Court Opinion

ID: 9953395
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-22 00:01:33.319989+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:46:04.976665
License: Public Domain

Case: 23-10019        Document: 77-1       Page: 1     Date Filed: 03/21/2024

         United States Court of Appeals
              for the Fifth Circuit
                               ____________
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                                                                              Fifth Circuit
                                 No. 23-10019
                               ____________                                 FILED
                                                                       March 21, 2024
C. Sidney Johnston; Danette Johnston,                                  Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                            Clerk
                                                           Plaintiffs—Appellees,

                                     versus

Ferrellgas, Incorporated,

                                         Defendant—Appellant.
                ______________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Northern District of Texas
                          USDC No. 4:20-CV-424
                ______________________________

Before Higginbotham, Smith, and Higginson, Circuit Judges.
Patrick E. Higginbotham, Circuit Judge:
       A jury found Ferrellgas, Inc. liable for a manufacturing defect and
negligence after C. Sidney Johnston was injured using a propane tank it
manufactured. During trial, Ferrellgas moved for a judgment as a matter of
law (“JMOL”) on both the manufacturing defect and negligence claims, as
well as, alternatively, for a new trial or a remittitur. The district court denied
the motion for JMOL, conditionally denied the motion for a new trial, and
granted the motion for a remittitur, reducing the jury award from $7 million
 Case: 23-10019          Document: 77-1          Page: 2      Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                       No. 23-10019

to $1.7 million. 1 On appeal, Ferrellgas argues the district court erred by
denying its JMOL motion. Because we find insufficient evidence to support
the verdict, we REVERSE and RENDER judgment for Ferrellgas.
                                            I.
                                            A.
        On July 26, 2019, Johnston was injured when he used a propane gas
tank manufactured and distributed by Ferrellgas. The tank was placed in
circulation in 1999, requalified in 2017, and was within its “requalification
date” at the time of the incident. Ferrellgas replaced the tank’s valve in 2002,
and it refilled and inspected the tank in February 2019. 2 At that time,
Ferrellgas placed a blue cap on the tank’s valve and shipped it to Lowe’s,
where it sat in an outdoor display until Johnston purchased it approximately
five months later on July 24, 2019. Two days later, Johnston attempted to
connect the tank to his Char-Broil grill and pushed the igniter, but nothing
happened. After he hit the ignitor a second time, a flash fire occurred.
        Johnston suffered first- and second-degree burns, covering 8% of his
body, to his hands, stomach, and face, for which he received outpatient
treatment. He returned to work part-time within a month, full-time within
two months, and has since “excel[led] at his job.” Johnston’s burn physician

        _____________________
        1
         These amounts account for the reduction based on the jury’s finding that
Johnston was 7% responsible for the incident.
        2
          Ferrellgas refilled the tank and conducted its four-stage inspection process in
early 2019, and the Johnstons did not dispute that Ferrellgas (1) performed its four-stage
inspection; (2) found no defect; and (3) successfully refilled the tank under high pressure.

                                             2
 Case: 23-10019            Document: 77-1          Page: 3      Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                        No. 23-10019

testified that Johnston has made an “excellent recovery,” has “no significant
scarring[,]” and “is healed at this point.” 3
                                              B.
        Johnston and his wife Danette sued Char-Broil and Ferrellgas in Texas
state court. Relevant here, the Johnstons stated claims against Ferrellgas for
strict products liability and negligence, arguing there was a manufacturing
defect. 4 Specifically, the Johnstons alleged that the tank “contained one or
more conditions which rendered it defective,” including “an older valve and
seal.” Mrs. Johnston also sought damages for loss of consortium. Char-Broil
removed the suit to federal court and settled. The Johnstons and Ferrellgas
proceeded to trial in federal court with a seven-person jury.
        Ferrellgas moved for a JMOL pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 50(b), contending that the Johnstons did not present sufficient
evidence that the “face seal contained a manufacturing defect and was the
proximate cause of the Plaintiffs’ injuries, or that Ferrellgas breached any
duty.” 5 The district court denied the motion. 6

