Court Opinion

ID: 9891460
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-18 17:01:04.767518+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:47:24.134351
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       OCT 18 2023
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DOUGLAS EDGARDO CORNEJO-                        No.   20-72982
FLORES,
                                                Agency No. A205-076-683
                Petitioner,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                          Submitted March 17, 2023**
                              Pasadena, California
                      Submission Withdrawn March 22, 2023
                         Resubmitted October 16, 2023

Before: LEE, BRESS, and MENDOZA, Circuit Judges.

      Douglas Edgardo Cornejo-Flores, a native and citizen of El Salvador,

petitions for review of an Immigration Judge’s (IJ) decision affirming an asylum

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
officer’s negative reasonable fear determination and reinstating a prior removal

order. Cornejo-Flores also argues that the IJ violated his right to due process. We

have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petition.1

      1.     Negative Reasonable Fear Determination:            We review the IJ’s

affirmance of the asylum officer’s negative reasonable fear determination for

substantial evidence, reversing only if “any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Orozco-Lopez v. Garland, 11 F.4th 764,

774 (9th Cir. 2021) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).           The IJ

concluded that Cornejo-Flores lacked a reasonable fear of persecution based on a

protected ground and that he failed to establish a reasonable fear of torture with

government acquiescence. Substantial evidence supports those determinations.

      Cornejo-Flores offers three reasons why gang members in El Salvador harmed

him: (1) because of their desire to exact revenge on him because of his refusal to

comply with the gang’s demands and his decision to leave the gang, (2) because of

his membership in the particular social group composed of his family, and (3)

because he served as a witness to the police when he accompanied police officers to

1
  The government now concedes that the petition for review is timely and that we
have jurisdiction under Alonso-Juarez v. Garland, 80 F.4th 1039, 1047–48 (9th Cir.
2023) (holding that the thirty-day deadline provision, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(1), is a
non-jurisdictional rule and that a reinstated order of removal becomes final only after
reasonable fear proceedings have concluded).

                                          2
the incarceration center that was holding the suspect who shot him. But none of

these reasons compels us to conclude contrary to the IJ’s findings.

      First, this court has already held that it does not recognize “former members

of the Mara 18 gang in El Salvador who have renounced their gang membership” as

a cognizable particular social group. Reyes v. Lynch, 842 F.3d 1125, 1129 (9th Cir.

2016); see also Alvarado-Herrera v. Garland, 993 F.3d 1187, 1196 (9th Cir. 2021)

(explaining that retaliatory violence by gang members “without more, does not

constitute persecution on account of a protected ground”).

      Second, although this court recognizes that a family group is a cognizable

particular social group, Rios v. Lynch, 807 F.3d 1123, 1128 (9th Cir. 2015), and

Cornejo-Flores’s brother and cousin were apparently killed by gang members, the

record does not compel the conclusion that Cornejo-Flores was targeted due to his

family group membership. Rather, it seems that Cornejo-Flores’s brother and cousin

were targeted because the gang was exacting revenge on Cornejo-Flores.

      Lastly, although this court recognizes that “those who testif[y] in court against

gang members” constitute a cognizable particular social group that could form the

basis for a successful withholding claim, Henriquez-Rivas v. Holder, 707 F.3d 1081,

1092 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc), that is not the situation here. Cornejo-Flores did not

testify in open court or in any other setting that would make him “highly visible and

recognizable by others in the country in question.” Id. (cleaned up).

                                          3
      In addition, substantial evidence supports the IJ’s determination that there was

no reasonable fear of torture with government acquiescence. Indeed, rather than

suggesting that the government would acquiesce to his torture, the evidence

demonstrates that the Salvadoran police have attempted to protect Cornejo-Flores

from violent gang members.

      Substantial evidence thus supports the IJ’s determination that Cornejo-Flores

failed to demonstrate a reasonable fear of persecution based on a protected ground

and that he failed to establish a reasonable fear of torture with government

acquiescence.

      2.     Due Process Challenge: We review questions of law, including due

process challenges, de novo. Chavez-Reyes v. Holder, 741 F.3d 1, 3 (9th Cir. 2014);

Cruz Rendon v. Holder, 603 F.3d 1104, 1109 (9th Cir. 2010). Cornejo-Flores

contends that the IJ violated his right to due process by failing to consider all the

evidence and “how that evidence meaningfully supported the reasonableness of

[Cornejo-Flores’s] claimed fear of future persecution and torture.” We disagree.

Cornejo-Flores has not overcome the presumption that the IJ reviewed the evidence.

See Fakhry v. Mukasey, 524 F.3d 1057, 1066 n.12 (9th Cir. 2008); Larita-Martinez

v. INS, 220 F.3d 1092, 1095–96 (9th Cir. 2000). And there is nothing in the record

that indicates that Cornejo-Flores was not afforded a fair hearing consistent with due

process.

                                          4
DENIED.

          5