Court Opinion

ID: 9366805
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-27 23:04:00.277313+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:55.290656
License: Public Domain

NOTICE
This Order was filed under Su-             2023 IL App (4th) 220629-U                       FILED
preme Court Rule 23 and is not                                                           January 27, 2023
precedent except in the limited                   NO. 4-22-0629                            Carla Bender
circumstances allowed under                                                            4th District Appellate
Rule 23(e)(1).                           IN THE APPELLATE COURT                              Court, IL

                                                  OF ILLINOIS

                                              FOURTH DISTRICT

           In re S.B., a Minor                                         )     Appeal from the
                                                                       )     Circuit Court of
           (The People of the State of Illinois,                       )     Winnebago County
                         Petitioner-Appellee,                          )     No. 19JA309
                         v.                                            )
           Percy B.,                                                   )     Honorable
                         Respondent-Appellant).                        )     Mary Linn Green,
                                                                       )     Judge Presiding.

                        JUSTICE STEIGMANN delivered the judgment of the court.
                        Presiding Justice DeArmond and Justice Zenoff concurred in the judgment.

                                                     ORDER

      ¶1       Held: Pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), the appellate court granted
                     counsel’s motion to withdraw because no meritorious issues could be raised on
                     appeal.

      ¶2                Respondent, Percy B., is the father of S.B. (born May 2015). In June 2022, the

      trial court found respondent was an unfit parent under the Adoption Act (see 750 ILCS 50/1

      (West 2020)) and that termination of respondent’s parental rights was in S.B.’s best interest.

      ¶3                Respondent appealed the trial court’s judgment terminating his parental rights,

      and pursuant to Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), respondent’s counsel on appeal

      moves to withdraw. See In re S.M., 314 Ill. App. 3d 682, 685-86, 732 N.E.2d 140, 143 (2000)

      (holding Anders applies to termination of parental rights cases and providing the proper proce-

      dure to be followed by appellate counsel). In his brief, appellate counsel contends that appeal of

      this case presents no potentially meritorious issues for review. We agree, grant appellate
counsel’s motion to withdraw, and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶4                                       I. BACKGROUND

¶5                                     A. Procedural History

¶6             In July 2019, the State filed a petition for adjudication of wardship, alleging S.B.

was a neglected minor as defined by the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (Act) in that his environ-

ment was injurious to his health and welfare because (1) his sibling was physically abused by his

mother’s paramour and (2) he lived in unsanitary conditions. 705 ILCS 405/2-3(1)(b) (West

2018). (We note that the State filed similar petitions regarding S.B.’s siblings but those petitions

and siblings are not at issue in this appeal.) The same day the petitions were filed, the trial court

conducted a shelter care hearing and placed temporary custody and guardianship of S.B. with the

guardianship administrator of the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS).

¶7             In September 2019, the trial court conducted an adjudicatory hearing, at which re-

spondent was not present. The State informed the court that respondent was incarcerated and had

told the caseworker that he wished “to participate with an attorney” but did not “want to be writ-

ted back” because he was engaged in services at the prison. The court appointed counsel for re-

spondent and continued the hearing.

¶8             In October 2019, the trial court resumed the adjudicatory hearing, at which re-

spondent was represented by counsel but did not personally appear. Counsel informed the court

that she had spoken with respondent, who said he wanted to participate but did not want to be

transported from Centralia, where he was incarcerated, to the court in Rockford. The court, after

considering the evidence presented, found S.B. was a neglected minor as alleged in the petition.

¶9             In December 2019, the trial court conducted a dispositional hearing. Respondent

again was represented by counsel but was not personally present. Counsel again represented that

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respondent requested not to be transported to court. Respondent agreed with the State that he was

unable, due to his incarceration, to care for S.B. and that custody and guardianship should be

placed with DCFS.

