Court Opinion

ID: 8210898
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-30 18:08:26.15778+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:57.888919
License: Public Domain

09/30/2022
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT NASHVILLE
                                  July 6, 2022 Session

         DANNY RAY FRANKS, ET AL. v. ROGER BILBREY, ET AL.

                Appeal from the Chancery Court for Overton County
                 No. 2019-CV-49     Ronald Thurman, Chancellor

                            No. M2021-00766-COA-R3-CV

This appeal concerns an alleged breach of contract. Danny Ray Franks (“Mr. Franks”) and
his spouse Angela May Franks (“Ms. Franks”) (“Plaintiffs,” collectively) hired Roger
Bilbrey (“Mr. Bilbrey”) and Bilbrey’s Construction, Inc. (“Defendants,” collectively) to
build a “barndominium,” a metal building that looks like a barn with a stained-concrete
floor, garage, and living quarters. The parties’ contract (“the Agreement”), which was
drafted by Mr. Bilbrey, provided that work would start immediately and be completed by
Thanksgiving of 2018. However, the project was not completed by that date. Some five
months later, the project still was unfinished. Plaintiffs then fired Defendants. Plaintiffs
sued Defendants in the Chancery Court for Overton County (“the Trial Court”) for breach
of contract. The Trial Court ruled in Plaintiffs’ favor. Defendants appeal. We hold that
time was of the essence under the Agreement. We further find that Defendants committed
a material breach of the Agreement by failing to timely complete Plaintiffs’ barndominium.
We affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed;
                                 Case Remanded

D. MICHAEL SWINEY, C.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G.
CLEMENT, JR., P.J., M.S., and W. NEAL MCBRAYER, J., joined.

Nolan R. Goolsby and Bradford G. Wood, Jr., Cookeville, Tennessee, for the appellants,
Roger Bilbrey and Bilbrey’s Construction, Inc.

Matthew J. McClanahan, Crossville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Angela May Franks and
Danny Ray Franks.
                                       OPINION

                                      Background

       In July 2019, Plaintiffs sued Defendants in the Trial Court for breach of contract.
Plaintiffs alleged that they hired Defendants in May 2018 to construct a “barndominium,”
a metal building that looks like a barn with a stained-concrete floor, garage, and living
quarters. Plaintiffs, who were from Texas, planned to move to Tennessee and live in the
barndominium. The original contract price was $140,000. Mr. Bilbrey drafted the
Agreement, which was a very basic handwritten contract between the parties. It set out the
project’s specifications. It also stated “[c]ompletion By Thanksgiving 2018” and “[s]tart
im[m]ediately.” In their complaint, Plaintiffs alleged as follows, in part:

      15. As of the date of this Complaint, the construction is still not completed,
      and the Plaintiffs have had to expend additional money to hire a different
      construction company and additional subcontractors to complete the work
      and make repairs to Bilbrey’s work that was completed in an insufficient and
      negligent manner.
      16. Defendants did not construct the barndominium in a good and
      workmanlike manner but performed the services required of them in a
      careless, negligent, and unworkmanlike manner.
      17. Defendants intentionally breached the contract as set out in Exhibit B.
      18. Defendants failed to complete construction or negligently constructed
      including, but not limited to, the following:

             a. failed to install a water heater,
             b. failed to stain the flooring of the barndominium,
             c. failed to complete the installation of the doors and trim work,
             d. failed to complete installation of electrical wires for inspection,
             e. improperly placed smoke detector,
             f. failed to install up-to-code electrical outlets,
             g. failed to install the metal roof properly causing water leaks, and
             h. failed to properly install the refrigerator water valve ($1,000.00
             insurance deductible).

      19. As a result of the defective and unworkmanlike manner in which the
      Defendants constructed the barndominium, Plaintiffs have been compelled
      to hire additional contractors including but not limited to[:] electricians,

                                           -2-
      plumbers, roofers, and general construction companies to repair the premises
      to a working and livable condition.
      20. Plaintiffs have expended money for additional materials, labor, insurance
      deductibles for water leaks caused by the negligent roof installation, and are
      continuing work to complete the construction as a result of the Defendants’
      breach and negligence.
      21. Plaintiffs’ construction and repair of the barndominium continues, and
      the additional costs to complete construction is ongoing.
      22. Due to the Defendants’ unnecessary delay and total failure to complete
      the construction of the Plaintiffs’ home, Plaintiffs have incurred additional
      living expenses for rent and storage of their belongings.

