Court Opinion

ID: 6350583
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-16 21:01:37.560369+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:15:23.462564
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

                                       )
IN RE AEROJET ROCKETDYNE               )   C.A. No. 2022-0127-LWW
HOLDINGS, INC.                         )
                                       )

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION
                          Date Submitted: June 6, 2022
                          Date Decided: June 16, 2022

A. Thompson Bayliss, Michael A. Barlow, Eliezer Y. Feinstein, & Samuel D.
Cordle, ABRAMS & BAYLISS LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; R. Brian Timmons,
QUINN EMANUEL URQUHART & SULLIVAN, LLP, Los Angeles, California;
Ellison Ward Merkel & K. McKenzie Anderson, QUINN EMANUEL URQUHART
& SULLIVAN, LLP, New York, New York; Counsel for Warren G. Lichtenstein

Peter J. Walsh, Jr., Matthew F. Davis, Abraham C. Schneider, & Patrick A.
Lockwood, POTTER ANDERSON & CORROON LLP, Wilmington, Delaware;
Counsel for James R. Henderson, Audrey A. McNiff, and Martin Turchin

Raymond J. DiCamillo, Kevin M. Gallagher, Daniel E. Kaprow, & Caroline M.
McDonough, RICHARDS, LAYTON & FINGER, P.A., Wilmington, Delaware;
David J. Margules & Brittany M. Giusini, BALLARD SPAHR LLP, Wilmington,
Delaware; Mark A. Kirsch & Adam H. Offenhartz, GIBSON, DUNN &
CRUTCHER LLP, New York, New York; Colin B. Davis, GIBSON, DUNN &
CRUTCHER LLP, Irvine, California; Terence M. Grugan, BALLARD SPAHR
LLP, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Counsel for General Kevin P. Chilton, Thomas A.
Corcoran, Eileen P. Drake, and General Lance W. Lord

WILL, Vice Chancellor
      This case presents a cautionary tale about the perils that can befall a board

with an even number of directors.

      In January 2022—with a director nomination deadline fast approaching and a

pending acquisition of the company in limbo—the eight-member board of Aerojet

Rocketdyne Holdings, Inc. deadlocked on a company slate of nominees.

      The deadlock spawned from a fractured relationship between the company’s

Chief Executive Officer, Eileen Drake, and its Executive Chairman, Warren

Lichtenstein. The relationship had begun to sour when the two disagreed on how to

approach the then-potential acquisition. Drake eventually accused Lichtenstein of

seeking to discredit her and take the company in a different direction if the deal fell

through, which led to an internal investigation. Lichtenstein, for his part, claimed

that Drake failed to undertake proper contingency planning. From that dispute grew

different outlooks on the company’s strategic direction.

      Lichtenstein initially proposed that seven of the eight incumbents be named

as the company’s nominees in the event the merger failed. The eighth incumbent

had decided not to seek reelection. Drake objected to the proposal. The board

decided to adjourn and meet again a few days later.

      Meanwhile, the Federal Trade Commission sued to block the acquisition of

the company.     Lichtenstein proposed an agreement between Steel Partners (a

longtime Aerojet stockholder controlled by Lichtenstein) and the company

                                          1
confirming the slate of seven incumbents and forgoing Steel’s right to nominate

director candidates. No agreement was reached.

       With the stockholder nomination deadline days away, Steel proceeded to

nominate a slate of seven candidates that included Lichtenstein and three of the

incumbents. Drake called upon the company’s executives and outside advisors to

assist with a response to Steel’s nomination.

       One aspect of that response took the form of a press release that purported to

express the company’s disappointment in Steel’s nomination, attributed ulterior

motives to Lichtenstein, and disclosed the ongoing investigation. That press release

was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and sent by Drake to the

company’s largest stockholders. Another aspect involved the company’s longtime

outside counsel threatening litigation against the incumbent directors nominated on

Steel’s slate.

       This litigation followed.

       The plaintiffs—Lichtenstein and the three incumbent directors on the Steel

slate—brought claims against Drake and the other three incumbents. The plaintiffs’

claims concerned whether either half of the board was authorized to act for the

company in connection with the election and whether the entity must stand neutral.

The plaintiffs also sought a temporary restraining order preventing either faction

from using the company’s name or resources to advantage itself in the election.

                                          2
      I granted a TRO with the intention of maintaining corporate neutrality given

the board’s continued deadlock. After that ruling, Drake formally nominated her

own stockholder slate of eight candidates, including the three incumbent directors

who support her.

      Following a series of motions and an inability to compromise, the case

culminated in a three-day trial.

      The plaintiffs maintain that the purpose of the trial was to level the playing

field for the upcoming election. They ask the court to declare that certain of the

defendants’ actions were unauthorized and contrary to a principle of corporate

neutrality in a control dispute. They seek—in addition to final relief on their

declaratory judgment claims—various forms of equitable relief and argue that the

defendants should be held in contempt.

      The defendants contest the plaintiffs’ characterizations of their conduct. They

assert that they acted with the good faith belief that their actions were authorized.

They further contend that the corporation was not required to stand neutral because

the Steel slate constituted a threat to the company. Finally, they argue that the

plaintiffs’ unclean hands bar them from equitable relief.

      As discussed in this decision, the directors’ beliefs in the propriety of their

actions did not alter the legal requirements for authorized board actions set by

Delaware law and the company’s bylaws. Nor did they give one half of an

                                         3
incumbent board the right to claim for itself the company’s support while painting

the other half as hostile to the company’s interests. One faction’s ties to management

do nothing to change that principle.

      Accordingly, I find that the plaintiffs are entitled to a declaration that certain

of the defendants’ challenged acts were unauthorized and that, with the board

deadlocked, the defendants could not deploy the company’s resources in support of

their slate or to discredit the plaintiffs’ slate. I also grant a subset of the equitable

relief sought by the plaintiffs. I decline, however, to find that any of the defendants

are in contempt of court.

      A disclaimer is necessary: my findings in favor of the plaintiffs should in no

way be taken as an endorsement of one faction’s electability over the other. In my

view, both slates are comprised of highly qualified, impressive, and dedicated

directors. I do not doubt that both the plaintiffs and the defendants believe that their

slate can best serve the company and its stockholders.

      Rather, my decision is driven by core tenets of Delaware law. Stockholders—

not this court or either subset of directors—must now decide which faction’s vision

will become that of the company. To preserve the ultimate goal of a fair and

balanced election, neither half of this divided board has a superior claim to the

company’s resources in the interim.

                                           4
I.        RELEVANT BACKGROUND

          The following facts were stipulated to by the parties or proven by a

preponderance of the evidence at trial.1

          A.    The Company and its Board

          Nominal party Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings, Inc. (“Aerojet” or the

“Company”) is a manufacturer of propulsive systems for space, defense, civil, and

commercial applications.2 It is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of

business in California.3

          The Company has an eight-member board of directors (the “Board”).4 Its

directors take center stage in this litigation.

          Plaintiff Warren G. Lichtenstein is the Board’s Executive Chairman. He has

held that position since 2016 (having previously held the position of Chairman from

2013) and has served as an Aerojet director since 2008.5 Lichtenstein is also the

Executive Chairman of Steel Partners Holdings GP Inc., general partner of Steel

1
  See Dkt. 247 (“PTO”). Where facts are drawn from exhibits jointly submitted by the
parties at trial, they are referred to according to the numbers provided on the parties’ joint
exhibit list and cited as “JX __” unless defined. Pincites refer to the page numbering
overlaid on each joint exhibit. Trial testimony is cited as “[Name] Tr.” Deposition
transcripts are cited as “[Name] Dep.”
2
    PTO ¶ 23.
3
    Id.
4
    Id. ¶ 24.
5
    Id. ¶ 5.

                                              5
Partners Holdings L.P., a publicly listed diversified holding company (together with

its affiliates, “Steel”).6 It has held a position in Aerojet since 2000 and currently

holds an approximately 5% stake.7

          A 2008 shareholder agreement between the Company and Steel led to

Lichtenstein’s initial appointment to the Board.8 Plaintiffs and Aerojet directors

James R. Henderson and Martin Turchin joined the Board in 2008 through that same

agreement.9 Defendant Thomas A. Corcoran has also served as an Aerojet director

since 2008.

          Henderson has served as the CEO of seven companies and on the boards of

ten public companies, with most of his experience in the defense industry.10 He was

employed at Steel until 2011.11 He is currently a member of the Board’s Corporate

Governance & Nominating Committee (the “Nominating Committee”).12

6
    Id.
7
 Id. More precisely, Steel invested in the Company’s predecessor, GenCorp Inc., in 2000.
Id.
8
    JX 1 at 4; Lichtenstein Tr. 929.
9
    JX 1 at 4; PTO ¶¶ 7-8.
10
     Henderson Tr. 6-7.
11
     Id. at 8.
12
     Id. at 9-10.

                                           6
           Turchin is a lawyer by training who has spent decades in the real estate

industry and has served on the board of a publicly traded real estate investment

trust.13 He is currently a member of the Nominating Committee.14

           Corcoran has held a variety of executive positions—including in the defense

and aerospace industries—since the 1960s and has served on about 20 boards.15 He

currently chairs the Board’s Nominating Committee.16

           Defendant Eileen P. Drake is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and

President.17 She has held those positions since June 2015.18 She joined Aerojet as

its Chief Operating Officer in March 2015 after being recruited by Lichtenstein.19

In her capacity as CEO, she reports to Lichtenstein.20 Drake has also been a member

of the Board since 2015.21 Before joining Aerojet, she was a U.S. Army aviator and

airfield commander and had held management positions at Ford Motor Company

and United Technologies Corporation.22

13
     Turchin Tr. 630-32.
14
     Id.
15
     Corcoran Tr. 204-07.
16
     Id. 207-08.
17
     PTO ¶ 11.
18
     Id.
19
     Id.
20
     See JX 23 § 1(a); JX 591.
21
     PTO ¶ 11.
22
     Drake Tr. 427-28.

                                            7
          Defendants General Lance W. Lord and General Kevin P. Chilton joined the

Board in 2015 and 2018, respectively.23

          Lord is a retired U.S. Air Force four-star general and previously served as the

commanding officer of the United States Air Force Space Command.24

          Chilton is a retired U.S. Air Force General having served, among other roles,

as an astronaut, program manager for the International Space Station, and

Commander of the U.S. Strategic Command.25

          Plaintiff Audrey A. McNiff is the most recent addition to the Board, having

joined in 2020.26 She previously worked in the financial services industry for three

decades, most recently as a partner in Goldman Sachs’s securities division.27 She is

a member of the Nominating Committee.28

          B.       The Merger Agreement

          In July 2020, Lockheed Martin Corp. submitted a non-binding indication of

interest contemplating an all-cash acquisition of Aerojet for $47.50 per share.29

From the outset, Drake and Lichtenstein disagreed about the Company’s approach

23
     PTO ¶¶ 9, 12.
24
     Lord Tr. 797-98.
25
     Chilton Tr. 310-12.
26
     PTO ¶ 6.
27
     McNiff Tr. 120.
28
     Id. at 121.
29
     PTO ¶ 28.

                                             8
to the transaction process.30 Their views continued to diverge as negotiations

progressed.31

          Eventually, an agreement was reached whereby Lockheed would acquire the

Company for $56 per share in an all-cash transaction.32 The Board unanimously

approved an Agreement and Plan of Merger on December 19, 2020, which the

Company executed the next day.33 Aerojet stockholders approved the merger

agreement on March 9, 2021. Steel voted in favor of the merger.34

          The deal did not close after the stockholder vote because it remained subject

to regulatory review by the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”).35 The Company’s

stock price traded considerably below the deal price during this time.36

          In August 2021, the head of the FTC expressed her view that antitrust

enforcers should more frequently move to block mergers that could threaten

competition.37 Lichtenstein became concerned that the FTC would prevent the

transaction from being completed and wanted the Board to engage in contingency

30
     Id. ¶ 29.
31
     Id. ¶¶ 29, 31.
32
     Id. ¶¶ 30, 33.
33
     Id. ¶¶ 33-34.
34
     Id. ¶ 35.
35
     Id. ¶ 36.
36
     JX 590.
37
     JX 51.

