim is derivative of plaintiff's
          right to recover from joint defendant against                     [6]   Parent and Child
          whom contribution is sought.                                                 Right of action by child or child's
                                                                                  representatives against parent
          25 Cases that cite this headnote

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                     1
Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd., 826 S.W.2d 933 (1992)
60 USLW 2572

        Child's death does not, by itself, extinguish
        parent's immunity from liability for negligent              14 Cases that cite this headnote
        supervision.
                                                             [11]   Death
        2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                        Contributory negligence of plaintiff or
                                                                    beneficiary
 [7]    Pleading                                                    Mother's negligence in failing to supervise
            Necessity for defense                                   child affected her recovery following near-
        Affirmative defense is generally waived if not              fatal drowning under wrongful death statute
        pleaded. Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc.,                but did not affect recovery of child's estate
        Rule 94.                                                    under survival statute, despite fact that parental
                                                                    immunity barred contribution claim against
        16 Cases that cite this headnote                            mother. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies
                                                                    Code §§ 33.001 et seq., 71.021.
 [8]    Pleading
                                                                    5 Cases that cite this headnote
            Necessity for defense
        Immunity is affirmative defense that ordinarily
        must be pleaded to avoid waiver. Vernon's
        Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc., Rule 94.
                                                            Attorneys and Law Firms
        9 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             *934 Ken M. Link, Fort Worth, C. Denise Smith, Houston,
                                                            for petitioner.
 [9]    Contribution
            Pleading                                        *935 R. Brent Cooper, Dallas, for respondents.
        Mother did not waive immunity, to contribution
        claim by apartment complex owners and
        manager in survival action arising from death                                OPINION
        of child, by failing to specifically plead
                                                            MAUZY, Justice.
        defense of parental immunity; allegations that
        defendants were not entitled to indemnity or        In this cause, we consider whether a defendant in a survival
        contribution from mother were sufficient given      action arising from the death of a child may seek contribution
        that defendants failed to file special exceptions   from a negligent parent of the deceased child. We hold that the
        to clarify claim and contribution claims alleged    doctrine of parental immunity bars such contribution when
        that mother had been negligent in supervision       the parent's negligence involves only negligent supervision of
        of child. Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules Civ.Proc.,       the child.
        Rules 90, 91, 94.
                                                            One month before her second birthday, Miranda Gilley nearly
        10 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                            drowned in the swimming pool at her apartment complex.
                                                            The child was rescued and temporarily revived, but four
 [10]   Pleading                                            months later died from the injuries she had suffered. Her
            Necessity for defense                           mother, Janet Shoemake, then brought this suit against the
        Defense of parental immunity is not waived by       apartment complex owners, Fogel, Ltd. A.T. and Federal
        failure to specifically plead immunity if defense   Group I, and the apartment complex manager, International
        is apparent on face of petition and established     Property Management, Inc. (collectively “Fogel”). 1 In
        as matter of law. Vernon's Ann.Texas Rules          addition to seeking damages in her own capacity for wrongful
        Civ.Proc., Rules 90, 91, 94.                        death, Shoemake brought a survival action in her capacity
                                                            as representative of the child's estate. See Tex.Civ.Prac.
                                                            & Rem.Code §§ 71.001–.011 (wrongful death), 71.021

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                       2
Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd., 826 S.W.2d 933 (1992)
60 USLW 2572

(survival). The jury awarded $285,492.28 to Shoemake on her         Jilani, 767 S.W.2d 671 (Tex.1988). In both cases, though,
wrongful death claim, and $50,969 to the child's estate in the      we adhered to the view that *936 a parent retains immunity
survival action. Considering the negligence that caused the         as to “alleged acts of ordinary negligence which involve a
near-drowning, the jury attributed a total of fifty-five percent    reasonable exercise of parental authority or the exercise of
to the Fogel defendants, and the remaining forty-five percent       ordinary parental discretion with respect to provisions for the
to Janet Shoemake.                                                  care and necessities of the child.” Felderhoff, 473 S.W.2d at
                                                                    933; Jilani, 767 S.W.2d at 672.
As to the wrongful death action, the trial court
reduced Shoemake's recovery by forty-five percent, in                [4] In the present case, Fogel alleged that Shoemake was
accordance with the findings on comparative negligence.             negligent in the “management, supervision and control”
See Tex.Civ.Prac. & Rem.Code ch. 33. That aspect of the             of Miranda Gilley, and that this negligence proximately
judgment was not appealed.                                          caused Miranda's death. 2 Because Fogel chose not to bring
                                                                    forward a statement of facts, see Tex.R.App.P. 53(d), we
In connection with the survival action, Fogel argued that a         cannot determine the exact circumstances of the child's
similar result should obtain; i.e., that it was entitled to a       injuries. We assume, however, that there was no evidence
forty-five percent contribution from Shoemake, to be credited       that Shoemake was negligent in any manner other than that
against the amount owed her on the wrongful death claim.            suggested by the pleadings. See Christiansen v. Prezelski,
The trial court rejected that argument and rendered judgment        782 S.W.2d 842, 843 (Tex.1990) (explaining Rule 53(d));
for the estate in the full amount of the jury verdict, along with   see also Vance v. Wilson, 382 S.W.2d 107, 108 (Tex.1964)
pre-judgment interest. The court of appeals reversed, holding       (judgment disposes of all issues presented by the pleadings).
that the requested contribution was available under sections        Thus, we assume the evidence indicated that Shoemake was
33.012 and 33.016 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies          negligent in the management, supervision and control of
Code. 795 S.W.2d 903.                                               her child. Those responsibilities entail exactly the sort of
                                                                    parental authority that remains protected under Felderhoff
Shoemake now argues that Fogel is barred from contribution          and Jilani. If Shoemake's negligence entailed some other
against Shoemake, because the doctrine of parental immunity         sort of authority, such as business authority or driving
bars Miranda Gilley's estate from recovering damages against        responsibilities, Fogel has failed to sustain its burden of
Shoemake. We agree.                                                 presenting a sufficient record to show the trial court's error.
                                                                    See Tex.R.App.P. 50(d); Christiansen, 782 S.W.2d at 843.
 [1] A defendant's claim of contribution is derivative of the
plaintiff's right to recover from the joint defendant against       The court of appeals considered the policy concerns
whom contribution is sought. Varela v. American Petrofina           underlying parental immunity, but concluded that they were
Co. of Texas, 658 S.W.2d 561, 562 (Tex.1983). Thus, Fogel's         not implicated by the present facts. The usual rationale for
claim of contribution depends upon whether Miranda Gilley's         retaining parental immunity, the court determined, is that
estate has the right to recover damages from Shoemake.              “parental immunity is necessary for the protection of family
                                                                    peace and tranquility and any change in the rule would unduly
 [2] The right of an unemancipated minor to bring a tort            interfere with the rights of parents to discipline, control, and
action against his or her parent is restricted by the doctrine of   care for their children.” 795 S.W.2d at 907–08. Applying
parental immunity. See Felderhoff v. Felderhoff, 473 S.W.2d         the first half of that rationale to the present case, the court
928 (Tex.1971). The purpose of the doctrine is “to prevent the      decided that “the public policy consideration of family peace
judicial system from being used to disrupt the wide sphere of       and tranquility disappeared upon Miranda's death and at the
reasonable discretion which is necessary in order for parents       time that Shoemake's action accrued.” Id. at 908. The court
to properly exercise their responsibility to provide nurture,       therefore held that parental immunity did not bar Fogel from
care, and discipline for their children.” Id. at 933.               seeking contribution against Shoemake. Id.

 [3] In Felderhoff, this court held that parental immunity          In Felderhoff, this court did consider the issue of family
does not extend to suits arising in the course of the parent's      harmony. We expressly recognized, however, that the aim of
business activities. Id. More recently, this court held that the    domestic tranquility did not provide a realistic justification
doctrine is inapplicable to automobile tort actions. Jilani v.      for parental immunity:

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              3
Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd., 826 S.W.2d 933 (1992)
60 USLW 2572

                                                                      that Fogel was “not entitled to indemnity or contribution from
             We recognize that peace, tranquility                     Counter-defendant ... as a matter of law.” Fogel filed no
             and discipline in the home are                           special exceptions to clarify this claim. Thus, Fogel cannot
             endowed and inspired by higher                           now complain that Shoemake's pleading was insufficiently
             authority than statutory enactments                      specific. Tex.R.Civ.P. 90, 91; see, e.g., Roark v. Allen,
             and court decisions. Harmonious                          633 S.W.2d 804, 810 (Tex.1982); Manufactured Housing
             family relationships depend on filial                    Management Corp. v. Tubb, 643 S.W.2d 483, 487 (Tex.App.
             and parental love and respect which                      —Waco 1982, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
             can neither be created nor preserved by
             legislatures or courts.                                   [10] Moreover, Rule 94's requirement of pleading is not
                                                                      absolute. Recently, in Phillips v. Phillips, 820 S.W.2d 785
473 S.W.2d at 933. See also Price v. Price, 732 S.W.2d 316,
                                                                      (Tex.1991), this court considered the circumstances in which
318 (Tex.1987) (rejecting view that interspousal immunity
                                                                      the failure to plead an affirmative defense does not result
promotes domestic tranquility).
                                                                      in waiver. We noted that the defense of illegality need not
                                                                      be pleaded, even though it is specifically listed in Rule 94,
 [5] The real objective of parental immunity, as stated in
                                                                      because “[p]leading an agreement illegal on its face in effect
Felderhoff, is not to promote family harmony; rather, it is
                                                                      anticipates the defense,” and because “[e]nforcement of an
simply to avoid undue judicial interference with parental
                                                                      illegal agreement violates public policy.” 820 S.W.2d at 789–
discretion. The discharge of parental responsibilities, such
                                                                      90. For those same reasons, we held that “the defense of
as the provision of a home, food and schooling, entails
                                                                      penalty is not waived by the failure to plead it if it is apparent
countless matters of personal, private choice. In the absence
                                                                      on the face of the petition and established as a matter of law.”
of culpability beyond ordinary negligence, those choices are
                                                                      Id.
not subject to review in court.

                                                                      The same considerations also apply to the defense of
 [6] As the court of appeals observed, family harmony
                                                                      parental immunity. If a child sued a parent for the
may not be a practical *937 concern in cases like the
                                                                      negligent performance of parental duties, the pleading would
present one, where the family unit no longer exists. Concerns
                                                                      effectively anticipate the defense of parental immunity.
about judicial interference with parental authority, though,
                                                                      Moreover, in view of the concerns discussed above, allowing
do survive the death of a child. Though hindsight may
                                                                      the action would violate public policy; the policy concerns
be clear, a court should still be reluctant to “second-guess
                                                                      behind parental immunity are at least as great as those
a parent's management of family affairs” beyond basic,
                                                                      underlying the penalty defense. For these reasons, we
statutory protections. Paige v. Bing Construction Co., 61
                                                                      conclude that the defense of immunity, like the defense of
Mich.App. 480, 233 N.W.2d 46, 49 (1975). We hold,
                                                                      penalty, is not waived by the failure to specifically plead it if
therefore, that a child's death does not, by itself, extinguish the
                                                                      it is apparent on the face of the petition and established as a
parent's immunity from liability for negligent supervision. 3         matter of law.
See, e.g., Lewis v. Farm Bureau Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 243 N.C.
55, 89 S.E.2d 788 (1955).                                     In the present case, the pleadings of two of the
                                                              respondents alleged that Shoemake had been negligent in
 [7] [8] Fogel claims, however, that Shoemake has waived the “management, supervision and control,” of Miranda
any claim of parental immunity by failing to plead such       Gilley, while the other respondent alleged that Shoemake
immunity specifically. Generally, an affirmative defense is   “negligently or intentionally failed to maintain proper
waived if it is not pleaded. Tex.R.Civ.P. 94. Though not
                                                              supervision” of Miranda Gilley. 4 The respondents rely on
specifically mentioned in Rule 94, immunity is an affirmative
                                                              their pleadings, and not on any factual matters, to support
defense that ordinarily must be pleaded to avoid waiver. See,
                                                              their contribution claim: in designating the record on appeal,
e.g., Davis v. City of San Antonio, 752 S.W.2d 518, 519–20
                                                              the respondents stated that “[t]he issues in this case are ones
(Tex.1988) (governmental immunity).
                                                              solely of law,” and for that reason chose not to bring forward
                                                              a statement of facts. Because the defense of *938 parental
 [9] Shoemake did not specifically plead the defense
                                                              immunity was apparent on the face of the pleadings, and its
of parental immunity. However, she did plead, as an
                                                              application was purely a matter of law, there was no need for
affirmative defense against each of Fogel's counterclaims,

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 4
Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd., 826 S.W.2d 933 (1992)
60 USLW 2572

a separate jury finding on immunity. We hold, then, that the         avoidance or affirmative defense.” See also Davis v. City
defense of parental immunity was not waived by Shoemake's            of San Antonio, 752 S.W.2d 518, 519–520 (Tex.1988)
failure to specifically plead it.                                    (governmental immunity is an affirmative defense). As such,
                                                                     it must be pleaded or it is waived. TEX.R.CIV.P. 94; see
 [11] Because the child's estate has no viable negligence            also Davis, 752 S.W.2d at 520 (governmental immunity and
claim against Shoemake, Fogel has no viable contribution             charitable immunity must be pleaded as affirmative defenses
claim against Shoemake. Varela, 658 S.W.2d at 562; see               or they are waived).
also Johnson v. Holly Farms of Texas, 731 S.W.2d 641,
645 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 1987, no writ) (parent's negligence           Nevertheless, the Court excuses the failure to plead parental
cannot be imputed to child's cause of action). Shoemake's            immunity in this case because the defense “is apparent on the
negligence does affect her recovery under the wrongful death         face of the pleadings, and is established as a matter of law.”
statute; but it does not affect the recovery of her child's estate   Ante, at 937. Although one might well argue, with respect to
under the survival statute. See Mitchell v. Akers, 401 S.W.2d        the first phrase quoted, that it is apparent in this case from
907 (Tex.Civ.App.—Dallas 1966, writ ref'd n.r.e.).                   defendants' pleadings that Shoemake should have pleaded
                                                                     parental immunity, it can hardly be said that she did. And it
We conclude that the court of appeals erred in reforming the         cannot be said, with respect to the second quoted phrase, that
trial court's judgment to reflect a $29,851.52 credit in favor       the defense is established as a matter of law. To the *939
of Fogel. We reverse the judgment of the court of appeals            contrary, whether the defense is applicable depends upon
and affirm the trial court's judgment in favor of the estate of      whether Shoemake was negligent and in what particulars.
Miranda Gilley.                                                      Shoemake's negligence was a matter properly decided by the
                                                                     jury upon the evidence submitted. It cannot be determined
                                                                     from the pleadings alone whether Shoemake was protected by
                                                                     parental immunity. According to the Court, if defendants here
Dissenting opinion by HECHT, J., joined by PHILLIPS, C.J.,
                                                                     could demonstrate that Shoemake was negligent other than
and GONZALEZ and DOGGETT, JJ.
                                                                     in the management, supervision and control of her daughter,
                                                                     parental immunity would not insulate her from liability. Thus,
HECHT, Justice, dissenting.                                          whether the defense of parental immunity is available to
The central issue in this case is whether a parent who               Shoemake is very much a question of fact.
negligently injures his or her child is liable for contribution to
another whose negligence also caused the injury. The Court           The Court also excuses Shoemake's failure to plead parental
holds that if the parent is negligent only in the management,        immunity on the ground that it would be against public policy
supervision and control of the child, a claim for contribution       to hold her liable for contribution for her daughter's injuries.
against the parent by the joint tortfeasor is barred by parental     In so doing, the Court contradicts its own authorities. Surely
immunity. While I do not disagree with this holding as an            it is no more against public policy to hold a parent liable
abstract legal proposition, I do disagree that it can be applied     when he or she might have claimed immunity than it is to
in this case when parental immunity was never pleaded or             hold the government or a charity liable when they might
raised in any way in the trial court. I therefore dissent.           have claimed immunity. As the Court notes, citing Davis, 752
                                                                     S.W.2d at 520, we have held that governmental immunity and
Defendants in this case pleaded that plaintiff Janet Shoemake        charitable immunity can be waived by the failure to assert
was negligent, not only in the management, supervision               them as affirmative defenses. If immunity can be waived by
and control of her daughter, but generally in her failure to         governments and charities, then it seems to me it can be
exercise ordinary care. 1 Defendants sued for contribution           waived by parents. The converse is also true: if a parent may
from Shoemake. The jury found that Shoemake was 45%                  assert immunity without pleading it, there is no logical basis
responsible for her daughter's accident.                             for denying the same right to others, like governments and
                                                                     charities. That conclusion, however, would contradict Davis.
Shoemake never pleaded parental immunity. Although the               Thus, the Court has either overruled Davis without saying
defense is not among the affirmative defenses listed in              so, or cited it without following it, or carved out a special
TEX.R.CIV.P. 94, I agree with the Court that it is,                  exception for this case.
in the language of the rule, “a matter constituting an

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               5
Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd., 826 S.W.2d 933 (1992)
60 USLW 2572

                                                                    *940 The Court also states that Shoemake's pleadings raise
As its sole authority for excusing the pleading of parental
                                                                   some affirmative defense, even if its exact nature cannot be
immunity in this case, the Court cites its recent opinion in
                                                                   ascertained. The language to which the Court points states:
Phillips v. Phillips, 820 S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tex.1991), in
which we held that “the defense of penalty is not waived                        “Counter–Defendant would further
by the failure to plead it if it is apparent on the face of the                 show that as a matter of an
petition and established as a matter of law.” In Phillips, the                  affirmative defense, Counter–Plaintiff
plaintiff pleaded that she was entitled to recover ten times                    herein is not entitled to indemnity nor
her actual damages according to a provision in a contract                       contribution from Janet Shoemake, as
she had with her husband. Assuming she was correct, her                         a matter of law.”
own pleadings conclusively demonstrated that she sought
to enforce a penalty. We held that a provision authorizing         Shoemake included an essentially identical paragraph in all
recovery of decuple damages was an unenforceable penalty           her pleadings in response to defendants' counterclaims. The
on its face. No evidence could demonstrate that such a             Court states that because defendants did not specially except
provision was any less a penalty than it appeared on the face of   to this pleading, they cannot complain that it lacks specificity.
plaintiff's pleadings. Furthermore, we observed that a penalty     There are two problems with the Court's position. The first
provision was similar to an illegal contract, and that “the        is that Shoemake never argued that the quoted language was
courts will not enforce a plainly illegal contract even if the     sufficient to raise immunity as an affirmative defense until her
parties do not object.” Id. at 789; Texas & P. Coal Co. v.         rebuttal during oral argument in this Court. Having failed to
Lawson, 89 Tex. 394, 34 S.W. 919, 921 (1896). Penalty, like        raise this argument in the court of appeals, Shoemake ought
illegality, but unlike immunity, cannot be waived.                 not to be heard to make it now. The second flaw in the Court's
                                                                   position is that it violates the rule that pleadings must give
Phillips is simply inapposite in this case. Here, assuming         fair notice of what is alleged. TEX.R.CIV.P. 45(b). Pleading
defendants are correct in their allegations that Shoemake          “as an affirmative defense, I am not liable”, gives no notice
was negligent, her liability might or might not be barred          at all, much less fair notice, of the allegation made. The
by immunity, according to the Court. Both Shoemake's               Court must conclude that defendants should have known from
liability and her immunity from liability are factual issues       this pleading that Shoemake was asserting immunity. Again,
to be resolved on the evidence. Although the Court refers to       although I do not agree with this conclusion, the Court offers
Shoemake's immunity as being both apparent on the face of          no reason for not applying the same rule in other cases.
her pleadings and established as a matter of law, it is simply
neither. Even if Shoemake's immunity could be established          I would hold that Shoemake could be protected by parental
by defendants' pleadings, she could waive that immunity,           immunity only if she affirmatively pleaded it in the trial
and the law would not protect her without a timely assertion       court, and would therefore affirm the judgment of the court
of the defense. In this respect immunity is different from         of appeals. Accordingly, I dissent.
penalty and illegality. By extending the holding of Phillips
from the defense of penalty to the defense of immunity, the
Court necessarily holds that the requirement that affirmative
                                                                   PHILLIPS, C.J., and GONZALEZ and DOGGETT, JJ., join
defenses be pleaded will be relaxed whenever it appears from
                                                                   in this dissenting opinion.
the claimant's pleadings that an affirmative defense could be
pleaded. While I do not agree with this change in our pleading     All Citations
rules, the Court will lack justification for not adhering to it
when it is not so intent upon a result as it is in this case.      826 S.W.2d 933, 60 USLW 2572

Footnotes
1      Shoemake's original petition also named as defendants two individual owners of the apartment complex, Danny Fogel
       and William Hummel.
2      Fogel Ltd., A.T. and Danny Fogel both alleged that Shoemake was negligent in the “management, supervision and
       control” of Miranda Gilley. Federal Group I alleged that Shoemake “negligently or intentionally failed to maintain proper
       supervision” of Miranda Gilley. International Property Management alleged that Shoemake was “negligent on the occasion

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              6
Shoemake v. Fogel, Ltd., 826 S.W.2d 933 (1992)
60 USLW 2572

      in question, including in her management, supervision and control” of Miranda Gilley. William Hummel alleged that
      Shoemake “negligently failed to maintain proper supervision” of Miranda Gilley.
3     We expressly disapprove the dicta in Sneed v. Sneed, 705 S.W.2d 392, 397 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 1986, writ ref'd
      n.r.e.), to the extent that it conflicts with this opinion.
4     See note 2, supra.
1     Defendants Fogel, Ltd. and Danny Fogel pleaded that “Janet Shoemake was negligent in the management, supervision
      and control of Miranda Gilley”. Defendants Federal Group I and William Hummel pleaded that “Janet Shoemake failed
      to exercise ordinary care for the safety of her daughter” and “negligently ... failed to maintain proper supervision of
      her daughter”. Defendant International Property Management, Inc. pleaded that “Janet Shoemake was negligent on the
      occasion in question, including, in her management, supervision and control of Miranda Gilley”.

End of Document                                            © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          7
XX
Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C., 395 S.W.3d 178 (2012)

                                                                             A legal malpractice action is based on
                                                                             negligence.
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
Distinguished by In re SMIC, Ltd., Bankr.N.D.Tex.,   August 13, 2013         1 Cases that cite this headnote

                    395 S.W.3d 178
                Court of Appeals of Texas,                             [2]   Attorney and Client
                  Houston (1st Dist.).                                            Elements of malpractice or negligence
                                                                             action in general
             Robert B. TAYLOR, Appellant
                                                                             A plaintiff bringing a legal malpractice claim
                           v.                                                must show that: (1) the attorney owed the
          ALONSO, CERSONSKY & GARCIA,                                        plaintiff a duty, (2) the attorney breached that
        P.C., James A. Cersonsky, John Causey,                               duty, (3) the breach proximately caused the
        and Hope and Causey, P.C., Appellees.                                plaintiff's injuries, and (4) damages occurred.

       No. 01–11–00078–CV.           |   Aug. 30, 2012.                      1 Cases that cite this headnote

Synopsis
Background: Client brought action against first and second             [3]   Attorney and Client
law firms for legal malpractice, gross negligence, and breach                    Conduct of litigation
of fiduciary duty after he paid personal funds over his                      If a legal malpractice claim is based on the
insurance policy limit to settle underlying car accident suit.               attorney's acts during prior litigation, a plaintiff
Law firms filed motions for summary judgment, and the                        must prove that, but for the attorney's breach of
190th District Court, Harris County, Patricia J. Kerrigan, J.,               duty, the plaintiff would have been successful in
granted the motions and rendered a take-nothing judgment.                    the prior case.
Client appealed.
                                                                             1 Cases that cite this headnote

Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Rebeca Huddle, J., held                [4]   Attorney and Client
that:                                                                            Conduct of litigation
                                                                             The “suit within a suit” causation requirement
[1] first law firm's representation of client did not cause                  for a claim based on prior litigation applies both
alleged damages, and                                                         to claims for legal malpractice and claims for
                                                                             a former attorney's alleged breach of fiduciary
[2] summary judgment affidavit failed to show that the results               duty when the damages sought are based on the
of a trial in underlying action probably would have been better              attorney's wrongful conduct in prior litigation.
for client.
                                                                             2 Cases that cite this headnote

Affirmed.                                                              [5]   Attorney and Client
                                                                                 Pleading and evidence
See also 356 S.W.3d 92.
                                                                             Generally, expert testimony is required to prove
                                                                             causation in a legal malpractice suit.

 West Headnotes (17)                                                         2 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                                       [6]   Negligence
 [1]     Attorney and Client
                                                                                 Necessity of causation
              Elements of malpractice or negligence
         action in general                                                   Negligence

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 1
Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C., 395 S.W.3d 178 (2012)

            Foreseeability                                          harm suffered by the client if nothing the first
       Negligence                                                   attorney did or failed to do hampered the second
           In general; degrees of proof                             attorney's representation.
       Proximate cause has two elements, cause in                   Cases that cite this headnote
       fact and foreseeability; these elements cannot
       be established by mere conjecture, guess, or
       speculation.                                          [10]   Evidence
                                                                        Cause and effect
       Cases that cite this headnote                                An expert may not simply opine that the
                                                                    defendant's negligence caused the plaintiff's
 [7]   Negligence                                                   injury, but must also explain how and why the
            “But-for” causation; act without which                  negligence caused the injury; in other words, an
       event would not have occurred                                expert must sufficiently link his conclusions to
                                                                    the facts.
       Negligence
           Substantial factor                                       Cases that cite this headnote
       The test for cause in fact is whether the act or
       omission was a substantial factor in causing the
                                                             [11]   Evidence
       injury without which the harm would not have
                                                                        Disclosure, necessity and right
       occurred.
                                                                    The factfinder must have access to the facts and
       Cases that cite this headnote                                data underlying an expert's testimony in order to
                                                                    accurately assess the testimony's worth.
 [8]   Attorney and Client                                          1 Cases that cite this headnote
           Conduct of litigation
       First law firm's representation of client in
                                                             [12]   Judgment
       personal injury action arising out of motor
                                                                        Weight and sufficiency
       vehicle accident did not cause alleged damages
       to client, who paid personal funds over his                  Judgment
       insurance policy limit to settle the underlying                  Matters of fact or conclusions
       action; first law firm only represented client for           An expert opinion on causation stated without
       five months before withdrawing, no trial date                the underlying facts is conclusory, and a
       had been set and no scheduling order had been                conclusory opinion is not probative and will
       entered at that time, second law firm took over              neither support nor defeat a summary judgment.
       representation approximately 18 months before
       eventual mediation and trial date, and first law             1 Cases that cite this headnote
       firm did not do anything in that five-month
       period which hampered or interfered with second       [13]   Evidence
       law firm's later representation.                                 Necessity and sufficiency
                                                                    An expert cannot simply say “Take my word for
       Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    it; I know.”

 [9]   Attorney and Client                                          Cases that cite this headnote
            Elements of malpractice or negligence
       action in general                                     [14]   Judgment
       When an attorney withdraws from representing                     Attorneys
       a client, and another attorney agrees to represent           Expert's summary judgment affidavit failed to
       the client, the first attorney does not cause the            show that the results of a trial in underlying

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                       2
Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C., 395 S.W.3d 178 (2012)

        personal injury action probably would have been
        better for client, who paid $3,000,000 in personal   Attorneys and Law Firms
        funds over his $250,000 automobile insurance
                                                             *179 Jeffery W. Steidley, The Steidley Law Firm, Houston,
        policy limit to settle the underlying action, and
                                                             TX, for Appellant.
        thus failed to establish that law firm's alleged
        legal malpractice in failing to proceed to trial     Allison Standish Miller, William A. Scheel, Billy Shepherd,
        caused client damages; expert merely assumed         Shepherd, Scott, Clawater & Houston, L.L.P., Alan N.
        that injured victim's failure to wear a seat belt    Magenheim, Magenheim & Associates, William Book,
        would have been admissible at trial and that the     Tekell, Book, Allen & Morris LLP, Houston, TX, for
        trial judge would have reduced client's liability    Appellees.
        by the percentage of the injury that would have
        been avoided had the victim worn a seat belt,        *180 Panel consists of Chief Justice RADACK and Justices
        although Texas law was unsettled on the issue,       BLAND and HUDDLE.
        and expert failed to explain his reasoning or
        supply any authority to suggest that a trial would
        have unfolded in such a manner. V.T.C.A.,                                     OPINION
        Transportation Code § 545.413(g).
                                                             REBECA HUDDLE, Justice.
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             In this legal malpractice case, Robert B. Taylor appeals the
                                                             trial court's rendition of summary judgment in favor of his
 [15]   Negligence                                           former attorneys. Taylor was sued in the underlying case for
            Gross negligence                                 allegedly causing a car accident that left the passenger in the
        In order to prevail on a claim for gross             other car in a permanent vegetative state. In the car accident
        negligence, a plaintiff must first show ordinary     case, Taylor initially was represented by James A. Cersonsky
        negligence.                                          and Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C. (Cersonsky). After
                                                             Cersonsky withdrew from the representation, John Causey
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             and Hope and Causey, P.C. (Causey) took over Taylor's
                                                             representation.
 [16]   Attorney and Client
            Conduct of litigation                            Taylor ultimately paid $3 million in personal funds over his
        Suit-within-a-suit causation is an element of a      $250,000 policy limit to settle the car accident suit. He then
        legal malpractice claim and a breach of fiduciary    brought this suit against Cersonsky and Causey, asserting
        duty claim for damages based on representation       claims for legal malpractice, gross negligence, and breach
        in underlying litigation.                            of fiduciary duty. Cersonsky and Causey each moved for
                                                             summary judgment. The trial court granted the motions and
        2 Cases that cite this headnote                      rendered a take-nothing judgment. Taylor appeals, arguing
                                                             that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment
                                                             because he raised fact issues as to each of the essential
 [17]   Attorney and Client
                                                             elements of his claims. We conclude that the trial court
            Deductions and forfeitures
                                                             correctly granted summary judgment and, accordingly, we
        In breach of fiduciary duty cases in which the       affirm.
        former client seeks disgorgement of fees paid to
        the attorney, the former client need not prove
        actual damages.
                                                                                     Background
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             The accident
                                                             In July 2005, Taylor, then seventy-eight years old, was
                                                             involved in a head-on collision on a two-lane road in
                                                             Chambers County. Russell Fullen, a passenger in the other

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Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C., 395 S.W.3d 178 (2012)

car, suffered a severe brain injury and, as a result, fell into a
permanent vegetative state. Fullen, who was twenty-one years           Following Cersonsky's withdrawal in July 2006, Allstate
old at the time of the accident, will require round-the-clock          hired Causey to continue the representation of Taylor.
medical care for the rest of his life. It is estimated that the cost   While the case ultimately settled eighteen months later,
of his medical care will approach $20 million.                         the settlement came after several developments—each
                                                                       unfavorable to Taylor—came to pass:
The accident report completed by the Chambers County
Sheriff's Office indicated that Taylor and Leach, the driver             • First, Fullen amended his petition to assert a fraudulent
of the car in which Fullen rode, were driving in opposite                   transfer claim against Taylor, Taylor's family members,
directions. Taylor attempted to turn left in front of Leach, who            Taylor's family trust, and others, after discovering
swerved to his left to avoid Taylor. Taylor then swerved back               that Taylor, after the accident, had transferred certain
into his lane of traffic, striking Leach. The report concluded:             significant assets in an apparent effort to avoid exposing
“[Taylor] drove on the wrong side-not passing, and [Leach]                  his substantial net worth to a potential judgment
may have taken a faulty evasive action.” Taylor ultimately                  in Fullen's favor. Fullen also obtained a temporary
was charged with a moving violation in connection with the                  restraining order and temporary injunction prohibiting
accident.                                                                   the transfer of certain assets until the case was
                                                                            resolved. 1
Taylor's insurer, Allstate Insurance Company, retained
The ProNet Group to investigate the accident. ProNet's
January 2006 accident reconstruction report noted that Taylor            • Second, the trial court denied Taylor's motion for
claimed Leach caused the accident by driving erratically                   summary judgment on Fullen's gross negligence claim,
and swerving into Taylor's lane of traffic. Nevertheless, the              leaving Taylor open to jury consideration of exemplary
report concluded that the evidence, some of which was not                  damages.
conclusive, suggested that the accident did not occur as
                                                                              • Third, more unfavorable evidence regarding fault
Taylor had described. Rather, ProNet concluded that it was
                                                                                 came to light. An accident reconstruction expert
more likely that the accident occurred as described in the
                                                                                 retained by Causey concluded that Taylor was a
police report. In February 2006, Allstate informed Taylor that
                                                                                 cause of the accident. And an eyewitness to the
his potential liability exceeded his policy limits.
                                                                                 accident testified that the accident was Taylor's
                                                                                 fault because he crossed over into the lane of
Fullen's suit against Taylor                                                     oncoming traffic while attempting to turn left.
In February 2006, Fullen, through his family, sued Taylor.             It was against this backdrop that the parties mediated the
Allstate retained Cersonsky to defend Taylor in the suit.              case, nine days before the scheduled trial date in October
Cersonsky communicated with Taylor and Richard Baker,                  2007. 2 At the mediation, Allstate tendered policy limits of
Taylor's personal attorney, during Cersonsky's representation          $250,000, and Taylor, who was accompanied by Causey
of Taylor. One of Taylor's main objectives in the litigation           and two personal lawyers not retained by Allstate, agreed
was to prevent disclosure of his *181 personal financial               to pay $3 million to settle all of the claims against Taylor,
information. To that end, Taylor, Baker, and Cersonsky                 his family members, and related entities. Taylor signed the
decided to file a special exception and motion for protection          written settlement agreement, as did Causey and Taylor's
to prevent disclosure of that information, which the Fullen            personal attorney, Baker.
family had requested in discovery. The trial court ruled
against Taylor on the motion for protection and ordered the
financial information produced. Taylor decided to appeal               Taylor's suit against Cersonsky and Causey
the decision. Cersonsky, who does not handle appeals, told             In February 2008, Taylor sued Cersonsky, Causey, and
Allstate to transfer the matter to another attorney. Cersonsky         Allstate. Taylor alleged that Cersonsky and Causey
wrote Taylor and informed him that Allstate was assigning the          committed legal malpractice by failing to properly investigate
case to Causey, and Cersonsky withdrew. During Cersonsky's             and develop viable defenses to Fullen's suit that could have
five-month representation of Taylor, no scheduling order or            resulted in a verdict in Taylor's favor or significantly reduced
trial setting was in place, and no settlement offers or demands        the value of Fullen's claims. Although Taylor alleged various
were exchanged.                                                        acts of malpractice, his primary complaint was that his

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Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C., 395 S.W.3d 178 (2012)

lawyers, who he claims were beholden to Allstate, failed            settlement would have been accomplished for the available
to investigate and pursue a defense based on the fact that          policy limits or less.” The trial court granted the summary
Fullen failed to wear a seat belt on the day of the accident.       judgment motions, and Taylor appealed, contending that it
While Causey pleaded an affirmative *182 defense based on           erred in doing so.
Fullen's failure to wear a seat belt and later designated (after
the expert deadline) an expert to opine on whether Fullen
would have avoided serious injury had he worn a seat belt,
                                                                                        Standard of Review
Taylor complains that it was too little, too late.
                                                                    We review a trial court's summary judgment de novo.
With respect to the alleged breach of fiduciary duty, Taylor        Travelers Ins. Co. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d 860, 862
contended that Cersonsky and Causey defended his case so as         (Tex.2010). If a trial court grants summary judgment without
to further their own interests, and Allstate's interests, rather    specifying the grounds for granting the motion, we must
than Taylor's. 3 He contends that Cersonsky and Causey, each        uphold the trial court's judgment if any one of the grounds is
of whom took the case for a flat fee, were motivated to save        meritorious. Beverick v. Koch Power, Inc., 186 S.W.3d 145,
Allstate from having to pay for an expensive defense, and did       148 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). The
not act in Taylor's best interest. For example, he contends that     *183 motion must state the specific grounds relied upon
a lawyer truly representing Taylor would have immediately           for summary judgment. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c), (i);
interviewed witnesses and that Cersonsky and Causey did             Timpte Indus., Inc. v. Gish, 286 S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex.2009).
not work up the case soon enough because of the nature of           When reviewing a summary judgment motion, we must (1)
their fee arrangement. Randy Donato, Taylor's legal expert,         take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant and (2)
also asserts that Cersonsky and Causey improperly failed to         indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts
disclose to Taylor the nature of their fee arrangements with        in the nonmovant's favor. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett,
Allstate.                                                           164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex.2005) (citing Provident Life &
                                                                    Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex.2003)).
Cersonsky and Causey each filed traditional and no-evidence
motions for summary judgment on all of Taylor's claims              A party seeking summary judgment may combine in a
against them. Both argued that Taylor had no evidence of            single motion a request for summary judgment under the
causation or, in other words, that Taylor could not raise a         no-evidence standard with a request under the traditional
fact issue on the “suit within a suit” element of his legal         summary judgment standard. Binur v. Jacobo, 135 S.W.3d
malpractice claim. Cersonsky additionally argued that his           646, 650–51 (Tex.2004). In a no-evidence motion for
early withdrawal from the case broke the chain of causation.        summary judgment, the movant asserts that there is no
In response, Taylor offered the affidavits of three experts: a      evidence to support an essential element of the nonmovant's
biomechanical engineering expert, John Lenox, who averred           claim on which the nonmovant would have the burden of
that Fullen would not have sustained serious injury if he           proof at trial. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Hahn v. Love, 321
had been wearing his seat belt on the day of the accident;          S.W.3d 517, 523–24 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet.
an accident reconstruction expert, William Greenlees, who           denied). The burden then shifts to the nonmovant to present
performed an accident reconstruction analysis; and Donato,          evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact as to each
who opined that Cersonsky's and Causey's breaches of                of the elements specified in the motion. Mack Trucks, Inc. v.
the standard of care in their representation of Taylor              Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex.2006); Hahn, 321 S.W.3d
caused Taylor to suffer damages. Donato concluded: “Both            at 524.
Cersonsky and Causey failed to adequately investigate and
prepare the underlying defenses available to them rising out        In a traditional summary judgment motion, the movant has
of the accident facts. Had that work been performed properly,       the burden to show that no genuine issue of material fact
in my opinion, the value of the case should have been reduced       exists and that the trial court should grant judgment as
to within, Allstate's policy limits.” In other words, “had either   a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); KPMG Peat
of these lawyers, retained by Allstate Insurance Company            Marwick v. Harrison Cnty. Hous. Fin. Corp., 988 S.W.2d
complied with the standard of care in timely locating and           746, 748 (Tex.1999). A defendant moving for traditional
retaining experts ... it is more probable than not that a           summary judgment must conclusively negate at least one
trial would have resulted in a defense verdict and a pretrial       essential element of each of the plaintiff's causes of action

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Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C., 395 S.W.3d 178 (2012)

or conclusively establish each element of an affirmative         the injury without which the harm would not have occurred.
defense. Sci. Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911    Id.
(Tex.1997).

                                                                            1. Taylor's claims against Cersonsky
                        Discussion
                                                                 [8] Cersonsky moved for summary judgment on all Taylor's
A. Legal malpractice claims                                     claims on the ground that Cersonsky's withdrawal, and
 [1]     [2]     [3]    [4] A legal malpractice action is basedCausey's substitution, broke the chain of causation. We agree
on negligence. Cunningham v. Hughes & Luce, L.L.P., 312         that Taylor failed to raise a fact issue as to how Cersonsky's
S.W.3d 62, 67 (Tex.App.-El Paso 2010, no pet.) (citing          representation of Taylor caused Taylor's alleged damages.
Cosgrove v. Grimes, 774 S.W.2d 662, 664 (Tex.1989)). A
plaintiff bringing a legal malpractice claim must show that      [9] When an attorney withdraws from representing a client,
“(1) the attorney owed the plaintiff a duty, (2) the attorney   and another attorney agrees to represent the client, the first
breached that duty, (3) the breach proximately caused the       attorney does not cause the harm suffered by the client
plaintiff's injuries, and (4) damages occurred.” Grider v. Mike if nothing the first attorney did or failed to do hampered
O'Brien, P.C., 260 S.W.3d 49, 55 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st         the second attorney's representation. See Blake v. Lewis,
Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (quoting Alexander v. Turtur &        886 S.W.2d 404, 408 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1994,
Assocs., Inc., 146 S.W.3d 113, 117 (Tex.2004)). If the legal    no writ); see also Medrano v. Reyes, 902 S.W.2d 176,
malpractice claim is based on the attorney's acts during prior  178 (Tex.App.-Eastland 1995, no writ) (holding, in legal
litigation, a plaintiff must prove that, but for the attorney's malpractice suit for failure to file action within limitations
breach of duty, the plaintiff would have been successful in     period, that firm should not be liable when it withdrew
the prior case. Id. (citing Greathouse v. McConnell, 982        twenty-one months before limitations period expired giving
S.W.2d 165, 172 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet.        former client sufficient time to employ other counsel).
denied)); see also Heath v. Herron, 732 S.W.2d 748, 753         Here, Cersonsky represented Taylor for approximately five
(Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ denied) (stating      months before withdrawing. At the time of his withdrawal
that defendant in underlying case claiming malpractice must     in July 2006, no trial date had been set and no scheduling
show a “meritorious defense,” that is, a defense “that, if      order had been entered. Causey took over the representation
proved, would cause a different result upon retrial of the      approximately eighteen months before the eventual mediation
case”). This causation burden in this type of legal malpractice and trial date. In his affidavit, Donato does not assert that
claim has been called the “suit-within-a-suit” requirement.     anything Cersonsky did in that five-month period hampered
See Greathouse, 982 S.W.2d 165 at 173. The “suit within a       or interfered with Causey's later representation. Rather, he
suit” causation requirement applies both to claims for legal    opines generally that both Cersonsky and Causey should have
malpractice and claims for a former attorney's alleged breach   begun their factual investigation of the case earlier than they
of fiduciary duty when the damages sought are based on the      did, but nowhere explains how Cersonsky's doing so would
attorney's wrongful conduct in prior litigation. See Finger     have yielded a better outcome for Taylor. We hold that Taylor
 *184 v. Ray, 326 S.W.3d 285, 292 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st        failed to raise a fact issue concerning the element of causation
Dist.] 2010, no pet.); Greathouse, 982 S.W.2d 165 at 173.       on his malpractice claim against Cersonsky. See Blake, 886
                                                                S.W.2d at 408; Medrano, 902 S.W.2d at 178.
 [5]     [6]     [7] Generally, expert testimony is required to
prove causation in a legal malpractice suit. See Alexander,     We overrule the portion of Taylor's point of error with respect
146 S.W.3d at 119–20. Proximate cause has two elements:         to the summary judgment on Taylor's malpractice claims
cause in fact and foreseeability. W. Invs., Inc. v. Urena,      against Cersonsky. 4
162 S.W.3d 547, 551 (Tex.2005). “These elements cannot
be established by mere conjecture, guess, or speculation.”
Id. (quoting Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater Dallas, Inc., 907
S.W.2d 472, 477 (Tex.1995)). The test for cause in fact is                    2. Taylor's claims against Causey
whether the act or omission was a substantial factor in causing
                                                                As part of his motion for summary judgment, Causey asserted
                                                                that there was no evidence of the element of causation. Taylor

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Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C., 395 S.W.3d 178 (2012)

responded with summary judgment evidence, including an             see also Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 235 (Tex.1999)
affidavit from a legal expert, Randy Donato. In his affidavit,     (“[I]t is the basis of the witness's opinion, and not the witness's
Donato identifies a number of acts and omissions he contends       qualifications or his bare opinions alone, that can settle an
amount to malpractice by Causey. The alleged breaches of the       issue as a matter of law; a claim will not stand or fall on the
standard of care include: failing to interview the investigating   mere ipse dixit of a credentialed witness.”). An expert “cannot
officer and other witnesses early in the representation; *185      simply say, ‘Take my word for it; I know....’ ” Burrow, 997
failing to raise and develop a defense based on Fullen's failure   S.W.2d at 236.
to wear a seat belt, specifically, failing to consult or retain
appropriate experts necessary to prove a seat belt defense; and    In Burrow, the Supreme Court of Texas examined an
generally carrying out the representation in such a way to save    affidavit in a legal malpractice case. Burrow, 997 S.W.2d
Allstate money rather than pursuing Taylor's best interests.       at 235. Former clients sued their attorneys, asserting that
Donato avers that Causey “failed to defend in a reasonable         the attorneys had improperly settled their suits and allocated
manner the ‘how this accident happened’ issues.”                   damages among the clients. Id. at 232–33. The attorneys
                                                                   moved for and were granted summary judgment by the trial
Donato's affidavit addresses the suit within a suit requirement    court. Id. at 233. In support of their motion for summary
by positing how a hypothetical lawyer “uninfluenced by the         judgment, the attorneys included an affidavit from an expert
fact he is being paid by an insurance company, would have          who opined that the attorneys' actions did not cause the
defended the underlying lawsuit.” He avers that, properly          clients any damages. Id. at 235. The expert stated there
handled, the seat belt defense “would have significantly           were several important considerations in considering the
reduced Mr. Fullen's claims and likely eliminated them             reasonableness of the settlement amounts, he considered
altogether.” In other words, Donato opines that if a lawyer        those factors, and he concluded that the clients were all
acting in Taylor's best interest had defended the case properly,   reasonably compensated and, therefore, had not been harmed
and if Taylor had proceeded to trial, the seat belt defense        by the alleged malpractice. Id. The Supreme Court explained
would have been a viable defense and yielded an outcome            that because *186 the expert did not explain why the
in which Taylor's liability would have been less than the $3       settlements were fair and reasonable for each client, the
million Taylor paid to settle the case. Donato accords the         affidavit was conclusory. Id. at 236.
seat belt defense such importance that he concludes that, if
it had been properly developed in this case, “the value of         [14] We conclude that, like the deficient affidavit in Burrow,
the case should have been reduced to within Allstate's policy     Donato's affidavit fails to sufficiently explain how Causey
limits.” In short, according to Donato, satisfactory counsel      caused Taylor's damages. More specifically, it fails to explain
would have saved Taylor from contributing a single dollar         the basis for Donato's opinion that a lawyer properly handling
toward a settlement or judgment.                                  the case would have achieved the favorable outcome Donato
                                                                  posits. The main flaw in Donato's analysis is the causal leap it
 [10] [11] [12] [13] An expert may not “simply ... opinemakes with respect to legal rulings the trial court would have
that the defendant's negligence caused the plaintiff's injury.”   made regarding the seat belt defense had Taylor proceeded
Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d 526, 536 (Tex.2010). An expert       to trial. The basis for these leaps is nowhere explained, but
must also “explain how and why the negligence caused the          the assumptions themselves are embedded in a key passage
injury.” Id. In other words, an expert must sufficiently link his of Donato's affidavit:
conclusions to the facts. Earle v. Ratliff, 998 S.W.2d 882, 890
(Tex.1999). The factfinder must have access to the facts and         The most glaring failure I have found in failing to do
data underlying an expert's testimony in order “to accurately        that which a lawyer exercising independent judgment
assess the testimony's worth.” In re Christus Spohn Hosp.            would have done, is the failure of [Cersonsky and Causey]
Kleberg, 222 S.W.3d 434, 440 (Tex.2007). An opinion on               to investigate the non-use of seatbelt issues applicable
causation stated without the underlying facts is conclusory.         specifically to Mr. Fullen. For years as a defense attorney,
See Jelinek, 328 S.W.3d at 536; Arkoma Basin Exploration             I was frustrated by the fact that Texas Law did not allow in
Co., Inc. v. FMF Assocs. 1990–A, Ltd., 249 S.W.3d 380, 389           front of juries the use or non-use of seatbelts. It is proven
n. 32 (Tex.2008). A conclusory opinion is not probative and          by the statistics countless injuries and specifically head
will neither support nor defeat a summary judgment. See City         injuries are avoided when occupants wear seatbelts.
of San Antonio v. Pollock, 284 S.W.3d 809, 818 (Tex.2009);

