Court Opinion

ID: 4676392
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-12 13:13:21.010543+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:32.249412
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Food & Water Watch,                  :
                Petitioner           :
                                     :
      v.                             : No. 565 C.D. 2020
                                     :
Department of Environmental          :
Protection,                          :
                 Respondent          :

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,        :
Department of Environmental          :
Protection,                          :
                 Petitioner          :
                                     :
      v.                             : No. 621 C.D. 2020
                                     :
Food & Water Watch,                  :
                Respondent           :

Keystone Protein Company,            :
                  Petitioner         :
                                     :
      v.                             : No. 627 C.D. 2020
                                     :
Food & Water Watch,                  :
                Respondent           : ARGUED: March 15, 2021

BEFORE:     HONORABLE PATRICIA A. McCULLOUGH, Judge
            HONORABLE ELLEN CEISLER, Judge
            HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE CEISLER                                       FILED: April 12, 2021

      In these consolidated appeals, Food and Water Watch (FWW) petitions for
review of the May 21, 2020 Adjudication of the Environmental Hearing Board (Board),
which dismissed FWW’s appeal from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
Department of Environmental Protection’s (DEP) issuance of a national pollutant
discharge elimination system permit (Permit) to Keystone Protein Company
(Keystone). Both DEP and Keystone have filed Cross Petitions for Review from the
Board’s Adjudication, in which they challenge only the Board’s determination that
FWW had standing to appeal DEP’s issuance of the Permit. For the reasons that follow,
we affirm the Board’s Adjudication.
                                           Background
      FWW is a national nonprofit organization that advocates for clean water and
public control of water resources, including oceans, rivers, and groundwater, on behalf
of its members. Keystone operates a poultry processing and rendering plant in Bethel
Township, Lebanon County.
      DEP is the state agency with the authority to administer and enforce the
provisions of The Clean Streams Law, Act of June 22, 1937, P.L. 1987, as amended,
35 P.S. §§ 691.1-691.1001.              DEP is also responsible for implementing and
administering the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program
in Pennsylvania pursuant to Section 402(b) of the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. §
1342(b).1

      1
          Section 402(b) of the Clean Water Act provides, in pertinent part:

      [T]he Governor of each State desiring to administer its own [NPDES] permit program
      for discharges into navigable waters within its jurisdiction may submit to the
      Administrator [of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)] a full
      and complete description of the program it proposes to establish and administer under
      State law or under an interstate compact. In addition, such State shall submit a
      statement from the attorney general (or the attorney for those State water pollution
      control agencies which have independent legal counsel), or from the chief legal officer
      in the case of an interstate agency, that the laws of such State, or the interstate compact,
      as the case may be, provide adequate authority to carry out the described [NPDES]
      program.

                                                   2
       Portions of Pennsylvania are located within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed,
including the Susquehanna River Basin. Each basin within the Chesapeake Bay
jurisdictions was assigned a specific allocation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment.
In 2010, DEP adopted a nutrient credit trading program to assist Pennsylvania in
meeting the Chesapeake Bay total maximum daily load (TMDL) for pollutants. TMDL
is the maximum amount of a pollutant that a specific body of water can receive from
all sources and still attain its designated water quality criteria.2 DEP’s regulations
provide, in pertinent part:

       (b) Chesapeake Bay water quality.

               (1) Credits and offsets[3] may be used to meet legal requirements for
               restoration, protection and maintenance of the water quality of the
               Chesapeake Bay.

               (2) Credits may be generated only from a pollutant reduction
               activity that has been certified, verified and registered under this
               section.

               (3) Credits and offsets may be used by permittees to meet effluent
               limits for nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment expressed as annual
               loads in pounds contained in NPDES permits that are based on
               compliance with water quality standards established under the

33 U.S.C. § 1342(b).

       2
         TMDL is a mechanism for reducing pollution in waterways that do not meet water quality
standards. Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 465a. As the Board explained, “when a body of water is
impaired for one or more pollutants, a . . . TMDL must be developed.” Id.

       3
          The regulations define a “credit” as “[t]he tradable unit of compliance that corresponds with
a unit of reduction of a pollutant as recognized by [DEP] which, when certified, verified and
registered, may be used to comply with NPDES permit effluent limitations.” 25 Pa. Code § 96.8(a).
An “offset” is defined as “[t]he pollutant load reduction measured in pounds that is created by an
action, activity or technology which[,] when approved by [DEP,] may be used to comply with NPDES
permit effluent limitations, conditions and stipulations . . . .” Id.

                                                  3
              [f]ederal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C.[] §§ 1251-1387),
              specifically for restoration, protection and maintenance of the water
              quality of the Chesapeake Bay.

              (4) Credits and offsets may only be used for comparable pollutants,
              unless otherwise authorized by [DEP]. For example, nitrogen
              credits or offsets may only be used to meet nitrogen effluent limits.

              (5) The use of credits and offsets must comply with legal
              requirements under applicable laws and regulations, including the
              requirements of this section.

              (6) Credits and offsets may not be used to comply with technology-
              based effluent limits, except as expressly authorized under [f]ederal
              regulations administered by the EPA.

25 Pa. Code § 96.8(b). Nutrient credit trading may not be used to meet either local
TMDLs for individual waters of the Commonwealth or local water quality standards
in an individual NPDES permit. 25 Pa. Code § 96.8(h)(2), (i).
       DEP issued the Permit to Keystone on September 27, 2018.4 The Permit
expressly authorized Keystone

       to discharge [treated wastewater] from a facility known as Keystone
       Protein Fredericksburg, located in Bethel Township, Lebanon County, to
       Elizabeth Run, unnamed tributary to Beach Run and Little Swatara Creek
       . . . in accordance with effluent limitations, monitoring requirements and
       other conditions set forth in [the provisions of the Permit].

R.R. at 94a. Little Swatara Creek is a tributary to Swatara Creek, which flows into the
Susquehanna River and eventually ends in the Chesapeake Bay.                    The treated

       4
         DEP issued an initial NPDES permit to Keystone on October 26, 2017, and an amended
NPDES permit on September 27, 2018. FWW appealed both the initial permit and the amended
permit to the Board, which consolidated the appeals for disposition. Consequently, we refer to
Keystone’s initial and amended NPDES permits together herein as “Permit.”