                                            9
planning.38 Drake disagreed and expressed the view that such efforts could violate

Aerojet’s merger agreement with Lockheed.39

          Ultimately, the FTC unanimously rejected the Aerojet-Lockheed transaction

and sued to block it on January 25, 2022.40 Lockheed terminated the merger

agreement on February 13, 2022.41

          C.     The Investigation
          While the deal was under FTC review, Drake and Lichtenstein’s relationship

continued to deteriorate.      Drake began to raise a series of complaints about

Lichtenstein with the Company’s then-General Counsel, Arjun Kampani.

          On May 10, 2021, Drake sent Kampani a “Memorandum for Record”

describing an “erosion of trust” between her and Lichtenstein.42        Lichtenstein

responded on May 25, 2021 to correct “certain inaccurate statements” for the

record.43

          Drake sent a second memorandum to Kampani on September 2, 2021,

reporting that she had learned Lichtenstein had spoken with certain individuals

38
     PTO ¶ 37; JX 58.
39
     JX 58.
40
     PTO ¶ 53.
41
     Id. ¶ 76.
42
     JX 34.
43
     JX 45.

                                          10
outside of the Company regarding his views on the Company’s future if the

Lockheed deal did not close.44 She expressed concern that he would remove her as

CEO and the view that his demands for contingency planning and repeated

information requests were both risky and distracting to management. At Drake’s

request, Kampani shared the September 2 memo with Chilton, Lord, and Corcoran

but excluded the other directors.45

         On September 10, 2021, a memorandum prepared by Kampani and described

as being from the “Independent Members of the Board” (that is, the Board minus

Drake and Lichtenstein) was sent to Lichtenstein (the “Guidance Memo”).46 The

Guidance Memo noted that the Company “ha[d] received reports related to

[Lichtenstein’s] conduct in communicating with third parties about the Lockheed

Martin transaction as well as . . . with regard to the executive management of the

Company” and “remind[ed]” Lichtenstein of his “fiduciary obligations and

direct[ed] him to cease engaging in such conversations.”47 Four days after the

Guidance memo was sent, McNiff, Henderson, and Turchin were provided with a

copy of Drake’s September 2 memorandum.48

44
     JX 70.
45
     JX 77.
46
     PTO ¶ 43.
47
     JX 88.
48
     PTO ¶ 46.

                                       11
         On October 6, 2021, Drake submitted a memorandum to the Board, reiterating

her belief that Lichtenstein was searching for a CEO to replace her.49

         On October 13, 2021, the Board formed a committee consisting of the six non-

management directors (the “Non-Management Committee”) to investigate Drake’s

allegations (the “Investigation”).50       Corcoran was tasked with handling the

procedural aspects of the Investigation, including retaining outside counsel and

coordinating their process.51 The Committee hired Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell

LLP and Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP as its legal advisors. The members of the

Non-Management Committee were advised that the Investigation was confidential.52

         On May 2, 2022—well into this litigation—the Non-Management Committee

issued a memorandum directed to Drake and Lichtenstein summarizing the findings

and results of its Investigation.53 The Committee reached two conclusions.

         The first conclusion concerned Drake’s allegations about Lichtenstein’s

“[e]xtensive questioning and demands for information . . . in numerous

communications in the months prior to and following the signing of the Lockheed

Martin merger agreement . . . generally related to business and financial matters and

49
     JX 107; Henderson Tr. 24-26; McNiff Tr. 133; Turchin Tr. 644-45.
50
     PTO ¶ 48.
51
     Turchin Tr. 646; Corcoran Tr. 214.
52
     Henderson Tr. 32, 44; McNiff Tr. 137-38.
53
     PTO ¶ 87; JX 578 at 1.

                                            12
‘contingency planning.’”54       The committee found that this “conduct did not

constitute harassment or retaliation and was not improper under applicable Company

policies or law.”55

           The second conclusion addressed Lichtenstein’s “communications with third

parties outside the Company concerning the Lockheed merger and the Company’s

CEO,” at least one of which occurred after Lichtenstein had received the Guidance

Memo.56 The Non-Management Committee “formally reprimanded” Lichtenstein

for “failing to follow the directives in the Guidance Memo” and “mandate[d]” that

“he comply with the Company’s Code of Conduct and make no statements or

communications to persons external to the Company concerning the Company’s

CEO, any search for a new CEO, management tenure or succession generally, or the

strategic direction of the Company” (unrelated to the current proxy fight) without

Board approval.57

54
     JX 578 at 3.
55
     Id.
56
     Id.
57
     Id.

                                           13
          On May 3, 2022, Lichtenstein requested that the Board authorize the release

of the Investigation report.58 Drake joined him in that request the next day.59 It was

publicly released on May 16, 2022.60

          D.     The Attempts to Nominate a Company Slate
          In late January 2022, with uncertainties about the future of the Lockheed

transaction growing and the Investigation ongoing, Lichtenstein’s contingency

planning efforts turned to nominating a Company slate of directors. The Company’s

bylaws required stockholders wishing to nominate a slate of directors to do so on or

before February 5, 2022.61

          Lichtenstein began to ask the outside directors if they wished to stay on the

Board if the merger failed.62 He suggested that Corcoran resign or otherwise not

stand for reelection.63 In response, Corcoran stated his intention to see the Lockheed

merger and the Investigation through to completion but determined that he would

not seek reelection for personal reasons.64

58
     PTO ¶ 88.
59
     Id. ¶ 89.
60
     JX 713.
61
     Henderson Tr. 86; see JX 11 § 2.3.
62
     Lichtenstein Tr. 967-68; see JX 122.
63
     PTO ¶ 50; Lichtenstein Tr. 970-97.
64
     PTO ¶ 51; JX 127; JX 136.

                                            14
           On January 21, 2022, Lichtenstein called a special meeting of the Board for

January 24, 2022 to discuss nominating a Company slate of directors. 65 At that

meeting, Lichtenstein proposed resolutions providing that, in the event the merger

did not close, the Company’s slate of candidates for election at its 2022 annual

meeting would consist of all sitting directors except Corcoran. The draft resolutions

also stated that “the Board w[ould] use its reasonable best efforts to add two diverse

director candidates to the Board.”66 Drake objected to the proposal on the grounds

that it violated the Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines by bypassing the

Nominating Committee.67 The Board did not hold a vote but agreed to meet again

later that week.68

           On January 26, 2022—the day after the FTC sued to block the Lockheed

merger—Lichtenstein sent the Board materials for a January 27 meeting. 69 The

materials consisted of a set of resolutions and a proposed letter agreement between

Steel and Aerojet.70 The proposed letter agreement provided that Steel would agree

to forgo its right to nominate its own slate of directors for election in 2022 in

65
     PTO ¶ 51; JX 129; JX 131.
66
     PTO ¶ 52; JX 134.
67
     PTO ¶ 52; Drake Tr. 486.
68
     PTO ¶ 52.
69
     JX 155 at 1.
70
     Id.

                                            15
exchange for the contractual equivalents of the resolutions proposed at the January

24 Board meeting.71 The resolutions differed from those presented on January 24

only by an additional resolution approving the letter agreement.72

          The January 27 Board meeting never took place.73

          E.     The Steel Slate

          On January 28, 2022, Steel notified Aerojet of its intent to nominate

Lichtenstein, Henderson, Turchin, McNiff and three additional candidates (the

“Steel Slate”) for election to the Board at the Company’s 2022 annual meeting.74

Steel representatives informed the Company that it remained willing to compromise

to avoid a contested election and that—with the February 5 deadline for stockholder

nominations looming—it felt the need to protect its rights.75 Steel also indicated that

it would be willing to nominate an alternate candidate to the slate in Lichtenstein’s

place in response to the Investigation’s conclusions.76

          The six outside directors met on January 30, 2022 to discuss the Steel Slate,

with counsel for the Non-Management Committee in attendance. During that

71
     Id. at 2.
72
     Id. at 4; JX 134 at 3.
73
     See JX 157; Lichtenstein Tr. 988.
74
     PTO ¶ 56; JX 171.
75
     PTO ¶ 56; JX 171.
76
     JX 567 at 6; Lichtenstein Tr. 987-88.

                                             16
meeting, those directors reached an agreement in principle to nominate the seven-

member, all-incumbent slate that Lichtenstein originally proposed on January 26,

subject to agreement among counsel on details and definitive documentation.77

         The next day, the Non-Management Committee’s counsel circulated draft

resolutions. One proposed resolution provided that the Board “retained the authority

to reconsider the inclusion of any person on the proposed slate in light of the results

of the Company’s pending investigation or any other matter.”78 McNiff replied that

she did not believe the resolutions reflected the consensus reached at the January 30

meeting.79 The directors had agreed on entering into an agreement, not passing

resolutions.

         Counsel for the Non-Management Committee was concurrently working with

Company counsel on a strategy to respond to the “dissident” directors (i.e., those on

the Steel Slate).80

77
     PTO ¶¶ 58-59.
78
     Id. ¶ 59; JX 219.
79
     PTO ¶ 59; JX 221.
80
     See JX 204; JX 206.

                                          17
           Later on January 31, 2022, Chilton, Lord, and Corcoran called a special Board

meeting to discuss a response to Steel’s notice nominating the Steel Slate. 81 The

plaintiffs declined to attend the meeting and it failed to secure a quorum.82

           On February 1, 2022, Steel filed an amendment to its Schedule 13D to

publicly disclose the nomination of its slate.83

           F.    The February 1 Press Release
           Hours after Steel’s 13D amendment was filed, the Company issued a press

release in response (the “February 1 Press Release”). The press release stated that

the Company was “confirm[ing] an ongoing internal investigation involving Mr.

Lichtenstein.”84 It also purported to provide the Company’s views on Steel’s

nomination:

                 The Company believes that Mr. Lichtenstein’s decision to
                 cause [Steel] to launch a disruptive proxy contest at this
                 time may ultimately be driven by his personal concerns
                 and desire to secure his board position and gain leverage
                 in the context of the Company’s internal investigation.
                 The Company is disappointed that, at a critical time for the
                 Company, Mr. Lichtenstein has decided to take these
                 actions to launch a proxy fight.85

81
     PTO ¶ 61.
82
     Id.
83
     Id. ¶ 63.
84
     JX 241.
85
     Id.

                                             18
         Drafts of the February 1 Press Release had been exchanged among multiple

officers of the Company, the Company’s longtime outside counsel at Gibson Dunn

& Crutcher LLP, and its M&A counsel at Jenner & Block LLP, among other

advisors, as early as the morning of January 29, 2022.86 Correspondence circulated

with those drafts reflected an intention to pressure Lichtenstein into withdrawing

Steel’s nomination. The disclosure of the Investigation was viewed as a bargaining

chip.87

         Outside counsel for the Non-Management Committee was also involved in

the response and, on January 29, advised management that “[p]resumably we’ll need

board or committee authorization for action in response to Steel’s slate.”88

         Before the issuance of the February 1 Press Release, Lichtenstein wrote

Kampani, copying the Board, that “any press release or public disclosures by, for or

in the name of the Company should be provided to all Board members so that they

may review and provide comments . . . before such disclosures are issued or filed.”89

Outside counsel for the Non-Management Committee sent a draft of the press release

to Corcoran, Lord, and Chilton.90 Lichtenstein, Henderson, Turchin, and McNiff

86
     JX 179; see JX 195, JX 200, JX 238.
87
     JX 180; JX 186.
88
     JX 180; see also JX 600; JX 601.
89
     JX 802.
90
     JX 208.

