Court Opinion

ID: 4710279
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-10 17:04:05.822081+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:07:02.426428
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                               _________________

                                   No. 21-1033

  GET KAISERED, INC., A New York Corporation; KAISER FITNESS LLC, A New
        York Limited Liability Company; ANNA KAISER, An Individual

                                        v.

  AKT FRANCHISE, LLC., A Delaware Limited Liability Company; XPONENTIAL
           FITNESS, LLC., A Delaware Limited Liability Company

                              AKT Franchise, LLC.,
                                             Appellant

                  On Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Delaware
                         (D.C. Civil No. 1-20-cv-01037)
                      District Judge: Hon. Colm F. Connolly

                              Argued June 22, 2021

         Before: SMITH, Chief Judge, MATEY, and FISHER, Circuit Judges.

                         (Opinion filed: August 10, 2021)

Witt W. Chang
Jeffrey K. Logan
Alex M. Weingarten
Venable
2049 Century Park East
Suite 2300
Los Angeles, CA 90067
Bryan A. Garner    [ARGUED]
14180 Dallas Parkway
Suite 280
Dallas, TX 75254
             Counsel for Appellant

Kerry A. Brennan [ARGUED]
Brennan Law PLLC
902 Broadway, 6th Floor
New York, NY 10010
             Counsel for Appellees

                                         OPINION *

MATEY, Circuit Judge.

       Xponential Fitness and AKT 1 Franchise bought the right to franchise Anna Kaiser’s

cardio fitness business and the intellectual property they hoped would make the new

franchises thrive. But the relationship quickly soured, and lawsuits largely grounded on

contract claims followed. Both sides sought preliminary injunctions, remedies largely

denied by the District Court. Agreeing that Appellant AKT Franchise has failed to show a

likelihood of success on its claims, we will affirm.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       Over two decades, Anna Kaiser developed a custom fitness program. By 2018, she

operated four “AKT in Motion” studios in the New York area. With hopes of expansion,

       * This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does
not constitute binding precedent.
       1
         AKT is short for “Anna Kaiser Technique,” Kaiser’s unique fitness program.

                                              2
Kaiser 2 agreed to sell the franchise rights to her studios and much of the intellectual

property related to her business to Xponential Fitness and a new company, AKT Franchise

LLC. The parties spelled out the deal in an Asset Purchase Agreement (“APA”) that,

among other terms, granted Kaiser a non-transferable, non-exclusive license to use the

intellectual property, and her persona, in her existing AKT in Motion studios. But that

license came with a condition: those studios must become franchises, and the APA

contained a restrictive covenant prohibiting the selling parties from operating competing

businesses for five years after closing. That license forms the heart of this dispute.

       Trouble began, as commercial troubles often do, when the buyers failed to make

two post-closing cash payments. Kaiser and the sellers tried to scuttle the deal, suing for

breach of contract and changing the names of the existing studios to “Anna Kaiser Studios.”

The buyers fought back with counterclaims of breach. Both parties sought preliminary

injunctions with AKT Franchise and Xponential seeking to enjoin Kaiser from operating

her original studios because, they alleged, her operation of the studios outside the AKT

franchise violated the APA’s restrictive covenant. The District Court denied both motions,

finding neither side showed a likelihood of success on their claims. AKT Franchise timely

appealed. 3

       2
         Along with her companies AKT in Motion and Get Kaisered, Inc., the Appellees.
       3
         AKT Franchise’s co-defendant/co-counterclaimant Xponential is not a party to this
appeal. The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, and we have
jurisdiction to review an order refusing injunctive relief under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). We
review the denial of a preliminary injunction for an abuse of discretion, but any underlying
legal questions are subject to plenary review. ADP, LLC v. Rafferty, 923 F.3d 113, 119 (3d
Cir. 2019). Under Delaware law, the “proper construction” of a contract is a question of

                                              3
                                     II. DISCUSSION

       As the party seeking a preliminary injunction, AKT Franchise must “demonstrate a

reasonable likelihood of success [on its breach of contract claims] and that it would likely

suffer irreparable harm absent an injunction.” ADP, LLC v. Rafferty, 923 F.3d 113, 119–

20 (3d Cir. 2019). Here, success depends on two questions: 1) whether the APA required

Appellees to operate Kaiser’s studios as AKT franchises, and 2) whether the Anna Kaiser

Studios are “competing businesses” under the APA. Because we agree with the District

Court’s conclusion that Appellant failed to establish a likelihood of success on either

question, we will affirm.

       A.     The Franchise Requirement

       Section 5.11(a) of the APA provides that the Purchaser (Appellant) must grant the

Seller (Appellees) a “non-exclusive, non-transferable” license back of the transferred AKT

intellectual property “to be used for the exclusive purpose of the [Seller] maintaining and

operating its current ‘AKT in Motion’ studios . . . (‘the Seller Studios’).” 4 The provision

adds that the license is granted “provided that the Seller shall cause the AKT Group to

operate all of the Seller Studios as franchises of the Purchaser in the Ordinary Course of

Business. Following the Closing, Purchaser and Seller . . . shall use commercially

law. Exelon Generation Acquisitions, LLC v. Deere & Co., 176 A.3d 1262, 1266–67 (Del.
2017).
       4
         Section 5.11(a) refers to the “current ‘AKT in Motion’ studios” as “Current
Studios,” and provides for the creation of at least two new “Additional Studios,” with the
Current Studios and Additional Studios collectively labeled “Seller Studios.” (App. at
1345.) No Additional Studios were ever opened, so the Current Studios alone are the Seller
Studios. For simplicity, we will call them Seller Studios.

