Court Opinion

ID: 9557950
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 17:00:51.819607+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:07:48.338418
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ____________

                                     No. 23-1594
                                    ____________

            TONY E. RARDON, individually and as personal representative
                   of the Estate of Decedent Danette L. Rardon,
                                                         Appellant

                                           v.

  FALCON SAFETY PRODUCTS, INC.; DOE COMPANY DEFENDANTS #1-10;
     WAL-MART STORES EAST, LLC; WAL-MART STORES EAST, LP;
             WAL-MART STORES, INC.; WALMART, INC.

                                    ____________

                                     No. 23-1596
                                    ____________

BRIAN KELLEY; ROBIN KELLEY, Individually and as Personal Representatives and
  General Co-Administrators of the Estate of J.K., their minor child, deceased; J.O., a
Minor, Individually, and as Successor-In-Interest to the Estate of H.H., deceased, and as
 Successor-In-Interest to the Estate of Sara Schneider deceased, by and through his Co-
Guardians Ad Litem; TROY OLIVER; JUDY SCHNEIDER, as Guardians Ad Litem for
J.O., a Minor Individually, and as Successor-In-Interest to the Estate of H.H., deceased,
         and as Successor-In-Interest to the Estate of Sara Schneider, deceased,
                                                             Appellants

                                           v.

AW & HO HOLDINGS, INC.; AW DISTRIBUTING, INC.; AW PRODUCT SALES &
  MARKETING, INC.; DAIHO SANGYO, INC.; GIRL SCOUTS OF THE UNITED
 STATES OF AMERICA; ALICE HO; KENNIC HO; WAL-MART STORES EAST,
 LLC; WAL-MART STORES EAST, LP; WAL-MART STORES, INC.; WALMART,
            INC.; JOHN DOE COMPANY DEFENDANTS #2-10
                            ____________
                       On Appeal from the United States District Court
                            For the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                     (Civil Action Nos. 2:23-mc-00002 & 2-23-mc-00001)
                       District Judge: Hon. Nitza I. Quiñones Alejandro
                                        ____________

                      Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                       July 13, 2023
                                      ____________

            Before: SHWARTZ, RESTREPO, and CHUNG, Circuit Judges.

                                  (Filed: August 21, 2023)

                                       ____________

                                         OPINION*
                                       ____________

CHUNG, Circuit Judge.

       In this consolidated appeal, we are asked to vacate orders quashing subpoenas ad

testificandum (“subpoenas”) issued to CRC Industries, Inc. (“CRC”), a non-party. We

will vacate the quashing orders because the District Court did not fully conduct the

required analysis.

                     I.    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY1

       The Appellants are two groups of families in separate civil actions (“Underlying

Actions”) whose loved ones were injured or killed in automobile accidents. Appellants

*
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not
constitute binding precedent.
1
       Since we write only to benefit the parties, we will briefly recite the facts.

                                              2
allege that the at-fault drivers were impaired by the drivers’ intentional inhalation

(“huffing”) of aerosol dust removers (“compressed air”). In the Underlying Actions,

Appellants brought product-liability suits against manufacturers and retailers of

compressed air containing “1, 1-Difluoroethane (‘DFE’).” Appellant (“Appl.”) Br. at 4.

DFE allegedly causes a high and compromises neurological function when huffed. In the

Underlying Actions, Appellants allege that the defendant compressed air manufacturers

and retailers knew that their compressed air products were misused for huffing and did

not take adequate measures to prevent the abuse and any resulting injuries. As part of

their defense, defendants have argued that their compressed air products contain a

bitterant that discourages huffing.

       To counter defendants’ argument that the bitterant was an appropriate and

adequate anti-huffing measure, Appellants issued subpoenas to CRC, a non-defendant.

CRC is a manufacturer of a compressed air product containing DFE and has discontinued

use of the bitterant in its own product (the “CRC Duster”). The subpoenas commanded

CRC to answer twelve questions about the CRC Duster related to CRC’s decision to

discontinue use of the bitterant.2 CRC objected and eventually moved to quash the

2
        Counsel for Appellants are members of a law firm (“the law firm”) that routinely
litigates compressed air cases. The law firm filed suit against CRC on behalf of other
plaintiffs in other compressed air actions in the District of Minnesota and the state of
Oregon. See McDougall v. CRC Indus., Inc., No. 20-cv-1499 (D. Minn.); Braasch-Berry
v. CRC Indus., Inc., No. 21-cv-32021 (Or. Multnomah Cnty. Cir. Ct.). In the course of
litigating against CRC, the law firm learned through a CRC deposition that CRC
discontinued use of the bitterant in 2012 because there was “no evidence” that the
bitterant “was actually preventing inhalant abuse.” Joint Appendix (“JA”) 99-100.

