Court Opinion

ID: 180756
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-12-09 16:21:57+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:41:21.727485
License: Public Domain

United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

                                    No. 10-6060

In re:                                    *
                                          *
Robert Miell,                             *
                                          *
         Debtor.                          *
                                          *
Gary L. Holsinger; Sherry Holsinger,      *   Appeal from the United States
                                          *   Bankruptcy Court for the
         Plaintiffs-Appellants,           *   Northern District of Iowa
                                          *
               v.                         *
                                          *
Renee K. Hanrahan; Heritage Bank,         *
                                          *
         Defendants-Appellees.            *

                             Submitted: November 8, 2010
                               Filed: December 9, 2010

Before KRESSEL, Chief Judge, SALADINO, and NAIL, Bankruptcy Judges.

NAIL, Bankruptcy Judge.
      Gary L. Holsinger and Sherry Holsinger appeal the July 9, 2010 judgment of
the bankruptcy court1 dismissing their complaint against Renee K. Hanrahan and
Heritage Bank. We affirm.

                                   BACKGROUND

      Robert Miell filed a petition for relief under chapter 11 of the bankruptcy code.
The bankruptcy court converted the case to chapter 7, and the United States Trustee
appointed Hanrahan to serve as the chapter 7 trustee.

        Hanrahan filed a motion to sell several parcels of real estate, free and clear of
all liens, encumbrances, claims, and other interests, to Heritage Bank. The Holsingers
held junior liens against two of the parcels. Hanrahan gave written notice of her
motion to all creditors and other parties in interest, including the Holsingers. Debtor
filed the only objections to Hanrahan's motion. The bankruptcy court overruled
Debtor's objections and entered an order authorizing Hanrahan's proposed sale. No
one appealed the bankruptcy court's order, and the sale was consummated.

        In their adversary complaint, as amended, the Holsingers challenged the
sufficiency of Hanrahan's notice of her proposed sale and sought a determination that
their liens were unaffected by the sale or a declaration that their liens attached to the
proceeds from the sale. Heritage Bank filed a motion to dismiss the Holsingers'
complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The
bankruptcy court granted Heritage Bank's motion, and the Holsingers timely appealed.

      1
       The Honorable Paul J. Kilburg, United States Bankruptcy Judge for the
Northern District of Iowa.

                                          -2-
                              STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review de novo a dismissal for failure to state a claim. McAdams v.
McCord, 584 F.3d 1111, 1113 (8th Cir. 2009) (citations therein). "We may affirm the
bankruptcy court's order on any basis supported by the record, even if that ground was
not considered by the trial court." Mid-City Bank v. Skyline Woods Homeowners
Assoc. (In re Skyline Woods Country Club, LLC), 431 B.R. 830, 836 n.16 (B.A.P. 8th
Cir. 2010) (citation therein).

                                      DISCUSSION

     An adversary complaint must include "a short and plain statement of the claim
showing that the [plaintiff] is entitled to relief[.]" Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2).2

              [A] complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
              accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on
              its face. A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff
              pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
              reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
              misconduct alleged. The plausibility standard is not akin to
              a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer
              possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully. Where a
              complaint pleads facts that are merely consistent with a
              defendant's liability, it stops short of the line between
              possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009)
(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

      2
          Rule 8 applies in adversary proceedings. Fed.R.Bankr.P. 7008(a).

                                            -3-
       In reviewing de novo the dismissal of the Holsingers' complaint for failure to
state a claim, "we accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the
complaint, and review the complaint to determine whether its allegations show that
the pleader is entitled to relief." Schaaf v. Residential Funding Corp., 517 F.3d 544,
549 (8th Cir. 2008) (citations therein). However, we need not accept as true any legal
conclusions contained in the complaint. Ashcroft, 129 S.Ct. at 1949.

