Court Opinion

ID: 4691957
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-02 00:01:08.021889+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:13.089690
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

ECOLOGICAL RIGHTS FOUNDATION,

                           Plaintiff,
                                                                      Civil Action No. 19-980 (BAH)
                           v.
                                                                      Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY,

                           Defendant.

                                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

         Defendant, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), seeks partial

reconsideration under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) of this Court’s February 13, 2021

Order, ECF No. 29, which, in relevant part, granted plaintiff Ecological Rights Foundation’s

motion for summary judgment with respect to EPA’s withholding of certain information

pursuant to various exemptions to the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552,

and directed the agency to produce all such records. See Def.’s Mot. Alter or Amend Judgment

(“Def.’s Mot.”) at 1, ECF No. 32.1 Plaintiff alleged in two counts that EPA unlawfully withheld

records responsive to plaintiff’s FOIA Request (Count II), Am. Compl. ¶¶ 60–62, ECF No. 7,

and failed to conduct an adequate search for responsive records (Count III), id. ¶¶ 63–65. EPA

was granted summary judgment on Count III, and both parties were granted partial summary

judgment on Count II, which is the only count at issue on reconsideration. See Ecological Rts.

Found. v. EPA (“ERF I”), Civ. A. No. 19-980 (BAH), 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *115–17
1
         EPA initially moved for relief “[p]ursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure . . . 59(e), or, alternatively,
Rule 54(b),” Def.’s Mot. at 1, but ultimately agreed with plaintiff that “the correct standard under which to review
EPA’s request for reconsideration of the Court’s order is that set out in Rule 59(e),” Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Alter or
Amend Judgment (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 5, ECF No. 33; see also Def.’s Combined Opp’n Pl.’s Mot. Strike Suppl. Decl.
Claude Walker & Reply Pl.’s Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Alter or Amend Judgment (“Def.’s Reply”) at 2 n.1, ECF No. 37,
and thus no arguments specific to Rule 54(b) need be addressed.

                                                          1
(D.D.C. Feb. 13, 2021). At issue on reconsideration is the grant of summary judgment to

plaintiff with respect to EPA’s withholding, pursuant to FOIA Exemption 7(C), 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(b)(7)(C), of the names of agents from EPA’s Criminal Investigation Division (“CID”)

tasked with providing protection to former EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler as part of his

Personnel Security Detail (“PSD”). See ERF I, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *88–101,

*117.2 The agency was ordered to produce the names of these PSD agents to plaintiff. See

Order.

         EPA now contends, with previously undisclosed information provided in a new

supplemental declaration, that the Court erred in finding that Exemption 7(C) did not apply to

shield the PSD agents’ names from disclosure. According to EPA, contrary to plaintiff’s

assertion in its reply briefing on the cross-motions for summary judgment, that EPA routinely

releases PSD agents’ names, in fact, the agency shares only the names of supervising CID agents

approved to act as spokespersons. Def.’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Alter or Amend Judgment (“Def.’s

Mem.”) at 8–11, ECF No. 32-1. In EPA’s view, due to reliance on plaintiff’s inaccurate claim,

which EPA failed to correct at the time, the Court gave insufficient weight to the agents’ privacy

interests in the Exemption 7(C) balancing analysis. Plaintiff rejects this argument as both

untimely and unpersuasive, and seeks to strike, in full or in part, the Supplemental Declaration of

Claude Walker (“Supplemental Walker Declaration”), ECF No. 32-2, describing EPA’s practices

with respect to release of agent names, as well as the portions of EPA’s memorandum in support

of reconsideration that rely on the Declaration. See Pl.’s Mot. Strike Decl. Claude Walker &

Portions of Def.’s Mot. Alter or Amend Judgment (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 34; Pl.’s Opp’n. For

2
          According to EPA, “[t]he security detail formerly known as the PSD is now referred to as the National
Capitol Area Branch of the Criminal Investigation Division.” Suppl. Decl. Claude Walker (“Suppl. Walker Decl.”)
at 1 n.1, ECF No. 32-2. For consistency with the previous decision and filings in this case, the term “PSD” is used
in this Opinion.

                                                         2
the reasons set forth below, plaintiff’s Motion to Strike is denied and EPA’s Motion to Alter or

Amend Judgment is granted.

I.     BACKGROUND

       Only those facts necessary for resolving the instant motions are provided since the factual

and procedural background of this litigation is fully summarized in ERF I. See 2021 U.S. Dist.

LEXIS 27748, at *2–17.

       A.      Production of Calendar Entries in Response to FOIA Request

       On August 30, 2018, plaintiff submitted a ten-part FOIA request to EPA for records

related to the agency’s transparency, personnel, and accountability policies. See Compl., Ex. 1,

Pl.’s FOIA Request (“FOIA Request”), ECF No. 1-1. Part 6 of the FOIA Request requested

“[a]ll documents created by EPA constituting or memorializing Acting Administrator Andrew

Wheeler’s full calendar, meeting schedule, and notes from meetings from July 5, 2018 to the

present.” Id. at 3. In response to Part 6, EPA produced former Administrator Wheeler’s

calendar records, including calendar entries for the relevant time period. See ERF I, 2021 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *11–16. Production of these records began before plaintiff initiated the

instant suit, on April 8, 2019, see Compl., ECF No. 1, and continued during the pendency of the

litigation, see ERF I, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *11–16. Of the calendar entries EPA

eventually released, thirty, ranging in date from July 10, 2018 to March 27, 2019, included the

names and email addresses of agents assigned to Administrator Wheeler’s PSD. Id. at *88. EPA

redacted this information from the produced entries, asserting FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C). Id.

Both parties moved for summary judgment as to these withholdings. See Def.’s Mot. Summ. J.,

ECF No. 19; Pl.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 20.

                                                3
        B.       Grant of Summary Judgment to Plaintiff

        Briefing on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment was completed on October

26, 2020, with the filing of plaintiff’s Reply, see Pl.’s Reply Supp. Cross-Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s

XMSJ Reply”), ECF No. 25, supported by a total of thirty pages in a supplemental declaration,

see Suppl. Decl. Stuart Wilcox (“Suppl. Wilcox Decl.”), ECF No. 25-1, and seven exhibits, see

id. ¶¶ 2–8. Almost three months later, with no further submission by EPA to correct any part of

the record before the Court, on February 13, 2021, both parties’ cross-motions for summary

judgment were granted in part and denied in part. See ERF I, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at

*2, *115–17. As relevant here, plaintiff was granted summary judgment as to EPA’s

withholding, pursuant to Exemption 7(C), of the names of agents serving on Administrator

Wheeler’s PSD. Id. at *117.3 “Exemption 7(C) shields from disclosure ‘records or information

compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the extent’ that disclosure ‘could reasonably

be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.’” Id. at *88 (quoting 5

U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C)). “If the records are properly characterized as law enforcement records,

the agency must next show that ‘the privacy interest the government asserts . . . outweighs any

public interest in disclosure.’” Id. at *90 (omission in original) (quoting Bartko v. U.S. Dep’t of

Justice, 898 F.3d 51, 64 (D.C. Cir. 2018)). “Exemption 7(C) aims to ‘protect the privacy of

individuals identified in certain agency records.’” Id. (quoting ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice,

655 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011)). “‘[T]he only public interest relevant for purposes of Exemption

7(C) is one that focuses on the citizens’ right to be informed about what their government is up

to.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Davis v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 968 F.2d 1276, 1282

3
         Although EPA also invoked Exemption 6 to shield this information from disclosure, because “‘Exemption
7(C) is more protective of privacy than Exemption 6 and thus establishes a lower bar for withholding material,’”
ERF I, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *88–89 (quoting ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 655 F.3d 1, 6 (D.C. Cir.
2011)), the appropriateness of EPA’s withholding was evaluated only under Exemption 7(C)’s more lenient
withholding standard, see id. at *88–100.

                                                        4
(D.C. Cir. 1992)). “The FOIA requester carries the burden ‘to show . . . that the public interest

sought to be advanced is a significant one, and that the [requested] information is likely to

advance that interest.’” Id. (alteration and omission in original) (quoting Bartko, 898 F.3d at 72).

       Applying this standard, the disputed calendar entries were found to be records “compiled

for law enforcement purposes,” and therefore within the scope of the exemption, because they

detailed which agents would “carry out” certain duties that “serve[] to prevent potential criminal

activity and promote public safety as well as the Administrator’s safety . . . on a given date and

time.” Id. at *91. As to the agents’ privacy interests, ERF I determined that “EPA’s claim,

substantiated by two declarations, that the PSD agents could be subjected to harassment by virtue

of the identity of the person they protect and the types of investigation in which they and their

colleagues are involved is sufficient to establish an ‘unwarranted invasion of privacy’ for

Exemption 7(C) purposes.” Id. at *93. This assessment was made in relation to the identified

“countervailing public interest in the identities of PSD agents,” id. at *96, for use in assessing

“EPA’s reallocation of its CID agents for use by the Administrator as PSD agents and the impact

of such reallocation on EPA’s execution of its statutory duties,” particularly since the record was

not “clear that plaintiff could obtain the information it seeks through any other publicly available

means,” id. at *98.

       The burden thus shifted to EPA “to ‘explain[] why disclosure of [PSD agents’ names]

would . . . be reasonably . . . expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion’ of agents’ personal

privacy, ‘when balanced against the public interest in disclosure.’” Id. (first alteration and

omissions in original) (quoting Bartko, 898 F.3d at 66). Though “EPA’s declarations and

Vaughn index ma[de] no apparent effort to weigh the public interest in disclosure against PSD

agents’ privacy interests” and EPA argued in its briefing “only that, in the ‘absence of any

                                                  5
countervailing public interest,’ [its] withholdings are justified,’” id. at *98–99 (quoting Def.’s

Reply Supp. Mot. Summ. J. & Opp’n Pl.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s XMSJ Reply”) at 16,

ECF No. 23), ERF I nonetheless undertook the Exemption 7(C) balancing analysis. Crediting

evidence proffered by plaintiff in its Reply, consisting of multiple EPA press releases and media

interviews identifying CID agents by name, ERF I noted that “[a]lthough PSD agents have a

strong privacy interest in their identities, EPA appears to routinely release the names of CID and

PSD agents for public relations purposes” and that “EPA does not identify any particularized risk

of threat or harassment to PSD agents assigned to protect Administrator Wheeler.” Id. at *99.

On the other side of the equation, plaintiff “ha[d] identified a significant public interest in tracing

EPA’s transfer and reallocation of law enforcement agents from investigatory duties within CID

to the Administrator’s PSD and any concomitant reduction in enforcement actions at EPA.” Id.

at *100 (internal quotation marks omitted). This interest was linked to disclosure of the agents’

names “because plaintiff, or others, can use this information to determine how many agents were

shifted from investigation and enforcement to protection.” Id. The public interest in EPA’s

performance of its statutory duties outweighed the agents’ private interests, assessed in light of

the belief that EPA routinely released their names, and summary judgment was therefore granted

for plaintiff.

