Court Opinion

ID: 4227404
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-12-11 17:04:11.72218+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:52.097584
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

                                           )
IRA TRUST FBO BOBBIE AHMED,                )
on behalf of similarly situated Class A    )
stockholders of NRG YIELD, INC.,           )
                                           )
                          Plaintiff,       )
                                           )
      v.                                   )     CONSOLIDATED
                                           )     C.A. No. 12742-CB
DAVID CRANE, JOHN F.                       )
CHLEBOWSKI, MAURICIO                       )
GUTIERREZ, KIRKLAND B.                     )
ANDREWS, BRIAN R. FORD,                    )
FERRELL P. MCCLEAN,                        )
CHRISTOPHER S. SOTOS and NRG               )
ENERGY, INC.,                              )
                                           )
                          Defendants.      )
                                           )

                                       OPINION

                     Date Submitted: September 22, 2017
                      Date Decided: December 11, 2017

Peter B. Andrews, Craig J. Springer & David M. Sborz of ANDREWS &
SPRINGER LLC, Wilmington, Delaware; Jeremy S. Friedman, Spencer Oster &
David Tejtel of FRIEDMAN OSTER & TEJTEL PLLC, New York, New York;
Jason M. Leviton & Joel Fleming of BLOCK & LEVITON LLP, Boston,
Massachusetts; Counsel for Plaintiff.

William M. Lafferty & D. McKinley Measley of MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT &
TUNNELL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for Defendants John F.
Chlebowski, Brian R. Ford, and Ferrell P. McClean.
Brian C. Ralston, Andrew H. Sauder & Mathew A. Golden of POTTER
ANDERSON & CORROON LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for Defendants
David Crane, Mauricio Gutierrez, Kirkland B. Andrews, Christopher S. Sotos, and
NRG Energy, Inc.

BOUCHARD, C.
      This action arises out of a reclassification of the shares of NRG Yield, Inc.

(“Yield” or the “Company”) that went into effect in May 2015. Yield’s business

model is to own a portfolio of income-producing energy generation and

infrastructure assets from which dividends can be distributed to public

stockholders—a model often referred to as a “yieldco.” Since its formation in 2012,

Yield has been controlled by NRG Energy, Inc. (“NRG”), which manages Yield’s

day-to-day affairs and is responsible for identifying and placing assets into Yield.

      After its initial public offering in 2013, Yield had two classes of stock, both

of which were entitled to one vote per share. NRG then held approximately 65% of

Yield’s voting power through its ownership of all of Yield’s Class B shares, and

public stockholders held approximately 45% of Yield’s voting power through their

ownership of Class A shares. The prospectus for the Class A shares stated that NRG

intended to maintain its controlling interest in Yield.

      By 2015, NRG’s voting control of Yield had been diluted to approximately

55% as a result of Class A shares being issued to acquire assets to transfer to Yield.

Concerned that its voting control of Yield was in jeopardy if Yield continued to fund

asset acquisitions with Class A shares, NRG proposed that Yield undertake a

recapitalization where Class A stockholders would be issued one share of a new class

of non-voting common stock for each Class A share they held. NRG intended for

Yield to use the non-voting common stock as currency to acquire assets in the future.
      NRG’s proposal was conditioned from the beginning on the receipt of the

approval of a majority of the outstanding shares of Yield not affiliated with NRG,

meaning a majority of Yield’s outstanding Class A shares. Upon receipt of the

proposal, Yield’s board delegated to its standing Conflicts Committee the authority

to evaluate and negotiate the proposal. The independence of the three members of

the Conflicts Committee is not challenged.

      Through negotiations with the Conflicts Committee, NRG’s proposal was

revised so that newly-created Class C and Class D shares would be issued on a one-

for-one basis to Class A and Class B stockholders, respectively, i.e., stockholders

would receive one Class C share for every Class A share and one Class D share for

every Class B share. The Class C and Class D shares would have the right to 1/100

of one vote per share instead of being non-voting, as initially proposed. NRG also

agreed to amend a contract, under which Yield had a right of first offer on certain

NRG assets, to include some additional assets. As finally negotiated, the proposal

is referred to herein as the “Reclassification.” In May 2015, the Reclassification

received the necessary stockholder approvals and went into effect that same month.

      In September 2016, a Class A stockholder filed this action asserting that the

members of the Yield board breached their fiduciary duties in connection with their

approval of the Reclassification, and that NRG breached its fiduciary duty as a

                                        2
controlling stockholder by causing Yield to undertake the Reclassification.

Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim for relief.

         Resolution of this motion implicates three questions: (1) Is the

Reclassification a conflicted transaction subject to entire fairness review even

though it nominally involved a pro rata distribution of shares? (2) If so, should the

analytical framework articulated in Kahn v. M&F Worldwide, Corp.,1 a squeeze-out

merger case, apply to the Reclassification? (3) If so, has that framework been

satisfied in this case from the face of the pleadings? For the reasons explained

below, I conclude that the answer to each of these questions is yes, and thus the

Complaint must be dismissed for failure to state a claim for relief.

I.       BACKGROUND

         Unless noted otherwise, the facts in this decision are drawn from the Verified

Class Action Complaint (the “Complaint”) and documents incorporated therein,2

which include documents produced to plaintiff in response to a books and record

1
    88 A.3d 635 (Del. 2014).
2
  See Winshall v. Viacom Int’l, Inc., 76 A.3d 808, 818 (Del. 2013) (citations omitted)
(“[P]laintiff may not reference certain documents outside the complaint and at the same
time prevent the court from considering those documents’ actual terms” in connection with
a motion to dismiss).

                                            3
demand made under 8 Del. C. § 220.3 Any additional facts are either not subject to

reasonable dispute or subject to judicial notice.

      A.     The Parties and Relevant Non-Parties
      Plaintiff IRA Trust FBO Bobbie Ahmed alleges it was a Class A stockholder

of Yield at all relevant times.

      Defendant NRG is a power company that produces, sells, and delivers energy,

energy products, and energy services in the United States. NRG is headquartered in

both West Windsor Township, New Jersey, and Houston, Texas. Non-party Yield,

a Delaware corporation, owns a portfolio of energy generation and infrastructure

assets in the United States. As a result of the Reclassification, Yield now has four

classes of common stock. The Company’s Class A and C shares are listed on the

New York Stock Exchange. The Company’s Class B and D shares are held by NRG

and not publicly traded.

      When it approved the Reclassification, Yield’s board (the “Board”) was

comprised of the seven individual defendants: David Crane, John F. Chlebowksi,

Mauricio Gutierrez, Kirkland B. Andrews, Brian R. Ford, Ferrell P. McClean, and

Christopher S. Sotos. Four of the directors (Crane, Andrews, Gutierrez, and Sotos)

were members of Yield’s management at the time, and each of them held executive

3
 In connection with its Section 220 demand, plaintiff agreed that documents produced by
Yield “shall be deemed incorporated by reference into the operative version of the
complaint.” Defs.’ Opening Br. 12 n.4.

                                          4
positions with NRG at various times.4 The other three directors (Chlebowksi, Ford,

and McClean) were not members of Yield’s management and served on the Conflicts

Committee (defined below) that evaluated and approved the Reclassification.5 Their

independence is not challenged.

         B.     The Yield Business Model
         On December 20, 2012, NRG incorporated Yield as a dividend growth-

oriented company to serve as the primary vehicle through which NRG would own,

operate, and acquire energy generation and infrastructure assets.6               Under a

Management Services Agreement, NRG or its affiliates provide services to Yield,

including carrying out all day-to-day management, accounting, banking, treasury,

administrative, liaison, representative, regulatory, and reporting functions and

obligations. The Management Services Agreement also allows NRG to make

recommendations with respect to the payment of dividends and the exercise of any

voting rights to which Yield is entitled with respect to its subsidiaries. For the fiscal

year ended December 31, 2015, NRG received approximately $8 million in

management fees and reimbursement for expenses under the Management Services

Agreement.

4
    Compl. ¶¶ 12, 14, 16, 18.
5
 Compl. ¶¶ 13, 15, 17. Chlebowski is Yield’s Lead Independent Director and previously
served as a director of NRG from December 2003 until July 2013. Compl. ¶ 13.
6
    Compl. ¶ 21; Transmittal Aff. of Glenn R. McGillivray (“McGillivray Aff.”) Ex. C at 1.

                                             5
          On July 22, 2013, Yield closed an initial public offering of 22,511,250 shares

of Class A stock. NRG retained 42,738,750 shares of Class B stock, which were

never offered to the public. Both classes of stock entitle their holders to one vote

per share on all matters. NRG’s Class B shares represented about 65% of Yield’s

total voting power at the completion of its initial public offering.

          In connection with its IPO, Yield established a standing Corporate

Governance, Conflicts and Nominating Committee (the “Conflicts Committee”) to

review and approve proposed conflicted transactions between Yield and NRG.7 The

Conflict Committee’s charter requires that “its members satisfy the requirements for

independence under applicable law and regulations of the SEC and NYSE standards

for directors and nominating committee members.”8

          The prospectus for the IPO disclosed to prospective investors in Class A

shares that “NRG will be our controlling stockholder and will exercise substantial

influence over Yield and we are highly dependent on NRG.”9 The prospectus

further explained NRG’s intention to maintain its controlling interest and the

consequences of that control:

          NRG has also expressed its intention to maintain a controlling interest
          in us. As a result of this ownership, NRG will continue to have a
          substantial influence on our affairs and its voting power will constitute

7
    McGillivray Aff. Ex. A at 22.
8
    Id.
9
    McGillivray Aff. Ex. C at 43 (emphasis in original).

                                              6
          a large percentage of any quorum of our stockholders voting on any
          matter requiring the approval of our stockholders. Such matters include
          the election of directors, the adoption of amendments to our amended
          and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws and approval of
          mergers or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This
          concentration of ownership may also have the effect of delaying or
          preventing a change in control of our company or discouraging others
          from making tender offers for our shares, which could prevent
          stockholders from receiving a premium for their shares. In addition,
          NRG will have the right to appoint all of our directors. NRG may cause
          corporate actions to be taken even if their interests conflict with the
          interests of our other stockholders (including holders of our Class A
          common stock).10
          From its inception, NRG always has appointed Yield’s senior executives, and