                                              4
wastewater from Keystone’s poultry processing facility is expected to contain both
nitrogen and phosphorus.5
       The Permit contains provisions expressly authorizing Keystone to engage in
nutrient credit trading to meet the “cap loads” for net total nitrogen and net total
phosphorus under DEP’s regulations.              R.R. at 119a.        The Permit also contains
independent mass and concentration effluent limits for total nitrogen and total
phosphorus for the discharge point to Little Swatara Creek and outlines the specific
process that Keystone must follow to trade nutrient credits. Id.
       On November 7, 2018, FWW appealed the Permit to the Board. Thereafter, both
DEP and Keystone filed Motions for Summary Judgment. In its Motion for Summary
Judgment, Keystone challenged, among other things, FWW’s standing to appeal DEP’s
issuance of the Permit. The Board denied both Motions for Summary Judgment on
August 9, 2019, concluding, based on the existing record, that FWW had standing to
appeal the issuance of the Permit. R.R. at 421a. The Board concluded:

       [FWW’s members] are concerned that excessive nutrient discharges into
       Little Swatara Creek will give rise to (1) health risks from recreating in
       polluted water, (2) damages to the Swatara Creek ecosystem, its aquatic
       life, and wildlife, and, consequently, (3) diminished enjoyment and
       curtailment of their recreational and aesthetic activities. The Board has

       5
        In its August 9, 2019 Opinion denying DEP’s and Keystone’s Motions for Summary
Judgment, the Board explained:

       The wastewater [from Keystone’s facility] may contain, among other parameters,
       nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen and phosphorus are subject to mass and
       concentration limits spelled out [in] the [P]ermit. Nitrogen and phosphorus are
       nutrients. Too much nitrogen and phosphorus in the water can cause algae to grow
       faster than ecosystems can handle. The [P]ermit limits for nitrogen and phosphorus .
       . . are designed to require Keystone to employ the proper technology to treat its waste,
       as well as to protect the uses of Little Swatara Creek.

R.R. at 422a.

                                                  5
         long held that when a challenged activity has the legitimately perceived
         potential to affect one’s health or damage an environmental resource, such
         that it diminishes enjoyment of that resource, the activity is averse to an
         individual’s use of an area.

                Because [FWW’s] members have articulated specific reasons for
         their concerns, their concerns are more than purely speculative under
         Board precedent.

Id. at 432a-33a.
         In lieu of a hearing on the merits, on December 9, 2019, the parties submitted
Stipulated Facts and Joint Exhibits (Joint Stipulation) to the Board.6                     The Joint
Stipulation stated that it “constitute[d] the entire record of the case before the Board”
and that “[n]o additional evidence shall be used or submitted by the parties in litigating
this matter.” R.R. at 1a. In the Joint Stipulation, the parties agreed to the following
facts:

         1.    In the August 19, 2017 issue of the Pennsylvania Bulletin, . . . DEP
         published notice of the Draft NPDES Permit No. PA0266345 for
         Keystone . . . .

         2.   On October 26, 2017, DEP issued the final version of Permit No.
         PA0266345.

         3    [FWW] filed an appeal of the October 2017 Permit version on
         December 4, 2017.

         4.    In the August 4, 2018 issue of the Pennsylvania Bulletin, DEP
         published notice of a revised draft Amendment No. 1 to the [P]ermit for
         Keystone . . . .

         6
          The Board’s regulations provide: “A hearing need not be held . . . if [the] parties stipulate
[to] the essential facts or agree to submit direct and rebuttal testimony or documentary evidence in
affidavit form (sworn or affirmed on personal knowledge) or by deposition.” 25 Pa. Code §
1021.112(a).

                                                  6
      5.   On September 27, 2018, DEP issued the final revised Permit No.
      PA0266345 and response to comments.

      6.   FWW timely filed an appeal of DEP’s issuance of the [P]ermit on
      November 7, 2018.

      7.    There have been no discharges under the Permit to date and no
      nutrient trading has been conducted pursuant to the Permit.

      8.    On June 13, 2018, depositions were taken of Ms. Debra Ryan and
      Ms. Ann Pinca, both of whom [FWW] identified as members of its
      organization.[7]

      9.     [FWW] is a national membership organization that advocates for
      clean water and the public control of water resources, including oceans,
      rivers, and ground water.

      10. Ms. . . . Ryan, a member of [FWW], lives at 7423 Green Hill Road
      in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

      11. Ms. Ryan’s home is located approximately 19 miles from the point
      at which wastewater discharges are authorized under the Permit, or an
      approximately 22[-]mile drive.

      12    Ms. Ryan first learned about this appeal a few weeks before her
      deposition was taken when she received a call from an employee of
      [FWW].

      13. Over the years, Ms. Ryan and her children have spent time
      kayaking, fishing, and taking their dogs along portions of the Swatara
      Creek in Swatara State Park and Lickdale Campground.

      14. Ms. Ryan is concerned that the discharge authorized by the Permit
      could affect her use of Swatara Creek by disrupting the water levels and
      affecting wildlife.

      7
        Ms. Ryan has been a member of FWW since October 2016. R.R. at 165a. Ms. Pinca has
been a member since November 2016. Id. at 156a.

                                           7
       15. Ms. Ryan has not spoken with any experts or others, aside from
       employees of [FWW] and counsel, to determine if discharges under the
       [P]ermit are likely to change the water levels in the Little Swatara Creek
       or adversely affect wildlife in or around the Little Swatara Creek.

       16. As of June 13, 2018, Ms. Ryan had recently hiked along portions
       of the Swatara Creek in or around Hershey, P[ennsylvania], which she
       referred to as “Boathouse” and “Cocoa Kayaking.”

       17. According to Ms. Ryan, the “Boathouse” is located northwest of
       Hersheypark Stadium in or around Union Deposit, near where Route 39
       crosses the Swatara Creek.

       18. Between 2001 and 2013, Ms. Ryan kayaked on several occasions
       near the “Boathouse” location and near Harper’s Tavern in East Hanover
       Township.

       19. As of June 13, 2018, Ms. Ryan’s last time kayaking along the
       Swatara Creek was “about five years ago.”

       20. Ms. . . . Pinca, a member of [FWW], lives at 2154 Cloverfield Drive
       in Lebanon, Pennsylvania.

       21. Ms. Pinca is concerned that the discharges permitted under the
       Permit will adversely affect wildlife, bird watching and kayaking on the
       Swatara Creek.

Id. at 1a-3a.
       After submitting the Joint Stipulation, the parties filed briefs with the Board,
setting forth proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law based on the agreed-upon
record. In their briefs, DEP and Keystone again raised the issue of FWW’s standing to
maintain its appeal.
       The Board issued its Adjudication on May 21, 2020. The Board first found that
FWW demonstrated that it has standing as the representative of its members to

                                           8
challenge DEP’s issuance of the Permit. Bd. Adjudication, 5/21/20, at 19. The Board
concluded:

              Based on the extensive evidence in the record of Ms. Ryan[’s] and
      Ms. Pinca’s use and enjoyment of the area around Swatara Creek and
      Little Swatara Creek, there is no question that they, and therefore [FWW],
      have a substantial interest in this matter. In addition, Ms. Ryan and Ms.
      Pinca have credibly testified that due to the issuance of the [P]ermit, they
      expect that they will enjoy their Swatara Creek activities less and it may
      cause them to curtail their activities altogether. Thus, their interest is
      direct and immediate. . . .

             ....

