Court Opinion

ID: 4305661
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-08-21 14:24:51.803602+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:10.212743
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Petty, Malveaux and Senior Judge Annunziata
              Argued at Alexandria, Virginia
UNPUBLISHED

              MICHAEL CIVIS
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1560-17-4                                 JUDGE ROSEMARIE ANNUNZIATA
                                                                                 AUGUST 21, 2018
              FAUQUIER COUNTY DEPARTMENT
               OF SOCIAL SERVICES

                                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAUQUIER COUNTY
                                               Jeffrey W. Parker, Judge

                               Harold N. Ward, Jr., for appellant.

                               No brief or argument for appellee.1

                     Michael Civis (father) appeals the orders finding that his youngest child is at risk of being

              abused or neglected and approving the goal of adoption. Father argues that the circuit court erred by

              (1) admitting into evidence the Adjudication and Disposition Hearings Order from the Circuit Court

              of Frederick County, Maryland, filed December 16, 2014; (2) admitting into evidence the

              Memorandum of Decision from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part,

              Atlantic County, filed June 16, 2015; (3) admitting into evidence the Civil Action Order from the

              Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Atlantic County, filed June 15,

              2015; (4) overruling father’s objection to Dr. Edwin Carter’s answer to whether Dr. Carter had an

              opinion as to father’s ability to care for a young child because Dr. Carter’s reply was not responsive;

                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                     1
                        Anne Wren Norloff, guardian ad litem for the minor child, submitted a letter stating that
              she joined in and relied on the brief submitted by the appellee. However, the appellee did not
              file a brief.
(5) directing counsel to limit his cross-examination of Dr. Carter to issues relating to father, as

opposed to Saria Civis (mother); (6) overruling father’s objection about a lack of foundation to

Dr. Carter’s response to mother’s question about her diagnosis of dyslexia and her ability to collect

disability benefits; (7) permitting the Fauquier County Department of Social Services (the

Department) to present additional evidence after it rested its case; (8) characterizing the social

worker’s answer regarding the reason for the removal of the child, and father’s restatement of her

response, as “not being her answer;” (9) asking the Department if it were going to object to father’s

question to the social worker about the ability to schedule a quick doctor’s appointment for the

child’s jaundice; (10) overruling father’s renewed motion to strike; (11) finding that the child was at

risk of abuse or neglect; (12) approving the foster care plan with the goal of adoption; and

(13) approving the permanency plan with the goal of adoption.2 We find no error, and affirm the

decision of the circuit court.

                                           BACKGROUND

        “On appeal, ‘we view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most

favorable to the prevailing party below, in this case the Department.’” Farrell v. Warren Cty.

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 59 Va. App. 375, 386, 719 S.E.2d 329, 334 (2012) (quoting Jenkins v.

Winchester Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 12 Va. App. 1178, 1180, 409 S.E.2d 16, 18 (1991)).

        Father and mother are the biological parents of eight children, but only their youngest

child is the subject of this appeal.3 The parents have a long history of involvement with

Maryland Department of Social Services, Delaware Child Protective Services, and New Jersey

Division of Child Protection and Permanency. In 2011, Maryland Child Protective Services

        2
        Father included sixteen assignments of error in his opening brief, but withdrew three of
them, which are not discussed herein.
        3
         Mother has three other children whose father is not Michael Civis. Mother testified that
her three oldest children live with her mother.
                                                -2-
found that the children were abused or neglected. The family subsequently moved to Delaware

and then New Jersey. In February 2012, the New Jersey Division of Child Protection and

Permanency removed the parents’ five oldest children from their custody due to inadequate

shelter, food, clothing, medical care, and supervision, as well as concerns about the children’s

hygiene and the parents’ mental health. The New Jersey Division of Child Protection and

Permanency tried to provide services to the parents, but the parents refused to cooperate. On

June 15, 2015, the Superior Court of New Jersey in Atlantic County terminated mother’s and

father’s parental rights to their five oldest children.

