Court Opinion

ID: 3003253
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 20:41:07.808252+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:03:26.690370
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                          To be cited only in accordance with
                                   Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

              United States Court of Appeals
                                  For the Seventh Circuit
                                  Chicago, Illinois 60604

                                  Submitted July 22, 2009*
                                  Decided August 6, 2009

                                           Before

                              JOHN L. COFFEY, Circuit Judge

                              JOEL M. FLAUM, Circuit Judge

                              MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge

No. 08-3939

NOLDON WADLEY,                                      Appeal from the United States District
    Petitioner-Appellant,                           Court for the Northern District of
                                                    Illinois, Eastern Division.
       v.
                                                    No. 06 C 258
DONALD GAETZ,
    Respondent-Appellee.                            George W. Lindberg,
                                                    Judge.

                                         ORDER

       Noldon Wadley, an Illinois state prisoner, was convicted of murder after a jury trial
and sentenced to a term of life imprisonment. The district court denied Wadley’s petition
for a writ of habeas corpus, 22 U.S.C. § 2254, but certified one issue for appeal: whether
Wadley was deprived of a fair trial before an unbiased tribunal. Because Wadley has not
shown that the trial judge was biased in his case, we affirm.

       *
        After examining the briefs and the record, we have concluded that oral argument is
unnecessary. Thus, the appeal is submitted on the briefs and the record. See FED. R. A PP. P.
34(a)(2).
No. 08-3939                                                                               Page 2

         In 1985 Wadley was tried and convicted before Cook County circuit court judge
Thomas Maloney, a corrupt judge who took bribes to fix cases. See United States v. Maloney,
71 F.3d 645 (7th Cir. 1995). Wadley unsuccessfully appealed his conviction, People v.
Wadley, 523 N.E.2d 1249 (Ill. App. Ct. 1988), and the Supreme Court of Illinois denied his
petition for review, 530 N.E.2d 261 (Ill. 1988). Wadley petitioned pro se in 1993 for post-
conviction relief and amended that petition in 1998 to add the claim that he was denied a
fair trial because of Maloney’s corruption. The state trial court dismissed those petitions,
but the appellate court reversed and remanded for further proceedings because Wadley
failed to receive notice of the pending dismissal. People v. Wadley, 859 N.E.2d 318 (Ill. App.
Ct. 2003). The petitions remain pending.

        Wadley, with the assistance of appointed counsel, then petitioned the federal district
court for a writ of habeas corpus, raising eight claims for relief. Wadley’s claim of judicial
bias—the only claim certified for appeal—was based on the same theory of “compensatory
bias” that the Supreme Court considered in another case involving Maloney, Bracy v.
Gramley, 520 U.S. 899 (1997). In that case, the Court recognized that a judge might
conceivably be bribed to acquit in some cases while favoring the prosecution in other cases
to either deflect suspicion or demonstrate to other defendants what happens if they do not
pay. Id. at 905.

        The district court excused Wadley’s failure to exhaust state court remedies because
of the inordinate and unjustifiable delay attributable to the state, but ultimately rejected all
eight grounds for relief. With respect to the judicial bias claim, the court pointed out that
even proof that a judge sometimes took bribes is of itself insufficient to establish bias.
Instead, as the Bracy Court noted, the petitioner must demonstrate that the judge “was
actually biased in petitioner’s own case.” Id. at 909. To meet that burden, Wadley pointed to
seven of Maloney’s discretionary decisions that he maintains demonstrate the judge’s bias
against him.*

       *
        Unfortunately, substantial portions of the trial record were apparently lost by the
Cook County Clerk’s Office. Wadley insists that the absence of the trial transcript deprived
him of the opportunity to present his petition, but he offered nothing but speculation to
support that claim. On review of his habeas petition, the district court was entitled to
presume the factual findings of the state court were correct. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e); Miller-El v.
Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 240 (2005). In the absence of a complete trial record, the district court
should “determine under the existing facts and circumstances what weight shall be given
to the State court’s factual determination.” 28 U.S.C. §2254(f); Dalton v. Battaglia, 402 F.3d
729, 736 (7th Cir. 2005). Wadley had access to complete trial records when preparing his
                                                                                  (continued...)
No. 08-3939                                                                             Page 3

