Court Opinion

ID: 4185545
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-07-12 16:03:25.547168+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:46:56.949363
License: Public Domain

REDACTED OPINION

          In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                    No. 17-559C
                                Filed: June 14, 2017
                Redacted Version Issued for Publication: July 12, 2017 1
    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **        *
    NOVAK BIRCH, INC.,                        *
                                              *
                                              *
                      Protestor,              *
                                              *
    v.
                                              *
                                                  Preliminary Injunction; Permanent
                                              *
    UNITED STATES,                                Injunction; Corrective Action;
                                              *
                                                  Judgment on the Administrative
                      Defendant,              *
                                                  Record.
                                              *
    v.                                        *
    RAINMAKERS STRATEGIC                      *
    SOLUTIONS, LLC,                           *
                                              *
                   Defendant-Intervenor.
                                              *
    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **
         Jerry A. Miles, Deale Services, LLC, Rockville, Md., for protestor.

       Devin A. Wolak, Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With him were L.
Misha Preheim, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, and Chad A. Readler, Acting
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

      David B. Dixon, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, McLean, Va., for
defendant-intervenor. With him was Meghan D. Doherty, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw
Pittman LLP, McLean, Va.

                                        OPINION
HORN, J.

      Protestor, Novak Birch, Inc. (Novak Birch), challenges the decision of the United
States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Centers for Medicare &
Medicaid Services (CMS), to take corrective action on Request for Quote Number HHSM-
500-2016-RFQ-0035 (the solicitation), following the bid protest previously filed on the
1 This opinion was issued under seal on June 14, 2017. The parties were asked to
propose redactions prior to public release of the opinion. This opinion is issued with the
redactions that the parties proposed in response to the court’s request. Words which are
redacted are reflected with the notation: “[Redacted].”
same solicitation, by Rainmakers Strategic Solutions, LLC (Rainmakers), see
Rainmakers Strategic Solutions, LLC v. United States, Case No. 17-110C (Fed. Cl. April
11, 2017). In the earlier protest, Rainmakers challenged CMS’s award of a task order
contract to Novak Birch, the current protestor, for General Education and Outreach (GEO)
services. The corrective action challenged in the above-captioned bid protest includes
terminating the contract award to Novak Birch, cancelling the solicitation, and
reevaluating how best to re-procure the desired services, including further market
research and deciding on the appropriate contract vehicle for the acquisition.

       The Solicitation

       On July 28, 2016, CMS issued the solicitation requesting proposals for a task order
contract under the General Services Administration (GSA) Professional Services
Schedule 541, Advertising and Integrated Marketing Solutions, Category 541-5,
Integrated Marketing Services. The solicitation explained that the purpose of the contract
was to acquire

       technical professional services from a GEO [General Education and
       Outreach Contractor] to assist CMS with the development, execution, and
       assessment of multi-pronged education and outreach initiative [sic]
       designed to promote data transparency and prevent and reduce program
       integrity issues in CPI [Center for Program Integrity] initiatives such as
       Medicare, Medicaid, Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP),
       Marketplace, and other programs.

According to the solicitation, the task order was “100% set aside for offerors identified as
small businesses under the General Services Administration (‘GSA’) Professional
Services Schedule, 00CORP, Schedule 541 Advertising & Integrated Marketing
Solutions, Category 541-5 Integrated Marketing Services.” The solicitation identified the
following program goals for the GEO program:

       a. Integration of program integrity intervention, education and outreach
          initiatives for a holistic and coordinated program integrity strategy
          throughout CPI initiatives;
       b. Expanding education and outreach efforts to reach all relevant
          audiences and their stakeholders with the most timely and accurate
          education and outreach information;
       c. Rapid response to vulnerabilities to contain and mitigate the vulnerability
          as quickly as possible;
       d. Reducing improper payments caused by fraud, waste and abuse (FWA);
          and
       e. Establishing greater transparency, stakeholder participation, and
          collaboration to improve and promote accountability, efficiency, and
          effectiveness in CMS programs.

                                             2
Additionally, Section 5.0 of the solicitation set forth the GEO functional requirements, and
required the contractor to possess, at a minimum, the following specialized expertise:

       •   Thorough understanding of Title XVIII of the Social Security Act;
       •   Thorough understanding of the Affordable Care Act;
       •   Thorough understanding and subject matter expertise of Titles I and II
           of the MMA, Medicare Advantage Organizations (MAOs) and Part D
           Prescription Drug (PD) programs;
       •   Knowledge of operations, management of MAOs and Part D sponsors;
       •   Knowledge of the Medicare Advantage and Part D Compliance Program
           Guidelines;
       •   Knowledge of prescribers, providers, pharmacies, pharmacy benefit
           managers (PBMs) operations and management and how they relate to
           Medicare Advantage and Part D;
       •   Thorough understanding of HIPAA and Privacy requirements; and
       •   Knowledge of PI initiatives . . . in CPI.

        Prior to issuing the solicitation, CMS performed market research in order to
determine if the GSA Schedule 541-5 contract could be used to meet CMS’s GEO
requirement. According to the Market Research Report, included in the administrative
record, CMS researched the capabilities of the seven companies listed as small
businesses on the GSA Schedule 541-5 contract, including Novak Birch, which included
“reviewing websites, sources sought responses and Contractor Performance
Assessment Reporting System (CPARS) reports where available.” Regarding Novak
Birch, the Market Research Report described Novak Birch as a “Good Candidate” and
stated, “Novak Birch does not have healthcare experience. However, their overall ability
to demonstrate their knowledge/experience in five of the nine categories, with particular
strength in the event planning and executing would make them a good candidate for this
procurement.” 2 Novak Birch is a certified small business that offers marketing, event
planning and management, web design, and copyrighting services. Based on the market
research, when CMS issued the solicitation on July 28, 2016 for a GEO contractor, it
solicited proposals through GSA’s “e-Buy” platform from six small businesses identified
as vendors under the GSA Schedule 541-5 contract, including Novak Birch. 3

2 The Market Research Report lists the following nine categories for the tasks outlined in
the Statement of Work: “Intervention,” “O&E [Outreach & Education] Materials,” “O&E
Event Support,” “Training & Event Planning,” “Video & Audio Services,” “Teleconference
Services,” “Web Design & Maintenance,” “Print & Mail Services,” and “Healthcare
Experience.”
3 At the time the solicitation was issued, Rainmakers’ GSA Professional Services
Schedule contract did not include Schedule 541, however, Rainmakers requested a
modification of its GSA Professional Services Schedule contract to include Schedule 541-
5 and GSA issued the modification prior to the proposal deadline, such that Rainmakers
was eligible to submit a proposal. Although the market research considered the
capabilities of the seven small businesses listed on the GSA Schedule 541-5 contract,

                                             3
       The solicitation combined the requirements of two previous contracts, including
one which was being performed by Rainmakers, into a single contract. The solicitation
explained that the task order would be awarded using a trade-off analysis to determine
the best value for CMS. The solicitation contemplated the award of a time and materials
contract to include one base year and two option years.

       In the solicitation, offerors were instructed to submit their quotes in three volumes,
including a technical quote, a business quote, and a conflict of interest quote. Within the
technical quote, offerors were directed to describe their technical understanding and
approach, personnel qualifications, management and staffing plan, past performance,
and “508 Compliance.” According to the solicitation, the offerors’ technical quotes would
be evaluated based on the relative importance of the following factors, in descending
order of importance:

 Technical Evaluation Factors/ Sub-factors and Relevance

     Technical Understanding & Approach (Factor)
 1
                                                                b. Development and Launch
      a. Education & Outreach Strategy,
                                                          &        of a Secure Website for
         Advising and Analysis (Sub-factor)
                                                                   Members (Sub-factor)
      c. Outreach and Education Event Support: Staffing
         and Facilitation (Sub-factor)

      d. Outreach and Education Materials – Training
         Curriculum & Educational Presentation (Sub-
         factor)
                                                                f. Training and Event
      e. Training and Event Planning and Execution        &        Planning and Execution -
         – In Person Event (Sub-factor)                            Webinar (Sub-factor)
      g. Training and Event Planning and
         Execution - Exhibit Booth Staffing
         (Sub-factor)
      h. Training and Event Planning and Execution –            i. Website Maintenance
                                                          &
         Event Registration System (Sub-factor)                    (Sub-factor)

     Personnel Qualifications
 2
 3   Past Performance
 4   Management and Staffing Plan
 5   508 Compliance (Acceptable/ Unacceptable)

CMS concluded that one of the companies, [Redacted], “would not be a good candidate
for this procurement,” thus, CMS did not solicit a proposal from [Redacted].

                                              4
Pursuant to the solicitation, CMS would assign an adjectival rating to each of the factors
listed above as well as an overall adjectival rating for an offeror’s technical quote. The
possible adjectival ratings were “Exceptional,” “Very Good,” “Satisfactory,” “Marginal,”
and “Unsatisfactory.” (emphasis removed).

        With regard to factor five, the “508 Compliance” factor, the solicitation stated: “[t]o
be considered technically acceptable, the Offeror’s proposed Electronic and Information
Technology (EIT) supplies and/ or services must conform to applicable Section 508
accessibility standards. In making the determination of acceptability, CMS will review the
Offeror’s completed HHS Section 508 Product Assessment Template (PAT).” The
solicitation stated further: “Offerors shall include a copy of the PAT in their proposal
submission.” (emphasis in original). According to the solicitation, “[t]o receive a rating of
Acceptable the Offeror must complete the PAT and demonstrate the Offeror’s ability to
meet the Section 508 standards. . . .”

      As to the “Personnel Qualifications” factor, offerors were instructed to identify key
personnel in their technical quotes. The solicitation listed the following as key personnel:
“Senior Technical Advisor,” “Project Director/Project Manager,” “Web Specialist,”
“Graphic Designer,” and “Outreach Coordinator.” The solicitation stated that offerors
would be evaluated on the proposed key personnel, to include, at a minimum:

       1.   Meeting SOW requirements;
       2.   Qualifications;
       3.   Previous experience related to projects of similar size and scope; and
       4.   Relevant training and experience the key personnel has had with
            outreach and event support dealing with Medicare, Medicaid and
            Marketplace programs and fraud, waste and abuse issues in healthcare.

The solicitation required offerors to propose key personnel who were “considered to be
essential to work performance.” The qualifications and duties of the Senior Technical
Advisor included: “[k]nowledge of the requirements of this contract in order to provide
technical support to CPI,” “[p]rovide subject matter expertise on Medicare, Medicaid and
other CMS programs’ operations,” “[p]rovide subject matter expertise on PI initiatives in
CPI,” and “[p]erform environmental scans to identify CPI program initiatives issues to
determine outreach and education needs in order to develop outreach products and
subjects for program integrity workgroups.” In addition to the Senior Technical Advisor,
offerors also were supposed to propose a Project Director/Project Manager with
“[k]nowledge of the requirements of this contract and the ability to provide executive
direction for the accomplishment of work under the contract,” and, among other
qualifications and duties, the “[k]nowledge, skills, and ability to plan, conduct, adhere to
timelines, and supervise work to be contemplated under this contract.” With regard to the
other key personnel, the solicitation required the Web Specialist to possess extensive
knowledge and experience developing, managing, and implementing a website. The
Graphic Designer was required to have knowledge and experience generating visual
media and assisting in the production of visual presentations. The Outreach Coordinator
was required to have communications experience in public training and five years of
experience planning and facilitating webinars, conferences, and trainings.

                                              5
        In addition to the technical quotes, Section 7.8 of the solicitation directed offerors
to include in their business quotes all direct labor categories that the offerors intended to
use, and “vendors had to provide a crosswalk/alignment of their proposed labor
categories to their GSA Schedule labor categories.” Section 7.8 also explained that the
proposed labor rates for the labor categories could not exceed the rates reflected in each
offerors’ GSA Schedule 541-5 contract.

      Although CMS solicited proposals from six small business vendors under GSA
Schedule 541-5, Novak Birch and Rainmakers were the only two offerors to submit
proposals in response to the solicitation. In their original proposals, Rainmakers’ total
proposed price was [Redacted], and Novak Birch’s total proposed price was [Redacted].