        _____________________
        3
          The physician said he did not “anticipate any burn-related aspects prevent[ing]
[Johnston] from achieving full normal activities,” and “no doctor has ever told” Johnston
that he has “any physical limitations from his burn injury.”
        4
            The Johnstons did not assert a defective design claim.
        5
          Specifically regarding the manufacturing defect claim, Ferrellgas argued: (1) the
Johnstons produced no evidence to show there was a defect at the time the tank left
Ferrellgas’s hands; (2) the Johnstons’ expert, Scott Buske, said that he did not know when
the subject face seal became deficient; and (3) Buske could not say that the face seal was
defectively manufactured. With respect to the negligence claim, Ferrellgas argued it
complied with industry standards and that the Johnstons failed to produce evidence of any
other duty with which it failed to comply.
        6
         During closing arguments, the Johnstons’ counsel acknowledged a “possible or
plausible” scenario in which the seal “became expired” after leaving Ferrellgas and

                                               3
 Case: 23-10019         Document: 77-1         Page: 4      Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                     No. 23-10019

        The jury found Ferrellgas liable for a manufacturing defect and
negligence, considered Ferrellgas 93% responsible and Johnston 7%
responsible, and returned a $7.5 million verdict. 7 Then, Ferrellgas renewed
its JMOL motion and, alternatively, moved for a new trial or remittitur. It
argued: (1) the Johnstons failed to prove “the face seal was defective when it
left Ferrellgas or, stated otherwise, that any defect existed that constituted a
producing cause of Plaintiffs’ injuries”; (2) the experts failed to “rule out
plausible alternatives”; and (3) the experts’ opinions were based “solely on
post-accident testing untethered to the pre-accident condition of the face
seal.” Ferrellgas contended that the Johnstons effectively sought to invoke
“res ipsa loquitur without pleading or proving that theory” and that the
experts’ opinions were “speculative and conclusory.” The Johnstons
disagreed, arguing there was evidence of a defect because there was “a leak
in the seal,” the defect existed when Ferrellgas had possession of the tank
because the seal was covered by a cap when it left Ferrellgas, and the seal was
likely to have remained in the same condition.
        The district court denied Ferrellgas’s renewed JMOL motion.
Regarding the manufacturing defect claim, the opinion outlined the
arguments on both sides, stated the sufficiency of the evidence standard, and
succinctly concluded:
        [T]here was sufficient expert testimony and circumstantial
        evidence to permit the jury to infer that a defect existed in the
        face seal when the tank left Ferrellgas’s possession. The Court
        rejects Ferrellgas’s characterization of the expert testimony as
        speculative and conclusory. Instead, the Court concludes that
        _____________________
suggested that the jury should find Ferrellgas negligent because the seal was seventeen
years old and Ferrellgas only “check[s] these seals by looking at the outer rim.”
        7
          The $7.5 million verdict does not account for the reduction based on Johnston’s
share of responsibility.

                                           4
 Case: 23-10019           Document: 77-1          Page: 5       Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                       No. 23-10019

        sufficient testimony with an adequate basis supported the
        jury’s findings. 8
        The court also denied the JMOL motion as to the Johnstons’
negligence claim, concluding that it “was for the jury to determine whether
Ferrellgas adequately inspected the seal” and that “a reasonable jury could
independently find Ferrellgas breached its duty based on its policy of having
no maximum lifespan for face seals and no policy for replacing old seals unless
a defect was detected.” 9
        The district court also conditionally denied Ferrellgas’s motion for a
new trial; however, it offered a remittitur to reduce the damages to $1.7
million. The court noted that it had never “seen a jury go off the rails like
this,” opined the “award was totally unsupported by the evidence that [it]
saw,” and thought it was “duty-bound to intervene.” The Johnstons did not
initially respond to the remittitur offer, so a new trial on damages was
scheduled. During a pretrial conference, the district judge commented that
“[y]ou can make a good argument that the evidence is not there and the
testimony was not there to connect the damaged product to the actual
explosion.” Following the conference, the Johnstons moved to reopen the
period to accept the remittitur, which the district court granted. On

        _____________________
        8
         Regarding the question of whether a defect existed at all, the district court also
said: “Again, the evidence adduced at trial must be viewed in the light most favorable to
the nonmovants. X Techs., Inc., 719 F.3d at 411. [T]he Court concludes that Plaintiffs
proffered sufficient evidence for a reasonable jury to infer that the face seal had a leak and
was thus defective when it left Ferrellgas’s possession. The Court thus rejects this ground
for JMOL.”
        9
         Ferrellgas argued the Johnstons did not show it failed to exercise reasonable care
because it complied with industry standards. The Johnstons contended Ferrellgas did not
comply with these standards because it engaged only in visual inspections of the seals, and
that the jury could have found Ferrellgas negligent for not having internal policies
regulating the lifespan of the seals or for replacing old seals before they fail.

