Court Opinion

ID: 9965751
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-05-03 14:07:35.521665+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:25:37.815787
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: APRIL 26, 2024; 10:00 A.M.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals
                             NO. 2023-CA-0069-MR

COREY JAMES BUTTS                                                    APPELLANT

                 APPEAL FROM WARREN CIRCUIT COURT
v.              HONORABLE STEVE ALAN WILSON, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 13-CR-00749

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                               APPELLEE

                                     OPINION
                                    AFFIRMING

                                    ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; COMBS AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.

MCNEILL, JUDGE: Corey James Butts appeals from the Warren Circuit Court’s

denial of his Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure (RCr) 11.42 motion for

postconviction relief. We affirm.

            A woman, B.R., alleged that while she was walking to a friend’s

house in the wee hours of the morning, a stranger asked her for directions from his

parked car. After B.R. gave directions and began to walk away, the man struck her
on the head, dragged her into his car, and drove away. B.R. alleges the man raped

her twice, once in his car and once in an apartment. After the second rape, the man

and B.R. left the apartment in a car together. The car ran out of gas, so B.R. and

the man began walking. Ultimately, the woman ran towards a man who was

walking his dogs and the stranger fled.

             B.R. provided police with a description of the vehicle, its contents,

and locations. Police found a vehicle in the location described by B.R.

Eventually, B.R. picked a photo of Corey Butts, the son of the vehicle’s registered

owner, from a photographic lineup. Butts was indicted for two counts of rape,

kidnapping, first-degree sodomy, second-degree assault, and being a persistent

felony offender.

             Butts waived his right to a jury trial and instead agreed to a bench

trial. At that trial, B.R. testified that she did not know Butts beforehand and that he

raped her twice. By contrast, Butts testified that he and B.R. had known each other

prior to the day of the alleged rape and they had a relationship involving engaging

in consensual sex and consuming drugs. Butts admitted striking B.R. because she

had taken his drugs.

             The trial court acquitted Butts of the sodomy charge and found him

guilty of the amended charge of fourth-degree assault. The trial court found Butts

guilty of kidnapping, both counts of rape, of being a first-degree persistent felony

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offender. The trial court sentenced Butts to a total of forty-years’ imprisonment.

Our Supreme Court affirmed on direct appeal. Butts v. Commonwealth, No. 2018-

SC-000064-MR, 2019 WL 1167967 (Ky. Feb. 14, 2019).

               Butts then filed a pro se RCr 11.42 motion. Appointed counsel later

filed a supplemental RCr 11.42 motion. As it pertains to this appeal, Butts alleges

two ways in which his trial counsel was ineffective. First, Butts asserts counsel did

not properly cross-examine B.R. Second, Butts alleges trial counsel failed to call a

witness who would allegedly have testified that Butts and B.R. knew each other

prior to the alleged rapes. After conducting an evidentiary hearing, the trial court

denied Butts’ RCr 11.42 motion, after which Butts filed this appeal.

               Before we begin our analysis, we must note that Butts’ RCr 11.42

motion contains issues which he does not address on appeal. Butts has waived, or

abandoned, all issues he raised in the trial court which he does not discuss in his

appellate briefs. Commonwealth v. Pollini, 437 S.W.3d 144, 148 (Ky. 2014).1

1
  In a footnote in his opening brief, Butts alleges the order denying his RCr 11.42 motion
“bear[s] scrutiny” because it adopted “wholesale” the Commonwealth’s written response(s) to
Butts’ motion. Appellant’s Opening Brief, p. 6. We agree that an appellate court’s role is to
scrutinize the decisions of a trial court. However, it is not inherently improper for a court to
“adopt[] language from a party’s brief for use in its judgment.” Rockwell Intern. Corp. v.
Commonwealth, Nat. Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, 16 S.W.3d 316, 318
(Ky. App. 1999). Moreover, Butts cites to no authority to support his claim that the trial court’s
adoption of the Commonwealth’s arguments entitles him to relief. Instead, “a terse, conclusory
assertion wholly unaccompanied by meaningfully developed argument or citation to authority is
insufficient to merit appellate relief.” Schell v. Young, 640 S.W.3d 24, 32 (Ky. App. 2021).

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As we have held:

       A successful petition for relief under RCr 11.42 for
ineffective assistance of counsel must survive the twin
prongs of “performance” and “prejudice” provided in
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052,
80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); accord Gall v. Commonwealth,
702 S.W.2d 37 (Ky. 1985). The “performance” prong of
Strickland requires as follows:

      Appellant must show that counsel’s
      performance was deficient. This is done by
      showing that counsel made errors so serious
      that counsel was not functioning as the
      “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the
      Sixth Amendment, or that counsel’s
      representation fell below an objective
      standard of reasonableness.