CMS’s Evaluation of Proposals

       In its proposal, Novak Birch failed to include a 508 Product Accessibility Template
(PAT), as required by the solicitation. Novak Birch tried to explain away the requirement
by stating that, “as full technical and business requirements haven’t been confirmed for
the event registration system or the secure website, we cannot accurately or thoroughly
complete a PAT at this time.” Novak Birch stated that it would provide a PAT “[a]fter the
contract is awarded, based on final technical and business requirements approved by
CMS.” Novak Birch’s proposal stated:

       Our team will include 508 compliance expertise throughout the project
       lifecycle. We will implement 508-compliant solutions for the GEO website.
       We will work with the CMS Accessibility Standards team to review design
       specifications and wireframes, consult with developers and validate 508
       compliance during the testing phase of each sprint. If required by CMS, the
       team will produce and update a 508 Product Accessibility Template (PAT)
       to outline compliance to 508 requirements.

       During the evaluation of proposals, the three individual members of the CMS
technical evaluation panel each gave Novak Birch adjectival ratings for the technical
evaluation factors, including factor five, Section 508 Compliance. The first individual
evaluator did not assign Novak Birch an adjectival rating for Section 508 Compliance and
wrote the word “Question” on the technical evaluator worksheet next to the “Section 508
Compliance” line on the worksheet, which asked for a rating of
“Acceptable/Unacceptable.” The second individual evaluator assigned Novak Birch an
adjectival rating of “Acceptable” with regard to Section 508 Compliance. The third
individual evaluator did not assign Novak Birch an adjectival rating for Section 508
Compliance, and explained that “[a] review of Novak Birch’s 508 Compliance Submission
has been reviewed and determined to be Unacceptable.” 4 Notwithstanding the various

4 Inexplicably, the technical evaluation panel member who rated Novak Birch as
“Acceptable” with regard to factor five, Section 508 Compliance, indicated that Novak
Birch was “ACCEPTABLE,” and stated the rating was based on “[t]he submission of the
PAT (a copy must be included with proposal submission).” (capitalization in original). It is
undisputed, and protestor agreed in open court, however, that Novak Birch did not submit

                                              6
findings of the individual technical evaluation panel members, and the missing PAT from
Novak Birch, in the technical evaluation panel’s consensus report, the technical
evaluation panel determined that Novak Birch’s proposal met the solicitation requirements
for the Section 508 Compliance factor “to obtain an Acceptable rating.” According to the
technical evaluation panel report:

       The 508 section of the contract was reviewed by the compliance officer and
       finds Novak Birch’s 508 compliance to be acceptable. The contractor
       indicated that they would fill out a PAT as soon as sufficient details were
       supplied for them to do so. The compliance officer spoke with the
       Contracting Officer and they agreed this would be acceptable, provided that
       Novak Birch complete a PAT when more information is given. Throughout
       Novak Birch’s proposal, references are made to the importance of making
       materials and webinars Section 508 compliant.

       Also, in its proposal, Novak Birch identified the labor categories from its GSA
Schedule 541-5 contract that it would rely on to fulfill the key personnel positions for the
contract. Novak Birch explained the “crosswalk” for the GSA labor categories it intended
to use as follows:

            GEO LABOR CATEGORY            GSA Labor Category

            Senior Technical Advisor      “this labor category cross
                                          walks    to   the    Novak
                                          ‘Account service, planning,
                                          project management’”

            Project Manager               “this labor category cross
                                          walks    to   the    Novak
                                          ‘Account service, planning,
                                          project management’”

            Graphic Designer              “Concept &       Design    &
                                          Production”

            Outreach Coordinator          “this labor category cross
                                          walks to the Novak ‘Public
                                          Relations’”

As the table depicts, it appears that Novak Birch did not clearly indicate which GSA
Schedule 541-5 labor category it would employ to satisfy the Web Specialist key

a PAT. There is no further explanation for the second panel member’s conclusion that
Novak Birch was “Acceptable,” or for any other member’s determination or change of
mind.

                                             7
personnel position. With regard to the Web Specialist key personnel position, the
contracting officer noted that Novak Birch’s proposal

         did not provide a crosswalk with their business proposal narrative and there
         was no other area in which the CO [contracting officer] could determine
         specifically what GSA labor category crosswalked to the Web Specialist.
         The CO did make the assumption for review purposes that the Web
         Specialist was crosswalked to Novak’s GSA Labor Category of Web site
         design / Interactive / Programming/IT Support. Verification was required
         and the CO confirmed that the Web Specialist is crosswalked to Novak’s
         GSA Labor Category of Web site design / Interactive / Programming/IT
         Support.

      Like Novak Birch, Rainmakers also identified the labor categories from its GSA
Schedule 541-5 contract that it would rely on to fulfill the key personnel positions for the
contract. Rainmakers’ proposal included the following “crosswalk” of its GSA labor
categories with the GEO labor categories and rates and the key personnel labor
categories:

    GEO LABOR CATEGORY           GSA Labor Category           GSA Rate

    Senior Technical Advisor     Subject Matter Expert II     $182.72

    Project Director             Partner/Principal II         $182.72

    Web Specialist Lead          Subject Matter Expert II     $182.72

    Graphics Designer 2[5]       Functional Specialist I      $118.68

    Graphics Designer 3          Senior Associate II          $158.57

    Deputy Project Director/ Senior Associate I               $152.58
    Outreach Coordinator

With regard to the Graphic Designer position, the contracting officer noted that for
Rainmakers “there was no certain way to determine if the proposed Key Personnel
‘Graphic Designer’ is crosswalked to a Graphic Designer 2 or Graphic Designer 3” of
Rainmakers’ GSA Schedule 541-5 contract.

5 Rainmakers did not identify which of the two proposed Graphic Designer labor
categories was intended to satisfy the key personnel requirement.

                                               8
        As part of the evaluation of proposals, the contracting officer evaluated the offerors’
proposed key personnel to determine if the services and labor categories proposed were
within the scope of the GSA Schedule 541-5 contracts held by Rainmakers and Novak
Birch. The contracting officer determined that the GSA Schedule 541-5 labor categories
that Rainmakers proposed for the key personnel positions did not align with the
solicitation requirements, and, as a result, Rainmakers’ proposal was found
unacceptable. The contracting officer’s analysis focused on “the alignment to the Key
Personnel” with the offerors’ proposed GSA Schedule 541-5 labor categories, and the
specific education, experiences, duties, and responsibilities of the five key personnel
listed in the solicitation. As a result of the analysis, the contracting officer determined that,
of the five key personnel, only one of the five proposed by Rainmakers, the Project
Director, was considered to be within the scope of Rainmakers’ GSA Schedule 541-5
contract. The contracting officer “made the determination that the services of Rainmakers’
proposed GSA labor categories, as aligned to the Key Personnel of the requirements of
the RFQ [Request for Quote] SOW [Statement of Work], were not offered or within scope
of the labor categories identified in their GSA schedule contract for four of the five
proposed Key Personnel.” According to the contracting officer, “Rainmakers’ GSA
schedule contract did not include labor categories, based on their descriptions in the GSA
contract that would align with the Key Personnel Requirements.” Specifically, with regard
to the Web Specialist key personnel position, the contracting officer determined that the
“Subject Matter Expert II” GSA Schedule labor category that Rainmakers proposed “did
not provide the attributes, services and duties required to meet the needs of the SOW”
for the Web Specialist key personnel position. According to the contracting officer, “[n]one
of the SME [Subject Matter Expert] II requirements can be associated with any of the
duties of the Web Specialist as outlined in the SOW.”

       Similarly, the contracting officer determined that, with regard to the Outreach
Coordinator key personnel position, the functional responsibilities of the proposed “Senior
Associate I” GSA Schedule 541-5 labor category did not align with the solicitation
requirements. According to the contracting officer, “[n]one of the Senior Associate I
requirements can be associated with any of the requirements of the OC [Outreach
Coordinator] as outlined in the SOW, including: ‘communications experience in public
training’ and ‘experience planning and facilitating webinars, conferences and trainings.’”
As a result, the contracting officer concluded that the Outreach Coordinator services
required by the solicitation were “not offered as part of Rainmakers’ GSA schedule
contract.” (emphasis removed).

         As to the Senior Technical Advisor key personnel position, the contracting officer
explained that “Rainmakers crosswalked the required Key Personnel ‘Senior Technical
Advisor’ to their GSA schedule contract labor category of ‘Subject Matter Expert (SME)
II,’” but the Subject Matter Expert II labor category “from the GSA contract did not provide
the attributes, services and duties required to meet the needs of the SOW.” The
contracting officer compared the requirements in the solicitation for the Senior Technical
Advisor with the description of the Subject Matter Expert II GSA Schedule 541-5 labor
category and concluded that the attributes and responsibilities of the Subject Matter
Expert II labor category do not align with the requirements in the solicitation for the Senior
Technical Advisor. Thus, the contracting officer determined that the Senior Technical

                                               9
Advisor services required by the solicitation were “not offered as part of Rainmakers’ GSA
schedule contract.” (emphasis removed).

       The contracting officer also assessed whether Rainmakers’ proposed GSA
Schedule 541-5 labor category for the Graphic Designer key personnel position would
align with the solicitation requirements. As noted above, in its proposal, Rainmakers
indicated two GSA Schedule labor categories for the Graphic Designer position:
“Functional Specialist I” and “Senior Associate II.” The contracting officer compared the
requirements in the solicitation for the Graphic Designer, which included experience
generating visual media and assisting in the production of various visual aid materials,
with the responsibilities of the “Functional Specialist I,” which included tasks related to
“business process reengineering, statistical process control” and “strategic and business
planning.” The contracting officer concluded that the functional responsibilities of the
“Functional Specialist I” did not align with the Graphic Designer position. Similarly, the
contracting officer compared the Graphic Designer requirements with the responsibilities
of a “Senior Associate II,” which included consulting or managing tasks for multiple
projects across various industries and ensuring contract compliance, and found that the
proposed labor category did not align with the duties of the Graphic Designer.
Accordingly, the contracting officer determined that Graphic Designer services were “not
offered as part of Rainmakers’ GSA schedule contract.” (emphasis removed).

       The contracting officer also concluded that Rainmakers used:

       the GSA labor category of “Subject Matter Expert II” to fulfill two different
       Key Personnel roles (Senior Technical Advisor and Web Specialist) and the
       GSA labor category of “Senior Associate I” and “Senior Associate II” to fulfill
       two other different Key Personnel roles (Outreach Coordinator and Graphic
       Designer, respectfully) when all these Key Personnel roles have functions,
       duties and services that are very distinct and cannot be categorized under
       one general labor category.

The contracting officer determined that the proposed “Partner/Principal II” labor category
in Rainmakers’ proposal “was the only labor category from the GSA contract that did
provide the attributes, services and duties required to meet the needs of the SOW.” The
contracting officer concluded that “the attributes and responsibilities of the GSA
Partner/Principal II labor category . . . align with the attributes and responsibilities of the
Project Director in accordance with the GEO SOW Section 8.0 Key Personnel” and
“determined these services to be offered as part of Rainmakers’ GSA schedule contract.”
(emphasis removed).

        Having determined that “[b]ased on the scope analysis . . . the quoted services are
not available on Rainmakers’ GSA Schedule Contract,” the contracting officer concluded
that the services sought in the solicitation could not be purchased from Rainmakers “using
FAR Part 8 and as such are unacceptable.” The contracting officer explained that she did
“not foresee a remedy in which Rainmakers can revise their proposal in order to become

                                              10
acceptable.” As a result, Rainmakers was removed from the competition, and the
contracting officer did not further consider Rainmakers’ proposal. 6

        The contracting officer conducted a similar analysis of Novak Birch’s proposal and
the GSA Schedule labor categories that Novak Birch proposed to satisfy the key
personnel positions. The contracting officer compared the GSA schedule labor category
descriptions with the solicitation requirements for each of the key personnel positions and,
unlike the assessment of Rainmakers’ proposal, the contracting officer concluded that the
GSA Schedule 541-5 contract labor categories proposed for each key personnel position
in Novak Birch’s proposal aligned with the attributes and responsibilities of the key
personnel positions. The contracting officer “made the determination that the services of
Novak Birch’s proposed GEO labor categories, as aligned to the Key Personnel of the
requirements of the RFQ SOW, were within [the] scope of the labor categories identified
in their GSA schedule contract for five of the five proposed Key Personnel.” As a result,
the contracting officer concluded that Novak Birch’s proposed GSA Schedule 541-5
contract labor categories offered the services required by the solicitation.

