Court Opinion

ID: 6800864
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-22 19:01:38.161428+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:43:55.349488
License: Public Domain

Filed 7/22/22 P. v. Amaro CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (El Dorado)
                                                            ----

 THE PEOPLE,                                                                                   C091177

                    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Super. Ct. No. P18CRF0040)

           v.

 DONALD SOSA AMARO,

                    Defendant and Appellant.

         During the trial of defendant Donald Sosa Amaro, Jane Doe testified defendant,
her neighbor, began sexually molesting her in his trailer when she was about eight years
old. The jury found defendant guilty of multiple child sex crimes, and the trial court
sentenced defendant to a determinate term of eight years and an indeterminate term of 25
years to life in prison. Defendant appeals.
         Defendant principally attacks two of the trial court’s evidentiary rulings. In that
regard, defendant sought to introduce evidence at trial that, before Doe accused him,

                                                             1
defendant had accused Doe’s mother’s boyfriend, B. M., of committing lewd acts with
Doe, which accusation provided Doe’s mother, V. B., and B. M. with motive to
manipulate Doe to accuse defendant of committing such acts instead. After conducting
an analysis pursuant to Evidence Code1 section 352, the trial court ruled defendant could
ask V. B. “sanitized” questions regarding defendant’s sexual abuse accusation, and
defendant could introduce a “sanitized” version of the accusation during the presentation
of his case. Defendant argues the evidentiary rulings constituted an abuse of discretion
and violated several of his constitutional rights. We find no merit in defendant’s
contentions and, because we conclude no error occurred, further find no cumulative error
arising out of the trial court’s evidentiary rulings.
       Defendant also argues the trial court abused its discretion when it denied
defendant’s motion for a new trial, which motion was based solely on his claim the trial
court erred in “sanitizing” the evidence regarding defendant’s sexual abuse accusation
against B. M. We again disagree and affirm defendant’s convictions.
       In supplemental briefing, defendant argues his case should be remanded for
resentencing in light of recent legislative enactments that ameliorate punishment,
including Senate Bill No. 567 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.). We agree defendant is entitled to
resentencing in light of Senate Bill No. 567. Accordingly, we vacate the sentence and
remand for resentencing.
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
                                               A
                    The Pertinent Trial Testimony, Rulings, And History
       Born in mid-2008, Doe lived in a trailer park with, among others, her mother and
B. M. (whom she referred to as her “dad” during trial). Defendant lived in the same

1      Further undesignated statutory references are to the Evidence Code.

                                                2
trailer park and sometimes worked with B. M. on maintenance projects at the trailer park.
On occasion, beginning when she was around seven or eight years old, Doe went to
defendant’s trailer to help him with household chores.
       On the morning of July 19, 2017, defendant approached C. G., who also lived in
the trailer park, and told him defendant “was . . . concerned . . . that [C. G.] was gonna
get in trouble because of the little girls.” C. G. thought defendant was talking about
C. G.’s daughters, but defendant clarified he was talking about Doe. C. G. got upset, told
defendant to “wait,” and brought his wife S. P. over to the conversation. In S. P.’s
presence, defendant told C. G. that he meant some men “like to play with little girls and
little boys.” C. G. told defendant to “stay away” from his family, and S. P. immediately
went home to speak with her daughters. S. P. considered defendant’s statement to be
“kind of a warning.” Considering defendant “was super friendly” with Doe, S. P. then
spoke to V. B. and B. M. about defendant’s comments. V. B. and B. M. expressed anger
at the comments, and S. P. “told them that it should be handled the right way and to call
the authorities, and that if they couldn’t make that call at that time that [S. P.] would be
willing to . . . and so that’s what [S. P.] did.”
       That afternoon, in the presence of several others, including a family friend and
neighbor, Doe told her mother that defendant had touched her between her legs and had
tried to “hump” her. The neighbor testified Doe revealed defendant’s conduct after V. B.
asked Doe whether defendant had done anything to her. Consistent with the neighbor’s
testimony, El Dorado County Deputy Sheriff Brandon Hartfield testified that, when he
responded to the trailer park on July 19, 2017, V. B. told him that she had asked Doe if
defendant had ever “done anything inappropriate to her.”
       In recorded interviews that occurred in January 2018 and March 2018, and which
were played for the jury at trial, Doe explained how defendant sexually abused her in his
trailer on multiple occasions. Doe further testified to those events at trial.

