Court Opinion

ID: 4674262
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-02 19:00:59.040277+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:19.678182
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 21a0171n.06

                                       Case No. 20-5877

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                                FILED
JOHN J. SHUFELDT, MD,                                )                     Apr 02, 2021
                                                                      DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                     )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                          )
                                                     )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                   )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                     )        COURT FOR THE MIDDLE
BAKER, DONELSON, BEARMAN,                            )        DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
CALDWELL & BERKOWITZ, PC, a                          )
professional corporation,                            )
                                                     )
       Defendant-Appellee.                           )                  OPINION

BEFORE: CLAY, READLER, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

       CLAY, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff John J. Shufeldt, M.D., appeals the district court’s

dismissal of his complaint against Defendant Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz,

P.C. (“Baker Donelson”), for legal malpractice. Because we find that the district court erred in

applying judicial estoppel to dismiss Shufeldt’s complaint, we REVERSE the district court’s order

granting Baker Donelson’s motion to dismiss and REMAND the case for further proceedings.

                                       BACKGROUND

       Dr. Shufeldt is the founder, former Chairman of the Board, former Chief Executive Officer,

and largest shareholder of NextCare Holdings, Inc. (“NextCare”), a corporation with its
Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

headquarters in Arizona that owns and runs urgent care facilities throughout the country. In 2010,

the Department of Justice launched an investigation into NextCare for potential violations of the

False Claims Act for conducting unnecessary medical testing on patients.1 Shufeldt maintained

that no wrongdoing had occurred, but he eventually decided to resign his position as CEO and

Chairman after being pressured by the corporation’s Board of Directors. Less than two months

later, Enhanced Equity Fund, L.P., the controlling stockholder, and other individuals allegedly

purchased preferred stock from NextCare at a manipulated price, making the common stock owned

by Shufeldt appear worthless.

        In February 2013, Shufeldt retained Baker Donelson to retrieve corporate documents from

NextCare as well as to investigate any claims Shufeldt may have against NextCare for diluting and

devaluing his stock. Baker Donelson sent a written demand to NextCare for the relevant corporate

records, which NextCare refused to provide. Baker Donelson prepared a letter in response but

ultimately failed to send it—the firm informed Shufeldt of its failure to send a response in October

2013. As a result, Baker Donelson neither gained access to NextCare’s books and records, nor did

the firm file suit against NextCare under Delaware Code § 220 to gain access to the books and

records. The firm also failed to research the applicable statute of limitations on his claims before

it expired, and only began researching the statute of limitations at Shufeldt’s request on September

26, 2014. Shufeldt proceeded to fire Baker Donelson and hire other counsel to file suit against

NextCare in Arizona. Before Shufeldt filed suit against NextCare, he entered into an agreement

with Baker Donelson that tolled the applicable statute of limitations for any legal malpractice

        1
          In June 2012, NextCare entered into a settlement agreement with the DOJ, in which NextCare
agreed to pay $10,000,000.00 over three years and follow a corporate integrity agreement for five years.
                                                 -2-
Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

claims Shufeldt had against the firm as well as any time-related defenses Baker Donelson could

raise.2

          Shufeldt filed suit against NextCare on October 7, 2015, for claims of self-dealing and

breach of fiduciary duty in the Arizona Superior Court located in Maricopa County. In that action,

NextCare filed a motion to dismiss Shufeldt’s complaint arguing that his allegations were time-

barred based on Arizona’s two-year statute of limitations for claims regarding breach of fiduciary

duty. In his opposition to the motion to dismiss, Shufeldt argued that the statute of limitations did

not bar his claims because (1) Delaware’s three year statute of limitations applied to his claims;

(2) even if Arizona’s statute of limitations applied, the claims were still timely because the statute

of limitations did not begin running until 2015; and (3) regardless, the statute of limitations was

tolled based on NextCare’s fraudulent concealment of its misconduct and equitable estoppel.3 The

district court denied the motion to dismiss, finding that “[t]he statute of limitations issue at a

minimum depends on disputed questions of fact that the Court cannot resolve at this stage of the

litigation.” (R. 75-4, Exh. D at PageID # 697.) After this ruling, Shufeldt and NextCare reached a

confidential settlement agreement, under which NextCare paid Shufeldt $2,000,000.00 and agreed

to pay Shufeldt liquidity payments based on the occurrence of conditions as set forth in the

agreement.

