Court Opinion

ID: 9399345
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-02 17:09:39.126272+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:09.635943
License: Public Domain

J-S12004-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    VAUGHN T. STEPHENSON                       :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 389 MDA 2022

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 1, 2022,
                in the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-40-CR-0000021-2020.

BEFORE:      KUNSELMAN, J., McCAFFERY, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.:                             FILED: JUNE 2, 2023

        Vaughn T. Stephenson appeals from the judgment of sentence entered

following his convictions for endangering the welfare of a child and possessing

a small amount of marijuana for personal use.1 We affirm.

        The trial court summarized the facts of the case as follows:

        [O]n November 27, 2019, officers from the Wilkes-Barre City
        Police Department responded to a disabled vehicle call at 86 West
        Chestnut Street, Wilkes-Barre City. Officer Casarella of the
        Wilkes-Barre City Police Department responded to the call and
        conducted a check of the registration of the vehicle which
        identified [Stephenson] as the vehicle owner. A subsequent
        records check returned information that [Stephenson] resided at
        that address and further that he had an active felony warrant.
        Officer Casarella knocked on the door at 86 West Chestnut Street
        and [Stephenson] answered the door. He was advised that he
        was being placed under arrest in satisfaction of the then
____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1   18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4304(a)(1) and 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(31)(i).
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       outstanding arrest warrant. [Stephenson] asked police to allow
       him to re-enter the residence to check on his child and put on his
       sneakers.    [Stephenson] consented to officers entering the
       residence with him while he checked on his infant daughter and
       put on his sneakers.

              Once inside[,] police detected a strong odor of marijuana
       inside the residence. A pair of digital scales, suspected marijuana
       and packaging materials were observed in plain view inside the
       living room area. [Stephenson’s] then [13-month-]old child was
       seated on a couch near the suspected marijuana and drug
       paraphernalia. Also located in plain view, and later seized . . .
       pursuant to a search warrant, was an unsecured and loaded .45
       caliber Hi-point handgun located approximately two[2] . . . feet
       away from [Stephenson’s] child.

             Officers observed that the interior of [Stephenson’s]
       residence was in an unsanitary condition. Strong rotting food and
       excrement odors permeated the residence. Suspected excrement
       was observed in an unflushed toilet and spoiled food items were
       observed throughout the kitchen. The house was in a deplorable
       condition and after a code enforcement inspection the residence
       was condemned for being unfit for human habitation. Officers
       secured the residence and made arrangements for the safe
       placement of the child.

Trial Court Opinion, 8/4/22, at 1–2.

       Police charged Stephenson in connection with this incident, and the case

proceeded to court.         Following trial, a jury found Stephenson guilty of

endangering the welfare of a child, and the trial court convicted him of

possessing a small amount of marijuana.3 On February 1, 2022, the court

sentenced Stephenson to 18 to 36 months of incarceration and 30 days of

concurrent probation.
____________________________________________

2Stephenson contends that the distance between the child and the handgun
was approximately five feet.
3The jury found Stephenson not guilty of possession of a firearm and drug
paraphernalia.

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      Stephenson timely appealed. Stephenson complied with Pennsylvania

Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(b). The trial court entered a Rule 1925(a)

opinion on August 4, 2022.

      Stephenson raises one issue for review: “Did the Commonwealth fail to

establish, beyond a reasonable doubt, that [Stephenson] knowingly violated

a duty of care, protection or support owed to a child in violation of 18

Pa.C.S.[A.] § 4304(a)(1)?” Stephenson’s Brief at 2. Stephenson contends

that the evidence was insufficient to establish that (1) he created a dangerous

situation or was aware that his conduct exposed the child to a dangerous

situation and (2) his conduct offended the common sense of the community.

Id. at 7–8.

      This Court reviews a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence under

the following well-settled principles:

      The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
      is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light
      most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence
      to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond
      a reasonable doubt. In applying [the above] test, we may not
      weigh the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-
      finder. In addition, we note that the facts and circumstances
      established by the Commonwealth need not preclude every
      possibility of innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant’s guilt
      may be resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
      and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may
      be drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth
      may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime
      beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial
      evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record
      must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
      considered. Finally, the [trier] of fact while passing upon the

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     credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced,
     is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Holt, 270 A.3d 1230, 1233 (Pa. Super. 2022) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Jackson, 215 A.3d 972, 980 (Pa. Super. 2019)).

     The crime is set forth by statute: “A parent . . . commits an offense if

he knowingly endangers the welfare of a child by violating a duty of care,

protection or support.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4304(a)(1). “Knowingly” is defined:

     A person acts knowingly with respect to a material element of an
     offense when:

     (i) if the element involves the nature of his conduct or the
     attendant circumstances, he is aware that his conduct is of that
     nature or that such circumstances exist; and

     (ii) if the element involves a result of his conduct, he is aware that
     it is practically certain that his conduct will cause such a result.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 302(b)(2).

     We have thus articulated the elements of the offense as follows:

     (1) the accused must be aware of his or her duty to protect the
     child; (2) the accused must be aware that the child is in
     circumstances that could threaten the child’s physical or
     psychological welfare; and (3) the accused either must have failed
     to act, or must have taken action so lame or meager that such
     actions cannot reasonably be expected to protect the child’s
     welfare.

