Court Opinion

ID: 6337646
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-04 15:00:17.623232+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:49.887418
License: Public Domain

21-2174-cv
Peretti v. Authentic Brands Group, LLC

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                     August Term, 2021

                     Argued: April 8, 2022     Decided: May 4, 2022

                                   Docket No. 21-2174-cv

                 VALENTINA M. PERETTI ACUTI, PAUL J. REITNAUER, III,

                                                      Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                          — v. —

                  AUTHENTIC BRANDS GROUP LLC, ABG EPE IP, LLC,

                                                      Defendants-Appellees.

B e f o r e:

               LIVINGSTON, Chief Judge, LYNCH and LOHIER, Circuit Judges.

       Appellants Valentina M. Peretti Acuti and Paul J. Reitnauer, III, heirs to the
late songwriter and record producer Hugo Peretti, appeal from an order of the
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Buchwald, J.)
dismissing Appellants’ action, which sought a declaratory judgment that
Appellants had validly terminated a 1983 grant of rights in the copyright to the
hit song “Can’t Help Falling In Love.” The district court dismissed the action,
holding that the grant, which transferred rights and interests held by the Peretti
family in the renewal term of the copyright to Appellees’ predecessors-in-
interest, was not a grant “executed by the author” under § 203 of the Copyright
Act of 1976 and therefore that Appellants had no statutory right to terminate the
grant.
       We agree with the district court. The termination rights in § 203 of the
Copyright Act of 1976 apply only to grants executed by the author. While Hugo
Peretti’s signature is affixed to the grant document at issue, the interests at issue
are the contingent rights held and transferred to the Appellees’ predecessors-in-
interest by Peretti’s spouse and children, the grant of which was not and cannot
be executed by the author. We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court.

                              ROBERT W. CLARIDA, Reitler Kailas & Rosenblatt LLP,
                                          New York, NY, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

                                  PETER ANDERSON (Adam I. Rich, Amanda Levine,
                                         on the brief), Davis Wright Tremaine LLP,
                                                  Los Angeles, CA, New York, NY,
                                                             for Defendants-Appellees.

GERARD E. LYNCH, Circuit Judge:

      This appeal concerns a dispute over the ownership of rights in the

copyright of “Can’t Help Falling In Love” (the “Composition”), a well-known

ballad written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore, and George Weiss, and

popularized by Elvis Presley, in 1961. Plaintiffs-Appellants Valentina M. Peretti

                                          2
Acuti and Paul J. Reitnauer, III (together, the “Perettis”), the surviving statutory

successors to the late Hugo Peretti, brought this action for declaratory relief

against Defendants-Appellees Authentic Brands Group, LLC and ABG EPE IP

LLC (together, “Authentic Brands”), successors-in-interest to the parties to whom

the Peretti family assigned their interests in the renewal term of the copyright to

the Composition in 1983. They now appeal from an August 13, 2021 order of the

United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Naomi Reice

Buchwald, J.) dismissing their claims.

      The Composition was initially created, published, and registered as a

copyright in 1961. In 1983, several years after the passage of the Copyright Act of

1976, Hugo Peretti, his wife, and his daughters signed a contract transferring

their contingent rights and interests in the renewal term of the copyright of the

Composition to Appellees’ predecessors-in-interest (the “1983 Assignment”).

Hugo Peretti died before those renewal rights vested, and his widow and

daughters ultimately registered the renewal of the copyright in 1989. In 2014,

Appellant Valentina Peretti Acuti, one of Hugo Peretti’s daughters, and the late

June Peretti, Hugo’s widow, served a Notice of Termination on Authentic Brands

purporting to terminate the 1983 Assignment under 17 U.S.C. § 203, which

                                          3
provides a limited right to terminate such grants executed after 1978 by the

author of a work. Authentic Brands disputed the effectiveness of the termination,

and the Perettis, now the sole surviving statutory heirs of Hugo Peretti, filed suit

in the Southern District of New York seeking a declaratory judgment that the

termination was properly effectuated. The district court dismissed the claim,

holding that the Perettis had no right to terminate the 1983 Assignment under

§ 203 because the 1983 Assignment was not a grant “executed by the author.” The

Perettis now appeal, arguing that the district court misinterpreted the text of

§ 203 and misapplied it in dismissing their suit for failure to state a claim.

