Court Opinion

ID: 2700760
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 19:25:05.585469+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:52:55.151668
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Michael, 2013-Ohio-2545.]

                            STATE OF OHIO, BELMONT COUNTY

                                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                       SEVENTH DISTRICT

WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.,                           )       CASE NO.     12 BE 26
                                                  )
        PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,                      )
                                                  )
VS.                                               )       OPINION
                                                  )
DALE AND DEBORAH MICHAEL,                         )
                                                  )
        DEFENDANTS,                               )
                                                  )
JAMES AND NORMA FLEAGANE,                         )
                                                  )
        DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.                     )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                                 Civil Appeal from Common Pleas Court,
                                                          Case No. 10CV399.

JUDGMENT:                                                 Reversed and Remanded.

APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellant:                                  Attorney Amelia Bowser
                                                          Attorney David VanSlyke
                                                          300 East Broad Street, Suite 590
                                                          Columbus, Ohio 43215

For Defendants-Appellees:                                 Attorney Michael McCormick
                                                          46457 National Road West
                                                          St. Clairsville, Ohio 43950

JUDGES:
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Cheryl L. Waite

                                                          Dated: June 10, 2013
[Cite as Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Michael, 2013-Ohio-2545.]
VUKOVICH, J.

        {¶1}    Plaintiff-appellant Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., appeals the decision of the
Belmont County Common Pleas Court that denied in part its motion for summary
judgment against defendants-appellees James and Norma Fleagane. The decision
to grant in part and deny in part the motion for summary judgment permitted Wells
Fargo to foreclose on the real estate located at 55022 Ridge Road, Bellaire, Ohio,
which was owned by Dale and Debra Michael. However, the trial court determined
that the right to foreclose was subject to the Fleaganes’ repurchase option and the
right of first refusal that they acquired when they sold the property to Dale and Debra
Michael.
        {¶2}    Two issues are raised in this case. The first is whether the repurchase
option runs with the land and can be invoked by the Fleaganes following foreclosure.
The second issue is whether the right of first refusal can be invoked following
foreclosure at the Sheriff’s sale to acquire the property for the same amount as the
highest bidder.
        {¶3}    For the reasons discussed below, we hold that the repurchase option
does not run with the land. As for the right of first refusal, given the specific language
used in the covenant, foreclosure is not a triggering event. Or in other words, the
Fleaganes do not have a right of first refusal at the Sheriff’s sale. Therefore, the trial
court erred when it did not grant Wells Fargo’s motion for summary judgment in its
entirety.    The decision of the trial court is hereby reversed and the cause is
remanded.
                                      Statement of the Case
        {¶4}    The Michaels purchased real property located at 55022 Ridge Road,
Bellaire, Ohio, from the Fleaganes on February 20, 2002. The deed contains two
covenants – a repurchase option and a right of first refusal.
        {¶5}    In April 2003, the Michaels took out a mortgage with Novastar Mortgage
that was secured by the property located at 55022 Ridge Road, Bellaire, Ohio. That
mortgage was later assigned to Wells Fargo. Thus, Wells Fargo had knowledge of
the repurchase option and the right of first refusal when it acquired the mortgage.
                                                                                       -2-

