Court Opinion

ID: 3003341
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 20:42:31.496155+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:39:12.547134
License: Public Domain

In the

United States Court of Appeals
                   For the Seventh Circuit

No. 08-2163

IN RE:

      JOEL A NTHONY T URNER,
                                                                   Debtor.

              Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
         for the Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division.
            No. 07-06592—James K. Coachys, Bankruptcy Judge.

           A RGUED M AY 12, 2009—D ECIDED JULY 20, 2009

  Before P OSNER and S YKES,                    Circuit    Judges,      and
V AN B OKKELEN, District Judge.
  P OSNER, Circuit Judge. Joel Turner filed a petition for
bankruptcy under Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code.
With the petition, he submitted—as he was required
to do—a plan that would distribute his entire
“projected disposable income” to his unsecured creditors
in installments. When he filed his plan he was making
monthly mortgage payments of $1,521. The mortgage
expense of a Chapter 13 petitioner, such as Turner, whose
family income exceeds the median income of families in


    Of the Northern District of Indiana, sitting by designation.
2                                               No. 08-2163

his state is deducted from his income to determine
his “disposable income.” 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(1); id.,
§ 707(b)(2)(A)(ii)(I); Form B22C (“Chapter 13 Statement of
Current Monthly Income and Calculation of Commit-
ment Period and Disposable Income”, www.uscourts.
gov/rules/BK_Forms_08_Official/B_022C_0108f.pdf (visited
June 3, 2009)); see Schultz v. United States, 529 F.3d 343,
352 (6th Cir. 2008); In re Lanning, 380 B.R. 17, 20-21 (10th
Cir. BAP 2007); In re Kagenveama, 541 F.3d 868, 880 n. 3
(9th Cir. 2008) (separate opinion). (Another consequence
of the fact that Turner’s family income exceeds the
median family income in his state is that he has to pay
installments for “not less than” five years. 11 U.S.C.
§ 1325(b)(4)(A)(ii). His plan proposes a five-year payment
period.)
  Although Turner stated in the plan that he intended to
abandon the house to the mortgagee, which would have
the same effect as foreclosure in canceling the mortgage,
he subtracted the $1,521 monthly mortgage payments
from his projected disposable income for the entire period
over which he would be paying his unsecured creditors.
Yet the mortgage and the debt it secures (for he does not
contend that the mortgagee will seek a deficiency judg-
ment against him) will be canceled before Turner is re-
quired to make any payments to his unsecured creditors
under an approved Chapter 13 plan.
  The trustee in bankruptcy, representing the unsecured
creditors, objected to the deduction of the monthly mort-
gage payment (multiplied by 60, the number of months
the plan was to remain in effect) from Turner’s disposable
No. 08-2163                                                 3

income and thus from the amount available to the unse-
cured creditors. The bankruptcy judge rejected the objec-
tion, In re Turner, 384 B.R. 537 (Bankr. S.D. Ind. 2008), but
because of the importance of the issue certified his order
for a direct appeal to this court. He was right to do that.
The issue is indeed important. In the wake of the bursting
of the housing bubble, which precipitated the current
economic downturn, many mortgagors either cannot
meet their mortgage obligations, or, because their house
is now worth less than the unpaid balance of their mort-
gage, consider the house a bad investment. In either
event they may want to abandon the house to the mort-
gagee, as in this case, hoping that, spared the expense of
a foreclosure proceeding, the mortgagee will not seek (in
those states where he is permitted to do so) a deficiency
judgment for the difference between the unpaid balance
of the mortgage and the market value of the house. But
Turner contends that the trustee’s appeal was not
perfected and must therefore be dismissed for want of
appellate jurisdiction, and we begin our discussion of the
appeal with that issue.
  Section 1233(b) of the awkwardly named Bankruptcy
Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005,
Pub. L. No. 109-8, 119 Stat. 23, 202-03, specified temporary
procedures, applicable to this case but since superseded,
for taking direct appeals from the bankruptcy court to
the court of appeals. The appellant was required to file a
notice of appeal in the bankruptcy court within 30 days
after that court’s decision; either that court or all the
parties to the potential appeal had to certify that the ruling
sought to be appealed satisfied criteria set forth in 28
4                                                No. 08-2163