¶ 10           The trial court found it was in the best interest of S.B. and the public that S.B. be

made a ward of the court and adjudicated a neglected minor. The court further found respondent

unfit and unable, for reasons other than financial circumstances alone, to care for, protect, train,

and discipline the minor, and it would be contrary to the minor’s health, safety, and best interest

to be in his custody. The court placed guardianship and custody with the guardianship adminis-

trator of DCFS and ordered that “[v]isitation between the minor and the parents shall be at [the]

discretion of DCFS.” (We note that the State requested visitation be at the discretion of DCFS

and respondent did not object.)

¶ 11                    B. The Petition for Termination of Parental Rights

¶ 12           In March 2021, the State filed a motion for termination of respondent’s parental

rights. The State alleged respondent was an unfit parent because, among other things, he was de-

praved (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(i) (West 2020)).

¶ 13                                1. The Fitness Proceedings

¶ 14                                 a. The Evidence Presented

¶ 15           In July 2021, the trial court conducted a hearing on the fitness portion of the ter-

mination proceedings. The State entered certified copies of three convictions for respondent. On

April 26, 2001, respondent was convicted of armed robbery, a Class X felony (720 ILCS 5/18-

2(a)(2) (West 2000)). On April 13, 2012, respondent was convicted of aggravated battery, a

Class 3 felony (720 ILCS 5/12-3.05(c) (West 2010)). On September 27, 2017, respondent was

convicted of aggravated robbery, a Class 1 felony (720 ILCS 5/18-1(b)(1) (West 2014)).

                                                -3-
¶ 16           Charles Ward testified that he was the DCFS caseworker assigned to the case

since its inception. Ward testified that respondent was incarcerated at the time of the initial ser-

vice plan. Ward testified that S.B. was born in May 2015 and that respondent was in custody

since November 2015. Respondent was sentenced to 22 years in prison on his November 2015

conviction, with an anticipated release date in 2026. Ward agreed that respondent was coopera-

tive with DCFS, had completed some services in prison, and sent gifts and cards to his children.

¶ 17           Ward testified that visitation was difficult because respondent was incarcerated in

Centralia and the children lived in Rockford. The several hour drive was hard on the children be-

cause they had behavioral issues. Ward stated that DCFS did conduct one in person visitation,

but it “did not go well because of the age of the children *** [and] the lack of a place at the

prison to do a safe visit.” Ward explained that visits were thereafter conducted virtually.

¶ 18           On cross-examination, Ward admitted that DCFS never contacted the prison to

(1) make referrals for services, (2) determine what services were available for respondent, or

(3) determine which services respondent had already completed. Ward testified that respondent

provided him certificates of completion for parenting and anger management classes. Respond-

ent never refused visitation and participated in video visits once DCFS made them available to

him.

¶ 19           Respondent testified that Ward never made referrals for respondent to get services

but services were available for things like domestic violence at the discretion of the prison. Had

Ward made the request, respondent could have been allowed to participate. Respondent was

earning additional sentencing credit through a job assignment and had sought “COVID clemency

in order to be released early” several months before the hearing but it was still “in the process.”

¶ 20           Regarding visitation, respondent stated that he never had a phone call with his

                                                -4-
children even though he had provided DCFS and the various foster parents with the information

necessary to set up phone calls. Among other things, by the time a foster parent could add their

phone number to the list of approved callers, the children would be moved. Respondent esti-

mated that he had between 8 and 10 video visits during the life of the case, each lasting about 30

minutes. The visits always went well, and he was never told he did anything wrong. Respondent

testified that the in-person visit went well and the children did not have any behavior issues that

were not age appropriate. Respondent testified there was a visiting room for parents and children,

although he acknowledged that that same room was also used for regular visitation. According to

respondent, the visitation room had books and toys in it.

¶ 21           Respondent had spoken with Ward several times and each time asked Ward about

his children—particularly, their physical health, how they were behaving, and whether they

seemed happy in their placements. Respondent also requested pictures of his children whenever

he could. Respondent sent cards, pictures, and gifts frequently to his children.

