Court Opinion

ID: 4259512
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-03-29 17:00:51.623278+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:28:50.652025
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

BEACH TV PROPERTIES, INC., et al.,                :
                                                  :
       Plaintiffs,                                :      Civil Action No.:       15-1823 (RC)
                                                  :
       v.                                         :      Re Document No.:        71, 74
                                                  :
HENRY R. SOLOMON, et al.,                         :
                                                  :
       Defendants.                                :

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT; DENYING DEFENDANT’S
                        MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       With the inclusion of a few check marks on a form submitted in 1999, this litigation

might have been avoided. In December of 1999, Defendant Henry Solomon, an attorney for

Plaintiff Atlanta Channel, Inc. (“ACI”), submitted a form on ACI’s behalf to the Federal

Communications Commission (“FCC”) without realizing that several key questions on the form

remained unanswered. Because the form was incomplete, the FCC dismissed it, thereby blocking

ACI’s ability to obtain a special license that would have given it preference on the airwaves. Mr.

Solomon filed a motion with the FCC asking it to reverse its dismissal of the form, but for twelve

years the FCC sat on that motion. In the intervening years, Mr. Solomon retired from the practice

of law. After several failed appeals of the FCC’s dismissal, ACI filed suit in this Court alleging

that Mr. Solomon was negligent when he filed the incomplete form, and now moves for

summary judgment as to Mr. Solomon’s liability. In his cross-motion for summary judgment,

Mr. Solomon argues that ACI cannot recover because its malpractice claim is barred by the

statute of limitations, because ACI was contributorily negligent by failing to complete the form
itself, and because the far-reaching damage ACI now alleges it suffered was not proximately

caused by the submission of the incomplete form. For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds

that neither party has met its burden for a finding of summary judgment in its favor, and

therefore denies both motions.

                   II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       ACI is a broadcast television business that owns and operates a low power television

(“LPTV”) station with the call sign WTHC-LD in Atlanta, Georgia. Pl.’s Statement of Material

Facts Not in Dispute (“Pl.’s SMF”) ¶ 18, Pl.’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 71-

1; Def.’s Statement of Material Facts Not in Genuine Dispute (“Def.’s SMF”) ¶ 1, Def.’s Mot.

Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 76-1. Through this license granted by the FCC, ACI

broadcasts “visitor information to hotels in the Atlanta area.” Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 19–20; Def.’s Brief

Supp. Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s Brief”) at 4, ECF No. 76. From 1993 to 2009 and from 2016 to

present, ACI has held the FCC license for this channel; from 2009 to 2016, the license was

assigned to Beach TV Properties, Inc. (“Beach TV”). Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 20–21. Both ACI and Beach

TV are owned and operated by Jud Colley and Toni Davis. Id. ¶¶ 2–3.

       In 1999, Congress enacted the Community Broadcasters Protection Act (“CBPA”), 47

U.S.C. § 336(f), which directed the FCC to award qualified LPTV licensees Class A licenses

granting them the same protection and status as full power broadcast television stations in the

event of displacement from their assigned broadcast frequency. Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 23–24; Def.’s SMF

¶ 4. ACI claims that its LPTV station met the qualification criteria for a Class A license, as

provided by 47 U.S.C. § 336(f)(2)(A). Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 25–26. Therefore, in December 1999, Mr.

Colley worked with his attorney Henry Solomon, who at the time was employed by the Virginia

                                                 2
law firm Haley Bader & Potts, to obtain a Class A license for WTHC-LD, along with several

LPTV stations owned by Beach TV. Id. ¶¶ 7–8, 29–44.

       In order to obtain a Class A license for an LPTV station, applicants must have completed

and filed Statements of Eligibility with the FCC by January 28, 2000. See 47 U.S.C.

§336(f)(1)(B). The CBPA provided that “[a]bsent a material deficiency, the [FCC would] grant

certification of eligibility to apply for class A status.” Id. Therefore, in December 1999, Mr.

Colley “partially filled out and signed Statements of Eligibility for five (5) LPTV licenses owned

by Beach TV and sent them to Mr. Solomon for review and filing with the FCC.” Pl.’s SMF ¶

31. Questions 3(a), 3(b), 3(c), and 4 remained incomplete on each form. Id. ¶ 32; Solomon Dep.

20:12–21:7, 21:16–21:20, Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 72-4. Mr. Colley claims that he sent the forms to

Mr. Solomon partially filled out because he “did not know how to provide the appropriate

answers to the Qualification Questions on any of the Beach TV Statements.” Pl.’s SMF ¶ 32; see

also Colley Dep. 99:13–103:3, 106:21–107:5, Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 72-2. Therefore, he “relied on

Mr. Solomon to provide the appropriate answers” to the questions he left blank. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 32.

A paralegal at the Haley firm filled in the relevant parts of the forms, at which point Mr.

Solomon reviewed the forms and submitted them to the FCC on December 28, 1999. Pl.’s SMF

¶¶ 33–34. Around that time, Mr. Colley sent Mr. Solomon a similarly partially filled out and

signed form for ACI’s LPTV channel, and similarly relied on Mr. Solomon to complete the form.

Id. ¶¶ 35–36. However, Mr. Solomon submitted this form to the FCC with the boxes for

Questions 3(a), 3(b), 3(c), and 4 left blank. Id. ¶¶ 37–39; see also Ex. A, Pl.’s SMF, ECF No. 71-

3. The form also contained the incorrect call sign for the LPTV station. Solomon Dep. 24:18–

25:17, ECF No. 72-4. On March 6, 2000, Mr. Solomon switched employers from the Haley firm

to the D.C. firm Garvey, Schubert & Barer. See Def.’s SMF ¶ 8.

                                                 3
        On June 2, 2000, the FCC’s Mass Media Bureau (“MMB”) accepted Beach TV’s

Statements of Eligibility, and soon after granted Beach TV’s stations Class A licenses. Pl.’s SMF

¶ 42. However, on June 9, 2000, the MMB dismissed ACI’s Statement because it was

incomplete. Id. ¶ 43. Mr. Solomon informed Mr. Colley of the dismissal soon thereafter. See

Colley Dep. 93:14–97:14, Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 76-3. Mr. Colley told Mr. Solomon that they

would “need to do everything possible to get [the] Class A status” for the ACI station. Pl.’s SMF

¶ 45. Therefore, on June 22, 2000, Mr. Solomon filed a Petition for Reconsideration of the

Dismissal with the Bureau, which included a correctly filled out, amended Statement of

Eligibility. Id. ¶ 47. However, on November 20, 2000, the MMB denied the Petition for

Reconsideration because ACI’s original Statement of Eligibility had been “patently defective.”

Id. ¶ 49.

        A few weeks later, on December 13, 2000, Mr. Solomon emailed Mr. Colley about

seeking further review of the dismissal with the FCC, and explained that in the meantime, “it

d[id] not appear that the station [wa]s likely to suffer any harm as a result of” the dismissal. Id.

¶¶ 50–51. Mr. Colley agreed that for the time being, the station was not at risk of displacement,

but worried that at some point in the future it could be. Id. ¶ 53. Therefore, on December 20,

2000, Mr. Solomon filed an Application for Review by the full FCC of the MMB’s denial of

ACI’s Petition for Reconsideration. Id. ¶ 56. The Application languished for twelve long years. It

was ultimately denied on November 8, 2012. Id. ¶ 57.

        During the first few years following the submission of the Application, Mr. Solomon

communicated with ACI regarding its status, and in 2004 drafted a letter in support of the

Application from U.S. Representative John Lewis of Georgia to be submitted to the FCC. Id. ¶¶

                                                  4
58–60. The last time Mr. Solomon communicated directly with Mr. Colley regarding the

Application was in 2008. Id. ¶ 60.

       Also in 2008, Mr. Solomon began the process of winding down his practice at the Garvey

firm due to his advanced age. See Ex. 25, Solomon Dep., Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 72-5. The details

regarding how he characterized this change to Mr. Colley remain murky. Mr. Colley summarizes

Mr. Solomon’s 2009 communications with him regarding this “transition” as follows: that Mr.

Solomon told Mr. Colley that he would turn over responsibility for ACI and Beach TV matters to

Melodie Virtue, another partner at the firm; that she would become the “front person” for ACI

and Beach TV’s dealings with the FCC; that Mr. Solomon would act “in the background” as a

“consultant”; that Mr. Solomon would remain in Washington, D.C. and would maintain an office

at the Garvey firm; that he would continue to perform a limited amount of work for the firm; and

that he would continue to work on pro bono matters. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 64. In his deposition, Mr.

Solomon said that he could not recall speaking with Mr. Colley or Ms. Davis about his

retirement, see Solomon Dep. 108:2–17, 140:8–22, ECF No. 72-4, but now claims that he never

told Mr. Colley that he “would be the back person regarding legal representation of ACI or any

of the other businesses owned by Colley.” 2d Solomon Decl. ¶ 8, Def.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 78-6.

       On December 11, 2009, Mr. Solomon forwarded an email to Mr. Colley that contained an

image of a “biker bar in Florida.” See Ex. C, Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 71-5. The image depicted three

motorized scooters parked outside of a convenience store. In the email, Mr. Solomon told Mr.

