Court Opinion

ID: 9892721
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-24 18:02:01.019864+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:37:12.545271
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       OCT 24 2023
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MARTIN ESPINOZA-ROMERO,                         No. 21-1247
                                                Agency No.
             Petitioner,                        A209-395-899
 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,

             Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                           Submitted October 20, 2023**
                              Pasadena, California

Before: PAEZ and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges, and COLLINS, District
Judge.***

      Martin Espinoza-Romero petitions for review of the Board of Immigration

Appeals’ (“BIA”) order dismissing his appeal from the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”)

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Raner C. Collins, United States District Judge for the
District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
denial of his applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the

Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).

      We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. “Where the BIA conducts its

own review of the evidence and law, rather than adopting the IJ’s decision, our

review is limited to the BIA’s decision, except to the extent the IJ’s opinion is

expressly adopted.” Flores Molina v. Garland, 37 F.4th 626, 632 (9th Cir. 2022)

(quoting Rodriguez v. Holder, 683 F.3d 1164, 1169 (9th Cir. 2012)). Questions of

law are reviewed de novo, while factual findings are reviewed under the substantial

evidence standard. Singh v. Garland, 57 F.4th 643, 651 (9th Cir. 2022). “To

prevail under the substantial evidence standard, the petitioner ‘must show that the

evidence not only supports, but compels the conclusion that these findings and

decisions are erroneous.’” Davila v. Barr, 968 F.3d 1136, 1141 (9th Cir. 2020)

(quoting Cordon-Garcia v. INS, 204 F.3d 985, 990 (9th Cir. 2000)). We deny the

petition for review.

      1. Notice to Appear. Espinoza-Romero argues that the IJ lacked

jurisdiction over his proceedings due to a defective notice to appear. The

government contends that because Espinoza-Romero failed to raise this issue

before the BIA, this court lacks jurisdiction to consider it. Although the exhaustion

requirement in 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) is not jurisdictional, Santos-Zacaria v.

Garland, 143 S. Ct. 1103, 1110 (2023), the exhaustion requirement is mandatory if

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a party timely urges us to apply it. Umana-Escobar v. Garland, 69 F.4th 544, 550

(9th Cir. 2023). Because Espinoza-Romero failed to exhaust the alleged claim-

processing violation and the government timely raised § 1252(d)(1), we decline to

address Espinoza-Romero’s challenge to the adequacy of the notice to appear. Id.

      2. Asylum and Withholding of Removal. “To be eligible for asylum, a

petitioner has the burden to demonstrate a likelihood of ‘persecution or a well-

founded fear of persecution on account of . . . membership in a particular social

group . . . .’” Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th 1052, 1059 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). “Either past persecution or a well-founded fear of

future persecution provides eligibility for a discretionary grant of asylum.”

Ratnam v. INS, 154 F.3d 990, 994 (9th Cir. 1998). To establish eligibility for

withholding of removal, a petitioner must demonstrate past persecution or a clear

probability of future persecution. Aden v. Wilkinson, 989 F.3d 1073, 1085–86 (9th

Cir. 2021).

      The IJ determined that Espinoza-Romero failed to establish that the harm he

suffered was on account of a protected ground. Espinoza-Romero contends that he

experienced past persecution based on an incident in which alleged gang members

approached him, asked for money, and then hit his arm with a machete when he

refused to pay. Later, two gang members visited Espinoza-Romero’s home, and

stated that if Espinoza-Romero did not pay, they did not want to see him again.

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      Substantial evidence supports the IJ and BIA’s determination that Espinoza-

Romero did not demonstrate that the threats or attack he experienced in 2000 was

on account of a protected ground. See Ochave v. INS, 254 F.3d 859, 865 (9th Cir.

2001). As the IJ and BIA correctly determined, substantial evidence indicates that

Espinoza-Romero was a victim of general criminal activity.

      Substantial evidence also supports the IJ and BIA’s determination that

Espinoza-Romero did not demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution.

Although Espinoza-Romero testified credibly and established a subjective fear of

persecution, he has not met his burden to show that such fear is “objectively

reasonable.” Sharma, 9 F.4th at 1065. There is no evidence that the gang has any

continuing interest in Espinoza-Romero specifically. And, because Espinoza-

Romero “has not met the lesser burden of establishing his eligibility for asylum, he

necessarily has failed to meet the more stringent ‘clear probability’ burden required

for withholding of removal.” Sharma, 9 F.4th at 1065 (quoting Molina-Morales v.

INS, 237 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2001)) (brackets omitted).

      3. Convention Against Torture. To establish a claim under CAT,

Espinoza-Romero must show that it is more likely than not that he will be tortured

if removed to Mexico. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(3). “Torture is ‘more severe than

persecution.’” Davila, 968 F.3d at 1144 (quoting Guo v. Sessions, 897 F.3d 1208,

1217 (9th Cir. 2018)). To support a claim for CAT relief, “the torture must be

                                        4                                   21-1247
inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public

official or other person acting in an official capacity.” Id. (quoting Garcia-Milian

v. Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1033 (9th Cir. 2014)).

      Substantial evidence supports the IJ and BIA’s determination that Espinoza-

Romero failed to establish past torture or a sufficient likelihood of future torture.

Even assuming that the harm Espinoza-Romero experienced rose to the level of

persecution, it “falls short of the definition of torture.” Sharma, 9 F.4th at 1067.

And, although Espinoza-Romero provides country conditions reports regarding

gang violence in Mexico, no evidence compels the conclusion that Espinoza-

Romero is more likely than not to be tortured there, or that such torture would

involve the requisite state action or acquiescence.

      The motion to stay removal (Dkt. No. 3) is denied.

      PETITION DENIED.

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