Court Opinion

ID: 6319967
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-03 21:02:35.505959+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:00:47.176694
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/3/22 Sehmbey v. Superior Court CA5

                    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                         FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 NIRMAL SEHMBEY,
                                                                                             F079755
          Petitioner,
                                                                          (Kern Super. Ct. No. HC 015370A)
                    v.
                                                                                           OPINION
 SUPERIOR COURT OF KERN COUNTY,

          Respondent;

 THE PEOPLE,

          Real Party in Interest.

         Appeal from an order of the Superior Court of Kern County. Michael E. Dellostritto,
Judge.
         Charles M. Sevilla for Petitioner.
         No appearance for Respondent.
         Rob Bonta and Xavier Becerra, Attorneys General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Eric L.
Christoffersen and Sally Espinoza, Deputy Attorneys General, for Real Party in Interest.
                                                          -ooOoo-
       Defendant seeks postconviction relief from his conviction of conspiracy to commit
robbery of Manjit Singh. We conclude the evidence on which he relies was either: not
“newly discovered,” or not “evidence of actual innocence,” or was lacking in credibility.
(See Pen. Code, §§ 1473.6–1473.7.)1 We therefore affirm the trial court’s denial of
postconviction relief.
                                      BACKGROUND
       Nirmal Sehmbey (defendant) was convicted by a jury of conspiracy to commit
robbery (§§ 182, subd. (a)(1), 212.5, subd. (c); count 1) and conspiracy to commit assault
with a deadly weapon or by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury (§§ 182,
subd. (a)(1), 245, former subd. (a)(1); count 2). He was acquitted of making criminal
threats. (§ 422; count 3.) Defendant was sentenced to a total unstayed term of three years in
prison and ordered to pay restitution and various fees, fines, and assessments.
       In an opinion issued on direct appeal, this court struck defendant’s conviction on
count 2 (conspiracy) and otherwise affirmed the judgment.2 Defendant subsequently sought
postconviction relief in the superior court, which was denied. Defendant appeals, claiming
the court erred in denying postconviction we relief. We affirm.
I.     Trial Evidence3
       As of February 2011, Dr. Ravinderjit Singh and her husband, Manjit Singh, had been
attending temple at the Sikh Temple on P Street in Bakersfield for a number of years.4
Manjit acted as a secretary of the temple, a volunteer position that was one of respect.
When the couple married in 2003, however, many in Ravinderjit’s family disapproved of
the marriage. Defendant, who was married to Ravinderjit’s aunt, was not happy with the

       1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
       2 We grant defendant’s unopposed request to take judicial notice of this prior
decision.
       3 The factual summary in this section of the opinion is taken almost entirely from our
opinion in People v. Sehmbey (May 3, 2016, F069142) [nonpub. opn.].
       4 For clarity, we refer to the Singhs by their first names. Undesignated dates in this
section of the opinion are to the year 2011.
                                              2
marriage because he perceived Ravinderjit and Manjit as being unequal. Defendant said
Manjit did not know who defendant was and how much power he had, and that the couple
could not get married. Although Manjit took the words as a threat, he and Ravinderjit
married anyway.
       After time passed, everything grew quiet. The Singhs had no relationship with
defendant, and he left them alone until the summer of 2010, when Ravinderjit’s aunt stayed
with the couple for a few days. Defendant, who was angry the couple had allowed his wife
to stay at their house when she had been kicked out of her home, made threatening
telephone calls to the Singhs and said he was going to “come and get them.” Eventually, the
aunt returned to defendant.
       Around February 1, a third party telephoned Manjit and connected defendant to the
call. Defendant stated he was very upset and asked why Manjit had kept defendant’s wife at
Manjit’s house. Defendant said he had power and money and could do horrible things to
Manjit, and that Manjit only had two weeks to live. Manjit called the police the next day
and made a report because defendant kept calling. Manjit declined to pursue legal action
against defendant, however.
       On February 20, the Singhs attended temple with their two young children. They
arrived between 11:00 a.m. and 11:30 a.m. and parked their vehicle in the parking lot.
Manjit was driving; Ravinderjit was sitting in the back seat with the children.
       Ravinderjit saw two Hispanic males approaching the car from the back. Neither she
nor Manjit had ever seen the men before. Ravinderjit saw small guns in their hands. Manjit
got out of the car and went to open the back door for his children, and the men immediately
attacked him. A fight ensued. Manjit managed to hold one of them down; this man, who
was young, tall, and thin, repeatedly struck Manjit in the nose. The other, who was shorter
and chubbier, punched Manjit in the head and back. Ravinderjit got out of the car and tried
to help Manjit by hitting the men with a large spoon. Ultimately, the heavier man stopped
assaulting Manjit and fled. Manjit held the other man down until the police arrived. Manjit
suffered abrasions to his hands and legs, a bloody nose, and a severely injured finger.

                                              3
       Prior to the assault, Manjit was wearing his turban, which he habitually did when
attending temple. When he was hit in the head, his turban was removed. After the assault
ended and the heavier man fled, the turban was nowhere to be found.5 Manjit never
received it back. The turban had no monetary value but was “the most valuable for a
family.” In Sikh culture, the turban is worn as a symbol of respect, pride, and dignity. It is
invaluable. To lose one’s turban is to lose one’s respect. A person removing another’s
turban would be showing great disrespect. As a result of the attack, members of the
congregation saw Manjit without his turban.
       On March 3, Kern County Sheriff’s Detective Brunsell set up a pretext telephone call
between Manjit and defendant.6 In the conversation, defendant said he was not going to
cuss at Manjit over the phone, but would meet him face-to-face, and to “get ready.” When
Manjit called defendant a name and asked what he was going to do, defendant instructed
him not to curse at defendant, and said, “You already got the result for cursing.” Manjit
asked, “What result did I get? What did I get? Your man has been caught.” Defendant
called Manjit an obscene name, then said, “You got beaten in front of women, in front of all
the congregation. In front of children you got beaten.” He then asked how much more
humiliation Manjit needed. When Manjit said defendant’s man had been caught and was in
jail, defendant responded that he came out on bail. Manjit asked if defendant got him freed;
defendant replied, “What need do I have to get him freed, you sister f[**]ker. Whose ever
man he is will get him freed. Why do I need to get him freed?” Manjit said the man was
caught and named defendant, whereupon defendant demanded to know who said it. After
further insults, defendant said, “Listen to me. I will shove a stick up your ass hard. You
stop or else.” Manjit asked how defendant would do it. Defendant responded, “I say
straighten up. Straighten up. Become a man, you idiot. Sister f[**]ker, you will get killed

