Court Opinion

ID: 4636394
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-24 22:35:44.17247+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:32.049956
License: Public Domain

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                                 Appellate Court                          Date: 2020.06.23
                                                                          10:46:26 -05'00'

         Wesly v. National Hemophilia Foundation, 2020 IL App (3d) 170569

Appellate Court       OSVALDO H. WESLY, M.D., Plaintiff-Appellee, v. THE
Caption               NATIONAL HEMOPHILIA FOUNDATION; CRAIG M.
                      KESSLER, M.D.; GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY; MICHAEL
                      TARANTINO, M.D.; KOLLET KOULIANOS; THE BLEEDING
                      AND CLOTTING DISORDERS INSTITUTE, an Illinois Not-for-
                      Profit Corporation; BOB ROBINSON; and BLEEDING
                      DISORDERS ALLIANCE ILLINOIS, an Illinois Not-for-Profit
                      Corporation, Defendants (Craig M. Kessler, M.D., Defendant-
                      Appellant).

District & No.        Third District
                      No. 3-17-0569

Filed                 March 9, 2020

Decision Under        Appeal from the Circuit Court of Peoria County, No. 15-L-188; the
Review                Hon. Michael P. McCuskey, Judge, presiding.

Judgment              Certified question answered; judgment affirmed.

Counsel on            Kevin W. Doherty and Ryan A. Danahey, of Doherty & Progar LLC,
Appeal                of Chicago, for appellant.

                      Paul R. Vickrey and Gretchen L. Schmidt, of Vitale, Vickrey, Niro &
                      Gasey LLP, of Chicago, and Timothy J. Rigby, of Hart, Southworth &
                      Witsman, of Springfield, for appellee.
     Panel                     PRESIDING JUSTICE LYTTON delivered the judgment of the court,
                               with opinion.
                               Justice O’Brien concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                               Justice McDade concurred in part and dissented in part, with opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1        Plaintiff, Osvaldo H. Wesly, M.D., filed a defamation complaint in Peoria County against
      defendant, Craig M. Kessler, M.D., and several others. Kessler, who lives and works in the
      Washington, D.C., area, filed a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint, asserting that the Peoria
      County circuit court lacked personal jurisdiction over him. The trial court denied the motion
      and certified the following question: “Can the Circuit Court properly exercise personal
      jurisdiction in a tort action over Dr. Kessler under the Illinois long-arm statute, and if so, can
      such an exercise of personal jurisdiction satisfy the requirements for due process?” We answer
      the certified question in the affirmative and affirm the trial court’s denial of Kessler’s motion
      to dismiss.

¶2                                                FACTS
¶3         Plaintiff, a physician, became the medical director of the Comprehensive Bleeding
      Disorders Center in Peoria in 2010. On September 20, 2014, he received the Physician of the
      Year Award from the National Hemophilia Foundation (NHF). A few days later, NHF issued
      an e-mail to all of its members stating that it recently discovered that “documents submitted to
      it in connection with its NHF Physician of the Year Award to Dr. Osvaldo H. Wesly had
      significant inaccuracies related to Dr. Wesly’s background, qualifications and experience.”
      (Emphases in original). The same message was posted on NHF’s website and disseminated to
      other sources, including at least one television station in Peoria.
¶4         Plaintiff filed a complaint against NHF and seven other defendants, including Craig M.
      Kessler, who is the director of the coagulation laboratory at Georgetown University and serves
      as a volunteer with NHF. Count I of plaintiff’s complaint alleged defamation against Kessler.
¶5         In the course of discovery, plaintiff obtained two e-mails written by Kessler to Michael
      Tarantino, a physician and medical director of the Bleeding and Clotting Disorders Institute in
      Peoria, on September 21, 2014. Kessler sent his first e-mail to Tarantino at 7:37 a.m. on
      September 21, 2014. It states in pertinent part:
               “Dear Mike,
                   I am at the NHF Board Meeting this morning and spoke to Val, who indicated that
               the Physician of the Year Award was given to an individual from your area who
               apparently has turned out to have some background difficulty. Val indicated that the
               nomination was well supported but apparently the committee (an in-house group) was
               not aware of some of the legal difficulties he has been associated with. I have suggested
               to Val that if the accusations against this individual are still active and if he is under
               OIG investigation, that his ethical situation should invalidate his award. Are you able
               to provide any information about this off line?
                   ***