U.S.C. § 158(d)(2)(A); see also id., § 158(a); the appellant
had to petition the court of appeals, within 10 days of the
docketing of the certification, for leave to appeal; and
“subject to any other provision of this subsection, [the]
appeal . . . shall be taken in the manner prescribed in
subdivisions (a)(1), (b), (c) and (d) of rule 5 of the Federal
Rules of Appellate Procedure.”
  The appellant (the trustee) filed his notice of appeal
within the specified time (30 days), the bankruptcy
court entered its certification order, and on the same day
the clerk of that court transmitted to our court both the
certification order and the trustee’s request for certifica-
tion, which he had filed with the bankruptcy court and
which that court had granted. Our court docketed the
appeal, and after the bankruptcy court transmitted the
record of the case to us and the trustee filed a docketing
statement we granted leave to appeal. But the trustee
had not filed a petition for leave to file an appeal, and
we must decide whether his oversight was fatal.
  The material that the bankruptcy court transmitted to
this court contained everything that the petition
for review would have contained, and was filed within
the 10-day deadline for filing such a petition. It con-
tained the information concerning the identity of the
parties and the order being appealed that the petition
would have contained, plus the reasons why this court
should grant leave to appeal—for they were the same
reasons that the trustee, in the request for certification
that he had filed with the bankruptcy court, had
presented to that court when it asked that court to certify
No. 08-2163                                               5

the case for direct appeal to this court. (For remember
that the request was included in the papers transmitted to
this court by the bankruptcy court.) Turner, the appellee,
did not oppose the trustee’s request for certification;
nor does he present any opposition to it in this court.
   So the filing in this court was both complete and timely,
and the only irregularity besides the lack of the proper
label (“petition for review”) was that the “petition” was
transmitted to our court by the clerk of the bankruptcy
court rather than by the appellant. Notices of appeal,
petitions for review, and other pleadings are generally
submitted by an agent of the litigant rather than by the
litigant himself, unless he is unrepresented. Normally
the agent is the litigant’s lawyer. In this case it was the
clerk of the bankruptcy court. No purpose behind the
statutory requirements for perfecting a direct appeal to
the court of appeals in a bankruptcy case was disserved.
Rule 5(b) of the appellate rules specifies the information
that a petition for leave to appeal must contain; the trans-
mittal by the bankruptcy court’s clerk to our court con-
tained it. Had the trustee filed a petition for review, it
would have been a copy of the certification and of the
request for certification; since Turner did not object to
the request for certification, there was nothing for the
trustee to respond to in a petition for review.
  Turner was not fooled by the label. He proceeded
exactly as he would have done had the label been cor-
rect. He did not think to challenge appellate juris-
diction until his appeal brief, which was filed long after
a motions panel of this court had granted leave to appeal.
6                                                No. 08-2163

The point is not that Turner waived his right to
challenge our jurisdiction but that the trustee’s failure
to file a notice of appeal confused no one.
   The circumstances that we have described bring the
case within the principle that “if a litigant files papers in
a fashion that is technically at variance with the letter of a
procedural rule, a court may nonetheless find that the
litigant has complied with the rule if the litigant’s action
is the functional equivalent of what the rule requires.”
Torres v. Oakland Scavenger Co., 487 U.S. 312, 316-17 (1988).
(We do not take “a litigant files” to confine the principle
to cases in which the appellant is proceeding pro se and
thus files his pleadings himself rather than through an
agent; Torres was represented, and the jurisdictional
default resulted from a mistake by his lawyer’s secretary.)
It is true that the Court refused to excuse the failure of
the notice of appeal to list Torres as an appellant. But it
did so because it interpreted Rule 3(c) of the federal
appellate rules, in light of an advisory committee note
and Rules 4 and 26(b), to make the requirement of
naming the appellant jurisdictional. And it pointed out
that noncompliance with the requirement “would leave
the appellee and the court unable to determine with
certitude whether a losing party not named in the notice
of appeal should be bound by an adverse judgment or
held liable for costs or sanctions.” 487 U.S. at 318.
Those rules, and that consideration, are not present in
this case.
 In Smith v. Barry, 502 U.S. 244, 248 (1992), the Supreme
Court treated an appeal brief as a notice of appeal, and in
No. 08-2163                                               7

Casey v. Long Island R.R. Co., 406 F.3d 142, 146 (2d Cir.
2005), the Second Circuit treated an appeal brief as the
equivalent of a petition for review. We treated a petition
for interlocutory appeal as a notice of appeal in Remer v.
Burlington Area School District, 205 F.3d 990, 994-95 (7th
Cir. 2000), because it contained all the information
required in such a notice, and more. In Listenbee v. City of
Milwaukee, 976 F.2d 348, 350-51 (7th Cir. 1992), we treated
as the notice of appeal a motion for an extension of time
within which to file the notice. Berrey v. Asarco Inc., 439
F.3d 636 (10th Cir. 2006), is illustrative of numerous
similar cases.
  Smith and Remer are particularly germane because in
both the documentation that was filed was a good
deal more comprehensive than the documentation—a
simple notice of appeal—that was required to be filed.
Filing too much, like filing too soon, is a good example
of “functional equivalence,” because the functional re-
quirement would be satisfied by the lesser included
documentation. It is therefore worth emphasizing how
much was transmitted by the bankruptcy clerk to
this court—not mere portions of a lower-court record but:
(1) a notice of appeal; (2) the trustee’s nine-page request
for certification of a direct appeal; (3) the certification
order; and (4) the short record. The case is unlike Torres,
where critical information was missing, and Main Drug,
Inc. v. Aetna U.S. Healthcare, Inc., 475 F.3d 1228 (11th
Cir. 2007), where the only thing filed was a notice of
appeal so that again critical information was missing. In
this case no information was missing.
8                                             No. 08-2163

