Court Opinion

ID: 2814736
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-06 21:02:29.937215+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:09.414392
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                           FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                 July 6, 2015
                       _________________________________
                                                             Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                 Clerk of Court
FORREST DARYL TEMPLETON,

      Plaintiff Counter Defendant -
      Appellant,

v.                                                    No. 14-1261
                                            (D.C. No. 1:12-CV-00859-RPM)
CATLIN SPECIALTY INSURANCE                             (D. Colo.)
COMPANY,

      Defendant Counterclaimant –
      Appellee,

and

H. THOMAS FEHN; ORLY DAVIDI;
GREGORY J. SHERWIN; FIELDS,
FEHN & SHERWIN,

     Defendants.
____________________________

FORREST DARYL TEMPLETON,

      Plaintiff Counter Defendant -
      Appellant,

v.                                                      14-1381
                                            (D.C. No. 1:12-CV-00859-RPM)
DALE K. HALL,                                          (D. Colo.)

      Defendant - Appellee,

and

CATLIN SPECIALTY INSURANCE
COMPANY; H. THOMAS FEHN; ORLY
DAVIDI; GREGORY J. SHERWIN;
FIELDS, FEHN & SHERWIN,

      Defendants.

_____________________________

FORREST DARYL TEMPLETON,

      Plaintiff Counter Defendant -
      Appellant,

v.                                                             14-1453
                                                   (D.C. No. 1:12-CV-00859-RPM)
H. THOMAS FEHN; ORLY DAVIDI;                                  (D. Colo.)
GREGORY J. SHERWIN; FIELDS,
FEHN & SHERWIN,

      Defendants - Appellees,

and

CATLIN SPECIALTY INSURANCE
COMPANY,

      Defendant - Counterclaimant,

and

DALE K. HALL,

      Defendant.

                             ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

       * This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.

                                            -2-
Before TYMKOVICH, MATHESON, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.

       Forrest Daryl Templeton was a licensed securities broker. Between 2004 and

2007, he sold high-risk investments to Robert and Lisa Cordaro. Mr. Templeton sold one

of those investments, a secured note in Medical Providers Financial Corporation IV

(“MedCap IV”), while he was a registered representative for CapWest Securities, Inc.

(“CapWest”). After the investments failed, the Cordaros filed claims against Mr.

Templeton, CapWest, their former broker-dealer, and others with the Financial Industry

Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), which resolves disputes between broker-dealers and

their customers through arbitration.

       Catlin Specialty Insurance Company (“Catlin”) insured Mr. Templeton and

CapWest under an errors and omissions policy (the “Policy”). The Policy covered claims

against Mr. Templeton and CapWest regarding sales of securities while Mr. Templeton

was a registered representative at CapWest. Catlin agreed to defend Mr. Templeton and

CapWest against the Cordaros’ claim subject to a reservation of rights.

       Catlin retained counsel for Mr. Templeton and CapWest, but the law firm it

retained withdrew after a dispute with CapWest over legal fees. A dispute ensued

between Catlin and CapWest over replacement counsel. CapWest requested Catlin to

retain Fields, Fehn & Sherwin (“FF&S”), which had been serving as general counsel for

CapWest in the Cordaro matter. Catlin objected but eventually gave FF&S limited

authority to attempt to settle with the Cordaros.
                                             -3-
       Shortly before the FINRA arbitration hearing, FF&S negotiated a settlement,

which resulted in the Cordaros dismissing CapWest—but not Mr. Templeton—from the

FINRA proceeding. Mistakenly believing the settlement had also resolved the claims

against him, Mr. Templeton did not attend the FINRA arbitration hearing. The

arbitration panel awarded the Cordaros $500,000 in damages, plus interest and costs.

       Mr. Templeton paid the Cordaros $555,000 to settle the arbitration award. He

then initiated this action in the District of Colorado against Catlin; Dale Hall, the

President and Chief Executive Officer of CapWest; FF&S; and FF&S attorneys H.

Thomas Fehn, Orly Davidi, and Gregory Sherwin (collectively with FF&S, “attorney-

defendants”). The district court granted Mr. Hall’s motion to dismiss and Catlin’s and

FF&S’s motions for summary judgment, thereby dismissing all of Mr. Templeton’s

claims against the defendants. Mr. Templeton now appeals those orders.

       Mr. Templeton argues the district court erred when it: (1) dismissed his negligent

misrepresentation claim against Mr. Hall, (2) granted summary judgment to Catlin on his

indemnification claim and Catlin’s counterclaim, (3) granted summary judgment to

Catlin on his breach of the duty to defend claim, and (4) granted summary judgment to

the attorney-defendants on his legal malpractice and breach of fiduciary duty claims.

Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm on the first, second, and fourth

                                             -4-
issues, and affirm in part and reverse and remand in part on the third issue.1

                                   I. BACKGROUND

                                 A. Factual Background

1. Mr. Templeton Sells Securities to the Cordaros

       From February 14, 2002 to September 15, 2005, Mr. Templeton worked as a

registered representative for United Securities Alliance, Inc. (“USA”). During that time,

he established a broker-customer relationship with the Cordaros. Between June 2004 and

August 2005, Mr. Templeton sold the Cordaros the following five private placement

investments totaling $515,000: In June 2004, the Cordaros purchased (1) a $100,000

three-year note and (2) a $130,000 five-year note in Medical Provider Financial

Corporation II (“MedCap II”), a subsidiary of Medical Capital Holdings, Inc. (“MedCap

Holdings”); (3) a $150,000 investment instrument in Triple Net NNN 2003 Value Fund

LLC (“Triple Net”); and (4) a $100,000 investment instrument in DBSI State Office

Fund, LLC (“DBSI”). In August 2005, they purchased an additional (5) $35,000 five-

       1
         Mr. Templeton initially filed a notice of appeal as to the Catlin judgment (No.
14-1261) before final judgment as to all defendants and without district court approval
under a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b) certification. Catlin moved to dismiss the
appeal because the judgment was not final. At Mr. Templeton’s request, the district court
subsequently entered a Rule 54(b) certification as to its judgments against Catlin and Mr.
Hall, making Mr. Templeton’s appeal as to Catlin valid. Mr. Templeton also filed a
notice of appeal of the judgment in favor of Mr. Hall at that time (No. 14-1381). After
the district court granted summary judgment to the attorney-defendants, it entered a final
judgment dismissing the action. Mr. Templeton then filed a notice of appeal as to the
attorney-defendants (No. 14-1453). The motion to dismiss is denied as moot because the
judgment as to all defendants is now final and appealable.

                                             -5-
year note in MedCap II. In total, the Cordaros invested $265,000 in MedCap II while Mr.

Templeton was employed with USA.

       On September 16, 2005, Mr. Templeton began working at CapWest. The

Cordaros transferred their investment account to CapWest. In June 2007, the Cordaros’

investment on their $100,000 MedCap II note matured. They worked with Mr.

Templeton to reinvest the $100,000 they received into a seven-year note in Medical

Provider Financial Corporation IV (“MedCap IV”), another subsidiary of MedCap

Holdings. CapWest was the broker-dealer on the MedCap IV transaction.

       In fall 2008, the Cordaros stopped receiving payments on all of their investments

with Mr. Templeton, including the MedCap IV investment.

       In July 2009, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) sued

MedCap Holdings for violating federal securities laws. In August 2009, the district court

appointed a temporary receiver and then a permanent receiver for MedCap Holdings and

its subsidiaries, including MedCap IV. The court’s orders also froze MedCap IV’s assets.

2. The Cordaros Initiate the FINRA Action

       On November 18, 2009, the Cordaros filed a statement of claim with FINRA

against Mr. Templeton, CapWest, USA, and USA’s principals for Mr. Templeton’s sales

of the Triple Net, DBSI, MedCap II, and MedCap IV notes. The Cordaros demanded

arbitration and sought to recover the $515,000 they had invested with Mr. Templeton,

claiming that Mr. Templeton had sold them speculative securities without adequate

investigation or disclosure.
                                           -6-
      The statement of claim described each of Mr. Templeton’s sales of securities to

the Cordaros, including the MedCap IV note, as to which the Cordaros alleged:

      In 2007, when the [$100,000 MedCap II note] matured, respondent
      Templeton induced claimants to roll it over into a new, 7 year note for the
      same amount. By that time, Templeton was working for another broker
      dealer, CapWest Securities, which is named as a respondent herein by
      virtue of the offer and sale of that note to claimants.

App. at 790. They alleged the prospectuses for both the MedCap II and MedCap IV sales

were inadequate because they did not disclose lawsuits involving a MedCap Holding

principal that should have been disclosed and because they included unsupported

financial information. They further alleged that Mr. Templeton and CapWest should

have known the MedCap IV investment was too risky because it was unsuitable for any

customer “who was not a speculator,” and the Cordaros specifically told them that

“preservation of capital was their primary invest[ment] objective.” Id.

3. Mr. Templeton and CapWest’s Insurance Policy

      When the Cordaros filed their FINRA action, Catlin insured CapWest and Mr.

Templeton through an errors and omissions policy. The Policy’s coverage period was

September 1, 2009 through September 1, 2010. The Policy covered:

      Damages which the Insured becomes legally obligated to pay because of a
      Claim that is both made against the Insured and reported to the Insurer in
      writing during the Policy Period . . . for a Wrongful Act committed solely
      in the rendering or failing to render Professional Services for a Client,
      provided . . . such Wrongful Act occurred on or after the Retroactive Date.

                                          -7-
Id. at 876 (Policy § I.A).2 The Policy defined “Wrongful Act” as “a negligent act or

omission . . . committed by an Insured in the rendering of Professional Services,” id. at

882 (Policy § II.V), and “Professional Services” to include a registered representative’s

“sale, attempted sale or servicing of Securities that are approved and authorized by and

actually distributed through the Broker/Dealer,” id. at 881 (Policy § II.Q.1.b).

       The Policy’s “Retroactive Date” was defined as the later of January 1, 2005, or the

date when the Insured Registered Representative “first entered into an uninterrupted or

continuously renewed contract with the Broker/Dealer.” Id. at 882 (Policy § II.T.2). Mr.

Templeton began working at CapWest on September 16, 2005. Thus, the Policy covered

claims within the policy period arising from Mr. Templeton’s negligent acts or omissions

in rendering professional services that occurred on or after September 16, 2005. The

Policy therefore potentially provided coverage for the MedCap IV note Mr. Templeton

sold to the Cordaros. It did not cover the sales Mr. Templeton made to the Cordaros

while employed with USA.

       The Policy contained exclusions from coverage, two of which are relevant here—

the “Interrelated Wrongful Acts” exclusion (“Exclusion D.1.b”) and the

“Insolvency/Receivership” exclusion (“Exclusion N”). Exclusion D.1.b stated, in

relevant part:

       2
        The Policy defined “Insured” to include the Named Insured Broker/Dealer,
CapWest, and “Insured Registered Representative(s).” App. at 878-79 (Policy § II.K
(“Insured(s)”), II.B (“Broker/Dealer”). Mr. Templeton was an Insured Registered
Representative.

                                            -8-
       This Policy shall not apply to and the Insurer shall pay neither Damages nor
       Defense Expenses for any Claim . . . arising out of, based upon or in
       consequence of, directly or indirectly resulting from or in any way
       involving . . . any Wrongful Act occurring on or after the Retroactive Date
       which, together with a Wrongful Act occurring on or prior to such
       Retroactive Date, would constitute Interrelated Wrongful Acts. . . .

Id. at 882 (Policy § III.D.1.b). The Policy defined “Interrelated Wrongful Act” as:

        [A]ny Wrongful Acts that are:

       1. similar, repeated or continuous; or
       2. connected by reason of any common fact, circumstance, situation,
       transaction, casualty, event, decision or policy or one or more series of
       facts, circumstances, situations, transactions, casualties, events, decisions or
       policies.

