Court Opinion

ID: 4174671
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-06 16:12:20.200275+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:39:06.163872
License: Public Domain

REPORTED

                                          IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                      OF MARYLAND

                                                          No. 1065

                                                   September Term, 2014

                                        ______________________________________

                                          ESTATE OF HAROLD L. ADAMS, et al.

                                                             v.

                                        CONTINENTAL INSURANCE COMPANY,
                                                      et al.

                                       ______________________________________

                                              Kehoe,
                                              Beachley,
                                              Kenney, James A., III
                                                 (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                         JJ.
                                       ______________________________________

                                                 Opinion by Beachley, J.
                                       ______________________________________

                                              Filed: June 1, 2017

       *Judge Kathryn G. Graeff, Judge Douglas R. M. Nazarian, Judge Kevin F. Arthur,
Judge Michael W. Reed, and Judge Daniel A. Friedman did not participate in the Court’s
decision to designate this opinion for publication pursuant to Md. Rule 8-605.1.
       In this opinion, we attempt to finally resolve asbestos-related litigation stemming

from complaints filed in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City more than twenty years ago.

Appellants consist of plaintiffs represented by three different groups of law firms: 1) the

Law Offices of Peter Angelos (“LOPA plaintiffs” or “LOPA”); 2) Goodman, Meagher &

Enoch, LLP and Clifford Cuniff; Ashcraft & Gerel (“GME/Cuniff/A&G Plaintiffs”); and

3) Skeen, Goldman, LLP (“Goldman Plaintiffs”).1

       Appellants were plaintiffs in asbestos-related litigation against MCIC Inc. (formerly

McCormick Asbestos Company, “MCIC”). In a lawsuit filed in the Circuit Court for

Baltimore City on May 20, 2005, appellants sought, for the second time, additional

insurance coverage and proceeds pursuant to a 1994 settlement agreement with appellees,

MCIC and its insurers: United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company (“USF&G”); Royal

Insurance Company (“Royal”);2 Liberty Mutual Insurance Company; Continental

Insurance Company (“Continental”);3 and Hartford Accident and Indemnity Company

(“Hartford”). Appellants brought claims against appellees for negligent misrepresentation,

       1
          Appellants can be further grouped as follows: LOPA plaintiffs, and non-LOPA
plaintiffs. Separating the appellants into LOPA and non-LOPA plaintiffs will become
relevant in the Discussion section of this opinion. When we refer to “appellants,” however,
we refer to both the LOPA and Non-LOPA plaintiffs.
       2
        Royal Insurance Company is currently known as Arrowood Indemnity Company.
We will refer to the company as “Royal” throughout this opinion.
       3
         According to LOPA’s complaint, Continental Insurance Company was formerly
Seaboard Fire & Marine Insurance Company. We will refer to the company as
“Continental” throughout this opinion. Continental did not file a separate brief; instead, it
filed a Line adopting the arguments made in the other appellees’ briefs.
fraudulent misrepresentation, and fraud by concealment. Specifically, appellants claim

that the appellees fraudulently obtained the settlement by intentionally misrepresenting the

extent of MCIC’s available insurance coverage, and that the appellees knew that their

misrepresentations regarding the available coverage were false.

       In August 2012, appellees filed motions for summary judgment, arguing that

appellants’ claims were time-barred pursuant to the three-year statute of limitations in

Maryland Code (1973, 2013 Repl. Vol.) § 5-101 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings

Article (“CJP”).4 Appellees argued, inter alia, that appellants were on inquiry notice of

their claims as early as 1997 or 1998, shortly after this Court published its opinion in

Commercial Union Ins. Co. v. Porter Hayden Co., 116 Md. App. 605 (1997), cert. denied,

348 Md. 205 (1997).

       On November 20, 2012, the circuit court dismissed appellants’ claims on the basis

that they were time-barred. Appellants present several questions for our review,5 which

we have rephrased as follows:

       4
       The parties filed many prior pleadings, including a motion to dismiss, amended
complaints, motions to intervene and to proceed by class action.
       5
           Appellants presented their issues as follows:

       LOPA presented the following questions in its brief:

              1. Did the circuit court err in holding that this Court’s 1997 Porter
       Hayden decision put Plaintiffs on inquiry notice that they may have been
       defrauded by MCIC and its Insurers when they entered into the 1994
       Settlement Agreement and in holding that, notwithstanding the lack of any
       indication that MCIC and its Insurers had knowingly and intentionally

                                              -2-
1. Did the circuit court err in finding that, as a matter of law, the appellants’ claims
   were barred by the statute of limitations because appellants were on inquiry
   notice of the misrepresentations as early as 1997?

deceived Plaintiffs, limitations for fraud nevertheless began to run from the
date of that decision?

        2. Did the circuit court err by overlooking a material dispute of fact
when it failed to recognize the importance of the second prong of the
limitations discovery rule in fraud cases and failed to apply the second prong
to the well-concealed fraud perpetrated by Defendants here?

       3. Did the circuit court err by granting summary judgment without
permitting Plaintiffs to conduct discovery to demonstrate the efforts
undertaken by Defendants to conceal facts relevant to the second prong of
the limitations discovery rule?

The “GME/Cuniff/A&G Plaintiffs” presented the following question:

       Did the Circuit Court improperly act as a fact-finder, fail to recognize
or address the actual alleged fraud, and otherwise misapply fundamental
summary judgment principles in holding that the GME/Cuniff/A&G
Plaintiffs were on notice as a matter of law of MCIC and the Insurers’
wrongful conduct more than three (3) years prior to filing their fraud,
misrepresentation, and concealment claims?

The “Goldman Plaintiffs” presented the following questions:

       1. Did the Circuit Court improperly act as a fact-finder, fail to
recognize the basis of the alleged fraud, and otherwise misapply fundamental
summary judgment principles in holding that the Goldman Plaintiffs were on
notice as a matter of law of MCIC and the Insurers’ wrongful conduct more
than three years prior to filing their fraud, misrepresentation and concealment
claims?

       2. Did the Circuit Court erroneously grant summary judgment against
the Goldman Plaintiffs on the basis of their alleged receipt of the 1993 Nagle
fragmentary policy materials, when in fact Goldman generated a triable
material issue for the jury that he never received same?

                                      -3-
       2. Did the circuit court err in granting summary judgment without permitting
          appellants to conduct additional discovery?

We answer the first question in the negative, and need not decide the second. Accordingly,

we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

     Appellants Litigate Abate I while MCIC and Its Insurers Pursue Settlement

       MCIC, which was founded in 1934, sold and installed asbestos insulation products.

By the early 1970s, it was clear that asbestos was hazardous, and MCIC ceased selling and

installing asbestos-containing products in approximately 1973.

       In the late 1980s, several law firms, including those representing appellants,

collectively filed several thousand lawsuits against MCIC asserting personal injury claims

resulting from exposure to asbestos-containing products. In April 1990, the cases of 8,555

plaintiffs were consolidated for trial (“Abate I”).

       While the Abate I lawsuit was pending, MCIC and its insurers pursued settlement

of the lawsuits against MCIC. On February 14, 1992, MCIC’s attorney, John Nagle III,

Esq. (“Nagle”), wrote a letter to LOPA attorney Thomas Friedman, Esq. (“Friedman”),

with an attached schedule of all available insurance policies sold to MCIC. The schedule

contained a note claiming that the list was prepared by USF&G on behalf of MCIC, and

the information provided was “based primarily on secondary evidence of coverage.” The

schedule also contained two columns under the heading “products coverage,” one listing

“per person limit[s],” and the other listing “per occurrence limit[s].”      Framing the

settlement discussion in terms of available “products coverage” had, as we will explain, a

                                               -4-
significant impact on the amount of coverage appellants received in settlement, as well as

on the eventual causes of action in this case.

       On February 27, 1992, Friedman responded, submitting a total demand of

$19,527,900. Mr. Friedman concluded his letter saying:

              From the insurance information you supplied, it appears that your
       client may, in a best case scenario, not have sufficient insurance coverage to
       satisfy our demand. Under these circumstances, we are prepared to
       recommend in settlement of all our claims the total amount of your insurance
       coverage. It is imperative, therefore, that you determine as expeditiously as
       possible the exact amount of insurance coverage and that our tender is
       submitted to your principal.6

(Emphasis added). Notably, Friedman recommended seeking all available coverage, and

not just “products coverage.”

       On July 8, 1992, the jury found MCIC strictly liable for asbestos-related injuries

suffered by foreseeable users and foreseeable bystanders.7          Settlement discussions

pertaining to damages ensued, with counsel for MCIC repeatedly stating that there were

“limited assets available to MCIC,” and that bankruptcy proceedings or a settlement with

another claimant could likely impact the amount appellants could recover.

