Court Opinion

ID: 3004501
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 23:02:09.670391+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:02:06.873263
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                         To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

                    United States Court of Appeals
                                   For the Seventh Circuit
                                   Chicago, Illinois 60604
                                  Submitted October 25, 2011*
                                   Decided October 26, 2011

                                              Before

                              FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge

                              WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge

                              DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 11-1464                                                     Appeal from the United
                                                                States District Court for the
MICHAEL O’GRADY,                                                Western District of Wiscon-
     Plaintiff-Appellant,                                       sin.
               v.
                                                                No. 10-cv-222-bbc
SYNTHIA Y. O’GRADY and DANIEL A. KLINT,                         Barbara B. Crabb, Judge.
      Defendants-Appellees.

                                               Order

    Michael and Synthia O’Grady had four children before they divorced in January
1997. A state court in Wisconsin awarded principal custody to Synthia but entitled Mi-
chael to custody for prescribed periods. Michael contends that beginning in 1999 Syn-
thia sometimes failed to turn the children over to him when required to do so. He con-
tends in this suit under the diversity jurisdiction that her violation of the decree caused
him emotional distress. All of the children now are adults, so ongoing custody is not at
issue; the only potential relief is damages. The district judge concluded that the domes-
tic-relations exception to the diversity jurisdiction, see Ankenbrandt v. Richards, 504 U.S.
689 (1992), applies to events after July 2006 and that Wisconsin’s statute of limitations

   * After examining the briefs and the record, we have concluded that oral argument is unnecessary.
See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); Cir. R. 34(f).
No. 11-1464                                                                          Page 2

blocks the remainder of Michael’s claims. The suit thus was dismissed in part for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction, and the defendants received summary judgment on the re-
mainder. Factual details do not matter to either issue, and we omit them to simplify this
decision.

    Ankenbrandt holds that federal courts do not have jurisdiction to grant divorces, pro-
vide for alimony, or determine child custody, but that suits for money damages are not
outside the scope of 28 U.S.C. §1332 just because they relate to one of these topics. We
anticipated Ankenbrandt by holding in Lloyd v. Loeffler, 694 F.2d 489 (7th Cir. 1982), that
federal courts may award damages for Wisconsin’s tort of interference with the custody
of a child—if who is entitled to custody and when has been determined by the state.
This led the district court to hold that it had subject-matter jurisdiction to resolve Mi-
chael’s claim that Synthia had committed torts by flouting the state court’s 1997 child-
custody decree, as modified in 2004.

    The district judge reached a contrary conclusion for events after mid-2006 (of which
only one, in 2009, is at issue in this suit). In March 2006 Synthia asked the state judge to
modify the child-custody decree. The judge asked for a response, including a draft cus-
tody plan, from Michael; he did not submit one. The judge then wrote Synthia’s lawyer
that, because Michael had not submitted a proposal, “your client can rely on your vision
of the placement situation.” Synthia did just that when, in 2009, she did not comply
with one of Michael’s demands for custody of the only child who had not reached
adulthood. Michael wants damages because, he contends, Synthia’s decision is incom-
patible with the 1997 child-custody decree and therefore is tortious. The district judge
concluded, however, that only a state court can determine whether the 1997 decree had
been modified in 2006. Michael contests that decision on appeal, but his entire position
rests on the proposition that the lack of a formal order modifying the decree in 2006
means that there was no change. We agree with the district court that Michael’s failure
to cooperate with the state court in 2006, and the letter the judge sent to Synthia’s law-
yer, marked some change of the legal position, and that it would interfere with the child-
custody process for a federal court to determine just what that change was and whether
Synthia was in the right in 2009. See Allen v. Allen, 48 F.3d 259, 261–62 (7th Cir. 1995);
Jones v. Brennan, 465 F.3d 304, 307 (7th Cir. 2006); Struck v. Cook County Public Guardian,
508 F.3d 858, 859–60 (7th Cir. 2007). This aspect of the current litigation therefore was
properly dismissed by the district court under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1).

   Questions concerning Synthia’s actions before mid-2006 do not require the federal
court to determine any disputed issue about child custody. But Wisconsin’s statute of
limitations for intentional torts was two years, see Wis. Stat. §893.57, and this suit was
not filed until April 2010, more than four years after the last acts squarely governed by
the 1997 decree. (Section 893.57 was amended in 2009 to increase the time to three years,
but the amendment applies only to claims that accrue after February 2010 and therefore
does not affect this litigation.)
No. 11-1464                                                                          Page 3

   Michael characterizes Synthia’s acts as a “continuing violation” open to litigation
any time within two years after the final act. We need not decide whether Wisconsin’s
courts would apply this doctrine to sequential violations of a child-custody decree, be-
cause the final act that can be litigated in federal court took place before 2006, and suit
was not filed for another four years. If Michael had sued in 2006 or earlier, then it
would be necessary to decide how far back the litigation could reach. Given the suit’s
actual filing date and the jurisdictional limits, however, no continuing-violation theory
can bring within its scope any act before the state judge’s 2006 letter.

   Michael’s arguments about discovery and other matters are not pertinent to either
subject-matter jurisdiction or the statute of limitations and need not be discussed.

                                                                                  AFFIRMED