        C.       EPA’s Submission of the Supplemental Walker Declaration

        EPA now asks for reconsideration of the grant of summary judgment to plaintiff with

respect to the disclosure of PSD agents’ names, in order to correct a clear error or prevent

manifest injustice. See Def.’s Mem. The agency argues first, that “no clear nexus” exists

“between [plaintiff’s] stated public interest and the names of the PSD agents,” such that the

agents’ privacy interests should have prevailed in the Exemption 7(C) balancing analysis, id. at

4–5, and second, that plaintiff’s assertion, credited in ERF I, that EPA routinely releases the
                                                   6
names of CID and PSD agents for public relations purposes was inaccurate, id. at 8–11. To

support reconsideration, EPA has submitted a supplemental declaration with previously

undisclosed information by Claude Walker, the Deputy Director, Legal Counsel Division, of

EPA’s Office of Criminal Enforcement, Forensics and Training (“OCEFT”). Suppl. Walker

Decl. ¶ 1.

       The Supplemental Walker Declaration specifies that Walker’s statements “are based on

[his] own personal knowledge, on information contained in the records of the [EPA], or on

information supplied to [Walker] by employees under [his] supervision or employees in other

EPA offices,” id. at 1, and are made “under penalty of perjury,” id. at 5. It describes the disputed

calendar entries from which PSD agent names were redacted, id. ¶¶ 3–4, and plaintiff’s FOIA

Request, id. ¶ 5, and compares plaintiff’s FOIA Request to other FOIA requests received by the

agency specifically seeking records related to the CID, id. ¶¶ 6–7. The Supplemental Walker

Declaration also describes the exhibits submitted by plaintiff in connection with plaintiff’s reply

argument that EPA routinely releases agent names, id. ¶¶ 8–9, and clarifies OCEFT’s policies

with respect to identifying agents and rationale for protecting the identities of rank-and-file

agents, id. ¶¶ 10–13. According to the Declaration, “OCEFT policy is to not disclose the names

of Special Agents that serve on the Administrator’s security detail.” Id. ¶ 8. When “the CID

requires a spokesperson for a press release or similar function[,] . . . OCEFT permits the top

supervisor of the relevant criminal enforcement field office, the Special Agent-In-Charge or

Assistant Special Agent-In-Charge, to serve as the spokesperson” for EPA. Id. In OCEFT’s

view, “[a] supervisor in CID does not have the same privacy concerns as a staff-level agent,”

because, unlike a supervisor, staff-level agents “participate in investigations” and “commonly

serve as undercover agents in highly sensitive environmental enforcement investigations.” Id.

                                                  7
¶ 11. Thus, OCEFT seeks to “maintain the privacy of CID Agents,” id., and treats the privacy of

CID agents assigned to the Administrator’s PSD with additional caution because “those who

serve on the PSD face a heightened and particular threat of harassment” as a result of their

“access to highly sensitive law enforcement information,” including information about criminal

investigations and the Administrator’s movements, id. ¶ 12.

II.    LEGAL STANDARDS

       A.      Motion to Strike

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f) provides that the court “may strike from a pleading

an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter.” FED. R.

CIV. P. 12(f). “‘The decision to grant or deny a motion to strike is vested in the trial judge’s

sound discretion,’ and ‘[t]he moving party bears a heavy burden as courts generally disfavor

motions to strike.’” Sacchetti v. Gallaudet Univ., 344 F. Supp. 3d 233, 251 (D.D.C. 2018)

(alteration in original) (first quoting Canady v. Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH, 384 F. Supp. 2d 176,

180 (D.D.C. 2005); and then quoting Ng v. Lahood, 952 F. Supp. 2d 85, 92 (D.D.C. 2013)); see

also Stabiliesiesrungsfonds Fur Wein v. Kaiser Stuhl Wine Distribs. Pty. Ltd., 647 F.2d 200, 201

(D.C. Cir. 1981) (per curiam); Ascom Hasler Mailing Sys., Inc. v. U.S. Postal Serv., 815 F. Supp.

2d 148, 162 (D.D.C. 2011). “Striking material may be warranted in the summary judgment

context when a party’s declaration or other pleading fails to comply with Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 56.” Waggel v. George Wash. Univ., Civ. A. No. 16-1412 (CKK), 2018 U.S. Dist.

LEXIS 191702, at *9 (D.D.C. Nov. 9, 2018). As relevant here, Rule 56(c)(4) requires that “[a]n

affidavit or declaration used to support or oppose a motion . . . be made on personal knowledge,

set out facts that would be admissible in evidence, and show that the affiant or declarant is

competent to testify on the matters asserted.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c)(4). “A court may strike all

improper portions of an affidavit used to support or to oppose a motion for summary judgment,
                                                  8
but in resolving a motion to strike a ‘court uses a scalpel, not a butcher knife.’” Ascom Hasler

Mailing Sys., Inc., 815 F. Supp. 2d at 162–63 (quoting Canady, 384 F. Supp. 2d at 180); see also

Perez v. Volvo Car Corp., 247 F.3d 303, 315 (1st Cir. 2001).

       B.      Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e) allows a litigant to file a “motion to alter or amend

a judgment,” within 28 days from entry of the judgment. FED. R. CIV. P. 59(e). Altering or

amending a judgment under Rule 59(e) “is an extraordinary remedy which should be used

sparingly,” Mohammadi v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 782 F.3d 9, 17 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting 11

Charles Wright & Arthur Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 2810.1 (3d ed. 2012)), as a

“limited exception to the rule that judgments are to remain final,” Leidos, Inc. v. Hellenic

Republic, 881 F.3d 213, 217 (D.C. Cir. 2018). This Rule “gives a district court the chance ‘to

rectify its own mistakes in the period immediately following’ its decision.” Banister v. Davis,

140 S. Ct. 1698, 1703 (2020) (quoting White v. N.H. Dep’t of Emp. Sec., 455 U.S. 445, 450

(1982)). The law is well-settled that a motion for reconsideration “is discretionary and need not

be granted unless the district court finds that there is an intervening change of controlling law,

the availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest

injustice.” Pigford v. Perdue, 950 F.3d 886, 891 (D.C. Cir. 2020) (quoting Ciralsky v. CIA, 355

F.3d 661, 671 (D.C. Cir. 2004)); see also Leidos, Inc., 881 F.3d at 217 (“Under Rule 59(e), the

court may grant a motion to amend or alter a judgment under three circumstances only: (1) if

there is an ‘intervening change of controlling law’; (2) if new evidence becomes available; or (3)

if the judgment should be amended in order to ‘correct a clear error or prevent manifest

injustice.’” (quoting Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (per curiam))).

       Consistent with Rule 59(e)’s corrective function, the only matters subject to

reconsideration are those “properly encompassed in a decision on the merits,” Banister, 140 S.
                                                  9
Ct. at 1703 (quoting White, 455 U.S. at 451), such that “courts will not address new arguments or

evidence that the moving party could have raised before the decision issued,” id. Accordingly, a

motion to reconsider “may not be used to relitigate old matters, or to raise arguments or present

evidence that could have been raised prior to the entry of judgment.” Exxon Shipping v. Baker,

554 U.S. 471, 485 n.5 (2008) (quoting 11 Charles Wright & Arthur Miller, Federal Practice and

Procedure § 2810.1 (2d ed. 1995)). Whether to grant a motion for reconsideration is within the

district court’s discretion. See Leidos, Inc., 881 F.3d at 216.

III.   DISCUSSION

       EPA argues that, in granting plaintiff summary judgment as to the withholding of PSD

agent names pursuant to Exemption 7(C), the Court erred by failing to identify a nexus between

the withheld information and plaintiff’s proffered public interest in disclosure and by giving

weight to plaintiff’s inaccurate claim that EPA routinely releases PSD agents’ names in carrying

out the Exemption 7(C) balancing analysis. See Def.’s Mem. Plaintiff vehemently opposes

EPA’s motion for reconsideration as procedurally improper and substantively wrong since no

clear error supporting reconsideration was made. See Pl.’s Opp’n. Plaintiff has also moved to

strike, in whole or in part, the Supplemental Walker Declaration. See Pl.’s Mot. Given that the

resolution of plaintiff’s Motion to Strike affects the evidence that may be considered on

reconsideration, that motion is addressed before EPA’s Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment.

       A.      Motion to Strike

       Plaintiff moves to strike in its entirety the Supplemental Walker Declaration and any

portions of EPA’s briefing on reconsideration reliant on it, contending that the declaration

“provides testimony of which Mr. Walker does not allege personal knowledge, relies on

inadmissible hearsay, violates the best evidence rule, offers legal conclusions, and seeks to offer

testimony that is immaterial and impertinent” and therefore does not comply with Rule 56(c)’s
                                                 10
requirements. Pl.’s Mem. Supp. Pl.’s Mot. Strike Decl. Claude Walker & Portions of Def.’s

Mot. Alter or Amend Judgment (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 1, ECF No. 34-1; Pl.’s Mot. Alternatively,

plaintiff “requests that the Court strike all portions of the Declaration that it determines are

improper and all portions of EPA’s Memorandum in Support that rely on the Declaration” or

“ignore the Walker Declaration and the portions of EPA’s Memorandum in Support that rely on

the Declaration.” Pl.’s Mem. at 2. EPA opposes plaintiff’s motion, contending that the

Supplemental Walker Declaration “falls squarely within the parameters followed by this district

for agency [FOIA] declarations.” Def.’s Reply at 1. As explained below, each of plaintiff’s

challenges to the Supplemental Walker Declaration fails.

               1.      The Supplemental Walker Declaration Satisfies the Personal-Knowledge
                       Requirement

       Plaintiff first asserts that, because portions of the Supplemental Walker Declaration are

based on “information contained in [EPA] records . . . or on information supplied to [him] by

employees under [his] supervision or employees in other EPA offices,” Suppl. Walker Decl. at 1,

the declaration does not satisfy Rule 56(c)(4)’s personal knowledge requirement and should be

struck in its entirety or in part, see Pl.’s Mem. at 4–5, 10 n.3; Pl.’s Reply Supp. Pl.’s Mot. Strike

Decl. Claude Walker & Portions of Def.’s Mot. Alter or Amend Judgment (“Pl.’s Reply”) at 2–8,

ECF No. 39. Rule 56(c)(4)’s “‘directive with respect to the admissibility of an affidavit’s [or a

declaration’s] contents on summary judgment has been liberally construed,’” Sabra ex rel. Baby

M v. Pompeo, 453 F. Supp. 3d 291, 330 (D.D.C. 2020) (quoting Londrigan v. FBI, 670 F.2d

1164, 1174 (D.C. Cir. 1981)), but its “requirement of personal knowledge is . . . unequivocal,

and cannot be circumvented,” Londrigan, 670 F.2d at 1174. Thus, “[a]n affidavit based merely

on information and belief is unacceptable.” Id.

                                                  11
       This standard of personal knowledge is deemed met by “[a]n affiant who reviews the

business records of the organization that he or she is affiliated with, and who testifies on the

basis of information acquired through the performance of his or her official duties,” since that

person “may be deemed competent by the court to testify as to those records.” Akers v. Beal

Bank, 845 F. Supp. 2d 238, 242 (D.D.C. 2012); see also Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v.

Leavitt, 577 F. Supp. 2d 427, 434 n.5 (D.D.C. 2008) (allowing use of a declaration “based on [an

agency employee’s] personal knowledge or information made known to her in the course of her

official duties”); Elliot v. Fed. Bureau of Prisons, Civ. A. No. 04-1702 (CKK), 2006 U.S. Dist.

