Court Opinion

ID: 9380160
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-17 15:09:10.755024+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:22.993067
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Monica Staniec,                            :
                           Appellant       :
                                           :
        v.                                 :   No. 1194 C.D. 2021
                                           :   Submitted: October 28, 2022
City of Philadelphia                       :

BEFORE:      HONORABLE RENÉE COHN JUBELIRER, President Judge
             HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge
             HONORABLE STACY WALLACE, Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE WALLACE                                       FILED: March 17, 2023

      Monica Staniec (Staniec) appeals from the order of the Court of Common
Pleas of Philadelphia County (the trial court) denying her motion for class
certification. On appeal, Staniec argues the trial court erred in determining she failed
to establish a prima facie case for the commonality, typicality, and predominance
requirements for class certification. Upon review, we vacate the trial court’s order
and remand for further consideration of the motion for class certification.
                                 I.     Background
      The City of Philadelphia (the City) organizes and operates the Broad Street
Run (the Race), which is an annual running race in the City. Reproduced Record
(R.R.) at 3a, 15a. The Race was scheduled to take place on May 3, 2020. Id.
Potential racers entered an online lottery,1 and, if they were selected, paid a $57.00
entry fee to register for the Race. Id. Approximately 43,500 people (the Racers)
registered for the Race. Trial Ct. Op., 10/22/21, at 1. On March 23, 2020, after
accepting the Racers’ registration fees, the City delayed the Race and rescheduled it
to October 4, 2020, due to the recent onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. R.R. at 3a,
15a.
       On July 14, 2020, the City announced its decision to transition the Race to a
virtual event,2 which it admitted was “a result of the public health dangers involved
in holding a race of 40,000 runners during the COVID[-]19 pandemic.” R.R. at 3a,
15a. The City also informed the Racers they would each receive their official race
t-shirt, a finisher’s medal, and guaranteed entry into the 2021 Broad Street Run with
a 20% registration fee discount. Id. at 6a, 16a. Regarding refunds, the City posted
a statement on the Race’s website indicating “[u]nfortunately, we can’t offer runners
a refund. . . . We appreciate your understanding of the position we are in and our
need to follow our ‘no refund’ policy that was included in your registration
materials.” Id. at 6a-7a, 17a.
       On August 12, 2020, Staniec filed a class action lawsuit against the City in
the trial court. See R.R. at 1a-13a. In her lawsuit, Staniec brought a cause of action
for breach of contract, alleging the City unilaterally changed, and breached, the
terms of the contract between the City and the Racers. Id. at 9a-10a. Staniec also
brought a second, alternative cause of action for unjust enrichment, alleging the City

1
   The City gave approximately 5,000 people a guaranteed registration opportunity as part of
signing up for a separate running event. R.R. at 5a, 16a. The City also gave a small number of
people a guaranteed registration opportunity as tenured or deferred runners. Id.

2
  Virtual races, which became common during the COVID-19 pandemic, are running events
where runners must run a specific race distance during a specific date range, at a location of their
choosing. R.R. at 6a.

                                                 2
was unjustly enriched by retaining the Racers’ registration fees and not providing an
in-person race. Id. at 10a-11a.
       On September 22, 2021, after Staniec filed a motion for class certification and
the parties submitted briefs, the trial court held a class certification hearing. See R.R.
at 415a-40a. At the hearing, Staniec’s counsel presented argument, through a
PowerPoint presentation, as to why class certification was appropriate in this matter.
See R.R. at 417a-33a, 441a-74a. Staniec’s counsel did not admit any documents or
other evidence into the record. See R.R. at 415a-40a. Thereafter, the City argued
Staniec failed to carry her burden of proof with regard to each element necessary for
class certification, except for numerosity (which the City conceded), because Staniec
only presented conclusory statements and allegations through argument, not
evidence, at the class certification hearing. Id. at 433a-34a. Thus, the City rested
and did not present evidence in opposition to Staniec’s proposed class certification.
Id. at 433a-37a.
       On October 25, 2021, the trial court entered an order denying Staniec’s motion
for class certification and transferring Staniec’s individual claims to the trial court’s
compulsory arbitration program. See Trial Ct. Order, 10/25/21. In its opinion, the
trial court determined Staniec failed to present evidence to “satisfy the commonality,
typicality, and predominance requirements for certifying a class.”3 See Trial Ct. Op.,
10/25/21, at 11.

