Court Opinion

ID: 9397703
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-26 05:06:24.844719+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:27.230209
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     May 25, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 359176
                                                                     Muskegon Circuit Court
TODD WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM,                                             LC No. 19-005209-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: SHAPIRO, P.J., and REDFORD and YATES, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        A jury convicted defendant of conspiracy to commit armed robbery, MCL 750.529;
MCL 750.157a; assault with intent to rob while armed, MCL 750.89; felon in possession of a
firearm (felon-in-possession), MCL 750.224f; and three counts of possession of a firearm during
the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. Defendant appeals as of right. We
affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

        Defendant’s convictions arise from a conspiracy between defendant, Michael Monson, and
Tabitha Bledsoe to rob a drug dealer named Mark Cheatum on August 13, 2019. Early that
morning, Bledsoe called Cheatum to arrange purchasing drugs. Bledsoe met Cheatum on a street
near defendant’s home and according to defendant’s instructions Bledsoe directed Cheatum to
drive down a nearby alley where defendant and Monson lay in wait. However, the robbery attempt
ultimately proved unsuccessful. While Bledsoe sat in Cheatum’s vehicle in the alley, defendant
and Monson approached on foot carrying guns and wearing masks and gloves. Monson shot at
Cheatum’s vehicle, but Cheatum escaped by running over Monson with his car and driving away.
Defendant also repeatedly shot at the vehicle. Cheatum immediately drove to a police station to
report the incident.

        Bledsoe and Monson testified at trial admitting that they planned to rob Cheatum. The jury
also viewed bodycam footage of Cheatum describing the incident to a police officer. Cheatum,
however, did not testify at trial. The prosecutor also introduced surveillance video from inside and
outside defendant’s home on the morning of the incident. Defendant testified on his own behalf,

                                                -1-
acknowledging that he armed himself with a gun and that he agreed to have Monson’s “back.” He
maintained, however, that once outside in the alley, he and Monson abandoned their robbery plan.
According to defendant’s version of events, Cheatum repeatedly ran over Monson with his vehicle
for no reason, and defendant shot at Cheatum in an attempt to save Monson’s life. The jury
convicted defendant and he now appeals.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

                                 A. CONFRONTATION CLAUSE

        On appeal, defendant first argues that the trial court erred by admitting Cheatum’s
statements shown in the bodycam footage because Cheatum’s statements were testimonial and
their admission violated the Confrontation Clause given that defendant never had an opportunity
to cross-examine Cheatum. Defendant, however, waived this issue at trial by affirmatively stating,
twice, that he had no objection to the admission of the bodycam video. The affirmative approval
constituted a waiver. See People v McDonald, 293 Mich App 292, 295; 811 NW2d 507 (2011).
Alternatively, defendant contends that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing
to object to the admission of the bodycam footage. This ineffective-assistance claim lacks merit.

       To fully address defendant’s ineffective-assistance claim, we consider his underlying
Confrontation Clause argument. “The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment bars the
admission of testimonial statements of a witness who did not appear at trial, unless the witness
was unavailable to testify and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the witness.”
People v Walker, 273 Mich App 56, 60-61; 728 NW2d 902 (2006) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). When admitting Cheatum’s statements in this case, the trial court relied on the ongoing-
emergency doctrine, explained by the United States Supreme Court as follows:

               Without attempting to produce an exhaustive classification of all
       conceivable statements—or even all conceivable statements in response to police
       interrogation—as either testimonial or nontestimonial, it suffices to decide the
       present cases to hold as follows: Statements are nontestimonial when made in the
       course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the
       primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an
       ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the circumstances objectively
       indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary purpose of
       the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later
       criminal prosecution. [Davis v Washington, 547 US 813, 822; 126 S Ct 2266; 165
       L Ed 2d 224 (2006).]

        Factually, in Davis, the Court concluded that statements during a 911 call, describing
events that were actually happening and seeking help “against a bona fide physical threat,” were
indicative of an “ongoing emergency,” and that these statements were, therefore, nontestimonial.
See id. at 827. In comparison, in a companion case, Hammon v Indiana, the victim was
interviewed by police at her home, after an assault by her husband; she was interviewed in a
separate room from her husband, and after answering questions, she signed an affidavit related to
the events. Id. at 829-832. On these facts in Hammon, the Court concluded that the victim’s
statements to police at the scene of the crime, when “there was no immediate threat to her person,”

                                                -2-
were not made while there was an emergency in progress and were instead a product of
interrogation regarding the investigation of a possible crime. Id.

        In this case, likening the current situation to the facts of Hammon, defendant argues that
Cheatum’s statements to Officer Trevon Durr were testimonial because Cheatum had reached a
point of safety, and according to defendant, the emergency was, therefore, over. Defendant’s
argument proposes an overly-narrow reading of Davis, which the United States Supreme Court
has itself rejected. In Michigan v Bryant, 562 US 344, 359; 131 S Ct 1143; 179 L Ed 2d 93 (2011),
the Court provided “additional clarification with regard to what Davis meant by ‘the primary
purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.’ ”
Quoting Davis, 547 US at 822. Specifically, the Bryant Court explained that whether the “primary
purpose” of an interrogation is to enable police to meet an ongoing emergency requires an
objective evaluation of “the circumstances in which the encounter occurs and the statements and
actions of the parties.” Bryant, 562 US at 359. The Court recognized that Davis and Hammon—
which both involved domestic-violence incidents with a known assailant who posed a threat to a
specific victim—did not define the “outer bounds” of what constitutes an ongoing emergency;
rather, “whether an emergency exists and is ongoing is a highly context-dependent inquiry.” Id.
at 363. For example, even if a threat to an initial victim has been neutralized, an emergency may
remain ongoing when there is a continued threat to the police or the general public or both. Id.
at 363-364. In assessing a possible ongoing risk, the type of weapon—such as a gun as compared
to the use of fists—should also be considered to determine whether a threat has been neutralized
or an emergency remains ongoing. Id. at 364. The victim’s medical state is also relevant and
“provides important context for first responders to judge the existence and magnitude of a
continuing threat to the victim, themselves, and the public.” Id. at 365. Also relevant are the
motives of the interrogators and declarants during the questioning, as well as what is known to
them or perceived by them regarding whether the emergency is ongoing, as evinced by the
questions asked and the statements made. Id. at 368-376.

