Court Opinion

ID: 4177227
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-13 22:08:47.80645+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:13.083610
License: Public Domain

***   FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAII REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER   ***

                                                               Electronically Filed
                                                               Supreme Court
                                                               SCAP-15-0000912
                                                               13-JUN-2017
                                                               08:00 AM

            IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAII

                            ---oOo---
________________________________________________________________

        LAURA GABRIEL, Plaintiff/Appellant-Cross-Appellee,

                                     vs.

 ISLAND PACIFIC ACADEMY, INC., a domestic nonprofit corporation;
     JOHN DOES 1-10; JANE DOES 1-10; DOE CORPORATIONS 1-10;
  DOE PARTNERSHIPS 1-10; DOE UNINCORPORATED ORGANIZATIONS 1-10;
               AND DOE GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES 1-10,
             Defendants/Appellees-Cross-Appellants.
________________________________________________________________

                             SCAP-15-0000912

        APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE FIRST CIRCUIT
             (CAAP-15-0000912; CIV. NO. 15-5-0852-05)

                               JUNE 13, 2017

 RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, McKENNA, POLLACK, AND WILSON, JJ.

                 OPINION OF THE COURT BY McKENNA, J.

                             I. Introduction

    At issue in this case is whether it is unconscionable to

require an employee to pay half the estimated arbitration costs

up front in order to access the arbitral forum.            We hold that,

under the circumstances of this case, such a requirement is
unconscionable and unenforceable.       We further hold that, in this

case, striking this requirement in the arbitration provision

provides an insufficient remedy; rather, the entire arbitration

provision must be invalidated.

                           II.   Background

A.   Facts

     Laura Gabriel (“Gabriel”) taught physical education at

Island Pacific Academy (“IPA”) from 2006 through 2014.        Gabriel

and IPA contracted for her employment annually.        In December

2013, one of her 8th grade male students dropped his water

bottle, and water hit Gabriel.     She remarked, “Why are you guys

always getting me wet?” which prompted three of her male

students to snicker that the boys in the class were always

getting Gabriel wet.    Gabriel surmised that she was the butt of

a sexual joke and reported the incident as sexual harassment to

IPA administration.    The Secondary Principal, Kip Cummings, told

Gabriel that she would no longer be teaching the class

containing those male students.        Ms. Cummings also expressed her

concern over parent complaints about Gabriel’s class.        Ms.

Cummings said she could not trust Gabriel and would not support

her when parents complain.

     Three months after this incident, in March 2014, IPA issued

Gabriel an employment agreement for the 2014-2015 school year

                                   2
and requested her signature on it by April 2014.            The employment

agreement contained the following arbitration provision:

            L. Arbitration. The parties desire that any dispute
            concerning the Agreement be handled out of court.
            Accordingly, they agree that any such dispute shall, as the
            parties’ sole and exclusive remedy, be submitted to an
            arbitrator licensed to practice law in the State of Hawaii
            and selected in accordance with the standard procedures of
            Dispute Prevention Hawaii [sic]. The arbitrator will not
            be entitled to add to or subtract from its terms. Should
            either party start any legal action or administrative
            proceeding against the other with respect to any claim
            related to this Agreement, or pursue any method of
            resolution of a dispute other than mutual agreement of the
            parties or arbitration, then all damages, costs, expenses
            and attorneys’ fees incurred by the other party as a result
            shall be the responsibility of the one bringing the suit or
            starting the proceeding.[1]

The employment agreement also provided that “[t]he parties agree

that this contract shall be interpreted in accordance with the

laws of the state of Hawaii. . . .”         Gabriel timely signed and

submitted the employment contract.         Gabriel alleged that the

Headmaster informed her that her employment contract was not

going to be honored because Ms. Cummings did not want to work

with her.    Gabriel’s last day with IPA was in June 2014.

     In October 2014, Gabriel filed her charge of discrimination

with the Hawaii Civil Rights Commission (“HCRC”), to be filed

with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,

alleging retaliation.      The HCRC issued Gabriel a right to sue

letter in February 2015.

1
      The 2013-2014 employment agreement between Gabriel and IPA contained an
identical agreement to arbitrate.

                                      3
B.   Gabriel’s First Amended Complaint

      In May 2015, Gabriel filed her First Amended Complaint with

the Circuit Court of the First Circuit.2          She alleged that IPA

refused to hire her for the 2014-2015 school year in retaliation

for her sexual harassment complaint, in violation of HRS § 378-

2(2) (2015), and that IPA’s actions resulted in intentional

infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”).          She sought back pay,

front pay, and all employee benefits that she would have

enjoyed, as well as general and punitive damages for IIED.

C.   IPA’s Motion to Compel Arbitration

      IPA filed a Motion to Compel Arbitration.          IPA, through

counsel, averred that Gabriel was terminated due to a reduction

in force because of insufficient enrollment, not due to

discriminatory retaliation.       IPA pointed out that subsection

H(e)3 of the employment agreement provided for termination due to

business conditions.      Should the employee be terminated for that

reason, IPA noted that subsection H of the employment agreement

provided for the continuation of the arbitration obligation.

IPA asked the circuit court to stay the proceedings pending

arbitration.    IPA also sought an award of its attorney’s fees

2
      The Honorable Karen T. Nakasone presided.
3
      Subsection H(e) of the employment agreement is titled “Termination Due
to Business Conditions.” It states, “As necessary as determined by the
school due to business conditions, including, but not limited to,
insufficient enrollment, unsuitability of facilities, change in curriculum,
or elimination of position, all is determined in the School’s sole
discretion.”

                                      4
and costs for bringing the motion to compel arbitration,

pursuant to the employment agreement’s arbitration provision.

IPA also contended that an award of attorney’s fees and costs

could also be made pursuant to the circuit court’s inherent

power, arguing that any opposition to IPA’s motion would be

frivolous.

    Gabriel opposed IPA’s motion to compel arbitration.      She

argued that she and IPA had not entered into the 2014-2015

employment agreement (IPA had not signed the agreement) and no

consideration was given under the agreement; therefore, IPA was

foreclosed from attempting to enforce the agreement’s

arbitration provision.   Assuming there was a valid agreement to

arbitrate, Gabriel argued that her civil rights claim was beyond

its scope.   Furthermore, she argued, the arbitration agreement

was unenforceable because it was included in an employment

agreement that constituted a contract of adhesion, offered to

Gabriel on a “take-it-or-leave-it” basis.   Gabriel also argued

that the arbitration provision was unconscionable because it

required her to pay for the arbitration costs in a civil rights

matter.   Lastly, Gabriel opposed IPA’s request for attorney’s

fees and costs under the arbitration provision, arguing that the

provision was unenforceable.   Gabriel also opposed an award of

fees and costs under the circuit court’s inherent power, arguing

                                 5
that    her opposition to the motion to compel arbitration was not

frivolous.

       The circuit court held a hearing on IPA’s motion to compel

arbitration.     Although the arbitration provision states that the

parties shall submit disputes concerning the employment

agreement “to an arbitrator licensed to practice law in the

State of Hawaii and selected in accordance with the standard

procedures of Dispute Prevention Hawaii [sic]” (emphasis added),

the parties and the court assumed that Dispute Prevention and

Resolution, Inc. (“DPR”) would be the arbitral body.             The

circuit court directed the parties to enter DPR’s standard

procedures into the record.        The circuit court also asked the

parties to submit supplemental briefing addressing whether the

arbitration provision was unconscionable because DPR’s standard

procedures required the parties to split arbitration fees.

