Court Opinion

ID: 9385599
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-07 15:01:53.147351+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:03.192996
License: Public Domain

Rel: April 7, 2023

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter.
Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue,
Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0650), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections
may be made before the opinion is published in Southern Reporter.

  ALABAMA COURT OF CIVIL APPEALS
                               OCTOBER TERM, 2022-2023
                                _________________________

                                         CL-2022-0917
                                   _________________________

                                                    K.H.

                                                      v.

            Madison County Department of Human Resources

                        Appeal from Madison Juvenile Court
                                   (JU-20-671.01)

                                   _________________________

                                         CL-2022-0918
                                   _________________________

                                                    K.H.

                                                      v.

            Madison County Department of Human Resources
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

               Appeal from Madison Juvenile Court
                          (JU-20-671.02)

                      _________________________

                            CL-2022-0919
                      _________________________

                                  K.H.

                                   v.

        Madison County Department of Human Resources

               Appeal from Madison Juvenile Court
                          (JU-20-672.01)

                      _________________________

                            CL-2022-0920
                      _________________________

                                  K.H.

                                   v.

        Madison County Department of Human Resources

               Appeal from Madison Juvenile Court
                          (JU-20-672.02)

THOMPSON, Presiding Judge.

     Two children, C.I., born in May 2011, and M.H., born in August

2020, were born of the relationship of K.H. ("the mother") and D.I. ("the

                                   2
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

father").1 When M.H. was born, that child tested positive for opiates. As

a result, in September 2020, the Morgan County Department of Human

Resources ("Morgan County DHR") filed in the Morgan Juvenile Court

petitions seeking to have C.I. and M.H. ("the children") declared

dependent. The Morgan Juvenile Court issued a pick-up order on

September 2, 2020, and, also on that date, it ordered that the actions be

transferred to the Madison Juvenile Court ("the juvenile court"), which it

had determined was the proper venue for the dependency actions. The

juvenile court assigned case number JU-20-671.01 to the dependency

action concerning C.I. and case number JU-20-672.01 to the dependency

action concerning M.H.; we refer to those two actions together as "the

dependency actions." The children were placed in the custody of the

Madison County Department of Human Resources ("DHR").

     On November 4, 2020, the juvenile court entered orders in the

dependency actions finding the children dependent and leaving the

children in the custody of DHR. Additional orders making similar

findings were entered during the pendency of the dependency actions. On

     1The   record does not explain why C.I. and M.H. have different last
names.
                                    3
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

May 5, 2021, the juvenile court entered orders continuing the award of

custody of the children to DHR and ordering that the mother's visitation

with the children be suspended because of her continued failure to comply

with DHR's reunification efforts and services. Subsequent orders entered

in the dependency actions continued the suspension of the mother's

visitation rights.

      On September 16, 2021, DHR filed in the juvenile court petitions

seeking to terminate the parental rights of the mother and the father.

The juvenile court assigned case number JU-20-671.02 to the

termination-of-parental-rights action pertaining to C.I. and case number

JU-20-672.02 to the termination-of-parental-rights action pertaining to

M.H. The juvenile court accepted ore tenus evidence at a hearing on the

termination-of-parental-rights petitions over the course of two days, July

14, 2022, and August 2, 2022. On August 15, 2022, the juvenile court

entered judgments in the termination-of-parental rights actions in which

it ordered that the parental rights of the mother and the father be

terminated.

      The mother filed notices of appeal in each of the dependency actions

and from each of the August 15, 2022, judgments entered in the

                                    4
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

termination-of-parental-rights actions. This court's clerk assigned appeal

number CL-2022-0917 to the mother's appeal in juvenile-court case

number JU-20-671.01, and appeal number CL-2022-0919 to the mother's

appeal in juvenile-court case number JU-20-672.01; those two appeals

pertain to the dependency actions. This court assigned appeal number

CL-2022-0918 to the mother's appeal of the judgment entered in juvenile-

court case number JU-20-671.02, and appeal number CL-2022-0920 to

the mother's appeal of the judgment entered in juvenile-court case

number JU-20-672.02; those appeals concern the August 15, 2022,

termination-of-parental-rights judgments.

     The father did not participate in reunification services offered by

DHR, and he did not take part in the dependency actions or the

termination-of-parental-rights actions. The father did not appeal the

judgments terminating his parental rights. Therefore, this opinion

discusses facts pertaining to the father to the extent that they might be

relevant to the arguments asserted by the mother in her appeals.

     The record reveals the following pertinent facts. After having

rescheduled the termination-of-parental-rights hearing once before, the

juvenile court, on May 11, 2022, again entered an order rescheduling that

                                    5
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

hearing for July 14, 2022. The mother did not appear at the hearing on

July 14, 2022. Instead, at the beginning of the hearing, the mother

addressed the juvenile court via Zoom, a videoconferencing service, and

asked that she be allowed to participate in the termination-of-parental-

rights hearing via Zoom because, she said, she had contracted the

COVID-19 virus. On questioning by the juvenile court, the mother, who

was not sworn in as a witness, represented to the juvenile court that she

had tested positive for the COVID-19 virus one week earlier, although

she admitted that she was experiencing no symptoms of that virus. The

juvenile court expressed its concern that if the mother did not attend the

hearing in person, she would be prevented from assisting and consulting

with her attorney, who was present in the courtroom, during the hearing.

The juvenile court informed the mother that it would allow her to

participate in the termination-of-parental-rights hearing via Zoom until

a break was taken to the portion of the hearing held on July 14, 2022 (i.e.,

the first day of the termination-of-parental-rights hearing). The juvenile

court instructed the mother that, during the lunch break, the mother was

expected to provide proof of a positive COVID-19 test for that day or she

was expected to travel to the courtroom to attend the afternoon portion

                                     6
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

of the hearing that day. The juvenile court also informed the mother that

COVID-19 tests were available in the courtroom if she did not have a test

or did not want to purchase one and that she would be allowed to

participate via Zoom only if she tested positive for the COVID-19 virus.

     The testimony of the witnesses at the hearing set forth the following

facts. D'Koya Mathis, the DHR social worker assigned to the children's

cases from February 2020 through March 2022, stated that she was not

the initial social worker assigned to the children's cases. Mathis

explained that because the mother was not initially compliant with DHR

reunification services, a DHR supervisor had reassigned Mathis to the

children's cases in the hope that Mathis might be able to work more

effectively with the mother.