       5 Ravinderjit told police that during the incident, she saw the heavier man remove the
turban from Manjit’s head and throw it to the ground.
       6 The call was presented at trial by Satvinder Kaur Franco, a registered interpreter in
the Punjabi and Hindi languages. She explained that the two parties spoke over each other.
Defendant yelled and seemed agitated.
                                               4
by my hands.” Defendant said he had men who would abduct Manjit from Manjit’s house.
Manjit called defendant a jackal and suggested his men were also jackals. Defendant
responded, “That’s why the stick went in your ass.” When Manjit asked how it went in,
defendant answered, “All that humiliation in front of women, men, the whole congregation,
all of Bakersfield. You sister f[**]ker, you should die of shame.” Manjit said defendant
was the one who was humiliated, because everyone said defendant sent men but could not
do anything. Defendant responded that he was a millionaire, and if he wanted to fight with
Manjit, defendant would send his army, and they would abduct Manjit and bring him.
       After further insults, defendant demanded to know why Manjit had kept defendant’s
“woman” in Manjit’s house and told her to get a divorce. The subject then returned to who
had been humiliated. Defendant asked, “How else do you understand humiliation? Got
beaten in front of women, in front of the whole congregation.” He also said, “Where is your
turban? The Mexicans took your turban,” and told Manjit to go and get it from “those
ruffians.” Defendant also said, “Blood was flowing from your mouth. Blood was flowing
from your nose,” and that “the Mexican” kicked Manjit in the face. He did not answer when
Manjit asked how he knew. Defendant told Manjit to get his turban, and then Manjit would
be worthy to talk to defendant.
       A day or two later, defendant telephoned Manjit again. Defendant told Manjit,
“[G]et ready. I’m going to get you.” Manjit took this as a death threat. It caused him to be
afraid, and he contacted the police.
       Testimony of Jorge Negrete
       On February 20, Paul Macias gave Jorge Negrete (Negrete) and Negrete’s nephew,
Jose Macias, a ride to Bakersfield.7 Negrete came to Bakersfield to assault someone. He
carried out the assault. He did not know his victim. He carried out the assault because he
was going to be paid. He received his payment after the assault.

       7   Paul Macias and Jose Macias are not related.
                                               5
       At trial, Negrete professed not to remember some parts of the incident. He testified
he did not recognize a photograph of Manjit, although the picture “[p]robably” was the man
he assaulted. He did not recall how much he was paid for the assault. He denied seeing
anyone in the courtroom who paid him for the assault. When shown a photographic lineup
by police on August 29, however, he identified a photograph of defendant.8 In addition, he
identified defendant at the preliminary hearing. Defendant was one of the two people with
whom Negrete met.9 Negrete said he testified at the preliminary hearing that he knew
defendant as Sayer Singh.
       In February, Negrete was living in Van Nuys. He met with defendant down the street
from Negrete’s house. Defendant was driving a white BMW.10 Defendant − who had
initiated contact with Negrete − asked if Negrete would be willing to go to Bakersfield and
scare someone and take that person’s turban. Defendant said he would pay Negrete to do it.
Although Negrete could not remember the amount he was to be paid, he believed it was
$1,000. Defendant was the person with whom Negrete made the deal. Afterward, someone
else wearing a turban handed Negrete the money. Defendant was present but remained
inside his vehicle.

       8  Detective Brunsell conducted this interview with defendant. An audio recording of
the interview was played for the jury.
        9 Negrete testified at trial that before he was shown the photo array, he was shown a
single photograph of defendant. According to Detective Brunsell, however, he had never
shown Negrete a photograph of defendant prior to when he showed him the photographic
lineup.
        10 Negrete did not recall subsequently telling police that the license number of
defendant’s car was 5NXF961. At the preliminary hearing, however, he testified that was
the number of the BMW he would see when he met with defendant. At trial, he testified he
was being truthful at the preliminary hearing.
        Detective Brunsell first interviewed Negrete on June 22, the day Negrete was
arrested in connection with this case. Negrete volunteered information about defendant’s
vehicle. Prior to this time, Brunsell had never seen defendant’s vehicle; however, Manjit
had told him defendant drove a white BMW, and had given Brunsell the license plate
number sometime around February 24. Negrete provided the license plate number, which
he said he had memorized because he did not trust defendant. The number Negrete
provided was 5NXF961. He said the car was a white 2006 BMW.
                                              6
       Negrete was not familiar with Bakersfield but was supposed to go to a temple to
commit the assault. When he arrived, everybody was wearing a turban. Negrete knew
whom he was supposed to assault, because he first met with someone a couple of houses
down from the temple. That person pointed out the intended victim. The person gave
Negrete something like a bandana to wear on his head.
       The victim had just gotten out of his car when Negrete and Jose Macias walked up.
They surrounded him. The victim quickly turned toward Jose, whereupon Negrete rushed
him and started hitting him. The victim tackled Jose, who went to the ground. Negrete
started kicking the victim and trying to get him off Jose, but other people started coming
over and helping to stop the attack. Negrete fled with the victim’s turban.
       Defendant had told Negrete to scare someone. Negrete took it upon himself to
assault the victim. Negrete did not remember defendant telling him to take the turban;
Negrete did take it, however, and believed he left the location with it.11 Negrete threw the
turban away, because Jose Macias had been caught at the scene, and Paul Macias had
already left town. Negrete got rid of the turban at a little market a couple of blocks from the
temple. He took a bus back home. After he was paid for the assault, he paid Paul Macias
and Jose Macias, who was out on bail.
       Negrete was arrested several months later and brought to Bakersfield, where he
spoke with law enforcement officers. He believed he identified the kind of vehicle
defendant drove and gave them the license number, although he could not recall with
certainty.12
       At the time he testified, Negrete was in custody in state prison. As of February 2011,
he was a heroin addict who used the drug every day, and he also had an alcohol problem.
He had previously been in prison for selling cocaine to support his habit, and had been

       11 At the preliminary hearing, Negrete testified he came to Bakersfield at defendant’s
direction to scare the victim and get his turban from him.
       12 The parties stipulated defendant was the registered owner of a 2006 BMW, with
California license plate number 5NXF961.
                                               7
involved, on the street, with a Los Angeles-based Southern Hispanic gang since 1998. He
had had a number of run-ins with the law for theft-related crimes, including stealing cars.
       Negrete entered into a plea agreement for his role in Manjit’s assault. As part of that
agreement, he understood he would have to testify against defendant. As part of the case
settlement agreement in the present case, Negrete pled to battery causing serious bodily
injury − a strike − and understood he would be going to state prison. He did in fact go to
state prison. In exchange, he agreed to provide truthful testimony in the prosecution of
defendant. He had no other understanding or belief concerning the agreement, although his
nephew only getting a year in custody and three years’ probation influenced him.
       After he committed the assault in Bakersfield, Negrete committed a robbery in Los
Angeles County by punching a woman in the face and stealing her purse. He had already
gone to prison in the Bakersfield case when he entered into a plea agreement in the robbery
case, and he was currently in custody for that robbery. Negrete’s Los Angeles County case
was not discussed when his plea agreement was negotiated in the Kern County case.
       After Negrete’s arrest in the present case, he had a conversation with Detective
Brunsell. From the beginning, Brunsell tried to induce Negrete to cooperate. Brunsell said
Jose Macias was facing over 20 years, and Negrete should cooperate with them because
they were after the “big fish.” Negrete believed that if he cooperated, it would help his
nephew get less time. Negrete’s expectation came true. Negrete also expected to get some
credit for his Los Angeles County case, but he received “four years consecutive” in that
matter. His total sentence in the two cases was five years.13
       In closing argument, the prosecutor highlighted Negrete’s identification of defendant
at a photographic lineup, the preliminary hearing, and trial. The prosecutor also referenced
the pretext call by asking rhetorically how defendant knew “Mexicans” had committed the

