Court Opinion

ID: 9298436
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-02 06:04:21.960993+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:13:33.559710
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
               revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                         COURT OF APPEALS

MAUREEN ST. CLAIR,                                              FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                December 1, 2022
            Plaintiff-Appellant,                                9:25 a.m.

v                                                               No. 356954
                                                                Macomb Circuit Court
XPO LOGISTICS, INC., doing business as UX                       LC No. 2019-004971-NO
ASSEMBLY & INSTALLATION,

            Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-Appellee,
and

ICON HEALTH & FITNESS, INC.,

            Defendant-Appellee
and

CMC LOGISTICS, INC.,

            Defendant/Cross-Defendant-Appellee.

MAUREEN ST. CLAIR,

            Plaintiff,

v                                                               No. 356968
                                                                Macomb Circuit Court
XPO LOGISTICS, INC., doing business as UX                       LC No. 2019-004971-NO
ASSEMBLY & INSTALLATION,

            Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-Appellant,
and

ICON HEALTH & FITNESS, INC.,

            Defendant,

                                            -1-
and

CMC LOGISTICS, INC.,

               Defendant/Cross-Defendant-Appellee.

Before: SAWYER, P.J., and SHAPIRO and REDFORD, JJ.

SAWYER, P.J.

        These consolidated appeals involve a personal-injury action based on an injury plaintiff,
Maureen St. Clair, sustained when she fell off a treadmill and became trapped between the running
tread and a wall. In Docket No. 356954, plaintiff appeals by right Macomb Circuit Court Judge
James M. Maceroni’s April 1, 2021 order granting summary disposition in favor of defendant
CMC Logistics, Inc. (CMC), which was the final order closing the case. Plaintiff challenges the
earlier orders, entered on May 4, 2020, and December 18, 2020, which granted summary
disposition in favor of defendants, CMC, XPO Logistics, Inc. (XPO), and ICON Health & Fitness,
Inc. (ICON). In Docket No. 356968, XPO argues that the circuit court erred by determining it was
not a “subscribing client” of a contract between Trucking Transport Services, LLC (CRS) and
CMC, such that it was a third-party beneficiary entitled to indemnification in the event that this
Court reverses the dismissal of plaintiff’s complaint against XPO. We affirm the grants of
summary disposition in Docket No. 356954 and decline to address the issues in Docket No. 356968
as being moot in light of our disposition of Docket No. 356954.

                                                I. FACTS

        In February 2015, plaintiff and her husband, Roy St. Clair, purchased a ProForm Treadmill
manufactured and distributed by ICON from a retailer located in Clinton Township, Michigan.
The retailer contracted with XPO (formerly Urban Express, LLC (UX)) to deliver and install sports
equipment its customers purchased, including delivery and installation of the treadmill in
plaintiff’s home. XPO in turn subcontracted its delivery and installation services to CMC. Thus,
a few weeks after the purchase, CMC delivered, assembled, and installed the treadmill in plaintiff’s
home.

        On the day of the delivery and installation, plaintiff told Roy that she wanted the treadmill
positioned in the living room so that she could see the television. Consequently, Roy directed
CMC’s deliverymen to position the treadmill as plaintiff requested, which left less than a foot of
clearance between the wall and the rear of the treadmill. Plaintiff did not read the manual before
using the treadmill, but relied on Roy, who had read the manual, to inform her how to get on the
treadmill and how to start it. Plaintiff and Roy did not discuss the manual further. Roy “glanced”
at the manual’s precautions, but “figured” the deliverymen had positioned the treadmill in a safe
position.

         On March, 16, 2015, a few days after the treadmill was delivered, plaintiff was walking on
it at a very low speed when it allegedly accelerated causing plaintiff to fall. Because the rear of
the treadmill was positioned less than a foot from a wall, plaintiff became trapped between the

                                                -2-
wall and the treadmill. Because plaintiff was not wearing the treadmill’s safety clip, the treadmill’s
belt continued to run resulting in severe lacerations to plaintiff’s skin.

         Initially, plaintiff filed a personal-injury suit in federal district court on January 11, 2018,
against ICON and XPO on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. On May 18, 2018, XPO filed a notice
of nonparty at fault identifying CMC as a potentially liable party. On August 9, 2018, plaintiff
filed a motion for leave to file an amended complaint to add CMC as a party to the federal
complaint. Several days later, on August 14, 2018, the federal district court granted the motion
and, the next day, plaintiff filed an amended complaint adding CMC as a party. Four months later,
on December 6, 2019, the federal district court dismissed the suit without prejudice on the basis
that it no longer had diversity jurisdiction.

        On the same date her federal complaint was dismissed, plaintiff filed a complaint in the
circuit court alleging clams of negligence as to XPO and CMC and products liability as to ICON.
Specifically, in Count I, plaintiff sought to hold XPO vicariously liable for the acts of CMC in
negligently installing the treadmill; in Count II, plaintiff alleged negligence and gross negligence
as to ICON, predicated on design defect, failure to warn, and breach of express and implied
warranties that the treadmill was fit for its intended use; and, in Count III, plaintiff alleged CMC
was both negligent and grossly negligent in setting-up the treadmill without the proper clearances
and, that as a result, plaintiff suffered injuries.

