Court Opinion

ID: 9375713
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-28 17:08:38.365957+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:01.109792
License: Public Domain

J-A02039-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                 :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                                 :
                v.                               :
                                                 :
                                                 :
    KELVIN RINI                                  :
                                                 :
                       Appellant                 :   No. 340 WDA 2022

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 6, 2022
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
                 Criminal Division at CP-02-CR-0000768-2021

BEFORE:      BOWES, J., MURRAY, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.:                             FILED: FEBRUARY 28, 2023

        Kelvin Rini (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed

after the trial court convicted him of one count of possession of a controlled

substance and two counts of possession with intent to deliver a controlled

substance (PWID).1 We affirm.

        Relevant to this appeal, the trial court explained:

        Detective Nathan Dettling is a City of Pittsburgh police officer
        working out of the Zone 5 police zone, [and] on October the 28th,
        2020, he was at the Zone 5 station in the morning hours observing
        the area [] around Frankstown and North Homewood Avenues.
        [Police were conducting] video surveillance … to observe possible
        open-air [drug] sales, and they were doing focused deterrence
____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1   See 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16), (30).

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     and drug investigations to deal with what had been an ongoing
     problem. [Detective Dettling] testified that his supervisor and
     sergeant had received a number of community complaints
     regarding the open-air sales, and in addition, there had been some
     shootings and crimes of violence in that area. During the course
     of this focused deterrence, he was operating and in control of the
     city camera system. One of the cameras was focused at that area
     of Frankstown and North Homewood Avenue.

            Shortly after 9:30 a.m. on October 28th, 2020, Detective
     Dettling from the Zone 5 station observed an individual later
     identified as Michael Smith approach an individual he later
     identified as [Appellant] …. He testified that he observed Smith
     hand [Appellant] cash and then retrieve what the detective
     observed to be a single stamp bag containing heroin and/or
     fentanyl, that … he saw this on the camera, and in fact, the
     Commonwealth introduced Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1, which was
     the video footage of the incident that ran from approximately 9:32
     a.m. to 9:33 a.m. and 50 seconds.

            The [suppression court] … observed there to be an individual
     standing on the street wearing all dark clothing that Detective
     Dettling identified as being [Appellant]. The [suppression court]
     was able to observe, although it was difficult to see the currency
     transaction from the individual identified as Michael Smith to the
     person identified as [Appellant], you could clearly see on
     Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1 … the person that Detective Dettling
     identified as [Appellant] reach into a sweatshirt area and pull out
     what appeared to be a single stamp bag.

           The detective testified based on his experience that he
     knows what [a stamp bag] looks like, [it] appeared to be a white
     glassine packet, that he’s seen over 1,000 hand-to-hand
     transactions. He believed it to contain fentanyl or heroin when
     packaged, and he knows that fentanyl and heroin when packaged
     has the appearance that looked like what was contained on
     Commonwealth’s Exhibit 1. He also testified that the mannerisms
     of the two individuals, including the individual he identified as
     [Appellant], were consistent with individuals who were
     exchanging drugs for money ….

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            The [c]ourt also heard from Detective Francis Niemiec. He
     testified he’s a City of Pittsburgh police officer who was also
     trained as was Detective Dettling in areas surrounding narcotics
     enforcement, including surveillance and how hand-to-hand
     transactions occur. [On the date of Appellant’s arrest, Detective
     Niemiec] was also working, although he was not at the Zone 5
     station[;] he was out in the area of Frankstown and North
     Homewood [Avenue,] working on the focused deterrence detail.
     Based on information that he was provided by Detective Dettling,
     he approached the individual who was later identified as
     [Appellant] … wearing what he described as a gray tossle cap,
     gray hoodie, gray sweatpants[; Detective Niemiec] testified that
     it was approximately two minutes from the time [police] received
     the description to the time that they were able to detain
     [Appellant].

           At that time, they approached [Appellant], detained
     him in handcuffs and then searched him. There were heroin
     and fentanyl stamp bags recovered [from Appellant,] along with
     United States currency, and at that time they placed [Appellant]
     under arrest.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/6/22, 4-6 (quoting Suppression Court Findings and

Conclusions, 7/23/21, at 1-2) (emphasis added).

