Court Opinion

ID: 4310092
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-09-06 13:19:55.297184+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:33.722140
License: Public Domain

IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Gregory M. Hackett, Jr.,           :
                                   :
                        Petitioner :
                                   :
                 v.                : No. 1578 C.D. 2017
                                   : Submitted: March 23, 2018
Pennsylvania Board of Probation    :
and Parole,                        :
                                   :
                        Respondent :

BEFORE:     HONORABLE MARY HANNAH LEAVITT, President Judge
            HONORABLE MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge
            HONORABLE DAN PELLEGRINI, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION
BY JUDGE WOJCIK                                      FILED: September 6, 2018

            Presently before this Court is the application of David Crowley,
Esquire, Chief Public Defender for Centre County (Counsel) for leave to withdraw
as counsel for Gregory M. Hackett, Jr. (Hackett). Hackett has filed a petition for
review of the determination of the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole
(Board) revoking his parole and recalculating his parole violation maximum date.
Counsel seeks leave to withdraw on the grounds that Hackett’s petition for review is
without merit. For the following reasons, we grant Counsel’s application for leave
to withdraw and affirm the Board’s decision.
                                         I. Background
               Hackett was sentenced to three concurrent terms of incarceration of five
to ten years based on his pleas of nolo contendere to charges of aggravated assault,
manufacture/sale/delivery or possession of a controlled substance with the intent to
deliver, and persons not to possess firearms. Hackett had a minimum sentence date
of October 8, 2014, and a maximum sentence date of October 8, 2019. Certified
Record (C.R.) at 1-2. On July 15, 2014, the Board issued an order constructively
paroling1 Hackett, and he was released on parole on October 31, 2014, to a federal
detainer sentence. C.R. at 6, 7.
               On April 22, 2016, Hackett was arrested in Chester County on twelve
counts of new drug charges and four counts of the criminal use of a communication
facility, and did not post bail. C.R. at 11-21. The Board issued a warrant to detain
Hackett the same day. C.R. at 22. On July 5, 2016, Hackett pleaded guilty to four

      1
          As this Court has explained:

                       A prisoner on constructive parole is paroled from his original
               sentence to immediately begin serving a new sentence. See Merritt
               v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, [574 A.2d 597, 598
               (Pa. 1990)]; Hines v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole,
               [420 A.2d 381, 383 (Pa. 1980)]. Where an individual has been
               constructively paroled, “he is nonetheless ‘at liberty’ from the
               original sentence from the time he begins to serve the new
               sentence.” Bowman v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and
               Parole, 709 A.2d 945, 948 (Pa. Cmwlth.[), appeal denied, 727 A.2d
1123 (Pa. 1998)]. Under [Section 6138(a)(2) of the Prisons and
               Parole Code,] 61 Pa. C.S. §6138(a)(2), a parolee’s time under
               constructive parole is forfeited upon his recommitment as a
               convicted parole violator. Bowman, 709 A.2d at 948.

Spruill v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 158 A.3d 727, 730 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017)
(footnote omitted).

                                                 2
of the drug charges that were graded as felonies2 and he was sentenced to a one- to
two-year sentence, and a twenty-four month probationary period, on his new
charges. C.R. at 34-41, 45.
                Based on his new criminal convictions, Hackett waived his right to
counsel and a detention hearing on August 10, 2016, and admitted that he was
convicted of the new drug charges. C.R. at 51-52.3 As a result, by decision mailed
October 5, 2016, the Board recommitted Hackett as a convicted parole violator to
serve twenty-four months’ backtime.4 C.R. at 56, 61. The Board denied Hackett
credit for the time he spent at liberty on parole between October 31, 2014, and

       2
         Hackett pleaded guilty to violating Section 13(a)(30) of The Controlled Substance, Drug,
Device and Cosmetic Act (Drug Act), Act of April 14, 1972, P.L. 233, as amended, 35 P.S. §780-
113(a)(30), by delivering cocaine to an undercover criminal investigator. C.R. at 15-16, 37-38.
Section 13(f)(1.1) of the Drug Act states, in relevant part, “Any person who violates clause . . .
(30) of subsection (a) with respect to . . . coca leaves and any salt, compound, derivative or
preparation of coca leaves . . . is guilty of a felony and upon conviction thereof shall be sentenced
to imprisonment not exceeding ten years . . . .” 35 P.S. §780-113(f)(1.1).