      We agree with the district court. Section 203 of the Copyright Act of 1976

applies only to grants “executed by the author on or after January 1, 1978.” 17

U.S.C. § 203(a). An execution of a transfer of copyright ownership “is not valid

unless an instrument of conveyance . . . is in writing and signed by the owner of

the rights conveyed.” Id. § 204(a). While Hugo Peretti’s signature graces the 1983

Assignment, he cannot have executed a grant transferring rights, such as those

owned by his family members, that he did not hold. Rather, his signature on the

grant document transfers only his own contingent right to the renewal term,

while his wife’s and daughters’ signatures transferred their respective contingent

                                          4
rights. Because Hugo Peretti died before his contingent right vested, the rights

transferred to Authentic Brands’ predecessors-in-interest were the contingent

rights held by his wife and daughters. We therefore conclude that the grants

made by Hugo’s wife and daughters in the 1983 Assignment are not grants

“executed by the author” merely because Hugo Peretti’s signature is found on

the same grant document, and thus are not terminable under § 203. Accordingly,

we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                 BACKGROUND1

      In 1961, Hugo Peretti, along with co-composers Luigi Creatore and George

Weiss, co-authored the Composition. Peretti and his co-authors registered the

copyright to the Composition with the U.S. Copyright Office as an unpublished

work on January 16, 1961 under Reg. No. EU 654415. A recording of the

Composition, performed by Elvis Presley, was released on October 1, 1961 and

quickly became a chart-topping hit. Peretti and his co-authors registered the

1
 The facts set forth below are drawn from the Complaint. For the purpose of a
motion to dismiss, this court assumes all facts alleged in the Complaint to be true
and draws all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff. See Koch v. Christie’s
Int’l PLC, 699 F.3d 141, 145 (2d Cir. 2012).

                                          5
copyright to the Composition as a published work on December 11, 1961 under

Reg. No. EP158445.

      At the time the copyright to the Composition was registered, the Copyright

Act of 1909 (the “1909 Act”), Pub.L. No. 60–349, 35 Stat. 1075, 17 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.

(Mar. 4, 1909), was in effect. Under the terms of the 1909 Act, authors were

entitled to an “original term” of copyright of 28 years beginning on the date the

work was published, and to the right to renew the copyright for an additional 28-

year “renewal term.” This renewal right remained with the original owner of the

copyright, even if the owner had granted his rights in the original copyright term

to a publisher. The renewal term was intended to “permit[] the author, originally

in a poor bargaining position, to renegotiate the terms of the grant once the value

of the work ha[d] been tested.” Stewart v. Abend, 495 U.S. 207, 218–19 (1990); see

also Penguin Grp. (USA) Inc. v. Steinbeck, 537 F.3d 193, 197 (2d Cir. 2008).

However, authors could, and often did, assign their contingent rights in the

renewal term to third parties prior to the expiration of the original term of

copyright. See Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons, 318 U.S. 643, 657 (1943)

(holding that such grants were enforceable). Thus, under the regime of the 1909

Act, “[u]nless the author died before the renewal term began – in which case his

                                          6
renewal rights vested in his statutory heirs, notwithstanding his assignment of an

expectancy in those rights – a grant of renewal rights ensured that the publisher

would own the copyright for the entire fifty-six-year period provided by the 1909

Act.” Baldwin v. EMI Feist Catalog, Inc., 805 F.3d 18, 20 (2015), citing Steinbeck, 537

F.3d at 197 (internal citation omitted). The 1909 Act did not provide authors or

their statutory heirs with the right to terminate their grants.

      In 1976, Congress created a new statutory scheme to govern copyright law

– the Copyright Act of 1976 (the “1976 Act”), Pub. L. No. 94-553, 90 Stat. 2541., 17

U.S.C. § 1 et seq. The 1976 Act, which became effective on January 1, 1978,

replaced the original and renewal term framework for copyrights with a unitary

term of copyright, which, for works created after its effective date, consists of the

life of the author plus an additional 70 years. For copyrights to works like the

Composition, which were still in their original term as of the effective date of the

1976 Act, the Act preserved the renewal right but extended the renewal term. The

original term would “endure for 28 years from the date it was originally

secured,” 17 U.S.C. § 304(a)(1)(A), and “the author of such work, if the author is

still living, [or] the widow, widower, or children of the author, if the author is not

living . . . shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such

                                           7
work for a further term of 67 years.” Id. § 304(a)(1)(C). As under the 1909 Act, the

right to renew the copyright vests at the beginning of the renewal term in the

author or his statutory successors, notwithstanding any transfer, assignment, or

devise. Id. §§ 304(a)(1)(C); 304(a)(2)(B).

        Unlike the 1909 Act, the 1976 Act provided for a limited right to terminate

grants to third parties of rights in a copyright. This termination right served as a

replacement for the reversionary right to renew, which would cease to exist for

new copyrights, and once again gave the author of a work a second chance at

bargaining over the value of his or her copyright. The statute sets out two

different termination provisions, one applicable to those grants executed prior to

the 1976 Act’s effective date, and a second applicable to those grants executed

thereafter. Section 304(c) allows for the termination of grants executed before the

1976 Act’s effective date by authors and related non-authors, such as a surviving

spouse or children. Where the author who made the grant is deceased, the

author’s termination interest passes to, and thus may be exercised by, his

successors. 17 U.S.C. § 304(c)(2).2 Section 203 provides for the termination of

2
    Section 304(c)(2) provides as follows:
               Where an author is dead, his or her termination interest is
               owned, and may be exercised, as follows:

                                             8
grants executed after the 1976 Act's effective date, and is limited, by its plain

language, to grants executed by the author.3 It does not make any provision for

the termination of grants executed after January 1, 1978 by related non-authors.

