Court Opinion

ID: 2706244
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 22:46:21.081149+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:56:00.662412
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Willan, 2011-Ohio-6603.]

STATE OF OHIO                     )                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                  )ss:               NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT                  )

STATE OF OHIO                                        C.A. No.        24894

        Appellee

        v.                                           APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                     ENTERED IN THE
DAVID WILLAN                                         COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                     COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
        Appellant                                    CASE No.   CR-2007-12-4233 (A)

                                  DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: December 21, 2011

        BELFANCE, Judge.

        {¶1}     Appellant, David Willan, appeals from his convictions of multiple offenses in the

Summit County Court of Common Pleas. For the reasons that follow, we affirm Mr. Willan’s

convictions of three counts of false representation in the registration of securities, and one count

each of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity, tampering with records, and falsification, but

reverse the remainder of his convictions.

                                             BACKGROUND

        {¶2}     All of Mr. Willan’s convictions stem from activity conducted by two of his

businesses between 2002 and 2007. For several years, Mr. Willan was in the business of buying,

renovating, and reselling homes under the name of Summit Redevelopment, a business he owned

with a partner. Mr. Willan later bought the partner’s interest and changed the company’s name

to Evergreen Homes, LLC. Although Mr. Willan later started building new homes through a

business named Evergreen Builders, that entity is not connected to the convictions in this case.
                                               2

Because many potential buyers of renovated homes lacked the ability to secure financing through

traditional means, Summit Redevelopment and later Evergreen Homes assisted buyers in

obtaining financing. Specifically at issue in this case, Evergreen Homes helped some of its

homebuyers secure a first mortgage for approximately 80 percent of the purchase price and

allowed the buyer to pay off the remaining balance over time. To secure its right to receive

payment of the remaining 20 percent balance, Evergreen Homes retained a second mortgage on

each of these properties.

       {¶3}    As Evergreen Homes’ sales business grew, it developed a need for an influx of

capital. By allowing the buyers to pay off 20 percent of the purchase price over time, Evergreen

Homes received most of its profit from its home sales over time, as each home buyer paid the

remaining 20 percent owed.      Thus, Evergreen Homes’ assets consisted, in part, of notes

receivable. Although Evergreen Homes’ assets were growing, it lacked the liquid funds it

needed to purchase and renovate more homes. Mr. Willan hired an experienced partner in the

regulatory and finance practice group of a reputable local law firm. He worked with attorneys at

the firm for almost a year to develop a business plan to raise capital for Evergreen Homes. Mr.

Willan continued to work with these attorneys for the next several years and repeatedly told them

that he wanted to do whatever was necessary to ensure that his business complied with the law.

Even when the law firm recommended action that exceeded that required under the law, Mr.

Willan readily agreed to the firm’s recommendations.

       {¶4}    To implement the business plan, Mr. Willan formed a separate company,

Evergreen Investment Corporation. Evergreen Investment was formed to purchase and hold the

second mortgages that Evergreen Homes had received through its home sales and to secure

investors to provide capital that would enable it to purchase the mortgages from Evergreen
                                                  3

Homes. To accomplish this goal, Evergreen Investment sold debt securities, which earned

interest at a set rate around 10 percent or above. This endeavor required Evergreen Investment

to conform to the registration requirements connected with a securities offering. Eventually,

Evergreen Homes secured capital directly through the sale of equity securities. These securities

represented actual ownership interests in Evergreen Homes.

       {¶5}    In raising its capital through the issuance of debt securities, Evergreen Investment

registered each offering with the Division of Securities of the Ohio Department of Commerce.

Upon the advice of counsel, Mr. Willan hired a certified public accounting firm to prepare

audited financial statements for Evergreen Investment to file with the Division prior to the initial

offering. Although audited financials were not required by the Division, Mr. Willan followed his

counsel’s advice to fully disclose the financial condition of the company. With respect to the

sale of its equity securities, Evergreen Homes did not register those securities with the Division

of Securities, but instead filed forms with the Division to exempt the offerings of those securities

from the state’s registration requirements.

       {¶6}    Mr. Willan hired Daniel Mohler in early 2003 to sell homes for Evergreen

Homes, but later asked him to manage the investment sales. Mohler had no experience with

securities sales and was not licensed by the state to sell securities. It is not clear from the record

exactly when Mohler began selling the securities or whether Mr. Willan might have handled the

securities sales prior to Mohler. By the end of 2004, however, Mohler was the only person

selling securities for the Evergreen companies. With the exception of a brief period of time

during 2006 that he was paid a salary, Mohler received a commission for each security sale.

Although Mohler eventually sold securities for both Evergreen Investment and Evergreen
                                                4

Homes, the only sales offenses at issue in this case involve his sale of debt securities for

Evergreen Investment.

       {¶7}    Evergreen Investment sold its debt securities through newspaper advertisements,

which were approved by the Division prior to publication. The ads announced the availability of

the high-risk, high-yield certificates and provided information about how prospective investors

could obtain more information about the offering. The sales strategy was relatively simple:

interested investors would be enticed by the ads to contact Evergreen Investment to request an

offering circular and subscription agreement. The information provided warned the potential

investor that the investment was high-risk, was dependent on fluctuations in the lending and

housing market, and was not insured. After reviewing the information and determining whether

the investment was appropriate, interested investors would purchase certificates. The certificates

stated that the investments were unconditionally guaranteed by Evergreen Homes. Even though

the investment was tied to the continued success of Evergreen Homes, numerous investors were

attracted to the high rate of return and good reputation of the company. Mohler’s job was to

handle the paperwork when potential investors contacted the office. Although he occasionally

met outside the office with potential investors who requested information, Mohler’s sales role

did not involve the active solicitation of new investors. Thus, Mohler was not the stereotypical

salesman.

       {¶8}    During May 2006, when the Division conducted an audit of Mr. Willan’s

companies, it learned that Mohler was selling the securities and was receiving a commission for

each sale. Both Mr. Willan and Mohler openly admitted that Mohler received a commission for

each security sale. In fact, Mr. Willan made no attempt to conceal anything about his businesses

during the audit, nor did he attempt to alter the companies’ books to disguise the form or amount
                                                 5

of Mohler’s compensation. Mr. Willan stated that he was not aware that he should not have been

paying Mohler a commission. The Division described Mr. Willan as “fully cooperative” with its

investigation. In furtherance of his cooperation, Mr. Willan agreed to travel to Columbus to give

a deposition to the Division. There is no evidence suggesting that Mr. Willan did anything to

impair or hinder the Division’s investigation.

       {¶9}    Discovering that commissions were being paid in connection with each security

sale was significant to the Division because, among other things, it felt that fact had been

misrepresented on some of the securities filings. The Division also took the position that the

payment of commissions to Mohler triggered the need for him to be licensed as a salesperson

under Ohio law. The Division communicated with Mr. Willan’s then-counsel, who had been

unaware until that time that Mohler was selling the securities or that anyone was receiving

commissions. After learning that Mohler was paid commissions to sell the securities, Mr.

Willan’s counsel informed the Division that Ohio law did not require Mohler to be licensed as a

salesperson because he sold securities on behalf of the issuer, and therefore, the sales were

exempted from state licensing requirements.          Based on his counsel’s advice, Mr. Willan

maintained the position that the statutory prohibition on commissioned sales applied only to

securities dealers, not salespeople. Nonetheless, in what appears to be an abundance of caution,

Mr. Willan’s counsel advised Mr. Willan to stop paying Mohler a commission and suggested that

instead Mohler be paid a salary. Mr. Willan agreed. It appears that Mr. Willan’s counsel

believed that such action would be sufficient to resolve the matter with the Division.

       {¶10} In addition to concerns of the Division of Securities that Evergreen Investment

and Evergreen Homes were conducting business in violation of Ohio securities laws, the Summit

County Sheriff’s Department had become aware that many of the homes sold by Mr. Willan
                                                6

were in foreclosure.    The sheriff’s department had been investigating Mr. Willan and his

businesses and had learned that he had withdrawn large sums of money from his companies. It

questioned whether these withdrawals had been made at the expense of investors and whether

Evergreen Investment was financially solvent. The sheriff’s department obtained warrants to

search the offices of the Evergreen companies as well as Mr. Willan’s current and former

residences. On June 19, 2006, the sheriff’s department seized numerous items from Mr. Willan’s

offices that included several computers and file cabinets full of business records of Evergreen

Homes and Evergreen Investment. The Evergreen companies were “basically left with a shell of

an office.” It does not appear that any evidence was uncovered during the raid that would

suggest that the purpose of Mr. Willan’s endeavors was to defraud investors in the nature of a

“Ponzi” scheme or that the entities were not legitimate operations.

       {¶11} When an attorney at the Division of Securities first began investigating the

Evergreen companies in March 2006, he discovered that the Division had received no complaints

from any investors in either Evergreen company. Prior to the raid by the sheriff’s department, all

investors were paid everything they had been promised, and Evergreen Investment had honored

all requests for redemption of certificates. After the raid, however, the Evergreen companies

essentially screeched to a halt. The companies had little ability to continue operations because

the sheriff’s department had seized their computers and business records. Moreover, because the

raid had generated a great deal of negative publicity, investors called to demand an immediate

return of their investments and potential home sales customers apparently stopped doing business

with the Evergreen companies. Although Mr. Willan’s companies remained financially solvent

with more than sufficient assets to cover the investments, because the bulk of the assets consisted

of notes receivable and unsold homes, Mr. Willan lacked the liquidity to refund the investments
                                                  7

of everyone at once. Although no details are set forth in the record, at some point, Mr. Willan’s

Evergreen companies filed for bankruptcy protection.

       {¶12} On December 19, 2007, Mr. Willan and many other co-defendants were charged

in a 147-count secret indictment. Mr. Willan, the primary defendant who initially faced 108

charges, was tried separately from his co-defendants and the charges against him were severed

into two jury trials. The trial judge granted a judgment of acquittal on many of the charges

against Mr. Willan before and during the first jury trial, which commenced on November 17,

2008. After the close of evidence, the jury considered 68 counts against Mr. Willan: one count

of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity, five counts of false representation in the registration

of securities, 20 counts of selling securities as an unlicensed dealer, one count of securities fraud,

one count of aggravated theft, one count of theft from the elderly, 17 counts of violating the Ohio

Small Loans Act, and 22 counts of acting as an unregistered second mortgage lender. The jury

found Mr. Willan guilty of all 68 counts.

       {¶13} On May 18, 2009, Mr. Willan’s second trial began on the remaining nine counts

in the indictment: one count of grand theft, six counts of money laundering, one count of

tampering with records, and one count of falsification. The trial court granted a judgment of

acquittal on the charge of grand theft and on five of the six counts of money laundering. The

jury acquitted Mr. Willan of the remaining count of money laundering, but convicted him of one

count of tampering with records and one count of falsification. He appeals from his convictions

from both trials and raises six assignments of error.

                              SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       {¶14} Mr. Willan’s first assignment of error is that his convictions were not supported

by sufficient evidence and were against the manifest weight of the evidence. “‘Inasmuch as a
                                                  8

court cannot weigh the evidence unless there is evidence to weigh,’ this Court will consider his

sufficiency argument before analyzing his argument regarding the manifest weight of the

evidence.” State v. Rucker, 9th Dist. No. 25081, 2010-Ohio-3005, at ¶8, quoting Whitaker v.

