Court Opinion

ID: 2750503
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-11-12 18:03:31.111738+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:29:38.267612
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                        Appellate Court

                            People v. Green, 2014 IL App (3d) 120522

Appellate Court           THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption                   JERAMY J. GREEN, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.            Third District
                          Docket No. 3-12-0522

Filed                     August 26, 2014
Modified upon
denial of rehearing       October 2, 2014

Held                       In the modification of the appellate court’s opinion upon the denial of
(Note: This syllabus defendant’s petition for rehearing arguing that the appellate court
constitutes no part of the relied on a factual finding not supported by the record and did not
opinion of the court but properly consider conflicting evidence in reviewing defendant’s
has been prepared by the challenge to the trial court’s entry of a directed finding, the original
Reporter of Decisions opinion was slightly modified, defendant’s conviction was upheld,
for the convenience of and defendant’s arguments were deemed insufficient to overcome the
the reader.)               trial court’s findings that defendant’s custodial statements were given
                           voluntarily and were reliable and that the investigatory stop that led to
                           defendant’s arrest was a valid Terry stop.

Decision Under            Appeal from the Circuit Court of Will County, No. 09-CF-78; the
Review                    Hon. Sarah Jones, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                  Affirmed.
     Counsel on                Michael J. Pelletier and Christofer R. Bendik (argued), both of State
     Appeal                    Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                               James Glasgow, State’s Attorney, of Joliet (Judith Z. Kelly (argued),
                               of State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the
                               People.

     Panel                     JUSTICE McDADE delivered the judgment of the court, with
                               opinion.
                               Justices Holdridge and O’Brien concurred in the judgment and
                               opinion.

                                                OPINION

¶1         Jeramy J. Green (Green), the defendant, was charged with first degree murder. He filed
       several pretrial motions including a motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence. The trial
       court granted the State’s motion for a directed finding at the close of Green’s motion hearing. It
       found the investigatory stop leading to Green’s arrest proper and that the defense failed to shift
       the burden to the State. It also found the unrecorded portion of Green’s custodial interview
       voluntary and reliable rebutting the inadmissibility provision of section 103-2.1 of the Illinois
       Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (the Code) (725 ILCS 5/103-2.1 (West 2008)). Section
       103-3(a) of the Code regarding family members was found to be inapplicable. 725 ILCS
       5/103-3(a) (West 2008). Green’s motion to reconsider was denied.
¶2         The case proceeded to a bench trial. Green was convicted of first degree murder and
       sentenced to 36 years’ imprisonment. He appealed the trial court’s ruling on his pretrial motion
       to quash his arrest and suppress evidence. In a decision issued August 26, 2014, this court
       affirmed the trial court’s denial of his pretrial motion and Green’s conviction.
¶3         Green has filed a petition for rehearing raising two issues with this court’s decision: (1) the
       court relied on a factual finding not supported by the record and (2) this court did not properly
       factor in purportedly conflicting evidence in reviewing defendant’s challenge to the trial
       court’s entry of a directed verdict. The petition is denied with slight modification of the
       opinion. We have removed the word “recent” as a description of the threats described to Reid
       by Brittany’s parents. A fuller description of the testimony of Detectives Avila, Diehl and
       Schumacher and a more extensive discussion of the standard for granting a directed verdict
       have been included. The ruling of the trial court remains affirmed.

¶4                                              FACTS
¶5         The following account of events is drawn from the testimony at Green’s bench trial.
¶6         Around 11:30 p.m. on January 7, 2009, Lieutenant Marc Reid (Reid) responded to a
       dispatch call in Joliet and observed the dead body of Brittany Brooks (Brittany). Through a
       police database, Reid learned that she had been involved in prior domestic incidents with