        Although the contracting officer concluded that Novak Birch’s proposed GSA
Schedule 541-5 labor categories aligned with the key personnel requirements in the
solicitation, the contracting officer also found that the hours that Novak Birch proposed to
perform the work under the task order were “not adequate for the various tasks listed in
the Statement of Work (SOW),” and that “the proposed labor categories and hours
proposed” by Novak Birch were “significantly low.” The contracting officer explained that,
according to the technical evaluation panel:

       It is questionable that the Offeror will be able to fulfill the objectives of this
       contract in a timely manner given their proposed hours for direct labor.
       Although subcontractors/consultants will be completing a great deal of
       work, the lack of direct labor hours proposed by the
       subcontractors/consultants does not offer the government any greater
       assurance of successful project completion.

       The TEP [technical evaluation panel] recommends additional hours as they
       believe, based on their assessment, that the subcontractor labor categories
       are essential; however, the hours are significantly underestimated to
       successfully complete the requirements of the proposed contract.

Based on the assessment of Novak Birch’s proposal, the contracting officer
recommended that additional information be requested from Novak Birch “as well as a
recommendation of increased labor hours in order to make a GSA order award decision.”
Additionally, the contracting officer determined that Novak Birch proposed labor rates for
6 Although the contracting officer deemed Rainmakers’ proposal “unacceptable because
of the misalignment of labor categories,” a review of the administrative record indicates
that the technical evaluation panel reviewed Rainmakers’ proposal and assigned it an
overall rating of [Redacted].

                                              11
non-key personnel positions that exceeded the labor rates in Novak Birch’s GSA
Schedule 541-5 contract.

        After the contracting officer compared the offerors’ proposals and determined that
Rainmakers’ proposal was unacceptable due to the non-alignment of the proposed GSA
Schedule 541-5 labor categories, the contracting officer began exchanges with Novak
Birch concerning issues that CMS had found problematic with Novak Birch’s proposal.
During these exchanges, CMS asked for clarification and additional information from
Novak Birch. For example, CMS informed Novak Birch that “[s]ome of the crosswalks do
not match” and asked Novak Birch to “please provide the exact GSA labor category
crosswalk based on Novak Birch’s GSA Schedule for all proposed labor categories.” CMS
also notified Novak Birch that certain proposed rates exceeded the GSA labor rate
schedule. CMS asked Novak Birch to “[p]lease clarify who is fulfilling the role of the Key
Personnel Requirement of Project Director,” and stated “[t]he Offeror proposes the use of
subject matter experts (SMEs), and yet this labor category does not appear to be listed
on the labor category list. Please update your Business Proposal to address the lack of
SMEs proposed.” CMS also proposed that “the Offeror update their Business Proposal to
reflect a more accurate depiction of the work as reflected in the SOW” because “the level
of effort required to support the 21 non-CMS and 24 CMS events is significantly higher
than what the Offeror included in the original business proposal.” In addition, CMS
identified the hours for the following labor categories as underestimated in Novak Birch’s
proposal: “Project Director (GSA- Account Service),” “Project Manager- Creative,”
“Project Manager- Events,” “Graphic Designer,” “Art Production/Director,” “Outreach
Specialist, Junior,” “Instructional System Designer,” “Senior Technical Advisor – Account
service, planning, project management,” “Outreach Coordinator – Public relations,”
“Technical Writer/Sr. Editor – Copy writing/editing.”

       After the exchanges between CMS and Novak Birch occurred, Novak Birch
submitted a revised proposal on September 26, 2016 to address the questions and
concerns identified by CMS during the exchanges, which resulted in an increase in Novak
Birch’s total proposed price from [Redacted] to $40,945,590.00, as compared to
Rainmakers’ proposed price of [Redacted]. During the exchanges with Novak Birch, CMS
did not identify Novak Birch’s lack of a Section 508 Compliance PAT as an issue, even
though both Novak Birch’s original and revised proposals did not contain a Section 508
Compliance PAT. The parties have stipulated that “[t]he Section 508 language in Novak’s
revised proposal is identical to the Section 508 language in Novak’s original proposal.”

Contract Award Decision and Subsequent Bid Protest

       The contracting officer determined that Novak Birch, at its elevated price,
represented the best value to the government, and CMS awarded the task order contract
to Novak Birch on September 29, 2016. Subsequently, on September 30, 2016,
Rainmakers received formal notice that it was not selected for the task order contract.
Following the task order contract award, Rainmakers filed a bid protest at the Government
Accountability Office (GAO) challenging the award of the task order contract to Novak
Birch. See generally Rainmakers Strategic Sols. LLC, B-413938.1 et al. (Jan. 4, 2017).
The GAO held an alternative dispute resolution conference with the parties on December

                                           12
23, 2016, during which the GAO attorney assigned to the bid protest explained to the
parties that Rainmakers’ complaint regarding eligibility to compete for the task order
would likely be denied, but that there were concerns with respect to the agency’s
evaluation of Novak Birch’s proposal under the Section 508 compliance evaluation factor.
Following the conference, CMS advised the GAO that it intended to take corrective action.
Specifically, CMS intended to reopen negotiations with Novak Birch and to request the
submission of a Section 508 PAT. According to CMS, if Novak Birch submitted a Section
508 PAT, and the agency evaluated the PAT as acceptable, CMS would affirm the
contract award to Novak Birch. Rainmakers objected to CMS’s corrective action,
however, the GAO determined that CMS’s corrective action was unobjectionable. As a
result, GAO concluded that the CMS’s “corrective action renders the protest academic”
and dismissed the GAO bid protest.

       After the GAO protest was dismissed, CMS reopened exchanges with Novak Birch
to address the Section 508 Compliance issue and to request a PAT from Novak Birch.
Novak Birch provided a PAT to CMS, and CMS found the PAT to be acceptable.
Thereafter, on January 19, 2017, CMS reaffirmed the task order contract award to Novak
Birch.

       Subsequently, Rainmakers filed a complaint in this court challenging the task order
contract award to Novak Birch, arguing that CMS’s evaluation of the proposals, and
CMS’s corrective action to allow Novak Birch to submit a PAT, were arbitrary and
capricious and not in accordance with the law. See Rainmakers Strategic Sols., LLC v.
United States, Case No. 17-110C. As the contract awardee, Novak Birch moved to
intervene in the protest as a defendant-intervenor, and the court granted the request. The
parties in Rainmakers Strategic Solutions, LLC v. United States filed cross-motions for
judgment on the administrative record, and oral argument was held. After oral argument,
and after discussions between all of the parties and the court regarding identified
concerns with how the procurement process had been conducted and the resulting
contract award to Novak Birch, on March 31, 2017, the government filed another notice
of corrective action, indicating that “the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) intends to take corrective action in
connection with this bid protest.”7 CMS described this corrective action as follows:

       CMS intends to terminate the award to Novak Birch, Inc. (Novak), and
       cancel Request For Quote number HHSM-500-2016-RFQ-0035. CMS then
       intends to reprocure the desired services after conducting market research
       to determine an appropriate contract vehicle for obtaining these

7 On March 31, 2017, defendant filed its notice of corrective action together with a partially
unopposed motion to suspend briefing in Rainmakers Strategic Solutions, LLC v. United
States, indicating that CMS intended to take corrective action and requesting the
extension of all deadlines in the matter. The court granted defendant’s request to extend
the parties’ deadlines for filing supplemental briefs, and ultimately dismissed, based on
the parties’ joint stipulation of dismissal, the bid protest brought by Rainmakers on April
11, 2017.

                                             13
       services . . . . CMS will implement this corrective action after the opening of
       business on April 4, 2017.

       Thereafter, on April 4, 2017, CMS issued a modification terminating Novak Birch’s
contract “for the convenience of the Government,” and directing Novak Birch to
immediately stop work. In a memorandum dated April 4, 2017, the contracting officer
explained:

       The purpose of this modification is to terminate the contract, in whole, for
       the convenience of the Government, pursuant to contract clause 52.212-4,
       Alternate I, (l). This course of actions is a result of the Notice of Corrective
       Action and Partially Unopposed Motion to Suspend Briefing submitted to
       the Court of Federal Claims on March 31, 2017 (see e-file N.1) and ordered
       by Court of Federal Claims Judge, Marian Horn, on March 31, 2017 (see e-
       file N.1), in the case of Rainmakers Strategic Solutions, LLC vs. United
       States (Case 1:17-cv-00110-MBH).

Also on April 4, 2017, the contracting officer issued a notice to inform the offerors, Novak
Birch and Rainmakers, that the solicitation, RFQ HHSM-500-2016-RFQ-0035, was
cancelled.

         Three days after CMS terminated Novak Birch’s contract and cancelled the
solicitation, the contracting officer memorialized the corrective action in a memorandum
dated April 7, 2017. In the memorandum, the contracting officer explained that the
“continual protests since October 2016 for this requirement . . . has exposed what are
now viewed as issues with the procurement that are best addressed through corrective
action.” The contracting officer “determined that the best corrective action is to terminate
the existing GEO task order to Novak Birch, cancel the GEO Request for Quote (RFQ),
reassess the procurement strategy to determine a more appropriate vehicle for obtaining
the GEO services, then obtain the GEO services.” The contracting officer provided two
reasons that the corrective action was “the best course of action for the Government.”
First, the contracting officer stated that CMS had concluded “that using the GSA schedule
to procure the GEO services was not the most strategic method or in the government’s
best interests.” According to the contracting officer, “[h]aving only one quoter [Novak
Birch] eligible through GSA is not the outcome CMS desired. Adequate competition for
the services is more advantageous to the Government in order to receive the best value.”
The contracting officer explained that she elected to use the GSA Schedule 541-5
contract based on market research, however, as a result of the bid protest process, CMS
“has come to realize that due to the complex nature of the requirement and the newness
of the majority of the services being procured, the narrowness of the GSA schedule was
not the most successful method.” Second, the contracting officer explained that “the
Government Accountability Office (GAO) protest and the subsequent COFC [Court of
Federal Claims] protest have led me to reconsider Novak Birch, Inc.’s (Novak Birch)
eligibility for award of the GEO task order,” and these protests have “made it apparent
that there is significant risk of a decision from the COFC that Novak Birch is ineligible for
award due to its omission of a Section 508 PAT from its quote.” The contracting officer
explained that, because Rainmakers and Novak Birch were the only two offerors to submit

                                             14
proposals in response to the solicitation, and because Rainmakers was found to be
ineligible for award during the proposal evaluations, the elimination of both offerors would
leave “CMS without a vendor to perform the requirement.” According to the contracting
officer,

       [e]liminating both vendors from the competition (and leaving CMS with no
       eligible awardees) is most appropriate. Nothing I have seen to date has
       changed my view that my determination that Rainmakers is not eligible for
       award because it did not offer the services CMS was procuring on its GSA
       schedule contract was incorrect. Therefore, reopening discussions with
       Rainmakers to allow it to cure its schedule issues seems unnecessary and
       would most likely result in additional bid protest litigation. However, I do now
       see the increased risk associated with Novak Birch not submitting the PAT,
       even considering that the PAT submission requirement is one part of an
       evaluation factor that ranked fifth in relevance for the overall technical
       quote. The instructions to quoters used the term “technically acceptable”
       and the Technical Evaluation Panel rated Novak Birch as “Acceptable” even
       though the evaluation criteria clearly stated that this rating could only be
       assigned to a vendor that submitted a completed PAT, which Novak Birch
       did not.

Having recognized these issues with the procurement, the contracting officer stated that,
“[i]n order to move forward in acquiring the needed services, to avoid the waste of
resources on further litigation, in recognition that the GSA schedule has proven not to be
the most advantageous procurement vehicle, and to better ensure that CMS will receive
the best value in the procurement of the GEO services,” the agency will take corrective
action and consider “alternative methods of procuring the services by reassessing the
best procurement strategy to allow the Government to get the best value.”

        On April 11, 2017, after discussions during oral argument and after the agency
indicated it would take corrective action, and after the contracting officer had executed
her corrective action memorandum, the parties in Rainmakers Strategic Solutions, LLC
v. United States filed a joint stipulation of dismissal with prejudice. See Rainmakers
Strategic Sols., LLC v. United States, Case No. 17-110C (Fed. Cl. April 11, 2017). The
parties stipulated and agreed that, “after briefing by the parties and a hearing on the
merits, and after corrective action taken by the agency upon the contracting officer’s
reconsideration of the procurement in light of the protests brought by plaintiff . . . the
plaintiff’s action against the United States shall be, and hereby is, dismissed with
prejudice.” Accordingly, Rainmakers Strategic Solutions, LLC. v. United States was
dismissed by this court on April 11, 2017, and judgment was entered.

