Court Opinion

ID: 9713453
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 05:15:40.190953+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:23:18.891326
License: Public Domain

Levin, J.
(concurring). Plaintiffs commenced this action, to set aside a drain assessment and for refund of amounts paid for 1975 and 1976, in equity. They assert that a drain commissioner has no authority to reassess a drainage district to pay the administrative expenses of his office and that therefore the assessments levied in this case are illegal.
In the companion case of Wikman v Novi, ante, p 617, decided today, we consider whether the Tax Tribunal Act confers on the Tax Tribunal jurisdiction of an appeal from a decision levying a special assessment. We would, in that case, hold that the circuit court retains jurisdiction because a special assessment is levied, not under "property tax laws”,1 but, rather, under the authority of the laws which define the municipal powers of local units of government.
In the instant case the question of whether the Tax Tribunal has jurisdiction is not dispositive. Because this action was not commenced within 30 days, plaintiffs are barred from obtaining a refund under provisions of both the Drain Code and the Tax Tribunal Act, and can succeed only if they can avoid the limitations ordinarily applicable to refund actions or proceedings by bringing themselves within an overriding equitable doctrine.
We conclude that the cause should be remanded *751for trial because, under principles applied by this Court in litigation respecting the Drain Code, plaintiffs may obtain equitable relief although they did not comply with the statutory procedures. We also conclude that equity can, to afford complete relief, order a refund.
I
The Drain Code authorizes the reassessment of a drainage district for the necessary cost of maintenance and repair of a drain previously installed.2 *752Defendant Wayne County Drain Commissioner imposed such a levy on real property owned by plaintiffs Curt Boiler, Paul A. Kraft and others.
Boiler and Kraft commenced this action in their own interest and in behalf of others similarly situated as a class action, asserting that the reassessment was not authorized by the Drain Code because it was not for maintenance and repair but to provide funds to pay the administrative expense of the office of the Drain Commissioner, and that the Wayne County Board of Commissioners was obliged to provide funds for such expense.3 There *753are over 60,000 taxpayers in the affected class and the amount involved for each is generally $1 or $2 per year.
Plaintiffs city and township treasurers joined in the complaint, asserting that they may, to protect property owners from an unauthorized reassessment, refrain from paying defendant Wayne County Treasurer amounts collected in respect to the challenged levy.
The circuit court dismissed the class action brought by Boiler and Kraft on the grounds that the Tax Tribunal has exclusive jurisdiction of tax refund claims4 and that the claim is separately barred by a provision of the Drain Code requiring that a refund action be brought within 30 days.5 The court held, however, that the city and township treasurers had standing to maintain an action for a declaratory judgment and injunctive relief. The court ordered that the 1975 and 1976 "special drain assessment taxes”, which had been held in escrow by the city and township treasurers, be deposited in a special escrow account or accounts with the Wayne County clerk. It appears that upwards of $400,000 is being held in escrow.6
The Court of Appeals agreed with the circuit *754court that an equitable action for declaratory and injunctive relief could be maintained but reversed its dismissal of the refund claim stating that if the plaintiff property owners could prove their allegations they would be entitled to a refund.7
II
For essentially the reasons set forth in Wikman v Novi, ante, p 617, decided today, the Tax Tribunal does not have jurisdiction. As set forth in Wikman, the Tax Tribunal has jurisdiction of appeals respecting ad valorem property taxes formerly subject to review by the State Tax Commission. Assessments under the Drain Code are generally based on the principle of "benefits derived”8 and are not ad valorem.9 The State Tax Commission has never had any supervisory responsibility with respect to the functions of a drain commissioner or of a drainage board nor has it ever had any jurisdiction to review an appeal from a drain assessment.
We also observe that it would not be consistent with the simplicity and finality the Legislature sought to achieve by prescribing special procedures providing for limited review of a drain assessment,10 to hold that drain assessments are now *755subject to review in an independent, original, de novo proceeding in the Tax Tribunal.11 To so hold would, as set forth in Wikman, eliminate safeguards against unjustified litigation provided by the Drain Code and would tend to encourage litigation, thereby prolonging the time before bonds to fund drain projects can be sold and adding to the project cost.
Ill
The Drain Code12 and the Tax Tribunal Act13 both require that actions challenging assessments and taxes be brought within 30 days or less. Since this action was not commenced within 30 days, it would be barred — whether the Drain Code or the Tax Tribunal Act governs — unless plaintiffs are relieved, in the circumstances of the instant case, of compliance with the applicable 30-day limitation.
Because the plaintiffs are confronted with essen*756tially the same kinds of defenses under the Drain Code and the Tax Tribunal Act, the critical question in the instant case is not whether the Tax Tribunal has jurisdiction but whether plaintiffs are relieved of complying with the applicable time limitation.
A
The powers of a court of equity, while broad, can be invoked only in particular circumstances. Among the situations where equitable power may be exercised is a case where the plaintiff has a recognized cause of action, but because of some atypical circumstance affecting his cause the common law’s procedures and remedies do not provide adequate or complete relief.
The principles which courts of equity developed to redress deficiencies of the common law are also applicable where the substantive law is statutory. If a statutory procedure or remedy is inadequate, a court of equity may in the application of established equitable principles fashion a decree providing the relief to which plaintiff’s proofs show that he is entitled.
In the instant case, there is no need to rely on equitable principles to establish plaintiffs’ substantive claim. The source of plaintiffs’ substantive claim is the Drain Code itself. Plaintiffs assert that the drain commissioner acted in excess of the authority granted by the Drain Code when he reassessed the drainage district for the administrative expense of his office. Plaintiffs invoke equitable principles in an effort to overcome procedural limitations of the Drain Code (or Tax Tribunal Act if held to be applicable) which so burden a refund *757action that recovery would be barred even if they succeed in establishing their substantive right to recover. The question here is thus whether equity should supply a remedy, not whether it should provide a right of action.
B
In Spoon-Shacket Co, Inc v Oakland County, 356 Mich 151, 168; 97 NW2d 25 (1959), this Court invoked equitable principles to provide both a substantive right and a remedy unburdened by the statutory time limitations for protesting and appealing an ad valorem property tax assessment. The assessment of 19 subdivision lots was increased from between $150 and $400 each to $5,-500 each because the assessor mistakenly assumed that the lots had been improved. After the mistake was discovered, the lots were assessed for the following year at amounts less than one-tenth of the $5,500 assessment. This Court characterized the mistake as constructive fraud and held that the taxpayer was entitled to "equitable relief from the unconscionable effect of crass mistakes of public officials in the field of taxation; mistakes gross enough to constitute fraud”.