       On December 7, 1992, Nagle sent a letter to Friedman enclosing a revised schedule

of insurance (dated November 6, 1992) that was, in most respects, identical to the earlier

version. The schedule identified the “per person” and “per occurrence” limits as “products

       6
         Contemporary documents indicated that the insurers (or at least USF&G) were
aware of the nature of appellants’ demand, noting in one instance that “[p]laintiffs are
actually demanding MCIC’s policy limits.”
       7
           The jury did not, however, determine the damages in this case.

                                             -5-
coverage.” Nagle indicated that he was providing the information “as it [was] related to

[him] by USF&G,” noting that “no physical copies of policies of insurance exist with

respect to coverage provided to MCIC by its various insurers over the decades,” and

explaining that “the policies were disposed of prior to the time when MCIC was first named

as a defendant,” and “[a]ll reasonable efforts have been made to locate such policies.”

                             The 1994 Settlement Agreement

       On September 14, 1993, Baltimore City Circuit Court Administrative Judge Joseph

H.H. Kaplan held a conference to discuss settlement. Nagle had requested the conference

so that MCIC could propose to pay approximately $13 million, all of MCIC’s remaining

insurance coverage, to settle all of the cases pending against MCIC. At the conference,

appellants’ attorneys requested all of the policies that the insurers had ever issued to MCIC,

but counsel for the insurers claimed that the policies could not be produced for review.

Nagle insisted that the approximately $13 million offer represented MCIC’s remaining

insurance assets. Appellants’ counsel insisted on reviewing the policies before accepting

any settlement, and Judge Kaplan instructed the insurers to provide whatever policy

documents they possessed in anticipation of future settlement discussions.

                                  The Nagle Documents

       On October 15, 1993, Nagle sent a letter to appellants’ counsel with “insurance

coverage documents” attached, which he indicated were “recently provided to [him] by the

                                             -6-
respective carriers of MCIC, Inc.”8 We shall refer to these documents as the “Nagle

Documents.”     The letter stated that Royal had not yet provided him with policy

information, but that he would deliver those documents once he received them. The letter

also included two tables which summarized the “limits of each carrier and MCIC (exclusive

of Royal).”   The letter concluded that the total amount of coverage available was

$12,300,000.00 with $11,877,054.90 remaining.9

       Royal, unable to locate a copy of any insurance policy it sold to MCIC, wrote a

letter to Nagle on October 21, 1993, conceding that, although it could not locate them, it

had, in fact, issued insurance policies to MCIC. Royal provided a schedule that listed the

policies it issued to MCIC and concluded that the total amount of coverage it provided to

MCIC was $1,200,000 based on the “Bodily Injury Limits” of $25,000/50,000 for the first

two years and $50,000/100,000 for the remaining 11 years.10 Royal reiterated that it did

not possess any copies of actual policies, and therefore it claimed that the information it

       8
         On October 13, 1993, Benjamin Love of USF&G sent the same (or similar) packet
of insurance policy information to Judge Kaplan.
       9
        The letter summarized the remaining policy limits as follows: Liberty Mutual,
$581,869.80; ITT Hartford, $540,324.00; Continental, $272,875.00; USF&G,
$725,936.10; Kemper (excess coverage), $4,000,000.00; USF&G (excess coverage),
$5,000,000.00; Reliance $756,050.00.
       10
          Although Royal could not ascertain the exact “Bodily Injury Limits” for five of
the thirteen years, it presumed that the limits for those years were $50,000/$100,000
because Royal consistently issued MCIC policies with those limits after the first two years.

                                            -7-
provided was “extremely sketchy.” Nagle forwarded Royal’s letter to appellants’ counsel

on October 21, 1993.

   Contents of the Nagle Documents—Types of Coverage and Limits of Coverage

       The Nagle Documents included Declaration sheets11 for the available policies,

which were standard Comprehensive General Liability (“CGL”) policies. The Declaration

sheets themselves distinguished the available limits of liability. For example, the USF&G

Declaration sheet provided maximum limits to the insured for bodily injury in the following

ways: $300,000 each occurrence; and $300,000 in the aggregate. The section titled “Limits

of Liability” provides, in pertinent part:

              The total liability of the Company for all damages . . . because of
       bodily injury sustained by one or more persons as the result of any one
       occurrence shall not exceed the limit of bodily injury liability stated in the
       declarations as applicable to “each occurrence.” Subject to the above
       provision respecting “each occurrence,” the total liability of the Company for
       all damages because of (1) all bodily injury included within the completed
       operations hazard and (2) all bodily injury included within the products
       hazard shall not exceed the limit of bodily injury liability stated in the
       declarations as “aggregate.”

(Emphasis added). This language explains that a standard CGL policy provides an

aggregate limit for bodily injury claims that fall under the “products hazard” or “completed

operations hazard.” Both of these hazards fall within the “products coverage” umbrella.

By only imposing aggregate limits for the specifically mentioned bodily injury claims, the

policies implicitly permitted non-aggregated limits for “non-products coverage” claims.

       11
         A Declaration sheet is a summary of all coverages and limits provided by the
insurance policy.

                                             -8-
The distinction between “products coverage” and “non-products coverage” is at the heart

of appellants’ claims.

                                Reaching the Agreement

         On November 2, 1993, Judge Kaplan convened a second settlement conference. At

that conference, Nagle stated that, having provided the Nagle Documents, he had now

offered all insurance coverage, primary as well as excess, in exchange for full settlement

and relief from further defense obligation. Nagle admitted that the Nagle Documents were

incomplete, but insisted that the total amount of unused and available coverage for MCIC

was $13,077,054.90, based on the insurers taking a worst case scenario in calculating that

sum.12

         Appellants’ counsel insisted on substantiating that the Nagle Documents included

all available policy documents, arguing that they needed to verify the limits of MCIC’s

coverage or the total remaining coverage before agreeing to settle. To address these

concerns, the parties agreed that the insurers would provide affidavits that stated that

MCIC’s total remaining coverage was approximately $13 million, that the appellees were

tendering the limits of remaining unpaid funds, and that the appellees were not aware of

         12
         The $13,077,054.90 figure is the sum of the purported $11,877,054.90 of
remaining primary and excess insurance coverage owed by Liberty Mutual, Hartford,
Continental, Kemper, and USF&G, and the purported $1,200,000.00 of remaining
coverage owed by Royal.

                                            -9-
any other applicable or available coverage. Judge Kaplan directed the parties to begin

drafting a settlement agreement that would include these affidavits.

      On August 10, 1994, Judge Kaplan approved the settlement agreement for

$12,351,000 which both the appellants and appellees signed.13            Section 2.2 of the

settlement agreement provided, at a minimum, a contractual cause of action if more

insurance coverage was found.

      The Defendant agrees that if in addition to the insurance coverage disclosed
      by Insurers and confirmed by their affidavits . . . other insurance is discovered
      which would be applicable to claims made, the Defendant will promptly
      notify Participating Plaintiffs’ Counsel and arrange for a pro rata distribution
      to them for payment to the Plaintiffs . . . .14

Attached to the settlement agreement were affidavits from each of the appellees, stating:

(1) “a diligent and thorough search” had been made for MCIC’s insurance policies; (2)

those searches produced information leading each insurer to report the amounts of coverage

listed in the settlement agreement; (3) there was no indication that there were any other

policies or coverages available other than what was represented; and (4) there was no

indication that the stated limits and unpaid funds were other than what was represented.

An additional affidavit, provided by Robert I. McCormick, Treasurer of MCIC, stated that,

as of April 30, 1994, the assets of MCIC had a total value of $299.89.

      13
        The final dollar amount represents the claimed total insurance amount minus the
payment of specific verdict amounts.
      14
       The settlement agreement defined “Defendant” as MCIC, Inc. and “Insurers” as
USF&G, Royal, Continental, Hartford, and Lumbermans.

                                            -10-
          Porter Hayden and an Alternative Theory of Claim Classification

       On August 29, 1997, this Court issued its decision in Porter Hayden, 116 Md. App.
605 (1997). There, Commercial Union provided liability insurance to Porter Hayden, a

company that installed insulation containing asbestos. Id. at 617. Commercial Union’s

policies for Porter Hayden only provided “premises-operations” coverage, or coverage for

bodily injury that occurred during the installation or operations process—not to be

confused with “Products Hazard” or “products coverage”—coverage for injuries resulting

from exposure to completed, hazardous products. Id. at 687-88. Noting the narrow scope

of coverage in its policy, Commercial Union argued that it had no duty to defend Porter

Hayden in asbestos litigation. Id. at 688.