        All defendants and CMC, as cross-defendant, eventually filed motions for summary
disposition. CMC moved for summary disposition first under MCR 2.116(C)(7) on the basis that
the three-year limitations period barred plaintiff’s suit. CMC explained that plaintiff’s injury
occurred on March 16, 2015, and, under the three-year limitations period, plaintiff had until March
16, 2018, to file suit. However, plaintiff did not file suit until December 2019 and, thus, her claim
was barred by the statute of limitations. Regarding statutory tolling under MCL 600.5856, CMC
asserted that tolling did not apply and, even if it did, it did not render plaintiff’s suit timely.

        Plaintiff responded by arguing that her complaint was timely under Michigan law. Plaintiff
explained that, under MCL 600.2957(2), her amended complaint in federal court related back to
her original complaint in that suit. This meant, according to plaintiff, that her state-court complaint
is timely and CMC is precluded from raising the statute of limitations as a defense. Plaintiff further
posited that the filing of the federal lawsuit tolled the limitations period until that lawsuit was no
longer pending, meaning that tolling applies and the limitations period did not expire.

        Ultimately, the circuit court agreed with CMC. The court rejected plaintiff’s claim that
under the relation-back provision, MCL 600.2957(2), her state-court complaint against CMC
related all the way back to the original complaint in the federal court. The circuit court reasoned
as follows:

                At the heart of Plaintiff’s argument is the assumption that the invocation of
        MCL 600.2957(2) in the federal case extends to control this case. This assumption
        is incorrect. Under MCL 600.2957(2), nonparty claims added in “an amended
        pleading” relate back to the “time of the filing of the original action.” Nothing in
        the plain language of the statute indicates that the statute applies where, just as here,
        a prior added nonparty is named as a defendant in the original complaint in a

                                                  -3-
       separate case. And Plaintiff has not provided any caselaw to support this
       interpretation. Rather, the language in subsection (2) shows that the statute only
       applies to one case at a time (i.e., the same case where the claims against the
       nonparty were added after the nonparty has been identified). Specifically, the use
       of the phrase “amended pleading” in the first sentence in subsection (2) clearly
       contemplates a prior original pleading (such as the original complaint) was filed in
       the same case in which the amended pleading is filed. Only the nonparty claims
       added in the amended pleading in the same case as the original pleading can relate
       back to “the filing of the original action” under MCL 600.2957(2).

                Put simply, MCL 600.2957(2) does not allow for the relation back of claims
       or tolling where a new lawsuit is filed. Nor does the statutory tolling provision in
       MCL 600.5[8]56 incorporate the nonparty relation back doctrine in MCL
       600.2957(2) to extend the tolling period back to the filing of the original action in
       a prior, separate case. Accordingly, consistent with the plain language of MCL
       600.2957(2) and MCL 600.5[8]56, Plaintiff’s amended complaint in the federal
       lawsuit that added claims against CMC as a nonparty did not extend the tolling
       period for the statute of limitations in this case.

Accordingly, the circuit court ruled that plaintiff’s claims against CMC were barred by the three-
year period of limitations and dismissed plaintiff’s claims against CMC with prejudice.

        XPO also moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10), arguing that plaintiff
did come forth with facts to establish that XPO was negligent. It also cited plaintiff’s failure to
use the safety clip. Moreover, it argued that CMC was an independent contractor and XPO was
not vicariously liable for CMC’s negligence. The trial court concluded that there was no genuine
issue of material fact that CMC was an independent contractor and that XPO was not liable for
any negligence by CMC.

       Finally, ICON moved for summary judgment, raising a number of arguments. The trial
court granted summary disposition in favor of ICON, finding that the defense of product misuse
was dispositive.

                                          II. DISCUSSION

                                               A. CMC

        Plaintiff argued in the proceedings below and on appeal that MCL 600.2957(2) applied
between separate cases and that MCL 600.2957(2) and MCL 600.5856 together operated to save
her suit [CMC MSD resp, pp 10-11]. This issue is preserved for appeal. See Peterman v Dep’t of
Natural Resources, 446 Mich 177, 183; 521 NW2d 499 (1994) (indicating that preservation
requirements are met if a party raises a claim, even if the lower court fails to address it). Plaintiff,
however, did not raise any argument related to equitable tolling; and, therefore, this issue is not
preserved for appellate review. See id.

        For the reasons we discuss infra, we conclude these arguments are incorrect and we affirm
this aspect of the trial court’s decision.

