Court Opinion

ID: 9831665
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-01 21:16:29.418034+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:43:36.844498
License: Public Domain

NEALON, Chief Justice.
Plaintiff in error, W. R. Clark, sued J. E. Turk and defendants in. error, Albert West, Jr. and Aetna Casualty & Surety Company, for damages on account of personal injuries to himself and his son and damages to plaintiff’s automobile resulting from an automobile collision that took place on or about June 13, 1936. The parties will be referred to as they were designated in the District Court, except that Albert West, Jr. will be referred to as defendant sheriff, and the Aetna Casualty & Surety Company as defendant Company. On the day mentioned Albert West, Jr. was the sheriff of Bexar County and 'defendant Company was the surety upon his official bond, -which was conditioned as required by statute. J. E. Turk was the duly qualified and acting deputy of Albert West, Jr. In the night of that day Turk was driving an automobile which, with permission of defendant sheriff, he used in the discharge of his duties as deputy, and collided with the car in which plaintiff and his son were driving. There was sufficient evidence to justify a finding that the injuries Clark received and on account of which he sued were occasioned by the negligent driving of Turk. Turk was returning from the scene of another automobile collision to which he had been called by telephone message. He was conveying H. A. Hoenke ánd a negro at the time of the collision that occasioned this action. Turk claimed that he was taking these two men to a hospital that they might receive medical attention. Plaintiff claimed ' that Hoenke was under arrest upon a charge of drunkenness in a public place, and was being conveyed to the City of San Antonio in custody. One witness swore that he heard Turk order Hoenke to get into the automobile and warn him that he was under arrest. Another witness testified that defendant sheriff told him that he *571had arrested Hoenke for drunkenness. This last testimony was excluded so far as it affected defendant Company. Hoenke was mortally injured in the accident. The physician who attended him at the hospital shortly after he was injured testified that there was an odor of alcohol upon his breath. The court instructed a verdict in favor of defendant sheriff and defendant Company and submitted the issues as between plaintiff and defendant Turk to a jury. Upon the verdict returned judgment was entered in favor of plaintiff against Turk and in favor of defendant sheriff and defendant Company against plaintiff. From the judgment in favor of the sheriff and defendant Company, plaintiff prosecutes this writ of error, Turk did not appeal.
Opinion.
Plaintiff in error insists that there was evidence demanding the submission to the jury of the question of the liability of defendant sheriff and his surety, defendant Company. He contends that there was evidence that Turk, as deputy sheriff, had arrested Hoenke for drunkenness in a public place and was engaged in the performance of an official duty in keeping him in "custody and that, therefore, defendant sheriff and defendant Company were liable for the injuries occasioned.by Turk’s negligence. Defendants insist that there was no evidence that Turk had made a lawful arrest of Hoenke, and that in any event neither the sheriff nor the surety company were liable for damages occasioned by his negligent operation of the automobile upon a public-highway.
First we will consider the question of whether there was evidence that deputy sheriff Turk arrested Hoenke and was conveying him to the City in custody at the time of the collision with plaintiff’s car. In passing upon this we must, of course, consider only the evidence most favorable to plaintiff. It is not denied that Turk was on night duty in the sheriff’s office when the telephone message came telling of a wreck upon the road and that, under orders from someone in charge of the office, he proceeded to the scene of the wreck. He found that a negro had been killed and that traffic was in confusion. He commenced directing traffic upon the road. He testified that deputy sheriff Minor called him from this work and told him to take Hoenke, who was bleeding from a wound on the head, to a hospital and that a negro came up and stated that he also was hurt and requested that he be taken to the hospital. Paul Schirmer testified that he saw the deputy sheriffs at the scene of the first wreck; that Hoenke did not appear to be in a serious condition; that Turk said to Hoenke, “Here, get in that car, you are under arrest; get in the car”; and that Turk left the scene of the wreck with Hoenke. Johnny Hoenke, a brother of the deceased Hoenke, testified that defendant sheriff told him that he had to “arrest my brother for drunkenness and for murder so that they could take him to town,” and that defendant sheriff further told him that deputy Turk and deputy Minor, who also went to the scene of the accident, told the sheriff that Hoenke was drunk, and that that was the reason they arrested him. Walter Kneupper testified that defendant sheriff, on the night of the accident, told him that he had been told the boys were drunk. By the boys was meant the deceased Hoenke and some other. Since the uncon-tradicted evidence is that the entire occurrence was upon a public highway, the evidence to which attention has been called is sufficient to require submission to the jury of the issue of whether Turk, in the performance of his duty as a deputy sheriff, arrested Hoenke for drunkenness in a public place and was engaged in the performance of his duty and had him under arrest at the time of the collision with plaintiff’s car.
