Court Opinion

ID: 3174832
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-02-05 09:53:11.970012+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:39.955386
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/3/16 Newport Harbor Offices & Marina v. Morris Cerullo World Evangelism CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE

NEWPORT HARBOR OFFICES &
MARINA, LLC,
                                                                       G050243
     Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                                       (Super. Ct. No. 30-2011-00479442)
         v.
                                                                       OPINION
MORRIS CERULLO WORLD
EVANGELISM et al.,

     Defendants and Respondents.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County,
Derek W. Hunt, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions.
Motion to strike appellant’s opening brief. Denied. Motion to augment record. Granted
as request for judicial notice.
                   Alston, Alston & Diebold, Elaine B. Alston; Copenbarger & Associates and
Paul D. Copenbarger for Plaintiff and Appellant.
              Galuppo & Blake, Louis A. Galuppo, Steven W. Blake and Daniel T. Watts
for Defendants and Respondents Morris Cerullo World Evangelism, Plaza del Sol Real
Estate Trust and Roger Artz.
              Knypstra Law, Bradley P. Knypstra and Grant Hermes for Defendants and
Respondents Dennis A. D’Alessio and Vertical Media Group, Inc.
              No appearance for Defendant and Respondent William Packard.

                                  *           *           *

                                      INTRODUCTION
              In a second amended complaint, plaintiff and appellant Newport Harbor
Offices & Marina, LLC (NHOM), asserted 15 causes of action against various
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combinations of seven defendants (collectively, Defendants). The trial court sustained
without leave to amend demurrers to the seventh through 13th causes of action and
granted a motion for judgment on the pleadings in favor of one defendant on the 11th
through 13th causes of action. NHOM voluntarily dismissed without prejudice the rest of
the second amended complaint and appealed. The appeal challenges the trial court’s
rulings sustaining without leave to amend the demurrers to the seventh through 13th
causes of action.
              Defendant and respondent Morris Cerullo World Evangelism (Cerullo) is
the sublessor and NHOM is the sublessee under a sub-ground lease (the Sublease) of real
property in Newport Beach. At its core, this lawsuit is a breach of contract case between
NHOM and Cerullo arising out of a dispute over the issue whether the Sublease imposes

 1
   The causes of action are (1)-(2) declaratory relief; (3)-(5) fraud; (6) breach of
contract; (7)-(11) intentional interference with contractual relations; (12) interference
with prospective contractual relations; (13) trespass; (14) violation of Business and
Professions Code section 17200; and (15) breach of fiduciary duty.

                                              2
on the sublessee (NHOM) an obligation to maintain and repair the leased property and
the improvements constructed on the property. Resolution of the dispute over the
meaning of the Sublease is not before us now. The causes of action at issue in this appeal
alleged that different combinations of Defendants, acting as agents of each other and in
conspiracy, tortiously interfered with the Sublease and four other contracts, intentionally
interfered with NHOM’s prospective economic advantage, and committed trespass. We
affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand, as set forth in the disposition.

                      ALLEGATIONS OF SECOND AMENDED
                               COMPLAINT
                                              I.
                                         The Parties
              Plaintiff and appellant NHOM is a limited liability company with two
members—Paul D. Copenbarger and Kent A. McNaughton. NHOM is governed by an
operating agreement (the Operating Agreement) between its two members.
              Defendant and respondent Cerullo is a California corporation. Defendant
and respondent Plaza del Sol Real Estate Trust (Plaza del Sol) is a business organization
of unknown form and is wholly owned and controlled by Cerullo. Defendant and
respondent Roger Artz is a vice-president of Cerullo and the trustee of Plaza del Sol.
              Defendant and respondent Vertical Media Group, Inc. (VMG), is a
Delaware corporation. Defendant and respondent Dennis A. D’Alessio is the president of
VMG and is alleged to have acted on its behalf. Defendant Newport Harbor Ventures,
LLC (NHV), is a California limited liability company. D’Alessio is the manager of
NHV. NHV has not appeared in this appeal.
              Defendant and respondent William Packard is a licensed real estate
salesman. He worked for Pacific West Asset Management, Inc. (Pacific West), which
was hired by NHOM to manage the property. Packard acted as a leasing agent for

                                               3
NHOM. Packard was not acting within the scope of any employment or agency with
Pacific West when he engaged in the acts alleged to be wrongful. Packard has not
appeared in this appeal.
              Defendants can be separated into three groups:
              (1) The Cerullo Defendants: Cerullo, Plaza del Sol, and Artz
              (2) The D’Alessio Defendants: D’Alessio, NHV, and VMG
              (3) Packard
              Lloyd Copenbarger is the brother of Paul Copenbarger. He is the trustee of
The Hazel I. Maag Trust (the Maag Trust).

                                             II.
                           Agency and Conspiracy Allegations
              The second amended complaint alleged that “in connection with the actions
and disputes which are the subject of this Complaint, at all times relevant, each of the
defendants was the agent, servant, and/or employee of each and all of the other
defendants and was acting in the course and scope of such agency and/or employment.”
The second amended complaint also alleged that Defendants “entered into a conspiracy
with each other for the purposes of wrongfully terminating the S[ublease] . . . and
requiring NHO[M] to quitclaim ownership of the IMPROVEMENTS . . . to one or more
of [them]. Each of the Defendants took the actions set forth in this Second Amended
Complaint in furtherance of the conspiracy.”

                                            III.

