Court Opinion

ID: 26360
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 08:51:28+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:49:56.485283
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                   _______________________________

                              No. 01-50133
                   _______________________________

CRA SYSTEMS, INC.,

                                                 Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                versus

FOCUS ENHANCEMENTS, INC.,

                                                Defendant-Appellant.

         _________________________________________________

              Appeal from the United States District Court
           for the Western District of Texas - Waco Division
                              (W-99-CA-031)
         _________________________________________________

                         January 3, 2002
Before DUHÉ, WIENER, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM*:

     Focus Enhancements, Inc. (“Focus”) appeals the monetary award

approved by the district court following the jury verdict in favor

of CRA Systems, Inc. (“CRA”) in the suit by CRA against Focus for,

inter alia, fraud and breach of contract. Focus seeks a remittitur

of actual damages, a proportionate reduction of punitive damages,

and a reversal of the attorneys’ fees and costs awards in favor of

     *
       Pursuant to 5TH Cir. R. 47.5, the court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH Cir. R. 47.5.4.

                                 1
CRA.   We affirm the award of compensatory and punitive damages, as

well as the award of attorneys’ fees, but we vacate and remand for

a revision of the costs calculation consistent with this opinion.

                                    I.

                        FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

       Focus, a public company trading on the NASDAQ stock exchange,

designs and distributes video and ethernet cards for computers.

Apple Computers (“Apple”) contracted with Focus to manufacture

video expansion cards (the “cards”) for Apple’s laptop computers.

Focus had produced more than 16,000 cards when Apple, because of a

mechanical defect, began recalling the laptops for which the cards

were designed. Focus contemplated writing off the entire inventory

of cards, valued at approximately $2 million, as a loss.     If its

financial reports were to reflect such a loss, however, Focus could

not have remained listed on the NASDAQ exchange.    In an effort to

avoid reporting the loss and losing its NASDAQ listing, Focus

contacted CRA, a company that specializes in the liquidation of

“end-of-line” computer hardware and outdated Apple products in

particular.    Focus proposed to consign its entire inventory of

cards to CRA for resale —— meanwhile, however, Focus booked the

transaction as a sale to CRA rather than as a consignment.

       During the negotiations with CRA, Focus made the following

representations: (1) The cards should sell for $299 to $399 a

piece; (2) Focus would give CRA a 50% margin on all sales; (3)

                                2
Focus would ship its entire inventory of approximately 12,000 cards

to CRA; (4) CRA would have the exclusive right to sell the cards,

in connection with which Focus promised to refer all inquiries from

prospective buyers to CRA; (5) Focus had a marketing relationship

with    Apple   that   would    facilitate    sales;    (6)   Focus   would   be

responsible     for    marketing   and    demand   generation,   including    a

specific promise to insert a sales flyer into every reissued Apple

laptop to be shipped; and (7) Focus promised that CRA would have

the right to exchange the cards inventory for other Focus inventory

at no cost.     CRA, after reviewing these representations, issued a

purchase order for $1.8 million to Focus and, in return, Focus

shipped the inventory, purportedly consisting of approximately

12,000 cards, to CRA. Focus, although it never realized any actual

profit from the transaction, recorded the transaction as a sale to

CRA that produced a profit of $1.2 million, thereby retaining its

listing on the NASDAQ exchange.

       CRA was unable to sell the cards as quickly as Focus had

suggested; during the first six months following the transaction,

CRA sold only 300 cards.        Moreover, CRA discovered that Focus had

not shipped the entire inventory of cards; in fact, Focus was

selling the cards it retained directly to customers in blatant

violation of the exclusivity provision for which CRA had bargained.

Even worse, Focus occasionally sold the retained cards for less

than CRA’s price, not only competing with CRA but also creating

buyer    animosity     toward   CRA   for    apparent   over-charging.        In

                                      3
addition,    Focus   failed    to    follow    through   on    its   promised

advertising program and did not have a special marketing agreement

with Apple as Focus had represented during the negotiations.

       Concerned that simply allowing CRA to return the cards would

again create a loss, Focus entered into an agreement with ITEX, a

company that served as a clearinghouse for the bartering of goods

and services between member companies. Following instructions from

ITEX, Focus demanded that CRA deliver the cards to Goodwill, which

CRA did.

       CRA sued Focus in Texas state court, alleging violations of

the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act, fraud, breach of contract,

and negligent misrepresentation. Focus removed the case to federal

district court based on diversity of citizenship.               The parties

consented to have a United States magistrate judge preside over the

case, which was tried to a jury.         On the fraud, breach of contract,

and negligent misrepresentation claims, the jury found in favor of

CRA.    Based on the jury’s verdict, the court awarded CRA actual

damages of $848,000, punitive damages of $1,000,000, attorneys’

fees, and costs.     The court amended its judgment with regard to the

post-judgment    interest     rate    but   denied   Focus’s    request   for

remittitur or a new trial.      Focus timely appealed.

                                      II.

