Court Opinion

ID: 4686058
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-12 15:05:13.2529+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:31.692060
License: Public Domain

Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                          Opinion filed May 12, 2021.
       Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                            ________________

                             No. 3D19-1738
                       Lower Tribunal No. 11-17213
                          ________________

    Compañia General Financiera y Desarrollo, S.A., etc.,
                         Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

                                     vs.

 BNP Paribas, S.A. f/k/a La Banque Nationale de Paris, etc.,
                         Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

      An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Reemberto
Diaz and Norma S. Lindsey, Judges.

     Ainsworth + Clancy, PLLC, and Ryan M. Clancy, John G.M.
Ainsworth, and Yamila Lorenzo, for appellant/cross-appellee.

      Holland & Knight LLP, and Rodolfo Sorondo Jr., Rebecca M.
Plasencia, Adolfo E. Jimenez, and Brian A. Briz, for appellee/cross-
appellant.

Before EMAS, C.J., and HENDON and MILLER, JJ.

     HENDON, J.
     The plaintiff below, Compañia General Financiera y Desarrollo, S.A.

(“COFISA”), appeals from (1) an order finding that its breach of contract

claim fails under applicable Nicaraguan law, (2) an order denying its motion

for rehearing, and (3) the final judgment entered in favor of the defendant

below, BNP Paribas, S.A., formerly known as La Banque Nationale de

Paris (“BNPP”).   BNPP cross-appeals from the “Order on Defendant’s

Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint and for Attorneys’ Fees for

Plaintiff’s Fraud on the Court which the Court Treats as a Motion in Limine

to Exclude Non-Authentic Documents.” For the reasons that follow, we

affirm the orders and final judgment appealed by COFISA, but reverse the

order cross appealed by BNPP.

     In 2011, COFISA filed suit against BNPP. In its amended complaint,

COFISA asserted a breach of contract claim against BNPP, seeking to hold

BNPP liable for five certificates of deposit (“CD” or “CDs”), totaling

$578,846.33, that it allegedly purchased from BNPP. 1 These CDs were

originally issued by Banco Central de Nicaragua (“Central Bank”) to BNPP

in the 1980s, and thereafter, in 1994, BNPP endorsed the matured CDs to

1
  The five CDs were issued between March 1982 and April 1984, with the
March 1982 CD having a three-year maturity date and the remaining CDs
having five-year maturity dates.      As translated, the CDs are titled
“Negotiable Certificates of Deposit.”

                                     2
COFISA. 2    COFISA attached to the amended complaint, among other

things, the CDs and the corresponding Contract for each CD dated March

12, 1982 (“Contract” or “Contracts”), which were executed on different

dates although the Contracts were all dated March 12, 1982.            Each

Contract includes a provision allowing the CD to automatically renew for up

to twenty-five years. In the amended complaint, COFISA also alleged that

it filed a formal demand for payment against Central Bank, but Central

Bank refused to make payment for the CDs.              Thereafter, COFISA

attempted to collect payment on the CDs from BNPP, but BNPP refused to

pay.

       BNPP filed its answer and affirmative defenses, asserting that under

Nicaraguan law, COFISA’s breach of contract claim fails because (1) the

CDs were endorsed without recourse, and (2) the claim is barred under the

applicable statute of limitations.

       BNPP moved to dismiss the amended complaint with prejudice as a

sanction for COFISA’s fraud on the court and sought an award of attorney’s

2
  The amended complaint states that following the Sandinista revolution in
Nicaragua in 1979, financial institutions were nationalized and the assets of
foreign banks, including BNPP, were seized. Further, “following much
political pressure and negotiations with foreign creditor banks during the
1980s, the government of Nicaragua by and through the Banco Central de
Nicaragua agreed to make partial payment to BNP PARIBAS” through the
issuance of certificates of deposits.

                                     3
fees.     BNPP asserted that the Contracts attached to the amended

complaint were fake documents manufactured during a time in which these

purported Contracts were in the sole possession of COFISA. BNPP also

asserted that COFISA manufactured dozens of letters purportedly sent

between 1994 and 2011, to create a phony paper trail of communications

to bolster COFISA’s fraudulent claims against BNPP.

        In January 2015, the trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing on

BNPP’s motion to dismiss for fraud on the court. At the hearing, BNPP

presented the testimony of, among others, Gerald LaPorte, a forensic ink

chemist and document dating specialist, and John Millard, the attorney who

worked for the creditor banks when the CDs were issued.

