Court Opinion

ID: 3181166
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-02-29 20:20:14.322743+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:01:12.667100
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                         Docket No. 42769

STATE OF IDAHO,                                   ) 2016 Opinion No. 5
                                                  )
       Plaintiff-Respondent,                      ) Filed: January 27, 2016
                                                  )
v.                                                ) Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
                                                  )
DENNIS JAMES GARNER,                              )
                                                  )
       Defendant-Appellant.                       )
                                                  )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Ada
       County. Hon. Timothy Hansen, District Judge.

       Judgment of conviction for battery on a jailer/correctional or detention officer,
       vacated and remanded.

       Sara B. Thomas, State Appellate Public Defender; Maya P. Waldron, Deputy
       Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Kenneth K. Jorgensen, Deputy
       Attorney General, Boise, for respondent.
                 ________________________________________________

MELANSON, Chief Judge
       Dennis James Garner appeals from his judgment of conviction for battery on a
jailer/correctional or detention officer. Specifically, Garner alleges that the district court erred in
ruling that Garner was not entitled to a self-defense jury instruction. For the reasons set forth
below, we vacate Garner’s judgment of conviction and remand for a new trial.
                                                  I.
                                   FACTS AND PROCEDURE
       Garner was arrested for public intoxication. Garner was increasingly uncooperative as
officers tried to search him during intake and booking. While being taken to a holding cell,
Garner spat on an officer. In response, four officers forced Garner to the floor. Garner was
face-down on the cement floor with an officer holding his head, another officer on his back, and

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two officers restraining his legs. An officer heard Garner make “guttural-type noises” and say,
“I can’t breathe” and “get your hands off me.” Garner freed one leg and kicked an officer, who
then tased Garner. Garner was charged with battery on a jailer/correctional or detention officer,
I.C. §§ 18-915(3), 18-903(a), and 19-2520F.1 At trial, Garner requested a jury instruction on
self-defense, following Idaho Criminal Jury Instruction 1263, acknowledging that it would be
necessary to change some language of the instruction to fit the facts of his case. The district
court denied Garner’s requested jury instruction. Garner was found guilty of battery on an
officer. Garner appeals.
                                                II.
                                   STANDARD OF REVIEW
       Whether the jury has been properly instructed is a question of law over which we
exercise free review. State v. Severson, 147 Idaho 694, 710, 215 P.3d 414, 430 (2009). When
reviewing jury instructions, we ask whether the instructions as a whole, and not individually,
fairly and accurately reflect applicable law. State v. Bowman, 124 Idaho 936, 942, 866 P.2d 193,
199 (Ct. App. 1993).
       Idaho Code Section 19-2132(a) requires that the trial court must provide to the jury being
charged “all matters of law necessary for their information” and must give a requested jury
instruction if it determines that instruction to be correct and pertinent. Under a four-part test, a
requested instruction must be given where: (1) it properly states the governing law; (2) a
reasonable view of the evidence would support the defendant’s legal theory; (3) it is not
addressed adequately by other jury instructions; and (4) it does not constitute an impermissible
comment as to the evidence. State v. Fetterly, 126 Idaho 475, 476-77, 886 P.2d 780, 781-82 (Ct.
App. 1994); see also State v. Evans, 119 Idaho 383, 385, 807 P.2d 62, 64 (Ct. App. 1991). To
meet the second prong of this test, the defendant must present at least some evidence supporting
his or her theory, and any support will suffice as long as his or her theory comports with a
reasonable view of the evidence. Fetterly, 126 Idaho at 476-77, 886 P.2d at 781-82; State v.
Kodesh, 122 Idaho 756, 758, 838 P.2d 885, 887 (Ct. App. 1992). In other words, a defendant
must present facts to support each element of a prima facie case for each defense. State v. Camp,

1
        Garner was also charged and found guilty of misdemeanor propelling bodily fluids on an
officer. He does not challenge this judgment of conviction on appeal.

