Court Opinion

ID: 9757278
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-28 22:28:43.041612+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:28:37.051497
License: Public Domain

The opinion of the Court was delivered by
CLIFFORD, J.
This appeal questions the propriety of an arbitrator’s determination in a public sector labor dispute. The public employer discharged the employee because of disciplinary infractions. The arbitrator agreed that the employee had been guilty of misconduct, but he modified the penalty by imposing a suspension in place of termination of employment. The Chancery Division vacated the suspension and reimposed the penalty of *386discharge. The Appellate Division, in an unreported opinion, reinstated the arbitrator’s award of a suspension. We granted the employer’s petition for certification, 99 N.J. 146 (1984), and now reverse the judgment of the Appellate Division and reinstate the judgment of the Chancery Division.
I
Defendant County College of Morris (College) employed plaintiff Victor Muller as an automotive maintenance mechanic. College employees are appointed on a yearly basis, and continued employment depends on annual reappointment by the College’s Board of Trustees. However, under the employment contract between the College and the County College of Morris Staff Association (Association), once an employee has completed a six-months probationary period, the employee cannot be dismissed except for “just cause” before the expiration of his current employment term.
That is what occurred here: the College discharged Muller before his current employment term had expired. In addition, and consistent with that action, the Board of Trustees refused to reappoint Muller when his employment term finally expired. Plaintiffs have not challenged, in this action, the Trustees’ determination on reappointment; rather, they limit their contention to the claim that the College improperly dismissed Muller without having met the “just cause” standard. We note parenthetically that, as we were told at oral argument, the Association has filed a grievance, now alleging that the dismissal clauses of the contact in Article X, referred to below, amount to and were intended to be a tenure provision — that is, that in the absence of “just cause” to discharge, the College is required to renew an employee’s contract. We refrain from expressing any .view on that issue, which is currently before an arbitrator.
After firing Muller on October 8, 1982, the College set forth in a Memorandum of Record the reasons for dismissal. Those *387reasons included the following infractions, which occurred in August and September 1982:
1. falsification of time records (five occasions between 8/26/82 and 9/29/82);
2. insubordination (verbal exchange with superior when confronted with inaccurate time sheet entries);
3. neglect of duty and College property in his care (left tools and equipment unattended after leaving the campus early on 9/24/82);
4. unauthorized use of College property for personal use (drove College vehicle off premises and used College garage to repair fellow employee’s car);
5. attempt and threat of personal harm to his supervisor (began to lower a vehicle lift, with vehicle on it, on the supervisor who was standing directly underneath it).
The Association filed a grievance on Muller’s behalf. According to Article III of the Contract between the College and the Association the grievance definition “shall govern and limit the scope of contractual, non-contractual and statutory-regulatory grievances.” Muller’s grievance was a “contractual grievance,” defined in Article III as “an alleged misinterpretation, misapplication, or violation of the express terms of this Agreement.” Specifically, the contract terms that the College is said to have violated were the discharge provisions of Article X, pertinent parts of which read as follows:
B. After completing six months of employment, the College may dismiss an employee prior to the expiration of such employee’s current employment term, for just cause only and such dismissal shall be grievable.
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D. The cause for which employees may be discharged shall include, but not be limited to[,] violation of rules, regulations and policies of the College.
After the first three steps of the Article III grievance procedures failed to produce Muller’s reinstatement, the parties submitted the matter to binding arbitration. Article III, § C, ¶ 5(c) specifies the contractual limitations on the arbitration proceedings:
(c) The arbitrator’s decision shall be in writing and shall set forth his findings of fact, reasoning and conclusions on the issues submitted. The arbitrator shall be without power or authority to add to, alter, amend or modify the terms of this Agreement and without authority to make any decision which requires the commission of an act prohibited by law. The arbitrator shall also be bound by the laws of the State of New Jersey and of the United States and *388decisions of the Chancellor of Higher Education and the State Board of Higher Education. [Emphasis added.]