                                              5
 Case: 23-10019            Document: 77-1         Page: 6     Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                        No. 23-10019

December 9, 2022, the district court entered final judgment, awarding the
Johnstons $1,846,000.
        Ferrellgas appeals the district court’s denial of its JMOL motion,
arguing there was no legally sufficient evidence of a manufacturing defect
that existed when the tank left Ferrellgas’s possession, nor was there
sufficient evidence of negligence.
                                            II.
        The district court had jurisdiction over this diversity case under
28 U.S.C. § 1332(a), 10 and there is no challenge to the application of Texas
law in this case. This Court has jurisdiction over the district court’s final
judgment pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
        A district court should grant a JMOL motion only if “a reasonable jury
would not have a legally sufficient evidentiary basis to find for the party on
that issue,” which occurs when “the facts and inferences point so strongly
and overwhelmingly in the movant’s favor that jurors could not reasonably
have reached a contrary verdict.” 11
        This Court reviews a district court’s denial of a JMOL motion de novo
and applies the same deferential standard as the district court does in
reviewing the jury’s verdict. 12 Courts of appeals are “wary of upsetting jury

        _____________________
        10
          There is complete diversity between the parties, as the Johnstons are citizens of
Texas, CharBroil, LLC (a defendant at time of filing and removal) is a citizen of Georgia,
and Ferrellgas is a citizen of both Delaware and Missouri. The amount in controversy
exceeds $75,000, and Ferrellgas filed its notice of appeal within 30 days of the district
court’s entry of final judgment.
        11
          Janvey v. Dillon Gage, Inc. of Dallas, 856 F.3d 377, 384 (5th Cir. 2017) (quoting
Abraham v. Alpha Chi Omega, 708 F.3d 614, 620 (5th Cir. 2013) and Fed. R. Civ. P.
50(a)); Abraham, 708 F.3d at 620 (citation omitted).
        12
             Janvey, 856 F.3d at 384.

                                             6
 Case: 23-10019            Document: 77-1           Page: 7    Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                        No. 23-10019

verdicts” 13 and will do so only if there is no “substantial evidence” that
supports the verdict. 14 “Substantial evidence is defined as evidence of such
quality and weight that reasonable and fair-minded men in the exercise of
impartial judgment might reach different conclusions.” 15 This Court “must
consider all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant,
drawing all factual inferences in favor of the non-moving party, and leaving
credibility determinations, the weighing of evidence, and the drawing of
legitimate inferences from the facts to the jury.” 16
                                             III.
        Ferrellgas argues there was insufficient evidence of a specific
manufacturing defect, extant when the tank left its possession, that was a
producing cause of the fire and injuries at issue. Because, after reviewing the
record, we find no substantial evidence to support the jury’s finding that any
defect existed at the time the tank left Ferrellgas, we REVERSE. 17
                                             A.
        “A manufacturing defect exists when a product deviates, in its
construction or quality, from the specifications or planned output in a

        _____________________
        13
         Goodner v. Hyundai Motor Co., Ltd., 650 F.3d 1034, 1039 (5th Cir. 2011); see also
Abraham, 708 F.3d at 620.
        14
             Baisden v. I’m Ready Prods., Inc., 693 F.3d 491, 499 (5th Cir. 2012) (citation
omitted).
        15
             Threlkeld v. Total Petroleum, Inc., 211 F.3d 887, 891 (5th Cir. 2000) (citation
omitted).
        16
             Price v. Marathon Cheese Corp., 119 F.3d 330, 333 (5th Cir. 1997) (citations
omitted).
        17
           As a result, we do not reach Ferrellgas’s arguments about other potential
evidentiary deficiencies.