        The parents returned to Maryland in April 2012 after New Jersey placed their five

children in foster care. In 2012 and 2013, mother gave birth to two additional children while she

and father lived in Maryland. The Maryland Department of Social Services became involved

with the family and offered services to the parents, but to no avail. In November 2014, the

Frederick County, Maryland Department of Social Services removed the two children from the

parents’ care, and in December 2014, the Circuit Court for Frederick County, Maryland found

the parents’ two children had been abused and neglected and that they were in need of assistance.

        In 2015, after Maryland had placed the two children in foster care, the parents moved to

Virginia and, in December 2015, mother gave birth to the child who is the subject of this appeal.

There were no concerns about the child’s health when he was born; however, he subsequently

developed jaundice. The Department received a child protective services referral from the

hospital based on their concerns about the parents’ mental health and because the parents

previously had had children removed from their care. A social worker met the parents and the

child at the hotel where they were staying. A few days later, the Department contacted the

Frederick County, Maryland Department of Social Services and learned of the removal of the

parents’ other seven children in Maryland and New Jersey. The prior terminations raised

                                                  -3-
concerns that the child was at risk for abuse or neglect, and the Department removed the

youngest child from the parents’ custody on December 28, 2015. When the child came into the

Department’s care, he was “very jaundiced” and required immediate hospitalization for

treatment.4

       On January 20, 2016, the Fauquier County Juvenile and Domestic Relations District

Court (the JDR court) entered an order finding the child was at risk of being abused or neglected.

On January 27, 2016, the Department filed a foster care plan with the goal of adoption because

of the previous involuntary terminations of mother’s and father’s parental rights to five of their

children in New Jersey and the foster care plans with goals of adoption for the two children in

Maryland.

       The Department referred father for a psychological evaluation. On March 23, 2016,

Dr. Edwin Carter conducted tests, interviewed father, and prepared a report that explained his

findings and conclusions. Dr. Carter described father as “experiencing multiple cognitive

difficulties and general mood dysregulation, both of which are significantly impacting his ability

to communicate with others and to function adequately.” Dr. Carter noted that father has

problems with short-term memory, working memory, verbal abstract reasoning, and executive

functioning. Father told Dr. Carter that he “had an incident causing a serious TBI [traumatic

brain injury] at some point in his life and . . . that he was comatose for a significant amount of

time.” Father also reported having been diagnosed with bipolar disorder, for which he took

medication, a diagnosis that Dr. Carter confirmed. Dr. Carter concluded that “it was obvious”

that father could not “independently parent children” and found it “hard to imagine a set of

circumstances which would allow [father], even with significant support, to raise a child.”

       4
       Mother and father previously had scheduled a doctor’s appointment for the child to be
examined for jaundice on December 29, 2015, the day after the Department removed the child.
                                           -4-
       In 2016, Maryland terminated the parents’ parental rights to their two children. On July

12, 2016, the JDR court entered a dispositional order noting the risk of abuse or neglect had been

adjudicated and approving the foster care plan with the goal of adoption. Mother and father

appealed the dispositional order to the circuit court.

       On August 9, 2017, the parties appeared before the circuit court. Over father’s objection,

the circuit court accepted into evidence copies of the Maryland and New Jersey orders regarding

the parents’ other seven children. The Department presented expert testimony from Dr. Carter

and his written reports, in which he opined that neither parent, whether individually or

collectively, was capable of providing adequate care for a child. Dr. Carter stated that,

considering father’s limitations, he could not care for himself, much less a child. The

Department also presented evidence that the child was “doing really well” in foster care and was

“on track developmentally.”

       At the hearing, father testified that he and mother were no longer homeless, that they

were renting a three-bedroom, single-family home in Maryland, and that he received social

security disability and Medicare benefits. He asserted he was capable of raising his child and

that he would do whatever was necessary to have the child returned to him. At the conclusion of

the evidence, father made a motion to strike, which the circuit court denied.

       After hearing the evidence and argument, the circuit court found the child was at risk of

abuse or neglect and approved the goal of adoption. This appeal followed.5

       5
         Mother also appealed the circuit court’s rulings. See S. Civis v. Fauquier Cty. Dep’t of
Soc. Servs., Record No. 1726-17-4.
                                               -5-
                                            ANALYSIS

                             Admissibility of out-of-state court orders

       Father argues that the circuit court erred by admitting into evidence the Maryland and

New Jersey orders because they did not meet the authentication requirements under Code

§ 8.01-389. We disagree.