Id. at 880 (Policy § II.M).

       Exclusion N excluded from coverage any claim:

       arising out of, based upon or in consequence of, directly or indirectly
       resulting from or in any way involving insolvency, receivership, . . . or
       inability to pay of . . . any company, organization, entity, . . . direct private
       placement, . . . or arrangement of any nature in which any Insureds . . .
       placed or recommended to be placed funds.

Id. at 884 (Policy § III.N).

       The Policy also imposed upon Catlin a duty to defend “any civil litigations or

arbitrations against the Insureds that are covered by [the] Policy.” Id. at 876 (Policy

§ I.B). It provided that Catlin “shall appoint counsel of its selection to defend the

Insureds and pay associated Defense Expenses.” Id. The Policy had a $500,000

aggregate coverage limit, including defense expenses, for claims arising from the sale of

private placements, such as the MedCap IV sale, subject to a $100,000 self-insured

                                              -9-
retention per claim.

4. Catlin Agrees to Provide Representation to Mr. Templeton and CapWest in the
   Cordaro Matter Subject to a Reservation of Rights

       On February 4, 2010, CapWest received the Cordaros’ statement of claim, and

reported the action to Catlin’s claims office a week later. It also notified Mr. Fehn, a

general partner at FF&S, who regularly did legal work for CapWest as general counsel.

On February 19, 2010, Mr. Hall sent an email to Mr. Templeton and other CapWest

registered representatives notifying them that those registered representatives named in

FINRA arbitrations would be required to pay 75% of the legal fees incurred in defending

those claims.

       On May 5, 2010, Catlin’s coverage counsel, Richard Rogers, sent a letter to

CapWest and Mr. Templeton stating that Catlin would defend them against the Cordaros’

claims subject to a “full reservation of rights.” Id. at 814. The letter explained the

relevant coverage provisions of the Catlin Policy, and reserved the right to deny

indemnification for the Cordaros’ claims to the extent they were not covered. It also said

Catlin was reserving its right to deny indemnity based on Exclusion N, because the

Cordaro “matter arises f[ro]m Securities that are now insolvent, bankrupt, or in

receivership.” Id. at 819. It also stated that “Catlin further reserves its right to deny

coverage for the arbitration, in whole or in part, based on other exclusions contained in

the policy, including . . . Exclusion D which applies to claims that were reported or

noticed prior to the policy period . . . .” Id.

                                                  -10-
5. Catlin’s Initial Choice of Counsel and Counsel’s Withdrawal

       Catlin initially retained the law firm Markun Zusman & Compton LLP (“Markun

Zusman”) to represent Mr. Templeton and CapWest in the Cordaro arbitration. On April

20, 2010, Markun Zusman filed an answer to the Cordaros’ statement of claim. The

answer responded to all of the Cordaros’ claims against Mr. Templeton, including those

arising out of the investments he sold while at USA.

       In August 2010, Mr. Templeton left CapWest.

       Around that time, CapWest became dissatisfied with the amount of Markun

Zusman’s legal bills, which it was paying under its self-insured retention, and stopped

paying its invoices. On September 28, 2010, Mr. Fehn submitted a “global settlement”

proposal to counsel representing four FINRA claimants with arbitrations pending against

CapWest, including the Cordaros, attempting to settle the claims for “approximately

3.6% of the claimed amount[s].”3 Id. at 931. The letter said that if all claimants did not

agree to the settlement, CapWest would defend the cases on a “first come, first served

basis, and then once its coverage and funds are exhausted, it will cease business activity.”

Id. The letter referred only to CapWest and not to CapWest’s registered representatives.

The claimants did not accept the settlement.

       On November 5, 2010, Markun Zusman sent a letter to FINRA withdrawing as

       3
         At the time of the Cordaro arbitration, CapWest had a number of other FINRA
arbitrations pending against it, which were subject to the same Catlin Policy.

                                            -11-
counsel for CapWest and Mr. Templeton. Markun Zusman advised FINRA that Mr.

Fehn was CapWest’s general counsel and provided his contact information. Although

Markun Zusman did not send a copy of the letter to Mr. Templeton, on November 12,

2010, a lawyer with Markun Zusman notified Mr. Templeton the firm was no longer

representing him in the Cordaro arbitration. On December 13, 2010, Mr. Templeton sent

FINRA an email updating his contact information to a mail forwarding service in South

Dakota.4 In February 2011, FINRA apparently requested Mr. Templeton’s contact

information from Markun Zusman so that it could remove Markun Zusman as Mr.

Templeton’s attorney of record. Markun Zusman provided an outdated address, a P.O.

Box in Santa Fe, New Mexico. FINRA thereafter recognized Mr. Templeton as

appearing pro se.

       In February 2011, Mr. Templeton emailed Mr. Hall and Ed Price, CapWest’s

Chief Operating Officer, to ask about the status of the Cordaro arbitration. Mr.

Templeton asked if Mr. Fehn was representing CapWest and him in the matter, inquired

about the status of settlement negotiations, and said he would need to adjust his travel

plans if he needed to be in Albuquerque at the end of March for the arbitration. Mr. Hall

responded, stating that “[a]t this moment [Mr. Fehn] is [representing Mr. Templeton],”

and that CapWest was working “with Catlin to make that permanent.” Id. at 935. Mr.

       4
        The letter explained he is a legal resident of South Dakota but travels full time
and does not have a residential address where he receives mail. It also provided his email
address, noting that email was the best way to contact him because he only receives mail
forwarding one or two times a month.

                                            -12-
Hall also stated that Mr. Fehn was working on a settlement with the Cordaros.

6. Catlin and CapWest’s Disagreement over Replacement Counsel

      On March 1, 2011, Mr. Hall emailed Mr. Rogers requesting authorization of

$10,000 to $15,000 to settle the Cordaro matter. Mr. Fehn was copied on the email. Mr.

Rogers responded later that day, explaining that he would need time to review the matter

before responding to the settlement request. He further stated that handling the matter

was “being hampered by the state of defense counsel arrangements.” Id. at 940.

      Mr. Rogers attached a letter to his email explaining Catlin’s position on retaining

defense counsel. In the letter, he summarized that CapWest rejected the law firm Catlin

proposed to represent it and Mr. Templeton and instead insisted FF&S handle the matter.

Mr. Rogers objected to retaining FF&S. He explained,

      Catlin does not agree that FF&S would be appropriate for the defense, for
      the reasons stated at the inception of these matters, with reference to the
      firm’s specialty in the representation of claimants and related issues.
      Moreover, that firm has served as the general counsel for CapWest during
      these proceedings. As such, it would not be appropriate for FF&S to also
      serve as independent defense counsel due to potential conflicts of interest.

Id. at 945. In addition, Mr. Rogers agreed to pay FF&S a separate $15,000 for services it

had rendered in connection with the global settlement offer after Catlin received an

itemized invoice.

      On March 7, 2011, Mr. Rogers emailed Mr. Hall, copying Mr. Fehn, approving the

$15,000 settlement authority Mr. Hall had requested. Mr. Rogers further stated that the

approaching Cordaro arbitration “underscores the need for an agreed-to defense counsel

                                           -13-
approach to be put in place immediately.” Id. at 939. The next day, Mr. Hall replied to

Mr. Rogers, objecting to his refusal to allow FF&S handle the Cordaro matter. Mr.

Rogers and Mr. Hall continued discussing their dispute over defense counsel. On March

9, 2011, Mr. Rogers explained that CapWest wanted “Mr. Fehn, but Catlin does not agree

to him, and that they would “have to continue discussions to bridge the divide.” Id. at

949.

       On March 11, 2011, Mr. Hall responded, agreeing that they would have to

continue discussions. He also provided Catlin with invoices for FF&S’s services. Mr.

Rogers responded, acquiescing to Mr. Hall’s request to pay FF&S the agreed-upon

$15,000, but renewing Catlin’s objection to FF&S providing defense services going

forward.

       On March 13, 2011, at Mr. Hall’s request, Mr. Templeton sent Mr. Hall updated

financial information to pass along to Mr. Fehn. On March 17, 2011, Mr. Templeton sent

Mr. Hall another email asking if there was “anything new” in the Cordaro matter and if

Mr. Hall had received his financial information. Id. at 966. Mr. Hall responded that day,

stating: “Got the statement. Tom Fehn was to talk to the [Cordaros’] lawyer this week.

[W]ill let you know.” Id. Mr. Templeton did not communicate with anyone at Catlin or

FF&S about the Cordaro matter.

       On March 21, 2011, Mr. Hall emailed a legal assistant at FF&S requesting an

update on the Cordaro matter. The legal assistant responded on March 23, 2011, stating:

“[Mr. Fehn] asked me to remind you that we don’t represent Daryl Templeton. [Mr.
                                           -14-
Fehn] is out this week, but the update is that we are trying to settle the case.” Id. at 973.

Mr. Hall replied later that day: “We should be representing Daryl. I mentioned that to

Tom. If we alienate Daryl our goose could be cooked.” Id. at 972-73. The legal

assistant responded, “I will let [Mr. Fehn] know asap.” Id. at 972.

7. FF&S Negotiates with the Cordaros to Settle their Claim and Dismiss CapWest

       On March 25, 2011, Ms. Davidi, an associate at FF&S, reached an oral agreement

with the Cordaros’ representatives, Richard Sacks and Irwin Stein, to settle their claim

for $13,500. The Cordaros accepted the offer. But when Ms. Davidi contacted Mr.

Sacks to confirm that the settlement was with all the parties, Mr. Sacks stated the

settlement was with CapWest only and did not include Mr. Templeton. Ms. Davidi then

notified FINRA of the settlement, stating that the Cordaros had “reached a settlement

with Respondent CapWest Securities, Inc. only.” Id. at 987.

       That same day, the Cordaros notified FINRA that they were dismissing their

claims against CapWest with prejudice. Mr. Stein sent Mr. Templeton notice of the

settlement to the address FINRA had on file, which was apparently the outdated New

Mexico address provided by Markun Zusman.

8. Mr. Hall Notifies Mr. Templeton and Catlin that the Cordaro Matter Had
   Settled

       On March 25, 2011, Mr. Hall told Mr. Templeton that the Cordaro matter had

settled. On March 28, 2011, Mr. Hall also notified Mr. Rogers that FF&S had settled the

Cordaro matter for $13,500. Neither Mr. Templeton nor Mr. Rogers were informed that

                                             -15-
the matter had been settled with CapWest only.

9. Mr. Templeton Does Not Attend the Cordaro Arbitration

       Unbeknownst to Mr. Templeton and Catlin, the FINRA arbitration proceeded on

March 29, 2011, in Mr. Templeton’s absence. USA, the only other remaining

respondent, also did not appear.5 At the hearing, the FINRA panel heard uncontested

testimony from Mr. Cordaro and argument from Mr. Stein. At the end of the hearing, the

panel asked Mr. Stein for an accounting of damages. Mr. Stein stated: “I show 100,000

in DBSI, 150 in Triple Net; . . . 265 in Medical Capital, which I added to 515.” Id. at

1186. He then acknowledged the $515,000 should be reduced by the $13,500 settlement

reached with CapWest.

10. The Cordaros Refuse to Finalize their Settlement with CapWest Because FF&S
   Attempts to Include Mr. Templeton in the Settlement Agreement

       On April 4, 2011, Ms. Davidi sent a draft settlement to the Cordaros that included

CapWest and Mr. Templeton as released parties. The proposed settlement agreement

sought to release CapWest and Mr. Templeton from liability for the $100,000 MedCap

IV investment. The Cordaros refused to sign the agreement, explaining they never

agreed to the release of Mr. Templeton.