                                                    -2-
       Green. Reid also spoke with Brittany’s parents and learned of threatening text messages
       between Brittany and Green.1 Reid discovered four addresses associated with Green and that a
       Pontiac Grand Am was registered to him.
¶7         After providing them with the information he had regarding the investigation, Reid sent
       several detectives to each of the four addresses. Reid noted there was no probable cause to
       arrest Green and no specific information existed at the time directly linking Green to Brittany’s
       death. He assigned Detectives Patrick Schumacher (Schumacher), Moises Avila (Avila), and
       Stephen Diehl (Diehl) to investigate the house at 1018 Summit, one of the four addresses.
¶8         Upon arriving at the house, the detectives did not see Green’s Pontiac Grand Am. Avila
       testified they drove by the front and then the rear of the house checking for vehicles parked in
       either area that might have occupants sitting with the engine running and lights off either
       waiting to leave or having just arrived; they found none. He testified that they returned to the
       front of the house and observed a Honda minivan (minivan) and a Chevy Monte Carlo (car)
       driving away. He stated that the two vehicles had not been in the front when they originally
       arrived. He had no knowledge whether the vehicles or persons in them were associated with
       the house.
¶9         Diehl testified that the squad car drove by the front and then rear of the house, he saw the
       minivan and car parked in the back of the house and also saw them leaving from the back of the
       house within minutes of the detectives’ arrival. He did not see anyone get into the cars but
       speculated its occupants came from the house since the cars were parked on the property.
¶ 10       Schumacher testified similarly to Diehl, stating that after checking the area around the
       house for Green’s car, he saw two vehicles leaving from the rear of the house. He stated that he
       could not recall who saw the vehicles first or the details of their discussion at that time about
       them. He also had no knowledge of who owned the vehicles or who was in them. He radioed
       dispatch for assistance, providing the description of the vehicles and the direction in which
       they were heading so they could be stopped and checked for occupants. No traffic violations
       had been committed.
¶ 11       Officer Daniel Rupp heard the dispatched stop request. He intercepted and stopped the
       minivan. Rupp exited his car, drew his weapon for general safety purposes, and ordered the
       female driver, Green’s sister, out of the minivan. When she complied, he handcuffed her and
       placed her in his squad car. She testified that she was driving Green, who was a passenger in
       the minivan, to the police station.
¶ 12       Sergeant Matthew Breen, having also heard the stop request, exited the police station and
       drove his car to where Rupp had stopped the minivan. Breen went to the passenger side of the
       minivan and spoke with a man who identified himself as Green. Although Breen was

           1
            While there is, in fact, evidence in the record that at least one of the generic threats about which
       Reid was informed by Brittany’s parents had been recent, there is nothing in the record to show that he
       was actually told that night about the timing or that he factored it into his decision to seek out Green.
       However, contrary to the defendant’s contention, the timing of the threats was not the basis for our
       holding.
           Not knowing whether any of the threatening communications had been recent does not undermine
       the impact of the officer’s knowledge that Brittany and defendant had a history of threatening texts,
       emails and voicemail messages and a history of domestic violence. Such information in any homicide
       investigation would make a person “a person of interest.”

                                                       -3-
       previously unaware Green was in the minivan, he recognized him as a person of interest
       relative to Brittany. Breen saw blood on Green’s person, ordered him out of the minivan, and
       handcuffed him for officer safety purposes.
¶ 13       Schumacher, Diehl, and Avila arrived at the stopped minivan. Breen walked Green to
       Diehl, who noted a large amount of blood on Green’s sweatshirt and took it into evidence.
       Green told Diehl that he had been on his way to the police station to make a statement when the
       minivan was stopped. Green was then walked to the police station.
¶ 14       At the police station, Reid ordered Diehl to start the recording equipment for the
       interrogation room, which Diehl failed to do properly.
¶ 15       At 3:23 a.m., Diehl and Avila presented and read Green a waiver of rights form, which
       Green signed. He agreed to speak with the detectives and did not ask for an attorney. Green
       was offered food, water, and the opportunity to use the restroom. Diehl noted that Green was in
       his mid-twenties, had a small cut on his hand but no other injuries, and exhibited no mental
       deficiencies.
¶ 16       At 4:44 a.m., Detective John Ross (Ross) was assigned to watch the interrogation on the
       recording computer and discovered that the equipment had not been recording. He started it
       and notified Reid of the error. Diehl and Avila, who were interrogating Green at the time, were
       not informed that the first 1 hour and 23 minutes of the custodial interview had not been
       recorded. They were told of the error when they later left the interrogation room. Diehl was
       reprimanded for not setting the equipment up properly.
¶ 17       Diehl and Avila both testified that People’s Exhibit No. 12, a video recording of Green’s
       interrogation beginning at 4:44 a.m., accurately reflected their entire interview of Green.
       During the taped portion of the custodial interview, the detectives repeated the first version of
       events leading to Brittany’s final moments that Green had given them during the unrecorded
       portion. Green never denied providing that account to them and his demeanor remained calm.
¶ 18       The detectives testified that they used profanity and raised their voices in an effort to get
       Green to display some emotion and admit his involvement in Brittany’s death. They told Green
       several times that the crime scene did not match his story. The detectives admitted they were
       not trained to use profanity.
¶ 19       Later during the interrogation, Reid provided crime scene photos of Brittany’s body which
       the detectives showed to Green. One of the photos placed directly in front of Green showed
       only one set of footprints in the snow, countering Green’s first exculpatory statement. The
       other photos of Brittany’s body at the crime scene were placed sporadically on the table. After
       Green repeatedly failed to explain the discrepancies between his story and the crime scene
       photos, Diehl picked up a photo of Brittany, held it up to Green, and demanded that Green look
       at Brittany’s dead body and explain how she got there.
¶ 20       Diehl later left the room and was replaced by Ross. While Avila and Ross were in the
       interrogation room, Green gave a second version of events leading to Brittany’s death, after
       which both detectives left the room. Ross reentered a few minutes later with Detective
       Christopher Schott. Schott told Green he had been listening to the interview and that things did
       not add up. Schott stated that the police had spoken with his cousin, his sister, and his sister’s
       husband and what they told the detectives did not match Green’s story. Green stated several
       times that he had told his family inconsistent and incomplete stories because of
       embarrassment. The detectives told Green that his family would understand embarrassment