       “Generally, the admissibility of evidence ‘is within the broad discretion of the trial court,

and an [evidentiary] ruling will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of an abuse of

discretion.’” Surles v. Mayer, 48 Va. App. 146, 177, 628 S.E.2d 563, 578 (2006) (quoting Blain

v. Commonwealth, 7 Va. App. 10, 16, 371 S.E.2d 838, 842 (1988)) (brackets in original).

       “The records of any judicial proceeding and any other official record of any court of

another state . . . shall be received as prima facie evidence provided that such records are

certified by the clerk of the court where preserved to be a true record.” Code § 8.01-389(A1).

               The use of the term “copy teste,” “true copy,” or “certified copy”
               or a substantially similar term on a certification affixed or annexed
               to a copy of an official record maintained by a clerk of court that
               bears the signature of the clerk or any deputy clerk, and that has
               the name of the court where such record is preserved on the
               document or on the certification, shall be prima facie proof that
               such record is certified by such clerk to be a true copy of the
               official record kept in the office of the clerk. Nothing herein shall
               be construed to require or prevent a clerk from using an official
               seal or prevent a clerk from using any other acceptable method of
               certification for a court record.

Code § 8.01-389(E).

       The Department offered into evidence as its Exhibit 1 the Maryland court order that

found two of the parties’ children were abused and neglected and that they were in need of

assistance. The Maryland court order included the Seal of the Circuit Court for Frederick

County, Maryland, and the following certification:

               I HEREBY CERTIFY that the afore going [sic] is a full, true and
               correct copy of the ADJUDICATION AND DISPOSITION
                                                -6-
               HEARINGS ORDER IN THE MATTER OF: [D.C.] and [M.C.]
               filed December 16, 2014.

               Civil Case Number: 10-I-14-21194 and 10-I-14-21195 taken and
               copied from the record in proceedings in the Circuit Court for
               Frederick County, Maryland.

               In Testimony Whereof, I hereto subscribe my name and affix the
               Seal of the Circuit Court for Frederick County at Frederick,
               Maryland, this 14th day of January 2015, A.D.

The certification was signed by Sandra K. Dalton above the title, “Clerk of the Circuit for

Frederick County, Maryland.”

       Father opposed the admission of the Maryland court order contending it lacked a “triple

seal.”6 However, when asked by the circuit court if father could provide the court with any legal

authority stating that a triple seal was required for out-of-state orders, father was unable to do so.

The circuit court reviewed Code § 8.01-389 and found that a triple seal was not required,7 and

held that the Maryland court order was properly certified under Code § 8.01-389(A1). The

circuit court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the Maryland court order under Code

§ 8.01-389(A1). The contested Maryland court order included the seal from the Circuit Court of

Frederick County, Maryland and a certification from the clerk of court, with the clerk’s

signature. Under the Virginia Supreme Court’s holding in Medici v. Commonwealth, 260 Va.
223, 230-31, 532 S.E.2d 28, 32-33 (2000), the authorization requirements were met by the

Maryland court order.8

       6
          A triple seal includes a certification by the clerk of the court and a judge, as well as the
seal of the court, to prove the authenticity of a court document. See 28 U.S.C. § 1738.
       7
          In 1996, the General Assembly removed the requirement from Code § 8.01-389(A1)
that a judge from the out-of-state court also had to certify the authenticity of the judicial record.
See Dingus v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 382, 391 n.3, 477 S.E.2d 303, 307 n.3 (1996).
       8
         In Medici, a California court order that evidenced the seal of the Orange County
Superior Court and a stamp reading, “Allen Slater, Executive Officer and Clerk of the Superior
Court of the State of California, in and for the County of Orange,” together with the signature of
                                                 -7-
       Father also challenged the admission of the Department’s Exhibit 2, the Memorandum of

Decision from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Atlantic

County, filed June 16, 2015, and decided June 15, 2015. The Memorandum of Decision

included a seal from the Superior Court of New Jersey and the signature of Jeffrey J. Waldman,

