Court Opinion

ID: 9901840
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-22 17:03:32.850752+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:40.749930
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                        Nov 22 2023, 9:23 am

                                                                            CLERK
                                                                        Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                           Court of Appeals
                                                                             and Tax Court

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Nicole Slivensky                                           Theodore E. Rokita
Bedford, Indiana                                           Attorney General of Indiana
Patrick J. Smith                                           David E. Corey
Bedford, Indiana                                           Deputy Attorney General
                                                           Indianapolis, Indiana

                                            IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Termination of the Parent-                          November 22, 2023
Child Relationship of:                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                           23A-JT-1076
A.L. and N.L. (Minor Children),
                                                           Appeal from the Lawrence Circuit
And                                                        Court
M.L. (Father) and L.L.                                     The Honorable Anah H. Gouty,
(Mother),                                                  Magistrate
Appellants-Responents,                                     The Honorable Nathan G. Nikirk,
                                                           Judge
        v.                                                 Trial Court Cause Nos.
                                                           47C01-2211-JT-393 & 47C01-2211-
Indiana Department of Child                                JT-395
Services,
Appellee-Petitioner.

                                  Opinion by Judge Riley.
                              Judges Crone and Mathias concur.

Riley, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023                           Page 1 of 28
      STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1]   Appellants-Respondents, L.L. (Mother) and M.L. (Father) (collectively,

      Parents), separately appeal the trial court’s termination of their parental rights

      to the minor children, N.L. and A.L. (collectively, Children).

[2]   We affirm.

      ISSUES
[3]   Parents collectively present this court with five issues on appeal, which we

      consolidate and restate as the following two issues:

            (1) Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it denied Parents’

                 evidentiary requests; and

            (2) Whether the trial court’s Order to terminate Parents’ parental rights is

                 clearly erroneous.

      FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4]   Mother1 and Father 2 are the biological parents of N.L., born on June 15, 2017,

      and A.L., born on December 17, 2020. On October 11, 2021, the Indiana

      Department of Child Services (DCS) became involved with Parents and

      Children after Parents checked themselves into IU Health for a heroin detox.

      1
       Mother is also the biological parent of two older children, A.N. and S.L., who have been adjudicated
      Children in Need of Services (CHINS). A.N. is living with Mother’s godmother and S.L. is under a
      guardianship with his paternal grandmother. Neither child has been in Mother’s care for five years.
      2
          Father is also the biological parent of a daughter, who resides with her mother in Bloomington, Indiana.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023                              Page 2 of 28
      Two days later, DCS removed Children on an emergency basis and placed

      them in the care of their maternal great-grandmother (Grandmother). On

      October 14, 2021, DCS filed its petition to adjudicate Children in Need of

      Services (CHINS), alleging that Parents had a history of heroin abuse, that in

      early October Parents were impaired and admitted to relapsing, that Mother

      used heroin in the presence of Children, that Parents were evicted from their

      home, and that Parents were admitted to the hospital on October 7, 2021 due to

      suspected overdoses. On January 7, 2022, after Parents stipulated to the

      allegations in DCS’s CHINS petitions, the trial court adjudicated Children to be

      CHINS. One month later, on February 7, 2022, the trial court entered a

      dispositional decree, ordering Parents to participate in services, including

      random drug screens, supervised visitation, home-based casework, Fatherhood

      Engagement for Father, substance abuse evaluation and all recommended

      services, and recovery coaching. Children have remained outside Parents’ care

      since their removal on October 13, 2021.

[5]   Although Parents attended all child and family team meetings (CFTM) and

      visited Children, Parents failed to address their substance abuse issues and

      continued to use illegal substances. Parents have “severe opiate addictions”

      and they “feel physically ill” when not using illegal drugs. (Appellant’s App.

      Vol. II, p. 26). Father “feels normal when he uses heroin or fentanyl.”

      (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 26). Mother has overdosed three times, with the

      most recent overdose in 2021, which required the administration of Narcan.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023     Page 3 of 28
[6]   At some point in 2021, Mother completed a seven-day detox program at Valle

      Vista. On June 6, 2022, Mother participated in a substance abuse assessment

      with Katherine Brumfield (Therapist Brumfield). Mother reported that she

      commenced using marijuana when she was sixteen years old, “snorting three

      times a week when she gets sick.” (Transcript p. 21). She reported using heroin

      daily for a month, with her last use the day before the assessment. Therapist

      Brumfield diagnosed Mother with “opioid use disorder, severe” due to her

      history of prolonged heroin use. (Tr. p. 23). Brumfield recommended that

      Mother participate in a detox facility, with an outpatient treatment, life skills,

      recovery coaching, and medically assisted treatment.

