Court Opinion

ID: 2664605
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-04 04:09:23.458027+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:04:47.483922
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                                 )
CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL                            )
DIVERSITY, et al.,                               )
                                                 )
                Plaintiffs,                      )
                                                 )
        v.                                       )        Civil Action No. 09-1684 (RMC)
                                                 )
KENNETH SALAZAR, Secretary,                      )
U.S. Department of the Interior, et al.,         )
                                                 )
               Defendants,                       )
                                                 )
and                                              )
                                                 )
MICCOSUKEE TRIBE OF INDIANS                      )
OF FLORIDA,                                      )
                                                 )
               Defendant-Intervenor,             )
                                                 )

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

                Did the Secretary of the U.S. Department of the Interior appropriately exercise

executive discretion when he failed to designate the area containing sub-population A of the Cape

Sable seaside sparrow as critical habitat because the designation would most likely interfere with the

Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan which will return more natural water flows to the

Everglades? Balancing these competing interests is complex and difficult but the result is left to the

Secretary, defendant Kenneth Salazar, and his designees. As long as his decision will not result in

the extinction of the species, the Secretary has broad discretion. The Secretary insists that sub-

population A will persist, albeit in far less area, and that the exclusion will not result in the extinction

of the bird. Plaintiffs attack his reasoning and conclusions. In the end, it is a judgment call that the
Secretary is empowered to make.         As the Secretary has provided a rational basis for his

determinations, summary judgment will be granted to the defendants.

                                 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

               A. The Endangered Species Act

               The Endangered Species Act (“ESA”) was enacted to conserve and protect

endangered and threatened species and the ecosystems on which they depend. 16 U.S.C. § 1531(b)

(2011). A species is endangered if it is “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant

portion of its range.” Id. § 1532(6). The Secretary is responsible for non-marine species and

administers the ESA through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (“Service”), to which the Secretary

has delegated authority to list animal species as either endangered or threatened. See id. §§ 1533(a),

1532(15). The determination of whether a species is endangered or threatened is to be made on the

basis of the best available scientific and commercial data. Id. § 1533(b).

               Concurrent with a final rule listing any species as endangered or threatened, the

Service must, “to the maximum extent prudent and determinable,” designate “critical habitat” for

that species by final regulation. Id. § 1533(a)(3)(A). The Service designates critical habitat by

rulemaking published in the Federal Register after opportunity for notice and comment. See 50

C.F.R. § 424.16 to .18 (2011). Following an initial designation, the Secretary “may, from time-to-

time thereafter as appropriate, revise such designation.” 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a)(3)(A)(ii). Critical

habitat is defined in the ESA as:

                  (I) the specific areas within the geographical area occupied
                  by the species, at the time it is listed [as endangered or
                  threatened under the statute], on which are found those
                  physical or biological features (I) essential to the
                  conservation of the species and (II) which may require

                                                  2
                   special management considerations or protection; and

                   (ii) specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by
                   the species at the time it is listed [as endangered or
                   threatened under the statute], upon a determination by the
                   Secretary that such areas are essential for the conservation
                   of the species.

Id. § 1532(5)(A). The ESA defines conservation as “the use of all methods and procedures which

are necessary to bring any endangered species or threatened species to the point at which the

measures provided pursuant to this Act are no longer necessary. Id. § 1532(3).

               In determining what areas qualify as critical habitat, the “Secretary shall consider

those physical and biological features that are essential to the conservation of a given species and

that may require special management considerations or protection.” 50 C.F.R. § 424.12(b). These

elements essential to the conservation of a species include but are not limited to: “(1) Space for

individual and population growth, and for normal behavior; (2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or

other nutritional or physiological requirements; (3) Cover or shelter; and (4) Sites for breeding,

reproduction, rearing of offspring, germination, or seed dispersal.” Id. In considering the

designation of critical habitat, the Secretary is to “focus on the principal biological or physical

constituent elements within the defined area that are essential to the conservation of the species.”

Id. Primary constituent elements shall be listed with the designation and may include, but are not

limited to, the following: “roost sites, nesting grounds, . . . seasonal wetland or dryland, water

quality or quantity, . . . geological formation, vegetation type, tide, and specific soil types.” Id.

Thus, not every area that qualifies as critical habitat will necessarily be designated as such.

               Section 4 of the ESA guides the Secretary in the decision-making process of

designating critical habitat for a species. In full, the provision reads:

                                                   3
               The Secretary shall designate critical habitat, and make revisions
               thereto, under subsection (a)(3) of this section on the basis of the best
               scientific data available and after taking into consideration the
               economic impact, the impact on national security, and any other
               relevant impact, of specifying any particular area as critical habitat.
               The Secretary may exclude any area from critical habitat if he
               determines that the benefits of such exclusion outweigh the benefits
               of specifying such area as part of the critical habitat, unless he
               determines, based on the best scientific and commercial data
               available, that the failure to designate such critical habitat will result
               in the extinction of the species concerned.

16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(2). In other words, the ESA empowers the Secretary to exclude an area that

would otherwise qualify as critical habitat if he finds the benefits of excluding the area are greater

than the benefits of designating the area. Id. However, the Secretary’s discretion to exclude critical

habitat comes to an end when the failure to designate the area would result in the extinction of the

species. Id.

               The ESA provides an array of vital protections to listed species and their designated

critical habitat. Relevant here, federally backed actions that “may affect” a listed species or its

critical habitat invoke the consultation requirements of Section 7 of the ESA. See 50 C.F.R.

§ 402.14(a). When triggered, Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA requires that “[e]ach Federal agency shall,

in consultation with and with the assistance of the Secretary, insure that any action authorized,

funded, or carried out by such agency . . . is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any

endangered species or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of

habitat of such species.” 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). Formal consultation culminates in a biological

opinion from the Service, which determines whether the agency action would jeopardize the species

or adversely modify its habitat. Id. § 1536(b). “If jeopardy or adverse modification is found, the

Secretary shall suggest those reasonable and prudent alternatives” that the Secretary believes would

                                                   4
avoid the jeopardy or adverse modification. Id. § 1536(b)(3)(A).

               B. The Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow

               This matter represents the continued involvement of the Court in the Service’s efforts

to protect the Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis) (“Sparrow”), which

began in December of 2000 when essentially the same parties brought suit to, inter alia, force the

Service to revise the Sparrow’s critical habitat designation. See generally Biodiversity Legal Found.

v. Norton, 285 F. Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2003). The Sparrow is endangered and first received federal

protection when it was determined to be “threatened with extinction” on March 11, 1967. Critical

Habitat Designation for the Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow: Proposed Rule, 71 Fed. Reg. 63,980

(proposed Oct. 31, 2006) [AR Doc. 308] (“Proposed Rule”) at 63,984.1 The Sparrow is restricted

to areas in and around the southern tip of the Everglades in Florida.

               The Sparrow exists in six distinct sub-populations which live in six spatially distinct

regions. See Proposed Rule at 63,982. The sub-populations are separated by areas of unsuitable

habitat, and although the distances between them range from only two to twenty miles, the birds

rarely move between these regions. The flocks are referred to as Sparrow sub-populations A through

F. Id. Sub-population A (“Sub A”) is located west of the Shark River Slough—a free-flowing

channel of water serving as the southern Everglades’ primary drainage point into the Florida

Bay—while the other sub-populations are all farther east, on the other side of the Shark River

       1
         The Sparrow was determined to be “threatened with extinction” in 1967 pursuant to the
Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 (Pub. L. 89–669), and was subsequently incorporated
into the list of species covered by the Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969 (Pub. L.
91–135). All species listed as protected under the Conservation Act were adopted by the more
expansive Endangered Species Act of 1973 and assigned endangered status. See Proposed Rule at
63,984.

                                                 5
Slough. The habitat of Sub A falls within and adjacent to the western portion of Everglades National

Park and the southeastern corner of Big Cypress National Preserve.

               Sub A is considered critically important to the species as a whole due to its location

and separation from the other sub-populations. The detachment of Sub A “might provide the species

with a measure of protection against extinction if some calamity were to wipe out the other five sub-

populations.” Miccosukee Tribe of Indians v. United States, 566 F.3d 1257, 1262 (11th Cir. 2009).

Although Sub A was one of the largest flocks in 1992, its numbers then declined and have remained

relatively low ever since. See Biological Opinion on Proposed Continuation of the Interim

Operational Plan, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Nov. 17, 2006) [AR Doc. 90] (“2006 BiOp”) at

28–29 (estimating Sub A at 2,608 birds in 1992, to a low of 16 birds in 2004, 96 birds in 2005, and

112 birds in 2006). The cumulative Sparrow population in 2006 was estimated at 3,088 birds. Id.

               The generally sedentary and non-migratory Sparrow has particular habitat

requirements which limit its distribution, further complicated by the fact its preferred habitat has

been diminished by natural and man-made occurrences. See, e.g., Biodiversity Legal Found., 285

F. Supp. 2d at 4–5 (noting how hurricanes in 1935 and 1960 and man-made changes to the hydrology

of the Everglades have altered the Sparrow’s habitat and occurrence); see also South Florida Multi-

Species Recovery Plan, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (May 18, 1999) [AR Doc. 69] (“Recovery

Plan”) at 4-346 to -348. The Sparrow’s “distribution is limited to the short-hydroperiod wetlands

at the downstream end of the greater Everglades system on the southern tip of mainland Florida.”

