Court Opinion

ID: 2970531
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 16:15:35.149512+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:40:50.792913
License: Public Domain

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    8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DUQHV                         1R       1R                        8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DUQHV        

those in Knights, it is clear that Carnes did not bargain away          WKH WULDO ZDV VHW IRU 0DUFK    &DUQHV¶V FRXQVHO
the scope of rights that Knights did.                                   VWLSXODWHGWKDW³&DUQHVDJUHHVWKDWDOOWLPHDWWULEXWDEOHWRWKLV
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                                                                         Carnes’s status as a parolee informs both sides of the
9,,,0RWLRQWR6XSSUHVVWKH$XGLR7DSHV                            balance. Parolees do not enjoy the full panoply of rights
                                                                     afforded the average citizen. See Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 494.
   &DUQHVDUJXHVWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHUUHGLQGHQ\LQJKLV        They have previously been found guilty of a crime, which
PRWLRQWRVXSSUHVVDXGLRWDSHVVHL]HGDQGOLVWHQHGWRZLWKRXW        allows the state to impose "extensive restrictions" on their
DVHDUFKZDUUDQW:HKROGWKDWWKHJRYHUQPHQW¶VDFWLRQVZLWK        liberty. Id. at 483. Similarly, they know that at any time,
UHVSHFWWRVL[RIWKHWDSHVYLRODWHGWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW¶V          they may be sent back to jail for conduct that would be
SURKLELWLRQ RI XQUHDVRQDEOH VHDUFKHV DQG VHL]XUHV  7KH       perfectly lawful for the average citizen.
GLVWULFW FRXUW VKRXOG KDYH JUDQWHG &DUQHV¶ PRWLRQ LQ SDUW
VXSSUHVVLQJ WKH ILUVW VL[ WDSHV IRXQG DW  +DUPRQ RQ        In assessing the governmental interests side, many of the
-DQXDU\    7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW KRZHYHU SURSHUO\     concerns articulated in Knights with regard to probationers
GHQLHG &DUQHV¶V PRWLRQ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH VHYHQWK WDSH     are applicable. However, a brief account of statistics specific
IRXQG PRQWKV ODWHU XQGHU .HOOXP¶V KRXVH  7KHUHIRUH ZH      to parolees is warranted. Parolees, like probationers, are far
5(9(56(WKHFRQYLFWLRQIRULOOHJDOLQWHUFHSWLRQRIDZLUH            more likely than the average citizen to commit a crime. In
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ                                                       1998, of 6,134,200 total persons under community
                                                                     supervision, jail, or prison, 696,385 were on parole. U.S.
                               $                                    Department of Justice, Bureau of Statistics, Probation and
                                                                     Parole in the United States, 2001 NCJ 188208 (Washington
   6L[DXGLRWDSHVZHUHVHL]HGDW+DUPRQ6WUHHWGXULQJ          D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 2001), p. 3. In 1998, 42%
WKH VHDUFK LPPHGLDWHO\ IROORZLQJ &DUQHV¶V DUUHVW RQ
-DQXDU\7KHSROLFHDQGSDUROHRIILFHUVHQWHUHGWKH        of parolees were returned to jail or prison and 9% absconded.
+DUPRQ6WUHHWUHVLGHQFHZLWKZDUUDQWVWRDUUHVW&DUQHVIRU           U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Statistics, Probation
LOOHJDO HQWU\ DVVDXOW DQG EDWWHU\ DQG EHLQJ D SDUROH       and Parole in the United States, 1998 NCJ 178234
DEVFRQGHU  6HYHUDO PRQWKV ODWHU LQ WKH VSULQJ RI     (Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1999), p. 7.
DQRWKHU JRYHUQPHQW DJHQW IRXQG D FDVVHWWH UHFRUGHU XQGHU      In 1999, 14.4% of all Federal Parolees had their parole
.HOOXP¶V WUDLOHUKRPH  .HOOXP KDG QR NQRZOHGJH RI WKH       terminated because of a new crime, 13.0% because of drug
UHFRUGHU¶VSUHVHQFH,QVLGHWKHUHFRUGHUZDVRQHDGGLWLRQDO         use, and 4.3% because of their fugitive status. U.S.
WDSH³WKHVHYHQWKWDSH´                                         Department of Justice, Bureau of Statistics, Compendium of
                                                                     Federal Justice Statistics, 1999 NCJ 186179 (Washington,
  7KHVL[WDSHVVHL]HGRQ-DQXDU\ZHUHILUVWOLVWHQHG       D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 2001), p. 97.
WR WKUHH PRQWKV ODWHU DIWHU WKH KHDULQJ FRQFHUQLQJ WKH
VXVSHFWHG SDUROH YLRODWLRQV  7KH\ FRQWDLQHG SKRQH               Assessing Carnes’s privacy interests, we look to Carnes’s
FRQYHUVDWLRQV WDSHG IURP .HOOXP¶V KRPH  6RPH RI WKH         expectations when negotiating his parole agreement,
FRQYHUVDWLRQV ZHUH WKUHDWHQLQJ SKRQH FDOOV IURP &DUQHV        including Michigan Regulations applicable to him once he
2WKHUVZHUHRUGLQDU\SKRQHFDOOVWR.HOOXPIURPUHODWLYHV            accepted the terms of his parole. Comparing these facts with
    8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DUQHV                        1R       1R                         8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DUQHV         