                                    ANALYSIS

A.   Standard of Review

                                     4
      We review the trial court’s ruling on motions for remittitur

or a new trial for abuse of discretion.1           The trial court does not

abuse     its   discretion   by   denying   a    motion   for   new   trial   or

remittitur unless there is a complete absence of evidence to

support the      verdict.2   Similarly,     we   review the     trial   court’s

decision to award costs for abuse of discretion.3

B.   Remittitur

      Focus does not challenge its liability; rather it appeals the

amount of actual damages awarded by the jury and approved by the

trial court.      Jury damage awards should only be overturned on a

motion for remittitur when the liable party makes a “clear showing

of excessiveness or upon a showing that [the jury was] influenced

by passion or prejudice.”4        A clearly excessive award is one that

is “contrary to right reason” or “entirely disproportionate to the

injury sustained.”5      As a reviewing court, we give even greater

      1
       Esposito v. Davis, 47 F.3d 164, 167 (5th Cir. 1995) (citing
Stokes v. Georgia-Pacific Corp., 894 F.2d 764 (5th Cir. 1990)).
      2
          Id.
      3
       Cypress-Fairbanks Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Michael F., 118 F.3d
245, 256 (5th Cir. 1997) (“We generally review a decision of the
district court to award costs for abuse of discretion.”).
      4
        Westbrook v. General Tire and Rubber Co., 754 F.2d 1233,
1241 (5th Cir. 1985) (citations omitted).
      5
        Eiland v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 58 F.3d 176, 183
(5th Cir. 1995) (citations omitted) (internal quotations omitted).

                                    5
deference     to    the    trial   court      when   it   denies   the   motion    for

remittitur and leaves the jury verdict intact.6

     Here, the trial court carefully and thoroughly instructed the

jury on the requirements for establishing Focus’s liability and

determining        any    damage   award      for    CRA’s   “out-of-pocket”       and

“benefit-of-the-bargain” losses. Our review of the record confirms

that the award falls within the limits of the jury instructions.

The record evinces support for the jury’s conclusion that (1) a

viable market for the cards existed, (2) Focus undermined CRA by

retaining some of the cards and selling them at lower prices than

CRA, and (3) Focus failed to market the cards as promised, and

CRA’s reliance on Focus’s promises to market the cards caused CRA

not to advertise for itself as it might otherwise have done.                      From

this evidence, a jury could reasonably conclude that CRA might have

successfully sold the inventory of cards at the prices Focus

represented.

     Thus, Focus’s arguments fall well short of a clear showing of

excessiveness.       The jury’s verdict was neither “contrary to right

reason” nor “entirely disproportionate to the injury sustained.”

Under our extremely deferential standard of review, we perceive no

abuse    of   discretion      in   the       trial   court’s   decision    to     deny

     6
         Westbrook, 754 F.2d at 1241 (citations omitted).

                                         6
remittitur and allow the jury’s damage award to stand.

      Focus also argues that if actual damages are reduced by

remittitur,   then   the   punitive   damage   award     should   be

proportionately reduced as well.   As we affirm the trial court’s

denial of Focus’s motion for remittitur and sustain the jury’s

quantification of damages, we need not address this argument.

C.   Award of Attorneys’ Fees and Exemplary Damages

      Focus next contends that the trial court erred by granting

both attorneys’ fees and exemplary damages to CRA.     Under Texas

law, exemplary damages are not recoverable for a breach of contract

claim absent an independent tort,7 and in fraud cases, attorneys’

fees are not recoverable separately from exemplary damages.8   Focus

argues that by awarding CRA attorneys’ fees and exemplary damages,

the trial court allowed CRA to reap the benefit of both its

contract and tort claims even though both claims arose out of the

same transaction or set of events.     This, Focus asserts, is an

impermissible double recovery, and CRA must choose the liability

theory under which it can recover damages.     Focus insists that,

when this is done, CRA can only receive either exemplary damages or

      7
        Star Houston, Inc. v. Shevack, 886 S.W.2d 414, 422 (Tex.
App. - Houston 1994, writ denied) (citing Texas Nat’l Bank v.
Karnes, 717 S.W.2d 901, 903 (Tex. 1986)).
      8
        Id. (citing Kilgore Fed. Sav. And Loan Ass’n v. Donnelly,
624 S.W.2d 933, 938 (Tex. Civ. App. - Tyler 1981, writ ref’d
n.r.e.)).

                               7
attorneys’ fees, depending on the chosen theory, but not both.

     We are unconvinced that the instant case falls into the

category of those in which the prevailing party must elect between

contract and tort remedies.9    Here, Focus breached its contract

with CRA, but also committed the independent tort of fraudulently

misrepresenting facts to CRA and inducing CRA to enter into an

agreement. Thus, even without Focus’s eventual breach of contract,

a cause of action sounding in tort accrued to CRA.     Conversely,

even if Focus had not misrepresented material facts to CRA before

the signing of the contract, its egregious violation of the terms

of the agreement gave rise to a contract claim. Therefore, Focus’s

fraud in this case constitutes an independent tort, separate from

its breach of contract.   In response to a special interrogatory on

the fraud claim, the jury found, by a showing of clear and

convincing evidence, that Focus had acted with malice toward CRA.

     In such a situation, a Texas appellate court in Artripe v.

