Court Opinion

ID: 6342165
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-19 15:04:17.392688+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:50.053595
License: Public Domain

2022 IL 126940

                                           IN THE
                                  SUPREME COURT
                                              OF
                            THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                      (Docket No. 126940)

     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. KARL SMITH, Appellant.

                                  Opinion filed May 19, 2022.

          JUSTICE GARMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

          Chief Justice Anne M. Burke and Justices Theis, Neville, Michael J. Burke,
       Overstreet, and Carter concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1        Karl Smith, petitioner, appealed the second-stage dismissal of his
       postconviction petition. Petitioner sought to have his petition remanded for
       additional second-stage proceedings because the attorney appointed to represent
       him at the State’s motion to dismiss did not independently demonstrate compliance
       with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017), although prior
       appointed counsel had filed a Rule 651(c) certificate. The appellate court affirmed,
     and we allowed petitioner’s petition for leave to appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme
     Court Rule 315 (eff. Oct. 1, 2020).

¶2                                        BACKGROUND

¶3       In January 2008, petitioner and two others entered by force an apartment that
     was shared by Gabriel Curiel and Jonathon Collazo. Gabriel’s children were
     present. During the incident, money and cannabis were stolen; David, one of
     Gabriel’s three children, was shot in the head; and Gabriel was beaten, stabbed, and
     shot. Both David and Gabriel survived.

¶4       At the 2011 trial, nine-year-old David, who had been six years old at the time
     of the crime, was called to testify. Prior to trial, petitioner had requested a hearing
     on David’s competency, but the Cook County circuit court deferred addressing the
     issue until trial. After taking the stand, David lost his composure, leading to the
     excusal of the jury. The court denied defense counsel’s motion for a mistrial and
     explained that it would conduct a competency hearing if the State recalled David to
     the stand. The State declined to do so, and the jury was instructed to disregard
     David’s testimony and what had unfolded.

¶5       Petitioner was found guilty of two counts of attempted first degree murder; two
     counts of aggravated battery with a firearm; and one count each of home invasion,
     armed robbery, and aggravated battery of a child. On direct appeal, petitioner
     sought to have his aggravated battery convictions vacated under the one-act, one-
     crime rule. One of petitioner’s aggravated-battery-with-a-firearm convictions and
     his aggravated-battery-of-a-child conviction were vacated, but the appellate court
     affirmed petitioner’s other convictions.

¶6          In March 2014, petitioner filed a pro se postconviction petition, complaining
     that

            “(1) he was not proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) the State violated
            Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), by failing to disclose David’s pretrial
            statement identifying him; (3) the trial court erred in rejecting his request for a
            pretrial hearing on David’s competency to testify, which caused him prejudice
            when David had an emotional breakdown in front of the jury; (4) the trial court

                                                 -2-
        erred in imposing consecutive sentences for convictions arising from the same
        course of conduct and not informing him before trial that he could receive
        consecutive sentences; and (5) his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing
        to raise the preceding claims on direct appeal.” 2020 IL App (1st) 181220, ¶ 7.

     Because the trial court failed to rule on the petition within 90 days, the petition
     automatically advanced to the second stage of postconviction proceedings.
     Assistant Public Defender Denise Avant was appointed to represent petitioner in
     January 2015. On April 22, 2016, Avant filed a Rule 651(c) certificate representing
     that she had complied with the rule and that a supplemental petition was not
     necessary for the presentation of petitioner’s claims.

¶7       The State filed a motion to dismiss on April 7, 2017, asserting that (1) the
     petition was time-barred and (2) petitioner failed to make a substantial showing of
     the denial of a constitutional right. Specifically, the State maintained that petitioner
     had forfeited his claims of trial error and that he had no meritorious claim that his
     direct appeal counsel was ineffective.

¶8       On August 4, 2017, after discussing the State’s motion to dismiss with
     petitioner, Avant filed a response. The response argued that the late filing should
     be excused because the petition was merely a few weeks late. Avant filed an
     affidavit from petitioner, which attested that petitioner only had a tenth-grade
     education and that he was unfamiliar with the filing requirements of the Post-
     Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2014)). Before the
     hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss, however, Avant left the public defender’s
     office. Assistant Public Defender Christine Underwood was subsequently
     appointed and represented petitioner at the hearing on March 26, 2018. The trial
     court granted the State’s motion to dismiss, and petitioner appealed.

