Court Opinion

ID: 4021912
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-04 17:13:00.650371+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:16.257042
License: Public Domain

1       IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Opinion Number:

 3 Filing Date: August 4, 2016

 4 NO. S-1-SC-34826

 5 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

 6        Plaintiff-Petitioner,

 7 v.

 8 LUCAS TRAMMELL,

 9        Defendant-Respondent.

10 ORIGINAL PROCEEDING ON CERTIORARI
11 Denise Barela-Shepherd, District Judge

12 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
13 Yvonne Marie Chicoine, Assistant Attorney General
14 Santa Fe, NM

15 for Petitioner

16 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender
17 Mary Barket, Assistant Appellate Defender
18 Santa Fe, NM

19 for Respondent
 1                                        OPINION

 2 VIGIL, Justice.

 3   {1}   In 2004 Lucas Trammell (Defendant) pled guilty, in part, to false imprisonment

 4 of a minor victim. At the time, a conviction of false imprisonment of a minor victim

 5 required that Defendant register as a sex offender under the New Mexico Sex

 6 Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), NMSA 1978, §§ 29-11A-1 to

 7 -10 (1995, as amended through 2000). Defendant’s attorney failed to realize that

 8 Defendant’s plea included a sex offense requiring SORNA registration. Defendant

 9 moved to withdraw his plea six years later, after he was arrested and found to have

10 violated the terms of his probation. We conclude that although counsel’s failure to

11 advise Defendant of the SORNA registration requirement in his plea agreement was

12 per se deficient performance under the first prong of the Strickland test for ineffective

13 assistance of counsel, Defendant failed to show that under Strickland’s second prong

14 he had been prejudiced by that deficient performance. See Strickland v. Washington,

15 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).

16 I.      BACKGROUND

17   {2}   On March 31, 2004, pursuant to a plea agreement, Defendant was convicted of

18 several crimes, including false imprisonment of a minor. Defendant’s conviction

19 followed a March 15, 2002, incident whereby Defendant stole a truck, unaware that
 1 there was a twelve-year-old boy in the back seat. Upon realizing that the child was

 2 in the vehicle, Defendant returned the child unharmed to the vehicle’s original

 3 location.

 4   {3}   On July 1, 2004, the district court sentenced Defendant to a total of eleven

 5 years and six months in prison and suspended two of those years, resulting in a prison

 6 term of nine years and six months. Defendant’s prison term was to be followed by

 7 two years of probation and parole. The district court issued its judgment, sentence,

 8 and partial suspension order by standard court form, filling in the blanks in

 9 accordance with the facts and circumstances of Defendant’s case. Notably, on the

10 page listing potential probation conditions, the district court did not check the box

11 next to the language “Defendant Shall Register as a Sex Offender pursuant to section

12 NMSA 1978, § 29-11A-1, et seq., as amended.” Further, the order provided that

13 “upon release from D.O.C. . . . Defendant must successfully complete [a] residential

14 substance abuse program including either Fort Stanton or Delancey Street. This will

15 be followed by standard supervised probation. Complete STEPS program.”

16   {4}   Defendant completed his prison sentence on May 26, 2008, and was released

17 to complete his probation and parole. Prior to his release, though, Defendant had met

18 with a case worker to discuss his probation conditions and was informed that as a

                                             2
 1 result of his conviction for false imprisonment of a minor victim he would be subject

 2 to sex offender probation requiring SORNA registration. See NMSA 1978, § 29-11A-

 3 3(B)(7) (2000) (providing that “ ‘sex offense’ means: . . . (7) false imprisonment . . .

 4 when the victim is less than eighteen years of age and the offender is not a parent of

 5 the victim”). Although he was surprised to learn that he was subject to sex offender

 6 probation, Defendant complied with the registration requirement because he was

 7 eager to be released. As a sex offender, one condition of his release was that he could

 8 “not date or marry anyone who has custody of minor children without prior

 9 permission from [his] Probation/Parole Officer.”