       3
         The forms signed by Hackett on that date advised him of his right to counsel at a hearing
before the Board and his right to appointed counsel if he cannot afford counsel of his choice. C.R.
at 51.

       4
           This Court has previously defined the term backtime as:

                [T]hat part of an existing judicially-imposed sentence which the
                Board directs a parolee to complete following a finding after a civil
                administrative hearing that the parolee violated the terms and
                conditions of parole, which time must be served before the parolee
                may again be eligible to be considered for a grant of parole.

Krantz v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 483 A.2d 1044, 1047 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984)
(emphasis in original). With respect to Drug Act violations, Section 75.2 of the Board’s
regulations provides that the presumptive backtime range for felonies such as those committed by
Hackett is eighteen to twenty-four months. 37 Pa. Code §75.2.

                                                 3
September 19, 2016,5 and recalculated his parole violation maximum date to August
27, 2021. C.R. at 61-62, 63.
              On October 17, 2016, Hackett filed a timely pro se Administrative
Appeal and Petition for Administrative Review. C.R. at 66-69. In his appeal,
Hackett claimed: (1) the Board erred in imposing twenty-four months’ backtime
because the amount applicable to his new convictions is six to twelve months; (2)
the original five- to ten-year sentence, from October 8, 2014, to October 8, 2019,
that was imposed by the sentencing judge cannot be altered; (3) the Board erred in
calculating his maximum violation date to be August 27, 2021, which impermissibly
alters the foregoing judicially-imposed sentence; (4) the Board erred in failing to
grant him credit from the date of his constructive parole, October 31, 2014; (5) the
Board erred in failing to grant him credit for the time he served on another sentence,
from October 31, 2014, to October 8, 2015, and for the period of October 8, 2015,
to September 19, 2016; and (6) the alteration of the judicially-imposed sentence
violates the law and his constitutional double jeopardy rights. Id.6
              On October 3, 2017, the Board’s appeal panel denied Hackett’s request.
C.R. at 93-94. Initially, the Board explained that the decision to recommit Hackett
as a convicted parole violator “gave the Board statutory authority to recalculate your
sentence to reflect that you received no credit for the period you were at liberty on

       5
         Specifically, the Board noted, “New arrest [within] 7 mos. of release from federal
detention. Rec[eive] no credit for street time.” C.R. at 60.

       6
          Following his initial Petition for Administrative Review, Hackett submitted other items
of correspondence to the Board after his initial appeal that contained additional legal argument.
C.R. at 70-89. However, the Board’s regulations provide that second or subsequent requests for
administrative relief will not be received. See 37 Pa. Code §73.1(b)(3) (“Second or subsequent
petitions for administrative review and petitions for administrative review which are out of time
under this part will not be received.”).
                                               4
parole” under Section 6138(a)(2) of the Prisons and Parole Code (Parole Code), 61
Pa. C.S. §6138(a)(2), and “[t]he Board advised [him] of this potential penalty on the
parole conditions [that he] signed on October 31, 2014.” C.R. at 93. The Board also
stated that “the ability to challenge the recalculation decision after it is imposed
satisfies [Hackett’s] due process rights” so that the “recalculation of [his] maximum
sentence date did not violate any constitutional provisions.                Young v.
Commonwealth, 409 A.2d 843 (Pa. 1979).” Id.
             Regarding the recalculation of Hackett’s maximum violation date, the
Board stated that he was paroled on October 31, 2014, with a maximum date of
October 8, 2019, so that he “had a total of 1803 days remaining on [his] sentence at
the time of parole.” C.R. at 93. The Board also explained that pursuant to Section
6138(a)(2) of the Parole Code, it did not grant Hackett credit for the time at liberty
on parole so he still had 1803 days remaining on his original sentence based on his
recommitment as a convicted parole violator. Id.
             The Board further explained that it “did not give [Hackett] any credit
for the period [that he was] incarcerated from April 22, 2016, to July 5, 2016,
because [he] was confined on both the Board detainer and the new criminal charges
during that period. Gaito v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 412 A.2d
568 (Pa. 1980).” C.R. at 94. Additionally, “the Board did not give [him] credit on
[his] original sentence for the period [that he was] incarcerated from July 5, 2016, to
September 19, 2016, because the Board had not yet recommitted [him] as a convicted
parole violator.” Id. Further, while Section 6138(a)(5) of the Parole Code provides
that parole violators who receive another state sentence must serve the original
sentence first, “that provision does not take effect until the parolee is recommitted
as a convicted parole violator,” and Hackett “did not become available to commence