It is noteworthy that equitable relief was granted although Spoon-Shacket had failed to check the assessment rolls or to appear before the board of review or otherwise to comply with statutory procedures of The General Property Tax Act requiring, if one wishes to appeal without paying the tax under protest and suing for a refund, that a petition be filed with the State Tax Commission.
The Drain Code requires that persons complaining of a drain assessment do so by bringing certio*758rari proceedings within ten days14 and provides— similarly to the provision of the Tax Tribunal Act making its jurisdiction "exclusive”15 — that "[i]f no certiorari be brought within the time herein prescribed, the drain shall be deemed to have been legally established, and the taxes therefor legally levied, and the legality of said drain and the taxes therefor shall not thereafter be questioned in any suit at law or equity”.16 (Emphasis supplied.) The Drain Code also contains provisions which establish special procedures for appealing the apportionment of benefits17 and which purport to limit the power of the circuit court to issue injunctions.18
This Court nevertheless has held that "[cjertiorari is not an exclusive remedy under the drain law. If the remedy of certiorari is inadequate, a bill in equity will lie to restrain construction of a drain”, Patrick v Shiawassee County Drain Comm’r, 342 Mich 257, 263; 69 NW2d 727 (1955).
Patrick and other cases show that if a drain *759commissioner acts in excess of his authority in imposing a drain assessment a court of equity will grant relief although the complainant failed to bring certiorari proceedings. Plaintiffs’ complaint in the instant case that the reassessment of the district, although ostensibly for maintenance and repair, is actually to defray administrative expense, is of the same character as the kinds of complaints which this Court has held may be brought in equity.
In Patrick, the Court concluded that the authority of the drain commissioner was limited to cleaning out a drain to its original depth and that he had acted in excess of his authority in letting a contract to enlarge and deepen a drain and to take some of plaintiffs’ lands for that purpose, and that in "the circumstances of this case it clearly appears that certiorari was not an adequate remedy”.
In Chandler v Heisler, 153 Mich 1; 116 NW 626 (1908), the Court concluded that "although all the proceedings of the establishment of the drain may be regular and not open to complaint on certiorari” where there had been a failure to comply with an additional requirement not stated in the general drain law "there would seem to be no way to protect the rights of the complainant except by the present remedy” — an injunction to restrain construction until the omitted requirement had been complied with.
In the instant case, also, the plaintiffs are not challenging the "regularity” of the reassessment proceedings. Rather, as in Patrick and Chandler, they challenge the authority of the drain commissioner to levy the challenged assessment.
*760In Meyering Land Co v Spencer, 273 Mich 703, 708; 263 NW 777 (1935), this Court held that since the purported drains were "not constructed for the purposes of land drainage, but for sewerage purposes”, "the drain commissioner was without jurisdiction to establish it”, and that an action to enjoin the drain assessment could be maintained although the plaintiffs had failed to bring certiorari proceedings under the statute:
"The usual claim is made that the proceedings must have been attacked by certiorari. This question has been passed upon by this Court in Clinton v Spencer [250 Mich 135; 229 NW 609 (1930)];[19] Fuller v Cockerill, 257 Mich 35 [239 NW 293 (1932)];[20] and Lake Twp v Millar [257 Mich 135; 241 NW 237 (1932)].[21] I can add nothing to what was said in these cases upon the question of the necessity of resorting to certiorari. It is not necessary where there is no jurisdiction. It is the sole remedy if the drain commissioner has jurisdiction to correct any irregularities in the drain proceedings, and when the proceedings are set aside for irregulari*761ties, they go back to the point at which they were regular and proceed from there. The court of equity had jurisdiction.”
The allegations of plaintiffs’ complaint make the instant case closely analogous to the sewer drain cases.22 Plaintiffs allege that what purported to be an assessment for one purpose was actually an assessment for another and unauthorized purpose.
In Forest Hill Cemetery Co v Ann Arbor, 303 Mich 56; 5 NW2d 564 (1942), the Court enjoined collection of remaining installments of special assessments against exempt cemetery land although plaintiff had paid earlier installments without protest. The Court concluded that since plaintiffs land was about to be sold for the unpaid assessments, it faced irreparable injury justifying equitable relief from the illegal assessment.23
A complaint that the amount of a valid assessment has been improperly apportioned was not thought to put in question the authority of the drain commissioner to make the levy. The courts generally refrained from disturbing the apportion*762ment of benefits made by the assessing authority, whether under the Drain Code or other enabling legislation, as long as it appeared that the persons making the apportionment had not acted arbitrarily in light of the facts presented.24 Where it appeared, however, that there was no factual basis for a determination of special benefit or of benefit derived, the courts granted equitable relief on the theory that a special assessment without evidence of special benefit or benefit derived constituted a deprivation of property without due process of law or that the assessing authority had acted arbitrarily or in bad faith.25
In one of its more recent pronouncements, Blades v Genesee County Drain Dist No 2, 375 Mich 683; 135 NW2d 420 (1965), this Court held that where the plaintiffs assert that their properties will receive no special benefit from a proposed drain and sewage disposal project,26 the question, although one of fact, is not solely for the drain commissioner to decide, and that it can be reviewed judicially in equity although there had been a failure to bring certiorari proceedings. The Court declared that to deny plaintiffs an opportu*763nity for a judicial hearing would be "no more nor less than a denial of constitutionally guaranteed due process”.
The foregoing cases, decided under the Drain Code and its predecessors, illustrate that a statutory remedy may in a particular case be so inadequate as to justify equitable intervention. While the Drain Code provided for the appointment, by the probate court, of a board to review the drain commissioner’s apportionment of benefits, it made the decision of the reviewing board final.27 And while it provided for circuit court review, the scope of review in certiorari is generally restricted to irregularities appearing in the record. The statutory remedy provided by the drain law was inadequate in the foregoing cases because:
(1) there was no provision for judicial review of the apportionment of benefits, thus denying a remedy even in a case where the plaintiff could show that there was no support in the record for the apportionment and, accordingly, the absence of any benefit.
(2) in certiorari the issue is limited to whether the proceedings were regular, and the scope of the review did not extend to issues that would not appear on the record such as whether the improvement was a drain or a sewer. Equitable intervention was required to provide a remedy in meritorious cases left unprotected by the statutory remedy.
C
The remedy under the Tax Tribunal Act is generally adequate. The scope of review, in contrast to certiorari, is broad and would cover all issues: irregularity, illegality, want of jurisdiction, denial of due process or other constitutional right. *764The Tax Tribunal remedy is nevertheless inadequate in the instant case on account of several circumstances:
(i) a petition must be filed with the tribunal within 30 days; a diligent plaintiff could not have learned of the true nature of the assessment by examining the assessment roll or the subsequently mailed tax bill,28
(ii) the small amount involved for each taxpayer, $1 to $2 per year,
(iii) the large number of persons who are members of the class — over 60,000,29
(iv) the rules of the Tax Tribunal do not provide for the maintenance of class actions,30 and