                                              7
 Case: 23-10019               Document: 77-1         Page: 8      Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                           No. 23-10019

manner that renders it unreasonably dangerous.” 18 These elements are
“essential,” as otherwise “the jury is invited to find liability based on
speculation as to the cause of the incident in issue.” 19 “To prove a
manufacturing defect under Texas law, a specific defect must be identified
by competent evidence and other possible causes must be ruled out.” 20 The
defect must have existed at the time the product left the manufacturer’s
possession, and it must have been “a producing cause” of the plaintiff’s
injuries. 21 “Causation-in-fact is common to both proximate and producing
cause, including the requirement that the defendant’s conduct or product be
a substantial factor in bringing about the injuries in question.” 22 “[C]ourts
are to rigorously examine the validity of facts and assumptions on which the
[expert] testimony is based . . . .” 23 Conclusory or speculative expert
opinions cannot support a verdict.24

           _____________________
           18
                Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004) (citation omitted).
           19
         Ford Motor Co. v. Ledesma, 242 S.W.3d 32, 41–42 (Tex. 2007); Casey v. Toyota
Motor Eng’g & Mfg. N. Am., Inc., 770 F.3d 322, 326 (5th Cir. 2014).
           20
           Casey, 770 F.3d at 326 (citing Ledesma, 242 S.W.3d at 42); see also Gharda USA,
Inc. v. Control Solutions, Inc., 464 S.W.3d 338, 352 (Tex. 2015) (“To be successful on a
manufacturing defect claim, the plaintiff must identify a specific defect by competent
evidence and rule out other possible causes of the damage.”) (citing Nissan Motor Co. v.
Armstrong, 145 S.W.3d 131, 137 (Tex. 2004)); Helena Chem. Co. v. Cox, 664 S.W.3d 66, 80
(Tex. 2023) (a plaintiff must rule out other causes of the injury with reasonable certainty)
(citations omitted).
           21
                Casey, 770 F.3d at 326; Gharda, 464 S.W.3d at 352 (citing Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d
at 600).
           22
          Gharda, 446 S.W.3d at 352-53 (citing Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d
572, 582 (Tex. 2006)).
           23
                Whirlpool Corp. v. Camacho, 298 S.W.3d 631, 637 (Tex. 2009) (citation omitted).
           24
                Id.; Pike v. Tex. EMC Mgmt., LLC, 610 S.W.3d 763, 786 (Tex. 2020).

                                                 8
Case: 23-10019        Document: 77-1       Page: 9    Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                  No. 23-10019

                                      B.
       The Johnstons argued at trial that the tank was defective because it
had a “bad” face seal that leaked propane gas. After reviewing the record, we
find no substantial evidence that this purported defect existed when the tank
left Ferrellgas.
       Fatally, no expert or witness could identify when this purported defect
arose. The Johnstons’ expert, Scott Buske, opined that the face seal
“probably dried out,” “degraded,” or “shrunk” at some point, but he could
offer no opinion on whether the alleged defect existed when the product left
Ferrellgas. He initially agreed there was no reason to believe the seal’s
condition had changed from the time Ferrellgas placed the blue cap on the
valve to when Johnston removed it shortly before the incident. But this
statement proved merely speculative, as he expressly and repeatedly
conceded on cross-examination that the seal does not always malfunction and
that he could not say it was defective when it left Ferrellgas:
       Q: So, you’re not able to testify under oath that the face seal
       was in a condition where it had shrunk to the point where it
       wouldn’t provide a seal when it left Blue Rhino [Ferrellgas],
       because you don’t know when that happened; fair statement?
       A. That’s—that’s a fair statement. Of course, if you tighten it
       up all the way to the very end, then it was holding a seal. So, it
       was kind of intermittent.
       …
       Q: [Y]ou don’t know what condition it was in when it left Blue
       Rhino [Ferrellgas], fair?
       A: Fair.
       Portions of the deposition of James Petersen, Char-Broil’s expert,
were admitted at trial, but he did not opine on this issue. Additionally, Jim
McGrath (a Ferrellgas plant manager, testifying as Ferrellgas’s corporate

