Court Opinion

ID: 2730821
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 22:07:44.093264+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:44:15.510486
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be                         FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before                       Feb 23 2012, 8:54 am
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,                          CLERK
                                                                 of the supreme court,

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.                     court of appeals and
                                                                        tax court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                            ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES:

KIMBERLY J. BACON                                  MICHAEL T. BOHN
Indianapolis, Indiana                              Franklin, Indiana
                                                   Indianapolis, Indiana
OCTAVIA FLORENCE SNULLIGAN
Indianapolis, Indiana

                               IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

S.D.,                                              )
                                                   )
        Appellant-Respondent                       )
                                                   )
               vs.                                 )    No. 41A01-1104-DR-170
                                                   )
B.D.,                                              )
                                                   )
        Appellee-Petitioner.                       )

                     APPEAL FROM THE JOHNSON SUPERIOR COURT
                          The Honorable Cynthia S. Emkes, Judge
                             Cause No. 41D02-0909-DR-372

                                        February 23, 2012

                 MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

ROBB, Chief Judge
                                 Case Summary and Issues

       After dissolving the marriage of S.D. and B.D. (“Father” and “Mother,” respectively),

the trial court issued a supplemental decree of dissolution awarding joint legal custody of

their daughter and primary physical custody to Mother. In addition, the trial court found

Father in contempt for failing to pay day-care expenses as required by the trial court’s July

2010 order. Father raises two issues for our review, which we expand and restate as three: 1)

whether the trial court erred in granting primary physical custody to Mother; 2) whether the

trial court erred in granting joint legal custody; and 3) whether the trial court abused its

discretion by holding Father in contempt. Concluding the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in granting primary physical custody to Mother, any error on behalf of the trial

court in granting joint legal custody cannot now be challenged because it was invited by

Father, and the facts do not support a conclusion that Father’s failure to pay for day-care was

willful, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

                                Facts and Procedural History

       Mother and Father married in March 2006. They purchased a home, and in October

2006 Mother gave birth to their only child, A.D. In September 2009, Mother petitioned for

dissolution, and Father subsequently cross-petitioned for dissolution. Both parents were

union workers, but due to the economy Father had experienced long periods of

unemployment. When he was employed, he was often required to travel to different states

for work. In August 2008, A.D. began going to a day-care in Indianapolis while Mother was

at work.

                                              2
       Both Mother and Father requested joint legal custody and primary physical custody.

The parties’ marriage was dissolved by the trial court’s December 13, 2010 partial decree of

dissolution. On February 25, 2011, the trial court issued a supplemental decree of dissolution

with the following sua sponte findings and conclusions:

       5. Pursuant to I.C. 31-17-2-8 the Court “shall determine custody and enter a
       custody order in accordance with the best interests of the child, there is no
       presumption in favor of either parent. The court shall consider all relevant
       factors, including the following: (1) the age and sex of the child; (2) the wishes
       of the child’s parent of [sic] parents; (3) The [sic] wishes of the child, with
       more consideration given to the child’s wishes if the child is at least fourteen
       (14) years of age; (4) the interaction and interrelationship of the child with: (A)
       the child’s parent or parents; (B) the child’s sibling; and (C) any other person
       who may significantly affect the child’s best interest; (5) The [sic] child’s
       adjustment to the child’s: (A) home; (B) school; and (C) community; (6) the
       mental and physical health of all individuals involved; (7) Evidence [sic] of a
       pattern of domestic or family violence by either parent; (8) Evidence [sic] that
       the child has been cared for by a de facto custodian, and if the evidence is
       sufficient, the court shall consider the factors as described in section 8.5(b) of
       this chapter.”

       6. Based on the totality of the evidence, the Court finds and concludes it is in
       the best interest of [A.D.] for Mother to be granted her physical custody and
       for Mother and Father to be granted joint legal custody. In the event that the
       parties are unable to reach a decision regarding an issue appropriate for a joint
       custodial resolution, the Court refers this case to a Level III Parenting Time
       Coordinator (“PTC”) for resolution.

       7. It is in [A.D.’s] best interest for Mother to be the primary physical
       custodian subject to Father’s parenting time. . . .

       ***

       21. Each party has alleged the other is in contempt for various reasons. The
       Court finds Mother is not in contempt for violating any provision of any Court
       Order. The Court finds Father is in contempt for intentionally violating the
       Court Order herein which ordered him to pay one-half (1/2) of the child’s
       daycare expenses. . . .