(v) the rules of the Tax Tribunal require the payment of a $50 filing fee by each property owner.31
To require each of the 60,000 members of the class to proceed separately, to hire their own counsel, to start their own proceeding and to pay $50 to obtain the refund of a few dollars, would leave them without adequate protection against such an unlawful exaction by a drain commissioner.
This is a case where, because of the size of the class, the relatively small amounts involved for each property owner, and the impediments to *765maintaining an action before the administrative tribunal (assuming arguendo that the Tax Tribunal has jurisdiction), an equitable action can be maintained.
D
The Drain Code’s 30-day limitation on refund actions, like the 30-day limitation in the Tax Tribunal Act, makes the statutory remedy inadequate when the drain assessment was ostensibly for one purpose but actually for another. The cases previously discussed demonstrate that certiorari has not been regarded as an adequate remedy when the drain commissioner acts in excess of his authority. The plaintiffs, in the instant case, are not asserting that this drain assessment was improperly apportioned but rather that it was levied solely to defray the administrative expenses of the drain commissioner’s office, that a drain commissioner is without authority to reassess for this purpose and therefore they were not subject to reassessment at all. Plaintiffs may accordingly seek equitable relief without regard to the procedural limitations of the Drain Code.
E
Courts are established to provide a forum in which rights recognized by the law can be vindicated. A property owner has a right recognized by law not to be assessed except in accordance with the authority conferred by the statute under which the assessing body purports to act. When the established procedures are inadequate to vindicate a recognized right, equity will permit maintenance of the cause and fashion an appropriate remedy.
We are not saying that statutory limitations and *766restrictions on the bringing of an action, and requirements that it be brought before an administrative tribunal, can be avoided by bringing it as a class action in equity. Nor are we suggesting that equity should intervene and provide a remedy whenever there is a commonality of issues or mutuality of interest on the part of plaintiffs. We are saying, rather, that in an appropriate case, where the circumstances make the administrative remedy inadequate, a class action can be maintained.32
*767Nor are we saying that plaintiffs’ noncompliance with statutory time limitations should be ignored in deciding whether to grant equitable relief. In the instant case, however, the defendants had apparently been advised by the Attorney General in 1974 — 33before the drain assessments now in suit were levied — that § 196 of the Drain Code did not authorize reassessment to provide funds for payment of administrative expense. It does not appear that the defendants have been prejudiced by the delay in commencing this action or that the plaintiffs should be barred by the doctrine of laches.34
Nor do we wish to be understood as saying that plaintiffs can avoid statutory procedures by merely characterizing the defendants’ conduct as illegal, fraudulent or constructively fraudulent.35 We are *768saying rather, in accord with a long line of Michigan authority, that where no assessment or tax whatsoever is authorized, a court of equity will generally grant relief against such an exaction on the ground that the levy was illegal. In so doing, it may characterize the action of the assessing officer or body in acting in excess of his or its authority as constructively fraudulent.36
IV
The courts have generally refrained from ordering refunds of drain assessments found to have been illegally imposed absent compliance with the statutory procedure. The apparent reason is that drain assessment collections are generally paid over promptly to the holders of bonds floated to pay for the improvement. It has not been thought appropriate to require the drain commissioner or the county or its treasurer to reimburse a plaintiff, who in some instances might possibly have proceeded more promptly, out of general tax funds collected from other property owners. The relief granted has been limited to enjoining the collection of unpaid installments.37
In the instant case, however, there need be no concern about an inappropriate imposition on *769property owners generally. Plaintiffs will be able to recover all or substantially all the amounts they seek out of the escrowed funds without appropriation of general tax funds. Moreover, if the drain commissioner did act in excess of his authority in levying an assessment for the administrative expenses of his office and the burden of paying the expense is imposed by law on the defendant board of commissioners, the board then might have the obligation to appropriate funds to pay such expense. If that be the case, the use of general tax funds to make a refund might well be appropriate.
A court of equity will ordinarily retain jurisdiction to grant complete relief.38 It will not merely enjoin future misconduct but will enter a judgment for damages caused by past misconduct. In fashioning a decree, the court will consider the rights of third parties, especially those who may also be innocent of wrongdoing. In the instant case, in contrast with the cases where this Court declined to order a refund, the rights of third parties do not intervene. No person innocent of wrongdoing would be harmed by ordering a refund of escrowed funds or, indeed, if it is determined that the Wayne County Board of Commissioners should have appropriated funds to pay administrative expenses, by ordering a refund payable out of general tax funds.
The Drain Code does, indeed, require payment under protest and suit within 30 days. Those procedural provisions are designed to protect the treasurer, who at one time was personally liable to refund amounts unlawfully collected, so that he will know whether to withhold payment from *770bondholders or others to whom the money is allotted. Those procedural limitations are valid only insofar as they do not deny procedural due process; they do not preclude a court of equity from providing an adequate remedy in an appropriate case.
Procedural due process may well be offended by a limitation which requires a property owner to inform himself of and to protest illegality which does not appear on the face of public records readily available or statements mailed to him. Substantial penalties are imposed for late payment of an ad valorem property tax bill. It is unrealistic to expect a taxpayer to withhold payment of a bill for, say, $750 while he investigates an apparently bona fide $2 charge.39
There is no need to rest decision in constitutional terms. A court of equity is empowered to override a procedural limitation which renders a statutory remedy inadequate at least where, as here, noncompliance is in the circumstances justified and neither the defendants nor third parties would be prejudiced by the Court’s failure to enforce the limitation.
V
The city and township treasurers are go-betweens in the system of drain assessments. The drain commissioner levies the drain assessment upon the property owner; the city or township treasurer collects the assessment and pays it over to the county treasurer. The city and township *771treasurers insist that it would be a breach of their public trust and duty for them to deliver the disputed drain revenues which they have collected to the Wayne County Treasurer.
The defendants’ contention that the city and township treasurers do not have standing should be appraised alongside their contention that Boiler and Kraft cannot maintain this action as a class action. Defendants contend, in effect, that the wrong asserted in the complaint cannot be effectually presented for adjudication. The judicial system is not so bereft that it cannot provide an effectual means of protecting and fully vindicating a right recognized by the law.
If, as we would hold, Boiler and Kraft can maintain a class action, it becomes less important whether the city and township treasurers should be retained as parties plaintiff.40
*772We would affirm the Court of Appeals and remand for trial.
Kavanagh, J., concurred with Levin, J.

