Court Opinion

ID: 4380904
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-03-26 15:02:02.331534+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:58.941332
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
  UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                  AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

                                     IN THE
              ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
                                 DIVISION ONE

                            AMANDA B., Appellant,

                                         v.

          DEPARTMENT OF CHILD SAFETY, R.I., A.I., Appellees.

                              No. 1 CA-JV 18-0330
                                FILED 3-26-2019

            Appeal from the Superior Court in Mohave County
                         No. B8015JD201704065
                The Honorable Derek C. Carlisle, Judge

                                   AFFIRMED

                                    COUNSEL

Harris & Winger, P.C., Flagstaff
By Chad Joshua Winger
Counsel for Appellant

Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Tucson
By Autumn Spritzer
Counsel for Appellee Department of Child Safety

                        MEMORANDUM DECISION

Presiding Judge Lawrence F. Winthrop delivered the decision of the Court,
in which Judge Maria Elena Cruz and Judge Kenton D. Jones joined.
                         AMANDA B. v. DCS, et al.
                          Decision of the Court

W I N T H R O P, Judge:

¶1            Amanda B. (“Mother”) appeals the juvenile court’s order
terminating her parental rights to her biological children, R.I. and A.I. (“the
children”), on the statutory grounds of chronic substance abuse and prior
removal.1 See Ariz. Rev. Stat. (“A.R.S.”) § 8-533(B)(3), (11). She challenges
the sufficiency of the court’s findings, the evidence supporting the grounds
for severance, and whether her due process rights were violated with
regard to the (B)(11) ground. For the following reasons, we affirm.

                FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY2

¶2            Mother has a history of substance abuse, and her involvement
with illegal substances began no later than 2007 when, at the age of
nineteen, she pled guilty to facilitation of transportation of marijuana for
sale, a class six felony.     By February 2010, Mother was abusing
methamphetamine and neglecting her biological daughter, K.W., who was
born in 2008. In October 2010, Mother gave birth to a son, H.I., who tested
positive for methamphetamine. Mother’s parental rights to both K.W. and
H.I. were severed, and they are not parties to this appeal.

¶3            In 2011, R.I. was born, and when A.I. was born in December
2012, both Mother and A.I. tested positive for methamphetamine. Mother
admitted using methamphetamine during the first twenty-eight weeks she
was pregnant with A.I., but claimed she stopped using it after learning she
was pregnant—approximately eight weeks before A.I.’s birth. An
unsuccessful in-home dependency ensued before the children were
removed from Mother’s care for approximately eight months. After their
return, the children were removed for a second time in November 2013
when Mother left them with a woman who screamed at them, prompting a
police welfare check. The woman had an outstanding felony warrant in
California and “appear[ed] to be on drugs,” which Mother reportedly had
provided as payment for the children’s care. During this time, Mother was
reportedly using methamphetamine and selling it from her home.

1     The children’s biological father (“Father”) consented to the
termination of his parental rights, and he is not a party to this appeal.

2       We view the facts and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light
most favorable to affirming the juvenile court’s order. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ.
Sec. v. Matthew L., 223 Ariz. 547, 549, ¶ 7 (App. 2010).

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                         AMANDA B. v. DCS, et al.
                          Decision of the Court

¶4           The children were returned to Mother sometime between
February and April 2014, but were removed again in January 2015, after
Mother was arrested for possession of a “meth pipe.” Mother admittedly
was using methamphetamine until at least June 2015, but eventually
successfully completed substance-abuse treatment and testing, and the
children were returned to her by August 2016.3

¶5            After the children’s return, Mother allowed them to be
exposed to domestic violence, including physical fights with Father, during
which Mother threw things. Also, Father had choked Mother and pointed
a loaded pellet gun at R.I. before shooting the family’s television.4
Ostensibly as a result of the domestic violence, R.I. developed PTSD, and
both children developed serious behavioral issues and were in need of
counseling, but Mother failed to obtain the necessary mental-health
treatment for them.5

¶6            In the fall of 2017, Mother was chronically late dropping off
and picking up A.I. from preschool. Mother frequently slept during the day
when she was supposed to be supervising the children, an indication she
might again be abusing substances and was neglecting the children. She
also admitted leaving the children in the care of a nineteen-year-old woman
who was on probation, did not have custody of her own children, and could
not visit her mother’s home because of “some kind of protective order.”