Proposed Rule at 63,981. The birds predominately occur in freshwater wet prairies known as “marl

prairies.” Id. The prairies indulge the Sparrows with areas of clumped grasses with open space

allowing the birds to move on the ground and build nests in the grasses, at approximately fourteen

                                                 6
to eighteen centimeters off the ground. See Recovery Plan at 4-347, 4-350.

               Under prior natural hydrologic conditions in the Everglades, before the

implementation of manmade water controls, water from Lake Okeechobee flowed southward through

the Everglades and spilled into Florida Bay, the flow volume depending on the seasonal rains. As

the seasonal rains flowed southward, the Shark River Slough would overflow into the surrounding

marl prairies leaving them flooded for three to seven months of the year.2 The timing and extent of

marl prairie flooding is now heavily regulated. See John L. Curnutt, et al., Population Dynamics of

the Endangered Cape Sable seaside-sparrow, 1 Animal Conservation 11 (1998) [AR Doc. 65] at 12.

               The Sparrow’s breeding season correlates with the dry season when most areas of the

marl prairie are either dry or only covered by shallow water. Proposed Rule at 63,981–82. As water

levels begin to rise, commonly in the summer months, nesting becomes significantly more likely to

fail as the nests become more detectable to predators or are flooded by the rising waters. Id. at

63,982. The end of breeding season overlaps the summer rains, as the birds are not prone to initiate

nesting if water levels reach a depth greater than ten centimeters. Recovery Plan at 4-350. Due to

its habitat requirements, the Sparrow avoids areas with permanent water cover or long-hydroperiod

wetlands. Due to this, the hydrology of an area is a crucial component to the Sparrow’s survival.

       2
          “Marl prairie occurs within the zone intermediate between the permanently flooded sloughs
and the drier pine-dominated high ground. Marl prairie is . . . dominated by grasses, sedges, and
rushes growing on thin lime-stone soils that are seasonally flooded. Prairie occurs where the
hydroperiod [or period of seasonal flooding] is four to eight months long. Where hydroperiods are
longer, taller marsh grasses and sedges dominate, and where hydroperiods are shorter, prairie persists
only where fire eliminates woody plants.” Jeffrey R. Walters, et al., The AOU [American
Ornithologists’ Union] Conservation Committee Review of the Biology, Status, and Management
of Cape Sable Seaside Sparrows: Final Report, 117(4) The Auk 1093 (2000) [AR Doc. 70] at 1096.

                                                  7
See Proposed Rule at 63,983.3

                C. Critical Habitat Designation & Prior Litigation

                The Service initially designated critical habitat for the Sparrow on August 11, 1977,

which was corrected on September 22, 1977. Proposed Rule at 63,984. The Service released a first

recovery plan for the Sparrow in April 1983. Id. In February 1999, the Service found that certain

water projects implemented by the Army Corps of Engineers would jeopardize the Sparrow if

continued and thus required the implementation of reasonable and prudent alternatives. See

generally Biological Opinion on Modified Water Deliveries to Everglades National Park,

Experimental Water Deliveries Program, and the Canal 111 Project, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

(Feb. 19, 1999) [AR Doc. 68]. A revised Recovery Plan for the Sparrow was then issued in May

1999. Proposed Rule at 63,984; see generally Recovery Plan. The Service’s goal is to reclassify the

Sparrow from endangered to threatened:

                This objective will be achieved: if the loss of functional Cape Sable
                seaside sparrow habitat, as a result of current and past water
                management practices, and the invasion of woody and exotic plant
                species, is eliminated; if Cape Sable seaside sparrow habitat west of
                Shark River Slough and in Taylor Slough, which has been degraded
                by current and past water management practices, is restored . . .

Recovery Plan at 4-363. To accomplish this goal, the 1999 Recovery Plan concluded that, among

other actions, the Service needed to “[r]eview and revise the current critical habitat designation based

on distribution surveys.” Recovery Plan at 4-364 (emphasis omitted). The Service stated that

        3
         In order to survive, the birds also require a habitat that is suitable for breeding year-by-year.
See Proposed Rule at 63,981 (“Sparrows are generally short-lived, with an average individual annual
survival rate of 66 percent. The average lifespan is probably 2 to 3 years. Consequently, a sparrow
population requires favorable breeding conditions in most years to be self-sustaining and cannot
persist under poor conditions for extended periods.”) (internal citations omitted).

                                                    8
“[c]ritical habitat should, at minimum, include habitat west of Shark River Slough that supports one

of the two core subpopulations.” Id. The Service recognized that protection of the area where Sub

A occurs was necessary to the Sparrow’s survival but also advocated for the restoration of natural

water flows. “Existing short-hydroperiod marl prairie must be protected and enhanced for Cape

Sable seaside sparrows if the population is to survive.” Id. “Current water management practices

must be changed to restore more natural timing, volume, and placement of water flows.” Id.

               Thereafter, Biodiversity Legal Foundation, predecessor to plaintiff Center for

Biological Diversity, filed a citizen petition with the Service requesting that a revision of the

Sparrow’s critical habitat be performed. On July 20, 2000, the Service published a 90-day finding

in which it determined that the petition presented substantial information indicating a revision may

be warranted. Id. On December 20, 2000, Biodiversity Legal Foundation and other plaintiffs filed

suit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to compel the Service to proceed

with the revision to the Sparrow’s critical habitat. See Proposed Rule at 63,984; see also

Biodiversity Legal Found., 285 F. Supp. 2d at 2. As pertinent here, on September 30, 2003, this

Court concluded that the Service had not violated the Administrative Procedure Act’s prohibition

against unreasonable delay in failing to revise the Sparrow’s critical habitat, however the Court

ordered the Service to submit a schedule by which it would begin work on a critical habitat revision

and to provide an estimate of how long the process would take. Biodiversity Legal Found., 285 F.

Supp. 2d at 16–17; see also Proposed Rule at 63,984.

               The Service met its deadline and published the Proposed Rule in the Federal Register

on October 31, 2006. The Proposed Rule encompassed seven critical habitat units, comprising

approximately 156,350 acres of land. See Proposed Rule at 63,990–93. Units 1 and 2, amounting

                                                  9
to approximately 71,290 acres, were the only proposed habitat west of the Shark River Slough and

the only units to support Sub A.4 Id. at 63,990–91; see also id. at 64,000, 64,002 (map 1 and 2 of

proposed units). After the period of public comment, the Service published the Final Rule on

November 6, 2007, formally revising the Sparrow’s designated critical habitat. See Critical Habitat

Revised Designation for the Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow: Final Rule, 72 Fed. Reg. 62,736 (Nov.

6, 2007) [AR Doc. 627] (“Final Rule”). In the Final Rule, the Secretary excluded Units 1 and 2 from

the designation, thus no area west of the Shark River Slough where Sub A occurs is designated

critical habitat. Id. at 62,750–51.

               D. Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan

               Within the last century the Everglades has endured an unrelenting encroachment as

man pushed back its reach and subjugated its natural flow. The Eleventh Circuit described this

transformation:

               For centuries, a broad, shallow sheet of fresh water that covered most
               of South Florida flowed south from Lake Okeechobee to the Florida
               Bay. This phenomenon was the ‘river of grass’ or Everglades, which
               supported unique and fragile flora and fauna. As so often happens
               with natural treasures, people sought to control and manipulate the
               Everglades for their own ends. After the State of Florida’s efforts to
               tame the Everglades failed, in 1948 the Army Corps of Engineers got
               involved.

               The Corps undertook the Central & Southern Florida Flood Project,
               which it hoped would control flooding, divert water away from
               developing areas, provide a source for irrigating crops, facilitate
               recreation, and “enhance” wildlife. In order to bend the water to its
               will, the Corps created thousands of miles of canals and levees
               supported by scores of pumps, gates, and dams. This massive

       4
         References to “Unit 1” and “Unit 2” throughout this decision, unless otherwise noted, will
refer to Unit 1 and Unit 2 in the Proposed Rule which corresponds with the area where sub-
population A of the Sparrow occurs.

                                                10
               plumbing project drained the northern portion of the original
               Everglades for agricultural use and diverted water into distinct,
               deeper Water Conservation Areas for controlled release into the
               southern part of the original area, which became Everglades National
               Park.

Miccosukee Tribe of Indians, 566 F.3d at 1261 (internal citation omitted). In the 1940’s, the U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers constructed the Central & South Florida Project (“C&SF Project”) as a

water supply and flood control system for South Florida.           The C&SF Project consists of

approximately 1,600 kilometers of canals and levees, 150 water control structures, and 16 major

pump stations. Recovery Plan at 4-356.

               Under the C&SF Project “water flow into Everglades National Park is controlled by

floodgates and levees in Water Conservation Areas 3A and 3B to the north.5 A series of floodgates

(S-12s) . . . at the north end of Shark River Slough allows managers to release water” from the water

conservation areas southward, spilling into the western region of the Everglades National Park where

Sub A is found. Jeffrey R. Walters, et al., The AOU [American Ornithologists’ Union] Conservation

Committee Review of the Biology, Status, and Management of Cape Sable Seaside Sparrows: Final

Report, 117(4) The Auk 1093 (2000) [AR Doc. 70] (“AOU Conservation Report”) at 1096.

