Court Opinion

ID: 9401184
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-12 09:09:47.324741+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:51.257936
License: Public Domain

In the
        Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
         at Fort Worth
     ___________________________
          No. 02-22-00446-CV
     ___________________________

 LINDA KAYE MCDONALD, Appellant

                     V.

  CECIL DALE MCDONALD, Appellee

  On Appeal from the 233rd District Court
          Tarrant County, Texas
      Trial Court No. 233-708703-21

 Before Sudderth, C.J.; Kerr and Wallach, JJ.
 Memorandum Opinion by Justice Wallach
                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      This appeal arises from a division of property incident to a divorce. In a single

issue, Wife Linda Kaye McDonald argues that the trial court erred by finding that the

premarital agreement between Husband Cecil Dale McDonald and Wife is valid and

enforceable. We will affirm.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

      Husband and Wife initially married in 1968 and divorced in 1974. After a series

of other marriages to and divorces from other partners, 1 Husband and Wife remarried

in September 2018.

      Shortly before Husband and Wife remarried, they began living together in a

house located at 6412 Alexandra Meadows Drive in Fort Worth, Texas. Husband and

Wife each paid $23,000 toward the down payment on the home. Because Husband

was still in the middle of divorce proceedings with his previous wife at the time of

purchase, his name was not initially placed on the deed, but a new deed reflecting his

ownership was executed in December 2017.

      Husband and Wife planned to remarry as soon as Husband’s divorce was

finalized. But in July 2018, Wife texted Husband that she intended to remarry her

other ex-husband Greg instead and told Husband that he should go on their paid-for

honeymoon cruise alone.

      The record reflects that as of the commencement of this divorce proceeding,
      1

both Husband and Wife had been married four times, including twice to each other.

                                          2
      In August 2018, Wife had a change of heart and decided that she wanted to

remarry Husband after all. Husband was still prepared to re-marry Wife but had some

reservations due to her recent vacillation. Specifically, given his age and financial

situation, Husband was concerned that he would have difficulty finding a place to live

if Wife divorced him and their house was sold as part of a property division. To

alleviate his concerns, he asked Wife if she would be willing to enter into a premarital

agreement. After Wife expressed her willingness, Husband—without the assistance of

an attorney—drafted a simple premarital agreement providing in relevant part as

follows:

              If [Wife] file[s] for divorce from [Husband], all equity from [their]
      jointly owned house at 6412 Alexandra Meadows Dr., Fort Worth, TX
      76131 will go to [Husband]. When the property is sold, [Wife agrees]
      that all proceeds from the sale[] will go to [Husband].
             If [Husband and Wife] have subsequently purchased another
      home prior to [Wife’s] filing for divorce, all equity proceeds from its sale
      will go to [Husband.]
             ....
             [Wife] freely agree[s] to the above provisions without reservation
      or pressure.
On August 25, 2018—eight days before they remarried—Husband and Wife signed

the agreement at a UPS store before a witness and a notary.

      In November 2020, Husband and Wife sold the Alexandra Meadows home and

purchased a new house located at 12224 Treeline Drive in Crowley, Texas. They used

approximately $50,000 of the sale proceeds from the Alexandra Meadows home as a

                                           3
down payment on the Treeline house. Husband and Wife lived in the Treeline house

until October 2021 when Wife moved out to reunite with her ex-husband Greg.

      Wife filed for divorce in November 2021. In March 2022, Wife filed a summary

judgment motion requesting that the trial court declare the premarital agreement

unenforceable on the grounds that it is unconscionable. The trial court declined to

grant Wife’s summary judgment motion2 and, in August 2022, conducted a bench trial

regarding the division of the marital estate. During trial, Wife again argued that the

premarital agreement is unenforceable because it is unconscionable and because

Husband had failed to properly disclose his property and financial obligations to Wife

before the agreement was signed. Rejecting Wife’s arguments, the trial court

concluded that the premarital agreement was enforceable and signed a divorce decree

awarding the Treeline house to Husband as his sole and separate property. This

appeal followed.

      2
       The clerk’s record contains a letter confirming that Wife’s summary judgment
motion was set for hearing on March 30, 2022, and Husband’s proposed order
denying the motion, but it does not contain a denial order signed by the trial court.
Nevertheless, because Wife’s summary judgment motion solely concerned the
enforceability of the premarital agreement and this issue was decided as part of the
August 2022 bench trial, it appears that the trial court denied Wife’s summary
judgment motion.

                                          4
                                    II. DISCUSSION

      In her sole issue on appeal, Wife argues that the trial court erred by rejecting

Wife’s argument that the premarital agreement is unconscionable and instead finding

it to be valid and enforceable. We disagree.

A. Standard of Review

      The issue of a premarital agreement’s unconscionability is a question of law for

the court. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 4.006(b). We review conclusions of law de novo.

Garner v. Long, 49 S.W.3d 920, 922 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. denied) (citing

Piazza v. City of Granger, 909 S.W.2d 529, 532 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995, no writ)).

While we are not bound by a trial court’s conclusions of law, we will uphold them if

the judgment can be sustained on any legal theory supported by the evidence. Wyde v.