Hughes allowed the recovery of both attorneys’ fees and exemplary

damages:

     An award of attorneys’ fees for breach of contract does

     9
       See Star Houston, 886 S.W.2d at 423 (disallowing the award
of attorneys’ fees, reasoning that a party seeking redress under
multiple theories of recovery for a single wrong must, before
judgment, elect the remedy under which the court will enter
judgment). In the instant case, Focus committed multiple wrongs
and hence the different theories of recovery apply to separate
violations within the same general set of events.

                               8
      not preclude an award of exemplary damages for egregious
      tortious conduct in the same action.
      ...
      Fraudulent misrepresentations used to induce the creation
      of a contract, coupled with damages caused by the
      misrepresentation, will support an award for exemplary
      damages.
      ...
      Artripe fraudulently induced Hughes to enter into a
      contract by misrepresenting the financial condition of
      the business. He then breached that contract by failing
      to comply with its terms.     The trial court properly
      awarded both attorneys’ fees and exemplary damages to
      Hughes against Artripe.10

The facts of the instant case are more analogous to Artripe than to

the facts of the cases cited by Focus to support the opposite

position. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not

abuse its discretion when it awarded both exemplary damages and

attorneys’ fees.

D.   Costs

      Focus’s final contention is that the court improperly awarded,

as costs, $23,853.03 in “non-taxable expenses.” Although Texas law

governs the substantive contract and tort claims, the award of

costs is generally governed by federal law.11       Hence, in this

diversity action, Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d) and 28 U.S.C. §§ 1920 and

      10
        Artripe v. Hughes, 857 S.W.2d 82, 87 (Tex. App. — Corpus
Christi 1993, writ denied) (affirming grant of exemplary damages
and attorneys’ fees).
      11
        See Carter v. General Motors Corp., 983 F.2d 40, 43-44 (5th
Cir. 1993) (award of costs in a diversity action considered under
Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d) rather than Texas law).

                               9
1821 apply.   Rule 54(d) allows for the awarding of costs to the

prevailing party and § 1920 details the type of costs that may be

assessed when a Rule 54(d) motion is filed.   Specifically, § 1920

allows the district court to award, inter alia, (1) fees and

disbursements for witnesses and (2) compensation of court appointed

experts.   Section 1821(b) further clarifies that witnesses are to

be compensated only $40 per day plus reimbursement for their

subsistence lodging and travel time.

     In the instant case, the trial court awarded $17,593.46 to CRA

for expert witnesses fees.12 The record does not indicate, however,

that the expert witnesses for whom these costs were assessed were

     12
         In addition to the line-item specification of $17,593.46
as “Expert Witness Fees,” the district court assessed $6259.57 for
all other “non-taxable expenses.” Specifically, the court allowed
$173.70 for “Computed Assisted Research,” $1,180.02 for “Travel to
Massachusetts for Defendant’s Depositions, plus Hotels and Meals,”
$186.19 for “Trial Exhibits,” $150.00 for “Service of Subpoena for
Depositions Upon Written Questions,” $250.00 for “Court Reporter’s
Appearance Fees,” $2053.19 for “Videotape Services,” $315.00 for
“Deposition Exhibits,” $149.60 for “Deposition Transcript,” $10.00
for “Court Reporter’s Obtaining Signature of Witness,” $1,417.00
for “Photocopying Expenses,” $139.30 for “Telephone and Telecopier
Expenses,” and $235.57 for “Postage, Express Mail, UPS.” Without
individually addressing each one, suffice it that we perceive no
abuse of discretion in the district court’s award with regard to
these costs. See Crawford Fitting Co. v. J.T. Gibbons, Inc., 760
F.2d 613 (5th Cir. 1985) (affirming the district court’s award of
costs for, inter alia, photocopying, travel, and deposition
expenses under abuse of discretion standard, but denying expert
witness fees in excess of maximum set by § 1821), reh’g en banc,
790 F.2d 1193 (5th Cir. 1986) (reinstating the relevant sections of
the panel opinion and reaching the same result), aff’d and
remanded, 482 U.S. 437 (1987).

                               10
court appointed.   In the absence of a showing that the experts were

court appointed, the limit on witness fees imposed by § 1821(b)

cabins the cost assessment.13   The trial court does not explain how

or why the $17,593.46 expert witness cost was reached.    Given the

absence of either evidence to show that the experts were court

appointed or an explanation of how the trial court arrived at this

figure, we must remand this issue to the trial court for the

limited purpose of having it calculate the proper witness costs

under the guidance of §§ 1821 and 1920.

                                III.

                             CONCLUSION

     For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court in all respects except for the amount of its award of expert

witness fees, which we vacate and remand for revision consistent

with the applicable federal statutory provisions.

AFFIRMED in part; VACATED and REMANDED in part.

     13
         See Crawford Fitting Co., 482 U.S. 437, 442 (1987) (“We
think that the inescapable effect of these sections [1821 and 1920]
in combination is that a federal court may tax expert witness fees
in excess of the $30-per-day [now $40 per day] limit set out in §
1821(b) only when the witness is court-appointed.”).

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