Court Opinion

ID: 9892322
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-23 17:00:36.955094+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:05.028621
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                   FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                        _____________

                            No. 22-3012
                           _____________

            BARBARA ANN THOMPKINS, Individually;
                 ERIC KLAVON, her husband

                                  v.

MUNICIPALITY OF PENN HILLS; PENN HILLS POLICE DEPARTMENT;
                OFFICER ALYSSA FINNIGAN;
                  PC DAVID KLOBUCHER

                        PC David Klobucher,
                                    Appellant
                          _____________

                  On Appeal from the District Court
               for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                    (D.C. Civil No. 2:21-cv-00320)
        Chief Magistrate Judge: Honorable Cynthia Reed Eddy
                           _____________

          Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a):
                          October 16, 2023
                          _____________

 Before: CHAGARES, Chief Judge, PHIPPS and CHUNG, Circuit Judges

                      (Filed: October 23, 2023)
                                      ____________

                                        OPINION *
                                      ____________

CHAGARES, Chief Judge.

       Defendant David Klobucher appeals from the District Court’s denial of his motion

for summary judgment based on qualified immunity. Klobucher, a police officer,

responded to a domestic violence call between a husband and wife. When plaintiff

Barbara Ann Thompkins admitted to punching her husband in the mouth, Klobucher

attempted to arrest her. Thompkins resisted and an ensuing scuffle between Klobucher

and Thompkins led to her broken arm. Thompkins and her husband Eric Klavon brought

suit alleging excessive force under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and other state-law claims. Because

the District Court erred as a matter of law on whether a clearly established right existed,

we will reverse the District Court’s order as to this issue. We will dismiss the portion of

the appeal concerning the state-law claims because we lack jurisdiction to consider them.

                                             I.

       We write primarily for the parties and recite only the facts essential to our

decision. Two Penn Hills police officers responded to a domestic violence call in June

2020. Klobucher arrived on the scene first and met Klavon in the front yard. Klavon

claimed that his wife, Thompkins, punched him in the face. Thompkins was inside the

*
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not
constitute binding precedent.

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house and gave Klobucher permission to enter. Officer Alyssa Finnigan arrived shortly

thereafter and joined Klobucher inside the house. The officers’ body worn cameras

captured the parties’ interactions, which are generally undisputed.

       Inside the house, Thompkins admitted to the officers that she punched her husband

in the mouth. Klobucher told Thompkins to stand up. He grabbed Thompkins’s arm and

told her that she was under arrest. Thompkins screamed “no” and resisted arrest. A

scuffle ensued. Klobucher pushed Thompkins against a wall while he and Finnigan tried

to handcuff her. Thompkins continued to resist arrest. Klobucher grabbed her hair and

arm and pulled her to the ground. Klobucher executed a holding technique on

Thompkins’s shoulder, and he placed his knee on her upper back to maintain control.

Finnigan then successfully handcuffed Thompkins. This entire sequence of events lasted

less than one minute. After arresting her, the officers helped Thompkins to her feet.

Thompkins told the officers that they broke her arm. X-rays taken later at the hospital

revealed an arm fracture that required surgery.

       The District Court found disputed facts in the record and concluded that

Klobucher was not entitled to qualified immunity from the plaintiffs’ section 1983

excessive force claim. 1 The District Court also denied Klobucher summary judgment on

the plaintiffs’ state-law claims of battery and loss of consortium. Klobucher timely

appealed.

1
  With the parties’ consent, Chief Magistrate Judge Cynthia Reed Eddy conducted the
proceedings in this matter. We refer to the Chief Magistrate Judge as the District Court
throughout this opinion.

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                                             II.

                                             A.

       We must first consider whether we have jurisdiction to hear this appeal. In

Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 311 (1995), the Supreme Court held that “a district

court’s order denying a defendant’s motion for summary judgment [i]s an immediately

appealable ‘collateral order’” where “the issue appealed concerned, not which facts the

parties might be able to prove, but, rather, whether or not certain given facts showed a

violation of ‘clearly established’ law.” (citation omitted). Here, Klobucher’s appeal

raises the purely legal question of whether the District Court’s view of the facts entitle

Klobucher to qualified immunity. We therefore have jurisdiction to review this question

of law. Lozano v. New Jersey, 9 F.4th 239, 244 (3d Cir. 2021). 2

       We lack jurisdiction, however, to consider the portion of the District Court’s order

denying Klobucher summary judgment on the state-law battery and loss of consortium

claims. Klobucher contends that qualified immunity extends to these state-law claims,

but that is not true. We have stated that “qualified immunity is a defense only to

violations of federal law under § 1983. Immunity from state law claims is governed by

the state’s immunity doctrine.” El v. City of Pittsburgh, 975 F.3d 327, 334 n.3 (3d Cir.