J.S.C. The Department also offered into evidence as its Exhibit 3 the Civil Action Order from

the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Atlantic County, filed June

15, 2015. The Civil Action Order was endorsed by “Hon. Jeffrey J. Waldman, J.S.C.” The

Department also provided the circuit court with a separate document that stated:

               I FLORINE C. ALEXANDER, Division Manager for the Family
               Part of the Superior Court, Chancery Division, Atlantic-Cape May
               Vicinage, DO HEREBY CERTIFY that the foregoing is a true and
               correct copy of DCPP vs. Civis, Saria & Michael as filed and
               recorded, on the 15th day of June A.D., 2015 in the Family Part of
               Superior Court, 1201 Bacharach Boulevard, Atlantic City, New
               Jersey 08401.

The document included a seal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, with the signatures of

Florine Alexander, the Division Manager of the Family Part, and Chara T. Ale, the Team Leader

of the Family Part.

       Father objected to the admission of the New Jersey documents. With respect to the Civil

Action Order and the accompanying certification, father first questioned whether the authority of

a division manager and team leader was the same as the authority of a clerk of court. The circuit

court found that the certification was sufficient to authenticate the Civil Action Order and

admitted Exhibit 3.

       Father also objected because “the certification [from the Memorandum of Decision]

appears to be from someone other – who is not identified as the clerk of the court.” After the

“Flor L. Perez,” next to the word, “Deputy” was found to comply with the requirements of Code
§ 8.01-389(A1). Medici, 260 Va. at 230-31, 532 S.E.2d at 32.
                                             -8-
circuit court determined that the initials “JSC,” which appear next to the name “Jeffrey J.

Waldman,” on the Memorandum meant “Judge superior court,” the circuit court then reviewed

Exhibits 2 and 3 together because the Memorandum of Decision appeared to be an explanation

for the court’s rulings in the Civil Action Order. Based on the circuit court’s determination that

both documents had the same docket numbers and same parties and that they were decided by

the same judge on the same day, it held there were “sufficient legitimacy and connection

between Exhibit 3 and Exhibit 2 to justify the admission into evidence of Exhibit No. 2.” Both

the Order and the Memorandum were, therefore, admitted over father’s objections.

        Based on the record, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

Exhibits 2 and 3 because the documents bore a clear relationship one to the other and the

certification provided was sufficient to meet the requirements of Code § 8.01-389(A1).

                                        Dr. Carter’s testimony

        Father argues that several evidentiary rulings made by the circuit court concerning

Dr. Carter’s expert testimony were erroneous. However, if we assume without deciding that the

circuit court’s evidentiary rulings were erroneous, the errors were harmless. “We ‘will not reverse a

trial court for evidentiary errors that were harmless to the ultimate result.’” Carter v.

Commonwealth, 293 Va. 537, 544, 800 S.E.2d 498, 502 (2017) (quoting Shifflett v.

Commonwealth, 289 Va. 10, 12, 766 S.E.2d 906, 908 (2015)). “In Virginia, non-constitutional

error is harmless ‘[w]hen it plainly appears from the record and the evidence given at the trial

that the parties have had a fair trial on the merits and substantial justice has been reached.’”

Andrews v. Creacey, 56 Va. App. 606, 625, 696 S.E.2d 218, 227 (2010) (quoting Code

§ 8.01-678).

        Further, “whether the evidence admitted in error is merely ‘cumulative’ of other, undisputed

evidence” is also relevant to the harmless error analysis. Id. (quoting Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507

                                                  -9-
U.S. 619, 639 (1993)). “Cumulative testimony is repetitive testimony that restates what has been

said already and adds nothing to it. It is testimony of the same kind and character as that already

given.” Id. (quoting Massey v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 436, 442, 337 S.E.2d 754, 758 (1985)).

        In this case, father objected to Dr. Carter’s answer as “not responsive” when the Department

asked Dr. Carter whether he thought father had the ability to provide care for a young child.

Dr. Carter responded, “I think he can’t take care of himself very well, much less . . . ,” at which

point the circuit court interrupted Dr. Carter to clarify whether Dr. Carter said “can” or “cannot.”