       Plaintiffs demanded a judgment against Defendants for restoring and completing
the barndominium and consequential damages along with prejudgment interest; judgment
for additional living and rental expenses along with prejudgment interest; post-judgment
interest; attorney’s fees; discretionary costs; and any other general relief deemed
appropriate. In August 2019, Defendants filed an answer and counterclaim. In their
answer, Defendants asserted the following in response to Plaintiffs’ specific allegations:

              a. The plaintiffs never supplied the water heater as required by the
      contract.
              b. The plaintiffs changed their minds about the concrete floor, wanted
      a floating floor installed and hired another contractor to install a floating
      floor.
              c. The doors and trim were never installed by Defendants because
      Plaintiff Angela May Franks fired Defendants on April 25, 2019 before the
      barndominium was completed sufficiently to install the doors and trim.
              d. The electrical work was never completed by Defendants because
      Plaintiff Angela May Franks fired Defendants on April 25, 2019 before the
      barndominium was completed sufficiently to complete the electrical work;
      the electrical work passed the “rough-in” inspection.
              e. The smoke detector was never installed by Defendants because
      Plaintiff Angela May Franks fired Defendants on April 25, 2019 before the
      barndominium was completed sufficiently to complete the installation of the
      smoke detector; the smoke detector passed the “rough-in” inspection.
              f. The final electrical outlets was never installed by Defendants
      because Plaintiff Angela May Franks fired Defendants on April 25, 2019
      before the barndominium was completed sufficiently to complete the
      installation of the final electrical outlets; the electrical outlets passed the
      “rough-in” inspection.

                                            -3-
              g. Deny. The Plaintiff Angela May Franks fired Defendants on April
       25, 2019 before there were any holes cut into the metal roof.
              h. Deny.

In their counterclaim, Defendants asserted claims of breach of contract and quantum meruit
against Plaintiffs.

       This case was tried in May 2021. We review the pertinent testimony, beginning
with that of Ms. Franks. Ms. Franks said that she first heard about Mr. Bilbrey from a man
who was doing excavation work for her. According to Ms. Franks, Mr. Bilbrey told her
that he had been constructing metal structure buildings for twenty years. Ms. Franks told
him what she wanted in the house, and Mr. Bilbrey reduced their discussion to a
handwritten contract, the Agreement. The Agreement provides:

       1 - 36 x 60 x 9 full[y] insulated w/ double bubble all over. 12 FT x 60 FT.
       Covered Porches on Front and Back with No concrete. 36 x 40 Living area
       with Stained Concrete Floors, Standard 6 panel doors, and Drywall, ceilings
       and walls. Living quarters Framed per Customer print. Walls insulated w/
       R-13 and ceiling R-30 Blow in. White vinyl windows. 12 x 8 garage door
       on shop side[.] Custome[r] Furnishes all, Fixtures on electrical and plumbing
       and cabinets and countertops and vanities and tubs and showers. Completion
       By Thanksgiving 2018. Start im[m]ediately.

        Ms. Franks also gave Mr. Bilbrey a drawing. The cost for the project was $140,000.
Plaintiffs wired Mr. Bilbrey $50,000 on May 1, 2018. Mr. Bilbrey told Ms. Franks that he
was very busy and wiring him this sum was the only way he could get Plaintiffs on his
schedule. Ms. Franks understood this to be a “turnkey job,” with the house ready for
occupancy. The Agreement was signed on May 9, 2018. Despite the “[s]tart
im[m]ediately” contractual language, work did not begin immediately. According to
pictures a neighbor sent Ms. Franks, work only began in June or July. Ms. Franks and Mr.
Bilbrey also discussed a warranty. Mr. Bilbrey said that he had to furnish a one-year
builder warranty that was “bumper to bumper.”