                                                3
       V. B. testified Doe’s statement on July 19, 2017, to her and others regarding
defendant’s actions was unprompted. When the prosecutor asked whether “anything
preceded that disclosure by” Doe, V. B. replied: “No, actually it -- it was -- I’m trying to
remember back then. Tried to forget about it.” V. B. later testified she wanted to ask
Doe if defendant “had ever done anything to her” when, approximately a month before
Doe’s revelation, defendant asked V. B. and B. M. what they would do “if [they] ever
heard of anybody touching” Doe.
       V. B. could not recall telling the police that, on the same day Doe disclosed
defendant’s conduct, C. G. and S. P. told her about a conversation they had had with
defendant. She further denied “that there was a confrontation with [defendant] and
[V. B.] and some of the other neighbors in the morning” of the day Doe disclosed the
sexual abuse.
       During V. B.’s testimony, defense counsel asked for a sidebar to discuss the
existence of a recording of V. B.’s interview with the police, in which she indicated that
before she spoke to Doe about defendant, a neighbor informed B. M. that defendant told
the neighbor he saw Doe performing oral sex on B. M. Defense counsel argued he
wanted to “give the jury context” regarding the “questioning . . . about whether or not
[defendant] . . . did anything to” Doe. Defense counsel submitted the evidence
undermined V. B.’s reliability and credibility because she “testified that it was a
spontaneous statement.” The trial court agreed “[t]he fact that she said -- to [an officer] it
was not spontaneous, that can be used to impeach.” But the trial court queried the
necessity of “get[ting] into” anything “[b]eyond that.”
       The trial court continued: “So you believe that the jury should know that
[defendant] made a statement about [B. M.] . . . sexually assaulting the alleged victim in
this case to show that [V. B.] was angry?” Defense counsel responded: “To show that
she was angry. To show that she had a motive to lie. To show that she had motive to

                                              4
make up a story about what actually occurred.” In defense counsel’s view it did not
matter whether the accusation against B. M. was true.
        After the prosecutor objected to introduction of the evidence under section 352,
the trial court ruled: “If there is any probative value to show [V. B.] was angry, upset,
what have you, it’s pretty minimal. To drop a bomb that she had heard information that
[B. M.] . . . was molesting her daughter, that’s just explosive. That’s tremendously
prejudicial. [¶] You may not be trying to get it in for the truth of the matter asserted. . . .
But that [sic] jury hears it, [it] could take and run with it and take it for the truth of the
matter asserted no matter what I tell [it], and the probative value is significantly
outweighed by the prejudicial effect. [¶] If you want to try to sanitize it I would perhaps
consider that, [‘]did you get some information that caused you to be upset or angry.[’]
That’s up to you. Frankly this is something that should have been handled pretrial as
opposed to in it . . . . But I’m not going to allow the evidence in as you’ve indicated on
[section] 352 grounds. [¶] I’ve done a very careful analysis and a very thorough one and
it’s my conclusion that the probative value is minimal. The prejudicial effect is
maximum.”
        The trial court further added it did “not feel that the state of mind of the
questioner, that is the current witness, [V. B.], is that significant. Whether she’s happy,
sad, upset . . . it makes no difference. What matters is what the victim, the alleged victim
said. And there’s no information whatsoever that this alleged incident had any effect on
her . . . .”
        Defense counsel responded he was “not going to request a sanitized [sic]. If the
issue comes up at a later time we can address it.” After resuming V. B.’s cross-
examination, defense counsel asked V. B. whether she told a police officer that she asked
Doe whether defendant had ever touched her in an inappropriate way. V. B. replied she
guessed she did because she “was distraught and very, very upset.”

                                                5
       After the prosecution rested, defense counsel asked the trial court to “address th[e]
issue” that the trial court had “reserved ruling on.” Invoking defendant’s rights to
“present a defense, right to a fair trial” and “6th Amendment right of confrontation,”
counsel explained: “The facts that . . . we anticipate we will elicit if the Court allows is
that on July 19, 2017, in the morning, [defendant] told a neighbor, . . . that he saw [B. M.]
molest” Doe. “Shortly after [that neighbor] told [B. M.] about [defendant’s] accusation,
[B. M.] told [V. B.] about the accusation. The accusations by [defendant] caused [B. M.]
and [V. B.] to become angered. [¶] Some time after that [defendant] came home and was
confronted about the accusation that he made against [B. M.] And the people that were
involved in that confrontation included [B. M.], [V. B.], and [C. G.] The latter two
testified during this trial.
       “After the confrontation and because of the accusations [defendant] made, [B. M.]
and -- [V. B.] alleged that [V. B.] went to ask [Doe] if [defendant] had ever done
anything to her. And later that night [defendant] was accused of molesting [Doe]. [¶]
And it’s our theory . . . that [defendant] is being falsely accused because of the
accusations [he] made against [B. M.]; specifically . . . [B. M.] and [V. B.] became
angered enough that [they] either coach[ed] [Doe] or . . . indirectly influence[d] her to see
[defendant] as the enemy and make false allegations. [¶] It should be admitted. . . . It’s
not being introduced for the truth of the matter asserted.”
       The prosecution urged the trial court to not alter its original section 352 ruling.
The trial court asked defense counsel how he wanted to present the evidence, and
whether he planned to call the neighbor to whom defendant disclosed the accusation or
B. M. to testify. Defense counsel replied: “The defense has been put in a position where
[defendant] has to testify and he will testify.”
       After further discussion, the trial court observed: “There’s no link between
[defendant’s] observation and the alleged victim’s statement. There may have been the
desire to influence her, but you presented no evidence that there’s been any such thing.

