Court Opinion

ID: 4676188
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-09 20:01:05.974633+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:31.274490
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                               APR 9 2021
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MARY M. KHAN,                                    No.   19-17473

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No.
                                                 1:19-cv-00005-ACK-WRP
 v.

ANDREW M. SAUL, Commissioner of                  MEMORANDUM*
Social Security,

              Defendant-Appellee.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Hawaii
                      Alan C. Kay, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted February 4, 2021**
                               Honolulu, Hawaii

Before: CLIFTON, R. NELSON, and COLLINS, Circuit Judges.
Dissent by Judge COLLINS

      Plaintiff Mary M. Khan appeals from the district court’s order affirming the

Commissioner of Social Security’s final decision denying Khan’s application for

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
benefits under Titles II and XVI of the Social Security Act. Reviewing the district

court’s order de novo, we will reverse only if the Administrative Law Judge’s

(“ALJ”) decision “was not supported by substantial evidence in the record as a

whole or if the ALJ applied the wrong legal standard.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d

1104, 1110 (9th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). Where “the evidence is susceptible

to more than one rational interpretation,” this court “must uphold the ALJ’s

findings if they are supported by inferences reasonably drawn from the record.”

Id. at 1111 (citation omitted).

      Khan challenges the weighing of three physicians’ opinions. First, Khan

objects to the weighing of treating physician Dr. Myers’ opinions. Due to

contradicting opinions in the record, the ALJ could only discount Dr. Myers’

opinion “by giving specific and legitimate reasons” supported by substantial

evidence. See Ford v. Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1154 (9th Cir. 2020) (citation

omitted).1 The ALJ set out a “detailed and thorough summary of the facts and

conflicting clinical evidence, stating [his] interpretation thereof, and making

findings.” Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting

      1
       Khan argues our more exacting standard should apply to Dr. Myers’ August
2016 opinion. But this opinion was offered as a rebuttal to Dr. Jonas’s opinion and
was; therefore, inherently controverted. Further, even if the lower standard
applied, given the conclusory nature of this opinion the ALJ did not err in
discounting it. See Ford, 950 F.3d at 1154–55.
                                           2
Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 751 (9th Cir. 1989)). Khan also concedes the

ALJ gave specific reasons but argues they were not legitimate. The ALJ properly

discounted Dr. Myers’ opinions as they were conclusory or cursory. See Ford, 950

F.3d at 1154–55 (“The ALJ need not accept the opinion of any physician,

including a treating physician, if that opinion is brief, conclusory, and inadequately

supported by clinical findings.” (quoting Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 957

(9th Cir. 2002)); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(3).

      Second, Khan argues that the ALJ improperly discounted the opinion of Dr.

Winger by substituting the ALJ’s medical judgment for that of the doctor.

However, the ALJ merely noted an inconsistency between (1) the test results Dr.

Wingert outlines in his report and his own conclusions which he stated were based,

in part, on the claimant’s self-reports; and (2) his conclusion and claimant’s

conservative treatment regimen. An ALJ may reject an opinion if it is based “to a

large extent” on the claimant’s self-reports. Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 1041 (citation

omitted). An ALJ may also consider conservative treatment when evaluating a

medical expert’s conclusions. See Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d 853, 856 (9th

Cir. 2001). As such, the ALJ provided specific and legitimate reasons supported

by substantial evidence for discounting Dr. Wingert’s conclusions. See Ford, 950

F.3d at 1154–55.

                                           3
      Third, Khan argues that the forms Dr. Kiyota completed for the State of

Hawaii Department of Human Services should not have been discounted by the

ALJ. The ALJ reasonably assigned less weight to Dr. Kiyota’s check-box forms

because of their lack of explanation and because they contradicted her longer-form

evaluation. Id. at 1155; see also Batson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 359 F.3d 1190,

1195 (9th Cir. 2004) (an ALJ must resolve conflicts between medical opinions and

can look to the level of explanation for the various opinions to resolve conflicts).