Yield has depended on NRG as a source for its income-producing assets. To

facilitate these related-party transactions, NRG granted Yield and its affiliates a

contractual right of first offer (the “ROFO Agreement”) on any proposed sale of

certain enumerated NRG assets.          Yield distributes to stockholders the profits

generated by its acquisitions through cash dividends. As explained in the prospectus

for the Class A offering, Yield’s “ability to grow through acquisitions depends, in

part, on NRG’s ability to identify and present us with acquisition opportunities.”11

          To finance acquisitions, Yield frequently needs to raise new capital. Issuing

equity or convertible notes dilutes all of the Company’s common stockholders, but

NRG suffers a unique detriment in that each new issuance also reduces its controlling

10
     Id. at 43-44.
11
     Id. at 44.

                                            7
stake in Yield. A dual-class voting structure was allegedly not implemented at the

time of the IPO because NRG did not anticipate Yield’s pace of acquisitions and

rapid growth.12 Between the July 2013 IPO and the fall of 2014, NRG’s voting

power fell from approximately 65% to approximately 55% due to equity issuances.13

         C.     NRG and Yield Seek to Preserve NRG’s Control Over Yield
         On October 8, 2014, NRG management presented to the Board several

alternatives that would allow Yield to continue raising capital for acquisitions while

preserving NRG’s control. The proposed alternatives included issuing low or non-

voting common stock, entering into a stockholder agreement that would allow NRG

to maintain control over significant corporate events, issuing preferred stock in the

Company or non-voting units in an LLC, merging Yield into a limited partnership

structure, and having NRG invest 50% of the equity value in future Yield

acquisitions.14

         On December 15, 2014, David Crane, Yield’s then-Chief Executive Officer,

and Kirkland Andrews, Yield’s Chief Financial Officer, presented their fellow Board

members with a proposal to create a new Class C stock that would carry no voting

rights.15 From the outset, the proposal was conditioned on obtaining the approval of

12
     Compl. ¶ 44.
13
     Compl. ¶ 31.
14
     Compl. ¶¶ 33, 52.
15
     Compl. ¶ 34.

                                          8
Yield’s public stockholders or a “majority of the minority” of the outstanding shares

of Class A stock not affiliated with NRG.16 The slide deck that accompanied the

presentation indicated that issuing non-voting stock would “[p]reserve[] NRG’s

voting control of [Yield] above 50%” and “[b]etter manage future potential voting

dilution.”17 At the end of the meeting, the Board authorized its Conflicts Committee,

composed of Chlebowski, Ford, and McClean, to evaluate and negotiate the

proposed reclassification with NRG.18 The Conflicts Committee was advised by

Crowell & Moring LLP as its legal counsel, and Moelis & Company LLC (“Moelis”)

as its financial advisor.

          On January 30, 2015, NRG presented the Conflicts Committee a proposal

for Yield to issue a new class of non-voting common stock in connection with the

proposed reclassification.19    On February 6, 2015, NRG sent the Conflicts

Committee a formal reclassification proposal where Class A stockholders would

receive one share of a new class of non-voting common stock for each share of Class

A stock held.20

16
     McGillivray Aff. Ex. H at NRGY-220_00000917; Ex. I at NRGY-220_00000276.
17
     Compl. ¶ 35; McGillivray Aff. Ex. H NRGY-220_00000918.
18
     Compl. ¶ 37; McGillivray Aff. Ex. G NRGY-220_00000900.
19
     Compl. ¶ 38.
20
     Compl. ¶ 39.

                                          9
         On February 9, 2015, after reviewing the February 6 proposal with its

advisors, the Conflicts Committee rejected the proposal and made a counteroffer to

NRG.21 The counteroffer included four amendments to the February 6 proposal: (1)

the addition of assets to the ROFO Agreement; (2) a special dividend or “true-up”

to compensate Class C stockholders for the potential difference in the trading price

of Class A and Class C shares; (3) dividend enhancements or protections for Class

C stockholders; and (4) rights for Class C stockholders to convert their shares into

voting shares upon the occurrence of certain events.22

         On February 17, 2015, the Conflicts Committee received a revised proposal

from NRG under which: (1) the proposed new class of stock would entitle holders

to 1/100 of one vote per share, rather than no vote at all; and (2) NRG would make

additional assets available to Yield for purchase under a new ROFO Agreement (the

“Amended ROFO Agreement”).23 On February 19, 2015, the Conflicts Committee

met with its advisors and NRG to discuss the February 17 proposal.24

         On February 24, 2015, the Conflicts Committee met again with its advisors

and NRG to discuss the February 17 proposal.25 After NRG left the room, Moelis

21
     Compl. ¶ 40.
22
     Compl. ¶ 40.
23
     Compl. ¶¶ 41-42.
24
     Compl. ¶¶ 44-45.
25
     Compl. ¶¶ 44-46

                                         10
made a presentation that stated, absent any reclassification, “NRG’s ownership could

be reduced below 50.1% as early as 2015.”26 At the conclusion of the meeting, the

Conflicts Committee approved the February 17 proposal.27 Under the final terms of

the transaction, Yield would establish two new classes of common stock (Class C

and Class D) and distribute shares of Class C and Class D stock to holders of then

outstanding Class A and Class B shares, respectively, through a stock split.28 Yield

and NRG also would enter into the Amended ROFO Agreement, making additional

assets potentially available to Yield.29

         D.    Stockholder Approval of the Reclassification
         On March 26, 2015, Yield issued a proxy statement (the “Proxy”) to solicit

stockholder approval of the Reclassification, which was conditioned on the approval

of two separate proposals: (1) a proposal to approve the adoption of amendments to

Yield’s certificate of incorporation to establish new series of Class C and Class D

26
     Compl. ¶¶ 54-55.
27
     Compl. ¶ 46.
28
     Compl. ¶ 47.
29
  Compl. ¶ 47. The Proxy describes these assets as those “NRG previously acquired from
Edison Mission Energy, up to $250 million of equity investment in residential and
distributed generation solar portfolios, and the Carlsbad and Mandalay projects . . . Based
on NRG’s analysis as provided to the Conflicts Committee, NRG stated its belief that the
enhanced ROFO arrangement would have the effect of extending the average life of NRG
ROFO Assets from 17 to 20 years.” McGillivray Aff. Ex. A at 23.

                                            11
stock; and (2) a proposal to approve the adoption of amendments to Yield’s

certificate of incorporation to effectuate the stock split.30

         The Proxy stated that the Board, upon the unanimous recommendation of the

Conflicts Committee, unanimously determined to recommend the Reclassification.

The Board’s rationale for approving the Reclassification included the Conflicts

Committee’s belief that the transaction would provide a means to continue raising

capital through future equity issuances as well as to maintain Yield’s relationship

with NRG.31 The Proxy explained that the Reclassification could prolong the period

over which NRG could exercise a controlling influence over Yield, but that the

Board believed that NRG’s controlling influence would provide significant

benefits.32

         At Yield’s annual stockholders meeting held on May 5, 2015, over 80% of the

outstanding shares of common stock (Class A and B) voted to approve both

proposals concerning the Reclassification.33         Additionally, a majority of the

outstanding shares of Class A stock unaffiliated with NRG voted in favor of both

30
     McGillivray Aff. Ex. A at 20-21.
31
     Id. at 24-28.
32
   See Id. at 26, 28 (“We believe our relationship with NRG, including NRG’s expressed
intention to maintain a controlling interest in the Company, provides significant benefits,
including management and operational expertise, and future growth opportunities.”).
33
     Compl. ¶ 68; McGillivray Aff. Ex. P at 2.

                                             12
proposals.34 The Reclassification was effected on May 14, 2015. The next day the

Class C shares began trading on the New York Stock Exchange.35

II.      PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         On September 12, 2016, plaintiff filed the Complaint on behalf of a putative

class of Class A stockholders, asserting two claims. Count I asserts that the members

of the Board breached their fiduciary duties in connection with their approval of the

Reclassification. Count II asserts that NRG breached its fiduciary duty as the

controlling stockholder of Yield by causing Yield to undertake the Reclassification.

         On November 4, 2016, defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Complaint

under Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim for relief. The

Court heard the motion on June 20, 2017. At the Court’s request, the parties

submitted supplemental briefing on September 22, 2017 to address Vice Chancellor

Slights’s decision in In re Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, Inc. Stockholder

Litig.,36 which was rendered after the oral argument.

34
     McGillivray Aff. Ex. P at 2.
35
     Compl. ¶ 68; McGillivray Aff. Ex. P.
36
     2017 WL 3568089 (Del. Ch. Aug. 18, 2017).

                                            13
III.     ANALYSIS

         The standards governing a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim for

relief are well settled:

         (i) all well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true; (ii) even
         vague allegations are “well-pleaded” if they give the opposing party
         notice of the claim; (iii) the Court must draw all reasonable inferences
         in favor of the non-moving party; and (iv) dismissal is inappropriate
         unless the “plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any
         reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof.”37

The standards are minimal, but the Court “will not credit conclusory allegations or

draw unreasonable inferences in favor of the Plaintiffs.”38

         The Court’s consideration of this motion hinges on what standard of review

governs plaintiff’s claims. Plaintiff argues that the Reclassification was a conflicted

transaction that is subject to entire fairness review. According to plaintiff, NRG

obtained a unique benefit in the Reclassification that the minority stockholders did

not enjoy because the transaction perpetuated NRG’s majority stake in Yield at a

time when that control was slipping away.

         Defendants argue that the business judgment rule should apply for two

reasons. First, defendants argue that the Reclassification was a pro rata transaction

that affected all of Yield’s stockholders equally. In other words, defendants contend

37
     Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896-97 (Del. 2002) (internal citations omitted).
38
  In re BJ’s Wholesale Club, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2013 WL 396202, at *5 (Del. Ch. Jan.
31, 2013) (citation omitted).

                                              14
that NRG did not receive a unique benefit from the Reclassification so that it was

not a conflicted transaction.

         Second, defendants posit that even if, arguendo, the Reclassification was a

conflicted transaction, the business judgment rule still applies because the

framework set forth in Kahn v. M&F Worldwide, Corp. (“MFW”) should apply to

the Reclassification, and plaintiff has failed to plead sufficient non-conclusory facts

that any of the elements of that framework was not satisfied.39

         I address each of these arguments in turn.

