Court Opinion

ID: 4605866
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:37:17.25428+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:53:16.499227
License: Public Domain

The McKay Products Corporation, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentMcKay Products Corp. v. CommissionerDocket No. 9846United States Tax Court9 T.C. 1082; 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 18; December 8, 1947, Promulgated *18 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  Valley, a corporation formed to promote industrial interests of community, agreed to give Belle (petitioner's predecessor), a manufacturing company, land and factory buildings if it would move to Sayre, Pennsylvania.  Real estate donated was to be paid for out of cash subscriptions and proceeds of pledges given to Valley by individuals employed by Belle.  Belle moved to Sayre, and Valley transferred the real estate to it, subject to a mortgage which was not assumed by Belle.  Money was not realized by Valley fast enough on pledges to enable it to meet its obligations, and it asked for and received from Belle advances aggregating $ 171,851.66, approximately $ 41,000 of which was repaid from deductions from employees' salaries authorized by pledges. Deductions were stopped by Belle in November 1939, after action was brought against it by the Labor Department and court decree was entered enjoining further wage deductions where employees would receive after deductions an amount less than minimum wage. Held:(1) Advances from Belle to Valley created a debt.(2) Deduction allowed for balance due from Valley to Belle, as a debt which became*19  worthless during year ended July 31, 1940.(3) Belle did not acquire the land and buildings from Valley by gift, and is not entitled to use the transferor's basis for depreciation under the provisions of section 113 (a) (2), I. R. C.(4) Petitioner is not entitled to include in its equity invested capital the cost basis to Valley of the real estate it transferred to Belle under the provisions of section 718 (A) (2), I. R. C.John W. Cable, III, Esq., and Wm. F. Malone, Esq., for the petitioner.Robert H. Kinderman, Esq., for the respondent.  Harlan, Judge.  Turner, J., dissenting.  Opper, J., agrees with this dissent.  HARLAN *1082  The respondent determined deficiencies in the income tax of petitioner in the amount of $ 7,885.91 for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1940, and $ 7,600.61 for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1941.  He also determined deficiencies in declared value excess profits tax in the amount of $ 477.30 and in excess profits tax in the amount of $ 80,437.25 for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1942.The questions presented are:(1) Did certain transactions set forth herein between Valley Industries, Inc., and Belle Knitting Corporation (petitioner's predecessor) give rise to a debt; and, if so, did the debt become worthless during the fiscal year ending July 31, 1940?(2) Did Belle Knitting Corporation acquire the land and buildings conveyed to it by Valley Industries, Inc., by gift?(3) Is petitioner entitled to use the transferor's basis of the buildings *1083  in computing the amount*21  allowable as a deduction for depreciation?(4) Is petitioner entitled to include in equity invested capital the amount of $ 310,000, or any other amount, as constituting the cost to Valley Industries, Inc., of land and buildings transferred to Belle Knitting Corporation and representing property other than money paid in to Belle Knitting Corporation, as a contribution to capital?There are also involved questions of whether petitioner is entitled to a claimed operating loss carry-over from the fiscal year ended July 31, 1940, to the fiscal years ended July 31, 1941 and 1942, and whether it is entitled to a claimed unused excess profits credit carry-over to the fiscal year ended July 31, 1942.  The amount of relief, if any, that petitioner is entitled to receive under the applicable carry-over provisions of the statute depends upon our holdings on the four questions listed above and will be settled in connection with our decision under Rule 50.  Other issues raised by the pleadings either have been abandoned by petitioner or conceded in favor of the respondent at the trial.FINDINGS OF FACT.The petitioner, a Maryland corporation, has its principal offices in the Tower Building, Baltimore, *22 Maryland.  It is the successor, by way of consolidation, to Blue Swan Mills, Inc., a Maryland corporation, which previously was the successor, by way of consolidation to Belle Knitting Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Belle).The tax returns for the taxable years involved in this proceeding were filed by Belle, a New York corporation, with the collector of internal revenue for the twelfth district of Pennsylvania.In 1934 extensive unemployment existed in the towns of Sayre and Athens, Pennsylvania, and Waverly, New York, and citizens of those towns and others in the vicinity thereof took steps to try to get some manufacturing company to move to Sayre and use a large plant which was owned by the Foreman & Clark Manufacturing Co. and had been vacant for six or seven years.  For this purpose, on April 22, 1935, a nonprofit corporation, Valley Industries, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as Valley), was organized under the laws of Pennsylvania.Valley engaged a representative from New York to find a manufacturing company that would move to Sayre and was put in contact with the officers of Belle, then located in Lebanon, Pennsylvania.  After a series of conferences, Valley agreed *23  to purchase the vacant plant, make additions thereto, and transfer title to the improved plant to Belle after Belle had moved to Sayre, Pennsylvania, and had paid out $ 5,000,000 in pay roll, which it was estimated would take about ten years.  