                           The Ground Lease, the Sublease, and
                            the Improvements to the Property
              In 1963, John J. Jakosky and Katherine F. Jakosky, as lessors, and F. David
Young, as lessee, entered into a 55-year ground lease (the Ground Lease) of unimproved

                                             4
real property (the Property) in Newport Beach. Under the terms of the Ground Lease, the
lessee is the owner of any improvements constructed on the Property.
             In 1987, improvements consisting of a multistory office building, marina,
and parking structure (the Improvements) were constructed on the Property. The lessee
under the Ground Lease was the owner of the Improvements.
             Sometime before December 2003, Cerullo and/or Plaza del Sol became the
lessee under the Ground Lease. In January 2004, Cerullo entered into the Sublease,
which has a term expiring in November 2018. The Sublease required NHOM to “keep
and perform all of the obligations” of Cerullo under the Ground Lease. By quitclaim
deed, Cerullo conveyed title to the Improvements to NHOM. As owner of the
Improvements to the Property, NHOM made business decisions about “what repairs and
maintenance to perform” to the Improvements.
             NHOM paid $4.5 million to Cerullo to become the sublessee of the
Property and the owner of the Improvements. NHOM used $350,000 of its own funds
and borrowed $3 million from the Maag Trust and $1.15 million from Plaza del Sol. The
loan from the Maag Trust was evidenced by a promissory note (the Maag Note), which
was secured by a first priority deed of trust on the Improvements and on the Sublease (the
Maag Deed of Trust). At the same time, NHOM executed a promissory note in the
amount of $1.15 million in favor of Plaza del Sol. The promissory note to Plaza del Sol
(the Plaza del Sol Note) was made to pay for the balance of the purchase price of the
Improvements and acquisition of the Sublease. The Plaza del Sol Note was secured by a
second priority deed of trust on the Improvements and on the Sublease.
             NHOM and Pacific West entered into a management agreement (the Pacific
West Agreement) by which Pacific West was retained to manage the business of renting
space, collecting rents, and “fulfilling the obligations” of NHOM under the rental
agreements with its tenants. Packard acted as NHOM’s leasing agent.

                                            5
                                           IV.

                NHOM’s Alleged Deferral of Maintenance and Default
                 Under the Maag Note and the Maag Deed of Trust
             The second amended complaint alleged: “[B]eginning in mid-2008, as a
result of the major slump in the economy which resulted in tenants vacating the office
suites and marina slips, and disagreements between the Managing Members of NHO[M]
concerning rental rates and tenant improvements, NHO[M] began to have cash flow
problems. As a result of cash flow issues NHO[M] began to defer some non-essential
maintenance.”
             In September 2009, the Maag Trust declared a default of the Maag Note
and the Maag Deed of Trust, based on NHOM’s failure to maintain and repair the
Improvements, NHOM’s failure to make timely payments of amounts due under the
Maag Note, and a change in NHOM’s financial condition. In early 2010, Lloyd
Copenbarger became concerned that Plaza del Sol would declare a default under the
Plaza del Sol Note and would commence foreclosure proceedings against NHOM. To
avert foreclosure, Lloyd Copenbarger and Paul Copenbarger entered into negotiations
with Cerullo and Plaza del Sol to obtain an agreement by which the Plaza del Sol Note
would not be foreclosed.
             In April 2010, Cerullo, Plaza del Sol, and the Maag Trust entered into an
agreement called “Agreement Re: Assignment and Transfer of Promissory Note and
Deed of Trust and Ground Lease Enforcement” (the Assignment Agreement) to prevent
Plaza del Sol from foreclosing. Under the terms of the Assignment Agreement, the Maag
Trust agreed to make certain payments on the Plaza del Sol Note, to reimburse Plaza del
Sol for real property taxes it paid on the Improvements and the Property, and to make
future payments to Plaza del Sol in the amount equal to payments due on the Plaza del

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Sol Note as such payments became due. Cerullo and Plaza del Sol agreed that, for a
period of one year, they would not declare a default under the Sublease on account of
then existing conditions or circumstances so long as the Maag Trust made the
agreed-upon payments.
                                            V.

                The Alleged Conspiracy to Terminate the Sublease and
                     Force NHOM to Convey the Improvements
               Defendants then “entered into a conspiracy with each other for the purposes
of wrongfully terminating the S[ublease] . . . and requiring NHO[M] to quitclaim
ownership of the I[mprovements] . . . to one or more of [them]. Each of the Defendants
took the actions set forth in this Second Amended Complaint in furtherance of the
conspiracy.”
               From mid-2010 through early 2011, D’Alessio met with Paul Copenbarger,
Lloyd Copenbarger, and Packard to discuss the Ground Lease, the Sublease, the Pacific
West Agreement, the Assignment Agreement, and the agreement that Packard act as
leasing agent for NHOM.
               Starting in mid-2010, D’Alessio made offers to NHOM to become the
assignee of the Sublease and to purchase the Improvements on the Property. He offered
to assume the Maag Note and the Plaza del Sol Note and to pay NHOM $500,000. In late
2010 or early 2011, D’Alessio approached Paul Copenbarger and Lloyd Copenbarger and
proposed that they “breach their fiduciary duties and contractual obligations.” D’Alessio
specifically proposed that Cerullo declare a default under the Sublease and thereafter
commence an unlawful detainer action against NHOM so that it would lose its interest in
the Sublease and the Improvements. Under D’Alessio’s proposal, Paul Copenbarger and
the Maag Trust would not take any action to challenge the declaration of default under
the Sublease and would not contest the unlawful detainer action. In response to

                                             7
D’Alessio’s proposal, Paul Copenbarger told D’Alessio that such an agreement would be
in violation of his “legal and moral obligations” to NHOM and McNaughton.
              D’Alessio then approached McNaughton and proposed that he participate
in “a similar scheme.” D’Alessio offered to provide McNaughton information to use in
his litigation with the Maag Trust, Paul Copenbarger, and NHOM. Pursuant to this
agreement, McNaughton allegedly refused to allow NHOM to defend Cerullo’s unlawful
detainer action, to verify an answer to the unlawful detainer complaint, to appear at a
deposition without a subpoena, to provide documents to counsel for NHOM, and to sign a
declaration in opposition to a summary adjudication motion in the unlawful detainer
action.
              Sometime before March 3, 2011, D’Alessio approached Artz and proposed
that Cerullo and Plaza del Sol breach the Sublease and the Assignment Agreement by
declaring a default under the Sublease on the false ground that NHOM failed to maintain
the Improvements. The goal was for Cerullo to terminate the Sublease and acquire the
Improvements. Cerullo thereafter would convey the Improvements to NHV and/or assign
the Ground Lease to NHV or enter into a new sublease with NHV. “Such actions would
deprive NHO[M] of the I[mprovements] which it owns and its contractual rights under
the S[ublease] and the [Assignment Agreement].” In response to D’Alessio’s proposal,
Cerullo and Plaza del Sol entered into an asset management and option agreement (the
Management Agreement) with NHV. After terminating the Sublease and acquiring the
Improvements, then, under the Management Agreement, Cerullo would assign the
Ground Lease to NHV or enter into a sublease with NHV.
              D’Alessio’s ultimate goal allegedly was to convert the Improvements to a
boutique hotel. On many occasions between late 2010 and April 22, 2011, D’Alessio and
others, with Packard’s cooperation and assistance, entered the Property and inspected the
Improvements for the purpose of facilitating conversion to a boutique hotel. These
entries and inspections were made without NHOM’s permission and knowledge.