 The jurisdictional statement of the Tax Tribunal Act provides:
"The tribunal’s exclusive and original jurisdiction shall be:
"(a) A proceeding for direct review of a final decision, finding, ruling, determination, or order of an agency relating to assessment, valuation, rates, special assessments, allocation, or equalization, under property tax laws.
"(b) A proceeding for refund or redetermination of a tax under the property tax laws.” MCL 205.731; MSA 7.650(31).

 At the time in question, the Drain Code read in pertinent part:
"Sec. 196. (1) * * * Whenever such [annual] inspections disclose the necessity of expending money for the maintenance and repair of any drain in order to keep it in working order, the drain commissioner, in the case of a county drain, or the drainage board, in the case of an intercounty drain, may without petition expend an amount not to exceed in any 1 year $800.00 per mile or fraction thereof or 2% of the original cost of the drain and 2% of extensions thereof for maintenance and repair of any drain. Whenever it shall be found necessary by the drain commissioner or the drainage board to expend funds in excess of $800.00 per mile or fraction thereof or 2% of the original cost of the drain and 2% of extensions thereof in any 1 year for maintenance and repair of any drain, such additional amounts shall not be expended until approved by not less than 50% of the total number of legislative bodies of all such public corporations, within or partly within the drainage district.
"(2) In case the fund belonging to the drain is not sufficient to pay for any work authorized by this section, the drain commissioner or the drainage board shall reassess the drainage district therefor according to beneñts received, which reassessment shall be made and spread upon the city or township tax assessment roll within 2 years from the completion of the inspection work, and in case the total expenditure is more than $800.00 per mile or fraction thereof or 2% of the original cost of the drain and 2% of extensions thereof, all freeholders subject to assessment shall be notified of such assessment by publication in a newspaper of general circulation within the drainage district and by first class mail to each person whose name and address appears upon the last city or township tax assessment roll as owning land within the drainage district. An affidavit of mailing shall be made by the drain commissioner or chairman of the drainage board which shall be conclusive proof that the notices required by this section were mailed. The failure to receive such notices by mail shall not constitute a jurisdictional defect invalidating a drain proceeding or tax, if notice by publication as required by this section were complied with. Whenever an emergency condition exists *752which endangers the public health, crops or property within their respective districts, the drain commissioner or the drainage board may expend funds for any work contemplated in this chapter subject to the limitations provided in this section for maintenance and repair.” MCL 280.196; MSA 11.1196.

