Court Opinion

ID: 8207556
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-20 14:15:12.068543+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:26.589952
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Humphreys, Athey and Callins
UNPUBLISHED

              JAMONTE NISHAN POPE
                                                                              MEMORANDUM OPINION*
              v.     Record No. 0151-22-1                                          PER CURIAM
                                                                                SEPTEMBER 20, 2022
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
                                            Robert G. MacDonald, Judge

                               (Kurt A. Gilchrist, on brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on
                               brief.

                               (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; David A. Mick, Assistant
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     Jamonte Nishan Pope appeals the Circuit Court of the City of Chesapeake’s decision to

              impose an active sentence of two years’ imprisonment upon him following his guilty plea and

              conviction for one felony count of forging public records, in violation of Code § 18.2-168. After

              examining the briefs and record in this case and for the reasons stated below, the panel unanimously

              holds that oral argument is unnecessary because the appeal is frivolous and “wholly without merit.”

              Code § 17.1-403(ii)(a); Rule 5A:27(a).

                                                        BACKGROUND

                     On appeal, “we view the record in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth

              because it was the prevailing party below.” Blowe v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 457, 461

              (2020) (quoting Delp v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 227, 230 (2020)).

                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
        On November 21, 2019, a Virginia State Police trooper stopped the vehicle that appellant

was driving after receiving a notification that the tags on the vehicle had been stolen. Appellant, the

sole occupant of the vehicle at the time of the traffic stop, was unable to produce a registration card

for the vehicle, nor was he able to provide his driver’s license or any type of identification. After

advising appellant of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), the trooper asked

appellant for his name and age. Appellant stated that his name was “Dominic Pope” and that his

date of birth was October 29, 1988. The trooper verified that the license plates had been stolen in

July 2019 and issued appellant a summons for possession of stolen property. Appellant signed the

summons as “Dominic Pope.” Shortly afterward, appellant’s brother, Dominic Pope, contacted the

Virginia State Police and notified them that he was not the person who had been stopped by the

trooper. The trooper conducted additional investigation and identified Jamonte Pope as the person

from the traffic stop using a DMV photograph.

        The Commonwealth charged appellant with two felonies, namely, one count of forging

public records and one count of uttering a forged public record. The Commonwealth also

charged appellant with four misdemeanors, namely, one count of identity theft to avoid arrest,

one count of receiving stolen property, one count of driving without a license, and one count of

failure to appear. Appellant entered into a written plea agreement, whereby he agreed to plead

guilty to one count of forging public records in violation of Code § 18.2-168, which is a Class 4

felony, and the Commonwealth agreed to nolle prosequi the remaining five charges. There was

no agreement as to sentencing.

        Appellant appeared in circuit court and pled guilty to forging public records. The circuit

court reviewed the written plea agreement and stipulation of facts and then engaged in a plea

colloquy with appellant. Appellant acknowledged his understanding that sentencing was in the

discretion of the circuit court and that he had reviewed the discretionary sentencing guidelines

                                                  -2-
with his attorney. Appellant also acknowledged his understanding that the discretionary

sentencing guidelines recommended a “low range of [eleven] months with a midpoint of [one]

year, [nine] months, and then on the high end, [two] years and [five] months.” He also

confirmed his understanding that the circuit court was not bound by the discretionary sentencing

guidelines and the maximum sentence for the offense was ten years. The circuit court accepted

his guilty plea and convicted appellant of one count of forging public records.

       For sentencing purposes, the Commonwealth proffered appellant’s extensive criminal

history. The Commonwealth noted that appellant was charged and convicted of new criminal

charges in a different jurisdiction while released on bond for the current offense. Appellant

proffered mitigating evidence including correspondence from the mother of appellant’s children

stating that appellant was “a great dad” to his five children. Appellant also proffered that he

“gave his brother’s name [to the trooper] because the mother of his child was pregnant and he

wanted to be there for the child’s birth, so he wanted to avoid a warrant being served on him.”

Appellant asked the circuit court to sentence him to the low end of the sentencing guidelines.

After considering the parties’ arguments, the circuit court sentenced appellant to five years’

incarceration with three years suspended and placed him on supervised probation upon his

release for five years. This appeal followed.

                                             ANALYSIS

       We review a circuit court’s criminal sentencing decision for abuse of discretion. Du v.