¶7            On December 5, 2017, Mother again failed to pick up A.I. from
preschool on time, and the school was unable to contact her by phone. The
school finally called the police, who found Mother’s car parked in the
driveway with her cell phone inside. Although officers knocked on the

3      Although Mother argues the juvenile court’s August 2016 order for
return of the children was not admitted into evidence, the court could take
judicial notice of its own records or those of another action tried in the same
court. In re Sabino R., 198 Ariz. 424, 425, ¶ 4 (App. 2000).

4     Father has been arrested and imprisoned numerous times, including
most recently for a dangerous drug violation.

5     R.I. also had untreated problems with his ears and failed several
hearing exams before he was successfully treated. Further, both children
subsequently exhibited behaviors such as hiding food and using it as a
calming technique, an indicator that they did not have reliable access to
food while with Mother.

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                        AMANDA B. v. DCS, et al.
                         Decision of the Court

residence’s door and windows, Mother did not answer, despite the
presence of a barking dog inside. The home had numerous broken
windows covered with plywood, sheets, and mattresses. The officers
returned to the school, and by that time, Mother had called, claiming she
had just woken up.6 When Mother finally arrived nearly two hours late,
the officers arrested her on an outstanding warrant for failure to pay fines
on her 2015 drug paraphernalia charge.

¶8             Father was incarcerated at that time, and the Department of
Child Safety (“DCS”) removed the children and filed a dependency
petition. DCS offered Mother reunification services, including substance-
abuse testing, mental-health treatment, parenting classes, supervised
visitation, and transportation, but she largely chose not to participate and
did not successfully complete any of the services, claiming they were not
“required” and conflicted with her job at a fast food restaurant, which was
“more important.” Mother did provide one clean urinalysis sample
immediately after being released from jail on December 15, but she left the
testing facility without completing a hair-follicle test that might have
detected drug use over a longer period than the urinalysis test. She also
participated in a couple of telephonic visits until they were stopped due to
a misunderstanding about Father’s authorization to participate, but she
failed to resume phone visits even after it was made clear she could call the
children. Although DCS attempted to set up supervised visitation, Mother
did not respond to attempts to contact her.

¶9           In February 2018, DCS moved to terminate Mother’s parental
rights on the grounds of neglect, chronic substance abuse, and prior
removal. See A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(2), (3), (11).

¶10            In March 2018, the juvenile court found the children
dependent as to Mother. The court ordered Mother to complete a hair-
follicle test within two days after the dependency hearing, but Mother
failed to comply, and she did not participate in further substance-abuse
testing or treatment, supervised visitation, or other reunification services.
She did, however, accept an invitation to spend Easter with the children
and their foster family. During that visit, it appeared Mother “had lost a
considerable amount of weight” and wore sunglasses “most of the time,”
signs consistent with methamphetamine use.

6      Although Mother states she overslept because she had been working
the graveyard shift, she testified at the dependency adjudication hearing
that she had stopped working that shift before December 5.

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                          AMANDA B. v. DCS, et al.
                           Decision of the Court

¶11           On July 11, 2018, the juvenile court conducted the severance
adjudication hearing. Although DCS had offered Mother transportation to
the hearing, she declined the offer and ultimately arrived approximately
two hours and fifteen minutes late without explanation. At the close of the
hearing, the court took the severance motion under advisement and later
found DCS had proven the substance-abuse and prior-removal grounds by
clear and convincing evidence and that termination of Mother’s rights was
in the children’s best interests.

¶12          Mother filed a timely notice of appeal. We have jurisdiction
pursuant to A.R.S. § 8-235(A) and Arizona Rule of Procedure for the
Juvenile Court (“Rule”) 103(A).

                                  ANALYSIS

       I.     Standard of Review

¶13            A court may sever parental rights if it finds clear and
convincing evidence of one of the statutory grounds for severance and finds
by a preponderance of the evidence that severance is in the children’s best
interests. See A.R.S. §§ 8-533(B), -537(B); Kent K. v. Bobby M., 210 Ariz. 279,
281-82, 288, ¶¶ 7, 41 (2005).

