Court Opinion

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Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

7-7-2006

Stevens v. Horn
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 04-9011 & 04-9013

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                                                          NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                            Nos. 04-9011 & 04-9013
                              ________________

                              ANDRE STEVENS

                                        v.

    MARTIN HORN, Commissioner, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections;
 CONNER BLAINE, Superintendent of the State Correctional Institution at Greene;
JOSEPH P. MAZURKIEWICZ, Superintendent of the State Correctional Institution at
                              Rockview,
                                                     Appellants in No. 04-9011
                          ________________

                              ANDRE STEVENS,
                                                         Appellant in No. 04-9013

                                        v.

    MARTIN HORN, Commissioner, Pennsylvania Department of Corrections;
 CONNER BLAINE, Superintendent of the State Correctional Institution at Greene;
JOSEPH P. MAZURKIEWICZ, Superintendent of the State Correctional Institution at
                              Rockview
               ____________________________________

                 On Appeal From the United States District Court
                    For the Western District of Pennsylvania
                           (D.C. Civ. No. 99-cv-01918)
                   District Judge: Honorable Arthur J. Schwab
                 _______________________________________

                   Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 July 6, 2006

    Before: VAN ANTWERPEN, ALDISERT and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges.

                               (Filed July 7, 2006)
                                _______________________

                                       OPINION
                                _______________________

VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.

         In this appeal and cross-appeal in a capital case, the Commonwealth of

Pennsylvania and Andre Stevens ask us to review the District Court’s partial grant of

Stevens’s petition for writ of habeas corpus. We will affirm the judgment of the District

Court in all respects.

                                              I.

         Stevens was convicted at a 1993 bench trial on two counts of first-degree murder.1

At trial, Stevens did not dispute that he shot his estranged wife, Brenda Jo Stevens, and

her acquaintance, Michael Love, at a Beaver County, Pennsylvania, bar. A jury was

empaneled for the capital sentencing phase. It unanimously found the existence of

aggravating factors, and it unanimously found that those aggravating factors outweighed

the mitigating factors. Stevens was sentenced to death. On direct appeal, the Supreme

Court of Pennsylvania affirmed. Commonwealth v. Stevens, 670 A.2d 623, 627-28 (Pa.

1996).

   1
     We discuss the relevant facts of the case in the course of resolving the parties’
arguments. For a full account of the offense and procedural history, the interested reader
is referred to the District Court’s thorough opinion. See Stevens v. Horn, 319 F. Supp. 2d
592, 617 (W.D. Pa. 2004).

                                              2
       Shortly thereafter, Stevens filed a petition pursuant to the Pennsylvania Post-

Conviction Relief Act (PCRA). The PCRA court denied relief. In affirming, the

Pennsylvania Supreme Court split, 5-2, on the merits of Stevens’s claim that trial counsel

rendered ineffective assistance at the guilt phase by failing to investigate, develop, and

present a diminished capacity defense. See Commonwealth v. Stevens, 739 A.2d 507,

511-16 (Pa. 1999). Unanimously, the court rejected Stevens’s argument that counsel

ineffectively failed to argue that a potential juror was improperly excluded under

Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 522 (1968). Id. at 520-21.

       Several months later, Stevens filed his federal habeas petition. In the petition, he

raised fourteen claims, including, inter alia, that (a) counsel ineffectively failed to

formulate and press a diminished capacity defense and (b) the potential juror’s exclusion

constituted a Witherspoon violation. The District Court denied relief on the

ineffectiveness claim, which was Stevens’s only guilt-phase claim. The District Court

granted relief on Stevens’s Witherspoon claim. Stevens v. Horn, 319 F. Supp. 2d 592,

617 (W.D. Pa. 2004). It did not reach Stevens’s remaining sentencing claims. Both

Stevens and the Commonwealth timely appealed.2

   2
    The Commonwealth’s appeal of the grant of habeas relief on the Witherspoon issue
was docketed at C.A. No. 04-9011. Stevens’s appeal was docketed at C.A. No. 04-9013.
Previously, we granted Stevens a certificate of appealability as to his guilt-phase claim.
See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2).

                                               3
                                            II.3

                                             A.

       Stevens argued in his habeas petition that his trial attorney, Wayne Lipecky, Esq.,

provided constitutionally inadequate representation by failing to investigate, develop, and

present a diminished capacity defense. To establish ineffectiveness on the part of

Lipecky, Stevens was required to show both that (a) the attorney performed unreasonably

under prevailing professional norms and (b) there exists a “reasonable probability” that,

but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, he would not have been convicted. See

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688-89, 694 (1984).