                                                  -4-
                                        1. Standard of Review

       This Court reviews de novo whether a motion for summary disposition based on MCR
2.116(C)(7) is properly granted. Diehl v Danuloff, 242 Mich App 120, 122; 618 NW2d 83 (2000).
With respect to a statute-of-limitations defense, this Court explained in Kincaid v Cardwell, 300
Mich App 513, 522-523; 834 NW2d 122 (2013):

       Summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) is appropriate when the undisputed
       facts establish that the plaintiff’s claim is barred under the applicable statute of
       limitations. See Wade v Dep’t of Corrections, 439 Mich 158, 162; 483 NW2d 26
       (1992). Generally, the burden is on the defendant who relies on a statute of
       limitations defense to prove facts that bring the case within the statute. Tumey v
       Detroit, 316 Mich 400, 410-411; 25 NW2d 571 (1947). In determining whether a
       plaintiff’s claim is barred because of immunity granted by law, the reviewing court
       will accept the allegations stated in the plaintiff’s complaint as true unless
       contradicted by documentary evidence. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119;
       597 NW2d 817 (1999)[, reh den 461 Mich 1205 (1999)]. Although generally not
       required to do so, see MCR 2.116(G)(3), a party moving for summary disposition
       under MCR 2.116(C)(7) may support the motion with affidavits, depositions,
       admissions, or other admissible documentary evidence, which the reviewing court
       must consider, Maiden, 461 Mich at 119, citing MCR 2.116(G)(5). The reviewing
       court must view the pleadings and supporting evidence in the light most favorable
       to the nonmoving party to determine whether the undisputed facts show that the
       moving party has immunity. Tryc v Mich Veterans’ Facility, 451 Mich 129, 134;
       545 NW2d 642 (1996). If there is no factual dispute, whether a plaintiff’s claim is
       barred under the applicable statute of limitations is a matter of law for the court to
       determine. [Quotation marks omitted.]

         Additionally, issues of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo. Stenzel v Best Buy
Co, 320 Mich App 262, 274; 906 NW2d 801 (2017), aff’d 503 Mich 199 (2019). When
interpreting statutory language, this Court’s goal is to discern the Legislature’s intent. Cook v
Dep’t of Treasury, 229 Mich App 653, 658-659; 583 NW2d 696 (1998). The best indicator of that
intent is the language used. Ferguson v City of Lincoln Park, 264 Mich App 93, 95-96; 694 NW2d
61 (2004). If the language is clear and unambiguous, then it must be applied as written. Id. “A
necessary corollary of this principle is that a court may read nothing into an unambiguous statute
that is not within the manifest intent of the Legislature as derived from the words of the statute
itself.” Iliades v Dieffenbacher North America Inc, 501 Mich 326, 336; 915 NW2d 338 (2018)
(quotation marks omitted). Additionally, courts interpreting statutory language “must give effect
to every word, phrase, and clause in a statute, and, in particular, consider the plain meaning of the
critical word or phrase as well as its placement and purpose in the statutory scheme, to avoid
rendering any part of the statute nugatory or surplusage.” Id.

        Finally, unpreserved issues raised for the first time on appeal may be deemed waived.
Smith v Foerster-Bolser Constr, Inc, 269 Mich App 424, 427; 711 NW2d 421 (2006). However,
“this Court may overlook preservation requirements if the failure to consider the issue would result
in manifest injustice, if consideration is necessary for a proper determination of the case, or if the
issue involves a question of law and the facts necessary for its resolution have been presented[.]”

                                                 -5-
Id. This Court may review such unpreserved claims for plain error affecting substantial rights.
Demski v Petlick, 309 Mich App 404, 463; 873 NW2d 596 (2015).

                                            2. Discussion

      Plaintiff first argues that the circuit court erred by granting summary disposition in favor
of CMC on the basis that the three-year statutory period of limitations barred plaintiff’s complaint.
According to plaintiff, the relation-back provision, MCL 600.2957(2), and the tolling provision,
MCL 600.5856, collectively applied to render plaintiff’s complaint timely.

                                        a. Relation-Back Provision

        The statutory period of limitations for negligence actions is three years. MCL 600.5805(2).
The incident causing plaintiff’s injury occurred on March 16, 2015. Consequently, the limitations
period expired on March 16, 2018. Plaintiff brought her federal suit within this timeframe, suing
ICON and XPO on January 11, 2018; CMC was identified as a nonparty at fault and plaintiff filed
an amended complaint adding CMC as a party on August 15, 2018. Because CMC was identified
as a nonparty at fault in federal court, MCL 600.2957(2) applied, such that the period of limitations
did not bar her suit against CMC in the federal suit. The federal suit was dismissed for lack of
diversity jurisdiction on December 6, 2019. On that same date, plaintiff filed her complaint against
CMC, XPO, and ICON in this case. Consequently, plaintiff’s state-court complaint against CMC
was outside the limitations period. The circuit court granted summary disposition in favor of CMC
on the basis that the statute of limitations barred plaintiff’s claim against CMC.

        Plainly, given that the limitations period for negligence actions expired on March 16, 2018,
plaintiff’s complaint against CMC filed on December 6, 2019, was untimely.1 Plaintiff, however,
argues that the limitations period should not bar her complaint because, under MCL 600.2957(2),
her state-court complaint as to CMC relates back to the original filing of her federal complaint on
January 11, 2018.