        LaPorte testified that based on his analysis of the original documents

produced by COFISA, the Contracts “were not produced, created and

signed on the purported dates.” LaPorte based his expert opinion on the

following cumulative findings:

          • The Contracts did not have any staple holes, significant
            paperclip markings, or rust from paperclips.
          • The CDs had typical aspects of an older document, such as
            authentic yellowing of the paper, natural aging, rust stains,
            deterioration around the periphery. In contrast, the Contracts
            did not have any of these signs of natural aging or of an older
            document, and they were printed on bright white paper that was
            not typically used in the 1980s.
          • The Contracts had been spoliated with a dirt-like material to
            appear old, and LaPorte was 100% certain “that this is not

                                       4
            natural aging.”
        •   The Contracts were spoliated after the lawsuit was filed in 2011
            because the “original” Contracts he physically examined in
            2012 contained significant staining, but the staining did not
            appear on the copies of the Contracts that were attached to
            either the complaint or amended complaint. In contrast, the
            staining that appeared on the CDs were captured in the
            photocopies that were attached to the complaint.
        •   The same blue ballpoint ink pen was used to sign the Contracts
            between 1982 and 1984, which is an indication that they were
            signed simultaneously.
        •   The font used in the Contracts was consistent with Courier New
            font, which was not introduced until 1993.
        •   The Contracts were prepared using ink jet printers, but ink jet
            technology was introduced in 1984, and the quality of the ink jet
            on the Contracts was not available until later.
        •   There was a small printing defect on the all five Contracts,
            indicating that they came from the same printer and were
            created contemporaneously.
        •   The letterhead on the Contracts had a slight tilt, which LaPorte
            determined was from electronic cutting and pasting; the logo
            used was not used until 2000 or 2001; and the letterhead on
            the CDs was different than the letterhead on the Contracts.

     Millard’s testimony reflects that he worked for Shearman & Sterling

LLP, restructuring Nicaragua’s foreign debt. As part of this project, the law

firm kept structural files with execution copies of documents, which are the

final version of the documents that were ultimately executed. One of those

documents is the Certificate of Deposit Agreement dated March 12, 1982

(“CD Agreement”) issued to BNPP, which Millard actually drafted. Millard’s

testimony reflects that the CD Agreement in the structural files were

different from the Contracts attached to the amended complaint. For

                                     5
example, (1) the CD Agreement in the structural files were in English,

whereas the Contracts attached to the amended complaint were in

Spanish, and (2) the CD Agreement in the structural files did not contain a

twenty-five-year automatic renewal provision whereas the Contracts

attached to the amended complaint had a twenty-five year renewal

provision.

      At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court found that BNPP

established by clear and convincing evidence that the Contracts attached

to the amended complaint “are not authentic, original documents that were

created and signed in 1982 and may not be used in this case.” In doing so,

the trial court credited the testimonies of, among others, LaPorte and

Millard. The trial court, however, denied the motion to dismiss for fraud on

the court.

      BNPP moved for clarification of the trial court’s oral ruling. At the

conclusion of the hearing on the motion for clarification, the trial court

stated that, although it held that the Contracts were not authentic, “[w]ho is

responsible for that, specifically, there was not clear and convincing

evidence to make that finding.”     The trial court then stated that it was

treating BNPP’s motion to dismiss for fraud on the court as a motion in

limine, and it was excluding the evidence because they are not authentic.

                                      6
Thereafter, the trial court entered the “Order on Defendant’s Motion to

Dismiss the Amended Complaint and For Attorney’s Fees for Plaintiff’s

Fraud on the Court which the Court Treats as a Motion in Limine to Exclude

Non-Authentic Documents,” which BNPP has cross appealed.

      BNPP moved for summary judgment, asserting that COFISA’s claims

for payment on the CDs are time barred under Nicaraguan law. BNPP

asserted that CD Agreement is the contract that controls payment

obligations for each CDs.

      COFISA thereafter filed a second amend complaint, asserting that the

CD Agreement refutes BNPP’s statute of limitations defense. COFISA also

alleged that after Central Bank entered into the CD Agreement and issued

the five CDs to BNPP, BNPP thereafter unconditionally endorsed the five

CDs to COFISA without any restriction or limitation as to its own liability for

payment on the CDs.            Further, under Nicaraguan law, BNPP’s

unconditional and unrestricted endorsement of the CDs makes BNPP

jointly and severally liable with the issuer (Central Bank) for the payment

obligations of the CDs.

      The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. Following a

hearing, the trial court entered an order denying both motions for summary

judgment, but scheduled an evidentiary hearing to determine the applicable

                                      7
Nicaraguan law. The trial court conducted the evidentiary hearing, during

which the parties presented testimony and evidence to support their

respective positions and admitted numerous exhibits.         The trial court

reserved ruling.