The purpose of the pay roll requirement was to give Valley *1084  some assurance that Belle had come to Sayre to stay before it received title to property.Valley put on a drive to raise funds for the purchase and improvement of the property to be given to Belle and raised upwards of $ 60,000 in cash, and, in addition, obtained between 1,200 and 1,500 pledged contributions in the amount of $ 250 each in the following form:In consideration of becoming a member of the "Valley Industries Incorporated", a corporation of the Borough of Sayre, Pennsylvania, and like subscriptions made by others, I do hereby agree to pay to the said corporation the sum of Two Hundred and Fifty Dollars, for the purpose of securing a manufacturing enterprise to occupy and operate in the property in the said borough, known as the Foreman and Clark property.  Any person or corporation so operating, should I be employed by him or it, is hereby irrevocably authorized*24  and directed to deduct ten percent (10%) of my pay on all paydays, to pay the said corporation, until my subscription in it is fully paid, or until such time as the said corporation has received from this and other subscriptions an amount sufficient to pay all expenses incident to their purposes, including the purchase of said property and additional lands, the construction of new buildings and any and all costs and charges in connection therewith.  Should this deduction be not made, any bank in the Borough of Sayre and Athens, Pennsylvania and the Village of Waverly, New York is hereby given like authority and direction to make the said deductions.  If no deductions are made as above provided for, I agree to pay to the said corporation the ten percent (10%) of my said pay within two (2) days after each payment of my earnings to me.  The said amount to be paid in full within one hundred and fifty (150) weeks from this date.Valley purchased from the Foreman & Clark Manufacturing Co. the land and existing factory buildings, and constructed additional buildings thereon, all at a total cost of $ 310,000.  $ 100,000 of this cost was represented by a purchase money mortgage given by Valley*25  to the vendor.  Belle moved to Sayre at the end of July 1935 and took possession of this property.  Prior to the move it had engaged in the business of manufacturing ladies' and children's underwear and other merchandise on leased premises at Lebanon, Pennsylvania.The expenses of moving its machinery and equipment from Lebanon, Pennsylvania, to Sayre, Pennsylvania, and of installing said machinery and equipment in the buildings at Sayre, Pennsylvania, were entered on the books of Belle Knitting Corporation as deferred charges and were amortized over a period ended July 30, 1943.  These moving and installation costs were taken as deductions on the income tax returns of Belle Knitting Corporation.The land and buildings were set up on Belle's books at a value of $ 468,963.61 as appraised by Lockwood & Green Engineers, Inc., as of July 31, 1936, in accordance with a resolution passed at a special meeting of the board of directors of Belle authorizing the recording of the land and buildings at that value on the books of account.  This appraised value was reported by Belle to the Reconstruction Finance *1085  Corporation to be the fair market value of the property in connection with*26  its application for a loan hereinafter mentioned.Because the money did not come in fast enough on the pledges, it became necessary for Valley to borrow money in order to meet the obligations incurred by it under the purchase money mortgage and in the construction of the additions to the buildings as they became due.  Loans were asked for and secured for this purpose from time to time by Valley from Belle.  Valley used these loans plus the amounts currently being collected and turned over to it on account of the $ 250 pledges or subscriptions to meet its obligations.  By December 1936 the advances made by Belle to Valley were approximately $ 50,000, and Belle felt that, because of these substantial advances, and for credit purposes, it should have title to the property.  Valley felt that, since Belle had moved its machines and equipment and had made these loans, it would continue operations at Sayre, and agreed to waive the requirement that the pay roll disbursed should reach $ 5,000,000 before title to the property would be transferred to Belle.  The requirement was waived and the deed, which had been signed on July 30, 1935, was recorded and delivered to Belle on December 18, 1936. *27  Valley used $ 77,755.31 which it received on account of subscriptions to meet its obligations to others than Belle, and all other receipts from this source were applied in payment of the Belle loan.  The aggregate amount borrowed by Valley from Belle over the period from December 1935 to March 1939 amounted to $ 171,851.66, against which were credited payments totaling $ 41,244.24.  During the last eleven months of 1939 payments made by Valley to Belle averaged approximately $ 2,400 per month.On August 24, 1937, Belle filed a petition for reorganization under section 77-B of the Bankruptcy Act in the District Court for the Southern District of New York.  Tax claims for the fiscal years 1936 and 1937 were filed in these proceedings on December 22, 1937, by the assistant to the collector of internal revenue for the twelfth collection district of Pennsylvania.On December 2, 1937, the court approved an order in section 77-B proceedings authorizing Belle "to make payments of not to exceed $ 100 per month during the course of this proceeding to Keystone Engineering Corporation for and on account of Valley Industries, Inc., the aggregate of said advances not to exceed $ 2,300, and the *28  same to constitute a claim by the said Debtor against the said Valley Industries, Inc."A proposed plan of reorganization, dated August 5, 1938, was filed in the section 77-B proceedings.  