 On April 22, 1974, the Attorney General, responding to a request from a state senator, stated that in his opinion a special assessment may not be levied under the provisions of § 196 of the Drain Code "for yearly services of clerks, stenographers, engineers and the assessing department under the provisions of said section” and that "only the maintenance and repairs [are] to be assessed”, "[h]owever, the administrative expenses incurred in making the assessment authorized under this section may be included”. (The opinion is not officially reported.)
It appears that, nevertheless, the Wayne County Board of Commissioners may not have appropriated the requisite funds, and that the Legislature responded by enacting 1976 PA 344 which defines "costs of maintenance or repair” and requires that the expense of clerical, administrative and engineering employees of a drain commissioner or drainage board be paid from the county general fund. Act 344, approved December 19, 1976, with immediate effect, adds the following subsections to § 196:
"(5) For purposes of this section, the costs of maintenance or repair shall include the costs of maintaining the drain in working order to continue a normal flow of water, including the servicing or repair of necessary pumping equipment and utility charges therefor; the cost of keeping the drain free from rubbish, debris, siltation, or obstructions; the cost of repairing a portion or all of a tile or drain to continue the normal flow of water; and other costs associated therewith. When the cost of maintenance and repair of drains includes utility charges, the limitation for maintenance and repair shall not apply except that the drain commissioner or drainage board may levy sufficient special assessments to pay the utility charges but not more than the amount sufficient to pay those charges.
"(6) The salaries, expenses, and fringe benefits of clerical, adminis*753trative, and engineering employees of the drain commissioner or drainage board working incidental to the operation, repair, or maintenance of a drain shall be chargeable to and paid as budgeted from the county general fund and not chargeable to or by the drain revolving fund.” MCL 280.196; MSA 11.1196.

 See MCL 205.731; MSA 7.650(31).

 MCL 280.265; MSA 11.1265.

 The defendants state that the amount contested for 1975 is $266,048.79. The opinion of the dissenting judge in the Court of Appeals states: "At issue is over $400,000 collected by plaintiffs-treasurers which is now being held in escrow pending the disposition of this case”.

 Romulus City Treasurer v Wayne County Drain Comm’r, 86 Mich App 663; 273 NW2d 514 (1978).

 See, e.g., MCL 280.152; MSA 11.1152.

 Cf. Foren v Royal Oak, 342 Mich 451, 456; 70 NW2d 692 (1955).