      Khan also argues that the ALJ improperly rejected her symptom testimony

regarding her inattention and need for hour-long breaks throughout the day. The

ALJ specified that while he found Khan’s symptoms to justify the limitations in the

residual functional capacity, they did not justify any further limitations or a finding

of disability. He gave four reasons for rejecting the extent of symptoms to which

Khan testified. Together they were “specific, clear and convincing reasons”

supported by substantial evidence to discount “the claimant’s testimony about the

severity of her symptoms.” Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 1039 (quoting Smolen v.

Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1281 (9th Cir. 1996)). First, the ALJ noted Khan’s

conservative treatment. This reason alone can be a sufficient reason supported by

substantial evidence to discount claimant’s symptom testimony. See id.; see also

Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 750–51 (9th Cir. 2007) (“conservative treatment” is

                                           4
sufficient to discount claimant’s testimony regarding severity of impairment);

Meanel v. Apfel, 172 F.3d 1111, 1114 (9th Cir. 1999) (holding subjective pain

complaints properly discredited where claimant received “minimal” and

“conservative” treatment). Second, the ALJ noted Khan’s focused demeanor at the

hearing as undermining the symptom testimony. Third, the ALJ considered

Khan’s own statements regarding her activities of daily life which included caring

for minor children and maintaining a household. See Rollins, 261 F.3d at 857

(holding taking care of children and maintaining a household to be a clear and

convincing reason to discredit symptom testimony). Fourth, the ALJ looked to the

objective medical evidence. Molina, 674 F.3d at 1113 (comparing subjective

symptom results to findings in clinical evaluations in upholding the ALJ’s adverse

credibility determination).

      The ALJ’s decision was supported by substantial evidence.

      AFFIRMED.

                                         5
                                                                          FILED
Khan v. Saul, No. 19-17473                                                 APR 9 2021

COLLINS, Circuit Judge, dissenting:                                    MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

      This is a textbook case of cherry-picking, in which the Administrative Law

Judge (“ALJ”) unevenly applied a sharply critical lens to the overwhelming

evidence supporting disability claimant Mary Khan, while ignoring that those same

criticisms also applied to the small subset of evidence on which the ALJ selectively

relied. Specifically, the administrative record contains at least 13 reports from the

relevant time period from either Khan’s treating psychologist or from one of two

examining psychologists. Of these 13 reports, 12 of them concluded that Khan’s

severe mental and emotional difficulties would make it difficult for her to work on

a full-time basis of eight hours per day, five days per week. The ALJ discounted

these 12 reports largely on the ground that they were supposedly lacking in

sufficient clinical detail. Instead, the ALJ chose to give “significant” weight to the

single report by an examining psychologist that reached a different conclusion

from the other 12, as well as to a conclusory opinion of a non-examining

psychiatrist. The ALJ did so even though these two opinions were less detailed

than some of those he discounted as lacking sufficient detail. The Appeals Council

then upheld the ALJ’s decision and uncritically adopted his relevant findings.

Because this kind of markedly uneven evaluation of the record violates applicable

administrative-law standards, I would vacate the ALJ’s denial of benefits and
remand. I therefore respectfully dissent.

      1. “Generally, a treating physician’s opinion carries more weight than an

examining physician’s, and an examining physician’s opinion carries more weight

than a reviewing physician’s.” 1 Holohan v. Massanari, 246 F.3d 1195, 1202 (9th

Cir. 2001); 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(1)–(2). More weight is also given “to

opinions that are explained than to those that are not.” Holohan, 246 F.3d at 1202;

20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(3). “[I]f a treating physician’s medical opinion is

supported by medically acceptable diagnostic techniques and is not inconsistent

with other substantial evidence in the record, the treating physician’s opinion is

given controlling weight.” Holohan, 246 F.3d at 1202; 20 C.F.R.

§ 404.1527(c)(2). But “‘if the treating doctor’s opinion is contradicted by another

doctor’”—even a non-examining doctor—“the ALJ may discount the treating

physician’s opinion by giving ‘specific and legitimate reasons’ that are supported

by substantial evidence in the record.” Ford v. Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1154 (9th Cir.