¶14             As the trier of fact in a termination proceeding, the juvenile
court “is in the best position to weigh the evidence, observe the parties,
judge the credibility of witnesses, and resolve disputed facts.” Jordan C. v.
Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 223 Ariz. 86, 93, ¶ 18 (App. 2009) (quoting Ariz. Dep’t
of Econ. Sec. v. Oscar O., 209 Ariz. 332, 334, ¶ 4 (App. 2004)). Thus, the
resolution of conflicts in the evidence is uniquely the province of the
juvenile court, and we will not reweigh the evidence in our review. Jesus
M. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 203 Ariz. 278, 282, ¶ 12 (App. 2002). Instead,
we review the juvenile court’s order to determine if reasonable evidence
supports its factual findings. Matthew L., 223 Ariz. at 549, ¶ 7.

¶15            Under Rule 66(F)(2)(a), if DCS has met its burden of proof at
the termination adjudication hearing, the juvenile court shall “[m]ake
specific findings of fact in support of the termination of parental rights and
grant the motion or petition for termination.” To satisfy the rule, the
juvenile court must specify at least one factual finding sufficient to support
each conclusion of law. Ruben M. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 230 Ariz. 236,
240, ¶ 22 (App. 2012). The findings of fact and conclusions of law required
“should be sufficiently specific to enable the appellate court to provide
effective review,” id. at 241, ¶ 25, but the juvenile court need not list every

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                         AMANDA B. v. DCS, et al.
                          Decision of the Court

fact relied upon in making its findings, Christy C. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec.,
214 Ariz. 445, 451-52, ¶ 19 (App. 2007).

       II.    Mother’s Challenges to the Court’s Statutory Findings

              A.      Chronic Substance Abuse

¶16            Mother argues the juvenile court erred in terminating her
parental rights based on chronic substance abuse. See A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(3).
She contends the court failed to make “specific, articulated findings”
establishing each element of that ground and the findings were not
supported by sufficient evidence. Even assuming arguendo Mother has not
waived her argument regarding the adequacy of the court’s findings by
failing to raise it below,7 we find no error.

¶17            The juvenile court may terminate parental rights when a
parent’s history of chronic substance abuse renders her unable to discharge
parental responsibilities “and there are reasonable grounds to believe that
the condition will continue for a prolonged indeterminate period.” A.R.S.
§ 8-533(B)(3). Severance on this ground requires a finding that DCS “made
reasonable efforts to reunify the family or that such efforts would have been
futile.” Jennifer G. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 211 Ariz. 450, 453, ¶ 12 (App.
2005) (citation omitted). DCS fulfills its statutory mandate when it provides
the parent with the time and opportunity to participate in programs
designed to help her become an effective parent. Maricopa Cty. Juv. Action
No. JS-501904, 180 Ariz. 348, 353 (App. 1994).8

7       We may apply waiver to a complaint of insufficient written findings
when it is first asserted on appeal and the order, as it does here, “includes
at least some statutorily required factual findings.” See Logan B. v. Dep’t of
Child Safety, 244 Ariz. 532, 536, ¶ 10 (App. 2018) (citations omitted).

8      Although Mother argues DCS failed to make diligent reunification
efforts with regard to the subsection (B)(11) (prior removal) ground, she
distinguishes diligent from reasonable efforts and does not argue DCS
failed to make reasonable efforts with regard to the subsection (B)(3)
(chronic substance abuse) ground—thus implicitly conceding DCS’s efforts
were reasonable. Further, because Mother does not argue DCS failed to
make reasonable efforts to provide appropriate reunification services, she
has abandoned and waived any argument in this regard. See Crystal E. v.
Dep’t of Child Safety, 241 Ariz. 576, 577, ¶ 5 (App. 2017).

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                         AMANDA B. v. DCS, et al.
                          Decision of the Court

¶18           Long-lasting substance abuse “need not be constant to be
considered chronic.” Raymond F. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 224 Ariz. 373,
377, ¶ 16 (App. 2010). A “temporary abstinence from drugs and alcohol
does not outweigh [a parent’s] significant history of abuse or h[er]
consistent inability to abstain during th[e] case.” Id. at 379, ¶ 29. A parent’s
failure to remedy substance abuse when faced with the imminent loss of
her children is evidence the parent has not overcome her dependence on
the substance. Id.