                                             15
Novak Birch’s Current Bid Protest to Challenge CMS’s Most Recent Corrective Action
Decision

       On April 21, 2017, protestor, Novak Birch, filed the above-captioned bid protest,
Case No. 17-559C, challenging CMS’s second decision to take corrective action and
seeking a preliminary and a permanent injunction “requiring Defendant to refrain from
taking any action to implement Defendant’s proposed arbitrary and capricious corrective
action plan.” In response to protestor’s complaint, Rainmakers moved to intervene as a
defendant-intervenor, which the court granted. The parties have filed cross-motions for
judgment on the administrative record pursuant to Rule 52.1 of the Rules of the United
States Court of Federal Claims (RCFC) (2016). 8

                                       DISCUSSION

      This court has jurisdiction to hear bid protests pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1)
(2012) of the Tucker Act, which provides that the court has

       jurisdiction to render judgment on an action by an interested party objecting
       to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or proposals for a proposed
       contract or to a proposed award or the award of a contract or any alleged
       violation of statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a
       proposed procurement.

28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1); see also Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d 1352,
1359 (Fed. Cir. 2009). The Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996 (ADRA),
(codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1)–(4) (2012)), amended the Tucker Act to establish a
statutory basis for bid protests in the United States Court of Federal Claims. See Impresa
Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1330–32 (Fed.
Cir. 2001). Furthermore, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has
established that this court has jurisdiction over a bid protest based on an agency’s

8 Protestor’s motion for a preliminary injunction is subsumed by this court’s consideration
of the parties’ cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record and the court’s
determination on the merits, pursuant to RCFC 65(a)(2)(2016). See RCFC 65(a)(2)
(“Before or after beginning the hearing on a motion for a preliminary injunction, the court
may advance the trial on the merits and consolidate it with the hearing.” Alion Sci. & Tech.
Corp. v. United States, 69 Fed. Cl. 14, 21 (2005) (“This consolidation of the preliminary
injunction with a determination on the merits is what is contemplated in the court’s Rule
65.”); see also OTI Am., Inc. v. United States, 68 Fed. Cl. 646, 661 n.21 (2005) (“In accord
with RCFC 65(a)(2), [protestor’s] renewed motion for a preliminary injunction is subsumed
within this action on [protestor’s] request for a permanent injunction.”); J.C.N. Constr. Co.,
Inc. v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 400 (2004) (“Pursuant to Rule 65(a)(2) of Rules of the
Court of Federal Claims . . . a hearing on plaintiff’s application for a preliminary injunction
was consolidated with a hearing on the merits of the claim for an injunction and the cross-
motions for judgment upon the administrative record.”).

                                              16
decision to take corrective action. See Sys. Application & Tech., Inc. v. United States,
691 F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (“This court has made clear that bid protest
jurisdiction arises when an agency decides to take corrective action even when such
action is not fully implemented.”); see also Chapman Law Firm Co. v. Greenleaf Constr.
Co., 490 F.3d 934, 937-38 (Fed. Cir. 2007); Jacobs Tech. Inc. v. United States, 131 Fed.
Cl. 430, 444 (2017) (“[T]he court’s bid protest jurisdiction includes the review of a
procuring agency’s decision to take corrective action.”). The parties do not dispute, and
the court independently concludes, that protestor’s challenge in the above-captioned bid
protest to CMS’s corrective action decision is subject to this court’s bid protest jurisdiction.

       In order to have standing to sue as an “interested party” under the Tucker Act, a
disappointed bidder must show that it suffered competitive injury or was “prejudiced” by
the alleged error in the procurement process. See Todd Constr., L.P. v. United States,
656 F.3d 1306, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (To prevail, a bid protester must first “‘show that it
was prejudiced by a significant error’ (i.e., ‘that but for the error, it would have had a
substantial chance of securing the contract).’” (quoting Labatt Food Serv., Inc. v. United
States, 577 F.3d 1375, 1378, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2009)); Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United
States, 492 F.3d 1308, 1317 (Fed. Cir. 2007); see also Sci. Applications Int’l Corp. v.
United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 235, 281 (2012); Linc Gov’t Servs., LLC v. United States, 96
Fed. Cl. 672, 693 (2010) (“In order to establish standing to sue, the plaintiff in a bid protest
has always needed to demonstrate that it suffered competitive injury, or ‘prejudice,’ as a
result of the allegedly unlawful agency decisions.” (citing Rex Serv. Corp. v. United
States, 448 F.3d 1305, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d
1577, 1580–81 (Fed. Cir. 1996); Vulcan Eng’g Co. v. United States, 16 Cl. Ct. 84, 88
(1988); Morgan Bus. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 223 Ct. Cl. 325, 332 (1980))). In order
to establish what one Judge on this court has called “allegational prejudice” for the
purposes of standing, the bidder must show that there was a “substantial chance” it would
have received the contract award, but for the alleged procurement error. See Linc Gov’t
Servs., LLC v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. at 675; Hyperion, Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed.
Cl. 541, 550 (2014) (“The government acknowledges that proving prejudice for purposes
of standing merely requires “allegational prejudice,” as contrasted to prejudice on the
merits . . . .”); Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 148, 153 (2014); see also
Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Galen Med.
Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1331 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir.
2004); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir.),
reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2003); Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d
at 1581; Archura LLC v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. 487, 497 (2013); Lab. Corp. of Am.
v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 549, 557 (2012). Because standing is a jurisdictional issue,
this showing of prejudice is a threshold issue. See Corus Grp. PLC. v. Int’l Trade Comm'n,
352 F.3d 1351, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2003); Myers Investigative & Sec. Servs., Inc. v. United
States, 275 F.3d 1366, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2002).

       In the context of a pre-award bid protest, the United States Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit has determined that to show the requisite “direct economic interest,”
and, therefore, to be an “interested party” under the Tucker Act, the protestor has to have
suffered a “‘non-trivial competitive injury which can be redressed by judicial relief.’” See
Orion Tech., Inc. v. United States, 704 F.3d 1344, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (quoting Weeks

                                              17
Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1362–63); see also COMINT Sys. Corp. v.
United States, 700 F.3d 1377, 1383 n.7 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (“[I]n Weeks Marine this court
specifically held that the ‘non-trivial competitive injury’ standard was applicable to ‘a pre-
award protest.’” (quoting Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1362))
(emphasis in original); MVS USA, Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 639, 647 (2013);
Miles Constr., LLC v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 792, 797 (2013). This is a lower standard
than the “substantial chance” standard used in post-award bid protests, but still requires
a “showing of some prejudice.” Orion Tech., Inc. v. United States, 704 F.3d at 1348-49
(quoting Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1362) (emphasis in original).

         In the above-captioned bid protest, neither defendant nor defendant-intervenor
dispute Novak Birch’s standing to challenge the corrective action decision now at issue
before this court. As noted above, Novak Birch was the contract awardee that had its
contract terminated as a result of CMS’s decision to take corrective action in response to
the earlier filed bid protest. See Rainmakers Strategic Solutions, LLC v. United States,
Case No. 17-110C. In the above-captioned bid protest, Novak Birch, now appearing as
the protestor, challenges the most recent corrective action decision, and has established
that it is an interested party with standing to challenge CMS’s corrective action decision
because, as the contract awardee and terminated contractor, it has sufficiently alleged a
direct economic interest in the underlying procurement and the decision to take corrective
action. See Sys. Application & Techs., Inc. v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 687, 720 (2011).

       Turning to the parties’ cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record,
RCFC 52.1(c) governs motions for judgment on the administrative record. The court’s
inquiry is directed to “‘whether, given all the disputed and undisputed facts, a party has
met its burden of proof based on the evidence in the record.’” Mgmt. & Training Corp. v.
United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 26, 40 (2014) (quoting A & D Fire Prot., Inc. v. United States,
72 Fed. Cl. 126, 131 (2006) (citing Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1356–57));
see also Eco Tour Adventures, Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 6, 21 (2013); DMS All-
Star Joint Venture v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 653, 661 (2010).

        The Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996, Pub. L. No. 104-320, §§ 12(a),
12(b), 110 Stat. 3870, 3874 (1996), provides that protests of agency procurement
decisions are to be reviewed under Administrative Procedure Act (APA) standards,
making applicable the standards outlined in Scanwell Labs., Inc. v. Shaffer, 424 F.2d 859
(D.C. Cir. 1970), and the line of cases following that decision. See, e.g., Per Aarsleff A/S
v. United States, 829 F.3d 1303, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (quoting NVT Techs., Inc. v. United
States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004)) (“Protests of agency procurement decisions
are reviewed under the standards set forth in the Administrative Procedure Act (‘APA’),
see 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 706), ‘by which an agency's decision is to
be set aside only if it is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law[.]’”); Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States,
238 F.3d at 1332); Res. Conservation Grp., LLC v. United States, 597 F.3d 1238, 1242
(Fed. Cir. 2010) (“Following passage of the APA in 1946, the District of Columbia Circuit
in Scanwell Labs., Inc. v. Shaffer, 424 F.2d 859 (D.C. Cir. 1970), held that challenges to
awards of government contracts were reviewable in federal district courts pursuant to the
judicial review provisions of the APA.”); Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369

                                             18
F.3d 1324, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing Scanwell Labs., Inc. v. Shaffer, 424 F.2d at 864,
868, for its “reasoning that suits challenging the award process are in the public interest
and disappointed bidders are the parties with an incentive to enforce the law”); Banknote
Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“Under the
APA standard as applied in the Scanwell line of cases, and now in ADRA cases, ‘a bid
award may be set aside if either (1) the procurement official’s decision lacked a rational
basis; or (2) the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or procedure.’”
(quoting Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at
1332)); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d at 1319.

       When discussing the appropriate standard of review for bid protest cases, the
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit addressed subsections (2)(A) and
(2)(D) of 5 U.S.C. § 706, see Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United
States, 238 F.3d at 1332 n.5, but focused its attention primarily on subsection (2)(A). See
Croman Corp. v. United States, 724 F.3d 1357, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“‘[T]he proper
standard to be applied [to the merits of] bid protest cases is provided by 5 U.S.C.
§ 706(2)(A) [(2006)]: a reviewing court shall set aside the agency action if it is “arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”’” (quoting
Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States, 365 F.3d at 1350–51 (citing Advanced Data
Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1057–58 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied (Fed.
Cir. 2000)), aff’d, 365 F.3d 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2004)))), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed.
Cir. 2013) (alterations in original). The statute says that agency procurement actions
should be set aside when they are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or
otherwise not in accordance with law,” or “without observance of procedure required by
law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), (D) (2012); 9 see also Tinton Falls Lodging Realty, LLC v.

9 The   language of 5 U.S.C. § 706 provides in full:

        To the extent necessary to decision and when presented, the reviewing
        court shall decide all relevant questions of law, interpret constitutional and
        statutory provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability of the terms
        of an agency action. The reviewing court shall—

            (1) compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed;
                and

            (2) hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions
                found to be—

               (A) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
                   accordance with law;

               (B) contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity;

               (C) in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or short
                   of statutory right;

                                               19
United States, 800 F.3d 1353, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2015); Orion Tech., Inc. v. United States,
704 F.3d 1344, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2013); COMINT Sys. Corp. v. United States, 700 F.3d
1377, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (“We evaluate agency actions according to the standards set
forth in the Administrative Procedure Act; namely, for whether they are ‘arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’” (quoting 5
U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1351)); Savantage Fin.
Servs. Inc., v. United States, 595 F.3d 1282, 1285–86 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Weeks Marine,
Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1358; Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 564
F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (noting arbitrary and capricious standard set forth in 5
U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), and reaffirming the analysis of Impresa Construzioni Geom.
Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at 1332); Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United
States, 492 F.3d at 1312 (“‘[T]he inquiry is whether the [government]’s procurement
decision was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
with law.”’” (quoting Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1351 (quoting 5 U.S.C.
§ 706(2)(A) (2000))); NVT Techs., Inc. v. United States, 370 F.3d at 1159 (“Bid protest
actions are subject to the standard of review established under section 706 of title 5 of
the Administrative Procedure Act (‘APA’), 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4) (2000), by which an
agency’s decision is to be set aside only if it is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,’ 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2000).”)
(internal citations omitted); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d at
1319 (“Consequently, our inquiry is whether the Air Force’s procurement decision was
‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’ 5
U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2000).”); Eco Tour Adventures, Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at
22; Contracting, Consulting, Eng’g LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 334, 340 (2012).
“In a bid protest case, the agency’s award must be upheld unless it is ‘arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’” Turner
Constr. Co. v. United States, 645 F.3d 1377, 1383 (Fed. Cir.) (quoting PAI Corp. v. United
States, 614 F.3d 1347, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2010)), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir.
2011); see also Tinton Falls Lodging Realty, LLC v. United States, 800 F.3d at 1358 (“In
applying this [arbitrary and capricious] standard to bid protests, our task is to determine
whether the procurement official's decision lacked a rational basis or the procurement

              (D) without observance of procedure required by law;

              (E) unsupported by substantial evidence in a case subject to sections
                  556 and 557 of this title or otherwise reviewed on the record of
                  an agency hearing provided by statute; or

              (F) unwarranted by the facts to the extent that the facts are subject
                  to trial de novo by the reviewing court.