   We don’t mean to trivialize the requirement of filing a
petition for review; in another case the failure to comply
might well be fatal. The petition is more than a mere
notice, the notice requirement being satisfied by the
filing of a notice of appeal. It is a substantive pleading
intended to persuade the appellate court to accept an
appeal. But there was such a pleading in this case: the
request that the bankruptcy court certify the case for an
appeal to this court. All the substance—all the infor-
mation—that a petition for review would have contained
was contained in the documents transmitted by the
bankruptcy court.
  Had Turner challenged the request for certification, it
would have behooved the trustee to meet the challenge
in a petition for review lodged with this court. But there
was, as we said, no challenge, and hence the petition
would have said nothing that was not in the request for
certification—the request transmitted to us and treated
by us as the petition for review, which in every respect
except label it was. The point is not that the transmitted
documents cover much the same ground that a petition
for review must cover; they cover the entire ground.
  By the same token, this is not a case in which judicial
lenity rewards a lazy litigant. The trustee did everything
that he would have done had he filed a petition for
review except relabel the request for certification as a
petition for review and mail the relabeled document to
this court. He should not be penalized because the clerk
of the bankruptcy court did the mailing for him.
  And we have yet to consider the bearing of the
provision of the appeal statute that “subject to any other
No. 08-2163                                                 9

provision of this subsection, [the] appeal…shall be taken
in the manner prescribed in subdivisions (a)(1), (b), (c) and
(d) of rule 5 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.”
Rule 5, as we know, specifies the requirements for a
petition seeking leave to appeal, and Rule 2 authorizes the
court of appeals, on its own or a party’s motion, to sus-
pend, for any good reason, any of the appellate rules.
There is an exception for rules prescribing time limits
for filing a petition for leave to appeal, Fed. R. App.
P. 26(b)(1), but timeliness is not the issue in this case, and
so we are authorized to treat as a petition for review a
filing that does not comply with Rule 5. Blausey v. United
States Trustee, 552 F.3d 1124, 1130 (9th Cir. 2009).
  And while Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205 (2007), holds
that a statutory deadline for filing a notice of appeal is
jurisdictional, the 30-day statutory deadline was met.
There is no hint in Bowles that any other requirement for
such a notice, or for some equivalent such as the petition
for review in this case, is jurisdictional; appeal deadlines
are uniquely significant because an appellee is entitled
to the security of knowing that once the deadline is
passed he is home free. Other requirements for perfecting
an appeal, whether imposed by statute or by court rule,
are important and should be complied with. But the
failure to comply with a rule that is not jurisdictional—
and we repeat that requirements for perfecting an
appeal that do not involve deadlines are not jurisdic-
tional—is not fatal if no one is harmed by the failure,
and in this case there was not the slightest harm, or
even minor inconvenience, to anybody.
10                                                 No. 08-2163

  It is not as if Turner missed a chance to oppose a
formal petition for review, as allowed by Fed. R. App.
5(2)(b); he has never complained either that he was sur-
prised when this court set the case for briefing or that he
would have contested the petition; for remember that he
did not contest an identical pleading in the bankruptcy
court—the request for certification. The only irregularity
was that the appeal papers were lodged with us by the
lower court rather than by the appellant’s lawyer, and
we hesitate to call such an irregularity an impropriety;
we are not even sure it should be called an error. Nothing
in the statutes governing bankruptcy appeals limits the
“agents” who may file on behalf of an appellant or bars
an appellant from having ratified a gratuitous agency
undertaken by the clerk of a bankruptcy court. Rule 32(j)(2)
of the federal criminal rules provides an analogy: it autho-
rizes the clerk of the district court to file a notice of appeal
on a criminal defendant’s behalf.
  We thus find ourselves in agreement with the only
previous case involving the kind of bobble involved in
this case, Blausey v. United States Trustee, supra—and
anyway it would be pointless to create a circuit split over
so transitory, so ephemeral, an issue, and to do so in
attempted vindication of a harsh rule that has no basis
in any case, or in practical need, or in considerations of
justice or efficiency.
  So we can proceed at last to the merits. Both parties labor
mightily to extract from the language of the Bankruptcy
Code guidance to whether an expense that affects the
debtor’s obligation to his unsecured creditors and that
No. 08-2163                                              11