          On July 24, 2017, Shufeldt filed the instant suit in the U.S. District Court for the Middle

District of Tennessee under diversity jurisdiction. He alleged that Baker Donelson had committed

          2
        The parties executed the tolling agreement on August 31, 2015, but the substance of the agreement
was made effective as of April 24, 2015. The agreement was also extended multiple times during the
pendency of the litigation before the Arizona Superior Court.
          3
          Shufeldt also alleged in his complaint that the action was timely for the above reasons, noting that
Shufeldt only learned about the devaluation of his stock after he filed an action against NextCare in
Delaware state court to compel NextCare to produce the requested documents, which was not concluded
until July 8, 2015.
                                                    -3-
Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

legal malpractice by failing to tell Shufeldt about the applicable statute of limitations on his claims

against NextCare, and, as a result of Baker Donelson’s negligence, he was unable to file a timely

complaint against NextCare. Baker Donelson proceeded to file a motion for judgment on the

pleadings, arguing that Shufeldt’s claims were barred by judicial estoppel, as he had previously

asserted before the Arizona Superior Court that his complaint against NextCare was timely filed,

and was making the exact opposite contention in the present suit. While this motion was pending,

Shufeldt filed a motion to amend the complaint to add allegations that clarified Shufeldt’s claims

and the issues presented in the complaint, namely providing further explanation of the tolling

agreement between Shufeldt and Baker Donelson. The magistrate judge granted Shufeldt’s motion

to amend the complaint and denied Baker Donelson’s motion for judgment on the pleadings as

moot, reasoning that the arguments made in the parties’ motions and responses overlapped and it

would be more efficient for the district court to address them in one decision.

       Baker Donelson then filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint on the grounds that

Shufeldt was judicially estopped from claiming that Baker Donelson had been negligent in

allowing the statute of limitations to expire. Baker Donelson argued that the relevant

considerations informing whether a court should apply the doctrine counselled in favor of applying

judicial estoppel in the present case. First, the firm argued that Shufeldt’s position in the present

case—that the statute of limitations on his claims against NextCare had expired—was clearly

inconsistent with the position he took in the previous litigation with NextCare that his claims were

timely filed. Given that this position was argued on the merits before the Arizona Superior Court

and was included in his response to the firm’s motion to dismiss, Shufeldt took this position under

oath for purposes of judicial estoppel. Next, Baker Donelson contended that the Arizona court

judicially accepted the position by denying NextCare’s motion to dismiss based on there being

                                                 -4-
Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

disputed facts as to the statute of limitations. Finally, the firm argued that Shufeldt would receive

an unfair advantage if allowed to proceed with the present litigation, having prevailed on the

motion to dismiss in the NextCare litigation and received a sizable settlement.4

.       In response, Shufeldt argued that dismissal on the grounds of judicial estoppel was not

appropriate because: (1) Shufeldt did not assert his previous position—that his claims were not

barred by the statute of limitations—under oath since he did not testify, and he was allowed to

assert different positions that could be argued in good faith; (2) the Arizona court did not judicially

accept his position because the case was ultimately settled before the court could resolve the statute

of limitations issue; and (3) Baker Donelson would not be unfairly disadvantaged if forced to

proceed with the present action because it entered into a tolling agreement with Shufeldt knowing

that he could bring suit against the firm if he did not receive a favorable result against NextCare.

        The district court ultimately granted Baker Donelson’s motion to dismiss, finding that the

application of judicial estoppel was appropriate in this case.5 The district court found that Shufeldt

had made the previous inconsistent statement about the statute of limitations under oath by

submitting written filings and participating in oral argument before the Arizona Superior Court, in

which his attorneys certified that their legal and factual contentions were supported by existing

law and evidence respectively. The court also found that the Arizona court adopted Shufeldt’s

position by denying NextCare’s motion to dismiss, which the court deemed sufficient for purposes

of judicial acceptance of the position given that the issue was addressed in a dispositive motion