         A.     Plaintiff Has Pled Sufficient Facts to Warrant Review of the
                Reclassification as a Conflicted Controller Transaction
         One of the most fundamental principles of Delaware corporate law is that

directors are presumed to have acted “independently, with due care, in good faith

and in the honest belief that [their] actions were in the stockholders’ best interests.”40

Because of this presumption, controlling stockholders are not automatically subject

to entire fairness review when a controlled corporation effectuates a transaction.

Rather, the “controller also must engage in a conflicted transaction” for entire

fairness to apply.41

39
     88 A.3d at 645.
40
  Williams v. Geier, 671 A.2d 1368, 1376 (Del. 1996) (citing Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d
805, 812 (Del. 1984)).
41
  In re Crimson Expl. Inc. Stockholder Litig., 2014 WL 5449419, at *12 (Del. Ch. Oct. 24,
2014).

                                           15
          Conflicted transactions come in many forms. In In re Crimson Expl. Inc.

Stockholder Litig., the Court identified two categories of conflicted transactions

involving controlling stockholders that have triggered entire fairness review in the

context of a merger or acquisition: “transactions where the controller stands on both

sides,” such as a parent-subsidiary merger, and “transactions where the controller

competes with the common stockholders for consideration” in a sale of the

corporation to a third party.42 The Court also identified three examples within the

second category: (1) where the controller receives greater monetary consideration

for its shares than the minority stockholders;43 (2) where the controller takes a

different form of consideration than the minority stockholders;44 and (3) where the

controller gets a “unique benefit” by extracting “something uniquely valuable to the

controller, even if the controller nominally receives the same consideration as all

other stockholders.”45

42
     Id. at *12.
43
  See, e.g., In re Delphi Fin. Gp. S’holder Litig., 2012 WL 729232, at *12 n.57 (Del. Ch.
Mar. 6, 2012) (merger where a substantial premium was paid for controller-owned high-
vote stock).
44
   See, e.g., In re John Q. Hammons Hotels Inc. S’holders Litig., 2009 WL 3165613, at *7-
8, 12 (Del. Ch. Oct. 2, 2009) (controller received, among other consideration, a continuing
equity stake in the surviving entity, and the minority stockholders received cash); In re
NLR Prop. Corp. S’holders Litig., 896 A.2d 169, 178 (Del. Ch. 2005) (controller rolled
over part of transaction proceeds into equity stake in surviving corporation).
45
  Crimson, 2014 WL 5449419, at *13-14 (citing In re Primedia, Inc. S’holder Litig., 67
A.3d 455, 462-67, 472-76, 482 (Del. Ch. 2013)).

                                            16
          More recently, in In re EZCORP Inc. Consulting Agreement Derivative Litig.,

Vice Chancellor Laster comprehensively reviewed Delaware case law and identified

numerous types of transactions involving controlling stockholders outside the

context of a merger or acquisition that have triggered entire fairness review. 46 He

explained that, in all of these transactions, the controller extracted “a non-ratable

benefit” that warranted heightened scrutiny.47 Examples of “non-ratable benefit”

transactions he identified include: (1) security issuances, purchases, and

repurchases;48 (2) asset leases and acquisitions;49 (3) compensation arrangements,

consulting agreements, and service agreements;50 (4) settlements of derivative

46
     2016 WL 301245, at *11-15 (Del. Ch. Jan. 25, 2016).
47
     Id. at *12.
48
  Nixon v. Blackwell, 626 A.2d 1366 (Del. 1993); In re Loral Space & Commc’ns Inc.,
2008 WL 4293781 (Del. Ch. Sept. 19, 2008) (Strine, V.C.); Flight Options Int’l, Inc. v.
Flight Options, LLC, 2005 WL 5756537 (Del. Ch. July 11, 2005); Strassburger v. Earley,
752 A.2d 557 (Del. Ch. 2000); In re Dairy Mart Convenience Stores, Inc., 1999 WL
350473 (Del. Ch. May 24, 1999); Harbor Fin. Partners v. Sugarman, 1997 WL 162175
(Del. Ch. Apr. 3, 1997); Kahn v. Tremont Corp., 1996 WL 145452 (Del. Ch. Mar. 21,
1996) (Allen, C.), rev’d on other grounds, 694 A.2d 422 (Del. 1997).
49
 Summa Corp. v. Trans World Airline, Inc., 540 A.2d 403 (Del. 1988); Shandler v. DLJ
Merch. Banking, Inc., 2010 WL 2929654 (Del. Ch. July 26, 2010) (Strine, V.C.).
50
  Quadrant Structured Prods. Co., Ltd. v. Vertin, 102 A.3d 155 (Del. Ch. 2014); Dweck v.
Nasser, 2012 WL 161590 (Del. Ch. Jan. 18, 2012); Monroe Cty. Emps.’ Ret. Sys. v.
Carlson, 2010 WL 2376890 (Del. Ch. June 7, 2010); Carlson v. Hallinan, 925 A.2d 506
(Del. Ch. 2006); T. Rowe Price Recovery Fund, L.P. v. Rubin, 770 A.2d 536 (Del. Ch.
2000).

                                            17
actions;51 and (5) recapitalizations.52 Applying its “non-ratable benefit” rationale,

the Court held that a derivative challenge to three advisory agreements between

EZCORP and an entity affiliated with its controlling stockholder was governed by

the entire fairness standard.53

         Turning to this case, plaintiff argues that the entire fairness standard applies

because NRG received a uniquely valuable or “non-ratable” benefit in connection

with the Reclassification that was not shared with the Company’s other stockholders,

namely the ability to perpetuate its majority control over Yield.54 In this vein, the

Complaint alleges that, “[b]y the fall of 2014, it became clear to NRG that it would

lose majority control over Yield as early as 2015,” and thus NRG “hatched” the

Reclassification “to solve this problem.”55

51
     In re MAXXAM, Inc., 659 A.2d 760 (Del. Ch. 1995).
52
     Levco Alt. Fund Ltd. v. Readers’ Digest Ass’n, Inc., 803 A.2d 428 (Del. 2002) (TABLE).
53
     EZCORP, 2016 WL 30125, at *15.
54
  That control of a corporation has value is well-accepted. A controlling stockholder reaps
a number of benefits from its position, including the ability to determine the outcome of
director elections, to control the business operations of the corporation, and to seek a
premium for its control block of shares. See, e.g., In re Books-A-Million, Inc. Stockholders
Litig., 2016 WL 5874974, at *14 (Del. Ch. Oct. 10, 2016) aff’d, 164 A.3d 56 (Del. 2017)
(TABLE) (“The law has acknowledged . . . the legitimacy of the acceptance by controlling
shareholders of a control premium.”); Ronald J. Gilson & Jeffery N. Gordon, Controlling
Controlling Shareholders, 152 U. PA. L. REV. 785, 786 (2005) (“[A] controlling
shareholder may extract private benefits of control in one of three ways: by taking a
disproportionate amount of the corporation’s ongoing earnings, by freezing out the
minority, or by selling control.”).
55
     Compl. ¶ 3.

                                             18
          In an effort to avoid the presumptive application of entire fairness review,

defendants make essentially three arguments as to why NRG did not obtain a unique

benefit in connection with the Reclassification. I find none of them convincing, at

least at this stage of the case where I must accept plaintiff’s allegations as true and

draw all reasonable inferences in its favor.

          First, defendants point to Sinclair Oil Corp. v. Levien56 for the proposition that

“[a]s a general matter, entire fairness does not apply to a pro rata dividend paid to

all stockholders.”57       In Sinclair, a parent corporation caused its 97%-owned

subsidiary to pay large cash dividends on a pro rata basis to each of its stockholders.

The Court determined that, because the cash was distributed on a pro rata basis,

entire fairness did not apply “[s]ince the parent received nothing from the subsidiary

to the exclusion of the minority stockholders of the subsidiary.”58 In reaching this

conclusion, the Court cautioned that “[w]e do not accept the argument that the

intrinsic fairness test can never be applied to a dividend declaration by a dominated

board.”59 Here, unlike in Sinclair, the well-pled allegations of the Complaint show

that NRG did receive something from Yield to the exclusion of the minority

56
     280 A.2d 717, 720 (Del. 1971).
57
     Defs.’ Opening Br. 27.
58
     Sinclair, 280 A.2d at 720.
59
     Id. at 271.

                                              19
stockholders—the means to perpetuate its control position by financing future

acquisitions with the low-vote Class C stock authorized in the Reclassification.

         Second, defendants argue that “Delaware courts have applied entire fairness

to nominally pro rata transactions in only a limited circumstance—where the

controlling stockholder receives a unique benefit.”60 They point to examples such

as where the sale of the corporation to a third-party terminated derivative claims the

corporation had against the controller,61 and where a controlling stockholder’s

immediate need for liquidity resulted in the sale of the corporation for a sub-optimal

price.62 Relying on our Supreme Court’s decision in Williams v. Geier,63 defendants

argue that this line of precedent should not be extended to this case.

         In Williams, a controlled corporation was recapitalized to:

         provide for a form of “tenure voting” whereby holders of common stock
         on the record date would receive ten votes per share. Upon sale or other
         transfer . . . each share would revert to one-vote-per-share status until
         that share is held by its owner for three years. The Reclassification
         applied to every stockholder, whether a stockholder was a minority
         stockholder or part of the majority bloc.64

60
     Defs.’ Opening Br. 28.
61
     Primedia, 67 A.3d at 487.
62
  N.J. Carpenters Pension Fund v. infoGROUP, Inc., 2011 WL 4825888, at *9-11 (Del.
Ch. Oct. 6, 2011).
63
     671 A.2d 1368 (Del. 1996).
64
     Id. at 1370.

                                            20
The plaintiff argued that entire fairness should apply because the reclassification

impermissibly favored the majority bloc by entrenching its control.65 On appeal

from the Court of Chancery’s grant of partial summary judgment in defendants’

favor “[a]fter discovery was nearly complete,”66 the Delaware Supreme Court

applied business judgment review because it found plaintiff’s claims to be

“conclusory” and to “have no factual support in this record.”67 As the Court

explained:

         There was on this record: (1) no non-pro rata or disproportionate
         benefit which accrued to the Family Group on the face of the
         Reclassification, although the dynamics of how the Plan would work in
         practice had the effect of strengthening the Family Group’s control; (2)
         no evidence adduced to show that a majority of the Board was interested
         or acted for purposes of entrenching themselves in office; (3) no
         evidence offered to show that the Board was dominated or controlled
         by the Family Group; and (4) no violation of fiduciary duty by the
         Board.68

         This case and Williams both involve a nominally pro rata distribution of new

shares. But here, unlike in Williams, the case is at the pleadings stage and no

discovery has been taken. This distinction is significant because the Supreme Court

65
   Id. at 1378. The Supreme Court assumed, without deciding, that a group consisting of
members of a family and certain employee benefit plans that owned or controlled in excess
of 50% of the corporation’s voting power “represents a controlling bloc for purposes of
this decision.” Id. at 1371.
66
     Id. at 1375.
67
     Id. at 1378 (emphasis added).
68
     Id. (emphasis added).

