Court Opinion

ID: 4616544
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:34:42.53906+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:55:08.388593
License: Public Domain

Ralph E. Lum, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentLum v. CommissionerDocket No. 16506United States Tax Court12 T.C. 375; 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250; March 18, 1949, Promulgated 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*250 Decision will be entered for the respondent.  Commissions received by petitioner as trustee in the taxable year 1944 amounting to less than 80 per cent of total commissions on same trust received in that, as well as prior and subsequent years, held not subject to apportionment under section 107, notwithstanding that they were more than 80 per cent of commissions paid up to and including 1944, when petitioner rendered his first intermediate account.  Ralph E. Lum, pro se.Stanley W. Herzfeld, Esq., for the respondent.  Opper, Judge.  OPPER12 T.C. 375">*376  By this proceeding petitioner challenges respondent's determination of a deficiency in income tax for the calendar year1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*251  1944 in the amount of $ 335.13.  The deficiency results in part from respondent's determination that commissions in the amount of $ 2,500, received by petitioner during the taxable year as cotrustee and executor of a testamentary trust, were not subject to the provisions of section 107, Internal Revenue Code.The parties have filed a stipulation of facts.FINDINGS OF FACT.The stipulated facts are hereby found.Petitioner Ralph E. Lum, residing in Chatham, New Jersey, filed his Federal income tax return for the taxable year 1944, and an amended return for the same year, with the collector of internal revenue for the fifth district of New Jersey.Julie E. B. Bradley, a resident of New Jersey, died October 29, 1934, leaving a will, dated November 28, 1931, which was probated on November 9, 1934.  By its terms the will named petitioner as an executor of the estate and as a trustee of a trust, hereinafter called the "general trust," comprising the residue of the estate and naming the decedent's children as beneficiaries. The trustees were directed to hold the trust property during the life of the decedent's husband, and upon his death to divide it into three equal parts and to distribute1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*252  one-third each to two of the children, Charles and Anne, and to retain the remaining one-third in trust, hereinafter called the "special trust," for the life benefit of the third child, Robert, with remainder to his surviving issue.  The commissions in issue in this proceeding were received by petitioner for administration of the special trust.Decedent's husband died on September 4, 1938.  Subsequently, petitioner and his surviving cotrustee applied to the Court of Chancery of New Jersey for instructions concerning division and distribution of the estate.By an order of distribution, dated March 9, 1939, that court established the special trust for Robert as of that date, and the administration of the special trust began accordingly.By a decree dated July 24, 1944, the Court of Chancery of New Jersey allowed the trustees' first intermediate account in the special 12 T.C. 375">*377  trust, covering the period from the trust's creation on March 9, 1939, to July 10, 1944, and authorized that commissions be paid to the trustees out of the balance of trust corpus as follows: "To Charles Burnet Bradley and Ralph E. Lum, as commissions on the aforesaid $ 180,633.24 of corpus, the sum of $ 3,500.00." 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*253  Commissions of $ 3,500 were paid in 1944 pursuant to the above decree and were divided between the two trustees.  Petitioner received $ 2,500 thereof, and this is the item in issue in this proceeding.In addition to total corpus commissions of $ 3,500, described above, the trustees received and divided equally between themselves regular statutory commissions of 5 per cent on the income collected by them in administering the special trust. In July 1944 Charles Burnet Bradley was relieved and discharged as trustee, and since that date petitioner has served as the sole trustee under the special trust. Petitioner has filed no further intermediate accountings.  