       Stevens originally retained Wendell Freeland, Esq., to represent him. Freeland

subsequently withdrew because of the cost of hiring mental health experts, and the trial

court appointed the Beaver County Public Defender’s Office to represent Stevens.

Lipecky, representing that office, ultimately took over the primary responsibility for the

case. Stevens contends that Lipecky failed to forward certain categories of evidence—a

journal, Stevens’s letters to Freeland, his complete military and employment records, and

information from family members about his childhood—to psychiatric experts. During

the state postconviction proceedings, several experts opined that, had Lipecky provided

   3
     Our appellate jurisdiction lies pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. As we discuss in detail
in the text when necessary, deferential standards govern a federal habeas court’s review
of legal and factual determinations made by state courts. See, e.g., Jacobs v. Horn, 395
F.3d 92, 100 (3d Cir. 2005). If a legal question was left unresolved by the state courts,
our review is de novo. See id.

                                             4
this information to an expert prior to trial, he would have been able to secure and present

expert testimony at the guilt phase that Stevens suffered—at the time of the offense—

from profound neuropsychological ailments. Among other things, these experts testified

that Stevens suffered from organic brain damage, psychosis, profoundly disorganized

thinking, paranoia, and extreme depression.

       The Pennsylvania Supreme Court rejected the ineffectiveness claim, holding that

Stevens had “not proved, by a preponderance of the evidence, that there was a reasonable

probability that presentation of expert testimony concerning [his] psychosis would have

successfully prevented the Commonwealth from proving . . . premeditation beyond a

reasonable doubt.” Stevens, 739 A.2d at 516. The court relied, in particular, on the trial

judge’s assertion—when sitting as the PCRA court—that even if he had had the benefit of

additional testimony concerning Stevens’s neuropsychological deficiencies, he would

nevertheless have found that Stevens acted with the specific intent to kill. Id. The PCRA

court emphasized, in particular, the evidence indicating that Stevens had purposefully

retrieved his weapon from his vehicle before returning to the bar to attack Brenda Jo and

Love. Id.

       On habeas review, the District Court denied relief on the ineffectiveness claim.

Recognizing that the state courts had not decided whether Lipecky’s performance was

unreasonably deficient, the District Court conducted a de novo review of that issue. See

Stevens, 319 F. Supp. 2d at 608 (citing Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 534 (2003)). The

                                              5
District Court generally found that Lipecky’s performance was reasonable, although it

opted not to decide whether Lipecky performed unreasonably in failing to obtain and

forward information from Stevens’s family about his life and difficult childhood.

Stevens, 319 F. Supp. 2d at 613.

       Turning to the issue of prejudice, the District Court recognized that it would

normally owe deference to the Pennsylvania state courts’ resolution of that issue.

Stevens, 319 F. Supp. 2d at 613-14. Nevertheless, it noted Stevens’s argument that the

Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s resolution of the prejudice issue—which seemed to rely

on the PCRA judge’s subjective observations about how he personally would have

viewed the evidence of neuropsychological ailments—was “contrary to” the Supreme

Court’s binding precedent on ineffectiveness. See id. at 614; see also 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d) (requiring deference by habeas courts to state courts’ legal conclusions unless

they constituted an “unreasonable application of” or were “contrary to” Supreme Court

precedent). The District Court concluded that it need not decide whether the analysis of

prejudice conducted by the state courts was “contrary to” Strickland because no prejudice

could be shown even under de novo review. Stevens, 319 F. Supp. 2d at 614.

                                             B.

       Although the substance of our analysis is somewhat different than the District

Court’s, we agree that Stevens cannot prevail on his ineffectiveness claim. In reaching

this conclusion, we exercise our discretion to decide the claim solely on the basis of the

                                             6
Strickland prejudice prong. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697 (“[i]f it is easier to dispose of

an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, which we expect

will often be so, that course should be followed”). This approach is particularly

appropriate in this case because (a) the Pennsylvania Supreme Court did not pass on the

reasonableness of Lipecky’s performance and (b) the District Court itself opted not to

decide some aspects of Stevens’s claim that Lipecky unreasonably failed to forward

evidence to the psychiatric experts.4

       In finding that Stevens had not demonstrated a reasonable probability of prejudice

under Strickland, the District Court relied on two themes. First, the District Court