¶9       On appeal, petitioner argued that he was entitled to a remand for further second-
     stage proceedings because Underwood did not demonstrate independent
     compliance with Rule 651(c). Petitioner made no argument that Avant had not
     complied with Rule 651(c)’s requirements. 2020 IL App (1st) 181220, ¶ 13.
     According to petitioner, Underwood—as the attorney who represented him at the
     hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss—was also required to comply with Rule
     651(c). Id.

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¶ 10        The appellate court concluded that neither the Act nor Rule 651(c) supported
       petitioner’s argument. Id. ¶ 16. The court analogized Underwood’s role to that of
       an attorney at the third stage of postconviction proceedings, given that all that was
       left for her to do was orally argue against the State’s motion to dismiss. Id. ¶¶ 17-
       20. Underwood’s role did not necessitate a duplicative undertaking of the Rule
       651(c) responsibilities. Id. ¶ 20. Additionally, Avant’s Rule 651(c) certificate
       created a rebuttable presumption that she had rendered reasonable assistance, and
       petitioner did not argue otherwise. Id. ¶ 19. The appellate court affirmed. Id. ¶ 26.
       We allowed petitioner’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Oct. 1,
       2020).

¶ 11                                        ANALYSIS

¶ 12        At issue is whether each attorney that represents a postconviction petitioner at
       the second stage must demonstrate compliance with Rule 651(c)—even after
       petitioner’s predecessor counsel had already filed a valid Rule 651(c) certificate
       giving rise to the presumption that there was compliance with the rule. “Because
       the question presented in this appeal concerns the proper interpretation of a supreme
       court rule, our review is de novo.” People v. Suarez, 224 Ill. 2d 37, 41-42 (2007)
       (citing People v. Henderson, 217 Ill. 2d 449, 458 (2005)). “When interpreting our
       supreme court rules, we apply the same principles of construction applicable to
       statutes.” People v. Perkins, 229 Ill. 2d 34, 41 (2007) (citing People v. Roberts, 214
       Ill. 2d 106, 116 (2005)). We endeavor to ascertain and give effect to the drafters’
       intent, which is most reliably indicated by the language of the provision under
       consideration. See In re Estate of Rennick, 181 Ill. 2d 395, 404-05 (1998).

¶ 13        As mentioned, our review pertains to matters that are unique to the second stage
       of postconviction proceedings. The Act “provides a remedy to criminal defendants
       who claim that substantial violations of their constitutional rights occurred at trial.”
       People v. Flores, 153 Ill. 2d 264, 272 (1992) (citing People v. Eddmonds, 143 Ill.
       2d 501, 510 (1991)). “At the second stage of postconviction proceedings, counsel
       may be appointed for defendant, if defendant is indigent.” People v. Pendleton, 223
       Ill. 2d 458, 472 (2006); see also 725 ILCS 5/122-4 (West 2018). “Once counsel is
       appointed for an indigent defendant, he or she is entitled only to the level of
       assistance guaranteed by the Act.” (Emphasis omitted.) People v. Greer, 212 Ill. 2d

                                                -4-
       192, 204 (2004) (citing People v. McNeal, 194 Ill. 2d 135, 142 (2000)). This is
       because the right to counsel in postconviction proceedings is statutorily rather than
       constitutionally derived. People v. Turner, 187 Ill. 2d 406, 410 (1999); 725 ILCS
       5/122-4 (West 2018). Furthermore, “[s]ection 122-4 of the Code of Criminal
       Procedure [citation] and Supreme Court Rule 651 together ensure that post-
       conviction petitioners in this State receive a reasonable level of assistance by
       counsel in post-conviction proceedings.” People v. Owens, 139 Ill. 2d 351, 359
       (1990).

¶ 14       Rule 651, “Appeals in Post-Conviction Proceedings,” contains the pertinent
       subsection relevant to this appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017).
       Subparagraph (c), “Record for Indigents; Appointment of Counsel,” provides in
       relevant part:

              “The record filed in that court shall contain a showing, which may be made
          by the certificate of petitioner’s attorney, that [(1)] the attorney has consulted
          with petitioner by phone, mail, electronic means or in person to ascertain his or
          her contentions of deprivation of constitutional rights, [(2)] has examined the
          record of the proceedings at the trial, and [(3)] has made any amendments to
          the petitions filed pro se that are necessary for an adequate presentation of
          petitioner’s contentions.” Id.