       13 Negrete originally was charged with two counts of attempted kidnapping, one
count of conspiracy to commit assault with great bodily injury, one count of conspiracy to
commit robbery, and two counts of conspiracy to commit kidnapping. Those counts all
were dismissed because of the plea agreement.
                                              8
assault when there was no evidence anyone had previously described the events to
defendant.
      Defense Evidence
      Private Investigator Bruce Groesbeck (Groesbeck) and defense counsel interviewed
Negrete on November 7, 2013, at the Los Angeles County Jail. During the interview,
defense counsel asked whether Negrete had any expectations or deals regarding his current
case. Negrete said he was awaiting sentencing on his Los Angeles County case and
expected his sentence in that case would run concurrently to his sentence in his Kern County
case. Negrete said this expectation was based on what his public defender told him.
Negrete also said he had a cousin with the last name of Macias who was arrested in this
case, and he was concerned about him. Negrete said it was his understanding that if he
(Negrete) would “take the heat” in the Kern County case, the district attorney would be
lenient with Macias.
      Negrete talked extensively about his state of mind. He said he had been “loaded” on
a daily basis from approximately November 2009 through the day of his arrest in this case.
He said he could not recall much about the incident, because it had occurred so long ago,
and he was under the influence of drugs when he gave his previous statements. Negrete said
that when he was arrested, he was under the influence PCP and had injected heroin about 20
minutes earlier. Negrete said he was unable to make an identification from the first
photographic lineup, which he was shown after he had been in custody for six to 10 days.
He was shown another six photographs and made a selection, but the detective told him that
he had picked the wrong person. As for his identification of the car, Negrete said he could
not identify any car’s make or year or model. He stated the detective told him what year the
BMW was, and Negrete got the license plate number from a photograph the detective
showed him.

                                              9
       Negrete said he was paid a couple of days after his involvement in the case. He said
defendant was not the man who paid him.14 Asked why he identified defendant in court,
Negrete said he was just trying to “get it over with.”15
       During deliberations, the jury sent a note asking for a transcript of the call between
Manjit and defendant or, alternatively, a readback of testimony concerning the call. The
note also asked for the date of Negrete’s plea deal. Finally, the note asked if “psychological
injury” would be considered great bodily injury. In a later note, the jury asked for
definitions of battery and assault, and asked if they are synonymous. The latter note also
asked if the jury could “use” Negrete’s rap sheet as “circumstantial evidence.”
II.    Civil Lawsuit16
       Manjit and Ravinderjit filed a civil lawsuit against defendant in 2012, alleging he
conspired to assault Manjit. That lawsuit is relevant to the present matter because much of
the evidence defendant relies upon in his efforts to obtain postconviction relief in criminal
court comes from depositions given in Manjit’s civil lawsuit. We will therefore summarize
some of the deposition testimony from the civil lawsuit.
       Tejpal Singh
       Tejpal Singh was deposed on July 13, 2016. Manjit is a friend of Jobanjit Singh
who, in turn, is a friend of Tejpal’s.
       On February 20, 2011, Tejpal was on his way to a different Sikh temple when
Jobanjit called him and told him to come to the P Street temple because “something
happened.” By the time Tejpal arrived, the incident involving Manjit was already over.
Jobanjit told Tejpal that a couple people had attacked Manjit, and that one person was in
custody, and another had fled.

       14  Negrete was not asked if defendant was present when he received the money, or if
he had made the deal originally with defendant.
        15 Negrete claimed he did not remember telling Grosebeck certain details like this
one.
        16 The aspects of Negrete’s civil testimony on which defendant relies is described
after this section.
                                              10
       Tejpal asked Manjit what happened. Manjit said that as soon as he parked his car
and got out, people attacked him. Manjit had a scratch that was bleeding a “little bit.”
Manjit was wearing an “orange kind of turban” but it was not on right, as if someone had
taken it off and Manjit had put it quickly back on. Tejpal did not see Manjit wearing a
patka. A patka is a smaller cloth sometimes worn under a turban.
       A few days later, Manjit, Ravinderjit and Jobanjit came to Tejpal’s house. “They”
told Tejpal that someone had tried to kidnap their children.
       Tejpal told Manjit and Ravinderjit that he did not see the person who ran away after
assaulting Manjit. Nonetheless, they wanted Tejpal to claim that he did see the person and
to help identify him. Manjit and Ravinderjit came to Tejpal’s house “[m]ore than three
times” asking for Tejpal’s help. Manjit also called Tejpal many times asking him to falsely
identify the assailant who fled. Jobanjit told Tejpal that if the assailant is not identified, he
could return and kidnap Manjit’s children. Tejpal agreed to identify the individual to police.
Tejpal later “learned” that nobody had tried to kidnap Manjit’s children.
       Manjit and Jobanjit told Tejpal that defendant had sent the assailants. “They” also
described a plan to tell police that somebody took Manjit’s turban.
       Tejpal went to meet with a detective at the P Street temple twice. Manjit was there as
well. Manjit told Tejpal separately to identify photograph number six in the photo lineup.
       At a second meeting with the detective, Manjit told Tejpal in Punjabi to select
photograph number four in the photo lineup. Tejpal had never seen the individuals before
and selected the particular photographs solely based on the information provided by
Manjit.17
       After the assault, Tejpal accompanied Manjit and Jobanjit to Castaic. “They” tried to
have another person provide “fake evidence” against defendant. When asked what specific
fake evidence they were after, Tejpal testified: “I don’t recognize, but they want him to go

       17   In his own deposition, Manjit denied telling Tejpal which photographs to select.
                                                11
against [defendant], to say something to what he may be done wrong in LA or something
and what his character.” Eventually, the man declined to do so.
       Manjit asked Tejpal to testify at trial, but Tejpal said he would “speak the truth in
front a judge. I’m not going to lie.” Tejpal did not testify at trial.
       Tejpal understood that Manjit and Jobanjit were no longer friends because of a
dispute involving the sale of a home to Jobanjit.
       Jobanjit
       Jobanjit gave a deposition on July 21, 2015.
       Jobanjit testified that he filed a lawsuit against Manjit in October or November 2014,
several months before his deposition. Jobanjit claimed that Manjit had “forced” him to buy
Manjit’s house. Jobanjit’s credit score was low, and Manjit said it was no problem. Manjit
said they did not need to “change the loan right now,” which was in Manjit’s name. Jobanjit
made substantial improvements to the house, made payments for the mortgage, insurance
and taxes for five years. Manjit eventually changed his mind and said he did not want to
sell the house to Jobanjit. This dispute led to a separate civil lawsuit between Jobanjit and
Manjit.
       Jobanjit met Manjit because their fathers are best friends. On the day Manjit had
been assaulted in early 2011, Manjit called Jobanjit and told him to come to the P Street
temple because there had been a “fight.” When Jobanjit arrived at the temple, the police
were there and had “a Mexican guy” in custody. Manjit was wearing “a little turban on his
head” and a larger turban was in the front seat of his car. Jobanjit then testified as follows:
       “Q     What color was that turban in the front seat? What color was it?
       “A     I forgot. Yellow color. It was, like, a little turban. It was yellow.
       “Q     Uh huh. [¶] And he was wearing a smaller turban?
       “A     Yeah.”
       Manjit told Jobanjit to say that he heard the “Mexican guy” say “Sehmbey sent me.”
Jobanjit knew Manjit and defendant had been engaged in a prior argument so Jobanjit told
Manjit: “[N]o problem, man.” However, Jobanjit did not even know defendant.