Robert, beneficiary under the special trust, was still alive at the time of the hearing in this proceeding.A statement of commissions received by petitioner as trustee under the special trust, from its creation to December 31, 1947, is as follows:Periods in which receivedOn incomeOn corpusTotal1939-47, incl$ 1,843.32$ 2,500$ 4,343.321939-44, incl774.792,5003,274.791944212.522,5002,712.52Of the total commissions received by petitioner during the period 1939-1944, inclusive, 82.83 per cent1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*254  was received in 1944; and of the total commissions received during the period 1939-1947, inclusive, approximately 62 per cent was received in 1944.In his returns petitioner reported commissions received in the taxable year for administration of the special trust as follows: Income commissions, $ 119.74; and corpus commissions (apportioned under section 107), $ 232.26.In his notice of deficiency respondent determined:* * * that the corpus commissions in the amount of $ 2,500.00, received in the taxable year 1944 by you as cotrustee and executor of the R. B. Bradley Trust, are not subject to the provisions of Section 107 of the Internal Revenue Code.OPINION.A further aspect of the application of section 107, Internal Revenue Code, 11949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*256  to the trustee of a continuing trust is presented 12 T.C. 375">*378  by this proceeding.  Petitioner does not contend, as in Paul H. Smart, 4 T.C. 846, 853; affd. (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 152 Fed. (2d) 333; certiorari denied, 327 U.S. 804">327 U.S. 804; and Harry Civiletti, 3 T.C. 1274; affd. (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 152 Fed. (2d) 332; 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*255  certiorari denied, 327 U.S. 804">327 U.S. 804, that his compensation should be segregated between the services dealing with corpus and with income.  Such an attempt would be doomed at the outset, on the authority of those cases.  He does insist, however, that his services may be divided, so to speak, vertically rather than horizontally; that is, that the services rendered up to the end of the instant tax year, in which he submitted an intermediate account, can be severed from precisely identical services rendered thereafter.  The effect of this would be to reduce the total compensation of which 80 per cent is required to be paid in a single year, and thereby to raise the payment in the present year to the required 80 per cent of the total compensation. In the development of his argument petitioner relies heavily upon the amendment 2 adopted in 1942 which eliminated the requirement that the 80 per cent must be paid only on completion of the services.But, in dealing with this contention, two considerations present themselves.  The first is that on petitioner's theory he was paid the 80 per cent in the year of completion of the segment of the services which he urges as the limit of our present concern.  In fact, he insists that, under the applicable New Jersey law, compensation of fiduciaries can only be for services already rendered.  In re McMillin's Estate, 120 N. J. Eq. 432; 185 A. 913; Conover v. Ellis, 49 N. J. Eq. 549; 25 A. 701. So that if he is correct his case would, in this respect, equally have been governed by the statute in its previous form.  The second is that while the statute as amended eliminates the concept of completion, as applied to the year of payment, it continues to employ the term and the approach of "completion" in dealing with the total compensation upon which the 80 per cent is to be computed.  The reference is to "the total compensation for personal services1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*257  rendered" over the necessary period "from the beginning to the completion of such services." 3 (Emphasis added.)1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*258 12 T.C. 375">*379  For the very reason that the statute no longer requires completion by the time payment is made, while still demanding payment in one year of 80 per cent of the "total" compensation, it is necessary to look beyond the year in which the payment is received to see whether what will be received in the future, 4 when added to that received in prior years, may exceed the 20 per cent which is the outer limit of tolerance.  See Nicholas W. Mathey, 10 T.C. 1099. That is why as of 1944 we must look forward to see whether other payments were received after that date, and add all payments received for continuous services together to compute the "total" of which the 80 per cent must have been paid currently.  See Merton E. Farr, 11 T.C. 552.1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*259 For a similar reason, in Julia C. Nast, 7 T.C. 432, a question involving not the "completion" of the services as here, but their "beginning," was decided adversely to the taxpayer's contention.  In the case of services of a homogeneous nature and covering a continuous period, it took more in the Nast case than the mere rendering of a bill to mark the beginning of the period of services, just as here it takes more than the rendering of an account to mark their end.  5 "* * * unless the services themselves are divisible, the compensation received therefor, regardless of source, must be lumped together * * *" George J. Hoffman, Jr., 11 T.C. 1057. And, when considering whether this petitioner's services were so "divisible," we may not apply the doctrine of liberal construction in his favor in such a way that some other taxpayer's equally meritorious claim would then require exclusion.  