10   {5}   After his release, on November 6, 2009, Defendant was arrested on child abuse

11 charges for the battery of his girlfriend’s fourteen-year-old son. Because Defendant

12 failed to seek permission from his probation officer prior to dating the victim’s

13 mother, he had violated the terms of his supervision—so the State filed a motion to

14 revoke probation. Additionally, now that Defendant had violated the terms of his

15 supervision, the State sought to impose the four years of habitual offender time it had

16 agreed not to pursue under the original plea agreement.

17   {6}   Defendant, by new counsel, then filed a motion for modification of his

18 probation terms and conditions requesting that the district court issue an order

                                              3
 1 “immediately suspending his supervision by the Sex Offender Probation Unit (SUP)

 2 and placing him on standard probation with all the standard terms and conditions as

 3 ordered at initial sentencing.” Defendant contended that he “was not ordered onto sex

 4 offender probation by [the district] court as part of his sentence,” but rather “was

 5 specifically ordered . . . to be supervised under the standard terms of probation.”

 6 Further, Defendant argued that pursuant to NMSA 1978, Section 31-20-5.2(A)

 7 (2003), “prior to placing a sex offender on probation, the court must conduct a

 8 hearing to determine the terms and conditions of probation,” and no such hearing was

 9 conducted in his case. See id.

10   {7}   Defendant then filed a motion to withdraw his plea on April 9, 2010. Defendant

11 argued that because “he was not advised . . . that he was pleading guilty to a sex

12 offense . . ., his guilty plea was . . . not entered knowingly and voluntarily.”

13 Defendant thus argued that his plea counsel was ineffective by failing to advise him

14 that SORNA registration was a collateral consequence of his plea, relying heavily on

15 the Court of Appeals’ opinion in State v. Edwards, 2007-NMCA-043, 141 N.M. 491,

16 157 P.3d 56, cert. quashed, 2007-NMCERT-008 (Aug. 3, 2007). In Edwards, the

17 Court of Appeals held that a defense attorney’s failure to advise a client in a criminal

18 case of the SORNA registration consequences of a guilty plea amounted to deficient

                                              4
 1 performance under the first prong of the Strickland test for ineffective assistance of

 2 counsel. Edwards, 2007-NMCA-043, ¶ 32. Defendant further argued that he was

 3 prejudiced by his attorney’s deficient performance because “had he been adequately

 4 advised, he would have rejected the plea and disposition agreement as it was,” and

 5 instead would have negotiated a plea that did not subject him to sex offender

 6 registration. Both Defendant’s original plea attorney and his attorney in the probation

 7 revocation proceedings believed that if defense counsel and the prosecutor had

 8 realized this plea included a sex offense there likely would have been a different plea

 9 agreement.

10   {8}   The district court held a hearing on the motion to withdraw the plea on April

11 16, 2010. Then, on May 19, 2010, the district court found that Defendant was a

12 habitual offender and ordered him to serve an additional four years of imprisonment.

13 The district court did not rule on the motion to withdraw Defendant’s original plea

14 until October 29, 2010, when it denied the motion, concluding that there had not been

15 ineffective assistance of counsel because the Court of Appeals opinion upon which

16 Defendant relied was not retroactively applicable to Defendant’s case and Defendant

17 had not met his burden of showing he had been prejudiced by his counsel’s conduct.

18   {9}   Defendant appealed the denial of his motion to withdraw his plea to the Court

                                              5
 1 of Appeals. See State v. Trammell, 2014-NMCA-107, ¶ 5, 336 P.3d 977. The Court

 2 of Appeals reversed the district court, holding that its opinion in Edwards did not

 3 announce a new rule, so it applied retroactively. Trammell, 2014-NMCA-107, ¶ 2.

 4 Therefore, Defendant’s attorney’s failure to advise him that he would be subject to

 5 SORNA registration as a result of his plea constituted deficient performance by

 6 counsel. Id.

