Court Opinion

ID: 4412721
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-29 01:52:50.228328+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:47.989638
License: Public Domain

Opinion filed June 28, 2019

                                       In The

        Eleventh Court of Appeals
                                   __________

                                No. 11-17-00080-CV
                                    __________

 BITTER CREEK WATER SUPPLY CORPORATION, Appellant
                                          V.
                              WESLEY SIMS, Appellee

                     On Appeal from the 32nd District Court
                             Nolan County, Texas
                         Trial Court Cause No. 19,506

                      MEMORANDUM OPINION
      This is an appeal in a suit involving a forty-year contract for the sale of water.
After twenty-seven years, each party alleged that the other breached the contract
with respect to the price owed under the contract. The trial court resolved a portion
of the suit by summary judgment, and it resolved the remaining issues in a bench
trial. We affirm in part, and we reverse and remand the remaining matters.
                                  Background Facts
      On April 24, 1986, Bitter Creek Water Supply Corporation signed a written
contract agreeing to purchase water pumped from Wesley Sims’s land for a period
of forty years. Bitter Creek agreed to buy at least fifty million gallons of water from
Sims each year, and Sims agreed not to sell water to any buyer other than Bitter
Creek without Bitter Creek’s express written permission. Bitter Creek had been
purchasing water from the City of Sweetwater since 1970. The parties tied the price
that Bitter Creek was to pay Sims for the water to the price that Bitter Creek paid to
the City for water. Specifically, the contract’s price provision stated as follows:
            As purchase price for such water, SIMS and BITTERCREEK
      agree that BITTERCREEK will pay to SIMS one-half of whatever the
      purchase price BITTERCREEK is currently paying to the CITY OF
      SWEETWATER for the purchase of water from the CITY OF
      SWEETWATER. Both parties recognize that this price may vary
      according to the price BITTERCREEK must pay to the CITY OF
      SWEETWATER. The parties agree however, that in no event, shall
      such price be lower than .70 per 1,000 gallons of water.

In April 1986, Bitter Creek was paying the City $1.40 per 1,000 gallons of water.
      Bitter Creek’s contract to purchase water from the City expired on October 1,
2013. At that time, Bitter Creek was paying the City $5.68 per 1,000 gallons of
water, requiring Bitter Creek to pay Sims $2.84 per 1,000 gallons of water. Bitter
Creek and the City were unable to reach an agreement on a new contract, and Bitter
Creek has not purchased any water from the City since October 1, 2013.
      Bitter Creek proposed to Sims that the contract be amended effective
December 1, 2013, to require Bitter Creek to pay a flat rate of $1.50 per 1,000 gallons
of water. Sims refused to amend the contract and requested that Bitter Creek
continue to perform under the contract. In December 2013, Bitter Creek began
tendering payment to Sims at a rate of $0.70 per 1,000 gallons. Sims rejected the
payments, and informed Bitter Creek that he would not allow Bitter Creek to enter
his property or pump any water from his wells.
      Sims sued Bitter Creek for breach of the contract. Bitter Creek answered,
asserting affirmative defenses of failure to mitigate damages, repudiation and