M.T. Auto. Inc., 9th Dist. No. 21836, 2007-Ohio-7057, at ¶13. Moreover, although Mr. Willan

purports to raise a manifest weight challenge, his arguments do not focus on the weight of the

evidence before the trial court. Because Mr. Willan’s arguments are confined to the sufficiency

of the evidence supporting his convictions, this Court will limit its review accordingly.

       {¶15} For the most part, the evidence presented by the State was not disputed by Mr.

Willan. Although Mr. Willan presented witnesses on his own behalf at the first trial, his

witnesses did not dispute the evidence that was already before the trial court but offered

testimony to support his legal argument that his conduct, as demonstrated by the State, did not

constitute the offenses for which he was charged. In fact, some of the witnesses called by the

State provided testimony that supported Mr. Willan’s position. This Court’s review of the

sufficiency of evidence supporting a conviction is a question of law that this Court reviews de

novo. State v. Thompkins (1997), 78 Ohio St. 3d 380, 386. This Court must determine whether,

viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, it could have convinced any

rational trier of fact of Mr. Willan’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks (1991), 61
Ohio St. 3d 259, paragraph two of the syllabus.

                                     Mr. Willan’s First Trial

       {¶16} Because Mr. Willan’s convictions resulted from two separate jury trials, this

Court will review the evidence presented at each trial separately. Mr. Willan’s convictions

following the first trial fall into two main categories: (1) licensing or registration offenses, based

on the State’s allegation that Mr. Willan, through Evergreen Homes and/or Evergreen
                                                 9

Investment, engaged in certain business practices without registering with the state or obtaining a

state license; and (2) misrepresentation offenses, based on misrepresentations by Mr. Willan that

no commissions would be paid in connection with the sale of Evergreen’s securities. Mr.

Willan’s challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions will be

organized accordingly.

                                  Licensing/Registration Offenses

        {¶17} Mr. Willan was convicted of engaging in the following business without obtaining

a license or certificate of registration from the state: (1) selling securities; (2) issuing second

mortgages; and (3) issuing small loans. Mr. Willan does not dispute that he conducted these

types of activities or that he did so without obtaining a license or registration from the state.

Instead, he argues that his business activities did not fall within the meaning of the applicable

licensing or registration statutes.

                                         Sale of Securities

        {¶18} The most serious of Mr. Willan’s licensing convictions were 20 counts of

violating R.C. 1707.44(A)(1) by selling securities without obtaining a license. Although both

Evergreen Investment and Evergreen Homes eventually sold securities, the indictment and Mr.

Willan’s convictions pertained only to specific sales of Evergreen Investment debt securities.

The State attempted to prove that Mr. Willan violated R.C. 1707.44(A)(1) by acting through

Daniel Mohler in selling securities because Mohler was not licensed to sell securities, nor was

Mr. Willan or either of his companies.

        {¶19} At all times relevant in the indictment, R.C. 1707.44(A)(1) provided that “[n]o

person shall engage in any act or practice that violates division (A), (B), or (C), of Section

1707.14 of the Revised Code, and no salesperson shall sell securities in this state without being
                                                  10

licensed pursuant to section 1707.16 of the Revised Code.” Divisions (A), (B), and (C) of R.C.

1707.14 regulate the licensing and registration of dealers.           R.C. 1707.01(F)(1) defines a

“salesperson” as “every natural person, other than a dealer, who is employed, authorized, or

appointed by a dealer to sell securities within this state.” Thus, if Mr. Willan, Evergreen

Investment, and Evergreen Homes were not dealers, Mohler could not be a salesperson. See

R.C. 1707.01(F)(1). The basic definition of “dealer,” set forth in R.C. 1707.01(E)(1), includes:

       “every person, other than a salesperson, who engages or professes to engage, in
       this state, for either all or part of the person’s time, directly or indirectly, either in
       the business of the sale of securities for the person’s own account, or in the
       business of the purchase or sale of securities for the account of others in the
       reasonable expectation of receiving a commission, fee, or other remuneration as a
       result of engaging in the purchase and sale of securities.”

       {¶20} R.C. 1701.01(E)(1)(a) states that:

       “‘[d]ealer’ does not mean * * * [a]ny issuer, including any officer, director,
       employee, or trustee of, or member or manager of, or partner in, or any general
       partner of, any issuer, that sells, offers for sale, or does any act in furtherance of
       the sale of a security that represents an economic interest in that issuer, provided
       no commission, fee, or other similar remuneration is paid to or received by the
       issuer for the sale[.]”

We will refer to this as the “issuer exception.” “‘Issuer’ means every person who has issued,

proposes to issue, or issues any security.” R.C. 1707.01(G). “Person” includes “a natural

person, firm, partnership, limited partnership, partnership association, syndicate, joint-stock

company, unincorporated association, * * * and a corporation or limited liability company

organized under the laws of any state[.]” R.C. 1707.01(D).

       {¶21} Mr. Willan concedes that the State presented evidence that while an employee of

Evergreen Homes, Mohler handled and processed customer inquiries and requests for purchases

of Evergreen Investment debt securities, that Evergreen Homes paid him commissions for the

sales, that he was not licensed to sell securities, and that Evergreen Investment, Evergreen
                                                  11

Homes, and Mr. Willan were not licensed as dealers. Mr. Willan’s argument is that Mohler was

not a “salesperson” within the meaning of R.C. 1707.01(F)(1) because Mr. Willan and his

Evergreen companies were not “dealers” within the meaning of R.C. 1707.01(E)(1).

       {¶22} We turn to examining whether Mr. Willan, Evergreen Investment, and Evergreen

Homes were dealers as contemplated by the Ohio Revised Code.                    It is clear from R.C.

1707.01(E)(1)(a) that, with respect to Evergreen Homes’ own securities, it fell within the issuer

exception. Thus, it is not surprising that Mr. Willan was not charged with any crimes under R.C.

1707.44(A)(1) concerning the sale of Evergreen Homes’ own securities.                   The remaining

question, therefore, becomes whether Evergreen Homes was a dealer of Evergreen Investment’s

securities through the action of its employee, Mohler. Again, the general definition of dealer,

provides that a dealer is:

       “every person, other than a salesperson, who engages or professes to engage, in
       this state, for either all or part of the person’s time, directly or indirectly, either in
       the business of the sale of securities for the person’s own account, or in the
       business of the purchase or sale of securities for the account of others in the
       reasonable expectation of receiving a commission, fee, or other remuneration as a
       result of engaging in the purchase and sale of securities.” R.C. 1707.01(E)(1).

       {¶23} Neither the phrase “for the person’s own account[,]” nor the phrase “for the

account of others” has been defined in the relevant chapter of the Ohio Revised Code. When

words are not defined in a statute, they shall be given their ordinary meaning and construed

according to common usage. See R.C. 1.42. However, even after considering the common

meanings of the word “account[,]” it is unclear how the phrases should be interpreted. See

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11 Ed.2005) 8. The phrase “for the person’s own

account” could be viewed as analogous to the phrase “on one’s own account[,]” which is defined

as “on one’s behalf[.]” Id. Thus, “for the person’s own account” could mean on behalf of the

person or for the person’s benefit, whereas “for the account of others” could mean for the benefit
                                                12

of others or on behalf of others.      R.C. 1707.01(E)(1).     Given that these are the broadest

definitions of the phrases that we believe are applicable, we will proceed to consider the statute

in light of those definitions.

        {¶24} The latter half of the definition of dealer, discussing selling securities “for the

account of others[,]” requires that the person, here Evergreen Homes, received a commission,

fee, or similar remuneration for the sale of the securities. R.C. 1707.01(E)(1). Even assuming

that Evergreen Homes was selling securities “for the account of others[,]” because Evergreen

Homes did not receive a commission, fee, or similar remuneration for the sale of Evergreen

Investment’s securities, it was not a dealer as contemplated by the second portion of the statutory

definition. R.C. 1707.01(E)(1). Moreover, we note that neither Evergreen Homes nor Mohler

purchased securities and, thus, could not be said to have received any commission, fee, or

similar remuneration “as a result of engaging in the purchase and sale of securities.” (Emphasis

added.) R.C. 1707.01(E)(1).

        {¶25} With respect to the first portion of the definition, discussing the sale of securities

“for the person’s own account,” it is unclear to what extent the sale would have to benefit the

person to qualify as “for the person’s own account” under the statute. R.C. 1707.01(E)(1). For

example, if the sale only indirectly benefited the person, it is unclear whether that would be

sufficient for the sale to be “for the person’s own account[.]” R.C. 1707.01(E)(1). The evidence

was undisputed that Evergreen Homes was not receiving any monetary payment whenever

Evergreen Investment issued a debt certificate to a customer; moreover, because Evergreen

Homes agreed to unconditionally guarantee Evergreen Investment’s obligations, every sale of a

debt security actually created a significant financial obligation for Evergreen Homes.

Nonetheless, it is possible that Evergreen Homes’ sale of Evergreen Investment’s securities
                                                 13

through Mohler could be seen as indirectly benefiting Evergreen Homes as Evergreen

Investment was created to raise capital for Evergreen Homes. However, we believe that, if the

legislature had intended such a tenuous benefit to qualify as “for the person’s own account,” it

could have inserted language into the statute that would make such an interpretation more

reasonable. R.C. 1707.01(E)(1). As the legislature did not do so, we conclude Evergreen Homes

was not selling securities for its own account. Moreover, even if “for the person’s own account”

could be reasonably interpreted to encompass indirect benefits to that person, under the rule of

lenity, any ambiguity in a criminal statute must be construed strictly so as to apply the statute

only to conduct that is clearly proscribed. See United States v. Lanier (1997), 520 U.S. 259, 266;

State v. Cole (1994), 94 Ohio App. 3d 629, 638, citing R.C. 2901.04. Thus, we conclude that

Evergreen Homes was not a dealer, as it was not selling securities for its own account.

       {¶26} Next, we turn to examining whether Evergreen Investment was a dealer as

contemplated by R.C. 1707.01(E)(1). Even assuming that the activities of Evergreen Investment

satisfied the general definition of dealer, by being in the business of selling securities for its own

account, R.C. 1707.01(E)(1), we conclude that Evergreen Investment fell within the issuer

exception. Evergreen Investment was the issuer of the securities in question because it sold,

offered for sale, or furthered the sale of securities which represented an economic interest in

Evergreen Investment, and it did not receive any commission, fee, or similar remuneration for

the sale. R.C. 1707.01(E)(1)(a). Further, as an officer of the issuer, Evergreen Investment, Mr.

Willan also fit within the issuer exception with respect to Evergreen Investment.                R.C.

1707.01(E)(1)(a).

       {¶27} As Mr. Willan, Evergreen Investment, and Evergreen Homes were not dealers,

Mohler was not a salesperson, and Mr. Willan could not be convicted of aiding and abetting him
                                                 14

as an unlicensed salesperson. See R.C. 1707.01(F)(1); R.C. 1707.44(A)(1). Therefore, the State

failed to present sufficient evidence that Mr. Willan aided and abetted Mohler as an unlicensed

salesperson of securities, as it failed to establish that Mohler was required to be licensed.

       {¶28} Through each of the 20 counts at issue, the indictment contained allegations that

Mr. Willan and Mohler:

       “did commit the crime of UNLICENSED DEALER, in that they did, or did aid
       and/or abet another, to engage in an act or practice that violates division (A), (B),
       or (C) of section 1707.14, and/or as a salesperson sold securities in this state
       without being licensed pursuant to section 1707.16 of the Revised Code, to wit:
       one or more ‘certificates’ * * * in violation of Section 1707.44(A)(1) of the
       Revised Code[.]”