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Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C., 395 S.W.3d 178 (2012)

                                                                  authorities discussing issue of seat belt usage since repeal of
  In 2003, our Texas Legislature repealed sections 545.412d       section 545.413(g)). Donato cited no authorities to support
  and 545.413 [g] of the Texas Transportation Code. In            his view of how a trial court would rule on these questions.
  repealing these sections, the Legislature gave defense          And our own research revealed no Texas Supreme Court or
  lawyers, a new and potentially case winning defense if a        Texas appellate court cases discussing the significance or
  Plaintiff was not wearing a seatbelt and if his injury would    effect of the provision's repeal. Nor have we located Texas
  have been prevented by the use of a seatbelt. The way           cases discussing whether or how an injured party's failure to
  seat belt use is submitted in Texas, gives defense counsel      wear a seat belt should be submitted to the jury. Indeed, the
  essentially two bites at the apple. A jury will be asked to     few federal court opinions addressing these issues reached
  assign fault on a proportionate basis as between parties        conclusions that conflict with Donato's assumptions about
  for causing the accident. After the jury has answered that      how the hypothetical Chambers County trial court would have
  question, a seat belt inquiry question is submitted which       ruled.
  inquires essentially, as to how much of a, Plaintiffs injury
  would have been prevented had he been wearing a seatbelt.       One federal court concluded that the legislature's repeal in
  Both fault and injury causation are used to establish if and    2003 of section 545.413(g) “does not indicate that [evidence
  how a defendant may owe.                                        of a party's failure to wear a seat belt] is now per se
                                                                  admissible.” Idar v. Cooper Tire & Rubber Co., C.A. No.
  .... Competent Plaintiff counsel throughout the state of
                                                                  C–10–217, 2011 WL 2412613, at *9 (S.D.Tex. June 6,
  Texas for years fought against the repeal of the provisions
                                                                  2011); see also Trenado v. Cooper Tire & Rubber Co., C.A.
  of the Transportation Code making the use or non-use of
                                                                  No. 4:08–cv–249 (S.D.Tex. Jan. 26, 2010) (noting that the
  seatbelts inadmissible. They did so for a very good reason,
                                                                  legislative intent was to change the admissibility of seat belt
  and that is failing to wear seatbelts is and will continue to
                                                                  usage from a substantive to a procedural issue and concluding
  be a devastating defense against their clients.
                                                                  that, while Texas law does not preclude the admissibility
  .... Accordingly, had either of these defense lawyers,          of seat belt evidence, admissibility would be decided by
  retained by Allstate Insurance Company complied with the        trial court according to evidentiary rules). This casts doubt
  standard of care in timely locating and retaining experts ...   on Donato's assumption that the fact that Fullen failed to
  it is more probable than not that a trial would have resulted   wear a seat belt would be the deciding factor in the jury's
  in a defense verdict and pretrial settlement would have been    deliberations had Taylor proceeded to trial.
  accomplished for the available insurance policy limits or
  less.                                                           The same can be said of Donato's assumption that Taylor's
                                                                  liability would have been reduced due to Fullen's failure to
(Emphasis added.) Before its repeal in 2003, Texas                wear a seat belt. Trenado and Idar each made two holdings
Transportation Code section 545.413(g) provided, “Use or          that undercut Donato's assumption on this point: (1) the
nonuse of a safety belt is not admissible evidence in a civil     alleged failure of the injured person to wear a seat belt did
trial....” Act of Apr. 21, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 165, § 1,   not contribute to the accident, and, under current Texas law,
sec. 545.413(g), 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 1025, 1644, repealed         it should not give rise to a contributory negligence defense,
by Act of June 1, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 8.01          Idar, 2011 WL 2412613, at *11; Trenado, at *41–42, and
2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 863. Donato assumes that, with           (2) the injured person's failure to wear a seat belt did not
the repeal of section 545.413(g), admissibility of an injured     constitute subsequent negligence and therefore does not give
party's failure to wear a seat belt is a foregone conclusion.     rise to a defense of failure to mitigate damages that would
Donato likewise assumes that the trial judge would have           yield a reduction in recovery. Idar, 2011 WL 2412613, at
reduced Taylor's liability by the percentage of the injury that   *11–12; Trenado, at 38–39.
would have been *187 avoided had Fullen worn a seat belt,
as found by the jury.                                             Donato's analysis nowhere explains the specific legal basis for
                                                                  his opinion that earlier development of the seat belt defense by
But Donato nowhere explains the basis for either of these         Causey probably would have yielded a more favorable result
leaps. That likely is because Texas law on these points is        at trial. Instead, his analysis leaps from the fact of section
unsettled. See Trenado v. Cooper Tire & Rubber Co., No.           545.413(g)'s repeal to his conclusion that Taylor would have
4:08–cv–249 (S.D.Tex. Jan. 26, 2010) (noting absence of           obtained a better outcome at trial had he been properly

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             8
Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C., 395 S.W.3d 178 (2012)

represented, without ever addressing the unsettled legal issues
that the trial court would have confronted, or how or why he
believes that Taylor would have obtained favorable rulings on      B. Gross negligence claims
them—and convinced a jury of their outcome-determinative            [15] Taylor pleaded that his lawyers' acts and omissions rose
nature—had Taylor proceeded to trial. Donato's failure to          to the level of gross negligence. Texas law is well-settled
explain this analytical gap—together with the absence of           that, in order to prevail on a claim for gross negligence, a
any authority to suggest that the trial would have unfolded        plaintiff must first show ordinary negligence. Doe v. Messina,
in the manner Donato suggests—lead us to conclude that             349 S.W.3d 797, 804 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2011,
Donato's opinion is insufficient to raise a fact issue on          pet. denied) (citing Sonic Sys. Int'l, Inc. v. Croix, 278 S.W.3d
causation. Pollock, 284 S.W.3d at 818 (conclusory opinion          377, 395 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied)).
is not probative and will not defeat a summary judgment);          Here, we have concluded that the summary judgment on the
Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 235 (an expert's opinion is conclusory       negligence claims against Cersonsky and Causey was proper.
and will not support summary judgment if it does not contain       Therefore, Taylor's gross negligence claims also fail. We
the basis or reasoning for the opinion).                           hold that the trial court properly granted summary judgment
                                                                   on Taylor's gross negligence claims against Cersonsky and
 *188 In addition, Donato does not address other significant       Causey.
legal and factual hurdles Taylor faced in the underlying
lawsuit. For example, Donato does not address the
                                                                   C. Breach of fiduciary duty claims
undisputedly severe and tragic nature of Fullen's injury or the
                                                                   The parties dispute whether Taylor asserted only claims
substantial estimated cost of his medical care needs and how
                                                                   of legal malpractice or whether he also stated a breach of
these facts may have influenced a jury. Additionally, Fullen
                                                                   fiduciary duty claim. Taylor contends that his allegations
had amended his petition to assert a fraudulent transfer claim
                                                                   about allegedly divided loyalties give rise to a breach of
based on Taylor's attempt to shield assets from a judgment
                                                                   fiduciary duty claim. Specifically, he claims Cersonsky
in Fullen's favor. Taylor had also lost a summary judgment
                                                                    *189 and Causey breached their fiduciary duties to Taylor
on Fullen's gross negligence claim, leaving the possibility of
                                                                   by failing to disclose certain facts (the nature of their fee
Taylor being liable for exemplary damages at trial. Finally,
                                                                   arrangement with Allstate and the fact that Fullen's medical
the police report and both accident reconstruction expert
                                                                   lien could be waived) and by acting in the interests of Allstate
reports concluded that Taylor was a cause of the accident.
                                                                   and themselves (by allegedly skimping on Taylor's defense in
Under the facts of this case, we conclude that Donato's
                                                                   order to keep Allstate happy and thereby secure other work
affidavit is insufficient to raise a fact issue on whether the
                                                                   for themselves in the future). The former lawyers argue that
alleged malpractice caused injury to Taylor because it does
                                                                   Taylor's allegations are nothing more than complaints about
not show that the results of a trial probably would have been
                                                                   the adequacy of their representation and therefore can only
better for Taylor. See Pollock, 284 S.W.3d at 818; Burrow,
                                                                   give rise to ordinary malpractice claims. See Greathouse, 982
997 S.W.2d at 235; see also Cooper v. Harris, 329 S.W.3d
                                                                   S.W.2d at 172 (the test to determine whether a plaintiff asserts
898, 904 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied)
                                                                   only malpractice claims, generally, is whether the “crux”
(finding expert testimony insufficient to support jury's verdict
                                                                   of each separate claim is that the lawyer “did not provide
on legal malpractice claim because expert who testified
                                                                   adequate legal representation.”).
that malpractice plaintiff would have recovered a money
judgment had his claims been prosecuted by a reasonably
                                                                    [16] [17] Our resolution of this case is based on Taylor's
prudent attorney did not “address the complicated factual
                                                                   failure to raise a fact issue with respect to the suit within
and legal issues” in the underlying case); Kemp v. Jensen,
                                                                   a suit causation element of his claims. This causation is
329 S.W.3d 866, 871 (Tex.App.-Eastland 2010, pet. denied)
                                                                   an element of a legal malpractice claim and a breach of
(affirming summary judgment on legal malpractice claim
                                                                   fiduciary duty claim for damages based on representation
where expert opined that malpractice plaintiff would have
had a much better opportunity of obtaining a favorable jury        in underlying litigation. 6 See Finger, 326 S.W.3d at 291–
verdict but for the alleged malpractice, but did not explain the   92 (former client asserting breach of fiduciary duty claim
                                                                   based on representation in prior suit must prove “suit within
basis of the statement). 5 Accordingly, we hold that the trial
                                                                   a suit” causation); Smith v. Aldridge, No. 14–11–00673–CV,
court correctly granted summary judgment on Taylor's legal
                                                                   2012 WL 1071246, at *6 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.]
malpractice claims.
                                                                   March 29, 2012, no pet.) (assuming malpractice plaintiff's

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             9
Taylor v. Alonso, Cersonsky & Garcia, P.C., 395 S.W.3d 178 (2012)

                                                                       on the element of causation would render summary judgment
allegations supported an independent action for breach of
                                                                       proper on any such claim. See Finger, 326 S.W.3d at 291–92;
fiduciary duty, plaintiff was required to prove “suit within
                                                                       Smith, 2012 WL 1071246, at *6.
a suit” to defeat summary judgment on that claim). Because
Taylor had the burden—but failed—to raise a fact issue
on causation, it is immaterial whether Taylor asserted only
malpractice claims, on the one hand, or whether he asserted                                     Conclusion
both malpractice and breach of fiduciary duty claims, on the
other. Even if some of his allegations could form the basis            We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
for a breach of fiduciary duty claim, Taylor's failure to meet
his burden with respect to causation vitiates both. We express
                                                                       All Citations
no opinion as to whether Taylor asserted claims for breach of
fiduciary duty as distinct from legal malpractice; rather, we          395 S.W.3d 178
conclude that, even if he had, his failure to raise a fact issue

Footnotes
1      Causey did not handle this aspect of the litigation; it was handled by Nelson Hensley, another personal attorney of Taylor.
2      Taylor had made a written $1 million settlement offer through his personal attorney, Hensley, the month before the
       mediation.
3      Taylor also sued Allstate. He alleged Allstate (1) tortiously interfered with Taylor's relationships with Cersonsky and
       Causey, (2) breached its contract with Taylor and (3) violated the DTPA and Insurance Code in handling his claim. After
       the trial court granted Allstate's motion for summary judgment, it severed the claims against Allstate, and Taylor appealed.
       This court affirmed in part but reversed and remanded Taylor's DTPA and Insurance Code claims against Allstate. See
       Taylor v. Allstate Ins. Co., 356 S.W.3d 92, 103 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. denied).
4      In addition, the discussion below concerning the causation in the case against Causey applies equally to causation in
       the case against Cersonsky.
5      Donato's affidavit can also be read to conclude that proper handling of the case would have reduced the amount Taylor
       had to pay to settle the case, had he decided not to proceed to trial. That theory is also insufficient to survive summary
       judgment, because there is no evidence that Fullen's representatives would have accepted a settlement offer lower
       than $3 million. See Tolpo v. Decordova, 146 S.W.3d 678, 684 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2004, no pet.) (affirming summary
       judgment based on lack of fact issue on causation where there was no evidence that other party in underlying suit would
       have entered into the contract had former counsel proposed special provision, the omission of which was the basis of
       former client's malpractice claim).
6      We note that Taylor sought only actual and exemplary damages in this case. In breach of fiduciary duty cases in which the
       former client seeks disgorgement of fees paid to the attorney, the former client need not prove actual damages. Burrow
       v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 240 (Tex.1999). Because he did not seek disgorgement of fees, Taylor was required to prove
       Causey and Cersonsky's breach of fiduciary duties caused his actual damages.

End of Document                                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               10
YY
Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

                                                                       A “facial challenge” claims that a statute, by
                                                                       its terms, always operates unconstitutionally; by
                    445 S.W.3d 698
                                                                       contrast, an “as-applied challenge” asserts that a
                 Supreme Court of Texas.
                                                                       statute, while generally constitutional, operates
   TENET HOSPITALS LIMITED, A Texas Limited                            unconstitutionally as to the claimant because of
  Partnership d/b/a Providence Memorial Hospital,                      her particular circumstances.
     and Michael D. Compton, M.D., Petitioners
                                                                       2 Cases that cite this headnote
                         v.
             Elizabeth RIVERA, as Next
                                                                 [2]   Constitutional Law
            Friend for M.R., Respondent.
                                                                            Conditions, Limitations, and Other
            No. 13–0096. | Argued Feb. 4,                              Restrictions on Access and Remedies
          2014. | Decided Aug. 22, 2014.                               Open courts provision of Constitution guarantees
          | Rehearing Denied Nov. 21, 2014.                            that a common law remedy will not be
                                                                       unreasonably abridged. Vernon's Ann.Texas
Synopsis                                                               Const. Art. 1, § 13.
Background: Mother, on behalf of minor child, brought
action against hospital and physician for medical negligence,          Cases that cite this headnote
arising from emergency cesarean section allegedly resulting
in minor's permanent neurological injury and disability.         [3]   Limitation of Actions
The 120th Judicial District Court, El Paso County, Maria                   In general; what constitutes discovery
Salas–Mendoza, J., granted summary judgment in favor
                                                                       Tolling provisions generally defer accrual of a
of hospital and physician. Mother appealed. The Court of
                                                                       claim until the plaintiff knew, or in the exercise
Appeals, Guadalupe Rivera, J., 392 S.W.3d 326, reversed and
                                                                       of reasonable diligence should have known, the
remanded. Hospital sought review.
                                                                       facts giving rise to the claim.

                                                                       Cases that cite this headnote
Holdings: The Supreme Court, Guzman, J., held that:
                                                                 [4]   Constitutional Law
[1] statute of repose for the Medical Liability Act did not                Time for proceedings
violate open courts provision as applied to mother, and
                                                                       In contrast to tolling statutes, the open courts
                                                                       provision of the Constitution merely gives
[2] statute was not unconstitutionally retroactive as applied.
                                                                       litigants a reasonable time to discover their
                                                                       injuries and file suit; courts must determine what
Reversed and rendered.                                                 constitutes a reasonable time frame. Vernon's
                                                                       Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 13.
Lehrmann, J., dissented and filed opinion.
                                                                       1 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                                 [5]   Constitutional Law
 West Headnotes (17)
                                                                            Time for proceedings; limitation or
                                                                       suspension of remedy
 [1]    Constitutional Law                                             An open courts challenge is a due process
            Facial invalidity                                          complaint and requires the party to use due
        Constitutional Law                                             diligence. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14; Vernon's
            Invalidity as applied                                      Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 13.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          1
Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

                                                                      V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code §
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                               74.251(b).

                                                                      1 Cases that cite this headnote
 [6]    Constitutional Law
              Right of access to the courts and a remedy
        for injuries in general                                [10]   Constitutional Law
        The party raising the open courts challenge must                  Abrogation, modification, or recognition of
        raise a fact issue establishing that he did not have          remedies
        a reasonable opportunity to be heard. Vernon's                Test for whether a law violates the open
        Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 13.                                courts provision is if the law: (1) imposes
                                                                      substitute remedies, whether those remedies
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                               are reasonable, or (2) extinguishes remedies,
                                                                      whether such action is a reasonable exercise of
 [7]    Constitutional Law                                            the police power. Vernon's Ann.Texas Const.
            Delay in assertion of rights; laches                      Art. 1, § 13.
        A guardian's lack of diligence may operate to                 Cases that cite this headnote
        bar a legally incompetent person's open courts
        challenge. Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, §
        13.                                                    [11]   Statutes
                                                                           Nature and definition of retroactive statute
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                               A “retroactive law” is one that extends to matters
                                                                      that occurred in the past.
 [8]    Constitutional Law
                                                                      1 Cases that cite this headnote
            Delay in assertion of rights; laches
        A next friend's lack of due diligence may operate
        to bar a minor child's open courts challenge.          [12]   Statutes
        Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 13.                            Power to enact; validity
                                                                      Not all retroactive statutes are unconstitutional.
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
 [9]    Constitutional Law
            Time for proceedings                               [13]   Statutes
        Limitation of Actions                                              Power to enact; validity
            Constitutionality of statute                              The test for examining whether retroactive
        Ten-year statute of repose for the Medical                    laws are constitutional considers the nature and
        Liability Act did not violate open courts                     strength of the public interest served by the
        provision as applied to mother, who brought                   statute as evidenced by the Legislature's factual
        action as next friend of her child against hospital           findings, the nature of the prior right impaired by
        and physician for medical negligence, arising                 the statute, and the extent of the impairment.
        from emergency cesarean section allegedly
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
        resulting in child's permanent neurological injury
        and disability, where an attorney sent the hospital
        and physician the statutorily required notice          [14]   Statutes
        of child's health care liability claim two years                   Power to enact; validity
        before the statute of repose barred it, but                   In retroactivity inquiry, Supreme Court must
        then waited over six-and-a-half years to file                 balance a compelling public interest against the
        suit. Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 13;

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          2
Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

        nature of the prior right and the extent to which       *700 V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code §
        the statute impairs that right.                        74.251(b)

        Cases that cite this headnote                          Attorneys and Law Firms

                                                               Michael S. Hull, Hull Hendricks L.L.P., Austin, TX, for
 [15]   Limitation of Actions                                  Amicus Curiae Texas Alliance for Patient Access.
            Retroactive Operation
        Statutes                                               Jason Paul Hungerford, John Scott Mann, Ken Slavin, Kemp
             Statutes of limitations                           Smith, LLP, P. Michael Jung, Strasburger & Price LLP,
                                                               Dallas, TX, for Petitioner Tenet Hospitals Limited.
        Ten-year statute of repose for the Medical
        Liability Act was not unconstitutionally               H. Keith Myers, Steven L. Hughes, Mounce, Green, Myers,
        retroactive as applied in action by mother             Safi, Paxson & Galatzan, P.C., El Paso, TX, for Petitioners
        as next friend of child against hospital and           Michael D. Compton, M.D.
        physician for medical negligence, arising from
        emergency cesarean section allegedly resulting         Alfonso L. Melendez, Alfonso L. Melendez P.C., Enrique
        in child's permanent neurological injury and           Moreno, Law Offices of Enrique Moreno, John P. Mobbs,
        disability; Medical Liability Act demonstrated         Attorney-at-Law, El Paso, TX, for Respondent Elizabeth
        its compelling public purpose in lowering the          Rivera.
        cost of medical malpractice premiums and
        broadening access to health care, and mother           Opinion
        had a three-year grace period to bring the claim.
                                                               Justice GUZMAN delivered the opinion of the Court in which
        V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code §
                                                               Chief Justice HECHT, Justice GREEN, Justice JOHNSON,
        74.251(b).
                                                               Justice WILLETT, Justice BOYD, Justice DEVINE, and
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                        Justice BROWN joined.

                                                               Our Constitution must strike a delicate balance between
 [16]   Constitutional Law                                     the pre-existing rights of individuals and the state's need
            Third-party standing in general                    to abridge those rights to achieve important public policy
        The more difficult plight of a different or            objectives. This appeal raises such questions of balance
        hypothetical litigant will not save a litigant's as-   through a challenge to the statute of repose in the Medical
        applied challenge to the constitutionality of a        Liability Act. In 2003, the Legislature enacted the Medical
        statute.                                               Liability Act to lower the escalating cost of medical
                                                               malpractice insurance premiums and increase access to health
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                        care. The Act contains a statute of repose that operates to bar
                                                               claims not brought within ten years of the date of the medical
                                                               treatment.
 [17]   Constitutional Law
            Judicial Authority and Duty in General
                                                               Here, alleged negligence occurred during the birth of a
        There is no need to strike a statute down because
                                                               child in 1996. Under the 2003 repose statute, a suit on this
        it might operate unconstitutionally in another
                                                               negligence claim must be filed by 2006. In 2004, an attorney
        case.
                                                               for the mother notified the hospital of the minor's claim, but
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                        no suit was filed until 2011, five years after the repose statute's
                                                               deadline. The hospital moved for summary judgment on the
                                                               ground that the repose statute barred the claim, and the mother
                                                               responded that the repose statute violates the open courts
                                                               and retroactivity provisions of the Texas Constitution. We
West Codenotes
                                                               overrule both constitutional challenges.
Negative Treatment Vacated

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             3
Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

The open courts challenge fails due to the mother's                In August 2004, Rivera's lawyer sent the hospital the
lack of diligence in filing suit. In this context, an              statutorily required notice of a health care liability claim, 3
open courts challenge contends that the claimant had an            but only filed suit (on M.R.'s behalf) in March 2011—five
insufficient opportunity to bring suit. It is well-established     years after the repose statute barred the claim and six-and-
in our jurisprudence that such open-courts challengers must        a-half years after Rivera sent pre-suit notice of the claim.
themselves be diligent in bringing suit. The mother cannot         The hospital and Dr. Compton moved for summary judgment
meet this requirement because she was aware of the claim           based on the statute of repose and the trial court granted the
one year into her three-year period to bring the claim but         motion. The court of appeals reversed, holding that the statute
waited over six additional years to file suit. The mother's        of repose violated the open courts provision as applied to
retroactivity challenge also fails because a compelling public     M.R. 392 S.W.3d 326, 333 (Tex.App.–El Paso 2012). We
purpose justified the legislation and granted her a three-year
                                                                   granted the hospital and Dr. Compton's petitions for review. 4
grace period to file suit. Because the court of appeals found in
the mother's favor on her open courts challenge, we reverse
the court of appeals' judgment and render judgment that the
plaintiff take nothing.                                                                    II. Discussion

                                                                   Rivera poses open courts and retroactivity challenges to the
                                                                   repose statute as independent bases for affirming the court
                        I. Background                              of appeals. Regarding the open courts challenge, Rivera
                                                                   claims the repose statute is similar to previous statutes
In 1996, Elizabeth Rivera was nine months pregnant with
                                                                   of limitations we held to be unconstitutional as applied
her daughter, M.R., when she visited the emergency room
                                                                   to minors. Regarding the retroactivity challenge, Rivera
of *701 Providence Hospital 1 with a cough and fever.              contends the repose statute is unconstitutionally retroactive
Dr. Michael Compton assessed Rivera and discharged her.            because it extinguished M.R.'s claim before she could reach
The following day, Rivera noticed decreased fetal movement         the age of majority. We address each constitutional challenge
and returned to the hospital, where M.R. was delivered via         in turn. In doing so, we are mindful that we begin assessing a
emergency C-section. M.R. lacked oxygen and has permanent          constitutional challenge with a presumption that the statute is
neurological disabilities. Rivera claims this injury resulted
                                                                   valid 5 and *702 do not defer to lower court constructions
from the hospital and Dr. Compton's failure to properly assess
and monitor her and notify her OB/GYN.                             of statutes. 6

Seven years after the medical treatment at issue (in 2003),         [1] The distinction between facial and as-applied challenges
the Legislature enacted a ten-year statute of repose for the       also bears mentioning because we consider bother Rivera's
Medical Liability Act, which provides:                             challenges to be as-applied challenges. A facial challenge
                                                                   claims that a statute, by its terms, always operates
             A claimant must bring a health care                   unconstitutionally. United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739,
             liability claim not later than 10 years               745, 107 S. Ct. 2095, 95 L. Ed. 2d 697 (1987); Tex. Workers'
             after the date of the act or omission that            Comp. Comm'n v. Garcia, 893 S.W.2d 504, 518 (Tex.1995).
             gives rise to the claim. This subsection              By contrast, an as-applied challenge asserts that a statute,
             is intended as a statute of repose so that            while generally constitutional, operates unconstitutionally as
             all claims must be brought within 10                  to the claimant because of her particular circumstances. 7 City
             years or they are time barred.                        of Corpus Christi v. Pub. Util. Comm'n of Tex., 51 S.W.3d
231, 240 (Tex.2001); Garcia, 893 S.W.2d at 518 n. 16.
Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 10.01, 2003
Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 872 (current version at TEX. CIV.
                                                                   Both of Rivera's constitutional challenges here (open courts
PRAC. & REM.CODE § 74.251(b)). Thus, when the repose
                                                                   and retroactivity) are as-applied challenges. Her open
statute became law, M.R.'s claim needed to be brought within
                                                                   courts challenge does not claim the repose statute operates
three years to avoid the claim being barred by the statute of
                                                                   unconstitutionally as to all persons, and we have previously
repose. 2                                                          held open courts applied constitutionally to an adult who
                                                                   could not discover her claim before the repose statute

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            4
Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

barred it. 8 Methodist Healthcare Sys., Ltd., L.L.P. v.            to be heard.” Stockton v. Offenbach, 336 S.W.3d 610, 618
Rankin, 307 S.W.3d 283, 292 (Tex.2010); see Yancy v.               (Tex.2011) (quoting Yancy, 236 S.W.3d at 785).
United Surgical Partners Int'l, Inc., 236 S.W.3d 778, 786
(Tex.2007) (treating an open courts challenge as an as-applied     We have interpreted this due diligence requirement three
challenge). Likewise, Rivera's retroactivity challenge is an as-   times in the past two decades, and these precedents guide
applied challenge because it contends the repose statute is        our analysis here. First, in Shah v. Moss, Moss sued Shah
unconstitutionally retroactive as to M.R.'s claim based upon       for negligence in performing eye surgery and neglecting to
the particular circumstances of her situation. See Robinson v.     provide adequate post-surgical treatment. 67 S.W.3d 836, 839
Crown Cork & Seal Co., 335 S.W.3d 126, 147 (Tex.2010)              (Tex.2001). When Shah moved for summary judgment on
(treating a retroactivity challenge as an as-applied challenge).   limitations, Moss asserted that the limitations statute violated
With this background in mind, we turn to the substance of          the open courts provision. Id. at 840–41. Moss knew about
Rivera's constitutional challenges.                                the alleged injury at least seventeen months before he filed
                                                                   suit but offered no explanation for his delay. Id. at 847. Thus,
                                                                   we concluded that, as a matter of law, Moss failed to file suit
                                                                   within a reasonable time after discovering his injury. Id.
                       A. Open Courts
                                                               Six years after we decided Shah, we addressed a case with
In Weiner v. Wasson 9 and Sax v. Votteler 10 , we held statutesfacts more closely aligned with those presented here. In
of limitations requiring minors to bring medical malpractice   Yancy, Yates suffered cardiac arrest when undergoing a
suits by a certain age violated the open courts provision.     procedure to remove kidney stones. 236 S.W.3d at 780. She
Rivera argues these decisions compel the conclusion that this  was resuscitated but remained comatose after the procedure.
repose statute is unconstitutional as applied to M.R., who is  Id. Some nineteen months later, Yates's guardian sued two
also a minor. The hospital primarily counters that, because we defendants and waited another twenty-two months to sue two
upheld this repose statute against an open courts challenge in additional defendants. Id. The additional defendants moved
                                        11
Rankin, we likewise must do so here. We agree with the         for summary judgment on limitations, to which the guardian
hospital's conclusion that the repose statute does not violate raised an open courts challenge. Id. Relying on Shah, we
the open courts provision as applied to M.R., but rely on      overruled the open courts challenge because the guardian
different reasons.                                             offered no explanation for waiting twenty-two months after
                                                               filing her petition to sue the additional defendants. Id. at 785.
 *703 [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] The open courts provision            Specifically, we observed that the guardian
of the Texas Constitution provides: “All courts shall be open
and every person for an injury done him, in his lands, goods,                knew of [Yates's] condition and
person or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law.”               retained a lawyer well within the
TEX. CONST. art. I, § 13. This requirement “guarantees that                  limitations period. On this record,
a common law remedy will not be unreasonably abridged.”                      there is no fact issue establishing
Garcia, 893 S.W.2d at 521. This guarantee operates quite                     that [the guardian] ... sued within a
differently from a tolling provision. Yancy, 236 S.W.3d at                   reasonable time after discovering the
784. Tolling provisions generally defer accrual of a claim                   alleged wrong. Thus, the open courts
until the plaintiff knew, or in the exercise of reasonable                   provision does not save Yates's time-
diligence should have known, the facts giving rise to the                    barred negligence claims.
claim. Id. (citing HECI Exploration Co. v. Neel, 982 S.W.2d
                                                                   Id. We acknowledged precedent indicating that a statute
881, 886 (Tex.1998)). By contrast, “the open courts provision
                                                                   requiring an incapacitated plaintiff to give pre-suit notice
merely gives litigants a reasonable time to discover their
                                                                   would “require an impossible thing.” Id. at 786 (citing Tinkle
injuries and file suit,” and courts must determine what
                                                                   v. Henderson, 730 S.W.2d 163, 167 (Tex.App.-Tyler 1987,
constitutes a reasonable time frame. See id. In short, an open
                                                                   writ ref'd)). But we concluded the limitations statute there did
courts challenge is a due process complaint and requires the
                                                                   not require an impossible thing of Yates, who had a guardian,
party to use due diligence. Id. at 785. Procedurally, the party
                                                                   retained a lawyer, and filed suit within the limitations period.
raising the open courts challenge “must raise ‘a fact issue
                                                                   Id. We opined that, because the limitations statute was
establishing that he did not have a reasonable opportunity’
                                                                   constitutional as applied to Yates, “there is no need to strike it

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Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

down because it might operate unconstitutionally in another       reasonable opportunity to discover the alleged wrong and
case.” Id.                                                        bring suit before the repose statute barred her claim or that she
                                                                  sued within a reasonable time after discovering the alleged
 *704 Most recently, in Stockton, a mother of a minor with        wrong.” Id. at 785. Accordingly, the open courts provision
a health care liability claim raised an open courts challenge     cannot revive M.R.'s time-barred claim. See id.
to the Medical Liability Act's 120–day deadline to serve an
expert report. 336 S.W.3d at 617–18. There, Stockton was          Rivera argues we should not impute any lack of diligence
unable to serve the report on a defendant and filed a motion      on her part to M.R. But our precedents have required due
forty days after filing suit to request substituted service for   diligence of a next friend raising an open courts challenge
the report. Id. at 618. However, Stockton did not alert the       on behalf of a minor in Stockton, 336 S.W.3d at 617–18,
trial court to the impending expert report deadline, and the      as well as of the guardian of a legally incompetent person
court granted the motion four months later after requesting       raising an open courts challenge in *705 Yancy, 236 S.W.3d
additional information. Id. at 617. We held that Stockton         at 785–86. Rivera offers us no compelling reason to overturn
did not raise a fact issue concerning her due diligence and       either decision. And the consistency of these decisions is
overruled her open courts challenge. Id. at 617–18. Notably,      well-founded. The law, our precedent, and our rules of
the fact that she was a next friend of her minor child did not    procedure all treat minors and legally incompetent persons
prevent this Court from imputing her lack of diligence to her     alike as lacking the legal capacity to sue, such that they must
child. Id.                                                        appear in court through a legal guardian, a next friend, or
                                                                  a guardian ad litem. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE
                                                               12 § 16.001 (classifying persons under 18 years of age and
 [7] [8] In sum, we have found delays of four months,
                                                                  persons of unsound mind as being under a legal disability);
seventeen months, 13 and twenty-two months 14 to constitute
                                                                  TEX.R. CIV. P. 44, 173; Austin Nursing Center v. Lovato,
a lack of due diligence as a matter of law—such that
an open courts challenge must fail at summary judgment.           171 S.W.3d 845, 849 (Tex.2005). 19 Indeed, our precedent
Additionally, a guardian's lack of diligence may operate to bar   reveals only one instance discussing minors and incompetent
a legally incompetent person's open courts challenge. Yancy,      persons differently, and it poignantly observed that minors
236 S.W.3d at 785. And a next friend's lack of due diligence      and legally incompetent persons are treated comparably,
may operate to bar a minor child's open courts challenge.         but that incompetent persons are deserving of perhaps even
Stockton, 336 S.W.3d at 617–18.                                   greater protections. Tinkle, 730 S.W.2d at 166. 20

 [9] Here, Rivera acted as the M.R.'s next friend. In 2004,       We must note the fact that the similar treatment of minors and
a lawyer for Rivera sent the hospital the statutorily required    legally incompetent persons does not necessarily mean next
notice of M.R.'s health care liability claim, but Rivera waited   friends or parents and guardians are treated similarly. There
over six-and-a-half years to file suit (represented by the same   are specific procedures for guardians that do not apply to next
lawyer). This period of time is fifteen times the four months     friends. For example, guardians: are court-appointed, 21 act
we found constituted a lack of diligence in Stockton, 15 over     as fiduciaries on behalf of the legally incompetent person, 22
five times the seventeen months in Shah, 16 and almost three      need not post security for costs in suits brought on behalf
times the twenty-two months in Yancy. 17 And as in Stockton,      of the legally incompetent person, 23 generally must post a
Yancy, and Shah, the plaintiff has offered no explanation         bond, 24 and must annually report on the guardianship to the
for her delay in filing suit. Moreover, similar to Yancy, the
                                                                  court that appointed them. 25 But if anything, these technical
repose statute did not deprive M.R. of her opportunity to
                                                                  requirements simply bring guardians in line with the powers
be heard because she gave statutory pre-suit notice of her
                                                                  and duties that parents possess. Unlike a guardian, a parent
claim two years before the repose statute barred it. 18 See       as next friend need not post a bond until possessing *706
Yancy, 236 S.W.3d at 785–86 (concluding that a statute did
                                                                  money from a judgment on behalf of a minor. 26 But such
not deprive a legally incompetent person of her opportunity
                                                                  disparate treatment is largely attributable to the presumption
to be heard because she had a guardian, retained a lawyer,
                                                                  that fit parents act in the best interest of their children. See
and filed suit against some defendants within the limitations
                                                                  In re Derzapf, 219 S.W.3d 327, 333 (Tex.2007). As a whole,
period). Accordingly, on this record, there is no fact issue
                                                                  our statutes, rules, and precedent treat guardians and next
establishing that Rivera (on M.R.'s behalf) “did not have a

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Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

friends similarly. See, e.g., TEX.R. CIV. P. 44 (granting next
friends the same rights as guardians except that they must give
                                                                                           B. Retroactivity
security for costs). We see no reason today to depart from our
requirement that guardians and next friends use due diligence        Rivera also challenges the repose statute as unconstitutionally
                                                        27           retroactive because it required M.R. to bring her previously
in bringing suit to sustain an open courts challenge.
                                                                     accrued claim before she reached the age of majority.
 [10] Rivera and the hospital both contend that different            The hospital counters *707 that the repose statute is not
precedents regarding the reasonableness of statutory limits to       unconstitutionally retroactive because it allowed M.R. three
common-law recovery should govern our analysis of the open           years after the statute took effect to bring her claim through
courts challenge. Substantively, our longstanding test for           her next friend. We agree with the hospital.
whether a law violates the open courts provision is (1) if the
law imposes substitute remedies, whether those remedies are           [11] A retroactive law is one that extends to matters
reasonable, or (2) if the law extinguishes remedies, whether         that occurred in the past. Robinson, 335 S.W.3d at 138
such action is a reasonable exercise of the police power.            (“A retrospective law literally means a law which looks
Lebohm v. City of Galveston, 154 Tex. 192, 275 S.W.2d                backwards, or on things that are past; or if it be taken to
951, 955 (1955). Rivera contends that under Weiner and Sax,          be the same as retroactive, it means to act on things that
requiring a minor to sue through a next friend is unreasonable.      are past.” (quoting DeCordova v. City of Galveston, 4 Tex.
The hospital asserts that under Rankin, extinguishing the            470, 475–76 (1849))); Subaru of Am., Inc. v. David McDavid
claim altogether if not filed within ten years is a reasonable       Nissan, Inc., 84 S.W.3d 212, 219 (Tex.2002); see also
exercise of the police power. Rivera's assertion that Sax and        Landgraf v. USI Film Prods., 511 U.S. 244, 270, 114 S.Ct.
Weiner control fails for two reasons. First, we need not             1483, 128 L. Ed. 2d 229 (1994) (determining for purposes of
assess whether the law was reasonable if the party challenging       retroactivity “whether the new provision attaches new legal
the law was not diligent. We never reached the question of           consequences to events completed before its enactment.”).
whether the statute was reasonable as applied to the claimants       Here, the parties concede the statute is retroactive as applied
in Stockton, Yancy, and Shah because the claimants in those          to M.R. because it established a date to bar her already-
cases demonstrated a lack of due diligence. Stockton, 336            accrued claim.
S.W.3d at 617–18; Yancy, 236 S.W.3d at 785; Shah, 67
S.W.3d at 847. Second, Sax and Weiner involved statutes               [12]      [13]      But not all retroactive statutes are
of limitations that expressly applied to minors (that minors         unconstitutional. Robinson, 335 S.W.3d at 138. In Robinson,
must bring health care claims by age twelve in Sax and age           we established a three-part test for examining whether
fourteen in Weiner ). We held that those statutes were facially      retroactive laws are constitutional: “the nature and strength
unconstitutional. See Weiner, 900 S.W.2d at 320 (expressly           of the public interest served by the statute as evidenced by
declining to invalidate statute of limitations for minors on an      the Legislature's factual findings; the nature of the prior right
as-applied basis). By contrast, this statute does not only affect    impaired by the statute; and the extent of the impairment.”
minors, and Rivera's constitutional challenge is necessarily an      Id. at 145. This test acknowledges the heavy presumption
as-applied attack. Thus, we must consider the circumstances          against retroactive laws by requiring a compelling public
of Rivera's representation of M.R., including the fact that she      interest to overcome the presumption. Id. at 146. But it also
hired a lawyer to send pre-suit notice of the claim two years        appropriately encompasses the notion that “statutes are not to
before the repose statute barred it.                                 be set aside lightly.” Id. We examine each of the three factors
                                                                     in turn with respect to the repose statute.
We likewise disagree with the hospital that Rankin controls
this case. Had Rivera exercised due diligence and the repose         Regarding the public interest, the statute at issue in Robinson
statute still barred her claim, we would then be required to         was enacted solely to benefit a single company by reducing
assess the reasonableness of the law. See Rankin, 307 S.W.3d         its liability in asbestos litigation, which we determined
at 285 (assessing the reasonableness of the repose statute           constituted only a slight public interest. Id. at 146, 150. By
when the plaintiff's diligence in bringing suit was not at issue).   contrast, the repose statute here was part of the 2003 Medical
The absence of due diligence means we need not reach this            Liability Act, which was a comprehensive overhaul of Texas
issue.                                                               medical malpractice law to “make affordable medical and
                                                                     health care more accessible and available to the citizens of

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Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

Texas,” 28 and to “do so in a manner that will not unduly           bring her claim, and we observed in Robinson that “a change
restrict a claimant's rights any more than necessary to deal        in the law need not provide a grace period to prevent an
                                                                    impairment of vested rights.” 335 S.W.3d at 141. We noted
with the crisis.” 29 The Legislature conducted hearings and
gathered evidence of the increasing costs of malpractice            that grace periods of two months to sue, 31 four years to
insurance resulting from claims that endured indeterminately.       sue, 32 and seven years to resume pumping water 33 had all
As a result, the Legislature expressly found that a spike           previously been upheld over retroactivity challenges. Id.
in healthcare liability claims was causing a malpractice
insurance crisis that adversely affected the provision of           We have only upheld constitutional retroactivity challenges
                                  30                                four times. In two of those cases, we upheld retroactivity
healthcare services in Texas.          Unlike the statute in
Robinson, there is no indication the statute here was to benefit    challenges because amendments to statutes of limitations
only a particular entity; rather, it was aimed at broadening        revived claims the previous statutes barred. 34 And in
access to health care by lowering malpractice insurance             one case, the Legislature extinguished a taxpayer's valid
premiums. We previously concluded this public interest was          limitations defense to a governmental property tax claim by
sufficient to overcome a different constitutional challenge to      enacting legislation that prevented taxpayers from raising
this statute. Rankin, 307 S.W.3d at 288 (holding that public        limitations defenses. Mellinger v. City of Houston, 68 Tex. 37,
interest in lowering malpractice insurance premiums and             3 S.W. 249, 254–55 (1887). Finally, in Robinson, the statute
increasing access to health care by implementing this repose        operated to extinguish Robinson's mature tort claim against a
statute was a valid exercise of the police power sufficient         particular defendant, despite discovery showing a substantial
to overcome an open courts challenge). It is likewise a             basis in fact for the claim. 335 S.W.3d at 148. When balanced
compelling public *708 interest with respect to Rivera's            against a statute that contained no findings and affected only
retroactivity challenge.                                            one defendant, we concluded the “slight” public interest did
                                                                    not justify the impairment to the claims at issue. Id. at 149.
 [14] But a compelling public interest does not end the
retroactivity inquiry. We must balance that purpose against          [15] Here, M.R. possessed a three-year grace period from
the nature of the prior right and the extent to which the statute   the time the repose statute took effect until it extinguished her
impairs that right. Regarding the nature of the prior right, we     claim. We have upheld statutes with shorter grace periods,
held in Robinson that the personal injury claim at issue (for       and we cannot say the three-year grace period M.R. possessed
mesothelioma) was a mature tort that had a substantial basis in     rendered the statute unconstitutional as applied in light of its
fact due to the discovery in the case. 335 S.W.3d at 148. Here,     compelling public interest.
M.R.'s claim is mature because claims for medical negligence
in utero are established causes of action in Texas, Brown v.         *709 Rivera counters that this grace period is meaningless
Shwarts, 968 S.W.2d 331, 334 (Tex.1998), and M.R.'s injury          because M.R. could not sue during the time she was under
has allegedly come to fruition. But unlike in Robinson, the         a legal disability and would have to sue through her next
sparse record before us fails to provide any indication of the      friend. But we cannot ignore that Rivera brings an as-applied
strength of M.R.'s claim. Thus, though the type of claim M.R.       challenge. Thus, the inquiry must be Rivera representing
has is clearly established, the strength of her individual claim    M.R.—not parents representing children generally. Two
is unclear.                                                         facts in this case compel us to reject Rivera's retroactivity
                                                                    challenge. First, Rivera knew of M.R.'s claim one year into the
Finally, we assess the extent to which the repose statute           three-year grace period. She demonstrated that knowledge by
impaired M.R.'s claim. Before 1996, when the injury                 sending the statutorily-required notice of M.R.'s claim to the
allegedly occurred, there was no statute of repose for medical      hospital through her lawyer. Thus, Rivera cannot rightfully
negligence claims and a minor had until age twenty to sue           contend that a three-year grace period unconstitutionally
before limitations would run (the age of majority plus two          deprived her of the ability to bring M.R.'s claim when she
years for limitations). Weiner, 900 S.W.2d at 318–19. Thus,         knew of the claim long before the period expired. Second,
M.R. reasonably had settled expectations in 1996 that she           Rivera actually brought M.R.'s claim, albeit after the repose
would have until age twenty to file suit, and the repose            statute barred it. She brought the claim on M.R.'s behalf
statute impaired these settled expectations. But we have            while M.R. was still a minor. While one may conceive of a
long recognized that the impairment of such a right may be          scenario where a parent fails to bring her child's claim due
lessened when a statute affords a plaintiff a grace period to       to legal incompetence or a conflict of interest with the child,

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Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

Rivera's as-applied challenge requires us to consider only her     to comply with the statute's procedure barred her minor child's
circumstances. See Weiner, 900 S.W.2d at 327 (Owen, J.,            claim. There is no legal difference between Stockton and this
dissenting). There is no indication in the record that Rivera      case.
is legally incompetent or possesses a conflict of interest
with M.R. And sending pre-suit notice of M.R.'s claim and          Second, the dissent believes that imputing a guardian's lack
filing suit on her behalf demonstrates Rivera's capability of      of diligence to a ward in Yancy is materially different
representing M.R.                                                  from imputing a parent's lack of diligence to a minor child
                                                                   and warrants a different result. But the dissent cites no
In short, the Legislature's findings in enacting the Medical       authority for that proposition, and for a good reason. We
Liability Act demonstrate its compelling public purpose in         have previously observed that “[t]raditionally the interests of
lowering the cost of medical malpractice premiums and              minors, incompetents, and other helpless persons are viewed
broadening access to health care. And although the record          in law as substantially similar, and both the substantive
gives no indication of the strength of M.R.'s claim, the repose    law and the rules of procedure accord them comparable
statute gave M.R. a three-year grace period to bring her claim.    treatment.” Tinkle, 730 S.W.2d at 166. We see no reason to
In light of the compelling public purpose and the three-year       treat parents of minor children differently than guardians of
grace period, we overrule Rivera's challenge that the statute      wards in this circumstance.
is unconstitutionally retroactive as applied.
                                                                    [16]    [17] Finally, the dissent concludes that the repose
                                                                   statute is unconstitutionally retroactive as applied to M.R.
                                                                   This conclusion stems from its interpretation of Weiner that
                 C. Response to the Dissent
                                                                   inquiring into whether a particular parent was incompetent
The dissent would hold that the repose statute violates the        or possessed a conflict of interest is an unworkable
open courts provision and is unconstitutionally retroactive.       standard. Weiner did not involve a retroactivity challenge,
Regarding the open courts challenge, the dissent correctly         and retroactivity challenges are, by definition, as-applied
observes that the open courts provision requires a “reasonable     constitutional challenges. They examine only the position of
opportunity” to sue and may not make a remedy contingent on        the party raising the challenge. The more difficult plight of
“an impossible condition.” 445 S.W.3d 698, 711 (Lehrmann,          a different or hypothetical litigant will not save a litigant's
J., dissenting) (quoting Stockton, 336 S.W.3d at 617–18, and       as-applied challenge. Or as we observed in Yancy, “there is
Shah, 67 S.W.3d at 842). But here, M.R. had three years to sue     no need to strike [a statute] down because it might operate
through Rivera, who hired a lawyer and sent pre-suit notice        unconstitutionally in another case.” 236 S.W.3d at 786. Our
of the claim two years before the repose statute barred it. The    courts have had little difficulty examining the particular
statute afforded M.R. a reasonable opportunity to sue through      circumstances of those raising retroactivity challenges, and
her parent and did not impose an impossible condition. Thus,       we are confident in their ability to continue to do so.
we disagree with the dissent that the as-applied challenge
prevails.
                                                                                          III. Conclusion
The dissent also raises two additional arguments regarding
the open courts challenge, neither of which is persuasive.         In sum, we uphold the Medical Liability Act's ten-year statute
First, the dissent contends we have never imputed a parent's       of repose against Rivera's as-applied constitutional challenges
due diligence to the minor child she represents. But we did        on open courts and retroactivity grounds. Rivera fails to meet
precisely that three years ago in Stockton. 35 The dissent         this requirement because she was aware of M.R.'s claim one
claims Stockton was different in that the parent there argued      year into her three-year period to bring the claim but waited
the statute was unconstitutional as applied “to her ” because it   over six-and-a-half additional years to file suit. Rivera's
was impossible for her to comply with the statutory deadline       retroactivity challenge also fails because a compelling public
at issue. 445 S.W.3d at 713 (Lehrmann, J., dissenting)             purpose justified the legislation and granted Rivera a three-
(quoting Stockton, 336 S.W.3d at 612). But in Stockton,            year grace period to file suit. Because the court of appeals
the parent's failure to use due diligence to comply with the       found in favor of Rivera on her open courts challenge, we
statutory procedure barred her minor *710 child's claim. 336       reverse the court of appeals' judgment and render judgment
S.W.3d at 612. Here, the parent's failure to use due diligence     that Rivera take nothing.