The introductory statement of the plan read in part as follows: "The company's business was originally established in the Town of Lebanon, Pa., but in 1935, as an inducement *1086  to locating in the Town of Sayre, Pa., it was given a tract of land measuring approximately 400' x 300', together with a modern two-story and basement brick building thereon by Valley Industries, Inc., an organization in Sayre supported by local subscriptions. Valley Industries, Inc., thereafter constructed and presented to the company a dyehouse on the above property.  The land and buildings are subject to a first mortgage in the reduced amount of approximately $ 75,000, held by the Citizens' National Trust and Savings Bank of Los Angeles, California, which mortgage is payable by Valley Industries, Inc." The balance sheet of Belle as of August 24, 1937, attached to the plan as Exhibit A, listed the debt due by Valley to Belle under other assets, as follows: "Advances to Valley Industries, Inc., $ 72,043.06." By order*29  dated December 22, 1938, the court confirmed and made absolute the plan of reorganization, with amendments not material here.As provided in the plan of reorganization, arrangements were made for a loan to Belle from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in the amount of $ 325,000, to be secured by a first mortgage on the land, buildings, machinery, and fixtures of Belle.  As a condition precedent to the receipt of the loan, Belle was required to produce evidence that Valley was obligated to pay to it all amounts realized under the subscription agreements.On December 30, 1938, Valley and Belle executed an agreement which provided in part as follows:Whereas Valley was organized by citizens of the Borough of Sayre and vicinity, with a view to inducing individuals to locate in Sayre and vicinity, and thereby to provide employment for residents of said locality, andWhereas pursuant to certain agreements and understandings heretofore reached and entered into between the parties hereto, and with a view to inducing Belle to remove its business of manufacturing ladies' and children's rayon underwear and other merchandise from Lebanon, Pa., to Sayre, Pa., Valley transferred and conveyed*30  to Belle certain land and factory buildings in the said Borough of Sayre, Pa., and constructed additional buildings on the said premises for the use of Belle in connection with its said business, subject, however, to a first mortgage on said premises, held by the Citizens National Trust and Savings Bank of Los Angeles, for the payment of which Valley was and is liable, andWhereas Belle moved its manufacturing business from Lebanon to Sayre, and has ever since conducted, and now is conducting, its manufacturing business in and upon the premises so conveyed to it by Valley, andWhereas Valley has and had no source of income other than subscriptions payable to it by residents of the said Borough of Sayre and vicinity who were and are interested in bringing new industries into said Borough, and thereby promoting the prosperity of said community, and* * * *Whereas the arrangements, agreements and understandings hereinabove referred to between Valley and Belle have never heretofore been reduced to writing, and it is deemed advisable by the parties hereto that the terms and conditions of said arrangements be specifically set forth and agreed to between the parties hereto,*1087  Now, *31  Therefore, * * * It Is Hereby Agreed As Follows, to wit:1. Valley does hereby expressly and irrevocably nominate, constitute and appoint Belle its agent and attorney-in-fact, with full power or substitution, to receive and collect for Valley any and all moneys deducted or to be deducted from the pay of Belle's employees, pursuant to and in accordance with the respective subscription agreements between said employees and Valley, and to that end to bring or maintain any action or proceeding at law or in equity, in the name of Valley or otherwise, for the enforcement of Valley's rights under said agreements.In the agreement Valley authorized and directed Belle to apply all moneys collected as its agent from employees first to the payment of interest and amortization of the first mortgage on the land and buildings, and thereafter to the payment of other existing indebtedness of Valley, which then included an "existing indebtedness owed by Valley to Belle in the sum of $ 85,548.66." It was also provided in the agreement that, if Belle should pay the balance due on the mortgage and interest thereon, it was authorized and directed by Valley to apply the pay roll deductions, if and when*32  collected, to reimburse itself for the amount so paid.  One of the conditions to granting the loan of $ 325,000 insisted upon by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was that all existing liens and debts against the land and buildings be satisfied and that the Reconstruction Finance Corporation's loan constitute a first mortgage against the property.  In January 1939 the Reconstruction Finance Corporation disbursed the loan to Belle, and $ 64,326.62 ($ 63,000 principal and $ 1,326.62 interest) of the proceeds was applied to the payment of the mortgage and accrued interest.  