¶ 15        Petitioner asserts that Underwood did not file a Rule 651(c) certificate attesting
       that she fulfilled that rule’s three requirements nor does a review of the record
       demonstrate the performance of those three obligations. See People v. Lander, 215
       Ill. 2d 577, 584 (2005) (noting that “[t]he failure to file a certificate showing
       compliance with Rule 651(c) is harmless error if the record demonstrates that
       counsel adequately fulfilled the required duties”). Though Avant had filed a Rule
       651(c) certificate before departing the public defender’s office, petitioner maintains
       that Underwood needed to independently demonstrate compliance with Rule
       651(c). This is so, according to petitioner, because of Rule 651(c)’s plain language
       and purpose. We begin with petitioner’s arguments as to the plain language and
       purpose of Rule 651(c).

                                                -5-
¶ 16                       Plain Language and Purpose of Rule 651(c)

¶ 17       Petitioner contends that Rule 651(c)—by its present-tense reference to
       “petitioner’s attorney”—plainly demands that the attorney who “ultimately
       represents” a petitioner demonstrate compliance with Rule 651(c). According to
       petitioner, although Avant filed a Rule 651(c) certificate, it cannot be said that she
       was “petitioner’s attorney” after she withdrew. At the time of the hearing on the
       State’s motion to dismiss, Underwood was “petitioner’s attorney” and thus needed
       to comply with Rule 651(c).

¶ 18       The State counters that the rule is unambiguous and does not state that once
       there has been a showing that the petitioner’s attorney has completed the Rule
       651(c) duties that every new attorney who subsequently appears must redo the same
       tasks and file a new certificate. According to the State, the rule refers to one
       “showing” by one “attorney.” It is undisputed that Avant complied with Rule
       651(c), and therefore the State concludes that petitioner has no valid claim that he
       did not receive the reasonable assistance of postconviction counsel.

¶ 19       We are not persuaded by petitioner’s argument that Rule 651(c)’s present-tense
       reference to “petitioner’s attorney” demands that every attorney who represents a
       postconviction petitioner at “the dispositive hearing” must show compliance with
       Rule 651(c). Avant was “petitioner’s attorney” at the time petitioner’s pro se claims
       needed to be shaped into the proper legal form. See Owens, 139 Ill. 2d at 365.
       Petitioner’s argument improperly inserts language into the rule. Rule 651(c) does
       not reference the “dispositive hearing” or qualify that “petitioner’s attorney” is the
       “attorney who ultimately represents petitioner at the dispositive hearing.” See
       People v. Daniels, 172 Ill. 2d 154, 163 (1996) (stating that, “[w]hen the language
       of a statute or a supreme court rule is plain and unambiguous, courts will not read
       in exceptions, limitations, or other conditions”). Additionally, petitioner ignores
       that the plain language of the rule contemplates that “petitioner’s attorney” make
       “any amendments to the petitions filed pro se”—not to a petition that was filed
       pro se and subsequently amended or not amended by previous postconviction
       counsel. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. July 1, 2017).

¶ 20      Further, we find petitioner’s plain language argument to be implicitly
       undermined by People v. Marshall, 375 Ill. App. 3d 670 (2007), which was relied
       upon by the appellate court below and is cited by the State. Relevant here, after the

                                               -6-
       petitioner’s petition was dismissed after an evidentiary hearing, the petitioner
       argued that the dismissal should be reversed because the attorneys who represented
       her at the third stage did not comply with Rule 651(c), even though second-stage
       postconviction counsel had filed a Rule 651(c) certificate. Id. at 672. Similarly, the
       petitioner argued that, “for an appointed attorney to effectively represent a client at
       the third stage of postconviction proceedings, counsel must consult with the
       defendant and review the trial court record.” Id. at 681. To address the petitioner’s
       contention, the appellate court considered the petitioner’s citation of another case,
       People v. Rankins, 277 Ill. App. 3d 561 (1996). Marshall, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 681.

¶ 21       In Rankins, after the court concluded that second-stage postconviction counsel
       did not file a certificate and that the record did not show compliance with the rule,
       the court went on to consider whether third-stage counsel met the requirements.
       Rankins, 277 Ill. App. 3d at 564. Based on the Rankins court’s consideration of
       whether third-stage counsel met Rule 651(c) requirements, the petitioner in
       Marshall argued that compliance with Rule 651(c) was required of counsel at each
       stage. Marshall, 375 Ill. App. 3d at 682.

