Court Opinion

ID: 4315058
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-09-25 16:08:10.113597+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:34.921699
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

IN RE: THE TRUST FBO SAMUEL                    )     C.A. No. 12904-MG
FRANCES duPONT UNDER TRUST                     )
AGREEMENT DATED AUGUST 4, 1936                 )
(POWER OF APPOINTMENT TRUST)                   )
                                               )

                            MASTER’S REPORT

                       Date Submitted: July 31, 2018
                       Draft Report:
                       Final Report: September 25, 2018

William E. Manning, Scott W. Perkins, and Selena E. Molina, SAUL EWING
ARNSTEIN & LEHR, LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Petitioner Martin
A. Heckscher

Todd A. Flubacher and Matthew R. Clark, MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT &
TUNNELL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Respondents Pierre S.
DuPont, John E.B. DuPont and Catherine DuPont Varacchi

Jeffrey S. Goddess, ROSENTHAL, MONHAIT & GODDESS, P.A., Wilmington,
Delaware, Guardian Ad Litem for Sean Osborne and Cara Osborne, and Attorney for
Amber (Thomas) Ellis

Gregory J. Weinig, Ryan P. Newell, Scott E. Swenson, and Daniel R. Stanek,
CONNOLLY GALLAGHER LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Respondent
Jennifer Beck

GRIFFIN, Master
      Pending before me is a petition filed by trustees seeking instructions from the

Court as to the proper distribution of the principal and income of the trust, which

granted the donee a limited testamentary power of appointment. The issue is whether

a divorce decree incorporating a settlement agreement in which the donee agreed to

exercise his power of appointment to benefit the children of his first marriage, bound

the donee and the trust, or whether the donee’s last will and testament, which

subsequently exercised the donee’s power of appointment to benefit his

granddaughter from his second marriage, controls. Beneficiaries of the conflicting

appointments filed motions for summary judgment in this case asking the Court to

determine which exercise of the donee’s power of appointment dictates. In the

alternative, the children of the donee’s first marriage seek a Court finding that the

settlement agreement caused a partial release of the donee’s power of appointment so

that the trust property passed to them as the takers in default at the time of the

divorce, or that the inequitable conduct by the donee and the trustee warrants the

imposition of a constructive trust over the trust property.

      Based upon the reasons set forth below, I find that the settlement agreement

incorporated in a Nevada divorce decree does not bind the trust, nor does it represent

a partial release of the donee’s power of appointment. I also conclude that imposing

a constructive trust over the trust property is not appropriate in these circumstances. I

recommend that the Court grant the granddaughter’s motion for summary judgment
and order the trustee to distribute the trust principal and income consistent with the

exercise of the donee’s power of appointment in his last will and testament. And, that

the Court deny the cross-motion for summary judgment filed by the children of the

donee’s first marriage. This is a final report.

        I.   Factual background

         This matter stems from a trust agreement (the “Trust”) entered into on August

4, 1936 between Ernest duPont (“Ernest”), the donor, and A. Felix duPont, Walter

Blackson and Delaware Trust Company, a corporation of the State of Delaware, the

initial trustees. Ernest created a testamentary power of appointment trust for the

initial benefit of his son, Samuel F. duPont (“Sam”), the donee.1 The Trust directed

the trustees to accumulate the net income of the Trust and to invest such

accumulations and add them to the Trust during Ernest’s life. After Ernest’s death in

1944, the trustees were directed to pay over the net income of the Trust as they

deemed reasonable and necessary for Sam’s support, maintenance and education until

he reached 21 years of age.2 Thereafter the trustees were to pay the net income of the

Trust to Sam during his life and, upon his death, to pay over and/or administer the

Trust fund and income to benefit such persons as are appointed by Sam, through his

1
  Docket Item (“D.I.”) 1, Ex. A. I use first names in pursuit of clarity and do not intend any
familiarity or disrespect.
2
    Id. Ex. A, Art. I §1.

                                              2
limited power of appointment (“LPOA”), by his last will and testament. The Trust

Agreement detailed the LPOA as follows:

          Upon the death of the said Samuel Francis duPont, the Trustees shall pay
          over, deliver, dispose of and/or administer the said trust fund, together
          with all accumulated income thereof if any, unto, and/or for the benefit
          of, such persons, and/or upon such trusts, as may be limited and
          appointed by the said Samuel Francis duPont, in and by his last will and
          testament, from among the following individuals and classes of persons,
          to wit, - his descendants, his widow, his half-sister Alberta duP.
          Thompson, his half-brother Ernest duPont, Jr., any brothers or sisters or
          any other half-brothers or half-sisters he may have who are children
          hereafter born of the said Trustor, the descendants of his said half-sister
          or his said half-brother or of any such other brothers or sisters, or half-
          brothers or half-sisters, respectively, and Anne T. duPont, wife of the
          Trustor.3

If Sam failed to exercise the LPOA, then the Trust would be distributed to Sam’s

lawful issue in “equal shares per stirpes.”4 The Trust also contained a spendthrift

clause:

          The interest of any beneficiary hereunder, either as to income or
          principal of the trust fund, shall not be anticipated, alienated, or in any
          other manner assigned or transferred by such beneficiary, nor shall the
          same be subject to any legal process, bankruptcy proceeding or the
          interference or control of creditors or others.5

The Trust will terminate twenty-one years after Sam’s death with final distributions

to be made to the persons entitled to receive the net income of the Trust at that time –

3
    Id. (emphasis added).
4
    Id.
5
    Id. Ex. A, Art. II § 4.

                                              3
persons either receiving the income through Sam’s exercise of the testamentary

LPOA or his legal issue if he failed to exercise the LPOA.6

          Sam was married twice during his lifetime.7 First, to Helen Hawley Barbey

duPont (“Helen”) in 1951, with whom he had three children: Pierre S. duPont,

Catharine duPont Varacchi, and John E.B. duPont; all three are Respondents in the

case (the “duPonts”).8 On June 29, 1962, Sam commenced a divorce action against

Helen, claiming extreme cruelty, in the Second Judicial District Court of the State of

Nevada in the County of Washoe (the “Nevada Court”).9 Helen responded to the

complaint and denied the grounds for the divorce.10                  The Nevada Court had

jurisdiction because Sam lived in Nevada for six weeks prior to filing the complaint,

making him a bona fide resident of Nevada for purposes of obtaining a divorce.11

There was no evidence that the Trust or its trustees participated in the divorce

proceedings.

          The Nevada Court granted the divorce and “approved, adopted, and confirmed”

the written agreement between Sam and Helen (the “Settlement Agreement”), stating

that the Settlement Agreement settles and adjusts “all rights of property of the

6
    Id. Ex. A, Art. I § 2. The Trust will terminate on August 3, 2036.
7
    D.I. 1 ¶¶ 9,10.
8
    Id.; see also, D.I. 67, Ex. 4, at 1.
9
    D.I. 47 ¶ 5.
10
     D.I. 67, Ex. 4, at 3.
11
     Id. Ex. 5, at 1.

                                                 4
parties.”12 Sam and Helen were divorced by decree on July 19, 1962.13 In paragraph

five of the Settlement Agreement, Sam agreed to irrevocably exercise the LPOA in

the Trust in favor of the duPonts:

          5. EXERCISE OF POWER OF APPOINTMENT IN FAVOR OF
          ISSUE OF THIS MARRIAGE: Under a certain deed of trust entered
          into between Ernest duPont on the one hand, and Walter Blackson and
          Delaware Trust Company on the other hand, on August 4, 1936, said
          instrument creating what is commonly known as a “spendthrift trust”,
          (Exhibit A), Husband is given the limited power to appoint by will to
          certain individuals and classes of persons entitled to receive the corpus
          of said trust upon his death; and the said children born of the marriage
          between Husband and Wife are of said class of persons entitled to
          receive the entire corpus of said trust fund. Husband hereby irrevocably
          and without condition covenants and agrees, except as hereinafter
          stated, to exercise the power of appointment conferred upon him in said
          deed of trust and to make an appropriate testamentary instrument
          implementing this Agreement, appointing Pierre S. duPont, Catharine
          Ann duPont and John E. B. duPont, his children born of this marriage, as
          the persons to whom Trustees shall pay over and deliver absolutely upon
          Husband’s death the entire trust fund, free of any trust, in equal shares. .
          .14

The Settlement Agreement further stated that its provisions shall be governed by

Delaware law.15 On July 16, 1962, Sam executed a will that exercised the limited

12
   Id. Ex. 5, at 2-3. Initially, Beck denied the existence of such a Settlement Agreement
because the document submitted into evidence 1) was a copy of the agreement, not the
original, 2) was not signed by any of the named parties, 3) contained many scribbled out
provisions and hand written notations, and 4) was not attached to the petition. D.I. 7, at 2.
This issue was addressed in the duPonts’ Amended Verified Counterclaim with the
submission of a final, signed copy of the Settlement Agreement. D.I. 47, Ex. B.
13
     Id. Ex. 5, at 3.
14
     D.I. 1, Ex. G, ¶ 5 (emphasis added).
15
     D.I. 67, Ex. 4, ¶ 12(e).