                                           19
were not shown a draft of the press release or provided with prior notice before it

was published.91

         On February 2, 2022, the Company filed a Form 8-K and a Schedule 14A with

the Securities and Exchange Commission (together, the “February 2 Disclosures”),

both enclosing the February 1 Press Release.92

         On February 7, 2022, Drake wrote to major Aerojet stockholders to highlight

the February 1 Press Release.93

         G.      The Persisting Deadlock

         Chilton, Corcoran, and Lord called another special Board meeting on

February 2, 2022 to discuss a response to Steel’s nomination.94         Lichtenstein

informed them that he would be on a plane and unavailable. Notwithstanding

Lichtenstein’s unavailability, the meeting went forward with the intention of passing

resolutions prepared by the Non-Management Committee’s counsel that would have

allowed a committee of Corcoran, Chilton, and Lord to exercise the Board’s

91
  PTO ¶ 64; Lichtenstein Tr. 994-96; Henderson Tr. 39-41; Turchin Tr. 660-61; McNiff
Tr. 147-49; see also JX 199; Corcoran Tr. 275-76; Chilton Tr. 383; Drake Tr. 534-35.
92
     PTO ¶ 65; JX 276; JX 277.
93
     See, e.g., JX 306; JX 308.
94
     PTO ¶ 65.

                                           20
authority in response to the Steel Slate.95 The Board could not reach a quorum

because the plaintiffs did not attend the meeting.96

           On February 3, 2022, Gibson Dunn, “as litigation counsel for Aerojet,” wrote

to the plaintiffs’ counsel, alleging that the plaintiffs had acted in breach of their

fiduciary duties.97 It closed with: “Aerojet reserves all rights, including its right to

enforce [the plaintiffs’] compliance with their fiduciary duties through litigation.”98

           The full Board convened on February 4, 2022.99 Corcoran, Chilton, and Lord

proposed resolutions that would have created a committee consisting of those three

directors.100 The resolutions would have delegated to the committee the power to

speak on behalf of the Company in connection with the upcoming director election,

exercise the Board’s authority in connection with the merger agreement with

Lockheed, issue public filings on behalf of the Company, and take over the

Investigation.101 A motion to adopt the resolutions failed to carry.102

95
     JX 261.
96
     PTO ¶ 66.
97
     JX 287.
98
     Id.
99
     PTO ¶ 67.
100
      Lord Tr. at 883-86; see JX 810 at 3-6.
101
      PTO ¶ 68.
102
      Id. ¶ 69.

                                               21
          Lichtenstein next proposed resolutions that he had circulated to the Board the

day prior.103 Those resolutions would have memorialized the Board’s disagreement

as to who should be nominated for election at the upcoming annual meeting if the

Lockheed transaction did not close, specified that stockholders should resolve that

dispute, confirmed that the Company would remain neutral in the dispute between

the two factions, held that the Company’s voice and resources would not be used to

support the election of either faction, and waived the Company’s advance notice

bylaw to allow the defendants to run their own slate of directors. 104 A motion to

adopt the resolutions failed to carry.105

          H.      The Litigation and TRO

          On February 7, 2022, the plaintiffs filed a Verified Complaint for Declaratory

Judgment (the “Complaint”).106 Count I of the Complaint seeks a declaratory

judgment that “no Defendant nor any Aerojet officer, director, employee or anyone

else acting or purporting to act on the Company’s behalf may speak on behalf of the

Company or take any action on behalf of the Company without proper authorization

from the Board.”107        Count II seeks a declaratory judgment that “no officer,

103
      JX 711.
104
      PTO ¶ 70.
105
      Id. ¶ 72.
106
      Dkt. 1.
107
      Id. ¶ 95.

                                            22
employee, advisor or agent of the Company shall take action on behalf of the

Company for the purpose of directly or indirectly supporting” a slate of directors in

connection with the upcoming election.108 The Complaint was accompanied by a

motion for a temporary restraining order and a motion to expedite.

          On February 10, 2022, Gibson Dunn sent a joint representation agreement

related to this litigation to the Company and the defendants.109 The Company had

paid the firm a $250,000 retainer related to the joint representation the previous

day.110 On February 11, 2022, the defendants filed a separate lawsuit against the

plaintiffs and a Steel entity both individually and (purportedly) on the Company’s

behalf.       The defendants’ complaint alleged that the plaintiffs had breached their

fiduciary duties and sought relief including the appointment of a custodian to break

the Board deadlock, the removal of Lichtenstein as a director, and the

disqualification of the Steel Slate.111

          The court held a hearing on the plaintiffs’ motions for a temporary restraining

order and to expedite on February 15, 2022. Both motions were granted. The court’s

February 15 oral ruling explained that the purpose of the temporary restraining order

was to “retain the company’s neutrality regarding its upcoming director elections”

108
      Id. ¶ 100.
109
      See JX 324 at 18.
110
      See JX 320; JX 324.
111
      PTO ¶ 75.

                                            23
given the Board deadlock.112 The parties were directed to submit an implementing

order.113

         The parties disagreed on the form of that order. For example, the defendants’

proposed order contemplated a Company-backed $20 million fund to be used to

reimburse proxy costs.114 The plaintiffs’ proposed order did not. On February 23,

2022, the court issued a letter decision adopting the plaintiffs’ proposed order, which

was subsequently entered (the “Order” and, with the February 15 ruling, the

“TRO”).115

         The Order entered on February 23 memorialized the parties’ agreement to

extend the stockholder nomination deadline to February 28, 2022 and stated, among

other things:

                 No party to this Action, no officer, director, employee,
                 advisor or agent of Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings, Inc. (the
                 “Company”), no person or entity purporting to have
                 authority over the Company, and no person or entity acting
                 in concert with any of the foregoing who has notice of this
                 order, shall authorize, agree to, permit, or take any of the
                 following actions without the prior written approval of the
                 Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) . . . take
                 action on behalf of or in the name of the Company or use
                 or otherwise deploy Company funds or other Company

112
      Dkt. 38.
113
      Id.; PTO ¶ 77.
114
      Dkt. 34.
115
      Dkt. 40.

                                             24
                  resources in support of the election efforts of any
                  candidate for election at the Annual Meeting.116

         I.       The Drake Slate

         Following the TRO, the defendants continued to work with a variety of

outside advisors who had previously advised the Company, including Gibson Dunn,

Jenner, Evercore, and Citigroup.117 In addition, certain Aerojet executives continued

to support the defendants’ efforts in the proxy contest.118 Aerojet employees also

assisted Drake with transferring her shares into record name so that she could

nominate a slate by February 28.119

         On February 28, 2022, Drake delivered her own notice of nomination to the

Company.120 Drake’s slate of nominees consisted of herself, Corcoran, Lord,

Chilton, and four others (the “Drake Slate”).121 Her efforts to assemble a slate to

compete against the Steel Slate had begun as early as February 1.122

116
      Dkt. 41.
117
      See JX 357; JX 376; JX 412; JX 432; JX 519; JX 641; Drake Tr. 515, 545, 554.
118
      See, e.g., JX 401; JX 430; JX 437; JX 471; JX 682; JX 686; JX 688; JX 875; JX 876.
119
      See JX 437.
120
      PTO ¶ 79; JX 469.
121
      PTO ¶ 79.
122
      JX 285.

                                             25
         J.      The Litigation Post-TRO

         Both parties took multiple actions in the litigation after the court’s ruling on

the TRO, including a motion to enforce the TRO, a motion for a final judgment, and

discovery motions. Some bear mentioning.

         On March 7, 2022, the defendants voluntarily dismissed their lawsuit against

the plaintiffs.123

         On March 13, 2022, the plaintiffs filed a motion for leave to supplement their

Complaint to include a count concerning the need for neutral counsel to advise the

Board regarding the proxy contest.124 The court granted that motion on March 22,

2022.125

         On March 22, 2022, the plaintiffs filed a Verified Supplement to their

Complaint.126 The Supplement added a third declaratory judgment count asking the

court to determine that no defendant “nor any Aerojet officer, director, employee nor

anyone else acting on the Company’s behalf may direct any legal counsel to take

action on behalf of the Company in connection with the Annual Meeting or proxy

contest without proper authorization” and to order the Board to “appoint neutral

123
      Dkt. 55.
124
      Dkt. 75.
125
      Dkt. 95.
126
      Dkt. 97.

                                            26
counsel in advise the Board in connection with all of the Company’s legal affairs

and obligations related to the Annual Meeting and proxy contest.”127

         On April 21, 2022, the defendants answered the Complaint as supplemented,

and asserted affirmative defenses (including unclean hands) and counterclaims.128

The counterclaims mirror—in many respects—certain of the claims the defendants

brought and voluntarily dismissed in March.

         A three-day trial was held beginning on May 23, 2022.129 Nine witnesses

testified live at trial. The trial record includes 886 joint exhibits.

II.      LEGAL ANALYSIS

         The plaintiffs bear the burden of proving their claims by a preponderance of

the evidence.130 The defendants bear the same burden for their unclean hands

affirmative defense.131 “Proof by a preponderance of the evidence means proof that

something is more likely than not.”132

127
      Verified Suppl. to Compl. ¶¶ 151-52 (Dkt. 97).
128
      Dkt. 138.
129
      Dkts. 258, 259, 260.
130
   See Revolution Retail Sys., LLC v. Sentinel Techs., Inc., 2015 WL 6611601, at *9 (Del.
Ch. Oct. 30, 2015); Osborn v. Kemp, 2009 WL 2586783, at *4 (Del. Ch. Aug. 20, 2009)
(“Typically, in a post-trial opinion, the court evaluates the parties’ claims using a
preponderance of the evidence standard.”), aff’d, 991 A.2d 1153 (Del. 2010).
131
   Stone & Paper Invs., LLC v. Blanch, 2021 WL 3240373, at *23 (Del. Ch. July 30, 2021)
(noting that the party asserting the defense of unclean hands bears the “burden of
persuasion to establish unclean hands by a preponderance of the evidence”).
132
      Revolution Retail Sys., 2015 WL 6611601, at *9.

                                             27
         I begin by assessing the plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment claims and go on to

consider whether the plaintiffs are entitled to any additional forms of relief. I next

consider the defendants’ unclean hands affirmative defense. Finally, I address

whether the defendants’ actions violated the TRO.

         A.     The Requested Declaratory Judgments

         The plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment claims concern whether certain of the

defendants’ actions in connection with the contested election were authorized or

permitted under the principle of corporate neutrality.                  Under the Delaware

Declaratory Judgment Act, Delaware courts “have power to declare rights, status

and other legal relations whether or not further relief is or could be claimed”133 so

long as an “actual controversy” exists between the parties.134 The rights at issue

concern those held by directors and management when a board is deadlocked in a

control dispute. In such a scenario, who has the power to take action on behalf of

the company and exploit its resources?

133
      10 Del. C. § 6501.
134
   Stroud v. Milliken Enters., 552 A.2d 476, 479-80 (Del. 1989) (explaining that an “actual
controversy” exists if it “involve[s] the rights or other legal relations of the party seeking
declaratory relief . . . [is] a controversy in which the claim of right or other legal interest is
asserted against one who has an interest in contesting the claim . . . [is] between parties
whose interests are real and adverse . . . [and] the issue involved in the controversy [is] ripe
for judicial determination” (quoting Rollins Intern. v. Int’l Hydronics Corp., 303 A.2d 660,
662-63 (Del. 1973))).