This amount of $ 64,326.62 was entered on the books of Belle in February 1939 in the account showing advances made to Valley.The agreement between the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and Belle pursuant to which the loan was made, dated January 23, 1939, stated that until the loan was paid in full Belle would pay to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation for application on account of the principal of the loan all amounts received by it from Valley pursuant to the agreement of December 30, 1938.On November 27, 1939, the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor instituted*33  an action against Belle in the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York, claiming that the arrangement under which Belle was making deductions from the wages of its employees for the account of Valley was a violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.  After consulting with counsel, Belle, on November 29, 1939, discontinued making deductions from the wages of its employees on account of Valley and filed an answer setting forth the arrangement between it and Valley.On March 23, 1940, the court entered a decree enjoining Belle from *1088  making the deductions from the wages of its employees pursuant to the arrangement with Valley, where the employees would receive after the deductions an amount less than the specified minimum wage of 30 cents an hour.Substantially all of the employees from whom the deductions for the account of Valley were being made in November 1939 would have been under the minimum wage if 10 per cent deductions had been taken from their salaries. Valley took no steps to force the collection of the balances on unpaid subscriptions, as its officers thought such action "would have been a hopeless thing to do." Since Valley*34  had no other assets or resources, Belle concluded that the remaining debt due to it by Valley, in the amount of $ 130,607.42, was worthless and charged it off its books in the fiscal year ended July 31, 1940.In filing its tax returns, including the returns for the periods here involved, Belle (a) reported as its basis for depreciation on the buildings conveyed to it by Valley, the cost of said buildings to Valley, namely, $ 292,000, and (b) reported in its equity invested capital for the purpose of computing its excess profits tax credit on the invested capital basis the amount of $ 310,000, being the cost to Valley of the land and buildings conveyed by that corporation to Belle.In determining the deficiency for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1940, the respondent disallowed the bad debt deduction of $ 130,607.42 claimed by petitioner; in each of the taxable years disallowed depreciation on buildings in the amount of $ 2,904.39; and did not, in determining invested capital for excess profits tax purposes for each of the fiscal years ended July 31, 1941 and 1942, include in invested capital the cost to Valley of the land and buildings which it conveyed to Belle.OPINION.The respondent's*35  first contention is that the petitioner is not entitled to a bad debt deduction for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1940, of the amount of $ 130,607.42 because (1) the disbursement by Belle of this amount was not made for the purpose of creating a debt and did not give rise to a debt from Valley to Belle, and (2) the petitioner has failed to prove that the alleged debt became worthless in the fiscal year ended July 31, 1940.The respondent argues that the advances were either investments by Belle in real estate made for the purpose of protecting its equity therein, or were voluntary payments by one of the obligations of another, and that in either event they did not create a debt.  Cf.  Mather v. Commissioner, 149 Fed. (2d) 393; certiorari denied, 326 U.S. 767">326 U.S. 767. We do not agree.  One of the purposes for which Valley was formed was to promote the industrial interests of Sayre and vicinity. With a view to increasing employment in this territory, it agreed to convey *1089  to Belle the necessary land and factory buildings if it would move to Sayre and use them.  It was contemplated that the land and factory buildings would*36  be paid for by Valley out of cash subscriptions and the proceeds of pledges given by employees, and Valley, in accordance with the plan, purchased and assumed the obligation to pay for these facilities and necessary improvements thereon.  The net advances of $ 130,607.42, here in controversy, had their inception in December 1935, when it became apparent that, because the pledges were not supplying money fast enough, Valley would have to borrow money to meet its obligations under the purchase money mortgage and for improvements.  The president of Valley testified that, faced with this situation, Valley asked Belle "to make loans so that Valley Industries could meet its obligations" and that it was understood by both corporations that the advancements were loans which would be repaid. The advances were made at various times from December 1935 to February 1939, inclusive, and Valley repaid $ 15,000 in 1937 and $ 26,244.24 during the months of February to December 1939, inclusive.  At the time the advances were made Belle knew that the source of Valley's income was the pledges executed by its employees, and we think it had every reason to believe that these pledges of $ 250 each from*37  between 1,200 and 1,500 individuals would be adequate to permit Valley to satisfy its obligation.  In the agreement of December 30, 1938, between Belle and Valley, the latter specifically admitted a debt due and owing to Belle in the amount of $ 85,548.66, and agreed to pay this amount and any further amounts advanced to satisfy the mortgage and other indebtedness.  Belle carried the advances as an asset on balance sheets filed by it in 1937 in reorganization proceedings under section 77-B of the Bankruptcy Act, and in those proceedings the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York authorized and directed payments to be made by Belle to Valley to be used by the latter to pay a contractor for installing an electric signal system, the sum of such payments to constitute a claim against Valley by Belle.  