Court Opinion

ID: 4337528
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 03:25:05.978936+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:05.249672
License: Public Domain

132 T.C. No. 7

                UNITED STATES TAX COURT

           MEDICAL PRACTICE SOLUTIONS, LLC,
     CAROLYN BRITTON, SOLE MEMBER, Petitioner v.
     COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 14668-07L.            Filed March 31, 2009.

     Single member LLC failed to pay employment taxes
for several periods. Notices of lien and of intent to
levy were sent to B, sole member of LLC. After hearing
under sec. 6330, I.R.C., notice of determination
sustaining lien and proposed levy were sent to “LLC, B,
Sole Member”, pursuant to sec. 301.7701-3(b), Proced. &
Admin. Regs. (check-the-box regulations). B claims
that only LLC is liable and that check-the-box
regulations (as applicable to employment taxes related
to wages paid before January 1, 2009) are invalid.
     Held: Collection may proceed against B.
Littriello v. United States, 484 F.3d 372 (6th Cir.
2007), and McNamee v. Dept. of the Treasury, 488 F.3d
100 (2d Cir. 2007), followed.
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     Carolyn Britton, for petitioner.

     Louise Forbes, for respondent.

                              OPINION

     COHEN, Judge:   This case was commenced in response to a

Notice of Determination Concerning Collection Actions(s) Under

Section 6320 and/or 6330 addressed to “Medical Practice Solutions

LLC, Carolyn Britton, Sole Member” (petitioner), with respect to

unpaid employment taxes for quarters ended March 31 and June 30,

2006.   Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to

the Internal Revenue Code and all Rule references are to the Tax

Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

     The issue for decision is whether “check-the-box”

regulations, specifically section 301.7701-3(b), Proced. & Admin.

Regs., in effect for the periods in issue were invalid in

allowing pursuit of collection of employment taxes against the

sole member of a limited liability company.

                            Background

     All of the facts have been stipulated, and the stipulated

facts are incorporated in our findings by this reference.

Carolyn Britton (Britton) resided in Massachusetts at the time

the petition was filed.   During the periods in issue, Medical
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Practice Solutions, LLC (the LLC) was a single-member limited

liability company registered in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts

with its principal office in Massachusetts.

     Britton was the sole member of the LLC during the periods in

issue and treated the LLC as her sole proprietorship on Schedule

C, Profit or Loss From Business, of her Federal income tax return

for 2006.   She did not elect to have the LLC treated as a

corporation for Federal income tax purposes.

     Forms 941, Employer’s Quarterly Federal Tax Return, for the

periods in issue were filed in the name of the LLC.    For the

period ended March 31, 2006, the Form 941 reported tax liability

in the amount of $16,648.01.   For the period ended June 30, 2006,

the Form 941 reported tax liability of $18,434.58.    The reported

amounts were not paid for either period.

     On December 12, 2006, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

sent to Britton a Final Notice, Notice of Intent to Levy and

Notice of Your Right to a Hearing with respect to the unpaid

employment taxes for the periods in issue.    On December 20, 2006,

the IRS sent to Britton a Notice of Federal Tax Lien Filing and

Your Right to A Hearing Under IRC 6320.    On January 10, 2007,

Britton requested a hearing with respect to each collection

action.   The request for hearing suggested as a collection

alternative a purported installment agreement dated August 9,

2006.   The request for hearing also requested penalty abatement
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for “reasonable cause”.    A letter attached to the request

asserted, among other things, that the notice of Federal tax lien

was against the wrong taxpayer because Britton “is not liable for

the employment Taxes; Medical Practice Solutions, LLC is liable.”

     A hearing pursuant to section 6330 was conducted on April

23, 2007.   In the notice of determination sent May 25, 2007, the

levy action and the lien were sustained.    At the time of the

hearing and at the time of the notice, petitioner had not

proposed an amount for an installment agreement and had not

submitted supporting financial information.     Petitioner had

merely sent a letter dated August 9, 2006, asking that the letter

be considered “a written request to set up a payment plan of the

maximum duration and the minimum due now, permitted by law.”