 7   {10}   The Court of Appeals’ determination that Edwards did not announce a new rule

 8 was “based partly on the fact that a line on Defendant’s judgment and sentence

 9 paperwork called into question possible SORNA registration.” Trammell, 2014-

10 NMCA-107, ¶¶ 12, 14. The Court of Appeals went on to conclude that “[t]he

11 affirmative obligation of defense counsel to be aware of collateral consequences of

12 a plea is well established.” Id. ¶ 15. Additionally, case law at the time Defendant

13 entered his plea provided that “ ‘there is little question that adequate pre-plea

14 knowledge of the SORNA registration and notification consequences of a plea ought

15 to be a part of criminal procedure.’ ” Id. (quoting State v. Moore, 2004-NMCA-035,

16 ¶ 26, 135 N.M. 210, 86 P.3d 635). Combined with testimony by Defendant’s attorney

17 that it was “standard practice to advise a client that he was pleading guilty to a sex

18 offense and that he had failed to realize that Defendant’s offense was considered a sex

                                              6
 1 offense,” the Court of Appeals determined that these factors demonstrated that

 2 Defendant’s attorney had failed to meet his obligation under Edwards, which applied

 3 retroactively to Defendant’s case. Trammell, 2014-NMCA-107, ¶ 15.

 4   {11}   The Court of Appeals then considered whether Defendant had been prejudiced

 5 by his attorney’s failure to advise him of the SORNA registration requirements under

 6 Strickland’s second prong. See Trammell, 2014-NMCA-107, ¶¶ 16-18. The Court of

 7 Appeals noted that in order to show prejudice, Defendant would have been required

 8 to “show that there was a reasonable probability that he would have rejected the plea

 9 and proceeded to trial if he had been informed of the SORNA consequences.” Id. ¶

10 16. “However,” the Court of Appeals added, “these rules are not mechanical, and we

11 may consider other factors, so long as the focus is on whether there has been such a

12 breakdown in the adversarial process as to undermine the fundamental fairness of the

13 proceeding whose result is being challenged.” Id. (internal quotation marks and

14 citation omitted). The Court of Appeals concluded that (1) “we consider SORNA

15 registration, like immigration consequences, a harsh result of Defendant’s plea,” id.

16 ¶ 17; (2) Defendant testified that he would not have accepted the plea had he known

17 it was considered a sex offense, id. ¶ 18; and (3) Defendant’s plea counsel testified

18 that he did not believe that either he or the prosecutor recognized that the plea

                                             7
 1 included a sex offense, id. Thus, the Court of Appeals concluded that SORNA

 2 registration “prejudiced Defendant to the extent that it constituted a breakdown in the

 3 fundamental fairness of the proceedings.” Id.

 4   {12}   Accordingly, the Court of Appeals remanded the case to the district court with

 5 instructions to allow Defendant to withdraw his plea. Id. ¶ 19. The State filed a

 6 petition for a writ of certiorari from this Court, which we granted. 2014-NMCERT-

 7 010. While we agree with the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that the rule from

 8 Edwards retroactively applied to Defendant’s situation because Edwards did not

 9 announce a new rule, we disagree with the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that

10 Defendant was prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to advise him of the plea

11 agreement’s SORNA registration requirement. We thus reverse the Court of Appeals

12 and remand to the district court for reentry of its order denying Defendant’s motion

13 to withdraw his guilty plea as premised on ineffective assistance of counsel in

14 accordance with this opinion.1

15 II.      STANDARD OF REVIEW

16   {13}   “A motion to withdraw a guilty plea is addressed to the sound discretion of the

         1
17         Defendant served all four years of his habitual offender sentence and was
18 released on December 17, 2012.

                                               8
 1 [district] court, and we review the [district] court’s denial of such motion only for

 2 abuse of discretion.” State v. Paredez, 2004-NMSC-036, ¶ 5, 136 N.M. 533, 101 P.3d
3 799 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “We review the retroactive

 4 application of a judicial opinion de novo.” Ramirez v. State (Ramirez II), 2014-

 5 NMSC-023, ¶ 9, 333 P.3d 240 (citing Kersey v. Hatch, 2010-NMSC-020, ¶ 14, 148

 6 N.M. 381, 237 P.3d 683).

 7 III.     DISCUSSION

 8   {14}   Before challenging Defendant’s claim that he received ineffective assistance

 9 of counsel, the State first argues that both the district court and the Court of Appeals

10 lacked jurisdiction to consider and review Defendant’s case. We address this issue at

11 the outset, and determine that this controversy is properly before our Court. The State

12 then argues that the Court of Appeals erred in allowing Defendant to withdraw his

13 plea because there was no ineffective assistance of counsel. The State contends that

14 Edwards does not apply retroactively, and, therefore, Defendant’s plea counsel’s

15 performance was not deficient under the law at that time. Further, the State argues

16 that Defendant did not demonstrate prejudice, as required under Strickland.We

17 disagree with the State, in part, and hold that the logic of Edwards applies

18 retroactively because it did not announce a new rule of law. Yet, we also conclude

                                              9
 1 that Defendant did not adequately show that he had been prejudiced by his counsel’s

 2 deficient advice in the course of accepting the instant plea agreement.

