Court Opinion

ID: 9652311
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-23 17:22:08.970922+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:12:49.313212
License: Public Domain

EVELYN V. KEYES, Justice,
dissenting.
I agree with the majority that Hubenak II requires us to apply the summary judgment standard of review to the trial court’s rulings on each of the statutory requirements for condemnation, including the unable-to-agree requirement. Applying this standard, I agree with the majority that the District conclusively proved that the parties were unable to agree on damages before the filing of suit. I also agree that the District carried its constitutional burden of proving that the taking was for a public use. See Tex. WateR Code Ann. § 54.201(a), (b)(3) (Vernon Supp.2004-2005) (delegating to utility districts power of eminent domain to “gather, conduct, divert, and control local storm water or other local harmful excesses of water”); Housing Auth. of the City of Dallas v. Higginbotham, 135 Tex. 158, 143 S.W.2d 79, 83 (1940) (legislative determination that *281project is for public use is binding unless use is “clearly and palpably” private). However, because I believe the majority has imposed an improperly high standard of review on a utility district’s determination of the necessity of a taking for public use, and has therefore denied the District judgment to which it is entitled in law, I respectfully dissent.
As the majority states, a condemning authority’s discretion to condemn land for a public purpose is nearly absolute, and the courts will not review the exercise of that authority without a showing that the condemnor acted fraudulently, in bad faith, or arbitrarily and capriciously. See Ludewig v. Houston Pipeline Co., 773 S.W.2d 610, 614 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 1989, writ denied); Bradford v. Magnolia Pipe Line Co., 262 S.W.2d 242, 246 (Tex.Civ.App.-Eastland 1953, no writ); Meaney v. Nueces County Navigation Dist. No. 1, 222 S.W.2d 402, 405 (Tex.Civ.App.-San Antonio 1949, writ ref'd); Jones v. City of Mineola, 203 S.W.2d 1020, 1022 (Tex.Civ.App.-Texarkana 1947, writ ref'd). A condemnation determination is arbitrary and capricious when it is “willful and unreasoning action, action without consideration and in disregard of the facts or circumstances [that] existed at the time condemnation was decided upon, or within the foreseeable future.” Wagoner v. City of Arlington, 345 S.W.2d 759, 763 (Tex.Civ. App.-Fort Worth 1961, writ refd n.r.e.). Thus, to resist summary judgment, New-som, as condemnee, had the burden to establish that the condemnation of his property was not for an authorized public use or was willful and unreasoning and made in disregard of the facts. As the majority puts it, “[T]o show that the District acted arbitrarily and capriciously, Newsom had to negate any reasonable basis for determining what and how much land to condemn for the pond and the ditch expansion.” Malcomson Rd. Util. Dist. v. Newsom, 171 S.W.3d 257, 269 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet. h.); see Wagoner, 345 S.W.2d. at 763 (noting that non-movant landowner could “have raised the issue [of arbitrariness] only if it was unquestionably established in the evidence that there could have been no actual public necessity for the [condemning authority] to seek the land in question for [authorized public] purposes”) (emphasis added).
The majority acknowledges that
[rjegarding the pond, a land planner testified for the District that, as HCFCD had concluded, a pond was necessary. Santasiero’s engineer, Newsom’s engineer, and Newsom’s land planner agreed that a detention pond was necessary, but did not specify a location. HCFCD did not require that the pond be placed on Newsom’s property, but Ray Zobel, president of the District’s board, testified that the board selected Newsom’s property for the pond because that location would have allowed Villagio to have more homes, thus increasing the tax base more than if Newsom had been allowed to develop his own land.
Regarding the ditch expansion, an engineer and a land planner testified for the District that, as HCFCD had concluded, the project was necessary. Newsom’s own land planner agreed that HCFCD “would prudently require” the ditch expansion. The existing ditch ran along the eastern boundary of Newsom’s northern tract of land. The only direction in which the ditch could be expanded was westward, onto Newsom’s property, because the land to the east of the ditch had already been developed.
Malcomson, 171 S.W.3d at 272. The District thus presented evidence both that there was an actual necessity for the condemnation of Newsom’s land for an au*282thorized public use and that there was a reasonable basis for condemning the land. Newsom produced no evidence that showed this testimony to be fraudulent or given in bad faith.