                                               5
power of appointment in favor of the duPonts, which was included as an attachment

to the Settlement Agreement.16

         On July 19, 1962, the same day as the divorce, Sam married Joanne Smith

Jeffries (“Jan”) and, on May 9, 1963, he adopted her two children from a prior

marriage, now known as Diane duPont Beck (“Diane”) and Richard DuPont

(“Richard”).17       The family lived at the family farm, Hexton, in Georgetown,

Maryland. Of Sam and Jan’s legal issue, Diane’s daughter Jennifer D. Beck (“Beck”)

is the only one to enter an appearance in this proceeding. Sam and Jan remained

married until Jan’s death on June 29, 2010.

         Sam executed a number of wills following the 1962 divorce and before his

death in 2015.18 Sometime after the 1962 divorce, Sam determined that he wished to

exercise his LPOA differently than as agreed-upon in the Settlement Agreement.19

Around 1995, Sam and Jan approached Heckscher about preparing new wills for

16
     D.I. 67, Ex. 4, Attach.
17
     D.I. 1 ¶ 10.
18
  Sam’s wills and codicils to his wills in the record include, in addition to the one in 1962,
wills he executed in 1967, 1976, 1980, 1983, 1995, 1996, 2005, 2008, and 2015, and
codicils to wills he executed in 1981, 1994, 1995, and 1996. See D.I. 67, Exs. 14-17, 22, 24,
25, 27, 32, and 43.
19
   In his 1976 will, Sam exercised the LPOA for the Trust in favor of the duPonts, while his
1980 will exercised the LPOA to give Jan income from the Trust for life and the residue to
Diane and Richard. Id. Exs. 15, 16. His subsequent wills varied his approach regarding his
exercise of the LPOA, with one giving a lifetime interest in Trust income to Jan with the
residue to the duPonts, although his general approach after 1983 was to benefit Jan and their
issue. See id., Ex. 22.

                                              6
them and Heckscher began serving as their personal attorney for estate planning.20

Unsure as to the effect of paragraph five of the Settlement Agreement, Heckscher

recommended that Sam obtain advice from a Delaware lawyer to determine if Sam

was bound by paragraph five of the Settlement Agreement.21 Sam obtained a legal

opinion from Henry Herndon (the “Herndon Opinion”) which concluded that

paragraph five of the Settlement Agreement was invalid and not enforceable against

the Trust, although it noted that there was no controlling Delaware precedent.22

Additionally, the Herndon Opinion noted that Helen or the duPonts may be able to

recover against Sam’s estate if he did not adhere to the Settlement Agreement by

exercising his LPOA in favor of the duPonts.23

20
  D.I. 71, Ex. C, Heckscher Dep. Tr. 54: 2 - 55: 8. Heckscher began serving as co-trustee of
the Trust in 1983 and remained as co-trustee of the Trust throughout the time he also served
as Sam’s and Jan’s estate attorney. Id. Ex. C, Heckscher Dep. Tr. 18: 19 - 19: 2.
21
     Id. Ex. C., Heckscher Dep. Tr. 91: 21 - 92: 22.
22
   D.I. 67, Ex. 30, at 8. The Herndon Opinion stated that “Delaware caselaw is consistent in
holding that the donee of a power of appointment may only exercise that power in the
manner and in whose favor the governing instrument prescribes.” Id. Ex. 30, at 6. It
concluded that Sam had no power under the Trust to make an enforceable contract
concerning exercising his appointment. And, it opined that the divorce decree is not
“enforceable against the Trustees of the Trust or those who ultimately may be [Sam’s]
testamentary appointees,” and the Nevada court “had no jurisdiction over the trust property
that is the subject of the power of appointment,” or over the ultimate beneficiaries of the
exercise of the power under Sam’s last will and testament. Id. Ex. 30, at 7. On July 15,
2015, Sam received another opinion from a Delaware law firm confirming the advice
provided in the Herndon Opinion. Id., Ex. 46.
23
     Id. Ex. 30, at 8.

                                                7
          On March 13, 2015, Sam executed his Last Will and Testament (“Last Will”).24

In article five of his Last Will, Sam exercised his LPOA in favor of Beck, left

$250,000 outright to Ernest E. Beck III (Diane’s son), and instructed the trustees to

hold the remaining principal in trust and distribute Trust income to Beck, with the

discretion to distribute principal for the maintenance and upkeep of Hexton Farm and

to Beck for certain purposes, and to terminate the Trust and distribute the remaining

principal to Beck or, if she is not living, to her then-living descendants, upon the 21st

anniversary of his death.25      The duPonts were only listed as remote contingent

beneficiaries.26 Sam died on August 3, 2015.27

       II.      Procedural background

          Petitioners Martin Heckscher (“Heckscher”) and Edward D.E. Rollins, III,

successor personal trustees for the Trust, filed a petition for declaration of rights and

instructions, on November 15, 2016, seeking guidance from this Court whether the

Trust should be distributed according to Sam’s exercise of the LPOA in the

24
   D.I. 1, Ex. F. There is some confusion as to the date of Sam’s Last Will (the Petition
dates the Last Will’s execution on May 13, 2015, and the notary on the Last Will indicates
that Sam and the witnesses signed the Last Will before her on March 13, 2015); however,
any discrepancy in the execution date is not material for purposes of this action.
25
     D.I. 1, Ex. F, Art. V.
26
     Id. Ex. F, Art. V.
27
     Id. ¶ 1.

                                            8
Settlement Agreement or according to his Last Will.28 On January 6, 2017, Beck

filed an answer and claim for relief, arguing that this Court should distribute the Trust

according to Sam’s Last Will.29 The duPonts filed a response and counterclaim on

January 6, 2107, and an amended counterclaim on January 10, 2018, seeking

distribution of the Trust property to them because of the Settlement Agreement.30 All

three parties asked the Court to allow payment of their attorneys’ fees and costs from

the Trust.

         On October 2, 2017, Heckscher filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings,

but that motion was withdrawn without prejudice on January 8, 2018.31 Both Beck

and the duPonts filed motions for summary judgment on April 24, 2018.32

         The duPonts argue, in their motion for summary judgment, that the Trust

property should be distributed in accordance with the Settlement Agreement, since its

validity was determined by the Nevada court’s divorce decree, and is entitled to full

28
   Edward D.E. Rollins, III was serving as co-trustee at the time the petition was filed but
subsequently resigned, effective December 31, 2016, and is no longer a co-trustee. See D.I.
71, Ex. C, at 53. Initially, there was an issue in this action concerning who would inherit if
the Trust property passed to the takers in default, but that issue was resolved in a companion
income trust case (C.A. No. 12905-MG) and there is no need to address it here.
29
     D.I. 7 ¶¶ 4-5.
30
  In the alternative, the duPonts argue that there was a partial release of the LPOA, or that a
constructive trust should be imposed. D.I. 47 ¶¶ 41-45.
31
     D.I. 45.
32
     D.I. 63; D.I. 65.

                                              9
faith and credit in Delaware.33 They contend relitigating that issue is barred by res

judicata, and also that Heckscher or Beck are barred by unclean hands and laches

from collaterally attacking the divorce decree.34 Alternatively, the duPonts assert the

Settlement Agreement acted as a partial release of the LPOA in their favor, or that

Sam’s and Heckscher’s inequitable conduct, including Heckscher’s breach of his

duties of impartiality and disclosure, warrants the imposition of a constructive trust

over the Trust assets.35

         In her motion for summary judgment, Beck argues the Trust property should be

distributed in accordance with Sam’s exercise of the LPOA in his Last Will,

consistent with Ernest’s intent that the property pass by testamentary appointment.

She asserts that, under longstanding Delaware law, the Trust property is not within

the donee’s control, thus contracts to exercise powers of appointment, such as

paragraph five of the Settlement Agreement’s provision, are void. In addition, she

refutes the duPonts’ claims regarding full faith and credit, collateral attack, and

unclean hands and laches, and argues the Trust’s spendthrift clause nullifies Sam’s

33
     D.I. 67, at 37-39.
34
   Id. at 39-40, 44-47. The duPonts also argue that Beck and Heckscher do not have
standing to collaterally attack the divorce decree since they were not parties to the divorce
proceedings. Id. at 43.
35
   Id. at 50-53, 55-58. The duPonts first argued that Heckscher’s purported misconduct – his
alleged breach, as a trustee, of his duty of impartiality and of disclosure – supported the
imposition of a constructive trust for their benefit in their motion for summary judgment. Id.
at 56-58.