                                               28
         “A corporation is an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in

contemplation of law.”135 “Because it lacks a body and mind, a corporation only can

act through human agents.”136 Under Delaware law, a company’s directors are the

corporate agents charged with managing the business and affairs of the

corporation.137     Only a “duly authorized board has the power to act for the

corporation.”138

         The plaintiffs’ claims flow from these foundational concepts of our law. The

first claim concerns whether certain acts taken by the defendants were invalid, given

135
      Trs. of Dartmouth Coll. v. Woodward, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 518, 636 (1819).
136
    Prairie Cap. III, L.P. v. Double E Hldg. Corp., 132 A.3d 35, 60 (Del. Ch. 2015); see
also Mallinckrodt Chem. Works v. Missouri, 238 U.S. 41, 56 (1915) (“Corporations, unlike
individuals, derive their very right to exist from the laws of the state; they have perpetual
succession; and they act only by agents.”); N. Assur. Co. v. Rachlin Clothes Shop, 125 A.
184, 188 (Del. 1924) (“[B]eing a purely metaphysical creature, having no mind with which
to think, no will with which to determine and no voice with which to speak, [a corporation]
must depend upon the faculties of natural persons to determine for it its policies and direct
the agencies through which they are to be effectuated.”).
137
   8 Del. C. § 141(a); see Quickturn Design Sys., Inc. v. Shapiro, 721 A.2d 1281, 1291
(Del. 1998) (“One of the most basic tenets of Delaware corporate law is that the board of
directors has the ultimate responsibility for managing the business and affairs of a
corporation.”); McMullin v. Beran, 765 A.2d 910, 916 (Del. 2000) (“One of the
fundamental principles of the Delaware General Corporation Law statute is that the
business affairs of a corporation are managed by or under the direction of its board of
directors.”).
138
   Grayson v. Imagination Station, Inc., 2010 WL 3221951, at *5 (Del. Ch. Aug. 16, 2010);
see 1 Robert S. Saunders et al., Folk on the Delaware General Corporation Law
§ 141.01[A] at 4-24 (7th ed. 2021) (“Section 141(a) expresses the general statutory
requirement that corporate affairs be managed by an elected board of directors. The
Delaware Supreme Court has emphasized that a board’s managerial authority under section
141(a) is ‘a cardinal precept of the DGCL.’ However, only a duly authorized board has
the power to act for the corporation.” (quoting 8 Del. C. 141(a))).

                                             29
the lack of Board or committee approval. The plaintiffs ask that the court declare

that those actions were unauthorized. The defendants argue, in response, that they

had a good faith basis to believe otherwise.

         The second claim concerns whether the corporation was required to remain

neutral in the ongoing control dispute. The plaintiffs seek a declaration that the

principle of corporate neutrality applies and was violated by the defendants’

usurpation of the Company’s name and resources. The defendants argue that the

principle has no application to the present dispute.

         I address each of these actual controversies in turn.139

                 1.     Whether Certain Actions Were Authorized

         The default standard under Delaware law is that a board cannot take action

without the approval of “the majority of the directors present at a meeting at which

a quorum is present.”140 “Each member of a corporate body has the right to

consultation with the others and has the right to be heard upon all questions

considered.”141 The Company’s bylaws confirm that the Board cannot take action

139
    The plaintiffs raised a third count in their Supplement, focused on the retention of
neutral legal counsel. Because that claim and any associated relief were not discussed in
the parties’ submissions at trial, it is not discussed here. In addition, it is moot (in part) as
neutral counsel—as required by the TRO—has been retained by the Company in
connection with this litigation.
140
      8 Del. C. § 141(b); see also id. § 141(a).
141
  Lippman v. Kehoe Stenograph Co., 95 A. 895, 902 (Del. Ch. 1915); see also
OptimisCorp v. Waite, 137 A.3d 970, at *3 n.8 (Del. 2016) (TABLE) (“Given that the
DGCL allocates fundamental decision-making power to the board as a whole, and not to

                                                   30
without the approval of a majority of the directors present at a meeting or by

unanimous written consent.142 For the current eight-member Board, five directors

were needed for a quorum. The defendants are only four. When a subset of the

board without authority to act disregards this rule, the court has found its actions to

be invalid.143

         Absent that authorization, the defendants were not permitted to act on the

Company’s behalf in an election contest involving competing halves of the Board.

In In re TransPerfect Global, Inc., the court held that press releases by one member

of a deadlocked board that were couched as company statements were improper

because they were “unauthorized act[s] of the company.”144 And in In re Howard

Midstream Energy Partners, LLC, the court determined that a CEO’s notice to

unitholders portraying his own opinion related to a corporate control dispute as the

company’s was unapproved by the board and unauthorized.145 So too here.

any individual director qua director, all directors must have the opportunity to participate
meaningfully in any matter brought before the board and to discharge their oversight
responsibilities.” (quoting J. Travis Laster & John Mark Zeberkiewicz, The Rights and
Duties of Blockholder Directors, 70 Bus. Law. 33, 35, 41 (2015))).
142
      JX 11 §§ 3.6-3.8.
143
   See Applied Energetics, 239 A.3d at 426, 428 (invalidating action taken by board
minority based on the “default rule” in 8 Del. C. § 141(b)).
144
   C.A. No. 9700-CB, at 35-36 (Del. Ch. Sept. 18, 2014) (TRANSCRIPT) (stating that it
was “plainly false to characterize [a press release] as an act of the company when it was
issued unilaterally by [one member of a two-person board]”).
145
      C.A. No. 2021-0487-LWW, at 64-66 (Del. Ch. July 22, 2021) (TRANSCRIPT).

                                            31
         The plaintiffs contend that the defendants unilaterally acted on Aerojet’s

behalf. They maintain that the retention of Gibson Dunn on behalf of the Company

to threaten litigation against the plaintiffs, the payment of an evergreen retainer by

the Company in furtherance of that engagement, and the February 11, 2022 lawsuit

purportedly filed by the Company against the plaintiffs were not authorized by the

Board or a committee.146 They make similar arguments regarding the February 1

Press Release and February 2 Disclosures.

         The defendants understood that the approval of the Board or a duly authorized

committee was required to respond to Steel’s nomination of the Steel Slate.147 They

had proposed resolutions to create a committee comprised of Lord, Chilton, and

Corcoran for that very reason.148 The resolutions were not approved.149 Yet the

challenged actions were undertaken anyway.150

         The defendants do not refute that the challenged actions were taken without

Board approval. They argue, instead, that they believed in good faith that their

actions were properly authorized.              They cite to the Company’s Corporate

146
      Pls.’ Post-Trial Br. 45-50 (Dkt. 263).
147
      JX 180; JX 600; see JX 204; JX 601; JX 802; Lichtenstein Tr. 994-95.
148
      JX 711.
149
      PTO ¶¶ 68-69; see Lord Tr. 885.
150
   Corcoran Tr. 277-80; Chilton Tr. 382-83; Drake Tr. 534-35; see also JX 199; JX 232;
JX 287; JX 364.

                                               32
Governance Guidelines, delegation matrices, and ordinary course practices for

support.151 Although I do not doubt the defendants’ good faith beliefs in the

propriety of their actions, those views did not provide them with the legal

authorization to act.

          The Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines state that “[i]t is the

Company’s policy that the CEO [and the] Executive Chairman . . . speak for the

Company.”152 Nothing in the Company policies or guidelines, however, provides

management with the right to act and speak on the Company’s behalf—over the

objection of half of the Board—in a proxy contest. And the delegation matrices state

not only that a press release requires the CEO’s approval,153 but also that they

represent the “minimum level of review required.”154 The matrices also require

Board approval if (as here) a press release triggers an “SEC Filing.”155 Furthermore,

151
   The defendants also assert that they acted in good faith reliance on the advice of counsel
pursuant to Section 141(e). See Defs.’ Post-Trial Br. 38 (Dkt. 261); but see supra note 93;
Lord Tr. 885; JX 711. That may be relevant to the exercise of their fiduciary duties but not
to the question of whether they were legally authorized to act under Section 141(b) and
Aerojet’s bylaws.
152
      JX 18 ¶ 25.
153
      JX 66 at 7.
154
      Id. at 2, 9.
155
   Id. at 7. In any event, the evidence suggests that the defendants did not rely on these
policies at the time that the February 1 Press Release and February 2 Disclosures were
issued. See JX 336; JX 337; JX 879.

                                             33
Aerojet’s bylaws provide that an officer’s delegated authority “as generally pertains

to their respective offices” is “subject to the control of the Board.”156

       Moreover, although the CEO had the authority to run the Company’s day-to-

day business, the challenged actions were not “ordinary course.”157 The February 1

Press Release questioned the motives of the Company’s Executive Chairman and

disclosed the ongoing Investigation of which he was the subject. And counsel was

retained on Aerojet’s behalf to bring litigation against half of the Board, using

corporate funds in support.

       The defendants also claim that they were legally required to disclose the

Investigation to “put the Steel Slate into context” because Steel’s Schedule 13D

156
   JX 11 § 4.1. Section 142(a) of the DGCL provides that corporations shall have “officers
with such titles and duties as shall be stated in the bylaws or in a resolution of the board of
directors which is not inconsistent with the bylaws.” 8 Del. C. § 142(a). Aerojet’s bylaws
generally provide that officers shall have such powers “as may be assigned by the Board”
and that “officers shall have such powers and shall perform such duties, executive or
otherwise, as from time to time may be assigned to them by the Board and, to the extent
not so assigned, as generally pertain to their respective offices, subject to the control of the
Board.” JX 11 §§ 4.1, 4.2.
157
    See Defs.’ Post-Trial Br. 43-44. The defendants cite to this court’s decision in In re
Walt Disney Co. Derivative Litigation, which provides that a CEO generally has “no
obligation to continuously inform the board of [her] actions as CEO, or to receive prior
authorization for those actions.” 907 A.2d 693, 761 (Del. Ch. 2005), aff’d, 906 A.2d 27
(Del. 2006); see also 2A William Meade Fletcher et al., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of
Corporations § 559 (2021) (“The general rule is that a president of a corporation is
empowered to transact, without special authorization from the board of directors, all acts
of an ordinary nature that are incident to the office by usage or necessity and to thus bind
the corporation.”). That may be true in the normal course. In fact, the discussion in Disney
emphasized that “everyday governance should be ‘under the direction’ of the board of
directors rather than ‘by the board.’” 907 A.2d at 761 n.490 (emphasis added). But the
circumstances presented in this case are far from everyday governance matters.

                                              34
omitted “material information” such as the Investigation.158 But it is not clear why

the defendants would be obligated to clarify Steel’s disclosures of why Stee’s 13D

amendment was required (or even permitted) to disclose an internal and confidential

Aerojet investigation. Regardless, the February 1 Press Release was drafted on

January 28—days before Steel’s Schedule 13D was amended.159 Moreover, the

weight of the evidence indicates that it was a negotiating lever to pressure

Lichtenstein to withdraw his slate.160

         Accordingly, the plaintiffs are entitled to a declaration that the following

actions taken by the defendants lacked authorization from the Board or a duly

authorized committee of the Board:

              • the approval of the February 1 Press Release and February 2
                Disclosures;

              • the retention of Gibson Dunn to represent the Company in threatening
                and pursuing litigation against the plaintiffs; and

              • the payment of the $250,000 retainer to Gibson Dunn from Company
                funds to represent the Company and defendants.

158
      Defs.’ Post-Trial Br. 40.
159
      JX 179; JX 245.
160
   JX 161; JX 179; JX 186; JX 209; JX 856; but see JX 207. Even if management believed
that the law required disclosure of the investigation, the press release went well beyond
disclosing the fact of the investigation. See Martin Marietta Mat’ls, Inc. v. Vulcan Mat’ls
Co., 56 A.3d 1072, 1139-41 (Del. Ch. 2012) (explaining that a disclosure requirement does
not give a party free reign to file a “propaganda piece” casting its counterparty in a negative
light through “debatable and selective” disclosures), aff’d, 68 A.3d 1208 (Del. 2012), as
corrected (July 12, 2012).