        Bryant also clarified that Davis’s discussion of an ongoing emergency “should not be taken
to imply that the existence vel non of an ongoing emergency is dispositive of the testimonial
inquiry.” Id. at 366. “As Davis made clear, whether an ongoing emergency exists is simply one
factor—albeit an important factor—that informs the ultimate inquiry regarding the ‘primary
purpose’ of an interrogation.” Id. “One additional factor is the informality of the situation and the
interrogation. A formal station-house interrogation, like the questioning in Crawford, is more
likely to provoke testimonial statements, while less formal questioning is less likely to reflect a
primary purpose aimed at obtaining testimonial evidence against the accused.” Ohio v Clark, 576
US 237, 245; 135 S Ct 2173; 192 L Ed 2d 306 (2015) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

         In this case, viewing all the circumstances objectively, Cheatum’s statements depicted in
the bodycam video were nontestimonial. The record shows that, after being shot at by masked
gunmen and running over one of the men with his car, Cheatum drove immediately to the police
station where he spoke to Officer Durr in the parking lot. Although they were at the police station,
this was not a formal, station-house interrogation. The conversation took place outside, in a public
area, and in a disorganized fashion. See Bryant, 562 US at 366, 377. Both Cheatum and Bledsoe
were excited and speaking over each other at times. One of the first things Cheatum can be heard
to say is: “They trying to ambush me, trying to rob me.” Both Cheatum and Bledsoe then described
two masked men jumping out of the bushes and shooting at Cheatum’s vehicle. Nothing in their

                                                -3-
statements suggested that the shooting involved a “purely private dispute or that the threat from
the shooter[s] had ended.” Cf. id. at 372. Further, Cheatum and Bledsoe informed Officer Durr
that one of the gunmen had been hit by Cheatum’s vehicle so that a potentially injured man also
in need of help remained at the scene, a fact which Officer Durr promptly relayed on his radio.1
During the interview with Cheatum and Bledsoe, Officer Durr also asked whether they had been
injured, and indeed, the portion of the video played for the jury ends with Officer Durr having
Cheatum lift his shirt to determine whether Cheatum sustained any injuries from the gunfire.2

        Objective consideration of all the circumstances in which Cheatum’s statements were made
reveals that an ongoing emergency existed to which police responded to reports of two gunmen
firing at a vehicle, one of whom was struck by the car and may have been injured. Officer Durr
asked questions designed to aid police in attempting to respond to that ongoing emergency and to
determine whether Cheatum or Bledsoe—or others, including Monson—needed medical attention.
The informality of the meeting—in the parking lot—also supports that Officer Durr responded to
an ongoing emergency and that Cheatum would not have viewed his statement as being offered
for use at a later trial. Id. at 378. The circumstances establish that the primary purpose of the
interrogation was to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. Id. Accordingly,
Cheatum’s statements were nontestimonial, and the Confrontation Clause did not bar the
admission of the bodycam video. See id.

       It also follows that defendant’s ineffective-assistance claim lacks merit. Because the
Confrontation Clause did not preclude the introduction of Cheatum’s nontestimonial statements,
any objection to the bodycam video on this basis would have been futile. Defense counsel did not
provide ineffective assistance by failing to make a meritless objection. See People v Eisen, 296
Mich App 326, 329; 820 NW2d 229 (2012).

                            B. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       Defendant next argues that the prosecution failed to present sufficient evidence to support
his convictions for conspiracy to commit armed robbery and assault with intent to rob while armed.
We disagree.

1
  Defendant appears to assert that no ongoing emergency existed because defendant called 911.
However, there is no evidence that Cheatum, Bledsoe, or Officer Durr knew of defendant’s 911
call; to the contrary, Officer Durr testified that he spoke to Cheatum before hearing of a 911 call
or “anything like that.” In any event, a single 911 call does not necessarily alleviate the emergency
implicated by active shooters. During an ongoing emergency, particularly one involving active
shooters, police might receive numerous 911 calls or reports by other means, and responding to
that emergency involves gathering and making use of as much information as possible.
2
  The trial court appropriately recognized that an initially nontestimonial encounter may become
testimonial, see Davis, 547 US at 828, and for this reason, the trial court appropriately limited the
introduction of the video to the first eight minutes and 22 seconds, excluding another 35 minutes
of footage.

                                                -4-
      We review de novo a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. People v Williams, 268
Mich App 416, 419; 707 NW2d 624 (2005).

       When ascertaining whether sufficient evidence was presented at trial to support a
       conviction, this Court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the
       prosecution and determine whether a rational trier of fact could find that the
       essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt. [Id.]

        Relevant to defendant’s conspiracy conviction, under MCL 750.157a, “[a]ny person who
conspires together with 1 or more persons to commit an offense prohibited by law, or to commit a
legal act in an illegal manner is guilty of the crime of conspiracy . . . .”

               The gist of conspiracy lies in the illegal agreement; once the agreement is
       formed, the crime is complete. Michigan law requires no proof of an overt act taken
       in furtherance of the conspiracy. And, because the crime is complete upon the
       conspirators’ agreement, the prosecution need not prove that the purpose
       contemplated by the unlawful agreement was accomplished. [People v Seewald,
       499 Mich 111, 117; 879 NW2d 237 (2016) (quotation marks and citations
       omitted).]

“[D]irect proof of agreement is not required, nor is proof of a formal agreement necessary. It is
sufficient that the circumstances, acts, and conduct of the parties establish an agreement. A
conspiracy may be proven by circumstantial evidence or may be based on inference.” People v
Cotton, 191 Mich App 377, 393; 478 NW2d 681 (1991) (citations omitted). The prosecution need
not prove the accomplishment of the underlying substantive offense “or even that the conspirators
knew all the details of the conspiracy,” but “must prove that “the intended future conduct they . . .
agreed upon include[d] all the elements of the substantive crime.” People v Mass, 464 Mich 615,
629 n 19; 628 NW2d 540 (2001) (quotation marks and citations omitted). “Conspiracy is a
specific-intent crime, because it requires both the intent to combine with others and the intent to
accomplish the illegal objective.” Id. at 629.

       The elements of armed robbery, the substantive offense in this case, are:

       (1) the defendant, in the course of committing a larceny of any money or other
       property that may be the subject of a larceny, used force or violence against any
       person who was present or assaulted or put the person in fear, and (2) the defendant,
       in the course of committing the larceny, either possessed a dangerous weapon,
       possessed an article used or fashioned in a manner to lead any person present to
       reasonably believe that the article was a dangerous weapon, or represented orally
       or otherwise that he or she was in possession of a dangerous weapon. [People v
       Chambers, 277 Mich App 1, 7; 742 NW2d 610 (2007).]

        In comparison, relevant to defendant’s assault conviction, under MCL 750.89, “[a]ny
person, being armed with a dangerous weapon, or any article used or fashioned in a manner to lead
a person so assaulted reasonably to believe it to be a dangerous weapon, who shall assault another
with intent to rob and steal shall be guilty of a felony . . . .” The elements of this offense are:
“(1) an assault with force and violence; (2) an intent to rob or steal; and (3) the defendant’s being

                                                -5-
armed.” People v Akins, 259 Mich App 545, 554; 675 NW2d 863 (2003) (quotation marks and
citation omitted). The offense is a specific-intent crime, requiring evidence “that the defendant
intended to rob or steal.” Id. Regarding the assault to rob while armed offense, the jury was
instructed on an aiding-and-abetting theory. See MCL 767.39. “A person who aids or abets the
commission of a crime may be convicted as if he or she directly committed the crime.” People v
Jackson, 292 Mich App 583, 589; 808 NW2d 541 (2011).

       To support a finding that a defendant aided and abetted a crime, the prosecution
       must show that (1) the crime charged was committed by the defendant or some
       other person, (2) the defendant performed acts or gave encouragement that assisted
       the commission of the crime, and (3) the defendant intended the commission of the
       crime or had knowledge that the principal intended its commission at the time he
       gave aid and encouragement. [Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted).]

        Viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence at trial in this case
established that, after calling Cheatum to arrange for the drug purchase, Bledsoe suggested robbing
Cheatum when he arrived. Although evidence indicates that Bledsoe may have initially been
“joking,” defendant and Monson armed themselves with handguns, and donned masks and gloves.
Monson, in particular, used a gun and gloves provided by defendant. Monson also specifically
asked defendant if defendant would have “his back,” and defendant answered affirmatively.
Outside, they changed the angle of a surveillance camera so that it filmed the treetops rather than
the backyard and alley. Defendant also instructed Bledsoe to have Cheatum drive down the alley.
Consistent with that instruction, once in Cheatum’s vehicle, Bledsoe directed him to drive down
the alley where Monson jumped in front of Cheatum with a gun. Defendant also waited armed
with a gun. Monson shot Cheatum’s windshield, but Cheatum managed to avoid the robbery by
striking Monson with his vehicle and driving away. Defendant appeared at Cheatum’s driver’s
side window where he was seen “fumbling” with his gun. By his own admission, defendant then
shot multiple times at Cheatum’s vehicle. After the failed robbery attempt, defendant took steps
to conceal the crime by removing the guns, masks, and gloves from the scene and returning those
items to his house.

        Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, more than sufficient
evidence supported defendant’s conviction of assault with intent to rob while armed, either as a
principal or an aider and abettor, and supported his conviction of conspiracy to commit armed
robbery. See Williams, 268 Mich App at 419. Ample evidence supported the jury’s findings of
his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                 C. ONE-MAN CONSPIRACY

       Regarding his conspiracy conviction, defendant also argues on appeal that his conviction
cannot stand because there can be no one-man conspiracy and neither Bledsoe nor Monson were
convicted of conspiracy. This argument lacks merit. “There can be no question that Michigan is
a ‘no one-man conspiracy’ state.” People v Anderson, 418 Mich 31, 35; 340 NW2d 634 (1983).
“Our conspiracy statute [MCL 750.157a,] is a bilateral conspiracy statute which requires proof of
an agreement between two or more persons.” Id. For this reason:

                                               -6-
       [I]f two are tried together for a conspiracy in which no additional persons are
       implicated, a verdict finding one guilty and the other not guilty requires a judgment
       of acquittal of both. The purpose of the rule at the common law was to prevent the
       enforcement of inherently defective or inconsistent verdicts in conspiracy cases.
       Such inconsistency resulted when, in the joint prosecution of several alleged
       conspirators, one co-conspirator was convicted while all of his alleged co-
       conspirators were acquitted. The effect analytically was that the fact-finder in such
       cases found simultaneously that an agreement between two or more persons existed
       and that it did not exist with regard to the same alleged conspirators. At common
       law the rule was easily applied since co-conspirators were always tried jointly and
       a per se rule fulfilled the rationale underlying the common-law no one-man
       conspiracy rule, precluding inherently defective or inconsistent verdicts. [Id. at 36
       (quotation marks and citation omitted) (emphasis added).]

This rule, however, does not apply when coconspirators are tried “before separate factfinders.”
People v Jemison, 187 Mich App 90, 93; 466 NW2d 378 (1991). When multiple fact-finders are
involved, there is “no inherent defect or inconsistency between the different verdicts.” People v
Cummings, 139 Mich App 286, 295; 362 NW2d 252 (1984).

        In this case, Monson pleaded guilty to armed robbery. Bledsoe was charged with armed
robbery, but she had not yet been convicted of any crime. Critical to defendant’s one-man
conspiracy argument, defendant was not tried jointly with either of his coconspirators. The jury
that convicted defendant of conspiracy did not acquit either Monson or Bledsoe of conspiracy. No
inherent defect or inconsistency in defendant’s verdict occurred. See Anderson, 418 Mich at 36.
Consequently, the no-one-man-conspiracy rule does not apply, and defendant is not entitled to
have his conspiracy conviction vacated. See Jemison, 187 Mich App at 93.

                             D. CONSTITUTIONAL AUTONOMY

        Defendant contends that defense counsel violated his Sixth Amendment right to client
autonomy by conceding defendant’s guilt, and defendant contends that this amounts to a structural
error under McCoy v Louisiana, ___ US ___, ___; 138 S Ct 1500, 1511; 200 L Ed 2d 821 (2018).
Because defendant failed to raise this client-autonomy issue in the trial court, he failed to preserve
it for appellate review. See People v Vaughn, 491 Mich 642, 654; 821 NW2d 288 (2012). We
review defendant’s unpreserved constitutional claim for plain error affecting his substantial rights.
People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763-764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). Under the plain error rule,
defendant bears the burden to prove: 1) an error occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or
obvious, 3) and the plain error affected substantial rights, i.e., prejudiced defendant by affecting
the outcome or seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial
proceedings independent of defendant’s innocence. Id. (citation omitted).

       Defendant has not shown that any error occurred entitling him to relief. The Sixth
Amendment grants an accused “the right to make a defense. As part of this right to make a defense,
the Amendment speaks of the ‘assistance’ of counsel, thus contemplating a norm in which the
accused, and not a lawyer, is master of his own defense.” Gannett Co, Inc v DePasquale, 443 US
368, 383 n 10; 99 S Ct 2898; 61 L Ed 2d 608 (1979). Although lawyers may make decisions
regarding trial management, there remain some decisions that “are reserved for the client—

                                                 -7-
notably, whether to plead guilty, waive the right to a jury trial, testify in one’s own behalf, and
forgo an appeal.” McCoy, ___ US at ___; 138 S Ct at 1508. “Autonomy to decide that the
objective of the defense is to assert innocence belongs in this latter category.” Id. Consequently,
“[p]resented with express statements of the client’s will to maintain innocence . . . counsel may
not steer the ship the other way.” Id. at ___; 128 S Ct at 1509. A “counsel’s admission of a client’s
guilt over the client’s express objection is error structural in kind.” Id. at ___; 138 S Ct at 1511
(emphasis added).

         Factually, in McCoy, the defense attorney specifically conceded during opening statements
that the defendant “committed three murders” and was “guilty.” Id. at ___; 128 S Ct at 1505.
Notably, the attorney made these concessions despite the fact that “the defendant vociferously
insisted that he did not engage in the charged acts and adamantly objected to any admission of
guilt.” Id. Indeed, the defendant opposed the concession “of his guilt at every opportunity, before
and during trial, both in conference with his lawyer and in open court.” Id. at ___; 128 S Ct
at 1509. The defendant’s vocal objections were a crucial fact in McCoy, distinguishing it from
other cases in which a defendant never opposed a concession-of-guilt strategy until after trial and
in which no structural error was found. Compare id., with Florida v Nixon, 543 US 175, 181, 185;
125 S Ct 551; 160 L Ed 2d 565 (2004) (involving a concession of guilt when the defendant was
“generally unresponsive,” never approved or protested the proposed strategy, and instead waited
until after trial to complain about the admission of his guilt).