                                          2
material breach of the contract by Sims, impossibility of performance, and waiver.
Bitter Creek also filed a counterclaim for breach of contract.
      Both Sims and Bitter Creek filed traditional motions for summary judgment
on the competing breach of contract claims, and Sims filed a no-evidence motion for
summary judgment on Bitter Creek’s breach of contract claim.               Both parties
requested that the trial court interpret the price provision in the contract.
      Sims filed a combined motion for traditional and no-evidence summary
judgment on the competing breach of contract claims. As to his traditional motion
for summary judgment, Sims specifically requested the trial court to determine that
the parties agreed that Bitter Creek would pay Sims one-half of the amount charged
by the City for water sold to other customers. Alternatively, Sims requested that the
trial court determine that the parties agreed to a reasonable price for the water, with
the price to be determined by the trier of fact.
      Bitter Creek responded to Sims’s motion and incorporated that response into
a countermotion for traditional summary judgment. Bitter Creek sought a ruling that
the contract terminated in October 2013 or, alternatively, that when its contract with
the City expired, the price of water under the contract was fixed at $0.70 per 1,000
gallons. Bitter Creek also requested that the trial court rule that Bitter Creek did not
breach the contract and that Sims breached the contract.
      Sims also filed a combined motion for traditional and no-evidence summary
judgment on Bitter Creek’s affirmative defenses. Bitter Creek responded to Sims’s
motion and incorporated that response into a countermotion for traditional summary
judgment on its affirmative defenses of repudiation and failure to mitigate.
      The trial court granted Sims’s motion for summary judgment without
specifying the basis of its ruling, denied Bitter Creek’s motion for summary
judgment, and “found” that the contract price for the water was $2.84 per 1,000
gallons from November 1, 2013, through the date of the order and one-half of the
                                            3
current price that the City was charging its commercial customers for the remainder
of the contract.
      After a bench trial on the issues of damages and attorney’s fees, the trial court
set the price Bitter Creek was required to pay for water under the contract, found
that Bitter Creek breached the contract by failing to pay the correct price, and
awarded Sims $462,282.13 on his breach of contract claim and $184,912.85 for
attorney’s fees.
                                        Analysis
      In its first issue on appeal, Bitter Creek contends that the trial court improperly
construed the contract’s price provision and erred by granting summary judgment in
favor of Sims and against Bitter Creek on the competing breach of contract claims.
In two additional issues, Bitter Creek argues that the trial court erred by granting
summary judgment in Sims’s favor on Bitter Creek’s affirmative defenses and by
awarding attorney’s fees to Sims in the amount of $184,912.85. As set out below,
we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on Bitter Creek’s affirmative
defense of waiver. We reverse the trial court’s judgment in all other respects and
remand this cause to the trial court.
      We review a trial court’s summary judgment de novo. KMS Retail Rowlett,
LP v. City of Rowlett, No. 17-0850, 2019 WL 2147205, at *3 (Tex. May 17, 2019).
In reviewing both traditional and no-evidence summary judgments, we consider the
evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, indulging every reasonable
inference in favor of the nonmovant and resolving any doubts against the movant.
Id. We credit evidence favorable to the nonmovant, if reasonable jurors could do so,
and disregard contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. Samson Expl.,
LLC v. T.S. Reed Props., Inc., 521 S.W.3d 766, 774 (Tex. 2017); Boerjan v.
Rodriguez, 436 S.W.3d 307, 311–12 (Tex. 2014) (per curiam).

                                           4
      To prevail on a traditional motion for summary judgment, the movant must
show that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to at least one essential element
of the nonmovant’s cause of action and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); KMS Retail Rowlett, 2019 WL 2147205, at *3. To
defeat a no-evidence motion for summary judgment, the nonmovant must produce
at least a scintilla of evidence raising a genuine issue of fact as to each challenged
element of a claim or defense. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); KMS Retail Rowlett, 2019
WL 2147205, at *3. “Less than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence is
so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion of a fact.” KMS
Retail Rowlett, 2019 WL 2147205, at *3.
      When both parties move for summary judgment, and one is granted and the
other denied, we must review all the summary judgment evidence, determine all
issues presented, and render the judgment that the trial court should have rendered.
Lightning Oil Co. v. Anadarko E&P Onshore, LLC, 520 S.W.3d 39, 45 (Tex. 2017).
      Price Provision in Contract
      In its first issue, Bitter Creek asserts that the trial court improperly construed
the contract’s price provision and, therefore, erred by granting Sims’s motion for
summary judgment and denying Bitter Creek’s motion for summary judgment on
the competing breach of contract claims.
      Both Sims and Bitter Creek moved for traditional summary judgment on the
competing breach of contract claims, and Sims moved for no-evidence summary
judgment on Bitter Creek’s breach of contract claim. The motions for traditional
summary judgment were based on each party’s interpretation of the price provision
in the contract. In his no-evidence motion for summary judgment, Sims asserted
that there was no evidence that (1) Bitter Creek performed, tendered performance
of, or was excused from performing its contractual obligations; (2) Sims breached
the contract; or (3) Sims’s breach caused Bitter Creek injury.
                                           5
      Generally, when parties move for summary judgment on both traditional and
no-evidence grounds, we first consider the no-evidence motion for summary
judgment. Id. If the nonmovant fails to produce at least a scintilla of evidence on
any claim, we need not address the traditional motion to the extent it addresses the
same claim. Id. However, in this case, whether Bitter Creek produced more than a
scintilla of evidence that it performed its contractual obligations, that Sims breached
the contract, and that Sims’s breach caused Bitter Creek injury are dependent on
whether the parties’ contractual obligations were established as a matter of law.
Accordingly, we will consider the competing traditional motions for summary
judgment first. See Lotito v. Knife River Corp.-S., 391 S.W.3d 226, 227 n.2 (Tex.
App.—Waco 2012, no pet.) (considering traditional motion for summary judgment
first because no-evidence motion for summary judgment was “premised on a
determination that the traditional motion sought to defeat as a matter of law”).
      In his traditional motion for summary judgment, Sims asserted that (1) the
contract was for the sale of goods and subject to the Uniform Commercial Code (the
UCC), as codified in Chapter 2 of the Texas Business and Commerce Code, see TEX.
BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. §§ 2.101–.725 (West 2009); (2) the parties agreed to a
reasonable price for the water that was fixed by the terms of an agreed market or
other standard, i.e. the price Bitter Creek paid to the City for water; (3) Bitter Creek
caused the purchase price in the contract to fail when it stopped buying water from
the City; (4) pursuant to Section 2.305(c) of the Business and Commerce Code, Sims
had the option of either treating the contract as cancelled or fixing a reasonable price
for the sale of the water; and (5) Sims exercised the second option and fixed the price
at $2.84 per 1,000 gallons of water. Sims also argued that the law implies a
reasonable price for the water because the parties clearly intended to be bound and
because there is a reasonably certain basis for giving an appropriate remedy.