        4
          As an additional consideration, Baker Donelson argued to the district court that NextCare would
lose the benefit of its bargain in entering into a settlement agreement with Shufeldt of keeping the settlement
agreement confidential—in the present case NextCare would be required to produce documents pursuant
to discovery requests and the terms of settlement would be made public.
        5
          Before proceeding to the merits of the motion to dismiss, the district court determined that it could
consider matters outside of the pleadings—namely documents in the record of the Arizona Superior Court
litigation—that were integral to Baker Donelson’s motion to dismiss.
                                                     -5-
Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

before the parties settled. The district court then determined that Shufeldt would receive an unfair

advantage if allowed to proceed on his claims because he would potentially be able to recover

again by switching positions; and it noted that the fact that Baker Donelson benefitted from having

its potential liability reduced based on the NextCare settlement and having entered into the tolling

agreement with Shufeldt did not factor into this analysis. And, while the terms of the settlement

agreement had already been made public during the course of this litigation, the court found that

the additional consideration of NextCare losing the benefit of its bargain in the settlement

agreement with regard to related confidential settlement correspondence weighed in favor of

applying judicial estoppel. This timely appeal followed.

                                           DISCUSSION

                                        Standard of Review

       We review “de novo a motion to dismiss under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).” Eubanks v. CBSK

Fin. Grp., Inc., 385 F.3d 894, 897 (6th Cir. 2004). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint

must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible

on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550

U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). Additionally, we review “a district court's application of judicial estoppel

under a de novo standard of review.” Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Chester, Willcox & Saxbe, LLP,

546 F.3d 752, 757 (6th Cir. 2008); Audio Technica U.S., Inc. v. United States, 963 F.3d 569, 574

(6th Cir. 2020) (“[W]e have repeatedly held that judicial estoppel rulings are reviewed de novo.”).

                                              Analysis

        The only issue on appeal is whether the district court erred when it dismissed Shufeldt’s

complaint based on judicial estoppel. As we have previously indicated, “the doctrine of judicial

estoppel bars a party from (1) asserting a position that is contrary to one that the party has asserted

                                                 -6-
Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

under oath in a prior proceeding, where (2) the prior court adopted the contrary position ‘either as

a preliminary matter or as part of a final disposition.’”6 Browning v. Levy, 283 F.3d 761, 775 (6th

Cir. 2002) (quoting Teledyne Indus., Inc. v. NLRB, 911 F.2d 1214, 1218 (6th Cir. 1990)). Judicial

estoppel is intended “to protect the integrity of the judiciary by preventing a party from convincing

two different courts of contradictory positions, which would mean that one of those two courts

was deceived.” Audio Technica, 963 F.3d at 575. But we have warned that judicial estoppel should

be “applied with caution to avoid impinging on the truth-seeking function of the court because the

doctrine precludes a contradictory position without examining the truth of either statement.”

Teledyne Indus., 911 F.2d at 1218.

        Although “the circumstances under which judicial estoppel may appropriately be invoked

are probably not reducible to any general formulation of principle,” the Supreme Court has

provided the following factors for courts to consider when applying the doctrine: (1) whether “a

party’s later position [is] clearly inconsistent with its earlier position;” (2) “whether the party has

succeeded in persuading a court to accept that party’s earlier position, so that judicial acceptance

of an inconsistent position in a later proceeding would create the perception that either the first or

the second court was misled;” and (3) “whether the party seeking to assert an inconsistent position

would derive an unfair advantage or impose an unfair detriment on the opposing party if not

estopped.” New Hampshire v. Maine, 532 U.S. 742, 750–51 (2001) (internal quotations and

citations omitted).

        6
           Although this case is being heard in diversity jurisdiction, we use principles of federal law in
deciding whether to apply judicial estoppel. Edwards v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 690 F.2d 595, 598 n.4 (6th Cir.
1982) (“Although this is a diversity case, we believe that federal, rather than state, principles provide the
rule of decision in this case. . . . The question [of judicial estoppel] primarily concerns federal interests,
and, consequently, federal courts must be free to develop principles that most adequately serve their
institutional interests.”).
                                                    -7-
Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