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Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

                                                                   when a litigant shows (1) he “has a cognizable common
                                                                   law cause of action that is being restricted,” and (2) “the
                                                                   restriction is unreasonable or arbitrary when balanced against
Justice LEHRMANN filed a dissenting opinion.
                                                                   the purpose and basis of the statute.” Trinity River Auth.
                                                                   v. URS Consultants, Inc., 889 S.W.2d 259, 262 (Tex.1994)
Justice LEHRMANN, dissenting.                                      (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We have
Statutes of repose present harsh barriers to the administration    also noted that a plaintiff is not entitled to relief under the
of justice. Today the Court extends this obstacle to situations    open courts provision “if he does not use due diligence and
involving the most vulnerable amongst us—our children.             sue within a reasonable time after learning about the alleged
And it does so under the false notion that all parents can         wrong.” Shah, 67 S.W.3d at 847.
and do adequately protect their children. However, the sad
reality is that the needs of too many children—our most            The Court holds that Rivera failed to use due diligence
valuable resource—are not satisfactorily addressed by their        in filing the underlying suit on M.R.'s behalf, thereby
parents. While the Texas Medical Liability Act's repose            foreclosing her open courts challenge to the statute of
statute requires a health care liability claim to be brought       repose. 2 In my view, attributing Rivera's lack of due
within ten years of the date medical treatment is provided,        diligence to her daughter is both fundamentally unfair and
we have never held that this statute may properly apply to         contrary to our decisions in Sax v. Votteler, 648 S.W.2d
bar the claims of innocent children. To the contrary, we have      661 (Tex.1983), and Weiner v. Wasson, 900 S.W.2d 316
consistently held that statutes of limitations that similarly      (Tex.1995).
purport to bar a child's claim violate the Texas Constitution.
                                                                   In Sax, we evaluated the two-year statute of limitations on
In the underlying suit, M.R. was injured during childbirth,        medical malpractice claims contained in a prior version of
allegedly as a result of *711 the negligence of the treating
                                                                   the Medical Liability Act. 3 648 S.W.2d at 663. Before that
physician and hospital. M.R.'s mother, Elizabeth Rivera, filed
                                                                   statute was enacted, the limitations period on all tort actions
suit on M.R.'s behalf more than ten years later. M.R. was
                                                                   by minors was tolled until two years after they reached the age
seven years old when the repose statute took effect. The
                                                                   of majority. Id. The challenged statute removed that tolling
Court holds today that, as applied to M.R., the statute violates
                                                                   provision in medical malpractice cases, with the exception
neither the Texas Constitution's open courts provision nor its
                                                                   that minors under the age of six had until their eighth birthday
prohibition against retroactive laws. In so holding, the Court
                                                                   to file such claims. Id. The plaintiffs in Sax sued a doctor
attributes Rivera's apparent lack of diligence to her daughter
                                                                   for malpractice on behalf of their minor daughter more than
and concludes that M.R. had a reasonable opportunity to
                                                                   two years after she was treated, and the defendant argued that
sue through Rivera before the statute took effect. Because
                                                                   the statute of limitations barred their *712 claim. Id. We
this holding contradicts well-settled precedent in which we
                                                                   held that the admittedly legitimate purpose of the statute of
refused to bar a minor's claim because of the action (or,
                                                                   limitations—generally, to increase the availability of medical
more accurately, inaction) of a parent, I am compelled to
                                                                   practice insurance and, more specifically, to limit the length
respectfully express my dissent.
                                                                   of time insureds are exposed to potential liability—did not
                                                                   justify “the effective abrogation of a child's right to redress.”
                                                                   Id. at 666–67.
                       I. Open Courts
                                                                   In holding that the statute violated the open courts provision,
The Texas Constitution's open courts provision 1 “protects         we expressly considered, and rejected, a parent's ability to
a person from legislative acts that cut off a person's right       sue on behalf of his child as adequately protecting the child's
to sue before there is a reasonable opportunity to discover        rights. We held:
the wrong and bring suit.” Shah v. Moss, 67 S.W.3d 836,
842 (Tex.2001). Stated another way, the Legislature may not                     If the parents, guardians, or next
“mak[e] a remedy by due course of law contingent upon an                        friends of the child negligently fail to
impossible condition.” Stockton v. Offenbach, 336 S.W.3d                        take action in the child's behalf within
610, 617–18 (Tex.2011) (citation and internal quotation                         the time provided by article 5.82, the
marks omitted). A statute violates the open courts provision                    child is precluded from asserting his

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Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

             cause of action under that statute.                    Our analysis in Sax and Weiner confirms that a parent's failure
             Furthermore, the child is precluded                    to use due diligence in pursuing his minor child's health care
             from suing his parents on account of                   liability claim should not and does not foreclose pursuit of
             their negligence, due to the doctrine                  that claim. However, the Court concludes that these cases do
             of parent-child immunity. The child,                   not control for two reasons, neither of which is persuasive.
             therefore, is effectively barred from                  First, the Court notes that in Sax and Weiner we evaluated
             any remedy if his parents fail to                      the reasonableness of the statute in question, while the issue
             timely file suit. Respondents argue                    here is the diligence of the party challenging the law. 445
             that parents will adequately protect the               S.W.3d at 706. But the basis of our holding that the statutes of
             rights of their children. This Court,                  limitations in *713 Sax and Weiner were unreasonable—and
             however, cannot assume that parents                    in turn unconstitutional—was that it was “neither reasonable
             will act in such a manner. It is                       nor realistic to rely upon parents, who may themselves be
             neither reasonable nor realistic to rely               minors, or who may be ignorant, lethargic, or lack concern,
             upon parents, who may themselves                       to bring a malpractice lawsuit action” within the limitations
             be minors, or who may be ignorant,                     period. Sax, 648 S.W.2d at 667; see also Weiner, 900 S.W.2d
             lethargic, or lack concern, to bring a                 at 320 (“We fail to see any benefit in requiring a minor to
             malpractice lawsuit action within the                  show that his or her parent was incompetent or failed to
             time provided by article 5.82.                         act in the minor's best interests by not pursuing a medical
                                                                    malpractice claim, especially when the very failure of the
Id. at 667 (emphasis added) (internal citation omitted). We         parent to do so leaves the minor without any legal recourse.”).
concluded that “[u]nder the facts in [that] case, [the child was]   For the same reason, we may not rely on parents to pursue
forever precluded from having her day in court to complain          their child's health care liability claim with due diligence. As
of an act of medical malpractice,” that “the [L]egislature          in Sax and Weiner, their failure to do so leaves the minor with
[had] failed to provide her any adequate substitute to              no legal recourse.
obtain redress,” and that former article 5.82 was therefore
“unconstitutional as it applie[d] to a minor's cause of action.”    Second, the Court distinguishes Sax and Weiner on the
Id.                                                                 grounds that they presented facial open courts challenges
                                                                    to the statutes at issue, while the underlying case presents
Twelve years after deciding Sax, we reaffirmed the opinion          an as-applied challenge that must take into account “the
and applied its reasoning in Weiner. In that case, we               circumstances of Rivera's representation of M.R.” 445
considered an open courts challenge to the statute that             S.W.3d at 706. I disagree. In Sax and Weiner, the plaintiffs
replaced article 5.82. 900 S.W.2d at 317–18. Section 10.01          contended, and we held, that the statutes at issue were
of the Medical Liability and Insurance Improvement Act              unconstitutional as applied to minors whose claims were cut
maintained the two-year statute of limitations for medical          off before they reached the age of majority and had the legal
malpractice claims contained in article 5.82, but broadened         capacity to sue. See Sax, 648 S.W.2d at 667 (holding article
the exception for minors to allow those under the age of            5.82 unconstitutional “as it applies to a minor's cause of
twelve until their fourteenth birthday to file suit. Act of May     action”); Weiner, 900 S.W.2d at 318 (holding section 10.01
30, 1977, 65th Leg., R.S., ch. 817, § 10.01, 1977 Tex. Gen.         “unconstitutional as applied to minors”). Similarly, in this
Laws 2039, 2052 (former TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. art. 4590i,              case Rivera challenges the constitutionality of the Medical
§ 10.01), repealed by Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S.,         Liability Act's statute of repose as applied to minor plaintiffs
ch. 204, § 10.09, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 884. Notwithstanding          whose claims are cut off before they reach the age of majority.
this “inconsequential” change, we held that “section 10.01,         See Adams v. Gottwald, 179 S.W.3d 101, 102 (Tex.App.-
like its predecessor article 5.82, is unconstitutional as applied   San Antonio 2005, pet. denied) (noting that the plaintiffs
to minors because it purports to cut off [the minor plaintiff's]    challenged the constitutionality of the Medical Liability Act's
cause of action before he reaches majority, an age at which he      statute of limitations “on its face as applied to all minors,” not
may lawfully sue on his own behalf.” Weiner, 900 S.W.2d at          “as applied to [the minor at issue] and her circumstances”).
318. In so holding, we confirmed that “Sax has become firmly
ensconced in Texas jurisprudence.” Id. at 320.                      The Court also relies on three distinguishable cases in which
                                                                    we rejected open courts challenges based on a lack of due

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Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

diligence. Shah provides no guidance because it involved           M.R. because (1) she has a cognizable common law cause
a plaintiff who failed to use due diligence in asserting his       of action that is being restricted, and (2) the restriction is
own claim. 67 S.W.3d at 846–47. The Court also relies on           unreasonable when balanced against the statute's purpose. See
Stockton, in which a parent sued on behalf of her minor            id. at 666. As noted above, in those cases we held that the
child and challenged the Medical Liability Act's expert-           Act's statute of limitations was unconstitutional as applied to
report requirement, with which she had failed to comply.           a minor's cause of action that the statute “purports to cut off ...
336 S.W.3d at 612. The parent argued that the statute              before [the minor] reaches majority.” Weiner, 900 S.W.2d at
was “unconstitutional as applied to her because it was             318; see also Sax, 648 S.W.2d at 667. To the extent the Act's
impossible for her to comply with its deadline.” Id. (emphasis     statute of repose leads to the same result, it too violates the
added). The parent did not argue that her failures should not      open courts provision.
extinguish her child's claim, and we did not address the issue.
                                                                   The hospital in this case contends that our opinion in
Finally, the Court relies on Yancy v. United Surgical Partners     Methodist Healthcare System of San Antonio, Ltd. v. Rankin,
International, Inc., in which the guardian of an incapacitated     307 S.W.3d 283 (Tex.2010), which also involved an open
adult filed health care liability claims on behalf of her ward     courts challenge to the Act's statute of repose, forecloses
against some defendants within the limitations period, but         Rivera's claim. In Rankin, the plaintiff presented evidence that
against others after the limitations period had expired. 236       she did not know and could not have reasonably discovered
S.W.3d 778, 780 (Tex.2007). We held that the guardian's            prior to the repose period's expiration that a surgical sponge
lack of diligence in pursuing claims against the latter            had been left inside her during surgery. Id. at 285. Rejecting
defendants precluded the open courts provision from saving         the plaintiff's open courts challenge, we held that the statute
the ward's time-barred claims. Id. at 785. The Court applies       of repose was a reasonable exercise of the Legislature's police
this reasoning to a parent's lack of diligence in pursuing         power, noting that “the key purpose of a repose statute is to
a minor child's claims; I would not. The Court recognizes          eliminate uncertainties under the related statute of limitations
the strict legal procedures applicable to guardians, such as       and to create a final deadline for filing suit that is not subject
the fact that they are court-appointed, act as fiduciaries on      to any exceptions.” Id. at 286, 290.
behalf of their wards, must post a bond, and must report
annually to the court. 445 S.W.3d at 705. These statutory          Although Rankin involved the Medical Liability Act's statute
requirements *714 are significant and do more than simply          of repose, while Sax and Weiner involved the Act's statute
“bring guardians in line with the powers and duties that           of limitations, I would hold that Sax and Weiner, rather than
parents possess.” Id. at 705. They also help minimize the          Rankin, control the outcome of this case. First, the statutes
possibility that guardians “may be ignorant, lethargic, or lack    of limitations we considered in Sax and Weiner, as applied
concern,” the very concern that led us in Sax to reject the        to minors, had the effect of a repose statute in that they
presumption that parents will act diligently in pursuing claims    removed the tolling provision otherwise applicable to minors,
on their child's behalf. 648 S.W.2d at 667.                        at least once the minors reached a certain age (six in Sax;
                                                                   twelve in Weiner ). As to such plaintiffs, the statutes served
For these reasons, I would not extend Yancy's reasoning to the     as a “definitive cut-off” just as statutes of repose do. Id.
underlying case. Confining Yancy to the situation in which         at 288. And the purpose underlying the Medical Liability
a court-appointed guardian fails to act with due diligence         Act that was passed in 2003 as part of House Bill 4, which
reconciles that case with Sax and Weiner, and properly             contains the applicable statute of repose, is the same as that
recognizes the significant differences between such guardians      underlying the statutes that were at issue in Sax and Weiner:
and parents acting as next friends. I would hold that, under Sax   to limit the length of time malpractice insureds are exposed
and Weiner, an open courts challenge to the Medical Liability      to potential liability in order to increase the availability of
Act's statute of repose brought by or on behalf of a minor may     medical practice insurance and affordable health care. See id.
not be foreclosed by a parent's lack of diligence in bringing      at 287; Sax, 648 S.W.2d at 666. While this purpose remains
the suit.                                                          legitimate, it does not alter the analyses or the conclusions
                                                                   reached in Sax and Weiner.
I would further hold that Sax and Weiner compel a holding
that the Medical Liability Act's ten-year statute of repose         *715 Finally, in Rankin we found it significant that
violates the open courts provision as applied to minors like       allowing a constitutional exception to the statute of repose

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Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

for undiscoverable injuries “means never-ending exposure to        cases is a legitimate one. Rankin, 307 S.W.3d at 287–88;
liability, which in turn injects actuarial uncertainty into the    Sax, 648 S.W.2d at 667. As to the second factor, the Court
insurance market [that] wholly undermines the purpose of           recognizes that M.R.'s claim for medical negligence in utero
House Bill 4 and of statutes of repose generally: to declare       is an “established cause[ ] of action in Texas.” 445 S.W.3d at
a no-exceptions cut-off point and grant a substantive right        708. Because these factors weigh in opposing directions, the
to be free of liability.” 307 S.W.3d at 291. This concern is       third factor is the crux of the Court's conclusion. As to that
unfounded when the basis of the open courts violation is that      factor, the Court holds that the extent of the impairment to
minors' claims will be foreclosed before they reach the age        M.R.'s rights is significantly lessened by the fact that she had
of majority. A malpractice insured's exposure is not “never-       a three-year grace period following the statute's enactment
ending” in this context; a definite “cutoff point” exists at       to pursue her claim before the repose period expired, despite
which the insured will “be free of liability.” Id.                 the fact that she could not do so on her own behalf. Id. at
                                                                   709. Because there is evidence that Rivera knew of the claim
“Under the facts in this case, [M.R.] is forever precluded from    but failed to timely assert it, and finding “no indication in
having her day in court to complain of an act of medical           the record that Rivera is legally incompetent or possesses a
malpractice.” Sax, 648 S.W.2d at 667. Because I cannot             conflict of interest with [M.R.],” the *716 Court finds this
conclude that this results from a reasonable use of the police     grace period persuasive. Id. at 709.
power, I depart from the Court and would hold that the
Medical Liability Act's ten-year statute of repose violates        This conclusion is at odds with our recognition in Weiner that
Article I, Section 13 of the Texas Constitution as applied to      a parent's failure to sue on behalf of a minor affects neither
minors.                                                            the tolling of the limitations period nor the constitutionality
                                                                   of the Medical Liability Act's statute of limitations under the
                                                                   open courts provision. 900 S.W.2d at 318–19. We criticized
                                                                   as “unworkable” a standard that “would inquire whether
                      II. Retroactivity
                                                                   the minor's parent was ‘incompetent’ or had a ‘conflict of
As the Court notes, M.R.'s malpractice claim accrued in 1996,      interest’ that prevented the parent from acting in the minor's
and the ten-year statute of repose went into effect in 2003.       best interests.” Id. at 320. For the same reason a parent's
Prior to the repose statute's enactment, a minor had until the     right to take action on his child's behalf is irrelevant to
age of twenty to assert a health care liability claim. Weiner,     an open courts challenge, it has no bearing on the extent
900 S.W.2d at 321. After its enactment, a minor had no             of a retroactive statute's impairment of a minor's rights. In
more than ten years from the date of medical treatment. In         other words, while Rivera had a three-year grace period to
a case like M.R.'s, the statute's effect is to cut off a minor's   assert M.R.'s claims, M.R. herself had no grace period at
previously accrued claim before she has the legal capacity         all because the statute of repose absolutely extinguished her
to sue. The Court concludes that the repose statute, while         negligence claim before she was legally capable of asserting
retroactive as applied to M.R., is not unconstitutionally so. I    it. I would therefore hold that the presumption against the
disagree.                                                          statute's constitutionality was not overcome.

A retroactive law is presumed unconstitutional, 4 requiring
“a compelling public interest to overcome” that presumption.                              III. Conclusion
Robinson v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., 335 S.W.3d 126, 146
(Tex.2010). In Robinson, we developed a three-factor test          However legitimate a statute's purpose, the Legislature may
to utilize in evaluating a retroactive law. Id. at 145. Under      not abrogate a child's established common law cause of action
that test, we consider: “the nature and strength of the public     before that child reaches the age of majority. The Medical
interest served by the statute as evidenced by the Legislature's   Liability Act's statute of repose does exactly that in this case,
factual findings; the nature of the prior right impaired by the    violating the Texas Constitution's open courts guarantee as
statute; and the extent of the impairment.” Id.                    well as its prohibition against retroactive laws. Because the
                                                                   Court holds otherwise, I respectfully dissent.
I do not disagree with the Court's analysis of the first factor.
We have already recognized that the Legislature's purpose
in limiting the length of exposure to medical malpractice

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            13
Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

All Citations

445 S.W.3d 698, 57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

Footnotes
1      Providence Hospital is the d/b/a for Tenet Hospitals Limited, LP. The hospital and Dr. Michael Compton are collectively
       referred to in this opinion as “the hospital.”
2      Neither party discusses the effect of limitations on M.R.'s claim, and we therefore express no opinion on that issue.
3      Under the Medical Liability Act, anyone asserting a health care liability claim must give written notice to the physician or
       health care provider at least sixty days before filing suit. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 74.051(a).
4      At the petition stage, the Texas Alliance for Patient Access, the Texas Medical Association, the Texas Hospital
       Association, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the Texas Children's Hospital, and the Texas
       Osteopathic Medical Association jointly submitted an amicus brief supporting the hospital.
5      See Robinson v. Crown Cork & Seal Co., 335 S.W.3d 126, 146 (Tex.2010) (“To be sure, courts must be mindful that
       statutes are not to be set aside lightly.”); Sax v. Votteler, 648 S.W.2d 661, 664 (Tex.1983) ( “We recognize that ‘[i]n
       passing upon the constitutionality of a statute, we begin with a presumption of validity.’ ” (quoting Smith v. Davis, 426
S.W.2d 827, 831 (Tex.1968)) (alteration in original)).
6      City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 25 (Tex.2003).
7      As we have observed previously, “the line between facial and as-applied challenges is not so well defined that it has
       some automatic effect.” In re Nestle USA, Inc., 387 S.W.3d 610, 617 (Tex.2012) (quotation marks omitted); see also id.
       at 617 n. 76 (observing that “ ‘courts remain hopelessly befuddled in this area’ ” (quoting Scott A. Keller & Misha Tseytlin,
       Applying Constitutional Decision Rules Versus Invalidating Statutes in Toto, 98 VA. L.REV. 301, 312 (2012))).
8      Rivera asserts that the repose statute is unconstitutional “as applied to children injured by medical negligence before their
       eighth birthday.” This framing unnecessarily blurs the line between facial and as-applied challenges. Because Rivera
       contends in neither constitutional challenge that the repose statute always operates unconstitutionally, her challenges
       are as-applied to her circumstances only.
9      900 S.W.2d 316 (Tex.1995).
10     648 S.W.2d 661 (Tex.1983).
11     307 S.W.3d 283 (Tex.2010).
12     Stockton, 336 S.W.3d at 617–18.
13     Shah, 67 S.W.3d at 847.
14     Yancy, 236 S.W.3d at 785.
15     336 S.W.3d at 617–18.
16     67 S.W.3d at 847.
17     336 S.W.3d at 785.
18     Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 10.01, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 872 (current version at TEX. CIV.
       PRAC. & REM.CODE § 74.251(b)).
19     See also TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 611.004(a)(4) (treating minor's and legally incompetent persons similarly
       for purposes of disclosing certain confidential information); TEX. LAB.CODE § 403.007 (treating workers' compensation
       death benefits payable to minors and legally incompetent persons similarly).
20     Tinkle, 730 S.W.2d at 166 (“It is impossible to avoid the analogy between the situation of the child plaintiff in Sax and the
       arguably incompetent plaintiff in this case. Traditionally the interests of minors, incompetents, and other helpless persons
       are viewed in law as substantially similar, and both the substantive law and the rules of procedure accord them comparable
       treatment. In many respects, mentally incompetent persons present a more compelling case for legal protection. They
       are frequently less communicative, more vulnerable and dependent than children.... The mentally incompetent are less
       likely than children to have someone intimately interested in their welfare and inclined to act in their behalf.”). We note
       that the record here describes M.R.'s condition as such that she might need a guardian when she reaches the age of
       majority. Because the law treats minors and legally incompetent persons similarly, such a change in legal status would
       not affect our holding.
21     TEX. EST.CODE § 1001.001 (formerly TEX. PROB.CODE § 602) (“A court may appoint a guardian with full authority
       over an incapacitated person....”).

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Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Rivera, 445 S.W.3d 698 (2014)
57 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1238

22     Id. §§ 1053.052 (formerly TEX. PROB.CODE § 622) (discussing guardian's fiduciary capacity), 1105.051 (formerly TEX.
       PROB.CODE § 700) (establishing oath to faithfully discharge duties to a legally incompetent person).
23     Id. § 1053.052 (formerly TEX. PROB.CODE § 622) (“No security for costs shall be required of a guardian ... in any suit
       brought by the guardian ... in [her] respective fiduciary capacit[y].”). Rule of Civil Procedure 44 grants next friends “the
       same rights concerning such suits as guardians have, but shall give security for costs, or affidavits in lieu thereof, when
       required.”
24     Id. §§ 1105.101 (formerly TEX. PROB.CODE § 702), 1105.102 (formerly TEX. PROB.CODE § 702A).
25     Id. § 1163.101 (formerly TEX. PROB.CODE § 743).
26     TEX. PROP.CODE § 142.002 (formerly TEX. PROB.CODE § 142.002(a)) (providing for next friend to take possession
       of money recovered from a judgment for the minor only after posting a bond).
27     For these reasons, we disagree with the court of appeals that any lack of diligence on Rivera's part could not be imputed
       to M.R. 392 S.W.3d at 334.
28     Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 10.11(b)(5), 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 884–85.
29     Id. § 10.11(b)(3).
30     Id. § 10.11(a).
31     City of Tyler v. Likes, 962 S.W.2d 489, 502 (Tex.1997).
32     DeCordova, 4 Tex. at 470–71.
33     Tex. Water Rights Comm'n v. Wright, 464 S.W.2d 642, 644 (Tex.1971).
34     Baker Hughes, Inc. v. Keco R. & D., Inc., 12 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex.1999); Wilson v. Work, 122 Tex. 545, 62 S.W.2d 490,
       490–91 (1933) (per curiam) (original proceeding).
35     336 S.W.3d at 612.
1      “All courts shall be open, and every person for an injury done him, in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have
       remedy by due course of law.” TEX. CONST. art. I, § 13.
2      The statute of repose at issue provides that “[a] claimant must bring a health care liability claim not later than 10 years
       after the date of the act or omission that gives rise to the claim.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 74.251(b).
3      See Act of May 29, 1975, 64th Leg., R.S., ch. 330, § 4, 1975 Tex. Gen. Laws 864, 865 (former TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. art.
       582), repealed by Act of May 30, 1977, 65th Leg., R.S., ch. 817, § 41.03, 1977 Tex. Gen. Laws 2064.
4      “No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law, or any law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall be made.”
       TEX. CONST. art. I, § 16.

End of Document                                                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

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ZZ
Texas & P. Ry. Co. v. Wood, 145 Tex. 534 (1947)
199 S.W.2d 652

                                                                     be arranged as parties plaintiff in considering
                                                                     question of venue. Rev.St.1925, art. 1995, subd.
                      145 Tex. 534
                                                                     25; Vernon's Ann.Civ.St. art. 4675.
                 Supreme Court of Texas.
                                                                     Cases that cite this headnote
                  TEXAS & P. RY. CO.
                         v.
                     WOOD et al.                               [3]   Evidence
                                                                         Conclusiveness and Effect
           No. A-1053. | Feb. 12, 1947. |                            Evidence
           Rehearing Denied March 12, 1947.                              Testimony

Certified Questions from Court of Civil Appeals of Eighth            The testimony of a party to a suit and admissions
Supreme Judicial District.                                           made by him must be construed as binding upon
                                                                     him, and not merely as raising issues of fact.
Action by Mrs. O. M. Wood and others against the Texas
                                                                     7 Cases that cite this headnote
& Pacific Railway Company for wrongful death of O. M.
Wood, named plaintiff's husband. From an order granting
plaintiffs' motion overruling defendant's plea of privilege,   [4]   Evidence
defendant appealed, to the Court of Civil Appeals which                  Testimony
certified questions.                                                 In wife's action for wrongful death of husband
                                                                     against railroad, testimony of husband's parents
Questions answered in accordance with the opinion.                   who were joined as parties defendant, that
                                                                     they did not assert any cause of action against
                                                                     railroad was binding upon the parents. Vernon's
                                                                     Ann.Civ.St. art. 4675.
 West Headnotes (11)
                                                                     3 Cases that cite this headnote
 [1]    Death
            Persons Entitled to Sue                            [5]   Death
        Death                                                            Joinder
            Joinder                                                  Where petition for damages for death by
        Death                                                        wrongful acts alleges and proof shows that
            Apportionment and Distribution of Amount                 parents of deceased have no interest in the suit,
        Recovered                                                    no useful purpose can be subserved by making
        The death statute gives the right of action                  them parties. Vernon's Ann.Civ.St. art. 4675.
        for death to all the persons within the classes
                                                                     1 Cases that cite this headnote
        named but there can be but one action and
        sum recovered must be apportioned among
        those persons according to their several rights.       [6]   Railroads
        Vernon's Ann.Civ.St. art. 4675.                                   Actions for Injuries to Person or Property
                                                                     Action for wrongful death of husband against
        5 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     railroad by wife who was a nonresident could
                                                                     be maintained under exception 25 of the venue
 [2]    Railroads                                                    statute in Crane County in which railroad
             Actions for Injuries to Person or Property              operated and was not required to be brought in
        In action by wife against railroad for wrongful              Dallas County in which railroad's principal office
        death of husband, although husband's parents                 was located, notwithstanding husband's parents,
        were nominally parties defendants, they were to              joined as parties defendant, were residents of

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        1
Texas & P. Ry. Co. v. Wood, 145 Tex. 534 (1947)
199 S.W.2d 652

        Texas, where plaintiff established her allegation               the county of its principal office, on ground that it
        that parents had no cause of action and they                    did not request submission to the jury of issue of
        asserted none against railroad. Rev.St.1925, art.               plaintiff's nonresidence, raised by the plea, since
        1995, subd. 25; Vernon's Ann.Civ.St. art. 4675.                 burden of proving nonresidence so as to bring
                                                                        plaintiff within exception clause of venue statute,
        Cases that cite this headnote                                   was upon plaintiff. Rev.St.1925, art. 1995, subd.
                                                                        25; Vernon's Ann.Civ.St. art. 4675.
 [7]    Evidence
                                                                        2 Cases that cite this headnote
            Location of Railroads
        Court could take judicial notice that defendant
        railroad operated its railroad through Crane
        County.
                                                               Attorneys and Law Firms
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                *535 **653 J. T. Suggs, D. L. Case, and Robert G. Payne,
                                                               all of Dallas, Hill D. Hudson, of Pecos, and Black & Stayton
 [8]    Venue                                                  and Charles L. Black, all of Austin, for appellant.
            Estoppel and Waiver
                                                               John J. Watts, of Odessa, Richard Critz, and Critz,
        A defendant can waive his privilege to be sued
                                                               Kuykendall, Bauknight, Mann & Stevenson, all of Austin, for
        in his own domicile.
                                                               appellees.
        4 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               Opinion

 [9]    Estoppel                                               SIMPSON, Justice.
            Nature and Elements of Waiver
                                                               Mrs. Ollie M. Wood, surviving wife of Ollie M. Wood,
        “Waiver” is an intentional relinquishment of a         deceased, for herself, as administratrix of the estate of her
        known right or intentional conduct inconsistent        deceased husband, and as next friend for her minor son,
        with claiming it.                                      as plaintiff sued the Texas & Pacific Railway Company
                                                               in the district court of Crane County, Texas, for damages
        20 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                               for the alleged wrongful death of her husband. ,She made
                                                               his surviving parents, *536 who were residents of Martin
 [10]   Railroads                                              County, Texas, parties defendant, alleging that her husband
             Actions for Injuries to Person or Property        had not contributed to their support and hence his parents
        In action for wrongful death against railroad, the     had no cause of action as plaintiffs; and further that all
        fact that railroad agreed that plea of privilege and   statutory beneficiaries had been made parties to the suit. The
        the cause on its merits might be tried together        railway company by a timely plea asserted its privilege to
        did not constitute a waiver of its plea of privilege   be sued in Dallas County, Texas, where its principal office
        to be sued in county where its principal office        was located. This plea was controverted by Mrs. Ollie M.
        was located. Rev.St.1925, art. 1995, subd. 25;         Wood, who alleged that she was a nonresident of Texas and
        Vernon's Ann.Civ.St. art. 4675.                        that venue was properly laid in Crane County under Section
                                                               25, Art. 1995, R.S., which among other things provides, as
        Cases that cite this headnote                          an exception to the general statute giving defendants the
                                                               privilege of being sued in the county of their domicile, that: ‘If
 [11]   Railroads                                              the plaintiff is a non-resident of this State, then such suit may
             Actions for Injuries to Person or Property        be brought in any county in which the defendant corporation
                                                               may run or operate its railroad, or have an agent.’
        In action for wrongful death against railroad
        brought in Crane County, railroad did not waive        A jury was demanded on the venue issues, which the parties
        its plea of privilege to be sued in Dallas County,     agreed might be tried along with the suit upon its merits.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              2
Texas & P. Ry. Co. v. Wood, 145 Tex. 534 (1947)
199 S.W.2d 652

The cause came on to be heard in November, 1945, and was             for the sole and exclusive benefit of and may be brought by the
submitted upon special issues to a jury, which was unable to         surviving husband, wife, children, and parents of the person
agree. No issues were submitted as to the venue facts, but Mrs.      whose death has been caused or by either of them for the
Ollie M. Wood requested the submission of the issue of her           benefit of all.’ Art. 4675, R.S.1925, as amended, Vernon's
nonresidence, which the court refused.                               Ann.Civ.St. art. 4675.
                                                                      [1]     [2] The statute gives the right of action to all the
Upon trial of the plea of privilege (tried, as has been indicated,   persons within the classes named to recover one sum. That
along with the cause upon the merits), the father of the             sum must be apportioned among those persons according to
deceased husband stated in his testimony that he did not then        their several rights, but under the statute there can be but
nor afterwards intend to assert any claim against the railway        one action. San Antonio & A. P. Ry. Co. v. Mertink, 101
company for the death of his son, and Ollie M. Wood's mother         Tex. 165, 105 S.W. 485. Necessarily the mother and father
testified that she did not make any claim for damages on             of Ollie M. Wood potentially occupied the same position and
account of her son's death.                                          bore the same relation toward the railway company as his
                                                                     surviving wife and son, all being within those classes to whom
 **654 In this state of the record, on February 19, 1946, the
                                                                     the statute gives a right of action for Ollie M. Wood's death
district court granted plaintiff's motion to overrule the plea of
                                                                     if wrongful. And we have no difficulty in concluding that
privilege, from which order the railway company appealed to
                                                                     the mother and father of the deceased, although nominally
the Honorable Court of Civil Appeals at El Paso, which in
                                                                     defendants, should be arranged as parties plaintiff and the
a tentative opinion concluded that the plea of privilege was
                                                                     venue question considered with the parties so aligned.
properly overruled but has certified the following questions:
‘1. Did the fact that the surviving parents of the deceased
                                                                      [3]     [4] But it does not follow that venue should be
Wood were made parties defendant by plaintiff and were each
                                                                     controlled by the presence before the court of parties if they
residents of the State of Texas on the date plaintiff filed her
                                                                     have no interest in *538 the suit. To the contrary, if the
suit entitle defendant railway company as a matter of law to
                                                                     pleadings and proof demonstrate that the mother and father
a change of venue to the county of its residence?
                                                                     of the deceased had no cause of action against the railway
                                                                     company, their presence should not be given controlling
‘2. Were we correct in holding that judicial notice could
                                                                     effect upon the question of venue. As has been pointed out, the
be *537 taken of the fact that at the relevant time part of
                                                                     plaintiff averred that neither her mother-in-law nor her father-
defendant's railroad was operated through Crane County?
                                                                     in-law had a cause of action against the railway company.
                                                                     While the pleading mistakenly ascribes an evidentiary and not
‘3. Did defendant waive its plea of privilege by proceeding
                                                                     a controlling circumstance as the reason for the assertion that
with the trial on the merits without objection to the failure to
                                                                     the parents had no cause of action, namely, the circumstance
submit an issue as to nonresidence of plaintiff on the date of
                                                                     that the plaintiff's husband had not contributed to his parents'
filing her suit?
                                                                     support, still the petition did fairly give notice to the railway
                                                                     company that it was the plaintiff's position that the mother and
‘3(a). If Question No. 1 be answered in the affirmative, then
                                                                     father had no cause of action. Upon the hearing of the plea of
did defendant waive its plea of privilege by proceeding to trial
                                                                     privilege, the mother and father testified unequivocally that
on the merits without objection?’
                                                                     they did not assert any cause of action against the railway
                                                                     company. While it is true that there was substantial evidence
We conclude the answers to Questions Nos. 1, 3, and 3(a)             in the record which, in the absence of these admissions, would
should be ‘No,’ and to Question No. 2 ‘Yes.’                         have supported an award of damages to the mother and father,
                                                                     still these admissions by the parents of the deceased would
Question No. 1 inferentially assumes that the plaintiff was a        have effectively precluded them from recovering anything.
nonresident of Texas, and this discussion proceeds upon that         As was said in Southern Surety Co. v. Inabnit, Tex.Civ.App.,
assumption.                                                          1 S.W.2d 412, 415: ‘The testimony of a **655 party to
                                                                     a suit and admissions made by him must be construed as
Our present-day version of Lord Campbell's Act, also                 binding upon him, and not merely as raising issues of fact. His
frequently called the ‘Death Statute,’ (originally passed in         testimony is governed by different rules to those governing
England in 1846 and first enacted in Texas in 1860) provides         witnesses who are not parties.’ See also note, 80 A.L.R. 624.
in part that: ‘Actions for damage arising from death shall be

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             3
Texas & P. Ry. Co. v. Wood, 145 Tex. 534 (1947)
199 S.W.2d 652

                                                                    By reference she made the petition a part of her affidavit
                                                                    controverting the defendant's plea of privilege. She pursued
The mother and father of the deceased filed no pleadings.           the allegations she had originally tendered and established
Their admissions from the witness stand have been noted.            them. There was no shifting of position by the plaintiff in an
Under all the circumstances, it must be concluded that the          effort to defeat the plea of privilege after it had been filed. No
plaintiff pleaded and established that the mother and father of     improper evasion or avoidance on her part to hold venue in
the deceased had no interest in the suit.                           Crane County was shown as a matter of law.
 [5] The rules as to necessary parties in actions under the          [7] As to the second question, we conclude the Court of Civil
‘Death Statute’ which are regarded as pertinent here are thus       Appeals was correct in holding that judicial notice can be
stated in Cobb Brick Co. v. Lindsay, Tex.Civ.App., 277              taken *540 of the fact that the defendant railway company at
S.W. 1107, 1112-language which was expressly approved in            the relevant time operated its railroad through Crane County.
Greathouse v. Fort Worth & D. C. Ry. Co., Tex.Com.App.,             The rule, thus stated in Miller & Co. v. Texas & N. O. Ry.
65 S.W.2d 762: ‘The Supreme Court and the several Courts of         Co., 83 Tex. 518, 520, 18 S.W. 954, is well settled: ‘There
Civil Appeals have by numerous decisions held that a parent         are certain facts, however, which may be judicially noticed by
is a beneficiary of the damages claimed under the provisions        the courts, because of their public notoriety and indisputable
of the death statute, *539 and a necessary party to a suit to       existence. Railways are public highways, and it is a matter
recover them, and that, where it appears from the record that       of history that important lines of railways, once established,
a parent is not made a party, the judgment cannot stand; the        have remained as fixed and permanent in their course as the
error going to the very foundation of the action. (Citing cases.)   rivers themselves. Their locality becomes so notorious and
An equally well established rule to the one requiring that a        indisputable that the courts will take notice thereof.’ See also
father, having a statutory interest by reason of the wrongful       McCormick & Ray, Texas Law of Evidence, s 100.
act, be made a party to the suit for damages, is one holding
that where the petition for such damages alleges, and the
proof shows, that he has no interest in the suit, no useful         Accordingly, Question No. 2 has been asswered ‘Yes.’
purpose can be subserved by making him a party. (Citing
cases.)’ (Emphasis supplied.) See also Dallas & W. R. Co. v.        Questions Nos. 3 and 3(a) will be considered together. We
Spiker, 59 Tex. 435.                                                conclude that the **656 railway company did not waive its
                                                                    plea of privilege by proceeding to trial on the merits without
 [6]    Upon an application of these principles to the              objection, nor was there any waiver because the company did
circumstances before us, we conclude that the presence of the       not object to the court's failure to submit an issue as to the
mother and father of deceased, residents of Martin County,          nonresidence of the plaintiff.
Texas, even be they aligned as parties plaintiff, did not as a
                                                                    The record shows that the parties agreed that the plea of
matter of law entitle the railway company to have its plea of
                                                                    privilege and the cause on its merits might be tried together.
privilege sustained.
                                                                    Conceivably this arrangement might greatly expedite the
                                                                    proceedings and so benefit all parties by settling the
The railway company points out the rule stated in Ogburn-           interlocutory venue question and the case on its merits in one
Dalchau Lumber Co. v. Taylor, 59 Tex. Civ. App. 442, 126              trial and on one appeal instead of having separate trials and
S.W. 48, 50, that: ‘If at the time this suit was instituted         appeals of the two matters. If the parties wished to try to
the appellee held the lien which he here asserts, then the          expedite the proceedings in this way, we would not feel at all
jurisdiction of the court properly attached and would not be        warranted in penalizing either by imposing a waiver upon him
devested by the subsequent loss or abandonment of the lien in       for having made the arrangement.
changing the form of the action.’ It also calls attention to the     [8]    [9]    [10] It is admittedly true that a defendant can
great value of the right to be sued in one's own domicile and       waive his privilege to be sued in his own domicile, as,
points out that this right must not be defeated by any evasion      for example, when he has prevailed upon the trial court to
or artifice contrived for that purpose. Pool v. Pickett, 8 Tex.     enter an order sustaining that right but later disregards the
122. No violence is done these principles by the conclusions        order and litigates the case to final judgment in the foreign
we have reached. The plaintiff had alleged in her petition, as      forum. Frosh v. Holmes, 8 Tex. 29. A somewhat similar
we have taken pains to show, that her husband's mother and          waiver is considered in Hosmer v. New York Buyers' Ass'n,
father had no cause of action against the defendant company.        Tex.Civ.App., 258 S.W. 853, error refused. But no such a

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               4
Texas & P. Ry. Co. v. Wood, 145 Tex. 534 (1947)
199 S.W.2d 652

                                                                       affidavit was upon the plaintiff. Newlin v. Smith, 136 Tex.
situation obtains here. The defendant company disregarded
                                                                       260, 150 S.W.2d 233. Her nonresidence was her own issue.
no order in its favor on the issue of venue. A waiver has
                                                                       No duty devloved upon the defendant company to request
been frequently defined as an intentional relinquishment of a
                                                                       its submission. Nor was the company bound to except to the
known right or intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming
                                                                       court's refusal to submit it. So to require would in effect cast
it. 67 C.J. 288. We are unable to discern how it *541
                                                                       upon the defendant company the duty of assisting the plaintiff
would be fairly said that the defendant company intended to
                                                                       in establishing her venue facts, one of the chief of which was
surrender its right to be sued in its own domicile or conducted
                                                                       that of her nonresidence. This would obviously be intolerable.
itself inconsistently with the continued assertion of that right
                                                                       We conclude the railway company waived nothing by not
(assuming it otherwise existed) by simply agreeing to proceed
                                                                       objecting to the failure of the court to submit this issue.
with the trial of the venue issues and the cause on its merits
together.
                                                                       Accordingly, Questions Nos. 3 and 3(a) have been answered
 [11] As to the waiver sought to be imposed upon the railway           ‘No.’
company for failing to request submission to the jury of
the controverted matter of the plaintiff's nonresidence, this          All Citations
issue was duly requested by the plaintiff and its submission
improperly refused. The burden of proof upon the trial of the          145 Tex. 534, 199 S.W.2d 652
issues joined by the plea of privilege and the controverting

End of Document                                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 5
AAA
Texas Dept. of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637 (2004)
47 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1252

                                                                  [4] TxDOT's alleged failure to erect adequate signage and
                                                                  decision to install high-mast floodlights did not give city
                     146 S.W.3d 637
                                                                  council member and mayor standing to bring equal protection
                 Supreme Court of Texas.
                                                                  claim based on geographic disparate treatment;
   TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION,
    Michael W. Behrens, Robert L. Nichols, John                   [5] TxDOT did not intentionally single out city council
    W. Johnson, and Ric Williamson, Petitioners,                  member and mayor for treatment different than other city
                                                                  residents; and
                        v.
      CITY OF SUNSET VALLEY, Terrance R.
                                                                  [6] nuisance created by floodlights did not amount to
     Cowan, and Donald Hurwitz, Respondents.
                                                                  unconstitutional taking of mayor's property.
           No. 03–0041. | Argued Feb. 4,
          2004. | Decided Sept. 24, 2004.                         Reversed and rendered.