LEXIS 94342, at *19 (D.D.C. Oct. 17, 2006) (finding that a declaration based on the declarant’s

“own personal knowledge, or on the basis of information acquired by [him] through the

performance of [his] official duties” and through review of “official files and records” met the

personal-knowledge requirement (internal quotation marks omitted)); accord Woodruff v. United

States, Civ. A. No. 16-1884 (RDM), 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 107761, at *19 n.2 (D.D.C. June 18,

2020) (holding that information “acquired . . . through the performance of [a declarant’s] official

duties” satisfied the personal-knowledge requirement under Federal Rule of Evidence 602

(omission in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)). Moreover, a declarant may “testify to

his own observations upon review of . . . documents” and to “practices of which he possesses

personal knowledge.” Londrigan, 670 F.2d at 1174.

       EPA contends that the Supplemental Walker Declaration should be assessed under the

personal-knowledge standard applicable in a FOIA case to an agency’s declarant, who “‘satisfies

the personal knowledge requirement in [Rule 56(c)(4)] if in his declaration, [he] attests to his

personal knowledge of the procedures used in handling [a FOIA] request and his familiarity with

the documents in question.’” Prop. of People, Inc. v. Dep’t of Justice, 405 F. Supp. 3d 99, 125

                                                 12
(D.D.C. 2019) (alterations in original) (quoting Barnard v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 531 F. Supp.

2d 131, 138 (D.D.C. 2008)); see Def.’s Reply at 3–5. EPA characterizes this version of the

personal-knowledge requirement not only as universally controlling for any declaration

introduced by an agency in the FOIA context, but also as somehow a unique standard, separable

from Rule 56’s generally applicable personal-knowledge requirement, for personal knowledge in

FOIA cases. See Def.’s Reply at 3–5. EPA’s suggestion that the personal-knowledge

requirement somehow applies differently or more leniently in a FOIA case than in other legal

contexts is just wrong. In fact, the personal-knowledge requirement for FOIA declarants is not a

distinct personal-knowledge standard, but instead a refined articulation of the generally

applicable standard for personal knowledge under Rule 56, as outlined above. In the FOIA

context, application of the general principle that an organization’s employee may testify to

information personally acquired in the course of their official duties means that an agency

employee, whose duties involve the processing of FOIA requests, may provide sworn

declarations concerning an agency’s search for and production of records responsive to a FOIA

request. See, e.g., Londrigan, 670 F.2d at 1174 (framing this tailored version of the personal-

knowledge standard as an application of Rule 56’s requirements).

         Accordingly, as the cases cited by EPA in support of this proposition demonstrate and as

plaintiff contends, see Pl.’s Reply at 3–5, this application of the personal-knowledge standard in

the FOIA context is designed to evaluate the content of a declaration describing an agency’s

search for and production of records responsive to a FOIA request or explaining the agency’s

withholding of responsive records. Such a declarant is typically an individual who was directly

involved in the search or holds a supervisory FOIA role within the agency.4 Walker, in contrast,

4
          See, e.g., Prop. of People, Inc., 405 F. Supp. 3d at 125 (applying standard to declarants who “supervise[d]
all stages of the [FOIA] request process including initial receipt and handling, the search for responsive records, and

                                                          13
states that his official duties “include providing legal advice regarding the EPA Protection

Services Detail” and “serv[ing] as a first-line supervisor in” EPA’s Legal Counsel Division,

Suppl. Walker Decl. ¶ 1, not the processing or oversight of FOIA requests. At the same time,

however, his testimony focuses not on EPA’s responses to plaintiff’s FOIA Request, but instead

on the availability of information related to CID and PSD and OCEFT policy regarding the

release of agents’ names. His testimony is therefore properly evaluated under the generally

applicable standard for a declarant’s personal knowledge of information acquired in his official

capacity, rather than some measure tied to being engaged in the processing of FOIA requests.5

         Under this standard, the Supplemental Walker Declaration passes muster. Walker attests

that his declaration is “based on [his] own personal knowledge, on information contained in the

records of the [EPA], or on information supplied to [him] by employees under [his] supervision

or employees in other EPA offices,” Suppl. Walker Decl. at 1, and “affirm[s] under penalty of

perjury” that his “declaration is true and correct,” id. at 5. He states that, as the Deputy Director

of OCEFT’s Legal Counsel Division, he is “a first-line supervisor” within OCEFT and

“provid[es] legal advice regarding [PSD],” id. ¶ 1, and that he “ha[s] read and [is] personally

familiar with” plaintiff’s FOIA Request, id. ¶ 2. Walker’s position within OCEFT, his access to

and review of EPA records, his knowledge about OCEFT policies, and his representation that he

the processing of those records pursuant to the FOIA” (second alteration in original)); Niskanen Ctr., Inc. v. U.S.
Dep’t of Energy, 328 F. Supp. 3d 1, 7, 10, 15 (D.D.C. 2018) (declaration of “the FOIA Officer in [the agency’s]
Office of Public Information,” who was “the manager for all FOIA requests sent to [agency] HQ” (internal quotation
marks omitted)); Hainey v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 925 F. Supp. 2d 34, 40 (D.D.C. 2013) (declaration of attorney
who “was assigned to this case involving [plaintiff’s] FOIA request” and whose duties included “provid[ing] legal
advice to the . . . FOIA Office” and “assist[ing] . . . with FOIA litigation” (internal quotation marks omitted));
Barnard, 531 F. Supp. 2d at 137 (declaration of “the Chief of the FOIA/Privacy Act . . . Section at” the agency, who
“reviewed the records” at issue); Carter, Fullerton & Hayes LLC v. FTC, 520 F. Supp. 2d 134, 140 (D.D.C. 2007)
(declaration of “Supervisory Attorney of the FOIA Unit of the Office of the General Counsel within the FTC”).
5
          Plaintiff’s extensive arguments as to why the Supplemental Walker Declaration does not demonstrate
Walker’s personal knowledge of the procedures EPA uses to handle FOIA requests or his familiarity with the
records produced in response to the FOIA request, see Pl.’s Reply at 2–8, are simply irrelevant since those
arguments would apply only to an agency official recounting information acquired in the course of his official duties
related to the agency’s search for and processing of responsive requests, and that is neither the purpose nor the
subject matter of the information described in the challenged Declaration.

                                                         14
acquired information from other EPA employees in the course of his official duties together

demonstrate that Rule 56’s personal-knowledge requirement is met.6

                  2.       The Supplemental Walker Declaration Does Not Contain Inadmissible
                           Hearsay

         Plaintiff next argues that the Supplemental Walker Declaration should be completely

stricken or have certain paragraphs excised “because [it] relies on inadmissible hearsay,” Pl.’s

Mem. at 6; see also id. at 10 n.4, in the form of “certain unspecified records and information

supplied to Mr. Walker by other individuals,” id. at 7; see also Pl.’s Reply at 9–11. EPA

contends that the Declaration “complies with established law regarding the use of hearsay in

agency FOIA declarations,” Def.’s Reply at 5, citing to cases in this District finding that “‘[t]he

use of hearsay in agency FOIA affidavits is generally acceptable,’” id. (alteration in original)

(quoting Taylor Energy Co. LLC v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 271 F. Supp. 3d 73, 92 (D.D.C. 2017))

(citing Barnard v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 598 F. Supp. 2d 1, 19 (D.D.C. 2009)).

         Plaintiff counters that these cases stand primarily for the proposition that courts may

“allow[] limited hearsay regarding the adequacy of an agency’s search,” not for the broader

position “that hearsay is admissible for any other purpose in FOIA cases.” Pl.’s Reply at 9.

Indeed, courts have declined to adopt a permissive approach to hearsay in all aspects of FOIA

cases and thus, for example, have rejected as impermissible hearsay an agency’s invocation of

FOIA exceptions reliant on out-of-court statements by private third parties. See, e.g., Brown v.

Perez, 835 F.3d 1223, 1231–33 (10th Cir. 2016) (refusing to weigh third-party letters in

Exemption 4 analysis); Leopold v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Civ. A. No. 19-3192 (RC), 2021 U.S.

6
          Cf. Teva Pharms. USA, Inc. v. FDA, Civ. A. No. 20-808 (BAH), 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 245082, at *44 n.3
(D.D.C. Dec. 31, 2020) (holding that personal knowledge could “be inferred” from a declarant’s “position” as an
employee of plaintiff paired with “representations in his sworn statement”); Wye Oak Tech., Inc. v. Republic of Iraq,
No. 1:10-cv-01182-RCL, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 194225, at *25, *29–30 (D.D.C. Nov. 14, 2018) (finding
declarants’ statements that they were “authorized and qualified to make the declaration based on their positions” and
certification that their declarations were “‘true and correct’ under the penalty of perjury” sufficient to “satisfy the
low bar set forth in Rule 56’s personal knowledge requirement”).

                                                          15
Dist. LEXIS 6236, at *14–20 (D.D.C. Jan. 13, 2021) (declining to consider letters by third

parties proffered by the government to establish its FOIA exemption claims on hearsay grounds);

Humane Soc’y of U.S. v. Animal & Plant Health Insp. Serv., 386 F. Supp. 3d 34, 44 (D.D.C.

2019) (“To be sure, courts may consider hearsay in FOIA cases when assessing the adequacy of

the agency’s search. . . . But it is a different matter to rely on out-of-court statements from

private third-parties to justify an agency’s withholding.” (internal citations omitted)).

       Hearsay evidence in testimony by agency declarants based upon information gleaned

from personal familiarity with agency practices or from information relayed by other agency

personnel, however, presents a different case. The D.C. Circuit in Londrigan v. FBI, 670 F.2d

1164 (D.C. Cir. 1981), recognized that statements by agency declarants who are knowledgeable

insiders as to the agency practices and procedures on which they testify and who acquire

knowledge from examination of agency records constituting public records and reports are

admissible, and, on these bases, determined that an FBI agent’s testimony based on his review of

agency records and knowledge of FBI investigative policies and practices could be considered in

assessing an agency’s withholdings under the Privacy Act. Id. at 1174–75. Relying on

Londrigan’s reasoning, in this Circuit, agency declarants’ testimony based on information

obtained in the course of their official duties or from review of agency records is routinely

considered when evaluating an agency’s invocation of FOIA exemptions. See, e.g., Leopold,

2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6236, at *14–20 (distinguishing, in the context of evaluating FOIA

exemptions, statements by agency declarants relying on information obtained in the course of

their official duties from out-of-court statements by third parties); Canning v. U.S. Dep’t of State,

134 F. Supp. 3d 490, 510–11 (D.D.C. 2015) (determining that agency declarant’s statements

reflecting “information obtained through consultation with other agencies” were not inadmissible

                                                  16
hearsay and weighing the testimony in its analysis of the agency’s withholdings); Barnard, 598

F. Supp. 2d at 19 (rejecting plaintiff’s argument that agency declarations contained inadmissible

hearsay based “on the fact that the declarants were told certain information” by other agency

employees and considering the declarations in its Exemption 7(C) and 7(E) balancing). The

Supplemental Walker Declaration likewise relies on the declarant’s review of “information

contained in the records of the [EPA], or on information supplied . . . by employees under [his]

supervision or employees in other EPA offices.” Suppl. Walker Decl. at 1. Under the Londrigan

standard, it therefore does not contain inadmissible hearsay.