¶ 22           Respondent admitted that he was currently incarcerated for aggravated robbery,

during which he had used a gun. Respondent stated he felt remorseful and that he had changed.

Respondent testified that he provided care (“diapers, burping, bathing.”) and financial support

for S.B. for the first six months of his life before respondent was arrested.

¶ 23           The trial court continued the matter for closing arguments from the parties.

¶ 24                            b. Respondent’s Motion To Dismiss

¶ 25           In August 2021, respondent pro se filed a motion to dismiss the State’s motion to

terminate parental rights, arguing that the proceedings were void because (1) the petition did not

accuse respondent, personally, of any abuse or neglect of S.B.; (2) respondent was never served

with an original copy of the petition; and (3) the State denied him visitation with his children.

                                                -5-
¶ 26           In September 2021, the trial court reconvened the hearing on parental fitness. Re-

spondent’s counsel informed the court that she was not adopting respondent’s pro se motions but

requested they be considered as part of closing arguments. Respondent objected and, after con-

sulting with his counsel during a recess, requested the court permit him to proceed pro se. The

court granted respondent’s request and vacated his counsel’s appointment.

¶ 27           The trial court then addressed respondent’s motion to dismiss. Respondent de-

cided to “stand” on his motion, but he added that he believed the court lacked jurisdiction over

him because he was never served with a file stamped copy of the petition to terminate parental

rights; instead, he received an unstamped copy from his attorney. The State argued that (1) re-

spondent was properly served at the beginning of the case, (2) respondent had voluntarily partici-

pated in the proceedings personally and through counsel, and (3) the petition for termination of

parental rights was properly served on respondent’s attorney. The court then took the matter un-

der advisement.

¶ 28           In November 2021, the trial court denied respondent’s motion to dismiss, finding

that respondent had been served with summons in September 2019 and counsel was appointed

for him that same day. The court further noted that the State properly served respondent’s coun-

sel with the petition for termination of parental rights. The court scheduled a new hearing date

for closing arguments as to parental fitness.

¶ 29           Over the next six months, the case was continued for a variety of reasons, includ-

ing illnesses, respondent’s inability to appear due to prison lockdown or the lack of a video writ,

and a new prosecutor’s being assigned to the case.

¶ 30                    c. Respondent’s Motion for Substitution of Judge

¶ 31           In January 2022, respondent filed a motion for substitution of judge, claiming that

                                                -6-
the trial judge unreasonably refused to accept an oral writ or to have the court clerk draft a writ

to allow respondent to return to court after he fired his attorney. According to respondent, the

court “ ‘forced’ ” an opposing attorney to draft and submit the writ. Respondent claimed that by

not exercising the court’s power to writ persons to hearing, the judge had demonstrated clear

bias. In addition, respondent claimed that he “pleaded with the Court” to enforce his rights to vis-

itation but the court declined, stating “that visitation had always been at the discretion of DCFS,

and dependent on whether or not it would be harmful to the children.” Respondent stated the

court refused to order visitation even after he provided caselaw holding that (1) incarcerated par-

ents were entitled to visitation and (2) courts had broad discretion over visitation. Respondent

asserted that the court had never made any finding that visitation with his children would be det-

rimental, which was a requirement before denying visitation entirely. Essentially, the judge’s

failure to rule in respondent’s favor was the basis for his claim that she was biased.

¶ 32           In April 2022, respondent filed an amended motion, adding that the trial judge he

was seeking to substitute had attempted to hear argument on his motion to substitute and permit-

ted the State to argue in opposition to it. Respondent argued the court’s actions (1) were contrary

to the language of the statute, (2) constituted a denial of his rights to a fair and impartial hearing,

and (3) further demonstrated the judge’s bias.