       We disagreed. The complaints and allegations against Porter Hayden showed that

some plaintiffs alleged they had been exposed to asbestos during installation. Id. at 691-

92. We held that, “it is evident that Porter Hayden could be held liable for the manner in

which it conducted its operations in installing the asbestos-containing products. In that

light, it is not solely covered by the ‘Products Hazard’ insurance it declined to purchase.”

Id. 692. We concluded that,

               The “Products Hazard” insurance is concerned with injury occurring
       after possession of the goods or the product has been relinquished or the
       operation has been completed or abandoned. The nature of some of the
       allegations in the Master Complaint, however, concern exposure and injury
       occurring during the operation, such as the emission of asbestos dust during
       the installation process.

               We affirm the ruling . . . that, as a matter of law, there is a potentiality
       that the asbestos-related claims are covered and that there is, therefore, a duty

                                              -11-
       on Commercial Union to defend and, depending on the ultimate findings on
       the merits, potentially to indemnify.

Id. at 692-93.

       The ramifications of our decision in Porter Hayden were immense to asbestos

litigants, and appellants took notice. As explained above, a standard CGL policy provides

for aggregate limits—but only as applied to “products coverage” claims. By recognizing

a new theory of recovery, and one without aggregate limits, plaintiffs in Maryland could

claim that CGL policies provided much greater coverage than previously thought.

       On October 3, 1997, a mere thirty-five days after we published Porter Hayden,

Angelos sent a letter to MCIC’s treasurer inquiring about the possibility of additional

insurance available, stating:

               As you will recall, there is a Settlement Agreement dated August 10,
       1994[,] between MCIC, Inc., several insurance companies, and various
       plaintiffs’ law firms. One of the representations made by MCIC, Inc. and its
       insurers was that there was a limited amount of insurance available to pay to
       victims of asbestos-related disease. In fact, each of the insurers signed
       affidavits set[ting] forth the limited amount of money available to MCIC,
       Inc. for asbestos-related claims. This representation was the major reason
       we entered into this agreement and recommended to our clients settlements
       for such small amounts. Also, this was the primary reason we stopped
       naming MCIC as a defendant.

               It has recently come to my attention that information provided by the
       insurers may be inaccurate, and additional insurance funds may be available
       under the terms of the policies. Under Section 2.2 of the Settlement
       Agreement, any additional insurance funds are to be distributed to the
       plaintiffs.

              In light of the above, I think it appropriate that my office review the
       policies of insurance as quickly as possible so that I can determine what, if
       any, additional funds may be available to the plaintiffs.

                                           -12-
(Emphasis added).

       On October 7, 1997, MCIC attorney Bruce R. Chapper responded to Angelos,

stating that, on “August 10, 1994, MCIC tendered what it believed to be the total aggregate

of insurance coverage available.”       Chapper assured Angelos that, “in response to

[Angelos’s] request, there [were] no insurance policies for [his] office to review,” but he

was “happy to discuss” with Angelos whatever information had “recently come to [his]

attention.”

       On February 11, 1998, Angelos replied by letter that it was “absolutely necessary

that [his firm] independently verify whether or not additional coverage exists for MCIC,

Inc.” He asked that MCIC “cooperate fully in providing [him] copies of the insurance

policies.” On February 20, 1998, Chapper responded, stating that there were “not now and

never have been in the course of [the Abate I litigation] any insurance policies for review.”

       Clifford Cuniff, an attorney for GME, called Nagle on April 1, 1998, to learn the

status of MCIC with reference to his case. Nagle explained to Cuniff that MCIC no longer

had counsel for that litigation, that MCIC would not respond to service of process, and that

MCIC no longer had any assets.

       Three weeks later, on April 22, 1998, Chapper met with LOPA attorneys.              His

notes indicated that at the meeting, the LOPA attorneys

       explained that recent court decisions had interpreted old policies containing
       provisions for contractors general liability so as not to have any total limit on
       the policies. Thus they contended that the insurance carriers may be liable
       for considerably more than the insurance carriers had certified in the
       affidavits which accompanied the settlement agreement.

                                             -13-
             After preliminarily reviewing certain of the evidences of insurance
       coverage which were in our file, namely, insurance certificates, bills, etc.,
       they made arrangements to have those documents copied . . . .”

       Neither party took any significant action in reference to this case until January 4,

2001, when Chapper met with LOPA attorneys to discuss the 1994 settlement and MCIC’s

insurance coverage. In a follow-up letter, dated February 2, 2001, Chapper stated that

       The offer was made to you, however, to assign the plaintiffs whatever rights
       you believe exist under various insurance policies, the limits of which were
       believed to have been tendered as part of the settlement. In conjunction with
       the settlement, MCIC informed plaintiffs of all of its past insurance carriers
       and all applicable policy numbers.

He stated his impression that LOPA was “going to investigate the possibility of such an

assignment and would forward such documentation as may be required to effect the same.”

On May 25, 2001, Chapper again met with LOPA to discuss their “desire to make claims

under various insurance policies which may have insured” MCIC.

            The Wallace & Gale Case Adopts the Holding in Porter Hayden

       In February 2002, a federal court in the District of Maryland decided the case In re

Wallace & Gale Co., 275 B.R. 223 (D. Md. 2002).15 There, plaintiffs sought recovery from

insurance companies for asbestos-related bodily injuries.        Id. at 227.     The court

acknowledged that Porter Hayden created a new theory in which plaintiffs insured by a

       15
         Due to excessive length, we provide the full citation with procedural history here:
In re Wallace & Gale Co., 275 B.R. 223, opinion vacated in part on reconsideration, 284
B.R. 557 (D. Md. 2002), aff’d sub nom., In re Wallace & Gale Co., 385 F.3d 820 (4th Cir.
2004), as amended, (Nov. 15, 2004), and aff’d in part sub nom., In re Wallace & Gale Co.,
385 F.3d 820 (4th Cir. 2004), as amended, (Nov. 15, 2004).

                                           -14-
CGL policy could pursue installation or operations claims in addition to “products

coverage” claims. Id. at 239. The court crystalized the significance of that holding with

reference to standard CGL policies, stating: “If a claimant’s initial exposure occurred while

Wallace & Gale was still conducting operations, policies in effect at that time will not be

subject to any aggregate limit.” Id. at 241.

       Notably, LOPA was involved in the Wallace & Gale case as early as 1995,

providing representation to a group of intervening plaintiffs. For Wallace & Gale, LOPA

hired Scott D. Gilbert, Esq., an expert in insurance law, to prepare a report (the “Gilbert

Report”) evaluating the application of the insurance policies. LOPA filed the Gilbert

Report, dated May 1998, with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court to explain its theory of recovery.

       In the Gilbert Report, Gilbert noted that, “None of these policies has an aggregate

limit for ‘nonproducts’ claims . . . . The language of the Travelers Policies follows the

standard form language used by the Insurance Services Office (“ISO”). Since 1973, ISO

has written standard CGL form policies used by insurers throughout the United States.”

After establishing that the policies at issue were standard CGL policies, where

“nonproducts” claims such as operations claims are not subject to aggregate limits, Gilbert

discussed the Porter Hayden decision:

              The Maryland courts have adopted the view that asbestos installation
       claims are nonproducts claims not subject to aggregate limits. In a case
       directly on point, the Maryland Court of Special Appeals has held that, for
       purposes of assessing the duty to defend, asbestos bodily injury claims
       arising from asbestos installation activities are nonproducts claims. See
       Commercial Union Ins. Co. v. Porter Hayden Co.

                                               -15-
(Citations omitted). Therefore, based on its expert’s report, LOPA knew, no later than May

of 1998, that Porter Hayden had created a new theory of recovery under standard CGL

policies.

LOPA Files a Motion to Enforce Settlement Agreement and Receives the “Chapper
                           Documents” in Discovery

       On June 11, 2002, LOPA sent a letter to appellees arguing that there was additional

insurance coverage beyond what was provided in the 1994 settlement agreement. LOPA

cited the section of the settlement agreement which required MCIC to promptly notify

appellants of newly discovered coverage and stated: “We believe that such additional

coverage does now, in fact, exist.” LOPA attached a copy of the order in the Wallace &

Gale case, and noted that,

       As you will see in that opinion, asbestos contractors, such as Wallace & Gale
       and MCIC, are afforded much more extensive coverage under standard CGL
       policies than what you and the other insurance carriers represented in the
       Settlement Agreement.
              In light of the Wallace & Gale decision and your familiarity therewith,
       we assume that you have undertaken a review of your policies and discovered
       that additional coverage now exists to fully compensate all previous . . . and
       pending claims against your insured.

              Enclosed . . . is a copy of the . . . cases which, pursuant to the
       Settlement Agreement, should receive additional compensation because
       additional insurance is now available . . . . However, please note that we are
       not willing to accept the rather small amounts contained in the Settlement
       Agreement. Those amounts were accepted only because we relied upon the
       insurance carriers’ material misrepresentation of the insurance coverage
       available.