Francesconi, 566 S.W.3d 890, 894–95 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2018, no pet.). Even an

incorrect conclusion of law will not require a reversal if the controlling findings of fact

support a correct legal theory. Id. at 895; Garner, 49 S.W.3d at 922.

B. The Premarital Agreement Is Enforceable

       “Texas has a ‘strong public policy favoring freedom of contract’ that is ‘firmly

embedded in our jurisprudence.’” In re Marriage of I.C. & Q.C., 551 S.W.3d 119,

124 (Tex. 2018) (quoting Phila. Indem. Ins. Co. v. White, 490 S.W.3d 468, 471 (Tex.

2016)). The Texas Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized that “parties ‘shall have

the utmost liberty of contracting, and that their contracts when entered into freely and

voluntarily shall be held sacred and shall be enforced by [c]ourts.’” Id. (quoting Gym-

                                            5
N-I Playgrounds, Inc. v. Snider, 220 S.W.3d 905, 912 (Tex. 2007)). In the same vein, the

supreme court has cautioned that we should “rarely find a contract unenforceable on

public policy grounds” and that “[p]remarital agreements are no exception.” Id.

      In accordance with this strong freedom-of-contract policy, premarital

agreements are presumed to be valid and enforceable under Texas law. Marsh v. Marsh,

949 S.W.2d 734, 739 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no writ) (citing

Grossman v. Grossman, 799 S.W.2d 511, 513 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg

1990, no writ)); see also Larson v. Prigoff, No. 05-99-01755-CV, 2001 WL 13352, at

*1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 8, 2001, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (“Texas

law generally favors premarital agreements.” (first citing Beck v. Beck, 814 S.W.2d 745,

749 (Tex. 1991); and then citing Grossman, 799 S.W.2d at 513)). To rebut this

presumption, the party seeking to avoid enforcement must prove either (1) that she

signed the agreement involuntarily or (2) that the agreement is unconscionable and

failed to fairly and reasonably disclose the “property or financial obligations of the

other party.” See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 4.006(a); see also Marriage of I.C. & Q.C.,

551 S.W.3d at 124; Moore v. Moore, 383 S.W.3d 190, 194–95 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012,

pet. denied); Marsh, 949 S.W.2d at 739.

      Wife argues that the premarital agreement is unconscionable and that Husband

failed to adequately disclose his property and financial obligations. See Tex. Fam. Code

Ann. § 4.006(a)(2). “Because disclosure forms the second prong of the test to rebut

the presumption of enforceability, lack of disclosure is material only if the premarital

                                           6
agreement is unconscionable.” Marsh, 949 S.W.2d at 743. Thus, we will begin our

analysis with the threshold question of unconscionability. See id.; see also Fazakerly v.

Fazakerly, 996 S.W.2d 260, 265 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1999, pet. denied) (“The issue

of unconscionability must be decided by the trial court as a matter of law before the

disclosure questions are addressed.”).

      Neither the Texas legislature nor Texas courts have precisely defined

unconscionability in the context of prenuptial agreements. Marsh, 949 S.W.2d at 739.

Rather, courts have addressed unconscionability claims on a case-by-case basis by

examining “the entire atmosphere in which the agreement was made.” Id. (citing Pearce

v. Pearce, 824 S.W.2d 195, 199 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1991, writ denied)). In performing

this analysis, courts have considered factors such as (1) the maturity and age of the

individuals, (2) their business backgrounds, (3) their educational levels, (4) their prior

marriages, and (5) other motivations, including the parties’ motivation to protect their

respective children. Id. at 741 (citing Williams v. Williams, 720 S.W.2d 246, 249 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, no writ)). But courts have also acknowledged that

“a party who knowingly enters a lawful but improvident contract is not entitled to

protection by the courts,” and “[i]n the absence of any mistake, fraud, or oppression,

the courts . . . are not interested in the wisdom or impolicy of contracts and

agreements voluntarily entered into between [competent] parties.” Id. at 740 (quoting

Wade v. Austin, 524 S.W.2d 79, 86 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1975, no writ)).

                                            7
      Here, taking into account the “entire atmosphere” in which Husband and Wife

entered into the premarital agreement, we cannot conclude that it is unconscionable.

See id. at 739. Husband and Wife are nearly identical in age and have both been

married multiple times, including twice to each other. Nothing in the record suggests

that Husband’s business background or educational level gave him an advantage in

sophistication or bargaining power, nor has Wife asserted that this was the case.

Moreover, Husband had a very specific motivation for making the premarital

agreement: he was afraid that if Wife divorced him—which was a very real possibility

considering Wife had previously divorced him and had backed out of their most

recent engagement only a month earlier—and the couple’s home was sold as part of a

property division, he might be left homeless.

      Wife argues that the premarital agreement was unconscionable because “[it]

was not fair”; because Wife did not understand that the agreement applied not only to

the Alexandra Meadows home but also to any “subsequently purchased” home; and

because she did not have sufficient time to review the agreement or consult with an

attorney before it was signed. 3 These arguments lack merit.