        In this case, during closing arguments, defense counsel acknowledged that defendant, a
felon, should not have had a gun in his possession, effectively conceding defendant’s guilt of felon-
in-possession. This, however, at most, served as a concession of guilt related solely to felon-in-
possession. Defense counsel did not concede defendant’s guilt on any other charge, but instead
argued at length that defendant be found not guilty of all the other charges. Moreover, to the extent
counsel acknowledged that defendant was a felon in possession of a firearm, defendant
nevertheless has not shown error under McCoy because at no point, until this appeal, did defendant
voice any concern or objection to counsel’s concessions regarding felon-in-possession. See
McCoy, ___ US at ___; 128 S Ct at 1509. Further, defendant presents no evidence that defense
counsel conceded guilt on the felon-in-possession charge over defendant’s express objections. To
the contrary, defense counsel’s concessions appear consistent with defendant’s own testimony in
this case in which he admitted possessing a gun. Absent evidence that defendant expressly told
counsel that he wanted to maintain his innocence regarding felon-in-possession, this partial
concession did not amount to structural error under McCoy.3 See id.

3
  On appeal, aside from his constitutional-autonomy claim under McCoy, defendant also makes
the cursory assertion that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by conceding
defendant’s guilt. This argument also lacks merit. Defense counsel’s concession related to felon-
in-possession was entirely consistent with defendant’s own testimony and the stipulation that
defendant was ineligible to possess a firearm. When, as in this case, “the evidence obviously
points to defendant’s guilt, it can be better tactically . . . to admit guilt on some charges but
maintain innocence on others.” People v Matuszak, 263 Mich App 42, 60-61; 687 NW2d 342
(2004). See also Nixon, 543 US at 192 (“[C]ounsel cannot be deemed ineffective for attempting

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                    E. JURY INSTRUCTIONS ON DEFENSE OF OTHERS

        Defendant also argues that the trial court should have instructed the jury on defense of
others because he presented evidence that he shot at Cheatum to save Monson’s life. Defendant,
however, waived this issue when he approved the jury instructions at trial. See People v Head,
323 Mich App 526, 537; 917 NW2d 752 (2018). Alternatively, defendant argues that defense
counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to request such an instruction. Reviewing this
issue in the ineffective-assistance context, we conclude that, even assuming that counsel performed
unreasonably by failing to request such an instruction, defendant is not entitled to relief on appeal
because a reasonable probability does not exist that the failure to request the instruction affected
the outcome of the proceedings given the overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt. See
Jackson, 292 Mich App at 600-601.

        To address defendant’s ineffective-assistance claim, we consider his underlying contention
that he was entitled to a defense-of-others instruction at trial regarding the assault with intent to
rob while armed and felon-in-possession offenses.4 “A criminal defendant is entitled to have a
properly instructed jury consider the evidence against him.” People v Everett, 318 Mich App 511,
527; 899 NW2d 94 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted). To obtain an instruction on an
affirmative defense—such as defense of others—a defendant bears the burden of presenting “some
evidence” from which the jury can find the essential elements of the defense. People v Leffew,
508 Mich 625, 644; 975 NW2d 896 (2022). This burden “is not a heavy one.” Id. “Even when
the supporting evidence is weak or of doubtful credibility its presence requires an instruction on
the theory of defense.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). Once a defendant meets this
burden of establishing a prima facie case, the prosecutor bears the burden of disproving the
affirmative defense beyond a reasonable doubt. Id.

        Relevant to defendant’s defense-of-others argument, “[o]ne may use force in defense of
another when he or she reasonably believes the other is in immediate danger of harm and force is
necessary to prevent the harm; deadly force is permissible to repel an attack which reasonably
appears deadly.” Id. at 638 (quotation marks and citation omitted). “As with self-defense, defense
of others is generally not available to a person who is the initial aggressor.” Id. Further, generally,
defense of others is only available as a defense when “the victim of an unlawful aggression is
entitled under the law to use defensive force.” 1 Wharton’s Criminal Law, Defense of Others,

to impress the jury with his candor and his unwillingness to engage in a useless charade.”)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). Defense counsel did not provide ineffective assistance.
4
  We focus specifically on assault with intent to rob while armed and felon-in-possession because,
on appeal, defendant argues that, if a defense-of-others instruction had been given, “[h]e would
most likely have been found not guilty of Felon in Possession and Assault with Intent to Rob while
armed.” By failing to address whether such an instruction was warranted and would have affected
the verdict respecting conspiracy to commit armed robbery or felony-firearm, defendant
abandoned any such arguments. See People v Henry, 315 Mich App 130, 149; 889 NW2d 1
(2016).

                                                 -9-
§ 14:10 (16th ed). See also 1 Mich Civ Jur, Assault and Battery, § 29 (“[A] person’s right of
defense is no broader than the right of the person being defended.”).

        In this case, in the context of the other evidence presented, although defendant’s testimony
was, “weak” and “of doubtful credibility,” nevertheless, defendant offered “some evidence” to
support that he acted in defense of Monson. See Leffew, 508 Mich at 644. According to
defendant’s testimony, after deciding to rob Cheatum, arming themselves, donning masks and
gloves, leaving the inside of the residence and changing the angle of an outside camera to record
treetops instead of where Monson and defendant agreed to rob Cheatum; defendant and Monson
changed their minds and agreed that they were not going to rob him. When they saw Cheatum’s
vehicle driving down the alley, they stepped to the sides of the alley to allow him to pass. But
Cheatum did not pass and instead accelerated and drove at Monson, striking him with his vehicle
for no reason. Defendant maintained that Cheatum then repeatedly drove forward and back over
Monson, while defendant tried to pull Monson to safety and in this context he fired shots at
Cheatum trying to save Monson. Consistent with defendant’s testimony, defense counsel argued
during closing argument that defendant simply acted “trying to save his friend’s life” and did not
intend to rob Cheatum.

        Nevertheless, even if we agreed with defendant that counsel acted unreasonably by failing
to request a defense-of-others instruction, defendant’s ineffective-assistance claim would fail
because defendant cannot establish prejudice. To establish prejudice, he “must show that but for
counsel’s deficient performance, a different result would have been reasonably probable.” People
v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 55-56; 826 NW2d 136 (2012) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” People v Ackley, 497 Mich 381, 389; 870 NW2d 858 (2015) (quotation marks and
citation omitted). Under this standard, a defendant does not have to show that, but for the error,
he or she would have been ensured an acquittal, id. at 397, nor must a defendant show that
counsel’s failure more likely than not altered the outcome, Harrington v Richter, 562 US 86, 112;
131 S Ct 770; 178 L Ed 2d 624 (2011). Nevertheless, “[t]he likelihood of a different result must
be substantial, not just conceivable.” Id. “In making this determination, a court hearing an
ineffectiveness claim must consider the totality of the evidence before the judge or jury.” People
v Dufek, 980 NW2d 62, 63 (Mich, 2022) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        In this case, defendant contends only that a defense-of-others instruction would have
altered the outcome respecting his assault-with-intent-to-rob-while-armed and his felon-in-
possession convictions. However, respecting his felon-in-possession conviction, the evidence,
including defendant’s own testimony, established unequivocally that he armed himself with a gun
in his house, well before Cheatum arrived, and well before any conceivable danger to anyone
existed. In other words, defendant was not in “temporary” possession of a firearm in an attempt
to “repel an imminent threat.” People v Triplett, 499 Mich 52, 57; 878 NW2d 811 (2016). See
also People v Guajardo, 300 Mich App 26, 40 n 4; 832 NW2d 409 (2013). On this record, no
reasonable juror could conclude that defendant possessed a firearm in defense of Monson. As to
his felon-in-possession charge, there is not a reasonable probability that a defense-of-others
instruction would have altered the outcome. See Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich at 55-56.