D.   Supplemental Briefing

       DPR’s standard procedures were entered into the record.          In

her supplemental brief, Gabriel quoted the following material

from DPR’s rules to show that she would have to pay for half of

the cost of arbitration, and would be required to pay and submit

half of the deposit for the fees of the arbitrator prior to the

arbitration:

             I. DPR FEES & COSTS
             . . . .
             Any out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the DPR appointed
             neutral (e.g., air fare, lodging, meals) in conjunction

                                       6
           with a DPR proceeding are to be borne equally by the
           parties and shall be paid to the appointed neutral from
           funds deposited by the parties with DPR for that purpose.
           . . . .
           II. ADVANCE DEPOSITS & REFUNDS
                 DPR policy requires that each party submit advance
           deposits toward the anticipated fees and expenses of the
           DPR appointed neutral on an equal or pro rata basis. DPR
           may require the parties to submit additional deposits
           during the pendency of the arbitration proceeding based on
           the expected duration of the matter. DPR and the DPR
           appointed neutral reserve the right to suspend their
           services for non-payment by any party. In the event of
           inadequate or non-payment of requested deposits by a party,
           DPR may request that the other party(s) involved in the
           proceeding submit additional deposits to assure that an
           adequate sum is available to compensate the DPR neutral.
           . . . .

Gabriel’s supplemental brief was accompanied by a declaration in

which she averred that she was without a full-time job, having

financial difficulty, and unable to pay for the costs of

arbitration.4    Gabriel also cited out-of-jurisdiction cases for

the proposition that courts have found arbitration agreements

unconscionable where the putative grievant is made to pay for

arbitration costs in a civil rights matter.

     In its supplemental brief, IPA first argued that the

arbitration agreement did not require cost-splitting and was, in

fact, silent on the issue of fees and costs; all the arbitration

agreement required was selection of a neutral arbitrator “in

accordance with the standard procedures of Dispute Prevention

Hawaii [sic].”     IPA pointed out that the final payment of fees

and costs is determined by the arbitrator according to HRS §

4
      Elsewhere in the record, there is evidence that IPA paid Gabriel
$35,000 the first year she taught (2006-2007); $36,400 the following year
(2007-2008); and would have paid Gabriel $45,000 for the 2014-2015 school
year.

                                      7
658A-21(d) (2016).5     Consequently, IPA argued, Gabriel’s claim

that she will incur costs in arbitration that will prevent her

from vindicating her rights is “completely speculative” and an

insufficient basis for refusing to compel arbitration under

Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Alabama v. Randolph, 531 U.S. 79 (2000).

     IPA then argued that, if the circuit court was persuaded

that the cost of arbitration would be prohibitively expensive

for Gabriel, it should sever any arguably unconscionable

provision or interpret the parties’ agreement to require

arbitration under conditions that the Court believes are

necessary to allow Gabriel the ability to vindicate her rights.

IPA considered the possibility that Gabriel might have to pay

half of the arbitration deposit to be the only arguably

unconscionable aspect of the agreement.          The 2014-2015

employment agreement did contain a severability clause that

states, “Should any provision of this contract be invalidated by

a court of law with proper jurisdiction, the remaining

provisions shall remain in full force and effect.”

E.   The Parties’ Arbitration Cost Estimates

     The circuit court then ordered the parties to submit an

estimate of arbitration costs from DPR for this case.             Gabriel’s

counsel estimated that it would take three and one half days to

put on Gabriel’s case, and IPA’s counsel estimated that it would
5
      HRS § 658A-21(d) states, “An arbitrator’s expenses and fees, together
with other expenses, shall be paid as provided in the award.”

                                      8
take half a day to put on its case.     At Gabriel’s counsel’s

request, DPR Case Manager Kelly Bryant estimated that it would

cost $20,418.84 for a four-day arbitration.     Bryant informed

Gabriel’s counsel that each party would need to remit a

$10,200.00 deposit to DPR.     After previously telling Gabriel’s

counsel that the defense portion of the arbitration would take

half a day, IPA’s counsel estimated that the entire arbitration

would take half a day.     At IPA’s counsel’s request, Bryant

estimated that the total cost would be $2,748.69 and that she

would ask each party for a deposit of $1,375.00.

F.   The Circuit Court’s Order Granting IPA’s Motion to Compel
     Arbitration

     The circuit court granted IPA’s motion to compel

arbitration, on the condition that IPA pay all of the

arbitrator’s fees in connection with the resolution of Gabriel’s

claims.   The circuit court first concluded that the parties

entered into a valid employment contract when Gabriel returned

the signed 2014-2015 employment Agreement.     The circuit court

concluded that IPA terminated the 2014-2015 employment Agreement

according to its terms, for business reasons.     The circuit court

concluded that the arbitration agreement was broad enough to

encompass Gabriel’s claim that IPA refused to renew her

employment for the 2014-2015 academic year due to discriminatory

retaliation against her.     The circuit court found that the

                                   9
arbitration agreement was supported by consideration, as both

parties mutually agreed to arbitrate and forgo the right to

litigate in court.   Even though Gabriel was not hired for the

2014-2015 school year, the circuit court found that she was

bound by the 2014-2015 employment agreement’s terms, analogizing

Gabriel’s case to failure-to-hire cases.    The circuit court also

concluded that the absence of an IPA agent’s signature on the

2014-2015 employment agreement was not a basis for avoiding

arbitration, where the agreement manifests the employer’s intent

to be bound by the arbitration provision.

    The circuit court, however, concluded that the arbitration

agreement was unconscionable as applied, because it effectively

requires Gabriel to pay for arbitration costs to adjudicate her

statutory civil rights claim in an arbitral forum, and that she

would not have to bear such costs by bringing her action in a

judicial forum.   The circuit court concluded that the

arbitration clause was procedurally unconscionable as a contract

of adhesion because it was the result of coercive bargaining

between parties of unequal bargaining strength.    The circuit

court reasoned that the employment agreement was drafted and

proffered by IPA, the stronger of the contracting parties; the

employment agreement was offered to Gabriel on a take-it-or-

leave-it basis; Gabriel was given only a few weeks to review and

sign the 2014-2015 employment agreement, which contained the

                                10
arbitration provision; the employment agreement required Gabriel

to certify that she sought employment only with IPA; and Gabriel

was given no opportunity to modify the terms of the employment

agreement.    The circuit court also concluded that the

arbitration clause was substantively unconscionable because it

unfairly limits the obligations of and unfairly advantages IPA,

the stronger party, by compelling Gabriel, the weaker party, to

split the arbitration costs.    The circuit court supported its

conclusion with a citation to Cole v. Burns Int’l Sec. Servs.,

105 F.3d 1465 (D.C. Cir. 1997).

       Although the circuit court noted that the arbitration

agreement did not contain an express provision regarding payment

or sharing of arbitration fees and costs, it noted that the

arbitration agreement required the parties to arbitrate through

DPR.    The circuit court deemed Gabriel’s $20,418.84 arbitration

estimate to be reasonable, and noted that Gabriel would have to

pay roughly half of this amount as a deposit.    The circuit court

found it unconscionable that Gabriel would have to pay a

$10,200.00 deposit to even access the arbitral forum; it

concluded that enforcing such a payment would preclude Gabriel

from vindicating her statutory rights in the arbitral forum.

