Court Opinion

ID: 6316760
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-23 17:10:48.323171+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:00:30.931506
License: Public Domain

J-A03033-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    MATTHEW J. NELSON                          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    JENNIFER KRESGE                            :   No. 1417 EDA 2021

                  Appeal from the Order Entered June 17, 2021
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Lehigh County Civil Division at No(s):
                                 2009-FC-1636

BEFORE: STABILE, J., DUBOW, J., and McCAFFERY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.:                         FILED FEBRUARY 23, 2022

       M.N. (Father) files this appeal from the order dated June 16, 2021, and

entered June 17, 2021,1 in the Lehigh County Court of Common Pleas,

granting in part and denying in part Father’s motion for reconsideration and

modifying the physical custody schedule as to his minor son, Z.K., born in

June 2009 (Child or the Child). After review, we affirm the trial court’s order.

____________________________________________

1 The subject order was dated June 16, 2021. However, notice pursuant to
Pa.R.C.P. 236(b) was not provided until June 17, 2021. Our appellate rules
designate the date of entry of an order as “the day on which the clerk makes
the notation in the docket that notice of entry of the order has been given as
required by Pa.R.C.P. 236(b).” Pa.R.A.P. 108(b). Further, our Supreme Court
has held that “an order is not appealable until it is entered on the docket with
the required notation that appropriate notice has been given.” Frazier v. City
of Philadelphia, 735 A.2d 113, 115 (Pa. 1999) (citations omitted).
J-A03033-22

       Father and J.K. (Mother) are the biological parents of Child. Litigation

commenced in December 2009 with a Complaint for Custody and has been

ongoing and contentious.2

       Most recently, by order of December 18, 2017 (the December 2017

order), the court awarded the parties shared legal custody. Order, 12/18/17,

at ¶ 1. This included consultation and cooperation on major decisions affecting

Child, i.e. education, religion, and health.     Id.   The court further granted

Mother primary physical custody and Father partial physical custody on a two-

week schedule.3 Id. at ¶¶ 2, 3. During week one, Father was to exercise

physical custody from after school Wednesday until return to school Friday

morning, or 10:00 a.m. at the Whitehall Police Department if no school. Id.

at ¶ 3. During week two, Father was to exercise physical custody after school
____________________________________________

2 The extensive case history includes a prior appeal to this Court docketed at
330 EDA 2017 vacating the December 2016 custody order on appeal and
directing that upon remand, the prior order of shared physical custody shall
be re-imposed.
3 To the extent Father’s counsel raised a claim during oral argument, any
claims related to or challenges to this order would not only be untimely but
would also be waived. Pa.R.A.P. 903(a) (stating, “[T]he notice of appeal
required by Rule 902 . . . shall be filed within 30 days after the entry of the
order from which the appeal is taken.”); see also Krebs v. United Refining
Co., 893 A.2d 776, 797 (Pa. Super. 2006) (stating that a failure to preserve
issues by raising them both in the concise statement of errors complained of
on appeal and statement of questions involved portion of the brief on appeal
results in a waiver of those issues); see also In re W.H., 25 A.3d 330, 339
n.3 (Pa. Super. 2011) (quoting In re A.C., 991 A.2d 884, 897 (Pa. Super.
2010)) (“[W]here an appellate brief fails to provide any discussion of a claim
with citation to relevant authority or fails to develop the issue in any other
meaningful fashion capable of review, that claim is waived.”); see also In re
M.Z.T.M.W., 163 A.3d 462, 465-66 (Pa. Super. 2017).

                                           -2-
J-A03033-22

Thursday until return to school Monday morning, or 10:00 a.m. at the

Whitehall Police Department if no school.        Id.   Aside from a holiday and

vacation schedule, id. at ¶¶ 4, 5, the order further provided for “reasonable

daily telephone access” for the non-custodial parent for no more than 20

minutes, id. at ¶ 9, as well as advance notice of medical appointments and/or

treatment, id. at ¶ 8. Moreover, among other provisions, the order prohibited

arguments and heated conversations in Child’s presence, id. at ¶ 12, as well

as derogatory language and attempts at alienation,4 id. at ¶¶ 11, 13.

        After difficulty with custodial exchanges prior to Father’s custodial time

in June 2019, which persisted, Father filed an Emergency Petition for Special

Relief. Pursuant to order of September 11, 2019 (the September 2019 order),

the court maintained the December 2017 order, with the modification that
____________________________________________

4   Paragraph 11 of the December 2017 order stated:

        The parties shall not undertake or allow by any other person the
        poisoning of the minor child’s mind against one of the other parties
        by conversation which includes any critical, hostile, or condemning
        language, or in any way derogates the other party or extended
        family members.

Order, 12/18/17, at ¶ 11. Further, paragraph 13 of the order stated:

        Neither party shall attempt, or condone any attempt directly or
        indirectly, by any artifice or subterfuge whatsoever, to estrange
        child from the other parent, or to injure or impair the mutual love
        and affection of the child. At all times each parent shall encourage
        and foster in the child a sincere respect and affection for the other
        parent and shall not hamper the natural development of the child’s
        love and respect for the other parent.

Id. at ¶ 13.

                                           -3-
J-A03033-22

Child continue counseling, and directed the parties to file any petition to

modify or petition for contempt within 30 days if they desired. Order, 9/17/19.

As a result, Mother then filed petitions to modify and for contempt on October

2, 2019, and Father filed petitions to modify and for contempt on October 8,

2019.5    Among other things, Mother sought reduction of Father’s partial

physical custody to every other weekend and a dinner visit, and Father sought

primary physical custody and supervised partial physical custody for Mother,

as well as make-up custodial time and attorney’s fees.6

       The court conducted a custody trial September 10, 2020, September

14, 2020, September 15, 2020, September 17, 2020, October 15, 2020,

November 6, 2020, and December 14, 2020.7 Both Mother and Father were

____________________________________________

5 In the interim, each party additionally filed petitions for special relief and
answers and counterclaims thereto which the court disposed of by order of
December 20, 2019 (the December 2019 order), after hearings on December
4, 2019, and December 9, 2019.

6Despite seeking primary physical custody in his pleading, at the time of trial,
Father testified that he was requesting shared physical custody. See N.T.,
11/6/20, at 134, 252.

7The Honorable James T. Anthony presided over this trial. The Honorable
Douglas G. Reichley had previously presided over this matter.

                                           -4-
J-A03033-22

present and represented by counsel. Mother and Father each testified on their

own behalf. The court further took testimony, in camera, of Child.8, 9

       Additionally, Mother presented the testimony of Alfred Stirba, IV,

Esquire, Child’s guardian ad litem (GAL);10 S.H., Mother’s fiancé; and Damond

Pascoe, a fellow parent involved in local children’s sports programs. Father

____________________________________________

8 Pursuant to motion in limine, filed October 29, 2020, Father sought to
preclude the testimony of Child. In moving to preclude Child’s testimony,
Father argued, inter alia, that the record contained extensive testimony from
Child over the last five years; that Father would stipulate to Child’s preference,
which is consistent with Mother’s requested relief; that Child’s preference lacks
evidentiary weight and probative value; that “Child has been instructed and
prepared to provide testimony in Mother’s favor;” that, given Child’s age and
intelligence, “his testimony may be embellished or fabricated so as to obtain
his desired result.” Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine to Preclude Testimony of the
Minor Child, 10/29/20, at 1-5. The court denied Father’s motion by order
entered December 14, 2020.

       Child testified that he does not feel comfortable in Father’s home. He
stated, “I never feel comfortable. I am always on edge, never knowing what
is going to happen.” N.T., 12/14/20, at 20. While noting that he loves Father,
Child, therefore, expressed a desire for shorter visits with Father. Id. at 26.

9 Over the course of the trial, both parties additionally presented numerous
exhibits which were forwarded electronically as part of the supplemental
certified record. We observe that Exhibit P-2, a posting of sheriff’s sale, is not
included with the supplemental certified record. Further, the copy of Exhibit
P-15, meant to demonstrate Father’s missed custodial time, while included,
does not reflect the intended and explained color codes related to Father’s
exercise of custodial time. We, however, do not find this detrimental to our
review. In particular, as to Exhibit P-15, Father provided detailed and lengthy
testimony as to his missed custodial time and this exhibit. N.T., 11/6/20, at
56-96; N.T., 10/15/20, at 216-60.