       Regarding the assault charge, considering the totality of the evidence before the jury,
defendant cannot show prejudice. Again, the evidence established that Bledsoe, defendant, and

                                               -10-
Monson agreed to rob Cheatum. To this end, defendant and Monson armed themselves with
defendant’s firearms and wore masks and gloves. Outside, they changed the angle of the
surveillance camera to film the treetops rather than the backyard and alley. Defendant then
instructed Bledsoe to have Cheatum drive down the alley and she did so. Although defendant
claims that he and Monson agreed to abandon their plan, this conversation was not captured on the
surveillance video. Further, no evidence indicates that they removed their masks or gloves, put
away their guns, or took any other action which might suggest that they abandoned their plan.
Although at trial defendant testified that he and Monson agreed to abandon the robbery, defendant
acknowledged that he did not tell this to police during his interview and that he did not include
this information in his written statement. Moreover, Monson, who testified at trial, did not testify
that he and defendant agreed to abandon their plan. To the contrary, one of the last things Monson
recalled was walking toward Cheatum’s vehicle.5 In addition to Monson’s testimony, Cheatum
and Bledsoe both stated that masked men jumped out of the bushes at the vehicle. Monson, in
particular, was described as pointing his gun at the vehicle. Further, the bullet hole in the
windshield strongly supports Cheatum’s account that Monson in fact fired at the vehicle.

        On the whole, the evidence overwhelmingly supported that Monson acted as the initial
aggressor. He could not claim self-defense. It also follows that defendant, as a coconspirator
aware of Monson’s plans, could not claim that he acted in defense of Monson when he fired a gun
at Cheatum. 40 Am Jur 2d, Homicide, § 160; 1 Wharton’s Criminal Law, Defense of Others,
§ 14:10 (16th ed). Indeed, given his role in the events that day, defendant could also be considered
an initial aggressor in his own right, which precludes him from claiming defense of others. See
Leffew, 508 Mich 638. Cheatum, in the meantime, made a U-turn to drive away, driving through
someone’s yard as he did so. Sergeant Shaun Kozal’s testimony of the scene tended to corroborate
this description of the evasive action. Although defendant claimed that Cheatum repeatedly drove
forward and back over Monson, no physical evidence on the vehicle—such as blood or hair—
supported that the vehicle came in repeated contact with Monson.

        After the confrontation, Cheatum drove directly to the police station to report the matter.
Defendant, however, took steps to conceal his actions by collecting the guns, masks, and gloves
and returning them to his house.

        The totality of the evidence presented to the jury, including Bledsoe, Monson, and
Cheatum’s testimonies, the surveillance videos, and the physical evidence, contradicted
defendant’s version of events. Indeed, although not instructed on the defense of others, the jury
heard defendant’s theory that he lacked the intent to rob and acted to save Monson, but the jury
rejected this theory and specifically concluded that defendant acted with the intent to rob. On this
record, there is not a reasonable probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the verdict
respecting defendant’s assault-with-intent-to-rob-while-armed conviction. See Harrington, 562
US at 112; Ackley, 497 Mich at 389.

5
 Monson, who suffered injury when hit by Cheatum’s vehicle, testified that he did not “remember
a whole lot from that day.”

                                               -11-
                        F. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

        In addition to the ineffective-assistance claims already addressed, defendant offers a long
list of complaints about defense counsel’s performance, all of which lack merit. Whether the
defendant received the effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of fact and law. Ackley,
497 Mich at 388. We review a trial court’s findings of fact, if any, for clear error, and review de
novo questions of constitutional law. Id. When, as in this case, a Ginther6 hearing has not been
held, review is generally limited to mistakes apparent on the record. People v Payne, 285 Mich
App 181, 188; 774 NW2d 714 (2009). We note, however, that defendant moved this Court to
remand for a Ginther hearing,7 and in this context, the evidence presented by defendant on appeal
may be considered for the limited purpose of deciding whether a remand for an evidentiary hearing
is warranted. See People v Moore, 493 Mich 933; 825 NW2d 580 (2013).

         “To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must show (1) that defense
counsel’s performance was below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms and (2) that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, a
different outcome would have resulted.” Jackson, 292 Mich App at 600-601. “Effective
assistance of counsel is presumed, and the defendant bears a heavy burden of proving otherwise.”
People v Solmonson, 261 Mich App 657, 663; 683 NW2d 761 (2004). “Because the defendant
bears the burden of demonstrating both deficient performance and prejudice, the defendant
necessarily bears the burden of establishing the factual predicate for his claim.” People v Carbin,
463 Mich 590, 600; 623 NW2d 884 (2001). “This Court will not second-guess counsel on matters
of trial strategy, nor will it assess counsel’s competence with the benefit of hindsight.” People v
Putman, 309 Mich App 240, 248; 870 NW2d 593 (2015) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

                1. CROSS-EXAMINATION OF DETECTIVE ANTONIO PEREZ

        Defendant first contends that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to
question Detective Perez about a laboratory report, which, according to defendant, could have been
used to establish a third gun in the alley fired by Cheatum. How to cross-examine witnesses is
presumed to be a matter of trial strategy, see id., and on the existing lower court record, which did
not include the laboratory report, defendant has not overcome the presumption that counsel’s
decisions were a matter of sound trial strategy, nor has he shown that a reasonable probability
exists that cross-examining Detective Perez about the report would have affected the outcome of
the proceedings. See Jackson, 292 Mich App at 600-601.

       Considering the laboratory report and evidence of a forfeiture proceeding against Cheatum,
defendant also has not shown that there is a need to remand for a Ginther hearing on this issue.

6
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
7
 Defendant’s remand motion was previously denied “without prejudice to a case call panel of this
Court determining that remand is necessary once the case is submitted on a session calendar.”
People v Cunningham, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered July 21, 2022 (Docket
No. 359176). Having again considered the issue, for the reasons explained in this opinion, we
again deny defendant’s request for a Ginther hearing.

                                                -12-
See Moore, 493 Mich at 933. First of all, it is unclear why defendant singles out Detective Perez
as someone to question about the laboratory report or the possibility of a third gun. The report
itself is inadmissible hearsay. See People v McDaniel, 469 Mich 409, 412; 670 NW2d 659 (2003).
Detective Perez did not author the report and there is no evidence that he would have the
qualifications or knowledge to opine that nine-millimeter cartridges found in the alley could not
have been fired from the guns found in defendant’s home. Defendant simply speculates that
Detective Perez could have offered favorable testimony if questioned about the ballistics report,
but such speculation does not support an ineffective-assistance claim, nor does it warrant remand
for a Ginther hearing. See Payne, 285 Mich App at 190; MCR 7.211(C)(1).