       {¶6}   The Michaels eventually defaulted on the mortgage and Wells Fargo
initiated foreclosure proceedings. The original complaint did not name the Fleaganes
as defendants.
       {¶7}   The Michaels did not file an answer to the complaint, which resulted in
Wells Fargo moving for default judgment.          The trial court granted this motion,
however, in March 2011, Wells Fargo moved to vacate the default judgment award.
Wells Fargo asked for vacation because all parties in interest had not been named in
the original complaint. The trial court granted the motion. 03/15/11 J.E.
       {¶8}   Thereafter, Wells Fargo filed an amended complaint and added the
Fleaganes as defendants. The Fleaganes filed an answer asserting the repurchase
option and the right of first refusal as affirmative defenses to the action.
       {¶9}   Wells Fargo then filed a motion for summary judgment against the
Fleaganes and the Michaels. It claimed that the Michaels are in default on the loan
and it has the right to foreclose. As to the Fleaganes, Wells Fargo claimed that the
repurchase option and right of first refusal did not run with the land and were not
enforceable in the context of foreclosure.
       {¶10} The Fleaganes filed an answer brief arguing that the right of first refusal
was not extinguished by foreclosure. It cited an Ohio case, National City Bank v.
Welch, 188 Ohio App.3d 641, 2010-Ohio-2981, 936 N.E.2d 539 (10th Dist.), in
support of its position. Wells Fargo replied once again asserting that the right of first
refusal was not enforceable and did not run with the land.
       {¶11} After reviewing the parties’ arguments, the trial court granted Wells
Fargo’s motion for summary judgment against the Michaels. However, as to Wells
Fargo’s motion for summary judgment against the Fleaganes, it granted the motion in
part and denied it in part. The trial court explained that while Wells Fargo is entitled
to foreclosure on the real estate, that entitlement is subject to the preemptive rights of
the Fleaganes. Thus, the trial court held that both the repurchase option and the
right of first refusal survived foreclosure. Therefore, it determined that if Wells Fargo
purchased the property at the foreclosure sale it would not be a bona fide purchaser
and the Fleaganes at that point could invoke either their repurchase option or the
right of first refusal. 06/15/12 J.E.
                                                                                   -3-

         {¶12} Wells Fargo appeals from that decision claiming that the right of
repurchase does not survive the foreclosure and that the right of first refusal is not
invoked in the foreclosure setting.
                                  Standard of Review
         {¶13} Both assignments of error address the trial court’s summary judgment
decision and thus, the same standard of review is used. In reviewing a summary
judgment award, we apply a de novo standard of review. Cole v. Am. Industries &
Resources Corp., 128 Ohio App.3d 546, 552, 715 N.E.2d 1179 (7th Dist.1998).
Thus, we apply the same test as the trial court. Civ.R. 56(C) provides that the trial
court shall render summary judgment if no genuine issue of material fact exists and
when construing the evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party,
reasonable minds can only conclude that the moving party is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law. State ex rel. Parsons v. Flemming, 68 Ohio St.3d 509, 511, 628
N.E.2d 1377 (1994).
         {¶14} Both issues raised here are legal issues. There is no dispute as to the
facts.
                               REPURCHASE OPTION
                               First Assignment of Error
         {¶15} “The trial court erred in denying appellant’s motion for summary
judgment as to the rights of appellees to repurchase the property.”
         {¶16} Wells Fargo presents four arguments as to why the repurchase option
is not enforceable against it. The first three arguments that will be addressed are
procedural in nature. The last argument to address is a merit argument as to why the
repurchase option does not survive foreclosure.
         {¶17} The first procedural argument is that the Fleaganes should have filed a
cross-claim against the Michaels to enforce the repurchase option.
         {¶18} This argument lacks merit.    The language of the repurchase option
permits the Fleaganes to force the Michaels to sell them the property for a given
amount and with the proper notice. The record is devoid of any indication that the
Fleaganes have attempted to exercise their option. Without evidence of an attempt
to invoke the option, a finding that the Michaels breached the option would not be
                                                                                      -4-