2020). Klobucher did not invoke state-law immunity below. Because there was no

2
  Because the incident in question was captured by videos, we may reconsider the District
Court’s factual findings “when they are blatantly and demonstrably false.” Williams v.
City of York, 967 F.3d 252, 257 n.1 (3d Cir. 2020). We have reviewed the videos and
take no issue with the District Court’s factual findings.

                                              4
denial of state immunity, there was no immediately appealable order for us to review as

to this issue. Id. at 334. We will therefore dismiss this part of the appeal.

                                              B.

       We proceed to the merits of Klobucher’s appeal challenging the denial of qualified

immunity. 3 “Qualified immunity protects government officials performing discretionary

functions ‘from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly

established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have

known.’” Halsey v. Pfeiffer, 750 F.3d 273, 287 (3d Cir. 2014) (quoting Harlow v.

Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). The Supreme Court has “repeatedly told

courts . . . not to define clearly established law at a high level of generality.” Mullenix v.

Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 742 (2011)).

This level of specificity is “especially important” in the Fourth Amendment excessive

force context where “the result depends very much on the facts of each case.” Kisela v.

Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148, 1152–53 (2018) (quoting Mullenix, 577 U.S. at 12–13). For

that reason, an officer is “entitled to qualified immunity unless existing precedent

‘squarely governs’ the specific facts at issue.” Id. at 1153 (quoting Mullenix, 577 U.S. at

13).

       We agree with Klobucher that any right he may have violated was not clearly

established at the time of the arrest. For starters, the District Court did not articulate the

scope of Thompkins’s right. We think the relevant inquiry is whether it is clearly

3
  We exercise plenary review of an order denying qualified immunity at the summary
judgment stage. Goodwin v. Conway, 836 F.3d 321, 326 n.16 (3d Cir. 2016).

                                               5
established that a police officer uses excessive force by employing an aggressive

restraining technique to handcuff a person who has admitted to committing domestic

violence and is physically resisting arrest. The sole appellate authority that the District

Court cited in its analysis, Couden v. Duffy, 446 F.3d 483 (3d Cir. 2006), does not show

a clearly established right in this context. In that case, police officers set up an

undercover surveillance outside a home based on a tip that a fugitive might be staying at

that address. Id. at 489. When a 14-year-old boy entered his own home, four officers

jumped on him, pointed guns at his head, handcuffed him, and sprayed him with mace.

Id. at 490. The boy was cooperative and did not resist arrest. Id. at 497. We ruled that

based on existing precedent, a reasonable officer would not have believed that the level

of force used was reasonable under the circumstances. Id.

       Here, by contrast, the District Court observed that Thompkins had not only

confessed to committing domestic violence, but also resisted the officers by “flailing

around during the course of a lawful arrest.” Appendix (“App”) 13a. In light of the facts

of this case, we cannot see how any reasonable officer in Klobucher’s position would

know that executing a holding technique to effectuate the arrest amounted to excessive

force. Klobucher is thus entitled to qualified immunity from the plaintiffs’ section 1983

excessive force claim. 4

4
 We decline to consider the district court cases upon which the District Court relied. We
have explained that “clearly established rights are derived either from binding Supreme
Court and Third Circuit precedent or from a ‘robust consensus of cases of persuasive
authority in the Courts of Appeals.’” James v. N.J. State Police, 957 F.3d 165, 170 (3d
Cir. 2020) (quoting Bland v. City of Newark, 900 F.3d 77, 84 (3d Cir. 2018)). Nor is this

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                                           III.

      For the foregoing reasons, we will reverse the portion of the District Court’s order

denying Klobucher summary judgment on the plaintiffs’ section 1983 excessive force

claim. We will dismiss the portion of the appeal related to the denial of summary

judgment on the state-law claims and we will remand the case for further proceedings.

“an obvious case in which any competent officer would have known” that he was
violating Thompkins’s rights. Kisela, 138 S. Ct. at 1153.

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