¶ 22       The Marshall court, however, distinguished Rankins on the basis that second-
       stage counsel did not comply with Rule 651(c). Id. The court also explained that

          “Rankins supports the conclusion that Rule 651(c)’s requirements must be met
          only once and not, as defendant suggests, by attorneys representing a defendant
          at each stage of postconviction proceedings. Rankins illustrates that one
          postconviction attorney must comply with Rule 651(c), not that the process
          must be repeated at each level of postconviction proceedings.” Id.

       Furthermore, the court observed that, although Rule 651(c) does not explicitly state
       what stage of postconviction proceeding it pertains to, “the rule’s purpose is to
       require appointed postconviction counsel to consult with the defendant to ascertain
       his claims of constitutional deprivation.” Id. at 683. The Rule 651(c) tasks “are
       performed by counsel at the second stage of postconviction review so that the State
       can fully review the defendant’s claims and determine if it will move to dismiss
       them.” (Emphasis added.) Id. (citing Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at 472, and People v.
       Fiedler, 303 Ill. App. 3d 236, 238 (1999)). Finally, the court explained:

                                                -7-
          “Defendant’s position that her third-stage postconviction counsel also must
          comply with Rule 651(c), even when the rule’s requirements have been met at
          the previous stage, is illogical. An attorney at the evidentiary hearing stage must
          argue the merits of the postconviction petitioner’s claims as presented in the
          petition following review by counsel at the second stage.” Id.

¶ 23       The instant petitioner disputes the relevance of Marshall. According to
       petitioner, Marshall addressed a different issue—whether counsel who represents
       a petitioner at the third stage of proceedings is required to comply with Rule 651(c),
       even though second-stage counsel had previously met the rule’s requirements.

¶ 24       We note that petitioner does not acknowledge that Marshall undermines her
       plain language argument. If, as petitioner argues, Rule 651(c)’s reference to
       “petitioner’s attorney” means the attorney who is representing petitioner at present,
       the propriety of the Marshall decision—holding that a petitioner’s third-stage
       counsel were not obliged to comply with the rule—would be called into doubt. As
       the Marshall court observed, Rule 651(c) does not explicitly state which stage of
       postconviction proceedings it controls. Id. Thus, the rule’s present-tense use of the
       term “petitioner’s attorney” would be absolutely controlling.

¶ 25       We reject petitioner’s assertion that Marshall is undermined by this court’s
       subsequent decision in People v. Custer, 2019 IL 123339. Petitioner observes that,
       there, this court stated that the limited duties required by Rule 651(c) “persist
       throughout the proceedings under the Act.” Id. ¶ 32. Simply put, in Custer, this
       court did not consider or address the issue at hand. At issue in Custer was whether
       this court should extend Krankel procedures (see People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181
       (1984)) to the postconviction context where a petitioner claims unreasonable
       assistance of postconviction counsel. Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 1. We will not read
       a general statement that Rule 651(c) duties “persist throughout the proceedings
       under the Act” as decisively speaking to the distinct issue here and ignore the plain
       language of Rule 651(c). Our case law does not treat Rule 651(c) as the exclusive
       mechanism for ensuring reasonable assistance. See Owens, 139 Ill. 2d at 361
       (stating that “section 122-4 of the [Act] and Rule 651 together ensure that post-
       conviction petitioners will receive a reasonable level of assistance” (emphasis
       added)); see also People v. Anguiano, 2013 IL App (1st) 113458, ¶ 37 (noting that

                                               -8-
       “[n]either Turner nor Owens suggests that the right to a reasonable level of
       assistance has been subsumed by Rule 651(c)”).

¶ 26       Still, petitioner maintains that his position is the only one that does justice to
       the purpose of the rule—which he contends is to ensure that petitioners receive
       adequate representation such that their claims of constitutional deprivation are
       properly set forth. Without a certificate filed by the “petitioner’s attorney,” it
       cannot, according to petitioner, be presumed that counsel complied with Rule
       651(c). Petitioner asserts that a postconviction counsel’s consultation with a
       petitioner might reveal facts that could justify a late filing. Petitioner also argues
       that postconviction counsel may not make the necessary amendments to avoid
       forfeiture or waiver. Petitioner likewise maintains that, “more generally,” a
       postconviction petitioner has a right to have an attorney who has consulted with the
       petitioner and who is familiar with the record and the claims.