                                             8
Without NHOM’s knowledge or permission, Packard contacted “third party contractors”
and allowed them to enter the Property and inspect the Improvements in order to prepare
bids for services to convert the Property to a boutique hotel. D’Alessio represented to
third parties that he and/or NHV was the owner or sublessee of the Property and the
Improvements and permitted third parties to enter the Property to prepare bids.
              In April 2011, D’Alessio, NHV, Plaza del Sol, and Cerullo entered into a
modification to the Management Agreement, under which VMG replaced NHV as the
asset manager.

                                            VI.

                   Notices of Default and Unlawful Detainer Action
              On April 22, 2011, D’Alessio and VMG, on behalf of Cerullo and Plaza del
Sol, sent NHOM a letter of the same date, stating that NHOM had breached
paragraph 1.2 of the Sublease by failing to maintain and repair both the Property and the
Improvements. The April 22 letter stated: “[W]e have conducted a limited inspection of
the Property and have discerned there to be a wholesale failure on the part of [NHOM] to
perform even a modicum of maintenance or repair to any aspect of the building or any
part of it, to include major structural components.” The letter included a list of
maintenance and repair issues, with a demand that NHOM address them within 30 days,
and a 30-day notice to cure certain maintenance and other related defaults under the
Ground Lease and the Sublease.
              On May 10, 2011, D’Alessio, Artz, and Packard met with John Jakosky,
one of the trustees of the trust that owns the Property subject to the Ground Lease, and
told him NHOM was in default of the Sublease for not maintaining the Improvements.
D’Alessio and Artz told Jakosky that NHOM’s failure to repair and maintain the
Improvements was a proper ground for terminating the Sublease and that they were in the
process of terminating the Sublease. During this meeting, D’Alessio gave Jakosky a

                                              9
brochure illustrating the plan for converting the Improvements to a boutique waterfront
hotel. D’Alessio expressed a desire to extend the term of the Ground Lease.
              By letter dated May 18, 2011, Paul Copenbarger, on behalf of NHOM,
responded to the April 22, 2011 letter. He asserted the sublessee’s duty to maintain and
repair under the Sublease did not extend to the Improvements on the Property because the
Improvements were never subject to the Ground Lease and were conveyed by quitclaim
deed to NHOM. By letter of the same date, Lloyd Copenbarger, as trustee of the Maag
Trust, informed Artz and Plaza del Sol that the Maag Trust had requested that Pacific
West determine what repairs and maintenance needed to be made at the Property and
arrange to make those repairs and maintenance, at the Maag Trust’s expense.
              On May 26, 2011, D’Alessio and VMG, on behalf of Cerullo and Plaza del
Sol, served a three-day notice to cure or quit (the three-day Notice) on NHOM, based on
“[y]our failure to cure the breaches of your Sub-Ground Lease . . . .” Five days later,
Paul Copenbarger, both in his individual capacity and derivatively on behalf of NHOM,
filed this lawsuit. On June 21, 2011, Cerullo filed an unlawful detainer action against
NHOM (the Unlawful Detainer Action).
              On August 1, 2011, VMG served NHOM with a letter of the same date,
stating that NHOM was in breach of the Ground Lease and the Sublease. The letter
asserted NHOM was committing waste, allowing a public and private nuisance, and
violating city building codes, and demanded that NHOM perform specified repairs and
maintenance to the Improvements within 30 days. (Some of the repairs and maintenance
demanded in the August 1, 2011 letter were different from those demanded in the
April 22, 2011 letter.) On March 6, 2012, a 60-day notice to cure was issued to the Maag
Trust. Within the 60-day period, the Maag Trust cured all of the items listed in the
60-day notice to cure.

                                            10
                               PROCEDURAL HISTORY
              Paul Copenbarger, acting individually and derivatively on behalf of NHOM
filed the original complaint in May 2011. The Cerullo Defendants, D’Alessio, and VMG
brought a special motion to strike the complaint under the anti-SLAPP statute, Code of
Civil Procedure section 425.16. The trial court granted the motion. In Copenbarger v.
Morris Cerullo World Evangelism (2013) 215 Cal. App. 4th 1237, a panel of this court
reversed the order granting the special motion to strike and remanded.
              Following remand, Paul Copenbarger filed a first amended complaint in
response to demurrers brought by D’Alessio and VMG. Among other things, the first
amended complaint added NHV and Packard as defendants. Various demurrers were
brought against the first amended complaint. The trial court sustained some of the
demurrers with leave to amend, while another was withdrawn by the demurring parties.
              Paul Copenbarger filed the second amended complaint, which had the
15 causes of action identified above in footnote 1. The Cerullo Defendants demurred to
the first through 14th causes of action. D’Alessio and VMG demurred to the seventh
through 13th causes of action. Packard demurred to the seventh through 10th causes of
action.
              The trial court sustained without leave to amend the demurrers of the
Cerullo Defendants, D’Alessio, and VMG to the seventh through 13th causes of action.
The trial court sustained without leave to amend Packard’s demurrers to the seventh
through 10th causes of action. The court continued the hearing on the demurrers to the
first through sixth and 14th causes of action.
              In April 2014, NHOM submitted a request for dismissal without prejudice
of the first through sixth causes of action. The next day, NHOM orally requested
dismissal without prejudice of the 14th cause of action. On May 20, the trial court
granted Packard’s motion for judgment on the pleadings on the 11th, 12th, and 13th
causes of action. On June 20, NHOM filed a request for dismissal without prejudice of