3
    The trial court initially opined that “the [a]dequacy of [r]epresentation [r]equirement [was] [n]ot
[f]ully [s]atisfied” because “there [was] no evidence that representative plaintiff’s interests in
maintaining this class action are not in conflict with those of class members who waived their right
to a refund or otherwise wish to let the City retain their registration fee.” See Trial Ct. Op.,
10/25/21, at 9. Despite this statement, the trial court did not include adequacy of representation in
its list of reasons for denying class certification. See id. at 11. Additionally, in its opinion in
support of order, filed pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(a), the trial
(Footnote continued on next page…)

                                                  3
       With respect to commonality, the trial court concluded “[t]here are questions
of law and fact common to each class member’s claims, questions of law and fact
that may require the creation of several sub-classes, and other questions of law and
fact that may require individualized inquiries.” Id. at 2. The trial court noted the
City admitted many of the material facts and opined that the remaining issues are
“issues of law that cannot be resolved without taking into consideration the City’s
defenses . . . .” Id. at 5. The trial court then conceded the City’s two main defenses
to Staniec’s breach of contract claim (waiver and impossibility) are common to all
class members. Id. at 5-6. If those common defenses fail, however, the trial court
opined it would have to “consider the City’s additional, much more individualized,
affirmative defenses to the breach of contract claim . . . .” Id. at 6.
       Those “affirmative defenses” included (a) whether “some or all class
members receive[d] sufficient value in exchange for their registration fee[,]” such
as: (1) “the [r]unners’ [p]ackage[,]” (2) participation in “the 2020 virtual race[,]” (3)
the “right to run in 2021 at a discounted rate[,]” and (4) the right to “transfer their
[registration] for free to other persons[,]” (b) whether “some class members ‘value
the civic and charitable nature of the race [and/or] simply understand the unique
public health circumstances that forced the change in the race and seek no further
remedy[,]’” and (c) whether “some class members . . . fail[ed] to mitigate their
damages by not asking for a refund[.]” Trial Ct. Op., 10/25/21, at 7.
       Finally, the trial court noted that if Staniec’s “contract claim fails, the class
[would be] left with only the unjust enrichment claim . . . .” Id. According to the

court expressly stated that “this court did not base its decision to deny certification on any failure
of plaintiff to satisfy the adequacy requirement . . . but rather this court based its decision not to
certify the class on plaintiff’s failure to make out a prima facie case with respect to the
commonality, typicality, and predominance requirements.” See Trial Ct. Op., 12/10/21, at 4.

                                                  4
trial court, Staniec’s unjust enrichment claim “‘demands an individualized inquiry,
because it requires a showing that the plaintiff [conferred benefits] in good faith, that
the defendant [appreciated those benefits], and that the plaintiff had a reasonable
expectation of compensation.’” Id. at 7-8 (citation and emphasis omitted). The trial
court concluded “these issues necessarily involve individual inquiries not suited to
resolution through the class action mechanism.” Id. at 8.
      With respect to typicality, the trial court concluded Staniec’s “claims may not
be typical with respect to the questions concerning every potential sub-class, and her
claims may not be typical with respect to the individual defenses.” Trial Ct. Op.,
10/25/21, at 3. The trial court noted the “named plaintiff’s position appears to have
diverged from that of other class members,” because she did not ask for or receive a
refund, run in the virtual race, or transfer her registration to someone else. Id. at 8-
9. In addition, the trial court noted Staniec may not ascribe the same value as other
class members to receiving the runners’ package, automatic entry and discounted
registration for the 2021 Broad Street Run, or the City’s charitable endeavors. Id. at
9. As a result, the trial court concluded “there is no testimony or other evidence that
[Staniec’s] claims are typical of the entirety of the putative class.” Id.
      With respect to predominance, the trial court, noting the issues outlined above,
opined that the common questions of law or fact did not predominate over questions
affecting only individual members, because “there is no evidence that the common
unanswered questions of law and fact raised by plaintiff predominate over the many
individualized questions raised by the City’s myriad pled defenses, which apply to
each of the putative class members differently.” Id. at 10.

