Court Opinion

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Opinions of the United
2006 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

4-25-2006

Reid v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 05-3005

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                                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                                      No. 05-3005

                                    EVEROD REID,

                                                Petitioner

                                           v.

                 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,

                                                Respondent

                         On Petition for Review of an Order of
                          The Board of Immigration Appeals
                                  (No. A39-751-184)
                          Immigration Judge: Henry S. Dogin

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   April 21, 2006

                   Before: SLOVITER and AMBRO, Circuit Judges,
                             and DuBOIS,* District Judge

                                 (Filed: April 25, 2006)

                                       OPINION

      *
       Honorable Jan E. DuBois, Senior District Judge for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
AMBRO, Circuit Judge

       Everod Reid petitions for review of the denial of his motion to reopen and

reconsider his eligibility for relief from removal. Reid argues that the IJ erred in finding

Reid ineligible, as a matter of law, for discretionary relief from removal under the former

§ 212(c) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). For the reasons provided

below, we grant Reid’s petition and remand this case for proceedings not inconsistent

with this decision.

                                              I.

       Reid is a native and citizen of Jamaica who entered the United States as a lawful

permanent resident in August 1985, at the age of fifteen. Reid’s mother is a United States

citizen and Reid himself has four minor U.S. citizen children. On August 17, 1995, Reid

was convicted in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York

of the sale of stolen firearms shipped in interstate commerce, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §

922(j). He was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment.

       As a result of his conviction, on December 8, 1995, the former INS issued an

Order to Show Cause (“OSC”), charging Reid with removability.1 The INS alleged that

       1
        Before the passage of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant
Responsibility Act of 1996 (“IIRIRA”), individuals who were ineligible for admission
into the United States and were never admitted into the United States were referred to as
“excludable,” while aliens who had gained admission, but later became subject to
expulsion from the United States, were referred to as “deportable.” After IIRIRA, aliens
who were previously referred to as “excludable” are termed “inadmissible,” and the term
“removal proceedings” covers proceedings applicable to both inadmissible and deportable

                                              2
Reid’s conviction was both an offense involving firearms and an aggravated felony.

Thus, Reid was charged with removability under INA §§ 241(a)(2)(A)(iii) and

241(a)(2)(C), 8 U.S.C. §§ 1251(a)(2)(A)(iii) and (a)(2)(C).

       On March 14, 1997, Reid filed an application for waiver of inadmissibility under §

212(c) in conjunction with an application for adjustment of status under INA § 245.

Section 212(c) allowed removable aliens who had accrued seven years of lawful

permanent residence in the United States to request discretionary relief from deportation.

8 U.S.C. § 1182(c) (1994) (repealed effective April 1, 1997). To qualify, an alien had to

have been sentenced to a term of imprisonment of less than five years. Id.

       On February 10, 2000, while his application was pending, Reid was convicted in

New Jersey for possession with the intent to distribute a controlled dangerous substance,

in violation of N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:35-5b(10)a, for which he served two years of a ten-

year prison sentence. Reid’s deportation proceedings were administratively closed while

he was incarcerated.

       Prior to Reid’s drug conviction, Congress enacted in 1996 the Antiterrorism and

Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), which restricted the availability of discretionary

administrative relief under INA § 212(c). Pub. L. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214, 1277-79

(1996). Section 440(d) of AEDPA barred § 212(c) relief to aliens removable by reason of

having committed certain enumerated offenses, including aggravated felonies. However,

aliens. Thus, a reference to an order of removal would encompass an order of
deportation.

                                             3
AEDPA did not contain an express provision stating whether it would apply to criminal

conduct that preceded its enactment.

        On the heels of AEDPA, Congress enacted IIRIRA. Pub. L. 104-208, 110 Stat.

3009-546 (1996) (effective April 1, 1997). It completely repealed the discretionary relief

from removal provided in the former INA § 212(c), and provided for a new form of

relief—cancellation of removal. Section 309(c) of IIRIRA preserved the availability of

review under INA § 212(c) for an alien placed in removal proceedings prior to April 1,

1997.

        Upon his release from prison, Reid renewed his application for § 212(c) relief and

sought also an adjustment of status. On April 26, 2004, the IJ denied Reid’s application

for waiver under INA § 212(c) as a matter of law and ordered Reid removed to Jamaica.

The IJ also found Reid ineligible for § 212(c) relief because his 2000 drug conviction

occurred after the effective date of AEDPA.

        On July 26, 2004, Reid filed a Motion to Reopen with the IJ, arguing that an alien

who qualified for a § 212(c) waiver prior to the passage of AEDPA and IIRIRA remained

eligible for such a waiver regardless of subsequent criminal convictions. On September

28, 2004, the IJ denied Reid’s motion to reopen and addressed the merits of the case,

construing Reid’s motion to reopen as both a motion to reopen and a motion to

reconsider. The IJ first denied the motion to reopen on the grounds that Reid failed to

present any new material facts or evidence not available at the previous hearing. The IJ

next held that the motion to reconsider was untimely, as it was not filed within the 30-day

                                              4
time period prescribed for motions to reconsider. As noted, despite the untimeliness of

the motion, the IJ addressed the merits of Reid’s claim. Relying on the Supreme Court’s

decision in INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S. 289 (2001), the IJ found that Reid “could not have

had any possible settled expectation of the availability of 212(c) relief at the time of his

[2000] conviction[,]” and, thus, denied his motion to reconsider.

