Court Opinion

ID: 4165016
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-05-01 21:21:28.087498+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:04.432073
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                              COURT OF APPEALS DIV I
                                                               STATE OF WASHINGTOil

                                                               2017     - 1 All 9:37

          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

In the Matter of the                             No. 74697-9-1
Personal Restraint Petition of
                             )                   DIVISION ONE
KYLE CHRISTOPHER BUCKINGHAM, )
                             )                   UNPUBLISHED OPINION
              Petitioner.
                             )                   FILED: May 1, 2017

       MANN, J. — In this petition for relief from personal restraint, Kyle Buckingham

challenges 5 of the 29 community custody conditions imposed as part of his 2007

sentence for first degree child rape. Buckingham challenges conditions 6, 7, 18, 22,

and 26 as either unconstitutionally vague or not crime-related, and therefore, facially

invalid. The State concedes that condition 6, and portions of conditions 7 and 26 are

invalid and should be remanded and stricken. The State also concedes that condition 9

is unconstitutionally vague and should be stricken.

       We remand to the trial court for resentencing. On remand, condition 6, the first

sentence of condition 7, conditions 9, 18, 22, and the reference to plethysmograph

examinations in condition 26, must be stricken or corrected to eliminate error.
No. 74697-9-1/2

                                               1

      On July 1, 2007, the then 21-year-old Buckingham raped 4-year-old S.S. by

kissing her on her mouth and vagina and putting his finger inside her vagina.

Buckingham was questioned by police that night and admitted to kissing and digitally

raping S.S. He stated that he had a fetish for children. On December 24, 2007,

Buckingham agreed to a bench trial on stipulated documentary evidence. On March 17,

2008, Buckingham was found guilty of first degree child rape.

      At sentencing, the trial court considered a presentence investigation that included

a deviancy assessment by Dr. Norman Glassman. Buckingham told Dr. Glassman that

he was drunk and had smoked marijuana before and after the rape and that he badly

wanted drug treatment. Buckingham also told Dr. Glassman that he had looked at

pornography almost daily and was addicted to it. He stated that he had also looked at

child pornography. Dr. Glassman recommended 14 treatment conditions including:

alcohol and drug treatment, no contact with children, no access to the Internet without

approval, and plethysmograph testing.

      On March 19, 2008, Buckingham was sentenced to a Special Sexual Offender

Sentencing Alternative (SSOSA)with a 93-month minimum term of confinement. The

trial court suspended 81 months of his confinement. The court also imposed 29

community custody conditions.

      In 2009, as a result of Buckingham's failure to comply with his conditions, the trial

court revoked the SSOSA and imposed the remainder of Buckingham's 93-month

sentence. On October 16, 2015, Buckingham filed a motion to modify the judgment and

sentence. After his motion was transferred to this court for consideration as a personal

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No. 74697-9-1/3

restraint petition, we appointed counsel and transferred his petition to a panel for

review.

       At issue in this petition are the following six conditions of Buckingham's

community custody:

       6. Do not frequent areas where minor children are known to congregate,
       as defined by the supervising Community Corrections Officer.

       7. Do not possess or access pornographic materials, as directed by the
       supervising Community Corrections Officer. Do not frequent
       establishments whose primary business pertains to sexually explicit or
       erotic material.

       9. Do not possess or control any item designated or used to entertain,
       attract or lure children.

       18. Do not access the Internet on any computer in any location, unless
       such access is approved in advance by the supervising Community
       Corrections Officer and your treatment provider. Any computer to which
       you have access is subject to search.

       22. You may not possess or maintain access to a computer, unless
       specifically authorized by your supervising Community Corrections Officer.
       You may not possess any computer parts or peripherals, including but not
       limited to hard drives, storage devices, digital cameras, web cams,
       wireless video devices or receivers, CD/DVD burners, or any device to
       store [or] reproduce digital media or storage.

       26. Participate in urinalysis, breathalyzer, plethysmograph and polygraph
       examinations as directed by the supervising Community Corrections Officer.