                                              35
             2.     Whether the Neutrality Principle Was Violated

      This court has observed that a Delaware corporation must remain neutral

when a there is a legitimate question as to who is entitled to speak or act on its behalf.

Where a board cannot validly exercise its ultimate decision-making power, neither

faction has a greater claim to the company’s name or resources.161                   The

corporation—“the neutral res”—cannot take sides while the control dispute is

unresolved.162 The entity’s sole interest is that it be “managed by those who are

authorized to serve in that role.”163 It does not fall to management to step into the

power vacuum in the interim.164

      This idea is not new. In Campbell v. Loew’s Incorporated, Chancellor Seitz

was faced with a situation where two factions of directors—one headed by the

161
   See In re TransPerfect, C.A. No. 9700-CB, at 35 (explaining that Delaware law
prohibits a director from “acting unilaterally on behalf of the company for . . . personal
advantage in [an] ongoing [control] disputes”).
162
   Pearl City Elevator, Inc. v. Gieseke, C.A. No. 2020-0419-JRS, at 88 (Del. Ch. Sept. 11,
2020) (TRANSCRIPT) (“A deadlocked LLC cannot validly retain counsel and file an
answer.” (quoting Maitland v. Int’l Registries, LLC, 2008 WL 2440521, at *2 (Del. Ch.
June 6, 2008))).
163
   Id. Unlike Pearl City, the present matter is not a Section 18-110 (or Section 225)
proceeding. But the animating principles are the same. Where a control dispute prevents
the board—charged with the duty to oversee the entity—from validly acting, the
corporation cannot take sides. The question of who may act for the entity must first be
resolved—there, by the court, and here, by the stockholders.
164
    See In re Carlisle Etcetera LLC, 114 A.3d 592, 607 (Del. Ch. Apr. 30, 2015)
(explaining, in the LLC context, that the entity’s manager “managing the Company because
of a power vacuum created by [a] deadlock” among the members lacked authority because
he was “not the board”).

                                           36
company’s president and the other by a director—were engaged in a proxy fight for

control of Loew’s.165 The Loew’s board was unable to act on the proxy solicitation

because it could not muster a meeting quorum. The plaintiff sought to enjoin the

president from “using his corporate authority and the corporate resources to deny the

will of the board of directors and to maintain himself in office.”166 The court found

that the president’s actions were improper:

                The fact that [the president] had the power to call a
                stockholders’ meeting to elect directors, and is, so to
                speak, in physical control of the corporation cannot
                obscure the fact that the possible proxy fight is between
                two sets of directors. [The] president ha[d] no legal
                standing to make “his” faction the exclusive voice of
                Loew’s in the forthcoming election.167

165
      134 A.2d 852, 862 (Del. Ch. 1957).
166
      Id.
167
    Id. at 863. The defendants cite to a holding in Campbell that the president’s faction was
permitted to “expend reasonable sums of corporate funds in the solicitation of proxies.”
Id. at 864. Based on that text, they assert that, in this case, the defendants’ faction was
entitled to tap corporate resources because they “represent[] those who have been and are
now responsible for corporate policy and administration.” Defs.’ Post-Trial Br. 38 (quoting
Campbell, 134 A.2d at 864). The facts presented in Campbell, however, are quite different.
In Campbell, Loew’s management (headed by the president, Vogel) agreed with a director
(Tomlinson)—who headed the competing faction—to appoint 13 directors, with six
nominated by Vogel, six nominated by Tomlinson, and one neutral director. Campbell,
134 A.2d at 855. Between the time of that agreement and the litigation, four directors
resigned, giving Tomlinson a 5-4 majority. Those resignations caused an “unusual”
situation that made it misleading for Tomlinson’s slate to represent that it had been
responsible for corporate policy in the preceding year. Id. at 862. In the present dispute,
by contrast, each faction has an equal claim to having been charged with the Company’s
corporate policy. One faction is led by the Company’s Executive Chairman, and the other
by its CEO. Both factions include long-tenured directors.

                                             37
         This neutrality principle applies to the present dispute. Because the Board has

deadlocked in a contested election, Aerojet is (and must remain) neutral as to the

election’s outcome.

         The plaintiffs maintain that the defendants violated the neutrality principle—

both before and after the TRO was entered. The bulk of their allegations focus on

Drake, who had access to the Company’s employees and advisors in her role as CEO.

The plaintiffs point out that the defendants relied upon Aerojet’s employees and

outside advisors to help craft the defendants’ response to Steel’s nomination. The

plaintiffs further assert that the defendants invoked the Company’s attorney-client

privilege to withhold materials from them, despite the plaintiffs’ broad information

rights as directors.168 And they say that Drake used her office as CEO to contact

major Aerojet stockholders to feature the February 1 Press Release. To the extent

that these actions required the deployment of corporate resources to advantage the

defendants or disable the plaintiffs, they were inconsistent with corporate neutrality.

         The defendants acknowledge that this principle applies in a “typical board

deadlock situation.”169 But they assert that, here, it “gives way to a duty to defend

where an activist paralyzes the [B]oard to prevent it from responding to his

168
    See generally In re Aerojet Rocketdyne Hldgs., Inc., 2022 WL 1446782 (Del. Ch. May
5, 2022).
169
      Defs.’ Post-Trial Br. 36-37.

                                           38
challenge.”170 They also contend that Lichtenstein was motivated by a desire to

entrench himself irrespective of the outcome of the Investigation, rendering the

neutrality principle inapplicable. Neither of these arguments carry the day.

          Setting aside the matter of who would be authorized to respond to a “threat,”

it is not apparent why Steel’s decision to run a slate should be viewed as such.

Corporate democracy is not an attack.171 Even if launching a proxy contest could be

viewed as a hostile act in some scenarios,172 the nomination of the Steel Slate was

not.

          The unique facts presented in this case render classic notions of activism inapt.

An activist investor is one that seeks to cause management and the board of directors

170
      Id. at 37.
171
   Prominent commentators have described the importance of a fair election process, free
from “disproportionate influence,” that leaves decisions to the “neutrals.” See M. Kahan
& E. Rock, Anti-Activists Poison Pills, 99 B.U. L. Rev. 915, 994-95 (2019) (explaining
that a fair election “need not be tied to any substantive assessment of the merits in a
particular contest—whether, in absolute terms, the proposal of the activist is good or, in
relative terms, the activist is better or worse than the incumbents. The substance of the
proposal will be part of the arguments made to the neutral deciders who, in this context,
make the ultimate determination.” (quoting Third Point LLC v. Ruprecht, 2014 WL
1922029, at *21 (Del. Ch. May 2, 2014))); see also Yucaipa Am. All. Fund II, L.P. v. Riggio,
1 A.3d 310, 360 (Del. Ch. 2010) (“Yucaipa is left the chance to gain influence by electing
three directors at the next meeting, and three more at the following meeting. It just must do
so by convincing other stockholders on the merits to vote for its slate, and without entering
into mutual agreements about joint governance that raise the spectre of a de facto control
bloc.”).
172
   See generally Strategic Inv. Opportunities LLC v. Lee Enters, Inc., 2022 WL 453607
(Del. Ch. Feb. 14, 2022) (addressing a proxy fight launched by a hedge fund against a
company in which had recently acquired a large stake and had no representatives on the
incumbent board).

                                             39
to “change or influence a corporation’s direction.”173 The board is alone responsible

for determining that direction given its “duty to establish or approve the long-term

strategic, financial and organizational goals of the corporation [and] to approve

formal or informal plans for the achievement of these goals.”174 A control contest

brought by a “dissident” is—by definition—one that seeks to “wrest governing

power from the corporation’s incumbent board of directors.”175 Here, the Steel Slate

includes half of the incumbents. In addition, Steel, which has held a position in

Aerojet (or its predecessor) since 2000, cannot be described as an archetypal

“activist.”176

         Because the Board deadlocked on the nomination of a slate, the defendants

cannot use the Company’s resources to react to the Steel Slate as hostile to Aerojet’s

interests. The two groups maybe be adverse to one another given their competing

desires to be elected—a conflict affecting all members of the Board alike.177 But

173
      Williams Cos. S’holder Litig., 2021 WL 754593, at *29 (Del. Ch. Feb. 26, 2021).
174
      Grimes v. Donald, 1995 WL 54441, at *1 (Del. Ch. Jan. 11, 1995).
175
  Randall S. Thomas and Catherine T. Dixon, Aranow & Einhorn on Proxy Contests for
Corporate Control § 2.01 (3d ed. 2001).
176
   Steel, which first invested in the Company in 2000, is far from the “archetypal short-
term investor” seeking near-term value with little regard for long-term corporate strategies.
Goldstein v. Dinner, 2022 WL 1671006, at *32 (Del. Ch. May 26, 2022) (citation omitted).
177
    Aprahamian v. HBO & Co., 531 A.2d 1204, 1206 (Del. Ch. 1987) (“A candidate for
office, whether as an elected official or as a director of a corporation, is likely to prefer to
be elected rather than defeated. [The candidate] therefore has a personal interest in the
outcome of the election even if the interest is not financial and [the candidate] seeks to
serve from the best of motives.”); see also Strategic Inv. Opportunities, 2022 WL 453607,

                                              40
they are not adverse to the Company.178 That the Drake Slate includes the CEO is

irrelevant.

         Finally, the defendants’ argument that the Company was not required to

remain neutral because Lichtenstein was motivated by a unique conflict of

“freezing” the Investigation is unsuccessful.            In terms of the Investigation,

Lichtenstein was cooperative. There is no evidence that he attempted to interfere

with it reaching its conclusion.179 Lichtenstein also proposed that his spot on the

Board could be taken by another Steel representative if the Non-Management

Committee’s recommendations called for him to step down.180 Perhaps more

importantly, there is no contemporaneous evidence demonstrating that the

at *15; MM Cos. v. Liquid Audio, Inc., 813 A.2d 1118, 1129 (Del. 2003) (noting “the
inherent conflicts of interest that arise when a board of directors acts to prevent
shareholders from effectively exercising their right to vote either contrary to the will of the
incumbent board members generally or to replace the incumbent board members in a
contested election”).
178
   In re Aerojet Rocketdyne Hldgs., Inc., 2022 WL 552653, at *3 (Del. Ch. Feb. 23, 2022)
(“There is not a single slate of incumbent directors seeking reelection over insurgent
candidates. Half of the Board supports one slate and half supports another (yet to be
nominated) slate. What the defendants describe as the ‘insurgent’ slate includes four
incumbent directors. The defendant’s slate would not automatically become the
‘Company’s’ simply because the CEO is in that group.”); see also Howard Midstream
Energy, C.A. No. 2021-0487-LWW, at 62-67 (rejecting an argument that the parties’
disagreement over who controlled the board caused one faction to become adverse to the
company itself).
179
      JX 111; JX 534 at 2; Lichtenstein Tr. 972; Chilton Tr. 407; Turchin Tr. 653.
180
      See JX 567 at 6.

                                              41
defendants acted because of a belief that Lichtenstein ran a slate because he was

concerned about the Investigation.181

         Ultimately, the defendants—irrespective of their beliefs that they acted in

Aerojet’s best interest—had no more right to draw upon corporate resources to

advance their cause than the plaintiffs. The defendants’ good faith intentions are

“irrelevant” when “the question is who should comprise the board.”182 “The notion

that directors know better than the stockholders about who should be on the board is

no justification at all.”183

         The two halves of the Board have separate—but equally valid—pitches to

make to stockholders. The Company, which is necessarily guided by the Board,

could not (and cannot) take sides pending the outcome of the election. To hold that

one stockholder-nominated slate comprising half of the incumbent directors can

181
   It seems more likely that the defendants developed that view later. See Drake Tr. at
487-89 (testifying that the agreement would have “hardwired” Lichtenstein to the board);
Lord Tr. at 853-54 (testifying that the company did not want to “hardwire anybody in” to
a board seat); compare JX 881 (outside counsel discussing “‘hard-wir[ing]’ the
composition of [the] board”).
182
   Liquid Audio, 813 A.2d at 1129 (explaining that “good faith beliefs were not a proper
basis for interfering with the stockholder franchise in a contested election for successor
directors”).
183
      Mercier v. Inter-Tel (Del.), Inc., 929 A.2d 786, 807-10 (Del. Ch. 2007).