 See MCL 280.72a; MSA 11.1072(1), MCL 280.88; MSA 11.1088, MCL 280.106; MSA 11.1106, MCL 280.122; MSA 11.1122, MCL 280.122a; MSA 11.1122(1), MCL 280.123; MSA 11.1123, MCL 280.125; MSA 11.1125, MCL 280.151; MSA 11.1151, MCL 280.155; MSA 11.1155, MCL 280.157; MSA 11.1157, MCL 280.158; MSA 11.1158, MCL 280.161; MSA 11.1161, MCL 280.191; MSA 11.1191, MCL 280.243; MSA 11.1243, MCL 280.493; MSA 11.1493, MCL 280.521; MSA 11.1521, MCL 280.532; MSA 11.1532, MCL 280.563; MSA 11.1563, MCL 280.577; MSA 11.1577, MCL 280.581; MSA 11.1581.

 "A proceeding before the tribunal shall be original and independent and shall be considered de novo.” MCL 205.735; MSA 7.650(35).

 MCL 280.161; MSA 11.1161 requires that a writ of certiorari issue within ten days after a copy of a final order of determination is filed in the office of the drain commissioner.
MCL 280.265; MSA 11.1265 requires that an action for refund be instituted within 30 days from the time of payment.

 When this action was commenced, MCL 205.735; MSA 7.650(35) required that a petition be filed within 30 days after the final decision, ruling, determination, or order or within 30 days after the receipt of a billing for a tax; by reason of amendment (1976 PA 365), beginning January 1, 1977, the jurisdiction of the tribunal in an "assessment” dispute is required to be invoked not later than June 30 of the tax year involved, and in all other matters within 30 days after the final decision, ruling, determination, or order except that a tax bill may be contested within 60 days after mailing for arithmetical errors or mistakes.
Only an appeal from an ad valorem assessment must or may be filed "not later than June 30 of the tax year involved”. If special assessments are subject to the jurisdiction of the Tax Tribunal, they are subject to the 30-day time limit applicable to "all other matters”.

 “MCL 280.161; MSA 11.1161.

 See fn 4.

 See fn 14.
The certiorari review procedure was added to the drain law by 1885 PA 227. Previously, the only method for attacking a drain assessment was a bill in equity for an injunction. See, e.g., 1881 PA 269.
A number of decisions have held that in the circumstances of the case presented the certiorari procedure was the exclusive method for judicial review of drain assessments. See Detroit Beach Betterment Committee v Monroe County Drain Comm’r, 355 Mich 292; 93 NW2d 922 (1959); Stellwagen v Dingman, 229 Mich 159; 200 NW 983 (1924); Pere Marquette R Co v Auditor General, 226 Mich 491; 198 NW 199 (1924); Arnham v Round, 210 Mich 531; 177 NW 985 (1920); Toledo, S & M R Co v Shafer, 190 Mich 89, 91; 155 NW 712 (1916); Clinton Twp v Teachout, 150 Mich 124; 111 NW 1052 (1907); Jones v Gable, 150 Mich 30; 113 NW 577 (1907); Crandall v McElheny, 146 Mich 191; 109 NW 261 (1906); Swan Creek Twp v Brown, 130 Mich 382; 90 NW 38 (1902).

 MCL 280.155-280.156; MSA 11.1155-11.1156.

 See MCL 280.267-280.268; MSA 11.1267-11.1268.

 The Court held that the drain law did not authorize the building of a sewer.

 The Court conceded that if the issue raised by the plaintiffs "had to do merely with matters of irregularity relative to such proceeding the sole remedy under the statute would be by appeal in the nature of certiorari”. Recognizing that "the sole remedy under the statute would be by appeal in the nature of certiorari”, the Court granted equitable relief because the drain commissioner was "wholly without jurisdiction or authority” to construct a sewer drain in a village. Since he was without authority to lay a sewer drain, "the ultimate result of assessment of benefits and the collection from plaintiffs of the drain tax would be to deprive them of their property without due process of any sort”. The Court reasoned that this lack of jurisdiction warranted relief in equity to prevent deprivation of a constitutional right.

 The Court enjoined construction of a sewer drain stating that the proceedings to establish a drain district were void. "The drain commissioner had no jurisdiction to construct a sewer any more than to construct a Covert road.” The Court observed that "[t]he rule is that errors and irregularities in drain proceedings must be taken advantage of by certiorari, but an entire want of jurisdiction may be taken advantage of at any time". (Emphasis supplied.)

 See, e.g., Clinton v Spencer, 250 Mich 135; 229 NW 609 (1930); Fuller v Cockerill, 257 Mich 35; 239 NW 293 (1932); Lake Twp v Millar, 257 Mich 135; 241 NW 237 (1932); Meyering Land Co v Spencer, 273 Mich 703; 263 NW 777 (1935).

