Court Opinion

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Opinions of the United
1994 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

7-7-1994

ALA, Inc. v. CCAIR, Inc.
Precedential or Non-Precedential:

Docket 93-5688

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                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                       ________________

                          NO. 93-5688
                       ________________

              ALA, INC., A Maryland Corporation;
         LARRY H. SCHATZ, an individual residing in,
           and a citizen of, the State of New York,

                               v.

             CCAIR, INC., a Delaware Corporation

          ALA, Inc. and Larry H. Schatz, Appellants

            _____________________________________

       On Appeal From the United States District Court
               For the District of New Jersey
                 (D.C. Civ. No. 93-cv-01554)
            _____________________________________

                     Argued: May 13, 1994

        Before: BECKER and LEWIS, Circuit Judges, and
                   POLLAK, District Judge.0

                    (Filed:   July 7, 1994)

                  THOMAS J. BRADLEY, Esquire (ARGUED)
                  STEVEN B. KANTROWITZ, Esquire
                  McBreen, McBreen & Kopko
                  1760 Market Street, Suite 900
                  Philadelphia, PA 19104

                  Attorneys for Appellants
                  ALA, Inc. and Larry H. Schatz

                  STEVEN J. FRAM, Esquire (ARGUED)
                  PATRICIA L. CARBONE, Esquire
                  Archer & Greiner

0
The Honorable Louis H. Pollak, United States District Judge for
 the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
                    A Professional Corporation
                    One Centennial Square
                    Haddonfield, NJ 08033
                    Attorneys for Appellee
                    CCAIR, Inc.

                 ______________________________

                       OPINION OF THE COURT
                 _______________________________

BECKER, Circuit Judge.

          This appeal requires us to construe the statute of

frauds governing the sale of securities under Article 8 of the

Uniform Commercial Code ("U.C.C.") as enacted by New Jersey and

North Carolina, the two jurisdictions relevant to this dispute.

The question presented is whether the district court, pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), properly dismissed the

claim of plaintiff ALA, Inc. ("ALA") that defendant CCAIR, Inc.

("CCAIR") was in breach of an alleged agreement to sell ALA a

controlling block of its common stock on the ground that the

statute of frauds, § 8-319 of the U.C.C., N.J. Stat. Ann. §12A:8-

319; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 25-8-319, made the alleged agreement

unenforceable.

          ALA assigns two grounds of error.   First it argues that

the district court erred in holding that a letter outlining the

terms of the proposed deal that CCAIR's CEO Kenneth Gann sent to

ALA's investment banker Larry Schatz was insufficient to satisfy

§ 8-319(a) of the statute, which provides that the statute of

frauds is satisfied if there is a "writing signed by the party

against whom enforcement is sought . . . sufficient to indicate
that a contract has been made for sale of a stated quantity of

described securities at a defined or stated price."    ALA also

submits that the district court's order dismissing the action was

premature because § 8-319(d), which provides that the statute of

frauds is satisfied if a party against whom enforcement is sought

admits in a "pleading, testimony or otherwise in court that a

contract was made," entitled it to an opportunity for discovery

during which such an admission might be obtained, and hence

precluded the granting of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.

            Although we agree with the district court that the Gann

letter does not sufficiently indicate that a contract had been

made and thus that § 8-319(a) was not satisfied, we agree with

ALA that § 8-319(d) of the statute prevents the district court

from granting a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal here.    In order to give

effect to § 8-319(d), ALA must have some opportunity to secure an

admission from CCAIR.    We will therefore vacate the order of

dismissal and remand the case to the district court with

directions to grant ALA limited discovery to determine whether

CCAIR will admit that an agreement was made.    We note that at the

close of that limited discovery, the district court may again

address the statute of frauds issue in a motion for summary

judgment.

                           I. BACKGROUND

            In late 1992 and early 1993, ALA, an investment firm

based in New Jersey, became interested in making an investment in

CCAIR, an airline based in North Carolina, which operates the

commuter airline USAir Express.   In early January 1993, it
instructed investment banker Larry Schatz (also an appellant in

this case) to approach CCAIR and explore the possibility of a

major stock transaction.   Schatz contacted the officers of CCAIR

and told them that he had a client who was interested in

purchasing a sizeable stake in the company.   The CCAIR officials

expressed interest and a meeting was scheduled for January 18. On

that date, Schatz, acting as the agent for ALA, met with upper

level management of CCAIR, including a majority of the CCAIR

Board of Directors, in North Carolina.