       (Emphasis added).

       On October 17, 2002, in the absence of a satisfactory response from appellees,

LOPA filed, under seal and unknown to the other appellants, a Motion to Enforce

                                           -16-
Settlement Agreement in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. In the motion, LOPA

requested the court to order each insurance company to tender all insurance coverage

available, or in the alternative, to pay the LOPA plaintiffs an equitable amount taking the

new insurance coverage into account. On October 30, 2002, the LOPA plaintiffs and

appellees entered into a Standstill and Tolling Agreement, agreeing to halt litigation while

they discussed LOPA plaintiffs’ claims.16 This agreement was amended several times,

extending the tolling of limitations for a total of 334 days.

       On April 26, 2004, MCIC responded to a LOPA discovery request and produced

over one thousand pages of what appellants have designated as the “Chapper Documents.”

The Chapper Documents consist of various correspondence, notes, and memoranda

generated between MCIC and its insurers from June 1981 through November 1994.

According to LOPA, the Chapper Documents demonstrate that MCIC knew as early as

1985 that appellants had claims for operations coverage because many of the plaintiffs

were exposed to asbestos during installation.

       Almost two years after LOPA filed its Motion to Enforce Settlement Agreement

under seal, the Non-LOPA plaintiffs learned of LOPA’s motion. The Non-LOPA plaintiffs

filed motions to intervene, which the court granted on June 7, 2004.

       16
        The non-LOPA appellants were not part of that agreement because they had not
yet moved to intervene in the case.

                                             -17-
     The Circuit Court Dismisses the Motion to Enforce Settlement Agreement

       On August 5, 2004, the circuit court dismissed appellants’ Motion to Enforce

Settlement Agreement on the ground that the motion was time-barred. The court explained

its holding:

       Assuming that the development of a new legal theory of coverage amounted
       to a “discovery” of the “fact” that additional coverage existed under the
       settled policies, such discovery by MCIC occurred no later than 1998 when
       the Angelos plaintiffs’ counsel met with counsel for MCIC, explained their
       legal theory of recovery and opined that the Insurers owed more under the
       Settlement Agreement than the amounts represented in their affidavits. Upon
       MCIC’s discovery of this additional “other insurance,” the Angelos plaintiffs
       could have brought their Motion to Enforce Settlement Agreement. They sat
       on their claim, however, until October 17, 2002, over a year after the
       analogous limitations period for contract actions had lapsed. Ultimately,
       Plaintiffs have “failed to act with due diligence in the pursuit and
       enforcement of [their asserted] rights,” and prejudice is demonstrated by their
       failure to bring their Motion to Enforce within the length of the analogous
       limitations period.

(Citations omitted).

       Appellants appealed and a panel of this Court affirmed in an unreported opinion.

See Anderson v. Royal Indemnity, No. 1962, Sept. Term 2004 (filed May 15, 2006). In

holding that appellants’ claims pursuant to the Motion to Enforce Settlement Agreement

were time-barred, the Anderson panel stated that,

       the appellants were on inquiry notice of their potential claims for additional
       insurance coverage under the 1994 settlement agreement well over three
       years before they filed their respective motions to enforce in 2002 (and
       beyond). When we filed the reported opinion in the Porter Hayden case in
       August of 1997, and that case became part of the public domain, any
       Maryland attorney whose practice involved asbestos litigation and insurance
       coverage for such cases was on notice that there might be nonproducts
       liability, and correspondingly, insurance coverage for such nonproducts
       liability, that exceeded the liability coverage previously assumed to be

                                            -18-
       applicable. The Gilbert report makes [it] clear that by May of 1998, this
       development in the asbestos field was widely known, and that the prospect
       of insurance coverage that was not subject to aggregate limits was not
       ignored by asbestos plaintiffs’ attorneys.

Id., slip op. at 23.17 The Court of Appeals subsequently denied appellants’ petition for writ

of certiorari. Anderson v. Royal Indemnity, 394 Md. 479 (2006).

            The Instant Case: Claims for Misrepresentation and Concealment

       On May 10, 2005, while the Anderson appeal was pending, LOPA filed a new

complaint in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. The complaint, and its subsequent

history, form the basis for this appeal. In the operative complaint, LOPA alleged that

MCIC and its insurers had committed: 1) negligent misrepresentation, 2) fraudulent

misrepresentation, and 3) fraud by concealment.18 By virtue of these misrepresentations

and concealments, LOPA argued, the appellees settled with appellants for sums not

representative of the full amount of MCIC’s available insurance coverage.

       In early 2007, the circuit court permitted the non-LOPA plaintiffs to intervene and

file complaints of their own.      All appellants alleged that the Chapper Documents

indisputably demonstrated that the appellees knew prior to and during settlement

negotiations that appellants maintained claims that were operational in nature for which

non-products coverage would be available.

       17
         We will discuss the significance of the Gilbert Report later in the opinion.
       18
         The complaint contained four additional counts for declaratory relief. The circuit
court dismissed these four counts, and they are not before us on appeal.

                                            -19-
     The Circuit Court Dismisses Appellants’ Claims for Negligence and Fraud

       On November 20, 2012, the circuit court granted appellees’ motions for summary

judgment, dismissing appellants’ claims for negligent misrepresentation, fraudulent

misrepresentation, and fraud by concealment on the ground that the claims were time-

barred.

       The circuit court began its discussion of the time-barred counts by noting that “the

running of the statute [of limitations] is ‘activated by actual knowledge--that is express

cognition, or by awareness implied from knowledge of circumstances which ought to have

put a person of ordinary prudence on inquiry.’” (Citing Bacon v. Avery, 203 Md. App. 606,

652 (2012)) (internal quotation marks omitted). In the context of fraud, the court explained

that, “being ‘on notice’ means having knowledge of circumstances which would cause a

reasonable person in the position of the plaintiffs to undertake an investigation which, if

pursued with reasonable diligence, would have led to knowledge of the alleged fraud.”

(Citing O’Hara v. Kovens, 305 Md. 280, 302 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Having established the applicable rules for the running of limitations, the court next

found the undisputed facts of the case. The court found that although the Nagle Documents

consisted of fragmentary policy materials, the Declaration pages and other forms made

clear the nature and scope of the policies insuring MCIC. In reviewing three largely

complete policies, the trial court found that “each of those policies contains the exact same

language relating to the products hazard, the completed operations hazard, the occurrence

definition, and the limits of liability. Each provides for an aggregate limit for claims within

                                             -20-
the completed operations and products hazards.” The court explained that, because the

form explicitly states the circumstances in which aggregate limits do apply, inferentially,

these aggregate limits do not apply to any other form of coverage. After establishing what

appellants could and should have understood from the Nagle Documents, the court turned

to the issue of when the appellants should have been on notice of their claims.

       For the third time, a Maryland court found that the date we decided Porter Hayden

put these appellants on notice that they had claims against the appellees. The circuit court

found that,

              Regardless of what they may or may not have known prior to Porter
       Hayden about the legal categorization of asbestos-related injuries for
       purposes of insurance coverage, all plaintiffs’ counsel are charged with
       knowing that such injuries could be covered under non-products CGL
       provisions after its publication on August 29, 1997.

The trial court rejected the notion that the appellants had raised a genuine dispute of

material fact sufficient to survive a motion for summary judgment. Instead, it found that

possession of the Nagle Documents, coupled with the publishing of Porter Hayden, put

appellants on notice that the settlement agreement and the incorporated affidavits were

wrong. Because appellants filed their claims more than three years after being on inquiry

notice of those claims, the trial court granted summary judgment against appellants based

on limitations. It is this legal conclusion that appellants challenge on appeal.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The Court of Appeals recently set forth the appropriate standard of review in cases

where the circuit court grants summary judgment:

                                            -21-
             We review the Circuit Court’s grant of summary judgment as a matter
      of law. Goodwich v. Sinai Hosp. of Balt., Inc., 343 Md. 185, 204, 680 A.2d
1067, 1076 (1996) (“The standard of review for a grant of summary
      judgment is whether the trial court was legally correct.” (citation omitted)).
      Before determining whether the Circuit Court was legally correct in entering
      judgment as a matter of law in favor of [appellees], we independently review
      the record to determine whether there were any genuine disputes of material
      fact. Hill v. Cross Country Settlements, LLC, 402 Md. 281, 294, 936 A.2d
343, 351 (2007). A genuine dispute of material fact exists when there is
      evidence “upon which the jury could reasonably find for the plaintiff.”
      Beatty v. Trailmaster Prods., Inc., 330 Md. 726, 739, 625 A.2d 1005, 1011
      (1993) (citation omitted). “We review the record in the light most favorable
      to the nonmoving party and construe any reasonable inferences that may be
      drawn from the facts against the moving party.” Myers v. Kayhoe, 391 Md.
188, 203, 892 A.2d 520, 529 (2006) (citation omitted).