               Critically, the “system has disrupted the natural volume, timing, quality and flow of

surface and ground water throughout the Everglades” resulting in severe degradation to South

Florida’s ecosystem. Recovery Plan at 4-356. The Sparrow has particularly suffered from the

significant alteration of its habitat’s hydrologic conditions caused by the C&SF Project. Id.

       5
         Water Conservation Areas are state and federally managed water retention regions designed
to disperse water to the remaining Everglades and to perform water control functions, such as water
storage and flood control. Water Conservation Area 3A is the largest of the areas and encompasses
915 square miles. See An Assessment of the Interim Operational Plan, U.S. National Park Service
(May 2005) [AR Doc. 82] at 3.

                                                 11
Specifically, it appears that the C&SF Project increased the frequency and duration of flooding in

the Sparrow’s western habitat, adversely affecting Sub A’s nesting opportunities, while it over-

drained the remaining Sparrow sub-populations’ eastern habitat, rendering that area especially

susceptible to naturally occurring fires.     See Curnutt, Population Dynamics, at 12; AOU

Conservation Report at 1095; see also Biodiversity Legal Found., 285 F. Supp. 2d at 5.6

               The Service and other stakeholders implemented several corrective plans to mitigate

the disastrous effects that water management practices of the 1990’s had on Sub A. Following the

Service’s February 1999 biological opinion finding certain water projects would likely jeopardize

the Sparrow and adversely modify its critical habitat, an Interim Structural and Operational Plan

(“ISOP”) was implemented in December 1999 to ensure more favorable hydrologic conditions

within the Everglades National Park for the Sparrow. See An Assessment of the Interim Operational

Plan, U.S. National Park Service (May 2005) [AR Doc. 82] (“IOP Assessment”) at 10–11. The

ISOP called for greater restrictions on the amount of water released from Water Conservation Area

       6
         “The pre-drainage Everglades system was inundated for longer periods and overland flow
occurred across a broader expanse than at present. Currently, nearly all overland flow in the Shark
River Slough drainage originates from the four S-l2 gated spillways at the northern boundary of
Everglades National Park. In the past, most overland flow occurred toward the eastern edge of Shark
River Slough. The S-l2 structures, however, are on the western edge. . . . These changes mean that
the eastern prairies are now flooded less often than under natural conditions.”

        “Furthermore, beginning in the late 1940s the federal government constructed an extensive
series of canals. These canals permitted the conversion of the eastern portion of prairies to
residential and agricultural lands. Much of the remaining prairie, at and around the eastern boundary
of Everglades National Park, is subject to over-drainage as a consequence. The consequences of this
over-drainage may include woody shrub invasion . . . and an increased frequency of fires. . . .”

        “Depriving the prairies east of the Slough of its water simultaneously means adding that
water to the prairies to the west. These are now subject to the vagaries of water releases from the
S-l2 structures.” Curnutt, Population Dynamics, at 12–13.

                                                 12
3A (“WCA 3A”) via the S-12 structures, resulting in decreased water flow into Sub A’s habitat, and

increased flows into the eastern portions of the Everglades National Park. See id. at 11; AOU

Conservation Report at 1097. “The net effect of these ISOP structural and operation modifications

was to move water away from western Shark Slough, which was too wet for the sparrow nesting, to

regions . . . on the east side of [Everglades National Park], which were too dry for maintenance of

sparrow habitat.” IOP Assessment at 11. A 2002 Interim Operational Plan (“IOP”) was also

concerned with reducing water flows into the western Shark River Slough area, and increasing water

delivery to the eastern portion of the Everglades National Park. See Final Rule at 62,757. Yet other

plans and projects have been implemented which address the needs of the Sparrow.

               Under the grip of the law of unintended consequences, however, these corrective

plans produced untoward results. Some argue that the greater retention of water for longer periods

of time in WCA 3A, intended for Sparrow conservation, precipitated abnormally high water levels

in WCA 3A. The higher water levels in WCA 3A are thought to have imposed adverse effects on

other endangered species and on members of the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida

(“Tribe”)—who reside on more than 100,000 acres of WCA 3A land—by flooding culturally

significant sites. See AOU Conservation Report at 1097. Thus, as the flow of water is restrained

from certain regions, the diverted excess flow and any accompanying consequences create tensions

among the goals and priorities of the various Everglades’ stakeholders.

               On the immediate horizon, the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Project

(“CERP”) promises the most far reaching and transformative alteration to the complicated system

of water management that pervades Florida and the Everglades in particular. CERP is composed of

a multitude of smaller projects intended to restore the Everglades to its most natural self possible.

                                                 13
The Service explains the goals of CERP:

               CERP has been described as the world’s largest ecosystem restoration
               effort and includes more than 60 major components. The overarching
               objective of CERP is the restoration, preservation and protection of
               the south Florida ecosystem while providing for other water-related
               needs of the region. It covers 16 counties over an 18,000-square-mile
               area, and centers on an update of the Central & Southern Florida
               (C&SF) Project.

               The remaining Everglades no longer exhibit the functions and
               richness that defined the pre-drainage ecosystem. There has been a
               substantial reduction in the size of the Everglades. Water volumes,
               flow patterns, and water quality within the Everglades ecosystem
               have been substantially altered. The changes that have taken place in
               the natural system have led to decreases in native animal and plant
               populations. Compartmentalization caused by construction of
               physical barriers such as canals, levees, and roads, or even hydrologic
               barriers (such as the Water Conservation Areas) has fragmented the
               system by creating a series of poorly connected natural areas. CERP
               is intended to reverse the course of the declining health of the
               ecosystem.

               Increasing spatial extent and improving habitat quality can provide a
               base for improving species abundance and diversity. Improving the
               connectivity of habitats may also improve the range of many animals
               and their prey-base and provide for a more natural balance of species
               within the system. The goal of Everglades restoration is to return the
               pattern, timing, and volume of water flows to the Everglades
               landscape to conditions similar to those which occurred prior to the
               first efforts to control the water in the Everglades, which occurred
               around 1900.

Final Rule at 62,757. The Combined Structural Operation Plan is considered one of the first major

steps in restoration. Ultimately, CERP is intended to improve and supercede the IOP and other water

management plans that have been implemented thus far. Id.

                                                 14
                                      II. LEGAL STANDARD

                Summary judgment should be granted only if the moving party has shown that there

are no genuine issues of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Waterhouse

v. District of Columbia, 298 F.3d 989, 991 (D.C. Cir. 2002). In determining whether a genuine issue

of material fact exists, the court must view all facts and draw all justifiable inferences in the

nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true. Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).

                Plaintiffs’ challenge to the Secretary’s critical habitat designation is subject to review

under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”). See Cabinet Mountains Wilderness v. Peterson,

685 F.2d 678, 685 (D.C. Cir. 1982). The APA requires a reviewing court to set aside an agency

action that is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.”

5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); Tourus Records, Inc. v. Drug Enforcement Admin., 259 F.3d 731, 736 (D.C.

Cir. 2001). In making this inquiry, a reviewing court “must consider whether the [agency’s] decision

was based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has been a clear error of

judgment.” Marsh v. Oregon Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 378 (1989) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted). At a minimum, the agency must have considered relevant data and

articulated a satisfactory explanation establishing a “rational connection between the facts found and

the choice made.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43

(1983); see also Pub. Citizen, Inc. v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 988 F.2d 186, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1993)

(“The requirement that agency action not be arbitrary or capricious includes a requirement that the

agency adequately explain its result.”).

                                                   15
               An agency action will usually be found to be arbitrary or capricious if:

               the agency has relied on factors which Congress has not intended it
               to consider, entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the
               problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to
               the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible that it could not
               be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise.

Motor Vehicle, 463 U.S. at 43; see also County of Los Angeles v. Shalala, 192 F.3d 1005, 1021 (D.C.

Cir. 1999) (“Where the agency has failed to provide a reasoned explanation, or where the record

belies the agency’s conclusion, [the court] must undo its action.”); PPL Wallingford Energy LLC v.

FERC, 419 F.3d 1194, 1198 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (noting that failure by an agency to “respond

meaningfully” to objections and “answer objections that on their face seem legitimate” renders a

decision arbitrary and capricious).

               As the Supreme Court has explained, “the scope of review under the ‘arbitrary and

capricious’ standard is narrow and a court is not to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.”

Motor Vehicle, 463 U.S. at 43. Rather, a court proceeds under the presumption that the agency

action is valid. Environmental Def. Fund, Inc. v. Costle, 657 F.2d 275, 283 (D.C. Cir. 1981). In

cases involving scientific or technical decisions within the agency’s area of expertise, an informed

agency decision is entitled to a “high level of deference.” Serono Labs., Inc. v. Shalala, 158 F.3d

1313, 1320 (D.C. Cir. 1998); see also Am. Wildlands v. Kempthorne, 478 F. Supp. 2d 92, 96 (D.D.C.

2007) (“With regard to [U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service] decisions in particular, [g]iven the expertise

of the [Service] in the area of wildlife conservation and management and the deferential standard of

review, the Court begins with a strong presumption in favor of upholding decisions of the

[Service].”) (internal quotation marks omitted), aff’d 530 F.3d 991 (D.C. Cir. 2008).