          According to ALA's complaint, the two companies struck

a deal at the meeting in which ALA agreed to buy and CCAIR agreed

to sell approximately 3.5 million shares of authorized but

unissued CCAIR stock for $3.15 per share or some lesser figure to

be agreed upon by the parties.   Although the agreement reached at

the meeting was oral, it was, ALA submits, memorialized by a

letter Kenneth Gann, President and CEO of CCAIR, sent to Schatz

on January 18, 1993 (the "Gann letter").   The Gann letter stated:
          Dear Mr. Schatz:

               It was a pleasure meeting with you today and
          exploring with you the investment potential of CCAIR
          (the "Company").

               If your clients acquire the remaining
          approximately 3.5 million authorized but unissued
          common shares of the Company on or before ninety (90)
          days from the date hereof for $3.15 per share or such
          lesser amount [as] may be agreed by your client and the
          Company, we agree to pay you at the time of said share
          acquisition, an investment banking fee of $.15 per
          share.

               In connection therewith, we will cause the
          appointment of two (2) nominees of your client to serve
          as board members of the Company for the remaining
          unexpired term of this current board.

               Further, we agree to provide your client with such
          information as may be requested by your client in
          connection with the customary and permissible due
          diligence in a private place by a company whose
          securities are publicly traded.

               The Company's agreement to complete this
          transaction is of course subject to our reasonable
          approval of your clients, the prior sale of the same
          securities and the requisite corporate approvals of
          both the Company and the purchasers.

               If the foregoing accurately sets forth your
          understanding of the proposed transaction, please so
          indicate by executing and returning to me a copy of
          this letter.

               Thank you.

                                 CCAIR, Inc.

                                 By:(s) Kenneth W. Gann
                                    Kenneth W. Gann,
                                    President

Gann signed the letter, and Schatz agreed and accepted its terms

by returning a signed copy.

          Shortly after January 18, the parties took a number of

steps to consummate the deal.   On January 25 they entered into a

confidentiality agreement in which they agreed not to disclose

confidential information exchanged between them.   On January 26,

the representatives for each party met in New Jersey to discuss

how financial and other confidential information would be

exchanged, and they decided that further refinement of the

transaction would be handled by counsel.   On February 3, counsel

for ALA forwarded a term sheet to CCAIR outlining the terms for
the purchase of CCAIR common stock.   It proposed that ALA acquire

the stock at $2.65 per share.

          On February 11, however, CCAIR abruptly terminated

discussions with ALA and told ALA that it no longer wished to

complete the transaction.   Although ALA tried to revive the

negotiations by submitting a revised term sheet offering to

purchase the securities for $3.15 per share, CCAIR was unmoved.0

Once it became clear to ALA that it could not persuade CCAIR to

close the deal, both ALA and Schatz sued CCAIR in federal

district court in New Jersey for breach of the agreement

allegedly reached on January 18.   ALA sought specific performance

of the contract and Schatz sought a commission.0

          Instead of answering the complaint, CCAIR filed a

motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief

may be granted.   See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).0   The district

court granted the motion, holding that § 8-319 made the agreement

alleged by ALA unenforceable.

0
 CCAIR apparently decided to terminate discussions because its
publicly traded stock price shot up shortly after the meeting
with Schatz on January 18. Around January 26 CCAIR's stock was
trading at $4.50. By April 7, the time ALA filed its complaint,
CCAIR's stock was trading at $9.00 per share.
0
 Subject matter jurisdiction was based on diversity of
citizenship. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332. ALA is a Maryland
corporation with its principal place of business in New Jersey;
Larry Schatz is a citizen of New York; and CCAIR is a Delaware
corporation with its principal place of business in North
Carolina.
0
 The day after ALA filed its complaint, CCAIR had filed a lawsuit
in North Carolina state court seeking a declaration that no
contract existed. ALA removed it to the federal district court
for the Western District of North Carolina and then filed a
motion to enjoin the proceeding, which CCAIR did not oppose.
          Section 8-319, the statute of frauds for securities

transactions, provides in pertinent part:
          A contract for the sale of securities is not
          enforceable by way of action or defense unless:

               (a) There is some writing signed by the party
               against whom enforcement is sought or by his
               authorized agent or broker, sufficient to indicate
               that a contract has been made for sale of a stated
               quantity of described securities at a defined or
               stated price; [or]

                                .    .   .

