Court Opinion

ID: 5134390
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-13 18:00:37.370023+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:43.644800
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 20-2157     Document: 010110617912         Date Filed: 12/13/2021    Page: 1
                                                                                    FILED
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                                         PUBLISH                                Tenth Circuit

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         December 13, 2021

                                                                            Christopher M. Wolpert
                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                             Clerk of Court
                          _________________________________

  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

        Plaintiff - Appellee,

  v.                                                            No. 20-2157

  ANGELITA BENALLY,

        Defendant - Appellant.
                       _________________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of New Mexico
                          (D.C. No. 1:19-CR-03595-KWR-1)
                        _________________________________

 Emily P. Carey, Assistant Federal Public Defender (Tania Shahani, Research and Writing
 Specialist, with her on the briefs), Office of the Federal Public Defender for the District
 of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, appearing for the Appellant.

 Frederick Mendenhall, Assistant United States Attorney (Fred J. Federici, Acting United
 States Attorney, with him on the briefs), Office of the United States Attorney for the
 District of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, appearing for the Appellee.
                         _________________________________

 Before PHILLIPS, BALDOCK, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.
                    _________________________________

 BRISCOE, Circuit Judge.
                     _________________________________

        Defendant Angelita Benally was responsible for a head-on car crash that

 resulted in the death of her front seat passenger and severely injured the other driver.

 Benally was indicted on one count of involuntary manslaughter in Indian Country
Appellate Case: 20-2157     Document: 010110617912        Date Filed: 12/13/2021     Page: 2

 and one count of assault resulting in serious bodily injury. Benally and the

 government entered into a written plea agreement. Under the terms of that

 agreement, Benally pleaded guilty to the involuntary manslaughter charge and the

 government dismissed the assault charge. The agreement also provided that the

 district court would order restitution pursuant to the Mandatory Victims Restitution

 Act (MVRA), 18 U.S.C. § 3663A.

        The district court sentenced Benally to a term of imprisonment of thirty

 months, to be followed by a three-year term of supervised release. In accordance

 with the terms of the plea agreement, the district court ordered Benally to pay

 restitution pursuant to the MVRA. More specifically, the district court ordered

 Benally to pay restitution to the deceased passenger’s family and to the other driver.

        Benally appealed the district court’s restitution order, arguing initially that the

 district court lacked authority under the MVRA to order her to pay restitution to the

 other driver because he was not a victim of the involuntary manslaughter offense.

 After the parties filed their appellate briefs, the Supreme Court issued its decision in

 Borden v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1817 (2021). Benally now argues, in light of

 Borden, that the district court lacked authority to order restitution “under the MVRA

 at all,” and instead “may only grant restitution in its discretion under the Victim and

 Witness Protection Act (VWPA), 18 U.S.C. § 3663.” Aplt. Supp. Br. at 6. And she

 in turn argues that we “must reverse with instructions to vacate the portion of her

 restitution order that provides compensation for losses sustained by” the other driver.

 Id. at 10.

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       Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we conclude that Benally

 has failed to establish her entitlement to plain-error relief. Consequently, we affirm

 the judgment of the district court.

                                              I

                                       Factual history

       In the early morning hours of March 5, 2019, the New Mexico State Police

 (NMSP) began receiving calls regarding a vehicle driving westbound in the

 eastbound lanes of Interstate 40 (I-40) near mile marker 100. Shortly thereafter, the

 NMSP were dispatched to mile marker 97 of eastbound I-40 regarding a vehicle

 crash. That location was within the Acoma Pueblo Indian Reservation.

       An NMSP officer who arrived on the scene determined from the physical

 evidence that a red Saturn Vue was traveling westbound in the eastbound lanes of

 I-40 and struck a silver Nissan Altima that was traveling eastbound. Both vehicles

 were severely damaged in the accident. The officer spoke with the driver of the

 Saturn, who was identified as Benally. Benally told the officer that she had

 consumed “four cans” and the officer could smell alcohol emanating both from

 Benally and her vehicle. ROA, Vol. II at 14. Benally stated that she and her front

 seat passenger were traveling home, but she was not able to identify where her home

 was. The officer also spoke with the driver of the Altima, J.G. J.G. was unable at

 that time to provide clear details regarding what occurred, but he confirmed that he

 was driving eastbound at the time of the accident.