               Further, a court confronted with subject matter characterized by scientific and

                                                 16
technological uncertainty “must proceed with particular caution, avoiding all temptation to direct the

agency in a choice between rational alternatives.” Costle, 578 F.2d at 339; see also Alliance for Bio-

Integrity v. Shalala, 116 F. Supp. 2d 166, 177 (D.D.C. 2000). “When specialists express conflicting

views, an agency must have discretion to rely on the reasonable opinions of its own qualified experts

even if, as an original matter, a court might find contrary views more persuasive.” Marsh, 490 U.S.

at 378. Judges are not “scientists independently capable of assessing the validity of the agency’s

determination;” instead of making an independent assessment, a court must hold the agency to the

“standards of rationality required by the [APA].” Serono Labs., 158 F.3d at 1327; see also Ethyl

Corp. v. EPA, 541 F.2d 1, 36 (D.C. Cir. 1976) (en banc) (“We must look at the [agency] decision

not as the chemist, biologist or statistician that we are qualified neither by training nor experience

to be, but as a reviewing court exercising our narrowly defined duty of holding agencies to certain

minimal standards of rationality.”).

               A district court reviewing an agency action sits as an appellate judge and the entire

case on review is a question of law which the court resolves on the administrative record. Am.

Bioscience, Inc. v. Thompson, 269 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2001). A court must also review the

agency determination on the basis of the record before the agency at the time the decision was made.

IMS, P.C. v. Alvarez, 129 F.3d 618, 623 (D.C. Cir. 1997).

                                         III. ANALYSIS

               The question before the Court is whether the Secretary properly exercised his

discretion to exclude Units 1 and 2 from the Sparrow’s critical habitat designation. The Secretary

concedes that Units 1 and 2 contain the physical constituent elements essential to the Sparrow’s

conservation and thus would qualify as critical habitat. See Proposed Rule at 63,990; Defs.’ Mem.

                                                 17
in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. & Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. ## 25, 26] (“Defs.’ Mem.”)

at 3. The Secretary contends he nonetheless appropriately excluded the Units after determining that

the benefits of exclusion were greater than the benefits of inclusion and that exclusion would not

result in the extinction of the Sparrow.

               The Service excluded the Units primarily on the grounds that designation would

essentially require that the habitat in, and the current hydrologic regime for, Units 1 and 2 be

statically maintained which almost certainly would conflict with the fluid and transformative

revitalization that CERP pledges to materialize in the Everglades. Looming in this determination,

of course, is the strong possibility that a significant portion of Units 1 and 2 would cease to be

suitable habitat for the Sparrow as hydrologic conditions adjust under CERP. The Service explains:

               The Service is in a difficult position in this case: the agency is
               charged with implementing the ESA with respect to all species. Here,
               there is tension between conservation of sparrow habitat in the short-
               term, and restoration of the natural hydrologic conditions that will
               benefit all species in the Everglades in the long-term. The Secretary
               weighed these competing interests, as envisioned under the ESA, and
               reasonably exercised his discretion to exclude proposed Units 1
               and 2.

Defs.’ Mem. at 3–4. The Secretary also assets that exclusion will not result in the extinction of the

Sparrow. Plaintiffs counter that the Secretary’s basis for omitting Units 1 and 2 from the Sparrow’s

critical habitat is inconsistent and fails this Court’s standard of review and that exclusion would,

indeed, lead to the extinction of the Sparrow.

               The Service has long recognized that Sparrow sub-population A is critical to survival

of the species.7 Sub A may provide a bulwark against extinction if some calamity were to befall the

       7
         The distance of Sub A from other Sparrow sub-populations “and the intervening slough
make it unlikely to be affected by any large fire that impacts the subpopulations east of Shark River

                                                 18
eastern sub-populations, whose habitat is often overly-dried as a result of current water controls, and

which experience more frequent naturally-occurring fires and human intrusion into their areas.

Separated from these populations by the Shark River Slough, Sub A lives in the marl prairie where

it can nest in the grasses high enough to protect against water and snakes and low enough to protect

against other predators. Yet, the population of Sub A fell from more than 2,600 birds in 1992 to 16

birds in 2004 and approximately 112 birds in 2006, most likely due in large part to the Army Corps

of Engineers’ system of releasing water into the Everglades directly north of Sub A nesting sites in

the 1990’s. Final Rule at 62,738 (“concentrated releases of water from the S-12 structures from 1992

to 1995, above and beyond existing water depth and seasonal rainfall, directly led to the deep-water

conditions west of Shark River Slough. These in turn probably caused habitat in the range of

Population A to be unsuitable for breeding, and we conclude that this likely played a major role in

the apparent decline of Population A”) (quoting AOU Conservation Report at 1104); see also 2006

BiOp at 28–29. Following the Service’s finding of imminent peril to the Sparrow in 1999, various

plans have come into effect, beginning in 2000, which have afforded more favorable hydrologic

conditions for the birds of Sub A.

               In originally proffering the designation of Unit 1 as critical habitat in the Proposed

Rule, the Service noted that because of the historic damage caused to Sub A’s habitat by water

management practices, “special management of hydrologic conditions [would be] necessary” for the

Sparrow to continue in that area. Proposed Rule at 63,990. Unit 2 was proposed as critical habitat

Slough, and less likely to be subjected to any local detrimental hydrologic conditions that may affect
the eastern subpopulations, either as a result of hydrologic management or meteorological events.”
Proposed Rule at 63,990. “A 1999 review of sparrow biology conducted by the American
Ornithologists’ Union concluded that the best available means to reduce the risk of extinction of the
sparrow is to retain and recover sparrow subpopulation A.” Id. (citation omitted).

                                                  19
designation because it “is the only remaining large area of suitable habitat within the cordgrass

marsh—marl prairie transitional zone that sparrows historically occupied.” Id. at 63,991. The area

covered by Unit 2 is considered part of Sub A’s habitat, but it is “relatively isolated from the rest of

the area supporting this subpopulation” and because its vegetation differed from that of the other

proposed units, the Service concluded “its condition and suitability is influenced by a different set

of factors than in other units.” Id.

                Public comment on the Proposed Rule illustrates the mixed viewpoints and potential

complications associated with the area encompassed by the Sparrow habitat west of the Shark River

Slough. To be sure, some commentators applauded the inclusion of Units 1 and 2 and some argued

that yet “more innovative and aggressive elements” would be necessary to save the Sparrow. Brian

Scherf, et al., Florida Biodiversity Project: Public Comment (Jan. 1, 2007) [AR Doc. 157] at 1 (AR

at 1832);8 see also Michael F. Delany, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission: Peer

Review (Dec. 21, 2006) [AR Doc. 106] at 1 (AR at 1567) (acknowledging that although his

comments were strictly from the perspective of Sparrow conservation and would therefore “ignore

water management implications and impacts on other species,” finding that the Proposed Rule was

important because it would cover the “population west of Shark River Slough which is essential for

recovery of the subspecies”). One commentator added:

                Adding Unit 1 to critical habitat designation is a crucial and well
                justified step to protect what historically was a major subpopulation
                (A), the restoration of which recent analyses . . . suggest is essential
                to recovery. It would be difficult to argue that critical habitat
                designation is not necessary for this area because current management
                is sufficient, given that prior water management is implicated in the

       8
          When a document within the Administrative Record is not internally paginated, the Court
will cite to both the page number of the document and its bates number to ensure clarity.

                                                  20
               dramatic decline of the subpopulation, and that it has not recovered
               under current water management. However, it will be essential to
               integrate management of the area as critical habitat for sparrows with
               the overall Everglades restoration effort known as CERP, in which
               hopes for spatially expansive, long-term habitat preservation and
               restoration reside.

Jeffrey Walters, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University: Peer Review (Jan. 2, 2007) [AR

Doc. 121] at 2 (AR at 1630).

               Public comment included contentions that designating Units 1 and 2 would prove

incompatible with the goals of CERP. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers cautioned:

               Of particular concern is the statement in the rule that special
               management of hydrologic conditions is necessary for Unit 1. The
               weight of the best available, peer-reviewed, scientific information
               indicates that the area in and around the proposed critical habitat Unit
               1 was much wetter historically than the conditions which exist today
               in the managed system. The hydrologic premise upon which the
               CERP was designed is to restore a less managed, more free-flowing
               system through the removal of structures which impound and
               compartmentalize the ecosystem. The CERP plan recommends
               removal of the L-28 Levee and the S-12 gate spillway structures
               upstream of Unit 1 and replacement of the S-12 facilities with a series
               of bridges to allow for a more natural, free-flowing, rain-driven water
               regime between the Water Conservation Areas, Big Cypress National
               Preserve and the Everglades National Park. The requirement for
               special management considerations and protections to meet the
               Primary Constituent Element (PCE) for hydrologic regime in Unit 1
               is incompatible with the CERP Plan and the restoration targets upon
               which it is based. The economic analysis did not address the
               potential costs of wholesale revisions to the CERP plan which may
               be needed to meet any such PCE hydrologic regime requirements nor
               did it consider other relevant impacts such as reduction in restoration
               benefits to the Everglades ecosystem, impacts to other endangered
               and threatened species, impacts to level of service of flood protection
               and costs for additional mitigation features that may be required.

Col. Paul L. Grosskruger, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: State Comment (Sept. 13, 2007) [AR Doc.