 An example of the principle that equity is not precluded from taking jurisdiction when the "exclusive” statutory remedy is inadequate is provided by the tax injunction act. MCL 211.114; MSA 7.168. Although the act flatly states that "[n]o injunction shall issue to stay proceedings for the assessment or collection of taxes under this act”, the courts have interpreted this proscription as merely a codification of equity’s irreparable injury rule.
The statute has thus been construed to mean "no injunction shall issue”, unless the statutory remedy is inadequate. "[The tax injunction act] is not an absolute prohibition. Injunctions may be granted in case of 'irreparable injury’, see Manufacturers National Bank of Detroit v City of Detroit, 285 Mich 273 [280 NW 760 (1938)], or 'unusual hardship’, see Sunday Lake Iron Co v City of Wakefield, 323 Mich 497 [35 NW2d 470 (1949)].” Haggerty v City of Dearborn, 332 Mich 304, 316; 51 NW2d 290 (1952).

 See, e.g., Fuller v Cockerill, supra; Hudlemyer v Dickinson, 143 Mich 250, 256; 106 NW 885 (1906); Clinton Twp v Teachout, 150 Mich 124, 128; 111 NW 1052 (1907); Hinkley v Bishopp, 152 Mich 256, 264; 114 NW 676 (1908); Troost v Fellows, 169 Mich 66, 70-71; 134 NW 1011 (1912).
The provisions of the 1963 Constitution may now require a broader scope of judicial review of the apportionment of benefits. See Const 1963, art 6, § 28. But that does not suggest that the Tax Tribunal was intended to have jurisdiction. The constitution does not require an independent, original, de novo determination. Review by the Tax Tribunal is not "direct review by the courts”.

 See, e.g., Blades v Genesee County Drain Dist No 2, 375 Mich 683; 135 NW2d 420 (1965); Fluckey v Plymouth, 358 Mich 447; 100 NW2d 486 (1960).

 The sewage disposal system was apparently authorized pursuant to the County Public Improvement Act, MCL 46.171 et seq.; MSA 5.2767(1) et seq.

 See, e.g., MCL 280.157; MSA 11.1157.

 The plaintiffs allege that the members of the class received no notice of the reassessment before it was billed together with the ad valorem property tax, and no notice that the monies collected for maintenance and repair were being used to defray administrative expense and therefore they did not know that a drain assessment authorized for one purpose was actually being levied for another.

 The defendants say that the class plaintiffs Boiler and Kraft seek to represent is composed of 60,036 property owners, and that Boiler paid $2.77 and Kraft $1.82.

 Calder v DeWitt Twp, 1 MTTR 205 (1976).

 The tribunal is vested with the authority to set the fee. MCL 205.749; MSA 7.650(49). The $50 fee is prescribed in 1979 AC, R 205.1115.

 Equity has often assumed jurisdiction to avoid a multiplicity of suits. One of equity’s innovations was that it could join all interested parties in a single action, and with one decree dispose of the entire controversy. It is established that equity jurisdiction may be invoked to contest an assertedly illegal tax:
"In all these cases each separate land-owner had, of course, some kind of legal remedy, either by action for damages against the officer enforcing the unlawful collection, or by writ of certiorari to review the assessment itself. But such remedy was inadequate when compared with the comprehensive and complete relief furnished by the single decree in equity.
"The jurisdiction has been carried much further. In a large number of the states the rule has been settled in well-considered and often-repeated adjudications by courts of the highest character for ability and learning, that a suit in equity will be sustained when brought by any number of taxpayers joined as co-plaintiffs, or by one or more plaintiffs suing on behalf of all taxpayers similarly situated, or sometimes even by a single taxpayer suing on his own account, to enjoin the enforcement and collection, and to set aside and annul, any and every kind of tax or assessment laid by governmental authorities * ** *. In the face of every sort of objection urged against a judicial interference with the governmental and executive function of taxation, these courts have uniformly held that the legal remedy of the individual taxpayer against an illegal tax, either by action for damages, or perhaps by certiorari, was wholly inadequate; and that to restrict him to such imperfect remedy would, in most instances, be a substantial denial of justice, which conclusion is, in my opinion, unquestionably true. The courts have therefore sustained these equitable suits, and have granted the relief, and have uniformly placed their decision upon the inherent jurisdiction of equity to interfere for the prevention of a multiplicity of suits. The result has demonstrated the fact that complete and final relief may be given to an entire community by means of one judicial decree, which would otherwise require an indefinite amount of separate litigation by individuals, even if it were attainable by any means.” 1 Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence (5th ed), § 260, pp 527-534.
It has been observed:
*767“The class action certainly is not a solution to all things. But in some areas, at least, it is a breath of hope — a chance to cope. It gives scattered individuals with a common problem an instrument to try and deal with their problem. It has been particularly helpful for one of today’s most beleaguered and disaffected groups — the consumer. It is a kind of better slingshot for the modern David to tackle Goliath with.” Paley v Coca Cola Co, 389 Mich 583, 595; 209 NW2d 232 (1973) (Williams, J.).

 See fn 3.