        The house was not “dried in”—or sealed off from the outside—until January 2019.
When asked by Ms. Franks about the delays at the time, Mr. Bilbrey said that he had some
family problems such as a father-in-law who underwent an amputation. Mr. Bilbrey also
cited the weather. Ms. Franks moved from Texas to Overton County, Tennessee in March
2019. She moved in with her neighbors as her house was not yet finished. Ms. Franks
testified that Mr. Bilbrey said he was quitting the project on four different occasions. She
related a litany of flaws in the house and how much she spent to have the work done
properly. Ms. Franks sent Mr. Bilbrey a text message on April 25, 2019 telling him that
                                            -4-
she and her husband would find someone else to finish the job. Ms. Franks said that over
the course of the job, Mr. Bilbrey cursed at Plaintiffs several times and once said “I wish I
never heard of this place[.]”

        On cross-examination, Ms. Franks acknowledged that the Agreement required
Plaintiffs to provide thousands of dollars in materials for the project. Ms. Franks was
pressed on this point, as well as whether she gave Defendants a fair chance to finish the
job, as follows:

       Q. Okay. So again the floor wasn’t down until early May. You fired him on
       April 25th. How was he going to finish the project when you said you didn’t
       have any idea why it wasn’t finished multiple times to the Court?
       A. I don’t know why he didn’t have it finished in November, like he was
       supposed to. You’re talking about a flooring --
       Q. No. That’s --
       A.-- issue that took 3 months afterwards.
       (Reporter interruption.)
       THE COURT: One at a time.
       MR. GOOLSBY [Defendants’ counsel]: I apologize.
       BY MR. GOOLSBY:
       Q. How could he have finished in November when you didn’t buy the
       flooring until end of March of April -- of ’19?
       A. How about stained concrete?
       Q. Would you answer my question, please?
       A. How could he --
       Q. He couldn’t, could he?
       A. He could not put the trim in until the flooring was complete, that’s correct.

                                             ***

       Q. All right. Did you ask Mr. Bilbrey to not pay him another draw because
       you did -- you’d used up your funds and you didn’t want to get into your
       retirement or some other excess funds?
       A. The reason I talked to Mr. Bilbrey about that was because he wasn’t
       making enough progress. We had already given him more money than he
       could’ve ever spent on that house. We were almost -- we were upside down
       from what -- the money we gave him. Every time he asked us for money, we
       gave him money.

On re-direct examination, Ms. Franks testified that she gave Mr. Bilbrey multiple
opportunities to correct the various problems with the project before she fired him.
                                             -5-
       Mr. Franks testified, as well. Mr. Franks was a truck driver who planned to retire
upon moving to Overton County. Mr. Franks largely echoed his wife’s testimony. He
stated that Mr. Bilbrey once told him “f--- you, old man” in a dispute over the flooring.
Mr. Franks cursed back at Mr. Bilbrey.

        Mr. Bilbrey also testified. He was questioned extensively regarding whether he had
fulfilled his obligations under the Agreement. Mr. Bilbrey testified, in part:

      Q. Okay. Well, you put in here that you wanted it -- you would guarantee
      completion by Thanksgiving of 2018; is that correct?
      A. Does it say guaranteed?
      Q. It says, “Completion by Thanksgiving 2018.”
      A. But it don’t say “guarantee.”
      Q. Have you got a copy of it still?
      A. I do not. I’m asking you: Does it say “I Guarantee” or does it say
      “Completion by”?
      Q. Well, let me show it to you.
      A. “Completion by Thanksgiving 2010 (sic). Start immediately.”
      Q. 2018.
      A. “Completion by Thanksgiving 2018. Start immediately.” But you added
      the word “guaranteed.”
      Q. Well, did you not -- was it not a guarantee that it would be done by then?
      A. No, sir.
      Q. Okay. So you just -- why did you put it in there?
      A. Because I intended on having the project finished by approximately that
      time.
      Q. Why did you go six months over, then?
      A. Probably 50 percent of that was my fault and probably 50 percent of that
      was their fault. I’m just man enough to admit.
      Q. Well, what 50 percent of it was your fault?
      A. Well, multiple things. A family emergency; rain, on top of rain, on top of
      rain, on top of rain; changes made by the Franks that delayed the project.
      And during all of this time, we were communicating, and -- and you can read
      all the texts that you choose to leave out that says, Miss Franks, we’re behind.
      We’re behind schedule. We’ve not got as much done as we should. And the
      responses from the Franks was, It’s okay. It’s not a big deal. We’re going
      to be okay. You do great work. You do awesome work. It was never, We’re
      mad because you’re behind. It was responses from the Franks of saying,
      Well, it’s okay. Our house ain’t selling anyway. Everything’s going to be

