Court Opinion

ID: 4314396
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-09-21 14:32:42.620711+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:41.062335
License: Public Domain

[J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017]
                   IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                               EASTERN DISTRICT

    SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                :   No. 722 CAP
                                             :
                    Appellee                 :   Appeal from the Order dated 1/6/2016
                                             :   and entered on the docket on 1/12/2016
                                             :   in the Court of Common Pleas,
             v.                              :   Clearfield County, Criminal Division at
                                             :   No. CP-XX-XXXXXXX-1990.
                                             :
DANIEL CRISPELL,                             :   SUBMITTED: December 6, 2017
                                             :
                    Appellant                :

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                :   No. 723 CAP
                                             :
                    Appellant                :   Appeal from the Order dated 1/6/2016
                                             :   and entered on the docket on 1/12/2016
                                             :   in the Court of Common Pleas,
             v.                              :   Clearfield County, Criminal Division at
                                             :   No. CP-XX-XXXXXXX-1990.
                                             :
DANIEL CRISPELL,                             :   SUBMITTED: December 6, 2017
                                             :
                    Appellee                 :

                                        OPINION

JUSTICE WECHT                                          DECIDED: September 21, 2018

      In June 1990, Daniel Crispell was convicted of first-degree murder and related

offenses and sentenced to death. Thereafter, Crispell filed a petition for relief pursuant

to the Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”).1 After many years and multiple hearings,

the PCRA court denied relief on Crispell’s guilt phase claims, but granted Crispell a new

1     42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541−46.
penalty phase after determining that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate

and present mitigating evidence. Crispell and the Commonwealth have filed cross-

appeals from the PCRA court’s order.

       While his PCRA petition was pending before the PCRA court, Crispell sought

leave from the PCRA court to amend his PCRA petition to add a claim pursuant to

Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), premised upon evidence disclosed by the

Commonwealth during discovery. The PCRA court denied leave to amend, concluding

on jurisdictional grounds that it lacked discretion to entertain the amendment.           In

reaching this conclusion, the PCRA court erred as a matter of law. Accordingly, we

vacate the order of the PCRA court to the extent that it denied leave to amend to add

the new Brady claim. We remand for reconsideration of Crispell’s request for leave to

amend to add this claim. As to all other guilt phase claims, we affirm the PCRA court’s

denial of relief. With respect to the Commonwealth’s cross-appeal from the grant of a

new penalty phase, we affirm the PCRA court’s order as its findings are supported by

the record and free from legal error.

                                          I. Background

       We set forth the facts of this case in our opinion affirming the judgment of

sentence.   Commonwealth v. Crispell, 608 A.2d 18 (Pa. 1992).             As we explained

therein, on October 26, 1989, Crispell and his accomplice, Christopher Weatherill,

kidnapped Ella M. Brown in her own car from a mall parking lot in Dubois. Crispell and

Weatherill “took [Brown] to a deserted area where she was stabbed to death.” Id. at 20.

Following the murder, Crispell and Weatherill fled in Brown’s car to Tucson, Arizona,

where they were arrested after Crispell attempted to steal a woman’s purse. At the time

of the murder, Crispell was eighteen years old.

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       Following their apprehension in Arizona, Crispell and Weatherill were extradited

to Pennsylvania.    The duo was charged with murder, kidnapping, robbery, theft by

unlawful taking, and conspiracy. Crispell and Weatherill were tried separately. The

Commonwealth sought the death penalty for Crispell.

       At Crispell’s trial, the main point of contention between the prosecution and the

defense was who stabbed Brown. As the prosecutor asserted to the jury in closing

arguments, the answer to this question would determine whether Crispell was guilty of

first-degree or second-degree murder.2 See Notes of Testimony (“N.T”), 6/21/1990, at

57; Reproduced Record (“R.R.”) 552a.3          The prosecution’s evidence that Crispell

stabbed Brown was limited to the testimony of a jailhouse informant, Donald Skinner,

whose testimony contradicted Crispell’s version of events. Skinner, who shared a cell

with Crispell for little more than a week, testified that Crispell had confessed that he was

the one who stabbed Brown. Crispell, 608 A.2d at 23. Crispell testified in his defense

that Weatherill devised the plan to obtain money and a car, targeted Brown,

incapacitated Brown, drove away in Brown’s car with Crispell following in another

vehicle, and stabbed Brown to death in a secluded area.            According to Crispell’s

testimony, Crispell and Weatherill then dragged Brown’s body into the woods.

       On June 22, 1990, a jury convicted Crispell of first-degree murder and the related

offenses. The case proceeded to the penalty phase, which occurred on that same

afternoon. The defense presentation lasted a few minutes, filling only fifteen pages of

the transcript, and consisted solely of Crispell’s testimony. Crispell briefly recited his

age, expressed remorse, and denied being the killer. The defense submitted Crispell’s

2     The Commonwealth did not pursue a theory of accomplice liability against
Crispell.
3       Because both parties rely upon citations to the reproduced record to substantiate
their arguments, we will likewise cite to the reproduced record where appropriate.

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age and remorse as mitigating factors, as well as his sorrow for putting his parents

through the aftermath of the murder.        See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(e)(4), (e)(8).         The

Commonwealth incorporated the evidence presented in the guilt phase to establish the

aggravating circumstance that Crispell committed the killing while in the perpetration of

a felony. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(d)(6). At the close of the penalty phase, the jury

determined that the aggravating circumstance outweighed the mitigating circumstances.

The jury unanimously recommended a sentence of death, which the trial court

subsequently imposed. Crispell, 608 A.2d at 20.

       In 1992, this Court affirmed Crispell’s judgment of sentence.        Id. at 25.   On

January 3, 1997, Crispell filed a timely, pro se petition for post conviction relief.4 On

July 20, 1999, Crispell filed an amended, counseled PCRA petition. On November 21,

2000, the Commonwealth filed an answer and moved to dismiss the PCRA petition. On

February 20, 2002, Crispell filed a motion for discovery. The PCRA court, with Judge

John K. Reilly presiding, heard argument on the motion on April 8, 2003. Judge Reilly

granted the motion in part, denied it in part, and reserved judgment as to three

discovery requests.

       As part of the ensuing discovery, on August 5, 2004, the Commonwealth

disclosed to Crispell an eleven-page police report, a portion of which had been withheld

prior to trial. The police report was authored by Detective Deeming of the Tucson

Police Department, who had apprehended Weatherill in Tucson. Detective Deeming

prepared the eleven-page report detailing his discussions with, and observations of,

Weatherill.   Weatherill had provided a statement to Detective Deeming exculpating

4      See Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal, 833 A.2d 719, 724 (Pa. 2003) (“In cases
where the judgment of sentence was final prior to the 1995 enactment of the timeliness
requirement, a first petition is considered timely if filed within one year of the effective
date of the enactment”). January 3, 1997, was within one year of the effective date of
the timeliness requirement.

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 4
himself of Brown’s murder and blaming Crispell. Weatherill admitted that the two men

kidnapped Brown and robbed her, but insisted that Crispell was the killer. In the portion

of the report that was withheld from Crispell prior to trial, and as discussed below,

Detective Deeming noted that he did not believe Weatherill’s assertion that Crispell

stabbed Brown. Because this portion of the police report had not been disclosed prior

to trial, Crispell had been unaware of Detective Deeming’s suspicions of Weatherill and

disbelief of Weatherill’s statements.

          On October 23, 2006, the Commonwealth filed a supplemental motion to dismiss

Crispell’s PCRA petition.      One year later, on October 2, 2007, Crispell moved to

supplement his PCRA petition to add a claim pursuant to Brady,5 premised upon the

portion of Detective Deeming’s police report that the Commonwealth withheld prior to

trial.6

          On December 8, 2008, Crispell filed a recusal motion requesting Judge Reilly to

remove himself from presiding over the PCRA petition.           Judge Reilly granted the

motion, and the Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts appointed an out-of-

county judge to preside over the PCRA proceedings. On May 22, 2009, Senior Judge

Joseph Rehkamp heard argument on the Commonwealth’s motion to dismiss, but

issued no ruling.

5     Pursuant to Brady, due process requires the prosecution to disclose evidence
favorable to the defense. 373 U.S. at 87. “The evidence at issue must be favorable to
the accused either because it is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; that evidence
must have been suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and prejudice
must have ensued.” Banks v. Dretke, 540 U.S. 668, 691 (2004) (quoting Strickler v.
Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281-82 (1999)).
6       Technically, Crispell’s supplement sought to add a new subpart to the first claim
identified in the pending PCRA petition. The first claim was a general Brady claim, with
three subparts identifying specific evidence that the Commonwealth allegedly withheld
relative to three individuals: Skinner, Jennie Redline, and Michael Rebo. Crispell
sought to add an additional subpart premised upon Detective Deeming’s report.

                              [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 5
      Thereafter, the case was reassigned to Judge John B. Leete.                    The

Commonwealth moved for an independent examination of Crispell’s mental health. On

August 5, 2010, Crispell filed a motion to have his counsel present at this examination.

In an attempt to resolve the outstanding motions and to move the case forward, the

PCRA court scheduled argument on all pending motions, which the court heard on

September 8, 2010. By opinion and order dated January 24, 2011, the PCRA court

granted Crispell’s outstanding discovery requests, subject to in camera review. Turning

to the Commonwealth’s motion to dismiss, the PCRA court dismissed many of Crispell’s

claims as previously litigated, waived because they were not raised on direct appeal,

waived for failure to plead sufficient facts, or meritless. The PCRA court identified

certain claims or portions of claims that warranted further review at an evidentiary

hearing, reserved judgment on three claims pending further discovery, and denied

Crispell’s request to have counsel present during the Commonwealth’s mental health

evaluation.

      Turning to Crispell’s outstanding motion for leave to amend the PCRA petition to

add the new Brady claim, the PCRA court denied leave to amend, relying upon

jurisdictional grounds. In particular, the PCRA court was under the misapprehension

that Crispell’s new Brady claim independently was subject to the time constraints of the

PCRA,7 notwithstanding the pending, timely PCRA petition. Based upon this flawed

jurisdictional analysis, the PCRA court believed that it was constrained to deny Crispell

leave to amend.

      On July 7, 2011, Crispell moved to supplement the pending PCRA petition to

address the deficiencies identified by the PCRA court in its January 24, 2011 opinion.

On October 7, 2011, the PCRA court denied that motion in part and granted it in part.

7     See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b).

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Also on October 7, 2011, the PCRA court directed Crispell to make all final

amendments to his PCRA petition within thirty days.

       On August 24, 2012, the PCRA court issued an opinion and order clarifying

which claims would be heard on the merits at the upcoming hearing. Over several

months, from March through June 2014, the PCRA court held a seven-day hearing on

the merits of eight of Crispell’s claims. Much of the hearing concerned Crispell’s claim

of ineffective assistance of counsel during the penalty phase. Following the hearing, on

January 6, 2016, the PCRA court determined that none of Crispell’s guilt phase claims

warranted relief. Turning to the penalty phase ineffectiveness claim, the PCRA court

agreed with Crispell that trial counsel’s mitigation investigation, or lack thereof, and trial

counsel’s performance during the penalty phase constituted the ineffective assistance of

counsel and warranted the award of a new penalty phase.

       Crispell and the Commonwealth have cross-appealed.                  This Court has

jurisdiction over appeals from the grant or denial of post conviction relief in a death

penalty case.    42 Pa.C.S. § 9546(d).       Our standard of review mandates that we

examine whether the PCRA court’s rulings are supported by the record and free from

legal error. Commonwealth v. Washington, 927 A.2d 586, 593 (Pa. 2007). Our scope

of review “is limited to the findings of the PCRA court and the evidence on the record of

the PCRA court’s hearing, viewed in the light most favorable to the prevailing party.”

Commonwealth v. Jones, 912 A.2d 268, 293 (Pa. 2006). When the PCRA court’s

findings are supported by the record, we will not disturb them. Id.

       To be eligible for relief under the PCRA, Crispell must prove by a preponderance

of the evidence that his conviction or sentence resulted from one or more of the

enumerated circumstances found in Section 9543(a)(2) (establishing the bases for

relief). These circumstances include constitutional violations or instances of ineffective

                             [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 7
assistance of counsel that “so undermined the truth-determining process that no reliable

adjudication of guilt or innocence could have taken place.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2)(i)

and (ii); Commonwealth v. Blakeney, 108 A.3d 739, 749 (Pa. 2014). Crispell also must

demonstrate that the issues included in his PCRA petition have not been previously

litigated or waived. 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9543(a)(3), 9544(a)-(b) (defining circumstances that

lead to waiver and a finding that a claim is previously litigated).