Significantly, the contract contained, in addition, a “fully bargained clause,” which states:
A. This Agreement represents and incorporates the complete and final understanding and settlement by the parties of all issues for the term of this Agreement. During the term of this Agreement, neither party will be required to negotiate with respect to any such matter, whether or not covered by this Agreement, and whether or not within the knowledge or contemplation of either or both of the parties at the time they negotiated or signed this Agreement.
B. By mutual consent only, the parties may enter into negotiations during the term of this Agreement for the purpose of amending same. This Agreement shall not be modified in whole or in part except by mutual agreement of the parties. Mutually acceptable amendments shall be reduced to writing and submitted for ratification by the Board of Trustees and the Association.
The arbitrator, in an opinion following two days of hearings, described Muller as “a genuine across the board transgressor.” The arbitrator found Muller guilty of all of the acts listed in the Memorandum of Record, supra at 387, with two exceptions: first, the charge of repairing another’s car in the College garage was found to have been unsubstantiated; and second, the arbitrator found that Muller did not actually begin to lower the lift on his supervisor,, but rather made only a threatening gesture of releasing the air pressure on the vehicle lift.
Although the arbitrator found Muller guilty of the remaining charged infractions, he nonetheless concluded that the penalty of discharge was inappropriate. In deciding that dismissal was not warranted the arbitrator relied on the College’s failure to have criticized, warned, or disciplined Muller before firing him. Moreover, the arbitrator suggested that the College had fatally erred by not dismissing Muller until approximately three weeks after the final and most serious act of misconduct. The critical portion of the arbitrator’s opinion reads as follows:
Grievant’s total conduct in the normal context of his responsibilities to the Employer, merits discharge for cause.
“Normal[,] however, must include^] minimally, warnings by employer and a measure of progressive discipline. An employer, including the College, may not stand idly by while an employee accumulates a sufficient number of demerits to *389earn his walking papers. While in some CBA’s or CNA’s, progressive discipline as a prerequisite to industrial capital punishment is spelled out, same is also a standard which is read in by triers of fact/Arbitrators, absent facts and circumstances which can ill afford a warmup prior to discharge. A case in point is the September 16 or 17 contact under the lift, which reflects totally unacceptable conduct by Grievant, rating immediate discharge but nullified herein by College inaction until October 4, 1982, when Grievant was suspended. In the labor-management process, the employer may not quietly warehouse violations and then act, without prior warning. The inaction of the employer while the worker operates by rules contrary to standards, projects a sense of tacit approval, a license to do as one pleases without regard to job responsibility. In that sense, the employer contributed to ongoing breach by the worker, projecting false security to the latter.
Thus in the instant proceeding the Grievant moved from one transgression to ■another, without fear or concern. The Management silence became an invitation to the next act of disregard for the worker obligation to the employer. While .not meriting discharge on the succession of facts herein, Grievant must be penalized and also warned thereby, that his job is on the line.
Accordingly, the arbitrator reduced the penalty of discharge to an eight-months suspension without pay.
Thereafter, the Association sought to have the arbitration award confirmed in the Chancery Division pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2A:24-7, and the College applied to have the award vacated on the ground that the arbitrator had exceeded his powers by adding terms to the employment contract of the parties. See N.J.S.A. 2A:24-8(d). The court determined that the arbitrator had exceeded his authority by reading into the collective bargaining agreement provisions for progressive discipline and immediate discharge. The court noted that the arbitrator had found Muller guilty of rule infractions meriting discharge for cause. Having made such a finding, the arbitrator could not alter the parties’ agreement by imposing on the College requirements that had never been agreed upon by the parties and were not a part of the employment contract. Accordingly, the court ruled that the arbitrator had erred in reducing the penalty from discharge to suspension.