       On May 5, 2005, the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed the decision

of the IJ. On May 9, 2005, Reid filed a writ of habeas corpus challenging the decision of

the BIA. Reid’s habeas petition was transferred to this Court pursuant to the passage of

the Real ID Act, Pub. L. No. 109-13, div. B, 119 Stat. 231 (2005).

                                              II.

       Where the BIA adopts and affirms a decision by the IJ, our Court reviews the IJ’s

decision to assess whether the BIA’s decision to affirm was appropriate. Abdulai v.

Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 549 n.2 (3d Cir. 2001). We review the denial of a motion to

reopen and a motion to reconsider for abuse of discretion, Lu v. Ashcroft, 259 F.3d 127,

131 (3d Cir. 2001), while a petition that raises a legal question receives de novo review.

Dinnall v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 247, 251 (3d Cir. 2005).

       Reid argues that, despite his 2000 drug conviction, he remains eligible for relief

under the former INA § 212(c) because he was placed in removal proceedings prior to the

passage of AEDPA and IIRIRA. Following the passage of AEDPA, several circuit

courts, including ours, held that AEDPA’s amendments to INA § 212(c) did not apply to

removal proceedings pending on the date of AEDPA’s enactment. See, e.g., Sandoval v.

                                              5
Reno, 166 F.3d 225, 240 (3d Cir. 1999) (holding that the AEDPA’s amendment to §

212(c) was not applicable to then-pending cases). Our decision in Sandoval was later

supported by the passage of a Department of Justice regulation providing that “[s]ection

440(d) of [AEDPA] shall not apply to any applicant for relief under [former INA §

212(c)] whose deportation proceedings were commenced before the Immigration Court

before April 24, 1996.” 8 C.F.R. 1212.3(g). Because Reid’s removal proceedings began

in 1995, he argues that, as a matter of law, AEDPA’s provisions do not apply to his case.

Further, § 309(c) of IIRIRA specifically preserved the availability of § 212(c) review for

aliens whose removal proceedings began prior to April 1, 1997. Pub. L. 104-208, 110

Stat. 3009. Thus, Reid contends that he remains eligible to seek § 212(c) relief, and that

the IJ and the BIA erred in finding that AEDPA and IIRIRA barred it.

       The Government responds by arguing that Reid was never eligible for relief from

removal under § 212(c) because he was convicted of a firearms offense. As Reid was not

eligible for relief at the time of his plea, it contends he cannot be eligible for relief now,

regardless of AEDPA’s enactment.

       The commission of a firearms offense, however, does not preclude relief under

former § 212(c). Matter of Azurin, 23 I. & N. Dec. 695 (BIA 2005) (finding that an alien

removable for the commission of an aggravated felony and firearms offense that occurred

prior to the enactment of AEDPA is eligible to seek relief under § 212(c) in conjunction

with an application for adjustment of status); see also Matter of Grabryelsky, 20 I. & N.

Dec. 750 (BIA 1993) (same). Thus, Reid was eligible for § 212(c) relief at the time of his

                                               6
firearms conviction.

        The Government alternatively contends, even if Reid’s firearm conviction was

eligible for review under § 212(c), his narcotics conviction in 2000 precludes that review.

According to the Government, the Supreme Court’s holding in INS v. St. Cyr, 533 U.S.
289 (2001), is controlling. There the Court held that, because an alien who pled guilty

before the effective date of AEDPA would have relied on the availability of the § 212(c)

waiver, it remains available in removal proceedings “for aliens . . . whose convictions

were obtained through plea agreements and who, notwithstanding those convictions,

would have been eligible for § 212(c) relief at the time of their plea under the law then in

effect.” Id. at 326. At the time of Reid’s drug conviction in 2000, he could not have had

an expectation that review would be available under § 212(c). Thus, under the logic of

St. Cyr, Reid should be denied § 212(c) review based on his 2000 conviction. We

disagree.

        St. Cyr is distinguishable from this case and, under our precedent, the passage of

AEDPA and IIRIRA have no effect on Reid’s deportation proceedings. Those

proceedings were distinct from St. Cyr because they began prior to the passage of

AEDPA and IIRIRA, whereas St. Cyr’s proceedings began after the passage of those acts.

Accordingly, we are unpersuaded by the Government’s contention that St. Cyr controls

here.

                                          *****

        Because Reid was placed in deportation proceedings prior to the passage of

                                              7
AEDPA and IIRIRA, he is eligible for a § 212(c) waiver of inadmissibility with regard to

his 1995 firearms conviction notwithstanding his 2000 drug conviction.2 As such, we

grant Reid’s petition for review and remand this case to the BIA. See INS v. Ventura,

537 U.S. 12, 16 (2002).

       2
        We realize that if DHS issues an Order to Show Cause charging Reid with
removability for his 2000 drug conviction (an undisputably removable offense), he will
not be eligible for a § 212(c) waiver for that offense, as it occurred years after the repeal
of § 212(c). However, the record reflects that the IJ found Reid removable solely due to
his 1995 firearms charge and did not consider the 2000 offense. Thus, although it is
possible that Reid will ultimately be deported on the basis of his 2000 conviction, we are
obligated to remand the case to the BIA.

                                              8