by the debtor’s own declaration is certain to evaporate
before the bankruptcy plan is approved by the bank-
ruptcy judge must nevertheless be treated as if it would
persist throughout the entire period during which the
plan will be in effect. Chapter 13 does say that the plan,
in order to be approved, must provide “that all of the
debtor’s projected disposable income to be received in
the applicable commitment period beginning on the
date that the first payment is due under the plan will be
applied to make payments to unsecured creditors under
the plan.” 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(1)(B). But it is unclear as a
matter of semantics whether “projected” in the statute
means “expected,” on the one hand, or mechanically
extrapolated from the debtor’s disposable income as
calculable from the plan submitted by him, on the other.
  Turner ascribes significance to a provision relating the
conversion of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy to a Chapter 13
bankruptcy: “the debtor’s average monthly payments on
account of secured debts shall be calculated as the sum
of the total of all amounts scheduled as contractually due
to secured creditors in each month of the 60
months following the date of the petition.” 11 U.S.C.
§ 707(b)(2)(A)(iii)(I). Turner infers from this that the
amount of the debtor’s payments on account of secured
debts, such as a debt secured by a mortgage, must be
calculated as of the date of the petition. But that is not
what the provision says. It merely specifies that the date
of the petition is the date on which the payment period
begins.
  Turner is left to argue that what he calls the “mechani-
cal” approach to determining projected disposable
12                                                No. 08-2163

income is superior to the “forward-looking” approach
advocated by the trustee, because it is simpler. But it
isn’t simpler. Both approaches are mechanical, at least so
far as this case is concerned. One multiplies $1,521 by 60;
the other multiplies $0 by 60. All that is at issue is
whether the expense to be multiplied must be the one
owed on the date the plan was submitted, even though
it will not be owed on the date the plan is approved. If the
trustee were arguing for some complicated method of
estimating ups and downs in Turner’s disposable income
over the next five years, we would be presented with a
different case. In re Solomon, 67 F.3d 1128, 1130-32 (4th Cir.
1995).
   For some purposes—for example, determining whether
the debtor is eligible for a Chapter 13 bankruptcy—his
financial situation on the date of the filing of the declara-
tion of bankruptcy will govern, in order that the right
procedural vehicle (for example, whether it should be
Chapter 13 or Chapter 7) can be determined at the outset.
In re Pearson, 773 F.2d 751, 756-58 (6th Cir. 1985); In re
Scovis, 249 F.3d 975, 981-82 (9th Cir. 2001). This approach
is consistent with the principle that jurisdiction is deter-
mined by the facts as they exist when a case is filed and
is unaffected by a subsequent change in those facts, such
as a change of the state of residence by a party to a diver-
sity suit. E.g., Morgan’s Heirs v. Morgan, 15 U.S. 290, 297
(1817) (Marshall, C.J.); Chapman v. Currie Motors, Inc.,
65 F.3d 78, 80-81 (7th Cir. 1995); American Fiber &
Finishing, Inc. v. Tyco Healthcare Group, LP, 362 F.3d 136, 139
(1st Cir. 2004). But that is not a problem in this case;
Turner’s eligibility to proceed under Chapter 13 is not in
question.
No. 08-2163                                                    13

  Since the object of a Chapter 13 bankruptcy is to balance
the need of the debtor to cover his living expenses
against the interest of the unsecured creditors in
recovering as much of what the debtor owes them as
possible, we cannot see the merit in throwing out undis-
puted information, bearing on how much the debtor can
afford to pay, that comes to light between the sub-
mission and approval of a plan of reorganization. Some-
times as in this case the creditors will benefit from the
new information. But in other cases it will be the debtor,
In re Solomon, supra, 67 F.3d at 1130-31; In re Kibbe, 361
B.R. 302, 314 (1st Cir. BAP 2007) (per curiam);
In re Petro, 395 B.R. 369, 376 (6th Cir. BAP 2008), because
the expenses that are deductible in determining his dis-
posable income are as likely to rise unexpectedly between
the dates of submission and approval as to fall (and his
income, as in Kibbe and Petro, is as likely to fall as to rise).
  The use of the later date, which is consistent with the
statutory language though not compelled by it, is more
sensible. Cf. Kawitt v. United States, 842 F.2d 951, 953 (7th
Cir. 1988); City of Stilwell v. Ozarks Rural Electric Co-operative
Corp., 166 F.3d 1064, 1072 (10th Cir. 1999). We therefore
agree with the Eighth Circuit in In re Frederickson, 545
F.3d 652, 659-60 (8th Cir. 2008), that while the calculation
of “disposable income” in the plan submitted by the
debtor “is a starting point for determining the debtor’s
‘projected disposable income,’…the final calculation can
take into consideration changes that have occurred in the
debtor’s financial circumstances.” To the same effect, see
In re Lanning, 545 F.3d 1269, 1278-82 (10th Cir. 2008). In re
Kagenveama, supra, 541 F.3d at 873-75, is to the contrary.
14                                                 No. 08-2163