Moreover, a loan of $ 325,000 from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to Belle, which was an integral part of the plan of reorganization, was conditioned upon evidence satisfactory to that corporation that Valley was obligated to repay advances made by Belle, and the loan was granted under an agreement providing that the Reconstruction Finance Corporation *38  would receive all amounts repaid by Valley to Belle on account of such advances.The foregoing brief summation of the evidence convinces us that the advances from Belle to Valley were made at the latter's request, that they were loans and not investments, that they were used to pay Valley's obligations, and that Valley was obligated to repay them and did repay them in part.  It is our conclusion that, to the extent that these advances were not repaid, they constituted a bona fide indebtedness *1090  owing by Valley to Belle during the petitioner's fiscal year ended July 31, 1940.The next question is whether the unpaid balance of the debt amounting to $ 130,607.42 became totally worthless during the fiscal year ended July 31, 1940, and therefore deductible.  Under the agreement of December 30, 1938, between Valley and Belle, the latter was appointed by Valley as its agent and attorney in fact to receive and collect for Valley any and all moneys deducted or to be deducted from the pay of Belle's employees.  Belle, acting for and on behalf of Valley, collected upon the pledges and the amounts so collected were applied against the advances it made to Valley, until the latter part *39  of November 1939, when the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor instituted an action against Belle claiming that it was violating the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.  Belle discontinued making deductions from wages on November 29, 1939.  On March 23, 1940, the court entered a decree enjoining Belle from making any deductions from the wages of its employees where such deductions would result in the employees receiving net wages less than the minimum wage. The decree of the court also provided that the minimum wage for the period from the date of the decree to October 24, 1945, was 30 cents an hour.The respondent contends that, inasmuch as the petitioner is here claiming a deduction under the provisions of section 23 (k) of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended by section 124 (a) of the Revenue Act of 1942, which allows the deduction of bad debts which become worthless in the year claimed, it was incumbent upon it to prove that the debt became wholly worthless in the fiscal year ended July 31, 1940.  He argues that it has not sustained this burden, since some part of the amount claimed as a deduction was still collectible from those*40  employees whose salaries would be above the minimum wage after the pay roll deductions had been made, and that the real reason for discontinuing these deductions was that Belle did not wish to cause dissatisfaction among its employees, which it feared would result from continuing the deductions.  He also argues that the petitioner's proof falls short of the establishment of worthlessness for the reason that there is no evidence that legal action to enforce payment against any person who had executed a subscription agreement upon which there remained an unpaid balance would not result in the satisfaction of execution on the judgment.The petitioner's contention is that, as a result of the judgment filed in the Wage and Hour suit on March 23, 1940, Valley became insolvent, so that the debt in the remaining balance of $ 130,607.42 became totally worthless.It is true, as respondent argues, that the court on March 23, 1940, did not enjoin the petitioner from making deductions from the wages of *1091  all of its employees, and only enjoined it from making deductions in instances where they would result in employees receiving net wages less than the minimum wage. It is clear from the*41  evidence, however, that only a small minority of petitioner's employees received salaries that were not affected by the injunction.  The treasurer of Belle testified that no suit or other proceeding for the collection of any unpaid subscriptions was instituted after the injunction because "we thought it was hopeless" and because the 10 per cent deductions authorized by the employees' subscriptions would reduce the wages of "substantially all" of Belle's employees below the minimum wage. He also pointed out the impracticability of collecting from a few employees receiving a few dollars more than the minimum wage when they could not collect from others receiving the minimum wage. Taxation, as has ofttimes been said, is an eminently practical matter.  "The institution of litigation where such action is not justified by hope of collection is not a prerequisite to the allowance of a deduction of a debt for worthlessness." William Purvin, 6 T. C. 21. Here we are convinced that, after the injunction, the possibility of collecting any substantial part of the debt by suit or otherwise was exceedingly remote, and that any attempts to collect would only have *42  resulted in a loss of employees.  As a result, Valley was left without income or assets.  