Court Opinion

ID: 4020046
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-29 15:04:06.957378+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:03.054276
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
                                                                                FILED
Memorandum Decision shall not be regarded                                  Jul 29 2016, 9:35 am

as precedent or cited before any court except                                   CLERK
for the purpose of establishing the defense of                              Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                               Court of Appeals
res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of                                 and Tax Court

the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Deidre L. Monroe                                          Gregory F. Zoeller
Gary, Indiana                                             Attorney General of Indiana
                                                          Robert J. Henke
                                                          David E. Corey
                                                          Deputy Attorneys General
                                                          Indianapolis, Indiana

                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In the Matter of the Termination of                       July 29, 2016
the Parent-Child Relationship of:                         Court of Appeals Case No.
J.W.P. and S.P., (Minor Children),                        45A04-1602-JT-365
                                                          Appeal from the Lake Superior
and
                                                          Court

J.W. (Father),                                            The Honorable Thomas P.
                                                          Stefaniak, Jr., Judge
Appellant-Respondent,
                                                          Trial Court Cause Nos.
        v.                                                45D06-1411-JT-263
                                                          45D06-1411-JT-264
The Indiana Department of Child
Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.

Brown, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016                 Page 1 of 18
[1]   J.W. (“Father”) appeals the involuntary termination of his parental rights with

      respect to his children, J.W.P. and S.P. (the “Children”). Father raises one

      issue which we revise and restate as whether the evidence is sufficient to

      support the termination of his parental rights. We affirm.

                                        Facts and Procedural History

[2]   Father and M.P. (“Mother”) are the biological parents of J.W.P., born March

      27, 2008, and S.P., born May 19, 2009.1 The Children were one and two years

      of age when Father was incarcerated for crimes of “theft or burglary.”

      Transcript at 37. On April 8, 2013, the Department of Child Services (“DCS”)

      received a report that Mother was using marijuana, cocaine, and heroin while

      caring for the Children and that Father was incarcerated in the Miami

      Correctional Facility. When requested by DCS, Mother refused to take drug

      screens but admitted that she smoked marijuana. DCS did not remove the

      Children at that time, and Mother agreed to participate in services.

[3]   On April 23, 2013, DCS filed a petition alleging that the Children were children

      in need of services (“CHINS”) on the basis of unsanitary home conditions,

      Mother’s continued drug use, and Father’s incarceration and inability to care

      for the Children. On the same day, the court held an initial hearing,

      adjudicated the Children as CHINS based upon Mother’s admission to the

      material allegations in the CHINS petition, and left the Children in Mother’s

      1
       Mother voluntarily relinquished her parental rights to the Children at the outset of the termination hearing,
      and thus we state the facts relevant to Father’s appeal.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016               Page 2 of 18
      custody. Father, who remained incarcerated, did not appear at the initial

      hearing, and the court found there was inadequate service of process on him

      and ordered him to establish paternity as to S.P. On April 26, 2013, the

      Children were removed from Mother’s care when Mother’s drug screens

      yielded positive results for THC, opiates, methadone, and cocaine.

[4]   On May 20, 2013, the court held a dispositional hearing, granted wardship of

      the Children to DCS, and ordered Mother to participate in reunification

      services. On November 15, 2013, the court held an initial CHINS hearing as to

      Father, who remained incarcerated, and again determined that the Children

      were CHINS. The court also “reiterate[d] all orders and findings [as to] . . .

      [Father], father of [S.P.] and [J.W.P.]” previously entered in the case retroactive

      to April 26, 2013.2 Appellant’s Appendix at 10; DCS Exhibit L. Due to his

      incarceration, DCS did not attempt to provide Father with services, and, on

      August 11, 2014, the court conducted a review hearing, at which it changed the

      Children’s permanency plan from reunification with Mother to adoption and

      termination of parental rights.

[5]   On November 20, 2014, DCS filed for termination of Father’s parent-child

      relationship. On November 4, 2015, the court held an evidentiary hearing on

      2
        An initial CHINS hearing as to Father was initially scheduled for July 24, 2013 but was continued due to
      inadequate service of process on Father.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016             Page 3 of 18
      the termination petitions. Father was incarcerated at the time of the hearing but

      testified telephonically and was represented by counsel at the hearing.