[7]   On December 29, 2022, Mother commenced a five-to-seven-day detox program

      at Valle Vista. At her intake, she reported her last heroin and Xanax use as

      being on December 29—the day she started the program. She further advised

      that she inhaled 1 to 1.5 grams of heroin daily, took Xanax three times a week,

      and drank a pint of alcohol twice a week. At the time of her discharge, Valle

      Vista arranged for Mother to be seen for outpatient treatment. Mother did not

      follow-up on this recommendation and instead began using illegal drugs, testing

      positive for fentanyl in February 2023, and again admittedly using within one

      week of the termination of parental rights hearing. Mother’s longest period of

      sobriety was three months. She did not always submit to drug screens during

      the CHINS proceeding and had missed 309 calls for screening. When she did

      submit to a drug screening, Mother consistently tested positive for fentanyl and

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023      Page 4 of 28
      some of her screens were also positive for 6-acetylmorphine, buprenorphine,

      and cocaine.

[8]   Father participated in “a portion of” a substance abuse assessment in June 2022

      with Nikkia O’Bannon (Therapist O’Bannon). (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p.

      26). Father reported using fentanyl for the past year and while he did not

      actively seek out fentanyl, he knew that it would “be in his heroin.” (Tr. p.

      118). His last reported use before the assessment was June 7, 2022, and he

      explained that he used “due to boredom and needing to get a buzz.” (Tr. p.

      118). He advised that he overdosed approximately three years earlier.

      Therapist O’Bannon diagnosed Father with opiate use disorder severe and

      noted her “concern for [Father’s] multiple positive fentanyl screens during the

      CHINS proceedings and admission that he uses heroin daily.” (Appellant’s

      App. Vol. I, p. 26). When Therapist O’Bannon recommended inpatient

      treatment, Father was not receptive and ended the intake assessment early.

      Therapist O’Bannon provided Father with Narcan when he left.

[9]   Father, like Mother, was admitted to Valle Vista for detox on December 29,

      2022. During his intake assessment, Father reported using Xanax and fentanyl

      for the last three years and was, at that time, using fentanyl daily. After his

      discharge from Valle Vista during the first week in January2023, Father was

      directed to commence substance abuse treatment. Although he made an

      appointment to be seen at IU Health, he missed the appointment and

      rescheduled it. Meanwhile, Father tested positive for fentanyl in February

      2023. Father’s longest period of sobriety was three months. Like Mother,

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023     Page 5 of 28
       Father did not consistently submit to drug screens, having missed 246 calls for

       screens.

[10]   Throughout these proceedings, Parents experienced housing instability. They

       resided in three different homes and at the time of the termination hearing, they

       lived in a two-bedroom apartment owned by their friends. Parents did not

       advise DCS about their address. Although Parents commenced home-based

       services, they did not keep all their appointments and they did not meet their

       home-based goals, which included obtaining a driver’s license, maintaining

       sobriety, securing stable housing, and meeting financial stability. Mother was

       unemployed at the time of the hearing; her most recent job lasted a month and

       a half. Father worked in construction, but his work was “slow lately.” (Tr. p.

       85). Parents relied on Father’s mother for financial support.

[11]   By the time of the termination hearing, Children had been placed with

       Grandmother for eighteen months. Grandmother had bonded with Children

       and Children were comfortable in her care. Grandmother and N.L. attended

       counseling services together to learn communication skills. Before therapy,

       N.L threw emotional fits, and had displays of anger, aggression, and

       dysregulation. After therapy, N.L. now turns to Grandmother for comfort and

       continuity when she is struck with emotion. A.L.’s only therapeutic need is

       speech therapy.

[12]   At the CFTM held on September 2, 2022, Family Case Manager (FCM)

       Jennifer Pace (FCM Pace), CASA, Parents, and Grandmother discussed

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023   Page 6 of 28
       permanency options for Children, including adoption and guardianship.

       According to FCM Pace, DCS “left that sort of with [Grandmother] and how

       [she] wanted to proceed” and DCS “would have been okay with a

       guardianship, should that have been what [she] wanted to do.” (Tr. p. 155).

       FCM Pace noted that “after discussing and [Grandmother] doing her own

       research between the two, [she] was the one that if we changed [sic] the

       permanency plan to adoption, that she would like to adopt [C]hildren.” (Tr. p.

       156). Grandmother came to the CFTM prepared “with her own letter stating

       that she wanted it filed with the court.” (Tr. pp. 156-57). This letter, written by

       Grandmother on September 1, listed the pros and cons of guardianship and

       adoption and discussed Grandmother’s decision of wanting to pursue adoption.

       The September 1, 2022 letter was filed on September 8, 2022 as part of FCM

       Pace’s status report to the trial court about the CFTM.

[13]   On November 4, 2022, DCS filed its petition to terminate Parents’ parental

       rights to Children. The trial court conducted a hearing on DCS’s petition on

       January 27, March 10, and April 18, 2023. During the hearing, FCM Vicki

       Strunk (FCM Strunk), who managed the case except for the period from July

       29, 2022 through September 8, 2022, advised the trial court that Parents had not

       remedied the conditions that led to the removal and that Children’s

       reunification with Parents would threaten Children’s wellbeing. FCM Strunk

       clarified that Parents had not addressed their substance abuse issues, failed to

       consistently participate in recovery coaching and drug screens, and did not

       maintain sobriety for more than two months. When asked if she had

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023     Page 7 of 28
       considered another option than adoption as the permanency plan for Children,

       FCM Strunk responded that she was out on leave at the time that decision was

       made. After she returned from leave and was apprised of the permanency plan

       pursued by DCS, she supported the plan of adoption. Children’s CASA also

       opined that adoption was in Children’s best interest as waiting for Parents to

       reach sobriety would take “many, many years[.]” (Tr. p. 195).