                                                   -4-
       but not lying and that his family wanted the truth. Ross eventually left the room and Detective
       Shawn Filipiak took his place.
¶ 21        Green accused Filipiak of spitting in his face. Pushing Green, Filipiak denied spitting on
       him. Schott intervened. Filipiak offered to leave the room for Green’s comfort and then left.
       Schott was alone with Green. Green was given water, food and allowed to use the restroom.
¶ 22        Schott continued the interrogation and exhorted Green to tell him what happened. The
       following are excerpts of the discussion.
                     “SCHOTT: I said if you don’t talk to me about it, I can’t–I can’t put this–I can’t–I
                can’t explain this, all right? And right now, your family wants to know. I mean, they’re
                worried about you. We’re worried about what’s going on. You’ve got to explain it.
                You’ve already told me that it got out of hand, but you’ve got to explain to me. You’ve
                got to let me know what’s going on. So what happened? I’m not–I don’t want to sit here
                and–I’m not (inaudible). I’m not going to sit here and put words in your mouth. I don’t
                want to sit here and make stuff up. I don’t want to make a scenario up. I want you to–
                     GREEN: My family still here?
                     SCHOTT: Huh?
                     GREEN: My family still here?
                     SCHOTT: They’re around, yeah. Why? Do you want to see them?
                                                       ***
                     GREEN: Can I see my family?
                     SCHOTT: Going to answer my questions?
                     GREEN: If I answer these questions, can I see my family?
                     SCHOTT: I’ll talk to my boss. You answer the questions and I’ll talk to my boss.
                     GREEN: So if I answer these questions, I’m going to be able to see my family?
                     SCHOTT: Then I’ll talk to my boss.
                     GREEN: How?
                     SCHOTT: I said that I’ll talk to my boss, but you have to answer the questions and
                you have to answer them truthfully. You have to give me something to go with. I can’t
                go in there, ask for a favor, if I got nothing to offer. Do you understand? See you gotta
                tell me the truth so I know what’s going on, okay? Did you stab her? Did you?
                     GREEN: No.”
       Green continued to insist a third person was there, but acknowledged that he was the one who
       hurt the deceased. In response to several more denials of involvement, Schott told Green:
                “How am I supposed to let you see your family if you don’t talk to me about it; if you
                don’t give me something, which is the truth? You see what I’m saying? You’re gonna
                send me out there with nothing. What am I supposed to do? You understand? See you
                gotta tell me the truth. You said you unintentionally hurt her, right? Is that what you’re
                saying? I can’t hear you. Is that what you’re saying?”
       Green then admitted stabbing Brittany after she introduced a knife into their argument. Schott
       left the interrogation room to get Green water and ask his supervisor about allowing Green to
       see his family. Schott returned to the room to ask more questions, and Green told him where he
       had dropped the knife after leaving Brittany’s car.

                                                    -5-
¶ 23       After Green used the restroom, Schott asked him to sign a consent form for leave to search
       his house, but Green refused.