    A. Prior Inconsistent Statement

        In the present case, Shufeldt’s position that his claims against NextCare were time-barred

is clearly inconsistent with his previous position before the Arizona Superior Court that his claims

were timely filed. In considering whether a party made an inconsistent statement in a previous case

for purposes of judicial estoppel, we have noted that the doctrine “only applies when the positions

at issue are clearly contradictory and the estopped party’s conduct involves more than mistake or

inadvertence” Audio Technica, 963 F.3d at 575 (internal quotations and citation omitted). In his

complaint and response in opposition to NextCare’s motion to dismiss, Shufeldt maintained that

the claims were timely filed, arguing that the statute of limitations had not run because he did not

receive the relevant documents from NextCare demonstrating the devaluation of his stock until

2015, the same year he filed his complaint.7 In both filings, he also maintained that in any event

the statute of limitations was tolled based on NextCare’s fraudulent concealment of its misconduct.

(R. 75-1, Exh. A at PageID # 634 (“[A]ny delay in bringing this action was the result of NextCare’s

false claim that it would provide Plaintiff with the demanded documents and then failing to actually

provide the documents until Plaintiff brought a legal action.”); R. 75-2, Exh B. at PageID # 654

(“Plaintiff’s action is also timely because Defendants fraudulently concealed their wrongdoing.”).)

These statements are clearly contradictory to those in his present complaint against Baker

Donelson, in which he alleges that “[d]uring the time that Baker Donelson represented Shufeldt,

        7
           In his complaint against NextCare, Shufeldt alleged that “Plaintiff was not on notice that
Defendants breached their fiduciary duty to him until he received the documents underlying the Challenged
Transactions and an expert analyzed them.” (R. 75-1, Exh. A at PageID # 634.) And “Plaintiff was forced
to file an action in Delaware state court in order to compel the production of the requested documents,”
which “was not concluded until July 8, 2015.” (Id.) Similarly, in the response in opposition to the motion
to dismiss, Shufeldt argued that “[b]ecause Plaintiff did not and could not know about Defendants’ illegal
conduct until he received the Company’s non-public internal documents, the statute of limitations
(according to Arizona or Delaware law) did not begin to run until he finally received those documents in
2015.” (R. 75-2, Exh. B at PageID # 651–52.)
                                                  -8-
Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

the statutes of limitations on claims Shufeldt had against NextCare expired.”8 (R. 72, First Am.

Compl. at PageID # 588.)

        Shufeldt argues that these positions were not clearly contradictory because he alternatively

alleged in the present complaint that (1) because of Baker Donelson’s negligence his claims against

NextCare were not timely filed and (2) even if the claims were timely, the delay in filing forced

Shufeldt to settle the claims for a much smaller amount than they were worth based on NextCare’s

affirmative defense of the statute of limitations. We discussed in Teledyne Industries the interplay

between inconsistent pleadings and judicial estoppel, noting that “judicial estoppel does not bar a

party from contradicting itself, but from contradicting a court’s determination that was based on

that party’s position.” 911 F.2d at 1217 n.3. For example, in City of Kingsport v. Steel & Roof

Structure, Inc., we found that judicial estoppel did not apply where one of the defendants, SCM

Corporation, who was a subcontractor on a construction project that was the basis of the suit,

asserted in its answer the affirmative defense of the statute of limitations and alleged claims for

contribution and indemnity in the event that the corporation was liable for damages. 500 F.2d 617,

619–20 (6th Cir. 1974). We reasoned that SCM’s attorneys could in good faith both believe that

the statute of limitations barred the complaint and that there was a chance SCM would lose on that

argument, noting that “[t]here [was] nothing really even contradictory or inconsistent with the

defenses pleaded” as “SCM sought indemnification only should their defenses fail.” Id. at 619. In

contrast, Shufeldt unequivocally asserted in the litigation with NextCare that his claims were

        8
          Shufeldt contends in his complaint that “Baker Donelson was negligent and breached the
applicable standard of care by failing to affirmatively and timely inform Shufeldt of the potential time bar
applicable to his claims against NextCare and the possible loss of his ability to assert such claims if suit
was not timely filed.” (R. 72, First Am. Compl. at PageID # 590.) He further alleges that “[b]ecause of
Baker Donelson’s negligence, Shufeldt failed to file a complaint against NextCare by the required date.”
(Id.)
                                                   -9-
Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

timely filed, and it is only now in his separate legal malpractice complaint against Baker Donelson

that he puts forward these alternative theories.