Synopsis
Background: City filed inverse condemnation action against
Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) concerning              West Headnotes (26)
highway expansion, and mayor and city council member
intervened as additional plaintiffs. The District Court, Travis
County, 353rd Judicial District, Peter M. Lowry, J., overruled     [1]    States
TxDOT's plea to the jurisdiction and rendered partial                          Necessity of Consent
summary judgment for city. TxDOT appealed. The Court                      State agencies like Texas Department of
of Appeals, 8 S.W.3d 727, affirmed. On remand, the 353rd                  Transportation (TxDOT) are immune from
Judicial District Court, Travis County, Suzanne Covington,                liability in Texas unless the Legislature waives
J., entered judgment on jury verdict, which awarded city                  that immunity.
$836,192.80 for cost of substitute road and $810,978.60
                                                                          2 Cases that cite this headnote
in prejudgment interest, declared that TxDOT violated
administrative regulations regarding noise and lighting,
enjoined private nuisance, awarded city $34,075 in attorney        [2]    States
fees, awarded mayor and council member $3,648 in damages,                      Mode and Sufficiency of Consent
enjoined equal protection violations arising from use of flood            Sovereign immunity is waived only when
lights and failure to erect city limit signs, and awarded                 the Legislature has clearly and unambiguously
mayor and council member $7,000 in attorney fees. TxDOT                   expressed that intent. V.T.C.A., Government
appealed. The Court of Appeals, 92 S.W.3d 540, affirmed in                Code § 311.034.
part and reversed in part. TxDOT appealed.
                                                                          5 Cases that cite this headnote

Holdings: The Supreme Court, O'Neill, J., held that:               [3]    Eminent Domain
                                                                             Appeal and error
[1] Transportation Code section mandating compensation for                Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT)
the acquisition of a state agency's property by TxDOT did not             did not waive right in inverse condemnation
create a private right of action for city;                                action to challenge whether city was a “state
                                                                          agency,” although it couched its argument in
[2] TxDOT had immunity from city's claim that road closure                terms of whether it had sovereign immunity, as
constituted a common-law nuisance claim;                                  TxDOT raised the issue in its brief by arguing
                                                                          that the Transportation Code expressly excludes
[3] city did not have superior ownership interest in road so as           cities from compensation and adequately
to support its right to compensation under takings theory;                challenged city's right to recover under the

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           1
Texas Dept. of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637 (2004)
47 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1252

        Transportation Code. V.T.C.A., Transportation                      Purpose
        Code § 203.058(a); Rules App.Proc., Rule 1.1.                 When interpreting a statute, the court considers
                                                                      the objective the law seeks to obtain and the
        8 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      consequences of a particular construction.

 [4]    Statutes                                                      14 Cases that cite this headnote
             Intent
        The primary objective when construing a statute        [9]    States
        is to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature's               Eminent domain
        intent.                                                       Transportation Code section mandating
                                                                      compensation for acquisition of a state agency's
        39 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                      property by Texas Department of Transportation
                                                                      (TxDOT) did not create private right of action for
 [5]    Statutes                                                      city, which brought inverse condemnation action
             Plain Language; Plain, Ordinary, or                      after TxDOT closed road, so as to amount to
        Common Meaning                                                waiver of TxDOT's sovereign immunity; statute
        In discerning the Legislature's intent in a statute,          provided a mechanism by which state agencies
        the court begins with the plain and common                    could ensure budgetary protection when property
        meaning of the statute's words.                               is transferred between them, and city was not a
                                                                      “state agency” within the meaning of the statute,
        48 Cases that cite this headnote                              although it exercised governmental powers as an
                                                                      agent of the state for certain purposes. V.T.C.A.,
 [6]    Statutes                                                      Transportation Code §§ 203.001(4), 203.058(a).
             Statute as a Whole; Relation of Parts to
                                                                      8 Cases that cite this headnote
        Whole and to One Another
        The court must read a statute as a whole and not
                                                               [10]   States
        just isolated portions.
                                                                           Nature of Act or Claim
        35 Cases that cite this headnote                              Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT)
                                                                      had immunity from city's claim that TxDOT's
 [7]    Statutes                                                      act in closing road as part of highway expansion
             Giving effect to statute or language;                    constituted a common-law nuisance claim;
                                                                      TxDOT's expansion of the state's highways
        construction as written
                                                                      was a governmental function for which it
        Statutes
                                                                      had sovereign immunity, and there was no
             Statute as a Whole; Relation of Parts to
                                                                      statute which waived TxDOT's immunity for
        Whole and to One Another
                                                                      performing that function.
        If statutory language is unambiguous, the court
        must interpret it according to its terms, giving              4 Cases that cite this headnote
        meaning to the language consistent with other
        provisions in the statute.
                                                               [11]   States
        37 Cases that cite this headnote                                   Highway matters
                                                                      Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT)
                                                                      is immune from liability for its governmental
 [8]    Statutes
                                                                      actions unless that immunity is waived.
             Construction in View of Effects,
        Consequences, or Results                                      2 Cases that cite this headnote
        Statutes

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         2
Texas Dept. of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637 (2004)
47 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1252

 [12]   Eminent Domain                                               4 Cases that cite this headnote
           Property and Rights Subject of
        Compensation
                                                              [17]   Municipal Corporations
        City did not have superior ownership interest in                Title and rights of municipality in general
        road so as to support its right to compensation
                                                                     As the State's agent or trustee, a municipality
        under takings theory after Texas Department of
                                                                     possesses a superior interest in its public roads
        Transportation (TxDOT) closed road as part of
                                                                     vis-a-vis private citizens.
        highway expansion; state held title to road and
        had right to control road, which included right to           Cases that cite this headnote
        close road. Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, §
        17.
                                                              [18]   Action
        2 Cases that cite this headnote                                   Persons entitled to sue
                                                                     Standing is a constitutional prerequisite to
 [13]   Eminent Domain                                               maintaining suit.
           Questions for jury
                                                                     10 Cases that cite this headnote
        Whether there has been a taking is a question of
        law for the court to decide. Vernon's Ann.Texas
                                                              [19]   Constitutional Law
        Const. Art. 1, § 17.
                                                                         Equal Protection
        3 Cases that cite this headnote                              Standing to raise an equal-protection challenge
                                                                     requires the claimant to demonstrate an interest
 [14]   Eminent Domain                                               distinct from that of the general public such
           Property and Rights Subject of                            that the actions complained of have caused a
        Compensation                                                 particular injury. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14.

        To recover under the constitutional takings                  3 Cases that cite this headnote
        clause, one must first demonstrate an ownership
        interest in the property taken. Vernon's
                                                              [20]   Constitutional Law
        Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 17.
                                                                          Conditions, Limitations, and Other
        11 Cases that cite this headnote                             Restrictions on Access and Remedies
                                                                     Constitutional Law
 [15]   Highways                                                         Standing
            Power to vacate                                          The separation of powers doctrine and the open
        The State's right to control its roads includes the          courts provision require an actual grievance, not
        right to close them.                                         one that is merely hypothetical or generalized, in
                                                                     order for a claimant to have standing to bring an
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                              equal protection claim. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend.
                                                                     14; Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 13, Art.
                                                                     2, § 1.
 [16]   Municipal Corporations
             Powers and functions of local government                2 Cases that cite this headnote
        in general
        General-law municipalities are political
                                                              [21]   Appeal and Error
        subdivisions created by the State and, as such,
                                                                        Cases Triable in Appellate Court
        possess those powers and privileges that the State
        expressly confers upon them.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        3
Texas Dept. of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637 (2004)
47 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1252

        As a component of subject matter jurisdiction,               based on highway floodlights which other cities
        the Supreme Court reviews a claimant's standing              had not received; all city residents suffered
        de novo.                                                     from same alleged injury of inadequate signage
                                                                     and light pollution. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 14;
        60 Cases that cite this headnote                             Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 3.

                                                                     4 Cases that cite this headnote
 [22]   Constitutional Law
            Equal Protection
        Alleged failure of Texas Department of                [25]   Eminent Domain
        Transportation (TxDOT) to erect adequate                        Nuisance and demolition
        signage and the installation of high-mast                    Nuisance created by high-mast floodlights did
        floodlights in connection with highway                       not amount to unconstitutional taking of city
        expansion did not give city council member and               mayor's property by Texas Department of
        mayor standing to bring equal protection claim               Transportation (TxDOT) which installed lights
        against TxDOT based on geographic disparate                  as part of highway expansion, as lights similarly
        treatment, even if other municipalities had                  affected others in the community. Vernon's
        received more signage and had not been subject               Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 17.
        to high-mast floodlights; TxDOT necessarily
        had to draw distinctions between geographic                  1 Cases that cite this headnote
        areas when building highways. U.S.C.A.
        Const.Amend. 14; Vernon's Ann.Texas Const.            [26]   Eminent Domain
        Art. 1, § 3.                                                     What Constitutes a Taking; Police and
                                                                     Other Powers Distinguished
        3 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                     Eminent Domain
                                                                        Particular acts and regulations
 [23]   Constitutional Law
                                                                     Not every deleterious impact on private property
             Territorial uniformity; application to
                                                                     amounts to a compensable taking; instead,
        places, areas, or regions
                                                                     property impacts resulting from the construction
        State and federal equal-protection guarantees                of public works are compensable only to the
        relate to equality between persons as such, rather           extent they are not common to the community at
        than between areas, and territorial uniformity               large. Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 17.
        is not a constitutional prerequisite. U.S.C.A.
        Const.Amend. 14; Vernon's Ann.Texas Const.                   2 Cases that cite this headnote
        Art. 1, § 3.

        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             Attorneys and Law Firms
 [24]   Constitutional Law
            Equal Protection                                  *640 Edward D. Burbach, Barry Ross McBee, Ronda Leigh
                                                             Neff, Kristina Weber Silcocks, Rafael Edward Cruz, Rance
        Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT)
                                                             L. Craft, Office of Attorney General, Philip A. Lionberger,
        did not intentionally single out city council
                                                             Brown McCarroll, L.L.P., Jeffrey S. Boyd, Thompson &
        member and mayor for treatment differently
                                                             Knight, Greg Abbott, Attorney General of TX, Austin, Rick
        from others similarly situated in connection
                                                             Thompson, Law Office of Deborah Hankinson PC, Dallas,
        with highway expansion project, and thus
                                                             John Stephen Toland, Watson Bishop London Galow, P.C.,
        council member and mayor lacked standing
                                                             Austin, Idolina Garcia, Hermes Sargent Bates, LLP, Dallas,
        as individuals to bring equal protection claim
                                                             for Petitioners.
        against TxDOT based on alleged lack of same
        signage which other cities had received and

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                       4
Texas Dept. of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637 (2004)
47 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1252

                                                                  emergencies. To remedy the problem, the City constructed a
W. Thomas Buckle, Brad Rockwell and Jessica Scott,                substitute road at its own expense.
Douglas C. Young, Scanlan Buckle & Young, P.C., Sheri
Joy Nasya Tolliver, Texas Civil Rights Project, Austin, for       In May 1998, the City sued TxDOT to recover its costs in
Respondent.                                                       constructing the substitute road. The City asserted several
                                                                  liability theories, including a right of reimbursement under
James C. Harrington, Austin, for Amicus Curiae Texas Civil
                                                                   *641 section 203.058(a) of the Texas Transportation Code,
Rights Project.
                                                                  an unconstitutional taking under Article I, section 17 of the
Opinion                                                           Texas Constitution, and common-law nuisance and trespass.
                                                                  TxDOT filed a plea to the jurisdiction asserting sovereign
Justice O'NEILL delivered the opinion of the Court.               immunity and challenging the plaintiffs' standing, which
                                                                  the trial court denied. On interlocutory appeal, the court
The Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) destroyed          of appeals affirmed. 8 S.W.3d 727. On remand, the City's
a portion of Jones Road in the City of Sunset Valley              mayor, Terrance Cowan, and one of its council members,
when it expanded State Highway 290. To regain the vital           Donald Hurwitz, intervened in the suit on behalf of Sunset
transportation link lost in the expansion, the City constructed   Valley's citizens claiming TxDOT had violated their equal-
a substitute street. We must decide whether the City can          protection rights by failing to post adequate highway signs
recover the cost of that construction from TxDOT under            like those present in other similar municipalities and by
section 203.058(a) of the Texas Transportation Code, the          installing high-mast floodlights not used on other controlled-
common law of nuisance, or Article I, section 17 of the           access highways. Mayor Cowan also asserted individual
Texas Constitution. We hold that it cannot because (1) section    nuisance claims for injuries that he alleged were particular to
203.058(a) does not waive TxDOT's immunity from suit,             his property. The trial court held TxDOT liable to the City
nor is the City a state agency within the statute's purview;      for the $836,192.80 cost of constructing reasonably necessary
(2) absent an applicable waiver, TxDOT retained immunity          substitute facilities, and awarded the City approximately
from the City's common-law nuisance claim; and (3) TxDOT          $857,000 in pre-judgment interest and attorneys' fees. The
cannot be liable for an unconstitutional taking because the       trial court also granted injunctive relief on the intervenors'
State owns the property that was appropriated for highway         equal-protection claims, abating the high-mast floodlights
expansion. We also hold that the City's mayor and a council       and ordering TxDOT to post adequate signs. It also awarded
member lack standing to assert equal-protection claims on         Cowan and Hurwitz $9,450 in attorneys' fees. Finally, the
their own behalf or on behalf of the City's residents. Finally,   trial court awarded Cowan $3,648 in damages, as well as
we hold that the mayor's individual nuisance claim does not       injunctive relief, based on his individual nuisance claim.
rise to the level of a constitutional taking and is thus barred
by sovereign immunity. Accordingly, we reverse the court of       The court of appeals affirmed the trial court's judgment in
appeals' judgment and render judgment for TxDOT.
                                                                  part and reversed in part. 92 S.W.3d 540. It held that section
                                                                  203.058(a) of the Texas Transportation Code supported the
                                                                  City's right to recover, but concluded that the statutory
                       I. Background                              scheme required the Texas General Land Office to determine
                                                                  the amount of compensation that should be awarded and
In 1991, TxDOT expanded State Highway 290 to create a             remanded the case accordingly. Id. at 547. Because it upheld
controlled-access highway. The expansion extended to parts        the judgment based on the statutory claim, the court of
of the City of Sunset Valley, a general-law municipality          appeals did not address the City's alternative constitutional
approximately one square mile in size located in southwest        or common-law claims. Id. In all other respects, the court of
Travis County. To complete the project, TxDOT closed Jones        appeals affirmed the trial court's judgment. Id. We granted
Road at its western intersection with Brodie Lane. Jones Road     review to consider the plaintiffs' respective claims arising
was a main thoroughfare that connected the City's center to       out of TxDOT's highway expansion and the closure of Jones
the northern, western, and southwestern portions of the City.     Road.
According to the City, the road's closure increased threefold
the travel time across the City, significantly impacting the
City's ability to combat crime and respond to police and other

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            5
Texas Dept. of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637 (2004)
47 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1252

                                                                  agency” as “a department or agency of this state”). We agree

              II. Texas Transportation Code                       with TxDOT on both points. 1

 [1]     [2] State agencies like TxDOT are immune from             [4]     [5]    [6]    [7]    [8] Our primary objective when
liability in Texas unless the Legislature waives that             construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to the
immunity. See Fed. Sign v. Tex. S. Univ., 951 S.W.2d              Legislature's intent. See McIntyre v. Ramirez, 109 S.W.3d
401, 405 (Tex.1997); Duhart v. State, 610 S.W.2d 740,             741, 745 (Tex.2003) (citing Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Needham,
741 (Tex.1980). We have long recognized the Legislature's         82 S.W.3d 314, 318 (Tex.2002)). In discerning that intent,
exclusive power to create a cause of action that waives the       we begin with the “ ‘plain and common meaning of the
State's immunity. See Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. Jones, 8 S.W.3d    statute's words.’ ” Id. (quoting State ex rel. State Dep't of
636, 638 (Tex.1999). But sovereign immunity is waived             Highways & Pub. Transp. v. Gonzalez, 82 S.W.3d 322, 327
only when the Legislature has clearly and unambiguously           (Tex.2002) (quoting Fitzgerald v. Advanced Spine Fixation
expressed that intent. See Kerrville State Hosp. v. Fernandez,    Sys., Inc., 996 S.W.2d 864, 865 (Tex.1999))). We must
28 S.W.3d 1, 3 (Tex.2000); see also TEX. GOV'T CODE               read the statute as a whole and not just isolated portions.
§ 311.034 (codifying common-law standard for immunity             See City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d
waiver: “[A] statute shall not be construed as a waiver of        22, 25 (Tex.2003) (citing Gonzalez, 82 S.W.3d at 327). If
sovereign immunity unless the waiver is effected by clear and     the statutory language is unambiguous, we must interpret
unambiguous language.”).                                          it according to its terms, giving meaning to the language
                                                                  consistent with other provisions in the statute. See McIntyre,
The City claims that the Legislature waived TxDOT's               109 S.W.3d at 745. We also consider the objective the
sovereign immunity in section 203.058(a) of the Texas             law seeks to obtain and the consequences of a particular
Transportation Code, which provides:                              construction. TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.023(1), (5); see also
                                                                  McIntyre, 109 S.W.3d at 745.
            If the acquisition of real property,
            property rights, or material by the                    [9] Nothing in the plain language of section 203.058
            department from a state agency under                  indicates the Legislature intended to waive immunity in
            this subchapter will deprive the agency               situations like the one presented. The statute provides that
            of a thing of value to the agency in                  when the State acquires property from a state agency
            the exercise of its functions, adequate               pursuant to its chapter 203 powers, it must make “adequate
            compensation for the real property,                   compensation.” TEX. TRANSP. CODEE § 203.058(a).
            property rights, or material shall be                 The statute then outlines the actual accounting procedures
            made.                                                 by which compensation is to be accomplished. See id.
                                                                  § 203.058(b)-(e). For example, subsection (b) states that
TEX. TRANSP. CODEE § 203.058(a). The City contends
                                                                  compensation will be paid on vouchers, and subsection
this provision clearly and unambiguously *642 provides a
                                                                  (c) indicates to which budget item compensation shall be
judicial right of recovery against TxDOT for property that
                                                                  credited. Subsection (d) concerns situations in which it is
it appropriated in closing Jones Road. The court of appeals
                                                                  unclear which appropriation item or agency account is to be
agreed, holding that the City is a “state agency” entitled to
                                                                  credited. Finally, subsection (e) provides that the General
compensation under the statute. 92 S.W.3d at 546–47.
                                                                  Land Office will determine appropriate compensation if the
                                                                  agency and TxDOT cannot agree on an amount. Nowhere
 [3] TxDOT claims that in enacting section 203.058(a) the
                                                                  does the statute expressly waive TxDOT's immunity. That
Legislature did not intend to create a statutory cause of
                                                                  the statute imposes a financial obligation on the State does
action for which the State may be sued, but merely intended
                                                                  not in itself mean that the Legislature intended to create a
to establish a mechanism by which state agencies may be
                                                                  private right of action, as evidenced by the fact that the statute
compensated if TxDOT uses their property in exercising
                                                                  expressly vests the *643 power to determine adequate
powers conferred under chapter 203. TxDOT further argues
                                                                  compensation in the General Land Office. Id. § 203.058(e). In
that, even if section 203.058(a) does create a right of action,
                                                                  deciding whether the Legislature intended to waive TxDOT's
the City is not a “state agency” as defined in the statute.
                                                                  immunity, “we must look at whether [the] statute makes any
See TEX. TRANSP. CODEE § 203.001(4) (defining “state
                                                                  sense if immunity is not waived.” Kerrville State Hosp., 28

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              6
Texas Dept. of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637 (2004)
47 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1252

S.W.3d at 6. Clearly section 203.058 does, in that it provides     differs from a[n] ... agency of the State. A political
a mechanism by which state agencies may ensure budgetary           subdivision has jurisdiction over a portion of the State; a[n] ...
protection when property is transferred between them.              agency of the State exercises its jurisdiction throughout
                                                                   the State.... [T]he legislature has consistently recognized
Moreover, the City is not a “state agency” within section          these distinctions between ... agencies on the one hand and
203.058(a)'s purview. The court of appeals determined that         political subdivisions on the other.”). Chapter 203 itself
it was, relying on our decision in Proctor v. Andrews, 972         reflects that the Legislature recognized a distinction between
S.W.2d 729, 734 (Tex.1998). But that reliance is misplaced.        a state agency, a political subdivision, and a municipality.
In Proctor, we addressed whether a provision of the Civil          Section 203.032 provides that a commission order under
Service Act that allowed police officers and fire fighters         section 203.031 “supersedes a conflicting rule or ordinance
who had been suspended, passed over for promotion, or              of a state agency or subdivision of this state or any county
recommended for demotion to appeal to an independent third-        or municipality.” TEX. TRANSP. CODEE § 203.032. Yet
party hearing examiner was an unconstitutional delegation          the Legislature did not include a “political subdivision,”
of legislative authority or impermissibly infringed on a           “county,” or *644 “municipality” in the definition of a “state
home-rule city's governmental authority to direct, control,        agency.” Id. § 203.001(4). We see nothing in the statutory
and discipline its civil servants. Id. at 732. Presuming that      language that would support the broad meaning that the City
the delegation did in fact infringe upon the City's police         ascribes to the term “state agency” in section 203.058(a).
powers, we held that the infringement was permissible if the
Legislature by general law clearly intended it. Id. at 733.        Because nothing in the statutory language indicates that the
Concluding that the Legislature did so intend, we made the         Legislature intended to waive immunity by creating a private
following statement that the court of appeals in this case         right of action for entities like the City, we hold that it cannot
relied on: “ ‘Municipal corporations [including home rule          seek compensation thereunder for TxDOT's closure of Jones
cities] are created for the exercise of certain functions of       Road.
government.... [I]n so far as their character is governmental,
they are agencies of the state, and subject to state control.’ ”
Id. at 734 (alteration in original) (quoting Yett v. Cook, 115
                                                                                   III. Common–Law Nuisance
Tex. 205, 281 S.W. 837, 842 (1926)). Thus, we described
the principal-agent relationship that exists between the State      [10]     [11] The City's common-law nuisance claim is
and a political subdivision in exercising certain governmental     similarly foreclosed. See City of Dallas v. Jennings, 142
powers. Id.; see also Payne v. Massey, 145 Tex. 237, 196 S.W.3d 310 (Tex.2004). TxDOT is immune from liability
S.W.2d 493, 495 (1946) (“Municipalities are creatures of our       for its governmental actions unless that immunity is waived.
law and are created as political subdivisions of the state as      Id. at 315. TxDOT's expansion of the State's highways is a
a convenient agency for the exercise of such powers as are         governmental function. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE §
conferred upon them by the state.”); Tex. Nat'l Guard Armory       101.0215(a). Therefore, TxDOT cannot be liable for damage
Bd. v. McGraw, 132 Tex. 613, 126 S.W.2d 627, 638 (1939)            resulting from its expansion of State Highway 290 without a
(“In its governmental capacity a city is a political subdivision   clear waiver of immunity. As we have said, the City's reliance
of the State, and in many instances is considered as an agent      on section 203.058(a) of the Texas Transportation Code to
of the State; and the State may use such agent in the discharge    establish that waiver is misplaced, and the City has asserted
of its duties.”).                                                  no other basis to support a waiver. Accordingly, TxDOT
                                                                   retained immunity from the City's common-law nuisance
That a municipality may exercise governmental powers as an         claim. The only claim the City could potentially assert against
agent of the State for certain purposes does not mean that         TxDOT, then, is for an unconstitutional taking under Article
it is a “state agency” within section 203.058(a)'s meaning.        I, section 17 of the Texas Constitution, to which we now turn.
When used in this context, we have long recognized a
distinction between agencies of the State, which generally
exercise statewide jurisdiction, and political subdivisions like
municipalities, which have limited geographic jurisdiction.                        IV. Unconstitutional Taking
See Monsanto Co. v. Cornerstones Mun. Util. Dist., 865              [12] [13] Article I, section 17 of the Texas Constitution
S.W.2d 937, 939–40 (Tex.1993) (“[A] political subdivision          provides: “No person's property shall be taken, damaged

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               7
Texas Dept. of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637 (2004)
47 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1252

or destroyed for or applied to public use without adequate           city controls the streets as trustee for the public. It has no
compensation being made, unless by the consent of such               proprietary title nor right to exclusive possession.”).
person....” TEX. CONST. art. I, § 17. The City claims that
it is entitled to recover its cost of constructing a substitute       [15] The City attempts to distinguish Robbins and the cases
road under this constitutional provision. TxDOT argues that,         upon which it relies, claiming that they involved control over
as against the State, the City has no proprietary title or vested    road maintenance rather than outright destruction or closure
property right in Jones Road sufficient to confer a right to         as presented here. Once Jones Road was closed and ceased
compensation. Because the court of appeals affirmed the trial        operating as a public road, the City argues, it was no longer
court's judgment based on the statutory claim, it did not            held for the benefit of the public, thus entitling the City to
address the City's constitutional claim. 92 S.W.3d at 546.           compensation. We are not persuaded. The State's right to
Whether there has been a taking is a question of law for the         control its roads includes the right to close them, and we see
court to decide. See Tarrant Reg'l Water Dist. v. Gragg, 151         nothing in the cases the City cites that would support the
S.W.3d 546, ––––, 2004 WL 1439646 (Tex.2004).                        distinction it seeks to draw. 2 Neither do factual differences
                                                                     among those cases undermine their fundamental premise—
 [14]      It is fundamental that, to recover under the              that the State has a superior ownership interest in its roads.
constitutional takings clause, one must first demonstrate an
ownership interest in the property taken. TEX. CONST. art. I,         [16] [17] This does not mean, however, that municipalities
§ 17 (“No person's property shall be taken....”). The City relies    have no possessory interest in their roads. General-law
upon its fee simple title to Jones Road to support its right to      municipalities like the City of Sunset Valley are political
compensation under the takings clause. TxDOT, on the other           subdivisions created by the State and, as such, possess those
hand, contends the City merely holds the road in trust with          powers and privileges that the State expressly confers upon
legal title belonging to the State. As a result, TxDOT claims,       them. See Payne, 196 S.W.2d at 495. As the State's agent
the City's takings claim fails as a matter of law. We agree.         or trustee, a municipality does possess a superior interest in
                                                                     its public roads vis-a-vis private citizens. See Popplewell,
This Court has consistently recognized that the State has a          294 S.W.2d at 715. Thus, we have said that the Legislature
superior ownership interest in its public roads. See State v.        may grant cities and towns “exclusive dominion” over the
Hale, 136 Tex. 29, 146 S.W.2d 731, 736 (1941); Robbins               public ways within their corporate or municipal boundaries.
v. Limestone County, 114 Tex. 345, 268 S.W. 915, 918                 See City of San Antonio, 111 S.W.3d at 28 (recognizing
(1925); Travis County v. Trogden, 88 Tex. 302, 31 S.W.               in dispute between two cities that the Legislature granted
358, 359–60 (1895). We have also recognized that the State's         general control to commissioners courts); City of Fort Worth
ownership interest in its roads is superior to that of its           v. Taylor, 162 Tex. 341, 346 S.W.2d 792, 793 (1961) (noting
political subdivisions. See Robbins, 268 S.W. at 918. In             that a home rule city, by statutory grant, may regulate and
Robbins, the county argued that a recently enacted statute           control obstructions from streets and alley ways); West v. City
allowing the State to place public roads under the State             of Waco, 116 Tex. 472, 294 S.W. 832, 834 (1927) (holding
Highway Department's direct control resulted *645 in an              State can and did delegate authority to a city to regulate
unconstitutional taking because the roads were built with            parking on a public square). We have also recognized the
funds raised by local taxation. Id. In response to questions         unique nature of school lands and that school districts, as
certified by the court of civil appeals, we held that there could    political *646 subdivisions of the State, have an ownership
be no taking because the Legislature has sole and exclusive          interest in their property. See Love v. City of Dallas, 120 Tex.
power pertaining to public roads and highways which may              351, 40 S.W.2d 20, 29 (1931); Milam County v. Bateman, 54
only be modified by another constitutional provision. Id. The        Tex. 153, 165 (1880). But none of these cases support the
county argued, as does the City here, that it was entitled to        proposition that municipalities possess a superior ownership
compensation under the Constitution because it held legal title      interest in public roads vis-a-vis the State that would support a
to the roads taken. Id. We disagreed, stating that, even though      right to compensation under the Constitution's takings clause
legal title was taken in the county's name, title was held for the   when they are applied to another public use. Accordingly, the
benefit of the State and the general public. Id. We specifically     City's takings claim fails as a matter of law.
said: “Public roads are state property over which the state has
full control and authority.” Id.; see also City of Mission v.
Popplewell, 156 Tex. 269, 294 S.W.2d 712, 715 (1956) (“The

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             8
Texas Dept. of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637 (2004)
47 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1252

                                                                  were treated unequally with respect to these features and have,
                                                                  as a community, suffered particularized injury distinct from
                  V. Intervenors' Claims
                                                                  that of similar municipalities. The court of appeals agreed,
Terrance Cowan, the City's mayor, and Donald Hurwitz,             concluding that the injuries alleged were unique to residents
a City council member, intervened in this suit on behalf          of Sunset Valley as compared to other regions, and that as
of the citizens of Sunset Valley. They alleged TxDOT              residents Cowan and Hurwitz had standing to assert them. 92
violated their equal-protection rights by treating the citizens   S.W.3d at 551–53.
of Sunset Valley disparately from residents of other
Texas communities. Cowan also asserted an individual            [23] TxDOT contends that, to the extent the intervenors'
private-nuisance claim, for which the trial court awarded      claims are based on geographic disparate treatment, an
him damages. TxDOT challenges the intervenors' standing        equal-protection claim will not lie. See Richards v. League
to assert equal-protection claims and contends sovereign       of United Latin Am. Citizens, 868 S.W.2d 306, 311–12
immunity protects it from Cowan's private-nuisance claim.      (Tex.1993) (“LULAC ”). We agree. State and federal equal-
We address each argument in turn.                              protection guarantees relate to *647 “ ‘equality between
                                                               persons as such, rather than between areas, and ... territorial
                                                               uniformity is not a constitutional prerequisite.’ ” Id. at 311
                                                               (quoting McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U.S. 420, 81 S.Ct.
                     A. Equal Protection                       1101, 6 L. Ed. 2d 393 (1961)); see also Mouton v. State, 627
 [18]     [19]     [20]    [21]    Standing is a constitutionalS.W.2d 765, 767 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1981, no
                                                               pet.). In LULAC, we held that, although the plaintiffs could
prerequisite to maintaining suit. See Tex. Ass'n of Bus. v.
                                                               challenge the State's higher-education system based on their
Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 444 (Tex.1993);
                                                               racial identity, they could not challenge it as residents of a
Hunt v. Bass, 664 S.W.2d 323, 324 (Tex.1984). Standing
                                                               geographic region of the State. Id. at 311–12, 314. This, of
to raise an equal-protection challenge requires the claimant
                                                               course, makes sense. When the State exercises governmental
to demonstrate an interest distinct from that of the general
                                                               powers, such as building highways, it necessarily draws
public such that the actions complained of have caused a
                                                               distinctions between different geographic areas. Entitling
particular injury. See Williams v. Lara, 52 S.W.3d 171,
                                                               every citizen to equal benefits whenever government money
178–79 (Tex.2001); see also Hunt, 664 S.W.2d at 324
                                                               is spent “would make almost all government programs
(“Standing consists of some interest peculiar to persons
                                                               unconstitutional.” Weber v. City of Sachse, 591 S.W.2d 563,
individually and not as members of the general public.”).
                                                               567 (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1979, writ dism'd). Insofar as the
The “particularized injury” requirement “inheres in the nature
                                                               intervenors' equal-protection claims are brought on behalf
of standing[, which] ‘stems from two limitations on subject
                                                               of area residents for TxDOT's failure to provide signage or
matter jurisdiction: the separation of powers doctrine and,
                                                               lighting equal to that provided in other geographic areas, it
in Texas, the open courts provision.’ ” Brown v. Todd, 53
                                                               fails as a matter of law.
S.W.3d 297, 302 (Tex.2001) (quoting Tex. Ass'n of Bus., 852
S.W.2d at 443). These provisions require an actual grievance,
                                                                   [24] To bring an individual equal-protection claim, Cowan
not one that is merely hypothetical or generalized. Id. As
                                                                  and Hurwitz must demonstrate that they were intentionally
a component of subject matter jurisdiction, we review a
                                                                  singled out and treated differently from others similarly
claimant's standing de novo. See Tex. Ass'n of Bus., 852
                                                                  situated. County of Bexar v. Santikos, 144 S.W.3d 455, 463,
S.W.2d at 445.
                                                                  2004 WL 1908328 (Tex.2004). According to Cowan and
                                                                  Hurwitz's pleadings and the evidence presented, though, all
 [22] Cowan and Hurwitz allege standing as members of a
                                                                  Sunset Valley residents suffered the same injury—inadequate
class, namely the residents of Sunset Valley, which they claim
                                                                  signage and light pollution. There is simply no evidence that
TxDOT targeted for disparate treatment. Specifically, they
                                                                  Cowan or Hurwitz were singled out or treated disparately
allege disparate treatment based on TxDOT's (1) failure to
                                                                  with regard to these alleged highway effects. As we stated
erect highway signs indicating Sunset Valley's exit and city
                                                                  in Brown v. Todd, in which an individual voter asserted
limits, when similar municipalities in Texas have properly
                                                                  standing to challenge a city ordinance he had voted against in
marked signs, and (2) installation of high-mast floodlights,
                                                                  a previous election, “the injury that [the voter] identifies is not
when no other similar highway area in Texas uses them. The
                                                                  unique to him. Indeed, it is shared by all living Houstonians
intervenors claim that Sunset Valley residents, as a group,

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               9
Texas Dept. of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637 (2004)
47 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1252

                                                                       Instead, property impacts resulting from the construction of
who were among the ... electors who actually voted against
                                                                       public works are compensable only to the extent they are
the proposed ordinance.” 53 S.W.3d at 302. Although the
                                                                       not common to the community at large. Id. at 463; Felts
voter in that case did not assert an equal-protection violation,
                                                                       v. Harris County, 915 S.W.2d 482, 485 (Tex.1996). Here,
the generalized grievance bar to standing that we upheld also
                                                                       Cowan testified that the lights shine “into [his] neighborhood
applies to equal-protection claims like those asserted here.
                                                                       and [his] neighbors' property,” and his pleadings also suggest
See United States v. Hays, 515 U.S. 737, 743, 115 S. Ct. 2431,
                                                                       that the lights similarly affect others in the community.
132 L. Ed. 2d 635 (1995). Because Cowan and Hurwitz could
                                                                        *648 While the proximity of Cowan's property to Highway
not assert equal-protection claims on their own behalf or that
                                                                       290 may increase the degree of the lights' impact on his
of Sunset Valley's residents, these claims fail as a matter of
                                                                       property in comparison to its impact on other properties in
law.
                                                                       the area, that fact alone does not suffice to render his injuries
                                                                       constitutionally compensable. See Felts, 915 S.W.2d at 485.
                                                                       Because Cowan failed to demonstrate that the nuisance he
                     B. Private Nuisance                               alleged amounted to an unconstitutional taking, sovereign
                                                                       immunity protects TxDOT from Cowan's private-nuisance
 [25] Cowan also asserted a private-nuisance claim based on
                                                                       claim.
light pollution, which TxDOT argues is barred by sovereign
immunity. Because Cowan has asserted no statutory or other
basis for a waiver of TxDOT's sovereign immunity, TxDOT
can only be liable if the nuisance rises to the level of an                                          VI.
unconstitutional taking under Article I, section 17 of the
                                                                       For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the court of appeals'
Texas Constitution. See Jennings, 142 S.W.3d at 312.
                                                                       judgment and render judgment for TxDOT.
 [26]    Cowan presented evidence that the high-mast
floodlights shone extremely brightly on his property,
                                                                       All Citations
destroying its rural character and creating a “spot light effect.”
But not every deleterious impact on private property amounts           146 S.W.3d 637, 47 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1252
to a compensable taking. Santikos, 144 S.W.3d at 459.

Footnotes
1      As a preliminary matter, the City claims TxDOT waived its right to challenge the judgment on the second ground by failing
       to properly raise it. It is true that TxDOT couched its argument to the court of appeals in terms of sovereign immunity.
       But as the court of appeals noted, TxDOT raised the issue in its brief by arguing that the Transportation Code expressly
       excludes cities from compensation. 92 S.W.3d at 546 n. 2. Because TxDOT adequately challenged the City's right to
       recover under the Transportation Code, it did not waive the issue on appeal. See TEX.R.APP. P. 38.1(e).
2      The City cites several cases from other states that it contends support a municipality's constitutional right to compensation
       from the state. See City of Chester v. Commonwealth Dep't of Transp., 495 Pa. 382, 434 A.2d 695 (1981); State ex. rel.
       Ala. State Docks Dep't v. Atkins, 439 So. 2d 128 (Ala.1983); State ex rel. State Highway Comm'r v. Cooper, 24 N.J. 261,
       131 A.2d 756 (1957). Those cases, however, are either distinguishable in that they involved statutorily created eminent-
       domain rights, or inapposite in their reliance on federal authority. The relationship between a city and state, which are
       not separate sovereigns, is not analogous to that between the federal government and a state. See United States v.
       Carmack, 329 U.S. 230, 242 n. 12, 67 S. Ct. 252, 91 L. Ed. 209 (1946) (“When ... a sovereign state transfers its own public
       property from one governmental use to another ... a like obligation does not arise to pay just compensation for it.”).

End of Document                                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                10
BBB
Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

                                                                             [2]   Malicious Prosecution
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                                           Instigation of or Participation in
Distinguished by Gonzalez v. Grimm,       Tex.App.-El Paso,   July 8, 2015         Prosecution

                       974 S.W.2d 70                                               Finding that business associate initiated or
                  Court of Appeals of Texas,                                       procured commencement of fraud and theft
                        San Antonio.                                               prosecution against accused, as element of
                                                                                   malicious prosecution, was supported by
              Terry THRIFT, Jr., Appellant,                                        evidence that business associate filed complaint
                          v.                                                       with district attorney's office which falsely
             Sandra HUBBARD k/n/a Sandra                                           represented substance of various transactions.
               Hubbard Venable, Appellee.
                                                                                   1 Cases that cite this headnote
     No. 04–96–01013–CV. | Feb. 25, 1998.
   | Opinion Dissenting from Denial of Rehearing                             [3]   Malicious Prosecution
   May 6, 1998. | Review Denied Oct. 15, 1998.                                          Instigation of or Participation in
                                                                                   Prosecution
Accused brought action for malicious prosecution against
                                                                                   Person initiates criminal prosecution, as element
business associate after charges of misapplication of funds,
                                                                                   of malicious prosecution, if he makes formal
fraud, and theft were dismissed. The 224th Judicial District,
                                                                                   charge to law enforcement authorities.
Bexar County, David Peeples, J., entered judgment on jury
verdict awarding accused $524,760, and business associate                          1 Cases that cite this headnote
appealed. The Court of Appeals, Angelini, J., held that: (1)
evidence supported finding of liability, and (2) evidence
supported damage award.                                                      [4]   Malicious Prosecution
                                                                                        Instigation of or Participation in
Affirmed.                                                                          Prosecution
                                                                                   Person procures criminal prosecution, as element
Green, J., filed dissenting opinion on motion for rehearing.                       of malicious prosecution, if his actions are
                                                                                   enough to cause prosecution, and but for his
                                                                                   actions, prosecution would not have occurred.

 West Headnotes (18)                                                               Cases that cite this headnote

 [1]     Malicious Prosecution                                               [5]   Malicious Prosecution
             Weight and Sufficiency of Evidence                                         Instigation of or Participation in
         In cases of malicious prosecution, delicate                               Prosecution
         balance must be struck between interest of                                Person does not procure criminal prosecution, as
         society in good faith reporting of suspect                                element of malicious prosecution, when decision
         criminal conduct and interest of individual                               whether to prosecute is left to discretion of
         in freedom from unjustifiable and oppressive                              another, including law enforcement official or
         litigation of criminal charges, and in order to                           grand jury, unless person provides information
         protect this delicate balance, courts must require                        which he knows is false.
         strict proof of each element of cause of action;
                                                                                   4 Cases that cite this headnote
         however, as with any other cause of action, if
         elements are proved, liability is established.
                                                                             [6]   Malicious Prosecution
         1 Cases that cite this headnote                                               Mode of Termination

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                   1
Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

        Acquittal and resolution of factual elements of                  Belief in Guilt of Accused
        case were not required for criminal prosecution             In determining whether probable cause exists
        to be resolved in accused's favor, as element of            in malicious prosecution case, trier of fact
        malicious prosecution.                                      must determine whether complainant reasonably
                                                                    believed that elements of crime had been
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    committed based on information available before
                                                                    criminal proceedings began; it is, therefore,
 [7]    Malicious Prosecution                                       important that probable cause inquiry focus
            Mode of Termination                                     only on actions of complainant, based upon his
        Finding that criminal prosecution was resolved              perspective of facts at time report was made,
        in accused's favor, as element of malicious                 and not on subsequent actions of third-parties or
        prosecution, was supported by prosecutor's                  information discovered after the fact.
        testimony that he dismissed case after
                                                                    4 Cases that cite this headnote
        conducting prosecution for eight to ten months
        and concluding that it was no longer a good case,
        because there was not enough evidence to obtain      [11]   Malicious Prosecution
        conviction.                                                     Presumptions and Burden of Proof
                                                                    Defendant in malicious prosecution case is
        2 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    afforded initial presumption that he acted
                                                                    reasonably and in good faith in initiating criminal
 [8]    Malicious Prosecution                                       proceeding against plaintiff, but presumption is
            Grounds in General                                      rebutted when plaintiff produces evidence that
        Finding that business associate lacked probable             motives, grounds, beliefs, and other evidence
        cause to initiate fraud and theft prosecution               upon which defendant acted did not constitute
        against accused, as element of malicious                    probable cause to commence proceeding, in
        prosecution, was supported by evidence that                 which case burden shifts to defendant to prove
        list of accounts receivable given as security               he acted with probable cause.
        clearly showed age of each account and did not
                                                                    10 Cases that cite this headnote
        misrepresent their value, that check was issued as
        part of new loan transaction and was not intended
        to be honored immediately, and that allegedly        [12]   Malicious Prosecution
        misappropriated funds were used for legitimate                  Probable Cause
        business purpose.                                           When facts surrounding impetus of decision to
                                                                    instigate criminal prosecution are in dispute in
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    malicious prosecution case, issue of probable
                                                                    cause becomes mixed question of law and fact to
 [9]    Malicious Prosecution                                       be resolved by jury.
            Belief in Guilt of Accused
                                                                    3 Cases that cite this headnote
        Probable cause for initiation of criminal
        prosecution, precluding claim of malicious
        prosecution, exists when relevant facts and          [13]   Malicious Prosecution
        circumstances would excite belief in mind of                    Probable Cause and Malice
        reasonable person that individual accused is                Finding that business associate acted with malice
        guilty of crime for which he is prosecuted.                 in filing criminal complaint against accused was
                                                                    supported by evidence that business associate
        1 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                    was aware of exculpatory facts that he did
                                                                    not disclose to district attorney, and that he
 [10]   Malicious Prosecution

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         2
Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

        threatened accused and her spouse with criminal              Award of $9,800 in malicious prosecution case
        charges and vowed to “get even” with them.                   for past lost wages was supported by accused's
                                                                     estimation that she spent approximately 98 hours
        9 Cases that cite this headnote                              preparing for, traveling to, and making seven
                                                                     four-hour court appearances and seven ten-
 [14]   Malicious Prosecution                                        hour court appearances while indictment was
            Inference from Want of Probable Cause                    pending, that if she had not been traveling and
                                                                     making court appearances, she would have been
        Malicious Prosecution
                                                                     working, and that her standard billing rate for
            Probable Cause and Malice
                                                                     programming was $100 an hour.
        Malice element of malicious prosecution may
        be established by either direct or circumstantial            1 Cases that cite this headnote
        evidence and may be inferred from lack of
        probable cause.
                                                             [18]    Appeal and Error
        5 Cases that cite this headnote                                 Particular Cases
                                                                     Any error in including alternative definition of
                                                                     “malice” in jury charge was not prejudicial in
 [15]   Malicious Prosecution
                                                                     malicious prosecution case, where there was
            Amount Awarded
                                                                     more than enough evidence to support finding of
        Award of $275,000 in malicious prosecution
                                                                     malice under standard definition.
        case for damage to reputation was supported by
        evidence that accused avoided business dealings              1 Cases that cite this headnote
        and restricted church activities so she would not
        have to disclose indictment, and testimony that
        no one would want to work with her because of
        indictment.                                         Attorneys and Law Firms
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                     *71 W. Wendell Hall, Fulbright & Jaworski, L.L.P., San
                                                            Antonio, for appellant.
 [16]   Malicious Prosecution
                                                            *72 Darby Riley, Law Office of Darby Riley, Thomas B.
            Amount Awarded
                                                            Black, San Antonio, for appellee.
        Award of $150,000 in malicious prosecution
        case for emotional distress was supported by        Before STONE, GREEN and ANGELINI, JJ.
        evidence of accused's fear and anxiety related
        to charges pending against her, and emotional
        strain surrounding her preparation for and                                    OPINION
        attendance at over 15 court proceedings as
        criminal defendant; additional evidence that she    ANGELINI, Justice.
        could not sleep or eat, required medication or
        psychiatric care, experienced depression, or fell   This is an appeal from a jury verdict in favor of Sandra
        into substance abuse as result of the charges       Hubbard in her suit against Terry Thrift for malicious
        against her was not required.                       prosecution. In four points of error, Thrift contends that
                                                            the evidence is both legally and factually insufficient to
        1 Cases that cite this headnote                     support the jury's findings of malicious prosecution, damaged
                                                            reputation, emotional distress, and lost earning capacity. In an
                                                            additional point of error, Thrift contends that the jury charge
 [17]   Malicious Prosecution
                                                            contained an erroneous theory of law. We affirm the judgment
            Amount Awarded
                                                            of the trial court.