        Second, an obvious problem with defendant’s third-gun theory is that no one—including
defendant—testified that Cheatum fired a gun in the alley. Establishing that there were nine-
millimeter, Luger cartridges in the alley that did not match defendant’s gun or the gun used by
Monson, would not have aided the defense because there would still be no evidence to link those
cartridges to Cheatum or place a gun in Cheatum’s hand.8 Indeed, defendant’s basic argument on
appeal appears to be that establishing the presence of a third gun in the alley would have aided his
defense-of-others theory. But absent testimony that defendant believed that Cheatum fired or
possessed a gun, evidence about cartridge casings later found in the alley has no bearing on what
defendant honestly and reasonably believed when he fired at Cheatum. See Leffew, 508 Mich
at 638, 651. Defendant cannot establish that his counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel
related to Detective Perez, and he has not shown that a remand is warranted on this issue. See
MCR 7.211(C)(1).

                           2. CROSS-EXAMINATION OF BLEDSOE

       Defendant next argues that defense counsel failed to effectively cross-examine Bledsoe
regarding her purchase of heroin and whether Cheatum possessed or fired a gun during the
incident. Defendant also argues that defense counsel should have impeached Bledsoe using the
video of her interview with police to establish that she had something—possibly heroin—in her
pants which she then put in her cheek. Defendant’s arguments in this regard lack merit.

8
  In his Standard 4 brief, defendant also asserts that the ballistics report shows that none of the
bullet fragments from Cheatum’s vehicle and none of the casings in the alley matched defendant’s
weapons. In making this argument on the basis of the laboratory report, defendant impermissibly
attempts to expand the record. See People v Nix, 301 Mich App 195, 203; 836 NW2d 224 (2013).
Instead, we consider the ballistics report only as it relates to defendant’s request for a Ginther
hearing. See Moore, 493 Mich at 933. In any event, contrary to defendant’s representations in his
Standard 4 brief, the ballistics report indicates that there were cartridge casings found that were
identified, “to a degree of practical certainty,” as having been fired by one of defendant’s weapons.
The analysis of other items, including a bullet fragment, was “inconclusive” regarding the second
gun, meaning that they could not be excluded or identified as having been fired by that weapon.
It was not determined that none of the fragments or casings could have been fired by either of
defendant’s firearms. We also note that defendant fully admitted at trial and in his statements to
police that he repeatedly shot at Cheatum’s vehicle in the alley.

                                                -13-
        Again, how to question witnesses is presumed to be a matter of trial strategy, and defendant
has not overcome the presumption that counsel provided effective assistance. See Putman, 309
Mich App at 248. Defense counsel cross-examined Bledsoe at length. Both in her direct and
cross-examination testimony, Bledsoe admitted her drug addiction and her desire to obtain heroin.
On this record, defendant has not shown that counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to
ask her additional questions about heroin or whether Bledsoe had heroin in her pocket during her
interview with police,9 nor has he shown that such questions would have had any effect on the
outcome of the proceedings. See Jackson, 292 Mich App at 600-601. Defendant also has not
shown that counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to question Bledsoe about whether
Cheatum possessed a gun. Defendant bears the burden of establishing the factual predicate of his
claim, see Carbin, 463 Mich at 600, and there is simply no evidence that Bledsoe saw Cheatum
with a gun on the day in question. Absent such evidence, defendant cannot establish that defense
counsel should have questioned Bledsoe about a gun or that such questions would have affected
the outcome of the proceedings. Defendant received the effective assistance of counsel regarding
Bledsoe, and a remand for a Ginther hearing is not warranted. See MCR 7.211(C)(1).

                         3. FAILURE TO CONSULT A GUN EXPERT

         Defendant also argues that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to
consult a “gun expert” to establish that the hole in the windshield of Cheatum’s car was made by
a shot being fired from inside the vehicle rather than outside the vehicle. This argument fails
because defendant has failed to establish a factual predicate of his claim. See Carbin, 463 Mich
at 600. Defendant merely speculates that a “gun expert” would have benefited the defense, but he
fails to offer any proof that an expert witness would have testified favorably for the defense. See
Payne, 285 Mich App at 190. No expert opinions about the bullet hole appear in the lower court
record, nor has defendant identified an available expert whose opinion he wishes to develop on
remand. In these circumstances, defendant’s claim that defense counsel provided ineffective
assistance by failing to consult a gun expert lacks merit. See id. Remand for a Ginther hearing is
unwarranted. See MCR 7.211(C)(1).

               4. FAILURE TO CALL AN UNIDENTIFIED POLICE OFFICER

         Next, defendant contends that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to
call a responding police officer to testify at trial. Decisions whether to call and question witnesses
are presumed to be matters of trial strategy. See Putman, 309 Mich App at 248. On the existing
record, which includes no information whatsoever about the police officer, defendant cannot
establish that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to call an additional police
officer as a witness. See Payne, 285 Mich App at 190.

        Considering the additional information provided by defendant on appeal, defendant also
has not shown that a remand for a Ginther hearing is warranted. See Moore, 493 Mich at 933. In
arguing that defense counsel should have called an additional police officer to testify, defendant

9
  Bledsoe’s police interview is not part of the lower court record, but we consider it, or at least the
still shots from the video as provided by defendant, to determine whether a Ginther hearing is
warranted. See Moore, 493 Mich at 933.

                                                 -14-
does not provide the officer’s name or many details about the officer’s purported role in the case.
From the little information that defendant states, it appears that the officer responded to the alley
and spoke with defendant at the scene at some point. Defendant maintains that bodycam footage
of this interaction exists, and he asserts that the bodycam footage could have been admitted as
excited utterances. Defendant failed, however, to provide that bodycam video to this Court. At
most, in his brief, he selectively recounts statements that he asserts he made to the officer and
remarks made by the police officer. Defendant’s ineffective-assistance claim related to the
unidentified officer and bodycam footage lacks merit.

        Without the actual bodycam video, one cannot conclude that such video would have been
favorable to the defense. Moreover, the video is undoubtedly hearsay, and without the video and
without additional details about the circumstances in which the video was made, it cannot be
concluded that the excited-utterance exception, or any other hearsay exception, applies. See
MRE 801; MRE 802; MRE 803; MRE 804. Absent a basis to conclude that the video contained
admissible evidence favorable to the defense, defendant cannot overcome the presumption that
counsel’s decisions regarding the presentation of evidence were a matter of sound trial strategy,
see Putman, 309 Mich App at 248, and he cannot establish that defense counsel provided
ineffective assistance by failing to introduce the bodycam video. See Jackson, 292 Mich App
at 600-601. Defendant also has not shown that a remand is warranted on this issue. See MCR
7.211(C)(1).