[14]   Grandmother confirmed during her testimony that she wanted to adopt

       Children. She agreed that if Parents were not addicted to drugs, “[w]e wouldn’t

       be here.” (Tr. p. 46). Upon questioning, Grandmother confirmed that

       guardianship was discussed approximately two weeks prior to the March 10,

       2023 hearing. She also stated that “someone” had explained to her what

       guardianship entailed. (Tr. p. 47). She elaborated that DCS had told her that

       Parents could terminate a guardianship and take Children back. She opined

       that it would be “best that there’s permanently no relationship between”

       Parents and Children. (Tr. p. 48). She confirmed that she wanted to adopt

       Children and had decided against a guardianship because Parents needed to

       work on their recovery and, based on her own personal experience, “it takes a

       long time.” (Tr. p. 51).

[15]   After Grandmother testified, and without Parents’ objection, the trial court

       released her. Father’s counsel alerted the trial court that he might want to recall

       Grandmother, and the trial court responded that since the court had released

       Grandmother, Father would have to subpoena her. After DCS rested its case,

       Mother’s counsel inquired with the trial court if Parents would be allowed to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023    Page 8 of 28
       recall Grandmother. Again, the trial court explained that since Grandmother

       had been released, a subpoena would be required. Mother’s counsel stated that

       she understood. DCS counsel questioned the purpose of recalling

       Grandmother: “We’ve talked a lot about the letter, so I’m not sure. We’ve

       talked about guardianship. Today is not about guardianship. DCS has

       presented the satisfactory [plan]” as adoption. (Tr. pp. 198-99). Treating

       DCS’s question as an objection, the trial court asked Mother’s counsel why she

       wanted to recall Grandmother since she had already testified and had been

       subject to cross-examination. Mother’s counsel elaborated that because

       Grandmother’s letter was not in evidence and the letter came up after

       Grandmother had testified, counsel wanted to rebut some of the evidence that

       had been admitted since her testimony. Denying the request, the trial court

       explained that discovery had been exchanged and there had been “plenty of

       notice.” (Tr. p. 199). Mother’s counsel then intended to recall FCM Pace.

       DCS objected based on relevancy if Mother’s intent was to question her on the

       guardianship. The trial court overruled the objection, allowed FCM Pace to

       testify, and informed DCS that it could object during FCM Pace’s testimony.

[16]   Upon being recalled, FCM Pace again testified that Grandmother brought a

       letter to the September 2, 2022 CFTM. She did not remember whether she

       advised Grandmother that “if [P]arents chose, they could terminate the

       guardianship at any time without being obligated to complete the tasks needed

       for reunification, thus placing [C]hildren in potential danger.” (Tr. p. 203).

       Mother’s counsel asked if seeing the letter would refresh her recollection, to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023    Page 9 of 28
       which FCM Pace responded affirmatively. DCS objected, “I don’t think it’s

       refreshing her recollection as to what she said. She’s trying to refresh her

       recollection as to someone else’s letter. I’m not sure how it’s even relevant.”

       (Tr. p. 204). The trial court sustained the objection. Mother then made an offer

       of proof:

               She had referred earlier to a letter from [Grandmother]. We have
               the copy of that letter and the letter states, if the parents so
               choose, they can terminate guardianship -- terminate at any time,
               referring to guardianship, before or at the end of the deadline
               agreed upon. In this case, the [P]arents are not obligated to
               complete the tasks given them for reunification per DCS, thus
               putting [C]hildren in potential danger. So I wanted to ask FCM
               Pace if this was the letter she had referred to earlier and if she had
               given that advice to FCM Clark or not FCM Clark, I apologize,
               [Grandmother] and I believe her answers would be yes to both
               those questions.

       (Tr. p. 206). DCS stated, “I think she said no[.]” (Tr. p. 206). The trial court

       noted, “She said she did not recall,” and then asked FCM Pace if this was

       correct. (Tr. p. 206). FCM Pace replied, “I didn’t offer that advice,” and the

       trial court responded, “Okay.” (Tr. p. 206). Father’s counsel objected to FCM

       Pace’s response, and both Parents moved to strike FCM Pace’s answer. The

       trial court did not rule on the motion.

[17]   Father’s counsel requested the trial court to take judicial notice of

       Grandmother’s letter that was filed in the CHINS case as an attachment to the

       CFTM to supplement Mother counsel’s offer of proof. DCS objected, arguing

       that there had been a discussion with Grandmother during her testimony which

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023      Page 10 of 28
       had covered guardianship versus adoption. DCS added that Grandmother

       “made her stance clear. I’m not sure the letter is going to add anything.” (Tr.

       pp. 207-08). The trial court refused to take judicial notice of the letter.