11. The FINRA Arbitration Panel Issues an Award against Mr. Templeton

       On April 12, 2011, the FINRA panel issued a written decision in favor of the

       5
           The USA principals had been dismissed before the hearing.

                                            -16-
Cordaros. The panel awarded them $500,000 in damages plus costs and interest, and

held Mr. Templeton and USA jointly and severally liable for the award. The panel

declined to impose punitive damages. It did not make findings of fact and therefore did

not separate the investments the Cordaros made through Mr. Templeton when he was at

USA from the investment he made while at CapWest. A copy of the award was sent to

Mr. Templeton at the Santa Fe, New Mexico address.

12. Mr. Templeton, Mr. Hall, and Mr. Rogers Learn of the FINRA Award

       On April 15, 2011, Mr. Templeton asked Mr. Hall for an update on the Cordaro

settlement. Mr. Hall then contacted Ms. Davidi to ask if she knew anything about the

“Cordaro settlement paperwork.” Id. at 1008. Ms. Davidi responded,

       The latest update is that Plaintiff’s attorney is upset that Daryl Templeton is
       included in the settlement at all. We told him that Mr. Templeton must be
       included as he is an insured under the policy (with respect to the investment
       MedCap IV at CapWest Securities, Inc[.]). Plaintiff’s attorney said he
       would take that news back to his client. We have not heard from them yet,
       but the case has already been taken off [sic] calendar at FINRA.

Id.

       On April 25, 2011, Mr. Hall learned of the FINRA panel’s decision. Mr. Hall

emailed it to Mr. Fehn and asked: “Did FINRA misread something? I thought [the

Cordaro matter] was adjourned with a settlement.” Id. at 1010. Mr. Fehn replied that the

settlement pertained to CapWest and Mr. Templeton only as to the MedCap IV note, and

that the matter “went forward as to the rest” of the Cordaros’ claims against Mr.

Templeton. Id.

                                            -17-
       In late April, Mr. Templeton received notice of the FINRA arbitration award.6 On

April 28, 2011, he emailed Mr. Hall the following:

       Let me make sure I understand this situation. Please let me know if I have
       it straight.

       Tom Fehn or his firm obtained a settlement with Cordaro regarding the
       CapWest Arb[itration], on behalf of our E&O Insurance. Did this
       settlement include me, if not why not? It was my understanding from you
       that [Mr. Fehn] was representing CapWest and Me in this Arb[itration]. If
       so, will I receive some type of settlement agreement?

       The arbitration went ahead with regard to the United Securities [arbitration]
       with an award made to Cordaro. This amounted to a default award on my
       part because USA and I did not show up.

       I now need to hire an attorney to represent me in an appeal to FINRA
       explaining my side of the case.

Id. at 1013. Mr. Hall replied,

       I would say you have it straight. The way Tom Fehn has explained it to me
       is that the portion that was a sale with CapWest is settled with you included
       in that and we should have settlement paperwork for that shortly. . . . The
       sales that occurred at USA was [sic] not. I was unaware that this case
       involved two sets of sales in the claim with two different [broker-dealers].

Id. at 1012.

       On May 4, 2011, Mr. Templeton emailed an attorney at Markun Zusman seeking

advice on how to appeal or vacate the FINRA award. On May 9, another Markun

Zusman attorney forwarded the email to Mr. Rogers and Joe Mooney, Catlin’s claims

director. He notified Catlin that he had spoken to the Cordaros’ counsel and had

       6
        His mail forwarding service sent the award notice from his Santa Fe address to
his South Dakota address.

                                           -18-
requested that they “hold off on collection efforts until [they] all collectively figure out,

what if anything can be done.” Id. at 1261. Markun Zusman eventually told Mr.

Templeton they would not be able to represent him.

       The day after receiving Markun Zusman’s email, Mr. Rogers emailed Mr. Hall

stating that he had learned about the FINRA award against Mr. Templeton and asking

Mr. Hall for a copy of the settlement agreement. Mr. Hall responded the next day, as

follows:

       You may be assuming, as I did, that the Cordaro v. CapWest, et al., as you
       have titled it, was a case involving only CapWest and Daryl Templeton.
       The case was actually titled “Cordaro v. United Securities Alliance Inc. [et
       al.]” Tom Fehn offered and had the agreement, with your authority to settle
       for up to $15K, to settle the case for CapWest and Daryl Templeton for
       $13.5K for the amount that included CapWest. As I am sure you would
       agree, he had no authority to settle for anyone else.

       I told Daryl that we had settled the case, meaning CapWest’s part of the
       case, not realizing there were other respondents involved. I did not instruct
       him not to attend but would understand how he may have interpreted it. . . .

       The claimants [sic] representative was upset that we had included Daryl
       Templeton in the settlement for the CapWest portion. This is indeed an
       unfortunate turn of events, however it was nothing more than a
       misunderstanding on both my part and Daryl’s.

Catlin Supp. App. at 744. Mr. Rogers responded to Mr. Hall’s email, asking him to

provide documentation that the Cordaro settlement included Mr. Templeton.

       On May 20, 2011, FINRA sent Mr. Templeton a notice at his South Dakota

address that he had until June 10 to satisfy the Cordaro award or his license to sell

securities would be suspended. On May 27, 2011, the Cordaros filed a complaint against

                                             -19-
Mr. Templeton in New Mexico state court to confirm and enforce the arbitration award.

Mr. Templeton retained counsel to represent him in the New Mexico action. His counsel

never moved to vacate, modify, or set aside the FINRA award in state court.

13. Mr. Templeton Retains Counsel and Attempts to Negotiate with CapWest and
   Catlin

       Mr. Templeton then retained another attorney, Ben White, to assist him in dealing

with CapWest and Catlin. On June 14, 2011, Mr. White emailed Mr. Rogers, Mr. Hall,

and Ms. Davidi alerting them that the Cordaros were willing to settle their claims against

Mr. Templeton for $485,000. Mr. White asked that Catlin, CapWest, and FF&S “put

together a counter-proposal to take back to the Cordaros’ attorney, and to take any and all

necessary steps to resolve this matter,” failing which Mr. Templeton would initiate

litigation against them. App. at 1281.

       Mr. Rogers then emailed Mr. Fehn to ask for assurances that the claim against Mr.

Templeton had been settled. On June 20, 2011, Mr. Fehn responded that the Cordaros

“falsely told the arbitration panel that the case had been settled as to [CapWest] but not as

to Templeton for his trades while at [CapWest].” Id. at 1014. After Mr. Rogers asked if

he had any documentation of that, Mr. Fehn responded: “I sent a draft agreement a few

days after the settlement was reached. [I]t included [Mr. Templeton]. I knew he had to

be part of the deal.” Id.

       On June 20, 2011, Mr. Rogers also responded to Mr. White, copying Mr. Fehn and

Mr. Hall, stating:

                                            -20-
       [A]s we discussed, Catlin did provide the Insureds, including Mr.
       Templeton and CapWest, with a defense in this arbitration, subject to full
       reservations of rights. The Insureds, however, raised objections to fee
       statements for the firm that they originally agreed to undertake the defense,
       and while these fees were still subject to a self-insured retention under the
       Catlin policy. That resulted in the original firm withdrawing from the
       Insureds’ representation, which was to be taken over by the other firm that
       CapWest had requested. Catlin’s understanding was that the new firm
       would represent both Insureds. Moreover, as per CapWest’s request,
       settlement was also agreed to by Catlin as to both Insureds. It appears from
       your statements below that something may have gone wrong with
       implementing the defense and settlement of the Insureds, in accordance
       with the understandings of Catlin and CapWest. Nevertheless, Catlin is
       still amenable to resolution of this matter, if possible, in a manner
       consistent with the terms of the policy, and with any other culpable parties
       participating in same.

Catlin Supp. App. at 751. On June 28, 2011, Mr. Hall proposed that Mr. White approach

FINRA and request that the arbitration award be set aside. Mr. White rejected the

proposal, stating that “[t]here is absolutely zero chance that FINRA would ‘set aside’ the

award.” App. at 1198.

       In the months that followed, Catlin continued to communicate with Mr. White in

an attempt to settle the Cordaro award against Mr. Templeton. On August 5, 2011, Mr.

White communicated a $450,000 offer from the Cordaros. On September 14, 2011, Mr.

Rogers proposed to Mr. Hall offering $50,000 of the Policy limit toward the settlement of

the Cordaros’ award against Mr. Templeton. Mr. Hall, however, objected to the

remaining funds under the Policy being used to settle the Cordaros’ award against Mr.

Templeton.

                                           -21-
14. Mr. Templeton Settles with the Cordaros

       On April 26, 2012, the New Mexico state court confirmed the arbitration award

against Mr. Templeton for $500,000 plus interest and arbitration fees. On September 25,

2012, Mr. Templeton settled the New Mexico judgment with the Cordaros for $555,000.

                                  B. Procedural History

       On April 3, 2012, Mr. Templeton filed this action in the U.S. District Court for the

District of Colorado against Mr. Hall, Catlin, and the attorney-defendants. Mr.

Templeton claimed negligent misrepresentation against Mr. Hall; indemnification and

breach of duty to defend against Catlin; and legal malpractice, breach of fiduciary duties,

and negligent misrepresentation against the attorney-defendants. The attorney-

defendants answered the complaint. Catlin answered and counterclaimed for a judgment

declaring it owed no duty to indemnify Mr. Templeton against the arbitration award.

       On June 11, 2012, Mr. Hall moved to dismiss. In response, Mr. Templeton filed

an amended complaint and an opposition to Mr. Hall’s motion. The district court granted

Mr. Hall’s motion to dismiss, concluding that Mr. Templeton failed to allege sufficient

facts to state a claim for negligent misrepresentation against Mr. Hall.

       After discovery, Mr. Templeton and Catlin cross-moved for summary judgment on

Mr. Templeton’s indemnification and breach of duty to defend claims. Catlin further

moved for summary judgment on its counterclaim for a declaration that it did not owe

Mr. Templeton a duty to defend. The district court entered judgment on all three claims

in Catlin’s favor.
                                            -22-
       Mr. Templeton also moved for partial summary judgment on his legal malpractice

claim against the attorney-defendants, arguing there was an attorney-client relationship

between FF&S and Mr. Templeton. The court denied Mr. Templeton’s motion in an oral

ruling. The attorney-defendants then moved for summary judgment on all of Mr.

Templeton’s claims against them. Mr. Templeton filed a cross-motion for

reconsideration of his earlier motion for partial summary judgment. The court granted

the attorney-defendants’ motion in its entirety and denied Mr. Templeton’s request for

reconsideration, concluding that Mr. Templeton’s legal malpractice and breach of

fiduciary duty claims failed because there was no attorney-client relationship between the

attorney-defendants and Mr. Templeton, nor did the attorney-defendants owe Mr.

Templeton a duty of care in the absence of an attorney-client relationship.7

                                    II. DISCUSSION

       On appeal, Mr. Templeton argues the district court erred when it: (A) dismissed

his negligent misrepresentation claim against Mr. Hall, (B) granted summary judgment to

Catlin on his indemnification claim and Catlin’s counterclaim, (C) granted summary

judgment to Catlin on his breach of the duty to defend claim, and (D) granted summary

judgment to the attorney-defendants on his legal malpractice and breach of fiduciary duty

       7
        The court also granted summary judgment to the attorney-defendants on Mr.
Templeton’s negligent misrepresentation claim. Mr. Templeton does not challenge the
dismissal of this claim on appeal.

                                           -23-
claims. We affirm on all issues except the duty to defend issue, on which we affirm in

part and reverse and remand in part.

                           A. District Court’s Dismissal of Mr. Hall

       Mr. Templeton argues the district court erred in dismissing his negligent

misrepresentation claim against Mr. Hall. We conclude the district court properly

dismissed this claim because it failed to allege Mr. Hall’s statements were made for Mr.

