Court Opinion

ID: 2998970
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 19:49:15.05587+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:01:42.636824
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED ORDER
                        Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53

           United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Seventh Circuit
                            Chicago, Illinois 60604

                              Argued April 18, 2006
                              Decided April 26, 2006

                                     Before

                  Hon. ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge

                  Hon. TERENCE T. EVANS, Circuit Judge

                  Hon. DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 05-3705

VINODKUMAR PATEL,                      On Petition for Review of an Order of the
        Petitioner,                    Board of Immigration Appeals

      v.                               No. A38-196-218

ALBERTO R. GONZALES,
         Respondent.

                                   ORDER

       An IJ concluded that Vinodkumar Patel had been convicted in Illinois of
predatory sexual assault of a child and is therefore subject to removal for
committing sexual abuse of a minor, an aggravated felony under the Immigration
and Nationality Act. The BIA affirmed. Patel argues in this petition for review
that the BIA erred by failing to address his arguments that he is not subject to
removal under the INA. He also argues that the government did not meet its
burden of proving the conviction by clear and convincing evidence. We deny the
petition for review.
No. 05-3705                                                                     Page 2

                                          I.

       Patel, a native and citizen of India, entered the United States as an
immigrant in 1984. In September 2004 the Department of Homeland Security
served Patel with a Notice to Appear charging that he is subject to removal based
on a conviction for an aggravated felony, see 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). DHS
alleged that Patel was convicted in Illinois for predatory criminal sexual assault of a
child, 720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1), and that the conviction constitutes sexual abuse of a
minor under the INA. Sexual abuse of a minor is an aggravated felony, see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1101(a)(43)(A), and as such a removable offense. DHS subsequently amended the
Notice to Appear to allege that Patel also is subject to removal because his offense
involved domestic violence, stalking, or child abuse, see 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(E)(i),
and constitutes a crime of violence, id. §§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), 1101(a)(43)(F).

       To prove Patel’s conviction the government introduced a copy of a “Certified
Statement of Conviction/Disposition” showing that he was indicted in November
2001 on two counts of “Predatory Criminal Sexual,” 720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1); two
counts of “Crim Sex Assault/Families,” 720 ILCS 5/12-13(a)(3); four counts of “Agg
Crim Sex Abuse/Vic <1,” 720 ILCS 5/12-16(c)(1)(I); and four counts of “Agg Crim Sex
Abuse/Family,” 720 ILCS 5/12-16(b). The Certified Statement of
Conviction/Disposition establishes that nine of the counts were later dismissed.
The government also introduced a certified copy of an “Order of Sentence and
Commitment” from July 2003 showing that Patel had been found guilty of “Pred
Criminal Sexual” in violation of 720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1) and sentenced to eight
years incarceration. The Order of Sentence and Commitment incorporates an
“Official Statement of Facts” which recounts that Patel sexually assaulted his minor
daughter repeatedly between December 2000 and October 2001.

       At his removal hearing Patel through counsel denied that he is removable on
any of the three grounds alleged in the amended Notice to Appear. However, when
questioned by the government, Patel admitted that he was “convicted on July 2,
2003 of predatory criminal sexual assault” committed against his daughter. The IJ
concluded that Patel was convicted under 720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1), and that the
statutory elements of this offense establish that Patel had been convicted of sexual
abuse of a minor under the INA and thus, under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A), an
aggravated felony. The IJ also concluded that Patel’s conviction was a crime of
violence under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(F) and child abuse under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1227(a)(2)(E), and therefore Patel is removable on all three grounds alleged in the
amended Notice To Appear. Patel’s attorney argued that it was improper for the IJ
to use Patel’s testimony to determine what subsection of the Illinois statute Patel
was convicted under. But the IJ explained that the certified copy of the Order of
Sentence and Removal unambiguously showed that Patel was convicted under 720
ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1) and so it was not necessary to rely on Patel’s testimony.
No. 05-3705                                                                               Page 3

       Patel appealed to the BIA. He argued that the IJ erred because the
conviction records introduced by the government do not conclusively establish the
Illinois statute under which he was convicted. Patel contended that the Certified
Statement of Conviction “did not indicate under what provision of the statute” he
was convicted, that “[t]he Sentencing Order is not one of the documents which may
be used to prove” a conviction, and that his own testimony “is not a method of
establishing removability under Shepard v. U.S.,” 544 U.S. 13 (2005). Patel also
argued that, even if the government met its burden of proof, the particular
conviction is not a removable offense under the INA. In affirming the IJ’s decision,
the BIA held that the Order of Sentence and Commitment was admissible to prove
the existence of Patel’s conviction and upheld the factual determination that Patel
was convicted of predatory criminal sexual assault of a child under 720 ILCS 5/12-
14.1(a)(1).1 The BIA also held that any violation under 720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1)
categorically constitutes sexual abuse of a minor under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A)
and is therefore an aggravated felony.