                              Discussion

     Before addressing the main issue in this case, we dispose of

some arguments raised by petitioner that are unsupported by

evidence, reason, or authority.

     This case was submitted fully stipulated, and the

requirements with respect to adducing proof, or the effect of

failure of proof, apply.    See Rule 122(b).   Several of

petitioner’s arguments are based on claims as to the manner in

which demands and notices were addressed and the pendency of an

installment agreement, but there is no evidence in the record

supporting those arguments.    The stipulated exhibits contradict
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petitioner’s assertions that certain notices, including the

notice of determination that is the basis of this case, were

addressed “only” to the LLC.    So far as the record reflects, all

notices were either addressed to the LLC, Carolyn Britton, Sole

Member, or to Britton.

     The petition was initially filed in the names of the LLC and

Britton, but the caption was corrected on order of the Court to

be consistent with the notice of determination.    Petitioner now

claims that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over

Britton because no notice of determination was sent to her.      The

manner of address in the notice speaks for itself:    it was sent

to Britton as the sole member of the LLC, consistent with the

regulations discussed below.    For purposes of this proceeding,

under those regulations, the LLC and its sole member are a single

taxpayer or person to whom notice is given.

     Petitioner asserts that certain IRS instructions for filing

employment tax returns are misleading.    There is no evidence

supporting that characterization or showing that petitioner was

misled.

     Although in the request for hearing and the petition,

petitioner raised an issue of abatement of penalties, there is no

evidence of reasonable cause.    Petitioner’s opening brief did not

address the penalties, and petitioner failed to file the reply

brief ordered by the Court.    Thus arguments concerning the
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penalties have been abandoned.    See, e.g., Nicklaus v.

Commissioner, 117 T.C. 117, 120 n.4 (2001).

The “Check-The-Box” Regulations

     The relevant parts of the regulations provide:

          (b) Corporations.--For federal tax purposes, the
     term corporation means--

          (1) A business entity organized under a Federal
     or State statute, or under a statute of a federally
     recognized Indian tribe, if the statute describes or
     refers to the entity as incorporated or as a
     corporation, body corporate, or body politic; [Sec.
     301.7701-2(b)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs.]

          *      *       *         *      *      *         *

          (2) Wholly owned entities.--(i) In general.--A
     business entity that has a single owner and     is not
     a corporation under paragraph (b) of this section is
     disregarded as an entity separate from its owner.
     [Sec. 301.7701-2(c)(2), Proced. &       Admin. Regs.]

          *      *       *         *      *      *         *

          (a) In general.--A business entity that is not
     classified as a corporation under §301.7701-2(b)(1),
     (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), or (8) (an eligible entity)
     can elect its classification for federal tax purposes
     as provided in this section. An eligible entity with
     at least two members can elect to be classified as
     either an association (and thus a corporation under
     §301.7701-2(b)(2)) or a partnership, and an eligible
     entity with a single owner can elect to be classified
     as an association or to be disregarded as an entity
     separate from its owner. Paragraph (b) of this section
     provides a default classification for an eligible
     entity that does not make an election. Thus, elections
     are necessary only when an eligible entity chooses to
     be classified initially as other than the default
     classification or when an eligible entity chooses to
     change its classification. * * *

          (b) Classification of eligible entities that do
     not file an election.--(1) Domestic eligible entities.
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       --Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this
       section, unless the entity elects otherwise, a domestic
       eligible entity is–-

            (i) A partnership if it has two or more members;
       or

            (ii) Disregarded as an entity separate from its
       owner if it has a single owner. [Sec. 301.7701-3(a)
       and (b)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs.]

For employment taxes related to wages paid on or after January 1,

2009, a disregarded entity is treated as a corporation for

purposes of employment tax reporting and liability.    Sec.