However, as with pre-1978 grants, an author’s termination interest passes to his

             (A) The widow or widower owns the author’s entire termination
             interest unless there are any surviving children or grandchildren
             of the author, in which case the widow or widower owns
             one-half of the author’s interest.
             (B) The author’s surviving children, and the surviving children
             of any dead child of the author, own the author’s entire
             termination interest unless there is a widow or widower, in
             which case the ownership of one-half of the author’s interest is
             divided among them.
             (C) The rights of the author’s children and grandchildren are in
             all cases divided among them and exercised on a per stirpes
             basis according to the number of such author’s children
             represented; the share of the children of a dead child in a
             termination interest can be exercised only by the action of a
             majority of them.
             (D) In the event that the author’s widow or widower, children,
             and grandchildren are not living, the author’s executor,
             administrator, personal representative, or trustee shall own the
             author’s entire termination interest.
3
 Section 203, which is titled “Termination of transfers and licenses granted by the
author,” provides as follows:
            (a) In the case of any work other than a work made for hire, the
            exclusive or nonexclusive grant of a transfer or license of
            copyright or of any right under a copyright, executed by the
            author on or after January 1, 1978, otherwise than by will, is
            subject to termination under the following conditions . . .

                                           9
successors upon his death. 17 U.S.C. § 203(a)(2).

      In January 1983, after the passage of the 1976 Act and its effective date but

prior to the expiration of the original term of the Composition, Hugo Peretti and

Luigi Creatore negotiated an agreement with Julian J. Aberbach and Joachim Jean

Aberbach (together, the “Aberbachs”), predecessors-in-interest to Authentic

Brands, to administer the copyright of the Composition during its renewal term.4

To deal with the reversionary nature of copyright renewal rights, which would

pass to Hugo Peretti’s statutory successors upon his death regardless of whether

he had assigned rights to the renewal term to another party, the 1983 Assignment

also included as transferors Hugo’s wife, June Peretti, and his children, Valentina

Peretti Acuti and Katharine Peretti Reitnauer. The 1983 Assignment, in relevant

part, states that the transferors “hereby sell, assign, transfer and deliver to [the

Aberbachs and their] successors and assigns, all of their right, title and interest

vested or contingent in and to the United States renewal copyrights, and

extension of renewal copyrights, of the Composition.” J. App’x at 38-39. The 1983

Assignment was signed by Hugo Peretti, June Peretti, Valentina Peretti Acuti,

4
 Luigi Creatore and his wife and children conveyed their interests in a separate
grant document; that grant is not at issue in this action. See J. App’x at 8.

                                          10
and Katherine Peretti Reitnauer, as well as by the Aberbachs.

      Per the 1976 Act, renewal rights to the Composition would not vest until

the original term of copyright expired in 1989, 28 years after the copyright was

initially secured. Unfortunately, Hugo Peretti died in 1986, three years before the

end of the original term. In January 1989, Hugo’s surviving co-authors, along

with his successors (his widow June Peretti and his daughters Valentina Peretti

Acuti and Katharine Peretti Reitnauer), registered the Composition’s renewal

copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office per 17 U.S.C. § 304(a)(2)(B).

      While some things are meant to be, an amicable collaboration between the

Perettis and Authentic Brands through the end of the renewal term was not. On

August 14, 2014, Hugo Peretti’s widow, June Peretti, and his daughter, Valentina

Peretti Acuti, served a Notice of Termination on Authentic Brands (the “2014

Notice”) purporting to terminate the 1983 Assignment under § 203(a)(3), which

provides for the right to terminate a grant “executed by the author” at “any time

during a period of five years beginning at the end of thirty-five years from the

date of execution of the grant.” 17 U.S.C. § 203(a)(3). The 2014 Notice stated that

both Hugo Peretti and his other daughter, Katharine Peretti Reitnauer, had died;

that “the Peretti termination interest is held by Mr. Peretti’s widow June, his sole

                                         11
surviving daughter [Ms. Peretti Acuti], and his grandson, Paul Reitnauer, the sole

child of his deceased daughter Katherine;” and that Valentina and June, who

“together . . . constitute more than one half of the Peretti termination interest,”

intended to terminate the 1983 Assignment effective as of February 1, 2018.5 J.

App’x at 15-16. In August of 2016, Authentic Brands responded to the 2014

Notice, disputing its validity. The dispute over the validity of the 2014 Notice

continued through the purported effective date of termination, and in June 2020,

after the Perettis undertook to enter into an agreement with a new company to

administer their interest in the Composition’s renewal copyright, counsel for

Authentic Brands re-asserted that the 2014 Notice was invalid and that all rights

in the copyright of the Composition remained with Authentic Brands.