     Mathis testified that following M.H.'s birth at a hospital in late

August 2020, M.H. remained hospitalized because of complications

resulting from having been born with opiates in her system. According to

Mathis, in early September 2020, the mother left the hospital where M.H.

had been born and "abandoned" M.H. by not returning to the hospital.

Morgan County DHR initiated the dependency actions on September 2,

2020, and the children were placed in DHR's custody on that same date.

                                   7
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

     Mathis testified that when the children were first placed in foster

care, DHR offered the mother reunification services that included

substance-abuse treatment through the Aletheia House, a parenting

assessment offered by the Aletheia House, random drug screens on a

color-code system, and a psychological evaluation. In addition, DHR

asked the mother to obtain and maintain stable housing and

employment.

     We note that the attorneys for the parties seldom asked, and the

two DHR witnesses did not testify, regarding the specific dates on which

the mother attempted certain services. However, it is undisputed that

between 2020 and 2021, the mother unsuccessfully attempted three

substance-abuse programs. Mathis explained that the mother entered

the Aletheia House in Huntsville and left that substance-abuse program

before completing it. DHR then referred the mother to the Aletheia House

program in Rogersville, and the mother failed to complete that program.

The mother was then referred to the Aletheia House substance-abuse

program in Birmingham, and, again, the mother left that program before

completing it. Mathis testified that the three Aletheia House substance-

abuse programs each offered the parenting assessment that DHR had

                                   8
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

requested for the mother, but that the mother failed to take part in a

parenting assessment during her time in those three substance-abuse

programs. Mathis also testified that DHR referred the mother for a

psychological evaluation with Dr. Barry Wood but that the mother did

not complete that evaluation.

     In total, DHR conducted nine individualized-service-plan ("ISP")

meetings during the time that Mathis was assigned to the children's

cases; those ISP meetings were held to address services to be offered to

the mother. Mathis stated that the mother had at times seemed

interested in obtaining help with her substance-abuse issues but that she

did not follow through with reunification services. Mathis stated that

when she was initially assigned to the children's cases, the mother

communicated well with her, but, she said, that communication became

less frequent because the mother moved often and frequently changed

her telephone number. Also, the mother was briefly incarcerated twice

during the time that Mathis was assigned to the children's cases,

although the dates of those incarcerations and the reasons for those

incarcerations are not set forth in the record. Mathis stated that during

the time that she was assigned to the children's cases, the mother

                                   9
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

remained noncompliant with DHR's reunification efforts and did not

complete any reunification services.

     The mother initially attended her weekly, supervised visitations

with the children. However, Mathis testified that the mother appeared

at one visitation clearly under the influence of an intoxicant. Mathis

testified that the mother initially asserted that she was sober at that

visitation. However, Mathis stated that the mother later admitted to

Mathis that she had taken some medications that, the mother had

claimed, made her drowsy during that visitation. Mathis also testified

that the mother did not appear intoxicated at any later visitations with

the children.

     At some point in the spring of 2021, possibly at a review hearing

conducted in early May 2021, the children's guardian ad litem requested

that the juvenile court suspend the mother's visitation with the children

because the mother had failed to take part in reunification services. On

May 5, 2021, the juvenile court entered an order suspending the mother's

visitation with the children "until such time as the mother … [is]

compliant with [DHR] services as outlined" in the ISP agreements. The

                                   10
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

mother's visitation remained suspended at the time of the termination-

of-parental-rights hearing in these matters.

     In late 2021, the mother gave birth to a third child ("the half-

sibling"), born of her relationship with I.P. ("the boyfriend").2 Following

the half-sibling's birth, DHR placed that child in the custody of the

boyfriend pursuant to a safety plan. Scott testified that the mother lives

with the boyfriend and the half-sibling. Scott also stated that she did not

have concerns about the mother's ability to care for the half-sibling.

However, Scott stated, the terms of the safety plan required that the

boyfriend not allow the mother to be alone with the half-sibling and to

supervise the mother's interactions with the half-sibling.

     Mathis also testified that although the mother reported being

employed at various times after the children were placed in foster care,

the mother never provided proof to DHR of her employment. Also,

according to Mathis, during the time she was assigned to the children's

     2There   is some confusion in the record concerning whether the
mother has three or four children. Although one witness referred to the
child born in 2021 of the mother's relationship with the boyfriend as the
mother's "fourth" child, other references indicate that that child is the
mother's third child. No fourth child of the mother's was ever identified
in the record. However, the father has a child born of his relationship
with a woman other than the mother.
                                    11
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

cases, the mother was never able to maintain stable housing. Mathis

testified that she inspected one of the mother's homes in 2022 and that it

was clean and appropriate for the children. However, Mathis stated that

at the time she inspected that home, the mother and her boyfriend

informed Mathis that they were in the process of relocating to yet another

residence.

     Jessica Scott, the DHR social worker assigned to the children's

cases between March 2022 and the time of the termination-of-parental-

rights hearing, testified that she had seen the mother's most recent

residence, which was a two-bedroom apartment that the mother shared

with the boyfriend and the half-sibling. Scott stated that the apartment

was clean and appropriate for children. However, she said that she

believed that the mother needed a larger home to accommodate the

addition of the children if they were to be returned to the mother's

custody. On cross-examination, Scott admitted that the children could

share a bedroom with the half-sibling. However, even assuming that the

mother's apartment was large enough, Scott stated, because the mother

had failed to comply with reunification efforts, and especially because the

                                    12
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

mother had consistently failed to submit to drug screens, DHR had not

attempted to transition the children into the mother's home.

     Scott testified that when she took over the children's cases in March

2022, which was approximately six months after DHR had filed its

termination-of-parental-rights petitions in these matters, the mother

still needed to complete a psychological evaluation, substance-abuse

treatment, and a parenting assessment. In addition, Scott said, the

mother also needed to submit consistently to drug screens. Scott testified

that the mother communicated with her regularly and began

participating in reunification services in the late spring of 2022. We note

that Scott admitted that she had not discussed a parenting assessment

with the mother. Scott explained that the parenting assessment had been

available through the Aletheia House substance-abuse programs, and

that the mother had not availed herself of those services in her three

attempts at substance-abuse treatment through the programs from the

Aletheia House.

     The mother took part in a psychological evaluation with Dr. Lois

Petrella on May 25, 2022. Dr. Petrella testified that the mother answered

her questions appropriately and that the mother did not appear to be

                                    13
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

under the influence of drugs or alcohol at the time of that psychological

evaluation. However, Dr. Petrella also stated that the mother spent a

great deal of time playing on her telephone during the psychological

evaluation, although Dr. Petrella stated that the mother's doing so had

not been a significant problem. According to Dr. Petrella, the mother's IQ

is 92, and most of the mother's diagnoses were normal. However, Dr.