Windesheim v. Larocca, 443 Md. 312, 326 (2015).

      “We generally limit our review to the grounds relied upon by the trial court.”

Benway v. Md. Port Admin., 191 Md. App. 22, 46 (2010). Accord PaineWebber Inc. v.

East, 363 Md. 408, 422 (2001) (stating that, “In appeals from grants of summary judgment,

Maryland appellate courts, as a general rule, will consider only the grounds upon which

the lower court relied in granting summary judgment.”). “We may, however, affirm the

grant of summary judgment on a ground not relied upon by the circuit court if the

alternative ground is one upon which the circuit court would have no discretion to deny

summary judgment.” Rogers v. Home Equity USA, Inc., 228 Md. App. 620, 635 (2016)

(internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (quoting Warsham v. James Muscatello,

Inc., 189 Md. App. 620, 635 (2009)).

                                          -22-
                                       DISCUSSION

                                      Inquiry Notice

       The trial court correctly granted summary judgment in dismissing the claims as

time-barred. “A civil action at law shall be filed within three years from the date it accrues

unless another provision of the Code provides a different period of time within which an

action shall be commenced.” CJP § 5-101 (emphasis added). In determining when an

action accrues, Maryland courts recognize the discovery rule. Originally, the discovery

rule was an exception that prevented the statute of limitations from starting to run until a

victim became aware of a wrong. Lumsden v. Design Tech Builders, Inc., 358 Md. 435,

442 (2000). The exception became the rule in Poffenberger v. Risser, where the Court of

Appeals held “the discovery rule to be applicable generally in all actions and the cause of

action accrues when the claimant in fact knew or reasonably should have known of the

wrong.” 290 Md. 631, 636 (1981).

       A claimant should know of the wrong “if the claimant has ‘knowledge of

circumstances which ought to have put a person of ordinary prudence on inquiry [thus,

charging the individual] with notice of all facts which such an investigation would in all

probability have disclosed if it had been properly pursued.’” Lumsden, 358 Md. at 445

(quoting Poffenberger, 290 Md. at 637). The concept of “inquiry notice” controls when

limitations begin to run.    A claimant is on inquiry notice when the claimant “has

‘knowledge of circumstances which would cause a reasonable person in the position of the

plaintiff[] to undertake an investigation which, if pursued with reasonable diligence, would

                                            -23-
have led to knowledge of the alleged [tort].’” Lumsden, 358 Md. at 446 (citation omitted)

(quoting O’Hara v. Kovens, 305 Md. 280, 302 (1986)).

         Inquiry Notice: The Similarities Between Negligent and Fraudulent
                                Misrepresentation

       A claim for negligent misrepresentation requires the defendant to make a false

statement negligently. Lloyd v. General Motors Corp., 397 Md. 108, 136 (2007) (citations

omitted). Fraud claims differ only in that they require the defendant to know the falsity of

the statement, or to have made the statement with such reckless disregard for the truth as

to impute knowledge. Univ. Nursing Home, Inc. v. R.B. Brown & Assocs., Inc. 67 Md.

App. 48, 61 (1986). Maryland courts have used the term “scienter” to refer to the legally

culpable state of mind that encompasses either reckless indifference or actual knowledge.

See Ellerin v. Fairfax Sav., F.S.B., 337 Md. 216, 232 (1995) (recognizing that the tort of

fraud or deceit requires scienter—the defendant’s knowledge that either his statement was

false, or that he was recklessly indifferent as to whether his statement was true or false.)

When Porter Hayden became part of the public domain, and the controlling law in

Maryland, all appellants knew that they had been wronged—they had settled a case based

on the misrepresentation that only products coverage was available—and then learned that

operations coverage had been available all along. The publication of Porter Hayden

combined with possession of the Nagle Documents put all appellants on inquiry notice that

the assurances in the affidavits and settlement agreement were false. All appellants were

on inquiry notice, at the very least, that the statements may have been made negligently.

                                           -24-
       Generally, “[o]nce on notice of one cause of action, a potential plaintiff is charged

with responsibility for investigating, within the limitations period, all potential claims and

all potential defendants with regard to the injury.” Doe v. Archdiocese of Washington, 114
Md. App. 169, 188 (1997). We note that reckless indifference, a basis for a fraudulent

misrepresentation claim, is the next step up the evidentiary ladder from mere negligence.

Because here these torts stem from the same false statements and the same harm, we hold

that appellants were also on inquiry notice of their claims for fraudulent misrepresentation.

 The Scienter in Fraudulent Misrepresentation is Not Limited to Actual Knowledge
                          of the Falsity of the Statement

       All appellants incorrectly classify the scienter here in terms of a “knowing” falsity.

The LOPA plaintiffs, in their opening brief, state that, “Defendants concealed all of the

many key facts showing that their settlement representations were knowingly false and

made with the intent to deceive.” The Goldman plaintiffs wrote in their opening brief that,

“fraud requires scienter, and the fraud claim here arose from facts that the Insurers

concealed what they all knew the true ‘limits’ of the policies to be in 1994.” (Emphasis

added). Finally, the GME plaintiffs wrote that, “The fact that MCIC and the Insurers knew

the ‘public classification’ was false, and hence the ‘knowledge’ or ‘scienter’ element of the

fraud, would never have been discovered but for the production of . . . [the Chapper

Documents].” (Emphasis added). The inherent error in these statements is that they all

treat scienter as if it only means actual knowledge. This is not always the case. In Ellerin,

the Court of Appeals reaffirmed that the scienter element in a fraud claim can also refer to

reckless indifference, a mental state falling short of actual knowledge.          The Court

                                            -25-
acknowledged that most fraud cases contain allegations of actual knowledge, but stated

that Maryland still recognizes reckless indifference as a basis for fraud:

              Although Maryland cases since McAleer v. Horsey, supra, 35 Md.
439, have consistently stated that the tort of fraud or deceit may be committed
       by a defendant who is recklessly indifferent to the truth of the statement that
       deceives the plaintiff, there appears to be no decision of this Court sustaining
       a judgment in favor of the plaintiff on this basis. The fraud cases in this
       Court have generally involved findings or allegations that the falsity of the
       representation was actually known to the defendant.

Ellerin, 337 Md. at 232-33. This does not mean that Maryland does not recognize a claim

for fraud under a theory of reckless indifference. Instead, the Court explained the line of

demarcation for culpability between reckless indifference and actual knowledge. The

Ellerin Court explained that the mental state of reckless indifference does not rise to the

level of knowingness in actual knowledge.

               On the other hand, when a particular fraud or deceit action is based on
       the alternative form of the knowledge element, namely a “reckless disregard”
       as to the truth of the representation, the traditional basis for the allowability
       of punitive damages is not present. As we have earlier explained, “reckless
       disregard” in this context does not mean a situation where the defendant
       honestly, but negligently, believed that the representation was true.
       Nevertheless, it does not mean actual knowledge of the falsity. Under the
       principles set forth in several of our earliest cases, and reaffirmed in Owens-
       Illinois v. Zenobia and other recent cases, “reckless disregard” or “reckless
       indifference” concerning the truth of the representation falls short of the
       mens rea which is required to support an award of punitive damages.

Id. at 235 (emphasis added). Therefore, while a plaintiff alleging fraud may recover

punitive damages for proving actual knowledge, this relief is not available to the plaintiff

who alleges reckless indifference. Id.

                                             -26-
       When the appellants here treat “actual knowledge” interchangeably with “scienter”

they do so because they believe that they are entitled to relief based on their theory that the

appellees had actual knowledge of the falsity of their statements. The statute of limitations,

however, depends on inquiry notice of a harm, not the legal theory that applies to that harm.

“Knowledge of facts . . . not actual knowledge of their legal significance, starts the statute

of limitations running.” Moreland v. Aetna U.S. Healthcare, Inc., 152 Md. App. 288, 297

(2003) (quoting Miller v. Pac. Shore Funding, 224 F. Supp. 2d 977, 986-87 (D. Md. 2002)).

It is not the legal theory that starts the clock for the purposes of inquiry notice—it is a

recognition of the facts. Id. Limitations begin to run when a plaintiff reasonably knows

or should know of facts that show he has been injured or harmed by a wrong. Lumsden,
358 Md. at 452. To be on inquiry notice of their potential claims, the appellants did not

need to be able to articulate a complete theory that appellees actually knew that their

representations were false. As we will show, appellants should have known after Porter

Hayden that appellees’ false statements could have been negligently made; likewise they

should have reasonably suspected reckless indifference, a mental state more culpable than

mere negligence, but below that of actual knowledge.