      On August 18, 2020, the Perettis commenced this action against Authentic

5
 The termination of a grant made by a single author under § 203(a)(1) can be
effected by “the person or persons who . . . own and are entitled to exercise a
total of more than one-half of that author’s termination interest.” 17 U.S.C.
§ 203(a)(1) (emphasis added). After Hugo Peretti’s death, half of his termination
interest would pass to his widow, June Peretti, and the other half would be
divided between his daughters, Valentina and Katharine. See 17 U.S.C.
§§ 203(a)(2)(A); 203(a)(2)(B). Since more than one-half of the Peretti family’s
termination interest would have been held by June and Valentina (on their theory
that they took their termination interest from a grant made by Hugo, the author),
no action by Paul Reitnauer would have been required to effectuate a termination
under § 203(a)(1).

                                          12
Brands, seeking a declaratory judgment that they had successfully terminated the

1983 Assignment. Authentic Brands moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to

state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). In deciding the

motion, the district court ruled that Hugo Peretti’s contingent right to the

renewal term of the Composition had extinguished upon his death in 1986 and

did not transfer to the Aberbachs. Rather, the rights to the renewal term that

were transferred were those of his widow and daughters, which had vested upon

the expiration of the original copyright term. Accordingly, the district court held

that because § 203 provides termination rights only to post-1978 grants executed

by an author, Hugo Peretti’s widow’s and daughters’ rights to the renewal term

were not subject to termination under that provision of the 1976 Act.

      Like a river flows surely to the sea, this appeal followed.

                                    DISCUSSION

      We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of an action for failure to

state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). See Bldg. Indus. Elec. Contractors Ass'n v. City of

New York, 678 F.3d 184, 187 (2d Cir. 2012). Dismissal is appropriate where the

complaint fails to set out a legal claim that is “plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v.

Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009), quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,

                                           13
570 (2007). In assessing the plausibility of the claim, “we must accept factual

allegations in the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of

the nonmoving party.” Bldg. Indus. Elec. Contractors Ass’n, 678 F.3d at 187, citing

DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable L.L.C., 622 F.3d 104, 111 (2d Cir. 2010). When the district

court’s disposition “presents only a legal issue of statutory interpretation,” this

court reviews de novo whether the district court correctly interpreted the statute.

Hayward v. IBI Armored Servs., Inc., 954 F.3d 573, 575 (2d Cir. 2020), quoting City of

Syracuse v. Onondaga County, 464 F.3d 297, 310 (2d Cir. 2006).

      This appeal, like the district court’s dismissal, hinges on a single issue

dispositive of the Perettis’ claims: the meaning of the words “executed by the

author,” as they are used in § 203 of the 1976 Act. The task of interpreting the

operative termination provision necessarily starts with the language of the

statute. Section 203(a) provides as follows:

             In the case of any work other than a work made for hire, the
             exclusive or nonexclusive grant of a transfer or license of
             copyright or of any right under a copyright, executed by the author
             on or after January 1, 1978, otherwise than by will, is subject to
             termination under the following conditions . . .

17 U.S.C. § 203(a) (emphasis added).

                                          14
      But what exactly is a grant “executed by the author?” The Perettis

emphasize that Congress, in enacting § 203(a), chose to address grants “executed

by the author” rather than grants “made by the author,” or “rights granted by the

author.” Appellants’ Br. at 15 (emphasis in original). Thus, the Perettis contend,

all that is required for a grant to be “executed by the author” is the author’s

signature affixed to the grant document. That argument is not persuasive,

however. The Copyright Act uses the word “executed,” not the word “signed.”

Just as Congress could have chosen words that more emphatically convey the

meaning favored by Authentic Brands, it likewise could have chosen words that

would clearly convey the meaning favored by the Perettis, such as “any grant or

transfer made in a document signed by the author.”6

      But we need not compare the words chosen by Congress to other words

that hypothetically could have been used, because the term “execute” is explicitly

defined in the 1976 Act. Section 204(a) of the 1976 Act, which is titled “Execution

of transfers of copyright ownership,” provides as follows:

             A transfer of copyright ownership, other than by operation of
             law, is not valid unless an instrument of conveyance, or a note or

6
 Congress knows how to use the word “signed” when it wants to. Indeed, it uses
that word several times in other parts of § 203. See, e.g., 17 U.S.C. § 203(a)(4).

                                         15
             memorandum of the transfer, is in writing and signed by the owner
             of the rights conveyed or such owner’s duly authorized agent.

17 U.S.C. § 204(a) (emphasis added). Thus, the 1976 Act itself, in the statutory

section immediately following the provision at issue, makes clear that the

“execution” of a transfer of rights under the Act must be “signed by the owner of

the rights conveyed.” Id.

      That meaning is consistent with the ordinary meaning of the word

“execute” in legal contexts where that term is used in relation to transactional

documents. Black’s Law Dictionary, for example, states that to execute a grant is

to “make [it] valid by signing; to bring [it] into its final, legally enforceable form.”