                                               6
[¶] I will say that in an abundance of caution to make sure that the Court of Appeals [sic]
doesn’t disagree with me I’ll let you sanitize it. I don’t think that the act itself is critical.
It is to you probably because you want to get the emotional impact it will have on a jury.
But to a true fact finder just the fact that [defendant] saw [B. M.] doing something illegal,
now why wouldn’t that work?”
       Defense counsel insisted that “to determine the reliability of [Doe’s] statements
[the jurors] need[ed] context of how that came out. And it’s extremely relevant that her
father was accused of abusing her and that he had a stake in influencing her to say
something else occurred.” In defense counsel’s view, the evidence tended to show
V. B.’s and B. M.’s shared motive “to beat [defendant] to the punch,” by being “the first
one to go to the authorities” and thereby making it more likely they would be believed.
       Responding to the trial court’s query, the prosecutor represented he understood
that the neighbor mentioned by defense counsel told B. M. about defendant’s accusation
the same day but before Doe’s revelation to V. B.
       The trial court ruled: “The charge made by the defendant is explosive, so I do
find, as the defense wants to introduce it, it is subject to a [section] 352 analysis which
prevents [defendant] from introducing the evidence as . . . plan[ned]; however, I will
allow it sanitized. [¶] I’m not saying it has no relevance. I think it’s . . . speculative.”
       After the prosecutor asked the trial court to clarify its ruling, the trial court said it
would allow the defense to call any witness deemed “appropriate to get this proven to be
a motive to put the blame on [defendant] instead of [B. M.]. The only thing is it won’t
say that there was an act of oral copulation . . . . He is merely going to be able to state
that he saw something [B. M.] was doing that was . . . illegal.” A moment later, the trial
court expanded the permissible verbiage to “inappropriate and illegal.” The prosecutor
responded “ ‘inappropriate’ in the context of this case . . . is fraught with more
speculation than it is relevant.” The trial court responded it was “left with [several]
options; to exclude it completely, to allow it completely, or to allow [the defense] to try

                                                7
to introduce motive evidence, which is relevant. [¶] As I indicated before, I think the
prejudicial effect . . . substantially outweighs the probative value, but nevertheless it
exists.”
       Defendant testified that around 1:00 a.m. on the day the police were called
regarding Doe, he saw B. M. “do something illegal and inappropriate” that left defendant
“heart broken and totally, totally confused . . . . I couldn’t believe what I [had] seen.” At
7:00 a.m., defendant told a neighbor what he had seen, and then left in his car to get food.
When defendant returned to the trailer park, “there was . . . an altercation” and V. B.
“wanted to hit [defendant] with her fists.” Deputy Sheriff Hartfield testified that, when
he responded to the trailer park on July 19, 2017, B. M. told him that defendant “spread[ ]
rumors about” him doing something illegal and inappropriate.
       Defendant further testified he told law enforcement in January 2018 about B. M.’s
actions that morning in July 2017. “[I]t was bothering [him] so much [he] told” an
officer that he was interacting with on a matter unrelated to any issues at trial.
       During cross-examination, defendant admitted he had previously accused other
neighbors besides B. M. of doing inappropriate and illegal acts. He further agreed that he
had hugged Doe: “Same thing I do with my girls. Give little hugs goodbye.” Defendant
also agreed that Doe had been inside his trailer. When pressed by the prosecutor as to
why he failed to report B. M.’s actions earlier if it bothered him so much, defendant
replied he “had no proof,” and January 2018 was the “first time [he] was face to face with
a law enforcement officer.”
       After defendant testified, the trial court said it wanted to state something on the
record “in case this matter is ever reviewed by an appellate court.” After the trial court
explained the procedural background concerning the parties’ efforts to obtain a ruling
from the trial court on the admissibility of defendant’s accusation against B. M., it said,
“[w]e did this on the fly, and there’s really no reason why we should have.” “[T]he Court
had no option but to conclude that the probative value was minimal because it required