         Shufeldt also contends that the district court erred by ignoring the requirement from our

controlling precedent that the previous inconsistent statement be made under oath.9 See Audio

Technica, 963 F.3d at 575 (“The doctrine of judicial estoppel bars a party from [] asserting a

position that is contrary to one that the party has asserted under oath in a prior proceeding . . . .”

(quoting Browning, 283 F.3d at 775)); Lorillard Tobacco Co., 546 F.3d at 757 (same); Eubanks,

385 F.3d at 897 (same). While Shufeldt is correct that we have previously required the inconsistent

statement to be made under oath, his interpretation of the “under oath” requirement as necessitating

that he have testified to the previous inconsistent statement is too narrow. We held in Valentine-

Johnson v. Roche that the “under oath” requirement is met when a party previously asserted an

inconsistent position in a written filing and argued the motion on the merits before the court. 386

F.3d 800, 812 (6th Cir. 2004). We reasoned that the Air Force had presented the inconsistent

position during the previous litigation in a motion presented to the administrative judge, in which

the Air Force certified pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11(b) that the contentions made

in the motion “were warranted by existing law.” Id. (cleaned up) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(2)).

Given this certification, the fact that the inconsistent position was also argued before the

administrative judge, and the equitable and flexible nature of judicial estoppel, we found that

asserting an inconsistent position in a written filing and at oral argument could “be fairly

analogized to taking a position ‘under oath’ for the purposes of judicial estoppel.” Id.; see also In

        9
          There is some confusion as to whether the “under oath” requirement still applies in this circuit,
given that in New Hampshire the Supreme Court did not specifically mention that the inconsistent statement
needed to be made under oath, but following New Hampshire we have continued to maintain the “under
oath” requirement. See Hagan v. Baird, 288 F. Supp. 3d 803, 809 n.3 (W.D. Mich. 2018) (“In some
opinions, the Sixth Circuit requires the party to take a position under oath for judicial estoppel to apply.”).
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Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

re B & P Baird Holdings, Inc., 759 F. App’x 468, 482 (6th Cir. 2019) (rejecting the argument that

judicial estoppel does not apply unless the prior inconsistent statement was made during sworn

testimony as being “overly technical,” especially “in the context of an equitable doctrine that is

‘not reducible to any general formulation of principle’ and for which ‘there are no inflexible or

exhaustive prerequisites for determining its applicability’” (quoting Valentine-Johnson, 386 F.3d

at 812)).

       In the present case, Shufeldt asserted that his claims against NextCare were timely filed

both in his complaint and his response in opposition to NextCare’s motion to dismiss during the

litigation before the Arizona court, in which he similarly certified that the claims he made were

warranted by existing law. See Ariz. R. Civ. P. 11(b) (“By signing a pleading, motion, or other

document, the attorney or party certifies that to the best of the person’s knowledge, information,

and belief formed after reasonable inquiry . . . the claims, defenses, and other legal contentions are

warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for extending, modifying, or reversing

existing law or for establishing new law.”). Additionally, his attorney asserted that his claims

against NextCare were not time-barred in oral argument regarding the merits of NextCare’s motion

to dismiss. (R. 75-3, Exh. C at PageID # 680 (“Well, if our client’s on notice at that point, that’s

when the statute of limitations start[ed] running . . . in April 2014. He realizes they don’t get the

documents, you know, May, June, so he’s got two years from that point. That means he has until

May 2016 to file his action, even using their argument. This case is timely.”).) Accordingly, for

purposes of judicial estoppel, Shufeldt made the previous inconsistent statement that his claims

were timely filed under oath.