¶ 24                                             ANALYSIS
¶ 25                             Denial of Motion to Quash and Suppress
¶ 26       Green first argues that because the State failed to provide evidence that a reasonable and
       articulable suspicion existed for the minivan to be seized, the trial court erred in granting the
       State’s motion for directed finding and denying his motion to quash his arrest and suppress
       evidence. He contends that the case should be remanded for a new trial excluding any evidence
       gathered as a result of the seizure. We disagree and affirm the denial of Green’s motion.
¶ 27       A ruling on a motion to quash an arrest and suppress evidence in the State’s favor at the
       close of defendant’s evidence presents mixed questions of law and fact. People v. Nitz, 371 Ill.
       App. 3d 747, 750 (2007). The trial court’s findings of historical fact will be upheld on review
       unless they are against the manifest weight of the evidence, but “a reviewing court remains free
       to undertake its own assessment of the facts in relation to the issues presented and may draw its
       own conclusions when deciding what relief should be granted.” People v. Lee, 214 Ill. 2d 476,
       484 (2005). The ultimate question of whether to quash and suppress is reviewed de novo. Id.
¶ 28       A defendant moving to quash an arrest and suppress evidence must make a prima facie
       case that the police lacked probable cause. People v. Brexton, 343 Ill. App. 3d 322, 326 (2003).
       However, as here, when the denial of a motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence is based
       on the grant of a motion for directed finding, “the trial court does not view the evidence [in the
       light] most favorabl[e] to the [nonmovant] but, rather, (1) determines whether the [nonmovant]
       has made out a prima facie case, then (2) weighs the evidence, including that which favors the
       [movant].” Zankle v. Queen Anne Landscaping, 311 Ill. App. 3d 308, 311 (2000); see also 735
       ILCS 5/2-1110 (West 2008). The trial court’s decision will only be reversed if it is against the
       manifest weight of the evidence. Zankle, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 311. Green argues that the initial
       investigatory stop that ultimately generated the probable cause for his arrest was illegal.
¶ 29       Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), sets forth the principles we use to analyze the
       reasonableness of investigatory stops. Under Terry, a police officer may conduct a brief,
       investigatory stop of a person where the officer reasonably believes that the person has
       committed or is about to commit a crime. Terry, 392 U.S. at 22; People v. Gherna, 203 Ill. 2d
165, 177 (2003). Determining whether the stop was an unreasonable seizure is a two-step
       process. People v. Sparks, 315 Ill. App. 3d 786, 792 (2000). First, we decide whether the stop
       was justified at its inception; next, we determine whether the scope of the stop was
       proportional to the circumstances that justified the interference in the first place. Terry, 392
U.S. at 19-20; Sparks, 315 Ill. App. 3d at 792.
¶ 30       Justification of an investigatory stop at its inception is reviewed objectively. People v.
       Thomas, 198 Ill. 2d 103, 109 (2001). “[T]he police officer must be able to point to specific and
       articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably
       warrant that intrusion.” Terry, 392 U.S. at 21. The officer’s suspicion must amount to more
       than an inarticulate hunch (Terry, 392 U.S. at 22; People v. Close, 238 Ill. 2d 497, 505, 511
       (2010)), but need not rise to the level of suspicion required for probable cause (United States v.
       Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989); Close, 238 Ill. 2d at 505, 511). The collective knowledge of all
       of the officers involved in the apprehension of a defendant, even if such knowledge is not told

                                                   -6-
       to the arresting officer, may be considered by the trial court in determining whether a
       reasonable suspicion existed. People v. Hoekstra, 371 Ill. App. 3d 720, 723 (2007).
¶ 31       Citing People v. Ertl, 292 Ill. App. 3d 863 (1997), Green argues that the officers’ collective
       knowledge did not amount to suspicion that is more than an inarticulate hunch. In Ertl, the
       court held that the defendant’s estranged wife’s police call did not justify a Terry stop of the
       defendant. Ertl, 292 Ill. App. 3d at 873. In that case, the wife telephoned the police and advised
       them that she and defendant had been involved in an altercation at her house. Id. The Ertl court
       found that the defendant’s stop was not a valid Terry stop because (1) the wife’s information
       “was based on limited and somewhat speculative observations and consisted largely of [her]
       subjective fears”; (2) the wife did not witness the defendant commit any criminal act and could
       not predict that he was going to do so; (3) the police only corroborated “innocent” details of the
       wife’s tip, including the description of the defendant’s vehicle and its location; (4) the officers
       did not observe defendant engage in any unlawful or threatening behavior before they stopped
       him; and (5) although “there were several officers” available to go to the wife’s location and
       verify the information she provided, they did not do so. Id. at 873-74.
¶ 32       The case at hand is distinguishable from Ertl. Unlike Ertl, Green was a person of interest in
       the homicide of Brittany. After interviewing Brittany’s family members and checking the
       police database, the police were aware that Green had sent Brittany threatening text messages
       and there was a history of domestic incidents between them. Thus, Green had already been
       implicated in earlier criminal domestic incidents and in threatening further such incidents.
       Reid dispatched several detectives to find and stop Green because he was a person they
       “wanted to speak to.”2 So a Terry stop of Green at that time would have been a valid stop.
¶ 33       This court also concludes that the stop of the van in which Green was a passenger was a
       valid stop because the facts known to the police created a reasonable, articulable suspicion
       permitting a valid stop. Here the police learned of four addresses associated with Green,
       including the Summit Street house, and knew the kind of vehicle registered to him. Avila
       testified that their purpose for driving around the address was to look for Green’s registered
       vehicle as well as any other cars that had occupants sitting with the engine running and lights
       off waiting to leave or having just arrived. Though they did not see Green’s Pontiac Grand Am
       at the house, the three detectives saw the minivan and the car depart from the vicinity of that
       house at about 3 a.m.–only minutes after their arrival. A reasonable officer could form an
       articulable suspicion that Green or someone assisting him to evade responsibility for harming
       Brittany was present in one of those vehicles leaving that specific location. Because they were
       leaving the area of one of the targeted addresses at 3 in the morning, the two vehicles fit what
       the officers were looking for in their effort to stop and speak with Green. Although the minivan
       was not observed engaging in any unlawful or threatening acts, the police had more than a
       mere hunch to justify its seizure.
¶ 34       The scope of the stop was also proportional to the circumstances. Green, citing People v.
       Mendez, 371 Ill. App. 3d 773 (2007), argues that the address investigated and where the