The Appellate Division disagreed with the trial court’s conclusion that the arbitrator had written additional provisions into the parties’ contract. According to the Appellate Division, the arbitrator, in attempting to determine whether “just cause” for *390discharge existed, simply reviewed the entire employment relationship and balanced the degree of fault of the employee against the degree of fault of the employer. Therefore, while Muller’s conduct would warrant discharge under other circumstances, discharge was not required here because the College had invited acts of misconduct by having failed on previous occasions to impose discipline. Thus, in the Appellate Division’s view of the case, the arbitrator had permissibly concluded that the penalty of discharge was not justified in the context of this employment relationship.
Having carefully reviewed the collectively-negotiated contract of these parties and the factual findings made by the arbitrator, we conclude that the Appellate Division erred. Specifically, the arbitrator could not rely on the lack of progressive discipline or on the delay in discharging Muller as bases for reducing the disciplinary penalty.
II
Some first principles bear repeating at this point. We are reminded of the desirability of settling labor-management disputes through arbitration, a device that is viewed favorably by our courts. Barcon Assocs. v. Tri-County Asphalt Corp., 86 N.J. 179, 186 (1981). It is designed to provide a speedy and economic resolution of disputes, Carpenter v. Bloomer, 54 N.J.Super. 157, 168 (App.Div.1959); and to the extent possible, arbitration should spell the conclusion to litigation rather than the beginning of it. In re Arbitration Between Grover and Universal Underwriters Ins. Co., 80 N.J. 221, 235 (1979) (Pashman, J., dissenting); Collingswood Hosiery Mills, Inc. v. American Fed’n of Hosiery Workers, 31 N.J.Super. 466, 473 (App.Div.1954).
Towards that end, judicial interference with the role of the arbitrator is to be strictly limited. An arbitrator’s award is not to be cast aside lightly. Kearny PBA Local # 21 v. Kearny, 81 N.J. 208, 221 (1979). In the public sector, the scope of review in *391matters of interpretation is confined to determining whether the interpretation of the contractual language is reasonably debatable. State v. State Troopers Fraternal Ass’n, 91 N.J. 464, 469 (1982).
There are, however, limitations to the deference given an arbitrator’s decision. An arbitrator’s award is subject to being vacated when it has been shown that a statutory basis justifies-.such an action. Kearny PBA, supra, 81 N.J. at 221. The applicable statute, N.J.S.A. 2A:24-8, provides that:
The court shall vacate the award [of an arbitrator] in any of the following cases:
d. Where the arbitrators exceeded or so imperfectly executed their powers that a mutual, final and definite award upon the subject matter submitted was not made.
When parties have agreed, through a contract, on a defined set of rules that are to govern the arbitration process, an arbitrator exceeds his powers when he ignores the limited authority that the contract confers. The scope of an arbitrator’s authority depends on the terms of the contract between the parties. Communications Workers v. Monmouth County Bd. of Social Servs., 96 N.J. 442, 448 (1984); Barcon Assocs. v. Tri-County Asphalt Corp., supra, 86 N.J. 179, 209-10 (dissenting opinion); Goerke Kirch Co. v. Goerke Kirch Holding Co., 118 N.J.Eq. 1, 4 (E. & A. 1935); William J. Burns Int’l Detective Agency, Inc. v. New Jersey Guards Union, Inc., 64 N.J.Super. 301, 307 (App.Div.1960), certif. denied, 34 N.J. 464 (1961). Both the jurisdiction and the authority of the arbitrator are circumscribed by the powers delegated to him by the contract of the parties. Communications Workers, supra, 96 N.J. at 448; see Kearny PBA Local # 21 v. Town of Kearny, supra, 81 N.J. at 217. Thus, an arbitrator may not disregard the terms of the parties’ agreement, State v. State Troopers Fraternal Ass'n, supra, 91 N.J. at 469, nor may he rewrite the contract for the parties. In re Arbitration Between Grover *392and Universal Underwriters Ins. Co., supra, 80 N.J. at 230-31. The concept has been stated succinctly by the Appellate Division: “where an arbitration award does not draw its essence from the bargaining agreement, it will not be enforced by the courts.” Belardinelli v. Werner Continental Inc., 128 N.J.Super. 1, 7 (App.Div.1974) (applying federal substantive law, The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, 29 U.S.C. § 185).