After Dr. Carter responded, “Cannot,” father objected, stating, “[t]he question was can he take care

of a child.” The circuit court overruled the objection, explaining, “Well if he can’t take care of

himself, maybe he can’t take care of a child.” Dr. Carter interjected that he intended to add “[m]uch

less a child” and said “[t]here was a comma in [his response].” Any error that father claims

occurred was harmless because Dr. Carter explained in his report as well as in his testimony his

concerns and doubts about father’s ability to care for a child, considering father’s severe limitations.

Id.

        Similarly, assuming the circuit court erred by limiting father’s questions to Dr. Carter to

those regarding the father, and not the mother, it is harmless. The mother had the opportunity to

cross-examine Dr. Carter, and the circuit court had ample evidence concerning mother’s abilities

and how they bore on the overall fitness of the parents to care for the child. Id.

        Finally, during mother’s cross-examination of Dr. Carter, father objected to Dr. Carter’s

testimony that most people do not get social security disability benefits based on dyslexia, claiming

lack of foundation. The circuit court overruled the objection. Any error in the court’s ruling was

harmless because mother later testified that she had received social security benefits in the past due

to her “learning disability and dyslexia with no mental issue.” Id.

                                                 - 10 -
        In short, contrary to father’s arguments, any errors resulting from the circuit court’s

evidentiary rulings were harmless because there was ample evidence in support of the court’s

ultimate holding. Jenkins, 12 Va. App. at 1185-86, 409 S.E.2d at 21 (An error may be found

harmless when “overwhelming expert and other evidence support[s] the court’s ultimate holding.”).

                                   Reopening the Department’s case

        Father argues that the circuit court erred by permitting the Department to present additional

evidence after it rested its case. After Dr. Carter testified, the circuit court announced it would take

a brief recess. However, prior to the recess, father asked whether the Department was going to call

additional witnesses. The Department said it was not and rested its case. When the trial resumed,

the Department asked the court’s permission to call the social worker as a witness in order have the

foster care plan admitted. The court overruled father’s objections, finding there would be “no

harm,” and granted the Department’s request to call another witness.

                  It is well settled that the reopening of a case and the admission of
                  additional evidence after one or both parties have rested is a matter
                  within the discretion of the trial court and its action will not be
                  reviewed unless it affirmatively appears that this discretion has
                  been abused or unless the admission of such additional evidence
                  works surprise or injustice to the other party.

Castillo v. Loudoun Cty. Dep’t of Family Servs., 68 Va. App. 547, 568, 811 S.E.2d 835, 846 (2018)

(quoting Fink v. Higgins Gas & Oil Co., 203 Va. 86, 89, 122 S.E.2d 539, 541-42 (1961)).

“[A]lthough it has been said that the court should not reopen a case except for good reasons and

on proper showing, it is not . . . justified in closing the case until all the evidence, offered in good

faith and necessary to the ends of justice, has been heard.” Id. (quoting Fink, 203 Va. at 90, 122
S.E.2d at 542).

        Permitting the Department to reopen its case and introduce the foster care plans through the

social worker constituted neither surprise nor injustice to father’s case. Father was not surprised

about the admission of the foster care plans because they previously were filed with the JDR court
                                                 - 11 -
in January 2016 and August 2016. In addition, father had an opportunity at the circuit court hearing

to cross-examine the social worker about the foster care plans. Considering the circumstances, the

circuit court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the Department to present additional evidence

after it had rested its case. The foster care plans were offered in good faith. They established the

prior proceedings that had brought the matter before the court for decision and were admitted to

ensure a just result. We find no abuse of discretion in their admission.

                                   The social worker’s testimony

       Father admits that he did not preserve the arguments in the assignments of error relating to

the social worker’s testimony, but asks this Court to consider them pursuant to the good cause and

ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18.9 Father had the opportunity to object, but failed to do so;

therefore, the good cause exception does not apply. See M. Morgan Cherry & Assocs. v. Cherry,

38 Va. App. 693, 702, 568 S.E.2d 391, 396 (2002) (en banc) (holding that Rule 5A:18 applied

because the party failed, “without good cause,” to object to the evidence).

