Court Opinion

ID: 9898089
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:28:24.064372+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:09.545672
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                    NOVEMBER 9, 2023
                                                                In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                               WA State Court of Appeals Division III

            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                               DIVISION THREE

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                          )
                                              )         No. 38739-9-III
                     Respondent,              )
                                              )
       v.                                     )
                                              )
HUMBERTO ESTRADA,                             )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                              )
                     Petitioner.              )

       COONEY, J. — Humberto Estrada, whose native language is Spanish, was

granted a deferred prosecution following his arrest for driving under the influence of

intoxicating liquor and/or drugs (DUI) and second degree driving while license

suspended (DWLS 2).1 In his petition for a deferred prosecution, Mr. Estrada waived the

rights listed in RCW 10.05.020(3)(b) and entered a stipulation to facts in the event the

deferred prosecution was later revoked.

       Mr. Estrada was charged with a subsequent DUI offense during the pendency of

the deferred prosecution. Based on the subsequent conviction, the district court revoked

the deferred prosecution. After the prosecutor read the police report into the record, the

       1
         Although Mr. Estrada was arrested for DUI (RCW 46.61.502); presumably, the
State charged him with being in actual physical control of a motor vehicle while under
the influence of intoxicating liquor (RCW 46.61.504). The record does not contain the
charging document.
No. 38739-9-III
State v. Estrada

district court promptly found Mr. Estrada guilty of being in actual physical control of a

motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor (physical control) and

DWLS 2. Without affording Mr. Estrada the right of allocution, the district court entered

its judgment and sentence.

       Mr. Estrada appealed to the superior court, alleging he was deprived of his right to

due process and of allocution. Mr. Estrada further claimed that, at the time he entered

into the deferred prosecution, his waiver of the right to a jury trial was not made

knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently. The superior court agreed that Mr. Estrada was

denied his right to due process and of allocution. However, it disagreed that his waiver of

the right to a jury trial was invalid.

       We granted discretionary review as to the validity of Mr. Estrada’s waiver of the

right to a jury trial. Because this issue was not first raised in the district court, findings of

fact and conclusions of law were not entered. Consequently, the record is insufficient to

provide meaningful appellate review. Accordingly, we reverse the superior court and

remand to the district court for further proceedings.

                                         BACKGROUND

       On December 14, 2017, Washington State Patrol Trooper J.M. Berezay stopped

Mr. Estrada for speeding. Mr. Estrada, whose native language is Spanish, conversed with

Trooper Berezay in English. When questioned whether he knew the reason for the stop,

Mr. Estrada responded in the negative. When confronted with his speed, Mr. Estrada

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State v. Estrada

denied the allegation. Trooper Berezay then inquired as to where Mr. Estrada was

coming from and Mr. Estrada responded that he was coming from the casino. Mr.

Estrada submitted to some standardized field sobriety tests and provided a preliminary

breath test. Based on the results of the tests, Trooper Berezay arrested Mr. Estrada for

DUI. Trooper Berezay read Mr. Estrada his Miranda2 rights, which Mr. Estrada

confirmed he understood. While at the breath test room, Trooper Berezay read Mr.

Estrada his Miranda rights a second time, which he again confirmed he understood. Mr.

Estrada eventually provided two breath samples, resulting in “.160(IR)/.156(EC)” and

“.156(IR)/.154(EC).” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 134.

       DISTRICT COURT PROCEEDINGS

       Mr. Estrada desired an order of deferred prosecution, chapter 10.05 RCW, on the

charges of physical control and DWLS 2. On September 12, 2018, both Mr. Estrada and

his attorney signed the petition for deferred prosecution and the advice and

acknowledgment of rights forms. On February 2, 2019, both Mr. Estrada and his attorney

signed the acceptance of deferred prosecution and stipulation of facts form.

       On February 13, 2019, Mr. Estrada petitioned the district court for an order of

deferred prosecution. Before his petition was granted, the judge noted the presence of a

court-certified Spanish interpreter and engaged Mr. Estrada in a conversation. Mr.