In this field, as in many others, one man's meat may be another man's poison, and another fiduciary might render an intermediate account at the end of two years and a second at the end of two years more, but be paid only at the latter 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*260  time for all of the work.  If for that reason the services have to be considered "divisible," neither period for which he was being paid could be said to have covered the necessary 12 T.C. 375">*380  36 months.  That result would in principle be inconsistent with such cases as James D. Gordon, 10 T.C. 772; affd. (C. C. A., 2d Cir.), 172 Fed. (2d) 864, where the services of a broker in attempting to sell one property were considered sufficiently continuous to conform to the three-year requirement, notwithstanding that different prospective purchasers and a different source of compensation were involved.1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*261 While the question is not identical, the language used in Paul H. Smart, supra, p. 853, in describing Harry Civiletti, supra, is equally applicable and dispositive here "that there could be no separation of his two principal duties as trustee so as to bring the compensation received for one within the limits laid down by code section 107; that all amounts received by the trustee were received by him as compensation for his services as trustee; and that, since he did not receive at least * * * [80 per cent] thereof in * * * [1944], he was not entitled to the benefit of section 107." (Emphasis added.)We conclude that petitioner's personal services as trustee of the special trust "commenced" in 1939 and continued at least until 1947; that what he received in the taxable year was a part of his compensation for those services; and that it was less than 80 per cent of the "total" he has already received from the beginning for "such services," whether we think of them as having been completed, or still continuing, in 1947.  We are accordingly unable to sustain the claim for application of section 107.  Julia C. Nast, supra;1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 250">*262 Paul H. Smart, supra;Harry Civiletti, supra.Decision will be entered for the respondent.  Footnotes1. SEC. 107. COMPENSATION FOR SERVICES RENDERED FOR A PERIOD OF THIRTY-SIX MONTHS OR MORE AND BACK PAY.(a) Personal Services. -- If at least 80 per centum of the total compensation for personal services covering a period of thirty-six calendar months or more (from the beginning to the completion of such services) is received or accrued in one taxable year by an individual or a partnership, the tax attributable to any part thereof which is included in the gross income of any individual shall not be greater than the aggregate of the taxes attributable to such part had it been included in the gross income of such individual ratably over that part of the period which precedes the date of such receipt or accrual.↩2. Revenue Act of 1942, sec. 139.↩3. That Congress in eliminating the requirement of payment on completion did not purport to be weakening the completion aspect of the 80 per cent requirement seems to us apparent from the following excerpt from the report of the Committee on Finance in connection with the 1942 Act; "Cases were brought to your Committee's attention where further services were rendered after the receipt of payment meeting the percentage requirement but the additional compensation for such further services was not sufficient to violate the percentage requirement↩ * * * such case would seem equally meritorious with that in which such compensation was received upon the completion of such services." (Emphasis added.) (Senate Finance Committee, Rept. No. 1631, 77th Cong., 2d sess., p. 49.)The implication is inescapable that had the "additional compensation for such further services" violated the "percentage requirement," the case would not have been considered "equally meritorious."4. "* * * Thus, for example, if an individual commences personal services on July 1, 1941, and completes them on July 1, 1944, and is paid $ 8,000 for such services on April 1, 1943, he is entitled to the benefits of section 107 (a), provided the $ 8,000 is at least 80 per cent of the total compensation paid or to be paid for such services; * * *" (Emphasis added.) (Senate Finance Committee, Rept. No. 1631, 77th Cong., 2d sess., p. 108, quoted in Harry L. Additon, 3 T.C. 427, 430↩.)5. Such a conclusion is consistent with the following example given in the report of the Senate Finance Committee in connection with the 1942 amendment:"* * * Also, if an individual commences personal services on July 1, 1941, and completes them on July 1, 1947, the total compensation for such services being $ 100,000, and if he receives $ 50,000 on August 1, 1944, and $ 50,000 on August 1, 1947, he is not entitled to the benefits of section 107 (a)↩ for the reason that he does not include in gross income for one taxable year at least 80 percent of the total compensation. * * *" (Rept., No. 1631, Senate Finance Committee, 77th Cong., 2d sess., p. 108.)