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       Both Benally and J.G. sustained severe injuries as a result of the crash and

 were transported to the University of New Mexico Hospital in Albuquerque. The

 front seat passenger in Benally’s vehicle, L.C., died at the scene of the crash. L.C.

 was later identified as Benally’s boyfriend. Both Benally and L.C. were determined

 to be enrolled members of the Navajo Nation.

       On March 5, 2019, a Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) agent interviewed J.G. at

 the hospital. J.G. stated that he had been traveling from California to Albuquerque at

 the time of the crash. He recalled seeing a vehicle traveling at high speed in his

 direction. J.G. stated that he slowed down and honked at the oncoming vehicle, then

 put his hands over his face before the vehicles collided. J.G. stated that he later woke

 up and was on the ground and did not know what had occurred. J.G. stated that he

 sustained two fractured ribs on his left side, one of which punctured or damaged his

 lung, as well as soft tissue injuries and small cuts from flying objects.

       On March 8, 2019, a BIA agent interviewed Benally at the hospital. She stated

 that the only thing she remembered was being at home after returning from a store.

 Benally estimated that she began drinking that day after lunch time when she was

 alone. She also recalled that she and L.C. were drinking but was not able to provide

 the agent with information regarding her pattern of drinking. Benally could not

 remember what time she left her house and started driving. Nor could she remember

 speaking with the police after the accident.

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                                   Procedural history

        On October 9, 2019, a federal grand jury returned a two-count indictment

 against Benally. Count 1 charged Benally with involuntary manslaughter in Indian

 Country, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153 and 1112. Count 2 charged Benally with

 assault resulting in serious bodily injury, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153 and

 113(a)(6).

        On February 21, 2020, Benally entered into a written plea agreement with the

 government. Under the terms of the agreement, Benally agreed to plead guilty to

 Count 1 of the indictment, which charged her with involuntary manslaughter in

 Indian Country. In exchange, the government agreed, in pertinent part, to dismiss

 Count 2 of the indictment and to “not bring additional criminal charges against” her

 “arising out of the facts forming the basis of the” indictment. ROA, Vol. I at 19.

        In support of her agreement to plead to Count 1, Benally admitted the

 following facts:

        I, Angelita Benally, am an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation Tribe
        and an Indian, as defined by federal law. On March 5, 2019, I was
        driving on Interstate 40 near milemarker [sic] 97, on the Acoma
        Reservation, which is within the District of New Mexico. L.C. who is
        an enrolled member of the Navajo National Tribe was in the passenger
        seat of the vehicle. While driving, I crashed my car into another
        vehicle. As a result of the crash L.C. was killed. I learned later that I
        told the officers who responded to the crash that I had been drinking. I
        also later learned that my blood alcohol level was measured .226, within
        two hours of the crash, and that I had been driving at a speed of
        approximately 90 mph on Interstate 40 where the posted speed limit is
        75 mph.

 Id. at 15.

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       The plea agreement included a section entitled “RESTITUTION.” Id. at 18.

 That section stated:

       The parties agree that, as part of the Defendant’s sentence, the Court
       will enter an order of restitution pursuant to the Mandatory Victim’s
       Restitution Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3663A. The parties agree that, although
       this plea agreement does not result in a conviction for an offense
       described in 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(1), an offense listed in 18 U.S.C.
       § 3663A(c)(1) gave rise to the plea agreement. 18 U.S.C.
       § 3663A(c)(2).

 Id.