301.7701-2(c)(2)(iv), Proced. & Admin. Regs., T.D. 9356, 2007-2

C.B. 675.

       Petitioner’s position is that the LLC was the employer

liable for the taxes in issue and that so-called check-the-box

regulations under which the IRS pursues collection against

Britton are invalid.    Petitioner contends that the amended

regulations, which reverse the effect of regulations applicable

to the periods in issue here, show that the prior regulations

were unreasonable.    Each of petitioner’s contentions in this

regard, however, has been consistently rejected by other courts.

       In Littriello v. United States, 484 F.3d 372 (6th Cir.

2007), the Court of Appeals upheld the check-the-box regulations

in the context of employment tax liabilities of a single-member

LLC.    After reviewing the history of the regulations and their

purpose in filling gaps left in the definitions of entities set

out in section 7701, the Court of Appeals analyzed the
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regulations under Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def.

Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984). The Court of Appeals rejected

arguments that the Chevron test had been modified by subsequent

Supreme Court cases; the argument that the LLC’s separate

existence under State law had to be recognized; and the argument

that the amendments to the regulations that had been proposed as

of the time of Littriello’s litigation should reflect then-

current Treasury Department policy and be applied to that case.

     In McNamee v. Dept. of the Treasury, 488 F.3d 100 (2d Cir.

2007), the Court of Appeals considered almost identical arguments

and reached the same result.   The court stated:

             In light of the emergence of limited liability
     companies and their hybrid nature, and the continuing
     silence of the Code on the proper tax treatment of such
     companies in the decade since the present regulations
     became effective, we cannot conclude that the above
     Treasury Regulations, providing a flexible response to
     a novel business form, are arbitrary, capricious, or
     unreasonable. The current regulations allow the
     single-owner limited liability company to choose
     whether to be treated as an “association”--i.e., a
     corporation--or to be disregarded as a separate entity.
     If such an LLC elects to be treated as a corporation,
     its owner avoids the liabilities that would fall upon
     him if the LLC were disregarded; but he is subject to
     double taxation--once at the corporate level and once
     at the individual shareholder level. If the LLC
     chooses not to be treated as a corporation, either by
     affirmative election or by default, its owner will be
     liable for debts incurred by the LLC, but there will be
     no double taxation. The IRS check-the-box regulations,
     allowing the single-owner LLC to make the choice, are
     therefore eminently reasonable. Accord Littriello, 484
     F.3d 372, 376-79. [Id. at 109.]
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     Other courts that have addressed the specific issue before

us have followed Littriello and McNamee.    See Kandi v. United

States, 97 AFTR 2d 721, 2006-1 USTC par. 50,231 (W.D. Wash.

2006), affd. 295 Fed. Appx. 873 (9th Cir. 2008); Stearn & Co.,

LLC v. United States, 499 F. Supp. 2d 899 (E.D. Mich. 2007).

     Petitioner asserts that in Dover Corp. & Subs. v.

Commissioner, 122 T.C. 324, 331 n.7 (2004), this Court

“intimated, sua sponte” that the check-the-box regulations were

invalid.    The Court, however, specifically declined to give an

opinion on the validity of the regulations, because neither party

had raised the issue, and mentioned only that commentators had

speculated on the subject.    Moreover, Dover Corp. did not involve

employment tax liability of a single-member LLC.    Petitioner also

cites People Place Auto Hand Carwash, LLC v. Commissioner, 126

T.C. 359 (2006), which involved employment tax liability of an

LLC with more than one member.    None of the cases petitioner

cites speaks to the subject here.

     Petitioner has not even addressed the authorities directly

in point.    She has given us no reason to reach a different

result, and we have found none.    She has not contested the

underlying liabilities.    We have considered her other

contentions, but they are irrelevant or lack merit.
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To reflect the foregoing,

                                 Decision will be entered

                            for respondent.