      The Holsingers argue Heritage Bank was not a good faith purchaser and was
thus not entitled to the protection afforded such a purchaser by 11 U.S.C. § 363(m).
That section provides:

              The reversal or modification on appeal of an authorization
              . . . of a sale or lease of property does not affect the validity
              of a sale or lease under such authorization to an entity that
              purchased or leased such property in good faith, whether or
              not such entity knew of the pendency of the appeal, unless
              such authorization and such sale or lease were stayed
              pending appeal.

11 U.S.C. § 363(m) (emphasis added). As noted above, no one appealed the
bankruptcy court's order authorizing Hanrahan's proposed sale. Because that order has
not been reversed or modified on appeal, § 363(m) is inapposite and provides no basis
for granting the Holsingers any relief.

      The Holsingers' complaint must instead be considered in the context of Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b).3

              Once a sale of assets has been approved by a final order of
              the bankruptcy court, it is a judgment that is good as
              against the world, not merely as against parties to the

      3
          Rule 60(b) applies in bankruptcy cases. Fed.R.Bankr.P. 9024.

                                            -4-
             proceeding. Under this standard, property rights acquired
             at a foreclosure sale cannot be challenged unless the
             procedural rules allow for a collateral attack. Thus, if the
             trustee discovers that the order permitting a foreclosure sale
             has been obtained wrongfully, Rule 60(b) governs his
             ability to obtain relief from the otherwise final judgment.

Lange v. Schropp (In re Brook Valley VII, Joint Venture), 496 F.3d 892, 899 (8th Cir.
2007) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

      Pursuant to Rule 60(b), a court may relieve a party from a final judgment, order,
or proceeding for several reasons. Only one of those reasons – if the judgment from
which relief is sought is void – is implicated by the Holsingers' complaint.

             Ordinarily, the finality of a Bankruptcy Court's orders
             following the conclusion of direct review would stand in
             the way of challenging their enforceability. Rule 60(b),
             however, provides an exception to finality that allows a
             party to seek relief from a final judgment, and request
             reopening of his case, under a limited set of circumstances.
             Specifically, Rule 60(b)(4) . . . authorizes the court to
             relieve a party from a final judgment if the judgment is
             void.

             A void judgment is a legal nullity. Although the term void
             describes a result, rather than the conditions that render a
             judgment unenforceable, it suffices to say that a void
             judgment is one so affected by a fundamental infirmity that
             the infirmity may be raised even after the judgment
             becomes final. The list of such infirmities is exceedingly
             short; otherwise, Rule 60(b)(4)'s exception to finality would
             swallow the rule.

             A judgment is not void, for example, simply because it is or
             may have been erroneous. Similarly, a motion under Rule

                                          -5-
             60(b)(4) is not a substitute for a timely appeal. Instead,
             Rule 60(b)(4) applies only in the rare instance where a
             judgment is premised either on a certain type of
             jurisdictional error or on a violation of due process that
             deprives a party of notice or the opportunity to be heard.

United Student Aid Funds, Inc. v. Espinosa, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 130 S.Ct. 1367, 1376-
77, 176 L.Ed.2d 158 (2010) (internal brackets, citations, footnote, and quotation
marks omitted).

      In their complaint, the Holsingers contend they were denied due process
because Hanrahan's motion to sell the real estate did not specifically identify them as
secured creditors or specifically describe their liens. We disagree.

             An elementary and fundamental requirement of due process
             in any proceeding which is to be accorded finality is notice
             reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to
             apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and
             afford them an opportunity to present their objections. The
             notice must be of such nature as reasonably to convey the
             required information, and it must afford a reasonable time
             for those interested to make their appearance. But if with
             due regard for the practicalities and peculiarities of the case
             these conditions are reasonably met the constitutional
             requirements are satisfied.

Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314-315 (1950)
(internal citations omitted) (emphasis added).

       The notice of a proposed sale of property need only include "the time and place
of any public sale, the terms and conditions of any private sale and the time fixed for
filing objections. The notice of a proposed . . . sale . . . of property, including real
estate, is sufficient if it generally describes the property." Fed.R.Bankr.P. 2002(c)(1).