       The probation office prepared a presentence investigation report (PSR) and

 submitted it to the district court and the parties. In a section entitled “Victim

 Impact,” the PSR noted that on March 30, 2020, a probation officer interviewed

 L.C.’s mother and aunt by telephone. ROA, Vol. II at 16. The probation officer

 noted that the mother and aunt were “claiming restitution for travel expenses” for two

 trips for court hearings and one trip to collect L.C.’s belongings from Benally’s

 apartment. In total, they sought restitution “in the amount of $779.70.” Id. Under

 this same “Victim Impact” section, the PSR noted that the probation officer

 interviewed J.G. on April 7, 2020. Id. J.G. told the probation officer that “[h]e was

 not able to work for several months” after the accident and “was supported

 financially by friends and family while he was unemployed.” Id. J.G. also told the

 probation officer that “[h]e received a bill for medical services for $27,000 which he

 has not been able to pay,” and has “not [been] able to get continuing medical care for

 the injuries he sustained during the accident.” Id. The PSR noted that J.G. “would

 like to make a claim for restitution” but was “in the process of getting documentation

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 together and w[ould] provide them to the probation office when they have been

 compiled.” Id. at 17. The PSR further noted that the “Court w[ould] be notified by

 way of addendum once all the documents [we]re received and the restitution amount

 c[ould] be determined for” J.G. Id.

          Under a section entitled “SENTENCING OPTIONS,” the PSR concluded that,

 “[b]ased upon a total offense level of 19 and a criminal history category of I, the

 guideline imprisonment range [wa]s 30 months to 37 months.” Id. at 24. The PSR

 also noted that, “[p]ursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3663A, restitution shall be ordered in this

 case,” but that “the total amount of restitution ha[d] not [yet] been determined.” Id.

 at 26.

          On May 8, 2020, Benally filed objections to the PSR. Benally objected to the

 restitution amount listed in the PSR for L.C.’s mother traveling to Benally’s

 apartment to collect L.C.’s belongings. Benally also objected to J.G. receiving any

 amount of restitution because, Benally argued, he was not a victim of the offense of

 conviction.

          On July 1, 2020, the district court held a sentencing hearing for Benally.

 The district court sentenced Benally to a term of imprisonment of 30 months, to be

 followed by a three-year term of supervised release. As a condition of supervised

 release, the district court directed Benally to participate in an outpatient substance

 abuse program and to submit to substance abuse testing. The district court also

 ordered Benally to pay restitution to L.C.’s mother, in the amount of $515.20. As for

 the issue of whether Benally should be ordered to make restitution to J.G., the district

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 court took that matter under advisement and stated that it would issue a written order

 addressing the issue.

       On July 16, 2020, the district court issued a memorandum opinion and order

 concluding that J.G. “[wa]s eligible to be a victim under 18 U.S.C. § 3663A for the

 purpose of restitution.” ROA, Vol. I at 58. In arriving at this conclusion, the district

 court noted that Tenth Circuit case law indicated that “‘restitution is limited to losses

 caused by the conduct underlying the offense of conviction.’” Id. at 61 (quoting

 United States v. Brewer, 983 F.2d 181, 184 (10th Cir. 1993)). The district court also

 noted that, under Tenth Circuit law, it was to “look[] to the facts admitted in the plea

 agreement” to “determin[e] the conduct underlying the offense of conviction.” Id. at

 62. Applying that analysis to the facts before it, the district court “f[ound] that the

 same specific conduct that killed L.C.—driving intoxicated or without due care and

 crashing into J.G.’s car—also injured J.G.” Id. at 63. The district court therefore

 “f[ound] that the same underlying conduct of the offense conviction injured both L.C.

 and J.G.” Id. In other words, the district court concluded “that the conduct

 underlying the offense of conviction was the but-for and proximate cause of the harm

 to J.G.” Id. at 64. The district court therefore overruled Benally’s objections to the

 paragraphs of the PSR that recommended restitution to J.G.

       The district court subsequently held two restitution hearings: the first on

 September 24, 2020, and the second on October 7, 2020. At the conclusion of the

 second hearing, the district court issued a written order awarding J.G. $5,424 for the

 loss of his vehicle and medical expenses in the amount of $4,216. The district court

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 further ordered that Benally would be permitted “to make [monthly] installment

 payments on restitution . . . in the amount of $100 or 10% of her wages, whichever

 [wa]s greater.” Id., Vol. I at 118.

       Final judgment in the case was entered on October 16, 2020. Benally filed a

 timely notice of appeal.