                                              42
advantage itself with access to the company’s name, funds, and employees because

it includes management would unfairly tip the scales in that slate’s favor.184

          Accordingly, the plaintiffs are entitled to a declaration that the principle of

corporate neutrality applies in connection with the contested election and that it was

violated.

          B.     Whether Equitable Relief Should Issue
          The court has “broad latitude to exercise its equitable powers to craft a

remedy.”185 The plaintiffs call on the court to fashion a variety of relief beyond

declaratory judgments. They seek—with varying degrees of specificity—permanent

injunctive relief, corrective disclosures, the invalidation of certain proxies, and the

voiding of the defendants’ unauthorized acts.

                 1.     Permanent Injunctive Relief

          The plaintiffs request a permanent injunction to “enforce the neutrality

principle.”186 That relief would act as a corollary of the declaratory judgment on that

184
   See Liquid Audio, 813 A.2d at 1127 (“Maintaining a proper balance in the allocation of
power between the stockholders’ right to elect directors and the board of directors’ right to
manage the corporation is dependent upon the stockholders’ unimpeded right to vote
effectively in an election of directors.”).
185
    Hogg v. Walker, 622 A.2d 648, 654 (Del.1993); see also Rsrvs. Dev. LLC v. Severn Sav.
Bank, FSB, 961 A.2d 521, 525 (Del. 2008) (“The Court of Chancery has broad discretion
to fashion equitable relief.”).
186
      Pls.’ Post-Trial Br. 62; Pls.’ Pre-Trial Br. 65 (Dkt. 236).

                                                43
principle and essentially extends the restrictions in the TRO through the conclusion

of the election.

         “To merit a permanent injunction, a plaintiff must show: (1) actual success on

the merits; (2) irreparable harm, and (3) the harm resulting from a failure to issue an

injunction outweighs the harm to the opposing party if the court issues the

injunction.”187 Each element is met.

         As described above, the plaintiffs succeeded on the merits of their claims.188

         The interim relief established by the TRO will no longer be in place now that

the court has issued a final decision on the merits. If the parties act in a way that

contravenes the principles articulated in the court’s declaratory judgment, the

ultimate goal of a fair election could be imperiled. Granting injunctive relief will

provide protection against future harm and make any necessary enforcement more

readily available.189

187
    Agilent Techs., Inc. v. Kirkland, 2010 WL 610725, at *31 (Del. Ch. Feb. 18, 2010)
(quoting COPI of Del., Inc. v. Kelly, 1996 WL 633302, at *4 (Del. Ch. Oct. 25, 1996)); see
Pitts v. City of Wilm., 2009 WL 1204492, at *3 (Del. Ch. Apr. 27, 2009) (describing the
requirement of success on the merits—rather than reasonable likelihood of success—as the
difference between the preliminary and permanent injunction standards).
188
      See generally supra Section II.A.
189
   See Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 482 (1974) (“A declaratory judgment is simply
a statement of rights, not a binding order supplemented by continuing sanctions.”); see
Samuel L. Bray, The Myth of the Mild Declaratory Judgment, 63 Duke L.J. 1091, 1109-10
(2014) (describing the “sanction rationale” explanation—the fact that declaratory relief
does not threaten a sanction for disobedience—for why some consider declaratory
judgments to be milder remedies than injunctive relief); Owen M. Fiss, The Civil Rights
Injunction, 86 Yale L.J. 1103, 1122 (1977) (noting that an injunction “gives the defendant

                                           44
       The balance of equities also favors granting an injunction. The parties should

conduct themselves in accordance with the declaratory judgment. An injunction

requiring as such will not cause harm.

       Accordingly, I exercise my discretion to impose an injunction to remain in

place until Aerojet stockholders elect a new board of directors.190 The injunction

will effectively mirror the TRO Order, except for provisions that are no longer

relevant.191

               2.    Corrective Disclosures

       The plaintiffs also seek an order mandating the issuance of corrective

disclosures. The plaintiffs’ post-trial brief states that this relief is needed to address

“a litany of disclosure violations,” including the February 1 Press Release, the

corresponding February 2 Disclosures, unspecified “stockholder communications in

the Company’s name,” and “selective” disclosures about the investigation in the

one more chance” and a declaratory judgment “gives the defendant two more chances”).
There is naturally no “preliminary declarations” and preliminary relief had to take the form
of some type of interim injunctive relief. See Doran v. Salem Inn, Inc., 422 U.S. 922, 931
(1975); see also Clark v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 131 A.3d 806, 815 (Del. 2016)
(noting that a declaratory judgment “is not a tool fitting” the “ambitious purpose” of
detailing a remedy so as to “give life to [it]”).
190
   Agilent, 2010 WL 610725, at *31; 11A Charles Alen Wright & Arthur R. Miller,
Federal Practice and Procedure, § 2942 (3d ed. 2022) (“Perhaps the most significant
component in the judicial decision whether to . . . grant permanent injunctive relief is the
court’s discretion.”).
191
   For example, the injunction need not address the extension of the advance notice bylaw
deadline. See Dkt. 41 ¶ 3.

                                            45
defendants’ proxy materials.192 That is, only the February 1 Press Release and

February 2 Disclosures are specifically identified.193 I therefore limit my analysis to

those disclosures. It does not fall upon the court to comb the universe of the

defendants’ public statements to identify potential disclosure violations.

          Although corrective disclosures are often paired with breach of fiduciary duty

claims (which are not advanced in the pleadings),194 the court can “fashion any form

of equitable and monetary relief as may be appropriate” and “grant such other relief

as the facts of a particular case may dictate.”195 In In re Howard Midstream, for

example, the court ordered a company to issue a curative disclosure to remedy the

violation of a status quo order after its CEO sent a notice to unitholders

characterizing his personal views on litigation about the proper composition of the

board as the company’s views.196 The ordered disclosure was designed to inform

192
      See, e.g., Pls.’ Post-Trial Br. 61-62.
193
    At post-trial argument, the plaintiffs’ counsel confirmed that the February 1 press
release and related Form 8-K are the focus of this request for relief. See Post-trial Hr’g Tr.
June 6, 2022, at 58-59 (Dkt. 271).
194
   E.g., In re MONY Grp. Inc. S’holder Litig., 852 A.2d 9, 15 (Del. Ch. 2004) (requiring
supplemental disclosures to inform stockholders of material information in a breach of
fiduciary duty case).
195
      Weinberger v. UOP, Inc., 457 A.2d 701, 714 (Del. 1983).
196
      C.A. No. 2021-0487-LWW, at 63-64, 69.

                                               46
unitholders that the notice was not approved by the board and that the company

would remain neutral on the outcome of the pending lawsuit.197

          A similar disclosure is appropriate here. As described above, the February 1

Press Release and February 2 Disclosures made unauthorized use of the Company’s

name to favor one faction of the Board.198 The evidence suggests that these

disclosures created a public perception that the Company was adverse to the Steel

Slate.199 They also disclosed the pending Investigation without the approval of the

Non-Management Committee overseeing it.200

          The market undoubtedly has a wealth of information about this dispute

between the parties’ respective proxy filings and this litigation. Lest there be any

doubt about the propriety of the February 1 Press Release and February 2

Disclosures, however, corrective disclosures must issue in the form of a press release

and a corresponding Form 8-K.201 The parties shall meet and confer on the contents

of the disclosure, which must then be provided to the Company’s neutral counsel for

197
      Id. at 70.
198
      See supra Section II.A.
199
      See JX 707 (ISS Report); JX 708 (Glass Lewis Report).
200
      See, e.g., JX 280; JX 306; JX 307; JX 308; JX 309; JX 310; JX 312; JX 313.
201
    The defendants argue that the Drake Slate’s June 3, 2022 Schedule 14A, which notes
that “[t]he February 1, 2022 press release . . . was issued without the authorization of a
majority of the [Board],” obviates the need for a corrective disclosure. Aerojet Rocketdyne
Hldgs., Inc., Definitive Additional Materials (Schedule 14A) (June 3, 2022). In my view,
a Company press release and Company filing have a different meaning and effect than a
filing issued by the Drake Slate.

                                             47
its comment and approval. The disclosure should retract the statements in the

February 1 Press Release, state that neither the February 1 Press Release nor

February 2 Disclosures were authorized by the Board, and explain that the Company

takes no position on the outcome of the pending director election.

                 3.     Invalidation of Submitted Proxies

          The plaintiffs next request that the court “[s]terilize stockholder consents and

proxy votes” obtained before the issuance of the corrective disclosures.202 That relief

is denied.

          The two slates’ proxy materials have documented and commented on this

litigation for months.203 Stockholders who have chosen to submit proxies did so

knowing that this court’s decision was forthcoming. Stockholders also retain the

ability to revoke previously submitted proxies as they see fit by submitting new

proxies.204 I see no equitable basis to make that decision for stockholders by broadly

mandating that their proxies be invalidated.

202
      Pls.’ Post-Trial Br. 63.
203
    See In re Seminole Oil & Gas Corp., 150 A.2d 20, 23-24 (Del. Ch. 1959) (“Where, as
here, the conflicting claims and answers were presented to the stockholders at length, I
think that is a factor which militates against the ordering of complete resolicitation. This
is particularly true since the alleged misrepresentations were pointed out to the solicited
stockholders.”). While In re Seminole Oil & Gas dealt with the possibility of ordering a
new election after the fact, the opinion highlights the court’s “discretion in determining the
form of relief” and the type of considerations that may lead it to its conclusions. Id. at 25.
204
   This right has been made clear to stockholders. See, e.g., Aerojet Rocketdyne Hldgs.,
Inc., Definitive Additional Materials (Schedule 14A), at 13 (May 5, 2022) (“An executed
proxy card may be revoked at any time before it is voted at the special meeting.”); Aerojet

                                             48
                4.    Voiding Unauthorized Acts

         Finally, the plaintiffs indicate that the court should void the unauthorized

actions taken by the defendants on behalf of the Company. Those actions are

described in Section II.A.1, above.

         With regard to the February 1 Press Release and February 2 Disclosures, I see

no practical reason to “void” those disclosures in light of the fact that corrective

disclosures will issue and provide an adequate remedy.205

         As described below, the unauthorized retention of Gibson Dunn to jointly

represent the Company and the defendants in litigation against the plaintiffs was

cured when a new engagement agreement limited to the representation of the

defendants—with no requirement that Company funds be used—was executed on

February 28, 2022.206

         The $250,000 evergreen retainer, paid by the Company to Gibson Dunn in

connection with its representation of the Company and defendants in this litigation

Rocketdyne Hldgs., Inc., Definitive Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A), at 3 (June 3, 2022)
(“If you have already voted on the white proxy card furnished by the Drake committee,
you have every right to revoke that proxy and change your vote by signing, dating and
returning a later dated green proxy card.”).
205
   The plaintiffs themselves noted at the post-trial hearing that there may not be a “practical
difference” between corrective disclosures and voiding certain acts. Post-trial Hr’g Tr.
June 6, 2022, at 28.
206
      See JX 647; JX 324.

                                              49
and the proxy contest, remains in the possession of the firm.207 That payment was

unauthorized and is void.