             Ms. Ryan[’s] and Ms. Pinca’s concerns extend to Keystone’s ability
      to engage in nutrient credit trading and how it will affect the discharge
      into Little Swatara Creek. Ms. Ryan believes that if [DEP] were to
      remove the nutrient trading provisions of the [P]ermit, Keystone would be
      subject to more protective annual limits on nitrogen and phosphor[]us
      discharges, which would significantly reduce her concern over the impact
      of the discharges on her kayaking and recreational activities. Likewise,
      Ms. Pinca states that if the [P]ermit had included firm limits for nitrogen
      and phosphorus, rather than allowing Keystone to engage in nutrient
      trading, she would know more about the overall pollution coming
      downstream from the facility, which would significantly reduce her
      concerns about the discharge. There is no question that Ms. Ryan and Ms.
      Pinca, and therefore [FWW], have more than met their burden of
      demonstrating that they have standing to challenge the issuance of
      Keystone’s permit authorizing a discharge in the waters in which they
      engage in recreational activities.

Id. at 10-12 (emphasis added) (internal citations omitted).
      The Board also rejected DEP’s and Keystone’s contentions that because FWW
abandoned its claim regarding the inadequacy of local water-quality-based effluent
limits, and instead focused solely on the legality of the nutrient credit trading provisions
in the Permit, FWW could not establish standing. The Board determined:

                                             9
             The challenged activity in this case is [DEP’s] issuance of the
      permit and amended permit authorizing a discharge to Little Swatara
      Creek. Whether [FWW] has standing to challenge that action is not
      dependent on its objections to that action but on whether its members, Ms.
      Ryan and Ms. Pinca, have a substantial, direct and immediate interest in
      the action itself. We have already found that they clearly do, both on the
      record before us and in the [prior] opinion denying Keystone’s previous
      challenge to standing.

Id. at 16-17 (emphasis added). In so holding, the Board emphasized that FWW’s
“standing is not determined by the objections it chooses to pursue in its appeal, but by
the activity that it is appealing, i.e., [DEP’s] issuance of [the Permit] authorizing a
discharge [of treated wastewater in]to Little Swatara Creek.” Id. at 18 (emphasis
added).
      With regard to the merits of the appeal, the Board concluded DEP was
authorized under both federal and state law to issue the Permit, including the nutrient
credit trading provisions. The Board explained its reasoning as follows:

      [T]he Clean Water Act does not prohibit states from adopting water
      quality protection programs that incorporate the use of nutrient trading.
      Nor has [FWW] persuaded us that Pennsylvania’s NPDES program is any
      less stringent than the federal program. In our view, Pennsylvania’s
      nutrient trading regulations are consistent with federal law. In light of this
      finding, we apply Pennsylvania law in determining whether to uphold the
      [P]ermit and, specifically, the nutrient trading provisions of the [P]ermit.
      Because Pennsylvania has duly promulgated regulations authorizing
      nutrient trading, which we believe are consistent with the goals of the
      Clean Water Act, we find that [DEP’s] issuance of the [Permit] allowing
      Keystone to engage in nutrient trading was an appropriate exercise of its
      authority.

Id. at 27 (emphasis added). Therefore, the Board dismissed FWW’s appeal on the
merits.

                                           10
       One member of the Board, Judge Bernard A. Labuskes, Jr., authored a
concurring opinion,8 in which he “disagree[d] that [FWW] has demonstrated by a
preponderance of the evidence in the stipulated record that it has standing.” Id. at 32.
In particular, Judge Labuskes opined that FWW “made no showing with record
evidence that [Ms.] Ryan[’s] and [Ms.] Pinca’s use of the area will be affected by
Keystone’s discharges under the . . . [P]ermit.” Id. at 33. Judge Labuskes explained:

       [FWW’s] sole objections to the [P]ermit concern nutrient credit trading
       and why it believes trading is unlawful under the federal Clean Water
       Act. It presents legal arguments but nothing on the real-world effect
       of credit trading on water quality, whether at Little Swatara Creek,
       Swatara Creek, or the Chesapeake Bay. [FWW] has not pointed to any
       record evidence that any provision of the [P]ermit, or any aspect o[f]
       Keystone’s proposed activity, poses any threat whatsoever to [Ms.]
       Ryan[’s] and [Ms.] Pinca’s recreational use of the Swatara Creek, or that
       Keystone’s facility will have any impact at all on the water quality that
       provides the basis for [Ms.] Ryan[’s] and [Ms.] Pinca’s use and
       enjoyment.

Id. at 33-34 (emphasis in original). Consequently, Judge Labuskes concurred in the
result reached by the Board’s majority.
       On June 18, 2020, FWW filed its Petition for Review with this Court,9 asserting
that the Board erred in dismissing its appeal. Specifically, FWW asserts that DEP erred
in issuing the Permit “because nutrient pollution trading is illegal” under the Clean
Water Act. FWW Pet. for Rev. ¶ 5. According to FWW, the Permit impermissibly

       8
        Four members of the five-member Board joined the majority opinion. Judge Labuskes
concurred in the result only.

       9
         Our scope of review of the Board’s Adjudication “is limited to determining whether the
[Board] committed an error of law, [whether it] violated constitutional rights, or whether its material
findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence.” Sunoco Partners Mktg. & Terminals, L.P. v.
Clean Air Council, 219 A.3d 280, 286 n.17 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2019). As to questions of law, our standard
of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. Id.

                                                 11
allows Keystone “to engage in nutrient pollution trading as an alternative to meeting
the pollution load limits [that] Pennsylvania has assigned it to achieve Chesapeake Bay
TMDL limits.” Id. FWW asks this Court to reverse the Board’s Adjudication and
remand this matter to DEP to issue a new permit to Keystone without the nutrient credit
trading provisions. Id. ¶ 6.
      On July 1, 2020, DEP filed a Cross Petition for Review with this Court, wherein
it challenges “only that portion of the Board’s Adjudication that found FWW had
standing to maintain its appeal” before the Board. DEP Pet. for Rev. ¶ 4. DEP asserts
that the Board erred in concluding that FWW had representational standing to
challenge the issuance of the Permit. Specifically, DEP asserts that FWW failed to
establish: any potential harm to its members’ use and enjoyment of Little Swatara
Creek or Swatara Creek as a result of the nutrient credit trading provisions; any
potential harm to Little Swatara Creek, Swatara Creek, or the Chesapeake Bay as a
result of the nutrient credit trading provisions; or that its members had a substantial,
direct, and immediate interest in the outcome of the appeal before the Board. Id. ¶¶ 6-
9.
      On July 2, 2020, Keystone also filed a Cross Petition for Review, asserting that
FWW lacked standing to appeal the issuance of the Permit. Keystone Pet. for Rev. ¶
4. Like DEP, Keystone avers that FWW failed to establish an “objectively reasonable
threat that any of its members would be harmed” by the nutrient credit trading
provisions of the Permit. Id. ¶ 6. Keystone further avers that FWW produced no
evidence of “any actual or potential harm to the waters . . . that would receive the
discharges authorized by the nutrient credit trading provisions” of the Permit. Id. ¶ 7.
Finally, Keystone avers that FWW failed to establish that its members had a substantial,
direct, and immediate interest in the outcome of the appeal before the Board. Id. ¶ 8.