The circuit court noted that Gabriel would have to pay a filing

fee of only $515.00 to have her case heard in circuit court,

                                  11
making the $10,200.00 arbitration cost prohibitive and

exorbitant.

     Nevertheless, the circuit court concluded that the

arbitration clause could still be enforced by requiring IPA to

pay for all arbitration fees and costs to resolve Gabriel’s

claims, as the Cole court had done.

     Lastly, the circuit court denied IPA’s request for an award

of fees and costs in connection with its motion to compel

arbitration.

G.   Gabriel’s Appeal and IPA’s Cross-Appeal

     Gabriel timely appealed from the order granting IPA’s

motion to compel arbitration.      Gabriel raises the following

points of error on appeal:

          1. The Circuit Court, through its Order, erred in
          concluding that as a matter of law that Plaintiff’s claims
          against Defendant are subject to, and require, mandatory
          arbitration pursuant to the non-honored Employment
          Agreement and the applicable Hawaii law.
          . . . .
          2. The Circuit Court, through its Order, after finding the
          Arbitration Clause . . . was unconscionable, erred in
          ordering an erroneous modification of the Arbitration
          Clause of the Employment Agreement.

IPA cross-appealed from the order.       IPA raises the following

points of error on appeal:

          1. The Circuit Court erred in holding the arbitration
          agreement is substantively unconscionable, and therefore
          ordering IPA to pay for all fees and costs of arbitration,
          because “[t]he arbitration clause in the instant case would
          make Plaintiff pay for half the cost of the DPR
          arbitration. Arbitration would prohibitively and
          exorbitantly cost Plaintiff $10,200.00.”
          . . . .
          2. The Circuit Court erred in denying IPA fees and costs
          for the necessity of bringing its motion to compel.

                                   12
This court accepted transfer of this appeal from the ICA.

                      III.    Standard of Review

     “A petition to compel arbitration is reviewed de novo.”

Siopes v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan, Inc., 130 Hawaii 437, 446,

312 P.3d 869, 878 (2013).     “The standard is the same as that

which would be applicable to a motion for summary judgment, and

the trial court’s decision is reviewed ‘using the same standard

employed by the trial court and based upon the same evidentiary

materials as were before [it] in determination of the motion.’”

Brown v. KFC Nat’l Mgmt. Co., 82 Hawaii 226, 231, 921 P.2d 146,

151 (1996) (brackets in original; citations omitted).

                             IV.   Discussion

A.   This court has jurisdiction over this appeal.

     Before this appeal was transferred to this court from the

ICA, IPA moved to dismiss Gabriel’s appeal for lack of appellate

jurisdiction.    IPA argued that federal substantive law of

arbitrability precludes an appeal from an order compelling

arbitration.    The ICA issued an order denying IPA’s motion, as

well as an order denying IPA’s motion for reconsideration of

that order.    In its Answering Brief to Gabriel’s Opening Brief,

however, IPA persists in arguing that appellate jurisdiction is

lacking because the Federal Arbitration Act, or “FAA,” applies

to the parties’ agreement to arbitrate and preempts Hawaii’s

                                    13
procedural rule permitting appeal of an order compelling

arbitration and staying judicial proceedings.       We disagree.

     It is true that the FAA states that “an appeal may not be

taken from an interlocutory order . . . compelling arbitration

under section 206 of [the FAA].”       9 U.S.C. § 16(b)(3) (West,

Westlaw through P.L. 114-327 (also including P.L. 114-329 and

115-1 to 115-8.    Title 26 current through 115-18)).     According

to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, it

is now “well established that § 16(b) bars appeals of

interlocutory orders compelling arbitration and staying judicial

proceedings.”     Johnson v. Consumerinfo.com, Inc., 745 F.3d 1019,

1021 (9th Cir. 2014).    In the case before us, the circuit court

compelled arbitration and stayed the judicial proceedings

pending arbitration.     Had this order been issued by a federal

district court, it is clear that it would not be appealable.

See, e.g., MediVas, LLC v. Marubeni Corp., 741 F.3d 4, 7 (9th

Cir. 2014) (“[A]n order compelling arbitration may be appealed

if the district court dismisses all the underlying claims, but

may not be appealed if the court stays the action pending

arbitration.”) (citations omitted).

     This order, however, was issued in our state circuit court.

Under Hawaii law, a circuit court order compelling arbitration

and staying proceedings is an appealable final order over which

our appellate courts have jurisdiction.       See Association of

                                  14
Owners of Kukui Plaza v. Swinerton & Walberg Co., 68 Haw. 98,

107, 705 P.2d 28, 35 (1985) (holding that “orders granting stays

and compelling arbitration are appealable” under HRS § 641-

1(a)); County of Hawaii v. UNIDEV, LLC, 129 Hawaii 378, 392, 301
P.3d 588, 602 (2013) (“[A]fter Hawaii’s adoption of HRS § 658A-

28, orders compelling arbitration remain appealable under

Hawaii’s final judgment statute, HRS § 641-1.”)) (citation

omitted).

     IPA argues that the Hawaii rule allowing appeals of orders

staying proceedings and compelling arbitration is preempted

because it conflicts with the FAA rules regarding appeals.     IPA

asserts that by delaying arbitration proceedings, the Hawaii

rule contradicts and obstructs the overarching purpose of the

FAA to ensure the enforcement of arbitration agreements

according to their terms so as to facilitate streamlined

proceedings.

     Alternatively, while IPA acknowledges that the parties’

employment agreement contains a choice-of-law provision calling

for the application of Hawaii law, IPA argues that the parties

have not agreed to apply Hawaii’s procedural rule simply by

having a choice of law provision that selects Hawaii law.    We

disagree and conclude that the FAA does not preempt Hawaii’s

procedural rule, and applying Hawaii’s procedural rule will be

                                15
consistent with the parties’ expectations under the arbitration

agreement.

    The FAA does not automatically preempt “different rules

than those set forth in the Act itself.”       Volt Info. Scis., Inc.

v. Board of Trs. of the Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 489 U.S.
468, 479 (1989).    The FAA’s purpose is “simply [to] require[]

courts to enforce privately negotiated agreements to arbitrate,

like other contracts, in accordance with their terms.” 489 U.S.

at 478.   Under the FAA, parties may “agree[] to abide by state

rules of arbitration, [and] enforcing those rules according to

the terms of the agreement is fully consistent with the goals of

the FAA. . . .” 489 U.S. at 479.     The FAA does not preempt

those state rules that may delay arbitration “where the Act

would otherwise permit it to go forward.”       Id.   The Volt court

emphasized that no federal policy exists for “favoring

arbitration under a certain set of procedural rules. . . .” 489
U.S. at 476.   A state procedural rule governing arbitration,

applied “in accordance with the terms of the arbitration

agreement itself,” does not “undermine the goals and policies of

the FAA.” 489 U.S. at 477-78.   So long as the state procedural

rule does not “stand as an obstacle to the accomplishment and

execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress” in

enacting the FAA, it does not conflict with the FAA, and the FAA

will not preempt it. 489 U.S. at 477 (citation omitted).