Article 477 of the Penal Code, which is a part of Title 9, relating to “Offenses Against The Public Peace,” provides that whoever shall get drunk or be found in a state of intoxication in any public place shall be fined not exceeding $100, thus making drunkenness in a public place an offense against the public peace. Article 212 of the Code of Criminal Procedure authorizes a peace officer to arrest an offender without warrant when the offense is committed in his presence or within his view, if the offense is one that is classified as “against the public peace.” A person is said to be arrested when he has been actually placed under restraint or taken into custody by the officer, Article 239 C.C.P., and though an officer should make known to one arrested under wliat authority the arrest is made Article 233, C.C.P., it is not necessary to use formal words in making an arrest, and the fact *572of arrest can be shown by surrounding facts and circumstances. Bonatz v. State, 85 Tex.Cr.R. 292, 212 S.W. 494. Therefore, if Turk, without a warrant, actually placed Hoenke under arrest upon a charge of drunkenness in a public place, the arrest was a lawful one and the act of Turk was the act of the sheriff. This is true whether Hoenke was guilty or not. King v. Brown, 100 Tex. 109, 94 S.W. 328; Riter v. Neatherly, Tex.Civ.App., 157 S.W. 439. Sheriffs are responsible for the official acts of their deputies, Article 6870, R.C.S., and are liable for the wrongful acts of their deputies done in their official capacity. Hays v. Creary, 60 Tex. 445; Mendoza v. Singer Sewing Machine Co., 125 Tex. 639, 84 S.W.2d 715, citing Luck v. Zapp, 1 Tex.Civ.App. 528, 21 S.W. 418; King v. Brown, supra, and other cases; 12 Texas Law Review 501. And it follows that when the sheriff is liable because the act is done by the deputy in his official capacity, the surety upon the sheriff's official bond is likewise liable. This liability extends not only to the person arrested or against whose property process is directed, but likewise to third persons who may be injured through the negligence of the deputy while engaged in the performance of an official duty. Mechem on Public Offices and Officers, Sec. 798, citing Campbell v. Phelps, 17 Mass. 244; Norton v. Nye, 56 Me. 211; Rider v. Chick, 59 N.H. 50; State to Use of Russell v. Moore, 19 Mo. 369, 61 Am.Dec. 563. See, also, Holliman v. Carroll’s Adm’rs, 27 Tex. 23, 84 Am.Dec. 606; Myers v. Colquitt, Tex.Civ.App., 173 S.W. 993. This last cited case construes Brown v. Wallis, Tex.Civ.App., 101 S.W. 1068, 1069, as determining that the official character of an act is not determined by its lawfulness nor by the existence of good faith vel non upon the part of the officer performing the act. Stephenson v. Sinclair, 14 Tex.Civ.App. 133, 36 S.W. 137. Nor is it a valid defense upon the part of either the Surety Company or the sheriff that plaintiff’s damage may have been occasioned by negligent driving upon the part of Turk. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. v. Samuels, 116 Ohio St. 586, 157 N.E. 325, 53 A.L.R. 36. That a deputy sheriff uses an unlawful method in performing a duty and thereby inflicts damage does not absolve the sheriff or his surety from liability. Moore v. Lindsay, 31 Tex. Civ.App. 13, 71 S.W. 298.
We have examined carefully the authorities cited by defendants in error. Most of them are readily distinguishable upon the ground that the courts held that the offending officers were not acting in the performance of official duties. If others'bear contrary interpretation to what we now hold we think that they are not in harmony with the tenor of judicial decision in this State. While it is the duty of a peace officer to arrest one guilty of committing an offense against the public peace in his presence and he may do so without securing a warrant, it is just as much his duty, under the same circumstances, to keep his prisoner in custody until he can reach a magistrate.
From what has been said it follows that the action of the District Court in instructing verdicts in favor of defendant sheriff and defendant Company must be reversed and the cause remanded as to them.
As Turk did not appeal the judgment against him will not be disturbed.
Reversed and remanded.