                                            II

       In her opening appellate brief, Benally argued that “the restitution sentence

 exceeded the district court’s authority because” J.G. “was neither a victim of the

 offense of conviction,” as that term is defined in the MVRA, “nor listed in the plea

 agreement as a person entitled to restitution.” Aplt. Br. at 7. Benally subsequently

 filed a supplemental brief and now argues that, in light of the Supreme Court’s recent

 decision in Borden, the district court lacked “authority to grant restitution under the

 MVRA at all,” and instead could “only grant restitution in its discretion under the”

 VWPA. Aplt. Supp. Br. at 6. But she asserts that “[u]nder the VWPA, [her]

 arguments and request for relief remain unaffected.” Id. at 9. Specifically, she

 argues that “under the VWPA, . . . she was responsible only for losses associated

 with” the involuntary manslaughter charge that she pleaded guilty to, and she in turn

 argues that J.G. was not a victim of that offense of conviction. Id. at 9–10.

 Consequently, she argues that we “must reverse with instructions to vacate the

 portion of her restitution order that provides compensation for losses sustained by

 J.G.” Id. at 10. She also argues that even if we agree with the district court that J.G.

 was a victim of the involuntary manslaughter offense, “a remand is still necessary to

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  allow the district court to exercise its discretion in ordering restitution and to

  consider [her] economic circumstances when considering any final restitution

  amount.” Id.

                                     Standard of review

         Because the arguments that Benally now asserts in her supplemental brief were

  not raised below, we may review them only for plain error.1 See Greer v. United

  States, 141 S. Ct. 2090, 2096 (2021) (holding that if a defendant raises a forfeited

  claim on appeal, “Rule 52(b)’s plain-error standard applies”). “Rule 52(b) provides:

  ‘A plain error that affects substantial rights may be considered even though it was not

  brought to the court’s attention.’” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b)). Under Rule

  52(b)’s plain-error standard, “a defendant must satisfy three threshold requirements”

  in order “[t]o establish eligibility for plain-error relief.” Id. “First, there must be an

  error.” Id. (italics in original). “Second, the error must be plain.” Id. (italics in

  original). “Third, the error must affect ‘substantial rights,’ which generally means

  that there must be ‘a reasonable probability that, but for the error, the outcome of the

  proceeding would have been different.’” Id. (italics in original) (quoting

  Rosales-Mireles v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 1897, 1904–05 (2018)). “If those three

  requirements are met, an appellate court may grant relief if it concludes that the error

         1
           The government maintains that the arguments asserted by Benally in her
  supplemental brief are barred by an appellate waiver provision in the plea agreement.
  We disagree. Although the plea agreement did include an appellate waiver provision,
  the district court effectively modified that provision to allow Benally to appeal the
  district court’s order. ROA, Vol. III at 78.
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  had a serious effect on the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial

  proceedings.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

        A defendant “has the burden of establishing entitlement to relief for plain

  error.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). “That means that the defendant has the burden

  of establishing each of the four requirements for plain-error relief.” Id. “Satisfying

  all four prongs of the plain-error test is difficult.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

                                         The MVRA

        The MVRA provides, in pertinent part, that “when sentencing a defendant

  convicted of” certain designated offenses, “the court shall order, in addition to . . .

  any other penalty authorized by law, that the defendant shall make restitution to the

  victim of the offense or, if the victim is deceased, to the victim’s estate.” 18 U.S.C.

  § 3663A(a)(1). The MVRA defines the term “victim” to mean, in pertinent part, “a

  person directly and proximately harmed as a result of the commission of an offense

  for which restitution may be ordered.” Id. § 3663A(a)(2).

        Among the designated offenses that the MVRA applies to “is . . . a crime of

  violence, as defined in section 16.” Id. § 3663A(c)(1)(A)(i); see 18 U.S.C. § 16. Of

  relevance here, the MVRA also applies when a defendant pleads guilty to a

  non-designated offense but the plea agreement “specifically states that” a designated

  offense “gave rise to the plea agreement.” 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(2).

                                The parties’ plea agreement

        Benally’s offense of conviction, involuntary manslaughter in Indian Country,

  is not one of the offenses designated in and thus directly subject to the MVRA. See

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  18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(1) (listing offenses that fall within the scope of the MVRA).