       Many of Crispell’s issues involve allegations of ineffective assistance of trial

counsel. Counsel is presumed to be effective, and the burden rests upon Crispell to

prove that counsel was ineffective. To overcome the presumption that counsel was

effective, Crispell must satisfy a three-pronged test by demonstrating that: “(1) the

underlying substantive claim has arguable merit; (2) counsel whose effectiveness is

being challenged did not have a reasonable basis for his or her actions or failure to act;

and (3) the petitioner suffered prejudice as a result of counsel’s deficient performance.”

Commonwealth v. Pierce, 786 A.2d 203, 213 (Pa. 2001). “A failure to satisfy any prong

of the ineffectiveness test requires rejection of the claim.” Commonwealth v. Daniels,

104 A.3d 267, 281 (Pa. 2014).8

                                      II. Guilt Phase Claims

          A. Brady claim with respect to Detective Deeming’s police report

       Crispell raises several guilt phase issues for our review. In his first issue, Crispell

relies upon Brady to argue that the Commonwealth violated his due process rights by

8      Prior to Commonwealth v. Grant, 813 A.2d 726 (Pa. 2002), new counsel was
required to raise claims of prior counsel’s ineffectiveness at the first opportunity after
new counsel entered the case. See Commonwealth v. Hubbard, 372 A.2d 687 (Pa.
1977). In this case, Crispell was represented at trial and on direct appeal by the same
attorney. Therefore, the first opportunity to raise claims of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness
was during PCRA proceedings. Consequently, there are no layered ineffectiveness
claims presented herein.

                             [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 8
withholding portions of Detective Deeming’s police report, which he believes contained

material, exculpatory evidence about Crispell’s and Weatherill’s comparative degree of

guilt. According to Crispell, Detective Deeming, who interviewed Weatherill in Tucson

three days after the murder, stated in his report that Weatherill “shaded the story so that

he appeared innocent of the actual murder itself or of any of the real wrong doing.”

Brief of Crispell at 64-65.     Crispell asserts that Detective Deeming stated that he

“strongly suspect[ed] from the demeanor and character displayed by [Weatherill] during

the interview, and the way he was clearly shaded [sic] the evidence, that he played a

much larger role in the crimes.” Id. In this respect, Detective Deeming believed that it

was possible that the murder took place exactly as Weatherill described it, except that in

Weatherill’s recitation, he switched places with Crispell. The Commonwealth provided

only seven and one-half pages of Detective Deeming’s report to trial counsel, omitting

the portions pertaining to Detective Deeming’s doubts about Weatherill’s veracity.

Crispell asserts that the Commonwealth deliberately withheld the omitted portion of the

report.

          On October 2, 2007, Crispell attempted to amend his pending PCRA petition to

add this Brady claim. As noted, however, the PCRA court denied leave to amend on

jurisdictional grounds. According to the PCRA court, Crispell was required to raise the

new Brady claim within one year of his judgment of sentence becoming final or within

sixty days after he discovered the Brady material. See PCRA Ct. Op., 1/20/2011, at

9−10 (citing 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b) (requiring a PCRA petition to be filed within one year

of the date the judgment became final, unless a timeliness exception applies); id. §

9545(b)(1) (establishing the timeliness exceptions); id. § 9545(b)(2) (requiring any

petition invoking a timeliness exception to be “filed within 60 days of the date the claim

could have been presented”)). The PCRA court faulted Crispell for waiting over sixty

                              [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 9
days from when the Commonwealth disclosed the material to attempt to raise the new

Brady claim. Because the Commonwealth disclosed the entirety of the police report on

August 5, 2004, yet Crispell waited until October 2, 2007, to seek leave to amend to add

this claim, the PCRA court held that the claim was untimely and that the court lacked

jurisdiction to consider it.

       Although Crispell argues the merits of this claim as if it were before this Court on

appeal, it is not. The PCRA court denied leave to amend to add this claim on January

20, 2011. As leave to amend the pending PCRA petition was denied, and as the merits

of the Brady claim have never been included within Crispell’s petition, the Brady claim is

not at issue on this appeal. The only question before us with respect to that claim is

whether the PCRA court erred in denying Crispell leave to amend in order to assert it.

       Recognizing this, Crispell argues in the alternative that the PCRA court

committed an error of law in denying leave to amend on jurisdictional grounds. In

particular, Crispell asserts that, because he had a timely PCRA petition pending before

the PCRA court, leave to amend was governed by Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal

Procedure 905(A)9 rather than by the jurisdictional requirements for an untimely PCRA

petition upon which the PCRA court relied. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b).

       For its part, the Commonwealth omits any argument on the merits of the Brady

claim and, instead, argues tepidly that the PCRA court’s jurisdictional analysis was

sound. In addition, the Commonwealth relies upon the PCRA court’s order of October

7, 2011, directing Crispell to make any final amendments to the PCRA petition within

9      Rule 905(A) provides, in relevant part, that “[t]he judge may grant leave to amend
or withdraw a petition for post-conviction collateral relief at any time,” and directs that
“[a]mendment shall be freely allowed to achieve substantial justice.” Pa.R.Crim.P.
905(A).

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thirty days, as somehow rendering the October 2, 2007 motion to supplement

untimely.10

      We have little hesitation in agreeing with Crispell that the PCRA court’s

jurisdictional analysis was flawed as a matter of law. The PCRA court was faced with a

motion to amend a pending, timely PCRA petition. Such motions are governed by Rule

905(A). They are not governed by the timeliness provisions of the PCRA. The statutory

provisions upon which the PCRA court relied, i.e., Section 9545(b), pertain to the initial

filing of a timely PCRA petition and the requirements for establishing an exception to the

general one-year filing requirement, in the event that the petition is filed outside of the

one-year period. Because the PCRA court was faced with a motion to supplement a

timely petition, rather than a new petition, the time restrictions of the PCRA did not

apply. See Commonwealth v. Flanagan, 854 A.2d 489, 499 (Pa. 2004) (holding that

amended petitions are not independently subject to the PCRA’s time bar). The cases

upon which the PCRA court relied to support its jurisdictional analysis concern the filing

of untimely PCRA petitions, not leave to amend timely, pending PCRA petitions. See

Commonwealth v. Gamboa-Taylor, 753 A.2d 780 (Pa. 2000); Commonwealth v. Wilson,

824 A.2d 331 (Pa. Super. 2003); Commonwealth v. Kubis, 808 A.2d 196, 201 (Pa.

Super. 2002).

      Rule 905(A) governs the amendment of a pending PCRA petition. Pursuant to

this Rule, “PCRA courts are invested with discretion to permit the amendment of a

pending, timely-filed post-conviction petition,” which must be exercised consistently with

the command of Rule 905(A) that amendment should be freely allowed to achieve

substantial justice. Flanagan, 854 A.2d at 499-500. Adherence to this liberal standard

10    We address this assertion infra, at page 12.

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for amendment is essential because criminal defendants may have just one opportunity

to pursue collateral relief in state court. Id.

       The PCRA court in this case exercised no discretion in addressing Crispell’s

motion to amend. Rather, the court premised its ruling upon its mistaken belief that it

lacked jurisdiction to address the claim in any event. The only option available to this

Court, at this juncture, is to remand this case back to the PCRA court, so that the court

may consider Crispell’s motion for leave to amend in accord with the liberal standard of

Rule 905(A). See Commonwealth v. Baumhammers, 92 A.3d 708, 730-31 (Pa. 2014)

(providing that leave to amend must be sought and obtained before the new claim can

become part of the proceedings). Before the PCRA court, Crispell asserted that the

court should grant leave to amend because the new Brady claim was premised upon

facts that he first learned from the Commonwealth’s production of documents during

PCRA discovery.       According to Crispell, the Commonwealth was not prejudiced by

amendment, and could not claim surprise at the addition of a claim derived from its own

production of documents. Finally, Crispell asserted that permitting amendment would

achieve substantial justice.       On remand, the PCRA court is to evaluate these

uncontested assertions pursuant to the liberal amendment standard of Rule 905(A). Of

course, should the PCRA court permit amendment, it should resolve the added claim as

expeditiously as is reasonably possible.

       Additionally, we observe that the Commonwealth’s alternative timeliness

argument premised upon the PCRA court’s October 7, 2011 order is perplexing.

Crispell sought leave to amend to add this Brady claim on October 2, 2007, four years

before the deadline upon which the Commonwealth now relies. In arguing that the

claim would have been timely if filed by November 2011, the Commonwealth effectively

concedes that Crispell’s motion for leave to amend was, in fact, timely.

                             [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 12
       For the reasons stated herein, we vacate the order of the PCRA court denying

Crispell’s motion to supplement to add the new Brady claim premised upon Detective

Deeming’s police report, and we remand to that court for further proceedings consistent

with this Opinion.

B. Ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to produce evidence of Weatherill’s
                                    lacerations
       Crispell next argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to produce

evidence tending to corroborate Crispell’s testimony that Weatherill stabbed Brown. In

particular, the Tucson police officers who arrested Weatherill three days after the

murder indicated in a report that Weatherill had lacerations on his arms and chest

“resembling scratches of some sort.” R.R. 2517a. Trial counsel possessed this Tucson

report, yet made no use of it at trial. At the PCRA hearing, trial counsel testified that,

although he did not recall seeing the report, if he had it in his possession he would not

have introduced it because the Commonwealth would have been able to undermine its

probative value by pointing out other explanations for the scratches. Trial counsel noted

that, while Crispell was driving across the country, Weatherill and Crispell had been in a

car accident that caused the driver’s side window to shatter.        After the accident,

Weatherill and Crispell cleared the broken glass from the car. Trial counsel speculated

that the scratches could have been caused by shards of glass. Trial counsel also

agreed with the Commonwealth’s suggestion that Weatherill could have sustained the

scratches from sticks and branches that he may have encountered when he and

Crispell dragged Brown’s body through the woods.

       The PCRA court found that trial counsel was aware of this evidence, but

concluded, without elaboration, that counsel’s failure to use it was grounded in a

reasonable trial strategy.    The PCRA court further opined that there was strong

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evidence of Crispell’s guilt, and that he would have been convicted of first-degree

murder in any event.

       Crispell maintains that the arguable merit of this claim is apparent in the

evidentiary value this report would have had, inasmuch as the evidence could have

caused the jury to infer that Weatherill was the killer. Crispell asserts that trial counsel’s

explanations for not using the report were unreasonable, particularly because

lacerations can be probative of guilt. See Commonwealth v. Boczkowski, 846 A.2d 75,

81 (Pa. 2004) (including fresh scratches on the defendant’s arms the night his wife was

murdered in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence). As to prejudice, Crispell notes

that the only evidence that he was the killer was the testimony of Skinner, the jailhouse

informant.   According to Crispell, evidence of Weatherill’s scratches would have

corroborated Crispell’s testimony, undermined Skinner’s testimony, and created a

reasonable probability of a different trial outcome.

       We agree with Crispell that his underlying claim has arguable merit. As Crispell

observes, scratches or lacerations can be probative of guilt. Boczowski, 846 A.2d at 81;

Commonwealth v. Elliot, 700 A.2d 1243, 1247 (Pa. 1997) (including observations of

scratch marks on the defendant in the court’s sufficiency review), overruled on other

grounds, Commonwealth v. Freeman, 827 A.2d 385, 400 (Pa. 2003). In this case,

Weatherill’s scratches were relevant as possible defensive wounds inflicted by the

victim. See Pa.R.E. 402. This evidence would have corroborated Crispell’s statements

and testimony.

       Nor was there a reasonable basis not to introduce this evidence. In a case that

came down to whether the jury believed the defendant or a single Commonwealth

witness, trial counsel should have presented any available evidence that might tip the

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balance in favor of the defendant. It was unreasonable not to use evidence supporting

a reasonable inference that, as Crispell testified, Weatherill was the killer.

       Trial counsel’s purported reason not to make use of this evidence was that there

were other possible explanations for the scratches. True as that may be, this fact did

not relieve counsel of the obligation to present available evidence to corroborate

Crispell’s own testimony and to undermine the testimony of the sole witness on whom

the Commonwealth relied to prove that Crispell was the killer. Although it is the jury’s

province to evaluate the evidence in light of the Commonwealth’s rebuttal, such rebuttal

is no reason not to put the evidence before the jury in the first instance. The record

does not support the PCRA court’s conclusion that counsel acted in accord with a

reasonable trial strategy.