Under such circumstances, we think the petitioner correctly determined that the indebtedness owed to it by Valley became worthless during its taxable year ended July 31, 1940, and respondent erred in disallowing the deduction of $ 130,607.42 claimed by petitioner.The next question is whether the petitioner is entitled to use the transferor's basis of the buildings and equipment in computing the amount deductible for depreciation.In an amendment to answer filed by the respondent he alleges that, in the determination of the deficiencies in income tax for the fiscal years ended July 31, 1940, 1941, and 1942, he allowed as deductions for depreciation on buildings and equipment the respective amounts of $ 3,344.75, $ 3,610.93, and $ 4,178.44, calculated upon the inclusion in the depreciable base of the amount of $ 130,607.42, and urges that if this Court should find that the petitioner for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1940, is entitled to a deduction from gross income for a bad debt in the amount of $ 130,607.42, then the adjustments whereby he allowed deductions from gross income for amounts for*43  depreciation on buildings and equipment calculated upon the inclusion in the depreciable base thereof of $ 130,607.42 are not correct and said amount should be eliminated from the depreciable base for each of the taxable years.In its reply to the amendment to answer, the petitioner admits that the respondent allowed as deductions the amounts of $ 3,344.75, $ 3,610.93, and $ 4,178.44, calculated upon the inclusion in the depreciable *1092  base of the amount of $ 130,607.42, and also admits that, if this Court should find that petitioner is entitled to a deduction from gross income for a bad debt in the amount of $ 130,607.42 for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1940, then that amount should not be included in the depreciable base of buildings and equipment.  Petitioner contends, however, that, irrespective of the allowance or disallowance of the bad debt deduction, the amount of $ 292,000, the donor's basis of buildings and equipment acquired by gift, should be included in the depreciable base for each of the taxable years.A deduction from gross income on account of depreciation is permitted by section 23 (1) of the code.  Section 114 provides that the basis for depreciation shall*44  be the adjusted basis provided in section 113 (b) for the purpose of determining gain.  Section 113 (b) provides that the adjusted basis for determining gain shall be the basis determined under section 113 (a), with certain adjustments set out in section 113 (b).  Section 113 (a) provides that the unadjusted basis of property shall be the cost of such property, with certain exceptions, one of which (section 113 (a) (2)) is that if property was acquired by gift after December 31, 1920, the basis shall be the same as that of the donor.The petitioner contends that its predecessor, Belle, acquired the land and factory buildings in Sayre, Pennsylvania, by gift, and that its basis for tax purposes was the same as it had in the hands of the donor, Valley.  Petitioner then points out that this property cost Valley $ 310,000 and that $ 292,000 was paid for the buildings and equipment and $ 18,000 for the land, so that the basis for depreciation of the buildings and equipment is $ 292,000.The respondent urges that Valley did not make a gift to Belle of any interest in the buildings and equipment; that there was no donative intent in the transaction; that Valley and the residents of Sayre *45  and vicinity expected to receive and did receive valuable benefits from Belle's performance of its part of the transaction; and that petitioner is not entitled to use cost to Valley as its basis for depreciation.The petitioner relies upon Helvering v. American Dental Co., 318 U.S. 322">318 U.S. 322, and the respondent on Detroit Edison Co. v. Commissioner, 318 U.S. 98">318 U.S. 98, and related cases.In Helvering v. American Dental Co., supra, a creditor who was selling merchandise to the taxpayer canceled interest on notes representing past due bills for merchandise, and a lessor, when a new lease was negotiated, agreed to compromise accumulated back rent.  The taxpayer claimed that no taxable income was realized by it on account of these cancellations of indebtedness because they were gifts within the meaning of section 22 (b) (3).  This tribunal (44 B. T. A. 425) had held that the cancellations were not gifts because "the creditors *1093  acted for purely business reasons and did not forgive the debts for altruistic reasons or out of pure generosity." The Supreme Court said: *46 * * * With this conclusion we cannot agree.  We do not feel bound by the finding of the Board because it reached its conclusions, in our opinion, upon an application of erroneous legal standards.  Section 22 (b) (3) exempts gifts. This does not leave the Tax Court of the United States free to determine at will or upon evidence and without judicial review, the tests to be applied to facts to determine whether the result is or is not a gift. The fact that the motives leading to the cancellation were those of business or even selfish, if it be true, is not significant.  The forgiveness was gratuitous, a release of something to the debtor for nothing, and sufficient to make the cancellation here gifts within the statute.  [Italics supplied.]In Detroit Edison Co. v. Commissioner, supra, the taxpayer, a public utility engaged in the generation of electrical energy in and near Detroit, received applications for service which required an investment in extension of its facilities requiring amounts greater than the anticipated revenue to be received from the extended service.  In order to obtain extension service, applicants were required to pay for*47  the cost of construction of the extension.  Under certain circumstances part of the cost paid by the customers was refunded, but the Court was concerned with only those payments which were originally, or by operation of the terms of the agreements, unrefundable and therefore permanently retained by the taxpayer.  