10The court appointed the GAL for Child pursuant to the December 2019 order.
See Order, 12/20/19. The GAL opined that the current custody schedule
should remain without modification. See N.T., 9/14/20, at 26-27.

                                           -5-
J-A03033-22

presented the testimony of Nancy Miller, Psy.D., a psychologist with Otto

Psychological Associates, L.L.C., who was accepted as an expert and

conducted a custody evaluation;11 Maria Heaton, M.S., NNC, LPC, who

previously provided counseling; and Todd Harder, a fellow parent involved in

local children’s sports programs.

       Subsequently, the court issued a final custody order on February 12,

2021 (the February 2021 order), denying Mother’s petitions for modification

and for contempt and denying Father’s petitions for modification and for

contempt. See Order, 2/12/21, at ¶ 1. The court awarded the parties shared

legal custody. See id. at ¶ 2. As to physical custody, the court again granted

Mother primary custody, with partial physical custody to Father on a two-week

schedule following the same schedule previously ordered. See id. at ¶¶ 3a.,

3b. All exchanges during summer or when there is no school were to occur

____________________________________________

11Dr. Miller’s report was admitted as Exhibit P-1. Notably, the court appointed
Otto Psychological Associates for the purpose of a custody evaluation,
including a determination as to parental alienation, pursuant to order of
December 20, 2019. See Order, 12/20/19. Dr. Miller observed “a strong
suspicion of parental alienation.” Exhibit P-1, at 26. She indicated that Mother
“appears to be alienating [Child] against Father, even if she has done so
unintentionally,” noting “an underlying message” of negativity associated with
going with Father. Id. at 28.

      As such, Dr. Miller offered a recommendation of shared physical
custody, specifically, a week-on week-off alternating schedule. Id. at 29. To
achieve this, she proposed a 30-day transition. Id. at 29-30. In so
recommending, Dr. Miller opined that awarding Mother primary physical would
be “harmful” and only serve to reinforce Child’s fears and anxieties. Id. at
30. Dr. Miller further advocated that the parties engage in individual therapy,
reunification therapy, and co-parenting counseling. Id. at 30-31.

                                           -6-
J-A03033-22

at the Whitehall Police Department unless otherwise agreed in writing. See

id. at ¶ 3c. The court further set forth a holiday schedule, id. at ¶ 4, provided

for transportation, id. at ¶ 6, and for telephone contact, id. at ¶ 10. Among

other things, the order also provided for the encouragement of a relationship

with the other party and prohibited action to thwart such a relationship,

including disparagement. See id. at ¶ 11.

       On March 2, 2021, Father filed a motion for reconsideration raising many

of the same issues raised in the instant appeal. By order of March 4, 2021,

the court granted Father’s motion and agreed to reconsider its February 12,

2021 order. The court further scheduled a hearing for April 7, 2021.12 See

Order, 3/5/21.

       By order dated June 16, 2021, and entered June 17, 2021, Father’s

motion for reconsideration was granted in part and denied in part. See Order,

6/17/21. The court modified the physical custody schedule as to week two to

include a dinner visit from Tuesday after school, or 4:00 p.m. if no school,

until 7:30 p.m. with return to the Whitehall Police Department. See id. at ¶

2b. Notably, the court further provided an analysis of the custody factors.

See id. at n.1.

       Thereafter, on July 15, 2021, Father, through counsel, filed a timely

notice of appeal, along with a concise statement of errors complained of on

____________________________________________

12The notes of testimony of this hearing are not part of the certified record.
Nevertheless, we do not find them necessary for disposition of Father’s appeal.

                                           -7-
J-A03033-22

appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). 13      The court issued a

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion on August 19, 2021.

       On appeal, Father raises the following issues for our review:

       A. Whether the trial court committed an error of law and abuse of
       discretion in issuing the Order entered on June 17, 2021 as it
       failed to provide Father with any make up time for the one
       hundred and nineteen (119) overnights with the Child that Mother
       denied Father from June of 2019 to May of 2020?

       B. Whether the trial court committed an error of law and abuse of
       discretion in issuing the Order entered on June 17, 2021 as it
       failed to appropriately consider and adopt the recommendations
       of the court-appointed expert, Nancy Miller, Psy.D., who
       conducted a comprehensive custody evaluation and issued a
       report to the court and counsel for the parties on May 1, 2020,
       which report was presented to the court along with Dr. Miller’s
       uncontroverted and competent expert testimony?

       C. Whether the trial court committed an error of law and abuse of
       discretion in denying Father’s October 8, 2019 Petition for
       Contempt in light of the facts and evidence of record elicited at
       trial in this matter?

       D. Whether the trial court committed an error of law and abuse of
       discretion in providing Father with a dinner visit on Tuesday of
       “week 2[,]” rather than an overnight, considering the evidence of
       record elicited at trial regarding Mother’s actions in thwarting and
       interfering with Father’s custodial time, and evidence as to the
       high conflict nature of this matter which warrants a reduction in
       custodial exchanges and contact between Mother and Father, not
       an increase?

____________________________________________

13   See Pa.R.A.P. 1701(b)(3) (stating, in part, “Where a timely order of
reconsideration is entered under this paragraph, the time for filing a notice of
appeal or petition for review begins to run anew after the entry of the decision
on reconsideration, whether or not that decision amounts to a reaffirmation
of the prior determination of the trial court or other government unit.”).

                                           -8-
J-A03033-22

     E. Whether the trial court committed an error of law and abuse of
     discretion in denying Father’s October 29, 2021 Motion in Limine
     to Preclude the Testimony of the Minor Child?

     F. Whether the trial court committed an error of law and abuse of
     discretion in issuing the Order entered on June 17, 2021 as it
     failed to appropriately analyze and apply the factors identified in
     23 [Pa.C.S.A.] § 5328 in light of the facts and evidence of record
     elicited at trial in this matter, specifically, custody factors 1, 5, 6,
     7, 8, 9, 13 and 16, (as more specifically set forth in Father’s
     [Pa.R.A.P.] 1925(a)(2) Statement and the Argument section of
     this brief) rendering the subject Order contrary to the best
     interests and permanent welfare of the Child?

     G. Whether the trial court committed an error of law and abuse of
     discretion in arbitrarily allowing and disallowing certain testimony
     regarding past incidents which were already the subject of prior
     hearing in this matter, despite objections made by counsel for
     Father?

     H. Whether the trial court committed an error of law and abuse of
     discretion in concluding that Mother’s withholding of custody from
     Father was unintentional as the evidence and testimony of record
     fail to support that conclusion?

     I. Whether the trial court committed an error of law and abuse of
     discretion in failing to address the clear parental alienation by
     Mother against Father and failing to provide Father shared
     physical custody and substantial make up time with the Child in
     consideration of all of the facts and evidence of record, and despite
     the fact that the court conceded “that Mother may in fact be
     engaging in behavior that is causing some parental alienation,
     though it may not be intentional[?]” (Exhibit “A” at footnote i., ¶
     8).

     J. Whether the trial court committed an error of law and abuse of
     discretion in failing to include an enforcement mechanism in the
     Order given Mother’s history of withholding the Child and failing
     to abide by the court orders?

     K. Whether the trial court committed an error of law and abuse of
     discretion in failing to timely provide the forum to allow Father to
     seek redress for Mother’s conduct in withholding the Child as
     Father’s Petition for Contempt and Petition for Modification were
     filed on October 8, 2019 and trial did not commence until
     September 10, 2020?

                                      -9-
J-A03033-22

Father’s Brief at 4-8 (some capitalization modified; suggested answers

omitted).

     In custody cases under the Child Custody Act (the Act), 23 Pa.C.S. §§

5321-5340, our standard of review is as follows:

     In reviewing a custody order, our scope is of the broadest type
     and our standard is abuse of discretion. We must accept findings
     of the trial court that are supported by competent evidence of
     record, as our role does not include making independent factual
     determinations. In addition, with regard to issues of credibility
     and weight of the evidence, we must defer to the presiding trial
     judge who viewed and assessed the witnesses first-hand.
     However, we are not bound by the trial court’s deductions or
     inferences from its factual findings. Ultimately, the test is whether
     the trial court’s conclusions are unreasonable as shown by the
     evidence of record. We may reject the conclusions of the trial
     court only if they involve an error of law, or are unreasonable in
     light of the sustainable findings of the trial court.

C.R.F. v. S.E.F., 45 A.3d 441, 443 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation omitted); see

also E.R. v. J.N.B., 129 A.3d 521, 527 (Pa. Super. 2015).

