Court Opinion

ID: 9390770
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-28 16:01:31.626098+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:36.592379
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           No. 18-1750V
                                   Filed under seal: April 13, 2023
                                      Reissued: April 28, 2023 *
                                        FOR PUBLICATION

 MICHAEL CIVATTE,

                     Petitioner,

 v.

 SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND
 HUMAN SERVICES,

                     Respondent.

Leah V. Durant, Law Offices of Leah V. Durant, PLLC, Washington, D.C., for the petitioner,
with Glen McCloud, of counsel.

Debra A. Filteau Begley, Vaccine/Torts Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice,
Washington, D.C., for the respondent.

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

HERTLING, Judge

         The petitioner, Michael Civatte, filed this claim under the National Vaccine Injury
Compensation Program (“Vaccine Program”) against the respondent, the Secretary of Health and
Human Services, for injuries allegedly arising from a vaccine. The respondent conceded
liability, and the special master awarded damages. The special master granted the petitioner only
$75.00 of the $94,470.57 the petitioner sought to recover for “actual unreimbursable expenses”
related to his vaccine-caused injury. The petitioner has filed a motion to review the special
master’s decision on his medical expenses.

        The special master denied the claim for $94,395.57 of the petitioner’s medical expenses
largely because he determined they had not been “incurred,” as required by the Vaccine Act. To
reach this result, the special master concluded that medical expenses ceased to be “incurred”

      *
     Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 18(b), the Court initially filed this opinion under seal and
afforded the parties 14 days thereafter to notify the court of any information that should be
redacted from the opinion for reasons of privilege or confidentiality. The parties did not propose
any redactions. Accordingly, this opinion is reissued in its original form for public availability.
once the petitioner was no longer legally liable for them, and the petitioner was no longer liable
after the three-year state statute of limitations to collect on these expenses ran.

        The petitioner argues that the special master made three legal errors by: (1) incorrectly
interpreting the word “incurred;” (2) improperly relying on the applicable North Carolina statute
of limitations to determine whether the expenses were incurred; and (3) incorrectly concluding
that the petitioner was not liable for his unpaid medical expenses under North Carolina law.

       The special master’s conclusion that the petitioner’s medical expenses were not
“incurred” due to the expiration of a state statute of limitation was contrary to the Vaccine Act
and precedents from the Federal Circuit. Accordingly, the special master’s conclusion was not in
accordance with law. The petitioner’s motion for review is granted, the special master’s decision
regarding the petitioner’s medical expenses is vacated, and the case is remanded for further
proceedings.

I.       BACKGROUND 1

         A.    Vaccination and Injury

        The petitioner, a resident of North Carolina, received the influenza vaccine on November
11, 2015. (ECF 78 at 1, 17.) Five days later, the petitioner visited his chiropractor complaining
of low back and left knee pain. (Id. at 4.) On November 17, 2015, the petitioner went to the
emergency room at New Hanover Regional Medical Center (“NHRMC”) in Wilmington, North
Carolina, due to a “three-day history of ascending numbness and weakness in all four
extremities, headache, and chronic back pain,” which left him unable to walk without assistance.
(Id.) The petitioner “was admitted with a differential diagnosis including [Guillain-Barré
syndrome (‘GBS’)],” which was confirmed by testing and evaluations performed over the next
several days. (Id. at 4-5.) A few days later, the petitioner’s symptoms worsened with facial
weakness, mouth numbness, difficulty eating, and slurred speech. (Id. at 5.) He was admitted to
the intensive care unit for 36 hours. (Id.)

        On November 24, 2015, the petitioner was discharged from NHRMC and admitted to the
NHRMC Rehabilitation Hospital (“NHRMC Rehab”) for physical, occupational, and speech
therapies and massage treatments. (Id.) While there, his strength improved but did not fully
recover, and he needed “modifications or bathing, transfers, and ambulation.” (Id.) The
petitioner also “continued to have right-sided facial weakness,” along with other issues. (Id.)
The petitioner was discharged to his home on December 18, 2015. (Id. at 5-6.)

     1
     The petitioner has not disputed any of the factual findings from the special master’s
decision, instead presenting purely legal questions involving interpretation of the Vaccine Act
and North Carolina law. (ECF 82; ECF 83). The Court therefore relies on the special master’s
decision to provide a limited summary of the relevant background for context only. The
provided background is condensed because the respondent conceded liability (ECF 24; ECF 25),
and the award for pain and suffering is not at issue in this appeal (ECF 82).