                                              8
too much speculation. [The] [p]rejudicial effect of the information that was sought to be
elicited was pretty clear.”
       One key area of disagreement highlighted by the parties’ closing statements was
the issue of what precipitated V. B.’s question to Doe whether defendant touched her
inappropriately. The prosecutor argued it was the morning conversation between
defendant, C. G., and S. P., wherein defendant said some men “like to play with little
girls and little boys.” Defense counsel argued it was a conversation that morning
between B. M. and the neighbor who heard defendant’s accusation that B. M. did
something illegal and inappropriate hours before.
       Defense counsel continued: “[B. M.] . . . had a motive to unduly influence,
persuade and/or manipulate” Doe “into making false allegations about [defendant]. Why
is this? [¶] [Defendant] was alleging that he witnessed [B. M.] . . . do an illegal and
inappropriate act. It would be less likely that law enforcement would believe
[defendant’s] allegations against [B. M.] if [B. M.] beat [defendant] to the punch and
alleged that [defendant] . . . had been molesting” Doe. Defense counsel posited: “So did
[Doe’s] parents threaten that she would be taken away by [child protective services] if
she didn’t follow through with the allegations? This is whether or not threats and/or
bribes potentially influenced her disclosure. We don’t know. We don’t know because
that wasn’t explored.”
       The jury ultimately found defendant guilty of committing multiple sex crimes
against Doe.
                                               B
                                    The New Trial Motion
       After the jury’s verdicts, defendant filed a new trial motion, contending the trial
court “erred in a decision of a question of law that arose during . . . trial” -- referring to
the trial court’s section 352 ruling. Defendant argued, inter alia, that the “sanitized”
evidence the trial court permitted defendant to introduce regarding B. M.’s motive to

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influence Doe’s testimony “severely hampered” “the probative value of th[e] motive
evidence.” Defendant asserted that a posttrial interview of a juror “confirmed that.
When interviewed, Juror number ten stated, ‘Amaro only said that he saw something
“illegal and immoral” going on. Like what? Smoking marijuana? I mean, what is illegal
and immoral?’ ”
       The trial court denied the new trial motion, explaining why its prior section 352
ruling was correct: “It’s difficult to imagine what kind of evidence would be more
inflammatory than that proposed to be introduced. [¶] Second, we don’t know if this
completely uncorroborated and self-serving testimony was true or not. [¶] And third, the
People would have had to challenge that testimony by calling [B. M.] to deny the
allegations against him. The People would [have] had the opportunity to call character
witnesses regarding [B. M.]. [The] People would have had to explore the defendant’s
motives for making these accusations . . . .
       “All of this would [have] resulted in a side trial of [B. M.] which would [have]
consumed significant time, [and] would [have] most likely confused the jury as to the
significance and relevance of this evidence against [B. M.].
       “[¶] . . . [¶]
       “Again, the only reason to introduce this evidence was to let the jury know [B. M.]
and his friends were the moving force behind this prosecution. But the inference the
defendant wanted the jury to make was actually more in the line of speculation as
opposed to legitimate inference.
       “To support it the defendant wanted the jury to fill in the gaps in their theory.
They could not establish that [B. M.] or anyone else forced Jane Doe to adopt these
allegedly false accusations against the defendant. Put it simply, there was no bridge
connecting the defendant’s alleged observation of [B. M.] molesting Jane Doe and Jane
Doe’s allegedly false accusations against the defendant. [¶] The defense offered no

                                               10
evidence to connect the defendant’s alleged observations of [B. M.] molesting Jane Doe
and Jane Doe then falsely accusing the defendant instead of [B. M.] . . . .
       “Considering all of the above, the Court determined that the questionable
probative value of the defendant’s proposed testimony to be substantially outweighed by:
1) probability that its admission would necessitate an undue consumption of time;
2) create substantial danger of undue prejudice; and 3) create substantial danger of
confusing and/or misleading the jury.”
       The trial court further explained it “nevertheless allowed the defense to sanitize
[the] proposed testimony,” by permitting “defendant to testify that he saw [B. M.] doing
something illegal and inappropriate. This . . . testimony still allowed the defendant to ask
the jury to speculate that because he saw [B. M.] commit an illegal and inappropriate act,
[B. M.] had the motive to silence the defendant. [¶] For the reasons I’ve stated when the
Court made its ruling at trial earlier this year it was convinced it was right. The Court
still feels that it exercised [section] 352 in a legitimate and appropriate manner, so
respectfully the motion for new trial is denied.”
                                        DISCUSSION
                                               I
                       The Trial Court Properly “Sanitized” The Evidence
                  Regarding Defendant’s Sexual Abuse Allegation Against B. M.
       Defendant argues “the court’s error when it sanitized the defense evidence under
Evidence Code section 352 constituted an abuse of discretion that violated [his] due
process rights to a fair trial and to present a defense.” We disagree the trial court abused
its discretion.
       Under section 352, “[t]he court in its discretion may exclude evidence if its
probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will (a)
necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue
prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.” “ ‘The “prejudice” referred