                                            -6-
      fine. We know you’re behind. We’ve got lots of rain, references to
      hurricanes, just on and on and on --
      Q. All right. What other projects were you working on at the same time in
      conjunction with their house?
      A. Other projects that I worked on during the day? None.
      Q. You weren’t building your son’s home during this time?
      A. Not during the day.
      Q. Well, when were you building your son’s home?
      A. In the evening, in my own time.

                                           ***

      Q. And you can agree with me that you were over six months behind on the
      completion date at the time you were let go?
      A. Yes, sir.
      Q. Do you think it’s fair that the Franks would have to pay all these other
      people to come in and complete this job and eat that cost?
      A. If they hadn’t have fired me and the changes they had made, they wouldn’t
      have had to.
      Q. Well, how long was it going to take you? I mean, it was already April of
      ’19. How much further --
      A. We would’ve been done in two weeks from the morning we started
      installing the floor.
      Q. It took you six months to dry it in.
      A. Waiting on weather to get the concrete poured.

       In June 2021, the Trial Court entered its final order in which it ruled in favor of
Plaintiffs. In its final order, the Trial Court stated:

              This cause came to be heard on the 4th day of May, 2021 before the
      Honorable Ronald Thurman, Chancellor of the Chancery Court for Overton
      County, Tennessee. During the trial of this matter, the Defendant announced
      to the Court that it was dismissing any counter-claims that were asserted
      against the Plaintiffs. The parties stipulated that Roger Bilbrey and Bilbrey’s
      Construction, Inc. were one in the same and that any judgment awarded, if
      any, would be joint and several against the Defendants. The Court heard
      testimony from the parties, fact witnesses, and one expert witness, an
      electrician. Based upon the testimony in this case, the exhibits submitted to
      the Court, and the arguments of counsel, the Court finds as follows:
              There was a breach of contract in this case involving the construction
      of a barndominium. It is undisputed that exhibit one is a contract to build the
                                            -7-
      barndominium that was prepared by Mr. Bilbrey. The Court will read the
      contract against the maker. The terms that are critical to the contract are 1)
      “start immediately” and 2) “completed by Thanksgiving of 2018.”
              Looking at the four corners of the contract, it was to be a completed
      house, with the exception of fixtures, and that Mr. Bilbrey would build a
      move-in ready house within the shell of this building, but the Franks would
      provide the fixtures and those items that are specifically set out in the
      contract. Mr. Bilbrey breached the contract by failing to complete it by
      Thanksgiving of 2018.
              The Court finds that the testimony in this case was differing versions
      of what each party said to the other concerning stained concrete. Regardless,
      the Franks acquiesced in putting in a different type of flooring than what was
      in the contract. Mr. Bilbrey’s son testified that he works for his father, and
      normally, it took them two months to dry in a house. In this case, it was more
      than six months to dry in the house.
              The Court sides with the Plaintiffs in large because the Defendant said
      that he was covered up and he wanted a $50,000 deposit to begin work on it,
      yet he also testified here today that he was not working on any other jobs at
      the time. The Court does not find the Defendant’s testimony credible and
      gives more weight to the Plaintiffs’ testimony.
              Looking at the breach, the Court finds that the Plaintiffs proved
      damages as it related to the HVAC bill, plumber charges, electrical charges,
      Lowes, and carpentry charges. These damages naturally flowed from the
      breach. The Court finds that the consequential damages including rent,
      insurance, and food cost were too speculative and declines to award damages
      related to those items.
              It is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and DECREED as follows:
              The Plaintiffs are awarded a judgment against the Defendants, Roger
      Bilbrey, individually and Bilbrey Construction, Inc., for breach of contract
      in the amount of $32,113.06. The judgment is joint and several as was
      stipulated by the parties. Statutory post judgment interest shall apply at the
      current rate of 5.25%. The court cost shall be assessed to the Defendant
      Roger Bilbrey.