                                       9
Case: 23-10019           Document: 77-1           Page: 10      Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                       No. 23-10019

representative) said he had “no idea what has occurred between the time we
ship [a tank] and the time that it arrives in someone’s backyard,” “can’t
speculate as to what condition it might be in,” and said to his knowledge, a
defective tank has never left his facility. Given this testimony and Buske’s
concessions, there was no basis by which a reasonable juror could conclude
that the defect existed at the time the tank left Ferrellgas.
        We are unpersuaded by the Johnstons’ attempt to avoid this
evidentiary deficiency by relying on Texas’s sealed container doctrine, which
states that “[w]hen it is shown that the product involved comes in a sealed
container, it is inferable that the product reached the consumer without
substantial change in the condition in which it was sold.” 25 They argue this
inference is permitted because there was evidence that the seal, after being
inspected by Ferrellgas, was covered by a blue cap before it left the facility;
Buske agreed during trial that there was no reason to believe the condition of
the seal had changed before Johnston removed the cap; and Johnston testified
he bought the tank with the blue cap on it two days before the incident.
        Although all inferences are to be drawn in favor of the Johnstons as
the nonmoving party, the fault in their argument lies in the fact that the
propane tank does not come in a sealed container—nor is the blue cap on the
tank’s valve a seal. Rather, the cap is “placed over” the valve on the tank
containing the seal; it is not a seal itself. Further, the cap has indentations
that would allow contaminants to enter. Moreover, the Johnstons did not
produce evidence showing why the blue cap should be considered a seal. As
Ferrellgas notes, “[t]he ‘sealed container’ presumption, therefore, did not

        _____________________
        25
          McKisson v. Sales Affiliates, Inc., 416 S.W.2d 787, 792 (Tex. 1967); see also Darryl
v. Ford Motor Co., 440 S.W.2d 630, 632 (Tex. 1969) (finding that a braking system is
considered a sealed container); Grey v. Hayes-Sammons Chem. Co., 310 F.2d 291, 298 (5th
Cir. 1962) (applying the sealed container doctrine to a can of pesticide).

                                             10
Case: 23-10019            Document: 77-1        Page: 11   Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                    No. 23-10019

arise as a matter of law—particularly given the Johnstons’ case theory that
the face seal may have ‘become expired’ in ‘however many months it took
from the time it got from Blue Rhino [Ferrellgas] to Mr. Johnston.’”
       We agree with our brother in dissent that jury verdicts deserve
substantial deference and we do not take lightly the decision to reverse them.
But this Court cannot affirm if, as here, there is insufficient evidence as a
matter of law to support a jury finding that the tank suffered a manufacturing
defect. As we explained, the circumstantial evidence on which the Johnstons
rely does not cure the want of proof that the tank was defective when it left
Ferrellgas’s possession. This is not a res ipsa case. Indeed, the Johnstons did
not advance that theory of liability before the district court or before us. In
sum, the Plaintiff’s expert admitted that he could not say the tank was
defective at the time it left Ferrellgas, making his prior comments about the
tank’s condition at that time pure speculation; the tank functioned properly
before Johnston used it; the tank and seal are not sealed containers; and both
parties agree Ferrellgas successfully refilled the tank with gas under high-
pressure months before the accident. 26 There is no reasonable basis on which
the jury could find the Johnstons met their burden.
                                        IV.
       Second, Ferrellgas argues there was insufficient evidence that it was
negligent. We agree. Under Texas law, a party alleging a manufacturer was
negligent for producing a defective product must first prove that there was a
manufacturing defect:
       [A] manufacturer logically cannot be held liable for failing to
       exercise ordinary care when producing a product that is not
       defective because: (1) if a product is not unreasonably

       _____________________
       26
            See supra note 2.

                                           11
Case: 23-10019           Document: 77-1           Page: 12      Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                       No. 23-10019

        dangerous because of the way it was manufactured, it was not
        negligent to manufacture it that way and (2) even if the
        manufacturer was somehow negligent in the design or
        production of the product, that negligence cannot have caused
        the plaintiff's injury because the negligence did not render the
        product “unreasonably dangerous.” 27

        The district court recognized this, instructing the jury to reach the
negligence question only if it first found Ferrellgas liable for a manufacturing
defect. This charge was correct, as the Johnstons’ negligence theory was
dependent on the tank having a manufacturing defect. Thus, because we find
there was insufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding that Ferrellgas
was liable for a manufacturing defect, the negligence claim must also fail.