Execute, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Ordinary dictionaries, including

the one cited by the Perettis, see Appellants’ Br. at 15, are to the same effect,

defining “execute” in the relevant context as “to perform what is required to give

validity to” a document, such as a deed. Execute, MERRIAM-WEBSTER,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/execute (last accessed April 22,

2022). Anyone can affix his signature to a document purporting to transfer a right

or piece of property, but only the signature of the owner of the right or property

in question (or that of the owner’s authorized agent) can “execute” the transfer,

                                           16
because only the owner’s consent can give “validity” to the transfer.

      In short, a grantor cannot validly “convey more than he owns,” Davis v.

Blige, 505 F.3d 90, 99 (2d Cir. 2007), and no grant document is valid simply

because it is signed by someone. The signature that executes the transfer of a

right, as made clear by § 204, is that of the owner of the right in question. We

hold, therefore, that based on the plain reading of the statute, a grant “executed

by the author” is a grant that is documented in writing, that is signed by the

author, and that conveys rights owned by the author.

      Turning to the grant at hand, the 1983 Assignment is a written agreement

contemplating the transfer of a number of contingent rights held by the members

of the Peretti family. Under the terms of the 1983 Assignment, the Peretti family

transferred to the Aberbachs and their successors “all of their right, title and

interest vested or contingent in and to the United States renewal copyrights, and

extension of renewal copyrights, of the Composition.” J. App’x at 38. Because,

prior to the expiration of the original term of a copyright, “renewal rights [are]

expectancies until the renewal period arrives,” Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N.

Daniels, Inc., 362 U.S. 373, 377 (1960), the only vested right held by any of the

Perettis at the time the 1983 Assignment was executed was Hugo Peretti’s

                                          17
interest in the Composition during its original term. Therefore, the 1983

Assignment transferred to the Aberbachs a bundle of unvested, contingent rights,

consisting of Hugo Peretti’s contingent right to renew, which was contingent

upon his living to renew; June Peretti’s contingent right to renew as Hugo’s

surviving spouse, contingent on Hugo not living to renew, June’s living to renew,

and June’s remaining married to Hugo at the time of his death; and Valentina

Peretti Acuti’s and Katharine Peretti Reitnauer’s contingent rights to renew as

Hugo’s surviving children, contingent on Hugo’s not living to renew and both

Valentina’s and Katharine’s living to renew. The document was signed by Hugo

Peretti, June Peretti, Valentina Peretti Acuti, and Katherine Peretti Reitnauer, and

each signatory thereby conveyed his or her own contingent rights to the

Aberbachs.

      Hugo Peretti’s death in 1986, prior to the beginning of the renewal term,

changed the bundle of rights conveyed by the 1983 Assignment in two

fundamental ways. First, upon Hugo’s death, his contingent right to renew the

copyright of the Composition passed to his statutory successors, satisfying one of

the contingencies to which their rights were subject. See 17 U.S.C. § 304(a)(1)(C).

Second, because Hugo Peretti’s contingent renewal right was extinguished on his

                                         18
death in 1986, that right never vested, and his grant of that contingent right was

ineffectual to transfer any rights to the assignees. See Stewart, 495 U.S. at 220-21

(“[T]he assignee of all of the renewal rights holds nothing upon the death of the

assignor before arrival of the renewal period.”) (emphasis and internal quotation

marks omitted). In 1989, at the beginning of the Composition’s renewal term, the

contingent rights held by Hugo’s widow and daughters in the copyright’s

renewal term vested and, per the terms of the 1983 Assignment, transferred to

the Aberbachs. Thus, the Aberbachs ultimately took nothing from Hugo through

the 1983 Assignment. See 3 Nimmer on Copyright § 11.03(A)(1)(c) (2021) (“In

such circumstances [where the grantor of the renewal rights fails to survive until

such rights vest], the renewal rights pass to the grantor’s statutory successors and

the original grantee takes nothing from the original grantor.”). Those transfers

that were effectuated by the 1983 Assignment were executed by June Peretti,

Valentina Peretti Acuti, and Katherine Peretti Reitnauer, not by Hugo Peretti.

Accordingly, they are not “grants executed by the author.” We therefore hold,

consistent with the district court’s opinion, that the grants at issue are not

terminable under § 203.

                                          19
      The Perettis contend that the grants by June Peretti, Valentina Peretti

Acuti, and Katherine Peretti Reitnauer of their own contingent rights are not

severable from Hugo Peretti’s grant of his contingent rights in the renewal term,

because the 1983 Assignment identifies the four Peretti signatories “jointly and

severally . . . as ‘Assignors’,” J. App’x at 38 (emphasis added), and the document

“does not make separate grants from each Assignor, but rather makes one grant

on behalf of all of them, jointly and severally.” Appellants’ Br. at 8. Thus, the

Perettis argue, every right transferred in the 1983 Assignment is a grant

“executed by the author.” In support of their proposition that a grant of rights in

a copyright can be “joint and several,” the Perettis point to § 203(a)(1), which

provides for termination “[i]n the case of a grant executed by two or more

authors of a joint work,” 17 U.S.C. § 203(a)(1) (emphasis added), arguing that that

provision illustrates that under the statute, multiple assignors can jointly execute

a single grant of rights.