[18]   On April 25, 2023, the trial court entered its findings of fact and conclusions

       thereon, terminating Parents’ rights to Children, concluding, in pertinent part

       that:

               There is reasonable probability that: a. The conditions which
               resulted in [Children’s] removal and continued placement outside
               the home will not be remedied; or b. Continuation of the parent-
               child relationship poses a threat to [Children’s] wellbeing.

               Termination of parental rights is in [Children’s] best interests.

               There is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
               [Children] that being adoption.

       (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 29).

[19]   Parents now appeal. Additional facts will be provided if necessary.

       DISCUSSION AND DECISION
       I. Admission of Evidence

[20]   Parents, together or separately, challenge three evidentiary rulings made by the

       trial court with respect to Grandmother’s September 1, 2022 letter. Specifically,

       Parents challenge the trial court’s denial of Mother’s request to refresh FCM

       Pace’s recollection with Grandmother’s September 1, 2022 letter; Mother

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023         Page 11 of 28
       contests the trial court’s denial of Father’s request to take judicial notice of the

       letter for the purpose of appeal; and Mother contends that the trial court erred

       by not permitting her to recall Grandmother. Finally, Mother maintains that

       the trial court’s refusal to recall Grandmother violated her due process rights.

[21]   Our standard of review of a trial court’s admission or exclusion of evidence is

       an abuse of discretion. In re Des. B., 2 N.E.3d 828, 834 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). A

       trial court abuses its discretion only if its decision is clearly against the logic and

       effect of the facts and circumstances before the court. Id. An error excluding

       evidence is harmless if “its probable impact on the jury, in light of all of the

       evidence in the case, is sufficiently minor so as not to affect the defendant’s

       substantial rights.” Tunstall v. Manning, 124 N.E.3d 1193, 1200 (Ind. 2019).

       When making this determination, we consider the evidence’s likely impact on a

       reasonable, average jury. Id. “Likewise, reversible error cannot be predicated

       upon the erroneous admission of evidence that is merely cumulative of other

       evidence that has already been properly admitted.” In re Des. B., 2 N.E.3d at

       834.

       A. Refreshing Recollection

[22]   Mother and Father separately argue—and DCS now agrees—that the trial court

       abused its discretion by sustaining DCS’s objection to Mother’s attempt to

       refresh FCM Pace’s recollection with Grandmother’s letter of September 1,

       2022 as to whether FCM Pace had advised Grandmother of the legal

       ramifications of a guardianship versus adoption.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023       Page 12 of 28
[23]   Indiana Evidence Rule 612(a) allows a questioner to refresh a witness’s

       memory using a writing or similar device after the witness indicates she has no

       memory of the information sought. Thompson v. State, 728 N.E.2d 155, 160

       (Ind. 2000). The item used to refresh the witness’s memory does not need to

       have been written by the witness. Id. See also Cole v. State, 970 N.E.2d 779, 781

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (defendant sought to refresh a witness’s memory with a

       writing prepared by a nurse who had met with the witness). Although we find

       that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to allow Mother to refresh

       FCM Pace’s recollection with Grandmother’s letter, we conclude that the

       refusal does not amount to a reversible error as the evidence sought to be

       admitted—that FCM Pace may have advised Grandmother that Parents could

       terminate a guardianship—was cumulative of Grandmother’s earlier testimony.

       Prior to FCM Pace being called to the stand, Grandmother had testified that

       “someone” at DCS had explained to her what a guardianship entailed. (Tr. p.

       47). During cross-examination by Father, she confirmed that DCS had

       informed her that a guardianship was not permanent, and that Parents could

       terminate the guardianship. Grandmother advised the trial court that she

       wanted to adopt Children and had decided against a guardianship because

       Parents needed to work on their recovery and based on her own personal

       experience, “it takes a long time.” (Tr. p. 51). Accordingly, any perceived

       error in the exclusion of FCM Pace’s testimony was harmless and did not affect

       Parents’ substantial rights. Tunstall, 124 N.E.3d at 1200.

       B. Judicial Notice

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023    Page 13 of 28
[24]   Mother—but not Father—maintains that the trial court abused its discretion

       when it denied Father’s request to take judicial notice of Grandmother’s

       September 1, 2022 letter. Evidence Rule 201 “permits courts to take judicial

       notice of certain material, including facts not subject to reasonable dispute and

       facts readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot be questioned.”

       Horton v. State, 51 N.E.3d 1154, 1160 (Ind. 2016). Rule 201 also permits courts

       to take judicial notice of “records of a court in this state.” Id. In the context of

       termination proceedings, we have explained that a court may take judicial

       notice of the CHINS proceedings. In re D.K., 968 N.E.2d 792, 796-97 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2012). Father made his request to judicially notice Grandmother’s letter

       as part of Mother’s offer to prove, not to judicially notice any facts contained in

       the letter but for “the single purpose of supporting and making [Mother’s] offer

       to prove complete and the appeal complete.” (Tr. p. 209).