     The trial court entered the twenty-seven-page Order on Nicaraguan

Law, dismissing the second amended complaint with prejudice. The trial

court concluded that COFISA’s breach of contract claim against BNPP fails

under applicable Nicaraguan law because (1) based on the timing of

BNPP’s endorsement, BNPP transferred the five CDs to COFISA without

recourse, and (2) COFISA’s claim is time barred. COFISA filed a motion

for rehearing, and thereafter, the trial court entered the “Order Denying

Motion for Rehearing and Entering Final Judgment” and the “Final

Judgment by Judge.” COFISA’s appeal and BNPP’s cross-appeal follow.

     COFISA contends that the trial court erred in its application of

Nicaraguan law. 3 We disagree.

      “A lower court’s application of a foreign jurisdiction’s law is reviewed

de novo.” Claflin v. Claflin, 288 So. 3d 774, 777 (Fla. 1st DCA 2020); see

also Transportes Aereos Nacionales, S.A. v. De Brenes, 625 So. 2d 4, 5

(Fla. 3d DCA 1993) (“A trial court’s determination of foreign law is treated

3
  The parties agree that Nicaraguan law applies pursuant to the CD
Agreement.

                                     8
as a ruling on a question of law over which an appellate court exercises

plenary review.”). Based on our de novo review, we agree with the trial

court’s thorough and well-reasoned examination of Nicaraguan law,

determining that BNPP’s transfer of the five CDs to COFISA was without

recourse, and (2) if with recourse, COFISA’s claim was nonetheless time

barred. Accordingly, we affirm the orders appealed by COFISA.

     BNPP argues that the trial court erred by failing to dismiss the action

with prejudice for fraud on the court where BNPP established by clear and

convincing evidence that COFISA was responsible for the fraudulent

unauthentic Contracts attached to the amended complaint. 4 We agree.

     A trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for fraud on the court is

reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. However, as a dismissal

for fraud on the court must be based on clear and convincing evidence, the

abuse of discretion standard is “somewhat narrowed.”     See Diaz v. Home

Depot USA, Inc., 196 So. 3d 504, 505 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016).

     Dismissal for fraud on the court is an extreme sanction that is

appropriate only where “it is established by clear and convincing evidence

‘that a party has sentiently set in motion some unconscionable scheme

calculated to interfere with the judicial system’s ability to adjudicate a

4
 COFISA does not challenge the trial court’s finding that the Contracts
were not authentic.

                                    9
matter by improperly influencing the trier of fact or unfairly hampering the

presentation of the opposing party’s claim or defense.” Id. (quoting Hair v.

Morton, 36 So. 3d 766, 769 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (quoting Cox v. Burke, 706

So. 2d 43, 46 (Fla. 5th DCA 1998)); see also Metro. Dade Cnty. v.

Martinsen, 736 So. 2d 794, 795 (Fla. 3d DCA 1999) (quoting Hanono v.

Murphy, 723 So. 2d 892, 895 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998)) (“It is well-settled law

‘that a party who has been guilty of fraud or misconduct in the prosecution

or defense of a civil proceeding should not be permitted to continue to

employ the very institution it has subverted to achieve her ends.’”).

      In the instant case, COFISA presented evidence that the CDs and the

Contracts had been in their exclusive possession since 1994. To explain

why the Contracts showed signs of natural aging, but the CDs did not, the

secretary to COFISA’s board of directors explained that the Contracts were

separated from their corresponding CD.          After being separated, the

Contracts were stored in a wooden filing cabinet, whereas the CDs were

stored in a metal filing cabinet. This testimony, however, was contradicted

by COFISA’s president, who testified the CDs and the Contracts were

stored together in a safe deposit box.       Moreover, LaPorte’s testimony

reflects that the unauthentic Contracts were spoliated sometime after the

lawsuit was filed in 2011, which was at a time when the Contracts and CDs

                                     10
were in COFISA’s exclusive possession.

     Based on the evidence presented at the evidentiary hearing, BNPP

established by clear and convincing evidence that COFISA was

responsible for the fraudulent, unauthentic Contracts that were attached to

the complaint and amended complaint. In perpetrating the fraud on the

court, COFISA attached to its complaint and amended complaint fraudulent

Contracts that were considerably more favorable than the contracts that

were actually executed approximately thirty years ago.        Therefore, we

reverse the trial court’s order denying the motion to dismiss for fraud on the

court, and remand with instructions for the trial court to enter an order

dismissing the amended complaint with prejudice for fraud on the court.

     Affirmed, in part; reversed, in part, and remanded with directions.

                                     11