There is disagreement among bankruptcy judges as well.
Compare, e.g., In re Petro, supra, 395 B.R. at 376; In re Kibbe,
supra, 361 B.R. at 314-15, and In re Hardacre, 338 B.R.
718, 722 (Bankr. N.D. Tex. 2006), with, e.g., In re Austin, 372
B.R. 668, 677-78 (Bankr. D. Vt. 2007); In re Nance, 371 B.R.
358, 362-65 (Bankr. S.D. Ill. 2007), and In re Kolb, 366 B.R.
802, 812-17 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 2007). But most of them
have adopted the position we’re adopting.
  Although some judges, like the trustee in our case, call
this the “forward-looking” approach, bankruptcy judges
must not engage in speculation about the future income
or expenses of the Chapter 13 debtor. That would
unsettle and delay the Chapter 13 process as well as
exaggerate how accurately a person’s economic situation
in five years can be predicted. But in this case there is no
speculation; all that is at issue is a fixed debt that we
know will disappear before the Chapter 13 plan is ap-
proved.
  A fixed debt that will disappear: the deduction of mort-
gage expense from the Chapter 13 debtor’s disposable
income is not intended to enrich the debtor at the expense
of his unsecured creditors. It is intended to adjust the
respective rights of a secured creditor—the mortgagee—
and the unsecured creditors. Turner wants to use a phan-
tom deduction to reduce the recovery by his unsecured
creditors without benefiting any other creditor.
  So the decision of the bankruptcy court must be reversed.
But for completeness we note our disagreement with the
trustee’s alternative argument that Turner’s plan was
submitted in bad faith, and thus in violation of 11 U.S.C.
No. 08-2163                                               15

§ 1325(a)(3), which requires confirmation only of a plan
“proposed in good faith and not by any means forbidden
by law.” A plan does not violate this provision merely
because it contains, fully disclosed, an arguable claim
rejected in the course of the bankruptcy proceeding. In re
Belt, 106 B.R. 553, 572 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 1989). It is not
bad faith to seek to advance one’s economic interests by
making a claim based on a defensible view of one’s legal
rights, even if the view ends up being rejected—in this
case by an appellate court after the first-line decision
maker ruled in favor of the claimant.
  But for the reasons stated earlier, the order of the bank-
ruptcy court is
                                                  R EVERSED.

  V AN B OKKELEN, District Judge, concurring in part and
concurring in the judgment. For the reasons stated in
Blausey v. U.S. Trustee, 552 F.3d 1124 (9th Cir. 2009),
I agree with Judge Posner’s conclusion that the bank-
ruptcy trustee’s failure to file a petition for permission to
appeal in this Court does not prevent the Court from
reaching the merits of the case. Moreover, I join in
Judge Posner’s opinion reversing the bankruptcy court’s
order overruling the trustee’s objection to confirmation of
the debtor’s Chapter 13 plan.
16                                                No. 08-2163

  S YKES, Circuit Judge, dissenting. This is a direct appeal
of an order of the bankruptcy court, bypassing an appeal
to the district court or the bankruptcy appellate panel.
Our jurisdiction is permissive, and to invoke it the
trustee was required to: (1) obtain an order from the
bankruptcy court certifying the ruling for direct review
by the court of appeals; and (2) within 10 days of the
docketing of the certification, file with the circuit clerk a
petition requesting this court’s permission to appeal. See
28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(2)(A) and note, Pub. L. No. 109-8,
Title XII, § 1233(b)(3)-(4), 119 Stat. 202-203 (2005). The
trustee obtained the necessary certification from the
bankruptcy court but never filed a petition for permission
to appeal. The bankruptcy clerk sent us portions of the
record anyway, a few days after the bankruptcy court
issued the certification.
   A timely petition for permission to appeal is a statutory
requirement and sufficiently akin to a notice of appeal as
to be jurisdictional under Bowles v. Russell. 551 U.S. 205, 127
S. Ct. 2360, 2366 (2007) (“Today we make clear that the
timely filing of a notice of appeal in a civil case is a juris-
dictional requirement.”). As such, the trustee’s failure to
file one requires dismissal of the appeal. The majority
sidesteps this jurisdictional defect by construing the
bankruptcy clerk’s premature transmittal of the record as
the functional equivalent of a petition. Because this
stretches the concept of “functional equivalence” too far,
I respectfully dissent.
  As the majority notes, the Bankruptcy Abuse and Con-
sumer Protection Act of 2005 authorizes, in limited cir-
No. 08-2163                                                    17

cumstances, direct appeals to the courts of appeals from
final orders or judgments of the bankruptcy courts. 28
U.S.C. § 158(d)(2). Our jurisdiction to hear a direct bank-
ruptcy appeal is governed by the requirements of
§ 158(d)(2) and, in this case, certain temporary, uncodified
procedural provisions of the Act intended to apply until
permanent procedural rules were promulgated. See 28
U.S.C. § 158 note, Pub. L. No. 109-8, Title XII, § 1233(b) 119
Stat. 203 (2005). (As the majority notes, the permanent
rules have since been adopted, but this case came to us
when the interim statutory provisions were in effect.)
  The Act permits the appellate courts to exercise juris-
diction over direct appeals from the bankruptcy courts if
the bankruptcy court certifies that the judgment, order, or
decree meets certain statutory criteria for review 1 and the
court of appeals authorizes the direct appeal. 28 U.S.C.
§ 158(d)(2)(A). Under the temporary procedural pro-
visions of the Act, the appellant must file a petition for