                                                 2
         During 2016, the petitioner continued to receive treatment, including physical and speech
therapy, at NHRMC Rehab. (Id. at 6-7.) By early 2017, the petitioner’s symptoms had
improved such that he could perform eight hours of physical labor a day, although this level was
still less than the 11 or 12 hours he could perform prior to the onset of his symptoms. (Id. at 7.)
By the end of 2017, the petitioner suffered from left knee pain and swelling, which required
surgical treatment in March 2018 and the use of crutches for approximately two months. (Id.)
The petitioner was able to return to work within six months of his knee surgery, although he
continued to experience left knee pain and developed right knee pain. (Id.)

        In 2018, 2019, and 2021, the petitioner continued to suffer from “some” facial drooping
and “minimal” to “mild” right-side weakness. (Id. at 8.) The petitioner has averred in affidavits
that facial paralysis continues to “affect[ ] his work . . . his vision, eating, and drinking . . . and
hurts his self-esteem.” (Id. at 9 (citing Ex. 9 at ¶¶ 2, 4, 6, 7; Ex. 21 at ¶ 4).)

         The petitioner did not have health insurance until January 2018. (Id. at 13 n.16.) As a
result, the petitioner has claimed $94,470.57 in expenses for fees he paid or amounts he claims to
owe for services he received to treat his symptoms while uninsured. (Ex. 18 at 1-2; Ex. 20 at 1-
2.) Because of the unpaid medical bills, the petitioner has asserted that “[a]s of September 2021,
he is still ‘constantly bombarded’ with letters and calls from debt collectors” and that this
medical “debt has ‘completely destroy[ed]’ his credit score.” (ECF 78 at 9 (quoting Ex. 21 at ¶
5).)

        B.      Petition for Compensation

       On November 13, 2018, the petitioner filed his petition under the Vaccine Program
seeking compensation for GBS allegedly caused by the influenza vaccine administered on
November 11, 2015. (ECF 1.)

       On November 29, 2019, the respondent conceded that the petitioner was entitled to
compensation for a flu/GBS table injury. (ECF 24-25.) The parties, however, were unable to
agree on damages, and the special master set a briefing schedule to resolve that issue. (ECF 47.)

        On June 21, 2021, the petitioner filed his brief on damages, seeking compensation for
actual and future pain and suffering in addition to his medical expenses. (ECF 48.) On August
20, 2021, the respondent filed his response brief, disputing the extent of the petitioner’s pain and
suffering. (ECF 51 at 8-13.) The respondent also argued that the petitioner was not entitled to
most of his claimed expenses. Because the petitioner had not paid almost any of his claimed
expenses and because the statute of limitations to file suit for them had expired under North
Carolina law, the respondent argued that these expenses had not been “incurred” under the
Vaccine Act and therefore were not compensable. (Id. at 13-15.)

       On September 20, 2021, the petitioner filed his reply brief disputing the respondent’s
arguments. (ECF 54.) The petitioner argued that the Vaccine Act does not incorporate state-law
standards, and that the issue of whether a debt was time-barred under North Carolina law was not
relevant to the petitioner’s claims. (Id. at 9-16 (citing Van Epps v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Health &
Hum. Servs., 26 Cl. Ct. 650, 653 (1992)).) The petitioner noted that a statute of limitations only

                                                   3
provided a legal defense to a lawsuit, but because the petitioner’s debts were not otherwise
“offset, forgiven or discharged,” they still existed and were “causing a financial burden on
petitioner that is both real and substantial.” (Id. at 10-11 (citing the petitioner’s supplemental
affidavit, Ex. 21).)

         The petitioner also argued that because he had been legally liable for the medical
expenses when he agreed to pay them, he had “incurred” the expenses at that time under the
plain language of the Vaccine Act, and that North Carolina law, if relevant, could not cause the
debts to become “un-incurred.” (Id. at 12-13.) Further, the petitioner argued that it was still
possible for a lawsuit to be filed against him even if the statute of limitations had expired,
exposing him to potential legal liability and requiring a response to avoid a default judgment.
(Id. at 13-14.) The petitioner also argued that, even if the statute of limitations had run, the
statute of limitations could be reset or waived in several ways. (Id. at 15-16.) The petitioner
argued, for example, that his pursuit of compensation for his injury and associated medical
expenses may have revived his liability for the medical debts by the petitioner’s acknowledging
their existence. (Id.)

        The petitioner was ordered to obtain additional documentation regarding the expenses
from NHRMC and updated statements from all creditors. (See ECF 55.) After NHRMC failed
to respond to repeated inquiries from both parties, the special master first authorized the
petitioner to issue two subpoenas and then authorized the respondent to issue a third, all of which
went unanswered. (ECF 61; ECF 62; ECF 74.) Thereafter, the petitioner’s attorney “personally
reported, under penalty of perjury, NHRMC’s verbal confirmation that the balances reflected in
Ex. 25 were correct and final.” (ECF 78 at 14 (citing ECF 68; ECF 69).)