       Plaintiff protests that “Londrigan is not on point and provides no justification for an

exception to the rule against hearsay” because the hearsay at issue in that case “was not a

statement conveyed by a third party, but was in fact based on information contained in one of the

records the agent reviewed.” Pl.’s Reply at 10. This claimed contrast is “a distinction without a

difference,” because the Londrigan rule encompasses all information obtained by a declarant in

the course of official duties, whether through conversation with other agency employees or

review of documents. Barnard, 598 F. Supp. 2d at 19. Even if plaintiff’s distinction were

persuasive, each paragraph of the Supplemental Walker Declaration that, in plaintiff’s view,

relies on inadmissible hearsay characterizes documents and records reviewed by the declarant

that are either agency records, records previously submitted by plaintiff in this case, or both, and

would therefore fall within plaintiff’s narrower interpretation of the Londrigan exception. See

Pl.’s Mem. at 10 n.4; Suppl. Walker Decl. ¶¶ 6–10, 13. The Supplemental Walker Declaration

does not contain inadmissible hearsay and will not be stricken on this ground.

                                                 17
               3.      The Supplemental Walker Declaration Does Not Violate the Best
                       Evidence Rule

       Plaintiff’s third challenge alleges that the Supplemental Walker Declaration “improperly

claims to characterize ‘unspecified information contained in the records of the [EPA],’” without

either “provid[ing] these records to the Court” or “identif[ying] what these records are,” in

violation of the so-called “best evidence rule.” Pl.’s Mem. at 7 (quoting Suppl. Walker Decl. at

1); see also id. at 7–9, 10 n.5; Pl.’s Reply at 11–12. Federal Rule of Evidence 1002 codifies the

best evidence rule and provides that “[a]n original writing, recording, or photograph is required

in order to prove its content unless these rules or a federal statute provides otherwise.” FED. R.

EVID. 1002. As plaintiff concedes, see Pl.’s Reply at 11, the best evidence rule “‘is a rule of

preference, not a solid bar on secondary evidence,’” Porup v. CIA, Case No. 17-cv-72, 2020 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 44963, at *10 (D.D.C. Mar. 16, 2020), aff’d, No. 20-5144, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS

15149 (D.C. Cir. May 21, 2021) (quoting United States ex rel. El-Amin v. George Wash. Univ.,

522 F. Supp. 2d 135, 145 (D.D.C. 2007)).

       Plaintiff claims that four paragraphs in the Supplemental Walker Declaration “appear to

characterize available records instead of providing them,” in violation of the best evidence rule.

Pl.’s Mem. at 10; see also id. at 10 n.5; Suppl. Walker Decl. ¶¶ 4–7. These paragraphs describe

the thirty calendar entries that EPA produced to plaintiff with agent names redacted, Suppl.

Walker Decl. ¶ 4; plaintiff’s FOIA Request, id. ¶ 5; a separate FOIA request related to EPA’s

criminal enforcement activities and the publicly available records EPA produced in response to

that request, id. ¶ 6; and other FOIA requests received by OCEFT “related to specific aspects of

the PSD or the allocation of enforcement resources,” id. ¶ 7. Plaintiff contends that “[b]ecause

EPA does not allege that the records the [Supplemental] Walker Declaration purports to rely on

are unavailable, the Court should strike the [Supplemental] Walker Declaration because its

                                                 18
allegations regarding the contents of the records to which it refers are inadmissible.” Pl.’s Mem.

at 8; see also Pl.’s Reply at 11–12. At summary judgment, however, “it is well established

that . . . evidence need not be in a form that would be admissible at trial, so long as it is capable

of being converted into admissible evidence.” Porup, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44963, at *11–12

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Porup v. CIA, No. 20-5144, 2021 U.S.

App. LEXIS 15149, at *24 (D.C. Cir. May 21, 2021) (rejecting plaintiff’s objection to

declaration’s testimony about documentary evidence in FOIA case under the best evidence rule

in part because “the facts asserted in the Declaration could have been reduced to admissible

evidence . . . if the parties’ dispute had gone beyond summary judgment”); Gleklen v.

Democratic Cong. Campaign Comm., Inc., 199 F.3d 1365, 1369 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (holding that,

at summary judgment, “[w]hile a [party] is not required to produce evidence in a form that would

be admissible at trial, the evidence still must be capable of being converted into admissible

evidence”); FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c)(2) (“A party may object that the material cited to support or

dispute a fact cannot be presented in a form that would be admissible in evidence.”).

        Under this standard, the fact that, as plaintiff suggests, the underlying records are

available mitigates any concerns related to the best evidence rule. Indeed, one of the records

described in the challenged paragraphs, plaintiff’s FOIA Request, is already part of the record in

this case, see FOIA Request, while the records responsive to a separate FOIA request described

by Walker are, as he observes, available online, see Suppl. Walker Decl. ¶ 6.7 As to the

remaining records, the disputed calendar entries and additional FOIA requests seeking

information about EPA’s criminal enforcement resources, Walker has attested that his testimony

7
          See FOIA Online, EPA-HQ-2019-003261 Request Details (last visited May 23, 2021) https://foiaonline.
gov/foiaonline/action/public/submissionDetails?trackingNumber=EPA-HQ-2019-003261&type=request. The
Supplemental Walker Declaration states that these records “are attached” as “Exhibit A,” Suppl. Walker Decl. ¶ 6,
but this Exhibit was not ultimately filed and is evidently available for review online.

                                                        19
is based on his review of agency records and information received from other agency employees

in the course of his duties. Id. at 1. These statements are sufficient to establish his personal

knowledge of the documents he describes, as set forth supra Part III.A.1, and he could therefore

testify to these facts. See Porup, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 15149, at *24 (finding best evidence

rule satisfied despite lack of documentary evidence where the declarant “could have testified to

the same facts if the parties’ dispute had gone beyond summary judgment”). Moreover, the

documents themselves, which are apparently available as agency records, could be submitted.

As Walker’s challenged descriptions of the records could be readily converted to admissible

evidence, plaintiff’s best-evidence objection fails.

                4.      Alleged Legal Conclusions Will Not Be Stricken

        Plaintiff next contends that portions of the Supplemental Walker Declaration “[s]tat[ing]

or indirectly impl[ying] that the records at issue were properly withheld . . . amount to no more

than legal conclusions” and therefore “are not permissible in a declaration.” Pl.’s Mem. at 10;

see also id. at 10–12; Pl.’s Reply at 12–14. In particular, plaintiff seeks to strike “the first

sentence of paragraph 12,” Pl.’s Mem. at 11, stating that “[t]hose who serve on the PSD have an

expanded privacy interest beyond that of a CID Special Agent,” Suppl. Walker Decl. ¶ 12, and

paragraph 13, Pl.’s Mem. at 11, which explains that “EPA determined that [PSD] agents have a

substantial privacy interest in non-disclosure of their names” and contends that “no public

interest is served by disclosing their identities,” Suppl. Walker Decl. ¶ 13. EPA argues that the

challenged paragraphs “provide[] factual justifications for the application of FOIA Exemption

7(C),” in an effort to meet EPA’s burden to demonstrate that the agents’ privacy interests

outweigh the public interest in disclosure. Def.’s Reply at 8; see also id. at 8–10; DiBacco v.

U.S. Army, 795 F.3d 178, 196 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (describing an agency’s obligation to

                                                  20
“demonstrate[] that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption”

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

       Plaintiff’s concern that Walker proffers legal conclusions warrants neither the drastic

remedy of striking nor the alternative remedy suggested by plaintiff, that the Court “ignore” the

challenged statements “and any portions of EPA’s briefing relying on [them].” Pl.’s Reply at 14.

The contested paragraphs of the Declaration are best viewed as setting forth Walker’s

understanding of the issues in the case and the agency’s rationale for withholding the agents’

names in the first instance, and will be treated as such rather than as legal conclusions. See, e.g.,

Stein v. CIA, 454 F. Supp. 3d 1, 14 n.3 (D.D.C. 2020) (noting that plaintiff’s motion “to strike

portions of various agency declarations” was denied on the grounds “that, [t]o the extent that

Defendants’ declarations contain legal arguments, the court will reach its own legal conclusions

and regard the statements in the declarations as explanations of the declarant’s understanding of

the issues of the case” (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted));

Ctr. for Auto Safety v. Nat’l Highway Traffic Safety Admin., 93 F. Supp. 2d 1, 12 (D.D.C. 2000)

(determining that, instead of striking challenged portions of agency declarations, “any

[s]tatements of ultimate fact and conclusions of law will be regarded simply as declarations of

each affiant’s understanding of the veracity of [the opposing party’s] allegations, to the best of

[the affiant’s] knowledge” (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted)). Accordingly, plaintiff’s request to strike or disregard paragraphs 12 and 13 of the

Supplemental Walker Declaration is denied.

               5.      Allegedly Immaterial or Impertinent Statements Will Not Be Stricken

       Finally, plaintiff moves to strike paragraphs 5, 6, and 7 of the Supplemental Walker

Declaration, arguing that these paragraphs describing plaintiff’s FOIA Request and other

requesters’ FOIA requests for information about EPA’s criminal enforcement activities and
                                                 21
resources, see Suppl. Walker Decl. ¶¶ 5–7, are “irrelevant and therefore immaterial and

impertinent,” Pl.’s Mem. at 12; see also id. at 12–13; Pl.’s Reply at 14–18. This request fails at

the outset because, while Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f) provides for the striking of “any

redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter” from a pleading, FED. R. CIV. P. 12(f),

Rule 56 makes no such provision, and limits a party’s ability to object on evidentiary grounds to

situations in which “the material cited to support or dispute a fact cannot be presented in a form

that would be admissible in evidence,” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c)(2).

         Even if construed as an objection to the relevance of the challenged paragraphs under

Federal Rule of Evidence 401, plaintiff’s request fares no better. Rule 401 states that

“[e]vidence is relevant if (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it

would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in determining the action.”

FED. R. EVID. 401. EPA contends that the disputed paragraphs “are provided to demonstrate that

[p]laintiff could obtain” information about EPA’s allocation of CID resources “without

jeopardizing the privacy interests of PSD agents,” which facts “address[] the Court’s conclusion

[in ERF I] that it is not ‘clear that plaintiff could obtain the information it seeks through any

other publicly available means.’” Def.’s Reply at 10 (quoting ERF I, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

27748, at *98). That observation was made in the course of defining the scope of the public

interest in disclosure of PSD agents’ names, as plaintiff acknowledges, Pl.’s Reply at 16, and in

turn informed the dispositive conclusion that the public interest in disclosure prevailed over the

agents’ privacy interests.8 Paragraphs 5, 6, and 7 of the Supplemental Walker Declaration are

therefore plainly relevant to the necessary determination, in the Exemption 7(C) balancing

8
         Plaintiff further contends that the facts proffered in the Supplemental Walker Declaration do not show that
the agents’ names are publicly available and therefore should not alter ERF I’s balancing analysis, see Pl.’s Reply at
14–18, but this argument goes to the merits of EPA’s claims, not to the relevance of the challenged statements.