       Known as the relation-back provision, MCL 600.2957(2) provides:

       Upon motion of a party within 91 days after identification of a nonparty, the court
       shall grant leave to the moving party to file and serve an amended pleading alleging
       1 or more causes of action against that nonparty. A cause of action added under
       this subsection is not barred by a period of limitation unless the cause of action
       would have been barred by a period of limitation at the time of the filing of the
       original action.

       As this Court explained in Stenzel, the first sentence reflects that the

1
  Because plaintiff raises a negligence claim against XPO, it appears that plaintiff’s complaint
against XPO would also be untimely. However, the circuit court did not dismiss the claim against
XPO on this basis and, thus, this analysis is limited to CMC.

                                                 -6-
        procedure for a party to amend a pleading in order to add an identified nonparty at
        fault to a pending lawsuit entails the filing of a motion for leave to amend the
        pleading within 91 days following the identification, which motion must be granted
        by the trial court without exception. [Stenzel, 320 Mich App at 269.]

The second sentence of MCL 600.2957(2) dictates that “any amendment of a pleading to add a
cause of action against an identified nonparty at fault relates back to the date of the filing of the
original action for purposes of assessing whether the applicable period of limitations has expired.”
Id.

        No caselaw supports plaintiff’s position that the relation-back provision applies to a second
subsequent lawsuit; a fact acknowledged by plaintiff. Plaintiff argues the second sentence of MCL
600.2957(2) saves the claim against CMC because CMC was added to the federal suit after being
identified as a nonparty at fault. That sentence provides that such a claim is not barred by the
period of limitations unless it would have been barred at the time of the filing of the original action.
Plaintiff asserts that the Legislature’s use of the term “cause of action” in the statute indicates that
the Legislature did not intend to limit the relation-back doctrine to a single case, as the circuit court
held. Specifically, plaintiff relies on the language of the second sentence of MCL 600.2957(2),
providing, “A cause of action added under this subsection is not barred by a period of limitation
unless the cause of action would have been barred by a period of limitation at the time of the filing
of the original action.” Plaintiff argues that the circuit court erroneously focused on the first
sentence’s reference to an “amended pleading” as contemplating a prior original pleading in order
to conclude that the statute only applies to “one case at a time” and that the more specific language
of the second sentence controls. According to plaintiff, had the Legislature intended to limit
application of MCL 600.2957(2) to a single case, it could have done so by including limiting
language.

        We conclude plaintiff’s interpretation wrongly reads the phrase “cause of action” in
isolation, contrary to the rules of statutory construction, and equates that phrase with separate
lawsuits despite the text indicating another meaning. See Iliades, 501 Mich at 336. Moreover,
simply because the statute uses the phrase “cause of action” does not mean that the relation-back
provision applies to multiple lawsuits. Rather, when read in context and as a whole, as statutory
language must be read, it is plain that the text of the statute envisions application of the relation-
back rule only in a single lawsuit. See id. An explication of the statutory language supports this
conclusion.

        First, the introductory phrase of the first sentence, “[u]pon motion of a party within 91 days
after identification of nonparty,” necessarily contemplates a pending lawsuit because the filing of
a motion implies a lawsuit. MCL 600.2957(2). The remainder of the first sentence mandates that
a circuit court, upon a timely motion identifying the nonparty, grant the moving party leave to “file
and serve an amended pleading alleging 1 or more causes of action against the nonparty.” MCL
600.2957(2). When read as a whole, the first sentence indicates that a triggering event in a pending
lawsuit—the filing of a motion identifying a nonparty—mandates that the circuit court grant the
moving party leave to file an “amended pleading” alleging additional causes of action against the
nonparty. The phrase “cause of action” in this context, then, does not mean a separate lawsuit,
given that leave to file an “amended pleading” is granted, as opposed to mandating the initiation
of an entirely new suit. Consequently, “cause of action” as used in the statute refers to a “legal

                                                  -7-
theory” based on the operative facts from which relief may be obtained. See Black’s Law
Dictionary (10th ed) (defining “cause of action”). As such, when the first sentence is read as a
whole, the text plainly indicates that all these events—filing of a nonparty at-fault notice and the
filing of an amended pleading—occur in a single suit. Nothing in the language of the first sentence
indicates otherwise.

        Additionally, the next sentence of MCL 600.2957(2), on which plaintiff primarily relies,
refers back to the first sentence, by stating, “[a] cause of action added under this subsection . . . .”
(Emphasis added.) Thus, the “cause of action” referenced in the second sentence is one that is
added pursuant to the triggering events of the first sentence. As with the first sentence of MCL
600.2957(2), nothing in the second sentence suggests that its relation-back language applies
between multiple separate lawsuits. Instead, the measuring of the limitations period in a “cause of
action added” is taken from the filing of the “original action,” which likewise contemplates a single
suit. And like the first sentence of the statute, that the second sentence uses the term “cause of
action” is not, when read in context, a reference to separate lawsuits, but to a set of operative facts
that form the basis for holding the nonparty liable. Accordingly, plaintiff’s argument that MCL
600.2957(2) applies between separate lawsuits is not supported by the text of the statute.
Accordingly, the circuit court properly construed the relation-back provision as applying to a
single suit.