        In August 2022, the special master ordered the parties jointly to “confirm whether the
record can be closed and deemed ripe for adjudication.” (ECF 72 at 3). In October 2022, the
parties “agree[d] that the record should be closed and that the matter is now ripe for
adjudication.” (ECF 77 at 3.) The parties also noted that they had “extensively briefed the
issues regarding the past unreimbursable expenses,” and that the “[r]espondent stands on the
objections detailed in his briefing.” (Id.) Notably, the petitioner requested that any award for the
expenses owed to NHRMC “should be paid directly to NHRMC.” (Id. at 2.)

         On January 5, 2023, the special master issued his decision awarding damages. (ECF 78.)
The decision awarded the petitioner $185,000.00 in damages for pain and suffering and $75.00
for medical expenses paid by the petitioner. (Id. at 2.) The special master noted that the
“[p]etitioner avers that his outstanding medical debt of over $90,000.00, stemming from his
uninsured treatment for GBS in 2015 - 2016, is ‘insurmountable.’” (Id. at 9 (quoting Ex. 21 at
¶ 5).) The special master also recognized the effect the debt had on the petitioner’s credit score,
his difficulty obtaining loans, and the fact that he was “still ‘constantly bombarded’ with letters
and calls from debt collectors.” (Id. (quoting Ex. 21 at ¶ 5).)

         The special master considered the debts the petitioner claimed he owed to each medical
facility. The petitioner had sought reimbursement for a total of $94,470.57 in fees, including:
(1) $3,437.06 from NHRMC for out-patient care; (2) $454.00 from NHN Neurology and
Rheumatology; (3) $85,292.01 from NHRMC for in-patient care; (4) $1,590.00 from Delaney
                                                  4
Radiology; (5) $3,373.00 from Coastal Rehabilitation; and (6) $324.50 from Solstas Lab
Partners. (See Ex. 18 at 1-2; Ex. 20 at 1-2.)

        The special master first rejected $3,287.06 in claimed expenses owed to NHRMC. 2 (ECF
78 at 16.) 3 The special master held that the petitioner had not provided an adequate explanation
why NHRMC had previously written off those expenses with “charity care” discounts (id. (citing
Ex. A; Ex. B at 1-3, 5)), but later showed that those amounts were still outstanding. (Id. (citing
Ex. 20 at 5-8; Ex. 25 at 36-39).) The special master therefore rejected these claimed expenses
because “the available evidence preponderantly establishes they were voluntarily borne by
NHRMC.” (Id.) 4

      The special master rejected the petitioner’s claim for “approximately $1,500.00” in
medical expenses owed to an “NHRMC-affiliated physicians group,” NHN Neurology and
Rheumatology. (Id.) 5 According to the special master, because the petitioner had failed to

   2
      In a footnote in his memorandum of objections, the petitioner challenges the decision to
deny reimbursement for his expenses for NHRMC out-patient care. (ECF 83 at 21-22 n.6.) The
petitioner waived this challenge, however, by failing to include it in his list of objections and by
not adequately raising it in his filings. See Rules of the Court of Federal Claims App. B, Rule
24(a)-(b)(1); Germaine v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 155 Fed. Cl. 226, 228 n.3 (2021)
(noting that objections not in compliance with the Vaccine Rules are “forfeited”). Waiver of this
challenge is also supported by the fact that this challenge would raise a question of fact and
thereby contradict the petitioner’s claim that “[b]ecause the instant case involves questions of
law, this case is reviewed by the Court of Federal Claims de novo.” (ECF 83 at 13.)
   3
      There is a $150.00 discrepancy between the petitioner’s claimed expenses ($3,437.06) and
the special master’s rejection of those expenses ($3,287.06). This discrepancy is due in part to
the special master awarding $75.00 in fees actually paid by the petitioner. The remaining $75.00
discrepancy appears to be due to the petitioner double counting the $75.00 in paid fees as both
separate line items for “Patient Payment” in $5.00 to $15.00 increments and as part of line items,
labeled “Outstanding Balance,” which incorrectly reflect the total charges listed in the
petitioner’s bills rather than the outstanding balances owed. (Compare Ex. 18 at 1-2, 5-8; Ex. 20
at 1-2, 5-8; with Ex. A; Ex. B at 1-3, 5.)
   4
     The special master also noted that the documents submitted by the petitioner reflected that
NHRMC had “applied its charity care policy to ‘write off’ outstanding balances of $5,821.65 and
$117.94,” which were not reimbursable because they did not appear on any other billing
statement and because the petitioner had not claimed them. (ECF 78 at 16 (citing Ex. B at 4, 6).)
   5
     Notwithstanding the special master’s statement that the petitioner was seeking
“approximately $1,500.00” for expenses owed to NHN, records submitted by the petitioner (Ex.
18 at 1, 10-11; Ex. 20 at 1, 10-11) indicate that the petitioner is seeking only $454.00 in
reimbursement for expenses owed to NHN; that smaller amount also reflects the respondent’s
understanding. (ECF 85 at 11 n.6.)