       Nevertheless, we reject this claim in light of the prejudice prong of the

ineffectiveness test.    To establish prejudice, Crispell is required to prove actual

prejudice. This is defined as follows:

       [A] reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s lapse, the result of the . . .
       proceeding would have been different. [Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668, 694 (1984)]. “In making this determination, a court hearing an
       ineffectiveness claim must consider the totality of the evidence before
       the judge or jury . . . . Moreover, a verdict or conclusion only weakly
       supported by the record is more likely to have been affected by errors than
       one with overwhelming record support.” Id. at 695–96 [ ]. Ultimately, a
       reviewing court must question the reliability of the proceedings and ask
       whether “the result of the particular proceeding [was] unreliable because
       of a breakdown in the adversarial process that our system counts on to
       produce just results.” Id. at 696 [ ].

Commonwealth v. Lesko, 15 A.3d 345, 383 (Pa. 2011) (emphasis in original).                 “A

reasonable probability is a probability that is sufficient to undermine confidence in the

outcome of the proceeding.” Commonwealth v. Collins, 957 A.2d 237, 244 (Pa. 2008).

“Such a determination necessarily requires an assessment of the trial evidence as a

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whole, measured along with what is proffered on collateral attack.” Commonwealth v.

Daniels, 104 A.3d 267, 285 (Pa. 2014).

       Our retrospective evaluation of the trial evidence, and that evaluation’s

comparison to the evidence which Crispell believes trial counsel should have produced,

does not resemble an exact science.        We review the totality of the trial evidence

produced regarding Crispell’s guilt of first-degree murder. We then examine whether

introduction of the evidence upon which this claim is based, subject to the

Commonwealth’s response and rebuttal, would have created a reasonable probability

that Crispell would not have been convicted of first-degree murder.

       Examining the trial evidence as a whole, Crispell is correct in his assertion that

the primary factual issue in the case was the question of which man (Crispell or

Weatherill) stabbed the victim. As the prosecutor observed in closing argument, the

jury’s “only real decision in this case is whether [Crispell] is guilty of first[-]degree or

second[-]degree murder.”      R.R. 552a.     In his opening statement to the jury, the

prosecutor acknowledged that, to establish first-degree murder, the Commonwealth was

required to show that Crispell killed Brown. R.R. 12a-13a. To meet this burden, the

Commonwealth introduced two statements that Crispell made to police during the

investigation, which were consistent with Crispell’s subsequent trial testimony, and

argued to the jury that Crispell’s statements and testimony simply were not believable.

In addition, the Commonwealth relied upon Skinner’s testimony to demonstrate that

Crispell was the killer. We examine this evidence in the context of the case as a whole.

See Daniels, 104 A.3d at 285.

       In his statements and his testimony, Crispell described the plan that he and

Weatherill devised. That plan began when the two men were in a car that belonged to

William Lamon, the father of a friend of Crispell’s. Lamon had allowed Crispell to sleep

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 16
in the car. Crispell had taken the car without Lamon’s consent, but found it too old to

get Crispell and Weatherill to their desired destination of California.         Crispell and

Weatherill decided to acquire another car and some money so they could drive to

California. Crispell and Weatherill decided to go to the mall in Dubois and look for a

woman with a new car who would make an easy target for robbery. They decided to

concoct a story about needing assistance with their car battery. According to the plan,

Weatherill would knock the victim out with a pair of plyers and the two men would take

the victim’s car and money.

      According to Crispell, he drove Lamon’s car to the mall. Weatherill saw Brown

there and decided that she was a viable target. Crispell stated that he asked Brown for

assistance with their car battery, and Brown agreed to help them. While Crispell was

attaching jumper cables, Weatherill called Crispell over to Brown’s car. Crispell

observed Brown sitting on the floor of her car, and Weatherill holding a knife. Crispell

stated that Weatherill got into Brown’s car and instructed Crispell to follow in Lamon’s

car. Weatherill drove away with Crispell following.

      In Crispell’s telling, after driving a short distance, Weatherill instructed Crispell to

abandon Lamon’s vehicle.       Crispell complied, and drove the car into the woods.

Crispell grabbed some of his belongings, and transferred them into Brown’s car.

Crispell had to hide from a passing car while he was removing his belongings from his

vehicle. Crispell then entered the back seat of Brown’s car while Weatherill drove to a

remote location. According to Crispell, Weatherill instructed Crispell to go through the

victim’s purse, take her money, and take her engagement ring. Crispell stated that

Weatherill then instructed him to get into the driver’s seat. During this time, Brown

remained on the floor in the front of the car, and Weatherill held onto the knife in the

driver’s seat. Crispell explained that it was his belief that, when he moved into the

                           [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 17
driver’s seat, Weatherill was going to restrain Brown with a belt and leave her on the

side of the road. Crispell observed Weatherhill take the victim from the car along with a

belt and a pair of men’s shorts, which Weatherill placed over Brown’s head. According

to Crispell, Weatherill and Brown were about ten to fifteen feet from the car when

Crispell, whose attention was on the radio, heard a scream, looked up, and observed

Weatherill, covered in blood, standing over Brown’s body, with the knife in his hand.

       Crispell asserted that he asked Weatherhill what he was doing. Crispell testified

that Weatherill responded by stating “that’s one bitch that will never tell.” R.R. 209a.

Crispell asserted that he threatened to leave, but Weatherill stated that, if Crispell did

not help Weatherill hide the body, Weatherill would blame the murder on Crispell.

Crispell asserted that he was afraid of Weatherill, who still possessed the knife, and

agreed to help him move the body into the woods. Crispell and Weatherill dragged the

body down an embankment and through the woods.

       Finally, Crispell detailed the duo’s transcontinental flight, including their disposal

of the knife into a river from a bridge, the car accident they were involved in while

Crispell was driving, their sale of the victim’s engagement ring to a pawn shop in

Tennessee, Crispell’s replacement of the license plate on Brown’s car in New Mexico,

and the attempted theft of a purse in Arizona. With respect to the attempted theft in

Arizona, Crispell testified that Weatherill chose the victim and instructed Crispell to rob

her.

       In addition to Crispell’s statements, the Commonwealth relied upon the testimony

of Lamon, who lent Crispell his car to sleep in at night for a few weeks, but not to drive.

Lamon’s car vanished on October 25, 1989, and he reported the disappearance to the

local police. Lamon also identified a sheath that was later discovered in his abandoned

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 18
car, testifying that it was the sheath for the knife which Lamon had seen Crispell

carrying a week before Lamon’s car disappeared.

       Pennsylvania State Police Corporal John Ward testified about the police

investigation into Brown’s murder, as well as about the circumstances of Weatherill’s

and Crispell’s apprehension in Arizona. Crispell was apprehended after attempting to

steal the woman’s purse in the parking lot of a mall, and Weatherill was apprehended in

Brown’s car in another mall parking lot.      Corporal Ward also testified that Crispell

negotiated the pawning of Brown’s engagement ring in Tennessee.

       When Weatherill was arrested in Tucson, he was wearing a pair of gray cowboy

boots. Crispell was arrested while wearing a pair of black and white high-top sneakers.

Both of these pairs of shoes belonged to Crispell, and both were tested for blood. Both

pairs of shoes had blood on them that matched Brown’s blood type. Each cowboy boot

had several small blood stains, and one of the sneakers had one small blood stain. The

Commonwealth’s forensic expert testified that Brown’s blood type was AB, Crispell’s

blood type was A, and Weatherill’s blood type was B. Brown’s fingernail clippings were

found to have type AB blood in and under them.

       The Commonwealth relied as well upon Skinner’s testimony. Skinner testified

that, while he shared a cell with Crispell, Crispell confessed that he stabbed Brown and

revealed certain details about the crimes. According to Skinner, Crispell stated that he,

Crispell, took exactly $117 from Brown’s purse; that Crispell stabbed Brown on a dirt

road in front of her car; that Weatherill remained in the car during the stabbing; that

Crispell afterwards informed Weatherill that “this is one bitch that will never tell,” R.R.

315a; that Crispell and Weatherill moved Brown’s body into the woods; that Crispell and

Weatherill threw the knife into a river while driving over a bridge; that Crispell and

Weatherill were headed to California; and that Crispell was arrested in Tucson for

                           [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 19
attempting to steal a purse. Skinner also testified about his own criminal past, including

convictions for false reports to law enforcement authorities (for giving a fake name when

questioned about underage drinking); misdemeanor theft (for stealing a live turkey); and

retail theft (for stealing food from a convenience store). At the time that he shared a cell

with Crispell, Skinner was incarcerated for parole violations.

       Skinner testified that, in an attempt to move into a different prison cell due to fear

of Crispell, he informed the prison warden about Crispell’s confession.             Skinner

maintained that he received no promises from the warden, police investigators, or

prosecutors. Skinner stated that he was testifying against his own interests, as other

individuals in prison did not approve of inmates testifying against each other. The

warden, to whom Skinner had reported Crispell’s confession, testified that, after hearing

about Crispell’s confession, he transferred Skinner to a new cell in another area of the

prison.

       As noted, Crispell testified in his defense, consistently with his two prior

statements. On cross-examination, Crispell confirmed that, on at least one occasion, he

had carried the knife that was used as the murder weapon, and that he owned all of the

clothes and shoes that he and Weatherill were wearing at the time of the murder and at

the time they were apprehended. Crispell testified that, after the murder, he was the

one who drove Brown’s car across the country, pawned Brown’s engagement ring, and

attempted to steal the woman’s purse in Arizona.

       In closing arguments, the defense focused upon the relative credibility of Crispell

and Skinner, recognizing that Skinner’s testimony was the only evidence that was

contrary to Crispell’s testimony and that directly addressed who killed Brown. As trial

counsel put it, the only issue for the jurors to decide was whether they believed Crispell.

R.R. 543a.     Trial counsel argued that all of the Commonwealth’s evidence was

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 20
consistent with Crispell’s testimony, which itself was consistent with his two prior

statements.   Trial counsel attempted to undermine Skinner’s testimony by focusing

upon his criminal record for theft and making false reports.

       In closing arguments, the prosecutor attempted to undermine Crispell’s

testimony, opining that the reason Crispell’s statements and testimony were consistent

with the evidence was that they were truthful except with respect to the roles of Crispell

and Weatherill.   The prosecution stated that, in Crispell’s telling of events, Crispell

traded places with Weatherill.       The prosecution further attempted to undermine

Crispell’s statements and testimony by arguing that they defied the evidence and

common sense. In particular, the prosecutor countered Crispell’s claim that he believed

Weatherill intended only to tie up the victim, rather than to kill her, by observing that the

belt that Crispell claimed to have seen Weatherill remove from the car, and upon which

his belief was premised, was never found. The prosecutor emphasized that Brown had

suffered defensive wounds on her hands and arms while fighting for her life against her

attacker. The prosecution further questioned whether it was possible that, as Crispell

claimed, Weatherill could have stabbed the victim multiple times, fighting off her

defensive struggle, a mere ten to fifteen feet from the car where Crispell sat, unaware,

playing with the radio. According to the prosecutor, Crispell was the leader of the two-

person gang with Weatherill, as demonstrated by evidence that it was Crispell who

drove Lamon’s car and then Brown’s car after the murder; Crispell who went through

Brown’s purse for money and took her ring; Crispell who pawned Brown’s ring; Crispell

who stole a license plate in New Mexico to disguise Brown’s vehicle; and Crispell who

tried to steal the woman’s purse in Tucson. The prosecutor observed that, although

Crispell claimed that he was horrified by the murder, he did not attempt to get away

from Weatherill at any time.

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 21
       The prosecutor agreed with trial counsel that the jurors’ decision came down to

whether they believed Crispell or Skinner. The Commonwealth argued that Skinner had

no interest in the case, and no motive to lie. Further attempting to focus upon Skinner’s

credibility, the prosecutor detailed those aspects of Crispell’s alleged confession to

Skinner that Skinner could have learned only from Crispell himself.

       The evidence that Crispell, and not Weatherill, killed Brown, is not overwhelming.

Indeed, it comes down to Skinner’s testimony alone. In finding Crispell guilty of first-

degree murder, it is apparent that the jury elected to believe Skinner’s testimony and to

disbelieve Crispell’s.   Had counsel used the police report to inform the jury that

Weatherill had scratches on his chest and arms three days after the murder, this

evidence would not have sufficed to rebut Skinner’s testimony concerning Crispell’s

confession nor the details of the killing that Crispell provided to Skinner.