                                                   -2-
                  Furthermore, I have indicated to Val and the NHF the importance of supporting you
             and your HTC [hemophilia treatment center] and the value you bring to the ***
             hemophilia community. Clearly, they are collectively embarrassed by this and are now
             looking into the vetting process for the nominees. ***
                  Personally, I want to apologize since I would never have let this occur and I believe
             [it] sends an inappropriate message to the community. Please let me know your
             thoughts and I will keep you apprised of the situation from my perspective.”
     Kessler sent his second e-mail to Tarantino at 7:34 p.m. the same day. It provides in pertinent
     part:
             “Dear Mike,
                  I am so sorry that I was not aware of this situation. I was not part of the nomination
             committee; however, I am going to discuss with Val that we should withdraw the award
             based on the false credentials and I will ask that the CV which was sent to NHF as part
             of the vetting process be retrieved and adjudicated for veracity. If untrue, I will demand
             that Val withdraw the award. I will be available to you at any time. Please feel free to
             call me *** at any time. Be assured that this [sic] will not let this egregious situation
             remain and that the vetting process will be tightened up. I will keep you apprised. I
             agree that this is very embarrassing to NHF.”
     There is no dispute that Kessler sent the e-mails from outside Illinois or that Tarantino opened
     and read the e-mails in Illinois.
¶6       Kessler filed a motion to dismiss the defamation claim against him, arguing that the Peoria
     County circuit court lacked personal jurisdiction over him. The trial court denied Kessler’s
     motion to dismiss and made a finding pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308(a) (eff. Jan.
     1, 2015), certifying the following question: “Can the Circuit Court properly exercise personal
     jurisdiction in a tort action over Dr. Kessler under the Illinois long-arm statute, and if so, can
     such an exercise of personal jurisdiction satisfy the requirements for due process?”

¶7                                            ANALYSIS
¶8       Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308(a) (eff. Jan. 1, 2015) provides in relevant part:
              “When the trial court, in making an interlocutory order not otherwise appealable, finds
              that the order involves a question of law as to which there is substantial ground for
              difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal from the order may materially
              advance the ultimate termination of the litigation, the court shall so state in writing,
              identifying the question of law involved.”
     The scope of review in an interlocutory appeal brought under Rule 308 is limited to the certified
     question. Spears v. Association of Illinois Electric Cooperatives, 2013 IL App (4th) 120289,
     ¶ 15. A certified question is governed by Rule 308 and reviewed de novo. Barbara’s Sales,
     Inc. v. Intel Corp., 227 Ill. 2d 45, 57-58 (2007).
¶9       Illinois courts may assert specific personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant if (1) a
     specific statutory provision of the Illinois long-arm statute has been satisfied and (2) the due
     process requirements of the United States and Illinois Constitutions have been met. Russell v.
     SNFA, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 29.

                                                  -3-
¶ 10                                          I. Long-Arm Statute
¶ 11        The Illinois long-arm statute provides in relevant part:
                    “(a) Any person, whether or not a citizen or resident of this State, who in person or
                through an agent does any of the acts hereinafter enumerated, thereby submits such
                person, and, if an individual, his or her personal representative, to the jurisdiction of
                the courts of this State as to any cause of action arising from the doing of any of such
                acts:
                         (1) The transaction of any business within this State;
                         (2) The commission of a tortious act within this State;
                                                      ***
                    (c) A court may also exercise jurisdiction on any other basis now or hereafter
                permitted by the Illinois Constitution and the Constitution of the United States.” 735
                ILCS 5/2-209 (West 2016).
¶ 12        The tort of defamation occurs where the defamatory statements are published. See Hanson
       v. Ahmed, 382 Ill. App. 3d 941, 942 (2008). Publication is the act by which defamatory matter
       is conveyed to a third party. Missner v. Clifford, 393 Ill. App. 3d 751, 763 (2009).
¶ 13        Here, under section 2-209(a)(2) of the Illinois long-arm statute, plaintiff has asserted
       jurisdiction over Kessler because he sent the statements to Tarantino, who received and read
       them in Illinois. Publication of Kessler’s statements, therefore, occurred in Illinois. See
       Hanson, 382 Ill. App. 3d at 943; Missner, 393 Ill. App. 3d at 763. Kessler’s alleged defamation
       was in Illinois and subject to Illinois’s jurisdiction under the long-arm statute. See 735 ILCS
       5/2-209(a)(2) (West 2016).
¶ 14        Plaintiff also asserted jurisdiction over Kessler under section 2-209(c) of the Illinois long-
       arm statute, commonly referred to as the “catch-all provision.” Section 2-209(c) “effectively
       collapses the jurisdictional inquiry into the single issue of whether a defendant’s Illinois
       contacts are sufficient to satisfy federal and Illinois due process.” Russell, 2013 IL 113909,
       ¶ 30. When a plaintiff argues that personal jurisdiction is proper under section 2-209(c), the
       sole issue before the court is whether the nonresident defendant’s connection or contact with
       Illinois is sufficient to satisfy federal and Illinois due process. Id.