Colley, while referring to the photo: “Not me. Staying in DC forever. Transition will be smooth

and I will be around to consult, etc.” Id. In response, Mr. Colley joked, “Don’t look close, they

may have our names on them.” Id. The parties have provided no other documentation regarding

how Mr. Solomon informed Mr. Colley of his impending retirement. Mr. Colley claims that the

                                                 5
email “was the only written communication by Mr. Solomon to Mr. Colley regarding his

‘transition’ at the Garvey Firm.” Pl.’s SMF ¶ 69.

       Between 2008 and 2011, Mr. Solomon took several steps to wind down his practice. On

July 1, 2010, his employment at the Garvey firm was officially terminated. See Ex. 25, Solomon

Dep. Mr. Solomon relinquished his Virginia bar license in 2009 and his D.C. license in 2011.

Def.’s SMF ¶ 19. However, Mr. Solomon did not completely sever his relationship with the

Garvey firm upon his termination and the relinquishment of his bar licenses. He continued to

work from his office at the firm several days a week, and maintained a pro bono practice. Pl.’s

SMF ¶¶ 70, 73. Additionally, at least in ACI’s case, he continued to advise his former partners

on their work before the FCC. See, e.g., Ex. 41, Virtue Dep., Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 72-7.

       In February 2012, Congress passed the Spectrum Act, which Mr. Colley worried might

affect ACI’s LPTV spectrum usage rights. As such, he contacted Ms. Virtue, whom he believed

he had been told would be the “front person” for all of ACI’s dealings with the FCC, inquiring as

to the status of ACI’s December 2000 Application for Review. Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 85–87. Up until Mr.

Colley’s email, Ms. Virtue had been unaware that ACI had an Application for Review pending

before the FCC. Id. ¶¶ 88–89. The next morning Ms. Virtue emailed Mr. Solomon asking if he

knew whether the FCC had ever issued a decision regarding the Application for Review (which

she referred to as a petition for reconsideration), and after he answered that it had not issued a

decision, she confirmed that it was still a “live” Application. See Ex. E, Pl.’s SMF., ECF No. 71-

7.

       Upon further inquiry, Ms. Virtue learned that the Garvey firm did not have a complete

record of the Application, and the FCC had “no records in its Public File regarding the

Application for Review.” Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 90–91. Therefore, Ms. Virtue reconstructed the record for

                                                  6
the Application for Review using documents provided by Mr. Colley and forwarded the

reconstructed record to the FCC. She informed Mr. Colley that she was “in communication with

Mr. Solomon about the Application for Review.” Id. ¶ 94.

       While Ms. Virtue had “notified the FCC in writing [that] she would be the contact person

for other matters handled by Mr. Solomon for Beach TV,” which at that point was the licensee

for the relevant LPTV station, she did not notify the FCC in writing that she would be the contact

person for the Application for Review, nor did she substitute as counsel of record. Id. ¶¶ 95–100.

However, she immediately began strategizing, with the help of Mr. Solomon, on how to obtain a

favorable decision on the Application for Review for Beach TV. On March 23, 2012, Mr.

Solomon emailed Ms. Virtue from his personal email account to brainstorm, writing “Do you

think that a Supplement to the Application for Review might be worthwhile-including Cong.

Letter and more facts? One reason is that now that the staff has the file, it might act quickly.

Also, arrange meeting with Barbara and bring Jud?” Ex. F, Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 71-8. Ms. Virtue

responded that “Jud’s already trying to get another congressional letter and I’ve recommended

Jud come back up for FCC meetings with the Commissioners. A supplement might be a good

idea.” Id. In response, Mr. Solomon explained, “I’m just trying to head off a quick decision

before we exhaust all other options. Based on my experience with Honig, I think meetings with

commissioner[]s as a first resort isn’t advisable. I’d set something up with Barbara and Joyce

first—with Jud.” Id. Ms. Virtue believes that after that exchange she likely communicated to Mr.

Colley that “Henry [Solomon] was giving [her] some ideas on how to get the FCC to act on that

pending application for review, and to bring it full circle with the staff, based on the fact that it

had been pending for 12 years.” Virtue Dep. 94:14–95:12, Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 72-6.

                                                   7
       Mr. Colley went on to lobby the FCC for an adjudication in his favor, using lobbyists not

employed by the Garvey firm. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 108–09. One of those lobbyists was Benjamin Perez,

an engineer who is also a licensed attorney. Colley Dep. 147:8–15, ECF No. 76-3; see also Ex.

10, Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 76-12. During that time, the FCC contacted Mr. Solomon requesting a

copy of ACI’s Statement of Eligibility. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 112. Mr. Solomon forwarded the request to

Ms. Virtue, who supplied the FCC with a copy of the statement. Id.

       On November 8, 2012, the FCC denied the Application for Review, explaining that

ACI’s Statement of Eligibility had a “material deficiency” because it did not include answers to

key questions. See Ex. G, Pl.’s SMF, ECF No. 71-9. The next day, Ms. Virtue sent a copy of the

denial to Mr. Solomon for his review, and told him that she planned to file a Petition for

Reconsideration with the FCC. Pl.’s SMF ¶¶ 118–19. Mr. Solomon offered to provide her with

“input” and “wisdom” as she drafted the petition. Id. ¶ 120. On November 16, 2012, Mr.

Solomon emailed Ms. Virtue with his “preliminary thoughts” on the denial and the types of

arguments that could be made in the Petition for Reconsideration. In his email, he included a

phrase (“the law favors repose”) that Ms. Virtue liked so much that she included it in the final

petition. Id. ¶¶ 121–123, 126. In his email, he also used the phrase “we” when describing

strategy for the case. See Ex. H, Pl.’s SMF, ECF No. 71-10.

       On November 21, 2012, Ms. Virtue emailed Mr. Colley and Ms. Davis discussing her

recommendations for the Petition for Reconsideration. See Ex. 43, Virtue Dep., Pl.’s Mot., ECF

No. 72-7. In the email, she also responded to a previous email from Ms. Davis in which Ms.

Davis expressed her belief that this whole situation had arisen because of a clerical error by the

Haley firm. Id. Ms. Virtue explained that it would behoove Beach TV to consider engaging

independent counsel to consider whether Beach TV and the Garvey firm had a conflict of interest

                                                 8
regarding the Petition for Reconsideration. Id. She explained that Beach TV had several options

as it assessed whether a conflict existed. Id. It “could decide to have Garvey Schubert Barer file

the Petition for Reconsideration, [it] could transfer this matter to independent counsel, or [it]

could engage another firm with expertise in administrative litigation to serve as co-counsel with

Garvey Schubert Barer and complement [Ms. Virtue’s] background in communications

regulation.” Id. Beach TV and ACI retained the law firm Balch & Bingham to determine whether

there was a conflict, but ultimately chose to proceed with the Garvey firm as counsel for the

Petition. See Ex. 54, Virtue Dep., Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 72-7.

       Upon finishing a draft of the Petition, Ms. Virtue sent a copy to Mr. Colley and Ms.

Davis, and also left a copy on Mr. Solomon’s chair in his Garvey firm office for him to review.

See Ex. J, Pl.’s SMF, ECF No. 71-12; Ex. K, Pl.’s SMF, ECF No. 71-13. It appears that Mr.

Solomon was in the office that day, because an hour and a half later, he responded to Ms. Virtue

with comments. In those comments, he suggested

               Maybe a short para. saying that what the FCC did to us vs. its
               flexibility vis-a-vis other filers, borders on disparate treatment. See
               Melody Music, Inc. v. FCC (a couple of cases followed and relied
               on MM doctrine. Similarly-situated parties can’t be treated
               differently. Granted network stations though anti-trust
               violations/deception, but denied AM renewal where also deceptive
               practices.) Melody Music v. FCC, 345 F.2d 730 (DC Cir. 1965). I
               haven’t re-read the McElroy Electronics case, but I think MM was
               cited. 990 F.2d 1351 (DC Cir. 1993). In any event, MM has been
               cited in a number of subsequent cases that you can easily find. Jud’s
               Declaration excellent.

Ex. K, Pl.’s SMF. Seven minutes later, he sent another email, which read: “Also see fn. 13 White

Mtn. Beg. Co, Inc. v. FCC 598 F.2d 274 (1998). Did not follow MM, but distinguished. I think

maybe we’re closer to MM than was appellant in WMtn. I will be re-reading Pet. For Recon.” Id.

Ms. Virtue incorporated an analysis of the Melody Music case into the final Petition for Review.

                                                  9
Pl.’s SMF ¶ 130. Mr. Colley recalls Ms. Virtue informing him at the time that she was consulting

with Mr. Solomon as she prepared the Petition for Review. Colley Dep. 177:21–178:8, ECF No.

72-2. Ms. Virtue does not recall telling Mr. Colley that Mr. Solomon was involved, but she

“assumes” that she did. Virtue Dep. 166:18–167:2, ECF No. 72-6. Ms. Virtue submitted the

Petition on December 7, 2012. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 133.