                                           21
in Williams did not stop its analysis once it found that the tenure voting

recapitalization was pro rata. Instead, as the above quotation reflects, the Supreme

Court specifically considered the board’s motivations and other factors based on a

developed factual record, including that there was “no evidence offered to show that

the Board was dominated or controlled by the Family Group.”69 Notably, during a

settlement hearing concerning Google’s pro rata issuance of non-voting stock to

perpetuate the founders’ control of the company, then-Chancellor Strine commented

that, if Williams applied, “a big part of what the trial [would be] about” would be

whether the defendants “were well-motivated independent directors . . . who

believed [the reclassification] was the right thing for [the company’s] public

stockholders.”70 Because the parties have not developed a factual record from which

the motivations of defendants can be assessed, and because NRG’s control over the

Board is self-evident here, Williams is not dispositive and it would be premature for

me to apply its reasoning at the pleadings stage.71

69
     Id. at 1378.
70
  In re Google Inc. Class C S’holder Litig., C.A. No. 7469-CS, at 95-96 (Del. Ch. Oct. 28,
2013) (Strine, C.) (TRANSCRIPT).
71
   In a footnote, defendants argue that “[f]ollowing Williams, the Court of Chancery
repeatedly has held that an equity offering that affects all stockholders equally does not
give rise to a claim for breach of fiduciary duty.” Defs.’ Opening Br. 29 n.10 (citing
Robotti & Co., LLC v. Liddell, 2010 WL 157474, at *9-10 (Del. Ch. Jan. 14, 2010) and H-
M Wexford LLC v. Encorp, Inc., 832 A.2d 129, 135-37 (Del. Ch. 2003)). These cases are
inapposite. In Robotti, the Court dismissed plaintiff’s claims relating to a rights offering
open to all stockholders, in part, “[b]ecause the Court cannot reasonably infer from the
facts as alleged that the triggering of the anti-dilution provisions provided the Defendants
                                            22
         Third, defendants argue that NRG’s extension of control was not a unique

benefit because “[n]o reasonable stockholder could have expected control to shift to

the minority through dilution caused by voluntary issuances.”72 According to

defendants, Yield’s public filings undermine such an expectation, the “yieldco”

structure is premised on a parent-subsidiary relationship that benefits all

stockholders, and NRG had no duty to allow its controlling position to be sacrificed

through equity issuances.73 This argument fails in my view.

         Notwithstanding defendants’ contentions, plaintiff has pled non-conclusory

facts to support a reasonable inference that, whatever may have been the intentions

behind Yield’s original business model, NRG nevertheless was on the cusp of losing

its control position in Yield when it undertook the Reclassification, which admittedly

was done to perpetuate that control. Although “Delaware law does not . . . impose

on controlling stockholders a duty to engage in self-sacrifice for the benefit of

minority shareholders,”74 a refusal to require that a controller be altruistic is not

relevant to what standard of review should apply to a transaction in which the

controller “extracts something uniquely valuable to the controller, even if the

a material benefit not shared by the remaining shareholders.” 2010 WL 157474, at *6. H-
M Wexford did not involve a controlling stockholder.
72
     Defs.’ Opening Br. 32.
73
     Id. 32-34.
74
     In re Synthes, Inc. S’holder Litig., 50 A.3d 1022, 1040 (Del. Ch. 2012) (Strine, C.).

                                               23
controller nominally receives the same consideration as all other stockholders.”75

Here, that “something” was a means for NRG to ensure it would be able to retain

voting control of Yield well into the future without abandoning a key aspect of its

original business model, i.e., using Yield equity to acquire income-producing assets.

Thus, plaintiff has pled sufficient facts for purposes of this motion to warrant review

of the Reclassification as a conflicted controller transaction that presumptively

would be subject to entire fairness review.

      B.     The MFW Framework Applies to the Reclassification
      Having decided that the Reclassification should be analyzed as a conflicted

controller transaction, the next issue is whether the MFW framework should be

applied to analyze plaintiff’s challenge to the transaction. I conclude that it should

for the reasons discussed below.

      In MFW, our Supreme Court held that the business judgment rule is the

appropriate standard of review for a challenge to a squeeze-out merger by a

controlling stockholder if the transaction satisfies certain procedural protections:

      We hold that business judgment is the standard of review that should
      govern mergers between a controlling stockholder and its corporate
      subsidiary, where the merger is conditioned ab initio upon both the
      approval of an independent, adequately-empowered Special Committee

75
  GAMCO Asset Mgmt. Inc. v. iHeartMedia Inc., 2016 WL 6892802, at *16 (Del. Ch. Nov.
23, 2016) (citing Crimson, 2014 WL 5449419, at *13).

                                          24
           that fulfills its duty of care; and the uncoerced, informed vote of a
           majority of the minority stockholders.76

The Supreme Court enumerated several reasons for its holding. One is that the

“simultaneous deployment of [these] procedural protections . . . create[s] a

countervailing, offsetting influence of equal—if not greater—force” than the

undermining influence of a controller.77 Another is that the dual protections of

special committee review and the approval of a majority of the minority stockholders

are “consistent with the central tradition of Delaware law, which defers to the

informed decisions of impartial directors, especially when those decisions have been

approved by the disinterested stockholders on full information and without

coercion.”78 Although MFW itself was decided after discovery on a motion for

summary judgment, its framework has been applied at the pleadings stage as well.79

           Two years after the Supreme Court’s MFW decision, Vice Chancellor Laster

in EZCORP endorsed using the MFW framework outside of the context of a squeeze-

out merger. As discussed above, he explained that the entire fairness standard

presumptively governs “any transaction between a controller and the controlled

76
     88 A.3d at 644.
77
     Id.
78
     Id. (quoting In re MFW S’holders Litig., 67 A.3d 496, 528 (Del. Ch. 2013) (Strine, C.)).
79
  See Books-A-Million, 2016 WL 5874974, aff’d, 164 A.3d 56; Swomley v. Schlecht, C.A.
No. 9355-VCL (Del. Ch. Aug. 27, 2014) (TRANSCRIPT), aff’d, 128 A.3d 992 (Del. 2015)
(TABLE).

                                              25
corporation in which the controller receives a non-ratable benefit.”80 He further

reasoned that the MFW framework should apply to all transactions where the

controller receives a non-ratable benefit to potentially lower the standard of review:

          If a controller agrees up front, before any negotiations begin, that the
          controller will not proceed with the proposed transaction without both
          (i) the affirmative recommendation of a sufficiently authorized board
          committee composed of independent and disinterested directors and (ii)
          the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares owned by stockholders
          who are not affiliated with the controller, then the controller has
          sufficiently disabled itself such that it no longer stands on both sides of
          the transaction, thereby making the business judgment rule the
          operative standard of review. [MFW], 88 A.3d at 644. If a controller
          agrees to use only one of the protections, or does not agree to both
          protections up front, then the most that the controller can achieve is a
          shift in the burden of proof such that the plaintiff challenging the
          transaction must prove unfairness.81

The Court in EZCORP ultimately did not apply the MFW framework because the

advisory agreements at issue were not subject to a majority-of-the-minority vote.82

Nevertheless, the decision is a broad endorsement of the application of the MFW

framework to any form of conflicted controller transaction.

80
     EZCORP, 2016 WL 301245 at *11.
81
   Id. at *11; see also id. at *23 (“If a controller chooses the corporate form and issues
equity, then the controller need not serve as a compensated executive or consultant. Even
at that point, the controller[] can obtain business judgment review by following [MFW],
having a committee approve the compensation arrangement, and then submitting it to the
disinterested stockholders for approval at the next annual meeting. Only if the controller
makes choices in a way that invites entire fairness review will that framework come into
play.”).
82
     Id. at *30.

                                              26
           Earlier this year, in In re Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, Inc. Stockholder

Litig.,83 Vice Chancellor Slights also endorsed the application of the MFW

framework to a transaction other than a squeeze-out merger, which was the factual

context before the Court in MFW. Martha Stewart involved a challenge to a

controlling stockholder’s alleged receipt of disparate consideration through “side

deals” in a sale of the corporation to a third party.84 The Court ultimately held that

the business judgment rule was the appropriate standard of review because “the

Complaint does not adequately plead that Stewart, as a controlling stockholder,

engaged in a conflicted transaction.”85 In the course of its analysis, however, the

Court opined that, had it found the transaction to be conflicted, the MFW framework

would have applied because it could “see no principled basis to conclude that it

would be somehow less important” that the controller and the third-party acquirer

“be incentivized from the outset of their negotiations to take positions and to reach

side deals that will be acceptable to the other stockholders than it would be if” the

controller was negotiating to acquire the company herself:86

           In both instances, the key is to ensure that all involved in the
           transaction, on both sides, appreciate from the outset that the terms of
           the deal will be negotiated and approved by a special committee free of
           the controller’s influence and that a majority of the minority
83
     2017 WL 3568089.
84
     Id. at *2.
85
     Id.
86
     Id. at *18.