     This Court consistently has held:

     [t]he discretion that a trial court employs in custody matters
     should be accorded the utmost respect, given the special nature
     of the proceeding and the lasting impact the result will have on
     the lives of the parties concerned. Indeed, the knowledge gained
     by a trial court in observing witnesses in a custody proceeding
     cannot adequately be imparted to an appellate court by a printed
     record.

Ketterer v. Seifert, 902 A.2d 533, 540 (Pa. Super. 2006) (quoting Jackson

v. Beck, 858 A.2d 1250, 1254 (Pa. Super. 2004)). In addition,

     [a]lthough we are given a broad power of review, we are
     constrained by an abuse of discretion standard when evaluating
     the court’s order. An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of
     judgment, but if the court’s judgment is manifestly unreasonable

                                    - 10 -
J-A03033-22

      as shown by the evidence of record, discretion is abused. An
      abuse of discretion is also made out where it appears from a
      review of the record that there is no evidence to support the
      court’s findings or that there is a capricious disbelief of evidence.

M.A.T. v. G.S.T., 989 A.2d 11, 18-19 (Pa. Super. 2010) (en banc) (citations

omitted).

      The paramount concern in any custody case decided under the Act is

the best interests of the child.   See 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 5328, 5338.         Section

5328(a) sets forth the best interest factors that the trial court must consider

in awarding custody. See E.D. v. M.P., 33 A.3d 73, 79-80 n.2 (Pa. Super.

2011). Specifically, Section 5328(a) of the Act provides as follows:

      § 5328. Factors to consider when awarding custody

      (a) Factors.—In ordering any form of custody, the court shall
      determine the best interest of the child by considering all relevant
      factors, giving weighted consideration to those factors which
      affect the safety of the child, including the following:

             (1) Which party is more likely to encourage and permit
      frequent and continuing contact between the child and another
      party.

             (2) The present and past abuse committed by a party or
      member of the party’s household, whether there is a continued
      risk of harm to the child or an abused party and which party can
      better provide adequate physical safeguards and supervision of
      the child.

            (2.1) The information set forth in section 5329.1(a)(1) and
      (2) (relating to consideration of child abuse and involvement with
      protective services).

            (3) The parental duties performed by each party on behalf
      of the child.

                                     - 11 -
J-A03033-22

          (4) The need for stability and continuity in the child’s
     education, family life and community life.

           (5) The availability of extended family.

           (6) The child’s sibling relationships.

            (7) The well-reasoned preference of the child, based on the
     child’s maturity and judgment.

          (8) The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the
     other parent, except in cases of domestic violence where
     reasonable safety measures are necessary to protect the child
     from harm.

           (9) Which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable,
     consistent and nurturing relationship with the child adequate for
     the child’s emotional needs.

           (10) Which party is more likely to attend to the daily
     physical, emotional, developmental, educational and special
     needs of the child.

           (11) The proximity of the residences of the parties.

          (12) Each party’s availability to care for the child or ability
     to make appropriate child-care arrangements.

            (13) The level of conflict between the parties and the
     willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one
     another. A party’s effort to protect a child from abuse by another
     party is not evidence of unwillingness or inability to cooperate with
     that party.

         (14) The history of drug or alcohol abuse of a party or
     member of a party’s household.

         (15) The mental and physical condition of a party or
     member of a party’s household.

           (16) Any other relevant factor.

23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a).

                                    - 12 -
J-A03033-22

       Further, with regard to the Custody Act, we have stated as follows:

       “All of the factors listed in [S]ection 5328(a) are required to be
       considered by the trial court when entering a custody order.”
       J.R.M. v. J.E.A., 33 A.3d 647, 652 (Pa. Super. 2011) (emphasis
       in original). . . . The record must be clear on appeal that the trial
       court considered all the factors. Id.

       Section 5323(d) provides that a trial court “shall delineate the
       reasons for its decision on the record in open court or in a written
       opinion or order.”      23 Pa.C.S.[] § 5323(d).        Additionally,
       “[S]ection 5323(d) requires the trial court to set forth its
       mandatory assessment of the sixteen [Section 5328(a) custody]
       factors prior to the deadline by which a litigant must file a notice
       of appeal.” C.B. v. J.B., 65 A.3d 946, 955 (Pa. Super. 2013),
       appeal denied, [620 Pa. 727], 70 A.3d 808 (2013). . . .

       In expressing the reasons for its decision, “there is no required
       amount of detail for the trial court’s explanation; all that is
       required is that the enumerated factors are considered and that
       the custody decision is based on those considerations.” M.J.M. v.
       M.L.G., 63 A.3d 331, 336 (Pa. Super. 2013), appeal denied, [620
       Pa. 710], 68 A.3d 909 (2013). A court’s explanation of reasons
       for its decision, which adequately addresses the relevant factors,
       complies with Section 5323(d). Id.

A.V. v. S.T., 87 A.3d 818, 822-23 (Pa. Super. 2014) (emphasis in original).

       Turning to Father’s issues on appeal,14 we begin with his sixth, wherein

he challenges the trial court’s findings with respect to the Section 5328(a)
____________________________________________

14 While we note with disapproval procedural deficiencies related to Father’s
brief, in particular Father’s argument section is devoid of the required citation
requirements in portions, we decline to take any action as this does not
hamper our appellate review. We discern the general issues raised and related
argument. See Pa.R.A.P. 2101 (stating, “Briefs and reproduced records shall
conform in all material respects with the requirements of these rules as nearly
as the circumstances of the particular case will admit, otherwise they may be
suppressed, and, if the defects are in the brief or reproduced record of the
appellant and are substantial, the appeal or other matter may be quashed or
dismissed.”); see also Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a), (b), (e).

                                          - 13 -
J-A03033-22

best interest factors, asserting they are “unreasonable and unsupported by

the facts and evidence of record[] and are contrary to the best interests and

permanent welfare of the Child.” Father’s Brief at 38. Specifically, Father

challenges the court’s findings as to factors 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, and 16. See

id. at 38-55. As to these factors, the court found as follows:

      1. Which party is more likely to encourage and permit frequent
      and continuing contact between the child and another party. This
      factor is neutral. There was evidence presented that Father only
      allows the Child to contact Mother on Father’s cell phone, and that
      Father listens to these conversations. Father denied this and
      testified that he encourages phone contact with Mother when the
      Child is in his custody. Father testified that when he is on the
      phone with the Child, Mother asks the Child to get off the phone
      with Father. Mother denied this and testified she allows frequent
      contact between the Child and Father. While Father presented
      evidence that he missed multiple overnight visits with the Child,
      this Court does not find that Mother was intentionally withholding
      the Child from Father. Rather, at the time of custody exchanges,
      the Child became visibly upset and would not go with Father. As
      one example, there was evidence presented that rather was to
      exercise custody following the Child’s wrestling practice in January
      2020; however, upon seeing Father, the Child became extremely
      upset, and refused to go with Father. After approximately one
      hour, school officials and the Child’s guardian ad litem thought it
      was best to have the Child go home with Mother. This resulted in
      no custody exchange.

                                    ...

      5. The availability of extended family. This factor is neutral.
      Father’s family lives in New England, and the Child sees his
      paternal grandparents regularly, and has a close relationship with
      them. Father is remarried, and he and his wife have a 2-year-old
      son, [W.], together. Mother’s direct family is outside the Lehigh
      Valley, but she has extended family in the area. According to the
      Child, he sees his maternal great grandparents—whom he refers
      to as nana and pop-pop—and his fraternal aunts, uncles, and
      cousins often. Mother is in a committed relationship, but does not
      live with her significant other. Mother has another son, [O.], from

                                     - 14 -
J-A03033-22

     a previous relationship. Per Dr. Miller—the expert relied upon by
     Father—[O.] was 15 years old as of February [], 2020.

     6. The child’s sibling relationships. This weighs slightly in favor of
     Mother, [t]he Child and his half-brother, [O.], have a very close
     bond, and share similar interests. The Child looks up to [O.] as a
     role model. The Child also has a good relationship with [W.], but
     because of the age difference, they do not share the same
     interests.