                                           6
      In Bitter Creek’s response to Sims’s motion, which it incorporated into its
traditional motion for summary judgment, Bitter Creek contended that the contract
terminated as a matter of law when Bitter Creek stopped buying water from the City
because there was no longer a meeting of minds as to the price for water. Bitter
Creek specifically asserted that (1) the open price provisions of the UCC do not
apply when the parties intended an express agreement based on price, rather than
leaving the price open, but discover, based on subsequent events, that they did not
have an agreement and (2) even if the UCC applied to the contract, there was no
agreement as to price because the parties intended to be bound by a fixed or agreed
price and the price was no longer fixed or agreed. Alternatively, Bitter Creek argued
that the minimum price provision in the contract is a “notwithstanding clause” and
that the termination of its agreement with the City triggered that clause, setting the
contract price at the price of $0.70 per 1,000 gallons.
      When the meaning of a contract is disputed, our primary objective “is to give
effect to the written expression of the parties’ intent.” Pathfinder Oil & Gas, Inc. v.
Great W. Drilling, Ltd., No. 18-0186, 2019 WL 2256658, at *4 (Tex. May 24, 2019).
“Objective manifestations of intent control, not ‘what one side or the other alleges
they intended to say but did not.’” URI, Inc. v. Kleberg Cty., 543 S.W.3d 755, 763–
64 (Tex. 2018) (footnote omitted) (quoting Gilbert Tex. Constr., L.P. v.
Underwriters at Lloyd’s London, 327 S.W.3d 118, 127 (Tex. 2010)). We, therefore,
“presume parties intend what the words of their contract say” and interpret the
language of the contract according to its “plain, ordinary, and generally accepted
meaning” unless the contract directs otherwise. Id. at 764 (first quoting Gilbert Tex.
Constr., 327 S.W.3d at 126; and then quoting Heritage Res., Inc. v. NationsBank,
939 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex. 1996)).
      Because “[c]ontext is important,” we consider the entire writing in an effort
to harmonize and give effect to all of the provisions of the contract so that none are
                                          7
rendered meaningless. Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Ins. Co. of State, 568 S.W.3d 650, 657
(Tex. 2019). No one phrase, sentence, or section of the agreement should be isolated
from its setting and considered apart from the other contractual provisions.
Pathfinder Oil & Gas, 2019 WL 2256658, at *5.
      We may also consider the objectively determinable facts and circumstances
surrounding a contract’s execution to aid in our interpretation of the contract’s
language. URI, 543 S.W.3d at 757–58, 764; see also Frost Nat’l Bank v. L&F
Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 312 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam) (“We construe
contracts ‘from a utilitarian standpoint bearing in mind the particular business
activity sought to be served’ and ‘will avoid when possible and proper a construction
which is unreasonable, inequitable, and oppressive.’” (quoting Reilly v. Rangers
Mgmt., Inc., 727 S.W.2d 527, 530 (Tex. 1987))). But the surrounding facts and
circumstances cannot be used to “augment, alter, or contradict the terms of an
unambiguous contract.” URI, 543 S.W.3d at 758; see also Pathfinder Oil & Gas,
2019 WL 2256658, at *5 (“Circumstantial evidence is merely ‘an aid in the
construction of the contract’s language’ and may only be used to give the contract a
meaning consistent with that to which its terms are reasonably susceptible.” (quoting
URI, 543 S.W.3d at 765)). A court may neither rewrite the parties’ contract nor add
to or subtract from the contract’s language.      URI, 543 S.W.3d at 770 (citing
Fischer v. CTMI, L.L.C., 479 S.W.3d 231, 242 (Tex. 2016)).
      A contract is unambiguous if it is worded so that it can be given a certain or
definite meaning. Id. at 765. However, a contract is ambiguous when its provisions
are susceptible to two or more reasonable constructions. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp. v.
Lufkin Indus., LLC, 573 S.W.3d 224, 232 (Tex. 2019).
      A contract ambiguity can be patent or latent. URI, 543 S.W.3d at 765. A