                                                12
        Manjit also told Jobanjit that “Mohinder Dhaliwal sen[t] this guy.”18 When Jobanjit
later refused to implicate Dhaliwal, Manjit became upset.
        Manjit later called Jobanjit several times and told him to say the assailant had said,
“Sehmbey sent me over.” Jobanjit complied and told law enforcement investigators that he
heard Macias say, “Sehmbey sent me.” In fact, Jobanjit had not heard Macias say that.
Before defendant’s trial, Jobanjit told David Zulfa19 that he did not hear Macias say
“Sehmbey sent me.”
        Manjit and Ravinderjit made up a story that someone tried to kidnap their daughters.
Manjit also told Jobanjit that he made up the story about his turban being stolen. Jobanjit
also testified that Manjit lied about a finger injury to get out of his work as a nurse.
        According to Jobanjit, there were “a lot of people” who Manjit coerced into lying to
law enforcement.
        Jobanjit “guess[ed]” that he told investigators that Macias had a gun. In actuality,
Jobanjit does not “think” Macias had a gun.20
        Jobanjit said that Manjit was removed from his position as secretary of the Sikh
temple because he would offend some people in his comments at temple.
        Jobanjit was not called to testify at defendant’s trial.
        Mandeep Singh
        Mandeep Singh gave a deposition on September 30, 2015.
        On the morning of the assault, Jobanjit called Mandeep and told him something had
happened to Manjit at temple. When Mandeep arrived, Manjit had a “small turban” on his
head.

        18Dhaliwal is defendant’s self-described “best friend.”
        19David Zulfa was the deputy district attorney who tried the criminal case against
defendant.
       20 Defendant observes that this contradicts the trial testimony of Manjit and
Ravinderjit. However, Jobanjit’s testimony on this issue is not evidence that defendant was
actually innocent of conspiring to rob Manjit.
                                                13
       Two or three days later, Manjit and Mandeep spoke about the incident over the
phone. Manjit did not tell Mandeep that anyone had tried to kidnap his children. Mandeep
does not remember Manjit ever asking him to say anything to the sheriff’s department that
made him uncomfortable. Manjit did not ask Mandeep to say he heard the assailant say,
“Sehmbey sent me.”
       Four or five days after the incident, the sheriff’s office asked Mandeep to call
defendant. Mandeep knew defendant through common friends. On the call, defendant
denied involvement in the attack. Someone from the sheriff’s office recorded the
conversation.
       Mohinder Dhaliwal
       Mohinder Dhaliwal gave a deposition on February 27, 2015.
       Dhaliwal and Manjit were friends until they had a dispute in temple.
       According to Dhaliwal, defendant did not like Ravinderjit. However, defendant
never talked about Manjit and when asked about Manjit’s marriage, defendant would say, “I
don’t want to talk about it.” Other times, defendant would say, “She can go get married to
anybody. I have nothing to do with that.” According to Dhaliwal, defendant did not have
any objection to Manjit’s marriage with Ravinderjit. However, defendant’s wife did object
to their marriage because of the caste difference and age difference. By six months after the
wedding, defendant and his wife were not associated with Manjit and Ravinderjit any
longer.
       Dhaliwal claimed that he and defendant never spoke of the attack on Manjit. Later,
Dhaliwal testified that defendant told him, “I don’t know why they are accusing me.”
Defendant denied involvement in the attack.
       Ravinder Kaur Rai
       Ravinder Kaur Rai gave a deposition on February 29, 2016.
       Rai was working in the temple kitchen on the day of the assault. Someone told Rai
there was a fight in the parking lot. By the time Rai got outside, the police had already
arrived. The police did not let anyone get close to the scene. However, Rai could see

                                              14
Manjit from a distance, and he did not have a turban or a patka on his head. She saw that he
had an orange turban in his hand. Rai was certain it was a turban in Manjit’s hand, not a
patka.
         Gurprinder Kaur
         Gurprinder Kaur gave a deposition on February 25, 2016.
         Kaur volunteers at the Sikh temple. On the day of the assault, she saw Manjit and
Ravinderjit had “got[ten] ahold” of a man on the ground. Kaur initially testified that Manjit
had a turban on as he was holding the man, but at some point, it fell off. She later testified
that the turban was already on the ground when she arrived at the scene. Kaur did not
remember the color of the turban. Manjit’s yellow patka “moved a little bit” but was “still
there.” Manjit later put his turban back on.
         Manjit had a bloody nose, his pants were torn, and he was bleeding form the arms
and legs. Manjit went to the hospital after the assault and missed work.
         A group of people at the temple helped catch one of the assailants. Kaur helped this
group. People from the group asked the assailant, “Who has sent you?” The man
responded, “Sammy.” He repeated it three times. Ravinderjit said that was her uncle’s
name.
         Detective Brunsell
         Detective Brunsell gave a deposition on February 20, 2018.
         Brunsell investigated the assault on Manjit. Manjit conveyed to Brunsell that
defendant’s wife told him that defendant had been involved in the assault. Brunsell did not
obtain her statement because he was concerned for her safety, and he knew that any
statement would be inadmissible under the marital privilege.
         Brunsell had Manjit conduct several “pretext calls” with defendant. The first
occurred on March 3 and was transcribed by a certified Punjabi interpreter. No calls other
than the March 3rd call were sent to the certified interpreter in Fresno.
         After the first pretext call, Brunsell gave Manjit a digital recorder and told him to
record any future contact with defendant. Manjit told Brunsell about subsequent recordings,

                                                15
but Brunsell testified he did not think he ever “actually took those into … custody.” Manjit
described the subsequent calls to Brunsell as “just more of the same” type of conversation
from the March 3 call.
       Tejpal identified Negrete as an assailant. Negrete was subsequently arrested and
initially cooperated with law enforcement. Brunsell told Negrete that, because of his
involvement with the investigation, Brunsell could talk to the district attorney on Negrete’s
behalf. Negrete did ultimately receive a reduced sentence.
       In his first interview with Brunsell, Negrete said defendant drove a 5 series BMW
and provided the license plate number. Brunsell was clear that he did not provide the
license plate number to Negrete nor would he “ever do something like that.”
       According to Brunsell’s report, Manjit said he had been wearing a white turban on
top of an orange turban. Brunsell did not recall whether Manjit said one or both turbans
were taken.
       When Brunsell obtained the “call data” for defendant and Negrete, he did not have
the detailed information identifying cell phone towers.21 Later, Brunsell said he did not
recall whether the data on defendant’s phone showed what cell tower he was close to when a
call was placed. Brunsell testified, “I think after reviewing some of the report that we had to
go back with Mr. Negrete and go through the phone numbers and he identified phone
numbers that we would commonly refer to as burner phone numbers that he contacted Mr.
Singh on.”
       Manjit Singh
       The trial court summarized Manjit’s testimony as follows.22