1
   The direct-review criteria are: “the judgment, order, or decree
involves a question of law as to which there is no controlling
decision of the court of appeals for the circuit or of the
Supreme Court . . . or involves a matter of public importance”;
or “involves a question of law requiring resolution of conflicting
decisions”; or “an immediate appeal . . . may materially advance
the progress of the case.” 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(2)(A)(i)-(iii). The
certification may be made by the bankruptcy court, the district
court, or the bankruptcy appellate panel, on the court’s
own motion or on the request of the party. Alternatively, the
certification may be made by “all the appellants and appellees
(if any) acting jointly.” Id. § 158(d)(2)(A).
18                                                No. 08-2163

permission to appeal with the circuit clerk “not later than
10 days after the certification is entered on the docket of
the bankruptcy court.” 28 U.S.C. § 158 note, Pub. L. No.
109-8, Title XII, § 1233(b)(4), 119 Stat. 203 (2005). These
provisions also incorporate by reference most of Rule 5
of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure pertaining to
appeals by permission: “Subject to any other provision of
this subsection, an appeal authorized by the court of
appeals under section 158(d)(2)(A) of title 28, United
States Code, shall be taken in the manner prescribed in
subdivisions (a)(1), (b), (c), and (d) of rule 5 of the Federal
Rules of Appellate Procedure.” 28 U.S.C. § 158 note, Pub.
L. No. 109-8, Title XII, § 1233(b)(3), 119 Stat. 203 (2005).
   Rule 5, in turn, provides that “[t]o request permission to
appeal when an appeal is within the court of appeals’
discretion, a party must file a petition for permission to
appeal.” FED. R. A PP. P. 5(a)(1). The petition “must be filed
with the circuit clerk with proof of service on all other
parties.” Id. The petition “must include the following:
(A) the facts necessary to understand the question pre-
sented; (B) the question itself; (C) the relief sought; [and]
(D) the reasons why the appeal should be allowed and is
authorized by a statute or rule.” FED. R. A PP. P. 5(b)(1). The
petition must also attach a copy of the “order, decree, or
judgment complained of and any related opinion or
memorandum” and “any order stating the district court’s
permission to appeal or finding that the necessary condi-
tions are met.” FED. R. A PP. P. 5(b)(1)(E). Any party op-
posing the appeal “may file an answer in opposition or a
cross-petition within 7 days after the petition is served.”
F ED. R. A PP. P. 5(b)(2).
No. 08-2163                                                19

  The trustee never filed a petition for permission to
appeal. Instead of dismissing for lack of appellate jurisdic-
tion, however, the majority treats the bankruptcy clerk’s
transmittal of portions of the record as the “functional
equivalent” of a timely filed petition, deputizing the
bankruptcy clerk as the trustee’s “agent” and finding
within the contents of the transmittal all the substantive
information required in a valid petition for permissive
appeal. Maj. op. at pp. 4-10. I cannot agree with this
approach.
  The Supreme Court has held that a timely appellate
pleading that is the functional equivalent of a notice of
appeal may be construed as a notice of appeal for pur-
poses of satisfying the jurisdictional prerequisites of
Rules 3 and 4 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. See
Smith v. Barry, 502 U.S. 244, 248 (1992). As the majority
notes, in Smith an appellate brief filed by a pro se appellant
within the time limit for a notice of appeal was accepted
as the functional equivalent of a notice of appeal. Id. The
Second Circuit has applied this functional-equivalence
standard in the context of discretionary appeals, accepting
an appellate brief filed within the time limit for a petition
for permission to appeal as the functional equivalent of a
petition. See Casey v. Long Island R.R. Co., 406 F.3d 142,
146 (2d Cir. 2005). I have no quarrel, as a general
matter, with applying this test here.
  But the functional-equivalence principle is not limitless,
nor quite so elastic as the majority supposes. The Supreme
Court has been careful to distinguish between allowing
an appellant’s functionally equivalent pleading to satisfy
a jurisdictional mandate and excusing the appellant’s
20                                              No. 08-2163

