Court Opinion

ID: 8753944
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 11:38:21.231944+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:01:06.822234
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

PETRESE B. TUCKER, District Judge.
Presently before this Court is Plaintiffs Amended Motion for Class Certification. For the reasons set forth below, upon consideration of Plaintiffs Motions (Doc. 97), and Defendant’s Response thereto (Doc. 100), this Court will grant Plaintiffs Motion.

BACKGROUND

Plaintiff, Donna Markoeki, brings this class action on behalf of Pennsylvania homeowners seeking relief from predatory lending practices of Defendant title insurance company, Old Republic National Title Insurance Company, for violations of statutory and common law obligations. Compl., If 1. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant improperly collected excess and unearned premiums in violation of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (“RESPA”).
A. The Business of Title Insurance
The purpose of title insurance in a real estate transaction is to insure against losses from past events and to eliminate most risks through the title examination and the settlement process. There are two types of title insurance policies available: an owner’s policy, generally purchased by the borrower-homeowner to protect the borrower’s property interest, and a lender’s policy, generally paid for by the borrower, but purchased for the protection of the lender’s security interest in the property. Alberton v. Commonwealth, 247 F.R.D. 469 (E.D.Pa.2008) recon. den.
While a typical transaction involves the issuance of both types of insurance policies, a refinance transaction involves the issuance of a lender’s policy only, paid for by the homeowner. The title agent facilitates the closing and handles the actual closing of the transaction, including paying of the earlier mortgage with new loan proceeds, obtaining releases, providing homeowners with the settlement sheet, or HUD-1, recording documents to update the public record, and issuing the title insurance loan policy.
In Pennsylvania, title insurers typically do not sell title insurance directly to the public, but rather though agents appointed by the insurer under a protocol established by Pennsylvania law. 40 P.S. §§ 910-24, 910-26. Defendant’s title agent, third-party Defendant, Citizens’ Abstract, was the appointed agent who handled Plaintiffs transaction.
B. Statutory Regulation of Title Insurance Premiums
All title insurers are governed by the Pennsylvania Title Insurance Companies Act. 40 P.S. § 910-1 et seq. This statute regulates the business of title insurers, as well as the specific rates insurers may charge for title insurance policies. The statute requires title insurers to either: (1) file individual proposed rates with the Insurance Commissioner, 40 P.S. § 910-37(a); or (2) elect to become a member of a rating organization that files proposed rates on behalf of all members of the organization. During the relevant time period, Defendant elected to file rates through the Title Insurance Rating *246Bureau of Pennsylvania (“TIRBOP”). Compl., 1iH 15-24. The rates and regulations approved and enacted constitute the Manual of Title Insurance Rating Bureau of Pennsylvania (“Rate Manual”).
The Rate Manual provides for three different rate tiers, (1) the Basic Rate; (2) the Reissue Rate, which is 90% of the Basic Rate; and (3) the Refinance Rate, which is 80% of the Reissue Rate, or 72% of the Basic Rate. The Basic Rate is the default rate charged where neither the Reissue nor Refinance Rate apply. Both the Reissue and Refinance Rates, are discounted rates which reflect that when only a few years have passed since the issuance of the title insurance policy, there is a reduced risk of title defects and claims against the policy, warranting a lesser amount.
In every transaction in which a title insurance policy is issued, the title agent will first produce a “Title Commitment”, or “title binder”, which serves to bind the insurer to issue a policy in any particular transaction. The Title Commitment is prepared by Defendant’s appointed agents from standard, computerized forms, and contains the information necessary to determine whether a prior policy exists, calling for the charge of a reissue or refinance rate. This includes whether the property was purchased or refinanced within the previous ten (10) years, information about any outstanding mortgages, and often the name and address of the borrower.