Templeton’s guidance in a business transaction. Accordingly, we affirm.8

1. Standard of Review and Legal Background

       a. Standard of review

       We review a district court’s dismissal of a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) de novo,

Thomas v. Kaven, 765 F.3d 1183, 1190 (10th Cir. 2014), applying the same legal

standard as the district court, Teigen v. Renfrow, 511 F.3d 1072, 1078 (10th Cir. 2007).

We accept all well-pled allegations as true and construe them in the light most favorable

to the non-moving party. Thomas, 765 F.3d at 1190. “To survive dismissal, ‘a complaint

must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is

plausible on its face.’” Id. (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)).

       b. Legal background on negligent misrepresentation

       To state a claim for negligent misrepresentation under Colorado law, a plaintiff

must allege: (1) the defendant, in the course of his or her business, profession or

       8
         Because this issue was decided based on a motion to dismiss, we must review
this issue based solely on the allegations made in Mr. Templeton’s amended complaint.

                                              -24-
employment; (2) made a misrepresentation of material fact, without exercising reasonable

care; (3) for the guidance of others in a business transaction; (4) with knowledge that the

plaintiff would rely on his or her representation; and (5) the plaintiff justifiably relied on

the misrepresentation to his or her detriment. Allen v. Steele, 252 P.3d 476, 482 (Colo.

2011).

         “[T]he requirement that the misrepresentation was made ‘for the guidance of

others in their business transactions’ is an essential element of the tort of negligent

misrepresentation.” Id. at 483. The Colorado Supreme Court has defined “business

transaction” for purposes of a negligent misrepresentation claim to mean a business or

commercial transaction. Id. at 483-84. Therefore, “to state a claim of negligent

misrepresentation, the misrepresentation must be given for the plaintiff’s business or

commercial purposes.” Id. at 484 (emphasis added).

         In Allen, an attorney provided the plaintiffs incorrect information regarding the

statute of limitations for a personal injury claim during an initial consultation, which

caused them to miss a filing deadline. Id. at 479. The court held that the plaintiffs failed

to state a claim for negligent misrepresentation because “an initial consultation to discuss

a potential civil lawsuit is not sufficient” to meet the “guidance of others in their business

transactions” requirement. Id. at 484. The court explained that “[a]lthough a negligence

lawsuit against another party has the potential to affect indirectly a non-client’s financial

or economic interests, a civil lawsuit does not involve a business or commercial

relationship or transaction.” Id.
                                              -25-
2. Analysis

       In his amended complaint, Mr. Templeton alleged that Mr. Hall negligently

misrepresented that FF&S was representing Mr. Templeton in the Cordaro arbitration, the

matter had settled, and Mr. Templeton did not need to attend the arbitration hearing. Mr.

Hall made these statements concerning the Cordaros’ FINRA arbitration. Although Mr.

Templeton appears to have made sufficient factual allegations to state a claim under four

of the five elements of negligent misrepresentation, we do not see how the FINRA

arbitration here is distinct from the civil lawsuit in Allen for purposes of the “business

transaction” element of the claim.

       Mr. Templeton argues that the FINRA arbitration qualifies as a business

transaction because Mr. Templeton’s financial and professional interests were affected

the outcome of the proceeding. In Allen, the court acknowledged that a civil lawsuit

could affect the parties’ financial interests but concluded that the nature of the proceeding

fell outside the definition of a “business transaction.” Id. The same analysis applies here.

       We conclude Mr. Hall’s statements to Mr. Templeton about the Cordaro

arbitration were insufficient to meet the “guidance of others in their business

transactions” requirement of a negligent misrepresentation claim. 9 Accordingly, we

       9
        In his Reply Brief, Mr. Templeton argues for the first time that Mr. Hall assumed
an agency role regarding the Cordaros’ claim and Mr. Hall was negligent in fulfilling his
agency responsibilities to Mr. Templeton. We decline to address this argument because
Mr. Templeton did not raise it until his reply brief. Stump v. Gates, 211 F.3d 527, 533
(10th Cir. 2000) (“This court does not ordinarily review issues raised for the first time in
                                                                              Continued . . .
                                             -26-
affirm the district court’s dismissal of Mr. Hall.10

                                B. Catlin’s Duty to Indemnify11

a reply brief.”). This argument is otherwise forfeited because Mr. Templeton did not
present it to the district court and does not argue plain error on appeal. See Richison v.
Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1127-28 (10th Cir. 2011).
       10
        Mr. Hall requests costs and attorney fees for successfully defending this appeal
under C.R.S. §§ 13-16-113 and 13-17-201. See Hall Br. at 28-29. We leave the
determination of costs and attorney fees to the district court on remand.
       11
          Catlin argues we lack jurisdiction to review the court’s grant of summary
judgment on its counterclaim because Mr. Templeton’s July 3, 2014 notice of appeal
concerned only the district court’s June 24, 2014 order entering judgment for Catlin on
Mr. Templeton’s claims against it, and not the district court’s August 1, 2014 order,
which entered judgment for Catlin on its counterclaim. Catlin further argues that Mr.
Templeton’s appeal of the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Catlin on his
indemnification claim is therefore moot because reversing would have no effect on the
counterclaim, which granted Catlin a declaration that it owed no duty to indemnify Mr.
Templeton. We reject both arguments.
        Even though Mr. Templeton’s July 3, 2014 notice of appeal was inadequate to
appeal the court’s judgment with respect to Catlin’s counterclaim, Mr. Templeton’s
August 28, 2014 “Status Report re Rule 54(b) Certification and Supplement to His Notice
of Appeal and Docketing Statement” qualifies as a “functional equivalent” of a notice of
appeal. See Smith v. Barry, 502 U.S. 244, 248-49 (1992) (“If a document filed within the
time specified by Rule 4 gives the notice required by Rule 3, it is effective as a notice of
appeal.”). Mr. Templeton’s Status Report was filed within 30 days of the district court’s
judgment on Catlin’s counterclaim, see Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(A) (providing a 30-day
time period after the entry of judgment for filing a notice of appeal), and provides the
notice required by Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(c)(1), including specifying the
district court’s judgment on Catlin’s counterclaim as an issue on appeal. See Fed. R.
App. P. 3(c)(1) (stating that a notice of appeal must “specify the party or parties taking
the appeal . . . ; designate the judgment, order, or part thereof being appealed; and . . .
name the court to which the appeal is taken”). We therefore have jurisdiction to review
Mr. Templeton’s appeal of the counterclaim summary judgment, and his appeal of his
indemnity claim is not moot.

                                             -27-
       Mr. Templeton argues the district court erred in granting summary judgment to

Catlin on his indemnification claim and Catlin’s counterclaim for declaratory relief. The

district court concluded coverage was excluded under Exclusion D.1.b and that Catlin

should not be equitably estopped from relying on the exclusion.12 We affirm because Mr.

Templeton is not entitled to indemnification based on Exclusion D.1.b of the Policy and

the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Mr. Templeton’s request for

equitable estoppel.13

1. Standard of Review and Summary Judgment Law

       We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, “using the same standard

applied by the district court pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).” Cillo v. City of

Greenwood Vill., 739 F.3d 451, 461 (10th Cir. 2013). “The evidence of the non-movant

is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [its] favor.” Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). Moreover, we must not “weigh the

evidence and determine the truth of the matter,” but instead must merely determine

“whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 249. Summary judgment shall be

granted if “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact” and the moving party is

       12
        The court also rejected Mr. Templeton’s argument that Catlin waived its right to
invoke Exclusion D.1.b. Mr. Templeton does not contest this ruling on appeal.
       13
         The district court also concluded Catlin had no duty to indemnify Mr.
Templeton based on Exclusion N, the “insolvency/receivership” exclusion. Because we
conclude Exclusion D.1.b bars coverage, we decline to reach whether Exclusion N also
supports summary judgment.

                                             -28-
“entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

       The moving party must first demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of

material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). “[A] movant that will

not bear the burden of persuasion at trial need not negate the nonmovant’s claim.” Adler

v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 671 (10th Cir. 1998). Instead, the moving party

may “simply . . . point[] out to the court a lack of evidence for the nonmovant on an

essential element of the nonmovant’s claim.” Id. If the movant meets its initial burden,

“the burden shifts to the nonmovant to go beyond the pleadings and set forth specific

facts that would be admissible in evidence in the event of trial from which a rational trier

of fact could find for the nonmovant.” Id. (quotations omitted).

2. Analysis14

       a. Exclusion D.1.b

              i. Interpreting insurance contracts under New York law

       The district court concluded Exclusion D.1.b barred coverage for Mr. Templeton’s

claim because the MedCap II transactions and MedCap IV transaction were interrelated

wrongful acts under the Policy. We agree. Exclusion D.1.b states, in relevant part:

       This policy shall not apply to and the Insurer shall pay neither Damages nor
       Defense Expenses for any Claim . . . arising out of, based upon or in
       consequence of, directly or indirectly resulting from or in any way

       14
        The parties dispute whether Catlin should be able to rely on Mr. Cordaro’s
testimony before the FINRA arbitration panel to support its position. Because we
conclude Exclusion D.1.b applies without considering this evidence, we do not reach this
issue.

                                            -29-
       involving . . . any Wrongful Act occurring on or after the Retroactive Date
       which, together with a Wrongful Act occurring on or prior to such
       Retroactive Date, would constitute Interrelated Wrongful Acts. . . .

App. at 882 (Policy § III.D.1.b). The Policy defines wrongful acts as “Interrelated

Wrongful Acts” if they are “similar, repeated or continuous,” or “connected by reason of

any common fact, circumstance, situation, transaction, casualty, event, decision or policy

or one or more series of facts, circumstances, situations, transactions, casualties, events,

decisions or policies.” Id. at 880 (Policy § II.M).

       The Catlin Policy contains a choice-of-law provision stating that New York law

governs claims brought under the Policy. Id. at 894 (Policy § XIII). New York law

therefore applies to Mr. Templeton’s indemnification claim. Under New York law,

interpretation of an insurance contract is a question of law. Int’l Multifoods Corp. v.

Commercial Union Ins. Co., 309 F.3d 76, 83 (S.D.N.Y. 2002). Summary judgment is

appropriate when the words of a contract convey a definite and precise meaning without

any ambiguity. Seiden Assocs., Inc. v. ANC Holdings, Inc., 959 F.2d 425, 428 (2d Cir.

1992). An insurer bears the burden of proving that a claim falls within the scope of a

policy exclusion. Vill. of Sylvan Beach v. Travelers Indem. Co., 55 F.3d 114, 115 (2d

Cir. 1995). The insurer meets this burden by establishing “that the exclusion is stated in

clear and unmistakable language, is subject to no other reasonable interpretation, and

applies in the particular case.” Id. at 115-16 (quotations omitted).

                  ii. Exclusion D.1.b is not ambiguous

       Mr. Templeton appears to argue the exclusion is ambiguous. He contends that
                                             -30-
affording the ordinary meaning to the term “similar” is too broad and would be contrary

to the reasonable expectations of the average insured. We discern no ambiguity in this

provision because the exclusion’s language is “complete, clear, and unambiguous.”

Greenfield v. Phillies Records, Inc., 780 N.E.2d 166, 170 (N.Y. 2002).

       Mr. Templeton correctly identifies that the focus of our inquiry is “on the

reasonable expectations of the average insured upon reading the policy and employing

common speech.” Mostow v. State Farm Ins. Cos., 668 N.E.2d 392, 394 (N.Y. 1996)

(citations omitted). His reliance on such reasonable expectations, however, is

unpersuasive because the terms of the exclusion are subject to only one meaning. Mr.