                                               3
Appellant’s Appendix at 14, 16. Father now appeals.

                                  Discussion and Decision

                                   I. Standard of Review

       Child custody determinations and contempt of court determinations are within the

sound discretion of the trial court. Evans v. Evans, 766 N.E.2d 1240, 1243 (Ind. Ct. App.

2002) (“Whether a person is in contempt of a court order is a matter left to the trial court’s

discretion”); Francies v. Francies, 759 N.E.2d 1106, 1115-16 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (“Child

custody determinations fall within the sound discretion of the trial court”), trans. denied. We

will not disturb a trial court’s discretion on appeal absent a showing of abuse of discretion.

Francies, 759 N.E.2d at 1116. Abuse of discretion occurs when a decision is clearly against

the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court or the reasonable

inferences drawn therefrom. Id.

       When a trial court enters sua sponte findings, they control only as to the issues they

cover and a general judgment will control as to the issues upon which there are no findings.

Yanoff v. Muncy, 688 N.E.2d 1259, 1262 (Ind. 1997) (citation omitted). “A general

judgment entered with findings will be affirmed if it can be sustained on any legal theory

supported by the evidence.” Id. When a trial court has made special findings of fact, we

review the sufficiency of the evidence using a two-step approach: first, we must determine

whether the evidence supports the trial court’s findings of fact; and second, we must

determine whether the findings of fact support the trial court’s conclusions. Id. (citing Estate

of Reasor v. Putnam Cnty., 635 N.E.2d 153, 158 (Ind. 1994)). Findings are set aside only if

                                               4
they are clearly erroneous. Id. Findings are clearly erroneous when the record contains no

facts to support them either directly or by inference. Id. A judgment is clearly erroneous if it

applies the wrong legal standard. Id. (citation omitted).

                                         II. Custody

                                    A. Physical Custody

       The trial court found that it was in the best interest of A.D. for Mother to have primary

physical custody. Father argues the trial court abused its discretion by granting Mother

primary physical custody, contending that Mother engaged in parental alienation. He cites

Hanson v. Spolnik, 685 N.E.2d 71 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997), trans. denied, for support. In

Hanson, the trial court modified the custody arrangement of M.S., giving the father sole

custody. Id. at 76. The trial court awarded sole custody to the father because the mother

“engaged in a concerted effort to destroy M.S.’s relationship with [the father].” Id. The

actions the mother took in the presence of M.S. included accusing the father of sexually

abusing M.S., accusing the father of disrupting M.S.’s class at school and making her cry,

telling the father to go to Hell, indicating he was going to get AIDS and informing M.S. she

would have to be decontaminated, and repeatedly calling him Satan and accusing him of

being homosexual. Id. at 74-75. Further, the mother failed to adequately protect M.S. from

harmful incidents with the mother’s daughter from a prior relationship.

       The father argued, and the trial court agreed, that the mother’s objective was to

alienate M.S. from her father. This court stated, “[g]enerally, lack of cooperation or isolated

acts of misconduct by a custodial parent cannot serve as a basis for the modification of child

                                               5
custody. . . . However, this court has held that a parent’s egregious violation of a custody

order or behavior towards another parent, which places a child’s welfare at stake, can support

a trial court’s modification of its custody order.” Id. at 78.

       Although Hanson was a modification of custody and this is an initial determination,

the circumstances before us do not support a conclusion that the trial court’s decision was in

error. Father argues Mother engaged in parental alienation substantial enough to place

A.D.’s welfare at stake. Specifically, he first points to an incident where Mother helped A.D.

make a family photograph collage that did not include photographs of Father, but did include

photographs of Mother’s new boyfriend and his three children. The second act Father points

out is when Mother enrolled A.D. in day care during a summer when Father was unemployed

and available to watch A.D.

       We acknowledge that Mother’s actions appear adverse to Father, and she should be

mindful not to repeat such behavior in the future. Parental alienation is a serious problem

and can have lasting implications. Unlike Hanson, however, these isolated incidents are not

so egregious as to place A.D.’s welfare at stake. In Hanson, the mother’s actions toward the

child’s father, and toward the child, were severe. Here, Mother’s acts of alleged alienation

were less substantial. Father also points out an incident where Mother unintentionally burned

A.D. with a cigarette. He testified that Mother gave him various explanations and that he did

not know what actually occurred. However, there is no evidence that the injury was

egregious enough to have jeopardized A.D.’s welfare.