¶19           The juvenile court may evaluate evidence of a parent’s prior
substance abuse in determining whether the ground of chronic substance
abuse has been established. Jennifer S. v. Dep’t of Child Safety, 240 Ariz. 282,
287, ¶¶ 19-20 (App. 2016). In determining whether a parent’s substance
abuse will continue, a court may consider the parent’s history of sobriety
and relapse, the types of substances abused, the length and frequency of
use, and effects on the parent’s behavior associated with the substance
abuse. Id. at ¶ 20. The circumstances surrounding periods of sobriety are
also important; for example, a temporary abstinence compelled by
incarceration or other confinement does not demonstrate that a parent is
able to maintain sobriety in a non-custodial setting consistent with the
conditions under which parenting occurs. See Raymond F., 224 Ariz. at 379,
¶ 29. Ultimately, “a child’s interest in permanency must prevail over a
parent’s uncertain battle with drugs.” Jennifer S., 240 Ariz. at 287, ¶ 17
(citations omitted).

¶20            In this case, the juvenile court acknowledged Mother’s history
with marijuana and methamphetamine, finding she had a history of
methamphetamine use that began before she became pregnant with H.I. in
2010 and continued during that pregnancy—while she was also supposed
to be caring for K.W.               Mother admittedly continued to use
methamphetamine, including for at least twenty-eight of the thirty-six
weeks she was pregnant with A.I. in 2012. The juvenile court found that
both H.I. and A.I. tested positive for methamphetamine at birth, as did
Mother. The court also found Mother had admitted using drugs when A.I.
and R.I. were removed and until at least June 4, 2015. The court noted
Mother’s apparent sobriety—achieved while receiving substance-abuse
treatment and confirmed through testing—from March 2016 to August
2016, and her negative urinalysis test—obtained immediately after her
release from jail on December 15, 2017. However, the court also noted
Mother’s failure to concurrently provide a hair-follicle test on December 15,
her refusal to obey the court’s order to complete a hair-follicle test within a
few days of the March 2018 dependency adjudication hearing, and her

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                          AMANDA B. v. DCS, et al.
                           Decision of the Court

failure to participate in any drug testing, screening, or counseling from
December 2017 through the July 2018 severance hearing.

¶21             Mother argues that, due to the lack of drug test results, DCS
presented “no evidence” she abused any substances after June 4, 2015.
However, although the juvenile court did not explicitly make this finding,
Mother’s failure to comply with the court’s March 2018 order to complete a
hair-follicle test may be deemed a “positive” test. See In re Richard M., 196
Ariz. 84, 86, ¶ 9 (App. 1999); see also Gabriel J. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 1
CA-JV 12-0233, 2013 WL 773054, at *2, ¶ 8 (Ariz. App. Feb. 28, 2013) (mem.
decision). Moreover, noting there had not been—and obviously, given
Mother’s non-cooperation, could not be—confirmation of recent drug use
through actual testing, the court went on to detail substantial circumstantial
evidence indicating Mother’s continued substance abuse and attendant
inability to discharge parental responsibilities, including routinely sleeping
when she was supposed to be caring for the children,9 her significant weight
loss, the unusual appearance of her eyes, and her consistent and often
extreme tardiness both in picking up and dropping off A.I. at school and in
attending required court appearances—all findings supported by the
record.10 This evidence as a whole supports the reasonable inference that a
nexus exists between Mother’s continued substance abuse and her inability
to deal with critical personal responsibilities, including parental
responsibilities. With respect to the likelihood that Mother’s chronic
substance abuse would continue for a prolonged indeterminate period, the
court relied on the danger of relapse in light of Mother’s history and her
refusal to engage in any substance-abuse assessment, testing, or treatment.
Mother’s ability to achieve sobriety was doubtful in light of her history of
relapse, despite previously successfully completing substance-abuse
treatment. And despite multiple prior dependencies and related treatment,

9      DCS’s witnesses testified Mother’s excessive sleeping and chronic
tardiness were consistent with the “drowsiness” associated with “coming
down off” certain drugs, including methamphetamine. Further, when the
parent of a child in out-of-home custody refuses to complete substance-
abuse testing—as Mother had refused—it often indicates the parent is
abusing substances and attempting to cover it up, as may the failure to
communicate with DCS and participate in reunification services.

10     In considering the prior removal ground, the court also cited
evidence that Mother had concomitantly exposed the children to domestic
violence, failed to address medical and behavioral issues involving the
children, and left the children with an inappropriate caregiver, as she had
previously done in November 2013.