¶ 33           In May 2022, a different trial judge heard argument on respondent’s motion. Re-

spondent argued at length that (1) he was denied visitation; (2) he was not served with docu-

ments; (3) proceedings occurred without his presence, just his attorney; and (4) he was being

writted to court improperly. The trial court started by noting that it had reviewed the court file,

motions, orders, and docket entries. The court then explained that the other judge’s orders were

very typical and did not show any bias or prejudice. In particular, the court stated that it knew

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from personal experience that the Illinois Department of Corrections (DOC) required written

writs before it would produce inmates for court hearings and it was common practice for judges

to use other attorneys on a case to assist with filling out writ paperwork.

¶ 34           Regarding visitation, the trial court noted that the trial judge had not made any

findings or entered any orders restricting visitation in any way and that respondent’s complaints

were more properly directed to DCFS, which had discretion over visitation. Because the record

showed that the trial judge was not prejudiced, the court denied the motion for substitution of

judge.

¶ 35                           d. The Trial Court’s Fitness Finding

¶ 36           In June 2022, the trial court concluded the hearing on the fitness portion of the

termination proceedings. The court found that the State proved, among other things, respondent

was depraved and respondent failed to rebut the presumption of depravity.

¶ 37               2. The Best Interest Portion of the Termination Proceedings

¶ 38           Immediately following the trial court’s finding that respondent was unfit, the

court conducted the best interest portion of the termination proceedings. At the State’s request,

the court took judicial notice of best interest reports that had been filed by various caseworkers

prior to the hearing. Prior to taking judicial notice, the court confirmed with respondent that he

had received copies of the reports.

¶ 39           The State called Sophia Fiorenza, who testified she was the caseworker for S.B.

and that she visited S.B. three times a month. S.B. was seven years old and lived in a foster home

with the foster mother’s 20-year-old daughter and 12-year-old son, whom S.B. called “brother.”

The foster parent ran a licensed in-home daycare and provided a very structured life as a result.

S.B. was included in all of the family’s activities and had been thriving in the foster home. The

                                                -8-
foster parent was meeting all of S.B.’s physical and emotional needs, including food, clothing,

safety, and medical care.

¶ 40               Fiorenza explained that S.B. had an incident that led to him being psychiatrically

hospitalized and moved from his prior placement, which he had shared with his biological sib-

lings (respondent’s other two children). Although S.B. was thriving in his placement, he still ex-

pressed an interest in going back to his prior placement and had not yet shown many physical

signs of attachment to his new foster parent such as hugs and kisses. Fiorenza testified that no

matter where S.B. ended up, it was in his best interest that parental rights be terminated in order

to make him eligible for adoption. On cross-examination by respondent, Fiorenza agreed that she

had not asked S.B. how he felt about respondent or consulted any psychological professional be-

fore authoring her report.

¶ 41               Respondent argued that he did not know he could call or subpoena witnesses to

testify on his behalf. He argued that he would have called Ward and another caseworker, both of

whom would have testified that his visits went well. He also objected to Fiorenza’s report, argu-

ing that she was not qualified to author a report because she did not see any interaction between

S.B. and respondent. The trial court denied respondent’s objection to Fiorenza’s report, finding

that respondent’s arguments went to the weight to be given the evidence and not whether it was

admissible.

¶ 42               The trial court found that it was in S.B.’s best interest to terminate respondent’s

parental rights.

¶ 43                     C. Respondent’s Appeal and the Motion To Withdraw

¶ 44               In July 2022, respondent filed a notice of appeal, and in August 2022, the trial

court appointed counsel to represent respondent on appeal. In October 2022, appellate counsel

                                                   -9-
filed a motion to withdraw and served a copy on respondent. In December 2022, respondent filed

a response opposing the motion and arguing that the trial court’s judgment should be reversed.