                                             II

       A petitioner has one year to challenge a judgment and sentence after it becomes

final. RCW 10.73.090. Buckingham challenged his judgment and sentence more than

a year after it became final. Buckingham's petition is time barred unless (1) he can

show that his judgment and sentence is facially invalid or rendered by a court lacking

jurisdiction or (2) he asserts grounds for relief that exempt him from the time bar

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No. 74697-9-1/4

pursuant to RCW 10.73.100. In re Pers. Restraint of Weber, 175 Wash. 2d 247, 255, 284
P.3d 734 (2012). Because Buckingham does not base his petition on any of the

grounds in RCW 10.73.100, he must demonstrate that his judgment and sentence is

facially invalid or rendered by a court lacking jurisdiction. RCW 10.73.090.

       A court may impose only the sentence authorized by statute. State v. Barnett,

139 Wash. 2d 462, 464, 987 P.2d 626(1999). Under RCW 9.94A.507(1)(a)(i) and RCW

9.94A.507(5), a person convicted of first degree rape of a child shall be sentenced to

community custody under the supervision of the Department of Corrections for any time

he is released from total confinement before expiration of the maximum sentence. The

sentencing court is required to impose certain conditions. The sentencing court has

discretion to order an offender to:

      (b) Refrain from direct or indirect contact with the victim of the crime or a
      specific class of individuals;

      (c) Participate in crime-related treatment or counseling services;

      (d) Participate in rehabilitative programs or otherwise perform affirmative
      conduct reasonably related to the circumstances of the offense, the
      offenders risk of reoffending, or the safety of the community;

      (e) Refrain from possessing or consuming alcohol; or

      (f) Comply with any crime-related prohibitions.

RCW 9.94A.703(3)(emphasis added).

       This court reviews community custody conditions for an abuse of discretion and

will reverse only if "manifestly unreasonable." "Imposing an unconstitutional condition

will always be "manifestly unreasonable." State v. Irwin, 191 Wash. App. 644, 652, 364

P.3d 830(2015). A sentence is facially invalid if the trial court lacked the authority to

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No. 74697-9-1/5

impose the challenged sentence. In re Pers. Restraint of Snivelv, 180 Wash. 2d 28, 32,

320 P.3d 1107(2014).

                                                    Ill

        Buckingham challenges conditions 6, 7, 18, 22, and 26 as unconstitutional or

facially invalid. The State concedes that condition 6, and portions of conditions 7 and

26 are invalid and should be stricken and remanded. The State also concedes that

condition 9 is unconstitutionally vague and should be stricken. We address each in

turn.

A.      Condition 6

        Condition 6 bars Buckingham from frequenting places "where minor children are

known to congregate, as defined by the supervising Community Corrections Officer."

This court struck the same condition of community custody as unconstitutionally void for

vagueness in Irwin. Irwin 191 Wash. App. at 652-53. A law is unconstitutionally vague if

it does not(1) provide ordinary people fair warning of proscribed conduct and (2) does

not have standards to avoid arbitrary enforcement. Irwin, 191 Wash. App. at 652-53. In

Irwin, we held that without some clarifying language, or an illustrative list of prohibited

locations, the condition was unconstitutionally vague.1 Irwin applies here. The State

agrees.

        On remand, condition 6 must be stricken as unconstitutionally vague.

        1 In Irwin, trial counsel asked whether the prohibition applied to areas such as "public parks,
bowling alleys, shopping malls, theaters, churches, hiking trails, and other public places where there may
be children." Irwin, 191 Wash. App. at 654.
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No. 74697-9-1/6

B.     Condition 7

       The first sentence of condition 7 prohibits Buckingham from "possess[ing] or

access[ing] pornographic materials, as directed by the supervising Community

Corrections Officer." Our Supreme Court found that a virtually identical prohibition was

unconstitutionally vague in State v. Bahl, 164 Wash. 2d 739, 758, 164 P.3d 678(2008).

The reasoning in Bahl applies here. The State agrees.

       The second sentence of condition 7 prohibits Buckingham from "frequenting

establishments whose primary business pertains to sexually explicit or erotic material."