warranted; the Michaels only obligation is to sell the property to the Fleaganes when
they provide the Michaels with 120 days notice of their intent to repurchase the
property. There is no breach for failure to resell the property until that triggering
event occurs. Accordingly, if the Fleaganes invoked the option and the Michaels
refused to sell the property to the Fleaganes in accordance with those terms, then a
cross-claim could be warranted. However, Civ.R. 13(G) provides that cross-claims
are permissive, not compulsory. Fifth Third Bank v. Hopkins, 177 Ohio App. 3d 114,
2008-Ohio-2959, 894 N.E.2d 65, ¶ 12 (9th Dist.). Therefore, the Fleaganes were not
required in this suit to file the cross-claim against the Michaels. They could have
brought another suit.     Thus, for those reasons, Wells Fargo’s claim that the
Fleaganes have waived their repurchase option because the Fleaganes have not
filed a cross-claim against the Michaels fails.
       {¶19} The next procedural issue is the trial court’s determination that the
repurchase option is not subject to the statute of frauds.
       {¶20} The statute of frauds is codified in R.C. 1335.04, which states:
              No lease, estate, or interest, either of freehold or term of years,
       or any uncertain interest of, in, or out of lands, tenements, or
       hereditaments, shall be assigned or granted except by deed, or note in
       writing, signed by the party assigning or granting it, or his agent
       thereunto lawfully authorized, by writing, or by act and operation of law.
       {¶21} The repurchase option is found in the deed to the real property. The
Fleaganes (sellers) signed the deed, but the Michaels (buyers) did not. The Michaels
are the grantors of the right and the Fleaganes are the grantees. Since the Michaels
did not sign the deed, Wells Fargo claims that the statute of frauds has not been met.
       {¶22} The trial court, in concluding that the statute of frauds is not applicable,
stated that there had been no legal issues raised as to whether a written contract
exists between the Michaels and the Fleaganes, the original parties to the
agreement. The court concluded that the language in the deed is notice to the world
that such original agreement exists and that the right of repurchase exists. 06/15/12
J.E.
                                                                                  -5-

       {¶23} The trial court’s reasoning is adequate. No one is disputing that the
Fleaganes conveyed the property to the Michaels.         As the above quoted statute
concerning the statute of frauds indicates such conveyance was required to be in
writing. Both parties would have signed that conveyance since each would be under
an obligation to perform a certain act, i.e. the Fleaganes convey the land and the
Michaels pay “valuable consideration”.     (General Warranty Deed states “valuable
consideration” was given for the property). Thus, such contract for the conveyance of
the real estate would have met the statute of frauds. It has been explained that in
order to satisfy the statute of frauds a writing may consist of one document or a
series of related and integrated documents. Internatl. Bhd. of Elec. Workers, Local
Union No. 8 v. Gromnicki, 139 Ohio App.3d 641, 645, 745 N.E.2d 449 (6th
Dist.2000). The contract for the conveyance of real property taken in conjunction
with the deed indicating that the Fleaganes conveyed the property to the Michaels
would satisfy the statute of frauds for purposes of the repurchase option being valid
and enforceable under the statute of frauds. Those two documents are related and
logically integrated by identifying the same property.
       {¶24} Therefore, for those reasons the statute of frauds argument fails.
       {¶25} The last procedural argument concerns Wells Fargo’s assertion that the
Fleaganes should have filed a counterclaim against it asserting the repurchase
option. Instead, the Fleaganes answered and asserted the repurchase option as an
affirmative defense. Wells Fargo claims that since it was not properly asserted as a
counterclaim and was instead improperly asserted as an affirmative defense, the trial
court should have found that the Fleaganes waived their right to assert that they
could repurchase the property according to the terms of the covenant.
       {¶26} We disagree.      Civ.R. 8(C) states, “[w]hen a party has mistakenly
designated a defense as a counterclaim or a counterclaim as a defense, the court, if
justice so requires, shall treat the pleading as if there had been a proper
designation.” Therefore, it does not matter whether the repurchase option should
have been raised as a counterclaim or an affirmative defense. The trial court was
permitted to consider the option regardless of its designation. Any argument to the
contrary fails.
                                                                                          -6-

