Court Opinion

ID: 3046768
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 23:19:44.721672+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:49:11.017274
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                           FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                    No. 07-3945
                                    ___________

Maricela Arellano-Hernandez,           *
                                       *
            Petitioner,                * Petition for Review of an
                                       * Order of the Board of
      v.                               * Immigration Appeals.
                                       *
                    1
Eric H. Holder, Jr., Attorney General *
                                       *
            Respondent.                *
                                  ___________

                              Submitted: September 25, 2008
                                 Filed: May 4, 2009
                                  ___________

Before BYE, BEAM, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.
                           ___________

BYE, Circuit Judge.

      In this petition for review, Maricela Arellano-Hernandez challenges the Board
of Immigration Appeals' (BIA's) decision affirming the denial of her application for
cancellation of removal and denying her motion to remand. Specifically, Arellano-
Hernandez argues the BIA abused its discretion in: (1) affirming the Immigration
Judge's (IJ's) determination that her application for cancellation of removal under the

      1
       Eric H. Holder, Jr., has been appointed to serve as Attorney General of the
United States, and is substituted as respondent pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 43(c).
Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was untimely; and (2) finding she failed to
establish prima facie eligibility for such relief. After careful review of the record, we
deny the petition for review and affirm the BIA's decision.

                                             I

       Arellano-Hernandez is a native and citizen of Mexico. She entered the United
States on February 25, 1991, without being admitted or paroled. On January 27, 2003,
a Notice to Appear was filed charging Arellano-Hernandez with being removable
pursuant to INA § 212(a)(6)(A)(i). At a hearing before the IJ on February 13, 2003,
Arellano-Hernandez admitted the allegations in the Notice to Appear and conceded
removability. Subsequently, she filed an application for cancellation of removal,
submitting her removal would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship
to her child who is a United States citizen.

       On March 1, 2004, a final hearing was held before the IJ. Prior to taking
testimony, the IJ reviewed the exhibits in the record and inquired whether it was
necessary to make any corrections to Arellano-Hernandez's application for
cancellation of removal. Counsel for Arellano-Hernandez requested the second box
of Question 17 be checked to reflect Arellano-Hernandez's wish to be considered for
VAWA cancellation.2 The IJ inquired why she was bringing a new claim on the day
of the hearing. In response, counsel stated new issues were brought up in preparation
for the hearing. In particular, Arellano-Hernandez had revealed she had been sexually

       2
        Question 17 of the EOIR-42B application form asks an applicant why she
believes she is eligible for relief and directs her to "check all that apply." The first box
refers to cancellation of removal based on exceptional and extremely unusual hardship
to a spouse, parent, or child. The second box seeks relief on grounds the applicant or
her child have been battered or subjected to extreme cruelty by a United States citizen
or lawful permanent resident spouse or parent. Prior to the final merits hearing,
Arellano-Hernandez had only checked the first box.

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abused by her father who, at the time the abuse took place, was a United States lawful
permanent resident. The IJ refused to allow the amendment, deeming it untimely and
therefore waived. The IJ explained:

      Well, it is essentially impossible for this Court to conduct business when
      respondents come in on the day of the hearing and change the case, offer
      no evidence, offer no advance notice to the Government or to the Court
      really, other than I guess Friday, I got an oral statement that this might
      happen. I mean, we can't do hearings like this. So, I'm not going to
      allow the respondent to proceed with this. In effect, by failing to bring
      this claim in a timely manner, I view she's waived it. Simple as that. It
      just, I don't understand. The case has been set for a hearing since May
      2003, document deadline was January 2, 2004, and it's an untimely
      request so you've made your statement for the record. I'm stating that by
      failing to properly bring it to the Court's attention, she's abandoned that
      claim. So, we're going to proceed and hear evidence on the remaining
      claim.

       During Arellano-Hernandez's testimony, government counsel objected to any
references concerning the alleged sexual abuse. The IJ sustained the objections,
reiterating he would not consider the VAWA cancellation claim.