                                             10
agreement to exercise the LPOA in the Settlement Agreement.36              Further, Beck

disputes the duPonts’ arguments that the Settlement Agreement was a partial release

of the LPOA, or that a constructive trust should be imposed.

         In his June 5, 2018 answering brief to the duPonts’ motion, Heckscher

reiterates Beck’s arguments that the divorce decree is not binding on the Trust or its

trustees, and full faith and credit, res judicata and collateral estoppel do not apply in

this case; this is not a collateral attack; the Trust’s spendthrift clause prevents the

duPonts from reaching Trust property to satisfy their claims; the Settlement

Agreement was not a release; and the duPonts are not entitled to a constructive trust.37

In addition, Heckscher contends the duPonts’ affirmative defenses of laches or

unclean hands are precluded because they were not plead and, in turn, that the

duPonts’ claims are barred by laches and claim preclusion.38

            Following completion of briefing by the parties on July 20, 2018, I heard oral

arguments on this case on July 31, 2018 and reserved my decision.

     III.     Standard of Review

         Under Court of Chancery Rule 56, the court grants a motion for summary

judgment when “the moving party demonstrates the absence of issues of material fact

36
     D.I. 72, at 23-25, 38-39.
37
     D.I. 71, at 22-23, 28-29, 32-33.
38
     Id. at 28-34, 45-47.

                                              11
and that it is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”39 The moving party bears the

burden of demonstrating that no material issues of fact are in dispute and that it is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.40 Once the moving party has satisfied that

burden, it falls on the non-moving party to show that there are factual disputes.

Evidence must be viewed “in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.”41

         When the court is presented with cross-motions for summary judgment,

“neither party's motion will be granted unless no genuine issue of material fact exists

and one of the parties is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”42 In evaluating

cross-motions for summary judgment, the court examines each motion independently

and only grants a motion for summary judgment to one of the parties when there is no

disputed issue of material fact and that party is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.43

39
   Wagamon v. Dolan, 2012 WL 1388847, at *2 (Del. Ch. Apr. 20, 2012); see also
Cincinnati Bell Cellular Sys. Co. v. Ameritech Mobile Phone Serv. of Cincinnati, Inc., 1996
WL 506906, at *2 (Del. Ch. Sept. 3, 1996), aff'd, 692 A.2d 411 (Del. 1997).
40
 Wagamon, 2012 WL 1388847, at *2; Lundeen v. Pricewaterhousecoopers, LLC, 2006
WL 2559855, at *5 (Del. Super. Aug. 31, 2006).
41
Will. v. Geier, 671 A.2d 1368, 1388-89 (Del. 1996) (citing Merrill v. Crothall-
American, Inc., 606 A.2d 96, 99 (Del. 1992)).
42
  Empire of Am. Relocation Servs., Inc. v. Commercial Credit Co., 551 A.2d 433, 435 (Del.
1988) (citing Wilson v. Joma, Inc., 537 A.2d 187, 188 (Del. 1988)).
43
  Cf. Empire of Am. Relocation Servs., Inc., 551 A.2d at 435 (“[i]t is imperative that the
court consider whether there is a genuine issue of material fact each time such motions are
presented”); New Castle Cty. v. Pike Creek Recreational Servs., LLC, 82 A.3d 731, 744
(Del. Ch. 2013), aff'd, 105 A.3d 990 (Del. 2014) (citing Fasciana v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp.,
829 A.2d 160, 166-67 (Del. Ch. 2003); Wimbledon Fund LP v. SV Special Situations LP,
2011 WL 378827, at *7 (Del. Ch. Feb. 4, 2011).

                                            12
     IV.    Analysis

         A. Sam’s exercise of the LPOA in the 1962 Settlement Agreement did not
            bind the Trust

         The central issue is whether Sam’s exercise of the LPOA in favor of the

duPonts in the Settlement Agreement, or in his Last Will, in which he appointed Beck

as primary beneficiary of the Trust upon his death, controls.           If the Settlement

Agreement irrevocably bound Sam and the Trust, then any subsequent actions by

Sam to exercise the LPOA, including his Last Will, are irrelevant. If it did not, under

the facts of this case, Sam’s exercise of his testamentary LPOA in his Last Will is

determinative.

         The Trust and the Settlement Agreement are both governed by Delaware law,

and a contract to exercise a testamentary power of appointment44 is not valid in

Delaware.      The seminal case addressing this issue is Estate of Tigani.45          After

indicating that the question of whether a contract to exercise a testamentary power of

appointment is valid appears to be an issue of first impression, then Master LeGrow

44
   A power of appointment is authority “to designate recipients of beneficial interests of
property,” and a power can be general, in which the donee may appoint to anyone, including
his own estate or creditors, or non-general or limited, in which the donor may limit to whom
the donee may appoint. See generally Dickinson v. Wilmington Trust Co., 734 A.2d 605,
609 (Del. Ch. Feb. 5, 1999). With a testamentary power of appointment, the donee is
required to exercise the power of appointment in his last will and testament. See generally
Raymond L. Hammond Irrevocable Tr. Agreement, 2016 WL 359088, at *6 (Del. Ch. Jan.
28, 2016) (“[t]he Power of Appointment was testamentary, meaning [the donee] only could
execute it through his last will and testament”).
45
     2016 WL 593169 (Del. Ch. Feb. 12, 2016).

                                            13
in Tigani concluded that such contracts are not valid, with limited exceptions. She

noted that it is presumed that a donor who creates a testamentary power of

appointment, or any power that is not presently exercisable, intends that “the

selection of the appointees and the determination of the interests they are to receive is

to be made in light of the circumstances that exist on the date the power becomes

exercisable.”46 Or, that the “donor essentially requires the donee to ‘wait and see’

and take into account later developing facts before exercising the power.”47

Therefore, contracting away that power defeats the donor’s intent by eliminating the

donee’s ability to change the appointment at any time prior to his death. And, in

Delaware, the donor’s intent controls.48 Further, a contract to exercise a testamentary

power of appointment involves a property interest “to which the donee has no claim

and . . . cannot dispose of during [his] lifetime.”49

46
     Id. at *17 (citation omitted).
47
     Id.
48
   See, e.g., Chavin v. PNC Bank, 816 A.2d 781, 783 (Del. 2003) (“[t]he cardinal rule of law
in a trust case is that the intent of the settlor controls the interpretation of the instrument”)
(citation omitted); In re Tr. Under Will of Flint for the Benefit of Shadek, 118 A.3d 182, 194
(Del. Ch. 2015); In re Will of Fleitas, 2010 WL 4925819, at *4 (Del. Ch. Nov. 30, 2010).
49
   Estate of Tigani, 2016 WL 593169, at *18. If a contract to appoint is enforceable, then
the donee could confer a current benefit on himself in exchange for the remainder interest,
which he has no right to enjoy. Id.; see also Dickinson, 734 A.2d at 610 n.5 (“[t]he rule in
Delaware at common law is that property subject to a power of appointment, even one
general as to appointees, is not part of the estate of the person possessing the power”). The
Dickinson Court also noted that other jurisdictions had concluded that “the holder of a
testamentary power cannot effectively contract to appoint by will in favor of any particular
person and that a creditor who makes such a bargain and is disappointed has, ‘by virtue of
his contract, no equitable lien or other interest’ in the property subject to the power.” Id.

                                               14
         In this case, Ernest clearly evidences his intent that Sam could not exercise the

power of appointment until his death – or through his last will and testament. The

duPonts argue that Tigani is irrelevant and factually distinguishable because Tigani

issued in 2016 – 54 years after the Settlement Agreement was incorporated into, and

validated, by a court order entitled to full faith and credit.50 I disagree. The Court’s

holding in Tigani may have addressed an issue of first impression but it followed

long-standing legal principles that were identified in the Herndon Opinion. Those

principles emanated from caselaw cited in the Herndon Opinion, much of which

predated the 1962 Settlement Agreement.51 And, since the Trust property remained

the donor’s – or Ernest’s, Sam had no property interest that he could bargain away

during his lifetime. The duPonts failed to show any change in the law or reason why

these legal principles, which focus on the primacy of the donor’s intent and were so

eloquently explained in Tigani, would not also have applied in 1962.