 Appellants Do Not Need to Know Appellees’ Mental States to be on Inquiry Notice
                       of Their Misrepresentation Claims

       Appellants argue that the only way they could have been on inquiry notice of their

fraud claims was to know the appellees’ scienter. Appellants point to O’Hara to support

this argument. The unique facts in O’Hara, however, involved a scenario in which the

only way the plaintiffs could have known of their injury would have been to know the

                                             -27-
mental state—the scienter—of the defendants. In O’Hara, plaintiffs owned approximately

30% of the outstanding stock in the Marlboro racetrack. 305 Md. at 282. In May of 1971,

Governor Mandel, working with the Kovens Group—co-defendants with the Governor—

vetoed a bill that would have allowed additional racing days at the Marlboro track, and

consequently, would have increased the value of the plaintiffs’ stock. Id. at 283-84. In

December of 1971, plaintiffs sold their stock to the Kovens Group. Id. at 282-83. After

the Kovens Group purchased the stock, the Maryland General Assembly overrode the veto

in January of 1972. Id. at 284-85.

      On November 24, 1975, the federal government filed indictments against Governor

Mandel and other members of the Kovens Group for mail fraud. Id. at 285, 303. The

plaintiffs thereafter developed a theory that the Kovens Group and Governor Mandel had

artificially depressed the value of the Marlboro stock by having Governor Mandel veto the

bill permitting additional racing days.   Id. at 286. Then, with the price artificially

depressed, the Kovens Group would purchase the stock. Id. Finally, once the Kovens

group was in possession of the stock, Governor Mandel would induce the General

Assembly to override his veto and consequently raise the stock’s value. Id. The O’Hara

plaintiffs filed their claim on November 22, 1978, and alleged that the Kovens Group

defrauded them in December of 1971 when they purchased the devalued stock. Id. at 283.

The Kovens Group argued that, due to various news articles and media coverage prior to

the issuance of the indictments, the plaintiffs’ claims accrued on October 23, 1975, and

                                          -28-
were therefore time-barred. Id. at 290. The plaintiffs disagreed, arguing that they were

only on inquiry notice of their harm in November of 1975. Id. at 292.

       The Court of Appeals began its limitations analysis by noting that “[inquiry] [n]otice

is not limited to actual knowledge of the fraud. Nor does it mean discovery of proof which,

if believed, would, in the opinion of counsel, take the case to the jury on the merits. It is

not limited to admissible evidence.” Id. at 301. The Court explained,

       We have seen, as discussed above, how being “on notice” means having
       knowledge of circumstances which would cause a reasonable person in the
       position of the plaintiffs to undertake an investigation which, if pursued with
       reasonable diligence, would have led to knowledge of the alleged fraud.
       Further, because the notice must relate to the fraud alleged, notice in this case
       must relate to the plaintiffs' claim that a conspiracy within the Kovens Group
       antedated the veto. Critical to the claim is the state of mind of Governor
       Mandel prior to May 28, 1971. The theory is that the veto message . . .
       misrepresented the true reasons for the veto, which had been cast to depress
       Marlboro stock, not simply incidentally, but for the purpose of benefiting co-
       conspirators as future stock purchasers.

Id. at 302 (emphasis added) (citation omitted). The Court observed that the claim itself

hinged upon Governor Mandel’s state of mind, or his alleged scienter. Selling one’s stock,

on its own, would not put a reasonable person on inquiry notice of a wrong. Knowledge

that the stock sold had been artificially depressed in value at the time of sale, however,

would put a reasonable person on inquiry notice to investigate further and uncover the

fraud. Without inquiry notice of Governor Mandel’s state of mind—his alleged scienter—

the plaintiffs in O’Hara would not have had any reason to investigate the fairness of their

transaction and uncover the fraud. This does not mean, however, that inquiry notice for all

fraud claims depends upon a recognition of the defendant’s scienter or mental state.

                                             -29-
       Another leading case on inquiry notice, Lumsden, demonstrates that mere

recognition of an injury suffices to place a plaintiff on inquiry notice. In Lumsden,

plaintiffs discovered that their driveways suffered from peeling and scaling following a

snow storm in March of 1994. 358 Md. at 437. Despite recognizing the harm to their

driveways, the plaintiffs did not discover the cause of that damage—application of de-icing

chemicals—until five months later, in August of 1994. Id. The plaintiffs filed claims for

breach of an implied statutory warranty against defects on April 8, 1996, two years and one

month after observing the damage to their driveways. Id. at 438. The trial court found that

the claims were time-barred and dismissed them.19 Id. On appeal, the plaintiffs argued

that limitations did not begin to run until August 1994, when their investigation revealed

what caused the harm to their driveways. Id.

       The Court of Appeals held that the plaintiffs were on inquiry notice of their claims

in March of 1994 when they discovered the harm. Id. at 452. In holding that the plaintiffs

were time-barred from pursuing their claims, the Court stated that the plaintiffs “knew

immediately upon seeing the damage done to their driveways that a defect existed for

which someone was responsible.” Id. at 448-49. Further, the Court noted that, “[i]n this

case, the harm to petitioners was . . . apparent, enough so that a reasonably prudent person

would have begun investigating the cause of the harm.” Id. at 449. The Court held that

plaintiffs were on inquiry notice upon recognizing the harm stating,

       The statute of limitations begins to run when claimants gain knowledge
       sufficient to put them on inquiry notice generally when they know, or should

       19
            A two year statute of limitations applied in Lumsden. 358 Md. at 439.

                                             -30-
       know, that they have been injured by a wrong. From that date forward, a
       claimant will be charged with knowledge of facts that would have been
       disclosed by a reasonably diligent investigation, regardless of whether the
       investigation has been conducted or was successful.

Id. at 452 (emphasis added). The Court noted that mere knowledge that a plaintiff “may

have been harmed” would suffice to put that plaintiff on inquiry notice. Id. at 447 (quoting

Russo v. Ascher, 76 Md. App. 465, 470 (1988)). The Court also noted that a plaintiff need

not be on inquiry notice of all of the elements of his claim to be on inquiry notice of the

wrong. “[I]t is the discovery of the injury, and not the discovery of all of the elements of

a cause of action that starts the running of the clock for limitations purposes.” Id. at 450

(quoting Bayou Bend Towers Council of Co-Owners v. Manhattan Const. Co., 866 S.W.2d
740, 743 (Tex. App. 1993)). Inquiry notice is triggered when the plaintiff recognizes, or

reasonably should recognize, a harm—not when the plaintiff can successfully craft a legal

argument and not when the plaintiff can draft an unassailable and comprehensive

complaint.

       The final case that supports our holding that a plaintiff need not be on inquiry notice

of a defendant’s scienter in order for limitations to begin to run is Windesheim, 443 Md.
312. In Windesheim, plaintiffs obtained home equity lines of credit (“HELOCs”) from

defendants in order to participate in a “buy-first-sell-later” plan to buy new homes before

selling their current residential homes. Id. at 319. The plaintiffs signed applications in

2006 and 2007 that defendants had created in furtherance of that plan. Id. at 320. Allegedly

unbeknownst to plaintiffs, the defendants falsely represented on these applications that the

plaintiffs were receiving income from their primary residences so that they could qualify

                                            -31-
for the loans needed to buy their new homes. Id. at 323. In 2010 and 2011, plaintiffs

allegedly learned for the first time that the applications they had signed in 2006 and 2007

reported this false rental income, and filed suit for fraud. Id. Defendants moved to dismiss

the claims as time-barred. Id. at 324.

       On appeal, the plaintiffs contended that “even assuming . . . that they [the plaintiffs]

had read the applications, the contents of those documents would not induce a reasonable

person to investigate a potential fraud.” Id. at 328. The Court of Appeals disagreed. It

rejected the plaintiffs’ theory that they could not have known about the fraud in 2006 and

2007, and held that the plaintiffs were on inquiry notice by virtue of their signing the

applications. Id. at 334. It explained,

       [W]e conclude that [plaintiffs’] knowledge of the contents of the
       Applications was sufficient to place them on inquiry notice of their claims
       against [defendants] when [plaintiffs] closed their HELOCs and primary
       residential mortgages in 2006 and 2007. Because [plaintiffs] signed the
       Applications at the closings, they are presumed to have read and understood
       their contents. With knowledge of facts about which they claim they were
       deceived and that suggested that their loan transactions were not proceeding
       as they expected, [plaintiffs] had information that “would cause a reasonable
       person in the position of [plaintiffs] to undertake an investigation which, if
       pursued with reasonable diligence, would have led to knowledge of the
       alleged [fraud].”

Id. (emphasis added) (citation omitted). The Court held that the plaintiffs were on inquiry

notice of their fraud claims based upon their knowledge of the contents of the applications

and the fact that the applications did not comport with the agreed upon loan transactions.

