Court Opinion

ID: 996425
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-04 00:50:33.632579+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:31.565379
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

JO ANN B., INCORPORATED,
Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.
                                                                No. 97-2133
CARTER MACHINERY COMPANY,
INCORPORATED,
Defendant-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk.
J. Calvitt Clarke, Jr., Senior District Judge.
(CA-96-1159-2)

Submitted: May 29, 1998

Decided: September 22, 1998

Before MURNAGHAN, HAMILTON, and WILLIAMS,
Circuit Judges.

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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

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COUNSEL

Michael J. Gardner, CLARK & STANT, P.C., Virginia Beach, Vir-
ginia, for Appellant. Neil S. Lowenstein, VANDEVENTER BLACK,
L.L.P., Norfolk, Virginia, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

This admiralty case involves a dispute over engine repairs per-
formed by Carter Machinery Company, Inc. (Carter) to a commercial
fishing vessel, the Jo Ann B. (the Vessel), brought by Jo Ann B., Inc.
(the Vessel Owner). The action alleged liability of Carter based on
breach of Carter's contractually implied warranty of workmanlike
performance in the repair of the Vessel's engine. In addition to other
damages, the Vessel Owner sought recovery of lost lay shares on
behalf of its crew. Carter filed a counterclaim for the unpaid balance
of its initial repairs, and for its costs in completing additional repairs
requested by the Vessel.

The district court granted Carter's pre-trial partial summary judg-
ment motion denying the recovery of lay shares as a matter of law.
The remaining issues of liability were also determined adversely to
the Vessel Owner by the district court, sitting in admiralty, without
a jury, and following a three-day trial. The district judge determined
that Carter was not liable to the Vessel Owner, and that Carter was
entitled to recover $4,000 from the Vessel Owner as the outstanding
value of its initial repairs.

The Vessel Owner filed a post-trial motion to alter the judgment,
which, after consideration of the parties' briefs and reconsideration of
the evidence, the district court denied. This timely appeal from the
district court's bench ruling and denial of the Vessel Owner's motion
to alter judgment followed. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm
the district court's judgments.

The trial evidence was as follows. The Vessel was purchased by
the Vessel Owner in 1988 from an insurance company after it had
been damaged in a casualty. It was refurbished and used by the Vessel
Owner as a commercial fishing vessel. The engine was over thirty

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years old and had been rebuilt on multiple occasions prior to it being
presented to Carter for replacement of piston and cylinder liners. The
engine had experienced increased use of oil and high base pressure,
requiring maintenance, prior to the events which gave rise to this suit.
In July 1996 Joe Williams, part owner of the Vessel, contacted Carter
about doing the repairs he specified. Williams directed Carter to use
owner-furnished parts to complete some of the work. When the Ves-
sel was delivered to Carter, the engine did not have all its component
parts, including parts related to the oil and exhaust systems which
later became the focus of the Vessel Owner's complaints. The engine
room was unusually dirty, having oil on the deck and bulkheads. Dur-
ing the repair process, Carter found evidence of poor engine mainte-
nance, and determined that the engine was in overall bad shape. Prior
to its delivery to Carter, the Vessel Owner had experienced a base
compression problem with the engine; the Vessel Owner failed to
advise Carter of this problem during the initial repair efforts.

Carter disassembled the engine, which took two to three days. The
engine and its parts were cleaned, inspected, and reassembled with the
owner-furnished parts, a process that took ten days. When Carter
tested the engine, it found that the owner-furnished turbocharger had
failed and needed to be replaced. Carter replaced the part with a
remanufactured part, after receiving authorization from Williams. On
August 23, 1996, the Vessel Owner accepted the Vessel from Carter,
and made a partial payment of $5,000 for the repairs before departing
Carter's facility. A $4,000 balance was acknowledged by the Vessel
Owner, but never paid.

Shortly after it departed Carter's facility, the Vessel engine began
experiencing fluctuating oil pressure. The Vessel was returned to Car-
ter's facility for further work. Carter's technicians worked daily on
the Vessel, with the exception of Sundays and holidays, to solve the
fluctuating oil pressure problem. On September 7, 1996, the Vessel
Owner directed Carter to stop work, took the Vessel from Carter's
facility, and had at least two third parties inspect and test the engine,
including Alyn Fife, a local marine surveyor. The Vessel was returned
to Carter, and troubleshooting efforts continued between September
19 and 26, 1996. During the troubleshooting, Williams was on the
Vessel daily, was continually apprised of the status of the repairs, and
provided repair directions to Carter. Plus, after the Vessel was

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returned to Carter, Williams required Carter to allow Fife to have
access to the facility, and he was on the Vessel almost daily for the
purpose of overseeing and directing Carter's work on behalf of the
Vessel Owner. Among the efforts Carter made to resolve the oil prob-
lem, it removed the pistons it had installed, and replaced them with
a second set. As a result of Carter's many efforts at troubleshooting
the fluctuating oil pressure problem, the problem resolved.