                                             11
the 15th cause of action (against Packard), and, on June 30, filed a request for dismissal
without prejudice of the entire second amended complaint against NHV. A judgment of
dismissal was entered in September 2014.
               NHOM filed its notice of appeal in June 2014, before the judgment of
dismissal was entered. Although filed prematurely, the notice of appeal is timely per se
because it was filed after rendition of the trial court’s rulings on the demurrers and after
NHOM voluntarily dismissed the first through sixth and the 14th causes of action. (Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 8.104(d)(1); see, e.g., In re Marriage of Zimmerman (2010) 183
Cal. App. 4th 900, 906.) The notice of appeal states only that NHOM appeals from the
order dismissing the Cerullo Defendants, D’Alessio, and VMG, and does not mention the
orders sustaining Packard’s demurrer and granting Packard’s motion for judgment on the
pleadings. We therefore do not consider the notice of appeal as challenging those rulings.
Lest there be any confusion, our disposition will affirm the judgment as to Packard.
               The appendix lays out the causes of action. The causes of action at issue in
this appeal are in italics.

                           MOTION TO STRIKE APPELLANT’S
                                  OPENING BRIEF
               Before delving into the merits, we address a motion filed by the Cerullo
Defendants to strike NHOM’s opening brief on the ground it violates rule 8.204 of the
California Rules of Court. The Cerullo Defendants assert three rule violations: (1) the
brief was filed without a table of contents and a table of authorities (Cal. Rules of Court,
rule 8.204(a)(1)(A)); (2) the brief includes a declaration that is not part of the appellate
record (id., rule 8.204(a)(2)(C)); and (3) the brief does not consistently use 13-point font
(id., rule 8.204(b)(4)).
               We deny the motion to strike. As to the first point, NHOM explains in its
opposition to the motion to strike that its opening brief was originally bound and sent to

                                              12
this court for filing on November 20, 2014, without a table of contents and a table of
authorities; NHOM immediately recognized the mistake; and, on that same day, NHOM
served and filed a corrected brief. We have the corrected brief. As to the second point,
NHOM submitted a motion to augment the record with the declaration attached to the
opening brief. We denied the motion to augment and decline to consider the declaration
as part of the record on appeal. (We will consider the declaration for the limited purpose
of a request for leave to amend the complaint.) As to the third point, NHOM points out,
and it appears to us, that 13-point font was used throughout the appellant’s opening brief
and any variation in size was caused by photocopying.

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW
               “On appeal from a judgment dismissing an action after sustaining a
demurrer without leave to amend, the standard of review is well settled. We give the
complaint a reasonable interpretation, reading it as a whole and its parts in their context.
[Citation.] Further, we treat the demurrer as admitting all material facts properly pleaded,
but do not assume the truth of contentions, deductions or conclusions of law. [Citations.]
When a demurrer is sustained, we determine whether the complaint states facts sufficient
to constitute a cause of action. [Citation.] And when it is sustained without leave to
amend, we decide whether there is a reasonable possibility that the defect can be cured by
amendment: if it can be, the trial court has abused its discretion and we reverse.
[Citation.]” (City of Dinuba v. County of Tulare (2007) 41 Cal. 4th 859, 865.)
               In reviewing the sustaining of a demurrer, we address whether the results,
and not trial court’s reasons, are correct. (Perkin v. San Diego Gas & Electric Co. (2014)
225 Cal. App. 4th 492, 501.) We apply the abuse of discretion standard to the trial court’s
decision to deny leave to amend. (Schifando v. City of Los Angeles (2003) 31 Cal. 4th
1074, 1081.)

                                             13
                                       DISCUSSION
                                             I.
                      Interference with Contract Causes of Action
A. Elements of Interference with Contract Cause of Action
              The seventh through 11th causes of action are for interference with
contractual relations, with each cause of action directed to a different contract. “The
elements of a cause of action for interference with contractual relations are: (1) the
existence of a valid contract between the plaintiff and a third party; (2) the defendant’s
knowledge of this contract; (3) the defendant’s intentional acts designed to induce a
breach or disruption of the contractual relationship; (4) actual breach or disruption of the
contractual relationship; and (5) resulting damages. [Citation.] Proof the interfering
conduct was wrongful, independent from the interference itself, is not required to recover
for interference with contractual relations. [Citation.]” (Sole Energy Co. v.
Petrominerals Corp. (2005) 128 Cal. App. 4th 212, 237-238.)
              As to the fourth element, the plaintiff must show either (1) the defendant
induced an actual or inevitable breach of the contract or (2) the defendant’s conduct made
the plaintiff’s performance, and inferentially enjoyment, under the contract more
burdensome or costly. (Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Bear Stearns & Co. (1990) 50
Cal. 3d 1118, 1126-1127, 1129.)

B. Seventh Cause of Action: Interference with the Sublease
              In the seventh cause of action, NHOM alleged that Artz, the D’Alessio
Defendants, and Packard interfered with the Sublease (between NHOM and Cerullo).
NHOM alleged that sometime before March 2011, D’Alessio approached Artz and
proposed that Cerullo and Plaza del Sol breach the Sublease and the Assignment
Agreement by declaring a default under the Sublease on the false ground that NHOM
failed to maintain the Improvements.