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134 Idaho 662, 665-66, 8 P.3d 657, 660-61 (Ct. App. 2000). If the defendant fails to provide
evidence supporting any one of the necessary elements of a defense, the defendant has failed to
meet his or her burden and is not entitled to have the jury instructed on that defense.
                                                   III.
                                           ANALYSIS
       Garner alleges the district court erred in failing to instruct the jury on self-defense.
Self-defense is recognized in Idaho. See State v. Woodward, 58 Idaho 385, 394, 74 P.2d 92, 97
(1937); see generally I.C. §§ 19-201, 19-202, and 19-202A. Idaho Criminal Jury Instruction
(I.C.J.I.) 1263 enumerates what generally must be proven to find that a defendant acted in
self-defense with regard to officers, providing:
                An officer is not permitted to use unreasonable or excessive force [in
       making or attempting to make an arrest] [in detaining or attempting to detain a
       person for questioning].
                If an officer does use unreasonable or excessive force [in making or
       attempting to make an arrest] [in detaining or attempting to detain a person for
       questioning], the person being [arrested] [detained] may lawfully use reasonable
       force to protect himself.
                The state must prove beyond a reasonable doubt:
                (1)     that the officer did not use unreasonable force,
                                                   or
                (2)     if the officer used unreasonable force, that the defendant used
                unreasonable force in response.
       If the state fails to do so, you must find the defendant not guilty [of [Resisting][,]
       [Delaying] [or] [Obstructing] an Officer].

Idaho Criminal Jury Instruction 1263 also contains a comment that “this instruction should be
used where there is some evidence to support the defense that the defendant used reasonable
force to resist the use of excessive force by the officer.        Reasonable force is defined in
I.C.J.I. 1518.”2 For this proposition, the comment cites State v. Spurr, 114 Idaho 277, 755 P.2d
1315 (Ct. App. 1988).

2
         Idaho Criminal Jury Instruction 1518 provides information regarding the degree of force
that a person may use in self-defense. That section provides:

               The kind and degree of force which a person may lawfully use in
       [self-defense] [defense of another] are limited by what a reasonable person in the
       same situation as such person, seeing what that person sees and knowing what the

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A.     Scope of Self-Defense in Response to Excessive Force by an Officer
       In denying Garner’s request for a jury instruction in line with I.C.J.I. 1263, the district
court held:
                The court would also note and it does agree with the state here that the
       Spurr case, which is cited in the comments section which the defense is relying
       on, did indeed simply involve a situation of either an attempted arrest or certainly
       an attempt to detain a defendant for questioning.
                And the cases, as [the State] has correctly noted, relied upon in the Spurr
       decision, all dealt with the use of force during an arrest. And there was no
       authority of which I was aware of, appellate authority, that talks about this
       instruction being given in the case or someone being in a detention facility,
       whether in a correctional facility or a county detention or correctional facility
       there.
                The court agrees that the Spurr court did indicate that a person has a
       constitutional right not to be subjected to excessive force by officers in the
       performance of their duties. But having said that, the instruction itself contains
       two alternatives for the court as to how a jury could be instructed, either that an
       officer is not permitted to use unreasonable or excessive force in making or
       attempting to make an arrest, or in detaining or attempting to detain a person for
       questioning.
                And, again, this language is consistent with the decision in Spurr, which is
       one of those situations where it was either an arrest or certainly an attempt to
       detain an individual for questioning.
                Considered as a whole, the court does not find, based upon the case
       authority, that in Spurr the appellate court intended to have the defense applied so
       broadly as to encompass individuals who are in a correctional or detention
       facility.
                And, therefore, because the instruction sought in this case is applied to
       either arrests or detention for questioning and because neither one of those things
       applied in this case, I do not believe it is appropriate to give the requested
       instruction number 1263, and I will not do so then at this time.

       person knows, then would believe to be necessary. Any use of force beyond that
       is regarded by the law as excessive. Although a person may believe that the
       person is acting, and may act, in [self-defense] [defense of another], the person is
       not justified in using a degree of force clearly in excess of that apparently and
       reasonably necessary under the existing facts and circumstances.

The comment cites State v. Scroggins, 91 Idaho 847, 433 P.2d 117 (1967) for this proposition.