Defendants timely appealed to this Court.

                                       Discussion

       Although not stated exactly as such, Defendants raise the following issue on appeal:
whether the Trial Court erred in determining that Defendants committed a material breach
of the Agreement. We begin by reviewing the applicable law. In Madden Phillips Constr.,
                                            -8-
Inc. v. GGAT Dev. Corp., a case both parties cite albeit to different ends, this Court set out
the standard of review as follows:

               We review the decision of a trial court in a bench trial de novo upon
       the record, according a presumption of correctness to the factual findings of
       the court below. Tenn. R.App. P. 13(d); Union Carbide Corp. v. Huddleston,
       854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993). We will defer to the factual findings of the
       trial court unless the preponderance of the evidence is to the contrary.
       Berryhill v. Rhodes, 21 S.W.3d 188, 190 (Tenn. 2000).                  Factual
       determinations based on a trial judge’s assessment of witness credibility
       receive a higher degree of deference. We will not reverse a finding of the
       trial court based on credibility unless clear and convincing evidence shows
       the finding to be in error. Wells v. Tenn. Bd. of Regents, 9 S.W.3d 779, 783
       (Tenn. 1999). Our review is de novo with no presumption of correctness if
       the trial court does not produce findings of fact. Archer v. Archer, 907
       S.W.2d 412, 416 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995). We review mixed questions of law
       and fact de novo with no presumption of correctness. State v. Thompson, 285
       S.W.3d 840, 846 (Tenn. 2009). We likewise review pure questions of law
       de novo with no presumption of correctness. Bowden v. Ward, 27 S.W.3d
       913, 916 (Tenn. 2000).

Madden Phillips Constr., Inc. v. GGAT Dev. Corp., 315 S.W.3d 800, 809 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2009). When contractual language is clear, courts must not look beyond the contract’s four
corners in interpreting it. Kiser v. Wolfe, 353 S.W.3d 741, 748 (Tenn. 2011) (citing
Whitehaven Cmty. Baptist Church v. Holloway, 973 S.W.2d 592, 596 (Tenn. 1998)).
However, if a contractual provision is found to be ambiguous, the ambiguous provision
will be construed against the drafter. Id. (citing Allstate Ins. Co. v. Watson, 195 S.W.3d
609, 612 (Tenn. 2006); Hanover Ins. Co. v. Haney, 221 Tenn. 148, 425 S.W.2d 590, 592
(Tenn. 1968)). “The interpretation of a contract is a matter of law, which we review de
novo with no presumption of correctness.” 84 Lumber Co. v. Smith, 356 S.W.3d 380, 383
(Tenn. 2011) (citing Barnes v. Barnes, 193 S.W.3d 495, 498 (Tenn. 2006)).

       With respect to “time is of the essence” contractual provisions, this Court has
discussed as follows:

              In contracts involving “construction services,” such as the one at bar,
       a party’s failure to complete the “project within a time for completion does
       not constitute material breach absent a provision making time of the
       essence.” Madden Phillips Constr., Inc. v. GGAT Dev. Corp., 315 S.W.3d
       800, 818 (Tenn. 2009) (emphasis added) (citing Shepherd v. Perkins
       Builders, 968 S.W.2d 832, 833 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)). As this Court has
                                             -9-
       previously explained, “whether failing to complete performance on time
       constitutes a material breach depends on whether ‘time is of the essence’ with
       respect to the contract.” Groner v. On-Site Grading, Inc., No. E1999-00219-
       COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 502843, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 28, 2000). A
       time of completion clause is not the same as a “time is of the essence”
       provision. See Madden Phillips Constr., Inc., 315 S.W.3d at 818. Simply
       agreeing on a date or time of completion, without more, will not establish
       that time was of the essence in a construction contract. Sanders v. Breath of
       Life Christian Church, Inc., No. W2010-01801-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL
       114279, at *18 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 13, 2012) (citing Madden Phillips
       Constr., Inc., 315 S.W.3d at 818).

