Court Opinion

ID: 2803178
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-23 00:01:37.694487+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:46:34.664796
License: Public Domain

Case: 14-31179   Document: 00513053483    Page: 1   Date Filed: 05/22/2015

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                                No. 14-31179                   United States Court of Appeals
                              Summary Calendar                          Fifth Circuit

                                                                      FILED
                                                                  May 22, 2015
TREGG WILSON,                                                    Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                      Clerk
             Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

MIKE TREGRE, Sheriff, Individually and in his Official Capacity as Sheriff,
St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana,

             Defendant - Appellee

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                          USDC No. 2:13-CV-5612

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, JONES, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
STEPHEN A. HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge:
      Tregg Wilson appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in
favor of his former employer, Sheriff Mike Tregre, dismissing his claims under
42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Louisiana state law. For the following reasons, we
AFFIRM.
                       FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
      Wilson was formerly employed as Chief Deputy in the Sheriff’s office of
St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana. In May 2013, during his employment
as Chief Deputy, Wilson learned that the interrogation rooms in the Criminal
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Investigative Division of the Sheriff’s Office were under 24-hour video and
audio surveillance. There was visible camera equipment in each room. In
addition to sending a video feed to the Criminal Investigative Division’s
computer network where the interviews could be manually recorded, Wilson
learned that the equipment also operated on a motion-activated sensor that
automatically sent recordings to a “Milestone Server” that saved recordings for
up to thirty days.
      Wilson, who is also an attorney, believed that this recording equipment
might present legal problems for the Sheriff’s Office. He discussed his concerns
with Sheriff Tregre, who then ordered an internal investigation. Wilson also
reported his concerns to Internal Affairs and the District Attorney, who
requested that the State Police investigate the issue. The Louisiana State
Police conducted an investigation and interviewed Wilson. The State Police
ultimately issued a report that concluded that the Sheriff’s Office had not
violated any criminal laws. The District Attorney also requested that the
Sheriff’s Office produce all videos recorded in the interrogation rooms so that
they could be reviewed under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963).
      On June 10, 2013, Sheriff Tregre terminated Wilson’s employment.
Wilson then filed this lawsuit, raising claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the
Louisiana Constitution, and the Louisiana whistleblower statutes. The district
court granted summary judgment in favor of Sheriff Tregre and dismissed all
of Wilson’s claims. The district court also denied Wilson’s motion for a new
trial, which the district court construed as a motion to amend the judgment,
and Wilson’s motion to voluntarily dismiss without prejudice one of Wilson’s
whistleblower claims. This appeal timely followed.
                         STANDARD OF REVIEW
      This court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,
applying the same standards as the district court. Rogers v. Bromac Title
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Servs., L.L.C., 755 F.3d 347, 350 (5th Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is
appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any
material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(a). In deciding whether a fact issue exists, courts must view the
facts and draw reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party. Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007). This court is “not
limited to the district court’s reasons for its grant of summary judgment and
may affirm the district court’s summary judgment on any ground raised below
and supported by the record.” Rogers, 755 F.3d at 350 (internal quotation
marks omitted).
                                DISCUSSION
      I.    First Amendment Retaliation Claim
      To succeed in a First Amendment retaliation claim under § 1983, a public
employee must show: “(1) he suffered an adverse employment action; (2) he
spoke as a citizen on a matter of public concern; (3) his interest in the speech
outweighs the government’s interest in the efficient provision of public
services; and (4) the speech precipitated the adverse employment action.”
Nixon v. City of Houston, 511 F.3d 494, 497 (5th Cir. 2007) (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted). Although the district court held that Wilson
suffered an adverse employment action, the district court nevertheless held
that Wilson’s First Amendment claim failed because there was no genuine
issue of fact on the second element, that is, that Wilson was speaking not as
Chief Deputy of the Sheriff’s Office, but as a private citizen. We agree.
      “An employee is not speaking as a citizen—but rather in his role as an
employee—when he makes statements pursuant to his official duties.” Id.
(alterations omitted) (quoting Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 421 (2006))
(internal quotation marks omitted). As the Supreme Court recently explained,
“[t]he critical question under Garcetti is whether the speech at issue is itself