government cites United States v. Knights, 112 S. Ct. 587,             DQGIULHQGV&DUQHVILOHGDPRWLRQWRVXSSUHVVWKHVHWDSHV
593 (2001).                                                            DUJXLQJWKDWWKH\ZHUHVHL]HGDQGOLVWHQHGWRLQYLRODWLRQRI
                                                                       KLV)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWULJKWV7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWGHQLHGWKH
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VROHO\RQWKHVSHFLDOQHHGVDQDO\VLVIURP*ULIILQ,GDW                                          %
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$PHQGPHQW  ,G  1H[W WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW YDOLGDWHG WKH        SDUROHYLRODWLRQRUFULPLQDODFW7KHJRYHUQPHQWFRQFHGHV
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$PHQGPHQW DSSURDFK RI µH[DPLQLQJ WKH WRWDOLW\ RI WKH            WROLVWHQWRWKHP7KHJRYHUQPHQWDUJXHVWKDWWKHLUDFWLRQV
FLUFXPVWDQFHV¶ ´  ,G DW  LQWHUQDO FLWDWLRQV RPLWWHG    ZHUH QHYHUWKHOHVV ODZIXO IRU WKUHH UHDVRQV  )LUVW WKH
:HLJKLQJ WKH WRWDOLW\ RI WKH FLUFXPVWDQFHV WKH 6XSUHPH         JRYHUQPHQWFODLPVWKDW&DUQHVODFNHGVWDQGLQJEHFDXVHKH
&RXUW IRXQG WKDW GHIHQGDQW .QLJKWV KDG D GLPLQLVKHG             KDGQRUHDVRQDEOHH[SHFWDWLRQRISULYDF\DVWRUHFRUGLQJVRI
H[SHFWDWLRQRISULYDF\7KH&RXUWZDVHVSHFLDOO\LQIOXHQFHG           FRQYHUVDWLRQV REWDLQHG LOOHJDOO\ 6HFRQG WKH JRYHUQPHQW
E\WZRIDFWVWKDW.QLJKWVZDVDSUREDWLRQHUDQGWKH          DUJXHVWKDWEHFDXVH&DUQHVZDVDSDUROHHWKHVSHFLDOQHHGVRI
WHUPV RI .QLJKWV¶V SUREDWLRQ DJUHHPHQW LQFOXGLQJ D              ODZHQIRUFHPHQWDOORZHGWKHJRYHUQPHQWWRVHL]HDQGXVHWKH
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                                                                       JRYHUQPHQW FRQWHQGV WKDW XQGHU WKH WRWDOLW\ RI WKH
   Paying particular attention to the facts of Knights’s case,         FLUFXPVWDQFHV &DUQHV KDG D GLPLQLVKHG H[SHFWDWLRQ RI
the Court rejected the proposition that the government can             SULYDF\VXFKWKDWWKHXVXDO)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWUHTXLUHPHQWV
search all probationers and parolees without a warrant and             ZHUHQRWDSSOLFDEOH
probable cause. Rather, the Court described Knights’s own
probation search condition as a "salient circumstance"                                                   &
affecting the "EDODQFH RI >WKH@ FRQVLGHUDWLRQV >ZKLFK@
UHTXLUH>G@ QR PRUH WKDQ UHDVRQDEOH VXVSLFLRQ WR FRQGXFW D        )LUVW WKH JRYHUQPHQW¶V DUJXPHQW WKDW &DUQHV ODFNHG DQ
VHDUFKRIWKLVSUREDWLRQHU¶VKRXVH´,GDWHPSKDVLV         H[SHFWDWLRQRISULYDF\DVWRWKHWDSHVEHFDXVHWKHLUFRQWHQW
DGGHG VHH DOVR 0RUULVVH\ Y %UHZHU  86         ZDV LOOHJDOO\ REWDLQHG LV QRW FRQYLQFLQJ  7KH DQDORJ\
 ³WKH OLEHUW\ RI D SDUROHH DOWKRXJK LQGHWHUPLQDWH      EHWZHHQDFDUWKLHI¶VULJKWWRSULYDF\LQDVWROHQYHKLFOHDQG
LQFOXGHV PDQ\ RI WKH FRUH YDOXHV RI XQTXDOLILHG OLEHUW\´     &DUQHV¶VULJKWZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHWDSHVDWLVVXHLVVWUDLQHG
$GGLWLRQDOO\VXFKDFDWHJRULFDOUXOHSHUPLWWLQJDQ\VHDUFKRI         7KHWDSHVWKHPVHOYHVZHUHQRWVWROHQQRUZDVWKHEULHIFDVH
D SUREDWLRQHU RU SDUROHH ZLWK RU ZLWKRXW D ZDUUDQW RU        LQ ZKLFK WKH\ ZHUH IRXQG  0RUHRYHU LOOHJDOO\ REWDLQHG
SUREDEOHFDXVHZRXOGKDYHPDGHWKHVSHFLDOQHHGVDQDO\VLV             REMHFWVVXFKDVFRQWUDEDQGDUHRIWHQVXSSUHVVHG6HHHJ
RI*ULIILQFRPSOHWHO\XQQHFHVVDU\                                   8QLWHG6WDWHVY6PLWK, 263 F.3d 571 (6th Cir. 2001). The
                                                                       legality of a person’s possession cannot be the lynchpin of
  7KHUHIRUH ZH ORRN WR WKH IDFWV VSHFLILF WR WKLV FDVH LQ   their Fourth Amendment standing. Carnes thus had some
GHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHU&DUQHVKDGDGLPLQLVKHGH[SHFWDWLRQRI             expectation of privacy in the six tapes seized at 1731 Harmon.
       8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DUQHV                             1R         1R                           8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DUQHV           