The taxpayer included such payments by customers in its surplus without taking them into income and claimed deductions for depreciation on the total cost of the extended facilities.  The Commissioner eliminated from the depreciable property of the taxpayer that portion of the cost equivalent to the unrefunded and unrefundable balances of the deposits.  The taxpayer contended that what it had obtained were gifts or contributions to its capital of the property paid for by its customers and that under the provisions of section 113 (a) (2) and (8) (B) of the applicable revenue laws it took the basis of the donor or transferor. In rejecting this contention, the Supreme Court said:* * * It is enough to say that it overtaxes imagination to regard the farmers and other customers who furnished these funds as makers either of donations or contributions to the Company.  The transaction*48  neither in form nor in substance bore such a semblance.The payments were to the customer the price of the service.  The receipts have gone, so far as here involved, to add to the Company's surplus. They have not been taxed as income, presumably because it has been thought to be precluded by this Court's decision in Edwards v. Cuba R. Co., 268 U.S. 628">268 U.S. 628, holding that under the circumstances of that case a government subsidy to induce railroad construction was not income.  But it does not follow that the Company must be permitted to recoup through untaxed depreciation accruals on investments it has refused to make.  The Commissioner was warranted in adjusting the depreciation base to represent the taxpayer's net investment.  Nothing in the Regulations is to the contrary and nothing in Helvering v. American Dental Co., 318 U.S. 322">318 U.S. 322, when read in the context of its facts touches this problem at all.*1094  We hold that the present issue is controlled by the decision of the Supreme Court in the Detroit Edison Co. case.  Here, as in that proceeding, the taxpayer is claiming that it received a gift of property*49  and is entitled to the donor's basis.  A gift is a voluntary transfer of property without consideration.  It "is a gratuity and not only does not require consideration, but there can be none.  If there is consideration for the transaction, it is not a gift * * *." Commissioner v. Montague, 126 Fed. (2d) 948, 951. In the American Dental case the factor which the Court considered to be of paramount importance was that the "forgiveness was gratuitous, a release of something to the debtor for nothing." But we do not think it can be said in the instant proceeding that Valley either agreed to or did transfer buildings and equipment to Belle for nothing.  The agreement was that Valley would make the transfer to Belle when the latter completed two acts -- (1) moved to Sayre, Pennsylvania, and (2) paid out $ 5,000,000 in salaries. "Whether an act, or other detriment, is but a condition precedent to performance of the promise, or whether it has the quality of consideration, depends on how it was dealt with by the parties as viewed from the standpoint of a reasonable man of average intelligence and discernment." Affiliated Enterprises v. Waller, 5 Atl. (2d) 357;*50  1 Del. (Ter) 28. To the same effect is the following excerpt taken from Williston on Contracts (Rev. Ed.), vol. 1, sec. 112:* * * The same thing * * * stated as the condition of a promise may or may not be consideration, according as a reasonable man would or would not understand that the performance of the condition was requested as the price or exchange for the promise.  If a benevolent man says to a tramp, -- "if you go around the corner to the clothing shop there, you may purchase an overcoat on my credit," no reasonable person would understand that the short walk was requested as a consideration for the promise, but that in the event of the tramp going to the shop the promisor would make him a gift. Yet the walk to the shop is in its nature capable of being consideration.  It is a legal detriment to the tramp to make the walk, and the only reason why the walk is not consideration is because on a reasonable interpretation, it must be held that the walk was not requested as the price of the promise, but was merely a condition of a gratuitous promise. * * *In the instant proceeding, Valley's promise was not gratuitous.  It was organized for the purpose*51  of improving business conditions and employment in Sayre and vicinity by getting business concerns to move to and establish themselves in that community.  Its object in contacting Belle was to induce it to make such a move, and not to make a gift. A reasonable interpretation of their agreement was that the performance of the two conditions -- move to Sayre and pay $ 5,000,000 in salaries -- was the price or consideration Valley exacted for its promise to convey and for the conveyance of the land and buildings.The fact, mentioned by petitioner on brief, that Valley received nothing which could be regarded as consideration in a money or property *1095  sense is, we think, immaterial.  Consideration need not be a thing of pecuniary value or even reducible to a money value.  17 C. J. S. 435.  "The requirement ordinarily stated for the sufficiency of consideration to support a promise is, in substance, a detriment incurred by the promisee or a benefit received by the promisor at the request of the promisor. * * * That a detriment suffered by the promisee at the promisor's request and as the price for the promise is sufficient, though the promisor is not benefited, is well settled." *52  Williston on Contracts (Rev. Ed.) vol. 1, sec. 102.  