¶ 45                          D. Illinois Supreme Court Rule 311(a)

¶ 46           The notice of appeal in this matter was filed in the trial court July 19, 2022, and in

the Appellate Court July 26, 2022. The case was dismissed August 23, 2022, for failure to file a

docketing statement. The Winnebago County Circuit Court appointed counsel on appeal August

31, 2022. Subsequently, this court vacated the dismissal order and reinstated the appeal Septem-

ber 1, 2022. Due to this delay, the court was unable to meet the 150-day deadline to issue a deci-

sion, the dismissal and subsequent reinstatement being good cause as provided for in Illinois Su-

preme Court Rule 311(a)(5) (eff. July 1, 2018).

¶ 47                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 48           Appellate counsel argues that the appeal of this case presents no potentially meri-

torious issues for review. He identifies the following as potential issues for review: (1) whether

the trial court’s (a) unfitness and (b) best interest findings were against the manifest weight of the

evidence and (2) whether the trial court erred by denying respondent’s (a) motion to dismiss and

(b) motion for substitution of judge. Appellate counsel has explained in detail in his motion why

each of these issues lack merit.

¶ 49           Respondent filed a brief in opposition to counsel’s motion to withdraw. In that

brief, respondent reiterates the arguments highlighted by appellate counsel as meritless. For in-

stance, respondent continues to maintain that his motion for substitution of judge should have

been granted because the judge (1) conducted hearings without respondent being present and

(2) permitted DCFS to deny all visitation. Respondent further asserts that his motion to dismiss

should have been granted because (1) he was never accused of any actions constituting abuse or

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neglect and (2) he was never served with a copy of the original petition. Finally, respondent ar-

gues the reports submitted to the trial court for the best interest hearing were from undisclosed

and unqualified caseworkers.

¶ 50           Because we agree with appellate counsel and disagree with respondent, we grant

appellate counsel’s motion to withdraw and affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 51                        A. The Trial Court’s Fitness Determination

¶ 52                                   1. The Applicable Law

¶ 53           The State must prove unfitness as defined in section 1(D) of the Adoption Act

(750 ILCS 50/1(D) (West 2020)) by clear and convincing evidence. In re N.G., 2018 IL 121939,

¶ 28, 115 N.E.3d 102. Section 1(D)(i) of the Adoption Act provides that there is a rebuttable

presumption that a parent is depraved—and therefore unfit—if the parent “has been criminally

convicted of at least 3 felonies under the laws of this State or any other state *** and at least one

of these convictions took place within 5 years of the filing of the petition or motion seeking

termination of parental rights.” 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(i) (West 2020). “In Illinois, the term

‘depravity’ means an inherent deficiency of moral sense and rectitude. [Citation.] The State

shows depravity by establishing that respondent has a deficiency in moral sense and either an

inability or an unwillingness to conform to accepted morality.” (Internal quotation marks

omitted.) In re L.J.S., 2018 IL App (3d) 180218, ¶ 18, 115 N.E.3d 1003.

¶ 54           Once the State makes a prima facie showing of depravity, the burden of rebutting

the presumption of depravity rests on the parent. In re J.A., 316 Ill. App. 3d 553, 562, 736

N.E.2d 678, 686 (2000). The parent must come forward with evidence “showing that, despite his

convictions, he is not depraved.” Id. “Rehabilitation can only be shown by a parent who, upon

leaving prison, maintains a lifestyle suitable for parenting children safely.” In re J.V., 2018 IL

                                                - 11 -
App (1st) 171766, ¶ 183, 115 N.E.3d 1099.

¶ 55                                 2. The Standard of Review

¶ 56            A determination of parental unfitness involves factual findings and credibility de-

terminations that the trial court is in the best position to make because “the trial court’s oppor-

tunity to view and evaluate the parties *** is superior.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re

M.I., 2016 IL 120232, ¶ 21, 77 N.E.3d 69. “ ‘The statutory ground of depravity requires the trier

of fact to closely scrutinize the character and credibility of the parent[,] and the reviewing court

will give such a determination deferential treatment.’ ” J.V., 2018 IL App (1st) 171766, ¶ 184

(quoting J.A., 316 Ill. App. 3d at 563). A trial court’s finding of parental unfitness will not be re-

versed unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. N.G., 2018 IL 121939, ¶ 29. A de-

cision is against the manifest weight of the evidence only when the opposite conclusion is clearly

apparent. Id.