  However, with respect to the seventh tape, the one found                       SXUVXDQWWRDUHDVRQDEOHUHJXODWRU\RUDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVFKHPH
under Kellum’s home, Carnes had no expectation of privacy.                       DXWKRUL]LQJ VXFK DFWLRQ WKH SROLFH FRXOG VHDUFK D
                                                                                 SUREDWLRQHU¶V UHVLGHQFH ZLWKRXW D ZDUUDQW LI WKH\ KDG
  Since the decision in Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347                      UHDVRQDEOH FDXVH WR EHOLHYH WKDW D YLRODWLRQ RI D SUREDWLRQ
  (1967), it has been the law that "capacity to claim the                        FRQGLWLRQZDVWDNLQJSODFH6HHLG
  protection of the Fourth Amendment depends . . . upon
  whether the person who claims the protection of the                               At the suppression hearing, the government argued that the
  Amendment has a legitimate expectation of privacy in                           tapes were seized to help establish a violation of the residency
  the invaded place." Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 143                       requirement of Carnes’s parole agreement. See United States
  (1978). A subjective expectation of privacy is legitimate                      v. Carnes, 51 F.Supp.2d 829 (E.D. Mich. 1999). The fact that
  if it is " ‘one that society is prepared to recognize as                       the tapes were not listened to until well after the parole
  "reasonable," ’ " id., at 143-144, n.12, quoting Katz,                         hearing shows that they were not originally seized, nor
  supra, at 361 (Harlan, J., concurring).                                        subsequently listened to, pursuant to the special authority
                                                                                 granted the government for supervising parolees. Through all
Minnesota v. Olson, 495 U.S. 91, 95 (1990). Carnes never                         stages of this case, the government has never offered a reason
lived at this house and certainly was not present in it or in                    why it did not listen to the tapes immediately after, or even
possession of the recorder or the tape when Kellum turned                        shortly after, they were seized. To the extent the government
them over to the police. It would be unreasonable for him to                     now offers reasons why the tapes were originally seized, we
claim an expectation of privacy with respect to something that                   cannot entertain them. Where the government claims that
he had no control or dominion over. Therefore, we hold that                      "special needs" of law enforcement justify an otherwise
the district court properly admitted the seventh tape into                       illegal search and seizure, a court must look to the "actual
evidence.                                                                        motivations of individual officers". See United States v.
                                                                                 Knights, 112 S. Ct. 587, 593 (2001); see also Griffin, 483
                                    D.                                           U.S. at 875 (suggesting that special needs searches must be
                                                                                 confined in scope). Here, there is no evidence that the
   The government’s argument, relied upon by the district                        officers who seized the six tapes on January 14, 1997, were
court, that the special needs of law enforcement allowed the                     motivated by a desire to establish a violation of the residency
government to seize and listen to the six tapes seized at 1731                   requirement of Carnes’s parole agreement. Rather, the
Harmon, is unavailing. ,Q*ULIILQY:LVFRQVLQ483 U.S. 868                     government’s failure to listen to the tapes until well after the
(1987), the Supreme Court IRXQG WKDW WKH XQLTXH                              parole hearing suggests some other motivation.
FLUFXPVWDQFHVRISUREDWLRQFUHDWHG³VSHFLDOQHHGVEH\RQGWKH
QRUPDOQHHGIRUODZHQIRUFHPHQW´,GDW7KHUHIRUH                                                          E.
                                                                                    Finally, the government argues that under the totality of the
                                                                                circumstances, Carnes had a diminished expectation of
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                                                                                 privacy such that the usual Fourth Amendment protections
 86 DW  SDUROH ³LV QRW GLUHFWHG E\ WKH FRXUW EXW E\ DQ                  were not applicable to him. For this proposition, the
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