       In making the foregoing determinations, the court shall review the whole
       record or those parts of it cited by a party, and due account shall be taken
       of the rule of prejudicial error.

5 U.S.C. § 706.

                                            20
procedure involved a violation of a regulation or procedure.”) (citing Savantage Fin.
Servs., Inc. v. United States, 595 F.3d at 1285–86); Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd.
v. United States, 720 F.3d 901, 907 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2013);
McVey Co., Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 387, 402 (2013) (“The first step is to
demonstrate error, that is, to show that the agency acted in an arbitrary and capricious
manner, without a rational basis or contrary to law.”); PlanetSpace, Inc. v. United States,
92 Fed. Cl. 520, 531–32 (2010) (“Stated another way, a plaintiff must show that the
agency’s decision either lacked a rational basis or was contrary to law.” (citing Weeks
Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1358)).

       The United States Supreme Court has identified sample grounds which can
constitute arbitrary or capricious agency action:

       [W]e will not vacate an agency’s decision unless it “has relied on factors
       which Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider
       an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision
       that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible
       that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency
       expertise.”

Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 658 (2007) (quoting
Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983)); see
also Tinton Falls Lodging Realty, LLC v. United States, 800 F.3d at 1358; F.C.C. v. Fox
Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 552 (2009); Ala. Aircraft Indus., Inc.-Birmingham
v. United States, 586 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2009), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied
(Fed. Cir. 2010); In re Sang Su Lee, 277 F.3d 1338, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“[T]he agency
tribunal must present a full and reasoned explanation of its decision. . . . The reviewing
court is thus enabled to perform meaningful review . . . .”); Textron, Inc. v. United States,
74 Fed. Cl. 277, 285–86 (2006), appeal dismissed sub nom. Textron, Inc. v. Ocean
Technical Servs., Inc., 223 F. App’x 974 (Fed. Cir. 2007). The United States Supreme
Court also has cautioned, however, that “courts are not free to impose upon agencies
specific procedural requirements that have no basis in the APA.” Pension Benefit Guar.
Corp. v. LTV Corp., 496 U.S. 633, 654 (1990).

        Under an arbitrary or capricious standard, the reviewing court should not substitute
its judgment for that of the agency, but should review the basis for the agency decision to
determine if it was legally permissible, reasonable, and supported by the facts. See Motor
Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. at 43 (“The scope of
review under the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard is narrow and a court is not to
substitute its judgment for that of the agency.”); see also Turner Constr. Co., Inc. v. United
States, 645 F.3d at 1383; R & W Flammann GmbH v. United States, 339 F.3d 1320, 1322
(Fed. Cir. 2003) (citing Ray v. Lehman, 55 F.3d 606, 608 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 516
U.S. 916 (1995)). “‘“If the court finds a reasonable basis for the agency’s action, the court
should stay its hand even though it might, as an original proposition, have reached a
different conclusion as to the proper administration and application of the procurement
regulations.”’” Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1371 (quoting Honeywell,
Inc. v. United States, 870 F.2d 644, 648 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (quoting M. Steinthal & Co. v.

                                             21
Seamans, 455 F.2d 1289, 1301 (D.C. Cir. 1971))); Jordan Pond Co., LLC v. United
States, 115 Fed. Cl. 623, 631 (2014); Davis Boat Works, Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed.
Cl. 342, 349 (2013); Norsat Int’l [America], Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 483, 493
(2013); HP Enter. Servs., LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 230, 238 (2012); Vanguard
Recovery Assistance v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 765, 780 (2011).

       Stated otherwise by the United States Supreme Court:

       Section 706(2)(A) requires a finding that the actual choice made was not
       “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
       with law.” To make this finding the court must consider whether the decision
       was based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has
       been a clear error of judgment. Although this inquiry into the facts is to be
       searching and careful, the ultimate standard of review is a narrow one. The
       court is not empowered to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.

Citizens to Pres. Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971), abrogated on
other grounds by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99 (1977) (internal citations omitted); see
also U.S. Postal Serv. v. Gregory, 534 U.S. 1, 6–7 (2001); Bowman Transp., Inc. v.
Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285 (1974), reh’g denied, 420 U.S. 956
(1975); Co-Steel Raritan, Inc. v. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 357 F.3d 1294, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2004)
(In discussing the “arbitrary, capricious, and abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with the law” standard, the Federal Circuit stated: “the ultimate standard of
review is a narrow one. The court is not empowered to substitute its judgment for that of
the agency.”); In re Sang Su Lee, 277 F.3d at 1342; Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v.
United States, 216 F.3d at 1058 (“The arbitrary and capricious standard applicable here
is highly deferential. This standard requires a reviewing court to sustain an agency action
evincing rational reasoning and consideration of relevant factors.” (citing Bowman
Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. at 285)); Lockheed Missiles &
Space Co. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d 955, 959 (Fed. Cir. 1993); BCPeabody Constr. Servs., Inc.
v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. 502, 508 (2013) (“The court ‘is not empowered to substitute
its judgment for that of the agency,’ and it must uphold an agency’s decision against a
challenge if the ‘contracting agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of
its exercise of discretion.’” (quoting Keeton Corrs., Inc. v. United States, 59 Fed. Cl. 753,
755, recons. denied, 60 Fed. Cl. 251 (2004), and Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States,
564 F.3d at 1381)), appeal withdrawn, 559 F. App’x 1033 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (internal
citations omitted); Supreme Foodservice GmbH v. United States, 109 Fed. Cl. 369, 382
(2013); Alamo Travel Grp., LP v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 224, 231 (2012); ManTech
Telecomms. & Info. Sys. Corp. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. 57, 63 (2001), aff’d, 30 F.
App’x 995 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Ellsworth Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 45 Fed. Cl. 388, 392
(1999) (“Courts must give great deference to agency procurement decisions and will not
lightly overturn them.” (citing Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729, 743–44
(1985))), appeal dismissed, 6 F. App’x 867 (Fed. Cir. 2001), and superseded by regulation
as recognized in MVS USA, Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 639 (2013).

                                             22
       According to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit:

       Effective contracting demands broad discretion. Burroughs Corp. v. United
       States, 223 Ct. Cl. 53, 617 F.2d 590, 598 (1980); Sperry Flight Sys. Div. v.
       United States, 548 F.2d 915, 921, 212 Ct. Cl. 329 (1977); see NKF Eng’g,
       Inc. v. United States, 805 F.2d 372, 377 (Fed. Cir. 1986); Tidewater
       Management Servs., Inc. v. United States, 573 F.2d 65, 73, 216 Ct. Cl. 69
       (1978); RADVA Corp. v. United States, 17 Cl. Ct. 812, 819 (1989), aff’d, 914
       F.2d 271 (Fed. Cir. 1990). Accordingly, agencies “are entrusted with a good
       deal of discretion in determining which bid is the most advantageous to the
       Government.” Tidewater Management Servs., 573 F.2d at 73, 216 Ct. Cl.
       69.

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d at 958–59; see also Res-Care, Inc. v.
United States, 735 F.3d 1384, 1390 (Fed. Cir.) (“DOL [Department of Labor], as a federal
procurement entity, has ‘broad discretion to determine what particular method of
procurement will be in the best interests of the United States in a particular situation.’”
(quoting Tyler Constr. Grp. v. United States, 570 F.3d 1329, 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2009))), reh’g
en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2014); Grumman Data Sys. Corp. v. Dalton, 88 F.3d 990, 995
(Fed. Cir. 1996); Geo-Med, LLC v. United States, 126 Fed. Cl. 440, 449 (2016); Cybertech
Grp., Inc. v. United States, 48 Fed. Cl. 638, 646 (2001) (“The court recognizes that the
agency possesses wide discretion in the application of procurement regulations.”);
Furthermore, according to the Federal Circuit:

       Contracting officers “are entitled to exercise discretion upon a broad range
       of issues confronting them in the procurement process.” Impresa
       Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324,
       1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly,
       procurement decisions are subject to a “highly deferential rational basis
       review.” CHE Consulting, Inc. v. United States, 552 F.3d 1351, 1354 (Fed.
       Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted).

PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at 1351; see also Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United
States, 575 F.3d at 1368–69 (“We have stated that procurement decisions ‘invoke[ ]
“highly deferential” rational basis review.’ Under that standard, we sustain an agency
action ‘evincing rational reasoning and consideration of relevant factors.’” (quoting CHE
Consulting, Inc. v. United States, 552 F.3d at 1354 (quoting Advanced Data Concepts,
Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1058))).

        On a motion for judgment on the administrative record, a disappointed bidder has
the burden of demonstrating the arbitrary and capricious nature of the agency decision
by a preponderance of the evidence. See Tinton Falls Lodging Realty, LLC v. United
States, 800 F.3d at 1364; see also Grumman Data Sys. Corp. v. Dalton, 88 F.3d at 995–
96; Davis Boat Works, Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. at 349; Contracting, Consulting,
Eng’g LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. at 340. The Federal Circuit has indicated that
“[t]his court will not overturn a contracting officer’s determination unless it is arbitrary,
capricious, or otherwise contrary to law. To demonstrate that such a determination is

                                             23
arbitrary or capricious, a protester must identify ‘hard facts’; a mere inference or
suspicion. . . is not enough.” PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at 1352 (citing John
C. Grimberg Co. v. United States, 185 F.3d 1297, 1300 (Fed. Cir. 1999)); see also Turner
Constr. Co., Inc. v. United States, 645 F.3d at 1387; Sierra Nevada Corp. v. United States,
107 Fed. Cl. 735, 759 (2012); Filtration Dev. Co., LLC v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 371,
380 (2004).

       A bid protest proceeds in two steps. First . . . the trial court determines
       whether the government acted without rational basis or contrary to law when
       evaluating the bids and awarding the contract. Second . . . if the trial court
       finds that the government’s conduct fails the APA review under 5 U.S.C.
       § 706(2)(A), then it proceeds to determine, as a factual matter, if the bid
       protester was prejudiced by that conduct.

Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1351; FirstLine Transp. Sec., Inc. v. United
States, 119 Fed. Cl. 116, 126 (2014); Eco Tour Adventures, Inc. v. United States, 114
Fed. Cl. at 22; Archura LLC v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. 487, 496 (2013). To prevail in
a bid protest case, the protestor not only must show that the government’s actions were
arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise not in accordance with the law, but the protestor also
must show that it was prejudiced by the government’s actions. See 5 U.S.C. § 706 (“[D]ue
account shall be taken of the rule of prejudicial error.”); see also Glenn Def. Marine
(ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d at 907 (“In a bid protest case, the inquiry is
whether the agency's action was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise
not in accordance with law and, if so, whether the error is prejudicial.”) ; Linc Gov’t Servs.,
LLC v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. at 694-96. In describing the prejudice requirement, the
Federal Circuit also has held that:

       To prevail in a bid protest, a protester must show a significant, prejudicial
       error in the procurement process. See Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102
       F.3d 1577, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1996); Data Gen. Corp. v. Johnson, 78 F.3d
       1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1996). “To establish prejudice, a protester is not
       required to show that but for the alleged error, the protester would have
       been awarded the contract.” Data General, 78 F.3d at 1562 (citation
       omitted). Rather, the protester must show “that there was a substantial
       chance it would have received the contract award but for that error.”
       Statistica, 102 F.3d at 1582; see CACI, Inc.-Fed. v. United States, 719 F.2d
       1567, 1574-75 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (to establish competitive prejudice, protester
       must demonstrate that but for the alleged error, “‘there was a substantial
       chance that [it] would receive an award--that it was within the zone of active
       consideration.’”) (citation omitted).

Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v. United States, 175 F.3d 1365, 1367 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied
(Fed. Cir. 1999); see also Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d
at 912; Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 649 F.3d 1320, 1326 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g en
banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2011); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d
at 1319; Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at
1332-33; OMV Med., Inc. v. United States, 219 F.3d 1337, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2000);

                                              24
Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1057; Stratos Mobile
Networks USA, LLC v. United States, 213 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2000).