       C.     Whether Unclean Hands Bars Equitable Relief

       The defendants raise the affirmative defense of unclean hands as foreclosing

the plaintiffs from obtaining relief. The doctrine of unclean hands is grounded in

public policy and exists “to protect the public and the court against misuse” by

litigants whose actions offend fundamental equitable principles.208 Irrespective of

the merits of an action, a court of equity applying the doctrine may decline to grant

equitable relief to a party who has “violated conscience or good faith or other

equitable principles in his conduct.”209 These actions must bear “immediate and

necessary relation to the claims under which relief is sought” for the unclean hands

207
  As discussed below in Section II.D, the payment has not been drawn down since the
TRO was entered. See JX 320; JX 324; Drake Tr. 562; Chilton Tr. 413; Corcoran Tr. 307;
Moloney Dep. 137-38, 148.
208
    Skoglund v. Ormand Indus., Inc., 372 A.2d 204, 213 (Del. Ch. 1976) (holding that to
invoke the unclean hands doctrine, a plaintiff’s conduct must be “shocking to the integrity
of the Court”); see Nakahara v. NS 1991 Am. Tr., 718 A.2d 518, 522 (Del. Ch. 1998) (“The
unclean hands doctrine is aimed at providing courts of equity with a shield from the
potentially entangling misdeeds of the litigants in any given case . . . [T]he Court refuses
to consider requests for equitable relief in circumstances where the litigant’s own acts
offend the very sense of equity to which he appeals.”).
209
    Bodley v. Jones, 59 A.2d 463, 469 (Del. 1947); see Gallagher v. Holcomb & Salter,
1991 WL 158969, at *4 (Del. Ch. Aug. 16, 1991) (“The question raised by a plea of unclean
hands is whether the plaintiff’s conduct is so offensive to the integrity of the court that his
claims should be denied, regardless of their merit.”).

                                              50
doctrine to apply.210      The court has “extraordinarily broad discretion” when

considering this defense.211

         “Cases turning on matters related to unclean hands are infrequent as a matter

of course.”212 This case is no exception. Although the plaintiffs ignored the

defendants’ unclean hands defense in their briefing, the defendants have failed to

meet their burden.

         As an initial matter, the doctrine of unclean hands does not apply to the

plaintiffs’ legal claims seeking declaratory judgments. “[A] party may not assert an

equitable defense against a purely legal claim, even when the legal claim is pending

in a court of equity.”213 The doctrine could apply only to the plaintiffs’ request for

equitable remedies.214

210
      Nakahara, 718 A.2d at 523.
211
   Id. at 522; see Keystone Driller Co. v. Gen. Excavator Co., 290 U.S. 240, 245-46 (1933)
(“[The Court applying unclean hands is] not bound by formula or restrained by any
limitation that tends to trammel the free and just exercise of discretion.”).
212
      Nakahara, 718 A.2d at 522.
213
  NASDI Hldgs., LLC v. N. Am. Leasing, Inc., 2019 WL 1515153, at *6 (Del. Ch. Apr. 8,
2019).
214
   See Lehman Bros. Hldgs. Inc. v. Spanish Broad. Sys., Inc., 2014 WL 718430, at *7 n.47
(Del. Ch. Feb. 25, 2014) (explaining that the “‘unclean hands’ doctrine bars equitable, but
not legal, relief”), aff’d, 105 A.3d 989 (Del. 2014) (TABLE); Dan B. Dobbs, Law of
Remedies § 2.4(2) (2d ed. 1993) (“If the defense is really an appeal to equitable discretion,
then it should apply only to bar equitable remedies.”).

                                             51
       Furthermore, a stronger “countervailing public policy” precludes the

application of unclean hands.215 The equitable relief requested by the plaintiffs seeks

to ensure corporate neutrality in the face of Board deadlock, with the ultimate goal

of a fair election. The underlying public policy at play is undoubtedly strong.

       That is not to say that the plaintiffs’ actions were unimpeachable. As the

defendants point out, best practices would have included that Lichtenstein follow the

Board’s nomination procedures in nominating a Company slate and disclose to the

Board his intention to launch a proxy contest before Steel issued its notice. But I

fail to see how this conduct has an “immediate and necessary relation” to that giving

rise to the equitable relief granted: specifically, the issuance of the February 1 Press

Release and February 2 Disclosures and the co-opting of corporate resources by one

half of a deadlocked board.216

       The only conduct complained of that could potentially present the requisite

direct relation is either contrary to my findings of fact after trial or was not before

215
   Nakahara, 718 A.2d at 523 (describing the application of a “countervailing public
policy” as the “greatest limitation” on the doctrine of unclean hands); Belle Isle Corp., v.
Corcoran, 49 A.2d 1, 4 (Del. 1946) (explaining that the “public policy of [the] State . . .
will not be disturbed by the application of [the unclean hands] doctrine”).
216
    Keystone Driller, 290 U.S. at 245 (requiring that the plaintiff’s conduct have an
“immediate and necessary relation to the equity [the plaintiff] seeks in respect of the matter
in litigation” for the unclean hands defense to apply). For example, here the defendants
claim that the February 1 Press Release was issued in response to Steel’s 13D. Defs.’ Pre-
Trial Br. 41 (Dkt. 235). While they may have believed the 13D was misleading because it
did not disclose the Investigation (which at the time was still confidential), this subjective
belief bears no relation to the plaintiffs’ claims regarding authority and corporate neutrality.

                                              52
me. For instance, I have not found that the plaintiffs endeavored to force the Board

to guarantee Lichtenstein’s seat on the board regardless of the outcome of the

Investigation. Nor have I found that Lichtenstein was motivated by a singular goal

of ousting senior management. I have not—at present—been asked to determine

whether Lichtenstein breached his fiduciary duties or engaged in self-dealing.217

         In short, while both factions of directors undoubtedly share the blame for the

circumstances that led the Board to deadlock, the plaintiffs do not “come[] to this

court with hands dirty enough to deny [them] any relief”—particularly when the

ultimate beneficiary of that relief is the Aerojet electorate.218

         D.      Whether the Challenged Conduct Violated the TRO

         The plaintiffs also contend that the defendants’ use of corporate resources

continued after February 15, 2022, in violation of the TRO. They ask that the court

hold the defendants in contempt.219 Court of Chancery Rule 70(b) authorizes the

court to find a party in contempt for the failure “to obey or to perform any order.”220

217
   These allegations are raised in the defendants’ counterclaims, which remain pending
and were not tried with the plaintiffs’ claims.
218
   Portnoy v. Cryo-Cell Int’l, Inc., 940 A.2d 43, 81 (Del. Ch. 2008); see Gallagher, 1991
WL 158969, at *4 (holding that conduct must be “so offensive to the integrity of the court
that [the plaintiff’s] claims should be denied, regardless of their merit”).
219
      Pls.’ Post-Trial Br. 45-59.
220
      Ct. Ch. R. 70(b).

                                           53
       “To establish civil contempt, [the petitioning party] must demonstrate that the

[alleged contemnors] violated an order of this Court of which they had notice and

by which they were bound.”221 “A cardinal requirement for any adjudication of

contempt is that the order allegedly violated give clear notice of the conduct being

proscribed.”222 The alleged violation must also be “meaningful” and not merely

“technical.”223

       A party petitioning for a finding of contempt “must ‘establish the

contemptuous conduct by a preponderance of the evidence.”224 If that burden is

221
   TR Invs., LLC v. Genger, 2009 WL 4696062, at *15 (Del. Ch. Dec. 9, 2009) (quoting
Arbitrium v. Johnston, 1997 WL 589030, at *3 (Del. Ch. Sept. 17, 2009), aff’d, 26 A.3d
180 (Del. 2011) (alterations in original) (citation omitted)).
222
   Mother Afr. Union First Colored Methodist Protestant Church v. Conf. of Afr. Union
First Colored Methodist Protestant Church, 1992 WL 83518, at *9 (Del. Ch. Apr. 22,
1992) (declining to finding contempt where order “proscribed certain conduct,” but
challenged action “was not included”), aff’d, 633 A.2d 369 (Del. 1993) (TABLE); see also
inTEAM Assoc., 2021 WL 5028364, at *11 (same); Schwartz v. Cognizant Tech. Sols.
Corp., 2022 WL 880249, at *5 (Del. Ch. Mar. 25, 2022) (finding the court had no basis to
hold a party in civil contempt where the order at issue did not specifically proscribe the
conduct complained of).
223
    Dickerson v. Castle, 1991 WL 208467, at *3 (Del. Ch. Oct. 15, 1991); see also
TransPerfect Glob., Inc. v. Pincus, 2022 WL 1763204, at *8 (Del. June 1, 2022) (“When
an asserted violation of a court order is the basis for contempt, the party to be sanctioned
must be bound by the order, have clear notice of it, and nevertheless violate it in a
meaningful way.”).
224
   TransPerfect, 2022 WL 1763204, at *8 (quoting Wilm. Fed’n of Tchrs. v. Howell, 374
A.2d 832, 838 (Del. 1977)).

                                            54
carried, “the burden then shifts to the [purported] contemnors to show why they were

unable to comply with the order.”225

          The decision to hold a party in contempt is a discretionary matter for the

court.226 Here, the exercise of my discretion is guided by an assessment of whether

the defendants meaningfully violated the TRO and whether a finding of contempt

would serve a remedial purpose.

                 1.     Alleged Violations of the TRO

          They plaintiffs argue that the defendants failed to comply with a provision of

the TRO mandating that neutral counsel for the Company be retained.227 They also

argue that the defendants violated the TRO by using the Company’s outside

advisors, funds, and employees to advantage the Drake Slate.228 The defendants

assert that the plaintiffs have not proven that any of these alleged acts constitute

meaningful violations of the TRO.

                        a.     Retention of Neutral Counsel
          The plaintiffs assert that the defendants violated a provision of the Order

requiring the Company to “retain independent counsel agreed upon and authorized

225
      TransPerfect, 2022 WL 1763204, at *8 (quoting TR Invs., 2009 WL 4696062, at *15).
226
      See Dickerson, 1991 WL 208467, at 3.
227
      Id. at 45-59.
228
      See Pls.’ Post-Trial Br. 48-59.

                                             55
by at least 5 members of the Board in connection with the [pending litigation].”229

The defendants’ alleged conduct did not violate the Order.

          On February 17, 2022, the six outside directors reached some consensus on

the retention of outside counsel to “work with Aerojet’s existing general counsel to

assist him with any actions that require company input,” including “[a]ssisting with

public filings” and providing counsel “to the Board and the Company as to how to

proceed with acquisition overtures from interested third parties.”230 After Drake

objected to the proposal as different than the neutral counsel “outlined in [the]

TRO,”231 the defendants declined to move forward.232

          The engagement considered by the directors on February 17 well exceeded

the bounds of the TRO, which only mandated neutral counsel to represent the

Company in this litigation.233 The court repeatedly emphasized that the TRO was

intended to be narrowly focused on efforts “in support of the election efforts of any

candidate for election at the Annual Meeting.”234 In any event, an agreement was

229
      Dkt. 41.
230
      JX 402.
231
      JX 647.
232
      See JX 402.
233
      See id.; Dkt. 41.
234
      Dkt. 38 at 82.

                                          56
eventually reached for the Company to retain Morris James LLP and Debevoise &

Plimpton LLP to represent it in this proceeding.235

                      b.     Use or Deployment of Company Funds or Other
                             Resources

         The plaintiffs’ contempt allegations primarily concern the defendants’ alleged

use of Company funds and resources to impair the Lichtenstein Slate or advantage

the Drake Slate. The TRO prohibited certain conduct to prevent unauthorized

actions that could unfairly benefit one faction in the proxy contest. The Order set

forth the precise parameters of the TRO, including that “[n]o party to this Action, no

officer, director, employee, advisor or agent of [the Company] . . . shall . . . without

the prior written approval of the Company’s Board of Directors . . . use or otherwise

deploy Company funds or other Company resources in support of the election efforts

of any candidate for election at the Annual Meeting.”236

                            i.      Third party advisors

         The plaintiffs contend that the phrase “other company resources” should be

read to include the defendants’ post-February 15 use of third-party advisors who

work with the Company—including Gibson Dunn, Jenner, Evercore, and

Citibank.237 They point out that the defendants’ proposed order to implement the

235
      PTO ¶¶ 21-22.
236
      Dkt. 41.
237
      See JX 357; JX 376; JX 412; JX 432; JX 519; JX 641; Drake Tr. 515, 545, 554.