                                             14
              But NHOM alleged that “in connection with the actions and disputes which
are the subject of this Complaint, at all times relevant, each of the defendants was the
agent, servant, and/or employee of each and all of other defendants and was acting in the
course and scope of such agency and/or employment.” NHOM also alleged that
Defendants “entered into a conspiracy with each other for the purposes of wrongfully
terminating the S[ublease] . . . and requiring NHO[M] to quitclaim ownership of the
I[mprovements] . . . to one or more of [them]. Each of the Defendants took the actions
set forth in this Second Amended Complaint in furtherance of the conspiracy.”
              These agency and conspiracy allegations defeat the cause of action for
interference with the Sublease. Only a noncontracting party may be held liable in tort for
intentional interference with performance of the contract. (Applied Equipment Corp. v.
Litton Saudi Arabia Ltd. (1994) 7 Cal. 4th 503, 513.) A contracting party is incapable of
interfering with the performance of his or her own contract and cannot be held liable in
tort for conspiracy to interfere with his or her own contract. (Id. at pp. 513-514.) Under
the agent’s immunity rule, “duly acting agents” cannot be held liable for conspiring with
their principals. (Id. at p. 512.) The agent’s immunity rule is derived from the principle
that agents cannot conspire with their principals when the agents act in their official
capacity on the principal’s behalf. (Id. at p. 512, fn. 4.) In addition, “‘ordinarily
corporate agents and employees acting for or on behalf of the corporation cannot be held
liable for inducing a breach of the corporation’s contract since being in a confidential
relationship to the corporation their action in this respect is privileged.’” (Ibid.)
              Because Artz, the D’Alessio Defendants, and Packard were alleged to be
agents of Cerullo, they in effect were contracting parties and cannot be held liable for
interfering with the Sublease. Under the agent’s immunity rule, Artz, the D’Alessio
Defendants, and Packard cannot be held liable for conspiring with each other and with
Cerullo to interfere with the Sublease.

                                              15
              NHOM concedes the demurrers to the seventh cause of action were
correctly sustained as to Artz, who is a vice-president of Cerullo and the trustee of Plaza
del Sol. NHOM argues that D’Alessio and VMG did not become agents of Cerullo until
after they had engaged in the acts allegedly interfering with the Sublease. Such
distinction was not made in the second amended complaint; rather, NHOM alleged that
Defendants were at all relevant times the agents of each other and conspired with each
other to engage in the wrongful acts alleged.
              In its appellant’s reply brief, NHOM represents that “to the extent that the
SAC [(second amended complaint)] was not clear with respect to this assertion, the SAC
could be amended to make such distinction clear.” We treat this representation as a
request to seek leave to amend, which may be made for the first time on appeal.
(Thornton v. California Unemployment Ins. Appeals Bd. (2012) 204 Cal. App. 4th 1403,
1423.) If NHOM sorts out the agency and conspiracy allegations, and makes those
allegations with more precision, it is reasonably possible that NHOM could cure the
defects in the seventh cause of action with respect to D’Alessio and VMG. We therefore
reverse the judgment as to the seventh cause of action with respect to D’Alessio and
VMG to give NHOM another chance to state a cause of action against them. The
judgment as to the seventh cause of action with respect to Artz and Packard is affirmed.

C. Eighth Cause of Action: Interference with the Assignment Agreement
              In the eighth cause of action, NHOM alleged that Artz, the D’Alessio
Defendants, and Packard intentionally interfered with the Assignment Agreement by
causing Cerullo and Plaza del Sol to declare a default of the Sublease. The parties to the
Assignment Agreement are the Maag Trust, Cerullo, and Plaza del Sol.
              NHOM is not named as a party to the Assignment Agreement. The eighth
cause of action is based on the theory that NHOM is an intended third party beneficiary
of the Assignment Agreement. “Third parties claiming the right to performance under an

                                             16
agreement made by others are classified as either intended or incidental beneficiaries.”
(Spinks v. Equity Residential Briarwood Apartments (2009) 171 Cal. App. 4th 1004,
1022.) Intended beneficiaries may demand enforcement of the contract; incidental
beneficiaries may not. (Ibid.) A third party is an intended beneficiary if the contract
expresses an intent to benefit the third party. (Ibid.) It is not enough that the third party
would benefit incidentally from contract performance. (Ibid.) “‘The contracting parties
must have intended to confer a benefit on the third party.’” (Ibid.) The third person need
not be named or identified in the contract to qualify as an intended beneficiary. (Id. at
p. 1023.) It is not necessary that both contracting parties intended the third party to
benefit from the contract: “‘[I]t is sufficient that the promisor must have understood that
the promisee had such intent.’” (Ibid.) The determination whether a third party is an
intended beneficiary of a contract ultimately turns on the manifestation of intent to confer
a benefit. (Ibid.) “‘Ascertaining this intent is a question of ordinary contract
interpretation.’” (Ibid.)
              The second amended complaint alleged, sufficiently to withstand a
demurrer, that NHOM was an intended third party beneficiary of the Assignment
Agreement. The Assignment Agreement, which was incorporated into the second
amended complaint, conferred significant benefits on NHOM. Under the Assignment
Agreement, the Maag Trust agreed to make payments (owed by NHOM) on the Plaza del
Sol Note, thereby preventing foreclosure of the deed of trust on the Improvements and
the Sublease, and Cerullo and Plaza del Sol agreed not to declare default under the
Sublease for a one-year period so long as the Maag Trust made the agreed-upon
payments.
              Although an express intent to benefit NHOM does not appear on the face of
the Assignment Agreement, NHOM alleged that, during the negotiations leading to the
Assignment Agreement, Lloyd Copenbarger and Paul Copenbarger stated that Lloyd
Copenbarger intended to benefit NHOM. Paul Copenbarger explained that, due to his

                                              17
relationship with McNaughton, NHOM could not be a party to the agreement. Lloyd
Copenbarger expressed his intent that NHOM be a third party beneficiary to the
Assignment Agreement. Evidence of the statements allegedly made by Paul Copenbarger
and Lloyd Copenbarger during the negotiations leading to the Assignment Agreement
would be admissible to prove a meaning to which that contract was reasonably
susceptible. “‘In determining the meaning of a written contract allegedly made, in part,
for the benefit of a third party, evidence of the circumstances and negotiations of the
parties in making the contract is both relevant and admissible.’ [Citations.]” (Spinks v.
Equity Residential Briarwood Apartments, supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at p. 1024.)
              The Cerullo Defendants point to paragraphs 9 and 13 of the Assignment
Agreement as expressing the intent there be no third party beneficiaries. Paragraph 9 of
the Assignment Agreement states: “Subject to the provisions of this Agreement relating
to transferability, this Agreement will be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the
parties, and their respective successors and assigns.” Paragraph 9 ensures the parties’
successors and assigns will be bound by, and receive the benefits of, the Assignment
Agreement. It did not foreclose the possibility of intended third party beneficiaries.
              Paragraph 13 of the Assignment Agreement states: “Any party may, at any
time by giving five (5) days’ prior written notice to the other party, designate any other
address in substitution of the foregoing address to which such notice will be given.” The
Cerullo Defendants argue that use of the singular phrase “the other party” means “there
are only two parties to the contract.” But the Assignment Agreement has three parties—
the Maag Trust, Cerullo, and Plaza del Sol—and each of the three parties has a separate
address for notices. The parties to the Assignment Agreement therefore could not have
intended the phrase “the other party” to be singular. Further, the omission of a third party
from a notice provision would not in itself mean the contract has no intended
beneficiaries because they do not have to be named in the contract.