Parrish v. Commonwealth, 272 S.W.3d 161, 168 (Ky.
2008) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
The “prejudice” prong requires a showing that “counsel’s
errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a
fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.” Commonwealth
v. McGorman, 489 S.W.3d 731, 736 (Ky. 2016) (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064). “The
critical issue is not whether counsel made errors but
whether counsel was so thoroughly ineffective that defeat
was snatched from the hands of probable victory.”
Haight v. Commonwealth, 41 S.W.3d 436, 441 (Ky.
2001) (citation omitted), overruled on other grounds by
Leonard v. Commonwealth, 279 S.W.3d 151 (Ky. 2009).

       Both Strickland prongs must be met before relief
pursuant to RCr 11.42 may be granted. “Unless a
defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said that the
conviction . . . resulted from a breakdown in the
adversary process that renders the result unreliable.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. This is a
very difficult standard to meet. . . . We review counsel’s

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             performance under Strickland de novo. McGorman, 489
             S.W.3d at 736.

Vincent v. Commonwealth, 584 S.W.3d 762, 768-69 (Ky. App. 2019). We review

post-evidentiary hearing findings of fact under the clearly erroneous standard.

Saylor v. Commonwealth, 357 S.W.3d 567, 570-71 (Ky. App. 2012).

             We begin our analysis with Butts’ argument that counsel did not

properly cross-examine B.R. regarding whether she consented to having sex with

Butts. At trial B.R. admitted to having sex with her boyfriend within the last day

or so before she was raped. When the Commonwealth later asked B.R. how she

responded when Butts said he was going to have sex with her, she responded “I

told him no, I just had a baby July the fifteenth.” Video, 1/23/18 at 10:08:23. July

fifteenth was roughly a month to six weeks before the alleged rapes occurred.

             Butts alleges B.R.’s testimony was “that her sexual encounters with

Mr. Butts were not consensual because they could not be consensual, as she had

just recently given birth and was not able to have sex.” Appellant’s Opening Brief,

p. 9 (emphasis original). We agree with the Commonwealth that Butts has inflated

and misconstrued B.R.’s testimony. B.R. did not testify that she was physically

unable to have sex, so the main premise of Butts’ argument is incorrect. In fact,

she testified to the exact opposite because she admitted having had sex with her

boyfriend within a day or so before she was raped.

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               Instead, B.R. testified only that she told Butts “no” and she had given

birth the prior month. In that context, we agree with the Commonwealth that it is

plain that B.R.’s comments about recently having had a baby were merely a ruse

“to convince Butts that she was unable to have sex in hopes that he wouldn’t

forcefully rape her.” Appellee Brief, p. 8.

               That is the fraught situation Butts’ counsel faced when choosing what

questions to ask B.R. Counsel ran the real risk that if he questioned B.R. about her

comments to Butts that she had recently given birth that she would have testified

that she attempted to mislead Butts about her physical ability to have intercourse

because she was scared and desperate to avoid being raped. We agree with the

Sixth Circuit that cross-examination of a hostile witness inherently carries a

“potential risk of having the damaging testimony repeated during cross-

examination, a risk which could easily outweigh the possibility of identifying

weaknesses in the witness’s account.” Moss v. Hofbauer, 286 F.3d 851, 865 (6th

Cir. 2002).2

2
  Counsel in Moss wholly failed to cross-examine witnesses, unlike the case at hand. Similarly,
Butts’ reliance on the materially distinguishable case of Higgins v. Renico, 470 F.3d 624, 628
(6th Cir. 2006) is misplaced. In Higgins, the Sixth Circuit held an admittedly unprepared
counsel was ineffective by failing to cross-examine the key witness against a defendant. The
situation here is dissimilar as Butts’ counsel cross-examined B.R. (albeit not to Butts’
satisfaction) and Butts’ counsel has not admitted being unprepared. See, e.g., Sowell v. Collins,
557 F. Supp. 2d 843, 886 (S.D. Ohio 2008) (Distinguishing Higgins because “there is no reason
to believe that counsel’s decision to forego cross-examining Edwards stemmed from lack of
preparation, or was based on anything other than trial strategy.”); Floyd v. Filson, 949 F.3d 1128,
1144 (9th Cir. 2020) (“In prior cases in which we and other circuits have recognized

                                               -6-
               Counsel’s decision as to how best to assess the potential costs and

benefits of asking certain questions to a hostile witness is a prime example of a

strategic, on-the-spot decision we may not second-guess here. See, e.g., Hodge v.