           2
            Green’s motion for rehearing references only the question as phrased by his counsel to Reid during
       his testimony at the motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence which concluded that Green was a
       person Reid felt they “should” talk to. However, in review of the entire testimony, Reid specifically
       states that he put out a request that Green was someone they “wanted to speak to” and affirmed the
       State’s conclusion that Green should to be stopped in order to be spoken to.

                                                      -7-
       minivan originated were too remote in time and proximity to the crime to justify the later Terry
       stop. Green requests the court to take judicial notice of the exact distance of the house from the
       crime scene and that the seizure occurred three hours after the crime. Yet, “[t]he size of the area
       in which the offender might be found, as indicated by such facts as the elapsed time since the
       crime occurred,” is one of six factors the Mendez court indicated could be considered as
       grounds for stopping a suspect soon after an offense is committed. Mendez, 371 Ill. App. 3d at
       776 (citing People v. Brown, 88 Ill. App. 3d 514, 519 (1980)). The “[k]nown or probable
       direction of the offender’s flight” is also a factor for consideration. Id. at 776. In this case, the
       house the vehicles departed from is one of the four known addresses associated with Green.
       The detectives were assigned to those addresses because they were probable destinations for
       Green. According to at least two of the officers, the two vehicles were at the Summit Street
       house and they left there around 3 a.m.
¶ 35       Additionally, our case is distinguishable from Reid v. Georgia, 448 U.S. 438, 439 (1980),
       the origin of the quote the defendant cites to in People v. Croft, 346 Ill. App. 3d 669, 675
       (2004). In Reid, other than the fact that upon disembarking from a known location, the
       airplane, the defendant’s conduct, “[p]reced[ing] another person and occasionally look[ing]
       backward at him,” is all the police could assert as grounds for the stop. Reid, 448 U.S. at 441.
       The Court stated that the conduct on which the officers relied “[d]escribe[d] a very large
       category of presumably innocent travelers, who would be subject to virtually random
       seizures.” Id. Thus, the stop was not a valid Terry stop.
¶ 36       In this case, however, though noting they did not actually know who was in the minivan
       when they initiated the stop, there was little or no likelihood that a large category of innocent
       persons would have been affected by a stop in these circumstances. In addition to the
       incriminating information gathered about Green prior to the detectives’ dispatch, the minivan
       left the house of one of Green’s known addresses. Two of the three assigned detectives
       testified that the minivan was one of the two vehicles they observed leaving from the rear of
       the house. One of those two detectives testified that he had seen both vehicles parked in the
       parking lot/driveway at the rear of the house. Although the third detective, who was driving,
       did not see the vehicles at the rear of the house, he, like the other two, did see the vehicle
       driving from the front of the house where there had not been anything parked earlier. The
       detectives described the vehicles and the direction each was traveling in the dispatch. The
       category of presumably innocent persons potentially affected in the particular circumstance of
       this case is significantly limited.
¶ 37       Thus, the minivan’s seizure was based on a reasonable and articulable suspicion. Since
       Green does not contest the officer’s probable cause to make the arrest after the stop, Green’s
       arrest was valid. Evidence found subsequent to that valid stop and arrest was lawfully
       obtained.

¶ 38                                 Alleged Violation of Due Process
¶ 39        Finally, we briefly address Green’s constitutional claim that his due process rights were
       violated when the trial court failed to include Avila’s purportedly conflicting testimony about
       the location of the vehicles. The trial court’s factual findings in its order included the testimony
       of Schumacher and Diehl that the seized minivan had been parked in the rear of the house and
       left from there. The court did not include, or presumably consider, Avila’s testimony that they
       observed the vehicles leaving from the front area of the Summit Street house.

