Court Opinion

ID: 3199637
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-05-02 20:01:09.384567+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:37:02.104073
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                         FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAY 02 2016

                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT                     U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

AZU IBE OTAH,                                    No. 13-73242

              Petitioner,                        Agency No. A024-264-583

 v.
                                                 MEMORANDUM*
LORETTA E. LYNCH, Attorney General,

              Respondent.

AZU IBE OTAH,                                    No. 14-70528

              Petitioner,                        Agency No. A024-264-583

 v.

LORETTA E. LYNCH, Attorney General,

              Respondent.

                      On Petitions for Review of Orders of the
                          Board of Immigration Appeals

      *
        This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
                                          1
                            Submitted April 15, 2016**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: NOONAN, BEA, and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges.

      Azu Otah is a citizen of Nigeria who entered the United States in 1980 on a

six-month visitor visa and never left. In 2004, Otah was convicted of a

misdemeanor violation of Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11550(a) (using or being

under the influence of a controlled substance), for which he received a 120-day

sentence. In 2006, Otah was convicted of a felony violation of Cal. Veh. Code

§ 10851(a) (taking or driving a vehicle without the consent of the owner), for

which he received a two-year sentence. Immigration authorities detained Otah in

2010 and issued him a Notice to Appear. An immigration judge (“IJ”) found Otah

removable for having overstayed his visa and for having been convicted of a

controlled-substance offense. The IJ also denied Otah’s requests for asylum,

adjustment of status, voluntary departure, withholding of removal, and relief under

the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). The Board of Immigration Appeals

(“BIA”) dismissed Otah’s appeal, and also denied Otah’s motion for

reconsideration. Otah petitions for review of the BIA’s decisions. We have

jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny the petitions for review.

      **
         The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without
oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
                                         2
      1. Otah conceded that he is removable for having overstayed his visa. We

agree with the BIA that Otah is also removable for having been convicted of

violating a state law “relating to a controlled substance (as defined in [21 U.S.C.

§ 802]).” 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i). California’s controlled-substances laws are

divisible by substance, and a violation of Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11550(a)

renders an alien removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) if the conviction

relates to a federally controlled substance. See, e.g., United States v.

Torre–Jimenez, 771 F.3d 1163, 1165–67 (9th Cir. 2014). Here, the Notice to

Appear alleged that Otah was convicted of violating Cal. Health & Safety Code

§ 11550(a) for using or being under the influence of cocaine, a federally controlled

substance. Otah admitted, at the pleading stage, to this charge, which is sufficient

to establish removability. See Pagayon v. Holder, 675 F.3d 1182, 1190 (9th Cir.

2011) (per curiam) (amended opinion) (“[I]t is clear that Pagayon made a ‘pleading

stage’ admission that he had been convicted of a drug offense involving

                                            3
methamphetamine; that admission alone established his removability.”);

Perez–Mejia v. Holder, 663 F.3d 403, 410–15 (9th Cir. 2011).1

      2. The BIA correctly concluded that Otah is ineligible for adjustment of

status because his Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11550(a) conviction—for using or

being under the influence of cocaine—renders him inadmissible. See 8 U.S.C.

§§ 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II), 1255(a).

      3. The BIA correctly concluded that Otah’s Cal. Veh. Code § 10851(a)

conviction is an “aggravated felony” conviction that renders him ineligible for

asylum and voluntary departure. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(a)(43)(G),

1158(b)(2)(A)(ii), (B)(i), 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), 1229c(a)(1); 8 C.F.R. § 1240.26(b)(1),

(c)(1)(iii). Cal. Veh. Code § 10851(a) is an “aggravated felony” if committed as a

principal. See Duenas–Alvarez v. Holder, 733 F.3d 812, 814–15 (9th Cir. 2013).