      Arellano-Hernandez's testimony at the final hearing can be summarized as
follows: Arellano-Hernandez is a native and citizen of Mexico. She was born on
February 25, 1978, in Guadalajara, Mexico, and entered the United States in February
1992, together with her mother and younger brother. They lived in California for a
few months before moving to St. Paul, Minnesota, to live with her father, Jose de
Jesus Arellano-Garcia, a lawful permanent resident of the United States. Arellano-
Hernandez's parents were never married and separated approximately two years after
the move to Minnesota. Following their separation, her mother moved to California
where she married a United States citizen. Arellano-Hernandez remained in
Minnesota where she resided with her grandmother (her father's mother) and her aunt.

                                         -3-
       In 1996, Arellano-Hernandez gave birth to a son, Oscar Nerado, a United States
citizen. The child's father is Juan Pablo Noredo-Ramirez.3 At the time of the hearing,
Oscar was in second grade. Arellano-Hernandez testified he was healthy, had no
problems at school, and spoke some Spanish. The basis for Arellano-Hernandez's
claim for cancellation of removal was her removal would result in exceptional and
extremely unusual hardship to her son.

        Andrea Hernandez, Arellano-Hernandez's mother, testified on her behalf.
Hernandez is a lawful permanent resident of the United States and lives in California.
She testified she had been in a relationship with Arellano-Hernandez's father and gave
two reasons for their separation: (1) Arellano-Garcia had an affair with another
woman; and (2) sexually abused Arellano-Hernandez at a young age. Hernandez
testified she reported the alleged abuse to a nurse in her clinic who subsequently
notified the police.

      Daphne Dumker, the mother of Juan Pablo Noredo Ramirez (the father of
Arellano-Hernandez's child) testified about her inability to take care of Oscar if his
mother was removed from the United States.

      On June 19, 2006, the IJ issued an oral decision finding Arellano-Hernandez
removable as charged, denying her application for cancellation of removal, and
granting her voluntary departure. The IJ held Arellano-Hernandez failed to show her
removal would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to her son. The
IJ noted "this [is] a very unpleasant case . . . [but] [w]hile the Court is very
sympathetic to the respondent's situation, she just [did] not meet the hardship
standard." The IJ also noted while Arellano-Hernandez checked the box on her
application for cancellation of removal indicating she has been battered or subjected

      3
       He was in jail at the time the testimony was taken and later removed from the
United States.

                                         -4-
to extreme cruelty by a United States citizen or lawful permanent resident, there was
no evidence in the record to support such a claim. The oral decision made no mention
of the timeliness issue, even though the IJ found the VAWA claim to be untimely and
declined to consider it at the final merits hearing.

       Arellano-Hernandez appealed to the BIA contesting the determination that she
had not met the exceptional and extremely unusual hardship standard. In addition, she
argued the IJ erred, as a matter of law, in not allowing her to present the VAWA
cancellation claim, and moved the BIA to remand the case. On November 30, 2006,
the BIA issued a decision dismissing Arellano-Hernandez's appeal. The BIA found
the factual findings of the IJ were not clearly erroneous and adopted and affirmed the
IJ's decision.

       Regarding the VAWA cancellation claim, the BIA found the record reflected
the claim was not timely presented to the IJ. Moreover, the BIA stated it was not
evident Arellano-Hernandez had established prima facie eligibility for such a relief.
The BIA noted the immigration status of Arellano-Hernandez's father was not
established and the police report concerning the alleged abuse indicated she fabricated
the claim. Given the inconclusive record, the BIA concluded there was no basis to
remand and dismissed the appeal.

       On appeal to this court, Arellano-Hernandez challenges the BIA's decision
dismissing her appeal, arguing the Board abused its discretion in refusing to remand
for a hearing on her VAWA cancellation application. Arellano-Hernandez contends
the BIA should have reversed the IJ's determination that her VAWA cancellation
application was untimely, and should have found she had established prima facie
eligibility for such a relief.