                                           5
       Staniec timely appealed to this Court4 from the trial court’s October 25, 2021
order.5 In her appeal, Staniec asserts the trial court committed several errors of law
in determining she did not establish a prima facie case for the commonality and
predominance requirements for class certification. In addition, Staniec asserts the
trial court applied the incorrect legal standard and relied upon speculation in
determining she did not establish the typicality requirement.

                                         II.     Analysis

       In reviewing a trial court’s decision on class certification, we are mindful that:

       [c]lass certification presents a mixed question of law and fact. The trial
       court is vested with broad discretion in deciding whether an action may
       be pursued on a class-wide basis and, where the court has considered
       the procedural requirements for class certification, an order granting
       class certification will not be disturbed on appeal unless the court
       abused its discretion in applying them. . . . In deciding whether class
       action procedural requirements were misapplied or ‘an incorrect legal

4
   Staniec asserts this Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 762(a)(4). Despite the title
(“local government civil and criminal matters”), 42 Pa.C.S. § 762(a)(4) does not confer jurisdiction
on the Commonwealth Court every time a local government is a named party in a civil lawsuit. In
this particular case, none of the specific provisions of 42 Pa.C.S. § 762(a)(4) confer jurisdiction
on this Court, as this is a breach of contract and/or unjust enrichment claim that is unrelated to any
statutes regulating local governmental entities. Nevertheless, since the City did not object, our
jurisdiction was perfected pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 704(a).

5
   The trial court’s October 25, 2021 order is appealable as a collateral order pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
313, as this Court has held that orders denying class certification are collateral orders. See, e.g.,
Doe 1 v. Franklin Cnty., 272 A.3d 1022, 1031 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2022); Dunn v. Allegheny Cnty. Prop.
Assessment Appeals & Rev., 794 A.2d 416 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002). Our sister court, the Pennsylvania
Superior Court, has likewise consistently held that “an order refusing to certify a class is an
appealable collateral order.” See Cardinale v. R.E. Gas Dev., LLC, 154 A.3d 1275, 1285 (Pa.
Super. 2017) (quoting Kern v. Lehigh Valley Hosp., Inc., 108 A.3d 1281, 1283 n.2 (Pa. Super.
2015)). “In general, Superior Court decisions are not binding on this Court, but they offer
persuasive precedent where they address analogous issues.” Lerch v. Unemployment Comp. Bd.
of Rev., 180 A.3d 545, 550 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018) (citation omitted).

                                                  6
      standard [was] used in ruling on class certification,’ we review issues
      of law subject to plenary and de novo scrutiny.

Samuel-Bassett v. Kia Motors Am., Inc., 34 A.3d 1, 15 (Pa. 2011) (internal citations
omitted). When our scope of review is plenary, we may review the entire record.
When our standard of review is de novo, we may fully reconsider the issues. See
Passel v. Dep’t of Transp., Bureau of Driver Licensing, 928 A.2d 381, 383 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2007).
      A class action is a “procedural device designed to promote efficiency and
fairness in the handling of large numbers of similar claims, while providing a forum
for small claimants to seek compensation for claims that would otherwise be too
small to litigate.” Dunn v. Allegheny Cnty. Prop. Assessment Appeals & Rev., 794
A.2d 416, 423 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2002). Accordingly, “decisions in favor of maintaining
a class action should be liberally made.” Id. (citing Janicik v. Prudential Ins. Co. of
Am., 451 A.2d 451 (Pa. Super. 1982)). A case may proceed as a class action if:

      (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable;
      (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class;
      (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the
          claims or defenses of the class;
      (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately assert and
          protect the interests of the class under the criteria set forth in
          [Pennsylvania] Rule [of Civil Procedure] 1709; and
      (5) a class action provides a fair and efficient method for adjudication
          of the controversy under the criteria set forth in [Pennsylvania] Rule
          [of Civil Procedure] 1708.