The analysis focused on what the plaintiffs could and should have known rather than the

defendants’ mental states. The plaintiffs, upon receiving and signing the applications, were

                                             -32-
able to learn of the facts necessary to uncover the fraud alleged, and were therefore on

inquiry notice of their claims at that time.

       We hold that, as a matter of law, the appellants here were on inquiry notice of their

claims for misrepresentation because two important facts revealed themselves to the

appellants when we published Porter Hayden. First, that under the express terms of the

insurance policies, the appellees owed appellants more money than initially thought.

Limitations began to run when the appellants gained “knowledge sufficient to put them on

inquiry notice generally when they [knew], or should [have known], that they [had] been

injured by a wrong.” Lumsden, 358 Md. at 452. Second, that the statements provided in

the affidavits and settlement agreement—that all applicable coverage had been tendered—

were false. “With knowledge of facts about which they claim they were deceived,”

appellants could have realized that the appellees had made actionable misrepresentations.

Windesheim, 443 Md. 334.

 The Gilbert Report Establishes that LOPA Plaintiffs were on Inquiry Notice after
                                  Porter Hayden

       We have explained that a party is on inquiry notice of a cause of action when it

obtains “knowledge of circumstances which would cause a reasonable person in the

position of the plaintiffs to undertake an investigation which, if pursued with reasonable

diligence, would have led to knowledge of the alleged fraud.” O’Hara, 305 Md. at 302.

The record shows that the LOPA plaintiffs did, in fact, recognize their harm, and pursued

an investigation before they received the Chapper Documents.

                                               -33-
      LOPA plaintiffs sent a letter to MCIC shortly after the Porter Hayden decision—

which demonstrates what a reasonable person in the position of the plaintiffs would have

suspected—and indisputably shows what LOPA plaintiffs did suspect. In its October 3,

1997 letter, Angelos wrote to MCIC that, “It has recently come to my attention that the

information provided by the insurers may be inaccurate, and additional insurance funds

may be available under the terms of the policies.” By suspecting that the insurers had

provided “inaccurate” information and that additional funds were possibly available,

Angelos’s letter establishes that he was aware of the harm to his clients in October 1997—

they deserved more money. Even if Angelos had been uncertain that additional funds were

available, the Gilbert Report should have confirmed his suspicions.

      In May 1998, LOPA hired Scott Gilbert to prepare an expert report in In re Wallace

and Gale. The Gilbert Report relied on Porter Hayden, and stated that “Maryland courts

have adopted the view that asbestos installation claims are nonproducts claims not subject

to aggregate limits.” By May of 1998, LOPA was arguing for nonaggregated limits from

operations coverage in other court cases—but not this case. LOPA recognized that a

standard CGL policy provided nonaggregated limits for injuries sustained during

installation. The suspicions LOPA raised in its October 3, 1997 letter were now confirmed,

proving that LOPA was on inquiry notice that it had been harmed by appellees’

misrepresentations. Consequently, limitations began to run for LOPA no later than May

4, 1998 when Gilbert filed his report. Lumsden, 358 Md. at 452. LOPA filed its claims

                                          -34-
for negligent and fraudulent misrepresentation in May 2005, seven years after it was on

inquiry notice, and at least four years too late.20

        Non-LOPA Plaintiffs were also on Inquiry Notice after Porter Hayden

       Although they were not involved with the Gilbert Report, the Non-LOPA plaintiffs

were also on inquiry notice after the Porter Hayden decision. Like the LOPA Plaintiffs,

they signed the settlement agreement only after receiving assurances from the affidavits

and settlement agreement itself that no other coverage applied or was available. Although

the Non-LOPA plaintiffs did not take any overt action that demonstrably shows they were

on inquiry notice of their claims, the test here is whether a reasonable person in the position

of the plaintiffs would have made such an investigation. As a panel of this Court explained

in Anderson, “When we filed . . . Porter Hayden . . . any Maryland attorney whose practice

involved asbestos litigation and insurance coverage for such cases was on notice that there

might be nonproducts liability.” Slip op. at 23. Although the Non-LOPA plaintiffs did not

outwardly acknowledge the theory of recovery like the LOPA plaintiffs did with the Gilbert

Report, the Non-LOPA plaintiffs were nevertheless on inquiry notice of the harm stemming

from the settlement agreement.

       As we previously explained, the plaintiffs in Windesheim sought to sue defendants

for fraud based on “an elaborate ‘buy-first-sell-later’ mortgage fraud arrangement.” 443
Md. at 319. As part of the arrangement, the plaintiffs completed applications which falsely

       20
        The Standstill and Tolling Agreement that LOPA entered into with appellees on
October 30, 2002, is immaterial to our analysis.

                                              -35-
claimed that the plaintiffs were receiving rental income from their primary residences. Id.

at 321-22. The Court of Appeals held that the plaintiffs were on notice when the loan

transactions failed to comport with the signed applications in plaintiffs’ possession. Id. at

334. Here, all appellants possessed the fragmentary policy documents—they refused to

settle without them. With the publication of Porter Hayden, the Non-LOPA plaintiffs

should have recognized that they had not received all of the available and applicable

coverage that had been promised. This should have also revealed to them that the

statements contained in the affidavits and settlement agreement pertaining to available and

applicable coverage were false. A reasonable person in the position of these plaintiffs, on

inquiry notice, would have pursued an investigation.          Id.   A reasonably prudent

investigation would have independently revealed most, if not all, of the conclusions in the

Gilbert Report.

                     Limitations is not a Jury Question in this Case

       Appellants urge us to remand the case so that a jury can resolve disputed material

facts and determine when they were on inquiry notice for purposes of limitations. They

correctly note that “questions of fact on which a limitations defense will turn are to be

decided by the jury or, when sitting as a jury, by the court.” O’Hara, 305 Md. at 301. We

are not unmindful of the fact that,

       whether or not the plaintiff’s failure to discover his cause of action was due
       to failure on his part to use due diligence, or to the fact that defendant so
       concealed the wrong that plaintiff was unable to discover it by the exercise
       of due diligence, is ordinarily a question of fact for the jury.

                                            -36-
Id. at 294-95 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). We note, however, that

“When a cause of action accrues is usually a legal question for the court.” Moreland, 152
Md. App. at 296. “Depending on the nature of the assertions being made with respect to

the limitations plea, th[e] determination [of whether the action is barred] may be solely one

of law, solely one of fact, or one of law and fact.” Id. (quoting Poffenberger, 290 Md. at

634). When a party is on inquiry is not always a question of fact, and not always a question

for the jury. We hold that here, however, there are no disputes of material fact that require

remand to a fact-finder.

       O’Hara provides useful guidance as to why this case should not be remanded to a

fact-finder. As we explained above, Governor Mandel’s state of mind, or his scienter, was

quintessential to the plaintiffs’ inquiry notice. Selling stock, on its own, would not put a

reasonable person on inquiry notice that he had been harmed. Rather, knowledge that the

stock sold had been artificially depressed in value would put a reasonable person on inquiry

notice to investigate further and uncover the fraud. To determine whether the O’Hara

plaintiffs were on inquiry notice, the Court “place[d] [itself] back in time to on or before

November 21, 1975. This is before any indictments were returned.” O’Hara, 305 Md. at

302. The Court then reviewed the possible hypotheses the plaintiffs could have articulated

at that time as to their fraud claim.

       These hypotheses included:

       1. A conspiracy antedated the veto.
       2. There was an innocent acquisition of foreknowledge of the veto by
          persons in the Kovens Group without any conspiracy having been
          formed.

                                            -37-
       3. Purchase in June 1971 by one or more of the persons in the Kovens Group
          of Marlboro stock was without any foreknowledge of the veto.
       4. A conspiracy was formed after June 1971 but prior to the stock purchase
          of December 1971.
       5. A conspiracy was formed after the stock purchase of December 1971 but
          prior to the veto override.
       6. A conspiracy was formed after the veto override for the purpose of
          obtaining enactment of racing consolidation legislation.
       7. There was no conspiracy at any time.

Id. at 302-03. Of these seven hypotheses, the Court held that “The first hypothesis is the

only one involving a conspiracy which could have included as a purpose the injury of

Marlboro shareholders, as such, by the veto.” Id. at 303. In deciding whether the trial

court could decide, as a matter of law, whether the plaintiffs were on notice of the fraud,

the Court explained,

       Even if we were to assume that the mass of media attention to the Mandel
       investigation would put reasonable persons on notice as a matter of law that
       there may have been a fraud in the sense of the mail fraud indictment, it
       would still be necessary to infer from that notice that the plaintiffs were also
       on notice of a conspiracy to depress Marlboro stock which antedated the
       veto. That latter inference cannot be drawn as a matter of law on this record
       because of a multitude of conflicting inferences.