¶ 15                                          II. Due Process
¶ 16       Both the Illinois Constitution and the United States Constitution contain independent
       guarantees of due process. Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2; U.S. Const., amend. XIV. “[I]t is
       generally true that, when federal due process concerns regarding personal jurisdiction are
       satisfied, so are Illinois due process concerns.” Aasonn, LLC v. Delaney, 2011 IL App (2d)
       101125, ¶ 13.

¶ 17                                      A. Federal Due Process
¶ 18       Three criteria are considered in determining whether federal due process requirements have
       been satisfied: (1) whether the nonresident defendant had “minimum contact” with the forum
       state such that there was “fair warning” that the nonresident defendant may be brought into a
       forum court, (2) whether the action arose out of or related to the defendant’s contacts with the
       forum state, and (3) whether it is reasonable to require the defendant to litigate in the forum

                                                    -4-
       state. Kalata v. Healy, 312 Ill. App. 3d 761, 768-69 (2000).

¶ 19                                         1. Minimum Contacts
¶ 20        Under federal due process requirements, a nonresident defendant must have “certain
       minimum contacts with [the forum state] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend
       ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’ ” International Shoe Co. v.
       Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463 (1940)).
       A nonresident defendant must have fair warning that his activities may subject him to suit in
       the forum state. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 472 (1985) (citing Shaffer v.
       Heitner, 433 U.S. 186, 218 (Stevens, J., concurring)). The requirements of minimum contacts
       and fair warning are satisfied if the defendant has “purposefully directed” his activities at an
       Illinois resident or “purposefully derived benefits from his interstate activities.” Kalata, 312
       Ill. App. 3d at 769.
¶ 21        Where the plaintiff’s claim is for an intentional tort, the inquiry focuses on whether the
       conduct underlying the claim was purposely directed at the forum state. Tamburo v. Dworkin,
       601 F.3d 693, 702 (7th Cir. 2010). “[T]he point of the purposeful-direction requirement is to
       ‘ensure that an out-of-state defendant is not bound to appear to account for merely “random,
       fortuitous, or attenuated contacts” with the forum state.’ ” Id. (quoting Dudnikov v. Chalk &
       Vermilion Fine Arts, Inc., 514 F.3d 1063, 1071 (10th Cir. 2008), quoting Rudzewicz, 471 U.S.
       at 475).
¶ 22        We must decide whether a nonresident sending defamatory e-mails to an Illinois resident
       has sufficient contacts to be sued in an Illinois court. No Illinois court has considered this issue.
       However, several federal courts have found that e-mails can meet the requirements of
       minimum contacts and fair warning. See Campbell v. Campbell, 262 F. Supp. 3d 701 (N.D. Ill.
       2017); Strabala v. Zhang, 318 F.R.D. 81 (N.D. Ill. 2016). We agree and believe defamatory e-
       mails, like telephone calls or letters, can be the basis of defamation claims, provided that the
       strictures of due process are met.
¶ 23        In Campbell, the plaintiff sued her ex-husband for defamation after he sent three e-mail
       messages from his home in Minnesota to plaintiff’s employer in Illinois, Inland Real Estate.
       The court found that Illinois had personal jurisdiction over the defendant, stating:
                “There can be no question that defendant acted intentionally in composing and sending
                the emails. It is likewise clear that defendant’s conduct was expressly aimed at Illinois.
                He sent the emails directly to Inland, which is located in Illinois. And defendant knew
                (or at least intended) that plaintiff would be injured in Illinois.” Campbell, 262 F. Supp.
                3d at 705-06.
       The court rejected the defendant’s contention that the e-mails could have been opened
       anywhere, stating: “Inland was not one of a long list of email recipients located throughout the
       country. Defendant sent the messages in question specifically and *** exclusively to Inland.
       His contact with Illinois was not fortuitous and was entirely within his control.” Id. at 706. The
       court also found that requiring defendant to defend himself in Illinois did not offend traditional
       notions of fair play and substantial justice, stating: “[T]here was nothing fortuitous about where
       defendant’s emails were sent to or received. An individual who sends to another person’s
       employer messages like the ones at issue here can reasonably expect to be haled into court
       where the messages were sent.” Id. at 708.