It "would be a detriment to the promisee, in a legal sense, if he, at the request of the promisor, and upon the strength of that promise, had performed any act which occasioned him the slightest trouble or inconvenience, and which he was not obliged to perform." Bigelow v. Bigelow, 95 Me. 17">95 Me. 17, 22; 49 Atl. 49. Our conclusion from the foregoing is that the acts of Belle, particularly the move to Sayre, Pennsylvania, performed pursuant to and in reliance upon the promise of Valley, constituted a valuable consideration for such promise, and that, consideration being present, the conveyance of the land and buildings to Belle was not a gift. It follows that petitioner, as Belle's successor, is not entitled to Valley's basis for the buildings and equipment for depreciation purposes and that the sum of $ 130,607.42, erroneously included by respondent in the depreciation base for each of the taxable years, should be eliminated.The remaining issue is whether petitioner is entitled to include in equity invested capital the amount of $ 310,000 representing the basis which the land*53  and buildings had in the hands of Valley.The applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and of the regulations are set forth in the margin.  1*54 *1096   Petitioner's contention that the amount of $ 310,000 is includible in the equity invested capital of Belle for the purpose of computing its excess profits credit on the invested capital method for each of the taxable years ended July 31, 1941 and 1942, is predicated upon its view that the transfer of the land and buildings by Valley to Belle constituted a contribution to the capital of Belle by Valley.  Even if it could be assumed that the transfer of the land and buildings by Valley could qualify as a contribution to capital on the theory that no consideration which could be evaluated in terms of money passed to Valley, our decision would nevertheless be for the respondent.In cases involving the invested capital provisions of section 207 of the Revenue Act of 1917, it was held that invested capital was confined to money or money's worth actually paid out in acquiring an interest in a business with a view to obtaining income or profits from the conduct of the business, and, therefore, the cost of property donated to a corporation by nonstockholders could not become a part of invested capital. Frank Holton & Co., 10 B. T. A. 1317, and A. C. F. Gasoline Co., 6 B. T. A. 1337.*55  A similar conclusion was reached in Liberty Mirror Works, 3 T. C. 1018, involving the application of the provisions of section 718 of the code.  In that case we held that the aggregate amount of debts forgiven by taxpayer's creditors in 1936, 1937, and 1938 and credited to surplus account in those years was not includible in the taxpayer's "equity invested capital" for 1940 and 1941 as "paid-in surplus, or as a contribution to capital." In reaching that conclusion we pointed out that the definition of invested capital in the 1917 Act was similar in all material respects to the definition of "equity invested capital" contained in section 718 of the code and applied the principle laid down in Frank Holton & Co., supra, that the invested capital of a corporation could not be increased by donations from nonstockholders.  In the instant proceeding the transfer in question was made by Valley, a nonstockholder, without any expectation of gain through an investment in the business of Belle, and no part of the value of the property transferred can be recognized as an addition to the invested capital of Belle.Decision will be *56 entered under Rule 50.  TURNER Turner, J., dissenting: On the ultimate facts, it is my judgment that the item of $ 130,607.42 represents the investment of the petitioner in the lands and factory buildings acquired from Valley.  That the advances from Belle to Valley did or did not create a debtor-creditor relationship in the first instance, is in my opinon of no moment.  The transaction as it finally resulted is controlling.  It is accordingly my view that, in the absence of sale, exchange, or other conversion, petitioner *1097  must depend on depreciation allowances for recovery of its investment and is not entitled to a worthless debt deduction.  Footnotes1. Section 718, I. R. C., provides in part as follows:"(a) Definition.  -- The equity invested capital for any day of any taxable year shall be determined as of the beginning of such day and shall be the sum of the following amounts, reduced as provided in subsection (b) --* * * *"(2) Property paid in.  -- Property (other than money) previously paid in (regardless of the time paid in) for stock, or as paid-in surplus, or as a contribution to capital.  Such property shall be included in an amount equal to its basis (unadjusted) for determining loss upon sale or exchange.  * * * [Italics supplied.]* * * *"(4) Earnings and profits at beginning of year.  -- The accumulated earnings and profits as of the beginning of such taxable year; * * *" And section 35.718-1 of Treasury Regulations 112 provides:"* * * The equity invested capital for any day is determined as of the beginning of such day.  The basis or starting point is found in the amount of money and property previously paid in for stock, or as paid-in surplus, or as a contribution to capital. * * * For the purpose of determining equity invested capital, the amount of any property paid in is the unadjusted basis to the taxpayer for determining loss upon a sale or exchange under the law applicable to the taxable year for which the invested capital is being computed. * * ** * * *"* * * If the property was acquired after December 31, 1920, by a corporation from a shareholder as paid-in surplus or from any person as a contribution to capital, then the basis shall be the same as it would be in the hands of the transferor if the transfer had not been made * * *"↩