     The trial court further explained:

           On October 28, 2020, Appellant was charged with the above
     offenses and an additional count of Possession of Marijuana, 35
     [P.S.] § 780-113(a)(31). On June 28, 2021, Appellant filed a
     Motion to Suppress which is the subject of the appeal. On July
     23, 2021, an evidentiary hearing was held whereafter the
     [suppression c]ourt denied the motion. After a bench trial on
     October 8, 2021, Appellant was found not guilty of Possession of
     Marijuana and guilty of the remaining three offenses.           A
     sentencing hearing was held on January 6, 2022, at which time
     the court imposed a sentence of 1½ to 3 years of incarceration at
     Count 1 — PWID. Count 3, Possession merged with Count 1, and

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      no further penalty was imposed at Count 2. Appellant filed a
      timely Post Sentence Motion on January 7, 2022 seeking
      modification of his sentence, which was denied on February 7,
      2022.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/6/22, at 1-2. Appellant timely appealed, and filed a

court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement.

      Appellant presents the following issue:

      Did the trial court err in denying [Appellant’s] suppression motion
      because the police functionally arrested him without probable
      cause?

Appellant’s Brief at 4 (capitalization modified).

      Our standard of review is well-settled:

      When we review the ruling of a suppression court, we must
      determine whether the factual findings are supported by the
      record. When it is a defendant who appealed, we must consider
      only the evidence of the prosecution and so much of the evidence
      for the defense as, fairly read in the context of the record as a
      whole, remains uncontradicted. Assuming that there is support in
      the record, we are bound by the facts as are found and we may
      reverse the suppression court only if the legal conclusions drawn
      from those facts are in error.

Commonwealth v. Brame, 239 A.3d 1119, 1126 (Pa. Super. 2020) (citation

omitted). “As an appellate court, we are not bound by the suppression court’s

conclusions of law; rather, when reviewing questions of law, our standard of

review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.” Id. (citation omitted).

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      We recognize “the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

[protects] people from unreasonable searches and seizures.” In the Interest

of A.A., 195 A.3d 896, 903 (Pa. 2018) (citation omitted).

      Our Fourth Amendment jurisprudence has developed three
      categories of interaction between private citizens and the
      police. [A] mere encounter does not require any level of suspicion
      or carry any official compulsion to stop or respond[, while] an
      investigative detention permits the temporary detention of an
      individual if supported by reasonable suspicion[, and] an arrest
      or custodial detention … must be supported by probable cause.

Id. at 903-04 (quotation marks and citations omitted).

      Probable cause is made out when the facts and circumstances
      which are within the knowledge of the officer at the time of the
      arrest, and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information,
      are sufficient to warrant a [person] of reasonable caution in the
      belief that the suspect has committed or is committing a crime.
      The question we ask is not whether the officer’s belief was correct
      or more likely true than false. Rather, we require only a
      probability, and not a prima facie showing, of criminal activity. In
      determining whether probable cause exists, we apply a totality of
      the circumstances test.

Commonwealth v. Williams, 2 A.3d 611, 616 (Pa. Super. 2010) (en banc)

(citations, quotation marks and emphasis omitted).

      Appellant claims his custodial detention was not supported by the

requisite probable cause. Appellant’s Brief at 11. Appellant argues Detective

Niemiec lacked probable cause to believe Appellant engaged in criminal

activity.   Id.   According to Appellant, Detective Dettling had generally

described the individual selling the heroin as an “African American male

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wearing a gray tossle cap, gray sweatpants, [and] either a black or dark brown

jacket over top of … a gray hoodie.” Id. at 12. Appellant asserts:

      Critically, however, Detective Dettling’s broadcast did not include
      the individual’s age, height, weight, facial hair, or any other
      defining characteristics. In other words, he simply offered a vague
      and generic description of the individual wearing fairly common
      articles of clothing.

Id. Appellant acknowledges that Detective Niemiec and his partner seized

Appellant two minutes after the drug deal. Id. at 13. However, Appellant

asserts the suspect no longer was visible on Detective Dettling’s camera

during the two-minute lapse. Id.

      Appellant compares this case to the circumstances found to lack

probable cause in Commonwealth v. Anderson, 520 A.2d 1184 (Pa. Super.