         Although the factual circumstances in Tigani may differ, I find the

longstanding legal principles that serve as the underpinning for the Tigani holding –

that the donor’s intent governs the Trust and if the donor provided for a testamentary

LPOA, contracts entered into by the donee concerning the exercise of his LPOA are

usually unenforceable because the donee has no rights in trust property to bargain

50
     D.I. 67, at 47-48.
51
     See id. Ex. 30.

                                            15
away – control in this case.52        Sam’s exercise of the LPOA in the Settlement

Agreement was legally ineffective because the property he was trying to bind was not

his to encumber and the contract to appoint in the Settlement Agreement was not

valid and binding on the Trust. But, Sam, in exercising the LPOA contrary to the

Settlement Agreement’s provisions through his Last Will, breached that Agreement,

even if he had his reasons for doing so.53 The duPonts, as third-party beneficiaries

under the Settlement Agreement, could seek restitution from Sam (and Sam’s

property) for that breach. Accordingly, I conclude that, consistent with the donor’s

52
   Another Delaware case considered the effect of a settlement agreement, incorporated into
a divorce decree in another state, on a trust and, although the factual situation in that case
was different, the court’s analysis is helpful to review. In Raymond L. Hammond
Irrevocable Tr. Agreement, the donor agreed to make his ex-spouse the lifetime beneficiary
of the trust under a settlement agreement that was incorporated into a New Jersey divorce
decree. 2016 WL 359088, at *3. The donor failed to properly exercise the LPOA consistent
with the formalities in the trust. The Court found that the testamentary power of
appointment in the trust could only be executed through the donor’s last will and testament,
and since the settlement agreement was not a testamentary document, it could not rescue the
donor’s ineffective exercise of the power. Id. at *6. The Hammond Court supported the
approach that, despite a divorce decree in which the parties agreed that the ex-spouse would
remain a trust beneficiary during her lifetime, the donor’s intent controlled and the decree
did not bind future trust operations. Id.; see also O’Hara v. O’Hara, 44 A.2d 813, 815 (Md.
1945) (finding that a settlement agreement ratified by a divorce decree in which the donee
contracts away the exercise of a testamentary power of appointment is not enforceable in
equity because “to permit him to bargain that right away would be to defeat the purpose of
the donor”).
53
   In his deposition, Heckscher testified that Sam’s reasons for altering the LPOA exercise
were that he wanted to preserve the family farm, Hexton Farm, and to use Trust assets to
maintain it since he had no assets of his own; he was afraid that the duPonts would sell the
farm; he wanted to benefit the persons, including Beck, who supported him in his life; and
he felt the duPonts were extremely wealthy from trust funds received through their mother
and would not need any money that he might provide. D.I. 67, Ex. 50, Heckscher Dep. Tr.
77: 10 - 79: 19; D.I. 72, Ex. 7, Heckscher Dep. Tr. 81: 10-19.

                                             16
intent, Sam’s exercise of the testamentary LPOA in his Last Will in favor of Beck

controls the distribution of the Trust property.

          B. Full faith and credit, res judicata and collateral estoppel do not apply to
             preclude Sam’s exercise of the LPOA in his Last Will

          The duPonts assert that the Tigani holding does not apply here because Tigani

did not involve a contract that was incorporated into a final order of court, which

entitled it to full faith and credit in Delaware. Therefore, the duPonts claim that any

subsequent actions concerning its validity are barred by res judicata and relitigating

“substantive issues, if precluded by Nevada law, is reversible error.”54 Beck responds

that the full faith and credit claim fails, because the Nevada court did not have

personal or in rem jurisdiction over the Trust, its trustees or Sam’s unborn

beneficiaries, did not apply Delaware law concerning the validity of the LPOA

exercise in the Settlement Agreement, and the Agreement was “merely blessed” by

the Nevada Court and not vetted in “fully and fairly litigated adversarial

proceedings.”55 Further, Heckscher asserts that full faith and credit, res judicata and

collateral estoppel do not apply in this case because, by its terms, the divorce decree

binds only Sam and Helen; neither the Trust nor any trustee was made a party to the

54
     D.I. 67, at 41.
55
     D.I. 72, at 25.

                                            17
Nevada action; and the enforceability of paragraph five of the Settlement Agreement

was never considered by the Nevada court.56

         Under the United States Constitution and the Full Faith and Credit Act

(“FFCA”), every state is expressly required to treat a judgment of another state with

the same respect that it would receive in a court of the rendering state.57 The FFCA

has “long been understood to encompass the doctrines of res judicata, or ‘claim

preclusion’ and collateral estoppel, or ‘issue preclusion.’”58 Res judicata, or claim

preclusion, bars all claims that were litigated or could have been litigated in the

earlier action.59 For res judicata to bar a subsequent action under Delaware law, five

factors must apply: (1) the court making the prior adjudication had jurisdiction; (2)

the parties in the current action are either the same parties or in privity with the

parties in the prior action; (3) the prior adjudication was final; (4) the causes of action

and the issues decided were the same in both cases; and (5) the issues were decided

adversely to the petitioners’ contentions in the current case.60 The doctrine of res

56
     D.I. 71, at 22-23.
57
   See In the Matter of Vale for Asche, 2013 WL 3804584, at *8 (Del. Ch. July 19, 2013)
(citing U.S. Const. art. IV § 1, the Full Faith and Credit Act, 28 U.S.C. §1738, and
Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Epstein, 516 U.S. 367, 373 (1996)); Matter of Vale,
2015 WL 721038, at *3 (Del. Ch. Feb. 19, 2015).
58
     In the Matter of Vale for Asche, 2013 WL 3804584, at *8.
59
     O'Marrow v. Roles, 2013 WL 3752995, at *3 (Del. Ch. July 15, 2013).
60
  Cf. RBC Capital Markets, LLC v. Educ. Loan Tr. IV, 87 A.3d 632, 643 (Del. 2014); MHS
Capital LLC v. Goggin, 2018 WL 2149718, at *17 (Del. Ch. May 10, 2018); O’Marrow,
                                              18
judicata is based upon the public policy against claim splitting – that a subsequent

claim is barred if a plaintiff could have presented it, in its entirety, in the prior

forum.61

         Res judicata applies if the same parties are involved in both lawsuits and, under

Delaware law, it applies regarding others in the later suit who are in privity with the

original parties. The key factor in determining privity is “whether the interests of a

party to the first suit and the party in question in the second suit are aligned.” 62 And,

the test of “privity is whether there is a ‘close or significant relationship between

successive defendants’ (emphasis included).”63 If all of the res judicata factors are

met, a settlement approved by a court “has the same res judicata effect as a final

judgment on the merits.”64 For collateral estoppel, a judgment in a prior suit operates

to preclude relitigation of a factual issue which was litigated and decided in a prior

2013 WL 3752995, at *3; Grunstein v. Silva, 2012 WL 3870529, at *7 (Del. Ch. Aug. 24,
2012); Levinhar v. MDG Med., Inc., 2009 WL 4263211, at *7 (Del. Ch. Nov. 24, 2009).
61
   Maldonado v. Flynn, 417 A.2d 378, 382 (Del. Ch. 1980). Delaware has adopted the
transactional approach to res judicata, which permits the doctrine to be invoked between the
same parties “if the claims in the later litigation arose from the same transaction that formed
the basis of the prior adjudication,” and if the defendant shows that the plaintiff, in fairness,
should have asserted those claims in the first action. Id. at 381; LaPoint v.
AmerisourceBergen Corp., 970 A.2d 185, 193-94 (Del. 2009).
62
     Levinhar, 2009 WL 4263211, at *8; Grunstein, 2012 WL 3870529, at *8.
63
  Grunstein, 2012 WL 3870529, at *2; Levinhar, 2009 WL 4263211, at *8 (citation
omitted).
64
  Schlaeppi v. Delaware Tr. Co., 525 A.2d 562, 565 (Del. Ch. 1986), aff'd, 523 A.2d 981
(Del. 1987); O’Marrow, 2013 WL 3752995, at *3 (“[t]o the extent that the parties resolved
certain issues by settlement in the previous action, they are bound by their agreement and
any breach of that agreement is subject to enforcement by this Court”).