184] at 2 (internal citation omitted). Thus, the designation of habitat west of the Slough would

                                                 21
necessitate artificial water management which the Corps and other commentators believed

irreconcilable with CERP’s pursuit of unshackling, to the greatest extent possible, the water flow in

the Everglades from human intervention and structures. Another commentator noted, in the

introduction to his peer review, the problems with the water management regime that he believed

would be inherent in designating Units 1 and 2:

               The Capes [sic] Sable Seaside Sparrow (the sparrow) has existed for
               centuries in the area of Everglades National Park. Sparrows have
               weathered extreme flooding and drought, numerous hurricanes,
               frequent fire, etc. well before people arrived and modified the natural
               hydrology of the ecosystem. While most look with disdain at the
               canals, levees, pumps, gates, and other water control structures that
               lace south Florida, and have embarked upon a multi-billion dollar
               program, i.e. the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan
               (CERP) to eliminate as many structures as possible, the Fish and
               Wildlife Service (FWS) is now proposing a Critical Habitat
               designation that will require ‘special management considerations’
               (code for institutionalizing in perpetuity the current use of water
               control structures to artificially manage water flows into western
               Shark River Slough at lower levels than before human intervention).
               It would seem to even the most casual of observers that if we move
               toward restoring the natural flows and levels, under which the
               sparrows lived for 100s of years, the artificial management of flows
               that is being proposed . . . would be unnecessary. Especially since for
               9 years, this artificial management has shown no indications of
               helping the sparrow, and has caused much damage to other areas of
               the Everglades. But no, the Fish and Wildlife Service is attempting,
               via the Endangered Species Act (ESA) provisions for Critical Habitat,
               to create a perpetual requirement for a very specific hydrologic goal,
               which is diametrically counter to restoration of the Everglades and,
               has not proven helpful, but detrimental to the sparrow.

Dr. Terry L. Rice: Peer Review (Sept. 16, 2007) [AR Doc. 125] at 1–2.

               Some comments stated that maintaining an artificial water regime for Units 1 and 2

would conflict with the conservation and protection of other species within the Everglades. The

Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission acknowledged that it was statutorily obligated

                                                  22
to protect the Sparrow but that it also stood strongly in support of CERP and expressed concern

about the possible effects of designating Units 1 and 2 on the conservation efforts for other species.

See Mary Ann Poole, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission: State Comment (Sept.

12, 2007) [AR Doc. 135] at 1–3. The Commission expressed its belief that water management

practices under the ISOP and IOP plans—which were designed to protect the Sparrow on the west

side of the Shark River Slough—had adversely affected species in other areas, such as the snail kite,

apple snail, and roseate spoonbills. The Commission predicted the same harmful water management

practices would continue if Units 1 and 2 were designated. Id. at 2–3. The Commission agreed that

Units 1 and 2 would likely become wetter under Everglades restoration and would no longer support

Sparrow nesting, but the Commission nonetheless asserted that designation would conflict with the

“broad overall ecosystem restoration goals as envisioned under the CERP.” Id. at 2. The

Commission recommended that the Service “continue to give strong and careful consideration to the

potential unintended effects that designation of critical habitat in Units 1 and 2 may pose for the

restoration of the greater Everglades ecosystem.” Id.

               The Miccosukee Tribe memorialized its belief that water management practices

implemented to secure favorable breeding conditions for Sub A, and which they believed would

continue if Units 1 and 2 were designated, were causing negative impacts on Tribal lands. As one

example, the Tribe plants corn on tree islands for religious and subsistence purposes. The Tribe

commented that as of 2007, about half of the tree islands, approximately 60% of their acreage, had

disappeared in WCA 3A due to flooding they believed was caused by water management meant to

save Sub A. Col. Terry Rice, Miccosukee Comments Exhibit 26: Tribe Comments (May 9, 2007)

[AR Doc. 232] at ¶¶ 7, 17. Once destroyed, tree islands “cannot be replaced except in geologic time

                                                 23
frames or with prohibitively expensive restoration.” Id. ¶ 17.9 The Tribe also argued that the

flooding of WCA 3A had precipitated a drop in the population of the endangered Everglade Snail

Kite. Dr. Ronald D. Jones, Portland State University, Miccosukee Comments Exhibit 37: Tribe

Comments (April 23, 2007) [AR Doc. 243] at 2.

               The Tribe further rejected the assumption that decreased water flows from the S-12

structures into Sub A’s habitat would allow the bird to flourish. The Tribe asserted that this “invalid

assumption” had caused severe damage to WCA 3A and its inhabitants yet has “not helped

Subpopulation A, which declined in numbers under actions allegedly being taken to protect it.” Col.

Terry Rice, [AR Doc. 232] at ¶ 19. The Tribe lamented that designation of Units 1 and 2 would

necessitate the continuation of water management efforts to unnaturally dry out Sub A’s habitat by

closing the S-12 structures which would “perpetuate nearly a decade of artificial conditions.” Dexter

W. Lehtinen: Tribe Comments (Sept. 17, 2007) [AR Doc. 205] at 2. The inclusion of Units 1 and

2 arguably breached the “promise of the Federal government to the Miccosukee Tribe that these

       9
         Dr. Ronald D. Jones explained his belief that the “continuation of IOP allows unnatural high
water levels to be maintained for a longer period of time in WCA-3A. These sustained high water
levels result in significant changes in the marsh vegetation patterns, tree island destruction and
negative impacts on the wildlife, including impacts on endangered and threatened species, and the
designated critical habitat of the endangered snail kite in WCA-3A. Of particular importance is the
fact that although the marsh vegetation patterns will re-establish themselves given a reasonable
period of time, the tropical hardwood hammocks (tree islands) will not be restored in a reasonable
time without a massive replanting effort and in may cases re-establishment of soil surface elevations.
Even if the tree islands were artificially replanted, and intensively managed, it will take fifty to a
hundred years to re-establish the canopy of tropical hardwoods and other hammock species. It would
also be very expensive. A prior Corps [Environmental Impact Statement] estimates it would cost
$50,000 to $500,000 an acre to restore the tree islands lost. If tree islands that have been degraded
are not restored, they will take hundreds of years to re-establish themselves after sheet flow and
natural hydroperiods are restored.” Dr. Ronald D. Jones, Portland State University, Miccosukee
Comments Exhibit 37: Tribe Comments (April 23, 2007) [AR Doc. 243] at 2 (internal citation
omitted).

                                                  24
lands would be preserved in their natural state in perpetuity, and will prevent the restoration of the

Tribe’s traditional Everglades homeland.” Id. at 1–2 (emphasis in original). Ultimately, designation

would “create unnatural and artificial conditions for the [Sparrow] that will in all likelihood prevent

natural conditions in the Everglades from ever being restored.” Id. at 2 (emphasis in original).

               When the Secretary responded in the Final Rule to all the comments, he informed

commentators who favored the designation of proposed Units 1 and 2: “Upon further evaluation of

the proposed critical habitat designation, we have found that the benefits of excluding proposed Unit

1 [and Unit 2] outweigh the benefits of inclusion and that such exclusion will not result in the

extinction of the species. Therefore, we have excluded Unit 1 [and Unit 2] from critical habitat.”

See, e.g., Final Rule at 62,737. The Secretary acknowledged that “some habitats currently occupied

by sparrows, particularly in the vicinity of sparrow subpopulation A, may have been wetter

historically than they are presently, and conditions may become wetter in some portions of this area

under restoration. This was a consideration in our decision to exclude these areas from the

designation.” Id. at 62,739; see also id. at 62,759.

               The Secretary explicitly relied upon Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA to exclude Units 1

and 2 from designation, see Final Rule at 62,761, having found the benefits of exclusion to outweigh

the benefits of inclusion, and having also determined from the best available scientific information,

that exclusion would not result in the extinction of the Sparrow. See 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(2).

Because the issue here is whether the Secretary has exercised his discretion in a reasonable manner,

the Court quotes him extensively. The Secretary first explained the benefits of designating Units 1

and 2. He found the principal regulatory benefit of inclusion would be that federally backed activity

affecting the habitat would require consultation pursuant to Section 7 of the ESA, see 16 U.S.C.

                                                  25
§ 1536(a)(2), 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(a), to ensure the activity would not destroy or adversely affect the

critical habitat. Final Rule at 62,757. The Secretary acknowledged the potential that rising water

levels in Units 1 and 2 under CERP would trigger the ESA’s adverse modification consultation

requirements. “A benefit of inclusion would be that in certain CERP alternative scenarios, . . . the

adverse-modification standard may result in a determination of destruction or adverse modification

of designated critical habitat . . . and result in implementation of Reasonable and Prudent

Alternatives that would protect the sparrow habitat as it presently exists.” Id. (emphasis added).

               The Secretary determined, however, that the benefits of adverse modification

consultation under Section 7 were lessened because current management plans already consider the

needs of the Sparrow. The Secretary forecast that the Service and other Department of the Interior

representatives would be intimately involved in the planning, implementation, and oversight of

CERP, and would ensure that the projects considered endangered species. Id. The Sparrow also

“occurs almost exclusively on public land managed for conservation purposes, which include the

protection of listed species.” Id. at 62,758. The majority of both Units 1 and 2 are subsumed by the

Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve, each of which operates under a general

management plan that calls for the maintenance of habitats and protection of threatened and

endangered species. Id. The management plan for Big Cypress National Preserve specifically

addresses the needs of the Sparrow, including efforts to understand the Sparrow’s decline in the area

and efforts to strengthen the Sparrow’s numbers in the Preserve. Id.