   4
     We do agree with much of the District Court’s partial appraisal of Lipecky’s
performance. See Stevens, 319 F. Supp. 2d at 609-13. Notably, however, we disagree
with the District Court’s categorical rejection of Stevens’s argument that Lipecky
performed unreasonably by failing to forward information about his neuropsychiatric
condition, particularly the journal, to the Commonwealth’s own mental health expert, Dr.
Christine Martone. Dr. Martone testified on postconviction review that if Lipecky had
brought the information, particularly the journal, to her attention, it would have
profoundly affected the diagnosis she provided the prosecution. Indeed, Dr. Martone
testified that the journal suggested Stevens “was experiencing paranoid delusional
ideation prior to the shooting” and was actually psychotic at the time of the offense.
Lipecky, moreover, told the PCRA court that he had no strategic reason whatsoever for
failing to give a copy of the journal to Dr. Martone. Obviously, if Lipecky had presented
evidence that would have shaken the Commonwealth’s own expert, the course of the
prosecution and trial might have been much different. See, e.g., Clabourne v. Lewis, 64
F.3d 1373, 1385 (9th Cir. 1995) (stating that counsel committed “error in failing to
provide the state’s experts with materials they needed to develop an accurate profile of
[the capital defendant’s] mental health”); see also Stevens, 739 A.2d at 531 (separate
dissents of Justices Zappala and Nigro, relying on Lipecky’s failure to provide Dr.
Martone with relevant materials).

                                              7
concluded that Stevens had not sufficiently pointed to the existence of any admissible

evidence that would have been developed if counsel had provided better information to

the psychiatric experts. Second, the District Court concluded that there was such

“overwhelming evidence of specific intent” that Stevens simply could not demonstrate a

reasonable probability that Lipecky’s failures had altered the outcome of the guilt phase.

Of these two grounds, the second is more persuasive.

       “In Pennsylvania, diminished capacity ‘is an extremely limited defense, which

requires extensive psychiatric testimony establishing a defendant suffered from one or

more mental disorders which prevented him from formulating the specific intent to kill.’”

Jacobs v. Horn, 395 F.3d 92, 105 (3d Cir. 2005) (quoting Commonwealth v. Cuevas, 832
A.2d 388, 393 (Pa. 2003)). In the District Court’s view, Stevens pointed on

postconviction review to too little evidence suggesting he suffered from psychological

disorders that might have prevented the formulation of the specific intent to kill. Stevens,
319 F. Supp. 2d at 614-16 & n.18. Specifically, the District Court believed the

postconviction testimony of Stevens’s experts had been too focused on what they might

have been able to tell the jury at the sentencing phase (and not focused enough on what

they could have said at the guilt phase). See id. In this regard, the District Court stressed

that Dr. Rodney Altman “never stated (and in fact was never asked by Stevens’[s] PCRA

                                              8
counsel) that . . . he would have been able to testify at the guilt phase that Stevens’[s]

impairments affected his ability to formulate the specific intent to kill.” Id. at 615.5

       It is true that Dr. Altman’s testimony focused largely on what evidence he would

have been able to present at the penalty phase if fuller neuropsychological testing had

been conducted prior to trial. That said, Dr. Altman expressly testified, with the benefit

of the information available on postconviction review, that—at the time of the offense—

Stevens was likely psychotic, paranoid, schizophrenic, and exhibited a “thought process

disorder.” Dr. Ralph E. Landefeld’s testimony was similar. Notably, Dr. Christine

Martone specifically opined that she believed Stevens’s psychosis was serious enough

that he was unable to form the specific intent to kill.6 Indeed, as Stevens stresses, each of

his three primary experts agreed that he suffered from profound neuropsychological

ailments at the time of the crime. Although much of the experts’ postconviction

testimony was focused on what they might have offered at the penalty phase as mitigation

evidence, this same testimony was seemingly of the type that Pennsylvania courts have

found to be relevant and admissible as to the question of diminished capacity. See, e.g.,

Jacobs, 395 F.3d at 105; see also Commonwealth v. Legg, 711 A.2d 430, 433 (Pa. 1998)

   5
     In its analysis of the Strickland prejudice prong, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court did
not rely on this thinking. See Stevens, 739 A.2d at 515-16. Accordingly, there is no issue
of legal deference as to this. See supra n.3. As noted below, there is an issue of
deference as to the District Court’s alternative resolution of the prejudice prong.
   6
    Dr. Martone was the Commonwealth’s expert at the time of the guilt phase. See
supra n.4. Thereafter, she was hired by Stevens.

                                               9
(stressing that evidence of cognitive disorders affecting the defendant’s ability to act

deliberately or permissively was admissible).