     7. The well-reasoned preference of the child, based on the child’s
     maturity and judgment. This weighs in favor of Mother. The Child
     stated he prefers to spend more time with Mother[] and feels more
     comfortable at Mother’s house. The Child states his friends are in
     Mother’s neighborhood, and that he does not really have any
     friends in Father’s neighborhood. The Child indicated that Father
     does not allow him to speak with [O.] when he is in Father’s
     custody. He also stated he cannot speak privately with Mother
     when he is at Father’s house. When he is in Mother’s custody, he
     is free to text or call Father whenever he chooses. According to
     the Child, Father is not home much when he is in Father’s custody,
     and he does not get along with his [stepmother]. The Child stated
     his [stepmother] is always recording him when he is at their
     house. He also indicated disappointment with missing his sporting
     events when in Father’s custody. During the [c]ourt’s interview
     with the Child, he was well-spoken and provided thoughtful
     reasons for his preference.

     8. The attempts of a parent to turn the child against the other
     parent, except in cases of domestic violence where reasonable
     safety measures are necessary to protect the child from harm.
     This factor weighs slightly in favor of Father. Both parties have
     engaged in behavior that paints the other parent in a bad light.
     Both parties accuse the other of making unflattering remarks
     about the other parent in front of the Child. However, Dr. Miller
     suspects that Mother is alienating the Child against Father either
     consciously or unconsciously. The [c]ourt concedes that Mother
     may in fact be engaging in behavior that is causing some parental
     alienation, though it may not be intentional.

     9. Which party is more likely to maintain it loving, stable,
     consistent and nurturing relationship with tine child adequate for
     the child’s emotional needs. This factor weighs slightly in favor of
     Mother. Both parents are capable of maintaining a relationship

                                    - 15 -
J-A03033-22

       with the Child that will meet his emotional needs. However, at
       this time, Mother appears more capable of providing a stable and,
       nurturing environment due to the Child’s preference of being with
       Mother, and his continued hesitance at being at Father’s. Even
       Dr. Miller stated in her report that Mother is “naturally more
       nurturing.”

       13. The level of conflict between the parties and the willingness
       and ability of the parties to cooperate with one another. A party’s
       effort to protect a child from abuse by another party is not
       evidence of unwillingness or inability to cooperate with that party.
       This factor is neutral. This is a high conflict case. Both parties
       blame the other for the strained relationship between Father and
       the Child. Their testimony consisted primarily of examples of how
       each believes the other has failed in their parenting
       responsibilities. Both parties exhibit outward hostility towards
       each other and appear to be unwilling to work together in the best
       interests of the Child.

       16. Any other relevant factor. No other factors were considered
       in this matter.

Order, 6/17/21, at n.1.

       As to factor 1, which party is more likely to encourage and permit

frequent and continuing contact between the child and another party, Father

argues that the trial court erred in finding this factor neutral given the

evidence of Mother’s parental alienation and his missed overnight custody.

See Father’s Brief at 39-42. Highlighting a “false and spurious” Protection

from Abuse petition, Father purports a lack of evidence of Mother’s

encouragement of frequent and continuing contact.15 Id. at 40-41.

____________________________________________

15By way of background, Mother filed a Protection from Abuse petition on
August 9, 2019, which the court dismissed on August 20, 2019, after a
hearing.

                                          - 16 -
J-A03033-22

      As to factor 5, the availability of extended family, Father asserts that

the trial court erred in finding this factor neutral.   See id. at 42-44.     He

contends that this factor should have been weighed in his favor, noting the

determination related to this factor in the prior order of December 18, 2017

and Child’s continued positive relationship with his paternal family. See id.

at 42-43.

      As to factor 6, the child’s sibling relationships, Father argues that the

trial court erred in finding this factor in favor of Mother. See id. at 44-46.

Father suggests that the court should have found this factor to be neutral

given that Child has a half-sibling through each parent. See id. at 45-46. He

explains that Mother’s alienation limited Child’s time with his half-brother

through Father. See id. at 44. While recognizing Child’s close relationship

with his half-brother through Mother, Father posits that finding this factor in

favor of Mother rewards Mother’s alienation. See id. at 45.

      As to factor 7, the well-reasoned preference of the child, based on the

child’s maturity and judgment, Father asserts that the trial court erred in

finding this factor in favor of Mother. See id. at 46-48. Noting the testimony

of Dr. Miller, Father indicates that Child’s preference cannot be considered

“well-reasoned.” Id. at 46.

      As to factor 8, the attempts of a parent to turn the child against the

other parent, except in cases of domestic violence where reasonable safety

measures are necessary to protect the child from harm, Father argues that

that the trial court erred in finding this factor in favor of Mother. Instead, he

                                     - 17 -
J-A03033-22

suggests this factor should “should be weighed heavily in favor of Father and

considered a factor of paramount importance in this case.” Id. at 48-49. Of

significance, Father raises Mother’s parental alienation. See id.

      As to factor 9, which party is more likely to maintain a loving, stable,

consistent and nurturing relationship with the child adequate for the child’s

emotional needs, Father asserts error in weighing this factor in favor of Mother

and not in favor of Father. See id. at 49-50. Father indicates that finding

this factor in favor of Mother again rewards her alienation of Father and

thwarting of his relationship with Child. See id.

      As to factor 13, the level of conflict between the parties and the

willingness and ability of the parties to cooperate with one another, Father

claims error in finding this factor neutral and not in favor of Father. See id.

at 50-52. Father argues that any conflict is attributable to Mother. See id.

      As to factor 16, any other relevant factor, Father argues that the trial

court erred in not considering Mother’s false allegations of abuse. Id. at 52-

55.

      With regard to the custody factors, although the court is required to give

“weighted consideration to those factors which affect the safety of the child”

pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a), we have acknowledged that the amount of

weight a court gives any one factor is almost entirely discretionary. M.J.M.

v. M.L.G., 63 A.3d 331, 339 (Pa. Super. 2013). Critically, as this Court stated

in M.J.M.:

                                     - 18 -
J-A03033-22

      It is within the trial court’s purview as the finder of fact to
      determine which factors are most salient and critical in
      each particular case. See A.D. v. M.A.B., 989 A.2d 32, 35-36
      (Pa. Super. 2010) (“In reviewing a custody order . . . our role does
      not include making independent factual determinations. . . . In
      addition, with regard to issues of credibility and weight of the
      evidence, we must defer to the presiding trial judge who viewed
      and assessed the witnesses first-hand.”). Our decision here does
      not change that.

Id. (emphasis added).

      In construing Father’s challenge, we interpret the issue at its core as a

dispute to the trial court’s findings of fact and determinations regarding

credibility and weight of the evidence, as well as the weight attributed to

certain factors. Father, in essence, questions the trial court’s conclusions and

assessments and seeks for this Court to re-find facts, re-weigh evidence,

and/or re-assess credibility to his view of the evidence. This we cannot do.

Under the aforementioned standard of review applicable in custody matters,

the trial court’s findings of fact and determinations regarding credibility and

weight of the evidence are not disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. See

C.R.F., 45 A.3d at 443; see also E.R., 129 A.3d at 527. As we stated in King

v. King, 889 A.2d 630 (Pa. Super. 2005), “It is not this Court’s function to

determine whether the trial court reached the right decision; rather, we must

consider whether, based on the evidence presented, given [sic] due deference

to the trial court’s weight and credibility determinations, the trial court erred

or abused its discretion[.]” Id. at 632 (citation and quotation marks omitted).

After a thorough review of the record, we find no abuse of discretion. To the

extent Father challenges the weight attributed to any factor by the trial court,

                                     - 19 -
J-A03033-22

we likewise find no abuse of discretion. As stated above, the amount of weight

that a trial court gives to any one factor is almost entirely within its discretion.

See M.J.M., 63 A.3d at 339.

       In the case sub judice, the trial court reasonably analyzed and

addressed each factor under Section 5328(a). See Order, 6/17/21, at n.1.

After careful review of the record, we determine that the trial court’s findings

and determinations regarding the custody factors set forth in Section 5328(a)

are supported by competent evidence in the record, and we will not disturb

them. See C.R.F., 45 A.3d at 443; see also E.R., 129 A.3d at 527. As such,

Father’s claim is without merit.

       Next, we consider Father’s first, third, eighth, and ninth issues relating

to make-up time, contempt, and parental alienation together as they are

interrelated.16 Father challenges the trial court’s failure to provide make-up

time for missed overnight custodial time. See Father’s Brief at 17-20. Father

argues that he provided “detailed and credible” testimony as to missing 119

overnight visits with Child from June 2019 to May 2020. Id. at 18. Noting

the behavior of the parties at custodial exchanges, Father then questions

Mother’s explanation for the sudden ability in May 2020 to exchange custody

of Child successfully. See id. at 19.