       More importantly, evidence of Weatherill’s lacerations would be probative of

Weatherill’s comparative guilt only if there was evidence that the victim inflicted

defensive wounds upon her attacker, which could have been the source of these

lacerations. However, the record was devoid of any such evidence. Although the victim

sustained numerous wounds when her hands and arms came into contact with the

knife, there was no evidence that the victim made contact with her attacker directly.

Brown’s own blood type was found under her finger nails, as she was bleeding

profusely from her multiple stab wounds. No other material─neither Weatherill’s nor

Crispell’s ─was found there.

       Considering the trial evidence as a whole, we cannot conclude that Crispell has

met his burden to show a reasonable probability that he would have been convicted of

something less than first-degree murder if only the jury had considered evidence of

Weatherill’s scratches. The inference that Crispell would have asked the jury to draw

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 22
from Weatherill’s scratches was inconsistent with and undermined by other

uncontradicted evidence of record. The Sixth Amendment right to counsel exists to

ensure a fair trial that produces a reliable result.      Daniels, 104 A.3d at 285 (citing

Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 368–69 (1993); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 684 (1984)).     Crispell has not established that the guilt phase was rendered

unreliable by counsel’s failure to introduce evidence of the scratches. In reaching this

conclusion, “we appreciate that the task is not to identify various hindsight ‘gotcha’

scenarios: i.e., counsel could have done this, or he should not have done that.”

Daniels, 104 A.3d at 285. Although the question of prejudice is close, we conclude that,

in the context of the entire case, the introduction of this evidence would not have offered

a reasonable probability of a result other than first-degree murder. Accordingly, we

affirm the PCRA court’s denial of relief on this issue.

 C. Ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to exclude other-crimes evidence
       Crispell next argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion in

limine to preclude the Commonwealth’s introduction of certain other bad acts evidence.

In particular, trial counsel did not move to exclude evidence that Crispell was

apprehended in Arizona after attempting to steal the purse in Tucson, nor did counsel

request a cautionary instruction regarding the jury’s consideration of such evidence.

       Evidence of one crime is generally inadmissible against a defendant being tried

for another crime. Commonwealth v. Peterson, 307 A.2d 264, 269 (Pa. 1973). “[W]hile

generally not admissible to prove bad character or criminal propensity,” evidence of

crimes, wrongs, or other acts "is admissible when proffered for some other relevant

purpose so long as the probative value outweighs the prejudicial effect.” Boczowski,
846 A.2d at 88; see also Pa.R.E. 404(b). Permissible purposes to admit other bad acts

evidence include “motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity,

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 23
absence of mistake, or lack of accident,” subject to the court’s weighing of the probative

value and the potential for unfair prejudice against the defendant. Pa.R.E. 404(b)(2).

       In addition, evidence of crimes, wrongs, or other bad acts “may be admissible as

res gestae when relevant to furnish the complete story or context of events surrounding

the crime.”    Commonwealth v. Weiss, 81 A.3d 767, 798 (Pa. 2013); see also

Commonwealth v. Robinson, 864 A.2d 460, 496–97 (Pa. 2004) (holding that evidence

of other bad acts is admissible where the particular crime or act was part of a chain,

sequence, or natural development of events forming the history of a case);

Commonwealth v. Williams, 896 A.2d 523, 539 (Pa. 2006) (“This Court has recognized

exceptions to Rule 404, for which evidence of other crimes may be introduced, including

the res gestae exception which allows ‘the complete story’ to be told.”) (citing

Commonwealth v. Paddy, 800 A.2d 294, 308 (Pa. 2002)). When the trial court admits

evidence of a defendant’s other bad acts, “the defendant is entitled to a jury instruction

that the evidence is admissible only for a limited purpose.” Commonwealth v. Solano,

129 A.3d 1156, 1178 (Pa. 2015).

       We agree with Crispell that he has demonstrated the arguable merit of the

underlying claim. Evidence of the purse snatching was a crime, wrong, or other bad act

that was inadmissible against Crispell absent an applicable exception. The PCRA court

herein applied the res gestae exception, opining without further analysis that “[t]he jury

cannot be left in a vacuum as to how [Crispell] was apprehended.” PCRA Ct. Op.,

1/6/2016, at 6-7. This explanation might provide an arguable basis for making the jury

aware of Crispell’s arrest in Arizona, but it does not address or substantiate the legality

of also disclosing to the jury the reason for that arrest.

       Contrary to the PCRA court’s holding, the purse snatching in Arizona had nothing

to do with Brown’s murder and, therefore, was not part of the complete story or natural

                             [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 24
development of events forming the history of the case. At the time of the attempted

purse snatching, Brown’s murder was complete, having occurred days earlier and over

two thousand miles away. Moreover, the PCRA court’s analysis is not responsive to

Crispell’s assertion that trial counsel also was ineffective for failing to request a

cautionary jury instruction. Had the evidence been admissible as res gestae, as the

PCRA court held, Crispell would have been entitled to a jury instruction regarding the

purpose for which the evidence was admitted. Solano, 129 A.2d at 1178.

      Having found arguable merit to this claim, we nevertheless agree with the PCRA

court that Crispell has not demonstrated that he suffered prejudice as a result of

counsel’s performance. PCRA Ct. Op. Jan. 6, 2016, at 7. As noted, “[o]ur prejudice

analysis examines the trial evidence as a whole, measured along with what is proffered

on collateral attack.” Daniels, 104 A.3d at 285.

      After the Commonwealth introduced evidence of the attempted purse snatching

through the testimony of Corporal Ward, the Commonwealth played for the jury

Crispell’s recorded statement of February 7, 1990. As part of this statement, Crispell

discussed his and Weatherill’s detour to Tucson, which was compelled by their lack of

money and gasoline.      Statement of Crispell, 2/7/1990, at 10.   They pulled off the

highway to a convenience store, “planning on stealing a purse, just grabbing some

lady’s purse and running with it to the car.” Id. Because of Crispell’s reluctance, they

were unsuccessful. Instead, they were able to solicit a few dollars from patrons of the

convenience store, with which they purchased gasoline. Then, they went on their way.

      According to Crispell’s statement, when the two again ran low on fuel, they exited

the highway and obtained directions to the two nearest malls. They traveled to one of

the malls, where Weatherill stated that he would pick out a woman whose purse they

could steal. They were unable to find a target. They returned to the car and drove to

                           [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 25
the other mall. While they were driving around the second mall, they observed “an older

lady” walking across the street. Id. Crispell and Weatherill followed her, until Weatherill

instructed Crispell that she would make a good target. Weatherill told Crispell that it

would be easy for Crispell to “run up and grab the purse” while Weatherill waited in the

car in the parking lot. Crispell acquiesced, followed the woman for about a block, and

grabbed her purse when she tripped and fell. As Crispell was attempting to run back to

the car, bystanders interfered and obstructed his escape until police officers arrived. In

addition to this statement, Crispell discussed the attempted purse snatching in his trial

testimony.

         Based upon Crispell’s statement and his consistent testimony, Crispell’s defense

at trial was to minimize his role in Brown’s murder and to portray Weatherill as the

leader of the two, the one who made all of the decisions. To this end, Crispell testified

that Weatherill devised the plan to target a woman who was alone in the parking lot,

decided that Brown would be their target, got Brown onto the floor of her car, possessed

the knife throughout the incident, directed Crispell to follow in Lamon’s car and to hide

Lamon’s car, instructed Crispell to take Brown’s money and ring, and stabbed Brown to

death.     After the murder, according to Crispell, Weatherill continued to make the

decisions while Crispell simply followed Weatherill’s instructions. Specifically, Crispell

stated that Weatherill drove away from the murder scene to a rest stop to clean up,

threw the knife into a river, and, when they arrived in Tucson, decided to steal a

woman’s purse. According to Crispell, Weatherill chose the victim, talked Crispell into

stealing her purse by telling him what to do and assuring him that it would be easy, and

compelled him to do it.

         Comparing the trial evidence as a whole, including evidence of Crispell’s

attempted purse snatching, to a trial record that omitted this evidence, we conclude that

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 26
Crispell was not prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to preclude admission of this

evidence. Evidence that Weatherill was the leader between the two with respect to the

murder was corroborated by Crispell’s account of Weatherill acting as the leader with

respect to the attempted purse snatching. Far from prejudicing Crispell, his recitation

of the circumstances of his arrest in Tucson in his statement and his trial testimony

bolstered his account of the murder of Brown. In Crispell’s telling, Weatherill’s influence

and control began with the planning and the targeting of Brown, and ended with the

planning and the targeting of the victim of the attempted purse snatching.             That

Weatherill compelled Crispell’s participation in the murder was made more believable by

Crispell’s account of Weatherill compelling Crispell’s participation in the purse

snatching. Accordingly, because evidence of the purse snatching aided the defense,

we cannot say that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's lapse, the

result of the proceeding would have been different. See Lesko, 15 A.3d at 383.

       With regard to counsel’s failure to request a jury instruction to limit the jury’s

consideration of this evidence, Crispell has not sustained his burden of demonstrating

that he was prejudiced. Because evidence of the purse snatching aided the defense,

we cannot say that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s failure to

request a limiting instruction, the result of the proceeding would have been different.

See Lesko, 15 A.3d at 383. Accordingly, Crispell is entitled to no relief on this claim.

                                   D. PCRA discovery

       In his PCRA petition, Crispell raised three claims related to Skinner: that the

Commonwealth failed to disclose impeachment evidence pursuant to Brady; that trial

counsel failed to impeach Skinner; and that Skinner was a government agent when he

talked to Crispell in prison.   At the April 8, 2003 hearing on Crispell’s motion for

discovery, Crispell argued that he was entitled to several categories of documents

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 27
associated with these Skinner-related claims.        The PCRA court denied as too

speculative most of the requests, including: (1) the prosecuting and investigative files

relating to Skinner’s conviction on drug charges in Jefferson County a year after

Crispell’s trial, which Crispell sought in order to determine whether there were any

documents demonstrating an understanding between the Jefferson County District

Attorney in Skinner’s drug case and the Clearfield County District Attorney in Crispell’s

prosecution that contemplated a lighter sentence for Skinner in exchange for his

testimony against Crispell; (2) information from the Pennsylvania State Police

concerning any investigation of Skinner; (3) any written agreement between the

Commonwealth and Skinner in the unrelated case of Commonwealth v. Pearsall, No.

222 - 1988 (C.C.P. Jefferson County 1988) (in which Skinner allegedly acted as a

Commonwealth informant); (4) a list of all cases in which Skinner testified as a witness

for the Commonwealth, cooperated with the Commonwealth, or acted as an informant

for the Commonwealth; and (5) any documents reflecting whether Skinner had an

expectation of leniency in sentencing on his theft convictions in Jefferson County in

1988. However, after an in camera review, the PCRA court granted several discovery

requests related to Skinner.

      The PCRA court ultimately dismissed all three claims premised upon Skinner,

finding that the Commonwealth did not withhold any exculpatory evidence, that trial

counsel was not ineffective, and that Skinner was not a Commonwealth agent.

Presently, Crispell argues that the PCRA court abused its discretion in denying three of

his discovery requests. As to Skinner’s 1991 prosecution on drug charges, Crispell

argues that the materials that he requested are likely to show that Skinner had a motive

to cooperate with the Commonwealth against Crispell in 1990. As to Skinner acting as

a government agent in any other case, Crispell asserts that he is entitled to know of all

                           [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 28
cases where Skinner cooperated with the Commonwealth, as such evidence could have

been used to impeach Skinner’s trial testimony. Finally, as to Skinner’s 1988 theft

convictions, Crispell asserts that review of these cases could reflect Skinner’s hope for

leniency in exchange for his testimony against Crispell.

       The Commonwealth responds that the PCRA court conducted a thorough

hearing on Crispell’s discovery requests, granted some of the requests for information

relating to Skinner, denied other requests, and deferred consideration of others subject

to in camera review. On March 24, 2011, the PCRA court conducted the in camera

review and then directed the Commonwealth to turn over all documents included in that

review, which included over 500 documents pertaining to Skinner. The only discovery

requests that the PCRA court denied were, according to the Commonwealth, too

speculative to establish good cause.

       We review the denial of discovery for an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v.

Elliott, 80 A.3d 415, 450 (Pa. 2013). “An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of

judgment, but if in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or misapplied, or the

judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias

or ill-will as shown by the evidence or the record, discretion is abused.” Commonwealth

v. Moyer, 444 A.2d 101, 103 (Pa. 1982) (quoting Garrett’s Estate, 6 A.2d 858, 860 (Pa.