       21  A search warrant dated February 24, 2011, seeking defendant’s phone records was
attached to defendant’s postconviction motion to dismiss. The records sought included “cell
site location information from any and all telephones called or being called by each target
number.” Detective Brunsell’s statement of probable cause said the records sought “could
also be used to track suspects[’] movements before, during, and after a crime.”
        22 The following is from the postconviction court’s ruling, except that references to
“petitioner” have been changed to “defendant.”
                                              16
        Defendant is his wife’s uncle, and he has known him since 1991, however, has only
seen him a couple of times. In the two or three in-person meetings between 1991 and 2000,
petitioner never threatened him.
        Defendant disapproved of the marriage due to the caste difference. Defendant
threatened harm to him over the marriage.
        He received threatening phone calls from defendant as a result of allowing
defendant’s wife to live with them for about seven to 10 days after defendant kicked her out
of the house. Defendant was threatening to do horrible things to him and telling him that he
(Manjit) only had two weeks to live. After receiving a call at work, he called the police and
asked to press charges. He was impeached with the police report, which indicated he did
not want to pursue legal action.
        He has been wearing a turban since he was five years old due to his Sikh religion.
He’s required to wear a turban at the temple. The turban is considered a symbol of dignity
and respect. He was wearing a light-yellow turban at the time of the incident. His turban
went off his head during the attack. He does not know where the turban went and believes
somebody took it. In a photo shown to him (defendant’s exhibit N), he identified an orange
cloth in his lap as a handkerchief. He grabbed the handkerchief so he would not have a bare
head.
        He did give the detective the license number of defendant’s white BMW.
        During the investigation, he worked with Detective Brunsell to make pretext phone
calls. He did not remember the number of times he called to do a pretext call wherein he
received no answer. During the successful pretext call, he was not told to make defendant
mad or what to say to defendant by the detective.
        He did file a lawsuit against defendant alleging a conspiracy to assault him. He seeks
money damages, which include $79,000 for lost wages.
        In his deposition in 2017, he denies the claims of those stating he asked them to lie
about the incident, as set forth herein below. The remainder of his deposition testimony is

                                               17
consistent with his trial testimony, but for some lapses in his memory. In the deposition, he
describes the turban as being cream color and his patka, worn under the turban, as orange.
       Additional Deposition Testimony
       Manjit also testified that he could not recall any contact he had with defendant from
2003 to 2011. Manjit saw Negrete running away from the scene of the assault with a turban
tucked under his left arm.
       On the day of the assault, Manjit did not mention to law enforcement that his turban
had been stolen. Nor did he relay the assailant’s identification of defendant. Manjit
testified that while his turban was important, conveying the details concerning his children
and his injuries was more urgent.
       Manjit testified that he thought there were two pretext calls between him and
defendant. The first was more than 10 minutes and the second was “probably” more than 20
minutes. Detective Brunsell was also with Manjit during the second call, which was
recorded. Manjit believed he had a transcript for both calls.
       Manjit “believe[s]” Mandeep also had a pretext call with defendant.
III.   Postconviction Criminal Proceedings
       On January 9, 2017, defendant filed what he referred to as a petition for writ of
habeas corpus (habeas petition). Though framed as a habeas petition, defendant cited
extensively to section 1473.7, which concerns motions to vacate a conviction. (See
§ 1473.7.)
       Defendant contended that there was newly discovered evidence of his actual
innocence. Specifically, defendant pointed to a declaration Jorge Negrete executed on
July 12, 2016, and to his deposition in a civil case on October 20, 2016. He primarily relies
on the following claims Negrete made in those two instances:
             • Defendant never “spoke to me, hire[d] me, or pay [sic] me any money to
                assault the victim.” An individual named Singh told him one of his “buddies”
                had an issue out of Bakersfield.

                                               18
          • Detective Brunsell repeatedly urged Negrete to select defendant in a
              photographic lineup, but Negrete said, “it’s not the same guy.” The person
              who paid Negrete was known as “Singh” and was about 40 years old – much
              younger than defendant.
          • Negrete “only knew of the license plate number because [Detective] Brunsell
              told him the number.”
          • Negrete implicated defendant because Detective Brunsell and the district
              attorney pressured him to cooperate to ensure his own “deal” and his
              nephew’s deal.
       On March 27, 2018, defendant filed a motion to dismiss based on alleged
loss/destruction of evidence by law enforcement.
       In a ruling dated June 8, 2019, the court found that even if law enforcement failed to
retain certain evidence, it was not done in bad faith. The court also ruled that much of the
evidence relied on by defendant was not “newly discovered.” Finally, the court found that
“Negrete has no credibility with this court.” The court denied defendant’s motion and
petition for writ of habeas corpus. Defendant appeals.
                                        DISCUSSION

I.     Defendant Has Not Met the Standard Applicable to Raising
       Loss/Destruction/Fabrication of Evidence Issues in an Out-of-Custody,
       Postconviction Motion to Vacate
       In his March 27, 2018, motion to dismiss, defendant raised the issue of
loss/destruction of evidence. At the outset, we must identify the statutory basis for such a
motion, as it will dictate the type of showing defendant was required to make below.
Defendant references several potential grounds for postconviction relief, including: sections
1473.6, 1473.7, 1385, and the law governing writs of habeas corpus (see § 1473). As
explained below, only section 1473.6 provides even a potential basis for defendant’s claims
regarding lost/destroyed evidence.

                                              19
       First, we consider section 1385. That statute authorizes judges to order an action
dismissed “in furtherance of justice.” (§ 1385, subd. (a).) However, this provision does not
support the type of postconviction relief defendant seeks because it is an “established
principle that section 1385 does not authorize dismissals after a judgment has become final,
…” (People v. Wiley (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 1063, 1068; see also People v. Chavez (2018) 4
Cal.5th 771, 777.)
       Next, we note that writs of habeas corpus may be prosecuted on the basis of false
evidence. (§ 1473, subd. (b)(1)–(2).) However, such writs may only be prosecuted by
persons “unlawfully imprisoned or restrained of their liberty, …” (Id., subd. (a).) See
People v. Morales (2018) 25 Cal.App.5th 502, 511–512.) Defendant is not such a person.23
       In contrast, section 1473.7 does apply to persons who are “no longer in criminal
custody.” (§ 1473.7, subd. (a).) However, such a person may file a motion to vacate their
conviction or sentence for only three specific reasons:

              “(1) The conviction or sentence is legally invalid due to prejudicial
       error damaging the moving party’s ability to meaningfully understand, defend
       against, or knowingly accept the actual or potential adverse immigration
       consequences of a conviction or sentence. A finding of legal invalidity may,
       but need not, include a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.