Templeton himself acknowledges the term “similar” is “extremely broad in everyday

usage.” Aplt. Br. at 52; see Fed. Ins. Co. v. Int’l Bus. Machs. Corp., 965 N.E.2d 934, 936

(N.Y. 2012) (explaining that a policy term will be considered ambiguous only where

“there is a ‘reasonable basis for a difference of opinion’ as to the meaning of the policy”

(quoting Greenfield, 780 N.E.2d at 170-71)). In other words, the reasonable expectation

of the average insured would be to understand the word “similar” in its common usage.

Moreover, courts have uniformly concluded that policy provisions similar to this one are

unambiguous. Glascoff v. OneBeacon Midwest Ins. Co., No. 13 Civ. 1013(DAB), 2014

WL 1876984, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 8, 2014) (unpublished); Zahler v. Twin City Fire Ins.

Co., No. 04 Civ. 10299(LAP), 2006 WL 846352, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2006)

(unpublished). We therefore apply the exclusion’s plain meaning. See Greenfield, 780

                                            -31-
N.E.2d at 170.15

              iii. Exclusion D.1.b excludes coverage under its plain meaning

       Under its plain meaning, Exclusion D.1.b excludes coverage for Mr. Templeton’s

claim. As stated above, the Policy defines “Interrelated Wrongful Acts” as wrongful acts

that are “similar, repeated or continuous,” or “connected by reason of any common fact,

circumstance, situation, transaction, casualty, event, decision or policy or one or more

series of facts, circumstances, situations, transactions, casualties, events, decisions or

policies.” App. at 880 (Policy § II.M). Catlin argues the exclusion bars coverage

because the MedCap II and MedCap IV transactions are “similar” or “connected” by

common facts and circumstances.

       In common usage, “similar” means “having characteristics in common.”16

Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/similar (last visited June 24, 2015); see also Oxford English

Dictionary Online, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/179873 (last visited June 24, 2015)

(defining similar as “[h]aving a marked resemblance or likeness; of a like nature or

       15
          Because we conclude the policy language is unambiguous, we reject Mr.
Templeton’s argument that we should apply the doctrine of contra proferentem, which
provides that an ambiguity in an insurance contract should be resolved in favor of the
insured. See Morgan Stanley Grp. Inc. v. New England Ins. Co., 225 F.3d 270, 276 (2d
Cir. 2000) (explaining rules of contract construction, such as contra proferentem, are
only applicable where the contract language is ambiguous).
       16
          New York courts commonly refer to dictionary definitions to ascertain the
common and ordinary meaning of the words of an insurance policy. See 2619 Realty,
LLC v. Fid. & Guar. Ins. Co., 756 N.Y.S.2d 564, 566 (App. Div. 2003).

                                             -32-
kind”). “Connected” is defined as “joined or linked together.” Merriam-Webster Online

Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/connected (last visited June 24,

2015); see also Oxford English Dictionary Online,

http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/39329 (last visited June 24, 2015) (defining “connected”

as “[r]elated, associated (in nature or idea).” These definitions are consistent with

applying a “sufficient factual nexus” test, which this and other courts have used in

considering similar interrelated wrongful acts provisions under New York law. See

Brecek & Young Advisors, Inc. v. Lloyds of London Syndicate 2003, 715 F.3d 1231, 1238

& n.3 (10th Cir. 2013).17

       In Brecek, we considered an identical interrelated wrongful acts provision under

New York law and found claims asserted in three separate arbitration proceedings were

interrelated wrongful acts. Id. at 1238-39. Our conclusion was based on the fact

“[s]everal common facts” connected the arbitrations, including that the arbitrations had

overlapping (although not identical) respondents, all the misconduct was alleged to have

occurred during the same time frame—from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s, and all the

       17
         See also Glascoff, 2014 WL 1876984, at *5 (“To demonstrate a sufficient
factual nexus, the claims need not involve precisely the same parties, legal theories,
Wrongful Acts, or requests for relief.” (quotations omitted)); Quanta Lines Ins. Co. v.
Investors Capital Corp., No. 06 Civ. 4624(PKL), 2009 WL 4884096, at *14 (S.D.N.Y.
Dec. 17, 2009) (unpublished) (explaining that “[a] sufficient factual nexus exists where
the Claims are neither factually nor legally distinct, but instead arise from common facts
and where the logically connected facts and circumstances demonstrate a factual nexus
among the Claims” (quotations omitted)); Seneca Ins. Co. v. Kemper Ins. Co., No. 02
Civ. 10088(PKL), 2004 WL 1145830, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. May 21, 2004), aff’d, 133 F.
App’x 770 (2d Cir. 2005) (unpublished).

                                            -33-
claims had similar allegations and were premised on similar legal theories of liability. Id.

at 1238. Specifically, we noted that all of the claims had similar allegations that the

respondents sold unsuitable investment products involving various annuities, all the

claims included allegations of “churning and flipping,” and Brecek’s liability in all the

actions was predicated on the same theories—vicarious liability and failure to supervise.

Id.

       We conclude the MedCap II transactions and the MedCap IV transaction

constitute “Interrelated Wrongful Acts” under the Policy. First, the Policy’s definition of

“Interrelated Wrongful Acts” is broad, requiring only that the wrongful acts be “similar”

or “connected by reason of any common fact, circumstance, situation, transaction,

casualty, event, decision or policy.” App. at 880 (Policy § II.M) (emphasis added).

Second, common facts connect the MedCap II and MedCap IV transactions. They were

sales to the same clients—the Cordaros, investments in subsidiaries of the same

company, and sales by the same securities broker—Mr. Templeton. Even if the Cordaros

did not merely “roll over” the proceeds from their MedCap II investment into MedCapIV,

they reinvested the entire return on their MedCapII investment into MedCap IV. Third,

the Cordaros’ claims regarding the MedCap II and MedCap IV transactions alleged

liability based on the same conduct by Mr. Templeton—his failure to disclose the same

material facts about MedCap Holdings, his failure to investigate the products he sold, and

his failure to conduct a proper suitability analysis of the Cordaros before selling them the

MedCap II and MedCap IV notes. The MedCap II and MedCap IV transactions are
                                            -34-
“similar” and “connected by reason of any common fact [or] circumstance.” They

therefore meet the Policy definition of “Interrelated Wrongful Acts.”

      Mr. Templeton’s attempt to distinguish the MedCap II and MedCap IV

transactions is not persuasive. He posits the MedCap II transactions occurred when he

was a USA registered representative, whereas the MedCap IV transaction occurred when

he was with CapWest. He further argues the Cordaros did not merely “roll over” the

funds they received when the MedCap II notes matured to purchase the MedCap IV note,

but they instead paid separately for the MedCap IV note, so he and CapWest did not

maintain control of the funds. He also contends the Cordaros filled out new account

forms with CapWest, including new suitability and risk tolerance forms.18 These

dissimilarities, however, do not show the wrongful acts were not “similar” or

“connected.”

        Because the MedCap II and MedCap IV transactions qualify as “Interrelated

Wrongful Acts,” and the MedCap II transactions occurred before the Retroactive Date of

the Catlin Policy, Mr. Templeton’s indemnification claim is barred by Exclusion D.1.b.19

      18
          The Cordaros filled out new account forms, which included a customer
suitability and risk tolerance section, when Mr. Templeton transferred their account to
CapWest in 2005. There is no indication they filled out additional risk tolerance or
suitability forms prior to their purchase of the MedCap IV note in 2007.
      19
         Mr. Templeton’s argues we should reverse based on the deposition testimony of
Mr. Mooney, Catlin’s claims director and designated corporate representative, under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30(b)(6). Mr. Mooney testified Mr. Templeton was
owed indemnity for the Cordaros’ claims regarding MedCap IV. This court has not
                                                                          Continued . . .
                                           -35-
       b. Equitable estoppel

       Mr. Templeton argues that even if Exclusion D.1.b otherwise bars coverage under

the Policy, we should nonetheless apply equitable estoppel to prevent Catlin from relying

on it because Catlin did not invoke Exclusion D.1.b in its reservation of rights letter.

       Under New York law, “[w]here an insurer defends an action on behalf of an

insured, with knowledge of a defense to the coverage of the policy, it thereafter is

estopped from asserting that the policy does not cover the claim.” Hartford Ins. Grp. v.

Mello, 437 N.Y.S.2d 433, 434 (App. Div. 1981); see also Albert J. Schiff Assocs., Inc. v.

Flack, 417 N.E.2d 84, 87 (N.Y. 1980) (“[T]he intervention of principles of equitable

estoppel [is appropriate] . . . where an insurer, though in fact not obligated to provide

coverage, without asserting policy defenses or reserving the privilege to do so, undertakes

the defense in the case, in reliance on which the insured suffers the detriment of losing

the right to control its own defense.”). Estoppel applies only if the insurer’s actions have

prejudiced the insured. Hartford, 437 N.Y.S.2d at 434. Prejudice “is established only

addressed whether the testimony of a Rule 30(b)(6) representative qualifies as a judicial
or evidentiary admission. The majority of courts to reach the issue, however, treat the
testimony of a Rule 30(b)(6) representative as merely an evidentiary admission, and do
not give the testimony conclusive effect. See, e.g., A.I. Credit Corp. v. Legion Ins. Co.,
265 F.3d 630, 637 (7th Cir. 2001); 8A Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Richard
L. Marcus, Federal Practice & Procedure § 2103 (3d ed. 2010) (“Testimony given at a
deposition of a designated corporate representative is not a judicial admission that
ultimately decides the case.”); but see Rainey v. Am. Forest & Paper Ass’n, Inc., 26 F.
Supp. 2d 82, 96 (D.D.C. 1998) (refusing to consider an affidavit that contradicted a Rule
30(b)(6) deposition). We do not need to decide this issue because coverage is a question
of law. Regardless of whether Mr. Mooney’s testimony qualifies as a judicial or
evidentiary admission, his testimony does not create a triable issue of fact.

                                             -36-
where the insurer’s control of the defense is such that the character and strategy of the

lawsuit can no longer be altered.” Brecek, 715 F.3d at 1242 (quotations omitted).

       The district court denied Mr. Templeton’s equitable estoppel claim because the

reservation of rights letter specifically referenced Exclusion D and contained a broad

reservation of Catlin’s rights to deny coverage at any time. We review the district court’s

denial of equitable estoppel for abuse of discretion. Id. at 1240. “A district court abuses

its discretion when its judgment is arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly

unreasonable.” Id.

       As the district court concluded, Catlin provided Mr. Templeton notice that it was

reserving its rights to deny coverage of the Cordaros’ claim, and the reservation of rights

letter referenced Exclusion D as a possible basis for denying coverage. Although the

letter did not specifically mention the “Interrelated Wrongful Acts” exclusion, that

exclusion is part of Exclusion D, and Mr. Templeton cites no authority that notice here

was inadequate. In fact, an insurer’s reservation of rights prevents an insured from later

claiming detrimental reliance, “even if the insurer later disclaims [coverage] on a basis

different from the ground originally asserted in the reservation of rights.” Federated

Dep’t Stores, Inc. v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., 807 N.Y.S.2d 62, 67 (App. Div. 2006). The

district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Mr. Templeton’s request to estop

Catlin from relying on Exclusion D.1.b.

                                      *    *    *    *

                                            -37-
       Accordingly, we conclude Exclusion D.1.b bars coverage to Mr. Templeton for

the MedCap IV transaction, and Catlin is not equitably estopped from relying on the

exclusion. We therefore affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Catlin

on Mr. Templeton’s indemnification claim and Catlin’s counterclaim.

                                 C. Catlin’s Duty to Defend

       The district court granted summary judgment to Catlin on Mr. Templeton’s breach

of duty to defend claim. It noted the parties’ briefing addressed three phases in the

underlying proceeding potentially implicating Catlin’s duty: “the lead-up to and during

the FINRA arbitration, the time when an appeal could have been taken, and during

settlement negotiations with the Cordaros.” App. at 640. The court concluded Catlin did

not breach its duty to defend in any of these phases. Mr. Templeton argues the court

erred in granting summary judgment to Catlin and should have granted summary

judgment to him. We conclude Catlin breached its duty to defend during the first phase,

but did not breach its duty to defend during the second and third phases.