                                              3
subpoenas. In its motion to quash, CRC argued that the testimony sought was not

relevant to the Underlying Actions and that there was no need for its testimony. CRC

also argued that compliance would be unduly burdensome because Appellants could

endlessly subpoena CRC in compressed air cases, even when CRC was not a party.

       The District Court granted CRC’s motion and quashed the subpoenas.3 Though it

determined that the subpoenas sought relevant information, the District Court relied on

evidence found on the law firm website and concluded that CRC demonstrated that

compliance would impose an undue burden upon it. The firm website contained detailed

information about the firm’s practice in compressed air litigation and included a

solicitation, stating: “If you or a loved one has been harmed by a driver who was under

the influence of compressed air, our experienced attorneys can help you seek

compensation.” JA 15, 21. The District Court determined—based on the firm website—

that the possibility that CRC could be subpoenaed in future compressed air cases imposed

an undue burden on CRC. In so finding, the District Court noted that, even if compliance

would only require “cursory re-preparation” of responses by CRC, such would still be

unduly burdensome “if those subpoenas and depositions continued indefinitely.” Id.

Thus, it held that CRC had established that the subpoenas imposed an undue burden

because the “detailed webpage on compressed gas that solicits more huffing plaintiffs

demonstrates the concrete nature of [CRC’s] injury.” Id.

3
       The District Court issued two nearly identical orders quashing the subpoenas. See
JA 13-15 (for the matter of Rardon v. Falcon Safety Prods., Inc., No. 20-6165 (W.D.
Mo.); id. at 19–22 (for the matter of Kelley v. AW Distrib., Inc., No. 20-6942 (N.D. Ca.).

                                            4
       Appellants timely appealed.

                                     II.   ANALYSIS4

       We review a district court’s decision to quash a subpoena for abuse of discretion.

In re Bestwall LLC, 47 F.4th 233, 242 (3d Cir. 2022) (citing Wedgewood Vill. Pharm.,

Inc. v. United States, 421 F.3d 263, 268 n.5 (3d Cir. 2005)). An abuse of discretion

occurs where a district court’s decision “rests upon a clearly erroneous finding of fact, an

errant conclusion of law[,] or an improper application of law to fact.” Wedgewood Vill.

Pharm., Inc., 421 F.3d at 268 n.5 (quoting NLRB v. Frazier, 966 F.2d 812, 815 (3d Cir.

1992)). An improper application of law to fact may occur “when a court, in making a

discretionary decision, relies upon an improper factor, neglects a factor entitled to

substantial weight, or considers the correct mix of factors but makes a clear error of

judgment in weighing them.” Bacardí Int’l Ltd. v. Suárez & Co., 719 F.3d 1, 9 (1st Cir.

2013) (quoting Matamoros v. Starbucks Corp., 699 F.3d 129, 138 (1st Cir. 2012)); City

of Duluth v. Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, 785 F.3d 1207, 1210 (8th

Cir. 2015) (same).

4
       The district courts in which the Underlying Actions were filed have jurisdiction
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania had jurisdiction over the motions to quash the subpoenas pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45 because compliance with the subpoena was required
at CRC’s principal place of business in Horsham, Pennsylvania. Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(d)(3)
(explaining that a motion to quash a subpoena may be filed in “the court for the district
where compliance is required”). Because Appellant’s only means of obtaining appellate
review of the District Court’s orders lies with this Court, the orders are final, and we have
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. In re Bestwall LLC, 47 F.4th 233, 241–42 (3d Cir.
2022) (citing In re Madden, 151 F.2d 125, 127 (3d Cir. 1998)).
                                              5
       Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 45, parties may issue subpoenas to

command a person to “attend and testify; produce designated documents, electronically

stored information, or tangible things in that person’s possession, custody, or control; or

permit the inspection of premises.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(a)(1)(A)(iii). The information

sought is subject to general rules of discovery including that it must be relevant. See Fed.