1987), and In the Interest of A.P., 617 A.2d 764 (Pa. Super. 1992) (en

banc). Appellant’s Brief at 15. According to Appellant:

      Both cases had matches to descriptions of race, gender, and
      clothing, with [the defendant in Anderson] matching the
      description of a black male wearing a blue sweatshirt that zipped
      up the front and had a red stripe down the sleeve, and [Appellant]
      matching the description of a black male with a grey tossle cap,
      grey sweatpants, black or brown jacket, and grey hoodie. [The
      defendant in Anderson] was not acting suspiciously nor tried to
      flee police when he was arrested, and neither was [Appellant].

Id. at 15-16. Appellant points out that the defendant in Anderson matched

additional criteria:   dark complexion, aged 18-20, close cropped hair, and

taller than 5’8” or 5’9”. Id. at 16. Appellant claims that here, because the

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general description did not establish probable cause for officers to believe

Appellant sold the heroin, the drugs and evidence recovered during his

custodial detention and search should have been suppressed as “fruit of the

poisonous tree.” Id. at 11, 16-17.

     Pertinently, this Court has explained:

     When an arrest is based on a description, the description must be
     specific. See Commonwealth v. Jackson, 459 Pa. 669, 331
     A.2d 189, 191 (Pa. 1975). In Jackson, the police dispatcher
     notified officers that “two [African American] males in dark
     clothing, 5’6” to 5’8” in height, with medium builds, medium to
     dark complexions and semi-bush haircuts” had shot a man.
     [Jackson,] 331 A.2d at 190. An hour later, an officer noted an
     elderly man giving money to a man matching the physical
     description of the suspects but wearing different clothing. See
     id. The officer approached the two and asked if anything was
     wrong. See id. Despite the fact that the elderly man responded
     in the negative, the officer arrested the appellant based on his
     similarity to the description. See id. Our Supreme Court held
     that the officer lacked probable cause to arrest the appellant
     because of the time lapse between the murder and the arrest, as
     well as the generality of the description. See 331 A.2d at
     191. This was further demonstrated by the fact that
     various officers arrested fifteen to twenty people that night
     matching the description. See 331 A.2d at 190 n.3.

     A general description, however, does not always negate
     probable cause. In Commonwealth v. Chase, 394 Pa. Super.
     168, 575 A.2d 574, 576 (Pa. Super. 1990), a police officer told his
     partner that he “had just purchased narcotics from a black man in
     a blue shirt at a particular street corner.” The second officer went
     to the street corner, saw a man matching the suspect’s
     description, and arrested him.              See id.    The Court
     distinguished Jackson based on the fact that the police saw the
     suspect matching the description at the crime scene immediately
     after the crime. See, 575 A.2d at 577. Consequently, the Court

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      held that the officer had probable cause to arrest
      appellant. See 575 A.2d at 579. Thus, where the description
      of the suspect is a general one, an officer has probable
      cause to arrest a suspect where the suspect is “the only
      individual[] who matched the description and [is] found at
      the same location within a relatively short period of
      time.” Commonwealth v. Toro, 432 Pa. Super. 383, 638 A.2d
      991, 1004 (Pa. Super. 1994).

Commonwealth v. Burton, 770 A.2d 771, 783 (Pa. Super. 2001) (emphasis

in original).

      We conclude that Appellant’s reliance on Anderson and A.P. is

misplaced. In Anderson, the complainant observed a man prying open the

second-floor window of his home. Anderson, 520 A.2d at 1185.         After the

complainant notified authorities, police issued a bulletin describing “a black

male, dark complexion, blue sweatshirt, about eighteen to twenty years old

with close cropped hair.”       Id. at 1185-86.   The complainant thereafter

supplemented the description with the subject’s height of 5’8” to 5’9”, and

added that the subject wore a sweatshirt zipped in front with a red stripe on

the arms.       Id. at 1186.   Two hours after the attempted break-in, police

detained the defendant two blocks from the scene. Id. This Court concluded

police lacked probable cause to effect a warrantless arrest. We stated:

      Here, [the defendant] matched the general description provided
      by the complainant. He did stand over 5’9” tall and wore a blue
      sweatshirt with a zipper up the front and red stripes down the
      sleeves. He was observed standing on a street corner two blocks
      away from the scene of the crime over two hours after it had

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         occurred. There is, however, no evidence that appellant was
         acting suspiciously or that he tried to flee or evade the police.
         Unlike those cases … where we have found facts sufficient to
         establish probable cause, the only basis for such a determination
         in this case was [the defendant’s] similarity to the general
         description provided by the victim. We hold that this similarity,
         taken by itself, was not enough to provide the police with
         sufficient facts establishing probable cause to arrest.