                                   16
    For those jurisdictions that have examined whether the

FAA’s appeal provisions preempt state appeal provisions (where

those state appeal provisions are based on the Uniform

Arbitration Act, as Hawaii’s arbitration appeal provisions are),

a majority rule has emerged:    the FAA’s appeal provisions do not

preempt state appeal provisions because (1) state appeal

provisions are procedural rather than substantive; (2)

procedural provisions should not be preempted unless they stand

as an obstacle to the full purposes and objectives of the FAA;

and (3) the state procedural rules do not impede the FAA’s

objective of ensuring the enforceability of arbitration

agreements in private contracts.      Morgan Keegan & Co., Inc. v.

Smythe, 401 S.W.3d 595, 606 (Tenn. 2013) (collecting cases

following the majority rule).   More specifically, some of these

jurisdictions have held that an order compelling arbitration is

immediately appealable under state procedural rules.      See, e.g.,

Kremer v. Rural Cmty. Ins. Co., 788 N.W.2d 538 (Neb. 2010);

Wells v. Chevy Chase Bank, F.S.B., 768 A.2d 620 (Md. 2001);

Simmons v. Deutsche Fin. Servs. Corp., 532 S.E.2d 436 (Ga.

2000).

    Therefore, this court will enforce the parties’ choice-of-

law provision and apply Hawaii’s procedural rules to this

matter.   This court has jurisdiction to entertain this appeal.

                                 17
 B.        The circuit court correctly concluded that the parties
           entered into a valid arbitration agreement, and that
           Gabriel’s retaliation claim was within the scope of
           the arbitration agreement.

      Under Brown, a court faced with a motion to compel

arbitration must first address whether an arbitration agreement

exists between the parties.    Brown, 82 Hawaii at 238, 921 P.2d

at 158 (citation omitted).    In order to be valid and

enforceable, “an arbitration agreement must have the following

three elements:   (1) it must be in writing; (2) it must be

unambiguous as to the intent to submit disputes or controversies

to arbitration; and (3) there must be bilateral consideration.”

Douglass v. Pflueger Hawaii, Inc., 110 Hawaii 520, 531, 135 P.3d
129, 140 (2006) (citation omitted).

      On appeal, Gabriel argues that the parties did not enter

into the 2014-2015 employment agreement, and, therefore, did not

enter into the arbitration agreement found within it.      Gabriel

argues that, as she was not hired for the 2014-2015 academic

year, no consideration supported the 2014-2015 contract or the

arbitration provision within it.      She again points out that IPA

did not sign the 2014-2015 employment agreement.

      IPA’s position is that the parties entered into a valid

arbitration agreement.   IPA argues that Gabriel accepted IPA’s

offer of employment when she signed and returned the 2014-2015

employment agreement, unmodified.     In so doing, she entered into

                                 18
the arbitration agreement, which was contained in the employment

agreement.   Concerning Gabriel’s argument that no consideration

existed to support the 2014-2015 employment agreement and the

arbitration agreement within it, IPA counter-argues that

consideration supported the arbitration agreement because both

Gabriel and IPA agreed to forgo their rights to litigate in

court, citing Brown, 82 Hawaii at 239-40, 921 P.2d at 159-60;

and Douglass, 110 Hawaii at 534-35, 135 P.3d at 143-44.

     For the reasons stated by IPA, we conclude that Gabriel and

IPA entered into an arbitration agreement.     The arbitration

agreement (1) was in writing; (2) unambiguously bound the

parties to “handle[] out of court” “any dispute concerning this

Agreement” through submission of the dispute to an arbitrator;

and was supported by bilateral consideration, as both parties

“would forego [sic] their respective rights to a judicial forum”

and accept the binding arbitration process.”    Brown, 82 Hawaii

at 239-40, 921 P.2d at 159-60.   Additionally, it did not matter

that an agent from IPA did not sign the employment agreement.

This case is similar to Brown, where this court enforced an

arbitration agreement found in an employment application signed

by the prospective employee but not by the employer.     See Brown,

82 Hawaii at 229, 921 P.2d at 149.   When Gabriel signed and

returned the 2014-2015 employment agreement, she accepted IPA’s

                                 19
offer for employment, and all of the terms that came with it,

including an agreement to arbitrate.

     We note that the entire employment agreement is relatively

short at four pages long.    It is written in plain English with

no fine print or cross-references to other documents.       The

arbitration agreement is located on the same page as Gabriel’s

signature.    Thus, this case is unlike other cases in which

questions arise as to an employee’s intent to be bound to an

arbitration provision that is physically separate from an

employment contract.    See, e.g., Brown, 82 Hawaii at 245, 921
P.2d at 165 (holding that an arbitration agreement contained in

an employment application applied to a discrimination claim

arising out of a later executed oral contract for employment);

Douglass, 110 Hawaii at 534, 135 P.3d at 143 (holding that

mutual assent to arbitrate was lacking, where the employment

contract did not contain the arbitration agreement, and the

employee merely signed an acknowledgement of having read a

separate employee handbook, which did contain the arbitration

agreement).    In this case, by contrast, the plain language of

the arbitration agreement demonstrates the parties’ mutual

assent to arbitrate.    In short, a valid and enforceable

arbitration agreement exists between the parties.

     A court faced with a motion to compel arbitration must next

decide whether “the subject matter of the dispute is arbitrable

                                 20
under the agreement.”   Brown, 82 Hawaii at 238, 921 P.2d at 158

(citation omitted).   Gabriel argues that the arbitration

agreement governs matters covered in the employment agreement,

but not civil rights claims under HRS § 378-2(2).   IPA counter-

argues that Hawaii courts have long recognized the strong public

policy supporting Hawaii’s arbitration statutes, and that any

doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be

resolved in favor of arbitration, citing Lee v. Heftel, 81

Hawaii 1, 4, 911 P.2d 721, 724 (1996).

     We conclude that Gabriel’s discriminatory retaliation claim

was within the scope of the arbitration agreement, because the

arbitration agreement required her to “handle[] out of court”

“any dispute concerning this Agreement” by submitting the

dispute to an arbitrator.   At the federal and state level, there

exists a strong policy in favor of arbitration, such that any

doubt concerning whether a dispute is covered by an arbitration

agreement should be resolved in favor of arbitrability.     See

Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1,

24 (1983) (“The Arbitration Act establishes that, as a matter of

federal law, any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable

issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the

problem at hand is the construction of the contract language

itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to

                                21
arbitrability.”) (footnote omitted); Lee, 81 Hawaii at 4, 911
P.2d at 724 (“[T]he proclaimed public policy [supporting

Hawaii’s arbitration statutes] is to encourage arbitration as a

means of settling differences and thereby avoiding litigation.

[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be

resolved in favor of arbitration[.]”) (citations omitted).

      IPA also correctly observes that arbitration agreements

should be interpreted broadly in favor of finding arbitrability,

where the arbitration agreement is worded similarly to the

instant one regarding “any dispute concerning this Agreement.”

Indeed, in UNIDEV, we examined an arbitration agreement that

stated that “[a]ny dispute arising under the terms of this

Agreement . . . shall[, if the matter cannot be resolved by

other preliminary means] submit the matter to arbitration. . .