               “(2) Newly discovered evidence of actual innocence exists that requires
       vacation of the conviction or sentence as a matter of law or in the interests of
       justice.

              “(3) A conviction or sentence was sought, obtained, or imposed on the
       basis of race, ethnicity, or national origin in violation of subdivision (a) of
       Section 745.”
       Loss/destruction of evidence is not an enumerated ground for making an out-of-
custody motion to dismiss under section 1473.7. (See § 1473.7, subd. (a).)

       23Because defendant’s claims regarding lost/destroyed evidence can only be sought
under section 1473.6, and not habeas generally, defendant’s reliance on authorities like
California v. Trombetta (1984) 467 U.S. 479, Arizona v. Youngblood (1988) 488 U.S. 51,
People v. Fultz (2021) 69 Cal.App.5th 395, and People v. Alvarez (2014) 229 Cal.App.4th
761, are misguided. Section 1473.6, subdivision (a) sets forth standards that are different
than those set forth in “exculpatory evidence” cases.
                                              20
       That leaves only section 1473.6 as a plausible basis for defendant’s claims related to
lost or destroyed evidence. That statute permits a motion to vacate judgment24 for the
following reasons:

              “(1) Newly discovered evidence of fraud by a government official that
       completely undermines the prosecution’s case, is conclusive, and points
       unerringly to his or her innocence.

              “(2) Newly discovered evidence that a government official testified
       falsely at the trial that resulted in the conviction and that the testimony of the
       government official was substantially probative on the issue of guilt or
       punishment.

               “(3) Newly discovered evidence of misconduct by a government
       official committed in the underlying case that resulted in fabrication of
       evidence that was substantially material and probative on the issue of guilt or
       punishment. Evidence of misconduct in other cases is not sufficient to
       warrant relief under this paragraph.” (§ 1473.6, subd. (a)(1)–(3).)
       Defendant argues that the alleged “destruction” of certain evidence by law
enforcement falls under these categories. For the sake of argument, we will assume that
destruction of evidence can constitute “fraud” as used in subdivision (a)(1). Because it is
the only possible basis for defendant’s claims regarding lost/destroyed evidence, we will
apply section 1473.6 to those claims.25
       At this point, it is important to observe that section 1473.6, subdivision (a)(1) sets a
very high bar for relief. Indeed, postconviction relief is almost universally difficult to
obtain, and for good reason. Society has a legitimate interest in the finality of its criminal
judgments. (In re Martinez (2017) 3 Cal.5th 1216, 1231.) “ ‘If a criminal defendant has
unsuccessfully tested the state’s evidence at trial and appeal and wishes to mount a further,
collateral attack, “ ‘all presumptions favor the truth, accuracy, and fairness of the conviction
and sentence; defendant thus must undertake the burden of overturning them. Society’s

       24  Defendant incorrectly argues that this statute provides for habeas relief, rather than
a motion to vacate conviction.
        25 Therefore, we conclude the court had jurisdiction to consider the motion pursuant
to this statute. However, we also conclude that defendant failed to establish entitlement to
relief under the statute.
                                               21
interest in the finality of criminal proceedings so demands[.]’ ” ’ [Citation.]” (Ibid, italics
removed.)
       Here, subdivision (a)(1) lays the difficult burden on defendants to provide “[n]ewly
discovered evidence of fraud by a government official that completely undermines the
prosecution’s case, is conclusive, and points unerringly to his or her innocence.” (§ 1473.6,
subd. (a)(1).) This provision is not satisfied by new evidence that is merely adverse to the
prosecution’s case. It must completely undermine the prosecution’s case by conclusively
and unerringly pointing to defendant’s innocence.
       As described below, defendant’s failure to appreciate that section 1473.6 is the only
potential ground for relief leads him to argue the wrong standard for proving entitlement to
postconviction relief. When the standard set forth in section 1473.6 is applied, defendant’s
claims clearly lack merit.
       Mandeep Mann Pretext Call
       For example, defendant argues that the purportedly missing Mandeep Mann pretext
call constituted “exculpatory evidence,” because defendant denied culpability on the call.
Additionally, defendant contends the evidence would have undermined the prosecutor’s
argument there was no way for defendant to have known about certain details of the assault
before his pretext call with Manjit.26
       However, “exculpatory” is not the appropriate standard for determining whether
newly discovered evidence satisfies section 1473.6, subdivision (a)(1). Rather, the statute
requires evidence that “completely undermines the prosecution’s case, is conclusive, and
points unerringly to [defendant’s] innocence.” (§ 1473.6, subd.(a)(1).)27 This is a much

       26 Defense counsel contended at oral argument that this triggers subdivision (a)(3) of
section 1473.6, which deals with the fabrication of evidence. However, this claim does not
involve fabrication of evidence. Rather, defendant is asserting that the prosecutor made an
improper argument in light of law enforcement’s purported failure to retain evidence. Thus,
subdivision (a)(3) is not applicable.
       27 This assumes that failure to retain a pretext call even constitutes “fraud” by a
government official under section 1473.6, subdivision (a)(1) – an assumption we highly
                                               22
higher standard than determining whether the evidence was merely “exculpatory.”
Consequently, even assuming defendant’s characterization of the situation is accurate – that
law enforcement failed to retain the pretext call and the pretext call would have shown
defendant denying involvement – his claim fails at the outset. Evidence of a defendant’s
self-interested denial of responsibility for a crime – though marginally “exculpatory” – does
not “completely undermine[] the prosecution’s case” and it does not conclusively point
unerringly to defendant’s innocence. Similarly, while the call could have had some utility to
the defense as a potential explanation for defendant’s purported knowledge of certain details
during the pretext call with Manjit, it does not rise to the level of “completely undermining”
the prosecution’s case.
       Phone Records
       The same can be said of defendant’s claim regarding the purported failure to book
into evidence or disclose to the defense, phone records showing “no cellular connection
between [defendant] and Negrete.” Again, even assuming defendant’s characterization of
these records and of law enforcement’s related conduct (or misconduct) was unassailable,
this evidence would still fail to meet the standard of section 1473.6. That defendant and
Negrete did not speak on their phones to one another does not conclusively point unerringly
to defendant’s innocence. The two could have spoken on other phones, could have
communicated through intermediaries, or could have communicated by other means.
       Defendant speculates that cell site detail in the original records might have shown
that he and Negrete were not in physical proximity to one another during the relevant time
periods. However, defendant acknowledges that the phone records he provided in the
proceedings below did not contain cell site location detail because it was no longer
available. It is therefore clear that defendant has not shown that the cell site location detail
would have conclusively pointed unerringly to his innocence.