                                          12
According to Keystone, it “does not appeal any other aspects” of the Board’s
Adjudication. Id. ¶ 4 (emphasis in original).
       Both DEP and Keystone ask this Court to reverse the Board’s finding that FWW
had standing to appeal the issuance of the Permit. DEP Pet. for Rev. ¶ 10; Keystone
Pet. for Rev. ¶ 10.
                                              Analysis
                         1. DEP’s and Keystone’s Cross-Appeals10
       In their Cross Petitions for Review, DEP and Keystone assert that the Board
erred in concluding that FWW had standing to appeal DEP’s issuance of the Permit.
FWW claims representational standing to challenge the Permit based on the interests
of two of its members, Ms. Pinca and Ms. Ryan. According to DEP and Keystone,
however, Keystone is required to meet the local effluent limits for Little Swatara Creek
at all times, regardless of whether it participates in nutrient credit trading, and FWW
does not challenge the sufficiency of those local water protections. Thus, DEP and
Keystone contend that FWW failed to establish any connection between the interest of

       10
            Although not designated as such, DEP’s and Keystone’s cross-appeals appear to be
protective cross-appeals, because they succeeded in obtaining a dismissal of FWW’s appeal before
the Board and, thus, are not aggrieved. See ACS Enters., Inc. v. Norristown Borough Zoning Hearing
Bd., 659 A.2d 651, 653 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1995) (“[A] party [that] has prevailed in the proceeding below
is not an aggrieved party and consequently has no standing to appeal to this Court.”); Burchanowski
v. Cnty. of Lycoming, 378 A.2d 1025, 1027 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1977) (“When one issue in a case is decided
against a party, but the party prevails on the other issues and wins the case in chief, the party cannot
claim to have been ‘aggrieved’ by the decision; he therefore lacks standing to appeal the single issue
decided against him.”).

        However, FWW does not ask this Court to quash or dismiss either cross-appeal for lack of
standing, nor does FWW challenge DEP’s or Keystone’s standing to appeal in its principal brief or
reply brief filed with this Court. Because this Court may not raise standing sua sponte, we will not
quash or dismiss DEP’s and Keystone’s cross-appeals for lack of standing. Accord In re Smith, 231
A.3d 59, 60 n.1 (Pa. Cmwlth.) (explaining that standing to appeal cannot be raised by this Court sua
sponte, so a party’s failure to raise standing either in a motion to quash or dismiss or in its appellate
brief results in waiver of the issue), appeal denied, 242 A.3d 1248 (Pa. 2020).

                                                  13
its members and the legal challenge at issue so as to confer standing on FWW. We
disagree.
      The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has outlined the requirements for standing
when a party challenges an administrative agency action as follows:

      [B]y virtue of Section 702 of the Administrative Agency Law, [2 Pa. C.S.
      § 702,] neither party status nor traditional aggrievement is necessary to
      challenge actions of an administrative agency. Rather, standing to appeal
      administrative decisions extends to “persons,” including non-parties,
      who have a “direct interest” in the subject matter, as distinguished from
      a “direct, immediate, and substantial” interest. A direct interest requires
      a showing that the matter complained of caused harm to the person’s
      interest. Although not the full equivalent of “direct, immediate, and
      substantial,” the direct interest requirement retains the function of
      differentiating material interests that are discrete to some person or limited
      class of persons from more diffuse ones that are common among the
      citizenry.

Citizens Against Gambling Subsidies, Inc. v. Pa. Gaming Control Bd., 916 A.2d 624,
628 (Pa. 2007) (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added); see also Section 7(a) of
The Clean Streams Law, 35 P.S. § 691.7(a) (“Any person or municipality having an
interest which is or may be adversely affected by any action of [DEP] under this act
shall have the right to appeal such action to the . . . Board.”).11 Moreover, an association
has standing as the representative of its members, even in the absence of injury to itself,
if it alleges that at least one of its members is suffering immediate or threatened injury
because of the challenged action. Robinson Twp. v. Com., 83 A.3d 901, 922 (Pa. 2013).
      In Funk v. Wolf, 144 A.3d 228 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016), affirmed, 158 A.3d 642 (Pa.
2017), this Court, applying United States Supreme Court precedent, explained the
requirements for associational standing in an environmental case as follows:

      11
           Section 7 of the Clean Streams Law was added by the Act of July 31, 1970, P.L. 653.

                                                14
             In Friends of the Earth[, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
      (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167 (2000)], the United States Supreme Court
      addressed a citizen suit authorized by Section 505(a) of the federal Clean
      Water Act[, 33 U.S.C. § 1365(a)]. The petitioner alleged that by
      discharging pollutants into a waterway, the defendant violated the Clean
      Water Act and the conditions of its discharge permit issued by the state
      department of health. The petitioner averred that it had standing as an
      association because some of its members have standing. One of its
      members alleged that he lived close to the waterway and that it smelled
      polluted as he drove by. The member also alleged that he liked to fish,
      camp, swim, and picnic by the river, and that he would not do so now due
      to the discharges. Other members alleged that they liked to walk,
      birdwatch, and hike near the waterway, but would no longer do so. The
      [Supreme] Court held that the association had standing based on the
      averments of its individual members. According to the [Supreme] Court[:]

             We have held that environmental plaintiffs adequately allege
             injury in fact when they aver that they use the affected area
             and are persons for whom the aesthetic and recreational
             values of the area will be lessened by the challenged activity.
             . . . [T]he affidavits and testimony presented by [plaintiff] in
             this case assert that [defendant’s] discharges, and the affiant
             members’ reasonable concerns about the effects of those
             discharges, directly affected those affiants’ recreational,
             aesthetic, and economic interests. These submissions present
             dispositively more than the mere general averments and
             conclusory allegations . . . .

