Court Opinion

ID: 801808
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-06-07 14:02:45+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:01.627617
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a0587n.06

                                           No. 10-3712

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                          FILED
                                                                                   Jun 07, 2012
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        )
                                                 )                           LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                       )
                                                 )
v.                                               )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                 )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
CAROL L. SHELLY, fka CAROL L.                    )    NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
TOWELL; TIMOTHY H. SHELLY;                       )
JOANN MYERS, as Trustee of other UBEE            )
Rental Land Trust also known as UBEE             )
Rental Land Trust Trust,                         )
                                                 )
       Defendants-Appellants.                    )

       Before: SUTTON, MCKEAGUE and RIPPLE,* Circuit Judges.

       SUTTON, Circuit Judge. After Carol and Timothy Shelly failed to file tax returns for several

years in the 1990s, the United States assessed tax deficiencies against them. The United States sued

to convert the tax assessments to a judgment and foreclosed on tax liens it held on the Shellys’

property. The district court ruled for the government as a matter of law, and so do we.

                                                 I.

       The Shellys, husband and wife, own Shelly Glass and Upholstery, located at 426 College

Street in Wadsworth, Ohio. In 1992, they purchased a “trust package” and began transferring their

       *
       The Honorable Kenneth F. Ripple, Senior Circuit Judge for the United States Court of
Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, sitting by designation.
No. 10-3712
United States v. Carol L. Shelly, et al.

business and personal assets into five separate trusts. “Relying on poor advice and [this] ill-advised

trust package,” neither Carol nor Timothy Shelly filed federal income tax returns for the years 1991

through 1994. Shellys’ Br. at 4. This tax-avoidance scheme turned out to be too good to be true—a

“sham” in Carol’s words—and generated considerable tax liabilities. R.45-3 at 15, 18–20.

        But that did not make the Shellys willing taxpayers. In May 1994, the IRS wrote Timothy

at his business address—426 College Street—to arrange a meeting with an IRS agent. Timothy

doubled down on the couple’s tax position. He responded with a letter, entitled “Refusal for Cause

Without Dishonor,” saying that “[o]nly a taxpayer would have to determine a proper tax liability”

and informing the IRS that “unless you have some fact . . . to support your conclusions that I need

to determine a proper tax liability, then you must consider this matter resolved.” R.60-3 at 1–3. The

letter also stated: “426 College St. . . . is not the address. . . . The mailing location is: Timothy H.

Shelly, c/o P.O. Box 503, Wadsworth, Ohio state, non-domestic postal zone 44281.” Id. at 1.

        In December 1994, the IRS mailed a similar letter and a summons to Carol at the P.O. Box

address. R.60-5 at 1–3. The postman returned the summons, marked “refused.” Id. The IRS sent

a second summons in March 1995, this time to the 426 College Street address, where Carol received

it. R.60-6 at 1–2. Carol filed a petition to quash both summonses in the district court, disclaiming

receipt of the first summons and claiming both summonses were “defective and unenforceable due

[to the IRS’s] . . . failure to provide notice to [Carol Shelly] at her proper mailing location and in her

proper Christian name despite previous and direct instructions to the [IRS].” R.45-8 at 5–6.

                                                  -2-
No. 10-3712
United States v. Carol L. Shelly, et al.

       In October 1997, the IRS mailed separate notices of deficiency to Carol and Timothy Shelly

at the 426 College Street address. The Shellys did not respond or file an appeal in the Tax Court to

challenge the notices. In March 1998, the IRS assessed the deficiencies and penalties against them.

       Timothy encountered more tax trouble when he filed his 2003 tax return late, in January

2005. In June 2005, the IRS mailed Timothy a notice of deficiency for his 2003 taxes at the P.O.

Box address, with no response. In August 2005, the IRS sent a second notice of deficiency for a

larger amount. A few months later, Timothy sent a letter to the IRS attempting to pay the original

2003 deficiency, but the IRS insisted he pay the full deficiency.

       The government sued the Shellys in March 2008 to collect all of the deficiencies against

them. Carol received an abatement for some of her tax liability and reduced her remaining liability

with some payments. After receiving additional documents from the Shellys during discovery, the

IRS reduced the deficiencies for the 1991 to 1993 tax years and eliminated the deficiency for 1994.

In the end, the government sought $117,388.21 from Carol for the1991 tax year and $403,422.14

from Timothy for the 1991–1993 and 2003 tax years.

       The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The district court granted summary

judgment to the government.

                                               -3-
No. 10-3712
United States v. Carol L. Shelly, et al.

                                                   II.

        Summary judgment. In challenging the court’s summary judgment decision, the Shellys

argue that the government (1) failed to establish an evidentiary foundation for the assessments, (2)

relied on improper evidence, (3) increased Timothy Shelly’s tax liability for 2003 after it had already

issued a deficiency for a lower amount and (4) did not establish that it used certified mail when

corresponding with the Shellys. None of these arguments has merit.

        First, the government’s determination of a tax deficiency is presumptively correct, requiring

the taxpayer to prove that it is erroneous or arbitrary. Kearns v. Comm’r, 979 F.2d 1176, 1178 (6th

Cir. 1992); see Ekman v. Comm’r, 184 F.3d 522, 524–25 (6th Cir. 1999). That is particularly so with

respect to deductions because the taxpayer usually is the only person with documents substantiating

them. United States v. Walton, 909 F.2d 915, 918 (6th Cir. 1990).