patent ambiguity is evident on the face of the contract. Id. A latent ambiguity occurs
when a contract, unambiguous on its face, is applied to the subject matter with which
                                          8
it deals and an ambiguity appears by reason of a collateral matter. Id. Extrinsic
evidence may not create a latent ambiguity. Id. Rather, the ambiguity must become
apparent when the contract is read in the context of the surrounding circumstances.
Id. We may not “rely on evidence of surrounding circumstances to make the
language say what it unambiguously does not say.” Id. at 767 (quoting First Bank v.
Brumitt, 519 S.W.3d 95, 110 (Tex. 2017)).
      “A contract is not ambiguous merely because the parties disagree about its
meaning and may be ambiguous even though the parties agree it is not.” Id. at 763.
When an agreement is ambiguous, the parties’ intent becomes a fact issue. Cmty.
Health Sys. Prof’l Servs. Corp. v. Hansen, 525 S.W.3d 671, 681 (Tex. 2017). The
presence of an ambiguity and the interpretation of an unambiguous contract are
questions of law. URI, 543 S.W.3d at 763.
      In this case, the price provision in the contract provided that (1) Bitter Creek
is required to pay Sims “one-half of whatever the purchase price” that Bitter Creek
“is currently paying” to the City for the purchase of water, (2) the parties recognized
that this price might vary based on the price that Bitter Creek “must pay” the City,
and (3) “in no event” would the price be lower than $0.70 per 1,000 gallons of water.
The facts and circumstances existing at the time that the contract was signed were
that Bitter Creek had purchased water from the City beginning in at least 1970 and,
in December 1983, had signed a contract with the City to continue that relationship.
In 1986, Sims and Bitter Creek agreed that Bitter Creek would purchase water from
Sims for forty years and tied the price that Bitter Creek would pay Sims to the price
that Bitter Creek was paying or must pay to the City.
      Construing the entire price provision, one reasonable interpretation is that the
parties intended that the price that Bitter Creek would pay for the water would
always be based on the City’s rate and would vary with the rate that Bitter Creek
“must pay” the City, but Sims was protected in the event that the City’s charge fell
                                          9
below $1.40 per 1,000 gallons, which was the price that Bitter Creek was paying the
City at the time the contract was executed. The use of the term “must pay,” which
does not require that Bitter Creek is actually paying that amount, makes Sims’s
proposed reading of the price provision—that the contract price always remain tied
to the price charged by the City—a reasonable interpretation of the contract. On the
other hand, Bitter Creek’s interpretation of the price provision—that the parties
intended for the minimum price to apply if Bitter Creek paid the City nothing—is
also reasonable. Because the price provision of the contract is subject to two
reasonable interpretations, it is ambiguous and creates a fact issue on the parties’
intent. See Cmty. Health Sys. Prof’l Servs. Corp., 525 S.W.3d at 681. “The trier of
fact must resolve the ambiguity by determining the true intent of the parties.”
Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 394–95 (Tex. 1983); see Lenape Res. Corp. v.
Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co., 925 S.W.2d 565, 574 (Tex. 1996) (if a contract is
ambiguous, “its meaning must be resolved by a finder of fact”).
      Because there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding the parties’ intent
as to the price that Bitter Creek was required to pay under the contract if it stopped
buying water from the City, the trial court erred by granting Sims’s motions for
traditional and no-evidence summary judgment on the competing breach of contract
claims, but properly denied Bitter Creek’s traditional motion for summary judgment
on those claims. Therefore, we sustain Bitter Creek’s first issue to the extent that
Bitter Creek complains that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in
favor of Sims on Sims’s and Bitter Creek’s breach of contract claims, but we
overrule Bitter Creek’s first issue to the extent that Bitter Creek complains that the
trial court erred by denying summary judgment in favor of Bitter Creek on those
claims.