Id. at 244-45 (emphasis added) (quoting Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 183-84)
(footnote and internal citations omitted). Thus, to establish standing, FWW must show
that Ms. Ryan and Ms. Pinca use the area affected by the Permit and have reasonable
concerns that their use and enjoyment of the area will be adversely affected by the
proposed discharge activity. See Robinson Twp., 83 A.3d at 921 (finding that an
association had standing based on, among other things, “the deleterious effects of
industrial activities close to its members’ homes, including effects on their health and
their ability to enjoy natural beauty, environmental resources, and recreational

                                           15
activities in the Delaware River corridor, such as fishing, boating, swimming, and bird-
watching”).
      Here, both Ms. Ryan and Ms. Pinca testified in detail regarding their recreational
use and enjoyment of Swatara Creek and Little Swatara Creek, the point of Keystone’s
proposed discharge under the Permit. The Board, relying on the facts and evidence in
the stipulated record, summarized their testimony as follows.
      Ms. Ryan has lived near Swatara Creek most of her life and frequently visits the
creek with her husband and children. Bd. Adjudication, 5/21/20, at 9. When her
children were young, she and her family used to “wade in the water, play with [their]
dogs, and fish along the banks.” Id. Now that her children are grown, she enjoys hiking
with them along the creek paths and picnicking with her grandchildren near the water.
Id. Ms. Ryan has also kayaked many times along various stretches of the creek. Id.
Ms. Ryan and her children have spent time kayaking, fishing, and walking their dogs
along portions of the creek. Id.
      Ms. Pinca lives a few miles from Swatara Creek and has a long history of
advocating for its protection. Id. She testified that her advocacy efforts are motivated
in part by her personal use and enjoyment of Swatara Creek. Id. Ms. Pinca and her
husband purchased kayaks a few years ago to kayak on the creek and other local
waterways. Id. During the summers of 2016 and 2017, they kayaked three or four
times, and in July 2018 they re-purchased permits that allowed them to kayak on the
creek for two years. Id. Ms. Pinca and her husband kayak in the area near the
convergence of Swatara Creek and Little Swatara Creek. Id. at 9-10. Ms. Pinca
testified that while kayaking, she and her husband often have direct contact with the
water. Id. at 10. Ms. Pinca likes to wade in the water and look for animals and aquatic
life while kayaking. Id. Ms. Pinca is also a bird watcher. Id. She has seen herons on

                                          16
the creek and eagles perched in trees adjacent to the stream. Id. She once observed a
bald eagle’s nest along Little Swatara Creek, downstream from the Keystone discharge
point. Id. Ms. Pinca has also seen robins, blue jays, and squirrels in the area. Id.
      Ms. Ryan and Ms. Pinca also expressed their concerns regarding the discharge
authorized by the Permit. Ms. Pinca is concerned that “increased pollution from
[Keystone’s] facility will degrade the ecosystem, deplete the water’s oxygen levels,
and harm fish and other wildlife.” Id. at 11. She testified that the proposed discharge
from Keystone’s facility will diminish her enjoyment of kayaking and birdwatching
near Little Swatara Creek and areas downstream. Id. Similarly, Ms. Ryan is concerned
that the proposed discharge will harm water quality in the areas where she enjoys
kayaking and spending time with her family. Id. She will not be able to hike near the
creek with her sons’ dogs for fear of them drinking polluted water. Id. Ms. Ryan is
particularly concerned that kayaking in polluted water could have negative health
effects on her husband, who is immunosuppressed.
      Based on the evidence of record demonstrating Ms. Ryan’s and Ms. Pinca’s use
and enjoyment of Swatara Creek and Little Swatara Creek, we conclude that FWW has
established a direct interest in DEP’s issuance of the Permit so as to confer standing.
See Friends of the Earth, 528 U.S. at 183-84; see also Wm. Penn Parking Garage, Inc.
v. City of Pittsburgh, 346 A.2d 269, 281 n.20 (Pa. 1975) (“Aesthetic and environmental
well-being, like economic well-being, are important ingredients of the quality of life in
our society, and the fact that particular environmental interests are shared by the many
rather than the few does not make them less deserving of legal protection through the
judicial process.”).
      DEP and Keystone also argue that because FWW does not specifically challenge
the Permit’s impact on local water quality, it lacks standing to pursue its appeal. DEP

                                           17
and Keystone contend that nutrient credit trading applies only to the Chesapeake Bay,
not to Swatara Creek or Little Swatara Creek, and because the record contains no
evidence that Ms. Pinca and Ms. Ryan recreate in or near the Chesapeake Bay, they do
not have a direct or substantial interest in this matter. We disagree.
      The challenged activity in this case is DEP’s issuance of the Permit, which
expressly authorizes the discharge of treated wastewater into Little Swatara Creek, a
tributary of the Chesapeake Bay. Contrary to DEP’s and Keystone’s assertion, FWW’s
standing does not depend on its particular objections to the Permit, but on whether its
members, Ms. Ryan and Ms. Pinca, have a direct interest in the action authorized by
the Permit. As the Board correctly explained:

      [A]lthough the Department and Keystone contend that [FWW] is merely
      challenging the “concept” or “policy” of nutrient trading, this ignores the
      real world impact of the trading provision on [FWW’s] members, Ms.
      Ryan and Ms. Pinca. If nutrient trading is allowed for purposes of meeting
      the Chesapeake Bay TMDL, this impacts how much of each pollutant
      Keystone can emit at the source of its discharge, Little Swatara Creek.
      Any provision of the [P]ermit[] that impacts the Chesapeake Bay also has
      the potential to impact the entire Swatara Creek watershed. . . .

             [FWW’s] appeal is not some abstract challenge to the general
      concept of nutrient trading. Rather, it is a challenge to a very specific
      provision of a [DEP]-issued [P]ermit that authorizes discharges to a very
      real stream where [Ms.] Ryan and [Ms.] Pinca spend time and engage in
      recreational activities. Once [DEP] makes a decision to issue a permit,
      then the permit and all its provisions are subject to challenge by anyone
      who has a substantial interest in the matter, including those who live and
      engage in activities in the area impacted by the permit. This is the very
      essence of standing.

Bd. Adjudication, 5/21/20, at 18-19 (emphasis added). We find no error in the Board’s
decision.

                                           18
       Therefore, we conclude that FWW, as the representative of its members, Ms.
Ryan and Ms. Pinca, has standing to maintain this action.
                                      2. FWW’s Appeal
       FWW asserts that the Board erred in concluding that the Permit’s provisions
authorizing Keystone to engage in nutrient credit trading do not violate federal or state
law.   FWW contends that because the Clean Water Act and its implementing
regulations do not explicitly authorize the use of nutrient credit trading to satisfy
NPDES effluent limitations, such trading is prohibited under the Clean Water Act. In
response, DEP and Keystone assert that: the plain language of the Clean Water Act
does not prohibit nutrient credit trading; the EPA has consistently supported and
approved the practice of nutrient credit trading; and Pennsylvania’s nutrient credit
trading program provides more stringent water quality protections than the Clean Water
Act and, as such, is consistent with the statute’s purpose.12

       12
         The following organizations have filed an Amicus Curiae Brief in support of DEP’s and
Keystone’s legal position in this appeal: the National Association of Clean Water Agencies, the
Virginia Nutrient Credit Exchange Association, the Virginia Association of Municipal Wastewater
Agencies, the Virginia Municipal Stormwater Association, the Maryland Association of Municipal
Wastewater Agencies, the Maryland Municipal Stormwater Association, the North Carolina Water
Quality Association, the South Carolina Water Quality Association, the West Virginia Municipal
Water Quality Association, and the Association of Missouri Cleanwater Agencies (together,
Municipal Associations). The Municipal Associations assert:

              Like [Keystone], the Municipal Associations’ members hold [NPDES] permits
       authorizing the discharge of wastewater and/or stormwater. Although many elements
       of those permits vary from [s]tate to [s]tate, the common thread is that they must be
       consistent with all applicable requirements and limitations of the federal Clean Water
       Act. The [EPA] and every court to consider the issue to date have found water quality
       trading to be an effective permit compliance tool that is consistent with the Clean
       Water Act. [The] Municipal Associations have a strong interest in defending that
       precedent, which is directly challenged in this appeal by [FWW].