Petrella testified that the mother exaggerated her parenting abilities and

seemed to be overconfident in those abilities. In addition, Dr. Petrella

stated that the mother had informed her that she had last used illegal

drugs one year earlier. Dr. Petrella stated that she had wanted to conduct

a more thorough parenting assessment on the mother, but, she said, the

mother had to leave the psychological evaluation early to take a drug

screen. Regardless, Dr. Petrella stated that she would not recommend

that the mother be reunited with the children until the mother could

demonstrate that she was substance free.

     Although DHR recommended inpatient substance-abuse treatment

for the mother, the mother attended an outpatient program through

Bradford, a substance-abuse-treatment program. She completed that

program on June 22, 2022, which was approximately six weeks before the

                                   14
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

first part of the termination-of-parental-rights hearing. We note that

during the pendency of the dependency actions, the juvenile court had

ordered the mother to take part in a drug-court program. In response to

questioning by the juvenile court, Scott testified that the mother had not

complied with that earlier order and had not attended the drug-court

program.

     The record demonstrates that from late September 2020 through

February 10, 2022, the mother failed to submit to any drug screens. The

mother tested negative on seven random drug screens administered

between February 11, 2022, through June 2, 2022. However, on June 6,

2022, when she was attending the outpatient substance-abuse program,

the mother tested positive for opiates. The mother tested negative for

opiates on June 13, 2022, July 19, 2022, and July 25, 2022, but she failed

to appear for drug screens on June 24, 2022, June 30, 2022, July 14, 2022,

and August 1, 2022. The exhibit setting forth all except the last four of

the mother's drug screens indicates that, during the 18 months that the

children have been in foster care, the mother failed to appear for 78 of

the 90 drug screens for which she was eligible on the color-code system,

i.e., the mother failed to submit to 87 percent of the drug screens on the

                                   15
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

color-code system. The mother also failed to appear for two of the final

four drug screens immediately before the termination-of-parental-rights

hearing.

     According to Scott, even after the mother completed the outpatient

substance-abuse program, the mother claimed to have been prescribed

opiate pain medication for an unspecified injury to her back. Scott stated

that she asked the mother several times for verification of that claim but

that the mother never explained the exact nature of her pain and failed

to produce a prescription for pain medication.

     The mother has not paid any child support for the benefit of the

children. Mathis testified that, when the mother had visitation with the

children, the mother did not bring any supplies, clothes, or gifts for the

children to the visits, and she did not send the children gifts on their

birthdays or at Christmas.

     Mathis testified that C.I. is an excellent student who, after being

placed in foster care, entered the gifted program at her school. Mathis

explained that C.I. experienced difficulties with the transition into foster

care and that that child had had some behavioral outbursts. For that

reason, DHR arranged for C.I. to have individual counseling. According

                                    16
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

to Mathis, after approximately one year, C.I.'s behavioral issues

improved, and DHR ended her individual counseling. However, Scott

testified that C.I. was again in counseling at the time of the termination-

of-parental-rights hearing because C.I. was upset about the possibility of

being permanently separated from the mother.

     Dominique Dillard, the psychologist who was treating C.I. at the

time of the termination-of-parental-rights hearing, testified that during

her first session with C.I., C.I. disclosed that she was being physically

abused in the foster home in which she was then residing. Dillard

reported that allegation to Scott, and C.I. was immediately moved to

another foster home. Dillard stated that after C.I. was removed from the

allegedly abusive foster home, C.I.'s outlook and disposition became

brighter and more normal. Dillard testified that C.I. is emotionally strong

and articulate and that C.I. needs to continue with individual counseling

to assist her in moving forward, especially if the mother's parental rights

were terminated.

     Scott testified that, at some point after she began working on the

children's cases, it was discovered that C.I. had been communicating with

the mother over social media, apparently on a computer, and by

                                    17
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

telephone when she borrowed a foster sibling's telephone. Scott testified

that DHR believed that the mother had remained in contact with C.I.

from the time that the children had entered foster care, even after the

juvenile court suspended the mother's visitation with the children;

therefore, she said, that communication was in opposition to the juvenile

court's orders. Scott and Dillard each stated that C.I. has a close

relationship with the mother and that she wanted to be returned to the

mother's custody. Scott stated that, in the new foster home in which C.I.

resided at the time of the termination-of-parental-rights hearing, C.I.'s

internet access was closely monitored. She also stated that Dillard had

agreed to supervise any further communication between the mother and

C.I. if the juvenile court were to allow that communication to continue.

     Dillard testified that she had recommended that DHR conduct a

bonding assessment for C.I. and the mother to determine whether C.I.

had a current, beneficial bond with the mother or whether the child's

bond with the mother was based on memories of having lived with the

mother. Dillard explained that, as is normal for children, C.I. tended to

have only positive memories of the mother and that C.I. did not seem to

recall the detriment and dysfunction she had experienced while she was

                                   18
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

in the mother's custody. Scott testified that she had attempted to

schedule a bonding assessment for the mother and C.I. but that she was

unable to schedule that assessment before the termination-of-parental-

rights hearing.

     On May 3, 2022, the mother filed in the dependency actions a

request that she be allowed to resume visitation with the children. On

July 1, 2022, the mother filed in the two termination-of-parental-rights

actions a motion to have telephone visitation with C.I.; that motion

appears to have been filed shortly after DHR discovered that the mother

had been surreptitiously communicating with C.I. The juvenile court

denied those motions on July 14, 2022, i.e., on the first day of the

termination-of-parental-rights hearing.

     Mathis and Scott testified that there were no relatives willing or

able to provide a placement for the children. Mathis testified that the

mother and the father provided DHR the names of a few relatives but

that only one of those relatives, the father's brother, T.I., was either

willing to serve as a placement or was deemed to be an appropriate

placement for the children. Mathis explained that T.I. had expressed an

interest in providing a home for the children but that he did not have

                                  19
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

stable housing. Scott testified that when she was assigned to the

children's cases, she inquired about relative resources but that the

mother did not provide the names of any relatives who could serve as a

possible relative placement for the children. Scott testified that she

contacted T.I. to determine whether his housing situation had stabilized

such that he could provide a placement for the children, but, she said,

T.I. reported that his housing situation remained unstable.