                                              11
to in Evidence Code section 352 applies to evidence which uniquely tends to evoke an
emotional bias against [a party] . . . . In applying section 352, “prejudicial” is not
synonymous with “damaging.” ’ ” (People v. Karis (1988) 46 Cal.3d 612, 638.)
       “Where, as here, a discretionary power is statutorily vested in the trial court, its
exercise of that discretion ‘must not be disturbed on appeal except on a showing that the
court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious or patently absurd manner that
resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ ” (People v. Rodrigues (1994) 8 Cal.4th
1060, 1124-1125.) Even if “another court might have” reached a different conclusion
after conducting a section 352 analysis, “[t]hat . . . reveals nothing more than that a
reasonable difference of opinion was possible. Certainly, it does not establish that [a
trial] court [has] ‘exceed[ed] the bounds of reason.’ ” (People v. Clair (1992) 2 Cal.4th
629, 655.)
       The trial court explained its section 352 reasoning as to defendant’s sexual abuse
accusation against B. M. on multiple occasions, providing slightly different versions of
the same overarching analysis. We think the trial court’s ruling can fairly be summarized
as follows: defendant’s accusation, while relevant, was speculative and so “explosive”
that it had to be sanitized due to the dangers of (1) undue consumption of time (for a side
trial on B. M.’s character), (2) undue prejudice to the prosecution’s case, and (3)
confusing or misleading the jury.
       We agree with the trial court that evidence V. B. and B. M. had an ulterior motive
to accuse defendant of molesting Doe and were potentially “the moving force behind
th[e] prosecution” was relevant and had probative value. We also agree with the trial
court that defendant’s evidence was of limited probative value, as there was no
evidentiary “bridge connecting the defendant’s alleged observation of [B. M.] molesting
. . . Doe and . . . Doe’s allegedly false accusations against the defendant.”
       The trial court’s determination that admission of defendant’s evidence would have
created a substantial danger of undue prejudice was also reasonable. The trial court

                                              12
reasonably determined that admission of the evidence created the potential for unduly
prejudicing the jury against the prosecution by angering the jurors that (i) the prosecution
was going after the wrong person (defendant, rather than B. M.), (ii) the prosecution was
only selectively prosecuting Doe’s sex abusers, and/or (iii) Doe’s mother had failed to
protect Doe from multiple child sexual predators -- matters unrelated to the issue on
which defendant’s evidence was admissible (i.e., V. B.’s and B. M.’s motive to lie).
(Cf. People v. Cudjo (1993) 6 Cal.4th 585, 610 [there was no “danger of ‘undue
prejudice’ to the prosecution” under § 352, because “[t]he evidence was not likely ‘to
arouse the emotions of the jurors’ or ‘to be used in some manner unrelated to the issue on
which it was admissible’ ”].)
       The trial court also reasonably determined that introduction of the topic of oral sex
between B. M. and Doe would have created a substantial risk of confusing and
misleading the jury. Though defendant did not seek to establish the truth of his
accusation, the trial court was understandably skeptical the jurors would have been able
to maintain that distinction in their minds, worrying “they could . . . run with it and take it
for the truth of the matter asserted no matter what I tell them.” (See People v. Kovacich
(2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 863, 891-892 [no abuse of discretion under § 352 when a trial
court excludes evidence after “conclud[ing] that the jury will be unable to follow” an
instruction not to consider a statement itself as true, because it is not admitted for its
truth].)
       Given the trial court’s reasonable determinations of the limited probative value of
the evidence, and its potential to unduly prejudice the prosecution and confuse or mislead
the jury, the trial court’s section 352 ruling did not constitute an abuse of discretion.2 In
other words, we find no basis for concluding the trial court acted in an arbitrary,

2      Because defendant does not challenge the trial court’s undue consumption of time
finding pertinent to the section 352 analysis, we do not address it.