Amicus Curiae Br. at 1-2 (emphasis added).

                                                19
                              a. The Clean Water Act
      The United States Supreme Court has recognized that “the Clean Water Act vests
in the EPA and the [s]tates broad authority to develop long-range, area-wide programs
to alleviate and eliminate existing pollution.” Arkansas v. Oklahoma, 503 U.S. 91, 108
(1992). The Clean Water Act gives the states discretion as to how to accomplish the
goals of the Act, including implementation of TMDLs.
      The Clean Water Act prohibits any discharge from a “point source,” such as
Keystone, unless that discharge is in compliance with an NPDES permit. 33 U.S.C. §
1311(a); 40 C.F.R. § 122.1(b)(1). Any NPDES permit issued must include effluent
limitations in compliance with the Clean Water Act. 33 U.S.C. § 1311(b)(1)(A); 40
C.F.R. § 125.3(a). Section 302(a) of the Clean Water Act requires the imposition of
water-quality-based effluent limitations when the technology-based effluent
limitations applicable to a point source will be insufficient to achieve and maintain
water quality standards. 33 U.S.C. § 1312(a).
      While the Clean Water Act empowers the Administrator of the EPA to
implement the NPDES program, it also allows the EPA to delegate that authority to
states whose permitting programs meet minimum federal standards. 33 U.S.C. §
1342(b); see generally 40 C.F.R. § 123.1.
      In 1991, the EPA and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania entered a
Memorandum of Agreement, wherein the EPA delegated authority over its NPDES
program to DEP’s predecessor. R.R. at 406a-20a. The Memorandum stated that
“[DEP] will administer the NPDES program in accordance with Section 402 of the
[f]ederal Clean Water Act” and applicable federal regulations. Id. at 406a.

                                            20
               b. Pennsylvania’s Nutrient Credit Trading Program
      As discussed earlier, in 2010, DEP adopted a nutrient credit trading program to
assist Pennsylvania in meeting the Chesapeake Bay TMDL for pollutants. A nutrient
“credit” is “[t]he tradable unit of compliance that corresponds with a unit of reduction
of a pollutant as recognized by [DEP] which, when certified, verified and registered,
may be used to comply with NPDES permit effluent limitations.” 25 Pa. Code §
96.8(a). Permittees may use credits to meet effluent limits for nutrients and sediment
contained in NPDES permits that are based on the water quality standards established
under the Clean Water Act, “specifically for restoration, protection and maintenance
of the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay.” Id. § 96.8(b)(3).
      Credits generated may not be applied to meet permit effluent limitations until
certified by DEP. Id. § 96.8(e)(1). Credits may only be generated from pollutant
activities that have been certified, verified, and registered, id. § 96.8(b)(2), and may
only be used for comparable pollutants unless otherwise authorized by DEP, id. §
96.8(b)(4).
      The nutrient credit trading program ensures that credits generated adequately
account for uncertainty, water quality, reduction failures, and other considerations
through the application of a “trading ratio,” which is “[a] ratio applied to adjust a
pollutant reduction when calculating credits for a pollutant reduction activity.” Id. §
96.8(a). The trading ratio also includes a delivery ratio, which compensates for the
natural attenuation of a pollutant before it reaches a defined compliance point. Id.
               c. Nutrient Credit Trading Provisions of the Permit
      FWW does not dispute that the Permit at issue complies with Pennsylvania’s
nutrient credit trading regulations. Rather, FWW asserts that the nutrient credit trading
provisions of the Permit fail to comply with the Clean Water Act. FWW relies on 25

                                           21
Pa. Code § 92a.3(a) (emphasis added), which states: “In the event of a conflict between
a [f]ederal regulatory provision and a regulation of the Commonwealth, the provision
expressly set out in this chapter shall be applied unless the [f]ederal provision is more
stringent.” FWW argues that because neither the Clean Water Act nor its regulations
expressly authorize nutrient credit trading, the federal regulations are “more stringent”
than Pennsylvania’s and, therefore, DEP was prohibited from issuing the Permit
allowing Keystone to engage in nutrient credit trading.
      FWW contends that allowing Keystone to “trade” pollutant credits to meet the
Chesapeake Bay TMDL is inconsistent with the plain language of the Clean Water Act.
As FWW explains, NPDES permits primarily operate through the imposition of
effluent limitations, which restrict the amount of pollutants that a permittee may
discharge. FWW Br. at 14. The Clean Water Act defines “effluent limitation” as “any
restriction established by a State or the Administrator [of the EPA] on quantities, rates,
and concentrations of chemical, physical, biological, and other constituents which are
discharged from point sources. . . .” 33 U.S.C. § 1362(11) (emphasis added). Thus,
FWW argues that effluent limitations apply to a point source’s own discharge, and must
be met by controlling pollution from the point source itself. According to FWW,

      [g]iven that the text of the [Clean Water Act] and [its] regulations are
      focused on controlling pollutant discharges from point sources like
      Keystone, it is improper to infer that the [Clean Water Act] allows a
      practice like pollution trading, in which a point source can discharge any
      amount of pollution yet can buy its way into “compliance” with
      applicable effluent limits via purchasing pollution credits to meet a “net”
      pollution value.

FWW Br. at 17-18.
      However, the Permit in this case contains effluent limitations meeting the
requirements of Section 302 of the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1312, as well as local

                                           22
limits for several pollutants, including total nitrogen and total phosphorus. R.R. at 13a,
94a, 99a. The Permit specifically provides:

      Where effluent limitations for [total nitrogen] and/or [total phosphorus]
      are established in Part A of the [P]ermit for reasons other than the Cap
      Load assigned for protection of the Chesapeake Bay (“local nutrient
      limits”), the permittee may purchase and apply credits for compliance
      with the Cap Load(s) only when the permittee has demonstrated that local
      nutrient limits have been achieved.