              A party may prove the existence of a “time is of the essence” provision
       by “stipulation, a manifestation of intention from the contract or subject
       matter involved, or an implication from the nature of the contract or
       circumstances of the case.” Madden Phillips Constr., Inc., 315 S.W.3d at
       818 (quoting Groner, 2000 WL 502843, at *4). See also Shepherd, 968
       S.W.2d at 833. In determining the existence of a “time is of the essence”
       provision, the court should look at the entire agreement. See Claiborne
       Hauling, LLC v. Wisteria Park, LLC, No. E2009-02667-COA-R3-CV, 2010
       WL 3219467, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 16, 2010). Tennessee courts have
       consistently held that, generally, time is not of the essence in construction
       contracts. See, e.g., Madden Phillips Constr., Inc., 315 S.W.3d at 818;
       Classic City Mech., Inc. v. Potter S. E., LLC, No. E2015-01890-COA-R3-
       CV, 2016 WL 5956616, at *11 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 14, 2016); Groner, 2000
       WL 502843, at *4; Shepherd, 968 S.W.2d at 833.

Clark v. Givens, No. M2019-01693-COA-R3-CV, 2020 WL 4382247, at *4 (Tenn. Ct.
App. July 30, 2020), no appl. perm. appeal filed.

        In Adams TV of Memphis, Inc. v. Comcorp of Tennessee, Inc., 969 S.W.2d 917
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1997), this Court noted that in order for a contractual breach to be sufficient
to relieve the non-breaching party of its contractual obligations, the initial breach must be
“material.” In Adams TV, we affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of a breach of contract
claim because the alleged breach was not material. In so doing, we stated:

              Upon consideration of the motions to dismiss, the trial court found,
       and we agree, that any breach of the terms of the Adams TV—ComCorp
       contract was not a material breach so as to warrant non-performance of the
       contract by Adams TV. In determining whether a breach of contract is
       material such that the non-breaching party could avoid performance,
                                             -10-
        Tennessee courts have adopted the criteria established in the Restatement
        (Second) of Contracts, § 241 (1981), which enumerates the following factors
        to consider:

                (1) The extent to which the injured party will be deprived of the
                expected benefit of his contract;

                (2) The extent to which the injured party can be adequately
                compensated for the part of that benefit of which he will be deprived;

                (3) The extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to
                perform will suffer forfeiture;

                (4) The likelihood that the party failing to perform or to offer to
                perform will cure his failure, taking account of all the circumstances
                including any reasonable assurances; and

                (5) The extent to which the behavior of the party failing to perform or
                to offer to perform comports with standards of good faith and fair
                dealing.

        See, McClain v. Kimbrough Constr. Co., Inc., 806 S.W.2d 194, 199 (Tenn.
        App. 1990).

Adams TV, 969 S.W.2d at 921.

        Under Defendants’ sole issue, we first address whether the Agreement is a “time is
of the essence” contract.1 Defendants argue that it is not. Defendants correctly state
Tennessee law to the effect that a completion date in a construction contract does not, by
itself, make time of the essence. They point out that the Agreement contains no explicit
provision making time of the essence. However, we look to the entire Agreement to
determine whether time was of the essence. The Agreement contains not only a completion
date—Thanksgiving of 2018—but also the language “[s]tart im[m]ediately.” These words
are to be afforded their plain and natural meaning. While Defendants are correct in that a
completion date alone does not make time of the essence, the addition of “[s]tart
im[m]ediately” reflects additional importance attached to completion of the project by a
fixed date. If the completion date is a mere rough estimate, there is no necessity of starting

1
  Plaintiffs point out other bases for Defendants’ alleged breach of the Agreement, such as continual delays,
poor workmanship, and breach of warranty. The Trial Court also referenced certain damages beyond
Defendants’ failure to complete the project in time. However, we conclude that the sole dispositive basis
for Defendants’ breach of the Agreement is untimeliness in completion. That is what ultimately is at issue.
                                                    -11-
immediately and the importance of a set starting date is diminished or eliminated. Here
there is not just a time of completion in the Agreement. There is more in the Agreement
because it also requires construction to “[s]tart im[m]ediately.” We are to give effect to
the Agreement’s plain terms, not vitiate them. To the extent the Agreement is ambiguous,
we construe any ambiguity against its drafter, Mr. Bilbrey. Although the Agreement lacks
an explicit “time is of the essence” provision, we conclude that a natural and unstrained
reading of the entire Agreement reveals it to be a “time is of the essence” contract.

