Court Opinion

ID: 9963619
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-25 21:08:51.272611+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:54.498158
License: Public Domain

2024 IL App (1st) 240382-U

                                         No. 1-24-0382B

                                    Order filed April 25, 2024
                                                                                Second Division

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________

                                    IN THE
                       APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                           FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS,                )     Appeal from the
                                                )     Circuit Court of
      Plaintiff-Appellee,                       )     Cook County
                                                )
      v.                                        )     No. 24500037701
                                                )
GUSTAVO ALVAREZ-HERNANDEZ,                      )     Honorable
                                                )     Linzey Jones,
      Defendant-Appellant.                      )     Judge Presiding
_____________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE ELLIS delivered the judgment of the court.
       Justices McBride and Cobbs concurred in the judgment.

                                             ORDER

¶1     Held: Affirmed. State proved by clear and convincing evidence that defendant committed
       detainable offense; that defendant was threat to specific individuals and community; and
       that no set of conditions could mitigate threat.

¶2     Defendant Gustavo Alvarez-Hernandez was charged with predatory criminal sexual

assault and aggravated criminal sexual abuse. On February 8, 2024, the trial court ordered

defendant detained. Defendant appeals that ruling under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 604(h) (eff.

April 15, 2024). Finding no error in the court’s ruling, we affirm.

¶3     Defendant was charged by felony complaint with predatory criminal sexual assault and

aggravated criminal sexual assault. See 720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1) (West 2022); id. § 11-
No. 1-24-0382B

1.60(c)(1)(i)). The State petitioned for pretrial detention, claiming both that defendant was a

threat to the safety of certain individuals and the community, and that he posed a high risk of

willful flight to avoid prosecution.

¶4     There is no dispute that defendant is charged with detainable offenses. Defendant, age 32,

has no publishable background. On the pretrial services public safety assessment, defendant

ranked a three out of six on the scale for new criminal activity and a four out of six on the scale

for failure to appear. The assessment recommended maximum conditions if defendant were

released.

¶5     The State proffered the following facts. All quotations are from the proffering attorney.

¶6     The victim is defendant’s 11-year-old stepdaughter. On November 11, 2023, the victim’s

grandmother noticed “hickeys” on the victim’s neck and asked the victim about them. The victim

“broke down” and told her grandmother that defendant had been sexually assaulting and abusing

her “one to two times per week since Halloween of 2022,” which was approximately one week

after her mother had married him.

¶7     The most recent incident occurred on November 9, 2023. The victim disclosed that acts

of sexual penetration (penis to vagina) occurred regularly, and that defendant also would

digitally penetrate her vagina. On one occasion when the victim tried to resist defendant’s

advances, defendant “threw the victim across the room.”

¶8     In November 2023, the victim submitted to a forensic interview in which the victim

stated that “on multiple occasions *** the defendant touched the victim’s vagina with the

defendant’s penis, would put his penis inside of her vagina and would lick and suck the victim’s

body including her bare neck and breasts.” The victim told the interviewer that the abuse would

occur in defendant’s bedroom after school, and defendant would “put headphones on her and

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No. 1-24-0382B

turn the music up or give her a phone or computer to play with while he put his penis in her

vagina then give her candy and tell her to shower.”

¶9          The victim’s 9-year-old brother was interviewed and told the interviewer that the victim

would go into defendant’s bedroom after school. He stated that the door was locked most of the

time, but he saw the victim and defendant in bed together on one occasion.

¶ 10        On February 7, 2024, defendant told police that “the victim came into his bedroom and

began to tickle him” and that he “tickled the victim back and then began kissing the victim’s

neck causing marks and [he] had an erection while he was doing this.” Defendant told the police

“multiple times” that “he couldn’t control himself.”

¶ 11        The State further proffered that, according to the victim’s family, defendant is

undocumented, not a U.S. citizen, with family in Mexico. According to the proffer, “[the]

victim’s family has learned that the defendant has plans to flee to Mexico if he is going to be put

in jail.”

¶ 12        Defendant denied the allegations and denied having plans to flee the jurisdiction. He

noted that he has lived in the United States since age five and has extensive family in Chicago.

Defendant has been staying with his mother since the investigation began and has not had

contact with the victim. Defendant was previously employed as a janitor cleaning banks; he is a

high school graduate; and he has no criminal history.

¶ 13        The court found clear and convincing evidence that the proof was evident and the

presumption great that defendant committed a detainable offense based on the forensic interview,

which was corroborated by the victim’s grandmother and brother. The court found that the State

proved by clear and convincing evidence that defendant poses a real and present threat to the

victim, her grandmother, her brother, and “young females in general” based on “a year’s long

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No. 1-24-0382B

abuse of the victim.” The court found clear and convincing evidence that neither electronic

monitoring nor home confinement would protect the victim or family members from the threat

posed by defendant.

¶ 14   The court also ruled that the State sufficiently proved that defendant was a flight risk and

that no set of release conditions could mitigate that risk, as defendant is not a United States

citizen, and the State had proffered evidence of a plan to flee to Mexico.

¶ 15   This appeal followed.

¶ 16   Defendants are presumed eligible for pretrial release. 725 ILCS 5/110-2(a) (West 2022);

id. § 110-6.1(e). The State may detain an accused only if it establishes that the charged offense is

eligible for detention and proves that (1) the proof is evident or the presumption great that the

defendant committed that detention-eligible offense; (2) the defendant poses a real and present

threat to the safety of any person or persons or the community, based on the specific articulable

facts of the case, or the defendant poses a threat of willful flight; and (3) no condition or

combination of conditions can mitigate that real and present threat or flight risk. Id. § 110-6.1(e).

¶ 17   The State must prove each of these three facts by clear and convincing evidence. Id.