                                          -6-
Hanrahan's notice of her proposed sale was captioned "NOTICE OF MOTION TO
SELL REAL ESTATE FREE AND CLEAR OF ALL LIENS AND
ENCUMBRANCES . . ." and set forth in the opening paragraph her proposal to sell
the listed parcels "free and clear of all liens and encumbrances" (emphasis added).
Her notice went on to tell interested parties how to obtain a copy of Hanrahan's
motion, the deadline for filing an objection to her motion, the deadline for submitting
a competing bid for the real estate, and when and where a hearing would be held to
consider any objections to her motion and any competing bids for the real estate.
Hanrahan's notice complied with Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 2002(c)(1)
and was sufficient to apprise everyone who received it of the pendency of Hanrahan's
motion to sell free and clear of all liens and encumbrances – which would necessarily
include the Holsingers' liens – and to afford them an opportunity to object to
Hanrahan's proposed sale.

       The Holsingers do not deny having received a copy of Hanrahan's notice of her
proposed sale. Under the circumstances, they cannot be said to have been denied due
process. Espinosa, 130 S.Ct. at 1378 (a creditor's receipt of actual notice of the filing
and contents of the debtor's plan "more than satisfied" the creditor's due process
rights); Nunley v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 425 F.3d 1132, 1139 (8th Cir. 2005) ("[A]
person cannot complain about the constitutionality of the method used to provide
notice when he or she has received actual notice (assuming it is timely), for he or she
has suffered no harm.").

        The Holsingers also contend Hanrahan should have served a copy of her motion
to sell the real estate on them. We agree. "A motion for authority to sell property free
and clear of liens or other interests . . . shall be served on the parties who have liens
or other interests in the property to be sold." Fed.R.Bankr.P. 6004(c).

      Hanrahan's failure to serve the Holsingers with a copy of her motion clearly
deprived the Holsingers of a right granted by a procedural rule. However, this does

                                          -7-
not amount to a violation of their right to due process. Espinosa, 130 S.Ct. at 1378.
Upon their receipt of Hanrahan's notice of her proposed sale, the Holsingers could
have objected to Hanrahan's failure to fully comply with Rule 6004(c) and to the form
and content of her motion. See, e.g., In re Takeout Taxi Holdings, Inc., 307 B.R. 525
(Bankr. E.D. Va. 2004) (cited by the Holsingers in their reply brief). They may not
do so now.

             Rule 60(b)(4) does not provide a license for litigants to
             sleep on their rights. [Creditor] had actual notice of the
             filing of [Debtor]'s plan, its contents, and the Bankruptcy
             Court's subsequent confirmation of the plan. . . . [Creditor]
             therefore forfeited its arguments regarding the validity of
             service or the adequacy of the Bankruptcy Court's
             procedures by failing to raise a timely objection in that
             court.

             Rule 60(b)(4) strikes a balance between the need for
             finality of judgments and the importance of ensuring that
             litigants have a full and fair opportunity to litigate a
             dispute. Where, as here, a party is notified of a plan's
             contents and fails to object to confirmation of the plan
             before the time for appeal expires, that party has been
             afforded a full and fair opportunity to litigate, and the
             party's failure to avail itself of that opportunity will not
             justify Rule 60(b)(4) relief.

Espinosa, 130 S.Ct. at 1380 (internal citation omitted). Like the creditor in Espinosa,
the Holsingers were afforded a full and fair opportunity to litigate, and like the
creditor in Espinosa, their failure to avail themselves of that opportunity does not
justify Rule 60(b)(4) relief.

                                         -8-
                                  CONCLUSION

      The bankruptcy court's order authorizing Hanrahan's proposed sale is final, and
the Holsingers are bound by it. Their complaint, which seeks to relieve them from the
consequences of that order, fails to state a claim upon which such relief can be
granted. For that reason, we affirm the bankruptcy court's order dismissing the
Holsingers' complaint against Hanrahan and Heritage Bank.

                                         -9-