               (d) The party against whom enforcement is sought
               admits in his pleading, testimony or otherwise in
               court that a contract was made for the sale of a
               stated quantity of described securities at a
               defined or stated price.0

N.J. Stat. Ann. § 12A:8-319.0       During the motion proceedings, ALA

argued that the Gann letter was a writing sufficient to satisfy

subsection (a) and that the language of subsection (d) made any

Rule 12(b)(6) motion premature because it was possible for CCAIR

to make admissions during the course of discovery that would

allow ALA to satisfy the statute.

          The district court rejected these contentions and

granted the motion to dismiss.       The court held that the Gann

0
 ALA concedes that neither section (b) nor section (c) of the
statute was satisfied, and they are not at issue.
0
 Although it has not been resolved whether North Carolina or New
Jersey law applies to this action, both states have adopted the
same relevant language from Article 8 of the U.C.C., see N.J.
Stat. Ann. § 12A:8-319; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 25-8-319, and no
conflict appears in the relevant case law. Therefore, no choice
of law analysis need be performed. See Lucker, Unit of Amclyde
Engineered Prods., Inc. v. The Home Ins. Co., Slip Op. No. 93-
1414, 8-9 (3d Cir. May 12, 1994). For convenience only,
citations will be to the New Jersey statute.
letter did not satisfy § 8-319(a) because it did not constitute a

contract for the sale of securities.   It rejected ALA's claim

that § 8-319(d) made the dismissal premature because "taking into

account the allegations in [the plaintiffs'] complaint and the

exhibits attached thereto, it seems highly unlikely that

plaintiffs could ever obtain this admission."0     ALA claims that

both of these grounds for dismissal were erroneous.     Our review

of the order granting the dismissal is plenary.0

                           II. DISCUSSION

                  A.   The Rule 12(b)(6) Standard

            In considering whether a complaint should have been

dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be

granted, the court must consider only those facts alleged in the

complaint and accept all of the allegations as true.     Hishon v.

King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73, 104 S. Ct. 2229, 2232 (1984).

Unless the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of the

claim that would entitle him to relief, the complaint should not

be dismissed.   Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S. Ct.

99, 102 (1957); D.P. Enters., Inc. v. Bucks County Community
College, 725 F.2d 943, 944 (3d Cir. 1984).   When reviewing a

complaint, a court should consider not only the allegations

contained in the complaint itself but also the exhibits attached

0
 Having concluded that there was no enforceable contract, the
district court also concluded that Schatz was not entitled to a
commission and dismissed his claim. Because Schatz's claim for a
commission rises or falls with ALA's claim, we will deal only
with ALA's claim herein.
0
 We have jurisdiction over this appeal from a final order
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
to it which the complaint incorporates pursuant to Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 10(c).   See Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c) ("A copy of

any written instrument which is an exhibit to a pleading is a

part thereof for all purposes."); cf. Pension Benefit Guar. Corp.

v. White Consol. Indus., 998 F.2d 1192, 1196 (3d Cir. 1993)

(holding that a court may also consider an "undisputedly

authentic document that a defendant attaches as an exhibit to a

motion to dismiss if the plaintiff's claims are based on the

document"), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 687 (1994).0

          Finally, a complaint may be subject to dismissal under

Rule 12(b)(6) when an affirmative defense, like the statute of

frauds, appears on its face.   Continental Collieries, Inc. v.
Shober, 130 F.2d 631, 635 (3d Cir. 1942) ("where the defect [of

the statute of frauds] appears on the face of the pleading, the

question may be raised on motion to dismiss for insufficiency");

see 5A Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and

Procedure § 1357, at 358-59 (1990) (citing cases).0   With these

0
 Where there is a disparity between a written instrument annexed
to a pleading and an allegation in the pleading based thereon,
the written instrument will control. See Nishimatsu Constr. Co.
v. Houston Nat'l Bank, 515 F.2d 1200, 1206-07 (5th Cir. 1975).
0
 In Currier v. Knapp, 442 F.2d 422 (3d Cir. 1971) (per curiam) we
held that the statute of frauds defense could not be raised in a
motion to dismiss. Currier involved a motion to dismiss an
action seeking specific performance of a realty contract on the
ground that the complaint did not allege the existence of a
writing necessary to satisfy the statute of frauds. The panel
held that the motion was improper because the statute of frauds
defense was an affirmative defense that needed to be set forth in
the answer, and the defendant had filed none. Id. at 422-23. To
the extent Currier ignored Continental Collieries and held that
the statute of frauds defense could never be raised on a Rule
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss it is inconsistent with Continental
Collieries and does not bind us. See O. Hommel Co. v. Ferro
standards in mind, we now consider each ground for the district

court's dismissal.