                                          5
service of [his] original sentence until September 19, 2016, because that is when the
Board voted to recommit [him] as a convicted parole violator.                     Campbell v.
Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 409 A.2d 980 [(Pa. Cmwlth. 1980)7].”
Id. “Adding 1803 days to that date yields a new maximum sentence date of August
27, 2021.” Id. As a result, the Board found no grounds to grant administrative relief
and affirmed its October 5, 2016 decision recommitting Hackett as a convicted
parole violator and setting his new violation maximum date as August 27, 2021. Id.
              On October 30, 2017, Hackett filed a pro se petition for review in this
Court asserting:

              The [Board] do[es] not have judicial power to alter or
              change the sentencing Judge’s original sentence.
              [Section] 6138(a)(2) [of the Parole Code] interferes with
              the Judge’s imposed sentence. [The] Legislature writes
              [the] law, [it] cannot impose [the] law, the judiciary
              imposes [the] law. Under [Section 5505 of the Judicial
              Code, 42 Pa. C.S. §5505], I, petitioner, have Insurance
              Protection that after 30 days from when [the] sentence is
              commenced, the judgment of the sentence is final.
              Therefore, my 1 to 2 [year] sentence is maxed out on April
              22, 2018, as well as the 24 [month] violation hit which is,
              and was, unconstitutional.
Petition for Review ¶3.
              This Court appointed Counsel to represent Hackett in his appeal.
Thereafter, Counsel filed an application to withdraw as counsel along with an

       7
         See Section 71.4(7) of the Board’s regulations, 37 Pa. Code §71.4(7) (“If the hearing is
conducted by an examiner, the examiner shall file a report with the other panel member for
decision.”); Jewell v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole (Pa. Cmwlth., No. 30 C.D.
2014, filed December 4, 2014), slip op. at 7 (“[T]he record reveals that the Board’s hearing
examiner completed his report on July 18, 2012, recommending that Jewell be recommitted as a
convicted parole violator to serve fifteen months backtime, but the report was not signed by a
Board member until July 31, 2012. [C.R. at 88]. Hence, Jewell was not available to begin serving
his backtime until this date.”).

                                               6
Anders8 brief based on his belief that Hackett’s appeal is without merit. This matter
is now before us for disposition.

                                 II. Application to Withdraw
                 Counsel seeking to withdraw as appointed counsel must conduct a
zealous review of the case and submit a no-merit letter to this Court detailing the
nature and extent of counsel’s diligent review of the case, listing the issues the
petitioner wants to have reviewed, explaining why and how those issues lack merit,
and requesting permission to withdraw.9 Commonwealth v. Turner, 544 A.2d 927,
928 (Pa. 1988); Hughes v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 977 A.2d
19, 24-26 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2009); Zerby v. Shanon, 964 A.2d 956, 960 (Pa. Cmwlth.
2009). The no-merit letter must include “‘substantial reasons for concluding that a
petitioner’s arguments are meritless.’” Zerby, 964 A.2d at 962 (quoting Jefferson v.
Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 705 A.2d 513, 514 (Pa. Cmwlth.
1998)).
                 In addition, court-appointed counsel who seeks to withdraw his or her
representation must: (1) notify the petitioner of the request to withdraw; (2) furnish
the petitioner with a copy of a brief or no-merit letter; and (3) advise the petitioner
of his right to retain new counsel or raise any new points that he might deem worthy

        8
            Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967).