noncompliance altogether. See Torres v. Oakland Scavenger
Co., 487 U.S. 312, 315-18 (1988) (“Permitting imperfect
but substantial compliance with a technical requirement
is not the same as waiving the requirement altogether as
a jurisdictional threshold.”). In this regard, the majority’s
reliance on Torres is misplaced.
   Torres involved an appeal by multiple plaintiffs, but due
to an error by their lawyer’s secretary, the name of
Jose Torres, one of the plaintiffs, was omitted from the
notice of appeal. The Supreme Court noted that “although
a court may construe the Rules liberally in determining
whether they have been complied with, it may not waive
the jurisdictional requirements of Rules 3 and 4, even
for ‘good cause shown’ under Rule 2, if it finds that they
have not been met.” Id. at 317. The Court held that Torres
had not filed the functional equivalent of a notice of
appeal; because he was not named in the notice of
appeal, he had not filed a notice of appeal at all. Id.
(“Petitioner did not file the functional equivalent of a
notice of appeal; he was never named or otherwise desig-
nated, however inartfully, in the notice of appeal filed by
the 15 other intervenors.”). Accordingly, the Court af-
firmed the dismissal of Torres’s appeal for lack of juris-
diction. Id. at 318.
  The same result is required here. Under Bowles, a
timely petition for permission to appeal is a jurisdictional
requirement. The trustee did not file the functional equiva-
lent of a petition for permission to appeal within
the applicable time limit for filing a petition; indeed, he
did not file anything within the time limit for filing a
No. 08-2163                                                  21

petition. The majority permits the bankruptcy clerk’s
premature transmittal of a portion of the record to stand
as the trustee’s “petition.” This is a significant and unwar-
ranted expansion of the functional-equivalence principle.
   The requirements of Rule 5 make it clear that a petition
for permission to appeal functions as more than a mere
notice; it is a substantive adversarial pleading intended
to persuade the appellate court to accept the case. Unlike
a notice of appeal, which serves a basic notice function
in an appeal as-of-right, a petition for permission to
appeal initiates an adversarial and decisional process on
the question of whether the appellate court should, in
its discretion, permit the appeal in the first place. See
Main Drug, Inc. v. Aetna U.S. Healthcare, Inc., 475 F.3d
1228, 1231 (11th Cir. 2007) (distinguishing the functions
of a notice of appeal and a petition for permission to
appeal and refusing to permit a notice of appeal to serve
as the equivalent of a petition for permission to appeal).
The petition must contain the question presented, the facts
necessary to understand it, the relief sought, and the
reasons why the appeal should be allowed; it must also
attach a copy of the order appealed from and any order
of the lower court stating that an immediate appeal is
appropriate. See F ED. R. A PP. P. 5(b)(1)(A)-(E). Opposing
parties are allowed seven days after service of the
petition to respond or file a cross-petition. See F ED. R. A PP.
P. 5(b)(2).
  The clerk’s transmittal of the lower-court record
does not serve these functions. This is so even if (as here)
the record contains the appealing party’s request that the
22                                                    No. 08-2163

lower court certify its order for appellate review as well as
the lower court’s certification order.2 Although these
documents may cover much the same ground that a
petition must cover, when contained in a routine record
transmittal, they do not perform the function of a petition
in several important respects: They do not trigger the
opponent’s seven-day response period, and they do not
request a ruling from this court on the question of
whether leave to appeal should be granted.3

2
   The portion of the record transmitted to this court also
included the trustee’s notice of appeal, but it is well established
that a notice of appeal cannot substitute for a petition for
permission to appeal. See, e.g., Estate of Storm v. Nw. Iowa Hosp.
Corp., 548 F.3d 686, 688 (8th Cir. 2008); Main Drug, 475 F.3d at
1231; Crystal Clear Commc’ns, Inc. v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 415 F.3d
1171, 1175 (10th Cir. 2005); Rodriguez v. Banco Cent., 917 F.2d
664, 668 (1st Cir. 1990); Inmates of the Allegheny County Jail v.
Wecht, 873 F.2d 55, 57 (3d Cir. 1989); Aucoin v. Matador Servs.,
Inc., 749 F.2d 1180, 1181 (5th Cir. 1985); In re La Providencia Dev.
Corp., 515 F.2d 94, 95-96 (1st Cir. 1975); Hanson v. Hunt Oil Co.,
488 F.2d 70, 71-72 (8th Cir. 1973); 16A C HARLES A LAN W RIGHT ,
F EDERAL P RACTICE AND P ROCEDURE § 3951 (4th ed. 2008).
3
   That a motions panel of this court authorized the appeal in
the absence of a petition seeking permission to appeal is
irrelevant. Decisions by a motions panel do not definitively
resolve jurisdictional questions; we are free to reexam-
ine—indeed we must reexamine—the question of appellate
jurisdiction when the merits are heard. United States v.
Henderson, 536 F.3d 776, 777 (7th Cir. 2008). That the failure to
file a petition “confused no one,” maj. op. at p. 6, is likewise
                                                   (continued...)
No. 08-2163                                                       23