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Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

                                                                    the pledged stock, which he received, but that the Hubbards
                                                                    transferred the stock to him in the company books on their
           Factual and Procedural Background
                                                                    own volition.
This complex set of facts began in 1985 when Victor 1
                                                                    Sandra testified that Peerless was in dire financial straits,
and Sandra Hubbard were seeking investors for a new
                                                                    but that it had promising prospects. Peerless was behind in
software company they were starting. The Hubbards had been
                                                                    payment of rent, employment taxes, and employee wages.
employees in the software division of Peerless Equipment
                                                                    Sandra testified that, from the point of the stock transfer,
Company (“PECO”) when they developed a software
                                                                    she and her husband considered Thrift to be the majority
program that attracted a tremendous amount of attention.
                                                                    shareholder in Peerless. Therefore, she claims that Peerless's
PECO and the Hubbards agreed that the Hubbards would
                                                                    financial condition was fully disclosed to Thrift. She claims
spin PECO's software division into an independent company,
                                                                    that, per Thrift's request, she prepared status reports of
Peerless Technologies Corporation (“Peerless”), in order to
                                                                    Peerless's progress almost weekly for Thrift's review. Thrift
develop and market the new program (“EMIS”). PECO
                                                                    acknowledges requesting but denies receiving these status
retained the rights to inventory, equipment, and the software
                                                                     *73 reports. He testified that he requested them so that he
at its current level. The Hubbards were majority stock holders,
                                                                    could determine whether he wanted to extend the line of credit
officers, and employees of Peerless.
                                                                    he had given Peerless.
When Peerless spun off from PECO, the Hubbards needed
                                                                    In December of 1986, Sandra Hubbard testified that Thrift
capital to get the company off the ground. The Hubbards were
                                                                    and Peerless engaged in a “check swap” loan, whereby Thrift
introduced to Terry Thrift, who agreed to invest in Peerless
                                                                    gave a $13,000 check to Peerless for use in a hardware
after receiving assurances that the Hubbards's stock was not
                                                                    purchase and Peerless gave Thrift a post-dated $13,000 check
pledged and that the Hubbards's salaries were capped. He
                                                                    in repayment. There was not enough money in the account
continued to invest in the company over the course of several
                                                                    to cover Peerless's check, but, because Peerless had overdraft
months. In February of 1986, Thrift issued to Peerless a
                                                                    coverage protection, the bank paid the check anyway.
$100,000 line of credit. The loan was secured by (1) Peerless's
accounts receivable less than 75 days old, unless otherwise
                                                                    Also in December of 1986, it became necessary for Peerless
approved by Thrift, and (2) all of Peerless's other assets. There
                                                                    to obtain the rights to the EMIS software that PECO had
was also a stock pledge agreement effective February 19,
                                                                    retained when Peerless was formed. The evidence is disputed
1986, whereby the Hubbards pledged half of their stock to
                                                                    regarding the impetus of this transaction. Thrift contends that
Thrift in further satisfaction of the loan.
                                                                    Victor Hubbard beseeched him to purchase PECO's interest in
                                                                    the EMIS software because Peerless could not afford the lease
In October of 1986, Thrift notified the Hubbards in writing
                                                                    payments. Conversely, Sandra Hubbard testified that Thrift
that Peerless was insolvent because of unpaid debts, back
                                                                    approached the Hubbards about him personally obtaining
employment taxes, and failure to pay interest on the line
                                                                    rights to the software through Peerless so that he would not be
of credit. Thrift demanded payment in full on the line of
                                                                    identifiable as the purchaser. Sandra Hubbard further testified
credit and laid claim to all of Peerless's assets pursuant to
                                                                    that the company attorney advised Thrift to purchase the
the security agreement. He instructed the Hubbards that they
                                                                    software rights on his own, but that Thrift insisted on doing
could not sell or buy any permanent asset of the company,
                                                                    it through Peerless.
nor could they pay corporate officers without his consent.
He demanded accurate and up to date operating statements,
                                                                    In any event, Thrift gave Peerless the $100,000 asking price
financial statements, and an estimate of sales and cash needs.
                                                                    to purchase the EMIS software rights from PECO. However,
                                                                    there was an $87,122.85 IRS levy on Peerless's account when
Sandra Hubbard testified that Thrift also demanded that half
                                                                    Thrift's check was deposited, so $87,122.55 of the $100,000
of the Hubbards's stock be transferred to his name on the
                                                                    intended to be used to purchase the EMIS rights was taken by
company books pursuant to the stock pledge agreement.
                                                                    the IRS as soon as the check was deposited. Sandra Hubbard
Peerless's stock transfer records indicate that 600,000 shares
                                                                    testified that she was not aware of the IRS levy when the
of Peerless stock were transferred from the Hubbards to Thrift
                                                                    check was deposited. The evidence reflects that, in order to
on January 16, 1987, making him the majority shareholder
                                                                    repay Thrift his $100,000, Peerless issued Thrift a note in the
of Peerless. Thrift testified that he requested possession of

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Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

amount of $87,122.55 and paid him the $12,877.15 difference        discovered that no money was due from NACO when he later
by check. Thrift eventually purchased the EMIS rights on his       took over the company. Sandra Hubbard testified that the
own for $75,000.                                                   receivable was listed accurately at the time the list was made,
                                                                   but that the deal later fell through.
As the result of a sale to Wrigley Company, Peerless was
due to collect $49,484 in the spring of 1987. Sandra Hubbard       Also in February of 1987, Thrift made Peerless another loan.
testified that in January of 1987, Peerless's landlord was         Peerless needed money to purchase hardware in order to
threatening to lock the doors because of unpaid rent. She          complete the Wrigley contract. Thrift wrote Peerless a check
claims that, in a meeting with Thrift, he instructed the           for $17,981, indicating that it was a 14 day loan. On the same
Hubbards to reduce office space. The Hubbards, knowing             date, Peerless wrote Thrift a check for $17,981, post-dating
Peerless needed to be current on its lease before it could         it 11 days. Sandra Hubbard testified that this transaction was
move its offices, agreed to assign $21,227.64 of the Wrigley       another “check swap” loan. She stated that she post-dated the
account receivable to the landlord in satisfaction of Peerless's   check 11 days because she was expecting some receivables
obligations under the lease. This assignment was made in           and she felt sure there would be money to cover the check in
January of 1987. Sandra Hubbard testified that Thrift was          the Peerless account within that time. Thrift testified that this
aware of this assignment.                                          transaction was not a “check swap” loan. He contends that he
                                                                   made the loan on assurances that he would be paid back out of
On February 19, 1987, Thrift and Peerless executed another         the Wrigley account. Sandra Hubbard testified that she never
line of credit in the amount of $109,776.10. This line of          stated Peerless would pay the $17,981 back from the Wrigley
credit extended the original 1986 line of credit and included      account. The money loaned was to buy hardware to complete
unpaid interest on the 1986 note. The second note was              the Wrigley contract. She stated that there is no way Peerless
collateralized with Peerless's accounts receivable. However,       could have purchased the hardware, completed the contract,
neither party disputes that no credit was made for assets          invoiced the Wrigley Company, and been paid in 11 days.
already appropriated and stock already taken when Thrift
foreclosed on the 1986 note.                                       In March of 1987, Thrift had still not deposited the $17,981
                                                                   check, apparently on the advice of the Hubbards. In a March
Thrift contends that the Hubbards listed the value of the          9, 1987, status report, Sandra Hubbard notified Thrift that
accounts receivable at $140,000 in order to induce Thrift to       Peerless was still waiting on money “from several large
extend the loan. It is undisputed that, except for the Wrigley     accounts (e.g.Wrigley's)—so I'll let you know as soon as your
account and another $10,000 of the accounts receivable,            check can go through!” In another status report dated May
the remaining accounts listed were older than 75 days at           18, 1997, Sandra Hubbard notified Thrift that the Wrigley
the time the security agreement was signed. The security           receivable had come in. The letter stated that the money
agreement on the second note indicates that the collateral does    was used to pay the landlord pursuant to the assignment,
not include accounts receivable older than 75 days absent          back wages (including those due the Hubbards), and critical
Thrift's consent. Sandra Hubbard testified that she gave Thrift    operating bills. In explanation, the letter continued:
a list of the accounts receivable on a regular basis. Thrift
acknowledges receiving at least one of these lists showing           Peerless does not have the money to pay you right now the
accounts receivable up to January 22, 1987. This list included       $17,981 it owes you. The Wrigley money and the Bank One
the age of each account. According to Sandra Hubbard, by             money was just barely enough to keep the company afloat.
agreeing to use the accounts receivable as collateral for the        I made a judgment call with these funds—one necessary to
note, Thrift either did not intend to collateralize the old          the survival of Peerless (and therefore to protect all of us).
receivables or he consented to use them as collateral pursuant       You may not have agreed with it, but it seemed to be the
to the terms of the security agreement. Sandra Hubbard was           right thing to do at the time.
under the impression that only the receivables less than 75
days old were collateralized.
                                                                                               ****
Thrift also contends that several of the accounts receivable
listed by the Hubbards were fictitious, particularly a $101,704      I thought about calling you at the time but reasoned to
receivable *74 from NACO. Thrift testified that he                   myself that it would make no difference, considering how

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Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

   badly things had deteriorated—and the very best thing that       good chance of paying its other creditors if it continued to
   I could do for you was to protect your total investment          operate.
   by trying to keep Peerless alive long enough to reduce the
   overheads. With a reduced overhead, if it could not make         Also on May 22, 1987, Thrift turned over all of his Peerless
   it on its own cash, then it could at least tread water long      stock to the company attorney. He contends he did this
   enough to be sold and leave you (and everyone else) whole.       before he received the Hubbards's letter of resignation. Sandra
Also in this letter, Sandra Hubbard notified Thrift that she        Hubbard contends that he turned in the stock after he received
and Victor Hubbard had become self-employed agents for              their letter. Sandra Hubbard testified that she believes Thrift
one of Peerless's major account resellers. She stated they          turned in his stock because he did not want to be totally
had done this in order to take a large part of their salaries       responsible for the company's liabilities after the Hubbards
out of Peerless's overhead. Following Thrift's receipt of this      resigned. Thrift claims he returned the stock because it
letter in the latter part of May, 1987, Thrift and the Hubbards     was worthless and because the Hubbards were abdicating
had several meetings regarding Peerless. Thrift asked the           responsibility for Peerless by claiming that Thrift was the
Hubbards to sign several documents which would enable               majority stockholder.
him to recover what he could of his investment. Thrift
presented letters to himself and others that he had drafted         Shortly thereafter, Thrift took over the Peerless office. Bill
on Victor Hubbard's behalf. Thrift asked Victor Hubbard to          Shaefer, Peerless's chief operating officer testified that Thrift
sign the letters, all of which were introduced into evidence.       entered the office on a Friday morning and introduced himself
The first letter authorized Thrift to receive and cash any          as the majority stockholder. He offered the employees their
checks that came into Peerless. The second letter notified          jobs and agreed to pay them back wages if they would
all Peerless customers to make payments directly to Thrift.         continue to work for him. However, Thrift later explained
Victor Hubbard signed both of these letters.                        to the employees that he could not pay the back wages
                                                                    because it would cause him to be liable for other Peerless
A third letter operated to effectually give all Peerless assets     debts. Thrift instructed Schaefer to fire the Hubbards's son,
and equipment to Thrift free and clear of all other creditors.      who was working for the company, because he did not want
It stated that Peerless could not continue operation “because       a Hubbard working at his company. Schaefer testified that
of severe insolvency,” and it gave Thrift access to all of          Thrift seemed surprised to learn that the Hubbards were
Peerless's equipment and records. The letter also stated that       working somewhere else marketing EMIS. Thrift told Shaefer
the company furniture and equipment was not where it was            that “[The Hubbards] don't know who they're messing with.
supposed to be. Finally, the letter asked Thrift to allow the       I'll get even with them no matter how long it takes.” Thrift
Hubbards to *75 continue working with him as agents or              continued the company as EMIS Software, Inc. for several
software writers. Thrift testified that he felt the letter would    years and eventually sold it.
be a simple way to disentangle himself from Peerless without
being too hard on the Hubbards. Sandra Hubbard testified that       On May 26, 1987, Thrift and the Hubbards entered
she and Victor refused to sign the third letter because they felt   into a separation agreement regarding Peerless. Among
it contained untrue statements and was unethical.                   other things, the agreement provided that Thrift would
                                                                    regain possession of company equipment, receive title
Thrift acknowledges that he threatened to file fraud charges        to all accounts receivable, and obtain possession of the
against the Hubbards because they refused to comply with            company offices. The agreement further provided that Thrift
his wishes. Sandra Hubbard testified that Thrift said, “I have      would assume responsibility for employee wages and rent
friends, and I can do it” when making the threat. Thrift claims     obligations. The Hubbards retained the right to sell EMIS
that the threat was idle and used merely as a negotiation tool.     as a “major account reseller” and to use the fixed assets
                                                                    already in their possession in doing so. Finally, the agreement
In a letter dated May 22, 1987, the Hubbards resigned               provided that Thrift would not pursue fraud charges against
from the company. The letter acknowledged Thrift's majority         the Hubbards and that the Hubbards would not represent
interest in the company and his desire to transfer company          to anyone that Thrift assumed any liability of Peerless or
assets. It continued by stating that the Hubbards did not want      that he was a shareholder, officer, director or employee of
to be a part of such activity because they felt Peerless had a      Peerless. Thrift testified that he included this last provision in
                                                                    the agreement because the Hubbards were referring creditors

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Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

and unhappy customers to him, claiming that he owned the             found that they were gone and had started a new business as an
company software and was “in charge.”                                agent of Peerless so they could siphon profits from Peerless;
                                                                     (6) the Hubbards purposefully and unlawfully reduced the
The agreement provided that “It is apparent that there are no        receivables to $7,887.25; and (7) the Hubbards had included
funds immediately available that would be adequate enough            a fictitious account receivable (NACO) in the original list of
to satisfy [Thrift's] demands....” Nevertheless, on June 4,          pledged receivables.
1987, Thrift deposited the $17,981 check. Predictably, the
bank would not honor the check. Thrift testified that he             Assistant District Attorney Ben Sifuentes was assigned to
deposited the check in spite of his knowledge of Peerless's          the case. He reviewed the complaint and conducted an
insolvency because he was “hoping there might be [some               independent evaluation. Sifuentes testified that, during his
money in the account].” On the other hand, Sandra Hubbard            investigation, he was operating under an assumption, created
contends that Thrift deposited the check knowing there was           by Thrift, that Thrift was attempting to purchase Peerless
no money in the account in order to obtain a check with a NSF        when the alleged acts took place. The case was eventually
stamp and set the Hubbards up for fraud charges.                     transferred to Assistant District Attorney Jane Davis who also
                                                                     conducted an investigation. Davis testified that she thought
 *76 On July 9, 1997, Thrift sent the Hubbards a letter              that the case against the Hubbards was very good. Three years
declaring the separation agreement null and void. He claimed         later, in March of 1990, a grand jury indicted Victor Hubbard.
that the Hubbards deceived him regarding the collectability          In December of 1990, Sandra Hubbard was also indicted on
and existence of accounts receivable, refused to return              two counts of misapplication of funds, one count of fraud, and
company equipment, and failed to otherwise abide by the              one count of theft. The case was reset a number of times over
agreement. Sandra Hubbard testified that, on July 13, 1987,          the next three years. During that time, Victor Hubbard passed
she and Victor Hubbard sent Thrift a letter rebutting the            away.
allegations in his July 9, 1987, letter and informing Thrift that,
if the separation agreement was void, they would compete             During the course of the prosecution, the case was again
with him in the market place.                                        reassigned, this time to Assistant District Attorney Dwight
                                                                     Chumbley. Chumbley testified that the case was old by the
On July 20, 1997, Thrift filed a complaint with the Bexar            time he got it, but that Thrift stayed involved, offering to
County District Attorney's Office against the Hubbards,              provide him meticulously kept documents. He testified that he
alleging theft of accounts receivable. Thrift testified that he      believed there was enough evidence against Sandra Hubbard
filed the complaint pursuant to the directions of Assistant          to support an indictment. However, he also testified, via
District Attorney Ben Sifuentes. He does not remember what           affidavit, that there was insufficient evidence to convict or
documents he attached to the complaint, but he repeatedly            otherwise prove the allegations beyond a reasonable doubt.
testified that he “stand[s] by [his] complaint.” The jury was        On December 6, 1993, Chumbley filed a motion to dismiss
not provided with the complaint actually filed as Thrift had         the case. The motion to dismiss reflects that Chumbley's
thrown his copy away and the D.A.'s office could not locate its      explanation for dismissing the case was: “[co-defendant]
file. A copy of the complaint obtained from Thrift's attorney        deceased. In the interest of justice.”
in a related civil suit was admitted at trial. The jury was
instructed regarding the situation and allowed to make its           On August 26, 1994, Sandra Hubbard sued Terry Thrift for
own decision regarding the veracity of the complaint actually        malicious prosecution. The case was tried to a jury. The jury
admitted.                                                            returned a verdict in favor of Sandra Hubbard, finding that
                                                                     she had been damaged in the amount of $524,760. Thrift filed
In the complaint, Thrift alleged that (1) he gave the Hubbards       a motion for new trial, a motion to disregard the jury findings,
a note against Peerless's accounts receivable in the amount of       and a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, all of
$109,776 in an effort to refinance a previous note scheduled         which were denied by the trial court. A judgment reflecting
to come due; (2) a list of receivables in the amount of              the jury's verdict was entered and this appeal ensues.
$140,392.75 was pledged by the Hubbards in exchange for
this note; (3) a check for $17,981 was added to the principle
amount of the note; (4) the Hubbards never reported Peerless's
                                                                                 ARGUMENT AND AUTHORITY
progress as he had requested; (5) he went to their office and

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Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

In his first four points of error, Thrift challenges the legal
and factual sufficiency of *77 the jury's verdict as it
pertains to both liability and damages. In considering a legal      A. Commencement and Causation
insufficiency point, we consider only the evidence favorable         [2]    [3]     [4]     [5] There is no dispute that a criminal
to the decision of the trier of fact and disregard all evidence     prosecution was commenced against Hubbard, thereby
and inferences to the contrary. Davis v. City of San Antonio,       establishing the first element of a malicious prosecution cause
752 S.W.2d 518, 522 (Tex.1988). If there is more than a             of action. However, Thrift contends that Hubbard failed to
scintilla of evidence to support the finding, the no evidence       prove that Thrift initiated or procured the commencement of
challenge fails. Stafford v. Stafford, 726 S.W.2d 14, 16            the prosecution. A person initiates a criminal prosecution if he
(Tex.1987). In considering a factual sufficiency point, we          makes a formal charge to law enforcement authorities. Lieck,
must assess all the evidence and reverse for a new trial            881 S.W.2d at 292. A person procures a criminal prosecution
only if the challenged finding shocks the conscience, clearly       if his actions are enough to cause the prosecution, and but
demonstrates bias, or is so against the great weight and            for his actions, the prosecution would not have occurred.
preponderance of the evidence that it is manifestly unjust.         Id. A person does not procure a criminal prosecution when
Pool v. Ford Motor Co., 715 S.W.2d 629, 635 (Tex.1986);             the decision whether to prosecute is left to the discretion of
Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex.1986). Under this            another, including a law enforcement official or the grand
analysis, we are not fact finders, we do not pass upon the          jury, unless the person provides information which he knows
credibility of witnesses, nor do we substitute our judgment for     is false. Id. Thrift argues that because he did not direct
that of the trier of fact, even if there is conflicting evidence    Hubbard's arrest and because the District Attorney's Office
upon which a different conclusion could be supported. Clancy        and the grand jury exercised sole discretion in deciding
v. Zale Corp., 705 S.W.2d 820, 826 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1986,           to prosecute Hubbard, he could have neither initiated nor
writ ref'd n.r.e.).                                                 procured the prosecution.

                                                                    In the present case, Thrift filed a sworn, notarized complaint
I. MALICIOUS PROSECUTION                                            form with the District Attorney's office. The complaint itself
 [1] In his first point of error, Thrift contends that the          states that it is made for the sole purpose of instituting
evidence is both legally and factually insufficient to support      criminal prosecution where the investigation indicates
the jury's finding of malicious prosecution. This court has         criminal activity. The complaint lists Sandra Hubbard as
recently noted that in order to prevail in a malicious              a co-defendant and repeatedly accuses her of numerous
prosecution case, the following elements must be established:       illegal acts. While Thrift argues that the mere filing of a
(1) a criminal prosecution was commenced against the                complaint does not constitute the initiation of a criminal
plaintiff; (2) the prosecution was initiated or procured            prosecution, we find it unnecessary to address this contention
by the defendant; (3) the prosecution terminated in favor           because, even though the decision to prosecute Hubbard was
of the plaintiff; (4) the plaintiff was innocent; (5) the           ultimately made *78 by the District Attorney's office, the
defendant lacked probable cause to instigate the prosecution;       jury had sufficient evidence to believe that Thrift intentionally
(6) the defendant acted with malice in bringing about the           included false and misleading information in his complaint.
prosecution; and (7) the plaintiff suffered damages as a            Thus, the evidence is sufficient to support a finding that Thrift
result of the prosecution. Zess v. Funke, 956 S.W.2d 92, 93         procured the prosecution of Sandra Hubbard.
(Tex.App.—San Antonio 1997, n.w.h.); see Browning–Ferris
Indus., Inc. v. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d 288, 292–93 (Tex.1994).           Specifically, Thrift indicated in his complaint to the District
In cases of malicious prosecution, a delicate balance must          Attorney that the $17,981 check was a part of the second
be struck between the interest of society in the good faith         line of credit he extended to Peerless. However, the trial
reporting of suspect criminal conduct and the interest of           evidence indicates that the $17,981 was a separate and
the individual in freedom from unjustifiable and oppressive         independent loan. Thrift also told the District Attorney that
litigation of criminal charges. Lieck, 881 S.W.2d at 290. In        the Hubbard's pledged to him accounts receivable in the
order to protect this delicate balance, courts must require         amount of $140,392.75, when there is evidence that he knew
strict proof of each element of the cause of action. Id. at 291.    this to be untrue. He further claimed that he was not kept up to
However, as with any other cause of action, if the elements         date on the operations of Peerless. However, Sandra Hubbard
are proved, liability is established. Id.; see Ellis County State   testified that reports were given to Thrift almost weekly. In
Bank v. Keever, 888 S.W.2d 790, 793 (Tex.1994).                     fact, several of those reports were admitted into evidence.

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Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

                                                                   In the present case, Assistant District Attorney Dwight
Further, Thrift implied in his complaint that, on May 19, 1987,    Chumbley testified that he dismissed the case after
he was surprised to learn that the Thrift's had “started another   conducting the prosecution for eight to ten months and
business” in order to siphon Peerless profits. Conversely, the     concluding that it was no longer a good case. He
evidence reveals that Thrift knew the Hubbards were acting         acknowledged that there was probable cause to support the
as major account resellers for Peerless and that he agreed         original indictment, but that there was not enough evidence
to them acting as such. Finally, Assistant District Attorney       to obtain a conviction. This evidence is clearly sufficient to
Ben Sifuentes testified that he conducted his investigation        support a finding that the prosecution in this case terminated
of the Hubbards and Peerless based upon information given          in Sandra Hubbard's favor.
to him by Thrift that was untrue, that is that Thrift was
attempting to purchase Peerless when the alleged theft took
place. Accordingly, the evidence is sufficient to establish that C. Probable Cause
the criminal prosecution of Sandra Hubbard would not have         [8]     [9] Finally, Thrift contends that the evidence is
occurred but for the complaint filed by Terry Thrift.            insufficient, in all respects, to support a finding that Thrift
                                                                 lacked probable cause to initiate a criminal prosecution
                                                                 against Sandra Hubbard. Probable cause for the initiation
B. Resolution in Hubbard's Favor                                 of a criminal prosecution exists when the relevant facts and
 [6]      [7] Thrift further contends that the evidence is circumstances *79 would excite belief in the mind of a
insufficient to support a finding that the prosecution in this   reasonable person that the individual accused is guilty of the
case ended in Sandra Hubbard's favor. Particularly, Thrift       crime for which he is prosecuted. Akin v. Dahl, 661 S.W.2d
argues that an action terminates in favor of the accused only    917, 921 (Tex.1983), cert. denied, 466 U.S. 938, 104 S.Ct.
where there has been an acquittal and a resolution of some       1911, 80 L. Ed. 2d 460 (1984).
or all of the factual elements of the case. In the present
case, Thrift claims that because there was no resolution or       [10] In determining whether probable cause exists in
adjudication of the facts underlying the criminal charges        a malicious prosecution case, the trier of fact must
against Hubbard, the jury should not have concluded that the     determine “whether the complainant reasonably believed
prosecution ended in her favor.                                  that the elements of a crime had been committed based on
                                                                 the information available before the criminal proceedings
However, in addressing the same issue, several Texas courts,     began.” Richey v. Brookshire Grocery Co., 952 S.W.2d 515,
including our supreme court, have held otherwise. See Davis,     519 (Tex.1997). It is, therefore, important that the probable
752 S.W.2d at 523; Leal v. American Nat. Ins. Co., 928           cause inquiry focus only on the actions of the complainant,
S.W.2d 592, 597 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1996, writ              based upon his perspective of the facts at the time the report
denied); Closs v. Goose Creek Consol. Ind. School Dist.,         was made, and not on the subsequent actions of third-parties
874 S.W.2d 859, 878 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1994, no writ);          or information discovered after the fact. Akin, 661 S.W.2d at
see also Lang v. City of Nacogdoches, 942 S.W.2d 752, 758        921; Digby v. Texas Bank, 943 S.W.2d 914, 920 (Tex.App.—
(Tex.App.—Tyler 1997, writ denied) (implying favorable           El Paso 1997, writ denied).
dismissal where criminal charges were dismissed). In Davis,
the supreme court specifically rejected an argument similar       [11] [12] The defendant in a malicious prosecution case
to Thrift's, holding that termination on the merits is not       is afforded the initial presumption that he acted reasonably
a necessary requirement of a malicious prosecution cause         and in good faith in initiating a criminal proceeding against
of action. Davis, 752 S.W.2d at 523. The court held that         the plaintiff. Richey, 952 S.W.2d at 517; Keever, 888 S.W.2d
“even when the termination is indecisive as to the accused's     at 794; Akin, 661 S.W.2d at 920. However, this presumption
guilt, it is nevertheless favorable if the prosecution cannot be is rebutted when the plaintiff produces evidence that the
revived.” Id. Likewise, in Leal, the court held that dismissal   motives, grounds, beliefs, and other evidence upon which
of the criminal charges against the accused constituted          the defendant acted did not constitute probable cause to
termination on the merits where the prosecutor testified that    commence the proceeding. Id. The burden then shifts to the
he concluded that the criminal prosecution might not be          defendant to prove he acted with probable cause. Id. When
successful. Leal, 928 S.W.2d at 597; see also Closs, 874         the facts surrounding the impetus of the defendant's decision
S.W.2d at 878.                                                   to instigate a criminal prosecution are in dispute, the issue of
                                                                 probable cause becomes a mixed question of law and fact to

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           9
Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

be resolved by the jury. Richey, 952 S.W.2d at 518; Akin, 661       in the civil litigation stemming from these same facts. In
S.W.2d at 920.                                                      fact, Thrift testified that his own attorney advised him against
                                                                    filing charges against the Hubbards when he threatened to do
While we may not agree with the jury's finding of lack              so. When viewed in this manner, the evidence is sufficient to
of probable cause in this case, there is certainly sufficient       support a finding that Thrift did not reasonably believe the
evidence to support such a finding. Thrift accused Sandra           Hubbards had stolen money from him, and, therefore, lacked
Hubbard of theft of accounts receivable. Specifically, he           probable cause to instigate criminal proceedings against
accused her of misrepresenting the value of Peerless's              Sandra Hubbard.
accounts receivable, giving him a “bad check” in repayment
of a loan he made to Peerless, and misappropriating the
money received from the Wrigley account. The list of                D. Malice
accounts receivable Thrift alleges was misrepresented to him         [13]    [14] With respect to the element of malice, Thrift
clearly shows the age of each account. The security agreement       argues that the evidence is insufficient to support a finding
relevant to the line of credit he issued specifically provides      that he acted with malice in reporting Hubbard's conduct to
that he did not have to accept as collateral any receivable older   the District Attorney's Office. Malice may be established by
than 75 days. The jury could have reasonably concluded that         either direct or circumstantial evidence and may be inferred
the receivables were honestly represented to Thrift and that he     from lack of probable cause. Digby, 943 S.W.2d at 922;
made the conscious decision to issue the line of credit in spite    Fisher v. Beach, 671 S.W.2d 63, 67 (Tex.App.—Dallas 1984,
of the large percentage of old receivables contained on the list.   no writ). Malice is generally defined as ill will, evil motive,
The evidence certainly supports the fact that Thrift could not      gross indifference, or reckless disregard of the rights of
have believed that Sandra Hubbard personally pledged the old        others. Digby, 943 S.W.2d at 922; Closs, 874 S.W.2d at 878.
receivables because their own security agreement prevented
her from doing so without Thrift's approval.                        In the present case, there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate
                                                                    that Thrift acted with malice in filing the complaint accusing
Thrift himself testified that the $17,981 note was not part         Sandra Hubbard of theft. There is evidence that Thrift
of the line of credit as he claimed in his complaint to             was aware of exculpatory facts that he did not disclose to
the District Attorney. He further testified that he deposited       the District Attorney, specifically in regard to his exercise
Peerless's $17,981 check when he knew the Peerless account          of control over Peerless operations, the circumstances
was insolvent and he knew why. There is evidence that Thrift        surrounding the $17,981 loan, his prior knowledge of the
was aware that a large portion of the Wrigley receivable had        collectability of the accounts receivable, and his beliefs
already been pledged to Peerless's landlord before he claimed       regarding the Wrigley account. Moreover, there is evidence
that his $17,981 loan was collateralized by the Wrigley             that he threatened the Hubbards with criminal charges and
account. The evidence also supports a finding that Thrift           vowed to “get even” with the Hubbards.
was aware that his $17,981 loan might not be paid out of
the Wrigley receivable as he stated in his complaint. Letters       We conclude, based upon a thorough review of the record,
from Sandra Hubbard to Thrift also support a finding that           that the evidence in this case is sufficient to support the
Thrift was aware that the Peerless receivables he claimed the       jury's affirmative finding regarding each element of malicious
Hubbards stole were used for legitimate business purposes.          prosecution. Thrift's first point of error is overruled.

Thrift's testimony concerning his good faith belief that the
                                                                    II. DAMAGES
Hubbards had stolen his investment is compelling. However,
                                                                    In his second through fourth points of error, Thrift disputes
the evidence also supports a finding that Thrift was a
                                                                    the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury's findings
disappointed investor who gambled and lost on a fledgling
                                                                    of damages. The jury awarded Hubbard $437,300 in damages:
company that could not keep its head above water. Where
                                                                    $2,500 in attorney's fees, $275,000 for injury to reputation;
the evidence supports differing conclusions, we must defer to
                                                                    $150,000 for emotional distress; and $9,800 for lost wages.
the jury's verdict. It is reasonable to interpret the evidence in
this case as proving that Thrift filed his criminal complaint
against the Hubbards, knowing it was specious, in an attempt        A. Injury to Reputation
to avenge his lost investment *80 or to gain an advantage

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             10
Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

 [15] In his second point of error, Thrift contends that the
evidence does not support the jury's award of damages for
injury to Hubbard's reputation. He argues that there is no        B. Emotional Distress
evidence that Hubbard possessed a certain amount of respect        [16] In his third point of error, Thrift contends that the
in the community that she lost as a result of the criminal        evidence is insufficient to support the jury's award of damages
charges against her. He further claims that the evidence is       for emotional distress because the award necessitates an
insufficient because there was no evidence that Hubbard's         inference of humiliation. We disagree. The evidence reflects
indictment was ever publicized.                                   that Hubbard was indicted by a grand jury of four counts
                                                                  of criminal activity reflecting negatively on her character,
At trial, Hubbard testified that she was extremely involved       and that she remained under indictment for over three years.
in the computer software business prior to her indictment.        Hubbard testified that she had to sit with other criminal
She had been and continued to work with large corporations        defendants who were chained and attended by guards during
and government agencies designing computer software. In           her fifteen court appearances. She further testified that,
her opinion, she had “quite a very good reputation” in the        during these hearings, she endured “glossy eyed” on-lookers
technology industry. Hubbard also testified that she was          “pawing” at her and asking why she was there. She spent over
heavily involved in church activities and that she taught fifth   three years assisting in her defense and fearing a conviction
grade Sunday school.                                              of unfounded charges. She testified that it was “terrible.”

After the indictment was returned against her, Hubbard            Hubbard testified that she discontinued her church activities
testified that she chose not to continue seeking promising        because she feared misleading people about her faith if
employment opportunities with government agencies because         they discovered that she was under indictment. She also
she would have had to disclose that there was an indictment       worried about her business dealings and feared applying for
pending against her. She also chose not to attempt to             certain projects because she would be compelled to disclose
sell technology she had developed because industry-wide           the indictment. Hubbard's criminal attorney testified that
due diligence requirements mandated that she disclose the         she was many times, “crying, a nervous wreck.” Hubbard's
indictment. Because the indictment is still on her record,        stepdaughter testified that the Hubbards's criminal defense
she continues to be required to disclose its existence in her     took up “pretty much all of their time and all of their thoughts
business dealings. Likewise, she will always have to disclose     and everything ... I mean they worked hard to get where they
the indictment on official forms and applications asking for      were, and it was all gone, taken away.”
such information. According to Hubbard, “it is a poison pill”
and “it killed [her] reputation.” Her stepdaughter stated, and    Thrift's contention that the award of damages for emotional
the jury apparently agreed, that “nobody is going to want to      distress required evidence that Hubbard could not sleep or
work with somebody ... with that kind of reputation.”             eat, required medication or psychiatric care, experienced
                                                                  depression, or fell into substance abuse as a result of the
 *81 As for her church activities, Jerry Horn, one                charges against her is unfounded. The evidence in this
of Hubbard's friends from church testified that Sandra            case supports a finding that Hubbard's daily routine was
relinquished her responsibilities and decreased her               substantially disrupted by fear and anxiety related to the
involvement in church activities. He testified that, if           charges pending against her, not to mention by the emotional
information regarding her indictment had been widely              strain surrounding her preparation for and attendance at
known, it would have discredited her ministry.                    over 15 court proceedings as a criminal defendant. The
                                                                  jury's award of $150,000 for mental anguish was, therefore,
Thrift did not counter any of this evidence. Under these          appropriate. Thrift's third point of error is overruled.
circumstances, the jury reasonably concluded that Hubbard
had suffered damage to her reputation in the amount of
                                                                  C. Lost Wages
$275,000. Such a finding is reasonable in light of the gross
                                                                   [17] In her fourth point of error, Thrift contends that the
social stigma attached to criminal charges that Hubbard will
                                                                  evidence is insufficient to support the jury's award of damages
be burdened with both professionally and socially as long as
                                                                  for past lost wages. The evidence introduced at trial in
the indictment remains on her record. Thrift's second point of
                                                                  support of Hubbard's claim for lost wage damages consists of
error is overruled.
                                                                  Hubbard's estimation that she spent approximately 98 hours

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            11
Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

preparing for, traveling to, and making seven four-hour court        defined or by finding that Thrift filed his complaint for some
appearances and seven ten-hour court appearances while the           other reason than to obtain justice.
indictment was pending. She testified that if she had not been
traveling and making court appearances, she would have been          While the charge in this case allowed the jury to find malice
working. She further testified that her standard billing rate for    based upon a legal theory not generally recognized in Texas
programming was $100 an hour.                                        case law, the instruction given is consistent with the theory of
                                                                     malice established in the Restatement Second of Torts. The
Thrift argues that the evidence is insufficient to support           Restatement provides that:
the award of lost wages because Hubbard's testimony
constituted speculation. However, Thrift did not object to                        [t]o subject a person to liability
this allegedly speculatory testimony at trial nor did he offer                    for malicious prosecution, the
any controverting evidence. Hubbard's testimony was clear,                        proceedings must have been initiated
definitive, and within her personal knowledge—it was not                          primarily for a purpose other than that
speculative. Accordingly, the evidence is sufficient to support                   of bringing an offender to justice.
the jury's award of lost wage damages in the amount of
                                                                     RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 668 (1997); see
$9,800. Thrift's fourth point of error is overruled.
                                                                     W. PAGE KEETON ET AL., PROSSER AND KEETON ON
                                                                     THE LAW OF TORTS § 119 at 883 & n. 65 (5th ed.1984)
 *82 III. THE JURY CHARGE                                            (citing Nesmith v. Alford, 318 F.2d 110 (5th Cir.1963), cert.
 [18] In his final point of error, Thrift complains that the trial   denied, 375 U.S. 975, 84 S. Ct. 489, 11 L. Ed. 2d 420 (1964) for
court erred in overruling his objection to the jury instruction      proposition that malice is established where the defendant's
regarding malice. The jury instruction actually given allowed        primary purpose was something other than the bringing an
the jury to make an affirmative finding regarding the malice         offender to justice).
element of malicious prosecution if it determined:
                                                                     It is Thrift's burden to establish that he was harmed by the
  that Terry Thrift, Jr. acted with malice in initiating or          trial court's submission of the allegedly erroneous malice
  procuring the criminal prosecution, or that he initiated or        issue to such a degree that the error probably caused the
  procured it primarily for a purpose other than to bring an         rendition of an improper judgment. TEX.R.APP. P. 44.1(a)
  offender to justice;                                               (formerly TEX.R.APP. P. 81(b)(1)). Contrary to Thrift's
                                                                     contention, the fact that the jury may have relied upon a
     “Malice” is ill will or evil motive or such gross               legal theory submitted in error does not necessarily require
     indifference or reckless disregard for the rights of others     reversal because it does not affirmatively demonstrate that
     as to amount to wanton and willful action, knowingly            the error probably caused rendition of an improper judgment.
     and unreasonably done.                                          Provident American Ins. Co. v. Castaneda, 914 S.W.2d 273,
                                                                     277 (Tex.App.—El Paso 1996, writ granted).
As discussed above, a finding of malice is necessary to
a successful malicious prosecution case. Malice has been             In order to make a sufficient showing of harm, Thrift must
consistently defined by Texas courts as it was defined by            show that there is no or insufficient evidence to support a
the court's charge in this case: ill will, evil motive, gross        finding based upon the correct portion of the malice issue
indifference, or reckless disregard. See Fisher, 671 S.W.2d at       submitted to the jury. Ford Motor Co. v. Pool, 688 S.W.2d
67; Dahl v. Akin, 645 S.W.2d 506, 515 (Tex.App.—Amarillo             879, 882 (Tex.App.—Texarkana 1985), aff 'd in part and
1982), aff'd, 661 S.W.2d 917 (Tex.1983), cert. denied, 466           rev 'd in part, 715 S.W.2d 629 (1986) (affirming holding of
U.S. 938, 104 S. Ct. 1911, 80 L. Ed. 2d 460 (1984). However,            appellate court in regard to proposition at issue); Bernstein v.
the court's charge in this case goes beyond the common law           Portland Sav. & Loan Assoc., 850 S.W.2d 694, 702 (Tex.App.
definition of malice and allows an affirmative finding of the        —Corpus Christi 1993, writ denied). In other words, if the
malice element upon proof that the prosecution was sought            evidence is not sufficient to demonstrate that Thrift acted with
“primarily for a purpose other than to bring an offender to          ill will, evil motive, gross indifference, or reckless disregard
justice.” Thrift argues that the instruction given in this case      in filing his complaint against the Hubbards, then it is more
is erroneous because it enabled the jury to find malice on           likely than not that the jury found malice based upon the
alternative grounds: either by finding malice as it is generally     Restatement definition. However, as discussed above, the

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              12
Thrift v. Hubbard, 974 S.W.2d 70 (1998)

evidence in this case is more than sufficient to demonstrate
that Thrift's complaint was filed with ill will, evil motive,
gross indifference, or reckless disregard. Accordingly, we            GREEN, Justice, dissenting on motion for rehearing.
find that, if the jury *83 charge in this case was in fact            Appellant's motion for rehearing should be granted on the
erroneous, the error is harmless.                                     damages issues. Because the panel majority has voted to deny
                                                                      the motion, I respectfully dissent.
Because we find that Thrift suffered no harm as a result of the
inclusion of the Restatement definition of malice in the jury
charge, we will not pass on the actual propriety of the charge.       All Citations
Thrift's fifth point of error is overruled.
                                                                      974 S.W.2d 70

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

Footnotes
1      While Victor Hubbard is essential to the factual development of this case, he has since passed away. Neither he nor his
       estate have been involved in the malicious prosecution case.

End of Document                                                   © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               13
CCC
Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d 857 (2005)
164 Oil & Gas Rep. 172, 48 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1023

                                                                           [4] lessee had appealed award of $150,000 in attorneys' fees to
                                                                           non-drillsite lessors, such that Court of Appeals should have
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                              considered issue on appeal.
Declined to Extend by Kuzmin v. Schiller,     Tex.App.-Dallas,   January
8, 2015

                       171 S.W.3d 857                                      Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
                   Supreme Court of Texas.

  Evelyn TITTIZER, Individually and as Independent
                                                                            West Headnotes (15)
  Executrix of the Estate of Louis Tittizer, Petitioner,
                           v.
     UNION GAS CORPORATION, Respondent.                                     [1]    Appeal and Error
                                                                                      Cases Triable in Appellate Court
             No. 04–0100.          |   Aug. 26, 2005.                              The Supreme Court reviews the trial court's
                                                                                   summary judgment de novo.
Synopsis
Background: Oil and gas lessors brought action against                             19 Cases that cite this headnote
lessee seeking payment of royalties in accordance with
pooling agreement. Lessee joined non-drillsite lessors as
                                                                            [2]    Mines and Minerals
third-party defendants and sought declaration to establish
                                                                                       In General; General Rules of Construction
rights of the parties concerning the royalty payments and
the effective date of the pooled unit as the date of first                         An oil and gas lease is a contract, and its terms
production for all royalty owners. Non-drillsite lessor brought                    are interpreted as such.
counterclaim seeking declaration that the effective date of the
                                                                                   24 Cases that cite this headnote
pooled unit under her lease was the date of first production,
and seeking to recover her pro rata share of royalties accruing
from the date of first production to the date of judgment.                  [3]    Mines and Minerals
The 267th District Court, Victoria County, granted lessors'                            In General; General Rules of Construction
and non-drillsite lessors' motions for summary judgment,                           In construing an unambiguous oil and gas lease,
awarded attorney's fees, and granted motions to sever. Lessee                      the court seeks to enforce the intention of the
appealed. The Court of Appeals, Thirteenth District, affirmed                      parties as it is expressed in the lease.
in part and reversed in part. Lessee and non-drillsite lessor
petitioned for review.                                                             18 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                                            [4]    Contracts
Holdings: The Supreme Court held that:                                                 Application to Contracts in General
                                                                                   The court enforces an unambiguous document as
[1] effective date of the pooled unit under lease was the date                     written.
of recordation of the designation;
                                                                                   1 Cases that cite this headnote
[2] lessee was not estopped under the invited error doctrine
from arguing on appeal that effective date of pooled unit was
                                                                            [5]    Mines and Minerals
date of recordation;
                                                                                        Place or Portion Developed; Pooled or
                                                                                   Unitized Tracts
[3] lessee did not unequivocally take a position in the trial
                                                                                   Oil and gas lease, which provided that lessee
court that was clearly adverse to its position on appeal such
                                                                                   “shall exercise said option as to each desired
that lessee was estopped from making such an argument on
                                                                                   unit by executing an instrument identifying
appeal; and
                                                                                   such unit and filing it for record,” did not
                                                                                   authorize lessee to execute a pooling designation

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                   1
Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d 857 (2005)
164 Oil & Gas Rep. 172, 48 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1023

        with a retroactive effect, but rather provided
        that unitization could be effective only upon                   3 Cases that cite this headnote
        recordation, and thus effective date of the
        pooled unit was the date of recordation of the           [9]    Appeal and Error
        designation and non-drillsite lessor was entitled                  Error Committed or Invited by Party
        only to her pro rata share of the royalties earned              Complaining
        after that date.
                                                                        As a general rule, the doctrine of estoppel
        4 Cases that cite this headnote                                 precludes a litigant from requesting a ruling
                                                                        from a court and then complaining that the court
                                                                        committed error in giving it to him.
 [6]    Mines and Minerals
             Place or Portion Developed; Pooled or                      9 Cases that cite this headnote
        Unitized Tracts
        An oil and gas lessee has no power to                    [10]   Appeal and Error
        pool without the lessor's express authorization,                   Error Committed or Invited by Party
        usually contained in the lease's pooling clause.                Complaining

        5 Cases that cite this headnote                                 A party cannot complain on appeal that the trial
                                                                        court took a specific action that the complaining
                                                                        party requested, a doctrine commonly referred to
 [7]    Mines and Minerals                                              as “the invited error doctrine.”
             Place or Portion Developed; Pooled or
        Unitized Tracts                                                 44 Cases that cite this headnote
        For pooling to be valid, it must be done
        in accordance with the method and purposes               [11]   Appeal and Error
        specified in the oil and gas lease.                                  Nature and Theory of Cause, and Grounds
                                                                        of Action or Defense
        5 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                        Declaratory Judgment
                                                                            Scope and Extent of Review in General
 [8]    Appeal and Error
                                                                        Oil and gas lessee did not unequivocally take
             Nature and Theory of Cause, and Grounds
                                                                        a position in the trial court, where lessee
        of Action or Defense
                                                                        argued for declaration that pooled unit was
        Declaratory Judgment                                            retroactively effective as of the date of first
            Scope and Extent of Review in General                       production, that was clearly adverse to its
        Oil and gas lessee was not estopped under the                   position on appeal, which was that effective date
        invited error doctrine from arguing on appeal                   of pooled unit was date of recordation, such
        that effective date of pooled unit was date of                  that lessee was estopped from making such an
        recordation, despite lessee's third-party claim                 argument on appeal; lessee stated in trial court
        seeking declaration that the pooled unit was                    that a “bona fide dispute exists” concerning
        retroactively effective as of the date of first                 lessors' entitlement under their respective leases
        production; lessee filed third-party claim to                   and under unit designation, which was an
        avoid potential double liability by obtaining a                 acknowledgment that both positions concerning
        judicial determination of its obligations under                 the effective date of pooling might have validity
        leases and by joining all stakeholders as parties,              and were asserted in good faith.
        lessee's argument that it had the power to
        make the unit retroactive was contingent on the                 5 Cases that cite this headnote
        retroactive application being uniformly applied
        to all parties, but trial court declined to apply that   [12]   Appeal and Error
        application to non-drillsite lessor.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           2
Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d 857 (2005)
164 Oil & Gas Rep. 172, 48 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1023

             Points and Arguments
                                                             Emmett Cole Jr., William L. Sciba, III, Cole, Cole & Easley,
        Oil and gas lessee had appealed award of
                                                             P.C., Victoria, for petitioner.
        $150,000 in attorneys' fees to non-drillsite
        lessors, such that Court of Appeals should have      Opinion
        considered issue on appeal; although lessee
        stated in point of error that court erred in         PER CURIAM.
        granting fees to other lessors, body of argument
        supporting the point of error twice referred to      The parties dispute the amount of royalties that an oil and
        challenges to the attorneys' fees awarded to non-    gas lessee owes landowners under the pooling provisions of
        drillsite lessors, and argument concluded that       multiple oil and gas leases. The landowner argues that her
        attorney's fee award to non-drillsite lessors was    lease's pooling provisions entitle her to royalties on the pooled
        “unreasonable as a matter of law.”                   unit from the date of first production. The lessee argues that
                                                             royalties are due from the later date of recordation of the
        4 Cases that cite this headnote                      Designation of Pooled Unit. We agree with the lessee and
                                                             affirm in part the judgment of the court of appeals and remand
                                                             the case to the court of appeals to consider the reasonableness
 [13]   Appeal and Error
                                                             of attorneys' fees.
           Points and Arguments
        Points of error should be liberally construed        In 1999, Union Gas Corporation entered into multiple oil
        to fairly and equitably adjudicate the rights of     and gas leases with Jimmie Gisler, Jenell Gisler, Ralph
        litigants. Rules App.Proc., Rule 38.9.               Gisler, and Doris Gisler (the Gislers) and various adjoining
                                                             landowners. The leases contained pooling clauses, allowing
        5 Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             lessee Union Gas to pool acreage owned by the various lessors
                                                             for production of natural gas. Under the leases, each lessor in
 [14]   Appeal and Error                                     the “pooled unit” was entitled to receive a pro rata share of
           Points and Arguments                              royalty fees from production anywhere in the unit. Completed
        An appellate court should consider the parties'      in March 2000, the Watts–Gisler No. 1 Well was part of a
        arguments supporting each point of error and         pooled unit. The well began production on March 27, 2000.
        not merely the wording of the points. Rules          However, Union Gas did not file a Designation of Pooled Unit
        App.Proc., Rule 38.9.                                (the Designation) until August 7, 2000. The county recorded
                                                             the Designation on the same day. The Designation included
        Cases that cite this headnote                        language that purported to make the pooled unit effective
                                                             retroactively, from the date of first production on March 27,
 [15]   Appeal and Error                                     2000.
           Defects, Objections, and Amendments
                                                             The Gislers filed a breach of contract claim against
        Adhering to tenets of preservation of error
                                                             Union Gas, seeking to defeat the retroactive effect of the
        is important; however, appellate courts should
                                                             Designation. They sought 100% of their royalties from the
        avoid being overly technical in their application.
                                                             March 27, 2000 production date until the August 7, 2000
        Cases that cite this headnote                        recordation of the Designation. The suit also alleged bad-faith
                                                             pooling, damages for drainage, breach of implied covenants,
                                                             fraud, negligence, and conversion. Union Gas joined, as third-
                                                             party defendants, the adjoining landowners (the non-drillsite
                                                             lessors), alleging that these parties' royalty rights under the
Attorneys and Law Firms
                                                             pooling clauses of the leases could be affected by the Gislers'
 *859 Paul S. Francis, Kenneth Sup Soh, Baker & Hostetler,   claim to 100% of the royalties from March 27, 2000 to August
LLP, Joe G. Roady, Hirsch & Westheimer, Houston, for         7, 2000. Union Gas sought a declaration to establish the
respondent.                                                  rights of the parties concerning the royalty payments and the

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                          3
Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d 857 (2005)
164 Oil & Gas Rep. 172, 48 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1023

effective date of the pooled unit as the date of first production   were entitled to royalties from production between March
for all royalty owners.                                             27, 2000 and August 7, 2000. 171 S.W.3d 209, ––––, 2003
WL 22479980. The court of appeals affirmed the trial court's
Evelyn Tittizer was one of the non-drillsite lessors joined         judgment in all other respects. Id. at ––––. The court of
by Union Gas's third-party action. Tittizer counterclaimed          appeals also held that Union Gas failed to attack the award
against Union Gas seeking a declaration that the effective          of Tittizer's attorneys' fees and thus did not consider the
date of the pooled unit under her lease was the date of first       reasonableness of the $150,000 award. Tittizer and Union Gas
production, and seeking to recover her pro rata share of            petitioned this Court for review. We review the trial court's
royalties accruing from the date of first production to the date    summary judgment de novo. Provident Life & Accident Ins.
of judgment.                                                        Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex.2003).