.”   129 Hawaii at 381, 301 P.3d at 591 (emphasis added).   We

held that an arbitration agreement worded this way “constitutes

a ‘general’ arbitration clause” whose scope should be

interpreted broadly.   129 Hawaii at 395-96, 301 P.3d at 605-06.

In short, Gabriel’s retaliation claim falls within the scope of

the arbitration agreement.

      Lastly, Gabriel argues that a discriminatory retaliation

claim is not expressly referenced in the employment agreement,

and, therefore, falls beyond the scope of the arbitration

                                22
agreement.   We disagree and note that the arbitration agreement

covered termination due to alleged retaliatory discrimination,

because the employment agreement implicitly included within it

Hawaii’s laws concerning discrimination in employment.           A

contract is presumed to include all applicable statutes and

settled law relating to its subject matter.         Section 363 of 17A

Am.Jur.2d Contracts (2016) states

          Contracting parties are presumed to contract in reference
          to the existing law, and to have in mind all the existing
          laws relating to the contract, or to the subject matter
          thereof. All existing applicable or relevant statutes, and
          settled law of the land at the time a contract is made
          become a part of it and must be read into it just as if an
          express provision to that effect were inserted therein,
          except where the contract discloses a contrary intention.
          By virtue of this rule, the laws which exist at the time
          and place of making a contract and at the place where it is
          to be performed, affecting its validity, construction,
          operation, performance, enforcement, and discharge, enter
          into and form a part of it as if they were expressly
          referred to or incorporated into its terms.

This court favorably cited to and applied this general rule in

City and Cty. of Honolulu v. Kam, 48 Haw. 349, 402 P.2d 683

(1965), and Quedding v. Arisumi Bros., 66 Haw. 335, 661 P.2d 706

(1983) (per curiam).    In both Kam and Quedding, this court held

that the “general rule [is] that the existing law is part of a

contract where there is no stipulation to the contrary.” Kam, 48
Haw. at 355, 402 P.2d at 687; Quedding, 66 Haw. at 338, 661 P.2d

at 709.   Therefore, the arbitration agreement’s scope included

Gabriel’s retaliatory discrimination claim.

                                   23
     In short, the parties entered into a valid employment

agreement containing an arbitration agreement, and the

arbitration agreement covered Gabriel’s claims.

C.   The arbitration agreement’s cost-splitting requirement is
     unconscionable and, therefore, unenforceable.

     On appeal, Gabriel argues that the arbitration agreement is

unenforceable because it is procedurally and substantively

unconscionable.   She contends the 2014-2015 employment agreement

that contained the arbitration agreement was procedurally

unconscionable because it was a contract of adhesion, offered to

her on a take-it-or-leave-it basis, and she was only given a few

weeks to review and sign it.     Gabriel maintains that she had no

opportunity to negotiate the terms of the 2014-2015 employment

agreement, that she was not told she was agreeing to arbitrate

civil rights claims, and that the arbitration agreement was not

made conspicuous within the employment agreement.     Gabriel

argues that the arbitration agreement was also substantively

unconscionable because it unfairly advantaged IPA by limiting

her access to the courts and costing her a significant amount of

money to arbitrate her claims.

     Under Hawaii law, an arbitration agreement is generally

“valid, enforceable, and irrevocable except upon a ground that

exists at law or in equity for the revocation of a contract.”

HRS § 658A-6(a) (2016).   One of those grounds is

                                  24
unconscionability.   See Lewis v. Lewis, 69 Haw. 497, 500, 748
P.2d 1362, 1366 (1988).   Unconscionability encompasses two

principles:   one-sidedness (substantive unconscionability) and

unfair surprise (procedural unconscionability).   Balogh v.

Balogh, 134 Hawaii 29, 41, 332 P.3d 631, 643 (2014).   The Balogh

court noted, “Generally, a determination of unconscionability

requires a showing that the contract was both procedurally and

substantively unconscionable when made,” but an impermissibly

one-sided contract can be unconscionable and unenforceable

without a showing of unfair surprise.   Id. (citing Adler v. Fred

Lind Manor, 103 P.3d 773, 782 (Wash. 2004) (en banc) (brackets

and ellipsis omitted).

     We have applied the doctrine of unconscionability in

multiple contractual contexts, not just in the arbitration

context.   See, e.g., Balogh, 134 Hawaii 29, 332 P.3d 631

(memorandum of understanding regarding property division in

divorce); Thompson v. AIG Hawaii Ins. Co., 111 Hawaii 413, 142
P.3d 277 (2006) (personal injury settlement agreement); Lewis,

69 Haw. 497, 748 P.2d 1362 (premarital agreements); Earl M.

Jorgensen Co., v. Mark Constr., 56 Haw. 466, 540 P.2d 978 (1975)

(contract for sale of goods).   Therefore, application of the

unconscionability doctrine in this case places the arbitration

agreement “on equal footing with all other contracts,” DIRECTV,

                                25
Inc. v. Imburgia, 136 S. Ct. 463, 465 (2015), and does not

“single[]out arbitration agreements for disfavored treatment. .

. .”   Kindred Nursing Ctrs. Ltd. P’ship v. Clark, 137 S. Ct.
1421, 1425 (2017).

       Gabriel urges us to follow cases from the United States

Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that hold that an

arbitration agreement’s cost-splitting requirement is, standing

alone, so substantively unconscionable as to render the entire

arbitration agreement unenforceable.    The Ninth Circuit has

examined, under California law, a similar requirement that an

employee split arbitration fees with her employer.    Circuit City

Stores, Inc. v. Adams, 279 F.3d 889, 894 (9th Cir. 2002).     The

Ninth Circuit held, “This fee allocation scheme alone would

render an arbitration agreement unenforceable.”    Id. (footnote

and citation omitted).   The Ninth Circuit ultimately invalidated

the entire arbitration agreement because additional provisions

provided further justification for finding the arbitration

agreement unconscionable and, therefore, unenforceable.     Id. at

896.

       In Ferguson v. Countrywide Credit Industries, Inc., 298
F.3d 778, 785 n.7 (9th Cir. 2002), the Ninth Circuit favorably

cited Adams’ holding, noting that a cost-splitting requirement

between employer and employee posed a “significant deterrent

effect . . . on employees who are required to arbitrate their

                                 26
civil rights claims.”   The Ferguson court elaborated that “the

significant up-front costs associated with bringing a claim in

an arbitral forum may prevent individuals with meritorious

claims from even pursuing these claims in the first place.”     Id.

at n.8.   Similarly, in Ingle v. Circuit City Stores, Inc., 328
F.3d 1165, 1178 (9th Cir. 2003), the Ninth Circuit again

favorably cited Adams and added that an arbitration agreement

calling for an employee to share arbitration costs with an

employer was “harsh and unfair to employees seeking to arbitrate

legal claims,” and is, therefore, substantively unconscionable.

    We do not go so far as to adopt a holding that a cost-

splitting requirement in arbitration is per se unconscionable

and, therefore, unenforceable.   Rather, whether cost-splitting

in arbitration is unconscionable depends on the facts of each

case.   Under the circumstances of this case, the cost-splitting

provision is substantively unconscionable because it would be

prohibitively expensive for Gabriel to pursue her claims in the

arbitral forum.