                                             b. Tolling Provision

        Plaintiff next argues that the tolling statute, MCL 600.5856, tolled the period of limitations
from the time of her initially filed federal complaint until the time that the federal court dismissed
her suit without prejudice. Plaintiff contends that, even though CMC was not a party to the federal
suit until August 15, 2018, the relation-back provision applied such that tolling should be measured
from the time of the original complaint.

        Plaintiff’s argument is unpersuasive. Plaintiff cites no authority to support her construction
of the statutes. Plaintiff also fails to explicate the statutory language or highlight any statutory text
in either the tolling provision, MCL 600.5856, or the relation-back provision, MCL 600.2957(2),
that buttresses her claim that the period of limitations was tolled as to CMC from the date the
original federal complaint was filed. Absent citation to authority and further elaboration of her
claims, this Court may deem plaintiff’s argument abandoned. See Yee v Shiawassee Co Bd of
Comm’rs, 251 Mich App 379, 406; 651 NW2d 756 (2002) (“It is not enough for an appellant in
his brief simply to announce a position or assert an error and then leave it up to this Court to
discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, or unravel and elaborate for him his arguments,
and then search for authority either to sustain or reject his position.”).

        In any case, MCL 600.5856(a) provides, in relevant part, that the period of limitations is
tolled “[a]t the time the complaint is filed, if a copy of the summons and complaint are served on
the defendant within the time set forth in the supreme court rules.” Nothing in this language
suggests that the measuring of the tolling period for a nonparty added later in litigation should be
measured from the date of the original complaint. Plaintiff’s construction would require this Court
to add language to the tolling statute that does not exist, contrary to the rules of statutory
construction. See Iliades, 501 Mich at 336. While the relation-back provision saves a cause of
action added against a nonparty if it would have been timely at the time of the original action, the

                                                  -8-
tolling provision makes no reference to starting the tolling period at the filing of the original
complaint when a cause of action against a nonparty is added. The circuit did not err by concluding
that the tolling provision did not operate to save plaintiff’s claim against CMC.2

                                           c. Equitable Tolling

       Plaintiff also argues that this Court should apply the doctrine of equitable tolling to her
claim against CMC. Plaintiff did not raise this claim before the circuit court, and, thus, it is not
properly before this Court. Smith, 269 Mich App at 427.

        Even if we were to substantively consider this argument, application of equitable tolling is
not warranted. As the Michigan Supreme Court has made clear, equitable tolling “is limited to
those circumstances when the courts themselves have created confusion[,] such as when a plaintiff
is forced to navigate through the preexisting jumble of convoluted caselaw[.]” Trentadue v
Buckler Automatic Lawn Sprinkler Co, 479 Mich 378, 406; 738 NW2d 664 (2007), reh den 480
Mich 1202 (2007) (quotation marks omitted). Plaintiff’s failure to file her claim within the
limitations period was not caused by any confusion created by the courts. Rather, plaintiff waited
two months before the limitations period expired and only then filed her suit in federal court. When
that suit was dismissed and plaintiff refiled her claim in state court, it was rendered untimely
because it was filed outside the limitations period. Equitable tolling does not apply under these
circumstances.

        In summary, although CMC was identified as a nonparty in the prior federal lawsuit and
plaintiff’s federal complaint was timely as to CMC under MCL 600.2957(2), the relation-back
provision of MCL 600.2957(2) is not applicable between separate lawsuits such that it renders
plaintiff’s state-court complaint against CMC timely. Because plaintiff in the instant lawsuit filed
her complaint against CMC outside the limitations period, plaintiff’s complaint was untimely and
the circuit court did not err by dismissing it under MCR 2.116(C)(7). The tolling provision does
not change this outcome and equitable tolling does not apply.

                                              B. XPO

        Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by finding that XPO could not be held vicariously
liable for CMC’s negligence because CMC was an independent contractor. Plaintiff argues that
the trial court failed to consider evidence such as XPO’s dispatching orders to CMC and CMC
installers wearing XPO uniforms. We are not convinced that the trial court erred.

2
  Plaintiff refers also to the Erie doctrine, see Erie R Co v Tompkins, 304 US 64; 58 S Ct 817; 82
L Ed 1188 (1938), arguing that if plaintiff’s claims were timely in federal court, they should also
be deemed timely in state court. Plaintiff ignores that the passage of time would also make her
claims untimely in a new suit in federal court. And as CMC points out, plaintiff does not cite any
on-point authority that a plaintiff is allowed to bootstrap the timeliness of one lawsuit that is
dismissed onto a second untimely lawsuit.

                                                -9-
                                         1. Preservation.

       This issue was raised in the trial court and is therefore preserved for appellate review.