Commonwealth v. Sebolka, 205 A.3d 329, 337 (Pa. Super. 2019) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Smith, 956 A.2d 1029, 1038 (Pa. Super. 2008))

     Additionally, our courts have noted that this statute is “designed to

cover a broad range of conduct in order to safeguard the welfare and security

of children.” Commonwealth v. Krock, 282 A.3d 1132, 1138 (Pa. Super.

2022) (ellipsis omitted) (quoting Commonwealth v. Mack, 359 A.2d 770,

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772 (Pa. 1976)). The specific conduct that the statute proscribes depends on

“[t]he common sense of the community, as well as the sense of decency,

propriety and the morality which most people entertain.” Mack, 359 A.2d at

772 (quoting Commonwealth v. Marlin, 305 A.2d 14, 18 (Pa. 1973)).

      Notably,   the   statute   does   not   require   proof   of   actual   injury.

Commonwealth v. Wallace, 817 A.2d 485, 491–92 (Pa. Super. 2002). In

Wallace, the defendant allowed his eight children to live in “terrible”

conditions, with flies, maggots, and mice in the house, dirt and spoiled food

on the walls, non-functioning heating and plumbing, and a hole in the roof

that caused the floor to rot away. Id. at 488–91. Based on the lack of a

heating system, the poor structural condition, and unsanitary conditions, the

city code inspector condemned the home. Id. We held the evidence sufficient

to establish that the defendant was aware that the children were exposed to

a risk of harm yet failed to try to improve the conditions; we therefore affirmed

his judgment of sentence. Id. at 492–93.

      Our Supreme Court addressed endangering the welfare of children in a

recent plurality decision involving a mother allowing her three-year-old to ride

unrestrained in a car-for-hire. Commonwealth v. Howard, 257 A.3d 1217,

1219 (Pa. 2021) (opinion announcing the judgment of the court (OAJC)). Six

of seven Justices agreed that the evidence was insufficient to sustain her

conviction for endangering the child’s welfare. Justices Todd and Donohue

reasoned that the offense requires that the defendant knew that her actions

would endanger the child; the “common sense of the community” prevented

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such a finding under the facts of the case. Id. at 1227, 1230. Justice Saylor

would have applied the rule of lenity to conclude that the statute did not

proscribe the defendant’s conduct.     Id. at 1231 (Saylor, J., concurring).

Justice Dougherty and Chief Justice Baer read the statute to require that the

defendant was aware of the creation of a dangerous situation and aware that

she violated a duty of care; they found no evidence to prove the latter

element. Id. at 1231–32 (Dougherty, J., concurring). Justice Wecht would

have abandoned “the common sense of the community” as a basis to

determine what conduct is proscribed; he would have found the evidence

insufficient to prove the required elements that the defendant knowingly

violated a legal duty and created a situation that she knew would endanger

the child. Id. at 1233–39 (Wecht, J., concurring).

      The precedential effect of a plurality decision like Howard depends on

whether a majority of the court agreed on a holding. See Commonwealth

v. McClelland, 233 A.3d 717, 733 (Pa. 2020) (analyzing what was “nominally

a plurality decision” to conclude that a majority of the court reached the same

holding).   In Howard, a majority of the Justices held that the offense of

endangering the welfare of children requires proof that the defendant was

aware that (1) he or she violated a legal duty and that (2) his or her actions

would place a child in a dangerous situation.    Howard, 257 A.3d at 1227

(OAJC), 1231–32 (Dougherty, J., concurring) (“[T]he record must support that

the mother in this case was, at a minimum, aware of the creation of a situation

dangerous to the child’s welfare, and aware she violated a duty of care.”),

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see 1239 (Wecht, J., concurring) (“Section 4304(a)(1) requires proof that the

accused knowingly violated a legal duty and that, in doing so, the accused

created a situation that she knew presented an actual and significant risk of

harm to the child.”).

      Further, a majority of Justices retained the “common sense of the

community” standard in determining what conduct the statute covers. Id. at

1228 & n.16 (OAJC), 1232 (Dougherty, J., concurring) (accepting that this

standard “may at times appropriately provide context to application of the

EWOC statute”); id. at 1239–40 (Mundy, J., dissenting). Contra id. at 1233–

37 (Wecht, J., concurring); see id. at 1231 (Saylor, J., concurring) (avoiding

the community-standards approach in applying the rule of lenity).

      With these holdings in mind, we turn to Stephenson’s case. Viewed in

a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the evidence established that

Stephenson cared for his 13-month-old child in a house that was dirty enough

that it was condemned as being unfit for human habitation. The jury was free

to reject Stephenson’s claims that he was only there briefly and that the baby’s

room upstairs was clean, especially in light of Stephenson providing that

address on his state identification card and to post bail. Although the house

was not in as atrocious a condition as in Wallace, the record supports a

finding that Stephenson knew he owed a duty of care to his 13-month-old

child and he was aware that the dirty house and close proximity of the gun

endangered the child’s welfare. Wallace, 817 A.2d at 492. Furthermore,

Stephenson placed the child on the couch in a room with drugs, a few feet

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away from a loaded firearm. The jury could infer that a curious child more

than a year old would be able to move to these dangerous items.              It is

reasonable to infer that Stephenson was aware of these risks to the child and

that his caring for the child in this space violated his duty of care as a parent.

Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to support Stephenson’s conviction for

endangering the welfare of a child.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 06/02/2023

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