       Father further asserts that the trial court erred and/or abused its

discretion in denying his petition for contempt without explanation, despite
____________________________________________

16 We likewise recognize that the trial court addressed these issues together
in its Rule 1925(a) opinion.

                                          - 20 -
J-A03033-22

support in the record. See id. at 28-32. Father points to Mother’s behavior

surrounding custodial exchanges, including derogatory statements, resulting

in missed overnight custodial time, and maintains that, regardless of intent,

Mother failed to exercise appropriate parental authority. See id. at 29-30. In

addition, he notes the corroboration of a finding of parental alienation. See

id. at 30. Father argues:

             In failing to find Mother in [c]ontempt for refusing to assure
      Father received custody of the Child, for alienating Father from
      the Child thereby causing the Child’s apparent hesitancy to go with
      his Father, and for failing to and/or refusing to exercise her
      parental authority over the Child to ensure that Father received
      custody of the Child, the [t]rial [c]ourt made an error of law.
      Father also suggests that allowing Mother to act in this manner
      without consequence would not only endorse this behavior in the
      future for Mother[] but set a poor precedent for other custody
      litigants in the future.

Id. at 30-31. Father also raises Mother’s failure to notify him in advance as

to several medical appointments for Child. See id. at 31-32. He notes the

trial court’s prior finding of contempt against Mother for withholding custody.

See id. at 32. Father concludes:

            Mother’s actions with regard to the Child’s medical care,
      coupled with her derogatory statements about Father to the Child
      and her refusal to provide Father with his custodial time, make it
      clear that Mother is attempting to systematically exclude Father
      from the Child’s life. Mother must be found to be in [c]ontempt
      of the [December 2017 order] based on the simple evidence of
      record, including Mother’s own admissions.

Id. at 32.

      Father likewise challenges the trial court’s finding that Mother’s

withholding of custody was unintentional. See id. at 58-60. In arguing the

                                     - 21 -
J-A03033-22

evidence contradicts such a finding, Father highlights his extensive testimony,

not found incredible, as well as that of Dr. Miller, and contends that such

evidence refutes any finding that Mother’s withholding of Child was

unintentional.   See id. at 59-60.    Moreover, relatedly, despite Dr. Miller’s

unequivocal conclusion of parental alienation, Father questions the trial court’s

finding of possible unintentional alienation and failure to address the same.

See id. at 60-61. He avers:

      The [c]ourt has done absolutely nothing to address Mother’s
      alienation of Father. The [c]ourt’s failure to address the alienation
      in any way will only cause to reinforce and escalate Mother’s
      alienating behaviors[] and cause further damage to the Child’s
      already fragile relationship with Father. The [t]rial [c]ourt simply
      concluded that Father has been alienated, possibly unintentionally
      by Mother, but chose to do absolutely nothing to address said
      alienation. It is an unfathomable error of law and abuse of
      discretion for the [t]rial [c]ourt to ignore the clear alienation in
      this case and do nothing to attempt to address or remedy it in the
      best interests of the Child.

Id. at 61.

      As to these issues, the trial court placed the focus on Child. The court

reasoned:

            Here, [the court] determined that Mother did not willfully
      withhold the Child from Father. Rather, due to the Child’s
      negative reactions at custody exchanges, Mother determined it
      was in his best interest to take the Child with her, rather than
      forcing him to go with Father. The Child’s guardian ad litem
      observed one of these exchanges and, along with other adults
      present, determined it was best for the Child to go with Mother
      rather than complete the exchange. Notably, the missed days
      that Father sought to make-up were due to the Child’s
      unwillingness to go with Father. Ordering make-up days and
      forcing the Child to go with Father for additional overnights would
      not be in his best interest.

                                     - 22 -
J-A03033-22

             Additionally, while [the court] acknowledged that Mother
      may be engaging in unintentional behavior that is causing some
      parental alienation, this is but one factor [the court] used in
      making [its] decision. Based on the record as a whole, and as set
      forth in [the court’s] analysis of the custody factors, [the court]
      found it was in the Child’s best interest to maintain the current
      overnight schedule. As such, [the court] do[es] not believe [it]
      abused [its] discretion.

Trial Ct. Op., 8/19/21, at 3 (unpaginated) (footnote omitted).

      As to review of an order of civil contempt,

      When we review a trial court’s finding of contempt, we are limited
      to determining whether the trial court committed a clear abuse of
      discretion. This Court must place great reliance on the sound
      discretion of the trial judge when reviewing an order of contempt.
      This Court also has stated that each court is the exclusive judge
      of contempts against its process.

G.A. v. D.L., 72 A.3d 264, 269 (Pa. Super. 2013) (internal citation and

quotations omitted). We previously determined:

      A court may exercise its civil contempt power to enforce
      compliance with its orders for the benefit of the party in whose
      favor the order runs but not to inflict punishment. A party must
      have violated a court order to be found in civil contempt. The
      complaining party has the burden of proving by a preponderance
      of evidence that a party violated a court order.

Garr v. Peters, 773 A.2d 183, 189 (Pa. Super. 2001) (internal citation

omitted).

      To sustain a finding of civil contempt, the complainant must prove

certain distinct elements by a preponderance of the evidence: (1) that the

contemnor had notice of the specific order which was allegedly disobeyed; (2)

that the act constituting the contemnor’s violation was volitional; and (3) that

the contemnor acted with wrongful intent. See Stahl v. Redcay, 897 A.2d

                                     - 23 -
J-A03033-22

478, 489 (Pa. Super. 2006); see also Harcar v. Harcar, 982 A.2d 1230,

1235 (Pa. Super. 2009); see also 23 Pa.C.S. § 5323(g) (contempt for

noncompliance with any custody order).

      Upon review, the trial court’s determination is supported by competent

evidence of record. Notably, the testimony of Mother and her fiancé reveals

the lack of intentionality related to any withholding of custody.   See N.T.,

12/14/20, at 79-81; N.T., 9/14/20, at 81-82. In an exchange with the court

regarding her efforts, Mother testified as follows:

           MOTHER: Yes. I attempted in numerous ways, encouraged
      in numerous ways as well as I think it would -- [Child] --

            THE COURT: I am not talking about the psychological ways.
      I have to understand why the exchanges didn’t take place.

            Why didn’t the exchanges take place?

            MOTHER: [Father] and I both struggled to make the
      exchange. You could not get [Child] out of the car. There were
      exchanges that did happen. I think what we need to recognize is
      that there was a problem with our son. We can’t change that.

            THE COURT: It is very clear to the [c]ourt that some of the
      exchanges were very troublesome. There was a lot of emotion,
      crying -- I get it. So are so you saying you made your best effort
      to do these exchanges?

            MOTHER: I am saying -- yes. Not only that I gave up my
      custodial time, I have sat in places for hours, encouraged -- text
      message after text message, trying everything. . . .

                                     *    *   *

           THE COURT: . . . I just want to know what efforts you made
      to make these exchanges.

            MOTHER: Numerous.        Different locations, offering my
      custodial -- offering different suggestions, walking the park,
      basketball in my back alley, everything I could possibly think of.

                                     - 24 -
J-A03033-22

      Dinner visits, lunch visits, smaller visits building up to bigger
      visits. Anything I could do to encourage communication between
      them, suggesting [Father] call [Child]. . . .

                                         *   *    *

            THE COURT: . . .[Y]ou are saying you attempted to make
      exchanges because of the emotions of your son and what not, that
      did not occur?

            MOTHER: Yes. I tried everything. The school -- everybody.

N.T., 12/14/20 (Mother’s testimony), at 79-81.           Further, Child’s own

testimony   confirmed     Mother’s   encouragement.     See    N.T.,   12/14/20

(Interview of Minor Child in Chambers), at 21 (“My mom would be out of the

car trying to get me out.”). Similarly, Mother’s testimony substantiates a lack

of disregard on her part as to the provision for advance notification of medical

appointments and/or treatment. See N.T., 12/14/20 (Mother’s testimony),

at 60-68, 70-71, 73, 77. We therefore discern no abuse of discretion and do

not disturb the trial court’s finding.

      With his second issue, Father addresses the expert testimony of Dr.