      3
       Wife also asserts that the agreement’s release language, which provides that
Wife “freely agree[d]” to the agreement’s terms “without reservation or pressure,” is
ambiguous and inadequate because it is “devoid of an acknowledgement that [Wife]
fully understood the terms of the premarital agreement, that she entered into the
agreement with informed consent, and that it was not procured by fraud, duress, or
overreaching.” Even accepting Wife’s assertion as true, this is not grounds for holding
the agreement unenforceable. “[T]he only formality required by the Texas Family
Code for a premarital agreement is that it ‘must be in writing and signed by both

                                           8
      First, “unfairness is not material to the enforceability of the agreement.” Id. at

741 (citing Chiles v. Chiles, 779 S.W.2d 127, 129 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

1989, writ denied)). Thus, even if the trial court had found the premarital agreement

to be disproportional, such a finding would “not satisfy the burden of proof required

to establish unconscionability.” See id. at 741–42.

      Second, because Wife signed the agreement after having been given the

opportunity to read it,4 she is presumed to know its contents. See Nat’l Prop. Holdings,

L.P. v. Westergren, 453 S.W.3d 419, 423–24 (Tex. 2015). This is true even if—as Wife

claims—she chose not to read it.5 See Reynoso v. Dibs, US, Inc., 541 S.W.3d 331,

340 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.) (citing Nat’l Prop. Holdings,

parties.’” In re Marriage of Sauls & Worley, 648 S.W.3d 359, 363–64 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana 2021, no pet.) (citing Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. § 4.002). Thus, no specific
release language is required. Moreover, because the premarital agreement is presumed
to be valid, see Sheriff v. Moosa, No. 05-13-01143-CV, 2015 WL 4736564, at *4 (Tex.
App.—Dallas Aug. 11, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.), it was not incumbent on Husband
to include specific language in the agreement reflecting that Wife understood its terms
or that it was not procured by fraud, duress, or overreaching; rather, Wife, as the party
seeking to avoid the agreement’s enforcement, has the burden to show
unconscionability, see id.; Marsh, 949 S.W.2d at 739.

      While Husband’s and Wife’s accounts differ regarding the amount of time
      4

Wife had to review the agreement, at a minimum, Wife acknowledged having the
opportunity to read the agreement—which is only two paragraphs in length—at the
UPS store shortly before signing.
      5
         Husband contends that Wife read the agreement multiple times before it was
executed, including at the UPS store just before it was signed. But while Wife
acknowledged having the opportunity to read the agreement at the UPS store, she
testified that “there w[ere] so many people in line, I didn’t want to take the time to
read it.”

                                            9
453 S.W.3d at 423–24). “One who signs an instrument without reading it can avoid

this presumption under a narrow ‘trick or artifice’ exception by showing that the

signing party was prevented by a fraudulent trick or artifice from reading the

instrument or having the instrument read to the signing party,” id. (citing Nat’l Prop.

Holdings, 453 S.W.3d at 425), but Wife has not alleged any such “trick or artifice” here.

Therefore, we presume that Wife knew and accepted all of the terms of the premarital

agreement, including the clause applying the agreement not only to the Alexandra

Meadows home but also to any “subsequently purchased” home.

      Third, Wife’s argument that she was not given sufficient time to review the

agreement and consult with an attorney is specious. Wife testified that at the time the

agreement was signed, no wedding date had been set. Thus, if Wife had concerns

about the premarital agreement or wanted to have an attorney review it, the wedding

could have easily been delayed to allow her time to consult with counsel. Moreover,

because “the advice of counsel is not a prerequisite to the validity of a premarital

agreement,” Marriage of Sauls & Worley, 648 S.W.3d at 364 (citing Tex. Fam. Code

Ann. § 4.002), the mere fact that Wife was not represented by counsel is not sufficient

to show unconscionability, cf. Pearce, 824 S.W.2d at 199 (concluding postmarital

agreement was not unconscionable even though “at the time the agreement was

signed, [wife] did not have a lawyer, she did not read or understand the agreement[,]

and there was no reasonable disclosure of its effect made to her” because wife “kept

the books” for her husband and had encouraged her daughter-in-law to sign the

                                           10
agreement against the daughter-in-law’s attorney’s advice). Indeed, because neither

party was represented by an attorney in connection with the drafting or execution of

the premarital agreement, Wife’s lack of legal counsel did not place her in an inferior

position to Husband.

       In sum, considering the “entire atmosphere” surrounding the execution of the

premarital agreement, we conclude that Wife has not met her burden to show that it is

unconscionable. See Marsh, 949 S.W.2d at 739. Accordingly, we need not address the

adequacy of Husband’s financial disclosures. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 4.006(a)(2);

Michelina v. Michelina, No. 13-09-00588-CV, 2012 WL 3012642, at *18 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi–Edinburg June 15, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.); Marsh, 949 S.W.2d at

739; see also Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

       We overrule Wife’s sole issue.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       Having overruled Wife’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                        /s/ Mike Wallach
                                                        Mike Wallach
                                                        Justice

Delivered: June 8, 2023

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