                                             V.
        There was legally insufficient evidence that any manufacturing defect
existed at the time the tank left Ferrellgas. As a result, we REVERSE the
denial of Ferrellgas’s JMOL motion as to both the manufacturing defect and
negligence claims, and we RENDER judgment for Ferrellgas.

        _____________________
        27
            Garrett v. Hamilton Standard Controls, Inc., 850 F.2d 253, 257 (5th Cir. 1988)
(internal citations omitted); see also Ford Motor Co. v. Miles, 141 S.W.3d 309, 315 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied) (citations omitted) (“This analysis applies when a
defective product theory encompasses and subsumes a negligence theory, that is, when the
allegations and evidence are directed to whether the product is ‘unreasonably dangerous’
and no other potentially negligent conduct is alleged or the subject of evidence. In such a
case, whether a plaintiff seeks recovery because of negligence or a theory of strict liability
in tort, the burden is on the plaintiff to prove that the injury resulted from a defect in the
product.”).

                                             12
Case: 23-10019            Document: 77-1           Page: 13     Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                        No. 23-10019

Stephen A. Higginson, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
       Two days after he purchased a propane gas tank that was
manufactured, distributed, and—in this case, also refilled—by Ferrellgas,
Appellant C. Sidney Johnston attempted to use it in his Char-Broil grill.
Johnston, who grilled regularly—about two or three times a week, every
week, for twenty years—did exactly as he always did: he connected the
propane tank and then hit the igniter. When nothing happened, he hit the
igniter a second time, only to be engulfed in flames, ultimately resulting in
first- and second- degree burns to eight percent of his body.
       Johnston and his wife brought suit against both Char-Broil and
Ferrellgas. While Char-Broil settled, the case against Ferrellgas proceeded to
trial, where the jury heard testimony from, among others, a Ferrellgas
representative, James Magrath; the Johnstons; and two expert witnesses—
the Johnstons’ expert, Scott Buske, and Char-Broil’s expert, James Petersen,
via video. 1 After the three-day trial, the unanimous jury found Ferrellgas
liable for both manufacturing defect and negligence, awarding a $7.5 million
verdict but attributing 7% of the fault to Johnston (which would reduce the
recovery accordingly). After an eventual remittitur, the district court
reduced the judgment to $1,846,000.
       Before us is the appeal of the district court’s denial of Ferrellgas’ mo-
tion for judgment as a matter of law (JMOL) on both the manufacturing de-
fect and negligence claims. As the panel majority acknowledges, JMOL
should be granted “only . . . if the facts and inferences point so strongly and
overwhelmingly in the movant’s favor that jurors could not reasonably have
reached a contrary verdict.” Janvey v. Dillon Gage, Inc. of Dallas, 856 F.3d
377, 385 (5th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). This evaluation must “consider
       _____________________
       1
           Ferrellgas had, but chose not to put on, their own expert.

                                              13
Case: 23-10019       Document: 77-1         Page: 14    Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                  No. 23-10019

all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, drawing all
factual inferences in favor of the non-moving party, and leaving credibility
determinations, the weighing of evidence, and the drawing of legitimate in-
ferences from the facts to the jury.” Id. (citation omitted). Crucially, though
a district court’s denial of a JMOL is reviewed de novo, such review is “espe-
cially deferential” after a jury trial, id. (citation omitted), as this court is
“wary of upsetting jury verdicts.” Goodner v. Hyundai Motor Co., Ltd., 650
F.3d 1034, 1039 (5th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted). Yet in reversing this jury
verdict, which was both unanimous and upheld after scrutiny by the trial
judge, the majority fails to adhere to the required deference.
       The majority opinion reverses due to its determination that there is no
substantial evidence to support a finding that any defect existed at the time
the tank left Ferrellgas. Maj. Op. at 9–10. “Fatally,” the majority finds, “no
expert or witness could identify when th[e] purported defect arose.” Maj.
Op. at 10.
       Texas law does not, however, require plaintiffs to pinpoint the mo-
ment a purported defect arises. The Supreme Court of Texas has explained:
       To exclude circumstantial evidence that the product was de-
       fective at the time of the sale would frustrate the beneficial pur-
       poses of the doctrine. It would be equally difficult, if not impos-
       sible, for the plaintiff to rebut by direct evidence all of the con-
       ceivable possibilities which would account for the defective
       condition other than the existence of the defect at the time of
       the sale. Such direct evidence should not be required, particu-
       larly when dealing with a latent defect.
Darryl v. Ford Motor Co., 440 S.W.2d 630, 632 (Tex. 1969). The ability to rely
on circumstantial evidence “to support an inference that the defect existed
when it left the manufacturer” is similarly echoed and expounded upon in