                                         10
      Affirmative Defenses
      Bitter Creek asserts in its second issue that the trial court erred by granting
Sims’s motion for summary judgment on Bitter Creek’s affirmative defenses of
repudiation, material breach, impossibility of performance, and failure to mitigate
damages and denying Bitter Creek’s traditional motion for summary judgment on
its affirmative defenses of repudiation and failure to mitigate damages.
      Sims filed a combined traditional and no-evidence motion for summary
judgment on Bitter Creek’s affirmative defenses of waiver, impossibility of
performance, material breach, repudiation, and failure to mitigate. Bitter Creek
responded to Sims’s motion and incorporated that response into a traditional motion
for summary judgment on Bitter Creek’s affirmative defenses of repudiation and
failure to mitigate. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Sims on
all of Bitter Creek’s affirmative defenses without specifying the basis for the ruling.
      In its brief, Bitter Creek does not challenge the trial court’s granting of Sims’s
no-evidence and traditional motions for summary judgment on Bitter Creek’s
affirmative defense of waiver. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s summary
judgment as to that affirmative defense.
      Bitter Creek first argues that the trial court erred by granting Sims’s no-
evidence motion for summary judgment on the affirmative defenses of impossibility
of performance, material breach, and repudiation because the motion was
conclusory, not sufficiently specific, did not specify the elements of the claims being
attacked, and only generally attacked Bitter Creek’s factual theories.
      After sufficient time for discovery has passed, a party may move for summary
judgment on the ground that there is no evidence of one or more essential elements
of a claim or defense on which the adverse party would have the burden of proof at
trial. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). In a no-evidence motion for summary judgment, the
movant must specifically state the elements of the claim or defense for which there
                                           11
is no evidence. Id.; Jose Fuentes Co. v. Alfaro, 418 S.W.3d 280, 283 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2013, pet. denied). A no-evidence motion for summary judgment that is
general and conclusory and does not specifically challenge a particular element is
legally insufficient as a matter of law. Alfaro, 418 S.W.3d at 283.
      Sims’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment on the affirmative
defenses of material breach and repudiation read in its entirety:
            Bitter Creek Claims [sic] that it is not liable because Sims
      materially breached and repudiated the Contract by not producing 50
      million gallons of water in 2012, by refusing to accept payment for 50
      million gallons in 2013, by refusing to accept payments made in 2014,
      and by orally revoking Bitter Creek’s right of entry on Sims’s land.
Sims did not identify the elements of the defenses of material breach and repudiation
and did not specifically identify any element of a defense for which there was no
evidence. Therefore, Sims’s no-evidence motion was legally insufficient as to Bitter
Creek’s affirmative defenses of material breach and repudiation. See id.
      Sims’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment on Bitter Creek’s
affirmative defense of impossibility of performance stated:
      Bitter Creek also alleges that their duty to perform under the contract is
      excused by impossibility of performance by Sims in 2012. Sims denies
      that he was ever unable to provide the 50 million gallons of water per
      year. See Exhibit 1. Plaintiff is entitled to a no-evidence summary
      judgment on Defendant’s affirmative defense of impossibility of
      performance because Bitter Creek has failed to produce any evidence
      that Sims was unwilling or unable to meet the demands of Bitter Creek
      in 2012.