     Mathis and Scott testified that the permanency plan for the

children is adoption, and Scott testified that both children are adoptable.

Mathis testified that a previous foster mother was willing to adopt M.H.

but that that foster mother was not willing to adopt C.I. Both Mathis and

Scott testified that, because of the close bond between the children, it was

in the children's best interests that they be placed in the same adoptive

home. For that reason, Mathis stated, DHR had decided not to allow the

previous foster parent to adopt M.H.

     Instead, Mathis testified, DHR planned to allow the children to be

adopted by another foster parent ("the prospective adoptive resource")

with whom the children had not yet resided. Scott explained that the

prospective adoptive resource "is willing to adopt these children, but she

                                    20
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

would prefer that … the parents' rights be terminated before she starts

that relationship." Scott later reiterated that the prospective adoptive

resource remained willing to adopt the children but that she wanted to

ensure that there was a termination of parental rights first. Scott stated

that the prospective adoptive resource could provide the children the

individualized attention that they need. Scott also testified that, if for

any reason the prospective adoptive resource did not adopt the children,

the children's current foster parent was willing to adopt the children to

ensure that the children remained together in the same home. However,

Scott explained, the current foster parent preferred to allow the children

to be adopted by the prospective adoptive resource because the current

foster parent had other foster children in her home and could not give the

children much individualized attention.

     The mother presented no evidence at the termination-of-parental-

rights hearing.

     At the close of the morning session of the portion of the termination-

of-parental-rights hearing on July 14, 2022, the juvenile court again

instructed the mother to obtain a COVID-19 test during the lunch break

and either to appear for the afternoon session of the hearing or to provide

                                    21
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

proof of her positive COVID-19 test. When court resumed after the lunch

break, the mother had not appeared in the courtroom or provided proof

of a positive COVID-19 test. The mother's attorney represented to the

juvenile court that the mother had claimed to him, shortly before the

hearing resumed, that she lacked transportation to travel to the

courthouse. The juvenile court offered to wait for the mother and to pay

for a ride share to transport the mother to the hearing. DHR's attorney

stated that DHR was attempting to contact the mother to arrange

transportation to bring the mother to the courtroom. The mother's

attorney then stated that the mother had just informed him via text

message that she was on her way to the courthouse at that time. Court

was recessed to wait for the mother to appear.

     The hearing resumed at approximately 3:00 p.m., and the mother

was not in the courtroom and had not responded to the attempts made

by her attorney to contact her. The juvenile court then released DHR and

its witnesses from the hearing, but it instructed the mother's attorney to

wait an additional 30 minutes to see if the mother arrived in the

courtroom. The juvenile court instructed the mother's attorney that if the

mother did appear in the courtroom, the mother was to submit to both a

                                   22
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

COVID-19 test and to a court-sponsored drug screen. The juvenile court

also stated that it would consider the mother's failure to appear when

assessing her credibility if she testified at a later portion of the

termination-of-parental-rights hearing. The mother did not appear.

     The termination-of-parental-rights hearing resumed on August 2,

2022. At the beginning of that part of the hearing, the mother's attorney

stated that the mother had informed him that she would be attending

that day's hearing, and, although the mother was not present at that

time, he speculated that the mother might be on her way to the

courtroom. The mother's attorney later checked the hallway outside the

courtroom to see if the mother was waiting outside, but, he said, she had

not appeared. The juvenile court received additional testimony on August

2, 2022; that testimony is already set forth in this opinion. When the

termination-of-parental-rights hearing ended, the mother had still not

appeared in the courtroom.

     As an initial matter, we note that in her notices of appeal filed in

the dependency actions, the mother indicated that she was appealing

judgments entered on August 15, 2022, in those actions. However, the

record contains no August 15, 2022, judgments entered in the

                                   23
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

dependency actions. The only orders entered in the dependency actions

on August 15, 2022, scheduled a hearing via Zoom for February 23, 2023.

On August 14, 2022, the juvenile court entered in the dependency actions

orders allowing the parties to inspect certain records concerning the

children and orders denying the mother's motions to resume her

visitation with the children. Even assuming that the mother intended to

appeal any or all of those orders, none of those orders is sufficiently final

to support the mother's appeals. Moreover, the mother makes no

argument concerning any of those orders in her appellate brief. Instead,

the mother's arguments on appeal concern only the August 15, 2022,

judgments entered in the termination-of-parental-rights actions.

Accordingly, we dismiss appeal number CL-2022-0917 and appeal

number CL-2022-0919, i.e., the appeals the mother filed in the

dependency actions. as moot. Reeves v. Reeves, [Ms. 2200216, Oct. 1,

2021] ___ So. 3d ___, ___ (Ala. Civ. App. 2021); see also C.C. v. L.B., [Ms.

2210410, Nov. 10, 2022] ___ So. 3d ___, ___ (Ala. Civ. App. 2022).

     With regard to appeal number CL-2022-0918 and appeal number

CL-2022-0920, which are the mother's appeals from the August 15, 2022,

judgments entered in the termination-of-parental-rights actions, the

                                     24
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

grounds warranting a termination of parental rights are set forth in § 12-

15-319, Ala. Code 1975, of the Alabama Juvenile Justice Act ("the AJJA"),

§ 12-15-101 et seq., Ala. Code 1975. Section 12-15-319 provides, in

pertinent part:

           "(a) If the juvenile court finds from clear and convincing
     evidence, competent, material, and relevant in nature, that
     the parents of a child are unable or unwilling to discharge
     their responsibilities to and for the child, or that the conduct
     or condition of the parents renders them unable to properly
     care for the child and that the conduct or condition is unlikely
     to change in the foreseeable future, it may terminate the
     parental rights of the parents. In a hearing on a petition for
     termination of parental rights, the court shall consider the
     best interests of the child. In determining whether or not the
     parents are unable or unwilling to discharge their
     responsibilities to and for the child and to terminate the
     parental rights, the juvenile court shall consider the following
     factors including, but not limited to, the following:

                  "….

                "(2) Emotional illness, mental illness, or
           mental deficiency of the parent, or excessive use of
           alcohol or controlled substances, of a duration or
           nature as to render the parent unable to care for
           the needs of the child.

                  "….

                 "(7) That reasonable efforts by the
           Department of Human Resources or licensed
           public or private child care agencies leading
           toward the rehabilitation of the parents have
           failed.

                                   25
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

                 "….

                 "(9) Failure by the parents to provide for the
           material needs of the child or to pay a reasonable
           portion of support of the child where the parent is
           able to do so.