                                                 5
produce an updated statement and because these expenses were not reflected elsewhere, they
“may have been written off, discounted, or no longer pursued - but cannot be reimbursed herein.”
(Id.)

        The special master found that the petitioner had “provided sufficient documentation that
NHRMC and its agent Paragon [Revenue Group] have asserted” $85,292.01 in claimed
expenses. (Id. at 17.) Nevertheless, the special master largely denied the petitioner’s request for
an award to cover these medical expenses because they had not been “incurred,” as required by
section 300aa-15(a)(1)(B) of the Vaccine Act. The special master explained:

                 While “incurred” is not defined in the Vaccine Act, it is properly
                 construed based on its ordinary meaning: “to ‘incur’ expenses
                 means to pay or become liable for them.” Black v. Sec’y of Health
                 & Hum. Servs., 93 F.3d 781, 785 (Fed. Cir. 1996). “In one common
                 usage, a person becomes liable for yet-to-arise expenses at the time
                 of undertaking an obligation to pay those expenses if and when they
                 arise.” McCulloch v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 923 F.3d 9[9]8,
                 1003 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (citing Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014)
                 (defining liability as the state “of being legally obligated or
                 accountable”).

(Id. at 13.) 6

        Based on his conclusion that these medical expenses had not been “incurred,” the special
master denied reimbursement for $85,292.01 of the petitioner’s claimed debts to NHRMC
because the North Carolina statute of limitations to collect these outstanding debts had expired,
meaning the petitioner was no longer liable for them. (Id. at 17-19.) In doing so, the special
master relied on his own research into North Carolina caselaw, as “[n]either party cited caselaw
interpreting the” statute of limitations cited by the respondent, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1.52(1). (Id. at
18 (citing Johnson Neurological Clinic v. Kirkman, 121 N.C. App. 326 (1996)).)

        Regarding the NHRMC bills, the special master found there was no contract that
specified a payment date. (ECF 78 at 18.) The special master concluded that North Carolina’s
three-year statute of limitations began to run as of the date of the last service rendered, February
16, 2016, and the statute of limitations expired in February 2019. (Id. at 19.) There was no
evidence that NHRMC or any other creditor had filed a legal action to collect on the petitioner’s
outstanding debt by that date. (Id. at 19.) The special master did, however, allow for $75.00 in
reimbursement for sums the petitioner had personally paid to NHRMC for out-patient treatment,
as previously noted. (Id. at 21 n.28.)

    6
     The special master did note at the end of the quoted passage that “[t]he expenses must also
be unreimbursable” but did not clarify that reference or further rely on it.

                                                  6
        Finally, the special master rejected the claims for debts to Coastal Rehabilitation,
Delaney Radiologists, and Solstas Lab Partners because the statute of limitations to collect on
these debts had also expired. (Id. at 19.) Concerning the debt to Solstas Lab Partners, the special
master also held that there was “insufficient evidence that Petitioner remains liable for them,”
because the entity that had acquired Solstas had not produced “updated billing records relating to
Petitioner or other evidence that it is continuing to pursue these expenses.” (Id. (citing Ex. 24).)

       The special master rejected the petitioner’s argument that Van Epps, 26 Cl. Ct. 650,
foreclosed the application of a state statute of limitations to a Vaccine Act claim. (Id. at 19-21.)
The special master concluded that the opinion in Van Epps was “neither binding nor particularly
persuasive in addressing Petitioner’s burden to establish his liability for asserted damages, since
the question of that liability implicates state law provisions for its collection.” (Id. at 19-20.)

        The special master also rejected the petitioner’s contention that the petitioner had revived
the debt by seeking reimbursement for it because “the North Carolina Court of Appeals has held
that such ‘conditional’ statements pertaining to use of a hoped-for legal award are insufficient to
revive an otherwise-expired debt.” (Id. at 20 (citing Johnson Neurological Clinic, 121 N.C. App.
at 331).) Finally, the special master acknowledged that the debt was a burden to the petitioner
and his credit report but held that that burden was not a basis for awarding costs, especially when
the petitioner could seek to have his debts removed from his credit report under the Fair Credit
Reporting Act. (Id. at 20-21 (citing 15 U.S.C. § 1681c(a)(4)).)