                                             27
          stockholders will have the final say on whether the deal will go forward.
          Regardless of which side of the transaction a conflicted controller
          stands, it is critical that the process is designed from the outset to
          incentivize the special committee and the controller to take positions at
          every turn of the negotiations . . . which will later score the approval of
          the majority of other stockholders. Only then is it appropriate to reward
          the controller with pleadings-stage business judgment rule deference.87

          The broad application of the MFW framework to a range of transactions

involving controllers would parallel the evolution of MFW’s doctrinal predecessor,

Kahn v. Lynch Commc’n Sys., Inc.88 In Lynch, our Supreme Court held, in the

context of a parent-subsidiary merger, that “approval of the transaction by an

independent committee of directors or an informed majority of minority

shareholders shifts the burden of proof on the issue of fairness from the controlling

or dominating shareholder to the challenging shareholder-plaintiff.”89 Two years

later, in Kahn v. Tremont Corp., Chancellor Allen applied the burden shift endorsed

in Lynch to a transaction where a controller caused a subsidiary to purchase shares

of a related entity from its parent company.90 In doing so, the Chancellor explained

87
     Id. at *17.
88
     638 A.2d 1110 (Del. 1994).
89
     Id. at 1117 (emphasis added).
90
   1996 WL 145452, rev’d on other grounds, 694 A.2d 422. In its reversal opinion, the
Supreme Court implicitly endorsed Chancellor Allen’s burden shift holding, but reversed
on factual grounds because it concluded “that the Special Committee did not operate in a
manner which entitled the defendants to shift from themselves the burden which encumbers
a controlled transaction.” 694 A.2d at 430.

                                              28
that “no plausible rationale for a distinction between mergers and other corporate

transactions” had been offered and that he “in principle [could] perceive none.”91

         I find the reasoning of EZCORP, Martha Stewart, and Tremont persuasive

and hold that the MFW framework should apply to the Reclassification, as I can see

no principled basis on which to conclude that the dual protections in the MFW

framework should apply to squeeze-out mergers but not to other forms of controller

transactions. The animating principle of the MFW framework is that, if followed

properly, the controlled company replicates an arm’s-length bargaining process in

negotiating and executing a transaction.92 In my opinion, the use of these types of

protections should be encouraged to protect the interests of minority stockholders in

transactions involving controllers, whether it be a squeeze-out merger (MFW), a

merger with a third party (Martha Stewart), or one in which the minority

stockholders retain their interests in the corporation (EZCORP).

         Plaintiff makes essentially two arguments why the MFW framework should

not apply to the Reclassification, neither of which I find persuasive. First, plaintiff

argues that the framework applies only to mergers because of “the Supreme Court’s

91
     1996 WL 145452, at *7.
92
   In re MFW, 67 A.3d at 528 (“The ‘both’ structure . . . replicates the arm’s-length merger
steps of the DGCL by ‘requir[ing] two independent approvals, which it is fair to say serve
independent integrity-enforcing functions.’”) (quoting In re Cox Commc’ns, Inc. S’holders
Litig., 879 A.2d 604, 618 (Del. Ch. 2005) (Strine, V.C.)).

                                            29
repeated emphasis that its holding applied in the context of mergers between a

controlling stockholder and its subsidiary.”93 The repeated use of the word “merger”

in the MFW opinion, however, simply reflects the factual scenario that was before

the Court. The Supreme Court’s decision never indicated that the rationale for its

holding only applied to mergers and, to repeat, I see no principled reason why that

rationale would not apply equally to other conflicted controller transactions. Put

differently, the Supreme Court’s silence as to other potential applications for the

framework does not preclude an evolution of the doctrine.

          Second, plaintiff argues that the MFW framework should not apply outside of

the “controller merger scenario” because of other “protections” that may be present

in that context but were not present in the Reclassification.94 Plaintiff names three:

(1) appraisal rights; (2) the provision of a fairness opinion; and (3) the loss of seats

held by “directors of the controlled subsidiary.”95

          The lack-of-appraisal-rights argument is a non sequitur because the

Reclassification was not a game-ending transaction. In defined circumstances,

appraisal rights are available for minority stockholders who have lost their interest

in a company as a result of a merger.96 The principle behind appraisal is “that the

93
     Pl.’s Answering Br. 22.
94
     Id. 23.
95
     Id. 23-27.
96
     8 Del C. § 262.

                                           30
stockholder is entitled to be paid for that which has been taken from him, viz., his

proportionate interest in a going concern.”97 Here, Yield’s minority stockholders did

not lose their proportionate interest in the Company and, unlike in a squeeze-out

merger, they still have the choice whether to remain owners of Yield.

          Plaintiff’s assertion that MFW should not apply because Moelis did not

provide a fairness opinion is equally unconvincing. As plaintiff concedes, fairness

opinions are not required for any form of transaction, including mergers.98 Indeed,

the six-element framework laid out in MFW does not require the provision of a

fairness opinion even for a squeeze-out merger.99

         Plaintiff’s last point—concerning the loss of director seats—is puzzling.

Plaintiff contends that, “in the merger context, some (and often all) of the directors

of the controlled subsidiary will lose their board seats,” and those “who will lose

their board seats are less susceptible . . . to future retribution by the controller.”100

97
     Tri-Continental Corp. v. Battye, 74 A.2d 71, 72 (Del. 1950).
98
  Pl.’s Answering Br. 25; see also Crescent/Mach I Partners, L.P. v. Turner, 846 A.2d
963, 984 (Del. Ch. 2000) (“[F]airness opinions prepared by independent investment
bankers are generally not essential, as a matter of law, to support an informed business
judgment.”).
99
   88 A.3d at 645. As noted below, plaintiff makes a one-sentence argument in a footnote
that the failure to obtain a fairness opinion here was a breach of the duty of care. This
argument is wholly conclusory and does not come close to supporting a reasonably
conceivable inference that the members of the Conflicts Committee were grossly negligent
in failing to obtain one. See infra. n.102.
100
      Pl.’s Answering Br. 26.

                                              31
This is not a legally-created protection and plaintiff offers no support for this

contention. Attempting to predict whether a person will lose a director seat as a

result of a transaction is purely conjectural. In any event, the issue is irrelevant here,

where the independence of the members of the Conflicts Committee who negotiated

and approved the Reclassification is unchallenged.

         Because the MFW framework applies to the Reclassification, the operative

question is whether the process implemented here satisfied that framework. I turn

to that issue next.

         C.     Application of the MFW Framework
         The MFW Court laid out six elements that are required for the business

judgment standard of review to apply to a conflicted transaction:

         (i) the controller conditions the procession of the transaction on the
         approval of both a Special Committee and a majority of the minority
         stockholders; (ii) the Special Committee is independent; (iii) the
         Special Committee is empowered to freely select its own advisors and
         to say no definitively; (iv) the Special Committee meets its duty of care
         in negotiating a fair price; (v) the vote of the minority is informed; and
         (vi) there is no coercion of the minority.101

         Plaintiff’s only serious challenge to the application of the MFW framework

concerns the fifth element.102 According to plaintiff, the vote of the minority in

101
      88 A.3d at 645.
102
   In a footnote, plaintiff devotes one sentence to assert that “the Committee’s failure to
demand a fairness opinion was, under the facts here, a breach of its duty of care in
negotiating a fair price.” Pl.’s Answering Br. 25 n.28 (internal quotation omitted). This
assertion is wholly conclusory. “For purposes of applying the [MFW] framework on a
                                            32
support of the Reclassification was not informed because there were disclosure

deficiencies in the Proxy.103

         “[D]irectors of Delaware corporations are under a fiduciary duty to disclose

fully and fairly all material information within the board’s control when it seeks

shareholder action.”104 A fact is material if “there is a substantial likelihood that a

reasonable shareholder would consider it important in deciding how to vote.”105

Stated differently, material facts are those that, if disclosed, would “significantly

alter[] the ‘total mix’ of information made available.”106

         “The application of [the materiality] standard does not require a blow-by-blow

description of the proposed transaction. That is, the directors are ‘not required to

motion to dismiss, the standard of review for measuring compliance with the duty of care
is whether the complaint has alleged facts supporting a reasonably conceivable inference
that the directors were grossly negligent.” Books-A-Million, 2016 WL 5874974, at *17,
aff’d, 164 A.3d 56. Fairness opinions are not essential to satisfy the duty of care, and
plaintiff has failed to allege any facts supporting a reasonably conceivable inference that
the members of the Conflicts Committee were grossly negligent in failing to obtain one
here. See Crescent/Mach I Partners, 846 A.2d at 984 (“[F]airness opinions prepared by
independent investment bankers are generally not essential, as a matter of law, to support
an informed business judgment.”). It also is far from clear what a fairness opinion would
look like for this type of transaction.
103
   See In re MFW, 67 A.3d at 501 (“[I]f the majority-of-the-minority vote were tainted by
a disclosure violation . . . the defendants’ motion would fail” and entire fairness review
would apply).
104
      Stroud v. Grace, 606 A.2d 75, 84 (Del. 1992).
105
  Rosenblatt v. Getty Oil Co., 493 A.2d 929, 944 (Del. 1985) (quoting TSC Indus., Inc. v.
Northway, Inc., 426 U.S. 438, 449 (1976)).
106
      Arnold v. Soc’y for Savings Bancorp, Inc., 650 A.2d 1270, 1277 (Del. 1994).

                                             33
disclose all available information,’ but only that information necessary to make the

disclosure of their recommendation materially accurate and complete.”107 That said,

“[w]hen fiduciaries undertake to describe events, they must do so in a balanced and

accurate fashion, which does not create a materially misleading impression.”108

         Plaintiff’s disclosure challenges fall into five categories: (1) potential

alternatives to the Reclassification; (2) the additional assets that were added to the

ROFO pipeline; (3) the value of the Reclassification to NRG; (4) the tenuous status

of NRG’s majority position in Yield before the Reclassification and the

characterization of the Class C shares as a “sunset provision”; and (5) potential

conflicts involving Moelis. I address each category, in turn, below.

                1.     Potential Alternatives to the Reclassification
         Plaintiff argues that the Proxy’s failure to disclose certain alternatives to the

Reclassification that NRG discussed with the Board constitutes a material

omission.109 These alternatives were presented to the Board at an October 8, 2014

meeting, more than two months before the Board delegated to the Conflicts

107
    Matador Capital Mgmt. Corp. v. BRC Hldgs, Inc., 729 A.2d 280, 295 (Del. Ch. 1998)
(internal citation omitted).
108
      Clements v. Rogers, 790 A.2d 1222, 1240 (Del. Ch. 2001) (Strine, V.C.).
109
      Pl.’s Answering Br. 27-28.