                 "(10) Failure by the parents to maintain
           regular visits with the child in accordance with a
           plan devised by the Department of Human
           Resources, or any public or licensed private child
           care agency, and agreed to by the parent.

                  "(11) Failure by the parents to maintain
           consistent contact or communication with the
           child.

                 "(12) Lack of effort by the parent to adjust his
           or her circumstances to meet the needs of the child
           in accordance with agreements reached, including
           agreements reached with local departments of
           human resources or licensed child-placing
           agencies, in an administrative review or a judicial
           review."

     In addition to determining whether a child is dependent and

whether grounds exist under § 12-15-319 that support a termination of

parental rights, a juvenile court must also "properly consider and reject

all viable alternatives to a termination of parental rights." B.M. v. State,

895 So. 2d 319, 331 (Ala. Civ. App. 2004) (citing Ex parte Beasley, 564

So. 2d 950, 954 (Ala. 1990)).

                                    26
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

           "On appeal from ore tenus proceedings, this court
     presumes the correctness of the juvenile court's factual
     findings. See J.C. v. State Dep't of Human Res., 986 So. 2d
     1172 (Ala. Civ. App. 2007). This court is bound by those
     findings if the record contains substantial evidence from
     which the juvenile court reasonably could have been clearly
     convinced of the fact sought to be proved. See Ex parte
     McInish, 47 So. 3d 767 (Ala. 2008) (explaining standard of
     review of factual determinations required to be based on clear
     and convincing evidence)."

C.C. v. L.J., 176 So. 3d 208, 211 (Ala. Civ. App. 2015).

     In its August 15, 2022, termination-of-parental-rights judgments,

the juvenile court set forth a number of detailed factual findings,

including, in part:

           "[DHR] afforded the parents reunification services, but
     those efforts were not successful. The father never
     participated in services. The mother was in and out of jail,
     would start services then stop, or have short periods of
     sobriety, then relapse. The mother failed to appear for most,
     if not all, of the hearings regarding the children. [DHR]
     continued to offer services to the mother throughout the case,
     including up to the time of the termination-of-parental-rights
     hearing. However, the mother failed to comply with those
     services. The mother did not visit with the children from
     January through May of 2022.[3] The mother started two drug-

     3In  response to questioning, Mathis stated that the mother had not
visited the children in 2022 and that she then stated that there had been
no visitation between January 2022 and April 2022. Other evidence in
the record established that the mother had last visited the children in
March 2021.

                                    27
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

     treatment programs and quit the programs without
     completing [them].[4] The Court requested that she participate
     in Family Drug Court, and she did not. The mother had
     periods of negative drug screens, then would relapse or stop
     complying with drug screens. She had missed the last two
     drug screens before the setting of th[e termination-of-
     parental-rights] hearing. The mother appeared at a visit with
     the children and appeared to be under the influence. She
     admitted to taking medicines that made her sleepy but has
     never presented a prescription to anyone involved in this case,
     even after numerous requests to do so. The mother finally
     completed Bradford substance-abuse program but has tested
     positive since completing that program,[5] and she admitted to
     being on pain medications in June 2022 to Scott, the social
     worker in the case at the time, but did not provide proof of the
     prescription or the underlying reason for the pain
     medications.

           "[DHR] did refer the mother for a psychological
     evaluation to determine if additional services could be offered.
     The psychologist noted that the mother was more preoccupied
     with her telephone than with engaging in the process. There
     was a second appointment that the mother left early and
     never completed testing. There were no significant findings
     which would show that the mother could not parent her
     children. However, the mother also told the psychologist that

     4The   record shows that the mother had attempted three separate
substance-abuse programs between 2020 and 2021; the error with regard
to this finding is not material.

     5The   record does not contain any evidence indicating that the
mother tested positive after she completed the Bradford substance-abuse
program on June 22, 2022. Rather, the mother tested positive on June 2,
2022, while still participating in that program, and she failed to
participate in four drug screens scheduled between June 22, 2022, and
August 1, 2022, which was the day before the last day of testimony in the
termination-of-parental-rights hearing.
                                   28
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

     she had no drug issues and had not used drugs in more than
     a year. This is not what the evidence bore out in court.

           "[T]he mother appeared through Zoom for the first four
     hours of the termination-of-parental-rights hearing. The court
     did observe concerning behavior, such as moving around the
     residence a lot and points of inattention. Given some
     concerning behavior over the Zoom link, the failure of the
     mother to produce any screening or other medical paperwork
     on her claimed COVID issues, and the recent missed drug
     screens, the court ordered the mother to appear in court for
     the second part of the day. The mother was present on Zoom
     when ordered and stated she understood. The mother never
     appeared to the court thereafter."

In addition to the foregoing, in its August 15, 2022, judgments, the

juvenile court found that the children remained dependent, that DHR

had made reasonable efforts toward reunification, that the mother was

unable or unwilling to adjust her circumstances to meet the needs of the

children, that there were no viable alternatives to the termination of the

mother's parental rights, and that the termination of the mother's

parental rights would serve the children's best interests.

     The mother first argues that the juvenile court erred in determining

that the evidence in the record supports the juvenile court's

determination that there were grounds under § 12-15-319 warranting the

termination of her parental rights. We note that the mother does not

dispute that she has an extensive history of drug use, that she did not

                                   29
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

comply with reunification services until six months after DHR filed its

termination-of-parental-rights petitions, and that she missed 87% of her

drug screens even when that failure to participate in those screens

resulted in the continued suspension of her visitation with the children,

and that she failed to rebut the results of her positive drug screens by

producing evidence of prescriptions she claimed to have for opiate pain

medication.

     Instead, in her argument on this issue, the mother asserts that the

juvenile court failed to consider "evidence of [her] current conditions or

conduct" in determining that she was unwilling or unable to meet the

children's needs. See D.O. v. Calhoun Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 859 So.

2d 439, 444 (Ala. Civ. App. 2003). The mother contends in her appellate

brief that the evidence demonstrated that, at the time of the termination-

of-parental-rights hearing, her circumstances were changing and she was

making progress toward reunification. The mother alleges that she had

stable housing at the time of the termination-of-parental-rights hearing

and that she has demonstrated her ability to parent a child because she

is currently living with the boyfriend and the half-sibling. We note,

however, that the record indicates that the mother obtained her current

                                   30
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

housing sometime after March 2022, and, therefore, at the time of the

termination-of-parental-rights hearing, she had had that housing, at

most, for only four months.6 Further, the mother's youngest child, the

half-sibling, is in the custody of the boyfriend, who is not the children's

father, pursuant to a safety plan that specifies that the mother not be left

alone with that child. Therefore, the record does not demonstrate that

the mother is successfully parenting that child on her own or without

supervision and assistance.