Union Gas later amended its third-party action to add a claim        [2]     [3]    [4] An oil and gas lease is a contract, and its
for interpleader, alleging that competing claims for royalties      terms are interpreted as such. See Anadarko Petroleum Corp.
placed them “in the position of potential double liability.”        v. Thompson, 94 S.W.3d 550, 554 (Tex.2002); Skelly Oil Co.
Union Gas tendered over $1.3 million into the registry of the       v. Archer, 163 Tex. 336, 356 S.W.2d 774, 778 (1961). In
court, representing this amount as the royalties accruing from      construing an unambiguous oil and gas lease, such as the one
March 27, 2000 (the date of first production) to August 7,          at issue here, we seek to enforce the intention of the parties as
2000 (the recordation date of the Designation).                     it is expressed in the lease. Heritage Res., Inc. v. NationsBank,
                                                                    939 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex.1996); McMahon v. Christmann,
The Gislers filed a motion for partial summary judgment             157 Tex. 403, 303 S.W.2d 341, 344 (1957). We enforce an
seeking 100% of their royalties from March 27, 2000 to              unambiguous document as written. Sun Oil Co. v. Madeley,
August 7, 2000. All of the non-drillsite lessors, including         626 S.W.2d 726, 728 (Tex.1981).
 *860 Tittizer, also filed motions for partial summary
judgment, seeking declarations that the pooling clauses of the       [5] [6] [7] A lessee has no power to pool without the
leases were effective from the date of first production and that    lessor's express authorization, usually contained in the lease's
all of the owners of the pooled unit were entitled to pro rata      pooling clause. Southeastern Pipe Line Co. v. Tichacek, 997
shares of the $1.3 million in royalties from production during      S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex.1999); Jones v. Killingsworth, 403
the March 27, 2000 to August 7, 2000 period.                        S.W.2d 325, 327–28 (Tex.1965) (“The lessors' land may be
                                                                    pooled only to the extent stipulated in the lease.”). For pooling
The trial court granted the Gislers' and all non-drillsite          to be valid, it must be done in accordance with the method and
lessors' motions for partial summary judgment against Union         purposes specified in the lease. Tichacek, 997 S.W.2d at 170.
Gas. The trial court also granted motions to sever the
Gislers' breach of contract claims and the non-drillsite lessors'   Union Gas's lease with Tittizer reads:
counterclaims against Union Gas, creating eleven different
cases. The trial court entered final judgment for the Gislers on                Lessee shall exercise said option as
their severed contract claims for over $1.3 million in royalties,               to each desired unit by executing an
plus attorneys' fees. The trial court also entered judgment for                 instrument identifying such unit and
each of the non-drillsite lessors. Specifically, the trial court                filing it for record in the public office
awarded Tittizer her pro rata share of royalties from March 27,                 in which this lease is recorded. Each
2000, the date of first production, through April 30, 2001, the                 of said options may be exercised by
date of judgment in her favor, plus attorneys' fees. By doing                   lessee at any time and from time to
so, the trial court implicitly rejected Union Gas's interpleader                time while this lease is in force, and
claim.                                                                          whether before or after production has
                                                                                been established either on said land,
 [1] On appeal, Union Gas complained that it had been                           or on the portion of *861 said land
wrongfully ordered to pay double royalties for production                       included in the unit, or on other land
between March 27, 2000 and August 7, 2000. The court of                         unitized therewith.
appeals reversed in part the trial court's judgments in favor
                                                                    Tittizer argues that the language in her lease allows Union
of the non-drillsite lessors and ordered that the Gislers alone
                                                                    Gas to make the effective date of the pooled unit retroactive

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           4
Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d 857 (2005)
164 Oil & Gas Rep. 172, 48 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1023

by language in the Designation. On the contrary, under the         392 (Tex.App.El Paso 1998, no pet.); Austin Transp. Study
terms of the lease, pooling can only be effectuated upon           Policy Advisory Comm. v. Sierra Club, 843 S.W.2d 683, 689–
recordation of an instrument identifying the pooled unit.          90 (Tex.App.Austin 1992, writ denied). The rule is grounded
While the lease allows Union Gas to pool by recording at           in justice and dictated by common sense. Hodges, 158 S.W.2d
any time, it does not allow Union Gas to pool on a date            at 488. Union Gas responds that it is not raising a point of
other than that of recordation of the Designation. Therefore,      error inconsistent with its position at the trial court. We agree.
the attempt by Union Gas to effect pooling on a date prior
to the date of recordation, by assigning a different effective     Union Gas filed its third-party claim to avoid potential
date in the Designation, is contrary to the unambiguous            double liability by obtaining a judicial determination of its
terms of the lease. Our courts of appeals have also reached        obligations under the leases, and also by joining all the
the same conclusion on similar lease language. See, e.g.,          stakeholders as parties to ensure that it obtained a binding
Sauder v. Frye, 613 S.W.2d 63, 64 (Tex.Civ.App.Fort Worth          determination of their contractual rights and obligations in the
1981, no writ) (holding, in interpreting a pooling clause          oil and gas properties. While Union Gas did seek a declaration
providing that the lessee “shall execute in writing and record”    that the effective date of the pooled unit for royalty purposes
an instrument identifying the units, that the intent of the        was the date of first production, *862 it also stated that
parties was for unitization to be effective only upon recording    “the possibility of double liability makes it essential that
of the designation); Yelderman v. McCarthy, 474 S.W.2d             Union Gas obtain a declaration of the rights of the parties.”
781, 782, 784 (Tex.Civ.App., Houston [1st Dist.] 1971,             Union Gas's argument that it had the power to make the
writ ref'd n.r.e.) (holding that ratification of a lease clause    unit retroactive was contingent on the retroactive application
providing that “upon such recordation the unit shall be            being uniformly applied to all parties, such that it owed no
effective as to all parties hereto” made pooling conditioned       more than the amount it sought to interplead into the court's
upon recordation); cf. Tiller v. Fields, 301 S.W.2d 185,           registry.
191 (Tex.Civ.App.Texarkana 1957, no writ) (holding that
effective date of pooling was the date of execution of the         [10] As we explained in Hodges, a party cannot complain
designation where the lease did not require that the unit         on appeal that the trial court took a specific action that the
designation be recorded); see also Howard R. Williams &           complaining party requested, a doctrine commonly referred
Charles J. Meyers, Oil and Gas Law §§ 669.11, 921.16              to as “the invited error” doctrine. 158 S.W.2d at 488; see,
(2004); 1 Ernest E. Smith & Jacqueline Lang Weaver, Texas         e.g., Naguib v. Naguib, 137 S.W.3d 367, 375 (Tex.App.,
Law of Oil and Gas § 4.8[B][2] (2d ed.2005).                      Dallas 2004, pet. denied); Neasbitt v. Warren, 22 S.W.3d
107, 112 (Tex.App.Fort Worth 2000, no pet.); Ramirez, 973
We hold that this lease does not authorize the lessee to          S.W.2d at 392. Union Gas sought a uniform determination
execute a pooling designation with a retroactive effect. The      from the trial court, applicable to all royalty owners, that the
lease provides that unitization can be effective only upon        effective date of pooling was the date of first production.
recordation. We affirm the court of appeals' conclusion           Granting Tittizer's motion for summary judgment, the trial
that the effective date of the pooled unit was the date of        court declared that the effective date of the pooled unit as to
recordation of the Designation, and that Tittizer is only         the Tittizer lease was the date of first production. However,
entitled to her pro rata share of the royalties earned after that the court did not apply the same effective date to the Gisler
date.                                                             lease. Instead, contrary to Union Gas's position, the court
                                                                  entered judgment in favor of the Gislers in an amount based
 [8]    [9] Tittizer next argues that Union Gas is estopped on an effective date of pooling from the date of recordation
from arguing that the effective date of the pooled unit is        of the Designation. By establishing different effective dates
the date of recordation because Union Gas filed a third-          for the Gislers and Tittizer, the trial court did not grant Union
party claim seeking a declaration that the pooled unit was        Gas's requested uniform relief. Therefore, the invited error
effective as of the date of first production, on March 27,        doctrine is inapplicable to this case because Union Gas did
2000. As a general rule, the doctrine of estoppel precludes       not request that the trial court rule in the manner in which it
a litigant from requesting a ruling from a court and then         did and thus did not “invite” the error.
complaining that the court committed error in giving it to him.
Northeast Tex. Motor Lines v. Hodges, 138 Tex. 280, 158            [11] In addition, to be estopped from asserting that
S.W.2d 487, 488 (1942); Ramirez v. State, 973 S.W.2d 388,         recordation is the effective date of pooling, Union Gas must

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                5
Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d 857 (2005)
164 Oil & Gas Rep. 172, 48 Tex. Sup. Ct. J. 1023

                                                                        783, 784 (Tex.1995); Holley v. Watts, 629 S.W.2d 694,
have unequivocally taken a position in the trial court that
                                                                        696 (Tex.1982). After severing all the non-drillsite lessors'
is clearly adverse to its position on appeal. See Am. Sav.
                                                                        counterclaims, the trial court awarded attorneys' fees to both
& Loan Ass'n v. Musick, 531 S.W.2d 581, 589 (Tex.1975)
                                                                        Tittizer and the Gislers. The body of the argument supporting
(“One of the requirements for application of the doctrine
                                                                        the point of error twice refers to challenges to the attorneys'
of judicial estoppel is that the statement must be deliberate,
                                                                        fees awarded to Tittizer. The text of Union Gas's argument
clear, and unequivocal.”). Union Gas's position at the trial
                                                                        concludes that “the attorneys fee award provided to the
court was neither unequivocal nor clearly adverse to its
                                                                        Tittizer appellees is thus unreasonable as a matter of law.”
position on appeal. Union Gas stated in its third-party claim
that a “bona fide dispute exists” concerning the entitlement
                                                                         [15] The context of the litigation, as well as the text of the
of Tittizer and the non-drillsite lessors “under their respective
                                                                        argument in its brief to the court of appeals, indicates that
leases and under the Unit Designation.” This statement is an
                                                                        the intent of Union Gas was to appeal the award of attorneys'
acknowledgment that both positions concerning the effective
                                                                        fees to Tittizer, even though its point of error erroneously
date of pooling may have validity and are asserted in good
                                                                        mentioned “the Gislers.” Adhering to tenets of preservation
faith. Union Gas's position that the effective date of pooling
                                                                        is important; however, appellate courts should avoid being
was the date of first production was not unequivocal. For
                                                                        overly technical in their application. See In re B.L.D. &
similar reasons, Union Gas's third-party claim is not clearly
                                                                        B.R.D., 113 S.W.3d 340, 350 (Tex.2003) (describing the
adverse to its position on appeal. At the trial court, Union
                                                                        underpinnings of preservation rules as fairness to the parties
Gas sought to obtain a uniform determination applicable to
                                                                        and judicial economy and accuracy); Motor Vehicle Bd. of
all royalty owners to avoid double liability, and its position
                                                                        the Tex. Dep't of Transp. v. El Paso Indep. Auto. Dealers
on appeal is the same.
                                                                        Ass'n, 1 S.W.3d 108, 111 (Tex.1999) (stating the Court's
                                                                        preference to decide cases on substance rather than procedural
 [12] Finally, Union Gas complains that the court of appeals
                                                                        technicalities). The court of appeals erred in holding that this
erred in holding that Union Gas did not appeal the award of
                                                                        point of error was not raised. We remand this issue to the court
$150,000 in attorneys' fees to Tittizer. We agree. In its brief to
                                                                        of appeals. Tex.R.App. P. 61.4.
the court of appeals, Union Gas included the following point
of error: “The trial court erred in granting final judgments
                                                             We hold that the court of appeals is correct in concluding
which awarded attorneys fees to the Gislers [Union Gas Corp.
                                                             that Tittizer is not entitled to royalties for production between
v. Gisler, 129 S.W.3d 145 (Tex.App.—Corpus Chrisit)]
                                                             March 27, 2000 and August 7, 2000 because the lease
because the amounts awarded were excessive and were not
                                                             unambiguously provides for pooling to commence on the date
reasonable, necessary, equitable, or just.” (emphasis added).
                                                             of the Designation's recordation. We further hold that the
The court of appeals held simply that “Union did not appeal
                                                             court of appeals erred in concluding that Union Gas failed to
the award of attorneys fees in this case.” 171 S.W.3d at 211
                                                             appeal the trial court's award of attorneys' fees. We affirm in
[(Tex.App.—Corpus Christi—2003)].
                                                             part and reverse in part the court of appeals' judgment and
 *863 [13]       [14] Read in isolation, Union Gas's point remand the case to the court of appeals to consider Union
                                                             Gas's challenge to the reasonableness of the attorneys' fees
of error in the court of appeals complains that the trial
                                                             awarded to Tittizer.
court awarded excessive fees to the Gislers and includes
no challenges to the trial court's attorneys' fees award to
Tittizer. Under this view Union Gas failed to preserve error
as to Tittizer's attorneys' fees award. However, points of   Justice Willett did not participate in the decision.
error should be liberally construed to fairly and equitably
adjudicate the rights of litigants. Tex.R.App. P. 38.9;      All Citations
Williams v. Khalaf, 802 S.W.2d 651, 658 (Tex.1990).
                                                                        171 S.W.3d 857, 164 Oil & Gas Rep. 172, 48 Tex. Sup. Ct.
Furthermore, an appellate court should consider the parties'
                                                                        J. 1023
arguments supporting each point of error and not merely
the wording of the points. Anderson v. Gilbert, 897 S.W.2d

End of Document                                                     © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                  6
DDD
Tobin v. Garcia, 159 Tex. 58 (1958)
316 S.W.2d 396

                                                                           his care, use or disposal of it. Vernon's
                                                                           Ann.St.Const. art. 3, § 20.
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment
Declined to Extend by United Parcel Service, Inc. v. Tasdemiroglu,         3 Cases that cite this headnote
 Tex.App.-Hous. (14 Dist.), August 10, 2000

                        159 Tex. 58                                  [2]   Judgment
                   Supreme Court of Texas.                                     Evidence and Affidavits in Particular Cases
                                                                           In consolidated mandamus proceedings to
               Daniel TOBIN, Jr., et al.
                                                                           require county commissioners to issue certificate
                         v.
                                                                           showing plaintiffs' election to office of county
        Amando GARCIA, Jr., and George B. Parr.
                                                                           clerk, and office of sheriff, respectively, exhibits,
                                                                           pleadings and affidavits submitted for and in
            No. A-6632. | April 30, 1958.
                                                                           opposition to motions for summary judgment
           | Rehearing Denied Oct. 1, 1958.
                                                                           presented in issue of fact as to whether plaintiffs
          | Concurring Opinion Oct. 16, 1958.
                                                                           were ineligible to hold offices of county clerk
Consolidated mandamus proceedings to require county                        and sheriff, respectively, under constitutional
commissioners to issue certificate showing plaintiffs' election            provision that no person entrusted with public
to office of county clerk, and office of sheriff, respectively.            money shall be eligible to office until he shall
The District Court, Duvall County, C. W. Laughlin, J.,                     have obtained a discharge, precluding summary
granted defendants' motions for summary judgment and                       judgment. Vernon's Ann.St.Const. art. 3, § 20;
plaintiffs appealed. The San Antonio Court of Civil Appeals,               Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 166–A.
307 S.W.2d 836, reversed and remanded with instructions,
                                                                           68 Cases that cite this headnote
and plaintiffs and defendants brought error. The Supreme
Court, Hickman, C. J., held that exhibits, pleadings and
affidavits submitted for and in opposition to motions for            [3]   Judgment
summary judgment presented an issue of fact as to whether                      Nature of summary judgment
plaintiffs were ineligible to hold offices of county clerk and             The right to summary judgment was unknown
sheriff, respectively, under constitutional provision that no              to common law and exists only by virtue of rule
person entrusted with public money shall be eligible to office             providing therefor, and in order to be entitled to
until he shall have obtained a discharge, precluding summary               benefits of such rule, all of its terms must be
judgment.                                                                  complied with. Rules of Civil Procedure, rule
                                                                           166–A.
Judgment of Court of Civil Appeals affirmed with directions.
                                                                           21 Cases that cite this headnote

 West Headnotes (5)                                                  [4]   Appeal and Error
                                                                              Nature and Scope of Decision
                                                                           Appeal and Error
 [1]     Officers and Public Employees
                                                                              Rendering Final Judgment
              Special requirements
                                                                           If the only order in a trial court is one overruling
         In constitutional provision that no person with
                                                                           a motion for summary judgment, then that
         whom public money has been entrusted shall be
                                                                           order is interlocutory and no appeal will lie
         eligible to office until he shall have obtained
                                                                           therefrom, but when both parties file motions
         a discharge for such money, “entrusted” means
                                                                           for summary judgment and one such motion is
         to confer a trust upon, or to deliver to another
                                                                           granted, then the trial court's judgment becomes
         something in trust or to commit something
                                                                           final and appealable, and on appeal the Court
         to another with a certain confidence regarding
                                                                           of Civil Appeals should determine all questions
                                                                           presented, and if reversible error is found, it

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               1
Tobin v. Garcia, 159 Tex. 58 (1958)
316 S.W.2d 396

         should render such judgment as the trial court            the Commissioners' Court of that County, which had declared
         should have rendered, and if the case is brought          the office vacant, and thereafter this became a suit between
         to the Supreme Court and the judgment of the              Amando Garcia, Jr., and Rafael Garcia for the office of
         Court of Civil Appeals is reversed, Supreme               County Clerk of Duval County.
         Court should render such judgment as Court of
         Civil Appeals should have rendered. Rules of              Likewise, George B. Parr originally brought a suit against
         Civil Procedure, rules 434, 501, 505.                     Daniel Tobin, Jr., and the County Commissioners, seeking,
                                                                   among other things, a writ of mandamus requiring the
         240 Cases that cite this headnote                         defendants to issue to him a certificate showing that he
                                                                   was elected to the office of Sheriff of Duval County at the
                                                                   General Election in November, 1956, at which he received a
 [5]     Courts
                                                                   substantial majority of the votes. On January 1, 1957, J. P.
               Review by or certificate to Supreme Court
                                                                   Stockwell qualified as *60 Sheriff of Duval County under an
         by Court of Civil Appeals of questions where
                                                                   appointment by the Commissioners' Court of Duval County,
         its decision conflicts with or overrules that of
                                                                   which had declared the office vacant, and thereafter that cause
         another Court of Civil Appeals or that of the
                                                                   became a suit between George B. Parr and J. P. Stockwell for
         Supreme Court
                                                                   the office of Sheriff of Duval County. These two cases were
         Where application for writ of error to review             consolidated by the trial court with a third suit filed by Felipe
         decision of Court of Civil Appeals, failed to             Valerio, Jr., against Daniel Tobin, Jr., and others. The Valerio
         comply with applicable rule of civil procedure it         case (Tobin v. Valerio, Tex.Civ.App., 309 S.W.2d 479) is not
         was wholly insufficient to present any question           involved in this appeal and need not be further mentioned.
         for review. Rules of Civil Procedure, rule 469.
                                                                   Ultimately, Amando Garcia, Jr., and George B. Parr filed
         2 Cases that cite this headnote                           motions for summary judgment, and the defendants also filed
                                                                   a motion for summary judgment. The trial court denied the
                                                                   motions of Amando Garcia, Jr., and George B. Parr, but
                                                                   granted the motion of defendants, and rendered judgment that
Attorneys and Law Firms                                            George B. Parr and Amando Garcia, Jr., take nothing, from
                                                                   which judgment they prosecuted an appeal.
*59 **397 Gerald Weatherly, Laredo, Werner A.
Gohmert, Alice, for petitioners.                                   The Court of Civil Appeals reversed the judgment of the
                                                                   trial court, and remanded the case thereto. 307 S.W.2d 836.
Sidney P. Chandler, Corpus Christi, Sam H. Burris, Alice,
                                                                   The parties will be sometimes referred to herein as they were
Walter Purcell, San Diego, for respondents.
                                                                   designated in the trial court, wherein Amando Garcia, Jr., and
Opinion                                                            George B. Parr were designated as plaintiffs and the other
                                                                   parties as defendants.
HICKMAN, Chief Justice.
                                                                   Both the plaintiffs and defendants filed applications for writs
Our statement of this case will be substantially in the language   of error. We consider first the application of the defendants.
of the opinion of the Court of Civil Appeals.                      The ground upon which they were awarded a summary
                                                                   judgment in the trial court is that Amando Garcia, Jr.,
 **398 This is a consolidated case. Originally Amando              and George B. Parr were ineligible to hold the offices of
Garcia, Jr., brought a suit against Daniel Tobin, Jr.,             County Clerk and Sheriff, respectively, under the provisions
County Judge of Duval County, and the then four County             of Article III, Section 20, of our State Constitution, Vernon's
Commissioners of that County, seeking, among other things,         Ann.St. That section reads as follows:
a writ of mandamus requiring the defendants to issue to him
                                                                             ‘No person who at any time may
a certificate showing that he was elected to the office of
                                                                             have been a collector of taxes, or who
County Clerk of Duval County at the General Election in
                                                                             may have been otherwise entrusted with
November, 1956, at which election he received practically
                                                                             public money, shall be eligible to the
all the votes. On January 1, 1957, Rafael Garcia qualified
                                                                             Legislature, or to any office of profit or
as County Clerk of Duval County, under an appointment by

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              2
Tobin v. Garcia, 159 Tex. 58 (1958)
316 S.W.2d 396

          trust under the State government, until
          he shall have obtained a discharge for                    In effect, the same definition is given in 48 C.J.S. p. 754, and
          the amount of such collections, or for all                Webster's New International Dictionary. In order to render
          public moneys with which he may have                      judgment against the plaintiffs it must be determined that
          been entrusted.’                                          public money was entrusted with them in the meaning of the
                                                                    above definition, and they have failed to obtain a discharge
                                                                    therefor.
 [1] The Court of Civil Appeals reversed the trial court's
                                                                     [2] The motion for summary judgment was not verified. It
judgment on the ground that the constitutional provision
                                                                    referred for identification to a number of exhibits attached
presupposes that there has been a prior judicial determination
                                                                    to the motion, explained a portion of the exhibits, and
or admission of the entrustment of public money and a
                                                                    incorporated all of the movant's pleadings.
failure to obtain a discharge therefor. Assuming that the
Commissioners' Court exceeded its authority in refusing to
issue certificates of *61 election to the plaintiffs, that is not   With respect to Amando Garcia, Jr., the charge is that he
determinative of this case. As the case developed, it was a         collected certain fees of office which were not paid into
suit by Amando Garcia, Jr., and George B. Parr against Rafael       the treasury of the county as required by law. In support
Garcia and J. P. Stockwell for the title to the offices of County   of the *62 charge, movants attached purported copies of
Clerk and Sheriff, respectively, and in order to prevail in that    summary accounts of total fees collected and purported copies
 **399 suit it was incumbent upon them to show themselves           of schedules of fees of office paid into the treasury for the
to be duly elected, qualified and eligible to hold the offices      same years, plus photostatic copies of 194 checks payable
which they sought. If it is shown on the trial that they have       to cash or to Garcia and signed by him. The only proof
failed to be discharged of money entrusted to them, they will       of these documents is this statement in the affidavit of the
not have shown themselves eligible and entitled to the offices.     attorney for defendants: ‘All of the copies of the instruments
We do not agree with the ground upon which the Court of             described in the defendants' motion for summary judgment,
Civil Appeals based its decision.                                   Exhibits A to T, inclusive, are true copies of said instruments
                                                                    or the records from which they were taken.’ The summary
                                                                    judgment rule, Rule 166-A, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure,
Before considering the motion upon which the trial court
                                                                    provides that affidavits must be made by competent affiants
rendered a summary judgment for defendants, we turn to
                                                                    with personal knowledge of the statements in them, which
a construction of the constitutional provision above quoted.
                                                                    statements must be so worded that if given on the witness
The provision is narrow in its application. It deals only with
                                                                    stand they would be admissible as evidence. Obviously, the
persons with whom public money has been entrusted. One
                                                                    statement of the attorney, if given on the witness stand, would
who, for example, steals public money would be morally
                                                                    not be competent to identify public documents, nor would it
unfit for public office, but the provision has no application in
                                                                    establish that Garcia himself had signed the checks or for what
that case. Its meaning is to be determined by the definition
                                                                    purpose they were executed. The trial court erred in rendering
of ‘entrusted.’ That term has a well-defined meaning. It is
                                                                    summary judgment against Garcia.
defined in Black's Law Dictionary as:
          ‘To confer a trust upon; to deliver to                    With reference to George B. Parr, the motion for summary
          another something in trust or to commit                   judgment was based upon several grounds. One ground was
          something to another with a certain                       that the Texas State Bank of Alice was the depository of
          confidence regarding his care, use or                     the funds of Duval County and the Benevides Independent
          disposal of it.’                                          School District; that Parr was a stockholder, director and
                                                                    officer of the bank; that he took money from the bank, charged
                                                                    it to the county and the school district, and applied same in
Ballentine's Law Dictionary defines it as follows:                  a manner not authorized by the county or the school district,
          ‘To transfer or deliver property to another               and not permitted by law. As noted above, the motion is
          to hold as trustee.’                                      not verified, and what has been held regarding the checks of
                                                                    Garcia is applicable to the deposit slips and checks attached in
                                                                    support of this allegation. Even if the checks were identified,
                                                                    that would **400 not establish that Parr was in default with

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              3
Tobin v. Garcia, 159 Tex. 58 (1958)
316 S.W.2d 396

money entrusted to him by the county and the school district.       the rule all of its terms must be complied with. This the
When the moneys were deposited in the bank, a relationship          defendants have failed to do.
was created between the bank and the depositors, and no
relationship of trust was created between the depositors and
Parr. The summary judgment cannot be sustained on the               As noted above, plaintiffs filed a motion for summary
ground of Parr's dealings with the bank, however wrongful           judgment in the trial court which was overruled. In Rogers
they may have been.                                                 v. Royalty Pooling Co., Tex., 302 S.W.2d 938, where both
                                                                    parties filed motions for summary judgment, and the trial
Another ground of the motion was that Parr had borrowed             court granted one motion and overruled the other, this court
money from the county and had not repaid it. Parr admitted          held that in an appeal from the order granting a summary
at the hearing on the motion that he owed money to Duval            judgment, the Court of Civil Appeals could not review the
County, but he did not admit that it was money entrusted to         order of the trial court overruling the other motion.
him. So far as the record discloses, it may have been owing for      [4] After a careful consideration of the matter we have come
taxes. In support of the allegation that Parr borrowed money         *64 to the conclusion that that case should be overruled. If
from *63 Duval County which had not been repaid, the                the only order in the trial court is one overruling a motion
defendants in one of their verified pleadings quote from an         for summary judgment, then that order is interlocutory and
alleged deposition of Parr and alleged pleading of Parr in          no appeal will lie therefrom. But when, as in this case, both
other cases, but no copy of the alleged deposition or pleading      parties file motions for summary judgment and one such
was attached as required by Rule 166-A. The state of the proof      motion is granted, then the trial court's judgment becomes
on this charge would not warrant the rendition of a summary         final and appealable, and on appeal the Court of Civil Appeals
judgment.                                                           should determine all questions presented. If reversible error is
                                                                    found, the court should render such judgment as the trial court
Another ground in the motion was that if Parr's present suit        should have rendered, Rule 434, and if the case is brought
were in good faith ‘he would repay to Duval County all              to this court and the **401 judgment of the Court of Civil
funds that while County Judge of Duval County he illegally          Appeals is reversed, we should render such judgment as that
took, received, concealed, converted, and paid to persons           court should have rendered. Rules 501 and 505. Rogers v.
such as Dan U. Garcia, whom Parr paid $20,000.00 on or              Royalty Pooling Co. is overruled.
about April 1, 1952, of Duval County funds to induce said
Dan U. Garcia to resign as Sheriff of Duval County so said           [5] Concerning the application of the plaintiffs Garcia and
Parr could be appointed to said office upon his resigning           Parr but little need be written. They join in a single application
as County Judge of said Duval County,’ and for which no             for writ of error, which is wholly insufficient to present any
discharge has been received. The only support for that charge       questions for review under Rule 469, T.R.C.P. We here copy
is an answer of defendants to the original petition, which          the entire application following the statement of jurisdiction:
is verified by the attorney who drew the answer. Even if
we assume that the certification complies with Rule 166-A,
the allegation concerning the transaction with Dan U. Garcia
is the only specific one involving the time when Parr was                                 'Points of Error.
County Judge. We find in the record an affidavit of Charles
                                                                    ‘1. The Court of Civil Appeals reversibly erred in not
T. Stansell, Jr., who was County Auditor of Duval County at
                                                                    rendering judgment in favor of petitioner Garcia, that he
the time of the alleged transaction. The affidavit states that at
                                                                    forthwith recover the office he sues for. (Germane to
no time between 1935 and 1954 was George Parr entrusted
                                                                    assignment of error No. 1 in Appellants' Motion for Rehearing
with public money without having since obtained a discharge
                                                                    in the Court of Civil Appeals.)
therefor. Thus a fact issue is raised requiring adjudication
                                                                    ‘2. The Court of Civil Appeals reversibly erred in not
upon trial.
                                                                    rendering judgment in favor of petitioner Parr, that he
 [3] It must be kept in mind that this case has never been
                                                                    forthwith recover the office he sues for. (Germane to
tried on its merits, but only on motions for summary judgment
                                                                    assignment of error No. 2 in Appellants' Motion for Rehearing
under Rule 166-A. The right to summary judgment was
                                                                    in the Court of Civil Appeals.)
unknown to common law and exists in this State only by
virtue of that rule. In order to be entitled to the benefits of

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               4
Tobin v. Garcia, 159 Tex. 58 (1958)
316 S.W.2d 396

                                                                   holding on the question in the Rogers and Wright cases. The
‘3. Because there is no evidence supporting its below-quoted
                                                                   majority in the present case makes no effort to do so. There
holding, and this holding is inconsistent with its other holding
                                                                   is no distinction. **402 This Court must have so thought,
which are correct, the Court of Civil Appeals reversibly erred
                                                                   otherwise it would not have cited the Wright case, supra, in
in its holding (Opinion, p. 6) that: ‘However, as to appellant
                                                                   support of its decision in the Rogers case.
George B. Parr the answer is sufficient to raise an issue of
fact as to whether Parr has been entrusted with public moneys      The parties to the present suit were not concerned enough
and has not paid it back or properly accounted therefor and        with this question to mention the overruling of the Rogers
that he has freely admitted such defalcation.’ (Germane to         case in their motion for rehearing, this for the obvious
assignment of error No. 3 in Appellants' Motion for Rehearing      reason that *66 the cause was reversed and remanded for
in the Court of Civil Appeals.)                                    trial. The overruling of the Rogers case was unnecessary
                                                                   to a decision in the present case. Since the decision in the
 *65 'Brief of the Argument, with Prayer. (All points are          Wright and Rogers cases, supra, litigants have accepted the
grouped together.)                                                 law announced in such cases, and without doubt attorneys
                                                                   representing their clients in many cases have made no effort
‘Petitioners respectfully submit that it necessarily and           to appeal from an order overruling a motion for summary
inevitably follows, from the correct holdings and authorities      judgment. Likewise, the opposite party will make no effort to
in the Court of Civil Appeals opinion, that the Trial              point out issues of fact in the event error should be assigned
Court's judgment should be reversed and rendered, adjudging        to the action of the trial court in overruling a motion for
that appellants forthwith recover the offices sued for,            summary judgment. As a matter of fact, we have such a
to which they were unquestionably duly elected. And                case pending in this Court. The case is styled and numbered:
petitioners respectfully submit that this Court should so          A-6759, Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway Company v.
render judgment.’                                                  G. C. McBride, DBA G. C. McBride Company, and Central
                                                                   Surety and Insurance Corporation. In that case, the respondent
                                                                   very briefly replied to the point urging that the court erred
                                                                   in overruling petitioner's motion for summary judgment. The
The judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals is affirmed, but
                                                                   respondent apparently felt secure in the belief that appeals
upon a trial on the merits the court will be guided by this
                                                                   cannot lie where orders are interlocutory in nature, and that
opinion.
                                                                   appeals cannot lie from those portions of orders which are
                                                                   interlocutory until a final judgment has been reached in
SMITH, Justice (concurring).                                       the case. The respondent in the McBride case thought it
                                                                   sufficient to say: ‘In view of the very recent Supreme Court
The opinion reaches a correct result, but I respectfully decline
                                                                   opinions in the cases of Wright v. Wright (154 Tex. 138), 274
to join in overruling the holding in Rogers v. Royalty Pooling
                                                                   S.W.2d 670, and Rogers v. Royalty Pooling Co. (Tex.), 302
Co., Tex., 302 S.W.2d 938. In that case we held that where
                                                                   S.W.2d 938, we will not unnecessarily lengthen this writing.
both parties filed motions for summary judgment, and the
                                                                   One comment in connection with this point, however, seems
trial court granted one motion and overruled the other, the
                                                                   indicated. Contrary to the position that petitioner has taken
Court of Civil Appeals could not review the order of the
                                                                   in its application, the rule as announced by this Honorable
trial court overruling the motion for summary judgment. It is
                                                                   Court in the above cases is not ‘downright unjust and unfair “.
true that the Rogers decision was announced in a Per Curiam
                                                                   (See 322 S.W.2d 492.) As pointed out by this Court, speaking
opinion. The application for writ of error was not granted,
                                                                   through the Honorable Justice Garwood in the Wright case,
thereby depriving the parties of an opportunity to present oral
                                                                   supra (154 Tex. 138, 274 S.W.2d 674), the benefits of such
argument on the question. Although this method of procedure
                                                                   a rule as petitioner urges would ‘well be outweighed by the
has never met with my approval, yet it must be said that
                                                                   resultant confusion.’
the holding that an order overruling a motion for summary
judgment was interlocutory in nature, and, therefore, not          All Citations
appealable, was supported by the case of Wright v. Wright,
154 Tex. 138, 274 S.W.2d 670, decided by this Court on             159 Tex. 58, 316 S.W.2d 396
January 5, 1955. I am unable to draw a distinction between the

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            5
Tobin v. Garcia, 159 Tex. 58 (1958)
316 S.W.2d 396

End of Document                                     © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                    6
EEE
Turner v. State, 850 S.W.2d 210 (1993)

                                                                      thus causing their death, were “pesticides”
                                                                      subject to pesticide registration requirements of
                   850 S.W.2d 210
                                                                      Agriculture Code as a matter of law. V.T.C.A.,
               Court of Appeals of Texas,
                                                                      Agriculture Code §§ 76.001 et seq., 76.001(18).
                      Texarkana.
                                                                      1 Cases that cite this headnote
 Dana L. TURNER and aaNKILL 44, Inc., Appellants,
                         v.
 The STATE of Texas and Rick Perry, Commissioner                [3]   Evidence
  of the Texas Department of Agriculture, Appellees.                      Conclusiveness and Effect
                                                                      When litigant admits positive facts which defeat
        No. 6–92–105–CV. | Feb. 23, 1993.                             his right to recover, and such admissions are not
        | Rehearing Denied March 29, 1993.                            subsequently modified by litigant, then he or she
                                                                      is conclusively bound by such admissions.
State and Commissioner of Department of Agriculture
brought action against developer of products to get rid of            1 Cases that cite this headnote
fire ants seeking civil penalties and injunctive relief for
alleged violations of pesticide registration requirements of
                                                                [4]   Injunction
Agriculture Code. The 188th Judicial District Court, Gregg
                                                                          Scope of Relief in General
County, Marcus Vascocu, J., entered judgment for state.
Developer appealed. The Court of Appeals, Grant, J., held             Permanent injunction should not be more
that: (1) products were “pesticides” under Code as a matter           comprehensive or restrictive than justified by
of law, and (2) permanent injunction was too expansive                pleadings, evidence and usages of equity.
and would be modified so that meaning of “pesticide” and
                                                                      1 Cases that cite this headnote
“distribute” would be meaning given those terms in Code.

Affirmed in part and reformed in part.                          [5]   Injunction
                                                                          Other particular businesses or occupations
                                                                      Permanent injunction preventing developer of
                                                                      fire ant pesticides from distributing those
 West Headnotes (5)
                                                                      pesticides, as well as any other pesticide, unless
                                                                      it was registered with Department of Agriculture
 [1]    Appeal and Error                                              was too expansive and would be modified to
            Extent of Review Dependent on Nature of                   limit meaning of “distribute” to meaning given
        Decision Appealed from                                        term in Agriculture Code to offer for sale, hold
        When trial court grants motion to disregard                   for sale, sell, barter or supply and to limit
        jury answers and answers are on issues upon                   meaning of “pesticide” to meaning given in
        which appellant has burden of proof, Court of                 Agriculture Code. V.T.C.A., Agriculture Code §
        Appeals reviews trial court's action to determine             76.001(7, 18).
        if appellant has established all vital facts in
                                                                      1 Cases that cite this headnote
        support of issue as a matter of law.

        2 Cases that cite this headnote

                                                               Attorneys and Law Firms
 [2]    Environmental Law
            Registration and labelling                         *211 Gregory Neeley, Akin, Steele, Bush & Neeley,
        Two products, which were developed by                  Longview, for appellants.
        defendant and which defendant admitted were
        intended to prevent fire ants from eating,             Grant Gurley, Asst. Atty. Gen., Environmental Protection
                                                               Div., Austin, for appellees.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         1
Turner v. State, 850 S.W.2d 210 (1993)

                                                                   requested a permanent injunction preventing Turner or his
Before CORNELIUS, C.J., and BLEIL and GRANT, JJ.                   corporation from distributing any of the products.

                                                                   The jury returned answers to the charge indicating that
                          OPINION                                  aaNKILL 44 is a pesticide and that Turner committed three
                                                                   acts of illegal distribution in regard to that product. The
GRANT, Justice.                                                    jury found that neither Plus nor DLT Mound Leveler is
                                                                   a pesticide. The trial court granted the State's motion to
The State of Texas and Rick Perry, Commissioner of the
                                                                   disregard the jury's findings and held that Plus and DLT
Texas Department of Agriculture, filed suit against Dana
                                                                   Mound Leveler are pesticides as a matter of law. The court
L. Turner and aaNKILL 44, Inc. seeking civil penalties
                                                                   entered judgment favoring the State in regard to all three
and injunctive relief for alleged violations of the pesticide
                                                                   products. The trial court did not find any additional instances
registration requirements of Chapter 76 of the Texas
                                                                   of illegal distribution beyond the three instances found by the
Agriculture Code. Turner appeals from a judgment favoring
                                                                   jury.
the State.

                                                                   Turner contends that the trial court erred in disregarding the
Turner contends that the trial court erred in disregarding
                                                                   jury's findings as to Plus and DLT Mound Leveler and in
the jury's findings and entering a judgment concluding that
                                                                   entering judgment favoring the State. He does not contest the
the products in question are pesticides as a matter of law.
                                                                   judgment as to aaNKILL 44.
He further contends that the trial court erred in drafting the
permanent injunction because it exceeds the scope of the
                                                                    [1] We have been asked to review the trial court's granting of
pleadings and the evidence. The State raises three cross points
                                                                   a motion to disregard two of the jury's answers. These answers
in which it alleges that the trial court erred in admitting
                                                                   were on issues upon which the State had the burden of proof.
irrelevant evidence and that the jury's answers to certain
                                                                   Thus, we review the trial court's action to determine if the
questions in the charge were against the great weight and
                                                                   State established all vital facts in support of the issue as a
preponderance of the evidence.
                                                                   matter of law. See Ritchey v. Crawford, 734 S.W.2d 85, 86
                                                                   (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no writ); Meyerland
In 1990, Turner developed a product designed to have a
                                                                   Community Improvement Ass'n v. Temple, 700 S.W.2d 263,
detrimental effect on fire ants. In September or October of that
year, he formed a corporation, aaNKILL 44, Inc., and began         267 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1985, writ ref'd n.r.e.). 1
to market the product. On November 28, 1990, David Inman,          The undisputed evidence shows that Turner sold the product
an inspector for the Texas Agriculture Department, served          and that the product was not registered. The only vital fact
Turner with an administrative stop sale order. The stop sale       issue that Turner contests is whether the State established that
order put Turner on notice that the Agriculture Department         Plus and DLT Mound Leveler are pesticides as a matter of
considered aaNKILL 44 to be an unregistered pesticide, and         law.
Turner ceased selling the product under that name.
                                                                    [2] Section 76.001(18) of the Texas Agriculture Code
In August 1991, Turner began selling a product he called           defines a pesticide as “a substance or mixture of substances
Plus Water Activator (“Plus”) which contained essentially          intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest, or
the same formula that comprised aaNKILL 44. On October             any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a
10, 1991, the trial court issued a temporary restraining order     plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.” TEX.AGRIC.CODE
which barred Turner and his corporation from selling either        ANN. § 76.001(18) (Vernon 1982) (emphasis added).
aaNKILL 44 or Plus. Turner then began marketing a product
which he labelled “DLT Mound Leveler” and which contains           Since the Code itself does not define the word “intended,” a
essentially the same ingredients as aaNKILL 44 and Plus.           key term in understanding this section, we look to the Code
                                                                   Construction Act which states that the ordinary meaning of
 *212 In its petition, the State alleged 579 acts of unlawful      the word should be deemed as having been intended by the
distribution of the three products discussed above. The State      Legislature. TEX.GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.011 (Vernon
stipulated that it sought damages only in the amount of the        1988). The trial court correctly did not attempt to define the
minimum statutory fine of $50 per violation. The State also        word “intended” in its charge to the jury, but it did charge that

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Turner v. State, 850 S.W.2d 210 (1993)

words not specifically defined *213 by the court should be          him must be construed as binding upon him, and not merely
                                          2                         as raising issues of fact.”)
construed according to common usage.