       {¶29} Although Mr. Willan requested a jury instruction that would have limited the jury

to considering only whether he aided and abetted Mohler as an unlicensed salesperson, the trial

court did not give his proposed instruction. Instead, the trial court broadly instructed the jury on

the allegations in the indictment that either Mr. Willan or Mohler acted as an unlicensed dealer:

       “The law of Ohio provides no person shall act as a dealer unless the person is
       licensed as a dealer by the Division of Securities, except when the person is
       transacting business through or with a licensed dealer or when the person is an
       issuer selling securities issued by it or by its subsidiary.”

       {¶30} The trial court also gave the statutory definition of the term “dealer.” R.C.

1707.01(E) defines a “dealer” to include “every person, other than a salesperson, who engages *

* * in the business of selling securities for the account of others in the reasonable expectation of

receiving a commission, fee, or other remuneration[.]” It was not disputed that Mohler was

employed by Evergreen Homes and that, in the course of his employment, effectuated the sale of

securities with the expectation of being paid commissions. The sole issue here is whether

Mohler qualified as one who “engag[ed] * * * in the business of” selling securities within the

meaning of R.C. 1707.01(E).
                                                15

       {¶31} R.C. 1707.01 does not define the phrase “engages * * * in the business,” nor does

it otherwise specify the level of involvement required for one to “engage” in the business of

selling securities and, therefore, fall within the definition of a “dealer.” The lengthy dictionary

definition of “engage” encompasses levels of participation that range from merely “tak[ing] part

[in]” to controlling the business by “begin[ning] and carry[ing] on an enterprise, esp. a business

or profession.”   Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1993) 751. Courts construing

this phrase in other contexts have resorted to the rules of construction after concluding that the

ordinary meaning of “engaging” in a particular business “conceivably covers many classes of

employment[,]” encompassing everyone from the proprietor of a business to its low-level

employees.    Redding Foods, Inc. v. Berry (Tex.Civ.App.1962), 361 S.W.2d 467, 469-470

(finding ambiguity in the phrase “engaging in the food business” in the context of contract

interpretation). This phrase is used elsewhere in the Ohio Revised Code in contexts that apply to

those who own and operate a certain type of business, not all clerical and sales employees

involved in the business’s operation.        See, e.g., R.C. 918.21(A) (“Poultry by-product

manufacturer” defined as “any person engaged in the business of manufacturing or processing”

certain animal food); R.C. 1315.21(B) (“Check-cashing business” defined as “any person that

engages in the business of cashing checks for a fee”); R.C. 3901.32(D) (“Insurer” defined as

“any person engaged in the business of insurance”); R.C. 5815.41(A) (“Art dealer” defined as “a

person engaged in the business of selling works of art”).

       {¶32} In Van Meter v. Pub. Util. Comm. (1956), 165 Ohio St. 391, the Ohio Supreme

Court construed this phrase within the context of R.C. 4923.04, which prohibited operating as a

“private motor carrier” on the state’s highways without a permit. R.C. 4923.02(A) defined

“private motor carrier” to include, in relevant part, a “person * * * engaged in the business of
                                                16

private carriage of persons or property[.]” The question before the Court was whether Van

Meter, as an employee of a trucking company, was “engaged in the business” by driving a truck

for his employer. Van Meter, 165 Ohio St. at 396. The Court began its analysis by recognizing

that “[i]n a broad sense, a servant, while engaged in the business of his master, may be said to be

engaged in business.” Id. Nonetheless, the Court proceeded to explain why the statutory phrase

“engaged in the business” should not be interpreted so broadly, but should be limited to those

who direct the operation of the employee’s work. “If anyone is engaged in such business, it is

the master who is in control of the mode and manner of operating the truck.” Id. at 397.

Because Van Meter was not an independent contractor, but was strictly an employee under the

direction and control of his employer, the Court held that he was not one “engaged in the

business” of private motor carriage. Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶33} Moreover, the meaning of R.C. 1707.01(E)(1) must be construed within the

context of the statutory framework in which it was enacted. See R.C. 1.49; State v. Moaning

(1996), 76 Ohio St. 3d 126, 128. Sheldon Safko, formerly an attorney with the Division of

Securities, described dealers as agents who are in the business of selling securities for issuers

other than themselves, such as Charles Schwab and Merrill Lynch. He further explained that a

dealer is one who can employ a salesperson. See R.C. 1707.01(F). In addition, he testified that,

although an individual technically could qualify as a dealer, it was not the practice of the

Division to license individuals as dealers and he did not think it was ever done; individuals were

licensed as salespeople.

       {¶34} Mohler, as an employee of Evergreen Homes, had no ability to employ

salespeople, as he worked at the will and direction of Evergreen Homes. R.C. 1707.15, which

governs the application and examination required for a dealer’s license, further requires that the
                                                  17

dealer have a “principal, officer, director, general partner, manager, or employee” who will take

and pass an examination before the state will issue a dealer’s license. R.C. 1707.15(C). Mohler,

who was strictly an employee of Evergreen Homes, had no “principal, officer, director, general

partner, manager, or employee” who could have taken the dealer’s licensing exam, so it was not

even possible for him to comply with the statutory requirement of becoming licensed as a dealer.

       {¶35} Consequently, the language of R.C. 1707.01(E) can reasonably be construed to

apply only to a person or entity that directs and controls the manner and means of the securities

sales activity. The language of the definition is subject to conflicting interpretations, one of

which does not apply to Mohler. See State ex rel. Toledo Edison Co. v. Clyde (1996), 76 Ohio

St.3d 508, 513. Under the rule of lenity, any ambiguity in a criminal statute must be construed

strictly so as to apply the statute only to conduct that is clearly proscribed. See Lanier, 520 U.S.

at 266; Cole, 94 Ohio App. 3d at 638, citing R.C. 2901.04. Because it is not clear that R.C.

1707.01(E)(1)(a) was intended to define “dealer” to include an employee who performs merely

clerical functions and works at the direction and control of his employer, this Court cannot

construe it to apply to Mohler’s securities sales activities.

       {¶36} Because the State failed to prove that Mohler, Mr. Willan, Evergreen Homes, or

Evergreen Investment qualified as salespeople or dealers within the meaning of R.C. 1707.01(E)

and (F), none of them was required to be licensed to sell the Evergreen Investment debt

securities. Therefore, the State failed to present sufficient evidence to support Mr. Willan’s 20

convictions under R.C. 1707.44(A)(1).

                                         Second Mortgages

       {¶37} Mr. Willan was convicted of 22 counts of being a second mortgage lender without

first obtaining the requisite certificate of registration from the Division of Financial Institutions
                                                 18

of the Ohio Department of Commerce. The State established that Evergreen Homes had retained

second mortgages on 22 properties that it sold and that it had never obtained a certificate of

registration to conduct business as a second mortgage lender.

        {¶38} Again, Mr. Willan does not challenge the State’s proof of those facts but raises a

legal argument that his business activity did not require Evergreen Homes to register as a second

mortgage lender under R.C. 1321.52. At the time Mr. Willan committed the alleged offenses,

from February 21, 2003 through February 26, 2006, R.C. 1321.52(A)(1)(b) provided that “[n]o

person * * * shall * * * without having first obtained a certificate of registration from the

division of financial institutions * * * [e]ngage in the business of lending or collecting the

person’s own * * * money, credit, or choses in action for such loans[.]” R.C. 1321.52(A)(1)(a)

explained that “such loans” are those “secured by a mortgage on a borrower’s real estate which is

other than a first lien on the real estate[.]”

        {¶39} Evergreen Homes did not lend money to any of the homebuyers. The second

mortgages at issue arose from an interest Evergreen Homes retained in the homes it sold.

Evergreen Homes sold each of these properties using a similar financing arrangement: the

homebuyer agreed to pay Evergreen Homes approximately 80 percent of the purchase price by

borrowing money from a lending institution; the lender held a first mortgage on the property; and

each homebuyer paid the remaining 20 percent balance to Evergreen Homes over time. The

arrangement between Evergreen Homes and the homebuyer was something akin to a modified

land contract, although Evergreen Homes did not retain title to the property. Instead, to protect

its right to receive the 20 percent balance of the purchase price, Evergreen Homes held a second

mortgage on each property and allowed the homebuyer to pay the remainder of the purchase

price in installments.
                                                19

       {¶40} Mr. Willan maintains that this type of second mortgage arrangement did not fall

within R.C. 1321.52(A)(1)(b) because Evergreen Homes was not conducting any business

connected with “loans” secured by a second mortgage on real estate. The critical missing link

for these convictions is that Evergreen Homes did not lend money to any of the homebuyers in

exchange for its second mortgage. It merely retained an interest in the property to secure its right

to payment of the 20 percent balance of the purchase price. Again, Mr. Willan has raised a

persuasive legal argument that his business activity did not fall within the relevant statutory

language.

       {¶41} Although R.C. Chapter 1321 does not directly define the term “loan,” it explicitly

recognized then and now that a “loan” involves the advancement of cash by the lender to, or on

behalf of, the borrower. R.C. 1321.51(F) has long defined an “interest bearing loan” as one that

is expressed as the “principal amount” plus interest computed on the unpaid principal balance.

“Principal amount” is defined as “the amount of cash paid to, or paid or payable for the account

of the borrower[.]” R.C. 1321.51(D).

       {¶42} The New York Court of Appeals has held that this type of real estate transaction,

in which a seller retains a mortgage on the property to secure his right to an unpaid balance of

the purchase price, is not a “loan” because no money was advanced by the seller. See 10 East

Realty, LLC v. Incorporated Village of Valley Stream (2009), 12 N.Y.3d 212, 215; Mandelino v.

Fribourg (1968), 23 N.Y.2d 145. “The fact that the consideration in this sale mentions an

interest rate and a term of payment, or that a mortgage was taken as a security interest, does not

make this transaction involving a deferred payment plan” a loan within the meaning of the state

constitution. 10 East Realty, at 215.
                                                20

        {¶43} The Ohio Revised Code likewise distinguishes a “loan” from a deferred payment

plan within the context of retail consumer sales. A “retail installment sale” is a sale in which the

retail seller transfers goods to the buyer and the “cash price may be paid in installments over a

period of time.” R.C. 1317.01(A). A “purchase money loan,” on the other hand, involves “a

cash advance that is received by a consumer from a creditor” that is applied to the consumer

transaction. R.C. 1317.01(Q).

        {¶44} This Court was unable to find any authority to support the State’s position that a

“loan” under R.C. 1321.52 can encompass Evergreen Homes’ business practice of transferring

homes to buyers before it had received full payment and allowing the buyers to pay the balance

over time. As emphasized already, the statute must be strictly construed to apply “only to

conduct that is clearly covered.” See United States v. Lanier, 520 U.S. at 266. Because

Evergreen Homes did not advance any money to its homebuyers, it did not issue “loans” in

connection with the second mortgages, and it did not fall within R.C. 1321.52(A)(1)(b) as a

second mortgage lender. Consequently, the State failed to present sufficient evidence to support

Mr. Willan’s 22 convictions of violating R.C. 1321.52(A)(1)(b).

                                           Small Loans

        {¶45} Mr. Willan was convicted of 17 counts of violating the Small Loans Act.

Specifically, he was convicted under R.C. 1321.02, which provides now, as it did then, that “[n]o

person shall engage in the business of lending money, credit, or choses in action in amounts of

five thousand dollars or less * * * without first having obtained a license from the division of

financial institutions[.]”