                                                     -5-
¶ 24        In Strabala, the plaintiff alleged that the defendants, who were Chinese citizens, sent
       defamatory e-mails from China to several of the plaintiff’s business and professional associates
       in Chicago, where his business was located. 318 F.R.D. at 88. The court found these e-mails
       were sufficient to invoke personal jurisdiction over the defendants in Illinois, explaining:
                “Strabala alleges that Defendants targeted specific individuals who they knew had a
                business relationship to Strabala, and they did so with the intent, purpose and effect of
                defaming him to those individuals. ‘Concluding that intentionally tortious emails
                cannot give rise to personal jurisdiction would insulate from liability a ubiquitous form
                of communication and entirely negate the otherwise permissible exercise of jurisdiction
                over defendants who purposefully directed their activities at a forum state without
                entering the state.’ [Citation.] Defendants purposefully aimed their conduct at Illinois
                by seeking to damage Strabala’s reputation in Illinois where the e-mail recipients were
                located. [Citations.] Thus, Defendants’ relationship to Illinois cannot be said to be
                ‘entirely fortuitous’ and ‘dependent wholly on activities out of [their] control.’
                [Citation.]” Id. at 109-10.
       The court stated that when a defamatory e-mail is involved, the most important question for
       jurisdictional purposes is “where the person or entity who is targeted by the email is based.”
       Id. at 112; see also Rusinowski v. Village of Hillside, 835 F. Supp. 2d 641, 654 (N.D. Ill. 2011)
       (“In considering the jurisdictional consequences of phone calls or Internet contact, Illinois
       courts consider whether a defendant’s actions deliberately and consciously intruded into
       Illinois.”).
¶ 25        In Tamburo, the defendants published allegedly false and defamatory statements about the
       plaintiff, a business owner, in blast e-mails and on public websites knowing that the plaintiff
       lived and operated his business in Illinois. 601 F.3d at 706. The Seventh Circuit found that
       minimum contacts with Illinois existed where the nonresident defendants made defamatory
       statements about an Illinois resident with the intent to harm him in his home state. Id. The court
       ruled that “although they acted from points outside the forum state, these defendants
       specifically aimed their tortious conduct at Tamburo and his business in Illinois with the
       knowledge that he lived, worked, and would suffer the ‘brunt of the injury’ there.” Id.
¶ 26        In this case, plaintiff has alleged that Kessler purposely directed his conduct in Illinois
       establishing sufficient minimum contacts to support personal jurisdiction over him. Kessler
       sent the two e-mails to an Illinois resident about another Illinois resident. In his first e-mail,
       Kessler referred to plaintiff as being from Tarantino’s “area,” that is, Peoria. He knew that both
       plaintiff and Tarantino lived in Illinois. Kessler also knew that plaintiff and Tarantino were
       directors of medical clinics for bleeding disorders in Peoria. Because the e-mails were
       published in Illinois, where plaintiff lives and works, Kessler could reasonably anticipate being
       sued in Illinois. See Campbell, 262 F. Supp. 3d at 708; Strabala, 318 F.R.D. at 109-10.
       Kessler’s “contact with Illinois was not fortuitous and was entirely within his control.” See
       Campbell, 262 F. Supp. 3d at 706. Exercising personal jurisdiction over Kessler with regard to
       plaintiff’s defamation claim does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial
       justice.

¶ 27                                         2. Cause of Action
¶ 28      Next, we must consider whether plaintiff’s cause of action arose out of Kessler’s contacts
       with this state. “For specific jurisdiction to exist, the ligation must result from alleged injuries

                                                    -6-
       that arose out of or related to defendant’s in-state activities.” M.M. v. GlaxoSmithKline LLC,
       2016 IL App (1st) 151909, ¶ 51.
¶ 29       Plaintiff’s complaint against Kessler alleges defamation. Kessler made his statements
       about plaintiff in the two e-mails he sent to Tarantino in Illinois. Plaintiff alleges that his
       injuries arose out of and were directly related to Kessler’s e-mails. Accordingly, Kessler’s
       contacts with Illinois give rise to plaintiff’s cause of action, satisfying this requirement.