       More convincing is the District Court’s alternative prejudice-prong conclusion,

that the evidence presented at trial was so overwhelming that Stevens could not establish

a reasonable probability that an objective trier-of-fact, even one presented with a full

diminished capacity defense supported by expert testimony, would have found him not

guilty. See Stevens, 319 F. Supp. 2d at 616-17. In Zettlemoyer v. Fulcomer, 923 F.2d
284, 297 (3d Cir. 1991), we concluded that—even if it were assumed, dubitante, that the

attorney in that capital case performed unreasonably by failing to obtain and present

evidence in support of a diminished capacity defense—the habeas petitioner could not

establish Strickland prejudice in the face of “compelling uncontroverted evidence”

establishing an intent to kill.7 In the District Court’s view, the evidence against Stevens

was analogous:

              Stevens admitted during the guilt phase of his trial that he left
              Armando's bar the night of the murders, retrieved his gun from his
              car, cocked it three times, and then reentered the bar. He stood near
              the dance floor and waited for Love and his wife to finish dancing.
              When they walked away from each other, he approached his wife,
              pressed the gun to the back of her head and shot her. He then turned
              to Love—who had raised his arms in the air— and shot him twice in

   7
    In his briefs, and echoing Justice Zappala’s dissent on PCRA appeal in state court,
Stevens takes issue with the entire idea of relying on proof of specific intent. It is clear
from Zettlemoyer, however, that we can consider evidence of specific intent when
determining whether an attorney’s failure to prove a diminished capacity defense
constituted ineffective assistance. See Zettlemoyer, 923 F.2d at 297.

                                              10
              rapid succession. He shot Love several more times while Love lay
              on the floor, including an intentional shot to his scrotum area. After
              shooting Love, he then refocused on his wife, who lay lifeless on the
              floor. He shot her again in the head and he admitted that he had
              intentionally aimed at her back.

Stevens, 319 F. Supp. 2d at 616 (internal citations omitted).

       The Pennsylvania Supreme Court provided a similar summary of the testimony:

              [T]here was testimony that, on the evening of the murders, Appellant
              became very angry when he saw Brenda Jo dancing with Love.
              Appellant slammed his forearms on the bar and stood and stared at
              Love and Brenda Jo and then left the bar. He retrieved his gun from
              beneath the seat of his vehicle and returned to the bar. Appellant
              walked toward the table area, pulled the gun from underneath his
              jacket, raised it, but then lowered it to his side and waited until Love
              and Brenda Jo were finished dancing. When they left the dance
              floor, Appellant cocked the gun and without hesitation walked up
              behind Brenda Jo and shot her in the back of the head at close range.
              He then turned to Love and shot him twice rapidly in succession, and
              fired at Love several times while he lay on the floor, including an
              intentional shot through the scrotum area. Appellant fired a last shot
              at Brenda Jo, hitting her again in the head. Appellant had fired a
              total of ten shots.

                                             11
Stevens, 739 A.2d at 516.8 The Supreme Court offered this recounting in the course of

expressly agreeing with the PCRA court when it held that, even in the face of a

diminished capacity defense fully supplemented with appropriate expert testimony, it

“would still have concluded that [Stevens] had the capacity to form the specific intent to

kill.” Id. Stevens argues that (i) the trial (and PCRA) judge erred when he relied on what

his own personal view of a fully-supported diminished capacity defense would have been

and (ii) the Pennsylvania Supreme Court exacerbated this error by deferring to the trial

judge’s subjective views. This is a fair point. Courts have generally indicated that a

determination of Strickland prejudice should be the result of an objective analysis (i.e.,

how an objective decisionmaker would have acted if counsel’s unprofessional errors had

not occurred). See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695 (stating that the inquiry into prejudice does

“not depend on the idiosyncracies of the particular decisionmaker”); see also United

States v. Moran, 393 F.3d 1, 11 n.6 (1st Cir. 2004); Miller v. Angliker, 848 F.2d 1312,

1323 (2d Cir. 1988).

   8
    The PCRA court relied on a similar summary of events. Notably, the PCRA court
specifically made this finding:

              During Appellant’s last separation from his wife, he had gone out
              with his brother-in-law in the summer prior to the shootings. At that
              time, Appellant pulled a gun out of his jacket and told his brother-in-
              law that he was going to kill his sister and a cop. The gun he had
              shown was the same as the murder weapon.

That court also stressed that Stevens’s gun had to be cocked before it could be fired.

                                             12
       However, even if the approach taken by the state courts was “contrary to”—or, at a

minimum, an “unreasonable application” of—Strickland, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d),

making deference to the state courts inappropriate, Stevens still cannot prevail. As the

District Court concluded, even under a de novo review, Stevens cannot establish a

reasonable probability that an objective trier-of-fact would have found him not guilty.