                                             4
reasonable efforts to enter written Franchise Agreements for the Seller Studios[.]” (App. at

1345.) But if “such Franchise Agreements are not executed by the third (3rd) anniversary

of the date hereof,” the license terminates. (App. at 1345.)

       Appellant argues the provision in Section 5.11(a) requiring that Kaiser’s studios

operate as AKT franchises did not just condition the IP license, but created an affirmative

promise to operate the studios as franchises or not at all. Like the District Court, we

disagree. The proviso is best read as creating a condition precedent, “an event, not certain

to occur, which must occur . . . before performance under a contract becomes due.” Pac.

Emp’rs. Ins. Co. v. Glob. Reins. Corp. of Am., 693 F.3d 417, 430 n.6 (3d Cir. 2012) (quoting

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 224 (1981)). Appellant’s obligation to perform—to

grant Kaiser the IP license—was dependent upon her execution of franchise agreements.

If no such agreements were executed by the third anniversary of the closing, the result was

clear: the license would simply terminate. The APA did not provide that Kaiser had to then

cease operating her studios altogether.

       Appellant also believes Section 5.11(a) to immediately, upon closing, require the

Appellees to operate the Seller Studios as AKT franchises. Not so, say Appellees; they just

had to use commercially reasonable efforts to enter written Franchise Agreements within

three years of closing. And like the District Court, we agree the Appellees have the better

interpretation. While Section 5.11(a) does grant Appellees a license to use AKT

Franchise’s newly acquired intellectual property to operate the Seller Studios as franchises,

the clause includes a three-year period to fulfill that obligation.

                                               5
       That conclusion is confirmed by the whole text of the APA. Section 2.4 of the

Consulting Agreement, Exhibit B to the APA, 5 says, “Nothing in this Section 2.4 shall

prohibit [Kaiser] from . . . owning or operating any ‘AKT in Motion’ studio or franchise.”

(App. at 1373 (emphasis added).) Under Appellant’s argument, the Seller Studios—which

were the only existing AKT in Motion studios at closing—would automatically become

franchises when the deal closed. But if that is correct, there would be no AKT in Motion

studios that were not franchises after the contract was signed, making “studio or”

superfluous. Such a reading would violate “our duty to give effect, if possible, to every

clause and word” in a written text. United States v. Jackson, 964 F.3d 197, 203 (3d Cir.

2020) (quoting Duncan v. Walker, 533 U.S. 167, 174 (2001)). Here, post-closing, the

Consulting Agreement contemplated that Kaiser could operate an AKT in Motion franchise

or a non-franchise AKT in Motion studio. That conflicts with Appellant’s reading of

Section 5.11(a), but squares with the meaning “determined from the four corners of the

contract.” In re Diet Drugs (Phentermine/Fenfluramine/Dexfenfluramine) Prod. Liab.

Litig., 706 F.3d 217, 223 (3d Cir. 2013) (quotations and citation omitted).

       Because the best reading of the APA suggests that the IP license did not condition

Appellees’ freedom to operate and that Appellees were not required to immediately operate

the Seller Studios as AKT franchises, Appellant has not shown a likelihood of success. The

District Court correctly denied the motion for a preliminary injunction.

       5
        Under the APA, “the Exhibits attached hereto form part of this Agreement.” (App.
at 1353.)

                                             6
       B.     The Noncompete Clause

       Appellant’s argument about the alleged breach of the APA’s restrictive covenant

similarly falls short. 6 Section 5.4 of the APA prohibits Appellees from engaging in an

extensive list of activities related to any “Competing Business” in North America, with

“Competing Business” defined as “the operation or franchising of fitness studios other than

Seller Studios.” (App. at 1342.) Despite the Seller Studios’ exemption from the definition

of Competing Business, Appellant argues that Anna Kaiser Studios do not qualify because

they are not AKT franchises.

       But the Seller Studios are, per the definition of Current Studios, the Sellers’ “current

‘AKT in Motion’ studios set forth in Schedule 5.11(a).” (App. at 1345.) Schedule 5.11(a)

contains only a list of general locations and street addresses for four studios. And we have

held that a contract written in the present tense is “speaking on” the date of closing, Castle

v. Cohen, 840 F.2d 173, 177 (3d Cir. 1988), so the definition of Seller Studios refers to the

AKT in Motion studios, listed in Schedule 5.11(a). When interpreting an unambiguous

contract governed by Delaware law, we ask “what a reasonable person in the position of

the parties would have thought the language of [the] contract means.” Lorillard Tobacco

Co. v. Am. Legacy Found., 903 A.2d 728, 739 (Del. 2006). And a reasonable person would

infer the word “current” matters to the definition of Seller Studios. Because the relevant

time is the moment of closing, it does not matter that Appellees later rebranded the studios.

       6
        Appellant expressly disclaims any argument that the APA is ambiguous, thus
confining our review to whether the APA unambiguously supports Appellant’s reading.

                                              7
They are still the same studios 7 listed in Schedule 5.11(a), so they are exempt from the

APA’s restrictive covenant, and there is no likelihood of success on this claim.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s denial of Appellant’s motion

for a preliminary injunction.

       7
           Except for one studio that closed in 2020.

                                               8