        On January 26, 2023, the petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration under Vaccine
Rule 10(e). (ECF 80.) The petitioner argued that the special master’s conclusion that the
petitioner was not liable for his medical debt was incorrect under North Carolina law. (Id.) The
petitioner claimed that the special master had not “invite[d] the parties to provide further briefing
on the question of the interpretation of the State law.” (Id. at 2.) The petitioner also filed an
expert opinion letter from Eric M. Fabricius, Esq., a lawyer in North Carolina, who argued that
nuances in North Carolina law prevented claims over the petitioner’s medical debts from being
extinguished. (ECF 79-1.)

       On February 2, 2023, the special master denied the motion for reconsideration. (ECF
81.) The special master held that it would not be in the interest of justice to grant the motion
because the petitioner had not presented new evidence; rather the petitioner had “offer[ed] only
disagreement with [his] legal reasoning.” (Id. at 3.)

        According to the special master, the petitioner’s arguments were “not even truly new,” as
the petitioner’s reply brief had addressed the respondent’s statute of limitations arguments. (Id.
at 3-4.) The petitioner had had “ample opportunity to provide appropriate documentation, legal
argument, and caselaw to support the damages component at issue.” (Id. at 3.) Prior to the
issuance of the special master’s decision, the petitioner had “confirmed that [he] would rest on
[his] previous briefing and that the matter was ripe for adjudication as of October 2022.” (Id.
(citing ECF 72; ECF 77).) The special master therefore denied the petitioner’s motion as a
belated attempt to argue the effect of North Carolina law via an opinion letter that was
“unhelpful, unpersuasive, and intrude[d] into the province of the Court.” (Id.)

                                                  7
          C.     Motion for Review 7

        On February 6, 2023, the petitioner sought review of the special master’s decision
awarding damages. (ECF 82; see also ECF 83 (Memorandum of Objections).) As confirmed
during oral argument, the petitioner does not challenge any of the special master’s factual
findings, instead objecting only to the special master’s interpretation of the Vaccine Act and his
interpretation of and reliance on North Carolina law to deny the petitioner’s claim for his
medical expenses.

          The petitioner’s three specified objections to the special master’s decision are:

                 I. The [ ] special master erred by relying on state procedural law
                 (statute of limitations) when he determined that petitioner was no
                 longer liable or otherwise responsible for his vaccine-related
                 medical expenses and therefore never incurred the expenses.
                 II. Even if the [ ] special master is permitted to consider state law,
                 he misapplied that law in this case, thereby putting petitioner’s
                 award for pain and suffering at great risk.
                 III. The [ ] special master erred by not considering the evidence filed
                 concurrently with petitioner’s motion for reconsider[a]tion.

(ECF 82 at 1.) On March 8, 2023, the respondent filed his opposition to the petitioner’s motion.
(ECF 85.) Oral argument was heard on April 5, 2023.

II.       JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction to review the decisions of special masters
under the Vaccine Program. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e); see generally Rules of the Court of
Federal Claims (“RCFC”) App. B, Title V (providing the rules governing the court’s review of
decisions of the special masters). Pursuant to this jurisdiction, the court may “set aside any
findings of fact or conclusion of law of the special master found to be arbitrary, capricious, an
abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law and issue its own findings of fact
and conclusions of law.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e)(2)(B); see also RCFC App. B, Rule 27.

       The Federal Circuit has described the standard of review as “the most deferential
possible.” Munn v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., 970 F.2d 863, 870 (Fed. Cir. 1992).
The specific degree of deference, however, depends on which aspect of a special master’s
judgment is under review. Id. at 870 n.10. This court “may set aside the decision of a special

      7
     The petitioner’s motion for review does not challenge any aspect of the special master’s
ruling other than his rejection of the petitioner’s claim for compensation for medical expenses.
(See ECF 82; ECF 83.) As such, this ruling does not disturb the special master’s decision
concerning compensation to the petitioner for pain and suffering, as that award has not been
challenged in the motion for review.

                                                    8
master only if the special master’s fact findings are arbitrary and capricious, its legal conclusions
are not in accordance with law, or its discretionary rulings are an abuse of discretion.” Turner v.
Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 268 F.3d 1334, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2001). The court reviews a
special master’s legal determinations de novo. Capizzano v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs.,
440 F.3d 1317, 1323-24 (Fed. Cir. 2006); Euken by Euken v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Health & Hum.
Servs., 34 F.3d 1045, 1047 (Fed. Cir. 1994).

III.   DISCUSSION

        This case involves a question of first impression: whether an “actual unreimbursable”
medical expense is no longer “incurred” under 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(a)(1)(B), after the state
statute of limitations to collect a debt owed for such a medical expense expires.