2020) (citation omitted). The ALJ likewise must give specific and legitimate

reasons for discounting the opinion of an examining physician or psychologist. Id.

1
  These principles apply equally to psychologists. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(a)(1)
(defining “[m]edical opinions” as “statements from acceptable medical sources that
reflect judgments about the nature and severity of your impairment(s), including
your symptoms, diagnosis and prognosis, what you can still do despite
impairment(s), and your physical or mental restrictions”); id. § 404.1502(a)(2)
(including “[l]icensed psychologist” among “[a]cceptable medical source[s]”).

                                            2
at 1155. The ALJ failed to provide such reasons for rejecting the conclusions of

Khan’s treating psychologist, as well as those of two examining psychologists.

Instead, the ALJ selectively applied his criticisms in a way that produced an

internally inconsistent and slanted analysis of the medical evidence.

      a. Between May 2013 and August 2016, Khan’s treating psychologist, Dr.

Mary Myers, prepared four reports indicating that Khan’s severe mental and

emotional problems prevented her from working full time, all four of which the

ALJ afforded less than full weight. The ALJ stated that he only afforded them

“some weight” because Dr. Myers assertedly did “not substantiate many of her

conclusions” and did “not provide detailed clinical findings to support her

conclusion[s].” This is a reasonable criticism to apply to two of Dr. Myers’s

reports, because her May 2013 letter included few details, and her June 2016 report

was primarily a check-the-box form. But Dr. Myers’s two other reports were

among the most detailed in the record, and they explained how and why Khan’s

mental conditions impeded her ability to handle a full-time work schedule.

      Specifically, Dr. Myers’s August 2014 report noted that Khan’s complaints

and symptoms of “[a]nxiety, fear, worry, hypervigilance, recurrent intrusive

recollections of past traumas/deaths, [and] grief” resulted from her history of

“stress of being a single [mother] to 8 kids”; the deaths of her first husband, a

child, two sisters, and both parents; domestic violence by her second husband; and

                                           3
a custody battle to reunite with her children after involvement with Child

Protective Services. Dr. Myers stated that, because Khan “continues to struggle

[with] past traumas” and “is most likely at or near her limit for coping [and]

stressors of any kind,” Khan “may not be able to” understand and remember

simple work instructions, maintain regular job attendance, and persist at simple and

repetitive work tasks under ordinary supervision “consistently on [a] daily basis for

employment.” Dr. Myers therefore concluded that Khan was “probably not”

capable of coping with a low-demand, entry-level job “on a full time consistent

basis in an employment situation.” The ALJ, however, disregarded these

statements and instead focused on the irrelevant fact that the August 2014 report

also mentioned several positive traits displayed by Khan, such as the fact that she

has a “pleasant” disposition and takes care of her children. See Ghanim v. Colvin,

763 F.3d 1154, 1161–62 (9th Cir. 2014) (positive observations “must be ‘read in

context of the overall diagnostic picture’ the provider draws” (citation omitted)).

      In her August 2016 report two years later, Dr. Myers identified specific

limitations in Khan’s mental functioning, including “difficulty sustaining her

attention to complete tasks”; a “very limited” threshold for stress, which

“compromis[es] her ability to learn new tasks, remember what she has learned, and

make decisions”; a “lack of self-confidence”; “depressive symptoms”; and

“dissociative episodes in which she is not present in the sense of being aware of

                                          4
what’s going on in her surroundings.” These limitations led Dr. Myers to the

conclusion that, as she found in August 2014, Khan could not consistently

understand and remember instructions, maintain regular attendance, or persist in

simple and repetitive tasks—i.e., Dr. Myers did “not expect that Mary could

maintain an 8 hour work day for 5 days a week.”

      In view of these reports, the ALJ’s assertion that Dr. Myers did not

substantiate her conclusions and did not provide “detailed clinical findings” is not

supported by substantial evidence. Cf. Ford, 950 F.3d at 1154–55 (“‘The ALJ

need not accept the opinion of any physician, including a treating physician, if that

opinion is brief, conclusory, and inadequately supported by clinical findings.’”