Clear and convincing evidence is “that quantum of proof that leaves no reasonable doubt in the

mind of the factfinder about the truth of the proposition in question.” In re Tiffany W., 2012 IL

App (1st) 102492-B, ¶ 12. If the State fails to carry its burden on any of these three facts, the

presumption of release remains, and detention is unlawful. 725 ILCS 5/110-6.1(e) (West 2022).

¶ 18   Our standard of review is unsettled. The author of this opinion is of the belief that

detention orders should be subject to independent de novo review, with findings of historical fact

reviewed for manifest error. See People v. Whitaker, 2024 IL App (1st) 232009, ¶ 80 (Ellis, J.,

specially concurring); People v. Saucedo, 2024 IL App (1st) 232020, ¶ 67 (Ellis, J., specially

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No. 1-24-0382B

concurring). The other panel justices believe that the first two factual findings—those of proof-

evident and dangerousness or flight risk—should be reviewed for manifest error, while the third

factual finding regarding conditions should be reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See Saucedo,

2024 IL App (1st) 232020, ¶¶ 31-36 (majority opinion); People v. Parker, 2024 IL App (1st)

232164, ¶¶ 44-50.

¶ 19   We need not resolve the standard of review here, however, as our decision would be the

same under any standard of review.

¶ 20   Defendant does not deny that he is charged with detainable offenses. Nor does he deny

that the proof was evident or the presumption great that he committed those offenses. His

argument is that “[t]he State failed to show that [defendant] poses a real and present threat to the

safety of any person or persons in the community that cannot be mitigated by conditions of

release.” In the State’s view, that argument is not a denial that defendant is “dangerous,”

shorthand for being a threat to specific individuals or the community. Rather, defendant is

arguing that he is not such a threat that pretrial conditions could not mitigate it. Said differently,

defendant is limited his argument to prong (3)—the “conditions” prong.

¶ 21   We agree with the State. For one, defendant did not signify in any way in his notice of

appeal, either by checking a box or inserting a handwritten or typed argument, that he was

challenging the finding that he was a threat to an individual or the community. (Note that this

was the more detailed notice of appeal applicable before April 15, 2024, when Rule 604(h) was

amended.) Even on appeal, defendant makes no effort to deny the threat but focuses instead only

on the release conditions available to mitigate it.

¶ 22   The “threat” a defendant poses to an individual or the community is not an either/or

proposition so much as a spectrum. A defendant charged with certain offenses might be deemed

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No. 1-24-0382B

to pose some level of threat, but not so much that release conditions could not mitigate it. Other

defendants might be deemed to pose such a great threat that no set of conditions could provide

sufficient mitigation. These two prongs of the detention question play off one another in this

way; it is impossible to consider the question of sufficient conditions of release without

comparing it to the level and scope of threat a defendant poses either to individuals or the

community. So regardless of whether it is a specific point of error on appeal, it is worth first

discussing the level of threat defendant poses.

¶ 23   The evidence, as proffered, shows that defendant repeatedly and serially assaulted his

stepdaughter over the course of slightly more than a year. The victim said as much to her

grandmother and in a forensic interview. The grandmother witnessed a physical manifestation of

the abuse in the form of “hickeys” on the victim’s neck. The victim’s brother corroborated the

victim’s testimony. And defendant admitted his crime to the police.

¶ 24   While the victim is currently in an undisclosed location, defendant admitted to police that

he could not control himself when it came to abusing his stepdaughter. Defendant remains a

member of the victim’s family. He is absolutely a threat to the safety of the victim. He is

likewise a threat to the safety of the other witnesses—also his family members.

¶ 25   The State also sufficiently proved that defendant is a threat to the community—namely,

other young girls. Though his underage victim had been conveniently available to him over the

course of a year, living under the same roof, the State rightly feared that defendant might seek

out another victim in her stead. Unlike such crimes as murder—which tend to be situational,

fact-specific, one-off events—sexual abuse is far more prone to recidivism, often the product of a

mental disorder. See, e.g., Kansas v. Crane, 534 U.S. 407, 411-12 (2002); In re Commitment of

Fields, 2014 IL 115542, ¶ 22. It is for this very reason that Illinois has passed statutes permitting

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No. 1-24-0382B

the post-incarceration, civil commitment of child sex abusers on the fear of recidivism. See, e.g.,

725 ILCS 207/1 et seq. (West 2022) (Sexually Violent Persons Commitment Act).

¶ 26   The court found that pretrial conditions would not mitigate the risk that defendant posed

to these specific individuals or to the community. The court reasoned as follows:

       “If the Court were to impose Sheriff’s [electronic monitoring], the Defendant would still

       have movement at least 8 hours a day, 2 days a week. And even if the Court restricted

       movement to 24 hours, he could not move around at all for 24 hours, he’s at a house. He

       is not being monitored. He could walk out the door with or without the equipment on his

       ankle and do whatever he wants to do which could include harming the people the Court

       has already referenced. The same thing with GPS. GPS is not sufficient nor is home

       confinement through pretrial. Again, while those conditions are monitored, there is no

       one there to provide 24-hour supervision over the Defendant and that is what is necessary

       here.”

¶ 27   We concur entirely with the trial court’s assessment. The threat defendant poses is such

that even a momentary breach of conditions could lead to harm. Indeed, defendant could

theoretically harm a child from within the confines of his home without any breach of condition

whatsoever. The trial court’s reasoning was thorough and sound. We uphold it.

¶ 28   Given our conclusion, we need not reach the question of the risk of defendant’s willful

flight from prosecution. And we emphasize that the allegations before us are just that—

allegations. Nothing we have said here alters the State’s burden of proving each and every

element of these offenses beyond a reasonable doubt at trial.

¶ 29   The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.

¶ 30   Affirmed.

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