Ill
With the foregoing rules as our guide we turn to the contentions of the parties. Plaintiffs assert that the College got exactly what it had bargained for — an arbitrator’s review of “just cause.” They would have us read the arbitrator’s opinion as stating that after reviewing the entire context of this employer-employee relationship, the arbitrator found as fact that there was no “just cause” for discharge. But the record fails to support that argument.
Rather, it is clear that the arbitrator found that Muller’s conduct was sufficiently improper as to merit discharge for cause — that is, the arbitrator determined specifically and unmistakably that there was "“just cause” for dismissal. To arrive at such a finding, the arbitrator undoubtedly resorted to his knowledge as to the types of misconduct that occur on the job and as to the level of infraction that is sufficient to warrant dismissal. The arbitrator brought to this arbitration proceeding his experience in making just these kinds of determinations. It was for this very purpose that these parties enlisted the assistance of an arbitrator.
Once the arbitrator had applied his special expertise and found the plaintiff guilty of misconduct sufficient to warrant discharge, then the limits on his power required that the employee be dismissed. See Mistletoe Express Serv. v. Motor Expressmen’s Union, 566 F.2d 692 (10th Cir.1977); Amanda Bent Bolt Co. v. International Union, 451 F.2d 1277 (6th Cir.1971); Litvak Packing Co. v. Amalgamated Butcher *393Workmen, 455 F.Supp. 1180 (D.Colo.1978); Belardinelli v. Werner Continental, Inc., supra, 128 N.J.Super. 1. But to avoid that result, the arbitrator admittedly read into the agreement a condition not required by the contract: the necessity for incremental or progressive discipline. That this is so is plain from the arbitrator’s insistence that the “normal context of [grievant’s] responsibilities * * * must include * * * a measure of progressive discipline.” Supra at 388. Without imposing that requirement the arbitrator could not have avoided discharging Muller — at least could not have avoided that result without sacrificing all consistency in his written opinion.
However, the arbitrator’s “reading in” ignored the contractual provision that prohibited him from adding to, altering, or modifying the parties’ agreement. It overlooked the fact that the collective bargaining agreement was considered to be the complete understanding of the parties, and it disregarded the directive that any modification in responsibilities be agreed upon in writing. Moreover, by definition, plaintiffs’ contractual grievance was confined to a misinterpretation of the express terms of the contract. The only contractual provisions at issue were the “just cause for dismissal” terms of Article X, supra at 387. The arbitrator having found sufficient violations of College rules to warrant discharge, there existed no other contract terms that would permit reduction of the penalty of discharge to one of suspension. We repeat that the arbitrator’s authority is circumscribed by whatever provisions and conditions the parties have mutually agreed upon. Grover, supra, 80 N.J. at 229. Any action taken beyond that authority is impeachable. Id.
It is of no moment that the parties’ contract did not provide specifically for discipline short of discharge. The arbitrator was not forced to make the difficult choice between dismissing the employee or imposing no discipline at all, for a series of options was still available. Had the facts supported such a conclusion, the arbitrator could, of course, have found that *394Muller was not guilty of the offenses with which he was charged in the Memorandum of Record, supra at 387. Even after finding the employee guilty of the specified charges of misconduct, the arbitrator was free to apply his special expertise and determine that these offenses do not rise to a level of misconduct that constitutes just cause for discharge. Had the arbitrator so concluded, we assume that the proper remedy would have been a disciplinary penalty less severe than that of discharge.
We pause to note that it appears from the way the arbitrator framed the issues that he was aware that the option of imposing some lesser penalty was available under appropriate circumstances. The arbitrator’s opinion listed the issues as follows:
Is Victor Muller guilty as charged in the Memorandum of Record, dated October 15, 1982? If so, is the penalty of discharge imposed on October 8, 1982, appropriate? If not, what penalty, if any, is appropriate?