1. Standard of Review and Summary Judgment Law

       We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo and apply the

same standard stated in Section II.B.1, supra.

2. Analysis

       Like the indemnification claim, Mr. Templeton’s duty to defend claim is based on

the Catlin policy, and New York law therefore also applies. Although the district court

and now this court have determined that Catlin did not owe Mr. Templeton

                                            -38-
indemnification under the Policy, Catlin nonetheless owed Mr. Templeton a duty to

defend him against the Cordaros’ claim. “Where an insurance policy includes the

insurer’s promise to defend the insured against specified claims as well as to indemnify

for actual liability, the insurer’s duty to furnish a defense is broader than its obligation to

indemnify.” Seaboard Sur. Co. v. Gillette Co., 476 N.E.2d 272, 274-75 (N.Y. 1984).

“[A]n insurer’s duty to defend its insured is exceedingly broad and an insurer will be

called upon to provide a defense whenever the allegations of the complaint suggest a

reasonable possibility of coverage.” BP Air Conditioning Corp. v. One Beacon Ins. Grp.,

871 N.E.2d 1128, 1131 (N.Y. 2007) (quotations and alterations omitted).

       When, as here, an insurer undertakes to provide a defense under a reservation of

rights, the insurer’s duty to defend continues until a court determines the insured’s claim

is excluded from coverage under the policy. Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Commercial

Union Ins. Co., 632 F. Supp. 1213, 1220 (S.D.N.Y. 1986). Catlin does not contest it

owed Mr. Templeton a duty to defend. It undertook such a duty in the reservation of

rights letter and therefore was obligated to provide him a defense under the Policy until a

court determined that Mr. Templeton was not entitled to indemnification. Catlin argues

only it did not breach that duty.

       The Policy provided that Catlin had a “duty to defend any civil litigations or

arbitrations against the Insureds that are covered by th[e] Policy.” App. at 876 (Policy

§ I.B) (emphasis omitted). It further provided that Catlin had a duty to “appoint counsel

of its selection to defend the Insureds and pay associated Defense Expenses.” Id.
                                              -39-
“When an insured has been sued, the insurer does not satisfy its duty to defend merely by

designating independent counsel to defend the litigation.” Feliberty v. Damon, 527

N.E.2d 261, 263 (N.Y. 1988). In addition, an insurer’s duty to defend includes the hiring

of unconflicted counsel and competent counsel. Cornwell v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 346

N.Y.S.2d 59, 69 (App. Div. 1973); see also Feliberty, 527 N.E.2d at 263.

       a. Lead-up to and during the FINRA arbitration

       Mr. Templeton argues Catlin breached its duty to defend in the lead-up to and

during the FINRA arbitration. The district court concluded Catlin did not breach its duty

during this period because it justifiably believed FF&S had been handling the Cordaro

matter on behalf of both CapWest and Mr. Templeton, and that FF&S had settled the

matter before the hearing date. Mr. Templeton argues Catlin violated its duty because (1)

it never retained replacement counsel for him, as a separate insured under the Policy,

after Markun Zusman withdrew, and (2) even if Catlin did retain FF&S to replace

Markun Zusman, FF&S could not represent both Mr. Templeton and CapWest because

they had a conflict of interest. Catlin contends, because there was a conflict of interest

between itself and its insureds, it satisfied its duty to defend under New York law by

yielding to CapWest’s request to select FF&S as counsel for itself and Mr. Templeton.

See Prashker v. U.S. Guar. Co., 136 N.E.2d 871, 876 (N.Y. 1956). We agree with Mr.

Templeton and disagree with Catlin.

       In Prashker, the New York Court of Appeals explained that when the insurer’s

interests in defending a lawsuit conflict with the insured’s interests, the insurer loses the
                                             -40-
right to control the defense. See id.; see also Pub. Serv. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Goldfarb, 425

N.E.2d 810, 815 (N.Y. 1981). The insured then has the right to select an attorney of its

choosing and the insurer is obligated to pay reasonable defense costs of the insured’s

selected counsel. Prashker, 136 N.E. 2d at 876; see also 69th Street & 2nd Ave. Garage

Assocs., L.P. v. Ticor Title Guar. Co., 622 N.Y.S.2d 13, 14 (App. Div. 1995) (“[T]he law

is clear that where a conflict of interest is probable, selection of attorneys to represent the

insured should be made by the insured rather than by the insurance company, which

should remain liable for reasonable fees.”); Pub. Serv. Mut. Ins. Co., 425 N.E.2d at 815.

       Catlin argues its interests conflicted with CapWest’s and Mr. Templeton’s because

it was defending the FINRA proceeding subject to a reservation of rights, and its only

obligation was to yield to CapWest’s choice to select FF&S as defense counsel for itself

and Mr. Templeton and to pay reasonable defense costs.20 And Catlin contends Mr. Hall

had authority to act on Mr. Templeton’s behalf under the Policy because the Policy

provided that “the Broker/Dealer agrees to act on behalf of all of the Insureds for all

purposes.” App. at 893 (Policy § IX.K). These arguments are unavailing.

       First, even if Mr. Hall had such authority, the facts do not show Catlin ever

yielded. When Mr. Hall requested that Catlin allow CapWest to retain FF&S, Mr. Rogers

adamantly objected, explaining that Catlin did not believe FF&S would be appropriate

       20
         Catlin also conceded at oral argument that it never actually paid FF&S for its
settlement negotiations with the Cordaros. Oral Arg. at 1:03:53-1:04:24; see also FF&S
Supp. App. at 44.

                                             -41-
“due to potential conflicts of interest.” App. at 945. Although Mr. Rogers authorized via

email Mr. Hall’s request for $15,000 so that FF&S could attempt to settle the Cordaro

matter, that email does not show that Catlin acceded to CapWest’s selection of FF&S as

defense counsel. In that same email, Mr. Rogers stated that he and Mr. Hall still needed

to find an “agreed-to defense counsel.” Id. at 939. Mr. Hall and Mr. Rogers’s

communications also show that Catlin relented only in part to pay fees related to FF&S’s

handling of the global settlement, but even then Catlin continued to object to FF&S’s

further involvement.

       Second, Mr. Hall and Mr. Rogers’ communications at most can be read to show

Catlin agreed to retain FF&S to represent the insureds only for settlement negotiations

with the Cordaros. Nothing indicates Catlin agreed to FF&S’s assuming the defense of

CapWest and Mr. Templeton for the entire arbitration proceeding. Even if Catlin

reasonably believed that FF&S had settled the Cordaro matter when it was notified on

March 28, 2011, it still had not retained defense counsel for the arbitration proceeding

scheduled to start the next day and therefore did not fulfill its duty to defend Mr.

Templeton. No evidence shows that Catlin had counsel in place for CapWest or Mr.

Templeton had the arbitration actually proceeded, which it did for Mr. Templeton. If

Catlin had fulfilled its obligation to hire counsel to represent Mr. Templeton, Mr.

Templeton’s counsel would have been aware that the matter had not settled against him,

and Mr. Templeton would have been represented in the arbitration.

       Third, even if Catlin had yielded to CapWest’s authority to select counsel of its
                                            -42-
own choosing, Catlin still failed to appoint nonconflicted counsel for Mr. Templeton,

who was separately insured under the Policy. See Cornwell, 346 N.Y.S.2d at 69. Catlin

believed FF&S could not represent Mr. Templeton and CapWest because of a potential

conflict of interest. At oral argument, Catlin’s attorney acknowledged that when Markun

Zusman served as counsel for both CapWest and Mr. Templeton, the parties waived the

conflict of interest. Oral Arg. at 37:06-37:43. Catlin never received a waiver from any of

the parties for FF&S’s possible joint representation of them. Without such a waiver,

Catlin could not satisfy its duty to defend Mr. Templeton.

       Catlin did not fulfill its duty to defend Mr. Templeton in the lead-up to and during

the FINRA arbitration proceedings and was not entitled to summary judgment as to this

period of time.

       b. Post-arbitration period

       Mr. Templeton argues the district court erred in granting summary judgment to

Catlin regarding alleged breach of its duty to retain counsel to appeal the arbitration

award. The district court rejected this claim because Mr. Templeton could not show there

was a reasonable probability that an appeal would have been successful. We affirm.

       Although the duty to defend extends through the time appeals have been

exhausted, the duty to prosecute an appeal exists only if “there are reasonable grounds for

appeal.” See Kaste v. Hartford Accident & Indem. Co., 170 N.Y.S.2d 614, 616 (App.

Div. 1958) (quotations omitted). Mr. Templeton does not point to any reasonable basis to

appeal the arbitration award. He argues only that if the award had been appealed, he may
                                            -43-
have been more favorably positioned to negotiate a settlement with the Cordaros. But the

duty to defend does not include bringing a groundless appeal. Catlin therefore did not

breach its duty in failing to appeal the arbitration award.

         c. Post-judgment duty to negotiate a settlement with the Cordaros

         Mr. Templeton attempts to appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment

to Catlin regarding alleged breach of its duty to defend in post-judgment settlement

negotiations with the Cordaros. The district court concluded Catlin did not breach any

post-judgment duty to settle with the Cordaros because Mr. Templeton failed to “discuss

this aspect of his duty-to-defend claim in his [opposition to summary judgment], and

[did] not offer any evidence showing that the Cordaros would have accepted the

remaining limits of the Catlin Policy to settle their claims.” App. at 644. Mr. Templeton

does not address this aspect of the district court’s order in his opening brief. We

therefore decline to consider it here. See Bronson v. Swensen, 500 F.3d 1099, 1104 (10th

Cir. 2007).

                                      *    *     *    *

         Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Catlin

on Mr. Templeton’s duty-to-defend claim as it relates to the lead-up to and during the

FINRA arbitration proceeding. We otherwise affirm the district court’s rulings on this

issue.

                                             -44-
      D. District Court’s Grant of Summary Judgment to the Attorney-Defendants

       Mr. Templeton argues the district court erred in granting summary judgment to the

attorney-defendants on his legal malpractice and breach of fiduciary duties claims

because (1) an attorney-client relationship existed between him and the attorney-

defendants, or, alternatively (2) the attorney-defendants owed him a duty of care in the

absence of an attorney-client relationship. We conclude (1) no attorney-client

relationship existed between Mr. Templeton and the attorney-defendants, and (2) the

attorney-defendants did not otherwise owe Mr. Templeton, as a non-client, a duty of care.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the attorney-

defendants.

1. Standard of Review and Summary Judgment Law

       We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo and apply the

same standard stated in Section II.B.1, supra.

2. Analysis

       The parties agree that California law governs Mr. Templeton’s claims against the

attorney-defendants.21 Under California law, an essential element of a claim for legal

       21
          Under Colorado’s “most significant relationship” test, California law applies
because Mr. Fehn, Mr. Sherwin, and Ms. Davidi are all California-licensed attorneys and
California has the most significant interest in governing the conduct of its licensed
attorneys. See, e.g., Hoiles v. Alioto, 461 F.3d 1224, 1234 (10th Cir. 2006) (concluding
that under Colorado choice-of-law rules, California had the “most significant
relationship” in an action involving a California attorney’s representation of a Colorado
resident).

                                           -45-
malpractice and for breach of an attorney’s fiduciary duties is an attorney-client

relationship or some other duty. Slovensky v. Friedman, 49 Cal. Rptr. 3d 60, 67 (Ct. App.

2006) (legal malpractice); Fox v. Pollack, 226 Cal. Rptr. 532, 534-35 (Ct. App. 1986)

(breach of fiduciary duties).

       a. Attorney-client relationship

       An attorney-client relationship may be created by an express or implied contract.