                                       14
Case: 23-10019       Document: 77-1        Page: 15   Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                 No. 23-10019

caselaw from the state. Shaun T. Mian Corp. v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 237
S.W.3d 851, 863 (Tex. App. 2007); see also Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135
S.W.3d 598, 602 (Tex. 2004) (Hecht, J., concurring) (explaining that “Texas
law would allow proof of products liability by circumstantial evidence in cer-
tain cases”). As one Texas Court of Appeals has explained:
       Sometimes this basis can be provided by evidence of the age of
       the product and its history of usage up to the time of failure.
       “The age and use of [a] product during the time intervening
       between [its] purchase and malfunction will tend to support or
       defeat the circumstantial weight of the malfunction as proof of
       original defect.” [General Motors Corp. v. Hopkins, 548 S.W.2d
       344, 350 (Tex. 1977).] New or nearly new products “typically
       have not been modified or repaired, therefore making a product
       defect the likely cause of an accident.” Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d at
       601. Thus, an inference of original product defect may be war-
       ranted from the malfunction of a relatively new or sealed prod-
       uct. See Darryl, 440 S.W.2d at 631 (three-month-old truck with
       600 to 700 miles and no repairs); [Sipes v. General Motors Corp.,
       946 S.W.2d 143, 146, 155 (Tex. App. 1997, writ denied)]
       (sealed airbag system in new car).
Shaun T. Mian Corp., 237 S.W.3d at 863. The majority’s focus is therefore
misplaced; plaintiffs are only required to “provide a reasonable basis for con-
cluding the defective condition did not arise subsequent to the manufacturer’s
exercise of control over the product.” Id.
       Here, the inference that the defect existed when the tank left Fer-
rellgas is reasonable due to, among other factors, “the age and use of [the]
product.” Id. (citation omitted). The gas tank in question was effectively
new: it was purchased only two days prior and had never been used between

                                      15
Case: 23-10019           Document: 77-1           Page: 16      Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                       No. 23-10019

the point of purchase and the date of the incident. 2 Johnston testified that a
Ferrellgas blue cap (bearing the brand Blue Rhino) was affixed on it the entire
time—from the moment the Lowe’s employee retrieved the tank for John-
ston, to immediately before Johnston attached it to his grill. This is thus a far
cry from a “tire with 30,000 miles and nail puncture,” a “two-year-old truck
with 54,000 miles and three repairs to fuel system,” an “allegedly defective
valve in 30-year-old aircraft engine,” or other circumstances under which
Texas courts find inference of defect unwarranted. Shaun T. Mian Corp., 237
S.W.3d at 863 (collecting cases and explaining that “such an inference may
not be warranted if the product was worn, misused, damaged, repaired, or
altered after it left the manufacturer’s control”).
        The majority also fails to consider all the evidence presented to the
jury in the light most favorable to the Johnstons and does not credit other
reasonable inferences in their favor. For instance, the majority opinion fo-
cuses on the fact that Johnston’s expert Buske agreed that it was “fair” to
say that he did not know what condition the face seal was in when it left Fer-
rellgas. Map. Op. at 10. Yet there is also testimony from the only two experts
who testified at trial that the face seal on the gas tank was “bad,” and testi-
mony from Buske that “because there [had] been a blue cap over the face
seal,” there was no “reason to believe that the condition of that face seal [un-
derneath the cap] ha[d] changed” from the time that the tank left Ferrellgas. 3
This, in conjunction with evidence introduced at trial that Ferrellgas had pre-
viously seen loose seals and fires resulting from those bad seals on tanks in
        _____________________
        2
          The fact that the gas tank was itself 17 years old does not change this analysis; as
Ferrellgas is in the business of refilling the gas tanks, it performs a “four-stage inspection
process designed to identify potential defects” before selling what it claims are
successfully-refilled tanks.
        3
         Indeed, given Ferrellgas’ decision not to put on its own expert, Buske’s testimony
was the only expert testimony presented to the jury on this issue.