                                                     -8-
¶ 40       Green argues that this constitutes a major discrepancy that the trial court failed to clarify.
       He cites People v. Mitchell, 152 Ill. 2d 274 (1992), and People v. Bowie, 36 Ill. App. 3d
177 (1976), as controlling authority. However, these cases are distinguishable.
¶ 41       In Bowie, the court held that a defendant is denied due process “[w]here a record
       affirmatively indicates *** that the trial judge did not remember or consider the crux of the
       defense when entering judgment.” Bowie, 36 Ill. App. 3d at 180. In Mitchell, the supreme court
       reversed the judgment of the trial court because, as in Bowie, the trial court did not remember
       the crux of the defense when entering judgment. Mitchell, 152 Ill. 2d at 321.
¶ 42       Here, the record reflects that the trial judge interrupted defense counsel during his closing
       argument to indicate that the court’s notes included the deviation in Avila’s testimony, thereby
       showing the testimony had not been forgotten. Moreover, it is doubtful whether the differing
       testimony of Avila is the crux of Green’s defense. He does not argue or even mention this
       claimed discrepancy in his closing argument at the hearing on the motion to quash arrest and
       suppress evidence. He notes only Schumacher’s testimony of seeing “a couple of cars leaving
       the scene” and suggests no significance to the variance in the departure locations described by
       the detectives.
¶ 43       Further, there is no support for Green’s contention that the evidence should be viewed in a
       light most favorable to him, forcing greater weight on Avila’s purportedly differing testimony.
       As previously stated, on a motion for directed finding, the trial court first determines whether
       the nonmovant made a prima facie case, then weighs the evidence. 735 ILCS 5/2-1110
       (West 2008); Zankle, 311 Ill. App. 3d at 311. This latter step may result in the negation of
       evidence supporting the nonmovant’s prima facie case. Kokinis v. Kotrich, 81 Ill. 2d 151, 155
       (1980). The nonmovant’s remaining credible evidence must be sufficient to establish the
       nonmovant’s prima facie case or the movant’s motion should be granted. Id. A reviewing court
       will only reverse the trial court’s decision if it is against the manifest weight of the evidence.
       Here, we do not find that it is.
¶ 44       In our review of the testimony of the officers, it would seem that there is no conflict. Avila
       does not say the cars did not leave from the back of the Summit Street house. He only stated
       that he saw the cars leave the area of the front of the residence. This does not conflict with
       Schumacher’s account of seeing the vehicles coming from the rear of the residence because he
       further testified that he was unsure of who saw the vehicles first or their presumed discussion
       about them. Additionally, Diehl was the only one to state that he saw the vehicles originally
       parked in the back driveway of the Summit Street house and then leave from the rear. When
       viewed together, there is no significance–only a piecemealed account of the location of the
       vehicles at different times by the officers. The trial court’s findings of credibility were not
       against the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 45       For these reasons, we find Green’s due process rights were not abridged and the evidence
       resulting from the arrest could properly be used at trial.

¶ 46                      Admissibility of Unrecorded Custodial Statements
¶ 47       Green argues that the trial court erred in admitting his custodial interview statements at his
       bench trial because the State was ineffective in sustaining its burden of proving that the
       statements were voluntary and reliable pursuant to section 103-2.1 of the Code (725 ILCS
       5/103-2.1 (West 2008)). He asserts that cumulatively (1) acquiescence to his request to see his