Commonwealth, 292 Va. 555, 563 (2016). “[W]hen a statute prescribes a maximum

imprisonment penalty, and the sentence does not exceed that maximum, the sentence will not be

overturned as being an abuse of discretion.” Id. at 564 (quoting Alston v. Commonwealth, 274

Va. 759, 771-72 (2007)). “Criminal sentencing decisions are among the most difficult judgment

calls trial judges face.” Id. at 563. “Because this task is so difficult, it must rest heavily on

                                                 -3-
judges closest to the facts of the case—those hearing and seeing the witnesses, taking into

account their verbal and nonverbal communication, and placing all of it in the context of the

entire case.” Id.

        Appellant argues on appeal that the circuit court abused its discretion when it imposed an

active sentence of two years’ imprisonment.1 Specifically, appellant maintains that the circuit court

“failed to take into account the gravity of the offense [and] the mitigating evidence offered by

[appellant].” Appellant asserts that the sentence was “disproportionate to the facts of the cases.”2

        Determining what weight to assign to any mitigating factors presented by a defendant is

squarely within a circuit court’s purview. See Keselica v. Commonwealth, 34 Va. App. 31, 36

(2000). Here, the circuit court heard the mitigating and aggravating evidence proffered by the

parties. The Commonwealth presented substantial facts in aggravation against appellant’s

mitigation evidence. The record demonstrates that appellant had an extensive criminal history

and incurred additional charges and convictions while on bond for this pending conviction. In

addition, appellant acknowledged during the plea colloquy that he faced a maximum sentence of

ten years. Most importantly, the sentence the circuit court imposed on appellant was within the

range set by the legislature for a Class 4 felony. See Code §§ 18.2-10 and 18.2-168. Once it is

        1
          On brief, appellant argues for the first time that his sentence was disproportionate to the
crime committed and therefore prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. Rule 5A:18 mandates, “No
ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an objection was stated
with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause shown or to enable this
Court to attain the ends of justice.” Because appellant did not raise an Eighth Amendment
argument below, nor does he ask us to invoke the ends of justice or good cause exceptions, his
argument is precluded on appeal by Rule 5A:18. See Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752,
761 (2003) (en banc).
        2
          Appellant did not make this latter argument in the circuit court at the time of sentencing
or in a post-sentencing motion to reconsider. To the extent his single assignment of error
attempts to encompass it on appeal, it was not preserved below and is defaulted under Rule
5A:18.
                                                -4-
determined that a sentence was within the statutory range, appellate review is complete.

Thomason v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 89, 98-99 (2018).

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s decision is affirmed.

                                                                                           Affirmed.

                                                -5-
Athey, J., concurring:

       Although I agree with the majority that the defendant’s appeal is wholly without merit, I

believe we should affirm the appeal under Rule 5A:18, which requires a defendant seeking to

preserve an issue for appeal to object “with reasonable certainty.”

       Because “neither the Code nor Rule 5A:18 is complied with merely by objecting

generally to an order,” Lee v. Lee, 12 Va. App. 512, 515 (1991) (en banc), the defendant must

specify the legal theory on which the objection is based, Maxwell v. Commonwealth, 287 Va.

258, 268 (2014). For instance, a Confrontation Clause objection does not preserve a due process

challenge to the same evidence. Cox v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 506 (2015); see also

Henderson v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 641, 665 n.5 (2012) (en banc); Roseborough v.

Commonwealth, 55 Va. App. 653, 668-69 (2010), overruled on other grounds, 281 Va. 233

(2011). Even raising a subdivision of that theory does not preserve another, distinct sub-theory.

Shapiro v. City of Va. Beach, No. 0383-09-1, 2010 WL 2265034 (Va. Ct. App. June 8, 2010)

(holding that a facial constitutional challenge does not preserve an as-applied challenge).3

       The same principles apply to sentencings and probation hearings. See Walton v.

Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 757, 761 (1997); Alston v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 115, 122

(2006); Henderson, 59 Va. App. at 665 n.5. Specifically, the Virginia Supreme Court has held

that arguing for a different sentencing arrangement than the one ultimately imposed is not the

same as timely and specifically objecting to the sentencing decision, with the result that

       3
         These principles apply regardless of the precise nature of the legal theories at issue. See
Alston v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 115, 122 (2006) (Sixth Amendment and due process);
Cox, 65 Va. App. 506 (hearsay and the Confrontation Clause); Henderson, 59 Va. App. at 665
n.5 (good cause to admit hearsay at a probation hearing and the requirement that the court state
the good cause on the record); Roseborough, 55 Va. App. at 668-69 (two interpretations of the
same statute, one of which does not render evidence admissible and one which renders the same
evidence inadmissible). Likewise, these principles should apply regardless of the precise manner
in which the defendant sought a lesser sentence than was ultimately imposed.
                                               -6-
sentencing arguments not accompanied by a specific objection to the sentence actually imposed

are not preserved for appeal. Williams v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 25, 26-27 (2017); see also

Singson v. Commonwealth, 46 Va. App. 724, 748 (2005).