      The Perettis’ position is unsustainable. Per 17 U.S.C. § 204(a), a grantor can

validly transfer only those rights that he or she owns. Hugo Peretti did not own

the contingent rights held by his wife and daughters; thus, he cannot have

executed a grant of their rights. If Hugo alone had signed a grant document

                                          20
purporting to transfer only his wife’s or daughters’ contingent rights, such grant

would not be valid under § 204(a) because Hugo did not own those rights. His

signature on the grant document alone is insufficient to render the grant of

another’s rights one “executed by the author.”

      Moreover, § 203(a)(1) has no bearing on the situation at issue here, where

multiple parties transfer their own, separate contingent rights. Section 203(a)(1)

concerns the manner in which the termination rights of authors, who have

executed an effective transfer under § 204(a), may be exercised. The first sentence

of § 203(a)(1) covers grants executed by a single author. The second sentence,

cited by the Perettis, creates a special rule for grants by joint authors, and permits

termination of a grant by a majority of the joint authors who made it where those

authors chose to convey their rights by a single grant rather than by separate

grants. Neither sentence has any bearing on documents transferring the separate

contingent rights of multiple parties, or purports to grant termination rights to

statutory successors who transferred their own rights in a renewal term. The

Perettis emphasize the wording of the second sentence, which provides for “a

grant” executed by joint authors, and which the Perettis argue show that

Congress “expressly contemplated that multiple assignors might . . . ‘execute’ . . .

                                          21
a single grant.” Appellants’ Br. at 16. But because § 203(a)(1) contemplates the

existence of a single grant executed by two or more joint authors, each joint author

executing such grant necessarily holds and owns the same underlying rights in

the copyright, as those are the rights derived from joint authorship. No signatory

to the kind of multi-party grant contemplated by § 203(a)(1) is signing away a

right he or she does not individually own, which is what the Perettis argue Hugo

Peretti accomplished by signing the 1983 Assignment.

      The Perettis compare this case to Scorpio Music, S.A. v. Willis, 2012 WL

1598043 (S.D. Cal. May 7, 2012), where the district court analyzed a multi-party

grant in determining terminability under § 203. But Scorpio Music, an out-of-

circuit district court decision that is in any event not binding on this court, is

clearly distinguishable. The dispute in Scorpio Music involved separate grants,

one signed by a single author, Willis, and one signed by his two co-authors,

granting their rights in the copyrights of a series of hits for the Village People to

Scorpio Music, a music publisher. Willis served a notice of termination under

§ 203, which plaintiff Scorpio Music asked the court to declare invalid because

the other co-authors had not joined in the termination, as Scorpio Music

contended was required under § 203(a)(1). However, the district court ruled

                                          22
against Scorpio Music, finding that Willis could terminate his

separately-executed grant without majority consensus from his co-authors

because he had not executed a joint grant with his co-authors as contemplated by

§ 203(a)(1).

      The Perettis characterize the holding thus: “The termination analysis for

multi-party grants, such as the 1983 [Assignment] here, properly hinges directly

on whether the signatories ‘executed’ a single grant, or multiple separate grants.”

Appellants’ Br. at 18. But that is not what Scorpio Music instructs. First, Scorpio

Music grappled with a specific statutory provision addressing jointly-executed

grants by co-authors. No statutory carve-out exists for jointly-executed grants by

authors and their statutory successors. Second, the Perettis’ analysis necessarily

ignores that a jointly-executed grant by co-authors who all share an interest in the

right conferred is different from a jointly-executed grant by family members who

do not jointly hold any of the interests being conferred. In clear contrast to the

scenario in Scorpio Music, Hugo’s signature on the 1983 Assignment “executed”

the transfer of his rights, and only his rights, to the Aberbachs. The transfer of

rights held by June Peretti, Valentina Peretti Acuti, and Katherine Peretti

Reitnauer cannot have been grants “executed” by Hugo Peretti where he was

                                          23
not, and never had been, the owner of the rights conveyed. The plain meaning of

grants “executed by the author” is an author’s grant of his or her own rights.

      The Perettis next argue that this interpretation of § 203 is erroneous

because it reads out of existence § 203(a)(2), a provision of § 203 which provides

that an author’s termination rights survive him and pass to his statutory

successors. The Perettis contend that our interpretation of § 203 would mean that

“the author’s termination interest dies with him or her, and the later-named

statutory beneficiaries are just out of luck if that death occurs at an inconvenient

time.” Appellants’ Br. at 22. But that argument misunderstands our (and the

district court’s) reasoning. Contrary to the Perettis’ contention, Hugo Peretti’s

right to terminate his grant to the Aberbachs did not die with him. If, for

example, Hugo had lived to 1989 and renewed his copyright, his termination

rights would have passed to his successors even if he then died before the end of

the termination period set out by § 203(a)(3). Here, however, because Hugo’s

contingent rights in the renewed copyright failed to vest and his grant expired

before those rights could be transferred to the Aberbachs, there is no grant

“executed by the author” for the successors to Hugo’s § 203 termination rights to

terminate.