                                                   -9-
       family members conditioned upon him making an inculpatory statement, (2) his subjection to
       repeated profanity and crime scene photos of Brittany’s body, and (3) a custodial interview
       lasting five straight hours with essentially no breaks resulted in two involuntary and unreliable
       exculpatory statements and a final inculpatory statement. The State argues it showed by a
       preponderance of the evidence voluntariness and reliability in the custodial interview
       statements based on the totality of the circumstances exception provided under section
       103-2.1(f) of the Code (725 ILCS 5/103-2.1(f) (West 2008)). We find the State’s argument
       persuasive and affirm the denial of Green’s motion.
¶ 48       When reviewing a denial of a motion to suppress, great deference is given to the trial
       court’s findings of fact and due weight is given to inferences reasonably drawn from those
       facts. Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996). We review only for clear error. Id. A
       court’s factual findings are reversed only if they are against the manifest weight of the
       evidence; however, the question of whether the confession was voluntary is reviewed de novo.
       In re G.O., 191 Ill. 2d 37, 50 (2000). Thus our determination on that issue is made
       independently and without reference to the trial court’s conclusion.
¶ 49       Green’s petition for de novo review of the entire cause is not appropriate. The trial court
       was privy to the live testimony. People v. Valle, 405 Ill. App. 3d 46, 58 (2010) (noting the role
       live testimony has in resolving a disputed issue of fact). We defer to its fact finding unless it is
       against the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 50       Section 103-2.1 of the Code requires that statements made during a custodial interview be
       presumed inadmissible as evidence against the accused in any criminal proceeding brought
       under section 9-1 of the Criminal Code of 1961 or the Criminal Code of 2012 unless the entire
       interrogation was electronically recorded and the recording is substantially accurate and not
       intentionally altered. 725 ILCS 5/103-2.1(b) (West 2008). This is a rebuttable presumption.
       Section 103-2.1(f) of the Code provides an exception to this presumed inadmissibility if the
       State shows by a preponderance of the evidence that the statements were voluntarily given and
       are reliable, based on the totality of the circumstances. 725 ILCS 5/103-2.1(f) (West 2008).
¶ 51       Both parties agree on the following facts. Green was subjected to a custodial interrogation
       for the crime of first degree murder, a criminal proceeding listed under section 9-1 of the
       Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS 5/9-1 (West 2012)). Therefore, the Joliet police department
       was required to electronically record the entire interrogation of Green. However, nothing from
       the start of the interrogation at 3:23 a.m. until 4:44 a.m., a period of 81 minutes, or 1⅓ hours,
       was recorded due to Diehl’s failure to activate the recorder. Ross started the device at 4:44 a.m.
       and the rest of the interview was recorded. The trial court found that the failure to record was
       unintentional. It also held that the initial unrecorded exculpatory statement given by Green was
       voluntary and reliable on the grounds of Green’s lack of objection when Diehl and Avila
       repeated the original exculpatory statement after the recording was finally started.
¶ 52       While this court might take issue with the form of Green’s “acquiescence”–mere silence
       when the officers recounted his alleged, but unrecorded, exculpatory statement during the
       recorded portion of the custodial interview–this issue is not before us. A silent response to the
       officers’ random recounting of pieces of a story may very well not amount to an “agreement”
       regarding what had been discussed prior to the start of the recording. However, Green has

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       conceded that the officers’ account was accurate by not only failing to challenge it on appeal
       but also affirming it in his brief.3
¶ 53       Nevertheless, Green does challenge the legal finding of the court that the State sustained its
       burden of showing that the statements made during the recorded portion of the interrogation
       were voluntary and reliable. “[T]he test for voluntariness of a statement is whether the
       defendant made the statement freely, voluntarily, and without compulsion or inducement of
       any sort, or whether the defendant’s will was overcome at the time he or she confessed.”
       People v. Gilliam, 172 Ill. 2d 484, 500 (1996). The assessment is based on the totality of the
       circumstances. Id. Gilliam notes several factors to consider in determining voluntariness such
       as the defendant’s age, education, intelligence, mental capacity, physical condition at the time
       of questioning, the legality and duration of the detention and questioning, whether the
       defendant was advised of his constitutional rights, and any physical or mental abuse by police
       including the existence of threats or promises. Id. at 500-01.
¶ 54       Green’s first assertion that his final inculpatory statement was conditioned on a promise to
       see his family while true is without significance. The trial court found that Green was a
       23-year-old adult, with prior criminal justice experience, not lacking in mental capacity or
       physical ability, and not exhibiting diminished intelligence. He does not fit the profile of an
       adult in need of familial assistance when requested during a custodial interview. 4 He
       erroneously relies on section 103-3 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/103-3 (West 2008)) and also cites
       a distinguishable case, Haynes v. Washington, 373 U.S. 503 (1963).
¶ 55       Section 103-3 of the Code states that “[p]ersons who are arrested shall have the right to
       communicate with an attorney of their choice and a member of their family by making a
       reasonable number of telephone calls or in any other reasonable manner.” 725 ILCS 5/103-3
       (West 2008). The intention of this section of the Code is to “permit a person held in custody to
       notify his family of his whereabouts” to enlist their help for procedural safeguards such as
       hiring an attorney. People v. Prim, 53 Ill. 2d 62, 69 (1972); 725 ILCS 5/103-3(a) (West 2008).
       “[T]his statute does not give the defendant the right to have a member of his family present
       with him during interrogation or even to visit with him while in custody other than at regular
       visiting periods.” Prim, 53 Ill. 2d at 69.
¶ 56       Yet, Green argues that his facts are similar to and possibly worse than those of Haynes.
       From the time he was arrested until his confession 16 hours later, plus an additional several
       days, Haynes’ continuous requests to call an attorney and also to call his wife to inform her of
       his location and make legal arrangements were disregarded and used as an unfulfilled
       condition for his inculpatory statements. Haynes, 373 U.S. at 511. He was not “advised by
       authorities of his right to remain silent, warned that his answers might be used against him, or
       told of his rights respecting consultation with an attorney.” Id. The court found that the
       officers’ conditioning the ability to speak with an attorney or spouse regarding his whereabouts

           3
            Green concedes at page 10 of his brief that the account given by the officers is the exculpatory
       statement he gave during the unrecorded portion of the custodial interview.

