Court Opinion

ID: 9945185
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-27 15:16:15.490464+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:24.396052
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED

              Present: Judges Huff, Malveaux and Chaney
              Argued by videoconference

              WILLIAM RHETT VIAR BROWN
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.      Record No. 0191-23-3                                      JUDGE GLEN A. HUFF
                                                                                 FEBRUARY 27, 2024
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                              FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF LYNCHBURG
                                            J. Frederick Watson, Judge

                              Gary L. Straw (Straw Law Firm, PLLC, on brief), for appellant.

                              William K. Hamilton, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares,
                              Attorney General; Rebecca M. Garcia, Assistant Attorney General,
                              on brief), for appellee.

                      Following a bench trial, the City of Lynchburg Circuit Court (the “trial court”) convicted

              William Rhett Viar Brown (“appellant”) of malicious wounding, in violation of Code § 18.2-51.

              Appellant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction and that the trial court

              erred by rejecting his claim of excusable self-defense. Finding no error, this Court affirms the trial

              court’s judgment.

                      * This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
                                          BACKGROUND1

        On March 14, 2020, Steven Foster and Greg Hofmann attended a St. Patrick’s Day

celebration at The Water Dog bar in Lynchburg. As Hofmann and Foster were waiting to pay their

bill and leave, appellant approached, tapped Foster on the shoulder, and whispered in his ear,

“[w]hat’s your obsession with my girl?” Foster did not know appellant or who he was referring to.

Within seconds, appellant punched Foster “square in the nose,” causing him to fall backwards.

Foster threw his drink at appellant “in retaliation,” and Hofmann pushed Foster away while another

patron tried to restrain appellant as he repeatedly punched Foster in the face. As a result of

appellant’s attack, Foster suffered a broken jaw and nose, and required a dental implant and three

surgeries to repair his injuries. Appellant was not injured in the fight.

        At trial, the Commonwealth introduced the bar’s surveillance video into evidence. The

video shows appellant approach Foster and speak in his right ear before punching him, causing

Foster to fall to the ground. Another patron is seen trying to lead a resistant appellant away from

Foster. Foster rose and threw his drink at appellant, after which appellant continued punching

Foster in the face until patrons separated them.

        Appellant testified in his own defense that, after Foster threw the beer bottle at him, his

subsequent actions were made in self-defense. Appellant claimed that when he confronted Foster

about Foster’s having approached his girlfriend, Foster stated, “I’ll fuck you up.” Appellant

admitted that he hit Foster in the face and knocked him to the ground, but claimed that when Foster

        1
         “In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the
light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party [below].” Poole v. Commonwealth,
73 Va. App. 357, 360 (2021) (quoting Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018)). In
doing so, we discard any of appellant’s conflicting evidence, and regard as true all credible evidence
favorable to the Commonwealth and all inferences that may reasonably be drawn from that
evidence. See Gerald, 295 Va. at 473.
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rose, he “was charging” at appellant and he tried to back away. He also acknowledged that he was

uninjured after the incident and that he repeatedly struck Foster in the face.

        The trial court found appellant’s testimony incredible after reviewing the surveillance video

multiple times, stating that it would have to “ignore what [it] saw in the video” and “set aside [its]

common sense” to believe appellant’s version of the events. The trial court found that appellant

approached Foster to “sucker-punch” him and had not “retreated [such] that you were then acting in

self-defense.” The trial court convicted appellant of malicious wounding.

        This appeal followed.

                                             ANALYSIS

        Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his malicious wounding

conviction. “On review of the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘the judgment of the trial court is

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to

support it.’” Ingram v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 59, 76 (2021) (quoting Smith v.

Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “The question on appeal, is whether ‘any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’”

Id. (quoting Yoder v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 180, 182 (2019)). “If there is evidentiary support

for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its

opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” Chavez v.

Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018) (quoting Banks v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App.

273, 288 (2017)).

        “To be convicted of malicious wounding, the Commonwealth must prove that the

defendant maliciously stabbed, cut, or wounded ‘any person or by any means cause[d] him

bodily injury, with the intent to maim, disfigure, disable, or kill.’” Ramos v. Commonwealth, 71

Va. App. 150, 162 (2019) (alteration in original) (quoting Burkeen v. Commonwealth, 286 Va.

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255, 259 (2013)). Malice is an element of the offense. Id. Malice is defined as “the doing of a

wrongful act intentionally, or without just cause or excuse, or as a result of ill will.”

Watson-Scott v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 251, 255-56 (2019) (quoting Dawkins v.

Commonwealth, 186 Va. 55, 61 (1947)). “Malice is evidenced either when the accused acted

with a sedate, deliberate mind, and formed design, or committed a purposeful and cruel act

without any or without great provocation.” Synan v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 173, 187

(2017) (quoting Robertson v. Commonwealth, 31 Va. App. 814, 823 (2000)). Malice is a

question of fact and may be “directly evidenced by words” or implied by conduct. Id. at 187-88

(quoting Robertson, 31 Va. App. at 823). “Implied malice may be inferred from ‘conduct likely

to cause death or great bodily harm, willfully or purposefully undertaken.’” Canipe v.

Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 629, 642 (1997) (quoting Essex v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 273,

281 (1984)).

       “Under ordinary circumstances an intent to maim may not be presumed from a blow with

a bare fist. But an assault with a bare fist may be attended with such circumstances of violence

and brutality that an intent to kill may be presumed.” Burkeen, 286 Va. at 259 (quoting Fletcher

v. Commonwealth, 209 Va. 636, 640 (1969)). Nevertheless, “repeated” blows with fists “applied

to vital and delicate parts of the body of a defenseless, unresisting [person], on the ground” may

support a finding of malice. Roark v. Commonwealth, 182 Va. 244, 250 (1944) (quoting

M’Whirt’s Case, 44 Va. (3 Gratt.) 594, 611 (1846)).

       Here, after having watched the surveillance video several times and weighing the

evidence, the trial court credited Foster’s account of the attack and rejected appellant’s version of

events. “Determining the credibility of witnesses . . . is within the exclusive province of the [fact

finder], wh[o] has the unique opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses as they

testify.” Dalton v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 512, 525 (2015) (first alteration in original)

                                                 -4-
(quoting Lea v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 300, 304 (1993)). “Where credibility issues are

resolved by the [fact finder] in favor of the Commonwealth, those findings will not be disturbed

on appeal unless plainly wrong.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 711, 718 (2010). “In its

role of judging witness credibility, the fact finder is entitled to disbelieve the self-serving

testimony of the accused and to conclude that the accused is lying to conceal his guilt.” Speller

v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 378, 388 (2018). The record supports the trial court’s conclusion

that appellant acted maliciously and with the requisite intent.

        Appellant also asserts that the trial court erred by rejecting his claim that he acted in

self-defense. “Self-defense is an affirmative defense which the accused must prove by

introducing sufficient evidence to raise a reasonable doubt about his guilt.” Hughes v.

Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 448, 464 (2002) (quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 68,

71 (1993)). “Whether an accused proves circumstances sufficient to create a reasonable doubt

that he acted in self-defense is a question of fact.” Bell v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 479, 486

(2016) (quoting Smith, 17 Va. App. at 71). The fact finder must determine whether the appellant

acted in reasonable apprehension of bodily harm. See, e.g., Diffendal v. Commonwealth, 8

Va. App. 417, 421 (1989) (explaining that a person “is privileged to use reasonable force” when

he or she “reasonably apprehends bodily harm by another” and “exercise[s] reasonable force to

repel the assault”). This defense also requires a finding that the force that the appellant used was

reasonable in relation to the threatened harm. See Caison v. Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 423,

440 (2008).

        “Virginia law recognizes two forms of self-defense to criminal acts of violence:

self-defense without fault (‘justifiable self-defense’) and self-defense with fault (‘excusable

self-defense’).” Jones v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 70, 94 (2019) (quoting Bell, 66 Va. App.

at 487). “Any form of conduct by the accused from which the fact finder may reasonably infer

                                                 -5-
that the accused contributed to the affray constitutes ‘fault.’” Id. at 94-95 (quoting Smith, 17

Va. App at 71). Excusable self-defense occurs where an accused, “although in some fault in the

first instance in provoking or bringing on the difficulty, when attacked retreats as far as possible,

announces his desire for peace, and [injures] his adversary from a reasonably apparent necessity

to preserve his own life or save himself from great bodily harm.” Avent v. Commonwealth, 279

Va. 175, 200 (2010).

       Here, the evidence proved that appellant initiated the hostility. Angered by the belief that

Foster had acted inappropriately towards his girlfriend, appellant approached and punched Foster

in the face without warning, knocking him to the ground. Although Foster threw a bottle at

appellant, appellant did not retreat from the affray; instead, he had to be restrained. Appellant

then continued the attack, brutally punching Foster in the face numerous times, breaking Foster’s

nose and jaw, and injuring his teeth.2 Because appellant initiated the attack, failed to retreat, and

used excessive force against Foster, this Court finds no error in the trial court’s rejection of

appellant’s self-defense claim.

       In sum, this Court finds the evidence sufficient to support appellant’s conviction for

malicious wounding.

       2
          Appellant attempts to characterize this sequence of events as “two altercations,” the first
consisting of appellant approaching and punching Foster to the ground and the second beginning
when Foster rose from the ground and threw his beer bottle at appellant. In appellant’s view the
“second altercation was unprovoked by [appellant] as the first altercation was clearly over” and,
therefore, his actions “were reasonable and necessary to protect his own life.” The trial court
explicitly found that appellant had not retreated to have been acting in self-defense. Because the
record reflects that appellant was restrained by bar patrons and the trial court explicitly found
that appellant had not retreated, appellant’s “two altercations” theory is unpersuasive.
                                                 -6-
                                         CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, this Court concludes that the trial court did not err in

convicting appellant of malicious wounding. Accordingly, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

                                                                                             Affirmed.

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