  The parties acknowledged this in their plea agreement, but expressly agreed that the

  district court should nevertheless, in accordance with 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(2), apply

  the MVRA in sentencing Benally. More specifically, the plea agreement stated,

  under the heading “RESTITUTION”:

        The parties agree that, as part of the Defendant’s sentence, the Court
        will enter an order of restitution pursuant to the Mandatory Victim’s
        Restitution Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3663A. The parties agree that, although
        this plea agreement does not result in a conviction for an offense
        described in 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(1), an offense listed in 18 U.S.C.
        § 3663A(c)(1) gave rise to the plea agreement. 18 U.S.C.
        § 3663A(c)(2).

  ROA, Vol. I at 18.

        It is undisputed that the parties’ reference to “an offense listed in 18 U.S.C.

  § 3663A(c)(1) [that] gave rise to the plea agreement” was intended to refer to Count

  2 of the indictment, which, as noted, charged Benally with assault resulting in serious

  bodily injury, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1153 and 113(a)(6). It is also undisputed

  that, prior to the Supreme Court’s issuance of Borden, assault resulting in serious

  bodily injury was considered in this circuit to be a designated offense under

  § 3663A(c)(1) because we had, in other contexts, classified it as a “crime of

  violence.” See United States v. Mann, 899 F.3d 898, 900 (10th Cir. 2018). Thus, at

  the time of sentencing (which occurred prior to the issuance of Borden), the parties’

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  plea agreement, in combination with 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(1), effectively obligated

  the district court to impose restitution pursuant to the MVRA. 2

                        Borden and its effect on the scope of the MVRA

        In Borden, the Supreme Court held that a criminal offense with a mens rea of

  recklessness does not qualify as a “violent felony” for purposes of the Armed Career

  Criminals Act (ACCA).3 141 S. Ct. at 1822. The ACCA defines “violent felony” to

  include, in relevant part, “several specific crimes (for example, burglary and arson),”

  as well as any offense that “‘has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened

  use of physical force against the person of another.’” Id. (quoting 18 U.S.C.

  § 924(e)(2)(B)(i)).

        Similar to the ACCA, the federal criminal code’s definition of “crime of

  violence” includes, in relevant part, “an offense that has as an element the use,

  attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of

  another.” 18 U.S.C. § 16(a). Because the MVRA incorporates the federal criminal

        2
           Benally argues in her opening appellate brief that she did not “agree to pay
  any restitution to persons other than L.C. as part of her plea agreement.” Aplt. Br. at
  16. That, however, is a misrepresentation of what the plea agreement actually said.
  Nowhere in the plea agreement did the parties discuss which person or persons would
  be considered victims for purposes of the MVRA. Instead, the parties agreed to
  allow the district court to treat the offense of conviction as a qualifying offense under
  the MVRA and to determine for itself, by applying the language of the MVRA, who
  was a victim of that offense. Although Benally and her counsel may have believed
  that the district court would only treat L.C. as a victim of the offense of conviction,
  nothing in the plea agreement limited the district court to doing so.
        3
          The specific offense at issue in Borden was “reckless aggravated assault in
  violation of Tennessee law.” 141 S. Ct. at 1822.

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  code’s definition of “crime of violence,” see 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(1), the Supreme

  Court’s decision in Borden effectively means that the MVRA does not apply to any

  criminal offense that has a mens rea of recklessness. And because we have held that

  the offense of assault resulting in serious bodily injury, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

  § 113(a)(6), can be committed with a mens rea of recklessness, see Mann, 899 F.3d

  at 904, that means that offense does not fall within the scope of the MVRA. In other

  words, the offense of assault resulting in bodily injury is not an offense that triggers

  application of the MVRA.

                                    Plain error analysis

        Having outlined the impact of Borden on the MVRA, we now turn to consider

  whether Benally has established her entitlement to plain-error relief based upon the

  district court’s imposition of restitution under the MVRA.

        In light of Borden and its impact on the MVRA, it is beyond dispute that the

  district court erred in ordering Benally to pay restitution under the MVRA. Benally’s

  offense of conviction— involuntary manslaughter in Indian Country—is not a “crime

  of violence” and does not otherwise fall within the scope of the MVRA. The same

  holds true for the dismissed charge—assault resulting in bodily injury.