 3 A.       Jurisdiction

 4   {15}   The State argues that both the district court and the Court of Appeals lacked

 5 jurisdiction with respect to Defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Yet, the

 6 State also concedes that Defendant’s motion to withdraw his plea might have been

 7 properly treated by the district court as a petition for habeas corpus relief under Rule

 8 5-802 NMRA. Thus, when the district court denied Defendant’s motion, his appeal

 9 from the disposition should have been to the Supreme Court in accordance with Rule

10 5-802. See Cummings v. State, 2007-NMSC-048, ¶ 9, 142 N.M. 656, 168 P.3d 1080.

11 Still, the error is of no moment to our review of the underlying issues in this case as

12 the proper remedy for the error is transfer to the Supreme Court from the Court of

13 Appeals. See Martinez v. Chavez, 2008-NMSC-021, ¶ 14, 144 N.M. 1, 183 P.3d 145

14 (per curiam) (considering a case that was transferred in error to the Supreme Court

15 because it was not incorrectly considered to be an appeal from a habeas corpus

16 proceeding, and providing that “we recognize the difficult task that the Court of

17 Appeals often faces when confronted with a case filed as a direct appeal from

18 post-conviction proceedings that may or may not be properly construed as a habeas

                                              10
 1 corpus proceeding”). Accordingly, we now consider whether Defendant’s Sixth

 2 Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel was violated by entry of the

 3 instant plea agreement.

 4 B.       Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

 5   {16}   “The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution . . . guarantees not

 6 only the right to counsel but the right to the effective assistance of counsel.”

 7 Patterson v. LeMaster, 2001-NMSC-013, ¶ 16, 130 N.M. 179, 21 P.3d 1032 (internal

 8 quotation marks and citation omitted). In order to be entitled to relief on the basis of

 9 ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that (1) “counsel’s

10 performance was deficient,” and (2) “the deficient performance prejudiced the

11 defense.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. In Edwards, 2007-NMCA-043, ¶¶ 31-32, the

12 Court of Appeals held that defense counsel’s failure to advise a defendant that

13 pleading guilty or no contest to a sex offense would require that the defendant register

14 as a sex offender under SORNA amounted to deficient performance under the first

15 prong of the Strickland ineffective assistance of counsel test. Although the Edwards

16 Court was unable to make a determination on the issue of prejudice in that case, it

17 recognized that the standard for assessing prejudice required a defendant to show that

18 “but for counsel’s errors, [the defendant] would not have pleaded guilty and instead

                                              11
 1 gone to trial.” 2007-NMCA-043, ¶ 34 (alteration in original) (quoting Patterson,

 2 2001-NMSC-013, ¶ 18). Thus, under Edwards, defense counsel’s failure to advise

 3 Defendant of the instant plea agreement’s SORNA registration requirement was per

 4 se deficient performance of counsel under Strickland’s first prong. Yet, Edwards

 5 predated Defendant’s plea agreement, so we must first determine whether Edwards

 6 embodied a novel pronouncement or instead relied on preexisting law.