                                         24
      As Professor Nimmer explains:

             An author’s spouse or children may also execute, on or after
             January 1, 1978, a grant of contingent renewal rights in such a
             work. Such a grant would not be subject to termination because
             it was not executed by the author. If the renewal rights vest in
             the surviving spouse and children (because the author has died
             prior to the expiration of the first twenty-eight-year term), their
             prior grant of such renewal rights will effectively deprive them
             of any future interest in the work. They may not thereafter claim
             termination of the deceased author’s original grant because it
             will have previously terminated by operation of law; the
             effectiveness of the author’s grant beyond the first copyright
             term was contingent upon the author’s survival.

3 Nimmer § 11.02; see also Peretti Acuti v. Authentic Brands Grp. LLC, 2021 WL

3604382, at *4 n. 6 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 13, 2021) (“[W]hile Hugo’s successors may

‘own’ his termination interest after his death pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 203(a)(2),

because the author’s grant had expired, there is no grant to terminate, and the

termination interest is likewise voided.”). Had a vested right belonging to Hugo

Peretti been validly transferred to the Aberbachs and their successors prior to his

death, the Perettis would have retained the ability to terminate any grant of those

rights under § 203(a)(2). Our reading of § 203 does not undercut the statutory

language, because it does not necessitate the conclusion that the termination right

outlined in § 203 cannot survive the author.

                                          25
      Finally, the Perettis argue that our interpretation of § 203 contravenes

Congress’s intent in creating a termination right when it passed the 1976 Act.

Specifically, the Perettis contend that our holding, which prohibits them from

terminating their grants on the sole basis that the grant document was signed by

Hugo Peretti, “does violence to the clear and explicit policy choices of Congress,

as set forth in the legislative history of § 203(a), namely, to benefit authors and

their statutory heirs against transfers that did not recognize the true long-term

value of the works at issue.” Appellants’ Br. at 25. The Perettis point out, and

numerous courts have observed, that the termination provisions of the 1976 Act

were intended to protect authors and their heirs from unequal bargains entered

into due to the sheer impossibility of estimating the future value of a newly-

created work. See Stewart, 495 U.S. at 218–19.7 Our reading, the Perettis argue,

undermines that Congressional intent.

      But while the statutory provision of termination rights was indeed

7
  Wise men say only fools rush into assignments of valuable copyright interests,
but the Perettis were not foolish, and they did not rush into an agreement to
transfer years of future rights in exchange for a one-time, minimal cash payment.
The 1983 Assignment guaranteed the Perettis a continuing stream of royalties
derived from income generated by the Composition through the end of the
renewal term, and was negotiated only after the Composition had established its
popularity and staying power over the span of more than two decades.

                                          26
intended to benefit authors and their heirs, it does not follow that such purpose

requires interpreting every provision relating to termination rights in whatever

way would best favor the interests of heirs, regardless of the clarity of statutory

language to the contrary. “No law pursues just one purpose at all costs,” King v.

Burwell, 576 U.S. 473, 512 (2015) (Scalia, J., dissenting), and individual provisions

of statutes that may appear inconsistent with the broad purpose expressed by

Congress may instead reflect the limits of such a purpose in the face of the

multitude of interests that must be accounted for in any complex statutory

scheme, such as that governing the laws of copyright.

      In this case, as demonstrated above, the statutory language is clear.

Moreover, the context of the provision confirms that Congress made a deliberate

choice not to provide for termination rights in the situation at hand. The 1976 Act

draws a clear distinction between grants executed before and after its effective

date: Grants executed after the effective date are governed by § 203, a provision

that does not provide for termination rights to successors who themselves

transferred their rights, while grants made before the effective date are governed

by § 304(c), a provision that explicitly provides for such rights. See Steinbeck, 537

F.3d at 199-200 (“It is worth noting that section 304(c), by its terms, does not

                                          27
apply to grants of a transfer or license of the renewal copyright made on or after

January 1, 1978. Such grants are subject to the slightly different termination right

provided at 17 U.S.C. § 203, which, among other distinctions, applies only to

grants made by the author rather than to grants made by either the author or

other parties.”). The Perettis argue that drawing such a hardline distinction

between the termination rights of non-author grantors for pre- and post-1978

grants is inexplicable in light of what they characterize as Congress’ broad intent

to protect authors and their heirs. See generally Appellants’ Br. at 24-26. Even if it

is unclear why Congress chose to extend this protection to statutory successors

only if their grants were made before the effective date of the 1976 Act, it is

nevertheless incontrovertible that Congress did make that policy decision, and it

did so clearly and explicitly. Furthermore, the Perettis’ argument would raise the

same kind of perplexing policy considerations. For example, the Perettis’

interpretation of § 203, which hinges on the fact that Hugo Peretti’s signature

appears on the same document by which his family members conveyed their

contingent rights, would lead to the absurd conclusion that whether post-1978

non-author grantors have the right to terminate a grant of their own rights hinges