    During the course of her employment with IPA, Gabriel’s

salary ranged from $35,000 to $45,000.    As part of this

litigation, she filed a declaration stating that she was without

a full-time job, having financial difficulty, and unable to pay

for the costs of arbitration.    Gabriel also submitted evidence

from DPR that it would cost $20,418.84 for a four-day

                                 27
arbitration, and that she would need to remit a $10,200.00

deposit to DPR.     It is unconscionable to require a terminated

school teacher to pay, up-front, a deposit amounting to one-

quarter to one-third of her former annual salary in order to

access the arbitral forum.6       Therefore, we hold that the cost-

splitting requirement alone is unconscionable as impermissibly

one-sided, in favor of IPA.       Balogh, 134 Hawaii at 41, 332 P.3d

at 643.   This conclusion renders it unnecessary for this court

to pass on the issue of procedural unconscionability.             We note,

however, that IPA did not challenge the circuit court’s finding

that the manner7 by which Gabriel agreed to the cost-splitting

requirement was procedurally unconscionable.           Therefore, we

accept that finding, which provides an additional basis for

rendering the cost-splitting requirement unenforceable as

unconscionable.

     Despite ample evidence in the record that Gabriel will not

be financially able to arbitrate her claims, IPA argues that
6
      We would similarly conclude that it would be unconscionable to require
such cost-splitting in, for example, the mediation context. As such, our
unconscionability analysis does not single out arbitration agreements for
disfavored treatment. See Kindred Nursing Ctrs. Ltd. P’ship, 137 S. Ct. at
1425.
7
      As stated earlier, the circuit court concluded that the arbitration
agreement was procedurally unconscionable as a contract of adhesion because
it was the result of coercive bargaining between parties of unequal
bargaining strength. The circuit court noted that the arbitration agreement
was drafted and proffered by IPA, the stronger of the contracting parties;
was offered to Gabriel on a take-it-or-leave-it basis; Gabriel was given only
a few weeks to review and sign the 2014-2015 employment agreement, which
contained the arbitration agreement; the employment agreement required
Gabriel to certify that she sought employment only with IPA; and Gabriel was
given no opportunity to modify the terms of the employment agreement.

                                     28
Gabriel did not carry her burden of proving the likelihood that

she would incur prohibitively expensive arbitration costs under

Green Tree, 531 U.S. 79.   In Green Tree, an employee asserted

that she would be unable to vindicate her statutory rights

(there, her rights under the federal Truth in Lending Act and

the federal Equal Credit Opportunity Act) if she were compelled

to arbitrate her claims, because there was a risk she would have

to pay potentially substantial costs in arbitration. 531 U.S.

at 83, 89.   The United States Supreme Court disagreed, noting

that the employee had utterly failed to substantiate her

assertion. 531 U.S. at 90 n.6.

    The United States Supreme Court observed that the record

“does not show that [the employee] will bear such [large

arbitration] costs if she goes to arbitration.    Indeed, it

contains hardly any information on the matter.” 531 U.S. at 90

(footnote omitted).   All the employee submitted to the district

court, in a motion for reconsideration, was an “assert[ion] that

‘[a]rbitration costs are high’ and that she did not have the

resources to arbitrate.” 531 U.S. at 90 n.6.    The employee

provided no estimates of the cost of arbitration and, instead,

“assumed” the American Arbitration Association, or AAA, would

conduct the arbitration, noting (without evidentiary support)

that the AAA charged a $500 filing fee for claims under $10,000.

                                   29
Id.   The employee also submitted an article stating that

arbitration costs are, on average, $700 per day.     Id.

      The Court concluded that the employee “plainly failed to

make any factual showing that the American Arbitration

Association would conduct the arbitration, or that, if it did,

she would be charged the filing fee or arbitrator’s fee that she

identified.”   Id.   The Court stated, “The ‘risk’ that [the

employee] will be saddled with prohibitive costs is too

speculative to justify the invalidation of an arbitration

agreement.” 531 U.S. at 91.   The Court went on to hold that,

“where . . . a party seeks to invalidate an arbitration

agreement on the ground that arbitration would be prohibitively

expensive, that party bears the burden of showing the likelihood

of incurring such costs.” 531 U.S. at 92.

      IPA argues that, like the employee in Green Tree, Gabriel

failed to carry her burden of proving that arbitration would be

so prohibitively expensive for her that it would prevent her

from vindicating her statutory rights (in this case, statutory

rights under HRS Chapter 378, which prohibits discrimination in

employment).   Green Tree, however, involved the vindication of

federal statutory rights in the arbitral forum. 531 U.S. at 89-

91.   It is an open question, however, as to whether Green Tree

applies in cases where claimants challenge arbitration as a

forum for vindicating state statutory rights.     See, e.g.,

                                  30
Kaltwasser v. AT&T Mobility, 812 F. Supp. 2d 1042, 1048 (N.D.

Cal. 2011) (“[I]t is not clear that Green Tree’s solicitude for

the vindication of rights applies to rights arising under state

law, which are the only rights that [the claimant] seeks to

vindicate here.”); and James v. McDonald’s Corp., 417 F.3d 672,

679 (7th Cir. 2005) (“It remains unclear whether the rationale

of Green Tree applies to situations that do not involve the

assertion of federal statutory rights.”).

    Green Tree itself thrice referenced the vindication of

“federal statutory claims” in reaching its holding.   Green Tree,
531 U.S. at 89-90 (emphasis added).   The majority of federal

circuits ruling on the issue have concluded that Green Tree does

not apply where a claimant seeks to vindicate only state

statutory claims, as Gabriel seeks in this case.   See, e.g.,

Stutler v. T.K. Constructors, Inc., 448 F.3d 343, 346 (6th Cir.

2006) (“Green Tree . . . [is] limited by [its] plain language to

the question of whether an arbitration clause is enforceable

where federal statutorily protected rights are affected.    In

this case, no federally protected interest is at stake.”)

(emphasis added); Pro Tech Indus., Inc. v. URS Corp., 377 F.3d
868, 873 (8th Cir. 2004) (noting that Green Tree addresses

arbitration of federal statutory claims, not unconscionability

of an arbitration agreement under state law); Coneff v. AT&T

Corp., 673 F.3d 1155, 1158 n.2 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Green Tree . .

                               31
. [is] limited to federal statutory rights.”) (emphasis added);

but see Kristian v. Comcast Corp., 446 F.3d 25, 29 (1st Cir.

2006) (finding “provisions of . . . arbitration agreements . . .

invalid because they prevent the vindication of statutory rights

under state and federal law”); and Booker v. Robert Half Int’l,

Inc., 413 F.3d 77, 79-81 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (applying Green Tree

to District of Columbia statutory rights without analysis into

whether Green Tree applied only to federal statutory rights).

    Assuming arguendo that Green Tree does apply, Gabriel has

sufficiently carried her burden of proof:   exhibits and

declarations in the record show that arbitration was estimated

to cost $20,418.84, that Gabriel would have to remit a

$10,200.00 deposit to DPR to arbitrate her claim, that Gabriel

made $45,000 annually during the last academic year she worked

for IPA, and that Gabriel was without a full-time job, having

financial difficulty, and unable to pay for the costs of

arbitration.   Unlike the plaintiff in Green Tree, who could only

speculate as to the high costs of arbitration, Gabriel has shown

precisely what the costs were estimated to be and that such

costs were prohibitively expensive for her.   Therefore, we

disagree with IPA’s assertion that Gabriel presented “nothing

but speculation she would incur any arbitration costs.”

