Court Opinion

ID: 4703243
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-13 20:00:34.068468+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:30.359002
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 13 2021
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ROXANA LILIBETH MELENDEZ-                       No.    20-71832
CORDOVA,
                                                Agency No. A209-440-275
                Petitioner,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                               Submitted July 9, 2021**
                                 Pasadena, California

Before: WATFORD and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges, and FREUDENTHAL,***
District Judge.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
              The Honorable Nancy D. Freudenthal, United States District Judge for
the District of Wyoming, sitting by designation.
      Petitioner Roxana Melendez-Cordova, a citizen of El Salvador, seeks review

of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (BIA) order finding her ineligible for asylum,

withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture

(CAT). She also challenges the BIA’s order dismissing her appeal and affirming the

Immigration Judge’s (IJ) orders. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and

we deny the petition.

      We “review questions of law, including an agency’s determination of its own

jurisdiction, de novo.” Reynoso-Cisneros v. Gonzales, 491 F.3d 1001, 1002 (9th

Cir. 2007). Denials of asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief are reviewed

for substantial evidence. Garcia-Milian v. Holder, 755 F.3d 1026, 1031 (9th Cir.

2014).

      1. With respect to Melendez’s asylum claim, substantial evidence supports

the agency’s determination that Melendez failed to establish that she suffered harm

that rose to the level of persecution. To qualify as a refugee, an applicant must

establish that she “is unable or unwilling to return to h[er] home country because of

a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Bringas-Rodriguez

v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1062 (9th Cir. 2017) (simplified).

      Melendez has not shown that she has suffered past persecution. Persecution

is an “extreme concept” that does not encompass every form of mistreatment but is

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instead defined as “the infliction of suffering or harm . . . in a way regarded as

offensive.”     Li v. Ashcroft, 356 F.3d 1153, 1158 (9th Cir. 2004) (en banc)

(simplified).    Melendez contends that the gang’s personal confrontations and

“repeated threats” to harm her and members of her family resulted in emotional and

psychological trauma that rose to the level of persecution. But the IJ determined that

these threats did not rise to the level of persecution because Melendez did not suffer

“severe physical harm” and was “able to return home without further injury.” The

record shows that these threats occurred on only five occasions and exclusively near

her school, that the gang members never followed through with their threats to

Melendez or her family, and that she continued to attend school without incident

before moving to the United States. We do not question whether these threats were

frightening, but the evidence does not compel a finding of past persecution. See

Duran-Rodriguez v. Barr, 918 F.3d 1025, 1028 (9th Cir. 2019) (stating that evidence

of threats did not compel the conclusion that petitioner suffered past persecution).

      Melendez also failed to establish a well-founded fear of future persecution.

To do so, the applicant “must establish a well-founded fear of future persecution by

showing both a subjective fear of future persecution, as well as an objectively

‘reasonably possibility’ of persecution upon return to the country in question.” See

Duran-Rodriguez, 918 F.3d at 1029.        In the absence of past persecution, the

objective component must be established by considering “credible, direct, and

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specific evidence in the record of facts that would support a reasonable fear of

persecution.” Rusak v. Holder, 734 F.3d 894, 896 (9th Cir. 2013) (simplified). The

IJ determined that, although Melendez’s fear of future harm was subjectively

genuine, it was not objectively reasonable. The IJ determined that there was nothing

in the record to suggest that the gang members have a sustained interest in Melendez

or that they would target her for harm if she were to return to El Salvador. The IJ

noted that the gang has made no effort to locate Melendez since she left in October

2016, nor have they contacted members of her family or visited her home in El

Salvador.

      2. For the same reason, substantial evidence also supports the agency’s

determination that Melendez was not entitled to withholding of removal. See Davila

v. Barr, 968 F.3d 1136, 1142 (9th Cir. 2020) (“An applicant who fails to satisfy the

lower standard for asylum necessarily fails to satisfy the more demanding standard

for withholding of removal,” which requires showing a “clear probability” of

persecution in the proposed country of removal.).

      3. Substantial evidence also supports the agency’s denial of CAT relief

because Melendez failed to show that it is “more likely than not” that the applicant

will be tortured with the “acquiescence” of government officials if removed.

Castillo v. Barr, 980 F.3d 1278, 1283 (9th Cir. 2020) (simplified). The IJ found that

the “evidence of record does not indicate that [she] might be killed or tortured by

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gangs by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public

official or other person acting in an official capacity.” Melendez cites no evidence

in the record compelling a contrary conclusion.

      4. Finally, Melendez argues that the IJ lacked jurisdiction under Pereira v.

Sessions, 138 S. Ct. 2105 (2018), because her notice to appear (NTA) did not

indicate the time and place of the initial hearing. We disagree. Pereira interpreted

8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1), which only concerns the stop-time rule. Immigration court

jurisdiction is governed by federal regulation which “does not require that the time

and date of proceedings appear in the initial notice.” Karingithi v. Whitaker, 913

F.3d 1158, 1160 (9th Cir. 2019).

      Melendez’s argument that her NTA was deficient because it failed to list the

address of the immigration court is also without merit. See Aguilar Fermin v. Barr,

958 F.3d 887, 894–95 (9th Cir. 2020) (holding that a NTA that does not indicate the

address of the immigration court does not deprive the IJ of jurisdiction).

      PETITION DENIED.

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