       {¶27} Consequently, given all the above, all procedural arguments fail. Thus,
our attention turns to the merit argument, whether, considering the language of the
repurchase option, the option runs with the land and survives foreclosure.
       {¶28} The repurchase option in the deed reads as follows:
              1.   The Sellers [the Fleaganes] shall have the prior right to
       purchase or repurchase this property for the sale price of $275,000.00,
       plus the verifiable cost of improvements made to the premises by the
       purchasers; in no event shall the total repurchase price exceed the sum
       of $425,000.00 unless mutually agreed to by the parties. Sellers shall
       have this right for a period of 50 years to the date of this deed, and this
       right shall be enforceable by the Sellers, or their direct descendants, or
       assigns. Sellers shall give Purchasers 120 days notice of their intention
       to exercise this right.
02/22/02 Deed, Exhibit B.
       {¶29} This repurchase option, although based in contract, was memorialized
in a deed and thus, acts as a deed restriction or covenant. See Welch, 188 Ohio
App.3d 641, 2010-Ohio-2981, at ¶ 13-14.            Covenants are either restrictive or
personal in nature. Id. at ¶ 14. Restrictive covenants run with the land and bind
subsequent purchasers, if the purchaser had notice of the covenant. Id. Personal
covenants, on the other hand, typically do not run with the land. Id.
       {¶30} In order for a restrictive covenant to run with the land, three factors
must be met. Id. at ¶ 13-14. The first is that there must be an intent for the covenant
to run with the land. Id. at ¶ 14. The second is that the covenant must touch and
concern the land. Id. And the third is that the parties are in privity in contract. Id.
       {¶31} Here, the repurchase option is not a restrictive covenant that runs with
the land; rather it is a personal covenant.       This is evident by the fact that the
language of the repurchase option does not show an intent for the covenant to run
with the land.     The language of the repurchase option gives that right to the
Fleaganes, their descendants, or assigns. However, it does not state that the option
is to be exercised against anyone other than the Michaels. The language employed
shows a knowledge of how to extend the right to the Fleaganes’ descendants or
                                                                                     -7-

assigns, however, language to extend this right to anyone the Michaels may sell this
property to was not used. Thus, the first factor used to determine whether a covenant
runs with the land is not met. Consequently, this covenant does not run with the
land, but rather is a personal covenant.
      {¶32} That said, our sister district in Welch, relying on a common pleas court
decision, stated that in some instances personal covenants can be enforceable
against subsequent purchasers, provided that the purchaser had notice of the
covenant. Id. at ¶ 14, citing Gillen-Crow Pharmacies, 8 Ohio Misc. 47, 220 N.E.2d
852 (1964) (Personal covenants are enforceable, in equity, if the subsequent
purchaser had notice of the covenant.). The Tenth Appellate District reasoned that
no injustice results by “enforcing a valid deed restriction against a subsequent
purchaser when that purchaser had knowledge of the restriction.” Id. at ¶ 15.
      {¶33} In this instance, it is undisputed that Wells Fargo had notice of the
repurchase option. Based on that fact and the reasoning in the Welch decision, the
trial court concluded that the repurchase option is enforceable against Wells Fargo.
      {¶34} We cannot agree with the trial court’s conclusion.         While in some
instances a personal covenant may be enforceable against a subsequent purchaser
that has notice of the covenant, in this instance that is not the case. The Welch
decision specifically demonstrates that it is the language used in the covenant that
specifies when the covenant is triggered. See also Wargo v. Henderson, 7th Dist.
No. 08CO21, 2009-Ohio-2443. Welch addresses a right of first refusal and not a
repurchase option. However, it is still instructive, because both are based in contract
and thus, are governed by the language used in the covenant.
      {¶35} In Welch, the deed at issue contained a right of first refusal that gave
Gullet, the appellant, the right of first refusal to purchase the family home in Grove
City, Ohio from her relative, Bob Spriggs, if he ever decided to sell or from his estate
after his death. Spriggs had a mortgage on the property, which was not paid off prior
to his death. The bank filed a foreclosure against Spriggs’ estate and joined Gullet to
the action. Until the foreclosure action, Gullet had no knowledge of her interest in the
property, but upon learning of her right to purchase, she attempted to purchase the
property by tendering the specified amount to the bank. The bank, however, refused
                                                                                      -8-