     The mother also contends that she completed some of the

reunification services and that, beginning in the spring of 2022, she

began communicating regularly with Scott about participating in those

reunification services. The mother argues that the juvenile court failed

to consider her current conditions, i.e., the completion of the

psychological evaluation and the substance-abuse program. The mother

also contends in her appellate brief that she has maintained employment,

but the record contains no evidence concerning the mother's employment.

We also note that the mother does not address her failure to attempt to

     6Scott testified that she had seen the mother's two-bedroom
apartment, but she did not state the date on which she visited that home.
                                    31
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

contribute to the children's support. Regardless, the mother contends

that the juvenile court improperly based its termination decision solely

on her past conduct, i.e., the conduct she exhibited before the late spring

of 2022.

     This court has held that "[e]vidence of a parent's past conduct is

admissible if it assists the juvenile court in assessing and weighing the

evidence regarding current conditions, but evidence of past conditions

cannot be the sole basis for finding a child to be dependent." J.P. v. D.P.,

260 So. 3d 862, 872 (Ala. Civ. App. 2018). As was pointed out during the

termination-of-parental-rights hearing, the mother attended an out-

patient substance-abuse program rather than a recommended in-patient

program. Further, the mother failed to appear for four requested drug

screens between the time the mother completed the substance-abuse

program and the conclusion of the termination-of-parental-rights

hearing. Moreover, the mother did not appear at either day of the

termination-of-parental-rights hearing. The juvenile court expressly

stated that it had wanted the mother to submit to a drug screen during

the termination-of-parental-rights hearing. The juvenile court could have

interpreted the mother's failure to appear at the termination-of-parental-

                                    32
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

rights hearing, especially after she assured her attorney that she would

be present, as an attempt to avoid submitting to a drug screen during the

termination-of-parental-rights hearing. The juvenile court noted in its

judgment that the mother had had periods of sobriety followed by times

when she would again relapse. Thus, the record and the juvenile court's

findings in its judgments demonstrate that the juvenile court did not rely

solely on the mother's past conduct in reaching its decision to terminate

the mother's parental rights to the children. See J.C. v. State Dep't of

Hum. Res., 986 So. 2d 1172, 1195 (Ala. Civ. App. 2007) (holding that the

juvenile court did not err in considering a parent's past conduct when

"[t]he evidence showed that the mother had a history of abstaining from

drugs for extended periods of time only to use drugs again months later");

T.W. v. Shelby Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 293 So. 3d 386, 393 (Ala. Civ.

App. 2019); and M.E. v. Shelby Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 972 So. 2d 89,

101 (Ala. Civ. App. 2007) (plurality opinion). Moreover, in this case, the

evidence supports a conclusion that the mother had failed, or was likely

to have failed, to maintain her sobriety at the time of the termination-of-

parental-rights hearing, and, therefore, that she was unable or unwilling

to properly parent the children.

                                    33
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

     We agree with the mother that the evidence indicates that,

beginning approximately six months after DHR filed its termination-of-

parental-rights petitions, she began making efforts to reunite with the

children. However, the juvenile court could have considered those late

attempts to cooperate with DHR reunification services to be merely

unpersuasive, last-minute efforts intended only to forestall termination

rather than legitimate efforts by the mother to change her circumstances.

A.M.F. v. Tuscaloosa Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 75 So. 3d 1206, 1213 (Ala.

Civ. App. 2011); K.J. v. Pike Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 275 So. 3d 1135,

1145 (Ala. Civ. App. 2018). This is particularly true here, where the

mother had failed to appear for several drug screens shortly before the

termination-of-parental-rights hearing and where the juvenile court

could have interpreted the mother's failure to attend either day of that

hearing as an effort to avoid submitting to a court-ordered drug screen.

Given the totality of the evidence, particularly that evidence that relates

to the mother's substance-abuse issues, we cannot say that the mother

has demonstrated that the juvenile court erred in determining that there

were grounds under § 12-15-319 that served as bases for the termination

of her parental rights.

                                    34
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

     The mother, citing J.C. v. Madison County Department of Human

Resources, 293 So. 3d 901, 904 (Ala. Civ. App. 2019), argues that DHR

failed to show that her substance-abuse issues impacted her ability to

parent the children. In J.C., the Madison County Department of Human

Resources ("Madison County DHR") failed to present evidence concerning

the reason the child in that case had been removed from his mother's

custody and placed in the custody of Madison County DHR. It was

undisputed that the child in that case, who was a teenager, shared a close

bond with the mother such that a social worker stated that any

permanent placement for the child that was not with the mother was not

likely to be successful. This court reversed the judgment terminating the

mother's parental rights, concluding that "[Madison County] DHR

presented no evidence that the mother's drug use, although long-

standing and certainly not a desirable trait, has ever impacted her ability

to rear the child." J.C. v. Madison Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 293 So. 3d

at 909. This court further explained:

     "The record contains no evidence indicating the basis for
     [Madison County] DHR's initial involvement with the mother
     and the child. Although [Madison County] DHR established
     that the mother had a history of drug use, it did not present
     evidence indicating that the child suffered neglect or abuse at
     the hands of the mother as a result of her drug use. In fact,

                                    35
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

     the evidence [Madison County] DHR presented was to the
     effect that the child was generally polite and respectful and
     that he excelled in school, both at the time of his removal from
     the mother's custody and at the time of the trial."

J.C. v. Madison Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 293 So. 3d at 908-09 (footnote

omitted).

     Similarly, the mother relies on another case in which the Jefferson

County Department of Human Resources ("Jefferson County DHR")

sought to terminate a mother's parental rights to her youngest child. See

P.S. v. Jefferson Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 143 So. 3d 792 (Ala. Civ. App.