Estrada’s attorney reported to the court, “‘[Mr. Estrada has] completed everything he

       2
           Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
                                              3
No. 38739-9-III
State v. Estrada

needs to complete. He has a treatment plan in place. He went to the orientation. I

believe he understands what is involved with this, so I believe this is the final step.’”

Rep. of Proc. (RP) (Dec. 17, 2021) at 17. The judge confirmed Mr. Estrada’s intent to

enter the deferred prosecution, discussed his treatment plan, warned him not to commit

further criminal violations, and granted his petition.

       In November 2020, the district court was notified that on November 6, 2019, Mr.

Estrada had been arrested for DUI in Kootenai County, Idaho, which resulted in a

conviction. On April 13, 2021, the district court revoked Mr. Estrada’s deferred

prosecution. The prosecutor then read Trooper Berezay’s report into the record. Based

on the facts contained in the report, the district court found Mr. Estrada guilty of physical

control and DWLS 2.3 The district court promptly entered its judgment and sentence

without first affording Mr. Estrada the right of allocution. Throughout the revocation

hearing, bench trial, and sentencing, Mr. Estrada never raised the alleged invalidity of his

waiver of the right to a jury trial. Mr. Estrada timely appealed to the superior court.

       3
           In finding Mr. Estrada guilty, the district court stated:
                All right, so based on those facts I am making a finding beyond a
                reasonable doubt and finding him guilty of Physical Control. I
                believe it’s under subsection 3(b). That was what the file indicates
                as well as 2nd Degree Driving While License Suspended. And I
                believe the ignition lock device had been dismissed at some point.
                So, those are the two convictions today after hearing all of the facts
                as read into the record by the prosecutor.
CP at 23.

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State v. Estrada

       SUPERIOR COURT PROCEEDINGS

       On appeal to the superior court, Mr. Estrada argued that (1) absent a verification

from a court-certified interpreter that the deferred prosecution forms were interpreted

from English to Spanish, he did not knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waive his

constitutional rights; (2) he was denied due process during the revocation proceeding;

(3) there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions; and (4) the district court

erred when it failed to afford him the right of allocution. The superior court agreed with

Mr. Estrada’s second and fourth contentions,4 concluding, “At the revocation hearing on

April 13, 2021, Mr. Estrada was not provided an opportunity to present evidence on his

behalf,” and “Mr. Estrada was not provided an opportunity to exercise his right of

allocution during sentence.” CP at 181-82. With these conclusions, the superior court

ordered:

       This matter be remanded to the District Court and a hearing be set for the
       revocation of Mr. Estrada’s Deferred Prosecution where he is permitted the
       opportunity to present evidence in his defense and, should Mr. Estrada’s
       Deferred Prosecution be revoked, provided the opportunity to exercise his
       right to allocution.

CP at 182-83.

       Regarding the first issue, the superior court properly acknowledged that Mr.

Estrada must be informed of the constitutional rights he was waiving, including the right

       4
         The superior court’s order is void of any findings of fact or conclusions of law related
to Mr. Estrada’s third issue on appeal concerning the insufficiency of the evidence.

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No. 38739-9-III
State v. Estrada

to a jury trial. The superior court appropriately concluded that, although it may be a best

practice, certification of interpretation of the deferred prosecution documents is not

required. In entering the deferred prosecution, the superior court noted that Mr. Estrada

had signed all the required forms, wherein he voluntarily waived his right to a jury trial.

This, according to the superior court, was sufficient to establish a voluntary, knowing,

and intelligent waiver of his rights.

       Mr. Estrada appealed to this court, arguing that his right to a jury trial was violated

when the district court accepted his waiver without evidence it was either interpreted to

him or translated for him by a court-certified interpreter. We granted discretionary

review.

                                         ANALYSIS

       Mr. Estrada argues he did not knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waive his

right to a jury trial because the interpreter did not certify that the deferred prosecution

paperwork was interpreted to him. The State responded that Mr. Estrada’s waiver of the

right to a jury trial was valid, as evidenced by his conversation with the district court

judge, Mr. Estrada and his attorney’s signatures on the waivers, his attorney’s

representation that Mr. Estrada was waiving his right to a jury trial, and Mr. Estrada’s

ability to communicate in the English language.