R.R. at 119a (emphasis added). In other words, the Permit requires Keystone to
comply with local limits for total nitrogen and total phosphorus before it may engage
in any nutrient trading to satisfy the Chesapeake Bay TMDL. See 25 Pa. Code §
96.8(h)(2), (i). FWW does not dispute that the local effluent limits outlined in pages 2
and 3 of the Permit, see R.R. at 98a-99a, are sufficient to protect Little Swatara Creek.
Therefore, contrary to FWW’s assertion, the Permit is consistent with the Clean Water
Act’s mandate that a point source must meet its own effluent limitations in order to
comply with the Clean Water Act.
      Moreover, while the Clean Water Act does not explicitly address nutrient credit
trading, the EPA has consistently interpreted the Clean Water Act to permit nutrient
trading as a means to satisfy NPDES effluent limitations, both in its own policy
documents and in the Chesapeake Bay TMDL itself. As FWW concedes in its brief:

      FWW does not dispute that [the] EPA has made statements in support
      of water quality trading in non-binding guidance documents and the
      Chesapeake Bay TMDL. See, e.g., Food & Water Watch[] [v. U.S. Env’t
      Prot. Agency, 5 F. Supp. 3d 62, 70 (D.D.C. 2013)] (noting that [the] EPA
      has issued water quality trading guidance in the form of a policy document
      and toolkit, and that [the] EPA addresses trading in Section 10 of the
      [Chesapeake] Bay TMDL)[] . . . .

                                           23
FWW Br. at 28; see R.R. at 398a-405a. FWW contends, however, that while the EPA
has issued policy statements supporting the concept of nutrient trading, it has never
promulgated a regulation authorizing or approving nutrient trading under the Clean
Water Act.
      While it is true that no such federal regulation exists, the Board found, and we
agree, that nutrient credit trading is clearly “supported by the EPA as a means of
achieving water quality improvements” under the Clean Water Act. Bd. Adjudication,
5/21/20, at 25. In the Chesapeake Bay TMDL, the EPA expressly recognized that states
may use nutrient trading to comply with the TMDL’s wasteload allocations. The
Chesapeake Bay TMDL states, in pertinent part:

      10.2 WATER QUALITY TRADING

      [The] EPA recognizes that a number of [Chesapeake] Bay jurisdictions
      already are implementing water quality trading programs. [The] EPA
      supports implementation of the [Chesapeake] Bay TMDL through such
      programs, as long as they are established and implemented in a manner
      consistent with the [Clean Water Act], its implementing regulations, and
      EPA’s 2003 Water Quality Trading Policy . . . and 2007 Water Quality
      Trading Toolkit for NPDES Permit Writers . . . . An assumption of this
      TMDL is that trades may occur between sources contributing pollutant
      loadings to the same or different [Chesapeake] Bay segments, provided
      such trades do not cause or contribute to an exceedance of [water quality
      standards] in either [the] receiving segment or anywhere else in the
      [Chesapeake] Bay [W]atershed. . . .

R.R. at 400a (emphasis added) (footnotes omitted). As explained in the TMDL, the
EPA issued final policy documents in 2003 and 2007, encouraging the use of nutrient
credit trading and providing guidance to states on how to use nutrient credit trading in
NPDES permitting. See id.; see also Food & Water, 5 F. Supp. 3d at 70 (summarizing
the EPA’s 2003 and 2007 water quality trading policies).

                                          24
      It is evident, based on the clear language in the Chesapeake TMDL and the
EPA’s own policy statements, that the EPA supports the practice of nutrient credit
trading as an appropriate means of achieving the goals of the Clean Water Act. As the
agency charged with administering the Clean Water Act, the EPA’s apparent
endorsement of nutrient credit trading should not be disturbed unless it is erroneous or
frustrates the statute’s legislative intent. See Synthes USA HQ, Inc. v. Com., 236 A.3d
1190, 1201 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2020); see also Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def.
Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843 (1984) (holding that considerable weight should be
given to an administrative department’s construction of the statutory scheme it is
entrusted to administer); Nw. Youth Servs., Inc. v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 66 A.3d 301,
312 (Pa. 2013) (citation omitted) (“[T]he deference owed to an agency interpretation
‘will depend upon the thoroughness evident in its consideration, the validity of its
reasoning, its consistency with earlier and later pronouncements, and all those factors
which give it power to persuade, if lacking power to control.’”). We conclude that the
EPA’s consistent interpretation of the Clean Water Act as supporting nutrient credit
trading is entitled to deference. See generally Am. Farm Bureau Fed’n v. U.S. Env’t
Prot. Agency, 792 F.3d 281 (3d Cir. 2015) (applying Chevron deference to the EPA’s
interpretation of the Clean Water Act in the context of the Chesapeake Bay TMDL).
      Federal courts have also recognized nutrient credit trading as an appropriate
means of achieving the requirements of the Chesapeake Bay TMDL. For example, in
American Farm Bureau Federation v. United States Environmental Protection Agency,
984 F. Supp. 2d 289, 327 (M.D. Pa. 2013), affirmed, 792 F.3d 281 (3d Cir. 2015), the
plaintiffs argued that the Chesapeake Bay TMDL “creates unlawfully binding, ‘locked-
in’ allocations.”    The United States District Court for the Middle District of
Pennsylvania disagreed, noting that the participating states retain a degree of flexibility

                                            25
to revise the wasteload allocations in the TMDL. Id. The district court also noted that
because the EPA’s regulations require that NPDES permit limits be “consistent with,”
but not identical to, applicable wasteload allocations, “a state may write an NPDES
permit limit that is different from the [wasteload allocation in the TMDL], provided
that it is consistent with the operative assumptions underlying th[at allocation].” Id. at
328. Finally, the district court observed:

       [T]he TMDL supports the use of water quality trading programs that
       permit point and non-point sources to trade pounds of phosphorus or
       nitrogen, provided such trading does not result in exceedances of water
       quality standards and is otherwise consistent with the [Clean Water Act]
       and applicable regulations. Thus, the individual sources are free to trade
       pollution amounts without the need to revise or adjust the TMDL
       allocations.

Id. (emphasis added).
       Similarly, in an action in the United States District Court for the District of
Columbia, FWW asserted that the nutrient credit trading and offset provisions in the
Chesapeake Bay TMDL were “contrary to the Clean Water Act, and arbitrary and
capricious in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act[, 5 U.S.C. §§ 500-596].”
Food & Water, 5 F. Supp. 3d at 66.                   The district court described the TMDL
implementation process as a “joint federal and state effort aimed at achieving a
common objective: better water quality.” Id. at 78. While the district court ultimately
dismissed FWW’s complaint on procedural grounds, it specifically recognized that,
while not mandated by the EPA, “[o]ffsets and trades are but one option in the [s]tates’
arsenal for achieving” the Clean Water Act’s goals of improved water quality. Id.
(emphasis added).13

       13
          As the Municipal Associations point out in their Amicus Curiae brief, other federal and state
courts that have addressed the practice of nutrient credit trading, either directly or in dicta, have not