                                               19
suit between the same parties or their privies, in a subsequent suit on a different cause

of action.65

         However, when applying the preclusion analysis to a judgment from another

state, the foreign judgment should be given the same effect “that it has in the state of

rendition with respect to the persons, the subject matter of the action and the issues

involved.”66 So, in this case, we must look to Nevada law – the state which rendered

the divorce decree – to determine whether that state would conclude that res judicata

or collateral estoppel bars this subsequent litigation. Nevada law is relatively similar

to Delaware law – Nevada courts apply a three-part test for determining whether

claim preclusion, or res judicata, bars subsequent litigation, if the defendant in the

subsequent action demonstrates that “(1) there has been a valid, final judgment in a

previous action; (2) the subsequent action is based on the same claims or any part of

them that were or could have been brought in the first action; and (3) the parties or

their privies are the same in the instant lawsuit as they were in the previous lawsuit,

or the defendant can demonstrate that he or she should have been included as a

defendant in the earlier suit and the plaintiff fails to provide a ‘good reason’ for not

having done so.”67 In Nevada, issue preclusion applies to issues that were actually

65
  Cf. Columbia Cas. Co. v. Playtex FP, Inc., 584 A.2d 1214, 1216 (Del. 1991); O’Marrow,
2013 WL 3752995, at *3.
66
     In re Wickes Tr., 2008 WL 4698477, at *5 (Del. Ch. Oct. 16, 2008).
67
  Weddell v. Sharp, 350 P.3d 80, 81 (Nev. 2015). This test, and the use of the terms claim
and issue preclusion as the “proper terminology in referring to these doctrines,” was
                                              20
and necessarily litigated in prior litigation and on which there was a final decision on

the merits.68 The difference between claim and issue preclusion was explained by the

Nevada Supreme Court as follows: claim preclusion applies to preclude completely a

second suit based on the same set of facts and circumstances as the first suit, while

issue preclusion prevents relitigation of a “specific issue that was decided in a

previous suit between the parties, even if the second suit is based on different causes

of action and different circumstances.”69

         The mandate of full faith and judgment for judgments imposed in other states

is limited to those judgments for which res judicata or collateral estoppel would be

given effect in the rendering state.        I do not find that, under either Nevada or

Delaware law, res judicata or collateral estoppel bar this Court’s consideration of

originally adopted by the Nevada Supreme Court with a different privity requirement – that
the parties or their privies are the same in both suits. Five Star Capital Corp. v. Ruby, 194
P.3d 709, 713 (Nev. 2008). A privy (or person in privity) had been defined in an earlier
Nevada Supreme Court case as “one who, after rendition of the judgment, has acquired an
interest in the subject matter affected by the judgment through or under one of the parties, as
by inheritance, succession, or purchase.” Paradise Palms Cmty. Ass'n v. Paradise Homes,
505 P.2d 596, 599 (Nev. 1973). The privity requirement espoused in Five Star Capital
Corp. v. Ruby was subsequently modified to incorporate the principles of nonmutual claim
preclusion. Weddell, 350 P.3d at 81.
68
    Five Star Capital Corp., 194 P.3d at 713. The specific factors to apply for issue
preclusion are: “(1) the issue decided in the prior litigation must be identical to the issue
presented in the current action; (2) the initial ruling must have been on the merits and have
become final; (3) the party against whom the judgment is asserted must have been a party or
in privity with a party to the prior litigation, and (4) the issue was actually and necessarily
litigated.” Id.
69
     Id. at 713-14.

                                              21
whether Sam’s exercise of the LPOA in the Settlement Agreement, which was

incorporated into the 1962 divorce decree, is enforceable against the Trust.

       Here, the duPonts argue the doctrine of res judicata bars this litigation, but

they have not demonstrated that the petitioner in this action, the trustee, or the Trust,

were parties or in privity to a party in the earlier action, or that the principles of

nonmutual claim preclusion, as adopted by Nevada, have been met.70 Sam and Helen

were the parties in the 1962 divorce proceedings and the only persons whom the

divorce decree states were bound by the decree. There is no evidence the Trust was

brought into the divorce action or that the Nevada court had jurisdiction over the

Trust, its trustees, or its contingent beneficiaries. The Settlement Agreement, by its

terms, pertained to the parties’ property rights and Sam had no claim to – or property

interest in – the LPOA. And, the duPonts have not shown that the Trust was in

privity with Sam (under Nevada law, that its interests arose, after the 1962 divorce

decree, through “inheritance, succession, or purchase” from Sam), nor have they

shown that the principles of nonmutual claim preclusion apply in this case. Further,

70
   The duPonts cite Pyott v. Louisiana Mun. Police Employees' Ret. Sys., 74 A.3d 612, 616
(Del. 2013), as support for their position here. D.I. 67, at 41. Pyott is distinguishable from
this case. In Pyott, the Delaware Supreme Court held that a Delaware derivative complaint
should be dismissed after a California federal court entered a final judgment on essentially
the same complaint brought by different stockholders. Pyott, 74 A.3d at 614. Although
there are other differences as well, it is pertinent that the Delaware Supreme Court found
that, under controlling California law, the derivative stockholders were in privity with each
other, so the privity requirement for issue preclusion was satisfied, unlike the situation here.
Id. at 617.

                                              22
at the time of the 1962 divorce decree, Sam’s interests were not aligned with the

Trust’s concerns – Sam wanted to come to an agreement with Helen to enable him to

end his first marriage so that he could enter into his second marriage, while the

Trust’s focus was on carrying out the donor’s intentions and protecting the interests

of current or future beneficiaries. Ernest intended that Sam exercise the testamentary

LPOA at the end of his life, which is in direct conflict with the Settlement

Agreement. Therefore, based upon the failure to show that the privity requirement

for res judicata has been met, the Nevada divorce decree incorporating the Settlement

Agreement is not entitled to full faith and credit in Delaware.71 Similarly, any claim

71
   Beck and Heckscher cite Lewis v. Hanson, 128 A.2d 819 (Del. 1957), aff'd sub nom.
Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235 (1958), and Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235 (1958),
which highlight that full faith and credit does not apply when a foreign court entering an
initial judgment had no jurisdiction over a Delaware trust or trustee and when, under the
foreign court’s state law, a trustee is an indispensable party to litigation involving the
validity of the trust. In those cases, Florida courts decided that property of a Delaware trust
passed under the residuary clause of the donor’s will, which was admitted to probate in
Florida. The Delaware Supreme Court refused to give full faith and credit to the Florida
judgment, holding that the property passed under the donor’s exercise of her power of
appointment in the trust and the Florida court did not have jurisdiction over indispensable
parties – the Delaware trustee or the trust property. Lewis, 128 A.2d at 834-35. The United
States Supreme Court concurred with the Delaware Supreme Court, holding that the Florida
court had no jurisdiction over indispensable parties and, consequently, was without
jurisdiction to determine the validity of the trust. The U.S. Supreme Court said “[s]ince a
State is forbidden to enter a judgment attempting to bind a person over whom it has no
jurisdiction, it has even less right to enter a judgment purporting to extinguish the interest of
such a person in property over which the court has no jurisdiction.” Hanson, 357 U.S. at
250. Those cases are factually distinguishable because the Delaware trustee, in those cases,
was named as a party in both the Florida and Delaware proceedings and the issue was
whether the Florida court had jurisdiction over the trustee so that its judgment could bind
them. Here, not only did Nevada court not have personal jurisdiction over the non-resident
trustees or in rem jurisdiction over Trust property, but the Trust was not a party, nor in
privity with a party, in the original Nevada divorce action.

                                               23
that the Nevada court’s judgment is entitled to full faith and credit in this case based

upon collateral estoppel fails. Again, the privity requirement is lacking under both

Nevada and Delaware law, which is required for res judicata and collateral

estoppel.72

       C. This action is not a collateral attack, and the doctrines of unclean hands
          and laches do not apply

       I also find that this action is not a collateral attack on the Nevada divorce

decree. A collateral attack is an attempt to “avoid, defeat, evade, or deny the force

and effect of a final . . . judgment in an incidental proceeding other than by appeal,

writ of error, certiorari, or motion for new trial.”73 This action is not an attack on the

divorce itself, or on Sam’s actions related to the Settlement Agreement; instead, the

Trust is seeking to determine the effect of Sam’s agreement to exercise the LPOA on

the Trust.74 I concur with Heckscher’s argument that it would not result in good

72
  Beck and Heckscher also assert that the validity of the LPOA exercise was never vetted in
fully and fairly litigated adversarial proceedings, so the judgment, as relates to that issue, is
not entitled to full faith and credit. The only evidence that the LPOA exercise was
adjudicated by the Nevada court was that the Settlement Agreement containing that
provision was incorporated into the divorce decree, or final judgment of that Court. Given
that the duPonts’ full faith and credit argument fails due to the absence of privity, I do not
need to address this issue.
73
  Matter of Vale, 2015 WL 721038, at *4; In the Matter of Vale for Asche, 2013 WL
3804584, at *5 (citation omitted).
74
  This not a case where an ex-spouse is contesting the validity of the divorce decree itself,
or where one of the parties or their privies are trying to relitigate issues previously
adjudicated in the divorce action. Cf. Madden v. Cosden, 314 A.2d 128, 131 (Md. 1974) (the
Maryland Court of Appeals affirmed the circuit court’s refusal to allow a third party to
collaterally attack, or seek the invalidation of, a Nevada divorce decree, which, if
                                               24
public policy if trusts are deemed to have mounted a collateral attack, and precluded

from challenging foreign court actions affecting them, where they had no knowledge

of, or involvement in, the earlier court proceedings.75

       The duPonts also argue that Heckscher and Sam are barred by the doctrines of

unclean hands and laches from collaterally attacking the decree related to Trust assets

because the Trust failed to challenge Sam’s exercise of the LPOA in the Settlement