        {¶46} The State’s evidence that Mr. Willan issued small loans consisted solely of

documentation that was seized in the search of his offices. The documents included promissory
                                                 21

notes payable to Evergreen Investment, as well as worksheets, other office documentation, and e-

mail communications about some of the loans, which indicate that Evergreen Investment made

several loans, in amounts of $5,000 or less, at rates of interest of 12 and 18 percent. The State

also presented evidence that the Division of Financial Institutions had never issued a license to

Mr. Willan or Evergreen Investment to issue small loans.

        {¶47} The State offered no testimony from any of the alleged borrowers, however, nor

did Mr. Willan or anyone who worked for him testify about the alleged loans. The State sought

to establish Mr. Willan’s criminal liability based on the fact that he made loans without a license.

It presented no evidence that he acted with any degree of culpability in violating the Small Loans

Act, but instead proceeded on a theory that R.C. 1321.02 imposed strict liability on anyone who

engaged in the business of issuing small loans without a license, regardless of their awareness of

a need to be licensed.

        {¶48} This Court found no legal authority to support the State’s theory that R.C.

1321.02 imposes strict liability for issuing small loans without a license. Although Mr. Willan

has focused upon the State’s failure to specify the applicable interest rate as to the alleged loans,

“[o]ne of the elements to be determined in a sufficiency of the evidence analysis is the mental

state of the defendant in committing the [crime.]” State v. Fusillo, 11th Dist. No. 2004-T-0005,

2005-Ohio-6289, at ¶27.

        {¶49} R.C. 1321.02 fails to specify any culpable mental state. R.C. 2901.21(B) provides

that, “[w]hen the section defining an offense * * * neither specifies culpability nor plainly

indicates a purpose to impose strict liability, recklessness is sufficient culpability to commit the

offense.” There is no language in R.C. 1321.02 to plainly indicate a legislative purpose to

impose strict liability.
                                                 22

          {¶50} The Ohio Supreme Court has addressed the application of R.C. 2901.21(B) many

times in recent years. See, e.g., State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St. 3d 107, 2010-Ohio-6301; State v.

Horner, 126 Ohio St. 3d 466, 2010-Ohio-3830; State v. Lester, 123 Ohio St. 3d 396, 2009-Ohio-

4225; State v. Clay, 120 Ohio St. 3d 528, 2008-Ohio-6325; State v. Lozier, 101 Ohio St. 3d 161,

2004-Ohio-732. As the Ohio Supreme Court emphasized in Horner, it has found legislative

intent to impose strict liability where the legislature chose to include a level of culpability in one

discrete clause, subsection, or division, but not in another part of that same statute. Id. at ¶54. It

further stressed in Johnson that R.C. 2901.21(B) “is concerned with the offense as a whole” and

applies only if the definition of the offense fails to include a mens rea element. 2010-Ohio-6301,

at ¶37.

          {¶51} Mr. Willan was convicted under R.C. 1321.02, a statute that includes no

subsections, specifies no level of culpability for any element of the offense, and does not

incorporate another offense that does. See State v. Wharf (1999), 86 Ohio St. 3d 375, 377

(explaining that, although the definition of robbery under R.C. 2911.02(A)(1) includes no

specific mens rea, it incorporates the mental state of a theft offense). In construing the language

of a statute that specifies no level of culpability for any element of the offense, the Ohio Supreme

Court has refused to infer a legislative intent to impose strict liability absent actual language to

that effect in the statute. See, e.g., State v. Collins (2000), 89 Ohio St. 3d 524, 530. Despite

persuasive public policy arguments, the Court refused to write language into the statute that

“simply is not there-language which the General Assembly could easily have included, but did

not.” Id. at 529-530.

          {¶52} The Supreme Court has also emphasized that “[t]he fact that the statute contains

the phrase ‘No person shall’ does not mean that it is a strict criminal liability offense.” State v.
                                                  23

Moody, 104 Ohio St. 3d 244, 2004-Ohio-6395, at ¶16. Instead, it stressed that “[t]here must be

other language in the statute to evidence the General Assembly’s intent to impose strict criminal

liability.” Id. There is no language in R.C. 1321.02 to suggest any legislative intent to impose

strict liability. See State v. Annable, 194 Ohio App. 3d 336, 2011-Ohio-2029, at ¶33-35 (refusing

to construe similar language in R.C. 4731.41 as imposing strict liability for practicing medicine

without a license).

       {¶53} Lending money and charging interest is legal activity that is criminalized by R.C.

1321.02 if one lends repeatedly and does not obtain the requisite license. To construe this statute

as imposing strict liability would also raise due process concerns because it criminalizes a failure

to act, when the offender would not necessarily have any notice of his obligation to obtain a

license. Although some statutes that criminalize an offender’s failure to act have been construed

to impose strict liability, those statutes typically involve situations in which the offender would

have had prior notice of his obligation to take action, such as through a prior court order or the

rules pertaining to a license that he has already obtained. See, e.g., State v. Hardy, 9th Dist. No.

21015, 2002-Ohio-6457 (holding that R.C. 2950.06 imposes strict liability for a sexually oriented

offender’s failure to verify his current address); State v. Shaffer (1996), 114 Ohio App. 3d 97

(strict liability standard imposed for operating a licensed cemetery without an endowment care

fund). See, also, Collins, 89 Ohio St. 3d at 531-533 (Lundberg Stratton, J., concurring in part and

dissenting in part) (disagreeing with majority that R.C. 2919.21(B), which criminalizes a failure

to pay court-ordered support, was not a strict liability offense).

       {¶54} Moreover, the potential criminal sanctions for violating R.C. 1321.02 provide

further support for our conclusion that it should not be construed as creating a strict liability

offense.   Strict liability is not generally appropriate when an offense is punishable by
                                                24

imprisonment. U.S. v. U.S. Gypsum Co. (1978), 438 U.S. 422, 443, fn.18, citing Sayre, Public

Welfare Offenses (1933), 33 Colum.L.Rev. 55, 72; see, also, State v. Brewer (1994), 96 Ohio

App.3d 413, 416. A violation of R.C. 1321.02 constitutes a fifth degree felony, which is

punishable by a prison term of six to twelve months. R.C. 1321.99(A); R.C. 2929.14(A)(5).

         {¶55} For all of these reasons, this Court concludes that, in addition to the elements

explicitly set forth in the statute, R.C. 1321.02 requires proof that the offender acted recklessly

with regard to whether he needed a small loan license. Because the State failed to present any

evidence that Mr. Willan had any awareness of a need to have a small loan license or that he

otherwise acted recklessly as to his need to obtain a license to issue small loans, there was

insufficient evidence to support his convictions of issuing small loans without a license under

R.C. 1321.02.

         {¶56} The State failed to present sufficient evidence that Mr. Willan violated R.C.

1707.44(A)(1), 1321.52(A)(1)(b), or 1321.02 through his securities sales, second mortgage, or

small loan business practices.

                                  Misrepresentation Offenses

         {¶57} Mr. Willan’s misrepresentation convictions were based on his statements in the

securities filings of Evergreen Homes and the offering circular of Evergreen Investment that no

commissions would be paid in connection with the sale of the securities. These offenses focus

on misrepresentations that were made on securities forms filed with the state and in the offering

circular for the Evergreen Investment debt securities.          Mr. Willan concedes that the

representations were false because Mohler was paid a commission for most of the securities

sales.    His challenges to the sufficiency of evidence focus primarily on whether these
                                                 25

misrepresentations were material and/or whether he made them with knowledge that they were

false or with a purpose to defraud anyone.

                                       Registering Securities

       {¶58} Mr. Willan was convicted of five counts of making a material false representation

for the purpose of registering or exempting securities from registration when he registered two

separate offerings of Evergreen Investment’s debt securities and when he filed for an exemption

from registration of three separate offerings of equity securities. Mr. Willan was alleged to have

committed these offenses during 2004 and 2005. At that time, R.C. 1707.44(B)(1) provided that

“[n]o person shall knowingly make * * * any false representation concerning a material and

relevant fact * * * in any * * * circular, description, application, or written statement, for any of

the following purposes: [r]egistering securities * * * or exempting securities * * * from

registration, under this chapter[.]”

       {¶59} Although all of these convictions involved Mr. Willan’s misrepresentations about

the payment of commissions in connection with the securities sales, because he filed entirely

different forms with the state for the two types of securities, this Court will address them

separately. Counts two and five of the indictment focused on Mr. Willan’s registration of two

offerings of debt securities issued by Evergreen Investment. On February 18, 2004, Evergreen

Investment filed forms with the Division of Securities of the Ohio Department of Commerce to

register a $5 million offering of debt securities. The securities consisted of certificates that

would be sold at face value in multiples of $500, earn interest at a set rate, and would mature at

the end of six months, one year, or two years.

       {¶60} The registration paperwork filed by Evergreen Investment included the required

Form 6(A)(1), as well as the offering circular that Evergreen Investment would use to inform
                                                26

investors about the Evergreen companies and each security offering.            On June 10, 2005,

Evergreen Investment filed similar paperwork to register a $10 million offering of debt

securities. Each offering circular stated that “[n]o commissions * * * will be paid * * * in

connection with the sale of the Certificates.” The Form 6(A)(1) filed to register the securities did

not include any misrepresentation about commissions. The only misrepresentation was in the

offering circular that was filed along with the Form 6(A)(1).

       {¶61} Although Mr. Willan concedes that the statement in the circular regarding

commissions was false, and that the circular was filed along with his registration paperwork, he

maintains that the State failed to prove that the false statements in the circular were made for the

purpose of registering securities or that they were material to the registration process. He argues

that the State’s evidence demonstrated that the purpose of the statements in the circular was to

sell the securities, yet he was convicted of making false statements for the purpose of registering

the securities, not the offense of making a false representation for the purpose of selling

securities under R.C. 1707.44(B)(4).

       {¶62} Although many federal cases involve material misrepresentations in the

registration of securities, those cases provide little guidance because they involve civil suits

brought by investors and, necessarily, focus on whether the misrepresentation was material to

investors’ decisions to invest. See, e.g., TSC Industries, Inc. v. Northway (1976), 426 U.S. 438.

The focus here was not whether investors’ decisions would have been affected by Mr. Willan’s

misstatement about the commissions but whether the Division of Securities was materially

misled in its decision to register the securities. The transaction at hand was registration, so the

focus of this offense was on whether Mr. Willan’s misrepresentation likely would have
                                                  27

influenced the decision of the Division of Securities to process the registration of Evergreen

Investment’s securities.

       {¶63} The State presented the testimony of Sheldon Safko, formerly an attorney with the

Division of Securities, who testified that the Division reviews the offering circular as part of the

registration process to make sure that investors will have the information they need to make a

competent decision about whether to invest. He further explained that the offering circular is

“like a road map for the investor.” The circular should include information about the company

and the investment product so an investor can make an informed decision whether to invest in

the company. Safko did not testify, however, that this information would have affected the

registration of Evergreen Investment’s securities in any way. He gave no explanation of how the

information about commissions, or any other information in the circular, has any bearing on the

Division’s decision to approve or process the registration of a securities offering. Although the

State established that the information in the circular was relevant to the sale of securities, it

offered no evidence that Mr. Willan made this misstatement for the purpose of registering the

securities or that it was material or relevant to the registration of the security offering. Therefore,

as to Mr. Willan’s convictions under counts two and five of the indictment, the State presented

insufficient evidence that he knowingly made material and relevant false statements for the

purpose of registering the debt security offerings.