2013). In P.S., Jefferson County DHR had been involved with the mother

regarding her older children, and, upon the child's birth, Jefferson

County DHR filed a dependency petition alleging that the mother could

not take care of the child based on her past conduct with regard to her

older children. The Jefferson Juvenile Court relieved Jefferson County

DHR of its obligation to provide reunification services for the mother and

the child in that case. Later, Jefferson County DHR filed a petition

seeking to terminate the mother's parental rights, and the Jefferson

Juvenile Court granted that petition. This court reversed, explaining:

           "[Jefferson County] DHR failed to present evidence
     indicating that the mother was unwilling to parent the child
     or describing the conduct or condition that made the mother

                                   36
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

     unable to parent the child. In other words, [Jefferson County]
     DHR never revealed the mother's parenting defect. Although
     we understand that, according to [Jefferson County] DHR, at
     some point in 2008 the mother failed to protect K.F. [(another
     of the mother's children)], our review of the record reveals no
     evidence presented to the juvenile court that supports
     [Jefferson County] DHR's assertion regarding K.F. Even
     assuming that [Jefferson County] DHR's assertion is correct,
     the record contains no evidence presented by [Jefferson
     County] DHR regarding the mother's inability or
     unwillingness to discharge her parental responsibility to the
     child."

P.S. v. Jefferson Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 143 So. 3d at 797. In that case,

this court also held that "[Jefferson County] DHR did not provide the

mother the opportunity to correct any conduct or condition that might

have been a barrier to reunification with the child." P.S. v. Jefferson

Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 143 So. 3d at 798.

     The mother in this case contends that the facts of her case are

similar to those of J.C., because, she says, the evidence demonstrates that

C.I. is an intelligent child with whom she shares a close bond. The mother

also argues that because she had parented C.I. before DHR's

involvement, there is no evidence in the record that her substance-abuse

issues would prevent her from successfully parenting the children. The

mother also contends that, as in P.S., DHR in this case did not identify

                                    37
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

the "parenting defect" that would prevent her from reuniting with the

children.

     In this case, however, unlike in J.C., there is no evidence in the

record indicating the longevity of the mother's substance-abuse issues.

Therefore, although the record in this case shows that the mother was

perhaps successfully parenting C.I. before DHR's involvement with the

family, the record does not show when the mother began abusing drugs

and whether the mother was abusing drugs during a period while C.I.

was in the mother's custody.

     More significantly, unlike in J.C., and P.S., the record in this case

does contain evidence demonstrating how the mother's substance-abuse

issues impacted her ability to parent. For example, when M.H. tested

positive for opiates at the time of her birth, the mother checked herself

out of the hospital, leaving M.H. at that hospital, and the mother did not

return; Mathis testified that the mother had "abandoned" M.H. Thus, the

evidence supports a conclusion that the mother's substance-abuse

problem resulted in her instinct being to protect herself or her ability to

continue to abuse drugs, rather than to attempt to care for her

hospitalized infant. Also, the social workers in J.C., had not seen the

                                    38
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

mother in that case under the influence. In this case, Mathis testified

that the mother appeared under the influence at a DHR-supervised

visitation with the children and that the mother eventually admitted to

have taken medications that made her sleepy during that visitation. The

juvenile court could have determined that that side effect the mother

described was a result of the opiates the mother was taking, i.e.,

sleepiness, would impact the mother's ability to parent the children. Such

a conclusion would be concerning especially with regard to the mother's

ability to parent M.H., who was 22 months old at the time of the

termination-of-parental-rights   hearing.   Furthermore,    Dr.   Petrella

testified that she recommended that the mother demonstrate that she

was maintaining her sobriety before reuniting the mother with the

children. Given the foregoing, it is clear that DHR presented evidence

that the children were removed from the mother's custody because of her

use of illegal drugs or abuse of prescription medication and that the

mother's substance abuse impacted the mother's ability to properly and

safely parent the children and was the primary bar to the mother's

reunification with the children. We cannot say that the mother has

demonstrated that the evidence did not support a conclusion that her

                                   39
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

substance-abuse issues impacted her ability to care for and parent the

children.

     The mother also argues on appeal that the juvenile court erred in

concluding that DHR had made reasonable efforts toward reuniting her

with the children. As the mother contends, DHR has the responsibility to

provide services designed to reunite a parent and his or her child or

children. H.H. v. Baldwin Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 989 So. 2d 1094,

1104-05 (Ala. Civ. App. 2007) (plurality opinion).

           "The natural starting point in any fair and serious
     attempt to rehabilitate the parent and to reunite the parent
     with the child is identification of that characteristic, conduct,
     or circumstance that renders the parent unfit or unable to
     discharge his or her parental responsibilities to the child.
     Once DHR identifies the source of parental unfitness, the
     overarching goal of family reunification requires DHR to
     communicate its concerns to the parent and to develop a
     reasonable plan with the parent that is tailored toward the
     particular problem(s) preventing the parent from assuming a
     proper parental role. DHR should use reasonable methods to
     achieve its plan of removing or reducing the identified
     obstacle(s) to family reunification 'as quickly and as safely as
     possible.' Ala. Code 1975, § 12-15-1(3). Finally, at the
     termination of any rehabilitation process, DHR should
     determine the success of its efforts, using reasonable
     evaluation tools. See In re Vincent B., 73 Conn. App. 637, 644-
     47, 809 A.2d 1119, 1124-25 (2002) (holding that the burden is
     on state child-protection agency to make 'reasonable efforts to
     achieve reunification by engaging the [parent] and making
     available services aimed at instilling in him [or her] healthy
     parental skills,' to give the parent 'a window of opportunity

                                    40
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

     during which reasonable efforts at reunification should have
     been made,' to apprise the parent of the steps to be taken to
     achieve rehabilitation, and to give the parent feedback on his
     or her progress in reaching that goal)."

H.H. v. Baldwin Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 989 So. 2d at 1105 (footnote

omitted).

     As part of her argument on this issue, the mother contends that

DHR, through Scott, should have offered her a parenting assessment in

spring 2022, when she began to comply with DHR reunification efforts.

In asserting that argument, the mother overlooks that on May 25, 2022,

Dr. Petrella attempted to conduct a parenting assessment during the

psychological evaluation, but that the mother left that evaluation early

and did not return to complete that assessment.

     The mother also criticizes DHR for not arranging for the bonding

assessment recommended by Dillard for C.I. and the mother. However,

Scott testified that she had attempted to schedule that bonding

assessment but that no appointments had been available before the

termination-of-parental-rights hearing. The mother only truly began to

attempt reunification services six months after DHR filed its

termination-of-parental-rights petitions, and only approximately three or

four months before the termination-of-parental-rights hearing. However,

                                   41
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

Dillard, who recommended the bonding assessment, had only been

counseling C.I. for approximately three or four weeks before the

termination-of-parental-rights hearing began, and it appears that

Dillard's recommendation for the bonding assessment was made only

shortly before that hearing began. Thus, the juvenile court could have

determined that the delay in identifying the possible need for a bonding

assessment, and DHR's inability to schedule that assessment before the

termination-of-parental-rights hearing, was not the fault of DHR social

workers. Moreover, Scott testified that because it was undisputed that

the mother and C.I. have a close bond, the bonding assessment was not

truly necessary to establish that fact. Thus, the juvenile court could have

determined that the failure to conduct the bonding assessment, if it were

error on the part of DHR, was harmless.