1939)).

       Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 902(E)(2) provides that, “on the first

counseled petition in a death penalty case, no discovery shall be permitted at any stage

of the proceeding, except upon leave of court after a showing of good cause.”

Pa.R.Crim.P. 902(E)(2). “A showing of good cause requires more than just a generic

demand for potentially exculpatory evidence.”         Elliott, 80 A.3d at 450 (quoting

Commonwealth v. Collins, 957 A.2d 237, 272 (Pa. 2008)).

                           [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 29
       Evaluating Crispell’s present argument in the context of the discovery requests

below, it is apparent that Crispell has not demonstrated that the PCRA court abused its

discretion in denying the three discovery requests pertaining to Skinner that Crispell

challenges in this issue. Skinner was not charged in connection with his 1991 drug

convictions until over a year after Crispell’s trial, in another county. As the PCRA court

stated on the record, whether there was an understanding between the prosecuting

authorities in 1991 in Jefferson County and in 1990 in Clearfield County with respect to

Skinner’s testimony against Crispell is pure speculation.          R.R. 759a (“I think your

implication that somehow that Jefferson County has entered into this agreement for

leniency for his testimony in Clearfield County for charges that weren’t filed for a year

later, I think that does take it out of the realm. I think it clearly puts it in the realm of

speculation. I certainly don’t think I’ll grant you that.”). Similarly, Crispell’s request for a

list of all cases that involved Skinner as a witness or informant was premised upon

speculation unrelated to this case. Finally, Crispell has not demonstrated that Skinner’s

1988 conviction on theft charges in Jefferson County, two years before Crispell’s trial,

had anything to do with Crispell’s case.

       Crispell has not identified any documents for which he was denied discovery that

would have been exculpatory, and the PCRA court did not abuse its discretion in

concluding that Crispell’s claims to the contrary amount to speculation. See Elliott, 80
A.3d at 450 (finding that speculation that discovery may uncover exculpatory evidence

is inadequate to warrant discovery under Rule 902(E)(2)); Commonwealth v. Hanible,

30 A.3d 426, 484 (Pa. 2011) (holding that conjecture that an opportunity to review

“homicide file” might yield exculpatory evidence is inadequate to demonstrate good

cause for discovery); Commonwealth v. Carson, 913 A.2d 220, 261 (Pa. 2006)

(determining that speculation that review of requested documents will uncover

                             [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 30
exculpatory evidence does not satisfy good cause requirement). Because the PCRA

court acted within its discretion in denying the particular discovery requests, Crispell is

not entitled to any relief on this issue.

                                   E. Cumulative Prejudice
       Crispell next argues that cumulative prejudice provides an independent basis for

the grant of a new trial. Crispell argues that combining the absence of evidence of the

scratches on Weatherill shortly after the murder, which the jury did not hear, with

evidence of Crispell’s attempted purse snatching, which the jury did hear, demonstrates

that Crispell was denied a fair trial.

       This Court has stated that “no number of failed [ineffectiveness] claims may

collectively warrant relief if they fail to do so individually.” Commonwealth v. Sepulveda,

55 A.3d 1108, 1150 (Pa. 2012) (quoting Commonwealth v. Rainey, 928 A.2d 215, 245

(Pa. 2007)). However, the Court also has clarified that, if there have been multiple

instances of deficient performance, “the assessment of prejudice properly may be

premised upon cumulation.” Commonwealth v. Johnson, 966 A.2d 523, 532 (Pa. 2009).

       In this case, we are satisfied that there is no cumulative prejudice independently

warranting relief. We resolved the claims of ineffective assistance of counsel for failing

to introduce evidence of Weatherill’s scratches and for failing to object to or request a

cautionary instruction regarding introduction of evidence about Crispell’s attempted

purse snatching on prejudice grounds. These two claims are independent and distinct.

They did not warrant relief individually, and did not prejudice Crispell in the aggregate.

See Commonwealth v. Spotz, 84 A.3d 294, 321 n.22 (Pa. 2014) (rejecting a claim of

cumulative prejudice because the “ineffectiveness claims at issue are independent

                             [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 31
factually and legally, with no reasonable and logical connection warranting a conclusion

that the cumulative effect was of such moment as to establish actual prejudice”).

                                  III. Penalty Phase

      We now turn to the Commonwealth’s appeal from the PCRA court’s grant of a

new penalty phase, premised upon the PCRA court’s conclusion that trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to investigate and present available mitigation evidence.    We

review the PCRA court’s decision to determine whether its findings of fact are supported

by the record and whether its conclusions of law are free from legal error, viewing the

evidence of record in the light most favorable to Crispell as the prevailing party in the

PCRA court. See Commonwealth v. Colavita, 993 A.2d 874, 886 (Pa. 2010).

      As with all claims of trial counsel ineffectiveness, a petitioner has the burden to

prove that the underlying claim is of arguable merit, that counsel’s actions lacked an

objective reasonable basis, and that the petitioner was in some manner prejudiced by

counsel’s failure. Commonwealth v. Busanet, 54 A.3d 35, 45 (Pa. 2012). In a capital

case, counsel has “an obligation under the Sixth Amendment to conduct a reasonably

thorough investigation for mitigating evidence or to make reasonable decisions that

make further investigation unnecessary.” Commonwealth v. Tharp, 101 A.3d 736, 764

(Pa. 2014). This duty encompasses the obligation to pursue “all statutory mitigators of

which [counsel] is aware or reasonably should be aware, unless there is some

reasonable ground not to pursue the circumstance (such as when it might open the door

to harmful evidence).” Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Malloy, 856 A.2d 767, 787 (Pa.

2004)). Trial counsel is obliged to obtain as much information as possible to prepare an

accurate history of the client. Commonwealth v. Martin, 5 A.3d 177, 206 (Pa. 2010).

                           [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 32
Our consideration of counsel’s penalty phase investigation and presentation includes “a

number of factors, including the reasonableness of counsel’s investigation, the

mitigation evidence that was actually presented, and the additional or different

mitigation evidence that could have been presented.” Lesko, 15 A.3d at 380. These

factors are not dispositive, however, because even if counsel’s investigation and

presentation is deficient, the defendant is not entitled to relief unless the defendant was

prejudiced by the deficient performance. Id.

       Accordingly, we begin by reviewing the reasonableness of trial counsel’s

mitigation investigation. Rather than investigating and presenting mitigation evidence

about Crispell’s background and mental health, trial counsel focused instead upon

keeping from the jury evidence of Crispell’s extensive history of violent juvenile

delinquency.       To this end, trial counsel made a pre-trial agreement with the

Commonwealth not to put on evidence of Crispell’s good character or lack of significant

criminal history, which would have opened the door to evidence of Crispell’s juvenile

delinquency. This agreement “did not cover in any respect [Crispell’s] alleged sexual

abuse, extreme physical and emotional abuse as well as [Crispell’s] history of mental

health problems.” PCRA Ct. Op., 1/6/2016, at 10.

       Trial counsel discussed this agreement with Crispell, who stated that he did not

want his teacher, father, brother, or any other family member to testify at the penalty

phase. Crispell did not identify for trial counsel anyone that he wanted to testify on his

behalf.   Crispell understood that, if his family or any other witness testified about

Crispell’s good character, it would open the door to testimony regarding Crispell’s

juvenile record.

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 33
        After obtaining this agreement with the Commonwealth, trial counsel prepared for

the penalty phase by speaking with Crispell’s former employers, neighbors, and various

police officers. Trial counsel spoke briefly with Crispell’s father, who contacted trial

counsel’s office by telephone. According to Crispell’s father’s PCRA testimony, trial

counsel made no inquiries about Crispell’s background, asking only whether Crispell’s

father “wanted to say anything” at the penalty proceeding. R.R. 1274a. Counsel also

met with Crispell once or twice before trial.

        In addition, trial counsel collected school records and non-medical military

records, none of which revealed useful mitigation evidence. Trial counsel also obtained

a youth forestry camp progress report prepared a year before the murder that

characterized Crispell as cooperative, open, possessing good work skills, and adjusting

well.   Another such progress report from two months later demonstrated Crispell’s

positive adjustment, maturity, good work habits, and capability.

        Having reviewed trial counsel’s penalty phase investigation, we now examine the

mitigation evidence that trial counsel presented during the penalty phase. Counsel’s

entire sentencing phase presentation fills only fifteen pages of transcripts, and included

only a single witness. Counsel began by telling the jury that the sentencing phase

would not be long, as there was not much for the jury to consider. Crispell took the

stand to convey his remorse, recite his age, and deny being the killer. Counsel followed

up briefly by asking the jury for a sentence of life imprisonment instead of death,

acknowledging that Crispell made a mistake for which he had to pay, and asking the

jury to “give [Crispell] a chance” because he “is a young boy.” R.R. 685a.

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 34
       The Commonwealth incorporated the guilt phase evidence into the penalty phase

in order to establish the aggravating circumstance that the killing was committed while

in the perpetration of a felony. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(d)(6). The prosecutor also urged

the jury to show Crispell the same sympathy that he showed towards the victim, and

observed that Crispell refused to honor the trial verdict because he maintained defiantly

that he was innocent of the killing. Following the penalty phase, the jury found that the

sole aggravating circumstance outweighed the mitigating circumstances, and

recommended a sentence of death. Crispell, 608 A.2d at 20.

       At the PCRA hearing, Crispell presented evidence that trial counsel had failed to

investigate and present to the penalty-phase jury, including evidence of physical, verbal,

and sexual abuse; mental health issues, including post-traumatic stress disorder;

childhood poverty and hardship; substance abuse; and suicide attempts.             Crispell

presented substantial evidence to support his claim that he suffered from mental health

issues at the time of the murder, including the testimony of forensic psychiatrist Dr. Neil

Blumberg, the results of an evaluation by psychologist Dr. Jerry Day, the result of

several psychological tests conducted upon Crispell after the murder and during his

incarceration for the murder, letters sent by Crispell during his pre-trial incarceration,

and the testimony of an Arizona public defender.         Crispell also presented several

witnesses in support of his claim that trial counsel should have investigated and

presented mitigation evidence pertaining to his childhood, including his father, his

brother, and childhood friends Jenny Murray and Steve Demler.

       In particular, Crispell presented evidence that, when he was arrested in Arizona

three days after the murder, he was eighteen years old.            At that time, he was

                           [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 35
represented in Arizona by public defender Clay Hernandez, Esq. In December 1989,

Attorney Hernandez had Crispell evaluated by a psychologist, Dr. Jerry Day, who

administered a psychological test known as the M.M.P.I. to Crispell.11 On January 29,

1990, Crispell was extradited to Pennsylvania. When trial counsel was appointed to

represent Crispell in Pennsylvania, counsel had no experience with death penalty

cases. He did not contact Dr. Day in Arizona, nor did he have Crispell examined by a

mental health expert. Trial counsel did not contact any of Crispell’s family members,

friends, juvenile probation officers, or Attorney Hernandez in Arizona.

      Attorney Hernandez testified at the PCRA hearing.            According to Attorney

Hernandez, he became concerned with Crispell’s mental condition and mental

competency upon meeting with Crispell in jail.      These concerns prompted Attorney

Hernandez to have Crispell evaluated by Dr. Day. Believing that “mental health issues

would play heavily in any sort of capital representation [in Pennsylvania],” R.R. 1399a,

Attorney Hernandez attempted to contact trial counsel in Pennsylvania in February

1990, soon after the extradition. Trial counsel never responded.

11    As this Court has explained:

      The M.M.P.I. is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. It is a
      psychological assessment designed to aid in the diagnosis of personality
      disorders. It is comprised of questions which evaluate thoughts, emotions,
      attitudes, and behavioral traits. The assessment characterizes an
      individual’s personality strengths and weaknesses, and may identify
      personality disturbances or neurological problems, which cause mental
      deficits.

Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 839 A.2d 202, 209 n.6 (Pa. 2003) (citing John R. Graham,
M.M.P.I.–2: Assessing Personality and Psychopathology (3d ed. 1999)).

                           [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 36
       Soon after extradition, Attorney Hernandez received the results of the evaluation

by Dr. Day.     These results indicated that Crispell had impulse control problems;

significant problems with depression; manic phases; posterior brain damage; and “a

number of things with regard to his family and concerns that the test raised about who

he is as a result of how he was raised.” R.R. 1395a-1396a. Believing that the results

indicated the need for further mental health investigation, Attorney Hernandez again

tried to contact trial counsel, and forwarded to him Dr. Day’s evaluation results. Trial

counsel again failed to respond. When Attorney Hernandez later heard that Crispell

had been sentenced to death, he was “at a loss” as to why trial counsel never

responded to him. R.R. 1420a. He again wrote to trial counsel in October 1990, and,

again, heard nothing in return.