             B. Section 8-319(a) and the Gann Letter

          An oral agreement for the sale of securities is

unenforceable unless the party seeking to enforce the agreement

produces a writing signed by the party against whom enforcement

is sought "sufficient to indicate that a contract has been made

for sale of a stated quantity of securities at a defined or

stated price."   N.J. Stat. Ann. § 12A:8-319(a).    The writing need

not be the contract itself, and it need not contain all of the

terms of the agreement to satisfy § 8-319(a).      It must merely

Corp., 659 F.2d 340, 354 (3d Cir. 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S.
1017, 102 S. Ct. 1711 (1982) ("a panel of this court cannot
overrule a prior panel precedent. . . . To the extent that [the
later case] is inconsistent with [the earlier case, the later
case] must be deemed without effect."); Pfeiffer v. Marion Ctr.
Area Sch. Dist., 917 F.2d 779, 781 (3d Cir. 1990) (applying O.
Hommel).
     The Continental Collieries rule appears to be the better
approach at all events, for the weight of authority is that the
statute of frauds defense can be raised in a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion. It makes sense to allow an affirmative defense to be
raised in a motion to dismiss "because of the obvious advantage
of raising a potentially dispositive issue by preliminary motion
instead of requiring a responsive pleading. Moreover, plaintiff
is not seriously prejudiced by having his complaint dismissed at
a relatively early stage, since he generally will be permitted to
amend his pleading if the defect can be cured." 5A Wright &
Miller at § 1357, at 351. Indeed, we have recognized that other
affirmative defenses may properly be raised in a motion to
dismiss. See, e.g., Davis v. Grusemeyer, 996 F.2d 617 (3d Cir.
1993) (affirming 12(b)(6) dismissal of complaint as being barred
by statute of limitations). By returning to the Continental
Collieries rule we remove an anomaly in our jurisprudence.
evidence the existence of the contract, state the quantity of

securities agreed to be sold, and state the price.0

           ALA argues that the Gann letter satisfies the writing

requirement of § 8-319(a).   The language upon which ALA relies

appears in the second paragraph of the letter:
          If your clients acquire the remaining approximately 3.5
          million authorized but unissued common shares of the
          Company on or before ninety (90) days from the date
          hereof for $3.15 per share or such lesser amount [as]
          may be agreed by your client and the Company, we agree
          to pay you at the time of said share acquisition, an
          investment banking fee of $.15 per share.

This paragraph, ALA contends, contains both a stated quantity and

a stated price and, since the letter is signed by Kenneth Gann,

the letter satisfies the three critical terms of § 8-319(a).

           CCAIR counters that this language in the Gann letter

did not confirm the existence of a deal for a stated quantity and

price.   In its submission, the letter, taken as a whole, merely

0
The district court suggested in its opinion that in order to
satisfy § 8-319(a) the Gann letter itself needed to constitute a
written contract: it framed the issue before the court as
"whether the Gann letter constitutes a contract for the sale of
the securities." We do not believe that § 8-319(a) can be read
in that way. The language of the statute simply requires a
writing "sufficient to indicate" that a contract has been made
for a stated quantity of securities at a stated price. A
carefully prepared written contract would be sufficient, but it
is not necessary. See Konsuvo v. Netzke, 220 A.2d 424, 436 (N.J.
Super. 1966) (suggesting that a letter or minutes of a meeting
would be sufficient under appropriate circumstances (quoting
N.J.S.A § 12A:8-319, New Jersey Study Comment note 6 ("It is no
longer necessary to produce a memorandum. The plaintiff merely
has to produce a signed writing sufficient to 'indicate that a
contract has been made' . . . . The important elements which
must appear in the signed writing are the quantity of described
securities and a definable or stated price.") (internal quotation
marks omitted))). Thus the district court erred to the extent it
held that the Gann letter did not satisfy the statute of frauds
because it was not itself a contract.
promised to pay Schatz a commission "if" the deal went through.