¶ 30                                       3. Reasonableness of Forum
¶ 31        Finally, we consider whether it is reasonable for Illinois to exercise personal jurisdiction
       over Kessler. To determine reasonableness, courts consider (1) the burden on the defendant;
       (2) the forum state’s interest in resolving the dispute; (3) the plaintiff’s interest in obtaining
       relief; (4) the interest of the affected forums, including the forum state, in the most efficient
       resolution of the dispute; and (5) the interest of the affected forums in advancing substantive
       social policies. Soria v. Chrysler Canada, Inc., 2011 IL App (2d) 101236, ¶ 36 (citing Asahi
       Metal Industry Co. v. Superior Court, 480 U.S. 102, 113 (1987)). When a plaintiff has
       established that the defendant purposely directed his activities at the forum state, the defendant
       must present a compelling case that litigating the dispute there would be unreasonable.
       Commerce Trust Co. v. Air 1st Aviation Cos., 366 Ill. App. 3d 135, 146 (2006). Compelling
       cases are limited to those rare situations where Illinois’s interests in adjudicating the dispute
       are clearly outweighed by the burden of subjecting the defendant to litigation in Illinois. Keller
       v. Henderson, 359 Ill. App. 3d 605, 618 (2005).
¶ 32        “Illinois has a strong interest in providing a forum for its residents to vindicate harms from
       out-of-state actors.” Rusinowski, 835 F. Supp. 2d at 655; see also Tamburo, 601 F.3d at 709
       (“Illinois has a strong interest in providing a forum for its residents and local businesses to
       seek redress for tort injuries suffered within the state and inflicted by out-of-state actors.”). In
       Tamburo, the court found it was reasonable for the plaintiff’s suit against the nonresident
       defendants to proceed in Illinois, stating:
                 “Although Tamburo could have sued the individual defendants in their home
                 jurisdictions, that would have been cumbersome and impractical; the American
                 defendants live in separate states and Dworkin lives in Canada. Neither Canada nor any
                 of the states where the American defendants live (Colorado, Michigan, or Ohio) has a
                 substantial interest at stake here. And it would be unreasonable to expect Tamburo to
                 file separate lawsuits to give each defendant the privilege of defending this litigation in
                 his or her home state when jurisdiction is otherwise proper in Illinois. Under these
                 circumstances, it is far more reasonable to conclude that the defendants should
                 anticipate being haled into court in Tamburo’s home state of Illinois than a court in a
                 codefendant’s home jurisdiction. A single suit in Illinois also promotes the most
                 efficient resolution of these claims.” Tamburo, 601 F.3d at 709-10.
¶ 33        Here, plaintiff is an Illinois resident, seeking redress for injuries he allegedly suffered in
       this state as the result of a tort committed by an out-of-state defendant. Weighing the relevant
       factors, we find as follows. First, having to litigate in Illinois is a burden on Kessler, who lives
       in the Washington, D.C., area. Second, Illinois has a substantial interest in providing plaintiff,
       its citizen, with a convenient forum to litigate. See Bombliss v. Cornelsen, 355 Ill. App. 3d
       1107, 1116 (2005). There is no question that Illinois, the state where plaintiff lives and works,
       is the most convenient forum for him to bring his suit. Third, plaintiff has a strong interest in

                                                     -7-
       obtaining relief for the injuries Kessler allegedly caused in Illinois. Fourth, Illinois provides
       the most efficient forum for a resolution of plaintiff’s claims. Although plaintiff could have
       sued each defendant in his or its home jurisdiction, it would have been cumbersome and
       impractical for plaintiff to do so, as he originally sued a total of eight defendants from at least
       three different states. Plaintiff should not be expected to file separate lawsuits in three or more
       foreign jurisdictions solely for the convenience of defendants. See Tamburo, 601 F.3d at 709.
       Fifth, Illinois has a strong interest in advancing the substantive social policy of compensating
       victims for torts occurring in Illinois. Soria, 2011 IL App (2d) 101236, ¶ 37.
¶ 34       While the first factor weighs against Kessler being sued in Illinois, the remaining factors
       outweigh any inconvenience Kessler may experience by having to defend himself in a foreign
       jurisdiction. Because Kessler purposely directed activities at Illinois, he had to present a
       compelling case as to why litigating this action in Illinois would impose an undue burden on
       him. See Commerce Trust Co., 366 Ill. App. 3d at 146. He has failed to do so.