Anderson, 520 A.2d at 1187 (citations omitted, emphasis added).

         In A.P., during the investigation of a homicide, an officer “had been

given a description of the perpetrator which described a male ‘approximately

five foot eight inches (5’8”) [tall], light skinned, possibly [H]ispanic with a full

face.”     A.P., 617 A.2d at 768.      An officer observed the defendant, who

matched the description, five days later at the address of the homicide. Id.

Upon handcuffing and searching the defendant, the officer discovered 64 vials

of crack cocaine. Id. This Court concluded the officer lacked probable cause

to effect a custodial detention of the defendant. We stated:

         The officer’s justification for the arrest was that the [defendant]
         met the general description of the person under suspicion, and
         that [he] was present at the same address where the homicide
         occurred five days earlier. We do not find that the presence of
         a[] Hispanic male in a predominantly black neighborhood, taken
         together with the other information known by the police officer, is
         sufficient to support a finding of probable cause to arrest.

Id. at 154 (emphasis added).

         Here, by contrast, Detective Dettling testified at the suppression hearing

that while conducting surveillance,

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      I observed a male, later identified as Michael Smith, approach
      [Appellant]. After a brief verbal exchange, Mr. Smith handed
      [Appellant] U.S. currency in the form of paper cash. [Appellant]
      accepted the cash and retrieved a single stamp bag of heroin from
      his right hoodie pocket and then delivered it to Mr. Smith. He
      handed it to Mr. Smith.

N.T., 7/7/22, at 8. Detective Dettling further testified:

      [D]uring these operations we have constant communication with
      whoever is involved. We use our city-issued handheld radios. I
      made everybody involved in the operation aware of my
      observations, and the responding officers moved in to detain
      [Appellant] and Mr. Smith.

Id. at 10.

      According to Detective Dettling, he has witnessed over 1,000 hand-to-

hand drug transactions in his career. Id. at 13. Detective Dettling also stated

that the transaction occurred in a high-crime area, which he described as “an

open-air drug market.”     Id. at 17.    Detective Dettling testified the item

Appellant handed to Mr. Smith was readily identifiable as a stamp bag of

heroin. Id. at 14. The detective admitted he lost sight of Appellant for “a

minute or two maybe, a few minutes” following the transaction. Id. at 18.

However, Detective Dettling also testified that he broadcast his descriptions

of Appellant and Mr. Smith to the units “staged nearby to maneuver their

vehicles and detain both males.” Id.

      Further, Detective Niemiec testified:

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     Myself and other detectives from the narcotics unit were in the
     Homewood area of Zone 5 assisting Zone 5 plainclothes detectives
     with a focused deterrence crime suppression operation in the area
     of the intersection of Frankstown and North Homewood Avenue.

     …

     Around that time I was in a vehicle with my partner, Detective
     Brian Burgunder …. He and myself were staged in the general
     area of the 800 block of Frankstown Avenue near North
     Homewood. We were listening to radio transmissions from
     Detective Nathan Dettling, who was conducting surveillance of the
     area via the city’s camera network, and we were just instructed
     to detain individuals that Detective Dettling had observed
     conducting drug transactions in the area.

     ….

     We saw [Appellant] a minute or so after receiving the
     description, and it was maybe another 30 seconds to a minute
     before myself and Detective Burgunder made contact with
     [Appellant], so two minutes at the most from the time we initially
     received the description and the directions from Detective Dettling
     until the time we were out with [Appellant].

N.T., 7/7/22, at 23-24.

     On cross-examination, Detective Niemiec testified he was around the

corner from the transaction, approximately a block or two away. Id. at 27.

When asked whether he was identifying Appellant solely on the description

provided by Detective Dettling, Detective Niemiec stated:     “Yes, that and

Detective Dettling directing us to him … [h]is current location.” Id. at

27 (emphasis added).

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          Detective Niemiec had a description of Appellant’s clothing and location,

and observed Appellant in the immediate vicinity one minute after receiving

the description. Under the totality of the circumstances, Detective Niemiec

had probable cause to effect a custodial detention of Appellant. Chase, 575

A.2d at 576; Burton, 770 A.2d at 783. Thus, Appellant’s issue does not merit

relief.

          Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 2/28/2023

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