[25]   On October 19, 2023, Mother filed with this court a motion for leave to file a

       supplemental appendix in which she requested this court to take judicial notice

       of Grandmother’s letter and to permit her to file a supplemental appendix

       containing a copy of the letter. As Mother merely offered the document to aid

       in this court’s review and the document was not proffered to fill evidentiary

       gaps in the trial record, we granted Mother’s motion and took judicial notice of

       Grandmother’s letter. See Banks v. Banks, 980 N.E.2d 423, 426 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2012) (“Indiana Evidence Rule 201(f) does provide that judicial notice may be

       taken at any stage of the proceeding, which includes appeals.”). Accordingly,

       Mother’s claim of error is now moot.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023     Page 14 of 28
       C. Recalling Grandmother

[26]   Next, Mother contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it refused

       her request to recall Grandmother to the stand after she had been released by

       the trial court. The decision whether to permit the recall of a witness is within

       the trial court’s sound discretion. Byrd v. State, 707 N.E.2d 308, 311 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 1999).

[27]   Mother explains that she “wanted to recall [Grandmother] to address new

       information that came out subsequent to [Grandmother’s] testimony –

       specifically, the September letter.” (Appellant Mother’s Br. p. 27). However,

       Grandmother’s September 1, 2022 letter was not new evidence. While the

       letter was first mentioned through FCM Pace’s testimony, the letter had been

       filed with the trial court by DCS as an attachment to its progress report, on

       September 8, 2022. The record reflects that at the January 9, 2023 pretrial

       hearing, Father’s counsel reported that he had received discovery consisting of

       approximately 1,200 pages. Neither Mother nor Father dispute that the

       September 1, 2022 letter was discovered to them. Thus, by March 10, 2023,

       when Grandmother testified in the termination proceeding, Mother’s counsel,

       who had also been Mother’s counsel in the CHINS proceedings, had received

       notice of Grandmother’s September 1, 2022 letter. Therefore, by the time FCM

       Pace testified as to the existence of the letter, the record established that

       discovery had been completed, the letter had been filed in the CHINS case well

       before Grandmother’s testimony, and Grandmother had been subject to two

       rounds of cross-examination by Parents’ respective counsel about her decision

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023      Page 15 of 28
       to pursue adoption in lieu of guardianship. Accordingly, we cannot say that the

       trial court’s decision is against the logic and effect of the facts and

       circumstances before the court. See id., see also Clark v. State, 668 N.E.2d 1206,

       1208 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996) (no abuse of discretion when the party seeking to

       recall had the opportunity to elicit the requested testimony).

       D. Due Process Rights

[28]   Lastly, Mother contends that the trial court’s refusal to allow her to recall

       Grandmother to the stand and question her about her understanding of

       guardianship proceedings resulted in a denial of Mother’s due process rights to

       cross-examine witnesses. However, while Mother raised an evidentiary claim

       about recalling Grandmother as a witness, Mother never raised this concern as

       a due process claim before the trial court. As she now raised her due process

       argument for the first time on appeal, her argument is waived for our review.

       See In re N.G., 51 N.E.3d 1167, 1173 (Ind. 2016) (party on appeal may waive a

       constitutional claim, including a claimed violation of due process rights, by

       raising it for the first time on appeal).

       II. Termination of Parental Rights

       A. Standard of Review

[29]   Parents challenge the trial court’s termination of their parental rights to

       Children. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

       protects the traditional right of parents to establish a home and raise their

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023     Page 16 of 28
       children. Bester v. Lake Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147

       (Ind. 2005). “A parent’s interest in the care, custody, and control of his or her

       children is ‘perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty interests.’” Id.

       (quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000)). However, parental rights

       “are not absolute and must be subordinated to the child’s interests in

       determining the proper disposition of a petition to terminate parental rights.”

       Id. If “parents are unable or unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities,”

       termination of parental rights is appropriate. Id. We recognize that the

       termination of a parent-child relationship is “an ‘extreme measure’ and should

       only be utilized as a ‘last resort when all other reasonable efforts to protect the

       integrity of the natural relationship between parent and child have failed.’”

       K.E. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 39 N.E.3d 641, 646 (Ind. 2015) (quoting Rowlett

       v. Vanderburgh Cnty. Office of Family & Children, 841 N.E.2d 615, 623 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2006)).

[30]   Indiana courts rely on a “deferential standard of review in cases concerning the

       termination of parental rights” due to the trial court’s “unique position to assess

       the evidence.” In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d 212, 219 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans.

       dismissed. Our court neither reweighs evidence nor assesses the credibility of

       witnesses. K.T.K. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 989 N.E.2d 1225, 1229 (Ind.

       2013). We consider only the evidence and any reasonable inferences that

       support the trial court’s judgment, and we accord deference to the trial court’s

       “opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses firsthand.” Id.