doubt. Nonetheless, we will indulge it temporarily to explain why defendant’s claim fails
regardless.
                                               23
       Manjit’s Pretext Calls
       Defendant’s claims regarding recordings of pretext calls between himself and Manjit
Singh in March and April fail for similar reasons. Defendant contends law enforcement
“discarded” the recordings as “unhelpful.” He then contends that evidence that is not
helpful to the prosecution is “necessarily helpful to the defense, or at least could be.” Even
if true, defendant’s urged inference that the recordings “could” have been “helpful” is not
the same as affirmatively showing the recordings would “completely undermine[]”
(§ 1473.7, subd. (a)) the prosecution’s case.
       In addition, we note that the trial court found that if it were assumed that law
enforcement did collect and fail to preserve additional pretext calls between Manjit and
defendant, it was not done “in bad faith.” The court found it reasonable for Detective
Brunsell to accept Manjit’s representation that the additional calls had no value. Defendant
argues it was not reasonable for Detective Brunsell to rely on Manjit’s assertion. However,
the ultimate question is not whether Detective Brunsell’s failure to preserve the additional
pretext calls was reasonable, but whether it was fraudulent. Even assuming, without
deciding, that best practices would have counseled to retain the pretext calls, it has not been
shown that the failure to do so was “fraud” as referenced in section 1473.6.
II.    Defendant is not Entitled to Relief Under Section 1473.7
       Defendant also seeks postconviction relief on grounds other than lost/destroyed
evidence. He contends his conviction must be vacated based on evidence that he is innocent
of the crime for which he was convicted.
       Law
       Generally, persons no longer in custody or otherwise legally restrained cannot seek a
writ of habeas corpus. (See People v. Morales (2018) 25 Cal.App.5th 502, 511–512; see
also § 1473, subd. (a) [a person “unlawfully imprisoned or restrained of their liberty … may
prosecute a writ of habeas corpus”].) However, in certain circumstances, such persons may
bring a postconviction motion to vacate under section 1473.7. (§ 1473.7, subd. (a).)

                                                24
       One basis for a motion to vacate under section 1473.7 is found in subdivision (a)(2).
A person no longer in criminal custody may move to vacate their conviction or sentence on
the grounds that “[n]ewly discovered evidence of actual innocence exists that requires
vacation of the conviction or sentence as a matter of law or in the interests of justice.”
(§ 1473.7, subd. (a)(2).)
       The motion must be filed “without undue delay from the date the moving party
discovered, or could have discovered with the exercise of due diligence, the evidence that
provides a basis for relief.” (§ 1473.7, subd. (c).)
       The statute does not define “evidence of actual innocence.” However, from its use in
closely related contexts, it is clear that “evidence of actual innocence” is that which
undermines the entire prosecution case and points unerringly to innocence. (In re Lawley
(2008) 42 Cal.4th 1231, 1239; see also § 1473.6.28) If a reasonable jury could have rejected
the evidence, it does not suffice as newly discovered evidence of actual innocence. (In re
Lawley, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 1239.) That is, defendant must show that, in light of all the
evidence, no reasonable juror would have convicted him.
       “Newly discovered” evidence is that which is discovered after trial and could not
have been discovered earlier with reasonable diligence. (People v. Perez (2020) 47
Cal.App.5th 994, 999.)
       It is the defendant’s burden to establish grounds for relief under section 1473.7,
subdivision (a) by a preponderance of the evidence. (See § 1473.7, subd. (e)(1); People v.
Perez, supra, 47 Cal.App.5th at p. 997.) When a defendant relies on subdivision (a)(2), he
or she must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that newly discovered evidence of
actual innocence requires vacation of the conviction or sentence as a matter of law or in the
interests of justice. (§ 1473.7, subds. (a)(2) & (e)(1).)

       28To the extent defendant suggests the phrase as used in section 1473.7, means
something substantially different than other postconviction contexts, we are unpersuaded.
Moreover, we see no functional difference between this definition from the standards
proposed by defendant.
                                               25
       It is important to note that while preponderance of the evidence is a relatively lower
burden of proof than other criminal contexts, the fact to be proven by such evidence is
difficult to establish: that there exists newly discovered evidence of actual innocence that
requires vacation of the conviction or sentence as a matter of law or in the interests of
justice. In other words, that it is more likely that not that no reasonable juror would have
convicted in light of the new evidence. Here, the trial court found defendant failed to carry
his burden to prove such evidence exists. We agree. As explained, the evidence defendant
cites is either not “newly discovered”; or not evidence of “actual innocence” requiring relief
“as a matter of law or in the interests of justice”; or both.
       Negrete’s Posttrial Evidence
       Defendant points to Negrete’s posttrial claim that Detective Brunsell urged him to
select defendant in a photographic lineup even though it was “not the same guy.” This
evidence, while exculpatory, is not “newly discovered.” The defense investigator testified
at trial that Negrete claimed the detective administering the photographic lineup coerced
him. Negrete said he had “selected” someone in a photographic lineup, and the detective
responded that Negrete had “picked the wrong guy.”
       Defendant also observes that Negrete claimed he “only knew of the license plate
number because [Detective] Brunsell told him the number.” Again, this claim was not new.
The defense investigator testified at trial that Negrete claimed he recited the license plate
number from a photograph the detective had showed him.29 The defense investigator
testified that Negrete said he could not identify any car’s make or year or model. Negrete
also told the defense investigator that the law enforcement personnel who interviewed him
had told him “what the year of the BMW was.”
       Defendant also points to several instances after trial where Negrete stated defendant
was not the man who hired or paid him. However, defendant has not shown that this
“evidence” was “newly discovered.” To the contrary, Negrete testified to that effect at

       29 The reporter’s transcript says “defendant” showed him the photograph. Both
parties agree this should have said “detective.”
                                                26
defendant’s trial.30 When asked if he saw in the courtroom the person who paid him to
commit the assault, Negrete testified, “No.” When asked if he had previously identified
defendant in a photographic lineup, Negrete testified, “That’s not even the guy. He looks a
lot different. That’s not even him.” When asked if defendant was the person who had paid
him in Van Nuys, Negrete testified, “It was another guy that I met with in Van Nuys that
paid me the money. I had said that.” Because this evidence was available and offered at
trial, it was not “newly discovered.”
       Defendant counters that Negrete also offered testimony at the preliminary hearing
and at trial implicating defendant as the man who hired him. Defendant acknowledges, “To
be sure, Negrete made inconsistent statements, but was always brought around to testify
[defendant] was his co-conspirator.” Defendant is incorrectly conflating evidence that
contradicts trial testimony with evidence that is “newly discovered.” It is true that Negrete
made some inculpatory statements at the preliminary hearing and at trial, and that those
statements are contradicted by his exculpatory posttrial statements. But that is a different
issue than whether Negrete’s posttrial exculpatory statements were “newly discovered.”
       A hypothetical will illustrate the distinction. Imagine a witness to a car collision
initially testified at trial that a particular traffic light was red when the collision occurred and
then later testified in the same trial that the traffic light was, in fact, green when the collision
occurred. Then, imagine that after trial, the witness executed a declaration stating the traffic
light was red. While the declaration would contradict some of the witness’s trial testimony
(i.e., the testimony that the light was green), it would still not be considered “newly
discovered” evidence because it had already been conveyed by other portions of the
witness’s trial testimony (i.e., the testimony that the light was red). It would not be fruitful
to argue that while the testimony was “inconsistent,” the witness did eventually “come
around to testify” that the traffic light was green. The point is that the witness testified at
one point that the light was red, and therefore repeating that same claim after trial is not