Pa.R.Civ.P. 1702.
      Once the pleadings close and a plaintiff files a motion for certification of a
class action, trial courts must hold a class certification hearing. See Pa.R.Civ.P.
1707. At the class certification hearing, the burden of proof is upon the party seeking
certification. Janicik, 451 A.2d at 454. The party seeking certification “need only

                                          7
present evidence sufficient to make out a prima facie case ‘from which the court can
conclude that the five class certification requirements are met.’” Baldassari v.
Suburban Cable TV Co., 808 A.2d 184, 189 (Pa. Super. 2002) (quoting Janicik, 451
A.2d at 455). Prima facie evidence is “[e]vidence that will establish a fact or sustain
a judgment unless contradictory evidence is produced.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY
(11th ed. 2019). While this “burden is not heavy, more than mere conjecture or
conclusory allegations are required.” Doe 1 v. Franklin Cnty., 272 A.3d 1022, 1033
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2022). A trial court must “consider all relevant testimony, depositions,
admissions and other evidence.” Pa.R.Civ.P. 1707.6 Trial courts also “regularly and
properly employ reasonable inferences, presumptions, and judicial notice.” Janicik,
451 A.2d at 454-55 (citations omitted).
       “Because the requirements for class certification are closely interrelated and
overlapping, the class proponent need not prove separate facts supporting each;
rather, her burden is to sufficiently establish those underlying facts from which the
court can make the necessary conclusions and discretionary determinations.”
Janicik, 451 A.2d at 455 (citations omitted). Additionally, “[w]ell-pleaded class
action allegations, if admitted by the class opponent, may be considered as evidence
at the class certification hearing.” Id. (citations omitted). If the party seeking
certification carries its burden, the burden then shifts to the class opponent to present
contrary evidence that class certification is improper. Id. at 455-56. Absent a
contrary showing, the class action is presumed valid. Id. at 457.

6
   “At the certification hearing, the court will have before it the class action allegations in the
complaint, the defendant’s answer to these allegations, any depositions or admissions relating to
these allegations and any testimony relating to those allegations that may be offered at the hearing.”
Pa.R.Civ.P. 1707, 1977 Explanatory Comment.

                                                  8
   A. Commonality and Predominance
      We begin our analysis by considering Staniec’s position that the trial court
committed legal errors in analyzing the commonality and predominance
requirements for class certification. To maintain a class action, the class proponent
must establish there are “questions of law or fact common to the class.” Pa.R.Civ.P.
1702(2). This is referred to as the commonality requirement. In analyzing whether
a class meets the commonality requirement, “[t]he critical inquiry for the certifying
court is whether the material facts and issues of law are substantially the same for
all class members.” Samuel-Bassett, 34 A.3d at 22.
      The predominance requirement, as it is commonly referred to, examines
“whether common questions of law or fact predominate over any questions affecting
only individual [class] members.” See Pa.R.Civ.P. 1702(5), 1708(a)(1). “The
standard for showing predominance is more demanding than that for showing
commonality, . . . but is not so strict as to vitiate Pennsylvania’s policy favoring
certification of class actions.” Samuel-Bassett, 34 A.3d at 23 (citations omitted).
“The ‘predominance inquiry tests whether proposed classes are sufficiently cohesive
to warrant adjudication by representation.’” Id. (citation omitted). “Thus, a class
consisting of members for whom most essential elements of its cause or causes of
action may be proven through simultaneous class-wide evidence is better suited for
class treatment than one consisting of individuals for whom resolution of such
elements does not advance the interests of the entire class.” Id. (citations and
emphasis omitted).
      Staniec’s first argument is that the trial court committed legal error in
concluding she failed to establish the commonality and predominance requirements
for class certification by improperly considering the City’s unsupported claims.