        Three of these—statements that Maloney had made at trial—were rejected by the
district court. First, the court rejected Wadley’s claim that Maloney showed bias by
“objecting on behalf of the prosecutor”; the court found the exchange between Maloney
and defense counsel over the form of a question to be inconsequential. Second, the court
rejected the claim that Maloney improperly questioned a prosecution witness about the
configuration of the police station; the court noted that a trial judge has the discretion to
question a witness to clarify an issue, and the questions here did not reflect any bias. Third,
the court disputed the claim that Maloney gave an improper oral jury instruction when he
told the jury not to consider the criminal liability of persons other than the defendant; the
court concurred with the Illinois Appellate Court that Maloney’s statement was in fact
proper and did not prejudice Wadley.

        The court also rejected Wadley’s assertion that four evidentiary rulings
demonstrated Maloney’s bias. Initially the court found that Wadley’s post-arrest statement
was properly admitted—and failed to demonstrate any bias—because the issue had not
been raised on direct appeal. Second, the court found no bias from the admission of
testimony concerning Wadley’s gang membership and previous crimes because it
explained Wadley’s motivation to murder a witness poised to testify against a member of
Wadley’s gang. Third, the court agreed with the appellate court that Maloney should not
have allowed further evidence of the circumstances of that arrest, but the admission of the
rebuttal evidence was harmless and also failed to display bias. Finally, the court found no
inference of bias in Maloney’s admission of cross-examination regarding Wadley’s drug
dealing after initially precluding it; the court agreed with the appellate court that the
testimony was properly admitted because it was part of a continuing narrative connected
to the surrounding events and explained why he was standing on a particular street corner,
how he knew the gang’s leader, and why he entered the vacant lot where the shooting took
place.

       On appeal, Wadley (now proceeding pro se) rails at length against the fundamental
unfairness of having his trial presided over by a crooked judge. He also lists, in cursory
fashion, the same seven actions at trial that he maintains demonstrate Maloney’s bias. But
he has failed to point out any other error in the district court’s analysis of the purportedly

       *
        (...continued)
direct appeal, and the district court also allowed Wadley to depose Maloney before his
death to help fill any gaps. (The former judge remembered nothing of Wadley’s trial. He
also denied that he ever took a bribe or was biased in any case.) The absence of the trial
transcript was one of the independent grounds for habeas relief denied by the district
court.
No. 08-3939                                                                             Page 4

biased acts and provides no further illustration of Maloney’s alleged bias. For substantially
the reasons stated in the district court’s comprehensive order, we affirm the court’s
disposition of this issue.

        Wadley also urges us to expand the certificate of appealability to incorporate all the
other issues raised in his petition before the district court. We decline his invitation,
however, because, like the district court, we conclude that Wadley has not made a
substantial showing that another constitutional right has been denied. Miller-El v. Cockrell,
537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003).

         A final procedural note, though. The district court should not have denied
Wadley’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel on the basis of procedural default. The
court reasoned that Wadley failed to exhaust his claim of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel by not raising it on direct appeal, and that Wadley waived any claim of ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel by not raising it in his post-conviction petitions. But the
Supreme Court of Illinois has concluded that an ineffective assistance of counsel claim is
not waived for failing to raise it on direct appeal. People v. Bew, 886 N.E.2d 1002, 1009-10
(Ill. 2008) (applying the reasoning of Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 509 (2003)). And
whether Wadley adequately raised the issue in his post-conviction petitions in state court,
failure to exhaust will not bar a petition if, as the district court found, an inordinate and
unjustifiable delay renders the state’s process ineffective to protect the petitioner’s rights.
28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(B)(ii); Jackson v. Duckworth, 112 F.3d 878, 881 (7th Cir. 1997).
Nevertheless, our review of the record reassures us that Wadley has failed to substantially
establish that the assistance of his trial or appellate counsel was ineffective under the
familiar Strickland standard. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 691-92 (1984); Bynum
v. Lemmon, 560 F.3d 678, 685 (7th Cir. 2009). Given the overwhelming evidence of guilt,
including Wadley’s post-arrest confession as well as the corroborating testimony of the
two witnesses to the slaying, we conclude that his defense was neither compromised nor
prejudiced by counsel’s performance.

                                                                                  AFFIRMED.