        The special master held that the word “incurred” in the Vaccine Act required that “the
expenses represent ongoing liabilities to Petitioner.” (ECF 78 at 17.) In reaching this
conclusion, the special master relied on two Federal Circuit cases, Black v. Secretary of Health &
Human Services, 93 F.3d 781, 785 (Fed. Cir. 1996), and McCulloch v. Secretary of Health &
Human Services, 923 F.3d 998, 1003 (Fed. Cir. 2019). (Id. at 13, 17.) Having found that North
Carolina’s “three-year period to pursue a claim for the medical expense liabilities terminated in
February 2019 without action, as Respondent contends,” the special master held that the
petitioner was no longer liable for them. Accordingly, the special master held that the debts had
not been “incurred” under the Vaccine Act, and therefore “those sums [were] not
reimbursable . . . .” (Id. at 17-19.)

       A.      Parties’ Arguments

       The petitioner argues that there is no disagreement between the parties that the “petitioner
was legally liable for the expenses at issue the moment they were incurred.” (ECF 83 at 15.)
The petitioner argues that an expense cannot become “un-incurred” because the word “incurred”
only considers whether there was a legal obligation to pay the claimed expenses before the award
is made. (Id. at 15-16 n.3.) The petitioner argues that he became liable for the expenses “‘at the
moment [he] bec[a]me[ ] legally liable’” for them. (Id. at 15 (quoting Black v. Sec’y of Health &
Hum. Servs., 33 Fed. Cl. 546, 550 (1995)).) The petitioner claims that the special master’s
analysis need go no further, and that his expenses should be reimbursed.

        The respondent argues that the Federal Circuit’s opinions in Black and McCulloch require
an ongoing legal liability for an expense to be incurred. (ECF 85 at 10 (citing Akerly v. New
York Cent. R. Co., 168 F.2d 812, 814 (6th Cir. 1948); Liability, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th
Ed. 2014)).) The respondent also argues that the petitioner ignores the phrase “actual
unreimbursable expenses” used in the Vaccine Act and notes that legislative history explains that
the Vaccine Act is intended to “‘pay only demonstrated, actual costs for which reimbursement
cannot be obtained.’” (Id. at 11 (quoting H.R. Rep. 99-908, 20, 1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6344,
6361).)

                                                  9
       B.      Relevant Statute

        “Statutory interpretation . . . begins with the text.” Ross v. Blake, 578 U.S. 632, 638
(2016). Section 300aa-15(a)(1)(B) of the Vaccine Act, which the parties agree applies to the
petitioner’s claim for reimbursement of his medical expenses, provides:

               (B) Subject to section 300aa-16(a)(2) of this title, actual
               unreimbursable expenses incurred before the date of the judgment
               awarding such expenses which--
                       (i) resulted from the vaccine-related injury for which the
                       petitioner seeks compensation,
                       (ii) were incurred by or on behalf of the person who suffered
                       such injury, and
                       (iii) were for diagnosis, medical or other remedial care,
                       rehabilitation, developmental evaluation, special education,
                       vocational training and placement, case management
                       services, counseling, emotional or behavioral therapy,
                       residential and custodial care and service expenses, special
                       equipment, related travel expenses, and facilities determined
                       to be reasonably necessary.
42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(a)(1)(B).

       C.      Analysis

        Section 300aa-15(a)(1)(B) sets forth five basic elements for compensating a petitioner’s
expenses. First, the statute defines what can be compensated, namely “actual unreimbursable
expenses,” although it does not define these terms. Second, it establishes a time limitation,
namely that these “actual unreimbursable expenses” must be “incurred before the date of the
judgment awarding such expenses.” This limitation avoids duplicative compensation for actual
unreimbursable expenses incurred after judgment provided under section 300aa-15(a)(1)(A).
Finally, section 300aa-15(a)(1)(B) sets forth three required conditions concerning the “actual
unreimbursable expenses,” namely that the expenses (1) resulted from the vaccine-related injury,
(2) were incurred by or on behalf of the injured person, and (3) were only for the specific
purposes set out in the statute.

         Section 300aa-15(a)(1)(B) uses the word “incurred” twice and only in the simple past
tense. The simple past tense “refers to action completed at a definite time in the past.” Robert C.
Farrell, Why Grammar Matters: Conjugating Verbs in Modern Legal Opinions, 40 Loy. U. Chi.
L. J. 1, 19 (2008); see also Cambridge Dictionary,
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/past-simple (last visited April 11, 2023)
(defining the simple past tense) (“the form of a verb used to describe an action that happened
before the present time and is no longer happening. It is usually made by adding -ed”); The
Chicago Manual of Style § 5.130 (17th ed. 2017) (“The past indicative denotes an act, state, or
condition that occurred or existed at some explicit or implicit point in the past.”).