                                             16
Case: 23-10019           Document: 77-1           Page: 17      Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                       No. 23-10019

testing, and that the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 4 had
amended its policies after finding an increasing number of reported deterio-
ration of face seals, furnish a sufficient basis for a reasonable juror to conclude
in the Johnstons’ favor.
        Perhaps the majority deviates because it rejects the Johnstons’ sealed
container theory. Based on its review of photographs submitted into the rec-
ord, the majority adopts Ferrellgas’ argument that the blue cap on the tank’s
valve is not a seal because “the cap has indentations that would allow con-
taminants to enter,” Maj. Op. at 12, including during the time in which the
tank was stored outside at Lowe’s. In conducting its independent assess-
ment, the majority not only assumes the role of the jury—which was pre-
sented with the same facts and theory of defense, and necessarily rejected
it 5—but also embraces the same speculation for which it faults the Johnstons.
The Johnstons’ claims apparently must fail as a matter of law because of the
possibility that contaminants entered the blue cap and touched the face seal.
But what contaminants? The jury heard no testimony as to presence of con-
taminants in the geographic area, or as to weather conditions that might have
made it likely for the face seal to deteriorate. Nor did Ferrellgas present any
evidence about the average length of time a tank typically resides at a retailer,
or why it was not foreseeable for the tank in question to have spent time at
Lowe’s. Without evidence in the record suggesting that five months is an ab-
errantly long inventory period for a refilled tank—which, as a matter of com-
mon sense, is necessarily kept outside—the majority today appears to
        _____________________
        4
         The NFPA is the body whose standards have been adopted as the relevant
governing regulatory standard in Texas.
        5
          Also notable is the fact that the cap and condition of the propane tank were within
the realm of juror knowledge, observation, and experience, and that the jury, with
instructions approved by Ferrellgas, carefully considered fault and attributed a portion to
Johnston himself.

                                             17
Case: 23-10019        Document: 77-1         Page: 18    Date Filed: 03/21/2024

                                   No. 23-10019

insulate gas refillers like Ferrellgas for defects in any products not immediately
purchased.
       With no evidence, this alternative theory of causation (contamination)
is not enough to find against the Johnstons as a matter of law, let alone con-
trary to a unanimous jury and the trial judge. Texas law makes clear that “for
circumstantial evidence to support inferences that a product was defective
and the defect existed at the time it left the manufacturer, the evidence need
not disprove all other possible causes for the injury”; indeed, “[t]he plaintiff is
not required to exclude an appreciable chance that the event might have oc-
curred in some other way.” Shaun T. Mian Corp., 237 S.W.3d at 863 (empha-
sis added). “Expressed otherwise, a conclusion of causal connection may be
inferred by a balance of probabilities.” Id. Speculation as to unnamed con-
taminants constitutes no more than a “reduced” likelihood that does not pre-
vent “the fact-finder [to] reasonably find by a preponderance of the evidence
that the cause of the product failure lies at the manufacturer’s door.” Id.
       “A manufacturing defect exists when a product deviates, in its con-
struction or quality, from the specifications or planned output in a manner
that renders it unreasonably dangerous.” Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d at 600. As the
district court who assessed the trial evidence firsthand held, the Johnstons
presented sufficient evidence for a jury to reasonably conclude that the face
seal deviated in quality from the planned output in a manner that was unrea-
sonably dangerous, and the verdict should stand. Because the majority opin-
ion fails to consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the Johnstons
and misapplies Texas law—construing it to make recovery nearly impossible
for injured consumers—I respectfully dissent.

                                        18