In its response to Sims’s motion, Bitter Creek abandoned the allegation that Sims
could not provide sufficient water as a factual basis for its impossibility-of-
performance defense.
      Bitter Creek, however, also pleaded impossibility of performance based on
(1) Sims’s refusal to accept Bitter Creek’s tendered payment for the water and

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(2) Sims’s revocation of Bitter Creek’s right of entry onto Sims’s land to access the
wells. Sims did not challenge these factual theories in the no-evidence motion for
summary judgment and did not identify any element of the affirmative defense of
impossibility of performance for which there was no evidence. Accordingly, Sims’s
no-evidence motion for summary judgment was legally insufficient as to Bitter
Creek’s affirmative defense of impossibility of performance. See id.
      We conclude that Sims’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment on Bitter
Creek’s affirmative defenses of impossibility of performance, material breach, and
repudiation is legally insufficient and will not support the trial court’s ruling.
      Sims also moved for traditional summary judgment on Bitter Creek’s
affirmative defenses of impossibility of performance, material breach, and
repudiation on the ground that he was entitled to suspend performance under the
contract because he did not receive adequate assurance of due performance from
Bitter Creek pursuant to Section 2.609(a) of the Business and Commerce Code.
Bitter Creek filed a competing traditional motion for summary judgment, which
simply incorporated its response to Sims’s motion, and requested that the trial court
determine that Sims repudiated the contract.
      Section 2.609(a) of the Texas Business and Commerce Code states:
             A contract for sale imposes an obligation on each party that the
      other’s expectation of receiving due performance will not be impaired.
      When reasonable grounds for insecurity arise with respect to the
      performance of either party the other may in writing demand adequate
      assurance of due performance and until he receives such assurance may
      if commercially reasonable suspend any performance for which he has
      not already received the agreed return.

BUS. & COM. § 2.609(a). Sims, as the movant for traditional summary judgment,
had the burden to conclusively establish that he was entitled to summary judgment
as a matter of law. Sims, however, failed to direct the trial court to any summary
judgment evidence establishing that he made a written demand for adequate
                                           13
assurance under Section 2.609(a). Therefore, Sims failed to conclusively establish
that he was entitled to suspend performance on the contract or that Bitter Creek’s
affirmative defenses of repudiation, material breach, and impossibility of
performance were barred as a matter of law.
      As to Bitter Creek’s traditional motion for summary judgment asserting that
Sims repudiated the contract as a matter of law, we have already concluded that there
is an issue of fact on the parties’ intent regarding the impact on the price provision
in the contract in the event Bitter Creek no longer purchased water from the City.
Further, there is summary judgment evidence that Sims was willing to proceed with
the contract based on Bitter Creek paying one-half of what the City charged other
customers. Accordingly, Bitter Creek did not conclusively establish that Sims
repudiated the contract.
      We conclude that the trial court erred by granting Sims’s no-evidence and
traditional motion for summary judgment on Bitter Creek’s affirmative defenses of
repudiation, material breach, and impossibility of performance, but properly denied
Bitter Creek’s traditional motion for summary judgment on its affirmative defense
of repudiation.
      Bitter Creek also pleaded that Sims failed to mitigate his damages by refusing
to accept the payments tendered by Bitter Creek. Sims moved for a no-evidence
summary judgment on this affirmative defense, asserting that (1) there was no
evidence that he could have minimized damages but failed to do so and (2) there was
no evidence of the amount by which the damages were increased by any failure to
mitigate. Sims also moved for a traditional summary judgment on this affirmative
defense on grounds that (1) he would have surrendered his right to insist on the
proper purchase amount under the contract if he had accepted the payment tendered
by Bitter Creek and (2) the contract specifically prohibited him from selling the
water to any source other than Bitter Creek.
                                         14
      In its traditional motion for summary judgment, Bitter Creek requested that,
if the trial court determined that Bitter Creek breached the contract, it also determine
that Sims failed to mitigate damages. Bitter Creek offered summary judgment
evidence that Sims could have sold the water to another customer for $1.00 per 1,000
gallons.
      “The mitigation-of-damages rule prevents a party from recovering damages
that result from a breach of contract that the non-breaching party could avoid by
reasonable efforts.” Turner v. NJN Cotton Co., 485 S.W.3d 513, 523 (Tex. App.—
Eastland 2015, pet. denied). Here, there are genuine issues of material fact regarding
which party, if either, breached the contract. This issue of fact impacts Sims’s
arguments that Bitter Creek failed to pay the proper amount under that contract or
that he was contractually prohibited from selling the water to anyone other than
Bitter Creek. There is also summary judgment evidence that Sims could have sold
the water to a third party for $1.00 for 1,000 gallons, which is at least a scintilla of
evidence that, if Sims suffered any damages, he could have mitigated those damages
in the amount of $0.30 per 1,000 gallons. On this record, we conclude that the trial
court erred by granting either Sims’s traditional or no-evidence motion for summary
judgment.
      Because Bitter Creek was seeking traditional summary judgment on its
affirmative defense, it was required to conclusively establish each element of that
defense. See Randall’s Food Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex.
1995). In its motion, however, Bitter Creek simply incorporated the arguments that
it made in its response to Sims’s motion for summary judgment. Bitter Creek’s only
argument in its response was that, if it breached the contract, Sims was excused from
the contractual prohibition on selling water to third parties. We cannot conclude that
this argument conclusively established that Sims failed to mitigate his damages.