Otah’s pleading-stage admission to the charges in the Notice to Appear establishes

      1
         The documents of conviction also establish that Otah was convicted of
violating Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11550(a) for using or being under the
influence of cocaine. See Medina–Lara v. Holder, 771 F.3d 1106, 1111–15 (9th
Cir. 2014) (amended opinion). Before us, Otah objects to the use of uncertified
copies of the documents of conviction, but Otah did not raise that objection to the
IJ or the BIA, and we therefore lack jurisdiction to review it. See Barron v.
Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 674, 677–78 (9th Cir. 2004). Furthermore, the dismissal of
Otah’s Cal. Health & Safety Code § 11550(a) conviction under Cal. Penal Code
§ 1203.4 does not change the immigration consequences of that conviction. See
Nunez–Reyes v. Holder, 646 F.3d 684, 695 & n.7 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc).
                                          4
that he was convicted of violating Cal. Veh. Code § 10851(a) as a principal, and,

thus, that he was convicted of an “aggravated felony,” rendering him ineligible for

these forms of relief. See Pagayon, 675 F.3d at 1190; Perez–Mejia, 663 F.3d at

410–15, 418–19.2

      4. Although Otah presented several grounds supporting his withholding-of-

removal claim to the IJ and the BIA, before us, he argues only that, if he were

removed to Nigeria, he would be persecuted by Nigerian officials due to his

California drug conviction. We agree with the BIA that “drug convicts” do not

constitute a “particular social group” entitled to seek withholding of removal. See 8

U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3); Arteaga v. Mukasey, 511 F.3d 940, 946 (9th Cir. 2007);

Shafiei v. INS, 877 F.2d 64 (9th Cir. 1989) (unpublished table decision); Toussaint

v. Attorney Gen. of the United States, 455 F.3d 409, 417–18 (3d Cir. 2006); Elien

v. Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 392, 397 (1st Cir. 2004); Bastanipour v. INS, 980 F.2d 1129,

1132 (7th Cir. 1992). We therefore find no error in the BIA’s denial of Otah’s

withholding-of-removal claim.

      5. Otah claims that he is entitled to CAT relief because, if he were removed

to Nigeria, he would be imprisoned for having been convicted of a drug crime in

      2
        The documents of conviction also establish that Otah was convicted of
violating Cal. Veh. Code § 10851(a) as a principal. See Duenas–Alvarez, 733 F.3d
at 814–15.
                                          5
the United States, and that he would consequently be denied necessary medical

treatment for diabetes and a kidney condition. The IJ found Otah’s fear of torture

speculative, and the BIA summarily affirmed the IJ’s decision. The evidence in the

record does not compel the conclusion that it is more likely than not that Otah

would be tortured by or with the acquiescence of Nigerian officials if he were

removed to Nigeria. See Shrestha v. Holder, 590 F.3d 1034, 1048–49 (9th Cir.

2010); see also, e.g., In re J-F-F-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 912, 917–22 (A.G. 2006); In re

M-B-A-, 23 I. & N. Dec. 474, 479–80 (BIA 2002). Eneh v. Holder, 601 F.3d 943,

946–49 (9th Cir. 2010), and Bosede v. Mukasey, 512 F.3d 946, 951–52 (7th Cir.

2008), are distinguishable. In those cases, the IJ and the BIA did not fully consider

the evidence presented, and the evidence showed that Nigerian officials

intentionally mistreated prisoners with HIV. Otah does not suggest that the IJ or

the BIA failed fully to consider the evidence that he proffered, and he proffered no

evidence suggesting that Nigerian officials single out prisoners with diabetes or

kidney problems for mistreatment.

      6. Although Otah petitions for review of the BIA’s order denying his motion

for reconsideration, he has presented no argument suggesting that the BIA erred in

denying that motion. We deem the issue waived. See Martinez–Serrano v. INS, 94

F.3d 1256, 1259–60 (9th Cir. 1996).

                                          6
      PETITIONS FOR REVIEW DENIED.3

      3
        Otah filed a motion to proceed pro se, which was docketed after we filed an
order granting his prior counsel’s motion to withdraw, removing Otah from the
Court’s pro bono representation program, and allowing Otah to proceed pro se. To
the extent it is necessary to do so, we GRANT Otah’s motion to proceed pro se.
All other outstanding motions are DENIED.
                                         7