                                             18
              The eighth cause of action runs into the same tangle of agency and
conspiracy allegations that bedevil the seventh cause of action. Because the second
amended complaint alleged that Artz, the D’Alessio Defendants, and Packard were, at all
relevant times, the agents of Cerullo and Plaza del Sol, they cannot be held liable for
interference with the Assignment Agreement. NHOM concedes the demurrers to the
eighth cause of action were correctly sustained as to Artz.
              As was the case for the seventh cause of action, NHOM argues that
D’Alessio and VMG did not become agents of Cerullo until after they had engaged in the
acts allegedly interfering with the Assignment Agreement. As was the case for the
seventh cause of action, it is reasonably possible NHOM can amend to cure the defects in
the eighth cause of action if NHOM straightens out the agency and conspiracy
allegations. We therefore reverse the judgment as to the eighth cause of action with
respect to D’Allesio and VMG to give NHOM another opportunity to state a cause of
action. In all others respects, the judgment as to the eighth cause of action is affirmed.

D. Ninth Cause of Action: Interference with the Pacific West Agreement
              In the ninth cause of action, NHOM alleged the Cerullo Defendants and the
D’Alessio Defendants interfered with the Pacific West Agreement (the agreement by
which NHOM retained Pacific West to manage the Property). NHOM alleged in the
ninth cause of action that Cerullo, Plaza del Sol, and the D’Alessio Defendants obtained
the cooperation of Packard in the alleged scheme to wrongfully terminate the Sublease.
To obtain Packard’s cooperation, Cerullo and Plaza del Sol paid Packard a “secret
commission” at the time of the execution of the Sublease, and Cerullo, Plaza del Sol,
and/or D’Alessio loaned Packard money.
              Under the Pacific West Agreement, Pacific West was retained to manage
the business of renting space, collecting rents, and “fulfilling the obligations” of NHOM
under the rental agreements with its tenants. The second amended complaint did not

                                             19
allege that any defendant did anything to make NHOM’s enjoyment of the Pacific West
Agreement “more expensive and burdensome.” (Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Bear
Stearns & Co., supra, 50 Cal.3d at p. 1137.) There were no allegations, for example, that
Defendants caused Pacific West or Packard to breach the Pacific West Agreement or to
less competently or diligently perform their obligations under it. The trial court did not
err by sustaining the demurrers to the ninth cause of action without leave to amend.

E. Tenth Cause of Action: Interference with the Maag Note and the Maag Deed of Trust
              In the 10th cause of action, NHOM alleged Defendants interfered with the
Maag Note and the Maag Deed of Trust. The trial court ruled that a note and deed of
trust are not contracts. A promissory note is a unilateral contract for the payment of
money. (Haulman v. Crumal (1936) 13 Cal. App. 2d 612, 619; 1 Witkin, Summary of Cal.
Law (10th ed. 2005) Contracts, § 107, pp. 149-150.) A deed of trust is a form of security
that creates a lien on the secured property. (4 Witkin, supra, Security Transactions in
Real Property, §§ 4, 6.)
              NHOM asserts the Maag Note and the Maag Deed of Trust are really
components of a “financial agreement” between NHOM and the Maag Trust and, as such,
together constituted a contract that can be the basis of an interference cause of action.
Calling the Maag Note and the Maag Deed of Trust a “financial agreement” does not
make them anything other than a promissory note and a deed of trust. Even assuming the
Maag Note and the Maag Deed of Trust are contracts, the second amended complaint did
not allege facts sufficient to state a cause of action for interference with them. The gist of
the 10th cause of action is that Defendants made demands on NHOM which caused the
Maag Trust to make repairs to the Property and the Improvements in order to protect its
security interest. Under the terms of the Maag Note and the Maag Deed of Trust, the
Maag Trust sought reimbursement from NHOM for the costs of those repairs.

                                             20
              NHOM alleged it had no obligation under the Sublease to maintain and
repair the Property and the Improvements and, therefore, Cerullo breached the Sublease
by declaring a default for NHOM’s alleged failure to maintain and repair the premises.
For the same reason, NHOM alleged it had no obligation to cure the defaults. The Maag
Trust consequently had no obligation to spend money curing those defaults and would
not need to cure them to protect its security interest. Under the Maag Note and the Maag
Deed of Trust, the Maag Trust had the right to demand reimbursement from NHOM for
any money the Maag Trust spent to repair the Property, or could declare a default for
NHOM’s failure to maintain, repair, and prevent waste. If NHOM were in breach of its
maintenance and repair obligations under the Maag Note and the Maag Deed of Trust,
then NHOM had an obligation to reimburse the Maag Trust regardless of anything
Defendants might have done. If NHOM were not in breach of its maintenance and repair
obligations under the Maag Note and the Maag Deed of Trust, then, regardless of
anything Defendants might have done, NHOM had no obligation to reimburse the Maag
Trust. In either case, Defendants could not have interfered with the Maag Note and the
Maag Deed of Trust by issuing the various notices of default and notices to cure. The
trial court did not err by sustaining the demurrers to the 10th cause of action without
leave to amend.

F. Eleventh Cause of Action: Interference with the Operating Agreement
              In the 11th cause of action, NHOM alleged Defendants interfered with the
Operating Agreement. The Cerullo Defendants contend NHOM cannot recover for
interference with the Operating Agreement because NHOM is not a party to it. The only
parties to the Operating Agreement are Paul Copenbarger and McNaughton.
Corporations Code section 17701.02, subdivision (s) defines an operating agreement as
“the agreement . . . of all the members of a limited liability company.”