¶ 57                                        3. This Case

¶ 58            Counsel explains that any claim that the trial court’s finding that respondent failed

to rebut the presumption of depravity was incorrect lacks arguable merit. We agree.

¶ 59            The State presented certified copies of respondent’s three most recent felonies:

one for armed robbery in 2001, another for aggravated battery in 2012, and a third for aggravated

robbery in 2017. Respondent admitted he committed these crimes and noted that he committed

the aggravated robbery in November 2015, when S.B. was just six months old. Respondent fur-

ther explained that he committed that robbery with a firearm and his release date was not until

2026.

¶ 60            Respondent’s only testimony to rebut the presumption of depravity was that he

was remorseful of his crimes, and he had finally learned that it was time for him to stop engaging

                                                - 12 -
in acts that would take him away from his children. However, respondent also testified he was

born in 1963 and admitted on cross-examination by the guardian ad litem that he committed sev-

eral other felonies between 1981 and 1995. Respondent could not point to any actions outside of

prison that demonstrated a lifestyle suitable to raising children because he committed aggravated

robbery with a firearm shortly after S.B. was born. Given respondent’s age and admission of an

extensive criminal history, the trial court correctly concluded that respondent failed to rebut the

presumption of depravity and the State proved by clear and convincing evidence that respondent

was depraved.

¶ 61                     B. The Trial Court’s Best Interest Determination

¶ 62            Next, appellate counsel argues that the record demonstrates that no meritorious

claim exists that the trial court’s best interest finding was against the manifest weight of the evi-

dence. After reviewing the transcripts provided, we likewise conclude no irregularities are pre-

sent and no arguably meritorious issues may be raised on appeal. Most important, the record es-

tablishes that respondent will not be in a position to begin to parent S.B. until 2026. At that time,

S.B. will be 11 years old. In the meantime, S.B. deserves a parent who can be physically present

and provide for his physical safety and emotional well-being.

¶ 63            We also note that respondent did not present evidence concerning the best interest

of S.B., and Fiorenza testified that S.B. was thriving in his foster home. Accordingly, we con-

clude that the trial court’s best interest determination was well supported.

¶ 64            On appeal, respondent claims he did not have copies of the reports and the State

did not disclose Fiorenza as a witness. However, the trial court asked respondent if he had re-

ceived the reports, and he stated that he had. At the best interest hearing, respondent never ob-

jected that the witnesses or their testimony was a surprise. Regarding his objection as to

                                                - 13 -
Fiorenza’s qualifications, the court correctly observed that argument addressed the weight the

court should give the evidence not whether the evidence was admissible.

¶ 65                          C. Respondent’s Arguments on Appeal

¶ 66                                 1. The Motion To Dismiss

¶ 67           Regarding respondent’s motion to dismiss, respondent misapprehends that juve-

nile abuse and neglect proceedings concern the status of the child and not the actions of the par-

ents. It is well settled that proceedings are appropriate so long as the child is neglected; neither

parent need be “at fault” to be a part of the proceedings. In re R.B., 336 Ill. App. 3d 606, 614,

784 N.E.2d 400, 407 (2003) (“[T]he Act empowers juvenile courts to intervene on behalf of a

child when that child’s condition warrants intervention, not when the conduct or ‘guilt’ of a par-

ent or guardian warrants it.”). All that matters is whether the child has been neglected. Id.

(“[T]he purpose of juvenile court proceedings is to determine the status of the child on whose be-

half the proceedings are brought, not to determine any particular person’s criminal or civil liabil-

ity.” (Emphases in original.))