       Attorney Hernandez testified that, had counsel responded, he would have

communicated his concerns about Crispell’s mental health and Dr. Day’s report.

Attorney Hernandez characterized these concerns as including indications of

depression, brain damage, family problems, and psychotic symptoms.

       Dr. Neil Blumberg, a forensic psychiatrist, testified at the PCRA hearing as an

expert on behalf of Crispell. Dr. Blumberg reviewed Crispell’s medical records, juvenile

records, military records, jail records, school records, and affidavits of Crispell’s family

members. Included in this review was a medical record created when Crispell was

sixteen years old. At age sixteen, Crispell ran away from home. Crispell later reported

that, while he was on a beach in Florida, he was brutally raped by two men. These

records also reported at least one suicide attempt.        Dr. Blumberg opined that the

medical records should have prompted competent counsel to seek a mental health

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 37
evaluation and should have been utilized as mitigation evidence.        According to Dr.

Blumberg, this was a rare instance of contemporaneous documentation of childhood

sexual abuse corroborating the defendant’s account of what happened to him, making

this report especially believable. The impact of this abuse could have been disastrous,

and, according to Dr. Blumberg, raised numerous questions relevant to a mitigation

investigation.

       Dr. Blumberg opined that, at the time of the murder, Crispell suffered from mental

health disorders including borderline personality disorder with antisocial features,

bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”), anxiety, depression,

impulsivity, and low self-esteem. Dr. Blumberg further testified that Dr. Day’s evaluation

alone indicated that Crispell suffered from “a significant amount of emotional distress,”

hyperactivity, restless agitation, and a psychological profile consistent with individuals

with bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, substance abuse, borderline personality disorder,

and depression.    R.R. 1564a.     In addition, Dr. Blumberg observed that Dr. Day’s

evaluation revealed significant indications of family discord and family problems, an

increased likelihood of psychosis and delusions, severe abuse, and mood problems.

Dr. Blumberg determined that a follow-up evaluation would have confirmed these

problems.

       Dr. Blumberg explained that his diagnosis that Crispell suffered from PTSD was

premised upon the rape Crispell suffered as a teenager and Crispell’s childhood

physical abuse.     This conclusion was based upon a forensic evaluation and a

standardized test for PTSD.      Dr. Blumberg further testified that Crispell’s juvenile

records provided substantive evidence that Crispell had significant mental health

                           [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 38
difficulties which, individually or combined with other available evidence, indicated the

need for a mental health evaluation.       Dr. Blumberg opined that Crispell’s medical

military records also indicated the need for a thorough mental health evaluation. In

particular, these records revealed the military’s assessment that Crispell psychologically

was unfit for duty.

       Crispell also introduced letters that he sent to others, including trial counsel,

during his pretrial incarceration, which reflected Crispell’s anxiety, his dreams about

“two eyes” staring at him, and suicidal thoughts, and which were signed by Crispell and

“Sharky,” an alter ego that existed within, yet separate from, Crispell. R.R. 938a-941a.

In one letter to trial counsel, Crispell requested psychiatric treatment as soon as

possible and described his lifelong emotional problems. Crispell reiterated this request

in yet another letter, seeking a mental health evaluation. Trial counsel did not recall

receiving these letters. Dr. Blumberg testified that, had trial counsel consulted a mental

health expert, he would have learned that the letters suggested “severe mental health

issues” and warranted a mental health examination. R.R. 1536a-1542a.

       Crispell also introduced evidence that Crispell’s father had called trial counsel to

request a psychological evaluation for his son, and that, before trial, trial counsel

became aware of Crispell’s extensive history of drug use. In addition, Crispell’s father

testified at the PCRA hearing, acknowledging that he was a strict but neglectful father

who used physical violence to discipline his son; that Crispell was disrespectful and

defiant as a youth, engaged in illegal behavior, and got into a lot of trouble; that he took

Crispell to a physician after Crispell reported that he had been raped; and that Crispell

suffered several accidental injuries as a child that led to headaches and other

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 39
symptoms. Further testimony established that Crispell’s father began hitting Crispell

around age three, using sticks, belts, broomsticks, and metal objects, as well as

punching Crispell in the face and choking him.

       Crispell’s brother testified that he and Crispell grew up in poverty; that Crispell

was treated harshly and subjected to corporal punishment; that Crispell was defiant;

and that the brother did not believe that Crispell was raped. Finally, childhood friends

Jennie Murray and Steve Demler testified on Crispell’s behalf, stating that they could

have testified at sentencing regarding Crispell’s childhood, offering evidence of

Crispell’s poverty and childhood abuse.

       At the PCRA hearing, trial counsel testified that he spoke with Crispell about the

possibility of consulting with a mental health provider. Trial counsel explained that he

and Crispell ultimately decided not to make any argument of mental health mitigation

because it was assertedly inconsistent with the trial defense that Crispell was not the

killer, a defense that was premised upon Crispell’s credibility.        Moreover, from trial

counsel’s personal interactions with Crispell, trial counsel observed no indication of any

mental health issues and had no reason to believe that a mental health evaluation was

necessary. To the contrary, prior to trial, Crispell sent trial counsel a letter indicating

that he had read through the information provided by counsel and had a few questions

to discuss, leaving trial counsel with the impression that Crispell was thoughtful and

intelligent. Trial counsel emphasized that Crispell fully participated in trial proceedings

and discussed the case with counsel.           Specifically confronting Dr. Day’s pretrial

evaluation, trial counsel testified that the results of this evaluation indicated that Crispell

was competent to stand trial and was not insane. Moreover, trial counsel did not agree

                             [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 40
with the evidentiary value of Dr. Day’s suggestion that Crispell had impulse control

problems, because it was inconsistent with the defense that Crispell was not the killer.

       Trial counsel further testified that the prevailing professional norms in Clearfield

County in 1990 did not include the development of mental health information for

mitigation purposes. Additionally, trial counsel testified that “very little was done with

regard to the history of the client, family history of the client and how that affected the

individual, the psychological history of the client. . . .” R.R. 1008a. Accordingly, trial

counsel did not believe it was relevant to present evidence of Crispell’s emotional or

mental health or family dysfunction.

       Trial counsel acknowledged that he did not obtain the available medical records,

which would have revealed Crispell’s reported rape and suicide attempts.            Nor did

counsel obtain Crispell’s medical military records, which, as trial counsel conceded at

the PCRA hearing, indicated that the military was “going to find that [Crispell] was

psychologically unfit for military duty,” and that Crispell suffered from emotional

instability, persistent headaches, and unpredictable losses of consciousness.           R.R.

1080a.   According to Dr. Blumberg, the juvenile records that counsel had obtained

indicated Crispell’s dysfunctional family situation, providing a description of “child abuse,

physical child abuse, by the father; growing up in a dysfunctional home environment;

frequent moves; sexual assault; and behavioral problems; a wish to die; [and] problems

with depression.” R.R. 1550a.

       The Commonwealth presented evidence in rebuttal, including the testimony of

forensic psychiatrist Dr. Stephen Mechanick, the testimony of forensic psychologist Dr.

Steven Samuel, the results of several psychological tests conducted upon Crispell

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 41
during his incarceration for the murder, and records from the Department of Corrections

(“DOC”) from Crispell’s confinement after trial.

       Dr. Mechanick testified that a review of all available information about Crispell’s

mental health, including a direct evaluation and a review of all DOC records, caused Dr.

Mechanick to opine that Crispell did not suffer from any mental disorders at the time of

the murder. Dr. Mechanick disputed that Crispell suffered from PTSD, reasoning that,

because Crispell did not seek treatment for PTSD while incarcerated, he did not suffer

from the disorder.

       Dr. Steven Samuel, a forensic psychologist, also testified for the Commonwealth.

Dr. Samuel testified that a review of all available information, including a direct

evaluation and psychological testing of Crispell in prison, led him to conclude that

Crispell did not suffer from any mental health disorders at the time of the murders. Dr.

Samuel was critical of the manner in which Dr. Day had administered the M.M.P.I. test

to Crispell, testifying that the procedure used by Dr. Day was professionally

inappropriate and that Dr. Day’s discussion with Attorney Hernandez about

neuropsychology was beyond Dr. Day’s realm of expertise.

       Dr. Samuel administered the M.M.P.I.-2 to Crispell, the results of which were

consistent with the results of the M.M.P.I. administered by Dr. Day two decades earlier.

The results of this test showed elevated scores on indicators of emotional disturbance,

mental distress, and mania. Dr. Samuel opined that Dr. Day’s pretrial results indicated

multiple “areas worthy of exploration” in a follow up mental health examination. R.R.

1827a, 1831a-1832a. Such areas included problems with self-control, susceptibility to

dominant persons, depression, family discord, persecutory ideals, social alienation,

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 42
anxiety, substance abuse, and dissociative episodes. In Dr. Samuel’s opinion, these

results demonstrated the need for a full mental health evaluation and, had Dr. Samuel

been asked about Dr. Day’s M.M.P.I. test results at the time of trial, he would have so

advised.

      Further considering the results of the M.M.P.I. and M.M.P.I.-2, Dr. Samuel opined

that the family discord indicator was “off the charts,” and indicated the need for further

exploration.   R.R. 1835a; R.R. 1861a-1862a (“there are many indicators that Mr.

Crispell’s family engendered difficulties in him and that the nature of those difficulties

should be thoroughly explored given this and the other data” about his mental health).

Although Dr. Samuel did not reach a formal diagnosis of PTSD, Dr. Samuel agreed with

Dr. Blumberg that Crispell “was symptomatic of PTSD,” and that such symptoms could

have been presented as mitigating circumstances. R.R. 1771a.

      Dr. Samuel also addressed evidence that Crispell had attempted suicide several

times as a teenager and once while he was awaiting trial for Brown’s murder. Had Dr.

Samuel learned of such behavior before trial, he would have recommended a mental

health evaluation and an investigation into Crispell’s history of suicide and self-

destructive behavior.

      Both Dr. Samuel and Dr. Mechanick testified that a capital defendant’s family

background and trauma would have been useful evidence for the jury to understand the

defendant.     Dr. Samuel agreed with Dr. Blumberg that Crispell’s military records

indicated the need for a thorough mental health evaluation.

      Considering the evidence presented at the PCRA hearing, the PCRA court

concluded that trial counsel performed “a completely inadequate and incomplete

                           [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 43
investigation into many aspects of [Crispell’s] past.” PCRA Ct. Op., 1/6/2016, at 9.

Regarding trial counsel’s contention that he conformed to the norms of Clearfield

County capital representation in 1990, the PCRA court was not persuaded, as trial

counsel gave no basis for this assertion and case law demonstrated that counsel had a

duty to investigate at the time of trial. See Commonwealth v. Howard, 719 A.2d 233

(Pa. 1988).

      According to the PCRA court, “trial counsel was ineffective for failing to conduct a

thorough investigation of [Crispell’s] background, education, mental health, and other

pertinent information, and for failing to discuss the results of such investigation with

[Crispell] prior to [Crispell] making his choices as to what would and would not be

presented during the sentencing phase of the case.” PCRA Ct. Op., 1/6/2016, at 4.

Although counsel may have had a reasonable basis to enter into the agreement with the

Commonwealth to limit mitigation evidence of Crispell’s character evidence, the PCRA

court found that this agreement did not restrain the introduction of evidence of Crispell’s

sexual, physical, or emotional abuse, or his history of mental health problems. Id. at 10.

      The PCRA court found much relevant material that trial counsel did not utilize in

preparing for mitigation, including the communications from Attorney Hernandez, to

whom trial counsel did not respond, and the work done by Dr. Day, with whom trial

counsel had no contact. Had trial counsel responded to Attorney Hernandez, according

to the PCRA court, counsel would have learned of the M.M.P.I. performed by Dr. Day

that indicated several significant mental health problems.        The court found that,

although Dr. Samuel was critical of the way in which Dr. Day administered and scored

the M.M.P.I., it was uncontroverted that Dr. Day’s evaluation contained important

                           [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 44
information about Crispell’s mental health. Id. at 10. Moreover, although the experts

who testified at the PCRA hearing offered varying opinions about Crispell’s mental

health, the PCRA court found that all of the experts concurred that Dr. Day’s evaluation

presented red flags indicating the need for further investigation and evaluation. Id. at

10. The PCRA court also observed that Dr. Samuel agreed with Crispell’s experts that

Dr. Day’s test results were indicative of someone who had suffered from abuse. Id.