                                             21
              The easy fix to this problem is to add Paul Copenbarger as a plaintiff to the
11th cause of action. The trial court stated it would “let that happen” if it were not for the
11th cause of action being “fatally vague” and lacking allegations of causation and
disruption of the contractual relationship. In that regard, the Cerullo Defendants contend
that NHOM has not alleged that their conduct made performance under the Operating
Agreement more burdensome. The second amended complaint alleged in the 11th cause
of action that Defendants were “offering and perhaps obtaining cooperation of
MCNAUGHTON in the scheme to deprive NHO[M] of its ownership of the
I[mprovements] and possession of the P[roperty].” McNaughton is alleged to have
participated in the scheme by refusing to agree to allow NHOM to hire counsel to defend
the Unlawful Detainer Action, to verify an answer to the unlawful detainer complaint, to
appear without a subpoena for his deposition as the person most knowledgeable, to
provide documents to counsel for NHOM, and to execute a declaration for use in
opposition to a motion for summary adjudication in the Unlawful Detainer Action. In
other words, Defendants interfered with the Operating Agreement by causing
McNaughton to refuse to assist in the defense of the Unlawful Detainer Action.
              The Cerullo Defendants contend those allegations do not state a cause of
action for interference with contract because (1) the Operating Agreement did not
prohibit McNaughton from competing with NHOM and (2) he had the right under the
Operating Agreement to “vote his own conscience” and oppose actions taken by Paul
Copenbarger. The Cerullo Defendants are right, but for the wrong reason. The question
is not whether McNaughton had the right to do what he did, but whether Defendants
engaged in conduct that made Paul Copenbarger’s enjoyment of the Operating
Agreement “more expensive and burdensome.” (Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Bear
Stearns & Co., supra, 50 Cal.3d at p. 1137.)
              The 11th cause of action is deficient because it does not allege how Paul
Copenbarger suffered any damage from McNaughton’s conduct. In response to a

                                             22
question at oral argument regarding the status of the Unlawful Detainer Action, counsel
for NHOM filed an “Augmentation of the Record on Appeal” to include a voluntary
dismissal without prejudice of the Unlawful Detainer Action, filed in October 2015. The
record on appeal cannot be augmented with the request for dismissal because it was not
filed in the trial court in this case. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.155(a)(1).) We will,
however, take judicial notice of the request for dismissal of the Unlawful Detainer
Action. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (d), 459, subd. (a).)
              The request for dismissal of the Unlawful Detainer Action shows that
NHOM is still in possession of the Property and the Improvements. There is no
allegation McNaughton’s conduct caused Paul Copenbarger to incur attorney fees in
defending the Unlawful Detainer Action and protecting NHOM’s interests that he would
                               2
not otherwise have incurred.
              NHOM contends the trial court erred by denying leave to amend the 11th
cause of action. NHOM does not explain how it would amend except to name Paul
Copenbarger as a plaintiff. NHOM does not explain how it would cure the other
deficiencies in the 11th cause of action. The trial court therefore did not err by denying
leave to amend, and we affirm the judgment as to the 11th cause of action.
                                              II.

                Twelfth Cause of Action: Interference with Prospective
                                Economic Advantage
              In the 12th cause of action, NHOM alleged Defendants interfered with its
prospective economic relationship with the ground lessor. NHOM alleged it intended to

 2
   Attached as exhibit No. 33 to the second amended complaint is a string of e-mail
communications between Paul Copenbarger and McNaughton, regarding NHOM’s
response to the three-day Notice and the impending unlawful detainer. In one
communication, Paul Copenbarger said, “I interpret your response as a refusal to approve
of or to contribute to the expense of legal action by NHO[M] to protect its interests[;] I
will proceed accordingly.” The second amended complaint did not allege that
McNaughton failed to contribute to NHOM’s legal expenses.

                                              23
seek from the ground lessor (the Jakosky Trust) a lease for the Property at the expiration
of the Ground Lease. NHOM alleged that Artz, Packard, and D’Alessio met with the
trustee of the Jakosky Trust on May 10, 2011, and during that meeting defamed NHOM
by claiming it was in violation of the Sublease.
              The elements of a cause of action for interference with prospective
economic advantage are (1) an economic relationship between the plaintiff and a third
party, with the probability of future economic benefit to the plaintiff; (2) the defendant’s
knowledge of the relationship; (3) the defendant’s intentional and wrongful conduct
designed to interfere with or disrupt this relationship; (4) interference with or disruption
of this relationship; and (5) economic harm to the plaintiff proximately caused by the
defendant’s wrongful conduct. (Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp. (2003) 29
Cal. 4th 1134, 1153-1154.)
              The second amended complaint did not allege that NHOM had an existing
economic relationship with the Jakosky Trust, but alleged only that NHOM intended to
seek a new lease from the Jakosky Trust. At the hearing on the demurrers to the second
amended complaint, the trial court asked NHOM’s counsel whether there had been any
discussion between NHOM and the Jakosky Trust about a lease. Counsel answered,
“[n]o.” The court stated, “if I got a different answer from that, I would let you amend the
complaint to make that clear.” NHOM filed a motion to augment the record with a
declaration from its counsel stating she had learned, sometime before May 2011, that
McNaughton had approached the trustee to discuss entering into a ground lease directly
between NHOM and the Jakosky Trust. Although we denied the motion to augment the
record, we will consider the declaration as a request for leave to amend, which may be
made for the first time on appeal. (Thornton v. California Unemployment Ins. Appeals
Bd., supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at p. 1423.)
              Amending the complaint to allege that McNaughton met with the trustee
sometime before May 2011 would not, however, save the 12th cause of action. The tort