Nancy Miller. Father notes that Dr. Miller suggested that Child was getting

the message from Mother or her household that loyalty to and a positive

relationship with Father was a sign of disloyalty to Mother and found a “strong

suspicion of parental alienation.” Father’s Brief at 22-24. As a result, Father

explains that Dr. Miller recommended shared physical custody, and primary

physical custody for Father should Mother remain incapable of exchanging

physical custody. See id. at 25. Father maintains that, notwithstanding, the

trial court dismissed Dr. Miller’s findings and recommendations without any

                                         - 25 -
J-A03033-22

evidence presented to the contrary and without any stated basis for so doing.

See id. at 26-27.

      Related to Dr. Miller, the trial court stated:

            Regarding a court’s duty to consider an expert’s opinion in
      custody matters, while the court cannot completely discount an
      expert’s uncontradicted or unqualified opinion, as long as the
      court’s conclusions are founded in the record, the court is not
      obligated to accept the conclusions of the expert. [Nomland v.
      Nomland], 813 A.2d 850, 854 (Pa. Super. 2002).

             [The court] thoroughly considered Dr. Miller’s report and
      expert testimony in making [its] custody determination[] but
      reached a different conclusion.       [The court] believe[s] that
      ultimately a 50/50 physical custody schedule will be best for the
      Child, but while Father and Child continue to work on their
      relationship, it serves the Child’s best interest to keep the
      overnight schedule as is. Furthermore, in determining that factor
      8 weighs slightly in favor of Father, [the court] accepted Dr.
      Miller’s opinion that Mother may be engaging in behavior that is
      alienating the Child. Notably, Dr. Miller opined that Mother’s
      actions may be unintentional, and [the court] found this to be true
      based on the record as a whole. [The court] submits [it] did not
      err in reaching a different conclusion than Dr. Miller regarding the
      physical custody schedule.

Trial Ct. Op. at 4 (unpaginated) (footnote omitted).

      On the issue of a court’s duty to consider expert testimony, this Court

previously has stated:

            The trial court was under no obligation to delegate its
      decision-making authority to [an expert]. See, e.g., K.W.B. v.
      E.A.B., 698 A.2d 609, 613 ([Pa. Super.] 1997). It is an abuse of
      discretion, however, for a trial court to dismiss “as unpersuasive,
      and to totally discount, uncontradicted expert testimony.”
      Murphey[ v. Hatala, 504 A.2d 917, 922 (Pa. Super. 1986)]; see
      also Rinehimer v. Rinehimer, [485 A.2d 1166, 1169 (Pa.
      Super. 1984)] (while not required to accept their conclusions,
      “[t]he lower court was obligated to consider the testimony of the
      two experts[.]”); Straub v. Tyahla, [418 A.2d 472, 476 (Pa.

                                      - 26 -
J-A03033-22

      Super. 1980)] (“[W]e conclude that the lower court abused its
      discretion in totally discounting as unpersuasive the expert
      opinion testimony of appellant’s testifying psychiatrist.”).
      Accordingly, while a trial court is not required to accept the
      conclusions of an expert witness in a child custody case, it must
      consider them, and if the trial court chooses not to follow the
      expert’s recommendations, its independent decision must be
      supported by competent evidence of record. See Nomland [ ],
      813 A.2d [at] 854 [] (“To say that a court cannot discount
      uncontradicted evidence, however, is merely to rephrase the
      requirement that a child custody court’s conclusion have
      competent evidence to support it. So long as the trial court’s
      conclusions are founded in the record, the lower court was not
      obligated to accept the conclusions of the experts.”) (citations and
      quotation marks omitted).

M.A.T. v. G.S.T., 989 A.2d at 19-20.

      Instantly, as explained in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court did

indeed consider Dr. Miller’s expert recommendation, and we conclude that the

court’s decision not to follow her recommendation is supported by competent

evidence of record. See M.A.T., 989 A.2d at 19-20; Nomland, 813 A.2d at

854. Significantly, we acknowledge the court referenced Dr. Miller’s finding

of alienation, intentional or unintentional, and determined that “Mother may

in fact be alienating the Child against Father either consciously or

unconsciously.” Order, 6/17/21, at n.1 ¶ 8. Moreover, we again highlight

Mother’s and her fiancé’s testimony as to Mother’s encouragement at custodial

exchanges and the lack of intentionality related to any withholding of custody.

See N.T., 12/14/20, at 79-81.         We further recognize their testimony

recounting custodial exchanges. See N.T., 9/15/20, at 79; N.T., 9/14/20, at

81-83.   Mother’s fiancé observed, “Custodial exchanges have been very

intense, very aggressive, very sad. It has definitely affected [Child]. I see

                                     - 27 -
J-A03033-22

fear in a little boy’s eyes that I have never seen fear in before.” Id. at 81.

He reported “upset” and “emotional fear.”     Id. at 81, 83.   Additionally, in

describing Child during these exchange moments, Mother testified:

            [He] was agitated, crying. . . . This would start at school.
      This would -- the night before we were having nightmares. Just
      agitation, very distraught.

            I would witness him throwing up before exchanges, having
      diarrhea, being very anxious, just pulling at his seatbelt, putting
      his hand on the door, rocking back and forth in the car. Just very
      uneasy, very unlike him and it escalated very quickly.

N.T., 9/15/20, at 80. Likewise, the GAL, who witnessed a custodial exchange

where Mother was not present following a wrestling practice in January 2020,

detailed Child backing away from Father and having a “breakdown.” The GAL

explained, “[Child] was crying. He was sobbing. He was almost cowering

against the wall.” N.T., 9/14/20, at 13, 15. Thus, we find no error of law or

abuse of discretion.

      Next, as to his fourth issue, Father argues that the trial court erred

and/or abused its discretion in including an additional dinner visit as opposed

to an overnight visit in response to Mother’s motion for reconsideration. See

Father’s Brief at 33-34.   In support thereof, Father references Dr. Miller’s

opinion and recommendation, testimony supporting Mother’s efforts to

interfere with and thwart Father’s custodial time, as well as the high conflict

between the parties. See id. at 33. Father emphasizes that this provides

little additional time with Child and creates additional custodial exchanges.

See id. at 34.

                                    - 28 -
J-A03033-22

      The trial court reasoned that the reduction of in-person exchanges is not

a reason to increase or reduce custodial time and points to the fact that during

the summer an overnight custodial period would not reduce custodial

exchanges between the parties. See Trial Ct. Op. at 4 (unpaginated). The

court further explained that it did not find that additional overnight custodial

time would be in Child’s best interest “due to his unwillingness to go with

Father for overnights.” Id. at 4-5 (unpaginated). As indicated supra, the

trial court analyzed and addressed each factor as required by Section 5328(a)

in establishing its custody order, including the additional dinner visit. See 23

Pa.C.S. § 5328(a); see also E.D., 33 A.3d at 79-80 n.2; see also J.R.M., 33

A.3d at 652. As such, Father’s claim is without merit.

      With his fifth issue, Father argues that the trial court erred and/or

abused its discretion in denying his motion in limine to preclude Child’s

testimony. See Father’s Brief at 34-37. Father claims:

            As a result of the significant history in this matter of Mother
      alienating Father from the Child, the extensive recent testimony
      from the minor [c]hild contained in the [c]ourt’s file in this matter,
      Father’s willingness to [s]tipulate that the Child’s expressed
      preference would be to live with Mother primarily, the interview of
      the Child performed by Dr. Miller which the [t]rial [c]ourt was
      apprised of in detail in Dr. Miller’s [r]eport, and the clear alienation
      of Father by Mother which resulted in Father being denied
      [c]ustody of the Child for almost an entire year prior to [t]rial, the
      [c]ourt should have concluded that the Child’s preference could
      not be considered well-reasoned, declined to interview the Child,
      and should have [g]ranted Father’s Motion in Limine.

Id. at 34-35. Father further highlights that the prior presiding judge indicated

that too much deference had been given to Child’s preference. See id. at 35-

                                      - 29 -
J-A03033-22

36. Moreover, Father suggests that allowing Child to testify again permitted

Child to repeat negative statements and beliefs acquired from Mother and

afforded Mother “ample time to prepare and instruct the Child” explicitly or

implicitly as to his testimony. Id. at 36-37. Additionally, Father indicates that

testifying again served to only reinforce Child’s negativity toward Father. Id.

at 37.