 7 i.       Defense Counsel’s Failure to Advise Defendant of Sex Offender
 8          Registration Requirements Pursuant to Plea Agreement Was Per Se
 9          Deficient Performance Under Strickland’s First Prong

10   {17}   The State’s primary argument in this case arises from what it claims was a

11 novel pronouncement in 2007 by the Court of Appeals in Edwards holding that

12 defense counsel’s failure to advise a defendant entering into a plea agreement of said

13 agreement’s SORNA registration requirement constitutes deficient performance of

14 counsel. Accordingly, the State argues that Edwards should not apply retroactively

15 to Defendant’s 2004 plea agreement. We analyze the retroactivity of novel criminal

16 laws in accordance with Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 310 (1989). “ ‘If it is an old

17 rule, it applies both on direct and collateral review. If it is a new rule, it generally

18 applies only to cases that are still on direct review.’ ” State v. Ramirez (Ramirez I),

19 2012-NMCA-057, ¶ 6, 278 P.3d 569 (quoting State v. Frawley, 2007-NMSC-057, ¶

                                              12
 1 34, 143 N.M. 7, 172 P.3d 144), aff’d Ramirez II, 2014-NMSC-023. New rules

 2 “break[] new ground or impos[e] a new obligation on the [s]tates,” meaning that “the

 3 result [of the case] was not dictated by precedent existing at the time the defendant’s

 4 conviction became final.” Ramirez I, 2012-NMCA-057, ¶¶ 7 (third alteration in

 5 original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). We conclude that Edwards

 6 did not make a novel pronouncement of law and that the duty to advise clients of

 7 SORNA registration requirements was a prerequisite to effective performance of

 8 counsel that existed prior to that case’s publication.

 9   {18}   Edwards relied heavily on this Court’s opinion in Paredez, 2004-NMSC-036.

10 See generally Edwards, 2007-NMCA-043, ¶¶ 16-32. Paredez held that under the first

11 prong of Strickland a criminal defense attorney’s failure to ascertain and advise a

12 client of the collateral immigration consequences of entering a guilty plea was per se

13 deficient performance. See Paredez, 2004-NMSC-036, ¶ 19 (“An attorney’s failure

14 to provide the required advice regarding immigration consequences will be

15 ineffective assistance of counsel if the defendant suffers prejudice by the attorney’s

16 omission.”). Edwards analogized the harsh immigration consequences of a criminal

17 conviction to the comparably harsh collateral consequences of SORNA registration.

18 See 2007-NMCA-043, ¶¶ 25-27. After considering the two types of collateral

                                             13
 1 consequences in Edwards, the Court of Appeals concluded that “[w]e see no reason

 2 why the similarly harsh consequences of sex offender registration should not also

 3 necessitate specific advice from counsel so that defendants can make informed

 4 decisions regarding their pleas.” Id. ¶ 26.

 5   {19}   This Court recently issued an opinion that built on our holding in Paredez and

 6 is persuasive to our analysis regarding Edwards’ retroactive effect. In Ramirez II this

 7 Court held that although Paredez was issued in 2004, it would be given retroactive

 8 effect to cases dating back to 1990 because it did not rely on a novel pronouncement

 9 of law. Ramirez II, 2014-NMSC-023, ¶ 2. Ramirez II recognized that “New Mexico

10 does not give retroactive effect to a new criminal procedure rule.” Id. ¶ 11. However,

11 the Court determined that Paredez did not announce a new rule in 2004 because

12 courts in New Mexico were already prohibited from accepting guilty pleas from

13 defendants who had not been properly advised of the immigration consequences of

14 their pleas under rules that had been in place since 1990. Ramirez II, 2014-NMSC-

15 023, ¶ 6. The Court looked specifically to Forms 9-406 NMRA and 9-406A NMRA

16 (1990), which were “used in New Mexico courts in the course of accepting a guilty

17 plea,” and Rules 5-303(E)(5) NMRA (1990), 6-502(D)(2) NMRA (1990), 7-

18 502(E)(2) NMRA (1990), and 8-502(D)(2) NMRA (1990), which “predicate[ed]

                                              14
 1 acceptance of a guilty plea . . . on th[e] court’s colloquy with the defendant directly,

 2 assuring the defendant’s understanding of the immigration consequences of the plea.”