Responsible Citizens v. Superior Court, 20 Cal. Rptr. 2d 756, 765 (Ct. App. 1993). “No

formal contract or arrangement or attorney fee is necessary to create the relationship of

attorney and client. It is the fact of the relationship which is important.” Lister v. State

Bar, 800 P.2d 1232, 1237 (Cal. 1990) (quotations omitted). In determining the existence

of an attorney-client relationship, we must consider the “totality of the circumstances.”

Koo v. Rubio’s Rests., Inc., 135 Cal Rptr. 2d 415, 425 (Ct. App. 2003) (quotations

omitted). One party’s subjective belief that an attorney-client relationship was formed is

not sufficient. Zenith Ins. Co. v. Cozen O’Connor, 55 Cal. Rptr. 3d 911, 920 (Ct. App.

2007). “Instead, it is the intent and conduct of the parties that controls the question as to

whether an attorney-client relationship has been created.” Id.

       “The question of whether an attorney-client relationship exists is one of law.”

Responsible Citizens, 20 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 766. “However, when the evidence is

conflicting, the factual basis for the determination must be determined before the legal

question is addressed.” Id. Mr. Templeton does not contend there are factual disputes

precluding summary judgment on this issue. We must therefore determine whether an
                                             -46-
attorney-client relationship existed as a matter of law.

              i. Express contract

       There was no express agreement for FF&S to represent Mr. Templeton in the

Cordaro arbitration. Mr. Templeton acknowledges he never communicated directly with

anyone at FF&S or received any legal advice from any of the attorney-defendants

regarding the Cordaro matter. Mr. Templeton attempts to rely on an agency theory to

establish an express agreement for FF&S to represent him. He argues FF&S manifested

consent to represent him to both Catlin and Hall, who were acting as his agents under the

Policy. But no evidence shows that either Catlin or Mr. Hall specifically entered into an

agreement with FF&S for FF&S to represent Mr. Templeton.

       Mr. Templeton relies mostly on communications between Mr. Hall and Mr.

Rogers. These communications do not show FF&S explicitly and affirmatively agreed to

represent Mr. Templeton. In fact, they show Catlin continuously objected to FF&S

representing CapWest or Mr. Templeton under the Policy. None show that Catlin or Mr.

Hall formally engaged FF&S to represent Mr. Templeton in the Cordaro arbitration.

       Mr. Templeton also relies on Mr. Hall’s communications with an FF&S legal

assistant. Mr. Hall, in response to the assistant’s email that Mr. Fehn asked her to convey

that FF&S was not representing Mr. Templeton in the Cordaro matter, emailed the

assistant, “We should be representing Daryl. I mentioned that to Tom [Fehn]. If we

alienate Daryl our goose could be cooked.” App. at 972-73. This exchange failed to

establish that FF&S agreed to represent Mr. Templeton. Mr. Hall’s subjective belief that
                                            -47-
FF&S should be representing Mr. Templeton did not create an express agreement by

FF&S to do so.

              ii. Implied contract

       The evidence also does not support an implied agreement for FF&S to represent

Mr. Templeton. Mr. Templeton relies on (1) CapWest’s deduction of attorney fees from

his paycheck beginning in February 2010; (2) FF&S’s attempt to negotiate a “global

settlement” of CapWest’s liability in a number of claims asserted against it, including the

Cordaro matter, in September 2010; (3) Mr. Hall’s representations to Mr. Templeton

between February and March 2011 that FF&S was representing him; and (4) FF&S’s

attempt to include Mr. Templeton in the settlement agreement with the Cordaros and

acknowledgement that it needed to include him. None of the foregoing establish that

FF&S intended to represent Mr. Templeton. Without evidence of FF&S’s intent to enter

into an agreement, we cannot recognize an implied attorney-client relationship. See

Zenith, 55 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 920 (explaining that “[a]n implied contract, in no less degree

than an express contract, must be founded upon an ascertained agreement of the parties to

perform it” (quotations and alterations omitted)).

       First, CapWest’s deduction of attorney fees from Mr. Templeton’s paycheck does

not establish an implied agreement for FF&S to represent Mr. Templeton. There is no

indication CapWest used these fees to pay for FF&S’s services. When Mr. Templeton

left CapWest in August 2010, he stopped paying his share of legal fees. At that time,

Markun Zusman was still Mr. Templeton’s and CapWest’s retained counsel under the
                                            -48-
Policy. Mr. Templeton did not pay any legal fees in 2011—the time he contends FF&S

was retained as his attorney. Further, the fees Mr. Templeton paid were pursuant to a

reimbursement provision in his independent contractor agreement with CapWest. In

Zenith, the court rejected that fees paid through a reimbursement agreement with the law

firm’s client created an implied attorney-client relationship. Id. at 921. As in Zenith, Mr.

Templeton’s reimbursement agreement with CapWest does not show FF&S agreed to

represent him.

       Second, a timing problem prevents Mr. Templeton from establishing an implied

agreement based on FF&S’s attempt to negotiate a global settlement that included the

Cordaros’ claim. FF&S attempted to negotiate this global settlement in September 2010,

when Markun Zusman was still representing him and CapWest under the Policy. There

is no indication that Mr. Templeton, FF&S, CapWest, or Catlin believed FF&S was

representing Mr. Templeton at that time. Rather, FF&S was serving as CapWest’s

general counsel in attempting to settle the matters pending against it.

       Third, neither Mr. Hall’s representations to Mr. Templeton nor Mr. Hall’s belief

that FF&S was representing Mr. Templeton and CapWest are relevant because they do

not establish that FF&S impliedly undertook to represent Mr. Templeton in the Cordaro

matter. Mr. Hall worked for CapWest—not FF&S. His statements and beliefs do not

show that FF&S agreed to represent Mr. Templeton. See id. at 920.

       Fourth, FF&S’s attempt to include Mr. Templeton in the settlement agreement

with the Cordaros and acknowledgement that it needed to include him do not establish an
                                            -49-
implied attorney-client relationship. FF&S’s actions are consistent with its role as

CapWest’s general counsel. Mr. Hall obtained $15,000 settlement authority for the

Cordaro matter from Catlin. FF&S was aware that both Mr. Templeton and CapWest

were insured under the Policy. Ms. Davidi’s attempt to include Mr. Templeton in the

settlement agreement and Mr. Fehn’s statement that he knew Mr. Templeton “had to be

part of the deal,” App. at 1014, merely show that FF&S knew it could not serve

CapWest’s interests without negotiating a release for Mr. Templeton. They do not

establish that FF&S agreed to represent Mr. Templeton as his attorney.

                                       *    *    *    *

         The undisputed facts do not establish an express or implied attorney-client

relationship between Mr. Templeton and the attorney-defendants. Accordingly, the

district court properly granted summary judgment to the attorney-defendants on this

basis.

         b. Duty to a non-client

         Mr. Templeton argues the attorney-defendants owed him a legal duty even if he

was not their client. He relies on Biakanja v. Irving, 320 P.2d 16 (Cal. 1958), and Lucas

v. Hamm, 364 P.2d 685 (Cal. 1961). We conclude these and related California cases do

not reach as far as Mr. Templeton contends. To recognize a duty from an attorney to a

non-client, these cases require, among other things, that the attorney and his or her client

mutually intend that the primary purpose of the attorney’s services is to benefit the non-

client. The undisputed facts here fall short of meeting this standard.
                                             -50-
               i. California case law

       “[A]n attorney will normally be held liable for malpractice only to the client with

whom the attorney stands in privity of contract, and not to third parties.” Borissoff v.

Taylor & Faust, 93 P.3d 337, 340 (Cal. 2004).22 In Biakanja, however, the California

Supreme Court established that, in limited circumstances, a professional may owe a legal

duty to a third party in the absence of privity of contract between them. 320 P.2d at 17-

19. In Lucas, the court recognized attorneys can have a duty to non-clients. 364 P.2d at

688. The Biakanja court listed factors to consider in assessing whether to impose a duty.

320 P.2d at 17-19. Under this balancing test, courts must consider:

       [T]he extent to which the transaction was intended to affect the plaintiff, the
       foreseeability of harm to him, the degree of certainty that the plaintiff
       suffered injury, the closeness of the connection between the defendant’s
       conduct and the injury suffered, the moral blame attached to the
       defendant’s conduct, and the policy of preventing future harm.

Id. at 19. When the defendant is an attorney, the court must also consider whether

recognition of liability “would impose an undue burden on the profession.” Lucas, 364

P.2d at 688.

       22
         See also Schick v. Lerner, 238 Cal. Rptr. 902, 907 (Ct. App. 1987) (“An
attorney generally will not be held liable to a third person not in privity of contract with
him [or her] since he [or she] owes no duty to anyone other than his [or her] client.”); St.
Paul Title Co. v. Meier, 226 Cal. Rptr. 538, 539 (Ct. App. 1986) (“An attorney’s liability
for professional negligence does not ordinarily extend beyond the client except in limited
circumstances.”); Fox, 226 Cal. Rptr. at 534 (“With certain exceptions, an attorney has no
obligation to a non-client for the consequences of professional negligence . . . .”).

                                            -51-
       Under the Biakanja/Lucas test, “[t]he predominant inquiry . . . is whether the

principal purpose of the attorney’s retention is to provide legal services for the benefit of

the plaintiff.” Goldberg v. Frye, 266 Cal. Rptr. 483, 489 (Ct. App. 1990). To establish a

duty, both the attorney and the client must have intended the third party to be the

beneficiary of the attorney’s legal services. See Zenith, 55 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 919

(explaining that “[t]he clear absence of this mutual intent requirement is critical, indeed

dispositive,” because “[a]n attorney’s undertaking should be the result of a conscious

decision, so that the consequences of a duty to a third person can be considered and the

undertaking declined if the risk of conflicts or financial exposure is too great”); see also

Bily v. Arthur Young & Co., 834 P.2d 745, 771 (Cal. 1992) (“California courts have

consistently required some manifestation on the part of a professional . . . that he or she is

acting to benefit a third party . . . in a specific and circumscribed transaction.”). “The

existence of such a duty is a question of law dependent upon ‘a judicial weighing of the

policy considerations for and against the imposition of liability under the

circumstances.’” Fox, 226 Cal. Rptr. at 535 (quoting Goodman v. Kennedy, 556 P.2d

737, 742 (Cal. 1976)).23

       23
         “Courts have generally disregarded the ‘moral blame’ factor [mentioned in
Biakanja] in evaluating an attorney’s duty to a nonclient.” Chang v. Lederman, 90 Cal.
Rptr. 3d 758, 771 n.7 (Ct. App. 2009); see also Osornio v. Weingarten, 21 Cal. Rptr. 3d
246, 255 n.15 (Ct. App. 2004) (“Our conclusion from a review of the California cases
addressing the issue of an attorney’s duty to third parties is that courts often recite this
‘moral blame’ factor mentioned in Biakanja but rarely apply it as part of their analysis.”).

                                             -52-
       In Biakanja, a non-attorney notary prepared a will for the plaintiff’s brother, which

left the testator’s entire estate to the plaintiff. 320 P.2d at 17-18. The will was declared

invalid based on the notary’s negligence, and the testator’s estate went into intestate

succession. Id. The plaintiff sued the notary for negligence. Id. The notary argued he

was not liable to the plaintiff because there was privity of contract only between the

notary and the testator. Id. The court rejected the notary’s argument, concluding the

notary owed the plaintiff a duty of care, which he had clearly breached. Id. In so

holding, the court was careful not to create a broad scope of liability for any person who

may receive a benefit under a contract. Id. Instead, the court enumerated the factors

listed above, and explained that the factors weighed in favor of imposing a duty against

the notary. Id. at 19. The court emphasized that the “end and aim” of the testator’s

transaction with the notary was to benefit the plaintiff and the plaintiff’s injury from the

notary’s negligence was clearly foreseeable. Id.