                                             34
Committee the task of evaluating and making a recommendation whether to approve

the Reclassification.110

         Plaintiff’s argument ignores the well-settled principle that “Delaware law

does not require management to discuss the panoply of possible alternatives to the

course of action it is proposing.”111 Directors are required to provide stockholders

with “an accurate, full, and fair characterization of the events leading to a board’s

decision,” but they do not have to provide a “play-by-play description of every

consideration or action taken by a Board.”112 “[R]equiring disclosure of every

material event that occurred and every decision not to pursue another option would

make proxy statements so voluminous that they would be practically useless.”113

Relatedly, “Delaware law does not require disclosure of inherently unreliable or

speculative information which would tend to confuse stockholders.”114

110
      Compl. ¶¶ 33, 37; McGillivray Aff. Ex. G NRGY-220_00000900.
111
   In re 3Com S’holders Litig., 2009 WL 5173804, at *6 (Del. Ch. Dec. 18, 2009) (citation
and quotation marks omitted).
112
      In re Cogent, Inc. S’holder Litig., 7 A.3d 487, 511-12 (Del. Ch. 2010).
113
    In re Lukens Inc. S’holders Litig., 757 A.2d 720, 736 (Del. Ch. 1999) (emphasis in
original).
114
    Arnold, 650 A.2d at 1280; see also Loudon v. Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., 700 A.2d
135, 145 (Del. 1997) (“Speculation is not an appropriate subject for a proxy disclosure.”).
Here, although the pleadings are not clear on the issue, the relevant slide in the board book
is entitled “Potential Solutions to 50% Control Threshold,” suggesting that the alternatives
discussed may not have been fully-formed or actual possibilities. Compl. ¶ 52 (emphasis
added).

                                              35
         Delaware courts repeatedly have held that management’s failure to inform

stockholders of other strategic alternatives it was considering at the time of the

transaction in question is not a breach of fiduciary duty. For instance, in 3Com, the

plaintiff alleged that “the Proxy fails to disclose any details regarding [the target

company’s] stand-alone plan and other strategic initiatives considered by the Board

as an alternative to the [cash-out] Merger.”115 In the context of deciding a motion to

expedite discovery, Chancellor Chandler found that the claim failed to satisfy the

low standard of colorability:

         This is not a disclosure violation. Delaware law does not require
         management “to discuss the panoply of possible alternatives to the
         course of action it is proposing….” This is consistent with the principle
         that too much information can be as misleading as too little. Moreover,
         under our law stockholders have a veto power over fundamental
         corporate changes (such as a merger) but entrust management with
         evaluating the alternatives and deciding which fundamental changes to
         propose.116

         In response to this authority, plaintiff relies on three cases, each of which is

factually distinguishable. In the first case, Paramount Commc’ns Inc. v. QVC

115
      2009 WL 5173804, at *2.
116
   Id. at *6 (quoting Seibert v. Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., 1984 WL 21874, at *5
(Del. Ch. Dec. 5, 1984)); see also Neustadt v. INX Inc., C.A. No. 7017-VCG, at 30-31 (Del.
Ch. Dec. 16, 2011) (TRANSCRIPT) (“The plaintiff repeatedly alleges disclosure
violations with respect to possible strategic alternatives, bid negotiations that fell through,
and other transactions or opportunities that never were. It is settled, however, that the
details of transactions that might have been are not material to the consideration of how to
vote on the proposed transaction. Such details might be relevant to a claim that the
directors were derelict in their Revlon duties or a similar allegation, but no colorable claim
on those grounds have been alleged here.”).

                                              36
Network Inc., the Delaware Supreme Court discussed what information would be

relevant to directors in fulfilling their duty of care in selling control of a

corporation.117 The Court did not address the issue of disclosure to stockholders.

          The second case, In re Saba Software, Inc. Stockholder Litigation, involved a

highly unusual situation where the Securities and Exchange Commission

deregistered shares of the corporation just before the stockholders were asked to

approve a cash-out merger at a discount to the market price for the shares before the

transaction was announced.118 The Court expressly acknowledged that the rule in

3Com, quoted above, “holds true in a typical case,” before explaining that the

“hardly typical” situation before it warranted the disclosure of “what alternatives to

the Merger existed” in connection with the stockholders’ consideration of whether

the corporation “was viable as a going-concern without the Merger.”119

          Finally, plaintiff cites Arnold v. Soc’y for Savings Bancorp, Inc. 120 There, our

Supreme Court held that the failure to disclose a bid for a particular asset was a

117
   637 A.2d 34, 48 (Del. 1994) (“Under the facts of this case, the Paramount directors had
the obligation . . . to obtain, and act with due care on, all material information reasonably
available, including information necessary to compare the two offers to determine which
of these transactions, or an alternative course of action, would provide the best value
reasonably available to the stockholders.”).
118
      2017 WL 1201108, at *6, 13 (Del. Ch. Mar. 31, 2017) as revised (Apr. 11, 2017).
119
      Id. at *13.
120
      650 A.2d 1270.

                                             37
material omission.121 This holding, however, “turn[ed] on [a] partial disclosure

issue.”122 “[D]irectors are under a fiduciary obligation to avoid misleading partial

disclosures.”123 Therefore, “once defendants travel[] down the road of partial

disclosure . . . they . . . [have] an obligation to provide the stockholders with an

accurate, full, and fair characterization of those historic events.”124 Here, plaintiff

has not alleged that there was partial or incomplete disclosure of alternatives to the

Reclassification but, rather, that “none of the alternatives to the Reclassification

were disclosed to Yield’s Class A stockholders.”125 Thus, plaintiff’s invocation of

the partial disclosure doctrine is inapt.

         In sum, Yield stockholders were asked to vote on the Reclassification. They

were not asked to weigh possible alternatives, which is the responsibility of the

Board; they were not asked to approve a sale of control, which has unique

implications under Revlon and its progeny;126 and no allegation has been made that

121
      Id. at 1280-81.
122
      Id. at 1277 (emphasis added).
123
      Zirn v. VLI Corp., 681 A.2d 1050, 1056 (Del. 1996).
124
      Arnold, 650 A.2d at 1280.
125
      Pl.’s Answering Br. 31 (emphasis added).
126
   For example, the existence of a viable higher bid is an alternative that would be material
to a stockholder’s decision to approve a sale of control of the company. See, e.g., Jewel
Cos., Inc. v. Pay Less Drug Stores Nw., Inc., 741 F.2d 1555, 1564 (9th Cir. 1984) (“Even
after the merger agreement is signed a board may not, consistent with its fiduciary
obligations to its shareholders, withhold information regarding a potentially more attractive
competing offer.”); Gerstle v. Gamble-Skogmo, Inc., 478 F.2d 1281, 1295 (2d Cir. 1973)
                                             38
they were provided partial, potentially misleading information about the alternatives.

Under the circumstances here, where the Proxy fully disclosed the Conflict

Committee’s deliberations, including its negotiation of improvements to the

Reclassification as originally proposed, the failure to disclose different potential

strategic alternatives to the Reclassification that the stockholders were not asked to

approve does not state a disclosure claim under well-established precedent.

                2.     Additions to the ROFO Pipeline
         Plaintiff argues that the Board had a duty to disclose: (1) the generation

capacity of the new assets available under the Amended ROFO Agreement; and (2)

their potential impact on cash available for distribution (“CAFD”), as estimated by

Moelis. With respect to the generation capacity, the issue is academic because the

Proxy in fact disclosed the generation capacity for each of the additional assets that

was made available under the Amended ROFO Agreement.127

         With respect to the CAFD estimates, plaintiff’s challenge is ironic given its

position that “it may not have mattered that these assets were in the pipeline” since

including them “does not dictate whether they will find their way to Yield” and, as

(“[W]hen endorsing one offer [management] must inform stockholders of any better
ones.”).
127
      McGillivray Aff. Ex. A at 27.

                                           39
“the proxy supports,” there “have, in fact been situations where assets flowed from

NRG to Yield from outside the pipeline.”128

         More importantly, the potential impact of the new ROFO assets on CAFD was

not material information because such an estimate would be speculative.129 As

plaintiff recognizes, the Amended ROFO Agreement only listed assets that NRG

may offer to Yield at some point in the future.            Because of the uncertainty

surrounding which, if any, of these assets would be offered to Yield and when those

assets may be made available, the estimated impact on CAFD would be too

conjectural to significantly alter the total mix of information available.

         Plaintiff cannot salvage its disclosure claim by arguing that the impact of the

additional assets on CAFD is material because Chlebowski asked about it in an email

to Moelis. This contention fails because whether a director analyzes a particular

piece of information for purposes of fulfilling his fiduciary obligations is a very

different matter than the standard for materiality applicable to a stockholder vote.

128
      Tr. 114 (June 20, 2017) (Dkt. 31).
129
    See Loudon, 700 A.2d at 145 (“Such a disclosure requirement would oblige the
Committee to speculate about its future plans. Speculation is not an appropriate subject
for proxy disclosure.”); Arnold, 650 A.2d at 1280 (“Delaware law does not require
disclosure of inherently unreliable or speculative information which would tend to confuse
stockholders.”).

                                           40
As this Court has stated, “not every document reviewed by the board is material” to

a stockholder vote.130

                3.     Value of the Reclassification to NRG
         Plaintiff contends that the Board had a duty to disclose “Moelis’s failure to

perform any analysis concerning the potential value transfer to NRG as a result of

the Recapitalization.”131 Although an analysis of the potential value transfer to NRG

as a result of the Reclassification (i.e., the value of perpetuating control) certainly

could be material, negative disclosure is not required under Delaware law.

         In In re JCC Holding Co., Inc., plaintiffs argued that there was a disclosure

violation because the proxy statement did not disclose that the investment banker

was not required to perform a DCF valuation in connection with a transaction.132

The Court easily disposed of this argument:

         Put bluntly, this speculative argument does not set forth a viable
         disclosure claim. . . . Under Delaware law, there is no obligation on the
         part of a board to disclose information that simply does not exist—in

130
   Wayne Cty. Emps. Ret. Sys. v. Corti, 954 A.2d 319, 332 (Del. Ch. 2008). See id. (“‘[T]he
fact that something is included in materials that are presented to a board of directors does
not, ipso facto, make that something material. Otherwise every book that’s given to the
board and every presentation made to the board would have to be part of the proxy material
that follows the board’s approval of a transaction. That certainly is not the law.’”) (quoting
In re BEA Sys., Inc. S’holder Litig., C.A. No. 3298-VCL, at 100 (Del. Ch. Mar. 26, 2008)
(TRANSCRIPT)).
131
      Pl.’s Answering Br. 33.
132
      843 A.2d 713, 720 (Del. Ch. 2003) (Strine, V.C.).