Once filed, proposed rates enacted by the Insurance Commissioner are mandatory. Charging any amount other than the approved rates is prohibited by law:
... no title insurance company or agent of a title insurance company shall charge any fee for any policy or contract of title insurance except in accordance with filings or rates which are in effect for said title insurance company____
40 P.S. § 910-37(h).
C. Allegations of Defendant’s Excess and Unearned Charges to Plaintiff and the Proposed Class
Plaintiff purchased her home at 3351 Almond Street in Philadelphia, PA in April, 2003, financing her purchase with a mortgage from Countrywide Home Loans Servicing, L.P. Compl., H 26. She also purchased a title insurance policy covering the full value of the loan, as the lender required. Id. at 27. In November 2005, Plaintiff refinanced her home, with the closing and settlement services provided by Citizens’ Abstract. At that time, Citizens’ issued a lender’s title insurance policy on behalf of Defendant valued at $123,750.00. According to line 1108 of the Plaintiffs 2005 HUD-1 Settlement Statement, Defendant charged Plaintiff $978.75, the Basic Rate for this lender’s policy. Yet, Plaintiff alleges that because this refinancing transaction occurred within three (3) years of the date of closing on a previously insured mortgage on the property, she was actually entitled to the Refinance Rate of $704.70, or a 28% discount from the Basic Rate.
Plaintiff asserts that in addition to the required information being listed on the HUD-1 Settlement Statement, that it also appears on the Title Commitment, again substantiating her entitlement to the Refinance Rate. She further asserts that the class period 2000-2006, was a time of historically low interest rates, with a corresponding increase in refinancing transactions. Plaintiff relies on Housing Studies which indicate that consumers held their mortgage loans an average of two (2) years before refinancing. Joint Center For Housing Studies Of Harvard University, The State Of The Nation’s Housing: 2005, at pp. 6, 33 (2005), http:// www.jchs.harvard.edu/pubhcations/markets/ son2005/index.html. As a result, Plaintiff contends that ninety (90) percent of the consumers that were charged the Basic Rate were entitled to a nondiscretionary, discounted premium. According to Plaintiff, rather than charging the proper premium, Defendant issued a higher premium, and unlawfully retained the difference.
Plaintiff now brings this class action against Defendant, reciting the following causes of action: violations of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, 12 U.S.C. § 2607, money had and received, unjust enrichment/accounting/disgorgement/restitution, and violation of Pennsylvania Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law (“UTPCPL”).
*247Plaintiffs Proposed Order defines the class as follows:
All persons or entities in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who, within ten (10) years of having previously purchased title insurance in connection with their mortgage or fee interest, refinanced (during six (6) years preceding the filing of the Complaint) the identical mortgage or fee interest in a transaction that included the purchase of a title insurance policy from Old Republic Title, and who, for that subsequent transaction, were charged a title insurance premium by Old Republic Title that exceeded the applicable premium discount for title insurance in Pennsylvania. Excluded from the class are officers and directors of the Defendant.

LEGAL STANDARD

Beyond proving the elements of the causes of action recited in the complaint, to proceed as a class action, the requirements of FED. R. CIV. P. 23 must be satisfied. According to Rule 23(a), one or more members of a class may sue or be sued as representative parties on behalf of all members only if: (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class; and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.
After satisfying the prerequisites provided in Rule 23(a), parties seeking class certification must also demonstrate that the action is maintainable under Rule 23(b)(1), (2), or (3). Rule 23(b)(1) addresses cases where prosecuting separate actions by or against individual class members would create a risk of (A) inconsistent judgments or incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the class, or (B) would substantially impair or impede a nonparty class member’s ability to protect their interests. Rule 23(b)(2) allows class actions where final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole. Finally, Rule 23(b)(3) permits class actions where the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for fairly and efficiently adjudicating the controversy. It also provides a nonexhaustive list of factors courts may consider in determining predominance and superiority. This list includes (A) the interests of members in the class in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions; (B) the extent and nature of any litigation concerning the controversy already commenced by or against members of the class; (C) the desirability or undesirability of concentrating the litigation of the claims in the particular forum; and (D) the difficulties likely to be encountered in the management of a class action.

DISCUSSION

In determining whether to certify a class action, a court must weigh the interests of individuals in conducting separate lawsuits against the practicality of separate actions. While individual interests may lean in favor of separate actions, these interest may be more theoretic than practical, and the amounts at stake for individuals may make separate actions impracticable. Amchem Products, Inc. et al., v. Windsor, et al., 521 U.S. 591, 616, 117 S.Ct. 2231, 138 L.Ed.2d 689 (1997). The very purpose of the class action mechanism is to surmount the obstacle presented by small recoveries, which serve as a disincentive to prosecute individual actions, by aggregating small potential recoveries into a large action. Id. at 617, 117 S.Ct. 2231.