 3 Ramirez II, 2014-NMSC-023, ¶¶ 7, 13. Form 9-406 specifically required a court,

 4 when accepting a plea, to verify “ ‘[t]hat the defendant understands that a conviction

 5 may have an effect upon the defendant’s immigration or naturalization status.’ ”

 6 Ramirez II, 2014-NMSC-023, ¶ 3 (quoting Form 9-406 (1990)). It also required the

 7 defendant to verify that the warning had been administered by the judge and required

 8 defense counsel to certify that he or she explained the contents of the forms to the

 9 client. Id. Additionally, the Court surveyed professional norms, which supported the

10 conclusion that the obligation to advise a client of the immigration consequences of

11 a guilty plea predated Paredez, and possibly even the 1990 form and rules. Ramirez

12 II, 2014-NMSC-023, ¶ 15.

13   {20}   The plea rules and forms on which the Ramirez II Court relied were silent

14 concerning advisement of SORNA consequences until Edwards was decided in 2007.

15 See Form 9-406 (2007). Thus, courts at the time of Defendant’s conviction were not

16 formally required to ensure that defendants pleading to sex offenses had been advised

17 of SORNA consequences when they entered their pleas. However, since the original

18 1995 enactment of SORNA, courts have been required to “provide a sex offender

                                              15
 1 adjudicated guilty in that court with written notice of his [or her] duty to register

 2 pursuant to [SORNA] . . . in judgment and sentence forms provided to the sex

 3 offender.” NMSA 1978, Section 29-11A-7 (A) (1995) (emphasis added). We

 4 conclude that this requirement of notice as part of the judgment and sentence

 5 documentation in a criminal case supports the notion that judges and lawyers in

 6 criminal cases should have been aware of the requirements and thereby had a duty to

 7 incorporate considerations of such requirements into their handling of relevant

 8 criminal cases. Indeed, in Defendant’s case, the judgment and sentence form used by

 9 the district court had a space to denote whether Defendant would be subject to sex

10 offender registration. Regrettably, though, the district court failed to make the correct

11 demarcation, and that mistake went further unchecked by the attorneys in the case.

12   {21}   In the instant case the Court of Appeals analogized to this Court’s rationale

13 from Ramirez II to conclude that Edwards applied retroactively because it did not

14 announce a new rule of law. See Trammell, 2014-NMCA-107, ¶¶ 11-15. Although the

15 guilty plea forms, Forms 9-406 and 9-406A, that were discussed in Ramirez II were

16 not amended to include warnings about SORNA consequences until after Edwards

17 was decided by the Court of Appeals—three years after Defendant had entered his

18 plea—the judgment and sentence order issued by the district court in Defendant’s

                                              16
 1 case did in fact have an option to check a box relating to sex offender probation. See

 2 Trammell, 2014-NMCA-107, ¶ 15; compare Form 9-406 (1998) with Form 9-406

 3 (2007). The Court of Appeals below thus determined that the presence of this item

 4 on the judgment and sentence form was evidence that SORNA requirements should

 5 have been considered at the time by both the district court and counsel. See Trammell,

 6 2014-NMCA-107, ¶¶ 12, 15. Further, Ramirez II established that defense counsel has

 7 an obligation to be aware of the collateral consequences of a plea, and defense

 8 counsel in the instant case testified that it was in fact his usual practice to advise

 9 clients about such matters if they were pleading to a sex offense. Trammell, 2014-

10 NMCA-107, ¶ 15. And, there was established case law pre-dating Edwards which

11 indicated that “there is little question that adequate pre-plea knowledge of the

12 SORNA registration and notification consequences of a plea ought to be a part of

13 criminal procedure.” Trammell, 2014-NMCA-107, ¶ 15 (internal quotation marks and

14 citation omitted); see Moore, 2004-NMCA-035, ¶ 26 (“[W]e think there is little

15 question that adequate pre-plea knowledge of the SORNA registration and

16 notification consequences of a plea ought to be a part of criminal procedure.”). Thus,

17 the Court of Appeals concluded that Edwards did not announce a new rule and, like

18 Paredez, should be applied retroactively. Trammell, 2014-NMCA-107, ¶ 15. We

                                             17
 1 agree with the Court of Appeals’ retroactivity analysis, and conclude that the case

 2 law, professional norms, notice requirements, and forms in use following the

 3 enactment of SORNA in 1995 provide ample evidence that advisement of a plea

 4 agreement’s SORNA registration requirement by defense counsel is, and long has

 5 been, a prerequisite to effective assistance of counsel.