       Having concluded that time was of the essence under the Agreement, we consider
whether Defendants materially breached the Agreement by failing to complete Plaintiffs’
barndominium by Thanksgiving of 2018.2 For their part, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs
terminated them before they had a chance to complete the project. Defendants contend
that they were denied an opportunity to cure any defects. They contend further that
Plaintiffs failed to pay for the necessary construction materials and, at any rate, did not
even close on their house in Texas until March 2019. In response, Plaintiffs state that they
paid Defendants over $100,000 and the project still went unfinished. Plaintiffs also note
the Trial Court’s credibility findings. Plaintiffs state that all they wanted “was a complete
home, as promised by [Defendants] … that would be ready for them, first by Thanksgiving
2018, then by the time they moved from Texas to Tennessee. … [T]hey continued to work
with him and hear his excuses for five months after the project should have been
completed.”

       The Trial Court found that “Mr. Bilbrey breached the contract by failing to complete
it by Thanksgiving of 2018.” The evidence does not preponderate against this or any of
the Trial Court’s factual findings. As was its prerogative, the Trial Court did not credit Mr.
Bilbrey’s excuses for why he was unable to finish the job on time. By contrast, the Trial
Court credited Plaintiffs’ testimony. We find no clear and convincing evidence in this
record that would serve to overturn the Trial Court’s credibility determinations. To the
extent Defendants assert that they were denied an opportunity to cure any defects, the
dispositive “defect” at issue was untimeliness, which Defendants could not cure after the
time limit for completion elapsed. Defendants make much of the fact that Plaintiffs did
not fire them right away when the project was not finished by Thanksgiving of 2018.
However, that Plaintiffs did not fire Defendants right away when under the Agreement they
could have done so does not mean that Defendants were entitled to put off finishing the
project indefinitely. Defendants’ position appears to be that they could unilaterally
determine when, if ever, to finish Plaintiffs’ barndominium—that not only was time not of
the essence, it was not a consideration at all. Defendants are mistaken.

2
  Defendants ask us to disregard certain deposition testimony of Mr. Bilbrey which Plaintiffs cite in their
brief but is not found in the appellate record. We agree with Defendants on this point. We confine our
review exclusively to that which is contained in the appellate record.
                                                   -12-
       Even if we err in our determination that time is of the essence under the Agreement,
Defendants had to finish the job sometime. For Plaintiffs, completion of the barndominium
was the whole point of the Agreement. Failure to complete the barndominium deprived
Plaintiffs of their expected benefit under the Agreement. There comes a point in time
when, even in a construction contract that is not a time is of the essence contract, the
builder’s unjustified delay becomes a material breach. Under the Agreement, construction
was to take approximately six months. It was roughly another five months past the stated
completion date when Plaintiffs fired Defendants. While Tennessee caselaw is clear that
time generally is not of the essence in construction contracts, a builder does not have
forever in which to complete a project. A builder’s significant, indefinite, and unjustified
delay is tantamount to not performing under a construction contract and may well constitute
a material breach.

       In sum, we hold that time was of the essence under the Agreement. Defendants’
failure to complete the barndominium by Thanksgiving of 2018 constituted a material
breach of the Agreement. However, even if time were not of the essence, Defendants’
significant unjustified delay and failure to complete the barndominium after eleven months
constituted a material breach of the Agreement. To hold otherwise would make such a
contract illusory as the contractor would have no obligation under the contract to complete
his work. On the other hand, Plaintiffs committed no breach of the Agreement in firing
Defendants when they did; they did not have to wait on Defendants forever. We affirm the
judgment of the Trial Court.

                                       Conclusion

      The judgment of the Trial Court is affirmed, and this cause is remanded to the Trial
Court for collection of the costs below. The costs on appeal are assessed against the
Appellants, Roger Bilbrey and Bilbrey’s Construction, Inc., and their surety, if any.

                                          ____________________________________
                                          D. MICHAEL SWINEY, CHIEF JUDGE

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