We note as an aside that the questions listed should not be regarded as a submission of the parties that memorialized the issues and finalized the precise terms of the dispute. See Grover, supra, 80 N.J. at 230. Rather, this formulation of the issues was the arbitrator’s own attempt at a rough explanation of what was at stake in the arbitration hearing. The parties have not suggested in their briefs or at oral argument that this framing of the issues constitutes a submission that precisely defines the parties’ controversy. In light of the absence of any apparent concern of the parties in respect of the arbitrator’s framing of the issues, we do not make that formulation a focal point of our analysis.
The point to be made here, however, is that the arbitrator found the employee guilty of substantially all of the charged infractions and determined that the misconduct merited discharge for cause. Given these conclusions, the Court and the arbitrator are compelled by the constraints of the contract to discharge the employee.
We reject plaintiffs’ contention that under the circumstances of this case there can bé no “just cause” for discharge without *395some prior warning to the employee. Obviously, there is no explicit provision in the contract between the College and the Association requiring the use of such incremental or progressive discipline, nor did the arbitrator point to any other, related contract terms as furnishing implicit support for a progressive-discipline requirement. We are impressed with the fact that it has been the practice in other labor contracts to set forth specifically any requirements of prior warning and progressive discipline. See, e.g., Grand Rapids Die Casting Corp. v. Local Union No. 159, 684 F.2d 413, 414 (6th Cir.1982); Mistletoe Express Serv. v. Motor Expressmen’s Union, supra, 566 F.2d at 695; Super Tire Eng’g Co. v. Teamsters Local Union No. 676, 546 F.Supp. 547, 549 n. 2 (D.N.J.1982), rev’d, 721 F.2d 121 (3d Cir.1983); Belardinelli v. Werner Continental Inc., supra, 128 N.J.Super. at 6-7. The inclusion of these explicit provisions in other agreements suggests to us that the decision whether to use such a disciplinary scheme is likely to be a subject of collective negotiations, and that the College would legitimately expect the Association to give some quid pro quo to obtain that protection.
Moreover, examples of such contracts illustrate that progressive discipline can be exercised in a variety of ways. For instance, parties may agree that while certain acts of insubordination warrant the imposition of graduated disciplinary measures, other acts of misconduct will lead to immediate dismissal. See Mistletoe Express, supra, 566 F.2d at 695; Super Tire, supra, 546 F.Supp. at 549 n. 2; Belardinelli, supra, 128 N.J.Super. at 6. Thus, the mere declaration by an arbitrator that progressive discipline is an approved device that ought to be used does not dispose of the controversy. Instead, it opens up an entirely new line of inquiry: to what extent and under what circumstances and, particularly, in respect of what kinds of misconduct should progressive discipline be imposed? Typically, it is left to the parties to specify in the contract the answers to these questions, if progressive discipline is to be resorted to at all.
*396In this case, however, the arbitrator did not rely on the terms of the contract as support for requiring incremental discipline prior to discharge. Instead, as he acknowledged, he “read into” the agreement the necessity for progressive discipline. Yet neither the arbitrator nor plaintiffs furnish any authority for the proposition that triers of fact or arbitrators typically do such “reading in.” Nor is there any demonstration that similar employers have adopted a progressive discipline scheme, as evidence of custom or standard usage in the workplace. In lieu of such proofs, plaintiffs argue that the arbitrator may require progressive discipline because he is entitled to balance the equities in order to arrive at a fair and just result.
In support of this general proposition, plaintiffs rely on William J. Burns Int’l Detective Agency, Inc. v. New Jersey Guards Union, Inc., supra, 64 N.J.Super. 301. In Burns, as in the instant matter, an employer sought to discharge an employee for five separate infractions of company rules. The employee was a guard. All five offenses occurred on one night. The infractions with which the employee was charged were failure to make a routine check on various locations, failure to complete his log, parking his automobile on the premises, falling asleep on the job, and being under the influence of intoxicating liquor during working hours. The arbitrator found the employee guilty of all the offenses. Nevertheless, the arbitrator chose not to discharge the employee, ruling instead that in light of the employee’s satisfactory prior record, he had earned the right to be excused for “one bad night” and was entitled to back wages. Id. at 306. The Appellate Division agreed with the arbitrator’s result, although not with his reasoning.