       On October 7, 2014, the MMB denied the Petition for Reconsideration because “[t]he

Atlanta Channel’s initial Statement of Eligibility lacked any information supporting eligibility,

and its corrected statement was untimely.” Ex. 53, Virtue Dep., ECF No. 72-7. In response to

this denial, Ms. Virtue emailed Mr. Colley and Ms. Davis explaining the process for filing an

appeal of the decision to the D.C. Circuit. See Ex. 54, Virtue Dep., ECF No. 72-7. She also

explained that it would be wise at that juncture to again consult with outside counsel regarding

whether Beach TV and the Garvey firm had a conflict of interest that could affect the appeal. Id.

       Beach TV ultimately decided to file an appeal with the D.C. Circuit using a different law

firm, but continued to retain the Garvey firm for other matters. The D.C. Circuit affirmed the

FCC denial of the Petition for Review on September 23, 2015. See Beach TV Props., Inc. v.

FCC, 617 Fed. App’x 10 (D.C. Cir. 2015). One month later, on October 26, 2015, Beach TV and

ACI filed this suit against Mr. Solomon, the Haley firm, and the Garvey firm. See generally

Compl., ECF No. 1. At that point, Ms. Virtue advised Mr. Colley that the Garvey firm could no

longer represent ACI and Beach TV due to the conflict of interest posed by the lawsuit. Pl.’s

SMF ¶ 151.

       All three defendants moved to dismiss ACI and Beach TV’s First Amended Complaint.

See ECF Nos. 24, 25, 27. The Court granted the Garvey and Haley firms’ motions, and granted

in part and denied in part Mr. Solomon’s. See Beach TV Props., Inc. v. Solomon, No. 15-cv-

                                                10
1823, 2016 WL 6068806 (D.D.C. Oct. 14, 2016). It also dismissed claims by Beach TV for lack

of standing. Id. With only one active claim remaining (ACI’s claim against Mr. Solomon for his

submission of the defective form) ACI filed a motion to amend its complaint a second time,

which the Court granted in part and denied in part. See Beach TV Props., Inc. v. Solomon, 254 F.

Supp. 3d 118 (D.D.C. 2017). Following the Court’s order, the case now contains two surviving

claims of legal malpractice: one against Mr. Solomon for preparing and filing the incomplete

Statement of Eligibility, and one against Ms. Virtue for failing to advise ACI about, among other

things, potential conflicts and claims arising from Mr. Solomon’s alleged malpractice. See 2d

Am. Compl., ECF No. 69. ACI and Mr. Solomon subsequently filed cross-motions for summary

judgment on Mr. Solomon’s liability to ACI for malpractice. Their motions are now ripe for

review.

                                     III. LEGAL STANDARD

          A court may grant a motion for summary judgment when there is “no genuine dispute as

to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a). “Material” facts are those capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation,

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986), and a dispute regarding those facts is

“genuine” if there is enough evidence on the record for a reasonable jury to find for the non-

movant, Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007).

          On summary judgment, the movant bears the initial burden of identifying portions of the

record that demonstrate the absence of any genuine issue of material fact. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c)(1); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). In response, the non-movant must

point to specific facts in the record that reveal a genuine issue that is suitable for trial. See Fed.

R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324. The purported dispute may not be based on mere

                                                   11
allegations—rather, the non-movant must present affirmative evidence demonstrating that there

is indeed a genuine dispute. Laningham v. U.S. Navy, 813 F.2d 1236, 1241 (D.C. Cir. 1987).

However, all underlying facts and inferences must be analyzed in the light most favorable to the

non-movant. See Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255. When the statute of limitations is at issue,

“[t]he burden of proof rests with the defendants because the statute of limitations is an

affirmative defense.” Seed Company Limited v. Westerman, 832 F.3d 325 (D.C. Cir. 2016)

(citing Brin v. S.E.W. Inv’rs, 902 A.2d 784, 800–01 (D.C. 2006)).

                                         IV. ANALYSIS

       ACI and Mr. Solomon have each moved for a ruling in their favor regarding Mr.

Solomon’s liability for the submission of the incomplete Statement of Eligibility. See Pl.’s Mot.;

Def.’s Mot. ACI argues that the Court should grant it summary judgment because it has

demonstrated that Mr. Solomon committed malpractice when he submitted the incomplete form

and because it filed suit within the statute of limitations period. Mr. Solomon argues that the

Court should rule in his favor because he has demonstrated that ACI’s suit is barred by the

statute of limitations. In the alternative, Mr. Solomon argues that ACI was contributorily

negligent when it forwarded the incomplete Statement of Eligibility to him for his review, and

that ACI cannot show, as a matter of law, that it was Mr. Solomon’s actions that led to the full

extent of the loss ACI alleges it suffered in its Second Amended Complaint. For the reasons set

forth below, the Court finds that questions of fact remain as to whether Mr. Solomon committed

legal malpractice when he submitted the incomplete form, whether ACI’s claim against Mr.

Solomon is time-barred, and whether Mr. Solomon’s actions proximately caused the full extent

of ACI’s injuries, and therefore denies both parties’ motions for summary judgment.

                                                 12
                                     A. Statute of Limitations1

        The parties dispute whether ACI’s claim of legal malpractice against Mr. Solomon is

time-barred. Legal malpractice claims in the District of Columbia “may not be brought” more

than three years “from the time the right to maintain the action accrues.” D.C. Code § 12-301(8).

Despite bringing this suit almost sixteen years after Mr. Solomon’s error, ACI promotes several

arguments as to why its suit is not time-barred. First, ACI argues that its claim did not accrue at

the time of Mr. Solomon’s error, or upon its discovery of that error, because ACI did not suffer

an actual injury as a result of Mr. Solomon’s alleged malpractice until November 10, 2014, when

it began to pay its new lawyers for its appeal of the FCC’s decision to the D.C. Circuit. See Pl.’s

Mem. Law Supp. Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 13–14, ECF No. 73. Second, it claims that

even if it did suffer an injury earlier, its suit is not time-barred because its claim was tolled

during the lengthy time period during which Mr. Solomon continued to represent the company in

its attempt to obtain a Class A license for its LPTV station and because it brought suit within

three years of the end of the tolling period. See id. at 16–17. Third, ACI argues that even if Mr.

Solomon did not in fact represent it after October 26, 2012 (three years before this suit was

filed), his actions surrounding his retirement were so unclear that he lulled ACI into inaction. See

        1
          “A federal court sitting in diversity must apply the choice-of-law rules of the forum
state—here, the District of Columbia.” In re APA Assessment Fee Litig., 766 F.3d 39, 51 (D.C.
Cir. 2014); Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496 (1941). “Looking to the D.C.
choice-of-law rules, we see that they treat statutes of limitations as procedural, and therefore
almost always mandate application of the District’s own statute of limitations.” A.I. Trade Fin.,
Inc. v. Petra Intern. Banking Corp., 62 F.3d 1454, 1458 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (citing Namerdy v.
Generalcar, 217 A.2d 109, 113 (D.C. 1966)). Therefore, the Court will apply D.C. law in its
analysis of the statute of limitations. However, “[u]nder proper conflict of laws principles, the
Court is to conduct the choice of law analysis for each distinct issue being adjudicated.” Long v.
Sears Roebuck & Co., 877 F. Supp. 8, 11 (D.D.C. 1995) (citing In re Air Crash Disaster at
Washington, D.C., 559 F. Supp. 333, 341 (D.D.C. 1983)); see also Logan v. Providence Hosp.,
Inc., 778 A.2d 275, 280 (D.C. 2001) (“[D]ifferent law may apply to different issues in a
lawsuit.”) Therefore, this choice of law decision does not apply to any other issues in this case.

                                                  13
id. at 19. Fourth, ACI accuses Mr. Solomon of fraudulently concealing his retirement from ACI,

thereby tolling the statute of limitations until it discovered his fraud. See id. at 21–22.

       In response, Mr. Solomon claims that his representation of ACI ended upon his

retirement in 2010. See Def.’s Opp’n at 13, ECF No. 78. In addition, he argues that the lulling

doctrine is inapplicable, and his actions did not amount to fraudulent concealment. See id. at 18,

21. For the reasons set forth below, the Court concludes that ACI’s injury as a result of Mr.

Solomon’s alleged negligence occurred when its Statement of Eligibility was dismissed in June

2000, that Mr. Solomon did not lull ACI into inaction, and that Mr. Solomon did not fraudulently

conceal from ACI its cause of action against him. However, the Court also finds that questions of

fact remain as to whether ACI’s claim against Mr. Solomon was tolled past October 26, 2012

due to the continuing representation doctrine. As such, the Court cannot find at this time that the

statute of limitations has run on ACI’s malpractice claim against Mr. Solomon.

                                          1. Date of Injury

       When determining whether the statute of limitations on a claim has run, a court must first

determine when the relevant cause of action accrued. See Williams v. Mordofsky, 901 F.2d 158,

162 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (citing Byers v. Burleson, 713 F.2d 856, 859–60 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). One

method of determining when a legal malpractice claim accrues in the District of Columbia is the

so-called “injury” rule. “Under this rule, a claim for legal malpractice accrues when the plaintiff-

client suffers actual injury, not when the act causing the injury occurs.” Byers, 713 F.2d at 859–

60.

       ACI claims that it did not suffer an injury as a result of Mr. Solomon’s alleged negligence

until November 10, 2014, when it suffered the “actual injury” of incurring legal fees and

expenses by taking an appeal of the FCC’s decision to the D.C. Circuit. See Pl.’s Mem. at 14.