           4
            People v. Westmorland, 372 Ill. App. 3d 868, 880-90 (2007), discusses the Illinois courts’
       transition to the acceptance of a profound need of parental assistance when requested by newly
       emancipated offspring as opposed to previous cases holding that an adult’s request for assistance
       should only be honored if the request is made by a licensed attorney familiar with the legal system.

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       on signing an inculpatory statement was an impermissible method of obtaining a confession.
       Id. at 508.
¶ 57        Here Green’s family knew of his whereabouts and why he was being interviewed before
       the custodial interview started. His sister was the driver of the minivan and testified that she
       and Green were headed to the police station for Green to give a statement about the events
       leading to Brittany’s death. He was walked into the station from her minivan. Green was also
       told throughout the custodial interview that his story and the statements given by his family
       members did not match.
¶ 58        Further, the record does not show that Green’s requests for his family were made for legal
       advice. He signed a waiver of rights form acknowledging he was fully informed of and validly
       waived his right to counsel. That fact is not contested.
¶ 59        Next, Green argues that the officers’ interrogation method was improper. It is improper to
       use fear or threats to elicit confessions. Gilliam, 172 Ill. 2d at 501. However, the profanity
       complained of by Green, though impolite, contextually amounted to the officers’
       characterization of Green’s account of the events leading to Brittany’s death. The crime scene
       photos were brought in to show that Green’s first exculpatory statement did not match the
       visual evidence at the scene. Though the photos depicting Brittany at the scene were graphic,
       they were not solely used to elicit a response from Green. They were also used to show that the
       statement of occurrences given by Green in his first exculpatory statement was not consistent
       with the crime scene.
¶ 60        Green’s final argument points to the length of his interrogation. He asserts he was
       subjected to six separate officers interrogating him for five hours until he finally gave his
       inculpatory statement. He argues that he was only given a four-minute break where there were
       no detectives in his interrogation room and he supports this argument by citing Spano v. New
       York, 360 U.S. 315 (1959). However, we do not believe the Supreme Court was referencing
       Green’s type of conditions when it discussed being overborne by official pressure and fatigue
       in Spano. The defendant in Spano was interrogated by 15 law enforcement officials for an
       uninterrupted eight hours that “began in early evening, continued into the night, and did not
       bear fruition until the not-too-early morning.” Spano, 360 U.S. at 322. The only semblance of a
       break involved moving from one interrogation area to another. Id. The defendant was not
       allowed to speak with the attorney he had already retained and who had delivered him to the
       custody of the police pursuant to a bench warrant. His confession was found to be involuntary
       because he was “overborne by official pressure, fatigue and sympathy falsely aroused” by a
       ruse created by the police and executed by his friend. Id. at 323.
¶ 61        Green’s custodial interview varies greatly from Spano. There is no bright-line rule in
       Illinois regarding the allowable length of an interrogation. Interrogations lasting six or eight
       hours do not necessarily render a statement involuntary. People v. Ramey, 152 Ill. 2d 41, 58-59
       (1992); People v. Terrell, 132 Ill. 2d 178, 201 (1989). Green was fully informed of his rights
       and never requested that the interrogation end or asked for an attorney. He was given several
       opportunities, which he notes in the facts of his brief, to break for food and water as well as use
       the restroom. Further, Green stated he was on his way to the police station to give a statement
       at the time the minivan was seized. Thus, the start of the interrogation was in accord with his
       alleged timeline. As the trial court noted, the interview length was extended because Green’s
       versions of events continued to change. Therefore, the duration of his custodial interview does

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       not render his statements involuntary or unreliable because there was no overbearing official
       pressure or fatigue.
¶ 62       Each of Green’s contentions fails on its own merit. Such failings, even when viewed
       cumulatively, do not overcome the trial court’s finding that the State met its burden of proving
       that Green’s custodial statements were given voluntarily and are reliable.

¶ 63                                          CONCLUSION
¶ 64       The trial court’s ruling is affirmed. The investigatory stop leading to Green’s arrest was a
       valid Terry stop. Additionally, Green’s custodial statements were given voluntarily and are
       reliable and could properly be used against him.

¶ 65      Affirmed.

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