       B. Disjunctive Statutory Conclusions

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023     Page 17 of 28
[31]   In order to terminate a parent’s rights to his or her child, DCS must prove:

               (A) that one (1) of the following is true:

               (i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least six (6)
               months under a dispositional decree.
               ****
               (iii) The child has been removed from the parent and has been
               under the supervision of a local office . . . for at least fifteen (15)
               months of the most recent twenty-two (22) months, beginning
               with the date the child is removed from the home as a result of
               the child being alleged to be a [CHINS] . . . ;

               (B) that one (1) of the following is true:

               (i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that
               resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for placement
               outside the home of the parents will not be remedied.

               (ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation of the
               parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-being of the
               child.

               (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
               adjudicated a [CHINS];

               (C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

               (D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
               the child.

       Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2). DCS must prove each of the foregoing elements by

       clear and convincing evidence. C.A. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 15 N.E.3d 85,

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023         Page 18 of 28
       92 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014). “[C]lear and convincing evidence requires the

       existence of a fact to be highly probable.” Id.

[32]   Here, the trial court generally concluded—without making any specific, tailored

       conclusions—that the facts, as enumerated in its Order, supported that

               There is reasonable probability that: a. The conditions which
               resulted in [Children’s] removal and continued placement outside
               the home will not be remedied; or b. Continuation of the parent-
               child relationship poses a threat to [Children’s] wellbeing.

       (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 29). Father—but not Mother—contends that by

       solely tracking the statutory language in its conclusion and not specifying which

       of the two prongs of Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) applied, the trial

       court rendered Father’s constitutional right to one appeal illusory because it

       prevented him from making a cogent argument and impaired appellate review.

[33]   We have previously held in In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 220, that:

               We believe that a judgment terminating the relationship between
               a parent and child is impossible to review on appeal if it is
               nothing more than a mere recitation of the conclusions the
               governing statute requires the trial court to reach. Indiana’s
               parents and children deserve more, and the basic notions of due
               process inherent in our system of justice demand more.

               Trial courts are required by statute to enter findings of fact and
               conclusions of law in CHINS proceedings. Likewise, findings of
               fact and conclusions of law are required in grandparent visitation
               proceedings. Proceedings to terminate parental rights touch
               interests at least as fundamental as those regarding CHINS and
               grandparent visitation. We hold today that our courts must treat
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023   Page 19 of 28
               them accordingly, with the constitutional gravity they clearly
               have, and enter findings of fact that support the entry of the
               conclusions called for by the Indiana statute and common law.

       In In re A.K., the trial court’s order merely recited the statutory requirements for

       termination and did not include any findings of fact to support those

       conclusions. Id. at 217. We remanded to the trial court for the entry of factual

       findings to support its order. Id.

[34]   Here, however, the trial court, through the inclusion of sixty-seven detailed

       findings of fact, did include its overarching concerns leading to its decision to

       terminate Parents’ parental rights. While we caution trial courts to refrain from

       using the statutory language verbatim without the inclusion of more detailed

       conclusions, the trial court’s findings provide us with enough information to

       review whether the trial court based its judgment to terminate the parental

       rights on proper considerations. Consequently, we will address Parents’

       argument in light of the Trial Rule 52 standard of review rather than remand for

       the entry of a new order. See also In re M.W., 942 N .E.2d 154, 159-60 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 2011) (the omission of the conclusion that termination was in the child’s

       best interest does not warrant remand to the trial court for the entry of a new

       order).

       C. Reasonable Probability

[35]   In a continuation of his previous argument, Father contends that given his

       efforts over the lifetime of the CHINS case to get treatment for his drug

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023    Page 20 of 28
       addictions and the general acknowledgement that addicts often make multiple

       efforts to achieve and maintain sobriety, the trial court’s conclusion that Father

       would not remedy the circumstances that led to the removal of Children was

       not clearly and convincingly supported by the evidence.

[36]   It is well-established that “[a] trial court must judge a parent’s fitness as of the

       time of the termination hearing and take into consideration evidence of

       changed conditions.” Stone v. Daviess Cnty. Div. of Children & Family Servs., 656

       N.E.2d 824, 828 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995), trans. denied. In judging fitness, a trial

       court may properly consider, among other things, a parent’s substance abuse

       and lack of adequate housing and employment. McBride v. Monroe Cnty. OFC,

       798 N.E.2d 185, 199 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). The trial court may also consider a

       parent’s failure to respond to services. Lang v. Starke Cnty. OFC, 861 N.E.2d

       366, 372 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied. “[H]abitual patterns of conduct

       must be evaluated to determine whether there is a substantial probability of

       future neglect or deprivation.” Stone, 656 N.E.2d at 828. A trial court “need

       not wait until the child[] [is] irreversibly influenced by [its] deficient lifestyle

       such that [its] physical, mental and social growth is permanently impaired

       before terminating the parent-child relationship.” Id. Furthermore, “[c]lear and

       convincing evidence need not reveal that the continued custody of the parents is

       wholly inadequate for the child’s very survival. Rather, it is sufficient to show