¶ 27       In a similar vein, petitioner references the “realities of post-conviction
       proceedings” in support of his argument. Specifically, petitioner notes that
       postconviction petitioners routinely linger at the second stage for years. In turn,
       petitioner states that the law continuously evolves, such that a later-appointed
       attorney should be required to read the record and consult with the petitioner to
       adequately present the petitioner’s claims under the law as it exists at the time of
       the second-stage hearing. According to petitioner, for example, if the State’s motion
       to dismiss focuses on timeliness and new counsel does not comply with Rule
       651(c), counsel might not realize that new law supports one of the petitioner’s
       claims that should be brought to the court’s attention.

¶ 28       The State counters that Rule 651(c) guarantees that postconviction counsel will
       “shape [a petitioner’s] complaints into the proper legal form and *** present those
       complaints to the court.” Owens, 139 Ill. 2d at 365. Once done, Rule 651(c)’s
       purpose has been satisfied. According to the State, the scope of postconviction
       counsel’s duties at subsequent hearings turns on the requirement to provide
       reasonable representation—not on Rule 651(c)’s mandates. The State does not
       dispute petitioner’s contention that petitions linger at the second stage but maintains
       that petitioner’s position will inevitably delay the resolution of postconviction cases
       if new attorneys are required to duplicate the Rule 651(c) tasks. For example, the
       State notes that it took almost 16 months for Avant to carry out her Rule 651(c)

                                                -9-
       duties. Petitioner’s proposed reading of Rule 651(c), in the State’s view, would
       have delayed the disposition of the case months longer. As for “meritorious claims”
       that may be missed, the State asserts that Rule 651(c) does not require
       postconviction counsel to search for claims that are not presented in the pro se
       petition.

¶ 29       We agree with the State and the appellate court below. In the instant case, Avant
       complied with Rule 651(c)—which petitioner does not dispute—and the State
       already filed its motion to dismiss before Underwood took over representation. At
       that point, petitioner had consulted with appointed postconviction counsel, had the
       record of his trial proceedings examined by appointed postconviction counsel, and
       had appointed postconviction counsel determine whether any amendments were
       necessary “to the petitions filed pro se that [were] necessary for an adequate
       presentation of petitioner’s contentions.” (Emphases added.) Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c)
       (eff. July 1, 2017). “Moreover, ‘[p]ost-conviction counsel is only required to
       investigate and properly present the petitioner’s claims.’ ” (Emphasis in original.)
       Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at 472 (quoting People v. Davis, 156 Ill. 2d 149, 164 (1993)).
       By virtue of Avant filing a Rule 651(c) certificate, a rebuttable presumption arose
       that petitioner received reasonable assistance of postconviction counsel. See People
       v. Profit, 2012 IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 19. Petitioner did not seek to rebut that
       presumption. Instead, petitioner attempts to attack Underwood’s representation by
       arguing that Rule 651(c) compliance is required of all postconviction counsel who
       are appointed at the second stage. In the absence of any argument otherwise, we
       will not speculate that petitioner’s claims were not sufficiently presented by Avant
       nor create a rule that would have required Underwood to do so either.

¶ 30       By virtue of Avant’s presumptively reasonable representation and compliance
       with Rule 651(c), “all that was left to do was orally argue [petitioner’s] position at
       the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss.” 2020 IL App (1st) 181220, ¶ 20.
       Accordingly, like the appellate court, we find that Underwood’s role was limited
       and different from Avant’s role. Petitioner would have us treat Avant’s filing of a
       Rule 651(c) certificate as a legal nullity. On one hand, if Avant had remained
       petitioner’s counsel, there would be a rebuttable presumption he had received
       reasonable representation. Yet, on the other hand, because Avant left the public
       defender’s office before the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss, petitioner

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       argues that we are required to presume the opposite. It is petitioner’s argument that
       undermines Rule 651(c).

¶ 31       We also note the self-defeating nature of petitioner’s assertions. According to
       petitioner, only compliance by the attorney who ultimately represents the petitioner
       at the second-stage hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss guarantees adequate
       presentation of a pro se petitioner’s claims. Yet, as petitioner observes, the hearing
       on the State’s motion to dismiss took place nearly two years after Avant filed her
       Rule 651(c) certificate. Avant filed her Rule 651(c) certificate on April 22, 2016.
       The State requested time to review the petition and filed its motion to dismiss on
       April 7, 2017—nearly a year later. No one disputes that the law evolves every day.
       If Avant had remained petitioner’s postconviction counsel, petitioner does not and
       cannot argue that she would have violated Rule 651(c) if she did not again
       undertake the tasks mandated by Rule 651(c) to ensure that petitioner’s claims
       would be presented under the law as it existed at the time of the hearing—which
       took place on March 26, 2018.