               The Secretary explained the limitations in this instance of protection afforded by

critical habitat designation as compared with broader management plans:

               We believe that conservation achieved through implementing

                                                 26
                management plans is typically greater than would be achieved
                through multiple site-by-site, project-by-project, section 7
                consultations that consider critical habitat and are conducted at
                varying points in time. Management plans commit resources
                consistently to habitat protection, but also to long-term proactive
                management of habitats for listed species and conservation benefit to
                other species, and generally ensure consistent consideration of listed
                species. Section 7 consultations involving critical habitat only
                commit Federal agencies to prevent destruction and adverse
                modification to critical habitat caused by a particular project. They
                do not commit agencies to conservation, long-term management, or
                providing benefits to critical habitat or sparrow areas not affected by
                the proposed project. Thus, any management plan that considers
                enhancement, recovery, or restoration as the management standard,
                or which explicitly addresses the listed species, may provide more
                benefits for the conservation of this listed species than result from the
                prohibition of destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat
                alone.

Id. at 62,759. The Secretary acknowledged that the management plans have no control over

hydrologic conditions in the habitat. See id. at 62,742.10

                The Secretary also noted that representatives of the various agencies that manage the

properties that contain proposed critical habitat units convene annually for the sole purpose of

discussing efforts to bolster the Sparrow population. Id. at 62,758. “These protections and

management assurances will remain in place regardless of critical habitat designation.” Id. The

       10
          “While the existing management plans for [National Park Service] and State lands include
provisions and actions intended to maintain the habitat type upon which sparrows depend, the
existing plans do not provide sufficient assurances that hydrologic management in these areas will
maintain sparrow habitat for the foreseeable future. Neither the [National Park Service] nor the
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission directly manage the hydrologic conditions on
their properties. Inflows into the properties, as well as adjacent hydrologic conditions that affect the
lands through groundwater seepage, are regulated by other Federal and State agencies. As such, we
are designating critical habitat on NPS and State lands. However, upon further evaluation of the
proposed critical habitat designation, we have excluded Units 1 and 2 (subpopulation A) after
determining that the benefits of excluding them from the final designation outweigh the benefits of
inclusion.” Final Rule at 62,742.

                                                   27
Secretary emphasized that the purpose of CERP is to restore “conditions that closely resemble those

to which the sparrow adapted before water management changes in the 20th century” and that the

“hydrologic management plans for the region are developed in conjunction with the Service and are

subject to consultation under section 7 of the Act under the jeopardy standard.” Id. Thus, the

Secretary concluded that “the benefits of inclusion in the form of ensuring consideration of sparrow

habitat through section 7 consultation and improving awareness of opportunities for sparrow

conservation during Everglades restoration are small.” Final Rule at 62,757.

                The Secretary then enumerated the benefits of exclusion. The Secretary was

unequivocal that “[p]ossibly the greatest benefit of exclusion would be the removal of a potential

constraint to the CERP and other Everglades restoration projects.” Id. at 62,758; see also id. at

62,740 (explaining that “exclusion of critical habitat from the area of subpopulation A is expected

to reduce or eliminate potential conflicts between hydrologic restoration efforts, including CERP,

and the designated critical habitat”). CERP is intended to restore hydrologic conditions and

vegetation that mimic those existing before human hydrologic manipulation. Id. at 62,758.

“Consequently, changes in the extent and location of unfavorable and favorable habitat conditions

for sparrows are also likely to occur.” Id. The Secretary explained that “[t]this expectation is at odds

with evaluation of critical habitat under section 7 of the Act.” Id. “Critical habitat designation

establishes static boundaries on the landscape and requires evaluation of proposed alterations of the

habitat within the critical habitat boundaries.” Id. at 62,758–59. “In essence, the requirement to

prevent changes from occurring within designated critical habitat boundaries may prevent the change

that is intended under CERP.” Id. at 62,759. Despite the availability of best available scientific

evidence suggesting that CERP would benefit the Sparrow, critical habitat designation of proposed

                                                  28
Units 1 and 2 would likely “have the result of limiting the overall environmental benefits of

Everglades restoration.” Id.

               The Secretary also stated that a further potential benefit of exclusion, as CERP comes

to fruition, would be less intensive hydrologic management to maintain the Sparrow. Id.; see also

id. at 62,761 (noting that exclusion of Units 1 and 2 would “provide for the maintenance of sparrow

habitat through restoration of natural processes instead of through intensive hydrologic management

that is quite difficult to administer”). As manmade intervention is deconstructed through CERP,

another benefit of exclusion would be avoiding the compartmentalization required of designation

that which runs counter to ecosystem-wide restoration, in that restoration instead seeks to increase

the connectivity of habitats and water flow. See id. 62,757, 62,759. The Secretary also referred to

the numerous comments he had received from the public, the Tribe, and “other resource management

agencies expressing opposition and concern about the proposed designation because of potential

conflicts with restoration.” Id. at 62,759. The Secretary explained that since “the process of

planning and implementing CERP projects is a multi-agency, multi-stakeholder collaborative

process, exclusion of proposed Units 1 and 2 would provide great benefit in terms of completing the

collaborative process of Everglades restoration planning with a goal of achieving a broad variety of

environmental benefits, including enhancement of listed species habitats and populations.” Id.

               The Secretary acknowledged that the area where Sub A occurs will likely experience

greater water incursion under CERP thereby raising questions about the sustainability of that area

to host the Sparrow. See id. at 62,759. The Secretary explained there was less concern that changing

conditions under CERP would adversely affect the eastern sub-populations. “These issues are less

of a concern in the eastern sparrow subpopulations, which currently support most of the sparrow

                                                29
population and the best available information suggests will support a large amount of sparrow habitat

after CERP is complete.” Id. The Secretary determined that “[b]ased on the best available scientific

information, we believe that restoration, when complete, will provide habitat that will be sufficient

to support a secure sparrow population.” Id. “In light of this information, exclusion of proposed

Units 1 and 2, the areas within sparrow subpopulation A, would be beneficial to achieving full

restoration benefits under CERP and other Everglades restoration projects.” Exclusion would allow

“conservation efforts to focus on activities intended to advance restoration of the broader Everglades

ecosystem, which includes sparrow habitat, instead of focusing resources on regulatory compliance

with critical habitat.” Id.

                Based on these considerations, the Secretary determined that the benefits of excluding

proposed Units 1 and 2 would outweigh the benefits of including the Units. See id. at 62,759–60.

The Secretary explained he chose Units 1 and 2 for exclusion as opposed to other units because

“there are differences in the degree of benefit among the different areas.” Id. at 62,760. “The

benefits of exclusion are greatest in those areas where there is the greatest degree of uncertainty in

the ultimate outcome of restoration and its effects on current sparrow habitat, and the greatest

potential impacts in terms of the potential incompatibility with or limitation of the planned

restoration of the ecosystem.” Id. The Secretary found exclusion benefits to be greatest with Units

1 and 2. Id.

                Lastly, in amalgamating all the factors previously cited, the Secretary determined that

excluding Units 1 and 2 would not result in the extinction of the Sparrow. See id. at 62,761. In its

motion for summary judgment, the Secretary adds that “excluding proposed Units 1 and 2 from the

critical habitat designation will not result in elimination of the subpopulation [A], let alone

                                                  30
extinction of the species.” Defs.’ Mem. at 33. “The protections in place through consultation under

Section 7 of the ESA, combined with existing management plans and the involvement of the Service

in the Everglades restoration process, provide a rational basis for the Service’s conclusion that

exclusion of proposed Units 1 and 2 will not result in extinction of the sparrow.” Id.

                Against this backdrop, Plaintiffs complain that withdrawing the designation of Units

1 and 2 as critical habitat will allow “approximately 50% of the proposed designation to be destroyed

as Sparrow habitat in the name of Everglades restoration.” Pls.’ Reply & Opp’n to Defs.’ &

Intervenor’s Mots. for Summ. J. [Dkt. ## 36, 37] (“Pls.’ Opp’n”) at 1 (emphasis omitted). Plaintiffs

contend that the Service “has excluded this area from critical habitat precisely to ensure that it can

be destroyed as viable habitat for the species.” Id. at 8 (emphasis omitted). Plaintiffs insist the

Secretary’s juxtaposition of the benefits of inclusion against the benefits of exclusion holds no

ground. Further, they argue that the Secretary’s determination that exclusion will not result in the

extinction of the species is without support and goes against the Secretary’s prior positions.

                The Secretary counters that Plaintiffs’ argument “is based on the incorrect factual

premise that the exclusion of proposed Units 1 and 2 will result in the elimination of Subpopulation

A.” Defs.’ Reply [Dkt. #39] at 3. The Service explains that it “found that Subpopulation A would

persist, and that the sparrow is likely to benefit from restoration of the natural hydrologic conditions

in its habitat.” Id. This is actually the heart of the matter. Under Section 4(b)(2) of the ESA, the

Secretary can exclude recognized critical habitat from that designation if the benefits of exclusion

outweigh the benefits of inclusion and the species will not become extinct as a result of the

exclusion.