                                         9
Staniec chose to only present argument at the class certification hearing, and she did
not admit any evidence or provide the testimony of any witnesses. See R.R. at 415a-
40a. The City, believing Staniec did not present any evidence to sustain her burden
of proof, chose to also not present any evidence or testimony at the class certification
hearing. See R.R. at 433a-37a. The trial court, however, had an obligation to
consider all “[w]ell-pleaded class action allegations, if admitted by the class
opponent, . . . as evidence at the class certification hearing.” Janicik, 451 A.2d at
455. Since the City admitted to facts in its Answer to Staniec’s Complaint, Staniec
did not need to introduce additional evidence at the hearing to sustain her burden.
Instead, the burden shifted to the City.
       Unlike the City, Staniec only admitted one material allegation from the City’s
Answer and New Matter, which was that she did not request a refund of her
registration fee. See R.R. at 20a, 24a-26a. Because Staniec did not admit the City’s
additional allegations and the City chose to not present any evidence to support those
allegations, the trial court was not permitted to consider them. See Pa.R.Civ.P.
1707(c) (“[T]he court shall consider all relevant testimony, depositions, admissions,
and other evidence.”). The trial court did, however, consider the City’s unsupported
allegations.7 As Staniec asserted, this was an error of law.
       Staniec’s second argument is the trial court failed to properly consider the
facts admitted by the City in its commonality and predominance analysis. The trial
court identified many of the facts the City admitted in its opinion. See Trial Ct. Op.,

7
   As one example of the trial court’s error, the trial court noted that the City asserted in its
memorandum of law in opposition to class certification that some class members “value the civic
and charitable nature of the race [and/or] simply understand the unique public health circumstances
that forced the change in the race and seek no further remedy[.]” See Trial Ct. Op., 10/25/21, at
7. The trial court improperly considered these assertions, which had no evidentiary backing and
were not the subject of any of Staniec’s admissions, and analyzed them as “individualized[]
affirmative defenses.” See id. at 6-7.

                                               10
10/25/21, at 5. However, the trial court then only considered the remaining contested
matters when determining whether the case presented common questions of law or
fact. Id. at 5-8, 10 (“[T]here is no evidence that the common, unanswered questions
of law and fact raised by plaintiff . . .”) (emphasis added). The “critical inquiry,” as
set forth in Samuel-Bassett, is not whether the unanswered material facts and issues
of law are substantially the same for all of the class members, but whether “the
material facts and issues of law are substantially the same for all class members.”
Samuel-Bassett, 34 A.3d at 22. This includes material facts and/or issues of law
which have been admitted by the parties. See Janicik, 451 A.2d at 455 (“Well-
pleaded class action allegations, if admitted by the class opponent, may be
considered as evidence at the class certification hearing.”). Accordingly, we agree
with Staniec that the trial court committed legal error by failing to consider the City’s
admissions in its commonality and predominance analysis.
       Staniec also argues the trial court improperly considered the City’s position
that the proposed class members could have requested a refund. The trial court
considered the proposed class members’ failure to request a refund, thereby failing
to mitigate damages, as a potential “individualized[] affirmative defense” to the
breach of contract claim. See Trial Ct. Op., 10/25/21, at 6-7. Unlike the City’s other
potential defenses, the City had an evidentiary showing to support this potential
defense, because Staniec admitted in her Reply to New Matter that she did not
request a refund of her registration fee.8 See R.R. at 20a, 24a. At the class
certification stage, “the merits of the action and the right of the plaintiff to recover
are to be excluded from consideration.”              See Pa.R.Civ.P. 1707, Explanatory

8
   Staniec did not request a refund because the City posted on the Race’s website that it “can’t
offer runners a refund” and “need[ed] to follow [its] ‘no refund’ policy.” R.R. at 6a-7a.

                                              11
Comment. Accordingly, the trial court properly disregarded the merits of this
defense and considered it, not as a proven defense, but as a potential defense.
       The trial court did err, however, in considering the potential class members’
failure to request refunds as an individualized defense. Staniec’s proposed class
included all registrants for the Race who did not receive a refund. The City admitted
that it refunded the registration fees for each Racer who requested a refund. See R.R.
at 15a. As a result, the City’s defense relating to the class members not requesting
a refund will be common to the entire class.
       Staniec also posits that the trial court erred when it considered the City’s
efforts to mitigate damages as negating the fact damages exist and creating
individualized defenses to the breach of contract claim. Specifically, Staniec argues
the trial court erred in questioning the “subjective ‘value’ the modified contract
provided,” because “[t]he City’s arguments, and the trial court’s naked acceptance
of them, all related to post-breach conduct and the improper contract modification.”
Appellant’s Br. at 23-26. Thus, Staniec argues “[w]hether the virtual race had any
value is immaterial; or at most goes generally to the concept of mitigation.” Id. at
26.   Staniec further argues the City’s “purported individualized defenses” “at
best . . . go to the amount of damage each Proposed Class member suffered, not the
fact of damage.” Id. at 27 (emphasis in original). We agree.
       An affirmative defense is defined as “a defendant’s assertion of facts and
arguments that, if true, will defeat the plaintiff’s . . . claim, even if all the allegations
in the complaint are true.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019). To prove
her primary breach of contract claim, Staniec would have to establish three basic
elements: (1) the existence of a contract, including its essential terms, (2) a breach