       In Lucas, the court faced a situation almost identical to Biakanja except the drafter

of the will was an attorney. 364 P.2d at 686-87. The court followed Biakanja and

concluded the imposition of a duty in the absence of privity was equally applicable

against the attorney, whose negligent drafting of the will reduced the plaintiffs’ share of

the testator’s estate. Id. at 688. The court also considered whether recognizing liability

under the circumstances would impose an undue burden on the legal profession, but

concluded it would not. Id. It concluded imposing a duty was proper in this case because

“a contrary conclusion would cause the innocent beneficiary to bear the loss.” Id.
                                             -53-
       Following Lucas, California courts have imposed a duty on attorneys to third

parties in other circumstances, but only where the attorney and client intended the

attorneys’ services to directly benefit the third party and it was reasonably foreseeable

that attorney negligence would potentially harm the third party.24 California courts have

declined to impose a duty to third parties on attorneys where the attorney and client did

not intend for the attorney’s services to directly benefit the third party, harm to the third

party was not foreseeable, or policy considerations weighed against imposing a duty.25

       24
          See, e.g., Osornio, 21 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 263-70 (recognizing the right of an
intended beneficiary, a dependent adult who was under the care of the testator, to pursue
a malpractice action against the attorney who drafted the testator’s will naming the
plaintiff as the executor and sole beneficiary of the will because the attorney negligently
failed to advise the testator that his intended beneficiary was a presumptively disqualified
donee under the probate code); Meighan v. Shore, 40 Cal. Rptr. 2d 744, 755 (Ct. App.
1995) (concluding that a personal injury attorney had a duty to notify his client’s wife of
her potential loss of consortium claim where both spouses consulted the attorney with
respect to a personal injury suffered by the husband and the attorney knew that the wife
had a potential claim); Roberts v. Ball, Hunt, Hart, Brown & Baerwitz, 128 Cal. Rptr.
901, 905-06 (Ct. App. 1976) (recognizing the right of a third party lender to bring a
negligence action against an attorney who issued a written opinion containing incorrect
information to a client, which the attorney knew would be transmitted to and relied upon
by prospective lenders); Donald v. Garry, 97 Cal. Rptr. 191, 191 (Ct. App. 1971)
(recognizing the right of a creditor, who assigned the collection of a debt owed to it to a
collection agency, to bring a negligence action against the collection agency’s attorney
who allowed a case based on the debt to be dismissed for lack of prosecution).
       25
          See, e.g., Chang, 90 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 773-74 (concluding a testator’s attorney,
who allegedly was directed to revise the testator’s will to increase his wife’s share of the
estate, owed no duty to the testator’s wife to make the requested revisions); Burger v.
Pond, 273 Cal. Rptr. 709, 714-16 (Ct. App. 1990) (concluding that a divorce attorney had
no duty to his client’s prospective second wife for his alleged negligence in handling the
client’s divorce from his first wife, even though the attorney was aware of their marriage
plans); Fox, 226 Cal. Rptr. at 535-36 (concluding an attorney hired by one party in a real
                                                                               Continued . . .
                                             -54-
       For example, in Goodman, the California Supreme Court declined to extend a duty

to third parties who purchased a corporation’s stock from the defendant-attorney’s

clients. 556 P.2d at 739-44. The attorney had allegedly negligently advised his clients

that they could issue and sell stocks without jeopardizing the corporation’s exemptions

from registration under securities laws. Id. The court found Biakanja and Lucas

inapplicable because the attorney had no relationship with the plaintiffs. Id. Also, there

was no indication the advice was communicated to the plaintiffs or that they acted upon

it, or that the attorney knew or should have known that it would be. Id. Moreover, unlike

in the cases involving will beneficiaries, the clients did not intend to confer a benefit on

the plaintiffs. Id. The court further explained that imposing a duty would be an undue

burden on the legal profession because an attorney would become unduly preoccupied

with “the possibility of claims based on mere negligence . . . by any with whom his client

might deal,” which would “prevent him from devoting his entire energies to his client’s

interests.” Id. at 743 (quotations omitted).

       These cases illustrate that attorneys owe a duty of care to non-clients in limited

circumstances. California courts have primarily extended a duty to intended beneficiaries

estate transaction has no duty to an unrepresented, adverse party to the transaction);
Mason v. Levy & Van Bourg, 143 Cal Rptr. 389, 393 (Ct. App. 1978) (concluding an
attorney who had a contractual right to a percentage of a contingency fee under a referral
agreement had no right to sue the successor attorney to whom he referred the case for
negligence in failing to prosecute the lawsuit because the client’s intention in instituting
the lawsuit and transferring it to the successor attorney was not to benefit the first
attorney).

                                               -55-
in the estate planning context, where the client cannot enforce his or her own rights after

he or she dies. Beyond that context, in all of the cases where courts have extended a duty

to non-clients, the client’s and third party’s interests are aligned. In fact, courts have

declined to extend a duty where the interests of the client and third party are potentially

adverse. See Zenith, 55 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 919 (“[The defendant] thus cannot be held to be

under a duty to protect the interests of Zenith, a nonclient, where, as here, the nonclient’s

interests were, at the very least, potentially adverse to those of the client.”).26

       26
          See also Hall v. Superior Court, 133 Cal. Rptr. 2d 806, 811-12 (Ct. App. 2003)
(concluding an attorney, who represented a client in a wrongful death action against her
estranged husband’s mother for the death of the client’s child, had no duty to his client’s
husband based, in part, on a potential conflict of interest between the husband and wife);
Skarbrevik v. Cohen, England & Whitfield, 282 Cal. Rptr. 627, 634-36 (Ct. App. 1991)
(concluding an attorney representing a corporation had no duty to a minority shareholder
because the minority shareholder’s interests were at least potentially adverse to the client
the attorney was advising); Schick, 238 Cal. Rptr. at 908-09 (concluding an attorney
retained by a psychologist to advise him regarding revealing confidential information
about a patient in a legal action brought by the patient’s former partner seeking financial
support from the patient, had no duty to the psychologist’s patient because the attorney
was not retained to protect the patient’s rights, but rather to provide the psychologist legal
advice that was potentially adverse to the patient); Fox, 226 Cal. Rptr. at 535 (“[A]n
attorney has no duty to protect the interests of an adverse party for the obvious reasons
that the adverse party is not the intended beneficiary of the attorney’s services, and that
the attorney’s undivided loyalty belongs to the client.” (citations omitted)); St. Paul Title
Co., 226 Cal. Rptr. at 540 (concluding an attorney for the purchaser in a real estate
transaction owed no duty to the escrow agent for providing negligent advice to the
purchaser concerning escrow instructions, in part, because the attorney owed a duty of
undivided loyalty to his client and imposing a duty to third parties in the transaction
would potentially interfere with that duty).

                                              -56-
              ii. Analysis

       This case falls outside the limited circumstances in which California courts have

imposed a duty on attorneys to non-clients. We decline to stretch California precedent to

recognize a duty under the circumstances here. See Meighan, 40 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 753

(explaining that California courts routinely “refuse to find duty in fact settings clearly

outside the Biakanja criteria”).

       The Biakanja/Lucas factors do not favor imposing a duty on the attorney-

defendants. Most importantly, the facts do not show that Mr. Templeton was an intended

beneficiary of the attorney-defendants’ services. The attorney-defendants and CapWest’s

primary purpose for engaging in settlement negotiations with the Cordaros was to benefit

CapWest, not Mr. Templeton. Their intention was to negotiate an agreement to resolve

CapWest’s liability in the Cordaro matter.27 The attorney-defendants attempted to

include Mr. Templeton in the settlement to benefit CapWest. That Mr. Templeton also

       27
         That Mr. Hall stated that the attorney-defendants “should be representing” Mr.
Templeton is entirely consistent with this conclusion. App. at 972-73. Mr. Hall was
concerned that leaving Mr. Templeton out of the settlement would prevent settling the
Cordaros’ claim against CapWest. Thus, CapWest’s “end and aim” of retaining the
attorney-defendants was to resolve its liability in the Cordaro matter, not to benefit Mr.
Templeton. Biakanja, 320 P.2d at 19. Further, even if CapWest intended in part for Mr.
Templeton to benefit from the attorney-defendants’ services, there is no evidence the
attorney-defendants intended to perform their services for the benefit of Mr. Templeton.
See Zenith, 55 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 918-19.

                                             -57-
might have stood to benefit from the attorney-defendants’ negotiations does not alone

give rise to a duty.28

       Additionally, imposing a duty here would likely impose an undue burden on

attorneys. As in Goodman, imposing such a duty might interfere with the attorney’s

obligations to his or her own client. See Goodman, 556 P.2d at 743. Policy

considerations against imposing a duty to a non-client are strongest where, as here, doing

so creates a risk of detracting from the attorney’s representation of his or her client

because of potentially conflicting interests between the client and third party. See, e.g.,

Moore v. Anderson Zeigler Disharoon Gallagher & Gray, P.C., 135 Cal. Rptr. 2d 888,

898-99 (Ct. App. 2003); Zenith, 55 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 918-19; Fox, 226 Cal. Rptr. at 535-

36. A conflict of interest may arise whenever the interests of the client and third party are

not entirely aligned. See Zenith, 55 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 919; Skarbrevik, 282 Cal. Rptr. at

634-36. Here, as explained above, Mr. Templeton’s and CapWest’s interests were

adverse because Mr. Templeton’s liability was potentially greater than that of CapWest.

       28
          At most, Mr. Templeton would have been an incidental beneficiary of the
attorney-defendants’ settlement negotiations with the Cordaros, “and an incidental benefit
does not suffice to impose a duty upon the attorney.” Goldberg, 266 Cal. Rptr. at 489
(quotations and alterations omitted); see also id. (explaining that in numerous instances
representation of a client will affect third parties, but that “[t]he fact that third parties are
thus benefited, or damaged, by the attorney’s performance does not give rise to a duty by
the attorney to such third parties”).

                                              -58-
These policy concerns weigh against imposing a duty to a non-client under the facts of

this case.29

       Because the facts do not support imposing a duty on the attorney-defendants in the

absence of an attorney-client relationship, the trial court properly granted summary

judgment on this theory as well.

                                     *    *    *    *

       Accordingly, the district court properly granted summary judgment to the

attorney-defendants on Mr. Templeton’s legal malpractice and breach of fiduciary duties

claims.30

                                   III. CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, we affirm the district court with the exception of part of

its grant of summary judgment to Catlin on Mr. Templeton’s duty-to-defend claim. On

that claim, we reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment to Catlin for the

       29
          Although we doubt the attorney-defendants could have foreseen the harm that
ultimately befell Mr. Templeton, foreseeability alone is insufficient to impose liability.
See Zenith, 55 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 918; Schick, 238 Cal. Rptr. at 909. By the same token, the
degree of certainty Mr. Templeton would suffer the injury he sustained, the “closeness of
the connection” between the attorney-defendants’ conduct and Mr. Templeton’s injury,
and the deterrent to future harm in similar circumstances do not militate in favor of
imposing a duty here because the fact Mr. Templeton was not an intended beneficiary of
the attorney-defendants’ services and policy considerations strongly counsel against
imposing a duty.
       30
         The court also properly granted summary judgment to the attorney-defendants
on Mr. Templeton’s claim for exemplary damages based on the absence of any
underlying liability.

                                           -59-
period of time leading up to and during the FINRA arbitration. We remand to the district

court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion, including resolution of Mr.

Hall’s request for costs and attorney fees for defending this appeal.

                                          ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                          Scott M. Matheson, Jr.
                                          Circuit Judge

                                            -60-