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ordinarily within the scope of an employee’s duties.” Lane v. Franks, 134 S. Ct.
2369, 2379 (2014).
      In this case, Wilson was acting in his official duties as the Chief Deputy
at all the relevant times. When Wilson relayed his concerns to Sheriff Tregre
and to Internal Affairs, he was simply reporting potential criminal activity up
the chain of command. See Davis v. McKinney, 518 F.3d 304, 313 & n.3 (5th
Cir. 2008). Wilson’s disclosures to the District Attorney and then to the State
Police also fell within the scope of his employment. As a law enforcement
officer, Wilson was required to report any action that he believed violated the
law. See La. Att’y Gen. Op. No. 94-105 (Apr. 13, 1994), available at 1994 WL
330222 (explaining that the Parish Sheriff has a duty to “enforce[e] all state,
parish, local laws and ordinances” “even in situations where others are charged
with the duty of enforcing ordinances”); see also Charles v. Grief, 522 F.3d 508,
514 (5th Cir. 2008) (recognizing that a sheriff’s deputy holds a “professional
position of trust and confidence”); Williams v. Dall. Indep. Sch. Dist., 480 F.3d
689, 693 (5th Cir. 2007) (per curiam) (recognizing that speech required by one’s
position as an employee is not protected by the First Amendment). In short,
because we agree with the district court that Wilson’s complaints about the
recordings were made within the scope of his employment, his speech was not
protected by the First Amendment.
      II.    Supplemental Jurisdiction
      After the district court dismissed Wilson’s First Amendment claim, the
only claims remaining in the lawsuit arose under Louisiana state law. When a
district court dismisses all federal claims in a lawsuit, “the court generally
retains discretion to exercise supplemental jurisdiction, pursuant to § 1367,
over pendent state-law claims.” Del-Ray Battery Co. v. Douglas Battery Co.,
635 F.3d 725, 731 (5th Cir. 2011). The district court “may,” however, “decline
to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a [state-law] claim . . . if . . . the claim
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raises a novel or complex issue of State law.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). This court
reviews the district court’s decision to retain supplemental jurisdiction for
abuse of discretion, looking both to the statutory factors in § 1367(c) and the
common law factors of “judicial economy, convenience, fairness, and comity.”
Enochs v. Lampasas Cnty., 641 F.3d 155, 159 (5th Cir. 2011).
      On appeal, Wilson argues that the district court erred in exercising
supplemental jurisdiction because his state-law claims were novel and
complex. We find, however, that the district court did not abuse its discretion
because Wilson’s state-law claims were neither novel nor complex. Moreover,
as the district court recognized, the claims were ripe for disposition: the matter
had been pending in the district court for one year, discovery had closed, and
the case was set for trial less than one month after the district court’s order.
We agree with the district court that it would have been a waste of judicial
resources to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction.
      III.   Whistleblower Claims
      Moving to the merits of Wilson’s state-law claims, Wilson alleged two
whistleblower claims: one under Louisiana Revised Statute § 23:967 and the
other under Louisiana Revised Statute § 42:1169. The district court granted
summary judgment on both.
             a. La. Rev. Stat. § 23:967
      To qualify for protection under the Louisiana Whistleblower Statute, a
plaintiff must prove that his employer committed an actual violation of state
law. Ross v. Oceans Behavioral Hosp. of Greater New Orleans, 14-368, p. 7 (La.
App. 5 Cir. 11/25/14); — So. 3d —, 2014 WL 6687260; Mabry v. Andrus, 45,135,
p. 9 (La. App. 2 Cir. 4/14/10); 34 So. 3d 1075, 1081. The statute states:
      An employer shall not take reprisal against an employee who in
      good faith, and after advising the employer of the violation of law:
             (1) Discloses or threatens to disclose a workplace act or
             practice that is in violation of state law.
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              (2) Provides information to or testifies before any public body
              conducting an investigation, hearing, or inquiry into any
              violation of law.
              (3) Objects to or refuses to participate in an employment act
              or practice that is in violation of law.
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 23:967(A).
       The district court held that Wilson failed to qualify for protection under
the Whistleblower Statute because Wilson failed to demonstrate that the
Sheriff’s Office actually violated any law. First, the district court held that that
the attorney–client privilege is a testimonial privilege that a witness or a
litigant can assert, not a substantive law that the Sheriff’s Office could have
violated. Next, the district court held that Wilson failed to show a violation of
either the Fourth Amendment or the Louisiana wiretapping laws because
Wilson failed to raise a genuine issue of fact on whether individuals in the
interrogation rooms had a reasonable expectation of privacy. See In re U.S. for
Historical Cell Site Data, 724 F.3d 600, 615 (5th Cir. 2013); State v. Smith,
2002-2736, p. 6 (La. App. 4 Cir. 5/21/03); 848 So. 2d 650, 654. Significantly, the
recording equipment in the interrogation rooms was visible. 1 The district court
further held that Article 716 of the Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure is
primarily a procedural discovery rule to which § 23:967 does not apply. Upon
written motion of a criminal defendant, Article 716 simply requires Louisiana
courts to order the District Attorney to disclose certain evidence to the
defendant. See La. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 716(A). As the district court
explained, however, there is no independent cause of action for a violation of