                                             24
of interference with prospective economic advantage protects the expectation the
relationship will produce the desired benefit, not “‘the more speculative expectation that
a potentially beneficial relationship will arise.’” (Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin
Corp., supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 1164.) “Only plaintiffs that can demonstrate an economic
relationship with a probable future economic benefit will be able to state a cause of action
for this tort.” (Ibid.) One meeting between McNaughton and the trustee is not enough to
create an economic relationship. (Sole Energy Co. v. Petrominerals Corp., supra, 128
Cal.App.4th at p. 243 [discussions that had just begun “in earnest” did not create
necessary economic relationship].)
                                            III.
                          Thirteenth Cause of Action: Trespass
              The 13th cause of action is for trespass and was asserted against
Defendants. The trespass cause of action is based on the allegations that “on multiple
occasions” between late 2010 and April 22, 2011, D’Alessio and others, with Packard’s
cooperation and assistance, entered the Property and inspected the Improvements for the
purpose of facilitating their conversion to a boutique hotel. The inspections allegedly
were made without NHOM’s permission and knowledge. Also without NHOM’s
knowledge or permission, Packard contacted “third party contractors” and allowed them
to enter the Property and inspect the Improvements to prepare bids for services to convert
the Property to a boutique hotel. D’Alessio represented to third parties that he and/or
NHV owned or was the sublessee of the Property and the Improvements and permitted
third parties to enter the Property.
              The Cerullo Defendants argue they cannot be liable for trespass because
they had the right to enter onto the Property to evaluate its condition before leasing to
new tenants. In support of that argument, they rely on Mora v. Baker Commodities, Inc.
(1989) 210 Cal. App. 3d 771, 781-782, which holds that, upon making or renewing a lease,
a commercial landlord has a right and a duty to enter and inspect the premises in order to

                                             25
make them reasonably safe from dangerous conditions. NHOM alleged that the trespass
occurred to prepare bids to facilitate conversion to a boutique hotel, not for the purpose of
evaluating the condition of the premises for a new tenant.
              The Cerullo Defendants also argue that Packard was acting as NHOM’s
leasing agent, and therefore could not have committed trespass, and the other defendants,
alleged to be agents of Packard, could not have trespassed. The second amended
complaint alleged that Packard was an agent for leasing space, did not have authority to
allow others onto the Property to inspect for violations and defaults under lease, and,
when committing trespass, “represented himself to the third parties as an agent for [Plaza
del Sol].” A fact to be reasonably inferred is Packard acted outside the scope of his
authority as agent for NHOM when he allowed persons onto the Property. We assume
the truth of facts that can be reasonably inferred from those pleaded. (Entezampour v.
North Orange County Community College Dist. (2010) 190 Cal. App. 4th 832, 837.)
              Finally, the Cerullo Defendants argue that NHOM failed to allege actual
damages caused by the trespass. An allegation of actual damage is not necessary to a
cause of action for trespass to real property because nominal damages can be recovered
when no injury is suffered. “Every trespass upon real property imports an injury, for
which the law gives nominal damages.” (Davidson v. Devine (1886) 70 Cal. 519, 520;
see Empire Co. v. Bonanza Co. (1885) 67 Cal. 406, 409 [“For every trespass upon real
property the law presumes nominal damages.”]; Staples v. Hoefke (1987) 189 Cal. App. 3d
1397, 1406 [“It is true that an action for trespass will support an award of nominal
damages where actual damages are not shown.”]; Civic Western Corp. v. Zila Industries,
Inc. (1977) 66 Cal. App. 3d 1, 18 [tort of trespass “has always given rise to nominal
damages even where there was no proof of actual damage”].)

                                             26
                                     DISPOSITION
             Our disposition as to each respondent is as follows:
             Cerullo: The judgment is reversed as to the 13th cause of action. The
judgment is affirmed as to the ninth through 12th causes of action.
             Plaza del Sol: The judgment is reversed as to the 13th cause of action. The
judgment is affirmed as to the ninth through 12th causes of action.
             Artz: The judgment is reversed as to the 13th cause of action. The
judgment is affirmed as to the seventh through 12th causes of action.
             D’Alessio: The judgment is reversed as to the seventh, eighth, and 13th
causes of action. The judgment is affirmed as to the ninth through 12th causes of action.
             VMG: The judgment is reversed as to the seventh, eighth, and 13th causes
of action. The judgment is affirmed as to the ninth through 12th causes of action.
             Packard: The judgment is affirmed.
             NHOM shall be given leave to amend the seventh and eighth causes of
action as to D’Alessio and VMG in accordance with this opinion.
             Because all parties prevailed in part, no party shall recover costs incurred
on appeal.

                                                 FYBEL, J.

WE CONCUR:

O’LEARY, P. J.

BEDSWORTH, J.

                                            27
                                    APPENDIX

Cause
of     Description                Defendants           Disposition in Trial Court
Action
       Declaratory relief,        The Cerullo          Voluntarily dismissed without
1-6    fraud,                     Defendants           prejudice
       breach of contract
       Intentional interference  Artz, the D’Alessio   Demurrers sustained without leave
7      with the Sublease         Defendants, and       to amend except NHV dismissed
                                 Packard               without prejudice
        Intentional interference Artz, the D’Alessio   Demurrers sustained without leave
8       with the Assignment      Defendants, and       to amend except NHV dismissed
        Agreement                Packard               without prejudice
        Intentional interference The Cerullo           Demurrers sustained without leave
9       with the Pacific West    Defendants and the    to amend except NHV dismissed
        Agreement                D’Alessio             without prejudice
                                 Defendants
        Intentional interference Defendants            Demurrers sustained without leave
10      with the Maag Note                             to amend except NHV dismissed
        and the Maag Deed of                           without prejudice
        Trust
        Intentional interference Defendants            Demurrers sustained without leave
11      with the Operating                             to amend except NHV dismissed
        Agreement                                      without prejudice and Packard
                                                       granted judgment on the pleadings
        Intentional interference Defendants            Demurrers sustained without leave
12      with prospective                               to amend except NHV dismissed
        economic advantage                             without prejudice and Packard
                                                       granted judgment on pleadings
        Trespass                  Defendants           Demurrers sustained without leave
13                                                     to amend except NHV dismissed
                                                       without prejudice and Packard
                                                       granted judgment on the pleadings
        Violation of Business     The Cerullo          Voluntarily dismissed without
14      and Professions Code      Defendants           prejudice
        section 17200
        Breach of fiduciary       Packard              Voluntarily dismissed without
15      duty                                           prejudice

                                            28