At this point, however, Carter discovered that the engine had a
problem with excessive base pressure. Carter systematically began to
troubleshoot the base compression problem through the second week
of October 1996. Carter discovered that the base compression prob-
lem was being caused by an oil carryover related to the engine's
breathing mechanism, not because of excess air as Williams and Fife
believed, a possibility that Carter previously had ruled out. Upon
making its discovery, Carter made certain modifications to the
breather which improved the Engine's operation and increased its
operational range, advised the Vessel Owner that it had determined
that the base pressure problem was an air outflow and oil misting
problem, and informed the Vessel Owner that it felt that it could solve
the problem. Despite its partial solution of the problem, Williams and
Fife ordered Carter to redirect its repair efforts to the possibility of air
volume infiltration as the cause of the base compression problem.
Carter continued to comply with that directive until the second week
of October 1996 when Vessel Owner again directed Carter to cease
work on the Vessel, removed the Vessel from Carter, and failed to
return it. Carter had expended an additional $30,092.61, over the cost
of its initial repairs, in its unsuccessful attempt to repair the engine
problems.

The Vessel Owner failed to seek to have the engine repaired by
another company despite the fact that at least one repairman, Sherman
Garrish, whom the Vessel Owner contacted, opined that the engine
was repairable, and offered to do the repairs. Instead, Williams took
the Vessel to Garrish and instructed him to replace the entire engine
with a spare engine he already owned. The replacement engine was
an inoperable, non-marine engine which had to be rebuilt and modi-
fied prior to installing it into the Vessel. The engine replacement cost
$55,000 and took twenty-four days to accomplish.

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A district court's findings of fact are reviewed under the clearly
erroneous standard. Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a). See Yarmouth Sea Products
Ltd. v. Scully, 131 F.3d 389, 392-93 (4th Cir. 1997) (citing Watson
v. Lowcountry Red Cross, 974 F.2d 482, 485 (4th Cir. 1992); United
Food & Commercial Workers v. Marval Poultry Co., 876 F.2d 346,
351 (4th Cir. 1989)); see also Norfolk Shipbuilding & Drydock Corp.
v. M/Y Le Belle Simone, 537 F.2d 1201, 1203 (4th Cir. 1976). A find-
ing is clearly erroneous when despite evidence to support it, the
reviewing court on the entire evidence "`is left with the definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.'" Anderson v.
City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985) (quoting United
States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395 (1948)). Ques-
tions of law, even in admiralty cases, are reviewed de novo. See
Scully, 131 F.3d at 393; see also Neathery v. M/V Overseas Marilyn,
700 F.2d 140, 143 n.2 (4th Cir. 1983).

It is undisputed that Carter's contract for the repair of the Vessel
was a maritime contract, and that Carter had a duty to perform the
overhaul of the Vessel's engine in a workmanlike manner. See Little
Beaver Enters. v. Humphreys Rys., Inc., 719 F.2d 75, 77-78 (4th Cir.
1983). The implied warranty in admiralty of ship repairers does not
make the repairer a guarantor of the results of its work, and there is
no liability on the part of the ship repairer if it has performed its work
as a skillful workman should, or if the repairer's efforts at repair have
been hindered by the actions of the other contracting party. Id. at 78.
It is also undisputed that the Vessel Owner had a duty to mitigate its
damages. See Agra, Gill & Deffus, Inc. v. Benson , 920 F.2d 1173,
1177 (4th Cir. 1990).

After a three-day bench trial, the district court found, as matters of
fact, that both the Vessel and the engine were quite old, that the
engine had been rebuilt on multiple occasions, and had had previous
other difficulties. It further found that the Vessel Owner specifically
ordered Carter at each stage what was to be and not to be done to the
Vessel, and that Carter was required to follow the orders of the Vessel
Owner. The court noted that Carter had the Vessel in its possession
for a total of about five weeks, and that Carter acted timely and dili-
gently in performing the work ordered by Williams at each stage of
the repair. In connection with the oil fluctuation problem, the district
court judge determined that the fluctuation was found as promptly as

                     5
could reasonably be expected, and that Carter acted reasonably and
promptly in curing the oil fluctuation problem. The judge also deter-
mined, as matters of fact, that Carter also acted properly and in a
timely manner in attempting to solve the blow-by problem; and that
before Carter had a reasonable opportunity to investigate the cause of
the oil mist, which Carter had isolated as the cause of the problem of
the clogging of the breather, which in turn caused the base pressure
problem, Williams removed the Vessel for the second and final time.
Finally, the district court held, as a matter of fact, that had Williams
not taken the Vessel from Carter for the first ten-day period, and Car-
ter had had those additional ten days to work on the Vessel's prob-
lems, that Carter very well could have solved both problems much
more quickly.