                                             12
of a duty imposed by the contract, and (3) resultant damages. Gen. State Auth. v.
Coleman Cable & Wire Co., 365 A.2d 1347, 1349 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1976).
      As fully outlined above, and as found by the trial court, the City admitted the
material facts that were necessary for Staniec to establish a prima facie case for her
breach of contract claim. See Trial Ct. Op., 10/25/21, at 4-5. The City’s claims
regarding its conduct after the alleged breach of contract (providing the Racers with
a race shirt, runner’s package, virtual race, guaranteed and discounted entry to the
next year’s race, and the ability transfer their registration for free) do not defeat any
of the three basic elements of Staniec’s breach of contract claim. Instead, they relate
to mitigation and the amount of damages, not whether damages exist. “[I]t is well
established that questions as to the amount of individual damages will not preclude
a class action.” Baldassari, 808 A.2d at 194-95. Accordingly, the trial court erred
in utilizing the City’s mitigation efforts as a basis to deny class action certification.
      With the trial court’s specific errors in mind, we review its conclusion Staniec
failed to establish the commonality and typicality requirements for class
certification. The “critical inquiry” for commonality is whether “the material facts
and issues of law are substantially the same for all class members.” Samuel-Bassett,
34 A.3d at 22. This includes all admitted material facts. See Janicik, 451 A.2d at
455 (“Well-pleaded class action allegations, if admitted by the class opponent, may
be considered as evidence at the class certification hearing.”). Predominance favors
“a class consisting of members for whom most essential elements of its cause or
causes of action may be proven through simultaneous class-wide evidence.”
Samuel-Bassett, 34 A.3d at 23. Each element of Staniec’s breach of contract claim
and each defense to that claim are common to the City and all the proposed class

                                           13
members. In addition, the first two elements9 of Staniec’s unjust enrichment claim
are also common to the parties.
       While it is true there are some more individualized inquiries with respect to
the third element of Staniec’s unjust enrichment claim (whether the City’s
acceptance and retention of the Racer’s registration fees was under inequitable
circumstances), “the existence of distinguishing individual facts is not ‘fatal’ to
certification.” Samuel-Bassett, 34 A.3d at 23 (citation omitted). Instead, “the
common questions of fact and law merely must predominate over individual
questions.” Id. When we consider Staniec’s primary contractual claim and much of
her alternative unjust enrichment claim are comprised of common questions of fact
and law, the common issues readily predominate over the far less significant
questions affecting only individual members.10 Accordingly, we conclude the trial
court applied incorrect legal standards and erred in determining that Staniec failed
to establish a prima facie case for the commonality and predominance requirements
of class certification.
     B. Typicality
       We next consider Staniec’s argument the trial court applied an incorrect legal
standard and improperly speculated in determining she did not establish “the claims
or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the
class.” See Pa.R.Civ.P. 1702(3). This is commonly known and referred to as the

9
   A claim for unjust enrichment requires proof of “(1) benefits conferred on the defendant by the
plaintiff; (2) appreciation of the benefits by the defendant; and (3) the defendant’s acceptance and
retention of the benefits under circumstances that it would be inequitable to do so.” Wilson Area
Sch. Dist. v. Skepton, 860 A.2d 625, 631 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2004) (citation omitted).

10
  Should the trial court grant class certification and determine that this is no longer true at any
point in the litigation, “[t]he court may alter, modify, or revoke the [class] certification.” Janicik,
451 A.2d at 455 (citing Pa.R.Civ.P. 1710, 1711).