                    5. FAILURE TO REVIEW SURVEILLANCE VIDEOS

        Defendant also contends that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance relative to
surveillance videos from defendant’s home security system. First, according to defendant, defense
counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to obtain and to review surveillance videos.
There is, however, no record support for the factual predicate of defendant’s claim, and on the
existing record, his ineffective assistance claim lacks merit. See Carbin, 463 Mich at 600. Indeed,
defense counsel’s statements at trial bely defendant’s claim that defense counsel did not view
surveillance video before trial. For example, during jury selection and a discussion whether a
prospective juror with hearing difficulties should be dismissed, defense counsel specifically
mentioned the surveillance video, stating that he and the prosecutor “were sort of laughing about
it. We can’t—I mean, I can’t hear much of it. And you know, I think I have okay hearing.”
Defense counsel also clearly demonstrated his familiarity with the videos as evinced by his cross-
examination of witnesses and his comments during opening statement and closing argument. To
suggest that defense counsel did not review the videos is unsupported by the record.

        Defendant also more specifically argues that defense counsel failed to review the videos
with defendant. To support his request for a remand, defendant provides this Court with his own
affidavit in which he asserts that he asked defense counsel to obtain the surveillance video for him
to view but that counsel did not do so because counsel believed that the case would be dismissed
in the absence of Cheatum’s appearance as a witness.10

 Defendant’s affidavit is not part of the lower court record, but it may be considered to determine
10

whether a Ginther hearing is warranted. See Moore, 493 Mich at 933.

                                                -15-
          Even accepting defendant’s assertion that defense counsel failed to obtain a copy to review
with defendant, defendant has not shown that a remand is warranted because he cannot establish
that counsel’s failure to view the videos with defendant had any effect on the proceedings.
Defendant entirely fails to explain how the proceedings would have been different if he and
counsel reviewed the surveillance videos together. Defendant personally appeared on the videos,
meaning he had his own personal recollection of events, and the surveillance videos were played
at trial before defendant testified. Further, ultimately, defense counsel extensively cross-examined
witnesses about the videos, and defense counsel used the videos during closing arguments to argue
that the videos did not prove that a meeting of the minds regarding a conspiracy to rob Cheatum
existed. Defendant has not established that his counsel denied him the effective assistance of
counsel regarding reviewing the videos together, see Jackson, 292 Mich App at 600-601, and he
has not shown that there is any need for a remand on this issue, see MCR 7.211(C)(1).

        Related to the surveillance videos, defendant also asserts that there is footage missing
between 5:06 a.m. and 5:59 a.m., and according to defendant, this missing portion would “include
significant conversation if there actually had been a conspiracy.” Defendant also asserts in a
cursory fashion that defense counsel “was unaware of the missing gaps.” No record supports
whether defense counsel noticed gaps in the video. Further, defendant fails to explain, for purposes
of his ineffective-assistance claim, how he suffered prejudice by a gap in the video. Given his
insufficient briefing of the issue, we consider defendant’s ineffective-assistance claim regarding
this missing footage abandoned. See People v Henry, 315 Mich App 130, 149; 889 NW2d 1
(2016). In any event, as discussed, the evidence in this case overwhelmingly established that, after
the gap in the video about which defendant now complains, he and Monson armed themselves
with guns, donned masks and gloves, and went outside to rob Cheatum, and defendant fired his
weapon at Cheatum. Given the events that followed, defendant has not shown that counsel’s
failure to obtain the footage between 5:06 a.m. and 5:59 a.m. affected the outcome of the
proceedings. In sum, without more, defendant has not shown that he was denied the effective
assistance of counsel, see Jackson, 292 Mich App at 600-601, and he has not shown that there is
any need for a remand on this issue, see MCR 7.211(C)(1).

                    6. TIME OF THE SEARCH OF DEFENDANT’S HOME

        Relying on statements made by defense counsel at sentencing, defendant also argues that
the surveillance video, coupled with defendant’s interrogation video, would have shown that the
police searched his home before they obtained a warrant or defendant’s consent for the search.
According to defendant, defense counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate this issue. This
argument fails because defendant bears the burden of establishing the factual predicate of his
claim, see Carbin, 463 Mich at 600, and defendant failed to provide this Court with a record to
support that the police searched his home before obtaining a warrant or his consent or both.

        At trial, Detective Perez testified that the police had both a search warrant and a signed
consent “in hand” when they searched defendant’s home, and no evidence in the lower court record
contradicts this testimony. Even on appeal, while seeking a remand, defendant failed to provide
this Court with an offer of proof to support his assertions. Defendant claims that his interrogation
video establishes the timing of his consent. Yet, in response to this Court’s request for a recording
of the interrogation admitted at trial, defendant provided this Court with a video without any audio
and without any time stamps, despite his claim that there is a time stamped video showing when

                                                -16-
he gave his consent to search.11 He also failed to provide this Court with the warrant or any
evidence to establish the time that the police executed the search.12 There is, in short, no factual
support for defendant’s argument that police searched his home before obtaining a warrant or his
consent. Absent an offer of proof to support his claim, he has not shown a need for a remand on
this issue. See MCR 7.211(C)(1).

        Moreover, regarding defendant’s search-related claim, we also note that defendant’s
briefing of the issue—both by defense appellate counsel and in defendant’s Standard 4 brief—is
devoid of any legal analysis regarding the significance of his timing argument. Presumably
defendant believes that he could have moved to suppress evidence from the search if the police
entered his home before obtaining a warrant or his consent, but he wholly fails to brief the issue.
By failing to brief the issue, defendant has abandoned it. See Henry, 315 Mich App at 149. Absent
a legal argument or a factual basis for his complaints regarding the timing of the police search,
defendant has not shown that defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to
investigate the issue more thoroughly, see Jackson, 292 Mich App at 600-601, and he has not
shown that there is any need for a remand on this issue, see MCR 7.211(C)(1).

                               G. DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE

        Next, defendant argues that he was denied due process because the police, in bad faith,
destroyed surveillance video from defendant’s home for the time between 5:06 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.,
shortly before defendant and his coconspirators attempted to rob Cheatum in the alley. Defendant
failed to raise this issue in the trial court. We review the unpreserved issue for plain error. See
People v Dickinson, 321 Mich App 1, 15; 909 NW2d 24 (2017). Defendant has not established
plain error. See id.

       “To warrant reversal on a claimed due-process violation involving the failure to preserve
evidence, a defendant must prove that the missing evidence was exculpatory or that law
enforcement personnel acted in bad faith.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). In this

11
  In his Standard 4 brief, defendant also raises an argument regarding the timing of the search,
specifically that the video would show that he gave his consent to the search at 10:41 a.m. The
consent form signed by defendant, which was admitted at trial as defense Exhibit A, however,
indicated that defendant gave his consent at 9:33 a.m. Regardless, there is ultimately no factual
support for defendant’s argument that police searched his home before obtaining a warrant or his
consent. See People v Elston, 462 Mich 751, 762; 614 NW2d 595 (2000).
12
   With his Standard 4 brief, defendant provides this Court with one, unsigned page of what appears
to be at least a 10-page report, and defendant contends that this document supports that the search
took place at 8:55 a.m. This document discusses a number of activities by police, including talking
with Cheatum, speaking with Bledsoe, arresting defendant, and executing a search warrant on
defendant’s home. The document does not state the time that the search occurred. This document
is also not part of the lower court record, meaning that, at most, we consider it to determine whether
a Ginther hearing is warranted. See Moore, 493 Mich at 933. We see no need for such a hearing
in this case.