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The district court’s holding raises an issue regarding whether a self-defense jury instruction may
be given when the officer was booking the party who struck the officer rather than attempting to
detain or arrest the party.
        As noted by the district court, a person has a constitutional right not to be subjected to
excessive force by law enforcement officers in the performance of their duties. Spurr, 114 Idaho
at 279, 755 P.2d at 1317. An individual has a right to defend himself or herself against the use of
excessive force by an officer. Id. The determination of whether excessive force has been used is
a question of fact for the jury. Id.
        In this case, the district court held that it would not instruct the jury on self-defense
because the factual situation of Garner’s case did not match that anticipated by
I.C.J.I. 1263--Garner was already in custody at the time he struck the officer. Accordingly, the
district court held that Garner was not entitled to have the jury instructed on self-defense. While
I.C.J.I. 1263 lists two situations in which a person may defend himself or herself against
excessive force--when being arrested or detained--the use of force to defend oneself is not
limited to those situations. Rather, the law broadly grants an individual the right to use force to
defend himself or herself against excessive force by an officer regardless of the timing of such
excessive force. The timing and circumstances of the situation are facts to be considered by the
jury in determining whether the officer’s force was excessive and whether the defendant’s
responding force was reasonable.
        Here, the evidence was undisputed that force was used on Garner. There was a question
of fact whether that force was excessive. There was also a question of fact whether (if the
officer’s use of force was excessive) Garner’s responding use of force was reasonable. These
were questions for the jury to decide. Thus, it was crucial that the jury was informed that, if the
officer used excessive force, Garner had a right to reasonably defend himself. Accordingly, the
district court erred in failing to instruct the jury on self-defense in response to excessive force by
an officer.
B.      Evidence to Support Self-Defense Instruction
        The state argues that neither the facts nor the law supported Garner’s request for the jury
to be provided I.C.J.I. 1263. A defendant is entitled to have the jury instructed on every defense

                                                  5
or theory of defense having any support in the evidence. State v. Hansen, 133 Idaho 323, 328,
986 P.2d 346, 351 (Ct. App. 1999). However, requested jury instructions should not be given if
they lack support in the facts of the case or are erroneous statements of the law. State v. Babb,
125 Idaho 934, 941, 877 P.2d 905, 912 (1994); State v. Bronnenberg, 124 Idaho 67, 71, 856 P.2d
104, 108 (Ct. App. 1993).
        Whether the officers’ use of force was excessive and whether Garner’s responding force
was unreasonable are questions of fact which, in a jury trial, are within the province of the jury.
Accordingly, this Court will not weigh the evidence. The primary issue here is whether there
was some evidence to support Garner’s defense that he used reasonable force to resist the use of
excessive force by the officer. If such evidence was presented to the jury, the district court erred
in refusing to instruct the jury on self-defense, as requested by Garner.
        In response to Garner spitting on an officer, four officers forced him to the ground. One
officer controlled Garner’s head, one officer was on his back, and two officers controlled
Garner’s legs. One officer testified that he placed Garner in a figure-four leg-lock. While held
on the ground, another officer heard Garner make “guttural-type” noises and say, “I can’t
breathe.” While this Court is not suggesting that the officers’ use of force was necessarily
excessive, these facts meet the relatively low standard required by I.C.J.I. 1263 and provide
“some” evidence that the officers may have used excessive force against Garner. In response to
the force used against Garner, he struggled to free his legs, succeeded, and kicked one of the
officers. Again, this Court is not suggesting that Garner’s use of force was reasonable in
response to the officers’ actions. However, this Court holds there was some evidence to support
the defense that Garner used reasonable force to resist the use of excessive force. Accordingly,
Garner was entitled to have the jury instructed on self-defense in response to excessive force by
an officer.
                                                IV.
                                         CONCLUSION
        An individual’s right to use force to defend himself or herself against excessive force by
an officer is not limited to excessive force used while detaining or arresting an individual. In this
case, there was at least some evidence presented at trial to justify instructing the jury on
self-defense in response to excessive force by an officer. Accordingly, we vacate Garner’s

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judgment of conviction for battery on a jailer/correctional or detention officer and remand to the
district court for a new trial.
        Judge GUTIERREZ and Judge HUSKEY, CONCUR.

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