        In this instance, the Shellys offered no evidence at summary judgment to counter the

government’s calculation of the deficiency. In the words of the district court, they provided “[n]o

affidavits, documentary evidence, or eve[n] references to deposition transcripts . . . in their filings.”

Absent contrary evidence, the Shellys did not meet their burden of establishing eligibility for the

deductions.

        The Shellys resist this conclusion on the ground that the government’s method of accounting

for cancelled checks they provided was “arbitrary” because it allowed business-expense deductions

for their cancelled checks only when the checks had matching business-related invoices. Br. at 16.

                                                  -4-
No. 10-3712
United States v. Carol L. Shelly, et al.

Why this amounts to an arbitrary accounting requirement is beyond us. By themselves, the cancelled

checks indicate only that the Shellys spent money on something, not that they did what is required

to obtain a deduction: incur business-related expenses. Making matters worse, the Shellys did not

rely on the cancelled checks until after the district court had ruled against them. All and all, the

argument offers too little and comes too late.

       Second, the Shellys claim that the government relied on improper evidence to support its

assessment because a declaration from the government’s attorney, Edward Murphy, supposedly

concerned disputed facts, making Murphy a potential witness in the case. See Ohio Rules of

Professional Conduct Rule 3.7 (lawyer generally shall not be an advocate at a trial where the lawyer

is likely to be a necessary witness). But the Shellys forfeited this claim when they opted not to raise

it below. “This court will not decide issues or claims not litigated before the district court.” White

v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc., 899 F.2d 555, 559 (6th Cir. 1990).

       Third, Timothy Shelly complains that the government increased his tax liability for 2003 after

it sent him a letter proposing a smaller deficiency. Acknowledging that the first letter was “not

binding on the [g]overnment,” he nonetheless argues that it “is evidence that the [g]overnment’s

[current] calculation of the tax deficiency is flawed” and that a genuine issue of material fact exists

concerning the 2003 tax liability. Reply Br. at 28. Not so. The government has many potential

reasons to increase an assessment over time. It may be willing to accept less in exchange for prompt

payment. Think of taxpayer amnesty programs. See Arthur Anderson LLP v. Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624,

626 (2009). Or it may discover additional information as it investigates a taxpayer’s finances further.

                                                 -5-
No. 10-3712
United States v. Carol L. Shelly, et al.

Either way, the key point is this: if the government’s increases were illegitimate, it was Timothy

Shelly’s responsibility to prove it. See Walton, 909 F.2d at 918. The existence of an initial and a

later calculation of liability says nothing by itself about which calculation is accurate or why Timothy

Shelly is entitled to the lower of the two. The government enjoys a presumption of correctness with

respect to its assessments, and Timothy Shelly failed to counter the presumption with evidence.

        Fourth, the Shellys argue that the government failed to provide evidence showing it

communicated with them via certified mail. See 26 U.S.C. § 6212(a) (IRS is authorized to send

notice of deficiency to the taxpayer by certified or registered mail). The government provided copies

of the Shellys’ notices of deficiency, which contain the notation “certified mail,” R.45-10, and

certificates of assessment indicating that the Shellys defaulted on their 90-day notices of deficiency,

R.45-12. See Gentry v. United States, 962 F.2d 555, 557 (6th Cir. 1992) (certificates of assessment

generally regarded as sufficient proof of “the adequacy and propriety of notices” given). There is

no requirement that the government provide more evidence than that unless the taxpayers challenge

their receipt of the mailings by providing contrary evidence. See Wiley v. United States, 20 F.3d 222,

227–29 (6th Cir. 1994) (issue of material fact existed where government’s mailing records were

inadequate and taxpayer offered evidence that the government might not have mailed the notice).

The Shellys provided no evidence indicating the government failed to mail the notices of deficiency.

        Motion for relief from judgment. The Shellys also appeal the district court’s denial of their

motion to set aside the judgment, Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b), which we review for abuse of discretion,

Yeschick v. Mineta, 675 F.3d 622, 628 (6th Cir. 2012).

                                                 -6-
No. 10-3712
United States v. Carol L. Shelly, et al.

       The Shellys argue that the government failed to mail notices to their last known address,

Wiley, 20 F.3d at 224, because it used their business address after the Shellys asked to be contacted

at their post office box. As the district court noted, however, the Shellys refused mail at their post

office box while continuing to receive it at their business address. On this record, the district court

permissibly, indeed correctly, concluded that “it was not unreasonable for the [g]overnment to

conclude that the business address was the proper mailing address” because it “was the only address

to which documents were sent and from which the [g]overnment received a response.” R.79 at 5.

       The Shellys separately argue that the government addressed notices to them with the wrong

zip code, which “may have prevented the Shellys from receiving the notice[s].” Shellys’ Br. at 35.

The Shellys raised this argument for the first time in their motion for a stay pending appeal. They

have not challenged the denial of that motion, and accordingly they have forfeited the argument here.

        Motion to amend the judgment. The district court also denied the Shellys’ motion to amend

the judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 59. The Shellys argue that granting summary judgment to the

government was a clear error of law and a manifest injustice, entitling them to an amended judgment.

GenCorp, Inc. v. Am. Int’l Underwriters, 178 F.3d 804, 834 (6th Cir. 1999). These arguments

merely recycle the Shellys’ earlier (already rejected) arguments. See Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of

Chippewa Indians v. Engler, 146 F.3d 367, 374 (6th Cir. 1998). The district court did not abuse its

discretion in denying them.

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No. 10-3712
United States v. Carol L. Shelly, et al.

                                           III.

       For these reasons, we affirm.

                                           -8-