to sell to her. The bank argued that the right of first refusal was not invoked because
the estate had not offered the property for sale. The appellate court disagreed, first
stating that offering the property for sale is irrelevant given the certainty and
inevitability of an estate sale. Secondly, it concluded that Gullet had notified the
estate and the bank of her intention to exercise her right to purchase the property.
The appellate court found that the triggering event for the right of first refusal in the
language used in that covenant was Spriggs’ death; it was not an offer for the sale of
the property that triggered the right of first refusal. Welch, 188 Ohio App.3d 641,
2010-Ohio-2981.
       {¶36} Here, for the same reasons discussed above as to why the repurchase
option does not run with the land, we conclude that it also does not apply to any
subsequent purchasers, even purchasers with knowledge of the covenant. While the
repurchase option does extend to the Fleagane’s direct descendants and assigns,
the language of the covenant only applies to the Michaels, not to their assigns.
Subsequent purchasers with knowledge of the covenant would not anticipate that
they would be bound by the covenant because of the language of the covenant.
Therefore, if the property is sold, the new buyers are not bound by that covenant; the
specific language of this covenant indicates that it does not apply to subsequent
purchasers.
       {¶37} Furthermore, we also note that given the language of the repurchase
option in the case sub judice, foreclosure is not a triggering event.       Rather, the
triggering event is the Fleaganes’ desire to repurchase the property and 120 days
notice of their intention to exercise this right.   There is nothing in the record to
suggest that these factors have been met. However, as Wells Fargo admits, the
Fleaganes could exercise this option, even at this point, and avoid foreclosure,
provided they deal with the Michaels’ mortgage. Wargo, 2009-Ohio-2443. That said,
as explained above, the repurchase option does not extend past the foreclosure.
       {¶38} In conclusion, this assignment of error has merit. While Wells Fargo’s
statute of frauds, cross-claim and counterclaim arguments fail, its argument that the
trial court incorrectly determined that the repurchase option is enforceable against it
following foreclosure has merit. Accordingly the trial court’s decision regarding the
                                                                                        -9-

repurchase option is reversed. Once foreclosure has been granted, the Fleaganes
cannot exercise their option to repurchase the property.
                                  Right of First Refusal
                                Second Assignment of Error
       {¶39} “The trial court erred in denying appellant’s motion for summary
judgment as to appellees right of first refusal to purchase the subject property.”
       {¶40} As discussed above, in determining whether a covenant runs with the
land and what event triggers that covenant we must look to the language of the
covenant.
       {¶41} The right of first refusal in the deed provides:
              2.   Sellers [the Fleagane’s] shall also have the right of first
       refusal; the Purchasers [the Michael’s] shall present to the Sellers any
       written contract binding all parties for the sale of this property, and
       resulting from an “arms-length” negotiation, which Purchasers receive
       for the sale of this property, and for which the Sellers shall have 30
       days within which to elect to purchase the property at the price offered
       by the prospective buyer. They shall then have an additional 30 days to
       close the transaction.
02/22/02 Deed, Exhibit B.
       {¶42} Regardless of whether this covenant runs with the land, the language of
the covenant indicates that foreclosure is not an event that triggers the Fleaganes
right of first refusal. While the “any written contract” language used in this covenant,
when considered by itself, may indicate that a foreclosure sale would invoke the right
of first refusal, this right of first refusal also requires an “arms-length” negotiation. A
foreclosure sale is not derived from an “arms-length” negotiation because it is a
forced sale, not a voluntary sale:
              A judicial sale of property upon foreclosure occurs only when the
       owner has defaulted on the debt. The owner has the option of selling
       this or other property to pay the moneys due. In the instant case, the
       owner did not make her own sale.          And because she has made a
       legally binding agreement that the realty should secure the debt, she is
                                                                                          -10-

         subject to the statutory foreclosure and sale procedure. That procedure
         is designed to protect her interests as well as the creditor's.          One
         respect in which it does so is by its limitations on the acceptable sale
         price. A forced sale by its very nature is less likely to bring the full value
         of realty than an arms-length transaction. The statute prevents the sale
         from becoming a sacrifice, by requiring that it return at least two thirds
         of the appraised value, R.C. 2329.20.
Advance Mortgage Corp. v. Novak., 8th Dist. No. 36267, 1977 WL 201469 (June 9,
1977).
         {¶43} Therefore, foreclosure is not a triggering event for this right of first
refusal.
         {¶44} Our conclusion that foreclosure does not, in this instance, trigger the
right of first refusal is not in direct conflict with the Welch decision. The Welch court
did not summarily hold that foreclosure triggers any right of first refusal. Rather, the
court indicated that considering the language of the covenant at issue in that case,
the covenant would be triggered either when Spriggs died or when the property was
offered for sale. Welch, 188 Ohio App.3d 641, 2010-Ohio-2981, ¶ 16. Spriggs died.
Therefore, the right of first refusal was triggered. Id. at ¶ 17. The court did not
determine whether foreclosure is an offer for sale that triggered the right of first
refusal as was written in that deed.
         {¶45} Furthermore, decisions from other states support our conclusion that
when a right of first refusal contains language requiring an arms-length negotiation
and/or voluntary sale, foreclosure is not a triggering event. Tadros v. Middlebury
Medical Center, Inc., 263 Conn. 235, 820 A.2d 230 (2003) (Foreclosure was not an
event that triggered the right of first refusal because the language used in the
covenant required the grantee to “form the intention” to sell the property and to
accept a bona fide offer to purchase. Those requirements were deemed to require a
voluntary sale, not an involuntary sale); Huntington National Bank v. Cornelius, 80
A.D.3d 245, 914 N.Y.S.2d 327 (N.Y.App.Div.2010) (Right of first refusal required the
grantee to “offer” the property for sale.         “Offer,” as used in the covenant, was
intended to cover a conscious and voluntary choice by the grantee to make the
                                                                                      -11-