Turner asserts that the testimony that he gave at trial supports    Here, Turner admits that his product is intended to prevent
the jury's findings indicating that Plus and DLT Mound              ants from eating, thus causing their death. The evidence
Leveler are not pesticides. Turner testified that although he       conclusively shows that Plus and DLT Mound Leveler were
originally believed that his formula killed fire ants, later        sold as pesticides. Based upon Turner's judicial admissions,
experiments revealed that, in fact, it did not kill them. He        the trial court correctly found these products to be pesticides
said that most pesticides work by either breaking down the          as a matter of law. We overrule this point of error.
outer shell of the ants or by attacking their nervous systems,
but that his product did neither. Instead, according to Turner,     In his second point of error, Turner contends that the trial
aaNKILL 44 and its progeny immobilize the ants for a while          court erred in drafting the injunctive order in that it exceeded
so that they cannot eat.                                            the scope of the pleadings and the evidence produced at
                                                                    trial. Specifically, Turner complains that the language in the
Turner further described the effect of his formula on the ants      injunction unnecessarily enlarged the statutory definition of
by saying that it “switches off [their] power,” that it “stops      “distribute” and improperly defined “pesticide.”
power from getting to them,” and that the ants switch off “like
an electric light” and they “don't ever turn on again,” unless       [4]   A permanent injunction should not be more
placed in direct sunlight within four hours of having been          comprehensive or restrictive than justified by the pleadings,
“deactivated.”                                                      evidence, and usages of equity. *214 Gonzales v. Zamora,
                                                                    791 S.W.2d 258 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 1990, no writ).
Turner further testified that he sold the formula as Plus and
DLT Mound Leveler after he arrived at the conclusion that            [5] In its petition, the State requested injunctive relief in
it did not actually kill the ants and was thus not a pesticide.     order to prevent Turner from distributing aaNKILL 44, Plus,
Turner stated that the purpose of the DLT Mound Leveler             or DLT Mound Leveler, as well as any other pesticide unless
was, in fact, to level mounds. He admitted, however, that           it is registered with the Department of Agriculture. The
this explanation “raised eyebrows” among his customers, and         only definition of “distribute” or “pesticide” in the petition
when customers pressed him about the formula's effect on the        is by reference to Section 76.001 of the Agriculture Code.
ants, he told them “I suppose they die.” Furthermore, Turner        TEX.AGRIC.CODE ANN. § 76.001 (Vernon 1982).
has at no point suggested that his product may have alternative
                                                                    Section 76.001(7) defines “distribute” as “offer for sale, hold
uses. 3
                                                                    for sale, sell, barter, or supply.” Section 76.001(18) defines
                                                                    “pesticide” as “a substance or mixture of substances intended
We agree with the trial court that Turner's testimony, rather
                                                                    to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest.” The trial
than supporting the jury's findings, demonstrates conclusively
                                                                    court's order, however, states that:
that Turner's formula was intended to be used to “prevent,
repel, or mitigate” fire ants. The formula kills the fire ants by
preventing them from eating and this reaches the same end
result as any other pesticide. Turner's statements regarding his                                  III.
formula are mere euphemisms for the fact that it is a pesticide.
                                                                    .....
 [3] This Court is bound by the principle that when a litigant
                                                                      B. In this injunction, “distribute” shall have the meaning
admits positive facts which defeat his right to recover, and
                                                                      given in Chapter 76 of the Texas Agriculture Code, namely
such admissions are not subsequently modified by the litigant,
                                                                      “offer for sale, hold for sale, sell, barter, or supply”, and
then he or she is conclusively bound by such admissions.
                                                                      shall include, without implying the exclusion of other
Jones v. Underwood & Weld Co., 406 S.W.2d 491, 493
                                                                      conduct, the following conduct:
(Tex.Civ.App.—Beaumont 1966, no writ); see also, Texas &
P. Ry. Co. v. Wood, 145 Tex. 534, 199 S.W.2d 652 (1947)                  1) sell;
(“The testimony of a party to a suit and admissions made by
                                                                         2) deliver;

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              3
Turner v. State, 850 S.W.2d 210 (1993)

      3) give away;
                                                                   The State contends that the trial court correctly detailed the
      4) give to;                                                  prohibited conduct in light of Turner's persistent attempts to
                                                                   find a loophole in the law. The State argues that Turner should
      5) allow to take;                                            not be allowed to complain that he was given too much notice.

      6) turn over to;
                                                                   The record, however, reveals no support for the expanded
      7) make available to;                                        definition of “distribute” nor have we found any in statutory
                                                                   or case law. We therefore reform paragraph III.B of the
      8) exchange for goods, services, or a promise to provide     injunction so that it now reads: “In this injunction, ‘distribute’
      goods or services;                                           shall have the meaning given in Chapter 76 of the Texas
                                                                   Agriculture Code, namely ‘offer for sale, hold for sale, sell,
      9) advertise;                                                barter, or supply.’ ”

      10) market;
                                                                   Furthermore, we see no reason for expanding the definition of
      11) promote;                                                 “pesticide” beyond the statutory definition. 4 Paragraph III.C
                                                                   of the injunction is therefore reformed so that it now reads:
      12) provide;

      13) provide a sample of;                                        In this injunction ‘pesticide’ shall have the meaning given
                                                                      in Chapter 76 of the Texas Agriculture Code, namely, ‘any
      14) give permission or authorization to any other person
                                                                      substance or mixture of substances intended to prevent,
      or entity to commit any of these enumerated acts; or
                                                                      destroy, repel or mitigate any pest.’
      15) offer to commit any of these enumerated acts, either     Because of the foregoing holdings, which are dispositive of
      conditionally or unconditionally.                            all issues in the case, we do not reach the cross-points filed
                                                                   by the State.
    C. In this injunction “pesticide” shall have the meaning
    given in Chapter 76 of the Texas Agriculture Code,              *215 The judgment of the trial court is affirmed in part and
    namely, “any substance or mixture of substances intended       reformed in part.
    to prevent, destroy, repel or mitigate any pest....” In
    determining the intended purpose of a substance or
    mixture of substances, the intent that shall be examined       All Citations
    is not the subjective intent of the actor, but rather that
                                                                   850 S.W.2d 210
    person's objective intent, taking into account any and all
    circumstances.

Footnotes
1       This is sometimes erroneously addressed as a no evidence point. However, Turner did not have the burden of proof
        on this issue and even if there was no evidence introduced to support his position, the State would still not be entitled
        to have a motion granted to disregard a jury finding unless it had established all vital facts in support of that issue as
        a matter of law.
          Calling matter-of-law points no evidence points is a misnomer. See R.W. Calvert, “No Evidence” and “Insufficient
          Evidence” Points of Error, 38 TEX.L.REV. 361, 363 (1960). These points of error should be referred to as conclusive
          evidence points. See W. Powers, Jr. & J. Ratliff, Another Look at “No Evidence” and “Insufficient Evidence,” 69
          TEX.L.REV. 515, 518 (1991). We recognize that Rule 301 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure refers to disregarding
          the jury finding on a question “that has no support in evidence.” This term has been applied broadly to matter-of-law
          challenges. See Roger Townsend, W. Wendell Hall, & Madelyn Dewoody, Standards of Review and Reversible Error,
          inSTATE BAR OF TEXAS PROF. DEV. PROGRAM, 1 ADVANCED APPELLATE PRACTICE COURSE F (1990).
          This same principle has been recognized in judgment non obstante veredicto cases in which the party moving for
          judgment n.o.v. had the burden of proof. See Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. v. Hertz Equipment Rental Co., 533

                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           4
Turner v. State, 850 S.W.2d 210 (1993)

          S.W.2d 853 (Tex.Civ.App.—Fort Worth 1976, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Morris v. Brown, 337 S.W.2d 759 (Tex.Civ.App.—
          Eastland 1960, no writ).
          This legal insufficiency contention raises a matter of law point that the converse of the finding was established
          conclusively as a matter of law. See W.J. Cornelius, Appellate Review of Sufficiency Of the Evidence Challenges In
          Civil and Criminal Cases, 46 TEX.B.J. 439, 440 (1983).
2      RANDOM HOUSE DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 991 (2nd ed. 1987) defines intend as: “1. to have in
       mind as something to be done or brought about ... 2. to design or mean for a particular purpose, use ... 3. to design to
       express or indicate, as by one's words; refer to....”
             It defines intended as: “1. purposed; designed; intentional ... 2. prospective....”
3      At trial, Turner also presented the labels placed on his products. The Plus label features statements such as “Don't Kill
       Fire Ants Stop Power From Getting To Them,” “WATER IS THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT!” and “Plus produces no pesticidal
       effects when used as directed.”
          The label for DLT Mound Leveler is much simpler and suggests that you should “Rid Your Property of Unsightly and
          Hazardous Mounds with DLT MOUND LEVELER.”
4      The State urges this Court to adopt the federal standard used in defining “intended” in a similar federal pesticide statute.
       See N. Jonas & Co., Inc. v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 666 F.2d 829, 833 (3d Cir.1981); 7 U.S.C.A. § 136(u)
       (West Supp.1992). Since deciding this case does not require a definition other than the ordinary usage of the term, we
       do not grant the State's request.

End of Document                                                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

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FFF
Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

                                                                          [4] apportionment of liability statute did not revive time-
                                                                          barred claims against brokerage service that were based on
     KeyCite Yellow Flag - Negative Treatment                             respondeat superior; and
Distinguished by Challenger Gaming Solutions, Inc. v. Earp,   Tex.App.-
Dallas, May 15, 2013
                                                                          [5] beneficiaries were not required to establish that broker
                       315 S.W.3d 109                                     or brokerage service owed them a fiduciary duty in order to
                  Court of Appeals of Texas,                              maintain that broker and service knowingly assisted trustee in
                    Houston (1st Dist.).                                  breaching his fiduciary duties to beneficiaries.

             Olga (Chapa) VILLARREAL
            and Isreal Chapa, Appellants,                                 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
                          v.
       WELLS FARGO BROKERAGE SERVICES,
         LLC, Wells Fargo Investments, LLC,                                West Headnotes (26)
         and Charles J. Lewis, Jr., Appellees.

       No. 01–08–00258–CV.              |    March 11, 2010.               [1]    Judgment
                                                                                      Particular defenses
Synopsis                                                                          A defendant moving for summary judgment
Background: Beneficiaries of trust brought breach of                              on the affirmative defense of limitations must
fiduciary duty, breach of the duty of good faith and fair                         conclusively establish the date on which the
dealing, negligent misrepresentation, negligence, fraud, and                      limitations commenced; that is, the date on
statutory violations action against investment broker and                         which the cause of action accrued.
brokerage service, after beneficiaries learned that trust had
lost a substantial amount of money when investing in high risk                    3 Cases that cite this headnote
investments. The 55th District Court, Harris County, Jeffrey
Brown, J., granted broker and brokerage service summary
                                                                           [2]    Limitation of Actions
judgment, and beneficiaries appealed.
                                                                                      Questions for Jury
                                                                                  He determination of the date on which a cause
                                                                                  of action accrued for purposes of limitations is
Holdings: The Court of Appeals, Laura Carter Higley, J., held                     typically a question of law.
that:
                                                                                  Cases that cite this headnote
[1] claims that beneficiaries brought against broker and
brokerage service on behalf of trustee accrued, and statutes of
                                                                           [3]    Limitation of Actions
limitations began to run, when trustee in writing directed that
                                                                                      Causes of action in general
the funds exit from high risk investments;
                                                                                  As a general rule, a cause of action accrues, and
                                                                                  the statute of limitations begins to run, when
[2] otherwise time-barred claims for breach of fiduciary
                                                                                  facts come into existence that authorize a party
duty, fraud and violations of securities statute that trust
                                                                                  to seek a judicial remedy.
beneficiaries asserted against broker were revived when
trustee designated broker as a responsible third party;                           1 Cases that cite this headnote

[3] time-barred claims which were subject to two-year
statutes of limitations were not revived when trustee                      [4]    Limitation of Actions
designated broker as a responsible third party, as limitations                        Causes of action in general
had already expired on such claims when apportionment of                          Limitation of Actions
liability statute was enacted;                                                        In general; what constitutes discovery
                                                                                  Limitation of Actions

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                  1
Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

             Knowledge as to extent of harm or damage
                                                                        2 Cases that cite this headnote
        In most cases, claims accrue for limitations
        purposes when a wrongful act causes some legal
        injury, and this is true even if the fact of injury is   [9]    Judgment
        not discovered until later, and even if all resulting               Particular defenses
        damages have not yet occurred.                                  If a movant for summary judgment establishes
                                                                        that limitations bars the action, the nonmovant
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                        must then adduce summary judgment proof
                                                                        raising a fact issue to avoid limitations.
 [5]    Limitation of Actions
            In general; what constitutes discovery                      1 Cases that cite this headnote

        The discovery rule defers the accrual of a
        cause of action for limitations purposes until           [10]   Limitation of Actions
        the plaintiff knows, or by exercising reasonable                     Fraud of person acting in official or
        diligence, should know of the facts giving rise to              fiduciary capacity
        the claim.                                                      When analyzing the applicability of the
                                                                        discovery rule for limitations purposes in
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                        cases in which the alleged injuries arise from
                                                                        a breach of fiduciary duty, the claims are
 [6]    Limitation of Actions                                           generally considered inherently undiscoverable;
            In general; what constitutes discovery                      nonetheless, once the fiduciary's misconduct
        For the discovery rule to apply and defer the                   becomes apparent, the claimant cannot ignore
        accrual of a cause of action, the injury must                   it, regardless of the fiduciary nature of the
        be inherently undiscoverable and objectively                    relationship.
        verifiable.
                                                                        1 Cases that cite this headnote
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                                 [11]   Limitation of Actions
 [7]    Judgment                                                             Fraud of person acting in official or
            Particular defenses                                         fiduciary capacity
        If a plaintiff pleads the discovery rule as an                  Claims in which the alleged injuries arise from
        exception to limitations, a defendant moving for                a breach of fiduciary duty accrue for limitations
        summary judgment on limitations then has the                    purposes when the claimant knows or in the
        dual burden of proving the date of accrual and of               exercise of ordinary diligence should know of the
        negating the discovery-rule exception.                          wrongful act and resulting injury.

        1 Cases that cite this headnote                                 1 Cases that cite this headnote

 [8]    Judgment                                                 [12]   Limitation of Actions
            Particular defenses                                             Fraud and concealment of cause of action
        A defendant moving for summary judgment                         The date that a claimant knew or should have
        on limitations may negate the discovery-rule                    known of an injury arising out of a breach
        exception by proving, as a matter of law, that                  of fiduciary duty, for limitations purposes, is
        no genuine issue of material fact exists regarding              generally a fact question; however, if reasonable
        when the plaintiff discovered, or in the exercise               minds could not differ about the conclusion to be
        of reasonable diligence should have discovered,                 drawn from the facts in the record, the start of the
        the wrongful act and resulting injury.                          limitations period may be determined as a matter
                                                                        of law.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             2
Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

                                                                      and claims that beneficiaries asserted against
        2 Cases that cite this headnote                               trustee were timely. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice &
                                                                      Remedies Code §§ 33.004(e), 33.011(6).
 [13]   Limitation of Actions
                                                                      2 Cases that cite this headnote
            Securities; corporations
        Limitation of Actions
            What constitutes discovery of fraud                [15]   Statutes
                                                                           Plain Language; Plain, Ordinary, or
        Claims for breach of fiduciary duty, breach
                                                                      Common Meaning
        of the duty of good faith and fair dealing,
        negligent misrepresentation, negligence, fraud                Statutes
        and statutory violations that beneficiaries of trust               Absent terms; silence; omissions
        brought on behalf of trustee against investment               Courts must construe a statute according to its
        broker and brokerage service, arising out of                  plain language, and may not add language that
        advice from broker and service that trustee                   is not implicitly contained in the language of the
        engage in margin trading and invest in high-risk              statute.
        technology mutual funds, accrued, and two and
        four year statutes of limitations on such claims              2 Cases that cite this headnote
        began to run, when, following month in which
        trust lost $152,886.26, trustee signed investment      [16]   Statutes
        replacement authorization form directing that                      Construction as written
        brokerage account's funds exit from technology
                                                                      Statutes
        mutual funds due to such funds' volatility, as
                                                                           Context
        when trustee signed such authorization he knew
                                                                      Statutes
        or should have known of the unsuitable nature of
                                                                           Unintended or unreasonable results;
        the investments recommended by broker.
                                                                      absurdity
        Cases that cite this headnote                                 Courts are to apply a statute as written, unless the
                                                                      context or an absurd result requires a different
 [14]   Limitation of Actions                                         construction.
            Intervention or bringing in new parties
                                                                      Cases that cite this headnote
        Otherwise time-barred claims of breach of
        fiduciary duty, fraud, and violations of securities
                                                               [17]   Limitation of Actions
        statute that trust beneficiaries asserted against
                                                                          Intervention or bringing in new parties
        investment broker, arising out of broker's advice
        that trustee engage in margin trading and high                Time-barred claims for breach of the duty
        risk investments, were revived pursuant to                    of good faith and fair dealing, negligent
        apportionment of liability statute when trustee               misrepresentation, negligence, and deceptive
        in beneficiaries' action designated broker as a               trade act violations that trust beneficiaries
        responsible third party and beneficiaries sought              asserted against investment broker, arising out
        to join broker within 60 days of designation,                 of broker's advice that trustee engage in margin
        though broker alleged beneficiaries and trustee               trading and high risk investments, were not
        colluded to join broker after beneficiaries                   revived pursuant to apportionment of liability
        realized claims against broker were time-barred,              statute when trustee in beneficiaries' action
        as statute expressly allowed revival of previously            designated broker as a responsible third party
        time-barred claims, statute did not preclude                  and beneficiaries sought to join broker within 60
        responsible third party designations based on                 days of the designation, as such claims, which
        intent of designators, such claims against broker             were subject to two-year statutes of limitations,
        were not time-barred when statute was enacted,                were time-barred when apportionment statute

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           3
Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

        was enacted, and broker had a vested right to rely          in beneficiaries' action, as such statutory claims
        on statutes of limitations barring such claims.             were based in tort, and the subject statutes did
        V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code                    not contain a separate and conflicting legislative
        §§ 33.004(e), 33.011(6); Vernon's Ann.Texas                 fault allocation scheme. V.T.C.A., Civil Practice
        Const. Art. 1, § 16.                                        & Remedies Code §§ 33.002(a), 33.004(e).

        Cases that cite this headnote                               2 Cases that cite this headnote

 [18]   Appeal and Error                                     [21]   Limitation of Actions
           Judgment                                                     Intervention or bringing in new parties
        Court of Appeals would not address argument                 Time-barred claims for breach of fiduciary
        by investment broker and brokerage service                  duty, fraud, and violations of securities act that
        that apportionment of liability statute, which              trust beneficiaries asserted against brokerage
        allowed revival of otherwise time-barred claims             service based on respondeat superior, arising
        if a defendant made a responsible third party               out of advice by broker employed by service
        designation, did not apply to fraud claims,                 that trustee engage in margin trading and high
        in appeal of summary judgment for broker                    risk investments, were not revived pursuant to
        and brokerage service in action by trust                    apportionment of liability statute when trustee
        beneficiaries asserting breach of fiduciary duty,           in beneficiaries' action designated broker and
        fraud and other claims against trustee, broker and          brokerage service as responsible third parties,
        brokerage service, where broker and brokerage               though statute revived such claims against
        service did not raise such argument in the trial            broker, as statute's intent was to apportion
        court to support summary judgment. V.T.C.A.,                responsibility based on a person's harm-causing
        Civil Practice & Remedies Code §§ 33.002(a),                conduct, and allowing revival of claims based on
        33.004(e).                                                  respondeat superior, under which an employer
                                                                    was vicariously liable regardless of fault, was
        Cases that cite this headnote                               incongruent with statute's purpose. V.T.C.A.,
                                                                    Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 33.004(e).
 [19]   Appeal and Error
                                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
            Grounds for Sustaining Decision Not
        Considered
        The Court of Appeals may not affirm a summary        [22]   Labor and Employment
        judgment on grounds not expressly set out in the                Nature of liability in general
        motion or response.                                         Pursuant to the doctrine of respondeat superior,
                                                                    an employer will be held vicariously liable for
        Cases that cite this headnote                               the negligence of its employee regardless of any
                                                                    allegation of fault on the part of the employer.
 [20]   Limitation of Actions
                                                                    Cases that cite this headnote
            Intervention or bringing in new parties
        Apportionment of liability statute, which
        allowed revival of otherwise time-barred claims      [23]   Judgment
        if a defendant made a responsible third party                   Motion or Other Application
        designation, applied to violations of securities            Judgment
        act and trust act claims that trust beneficiaries               Particular defenses
        asserted against investment broker, arising out             Summary judgment could not be granted on
        of broker's advice that trustee engage in margin            limitations grounds to investment brokerage
        trading and high risk investments, when trustee             and brokerage service, who advised trustee to
        designated broker as a responsible third party              engage in margin trading and invest in high risk

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                        4
Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

        mutual funds, on claim by trust beneficiaries
        that broker and service knowingly assisted           Attorneys and Law Firms
        trustee in breaching his fiduciary duties to
                                                             *112 Leonard J. Meyer, Leslie K. Hillendahl, Zimmerman,
        beneficiaries, when such claim was not brought
                                                             Axelrad, Meyer, Stern & Wise, P.C., Houston, TX, for
        by beneficiaries on trustee's behalf, and there
                                                             Appellants.
        was no evidence or argument offered to establish
        the accrual date for the assisting-in-breach-of-     Lindsey Eubank Simmons, Joyce McFarland & McFarland
        fiduciary-duty claim.                                LLP, Yasmin Islam Atasi, Winstead PC, Houston, TX,
                                                             Michael L. Scanes, Scanes, Routh & James, LLP, Waco, TX,
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             for Appellees.

 [24]   Appeal and Error                                     Panel consists of Chief Justice RADACK and Justices
            Grounds for Sustaining Decision Not              ALCALA and HIGLEY.
        Considered
        In an appeal of a summary judgment, the Court of
        Appeals may consider, in the interest of justice,                           *113 OPINION
        grounds that the movant preserved for review
                                                             LAURA CARTER HIGLEY, Justice.
        and on which the trial court did not rule.
                                                             In this appeal, plaintiffs/appellants, Olga (Chapa) Villarreal
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             and Israel Chapa, present three issues challenging the
                                                             trial court's order granting summary judgment in favor of
 [25]   Fraud                                                defendants/appellees, Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC,
            Persons liable                                   Wells Fargo Investments, LLC (collectively, “Wells Fargo”),
        When a third party knowingly participates in         and Charles J. Lewis, Jr.
        the breach of a fiduciary duty, the third party
        becomes a joint tortfeasor and is liable as such.    We affirm in part and reverse in part.

        Cases that cite this headnote

                                                                         Factual & Procedural Background
 [26]   Brokers
            Nature of broker's obligation                    Pete David Chapa (“Mr. Chapa”) developed silicosis after
                                                             working at a glass plant for 20 years. Mr. Chapa filed suit
        Brokers
                                                             based on his silicosis injuries and obtained a settlement for
            Purchases and Sales on Margin
                                                             $650,000. The settlement funded shortly after his death in
        Trust beneficiaries were not required to establish   February 1997. As directed by Mr. Chapa, the settlement
        that investment broker and brokerage service         funds were placed in a testamentary trust for the benefit of his
        owed them a fiduciary duty or that broker and        two adult children, Olga (Chapa) Villarreal and Israel Chapa
        service breached such duty, in order to assert a     (collectively, “the Chapas”). Mr. Chapa named a family
        claim against broker and service, who advised        friend, Ramiro Pena, Jr. (“Pena”), to act as trustee.
        trustee to engage in margin trading and invest
        in high risk mutual funds, that broker and           Pena opened a non-discretionary brokerage account with
        service knowingly assisted trustee in breaching      investment broker Charles J. Lewis, Jr. (“Lewis”) at Wells
        his fiduciary duties to beneficiaries.               Fargo. Pena deposited $634,000 into the account on May 19,
                                                             1997. In August 1997, Pena began margin trading with the
        Cases that cite this headnote
                                                             account's funds. Pena signed a margin trading agreement with
                                                             Wells Fargo. The agreement explained that margin trading
                                                             allowed Pena to borrow money from Wells Fargo and that
                                                             such loans were secured by the brokerage account's assets.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         5
Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

In late 1999 and early 2000, Pena authorized Wells Fargo to        In addition, the Chapas set forth a cause of action against
invest the account's funds in technology mutual funds. From        Wells Fargo for assisting Pena in breaching his fiduciary duty
December 31, 1999 to January 31, 2001, the value of the            to the Chapas.
brokerage account went from $653,214.87 to $361,538.98.
                                                                   In their petition, the Chapas further asserted that Wells Fargo
Pena closed the brokerage account with Wells Fargo on              was vicariously liable for Lewis's acts based on respondeat
November 1, 2001. Pena then invested the funds with Jubilee        superior and based on a “negligent failure to supervise.” The
Investments.                                                       Chapas also alleged that the discovery rule and “fraudulent
                                                                   concealment” had served to toll the statute of limitations on
On June 21, 2005, Israel Chapa's attorney sent a letter to         their claims.
Pena regarding the trust's assets. The letter indicated that the
beneficiaries had never received an accounting of the trust's      After the Chapas filed their third amended petition, Pena
funds, but had received only “a few general comments about         filed a motion to designate Lewis as a “responsible third
some money being lost in investments.” The letter also stated      party” pursuant to Civil Practices and Remedies Code section
that Israel had stopped receiving monthly payments from the        33.004. The Chapas also filed a motion to join Lewis as a
trust and had been told by Pena that the money was “tied up”       defendant based on section 33.004(e). After the trial court
in Jubilee Investments. Israel's counsel demanded that Pena        granted the motion to join, the Chapas filed their fourth
provide an accounting of the trust's assets since its creation.    amended petition, adding Lewis as a defendant. The Chapas
Pena provided information to the beneficiaries, but not until      asserted the same causes action against Lewis as they had
six months after receiving Israel's request.                       previously asserted against Wells Fargo. The Chapas also
                                                                   added a cause of action for fraud against Wells Fargo and
The Chapas filed suit against Pena, Wells Fargo, and the           Lewis.
principals of Jubilee Investments on August 17, 2006. The
Chapas alleged that Pena breached his fiduciary duty as            Wells Fargo and Lewis filed a “traditional” rule 166a(c)
trustee by failing to properly invest, manage, and preserve the    motion for summary judgment against the Chapas. The
trust's assets. The Chapas also alleged that Pena breached his     summary judgment movants asserted, “as a threshold matter,”
fiduciary duty by failing to “institute[ ] legal action” against   that they did not owe an independent fiduciary duty to the
Wells Fargo and by failing to fully disclose “material facts”      Chapas because Pena was the account holder, not the Chapas.
to the Chapas regarding the losses sustained by the trust.
                                                                   Wells Fargo and Lewis asserted the affirmative defense of
The Chapas also alleged that Wells Fargo owed a fiduciary          limitations as the primary basis for summary judgment. They
duty to Pena in his capacity as trustee of the testamentary        argued that the applicable statutes of limitation had expired
trust and, by extension, to them as beneficiaries of the trust.    on all of the Chapas' causes of action. Wells Fargo and Lewis
The Chapas asserted that Wells Fargo, through the acts of          contended that the discovery rule and fraudulent concealment
its employee, investment broker Charles Lewis, had breached        did not operate to toll the various limitations periods.
that duty by advising Pena to make “unsuitable” high-risk
investments with the trust's funds, despite Pena's request that    The summary judgment movants asserted that, because
the funds be placed in low-risk investments. Specifically, the     the Chapas' alleged injuries were not “inherently
Chapas identified the technology mutual *114 funds and             undiscoverable,” the discovery rule did not apply to toll the
the margin trading as “unsuitable” investments for the trust's     statutes of limitation. Wells Fargo and Lewis acknowledged
assets. The Chapas claimed that, when Pena had questioned          Pena's deposition testimony in which he testified that he
Lewis about the suitability of these investments, Lewis had        was unaware that investing in technology mutual funds or
continually assured him that they were suitable investments        margin trading were not “suitable” investments for the trust's
for the trust's funds.                                             assets until he consulted an attorney in 2005 after receiving
                                                                   the Chapas' demand letter requesting an accounting for the
Besides breach of fiduciary duty, the Chapas also sued Wells       trust. Wells Fargo and Lewis averred that Pena's claim
Fargo for breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing,       was “misplaced.” The movants asserted, “[A]ny injury or
negligent misrepresentation, negligence, and violations of the     wrongdoing caused by Wells Fargo or Lewis was clearly
Deceptive Trade Practices Act and the Texas Securities Act.        evident on the face of the bank statements, which showed all

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            6
Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

activity in the margin account, the funds in which the account     established that they did not learn of their injury until
was invested, and gains and losses to the account.”                December 2005 when [Pena] finally provided an accounting
                                                                   to the Plaintiffs.”
To support this assertion, Wells Fargo and Lewis offered, as
evidence, monthly and quarterly account statements received        In their summary judgment response, the Chapas also
by Pena from December 1999 through January 2001. The               reasserted their claim that “the various statutes of limitations
statements show a noticeable decline in the brokerage              are tolled due to fraudulent concealment.” They asserted that
account's funds. They also offered a document signed by Pena       they had “produced evidence of a breach of trust/breach of
on December 4, 2000, which directed Wells Fargo to transfer        fiduciary duty by Lewis, Wells Fargo, and [Pena] in picking
funds from Internet and technology mutual funds into a “unit       out investments for the trust that were prima facie unsuitable.”
investment trust” that had “greater diversification and less       The Chapas argued that the defendants “knew of the tort, but
overall *115 volatility.” The movants pointed to the monthly       used deception to conceal the tort.” They further asserted that
account statement following this transaction, which reflected      “a fiduciary has an affirmative duty to disclose material facts
that proceeds from this sale had been used to pay monies owed      to the beneficiaries and a breach of the duty to disclose is
on the margin account balance.                                     tantamount to concealment.” The Chapas averred that Pena
                                                                   had “failed to provide periodic statements regarding the trusts
With regard to fraudulent concealment, Wells Fargo and             to Plaintiffs and did not disclose the losses occasioned by
Lewis argued that nothing had been concealed from Pena.            Lewis's negligence until long after they occurred.” They
They again pointed to the monthly and quarterly statements         asserted that they had “relied on Lewis's and Pena's deception
received by Pena, which showed the decline in the brokerage        to their detriment.” For these reasons, the Chapas concluded,
account's value.                                                   “[T]he applicable statute of limitations for the various causes
                                                                   of action were tolled during the time that the losses were
Wells Fargo and Lewis argued that “any claims Pena may             fraudulently concealed.”
have had against Wells Fargo or Lewis accrued in 2000 when
Pena received the monthly statements and quarterly reports         In their motion for summary judgment, Wells Fargo and
reflecting the losses in technology funds, and certainly no        Lewis also argued that Lewis could not properly be joined
later than December 4, 2000, when Pena decided to move the         pursuant to Civil Practice and Remedies Code section 33.004.
brokerage account investments out of the technology funds          The movants acknowledged that section 33.004 provides that
into more conservative investments, as a result of the losses.”    a claimant (plaintiff) is not barred by limitations from seeking
Wells Fargo and Lewis concluded that the Chapas' claims first      to join a responsible third party within 60 days after that
asserted in their August 17, 2006 lawsuit were “barred by the      person is designated as a responsible third party.
statutes of limitations, as the longest period for any cause of
action they allege is four years.”                                  *116 Wells Fargo and Lewis argued that the Chapas should
                                                                   not be permitted to join Lewis because such joinder was a
The Chapas responded to the motion for summary judgment            “fraudulent” attempt to avoid limitations. They alleged that
by first clarifying that they, as the trust's beneficiaries, had   the Chapas and Pena had conspired to circumvent limitations.
the legal right to pursue claims on behalf of the trust which
the trustee, Pena, had not pursued. The Chapas also reminded       Wells Fargo and Lewis also argued that allowing joinder
Wells Fargo and Lewis that they had asserted a claim against       of a defendant against whom limitations had run before the
both defendants for assisting Pena in breaching his fiduciary      lawsuit was initially filed would be an “absurd result” and a
duty as trustee to the Chapas.                                     “nonsensical” interpretation of the statute.

The Chapas reasserted their claim that the discovery rule          The movants also asserted that section 33.004 did not apply
tolled the running of limitations. They argued that “a             to those causes of action asserted by the Chapas for which
fiduciary's misconduct is inherently undiscoverable.” The          limitations had expired prior to the section's effective date.
Chapas again pointed out that Pena, as trustee, owed them a        Wells Fargo and Lewis further asserted that section 33.004
fiduciary duty. They asserted, “Pena actively concealed from       did not apply to certain statutory claims asserted by the
them the fact and extent of the injury they suffered through       Chapas.
the misfeasance of Lewis.” They continued, “Plaintiffs have

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             7
Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

The Chapas responded that the plain language of section
33.004(e) permitted their joinder of Lewis and appeared            The Chapas appealed. They present three issues challenging
to “contemplate[ ] the very issue of bringing in a person          the summary judgment order. In their first two issues, *117
who limitations may have run against.” The Chapas further          the Chapas contend that summary judgment was not proper
asserted that Wells Fargo was “liable under the doctrine of        based on limitations. In their third issue, the Chapas assert
respondeat superior to the extent that [Lewis] is found liable.”   that summary judgment could not be based on the ground
                                                                   that there was no evidence to support their claim that Wells
Wells Fargo and Lewis filed a reply to the Chapas'                 Fargo and Lewis participated or assisted Pena in breaching
summary judgment response. In addition to reasserting their        his fiduciary duty.
initial summary judgment arguments, the summary judgment
movants pointed out that, in their response, the Chapas “do
not dispute that they stand in the shoes of Pena, the trustee,
                                                                           Summary Judgment Based on Limitations
for purposes of their claims.” Wells Fargo and Lewis agreed
that the Chapas could assert claims based on their status as       In their first and second issues, the Chapas contend that
beneficiaries of the testamentary trust. But, they disagreed       the trial court erred by granting summary judgment because
that the Chapas had “individual claims against Wells Fargo         Wells Fargo and Lewis failed to prove, as a matter of law,
and Lewis.” They asserted, “Plaintiff's stand in the trustee's     that limitations bar the Chapas' claims, which they assert as
shoes, and Plaintiffs' limitations period is computed from the     trust beneficiaries on behalf of the trustee. On appeal, the
time the trustee acquired his right to sue.”                       Chapas contend that a genuine issue of material fact exists
                                                                   regarding whether the discovery rule deferred the accrual of
In their reply, Wells Fargo and Lewis also asserted, “[s]ection
                                                                   these causes of action. 1
33.004 was clearly not intended to allow for the collusive
joinder of an employee of a previously-named defendant
where, as here, the claims against the employee and employer       A. Legal Principles: Traditional Summary Judgment
are one and the same, and the employee was known to the            and Limitations
parties all along, and Plaintiffs made a conscious decision not    Because summary judgment is a question of law, a trial
to sue the employee at the outset.” They further alleged that,     court's summary judgment decision is reviewed de novo.
even assuming that Lewis was properly joined, section 33.004       See Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656,
does not operate to “revive” time-barred claims against Wells      661 (Tex.2005). In our review, we take the nonmovant's
Fargo “by virtue of respondeat superior.”                          competent evidence as true, indulge every reasonable
                                                                   inference in favor of the nonmovant, and resolve all doubts
In addition to their traditional motion for summary judgment,      in favor of the nonmovant. Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc.
Wells Fargo and Lewis also asserted a no-evidence motion for       v. Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 846 (Tex.2005). To prevail on a
summary judgment with respect to one of the Chapas' causes         “traditional” summary-judgment motion asserted under Rule
of action: the Chapas' claim that Wells Fargo and Lewis had        166a(c), a movant must prove that there is no genuine issue
participated or assisted in Pena's breach of his fiduciary duty    as to any material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as
as trustee to the Chapas. Specifically, Wells Fargo and Lewis      a matter of law. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Little v. Texas
asserted that the Chapas could produce no evidence that Wells      Dep't of Criminal Justice, 148 S.W.3d 374, 381 (Tex.2004).
Fargo's and Lewis's conduct breached a duty to the Chapas.
                                                                    [1] [2] A defendant moving for summary judgment on the
The trial court granted Wells Fargo's and Lewis's motion for       affirmative defense of limitations must conclusively establish
summary judgment. In its order, the trial court specified that     the date on which the limitations commenced; that is, the
“all claims asserted by Plaintiffs [the Chapas] against Wells      date on which the cause of action accrued. See Pustejovsky
Fargo and Lewis are barred by the statutes of limitations.” The    v. Rapid–American Corp., 35 S.W.3d 643, 646 (Tex.2000);
trial court ordered that all of the Chapas' claims against Wells   Zale Corp. v. Rosenbaum, 520 S.W.2d 889, 891 (Tex.1975).
Fargo and Lewis “are hereby dismissed with prejudice, and          The determination of this date is typically a question of law.
Plaintiffs shall take nothing by reason of those claims.” The      Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211,
trial court then granted the movants' motion to sever, making      221 (Tex.2003).
the summary judgment order final for purposes of appeal.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                           8
Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

 [3] [4] As a general rule, a cause of action accrues, and                      the period of the statute of limitations
the statute of limitations begins to run, when facts come into                  should be computed from the time the
existence that authorize a party to seek a judicial remedy. Id.                 trustee acquired his right to sue.
(citing Johnson & Higgins of Tex., Inc. v. Kenneco Energy,
Inc., 962 S.W.2d 507, 514 (Tex.1998)). In most cases, claims         699 S.W.2d 864, 874 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1985,
accrue “when a wrongful act causes some legal injury.” Via           writ ref'd n.r.e.).
Net v. TIG Ins. Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex.2006). This is
true even if the fact of injury is not discovered until later, andIn this case, the Chapas asserted their claims against Wells
even if all resulting damages have not yet occurred. Knott,       Fargo and Lewis for breach of fiduciary duty, breach
128 S.W.3d at 221 (citing S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1, 4           of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, negligent
(Tex.1996)).                                                      misrepresentation, negligence, fraud, and for statutory
                                                                  violations, as trust beneficiaries on behalf of the trustee. See
 [5] [6] The discovery rule defers the accrual of a cause of id. The parties agree that the limitations periods for these
action until the plaintiff knows, or by exercising reasonable     claims began to run when Pena, as trustee, acquired his right
diligence, should know of the facts giving rise to the claim.     to sue. See id. As a result, Wells Fargo and Lewis had to
Barker v. Eckman, 213 S.W.3d 306, 311–12 (Tex.2006). For          show that no genuine issue of material fact exists regarding
the discovery rule to apply, the injury must be inherently        when Pena, not the Chapas, discovered, or in the exercise of
undiscoverable and objectively verifiable. Id. at 312; Via Net,   reasonable diligence should have discovered, the wrongful act
211 S.W.3d at 313.                                                and resulting injury. 2 See id. Indeed, all of the arguments and
                                                                  evidence offered by Wells Fargo and Lewis related to Pena's
 *118 [7]        [8]    [9] If the plaintiff pleads the discovery knowledge, not the Chapas' knowledge.
rule as an exception to limitations, the moving defendant
then has the dual burden of proving the date of accrual           The Chapas allege that Lewis owed a fiduciary duty to Pena
and of negating the discovery-rule exception. See Envtl.          to correctly advise him regarding suitable investments for
Procedures, Inc. v. Guidry, 282 S.W.3d 602, 622 (Tex.App.-        the testamentary trust funds. The Chapas allege that Lewis
Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. denied). The defendant may        breached this duty when he directed Pena to engage in margin
negate the exception by proving, as a matter of law, that         trading and invest in high-risk technology mutual funds.
no genuine issue of material fact exists regarding when the
plaintiff discovered, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence   *119 [10]        [11]    [12] The Chapas correctly point out
should have discovered, the wrongful act and resulting injury.    that when analyzing the applicability of the discovery rule
See KPMG Peat Marwick v. Harrison County Hous. Fin.               in cases in which the alleged injuries arise from a breach of
Corp., 988 S.W.2d 746, 748 (Tex.1999); see also Childs v.         fiduciary duty, the claims are generally considered inherently
Haussecker, 974 S.W.2d 31, 37 (Tex.1998). If the movant           undiscoverable. See S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 8; Computer
establishes that limitations bars the action, the nonmovant       Assocs. Int'l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 918 S.W.2d 453, 456
must then adduce summary judgment proof raising a fact            (Tex.1996). Nonetheless, once the fiduciary's misconduct
issue to avoid limitations. KPMG Peat Marwick, 988 S.W.2d         becomes apparent, the claimant cannot ignore it, regardless of
at 748.                                                           the fiduciary nature of the relationship. See S.V., 933 S.W.2d
                                                                  at 8; see also Computer Assocs., 918 S.W.2d at 456. In other
                                                                  words, such claims accrue when the claimant knows or in the
B. Analysis of Whether Limitations had Expired                    exercise of ordinary diligence should know of the wrongful
In Interfirst Bank–Houston, N.A. v. Quintana Petroleum
                                                                  act and resulting injury. 3 See Murphy v. Campbell, 964
Corporation, we explained,
                                                                  S.W.2d 265, 271 (Tex.1997). The date that a claimant knew
              It is only when the trustee cannot or               or should have known of an injury is generally a fact question.
              will not enforce the cause of action                See Childs, 974 S.W.2d at 44. However, if reasonable minds
              that he has against the third person that           could not differ about the conclusion to be drawn from the
              the beneficiary is allowed to enforce it.           facts in the record, the start of the limitations period may be
              In such a case, the beneficiary is not              determined as a matter of law. See id.
             acting on a cause of action vested in
             him, but is acting for the trustee, and

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Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

 [13] Here, Wells Fargo and Lewis offered evidence to show          Based on the summary judgment proof offered, Wells Fargo
that, on December 4, 2000, Pena knew, or should have known,         and Lewis conclusively established that Pena knew, or should
the risky and “unsuitable” nature of the subject investments        have known of Lewis's alleged wrongdoing, and of the
and of the injury to the trust. To support summary judgment,        resulting injury, on December 4, 2000. See Murphy, 964
the movants offered the monthly and quarterly statements            S.W.2d at 271; S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 8; Computer Assocs.,
received by Pena from December 1999 through January                 918 S.W.2d at 456; see also Freuden v. Hibernia Nat. Bank,
2001. The statements show that from December 31, 1999               No. 09–08–00398–CV, 2009 WL 2045158, at *3 (Tex.App.-
to November 30, 2000 the value of the brokerage account             Beaumont July 16, 2009, pet. denied) (mem.op.). This is true
declined from $653,214.87 to $433,202.86. In the month of           even when the evidence is viewed in favor of the Chapas.
November 2000, the account lost $152,886.26. The statement          Thus, Wells Fargo and Lewis conclusively proved that the
dated December 29, 2000 indicates that account funds were           Chapas' causes of action brought on behalf of Pena accrued
used to pay for losses sustained due to margin trading.             on December 4, 2000.

The movants offered Pena's deposition testimony in which            On appeal, the Chapas point to record evidence to show that,
Pena admitted that he was aware that the losses to the              when viewed in the light most favorable to them, a genuine
brokerage account resulted from the investments in the              issue of material fact exists regarding when their causes of
technology mutual funds. Pena acknowledged that he decided          action accrued. The Chapas rely on Pena's testimony that he
to take the brokerage account's funds out of the technology         did not realize that the trust's funds had not been suitably
sector investments in December 2000 because he knew                 invested until December 2005, when Pena consulted an
that the account had sustained losses from the technology           attorney to respond to the Chapas' demand for an accounting
investments.                                                        of the trust.