Stevens, 319 F. Supp. 2d at 614. As in Zettlemoyer, the evidence that Stevens formed,

and acted upon, the specific intent to kill was too strong. Stevens did not simply erupt

into violence when he saw Brenda Jo and Love dancing at a bar. Instead, he went to his

vehicle, located his weapon underneath a seat, and cocked it three times. He reentered the

bar, pulled the gun from underneath his coat, pointed the weapon at the ceiling and then

lowered it. He waited until Brenda Jo and Love finished dancing. These events evince a

real deliberateness, and—significantly—they indicate that Stevens acted after having a

moment to reflect.

       When Brenda Jo and Love finished their dance, Stevens again cocked the gun; he

then quickly approached Brenda Jo and shot her in close range in the back of the head.

Stevens turned to Love, whose arms were in the air. He shot Love two or three times. He

then fired several more times at Love, with the last shot being an intentional shot at the

man’s groin.9 Again, these events evince specific intent. Notably, Stevens had to cock

   9
     Stevens testified that he either thought or said, “you’ll f— no more” as he fired the
parting shot at Love.

                                             13
the gun before firing it. He fired first on Brenda Jo, then turned to Love. The placement

of his final shot at Love was obviously purposeful. After Stevens shot Love, he focused

attention again on Brenda Jo, who was lifeless on the floor. Stevens shot her again,

having—according to his own testimony—intentionally aimed at her head. As with the

prior events, these final events, too, suggest real intent. Given this overwhelming

evidence of deliberateness and purposefulness, the District Court correctly concluded that

Stevens did not establish a reasonable probability that he would have been found not

guilty if he had been able to present better testimony from psychiatric experts. The

evidence of his own crime, including the evidence he gave at the guilt phase, betray his

claim that he acted without any specific intent to kill. Zettlemoyer, 923 F.2d at 297.

           For the foregoing reasons, Stevens has not established a reasonable probability

that, but for counsel’s possible errors in failing to forward evidence to the psychiatric

experts, he would not have been convicted. Even a diminished capacity defense that was

fully supplemented by expert testimony would have been fatally undermined by the

evidence, inherent in the events of the murders, that Stevens acted with the specific intent

to kill.

                                               III.

                                                A.

           During voir dire prior to the sentencing phase, the following colloquy occurred

between potential juror Nancy Hartling and the judge:

                                                14
               Judge: Do you have an opinion about the death penalty which would
               prevent you from following the Court’s instructions as to what
               penalty should be imposed?

               Nancy Hartling: I don’t believe in the death penalty.

               Judge: Very well.

               Prosecutor: Challenge for cause, Your Honor.

               Judge: Very well. You are excused, thank you.

Stevens’s attorney did not object to the exclusion or seek in any way to rehabilitate

Hartling. Stevens argued in his habeas petition that the removal of Hartling violated

Witherspoon.

       In Witherspoon, the Supreme Court held that a member of a jury panel may not be

excused for cause simply for “voic[ing] general objections to the death penalty or

express[ing] conscientious or religious scruples against its infliction.” 391 U.S. at 522.

Otherwise, a defendant’s right to a fair and impartial jury would be violated. See

Szuchon v. Lehman, 273 F.3d 299, 327 (3d Cir. 2001). In Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S.
412, 424 (1985) (internal quotation and citation omitted), the Court clarified that the

proper standard for determining a Witherspoon violation “is whether the juror’s views

would prevent or substantially impair the performance of his duties as a juror in

accordance with his instructions and his oath.” This standard does not require, as

footnotes in Witherspoon itself intimated, that a juror’s bias against the death penalty be

shown with “unmistakable clarity.” Id. This is so because “many veniremen simply

                                             15
cannot be asked enough questions to reach the point where their bias has been made

‘unmistakably clear.’” Id. at 424-25. It is enough to justify an excusal that the trial judge

be “left with the definite impression that a prospective juror would be unable to faithfully

and impartially apply the law.” Id. at 426. A trial judge’s finding under this standard is a

factual determination, and it is therefore entitled to a presumption of correctness under 28

U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). Martini v. Hendricks, 348 F.3d 360, 363 (3d Cir. 2003), cert.

denied, 543 U.S. 1025 (2004).10 This recognizes that a trial judge is in the best position to

judge the credibility and demeanor of potential jurors during voir dire. Witt, 469 U.S. at

428; Szuchon, 273 F.3d at 328.