 6   {22}   We favorably compare the instant scenario with those at issue in Ramirez II and

 7 Paredez, and hold that the failure to advise a defendant of collateral SORNA

 8 registration requirements, like the failure to advise of immigration consequences, has

 9 been a well-established prerequisite to the effective assistance of counsel when

10 arranging a plea agreement. Further, defense counsel testified that it was the

11 professional norm at the time of Defendant’s plea to advise clients of SORNA

12 requirements under such a plea agreement. Cf. Ramirez II, 2014-NMSC-023, ¶ 15. As

13 such, Edwards—like Paredez—did not announce a new rule, and should have been

14 applied retroactively by the district court. A defense attorney’s failure to advise a

15 defendant entering into a plea which requires SORNA registration of that

16 consequence is per se deficient performance under Strickland’s first prong. We thus

17 next turn to the second prong under Strickland to determine whether Defendant was

18 prejudiced by his defense counsel’s failure to advise him of his plea agreement’s

                                              18
 1 SORNA registration requirement.

 2 ii.      Defendant Failed to Show that He Suffered Prejudice Under Strickland as
 3          a Result of Defense Counsel’s Deficient Performance

 4   {23}   Under Strickland, in order to show prejudice, “[a] defendant must show that

 5 there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the

 6 result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a

 7 probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” 466 U.S. at 694.

 8 Cases involving plea agreements are different:

 9          [I]n the plea bargain context a defendant must establish that . . . but for
10          counsel’s errors, he would not have pleaded guilty and instead gone to
11          trial. A defendant who was convicted on a plea is not required to prove
12          that a trial would have resulted in acquittal. The question is whether
13          there is a reasonable probability that the defendant would have gone to
14          trial instead of pleading guilty or no contest had counsel not acted
15          unreasonably.

16 Patterson, 2001-NMSC-013, ¶ 18 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

17   {24}   “There is no formulaic test for determining whether a defendant has

18 demonstrated prejudice. Such a determination is made on a case-by-case basis, in

19 light of the facts of that particular case.” State v. Favela, 2015-NMSC-005, ¶ 19, 343

20 P.3d 178. Yet, when assessing whether a defendant has been prejudiced by an

21 attorney’s deficient performance, “courts are reluctant to rely solely on the

22 self-serving statements of defendants.” Patterson, 2001-NMSC-013, ¶ 29. Thus, a

                                                19
 1 defendant must provide additional evidence of prejudice. Id. We typically consider

 2 the strength of the State’s evidence against the defendant and the defendant’s

 3 pre-conviction statements and actions, such as assertions of innocence or statements

 4 of intent to go to trial. Id. ¶¶ 30-31.

 5   {25}   Defendant has only presented evidence that he would have tried to negotiate

 6 a different plea agreement had he known about the SORNA requirement. The only

 7 evidence Defendant proffers to show that he would have rejected the instant plea

 8 agreement in favor of the alternative result of a trial, had his counsel properly advised

 9 him of the SORNA requirements, is (1) his testimony that had he been advised that

10 he was pleading to a sex offense, he would not have accepted that plea and would

11 have fought for a different agreement; (2) his plea counsel’s testimony that, had he

12 realized that Defendant was pleading to a sex offense, he would have tried to work

13 out a different plea agreement with the prosecutor; and (3) because there was nothing

14 sexual about the factual allegations in Defendant’s case, it was likely that the

15 prosecutor would have agreed to a different plea agreement that did not require

16 SORNA registration. Yet, Defendant did not introduce any evidence to support his

17 argument in the form of relevant testimony from the prosecution. And, Defendant did

18 receive some benefits—in the form of numerous dropped charges—by accepting the

                                              20
 1 plea, a salient fact considering his defense counsel’s testimony that the State had a

 2 “very strong case against” him. Thus, this evidence amounts to no more than the

 3 “self-serving” offer of evidence we rejected in Patterson. 2001-NMSC-013, ¶ 29.

 4 Defendant has not demonstrated in a tangible way that in the absence of the mistake

 5 made by his attorney he would have rejected the instant plea agreement in favor of

 6 taking his arguments to trial. That is, the evidence falls short of demonstrating “a

 7 reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

 8 proceeding would have been different,” particularly where “[a] reasonable probability

 9 is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome,” that outcome

10 being the decision not to go to trial. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.