      In Data General Corp. v. Johnson, the United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit wrote:

       We think that the appropriate standard is that, to establish prejudice, a
       protester must show that, had it not been for the alleged error in the
       procurement process, there was a reasonable likelihood that the protester
       would have been awarded the contract . . . . The standard reflects a
       reasonable balance between the importance of (1) averting unwarranted
       interruptions of and interferences with the procurement process and (2)
       ensuring that protesters who have been adversely affected by allegedly
       significant error in the procurement process have a forum available to vent
       their grievances. This is a refinement and clarification of the “substantial
       chance” language of CACI, Inc.-Fed. [v. United States], 719 F.2d at 1574.

Data Gen. Corp. v. Johnson, 78 F.3d 1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied, en banc
suggestion declined (Fed. Cir. 1996); see also Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v.
United States, 720 F.3d at 912; Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1353, 1358
(“The trial court was required to determine whether these errors in the procurement
process significantly prejudiced Bannum . . . . To establish ‘significant prejudice’ Bannum
must show that there was a ‘substantial chance’ it would have received the contract award
but for the [government’s] errors” in the bid process. (citing Info. Tech. & Applications
Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d at 1319; Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v. United States,
175 F.3d at 1367; Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d at 1581; Data Gen. Corp. v.
Johnson, 78 F.3d at 1562); see also Todd Constr., L.P. v. United States, 656 F.3d at
1315; Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1057 (using a
“reasonable likelihood” rule); Stratos Mobile Networks USA, LLC v. United States, 213
F.3d at 1380 (using a “substantial chance” test); Archura LLC v. United States, 112 Fed.
Cl. at 496 (using a “substantial chance” test); Info. Scis. Corp. v. United States, 73 Fed.
Cl. 70, 96 (2006) (using a “substantial chance” test), recons. in part, 75 Fed. Cl. 406
(2007).

        When a bid protest at this court challenges an agency’s corrective action decision,
this court should only set aside an agency’s action that is “‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse
of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’” Chapman Law Firm Co. v.
Greenleaf Constr. Co., 490 F.3d at 938 (quoting Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United
States, 216 F.3d at 1057); see also Raytheon Co. v. United States, 121 Fed. Cl. 135, 150
(2015) (“As in all bid protests, the court reviews a decision to take corrective action
pursuant to the standards set forth in the Administrative Procedure Act (‘APA’) . . . and
will set aside the decision if it is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise
not in accordance with law,’ Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1350
(Fed. Cir. 2004) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2012)).”).

                                               25
         “A contracting agency has broad discretion whether to pursue corrective action
during the course of a procurement.” 10 Wildflower Int’l, Ltd. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl.
362, 385-86 (2012); see also Sys. Application & Techs., Inc. v. United States, 100 Fed.
Cl. at 716 (“As with all procurement decisions, an agency has broad discretion to take
necessary corrective action. Accordingly, the court affords the Army’s decision to take
corrective action deference and will uphold the decision if it is rational, reasonable, and
coherent and reflects due consideration of all relevant facts.” (internal citations omitted));
Jacobs Tech. Inc. v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 186, 190 (2011) (“Contracting officers
are entitled to broad discretion in the procurement process . . . including in their decisions
to take corrective action.”); ManTech Telecomm. & Info. Sys. Corp. v. United States, 49
Fed. Cl. 57, 65 (2001), aff'd, 30 F. App'x 995 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“Regarding the use of
corrective action, this court has held that ‘[c]ontracting officials in negotiated
procurements have broad discretion to take corrective action where the agency
determines that such action is necessary to ensure fair and impartial competition.’”)
(internal citations omitted). To be reasonable, “the agency must have ‘examined the
relevant data and articulated a coherent and reasonable explanation for [its] decision’” to
take corrective action. See Jacobs Tech. Inc. v. United States, 131 Fed. Cl. at 450
(quoting WHR Group, Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 386, 396 (2014)) (modification
in original). In assessing whether to take corrective action, “[t]he contracting agency does
not have to ‘admit an error’ prior to its decision to pursue corrective action.” Wildflower
Int'l, Ltd. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. at 386; see also ManTech Telecomms. & Info.
Sys. Corp. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. at 72 (“[I]t is important to recall that the
government is not obliged to admit an error as a precondition to proposing corrective
action.”); Ceres Gulf, Inc. v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 303, 318 (2010) (“The contracting
officer need not identify a particular error in the procurement process as a precondition to
proposing corrective action.” (internal citations and quotations removed)).

        To determine whether the scope of a corrective action was reasonable under the
circumstances and appropriate to remedy the impropriety, the court must conduct a fact-
specific review. See Prof’l Serv. Indus., Inc. v. United States, 129 Fed. Cl. 190, 203 (2016)
(“Given the broad discretion afforded agencies in the bid protest arena, the great weight
of authority is that to survive review, an agency’s corrective action must be ‘reasonable
under the circumstances and appropriate to remedy the impropriety.’ Amazon Web
Servs., Inc., v. United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 102, 115 (2013) (quoting Reema Consulting
Servs., Inc. v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. 519, 527 (2012)).”); see also Wildflower Int’l,
Ltd. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. at 389; Jacobs Tech. Inc. v. United States, 131 Fed.
Cl. at 443-44. In Jacobs Technology Inc. v. United States, a Judge of this court stated
that “[r]eviewing courts have not been fully consistent in applying this reasonableness
standard” to an agency’s corrective action, and compared two prior decisions of this court.
See Jacobs Tech. Inc. v. United States, 131 Fed. Cl. at 450. The Jacobs Technology

10Quoting the appellant’s brief, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
noted that “‘corrective action’ in the bid protest context generally means ‘agency action,
usually taken after a protest has been initiated, to correct a perceived prior error in the
procurement process, or, in the absence of error, to act to improve the competitive
process.’” Dellew Corp. v. United States, 855 F.3d 1375, 1378 n.2 (Fed. Cir. 2017).

                                             26
court reviewed Sheridan Corp. v. United States, 95 Fed. Cl. 141, 153 (2010), in which the
court, while embracing the “reasonable under the circumstances” test, went further and
stated “the corrective action must target the identified defect” in order to be found
reasonable, and Sierra Nevada Corp. v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. 735, 750 (2012), in
which the court noted that the Sheridan test was too restrictive for its case, and stated,
that “[t]he Court of Federal Claims has more or less settled on a standard for review of
challenges to corrective actions. It must be reasonable under the circumstances.” In WHR
Group, Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. at 397, the court similarly noted the earlier,
different approaches in Sheridan Corp. and Sierra Nevada Corp. and held that “there can
be no universal test as to what constitutes appropriate corrective action,” and embraced
the “reasonable under the circumstances” test. Id. A review of the court’s decisions
demonstrates that varying approaches continue to be taken when reviewing the
reasonableness of an agency’s corrective action. Following the Sheridan Corp. decision,
in Amazon Web Services, Inc. v. United States, 113 Fed. Cl. at 115, the court held that
“even where a protest is justified, any corrective action must narrowly target the defects
it is intended to remedy.” Id. In Wildflower International, Ltd. v. United States, the court
held that “[c]orrective action is reasonable when it is “rationally related to the defect to be
corrected.” Wildflower Int’l, Ltd. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. at 389; see also Excelsior
Ambulance Serv. v. United States, 124 Fed. Cl. 581, 585 (2015) (“To be reasonable, the
agency’s corrective action must be rationally related to the defect to be corrected.”). In
Professional Service Industries, Inc. v. United States, 129 Fed. Cl. at 203, however,
another Judge on this court explained that “it would not be appropriate to apply a narrow
targeting or tailoring requirement to an agency’s decision to take corrective action”
because “protested procurement actions are reviewed under a deferential
reasonableness standard” and “[l]egal standards that impose narrow tailoring or narrow
targeting requirements on government action are employed in cases where courts apply
heightened scrutiny to such actions.” Id. The court in Professional Service Industries, Inc.
v. United States considered whether the agency’s corrective action was “reasonable
under the circumstances and whether it [was] supported by the administrative record.” Id.
Similarly, in Manus Medical, LLC v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 187, 192 (2014), the court
held that “corrective action must still be ‘reasonable under the circumstances and
appropriate to remedy the impropriety.’” Id. (quoting Reema Consulting Servs., Inc. v.
United States, 107 Fed. Cl. at 527).

       The differences between the various applications of the “reasonable under the
circumstances” test are, in application, subtle, factually specific, and should be
undertaken within the context of the general, but not unlimited, discretion afforded
procurement officials. Given the enormous variations in the facts presented in challenges
to corrective action decisions, and the individualized agency reasons for taking corrective
action, the court’s review must be based on the entire administrative record before the
court. Moreover, it is essential that contracting officers carefully and coherently document
corrective action decisions in order to provide the best possible clear explanation for such
decisions. Such clear presentation of the reasons for taking corrective action is the best
defense to continuing litigation challenging an agency’s decision to take corrective action,
such as this bid protest.

                                              27
        When the court finds that an agency has acted unreasonably in a procurement,
including regarding corrective action, the court may award declaratory and injunctive
relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(2). The court may enjoin an agency from implementing
corrective action if the corrective action is found to be unreasonable. See SOS Int’l LLC
v. United States, 127 Fed. Cl. 576, 585 (2016). In Centech Group, Inc. v. United States,
the Federal Circuit set out the test for a permanent injunction, stating:

           To determine if a permanent injunction is warranted, the court must
           consider whether (1) the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits of the
           case; (2) the plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm if the court withholds
           injunctive relief; (3) the balance of hardships to the respective parties
           favors the grant of injunctive relief; and (4) the public interest is served
           by a grant of injunctive relief.

Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (citing PGBA,
LLC v. United States, 389 F.3d 1219, at 1228–29 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing Amoco Prod.
Co. v. Vill. of Gambell, Alaska, 480 U.S. 531, 546 n.12 (1987))); see also Nat’l Steel Car,
Ltd. v. Canadian Pacific Ry., Ltd., 357 F.3d 1319, 1325 (Fed. Cir.) (finding that a plaintiff
who cannot demonstrate actual success on the merits cannot prevail on its motion for
permanent injunctive relief), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2004); Remington
Arms Co., LLC v. United States, 126 Fed. Cl. 218, 232 (2016); MVS USA, Inc. v. United
States, 111 Fed. Cl. 639, 649 (2013); CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed.
Cl. 462, 494 (2013); Contracting, Consulting, Eng’g LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. at
340 (citing Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d at 1037) (citation omitted).
Success on the merits has been said to be “the most important factor for a court to
consider when deciding whether to issue injunctive relief.” Dellew Corp. v. United States,
108 Fed. Cl. 357, 369 (2012) (citing Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d at
1312). While success on the merits is necessary, it is not sufficient for plaintiff to establish
that it is entitled to injunctive relief. See Contracting, Consulting, Eng’g LLC v. United
States, 104 Fed. Cl. at 353 (“Although plaintiff’s entitlement to injunctive relief depends
on its succeeding on the merits, it is not determinative because the three equitable factors
must be considered, as well.”) (citing PGBA, LLC v. United States, 389 F.3d at 1228-29).
The four factors are to be considered collectively, rather than individually, such that

       “[n]o one factor, taken individually, is necessarily dispositive. . . . [T]he
       weakness of the showing regarding one factor may be overborne by the
       strength of the others.” FMC Corp. [v. United States], 3 F.3d [424] at 427
       [(Fed. Cir. 1993)]. Conversely, “the absence of an adequate showing with
       regard to any one factor may be sufficient” to deny injunctive relief. Id.

Sheridan Corp. v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 663, 668 (2010); see also Wallace Asset
Mgmt., LLC v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl. 718, 727 (2016); Amidon, Inc. v. United States,
124 Fed. Cl. 517, 522 (2015). A plaintiff who cannot demonstrate success on the merits
cannot prevail upon a motion for injunctive relief. See Nat’l Steer Car, Ltd. v. Canadian
Pacific Ry., Ltd., 357 F.3d at 1325; see also By Light Prof’l IT Servs., Inc. v. United States,
131 Fed. Cl. 358, 367 (2017).