                                32
D.   The circuit court erred in compelling arbitration and
     ordering IPA to pay for all arbitration costs.

     The circuit court found the cost-splitting requirement

unconscionable but nonetheless compelled arbitration and ordered

IPA to pay all of the arbitration costs.    On appeal, Gabriel

argues that the circuit court should have denied IPA’s motion to

compel or invalidated the entire arbitration provision.       On

cross-appeal, IPA argues that the circuit court was correct in

compelling arbitration, but it should have severed the cost-

splitting requirement pursuant to the severability clause in the

parties’ employment agreement instead of conditioning

arbitration upon IPA’s payment of all arbitration costs.

Gabriel points out, and IPA agrees, that the parties had no

intention to allow for the rewriting of the arbitration clause

to have IPA pay for the arbitration cost.

     We agree that the circuit court improperly modified the

parties’ arbitration agreement when it attempted to reform the

parties’ agreement by ordering IPA to pay all arbitration costs.

We note that the parties’ employment agreement allows

modification of the agreement only “in writing, signed by both

the Educator and the Head of School and/or his designee, and

entitled ‘Modification of Contract.’”    As Gabriel argues,

neither party sought to modify the arbitration agreement to

direct IPA to pay arbitration costs.    The court’s order

                               33
compelling arbitration and directing IPA to pay costs is a

result neither party intended, and amounts to a reformation of

the arbitration agreement without a firm basis in our precedent

to do so.    Ordinarily, reformation of a contract is a remedy in

the following circumstances:

            Reformation is appropriate, when an agreement has been
            made, or a transaction has been entered into or determined
            upon, as intended by all the parties interested, but in
            reducing such transaction to writing, either through the
            mistake of both parties, or through the mistake of the
            plaintiff accompanied by the fraudulent knowledge and
            procurement of the defendant, the written instrument fails
            to express the real agreement or transaction.

Kuamu v. Iaukea, 9 Haw. 612, 614 (quoting Pomeroy’s Eq. Jur.

vol. 2, Sec. 870, p. 344); see also State v. Kahua Ranch, Ltd.,

47 Haw. 28, 33, 384 P.2d 581, 585 (1963) (holding that

reformation is appropriate where the contract contains a “mutual

mistake [that] does not reflect the true intention of the

parties. . . .”); Lee v. Aiu, 85 Hawaii 19, 31, 936 P.2d 655,

667 (1997) (noting that reformation of a deed is appropriate to

reflect the true intent of the parties, where such intent was

incorrectly expressed through mutual mistake or the fraud of the

defendant).    These circumstances are not present in this case;

therefore, the circuit court improperly reformed the arbitration

agreement by requiring IPA to pay all arbitration costs.

     Further, the circuit court justified its decision to order

IPA to pay all arbitration costs by relying on Cole, 105 F.3d
1465, a case that is distinguishable from the instant case.              In

                                     34
Cole, the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit

affirmed the district court’s order compelling arbitration of an

employee’s Title VII claim. 105 F.3d at 1488.      Like the instant

arbitration agreement, the arbitration agreement at issue in

Cole contained no express provision on the payment of fees;

rather, it incorporated by reference the AAA’s rules. 105 F.3d

at 1485.   Unlike the instant case, where DPR’s rules require

cost-splitting, the AAA’s rules were silent on the issue of

payment of fees and made no provision for reduced or waived fees

in case of financial hardship. 105 F.3d at 1469, 1484, 1485.

The D.C. Circuit upheld the arbitration agreement but construed

the silences within it against the drafter (the employer) in

requiring the employer to pay all of the costs of arbitration,

as follows:

           In our view, an employee can never be required, as a
           condition of employment, to pay an arbitrator’s
           compensation in order to secure the resolution of statutory
           claims under Title VII (any more than an employee can be
           made to pay a judge’s salary). If there is any risk that
           an arbitration agreement can be construed to require this
           result, this would surely deter the bringing of arbitration
           and constitute a de facto forfeiture of the employee’s
           statutory rights. The only way that an arbitration
           agreement of the sort at issue here can be lawful is if the
           employer assumes responsibility for the payment of the
           arbitrator’s compensation.
105 F.3d at 1468 (footnote omitted).        Thus, Cole stands for the

proposition that, where no provision is made for the payment of

arbitration costs, and where arbitration of a Title VII claim is

compelled in the employment context, an employer can be ordered

                                    35
to bear all arbitration costs.8        Cole appears to be an outlier in

judicially creating a condition that an employer pay for

arbitration costs; other courts address unconscionable

arbitration cost provisions by severing offending provisions or

invalidating the arbitration agreement altogether.            See, e.g.,

Adams, 279 F.3d 889; Ingle, 328 F.3d 1165; Ferguson, 298 F.3d
778 (all applying California contract law).

E.   The circuit court erred in declining to invalidate the
     entire arbitration provision.

     The appropriate course for the circuit court was to examine

the arbitration agreement as a whole to determine whether parts

of it could be severed, or whether the entire arbitration

agreement should be invalidated.          Under our case law, in the

context of illegal contracts, a partially invalidated agreement

may nevertheless be upheld if the invalid provisions are

severable from the valid provisions.          See, e.g., Beneficial

Hawaii, Inc. v. Kida, 96 Hawaii 289, 311, 30 P.3d 895, 917

(2001) (“Thus, the general rule is that severance of an illegal

provision of a contract is warranted and the lawful portion of

the agreement is enforceable when the illegal provision is not

central to the parties’ agreement and the illegal provision does

8
      Green Tree has called into question Cole’s continuing viability. In
Shatteen v. Omni Hotels Mgmt. Corp., 113 F. Supp. 3d 176, 182 n.3 (D.C.D.C.
2015), the D.C. District Court doubted whether Cole remained good law,
noting, “Cole’s holding is, in any event, on shaky ground in light of the
Supreme Court’s subsequent decision in Green Tree Financial, which eschews
any per se ban on fee shifting in the arbitral context.”

                                     36
not involve serious moral turpitude, unless such a result is

prohibited by statute.”); Ai v. Frank Huff Agency, Ltd., 61 Haw.
607, 607 P.2d 1304 (1980), overruled on other grounds by

Robert’s Haw. Sch. Bus, Inc. v. Laupahoehoe Trans. Co., 91

Hawaii 224, 982 P.2d 853 (1999) (“It is well settled under

ordinary contract law, however, that a partially illegal

contract may be upheld if the illegal portion is severable from

the part which is legal.”) (citations omitted).

     Similarly, in the context of unconscionable contracts, the

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 208 (1981) states, “If a

contract or term thereof is unconscionable at the time the

contract is made a court may refuse to enforce the contract, or

may enforce the remainder of the contract without the

unconscionable term, or may so limit the application of any

unconscionable term as to avoid any unconscionable result.”

Comment g to the Restatement elaborates, “Where a term rather

than the whole contract is unconscionable, the appropriate

remedy is ordinarily to deny effect to the unconscionable term.”