Plaintiffs point to the court’s statement in Burns that the arbitrator “was attempting to balance the equities involved in order to arrive at a fair result, and this is what the parties bargained for in their agreement to arbitrate,” 64 N.J.Super. at 312; but their reliance on Bums is misplaced. Initially we note that there were apparently no contractual limits on the Burns *397arbitrator, so that he had more freedom to fashion his own remedy. More importantly, in Burns, the issue of “just cause” was not before the court, inasmuch as the employer did not challenge the order reinstating the employee. Instead the employer was seeking only to cancel the portion of the award that granted back pay to the employee. In fact, after noting that the case focused solely on the question of the arbitrator’s authority to award back wages, the Burns court stated, “we certainly imply no approval of the arbitrator’s expression that Zwald [employee] was entitled to ‘one bad night’, in light of the nature of the employer’s business and the essentiality of the employee’s vigilance in the performance of the duties to which he was assigned.” 64 N.J.Super. at 306.
We emphasize that our conclusion that it was improper for the arbitrator in this case to have added a requirement of progressive discipline to the parties’ contract carries with it no implication that an arbitrator is powerless to balance equities. Nor do we suggest that the actions of an employer are irrelevant to an arbitrator’s determination of “just cause.” We acknowledge, for example, the rule that the employer has a duty to abide by principles of procedural fairness when imposing discipline, and in disciplinary matters management is required to judge all employees by the same standards. Here we simply recognize that an arbitrator’s power to decide what is fair and just is at all times limited by the intent of the parties as manifested by the terms of their contract. The parties took pains to put explicit restrictions on the arbitrator’s authority. The arbitrator measured the employee’s conduct against the standard of “just cause” for dismissal and found “just cause” to exist. Despite the fact that the contract called for no more, the arbitrator went a significant step further by requiring the College to engage in progressive discipline of its employee as a prerequisite to discharge. In so doing, the arbitrator exceeded his authority by adding a new term to the contract. See In re Riverbay Corp., 91 A.D.2d 509, 456 N.Y.S.2d 378 (1982). But see Commissioner of Middlesex County v. American Federa*398tion of State, County and Mun. Employees, 372 Mass. 466, 362 N.E.2d 523 (1977).
As a final point, we reject the arbitrator’s suggestion, urged by plaintiffs, that by waiting approximately three weeks before imposing discipline the College somehow lost its power to discharge Muller. The hypothetical “perhaps”-es posed by the dissent, post at 405, lose sight of the reality of the dissenters’ position: if the employer delays discharge of the employee in order to investigate the facts, the employer loses the right to discharge the wrongdoer, whereas if the employer discharges the employee on the spot, the employer runs the risk of having acted on insufficient information and thereby exposes himself to a potentially sizeable back-pay award at a later date for wrongful discharge.
Although basic concepts of fairness suggest that the employer must exercise its right to discipline within some reasonable period, we conclude that the College met that requirement in this situation. There has been no showing of prejudice or unfairness to plaintiff traceable to the delay in discipline. The College simply needed some time to investigate the alleged attempted infliction of bodily harm, see Memorandum of Record, supra at 386-87, and to allow the employee to respond to the charges. We view this as a fair and judicious course of action for which the College should not be penalized.
In order for the process of arbitration to merit the confidence of parties to labor disputes, arbitrators must at all times adhere to the rules that have been agreed upon by the parties as set forth in their contract. We conclude that in this case the instant arbitrator’s award exceeded the parties’ grant of authority. Although an arbitrator is empowered to use much of his own knowledge and experience to resolve a dispute, his guide is at all times the agreement of the parties. To that contract he must be faithful. Because the award before us fails to draw its essence from the parties’ collectively negotiated agreement, the judgment of the Appellate Division approv*399ing that award must be reversed and the judgment of the Chancery Division reinstated.