At most, says CCAIR, the Gann letter revealed the existence of a

proposed transaction contingent on future successful

negotiations.   And writings that merely evidence the existence of

negotiations, CCAIR argues, do not satisfy § 8-319(a).   We agree.

          Although there are no New Jersey cases on point, all of

the case law interpreting § 8-319(a), including case law from

North Carolina, has held that writings that merely evidence that

the parties were negotiating a contract are insufficient to

satisfy § 8-319(a).   See Oakley v. Little, 272 S.E.2d 370, 373

(N.C. App. 1980) ("Where writings only represent negotiations for

agreements to be made in the future the courts have held under

U.C.C. § 2-201 that they were not binding contracts. . . .

[P]laintiff's exhibits are insufficient to show a contract for

the sale of the stock [under § 8-319(a)], because they merely

represent tentative negotiations." (citations omitted)); Cramer

v. Devon Group, Inc., 774 F. Supp. 176, 182-183 (S.D.N.Y. 1991)

(holding that letters showing the parties were negotiating a

purchase of shares were insufficient to satisfy § 8-319(a));

Anderson Chem. Co. v. Portals Water Treatment, 768 F. Supp. 1568,
1577-78 (M.D. Ga. 1991) (holding that an extremely detailed

letter of intent contemplating subsequent definitive purchase and

merger agreements was insufficient to satisfy § 8-319(a)), aff'd

in part and rev'd in part without op., 971 F.2d 756 (11th Cir.

1992); cf. Conaway v. 20th Century Corp., 420 A.2d 405, 412-413

(Pa. 1980) (holding that writings which merely show a plan, a

proposal, or an offer which looked to some future relationship
but which do not evidence an existing contract are insufficient

to satisfy U.C.C. § 2-201) (citing cases).0

           Thus, although ALA correctly argues that the Gann

letter need not contain all of the terms of the contract, it must

at least establish the existence of a contract.   This it does not

do.   The language of the letter does no more than reference past

negotiations and contemplate a proposed transaction.   The price

term in the letter is fluid.   Moreover, the letter states that

the completion of the "proposed transaction" was "subject to our

reasonable approval of your clients, the prior sale of the same

securities and the requisite corporate approvals."   In our view,

a fair reading of the letter shows that it was simply a

confirmation on the part of Gann that CCAIR would pay Schatz a

commission if the deal went through.0

0
As CCAIR points out, the New Jersey courts have held, in
interpreting other uniform laws, that the opinions of sister
states "are of signal import, and [the New Jersey courts] are
more or less imperatively obliged to recognize their value as a
guiding precedent." State v. Weissman, 179 A.2d 748, 752 (N.J.
Super.) (interpreting Uniform Narcotic Drug Law), certif. denied,
181 A.2d 782 (N.J. 1962); see N.J. Stat. Ann. § 12A:1-102(2)(c)
("Underlying purposes and policies of this act are . . . (c) to
make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions.").
0
We note, however, that although the proffered writing is not
adequate to satisfy the statute of frauds and, by itself, leaves
doubt that an agreement was reached at all, it is by no means
clear that an agreement was not reached at the North Carolina
meeting. The letter shows that the parties discussed in detail
the most critical terms of the proposed transaction (price and
quantity) and the subsequent actions of the parties were focussed
on details of completing the transaction. Thus, as is discussed
below, the district court prematurely concluded it unlikely that
an admission from CCAIR would be forthcoming.
          At all events, the Gann letter leaves considerable

doubt as to whether there was any agreement at all.    And "'if the

proffered writings permit doubt as to the existence or nature of

the contractual relationship, the inquiry is terminated and the

agreement deemed unenforceable.'"    Cramer, 774 F. Supp. at 183

(quoting Horn & Hardast Co. v. Pillsbury Co., 888 F.2d 8, 11 (2d

Cir. 1989)).   Therefore the letter does not satisfy § 8-319(a)

and hence we turn to the question whether § 8-319(d) precludes a

Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal.

               C. Section 8-319(d) and Rule 12(b)(6)

          Section 8-319(d) of the U.C.C. provides that an oral

contract for the sale of securities is enforceable by way of

action or defense if "the party against whom enforcement is

sought admits in his pleading, testimony, or otherwise in court

that a contract was made for the sale of a stated quantity of

described securities at a defined or stated price."    See N.J.