Agreement for the more than fifty years (even after learning about the Herndon

Opinion’s advice that the Settlement Agreement was unenforceable as to the LPOA),

and that Heckscher’s inaction has had consequences. Beck claims unclean hands or

laches are irrelevant because nothing Sam or Heckscher did could affect the primacy

invalidated, would have resulted in a finding that the children from a subsequent marriage
were not lawful heirs and precluded from sharing in the trust distributions); Spilsbury v.
Spilsbury, 553 P.2d 421, 422 (Nev. 1976) (the Nevada Supreme Court affirmed a lower
court’s denial of a motion to vacate a divorce decree by a spouse under res judicata, because
an issue adjudicated in an earlier action “cannot be disputed in a subsequent suit between
the same parties or their privies”).
75
   Beck claims that the spendthrift clause in the Trust, which provides that current or
anticipated Trust property cannot be “subject to any legal process . . . or interference or
control of creditors or others,” invalidates Sam’s attempt to contract to exercise the LPOA,
and also offers further proof concerning Ernest’s intent and Delaware’s “nullification of
contracts to exercise powers of appointment.” D.I. 72, at 23. Heckscher concurs, arguing
the spendthrift clause prevents the duPonts, third-party beneficiaries of the Settlement
Agreement and creditors, from reaching Trust property to satisfy their claims. D.I. 71, at 31-
32. The duPonts respond that their claims do not arise as judgment creditors but their status
as “takers in default and permissible appointees of the LPOA,” and the Trust’s spendthrift
clause does not preclude them from seeking redress under the Settlement Agreement. D.I.
75, at 4. Since I have concluded that Sam’s exercise of the LPOA in the Settlement
Agreement is not enforceable against the Trust, there is no need for me to address the issue
concerning the effect of the spendthrift clause on the LPOA exercise in the Settlement
Agreement.

                                             25
of Ernest’s intent; Sam could not bargain away what was Ernest’s property, pursuant

to longstanding Delaware law. Heckscher responds that the collateral attack claim is

a red herring contrived as a platform to assert laches and unclean hands, and that

those affirmative defenses were not plead and are waived.

         Under the unclean hands doctrine, equitable relief is denied “where the

litigant’s own acts offend the very sense of equity to which the litigant appeals,” if

that inequitable conduct relates directly to the underlying litigation.76 The unclean

hands doctrine is invoked when a litigant’s acts “threaten to tarnish the Court’s good

name,” and not as a “means to aid a party who faces an unscrupulous opponent.”77

The Court of Chancery has broad discretion in deciding whether to grant relief under

the unclean hands doctrine.78 “Defendants bear the burden of pleading and proving

‘unclean hands’ as an affirmative defense.”79 Laches is an affirmative defense barring

an action if the plaintiff unreasonably delayed in bringing a claim that he had

knowledge of, which resulted in prejudice to the defendant.80

76
  NHB Advisors, Inc. v. Monroe Capital LLC, 2013 WL 6906234, at *2 (Del. Ch. Dec. 27,
2013); Nakahara v. NS 1991 Am. Tr., 718 A.2d 518, 522-23 (Del. Ch. 1998).
77
     Nakahara, 718 A.2d at 522.
78
  Cf. RBC Capital Markets, LLC v. Jervis, 129 A.3d 816, 876 (Del. 2015); SmithKline
Beecham Pharm. Co. v. Merck & Co., 766 A.2d 442, 448-49 (Del. 2000).
79
     Niehenke v. Right O Way Transp., Inc., 1996 WL 74724, at *2 (Del. Ch. Feb. 13, 1996).
80
  Cf. Whittington v. Dragon Grp., LLC, 991 A.2d 1, 8 (Del. 2009); Hudak v. Procek, 806
A.2d 140, 158 (Del. 2002); Kraft v. WisdomTree Investments, Inc., 145 A.3d 969, 974 (Del.
Ch. 2016).

                                              26
       Heckscher argues the duPonts failed to assert the defenses of unclean hands or

laches in their responsive pleadings and those defenses are waived.81 Generally,

affirmative defenses that are not plead are waived.82 However, there is a recognized

exception to the general rule when “evidence of an unpled affirmative defense is

admitted without objection.”83 Here, the duPonts did not assert the defenses of

unclean hands or laches in their responsive pleadings and brought those defenses up

for the first time in the opening brief for their motion for summary judgment, as

justification to bar Heckscher from collaterally attacking the divorce decree. The

duPonts have not sought to amend their pleadings to include those defenses, nor were

those issues admitted without objection. Therefore, I conclude that these defenses are

waived. Assuming arguendo that they are not waived, the doctrines of unclean hands

and laches would not prevent the Trust and Heckscher from pursuing this action since

there is no evidence that Heckscher, as trustee, unreasonably delayed in bringing a

claim that he had knowledge of, to the prejudice of the duPonts. The petition seeks

81
   In addition, Heckscher argues that the duPonts’ claims are barred by laches and claim
preclusion because the duPonts knew that Sam “might not abide by the Separation
Agreement as early as 2013,” and they had the opportunity to litigate their claim previously
during the administration of Sam’s estate and, in both instances, failed to do anything. D.I.
71, at 45-47. I do not need to address these issues since I find that the duPonts’ claims fail
on other grounds.
82
   Ct. Ch. R. 12(b). Cf. Abdi v. NVR, Inc., 945 A.2d 1167 (Del. 2008) (holding that the
failure to plead an affirmative defense in the answer to a complaint constitutes a waiver of
the right to assert that defense); Kaplan v. Jackson, 1994 WL 45429, at *2 (Del. Super. Jan.
20, 1994) (citing Tydings v. Loewenstein, 505 A.2d 443, 446 (Del.1986)).

                                             27
clarification concerning whether the LPOA exercise through Sam’s Last Will or

through the Settlement Agreement controls.        It would have been premature for

Heckscher to file this petition prior to Sam’s death since the testamentary LPOA did

not take effect until that time. And, it is not clear how Heckscher’s actions – or

inaction – as trustee specifically prejudiced the duPonts’ claim regarding Sam’s

agreement to exercise the LPOA in their favor in the Settlement Agreement.

         D. The Settlement Agreement did not release Sam’s power to appoint

         The duPonts assert that the Settlement Agreement acted as a partial release of

Sam’s LPOA.          Beck responds that the Settlement Agreement was not a partial

release, but rather, was a contract to affirmatively exercise Sam’s LPOA. Heckscher

contends that the Settlement Agreement was not, and was not intended to be, a

release or partial release.

         Under Delaware law, a power of appointment is usually releasable, with or

without consideration, if the release is made in a signed writing and delivered as

provided by law.84 A release of a power of appointment “limits or eliminates the

donee’s power to appoint.”85 The Tigani opinion explains the distinction between a

release and a contract to exercise a power of appointment: “A release operates

83
  James v. Glazer, 570 A.2d 1150, 1154 (Del. 1990); Knutkowski v. Cross, 2011 WL
6820335, at *2 (Del. Ch. Dec. 22, 2011) (citations omitted).
84
     25 Del. C. § 502.
85
     Tigani, 2016 WL 593169, at *16.

                                           28
negatively, by limiting or altogether eliminating a donee’s power of appointment. A

contract to appoint, on the other hand, operates affirmatively as a purported exercise

of the power.”86

          The Settlement Agreement, in paragraph five entitled “EXERCISE OF

POWER OF APPOINTMENT IN FAVOR OF ISSUE OF THIS MARRIAGE,”

clearly shows that Sam and Helen intended that Sam “exercise the power of

appointment” and “make an appropriate testamentary instrument implementing this

Agreement, appointing [the duPonts] as the persons to whom Trustee shall pay over

and deliver absolutely upon [Sam’s] death the entire trust fund.”87

          The duPonts argue that the Trust explicitly permits Sam to release the LPOA

and a court “should be liberal as to the form of the release.”88 Flexibility aside, the

plain meaning of the language in paragraph five of the Settlement Agreement makes

it impossible to view that language as a release. Further, Sam’s actions showed what

paragraph five intended – he exercised the power of appointment in a will that was

included as an attachment to the Settlement Agreement.