¶ 35                                      B. Illinois Due Process
¶ 36        Having found that federal due process is satisfied by asserting jurisdiction over Kessler,
       we now consider whether Illinois due process is also satisfied. Under the Illinois Constitution’s
       due process clause, “[j]urisdiction is to be asserted only when it is fair, just, and reasonable to
       require a nonresident defendant to defend an action in Illinois, considering the quality and
       nature of the defendant’s acts which occur in Illinois or which affect interests located in
       Illinois.” Rollins v. Ellwood, 141 Ill. 2d 244, 275 (1990).
¶ 37        Asserting personal jurisdiction over Kessler in Illinois does not violate Illinois due process.
       As in federal due process claims, it was foreseeable that plaintiff’s injuries, resulting from
       Kessler’s allegedly defamatory statements, would be felt primarily in Illinois, where Kessler
       sent his e-mails and where plaintiff resides. See Campbell, 262 F. Supp. 3d at 705-06; Strabala,
       318 F.R.D. at 109-10; Tamburo, 601 F.3d at 706. It is not unfair, unjust, or unreasonable to
       require Kessler to defend himself in Illinois.

¶ 38                                       C. Defendant’s Arguments
¶ 39        Kessler argues that we should rely on the Illinois case of Hanson, 382 Ill. App. 3d 941, to
       find that personal jurisdiction is lacking here. In Hanson, the First District ruled that two
       telephone calls initiated by an insurance claims adjuster in Illinois did not confer an Illinois
       court with jurisdiction over two Missouri defendants. The court explained:
                “The defendants took no affirmative action to conduct any activities in Illinois; they
                did not initiate the telephone calls and did nothing to invoke the benefits and protection
                of the laws of Illinois. [Citation.] The defendants’ participation in the two telephone
                conversations represent extremely attenuated contacts with Illinois that resulted from
                the unilateral activity of the Allstate claims adjuster.” Id. at 945.
       Unlike the telephone calls in Hanson, which were initiated by someone other than the
       defendants, the e-mails in this case were initiated by Kessler to someone he knew lived in
       Illinois. Kessler “deliberately and consciously intruded into Illinois” and could expect to have
       to defend his actions in an Illinois court. See Rusinowski, 835 F. Supp. 2d at 654-55.
¶ 40        Kessler also relies on our decision in Bombliss, 355 Ill. App. 3d 1107, to support his
       position that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss. In Bombliss, we found that

                                                    -8-
       Illinois had personal jurisdiction over the nonresident defendants who sold dogs to the Illinois
       plaintiffs. There, the defendants conducted contract negotiations in Illinois, maintained a
       commercial website, and used chat rooms to reach potential customers, including the plaintiffs.
       In dicta, we stated: “If the only contacts defendants had with Illinois consisted of a single
       telephone call and one mailing in connection with their sale of the two pups to plaintiffs, we
       might agree with the trial court that plaintiffs failed to establish sufficient minimum contacts
       to satisfy due process.” Id. at 1113-14.
¶ 41        Kessler invites us to rely on this dicta to find that the trial court lacked personal jurisdiction
       over him. We decline the invitation. Kessler sent the two e-mails to Tarantino knowing that he
       and plaintiff lived and worked in Illinois. Kessler purposely directed activities at Illinois, and
       those activities are the basis of plaintiff’s suit against him. It does not violate due process to
       require Kessler to defend his actions in Illinois.

¶ 42                                      CONCLUSION
¶ 43      We answer the certified question in the affirmative and affirm the judgment of the circuit
       court of Peoria County denying Kessler’s motion to dismiss.

¶ 44       Certified question answered; judgment affirmed.

¶ 45        JUSTICE McDADE, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
¶ 46        The majority has found that the two e-mails sent from Washington, D.C., by defendant,
       Dr. Craig Kessler, to Dr. Michael Tarantino in Peoria, Illinois, are sufficient to satisfy the
       requirements of the Illinois long-arm statute (735 ILCS 5/2-209 (West 2016)) and of due
       process under the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend.
       XIV) and the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2), thereby vesting Illinois courts
       with specific personal jurisdiction over this nonresident defendant.
¶ 47        The majority’s first finding is that plaintiff has alleged defamation, an intentional tortious
       act under Illinois law, and has, therefore, stated a claim that satisfies section 2-209(a)(2) of the
       long-arm statute. Although the two e-mails at issue are incorporated into the complaint and
       form a part of plaintiff’s allegations of fact (see 735 ILCS 5/2-606 (West 2016) (“the exhibit
       constitutes a part of the pleading for all purposes”)), although their plain language appears to
       flatly contradict the claim that the e-mails contain affirmative false and defamatory statements,
       and although application of Illinois’s “innocent construction rule” (see, e.g., Green v. Rogers,
       234 Ill. 2d 478, 499-500 (2009)) would, I believe, compel a finding that the e-mails are not
       defamatory, I can concur with the first finding on the basis that we must, on a motion to
       dismiss, take the claim as true.
¶ 48        I do not, however, agree with the second finding that the complaint satisfies due process
       requirements under either the state or federal constitutions. I reiterate those requirements here
       for purposes of cohesiveness.
¶ 49        An assertion of specific personal jurisdiction satisfies federal due process guarantees so
       long as the defendant has sufficient “minimum contacts” with the forum state such that
       maintaining an action in the forum state does not offend traditional notions of fair play and
       substantial justice. International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945). Minimum
       contacts must be based on acts by which the defendant purposely avails himself of the privilege