                                            57
TRO—which the court rejected—included language that would have permitted the

parties “to work with any advisors (including counsel, financial advisors and public

relations firm) that may have represented the Company prior to the date hereof.”238

            But the Order proposed by the plaintiffs and entered by the court lacked any

language preventing such engagements. The Order cannot objectively be read to

have done so by implication. In fact, it expressly contemplated that Gibson Dunn

would withdraw its appearance on behalf of the Company and continue to represent

the defendants.239

                             ii.     Company funds

            The plaintiffs next highlight a Joint Representation Agreement entered into

among Gibson Dunn, Aerojet, and the defendants as evidencing the post-TRO use

of Company funds. That agreement was sent to the defendants on February 10,

2022—5 days before the TRO was granted.240 It provided that Aerojet would cover

all of the defendants’ legal fees and pay a $250,000 retainer to Gibson Dunn.241

Corcoran, Drake, and Kampani (on behalf of Aerojet) signed the agreement on

February 15, 16, and 17—all after the court’s oral ruling granting the TRO.242

238
      Compare Dkt. 41 with Dkt. 35, Ex. A ¶ 9.
239
      Dkt. 41 ¶ 8.
240
      JX 324.
241
      Id.
242
      JX 366; JX 627; JX 628.

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         Though I do not condone the post-TRO execution of an agreement pertaining

to the use of Company funds to represent the defendants in this litigation, I cannot

conclude that doing so constituted contempt of the TRO. The payment of the retainer

occurred before the TRO was granted. The Company’s funds have not yet been used

to pay Gibson Dunn as it has not drawn down on the $250,000 retainer.243 Gibson

Dunn is—at present—acting “pro bono.” As this court previously explained in

granting the Order, “[t]he board that stockholders elect” can decide whether

expenses either faction incurred in connection with the proxy contest should be

reimbursed.244 Furthermore, Gibson Dunn and the defendants entered into a new

engagement agreement related to their representation in this action, which lacked

any commitment by Aerojet to pay the defendants’ legal expenses.245

                          iii.     Company employees

         When it comes to reliance on Company employees for assistance in the proxy

contest, the plaintiffs focus on various actions taken by Drake and by other Company

employees after February 15. The actions take two forms: the promotion of the

243
      Corcoran Tr. 307; Drake Tr. 562; Moloney Dep. 148.
244
    In re Aerojet, 2022 WL 552653, at *3; see also id. *2 n.16 (“[A] board could . . . choose
to reimburse the expense of an insurgent slate. And Section 113 of the [DGCL] expressly
permits Delaware corporations to adopt proxy expense reimbursement bylaws.”); Jana
Master Fund, Ltd. v. CNET Networks, Inc., 954 A.3d 335, 341 (Del. Ch. 2008) (noting that
“insurgent” stockholders will “finance their own bid [for election] and can hope for
reimbursement only if that bid is successful”). This is equally true for Evercore’s
arrangement with Drake. JX 458.
245
      JX 641; Drake Tr. 626; Moloney Dep. 153-55.

                                             59
Drake Slate; and relying on Company assistance to transfer her shares into record

name.

         On the first subject, various company officers are alleged to have assisted

Drake in running the proxy contest. For example, certain high-level employees

participated alongside Drake in election-related strategy sessions and joined her for

calls with Company investors intended to solicit support for the Drake Slate.246

Those employees are a “Company resource.”

         But Paragraph 5 of the Order states that “[n]othing in this order shall affect

the right of any person to act in his or her individual capacity to support the election

of any candidate for election.”247 That is, the employees were not barred from

voluntarily assisting in their personal, individual capacities—rather than as

representatives of the Company. The Company’s CFO, for instance, maintains that

he was volunteering his non-working time to assist Drake.248 Although the evidence

cuts both ways, the carveout in Paragraph 5 of the Order weighs against a finding

that this assistance was violated by the TRO.249

246
    See JX 401; JX 430; JX 471; JX 682; JX 686; JX 688; JX 875; JX 876; Drake
Tr. 593-94; Boehle Tr. 784-86, 913-14.
247
      Dkt. 41 ¶ 5.
248
      See Boehle Tr. 761-62; see also Drake Tr. 505-08.
249
      See, e.g., JX 426; JX 477; JX 479; Boehle Tr. 790-91.

                                             60
          Drake’s authorization of Company employees to transfer shares of her Aerojet

stock into record name is a different matter. Drake authorized this conduct in her

capacity as CEO, rather than as a stockholder. And she relied on Aerojet employees

acting in their official roles for assistance.

          At trial, Drake testified that Aerojet did not meaningfully facilitate the transfer

of Aerojet shares into her personal Computershare account.250 She claims that she

did nothing more than ask for Aerojet employees to provide ministerial assistance in

unlocking her Computershare password.251 The evidence indicates greater support

was provided by the Company.

          Drake commenced the process of transferring shares into record name on

February 25—three days before the February 28 nomination deadline.252 Record

ownership was a necessary condition for her to nominate a slate pursuant to Aerojet’s

advance notice bylaw.253

          Drake and her financial advisor initially attempted to transfer her shares into

her name at Computershare using a DRS process that did not require company

250
      Drake Tr. 579-89.
251
      Id. at 514-15.
252
      Id. at 513.
253
   JX 11. The deadline for submitting stockholder nominations in connection with the
Company’s 2022 annual meeting of stockholders was originally February 5, 2022. JX 163.
The plaintiffs agreed to extend that deadline until February 28, 2022 to allow the
defendants additional time to run a slate. Dkt. 34.

                                              61
approval.254 Because Drake did not know her Computershare account information,

her broker could not initiate the transfer until Computershare received a letter

requesting the information by mail for review.255

          Drake turned to an Aerojet executive for help in obtaining the account

information and multiple Aerojet employees proceeded to “urgent[ly]” reach out to

Computershare to “help [their] CEO” obtain her account information.256 After

obtaining the account information, Aerojet’s associate general counsel, Drake’s

personal broker, and Gibson Dunn learned that the DRS process would not be

completed by the nomination deadline.257 They pursued a different process (called

DWAC) that required a letter of authorization from Aerojet but would transfer shares

immediately.258 A letter was sent on behalf of Aerojet instructing Computershare to

accept a DWAC transfer of Drake’s shares.259

          The defendants minimize these actions as “a mere technical lapse.”260 But

without this assistance by Aerojet, Drake would not have become a record holder

254
      Drake Tr. 513.
255
      JX 437 at 5; Drake Tr. 514.
256
      JX 589; JX 437 at 6; see also JX 437 at 1-2, 7-8, 10-12; Drake Tr. 515.
257
      See JX 437 at 8.
258
      See id. at 17.
259
      Id. at 27, 61.
260
      Defs.’ Post-Trial Br. 55.

                                              62
before the nomination deadline (as extended) expired.261 The actions were also not

neutral. Steel Partners had requested that Aerojet send a similar letter instructing

Computershare to accept a DWAC transfer of its shares in late January 2022 but was

rebuffed.262

                 2.     Whether a Civil Contempt Remedy Would Be Appropriate

         Irrespective of whether these actions technically violated the TRO, I decline

to hold any of the defendants in civil contempt. “The remedy of civil contempt

serves two purposes: to coerce compliance with the order being violated, and to

remedy injury suffered by other parties as a result of the contumacious behavior.”263

An aggrieved party must therefore show that relief would be coercive or remedial

rather than punitive.264 This court has broad discretion to remedy violations of its

order so long as doing so is “just and reasonable.”265

         It is difficult to see what coercive purpose could be served by granting the

relief sought by the plaintiffs. In the context of similar orders, this court has

explained that “[t]he only purpose for finding the defendants in contempt and

  Drake’s broker separately pursued the DRS method but it did not process until after the
261

nomination deadline had passed. JX 437 at 40-59.
262
      JX 446 at 1, 5.
263
      Aveta Inc. v. Bengoa, 986 A.2d 1166, 1181 (Del. Ch. 2009).
  See TR Invs., 2009 WL 4696062, at *15; Mitchell Lane Publ’rs, Inc. v. Rasemas, 2014
264

WL 4804792, at *2 (Del. Ch. Sept. 26, 2014).
265
      Gallagher v. Long, 940 A.2d 945, 2007 WL 3262150, at *2 (Del. 2007) (TABLE).

                                             63
assessing a penalty [ ] would be to coerce them to obey the Order.”266 The remedies

granted in this decision (including injunctive relief) provide appropriate protection

against the risk of any future misuse of corporate resources pending the outcome of

the election.267

       To hold the defendants in civil contempt would also not serve any remedial

purpose. The only conduct that could support a finding that the TRO was violated

concerns the Company’s assistance in the transferring Drake’s shares into record

name.268 The sole cognizable harm to the plaintiffs is that Drake’s timely transfer

of shares into record name gave her the ability to nominate a slate before the

nomination deadline contained in the Order had expired. The TRO was never

intended to act as a bar preventing the defendants from running a slate in the proxy

contest. Had the defendants requested that the court grant a further extension of the

deadline to do so as set forth in the Order, the court would have willingly

entertained it.

266
   Macrophage Therapeutics, Inc. v. Goldberg, 2021 WL 2585429, at *3 (Del. Ch. June
23, 2021) (quoting Dickerson, 1991 WL 208467, at *4).
267
    See, e.g., EDIX Media Gp. v. Mahani, 2006 WL 3742595, at *14 (Del. Ch. Dec. 12,
2006) (explaining that damages awarded were “adequate recompense” for any harm
suffered by the plaintiff and that additional penalties for alleged violation of a stipulated
restraining order would be “inappropriate”).
268
   See Mitchell Lane, 2014 WL 4804792, at *2 (considering whether an alleged violation
of the court’s order was “part of a pattern of noncompliance that should be addressed by
the Court”).

                                             64
        Finally, fee shifting would not be appropriate. The plaintiffs ask that the court

award them all of the fees and expenses they incurred since the TRO was granted on

February 15. Where an award of fees is sought as a sanction, this court “has broad

discretion in determining the amount of fees to be awarded.”269 The conduct the

plaintiffs say was contemptuous is hardly the cause of the post-TRO expenses the

plaintiffs incurred—such as extensive discovery and a three-day trial. Awarding the

plaintiffs their fees for the limited portions of their briefing and trial presentations

focused on contempt would be an imprecise and unsuitable remedy.

III.    CONCLUSION

        Judgment is for the plaintiffs on their claims for declaratory judgment. The

plaintiffs are also entitled to certain additional equitable relief as described herein.

The defendants’ affirmative defense is unsuccessful. Finally, I decline to make a

finding of contempt.

        Corrective disclosures shall issue as described above by June 20, 2022. The

parties shall also confer on and submit a proposed implementing order by June 20,

2022.

269
    Shawe v. Elting, 157 A.3d 142, 152 (Del. 2017); see Long, 2007 WL 3262150, at *2
(“A trial judge has broad discretion on impose sanctions for failure to abide by its orders.”);
In re TransPerfect Glob., Inc., 2019 WL 5260362, at *15 (Del. Ch. Oct. 17, 2019) (granting
a sanction that included all legal fees “in connection with the prosecution of the contempt
motion.”), aff’d in part, rev’d in part sub nom. TransPerfect, 2022 WL 1763204 (Del.
June 1, 2022).

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