 Equity will regard the statute of limitations on a parallel legal action as a guide in applying its own doctrine of laches, but the statute of limitations is not absolute in equity:
“The courts frequently refuse relief where it appears that the complainant, before seeking the aid of equity, permitted the lapse of a period comparable to the one appearing in the statute of limitations. Under ordinary circumstances a suit in equity will not be stayed for laches before the time fixed by the analogous statute of limitations, and the court will run very nearly, if not quite up to, the measure of the statute, but, if unusual conditions or extraordinary circumstances make it inequitable to allow the prosecution of a suit after a briefer, or to forbid its maintenance after a longer, period than that fixed by the statute, the court will determine the extraordinary case in accordance with the equities which condition it.” 2 Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence (5th ed), § 419a, pp 173-174.
A court of equity may deny relief because of laches where the plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable diligence. See 2 Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence (5th ed), §§ 418-419.

 "By constructive frauds are meant such acts or contracts as, *768although not originating in any actual evil design or contrivance to perpetuate [sic] a positive fraud or injury upon other persons, are yet, by their tendency to deceive or mislead other persons, or to violate private or public confidence, or to impair or injure the public interests, deemed equally reprehensible with positive fraud, and therefore are prohibited by law as within the same reason and mischief as acts and contracts done malo animo.” 1 Story, Equity Jurisprudence (14th ed, 1918), § 368, p 349.

 See, e.g., Clinton v Spencer, supra, 151. Blades v Genesee County Drain Comm’r, supra, 694.

 See Norton Twp v Cockerill, 265 Mich 405; 251 NW 543 (1933), and Brooks v Oakland County, 268 Mich 637; 256 NW 576 (1934).

 1 Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence (5th ed), § 231.

 Because the amount reassessed per taxpayer is relatively small, apparently $2 to $3 per homeowner, and it is billed together with the ad valorem property tax, the levy would generally be paid as a matter of course when the ad valorem tax is paid.

 The city and township treasurers perform a purely ministerial function under the Drain Code, collecting the amounts assessed by the drain commissioner and paying the money over to the county treasurer. See MCL 280.264-280.265; MSA 11.1264-11.1265; Hillyer v Jonesfield Twp, 114 Mich 644; 72 NW 619 (1897); Taylor v Avon Twp, 73 Mich 604; 41 NW 703 (1889). They would not be liable on their “bonds for paying the money over to the county treasurer, because they would simply be performing their statutory duty.
Nevertheless, if it were to be decided that this action cannot be maintained as a class action, then the Court would be obliged to consider whether a city or township treasurer is required to pay over money which he, in good faith, believes has been unlawfully exacted from the citizenry or whether he may, as they in effect did, petition a court for instructions.
Cases holding that a city or township treasurer may not interpose his judgment regarding the lawfulness of a drain or special assessment or has no right or duty to do more than collect and pay over or that he is obliged to pay over the money to the county treasurer when collected, do not necessarily preclude seeking instructions where there is a substantial issue regarding the lawfulness of the assessment.
The cases recognizing that a public official has standing "commensurate with his public trust and duties” are readily distinguishable from this case:
In Mayor of Dearborn v Dearborn Retirement Board, 315 Mich 18; *77223 NW2d 186 (1946), the city council overrode the mayor’s veto of a budget appropriation, and the mayor sought a declaratory judgment as to the validity of the appropriation. This Court held the mayor had standing commensurate with his public trust and duties. But the mayor’s public trust and duties in that case included supervisory control over the budget: he held a veto power over budget items and, as the administrative head of the city, was directly responsible for administering the budget. The Court was thus holding that, while no statute gave the mayor standing to question the legality of budget appropriations, he was the proper officer to do so.
Auditor General v Lake George & M R R Co, 82 Mich 426; 46 NW 730 (1890), involved a technical error in the complaint. When a railroad would not pay its taxes, the auditor general was required by the statute to ask the attorney general to sue for collection. The complaint in that case was filed by the "Auditor General, by direction of [the] Attorney General”. The Court held that the complaint was valid, and then added that the auditor general had standing commensurate with his public trust and duties.
In Berrien County Treasurer v Bunbury, 45 Mich 79, 84; 7 NW 704 (1881), the township treasurer had defaulted on his bond to ensure the proper collection and disbursement of tax revenues. Although the statute did not give anyone the authority to sue to collect on the bond, the Court held that the county treasurer, who was named as obligee on the bond, must have standing because it was commensurate with his public trust and duties.
We note, however, that in this case the only public officers in a position to notice the asserted wrong and complain about it are the city and township treasurers. The drain commissioner and the county treasurer are charged with the wrong. Individual property owners have an insufficient interest to monitor the use of drain assessments, and are not familiar with governmental finances. City and township treasurers are in a position to observe what happens to the monies that they collect.
Moreover, it cannot be true that the city and township treasurers have a duty to pay the monies over to the county treasurer although they know that such monies will be applied in an unauthorized manner. In Cheboygan County Board of Supervisors v Mentor Twp Supervisor, 94 Mich 386; 54 NW 169 (1892), this Court held that mandamus would not issue to compel a local officer to perform his statutory duty, when the mandamus would further an illegal purpose.