Court Opinion

ID: 5940436
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-13 05:43:34.729466+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:47:11.736012
License: Public Domain

Kooper, J.,
dissents and votes to reverse the order appealed
from, vacate the fact-finding order in its entirety, and dismiss the petitions, with the following memorandum. I am unable to concur in the majority’s determination that the remaining allegations of abuse were proven by a preponderance of the credible evidence. In my view, neither the testimony of the validator nor the in camera interviews constituted sufficient corroboration of the children’s alleged out-of-court statements, upon which the allegations of the petitions are based. Accordingly, the order appealed from should be reversed and the petitions dismissed.
In sustaining portions of the petitions, the majority necessarily relies, in part, upon the testimony of Yael Layish, the social worker who interviewed the children and concluded that they had been sexually abused and, more particularly, that the appellant had engaged in sexual intercourse with Meredith on "several occasions”, a finding which is completely at odds with the medical evidence adduced at the fact-finding hearing. Although the majority has rejected Ms. Layish’s testimony with respect to her conclusion that the appellant engaged in sexual intercourse with Meredith, it nevertheless chooses to credit Ms. Layish’s remaining findings, all of which were premised upon the very same methods and evaluative techniques. I am aware of no authority which supports the novel proposition that an expert’s testimony can be selectively sustained or rejected where the findings in issue were derived from the same suspect clinical evaluation process.
*331Nor do I understand how a witness whose professional methodology and conclusions have been discredited with respect to the most serious and obviously defective allegation is nevertheless credible with respect to the far more subtle and difficult to evaluate allegations the majority now sustains. Logic dictates that precisely the opposite conclusion must be drawn with respect to Ms. Layish’s evaluative skills and the reliability of her findings, i.e., that Ms. Layish’s testimony, found to be irreconcilably contrary to the available medical evidence, cannot possibly provide a viable foundation for the remaining allegations of abuse which the majority now upholds. Nor is there credible evidence in the record establishing that the findings which the majority accepts are any more reliable than those which it has properly chosen to reject. To the contrary, the record reveals that Ms. Layish’s findings with respect to the remaining allegations of abuse are as lacking in reliability as her conclusion concerning the allegation of sexual intercourse.
Specifically, the record reveals that Ms. Layish, who also acted as Meredith’s private therapist, testified that she first began evaluating cases of child sex abuse some six months prior to conducting her first interview with Meredith. Although she had performed 40 to 45 validations while training together with a more experienced supervisor, she had conducted only "five or six” validations without assistance prior to this case. According to Ms. Layish, her formal training in child abuse evaluation consisted of her attendance at an eight-week in-service training program at North Shore University Hospital in 1987 and her participation in a one-day follow-up session. Ms. Layish further testified that while she had earned a master’s degree from Adelphi University in 1978, she did not possess any certificates or licenses as a consequence of her training in child abuse evaluation. Moreover, while Dr. Allen Levy, one of the appellant’s expert witnesses, also attended a two-day seminar given by Dr. Suzanne Sgroi, and spoke highly of Dr. Sgroi’s methodology, the thrust of Dr. Levy’s testimony was not necessarily that Ms. Layish’s reliance upon Dr. Sgroi’s protocols was improper, but that Ms. Layish erred in applying Sgroi’s methodology during her interviews.
In support of her conclusion that abuse had taken place, Ms. Layish relied heavily upon the children’s demonstrations with the anatomically correct dolls, upon certain statements made by the children and various themes in their play which Ms. Layish construed as suggestive of sexual abuse. She acknowledged, however, that Meredith had been diagnosed as suffer*332ing from "severe separation anxiety” stemming from her parents’ separation and divorce. Ms. Layish observed in her first few sessions with Meredith that she was "extremely oppositional”, restricted in her ability to play out a variety of themes, and displayed "a tremendous amount of * * * anxiety”.
Despite her knowledge that the mother’s allegations were made during a highly acrimonious divorce proceeding, Ms. Layish conceded that she did not interview the appellant prior to reaching her conclusion. Indeed, Ms. Layish testified on cross-examination that her evaluation was "based strictly on what the child [Meredith] told me and [what she] demonstrated to me in the interviews”. Significantly, in its recently published Guidelines for Clinical Evaluation of Child and Adolescent Sexual Abuse, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry emphasized that "[i]t is important to obtain a history from the perspective of each parent”, and further cautioned that "[t]he possibility of false allegations needs to be considered, particularly if the allegations are coming from the parent rather than the child, if parents are engaged in a dispute over custody or visitation and/or if the child is a preschooler”. The Academy’s guidelines also warn against using anatomically correct dolls "in a way to instruct, coach or lead the child” and additionally note that the dolls "should not be used as a short cut to a more comprehensive evaluation of the child and the child’s family”. I further note that the American Psychological Association, in its recent Statement on the Use of Anatomically Detailed Dolls in Forensic Evaluations has observed that, "[t]here are currently no uniform standards for conducting interviews with the dolls”. The record here establishes not only that Ms. Layish relied heavily upon anatomically correct dolls in reaching her conclusions, but also indicates that the children had been previously exposed to these dolls on at least two occasions and questioned by other employees of North Shore University Hospital prior to being interviewed by Ms. Layish.