                                                10
        The text of the statute does not include any language that allows only for compensation
of “actual unreimbursable expenses” incurred and still owed. Indeed, “incurred” in this
subsection establishes only three requirements: that the expense was incurred before judgment;
that the expense was for a person injured by a vaccine; and that that expense was attributable to
the injury caused by the vaccine. Thus, the text of the statute itself indicates that the question of
whether an expense is “incurred” creates binary yes/no requirements fixed to past events. Under
this reading, the use of the simple past does not impose any continuous, ongoing requirement
that the expenses that “were incurred” remain subject to collection by filing suit.

        This interpretation of the statutory language is supported by the Federal Circuit’s
opinions in Black and McCulloch. In Black, the Federal Circuit was faced with a question of
whether “incurred,” as used in the Vaccine Act, referred to “anticipated payments or obligations
for which liability has not already attached” under a now-repealed portion of the Vaccine Act,
42 U.S.C. § 300aa–11(c)(1)(D). Black, 93 F.3d at 785. The Federal Circuit defined “incur” as
having its “ordinary” meaning, such that “to ‘incur’ expenses means to pay or become liable for
them . . . . Thus, a person who is released from a hospital after treatment for a broken leg would
normally be said to have ‘incurred’ the hospital expenses at that point . . . .” Id. at 785-86.

        Although this definition was applied to a now-repealed portion of the Vaccine Act, both
parties have relied on the Black case (albeit on different opinions from Black) to support their
respective interpretations of the meaning of “incurred” as used in section 300aa-15(a)(1)(B),
which was enacted at the same time as the now-repealed provision considered in Black. National
Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3743; (ECF 83 at 15
(citing Black, 33 Fed. Cl. at 550); ECF 85 at 13-14 (citing Black, 93 F.3d at 785-86).)

        Unless the context demands otherwise, an identical term used within the same statute
should be defined in the same manner. See Atlantic Cleaners & Dyers, Inc. v. United States, 286
U.S. 427, 433 (1932) (“[T]here is a natural presumption that identical words used in different
parts of the same act are intended to have the same meaning.”); accord Util. Air Regul. Grp. v.
EPA, 573 U.S. 302, 319-20 (2014) (invoking the presumption of consistent usage but noting that
it may yield to context). There is no apparent contextual reason why the meaning of “incurred”
should be different across different sections of the Vaccine Act, and neither party has suggested
any reason why the definition used by the Federal Circuit in Black is not applicable to section
300aa-15 of the Vaccine Act.

        In McCulloch, the Federal Circuit interpreted the word “incurred” under the attorney fees
and costs provision of the Vaccine Act, 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-15(e)(1). The Federal Circuit
considered whether a petitioner had “incurred” fees that were legally required under state law to
maintain guardianship of a minor to receive annuity payments from the Vaccine Program when
those fees were due in the future following the entry of judgment. McCulloch, 923 F.3d at 1000,
1002-04.

       The Federal Circuit held that the petitioner in McCulloch had already “incurred” such
fees because payment of “legally required guardianship-maintenance expenses” was “a
precondition for continuing receipt of the compensation granted in the judgment.” Id. at 1003.

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In so holding, the Federal Circuit relied on its definition of “incur” from Black. Id. at 1002-03.
Writing for the panel, Judge Taranto noted:

               Black explains that “[i]n ordinary usage, . . . to ‘incur’ expenses
               means to pay or become liable for them.” [Black, 93 F.3d] at 785.
               In one common usage, a person becomes liable for yet-to-arise
               expenses at the time of undertaking an obligation to pay those
               expenses if and when they arise. See Liability, Black’s Law
               Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (defining liability as the state “of being
               legally obligated or accountable,” through civil or criminal
               penalties).

Id. at 1003.

         The Federal Circuit’s conclusion in Black that “to ‘incur’ expenses means to pay or
become liable for them” supports the petitioner’s contention that medical expenses are incurred
the moment liability attaches. 93 F.3d at 785-86 (“[A] person who is released from a hospital
after treatment for a broken leg would normally be said to have ‘incurred’ the hospital expenses
at that point . . . .”) The Federal Circuit in McCulloch did not change Black’s definition of
“incur.” 923 F.3d at 1002-03. While McCulloch further defined the word “liability” in reference
to the word “incur,” the Circuit’s resolution involved the concept of “liability” for future
expenses and did not rely on a definition of the phrase to “become liable” to imply a requirement
to remain liable for past expenses. Id.

        The respondent would build on the Federal Circuit’s definition of “liability” and use the
phrase “become liable” from Black to create an ongoing requirement of being in a “state ‘of
being legally obligated or accountable.’” (ECF 85 at 14-15 (citing McCulloch, 923 at 1003
(quoting Liability, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014))).) The respondent parses McCulloch
and Black too finely while ignoring the actual words of the Vaccine Act. “‘[T]he language of an
opinion is not always to be parsed as though we were dealing with [the] language of a statute.’”
Brown v. Davenport, 142 S. Ct. 1510, 1528 (2022) (quoting Reiter v. Sonotone Corp., 442 U.S.
330, 341 (1979)).