[6]   Father, who was thirty-four years old at the time of the hearing, testified that

      since 2011 he has been incarcerated and has voluntarily participated in various

      prison programs, including earning his GED and participating in Inside/Out

      Dad, the Almond Tree substance abuse program to celebrate recovery, and the

      Cliff and Grit therapeutic inpatient recovery program. He also received a

      certification in “Building Emergency, Hazmats, Ergonomics, and blood born

      pathogens.” Id. at 25. He was initially sentenced to two consecutive nineteen

      and one-half year sentences and had previously petitioned the court for a

      sentence modification, which was granted. Father stated that he received a

      purposeful incarceration order and his sentences were ordered to be served

      concurrently. He added that he could not speculate if the court would further

      modify his sentence, that he did not intend to serve the remaining three years

      and nine months, and that he would be out before then because everything he

      had done since his incarceration “has been so I could leave here sooner as

      opposed to later, to in fact come home and be a father to my kids.” Id. at 26.

      Father stated that his contact with the Children since his incarceration has been

      “sporadic,” and occurred “during the times they were out at their scheduled

      visitation,” in which he “would be able to speak to them through the phone.”

      Id. at 28.

[7]   On cross-examination, Father acknowledged that, in addition to having one of

      his consecutive sentences be made concurrent, he had also received “two six

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 4 of 18
month time cuts from the Department of Correction[]” for his participation in

services offered by the correctional facility, but that he participated in those

services “for the help [he] was seeking” and that the time cuts to his sentence

were “secondary” in importance. Id. at 34-35. He stated that he has struggled

with addiction to opiates “off and on,” since he was fifteen years old. Id. at 41.

He testified that his criminal history began as a juvenile and has continued into

his adulthood, that his “felonies have centered around [his] drug use,” were “all

primarily theft charges,” that he is currently incarcerated on charges of “theft or

burglary,” and that his other felonies have included prescription fraud and

forgery. Id. at 37. Father acknowledged that his earliest release date is July 24,

2019, and that following his release he plans to be employed, to “touch base

with [his] children,” and to live with his mother “until [he] get[s] enough

money to step out on [his] own.” Id. at 39-40. He also stated that prior to his

current incarceration, he was struggling with his drug addiction and living in a

hotel that he paid for by the month where he “had visitation with [the Children]

. . . two, maybe sometimes three days out of the week.” Id. at 41. In response

to whether he had financially provided for the Children, Father testified that he

had done so “periodically, never at a steady, steady, pace, never consistently”

but that prior to being incarcerated he had “always had a job at one time or

another.” Id. at 43. He explained that, despite his gainful employment, he

engaged in criminal activity because “the cost for [his] drug habit exceeded the

balance of what it was that I was making and earning,” and he acknowledged

that the Children were conceived at a time when he was abusing drugs. Id. at

43. He also stated that his brother sometimes lives at his mother’s house, and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 5 of 18
      he acknowledged that his brother is a convicted felon with a history of drug

      abuse.

[8]   Jessica Garza, (“FCM Garza”) testified that she had been the Children’s case

      manager since April 2013, had visited them twice per month for the last two

      years, and was very familiar with the Children. She stated that the Children

      were living with their maternal great aunt and uncle, they are “very well cared

      for,” and, although S.P. had to repeat kindergarten, the Children are “socially

      involved with sports, community.” Id. at 54. Regarding the Children’s

      relationship with Father, FCM Garza stated that the Children “have never

      talked to me about [Father] or questioned me about his whereabouts or stated

      that they missed him or nothing of that nature,” and she added that although

      the Children know who their Father is and that he is in jail, “as far as a

      relationship that was preexisting prior to the involvement, no.” Id. at 55. She

      stated that she did not believe that the condition that led to removal,

      unavailability due to incarceration, was likely to be remedied because Father

      “has been struggling with drug abuse since prior to his adulthood,” and had

      accumulated an extensive criminal history largely related to his drug habit. Id.

      at 60.