        When the issue was raised on state postconviction review, the trial judge said he

had “no specific recollection of Mrs. Hartling.” Nevertheless, he thought there must have

been something about Hartling’s demeanor that was “emphatic and clearly conveyed her

   10
      The District Court questioned whether 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2) also played a part in
federal habeas review of a Witherspoon claim. Stevens, 319 F. Supp. 2d at 599 & n.4.
That provision—which asks whether a state court’s adjudication “resulted in a decision
that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts”—is part of a larger section
that instructs federal habeas courts to give deference to the legal conclusions of state
courts. Although this court mentioned § 2254(d)(2) in boilerplate in its opinion in
Martini, see 348 F.3d at 363, its actual analysis of Martini’s Witherspoon claim revolved
primarily around § 2254(e)(1), which governs the deference that must be given to state
courts’ findings of fact. See id. This use of § 2254(e)(1) makes sense because binding
precedent holds that a potential juror’s bias is a question of fact. Szuchon, 273 F.3d at
327. In any event, if a federal habeas court determines that a state court’s factual finding
of juror bias has been properly rebutted under § 2254(e)(1), it follows that any resulting
legal conclusion by the state court was based “on an unreasonable determination of the
facts” under § 2254(d)(2).

                                             16
unwillingness to comply with the court’s instructions.” He noted that he had asked other

potential jurors whether they would be able to set aside their opposition to the death

penalty. In affirming the denial of postconviction relief, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court

also noted that the trial judge had asked “most other potential jurors” whether they would

be able to set aside their personal opinions about the death penalty. Stevens, 739 A.2d at

521. It therefore “accept[ed] the statement of the trial court . . . that its decision not to

conduct further inquiry with respect to [Hartling] was based on its assessment of her

demeanor.” Id. The District Court, however, found a straightforward violation of

Witherspoon. Stevens, 319 F. Supp. 2d at 604.11

                                               B.

        As detailed above, the trial judge—acting on the prosecutor’s objection—excused

Hartling for cause after she simply expressed her personal opposition to the death penalty.

No follow-up questioning ensued to determine whether Hartling could, despite her

qualms about the death penalty, set aside her views and follow the trial court’s

   11
      In the state courts, as well as in his federal habeas petition, Stevens presented both a
Witherspoon claim and a related ineffectiveness claim (i.e., that counsel ineffectively
failed to object to the exclusion of Hartling). In its decision denying relief, the
Pennsylvania Supreme Court only addressed the question of ineffectiveness. Stevens,
739 A.2d at 521. Because it held that Stevens’s had not established any prejudice, see id.,
that court probably did not see any need to separately address Stevens’s underlying
Witherspoon claim. It is clear, however, that Stevens fairly presented the Witherspoon
issue to the state courts. See O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 844 (1999) (noting
that the exhaustion rule only requires habeas petitioners to have given the state courts a
“fair opportunity” to consider their claims).

                                               17
instructions and the law. As the Commonwealth appears to recognize, if we were

conducting de novo review, we would have to find a Witherspoon violation. Indeed, in

Szuchon, conducting de novo review, we found a Witherspoon violation in an interchange

that was, if anything, slightly more expansive than the colloquy here. See Szuchon, 273
F.3d at 329.

        Szuchon was governed by a less deferential standard of review. Under the present,

more deferential regime, the state courts’ finding that Hartling was biased against the

death penalty is presumed to be correct, and Stevens bears “the burden of rebutting the

presumption . . . by clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).12 We agree

with the District Court that Stevens met that burden here. As noted, and as in Szuchon,

the prospective juror—here, Hartling—indicated no more than that she opposed the death

penalty. Because the trial judge did not follow up Hartling’s single statement with any

follow-up questioning, there is simply no tangible evidence in the record to support the

finding of the state courts. In the absence of any evidence in the record to support the

state courts’ finding, it must be true that Stevens has established, by the requisite clear

and convincing evidence, that Hartling was removed for cause on a “broader basis than

   12
      Section 2254(e)(1) states the standard by which a state court’s finding of fact is to be
evaluated. The statute’s use of the term “by clear and convincing evidence” does not
place a burden on the habeas petition to present new evidence casting doubt on the state
finding; it is sufficient that the federal habeas court conclude that the finding of the state
court, given the evidence before that court, was clearly and convincingly wrong. See,
e.g., Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 528 (applying the standard in this fashion).

                                              18
inability to follow the law or abide by [her] oath [as a juror].” Adams v. Tex., 448 U.S.
38, 48 (1980); see also Gray v. Miss., 481 U.S. 648, 652 n.3 (1987) (“[a] motion to

excuse a venire member for cause of course must be supported by specified causes or

reasons that demonstrate, as a matter of law, the venire member is not qualified to

serve”). Indeed, the record supports but a single conclusion—that Hartling was removed

merely because she expressed opposition to the death penalty. This violated Stevens’s

right to a fair and impartial jury. Witherspoon, 391 U.S. at 522.