  Thus, what my colleagues accept in satisfaction of the
jurisdictional mandate is defective in both form and
function. In this regard, I think it highly significant that
the materials comprising this makeshift “petition” came
to us not from the trustee as the party seeking leave to
appeal but from the clerk of the bankruptcy court. The
majority permits the clerk’s action to substitute for the
trustee’s inaction by dubbing the clerk the trustee’s “agent”
for purposes of initiating the appeal. This is a novel form
of agency. I know of no basis—in this specific situation
or generally—for allowing the spontaneous action of a
court clerk to discharge the jurisdictional obligations of
the appealing party.4

3
   (...continued)
irrelevant. Jurisdictional defects require dismissal regardless of
prejudice.
4
  The majority suggests that Rule 32(j)(2) of the Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure is analogous. I disagree. Rule 32 (j)(2), a
subsection of the rule governing the obligations of the district
court at sentencing, requires the court clerk, “[i]f the defendant so
requests,” to “immediately prepare and file a notice of appeal on
the defendant’s behalf.” F ED . R. C RIM . P. 32(j)(2) (emphasis
added). This requirement, for the special protection of the
appeal rights of criminal defendants, has no bearing on the
jurisdictional analysis here, by analogy or otherwise. Rule
32(j)(2) is just that—a rule—and it specifically requires the
clerk to act at the behest of the defendant. Here, in contrast, my
colleagues have created an exception to a statutory jurisdictional
rule, permitting the clerk’s unilateral action—unbidden by the
appealing party—to substitute for the appealing party’s failure
to act.
24                                                        No. 08-2163

  This distinction must make a difference if Torres means
what it says: “Permitting imperfect but substantial compli-
ance with a technical requirement is not the same as
waiving the requirement altogether as a jurisdictional
threshold.” 487 U.S. at 315-16. The trustee did not comply
“imperfect[ly] but substantial[ly]” with the jurisdictional
requirement, he did not comply at all. The majority has
effectively waived the trustee’s total noncompliance
with the applicable jurisdictional prerequisite; its juris-
dictional holding is necessarily out of step with the ratio-
nale of Torres.5
  To the extent the trustee’s functional-equivalence
argument rests on Rule 2 of the Federal Rules of Appellate
Procedure, he clearly cannot prevail. Rule 2 permits the
appellate courts to suspend any provision of the
appellate rules for “good cause”—a broad grant of discre-
tion that parallels the functional-equivalence principle.
But Rule 2 does not permit the appellate courts to

5
   The provision in Rule 3 at issue in Torres—requiring a notice
of appeal to specify the party or parties taking the appeal—was
modified in response to Torres to permit courts to accept a notice
of appeal that does not specifically name an appealing party
if that party’s “intent to appeal is otherwise clear from the
notice.” F ED . R. A PP . P. 3(c)(4); see also Cleveland v. Porca Co., 38
F.3d 289, 293-94 (7th Cir. 1994) (discussing Torres and the rules
change that followed it). Despite this change in the rule, the
rationale of Torres remains intact; there is a difference between
accepting inexact but substantial compliance with a jurisdic-
tional requirement and waiving a jurisdictional requirement
altogether.
No. 08-2163                                                    25

suspend statutory provisions, and here, a timely and
Rule 5 compliant petition for permission to appeal is a
statutory requirement. Moreover, Rule 2 is itself limited by
the provisions of Rule 26(b). See F ED . R. A PP. P. 2 (“[A]
court of appeals may—to expedite its decision or for other
good cause—suspend any provision of these rules in a
particular case . . . except as otherwise provided in Rule 26(b).”
(emphasis added)). Rule 26(b) provides that “the court may
not extend the time to file . . . a notice of appeal . . . or a
petition for permission to appeal.” FED. R. A PP. P. 26(b)
(emphasis added). Thus, the rules prohibit us from en-
larging the time limit for filing a petition for permission to
appeal.
  I recognize that the majority’s approach is consistent
with a decision of the Ninth Circuit in a very similar case.
See Blausey v. U.S. Trustee, 552 F.3d 1124 (9th Cir. 2009).
I acknowledge as well that both our case and the Ninth
Circuit’s concern temporary statutory provisions that
have now been replaced by permanent rules, and that the
issue is therefore “transitory” and perhaps not worth
creating a circuit split. Maj. op. at p. 10. But I am convinced
that Blausey was wrongly decided, for the reasons I have
explained; it drew a strong dissent from Judge Gorsuch,
sitting with the Ninth Circuit by designation, and I think
he was right. 552 F.3d at 1134-37 (Gorsuch, J., dissenting).
I am also not so sanguine about the limited effect of the
majority’s jurisdictional decision. It fashions an ex-
ception that swallows a jurisdictional rule. A holding
that a court clerk’s transmittal of portions of the lower-
court record can substitute for the appealing party’s
total noncompliance with a jurisdictional pleading re-
quirement is potentially quite far-reaching.
26                                           No. 08-2163

  Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, I would dismiss
the appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction.

                         7-20-09