                                              28
         In the above-captioned bid protest, Novak Birch challenges CMS’s decision to take
corrective action and seeks injunctive and declaratory relief to prevent CMS from
terminating the contract award to Novak Birch, cancelling the solicitation, and returning
to market research. Protestor alleges that the corrective action is arbitrary and capricious
because “[t]here is no rational basis to justify CMS’ voluntary decision to take corrective
action” as it is based on a “meritless protest.” (emphasis removed). According to
protestor, none of Rainmakers’ arguments during the previous bid protest in Rainmakers
Strategic Solutions, LLC v. United States, Case No. 17-110C, “provided any justification
for the CMS’ decision to take corrective action and disrupt Novak’s award.” Protestor
alleges “[t]he evaluations of both offerors were reasonable and supported extensively by
the record.” Protestor argues that Novak Birch’s submissions were not “technically
unacceptable,” even though neither included the PAT, because, according to protestor,
“there is nothing in the RFQ evaluation factors, nor in FAR Part 8, which would render a
quote ‘technically unacceptable’ such that it would be removed from consideration,” for
failing to submit the PAT. According to protestor, its proposal demonstrated that it met the
Section 508 accessibility standards despite not having submitted a PAT, which should
have been sufficient to be considered “technically acceptable.” Additionally, protestor
asserts that “the submittal of a completed PAT was not a material solicitation requirement
that would render Novak’s quote non-responsive” because “the inclusion of a completed
PAT had no impact on price, quantity, quality, or delivery of the subject of the [RFQ].”
(modification in original). Instead, according to protestor, the PAT was to be submitted to
aid in CMS’s determination of whether the proposal complied with the Section 508
requirements.

          Alternatively, protestor asserts that, to the extent “CMS did have a reasonable
basis to take some limited corrective action,” “CMS’ proposed corrective action is
arbitrary, capricious, and violates applicable law because the corrective action exceeds
the scope of any corrective action that might be required to address the alleged flaws in
CMS’ evaluation.” Protestor asserts that “CMS did not reasonably tailor its corrective
action to the ‘errors’ identified during the evaluation process” in the previous bid protest.
Protestor argues that “reevaluating the offerors’ proposals, along with exchanges with
both offerors, would be sufficient to address any alleged flaw in the procurement,” and
that “CMS’ decision to return to market research is irrational and cannot survive rational
scrutiny.” Protestor asserts that Novak Birch will suffer “immediate and irreparable harm
. . . if Defendant is permitted to proceed with its unlawful corrective action plan,” that the
balance of hardships weighs in favor of protestor, and that injunctive relief preventing the
corrective action is in the public’s interest.

       In opposition, defendant and defendant-intervenor argue that CMS’s decision to
take corrective action was reasonable because the contracting officer perceived a defect
in the procurement, that “purchasing the GEO services from a vendor on GSA Schedule
541-5 – yielded no eligible contractors,” which “was a problem in need of correction.”
According to defendant, throughout the course of the preceding bid protest litigation at
the GAO and in this court, “the contracting officer came to a better appreciation of the
problem posed by Novak’s decision to omit a completed Section 508 PAT from its
proposal.” Defendant asserts that, in her justification, the contracting officer ultimately
acknowledged “that Novak’s failure to submit a PAT with its proposal presented a

                                             29
significant risk of a finding that Novak was also ineligible for award” by the court, such
that “the agency’s chosen procurement vehicle presented a substantial chance of
producing no vendors eligible for award.” Defendant argues that, faced with the possibility
that both Rainmakers and Novak Birch could be eliminated from the competition, and
noting the limited competition produced by the solicitation, the contracting officer
“concluded that the decision to use the GSA schedule did not result in an award made on
a basis most advantageous to the Government.” Thus, according to defendant, CMS
reasonably decided to “abandon the demonstrably ineffective means of obtaining a GEO
contractor, reassess the situation, and proceed anew under a different contract vehicle.”

        In support of the corrective action decision, defendant-intervenor argues that
Novak Birch’s proposal was non-responsive because it failed to submit a material
document, the PAT, thus, CMS was required to reject the proposal. According to
defendant-intervenor, the submission of the PAT was a material requirement because the
solicitation stated that offerors “shall” include a PAT in their proposals and that, with
regard to 508 Compliance, offerors would be evaluated “as Acceptable or Unacceptable
in accordance with the terms of HHSAR [HHS Acquisition Regulation] Provision 352.239-
73 Electronic Information and Technology Accessibility Notice (December 2015) (Section
L.3).” Defendant quotes HHSAR provision 352-239-73(c), as set forth in the solicitation,
as follows: “In order to facilitate the Government’s determination whether proposed EIT
supplies meet applicable Section 508 accessibility standards, Offerors must submit an
HHS Section 508 Product Assessment Template [PAT], in accordance with its completion
instructions.” Defendant-intervenor asserts that a proposal’s failure to timely include a
material document required by the solicitation renders the proposal non-responsive.
Additionally, defendant-intervenor argues that, pursuant to the solicitation and applicable
regulations, the requirement to submit the PAT was necessary to make a proposal
“technically acceptable.” Defendant-intervenor argues that the solicitation specifically
indicated that the submission of the PAT was a “minimum requirement” and that factor
five would be evaluated on an “Acceptable/Unacceptable” basis. Defendant-intervenor
asserts that Novak Birch’s “failure to submit the PAT rendered its quote technically
unacceptable” and, as a result, it should have been eliminated from the competition.

        Moreover, defendant and defendant-intervenor argue that the scope of the
corrective action was reasonable and related to the errors underlying the procurement
process. Defendant and defendant-intervenor assert that the corrective action is designed
to cure the procurement flaws that pertain to the eligibility of the offerors and the chosen
underlying contract vehicle, the GSA Schedule 541-5 contract, each of which, they argue,
would provide an independent basis to terminate the contract, cancel the solicitation, and
conduct market research before resoliciting offers to fulfill the requirement. Defendant-
intervenor asserts that the corrective action is not overly broad because “CMS had
evaluated Novak’s proposal to be ‘technically acceptable’ when Solicitation evaluation
criteria required it to be found ‘unacceptable,’” which rendered CMS’s award decision to
Novak Birch “unlawful.” According to defendant and defendant-intervenor, the contracting
officer reasonably elected not to pursue further discussions in an effort to avoid the risk
of additional protests in light of the parties’ previously raised arguments in Rainmakers
Strategic Solutions, LLC v. United States, Case No. 17-110C, and the instant bid protest.
In the corrective action memorandum, the contracting officer states that “reopening

                                            30
discussions with Rainmakers to allow it to cure its schedule issues seems unnecessary
and would most likely result in additional bid protest litigation,” thus, the contracting officer
concluded that “[e]liminating both vendors from the competition (and leaving CMS with
no eligible awardees) is most appropriate.” Furthermore, defendant and defendant-
intervenor assert that CMS’s documentation of the corrective action decision is “detailed
and rational.”

        In this bid protest, the court reviews the administrative record to determine if the
corrective action decision was reasonable, coherent, and justified. The administrative
record includes the contracting officer’s April 7, 2017 corrective action memorandum,
which explains that the decision to take corrective action was premised on the contracting
officer’s determination that, as a result of the earlier-filed bid protest in Rainmakers
Strategic Solutions, LLC v. United States, there was a risk that both Rainmakers and
Novak Birch, the only two offerors, could both be found ineligible for the contract award,
which would leave CMS unable to award a contract under the solicitation. The
contemporaneous administrative record establishes that, after the receipt of proposals in
response to the solicitation, the contracting officer determined that Rainmakers’ proposal
was unacceptable because Rainmakers’ proposed labor categories from its GSA 541-5
Schedule contract did not align with the key personnel requirements in the solicitation.
The contracting officer concluded “that Rainmakers’ quote is unacceptable; and [the
contracting officer] does not foresee a remedy in which Rainmakers can revise their
proposal in order to become acceptable.” Thus, after the contracting officer’s scope
analysis, CMS concluded that Novak Birch was the only remaining offeror that could
receive the contract award.

        Although CMS originally considered Novak Birch eligible for the contract award,
the administrative record does not support that conclusion. The solicitation required
offerors to submit a PAT in order to demonstrate the offerors’ ability to meet the standards
of Section 508 as set forth in 48 C.F.R. § 339.203. As explained above, the solicitation
included five technical evaluation factors for the agency to consider when evaluating
proposals, and factor five was “508 Compliance (Acceptable/Unacceptable).” The
solicitation explained that, with regard to “508 Compliance,” (emphasis in original)
offerors would be evaluated “as Acceptable or Unacceptable” and,“[t]o receive a rating of
Acceptable the Offeror must complete the PAT and demonstrate the Offeror’s ability to
meet the Section 508 standards in accordance with 48 C.F.R. 339.203 for the proposed
EIT [Electronic and Information Technology].” (emphasis added). The solicitation also
stated that a copy of the PAT “must be included with the proposal submission.” (emphasis
added). Novak Birch, however, has acknowledged during this bid protest that it did not
submit a PAT as part of its proposal. CMS, nonetheless, improperly concluded that Novak
Birch “met the requirements of the RFQ to obtain an Acceptable rating for this Technical
Evaluation Factor.” The technical evaluation panel report explains that,

       [t]he 508 section of the contract was reviewed by the compliance officer and
       finds Novak Birch’s 508 compliance to be acceptable. The contractor
       indicated that they would fill out a PAT as soon as sufficient details were
       supplied for them to do so. The compliance officer spoke with the
       Contracting Officer and they agreed this would be acceptable, provided that

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      Novak Birch complete a PAT when more information is given. Throughout
      Novak Birch’s proposal, references are made to the importance of making
      materials and webinars Section 508 compliant.

Although protestor argues that “there is nothing in the RFQ evaluation factors, nor in FAR
Part 8, which would render a quote ‘technically unacceptable’ such that it would be
removed from consideration, for failing to submit the self-evaluation worksheet regarding
508 compliance,” as discussed above, the solicitation was explicit and stated “[t]o receive
a rating of Acceptable the Offeror must complete the PAT . . . .” (emphasis in original).
Moreover, Novak Birch’s references in its proposal to 508 Compliance all referred to
compliance in the future.

       A thorough review of the administrative record reveals that there is no explanation
from the agency as to why CMS did not consider Novak Birch’s proposal to be
unacceptable, or deficient, due to the missing PAT, even though, in contrast, CMS
deemed Rainmakers’ proposal to be unacceptable based on the contracting officer’s
determination that Rainmakers’ proposed key personnel labor categories did not align
with the solicitation requirements. While the administrative record establishes that the
agency afforded a degree of selective flexibility to Novak Birch’s proposal with regard to
the missing PAT, there does not appear to be any explanation in the administrative record
to support the agency’s decision, other than the conclusion that, in its proposal, Novak
Birch referenced the importance of making materials and webinars compliant with Section
508 and Novak Birch agreed to submit a PAT “as soon as sufficient details were supplied
for them to do so.” It appears that CMS, in effect, waived the PAT requirement for Novak
Birch, however, the administrative record does not include any solicitation amendments
or other contemporaneous notice to all offerors that a PAT would not be required. Even
though Novak Birch failed to include the PAT in its proposal, CMS moved forward and
engaged in exchanges with Novak Birch to address other significant concerns with its
proposal, including issues regarding its proposed labor rates and labor categories.
Moreover, CMS allowed Novak Birch to submit a revised proposal on September 26,
2016, which, in fact, raised the price of Novak Birch’s proposal to $40,945,590.00, which
was higher than Rainmakers’ proposed price. These exchanges appear to have been
improper given that there were acceptability issues with both offerors and, for reasons not
evident in the administrative record, CMS only conducted exchanges with Novak Birch.
Notably, during these exchanges, CMS did not address the missing PAT with Novak Birch
and Novak Birch’s revised proposal also did not include a PAT. In its original proposal,
Novak Birch stated, in pertinent part:

      Our team will include 508 compliance expertise throughout the project
      lifecycle. We will implement 508-compliant solutions for the GEO website.
      We will work with the CMS Accessibility Standards team to review design
      specifications and wireframes, consult with developers and validate 508
      compliance during the testing phase of each sprint. If required by CMS, the
      team will produce and update a 508 Product Accessibility Template (PAT)
      to outline compliance to 508 requirements.

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The parties have stipulated that “[t]he Section 508 language in Novak’s revised proposal
is identical to the Section 508 language in Novak’s original proposal.”