       {¶64} Mr. Willan’s remaining convictions of false representation in the registration of

securities, as stated in counts three, four, and six of the indictment, focused on entirely different

forms that Mr. Willan filed on behalf of Evergreen Homes to exempt its equity securities from

state registration. On November 24, 2004, April 29, 2005, and July 25, 2005, Mr. Willan filed

the requisite “Form D” with the Division of Securities to exempt a total of $4 million in equity
                                                28

securities offerings from state registration requirements.      Again at issue is Mr. Willan’s

misrepresentation that no commissions would be paid in connection with the sale of these

securities.

        {¶65} The State introduced the Form Ds that are at issue in these counts to prove that

Mr. Willan made misrepresentations on the Form D that was required to be filed to exempt the

securities from registration. It argued that Mr. Willan falsely represented that no commissions

would be paid in connection with the sales of the securities and that Mr. Willan failed to list the

payment of commissions as an expense. At trial, the State focused its argument on Mr. Willan’s

failure to include the payment of commissions in the listing of expenses on each Form D. In

particular, Section C, Item 4 of each Form D filed by Evergreen Homes included a line to list the

amount of “Sales Commissions” that would be paid in connection with the offering. Each Form

D filed by Evergreen Homes left the commission expense line blank and, consequently, no

commissions were deducted from the gross amount of the offering to arrive at the “adjusted

gross proceeds to the issuer.” Mr. Willan maintained then and now that his failure to include the

commissions as an expense did not constitute an affirmative misrepresentation and, therefore,

could not constitute a violation of R.C. 1701.44(B)(1). However, this argument ignores the fact

that Mr. Willan also made an affirmative representation that no commissions would be paid in

connection with the sales of the securities.

        {¶66} Although not emphasized by the State at trial, in addition to Mr. Willan’s failure

to include commissions as an expense to be deducted from the issuer’s proceeds, each Form D

included an affirmative misrepresentation that no commissions would be paid. Section B, Item 4

of each Form D required the issuer to include information about “each person who has been or

will be paid or given, directly or indirectly, any commission or similar remuneration for
                                                29

solicitation of purchasers in connection with sales of securities in the offering.” Section B, Item

4 included blank lines for the name, address, and other information about each person who

would receive commissions. Each Form D filed by Evergreen Homes included the response

“None.” to Section B, Item 4 and no other information.

        {¶67} The State also established that the misrepresentation about the payment of

commissions was relevant and material to the State’s review of whether these securities qualified

for an exemption from state registration. Form D provides almost an entire page for information

about the people who have been or will be paid commissions in connection with the sale of

securities in the offering, including the name of their associated broker or dealer. The State

presented the testimony of Sheldon Safko, who explained that information about who would

receive commissions was relevant and material to the Division’s review of each Form D because

the securities offering would not qualify for a Rule 506 registration exemption if the securities

sales involved the payment of commissions to people who were not licensed with the state to sell

securities.

        {¶68} At the time Mr. Willan filed each Form D to qualify for the registration

exemption, R.C. 1707.03(X) provided that an “offer or sale of securities made in reliance on the

exemption provided in Rule 506 of Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933 * * * is

exempt provided that all of the following apply:

        “(1) The issuer makes a notice filing with the division on form D of the securities
        and exchange commission within fifteen days of the first sale in this state;

        “(2) Any commission, discount, or other remuneration for sales of securities in
        this state is paid or given only to dealers or salespersons licensed under this
        chapter;

        “(3) The issuer pays a filing fee of one hundred dollars to the division; however,
        no filing fee shall be required to file amendments to the form D of the securities
        and exchange commission.”
                                                 30

       {¶69} By misrepresenting that no commissions would be paid, when in fact Mr. Willan

knew that commissions would be paid to someone who was not a dealer or salesperson licensed

in this state, Mr. Willan made material false statements on each Form D he filed. Had the

commission payments to Mohler been disclosed, Evergreen Homes would have been required to

fully register each of the three equity securities offerings with the state or commit another

offense by selling unregistered securities. A reasonable inference from this evidence is that Mr.

Willan’s purpose in making the misrepresentation about the commissions was to qualify his

securities offering for the registration exemption.

       {¶70} Despite Mr. Willan’s argument to the contrary, the State presented sufficient

evidence that he made these misrepresentations with knowledge that they were false. Although

Mr. Willan’s former counsel completed each Form D, he sent the forms to Mr. Willan for him to

review and sign. Each Form D was only a few pages long and included little information for Mr.

Willan to review. The statement about the commissions would have been noticeable from even a

brief review of the forms. Moreover, Mr. Willan signed each Form D directly below a series of

statements, representing that he was familiar with the conditions that must be satisfied for the

exemption, that he understood that the issuer had the burden of demonstrating that it qualified for

the exemption, and that he had “read this notification and knows the contents to be true[.]”

       {¶71} Although it is not clear exactly when Mr. Willan began paying Mohler

commissions to sell the debt securities, the first Form D to exempt the equity securities from

registration was not filed until November 24, 2004. The State presented evidence that, although

Mohler initially worked for Evergreen selling homes, he had shifted to securities sales by the end

of 2003. Mohler had been selling securities for Evergreen throughout 2004 and, by the end of

that year, had earned over $190,000 in commissions. Mohler testified that he first sold debt
                                                31

securities for Evergreen Investment and then Mr. Willan asked him to sell the equity securities

for Evergreen Homes when those sales began. Mohler further explained that Mr. Willan paid

him a four-percent commission to sell the equity securities, which was a significant increase

from the one-percent commission that he had been receiving for selling the debt securities. This

evidence supported a reasonable inference that Mr. Willan knew that Mohler would be selling

the equity securities and receiving a commission at the time he represented otherwise to the

Division of Securities on each Form D. Therefore, the State presented sufficient evidence to

support Mr. Willan’s convictions of false representation in the registration of securities, as

charged in counts three, four, and six of the indictment.

                                          Theft Offenses

       {¶72} Mr. Willan was convicted of aggravated theft and theft from the elderly under

R.C. 2913.02(A)(3) for sales of his securities between January 1, 2003, and June 19, 2006.

Throughout that period, R.C. 2913.02(A)(3) provided that “[n]o person, with purpose to deprive

the owner of property * * * shall knowingly obtain or exert control over * * * the property * * *

[b]y deception[.]”   Mr. Willan challenges the sufficiency of evidence supporting his theft

convictions on several grounds, including that the State failed to prove that he obtained control

over any investor’s money by deception or that he acted with a purpose to deprive investors of

their money.

       {¶73} “Deception” has long been defined in R.C. 2913.01(A) as:

       “knowingly deceiving another or causing another to be deceived by any false or
       misleading representation, by withholding information, by preventing another
       from acquiring information, or by any other conduct, act, or omission that creates,
       confirms, or perpetuates a false impression in another, including a false
       impression as to law, value, state of mind, or other objective or subjective fact.”
                                               32

       {¶74} The State presented the testimony of many alleged theft victims, who testified that

they had invested amounts ranging from $20,000 to several hundred thousand dollars in

securities in one or both of Mr. Willan’s two companies and that they never received a refund of

their investment. Several of the witnesses testified that they were over 65 years old. The State

offered no evidence, however, that Mr. Willan, Mohler, or anyone else associated with Mr.

Willan had deceived any of the alleged victims about how their money would be invested.

       {¶75} Most of the State’s witnesses testified about investing in the debt securities sold

by Evergreen Investment.      They learned about the investment opportunity primarily from

newspaper advertisements and had been drawn to the debt securities because they paid a very

high rate of return, in excess of ten percent annually.      One witness explained that it was

“absolutely” a higher rate of return than many of her other investments. Almost every witness

testified that they understood at the time they invested that a high rate of return was associated

with a higher risk investment. Each had received a copy of the offering circular, which fully

explained that this investment carried many risks. The circular explained that the investment

was not federally insured but was directly tied to the success of the Evergreen Companies, which

depended on the strength of the housing and mortgage lending markets, both of which were

subject to economic fluctuations. As several witnesses explained, however, the housing market

was strong at the time they invested and Evergreen Homes was a growing company, so they

thought that this was a safe investment.

       {¶76} The deception alleged by the State again focused on Mr. Willan’s false

representation in the offering circular that no commissions would be paid in connection with the

sale of securities. There was no evidence, however, that any of these investors gave money to

Mr. Willan’s companies due to his false statement about commissions. One by one, the investors
                                              33

testified that they had invested with Evergreen Investment or Evergreen Homes due to the high

rate of return that the companies were paying on the investments. Most witnesses explained that

they never considered how Mohler was paid or whether he was receiving commissions. The

State did present one witness who testified that he had asked Mohler whether he was receiving a

commission, because he had a bad experience several years earlier with a commissioned

salesperson, and that Mohler told him that he was paid a salary. That witness did not further

testify, however, that he had invested with Evergreen Investment due to Mohler’s statement that

he did not receive commissions.

       {¶77} Moreover, even if one investor might have been deceived by the misinformation

about the payment of commissions, the State failed to present any evidence that Mr. Willan acted

with a purpose of depriving the investors of their money. Mr. Willan’s position throughout these

proceedings was that he was conducting a legitimate housing business and sought investors to

provide capital to purchase more properties to improve. He maintained that his failure to return

the investors’ money was due to the eventual insolvency of his businesses. Despite the State’s

attempts to depict Mr. Willan’s investment plan as a “Ponzi” scheme, it never presented any

evidence to support that characterization. A so-called “Ponzi scheme” was named after Charles

Ponzi, who defrauded investors of millions of dollars by convincing them that their money was

earning a high rate of return when, in fact, he had not invested their money in anything. See

Cunningham v. Brown (1924), 265 U.S. 1, 7-8. His scheme was a total sham because he “made

no investments of any kind, so that all the money he had at any time was solely the result of

loans by his dupes.” Id. at 8. Nothing in the record before us supports the State’s allegations

that Mr. Willan’s investment plan was a sham. Investors were told that their money would be
                                                 34

used to provide capital to allow Evergreen Homes to buy more homes to renovate. The State

failed to present any evidence that the investors’ money was not used for that purpose.

       {¶78} There was evidence that a reputable accounting firm had prepared the income tax

filings and financial statements for the Evergreen companies and that the companies were

financially solvent through the end of 2005. At some point, both companies filed for bankruptcy

protection, but the record fails to disclose when that happened or why. The State failed to

present evidence to support even an inference that the eventual insolvency of the Evergreen

companies, and the investors’ resulting loss of the money they invested, was due to anything

other than a downturn in the housing and mortgage markets and the bad publicity that

surrounded the sheriff’s department raid of their offices.

       {¶79} Because the State failed to present evidence that Mr. Willan knowingly exerted

control over investors’ money by deception with a purpose of depriving them of their money, it

failed to present sufficient evidence that Mr. Willan committed the offenses of aggravated theft

or theft from the elderly.

                                         Securities Fraud

       {¶80} Mr. Willan was convicted of securities fraud under R.C. 1707.44(G) for acts he

committed from January 1, 2003 through June 19, 2006. At that time, R.C. 1707.44(G) provided

that “[n]o person in * * * selling securities shall knowingly engage in any act or practice that is,

in this chapter, declared illegal, defined as fraudulent, or prohibited.” R.C. 1707.01(J) defined

“fraudulent acts” to include “any * * * scheme * * * to obtain money or property by means of

any false * * * representation[.]”