     Other jurisdictions following the Restatement, however,

have articulated circumstances under which invalidation of an

entire arbitration provision, not just severance of an

unconscionable term, is necessary, where no part of the

arbitration provision can be spared and given effect.     For

example, in New Mexico, where an unconscionable provision in an

                               37
arbitration agreement is “central” to the means by which the

parties would arbitrate their claims, severance of the

unconscionable provision is not possible, and the entire

arbitration agreement must be invalidated.        See Felts v. CLK

Mgmt., Inc., 254 P.3d 124, 139 (N.M. 2011).        In Felts, the New

Mexico Supreme Court invalidated an entire arbitration agreement

due to a substantively unconscionable class action ban that was

central to the parties’ agreement to arbitrate. 254 P.3d at

140.

       Even more similar to this case, the Washington Supreme

Court held, “Severance is the usual remedy for substantively

unconscionable terms, but where such terms ‘pervade’ an

arbitration agreement, [the Washington courts] refuse to sever

those provisions and declare the entire agreement void.”            Gandee

v. LDL Freedom Enters., Inc., 293 P.3d 1197, 1199-1200 (Wash.

2013) (citation omitted).     In Gandee, the Washington Supreme

Court invalidated an entire arbitration agreement due to

pervasive substantively unconscionable terms, thereby affirming

the denial of a motion to compel arbitration. 293 P.3d at 1203.

       In this case, substantively unconscionable terms pervade

the arbitration agreement.     Therefore, no part of the

arbitration agreement can be spared and given effect.            Again,

the entire provision states

           L. Arbitration. The parties desire that any dispute
           concerning the Agreement be handled out of court.

                                   38
             Accordingly, they agree that any such dispute shall, as the
             parties’ sole and exclusive remedy, be submitted to an
             arbitrator licensed to practice law in the State of Hawaii
             and selected in accordance with the standard procedures of
             Dispute Prevention Hawaii [sic]. The arbitrator will not
             be entitled to add to or subtract from its terms. Should
             either party start any legal action or administrative
             proceeding against the other with respect to any claim
             related to this Agreement, or pursue any method of
             resolution of a dispute other than mutual agreement of the
             parties or arbitration, then all damages, costs, expenses
             and attorneys’ fees incurred by the other party as a result
             shall be the responsibility of the one bringing the suit or
             starting the proceeding.

The employment agreement contains a severability provision,

which states, “Should any provision of this contract be

invalidated by a court of law with proper jurisdiction, the

remaining provisions shall remain in full force and effect.”

Although the circuit court did not review each provision in the

arbitration agreement for its enforceability, “this court may

nonetheless [do so] because unconscionability is a question of

law, reviewable de novo.”        Balogh, 134 Hawaii at 42-43, 332 P.3d

at 644-45.

    We note that the second sentence in the arbitration

provision incorporates, by reference, DPR’s cost-splitting

rules.    The circuit court implicitly found this provision

unconscionable, and we agree.         The third sentence states, “The

arbitrator will not be entitled to add or subtract from its

terms.”   With the second sentence invalidated, there remains no

grammatical referent for the “its” in the third sentence, which

                                      39
appears to refer back to the procedures mentioned in the second

sentence.    Therefore, the third sentence must be stricken.

     We also note that the last sentence in the arbitration

agreement (the fee-shifting provision) is obviously unfair.9              The

fee-shifting provision requires the party challenging

arbitration to pay the other party’s attorney’s fees and costs,

solely for challenging the arbitration provision in court, and

even if the challenge is meritorious and/or successful.             Under

this provision, because Gabriel initiated these proceedings, she

would have to pay for all of the “damages, costs, expenses, and

attorney’s fees” incurred by IPA thus far, simply for

challenging the arbitration provision in court, and even though
9
      We note that, at oral argument, IPA’s counsel represented that the
substance of the fee-shifting provision in the arbitration agreement “was not
presented below. It was not presented in the briefing [before the Hawaii
Supreme Court],” and that it was “presented for the first time at oral
argument” by this court.
http://www.courts.state.hi.us/supreme_court_oa_scap-15-912 at 34:14-27.
IPA’s counsel went on to represent that he “ha[d]n’t even read the clause,”
because “it wasn’t presented at the circuit court and it wasn’t presented in
briefing before [the Hawaii Supreme Court].”
http://www.courts.state.hi.us/supreme_court_oa_scap-15-912 at 52:17-28.
IPA’s counsel misstates the record. The fee-shifting provision in the
arbitration clause appeared in IPA’s briefing before the circuit court and
before this court. In briefing before the circuit court, IPA argued, “The
Court should award Defendant’s attorneys’ fees in bringing this motion
because the parties agreed to that as part of the arbitration agreement,” and
quoted the final sentence of the arbitration agreement. In briefing before
this court, IPA referred specifically to the fee-shifting provision in the
point of error regarding the circuit court’s denial of an award of fees, as
follows: “Because of the parties’ agreement to the party opposing
arbitration paying the fees of the party required to compel it, and because
of the frivolousness of Gabriel’s arguments in opposition to complying with
her agreement to arbitrate, the Court should order her to pay the reasonable
attorneys’ fees incurred by IPA to enforce the parties’ agreement to
arbitrate Gabriel’s claims.” Therefore, the substance of the fee-shifting
provision in the arbitration agreement was not raised by this court for the
first time at oral argument, and it has been raised throughout these
proceedings by IPA itself.

                                     40
she won this appeal.   This provision is plainly substantively

unconscionable and must be stricken as well.   What remains in

the arbitration agreement is just the first sentence, which

states only, “The parties desire that any dispute concerning the

Agreement be handled out of court.”    Arbitration is not

mentioned in this sentence.   Therefore, the remaining sentence

does not clearly evidence the parties’ desire to arbitrate their

claims.   It cannot serve as a basis for compelling arbitration.

In effect, no part of the arbitration agreement remains.

Consequently, the circuit court erred in compelling arbitration

in this case.

F.   The circuit court did not abuse its discretion in denying
     IPA’s request for attorney’s fees and costs.

     This court invalidated the entire arbitration agreement;

therefore, the fee-shifting provision within the arbitration

agreement cannot serve as the basis for an award of attorney’s

fees and costs to IPA.    Further, as Gabriel’s opposition to

IPA’s motion to compel was not frivolous, as it legitimately

challenged an unconscionable arbitration agreement, an award of

attorney’s fees and costs was not warranted under the circuit

court’s inherent power.    Therefore, the circuit court did not

abuse its discretion in denying IPA’s request for attorney’s

fees and costs.

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                           V.   Conclusion

    We conclude that (1) this court has jurisdiction over this

appeal; (2) the circuit court correctly concluded that the

parties entered into a valid arbitration agreement; (3) the

cost-splitting requirement in the arbitration agreement is

unconscionable; (4) however, the circuit court improperly

reformed the arbitration agreement to require IPA to pay all

arbitration costs instead of invalidating the entire arbitration

agreement; and (5) the circuit court did not abuse its

discretion in denying IPA’s request for attorney’s fees and

costs.   Consequently, we vacate the circuit court’s order

compelling arbitration and remand this case to the circuit court

for further proceedings.

Joseph T. Rosenbaum                    /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
for plaintiff/appellant-
cross-appellee                         /s/ Paula A. Nakayama

Jeffrey S. Harris                      /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna
for defendant/appellee-
cross-appellant                        /s/ Richard W. Pollack

                                       /s/ Michael D. Wilson

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