The instant case reflects precisely the situation contemplated by Rule 23. Potentially thousands of borrowers received an improper premium rate for title insurance, which would amount to a small recovery for each borrower. The potential recovery of a few hundred dollars is surely outweighed by the overall cost of litigation, making it unlikely that class members would pursue this action independently.
After consideration of all the pleadings in this matter, this Court finds that the proposed class is certifiable, as it meets all the requirements of Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.
*248I. The Requirements of Rule 23(a)
A. Rule 23(a)(1)—Numerosity
While Rule 23(a) does not provide a precise numerical standard for class certification, it does require that joinder of all members be impractical, implicating class size. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant issued thousands of title insurance policies in Pennsylvania during the relevant period, and collected premiums in more ninety thousand (90,000) transactions. PI. Br., p. 17. Plaintiff concedes that she is currently unaware of which borrowers were entitled to either the Reissue Rate or the Refinance Rate. Yet, Plaintiff contends that even if only a small percentage of the policy purchasers qualify as class members, the claims are still easily too numerous for joinder. This Court agrees and concludes that the numerosity requirement is satisfied.
B. Rule 23(a)(2)—Commonality
Rule 23(a)(2) requires only a single common question of law or fact in order to certify the class. In other words, class certification is appropriate where a common question of law or fact predominates over individual issues. Plaintiff proposes several questions of law and fact that she alleges are common to the class, however, she need only present one such question to satisfy the commonality requirement.
Plaintiff proposes that one common question is “Whether the Defendant and its agents systematically collected premiums from Class members in an amount not permitted under the Rate Manual.” This question is unarguably applicable to all borrowers who purchased policies during the relevant time period, and clearly satisfies the commonality requirement.
Defendant asserts numerous reasons that Plaintiffs cannot satisfy commonality, in particular that RE SPA has a one year statute of limitations, which may bar some members’ claims, and also that commonality does not exist where a remedy depends on the individual facts of a claim. Yet, Defendant’s argument is unpersuasive. “Class relief is consistent with the need for case-by-case adjudication, especially where it is unlikely that differences in the factual background of each claim will affect the outcome of the legal issue.” Baby Neal v. Casey, 43 F.3d 48, 57 (1994). This case presents precisely this situation. Whether or not each and every class member of potentially ninety thousand borrowers was charged the correct rate is not the decisive factor in determining whether Defendant engaged in a continuous and systematic, overall practice of collecting unearned premiums. Each class member need not have been overcharged to find that this was indeed Defendant’s practice. Rather, it is sufficient that only some of the class members were found to have been overcharged, so long as the number of class members improperly charged remains such that join-der is impracticable as required by Rule 23(a)(1).
Furthermore, even where individual facts and issues are important to the resolution of the matter, class treatment is not precluded. Baby Neal, 43 F.3d at 57. “Individual damage determinations can be made at a separate phase of the trial, but the class phase could resolve the central issue of liability ...here, Defendant’s allegedly deceptive practices. Id. Therefore, the requirement of commonality is satisfied, and individual damage determinations can be made at a separate phase of the trial, as proposed in Plaintiffs Trial Plan. PI. Br., pp. 33-34.
C. Rule 23(a)(3)—Typicality
The requirement that the class representatives’ claims be typical of the claims or defenses of the class is intended to “ensure that the class representatives’ pursuit of their own goals will work to benefit the entire class.” Barnes v. American Tobacco Co., 161 F.3d 127, 141 (3d Cir.1998). To show her claims are typical of those of the class, plaintiff must demonstrate that her claim is based upon a series of events and legal theories that are like those of other class members. Id. Here, Plaintiff has alleged that Defendant’s practices regarding the issuance of the proper insurance rates was fraudulent, and Plaintiffs legal theories involve unjust enrichment, which undoubted*249ly would be a theory set forth by other class members.