86
     Id. at *17.
87
     D.I. 1, Ex. G ¶ 5.
88
  D.I. 67, at 51 (citing Wood v. Am. Sec. & Tr. Co., 253 F. Supp. 592, 594 (D.D.C. 1966)).
The Wood Court held that a power to appoint in a will can be released by a contract between
the donee and a taker in default. In that case, the Court found that the “form of the release
was, although unartful, proper.” Wood, 253 F. Supp. at 594.

                                             29
          The duPonts cited the statement in Tigani that the donee’s exercise of her

power of appointment in a codicil to her will could, “[a]rguably . . . be read as a

partial release or as a contract to release.”89 In Tigani, the donee’s codicil provided

that no property subject to the LPOA that she was exercising “shall be distributed to

[her] son [or his issue].” 90 Then Master LeGrow indicated that language might be

read as a release, because it acted negatively to limit the donee’s power of

appointment by reducing the class of permissible appointees of the power. 91 In

contrast, the Settlement Agreement, and the 1962 will, represented an affirmative

exercise of the LPOA in favor of certain appointees.

          The duPonts also assert that the Settlement Agreement, operating as a partial

release, is consistent with Ernest’s intent since, if the LPOA was not exercised, the

Trust property was to be distributed to Sam’s lawful issue and the duPonts were the

only takers in default at that time. I do not find that argument persuasive. The Trust

Agreement indicates that Ernest intended Sam to exercise the LPOA in his last will

and testament and, if he failed to do so, his lawful issue per stirpes would be the

beneficiaries.      “Issue” means “all of the person's lineal descendants of all

generations,” and per stirpes provides that property is divided proportionately by

89
     Tigani, 2016 WL 593169, at *16.
90
     Id. at *9.
91
     Id. at *16.

                                            30
share.92 Contrary to the duPonts’ interpretation, the Trust language indicates that, if

Sam did not exercise the LPOA, then Ernest intended for all of Sam’s issue at the

time of his death – not just those from his first marriage – to share in the Trust

distribution. I conclude that paragraph five in the Settlement Agreement, in which

Sam agreed to exercise the LPOA in favor of the duPonts, does not constitute a

partial release of the LPOA.

         E. Sam’s and Heckscher’s conduct does not warrant imposition of a
            constructive trust on trust property

         The duPonts claim that Sam’s and Heckscher’s inequitable conduct warrants

the imposition of a constructive trust over the Trust assets, relying on their failure to

advise the duPonts for at least 20 years concerning the Herndon Opinion’s legal view

that the Settlement Agreement did not bind Sam. And, they allege Heckscher, as

trustee, breached his fiduciary duties of impartiality and disclosure by acting as

Sam’s estate attorney, advising him concerning estate plans, and by preferentially

providing information about Sam’s estate plans to Beck but not to other

beneficiaries.93

         Beck responds that a constructive trust claim fails, because there is no authority

imposing a constructive trust over trust assets based upon misconduct of a beneficiary

92
     See 12 Del. C. § 101 (emphasis added); Merriam-Webster.com (Sept. 5, 2018).
93
     D.I. 67, at 55-58.

                                             31
or trustee, and the duPonts had an adequate remedy at law. 94 Heckscher argues that

the duPonts are not entitled to a constructive trust, because neither he nor Sam acted

improperly; he breached no duty of disclosure to the duPonts and provided no

information about Sam’s intentions to any beneficiary; 95 and he had no duty to

disclose knowledge gained from his responsibilities as Sam’s estate counsel, which

were unrelated to his duties as trustee.96 He further claims the duPonts had an

adequate remedy at law through their claim against Sam’s estate for contractual

damages, and that neither he nor Sam were enriched, nor has a nexus been proven

between the alleged misconduct and the alleged enrichment, as is required to impose

a constructive trust.

      A constructive trust is an implied trust, not based upon a valid written trust

agreement, that is imposed when a court finds the fraudulent, unfair or

unconscionable conduct of one of the parties caused him to be unjustly enriched at

the expense of another to whom he owes some duty. 97               Delaware courts have

94
   D.I. 72, at 46-48. Beck argues the duPonts could have filed a claim against Sam’s estate
in Maryland, chose not to do so, and are time-barred.
95
  D.I. 71, at 42 (citation omitted). Heckscher stated that any information given to Beck
came at Sam’s direction in his capacity as Sam’s estate attorney. Id. at 40.
96
   D.I. 71, at 39-40. Heckscher claims his duty as trustee with regard to the power of
appointment was limited to inquiring “whether or not it comports with the dictates of the
[donor].”
97
  Cf. Adams v. Jankouskas, 452 A.2d 148, 151-52 (Del. 1982); Hogg v. Walker, 1989 WL
128572, at *1 (Del. Ch. Oct. 27, 1989). Unjust enrichment is “the unjust retention of a
benefit to the loss of another, or the retention of money or property of another against the
fundamental principles of justice or equity and good conscience.” Kuroda v. SPJS Holdings,
                                            32
recognized that, where there is such trust between family members that a confidential

relationship is created, the court can grant equitable relief to remedy inequitable

conduct of a family member who was unjustly enriched by their actions.98

       Here, the duPonts seek to impose a constructive trust over Trust property

because of Sam’s and Heckscher’s actions. I will address the argument as it pertains

to Sam’s and Heckscher’s actions separately.

       First, it is undisputed that Sam acted contrary to his agreement in the divorce

action when he exercised the LPOA differently in his Last Will. He breached that

agreement and the duPonts could have sought remedial claims against Sam’s estate

for that breach. That breach of contract claim, however, is not against the Trust,

since the Trust was not a party to that agreement. The key consideration against the

duPonts’ argument that Sam’s actions warrant a constructive trust is that they wish to

LLC, 971 A.2d 872, 891 (Del. Ch. 2009) (citation omitted). A claim for unjust enrichment
is not available if there is an “express, enforceable contract that controls the parties’
relationship.” Id. However, if there is doubt concerning the enforceability of the contract,
courts have permitted an alternative unjust enrichment claim. Kushaim v. Tullow Inc., 2016
WL 3594752, at *8 (Del. Super. June 27, 2016) (quoting Albert v. Alex. Brown Mgmt.
Servs., Inc., 2005 WL 2130607, at *8 (Del. Ch. Aug. 26, 2005)). In response to Heckscher’s
argument that the duPonts’ constructive trust claim, which incorporates unjust enrichment,
is precluded because of their contract claim, I find that it is not precluded in this instance
because there was doubt concerning the enforceability of the contract – the Settlement
Agreement – as to the LPOA exercise, which has borne out based upon my findings in this
report.
98
  See In re Wilbert L., 2010 WL 3565489, at *6 (Del. Ch. Sept. 1, 2010); Wagner v.
Hendry, 2000 WL 238009, at *8-*9 (Del Ch. Feb. 23, 2000).

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impose that trust on Trust property – not on Sam’s property.99 Sam, a donee and

beneficiary of the Trust, has no rights in Trust property such that Trust property could

be obligated because of his actions.100

         Next, I consider whether Heckscher’s actions warrant the imposition of a

constructive trust on Trust property. I find that his actions do not. The duPonts argue

that Heckscher, as trustee, breached his duties of disclosure and of impartiality, which

Heckscher denies.

         Generally, a trustee must “act as a reasonable and prudent person in managing

the trust.”101 A trustee has a duty to act impartially in administering the trust and in

communicating with beneficiaries, including acting with “due regard for the diverse

99
  With regard to the other considerations for imposing a constructive trust - arguably, Sam
could have been considered as in a confidential relationship with the duPonts, although the
evidence of a relatively distant relationship between Sam and the duPonts over the years
does not support such a relationship. And, the tangible evidence of Sam’s enrichment, or
benefit, from his action is attenuated, since he did not receive additional economic benefits
due to his alteration of the LPOA. I do not need to make findings on either of these issues,
however.
100
    This case is distinguishable from In re Wilbert L., 2010 WL 3565489, at *6. In In re
Wilbert L., the person violating the trust had been adopted by his ex-spouse based upon his
promise that he would direct all funds he received as a trust beneficiary to their children.
He, ultimately, sought to retain the trust benefits for himself. Id. Due to his actions and the
confidential relationship, the Court barred the ex-spouse from claiming economic benefit for
himself. The remedy imposed was to bar the ex-spouse from claiming personal economic
benefit from the trust – he was precluded from receiving property to which he had direct
rights as a beneficiary and through which he was unjustly enriched personally. Here, the
persons who allegedly committed the bad conduct do not have any direct rights in the Trust
property over which the constructive trust is sought.
101
      McNeil v. McNeil, 798 A.2d 503, 509 (Del. 2002).