R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1) (“Parties may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter

that is relevant to any party's claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case

….”); see also Rendon Grp., Inc. v. Rigsby, 268 F.R.D. 124, 126 (D.D.C. 2010) (“Rule

26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure defines and governs the scope of discovery for

all discovery devices, and, therefore, Rule 45 must be read in light of it.”) (citing 9A

Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2452, at 392-393

(3d ed. 2008)).5

       A District Court “must quash or modify a subpoena that … subjects a person to

undue burden.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(d)(3)(A)(iv). Pertinent factors weighed in the undue

burden analysis include relevance, the need for the information requested, whether the

information can be obtained by other means, burdens the subpoena may impose, the

status of the recipient as a non-party, and the costs of compliance.6

5
       The parties do not dispute the relevance of the subpoenas.
6
       Courts consider motions to quash subpoenas requesting either testimony or
documents using these factors. See, e.g., Leonard v. Martin, 38 F.4th 481, 489 (5th Cir.
2022) (factors to be weighed are “(1) [the] relevance of the information requested; (2) the
need of the party for the documents; (3) the breadth of the document request; (4) the time
period covered by the request; (5) the particularity with which the party describes the
requested documents; and (6) the burden imposed”) (quoting Wiwa v. Royal Dutch
Petroleum Co., 392 F.3d 812, 818 (5th Cir. 2004)); Jordan v. Comm’r, Miss. Dep’t of
                                              6
       Appellants argue that the District Court improperly determined that the subpoenas

would cause an undue burden on CRC because it based its decision solely on a statement

from the firm’s website requesting that persons affected by “DFE-related injuries and

death” contact the attorneys. JA 15, 21. Because the potential risk of future litigation is a

speculative burden to CRC, Appellants argue that it is an insufficient basis to quash the

subpoenas. We agree.

       In finding that the subpoenas imposed an undue burden on CRC, the District Court

relied solely on the future possibility that Appellants’ counsel would successfully solicit

more plaintiffs, file additional lawsuits, and subpoena CRC for depositions “indefinitely.”

JA 15, 21. It did not analyze or balance factors such as the need for the information

sought, the costs of compliance, CRC’s non-party status, whether less burdensome ways

to obtain the relevant information are available,7 and what impact that may have on

relevance and Appellants’ need for the information sought. The District Court’s opinion

also cites no case law—and we have found none—demonstrating that the hypothetical

Corr., 947 F.3d 1322, 1337 (11th Cir. 2020) (court may consider relevance, burden
imposed, and non-party status); In re Mod. Plastics Corp., 890 F.3d 244, 251 (6th Cir.
2018) (courts must balance Wiwa factors; non-party status may be considered); 9A
Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2463.1 (3d ed.
2023) (undue burden analysis “calls upon the trial court to consider whether the
information is necessary and whether it is available from any other source”).
7
       For example, Appellants allege that, in deciding to discontinue use of the bitterant,
CRC relied on a Consumer Product Safety Commission report as well as conversations
with the bitterant patent holder and a consumer group. JA 99, 102–104. Presumably,
Appellants can make similar efforts to obtain the report and confer directly with the
patent holder and consumer group.

                                             7
risk of responding to future subpoenas alone constitutes an undue burden.8 It may be the

case here that the District Court will ultimately conclude that the benefits of the

subpoenas do not outweigh the burdens imposed on CRC as a non-party. Given the

record before us, however, we find that a more fulsome undue burden analysis is required

and that reliance on the website alone was an abuse of discretion. Bacardí Int’l Ltd., 719

F.3d at 9; Wedgewood, 421 F.3d at 278 n.5. Accordingly, we will vacate and remand so

that the District Court can conduct this analysis.

                                  III.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate the District Court’s order quashing

Appellants’ subpoenas and remand so that the District Court may conduct the undue

burden analysis described herein.9

8
       We note, however, that district courts within our Circuit have rejected speculative
burdens as supporting an undue burden under Rule 45. See, e.g., Charter Oak Fire Ins.
Co. v. Am. Capital, Ltd., No. 1:12-mc-00358, 2012 WL 5862735, at *3 (M.D. Pa. Nov.
19, 2012) (rejecting non-parties’ “purely speculative” argument that a subpoena imposed
an undue burden because they might be deposed a second time); Green v. Cosby, 314
F.R.D. 164, 173 (E.D. Pa. 2016) (no undue burden where movant raised purely
speculative concerns about public disclosure of potentially sensitive information); City of
St. Petersburg v. Total Containment, Inc., No. 06-cv-20953, 2008 WL 1995298, at *2
(E.D. Pa. May 5, 2008) (no undue burden where movant “raise[d] idle and
unsubstantiated conjecture about the possible actions of anonymous ‘competitors’”).
9
       Judge Shwartz, however, would reverse rather than vacate and remand because:
(1) before the District Court, CRC relied on only the hypothetical burden of future
subpoenas to support its argument; (2) as made clear by the cases her colleagues cite,
such a hypothetical burden is an insufficient ground for quashing a subpoena, and (3)
CRC should not be given another “bite at the apple” to raise arguments not previously
presented to the District Court in support of the motion to quash.
                                              8