       As the solicitation explained, the procurement at issue in this bid protest was
conducted pursuant to FAR Part 8.4 as a task order award limited to qualified entities
under a GSA Federal Supply Schedule, specifically GSA Schedule 541-5. Although FAR
Part 8.4 procurements are intended to promote efficiency, and requirements invoked in a
FAR Part 15 procurement do not apply in a FAR Part 8.4 procurement, 48 C.F.R. §
8.404(a) (2017), the government is required to follow the standard of fundamental
fairness. In IBM Corp. v. United States, 119 Fed. Cl. 145, 157 (2014), which similarly
involved a FAR Part 8 procurement, the court explained that “this procurement is
governed by FAR Part 8, and therefore, it is analyzed under a standard of fundamental
fairness.” IBM Corp. v. United States, 119 Fed. Cl. at 157. Other Judges of this court also
have considered whether the government violated the requirement of fundamental
fairness in the FAR Part 8 procurement process. See Unisys Corp. v. United States, 89
Fed. Cl. 126, 139 (2009) (explaining that, under the FAR, “all contractors and prospective
contractors shall be treated fairly and impartially”). In addition, this court considered the
requirement to treat offerors fairly in reviewing the previously filed bid protest in
Rainmakers Strategic Solutions, LLC v. United States.

        During the hearing on March 23, 2017 in the earlier bid protest on the same
solicitation that is at issue in the current protest, see Rainmakers Strategic Solutions, LLC
v. United States, the undersigned questioned CMS’s evaluation of the proposals and
indicated that there appeared to be a “fundamental unfairness” in how CMS evaluated
the offerors. When addressing defendant’s counsel, the court explained: “But essentially
you’ve got two incomplete proposals by your definition. We’ve got one that is incomplete
because they don’t meet the labor categories. We’ve got one that’s incomplete because
they didn’t meet a flat-out solicitation requirement to submit a PAT,” and “[i]t seems to me
that right there you’ve got a fundamental unfairness.”

        Based on the court’s assessment and a discussion with the parties concerning the
issues in the underlying procurement and award decision, the contracting officer has now
determined that there is a risk that the court would find both Rainmakers and Novak
Birch’s proposals unresponsive and ineligible for the contract award and that the court
could issue an injunction against the contract award to Novak Birch. The contracting
officer explains in the corrective action memorandum that she began to perceive the risk
that Novak Birch may be deemed ineligible for award after the hearing on March 23, 2017,
at which she was present, because “the court’s preliminary view” appeared to be that both
Rainmakers and Novak Birch had submitted proposals with “issues that could have been
considered equally by CMS and could both be viewed as reasons why either vendor
would not be eligible for an award.” Thus, the contracting officer was, in fact, confronted
with the risk that, as a result of the bid protest in Rainmakers Strategic Solutions LLC v.
United States, CMS would be without an eligible offeror to receive the contract award, for
which reason the contracting officer decided to take the now-challenged, corrective
action.

                                             33
        Protestor argues that the corrective action is arbitrary and capricious because it is
not premised on any identified procurement error and relies on the contracting officer’s
statement included in the corrective action memorandum that she does not agree with
the court’s assessment that Novak Birch’s proposal may have been ineligible for award.
In her corrective action memorandum, the contracting officer stated: “I am not convinced
that the corrective action taken at GAO was incorrect. Novak Birch was not ‘non-
responsive.’ They did address 508 compliance thoroughly within their technical proposal
and addressed the PAT even though one was not submitted.” In the same corrective
action memorandum, after the contracting officer tried to defend her position that Novak
Birch’s proposal was “not ‘non-responsive,’” she also, apparently reluctantly,
acknowledged that the agency did not follow the solicitation evaluation criteria for the
Section 508 PAT requirement when it considered Novak Birch’s proposal. The contracting
officer wrote: “[t]he instructions to quoters used the term ‘technically acceptable’ and the
Technical Evaluation Panel rated Novak Birch as ‘Acceptable’ even though the evaluation
criteria clearly stated that this rating could only be assigned to a vendor that submitted a
completed PAT, which Novak Birch did not.” The contracting officer determined that this
deviation from the solicitation evaluation criteria created the risk that, as a result of the
bid protest litigation, Novak Birch’s proposal could be considered non-responsive, thus
making Novak Birch ineligible for the contract award. Although, protestor argues that “the
Contracting Officer fails to state how the risk of a potentially adverse decision by this court
justifies revocation of the valid contract to Novak,” the contracting officer explained in her
memorandum that if both Novak Birch and Rainmakers are deemed ineligible for the
contract award, CMS would be left with no available option for awarding the contract.
(emphasis in original).

       The contracting officer attributed the risk that CMS would be without an eligible
offeror, in large part, due to the agency’s decision to use the GSA Schedule 541-5
contract as the vehicle for this procurement, which narrowed the pool of offerors. In fact,
only Rainmakers and Novak Birch responded to the solicitation. The corrective action
memorandum explains that, according to the contracting officer, the GSA Schedule 541-
5 contract was not “the most advantageous procurement vehicle.”

       Based on market research, the General Administration Services (GSA) [sic]
       Federal Supply Schedule (FSS) was thought to be a viable, streamlined
       approach to acquiring these necessary services; however, through this
       protest process, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has
       come to realize that due to the complex nature of the requirement and the
       newness of a majority of the services being procured, the narrowness of the
       GSA schedule was not the most successful method.

In the corrective action memorandum, the contracting officer describes the market
research conducted prior to the procurement and asserts that “[b]ased on this market
research, GSA appeared to be a feasible efficient approach to acquiring the GEO
requirements.” Currently, the contracting officer has found that, despite the results of the
initial market research, “procuring this requirement through the GSA schedule is not the
viable option that was originally anticipated.”

                                              34
        Although, in this bid protest, the contracting officer’s corrective action
memorandum contains some personal ambivalence and defensiveness of her earlier
decision to qualify Novak Birch, her corrective action decision to cancel the contract
award to Novak Birch and to re-procure is properly based on flaws in the procurement
process demonstrated in the administrative record before the court. A review of the
administrative record demonstrates that the risks perceived by the contracting officer
were reasonable and justified the decision to take the most recent corrective action. As
noted, the initial procurement process yielded only two offerors, and there were problems
with both Rainmakers’ and Novak Birch’s proposals from the beginning of the evaluation
process that affected their eligibility to receive the contract award, and which, justifiably,
finally, has caused the agency to re-evaluate its earlier decision to go forward with the
current solicitation, utilizing the GSA Schedule 541-5 vehicle. The agency’s decision to
take corrective action was based on the contracting officer’s informed assessment that
the underlying procurement approach was flawed because only two proposals, both of
which contained apparent possible errors resulting in dual ineligibility for award, had been
received. Given the contracting officer’s perception that a serious risk existed that no
eligible contractors would be available to receive the contract award under the existing
solicitation, CMS’s choice to cancel the solicitation and re-procure to meet the
requirement was reasonable.

       Protestor also argues that “[a]gencies may only take corrective action where there
is an actual prejudicial error in the evaluation of proposals.” (emphasis in original).
Although it is well-established that a protestor must show that it was prejudiced by an
alleged error in a procurement in order to receive injunctive relief, this court has held that
“the rule does not, on the other hand, stand for the proposition that an agency can
rationally act in a procurement to institute corrective action only when there is an error
coupled with a showing of prejudice to an offeror.” Jacobs Tech. Inc. v. United States,
131 Fed. Cl. at 452. Novak Birch appears to be trying to make the same argument that
the protestor in Jacobs Technology made by seeking to impose a prejudice requirement
on the agency and asserting that corrective action must be based on prejudicial error, see
Jacobs Tech. Inc. v. United States, 131 Fed. Cl. at 454, but to no avail. Protestor’s
argument that an agency only may take corrective action when there is an actual
prejudicial error during the evaluation of proposals is too restrictive, as procurement errors
can occur in a variety of ways, and not just during the evaluation phase. Moreover, to the
extent protestor argues that the corrective action decision is arbitrary and capricious
because the contracting officer has not admitted that a procurement error exists, as
discussed above, an admission of error is not necessary to justify a corrective action
decision. See Wildflower Int'l, Ltd. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. at 386; see also ManTech
Telecommunications & Info. Sys. Corp. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. at 72.

        Having found that CMS’s decision to take corrective action was reasonable, the
court considers whether the scope of the corrective action was reasonable under the
circumstances. See Prof’l Serv. Indus., Inc. v. United States, 129 Fed. Cl. at 203. The
contracting officer appears to have contemplated two possible courses for the corrective
action, “either eliminat[e] both vendors from the competition . . . or allow both vendors
equal opportunities to revise their proposals to address the deficiencies” that CMS found
in their proposals. The contracting officer considered both these options and decided that

                                             35
“the best corrective action is to terminate the existing GEO task order to Novak Birch,
cancel the GEO Request for Quote (RFQ), reassess the procurement strategy to
determine a more appropriate vehicle for obtaining the GEO services, then obtain the
GEO services.”

         Protestor argues that the current corrective action is overly broad and asserts that
“the Agency could simply revisit the technical proposals of both offerors and open
exchanges between the agency and each offeror.” The contracting officer, however,
explained in her corrective action memorandum that “[n]othing I have seen to date has
changed my view that my determination that Rainmakers is not eligible for award because
it did not offer the services CMS was procuring on its GSA schedule contract was
incorrect.” Because Rainmakers was considered ineligible, the contracting officer
concluded that “reopening discussions with Rainmakers to allow it to cure its schedule
issues seems unnecessary and would most likely result in additional bid protest litigation.”
As discussed above, the contracting officer also reasonably perceived there to be a risk
that Novak Birch likewise would be found ineligible by the court for contract award
because its initial and final proposal lacked the required PAT. Because both offerors had
submitted flawed proposals that could be deemed unacceptable under the terms and
requirements of the solicitation, the contracting officer concluded that discussions were
not an appropriate form of corrective action. The perceived risks pertained to the offerors’
eligibility to receive the contract award based on the proposals that were submitted and
were not just evaluation errors that could be resolved by revisiting the technical proposals
of both offerors. That both Rainmakers and Novak Birch had submitted proposals in
response to the solicitation that were potentially non-responsive is pertinent to each
offerors’ eligibility, not to how CMS evaluated the proposals. As this court has previously
held, when the agency receives proposals from ineligible offerors, the agency should
resolicit proposals and re-compete the contract. See Guardian Moving & Storage Co.,
Inc. v. United States, 122 Fed. Cl. 117, 128 (2015), aff’d, 657 F. App’x 1018 (Fed. Cir.
2016) (“[I]f the court found that both Guardian and MVS were ineligible for award, the
agency would be obligated to resolicit the contract . . . .” (internal citations omitted).); see
also Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 16, 37 (2010), aff'd, 649 F.3d
1320 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (“[I]f the Court finds that both Allied and Monster were ineligible for
award, DOJ would be obligated to resolicit the contract and Allied could compete for the
contract again.”).

        Moreover, the agency’s concerns that the GSA Schedule 541-5 is too restrictive
as a procurement vehicle to promote competition for this requirement cannot be
addressed through discussions or re-evaluation of the technical proposals. The
contracting officer explained in her corrective action memorandum that the decision to
use the GSA Schedule 541-5 contract was not the most advantageous or strategic
method for CMS, and that CMS intends to conduct additional market research to
determine a more appropriate, competitive procurement vehicle. As noted above, after
the exchanges with CMS, Novak Birch’s revised proposal more than doubled in price from
[Redacted] to $40,945,590.00, which further supports the agency’s determination that the
current procurement method was not the most advantageous to the government, and,
likely, would not result in the agency receiving the best value.

                                              36
       In this bid protest, CMS’s corrective action was rationally related to the risks
inherent in both submitted proposals and the problematic issues identified throughout
both of the related bid protest lawsuits, as documented in the administrative record.
Protestor has failed to prove that CMS’s corrective action was arbitrary, capricious, or
otherwise not in accordance with the law. The administrative record justifies CMS’s
corrective action decision as “reasonable under the circumstances” because it was
intended to cure the issues and risks presented by the underlying solicitation and
procurement process. The risk that there would be an absence of any offerors eligible to
receive the contract award under the existing solicitation justifies the contracting officer’s
decision to cancel the solicitation and conduct additional market research to determine
the most advantageous procurement method for CMS. Because the corrective action
decision was reasonable under the circumstances, protestor fails to succeed on the
merits of its bid protest, and Novak Birch is not entitled to the injunctive relief that it seeks.

                                        CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, protestor’s motion for judgment on the
administrative record is DENIED. Defendant and defendant-intervenor’s cross-motions
for judgment on the administrative record are GRANTED. Protestor’s request for
preliminary and permanent injunctive relief is DENIED. The Clerk of the Court shall enter
JUDGMENT consistent with this opinion.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                             s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                             MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                                      Judge

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