(citation omitted)).

      b. But the ALJ’s error goes beyond that. Even if the ALJ’s criticism had

some validity, the ALJ cannot legitimately discount one report for its supposedly

conclusory nature while crediting a contradictory report that suffers from the same

deficiencies. See, e.g., Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 832 (9th Cir. 1995) (ALJ

may not reject examining psychologist’s opinion on the ground that it was based

on “limited observation” of the claimant when the competing opinion accepted by

the ALJ was based on no examination of the claimant). Strikingly, the ALJ here

gave “significant weight” to examining psychologist Dr. Heide Kiyota’s August

14, 2014 report—the only report by a treating or examining practitioner that found

                                          5
Khan capable of full-time work, and the only one of Dr. Kiyota’s eight reports that

came to that conclusion—even though its level of detail was not materially

different from Dr. Myers’s August 2014 and August 2016 reports.

      In her August 2014 report, Dr. Kiyota described Khan as anxious and

depressed but friendly, exhibiting “good hygiene,” able to relate to others, and

capable of doing chores and caring for her children. She also indicated that Khan’s

cognitive status was within normal limits and rated her global assessment of

function (“GAF”) at 55 out of 100. In affording the report “significant weight,”

the ALJ reasoned that the report’s “conclusions are supported by [Dr. Kiyota’s]

own findings, which are based on her observation of [Khan] on several occasions”

and that the report was “detailed and well-reasoned.” This conclusion is

indefensible. The descriptions in Dr. Kiyota’s August 2014 are less detailed than

Dr. Myers’s August 2014 report, which was filled out on an identical form. 2

Moreover, Dr. Kiyota had observed Khan on far fewer occasions than Dr. Myers,

who by then had observed her once or twice per month for nearly two years. In

other words, the reasons Dr. Kiyota’s report was given “significant weight” applied

with even greater force to Dr. Myers’s August 2014 report, but the ALJ failed to

grant the latter the same weight. This kind of obviously inconsistent and uneven

2
 The only notable detail that Dr. Kiyota’s report added was that it gave Khan a
GAF rating, whereas Dr. Myers’s report did not.

                                          6
evaluation of the evidence does not constitute a “specific and legitimate reason”

for rejecting the treating psychologist’s opinion. Ford, 950 F.3d at 1154.3

      The same uneven application of criticisms is reflected in the ALJ’s decision

to give “significant” weight to the testimony of Dr. Alfred Jonas, a non-examining

physician, who opined in July 2016 that Khan had no functional limitations. This

testimony, however, was based on Dr. Jonas’s review of incomplete records, from

which at least seven of the most recent reports by Khan’s treating and examining

psychologists were missing. The missing records included Dr. Myers’s June 2016

report, which opined that Khan had “marked” limitations on her ability to accept

instructions and respond appropriately to criticism, deal with normal work stress,

and carry out detailed instructions. And, of course, Dr. Myers’s August 2016

report—which she prepared in response to Dr. Jonas’s testimony—did not yet

exist. Dr. Jonas was also missing six of Dr. Kiyota’s reports, all of which opined

that Khan was incapable of working full time, and the last two of which—the

September 2015 and March 2016 reports—concluded that Khan had regressed to

the point of being unable to work at all. After Dr. Jonas was given these additional

records, he confirmed in September 2016—in a report that was even more

3
  Further, in light of the three prior and four subsequent opinions by Dr. Kiyota
concluding that Khan could not work full time, “it [was] error for [the] ALJ to pick
out [the single] isolated instance[] of improvement over a period of . . . years and
to treat [it] as a basis for concluding [Khan] is capable of working.” See Garrison
v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1017 (9th Cir. 2014).