Defendant contends that Plaintiff has not submitted sufficient evidence to satisfy the typicality requirement, particularly since the variation among title agents’ practices and individual customers’ closing experiences makes identifying a “typical” class transaction impossible. Def. Br., pp. 25-26. Defendant further argues that Plaintiffs allegations of RESPA and UTPCPL violations are claims applicable only to individuals, not commercial entities, which means that only certain class members could recover under these claims.
However, Plaintiff argues that the typicality requirement is met even where there may be different factual underpinnings of the claims of various class members, such as the size of the loan, the lender, or the location of the insured’s property. PI. Br., pp. 20-21. This Court agrees. “Factual differences will not render a claim atypical if the claim arises from the same event or practice or course of conduct that gives rise to the claims of the class members, and if it is based on the same legal theory.” Hoxworth v. Blinder, Robinson & Co., 980 F.2d 912, 923 (3d Cir.1992). Where an action challenges a policy or practice, the named plaintiffs suffering one specific injury from the practice can represent a class suffering other injuries, so long as all the injuries are shown to result from the practice. General Tel. Co. of Southwest v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 157, 102 S.Ct. 2364, 72 L.Ed.2d 740 (1982). The class representative is simply required to prove that there is a pervasive violation and that the various injuries alleged all stem from that common violation. Id.
In the present case, Plaintiff alleges that the pervasive violation is the improper rate charged by Defendant, and any injuries asserted by class members will relate directly to this common violation. Furthermore, the issues surrounding which class members are entitled to recover under RESPA and UTPCPL can be addressed by the organization of subclasses where necessary. Therefore, Plaintiff has successfully demonstrated that her claim is typical of class members’ claims.
D. Rule 23(a)(4)—Adequate Representation
Adequacy of representation assures that the named plaintiffs’ claims are not antagonistic to the class, and that the attorneys for the class representatives are experienced and qualified to prosecute the claims on behalf of the entire class. Baby Neal, 43 F.3d at 55. Defendant states that adequacy of representation cannot be shown because there are conflicts of interests between Plaintiff and the class members, since individuals refinanced under different requirements and pursuant to different applicable rules in the Rate Manual. However, this argument in insufficient to preclude a finding of adequate representation.
To find that a plaintiff adequately represents the interests of his or her class, the proposed class representative must 1) have interests substantially aligned with those of the proposed class, and 2) have counsel qualified to serve the interests of all class members. Georgine v. Anchem Prods. Inc., 83 F.3d 610 (3d Cir.1996). Plaintiffs interests, namely seeking recovery for unearned amounts paid to Defendant, are substantially aligned with those of the proposed class who would also be seeking to recover the same unearned fees. Further, Plaintiff is represented by competent counsel, experienced in representing class actions involving similar legal theories. Defendant makes no allegation that Plaintiffs counsel is incompetent, inexperienced, incapable of managing this litigation. As a result, this Court concludes that Plaintiff has made the requisite showing for adequate representation.
II. The Requisites of Rule 23(b)
After satisfying the requirements of Rule 23(a), a plaintiff seeking class certification must also satisfy any one of three criteria provided in Rule 23(b). Plaintiff argues that all three criteria are satisfied in this case. Conversely, Defendant argues that none of the criteria established in Rule 23(b) is fully satisfied, which would preclude class certification.
*250A. Rule 23(b)(1)
Rule 23(b)(1) provides that class certification is appropriate under two specific scenarios. First, a class may be certified where prosecution of separate actions would create a risk of inconsistent judgments for class members and incompatible standards for the party opposing the class. Second, a class may be certified where individual prosecution of separate actions would create a risk that the rights of members not party to the individual adjudication would be substantially impaired or would impede nonparty members’ ability to protect their interests.
Here, each of Plaintiffs causes of action seeks to enforce duties and obligations owed the proposed class members in a collective and indivisible fashion. Indeed, the prosecution of separate actions could result in incompatible standards of conduct for Defendant, and could jeopardize the interests of members not party to the individual actions. “Separate actions would risk inconsistent verdicts, but adjudication as to one class member would fairly dispose of the claims of all class members.” Cohen v. Chicago Title Ins. Co., 242 F.R.D. 295, 303 (E.D.Pa.2007). Therefore, class certification under Rule 23(b)(1) is appropriate.