       We review cases involving a waiver of a right to a jury trial de novo. State v.

Vasquez, 109 Wn. App. 310, 319, 34 P.3d 1255 (2001), aff’d, 148 Wn.2d 303, 59 P.3d

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No. 38739-9-III
State v. Estrada

648 (2002); State v. Treat, 109 Wn. App. 419, 427, 35 P.3d 1192 (2001). Generally,

when an appellate court examines the validity of a waiver of a right to a jury trial, “every

reasonable presumption should be indulged against the waiver of such right, absent an

adequate record to the contrary.” State v. Wicke, 91 Wn.2d 638, 645, 591 P.2d 452

(1979). The waiver of a jury trial must be done either in writing or orally. Treat, 109

Wn. App. at 427. It is the State’s burden to establish the validity of a waiver. Wicke,

91 Wn.2d at 645 (citing Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 242, 89 S. Ct. 1709,

23 L. Ed. 2d 274 (1969)). However, this court has found that Washington’s rules

regarding jury trial waiver contrast with the more stringent standards for waiving other

rights (such as the right to counsel or the numerous rights waived when one enters a

guilty plea). State v. Pierce, 134 Wn. App. 763, 772-73, 142 P.3d 610 (2006).

       There is no dispute Mr. Estrada presented a signed waiver of the right to a jury

trial. There is also no dispute the district court failed to obtain an oral waiver from Mr.

Estrada. Therefore, the uncertainty lies in whether Mr. Estrada understood the waiver

given that he was assisted by an interpreter during the court proceedings and that there

was no record that the waiver had been interpreted or translated. The record before us is

void of this information. Without a sufficient record we are not in a position to determine

whether Mr. Estrada made a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent decision to waive his

right to a jury trial. In light of the presumption against such a waiver, the validity of Mr.

Estrada’s waiver is, at best, questionable.

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No. 38739-9-III
State v. Estrada

       However, our analysis does not end here. Applying the ripeness doctrine can

assist in identifying cases where a more developed factual record is necessary before a

decision on the constitutionality of an issue can properly be made. State v. Bahl, 164

Wn.2d 739, 749, 193 P.3d 678 (2008). In deciding fitness for an appeal, three

requirements control the determination: “‘if the issues raised are primarily legal, do not

require further factual development, and the challenged action is final.’” Id. at 751

(quoting First United Methodist Church of Seattle v. Hr’g Exam’r for Landmarks Pres.

Bd., 129 Wn.2d 238, 255-56, 916 P.2d 374 (1996) (Dolliver, J., dissenting)). Notably,

“[t]he court must also consider ‘the hardship to the parties of withholding court

consideration.’” Id. (quoting First United, 129 Wn.2d at 255 (Dolliver, J., dissenting)).

       Here, Mr. Estrada has established but one factor⎯the issue is primarily legal. The

record is in desperate need of further factual development, presumably due to Mr.

Estrada’s failure to raise the challenge before the district court. More compelling,

however, is the challenged action is not final. Regardless of our opinion, the superior

court reversed Mr. Estrada’s conviction, reversed the revocation of his deferred

prosecution, and remanded the matter for a new revocation hearing. These rulings were

not appealed. Procedurally, Mr. Estrada has been granted the relief he sought.

       On remand, should the district court decide against revocation of the deferred

prosecution, Mr. Estrada’s right to a jury trial will not be implicated. Alternatively,

should the district court revoke the deferred prosecution, Mr. Estrada can raise the

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State v. Estrada

alleged invalidity of his waiver, allowing for factual development of the record. Lastly,

withholding consideration of this issue does not impose a hardship on the parties as the

superior court’s order remanding this case to the district court has not been challenged.

Should Mr. Estrada be aggrieved following the new revocation hearing, he may file a

subsequent appeal.

                                      CONCLUSION

       We reverse the superior court’s order that concluded that Mr. Estrada made a

knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of his constitutional rights. We remand to

the district court for a new revocation hearing pursuant to the superior court order.

       A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to

RCW 2.06.040.

                                                  Cooney, J.

WE CONCUR:

Pennell, J.                                       Staab, J.

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