                                               II.

        In his petition for review, Patel argues that the BIA failed to address his
arguments that he was not subject to removal under the INA, and that, regardless,
the government did not introduce sufficient evidence to prove up the conviction.
The BIA found that Patel has a conviction for an aggravated felony, and the INA
generally precludes us from reviewing removal orders entered against aggravated
felons. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(C); Hamid v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 642, 645 (7th Cir.
2005). But the REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 310-11, confers
explicit jurisdiction on this court to review “constitutional questions and questions
of law” raised in a petition for review even if the petitioner is an aggravated felon.
See Hernandez-Alvarez v. Gonzales, 432 F.3d 763, 765 (7th Cir. 2005). Because
Patel is an alien with lawful permanent resident status, DHS can remove him only
if it establishes by clear and convincing evidence that he is removable. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229a(c)(3)(A); Olowo v. Ashcroft, 368 F.3d 692, 699 (7th Cir. 2004). We will
uphold the BIA’s determination that Patel is removable as long as it is based on
“reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(3)(A); Olowo,
368 F.3d at 699.

       Patel argues that the BIA erred as a matter of law because it failed to
address his argument that a conviction under 720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1) does not
subject him to removal under the INA. His argument has no merit. The BIA did
not ignore his argument; it held that a conviction under 720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1)

       1
       In an apparent typographical error, the Board referred to the statute of conviction as 720
ILCS 5/12-14(a). Patel does not argue this mistake as a point of error in his brief.
No. 05-3705                                                                    Page 4

qualifies categorically as one for “sexual abuse of a minor.” As such, the conviction
is also an aggravated felony, see 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(A), and Patel is subject to
removal.

       To the extent Patel additionally argues that the BIA erred in concluding that
his conviction is one for sexual abuse of a minor, he is again wrong. The INA does
not define “sexual abuse of a minor,” so it falls to the BIA to give the term meaning
on a case-by-case basis, Gattem v. Gonzales, 412 F.3d 758,763 (7th Cir. 2005), and
we owe the BIA deference in its interpretation so long as it is consistent with
Congress’s intent, id. The BIA has previously held that “sexual abuse of a minor”
should be interpreted using the plain meaning of the words. Matter of Rodriguez-
Rodriguez, 22 I&N Dec. 991, 993 (BIA 1999). The term includes “a broad range of
maltreatment of a sexual nature” including nonphysical abuse. See id. at 996
(holding that conviction for exposing anus or genitals to child with intent to arouse
or gratify sexual desire of any person constitutes sexual abuse of a minor). The
Illinois statute provides in relevant part: “The accused commits predatory criminal
sexual assault of a child if the accused was 17 years of age or over and commits an
act of sexual penetration with a victim who was under 13 years of age when the act
was committed.” 720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1). Because the statutory elements require
an act of sexual penetration upon a victim under the age of thirteen, it was not
unreasonable for the BIA to hold that any conviction under the Illinois statute
would “qualify categorically as ‘sexual abuse of a minor’” because any violation of
the statute would fall within the “ordinary, contemporary, and common meaning” of
that term. See Gattem v. Gonzales, 412 F.3d 758, 764 (7th Cir. 2005); see also Afridi
v. Gonzales, No. 04-76600, 2006 WL 851758, at *2-3 (9th Cir. Apr. 4, 2006) (holding
that conviction for engaging in sexual intercourse with minor who is more than
three years younger than perpetrator is sexual abuse of a minor); Santos v.
Gonzales, 436 F.3d 323, 324-25 (2d Cir. 2006) (holding that sexual contact with
victim under sixteen is sexual abuse of a minor); Taylor v. United States, 396 F.3d
1322, 1329 (11th Cir. 2005) (holding that conviction for soliciting a child under
sixteen to engage in sexual contact was conviction for sexual abuse of a minor).