       {¶81} This conviction was based on allegations similar to those underlying the theft

convictions, that Mr. Willan defrauded investors by telling them that no commissions would be
                                                 35

paid in connection with the sale of the securities. As explained already, the State failed to prove

that anyone invested with his companies due to fraudulent misrepresentations or that the

investment plan for his businesses involved anything other than a legitimate investment strategy.

Again, Mr. Willan has demonstrated that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to support

this conviction.

                            Engaging in a Pattern of Corrupt Activity

       {¶82} Mr. Willan was convicted of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity under R.C.

2923.32(A)(1) for acts that he committed between January 2002 and July 2006. During that

period, R.C. 2923.32(A)(1) provided that “[n]o person employed by, or associated with, any

enterprise shall conduct or participate in, directly or indirectly, the affairs of the enterprise

through a pattern of corrupt activity or the collection of an unlawful debt.”

       {¶83} Mr. Willan’s challenge to this conviction is premised on his challenges to each of

the predicate offenses at the first trial, which included false representation in the registration of

securities, securities fraud, and the theft offenses. Although we have concluded that there was

insufficient evidence to support some of these convictions, there was sufficient evidence to

support his convictions under R.C. 1707.44(B)(1) of three counts of making a false

representation in the Form D filings of three separate offerings of equity securities.          R.C.

2923.31(I)(2)(a) explicitly defined “corrupt activity” to include a violation of “division (B),

(C)(4), (D), (E), or (F) of section 1707.44 * * * of the Revised Code.”

       {¶84} A conviction under R.C. 2923.32 required proof that Mr. Willan acted through an

“enterprise” and engaged in a “pattern” of corrupt activity.          R.C. 2923.31(C) defines an

enterprise to include “any individual, * * * corporation * * * or other legal entity, or any

organization, association, or group of persons associated in fact although not a legal entity.”
                                                 36

R.C. 2923.31(E) defines a “[p]attern of corrupt activity” as “two or more incidents of corrupt

activity, whether or not there has been a prior conviction, that are related to the affairs of the

same enterprise, are not isolated, and are not so closely related to each other and connected in

time and place that they constitute a single event.”

       {¶85} The State presented evidence that Mr. Willan, acting through his company

Evergreen Homes, made false representations to the Division of Securities so he could exempt

Evergreen Homes’ equity securities from state securities registration. In connection with three

separate offerings of equity securities, in November 2004, April 2005, and July 2005, Mr. Willan

misrepresented to the Division of Securities that his securities were exempt from registration

requirements because no commissions would be paid in connection with their sale. Each act was

directly related to providing funds for the affairs of his Evergreen companies and the acts were

not isolated or so closely connected in time that they could be construed to constitute a single

event. The pattern of corrupt activity involved a total of $4 million in securities that Mr. Willan

was able to exempt from state registration as a result of the false representation. Therefore, the

State presented sufficient evidence to support Mr. Willan’s conviction of engaging in a pattern of

corrupt activity.

                                   Mr. Willan’s Second Trial

       {¶86} Following his second jury trial, Mr. Willan was convicted of falsification under

R.C. 2921.13(A)(5) and tampering with records under R.C. 2913.43(A)(1). These convictions

stemmed from statements Mr. Willan made on two state applications that he had never been

convicted of a criminal offense when, in fact, he had a 1992 misdemeanor conviction for passing

a bad check. Although it was not legally necessary for him to have done so, Mr. Willan filed

applications with the Division of Financial Institutions of the Ohio Department of Commerce, on
                                                37

behalf of Evergreen Homes and Evergreen Investment, to register the companies as second

mortgage lenders. Each application was received by the Division of Financial Institutions on

June 9, 2005 and the misrepresentation made by Mr. Willan was the same on each application.

       {¶87} Item number 15 of the application asks whether the applicant or any “partners,

members, corporate officers, or directors * * * [has] ever been arrested for, charged with or

convicted of any violation of any federal, state or local civil or criminal statute[.]” The question

explicitly excludes minor traffic violations, but includes no other exclusions or limitations. After

item 15 of each form filed by Mr. Willan, the “No” response box was checked. Item 11 of the

Schedule 17 attached to each application further asked, “Have you * * * ever pleaded guilty * *

* or been found guilty by a judge or jury of any violation of any law of Ohio or elsewhere

(excluding motor vehicle traffic laws)?” The response “no” was typed on the line below the

question. Schedule 17 was signed and sworn by Mr. Willan and notarized by his former counsel.

       {¶88} Each application also included the following attestation that was signed by Mr.

Willan:

       “I (We) swear that this application and any attachments have been * * * carefully
       reviewed by me (us) and constitute a complete, truthful, and correct statement of
       all information required herein.       I realize that any false or fraudulent
       representation * * * will be grounds for a denial of this application * * * and is
       subject to criminal prosecution under Section 2921.13 of the Ohio Revised Code.”

       {¶89} Although the false statements by Mr. Willan led to his convictions of both

tampering with records and falsification, he has not challenged the falsification conviction on

appeal, nor did he challenge it with a Crim.R. 29 motion at trial. He essentially conceded that

the State had presented sufficient evidence to support the falsification conviction, because he

made a false statement about his prior conviction on a state application and the State had

presented sufficient evidence that he had done so knowingly. See R.C. 2921.13(A)(5)
                                                38

        {¶90} Mr. Willan challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction of

tampering with records under R.C. 2913.42(A)(1), which provided at the time of the alleged

offense that “[n]o person, knowing the person has no privilege to do so, and with purpose to

defraud or knowing that the person is facilitating a fraud, shall * * * [f]alsify * * * any * * *

record[.]” “Defraud” meant to “knowingly obtain, by deception, some benefit for oneself or

another[.]” R.C. 2913.01(B).

        {¶91} Mr. Willan argues that the State failed to present sufficient evidence that he

falsified the second mortgage application with purpose to defraud the Division of Financial

Institutions.   Proof of a defendant’s purpose or intent is typically established through

circumstantial evidence, as direct evidence will seldom be available. State v. Lott (1990), 51
Ohio St. 3d 160, 168.

        {¶92} At trial, the parties attached significance to the fact that Mr. Willan obtained a

criminal background check, but the results were never received by the Division of Financial

Institutions. The background check was also part of the application process to register as a

second mortgage lender. The defense attempted to establish that Mr. Willan properly completed

the background check and directed that the results be forwarded to the Division, but that the

Division apparently never received the results. It was unclear from this evidence whether Mr.

Willan had properly directed that the background information be forwarded to the State.

Moreover, the fact that he may have completed that component of the second mortgage

application process did not change the fact that he made false statements on the application.

        {¶93} There was sufficient evidence before the jury to support a reasonable inference

that Mr. Willan knowingly gave false information about his prior conviction with a purpose of

getting his second mortgage registration approved. The sole purpose of the application was to
                                                 39

obtain a certificate of registration as a second mortgage lender in Ohio. In response to two

separate questions, Mr. Willan gave false information about his criminal background. He signed

an attestation that he swore that he had carefully reviewed the application and attachments, that

all information was complete and truthful, and that he realized that any false statements could

subject him to criminal prosecution and/or a denial of his application. A reasonable juror could

infer from this evidence that Mr. Willan knowingly lied about his prior conviction, with the

intention that the Division would not discover the truth and allow him to register with the state as

a second mortgage lender.

                                       Sufficiency Summary

       {¶94} In summary, the State failed to present sufficient evidence to support Mr. Willan’s

convictions in the first trial of unlicensed dealer, unregistered second mortgage lender, violating

the Small Loans Act, the two counts of false representation in the registration of securities that

pertained to the debt securities, securities fraud, aggravated theft, and theft from the elderly. His

first assignment of error is sustained to the extent it challenges those convictions. The State did

present sufficient evidence to support Mr. Willan’s convictions in the first trial of false

representation in the registration of securities as charged in counts three, four, and six of the

indictment and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity. It also presented sufficient evidence to

support his convictions in the second trial of tampering with records and falsification. Mr.

Willan’s assignment of error as it pertains to those convictions is overruled.

                              VALIDITY OF SEARCH WARRANT

       {¶95} Mr. Willan’s third assignment of error is that the trial court erred in denying his

motion to suppress all evidence seized in the June 6, 2006, raid of his companies’ offices because

the warrant to search each location was based on an affidavit that contained false information.
                                                40

Mr. Willan points to a few isolated statements made by the affiant that were later proven to be

false or exaggerated, at either the suppression hearing or at trial, both of which occurred more

than two years after the State was able to verify the information that was the target of the search.

“To successfully attack the veracity of a facially sufficient search warrant affidavit, a defendant

must show by a preponderance of the evidence that the affiant made a false statement, either

‘intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth.’” State v. Waddy (1992), 63 Ohio St. 3d
424, 441, quoting Franks v. Delaware (1978), 438 U.S. 154, 155-156. Moreover, even if the

affidavit included such false statements, the warrant remains valid unless “‘the affidavit’s

remaining content is insufficient to establish probable cause[.]’” Id.

       {¶96} Mr. Willan has failed to demonstrate that the affiant intentionally made any false

statements or that he made them with a reckless disregard for their truth. Moreover, he has failed

to demonstrate that the isolated statements at issue were material to the overall validity of the

warrant in any way. Mr. Willan pointed to a few statements that exaggerated the amount of

money he had drawn from his companies and stated that the Division of Securities had initiated

the criminal investigation when, in fact, it was the sheriff’s department. Although Mr. Willan

also maintains that the affiant made a false statement that Evergreen Investment was insolvent as

of May 2006, there is nothing in the record to establish whether that statement was true or false.

Overall, the affidavit includes true statements about the nature of Mr. Willan’s businesses and his

relationship to them, that he was drawing more than his allotted annual salary to the potential

detriment of his investors, the interrelationship of the Evergreen companies and that Mr. Willan

moved money between the two companies, that Mohler was selling securities and receiving

commissions but was not licensed to sell securities, and that Mr. Willan had made

misrepresentations to the state and investors about the payment of commissions to Mohler.
                                               41

       {¶97} Mr. Willan also maintains that the search warrants were overly broad and/or that

the search conducted at the West Market Street office of the Evergreen companies went beyond

the scope of the warrants because the affidavits and warrants pertained to the business of

Evergreen Investment only, not Evergreen Homes or Evergreen Builders.              The affidavits

supporting these search warrants included facts to establish probable cause that Evergreen

Investment was engaged in illegal activity, that its office was located in the same building as

Evergreen Homes and Evergreen Builders, and that the three businesses were closely associated

and owned by Mr. Willan. It further stated that Evergreen Investment was being used as a

source of funding and that the affiant believed that Evergreen Homes was profitable and

Evergreen Investment was insolvent at that time. It further stated information to support the

affiant’s belief that Evergreen Investment had become insolvent, at the expense of its creditors

and for the advantage of Mr. Willan and his other companies.

       {¶98} The warrants to search the West Market Street location did specify only

“Evergreen Investment” as the business to be searched, but each warrant clearly indicated that

Evergreen Investment was located in the same building as Evergreen Homes and Evergreen

Builders, that the sign at the location read “Evergreen Homes,” and one of the warrants included

within its scope “any and all areas * * * within the physical structure of 611 W. Market Street

occupied by or associated with Evergreen Investment Corporation, Evergreen Homes LLC and

Evergreen Builders LLC.” Moreover, each warrant authorized the search and seizure of all

documentation exhibiting the names or identifiers of any of these entities or Mr. Willan himself.