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Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

   B. Judicial Acceptance of the Inconsistent Statement

          Although Shufeldt did take an inconsistent position in his suit against NextCare, the district

court erred in applying judicial estoppel because his previous position was not judicially accepted

by the Arizona court. We have stated that judicial acceptance of the previous position “does not

mean that the party against whom the judicial estoppel doctrine is to be invoked must have

prevailed on the merits.” Reynolds v. C.I.R., 861 F.2d 469, 473 (6th Cir. 1988). Instead, “judicial

acceptance means only that the first court has adopted the position urged by the party, either as a

preliminary matter or as part of a final disposition.” Teledyne Indus., 911 F.2d at 1218 (quoting

Edwards, 690 F.2d at 599 n.5). For example, in Valentine-Johnson, we found that an

administrative judge had judicially accepted the Air Force’s previous position that the relevant

agency lacked jurisdiction to hear Valentine-Johnson’s termination claim after she had filed a

complaint with the district court. 386 F.3d at 810, 812. We reasoned that while “the AJ did not

explicitly grant the Air Force’s motion, [] as a practical matter the AJ adopted and indeed advanced

the Air Force’s position to the detriment of Valentine–Johnson,” having indicated at a

teleconference an initial inclination to dismiss her claim based on the district court complaint. Id.

at 812.

          In contrast, “[s]ettlements, even in the form of an agreed order, ordinarily do not constitute

judicial acceptance of whatever terms they contain” because in a settlement the court does not

adopt one party’s position and “judicial estoppel turns on the estopped party’s having successfully

convinced the earlier court that it was right.” Audio Technica, 963 F.3d at 576 (quoting Teledyne

Indus., 911 F.2d at 1219). In Teledyne Industries, we determined that Teledyne could not assert

judicial estoppel against the NLRB in its suit against the company alleging it committed an unfair

labor practice by wrongfully discharging two striking workers, Stidham and Wheeler. 911 F.2d at

                                                  - 12 -
Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

1215–16, 1218–19. Although the NLRB had previously sought to enjoin these same employees

for misconduct during the strike, we found that there had been no judicial acceptance of the

NLRB’s previous position because of the NLRB’s settlement of its complaint with those

employees, which “contained no findings against Stidham and Wheeler,” and as a result “the

district court’s entry of the agreed orders did not constitute acceptance of them.” Id. at 1219.

However, we have not applied this general rule in cases in which a bankruptcy court approves a

compromise between a debtor and creditor because “the bankruptcy court is charged with an

affirmative obligation to apprise itself of the underlying facts and to make an independent

judgment as to whether the compromise is fair and equitable” based on the parties’ representations

to the court. Reynolds, 861 F.2d at 473–74 (finding that the IRS was judicially estopped from

asserting an inconsistent position before the Tax Court because the IRS’s previous “representation

that Mrs. Reynolds had received the sale proceeds and was taxable as an owner of the property

was essential to the bankruptcy judge’s approval of the parties’ compromise”); see also Watkins

v. Bailey, 484 F. App’x 18, 23 (6th Cir. 2012) (finding judicial acceptance when a state court had

to approve a party’s settlement).

       In the present case, there was no judicial acceptance of Shufeldt’s position that the statute

of limitations did not bar his claims against NextCare because the case ultimately settled before

the Arizona court adopted Shufeldt’s position. While the Arizona court decided NextCare’s motion

to dismiss prior to the settlement and found in favor of Shufeldt, in its decision the court simply

concluded that “[t]he statute of limitations issue at a minimum depends on disputed questions of

fact that the Court cannot resolve at this stage of the litigation.” (R. 75-4, Exh. D at PageID # 697.)

The Arizona court did not make any findings of fact or law against NextCare—Shufeldt only

convinced the court that his allegations regarding when he learned that the company was

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undervalued created a factual dispute as to whether the statute of limitations barred his claims,

such that it was not appropriate at that time to dismiss his complaint. See Teledyne Indus., 911

F.2d at 1219. While ruling from the bench at oral argument, the Arizona court also indicated:

       [W]hat’s at issue is here is whether the plaintiff . . . knew that the company was
       undervalued. . . . [I]t appears that he did not know that until 2015. Whether he
       should have known it before then, that’s a different question. But I can’t say on the
       facts in the complaint that he should have known it before 2015.

(R. 75-3, Exh. C at PageID # 692.) The Arizona court did at least seem inclined to think that, based

on the allegations regarding when Shufeldt learned that the company was undervalued, the statute

of limitations had not run. But, given that the case settled after the decision on the motion to

dismiss, the court never actually had the opportunity to determine—even as a preliminary matter—

whether in fact Shufeldt’s claims were timely filed. See Audio Technica, 963 F.3d at 576 (noting

that when “the initial proceeding results in settlement, the position cannot be viewed as having

been successfully asserted” (quoting Edwards, 690 F.2d at 599)).