B. Rule 23(b)(2)
According to Rule 23(b)(2), a court may certify a class where the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief is appropriate respecting the class as a whole.
Plaintiff does not exclusively seek monetary damages, and further claims that injunc-tive relief is at least equally as important as monetary relief. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant engaged in a scheme to cheat and deceive borrowers that resulted in higher title insurance premiums, and seeks an injunction against such action in the future. Any remedy provided to the class could certainly include both money damages and enjoining the conduct in question. See Cohen, 242 F.R.D. at 301. As a result, class certification under Rule 23(b)(2) is also appropriate.
C. Rule 23(b)(3)
Finally, Rule 23(b)(3) provides that a class may be certified where the court finds that the questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions affecting only individual members, and that a class action is the superior method of adjudication.
Defendant urges that in order to find a question of law or fact common to all class members, numerous factual allegations would have to be ignored. Defendant also argues that certifying this class action would require this Court to hear testimony from countless borrowers, hundreds of agents, and hundreds of lenders to determine whether a class member produced appropriate evidence of prior title insurance.
However, the central issue in this matter is Defendant’s practices in the collection of title insurance premiums, and whether those practices precluded the proposed class members from receiving the discounted rates to which they were entitled. Undoubtedly, this common issue of law and fact predominates over any individual issues in this case. Furthermore, “predominance is a test readily met in certain cases alleging consumer or securities fraud or violations of the antitrust laws,” rendering class certification of this matter under Rule 23(b)(3) appropriate as well. Amchem, 521 U.S. at 625, 117 S.Ct. 2231.
Defendant expresses concerns about the manageability and cost of litigating this class action. Specifically, Defendant claims that it will be necessary to conduct discovery regarding each individual transaction, and that this Court would be forced to conduct trials of each proposed class member’s claims. Defendant also states that Plaintiff has failed to prove both that Defendant engaged in an industry-wide practice regarding the issuance of improper premiums, and that each proposed class member reasonably relied upon information provided by the respective title agent.
Generally, denying class certification on the sole ground that the purported class is unmanageable is disfavored. See In re Plas*251tics Additives Antitrust Litigation, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 69105, at *50 (E.D.Pa.2006). Given that Defendant maintains a computer database of agency transactions detailing the policies and premiums charged, identifying class members and administering their claims is by no means impossible. PI. Br., p. 30. Moreover, Defendant will have each proposed class member’s HUD-1 and Title Commitment form at their disposal to assist in the determination of whether sufficient evidence of a prior title insurance policy was provided at closing. PI. Br., p. 11. Individualized issues will not preclude class certification in all circumstances, and questions of each class member’s reasonable reliance will not serve to preclude class certification here. “The presence of individual questions as to the reliance of each investor does not mean that the common questions of law and fact do not predominate over questions affecting individual members as required by Rule 23(b)(3) or that the representative’s claims are not typical.” Eisenberg v. Gagnon, 766 F.2d 770, 786 (3d Cir.1985). “The proper approach to the problem of reliance is to analyze the plaintiffs allegations, in light of the likely proof at trial, and determine the most reasonable placement of the burden of proof of reliance.” Newton v. Merrill Lynch, 259 F.3d 154, 175 (3d Cir.2001) (citing Sharp v. Coopers & Lybrand, 649 F.2d 175, 188 (3d Cir.1981)).
In the present case, Plaintiff has alleged that Defendant provided no training or oversight to its title agents to assure that borrowers were charged the proper rates. PL’s Br., p. 7. Contrary to Defendant’s assertions, this does support allegations of an industry-wide practice, and bears directly on Defendant’s liability. Furthermore, this Court agrees with Plaintiffs assertion that “every consumer reasonably, and justifiably, expects the title insurer, the party with expertise and knowledge of the applicable rates, to charge the rate required by the Rate Manual and Pennsylvania law.” PL’s Rep., p. 6.
Moreover, upon review of Plaintiffs allegations, this Court concludes that the proposed class is entitled to a presumption of class-wide reliance which Defendant may rebut. Presuming reliance class-wide is proper when the material nondisclosure is part of a common course of conduct. Hoxworth, 980 F.2d at 924. Here, the common course of conduct is the alleged industry-wide practice of providing no training or oversight to title agents, which aided in Defendant unlawfully profiting from improper premiums.