       by clear and convincing evidence that the child’s emotional and physical

       development are threatened by the respondent parent’s custody.” K.T.K., 989

       N.E.2d at 1230.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023        Page 21 of 28
[37]   In adjudicating Children as CHINS, the trial court determined that Children’s

       removal from Parents’ care was necessary due to Parents’ history of heroin

       abuse, Parents were evicted from their home, and Parents were admitted to the

       hospital on October 7, 2021 due to suspected overdoses. Throughout these

       proceedings, Father consistently tested positive for illegal substances when he

       submitted to drug screens, including his fentanyl positive screen in February

       2023 during the termination proceedings. Father, who was diagnosed with

       severe opiate use disorder, participated in some services, including a partial

       substance abuse evaluation. However, when Father was apprised of the

       recommendations resulting from this evaluation, he left before completing the

       assessment. Father never reached his goal of maintaining sobriety; at most, he

       remained sober for three months. Although he completed a detox program at

       Valle Vista in late December 2022, by the time of the termination hearing, he

       had yet to complete the recommended aftercare treatment, he had not

       completed an inpatient program that he planned to attend and he continued to

       test positive for illegal substances.

[38]   Father’s failure to engage in services during these proceedings demonstrates a

       “lack of commitment to complete the actions necessary to preserve [the] parent-

       child relationship.” In re A.L.H., 774 N.E.2d 896, 900 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002).

       Our supreme court has previously concluded that “parents’ past behavior is the

       best predictor of their future behavior.” In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 643 (Ind.

       2014). Despite DCS’s referral to services to treat Father’s addictions, Father

       refused to participate, continually screening positive for illegal substances.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023     Page 22 of 28
[39]   Father’s citations to his own testimony in which he acknowledged his

       addiction, his insight into his drug use, and his desire to complete a longer

       substance abuse treatment program merely amount to impermissible requests

       for this court to reweigh and judge anew witness credibility. See K.T.K., 989

       N.E.2d at 1229. Similarly, Father’s reliance on FCM Strunk’s testimony that

       she was “not in a rush personally” to terminate parental rights disregards the

       numerous emphases by FCM Struck to the contrary that the case had been

       open seventeen months and Children had waited long enough. The trial court

       was entitled to weigh the evidence as it found appropriate in the context of this

       case, and we affirm the trial court’s conclusion that a reasonable probability

       exists that the conditions that resulted in Children’s removal will not be

       remedied. See id. As such, we affirm the trial court’s decision. 3

       D. Best Interests of Children

[40]   Both Father and Mother separately challenge the trial court’s conclusion that

       termination is in Children’s best interests. To determine whether termination is

       in a child’s best interests, the trial court must look to the totality of the evidence.

       In re A.D.S., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1158 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. The

       court must subordinate the interests of the parents to those of the child and need

       not wait until a child is irreversibly harmed before terminating the parent-child

       3
         Because Indiana Code section 31-35-2-4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive and we affirm the trial court’s
       termination based on the conclusion that there is a reasonable probability that Father would not remedy the
       reasons for Children’s removal or placement outside the home , we will not address Father’s argument that
       the continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to Children.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023                             Page 23 of 28
       relationship. Id. In this regard, “recommendations by both the case manager

       and the child advocate to terminate parental rights, in addition to evidence that

       the conditions resulting in removal will not be remedied, is sufficient to show by

       clear and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best interests.”

       A.D.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1158-59 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2013), trans. denied. Here, FCM Strunk and CASA both supported the

       termination of Parental rights and adoption by Grandmother. CASA opined

       that waiting for Parents to achieve sobriety was not in Children’s best interests

       as it could take “many, many years.” (Tr. p. 194).

[41]   In support that termination is not in Children’s best interests, Mother offered a

       three-fold argument: 1) the strong bond between parent and Children; 2) the

       lack of any identified benefit from termination; and 3) the ready availability of a

       less restrictive alternative. Although we acknowledge that Parents share a bond

       with Children and the loving relationship was evident during visitation, Mother

       testified that due to her addiction, she wanted Children to remain with

       Grandmother. She advised that she could not say when she will be sober and

       have the ability to provide a safe environment for Children.

[42]   Mother refers this court to jurisprudence “where a reviewing court reversed a

       termination when the evidence demonstrated that the parent had an ongoing,

       positive relationship with the child” and termination was not in the child’s best

       interests. (Appellant Mother’s Br. p. 19). However, these cases are inapposite

       to the situation at hand. In In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1263 (Ind. 2009), the

       incarcerated mother had taken substantial steps to improve her life, including

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023    Page 24 of 28
       completing drug rehabilitation programs and individualized drug counseling,

       she signaled a strong willingness and commitment in maintaining a parental

       relationship with child, and she continued to participate in parenting and other

       personal improvement programs after her release. Id. at 1264. In Matter of B.F.,

       141 N.E.3d 75, 76 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020), mother and children were bonded,

       mother’s parenting skills were appropriate, and the only lingering issue was

       mother’s lack of stable and suitable housing. In In re H.G., 959 N.E.2d 271, 293

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), the court concluded that parents had made significant

       efforts at self-improvement, the children had been placed in a new foster home

       shortly after termination, and no adoptive family had been identified.