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capricious or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.
(People v. Rodrigues, supra, 8 Cal.4th at pp. 1124-1125.)
       None of the cases cited by defendant lead us to a contrary conclusion. Defendant
relies on three cases as examples of when courts have admitted “sexually suggestive or
gruesome photographic evidence” under section 352, citing People v. Navarette (2003)
30 Cal.4th 458, 496, People v. Memro (1995) 11 Cal.4th 786, 866-867, and People v.
Holford (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 155, 170-174, 177-178. Cases in which trial courts have
not abused their discretion to admit evidence fail to provide any basis for finding the trial
court abused its discretion under the unanalogous facts in this case to exclude evidence.
       Defendant further invokes Old Chief v. United States (1997) 519 U.S. 172 for the
proposition he had a right to “present[] concrete evidence” that he saw Doe orally
copulating B. M., but the trial court’s ruling forced him “rely on” the “ ‘abstract premise’
. . . that [he] witnessed something ‘illegal’ and ‘inappropriate.’ ” Old Chief does not
assist defendant.
       “In Old Chief, the United States Supreme Court held that a criminal defendant
could stipulate to the existence of a felony conviction when charged with the federal
equivalent of felon in possession of a firearm.” (People v. Holford, supra,
203 Cal.App.4th at p. 176, fn. omitted.) The United States Supreme Court “discussed the
general federal rule regarding stipulations and the policy underlying that rule . . . . As a
general matter, ‘a criminal defendant may not stipulate or admit his way out of the full
evidentiary force of the case as the Government chooses to present it.’ (Old Chief, supra,
519 U.S. at pp. 186-187.) The court reasoned ‘a piece of evidence may address any
number of separate elements, striking hard just because it shows so much at once . . . .
Evidence thus has force beyond any linear scheme of reasoning, and as its pieces come
together a narrative gains momentum, with power not only to support conclusions but to
sustain the willingness of jurors to draw the inferences, whatever they may be, necessary
to reach an honest verdict. This persuasive power of the concrete and particular is often

                                             14
essential to the capacity of jurors to satisfy the obligations that the law places on them.
. . .’ (Id. at p. 178.)
        “The high court went on to note the ‘accepted rule that the prosecution is entitled
to prove its case free from any defendant’s option to stipulate the evidence away rests on
good sense. A syllogism is not a story, and a naked proposition in a courtroom may be
no match for the robust evidence that would be used to prove it. People who hear a story
interrupted by gaps of abstraction may be puzzled at the missing chapters, and jurors
asked to rest a momentous decision on the story’s truth can feel put upon at being asked
to take responsibility knowing that more could be said than they have heard. A
convincing tale can be told with economy, but when economy becomes a break in the
natural sequence of narrative evidence, an assurance that the missing link is really there is
never more than second best.’ ” (People v. Holford, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 179,
italics omitted.)
        Old Chief’s concern with the prosecution’s ability “to prove its case free from” a
defendant’s ability to “stipulate the evidence away” simply has no application under the
facts of this case. Even if the concern applies with equal force to a defendant’s right to
present a defense, this case did not involve a stipulation. Rather, defendant challenges
the trial court’s evidentiary ruling that the specific nature of B. M.’s alleged conduct had
limited probative value in comparison to the potential to unduly prejudice the prosecution
and confuse or mislead the jury. Old Chief has no bearing on whether the trial court erred
in making that ruling.
        Defendant also contends the “sanitized version” of his evidence “was itself more
prejudicial than probative because it encouraged the jury to . . . speculate[] about the
nature of” B. M.’s conduct that defendant saw, thereby “undermin[ing] the defense
inference,” as jurors might have “speculate[d] [that] [defendant] . . . witnessed some

                                             15
victimless, benign crime.”3 The problem with defendant’s argument is that the trial
court’s section 352 ruling required it to balance competing considerations, including
defendant’s right to present a defense, and as we have already explained, the trial court
did not abuse its discretion in striking that balance. (See People v. Massey (1987) 192
Cal.App.3d 819, 825 [rejecting the defendant’s argument that sanitization of his prior
convictions was improper “notwithstanding the possibility of jury speculation,” because
the trial court was faced with multiple imperfect solutions].)
       Finally, we note the constitutional right to present a defense “does not encompass
the ability to present evidence unfettered by evidentiary rules. [Citation.] Indeed,
application of the ordinary rules of evidence does not impermissibly infringe on a
defendant’s right to present a defense.” (People v. Thomas (2021) 63 Cal.App.5th 612,
627.) Accordingly, the trial court did not constitutionally err when -- pursuant to section
352 -- it sanitized defendant’s accusation against B. M. during the defense’s case.
       For the foregoing reasons, we find no basis for concluding the trial court erred in
“sanitizing” the evidence regarding defendant’s sexual abuse accusation against B. M.

3      For support of this contention, defendant asserts that “a juror told defense counsel
they speculated what was meant by ‘illegal’ and ‘immoral’ and questioned whether
[B. M.] had been smoking marijuana.” This statement by a juror appears in the
memoranda of points and authorities in support of the new trial motion, but not in any
declaration filed in support of the motion. Accordingly, the statement is “not evidence
and [could not have] provide[d] the basis for the granting of the motion,” and cannot be
the basis of a factual assertion on appeal. (Smith, Smith & Kring v. Superior Court
(1997) 60 Cal.App.4th 573, 577-578.)