       1 Wilson’s assertion that “defendants were being assured they were not being recorded
as they spoke with their attorney in the interrogation room” is not supported by the
summary-judgment record. The deposition testimony that Wilson cites merely states that the
Sheriff’s Office “may give [suspects and their attorneys] a few minutes” alone in the
interrogation room. During that time, the Office might “turn the monitor off.” Wilson
identifies no testimony in the record confirming that the Sheriff’s Office would inform
suspects or their attorneys that they would turn the monitor off.
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this procedural rule, outside of the remedies that a court can design during a
specific criminal proceeding. See State v. Clark, 446 So. 2d 293, 296 (La. 1984)
(recognizing that trial courts have discretion to design a remedy that serves
“the interest of justice” when a party fails to make a full disclosure under the
rule). Moreover, there was no evidence in the record that the Sheriff’s Office
failed to make a full disclosure under this rule in any particular criminal case.
Finally, the district court held that there was no genuine issue of fact on
whether the Sheriff’s Office violated Brady v. Maryland because Wilson failed
to submit evidence supporting his claim that the Sheriff’s Office actually failed
to turn over evidence that was favorable to any specific criminal defendant and
caused actual prejudice. See Skinner v. Switzer, 131 S. Ct. 1289, 1300 (2011).
       We agree with the district court’s analysis. We further observe that even
if Wilson had raised a genuine issue of fact on a possible Fourth Amendment
violation, that violation would likely not have triggered protection under the
Louisiana Whistleblower Statute because that statute is only triggered by
violations of Louisiana law, not federal law. 2 See Beard v. Seacoast Elec., Inc.,
2006-1244, p. 3 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1/24/07); 951 So. 2d 1168, 1170–71. Similarly,
we also note that because Brady established a rule of federal law under the
Fourteenth Amendment, a Brady violation, if there were one, would also not
trigger protection under Louisiana’s Whistleblower Statute. 3 See id.
       Because Wilson has not shown that the Sheriff’s Office committed an
actual violation of Louisiana law, the district court was correct to dismiss his
claim under the Louisiana Whistleblower Statute.

       2  Wilson never argued that the Sheriff’s Office violated Article 1, section 5 of the
Louisiana Constitution, which guarantees a right to privacy.
        3 Wilson cited the due process clause of the Louisiana Constitution for the first time

in his reply brief on appeal. We will not consider that argument. See Flex Frac Logistics,
L.L.C. v. N.L.R.B., 746 F.3d 205, 208 (5th Cir. 2014) (“Ordinarily, arguments raised for the
first time in a reply brief are waived.”).
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              b. La. Rev. Stat. § 42:1169
         Wilson did not oppose Sheriff Tregre’s summary-judgment motion on
Wilson’s § 42:1169 whistleblower claim because Wilson admitted that he did
not file a report with the Louisiana State Ethics board as required by the
statute. See La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 42:1169(B). Nevertheless, after this claim
had already been dismissed, Wilson returned to the district court to seek leave
to voluntarily dismiss his § 42:1169 claim without prejudice so that he could
then proceed in front of the Board. The district court’s denial of Wilson’s
request was not an abuse of discretion. See United States ex rel. Doe v. Dow
Chem. Co., 343 F.3d 325, 329 (5th Cir. 2003) (reviewing a district court’s denial
of a motion to voluntarily dismiss a claim for abuse of discretion). Section
42:1169 does not provide a private right of action for Wilson to sue in either
state or federal court. See Collins v. State ex rel. Dep’t of Natural Res., 2012-
1031, p. 6–7 (La. App. 1 Cir. 5/30/13); 118 So. 3d 43, 47–48. We therefore affirm
the district court’s dismissal of this claim with prejudice.
                                CONCLUSION
         For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court.

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