       Based upon the available evidence, the PCRA court faulted trial counsel for not

having Crispell evaluated by a mental health expert and for failing to attempt to secure

funds for the same. Id. at 9. Moreover, the PCRA court found that trial counsel was

unaware that Crispell allegedly had been the victim of sexual abuse, which would have

been revealed in the available medical records had counsel obtained them. The PCRA

court found Dr. Samuel credible in his characterization of the letters sent from Crispell to

trial counsel as “a cry for help.” Id. at 10. According to the PCRA court, trial counsel

could have obtained all of this information to use as mitigation without violating his

agreement with the Commonwealth. Id. at 11.

       Acknowledging the possibility that the failure to present mitigating evidence will

be considered in light of the Commonwealth’s evidence of aggravation, see

Commonwealth v. Gibson, 19 A.3d 512 (Pa. 2000); Lesko, 15 A.3d at 345, the PCRA

court observed that, in this case, “the aggravating evidence was less than

overwhelming.” Id. at 8.

       Responding to the Commonwealth’s argument that Crispell himself limited the

scope of trial counsel’s investigation when he stated that he did not want his family to

testify, the PCRA court found that this direction belies the fact that there was “a

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 45
completely inadequate and incomplete investigation into many aspects of [Crispell’s]

past.” Id. at 9. According to the PCRA court, Crispell could not make an informed

decision when counsel failed to present him with the results of a serious mitigation

investigation. Id. at 11.

       Although the PCRA court observed that some of the Commonwealth witnesses

disputed Dr. Day’s conclusions, all of the experts agreed about the psychological

impacts of Crispell’s upbringing and that understanding this upbringing was essential to

understanding Crispell in 1990.       The PCRA court rejected the Commonwealth’s

argument that Crispell’s ineffectiveness claim was meritless because Crispell had not

complained about his mental health for the past twenty years, explaining that this

argument ignored the potential impact of mental health mitigation at Crispell’s 1990

sentencing.

       The PCRA court concluded that Crispell had demonstrated the arguable merit of

his claim by presenting mitigation evidence pertaining to his mental health and

background that was available but not obtained by trial counsel.      The PCRA court

concluded that trial counsel’s proffered reasons for not investigating Crispell’s mental

health and background were not reasonable. Finally, the PCRA court concluded that

Crispell was prejudiced by counsel’s failure in this regard.

       As the appellant on this issue, the Commonwealth argues that the PCRA court’s

findings are not supported by the record and that its reasoning misapplies governing

law. First disputing the PCRA court’s conclusion that the evidence in aggravation was

less than overwhelming, the Commonwealth asserts that the evidentiary validity of the

aggravating factor that it presented, i.e., that Crispell murdered Brown during the

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 46
perpetration of a felony, is not disputed. Because it was not contested that Brown was

killed when Crispell and Weatherill kidnapped and robbed her, the Commonwealth

disagrees that this evidence was underwhelming.

      The Commonwealth next argues that the PCRA court erred in relying upon Dr.

Day’s evaluation of Crispell because Dr. Day himself did not testify at the PCRA

proceeding.   Characterizing Dr. Day’s evaluation as hearsay, the Commonwealth

argues that the PCRA court was precluded from relying upon this evaluation as

substantive evidence.

      Turning to the arguable merit of Crispell’s claim that trial counsel should have

conducted an investigation into Crispell’s mental health, the Commonwealth argues that

this claim is premised primarily upon Dr. Day’s evaluation. Attempting to cast doubt

upon the validity of this evaluation, the Commonwealth argues that the evaluation itself

was flawed because Dr. Day failed to administer the updated version of the test that

existed at the time, administered the test in a professionally inappropriate manner, and

the test was only partially completed. To the extent that Dr. Blumberg relied upon the

M.M.P.I. test administered by Dr. Day in reaching his own conclusions, the

Commonwealth argues that this testimony is equally suspect.

      The Commonwealth also attacks the validity of Dr. Blumberg’s testimony

because the professional opinion that Crispell suffered from PTSD resulted from

Crispell’s self-report of rape. According to the Commonwealth, the expert should not

have credited Crispell’s uncorroborated account of the rape because, generally, a

mental health practitioner should never rely solely upon a patient’s self report. Had Dr.

Blumberg testified at Crispell’s sentencing hearing, the Commonwealth asserts that it

                           [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 47
would have undermined this testimony by highlighting Dr. Blumberg’s willingness to

disregard this professional norm. The Commonwealth believes that Crispell’s account

of the rape is not credible for several reasons, including Crispell’s varying accounts of

the rape and the fact that the rape allegation surfaced only when Crispell was returned

to his father by law enforcement authorities. The Commonwealth further argues that Dr.

Blumberg was biased in favor of Crispell, a fact that it would have established to the jury

had Dr. Blumberg testified at the time of sentencing, thereby undermining his testimony.

        Further attacking the credibility of Dr. Blumberg, the Commonwealth argues that

his evaluation of Crispell failed to consider the possibility that Crispell had exaggerated

his symptoms. In addition, the Commonwealth argues that Dr. Blumberg’s opinion that

Crispell’s crimes were driven by a lack of impulse control is contradicted by the record,

and that the evidence Dr. Blumberg presented of Crispell’s difficulties with anxiety,

depression, and low self-esteem is not mitigating evidence at all. In this respect, the

Commonwealth argues that mitigation evidence must be directly related to the personal

culpability of the criminal defendant. See Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104 (1982)

(plurality).

        The Commonwealth also argues that the PCRA court’s finding that Crispell

suffered from mental health disorders at the time of trial is contradicted by Crispell’s lack

of mental health conditions during the twenty-five years that he has been incarcerated.

        The Commonwealth argues that trial counsel reasonably chose not to pursue or

rely upon mental health mitigation for several valid reasons:         Dr. Day already had

determined that Crispell was competent to stand trial; trial counsel had no reason to

suspect, from his interactions with Crispell, that there were mental health issues to

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 48
explore; the facts of the case undermined any assertion that Crispell was mentally ill;

and Crispell and counsel jointly decided not to make any argument about Crispell’s

mental health. Relying upon trial counsel’s testimony that it was outside of prevailing

norms at the time and place of Crispell’s trial to explore mental health mitigation, the

Commonwealth also argues that trial counsel cannot be faulted for failing to anticipate

that the law would develop to require a robust mental health investigation. Relatedly,

the Commonwealth asserts that Crispell was being tried before a trial judge who

routinely denied requests for funding for investigators and expert witnesses. In this

respect, the Commonwealth relies upon trial counsel’s testimony before the PCRA court

that he “didn’t really have any funding at all” for an investigator or expert witness. R.R.

1011a.

      As to prejudice, the Commonwealth argues that, if Crispell had supplemented the

penalty phase with the mental health evidence he presented to the PCRA court, the

Commonwealth would successfully have undermined and rebutted it such that there is

no reasonable probability that the jury would have chosen life in prison instead of a

death sentence.

      Addressing counsel’s purported ineffectiveness for failing to investigate Crispell’s

childhood, the Commonwealth argues that the record contradicts the PCRA court’s

finding that trial counsel should have known of the possible testimony of Murray and

Demler, and of Crispell’s alleged rape in Florida, because Crispell never told trial

counsel of Murray or Demler, or of the rape. In addition, the Commonwealth argues

that because Crispell did not want to involve his family in the penalty phase, trial

counsel was not ineffective for failing to use them as witnesses.             Finally, the

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Commonwealth argues that, had trial counsel presented evidence of Crispell’s

childhood, there is no reasonable probability that the jury would have chosen a

sentence of life imprisonment instead of death. In this respect, the Commonwealth

emphasizes that, had the jurors considered evidence of Crispell’s background, they also

would have had fresh in their minds the guilt phase evidence of Brown’s brutal killing.

The Commonwealth concludes that the omission of childhood and background evidence

did not prejudice Crispell.

       Crispell asserts that his claim of counsel’s ineffectiveness for failing to investigate

and present mitigating evidence has arguable merit as demonstrated by trial counsel’s

failure to pursue or develop any of the available mitigating evidence. Crispell further

asserts that counsel’s investigation, or lack thereof, was not the product of a reasonable

strategy. Counsel’s explanation for not investigating potential mitigating evidence was

that he was not required to do so under the standards applicable at the time of the 1990

trial. Crispell disagrees, pointing to precedent from this Court holding that trial counsel

had a duty to conduct a thorough mitigation investigation well before 1990. See, e.g.,

Commonwealth v. Gorby, 909 A.2d 775, 786, 790 (Pa. 2006); Commonwealth v. Sneed,

899 A.2d 1067 (Pa. 2006).

       Finally, Crispell argues that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s deficient

performance because the overwhelming evidence presented at the PCRA hearing

demonstrated that Crispell suffered severe childhood physical, sexual, and verbal

abuse; developed significant psychological and emotional problems as a result; became

addicted to drugs by age thirteen; was raised in an unstable, dysfunctional, and

impoverished    family;   and     nonetheless    demonstrated     positive   adjustment    to

                              [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 50
incarceration. Had the jury been able to consider this evidence, Crispell believes that

there is a reasonable probability that at least one juror would have struck a different

balance.

       Upon our review of the record, the PCRA court’s findings and analysis, and the

parties’ arguments, we conclude that the record supports the PCRA court’s finding that

trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and present available mitigation

evidence.

       Regarding the arguable merit of this claim, the record supports the PCRA court’s

conclusion that trial counsel failed to conduct a thorough investigation of Crispell’s

background and mental health, and for failing to discuss his investigation with Crispell

before Crispell decided what to present, or not to present, at the penalty phase. Trial

counsel repeatedly ignored Attorney Hernandez’s attempts to discuss Crispell’s mental

health. Although trial counsel received the results of Dr. Day’s mental health evaluation,

trial counsel did nothing with them. As the PCRA court concluded, “[i]f trial counsel had

responded to [Attorney] Hernandez, he would have learned of . . . important information

[about Crispell], his impulse control, depression, and other mental health issues

including family concerns.” PCRA Ct. Op., 1/6/2016, at 10. Had trial counsel spoken to

Crispell’s family members, trial counsel would have learned of Crispell’s traumatic

childhood and background. Counsel also had access to Crispell’s juvenile records,

which indicated the existence of family and mental health concerns.

       This undisputed evidence supports the PCRA court’s conclusion that “there was

much evidence readily available that was not utilized” by trial counsel. Id. at 9. Had trial

counsel conducted a reasonable mitigation investigation, he could have presented

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extensive evidence about Crispell’s abusive and traumatic childhood, and his resulting

mental health problems.

      Moreover, the record supports the PCRA court’s conclusion that “all of the

experts from both the Commonwealth and the defense who testified at the PCRA

hearing concurred that Dr. Day’s evaluation ‘presents red flags for additional

investigation and evaluation.’” Id. at 10. Although Dr. Day’s evaluation did not provide

a full picture of Crispell’s mental health, it provided enough information indicating the

need for further investigation and evaluation. As Dr. Samuel─the Commonwealth’s own

expert─testified, Dr. Day’s evaluation indicated multiple areas worthy of exploration in a

follow-up examination, including emotional disturbance, mental distress, mania, self-

control, depression, susceptibility to dominant persons, anxiety, dissociative episodes,

and family discord. Dr. Samuel testified that Dr. Day’s test results were indicative of

someone who had suffered abuse.

      Trial counsel also could have obtained the available medical records, which

would have revealed Crispell’s multiple suicide attempts that, according to Dr. Samuel,

would have indicated the need for a mental health evaluation. These medical records

also would have revealed Crispell’s report of being raped. Available military medical

records would have revealed Crispell’s psychological unfitness to serve.        Crispell’s

letters to trial counsel expressed concern for his mental health and requested a mental

health evaluation.   Yet counsel did not investigate or arrange for a mental health

examination. Had counsel obtained available juvenile records, they too would have

included information about Crispell’s dysfunctional family background.       All of these

records were available to counsel.

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       The United States Supreme Court has directed that all capital counsel have an

obligation to investigate thoroughly and to prepare mental health and other mitigation

evidence. See Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 396 (2000). Counsel cannot satisfy

this obligation by relying upon “only a rudimentary knowledge of [the defendant’s]

history from a narrow set of sources.” Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 524 (2003). By

trial counsel’s candid concession, counsel was not interested in investigating Crispell’s

background for mitigation purposes.       Rather, counsel did not believe that evidence

about Crispell’s background and mental health was relevant. In conformance with what

trial counsel believed to be the prevailing professional norms, he chose not to

investigate Crispell’s mental health or history.