        Defining “incurred” to refer to a simple binary requirement that can be satisfied at any
point in the past is consistent with the “ordinary” meaning of the word “incurred.” See Black,
93 F.3d at 785-86. For example, as the Federal Circuit noted in Black, if a person is released
from hospital for a broken leg, the person has incurred the expenses for treatment of that broken
leg, even if the expenses are unpaid. In other words, that person is liable for a medical debt.
Unpaid expenses may be paid, they may be written off, or they may be forgotten entirely. Under
no circumstances, however, would anyone ordinarily describe those expenses as having been
“un-incurred” or find that those expenses were never incurred once they were paid or written off.
Cf. Zatuchni v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 516 F.3d 1312, 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“Put
simply, the fact that a vaccine-related death followed a vaccine-related injury in a particular case
does not alter the fact that certain expenses were incurred . . . .”). In that sense, a legitimate
unpaid expense arising from a vaccine injury is no different than any other debt; once incurred

                                                12
because a person became liable for it at some point, it remains “incurred,” even after it has been
paid, written off, or forgiven.

        The legal conclusion that a debt sustained due to an injury attributable to a vaccine was
not “incurred” because it is no longer collectible through a lawsuit is inconsistent with the
ordinary usage of “incurred.” The special master’s opposite conclusion is legal error.

        The special master’s interpretation of the word “incurred” formed the basis of his
conclusion denying the petitioner the bulk of his requested expenses. As a result, the special
master did not consider the other relevant statutory language requiring that the claimed expenses
be “actual unreimbursable expenses.” He reached no legal conclusions, and made no factual
findings, regarding the application and effect of these words from section 300aa-15(a)(1)(B) to
the petitioner’s request for expenses. Instead, the special master relied almost entirely on his
interpretation of the word “incurred” and the assumed relevance of North Carolina law to that
interpretation to deny the petitioner’s claims. 8

         Despite the petitioner’s argument to the contrary, finding that the special master’s
understanding of the phrase “were incurred” is erroneous does not lead to the conclusion that the
Vaccine Act requires payment of all medical debts “incurred” by the petitioner; section 300aa-
15(a)(1)(B) requires compensation only for “actual unreimbursable expenses.” Because of the
special master’s interpretation of the word “incurred,” he had no need to and did not consider
whether the petitioner was due compensation for “actual unreimbursable expenses.” On a
motion for review, a judge of this court generally does not determine a legal or factual question
in the first instance. See Munn, 970 F.2d at 870 (“With regard to both fact-findings and fact-
based conclusions, the key decision maker in the first instance is the special master.”) Rather, it
is best left to the special master to make appropriate findings of fact and reach conclusions of
law that may be subject to further review, if necessary. With the special master’s legal
conclusion as to the meaning of the term “were incurred” being vacated, remand is appropriate.

       On remand, the special master should consider and address the issue of whether
uncollectable, written-off, abandoned, or forgiven expenses, even if “incurred,” may constitute as
a matter of law “actual unreimbursable expenses” and, if he concludes they are not, should make
appropriate factual findings with respect to the petitioner’s claimed costs. The special master
may also find it necessary to make factual findings specific to whether each claimed debt has
been written off or otherwise abandoned by the provider.

IV.       CONCLUSION

      The petitioner’s motion for review is GRANTED and the special master’s decision on
damages as to the petitioner’s claimed expenses is VACATED.

      8
      The special master did make factual findings concerning the lack of evidence for portions
of the petitioner’s claimed expenses (see ECF 78 at 16-19), but these findings did not form the
basis for his rejection of the bulk of the petitioner’s requested reimbursement for expenses.

                                                13
        The case is REMANDED to the special master to consider in the first instance whether
the definition of “actual unreimbursable expenses” under the Vaccine Act permits or forbids
compensation for the petitioner’s claimed expenses as a matter of law and fact. 9

       It is so ORDERED.

                                                                     s/ Richard A. Hertling
                                                                     Richard A. Hertling
                                                                     Judge

   9
     Because the special master’s interpretation of the word “incurred” and his reliance on North
Carolina law to support his denial of costs to the petitioner are being vacated, there is no need to
address whether the special master’s interpretation of North Carolina state law was correct.
Because the special master may again consider whether expenses that are no longer collectable
under the applicable state statute of limitations constitute “actual unreimbursable expenses”
under the Vaccine Act, the petitioner should be permitted to present additional arguments on
remand regarding the correct interpretation of North Carolina law.

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