                                         7
conclusory than some of the contradictory reports the ALJ had discounted for their

supposedly insufficient detail—that his opinion had not changed. Thus, just as

with Dr. Kiyota’s August 2014 report, the ALJ did not require from Dr. Jonas the

same level of supporting explanation and detail that the ALJ demanded from any

report that disagreed with the ALJ’s conclusion. An ALJ cannot justify his or her

preferred conclusion by selectively discounting only the “evidence in the record

that suggests an opposite result.” See Gallant v. Heckler, 753 F.2d 1450, 1456 (9th

Cir. 1984).

      c. The ALJ’s impermissible cherry-picking is further illustrated by his effort

to use parts of Dr. Myers’s August 2014 report to criticize her later August 2016

report. The ALJ stated that, in contrast to the earlier report, Dr. Myers’s August

2016 report gave fewer “detailed findings to support her conclusions.” As

examples of the sort of “detailed findings” he was looking for, the ALJ pointed to

the August 2014 report’s statements that Khan had certain positive traits: she

“performs all [activities of daily living], provides for needs of her 8 children as a

single parent, [and] manages her own funds”; has an excellent ability to relate,

engages with others, and is pleasant; displays an “appropriate range of emotions

given topics discussed”; and has a well oriented cognitive status and an average

estimated IQ functioning. The ALJ’s suggestion that the August 2014 report was

more detailed is unfathomable, because the August 2016 report undeniably

                                           8
contained more detail substantiating Dr. Myers’s conclusions than did the earlier

report. Indeed, Dr. Myers created the August 2016 report in response to a request

to expound upon the conclusions contained in the August 2014 report. In fact, the

only discernable difference between the details contained in these two reports—

both of which ultimately concluded that Khan could not sustain full-time

employment—is that the August 2014 report also describes areas of ability rather

than just areas of disability. This point further confirms the inescapable conclusion

that, under the ALJ’s ruling, a report had an adequate level of “detail” if it

conformed to the ALJ’s preferred conclusion that Khan was capable of full-time

work, and it had insufficient detail if it did not.

      In addition to failing to assess the evidence in a consistent and even-handed

manner, the ALJ also failed to recognize that the cited descriptions of Khan’s

positive attributes are non-responsive to the question of whether Khan can work

full time. For example, the ALJ points to Dr. Myers’s description of Khan’s ability

to get along with others, provide for her children, and perform simple repetitive

tasks, and the ALJ concluded that these points are inconsistent with the conclusion

that Khan could not handle full-time work. But the question was never whether

Khan was able to work for short periods of time; it was whether she could

consistently work on a full-time basis, and almost every report of a treating or

examining psychologist concluded that she could not. See Smolen v. Chater, 80

                                            9
F.3d 1273, 1284 n.7 (9th Cir. 1996) (“The Social Security Act does not require that

claimants be utterly incapacitated to be eligible for benefits, and many home

activities may not be easily transferable to a work environment where it might be

impossible to rest periodically or take medication.”). In other words, the “ALJ

improperly cherry-picked some of [the practitioners’] characterizations of [Khan’s]

rapport and demeanor instead of considering these factors in the context of [their]

diagnoses and observations of impairment.” Ghanim, 763 F.3d at 1164; see also

Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 635 (9th Cir. 2007) (a reason for rejecting an opinion

is not “legitimate” if it is “not responsive”); Holohan, 246 F.3d at 1205 (criticizing

an ALJ in part for being “selective in his reliance” on a physician’s notes, and

stating that a physician’s “statements must be read in context of the overall

diagnostic picture he [or she] draws.”).

      2. Similar problems affected the ALJ’s selective crediting of the sole report

of Dr. John Wingert, who examined Khan in January 2015. To the extent that Dr.

Wingert opined that Khan could “maintain adequate concentration and attention in

a structured setting” and that she “demonstrated cognitive ability to make simple

work related decisions,” the ALJ concluded that Dr. Wingert’s opinions were

substantiated by his observations during the examination. But the ALJ then

discredited Dr. Wingert’s opinion that Khan’s “depressive symptoms might limit

her ability to complete a normal workday,” which the ALJ found was “mainly

                                           10
derived from [Khan’s] subjective reports,” as opposed to her performance on Dr.