Commonwealth, 116 S.W.3d 463, 473 (Ky. 2003), overruled on other grounds by

Leonard v. Commonwealth, 279 S.W.3d 151, 159 (Ky. 2009) (Holding that cross-

examination of a hostile witness was a “tactical decision” and “[t]rial strategy will

not be second guessed in an RCr 11.42 proceeding.”). “Effective assistance of

counsel does not guarantee error-free representation nor does it deny to counsel

freedom of discretion in determining the means of presenting his client’s case.”

Ramsey v. Commonwealth, 399 S.W.2d 473, 475 (Ky. 1966).

               Here, Butts’ counsel did undermine B.R.’s credibility on cross-

examination by questioning her about whether she had used drugs. B.R. denied

having done so but that denial was false since a drug screen performed on her soon

after the alleged rapes was positive for cocaine. The trial court noted that

inaccurate testimony in its decision. As our Supreme Court held, ‘“[t]he mere fact

that other witnesses might have been available or that other testimony might have

constitutionally deficient cross-examination [including Higgins], there were glaring failures to
ask even basic questions, not – as here – a strategic choice between one means of undermining
the witness and another.”).

                                               -7-
been elicited from those who testified is not a sufficient ground to prove

ineffectiveness of counsel.’” Hodge, 116 S.W.3d at 470 (quoting Waters v.

Thomas, 46 F.3d 1506 (11th Cir. 1995)).

             We conclude Butts has not shown that counsel’s performance on this

issue was deficient. “To show ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant

must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged

action might be considered sound trial strategy. A defense attorney must enjoy

great discretion in trying a case, especially with regard to trial strategy and tactics.”

Vincent, 584 S.W.3d at 770 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Therefore, we affirm the denial of RCr 11.42 relief and do not need to address the

prejudice prong.

             Butts’ second main issue is that counsel did not call Anthony Johnson

to testify that Butts and B.R. had a pre-existing relationship. Again, Butts faces a

steep burden to be entitled to relief because “strategic choices made after [a]

thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually

unchallengeable . . . .” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S. Ct. at 2066. So, “a trial

counsel’s choice of whether to call witnesses is generally accorded a presumption

of deliberate trial strategy and cannot be subject to second-guessing in a claim of

ineffective assistance of counsel.” Saylor, 357 S.W.3d at 571.

                                           -8-
             This is not a situation where an RCr 11.42 movant alleges counsel

failed to conduct an adequate investigation. To the contrary, it appears

uncontested that Butts’ counsel knew of Johnson but declined to call him as a

witness because Johnson was not willing to appear voluntarily.

             Since Johnson declined to appear voluntarily, he thus would have had

to have been subpoenaed. Butts’ counsel testified at the RCr 11.42 hearing that his

general belief was that it was not wise to subpoena reluctant witnesses because

“[i]f I have to subpoena them in against their will, I might not like what they say if

they testify.” Video, 5/13/22, 2:13:32. Butts’ counsel later agreed with the

Commonwealth on cross-examination that he had done what he could to find a

witness willing to testify that Butts and B.R. had a prior relationship but was

unable to find a witness with sufficient credibility willing to so testify. Butts’

counsel added that “[i]f you have to subpoena a witness that has a personal

relationship with him [Butts], it’s, uh, it’s dangerous.” Id. at 2:39:26.

             The upshot is that Butts’ counsel declined to call Johnson for patently

strategic reasons. Butts has not shown that counsel was deficient, under these

facts, for declining to force a recalcitrant, reluctant witness to testify. It was within

counsel’s discretion to decide whether the potential benefits of calling a witness

who would have been testifying involuntarily outweighed the potential risks in

                                           -9-
doing so. Such a discretionary decision “cannot be subject to second-guessing in a

claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” Saylor, 357 S.W.3d at 571.

             Ironically, Butts’ RCr 11.42 counsel faults Butts’ trial counsel for

declining to force Johnson to testify against his will when postconviction counsel

made essentially the same strategic decision. Postconviction counsel subpoenaed

Johnson to appear at the RCr 11.42 hearing, but Johnson failed to appear. The

proceedings were continued for several months. A bench warrant for Johnson was

issued and he was in custody nearby when the proceedings resumed. However,

Butts’ postconviction counsel declined to have Johnson haled into court to testify

involuntarily because counsel feared that Johnson was upset and thus would testify

detrimentally to Butts’ interests.

             In short, Butts failed to satisfy the deficient performance prong and so

he is not entitled to RCr 11.42 relief on this claim. Consequently, we need not

examine the prejudice prong.

             For the foregoing reasons, the Warren Circuit Court is affirmed.

             ALL CONCUR.

                                        -10-
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Aaron P. Riggs            Daniel Cameron
La Grange, Kentucky       Attorney General of Kentucky

                          J. Grant Burdette
                          Assistant Solicitor General
                          Frankfort, Kentucky

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