        9
          Where there is a constitutional right to counsel, court-appointed counsel seeking to
withdraw must submit an Anders brief that (i) provides a summary of the procedural history and
facts, with citations to the record; (ii) refers to anything in the record that counsel believes arguably
supports the appeal; (iii) sets forth counsel’s conclusion that the appeal is frivolous; and (iv) states
counsel’s reasons for concluding that the appeal is frivolous. Commonwealth v. Santiago, 978
A.2d 349, 361 (Pa. 2009); Hughes v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 977 A.2d 19
(Pa. Cmwlth. 2009). Where, as here, the petitioner has only a statutory, rather than a constitutional,
right to counsel, appointed counsel may submit a no-merit letter instead of an Anders brief.
Hughes, 977 A.2d at 25-26.
                                                   7
of consideration. Turner, 544 A.2d at 928; Hughes, 977 A.2d at 22. If counsel
satisfies these technical requirements, this Court must then conduct an independent
review of the merits of the case. Turner, 544 A.2d at 928; Hughes, 977 A.2d at 25.
If this Court determines the petitioner’s claims are without merit, counsel will be
permitted to withdraw, and the petitioner will be denied relief. Turner, 544 A.2d at
928; Hughes, 977 A.2d at 27.
               Upon review, Counsel’s Anders brief10 satisfies the technical
requirements of Turner. The brief sets forth the procedural history of the case,
reflecting his review of the record. Counsel states that he conducted a conscientious
and thorough review of the record, applicable statutes and case law. He sets forth
the issues Hackett raised in his administrative appeal, provides a thorough analysis
as to why the case lacks merit, and he cites applicable statutes, regulations and case
law in support.
               Based on his review, Counsel concludes that Hackett’s appeal to this
Court is without merit, and he requests permission to withdraw. Counsel provided
Hackett with a copy of the Anders brief and his request to withdraw. Counsel
advised Hackett of his right to retain new counsel or proceed by representing
himself.11 As we are satisfied that Counsel has discharged his responsibility in
complying with the technical requirements to withdraw from representation, we will

       10
           Where appointed counsel files an Anders brief when a no-merit letter would have
sufficed, we will accept an Anders brief in lieu of a no-merit letter provided it complies with the
substantive requirements of a Turner no-merit letter. Seilhamer v. Pennsylvania Board of
Probation and Parole, 996 A.2d 40, 43 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010).
        11
           Hackett did not retain new counsel, but filed a pro se brief in support of his petition for
review. By June 13, 2018 order, the untimely brief that lacked proof of service was stricken.

                                                  8
conduct an independent review of whether Hackett’s petition for review lacks
merit.12

                                  III. Independent Review
                                                A.
               Hackett first claims that the Board erred in imposing twenty-four
months’ backtime because the amount applicable to his new convictions is six to
twelve months. However, as outlined above, Hackett pleaded guilty to four counts
of violating Section 13(a)(30) of the Drug Act by delivering cocaine to an
undercover criminal investigator, and Section 13(f)(1.1) of the Drug Act states that
this crime is a felony punishable by “imprisonment not exceeding ten years . . . .”
35 P.S. §780-113(f)(1.1). Pursuant to Section 75.2 of the Board’s regulations, the
presumptive backtime range for felonies such as those committed by Hackett is
eighteen to twenty-four months. 37 Pa. Code §75.2. Moreover, “[t]his court will
not review the Board’s exercise of discretion in imposing backtime for parole
violations where the violations are supported by substantial evidence and the
backtime imposed is within the published presumptive ranges for those violations.
Chapman v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, [484 A.2d 413 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 1984)].” Lotz v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 548 A.2d
1295, 1296 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1988). Accordingly, Hackett’s claim that the Board erred
in imposing twenty-four months backtime is meritless.