                                          2. Discussion

                                       a. Vicarious liability

        Generally, “an employer of an independent contractor is not liable for the contractor’s
negligence.” Reeves v Kmart Corp, 229 Mich App 466, 472; 582 NW2d 841 (1998. “The rationale
for this rule is that an independent contractor is not subject to the control of the employer, and
therefore the employer should not be held vicariously liable for actions outside its control.”
Campbell v Kovich, 273 Mich App 227, 233-234; 731 NW2d 112 (2006) (quotation marks and
citation omitted). However, Michigan courts have recognized that “[a] party may be liable for the
negligence of an independent contractor where the party retains and exercises control over the
contractor[.]” Reeves, 229 Mich App at 472. Mainly,

       [t]he test for whether a worker is an independent contractor or an employee is
       whether the worker has control over the method of his or her work: If the employer
       of a person or business ostensibly labeled an “independent contractor” retains
       control over the method of the work, there is in fact no contractee-contractor
       relationship, and the employer may be vicariously liable under the principles of
       master and servant. [Campbell, 273 Mich App at 234 (quotation marks and
       citations omitted).]

“In an agency relationship, it is the power or ability of the principal to control the agent that
justifies the imposition of vicarious liability.” Laster v Henry Ford Health Sys, 316 Mich App
726, 735; 892 NW2d 442 (2016). Further, “not just any type of control will suffice to transform
an independent contractor into an employee or agent; rather, the control must relate to the method
of the work being done.” Id. at 736.

         We agree with the trial court that plaintiff failed to provide evidence that XPO controlled
CMC’s methods of delivery and installation. Instead, a review of the record supports that plaintiff
acted as an independent contractor over which XPO exercised no control. CMC was a one-person
operation owned by Daniel Chadwick and run out of his home. CMC did not have any employees,
rather its delivery drivers were independent contractors [Chadwick dep, p 10]. Chadwick directed
his contractors to “go by the instructions and the manual” when assembling items. In terms of
obtaining jobs, CMC contracted with multiple entities, like XPO, to deliver and install products in
customers’ homes. CMC would go online to these companies’ websites to see which deliveries
had been assigned to CMC. CMC would then create a schedule of deliveries for the day on the
basis of the dispatches it had received. CMC used Chadwick’s unmarked pickup truck and a box
trailer for the deliveries and, according to Chadwick, XPO did not have the right to tell CMC how
to do its job. Absent any major issues, the only contact between CMC and XPO before a delivery
was a bill of lading that XPO provided. Given these circumstances, no factual dispute exists that
XPO did not have the power or ability to control CMC’s method of completing its delivery and
assembly services. Consequently, the circuit court did not err by concluding that no question of
fact existed that CMC did not act as XPO’s agent for purposes of vicariously liability.

                                               -10-
         Plaintiff argues that a genuine issue of material fact exists based upon CMC’s employees
wearing XPO’s uniforms, thereby holding themselves out as XPO employees. Plaintiff analogizes
this to the decision in Thomas v Checker Cab Co, Inc, 66 Mich App 152; 238 NW2d 558 (1975).

        In Checker Cab Co, 66 Mich App at 158, this Court adopted a rule that, for purposes of
vicarious tort liability, “evidence establishing that [a] defendant company’s name and colors are
upon the taxicab creates a prima facie case that [the] defendant had custody and control of that
cab, whether the company owned it or not.” In that case, the independently owned cabs bore
identifying colors and insignia of Checker Cabs and they received dispatches via radio through a
switchboard system that Checker Cabs maintained. Id. at 155. On the basis of those facts, this
Court held that “such proof that Checker Cab Company holds itself out to the public as having
control over the operation of ‘Checker Cabs’ was sufficient to constitute prima facie showing of
an employer-employee relationship between Checker Cab Company and the cab drivers.” Id. at
156.

         Checker Cab Co is distinguishable because, in that case, there was no dispute that the cabs
bore Checker Cab Company’s name and colors. In this matter, there is no evidence on the record
that CMC’s deliverymen actually wore XPO’s uniforms on the day of the delivery and Chadwick
testified that CMC, at the time of the instant delivery, used his unmarked pickup truck and trailer.
Indeed, the portion of the transcript plaintiff cites on appeal in support of the proposition that the
deliverymen held themselves out as employees of XPO does not definitively establish that the
deliverymen were wearing XPO uniforms on the day of the delivery; rather, XPO’s director of
operations merely testified that the independent contractor deliverymen it hired wore XPO
uniforms. The director of operations did not know which specific CMC contractors made the
delivery on the day in question, and did not testify that those deliverymen wore XPO uniforms.
Chadwick, however, testified that CMC’s deliverymen wore blue uniforms with CMC logos and
Roy testified that the deliverymen were wearing blue jackets when the treadmill was delivered.
Whether CMC deliverymen wore XPO uniforms on the day in question is at best speculative on
the basis of the present record. See Skinner v Square D Co, 445 Mich 153, 164; 516 NW2d 475
(1994) (“[A] conjecture is simply an explanation consistent with known facts or conditions, but
not deducible from them as a reasonable inference.”). Such conjecture is insufficient to make-out
a prima facie showing of a principal-agent relationship. See McNeill-Marks v MidMichigan Med
Ctr-Gratiot, 316 Mich App 1, 16; 891 NW2d 528 (2016) (“Circumstantial evidence can be
sufficient to establish a genuine issue of material fact, but mere conjecture or speculation is
insufficient.”). Checker Cab Co, therefore, is distinguishable and does not direct the outcome of
this case.