¶ 32        Accordingly, we dismiss petitioner’s argument that only Rule 651(c)
       compliance by postconviction counsel who “ultimately represents” the petitioner at
       the motion to dismiss “guarantees” adequate presentation of claims. Rule 651(c)
       itself imposes no timeframe in terms of how soon before the hearing on the State’s
       motion to dismiss the certificate must be filed. See also Turner, 187 Ill. 2d at 411
       (noting that there is nothing in the language of Rule 651(c) requiring “appointed
       counsel to consult with petitioner a certain number of times”). Furthermore, as the
       State notes, where private counsel is retained and files the postconviction petition,
       postconviction counsel need not comply with Rule 651(c) (People v. Mitchell, 189
       Ill. 2d 312, 358 (2000)) but must still perform reasonably (Anguiano, 2013 IL App
       (1st) 113458, ¶¶ 25-31). See also Mitchell, 189 Ill. 2d at 358 (holding that, because
       the defendant did not file a pro se petition, his attorneys could not have violated the
       provision of Rule 651(c), which requires “counsel to affirm that he ‘has made any
       amendments to the petitions filed pro se that are necessary for an adequate
       presentation of petitioner’s contentions’ ” (quoting Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. Dec. 1,
       1984))). Though not determinative to our analysis, we note that, at the time
       Underwood took over representation, it is inaccurate to characterize petitioner’s
       petition as simply existing in its original, pro se form. See People v. Richmond, 188
       Ill. 2d 376, 382 (1999) (stating that “[n]o less than appointed counsel, retained

                                                - 11 -
       counsel should have the same duties in these circumstances to consult with the
       defendant, to examine the record of the trial proceedings, and to make any
       necessary amendments to the original, pro se petition” (emphasis added)). Stated
       differently, here, it cannot be said that Underwood was undertaking representation
       on the “original” pro se petition filed by petitioner (see id.), where Avant had
       already undertaken the Rule 651(c) requirements and thus ascertained whether any
       amendments were necessary to shape petitioner’s complaints into the proper legal
       form (see Owens, 139 Ill. 2d at 365; see also Turner, 187 Ill. 2d at 411 (noting that
       “Rule 651(c) does require that appointed counsel consult with petitioner to ascertain
       his constitutional claims, but there is no reason as a matter of law why this cannot
       be accomplished in one meeting with defendant”)).

¶ 33       We also note the waste of state resources that would result if we were to adopt
       petitioner’s reading of Rule 651(c). As mentioned, it took the State almost a year
       to review petitioner’s petition and file its motion to dismiss. Petitioner’s argument
       would prejudice the State as it would also—like subsequent postconviction
       counsel—be required to “start over” and respond to a potentially modified petition.
       Adopting petitioner’s argument would quite simply prolong the postconviction
       process for ideational reasons that are not present in the instant case.

¶ 34       Next, petitioner analogizes the necessity of filing a Rule 651(c) certificate to
       that of a Rule 604(d) certificate. Rule 604(d) provides that, in the event that a
       defendant moves to withdraw his guilty plea or to reconsider the sentence imposed
       following the plea, the defendant’s attorney

          “shall file with the trial court a certificate stating that the attorney has consulted
          with the defendant *** to ascertain defendant’s contentions of error in the
          sentence and the entry of the plea of guilty, has examined the trial court file and
          both the report of proceedings of the plea of guilty and the report of proceedings
          in the sentencing hearing, and has made any amendments to the motion
          necessary for adequate presentation of any defects in those proceedings.” Ill. S.
          Ct. R. 604(d) (eff. July 1, 2017).