The district judge further found that the Vessel Owner failed to
mitigate its damages. Specifically, the judge cited the following facts
in support of his determination that the Vessel Owner failed to miti-
gate: (1) Williams took the Vessel from Carter for that first ten-day
period; (2) Williams again took the Vessel away from Carter after it
had solved half the problem of the blow-by by determining that the
problem was getting the gases out of the crankcase; (3) Williams
turned down Garrish's offer to look into the engine, which had just
been rebuilt by Carter, before anything else was done, instructing
Garrish instead to rebuild the spare engine and adapt it for use in the
Vessel; and (4) the Vessel Owner was extravagant in its decision to
abandon Carter's original $9,000 cost to rebuild the engine in favor
of spending $55,000 to rebuild and replace the engine with the spare.
Finally, the district court noted that both Williams and Fife, on behalf
of the Vessel Owner, were at all times involved in the troubleshooting
process, so they could not claim that Carter's actions were unautho-
rized.

On appeal, the Vessel Owner maintains that the district court
should have found Carter liable because during the initial repairs it
alleges that Carter improperly installed pistons and cylinder liners in
a manner which induced the fluctuating oil pressure and excessive
base pressure problem the engine later experienced. However, the evi-
dence at trial reveals, at best, ambiguity as to a cause and effect rela-
tionship between Carter's installation of the pistons and cylinder
liners and the fluctuating oil and excessive base pressure problem.

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Specifically, Fife, the Vessel Owner's expert, testified that he did not
know the cause of the oil fluctuation problem, and could only assume
that the pistons installed by Carter were the problem because during
the troubleshooting process, and in conjunction with one of the sev-
eral piston changes by Carter, the fluctuation subsided. Moreover,
there was no evidence of defect with any of the pistons installed by
Carter, or with the manner in which the pistons were installed. There
was additional dispute on this issue between the parties' experts, as
to whether the pistons could even have caused the fluctuation prob-
lem. As to the Vessel Owner's claim that the cylinder liner projection
caused the base compression problem with the engine, there was evi-
dence from the Vessel Owner's own experts that the base compres-
sion problem could have been caused by any number of things other
than Carter's actions with the cylinder liner. We find that the factual
determinations upon which the district court relied in concluding that
Carter was not liable were not clearly erroneous. Nor do we find error
with the district court's conclusion that there was insufficient evi-
dence in this case to establish that Carter breached its duty of work-
manlike performance.

In addition, the Vessel Owner claims that the district judge improp-
erly concluded that the Vessel Owner failed to mitigate its damages.
It maintains that it was perfectly reasonable to take the Vessel from
Carter after Carter had possession of the Vessel for fifty-four days,
and after having expended $10,265 for the initial work and another
$30,092.61 for the troubleshooting work, in order to give it to Garrish
for what turned out to be twenty-four days and an expense of $59,000
to get an operable fishing Vessel. One problem with the Vessel
Owner's logic is that it ignores record evidence that Carter was ham-
pered in its attempts to solve the Vessel's problems because: (1) some
of the Vessel's problems were due to malfunctioning owner-supplied
parts; (2) Carter was being directed in its repair efforts by Williams
and, later, by Fife; (3) the Vessel was taken from Carter in mid-work
for other opinions; and (4) the Vessel was taken from Carter the final
time after Carter had already identified the problem and partially
solved it. Moreover, the record reveals that even Garrish thought the
engine could be repaired, rather than going through the time and
expense of putting an entirely new engine into it. Finally, the replace-
ment engine Williams used was inoperable and non-marine, thus
requiring extensive modifications, work, and expense to make it

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usable on the Vessel. Given these facts, as found by the district judge,
we agree with the district judge that the Vessel Owner's actions were
undertaken out of impatience, were unreasonable, and constituted a
failure to mitigate.

From our review of the evidence before the district judge through-
out this three-day bench trial, we cannot say that the district court's
judgment is clearly erroneous. See McAllister v. United States, 348
U.S. 19, 20 (1954); M/Y Le Belle Simone, 537 F.2d at 1203. The find-
ings of the district judge, in applying the facts to the law, that Carter
did not breach its warranty of workmanlike performance and that the
Vessel Owner failed to mitigate its damages are amply supported in
the record. The Vessel Owner's contention on appeal that the district
court should have construed the facts differently, in essence arguing
that there are two permissible views of the evidence in this case, is
without merit, given the applicable standard of review. See id.

The Vessel Owner also claims on appeal that the district court
erred pre-trial in its determination that the Vessel Owner was not enti-
tled to recover from Carter the lay shares of its crew. Given the dispo-
sition of this appeal on the issue of liability, we decline to address this
issue as moot.

For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the district court's judg-
ment. We further find that the district court did not abuse its discre-
tion in denying the Vessel Owner's motion to alter judgment. See
Temkin v. Frederick County Comm'r, 945 F.2d 716, 723 (4th Cir.
1991). We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal
contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the court
and argument would not aid in the decisional process.

AFFIRMED

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