Specifically, the record reveals that the children’s mother first brought the allegations of abuse to the attention of a Dr. Victor Fornari, a psychiatrist associated with North Shore University Hospital. Dr. Fornari, who had been treating Meredith for unrelated emotional difficulties, testified that although he was not trained as a validator, he displayed "anatomically correct” dolls to Meredith and questioned her with respect to the allegations of abuse made by her mother. Notably, Dr. Fornari testified that in treating Meredith prior *333to being apprised of the alleged abuse, he had noticed no sexual themes in Meredith’s play. After conducting his interview with Meredith, Dr. Fornari referred the matter to Carol Samit, the Assistant Coordinator of the "Family Crisis Program” at North Shore University Hospital. Ms. Samit interviewed Erika in her mother’s presence, and permitted the mother to pose questions to the child during some of the sessions. Ms. Samit, who also utilized "anatomically correct” dolls in her interviews, conceded that she could not "validate Erika’s statements strongly”.
Moreover, although the majority cites the absence of medical evidence as dispositive in rejecting Ms. Layish’s finding concerning sexual intercourse, the medical evidence provides no greater support for Ms. Layish’s remaining findings, which the majority has sustained. As the majority notes, Dr. Bruce Bogard conducted the physical examinations of the children and testified that he had reached no specific conclusions with respect to the commission of abuse. He subsequently amplified this assessment when he stated that his findings constituted "neither proof nor disproof’ of child abuse. The results of Dr. Bogard’s examination were entirely consistent with his inability to make any particular diagnosis of sexual abuse. Indeed, the only arguable anomalies he discovered were "two little bruises” on Meredith’s hymen and a five millimeter opening therein. Dr. Bogard subsequently agreed on cross-examination that several studies have shown that a five millimeter opening is within normal parameters for a child of Meredith’s age. He also testified that the insertion of an adult male finger into a child’s vagina would likely create a hole "significantly [larger] than five millimeters”.
Although Dr. Bogard speculated that it would be "possible” for penetration to occur without injury to the hymen, his assertion in this regard does not constitute corroborative evidence in light of his overall conclusion that the medical findings constituted "neither proof not disproof’ of abuse. I note in this respect that the appellant’s medical expert, Dr. Jeffrey Gilbert, Senior Medical Specialist at the New York City Sexually Transmitted Disease Bureau, confirmed that a five millimeter opening in the hymen was a normal finding for a child of Meredith’s age. In my view, the foregoing medical evidence—much of it from the petitioner’s own expert—refutes Ms. Layish’s conclusions that the children were subjected to any type of sexually abusive conduct.
It is also significant that Ms. Layish was a member of the same "Family Crisis” team which had preliminarily examined *334the children and concluded that sufficient evidence existed to warrant a referral to the Nassau County authorities. Accordingly, members of the Family Crisis team not only examined the children and their mother, but also subsequently produced the witness whose evaluation constituted one of the key pieces of evidence in support of the petitioner’s case. Additionally, it appears that during the team’s initial inquiry, none of the team members formally discussed the substance of the mother’s allegations with the appellant until after the decision had been made to refer the matter to the Nassau County Department of Social Services. The team’s preliminary decision to refer the matter may well have subsequently inclined Ms. Layish towards reaffirming the validity of that determination by validating the allegations of abuse contained in the petitions. Further, I question Ms. Layish’s ability to function as an entirely objective and impartial evaluator under the circumstances presented. The record indicates that she was acting as Meredith’s private therapist both at the time her validation interviews were conducted and subsequently, when she appeared at the fact-finding hearing and offered testimony on the petitioner’s behalf. As a consequence, and at the time she offered her opinion at the fact-finding hearing, Ms. Layish was employed by the very same interested party who originally accused the appellant of abusing the children, an unseemly circumstance which casts doubt upon her professional objectivity and significantly detracts from the reliability of her conclusions. Although the majority concludes otherwise, Ms. Layish’s Family Crisis team membership and the possibility that it may have affected her professional judgment, are relevant to any assessment of her findings and conclusions.
The foregoing questions surrounding Ms. Layish’s professional detachment and objectivity convincingly establish that the Family Court improvidently exercised its discretion in denying the appellant’s application for the appointment of an independent expert to examine the children. Family Court Act § 1038 (c), as recently amended, authorizes a respondent to move for an order permitting the allegedly abused child to be examined by his or her own expert. It has been observed that the new rights afforded respondents under the amended statute "arise from the inherent difficulties in child abuse cases”, principal among which "are questions concerning the legitimacy of validation interviews” (Matter of Angelica C., 149 Misc 2d 698, 700). In light of Ms. Layish’s professional involvement with the children’s mother and her role as Meredith’s private therapist, the Family Court’s denial of the appellant’s *335application for the appointment of an independent expert constituted an abuse of discretion.