       {¶99} Mr. Willan has failed to demonstrate that the trial court erred in denying his

motion to suppress evidence seized during the search of his offices. The third assignment of

error is overruled.
                                               42

                                  INADMISSIBLE EVIDENCE

       {¶100} Mr. Willan’s fifth assignment of error is that the trial court erred in allowing the

State to present evidence in each trial that was irrelevant to the offenses before the court and

unduly prejudicial to him. He specifically points to evidence in his first trial about his prior

conviction and his unsuccessful attempt to register as a second mortgage lender, as well as

evidence in both trials that he withdrew large sums of money from his businesses and spent the

funds on extravagant personal items for himself and others.

       {¶101} To demonstrate reversible error, Mr. Willan must demonstrate that the evidence

was wrongly admitted and that he suffered prejudice as a result. State v. Roberts, 156 Ohio

App.3d 352, 2004-Ohio-962, at ¶14. “Prejudice occurs if there is a reasonable possibility that

the error might have contributed to the conviction.” State v. Basen (Feb. 16, 1989), 8th Dist. No.

55001, at *6, citing State v. Cowans (1967), 10 Ohio St. 2d 96, 105. Although the evidence at

issue might have contributed to the jury’s assessment of the evidence pertaining to some of Mr.

Willan’s convictions, such as the second mortgage registration, securities fraud, and theft

offenses, this Court has reversed all of those convictions. Mr. Willan has failed to argue, much

less demonstrate, how any of the evidence at issue might have contributed to his convictions of

false representation in the registration of securities, engaging in a pattern or corrupt activity,

tampering with records, or falsification. Consequently, as he has not demonstrated prejudice, his

fifth assignment of error is overruled.

                               CORRUPT ACTIVITY SENTENCE

       {¶102} Mr. Willan’s sixth assignment of error is that the trial court erred in imposing a

ten-year term of incarceration under the former R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) for his conviction of

engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.      Pursuant to R.C. 2923.32(B)(1), Mr. Willan’s
                                                 43

conviction of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity was a first-degree felony because it was

predicated on incidents of corrupt activity that constituted first-degree felonies. Although the

State failed to prove that Mr. Willan committed the predicate offenses of aggravated theft and

theft from the elderly, it did present sufficient evidence to prove that he committed three first-

degree felony offenses of false representation in the registration of securities. Under the general

sentencing provisions of R.C. 2929.14 at that time, if the trial court elected to or was required to

impose a prison term for a conviction of a first-degree felony, it was required to impose a

definite prison term of three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten years. R.C. 2919.14(A)(1).

The State persuaded the trial court, however, that it was further required by R.C.

2929.14(D)(3)(a) to impose a mandatory ten-year term of incarceration for Mr. Willan’s

conviction of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity.

       {¶103} At the time Mr. Willan began his alleged pattern of corrupt activity in November

2004, R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) provided: 1

       “Except when an offender commits a violation of section 2903.01 or 2907.02 of
       the Revised Code and the penalty imposed for the violation is life imprisonment
       or commits a violation of section 2903.02 of the Revised Code, if the offender
       commits a violation of section 2925.03 or 2925.11 of the Revised Code and that
       section classifies the offender as a major drug offender and requires the
       imposition of a ten-year prison term on the offender, if the offender commits a
       felony violation of section 2925.02, 2925.04, 2925.05, 2925.36, 3719.07,
       3719.08, 3719.16, 3719.161, 4729.37, or 4729.61, division (C) or (D) of section
       3719.172, division (C) of section 4729.51, or division (J) of section 4729.54 of
       the Revised Code that includes the sale, offer to sell, or possession of a schedule I
       or II controlled substance, with the exception of marihuana, and the court
       imposing sentence upon the offender finds that the offender is guilty of a
       specification of the type described in section 2941.1410 of the Revised Code
       charging that the offender is a major drug offender, if the court imposing sentence
       upon an offender for a felony finds that the offender is guilty of corrupt activity
       with the most serious offense in the pattern of corrupt activity being a felony of
       the first degree, or if the offender is guilty of an attempted violation of section

       1
         Effective September 30, 2011, R.C. 2929.14 was amended. Language was added to this
provision and it was renumbered as R.C. 2929.14(B)(3).
                                                 44

        2907.02 of the Revised Code and, had the offender completed the violation of
        section 2907.02 of the Revised Code that was attempted, the offender would have
        been subject to a sentence of life imprisonment or life imprisonment without
        parole for the violation of section 2907.02 of the Revised Code, the court shall
        impose upon the offender for the felony violation a ten-year prison term that
        cannot be reduced pursuant to section 2929.20 or Chapter 2967. or 5120. of the
        Revised Code.” (Emphasis added.).

        {¶104} Mr. Willan argues that R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) was specifically designed to apply

to major drug offenders. He contends that the trial court improperly applied the “corrupt

activity” language of R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) in isolation and that it ignored the reference to the

specific drug offenses immediately preceding the “corrupt activity” language. He argues that the

reference to “corrupt activity” in the statute cannot be construed in isolation but must be read

within the context of the entire provision. See R.C. 1.42; State ex rel. Rose v. Lorain Cty. Bd. of

Elections (2000), 90 Ohio St. 3d 229, 231. Mr. Willan also asserts that, within the context of the

entire provision, the statute was ambiguous as to whether the mandatory ten-year term applied to

all convictions of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity, or only those that involve the offenses

that are explicitly identified in the statute. Thus, he argues that any ambiguity must be resolved

in favor of lenity. We agree. The former R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) did not unequivocally impose a

mandatory 10-year prison term for any offender found guilty of the general offense of engaging

in a pattern of corrupt activity set forth in R.C. 2923.32. Further, we do not discern any

legislative intent to do so.

        {¶105} The relevant “corrupt activity” language contained in R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a)

appears more than halfway through this provision, after a lengthy passage of detailed language

pertaining exclusively to specific drug offenses, as well as repeated references to major drug

offenders, and immediately is followed by an explicit reference to certain offenses of attempted

rape. Given the heavy emphasis on drug offenses and the major drug offender specification, the
                                               45

mandatory ten-year term imposed by R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) was associated primarily with major

drug offenses. See, e.g., State v. Moore, 8th Dist. No. 85825, 2006-Ohio-305; State v. Roper, 9th

Dist. No. 22102, 2005-Ohio-13; State v. Fuller (Sept. 30, 1998), 6th Dist. No. L-97-1426.

Likewise, the mandatory ten-year term was typically imposed for corrupt activity convictions

that were predicated on drug offenses. See, e.g., State v. Baker, 3rd Dist. No. 6-03-11, 2004-

Ohio-2061; State v. Phillips (Dec. 13, 2001), 8th Dist. No. 79192.

       {¶106} This Court was able to find only one appellate decision that upheld an application

of R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) to a corrupt activity conviction that was predicated on offenses other

than those enumerated in the statute. See State v. Schneider, 8th Dist. No. 93128, 2010-Ohio-

2089. Schneider argued on appeal that it was unclear whether R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) applied to

the general offense of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity because the corrupt activity

language did not expressly refer to R.C. 2923.32 and the corrupt activity language was preceded

by a description of enumerated drug offenses.       Id. at ¶17. However, the Schneider court

addressed only the narrow argument of whether the corrupt activity language was ambiguous

because it was immediately preceded by a description of drug offenses.         Id. at ¶18. The

Schneider court concluded that, because R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) also identified the offense of

attempted rape, it could not be interpreted as applying only to drug offenses and therefore was

not ambiguous. Id.

       {¶107} The Schneider court did not address the legal significance regarding the absence

of any reference to R.C. 2923.32 in the statute. R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) explicitly identified

numerous drug offenses and the offense of attempted rape by their Revised Code section

number, yet it did not identify the offense of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity by its

Revised Code section number, R.C. 2923.32.          In light of the explicit application of the
                                                46

mandatory sentence to sixteen different offenses identified by their Revised Code section

number, and the failure to include any statutory reference to R.C. 2923.32, it is reasonable to

infer that the mandatory ten-year prison term did not apply to all convictions of engaging in a

pattern of corrupt activity where the most serious predicate offense was a first degree felony, but

was only intended to apply to corrupt activity associated with the offenses that were explicitly

enumerated in R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a). See State v. Bartrum, 121 Ohio St. 3d 148, 2009-Ohio-

355, at ¶16.

       {¶108} Given the apparent ambiguity created by the absence of any reference to

convictions under R.C. 2923.32, this Court must construe the “corrupt activity” language in the

former R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) in a manner that carries out the intent of the legislature in enacting

it. See Sheet Metal Workers’ Internatl. Assn., Local Union No. 33 v. Gene’s Refrigeration,

Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc., 122 Ohio St. 3d 248, 2009-Ohio-2747, at ¶29; Watson v. Tax

Commission (1939), 135 Ohio St. 377, 380. To determine that intent, this Court looks to the

language of the statute and the purpose that is to be accomplished by it. Boley v. Goodyear Tire

& Rubber Co., 125 Ohio St. 3d 510, 2010-Ohio-2550, at ¶20. Although the legislature did not

explicitly state its purpose for enacting R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a), this Court found guidance by

looking at prior versions of the statute and amendments that have been made over the years.

       {¶109} As originally enacted in 1996, R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) specified only three drug

offenses: trafficking under R.C. 2925.03, illegal manufacture of drugs under R.C. 2925.04, and

possession under R.C. 2925.11, as well as certain forcible attempts to commit rape under R.C.

2907.02 and felonious sexual penetration under R.C. 2907.12. Through legislative amendments

over the next four years, however, twelve more drug offenses were added to this provision, as

well as a reference to the major drug offender specification under R.C. 2941.1410, each with its
                                                 47

Revised Code section identified.       The most significant changes to R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a)

pertained to increasing its focus on major drug offenders.

       {¶110} We find further guidance by examining the statutory language of each of the

enumerated offenses that were referenced in R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a). At the time of Mr. Willan’s

corrupt activity, the penalty provision of each of the enumerated offenses explicitly cross-

referenced R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a), thereby signaling the potential for imposition of a mandatory

ten-year prison term. For example, the offense of corrupting another with drugs described in

R.C. 2925.02 expressly cross-referenced R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) and provided that the court

“shall impose” the mandatory ten-year term if the offender’s violation of R.C. 2925.02 involved

the sale, offer to sell, or possession of a schedule I or II controlled substance, with the exception

of marijuana, and that the offender is found to be a major drug offender under the specification

set forth in R.C. 2941.1410. R.C. 2925.02(E). Thus, it appears that the legislature intended to

identify with particularity specific offenses that would trigger the imposition of a mandatory ten-

year prison term. See, also R.C. 2925.03(C)(1)(f), (C)(2)(e), (C)(4)(g), (C)(5)(g), and (C)(6)(g);

R.C. 2925.11(C)(1)(e), (C)(4)(f), (C)(5)(f), and (C)(6)(f); R.C. 2925.04(E); R.C. 2925.05(E); and

R.C. 2925.36(E).

       {¶111} In obvious contrast, the penalty provision for the offense of engaging in a pattern

of corrupt activity then set forth in R.C. 2923.32 did not mention R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a), nor has

it ever done so since the 1996 enactment of the mandatory ten-year term in R.C.

2929.14(D)(3)(a). It is reasonable to conclude that, if the legislature intended the mandatory ten-

year term imposed by R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) to apply to the general offense of engaging in a

pattern of corrupt activity, it would have cross-referenced the mandatory penalty of R.C.

2929.14(D)(3)(a) in its explanation of the penalties associated with the general offense of
                                                48

engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity set forth in R.C. 2923.32(B)(1), as it did in great detail

for each of the specified drug offenses.