                                               6
       To further examine the trial court’s conclusion that it is in A.D.’s best interest for

Mother to have primary physical custody, we turn to the factors provided in Indiana Code

section 31-17-2-8. Based on the evidence before the trial court, a few factors are more

relevant to the trial court’s determination in this case. First, assessing the relationship

between A.D. and each parent, the testimony reveals that prior to Father’s unemployment, his

job required that he spend a considerable amount of time away from home. At times he

would spend several days away from home and stay in a hotel room. If a job site was located

closer to home, he would commute each day. In either scenario, the amount of time Father

had at home with A.D. was limited. While we commend his efforts to provide for his family,

this necessarily means Mother has spent more time caring for and developing a relationship

with A.D.

       Second, assessing A.D.’s adjustment to her day-care and community, Father’s

testimony shows he intended to move A.D. to Monrovia and enroll her in a different day-care

than the one she had been attending. Mother testified that A.D. had been learning and

making friends at her day-care. Further, while Monrovia is not very far from Greenwood,

where Mother lives, it is nonetheless a change for a young child. These facts weigh in favor

of A.D.’s best interests being served by Mother having physical custody. Third, although

employment is not specifically listed in Indiana Code section 31-17-2-8, the statute does

allow for the consideration of “all relevant factors,” and the employment of Mother and

Father are relevant here. Mother testified she has steady employment with consistent 8:00

a.m. to 4:30 p.m. hours in Indianapolis. While Father was not presently working, his

                                             7
testimony suggested based on his experience with the union that laid him off that he would

eventually regain employment through the union. It is therefore reasonable to infer from the

evidence that he would resume a job requiring him to work at job sites far away from home

and A.D. Based on the totality of the circumstances, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in concluding it is in the best interest of A.D. for Mother to have physical custody.

                                   B. Joint Legal Custody

       Indiana Code section 31-17-2-13 provides, “The court may award legal custody of a

child jointly if the court finds that an award of joint legal custody would be in the best

interest of the child.” In addition to using the best interest standard, Indiana Code section 31-

17-2-5 gives trial courts more specific factors to consider in determining whether joint legal

custody is appropriate:

       [T]he court shall consider it a matter of primary, but not determinative,
       importance that the persons awarded joint custody have agreed to an award of
       joint legal custody. The court shall also consider:
       (1) the fitness and suitability of each of the persons awarded joint custody;
       (2) whether the persons awarded joint custody are willing and able to
       communicate and cooperate in advancing the child’s welfare;
       (3) the wishes of the child, with more consideration given to the child’s wishes
       if the child is at least fourteen (14) years of age;
       (4) whether the child has established a close and beneficial relationship with
       both of the persons awarded joint custody;
       (5) whether the persons awarded joint custody:
               (A) live in close proximity to each other; and
               (B) plan to continue to do so; and
       (6) the nature of the physical and emotional environment in the home of each
       of the persons awarded joint custody.

Father contends the trial court abused its discretion because its supplemental decree is silent

as to both statutes. Although we disagree with Father’s legal argument, we need not discuss

                                               8
it because a party may not invite error and then rely on such error as grounds for reversal.

Reinhart v. Reinhart, 938 N.E.2d 788, 791 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). Father expressly requested

the trial court award joint legal custody, both in his document of requests submitted to the

trial court on October 6, 2010, and during his testimony on that day. Any error the trial court

may have committed by granting joint legal custody cannot now be challenged by Father.

                                        III. Contempt

       Indiana Code section 34-47-3-1 provides that anyone guilty of “willful disobedience”

of a court order is guilty of indirect contempt. Father argues the trial court’s finding of

contempt against him was an abuse of discretion because the record does not support such a

finding. We agree. Father had been unemployed since May 2010, and the trial court’s

supplemental decree includes that fact. There is nothing in the findings or conclusions to

demonstrate that Father was willfully disobeying the trial court’s order by failing to pay for

A.D.’s day-care. Rather, the facts and conclusions included in the supplemental decree imply

Father’s inability to pay his share of day-care costs. In addition to clearly stating Father’s

unemployed status, the trial court modified Father’s child support obligation to $0.00 so that

he could afford to pay his share of day-care expenses with his unemployment benefits. This

indicates that prior to the trial court’s decree of February 25, 2011, Father was financially

unable to obey the trial court’s previous order that required him to pay day-care expenses.

The trial court abused its discretion, and its finding of contempt against Father is reversed.

                                         Conclusion

                                              9
       We affirm the trial court’s grant of primary physical custody to Mother and joint legal

custody to Mother and Father. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding Mother

primary physical custody, and any error the trial court may have committed by granting joint

legal custody cannot now be challenged by Father because any such error was invited. We

reverse the trial court’s finding of contempt against Father because the record does not

support a conclusion that his failure to pay for day-care was willful.

       Affirmed in part, reversed in part.

NAJAM, J., and VAIDIK, J., concur.

                                             10