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                         AMANDA B. v. DCS, et al.
                          Decision of the Court

she had failed to take her addiction seriously enough to avoid or develop
coping skills to deal with the “triggers” that cause her to resort to substance
abuse. Reasonable evidence supported these findings and the court’s
conclusion that termination of Mother’s parental rights was warranted on
the ground of chronic substance abuse.

¶22           Mother nonetheless argues the evidence supporting chronic
substance abuse was “so weak” that the juvenile court abused its discretion
and shifted the burden of proof when it concluded that ground had been
met. We disagree. The court’s reliance on circumstantial evidence and
Mother’s refusal to comply with substance-abuse testing and treatment
allowed for a reasonable inference of ongoing substance abuse that will
continue due to Mother’s failure to meaningfully engage in treatment.
Although Mother could have rebutted that evidence by submitting clean
substance-abuse tests and cooperating with DCS’s attempts to provide
reunification services, she chose not to do so. The juvenile court’s reliance
on circumstantial evidence of drug use in the absence of rebutting evidence
was well within the court’s authority to weigh the evidence and draw
reasonable inferences from that evidence, see Jordan C., 223 Ariz. at 93, ¶ 18,
and did not shift the burden of proof.

¶23            Finally, in arguing the juvenile court’s findings were
insufficient, Mother relies on Logan B., in which the juvenile court issued an
order “devoid of any factual findings to support the legal conclusions about
the statutory ground for termination or factual findings to justify that
termination was in the children’s best interests.” 244 Ariz. at 536, ¶ 6. As
Mother concedes, however, the court in this case “did make some factual
findings in the record to support the [chronic substance abuse] ground.”
Moreover, the factual findings were adequate. They covered the necessary
statutory elements and were sufficiently specific to support the decision
and allow effective appellate review. See id. at 537-38, ¶¶ 14-18. The court
made written findings supported by reasonable evidence that established
the required elements of the chronic substance abuse ground.

              B.     Prior Removal

¶24          Mother also argues insufficient evidence supports
termination of her parental rights on the ground of prior removal, see A.R.S.
§ 8-533(B)(11), and the court violated her due process rights by finding
termination on this ground.

¶25            However, “[i]f clear and convincing evidence supports any
one of the statutory grounds on which the juvenile court ordered severance,

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                         AMANDA B. v. DCS, et al.
                          Decision of the Court

we need not address claims pertaining to the other grounds.” Jesus M., 203
Ariz. at 280, ¶ 3 (citations omitted); see also A.R.S. § 8-533(B) (requiring that
evidence sufficient to justify the termination of the parent-child relationship
include “any one” of the enumerated termination grounds). Because
reasonable evidence supports the court’s decision to terminate Mother’s
parental rights under A.R.S. § 8-533(B)(3), we need not and therefore do not
address this argument.

       III.   Best Interests

¶26             Mother does not challenge, and thus has waived any
argument regarding, the juvenile court’s finding that severance was in the
children’s best interests. See Crystal E., 241 Ariz. at 577, ¶ 5. Nonetheless,
we note that reasonable evidence supports the finding. See generally
Maricopa Cty. Juv. Action No. JS–500274, 167 Ariz. 1, 5 (1990) (recognizing
that “best interests of the child are a necessary, but not exclusively
sufficient, condition for an order of termination”). Here, as the juvenile
court found, the children are residing in an adoptive placement that
provides them with structure, stability, and permanency and is meeting all
their needs, including their counseling and medical needs. See Audra T. v.
Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 194 Ariz. 376, 377, ¶ 5 (App. 1998). Also, termination
of Mother’s rights furthers the plan of adoption, which would provide the
children with continued stability and permanency. See Oscar O., 209 Ariz.
at 334, ¶ 6. Moreover, as we have recognized, the children’s interest in
permanency must prevail over Mother’s uncertain battle with drugs. See
Jennifer S., 240 Ariz. at 287, ¶ 17. Accordingly, the court’s finding that
terminating Mother’s parental rights was in the children’s best interests is
supported by reasonable evidence in the record.

                                CONCLUSION

¶27            The juvenile court’s order terminating Mother’s parental
rights to the children is affirmed.

                           AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
                           FILED: AA

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