                                                         22
analysis, of whether the public interest in disclosure of PSD agent names outweighs the privacy

interests, and therefore will not be stricken.

                                                 *        *   *

       In sum, plaintiff’s Motion to Strike, in whole or in part, the Supplemental Walker

Declaration and portions of EPA’s briefing that rely on it is denied. EPA’s Motion to Alter or

Amend Judgment is considered next.

       B.      Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment

       EPA contends that the grant of summary judgment to plaintiff as to the withholding of

PSD agents’ names pursuant to Exemption 7(C) was predicated on two errors: first, “fail[ing] to

connect the disclosure of the names of individual agents to the articulated public interest” in

understanding EPA’s criminal enforcement work and resource allocation, Def.’s Mem. at 5; see

also id. at 4–8; Def.’s Reply at 14–18, and second, crediting plaintiff’s “factually incorrect

claim[,] . . . advanced for the first time in a reply brief,” that EPA routinely releases the names of

CID and PSD agents for public relations purposes, Def.’s Mem. at 9; see also id. at 8–11; Def.’s

Reply at 18–22. In the agency’s view, reconsideration under Rule 59(e) is therefore warranted.

Plaintiff not only disputes EPA’s claims of errors, but also challenges this reconsideration

motion as procedurally improper. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 7–13. Plaintiff’s procedural arguments are

addressed before turning to the merits of EPA’s Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment.

               1.      EPA’s Motion Is Not Procedurally Improper

       Plaintiff argues that EPA’s motion is procedurally improper under Rule 59(e) on two

grounds: first, EPA’s motion is untimely because EPA could have sought leave, but did not, to

file a sur-reply to address plaintiff’s purportedly inaccurate characterization of the agency’s

policies regarding release of agent names before the entry of judgment, Pl.’s Opp’n at 7–9; and,

second, EPA has failed to show any of the threshold circumstances warranting reconsideration

                                                     23
under Rule 59(e), id. at 9–13; see supra Part II.B. As explained below, while prompt correction

of information submitted to the Court would indisputably have been helpful here, neither ground

is ultimately persuasive.

                            a) EPA’s Motion, Though Belated, Is Not Barred as Untimely

         First, plaintiff disputes EPA’s claim that “it lacked an opportunity to respond” to

plaintiff’s factual assertion, which was raised for the first time in its Reply, that CID and PSD

agent names are regularly released. Plaintiff insists that this assertion in reply stemmed from

arguments made in its cross-motion for summary judgment, to which EPA could have responded

in its Opposition. Pl.’s Opp’n at 7. Moreover, plaintiff contends that EPA could have sought

leave to file a sur-reply before the entry of judgment and elected not to do so. Id.9 As a result,

plaintiff claims, EPA’s belated effort to correct the record through a motion for reconsideration

is improper and untimely, and should be rejected. Id. at 7–9.

         Although “an issue presented for the first time in a motion pursuant to Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 59(e) generally is not timely raised[,] . . . the district court [may] exercise[] its

discretion to excuse the party’s lack of timeliness and consider the issue.” District of Columbia

v. Doe, 611 F.3d 888, 896 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (internal quotations and citation omitted). Here, the

fact that EPA did not have an opportunity as of right to address plaintiff’s assertion, raised in

reply, that EPA regularly releases CID agents’ names for public-relations purposes counsels in

favor of considering the reconsideration motion.

         Though plaintiff now argues that this issue of EPA’s routine disclosure of CID agent

names was presented in its cross-motion for summary judgment and not for the first time in

9
         The parties make no reference to the fact that, in addition to seeking permission to file a sur-reply to correct
the record, EPA could also have alerted plaintiff about any erroneous factual assertion or conclusion made to the
Court and thereby provided an opportunity for plaintiff to correct or clarify the reply filing. The record is silent as to
whether EPA made any such effort.

                                                           24
reply, Pl.’s Opp’n at 7, 18–19, this characterization of the record is a bit exaggerated. In its

cross-motion, plaintiff contended only that PSD agents did not “have any independent privacy

interest in their email addresses,” citing to two district court criminal cases in which CID agents

were identified by name and noting that plaintiff was able to use these names to locate agents’

email addresses through EPA’s online staff directory. Pl.’s Mem. P. & A. Supp. Cross-Mot.

Summ. J. & Opp’n Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. at 30, ECF No. 20-1 (citations omitted). This

argument, to which EPA responded in its Opposition by stating that “an email address on the

staff directory can only be assessed [sic] if one already knows the name of the individual

employee,” see Def.’s XMSJ Reply at 17 n.7, should have alerted EPA to the broader issue of

agents’ names being publicly available, but did not put EPA on specific notice that its policies

with respect to disclosure of agent identities for public-relations purposes were at issue. Not

until its Reply did plaintiff make the more fulsome factual assertion in support of its claim for

PSD agents’ names now contested by the parties, that “EPA regularly publicizes the names of its

agents in press releases and other news stories related to environmental enforcement actions,” a

policy that, in plaintiff’s view, “undercut[] EPA’s withholding of the PSD agent identities here.”

Pl.’s XMSJ Reply at 12. As noted supra Part I.B, plaintiff supported this claim with a

declaration, see Suppl. Wilcox Decl. ¶¶ 2–8, and seven exhibits, see id.; Suppl. Walker Decl. ¶ 9

(identifying each of the exhibits). Had EPA reviewed this voluminous filing in reply, this factual

assertion would have been difficult to miss. Yet, over the next three months before issuance of

ERF I, EPA said nothing, seemingly asleep at the proverbial switch.

       As to EPA’s failure to submit a sur-reply to correct the record prior to the entry of

judgment, plaintiff accurately notes both that this Court’s standing order provides for the

submission of sur-replies in appropriate circumstances, see Standing Order ¶ 5(b), ECF No. 6

                                                 25
(“A party may not file a sur-reply without first obtaining leave of the Court and may do so only

upon a specific showing of good cause.”), and that “leave to file a surreply is ‘routinely granted

when a party is unable to contest matters presented to the court for the first time in the last

scheduled pleading,’” United States ex rel. Barko v. Halliburton Co., 241 F. Supp. 3d 37, 80

(D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Doe v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 69 F. Supp. 3d 75, 85 (D.D.C. 2014)). See

Pl.’s Opp’n at 7–8, 20. Nonetheless, “[i]in general, sur-replies are ‘disfavored[,]’” Bigwood v.

U.S. Dep’t of Def., 132 F. Supp. 3d 124, 154 (D.D.C. 2015) (quoting Glass v. Lahood, 786 F.

Supp. 2d 189, 231 (D.D.C. 2011)), and “[t]he Local Rules of this Court contemplate that there

ordinarily will be at most three memoranda associated with any given motion: (i) the movant’s

opening memorandum; (ii) the non-movant’s opposition; and (iii) the movant’s reply,” Crummey

v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 794 F. Supp. 2d 46, 62 (D.D.C. 2011); see also L. Civ. R. 7. Thus, EPA

correctly contends that it had no opportunity as-of-right to correct the erroneous claims raised in

plaintiff’s Reply. See Def.’s Reply at 11–13.10

         The agency further argues that its decision not to pursue a sur-reply, made in reliance on

the practice of this Court “generally refus[ing] to entertain arguments raised for the first time in a

reply brief,” United States v. All Assets Held at Bank Julius, 251 F. Supp. 3d 82, 104 (D.D.C.

2017), was reasonable. Def.’s Mem. at 9–10; Def.’s Reply at 11–13. Yet sur-replies are

10
          Plaintiff relies on SmartGene, Inc. v. Advanced Biological Laboratories, S.A., 915 F. Supp. 2d 69 (D.D.C.
2013), and Estate of Gaither ex rel. Gaither v. District of Columbia, 771 F. Supp. 2d 5 (D.D.C. 2011), to support its
claim that EPA’s motion should be rejected due to its failure to seek leave to file a sur-reply. Both cases
demonstrate the discretion granted to resolve motions for reconsideration and how dilatory conduct, such as EPA’s
in this case, can doom such a motion. In SmartGene, a motion for reconsideration was rejected because the
defendants skipped the opportunity to clarify the disputed claims “at the motions hearing, and could have provided
additional briefing if they believed that the Court had an incorrect understanding of the plaintiff’s position,” 915 F.
Supp. 2d at 76, and defendants further failed to file a notice of supplemental authority before the entry of judgment,
when it had time to do so, id. at 80–81. Similarly, in Estate of Gaither, a motion for reconsideration, under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b), raised three legal arguments, 771 F. Supp. 2d at 9, one of which was new and should
have been addressed in the defendant’s own motion for summary judgment, while the second and third arguments
had been previously decided, id. Neither of these cited cases involved, as here, however, correction of a factual
assertion on which judgment implicating the privacy rights of individuals was predicated and thus do not dictate
denial of EPA’s motion for reconsideration.

                                                          26
routinely granted to allow parties to respond to assertions made for the first time in reply. In

light of plaintiff’s explicit and obvious dependence on a misunderstanding of EPA’s policies

with respect to disclosure of PSD agents’ identities, the agency’s decision to allow such a glaring

factual inaccuracy to stand on the record is inexplicable. EPA’s belated effort in the pending

motion to correct this error is therefore untimely, but the costs of its failure to remedy the record

prior to the entry of judgment fall squarely on the individual PSD agents named in the challenged

calendar entries, whose identities will be made public and who may be subject to harassment or

other unwarranted intrusions absent reconsideration. Only to avoid imposing the burden of

EPA’s dilatoriness on these law-enforcement agents will EPA’s motion be deemed procedurally

adequate, despite EPA’s failure to raise its current arguments prior to the entry of judgment.

                           b) EPA’s Clarification of its Policies Regarding Release of Agent
                              Names Is Sufficient to Warrant Reconsideration

         Plaintiff next argues that EPA has not demonstrated one of the recognized circumstances

in which reconsideration under Rule 59(e) may be warranted because the agency “has identified

no error, let alone a clear error” and “show[s] no injustice, let alone manifest injustice.” Pl.’s

Opp’n at 9; see also id. at 9–13; supra Part II.B. A party seeking to alter or amend a judgment

need only demonstrate that one of the four enumerated circumstances supporting reconsideration

exists. See Patton Boggs LLP v. Chevron Corp., 683 F.3d 397, 403 (D.C. Cir. 2012);

Mohammadi v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 782 F.3d 9, 17 (D.D.C. 2015). Thus, EPA must

establish either clear error or manifest injustice, not both, for its motion to be considered. 11

         Rule 59(e) sets a high bar for a finding of clear error, which is met when the final

judgment entered is “dead wrong,” CNN, Inc. v. FBI, 401 F. Supp. 3d 187, 193 (D.D.C. 2019),

including because of “errors of fact appearing on the face of the record, or errors of law,”

11
          The parties agree that EPA’s motion is not brought on the basis of a change in the controlling law or the
availability of new evidence. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 9; Def.’s Reply at 13–14.