                                         -5-
                                            II

        The BIA's decision is the final decision of the agency and subject to review by
our court. Falaja v. Gonzales, 418 F.3d 889, 894 (8th Cir. 2005) (citing Ismail v.
Ashcroft, 396 F.3d 970, 974 (8th Cir. 2005)). Where, as here, the BIA adopts and
affirms the IJ's decision directly, we review both decisions. Aziz v. Gonzales, 478
F.3d 854, 857 (8th Cir. 2007); see also Eta-Ndu v. Gonzales, 411 F.3d 977, 982 (8th
Cir. 2005) ("Because the BIA essentially adopted the IJ's decision while adding some
of its own reasoning, we review both decisions.") (citing Krasnopivstev v. Ashcroft,
382 F.3d 832, 837 (8th Cir. 2004)). We review the BIA's legal determinations de
novo, according substantial deference to the agency's interpretation of the statutes and
regulations it administers, but not deferring to legal interpretations that are arbitrary,
capricious, or manifestly contrary to statutory law. Patel v. Ashcroft, 375 F.3d 693,
696 (8th Cir. 2004) (citing Regalado-Garcia v. INS, 305 F.3d 784, 787 (8th Cir.
2002)). We review the BIA's denial of a motion to remand under the abuse of
discretion standard of review. Id.

       In addition, although the decision to grant cancellation of removal is a
discretionary act by the Attorney General, which this court may not review, 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(a)(2)(B), we may review "the predicate legal question whether the IJ properly
applied the law to the facts in determining an individual's eligibility to be considered
for the relief." Reyes-Vasquez v. Ashcroft, 395 F.3d 903, 906 (8th Cir. 2005).
Constitutional claims or questions of law are reviewable by this court. Guled v.
Mukasey, 515 F.3d 872, 880 (8th Cir. 2008).

      Arellano-Hernandez argues the IJ's determination that her application for
VAWA cancellation was untimely violated her statutory rights by denying her a
reasonable opportunity to apply for relief. In support of this argument, she cites
Zamora-Morel v. INS, 905 F.2d 833, 839 (5th Cir. 1990), where the request for relief
was made after the parties rested and before the IJ rendered his decision. Holding the

                                           -6-
IJ erred in finding the request for relief untimely, the Fifth Circuit stated an alien
"should bring the request before the IJ as soon as there is a realization of the
possibility of such relief . . . and before the IJ [makes] his decision." Id.

      The government, relying on 8 C.F.R. § 1003.31(c), argues the IJ properly
determined the request for relief was untimely, because it was raised after the
document deadline set by the IJ. Section 1003.31(c) provides:

      The Immigration Judge may set and extend time limits for the filing of
      applications and related documents and responses thereto, if any. If an
      application or document is not filed within the time set by the
      Immigration Judge, the opportunity to file that application or document
      shall be deemed waived.

8 C.F.R. § 1003.31(c).

       As the IJ noted, the document deadline was January 2, 2004, and Arellano-
Hernandez did not present her VAWA cancellation claim until the final hearing on
March 1, 2004. Arellano-Hernandez argues because she submitted her application for
ordinary cancellation prior to the deadline, her VAWA cancellation claim should not
be viewed as a separate application. The argument is without support, and we find no
basis for making such a distinction. The language of the regulation clearly states the
IJ has the authority to deem applications waived when submitted after the set
deadlines. Therefore, the BIA did not abuse its discretion in affirming the IJ's
determination that Arellano-Hernandez's VAWA cancellation application was
untimely and waived. Further, because the application was untimely, the BIA was not
required to rule on the merits of the VAWA cancellation claim, and did not abuse its
discretion in denying the motion to remand.

                                         -7-
                                         III

      For the foregoing reasons, we deny the petition for review and affirm the BIA's
decision.
                       ______________________________

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