                                             16
                                              II
                The Trial Court Properly Precluded The Questions To V. B.
              Regarding Defendant’s Sexual Abuse Accusation Against B. M.
        Defendant asserts the trial court constitutionally erred by applying section 352 to
preclude the defense from cross-examining V. B. about defendant’s sexual abuse
accusation against B. M.4 We disagree.
        “The trial court has broad discretion to exclude impeachment evidence under
Evidence Code section 352. [Citation.] Although wide latitude should be given to cross-
examination designed to test the credibility of a prosecution witness, the court retains
discretion to exclude collateral matters.” (People v. Hill (1995) 34 Cal.App.4th 727,
738.)
        In Hill, the trial court limited the defendant’s cross-examination of a prosecution
witness, preventing him from “elicit[ing] testimony concerning the nature of . . . crimes
committed by” the witness’s boyfriend, including the “rape and sodomy of a 15-year-old
girl” in the witness’s presence. The trial court permitted the defendant to question the
witness about threats she made to the victim (for accusing the witness’s boyfriend of
rape), but sanitized the matter by limiting defendant’s questioning of the witness to
“threats to protect her boyfriend from a generic accusation.” On appeal, the defendant
argued “he was improperly limited in his cross-examination” of the witness, because “the
excluded evidence, that [the witness] was willing to threaten to kill in order to protect her
boyfriend from the serious charge of rape, [was] qualitatively different from the evidence

4       We disagree with the People’s contention defendant “forfeited his claims that his
rights to a fair trial, confrontation, and cross-examine witnesses were infringed.”
Defendant invoked in the trial court his rights to a fair trial and to confront witnesses.
And the right of confrontation includes the right to cross-examine witnesses. (People v.
Fuentes (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 956, 963-964.)

                                             17
actually presented, that [the witness] made threats to protect her boyfriend from a generic
accusation.” (People v. Hill, supra, 34 Cal.App.4th at p. 738.)
       The appellate court rejected the argument, explaining “[d]efendant elicited
testimony from [the witness] concerning her presence during an (unspecified) criminal
incident involving her new boyfriend . . . ; concerning her threats to the witnesses to that
criminal incident; concerning her statements to the police about the incident. The
exclusion of the nature or details of the crimes committed by [the witness’s boyfriend]
did not affect defendant’s ability to show that [the witness] had a motive for cooperating
with police and, therefore, for testifying against defendant.” (People v. Hill, supra,
34 Cal.App.4th at pp. 738-739.)
       Here, the trial court’s application of section 352 did not implicate defendant’s
constitutional rights. We conclude the exclusion of the details of defendant’s accusation
against B. M. did not fatally undermine defendant’s ability to show that V. B. had an
ulterior motive to testify against defendant and to manipulate Doe to accuse defendant.
       Moreover, for the same reasons already addressed as to the trial court’s section
352 analysis regarding defendant’s sexual assault accusation against B. M., we fail to see
how the trial court abused its discretion in limiting the scope of V. B.’s cross-examination
as to that accusation. While defendant briefly states that “questioning [V. B.] about
[defendant’s] accusation against [B. M.] would not have unduly consumed time,” he
spends no time addressing the trial court’s concerns in that regard. We thus find no basis
for concluding the trial court abused its discretion in precluding specific questions
regarding defendant’s sexual abuse accusation against B. M. during V. B.’s cross-
examination.
                                              III
               The Trial Court Did Not Err In Denying The New Trial Motion
       A court may grant a new trial when it “has erred in the decision of any question of
law arising during the course of the trial . . . .” (Pen. Code, § 1181, subd. (5).) A trial

                                              18
court “ ‘has broad discretion in ruling on a motion for a new trial, and there is a strong
presumption that it properly exercised that discretion.’ ” (People v. Fuiava (2012)
53 Cal.4th 622, 730.)
       Defendant asserts, “[b]ecause the trial court erred when it sanitized the defense
evidence under Evidence Code section 352, the trial court subsequently abused its
discretion when it denied [his] new trial motion.” As explained ante, however, we
disagree the trial court erred under section 352. Given we have already explained why
we disagree with defendant’s claim of error, we do not reiterate the analysis here.
                                             IV
                             There Was No Cumulative Error
       Defendant argues the cumulative effect of the errors requires reversal. “Under the
‘cumulative error’ doctrine, errors that are individually harmless may nevertheless have a
cumulative effect that is prejudicial.” (In re Avena (1996) 12 Cal.4th 694, 772, fn. 32.)
Because we have concluded defendant has failed to show any error occurred , there was
no cumulative error.
                                              V
                                 Remand For Resentencing
       In supplemental briefing, defendant contends his sentence should be reversed and
the matter remanded for resentencing in light of recent amendments to Penal Code
section 1170, subdivision (b), citing Senate Bill No. 567 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.) (Stats.
2021, ch. 731, § 1.3) and Assembly Bill No. 124 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2021, ch.
695, § 5). The People concede the amendments to Penal Code section 1170, subdivision
(b), effective January 1, 2022, apply retroactively to defendant under In re Estrada
(1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 742. The People argue, however, remand for resentencing is
unnecessary in light of the evidentiary record.
       We agree the amendments to Penal Code section 1170, subdivision (b) under
Senate Bill No. 567 apply retroactively to defendant and conclude remand for