[9]   When asked whether it was in the Children’s best interest to terminate Father’s

      parental rights, FCM Garza responded affirmatively and noted the following

      concerns:

               Well, the concern for recidivism . . . . Temptation with drug
               abuse, with such an extensive history, the ability to provide some

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 6 of 18
               stability with now having been incarcerated and charged, would
               be likely very difficult for him to find decent and stable
               employment upon his release. So, financial stability would also
               be a concern.

       Id. at 57. FCM Garza also opined that “[a]t this point, [the Children] don’t

       necessar[ily] have a relationship” with Father. Id. at 61. She added that she did

       not believe that it would be in the Children’s best interest to delay permanency

       until Father’s release. In light of Father’s pattern of drug use, she also

       expressed a concern related to the possibility of Father living with the Children

       in his mother’s home along with his brother who also potentially suffers from a

       drug addiction.

[10]   On November 12, 2015, the court entered an order terminating Father’s

       parental rights. Specifically, the order states in part:

               There is a reasonable probability that the conditions resulting in
               the removal of the [Children] from their parents’ home will not
               be remedied in that: The children were removed from parental
               care April of 2013 due to [Mother’s] drug usage and [Mother]
               failing to properly supervise her [Children]. Father was
               incarcerated at the time of the initial referral.

                                                     *****

               Father is currently incarcerated and has been for the last five
               years. Father’s expected release date is 2019. Father has not
               participated in the case plan due to his incarceration. Father is
               unavailable to participate or to care for [the Children]. Father
               has been bettering himself while incarcerated by participating in
               prison programs.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 7 of 18
        Father has not been a part of [the Children’s] lives due to his
        incarcerations. The [Children] were one and two years of age
        when [Father] was incarcerated for his present sentence, the
        [Children] are now six and seven years of age. [Father] has not
        significantly participated in [the Children’s] lives. Father has
        never financially supported [the Children]. Father does not and
        has not provided any emotional support for [the Children].

        Father . . . testified telephonically that he had a long history of
        substance abuse, Father testified that he was incarcerated in 2006
        for 18 months for prescription fraud. Father testified that he has
        another child that is [in] relative care. When [Father] was
        released from prison he testified that he continued to use drugs.
        Father further testified that he has approximately eight felony
        convictions and 6 misdemeanor convictions stemming back from
        the year 2000. Father’s criminal history includes thefts,
        burglaries, and drug charges among other offenses. Father
        testified that he has had criminal problems for the past fifteen
        years. Father has been incarcerated on a number of occasions
        and continues with his pattern of conduct when released from
        incarceration. The pattern of conduct over the past fifteen years
        indicates that there is a strong likelihood that the pattern would
        continue when [Father] is released from incarceration. Father
        testified he is now drug free and needed to be imprisoned to help
        him. Even if [Father] remains drug free after release from prison
        he is unavailable to parent for at least three more years.

        No parent is providing any emotional or financial support for
        [the Children]. [Father] is incarcerated and will continue with
        his incarceration for a number of years. Father is unavailable to
        parent his [Children] and will continue to be unavailable for a
        number of years. The [Children] have been in placement since
        April of 2013 and have not been returned to parental care or
        custody. The [Children] are in relative placement and multiple
        relatives are interested in adopting [the Children].

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 8 of 18
               There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
               parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the
               [Children] in that: for the reasons stated above. Additionally, the
               [Children] deserve a loving, caring, safe, stable and drug free
               home. The lack of permanency and lack of security would be
               detrimental to [the Children]. Father testified that upon release
               he will live with his mother until he can get on his feet and his
               drug addicted brother also currently lives in that home.

               It is in the best interest of the [Children] and their health, welfare
               and future that the parent-child relationship between the
               [Children] and their parents be forever fully and absolutely
               terminated.

               The Indiana Department of Child Services has a satisfactory plan
               for the care and treatment of the [Children] which is Adoption.

       Appellant’s Appendix at 1-3.

                                                    Discussion

[11]   The issue is whether the evidence is sufficient to support the termination of

       Father’s parental rights. In order to terminate a parent-child relationship, DCS

       is required to allege and prove, among other things:

                (B) that one (1) of the following is true:

                        (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
                        that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
                        placement outside the home of the parents will not be
                        remedied.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 9 of 18
                        (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
                        of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-
                        being of the child.