       In rejecting Stevens’s Witherspoon claim, the state courts relied on the trial

judge’s statement that, although he could not remember the interchange with Hartling, he

must have been relying on something emphatic in her demeanor. Stevens, 739 A.2d at

521. A trial judge is certainly entitled to rely on a potential juror’s demeanor. See, e.g.,

Witt, 469 U.S. at 434. However, the dispositive question under Witherspoon and its

progeny is “not whether a reviewing court might disagree with the trial court’s findings,

but whether those findings are fairly supported by the record.” Id. As we indicated in

Szuchon, the trial judge—when questioning a potential juror—has an obligation “to make

a record of [any] bias” shown by the juror. 273 F.3d at 328 (citing Gray). By relying on

supposition that there must have been something “emphatic” about Hartling’s demeanor,

the state courts failed to heed the Supreme Court’s rule that findings of bias must be

“fairly supported by the record.” Witt, 469 U.S. at 434.

                                              19
       For that matter, even if we accepted the trial judge’s supposition that he relied on

something emphatic in Hartling’s demeanor, the result would be no different. Even if

Hartling emphatically stated that she did not “believe in” the death penalty, all that could

reasonably be inferred is that her moral opposition to capital punishment was strongly

felt. Supreme Court precedent makes clear, however, that the true question was whether

Hartling would have been able to set aside her “conscientious or religious scruples

against” the death penalty, Witherspoon, 391 U.S. at 522, and “faithfully and impartially

apply the law.” Witt, 469 U.S. at 426. That Hartling’s “conscientious or religious

scruples” were strongly felt says remarkably little about whether she could follow the trial

court’s instructions. See Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 176 (1986) (“[i]t is

important to remember that not all who oppose the death penalty are subject to removal

for cause in capital cases; those who firmly believe that the death penalty is unjust may

nevertheless serve as jurors in capital cases so long as they state clearly that they are

willing to temporarily set aside their own beliefs in deference to the rule of law”); see also

Szuchon, 273 F.3d at 331 (holding that the fact that a potential juror did not “believe” in

the death penalty was “by no means the equivalent of being unwilling to impose it”). The

state courts had no basis for concluding that Hartling’s “views would [have] prevent[ed]

or substantially impair[ed] the performance of [her] duties as a juror in accordance with

[her] instructions and [her] oath.” Witt, 469 U.S. at 424.

                                              20
        In rejecting Stevens’s Witherspoon claim, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court relied

on the fact that the trial judge asked “most other potential jurors” whether they “would be

able to set aside . . . personal opinion[s] of the death penalty and follow the instructions of

the court.” Stevens, 739 A.2d at 521. The Commonwealth does not press this argument

in its brief to us. For that matter, the parties have not submitted a complete transcript of

the voir dire. Our review of the partial record of voir dire provided to the District Court

indicates, however, that only a few potential jurors were actually similarly situated to

Hartling. Of those few potential jurors, perhaps seven, who responded to the judge’s

opening question about the death penalty with an answer suggesting opposition to the

death penalty, the trial judge failed twice—in the case of both Hartling and a prospective

juror named James L. Perrott13 —to conduct any colloquy whatsoever to determine

whether the venire members would be able to set aside their moral difficulties with capital

   13
      Stevens does not argue that a Witherspoon violation occurred as to Perrott. Here is
the interchange between the trial judge and Perrott:

              Judge: Do you have an opinion about the death penalty which would
              prevent you from following the Court’s instructions as to what
              penalty should be imposed?

              James Perrott: Yes, I am opposed to the death penalty.

              Judge: Very well.

              Prosecutor: Exercise a challenge for cause.

              Judge: You are excused then, Mr. Perrott. Thank you.

                                              21
punishment. The fact that the trial judge conducted a proper colloquy in the remaining

handful of similar instances, then, is of little persuasive value. The remaining instances

do not comprise a significant number—or, for that matter, a large enough percentage of

the similar situations. Under these circumstances, we cannot easily attribute the absence

of the proper colloquy in Hartling’s case to something unremembered about her

demeanor. Indeed, it may be noteworthy that Hartling was the first potential juror, and

the only juror to do so on the first day of voir dire, who told the trial judge that she had

moral qualms about the death penalty. This may suggest, if anything, that the trial judge’s

failure to conduct proper follow-up questioning was an oversight, although one of

constitutional proportions. The trial judge may simply have not yet well-thought out how

he would handle a potential juror who expressed moral opposition to capital punishment.