[43]   None of the considerations that warranted a reversal of the termination based

       on the best interests of the child in In re G.Y., in Matter of B.F., and in In re H.G.,

       are present here. Parents made no progress in their fight against their

       addiction—they could not even produce a single negative screen. Even tough

       Parents made an effort to attend and participate in some classes, there is no

       evidence in the record that either Parent successfully completed a court-ordered

       service. Parents did not demonstrate any commitment or interest in bettering

       themselves for the benefit of their Children.

[44]   Permanency is a central consideration in determining the best interests of a

       child. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d at 1264. At the time of the termination hearing,

       Children had been with Grandmother for eighteen months—which was half of

       A.L.’s life. Children have bonded with Grandmother and N.L. is getting the

       necessary counseling services to address her communication and emotional

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023       Page 25 of 28
       issues. With Mother diagnosed with severe opiate addiction and still testing

       positive for illegal substances during the termination proceedings, there is no

       possible date in sight to commence a reunification attempt with Mother and, as

       such, there exists no permanent stability. “Termination, allowing for a

       subsequent adoption, would provide [Children] with the opportunity to be

       adopted into a safe, stable, consistent, and permanent environment where all

       their needs will continue to be met, and where they can grow.” In re A.D.S.,

       987 N.E.2d at 1159.

[45]   Father, in a somewhat similar vein, contends that the trial court

       overemphasized permanency, and that delaying permanency would not harm

       Children. Because he maintained a bond with Children, and considering that

       Children would remain in Grandmother’s care, he argues that he should be

       given additional time to straighten out his life given that he had taken positive

       steps and shown insight in his addiction patterns. In support, Father relies on

       In re R.S., 56 N.E.3d 625 (Ind. 2016). In In re R.S., our supreme court

       acknowledged that “when a child is in relative placement, and the permanency

       plan is adoption into the home where the child has lived for years already,

       prolonging the adoption is unlikely to have an effect upon the child. Further,

       even when a father has had a troubled past and failings as a parent, our courts

       will also recognize the positive steps a father has taken to turn his life around

       for the sake of himself and his children.” Id. at 630 (internal citations omitted).

       Referencing the loving bond that R.S. and father shared, father’s successful

       completion of multiple self-improvement and parenting courses, father’s

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023     Page 26 of 28
       successful completion of probation, his repeatedly expressed desire to parent

       R.S., and his exercise of regular visitation with R.S., the court reversed the trial

       court’s conclusion that termination was in the child’s best interest, as the court

       did “not believe that this case has reached the last resort stage.” Id. at 631. To

       the contrary here, Father has not undertaken a single positive step to either

       better himself or to be a positive influence for Children. There is not a single

       negative drug screen—if Father bothered to submit to drug screens in the first

       place—Father did not complete a single court-ordered class, and Father did not

       find stable employment, an appropriate home, or achieve financial

       independence. Although Father did visit Children, Father did not demonstrate

       the slightest improvement in any area of his life.

[46]   In a related argument Father also contends that termination is not in Children’s

       best interests because Grandmother expressed a desire for Children to have a

       continued family relationship with Parents. However, the record reflects that

       Grandmother unequivocally testified that she “want[ed] to adopt the children”

       and she “want[ed] them to stay with [her] forever.” (Tr. p. 50). She decided

       against guardianship because it was not a permanent solution and she advised

       “it would be better for [C]hildren if there was no legal family relationship

       between [C]hildren and their [P]arents” because “under the circumstances right

       now, [] they need to concentrate on themselves[.]” (Tr. p. 48). Grandmother

       did inform the court that, after adoption and if Parents , in the future, did

       recover, Parents “could be part of the family” through visitation. (Tr. p. 51).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023     Page 27 of 28
[47]   We remind Parents that we evaluate the trial court’s order to terminate parental

       rights in the light of the best interests of Children—not the best interests of

       Parents. The evidence overwhelmingly reflects that Parents failed to avail

       themselves of the opportunities and services offered by DCS to reunite with

       Children and made no progress nor commitment during the proceedings of the

       case. “[C]hildren cannot wait indefinitely for their parents to work toward

       preservation or reunification.” In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 648. Even though “the

       ultimate purpose of the law is to protect the child, the parent-child relationship

       will give way when it is no longer in the child’s best interest to maintain this

       relationship.” In re B.D.J., 728 N.E.2d 195, 200 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000). Parents’

       inability to address their addiction and to provide a safe environment for

       Children, together with their lack of participation in services requested by DCS,

       supports the trial court’s conclusion that termination of Parents’ parental rights

       is in the best interests of Children. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s

       decision.

       CONCLUSION
[48]   Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its

       discretion by refusing to admit certain evidence requested by Parents and that

       DCS presented sufficient evidence to support its petitions to terminate the

       parent-child relationship.

[49]   Affirmed.

[50]   Crone, J. and Mathias, J. concur

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 23A-JT-1076 | November 22, 2023     Page 28 of 28