                                                -17-
context, there is a difference between material exculpatory evidence and evidence that is only
“potentially useful.” Arizona v Youngblood, 488 US 51, 57-58; 109 S Ct 333; 102 L Ed 2d 281
(1988). “When the evidence is only ‘potentially useful,’ a failure to preserve the evidence does
not amount to a due-process violation unless a defendant establishes bad faith.” Dickinson, 321
Mich App at 16 (citation omitted). A defendant bears the burden of establishing either that the
evidence was exculpatory or that police acted in bad faith. Id.

         In this case, defendant appears to concede that the videos are not material exculpatory
evidence. At most, he asserts that the videos were “potentially useful.” Consequently, defendant
bears the burden of establishing bad-faith destruction of evidence. See id. On the existing record,
there is no factual support for defendant’s contention that the police destroyed any video evidence.
As the appellant, defendant bears the burden of providing this Court with “a record to verify the
factual basis of any argument upon which reversal was predicated.” People v Elston, 462 Mich
751, 762; 614 NW2d 595 (2000). Yet, defendant points to nothing in the lower court record to
support his claim, and he did not seek to expand the record to develop this issue by requesting an
evidentiary hearing.13 See id. Absent factual support, defendant has not shown that error occurred.

        Although the lower court record is devoid of support of his arguments, defendant attempts
to expand the record on appeal by providing this Court with two documents: a report from
December 2022, after the trial in this case, which noted that defendant’s DVR had been
reformatted, and a Muskegon Heights Police Department incident report dated August 13, 2019,
which lists various property items, including a DVR. Appeals to this Court “are heard on the
original record,” MCR 7.210(A), and generally, a litigant may not expand the record on appeal,
People v Nix, 301 Mich App 195, 203; 836 NW2d 224 (2013). For this reason, we need not
consider the additional materials submitted by defendant. See id. And the fact remains that the
record does not support defendant’s claims.14

13
  As noted, defendant moved this Court to remand for a Ginther hearing. He has not, however,
requested an evidentiary hearing on his destruction-of-evidence claim, and this issue was not
included in his motion to remand.
14
  Even if we considered the additional documents, see MCR 7.216(A)(4), we would conclude that
defendant failed to establish a clear or obvious error in this case. First of all, from the documents,
there is some question whether the DVR was in the possession of the police or whether it was most
recently in the possession of defendant’s sister, meaning that it is not clear or obvious that the
police destroyed any evidence. More significantly, even assuming that the police failed to preserve
evidence, under a plain-error standard, defendant cannot show prejudice related to the loss of the
video. Defendant would have personally appeared in the video, and absent a memory loss, which
defendant does not claim, he should have a recollection of what occurred. Cf. People v Huttenga,
196 Mich App 633, 644; 493 NW2d 486 (1992). Yet, defendant does not even attempt to identify
anything favorable to the defense that occurred during that time. Further, from the footage that
has been provided, the audio is virtually indecipherable, meaning that it is highly unlikely that the
missing video captured any conversation. Moreover, regardless what occurred on the video during
the period in question, the circumstances that followed overwhelmingly demonstrated defendant’s

                                                -18-
                        H. EVIDENCE OF MONSON’S GUILTY PLEA

         Defendant’s final argument in his Standard 4 brief is that Monson’s plea was improperly
admitted for use against defendant.15 This unpreserved argument lacks merit. It is “an established
rule that conviction of an accomplice is not substantive evidence of a defendant’s guilt . . . .”
People v Standifer, 425 Mich 543, 552 n 4; 390 NW2d 632 (1986) (opinion by BOYLE, J.).
Evidence of an accomplice’s plea or conviction may, however, be admissible as bearing on the
accomplice’s credibility as a witness. See id. at 556. Further, inconsistencies between an
accomplice’s statements when taking a plea as compared to his or her testimony at a trial may be
used for impeachment. See id. at 557-558. Moreover, a prosecutor may generally offer this
testimony during direct examination without waiting for a defendant to attack the accomplice’s
credibility. People v Manning, 434 Mich 1, 19; 450 NW2d 534 (1990) (opinion by BOYLE, J.).
See also People v Lindsay, 69 Mich App 720, 723; 245 NW2d 343 (1976) (“The practice of
eliciting from a witness on direct examination facts concerning his prior convictions is a common
trial strategy . . . .”).

        In this case, the prosecution did not attempt to use Monson’s guilty plea as substantive
evidence against defendant, nor did the prosecution advance an argument that defendant should be
found guilty by association because Monson pleaded guilty. Instead, the prosecution offered
evidence that Monson pleaded guilty to armed robbery. Defense counsel later asked Monson a
question about his admissions during his plea, and on redirect, the prosecution asked a follow-up
question, clarifying that, at his plea hearing, Monson answered “yes” when asked if he went to the
alley intending to take money from Cheatum. During closing argument, the prosecution argued
that Monson did not appear at trial to help the prosecutor, rather, if anything, he sought to help
defendant. The prosecution also maintained that Monson did not really “have a dog in the fight”
because he had already entered a guilty plea.

       Defendant did not object to any of this at trial, and indeed, defense counsel contributed to
any potential error by asking about Monson’s statements during his plea agreement. Ultimately,
the prosecution did not use Monson’s plea as substantive evidence against defendant. Instead, at

guilt. That is, as discussed, he armed himself with a gun, and donned gloves and a mask. Outside,
he instructed Bledsoe to have Cheatum drive down the alley, and he joined Monson in attempting
to rob Cheatum. Indeed, he repeatedly fired his gun at Cheatum. In this context, defendant cannot
show that the footage in question would have had any effect on the outcome of the proceedings,
and he is not entitled to relief on appeal. See Dickinson, 321 Mich App at 17.
15
   As one of the arguments in his Standard 4 brief, defendant also provides a lengthy list of
purportedly false or misleading factual statements in the prosecutor’s appellate brief. Defendant
fails, however, to develop a legal argument of any kind or to cite any relevant legal authority
whatsoever, and it is unclear what relief, if any, defendant seeks. By failing to adequately brief
the matter, defendant has abandoned this issue. See Henry, 315 Mich App at 149. Nevertheless,
we note that, as in all our cases, we have compared both parties’ factual representations “to the
actual record on appeal,” 5 Longhofer, Michigan Court Rules Practice, Forms, § 121:15 (2022),
and it is the lower court record, not the parties’ factual assertions in their briefs, on which we rely
in resolving the issues in this appeal.

                                                 -19-
most, the prosecution addressed Monson’s plea in the context of arguments regarding his
credibility. The way this was accomplished was the prosecution anticipating the impeachment of
the defense and eliciting this evidence on direct exam. As indicated above, this practice is allowed
under Manning, 434 Mich at 18-19. Defendant has not shown plain error in the admission of
evidence about Monson’s plea and Monson’s statements during his plea hearing as bearing on his
credibility. See Standifer, 425 Mich at 557-558. Defendant, therefore, is not entitled to relief on
appeal.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, we affirm.

                                                             /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                             /s/ James Robert Redford
                                                             /s/ Christopher P. Yates

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