       “The ‘ends of justice’ exception to Rule 5A:18 is ‘narrow and is to be used sparingly.’”

Pearce v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 113, 123, 669 S.E.2d 384, 390 (2008) (quoting Bazemore

v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 203, 219, 590 S.E.2d 602, 609 (2004) (en banc)). “In order to

avail oneself of the exception, a defendant must affirmatively show that a miscarriage of justice has

occurred, not that a miscarriage might have occurred.” Le v. Commonwealth, 65 Va. App. 66, 73,

774 S.E.2d 475, 479 (2015) (quoting Redman v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 215, 221, 487
S.E.2d 269, 272 (1997)).

       Father argues that the circuit court erred by characterizing the father’s restatement of the

social worker’s testimony regarding the reason for the child’s removal as “not being her answer.”

       9
         “No ruling of the trial court . . . will be considered as a basis for reversal unless an
objection was stated with reasonable certainty at the time of the ruling, except for good cause
shown or to enable the Court of Appeals to attain the ends of justice.” Rule 5A:18.
                                                  - 12 -
Specifically, when the social worker explained the “child was removed based on the --- due to being

at risk from the prior adjudications and the prior terminations,” father asked, “So the jaundice had

nothing to do with it [the removal] then?” The circuit court interrupted correcting father’s

restatement of the social worker’s answer, stating father was “misstating her response.” Father

failed to note any objections to the circuit court’s ruling and followed up with additional questions

to the social worker that confirmed the prior terminations were the primary reason for the removal.

Father’s additional questions confirmed that the child also was jaundiced.

       Father also claims the circuit court erred by asking the Department whether it was going to

object to the following question father posed in cross-examining the social worker:

               So, I guess, my question is – and I don’t know if this is calling for
               speculation, but if you had decided not to remove the child
               immediately due to the terminations, would you have been able to
               get the child in to see a doctor within two hours in the parents’
               custody for the jaundice?

Before the social worker could respond, the circuit court asked the Department whether it was going

to object to father’s question. The Department responded, “I think that’s been asked and answered

too.” The circuit court stated, “I was waiting for the objection. Sustained. It’s speculative. It’s

hypothetical. We’re not going to ask that.” Father did not object and continued with his

cross-examination.

       Based on this record, we find father has failed to affirmatively show that a miscarriage of

justice has occurred as required to apply the ends of justice exception to Rule 5A:18. In both

instances, father was given the opportunity to question the social worker about the Department’s

reasons for removing the child. After the circuit court told father that he was misstating the social

worker’s response, father clarified with the social worker that the prior terminations constituted the

primary reasons for the removal. Indeed, father himself noted that his follow-up question may be

“calling for speculation.” The court intervened at that point and asked the Department whether it

                                                 - 13 -
was going to object. Ultimately, the court found the question was speculative. Father had ample

opportunity to explore the basis for the removal, and the testimony established that the prior

removals were the primary reasons for the removal. Because we find no miscarriage of justice

occurred, pursuant to Rule 5A:18, these assignments of error will not be considered by this Court.

   Court’s finding of child being at risk of abuse or neglect and approval of the goal of adoption

       Father argues that the circuit court erred in denying his renewed motion to strike, finding

that the child was at risk of abuse or neglect and in approving the goal of adoption because the

Department failed to prove its case by a preponderance of the evidence. Father asserts that the best

interests of the child supported a foster care plan goal of return home, as opposed to adoption.

       “Where, as here, the court hears the evidence ore tenus, its finding is entitled to great

weight and will not be disturbed on appeal unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support

it.” Fauquier Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Ridgeway, 59 Va. App. 185, 190, 717 S.E.2d 811, 814

(2011) (quoting Martin v. Pittsylvania Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 3 Va. App. 15, 20, 348 S.E.2d
13, 16 (1986)). “In matters of a child’s welfare, [circuit] courts are vested with broad discretion

in making the decisions necessary to guard and to foster a child’s best interests.” Thach v.