                                          15
Therefore, the trial court properly denied Bitter Creek’s traditional motion for
summary judgment on its affirmative defense of failure to mitigate.
      Because Bitter Creek did not challenge the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment on the affirmative defense of waiver, we affirm the trial court’s judgment
as to that defense. We overrule Bitter Creek’s second issue to the extent that it
challenges the trial court’s denial of Bitter Creek’s motion for traditional summary
judgment on its affirmative defenses of repudiation and failure to mitigate. We
sustain Bitter Creek’s second issue to the extent that it challenges the trial court’s
grant of summary judgment in favor of Sims on Bitter Creek’s affirmative defenses
of repudiation, material breach, impossibility of performance, and failure to mitigate.
      Attorney’s Fees
      In its third issue, Bitter Creek challenges the award of attorney’s fees to Sims.
Sims sought to recover attorney’s fees pursuant to Chapter 38 of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 38.001–.006
(West 2015). A person may recover attorney’s fees on a breach of contract claim.
Id. § 38.001(8). However, to recover attorney’s fees under Section 38.001(8), the
party must prevail on the breach of contract claim and recover damages. Green Int’l,
Inc. v. Solis, 951 S.W.2d 384, 390 (Tex. 1997).
      Based on our disposition of Bitter Creek’s first issue, Sims has not prevailed
on his breach of contract claim at this point. A prevailing party is the party “who
successfully prosecutes the action or successfully defends against it, prevailing on
the main issue, even though not to the extent of its original contention.” Johns v.
Ram-Forwarding, Inc., 29 S.W.3d 635, 637–38 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2000, no pet.) (quoting City of Amarillo v. Glick, 991 S.W.2d 14, 17 (Tex. App.—
Amarillo 1997, pet. denied)); see Robbins v. Capozzi, 100 S.W.3d 18, 27 (Tex.
App.—Tyler 2002, no pet.) (“A prevailing party is one who is vindicated by the trial
court’s judgment.”). Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees
                                          16
to Sims and remand the issue to the trial court. See Parkway Dental Assocs., P.A. v.
Ho & Huang Props., L.P., 391 S.W.3d 596, 612 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2012, no pet.) (reversing and remanding award of attorney’s fees because portion of
summary judgment had been reversed on appeal and party was no longer the
prevailing party). We sustain Bitter Creek’s third issue.
                                         This Court’s Ruling
        We affirm the trial court’s judgment to the extent that it granted summary
judgment on Bitter Creek’s affirmative defense of waiver. We reverse the trial
court’s judgment in all other respects and remand this cause to the trial court for
further proceedings.

                                                           JOHN M. BAILEY
                                                           CHIEF JUSTICE

June 28, 2019
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J.,
Willson, J., and Wright, S.C.J.1

Willson, J., not participating.

        1
          Jim R. Wright, Senior Chief Justice (Retired), Court of Appeals, 11th District of Texas at Eastland,
sitting by assignment.
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