Court Opinion

ID: 9885615
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-06 13:08:07.161948+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:48:55.349422
License: Public Domain

— Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Albany County (Harris, J.), rendered April 17,1981, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crime of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree. A search of defendant’s residence at 160A Lark Drive in the City of Albany, made pursuant to a warrant, produced several packets of heroin along with hypodermic needles, glossine bags and other drug paraphernalia. Defendant was subsequently indicted and convicted of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree; found to be a persistent felon, he was sentenced to a term of 20 years to life. We affirm. Initially he contends that the seized contraband, which he denied was even present before the police entered his apartment, should have been suppressed because probable cause for the issuance of the warrant was lacking. However, we find denial of the suppression motion to have been proper. The search warrant application was based on a “tip” furnished by an informant whose reliability was established by past information which had led not only to arrests, but to the seizure of heroin; in addition, his description of the drug trafficking being carried on in defendant’s residence was founded upon personal observation and demonstrated sufficient knowledge of the criminal activity to dispel any worry that his information was based upon rumor or mere suspicion. Contrary to defendant’s assertions, there is no requirement that to establish the reliability of an informant it is first necessary to demonstrate that information previously given by the informant resulted in a conviction (see People v Slaughter, 37 NY2d 596, 599; People v Hanlon, 36 NY2d 549, 554). Furthermore, police surveillance of defendant’s residence by experienced narcotics officers over a period of several days during which time known drug users were observed entering and leaving the house at all hours, for stays of very limited duration, also provided a substantial basis for believing the informant and adequately corroborated the tip CPeople v Slaughter, supra, p 600). Also, the warrant application contains an averment that defendant was frequently seen scanning the area surrounding his residence with binoculars. These facts amply justified issuance of the warrant (see People v Betts, 90 AD2d 641, mot for lv to opp den 58 NY2d 781). *621Another of defendant’s objections concerns the trial court’s dismissal of two jurors after trial had commenced. In the early stages of the trial, the forelady of the jury advised the court that two members of the jury panel had reservations regarding the manner in which the proceedings were being conducted. An immediate voir dire was had at which the two jurors, in response to questions from the court and counsel, voiced objections to the mannerisms of the prosecutor, frequent Bench conferences, and the general course of the trial. Since they were basically suspicious of the judicial process and harbored a distrust of the judicial system, the court, over defendant’s objection, removed them from the panel and substituted alternates in their places. CPL 270.35 permits discharge of jurors after trial has begun if: “the court [is satisfied] from facts unknown at the time of the selection of the jury, that a juror is grossly unqualified to serve in the case”. This standard is satisfied when it becomes obvious that the juror possesses a state of mind which would prevent the rendering of an impartial verdict CPeople v Meyer, 78 AD2d 662). Here, the jurors’ admitted mistrust of the judicial process could easily have caused them to reach a verdict based not upon the evidence, but upon a jaundiced view of the system. Their removal, which was necessary to safeguard the integrity of the trial, has not been shown to have prejudiced defendant’s rights in any substantial way. Reversible error is also seen in the trial court’s refusal to prevent cross-examination of defendant concerning his 1959 conviction for possession of narcotics with intent to sell. An earlier Sandoval ruling by the court had prohibited the prosecution from exploring the nature of that conviction. However, at trial the court allowed cross-examination on the conviction on the ground that it could be used to prove the requisite element of intent to sell (see People v Rose, 84 AD2d 645, affd 57 NY2d 837). While this ruling may have been improper, it was harmless error for there was substantial evidence of defendant’s intent to sell elsewhere in the record (People v Murray, 90 AD2d 640). Naomi Carrington, defendant’s accomplice, had testified during the People’s case-in-chief that defendant had sold her heroin earlier that same evening, and that over the preceding four months he had sold her heroin on at least four or five other occasions. The contraband seized by the police, and already before the jury, corroborated this testimony. Moreover, defendant subsequently denied ever having sold heroin during his lifetime. Once this obvious untruth was uttered, use of the 1959 conviction to impeach his credibility was appropriate. Thus, the circumstances of the 1959 conviction were properly brought before the jury as the result of defendant’s attempt to use the Sandoval ruling as a sword as well as a shield {see People v Addison, 73 AD2d 790). Furthermore, the use of the 1959 conviction for impeachment purposes was not improper because of its alleged remoteness; the record indicated defendant has spent most of his life in prison since the 1959 conviction and when this fact is considered along with the discretion permitted the trial court, we find no error in the cross-examination (see People v Shields, 46 NY2d 764). We also note that defendant’s prejudice claim is undercut by the fact that defendant in his direct testimony admitted to three prior convictions, including a felony conviction for burglary and the 1959 conviction. Nor do we find error in the trial court’s permitting cross-examination concerning a 1979 narcotics arrest of defendant’s claimed common-law wife, Essie Forte. A central part of the defense presented at trial was the allegation that defendant had been the victim of continual harassment by the Albany Police Department. To support this harassment charge, defendant relied in part upon a complaint he had filed with the NAACP in 1979 which allegedly stated he had been personally harassed. The prosecution contended that the complaint, filed shortly after Forte’s arrest, was filed on behalf of Forte in an effort to provide *622her with a defense to the 1979 charges and to repay her for testifying on defendant’s behalf in a previous trial. Certainly, the facts surrounding the filing of the complaint, including Forte’s arrest, could properly be the subject of cross-examination for they rebutted a major premise of defendant’s harassment allegations that he had filed the complaint on his own behalf. This denial of an “ ‘affirmative fact which [defendant] has endeavored to prove’ ” is a proper use of rebuttal evidence (People v Harris, 57 NY2d 335, 345). Defendant’s final significant objection relates to the court’s failure to charge that Naomi Carrington was his accomplice as a matter of law. Instead, the court allowed Carrington’s status to be decided by the jury. Carrington, who had been indicted along with defendant, entered a plea of guilty to reduced charges in return for her co-operation at trial. She testified that she had gone to defendant’s apartment on the night of the police raid and had purchased two packets of heroin from him prior to their arrest. Given these facts, Carrington clearly was an accomplice as a matter of law (see People vRugg, 91 AD2d 692). Failure to so instruct does not, however, constitute reversible error, for the jury was permitted to decide whether Carrington was an accomplice and the other evidence offered by the prosecution not only adequately corroborated her testimony, but evidenced clear proof of guilt. Finally, whether defendant’s 1953 New Mexico conviction could be considered in determining his status as a persistent felon is an issue which has been previously ruled upon (People v West, 41 AD2d 987). We have considered defendant’s other arguments and find them to be without merit. Judgment affirmed. Main, Yesawich, Jr., and Weiss, JJ., concur.