                                                  26
       Furthermore, Section 402(d)(2) of the Clean Water Act states: “No [NPDES]
permit shall issue . . . if the Administrator [of the EPA] . . . objects in writing to the
issuance of such permit as being outside the guidelines and requirements of [the Clean
Water Act].” 33 U.S.C. § 1342(d)(2); see also 25 Pa. Code §§ 92a.91, 92a.93. Here,
the Board found that the EPA Administrator reviewed the provisions of the Permit prior
to its issuance and had no objections. Bd. Adjudication, 5/21/20, at 27; see R.R. at
399a, 401a (recognizing nutrient credit trading as a component of pollution offset
programs in the Chesapeake Bay TMDL, which are subject to monitoring and review
by the EPA to ensure that they are “fully consistent with the [Clean Water Act] and its
implementing regulations”); id. at 409a-11a (providing that the EPA will review draft
NPDES permits to be issued by DEP).
       Finally, we agree with the Board that Pennsylvania’s nutrient credit trading
program provides more stringent water quality protections than the Clean Water Act.
As DEP explains in its brief:

            Permitted facilities that wish to generate credits must go above and
       beyond their own limits in order to generate a credit for a facility like

questioned its legality under the Clean Water Act. See, e.g., Ohio Valley Env’t Coal. v. Horinko, 279
F. Supp. 2d 732, 776 (S.D. W. Va. 2003) (concluding that the EPA’s interpretation of trading
provisions for pollutant offsets in West Virginia’s antidegradation implementation policies was
reasonable, and the EPA’s approval thereof was not arbitrary or capricious, because the “provisions
[of those policies] can reasonably be read to mean that the trade must result in an improvement in
water quality in the water segment where the new or expanded discharge is located”); Md. Dep’t of
the Env’t v. Cnty. Comm’rs, 214 A.3d 61, 116 (Md. 2019) (“The [Maryland] Department [of the
Environment] . . . had a rational basis for conditionally approving water quality trading in the Phase
II MS4 general permit . . . .”), cert. denied, 140 S. Ct. 1265 (2020); In re City of Annandale, 731
N.W.2d 502, 524 (Minn. 2007) (concluding that “allowing offsets from another source in determining
whether a new source will cause or contribute to the violation of water quality standards is reasonable
and is consistent with the purposes and principles of the [Clean Water Act]”); Assateague
Coastkeeper v. Md. Dep’t of the Env’t, 28 A.3d 178, 207 (Md. Spec. App. 2011) (“[A]llowing the
consideration of pollution offsets in determining whether a discharge ‘causes or contributes’ to a
violation of water quality standards[] is reasonable.”).

                                                 27
      Keystone to purchase. 25 Pa. Code § 96.8(d)(ii). FWW’s “pay to pollute”
      assertion is unfounded. The reality is that credit calculation requires at
      least a ten percent “set aside” for DEP’s reserve ratio. 25 Pa. Code §
      96.8(e)(3)(v). This means that for every ten credits generated by a facility,
      one credit must be placed in DEP’s reserve. 25 Pa. Code § 96.8(a) . . . .
      Additionally, DEP may require further reductions prior to certification.
      25 Pa. Code § 96.8(e)(3)(vi).

             The result is that for a participating permittee to use credits to meet
      an eligible annual effluent limitation, the permittee must find certified,
      verified, and registered credits generated by other facilities that directly
      correspond to an even greater reduction in pounds of pollutant than the
      number of pounds by which the permittee exceeded their effluent
      limitations. Accordingly, Pennsylvania’s [n]utrient [c]redit [t]rading
      [p]rogram produces greater pollutant reductions and is therefore more
      protective of water quality than the standard limits contained in NPDES
      permits.

DEP Br. at 35-36 (some citations omitted).
      In concluding that Pennsylvania’s nutrient credit trading program is consistent
with the aims of the Clean Water Act, the Board explained:

      [T]he Clean Water Act leaves a great deal of discretion to the states
      as to the manner in which to accomplish the goals of the Act, including
      implementation of TMDLs.             Pennsylvania has developed a
      comprehensive set of regulations aimed at restoring, protecting and
      maintaining the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay in accordance with
      the [Chesapeake] Bay TMDL. 25 Pa. Code § 96.8(b). Nutrient trading is
      one of many tools being used to accomplish those goals.

             Moreover, Pennsylvania’s nutrient trading regulations provide
      additional protections for water quality. . . . [The regulations] require[] a
      ten percent credit “set aside.” 25 Pa. Code § 96.8(e)(3)(v). This means
      that for every ten credits generated, one must be placed in reserve.
      Additionally, [DEP] may impose other requirements beyond the ten
      percent set aside. 25 Pa. Code § 96.8(e)(3)(vi). Thus, at a minimum, for
      every credit generated there will be a 1/10th reduction in the nutrient load
      delivered to the Chesapeake Bay. Not only is this consistent with the goals

                                           28
      of the Clean Water Act, but, in our view, provides even more stringent
      protection.

Bd. Adjudication, 5/21/20, at 26 (emphasis added); see 40 C.F.R. § 123.1(i)(1)
(providing that states participating in the NPDES program are not precluded from
“[a]dopting or enforcing requirements which are more stringent or more extensive than
those required” under the federal regulations). We find no error in the Board’s
conclusion.
                                     Conclusion
      In sum, we conclude that FWW, as the representative of its members, Ms. Ryan
and Ms. Pinca, has standing to pursue this appeal. We further conclude that DEP was
authorized to allow Keystone to engage in nutrient credit trading to satisfy the
requirements of the Chesapeake Bay TMDL because: (1) the plain language of the
Clean Water Act does not prohibit nutrient credit trading; (2) the EPA has consistently
supported the practice of nutrient credit trading; (3) the Permit complies with DEP’s
regulations and the Chesapeake Bay TMDL; and (4) Pennsylvania’s nutrient credit
trading program provides more stringent protections than the Clean Water Act and is
consistent with the Act’s purpose and goals. For these reasons, we conclude that the
nutrient credit trading provisions in the Permit do not violate federal or state law.
Accordingly, we affirm the Board’s Adjudication.

                                      __________________________________
                                      ELLEN CEISLER, Judge

Judge Fizzano Cannon did not participate in the decision of this case.

                                          29
           IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Food & Water Watch,                :
                Petitioner         :
                                   :
      v.                           : No. 565 C.D. 2020
                                   :
Department of Environmental        :
Protection,                        :
                 Respondent        :

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,      :
Department of Environmental        :
Protection,                        :
                 Petitioner        :
                                   :
      v.                           : No. 621 C.D. 2020
                                   :
Food & Water Watch,                :
                Respondent         :

Keystone Protein Company,          :
                  Petitioner       :
                                   :
      v.                           : No. 627 C.D. 2020
                                   :
Food & Water Watch,                :
                Respondent         :

                                 ORDER

      AND NOW, this 12th day of April, 2021, the May 21, 2020 Adjudication of
the Environmental Hearing Board is hereby AFFIRMED.

                                   __________________________________
                                   ELLEN CEISLER, Judge