       Petitioner adds that case law holds that the attorney who represents a defendant at
       such a hearing may not rely on a Rule 604(d) certificate filed by an attorney who
       no longer represents the defendant. See, e.g., People v. Ritchie, 258 Ill. App. 3d
       164, 165-66 (1994); People v. Herrera, 2012 IL App (2d) 110009. According to

                                               - 12 -
       petitioner, the purpose of each certificate is to ensure “adequate” representation.
       Petitioner disputes the instant appellate court determination that, because an
       attorney who must file a Rule 604(d) certificate is subject to the higher standard of
       effective assistance of counsel, Rule 604(d) case law is inapposite. See 2020 IL
       App (1st) 181220, ¶¶ 21-23. Petitioner maintains that the difference between
       effective and reasonable assistance is the scope of representation, not its
       competence. Though counsel’s scope of representation in the postconviction
       context is narrower, it still must be competent.

¶ 35       We need not address the propriety of the Ritchie or Herrera decisions to
       conclude that a Rule 651(c) certificate is distinguishable from a Rule 604(d)
       certificate. Petitioner attempts to muddle the distinction between reasonable and
       effective assistance by collectively referring to each as “adequate” assistance. This
       court has been very clear that the standard of reasonable assistance is “significantly
       lower than the [standard] mandated at trial by our state and federal constitutions.”
       Custer, 2019 IL 123339, ¶ 30; 2020 IL App (1st) 181220, ¶ 22. Additionally, as
       observed by the State, Rule 604(d)’s purpose “is to ensure that any errors that may
       have resulted in a guilty plea and subsequent sentence are brought to the attention
       of the circuit court before appeal, while memories are fresh and witnesses are
       available.” (Emphasis added.) People v. Gorss, 2022 IL 126464, ¶ 15. By contrast,
       Rule 651(c) lacks the same caliber of critically time-sensitive considerations that
       are attendant to withdrawal of a guilty plea or reconsideration of a sentence imposed
       following the plea. Accordingly, petitioner fails to set forth a compelling argument
       to overcome the significantly different contexts and standards between Rule 604(d)
       and Rule 651(c) to support his contention.

¶ 36       Finally, we reject petitioner’s argument that not requiring the attorney who
       ultimately represents a petitioner to comply with Rule 651(c) deprives the petitioner
       of the ability to rebut the presumption created by the previous attorney. According
       to petitioner, the record that could rebut Rule 651(c) compliance can include (1) any
       supplemental or amended petitions and (2) counsel’s argument at the second-stage
       hearing. For example, petitioner notes that, in People v. Landa, the appellate court
       found that what petitioner characterizes as counsel’s insufficient argument at the
       hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss partially rebutted the presumption of Rule
       651(c). 2020 IL App (1st) 170851, ¶¶ 60, 65. Because postconviction counsel is not
       required to file an amended or supplemental petition, petitioner asserts that the only

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       aspect of counsel’s performance that is mandatory and thus can be used to rebut
       compliance is counsel’s argument at the hearing. However, as Avant did not argue
       at the hearing, petitioner claims he is deprived of the record that he could use to
       rebut the presumption that earlier counsel complied with Rule 651(c).

¶ 37        Landa instead involved a much different set of facts. For example, among other
       failings, postconviction counsel failed to notarize the petitioner’s detailed
       evidentiary affidavit that was in turn supported by other affidavits, did not file a
       response to the State’s motion to dismiss, and “fail[ed] to make any argument at
       all, when there were compelling arguments to be made” at the hearing on the State’s
       motion to dismiss. Id. ¶¶ 59-70. Again, where petitioner presents us with no reason
       to doubt Avant’s compliance with Rule 651(c) or Underwood’s performance at the
       hearing, we entertain this argument no further.

¶ 38       We stress that if postconviction counsel performs unreasonably—even after a
       presumption has arisen that there has been compliance with Rule 651(c)—
       postconviction petitioners are not foreclosed from pursuing a claim that counsel
       failed to provide a reasonable standard of representation. See People v. Cotto, 2016
       IL 119006, ¶ 41; Landa, 2020 IL App (1st) 170851, ¶ 74; People v. Pabello, 2019
       IL App (2d) 170867, ¶ 23. Because we conclude that Underwood was not required
       to independently demonstrate compliance with Rule 651(c) when all that remained
       for her to do upon assuming the role of second-stage postconviction counsel was
       orally argue against the State’s motion to dismiss, we need not address the State’s
       argument that petitioner failed to demonstrate that postconviction counsel
       performed unreasonably or that he was prejudiced. We affirm the judgment of the
       appellate court.

¶ 39                                    CONCLUSION

¶ 40      For the foregoing reasons, petitioner is not entitled to a remand for further
       second-stage proceedings.

¶ 41      Judgments affirmed.

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