         As to the denial of Father’s motion in limine to preclude Child’s

testimony, the trial court reasoned the interview of a child is discretionary and

that in the instant matter such interview was essential to assess Child,

particularly as the presiding judge was newly assigned and had not been

present for Child’s prior testimony. See Trial Ct. Op. at 5 (unpaginated). The

court stated:

                It is within the [c]ount’s discretion whether to interview a
         child in a custody matter. [Pa.R.Civ.P. 1915.11(b)]. “Although
         the express wishes of a child are not controlling in custody
         decisions, such wishes do constitute an important factor that must
         he carefully considered in determining the child’s best interest.”
         [McMillen v. McMillen], 602 A.2d 845, 847 [(Pa. 1992)]. As this
         matter was reassigned to me after the Child previously testified,
         this trial was the first opportunity [the court] had to interview the
         Child and hear his responses. It was necessary for [the court] to
         judge the Child’s maturity, intelligence, and overall credibility—
         matters which are not properly done by reading a transcript, but
         rather hearing from the Child in person[—]in deciding how much
         weight to give his preference. As such, . . .[the court] did not err
         in denying Father’s Motion in Limine and allowing the Child to
         testify. . . .

Id.

                                        - 30 -
J-A03033-22

      As to the interview of a child, Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure

1915.11(b) is discretionary and does not mandate that a trial court interview

a child in a custody matter. Pa.R.Civ.P. 1915.11(b). Likewise, Pennsylvania

Rule of Civil Procedure 1915.11(c) does not mandate a child’s attendance at

a custody hearing. Rule 1915.11 provides, in relevant part:

      Rule 1915.11. Appointment of Attorney for Child. Interview of
      Child. Attendance of Child at Hearing or Conference

                                     *    *    *

      (b) The court may interview a child, whether or not the child is
      the subject of the action, in open court or in chambers. The
      interview shall be conducted in the presence of the attorneys and,
      if permitted by the court, the parties. The attorneys shall have
      the right to interview the child under the supervision of the court.
      The interview shall be part of the record.

      (c) Unless otherwise directed by the court, the child who is the
      subject of the action shall not be required to attend a hearing
      before the court or a conference.

Pa.R.Civ.P. 1915.11(b), (c) (emphasis added).

      Despite the discretionary aspect, we recognize that we have previously

found that there are circumstances where the failure to interview a child is an

abuse of discretion. In E.C.S. v. M.C.S., 256 A.3d 449 (Pa. Super. 2021), we

stated:

              [W]e clarify that, while Rule 1915.11 provides the trial court
      with the option of whether to interview the child, its decision is
      still subject to our review for an abuse of discretion. Although the
      presence of a child “is not always necessary” and while “the child
      should not be required to attend a hearing...in every
      case,” see Comment to Rule 1915.11, it follows that there are
      some instances where the court’s failure to interview the child

                                     - 31 -
J-A03033-22

     constitutes an abuse of discretion. See also [Bovard v. Baker,
     775 A.2d 835, 840 (Pa. Super. 2001)], supra.

           Upon our review of the relevant precedents and persuasive
     authorities, it is apparent the court will not abuse its discretion
     when it forgoes a child interview, in cases involving only a narrow
     or discrete, custody-related issue, as opposed to a material
     change in the custody award. See [T.D. v. E.D., 194 A.3d 1119,
     1126-27 (Pa. Super. 2018)](relating to unaccompanied
     travel); see also [A.M. v. J.L.H., 251 A.3d. 1226 (Pa. Super.
     2021)], supra (relating to the presence of the mother's boyfriend
     during her custody time). After all, when the trial court resolves
     a “discrete, custody-related issue,” we have held that a
     complete Section      5328(a)      analysis    is    not     always
     necessary. See [M.O. v. J.T.R., 85 A.3d 1058, 1063 (Pa. Super.
     2014)]. Similarly, we have found discretion is not abused when
     neither party seeks an interview. See [K.L.C.S. v. D.W.S., 245
     A.3d 1071 (Table), 2020 WL 7353815 (Pa. Super. 2020)], supra;
     and see [E.H. v. Y.R., 241 A.3d 430 (Table), 2020 WL 6106650
     (Pa. Super. 2020)], supra.

           Conversely, when a party explicitly requests the interview,
     in a case involving a substantive custody award or a material
     change from the custody arrangement, the court runs the risk of
     abusing its discretion when it declines to interview the
     child. See Bovard, supra. But even in such cases, courts may
     decline the interview if there are ample reasons why the
     experience would be traumatic or disruptive to the
     child. See Comment to Rule 1915.11; see also T.D., 194 A.3d
     at 1126.

E.C.S., 256 A.3d at 457.

     This Court finds that Father’s argument regarding interview of Child

lacks merit. Upon review, we find no abuse of discretion. This matter involves

a substantive custody award and not a narrow, discrete issue related thereto.

Given that the presiding judge was newly appointed and had not previously

had the opportunity to evaluate Child, as well as the amount of time that had

                                    - 32 -
J-A03033-22

passed since Dr. Miller’s interview of Child, the trial court was justified in

assessing Child and his preference and attributing it the appropriate weight.

      With his seventh issue, Father argues that the trial court erred and/or

abused its discretion in allowing testimony as to several prior incidents which

were the subject of the December 4, 2019, and December 9, 2019, hearings

as to the parties’ petitions for special relief and disposed of by the December

2019 order. Father specifically points to the testimony of Mother’s fiancé and

suggests that, despite the court taking Father’s objection as to this testimony

under advisement, it appears the court considered the testimony of Mother’s

fiancé. See Father’s Brief at 55-58. In so doing, Father contends that the

court allowed Mother to relitigate issues which were the subject of prior

hearings and disposition, resulting in prejudice. See id. at 57-58.

      The trial court indicated that Father waived such issue and that he

“fail[ed] to identify specifically what testimony he takes issue with.” Trial Ct.

Op. at 6 (unpaginated).

      Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(a)(2)(i) requires an

appellant in a Children’s Fast Track matter to submit a concise statement of

errors complained of on appeal along with the notice of appeal. See Pa.R.A.P.

1925(a)(2)(i) (stating, “The concise statement of errors complained of on

appeal shall be filed and served with the notice of appeal required by Rule

905[.]”).

                                     - 33 -
J-A03033-22

     Where a Rule 1925(b) statement does not sufficiently identify the issues

raised on appeal, this Court has found waiver of all issues on appeal and

explained as follows:

     In Commonwealth v. Lord, 553 Pa. 415, 719 A.2d 306 (1999),
     the Pennsylvania Supreme Court specifically held that “from this
     date forward, in order to preserve their claims for appellate
     review, Appellants must comply whenever the trial court orders
     them to file a Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal
     pursuant to [Pa.R.A.P.] 1925.” Lord, 719 A.2d at 309. “Any
     issues not raised in a 1925(b) statement will be deemed waived.”
     Id. This Court explained in Riley v. Foley, 783 A.2d 807, 813
     (Pa. Super. 2001), that Rule 1925 is a crucial component of the
     appellate process because it allows the trial court to identify and
     focus on those issues the parties plan to raise on appeal. This
     Court has further explained that “a Concise Statement which is
     too vague to allow the court to identify the issues raised on appeal
     is the functional equivalent to no Concise Statement at all.”
     Commonwealth v. Dowling, 778 A.2d 683, 686-87 (Pa. Super.
     2001). “Even if the trial court correctly guesses the issues
     Appellants raise[] on appeal and writes an opinion pursuant to
     that supposition the issues [are] still waived.” Commonwealth
     v. Heggins, 809 A.2d 908, 911 (Pa. Super. 2002).

Kanter v. Epstein, 866 A.2d 394, 400 (Pa. Super. 2004). We have further

opined:

            When a court has to guess what issues an appellant is
     appealing, that is not enough for meaningful review. When an
     appellant fails adequately to identify in a concise manner the
     issues sought to be pursued on appeal, the trial court is impeded
     in its preparation of a legal analysis which is pertinent to those
     issues.

           In other words, a Concise Statement which is too vague to
     allow the court to identify the issues raised on appeal is the
     functional equivalent of no Concise Statement at all. While [Lord,
     supra,] and its progeny have generally involved situations where
     an appellant completely fails to mention an issue in his Concise
     Statement, for the reasons set forth above we conclude that Lord

                                    - 34 -
J-A03033-22

       should also apply to Concise Statements which are so vague as to
       prevent the court from identifying the issue to be raised on appeal.

Lineberger v. Wyeth, 894 A.2d 141, 148 (Pa. Super. 2006) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Dowling, 778 A.2d 683, 686-87 (Pa. Super. 2001)).