                                                  14
ACI claims that this was the first injury it suffered because even though its application for a

Class A license was denied on June 9, 2000, it has not yet suffered displacement from Channel

42. It explains that “ACI therefore did not lo[]se any existing right, remedy or interest when Mr.

Solomon filed the incomplete ACI Statement in 1999. ACI had and retained the right to use

Channel 42 of the broadcast spectrum in Atlanta because ACI held a low power television

license. Mr. Solomon’s mistake did not affect that right.” Id. Even after the passage of the

Spectrum Act in 2012, ACI’s LPTV station was not displaced, and it remains unclear whether

the Act makes the station more likely to be displaced. Id. As such, ACI claims that the only

actual injury it has suffered are the legal fees it incurred for its appeal to the D.C. Circuit. ACI

makes no attempt to reconcile this argument with its allegation in its Second Amended

Complaint that it is owed over $25,000,000 in damages due to the diminished value of its LPTV

station. See 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 70–72.

        “At the earliest, [a cause of] action accrues ‘when the plaintiff has sustained some injury,

even if the injury occurs prior to the time at which the precise amount of damages can be

ascertained.’” Bleck v. Power, 955 A.2d 712, 715 (D.C. 2008) (quoting Ideal Elec. Sec. Co., Inc.

v. Brown, 817 A.2d 806, 811 (D.C. 2003)). “The term ‘injury’ encompasses any ‘loss or

impairment of a right, remedy or interest, or the imposition of a liability.’” Id. (quoting 3 Mallen

& Smith, Legal Malpractice, § 23:11 (2008 ed.)). “It is not necessary that all or even the greater

part of the damages have to occur before the cause of action arises.” Knight v. Furlow, 553 A.2d

1232, 1235 (D.C. 1989) (citing United States v. Gutterman, 701 F.2d 104, 106 (9th Cir. 1983)).

       Despite its arguments to the contrary, ACI suffered actual injury as a result of Mr.

Solomon’s alleged negligence on June 9, 2000, when the FCC dismissed ACI’s Statement of

Eligibility, thereby precluding it from applying for a Class A license. ACI explains, “[t]he sole

                                                  15
reason for filing the ACI Statement in 1999 was to get Class A status for the WTHC-LD License

and thus protect it from the possibility of displacement due to the FCC’s promotion of new

technology.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 19, ECF No. 79. Therefore, the dismissal of the Statement of

Eligibility, which precluded ACI from obtaining a Class A license for its LPTV station, was the

first actual harm ACI suffered as a result of Mr. Solomon’s alleged negligence. At that point, its

station lost its chance to obtain the same protection from displacement as a full power television

station has, and also possibly its opportunity to increase in value as a result of obtaining that

license. See 2d Colley Decl. ¶ 23, ECF No. 79-3. Even though the full extent of the damages

caused by the dismissal of the Statement of Eligibility may not have been apparent in 2000, the

dismissal of the Statement was a real, concrete injury, and would have provided a basis for a

malpractice suit in 2000 if ACI had chosen to sue Mr. Solomon then. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 22

(“ACI’s damages are measured by the difference between ACI having a Class A license and not

having a Class A license.”)

       Because ACI suffered an actual injury as the result of Mr. Solomon’s alleged malpractice

in 2000 but did not bring this suit until 2015well beyond the three years required by the

applicable statute of limitationsthe Court must evaluate whether there are any applicable

common law doctrines that excuse ACI’s otherwise late filing. ACI claims that there are three:

the continuous representation doctrine, lulling, and fraudulent concealment. The Court addresses

each in turn.

                                   1. Continuous Representation

       ACI has invoked the continuous representation doctrine to argue that the statute of

limitations has not run on its malpractice claim against Mr. Solomon. ACI claims that, because

Mr. Solomon continued to represent the company in its attempt to secure a Class A license

                                                 16
through at least October 26, 2012, the continuous representation doctrine tolled the statute of

limitations during that time period, thereby making the suit that it brought only three years later

timely. Pl.’s Mem. at 16. Mr. Solomon counters that the continuous representation doctrine does

not make ACI’s claim timely, because his representation of ACI ended upon his retirement in

2010 and ACI did not bring suit within three years of that date. The parties dispute whether Mr.

Solomon ever clearly told ACI that he was retiring from the practice of law in 2010. The Court

finds that because a material question of fact remains as to whether Mr. Colley and Ms. Davis

reasonably believed that Mr. Solomon was still representing them in their pursuit of a Class A

license, it is precluded from granting summary judgment on this issue to either party.

       The continuous representation doctrine “tolls the statute of limitations for a legal

malpractice claim during the time the attorney continues to represent the client in the relevant

matter. The rule aims to avoid putting a client in the position of having to choose between (i)

disrupting an ongoing lawyer-client relationship to enable bringing a malpractice claim and (ii)

continuing the relationship but relinquishing the claim.” Seed Company Ltd. v. Westerman, 832

F.3d 325, 332 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (citing See Bradley v. Nat’l Ass’n of Sec. Dealers Dispute

Resolution, 433 F.3d 846, 850 (D.C. Cir. 2005)). Under the doctrine, “when the injury to the

client may have occurred during the period the attorney was retained, the malpractice cause of

action does not accrue until the attorney’s representation concerning the particular matter in issue

is terminated.” Id. (quoting R.D.H. Commc’ns, Ltd. v. Winston, 700 A.2d 766, 768 (D.C.

1997)).” “Although the rule will not always toll the statute of limitations during an appeal, it is

not categorically inapplicable either. At the least, the rule applies when the same attorneys

continue to represent a client in connection with the same matter.” Id. (citing De May v. Moore

& Bruce, LLP, 584 F. Supp. 2d 170, 183 (D.D.C. 2008)). This doctrine applies even when the

                                                 17
client is aware that a malpractice claim may exist. Bleck v. Power, 955 A.2d 712, 715 (D.C.

2008). When the attorney-client relationship ends, and therefore when the statute of limitation

begins to run, is a question of fact, Winston, 700 A.2d at 768, and there are “no bright-line

rule[s]” for that determination. Mallen, Legal Malpractice § 23:47. “On summary judgment, if

the defendant has raised a statute of limitations defense, the plaintiff must show that a genuine

issue of fact exists as to whether the discovery rule or equitable tolling applies.” Abate v. District

of Columbia, 659 F. Supp. 2d 156, 160 (D.D.C. 2009).

       District of Columbia courts provide scant guidance of how a Court should determine

when an attorney-client relationship ended when the client believes that an attorney continued to

represent him after the attorney believes that the representation has ended. D.C. courts have,

however, determined that formal withdrawal of an appearance before a tribunal is not required to

end the representation; rather, the representation ends when the parties agree that it has ended.

See Rocha v. Brown & Gould, LLP, 101 F. Supp. 3d 52, 73–74 (D.D.C. 2015) (citing Casas-

Cordero v. Salz, No. 11-CV-1713, 2012 WL 2190879, at *4 (S.D. Cal. June 14, 2012) and Aaron

v. Roemer, Wallens & Mineaux, LLP, 707 N.Y.S.2d 711, 714 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2000)). As such, the

fact that Mr. Solomon never withdrew his appearance before the FCC is of little import.

Additionally, D.C. courts have explained that when the attorney and client do not have an

understanding regarding the nature of their relationship, “a client’s perception of an attorney as

his counsel is a consideration [for the court] in determining whether a[n attorney-client]

relationship exists,” Matter of Lieber, 442 A.2d 153, 156 (D.C. 1982).

       “Where, as here, ‘the substantive law of the forum state is uncertain or ambiguous, the

job of the federal courts is carefully to predict how the highest court of the forum state would

resolve the uncertainty or ambiguity.’” Boley v. Atl. Monthly Grp., 950 F. Supp. 2d 249, 255

                                                 18
(D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Travelers Ins. Co. v. 633 Third Assocs., 14 F.3d 114, 119 (2d Cir.

1994)); see also Hull v. Eaton Corp., 825 F.2d 448, 453 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (“Our task is thus to

choose the rule we believe the District of Columbia is likely to adopt in the future.”) (citing 19 C.

Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 4507, 103 (1982)). The two

jurisdictions to have produced the most continuous representation jurisprudence are New York

(at the state supreme court level) and California (at the intermediate appellate level). Both states

trend in the direction of examining the client’s perception of the attorney-client relationship, and

allowing the trier of fact to determine if that perception was reasonable.

       The New York Court of Appeals has held that the statute of limitations stops tolling when

the client discovers or should have discovered that the attorney had abandoned his representation

of the client. See Shumsky v. Eisenstein, 96 N.Y.2d 164, 170–71 (2001). In Shumsky, the court

found that the plaintiffs were on notice that the defendant had ceased representing them when he

failed to return their many calls, three years after they had retained him to file a breach of

contract action, and three years after they had last heard from him. Id. at 171. This case was an

implicit overruling of what other jurisdictions had called the “New York rule,” which required,

in order to be granted tolling, a demonstration of ongoing communication between the attorney

and the client, i.e. “clear indicia of an ongoing, continuous, developing and dependent

relationship between the client and the attorney, . . . marked with trust and confidence.” Muller v.