       In its brief, the Commonwealth focuses our attention on attorney Lipecky’s failure

to object to Hartling’s removal. According to this argument, counsel’s failure to object

suggests that Hartling was so obviously adamant about her opposition to the death penalty

that everyone—prosecution, defense, and trial judge—could see there was no point in

asking her any further questions. See id. In support, the Commonwealth cites this

passage from Witt:

              Thus, whatever ambiguity [may be found] in this record, we think
              that the trial court, aided as it undoubtedly was by its assessment of
              [the prospective juror’s] demeanor, was entitled to resolve it in favor
              of the State. We note in addition that respondent's counsel chose not
              to question [the prospective juror] himself, or to object to the trial
              court's excusing her for cause. This questioning might have resolved

                                              22
              any perceived ambiguities in the questions; its absence is all the
              more conspicuous because counsel did object to the trial court's
              excusing other veniremen later on during the voir dire. Indeed, from
              what appears on the record it seems that at the time [the prospective
              juror] was excused no one in the courtroom questioned the fact that
              her beliefs prevented her from sitting. The reasons for this, although
              not crystal clear from the printed record, may well have been readily
              apparent to those viewing [the prospective juror] as she answered the
              questions.

Witt, 469 U.S. at 434-35. In the Commonwealth’s view, the fact that Lipecky did not

object should similarly be read as support for the trial judge’s supposition that he must

have relied on something in Hartling’s demeanor. We cannot agree.

       Witt and Stevens’s case are quite different. First and foremost, in Witt, the trial

judge conducted some follow-up questioning of the prospective juror who indicated that

she had personal reservations about the death penalty. Id. at 415-16. Indeed, the trial

judge went on to specifically ask the prospective juror both whether her views would

“interfere with [her] sitting as a juror” and whether those views would impair her ability

to “judg[e] the guilt or innocence of the Defendant.” Id. at 416. Remarkably, she

answered yes to both questions. Id. Accordingly, when the Supreme Court wrote in Witt

that the trial judge’s assessment of the potential juror’s demeanor could be used to resolve

“ambiguity” in the record, the Court was referring to possible ambiguity in the juror’s

statements about whether she would be able, notwithstanding her views on the death

penalty, to follow the trial court’s instructions. In other words, the trial judge was entitled

                                              23
to use the potential juror’s demeanor to resolve the relevant question—whether she could

follow the law.

       Here, by contrast, the trial judge never followed up on Hartling’s initial statement

that she opposed capital punishment. Under Witherspoon and its progeny, including Witt,

that was error. See Witherspoon, 391 U.S. at 522; Witt, 469 U.S. at 422 (indicating that

the key question is whether the venire member would “refuse[] to follow the statutory

scheme” controlling when the death penalty should be given). As noted above, the fact

that no follow-up questioning was utilized means that the trial judge was able to compile

no record concerning whether Hartling was fatally biased against imposition of the death

penalty. See Szuchon, 273 F.3d at 328; see also Witt, 469 U.S. at 423 (noting that it is the

adversary seeking exclusion [i.e., here, the Commonwealth] who “must demonstrate . . .

that the potential juror lacks impartiality”). Moreover, and significantly for present

purposes, the fact that no follow-up questioning occurred also means that no ambiguity

existed in Hartling’s answers as to the relevant question— whether she could follow the

trial judge’s instructions. After all, as noted, even if Hartling emphatically stated that she

was opposed to capital punishment, whether she could nevertheless follow the law posed

a separate question. See Lockhart, 476 U.S. at 176. Accordingly, because Hartling was

never asked about her willingness and ability to follow the law, the trial judge in

Stevens’s case—unlike the trial judge in Witt—was not in a position to evaluate and

                                              24
factor in her demeanor when answering the relevant question. The quotation from Witt is

not a satisfactory rebuttal to Stevens’s Witherspoon claim.

       Because Hartling was removed from the venire on the sole basis of her statement

that she opposed capital punishment, Stevens was denied his constitutional right to a fair

and impartial jury. Witherspoon, 391 U.S. at 522. The trial judge did not have enough

information before him to conclude that she “would be unable to faithfully and

impartially apply the law.” Witt, 469 U.S. at 426. The state courts’ finding of bias was

not supported by anything more than speculation and, accordingly, Stevens met his

burden of showing the constitutional violation by the requisite clear and convincing

evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

                                            IV.

       For the reasons detailed, the District Court properly refused to grant habeas relief

on Stevens’s claim that his attorney rendered ineffective assistance at the guilt phase

(C.A. No. 04-9013). The District Court’s correctly awarded relief on Stevens’s

Witherspoon claim, however (C.A. No. 04-9011). We will affirm the District Court’s

judgment in all respects.

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