                                                          27
Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 282 F. Supp. 3d 338, 341 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting

Hammond v. Kempthorne, 448 F. Supp. 2d 114, 118 (D.D.C. 2006)). EPA contends that the

Court made a clear error of fact by crediting plaintiff’s incorrect assertion that “EPA regularly

publicizes the names of its agents in press releases and other news stories,” Def.’s Reply at 14

(internal quotation marks omitted), and that this error of fact led to an error of law in the

Exemption 7(C) balancing analysis, id. at 18–22. Plaintiff frames this argument as EPA’s “mere

disagreement with the Court’s Order,” because, in its view, “[t]hese issues were fully briefed on

cross-motions for summary judgment.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 10. As explained above, EPA had no

opportunity as of right to respond to plaintiff’s description of the agency’s alleged practice of

releasing agent names and simply let months pass without seeking to file a sur-reply or take other

action to correct plaintiff’s factual assertion. See supra note 9. It now explains that OCEFT has

a “policy of providing supervisor names when spokespeople are needed to comment on

significant case developments, but not producing the names of the Agents who serve on the

Administrator’s security detail,” Suppl. Walker Decl. ¶ 10, because the agency believes that

supervisors “do[] not have the same privacy concerns as a staff-level agent in CID,” id. ¶ 11.

This description of agency policy directly contradicts the description proffered by plaintiff and

accepted by the Court, and therefore suggests a clear error of fact appearing on the face of ERF I.

This finding alone is sufficient to warrant reconsideration, and EPA’s showing of manifest

injustice need not be considered. In sum, EPA’s Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment is

procedurally appropriate. The merits of its request for reconsideration are addressed next.

               2.      EPA Has Shown that PSD Agents’ Privacy Interests Outweigh the
                       Public Interest in Disclosure

       EPA raises two challenges to ERF I’s conclusion that the public interest in disclosure of

PSD agents’ identities outweighs individual agents’ privacy interests. First, the agency argues

                                                  28
that ERF I failed to “identify[] the nexus required by precedent between the requested

information and the asserted public interest that would be advanced by disclosure” and therefore

committed an error of law. Def.’s Mem. at 5; see also id. at 4–8; Def.’s Reply at 14–18. EPA

next claims, as explained above, that ERF I made a clear error of fact by accepting plaintiff’s

assertion that “EPA regularly publicizes the names of its agents in press releases and other news

stories,” Def.’s Reply at 14 (internal quotation marks omitted), and that this factual error led to a

legally incorrect weighing of the public and private interests in the Exemption 7(C) balancing

analysis, see id. at 18–22; Def.’s Mem. at 8–11. Although the first of these arguments, which the

agency failed to raise prior to the entry of judgment, is incorrect and unavailing, the second

provides a basis on which to vacate the entry of summary judgment for plaintiff as to

withholding of the PSD agents’ names.

                       a) ERF I Identified a Sufficient Nexus Between Disclosure of PSD
                          Agents’ Identities and the Public Interest

       EPA first contends that ERF I failed to “identify[] the nexus required by precedent

between the requested information and the asserted public interest that would be advanced by

disclosure.” Def.’s Mem. at 5; see also id. at 4–8; Def.’s Reply at 14–18. Plaintiff counters that

“EPA failed to argue that Plaintiffs [sic] had not identified a nexus between this public interest

and the records at issue in its briefing” on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, Pl.’s

Opp’n at 15, an argument that EPA disputes, pointing to its argument presented in opposition

“that not only was . . .cost information publicly available but ‘[t]he specific names and email

addresses of individual agents as they appear in calendar entries offers [sic] no insight into . . .

costs’” associated with staffing former Administrator Wheeler’s PSD, as addressing the nexus

issue, Def.’s Reply at 16 (alteration in original) (quoting Def.’s XMSJ Reply at 16).

                                                  29
       Even accepting EPA’s premise that its nexus argument was previously raised, it does not

supply a basis for reconsideration. “[T]he law is well-settled that litigants may not use Rule

59(e) either to repeat unsuccessful arguments or to assert new but previously available

arguments.” Nat’l Fair Hous. All. v. Carson, 397 F. Supp. 3d 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2019); see also New

Lifecare Hosps. of N.C. LLC v. Azar, 466 F. Supp. 3d 124, 129 (D.D.C. 2020). The precise

argument to which EPA now points was considered and rejected in ERF I. Quoting from EPA’s

Opposition, ERF I determined that, “[e]ven if EPA is correct that ‘[t]he specific names and email

addresses of individual agents . . . offer[] no insight into [the] costs’ associated with agents’

assignment to the PSD beyond that provided by the cost-related information on its website, the

separate public interest in EPA’s reallocation of its CID agents for use by the Administrator . . .

and the impact of such reallocation on EPA’s execution of its statutory duties remains

unsatisfied.” 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *97–98 (second, third, and fourth alterations and

omissions in original) (quoting Def.’s XMSJ Reply at 16). ERF I therefore concluded that,

notwithstanding the cost-related information that EPA has made publicly available, a nexus

between the requested information and the public interest existed because “[w]ithout the

identities of the PSD agents, . . . plaintiff ‘cannot determine which CID agents were transferred

to the PSD, and therefore taken off of environmental enforcement duties; how that may affect the

CID’s environmental enforcement abilities; and which statute(s) these PSD agents formerly

enforced prior to being reassigned.’” Id. at *97 (quoting Pl.’s XMSJ Reply at 12). EPA may not

now relitigate this issue under the guise of Rule 59(e).

       To the extent that EPA seeks to advance a new theory of why no nexus between

disclosure of PSD agents and the public interest is present, this attempt is similarly unsuccessful.

In support of its current nexus argument, EPA relies primarily on National Archives & Records

                                                  30
Administration v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157 (2004), a 2004 Supreme Court decision. See Def.’s

Mem. at 4–8; Def.’s Reply at 14-18. A motion for reconsideration, however, “is ‘not a vehicle to

present a new legal theory that was available prior to judgment.’” Leidos, Inc., 881 F.3d at 217

(quoting Patton Boggs LLP, 683 F.3d at 403). As EPA’s reliance on Favish¸ a case decided

more than fifteen years ago, demonstrates, this theory could have been raised in the agency’s

briefing of its Exemption 7(C) withholdings in the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment,

at which time, beyond the cost-information argument outlined above, the agency “argue[d] only

that, in the ‘absence of any countervailing public interest,’ [its] withholdings [we]re justified,”

ERF I, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *98–99 (quoting Def.’s XMSJ Reply at 16), and

“ma[de] no apparent effort to weigh the public interest in disclosure against PSD agents’ privacy

interests in nondisclosure of their names,” id. at *98. The agency now seeks to recast its nexus

argument in terms of the relationship between PSD agents’ names and EPA’s resource allocation

decisions, but “[w]hen a party first argues an unavailing theory of liability, and then attempts to

argue an alternative or contrary position in a motion for reconsideration, this [does not]

constitute[] . . . a clear error of law sufficient to support a motion for reconsideration.” Foster v.

Sedgwick Claims Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 842 F.3d 721, 735 (D.C. Cir. 2016). EPA had ample

opportunity to submit this theory to the Court in its previous briefing, but chose not to do so.

The agency cannot belatedly correct this strategic decision through a motion for reconsideration.

       Moreover, even if EPA’s argument were timely, ERF I identified an adequate nexus

between the agents’ names and the asserted public interest in disclosure. The nexus requirement

set out in Favish is simply a requirement that “the [requested] information [be] likely to

advance” the public interest set forth by the requester. 541 U.S. at 172. The example of a

sufficient nexus provided in Favish, that “photographic images and other data pertaining to an

                                                  31
individual who died under mysterious circumstances . . . [are] necessary to show the

investigative agency or other responsible officials acted negligently or otherwise improperly in

the performance of their duties,” id., demonstrates that the nexus need not be defined at a high

level of specificity, nor must a court connect every dot between the requested information and

public interest it serves for the requirement to be satisfied.

       The nexus set forth in ERF I meets this standard. ERF I stated that the “significant public

interest in tracing EPA’s transfer and reallocation of law enforcement agents from investigatory

duties within CID to the Administrator’s PSD and any concomitant reduction in enforcement

actions at EPA” would “be furthered by disclosure of the names of the Administrator’s PSD

agents because plaintiff, or others, can use this information to determine how many agents were

shifted from investigation and enforcement to protection.” ERF I, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748,

at *100 (internal quotation marks omitted). In support of this conclusion, it observed that a

report by EPA’s Office of Inspector General had concluded that former “Administrator Pruitt’s

security detail was three times as large as for previous Administrators, and that the PSD agents

who contributed to this increased detail were permanently transferred from CID . . . to Pruitt’s

security detail with no significant responsibilities for investigating environmental crimes

pursuant to EPA’s statutory mandates.” Id. at *96–97 (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted). ERF I also credited plaintiff’s claim that “[w]ithout the identities of the PSD

agents . . . plaintiff ‘cannot determine which CID agents were transferred to the PSD, and

therefore taken off of environmental enforcement duties; how that may affect the CID’s

environmental enforcement abilities; and which statute(s) these PSD agents formerly enforced

prior to being reassigned.’” Id. at *97 (quoting Pl.’s XMSJ Reply at 12). Altogether, these

findings established a clear nexus between PSD agents’ identities and “the . . . public interest in

                                                  32
EPA’s reallocation of its CID agents for use by the Administrator as PSD agents and the impact

of such reallocation on EPA’s execution of its statutory duties.” Id. at *98. ERF I’s explanation

thus offers a sufficient nexus between the requested information and the public interest,

comparable to like connections found to be sufficient in other cases in this Circuit.12

         EPA further contends that ERF I did not meet the nexus requirement because “the

disclosure of agent names listed in calendar entries . . . does not, in and of itself, provide insight

as to how staff is allocated between CID and PSD,” therefore indicating that “[t]he Favish nexus

requirement . . . precludes release of the agents’ names.” Def.’s Mem. at 5; see also Def.’s

Reply at 15–16 (“The name of an individual agent offers no information concerning whether that

agent was transferred . . ., and it offers no information concerning the allocation of law

enforcement resources.”). Yet courts may “take[] derivative uses into account in evaluating the

impact of disclosure on the public interest,” including when assessing requests for disclosure of

names or other identifying information. ACLU, 655 F.3d at 15 (footnote omitted) (considering

derivative uses in assessing the relevant public interests in disclosure of names for Exemption

7(C) purposes).13 That the names as they appear in a calendar entry do not provide directly