Stat. Ann. § 12A:8-319(d).    According to ALA, § 8-319(d) gives a

plaintiff the right to ask the defendant to admit the fact that

an oral contract was made, and thus precludes the granting of a

Rule 12(b)(6) motion on statute of frauds grounds in most cases

because to do so would deprive the plaintiff of any opportunity

to get such an admission.    We agree.

          The purpose of the statute of frauds in the U.C.C. is

evidentiary -- to protect people from fraudulent claims that a
contract did or did not exist.0   See 2 William Hawkland, Uniform

Commercial Code Series § 2-201:01 (1992) ("The purpose of the

statute of frauds is to protect people against misunderstanding

and fraud arising out of alleged oral contracts."); 7 id. at § 8-

319:01 (stating that § 8-319 mirrors §2-201 and that cases

interpreting § 2-201 should also apply to cases involving § 8-

319).0   Section 8-319(d) is an important component of this

0
  We recognize that an alternative justification often given for
the statute of frauds is that it performs a cautionary and
channeling function. See, e.g., E. Allan Farnsworth, Farnsworth
on Contracts § 6.1, at p. 85 (1990) (noting that the most durable
and well-regarded of the statute of frauds' provisions perform
important cautionary and channeling functions). In other words,
the statute may principally operate to ensure that in certain
circumstances, a person who enters into an agreement hastily will
not be bound until that person soundly decides, through the
formal act of signing his or her name to a paper containing a
quantity and price, that he or she will be bound by the
agreement. Under such a view, whether the defendant did or did
not enter into an oral agreement is irrelevant. All that matters
is that the person sought to be charged has, after careful
reflection, decided that he or she will be bound and is
signalling that to the world.
           But the cautionary and channeling justification does
not appear to be what is driving § 8-319, since such a
justification does not square with § 8-319(d). To begin with, if
the cautionary and channeling function were the principal one,
§8-319(d) would be unnecessary since a party deciding to be bound
by an oral contract could simply waive the statute of frauds
defense at any time in the litigation. In addition, admissions
during the course of a litigation would appear to serve only a
negligible cautionary or channeling purpose. Since answers given
in discovery must be truthful, a defendant must admit to the
existence of a contract regardless of whether he or she intends
to be bound.
0
 Consistent with this general evidentiary function, § 8-319 makes
oral agreements enforceable not only where there is a writing,
but also where there is evidence that is just as good as a
writing, such as when there is delivery or payment of the stock,
or written confirmation. See N.J. Stat. Ann. § 12A:8-319(b)
(delivery or payment has been made) and N.J. Stat. Ann. §12A:8-
319(c) (written confirmation).
general policy since judicial admissions are good evidence that

an agreement had been made.    And § 8-319(d) shows that the

drafters of the U.C.C. recognized that fraud can work in both

directions: while § 8-319(a) protects defendants against

fraudulent claims that a contract has been made, § 8-319(d)

protects plaintiffs from fraudulent claims that a contract has

not been made.

          In order for § 8-319(d) to function, the plaintiff must

have some opportunity to obtain an admission from the defendant.

A Rule 12(b)(6) motion, however, would derail the plaintiff's

case pre-pleading and allow the defendant to defeat a cause of

action on an oral contract before the plaintiff has any

opportunity to seek an admission that a contract existed.

Allowing a defendant to dispose of a case on a Rule 12(b)(6)

motion would eviscerate § 8-319(d) and potentially allow a

defendant to avoid the obligations of an oral contract into which

he or she actually entered.0

          Thus many courts have concluded that motions to dismiss

based on the statute of frauds are improper.         See Weiss v.