The majority, however, places a burden on the District to go behind the evidence showing public necessity and a reasonable basis for the condemnation decision, to refuse to accept the testimony of persons whose interests are adverse to the landowner as sufficient, and to require its own engineers to confirm not just the necessity for the taking — here for the ditch and the pond — but also the necessity of condemning this ditch and this pond as opposed to any other. In addition, the majority imposes the burden on the District to consider and investigate the scope of the taking, specifically to investigate whether the right-of-way for a drainage ditch such be taken in fee simple or by easement. The majority concludes that “the above evidence raises a fact issue on whether the District declined to exercise its discretion in determining whose land to condemn for the pond and in deciding whether to condemn Newsom’s land in easement or in fee for the ditch expansion,” thus raising a fact issue “on whether the District reached its condemnation decisions arbitrarily and capriciously or by abusing its discretion.” Malcomson, 171 S.W.3d at 273. I cannot agree.
First, the majority’s conclusion is not supported by the language of the governing statute. There is no requirement in the governing statute, section 49.222(a) of the Water Code, that the District determine whose land to condemn-only that it determine on an evidentiary basis that the condemnation is for a public purpose. See Tex. WateR Code Ann. § 49.222(a) (Vernon 2000). Nor is there any requirement that the condemnor investigate whether to condemn land in easement or in fee and provide evidence for its determination; rather, the power to elect to condemn either in fee simple or in easement is expressly given to the condemning authority. See id. In both cases, the language of the statute under which the District sought to condemn Newsom’s property is plain:
A district ... may acquire by condemnation any land, easements, or other property inside or outside the district boundaries ... necessary for water, sanitary sewer, storm drainage, or flood drainage or control purposes or for any other of its projects or purposes, and may elect to condemn either the fee simple title or a lesser property interest.
Tex. WateR Code Ann. § 49.222(a) (emphasis added); see also id. § 49.218(a)-(c) (Vernon Supp.2004-2005) (granting districts right to purchase land or interest in land considered necessary for districts’ purposes).
Second, the majority’s holding conflicts with established authority. See Ludewig, 773 S.W.2d at 614-15 (holding landowners’ evidence that condemnor could have adopted plans circumventing landowners’ property or determined size of easement differently was no evidence of arbitrary or capricious behavior where there was reasonable basis for determination); Wagoner, 345 S.W.2d at 763 (holding, “When the use for which property is sought under authority of the statutes of eminent domain is an authorized public use, the necessity or expediency of condemning any particular property is not a subject of judicial cognizance ”) (emphasis added); Meaney, 222 S.W.2d at 408 (holding where district had statutory authority to condemn fee title, determination whether to take fee rather than easement was primarily for commissioners; in absence of showing that determination was induced by fraud or was wholly arbitrary and founded on no adequate determining principal, dis*283trict’s decision was final); Hardwicke v. City of Lubbock, 150 S.W.3d 708, 716-17 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 2004, no pet.) (holding where there was room for two opinions as to necessity of condemning specific properties for redevelopment, action of zoning authority was not arbitrary and capricious).1
I believe the holding of this court improperly heightens the burden on the District in establishing the necessity of condemning property for an authorized public purpose and is contrary to the plain language of the statute the District relied on to condemn Newsom’s property, section 49.222(a) of the Water Code, and to authority interpreting the condemnation power. I also believe that Newsom failed to bear his burden of proof that the District acted fraudulently, in bad faith, or arbitrarily and capriciously in condemning a portion of his property. Therefore, I respectfully dissent. I would hold that the District carried its summary judgment burden of showing the necessity of the taking for an authorized public use and that Newsom failed to raise a fact issue as to the propriety of the taking.
Conclusion
I would reverse the district court’s judgment denying the District’s motion for summary judgment, reverse the judgment granting Newsom’s motion for summary judgment and awarding him attorney’s fees and possession of the property and improvements on it, render partial summary judgment for the District, and remand for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.

. I also disagree with the majority’s conclusion that a legal condemnation agreement, such as that between the developers and the District here providing for the developers’ prefunding of the costs associated with acquiring Newsom's property, presents a fact issue as to whether a condemning authority has satisfied its statutory burden of establishing public necessity. As the District points out, nothing in the administrative regulations or in the Water Code disallows prefunding agreements of the type at issue, and the Code expressly allows water districts to use their funds for reimbursement. See Tex. Water Code Ann. § 49.155(a), (c) (Vernon Supp. 2004-2005). Without evidence of fraud — and there is none here — the existence of a pre-funding agreement cannot show that the con-demnor acted improperly in condemning property for a public purpose. See, e.g., Mea-ney, 222 S.W.2d at 405 (courts review con-demnor’s decision only for fraud, bad faith, or arbitrary and capricious action).