property available for sale. Thus, since foreclosure is an involuntary process, the
right of first refusal could not be invoked during foreclosure); Benefit Realty Corp. v.
City of Carrollton, 141 S.W.3d 346 (Tex.App.2004) (Right of first refusal only applied
to a voluntary sale and taking of property by condemnation is involuntary; therefore,
right of first refusal not triggered); Pearson v. Schubach, 52 Wash.App. 716, 763
P.2d 834 (1988) (Court-ordered sale of property to satisfy judgment against lessor
was involuntary sale and did not trigger lessee's right of first refusal since agreement
required that lessor be a “willing” seller of the property); Henderson v. Millis, 373
N.W.2d 497 (Iowa 1985) (Given language in agreement, right of first refusal could not
be exercised in context of foreclosure sale).
       {¶46} Although we hold that, in this case, foreclosure was not a triggering
event for this right of first refusal, our decision does not stand for the proposition that
foreclosure can never be a triggering event for a right of first refusal. The covenant
could be drafted in a manner that renders foreclosure a triggering event for the right
of first refusal. See also Cornelius, 80 A.D.3d at 249. However, in this instance the
covenant was not drafted in that manner.
       {¶47} That said, the language of the covenant was not the only reasoning the
Welch court considered when it held that the right of first refusal was triggered. It
also acknowledged that the bank had notice of the covenant and the effect that of not
allowing the right of first refusal in such situation would have on preemptive rights:
              The trial court's analysis and reasoning must also be rejected
       because it would set a precedent that in effect extinguishes preemptive
       rights altogether: Anytime a person wanted to buy a property that was
       subject to preemptive rights held by another, the interested buyer could
       simply take a mortgage from the present owner and then foreclose (or
       take a deed in lieu of foreclosure), which would circumvent the original
       grantor's intent.
Welch, 188 Ohio App.3d 641, 2010-Ohio-2981, at ¶ 18.
       {¶48} While the above may be a valid point, we cannot ignore the plain
language of the covenant. The Michaels and the Fleaganes were the parties that
agreed to that language. If they wished for foreclosure to be a triggering event for
                                                                                           -12-

the right of first refusal they could have drafted it in a manner that allowed for that
situation. However, it was not drafted in that manner and it would be unjust to read
words into the covenant that are not there.
       {¶49} Consequently, for the above stated reasons this assignment has merit.
The trial court erred in determining that the right of first refusal survives foreclose.
                                        Conclusion
       {¶50} In conclusion both assignments of error have merit. The repurchase
option does not run with the land and does not survive foreclosure. That said, prior to
foreclosure the Fleaganes can exercise this option as long as they deal with the
Michaels’ mortgage. As for the right of first refusal, given the specific language used
in covenant, foreclosure is not a triggering event. Therefore, the Fleaganes cannot
invoke their right of first refusal at the Sheriff’s sale. Consequently, the trial court
erred when it did not grant Wells Fargo’s motion for summary judgment in its entirety.
The decision of the trial court is hereby reversed and the cause is remanded.

Donofrio, J., concurs.
Waite, J., concurs.