  Consequently, and contrary to the language and intent of the parties’ plea agreement,

  § 3663A(c)(2) was not implicated either. In other words, notwithstanding the

  language of the plea agreement, no offense listed in § 3663A(c)(1) “gave rise to the

  plea agreement.” 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(c)(2).

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         The district court’s error was also plain. To be sure, the error “was by no

  means clear at the time of” Benally’s sentencing. Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S.

  461, 467 (1997). But the Supreme Court has made clear that “where the law at the

  time of” the district court proceedings “was settled and clearly contrary to the law at

  the time of appeal,” then “it is enough that an error be ‘plain’ at the time of appellate

  consideration.” Id . at 468. And that is precisely the situation here. As we have

  discussed, the parties and the district court, in reliance on Tenth Circuit precedent,

  concluded that the assault resulting in bodily injury charge was a “crime of violence”

  that triggered application of the MVRA. In light of Borden, however, we now know

  this was incorrect. As a result, “[t]he second part of the [plain error] test is . . .

  satisfied.” Id.

         Turning to the third prong of the plain error test, Benally asserts that “[i]n the

  present, post-Borden legal landscape, [she] lacks a qualifying predicate offense for

  mandatorily-ordered restitution under the MVRA.” Aplt. Supp. Br. at 7. Although

  we agree with this assertion, that does nothing to establish that the district court’s

  error affected her substantial rights. As Benally concedes, the district court

  possessed discretionary authority to impose restitution under the VWPA. See 18

  U.S.C. § 3663(a)(1)(A). The VWPA defines the term “victim” in precisely the same

  manner as the MVRA, 18 U.S.C. § 3663(a)(2), and we have held that the MVRA and

  the VWPA employ “the same causation standard.” United States v. Anthony, 942

  F.3d 955, 964 n.6 (10th Cir. 2019). Consequently, the district court would have, in

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  determining whether J.G. qualified as a “victim” of the offense of conviction,

  employed the same analysis under both the MVRA and the VWPA. Id.

        Of course, Benally has consistently maintained, both below and on appeal, that

  J.G. was not a victim of the offense of conviction.4 In her opening appellate brief,

  for example, she argues, citing the elements of involuntary manslaughter, that “[t]he

  loss associated with an involuntary manslaughter charge relates to a specific harm

  (death) of a specific person.” Aplt. Br. at 14. Her position, however, finds no

  support in the language of either the MVRA or the VWPA. Both statutes define the

  term “victim” to “mean[] a person directly and proximately harmed as a result of the

  commission of an offense for which restitution may be ordered.” 18 U.S.C.

  §§ 3663(a)(2) and 3663A(a)(2). Nothing in this statutory language limits such

  “harm” to injuries or death that are essential elements of the offense of conviction.

  To the contrary, the Supreme Court has held “that the language and structure” of

  these acts demonstrated Congress’ intent to authorize restitution “for the loss caused

  by the specific conduct that is the basis of the offense of conviction.” Hughey v.

  United States, 495 U.S. 411, 413 (1990) (addressing VWPA); see United States v.

  Mendenhall, 945 F.3d 1264 (10th Cir. 2019) (applying same rationale to MVRA).

  Consistent with that interpretation, we have, for example, held that a manslaughter

        4
          Because Benally preserved this issue below, and because it is a mixed
  question of law and fact with a significant legal component, we apply a de novo
  standard of review in assessing whether the district court erred in concluding that
  J.G. was a victim of the offense of conviction. See United States v. Maynard, 984
  F.3d 948, 964 (10th Cir. 2020); see generally United States v. Barrett, 985 F.3d
  1203, 1221 (10th Cir. 2021).
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  victim’s sons were “directly and proximately harmed as a result of their father’s

  death because they . . . lost, among other things, a source of financial support.”

  United States v. Checora, 175 F.3d 782, 795 (10th Cir. 1999) (applying VWPA).