Sturman 437 N.Y.S.2d 205, 208 (N.Y. App. Div. 1981). New York courts have since

transitioned to the Shumsky rule, such as in Cordero v. Koval Retjig & Dean PLLC, when a New

York court found that when an attorney who had worked on a matter left the firm that was

representing the plaintiff, and provided “no evidence that plaintiff was ever informed of, or had

objective notice of, [his] departure,” a triable issue of fact remained as to whether the statute of

                                                 19
limitations was tolled under the continuous representation doctrine. 57 N.Y.S.3d 145 (N.Y. App.

Div. 2017).

       California courts originally varied in their approach as well. See Gonzalez v. Kalu, 43

Cal. Rptr. 3d 866, 871 (Cal. Ct. App. 2006) (rejecting, as other California courts had, the New

York rule, but observing that “[s]ome California courts have endorsed the purported ‘New York

rule’ [] for purposes of the continuing representation rule”). In Kalu, a case in which a client had

hired an attorney to represent her in a sexual harassment action, but then did not discover for

three years that he had never actually filed the lawsuit, the court held that, “in the event of an

attorney’s unilateral withdrawal or abandonment of the client, the representation ends when the

client actually has or reasonably should have no expectation that the attorney will provide further

legal services. That may occur upon the attorney’s express notification to the client that the

attorney will perform no further services, or, if the attorney remains silent, may be inferred from

the circumstances.” Id. at 872 (internal citations omitted). This is because “[a]fter a client has no

reasonable expectation that the attorney will provide further legal services, [] the client is no

longer hindered by a potential disruption of the attorney-client relationship and no longer relies

on the attorney’s continuing representation, so the tolling should end.” Id. The court explained

that “[w]hether the client actually and reasonably believed that the attorney would provide

further legal services regarding a specific subject matter is predominantly a question of fact for

the trier of fact, but can be decided as a question of law if the undisputed facts can support only

one conclusion.” Id. at 873. A Washington State appellate court has also adopted the Gonzalez

approach. See Hipple v. McFadden, 255 P.3d 730, 734 (Wash. App. Div. 2011), review denied,

259 P.3d 1108 (Wash. 2011) (“We adopt the Gonzalez approach. Running the statute of

limitations from the first break in continuity of the relationship does not protect an injured client

                                                  20
where the attorney abandons representation. The Gonzalez rule, which accounts for the client’s

reasonable expectations, is an appropriate standard to apply because it furthers the stated

objective of preventing an attorney from being able to wait out an alleged malpractice claim.”)

       Given this trend among state appellate courts, and the D.C. Court of Appeals’s prior

holding that “a client’s perception of an attorney as his counsel is a consideration [for the court]

in determining whether a[n attorney-client] relationship exists,” Matter of Lieber, 442 A.2d 153,

156 (D.C. 1982), it is likely that the D.C. Court of Appeals would also adopt this reasonable

perception rule. As such, the Court will analyze the facts relevant to this case under this rule.

       Based on the parties’ declarations and depositions, there was clearly no meeting of the

minds as to when Mr. Solomon’s representation of ACI ended. Therefore, the Court must

determine whether ACI’s assumption that Mr. Solomon continued to represent it past October

26, 2012 was reasonable. Mr. Solomon highlights the following events as demonstrating that Mr.

Colley and Ms. Davis understood, or at the very least should have understood, that Mr. Solomon

was retiring from the practice of law, and therefore could no longer represent them. First, in late

2009, Mr. Solomon informed Mr. Colley that there would be a “transition” due to Mr. Solomon’s

age which would include Mr. Solomon turning over to his partner Ms. Virtue responsibility for

all ACI and Beach TV matters. See Colley Decl. ¶ 16, ECF No. 72-1. Second, Mr. Solomon

believes that Mr. Colley demonstrated that he understood Mr. Solomon to be retiring from the

practice of law when he responded to Mr. Solomon’s “Biker Bar” email by joking that the

motorized scooters may have had Mr. Solomon and Mr. Colley’s names on them. See Def.’s

Opp’n at 15–16. And third, following Mr. Solomon’s retirement in July 2010, Ms. Virtue began

acting as ACI’s replacement counsel by traveling to Florida to meet with Mr. Colley and Ms.

Davis, and began serving as ACI’s email point of contact, as demonstrated when Mr. Colley

                                                 21
inquired in March 2012 as to the status of the Application for Review. Id. at 14. Indeed,

following the biker bar email, Mr. Colley never emailed or spoke with Mr. Solomon again,

Solomon Decl. ¶¶ 3–4, ECF No. 76-29, though perhaps that was because he did not believe he

had any means of reaching him. See Ex. 8, Colley Dep., ECF No. 72-3 (email from Mr. Colley to

Ms. Virtue on August 13, 2010 asking for Mr. Solomon’s “email address and other contact

info”).

          ACI argues that although Mr. Colley had been informed of the transition at some point in

2009, he was under the impression that Mr. Solomon had not terminated his representation of

ACI and Beach TV, but rather was taking a step back from the work because of his age. See Pl.’s

Mem. at 19. It explains that Mr. Colley and Ms. Davis were within reason in believing that Mr.

Solomon was not disassociating himself from ACI’s case entirely because Mr. Solomon had,

when describing the transition, referred to Ms. Virtue as the future “front person” for ACI’s

dealings with the FCC and to himself as a consultant acting “in the background”2; had stated that

he would be remaining in Washington, D.C.; and had mentioned that he would maintain an

          2
          Counsel for ACI asked Mr. Solomon twice if he recalled speaking with Mr. Colley or
Ms. Davis about his retirement and both times Mr. Solomon answered that he could not recall
any such conversation. See Solomon Dep. 108:2–17, 140:8–22, ECF No. 72-4. Mr. Solomon
now claims that he remembers that he “never told Colley in 2009 or any time thereafter, that
after [he] retired Melodie Virtue would be the front person and that [he] would be the back
person regarding legal representation of ACI or any of the other businesses owned by Colley[,
n]or did [he] ever suggest that after [he] retired [he] would maintain an attorney-client
relationship with ACI or any of the Colley interests.” 2d Solomon Decl. ¶ 8. Technically, these
statements do not contradict each other, and are therefore, not subject to the sham affidavit rule,
as ACI argues. Mr. Solomon did not say that he does not recall whether he had any conversations
with Mr. Colley about his retirement; he said that he did not recall any such conversation taking
place. Assuming he never told Mr. Colley that he would continue to work as ACI and Beach
TV’s attorney, it makes sense that Mr. Solomon does not recall ever telling Mr. Colley that he
would. Therefore, there remains a question of fact as to whether Mr. Solomon and Mr. Colley
ever discussed Mr. Solomon’s retirement, and if such a conversation occurred, what was said
during it. However, there is no dispute that Mr. Solomon wrote to Mr. Colley in 2009 that he
would “be around to consult, etc.” following his transition. Ex. C, Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 71-5.

                                                 22
office at the Garvey Firm, from which he would be doing pro bono work.3 Colley Dep. at 17:4–

14; 45:14–46:17; 54:17–55:21, ECF No. 72-2. ACI also argues that Mr. Solomon never informed

Mr. Colley that he was relinquishing his bar licenses, and indeed, there is no evidence in the

record that Mr. Colley was aware that Mr. Solomon had relinquished both of his bar licenses by

2011. Pl.’s Mem. at 5. Last, ACI points to the assistance Mr. Solomon gave Ms. Virtue, which

included strategy pointers and case citations, as she attempted to encourage the FCC to rule on

the long-pending Application for Review and as she drafted a Petition for Consideration on

ACI’s behalf following the denial of its Application for Review, contributions which were

conveyed, to some extent, to Mr. Colley, and that appear consistent with the “background” role

ACI claims Mr. Solomon told the company he would perform. Pl.’s Mem. at 8–9; Pl.’s SMF ¶¶

131–32.

       These accounts of who knew what and when raise sufficient questions of fact to preclude

the Court from granting ACI or Mr. Solomon summary judgment on the statute of limitations

question. First, there is a dispute among the parties as to what Mr. Solomon said to Mr. Colley

when he retired. Second, there is a dispute as to whether Mr. Colley understood Mr. Solomon to

be scaling back his practice, as opposed to retiring. Third, there is a dispute as to whether Mr.

Colley truly believed that Mr. Solomon was his lawyer on the Class A license matter. And

       3
         The parties dispute whether Mr. Solomon told Mr. Colley that he would be maintaining
an office at the Garvey firm and would work on pro bono projects there. Mr. Solomon explains
that he “did not tell Colley . . . at any time, that [he] was going to remain at the Garvey law firm
doing pro bono work, representing Garvey’s clients, or starting a law practice of [his] own. In
mid-June 2010, as [he] was preparing to vacate [his] office by the July 1, 2010 termination date
set by the firm, [he] received an offer to affiliate, pro bono, with a nonprofit organization. The
offer was unsolicited and welcomed. As noted, the pro bono opportunity arose after 2009—[his]
final communication with Colley–and after [he] had any contact with Colley or anyone else in
his organization. Nor did [he] ever tell Colley about the Garvey firm’s offer to allow [him] to
share office space after [he] retired.” 2d Solomon Decl. ¶ 9.