Wolin, 303 N.Y.S.2d 940, 943-44 (Sup. Ct. 1969) (explaining that

0
In addition, "[t]here is no justification for dismissing a
complaint for insufficiency of statement, except where it appears
to a certainty that the plaintiff would not be entitled to relief
under any state of facts which could be proved in support of the
claim. No matter how likely it may seem that the pleader will be
unable to prove his case, he is entitled, upon averring a claim,
to an opportunity to try to prove it." Continental Collieries,
130 F.2d at 635 (citation omitted). Given the language of § 8-
319(d), the allegation here that an agreement was reached raises
the possibility that the defendant will admit to it and so it is
possible that the statute of frauds will be satisfied.
to sustain a demurrer under § 8-319 would deprive the plaintiff

of an opportunity to get the defendant to admit "in his

pleadings, testimony or otherwise" that a contract was made);

Garrison v. Piatt, 147 S.E.2d 374, 375-76 (Ga. App. 1966)

("[Section 8-319(d)] was designed to prevent the statute of

frauds itself from becoming an aid to fraud, by prohibiting one

claiming the benefit of the statute who admits in the case the

oral contract sued upon."); cf. Lewis v. Hughes, 346 A.2d 231,

236 & n.10 (Md. 1975) (rejecting a demurrer based on § 2-201); M

& W Farm Serv. Co. v. Callison, 285 N.W.2d 271 (Iowa 1979)

(same); Duffee v. Judson, 380 A.2d 843, 847 (Pa. Super. 1977)

(same); Dangerfield v. Markel, 222 N.W.2d 373, 378 (N.D. 1974)

(same); see also Boylan v. G.L. Morrow Co., 468 N.E.2d 681, 688

(N.Y. 1984) (Meyer, J., dissenting) ("[I]f a defendant could

prevail simply by raising the Statute of Frauds in a prepleading

motion to dismiss, the admission exception would be vacuous.     The

defendant never would have to face the choice of admitting or

denying the contract . . . . [T]he provision is designed to

discourage fraudulent claims and not to caution against the

making of unwise and ill-considered promises." (internal citation

and quotations omitted)); 2 Hawkland, Uniform Commercial Code
Series at § 2-201:06 n.2 (stating that a motion to dismiss is

improper unless the plaintiff is given a full opportunity to

elicit an admission in pretrial discovery proceedings).

          These cases (and the Hawkland treatise) are persuasive,

and we believe that New Jersey and North Carolina would find them

so.   We therefore hold that the district court should have given
ALA an opportunity to elicit an admission from CCAIR before

dismissing the lawsuit.     Because ALA was given no such

opportunity, the dismissal of the lawsuit was premature and must

be set aside.     We recognize that our construction of the statute

essentially means that U.C.C. § 8-319 will rarely provide the

means for a motion to dismiss.0    However, for the reasons we have

stated, we believe that such a result is contemplated by the

statute and is, in fact, reasonable.

             We also do not think our holding will significantly

increase the costs of litigation.    The purposes of § 8-319(d)

will be served if the district court grants to the plaintiff

enough time to engage in a limited program of discovery with a

view to permitting the plaintiff a fair opportunity to procure an

admission.     The court could then consider in fairly short order a

motion for summary judgment.    What is important is that the

plaintiff be given some chance to obtain an admission from the

defendants.0

0
 We do not rule out the possibility that in some cases the
pleadings would exclude the possibility of admission, but that is
not the case here.
0
  We acknowledge that the language in section 8-319(d) might lead
one to the conclusion that, under our approach, even summary
judgment would not be appropriate (since theoretically a witness
could admit at trial that there was a contract). It should not.
It is well accepted that a district court may grant summary
judgment where there is a statute of frauds defense under Article
8. See, e.g., Katz v. Abrams, 549 F. Supp. 668, 672 (E.D. Pa.
1982) (holding that where the defendant denies making a contract
in depositions, plaintiff is not entitled to a trial on the issue
otherwise barred by § 8-319); see also, 7 Hawkland, Uniform
Commercial Code Series § 8-319:07 ("[I]n those cases where the
defendant has already specifically denied the plaintiff's factual
allegations as, for example, in his answer or in a deposition, a
          The order of the district court granting the motion to

dismiss will be vacated and the case remanded to the district

court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.   The

parties shall bear their own costs.

                ________________________________

court should feel free to determine that a trial would serve no
purpose because of the unlikelihood of eliciting an admission.").
          A motion for summary judgment is different in critical
respects from a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.
In addition to the fact that a plaintiff presumably has had an
opportunity to obtain admissions during discovery, a motion for
summary judgment is reviewed under a much more stringent standard
than a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. Thus,
where the papers filed as part of the summary judgment motion
show that there is no issue of material fact concerning the
existence of a contract, the contention that a trial should go
forward because there might be an admission at trial would be
merely speculative and as such insufficient to avoid summary
judgment. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,
252, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2512 (1986).