Because this portion of condition 7 is not dependent on the intractably undefinable term

"pornography," and is not dependant on interpretation by the Community Corrections

Officer(CCO), it is not unconstitutionally vague. Bahl, 164 Wash. 2d at 759-60.

       On remand, the first sentence of condition 7 must be stricken as

unconstitutionally vague. We affirm the second sentence of condition 7.

C.     Condition 9

       Condition 9 prohibits Buckingham from "possess[ing] or control[ing] any item

designated or used to entertain, attract or lure children." We found a virtually identical

condition unconstitutional in State v. Land, 172 Wash. App. 593, 604-05, 295 P.3d 782

(2013), because, as here, there is no evidence in the record that the defendant used

any particular item to attract his victim. "Thus, this condition is 'utterly lacking in any

notice of what behavior would violate it." Land, 172 Wash. App. at 604-05 (quoting Bahl,
164 Wash. 2d at 761). The State agrees.

       On remand, condition 9 must be stricken as unconstitutionally vague.

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No. 74697-9-1/7

D.     Conditions 18 and 22

       Buckingham also challenges conditions 18 and 22—conditions that require him

to seek permission before using computers and the Internet. The second part of

condition 22 also bans him from possessing "any computer parts or peripherals,

including but not limited to hard drives, storage devices, digital cameras, web cams,

wireless video devices or receivers, CD/DVD burners, or any device to store [or]

reproduce digital media or storage." Buckingham argues these conditions are facially

invalid because he did not use a computer, the Internet, or any computer part in the

commission of his crime.

       A prohibition on access to the Internet or possession of computer storage drives,

digital cameras is a "prohibition" on conduct and must be crime-related.

RCW 9.94A.703(3)(f); State v. O'Cain, 144 Wash. App. 772, 774-75, 184 P.3d 1262

(2008). Here, while the State is correct that there was evidence that Buckingham had

viewed pornography, including child pornography, on the Internet, there is no evidence

that access to a computer or the Internet was "used in the crime or associated with it in

any way." As we discussed in O'Cain: "This is not a case where the defendant used the

Internet to contact and lure a victim into an illegal sexual encounter. The trial court

made no finding that Internet use contributed to the rape." 144 Wash. App. at 775. See

e.o., Irwin, 191 Wash. App. at 658-59 (upholding prohibition on access to the Internet,

computer parts, and peripherals where the police found multiple defendant-produced

pictures of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct on defendant's computer).

       On remand, conditions 18 and 22 must be stricken because they are not "crime-

related" and are therefore facially invalid.

                                           -7-
No. 74697-9-1/8

E.     Condition 26

       Condition 26 requires Buckingham to participate in urinalysis, breathalyzer,

plethysmograph and polygraph examinations as directed by the supervising CCO.

Unlike urinalysis, breathalyzer, and polygraph examinations, plethysmograph testing

does not serve a monitoring purpose:

       Plethysmograph testing is extremely intrusive. The testing can properly
       be ordered incident to crime-related treatment by a qualified provider. But
       it may not be viewed as a routine monitoring tool subject only to the
       discretion of a community corrections officer.

Land, 172 Wash. App. at 605 (internal citations omitted). Plethysmograph testing not

done in conjunction with a sexual deviancy therapist unreasonably interferes with the

offender's right to be free from bodily intrusion. The State agrees.

       On remand, the reference to plethysmograph testing in condition 26 must be

stricken.

                                            Ill

                                     CONCLUSION

       We remand to the trial court for resentencing. On remand, condition 6, the first

sentence of condition 7, conditions 9, 18, 22, and the reference to plethysmograph

examinations in condition 26 must be stricken or corrected to eliminate error. In re

Pers. Restraint of Smalls, 182 Wash. App. 381, 388-89, 335 P.3d 949(2014)("When a

judgment and sentence is facially invalid, the proper remedy is remand to correct the

error.").

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No. 74697-9-1/9

WE CONCUR:

                        CcA,7)

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