     The mother also argues that DHR could have offered her

counseling, as was recommended by Dr. Petrella in her recommendations

set forth after the mother's psychological evaluation in late May 2022.

However, it is not clear whether such counseling could have been

implemented in      the   approximately    seven   weeks   between that

psychological evaluation and the termination-of-parental-rights hearing.

                                    42
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

We also note that the juvenile court could have considered that the

mother's earlier refusal or failure to attempt to complete DHR

reunification services resulted in the recommendation for individual

counseling being made so late in the process that if it had been possible

to schedule counseling for the mother immediately, only a few sessions

could have been held before the termination-of-parental-rights hearing

was conducted. Further, the juvenile court could have determined that

individual counseling for the mother would have been beneficial only if

the mother had established that she could maintain sobriety.

     According to the mother, DHR did not offer her the ability to

undergo drug screening following her completion of the substance-abuse

program in late June 2022. That allegation is not supported by the

evidence in the record, which demonstrates that the mother twice tested

negative for drug use after her completion of the substance-abuse

program and that she failed to appear at four additional, DHR-requested

drug screens. More significantly, the mother's failure to appear at the

termination-of-parental-rights hearing prevented the mother from

submitting to a drug screen ordered by the juvenile court.

                                   43
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

     DHR offered the mother a number of services for 18 months before

the mother began to seriously attempt reunification with the children,

and those efforts began, at most, 3 or 4 months before the termination-

of-parental-rights hearing began. DHR did implement services for the

mother in late spring 2022, well after the termination-of-parental-rights

petitions had been filed, and the mother participated in some services

immediately    before   the   termination-of-parental-rights    hearing.

However, the record supports a conclusion that those services were not

successful in assisting the mother in adjusting her circumstances to meet

the needs of the children. " 'At some point, … the child[ren]'s need for

permanency and stability must overcome the parent's good-faith but

unsuccessful attempts to become a suitable parent.' " H.H. v. Baldwin

Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 989 So. 2d at 1105 n.5 (quoting M.W. v.

Houston Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 773 So. 2d 484, 487 (Ala. Civ. App.

2000)). We cannot say that the juvenile court erred in determining that

DHR made reasonable efforts to reunite the mother with the children.

     The mother last argues that the juvenile court erred in determining

that there were no viable alternatives to the termination of her parental

rights. The mother cites a plurality opinion for the proposition that a

                                   44
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

viable alternative to termination would be to place the children with a

"third party." See M.E. v. Shelby Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 972 So. 2d 89

(Ala. Civ. App. 2007) (plurality opinion). In that case, the plurality

opinion stated:

           "Although it appears that the mother may never
     rehabilitate to the point that she can reunify with her
     children, termination of parental rights is not the only
     potential alternative. Placement with third parties, such as
     willing and suitable relatives, see Ex parte J.R., 896 So. 2d
     416 (Ala. 2004), foster parents, but see R.L.B. v. Morgan
     County Dep't of Human Res., 805 So. 2d 721 (Ala. Civ. App.
     2001) (asserting that foster care is not a viable alternative
     when there is no opportunity for rehabilitation and
     reunification), or group homes, see State Dep't of Human Res.
     v. A.K., 851 So. 2d 1 (Ala. Civ. App. 2002), with varying
     degrees of parental visitation rights, may be a reasonable and
     less drastic alternative to termination of parental rights."

M.E. v. Shelby Cnty. Dep't of Hum. Res., 972 So. 2d at 103.

     In relying on M.E., supra, the mother contends that DHR failed to

consider placing the children in the home she shares with her boyfriend.

The mother contends that because she is successfully parenting the half-

sibling while under the boyfriend's supervision, the children could also

be placed in the home under the boyfriend's supervision. However, the

mother did not identify to DHR or to the juvenile court the possibility of

the boyfriend serving as a placement alternative for the children. Thus,

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CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

she is raising that argument for the first time on appeal. See Andrews v.

Merritt Oil Co., 612 So. 2d 409, 410 (Ala. 1992) ("[An appellate court]

cannot consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal; rather,

[its] review is restricted to the evidence and arguments considered by the

trial court.").

      Moreover, under the AJJA, a "relative" is

      "[a]n individual who is legally related to the child by blood,
      marriage, or adoption within the fourth degree of kinship,
      including only a brother, sister, uncle, aunt, first cousin,
      grandparent, great grandparent, great-aunt, great-uncle,
      great great grandparent, niece, nephew, grandniece,
      grandnephew, or a stepparent."

§ 12-15-301(14), Ala. Code 1975. The boyfriend is not the children's

relative, and there is no indication in the record that the children know

or have met the boyfriend. Furthermore, the evidence indicates that the

mother may not have been sober even while she has been living with the

boyfriend and the half-sibling. Therefore, the evidence supports a

conclusion that, if the mother has not maintained her sobriety, the

boyfriend has not noticed or has failed to notify DHR.

      Although we recognize that the mother and C.I. share a close bond,

the record also demonstrates that C.I. and M.H. are closely bonded and

should remain in a placement together. DHR presented evidence that the

                                   46
CL-2022-0917, CL-2022-0918, CL-2022-0919, and CL-2022-0920

children are adoptable and that there is an adoptive resource for the

children that would allow them to remain together in the same home. "In

a proceeding to terminate parental rights, the paramount consideration

of the trial court, and of this court, is the best interests of the children

involved." A.R.E. v. E.S.W., 702 So. 2d 138, 140 (Ala. Civ. App. 1997).

Given the evidence in the record, we cannot say that the juvenile court

erred in determining that there were no viable alternatives to the

termination of the mother's parental rights and that the best interests of

the children were served by the judgments terminating the mother's

parental rights.

     CL-2022-0917 -- APPEAL DISMISSED.

     CL-2022-0919 -- APPEAL DISMISSED.

     Moore, Edwards, Hanson, and Fridy, JJ., concur

     CL-2022-0918 -- AFFIRMED.

     CL-2022-0920 -- AFFIRMED.

     Edwards, Hanson, and Fridy, JJ., concur.

     Moore, J., concurs in the result, without opinion.

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