                        (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
                        adjudicated a child in need of services;

               (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

               (D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
               the child.

       Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). If the court finds that the allegations in a petition

       described in Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4 are true, the court shall terminate the parent-

       child relationship. See Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(a).

[12]   The State’s burden of proof for establishing the allegations in termination cases

       “is one of ‘clear and convincing evidence.’” In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260-

       1261 (Ind. 2009) (quoting Ind. Code § 31-37-14-2), reh’g denied. This is “a

       ‘heightened burden of proof’ reflecting termination’s ‘serious social

       consequences.’” In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 642 (Ind. 2014) (quoting In re G.Y.,
904 N.E.2d at 1260-1261, 1260 n.1). “But weighing the evidence under that

       heightened standard is the trial court’s prerogative—in contrast to our well-

       settled, highly deferential standard of review.” Id. “We do not reweigh the

       evidence or determine the credibility of witnesses, but consider only the

       evidence that supports the judgment and the reasonable inferences to be drawn

       from the evidence.” Id. (quoting Egly v. Blackford Cnty. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 592

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 10 of 18
N.E.2d 1232, 1235 (Ind. 1992)). “We confine our review to two steps: whether

       the evidence clearly and convincingly supports the findings, and then whether

       the findings clearly and convincingly support the judgment.” Id.

[13]   “Reviewing whether the evidence ‘clearly and convincingly’ supports the

       findings, or the findings ‘clearly and convincingly’ support the judgment, is not

       a license to reweigh the evidence.” Id. “[W]e do not independently determine

       whether that heightened standard is met, as we would under the ‘constitutional

       harmless error standard,’ which requires the reviewing court itself to ‘be

       sufficiently confident to declare the error harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

       Id. (quoting Harden v. State, 576 N.E.2d 590, 593 (Ind. 1991) (citing Chapman v.

       California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S. Ct. 824 (1967), reh’g denied)). “Our review must

       ‘give “due regard” to the trial court’s opportunity to judge the credibility of the

       witnesses firsthand,’ and ‘not set aside [its] findings or judgment unless clearly

       erroneous.’” Id. (quoting K.T.K. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., Dearborn Cnty. Office,

       989 N.E.2d 1225, 1229 (Ind. 2013) (citing Ind. Trial Rule 52(A))). “Because a

       case that seems close on a ‘dry record’ may have been much more clear-cut in

       person, we must be careful not to substitute our judgment for the trial court

       when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence.” Id. at 640.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 11 of 18
                                             Remedy of Conditions3

[14]   We note that the involuntary termination statute is written in the disjunctive

       and requires proof of only one of the circumstances listed in Ind. Code § 31-35-

       2-4(b)(2)(B). Because we find it to be dispositive under the facts of this case, we

       limit our review to whether DCS established that there was a reasonable

       probability that the conditions resulting in the removal or reasons for placement

       of the Children outside the home will not be remedied. See Ind. Code § 31-35-2-

       4(b)(2)(B)(i).

[15]   In determining whether the conditions that resulted in the Children’s removal

       will not be remedied, we engage in a two-step analysis. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d at

       642-643. First, we identify the conditions that led to removal; and second, we

       determine whether there is a reasonable probability that those conditions will

       not be remedied. Id. at 643. In the second step, the trial court must judge a

       parent’s fitness as of the time of the termination proceeding, taking into

       consideration evidence of changed conditions and balancing a parent’s recent

       improvements against habitual patterns of conduct to determine whether there

       is a substantial probability of future neglect or deprivation. Id. We entrust that

       delicate balance to the trial court, which has discretion to weigh a parent’s prior

       history more heavily than efforts made only shortly before termination. Id.

       Requiring trial courts to give due regard to changed conditions does not

       3
        Father does not challenge the court’s conclusions regarding Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(A) and -4(b)(2)(D),
       and thus we confine our discussion to Sections 4(b)(2)(B) and 4(b)(2)(C).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016            Page 12 of 18
       preclude them from finding that parents’ past behavior is the best predictor of

       their future behavior. Id.