                                                 23
fourth, there is a dispute as to whether, if Mr. Colley did believe that Mr. Solomon continued to

represent ACI, that belief was reasonable under the circumstances. As such, the Court cannot

grant summary judgment on the continuous representation doctrine question, and must leave the

determination of when Mr. Colley should have reasonably understood that Mr. Solomon was no

longer his lawyer to the trier of fact.

        ACI has invoked two other common law doctrines to argue that the statute of limitations

was tolled past October 26, 2012: lulling and fraudulent concealment. The Court will next

determine whether it can determine on a motion for summary judgment that either of these

doctrines render ACI’s suit timely.

                               2. Lulling and Fraudulent Concealment

        ACI argues that even if Mr. Solomon had ceased to represent it in its attempt to obtain a

Class A license for its LPTV station before October 26, 2012, its claim is not time barred

because Mr. Solomon lulled ACI into thinking that he still represented it, and fraudulently

concealed that he was no longer representing it. See Pl.’s Mem. at 19–23. Mr. Solomon responds

that neither doctrine applies to this case because he did not take any affirmative steps to trick

ACI into believing that he still represented it after his retirement. See Def.’s Opp’n at 18–26. Mr.

Solomon is correct.

        Tolling “is frequently applied where the conduct of a fiduciary is alleged to have lulled

the plaintiff into failure to protect his interests within the statutory limitations period.” Ray v.

Queen, 747 A.2d 1137 (D.C. 2000). “District of Columbia courts recognize a restricted equitable

tolling doctrine,” which “allows a plaintiff to initiate an action beyond the statute of limitations .

. . [if the] defendant’s fraudulent concealment or misconduct lulled the plaintiff into allowing the

filing deadline to pass (often called the ‘lulling doctrine’).” Doe v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 573 F.

                                                   24
Supp. 2d 16, 34 (D.D.C. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). The lulling doctrine applies

when the defendant “ha[s] done something that amounted to an affirmative inducement to

plaintiffs to delay bringing action.” Kiwanuka v. Kailana, 844 F. Supp. 2d 107, 119 (D.D.C.

2012) (citing Bailey v. Greenberg, 516 A.2d 934, 937 (D.C.1986)).

       “[F]raudulent concealment of the existence of a cause of action” also “tolls the running of

a conventional statute of limitations . . . [a]nd in the legal malpractice field, there is widespread

agreement that the statute will not run where the existence of a cause of action for legal

malpractice has been fraudulently concealed by affirmative misrepresentations.” Weisberg v.

Williams, Connolly & Califano, 390 A.2d 992, 995 (D.C. 1978) “Concealment will exist if the

attorney has knowingly made false representations; it is only then that his conduct, by way of

estoppel or otherwise, will toll the running of the statute.” Id. at 996. Fraudulent concealment

need not be pleaded in the complaint, because the “statute of limitations is an affirmative defense

that defendant must prove: A plaintiff’s obligation to plead fraudulent concealment therefore

arises only when defendant raises the statute of limitations as a defense.” Firestone v. Firestone,

76 F.3d 1205, 1210 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (citing Connors v. Hallmark & Son Coal Co., 935 F.2d 336,

343 n. 12 (D.C. Cir.1991)).

       In order for the doctrine to apply, the “party injured by another’s fraudulent conduct”

must “remain[] in ignorance . . . without any fault or want of diligence or care on his part until

the fraud is discovered.” Craig v. Lew, 109 F. Supp. 3d 268, 282 (D.D.C. 2015) (internal

citations and quotation marks omitted). “The doctrine of fraudulent concealment does not come

into play, whatever the lengths to which a defendant has gone to conceal the wrongs, if a plaintiff

is on notice of a potential claim.” Hobson v. Wilson, 737 F.2d 1, 35 (D.C. Cir. 1984), overruled

in part on other grounds by Leatherman v. Tarrant Cnty. Narcotics Intelligence & Coordination

                                                  25
Unit, 507 U.S. 163 (1993). In Hobson, the D.C. Circuit listed two factors for courts to consider:

first, “the plaintiff must know facts giving notice of the particular cause of action at issue, not

just any cause of action”; and second, the “plaintiff’s knowledge of the grounds for a suit must

generally extend to an awareness of the persons responsible for plaintiff’s injury.” Id. at 35–36.

       As a preliminary matter, ACI has pointed to no cases in which a court has found that

fraudulent concealment applied when a defendant concealed not a cause of action or underlying

injury, of which the plaintiff was well aware, but rather an ancillary fact such as when the statute

of limitations began to run. Rather, courts in this district have found that so long as plaintiff was

on notice of the alleged malpractice, fraudulent concealment cannot apply. See e.g., Gallucci v.

Schaffer, 507 F. Supp. 2d 85, 90–91 (D.D.C. 2007) (holding that fraudulent concealment did not

apply to a case in which the defendant law firm had told plaintiff that there was nothing more it

could do for him in his workers’ compensation case because he was already aware of his

allegedly insufficient payments for over a year). Here, ACI had been aware that Mr. Solomon

had submitted the incomplete Statement of Eligibility to the FCC since June 2000. Therefore, the

fact that it believes that Mr. Solomon misrepresented the nature of his retirement to it cannot toll

the statute of limitations on fraudulent concealment grounds.

       Even assuming that fraudulent concealment could apply to ancillary matters such as when

the statute of limitations on a claim began to run (or, in this context, stopped being tolled), as

opposed to the existence of the actual cause of action, ACI has not alleged sufficient affirmative

actions on Mr. Solomon’s part to demonstrate that he fraudulently concealed that the statute of

limitations on their claim had begun to run, or lulled them into inaction. There is indeed a

definitive dispute as to whether Mr. Solomon clearly indicated to ACI that he was retiring from

the practice of law in 2009 and 2010, and whether ACI understood that he was retiring, rather

                                                  26
than simply taking a step back from his practice. See supra, Section IV.A.1. However, Mr.

Solomon’s alleged lack of clarity does not amount to an “affirmative inducement to plaintiff[] to

delay bringing action.” Bailey, 516 A.2d at 937 (citing Hornblower v. George Washington

University, 31 App. D.C. 64 (1908)). Even if Mr. Solomon was purposefully unclear when he

told ACI about his “transition” and the transfer of his work for ACI and Beach TV to Ms. Virtue,

following his biker bar email to Mr. Colley in December 2009, Mr. Solomon took no further

steps to lead Mr. Colley or Ms. Davis to believe that he was still ACI’s lawyer. The record

reflects that Mr. Colley began to email Ms. Virtue, whom he believed to be the “front person” for

all Beach TV and ACI business before the FCC, after Mr. Solomon retired, and never emailed

Mr. Solomon again after December 11, 2009. Although Ms. Virtue began communicating with

Mr. Solomon about how to encourage the FCC to finally review ACI’s Application for Review,

and informed Mr. Colley of that fact, there is no indication in the record that Mr. Solomon asked

Ms. Virtue to inform Mr. Colley that he was giving her advice. Similarly, when Mr. Solomon

assisted Ms. Virtue as she drafted the Petition for Reconsideration, there is no evidence that Mr.

Solomon asked Ms. Virtue to inform ACI that he was involved. Because the record is devoid of

evidence that Mr. Solomon took affirmative steps after late 2009 to maintain the appearance that

he was still representing ACI, his actions do not amount to lulling or fraudulent concealment,

and the statute of limitations cannot be tolled on these bases.

                                            B. Liability

       Next the Court must determine whether there is a question of material fact, apart from

timing, as to Mr. Solomon’s liability to ACI for legal malpractice. ACI argues that it has

presented sufficient undisputed evidence for the Court to determine that Mr. Solomon is liable to

ACI for malpractice due to the submission of the incomplete Statement of Eligibility, and

                                                 27
therefore should be granted summary judgment on liability. Mr. Solomon has in turn moved for a

finding that he is not liable for any damages to ACI caused by the passage of the Spectrum Act

of 2012. For the reasons set forth below, the Court finds that neither party has met its burden for

a grant of summary judgment on these questions.

                                         1. Choice of Law

       “Because jurisdiction over [ACI’s] legal malpractice claims is founded on diversity of

citizenship, the Court must first determine which state law to apply.” Marbury Law Group,

PLLC v. Carl, No. 9-1402, 2013 WL 4583558, at *5 (D.D.C. July 21, 2013). Neither party

briefed which state’s laws the Court should use when evaluating this legal malpractice claim.

ACI uses D.C. law to demonstrate that the Court has enough evidence before it to rule on Mr.

Solomon’s liability, but also explains that “District of Columbia law is the same as Virginia law

on the elements of legal malpractice.” Pl.’s Mem. at 12 n.7 (citing Desetti v. Chester, 290 Va. 50,

56, 772 S.E.2d 907, 909 (2015)). In his opposition to ACI’s motion for summary judgment, Mr.