12
          See, e.g., ACLU, 655 F.3d at 13–14 (nexus met where requested information, consisting of individual
names, would be used to “shed[] light on the scope and effectiveness of cell phone tracking as a law enforcement
tool,” “provide information regarding how often prosecutions against people who have been tracked are successful,”
“provide further insight regarding the efficacy of the technique . . . [and] the standard or standards the government
uses to justify warrantless tracking,” and “provide facts regarding the duration of tracking and the and the quality of
tracking data”); Elec. Frontier Found. v. Dep’t of Justice, 384 F. Supp. 3d 1, 16 (D.D.C. 2019) (identifying a
sufficient nexus between the name of an individual and the “public interest in learning about the FBI’s use of
computer technician informants” where the requester “could use the disclosed name to review filings and
transcripts” and gain insights into law enforcement techniques and their intrusiveness); Prop. of People, Inc., 405 F.
Supp. 3d at 117 (finding nexus satisfied where plaintiffs sought FBI investigative and non-investigative files about a
congressman “to discover how the FBI handled the issue of threats posed by Russian intelligence to the U.S.
political system” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
13
          See also, e.g., Painting & Drywall Work Pres. Fund, Inc. v. Dep’t of Hous. & Urb. Dev., 936 F.2d 1300,
1303 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (finding that “a relevant public interest could exist where [a list of names] might provide
leads for an investigative reporter seeking to ferret out what government is up to,” but subsequently concluding that
this public interest was outweighed by the individuals’ privacy interests (internal quotation marks omitted)); Tokar
v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 304 F. Supp. 3d 81, 99–100 (D.D.C. 2018) (ordering disclosure of names of corporate
compliance monitor candidates pursuant to Exemption 7(C) where the requester planned to use the names “to learn
about the inner workings of the selection process” and “to investigate” firms’ strategies when nominating monitors);

                                                          33
information about EPA’s allocation of criminal enforcement resources therefore does not

foreclose the identification of a sufficient nexus, in light of the potential derivative uses

described above. In short, ERF I correctly identified a nexus between disclosure of PSD agents’

names and the public interest in understanding EPA’s allocation of resources to its criminal

enforcement activities. The agency has therefore failed to demonstrate a clear error of law

warranting reconsideration on this ground.14

                           b) EPA’s Clarification that PSD Agents’ Names Are Not Routinely
                              Released Tilts the Exemption 7(C) Balancing Analysis in its Favor

         EPA next argues, as explained supra Part III.B.1.b, that ERF I made a clear error of fact

by accepting plaintiff’s inaccurate assertion that “EPA regularly publicizes the names of its

agents in press releases and other news stories,” Def.’s Reply at 14 (internal quotation marks

omitted), and that this factual error resulted in an erroneous legal conclusion that the public

interest in disclosure outweighed PSD agents’ privacy interests in the Exemption 7(C) balancing

Gilman v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 32 F. Supp. 3d 1, 14–16 (D.D.C. 2014) (directing release of names and addresses
of private landowners in emails between landowners and U.S. Customs and Border Protection in part because
disclosure would help the public to understand the consequences of constructing a wall along the U.S.–Mexico
border); supra note 12 (collecting additional cases).
14
          In support of its nexus argument, EPA originally contended in its opening reconsideration brief that “no
part of [plaintiff’s FOIA Request] sought records related to the public interest relied upon by the Court in its
Exemption 7(C) balancing analysis,” Def.’s Mem. at 6, and this fact demonstrated that no connection existed
between the public interest in EPA’s CID resource allocation and the disclosure of PSD agents’ names as they
appear in calendar entries. EPA now concedes, however, that plaintiff’s original intent in seeking the calendar
entries is of no import, as the Exemption 7(C) inquiry weighs the general public interest in requested information
against the privacy interests of individuals. Def.’s Reply at 23; Pl.’s Opp’n at 23–24. Shifting tacks, the agency
instead argues that other FOIA requests specifically seeking information about OCEFT show that “[p]laintiff could
obtain the information it seeks through other publicly available means,” Def.’s Reply at 22–23, for example, by
“filing a FOIA request that directly seeks information pertaining to the public interest” in understanding EPA’s law-
enforcement resource allocation, Def.’s Mem. at 7, or by consulting information made publicly available after being
produced in response to another FOIA request, see Suppl. Walker Decl. ¶ 6, such that disclosure of PSD agent
names is not necessary to advance the public interest. EPA asserts that this information is meant to correct ERF I’s
observation that it was not “clear that plaintiff could obtain the information it seeks through any other publicly
available means.” 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *98. As ERF I acknowledged, “the availability of the
information [sought by a FOIA requester] through other sources” is “relevant to the public interest.” Prison Legal
News v. Samuels, 787 F.3d 1142, 1147 (D.C. Cir. 2015); see also ERF I, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *97.
EPA, however, failed to raise either of the two alternative sources of information to which it now points in its earlier
briefing. This new evidence, consisting of agency records, was available to EPA prior to the entry of judgment but
is raised for the first time in EPA’s motion for reconsideration. It is therefore untimely. See, e.g., Foster, 842 F.3d
at 735.

                                                          34
analysis, see id. at 18–22; Def.’s Mem. at 8–11. The agency’s clarification of its policies

limiting the release of CID agent names to the names of supervisors designated to act as

spokesperson indicates that ERF I clearly erred in crediting plaintiff’s characterization of EPA’s

practice. For the reasons explained below, this factual correction changes the relative weight of

the public and private interests such that PSD agents’ privacy interests prevail, and EPA

therefore properly invoked Exemption 7(C) to withhold their names from the calendar entries

produced to plaintiff.15

         As set forth supra Part I.C, EPA has explained in the Supplemental Walker Declaration

that “OCEFT policy is to not disclose the names of” PSD agents and that the agency uses only

“the top supervisor of the relevant criminal enforcement field office, the Special Agent-In-

Charge or Assistant Special Agent-In-Charge, to serve as the spokesperson for the Agency.”

Suppl. Walker Decl. ¶ 8. In the agency’s view, “[a] supervisor in CID does not have the same

privacy concerns as a staff-level agent” because staff-level agents “commonly serve as

undercover agents” and “participate in investigations.” Id. ¶ 11. PSD agents in particular “have

an expanded privacy interest” beyond other staff-level agents because they “face a heightened

and particular threat of harassment” stemming from their “access to highly sensitive law

15
          EPA also argues that “ordering [the agency] to release the names of the PSD agents in the Administrator’s
calendar entries results in the de facto release of the PSD agents’ email addresses and phone numbers” because
EPA’s “publicly available, online staff directory allows users to search for EPA employees by first and last names”
and its search results “include EPA employees’ email addresses and phone numbers.” Def.’s Mem. at 7–8. Thus,
disclosure of PSD agents’ names would allow members of the public to readily locate agents’ direct contact
information. In the agency’s view, because ERF I concluded that release of PSD agents’ email addresses was not
justified, see 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *93–95, the fact that disclosure of agents’ names would indirectly
lead to the same result shows that EPA’s withholding of the names is justified. EPA previously raised this
argument, contending in support of its position that neither PSD agent names nor agent email addresses should be
disclosed that “an email address on the staff directory can only be assessed [sic] if one already knows the name of
the individual employee,” Def.’s XMSJ Reply at 17 n.7, and ERF I explicitly addressed the staff directory in
concluding that EPA had appropriately withheld agents’ emails addresses, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *95
n.12. Re-litigation of this issue on a motion for reconsideration is therefore inappropriate. Moreover, as plaintiff
rightly notes, EPA has elected to make CID agents’ contact information publicly available in its staff directory, and
therefore “should not be heard to complain that citizens will access information it has chosen to make public.” Pl.’s
Opp’n at 27 n.9.

                                                         35
enforcement information concerning criminal investigations” and knowledge of the

Administrator’s movements. Id. ¶ 12. EPA further clarifies that, consistent with OCEFT policy,

the media reports and press releases provided with plaintiff’s Reply to substantiate the claim that

EPA routinely releases agent names, in fact, referred only to Special Agents-in-Charge, Acting

Special Agents-In-Charge, or Assistant Special Agents-In-Charge by name. Id. ¶¶ 9–10. In

contrast, the CID agents listed in the disputed calendar entries “appear on the Administrator’s

calendar in their capacity as PSD agents,” not as CID supervisors, and withholding of their

names is therefore also consistent with OCEFT policy. Id. ¶ 13; see also Def.’s Mem. at 9–10

(“The names at issue in the calendar entries are individuals who, at the time of the calendar

entries at issue, served on the Administrator’s security detail as opposed to supervisors speaking

about criminal investigatory issues.”); Def.’s Reply at 18–19 (similar).

       This explication of agency policy directly contradicts ERF I’s finding that “EPA appears

to routinely release the names of CID and PSD agents for public relations purposes, for example,

positive press coverage about CID or PSD agents,” 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *99, and

therefore demonstrates a clear error of fact appearing on the face of the decision. Plaintiff

protests that this correction “is not enough to change the outcome,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 20, because

“the public disclosure of the CID agents’ names appears to have had little if any effect on the

Court’s assessment of the CID agents’ privacy interests” and “was not dispositive to [the

Court’s] analysis,” id. at 21. Not so. ERF I found that “[a]lthough PSD agents have a strong

privacy interest in their identities,” that privacy interest was diminished by what ERF I

understood to be EPA’s regular practice of disclosing agent names. 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

27748, at *99. The conclusion that this “diminished” privacy interest was outweighed by the

“significant public interest in tracing EPA’s transfer and reallocation of law enforcement agents”

                                                 36
was therefore substantially informed by the inaccurate information that EPA released agent

identities when doing so was in the agency’s interest. Id. at *100. Moreover, ERF I relied on

Hunton & Williams LLP v. EPA, 248 F. Supp. 3d 220 (D.D.C. 2017), a decision concluding that

Exemption 7(C) did not shield the names of U.S. Army employees from disclosure where “[t]he

Army ha[d] already named several individuals in its briefing,” id. at 258, in part based on the

assumption that, like the Army in that case, EPA had disclosed CID agent names elsewhere.

       The privacy interests of PSD agents in their identities are bolstered by the knowledge that

EPA does not disclose the names of any CID agents except the names of CID agents in

supervisory roles designated to serve as agency spokespersons for limited purposes. As ERF I

acknowledged, “[r]ank-and-file government employees, including law enforcement agents, have

a clear interest in avoiding harassment by members of the media or the public, as courts in this

Circuit have routinely acknowledged.” 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *93. ERF I recognized

that “PSD agents could be subjected to harassment by virtue of the identity of the person they

protect and the types of investigations in which they and their colleagues are involved,” and that

this reality was “sufficient to establish an ‘unwarranted invasion of privacy’ for Exemption 7(C)

purposes.” Id. When considered without giving weight to the erroneous belief that EPA itself

releases agents’ identifying information on a regular basis, this “strong privacy interest [of PSD

agents] in their identities,” id. at *99, outweighs the public interest in disclosure identified by

plaintiff, although, as explained supra Part III.B.2.a, that interest remains substantial.

Accordingly, EPA has demonstrated “why disclosure of [PSD agents’ names] would . . . be

‘reasonably . . . expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of’ [agents’] personal privacy,

when balanced against the public interest in disclosure.” Bartko, 898 F.3d at 66 (second

omission in original) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C)). Contrary to ERF I’s finding, then, the

                                                  37
agency properly invoked Exemption 7(C) to shield PSD agents’ names appearing in the disputed

calendar entries from disclosure.16 As this finding of a clear error of fact resulting in an error of

law is itself sufficient to merit an amendment of judgment under Rule 59(e), see supra Part II.B,

EPA’s alternative argument that reconsideration is warranted to prevent manifest injustice, see

Def.’s Reply at 20–22, need not be addressed.