[16]   In making such a determination, the court must judge a parent’s fitness to care

       for his or her child at the time of the termination hearing, taking into

       consideration evidence of changed conditions. In re N.Q., 996 N.E.2d 385, 392

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2013). Due to the permanent effect of termination, the trial court

       also must evaluate the parent’s habitual patterns of conduct to determine the

       probability of future neglect or deprivation of the child. Id. “The statute does

       not simply focus on the initial basis for a child’s removal for purposes of

       determining whether a parent’s rights should be terminated, but also those bases

       resulting in the continued placement outside the home.” Id. (citation and

       internal quotation marks omitted). A court may properly consider evidence of

       a parent’s prior criminal history, drug and alcohol abuse, history of neglect,

       failure to provide support, and lack of adequate housing and employment. Id.

       A trial court can reasonably consider the services offered by DCS to the parent

       and the parent’s response to those services. Id. Further, where there are only

       temporary improvements and the pattern of conduct shows no overall progress,

       the court might reasonably find that under the circumstances, the problematic

       situation will not improve. Id. A trial court need not wait until a child is

       irreversibly influenced by a deficient lifestyle such that his or her physical,

       mental, and social growth are permanently impaired before terminating the

       parent-child relationship. In re Z.C., 13 N.E.3d 464, 469 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014),

       trans. denied.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 13 of 18
[17]   Father argues that the court’s ruling in support of termination was clearly

       erroneous, and that despite his incarceration, over the duration of the CHINS

       cases he participated in substance abuse and parenting and employment

       certification programs. He asserts that the court gave “no weight to his

       participation” in prison programs, that it “failed to consider [Father’s]

       relationship with his [Children], before his incarceration,” and that “he has

       changed his life and will be able to be a stable parent for his [Children], upon

       his release from prison.” Appellant’s Brief at 9.

[18]   DCS maintains that the unchallenged findings support the court’s judgment. It

       also points to the evidence which supports the findings that Father appears to

       challenge, and maintains that the court’s conclusion that there is a reasonable

       probability that Father is unlikely to remedy the conditions leading to removal

       is not clearly erroneous.

[19]   DCS is not required to offer a parent services aimed at reunification with the

       child when the parent is incarcerated. Castro v. State Office of Family & Children,

       842 N.E.2d 367, 377 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied. We have previously

       noted that “‘[i]ndividuals who pursue criminal activity run the risk of being

       denied the opportunity to develop positive and meaningful relationships with

       their children.’” K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d at 1235-1236 (quoting In re A.C.B., 598
N.E.2d 570, 572 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992)). A parent’s incarceration is an

       insufficient basis for termination, and we have “not established a bright-line rule

       for when release [from incarceration] must occur to maintain parental rights.”

       K.E. v. Indiana Dep’t of Child Servs., 39 N.E.3d 641, 643, 648 (Ind. 2015)

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 14 of 18
[20]   The record reveals that at the time of the hearing J.W.P., who was seven years

       old, and S.P., who was six years old, have had a limited relationship with their

       Father both prior to his incarceration and since he has been incarcerated.

       Father has been incarcerated since 2011 and has remained so for the entirety of

       both the CHINS and termination proceedings. Father testified that his earliest

       release date is July 24, 2019, nearly three and one-half years after the

       termination hearing. The Children were born prior to Father’s most recent

       term of incarceration, and since he has been incarcerated his contact with the

       Children has been “sporadic.” Transcript at 27. No evidence was presented

       that Father regularly wrote letters or spoke to the Children on the phone. FCM

       Garza reported the Children never spoke of Father. Regarding Father’s pattern

       of criminal conduct, the record reflects that his adult criminal history dates back

       to 2000 and, including his current incarceration, totals eight felony convictions

       and six misdemeanor convictions. Father has struggled with addiction to

       opiates “off and on” since he was fifteen years old. Id. at 41. We acknowledge,

       as the trial court did, that Father testified he had participated in a variety of

       programs to aid him in becoming a better parent, including substance abuse and

       parenting programs, but the trial court chose not to give significant weight to

       Father’s testimony on the positive steps he has taken to improve himself while

       incarcerated.