        Here, Benally admitted in her written plea agreement that she engaged in the

  following conduct that gave rise to the offense of conviction:

        I, Angelita Benally, am an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation Tribe
        and an Indian, as defined by federal law. On March 5, 2019, I was
        driving on Interstate 40 near milemarker [sic] 97, on the Acoma
        Reservation, which is within the District of New Mexico. L.C. who is
        an enrolled member of the Navajo National Tribe was in the passenger
        seat of the vehicle. While driving, I crashed my car into another
        vehicle. As a result of the crash L.C. was killed. I learned later that I
        told the officers who responded to the crash that I had been drinking. I
        also later learned that my blood alcohol level was measured .226, within
        two hours of the crash, and that I had been driving at a speed of
        approximately 90 mph on Interstate 40 where the posted speed limit is
        75 mph.

  ROA, Vol. II at 15. Although Benally argues that the loss from this conduct is

  confined to the death of L.C., we reject that argument. Benally’s act of crashing her

  car head-on into J.G.’s car was a singular act that caused both L.C.’s death and the

  losses that were suffered by J.G., specifically the physical injuries he suffered that

  necessitated medical care, as well as the damage to his vehicle. In other words,

  Benally’s act of crashing her car head-on into J.G.’s car cannot reasonably be divided

  into any sub-parts that would have allowed the district court to classify L.C. as the

  only victim of the offense of conviction.

        Benally makes one other argument related to the third prong of the plain error

  test. She asserts that her “financial circumstances were not considered in the

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Appellate Case: 20-2157     Document: 010110617912         Date Filed: 12/13/2021     Page: 18

  restitution calculus,” and that “[p]reparation for and presentation of evidence at the

  restitution hearing would have looked considerably different had the VWPA applied

  below.” Aplt. Supp. Br. at 7. This argument is related to the fact that the VWPA,

  unlike the MVRA, requires a district court, “in determining whether to order

  restitution,” to “consider . . . the financial resources of the defendant, the financial

  needs and earning ability of the defendant and the defendant’s dependents.” 18

  U.S.C. § 3663(a)(1)(B)(i)(II).

         We are not convinced that this textual difference between the VWPA and the

  MVRA affects Benally’s substantial rights. To begin with, the PSR explored in

  detail Benally’s “offender characteristics,” including her educational, vocational and

  special skills, her employment record, and her financial condition and ability to pay a

  fine or restitution. ROA, Vol. II at 19–24. Benally does not dispute any of the PSR’s

  factual findings. At the initial sentencing hearing, Benally’s counsel provided the

  district court with an update on Benally’s employment status, noting that “[s]he did

  find work and has been working, although her hours are severely reduced because of

  the coronavirus.” Id., Vol. III at 55. Benally’s counsel also noted that Benally had

  “obtained a scholarship for the EKG technician program” at a local university. Id.

  Thus, at the time it ordered Benally to pay restitution, the district court was well

  aware of her “financial resources,” “financial needs,” and “earning ability.” 18

  U.S.C. § 3663(a)(1)(B)(i)(II). Although Benally now asserts that her “[p]reparation

  for and presentation of evidence at the restitution hearing” would have been different,

  she offers no details regarding what evidence she could have presented that would

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Appellate Case: 20-2157     Document: 010110617912         Date Filed: 12/13/2021     Page: 19

  have been different from or in addition to what was available to the district court at

  the time it ordered Benally to pay restitution. Aplt. Supp. Br. at 7.

         Further, to the extent that Benally is implying that the district court would not

  have imposed restitution at all given her financial situation and earning ability, that

  ignores the fact that Benally effectively agreed in her written plea agreement that the

  district court would impose some amount of restitution. Finally, although Benally

  asserts that she did not, in entering into the plea agreement, anticipate that the district

  court would order her to pay restitution to J.G., that has nothing to do with the textual

  differences between the MVRA and the VWPA. As we have discussed, both statutes

  contain the same definition of “victim” and, in turn, both employ the same causation

  standard. Thus, in sum, we conclude that Benally’s substantial rights were not

  affected by the district court’s application of the MVRA rather than the VWPA.

         For these reasons, we conclude that Benally has failed to establish her

  entitlement to plain-error relief based upon the district court’s imposition of

  restitution under the MVRA.

                                              III

         The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

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