Solomon applies D.C. law in responding to all of ACI’s arguments, see Def.’s Opp’n at 10, but

in his own motion for summary judgment, uses Virginia law in support of his proximate

causation arguments, assuming that the Court’s October 14, 2016 analysis deciding that Virginia

law applied to ACI’s attempt to assign its legal malpractice claim to Beach TV applies to

determining which state’s laws should be used to decide the merits of ACI’s malpractice claim as

well. See Def.’s Brief at 28 n.25. ACI has chosen to respond to these arguments with Virginia

law. Neither party suggests that the laws of Florida or Georgia, where ACI is incorporated and

has its principle place of business, respectively, applies to any portion of this case. Because the

parties disagree as to whether District of Columbia or Virginia law applies to the substantive

                                                 28
legal issues governing ACI’s malpractice claim against Mr. Solomon, the Court must determine

which law applies.

       “A federal court sitting in diversity must apply the choice-of-law rules of the forum

state—here, the District of Columbia.” In re APA Assessment Fee Litig., 766 F.3d 39, 51 (D.C.

Cir. 2014); see also Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., 313 U.S. 487, 496 (1941). The District

of Columbia “employ[s] ‘a modified governmental interests analysis which seeks to identify the

jurisdiction with the most significant relationship to the dispute.’” Washkoviak v. Student Loan

Mktg. Ass’n, 900 A.2d 168, 180 (D.C. 2006) (quoting Moore v. Ronald Hsu Constr. Co., 576

A.2d 734, 737 (D.C. 1990)). Under this approach, a court must first “determine whether a true

conflict exists between the laws of the two jurisdictions—that is, whether more than one

jurisdiction has a potential interest in having its law applied and, if so, whether the law of the

competing jurisdictions is different.” In re APA Assessment Fee Litig., 766 F.3d at 51–52

(internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting GEICO v. Fetisoff, 958 F.2d 1137, 1141 (D.C. Cir.

1992)). A “false conflict” exists, on the other hand, “when either (1) the laws of the interested

states are the same; (2) when those laws, though different, produce the same result when applied

to the facts at issue; or (3) when the policies of one state would be advanced by the application of

its law and the policies of the states whose laws are claimed to be in conflict would not be

advanced by application of their law.” Long v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 877 F. Supp. 8, 11 (D.D.C.

1995) (citing Biscoe v. Arlington Cnty., 738 F.2d 1352, 1360 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). If “there is no

‘true conflict’” among the purportedly interested jurisdictions, and where one of those

jurisdictions is the District of Columbia, D.C. courts will “apply the law of the District of

Columbia by default.” GEICO, 958 F.2d at 1141 (citing Fowler, 262 A.2d at 348; Restatement

(Second) of Conflict of Laws § 186 cmt. c (Am. Law Inst. 1971)).

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       As the parties have suggested through their disagreement, both states have a potential

interest in this case. Virginia has a potential interest because the events leading to ACI’s injuries

occurred at a law firm in Virginia. D.C. has an interest because this case involves an attorney

barred in D.C. (as well as Virginia), domiciled in D.C., who was representing plaintiff-client

before an agency located in D.C that issues decisions appealable to the D.C. Circuit.

       Because more than one state has an interest in its laws being applied to this case, next the

Court must determine whether there is a true conflict or a false conflict between the states’ laws.

Virginia and D.C. maintain very similar standards for proving a claim of legal malpractice. In

Virginia

               a cause of action for legal malpractice requires the existence of an
               attorney-client relationship which gave rise to a duty, breach of that
               duty by the defendant attorney, and that the damages claimed by the
               plaintiff client must have been proximately caused by the defendant
               attorney’s breach . . . . To establish an attorney’s breach of duty, a
               client must show that the attorney failed to exercise a reasonable
               degree of care, skill, and dispatch in rendering the services for which
               the attorney was employed . . . . This generally is a question of fact
               to be decided by a fact finder, after considering testimony of expert
               witnesses, but must be reserved for determination by a court and
               cannot be the subject of expert testimony if the issue of a breach is
               a matter of law.

Smith v. McLaughlin, 769 S.E.2d 7, 13 (Va. 2015) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted). In D.C., “to succeed on a legal malpractice claim, the plaintiff must show that (1) the

defendant was employed as the plaintiff’s attorney, (2) the defendant breached a reasonable duty,

and (3) that breach resulted in, and was the proximate cause of, the plaintiff’s loss or damages.”

Martin v. Ross, 6 A.3d 860, 862 (D.C. 2010) (citing Niosi v. Aiello, 69 A.2d 57, 60 (D.C. 1949)).

“[I]n a legal malpractice action, the plaintiff must present expert testimony establishing the

standard of care unless the attorney’s lack of care and skill is so obvious that the trier of fact can

find negligence as a matter of common knowledge,” Flax v. Schertler, 935 A.2d 1091, 1106

                                                  30
(D.C. 2007) (quoting O’Neil v. Bergan, 452 A.2d 337, 341 (D.C. 1982)), or as a matter of law,

Hamilton v. Needham, 519 A.2d 172, 175 n.6.

       D.C. and Virginia law contain the same rules for when expert testimony is or is not

required. As explained in Smith, Virginia allows for the finding of liability on a breach of the

standard of care as a matter of law in some circumstances, negating the need for expert

testimony. Smith, 769 S.E.2d at 13; see also Heyward & Lee Const. Co., Inc. v. Sands, Anderson,

Marks & Miller, 453 S.E.2d 270, 272 (Va. 1995). Additionally, in Virginia “it is well-established

that ‘[u]nless a malpractice case turns upon matters within the common knowledge of laymen,

expert testimony is required to establish the appropriate professional standard, to establish a

deviation from that standard, and to establish that such a deviation was the proximate cause of

the claimed damages.’” Sloan v. Urban Title Servs., 770 F. Supp. 2d 227, 234 (D.D.C. 2011)

(quoting Seaward Int’l, Inc. v. Price Waterhouse, 239 Va. 585, 391 S.E.2d 283, 287 (1990)). The

matter of law and common knowledge exceptions to the expert testimony requirement also exist

for clear cases in D.C. Hamilton v. Needham, 519 A.2d 172, 175 n.6 (D.C. 1986) (affirming

summary judgment, granted without expert testimony, for plaintiff whose attorney omitted from

his will a residuary clause the plaintiff had requested, thereby causing his residual estate to pass

intestate); O’Neil, 452 A.2d at 342 n.6 (observing in dictum that “[e]xpert testimony has been

held unnecessary in cases involving other failures to act,” and that “[s]ome courts, moreover,

have stated that, in cases of obvious negligence, the court may rule, without benefit of expert

testimony, that the attorney committed a breach of the duty of care as a matter of law); but see

Liu v. Allen, 894 A.2d 453, 459 (D.C. 2006) (finding while the “existence of the INS regulation

governing motions for reconsideration certainly was relevant to ‘the specific standard of

conduct’ applicable in determining whether [the attorney] was negligent,” there remained a

                                                 31
question of fact as to whether the attorney would have needed to file such a motion at all in order

to achieve the desired outcome, thereby precluding a finding of negligence as a matter of law).

Because both D.C. and Virginia allow for this sort of departure, in certain limited circumstances,

D.C. and Virginia malpractice law are in false conflict in this case. Long, 877 F. Supp. at 11.

Because there is no “true conflict” between the substantive law governing legal malpractice

claims in the District of Columbia and Virginia, the Court will apply District of Columbia law to

ACI’s claim going forward.4 GEICO, 958 F.2d at 1141.

                                         2. ACI’s Motion

       ACI has moved for summary judgment on Mr. Solomon’s liability for legal malpractice.

See Pl.’s Mem. at 12. To support its motion, it has provided a short expert report by George W.

Conk, Esq., which concludes that Mr. Solomon’s failure to complete ACI’s Statement of

Eligibility before submitting it “was a breach of Solomon’s duty to his client of competence and

diligence.” Ex. D at 2, Pl.’s Mot., ECF No. 71-6. The majority of this report, however, focuses

on the duties of care and rules of professional responsibility that Mr. Solomon breached upon his

retirement. Mr. Solomon strikes back by pointing out that Mr. Conk’s “report does not address

the standard of care of an attorney in the District of Columbia or Virginia and Mr. Conk is not

qualified to do so,” because “Mr. Conk is not licensed to practice in Virginia or in the District of

Columbia and does not profess to know the standard of care of attorneys practicing in Virginia,

the District of Columbia, or before the FCC.” Def.’s Response to Pl.’s SMF ¶ 41, ECF No. 78-1.

In his rebuttal report, Mr. Solomon’s expert, Thomas B. Mason, Esq., offers three opinions: that

       4
         The Court also observes that contributory negligence is available as an affirmative
defense in both D.C. and Virginia, creating another “false conflict.” See e.g., Lyle, Siegel,
Croshaw & Beale, P.C. v. Tidewater Capital Corp., 457 S.E.2d 28, 32 (V.A. 1995); Pair v.
Queen, 2 A.3d 1063 (D.C. 2010) (defense recognized but not applicable).

                                                 32
no conflict of interest existed between Mr. Solomon and ACI from December 29, 1999 to June 9,

2000; that no conflict of interest existed between Mr. Solomon and ACI from June 9, 2000 to

June 30, 2010; and that Mr. Solomon’s retirement from the Garvey firm on June 30, 2010

terminated his attorney-client relationship with ACI. See generally Mason Report, ECF No. 76-

26. However, Mr. Mason does not address whether Mr. Solomon’s conduct in submitting the

partially incomplete Statement of Eligibility amounted to a breach of his duty of care to ACI.