[21]   Regarding his post-incarceration plans, Father stated that he intended to “touch

       base” with the Children, that he planned to live with his mother until he earned

       “enough money to step out on [his] own,” but he acknowledged that his

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 15 of 18
       brother, who is a convicted felon with a history of drug use, also sometimes

       stayed at his mother’s house. Id. at 39. He added that he had worked in

       “asphalt and sealing coating or tree service,” that prior to his current term of

       incarceration he had his “own residential lawn service,” and that upon his

       release he would “take the job that is available to me from past employers that

       will undoubtedly hire me back.” Id. at 40-41. Despite his work history, Father

       also acknowledged that he had “periodically, never at a steady, steady, pace,

       never consistently” provided financially for the Children. Id. at 43.

[22]   Given Father’s incarceration, uncertain future, limited relationship with the

       Children, and criminal and substance abuse history, we cannot say that the trial

       court’s conclusion that the conditions resulting in the Children’s removal or the

       reasons for placement outside the home will not be remedied is clearly

       erroneous. See Castro, 842 N.E.2d at 375 (concluding that the trial court did not

       commit clear error in finding conditions leading to child’s removal from father

       would not be remedied where father, who had been incarcerated throughout

       CHINS and termination proceedings, was not expected to be released until after

       termination hearing).4

       4
         To the extent Father argues that the court failed to afford sufficient weight to his recent improvements as
       contrasted with his historical patterns of conduct, we note that it is within the trial court’s discretion to weigh
       a parent’s prior history more heavily than efforts made by a parent prior to termination. See In re E.M., 4
N.E.3d at 643.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016                  Page 16 of 18
                                                  Best Interests

[23]   We next consider Father’s assertion that DCS did not present clear and

       convincing evidence that termination is in the Children’s best interest. He

       contends that the court failed to address the Children’s “pain and suffering . . .

       when they realize that they will not have any further contact with [Father] or

       his family,” and that they should be able to develop a relationship with him and

       their other siblings. Appellant’s Brief at 10.

[24]   We are mindful that, in determining what is in the best interests of a child, the

       trial court is required to look beyond the factors identified by DCS and to the

       totality of the evidence. McBride v. Monroe Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 798
N.E.2d 185, 203 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). In so doing, the court must subordinate

       the interests of the parent to those of the children. Id. The court need not wait

       until a child is irreversibly harmed before terminating the parent-child

       relationship. Id. Children have a paramount need for permanency which the

       Indiana Supreme Court has called a central consideration in determining the

       child’s best interests. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 647-648. However, “focusing on

       permanency, standing alone, would impermissibly invert the best-interests

       inquiry. . . .” Id. at 648.

[25]   At the termination hearing, FCM Garza testified that termination is in the

       Children’s best interest for many reasons, including Father’s extensive criminal

       history, his long-time struggle with drug use, and the substantial portion of the

       Children’s lives spent away from him. FCM Garza testified that the Children

       “are in need of some stability from an environment free of substance abuse to
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 17 of 18
       survive.” Transcript at 57. She explained that Father’s lack of a relationship

       with the Children due to his incarceration and his post-incarceration plan of

       potentially living in the same household as his brother, who also has a history

       of drug use, raised concerns for the Children’s long-term stability and best

       interests. She added that delaying permanency until Father is released is not in

       the Children’s best interests. Id. at 61. Based on the testimony, as well as the

       totality of the evidence in the record and set forth in the court’s termination

       order, we conclude that the court’s determination that termination is in the

       Children’s best interests is supported by clear and convincing evidence. See In re

       E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 649 (holding that incarceration alone cannot justify “tolling”

       a child-welfare case and concluding that, because the trial court could

       reasonably have reached either conclusion, our deferential standard of review is

       dispositive and it was not clearly erroneous for the trial court to conclude that,

       after three and one-half years, the father’s efforts simply came too late, and that

       the children needed permanency even more than they needed a final effort at

       family preservation).

                                                    Conclusion

[26]   We conclude that the trial court’s judgment terminating Father’s parental rights

       is supported by clear and convincing evidence. We find no error and affirm.

[27]   Affirmed.

       Baker, J., and May, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A04-1602-JT-365 | July 29, 2016   Page 18 of 18