                                              34
beneficial interests created by the terms of the trust.”102 A trustee has the duty to

furnish information to beneficiaries “upon reasonable request.” 103 And, even in the

absence of a request for information, “a trustee must communicate essential facts,

such as the existence of the basic terms of the trust.”104                  The trustee’s duty to

communicate has focused on keeping beneficiaries reasonably informed of significant

developments concerning the trust, which have typically included circumstances

affecting the beneficiary’s entitlement to distributions under the trust.105

          It is undisputed that Heckscher did not provide information about Sam’s

intentions regarding his estate plans to the duPonts during Sam’s lifetime. But,

Heckscher did not violate his fiduciary duty of disclosure to the duPonts by not

sharing that information about Sam’s estate plans with them. Heckscher’s knowledge

about Sam’s estate plans arose from his work as Sam’s estate attorney and not as

102
    Merrill Lynch Tr. Co., FSB v. Campbell, 2009 WL 2913893, at *7 (Del. Ch. Sept. 2,
2009) (holding that “in investing, protecting, and distributing the trust estate, and in other
administrative functions, the trustee must act impartially and with due regard for the diverse
beneficial interests created by the terms of the trust,” and “in consulting and otherwise
communicating with beneficiaries, the trustee must proceed in a manner that fairly reflects
the diversity of their concerns and beneficial interests”).
103
      McNeil, 798 A.2d at 510.
104
      Id. (holding that the fact a person is a current beneficiary is an essential fact).
105
   NHB Advisors, Inc. v. Monroe Capital LLC, 2013 WL 6906234, at *4 (Del. Ch. Dec. 27,
2013) (quoting the Restatement (Third) of Trusts, which provides that a trustee has a duty to
keep beneficiaries “reasonably informed of changes involving the trusteeship and about
other significant developments concerning the trust and its administration, particularly
material information needed by beneficiaries for the protection of their interests,” and that
“‘[s]ignificant developments’ typically include circumstances where a beneficiary has
become entitled or ceases to be entitled to distributions or to request distributions”).

                                                   35
trustee.106   The only effective exercise of Sam’s power of appointment was the

exercise in Sam’s Last Will. The evidence shows that Sam modified his will many

times over the years – and, up until he executed his Last Will, could have changed his

mind and exercised the power of appointment to benefit the duPonts. Even assuming

Heckscher was able to share information about Sam’s estate planning as trustee, it

would not be reasonable to expect him to notify all beneficiaries each time that he

was aware that Sam changed the LPOA in his will, because it was possible Sam

would change it again, and the power was not actually exercised until Sam died. This

is not a situation where the trustee failed to tell a beneficiary that he was a current

beneficiary.107 The duPonts did not have greater rights because of the Settlement

Agreement, but had the same rights as any potential beneficiaries, whose rights,

ultimately, were dependent upon Sam’s exercise of the LPOA in his Last Will.               In

addition, Heckscher did not violate his fiduciary duty of impartiality by providing

information to some beneficiaries and not others. He was involved in meetings with

Beck and Sam in which Sam’s estate plans were discussed, but any information he

106
    Heckscher’s dual role as trustee of the Trust and as estate attorney to Sam complicated
the situation. However, his knowledge about Sam’s estate plans, and his interactions with
other contingent beneficiaries on Sam’s behalf related to estate planning, came from his
work as Sam’s estate attorney. And as Sam’s attorney, Heckscher would not have been able
to divulge information regarding Sam’s estate plans unless Sam permitted him to do so.
107
    This situation is different than the factual situation in McNeil. In McNeil, the trustees
failed to let one of the current beneficiaries know that he was a beneficiary under the trust,
despite his repeated attempts to get information from them and, through that failure, the
                                             36
provided to Beck was given at Sam’s direction and in his capacity as Sam’s estate

attorney, and not as trustee.108 Considering the evidence as a whole, I do not find that

Heckscher’s actions represent a breach of his fiduciary duties.109

          F. Attorneys’ fees and costs

          Heckscher, Beck and the duPonts all seek their attorneys’ fees and costs to be

paid from Trust funds. In trust litigation, the Court has the discretion, “as justice and

equity may require,” to award reasonable attorneys’ fees to any party, to be paid by

another party or from the trust at issue.110 The general rule is that a trustee is entitled

to reasonable attorneys’ fees when defending a trust and his own actions as a

trustee.111 Exceptions to that rule focus on whether the trustee acted in bad faith or

fraudulently, and depend upon the extent of the trustee’s wrongful conduct, and

whether his actions benefitted the trust.112 Although the Trust does not specifically

trustees managed trust operations in a way that showed partiality to other beneficiaries.
McNeil, 798 A.2d at 507, 510.
108
      D.I. 71, at 40-41.
109
    And, there was no showing that his actions affected, or could have affected, Sam’s
decision concerning the LPOA exercise in his Last Will, which is determinative concerning
the interests of contingent beneficiaries.
110
      12 Del. C. § 3584.
111
   E.g., In re Unfunded Ins. Tr. Agreement of Capaldi, 870 A.2d 493, 496 (Del. 2005);
McNeil, 798 A.2d at 515. In re Estate of Valan, 2000 WL 567859, at *4 (Del. Ch. Mar. 30,
2000).
112
   McNeil, 798 A.2d at 514-15. Lockwood v. OFB Corp., 1975 WL 1262, at *1 (Del. Ch.
Dec. 1, 1975) (holding that, where a surcharged trustee seeks reimbursement for attorneys'
fees and expenses, the Court considers the nature of the breach in deciding whether to deny
such reimbursement).

                                            37
address the employment of attorneys related to trust administration, it grants the

trustees the general power to “do and perform any and all acts and things in relation

to the trust fund in the same manner and to the same extent as an individual might or

could do with respect to his own property,” which would reasonably cover the

payment of attorneys’ fees related to legal action to determine the appropriate

distribution of the Trust.113 I conclude that Heckscher has not breached his fiduciary

duties – or acted in bad faith, fraudulently, or wrongfully. I recommend the Court

conclude that the attorneys’ fees and costs incurred by Heckscher related to this

litigation are entitled to be paid from the Trust.

          With regard to Beck’s and the duPonts’ claims for attorneys’ fees, courts have

the discretion to award attorneys’ fees in trust litigation where the attorney’s services

“are necessary for the proper administration of the trust” or benefited the trust.114

With regard to reimbursement for attorneys’ fees for beneficiaries involved in a trust

dispute, the analysis focuses on whether the benefits to the trust through the

beneficiaries’ role in the litigation outweigh their personal motives, even though they

may have been motivated by self-interest.115 I find that Beck’s involvement in this

litigation, although it may have been motivated by her personal interests, also

benefitted the Trust by ensuring that the Trust was properly administered and the

113
      D.I. 67, Ex. 1, Art. III § 5.
114
      Capaldi, 870 A.2d at 496; McNeil, 798 A.2d at 514-15.
115
      Capaldi, 870 A.2d at 498.
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LPOA was exercised consistent with the donor’s intent. And, although the duPonts

may have been motivated by personal interest and their positions were ultimately

unsuccessful, their positions were not unreasonable and they, too, intended to further

the proper administration of the Trust. Accordingly, I recommend that the Court find

that the payment of Beck’s and the duPonts’ attorneys’ fees and costs related to this

litigation are entitled to be paid from the Trust.

       The amount and reasonableness of all of the awards of attorneys’ fees and costs

related to this litigation remain to be addressed in affidavits of fees to be submitted by

the parties.

    V.    Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, I find that the Settlement Agreement incorporated in

the Nevada divorce decree does not bind the Trust, nor does it represent a partial

release of Sam’s limited power of appointment. I also conclude that imposing a

constructive trust over Trust property is not appropriate in these circumstances.

Accordingly, I recommend that the Court find there are no material issues of fact in

dispute in this case, grant Beck’s motion for summary judgment as she is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law, and deny the duPonts’ cross-motion for summary

judgment. In furtherance of these conclusions, I recommend the Court order the co-

trustees to distribute the Trust principal and income consistent with the exercise of

                                            39
Sam’s power of appointment in his Last Will. This is a final report and exceptions

may be taken pursuant to Court of Chancery Rule 144.116

116
   The parties asked that I waive the issuance of a draft report, to the extent I consider such
a waiver appropriate, and I have complied with their request. See D.I. 45.

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