       Patel also appears to argue that the BIA erred by failing to address whether
his conviction meets the definitions of a crime of violence or a crime of domestic
violence under the INA. This contention is irrelevant. The BIA held that Patel is
removable because he has a conviction for an aggravated felony. It was
unnecessary for the BIA to rule on the IJ’s alternative grounds for removal. See
Cao He Lin v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 428 F.3d 391, 395 (2d Cir. 2005) (noting that
petitions for review should be denied where the BIA or IJ relied on alternative
grounds, one of which is sustainable).

     Finally, Patel devotes the majority of his brief to the argument that the
documents the government introduced lack “sufficient indicia of reliability” and
No. 05-3705                                                                      Page 5

thus are inadequate to prove by clear and convincing evidence the section of Illinois
law under which he was convicted. He contends that the Certified Statement of
Conviction/Disposition shows only that nine of the twelve counts were dismissed
and nowhere states that he was convicted on the remaining counts. The Order of
Sentence and Commitment is no better, he argues, because it “is only somewhat
legible,” it “uses numerous abbreviations,” it does not say “anything about the
factual allegations” underlying the conviction, and “is simply a carbon copy form,
completed by the deputy clerk, and . . . is also ambiguous.”

        The BIA correctly determined that Patel’s conviction was adequately proved.
The INA provides that any of the following documents or records constitutes proof
of a criminal conviction:

             1) An official record of judgment and conviction.
             2) An official record of plea, verdict, and sentence.
             3) A docket entry from court records that indicates the
      existence of the conviction.
             4) Official minutes of a court proceeding or a transcript of a
      court hearing in which the court takes notice of the existence of the
      conviction.
             5) An abstract of a record of conviction prepared by the court in
      which the conviction was entered, or by a State official associated
      with the State’s repository of criminal justice records, that indicates
      the charge or section of law violated, the disposition of the case, the
      existence and date of conviction, and the sentence.
             6) Any document or record prepared by, or under the direction
      of, the court in which the conviction was entered that indicates the
      existence of a conviction.
             7) Any document or record attesting to the conviction that is
      maintained by an official of a State or Federal penal institution, which
      is the basis for that institution’s authority to assume custody of the
      individual named in the record.

8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(3)(B); see also Francis v. Gonzales, No. 04-2457-AG, 2006 WL
768549, at *8 (2d Cir. Mar. 27, 2006) (holding that Congress created a statutory list
in § 1229a(c)(3)(B) of documents that constitute conclusive proof of conviction);
Fequiere v. Ashcroft, 279 F.3d 1325, 1327 (11th Cir. 2002) (noting that forms of
proof listed in § 1229a(c)(3)(B) are conclusive but not exclusive means of
establishing conviction). The Certified Statement of Conviction/Disposition itself is
insufficient to establish Patel’s conviction because it does not disclose the
disposition of the three counts that are not shown dismissed. But Patel’s argument
that the Order of Sentence and Commitment is insufficient strains credulity. The
No. 05-3705                                                                    Page 6

Order of Sentence and Commitment is a record of judgment and conviction signed
by the sentencing judge and plainly states that Patel was adjudged guilty of
committing “Pred Criminal Sexual” in violation of 720 ILCS 5/12-14.1(a)(1) and
sentenced to eight years’ incarceration. This document alone is sufficient under 8
U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(3)(B)(i) to prove Patel’s conviction.

       Patel’s reliance on Dashto v. INS, 59 F.3d 697 (7th Cir. 1995), for the
proposition that a ministerial form prepared by a courtroom clerk is insufficient to
prove a conviction is mistaken. In Dashto the petitioner was challenging the IJ’s
use of a conviction record to deny discretionary relief on the ground that the robbery
he was convicted of involved the use of a firearm; the petitioner was not arguing
that the conviction record was not enough to prove the underlying conviction.
Dashto, 59 F.3d at 701-02. Patel’s reliance on Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13
(2005), and Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575 (1990), is likewise mistaken. Both
cases discuss what evidence, other than a judgment of conviction, can be used to
prove a conviction for the purposes of enhancing a sentence. While the comparison
might be appropriate in situations where the IJ does not have a judgment of
conviction before him, here the IJ had a judgment of conviction, and that was all
DHS needed to prove up Patel’s conviction. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(3)(B)(I).

      Accordingly, we DENY the petition for review.