Although Defendant presents numerous issues which will likely make litigation of this matter complex, these issues do not render the task insurmountable. Because the requirements of Rule 23(a) and (b) are satisfied, this Court will grant Plaintiffs Amended Motion for Class Certification.
An appropriate order follows.
ORDER
AND NOW, this_ of December, 2008, upon consideration of Plaintiffs Amended Motion for Class Certification (Doe. 97) and Defendant’s Response thereto (Doc. 100), IT IS HEREBY ORDERED AND DECREED that Plaintiffs Motion is GRANTED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this action shall be maintained as a class action in accordance with FED. R. CIV. P. 23 pursuant to the following findings of fact:
1. The “Class,” defined as “All persons or entities in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who, within 10 years of having previously purchased title insurance in connection with their mortgage or fee interest, refinanced (during the six years preceding the filing of the Complaint) the identical mortgage or fee interest in a transaction that included the purchase of a title insurance policy from Old Republic Title that exceeded the applicable premium discount for title insurance in Pennsylvania,” is so numerous that join-der of all members is impracticable under Rule 23(a)(1);
2. There are questions of law and/or fact common to the Class under Rule 23(a)(2), including but not limited to the following questions:
(a) Whether the Defendant and its agents systematically collected premiums from Class members in amounts not permitted under the Rate Manual;
*252(b) Whether by filing their discounted rates with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the Defendant is offering insurance at a certain price and that the Class is entitled to receive that price;
(c) Whether the Defendant’s protocols, guidelines, and oversight of its agents precluded the Class from receiving the discounted, filed rates to which they were entitled;
(d) Whether the Defendant uniformly applied the discounted rates pursuant to the terms of filed rates;
(e) Whether the Defendant and its agents intentionally and/or negligently omitted to disclose material facts to the Plaintiff and the Class that they need only pay the discounted premiums for the reissuanee of title insurance on the refinancing of their mortgages or fee interests;
(f) Whether the Defendant and its agents were unjustly enriched by their improper conduct;
(g) Whether the Defendant and its agents should be enjoined from further engaging in such improper conduct;
(h) Whether the Plaintiff and members of the Class have suffered an ascertainable loss that is the result of the Defendant’s misconduct and unfair and deceptive business practices; and
(i) Wdiether Plaintiff and members of the Class have sustained damages and the proper measure of such damages.
3. The claims of Plaintiff Donna Markocki are typical of the claims of the Class under Rule 23(a)(3);
4. Plaintiff will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the Class pursuant to Rule 23(a)(4);
5. Under Rule 23(b)(1)(A), the prosecution of separate actions by individual members of the Class would create a risk of inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to individual members of the Class which would confront the defendant with incompatible standards of conduct; and under Rule 23(b)(1)(B) adjudications with respect to individual members of the Class would as a practical matter be dispositive of the interests of other members not parties to the adjudications or would substantially impair or impede their ability to protect their interests;
6. Defendant has acted or refused to act on grounds generally applicable to the Class thereby making final equitable or declaratory relief appropriate with respect to the Class under Rule 23(b)(2);
7. The questions of law and/or fact common to the members of the Class predominate over any questions affecting only individual members under Rule 23(b)(3), and a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of this controversy for the following reasons:
(a) There is no interest in individual members of the Class in individually controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions as the amount which may be recovered by individual Class members will be small in relation to the expense and effort of administering the class action;
(b) There is no suggestion that there is any other pending litigation concerning this controversy already commenced by or against members of the Class;
(c) This Court is an appropriate forum for the litigation of the claims of the Class; and
There are no difficulties likely to be encountered in the management of the action as a class action.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff Donna Markocki is certified as Class Representative.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Richard S. Gordon of the firm Quinn, Gordon & Wolf, Chtd. is appointed as Lead Class Counsel; and Philip S. Friedman of the firm Friedman Law Offices, PLLC, and David A. Searles and Michael D. Donovan of the firm of Donovan Searles, LLC are also appointed as Class Counsel.
*253IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that excluded from the Class are all officers and directors of the Defendant.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Plaintiff shall submit a proposed form of notice to the Class on or before Monday, January 12, 2009.