       While Father included this issue in his Rule 1925(b) statement, it is

evident that his recitation of the issue is vague and lacks specificity.        He

states: “The trial court committed an error of law and abuse of discretion in

arbitrarily allowing and disallowing certain testimony regarding past incidents

which were already the subject of prior hearings in this matter, despite

objections made by counsel for Father?”            Appellant’s Statement of Errors

Complained of on Appeal Pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a), 7/15/21, at ¶ 7. In

reviewing Father’s Rule 1925(b) statement, it is unclear exactly what prior

testimony Father is challenging and to what incidents he is referring. As such,

we agree with the trial court that this issue is waived.

       Even if the claim were not waived,17 the trial court’s analysis as set forth

in the order and subsequent opinion reveal no reliance on testimony as to the

prior incidents Father suggests in his argument regarding this issue.

Moreover, while Father argues prejudice, indicating that he would have

presented certain testimony in response, nothing prevented Father from so

doing. Therefore, this issue would be meritless.

       Next, as to his tenth issue, Father maintains that the court erred and/or

abused its discretion by failing to include an enforcement mechanism in light
____________________________________________

17 Arguably, the trial court was aware of the testimony as to prior incidents
referenced by Father and to which he objected during trial.

                                          - 35 -
J-A03033-22

of the history of Mother’s failure to comply with court orders. See Father’s

Brief at 61-63. In so arguing, Father references the prior December 2019

order, which included potential future sanctions for failure to comply, and

acknowledges Mother’s resulting compliance. See id. at 62. Father argues,

“In consideration of the extreme length of time Mother withheld custody of

the Child from Father, and her history of [c]ontempt of [c]ourt[,] which [the

court] should have been aware of, the June 17, 2021 Order should have

included an enforcement mechanism of some type, such as was included . . .

in the December 20, 2019 Order of Court, to attempt to induce Mother to

comply.” Id. at 63. Father further suggests that the court, however, instead

focused on Mother’s current compliance and the successful transfer of custody

at the time of trial. See id. at 63.

      In support of the lack of specific inclusion of an enforcement mechanism

in the order in question, the trial court stated:

      Father alleges [the trial court] erred in failing to include an
      enforcement mechanism regarding custody exchanges due to the
      history of the parties. While it is unclear what “enforcement
      mechanism” Father wishes to have included, he has all the normal
      remedies available to him as in any custody matter, including
      seeking modification, contempt, or special relief.

Trial Ct. Op. at 6 (unpaginated).

      We agree. To the extent Father references the December 2019 order,

which included potential monetary sanctions and a potential reduction in

physical custody, as noted by the trial court, Father always has the ability to

file for modification, contempt, or special relief. Hence, this issue fails.

                                       - 36 -
J-A03033-22

      Lastly, with his eleventh issue, Father claims error and/or abuse of

discretion as a result of the trial court’s lack of timeliness and delay. See

Father’s Brief at 63-64. Father argues that he was prejudiced not only by the

reassignment of the presiding judge prior to trial, but by the amount of time

it took from the filing of the petitions in question to the trial and from the trial

to disposition. See id. Father asserts, “Through no fault of Father, [t]rial in

this matter did not commence until eleven (11) months after he filed his

October 8, 2019 Petition for Contempt and Petition for Modification, and did

not conclude until December 14, 2020. Although Father is aware of the impact

that the COVID-19 [p]andemic had on the [c]ourts, that is a wholly inadequate

excuse for the delay of Father’s Petitions being heard by the [c]ourt.” Id. at

64.   Father suggests that Mother’s eventual compliance with the order

resulting in resumption of his regular overnight custodial time correlated with

the pre-trial conference conducted in June 2020. He states, “As Mother began

to comply with the underlying Order as soon as the Pretrial Conference with

the [c]ourt was scheduled, had said Pretrial Conference been scheduled in a

timelier manner, Father likely would not have lost so many overnights with

the Child.” Id. He continues, “The lack of attention to this matter by the

[c]ourt allowed Mother to continue to withhold the Child with impunity.

Further, the delay in trial has more obvious impacts, such as hindering

witnesses’ ability to recall events which they are testifying about.” Id.

      The trial court reasoned that Father suffered no prejudice as the court

was subject to an emergency order commencing on March 17, 2020, as a

                                      - 37 -
J-A03033-22

result of the COVID-19 pandemic which limited the scheduling of trials. As

such, the court indicated that, even if scheduled earlier, trial would have been

cancelled. See Trial Ct. Op. at 6-7 (unpaginated).

      As to disposition of custody matters, Pennsylvania Rule of Civil

Procedure 1915.4. provides:

      (a) Initial Contact With the Court. Depending upon the
      procedure in the judicial district, the parties’ initial in-person
      contact with the court (including, but not limited to a conference
      with a conference officer pursuant to Rule 1915.4-2, a conference
      with a judge, conciliation, mediation and/or class/seminar) shall
      be scheduled to occur not later than 45 days from the filing of a
      complaint or petition.

      (b) Listing Trials Before the Court. Depending upon the
      procedure in the judicial district, within 180 days of the filing of
      the complaint either the court shall automatically enter an order
      scheduling a trial before a judge or a party shall file a praecipe,
      motion or request for trial, except as otherwise provided in this
      subdivision. If it is not the practice of the court to automatically
      schedule trials and neither party files a praecipe, motion or
      request for trial within 180 days of filing of the pleading, the court
      shall, sua sponte or on motion of a party, dismiss the matter
      unless a party has been granted an extension for good cause
      shown, or the court finds that dismissal is not in the best interests
      of the child. The extension shall not exceed 60 days beyond the
      180 day limit. A further reasonable extension may be granted by
      the court upon agreement of the parties or when the court finds,
      on the record, compelling circumstances for a further reasonable
      extension. If an extension is granted and, thereafter, neither
      party files a praecipe, motion or request for trial within the time
      period allowed by the extension, the court shall, sua sponte or on
      the motion of a party, dismiss the matter unless the court finds
      that dismissal is not in the best interests of the child. A motion to
      dismiss, pursuant to this rule, shall be filed and served upon the
      opposing party. The opposing party shall have 20 days from the
      date of service to file an objection. If no objection is filed, the
      court shall dismiss the case. Prior to a sua sponte dismissal, the
      court shall notify the parties of an intent to dismiss the case unless
      an objection is filed within 20 days of the date of the notice.

                                     - 38 -
J-A03033-22

      (c) Trial. Trials before a judge shall commence within 90 days of
      the date the scheduling order is entered. Trials and hearings shall
      be scheduled to be heard on consecutive days whenever possible
      but, if not on consecutive days, then the trial or hearing shall be
      concluded not later than 45 days from commencement.

      (d) Prompt Decisions. The judge’s decision shall be entered
      and filed within 15 days of the date upon which the trial is
      concluded unless, within that time, the court extends the date for
      such decision by order entered of record showing good cause for
      the extension. In no event shall an extension delay the entry of
      the court's decision more than 45 days after the conclusion of trial.

      (e) Emergency or Special Relief. Nothing in this rule shall
      preclude a party from seeking, nor a court from ordering,
      emergency or interim special relief at any time after the
      commencement of the action.

Pa.R.Civ.P. 1915.4.

      Critically, the record fails to reveal that Father raised any prior objection

as to timing and/or scheduling or made any requests for earlier dates during

disposition of these petitions. Father, therefore, waived this issue by failing

to raise it in the court below as the matter proceeded. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a)

(providing for waiver of issues not first raised in lower court); Fillmore v.

Hill, 665 A.2d 514, 515-16 (Pa. Super. 1995) (stating, “[I]n order to preserve

an issue for appellate review, a party must make a timely and specific

objection at the appropriate stage of the proceedings before the trial court.

Failure to timely object to a basic and fundamental error, such as an erroneous

jury instruction, will result in waiver of that issue. On appeal, the Superior

Court will not consider a claim which was not called to the trial court’s

attention at a time when any error committed could have been corrected.”)

                                      - 39 -
J-A03033-22

(citations omitted); see also Bednarek v. Velazquez, 830 A.2d 1267, 1270

(Pa. Super. 2003).

     Regardless, we would be unable to rectify any delay as we cannot go

back in time and provide Father an earlier hearing. Moreover, as a result of

the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on scheduling, it is unlikely that an

earlier trial would have proceeded.

     For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order.

     Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 2/23/2022

                                      - 40 -