       A defendant challenging a sentence that falls within the statutory limits can raise only one

legal rule as a basis for reversal: the requirement that trial courts not abuse their discretion. Trial

courts’ discretion to make certain decisions is constrained by legal rules and by the boundaries

that circumscribe sound judgment. Hence, a trial court can abuse its discretion, or make an

unreasonable judgment, in any of three ways: making a factual finding that is plainly wrong or

unsupported by the evidence, allowing an error of law to affect its decision, or improperly

weighing the factors that are relevant to its determination. Owens v. Owens, 41 Va. App. 844,

853 (2003) (citations omitted); Porter v. Commonwealth, 276 Va. 203, 260 (2008) (citations

omitted); Dang v. Commonwealth, 287 Va. 132, 146 (2014) (citations omitted).

       A defendant can therefore preserve an abuse of discretion challenge to a sentencing

decision in any of three ways. First, as in motions to strike, the defendant can preserve a factual

challenge by arguing that no evidence supports one of the trial court’s adverse factual findings

on a matter relevant to the sentencing decision, such as a finding that the defendant was not

sincerely remorseful. Second, the defendant can preserve a legal challenge by taking a position

on a point of applicable law with which the trial court disagrees. Third, the defendant can

preserve a factor-weighing challenge by arguing that the sentence the trial court ultimately

imposed was excessive.

       The third type of challenge is the most difficult to properly preserve. Arguing that a trial

court should impose a sentence of a particular length or within a particular range is not the same

as arguing that the longer sentence the trial court “actually imposed” was an abuse of discretion.

Straying outside the bounds of a reasonable judgment is not the same as not making the best

                                                 -7-
sentencing decision or not making the right sentencing decision. Saying that a defendant

deserves a second chance because of his or her attempts at rehabilitation is not the same as

saying that no reasonable jurist would deny the defendant a second chance.4

       Therefore, under Williams, Rule 5A:18 is not satisfied when a defendant merely argues

for a lesser sentence than the one the trial court ultimately imposed.5 Instead, the defendant must

be more specific. The phrase “abuse of discretion” is not strictly necessary if the defendant

mentions one of the three major ways a trial court can abuse its discretion (unsupported factual

finding, legal error, or improper weighing of factors). To challenge the trial court’s weighing of

the factors, the defendant must say so or that the decision constituted an abuse of discretion, was

an unreasonable decision, or resulted in an excessive sentence.

       Here, the defendant asked for a lesser sentence than what he received and argued for the

low end of the guidelines, but did not object that the sentence actually imposed was an abuse of

discretion, or otherwise say that it was an unreasonable sentence. Therefore, I do not believe that

the defendant properly preserved the substantive sentencing challenge he raises on appeal.

       4
         Interpreting an argument for a particular sentence as an implicit argument that a harsher
sentence is unreasonable is plausible only when the requested sentence and the actual sentence
are wildly disparate, which creates immense line-drawing problems. More importantly, arguing
for one sentence is not the same as arguing that a harsher sentence is unreasonable.
       5
          A key difference between the substantive legal rules governing Virginia sentencing and
federal sentencing makes it easier to preserve a substantive sentencing challenge in federal court.
Because federal law requires federal judges to craft the most lenient sentence necessary “to
comply with (among other things) certain basic objectives, including the need for just
punishment, deterrence, protection of the public, and rehabilitation,” a criminal defendant in
federal court can preserve a substantive sentencing challenge merely by requesting a lesser
sentence than the one actually received. Holguin-Hernandez v. United States, 140 S. Ct. 762,
766 (2020) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). But Virginia law grants judges the
discretion to make any choice that falls at or below the statutory maximum and meets all other
applicable statutory requirements so long as it is unaffected by a legal error or an unsupported
factual finding. Fazili v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 239, 248 (2019) (citation omitted).
                                                -8-