       Trial counsel offered a couple of explanations for this deficient performance. To

the extent that trial counsel believed that his mitigation investigation was constrained by

his agreement with the Commonwealth, we agree with the PCRA court that this

agreement did not limit trial counsel’s ability to present evidence that Crispell suffered

from mental health problems and childhood abuse.

       Counsel also testified that he chose not to investigate his client’s background

because, in counsel’s words, very little was done in this respect as part of the prevailing

practice at the time.     This belief is consistent with trial counsel’s penalty phase

presentation, which consisted entirely of Crispell’s own testimony. However, as the

PCRA court found, trial counsel offered no basis for this belief. As this was his first

capital representation, trial counsel had no direct experience in the matter. Although

revealing in explaining counsel’s failure to conduct a mitigation investigation, this

testimony factually was incorrect. The Commonwealth’s own experts, Dr. Samuel and

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Dr. Mechanick, testified that a capital defendant’s background and trauma were part of

the mitigation assessment at the time. Professional norms for capital representation in

1990 did not exempt mental health and family background from investigation.              See

Commonwealth v. Howard, 719 A.2d 233 (Pa. 1998). To the contrary, the Supreme

Court of the United States has held that counsel’s mitigation investigation for a trial in

1988 was deficient where counsel failed to interview witnesses about the defendant’s

family background and to collect pertinent records, Porter v. McCollum, 558 U.S. 30, 39-

40 (2009), and counsel’s preparation of a social history report was standard practice at

the time of a 1989 trial, Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 524.         The High Court applied these

standards to capital representation in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania in 1988. Rompilla v.

Beard, 545 U.S. 374 (2005). The PCRA court made no error of law in concluding that

the duty to investigate a client’s background existed at the time of Crispell’s trial.

       In assessing the reasonableness of counsel’s investigation, we must consider not

only what evidence was known to counsel, but also whether the known evidence would

lead a reasonable attorney to investigate further. Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 527. The record

supports the PCRA court’s finding that available records provided ample ground for

further investigation and evaluation. Information contained within communications by

Attorney Hernandez, Dr. Day’s test results, and Crispell’s medical records would have

led competent counsel to explore Crispell’s mental health, history of sexual assault, and

prior suicide attempts. All of the expert witnesses presented at the PCRA hearing

agreed that Dr. Day’s test results at the very least indicated the need for further

evaluation.

                             [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 54
       Accordingly, we conclude that trial counsel’s performance during the penalty

phase of Crispell’s trial was not based upon a reasonable strategy. Rather, it was

based upon a misunderstanding of the required scope of a mitigation investigation and

inattention to mitigation evidence that was readily available. See Tharp, 101 A.3d at

772.

       We next consider whether Crispell demonstrated that he was prejudiced by

counsel’s omissions.      “To demonstrate prejudice from trial counsel's failure to

investigate and present mitigating evidence, the defendant must establish that ‘it is

probable that at least one juror would have accepted at least one mitigating

circumstance and found that it outweighed the aggravating circumstance found.’”

Tharp, 101 A.3d at 772 (quoting Ligons, 971 A.2d at 1150).

       The record supports the PCRA court’s finding that Crispell has demonstrated

“clear prejudice.” PCRA Ct. Op., 1/06/2016, at 11. There was undisputed evidence

presented at the PCRA hearing that Crispell suffered from childhood physical and

emotional abuse, deprivation, and poverty.       All of the defense and Commonwealth

witnesses agreed about the psychological impacts of Crispell’s upbringing.              For

example, Dr. Samuel testified for the Commonwealth that child abuse teaches a child

that the world is unsafe and hostile, which is psychologically debilitating for a child. Dr.

Mechanick testified that childhood abuse created emotional problems and distress for

Crispell, causing Crispell to become emotionally unstable.            There was general

agreement among the experts that Crispell’s childhood abuse, family history, and

substance abuse placed Crispell at increased risk for mental health problems and

damaged Crispell’s emotional and psychological well-being at the time of the murder.

                            [J-97A-2017 and J-97B-2017] - 55
      With regard to Crispell’s purported rape in Florida when he was a juvenile, Drs.

Blumberg and Samuel agreed that the contemporaneous medical records corroborated

Crispell’s account, and both experts agreed about the psychological trauma that would

have resulted from such an attack. Only Dr. Mechanick disputed the validity of this

evidence. As the PCRA court held, however, it was not necessary to determine every

detail about what did or did not occur, because the evidence of the sexual assault and

the trauma it produced was available to trial counsel, was attested to by experts for both

parties, and could have been presented to the jury.

      Drs. Blumberg and Samuel likewise agreed about the significance of Crispell’s

suicide attempts.      Dr.    Mechanick, however, disputed the accuracy of            the

contemporaneous records and the validity of the accounts of these suicide attempts.

Again, the PCRA court found it unnecessary to resolve this dispute, as the details

mattered less than the evidence that there were serious mental health issues that could

have and should have been brought before the jury.

      Dr. Blumberg testified that, at the time of the murder, Crispell suffered from

PTSD. This conclusion was based upon a forensic evaluation and a standardized test,

the results of which were valid according to Dr. Samuel. Although Dr. Samuel did not

diagnose Crispell with PTSD, he testified that Crispell was symptomatic of PTSD and

that such symptoms could have been presented as mitigating evidence. The PCRA

court appeared to credit the testimony of Drs. Blumberg and Samuel in this regard. Dr.

Mechanick, however, disputed that Crispell suffered from PTSD because Crispell did

not seek treatment for any PTSD symptoms while incarcerated. Although the PCRA

court did not resolve these conflicting opinions by Commonwealth experts, the court

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found it “very evident that there were serious mental health issues” that trial counsel

should have brought before the jury. PCRA Ct. Op., 1/6/2016, at 13.

      Counsel’s lack of investigation and presentation of mitigation evidence left the

jury without any insight into Crispell’s abusive childhood or the impact this abuse had

upon his character and mental health.      An understanding of this background was

essential to understanding Crispell. As the United States Supreme Court has held,

unpresented evidence of trauma, abuse, neglect, deprivation, and mental health

problems is precisely the type of evidence that is relevant to assessing a defendant's

moral culpability where the sentencing jury otherwise is left without a complete

understanding of the defendant’s background. See Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 535; Porter,
558 U.S. at 42; Rompilla, 545 U.S. at 390-92; Williams, 529 U.S. at 396.

      Comparing counsel’s paltry penalty phase presentation to the significant

available mitigation evidence concerning Crispell’s background and mental health, we

agree with the PCRA court that, had the jury been able to consider this evidence in

mitigation, there is a reasonable probability that at least one juror would have struck a

different balance between the mitigating and aggravating circumstances. See Tharp,
101 A.3d at 774 (finding prejudice where unpresented mental health evidence would

have supported mitigating circumstances); Commonwealth v. Keaton, 45 A.3d 1050,

1092 (Pa. 2012) (finding prejudice where available evidence of family dysfunction and

mental health issues was not cumulative of what the jury heard).

      In reaching this conclusion, we reject the myriad arguments presented by the

Commonwealth.       With respect to the PCRA court’s characterization of the

Commonwealth’s evidence of aggravating circumstances as underwhelming, the PCRA

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court made this assertion only to distinguish this case from one in which the

presentation of aggravating evidence overwhelmed even a substantial mitigation proffer,

and was not erroneous.          See Lesko, 15 A.3d 345 (holding that where the

Commonwealth’s penalty phase evidence included the defendant’s conviction for two

additional murders, the weight of the aggravating evidence was overwhelming).

       The Commonwealth attempts to invalidate the PCRA experts’ reliance upon Dr.

Day’s evaluation in reaching their own conclusions by asserting that evidence of Dr.

Day’s evaluation was hearsay and, in any event, was unreliable because of the way in

which Dr. Day administered the M.M.P.I. test. However, Dr. Day’s test results were not

offered for their truth, see Pa.R.E. 801(c), but to show that counsel should have been

aware of the need for further investigation and evaluation. Accordingly, this was not

hearsay. Similarly, neither the PCRA court nor the experts relied upon Dr. Day’s test

results for their accuracy, but only as an indication that compelled further investigation.

       The Commonwealth relies upon Crispell’s lack of mental health treatment for the

past twenty-five years to argue that this lack of evidence precludes the mental health

conclusions reached by Drs. Blumberg and Samuel. In this respect, the Commonwealth

relies upon the testimony of Dr. Mechanick that the absence of symptoms argues

against the notion that Crispell suffered from persistent psychiatric disorders.         Dr.

Mechanick conceded, however, that prison evaluations indicated that Crispell suffered

from sleep problems, headaches, and distress, which are symptoms of PTSD. Although

the PCRA court did not resolve this discrepancy in Dr. Mechanick’s testimony, it found

that all of the experts testified about the psychologically damaging impact of Crispell’s

upbringing, and it held that this testimony collectively established a reasonable

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probability that one juror may have reached a different sentencing verdict based upon

the omitted evidence.

       To the extent that the Commonwealth relies upon trial counsel’s interactions with

Crispell as a reason for trial counsel not to have investigated Crispell’s background, we

reiterate that “strategic choices made after less than complete investigation are

reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the

limitations on investigation.”     Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91.     Counsel’s duty to

investigate mitigation evidence was not obviated by his limited personal interactions

with Crispell.

       Contrary to the Commonwealth’s argument that Dr. Blumberg failed to consider

the possibility that Crispell exaggerated his symptoms, the PCRA court found that “all of

the mental health experts who testified at the PCRA hearing agreed that there was no

malingering on the part of [Crispell] during his mental health examinations.” PCRA Ct.

Op., 1/6/2016, at 12. Responding to the Commonwealth’s argument that Dr. Blumberg

should not have accepted the veracity of Crispell’s self-reported rape, we observe that

Dr. Samuel likewise relied upon this self-report. Moreover, Dr. Blumberg explained his

basis for accepting this self report, testifying that:

       [S]o many times when there’s been childhood sexual abuse, there is no
       corroboration. As the attorney general was saying, you only have
       oftentimes the defendant’s statement many years later that they were
       abused, and there’s no documentation of it.

       This is one of the rare occasions when we actually have some level of
       documentation at the time that the incident happened, shortly after that,
       that, you know, I think is quite relevant and very important in corroborating
       what Danny now says happened to him. It’s entirely consistent.

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R.R. 1533a.     Dr. Samuel agreed.       R.R. 1878a; 1925a-1926a.        In contrast, Dr.

Mechanick described the report as a “purported rape,” and asserted that self-reported

rapes are not reliable.    R.R. 2031a-2036a.      The PCRA court did not resolve this

inconsistency. Instead, the PCRA court held that it was not necessary to resolve every

detail because this evidence of sexual abuse and its impact upon Crispell was available

to trial counsel, attested to by both experts, and could have been presented to the jury.

We agree.

       For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the record supports the PCRA

court’s holding that Crispell’s claim of counsel ineffectiveness for failing to investigate

and present mitigating evidence during the penalty phase has arguable merit, that

counsel’s performance lacked a reasonable basis, and that Crispell suffered prejudice

as a result of this deficient performance.           Accordingly, with respect to the

Commonwealth’s appeal, we affirm the PCRA court’s award of a new penalty phase

hearing. Because we affirm the PCRA court’s grant of a new penalty phase, we do not

consider Crispell’s challenge to the PCRA court’s denial of his remaining sentencing

phase claim, which is premised upon Simmons v. South Carolina, 512 U.S. 154 (1994).

                                        IV. Conclusion

       Having concluded that the PCRA court’s denial of Crispell’s motion for leave to

amend of October 2, 2007, was legally flawed, we remand to the PCRA court to

exercise its discretion in resolving the motion for leave to amend in accord with Rule

905(A). As to Crispell’s remaining guilt phase claims, we affirm the PCRA court’s denial

of relief. As to the Commonwealth’s appeal, we affirm the PCRA court’s grant of a new

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penalty phase on the basis of trial counsel’s failure to investigate and present available

mitigation evidence.

      Order affirmed in part, reversed in part.      The case is remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this decision. Jurisdiction relinquished.

      Justices Baer, Todd, Donohue and Dougherty join the opinion.

      Justice Mundy concurs in the result.

      Chief Justice Saylor files a concurring and dissenting opinion.

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