Nor do I find sufficient corroboration in the Family Court’s in camera interviews with the children. A review of the in camera transcripts fails to support the hearing court’s suggestion that the two children "admitted” without reservation, that the appellant had committed acts of sexual abuse. Specifically, Erika never described in her own words any instances of abuse but instead consistently declined to discuss the allegedly improper acts perpetrated by her father. It was only when the Family Court posed a leading question, inquiring whether "Daddy ever put his fingers in [her] vagina”, that Erika stated "yes,” without further elaboration or narrative comment. Similarly, Meredith’s interview elicited a series of inconsistent statements and denials, with affirmative responses forthcoming only after several leading questions were posed which incorporated certain of the allegations contained in the petitions. The inconsistent and equivocal statements elicited during the in camera interviews cannot be viewed as sufficient corroboration under the circumstances presented.
Additionally, and apart from the evidentiary deficiencies in the record, the Family Court’s order is defective as a matter of law, not only because it fails to state the grounds for its findings with respect to each allegation of abuse contained in the petitions, but also because it failed to comply with Family Court Act § 1051 (e). That provision requires the Family Court to specify the particular form of child abuse established by the evidence and states that where a sex offense is determined to have been committed, the court must make a "further finding of the specific sex offense as defined by article [130] of the penal law” (see also, Family Ct Act § 1012 [e] [iii]). Family Court Act § 1051 (a) states, inter alia, that the court shall state the grounds for its finding. The Family Court utterly failed to comply with the foregoing statutory mandates even though the allegations contained in the petitions which it sustained accused the appellant of raping and sexually abusing the children within the meaning of Penal Law article 130. Indeed, the court’s "findings” consist of a one sentence statement which conclusorily declares that the allegations of the petition were established by a preponderance of the evidence. At no point does the court’s order separately identify and discuss precisely which of the allegations it was purporting to sustain or why. Appellate review of such a vacuous finding is virtually impossible (see, Besharov, Practice Commentary, McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 29A, Family Ct Act § 1051, *336at 413-414). Moreover, the failure to make specific findings is particularly inexcusable in a case such as this one, where the petitions contain a variety of particularly serious allegations premised upon a number of distinct physical acts and occurrences.
Further, the court’s order purports to sustain certain allegations contained in the petitions with respect to which no evidence at all was adduced at the fact finding hearing. Specifically, paragraph "b” of the January 1988 "amended” petition relating to Meredith alleges, inter alia, that the appellant "has made said child hold his penis while he urinates”. Additionally, paragraph "d” of the same petition alleges, inter alia, that the appellant "has blown on said child’s vagina”. The Family Court, which sustained the petitions in their entirety, neither mentions the foregoing allegations nor identifies any evidence supportive of its conclusion that they were proven by a preponderance of the evidence. Indeed, there is not one iota of corroborative evidence in the record which could possibly support a finding that these acts of abuse had been committed by the appellant. The indiscriminate sustaining of allegations as to which no proof at all was adduced not only constitutes egregious error, it casts grave doubt upon the analytical process employed by the court in reviewing the evidence which was introduced at the fact-finding hearing. I am unwilling to believe that we have reached the point at which bare allegations, unaccompanied by even a shadow of evidentiary support, are sufficient to sustain such grievous accusations of sexual misconduct. In short, no special deference should be accorded a trier of fact whose review of the evidence has produced such a flawed and inconsistent series of findings, especially where the court has failed to articulate the analytical process by which its conclusions were reached (see, Besharov, Practice Commentary, McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 29A, Family Ct Act § 1051, at 413 ["in reviewing non-jury adjudications such as those made in Family Court, the appeals court is not bound by the trial court’s finding of facts”]).
The veracity of the allegations must be tempered by a consideration of the context in which they arose. Neither party disputes that when the accusations of abuse were first made by the children’s mother, she and the appellant were embroiled in a bitterly contested proceeding arising out of the appellant’s marital infidelity. Dr. Raymond Di Giuseppe, a psychologist appearing on the appellant’s behalf, testified in this respect that, "almost all major texts” counsel great *337caution in evaluating allegations of sexual abuse arising within the context of a contested divorce proceeding. Moreover, there was evidence at bar that the intense bitterness between the appellant and his wife was such that on one occasion and in the presence of the children, the appellant’s wife carved an obscenity into the family automobile with a car key and that on another occasion, while visiting the appellant’s place of employment, she stated within the hearing of the appellant’s coworkers, that she did not want her children to be "around whores”. The personal animus of the appellant’s wife is relevant since it is probative of her credibility.
Under these circumstances, and considering the absence of sufficient corrobative evidence, I conclude that the petitioner failed to sustain its burden of proving the allegations of sexual abuse by a preponderance of the credible evidence. Accordingly, the petitions should be dismissed.