                                             41
         this case, a non-existent DCF valuation and other non-existent
         information that plaintiffs identify in the complaint.133

         Although plaintiff acknowledges “that Moelis and the committee did not, in

fact, analyze the give from Yield in this transaction,”134 plaintiff nevertheless tries to

save its disclosure claim by arguing that “the Proxy contained misleading, partial

disclosures that would have misled reasonable stockholders into believing that

Moelis analyzed the relative ‘give’ and ‘get’ of the Reclassification.”135 Specifically,

plaintiff points to the following two passages in the Proxy:

       “[T]he Conflicts Committee and its advisors . . . reviewed a presentation by
        Moelis discussing the potential financial impact of the February 17 Revised
        Proposal as well as comparing the revised proposal to reclassifications
        undertaken by other companies with dual-class capital structures.”

       “[T]he Conflicts Committee informed NRG that, after review and analysis of
        the February 17 Revised Proposal with assistance of Moelis and [Crowell &
        Moring], the Conflicts Committee determined that such proposal was
        acceptable to the Conflicts Committee and unanimously approved the
        February 17 Revised Proposal.”136

133
   Id. at 720-21; see also In re Sauer-Danfoss Inc. S’holders Litig., 65 A.3d 1116, 1132
(Del. Ch. 2011) (“If a disclosure document does not say that the board or its advisors did
something, then the reader can infer that it did not happen.”); In re Netsmart Techs., Inc.
S’holders Litig., 924 A.2d 171, 204 (Del. Ch. 2007) (Strine, V.C.) (“[T]his court has noted
that so long as what the investment banker did is fairly disclosed, there is no obligation to
disclose what the investment banker did not do.”); La. Mun. Police Emps.’ Ret. Sys. v.
Crawford, 918 A.2d 1172, 1186-87 (Del. Ch. 2007) (holding that defendants were not
required to make a “negative disclosure”).
134
      Tr. 119 (June 20, 2017) (Dkt. 31).
135
      Pl.’s Answering Br. 34.
136
      Id. 34-35 (citing McGillivray Aff. Ex. A at 24).

                                              42
       I do not see where the passages quoted above suggest that Moelis analyzed

the value NRG would receive from the Reclassification. If anything, these passages

indicate simply that the Board and its advisors discussed the impact of the

Reclassification on Yield. Accordingly, there was no partial disclosure violation

concerning a non-existent analysis by Moelis of the value that may have been

transferred to NRG.137

              4.     Disclosures Concerning NRG’s Majority Position in Yield
                     and the Class C Stock as a “Sunset Provision”
       Plaintiff asserts that the Proxy materially misled stockholders regarding the

probable timeframes by which NRG would lose its majority voting position in Yield

both before and after the Reclassification. I address each issue in turn.

                     a.     NRG’s Majority Position Before the Reclassification
       Plaintiff asserts the Proxy failed to disclose that “in the absence of the

Recapitalization, NRG’s ownership could have been reduced below 50.1% as early

as 2015 without additional Yield equity issued to NRG . . . and that to maintain

voting control (at least 50.1% ownership) in Yield, NRG would have had to take

137
    Plaintiff cites Gantler v. Stephens, 965 A.2d 695 (Del. 2009) in support of its claim that
Moelis’s failure to analyze the value transferred to NRG is material information that should
have been disclosed to stockholders. Gantler is distinguishable because the Court found
that there was an affirmative misrepresentation in the proxy statement. See id. at 710-11
(“a board cannot properly claim in a proxy statement that it had carefully deliberated and
decided that its preferred transaction better served the corporation than the alternative, if
in fact the Board rejected the alternative transaction without serious consideration.”). Here,
plaintiff has not pointed to any affirmative misrepresentation in the Proxy regarding a non-
existent analysis of the value transfer to NRG.

                                             43
back ~$118mm in Yield stock for scheduled dropdowns through 2019.”138

Plaintiff’s claim fails because this scenario is a hypothetical that is inherently

speculative and thus not required to be disclosed under Delaware law.139

       The speculative nature of the scenario is demonstrated by disclosures in the

Proxy explaining that the Company had been employing methods to manage voting

dilution: “We currently have several ways to manage voting dilution to the extent

that the Board deems it appropriate, including using cash to finance acquisitions,

repurchasing shares of Class A common stock in the market and granting cash-

138
    Pl.’s Answering Br. 36 (emphasis added) (quotation marks and alternations omitted).
Plaintiff’s suggestion that the Proxy misled anyone about the prospect that NRG could lose
its majority position in the near future also is at odds with its contention that “this should
not have come as too much of a surprise” to stockholders reading the Proxy. Tr. 75 (June
20, 2017) (Dkt. 31).
139
   See, e.g., In re Family Dollar Stores, Inc. Stockholder Litig., 2014 WL 7246436, at *21
(Del. Ch. Dec. 19, 2014) (citation and quotation marks omitted) (“Because the magnitude
of potential synergies is dependent, at least in part, on the magnitude of divestitures, and
because the required divestitures are not currently known, any statement in the Proxy about
potential synergies would amount to speculation, which is not an appropriate subject for a
proxy disclosure.”); Cty. of York Emps. Ret. Plan v. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., 2008 WL
4824053, at *13 (Del. Ch. Oct. 28, 2008) (“That the proxy does not discuss the Plaintiff’s
hypothetical scenarios regarding what impact the negotiations concerning the Chairman’s
employment and compensation might have had on the merger negotiations is of no
moment.”); Goodwin v. Live Entm’t, Inc., 1999 WL 64265, at *12 (Del. Ch. Jan. 25, 1999)
(Strine, V.C.) (holding that “[t]he disclosure of a hypothetical—and therefore inherently
tentative—concluded market value” of shares was not required because, inter alia, “[t]he
risk that an unreliable analysis could lead stockholders to reject a good deal based on the
false hope that a better deal was around the corner is one a board must consider in assessing
whether to disclose. Further disclosure therefore may have made the Proxy Statement less,
not more, reliable.” (citing Arnold, 650 A.2d at 1283; In re Vitalink, 1991 WL 238816, at
*13 (Del. Ch. Nov. 8, 1991))).

                                             44
settled equity incentives.”140 Thus, in addition to the fact that there is an inherent

level of uncertainty in predicting which transactions might close in the future and

when they might close, Yield had been employing options to manage voting dilution

that call into question how those transactions might be structured and make it

anyone’s guess whether the hypothetical plaintiff identifies would have come to

pass.

          Furthermore, the Proxy did disclose the certain, known information

concerning the status of NRG’s ownership in Yield that existed as of the record date

for the stockholder vote on the Reclassification (March 16, 2015), including that

“NRG beneficially owned 42,738,750 shares of Class B common stock, representing

55.3% of [Yield’s] total outstanding voting power,” and that absent the

Reclassification, “NRG would hold less than a majority of [Yield’s] outstanding

voting power after issuing approximately eight million additional shares of Class A

common stock.”141 Thus, the Proxy did indicate how close NRG was to losing

majority control, and stated the specific amount of additional equity issuances that

would cause NRG to lose control. A hypothetical timeline of when NRG might lose

control would not have significantly altered the “total mix” of information already

available to stockholders and thus is immaterial.

140
      McGillivray Aff. Ex. A at 25.
141
      Id. at 28.

                                         45
                       b.     Class C Stock as a “Sunset Provision”
         Plaintiff argues that the Proxy’s characterization of the Class C stock as a

“sunset provision” on NRG’s control is materially misleading.             The relevant

sentence appears in the section of the Proxy describing the background of the

transaction that compares the differences between the proposal NRG made on

February 6, 2017, with the one it made on February 17. It states as follows:

         On February 17, 2015, the Conflicts Committee received an updated
         proposal from NRG in response to the Conflicts Committee’s proposed
         amendments to NRG’s February 6 Proposal. . . . Under the February
         17 Revised Proposal, in response to the Conflict Committee’s
         suggested amendments, NRG agreed to expand the current pipeline of
         assets available for purchase by us from NRG under the Original ROFO
         Agreement . . . In addition to the enhanced ROFO arrangement, the
         February 17 Revised Proposal provided that the proposed new class of
         stock be issued to the holders of Class A shares in the recapitalization
         would entitle to holders of such shares to 1/100 of a vote per share,
         rather than no votes as contemplated in the February 6 Proposal, which
         would effectively function as a sunset provision as NRG would lose
         majority voting control when its economic interest was diluted to
         approximately 8.7%.142

         On one hand, read in isolation, the above reference to a “sunset provision”

could be understood to imply that NRG’s control might end at some reasonably

foreseeable point in time if the Reclassification is approved. The reality, however,

is that Yield would have to issue 823.4 million new shares of Class C stock, more

142
      Id. at 23-24 (emphasis added).

                                           46
than ten times the number of shares outstanding before the Reclassification, for

NRG’s economic interest to be diluted enough (by 8.7%) for it to lose control.143

         On the other hand, the Proxy does not define the term “sunset provision,” and

the disclosure appears in the context of explaining the difference between NRG’s

original proposal to issue non-voting shares—which presumably would have

ensured NRG permanent voting control—and its revised proposal to issue shares

with 1/100 of a vote per share, which indeed could lead to an eventual loss of control

for NRG, i.e., “effectively function as a sunset provision.” Although the eventual

loss of voting control would occur only after a very large amount of equity issuances,

that fact should have been intuitively obvious given that the new Class C shares

would have only 1/100 of a vote per share.

         In any event, whether the “sunset” characterization read in isolation may have

been misleading is not dispositive. When determining whether there has been a

disclosure violation, a proxy statement should be read as a whole.144 When the Proxy

is read in full, I do not believe the “sunset” characterization was materially

misleading because the Proxy makes clear that the Conflicts Committee and the

Board believed it was important to Yield’s success that NRG continue to be Yield’s

143
      Compl. ¶ 60.
144
    See In re MONY Grp. Inc. S’holder Litig., 852 A.2d 9, 31 (Del. Ch. 2004), as revised
(Apr. 14, 2004) (emphasizing that the proxy statement should be “[r]ead fully” and “read
in full”).