11   {26}   Further, Defendant was made aware of his plea’s SORNA registration

12 requirement over two years prior to this eventual challenge, bolstering our conclusion

13 that his claim that he would not have accepted his plea is self-serving. First, instead

14 of immediately soliciting the advice of a lawyer following his apprisal of the SORNA

15 registration requirement six months prior to his release, Defendant merely acquiesced.

16 Trammell, 2014-NMCA-107, ¶ 3. And, upon his release, Defendant likewise made

17 no effort to investigate the SORNA registration requirement, either personally or with

18 the help of a lawyer, instead choosing to dutifully register without voicing complaint.

                                             21
 1 And, although Defendant suggests that he was “in the process of” getting a lawyer to

 2 help him investigate the SORNA registration requirement, that effort was ongoing for

 3 over two years. The fact that Defendant was only motivated to challenge his plea

 4 upon violating that plea two years after registering under SORNA is strong evidence

 5 that he in fact suffered no prejudice.

 6   {27}   Defendant requests that we consider his argument by framing the issue more

 7 broadly, in that under Strickland “a defendant [need only] show that there is a

 8 reasonable probability that but for counsel’s ineffectiveness, the result of the

 9 proceeding would have been different.” See id. at 693-94. Essentially, because a plea

10 without a sex offense may have been possible because plea counsel testified that had

11 he known Defendant was pleading to a sex offense he would have renegotiated a

12 different plea agreement, Defendant asks us to find prejudice in the same way as the

13 Court of Appeals. And, we have, on occasion, considered whether a defendant could

14 show sufficient prejudice by evidence demonstrating that he or she would not have

15 entered this plea agreement, had defense counsel performed adequately, because with

16 effective representation, a different plea agreement might have been reached. See

17 Garcia v. State, 2010-NMSC-023, ¶ 47, 148 N.M. 414, 237 P.3d 716 (suggesting that

18 the defendant may have been prejudiced by his attorney’s misunderstanding of the

                                            22
 1 law and the facts of the case, insofar as it made defense counsel unable to

 2 “competently negotiate a plea agreement” to a lower, potentially more appropriate,

 3 sentence). Yet, in Garcia, the evidence suggested that “defense counsel . . . advise[d]

 4 [the d]efendant to agree to a plea agreement that resulted in a minimum of 30 years

 5 in prison—notwithstanding the fact that even if [the d]efendant had been

 6 convicted . . . he would have received only 24 years,” if that conviction was for the

 7 State’s charge of negligent, as opposed to intentional, child abuse—the issue being

 8 that defense counsel had advised the defendant that the sentence for either would be

 9 thirty years regardless. Id. In this case Defendant urges us to rely on speculation by

10 his plea counsel that a different result in the proceedings would have been reached

11 had the SORNA requirements of his plea not been overlooked. We cannot take such

12 a leap without a more robust offer of evidence—beyond the self-serving testimony

13 of Defendant and the speculation of his plea counsel. Thus, we conclude that

14 Defendant has provided insufficient evidence that he would have rejected the instant

15 plea agreement in favor of a trial on the merits, or some other result of the proceeding.

16 Despite holding that Defendant’s counsel acted deficiently in failing to advise

17 Defendant of his plea agreement’s SORNA registration requirements, we further hold

18 that he failed to present sufficient evidence that he was thereby prejudiced by said

                                              23
 1 deficiency. Defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel therefore fails.

 2 IV.      CONCLUSION

 3   {28}   Defendant was not prejudiced by his plea counsel’s per se deficient

 4 performance in failing to advise him of his plea agreement’s collateral SORNA

 5 registration requirement. We therefore reverse the Court of Appeals and remand to

 6 the district court for entry of an order denying Defendant’s motion to withdraw his

 7 plea agreement in accordance with this opinion.

 8   {29}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

 9                                               ______________________________
10                                               BARBARA J. VIGIL, Justice

11 WE CONCUR:

12 ____________________________________
13 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Chief Justice

14 ____________________________________
15 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice

                                            24
1 ____________________________________
2 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice

3 ____________________________________
4 JUDITH K. NAKAMURA, Justice

                                  25