The movants also offered the “Client Investment                     The Chapas also point to evidence that Pena was
Replacement Authorization” form signed by Pena on                   inexperienced as a trustee and as an investor. Pena testified
December 4, 2000. In the form, Pena directed that the               that he told Lewis that he did not want to place the trust's
brokerage account's funds “exit” from the technology mutual         funds in any risky investments. He stated that Lewis had
funds and be invested in a “unit investment trust.” The hand-       assured him that the funds would be not be put at risk. Pena
written notation on the form indicates that the “reason for         testified that, when he questioned Lewis regarding the losses
[the] change” was as follows: “Diversify from internet sector/      in the account, Lewis reassured him that the investments
technology funds into UIT with greater diversification and          were suitable. In their brief, the Chapas point to testimony
less overall volatility.”                                           that Lewis had “crafted the investment strategy specific for
                                                                    the Trust to achieve ‘preservation’ of the principal for the
By the hand-written notation, the Client Investment                 benefit of the Chapas as beneficiaries, all the while knowing
Replacement Authorization form indicates that Pena was              that Pena was relying on his expert advice as a ‘certified
aware that the technology investments were, as the Chapas           financial planner.’ ” The Chapas also cite testimony that, on
allege, not “suitable” investments for the trust fund's assets      one occasion, “Lewis made the decision to sell stock out of the
because of their volatility. Pena was also aware that the trust's   Trust account to reduce the amount of margin without seeking
corpus had sustained substantial losses caused by investment        the approval of Pena or even notifying him of such sale until
in the technology mutual funds. And he was aware that               after the fact.”
margin trading was also depleting the trust fund's assets.
                                                                    Here, the monthly account statements, coupled with the
Pena's awareness of these facts, at a minimum, would have           Client Investment Replacement Authorization, shows that, on
caused a reasonably prudent trustee to further inquire into         December 4, 2000, Pena had an affirmative awareness of the
Lewis's conduct. Even assuming a fiduciary relationship             losses sustained by the trust's assets and of the cause of that
between Pena and Lewis, *120 Pena could not simply sit              loss. When viewed in their favor, the evidence cited by the
back and ignore the very facts that the Chapas now, acting on       Chapas may raise a fact issue regarding whether Pena knew,
his behalf, claim afford them a judicial remedy.                    or should have known, of the alleged unsuitable nature of
                                                                    the investments before December 4, 2000, given the claimed
                                                                    fiduciary relationship between Lewis and Pena. The evidence

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Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

cited by the Chapas may also be relevant to the underlying
merits of their claims. But, such evidence does not raise a        (e) If a person is designated under this section as a
genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Pena knew,        responsible third party, a claimant is not barred by
or should have known, of Lewis's alleged wrongdoing and of         limitations from seeking to join that person, even though
the resulting injury on December 4, 2000.                          such joinder would otherwise be barred by limitations, if
                                                                   the claimant seeks to join that person not later than 60 days
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the            after that person is designated as a responsible third party.
Chapas, Wells Fargo and Lewis established that Pena knew,
                                                                 TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(a),(e)
or should have known, of Lewis's alleged wrongdoing and
                                                                 (Vernon 2008).
of the resulting injury on December 4, 2000. See Murphy,
964 S.W.2d at 271; S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 8; Computer Assocs.,
                                                                 It is undisputed that, pursuant to section 33.004(e), the Chapas
918 S.W.2d at 456. Accordingly, Wells Fargo and Lewis
                                                                 joined Lewis within 60 days after he had been designated as a
conclusively proved that the Chapas' causes of action brought
                                                                 responsible third party by Pena. In their motion for summary
on behalf of Pena accrued on December 4, 2000.
                                                                 judgment, Wells Fargo and Lewis raised several grounds to
                                                                 support their assertion that section 33.004(e) did not permit
It is undisputed that the Chapas' causes of action have
                                                                 Lewis's joinder.
statutes of limitations ranging from two years to four years.
The *121 Chapas did not file suit until August 17, 2006.
Therefore, we conclude that the Chapas' claims against Wells     1. Public Policy
Fargo and Lewis, asserted by them on behalf of Pena, for         The movants first characterize Lewis's joinder as
breach of fiduciary duty, breach of the duty of good faith and   “fraudulent.” They alleged that the Chapas and Pena colluded
fair dealing, negligent misrepresentation, negligence, fraud,    to join Lewis after the Chapas realized that their claims
and violating the Deceptive Trade Practices Act and the Texas    against Wells Fargo were time-barred. The movants argued
Securities Act were barred by limitations when the suit was      that section 33.004(e)'s joinder provision should not apply
filed.                                                           when, as here, a plaintiff's claims were time-barred before suit
                                                                 was filed. Specifically, the movants asserted,

C. Civil Practices and Remedies Code Section 33.004                           [I]nterpreted logically, the apparent
 [14] In support of their first two issues challenging summary                limitations savings clause [of section
judgment, the Chapas also contend that Civil Practices and                    33.004(e) ] should only operate to
Remedies Code section 33.004 permits them to pursue their                     revive claims against later joined
claims against Lewis and Wells Fargo, regardless of whether                   responsible third parties in cases
those claims were time-barred at the time suit was initially                  where the initial lawsuit was timely
filed. Section 33.004 is part of Chapter 33, the statutory                    filed. Any suggestion to the contrary,
scheme for the apportionment of responsibility in tort and                    namely that limitations may be revived
deceptive trade practices actions. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.                        as to claims which were barred on
REM.CODE ANN. §§ 33.001–.017 (Vernon 2008).                                   the date the lawsuit was first filed,
                                                                              would essentially strip all defendants
Section 33.004 provides, in relevant part,                                    who are joined as responsible third
                                                                              parties from any limitations defense,
  (a) A defendant may seek to designate a person as a
                                                                              regardless of how far back the conduct
  responsible third party by filing a motion for leave to
                                                                              in question occurred. Taken to its end,
  designate that person as a responsible third party. The
                                                                              this argument would lead to absurd
  motion must be filed on or before the 60th day before the
                                                                              results and potential for collusion
  trial date unless the court finds good cause to allow the
                                                                              that the legislature could not have
  motion to be filed at a later date.
                                                                              possibly intended when they drafted §
  ....                                                                        33.004(e).

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Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

The movants acknowledged that no case law supports their          an absurd result. To illustrate their point, they offered the
policy argument and that “the legislative history does not shed   following example and argument:
any light on the limitations issue.”
                                                                              Plaintiff (P) files suit in January
 *122 Although the movants' policy argument has certain                       2008 against D1, an individual driving
common sense appeal, it cannot serve to defeat the plain                      alone, and D2, a moving company,
language of the statute, which permitted the joinder of                       for negligence stemming from a May
Lewis in this case. Last year, the San Antonio Court of                       1997 three-car automobile accident.
Appeals rejected a similar public policy argument in Flack                    P's claims against D1 and D2
v. Hanke, –––S.W.3d ––––, –––– (Tex.App.-San Antonio                          are clearly barred by the two-year
2009, no pet.). There, the designating defendant had agreed                   negligence statute of limitations. D1,
to designate the appellees as responsible third parties in                    the individual, files a motion to
exchange for being dismissed from the suit as part of a                       designate T, the employee driver of
settlement agreement with the plaintiff. See id. at ––––. The                 D2's moving company vehicle, as a
appellees argued that their designation as responsible third                  responsible third party. P then joins T
parties should be disallowed because such designation was                     as a defendant pursuant to 33.004(e),
an “attempt to manipulate the process” and to circumvent                      even though over 10 years have passed
their statutory limitations defense. Id. at ––––. The court                   since the accident, and any claims
of appeals acknowledged that the appellees were likely                        against T are clearly time-barred. By
designated as responsible third parties solely to “wash out”                  the Chapa Plaintiffs' logic, the claims
                                                                              against T should survive pursuant to
the appellees' limitations defense. 4 Id. at ––––. Nonetheless,
                                                                              the savings clause of 33.004(e), even
the San Antonio court of appeals rejected the appellees' policy
                                                                              though the initial suit by P was not
argument, explaining, “[T]he statute does not specifically
                                                                              timely filed. Thus, P would be able
preclude such designations based on the intent of the
                                                                              to revive a completely dead case and
designor.” Id.
                                                                              pursue his 10–year–old claims against
                                                                              T. Clearly this *123 was not the
 [15] We must construe section 33.004(e) according to its
                                                                              intent of the legislature in drafting
plain language and may not add language that is not implicitly
                                                                              33.004.
contained in the language of the statute. See Lee v. City of
Houston, 807 S.W.2d 290, 295 (Tex.1991). Here, we can
ascertain no legislative intent from the statutory scheme that    Again, Wells Fargo and Lewis provide a compelling
the legislature meant to preclude the joinder of a responsible    argument. Nonetheless, the underlying facts of this case are
third party, which had a valid limitations defense when the       unlike those in the movants' example. Here, no allegation or
suit was filed. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. §               proof has been offered to show that the Chapas' claims against
33.004(e); see also TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. §               Pena, the defendant who designated Lewis as a responsible
33.002 (defining applicability of Chapter 33, including listing   third party, were time-barred when suit was initially filed.
types of claims to which chapter does not apply). Rather,         To the contrary, it appears accepted by the parties that the
the provision's plain language expressly allows, for a limited    Chapas' claims against Pena were timely. In contrast, the
period, the revival of claims that were previously time-barred.   defendant, D1, in the movants' example, who designated T as
See TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(e).                    a responsible third party, had a valid limitations defense when
                                                                  suit was filed.
 [16] We further note that our function is not to question
the wisdom of the statute or measure it for logic; we are to      The distinction does have significance. Here, the case is not
apply the statute as written, unless the context or an absurd     “completely dead,” as the movants characterized the claims
result requires a different construction. See City of Rockwall    in their example. The Chapas had a “live” claim against Pena
v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 629 (Tex.2008); Lee, 807 S.W.2d        when they filed suit. Under the statutory scheme of Chapter
at 293. Wells Fargo and Lewis argued in their summary             33, Pena had the right to designate Lewis as a responsible
judgment motion that allowing Lewis's joinder leads to such       third party to apportion responsibility. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.
                                                                  REM.CODE ANN. § 33.004(a).

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Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

                                                                     has become barred by the statute of limitation, the defendant
The legislature has chosen to permit a defendant to designate        has a vested right to rely on such statute as a defense.” 12
a responsible third party, regardless of whether that party          S.W.3d 1, 4 (Tex.1999) (citing Wilson v. Work, 122 Tex.
has a valid limitations defense. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.                 545, 62 S.W.2d 490, 490 (1933); Cathey v. Weaver, 111
REM.CODE ANN. § 33.011(6) (Vernon 2008) (broadly                     Tex. 515, 242 S.W. 447, 453 (1922); Mellinger v. City of
defining “responsible third party”). In turn, the legislature        Houston, 68 Tex. 37, 3 S.W. 249, 255 (1887)). The court
balanced out the rights of a claimant, such as the Chapas, by        continued, “To permit barred claims to be revived years
giving the claimant a 60–day window to join a responsible            later would undermine society's interest in repose, which is
third party, regardless of whether that party has a valid            one of the principal justifications for statutes of limitations.”
limitations defense. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE                    Id. The court explained, “[W]e have written that a statute
ANN. § 33.004(e); see also Kimbrell v. Molinet, 288 S.W.3d           extending the limitations period of a claim already barred
464, 470 (Tex.App.-San Antonio 2009, pet. filed) (Simmons,           by limitations violates the Texas Constitution's prohibition
J., concurring) (discussing legislative history of Chapter 33        against retroactive laws, which is article I, section 16.” Id.
and balancing of parties' rights under statutory scheme). In
short, we conclude the movants' policy argument is without           Here, the Chapas' claims against Lewis for breach of the duty
merit and did not prevent Lewis's joinder by the Chapas.             of good faith and fair dealing, negligent misrepresentation,
                                                                     negligence, and DTPA violations accrued, as discussed
                                                                     above, on December 4, 2000. When the legislature enacted
2. Claims with Two–Year Limitations Period                           the 2003 amendments to Chapter 33, including section
In their motion for summary judgment, Wells Fargo and                33.004(e), these claims were already time-barred. At the time
Lewis also asserted that section 33.004(e) did not apply to the      of 33.004(e)'s enactment, Lewis had a vested right to rely on
Chapas' claims governed by two-year statutes of limitations.         the statutes of limitation barring these claims. See id. Reading
The movants pointed out, “The amendments to Chapter 33,              section 33.004(e) to divest Lewis of that right violates article
including § 33.004(e), became effective September 1, 2003.”          I, section 16 of the Texas Constitution. See id. Accordingly,
See Act of June 2, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 23.02,          the Chapas' time-barred claims for breach of the duty of
2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 847, 898–99. The 2003 version governs            good faith and fair dealing, negligent misrepresentation,
all cases filed on or after July 1, 2003. See Act of June 2, 2003,   negligence, and DTPA violations may not, as a matter of
78th Leg., R.S., ch. 204, § 23.02(c), 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws            law, be revived against Lewis pursuant to section 33.004(e).
847, 899.                                                            See id.; see also Mann v. Jack Roach Bissonnet, Inc., 623
S.W.2d 716, 718–19 (Tex.Civ.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1981,
Wells Fargo and Lewis further asserted, “It is well-settled          no writ) (holding that legislature cannot extend limitations
that a new limitations statutory scheme cannot revive claims         period for claims that are already time-barred).
on which limitations had expired prior to enactment of the
new statute.” They averred, “In the instant case, the [Chapas']
claims with a two-year statute of limitations had already            3. Statutory Claims
expired by September 1, 2003.”                                        [18] [19] [20] Civil Practice and Remedies Code section
                                                                     33.002(a) provides that Chapter 33 applies to
 [17] It is undisputed that the following claims asserted by the
Chapas against Lewis had a two-year statute of limitations:            (1) any cause of action based on tort in which a
breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, negligent           defendant, settling person, or responsible third party is
                                                                       found responsible for a percentage of the harm for which
misrepresentation, negligence, and DTPA violations. 5 The
                                                                       relief is sought; or
movants asserted that, because these claims were time-barred
when the 2003 amendments to Chapter 33 were enacted,                   (2) any action brought under the Deceptive Trade
the Chapas could not assert these causes of action against             Practices–Consumer Protection Act (Subchapter E,
Lewis when they joined him pursuant to section 33.004(e).              Chapter 17, Business & Commerce Code) in which a
We agree.                                                              defendant, settling person, or responsible third party is
                                                                       found responsible for a percentage of the harm for which
 *124 In Baker Hughes, Inc. v. Keco R. & D., Inc., the Texas           relief is sought.
supreme court reaffirmed “settled law” that, “after a cause

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Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

                                                                  Fid. & Guar. Ins. Underwriters Inc. v. Wells Fargo Bank,
TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. § 33.002(a) (Vernon                 No. H–04–2833, 2006 WL 870683, at *5 (S.D.Tex. Mar.
2008). The movants argued that Chapter 33 does not apply          31, 2006) (noting that “courts and commentators alike
to the Chapas' statutory claims asserted under the Texas          have recognized the difficulty in reconciling the language
Securities Act and the Texas Trust Act. 6 The movants'            of the Proportionate Responsibility Statute with certain
assertions are not supported by the weight of authority.          causes of actions, including vicarious and/or derivative
                                                                  liability actions”); D. Underwood & Michael D. Morrison,
Article 33.002(a) provides that Chapter 33 applies to “any        Apportioning Responsibility in Cases Involving Claims of
action based in tort.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN.              Vicarious Derivative, or Statutory Liability for Harm Directly
§ 33.002(a) (emphasis added). The Texas supreme court             Caused by the Conduct of Another, 55 BAYLOR L.REV.
has applied Chapter 33 to statutory tort claims that do not       617, 647–48 (2003) (writing that the legislature, in enacting
include a separate *125 and conflicting legislative fault         the original and present versions of section 33.003, did not
allocation scheme. 7 Compare JCW Elecs., Inc. v. Garza,           consider derivative or vicarious liability cases).
257 S.W.3d 701, 705–06 (Tex.2008) (holding that Chapter
33 applied to UCC article 2 claims) with Sw. Bank v. Info.         [22] As noted by the El Paso Court of Appeals, “The purpose
Support Concepts, Inc., 149 S.W.3d 104, 111 (Tex.2004)            of Chapter 33 ... is to apportion the damages for which
(declining to apply Chapter 33 to UCC article 3 conversion        joint tortfeasors are liable, according to the percentage *126
claims because article 3 contains “its own loss allocation        of fault.” Gilcrease v. Garlock, Inc., 211 S.W.3d 448, 457
scheme uniquely applicable to conversion claims involving         (Tex.App.-El Paso 2006, no pet.); see also TEX. CIV. PRAC.
negotiable instruments”); see also Werner v. KPMG, L.L.P.,        REM.CODE ANN. § 33.003 (directing that jury apportions
415 F. Supp. 2d 688, 703 (S.D.Tex.2006).                            responsibility among only those persons whose conduct
                                                                  caused or contributed to cause harm on which damages
Here, the movants made no assertion in their motion for           sought). Pursuant to the doctrine of respondeat superior, an
summary judgment that the Chapas' statutory claims are not        employer will be held vicariously liable for the negligence of
“based in tort.” Nor is there any argument that the subject       its employee regardless of any allegation of fault on the part
statutes contained a separate and conflicting legislative fault   of the employer. See Bedford v. Moore, 166 S.W.3d 454, 461
allocation scheme. Accordingly, we conclude that section          (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 2005, no pet.). Allowing a plaintiff to
33.004(e) applied to the Chapas' statutory claims asserted        use section 33.004(e) to revive a time-barred claim against
against Lewis. See JCW Elecs., 257 S.W.3d at 705–06.              a party, not for its tortious conduct, but merely based on its
                                                                  relationship with a tortfeasor, is incongruent with Chapter
                                                                  33's statutory scheme to apportion responsibility based on the
4. Respondeat Superior                                            person's harm-causing conduct. Cf. Rosell v. Cent. W. Motor
 [21] In the trial court and on appeal, the Chapas contend        Stages, Inc., 89 S.W.3d 643, 656–57 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2002,
that, to the extent that section 33.004(e) applies to Lewis, it   pet. denied) (explaining that, “while the statute on its face
also applies to Wells Fargo, based on respondeat superior. 8      requires all defendants to be included in the apportionment
As a result, the Chapas contend that Wells Fargo remains a        question, it would not be proper for an employer to be
defendant in the lawsuit, regardless of whether it has a valid    included along with the driver if its only responsibility was
limitations defense.                                              that of respondeat superior”).

In their opening brief, the Chapas contend that “the doctrine     Moreover, section 33.004(e) permits a claimant to join a
of respondeat superior clearly and most logically applies to      designated “responsible third party.” Under § 33.011(6), a
the context of Section 33.004(e).” They argue, “Permitting        “responsible third party”
a claim against an employer based on vicarious liability
                                                                              means [in pertinent part] any person
should be revived if the claim against the employee is
                                                                              who is alleged to have caused or
revived as well.” The Chapas do not cite, nor can we
                                                                              contributed to causing in any way the
locate, any authority determining this issue. Nor does Chapter
                                                                              harm for which recovery of damages
33 generally, or section 33.004(e) specifically, address the
                                                                              is sought, whether by negligent act
interplay between the proportionate liability scheme and
                                                                              or omission, by any defective or
claims based on theories of vicarious liability. See generally
                                                                              unreasonably dangerous product, by

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Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

            other conduct or activity that violates              Lewis breached a duty that they owed to the Chapas. Rather,
            an applicable legal standard, or by any              they allege that Wells Fargo and Lewis knowingly assisted
            combination of these.                                Pena in breaching his fiduciary duty to the Chapas. Indeed, to
                                                                 succeed on their assisting-in-breach-of-fiduciary-duty claim,
TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM.CODE ANN. § 33.011(6). A party               the Chapas need not show that Wells Fargo and Lewis owed
that is liable based purely on respondeat superior does not      them a fiduciary duty or that Wells Fargo's and Lewis's
fit this definition. The definition further underscores that     conduct breached such a duty. See Denson, 262 S.W.3d at
section 33.004(e) should not be used to hold a party liable      851.
when no allegations have been made that the party caused
or contributed to the claimant's damages. Accordingly, we      In a no-evidence motion for summary judgment, the movant
conclude that the Chapas' time-barred claims against Wells     must state the elements as to which there is no evidence
Fargo based on respondeat superior are not revived by section  for a claim. TEX.R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Roventini v. Ocular
33.004(e).                                                     Sciences, Inc., 111 S.W.3d 719, 722 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st
                                                               Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (noting that “motion must specify which
                                                               essential elements of the opponent's claim or defense lack
      No Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment                  supporting evidence”). Here, the only element identified by
                                                               the movants as entitling them to summary judgment is not
 [23]   [24] In their third issue, the Chapas contend that an element of the Chapas' assisting-in-breach-of-fiduciary-
summary judgment cannot be based on Lewis's and Wells          duty claim, as pleaded. 10 Accordingly, summary judgment
Fargo's no-evidence motion for summary judgment. The           cannot be properly granted on the movants' no-evidence
movants filed a no-evidence motion for summary judgment        summary judgment motion. See Denson, 262 S.W.3d
with respect to the Chapas' claim that Lewis and Wells         at 851 (concluding that no-evidence summary judgment
Fargo assisted Pena in his breaching his fiduciary duty to the erroneously granted on assisting-in-breach-of-fiduciary-duty
Chapas. 9                                                        claim because movant mischaracterized duty element of
                                                                 claim).
 [25] [26] “When a third party knowingly participates in
the breach of a fiduciary duty, the third party becomes a
joint tortfeasor and is liable as such.” Kastner v. Jenkens
                                                                                           Conclusion
& Gilchrist, P.C., 231 S.W.3d 571, 580 (Tex.App.-Dallas
2007, no pet.). In their fourth amended petition, the Chapas      Based on the record and the foregoing analysis, we
 *127 asserted a breach of fiduciary duty claim against Pena,     summarize our conclusions as follows:
individually, and against Wells Fargo and Lewis as joint
tortfeasors. The Chapas claimed that Wells Fargo and Lewis,         • The Chapas' claims against Wells Fargo and Lewis,
as third parties, knew that Pena was committing a breach of            asserted on behalf of Pena, accrued on December 4,
his fiduciary duty. They alleged that Wells Fargo and Lewis            2000.
knowingly participated in Pena's breach. The Chapas further
alleged that Wells Fargo and Lewis became joint tortfeasors         • The Chapas' claims against Wells Fargo and Lewis,
with Pena. They asserted that, as a result, Wells Fargo and            asserted on behalf of Pena, were time-barred when suit
Lewis are liable for participating in Pena's breach of trust. See      was filed.
Kinzbach Tool Co. v. Corbett–Wallace Corp., 138 Tex. 565,
                                                                    • The Chapas' claims against Lewis for breach of fiduciary
160 S.W.2d 509, 514 (1942); Denson v. Dallas County Credit
                                                                       duty, fraud, and violating the Texas Securities Act were
Union, 262 S.W.3d 846, 851 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2008, no pet.).
                                                                       revived by Civil Practices and Remedies Code section
                                                                       33.004(e).
In their no-evidence summary judgment motion, Wells Fargo
and Lewis alleged that there is no evidence that their conduct,     • Because they were time-barred when the statute was
separate from Pena's conduct, breached a duty to the Chapas.           enacted, the Chapas' claims against Lewis for breach of
In so doing, the movants misinterpreted the Chapas' cause of           the duty of good faith and fair dealing, *128 negligent
action. With regard to their assisting-in-breach-of-fiduciary-         misrepresentation, negligence, and DTPA violations,
duty claim, the Chapas do not allege that Wells Fargo and

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         15
Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

                                                                           breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, violating the Texas
      which have two-year statutes of limitations, are not
                                                                           Securities Act, and assisting Pena in the breach of his
      revived by section 33.004(e).
                                                                           fiduciary duty.
    • The Chapas' claims against Wells Fargo, based
      on respondeat superior, are not revived by section              Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court to
      33.004(e).                                                      the extent that it grants summary judgment on the Chapas'
                                                                      claims against Wells Fargo for breach of fiduciary duty, fraud,
    • The Chapas' claims against Wells Fargo and Lewis for            breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, negligent
      assisting Pena in breaching his fiduciary duty are not          misrepresentation, negligence, and violating the DTPA and
      time-barred, and the no-evidence motion for summary             the Texas Securities Act. We also affirm the judgment of
      judgment on this claim should not have been granted.            the trial court to the extent that it grants summary judgment
                                                                      on the Chapas' claims against Lewis for breach of the duty
    • The trial court properly granted summary judgment based
                                                                      of good faith and fair dealing, negligent misrepresentation,
       on limitations with regard to the Chapas' claims against
                                                                      negligence, and DTPA violations.
       Wells Fargo for breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, breach
       of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, negligent
                                                                      We reverse the judgment of the trial court to the extent that
       misrepresentation, negligence, and violating the DTPA
                                                                      it grants summary judgment on the Chapas' claims against
       and the Texas Securities Act.
                                                                      Wells Fargo for assisting Pena in breaching his fiduciary duty.
    • The trial court did not properly grant summary judgment         We also reverse the judgment of the trial court to the extent
       with regard to the Chapas' claim against Wells Fargo for       that it grants summary judgment on the Chapas' claims against
       assisting Pena in the breach of his fiduciary duty.            Lewis for breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, violating the Texas
                                                                      Securities Act, and assisting Pena in breaching his fiduciary.
    • The trial court properly granted summary judgment based         We remand the case for further proceedings.
       on limitations with regard to the Chapas' claims against
       Lewis for breach of the duty of good faith and fair
       dealing, negligent misrepresentation, negligence, and          All Citations
       DTPA violations.
                                                                      315 S.W.3d 109
    • The trial court did not properly grant summary judgment
       with regard to the Chapas' claims against Lewis for

Footnotes
1        In the trial court, the Chapas asserted that fraudulent concealment also served to toll the running of limitations. On appeal,
         the Chapas do not separately brief fraudulent concealment, but incorporate certain aspects of it into their discovery-rule
         argument.
2        In contrast, the Chapas prosecute the claim against Wells Fargo and Lewis for assisting or participating in Pena's breach
         of his fiduciary duty in individual capacities, not on behalf of the trustee. We agree with the Chapas that the limitations
         period for this claim began when the Chapas knew or should have known of facts that, in the exercise of reasonable
         diligence, would have led to the discovery of Pena's alleged breach of his fiduciary duty. See Little v. Smith, 943 S.W.2d
414, 420 (Tex.1997); Slay v. Burnett Trust, 143 Tex. 621, 187 S.W.2d 377, 394 (1945). Wells Fargo and Lewis offered
         no summary judgment argument or proof to show when the Chapas knew or should have known of facts that, in the
         exercise of reasonable diligence, would have led to discovery of Pena's alleged breach of his fiduciary to them. Thus,
         summary judgment was not proper on this claim based on limitations. As mentioned, Wells Fargo and Lewis asserted a
         no-evidence motion for summary judgment regarding this cause of action. We discuss the propriety of the no-evidence
         motion for summary judgment with respect to this claim infra.
3        The same rule applies by statute in DTPA claims. See TEX. BUS. & COM.CODE ANN. § 17.565 (Vernon 2002).
4        We note that, unlike in Flack, there is no evidence in this case that Pena and the Chapas had any express agreement
         whereby Lewis would be designated by Pena as a responsible third party.
5        The parties also agree that the other causes of action asserted by the Chapas against Lewis and Wells Fargo are subject
         to three- or four-year limitation periods.

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                              16
Villarreal v. Wells Fargo Brokerage Services, LLC, 315 S.W.3d 109 (2010)

6     Wells Fargo and Lewis also assert on appeal that Chapter 33 does not apply to fraud claims. The movants did not raise
      this ground in the trial court to support summary judgment. As a result, we cannot reach this ground. The law is clear: we
      may not affirm a summary judgment on grounds “not expressly set out in the motion or response.” Stiles v. Resolution
      Trust Corp., 867 S.W.2d 24, 26 (Tex.1993). In any event, the Chapter 33 has been held to apply to fraud claims. See
      Isaacs v. Bishop, 249 S.W.3d 100, 116 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 2008, pet. denied).
7     Wells Fargo and Lewis cite Davis v. Estridge, 85 S.W.3d 308, 311 (Tex.App.-Tyler 2001, pet. denied), for its conclusion
      that Chapter 33 does not apply to a statutory fraud claim because the DTPA was the only statute expressly mentioned
      in section 33.002(a). We do not find Davis persuasive. Since Davis, the Texas supreme court has held that Chapter 33
      applied to a statutory tort claim in JCW Electronics, Inc. v. Garza, 257 S.W.3d 701, 705–06 (Tex.2008). Moreover, the
      express language of section 33.002(a) provides that Chapter 33 applies “to any action based in tort.” TEX. CIV. PRAC.
      REM.CODE ANN. § 33.002(a) (Vernon 2008) (emphasis added).
8     In the trial court, the Chapas also asserted that Wells Fargo was liable for Lewis's conduct based on Wells Fargo's alleged
      negligent failure to supervise Lewis. The Chapas do not argue or brief this theory of vicarious liability on appeal.
9     As mentioned, unlike all their other claims against Wells Fargo and Lewis, the Chapas' claim for assisting Pena in the
      breach of his fiduciary duty was not brought by the Chapas on behalf of Pena. Accordingly, the accrual date for this
      claim would be different from the accrual date of Chapas' other claims. No argument or evidence has been offered to
      show the accrual date for the Chapas' assisting-in-breach-of fiduciary-duty claim. Therefore, summary judgment based
      on limitations was not proper on this claim. Although the trial court's order identified limitations as the only basis for
      summary judgment, we may consider, in the interest of justice, grounds that the movant preserved for review and on
      which the trial court did not rule. See Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 626 (Tex.1996).
10    In the trial court, Wells Fargo's and Lewis's no-evidence motion for summary judgment also identified other elements on
      which there was no evidence. On appeal, the parties now disagree only regarding the propriety of the movants' assertion
      that there is no evidence that the conduct of Wells Fargo and Lewis breached a duty that they owed to the Chapas. In
      their brief, Wells Fargo and Lewis argue that they owed no fiduciary duty directly to the Chapas. They contend that, if
      they owed any duty, it was owed only to Pena.

End of Document                                              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

              © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                            17
GGG
                   CIVIL PRACTICE & REMEDIES CODE

           CHAPTER 33. PROPORTIONATE RESPONSIBILITY

         SUBCHAPTER A. PROPORTIONATE RESPONSIBILITY

§ 33.001. PROPORTIONATE RESPONSIBILITY.

In an action to which this chapter applies, a claimant may not recover damages if
his percentage of responsibility is greater than 50 percent.

Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985. Amended
by Acts 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.04, eff. Sept. 2,
1987; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 136, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.

§ 33.002. APPLICABILITY.

(a) This chapter applies to:
       (1) any cause of action based on tort in which a defendant, settling person,
or responsible third party is found responsible for a percentage of the harm for
which relief is sought; or
       (2) any action brought under the Deceptive Trade Practices-Consumer
Protection Act (Subchapter E, Chapter 17, Business & Commerce Code) in which
a defendant, settling person, or responsible third party is found responsible for a
percentage of the harm for which relief is sought.
(b) Repealed by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, § 4.10(1).
(c) This chapter does not apply to:
       (1) an action to collect workers' compensation benefits under the workers'
compensation laws of this state (Subtitle A, Title 5, Labor Code) or actions
against an employer for exemplary damages arising out of the death of an
employee;
       (2) a claim for exemplary damages included in an action to which this
chapter otherwise applies; or
       (3) a cause of action for damages arising from the manufacture of
methamphetamine as described by Chapter 99.
       (d) to (h) Repealed by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, § 4.10(1).

Added by Acts 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.05, eff. Sept. 2, 1987.
Amended by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 380, § 4, eff. Sept. 1, 1989; Acts 1995,
74th Leg., ch. 136, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 414, § 17, eff.
Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 2001, 77th Leg., ch. 643, § 2, eff. Sept. 1, 2001; Acts 2003,
78th Leg., ch. 204, § 4.01, 4.10(1), eff. Sept. 1, 2003.
§ 33.003. DETERMINATION OF PERCENTAGE OF RESPONSIBILITY.

 (a) The trier of fact, as to each cause of action asserted, shall determine the
percentage of responsibility, stated in whole numbers, for the following persons
with respect to each person's causing or contributing to cause in any way the harm
for which recovery of damages is sought, whether by negligent act or omission, by
any defective or unreasonably dangerous product, by other conduct or activity that
violates an applicable legal standard, or by any combination of these:
       (1) each claimant;
       (2) each defendant;
       (3) each settling person; and
       (4) each responsible third party who has been
designated under Section 33.004.
 (b) This section does not allow a submission to the jury of a question regarding
conduct by any person without sufficient evidence to support the submission.

Added by Acts 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.06, eff. Sept. 2, 1987.
Amended by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 136, § 1,eff. Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 2003,
78th Leg., ch. 204, § 4.02, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.

§ 33.004. DESIGNATION OF RESPONSIBLE THIRD PARTY.

 (a) A defendant may seek to designate a person as a responsible third
party by filing a motion for leave to designate that person as a responsible third
party. The motion must be filed on or before the 60th day before the trial date
unless the court finds good cause to allow the motion to be filed at a later date.
 (b) Nothing in this section affects the third-party practice as previously
recognized in the rules and statutes of this state with regard to the assertion by a
defendant of rights to contribution or indemnity. Nothing in this section affects
the filing of cross-claims or counterclaims.
 (c), (d) Repealed by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, § 4.10(2).
 (e) If a person is designated under this section as a responsible third party, a
claimant is not barred by limitations from seeking to join that person, even though
such joinder would otherwise be barred by limitations, if the claimant seeks to join
that person not later than 60 days after that person is designatedas a responsible
third party.
 (f) A court shall grant leave to designate the named person as a responsible third
party unless another party files an objection to the motion for leave on or before
the 15th day after the date the motion is served.
 (g) If an objection to the motion for leave is timely filed, the court shall grant
leave to designate the person as a responsible third party unless the objecting party
establishes:
        (1) the defendant did not plead sufficient facts concerning the alleged
responsibility of the person to satisfy the pleading requirement of the Texas Rules
of Civil Procedure; and
        (2) after having been granted leave to replead, the defendant failed to plead
sufficient facts concerning the alleged responsibility of the person to satisfy the
pleading requirements of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.
  (h) By granting a motion for leave to designate a person as a responsible third
party, the person named in the motion is designated as a responsible third party for
purposes of this chapter without further action by the court or any party.
  (i) The filing or granting of a motion for leave to designate a person as a
responsible third party or a finding of fault against the person:
        (1) does not by itself impose liability on the person; and
        (2) may not be used in any other proceeding, on the basis of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or any other legal theory, to impose liability on the person.
  (j) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, if, not later than 60 days
after the filing of the defendant's original answer, the defendant alleges in an
answer filed with the court that an unknown person committed a criminal act that
was a cause of the loss or injury that is the subject of the lawsuit, the court shall
grant a motion for leave to designate the unknown person as a responsible third
party if:
        (1) the court determines that the defendant has pleaded facts sufficient for
the court to determine that there is a reasonable probability that the act of the
unknown person was criminal;
        (2) the defendant has stated in the answer all identifying characteristics of
the unknown person, known at the time of the answer; and
        (3) the allegation satisfies the pleading requirements of the Texas Rules of
Civil Procedure.
  (k) An unknown person designated as a responsible thirdparty under Subsection
(j) is denominated as "Jane Doe" or "John Doe" until the person's identity is
known.
  (l) After adequate time for discovery, a party may move to strike the designation
of a responsible third party on the ground that there is no evidence that the
designated person is responsible for any portion of the claimant's alleged injury or
damage. The court shall grant the motion to strike unless a defendant produces
sufficient evidence to raise a genuine issue of fact regarding the designated
person's responsibility for the claimant's injury or damage.

Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 136, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.
Amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, § 4.03, 4.04, 4.10(2),
eff. Sept. 1, 2003.
                      SUBCHAPTER B. CONTRIBUTION

§ 33.011. DEFINITIONS.

 In this chapter:
       (1) "Claimant" means a person seeking recovery of damages, including a
plaintiff, counterclaimant, cross-claimant, or third-party plaintiff. In an action in
which a party seeks recovery of damages for injury to another person, damage to
the property of another person, death of another person, or other harm to another
person, "claimant" includes:
              (A) the person who was injured, was harmed, or died or whose
property was damaged; and
              (B) any person who is seeking, has sought, or could seek recovery of
damages for the injury, harm, or death of that person or for the damage to the
property of that person.
       (2) "Defendant" includes any person from whom, at the time of the
submission of the case to the trier of fact, a claimant seeks recovery of damages.
       (3) "Liable defendant" means a defendant against whom a judgment can be
entered for at least a portion of the damages awarded to the claimant.
       (4) "Percentage of responsibility" means that percentage, stated in whole
numbers, attributed by the trier of fact to each claimant, each defendant, each
settling person, or each responsible third party with respect to causing or
contributing to cause in any way, whether by negligent act or omission, by any
defective or unreasonably dangerous product, by other conduct or activity
violative of the applicable legal standard, or by any combination of the foregoing,
the personal injury, property damage, death, or other harm for which recovery of
damages is sought.
       (5) "Settling person" means a person who has, at any time, paid or promised
to pay money or anything of monetary value to a claimant in consideration of
potential liability with respect to the personal injury, property damage, death, or
other harm for which recovery of damages is sought.
       (6) "Responsible third party" means any person who is alleged to have
caused or contributed to causing in any way the harm for which recovery of
damages is sought, whether by negligent act or omission, by any defective or
unreasonably dangerous product, by other conduct or activity that violates an
applicable legal standard, or by any combination of these. The term "responsible
third party" does not include a seller eligible for indemnity under Section 82.002.
       (7) Repealed by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, § 4.10(3).

Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985. Amended by Acts 1987,
70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.07, eff. Sept. 2, 1987; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 136,
§ 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, § 4.05, 4.10(3), eff. Sept. 1,
2003.
§ 33.012. AMOUNT OF RECOVERY.

 (a) If the claimant is not barred from recovery under Section 33.001, the court
shall reduce the amount of damages to be recovered by the claimant with respect
to a cause of action by a percentage equal to the claimant's percentage of
responsibility.
 (b) If the claimant has settled with one or more persons, the court shall further
reduce the amount of damages to be recovered by the claimant with respect to a
cause of action by the sum of the dollar amounts of all settlements.
 (c) Notwithstanding Subsection (b), if the claimant in a health care liability
claim filed under Chapter 74 has settled with one or more persons, the court shall
further reduce the amount of damages to be recovered by the claimant with respect
to a cause of action by an amount equal to one of the following, as elected by the
defendant:
       (1) the sum of the dollar amounts of all settlements; or
       (2) a percentage equal to each settling person's percentage of responsibility
as found by the trier of fact.
 (d) An election made under Subsection (c) shall be made by any defendant filing
a written election before the issues of the action are submitted to the trier of fact
and when made, shall be binding on all defendants. If no defendant makes this
election or if conflicting elections are made, all defendants are considered to
have elected Subsection (c)(1).
 (e) This section shall not apply to benefits paid by or on behalf of an employer to
an employee pursuant to workers' compensation insurance coverage, as defined in
Section 401.011(44), Labor Code, in effect at the time of the act, event, or
occurrence made the basis of claimant's suit.

Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985. Amended by Acts 1987,
70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.08, eff. Sept. 2, 1987; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 136,
§ 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, § 4.06, 4.10(4), eff. Sept. 1,
2003; Acts 2005, 79th Leg., ch. 277, § 1, eff. June 9, 2005; Acts 2005, 79th Leg.,
ch. 728, § 23.001(6), eff. Sept. 1, 2005.

§ 33.013. AMOUNT OF LIABILITY.

  (a) Except as provided in Subsection (b), a liable defendant is liable to a claimant
only for the percentage of the damages found by the trier of fact equal to that
defendant's percentage of responsibility with respect to the personal injury,
property damage, death, or other harm for which the damages are allowed.
  (b) Notwithstanding Subsection (a), each liable defendant is, in addition to his
liability under Subsection (a), jointly and severally liable for the damages
recoverable by the claimant under Section 33.012 with respect to a cause of action
if:
        (1) the percentage of responsibility attributed to the defendant with respect
to a cause of action is greater than 50 percent; or
        (2) the defendant, with the specific intent to do harm to others, acted in
concert with another person to engage in the conduct described in the following
provisions of the Penal Code and in so doing proximately caused the damages
legally recoverable by the claimant:
              (A) Section 19.02 (murder);
              (B) Section 19.03 (capital murder);
              (C) Section 20.04 (aggravated kidnapping);
              (D) Section 22.02 (aggravated assault);
              (E) Section 22.011 (sexual assault);
              (F) Section 22.021 (aggravated sexual assault);
              (G) Section 22.04 (injury to a child, elderly individual, or disabled
individual);
              (H) Section 32.21 (forgery);
              (I) Section 32.43 (commercial bribery);
              (J) Section 32.45 (misapplication of fiduciary property or property of
financial institution);
              (K) Section 32.46 (securing execution of document by deception);
              (L) Section 32.47 (fraudulent destruction, removal, or concealment
of writing); or
              (M) conduct described in Chapter 31 the punishment level for which
is a felony of the third degree or higher.
  (c) Repealed by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, § 4.10(5).
  (d) This section does not create a cause of action.
  (e) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary stated in the provisions of the Penal
Code listed in Subsection (b)(2), that subsection applies only if the claimant
proves the defendant acted or failed to act with specific intent to do harm. A
defendant acts with specific intent to do harm with respect to the nature of the
defendant's conduct and the result of the person's conduct when it is the person's
conscious effort or desire to engage in the conduct for the purpose of doing
substantial harm to others.
  (f) The jury may not be made aware through voir dire, introduction into
evidence, instruction, or any other means that the conduct to which Subsection
(b)(2) refers is defined by the Penal Code.

Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985. Amended by Acts 1987,
70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.09, eff. Sept. 2, 1987; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 136,
§ 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, § 4.07, 4.10(5), eff. Sept. 1,
2003.
§ 33.015. CONTRIBUTION.

  (a) If a defendant who is jointly and severally liable under Section 33.013 pays a
percentage of the damages for which the defendant is jointly and severally
liable greater than his percentage of responsibility, that defendant has a right of
contribution for the overpayment against each other liable defendant to the extent
that the other liable defendant has not paid the percentage of the damages found
by the trier of fact equal to that other defendant's percentage of responsibility.
  (b) As among themselves, each of the defendants who is jointly and severally
liable under Section 33.013 is liable for the damages recoverable by the claimant
under Section 33.012 in proportion to his respective percentage of responsibility.
If a defendant who is jointly and severally liable pays a larger proportion of those
damages than is required by his percentage of responsibility, that defendant has a
right of contribution for the overpayment against each other defendant with whom
he is jointly and severally liable under Section 33.013 to the extent that the other
defendant has not paid the proportion of those damages required by that other
defendant's percentage of responsibility.
  (c) If for any reason a liable defendant does not pay or contribute the portion of
the damages required by his percentage of responsibility, the amount of the
damages not paid or contributed by that defendant shall be paid or contributed by
the remaining defendants who are jointly and severally liable for those damages.
The additional amount to be paid or contributed by each of the defendants who is
jointly and severally liable for those damages shall be in proportion to his
respective percentage of responsibility.
  (d) No defendant has a right of contribution against any settling person.

Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985. Amended
by Acts 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.11, eff. Sept. 2,
1987; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 136, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.

§ 33.016. CLAIM AGAINST CONTRIBUTION DEFENDANT.

  (a) In this section, "contribution defendant" means any defendant,
counterdefendant, or third-party defendant from whom any party seeks
contribution with respect to any portion of damages for which that party may be
liable, but from whom the claimant seeks no relief at the time of submission.
  (b) Each liable defendant is entitled to contribution from each person who is not
a settling person and who is liable to the claimant for a percentage of
responsibility but from whom the claimant seeks no relief at the time of
submission. A party may assert this contribution right against any such person as
a contribution defendant in the claimant's action.
  (c) The trier of fact shall determine as a separate issue or finding of fact the
percentage of responsibility with respect to each contribution defendant and these
findings shall be solely for purposes of this section and Section 33.015 and not as
a part of the percentages of responsibility determined under Section 33.003. Only
the percentage of responsibility of each defendant and contribution defendant shall
be included in this determination.
  (d) As among liable defendants, including each defendant who is jointly and
severally liable under Section 33.013, each contribution defendant's percentage of
responsibility is to be included for all purposes of Section 33.015. The amount to
be contributed by each contribution defendant pursuant to Section 33.015 shall be
in proportion to his respective percentage of responsibility relative to the sum of
percentages of responsibility of all liable defendants and liable contribution
defendants.

Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 959, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985. Amended
by Acts 1987, 70th Leg., 1st C.S., ch. 2, § 2.11A, eff. Sept. 2,
1987; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 136, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.

§ 33.017. PRESERVATION OF EXISTING RIGHTS OF INDEMNITY.

Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to affect any rights of indemnity granted
by any statute, by contract, or by common law. To the extent of any conflict
between this chapter and any right to indemnification granted by statute, contract,
or common law, those rights of indemnification shall prevail over the provisions
of this chapter.

Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 136, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.
Amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, § 4.08, eff. Sept. 1,
2003.
HHH
§ 311.011. Common and Technical Usage of Words, TX GOVT § 311.011

  Vernon's Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated
    Government Code (Refs & Annos)
      Title 3. Legislative Branch (Refs & Annos)
        Subtitle B. Legislation
           Chapter 311. Code Construction Act (Refs & Annos)
              Subchapter B. Construction of Words and Phrases (Refs & Annos)

                                            V.T.C.A., Government Code § 311.011

                                    § 311.011. Common and Technical Usage of Words

                                                          Currentness

(a) Words and phrases shall be read in context and construed according to the rules of grammar and common usage.

(b) Words and phrases that have acquired a technical or particular meaning, whether by legislative definition or otherwise, shall
be construed accordingly.

Credits
Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 479, § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1985.

Notes of Decisions (49)

V. T. C. A., Government Code § 311.011, TX GOVT § 311.011
Current through the end of the 2015 Regular Session of the 84th Legislature

End of Document                                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                  1
III
Rule 38. Third-Party Practice, TX R RCP Rule 38

  Vernon's Texas Rules Annotated
    Texas Rules of Civil Procedure
      Part II. Rules of Practice in District and County Courts
        Section 3. Parties to Suits

                                              TX Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 38

                                                  Rule 38. Third-Party Practice

                                                            Currentness

(a) When defendant may bring in third party. At any time after commencement of the action a defending party, as a third-
party plaintiff, may cause a citation and petition to be served upon a person not a party to the action who is or may be liable to
him or to the plaintiff for all or part of the plaintiff's claim against him. The third-party plaintiff need not obtain leave to make
the service if he files the third-party petition not later than thirty (30) days after he serves his original answer. Otherwise, he must
obtain leave on motion upon notice to all parties to the action. The person served, hereinafter called the third-party defendant,
shall make his defenses to the third-party plaintiff's claim under the rules applicable to the defendant, and his counterclaims
against the third-party plaintiff and cross-claims against other third-party defendants as provided in Rule 97. The third-party
defendant may assert against the plaintiff any defenses which the third-party plaintiff has to the plaintiff's claim. The third-party
defendant may also assert any claim against the plaintiff arising out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of
the plaintiff's claim against the third-party plaintiff. The plaintiff may assert any claim against the third-party defendant arising
out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the plaintiff's claim against the third-party plaintiff, and the
third-party defendant thereupon shall assert his defenses and his counterclaims and cross-claims. Any party may move to strike
the third-party claim, or for its severance or separate trial. A third-party defendant may proceed under this rule against any
person not a party to the action who is or who may be liable to him or to the third-party plaintiff for all or part of the claim
made in the action against the third-party defendant.

(b) When plaintiff may bring in third party. When a counterclaim is asserted against a plaintiff, he may cause a third party
to be brought in under circumstances which under this rule would entitle a defendant to do so.

(c) This rule shall not be applied, in tort cases, so as to permit the joinder of a liability or indemnity insurance company, unless
such company is by statute or contract liable to the person injured or damaged.

(d) This rule shall not be applied so as to violate any venue statute, as venue would exist absent this rule.

Credits
Oct. 29, 1940, eff. Sept. 1, 1941. Amended by orders of March 31, 1941, eff. Sept. 1, 1941; Dec. 5, 1983, eff. April 1, 1984.

Notes of Decisions (94)

Vernon's Ann. Texas Rules Civ. Proc., Rule 38, TX R RCP Rule 38
Rules of Civil Procedure, Rules of Evidence, and Rules of Appellate Procedure are current with amendments received through
September 1, 2015. Bar Rules, Rules of Disciplinary Procedure, Code of Judicial Conduct, and Rules of Judicial Administration

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                  1
Rule 38. Third-Party Practice, TX R RCP Rule 38

are current with amendments received through September 1, 2015. Other state court rules and selected county rules are current
with rules verified through June 1, 2015.

End of Document                                                  © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                2