Id. (emphasis added). Despite extensive media coverage of Mandel’s possible mail fraud,

the Court held that the plaintiffs had no way of recognizing that Mandel had also defrauded

them into selling their Marlboro stock at a depressed price. The Court emphasized the fact

that inquiry notice needed to relate to the Marlboro stock fraud itself. “Notice of the fraud

alleged here would require, inter alia, awareness of a possibility, to a degree warranting

further investigation, that the veto message was designed to cover the real motive for the

veto.” Id. at 304. Because “[i]t [was] at least debatable whether reasonable persons by

                                            -38-
November 21, 1975, should have considered that the message might have been a sham,”

the Court remanded the case for a fact-finder to make that determination. Id.

       The Court of Appeals’ analysis in O’Hara focused entirely on what the plaintiffs

knew or could have known, and what the plaintiffs did or should have done prior to the

issuance of the federal indictments. This makes sense because an inquiry notice analysis

hinges upon what the plaintiffs can know and whether their actions are reasonable. In

O’Hara, the Court held that the only way the plaintiffs could have known of their claims

against Governor Mandel and the Kovens Group was to know the true motive behind

vetoing the racing bill. The sale of stock provided no indication of fraud—but the sale of

stock whose value had been artificially depressed by an intentional scheme did provide an

indication of fraud. The challenge for the plaintiffs in O’Hara was that Governor Mandel’s

motive, and not the purchase of the stock, gave rise to inquiry notice. The sale of the

depressed stock resulting from the conspiracy, and not the sale of the stock in and of itself,

created the actionable harm.21

       Unlike O’Hara, the appellants here could independently verify two important facts

after Porter Hayden: 1) whether they should have received additional coverage stemming

from the insurance policies; and 2) whether the statements made in the affidavits and

settlement agreement, that all applicable insurance coverage had been tendered, were false.

       21
         Appellants also rely on the U.S. District Court case Green v. Pro Football, Inc.,
31 F. Supp. 3d 714 (D. Md. 2014) to support their argument that limitations is a jury
question. The case is not binding upon us, and we do not find its analysis instructive in
resolving inquiry notice for appellants’ negligent and fraudulent misrepresentation claims.

                                            -39-
The appellants knew they had not received proceeds under operations coverage, but learned

that operations coverage was available when we published Porter Hayden. Appellants

knew or should have known almost immediately that something was amiss. They knew

that they had never received any proceeds under non-products (operations) coverage and

therefore had not received all available insurance proceeds as appellees had expressly

represented. In short, appellants knew or should have known as early as the release of

Porter Hayden in August of 1997, or at the latest, in May of 1998 when LOPA filed the

Gilbert report, that they had tort claims based on misrepresentations. Whereas Governor

Mandel’s subjective intent could not possibly have been known and therefore alleged until

outside sources revealed those facts, here, Porter Hayden made clear both the injury and

the misrepresentation. After we published Porter Hayden, reasonable people in the

position of these appellants would have undertaken an investigation to determine whether

they had legal recourse.       Specifically, appellants were on notice that appellees’

misrepresentations were negligent or reckless. Thus, there are no disputed material facts a

jury could find that would change that the appellants here were on inquiry notice, at the

very latest, in May, 1998.22

       22
         The Goldman plaintiffs allege that they neither received nor possessed the Nagle
Documents. The Goldman plaintiffs never produced any evidence below to support the
contention that they did not know of the existence of these materials. Instead, as the trial
court noted, the record reflects that all plaintiffs knew about and had ready access to these
materials. Accordingly, the Goldman plaintiffs raised neither a disputed fact, nor a material
one.

                                            -40-
    Appellants Incorrectly Rely on Anderson to Argue that They Could not Have
                             Known About the Fraud

      Appellants also argue that the unreported opinion in Anderson held that there was

no evidence of fraud in this case—at least, not until appellants received the Chapper

Documents. In Anderson, a panel of this Court stated that,

             There was, however, no evidence of knowingly false representations
      proffered to Judge Kaplan, who rejected the plaintiffs’ vague accusations of
      fraud, noting, “As of 1994, no Maryland court had determined whether
      personal injury claims arising from exposure to asbestos . . . fell outside of
      the products/completed operations hazard and were subject only to per
      occurrence limits.” Aside from suspicion and speculation, there was nothing
      presented to Judge Kaplan to support the plaintiffs’ bald assertion that the
      Insurers knew in 1994 what the courts were going to decide in 1997 regarding
      asbestos coverage under CGL policies. The only evidence offered by the
      appellants to support the accusation of fraud is the fact that some or all of the
      Insurers currently concede that the MCIC policies contained unaggregated
      operations coverage, as did, apparently, all standard CGL policies of the
      time. But there was no evidence that any of the Insurers would have made
      such a concession prior to the Porter Hayden decision, let alone any evidence
      that any of the Insurers (or, for that matter, any persons anywhere) were of
      that opinion at the time the Insurers executed the affidavits attached to the
      1994 settlement agreement.

Slip op. at 24-25. Appellants argue that, if the panel in Anderson held that there was no

evidence of fraud pending the appeal of the Motion to Enforce, they could not have been

on inquiry notice prior to receiving the Chapper Documents. As we have explained,

appellants did not need to know about the knowing or intentional misrepresentations to be

on inquiry notice of their fraud claims—they only needed to know about the harm which

resulted from the false statements. Not only do they conflate actual knowledge of fraud

with mere inquiry notice, but the holding in Anderson does not reach that far.

                                            -41-
       In stating that there was “no evidence of knowingly false representations proffered

to Judge Kaplan,” the Anderson panel meant just that—the Motion to Enforce and its

supporting documents did not contain any evidence of knowingly false representations.

The panel simply stated that, at that point, the appellants had not sufficiently alleged fraud.

Furthermore, the Anderson panel did not discuss inquiry notice, reasonable investigations,

or rely on any law in the context of recognizing fraud. In fact, the Anderson panel did hold

that, “appellants were on inquiry notice of their potential [contract] claims for additional

insurance coverage under the 1994 settlement agreement well over three years before they

filed their respective motions to enforce in 2002 (and beyond).” Id., slip op. at 23. The

Anderson panel held that the publication of Porter Hayden placed appellants on inquiry

notice of their contract claims. “Once on notice of one cause of action, a potential plaintiff

is charged with responsibility for investigating, within the limitations period, all potential

claims and all potential defendants with regard to the injury.” Doe, 114 Md. App. at 188.

A logical extension of the inquiry notice doctrine allows us to conclude that when the

plaintiffs were on inquiry notice of their contract claims, they were also on inquiry notice

of their misrepresentation tort claims.      Indeed, there are substantial policy reasons

underlying our conclusion that appellants’ contract and tort claims–all arising out of the

same facts–should have the same accrual date for limitations.

         Appellants Cannot Rely on CJP § 5-203 to Further Toll Limitations

       Appellants argue that § 5-203 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article

provides a basis to toll limitations in this case. Section 5-203 provides, “If the knowledge

                                             -42-
of a cause of action is kept from a party by the fraud of an adverse party, the cause of action

shall be deemed to accrue at the time when the party discovered, or by the exercise of

ordinary diligence should have discovered the fraud.”

       We have stated that, “the complaint relying on the fraudulent concealment doctrine

must also contain specific allegations of how the fraud kept the plaintiff in ignorance of a

cause of action, how the fraud was discovered, and why there was a delay in discovering

the fraud, despite the plaintiff’s diligence.” Doe, 114 Md. App. at 187 (citations omitted).

Even if we assume that the appellees intentionally lied in their affidavits and in the

settlement agreement, they could not have hidden from appellants that Porter Hayden

allowed them to recover under operations coverage, or that Porter Hayden revealed

actionable negligent or reckless (fraudulent) misrepresentations. In fact, appellees did

provide appellants with fragmentary, yet sufficient, documentation to notify them that the

policies at issue were standard CGL policies; after Porter Hayden, that documentation was

sufficient to put them on inquiry notice of their claims. Therefore, appellants cannot rely

on § 5-203 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article to toll limitations. In our

analysis, appellants have no right to claim, under the circumstances in this case, that the

appellees fraudulently prevented them from discovering their claims.

                                         Conclusion

       We hold that appellants were on inquiry notice of their negligent and fraudulent

misrepresentation claims as early as when we published Porter Hayden, and at the latest,

                                             -43-
when LOPA filed the Gilbert Report. The trial court correctly concluded that appellants’

claims are barred by the statute of limitations. Accordingly, we affirm.

                                                    JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT
                                                    COURT FOR BALTIMORE CITY
                                                    AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID
                                                    BY APPELLANTS.

                                           -44-