       30Negrete identified defendant at the preliminary hearing but offered different
testimony at trial.
                                                27
“newly discovered evidence.” Similarly, here, the fact that Negrete’s posttrial declaration
contradicted some of his testimony incriminating defendant does not preclude the finding
that the evidence is not “newly discovered.” The dispositive point here is not that Negrete
may have lied at trial, but rather – as the postconviction court put it – that his purported lies
and coerced testimony were discovered prior to the conclusion of trial.
       Defendant notes that while Negrete testified at trial that defendant was not the person
who paid him, he did testify that defendant was present when he was paid. Negrete also
testified that he met with defendant before the incident, and that defendant was the one who
arranged for him to go to Bakersfield and commit the “crime.” However, while Negrete
identified defendant at the preliminary hearing as the second person he met with prior to the
assault, at trial he testified that, in fact, defendant “[d]oesn’t even look like him.” Again,
this is a situation where Negrete’s incriminating claims and his statements undermining
those claims were both before the jury.
       Moreover, even if it were clear that Negrete offered some incriminating testimony
that was undermined for the first time by his postconviction statements (rather than by
statements made before or at trial), it would not suffice here. Because while such evidence
would arguably be “newly discovered,” its lack of credibility prevents it from rising to the
level of “evidence of actual innocence … that requires vacation of the conviction or
sentence as a matter of law or in the interests of justice.” (§ 1473.7, subd. (a)(2), italics
added.) Put another way, if a reasonable jury could have rejected the evidence, it does not
suffice as postconviction evidence of actual innocence. (In re Lawley, supra, 42 Cal.4th at
p. 1239.)
       Here, the postconviction court found that Negrete’s posttrial statements concerning
false information purportedly fed by law enforcement were not credible. We find no fault
with that credibility determination.31 Negrete’s posttrial statements accuse Detective

       31 Defendant agrees that we review factual matters presented under a standard
deferential to the lower court. Even if that were not the case, we would independently
conclude Negrete’s posttrial statements lack credibility.
                                               28
Brunsell of blatant misconduct during recorded interviews and contradict his prior
statements at preliminary hearing. Detective Brunsell emphatically denied the accusation.
We also note that Negrete had previously been imprisoned for selling drugs. (See Evid.
Code, § 788.) Because we agree that Negrete’s posttrial statements are not credible, they
are not sufficient to carry defendant’s burden on a motion under section 1473.7, subdivision
(a)(2).32
          Manjit’s Turban
          None of the remaining evidence cited by defendant entitles him to postconviction
relief.
          Defendant observes that Manjit did not tell law enforcement about the turban on the
day of the incident. He points to evidence such as the police report, which does not mention
any claim by Manjit that his turban was stolen. Defendant argues that Manjit even admitted
on the pretext call that his turban had not been stolen.33 Again, this information was
available before trial and cannot constitute “newly discovered” evidence.
          Defendant also points to the civil deposition testimony from several witnesses –
including Tejpal, Rai, Jobanjit and Kaur as described above – indicating that Manjit had a
turban after the attack. However, defendant has merely established a conflict in the
evidence. In contrast to the evidence cited by defendant there is also considerable evidence
that Manjit’s turban was stolen – not the least of which is Negrete’s admission at trial that
he indeed took Manjit’s turban.34 In addition, Manjit repeatedly maintained under oath that

           Defendant’s speculation in his briefing that law enforcement could have conveyed
          32
information to Negrete secretly during his two months in custody or while Detective
Brunsell was alone with Negrete in a car or interrogation room is similarly unpersuasive and
lacking in credibility.
        33 Manjit testified at his deposition that he told defendant he had the turban just to get
more information out of him.
        34 Defendant points to Negrete’s statements during his initial interview with
Detective Brunsell and at the preliminary hearing, indicating he did not take Manjit’s
turban. Again, this is not newly discovered evidence, having arisen before trial.
        After trial, Negrete testified in his civil deposition that he was “under the influence”
at the time and did not recall whether he took Manjit’s turban or not. Later in the
                                                29
his turban was gone (though he retained his orange patka). Ravinderjit also testified at trial
that Manjit’s turban was gone, and he never got it back.
       Thus, there is no doubt that some testimony from the witnesses in civil depositions
taken years after defendant’s conviction are contrary to Manjit’s claims about the turban.
However, as explained above, none of it constitutes newly discovered evidence of “actual
innocence that requires vacation of the conviction or sentence as a matter of law or in the
interests of justice.” (§ 1473.7, subd. (a)(2).)
       Jobanjit’s Testimony Regarding Assailant’s Statement
       Defendant next points to Jobanjit’s posttrial testimony that Manjit told him to tell
police that an assailant had said, “Sehmbey sent me.” But, as defendant acknowledges, the
“Sehmbey sent me” statement was not introduced at his trial.
       Jobanjit’s Recording of Manjit
       In his reply brief, defendant cites to a portion of the police report referencing a video
recording Jobanjit made of Manjit speaking to deputies after the incident. Defendant says
the video “could have” shed light on whether Manjit had his turban. Such speculation does
not suffice to carry defendant’s evidentiary burden.
       Manjit’s Article
       In his civil deposition, Manjit testified that he wrote an “article” in Punjabi. A
Punjabi to English translation of the article was used as an exhibit to Manjit’s deposition.
While Manjit did not accept every word of the translation document, he agreed that the gist

deposition, Negrete testified that he did not “think” they took the turban and repeated that he
did not “even remember taking the turban.” Negrete initially testified he did not recall
saying he took the turban at trial because they (prosecution/law enforcement) wanted him to.
Negrete then immediately testified that he “believe[d] so because they kept saying about
that turban. Turban. Turban. Even the detective, turban. You took that turban with you.
You took that turban.” This testimony, as a whole, is far from a clear denial of ever taking
the turban. Even if it were a clear denial, it would merely establish a conflict with the
evidence introduced at trial. Also, as noted herein, the trial court found Negrete lacks
credibility – a determination with which we concur. In sum, this testimony is not evidence
that defendant was actually innocent, requiring vacation of conviction as a matter of law or
in the interests of justice.
                                                   30
of the translation was correct as to the subject-matter of the following excerpt: “Manjit
Singh asked a third question regarding his [the attacker’s] relationship with the person who
had sent him. The attacker began to reveal his illicit relationship with the daughter of the
man who sent him but the women gathered in the crowd started to beat him leaving his
response incomplete.”
       Manjit testified in his deposition that this portion of the article he wrote was not true.
However, Manjit explained that his articles contained both fiction and nonfiction elements.
       Defendant says this testimony establishes Manjit’s “lying character.” Even if we
disregarded Manjit’s claim that his articles were not purely works of nonfiction, defendant’s
claim fails because he did not raise it below. (See People v. McCullough (2013) 56 Cal.4th
589, 593 [rights of criminal defendants can be forfeited by failure to make a timely assertion
before a tribunal having jurisdiction to determine it].)
                                        DISPOSITION
       The June 8, 2019 order denying defendant’s claims for postconviction relief is
affirmed.

                                                                   POOCHIGIAN, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

FRANSON, J.

SNAUFFER, J.

                                               31