                                           47
controlling stockholder and that NRG would not be in danger of losing control any

time soon after the Reclassification. For example:

          “In the view of the Conflicts Committee . . . NRG’s influence—in part
           through voting control—has been an important element of our success.”145

          “We believe our relationship with NRG, including NRG’s expressed
           intention to maintain a controlling interest in the Company, provides
           significant benefits, including management and operational expertise, and
           future growth opportunities.”146

          “The Recapitalization Could Prolong the Period of Time During Which
           NRG Can Exercise a Controlling Influence on Most Corporate
           Matters.”147

          “NRG currently has, and following the Recapitalization will continue to
           have, the voting power required to decide the outcome of most matters
           submitted for a vote of our stockholders.”148

         In addition, the Proxy provided sufficient information that would allow a

stockholder to calculate when the “sun would set.” The Proxy explains “NRG will

. . . lose voting power when it sells or transfers shares of Class B common stock or

Class D common stock or when [Yield] issue[s] additional shares of Class A or Class

C common stock in an amount sufficient to reduce NRG’s voting ownership to a

minority stake.”149 The Proxy also includes the number of Class A and Class B

145
      McGillivray Aff. Ex. A at 25.
146
      Id. at 26 (emphasis added).
147
      Id. at 28 (emphasis in original).
148
      Id. at 28-29.
149
      Id. at 28.

                                          48
shares outstanding as of the record date, how the Class C and Class D shares would

be distributed in the Reclassification, and the relative voting power of each class of

shares.150      Therefore, the Proxy provides all the inputs necessary for one to

determine, after the Reclassification, how many Class C shares Yield would have to

issue for NRG to lose control, i.e., when its economic interest in Yield fell below

8.7%.151 Indeed, the disclosure of these inputs presumably was the basis for

plaintiff’s allegation that Yield would have to issue 823.4 million new Class C shares

for this to occur.152

                  5.      Moelis’s Potential Conflicts and Compensation
          Plaintiff argues that “the Proxy failed to disclose material information about

Moelis’s incentives and conflicts, including [1] any of Moelis’s past investment

banking or capital markets services provided to NRG, Yield or the Conflicts

150
      Id. at 2, 20, 21.
151
    See, e.g., In re Trulia, Inc. Stockholder Litig., 129 A.3d 884, 905 (Del. Ch. 2016)
(finding supplemental disclosures regarding individual company EBITDA and revenue
multiples not to be material, in part, because the information was publicly available);
MONY, 853 A.2d at 683 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted) (“Proxy statements
need not disclose facts known or reasonably available to the stockholders.”).
Relying on Doppelt v. Windstream Holdings, Inc., 2016 WL 612929, at *5 (Del. Ch. Feb.
5, 2016), plaintiff argues that having stockholders go through this mathematical exercise
does not cure the Proxy’s failure to disclose the number of Class C shares that Yield would
have to issue for NRG to lose control. In Doppelt, however, the stockholder had to go
outside the proxy statement and look to press releases, investor presentations, and
information statements to gather the information in question. Id. Here, all of the inputs
necessary to compute how many Class C shares would need to be issued to dilute NRG’s
economic interest below 8.7% is contained in the Proxy itself.
152
      Compl. ¶ 60.

                                             49
Committee or [2] any details about the size or nature of Moelis’s fee for advising the

Conflicts Committee in connection with the Reclassification.”153

          As to the first issue, plaintiff’s claim is wholly conclusory. In Loudon, the

Delaware Supreme Court reiterated the well-settled principle that “it is inherent in

disclosure cases that the misstated or omitted facts be identified and that the

pleadings not be merely conclusory.”154 In that case, plaintiff alleged that the “Proxy

Statement failed to disclose all of the material facts concerning the Board’s conflicts

of interest and lack of independence.”155 Reasoning that “some factual basis must

be provided from which the Court can infer materiality of an identified omitted fact,”

which “is inherently a requirement for a disclosure claim,” the Court agreed with the

trial court that “this conclusory allegation had failed to state a cognizable claim.” 156

          Here, despite seeking books and records from Yield through a Section 220

demand, plaintiff fails to plead any facts to substantiate that Moelis provided any

advisory services to NRG, Yield, or the Conflicts Committee in the past, much less

any that could be said to have created a conflict of interest with respect to the advice

it provided the Conflicts Committee concerning the Reclassification. Accordingly,

153
      Pl.’s Answering Br. 38.
154
      700 A.2d at 140.
155
      Id. at 145.
156
    Id. at 145-46. See also York Emps. Ret. Plan, 2008 WL 4824053, at *11 (finding
allegation that proxy did not “adequately disclose the inherent conflicts that [the financial
advisor] faced” was “conclusory” and “not colorable”).

                                             50
plaintiff’s disclosure claim with regard to Moelis’s potentially undisclosed past

advisory services is conclusory and fails to state a claim for relief.

       As to the second issue, the failure to disclose the size and nature of Moelis’s

fee does not constitute a disclosure violation under the specific circumstances of this

case. Best practice certainly would be to disclose the size and nature of a financial

advisor’s compensation.157 Best practice, however, does not necessarily equate to

materiality. Plaintiff points to a number of decisions where Delaware courts have

found the fees paid to financial advisors to be material to stockholders.158 In each of

those cases, however, the specific compensation in question was at least partially

157
   See Leo E. Strine, Jr, Documenting the Deal: How Quality Control and Candor Can
Improve Boardroom Decision-Making and Reduce the Litigation Target Zone, 70 BUS.
LAW. 679, 692-93 (2015) (noting that, in a challenged transaction, the plaintiffs’ bar “will
pose probing questions,” including those about the nature and size of the financial advisor’s
compensation, and “[h]ow well you are able to answer these questions can be the difference
between getting a case resolved early and having it haunt you for a long time”).
158
   See, e.g., Frank v. Elgamal, 2014 WL 957550, at *33 (Del. Ch. Mar. 10, 2014) (citations
omitted) (“The compensation and potential conflicts of a financial advisor are most likely
material information that the board should generally disclose.”); In re Atheros Commc’ns,
Inc. S’holder Litig., 2011 WL 864928, at *8 (Del. Ch. Mar. 4, 2011) (“Not disclosed in the
Proxy Statement is the amount of compensation that Qatalyst will receive. Perhaps more
importantly, also not disclosed in the Proxy Statement is a quantification of the amount of
the fee that is contingent.”); In re Del Monte Foods Co. S’holders Litig., 25 A.3d 813, 832
(Del. Ch. 2011) (citations omitted) (“Because of the central role played by investment
banks in the evaluation, exploration, selection, and implementation of strategic
alternatives, this Court has required full disclosure of investment banker compensation and
potential conflicts.”); Hammons, 2009 WL 3165613, at *17 (“[T]he compensation and
potential conflicts of interest of the special committee’s advisors are important facts that
generally must be disclosed to stockholders before a vote.”).

                                             51
contingent in nature.159 Contingent fee arrangements obviously can be problematic

because they may incentivize advisors to prioritize the closing of the transaction over

getting the best deal possible for stockholders.160

         But this concern is not present here. It is beyond dispute that Moelis’s

compensation was non-contingent.161 The Conflicts Committee hired Moelis to be

its “financial and capital markets advisor.”162 Thus, whatever amount the Conflicts

Committee decided to pay its outside adviser on a non-contingent basis falls squarely

159
   See Frank, 2014 WL 957550, at *34 (noting a $350,000 contingency fee); Atheros, 2011
WL 864928, at *8 (“The ‘portion’ of the fee that will be paid regardless of whether the
Transaction closes is roughly only two percent. Thus, the compensation that Qatalyst will
receive if the Transaction closes is nearly fifty times the fee that it would receive if there
is no closing.”); Del Monte, 25 A.3d at 835 (explaining the conflict of interest where an
investment bank served as both a sell-side advisor and a buy-side lender, since “[i]f another
bidder declined or did not need Barclays’s financing, the bank would lose half of the
approximately $44.5 to $47.5 million that Barclays stands to earn from its dual role”);
Hammons, 2009 WL 3165613, at *16 (pointing out that the firm that was alleged to have
“played a substantial role in negotiations between” the two parties to a merger also
provided the acquirer financing to complete the transaction).
160
    See Atheros, 2011 WL 864928, at *8 (citations omitted) (“Contingent fees are
undoubtedly routine; they reduce the target’s expense if a deal is not completed; perhaps,
they properly incentivize the financial advisor to focus on the appropriate outcome. Here,
however, the differential between compensation scenarios may fairly raise questions about
the financial advisor’s objectivity and self-interest. Stockholders should know that their
financial advisor, upon whom they are being asked to rely, stands to reap a large reward
only if the transaction closes and, as a practical matter, only if the financial advisor renders
a fairness opinion in favor of the transaction.”).
161
   Although plaintiff did not avail itself of the opportunity to determine if Moelis’s
compensation was paid on a non-contingent basis before filing its complaint by, for
example, requesting a copy of Moelis’s engagement letter in connection with its Section
220 demand, defendants represented (and plaintiff does not contest) that Moelis was paid
on a non-contingent basis. Tr. 69 (June 20, 2017) (Dkt. 31).
162
      McGillivray Aff. Ex. A at 23.

                                              52
within the Conflicts Committee’s business judgment. In short, the failure to disclose

the specifics of Moelis’s compensation does not constitute a material omission under

the circumstances of this case because there was no potential for a conflict of interest,

and directors do not have an obligation to disclose information about the non-

existence of misaligned incentives.163

                                             *****

       In sum, for the reasons stated above, plaintiff has failed to plead facts

sufficient to call into question satisfaction of any of the six elements set forth in the

MFW framework. Thus, the Reclassification is subject to the business judgment

rule, which plaintiff has made no effort to overcome. Accordingly, both of plaintiff’s

fiduciary duty claims fail to state a claim for relief.164

IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ motion to dismiss the Complaint with

prejudice is GRANTED.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

163
   See JCC Holding, 843 A.2d at 721 (“Under Delaware law, there is no obligation on the
part of a board to disclose information that simply does not exist.”).
164
   Even if I had concluded that the stockholder vote was not informed so that entire fairness
would apply, the claim against the three members of the Conflicts Committee would be
subject to dismissal due to the presence of a Section 102(b)(7) provision in Yield’s
certificate of incorporation (McGillivray Aff. Ex. W Art. Nine) and the absence of any
allegations against them amounting to bad faith or disloyalty. In re Cornerstone
Therapeutics Inc., S’holder Litig., 115 A.3d 1173, 1187 (Del. 2015) (Strine, C.J.).

                                             53