¶ 68           Here, the trial court found S.B. was neglected because, among other things, S.B.’s

siblings were physically abused by their mother’s paramour. Accordingly, the case was properly

initiated, and the trial court correctly adjudicated S.B. a neglected minor. We also note that re-

spondent did not appeal or challenge the dispositional order, which would have been the proper

avenue for respondent to challenge the adjudication of neglect. Because the dispositional order is

considered a final order and respondent did not file a notice to appeal that order within 30 days

of its entry, this court now lacks jurisdiction to review that order. In re Ja. P., 2021 IL App (2d)

210257, ¶ 24, 191 N.E.3d 771.

¶ 69           Additionally, regardless of how respondent was served with the pleadings in this

                                                - 14 -
case, respondent participated personally and by counsel throughout the proceedings. Indeed, re-

spondent appeared at the parental fitness portion of the termination proceedings and testified on

his own behalf. Participation in court proceedings constitutes a waiver of any objection to juris-

diction or service of process. 705 ILCS 405/2-15(7) (West 2018); In re A.M., 402 Ill. App. 3d

720, 724, 932 N.E.2d 82, 86 (2010); In re S.P., 2019 IL App (3d) 180476, ¶¶ 31-38, 123 N.E.3d

1101. The motion to dismiss was properly denied and any argument to the contrary is without

merit.

¶ 70                            2. Motion for Substitution of Judge

¶ 71           Any argument that respondent’s motion for substitution of judge should have

been granted is similarly meritless. A party in an abuse and neglect proceeding is entitled to seek

substitution of a judge only for cause once that judge has made a substantive ruling. 705 ILCS

405/1-5(7) (West 2020). The party seeking substitution must meet the “heavy burden” of demon-

strating “actual prejudice” in the form of personal bias or prejudicial trial conduct. In re Mar-

riage of O’Brien, 393 Ill. App. 3d 364, 373, 912 N.E.2d 729, 738 (2009). For either bias or prej-

udice to merit substitution, “it must normally stem from an extrajudicial source, i.e., from a

source other than from what the judge learned from her participation in the case before her. A

judge’s previous rulings almost never constitute a valid basis for a claim of judicial bias or par-

tiality.” In re Estate of Wilson, 238 Ill. 2d 519, 554, 939 N.E.2d 426, 447 (2010).

¶ 72           Respondent claims the trial court proceeded in his absence. However, the record

demonstrates that the trial court was fastidious in ensuring respondent was able to attend the

hearings, either in person or remotely, and was careful to comply with DOC’s requirements to

permit his attendance, which is why the court continued to have written writs prepared notwith-

standing respondent’s assertion that an oral writ would suffice.

                                               - 15 -
¶ 73           Respondent also claims that the trial court somehow erred by giving DCFS the

sole discretion to determine visitation. Respondent provides no authority in support of his posi-

tion. The court was authorized to vest DCFS with the discretion to make such a determination

and experience shows the same to be standard practice. Once again, the record reveals that

throughout the proceedings, the court and DCFS were concerned with the children’s best inter-

ests. In-person visits were not possible due to the children’s young ages and the extreme travel

distance. It was reasonable for DCFS to determine that lengthy travel for visits in a room at an

adult correctional facility was difficult on the children and contrary to their best interests. Moreo-

ver, the issue of visitation was raised by respondent’s counsel and addressed by the trial court at

permanency review hearings, which resulted in respondent finally receiving video visits. There-

after, COVID-19 and placement changes also caused problems. However, the trial court’s ac-

tions were clearly not the product of bias.

¶ 74           We conclude that the record in this case shows no prejudice on the part of the trial

judge which would have required her recusal or substitution.

¶ 75                                    III. CONCLUSION

¶ 76           For the reasons stated, we agree with appellate counsel that no meritorious issues

can be raised on appeal. We therefore grant counsel’s motion to withdraw and affirm the trial

court’s judgment. Anders, 386 U.S. at 744. We thank appellate counsel for his detailed brief,

which this court found very helpful.

¶ 77           Affirmed.

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