                The balance between designating a crucial swath of critical habitat for the Sparrow,

                                                  31
a single species, and greater flexibility for restoration of the Everglades to benefit the entire

ecosystem and its many inhabiting species, is left to the Secretary’s discretion as long as it does not

result in extinction of the species.11 The Secretary has provided a rational basis for his decision to

exclude the Units and the Court defers to his conclusion. See Ethyl Corp, 541 F.2d at 36. The

Secretary may consider “any . . . relevant impact” when designating critical habitat and can exclude

any area (1) if the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of inclusion and (2) exclusion will not

result in the species becoming extinct. 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(2). In making this determination the

Secretary retains the discretion as to the consideration and weight given to any particular impact.

See Home Builders Ass’n of N. Cal. v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., No. 5-629, 2006 WL 3190518, *21

(E.D. CA Nov. 2, 2006) (citation omitted).

               The Secretary concluded the most significant benefit of exclusion was that

designation of Units 1 and 2 could erect a significant roadblock to the implementation of Everglades

restoration, a position well-supported by the record. CERP originates from the well-documented

       11
           The Tribe questions whether Units 1 and 2 should properly qualify as critical habitat in the
first instance. The Tribe claims the fact the Units “will contain a hydrologic Primary Constituent
Element (“PCE”) that must be artificially maintained is proof that the area does not contain a
hydrologic PCE that is essential to the Sparrow’s survival. Quite the contrary, the natural hydrology
will be the antithesis of what Plaintiffs claim the Sparrow needs. The best available science shows
the Everglades restoration will make this area wetter.” Intervenor’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for
Summ. J. & Opp’n to Pls.’ Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. ## 33, 34] at 24–25. Thus, the Tribe continues,
any designation of this area would be based on mere speculation or surmise since it is unclear the
area in its natural state would contain the necessary PCEs and be capable of supporting the Sparrow.
Instead, the Tribe argues the Units should not be designated because the best available evidence
suggests the area under restoration would not provide hydrologic conditions suitable for the bird.
Id. at 25. Accordingly, failure to designate cannot “destroy” any habitat. Id. at 26. The Service
accepts that Units 1 and 2 as currently managed provides the PCEs necessary for the bird and does
not join in the Tribe’s argument on this point. Whether the area is properly considered critical
habitat is ultimately mooted by the Court’s finding that the Secretary properly exercised his
discretion when he excluded the areas from critical habitat designation.

                                                  32
belief that the restoration process will provide a substantial benefit to the entire Everglades

ecosystem, including the Sparrow and other endangered species.12 The Secretary also considered

the opposition of the Tribe and state entities to the designation and found exclusion would benefit

the collaborative process required of the multi-stakeholder restoration process.13 See Ctr. for

        12
          While not explicitly mentioned by the Secretary in the Final Rule, it bears mentioning that
the Service and others have in the past concluded that the long-term viability of the Sparrow would
be best guaranteed by a return to more natural water timing, volume, and flow conditions. See, e.g.,
Recovery Plan at 4-364.
        13
          Plaintiffs argue that the concerns expressed by the Tribe are irrelevant here as the Service
did not consider them or has explicitly rejected them in the past. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 32–33 (citing
America’s Comty. Bankers v. FDIC, 200 F.3d 822, 835 (D.C. Cir 2000) (noting that “a court can
only uphold the decision of an administrative agency on those grounds upon which the record
discloses that its action was based”) (citation omitted)). In the Proposed Rule, the Service first
anticipated that the proposed designation would have “no impact” on Tribal lands. Proposed Rule
at 63,995. Thereafter, the Tribe submitted numerous comments reflecting their position that the
proposed designation would harm the Tribe and endangered species within WCA 3A.

         In the Final Rule, the Service acknowledged that economic consequences accrued from the
loss of tree islands caused by water management plans and high water levels in WCA 3A, but the
Service maintained that “the relationship between the IOP water management actions and changes
in the rate of tree islands is unknown.” Final Rule at 62,746. The Service also conceded that higher
water levels in WCA 3A had potentially impacted the snail kite’s habitat and its foraging
opportunities. Id. Again, the Service explained that the “magnitude of marginal increases in water
levels in WCA-3A attributable to sparrow conservation efforts remains controversial and uncertain”
and that the Service and other entities “have not been able to prove or disprove that sparrow
management has contributed to the increased water levels in WCA-3A.” Id.

        The Service did, however, tweak its stated position in the Proposed Rule and this time
acknowledged that the final designation “may result in incidental impacts to lands under perpetual
lease to the Miccoukee Tribe of Indians of Florida.” Id. at 62,757. The Service explained that the
area of Units 1 and 2, which are proximate to Tribal lands, have been “a primary focus of concern”
for the Tribe and that “critical habitat constraints in these areas may have the greatest effect on Tribal
resources.” Id. at 62,760. Therefore, while the Service and the Tribe apparently disagree as to the
certainty of any nexus between Sub A conservation efforts and adverse water management practices
in WCA 3A, the Secretary at a minimum considered the Tribe’s opposition to the proposed
designation to be a relevant impact because of the need for collaboration in executing CERP. Id. at
62,759. Further, it appears that the Secretary did not simply consider just the mere fact that the Tribe
was opposed to the designation, but that the designation could have effects on Tribal lands, some

                                                   33
Biological Diversity v. Norton, 240 F. Supp. 2d 1090, 1105 (D. Ariz. 2003) (deferring to the

Service’s determination that the impacts of a designation on its relationship with the San Carlos

Apache Tribe when the exclusion benefitted the species was a “relevant impact” to be considered

under 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(2)). The Secretary considered the very real benefits of inclusion that

would accrue to the Sparrow by securing its habitat as it currently exists on the western side of the

Slough. However, the Secretary determined that even absent critical habitat designation, Sub A

would still be afforded some protection under management plans that take into consideration its

status as an endangered species, the involvement and intervention of the Service in CERP

implementation, and the jeopardy consultation requirement of Section 7 of the ESA. That the

Secretary decided to avoid potentially severe impediments to a process that promises so much long-

term benefit to all the species of the Everglades cannot be called arbitrary or capricious.

               Plaintiffs argue that the alleged conflict between CERP and designation of Units 1

and 2 for the Sparrow is not borne out by the record because designating the areas west of the Shark

River Slough is, or can be made, compatible with the goal of Everglades restoration. See Pls.’ Mem.

in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. [Dkt. # 23] (“Pls.’ Mem.”) at 20. Plaintiffs also attack the models and

beliefs that forecast higher water levels in the Units under CERP to further its point that CERP and

designations are compatible. See Pls.’ Opp’n at 24–28. It may be that ultimately the goals of

designation and CERP could be made compatible or that water levels under CERP may not rise in

Units 1 and 2 to the degree anticipated by the Secretary, but that is not the critical question before

apparently adverse, even though the exact link between the harm to WCA 3A and Sparrow
conservation was unproven. See id. at 62,742 (“In the final rule, we considered potential direct and
indirect impacts to Tribal lands and resources that might result from designation of critical habitat
when weighing the benefits of exclusion and inclusion.”); see also id. at 62,746, 62,760.

                                                 34
the Court. Of course, if in due time vindication goes to those who predict the water levels in Units

1 and 2 will not rise to the extent forecast by the Secretary, Sub A would be even less affected by

non-designation. Here, the Secretary enunciated rational conclusions based on the record before

him. The record is replete with evidence that the goals of CERP—envisioning a return to more

natural and unmanaged water flows and levels—would be difficult, if not impossible, to square with

designation of Units 1 and 2 as mandating a more unyielding and static water management regime

for the area.14

                  Moreover, the Secretary readily admits that “there is a large degree of uncertainty that

is inherent in planning Everglades restoration.” Final Rule at 62,758. The anticipated hydrologic

consequences of restoration on Units 1 and 2 are varied and necessarily involve a degree of scientific

uncertainty inherent in a predictive and novel comprehensive restoration effort. Yet, the record

supports the view that water levels might rise in most of the area comprising Units 1 and 2, see, e.g.,

Kenneth G. Ammon, South Florida Water Management District: State Comments (Sept. 17, 2007)

[AR Doc. 141] at 2–3,15 and the Court defers to the Secretary’s evaluation of the inherent

uncertainty. See American Wildlands v. Kempthorne, 530 F.3d 991, 1000 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (“[I]n

an area characterized by scientific and technological uncertainty[,] . . . this court must proceed with

particular caution, avoiding all temptation to direct the agency in a choice between rational

        14
           See, e.g., Excerpt of Sustainable Ecosystems Institute Everglades Avian Ecology Forum:
Miccosukee Comments Exhibit 1: Tribe Comments (Aug. 13, 2007) [AR Doc. 207] at 76–77 (noting
that after considering various ways to reconcile IOP water levels for Sub A with initial Everglades
restoration, the simulations revealed that “there were no options that were able to simultaneously
achieve the objectives of [Everglades restoration] and returning the sparrow performance measures
for Subpopulation A back to the levels they were with IOP”).
        15
       This document can also be located at: Pls.’ Notice of Filing of Administrative Record
Document [Dkt. # 43].

                                                    35
alternatives.”) (citation omitted).