        Relatedly, plaintiff argues that XPO should be held vicariously liable under a theory of
agency by estoppel. But, as XPO points out, plaintiff did not raise this theory of liability in the
circuit court. Because plaintiff is raising it for the first time on appeal, we decline to review it.
Smith, 269 Mich App at 427.

                                                -11-
                                       2. Direct Negligence.

        Plaintiff next argues that the circuit court erred by dismissing her claim of negligence
against XPO.3 Plaintiff explains that XPO breached its duty to plaintiff by installing the treadmill
in violation of the minimum safety clearances and that plaintiff’s failure to use the safety clip is
merely an issue of comparative negligence.

         “[I]n order to state a negligence claim on which relief may be granted, plaintiffs must prove
(1) that defendant owed them a duty of care, (2) that defendant breached that duty, (3) that plaintiffs
were injured, and (4) that defendant’s breach caused plaintiffs’ injuries.” Henry v Dow Chem Co,
473 Mich 63, 71-72; 701 NW2d 684 (2005). With regard to the first element, “the existence of
duty is a question of law for the court.” Simko v Blake, 448 Mich 648, 655; 532 NW2d 842 (1995).
“Actionable negligence presupposes the existence of a legal relationship between parties by which
the injured party is owed a duty by the other, and such duty must be imposed by law.” Fultz v
Union-Commerce Assoc, 470 Mich 460, 465; 683 NW2d 587 (2004) (citation omitted). “If one
voluntarily undertakes to perform an act, having no prior obligation to do so, a duty may arise to
perform the act in a nonnegligent manner.” Id.

         In this matter, the retailer contracted with XPO for services related to delivery and
assembly of its equipment. XPO in turn entered into a contract with CMC for it to undertake
XPO’s contractual delivery duties. Consequently, when Roy purchased the treadmill from the
retailer and arranged for delivery and assembly at the time of purchase, CMC was contracted with
XPO to make the delivery and install the equipment. The parties do not dispute that CMC’s
deliverymen delivered and installed the treadmill, placing it without adequate safety clearance at
Roy’s request.

        Under these circumstances, there is no factual dispute that XPO had no contractual
relationship with plaintiff, and undertook no direct act with respect to plaintiff, from which a duty
to act in a nonnegligent manner arose. See id. In short, plaintiff fails to demonstrate any legal
relationship between plaintiff and XPO by which XPO owed plaintiff a duty. While plaintiff
asserts otherwise, her argument is cursory and without reference to any factual support in the
record. See Yee, 251 Mich App at 406 (indicating that cursory, undeveloped claims of error,
without support in the record or citation to legal authority, may be deemed abandoned).
Accordingly, plaintiff failed to demonstrate that a question of fact existed whether XPO owed
plaintiff a duty under the present circumstances and, thus, plaintiff cannot sustain a direct
negligence claim against XPO.

                                              C. ICON

        Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred by dismissing the products-liability claim
against ICON because its misuse defense presented questions of fact regarding whether it knew,
or should have known, the treadmill would be used without the safety clip. Plaintiff argues that

3
  Plaintiff raises the same claim with respect to CMC. However, plaintiff’s claim against CMC
was raised outside the limitations period and was properly dismissed on the basis of the statute of
limitations as discussed in Issue I.

                                                 -12-
we should find that a question of fact exists whether plaintiff’s failure to wear the safety clip while
operating the treadmill at its lowest speed was a reasonably foreseeable misuse of the treadmill.
ICON’s own website shows the treadmill being used at high-running speeds without the clip,
reflecting that ICON knew the treadmill would be used without the clip. Plaintiff further argues
that there was sufficient evidence to support her claim based upon a failure to warn.

                                       1. Standard of Review.

        In addition to the standard of review for summary disposition motions as discussed above,
whether a manufacturer is entitled to the statutory defense of misuse is a question for the court,
see MCL 600.2947(2), the factual findings underpinning the circuit court’s misuse determination
are reviewed for clear error. See Heaton v Benton Constr Co, 286 Mich App 528, 534; 780 NW2d
618 (2009) (recognizing that a trial court’s factual findings related to a products-liability
sophisticated-user defense are reviewed for clear error).

                                            2. Discussion.

       Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that ICON is not entitled to the statutory defense of
misuse, which bars all of plaintiff’s products-liability claims.

                              a. Misuse Defense to Products Liability

         Plaintiff argues that the circuit court erred by granting summary disposition in favor of
ICON. Plaintiff contends that the circuit court erred by finding ICON’s misuse defense
dispositive, such that it declined to consider plaintiff’s products-liability claims. According to
plaintiff, the circuit court erred in its application of the statutory misuse defense, and a question of
fact exists whether plaintiff’s failure to wear the safety clip was a reasonably foreseeable misuse
of the treadmill.4

       Michigan’s 1995 tort reform efforts operated to limit manufacturer liability arising from
product misuse. Specifically, MCL 600.2947(2) provides:

        A manufacturer or seller is not liable in a product liability action for harm caused
        by misuse of a product unless the misuse was reasonably foreseeable. Whether
        there was misuse of a product and whether misuse was reasonably foreseeable are
        legal issues to be resolved by the court.