                 3.       Foreseeable Harm and Segregability

        The parties do not address, in their briefing of EPA’s pending reconsideration motion,

either the foreseeable harm, under the FOIA Improvement Act of 2016, 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A),

that would result from disclosure of PSD agents’ names or the segregability of the withheld

information. To approve withholding under one of the FOIA exemptions, however, a district

court must find that the agency has met its burden with respect to these requirements. See

Machado Amadis v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 971 F.3d 364, 370–71 (D.C. Cir. 2020). Although the

parties briefed foreseeable harm and segregability in connection with their cross-motions for

summary judgment, ERF I did not specifically consider whether EPA had demonstrated

foreseeable harm from disclosure of agents’ names or segregability of this information due to the

conclusion reached there that agents’ names were not properly withheld under Exemption 7(C).

16
          EPA also seeks reconsideration of ERF I’s observation, in carrying out the Exemption 7(C) balancing
analysis, that “EPA does not identify any particularized risk of threat or harassment to PSD agents assigned to
protect Administrator Wheeler,” ERF I, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *99, contending that cases cited in note 11
of ERF I “make[] clear that there is no requirement that EPA identify a particularized threat of harm or harassment
when asserting Exemption 7(C)” and that ERF I therefore erred in holding EPA to this standard, Def.’s Mem. at 10;
see also Def.’s Reply at 19. ERF I plainly identified PSD agents’ “clear interest in avoiding harassment,” and
deemed it “sufficient to establish an ‘unwarranted invasion of privacy’ for Exemption 7(C) purposes.” 2021 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *93. In stating that EPA had failed to identify a particularized risk of harm, ERF I therefore
did not impose a new threshold requirement for Exemption 7(C) withholding, as EPA asserts, but rather considered
the weight of PSD agents’ privacy interest in the balancing analysis relative to the “significant public interest”
identified by plaintiff. See id. at *99–100; see also Sierra Club v. EPA, Case No. 18-cv-03472-JCS, 2020 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 231770, at *13 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 8, 2020) (assigning an agency’s similarly general assertion of an interest in
avoiding harassment “relatively little weight” in the balancing analysis while recognizing that “the mere potential
for harassment creates a cognizable [privacy] interest in the absence of any certainty that harassment would result”
(emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted)). Since ERF I did not create the heightened standard that EPA
claims, this additional basis for reconsideration is rejected.

                                                        38
See 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *108 (“If an agency fails to show that a withheld record fits

within the claimed exemption in the first instance, the foreseeable harm analysis need not be

addressed.”); id. at *113–15. In light of the determination here that PSD agents’ names are

protected by Exemption 7(C), EPA’s satisfaction of the foreseeable-harm and segregability

requirements as applied to these records is now addressed.

                       a) Foreseeable Harm

       The FOIA Improvement Act provides that “[a]n agency shall withhold information . . .

only if . . . the agency reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm an interest protected by”

one of the nine FOIA exemptions. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A). This provision requires agencies

withholding information under an exemption to show not only that a withheld record “falls

within a FOIA exemption,” but also “that the agency ‘reasonably foresees that disclosure would

harm an interest protected by [the] exemption.’” Machado Amadis, 971 F.3d at 370 (alteration in

original) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I)).

       An agency successfully makes this second, “heightened” showing, Judicial Watch, Inc. v.

U.S. Dep’t of Com., 375 F. Supp. 3d 93, 100 (D.D.C. 2019), by “‘identify[ing] specific harms to

the relevant protected interests that it can reasonably foresee would actually ensue from

disclosure of the withheld materials’ and ‘connect[ing] the harms in [a] meaningful way to the

information withheld,’” Ctr. for Investigative Reporting v. U.S. Customs & Border Prot., 436 F.

Supp. 3d 90, 106 (D.D.C. 2019) (third alteration in original) (quoting Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S.

Dep’t of Justice (“Judicial Watch II”), Civ. A. No. 17-0832 (CKK), 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS

163473, at *13–14 (D.D.C. Sept. 24, 2019)); see also H.R. Rep. No. 114-391, at 9 (2016) (“An

inquiry into whether an agency has reasonably foreseen a specific, identifiable harm that would

be caused by a disclosure would require the ability to articulate both the nature of the harm and

the link between the specified harm and specific information contained in the material
                                                39
withheld.”). Agencies therefore “must provide more than ‘nearly identical boilerplate

statements’ and ‘generic and nebulous articulations of harm.’” Ctr. for Investigative Reporting,

436 F. Supp. 3d at 106 (quoting Judicial Watch II, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 163473, at *11, *13);

see also Cause of Action Inst. v. U.S. Dep’t of Vets. Affs., Civ. A. No. 20-997 (BAH), 2021 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 75417, at *45–46 (D.D.C. Apr. 20, 2021).

        “[T]he agency’s burden to demonstrate that harm would result from disclosure may shift

depending on the nature of the interests protected by the specific exemption with respect to

which a claim of foreseeable harm is made.” ERF I, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *107.

The purpose of Exemption 7(C) is “to protect the privacy of individuals identified in certain

agency records,” ACLU, 655 F.3d at 6, such that disclosure of identifying information is a harm

in and of itself. Thus, when invoking Exemption 7(C), an agency need not establish much more

than the fact of disclosure to establish foreseeable harm. See Reps. Comm. for Freedom of Press

v. FBI, Civ. Case No. 15-1392 (RJL), 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 48925, at *28 (D.D.C. Mar. 20,

2020) (finding that the agency’s “justifications for withholding names and identifying

information for FBI personnel” under Exemption 7(C) “readily satisfy the ‘foreseeable harm’

standard”); cf. ERF I, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *107–08 (observing that a similar

standard would likely apply to withholdings under Exemption 5’s attorney-client privilege, given

its purpose of providing an assurance of confidentiality to clients).

        EPA’s Vaughn Index and the declarations submitted in support of its motion for summary

judgment meet this standard with respect to withholding of PSD agents’ identities.17 The content

of the withheld information, consisting solely of agent names, is undisputed. EPA affirmatively

concludes, with respect to all of the records, that disclosure of PSD agents’ names would harm

17
         “A Vaughn index describes the documents withheld or redacted [by the agency] and the FOIA exemptions
invoked, and explains why each exemption applies.” Prison Legal News, 787 F.3d at 1145 n.1.

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the privacy interests of the identified individuals. See Def.’s Mot. Summ. J., Attach., EcoRights

v. EPA, Civ. A. No. 1:19-CV-00980 (D.D.C.) Vaughn Index (“Vaughn Index”) at 5, ECF No. 19-

4 (“Disclosure of [PSD agents’] identities . . . could expose them to harassment or danger due to

their role providing security to the Administrator” and “could interfere with their ability to

protect the physical safety of the Administrator when on duty.”); see also Decl. of Elizabeth

White (“White Decl.”) ¶¶ 45–46, ECF No. 19-3 (similar); Decl. of Claude Walker ¶ 6, ECF No.

23-2 (“[D]isclosure of PSD members’ personal information would expose them to undue

attention from individuals seeking information about the Administrator and harassment from

individuals seeking to disrupt the Administrator’s activities.”). These predicted results of

disclosure are exactly what Exemption 7(C) seeks to prevent, and are connected to “specific

information contained in the material withheld,” that is, the names of PSD agents appearing in

the disputed calendar entries. Judicial Watch II, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 163473, at *10 (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). EPA has demonstrated that foreseeable harm would result

from the disclosure of PSD agent names.

                       b) Segregability

       FOIA requires that “[a]ny reasonably segregable portion of a record shall be provided to

any person requesting such record after deletion of the portions which are exempt” from

disclosure. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b). Producing segregable information is essential for agencies’ FOIA

compliance, and “district courts cannot approve withholding exempt documents ‘without making

an express finding on segregability.’” Machado Amadis, 971 F.3d at 371 (quoting Morley v.

CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1123 (D.C. Cir. 2007)); see also Stolt-Nielsen Transp. Grp. Ltd. v. United

States, 534 F.3d 728, 734 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (“[B]efore approving the application of a FOIA

exemption, the district court must make specific findings of segregability regarding the

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documents to be withheld.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Sussman v. U.S.

Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1116 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (same).

         In evaluating segregability, “[a]gencies are entitled to a presumption that they complied

with the obligation to disclose reasonably segregable material.” Sussman, 494 F.3d at 1117.

Even under that presumption, “the agency must provide a ‘detailed justification’ for [the exempt

material’s] non-segregability,” but need not “provide so much detail that the exempt material

would be effectively disclosed.” Johnson v. Exec. Off. for U.S. Att’ys, 310 F.3d 771, 776 (D.C.

Cir. 2002) (quoting Mead Data Ctr., Inc. v. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 261 (D.C. Cir.

1977)). Affidavits attesting to the agency’s “line-by-line review of each document withheld in

full” and the agency’s determination “that no documents contained releasable information which

could be reasonably segregated from the nonreleasable portions,” in conjunction with a Vaughn

index describing the withheld record, suffice. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); see also

Loving v. Dep’t of Def., 550 F.3d 32, 41 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (stating that “the description of the

document set forth in the Vaughn index and the agency’s declaration that it released all

segregable material” are “sufficient for [the segregability] determination”).18

         To this end, as explained in ERF I, “EPA has averred that ‘all of the information withheld

[from its response to plaintiff’s FOIA Request] was carefully reviewed to ensure that the Agency

has disclosed all reasonably segregable non-exempt information’ and that EPA ‘provided

supplemental releases of information where possible.’” 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 27748, at *114–

18
          The FOIA Improvement Act of 2016 added another provision concerning segregability: An agency shall
“(I) consider whether partial disclosure of information is possible whenever the agency determines that a full
disclosure of a requested record is not possible; and (II) take reasonable steps necessary to segregate and release
nonexempt information.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(ii). The D.C. Circuit has interpreted subsection (b) of FOIA to
be satisfied by affidavits attesting to the agency’s “line-by-line review of each document withheld in full” and the
agency’s determination “that no documents contained releasable information which could be reasonably segregated
from the nonreleasable portions.” Johnson, 310 F.3d at 776 (internal quotation marks omitted). The FOIA
Improvement Act’s new provision on segregability “appears to require no more than that.” Ctr. for Investigative
Reporting, 436 F. Supp. 3d at 115.

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15 (quoting White Decl. ¶ 68). Corroborating these statements is the fact that EPA produced the

calendar entries in which PSD agents’ names appear to plaintiff, with only the agents’

identifying information redacted. See Vaughn Index at 5–6. Therefore, EPA’s declaration and

Vaughn Index are sufficient to establish non-segregability of the disputed calendar entries.

Consequently, summary judgment as to the PSD agents’ names will be granted for defendant.

IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff has failed to demonstrate any basis on which to strike

EPA’s Supplemental Declaration of Claude Walker, and therefore plaintiff’s Motion to Strike is

denied. EPA has shown that ERF I contained a clear error of fact by crediting plaintiff’s claim

that the agency routinely releases PSD agents’ names for public-relations purposes, and that this

factual error, by mitigating PSD agents’ privacy interests in their identities, resulted in a legal

error in the Exemption 7(C) balancing analysis. Accordingly, EPA’s Motion to Alter or Amend

Judgment is granted. The previous entry of summary judgment for plaintiff as to EPA’s

withholding of PSD agent names from thirty calendar entries is vacated, and summary judgment

will be granted for EPA on these withholdings.

       An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will be entered contemporaneously.

       Date: June 1, 2021

                                                       __________________________
                                                       BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                       Chief Judge

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