                Plaintiffs especially take exception to the Secretary’s determination that current

management plans will provide some protection for Sub A in the absence of critical habitat

designation. Exclusion will allow for rising water levels in Units 1 and 2, Plaintiffs argue that rising

water will necessarily render the area unsuitable habitat for the Sparrow. As the management plans

lack jurisdiction over hydrologic conditions, Plaintiffs insist the Secretary severely underestimated

the benefits of inclusion when it found these benefits to be small in light of the other protections

afforded the Sparrow.

                To the contrary, the Secretary explained that the benefits of managements plans are

holistic and provide “long-term proactive management of habitats for listed species.” Final Rule at

62,759. Any “management plan that considers enhancement, recovery, or restoration as the

management standard, or which explicitly addresses the listed species, may provide more benefits

for the conservation of this listed species,” such as the plan in effect at Big Cypress National

Preserve. Id. The management plan of the Preserve specifically covers the Sparrow and includes

“discussion of conducting research to determine the cause of sparrow decline in the Ochopee region,

efforts to reestablish sparrow populations in the Ochopee region, and implementing exotic plant

control to minimize effects on sparrows.” Id. at 62,758. The Secretary was also clear that its

representatives would be intimately involved in the planning and implementation of CERP, id. at

62,757–58, and that stakeholders would continue to meet every year for the sole purpose of

“reviewing sparrow monitoring results, identifying opportunities to improve sparrow habitat, and

addressing sparrow management issues.” Id. at 62,758.

                The Secretary also considered that any federally-backed actions, including CERP, that

                                                  36
are found to jeopardize the continued existence of the Sparrow would trigger consultation

requirements under Section 7 of the ESA and the possible implementation of reasonable and prudent

alternatives to avoid the jeopardy. Id. at 62,760. The Secretary points to the fact that a jeopardy

finding by the Service in 1999 culminated in cooperation with the Corps to implement measures to

mitigate adverse water flows into Sub A’s habitat even though the area was not designated as critical

habitat. See Defs.’ Mem. at 35. To be sure, given the underlying purpose of exclusion, a future

jeopardy determination may be met with alternatives that do not require the imposition of water

management controls. However, the manipulation of water levels, while perhaps the most effective

short-term guarantee for Sub A, is not the only measure of protection in the Secretary’s arsenal.

               The Secretary “considered the relevant factors and articulated an explanation

establishing a rational connection between the facts found and the choice made” to exclude Units

1 and 2 from critical habitat designation. See Cape Hatteras Access Pres. Alliance v. United States

DOI, 731 F. Supp. 2d 15, 22 (D.D.C. 2010). Ultimately, the benefits of the other protections cited

by the Secretary may not be as effective a safeguard for Sub A as critical habitat designation, but Sub

A need not receive the greatest protection possible as a condition precedent to the Secretary’s

decision. In the end, the Secretary provides a rational basis for his determination that the overall

benefits of exclusion—in, inter alia, allowing CERP to proceed uninterrupted which will benefit the

Everglades and the Sparrow—outweigh the benefits of inclusion. Reasoned experts can and do

disagree on these questions; they represent precisely the kinds of policy decisions that are entrusted

to the Secretary. See Costle, 578 F.2d at 339; Alliance for Bio-Integrity, 116 F. Supp. 2d at 177;

Marsh, 490 U.S. at 378.

               Plaintiffs lastly dispute the Secretary’s determination that the destruction of Sub A’s

                                                  37
habitat will not result in the Sparrow’s extinction. Plaintiffs argue that “to the extent the agency’s

refusal to designate this area is predicated on preserving the flexibility to gamble with the extinction

of the Sparrow – by destroying the critical habitat west of the Slough in order to see whether that

experiment [CERP] will someday and in some way help protect habitat elsewhere,” his approach is

not sanctioned by the ESA. Pls.’ Mem. 39. But the Secretary relied sensibly on the combination of

the existing management plans, the fact the birds fall within protected lands, and the Section 7

jeopardy consultation process to assure that exclusion will not result in species extinction. Final

Rule at 62,760–61.        Additionally, Plaintiffs ignore the plethora of contested scientific

prognostication about how CERP will affect Sub A. Many commentators acknowledge that

Everglades restoration will likely lead to increased water flows at least to parts of Sub A’s habitat,

which could render the area unsuitable for nesting. The Secretary asserts that some areas of Units

1 and 2 will remain viable habitat for the bird. See Defs.’ Reply [Dkt. # 39] 2. The Court is ill-

equipped to choose between this contested forecast or to declare the Secretary’s reasoning arbitary.

                Five other sub-populations exist apart from Sub A, and the Service asserts that the

best available evidence indicates that CERP will not threaten the eastern sub-populations but may

guarantee them a large amount of habitat, see Final Rule at 62,759, and that Everglades Restoration

will most likely provide a great benefit to the Sparrow, as a whole, in the long-run.16 That Plaintiffs

       16
          It is apparent that the prior determinations that Sub A is critical to the survival of the
species were, inevitably, based on current and past hydrologic conditions. As the Secretary suggests,
changes in water management contemplated under CERP will affect the analyses and might lead to
the Sparrow’s eastern sub-populations being better situated to “provide habitat that will be sufficient
to support a secure sparrow population.” Final Rule at 62,759. The Secretary also pointed out that
man-regulated water controls reduced Sub A from a flock of 2,608 birds in 1992 to a mere 240 birds
in 1995. Proposed Rule at 63,990. The record also shows that the flock fell even further to a
population of 16 birds in 2004, but, as of the last count in the record, had inched up to 112 birds in
2006. See 2006 BiOp at 28–29. The Secretary expressed concern that despite water management

                                                  38
disagree with the Secretary’s conclusion does not provide a basis for the Court to find that the

determination to exclude Units 1 and 2 from critical habitat designation was arbitrary and capricious.

               To be sure, Plaintiffs might legitimately feel that their victory has been snatched from

them, just as they expected to obtain the revised critical habitat sought since 1999. However, the

Secretary has fully explained his change in position from the proposed designation to the Final Rule

and he cannot be criticized for taking public comments and Everglades restoration into account in

revising the designation to exclude Units 1 and 2. See Northeast Md. Waste Disposal Auth. v. EPA,

358 F.3d 936, 951 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (“Agencies, are free – indeed, they are encouraged – to modify

proposed rules as a result of the comments they receive.”); Arizona Pub. Serv. Co. v. EPA, 211 F.3d

1280, 1300 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (stating that “the Agency’s change of heart . . . only demonstrates the

value of the comments it received”).

               The Service prepared its Proposed Rule in a hurry, forced by court deadlines and

possibly with ESA myopia. When evaluating the best available scientific information limited to the

Sparrow, it proposed that Units 1 and 2 be designated critical habitat. Push-back from other

stakeholders forced a re-evaluation—the exact purpose of public comment and peer review. With

a broader view of conservation of the Sparrow, other species in the Everglades, and the Everglades’

ecosystem itself, the Service determined that Sub A would persist without designation; that the

Sparrow would not become extinct and would, in fact, prosper in a restored Everglades; that

designation of Units 1 and 2 would hamper Everglades restoration; and that these considerations

rendered exclusion of Units 1 and 2 more beneficial overall than inclusion. In other words,

designation of the Units as critical habitat would impose a static restriction on an area that is

efforts in effect Sub A had not recovered. Proposed Rule at 63,990.

                                                 39
beginning a dynamic and somewhat unpredictable revitalization. The Service has been remarkably

candid and straightforward about the difficult choices it faced and its reasoning for the Final Rule.

                The Court acknowledges the continuing precarious position of the Sparrow. Plaintiffs

raise legitimate and pressing concerns inherent in the Secretary’s final designation of critical habitat.

These are extremely difficult and complex decisions. The brake on the Secretary’s discretion in

making such a decision is that it cannot result in a species becoming extinct. The record supports

the Secretary’s finding that exclusion of Units 1 and 2 from critical habitat will not result in the

Sparrow’s extinction; Sub A may or may not be adversely affected by CERP while sub-populations

B–F should enjoy some amelioration of habitat and possibly thrive. The very complexity of these

issues shows that more than one reasonable conclusion could be drawn; under such circumstances,

the Secretary is entitled to exercise his discretion. See Norton v. S. Utah Wilderness Alliance, 542

U.S. 55, 66 (2004); Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. NRDC, 462 U.S. 87, 103 (1983) (noting that when

a court looks to a decision by an agency that “is making predictions, within its area of special

expertise, at the frontiers of science . . . this kind of scientific determination, as opposed to simple

findings of fact, a reviewing court must generally be at its most deferential”).

                                         IV. CONCLUSION

                For the reasons stated above, the Secretary’s Motion for Summary Judgment

[Dkt. # 26] will be granted as the Court finds the Secretary properly exercised his discretion under

Section 4(b)(2) of the Endangered Species Act to exclude proposed Units 1 and 2 from Cape Sable

seaside sparrow critical habitat designation. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment

[Dkt. # 23] will be denied. The Motion for Summary Judgment of the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians

of Florida [Dkt. # 34] will be granted to the extent it also moves the Court to uphold the Secretary’s

                                                   40
final designation of critical habitat. A memorializing Order accompanies this Memorandum

Opinion.

Date: March 16, 2011                                      /s/
                                               ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
                                               United States District Judge

                                          41