In Iliades, 501 Mich at 337, the Michigan Supreme Court construed this statute as setting forth a
two-part test. Specifically, the Court determined that “in order for a manufacturer to be liable for
the misuse of its product, a court must first decide whether there was misuse of the product, and,

4
  As noted in the Standard of Review, whether misuse occurred is a question for the court and its
factual findings should be reviewed for clear error. Thus, plaintiff’s argument applying MCR
2.116(C)(10) standards is misplaced.

                                                 -13-
if so, the court must then decide whether the particular misuse was reasonably foreseeable by the
manufacturer.” Id.

        Regarding the first part of the test, MCL 600.2945(e) defines “misuse” as “use of a product
in a materially different manner than the product’s intended use.” This provision defines “misuse”
to include: (1) “uses inconsistent with the specifications and standards applicable to the product,”
(2) “uses contrary to a warning or instruction provided by the manufacturer, seller, or another
person possessing knowledge or training regarding the use or maintenance of the product,” and (3)
“uses other than those for which the product would be considered suitable by a reasonably prudent
person in the same or similar circumstances.” MCL 600.2945(e).

       The Supreme Court described the second part of the test, the foreseeability analysis, as
follows:

       [F]oreseeability depends on whether a reasonable person “could anticipate that a
       given event might occur under certain conditions.” When dealing with the
       foreseeability of a product’s misuse in particular, the crucial inquiry is whether, at
       the time the product was manufactured, the manufacturer was aware, or should have
       been aware, of that misuse. Whether a manufacturer should have known of a
       particular misuse may depend on whether that misuse was a common practice, or
       if foreseeability was inherent in the product. [Iliades, 501 Mich at 338-339
       (footnotes omitted).]

Relevant considerations include, inter alia, whether the misuse was a common practice of which
the manufacturer was aware, or should have been aware, and whether the manufacturer had actual
knowledge of the particular misuse. Id. at 338 n 25 & 26.

        Regarding the first part of the test, plaintiff does not contest that misuse occurred and
recognizes, without analysis, that she did not use the safety clip. The circuit court, however, found
that plaintiff’s particular misuse included plaintiff’s failure to (1) read the safety manual, (2) use
the safety clip while operating the treadmill at a low speed, and (3) position the treadmill with
adequate safety clearance. Given that plaintiff does not challenge the circuit court’s findings in
this regard and that the record does not dispute those findings, we deem the misuse that occurred
to be that determined by the circuit court. This conclusion is significant because the second part
of the test requires this Court to consider whether the particular misuse that occurred was
reasonably foreseeable, i.e., whether, at the time of manufacture, ICON was aware, or should have
been aware, that a person would use the treadmill without reading the safety manual, without using
the safety clip, and while the rear of treadmill was placed within a foot of a wall. See id. at 338-
339.

        With respect to the reasonable foreseeability analysis, plaintiff only addresses whether
ICON was aware of, or should have been aware of, use of the treadmill without the clip. The
circuit court found, however, that plaintiff’s misuse of the treadmill—failure to use the clip, read
the manual, and position the treadmill with adequate clearance—was not reasonably foreseeable,
noting that absent from the record was any evidence that ICON actually knew that users used the
treadmill without a safety clip or that users would not read the manual. The fact that plaintiff’s
foreseeability argument does not consider the particular misuse found by the circuit court renders

                                                -14-
her assertions that the misuse was foreseeable inherently and fatally flawed. See id. at 340
(recognizing that, for purposes of the foreseeability analysis, the particular misuse must be
considered, otherwise, whether the misuse was reasonably foreseeable cannot be properly
assessed). Because plaintiff makes no argument that the particular misuse that occurred was not
reasonably foreseeable, plaintiff fails to challenge the circuit court’s dispositive rationale
supporting its decision and, thus, this Court need not even consider the relief requested. Redmond
v Heller, 332 Mich App 415, 449; 957 NW2d 357 (2020); Derderian v Genesys Health Care Sys,
263 Mich App 364, 381; 689 NW2d 145 (2004) (recognizing that when an appellant fails to
address a circuit court’s actual decision, this Court need not consider granting the relief requested).

                                         b. Failure to Warn.

        Plaintiff further argues that she has a viable claim based upon a failure to warn. But,
because ICON is entitled to the defense of misuse, it is not necessary to consider the merits of
plaintiff’s products-liability claims.

                                   D. XPO’S CROSS-APPEAL

       In light of our disposition of plaintiff’s appeal, the issues raised in XPO’s cross-appeal are
moot and we decline to address them.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

        For the reasons stated above, we conclude that the trial court properly granted summary
disposition in favor of defendants.

        Docket No. 356954 is affirmed; Docket No. 356968 is dismissed as moot. Defendants may
tax costs.

                                                               /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                               /s/ James Robert Redford

                                                 -15-