       12
          Our review is limited to determining whether constitutional rights were violated, whether
the adjudication was in accordance with law, and whether necessary findings were supported by
substantial evidence. Section 704 of the Administrative Agency Law, 2 Pa. C.S. §704; Miskovitch
v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 77 A.3d 66, 70 n.4 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013), appeal
denied, 87 A.3d 322 (Pa. 2014).
                                                9
                                           B.
             Hackett next claims that the Board could not alter the original five- to
ten-year sentence, from October 8, 2009, to October 8, 2019, imposed by the
sentencing judge, and that the alteration of the judicially-imposed sentence violates
his constitutional and statutory rights. It is clear that this argument rests entirely on
Hackett’s mistaken belief that the maximum date of his sentence, rather than the
maximum length of his sentence, is controlling for purposes of recalculating his
parole violation maximum date.
             Section 6138(a)(1) of the Code provides that any parolee who, during
the period of parole, commits a crime punishable by imprisonment and is convicted
or found guilty of that crime may be recommitted as a convicted parole violator. 61
Pa. C.S. §6138(a)(1).
             Section 6138(a)(2) of the Code states:

             If the parolee’s recommitment is so ordered, the parolee
             shall be reentered to serve the remainder of the term which
             the parolee would have been compelled to serve had the
             parole not been granted and, except as provided under
             paragraph (2.1), shall be given no credit for the time at
             liberty on parole.
61 Pa. C.S. §6138(a)(2) (emphasis added).
             Thus, if the parolee is recommitted as a convicted parole violator, he
must serve the remainder of the term that he would have been compelled to serve
had parole not been granted, with no time for liberty on parole, unless the Board, in
the exercise of its sole discretion, chooses to award credit. Hughes v. Pennsylvania
Board of Probation and Parole, 179 A.3d 117, 120 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2018). If a new
sentence is imposed, the parolee must serve the balance of the original sentence prior

                                           10
to, or subsequent to, the commencement of the new term. Section 6138(a)(5) of the
Code, 61 Pa. C.S. §6138(a)(5).
             When Hackett was constructively paroled on October 31, 2014, 1,803
days remained on his original sentence. C.R. at 63. He was recommitted as a
convicted parole violator and returned to the Board’s custody on September 19,
2016. The Board’s recommitment order properly added the remainder of his original
sentence, 1,803 days, to the date of his return to the Board’s custody. When the
Board imposed backtime, the Board did not impose an additional sentence on
Hackett but, rather, directed Hackett to complete the original judicially-mandated
sentence. Hughes; Epps v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 565 A.2d
214, 217 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1989). See also Gundy v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation
and Parole, 478 A.2d 139, 141 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984) (noting that the Board’s action
in recommitting a parolee “had no effect” upon the parolee’s judicially-imposed
sentence). Accordingly, Hackett’s argument that the Board erred in extending his
new maximum parole date beyond the maximum date of his original sentence is
meritless.

                                        C.
             For the same reasons, Hackett’s double jeopardy claim is also without
merit. As this Court has explained:

                    It is now clear that the Board’s parole revocation
             proceedings are not part of a criminal prosecution but
             rather basically administrative proceedings to which the
             principles of administrative due process and
             administrative law apply. Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S.
471 [(1972)]. If the Fifth Amendment does not preclude
             the State from imposing both criminal and non-criminal
             sanctions upon a defendant for the same conduct, we see

                                        11
             no reason to extend the protection against double jeopardy
             to administrative proceedings of the Board as petitioner
             would have us do. Petitioner has cited no case law which
             would support such an extension and indeed all available
             case law supports the Board’s position. See Hughes v.
             Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, [473 A.2d
225 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1984)].