Wingert’s intelligence, cognitive functioning, and personality examinations. The

ALJ’s analysis overlooks the fact that, in addition to Khan’s self-reports, Dr.

Wingert also relied on his direct observations of Khan during their examination.

For example, Dr. Wingert stated that “[f]rom the onset of the session, [Khan]

appeared to be close to tears at times during the interview, and there was a close-

to-the-surface sense of irritability evident”; that Khan “maintained a serious and

intense composure and one does get the impression of an individual experiencing a

high level of adjustment difficulties”; that, based on the “Wechsler Adult

Intelligence Scale – IV,” Khan’s “[w]eaknesses were evident on the subtests

making up the Processing Speed Index, which scored within the Borderline range,

and this involves the speed of mental and graphal motor processing”; and that “one

does get the impression of an individual who is functioning at a somewhat reduced

level of psychological efficiency.” These comments all derived from observation,

not self-report. Moreover, we have repeatedly emphasized that psychological

evaluations, by their nature, “will always depend in part on the patient’s self-

report.” Buck v. Berryhill, 869 F.3d 1040, 1049 (9th Cir. 2017). But the most

troubling aspect is that the ALJ found Dr. Wingert’s descriptions of Khan’s

positive attributes to be backed up by his clinical observations, but then ignored Dr.

Wingert’s clinical observations when they emphasized the limitations associated

                                          11
with Khan’s severe mental difficulties. Once again, the conclusion is inescapable

that the ALJ inconsistently evaluated the medical opinions in this case based on

whether he agreed with their ultimate conclusions.4

      3. The ALJ’s errors in evaluating the medical evidence necessarily vitiate

the ALJ’s evaluation of Khan’s testimony describing her symptoms and

limitations, because a proper assessment of that evidence would reasonably be

expected to affect the overall evaluation of that testimony. For example, whether

Khan’s treatment was “conservative” might be viewed differently depending upon

the assessment of the underlying conditions. I would require that Khan’s

testimony be re-evaluated on remand after a proper weighing of the medical

evidence. See Hiler v. Astrue, 687 F.3d 1208, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012). I would note,

however, that the ALJ’s reliance upon his lay impression of Khan’s psychological

condition during her testimony is also questionable. Cf. Montijo v. Secretary of

Health & Human Servs., 729 F.2d 599, 602 (9th Cir. 1984) (“The administrative

4
  Little, if any, weight can be given to the ALJ’s discussion of the reports of two
non-examining “State agency psychological consultants.” Although the ALJ
acknowledged that these psychologists “were unable to consider the evidence
added after their review,” the ALJ nonetheless proceeded to conclude that “their
assessment remains supported in some respects.” Given that the ALJ did not
specify which aspects of their assessment were supported and which ones were not,
their evaluations provide no basis for rejecting the assessments of the treating and
examining psychologists. The ALJ merely mentioned their statement that Khan
could perform particular tasks, but that limited point did not speak to the grounds
for the other psychologists’ assessment that Khan’s psychological problems would
prevent her from working full time.

                                        12
law judge’s observation of the claimant at the hearing, at least in cases involving

alleged psychological disability, does not provide a sufficient reason to reject the

otherwise uncontroverted medical evidence.”).

                                   *       *       *

      I recognize that the findings of ALJs are subject to a highly deferential

standard of review. But that review is applied against a backdrop of

administrative-law principles that require the ALJ to provide an explanation that is

internally consistent and that fairly evaluates the competing items of evidence in an

even-handed way. See Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1017 n.23 (an ALJ is “not permitted

to ‘cherry-pick’ from . . . mixed results to support a denial of benefits” (citation

omitted)); Gallant, 753 F.2d at 1456 (an ALJ “cannot reach a conclusion first, and

then attempt to justify it by ignoring competent evidence in the record that suggests

an opposite result”). The ALJ failed to do that here. The substantial deference we

are to afford does not require us to rubberstamp the sort of highly selective and

uneven consideration of the opinion evidence reflected in the decision in this case.

I respectfully dissent.

                                          13