on whether their grant, and signature, appears on the same document as that of

                                          28
the author. As the Perettis concede, under their interpretation, if the same

transaction had been effectuated using separate documents, simultaneously

executed by each family member at a single closing, they would have no claim to

termination rights. A complex statute like the 1976 Act may at times create

apparently anomalous results, but the Supreme Court has recently reaffirmed

that we must adhere to the text of the Copyright Act, “even if the statutory

scheme has not worked as Congress likely envisioned.” Fourth Estate Pub. Benefit

Corp. v. Wall-Street.com, LLC, 139 S. Ct. 881, 892 (2019). As we have discussed at

length, the text plainly leads to the result directed by the district court, and

provides no support for the Perettis’ contrary interpretation.

      Finally, if there were any remaining ambiguity as to Congress’s intentions

in crafting the language of § 203 – and we believe there is none – such doubt

would be dispelled by the legislative history of the 1976 Act. The Perettis’

proposed reading would, as the court below aptly noted, “plainly undermine the

conscious decision of Congress to establish separate termination regimes for

grants of copyright interests made before and after the effective date of the 1976

Act.” 2021 WL 3604382 at *5. The members of Congress who enacted the 1976 Act

had before them a comprehensive House Report, echoed by a similarly

                                          29
comprehensive Senate Report, on the 1976 Act. Both Reports emphasized the

difference between § 304(c), which explicitly provides for terminations of grants

“executed by a person or persons other than the author,” and § 203, which is

limited to grants “executed by the author.” The Reports advise, in relevant part:

             Under section 203(a) the right of termination would apply only
             to transfers and licenses executed after the effective date of the
             new statute, and would have no retroactive effect. The right of
             termination would be confined to inter vivos transfers or licenses
             executed by the author, and would not apply to transfers by the
             author’s successors in interest or to the author’s own bequests
             ...

             Instead of being limited to transfers and licenses executed by the
             author, the right of termination under section 304(c) also extends
             to grants executed by those beneficiaries of the author who can
             claim renewal under the present law: his or her widow or
             widower, children, executors, or next of kin. . . .

             Under section 203, an author’s widow or widower and children
             are given rights of termination if the author is dead, but these
             rights apply only to grants by the author . . . .

H.R. Rep. No. 94-1476 at 124-125, 140 (1976); see also S. Rep. No. 94-473 at 108,

123-24 (1975) (same). The Reports thus call the members’ attention to the fact that

the proposed bill, despite its purpose to protect authors and their successors from

unfair bargains, did not extend to an author’s heirs making a post-1978 grant of

their contingent rights under a renewal term of a pre-1978 copyright the same

                                         30
terminations rights as an author making such a grant, or of statutory successors

who had assigned their rights before the effective date of the 1976 Act.8

      When the Peretti family effected the 1983 Assignment, 20 years had passed

since Elvis Presley rode the Composition to the top of the charts, and over 100

versions of the song, vocal and instrumental, had been issued, by artists ranging

from Wayne Newton and Doris Day to Marty Robbins and Bob Dylan.9 There is

no plausible argument that the Perettis did not understand the value of the

Composition at the time that they entered into the 1983 Assignment. Perhaps the

Peretti family could have negotiated a better deal in 1983. But the statute does not

give the Perettis the right to do so now, and requiring them to comply with the

8
 There is nothing novel, moreover, about recognizing the distinction between
author grantors and non-author grantors in determining whether the termination
of a post-1978 grant is valid under § 203 of the 1976 Act, as we have done in prior
cases. Compare Steinbeck, 537 F.3d at 199-202 (holding that, because a 1994
agreement executed by Steinbeck’s widow for continued publication of
Steinbeck’s work“cancelled” Steinbeck’s original, pre-1978 grant, Steinbeck’s
surviving sons held no termination right under § 203) with Baldwin, 805 F.3d at 33
(holding that, because the effective grant of rights to “Santa Claus is Comin’ To
Town” was a grant executed by the author in 1981 rather than a grant executed
by the author in 1951, his statutory successors were entitled to terminate his grant
pursuant to § 203).
9
  See Can’t Help Falling in Love, SECONDHANDSONGS,
https://secondhandsongs.com/work/175/versions (last visited April 22, 2022)
(cataloguing covers of the Composition). The website lists a total of 566 versions
to date, including performances in numerous other languages, including Latin.

                                         31
contractual grant of their rights is consistent with both the intent behind § 203

and its plain language.

                                  CONCLUSION

      We have considered Appellants’ remaining arguments and find them to be

without merit. For the reasons set forth above, we conclude that the transfer of

the Perettis’ rights in the renewal term of the copyright of the Composition to

Appellees, as memorialized in the 1983 Assignment, is not a grant “executed by

the author” and the district court did not err in dismissing Appellants’ action for

a declaratory judgment. The judgment of the district court is therefore

AFFIRMED.

                                         32