       {¶112} Further evidence of the legislature’s intent in employing the “corrupt activity”

language in R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) can be gleaned from legislative changes that have been made

to R.C. 2923.32 subsequent to Mr. Willan’s indictment for engaging in a pattern of corrupt

activity. See Montgomery v. John Doe 26 (2000), 141 Ohio App. 3d 242, 251. Effective April 7,

2009, R.C. 2923.32 and several other criminal offenses were amended to enhance the penalties

for convictions that included a human trafficking specification under R.C. 2941.1422. The

human trafficking specification targets multiple felony violations of crimes including kidnapping

and compelling prostitution, which sought to compel a victim or victims to engage in sexual

activity for hire or to engage in a performance or modeling that is obscene, sexually oriented, or

nudity oriented. See R.C. 2929.01(AAA). The human trafficking amendments explicitly applied

to felony violations of certain enumerated offenses, including violations of R.C. 2923.32. See,

e.g., R.C. 2929.01(AAA); R.C. 2941.1422.

       {¶113} In contrast to the absence of any statutory cross-references between R.C. 2923.32

and R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a), the legislature clearly evidenced its intent that the mandatory prison

term for human trafficking set forth in former R.C. 2929.14(D)(7) and current R.C.

2929.14(B)(7) would apply to violations of R.C. 2923.32. R.C. 2923.32 was explicitly identified

by Revised Code section number in the former and current provision; R.C. 2923.32 is

enumerated within the definition of human trafficking in R.C. 2929.01(AAA) and the human

trafficking specification in R.C. 2941.1422; and R.C. 2923.32(B)(1) cross-references the

mandatory 10-year sentence of R.C. 2929.14. R.C. 2923.32(B)(1) now provides that if an

offender is convicted of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity under R.C. 2923.32 and is also
                                                49

convicted of the human trafficking specification under R.C. 2941.1422, “engaging in a pattern of

corrupt activity is a felony of the first degree, and the court shall sentence the offender to a

mandatory prison term as provided in [R.C. 2929.14(B)(7)[.]”

       {¶114} In enacting the human trafficking amendment to R.C. 2923.32, the legislature’s

stated intent was “to increase the penalty for engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity if the

offender is convicted of a [human trafficking] specification[.]” Am.Sub.H.B. No. 280, 2008

Ohio Session Laws. The mandatory prison term set forth in R.C. 2929.14 for a conviction of

engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity under R.C. 2923.32 with a conviction of the human

trafficking specification, however, is a term of “not less than five years and not greater than ten

years[,]” which is less severe than the mandatory ten-year term imposed by former R.C.

2929.14(D)(3)(a). See R.C. former 2929.14(D)(7)(a)(i) and current R.C. 2929.14(B)(7)(a)(i).

Consequently, given that the legislature intended to increase the penalties for corrupt activity

under R.C. 2923.32 that were predicated on human trafficking, which could include the first-

degree felony offense of kidnapping, it would be unreasonable to conclude that the legislature

understood that such offenses under R.C. 2923.32 were already subject to a more severe penalty

under former R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) and current R.C. 2929.14(B)(3)(a).

       {¶115} In an attempt to support its position that the mandatory ten-year term of former

R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) applied to the general offense of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity,

the State points to another sentencing provision, R.C. 2929.13(F)(10). This Court does not agree

that the state’s construction of R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) is supported by R.C. 2929.13(F)(10),

which provides now, as it did then:

       “[T]he court shall impose a prison term * * * under * * * section 2929.14 * * *
       and * * * shall not reduce the term[] pursuant to section 2929.20, section
       2967.193, or any other provision of Chapter 2967. or Chapter 5120. of the
       Revised Code for * * * :
                                                50

        “(10) Corrupt activity in violation of section 2923.32 of the Revised Code when
        the most serious offense in the pattern of corrupt activity that is the basis of the
        offense is a felony of the first degree[.]”

        {¶116} Although R.C. 2929.13(F)(10) does explicitly identify the offense of engaging in

a pattern of corrupt activity by Revised Code section number, it does not refer to a mandatory

ten-year term in R.C. 2929.14, nor does it cross-reference R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a). It merely

cross-references R.C. 2929.14, a lengthy sentencing statute.

        {¶117} A reasonable construction of R.C. 2929.13(F)(10) is that it applied to the general

sentencing provisions of former R.C. 2929.14(A)(1). Construing the two provisions together, if

an offender was convicted of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity and the most serious

predicate offense was a first-degree felony, the court was required to impose a prison term of

three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten years and that term “cannot be reduced” pursuant

to R.C. 2929.20, R.C. 2967.193, or any other provision of R.C. Chapter 2967 or R.C. Chapter

5120.

        {¶118} Not only does R.C. 2929.13(F)(10) fail to support the state’s construction of

former R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a), but it provides further evidence that the legislature did not intend

to apply the mandatory ten-year term of R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) to the general offense of

engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity. This Court must construe R.C. 2929.13(F)(10) to have

operative effect, rather than as unnecessary or redundant legislation. See Ohio Bell Telephone

Co. v. Antonelli (1987), 29 Ohio St. 3d 9, 11. The legislature had already provided in R.C.

2929.14(D)(3)(a) that the trial court must impose a mandatory ten-year prison sentence “that

cannot be reduced pursuant to section 2929.20 or Chapter 2967. or 5120. of the Revised Code.”

If this language were intended to apply to the general offense of engaging in a pattern of corrupt

activity, the additional language set forth in R.C. 2929.13(F)(10) that required the court to
                                                51

impose a prison sentence and that it “shall not reduce the term” would be completely

unnecessary.

       {¶119} Because the language and legislative history of former R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) do

not clearly indicate that the mandatory ten-year term of incarceration was intended to apply to

the general offense of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity under R.C. 2923.32, this

ambiguity in the statute must be resolved in favor of Mr. Willan. See State v. Bartrum, 121 Ohio

St.3d 148, 2009-Ohio-355, at ¶18. Consequently, we conclude that the trial court erred by

imposing a mandatory ten-year term under former R.C. 2929.14(D)(3)(a) for Mr. Willan’s

conviction of engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity based on the first-degree felony offenses

of false representation in the registration of securities. Mr. Willan’s sixth assignment of error is

sustained.

                          REMAINING ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

       {¶120} Mr. Willan’s remaining assignments of error need not be addressed because they

have been rendered moot by our disposition of his first assignment of error. See App.R.

12(A)(1)(c).

                                         CONCLUSION

       {¶121} Mr. Willan’s sixth assignment of error is sustained and his first assignment of

error is sustained to the extent that it challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his

convictions of unlicensed dealer, unregistered second mortgage lender, violating the Small Loans

Act, the two counts of false representation in the registration of securities that pertained to the

debt securities, securities fraud, aggravated theft, and theft from the elderly. The remainder of

Mr. Willan’s first assignment of error, as well as his third and fifth assignments of error are

overruled. Mr. Willan’s second and fourth assignments of error were not addressed because they
                                                52

are moot. The judgment of the Summit County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed in part,

reversed in part, and the cause is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                                        Judgment affirmed in part,
                                                                                 reversed in part,
                                                                             and cause remanded.

       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(E). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed equally to both parties.

                                                     EVE V. BELFANCE
                                                     FOR THE COURT

DICKINSON, P. J.
CONCURS
                                                 53

CARR, J.
CONCURS IN PART, AND DISSENTS IN PART, SAYING:

       {¶122} I respectfully dissent from the majority’s disposition of Willan’s first assignment

of error, insofar as it concludes that many of his convictions were not supported by sufficient

evidence. I disagree with the majority opinion for the following reasons:

                                    Securities Sales Convictions

       {¶123} The majority takes too narrow of an approach in construing the definitions of

“dealer” and “salesperson” in R.C. 1707.01, which are broad enough to encompass the activities

of Willan and Mohler in selling Evergreen Investment debt securities. The obvious legislative

intent of the state’s licensing requirements was to protect the investing public. Due to the lack of

state oversight in this case, investors lost hundreds of thousands of dollars in a bad investment,

without ever being adequately advised of its high risk.

       {¶124} Mohler conceded that he had absolutely no training or experience in the area of

securities sales or financial investment. He further testified that he did not advise investors about

the high risk of these securities, nor did he assure that investors read the explanations of risk set

forth in the offering circular. Willan paid him a six-figure income to serve a clerical role by

assisting investors in obtaining and completing the necessary paperwork to purchase the debt

certificates. Because Willan paid him on a commission basis, however, Mohler was encouraged

to bring in a high volume of sales and did, in fact, raise millions of dollars for Willan’s

Evergreen Investment. Although these securities sales funded the growth of Willan’s business

with many investors’ life savings, Mohler had not been trained to advise them or ensure that they

read the offering circular, nor were his activities overseen by state regulators.
                                                54

                                  Second Mortgage Convictions

       {¶125} Willan’s second mortgage business did not fall outside the state’s licensing

requirements for second mortgage lenders simply because he did not actually advance money to

the buyers of Evergreen’s rehabbed homes. Aside from lacking an actual advancement of cash,

these transactions had the same effect as second mortgage loans. Willan advanced homes to

buyers who had not yet paid the full purchase price; he allowed them to pay the balance due over

time, at a significant rate of interest; and he encumbered their homes with a second mortgage.

The fact that there was no technical exchange of money was inconsequential to the legal effect of

these transactions.

                                     Small Loan Convictions

       {¶126} I would not analyze the level of culpability required for a violation of R.C.

1321.02 because Willan conceded at trial and on appeal that this is a strict liability offense.

Moreover, I am not persuaded by the merits of the majority’s strict liability analysis.

                               Securities Registration Convictions

       {¶127} I would affirm Willan’s two convictions of making false representations in the

registration of the Evergreen Investment debt securities. Because he was required to file the

Evergreen Investment offering circular for approval by the Division of Securities when he

registered each offering of debt securities, all representations in the offering circular were

material and relevant to the registration process, including his false representation that no

commissions would be paid in connection with the sale of the securities.

                                        Theft Convictions

       {¶128} Although the state focused on the offering circular’s misrepresentation about the

payment of commissions as one act of deception by Willan, it also focused on the his
                                                 55

representation on the back of each certificate, a boldfaced “GUARANTY OF PAYMENT,”

which explained that Evergreen Homes “unconditionally guarantees” payment of the principal

and interest due on each certificate. Although the 20-page offering circular included further

explanations that the certificates were not insured or federally guaranteed, but were dependent

upon the financial liquidity of the Evergreen companies, many of the investors testified that they

did not remember seeing or did not read the offering circular. Because Mohler was not a trained

financial advisor, he did not fully explain the risk to each investor, nor did he assure that each

read the offering circular before purchasing certificates. The state’s evidence was sufficient to

establish that at least some of the investors, several of whom were elderly, were deceived into

investing thousands of dollars in Evergreen Investment debt certificates that were far more risky

that they had been led to believe and, as a result, they lost their investments.

       {¶129} For these reasons, I believe that all of Willan’s convictions were supported by

sufficient evidence and were not against the manifest weight of the evidence and would overrule

his first assignment of error. I concur in the majority’s disposition of Willan’s sixth assignment

of error and would overrule his remaining assignments of error.

APPEARANCES:

WILLIAM T. WHITAKER and ANDREA L. WHITAKER, Attorneys at Law, for Appellant.

SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and COLLEEN SIMS and RICHARD
HOENIGMAN, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, for Appellee.

BRAD TAMMARO, Special Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.