                                             19
resentencing is appropriate in that regard. Because we are remanding for resentencing,
we need not and do not address defendant’s alternative argument that resentencing is
appropriate because he suffered childhood trauma, under newly added Penal Code section
1170, subdivision (b)(6). (See People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 893 [“when part of
a sentence is stricken on review, on remand for resentencing ‘a full resentencing as to all
counts is appropriate, so the trial court can exercise its sentencing discretion in light of
the changed circumstances’ ”].)
                                              A
                                   Additional Background
       Relying in part on a presentence report by a probation officer (which report was
based in part on police reports), the trial court imposed an aggravated term for
defendant’s conviction of committing a lewd act upon a child under the age of 14.
       The presentence report noted one circumstance in mitigation (that defendant had
no prior record), and three circumstances in aggravation: Doe was particularly
vulnerable; the manner in which the offenses were committed indicated planning,
sophistication, or professionalism; and defendant took advantage of a position of trust or
confidence to commit his offenses.
       Explaining its decision to impose the aggravated term, the trial court said, simply:
“I find the aggravated factors outweigh the mitigating factors.”
                                               B
                         Remand For Resentencing Is Appropriate
       Senate Bill No. 567 amended Penal Code section 1170, effective January 1, 2022,
to, among other things, provide a trial court “may impose a sentence exceeding the
middle term only when there are circumstances in aggravation of the crime that justify
the imposition of a term of imprisonment exceeding the middle term, and the facts
underlying those circumstances have been stipulated to by the defendant, or have been
found true beyond a reasonable doubt at trial by the jury or by the judge in a court trial.

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Except where evidence supporting an aggravating circumstance is admissible to prove or
defend against the charged offense or enhancement at trial, or it is otherwise authorized
by law, upon request of a defendant, trial on the circumstances in aggravation alleged in
the indictment or information shall be bifurcated from the trial of charges and
enhancements. The jury shall not be informed of the bifurcated allegations until there has
been a conviction of a felony offense.” (Pen. Code, § 1170, subd. (b)(2), italics added.)
        The parties correctly agree the amendment qualifies as an ameliorative change to
the sentencing laws and therefore applies to any judgment that, like defendant’s
judgment, was not final on the new legislation’s operative date. (See People v. Superior
Court (Lara) (2018) 4 Cal.5th 299, 306-308; People v. Frahs (2020) 9 Cal.5th 618, 624-
625.)
        Invoking Sandoval, the People argue resentencing is not required here, because
“there was undisputed evidence of each of the aggravating circumstances that the trial
court relied upon such that a jury would have found the circumstance to be true beyond a
reasonable doubt.” (Citing People v. Sandoval (2007) 41 Cal.4th 825, 839 [“if a
reviewing court concludes, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the jury, applying the
beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard, unquestionably would have found true at least a
single aggravating circumstance had it been submitted to the jury, the Sixth Amendment
error properly may be found harmless”].)
        But, even if we were to agree with the People’s characterization of the evidence in
the record that supports the presentence report’s discussion of aggravating circumstances,
we find persuasive defendant’s observation that Sandoval actually counsels in favor of
resentencing. Our Supreme Court cautioned that a “reviewing court cannot necessarily
assume that the record reflects all of the evidence that would have been presented had
aggravating circumstances been submitted to the jury,” because “the aggravating
circumstances found by the trial court . . . were not part of the charge and were not
directly at issue in the trial,” and “[d]efendant thus did not necessarily have reason—or

                                             21
the opportunity—during trial to challenge the evidence supporting these aggravating
circumstances unless such a challenge also would have tended to undermine proof of an
element of an alleged offense.” (People v. Sandoval, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 839, italics
added.)
       Here, defendant did not necessarily have reason during his trial to challenge the
evidence the People argue supports imposition of the aggravated term. Accordingly, this
matter must be remanded for resentencing.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The convictions are affirmed. The sentence is vacated, and the matter is remanded
for resentencing.

                                                       /s/
                                                 Robie, Acting P. J.

We concur:

      /s/
Duarte, J.

      /s/
Hoch, J.

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