                                                 14
typicality requirement.         “Its purpose is to determine whether the class
representative’s overall position on the common issues is sufficiently aligned with
that of the absent class members to ensure that her pursuit of her own interests will
advance those of the proposed class members.” Janicik, 451 A.2d at 457 (citation
omitted). “Typicality exists if the class representative’s claims arise out of the same
course of conduct and involve the same legal theories as those of other members of
the putative class.” Samuel-Bassett, 34 A.3d at 31 (citing Dunn, 794 A.2d at 425).
       The trial court only considered the differing amount of damages that various
class members could recover in determining that Staniec had not established
typicality. See Trial Ct. Op., 10/25/21, at 8-9. “It is well established that questions
as to the amount of individual damages will not preclude a class action.” Baldassari,
808 A.2d at 194-95; Cook v. Highland Water & Sewer Auth., 530 A.2d 499, 505 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1987) (“Where a common source of liability can be clearly identified,
varying amounts of damage among the plaintiffs will not preclude class certification.
However, where there exists [ ] various intervening and possibly superseding causes
of the damage, liability cannot be determined on a class-wide basis.”). Accordingly,
the trial court erred in determining Staniec did not establish a prima facie case for
the typicality requirement.
       In analyzing the correct legal standard, we note that the City admitted it
entered into a contract with the Racers for an in-person race, received the Racers’
registration fees, cancelled the in-person race, and did not refund the Racers’
registration fees.11 Staniec is seeking compensation for the Racers, in the form of a
refund of their registration fees, on theories of breach of contract and unjust
enrichment. Staniec’s claims arose from the same course of conduct and involve the

11
  Except for those individuals who ignored the City’s directive that it would not provide refunds
and, nevertheless, requested a refund.

                                               15
same legal theories as the rest of the putative class’s claims. In addition, Staniec’s
pursuit of her own interests, where she seeks a refund of her own registration fee,
will advance the proposed class members’ interests. Thus, we conclude Staniec has
established a prima facie case for the typicality requirement and the trial court’s
contrary conclusion was based upon the application of an improper legal standard.
   C. Fair and Efficient Method for Adjudication
      Although we have determined the trial court erred in determining Staniec
failed to establish a prima facie case for the commonality, predominance, and
typicality requirements for class certification, we cannot simply reverse the trial
court. The predominance requirement is only one of several factors outlined in
Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1708 for determining the fifth requirement for
class certification, which is that “a class action [must] provide[] a fair and efficient
method for adjudication of the controversy under the criteria set forth in
[Pennsylvania] Rule [of Civil Procedure] 1708.” Pa.R.Civ.P. 1702(5). After the
trial court determined Staniec had not established the predominance requirement, it
stopped analyzing the other factors set forth in Rule 1708. “It is not for this Court,
in the first instance, to make findings on these factors.” Doe 1, 272 A.3d at 1036.
Accordingly, we must vacate the trial court’s order and remand this matter to the
trial court to make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether Staniec
established that a class action would provide a fair and efficient method for
adjudication of the controversy under the criteria set forth in Pa.R.Civ.P. 1708.
                                  III.   Conclusion
      For the reasons set forth above, we conclude the trial court applied incorrect
legal standards in determining that Staniec failed to establish a prima facie case for

                                          16
the commonality, typicality, and predominance requirements12 for class certification.
In analyzing the correct legal standards, we conclude Staniec has established a prima
facie case for each of these requirements. The trial court did not, however, analyze
the remaining factors set forth in Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1708. As a
result, we vacate the trial court’s order and remand this matter to the trial court for
further findings and conclusions consistent with this opinion.

                                                    ______________________________
                                                    STACY WALLACE, Judge

12
   The trial court also previously concluded that Staniec established the numerosity and adequacy
of representation requirements.

                                               17
             IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Monica Staniec,                         :
                         Appellant      :
                                        :
        v.                              :   No. 1194 C.D. 2021
                                        :
City of Philadelphia                    :

                                     ORDER

      AND NOW, this 17th day of March 2023, the order of the Court of Common
Pleas of Philadelphia County entered October 25, 2021 is VACATED, and the
matter is REMANDED to the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County for
further findings and conclusions consistent with the attached opinion. Jurisdiction
relinquished.

                                        ______________________________
                                        STACY WALLACE, Judge