                                                      -9-
       of conducting activities within the forum state, thereby invoking the benefits and protections
       of its laws. Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475-76 (1985). The defendant’s
       conduct must reflect a connection to the forum state such that the defendant would reasonably
       anticipate being haled into the state’s court. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444
       U.S. 286, 297 (1980). Specific personal jurisdiction is appropriate when (1) the defendant has
       purposely directed his activities at the forum state or purposely availed himself of the privilege
       of conducting business in that state, and (2) the alleged injury arises out of the defendant’s
       forum-related activities. Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 472. The proper focus of the minimum
       contacts inquiry in intentional tort cases is the relationship among the defendant, the forum,
       and the litigation. Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 291 (2014). Due process requires that a
       defendant be haled into court in a forum state based on his own affiliation with the state, not
       based on the random, fortuitous, or attenuated contacts he makes by interacting with other
       persons affiliated with the state. Id. at 286.
¶ 50       The majority has found that Kessler intentionally reached into Illinois to speak specifically
       with Tarantino and, therefore, his contact was neither random nor fortuitous. While I agree that
       that conclusion may be plausible, I believe, when considered in context, it is actually incorrect.
       In addition, I do not agree that this contact equated to either the “activity in” or “affiliation
       with” the state that is contemplated by World-Wide Volkswagen Corp., Burger King Corp., or
       Walden.
¶ 51       The two e-mails at issue in this appeal are quoted in pertinent part in the majority’s decision
       (supra ¶ 5). I believe the following quotes constitute the critical language in the two e-mails.
       The first e-mail stated: “I am at the NHF Board Meeting this morning.” “Val *** indicated
       that the Physician of the Year Award was given to an individual from your area who apparently
       has turned out to have some background difficulty.” (Emphasis added.) “I have suggested to
       Val that if the accusations against this individual are still active and if he is under OIG
       investigation, that his ethical situation should invalidate his award.” (Emphasis added.) “Are
       you able to provide any information about this off line?” (Emphasis added.) “Clearly [Val and
       the NHF] are collectively embarrassed by this and are now looking into the vetting process for
       the nominees.” “Please let me know your thoughts and I will keep you apprised of the situation
       from my perspective.” The second e-mail, sent the same day, expresses dismay about
       information he has apparently received from Tarantino in the interim and says, “I am going to
       discuss with Val that we should withdraw the award based on the false credentials and I will
       ask that the CV which was sent to NHF as part of the vetting process be retrieved and
       adjudicated for veracity. If untrue, I will demand that Val withdraw the award.” (Emphasis
       added.) “I agree that this is very embarrassing to NHF.”
¶ 52       The gist of these e-mails is that Kessler is a member of the NHF board and is therefore one
       of the stewards of, among other things, its reputation. The board has learned that it may have
       chosen the recipient of its physician of the year award without full disclosure of pertinent,
       potentially dispositive information. Kessler thinks if the information they have been given is
       accurate, the appropriate response of NHF would be to invalidate the award. Because Tarantino
       and the award recipient (Wesly) live in the same area and practice in the same specialty, he is
       reaching out to him for information and would like him to respond off-line, presumably to
       avoid any disclosure of or embarrassment due to the situation.
¶ 53       I believe these two e-mails can be fairly, accurately, and appropriately characterized as
       “due diligence.” Thus, for me, the pertinent question becomes whether inquiries—by e-mail,