       Whereas in Valentine-Johnson the administrative judge functionally adopted the Air

Force’s position that the agency lacked jurisdiction to hear the claim by telling the parties that she

intended to grant the motion to dismiss on that ground, in the present case, the Arizona court did

not decide whether the statute of limitations barred Shufeldt’s claims, instead noting that there

were factual disputes regarding the statute of limitations that could not be resolved at the motion

to dismiss stage. See 386 F.3d at 812. And unlike Reynolds, Shufeldt’s representation that the

statute of limitations did not bar his claims was not essential to the district court’s denial on the

motion to dismiss, because the court only needed to find that the facts were sufficiently disputed

to deny the motion to dismiss. See 861 F.2d at 473–74. Ultimately, the Arizona court did not

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Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

judicially accept Shufeldt’s position that his claims were not barred by the statute of limitations.10

As a result, the district court erred when it applied judicial estoppel to dismiss Shufeldt’s

complaint.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s dismissal of Shufeldt’s complaint and

REMAND the case for further proceedings.

       10
           Given that we conclude that the Arizona court did not judicially accept Shufeldt’s previous
position, we need not address whether Shufeldt received an unfair advantage by asserting inconsistent
positions before the Arizona court and the district court.
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Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

       READLER, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and in the judgment. Whether John

Shufeldt took a position in the Arizona litigation inconsistent with his approach here is not entirely

clear, in my mind. But I agree with the majority opinion that today’s case is a poor candidate for

application of the judicial estoppel doctrine in that the Arizona court did not “accept” any

purported inconsistent statement by Shufeldt.

       Nor, for that matter, has Shufeldt achieved an unfair advantage in the present litigation

against Baker Donelson from his participation in the Arizona litigation. New Hampshire v. Maine,

532 U.S. 742, 751 (2001) (describing the third element of judicial estoppel analysis as “whether

the party seeking to assert an inconsistent position would derive an unfair advantage or impose an

unfair detriment on the opposing party if not estopped”). Much to the contrary, in fact, when it

comes to any potential recovery against Baker Donelson. By all accounts, Shufeldt, acting

pursuant to the parties’ tolling agreement, forewent litigation against Baker Donelson at the outset

instead to attempt to recover from NextCare. Shufeldt then honored that commitment. On his

claim for breach of fiduciary duty against NextCare, Shufeldt achieved a partial recovery by way

of a settlement. That is no barrier to a potential recovery against Baker Donelson. After all, “[i]f

two sets of people injure someone, what is unfair about permitting [the injured party] to recover

from both of them?” See Watkins v. Bailey, 484 F. App’x 18, 27 (6th Cir. 2012) (Sutton, J.,

dissenting). With Shufeldt having conceded at oral argument that he would set off the amount

recovered from NextCare against any recovery from Baker Donelson, it follows that—to the extent

Baker Donelson has any liability here to Shufeldt, a point not before us today and one deeply

contested by the parties—ultimate liability seemingly would be reduced by amounts Shufeldt

already recovered from NextCare. See id. (finding there is no unfair advantage and no risk of

double recovery when all a party seeks is the difference in recovery against a separate party). In

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Case No. 20-5877, Shufeldt v. Baker, Donelson

other words, far from Shufeldt obtaining an unfair advantage here as a result of the Arizona

litigation, it appears that Shufeldt’s suit against NextCare would only benefit Baker Donelson in

this litigation.

        Any other conclusion runs the risk of rewarding Baker Donelson for arguably inducing

Shufeldt initially to turn his litigation eye to NextCare. The parties’ tolling agreement seemingly

was premised on the notion that Shufeldt would first pursue relief against NextCare before (if ever)

taking action against Baker Donelson. With Baker Donelson having paved the way for Shufeldt

to proceed against NextCare, it is difficult to accept the law firm’s contention that Shufeldt’s

decision to follow that path now forecloses any relief against the firm on judicial estoppel grounds.

Whether any relief is appropriate, of course, is a question for another day.

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