Arlington Cty. Dep’t of Human Servs., 63 Va. App. 157, 168, 754 S.E.2d 922, 927 (2014)

(quoting Logan v. Fairfax Cty. Dep’t of Human Dev., 13 Va. App. 123, 128, 409 S.E.2d 460,

463 (1991)). “This Court presumes that the circuit court ‘thoroughly weighed all the evidence,

considered the statutory requirements, and made its determination based on the child’s best

interests.’” Id. (quoting Logan, 13 Va. App. at 128, 409 S.E.2d at 463).

       Proof by a preponderance of the evidence is the appropriate standard for abuse and neglect

cases, as well as approval of foster care plans. See Cumbo v. Dickenson Cty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs.,

62 Va. App. 124, 130, 742 S.E.2d 885, 888 (2013) (abuse and neglect); Padilla v. Norfolk Div. of

Soc. Servs., 22 Va. App. 643, 645, 472 S.E.2d 648, 649 (1996) (approval of foster care plan).

                                                - 14 -
        Code § 16.1-228(1) defines an abused or neglected child as any child:

                Whose parents or other person responsible for his care creates or
                inflicts, threatens to create or inflict, or allows to be created or
                inflicted upon such child a physical or mental injury by other than
                accidental means, or creates a substantial risk of death,
                disfigurement or impairment of bodily or mental functions . . . .

        The “statutory definitions of an abused or neglected child do not require proof of actual

harm or impairment having been experienced by the child. The term ‘substantial risk’ speaks in

futuro . . . .” Jenkins, 12 Va. App. at 1183, 409 S.E.2d at 19. A child need not “suffer an actual

injury from the behavior of his or her parent before receiving the Commonwealth’s protection.”

Jackson v. W., 14 Va. App. 391, 402, 419 S.E.2d 385, 391 (1992).

        In announcing its ruling, the circuit court initially noted the Department’s “almost . . .

conclusory finding in advance that [the] parties [were not] capable of parenting their own child

because of previous behaviors which may have been reduced or eliminated,” but concluded that

“one of the surest indicators of future behavior is past behavior.” The court underscored that father

had had his parental rights terminated to five of his children by New Jersey in 2015 and to two of

his children by Maryland in 2016. See Code § 16.1-283(E)(i).10 In consideration of those

terminations and Dr. Carter’s testimony in which he expressed serious concern about father’s ability

to parent the child, given father’s significant and fixed cognitive defects, the court entered its

finding that the children were at risk of abuse and neglect. Although father questioned the

credibility of the Department’s witnesses, the circuit court found them to be credible. “It is well

established that the trier of fact ascertains a witness’ credibility, determines the weight to be

given to their testimony, and has discretion to accept or reject any of the witness’ testimony.”

        10
          A court may terminate a parent’s parental rights “if the court finds, based upon clear
and convincing evidence, that it is in the best interests of the child and that (i) the residual
parental rights of the parent regarding a sibling of the child have previously been involuntarily
terminated . . . .” Code § 16.1-283(E).
                                                - 15 -
Layman v. Layman, 62 Va. App. 134, 137, 742 S.E.2d 890, 891 (2013) (quoting Street v. Street,

25 Va. App. 380, 387, 488 S.E.2d 665, 668 (1997) (en banc)). Based on the record, we find the

circuit court did not err in finding that the child was at risk of abuse or neglect.

        We find no error in the circuit court’s conclusion that a goal of return home was not in the

child’s best interests. Dr. Carter conducted a detailed psychological evaluation of father and

concluded it was “hard to imagine a set of circumstances which would allow [father], even with

significant support, to raise a child.” Father had eight children, and all of them had been removed

from his care. Although father expressed his willingness to “do anything” to have the child returned

to him, the evidence proved that father lacked the ability to parent a child safely. “[P]ast actions

and relationships over a meaningful period serve as good indicators of what the future may be

expected to hold.” Linkous v. Kingery, 10 Va. App. 45, 56, 390 S.E.2d 188, 194 (1990) (quoting

Frye v. Spotte, 4 Va. App. 530, 536, 359 S.E.2d 315, 319 (1987)). Considering the totality of the

circumstances, we find the circuit court did not err in approving the goal of adoption.

                                            CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s ruling is affirmed. This case is remanded to

the circuit court to remand to the JDR court for any further action as the case may require.

                                                                                Affirmed and remanded.

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