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       the postal service, telephone, or face-to-face—requesting information necessary to carry out
       legitimate decision-making processes can constitute “minimum contacts” sufficient to subject
       the fact seeker to the jurisdiction of the courts of Illinois (and, more generally, the courts of
       any and all states from which such information is sought). My answer to that question would
       be “no,” even where soliciting the information requires disclosure, but not adoption, of a
       negative allegation prompting the inquiry.
¶ 54       Burger King Corp. requires, first, acts by which the defendant purposefully avails himself
       of the privilege of conducting activities within a state that would entitle him to the benefits and
       protections of its laws. E-mails seeking information about candidates for employment or
       awards are addressed to an individual within the state, not the state itself, and the senders would
       not be invoking such protection. Second, as is required by World-Wide Volkswagen Corp.,
       such correspondents would not reasonably anticipate—if they contemplated the issue at all—
       that their inquiries would subject them to the state’s jurisdiction or that they could be sued for
       those inquiries in that state. Kessler’s two e-mails do not appear to satisfy either of those
       analytical prongs.
¶ 55       I believe the correct legal interpretation in this case is the one set out in Walden, a
       unanimous decision issued by the United States Supreme Court in 2014. The facts of that case
       are vastly different from those present in this case, but the principles articulated by the Court
       are equally applicable in both situations.
¶ 56       The Walden Court began by setting the stage for its “minimum contacts” analysis and then
       applying the “[t]wo related aspects of this necessary relationship” as follows in pertinent part:
               “For a State to exercise jurisdiction consistent with due process, the defendant’s suit-
               related conduct must create a substantial connection with the forum State. Two related
               aspects of this necessary relationship are relevant in this case.
                    First, the relationship must arise out of contacts that the defendant himself creates
               with the forum State. [Citation.] Due process limits on the State’s adjudicative authority
               principally protect the liberty of the nonresident defendant—not the convenience of
               plaintiffs or third parties. [Citation.] We have consistently rejected attempts to satisfy
               the defendant-focused ‘minimum contacts’ inquiry by demonstrating contacts between
               the plaintiff (or third parties) and the forum State. [Citation.] *** Put simply, however
               significant the plaintiff’s [or third party’s] contacts with the forum may be, those
               contacts cannot be decisive in determining whether the defendant’s due process rights
               are violated. [Citation.]
                    Second, our minimum contacts analysis looks to the defendant’s contacts with the
               forum State itself, not the defendant’s contacts with persons who reside there.
               [Citations.] Accordingly, we have upheld the assertion of jurisdiction over defendants
               who have purposefully reach[ed] out beyond their State and into another by, for
               example, entering a contractual relationship that envisioned continuing and wide-
               reaching contacts in the forum State [citation], or by circulating magazines to
               deliberately exploi[t] a market in the forum State [citation]. And although physical
               presence in the forum is not a prerequisite to jurisdiction [citation], physical entry into
               the State—either by the defendant in person or through an agent, goods, mail, or some
               other means—is certainly a relevant contact. [Citation.]” (Emphasis in original and
               internal quotation marks omitted.) Walden, 571 U.S. at 284-85.

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¶ 57       The Court then went on to demonstrate that the relevance of the contact is only the first
       step; there must also be the minimum contacts.
                   “But the plaintiff [or a third party] cannot be the only link between the defendant
               and the forum. Rather, it is the defendant’s conduct that must form the necessary
               connection with the forum State that is the basis for its jurisdiction over him. [See
               Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 478] (‘If the question is whether an individual’s
               contract with an out-of-state party alone can automatically establish sufficient
               minimum contacts in the other party’s home forum, we believe the answer clearly is
               that it cannot’); [citation]. To be sure, a defendant’s contacts with the forum State may
               be intertwined with his transactions or interactions with the plaintiff or other parties.
               But a defendant’s relationship with a plaintiff or third party, standing alone, is an
               insufficient basis for jurisdiction. [Citation.] Due process requires that a defendant be
               haled into court in a forum State based on his own affiliation with the State, not based
               on the ‘random, fortuitous, or attenuated’ contacts he makes by interacting with other
               persons affiliated with the State. [Citation.]” (Emphasis in original.) Id. at 285-86.
       The Court then advised that these same principles apply when the claims, as here, involve
       intentional torts. Id. at 286.
¶ 58       Summing up, Kessler’s e-mails to Tarantino are “relevant” contacts with Illinois, but for
       them to constitute minimum contacts sufficient to satisfy due process requires a showing that
       Kessler was reaching into the state not merely to communicate with Tarantino but to actually
       forge contacts or relationships with the state itself. Within that analytical framework, “random,
       fortuitous, or attenuated” appear to describe contact incidental to a person’s citizenship as
       opposed to a purposeful attempt to get a toehold within the state. Viewed in light of the relevant
       case law, Kessler’s e-mails were sent, not for the purpose of establishing contacts with the state
       of Illinois itself but, rather, to make contact with a source of necessary information who
       happens to reside here. I would find Illinois cannot exercise jurisdiction.

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