       In D.C., the standard of care of attorneys is “that which a reasonably prudent person

would have exercised under the same or similar circumstances.” Waldman v. Levine, 544 A.2d

683, 688 (D.C. 1988) (citing Morrison v. MacNamara, 407 A.2d 555, 560 (D.C. 1979)). An

attorney’s “conduct must comport with that degree of care reasonably expected of other medical

[or legal] professionals with similar skills acting under the same or similar circumstances.”

Morrison, 407 A.2d at 561. “While the general standard of conduct is an invariable legal rule—it

requires an attorney to exercise that degree of reasonable care and skill expected of members of

the legal profession under the same or similar circumstances, . . . the specific standard of conduct

required under a given set of factual circumstances is a question to be answered by the trier of

fact on a case-by-case basis with the assistance of expert testimony, in most instances, adduced

at trial.” Waldman, 544 A.2d at 689 (citations omitted).

       ACI has presented no argumentation that Mr. Solomon’s actions amounted to negligence

as a matter of law, though perhaps it could have. See O’Neil, 452 A.2d at 342 n.6 (observing in

dictum that “[e]xpert testimony has been held unnecessary in cases involving [] failures to act,”

and that “[s]ome courts, moreover, have stated that, in cases of obvious negligence, the court

may rule, without benefit of expert testimony, that the attorney committed a breach of the duty of

care as a matter of law). Instead, it presents an expert report, the reliability of which Mr.

                                                  33
Solomon challenges due to its sparseness and Mr. Conk’s lack of licensure in D.C. or Virginia.

While Mr. Solomon was correct to point out that Mr. Conk’s expert report should have contained

more than three sentences regarding the requisite standard of care Mr. Solomon owed to ACI

when he submitted its Statement of Eligibility, and how he breached that standard of care, it is

not the case that an expert witness is unqualified as a matter of law to present his expert opinion

in a legal malpractice case in a state in which he is not licensed to practice law. See e.g., Sloan,

770 F. Supp. 2d at 237 (holding that the court could not say, at the summary judgment stage, that

an expert in a malpractice case was “so patently unqualified to opine on the subject of real estate

settlement practice in Virginia that his proffered testimony must be excluded in its entirety”

simply because he was not barred in Virginia). As such, the Court will not at this time exclude

Mr. Conk’s report. However, because questions regarding the report’s reliability have been

raised, the Court will not rule on the standard of care that Mr. Solomon owed ACI at this time

either. Rather, it will be the trier of fact’s responsibility to weigh the worth of Mr. Conk’s expert

opinion in determining what duty of care Mr. Solomon owed ACI when he submitted its

Statement of Eligibility, and whether he breached it. With these questions remaining, the Court

cannot at this time grant ACI summary judgment on the merits of its malpractice claim against

Mr. Solomon. While putting off this issue may simply be delaying the inevitable, the lack of

argumentation on this point leaves the Court with no alternative.

                        3. The Spectrum Act and Proximate Causation5

       Mr. Solomon has moved for summary judgment as to damages stemming from the

passage of the Spectrum Act of 2012 for lack of proximate causation, claiming that the Court

       5
         Mr. Solomon chose to use Virginia law in his proximate causation analysis, and ACI
has responded to his arguments using Virginia law as well. However, as explained above, Mr.
Solomon’s adoption of Virginia law, on the assumption that the Court’s analysis regarding ACI’s

                                                  34
should find as a matter of law that he did not proximately cause any damage to ACI relating to

the passage of the Spectrum Act because “[t]he Spectrum Act of 2012 was unprecedented and a

complete surprise to the communications industry and to ACI.” Def.’s Brief at 26–27. He also

claims that the damages ACI alleges in its first and second amended complaints “rest[] on sheer

conjecture and speculation,” because first, ACI’s LPTV station has not yet been displaced, and

second, because comparable stations have not yet been auctioned on the market, and therefore,

ACI’s value on the reverse auction market, had it been eligible, is speculative. Id. at 28–29. ACI

responds that “Mr. Solomon’s argument is irrelevant and premature at this stage of the case”

because “[t]he full economic consequences for ACI’s displacement are not yet determined.” Pl.’s

Opp’n at 18. ACI is correct.

       In Dalo v. Kivitz, the D.C. Court of Appeals provided the proximate causation standard

for legal malpractice claims:

               As with any tort action, legal malpractice liability is predicated on
               a finding that the injury was proximately caused by the breach of
               duty. Proximate cause exists when there is a “substantial and direct
               causal link” between the attorney’s breach and the injury sustained
               by the client. A defendant “will be held responsible for the
               damages which result despite the entry of another act in the chain
               of causation” if that subsequent act reasonably could have “been
               anticipated and protected against.” By contrast, an intervening act
               not reasonably foreseeable (sometimes referred to as a
               “superseding cause”) breaks the chain of causation and relieves the
               wrongdoer of liability.

596 A.2d 35, 41–42 (D.C. 1991) (internal citations omitted).

       ACI and Mr. Solomon dispute the foreseeability of the harm ACI now alleges it suffered,

harm in part precipitated by the passage of the Spectrum Act. Mr. Solomon claims that “[t]he

assignment of its malpractice claim to Beach TV, was erroneous, since under D.C. choice of law
rules, D.C. law applies to ACI’s malpractice claim. See Section IV.B.1, supra. As such, the
Court will apply D.C. law to Mr. Solomon’s proximate causation arguments.

                                                35
Spectrum Act of 2012 was unprecedented and a complete surprise to the communications

industry and to ACI.” Def.’s Brief at 27. He points to the fact that during Mr. Colley’s Rule

30(b)(6) deposition on ACI’s behalf, Mr. Colley admitted that he was surprised to learn of the

Spectrum Act and the “potential for huge dollars to be paid for TV licenses.” Id. at 30 (citing

Colley Dep. 186:10–15, ECF No. 76-3). ACI responds that the type of harm it allegedly suffered

as a result of not obtaining a Class A license (possible displacement due to the FCC’s adoption

of new technology and loss in the license’s value) in precisely the kind of harm he anticipated

when he directed Mr. Solomon to submit the Statement of Eligibility for the Class A license. See

Pl.’s Opp’n at 19; 2d Colley Decl. ¶¶ 11–23, ECF No. 79-3.

       “[P]roximate causation is ordinarily a question of fact for the jury . . . [and] it is only the

exceptional case in which questions of proximate cause pass from the realm of fact to one of

law.” In re Fort Totten Metrorail Cases Arising Out of Events of June 22, 2009, 895 F. Supp. 2d

48, 70 (D.D.C. 2012). Triers of fact determine not only whether a defendant’s negligence

proximately caused damage to the plaintiff, but also the extent of the plaintiff’s damage that the

defendant proximately caused. See e.g., Jefferson v. Ourisman Chevrolet Co., Inc., 615 A.2d

582, 584–585 (D.C. 1992) (upholding verdict resulting from the following jury instruction: “If

you find that the defendant was negligent, but that his negligence was not the proximate cause of

the damages to the extent claimed by the plaintiff, then the plaintiff may recover only the portion

of the damages which resulted proximately from the defendant’s negligence.”). In general, courts

should not grant summary judgment on damages when a plaintiff has not presented evidence of

the full extent of his or her damages, so long as the fact that some damage has occurred has been

established. See e.g., Cormier v. District of Columbia Water & Sewer Auth., 959 A.2d 658, 668

(D.C. 2008) (“However, a plaintiff who . . . has made a sufficient showing with respect to the

                                                 36
critical issue, i.e., the fact of damages, to foreclose the entry of summary judgment . . . will still

have the opportunity, at trial, to present evidence as to the amount of damages.” (citing Rafferty

v. NYNEX Corp., 744 F. Supp. 324, 331 n.26 (D.D.C. 1990))).

        The Court cannot find as a matter of law that the damage ACI alleges it suffered (failure

to procure a Class A license, leading to a risk of displacement and a decrease in the LPTV

license’s value) were not foreseeable when Mr. Solomon submitted the incomplete Statement of

Eligibility. Additionally, while the Court has a general idea of the damages ACI will seek should

liability be established, see 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 70–72, the Court has very little indication at this

point of the monetary effects of Mr. Solomon’s alleged negligence for one very simple reason:

damages discovery has not occurred yet. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 3 n.6; see also Scheduling Order,

ECF No. 58 (setting schedule for discovery on liability, but not damages). As such, ACI has not

been given an opportunity to procure and present expert evidence regarding the extent of

damages it has suffered, as well as the ascertainability of those damages, in order to rebut Mr.

Solomon’s assertion that any damage it suffered as a result of the passage of the Spectrum Act

was unforeseen in 1999 and also incalculable. But as is required under Comier, ACI has

established that it has suffered some damage: the loss of the opportunity to receive a Class A

license. Therefore, the Court will allow the question of the extent of the damage Mr. Solomon’s

alleged negligence proximately caused to proceed to the trier of fact, and denies his motion for

summary judgment.

                                                  37
                                    V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (ECF No.

71) is DENIED, and Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 74) is DENIED.

An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: March 29, 2018                                         RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                              United States District Judge

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