                    We further note that the Board’s action in
             recommitting petitioner as a technical and convicted
             violator had no effect upon petitioner’s judicially-imposed
             sentence. If petitioner was to present a valid double
             jeopardy claim, it is that sentence with which petitioner
             must contend. The Board’s imposition of backtime was
             not the imposition of a new sentence but merely the
             directed completion of the original judicially-imposed
             sentence. The sentence imposed for a criminal offense is
             the maximum sentence and the minimum sentence merely
             sets the date prior to which a prisoner may not be paroled.
             McClure [v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole,
             461 A.2d 645 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1983)]. As that sentence was
             not altered by the Board’s action, petitioner’s double
             jeopardy based upon the Fifth Amendment must fail.
Gundy, 478 A.2d at 141 (emphasis in original and footnote omitted). Accordingly,
Hackett’s argument that the Board’s recommitment violated his constitutional or
statutory rights is meritless.

                                         D.
             Hackett also claims that the Board erred in failing to grant him credit
from the date of his constructive parole, October 31, 2014, and in failing to grant
him credit for the time that he served on another sentence, from October 31, 2014,
to October 8, 2015. However, “a convicted parole violator is not entitled to credit
for time spent on constructive parole from his sentence while continuing to serve
another concurrent sentence because he is not serving the time on his sentence from
which he was paroled.” Spruill, 158 A.3d at 731. Because Hackett could not serve
                                         12
his original state sentence while simultaneously being at liberty from it, his time
served on the federal sentence cannot be credited toward that state sentence.
               Finally, Hackett claims that the Board erred in failing to grant him
credit for the period of October 8, 2015, to September 19, 2016. With respect to his
street time, from October 8, 2015, to the date of his arrest on the new drug charges,
April 22, 2016, Section 6138(a)(2) of the Parole Code specifically provides that
Hackett “shall be reentered to serve the remainder of the term which [he] would have
been compelled to serve had the parole not been granted and, except as provided
under paragraph (2.1), shall be given no credit for the time at liberty on parole.” 61
Pa. C.S. §6138(a)(2).13
               With respect to the period from April 22, 2016, to September 19, 2016,
the record demonstrates that Hackett did not post bail on the new drug charges and
the Board did not revoke his parole until September 19, 2016. As a result, the Board
properly allocated credit for this period to Hackett’s new sentence. See Mangone v.
Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole, 553 A.2d 91, 93 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1988),
appeal denied, 561 A.2d 743 (Pa. 1989) (because the parolee did not satisfy the bail
requirements on his new criminal charges, the time from the filing of the Board
warrant to the date of the revocation hearing was properly allocated to his new
sentence, citing Gaito and Laguines v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole,
524 A.2d 541 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1987)). Accordingly, we agree with Counsel that the

       13
          Hackett does not raise any issue implicating the Board’s discretion regarding credit under
Section 6138(a)(2.1) of the Parole Code, 61 Pa. C.S. §6138(a)(2.1). We note that the Board
appears to have satisfied the requirements of Pittman v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and
Parole, 159 A.3d, 466, 474-75 (Pa. 2017), by stating on the Hearing Examiner’s report, “New
arrest [within] 7 mos. of release from federal detention. Rec[eive] no credit for street time.” C.R.
at 60.
                                                13
Board properly dismissed Hackett’s Petitions for Administrative Review and any
argument to the contrary would be without merit.

                                 IV. Conclusion
            Upon review, we agree with Counsel that Hackett’s claims regarding
the dismissal of his Petition for Administrative Review are without merit.
Accordingly, we grant Counsel’s application for leave to withdraw as counsel, and
we affirm the order of the Board dismissing Hackett’s petition.

                                      MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge

                                        14
         IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

Gregory M. Hackett, Jr.,           :
                                   :
                        Petitioner :
                                   :
                 v.                : No. 1578 C.D. 2017
                                   :
Pennsylvania Board of Probation    :
and Parole,                        :
                                   :
                        Respondent :

                                  ORDER

            AND NOW, this 6th day of September, 2018, David Crowley, Esquire’s
application to withdraw as counsel is GRANTED, and the order of the Pennsylvania
Board of Probation and Parole, dated October 3, 2017, is AFFIRMED.

                                    __________________________________
                                    MICHAEL H. WOJCIK, Judge