Court Opinion

ID: 2664186
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-04 03:26:09.933468+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:04:24.647370
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

   UPMC MERCY,

                          Plaintiff,

                         v.                                  Civil Action 09-01286 (HHK)

   KATHLEEN SEBELIUS, Secretary,
   United States Department of Health and
   Human Services,

                          Defendant.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff UPMC Mercy (“UPMC”), a hospital located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, brings

this action against Kathleen Sebelius (“the Secretary”) in her official capacity as Secretary of the

Department of Health and Human Services (“DHHS”), seeking review of a DHHS decision

regarding the accrual of interest on underpayments by the government to Medicare providers.

Specifically, UPMC challenges a determination that interest does not begin to accrue on amounts

owed to providers by the government until certain steps are taken by the fiscal intermediaries

who are responsible for dispensing payments to providers. Before the Court are the parties’

cross-motions for summary judgment [## 22, 25]. Upon consideration of the motions, the

oppositions thereto, and the record of this case, the Court concludes that UPMC’s motion must

be granted and the Secretary’s motion must be denied.
                                        I. BACKGROUND

A.     The Hurry-Up-and-Pay Statute and the Implementing Regulations

       Under the Medicare Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1395 et seq., hospitals that provide certain inpatient

services to Medicare patients are reimbursed for their costs by the government via fiscal

intermediaries, usually insurance companies that serve as the Secretary’s agents for this purpose.

See In re Medicare Reimbursement Litig., 414 F.3d 7, 8 (D.C. Cir. 2005). Hospitals seeking

reimbursement file “cost reports” with the intermediaries, which then audit those reports and

issue “notices of program reimbursement” (“NPRs”) that state the amount owed to the hospitals

by the government. If a hospital disagrees with the contents of an NPR, it may appeal to the

Provider Reimbursement Review Board (“PRRB” or “the Board”). PRRB determinations are in

turn subject to review by the Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (“CMS”).

Hospitals may seek judicial review of decisions by either the Administrator or the PRRB under

42 U.S.C. § 1395oo(f).

       In 1983, Congress amended the Medicare Act to incentivize prompt correction of

underpayments and overpayments under this scheme. Congress added a provision, 42 U.S.C.

§ 1395g(d), referred to as the Hurry-Up-and-Pay Statute, that provides for the accrual of interest

— at a high rate — on “the balance of [any] excess or deficit not paid or offset” within 30 days

of a “final determination” of an underpayment or overpayment. Significantly, the statute does

not define “final determination.”

       In order to implement the Hurry-Up-and-Pay Statute, CMS issued a regulation, which

took effect concurrently with the statute, defining “final determination.” During the events at

issue in this case, the regulation provided that:

                                                    2
       [A]ny of the following constitutes a final determination:

       (i)     A Notice of Amount of Program Reimbursement (NPR) is issued . . . and
               either—
               (A)    A written demand for payment is made; or
               (B)    A written determination of an underpayment is made by the
                      intermediary after a cost report is filed.

       (ii)    In cases in which an NPR is not used as a notice of determination (that is,
               primarily under part B), one of the following determinations is issued—
               (A)     A written determination that an overpayment exists and a written
                      demand for payment;
               (B)    A written determination of an underpayment; or
               (C)    An Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) decision that reduces the amount
                      of an overpayment below the amount that [CMS] has already
                      collected.

42 C.F.R. § 405.378(c)(1) (1998). As further discussed below, the original regulation was

adopted in 1982 without a notice-and-comment period, although CMS subsequently issued a

revised version in 1984 that included changes based on comments received after the rule was

issued. CMS also made some alterations to the language of this provision without notice and

comment in 1991.

B.     Factual Background

       The events that gave rise to this case began in 1991, when Blue Cross of Western

Pennsylvania (“Blue Cross”), acting as the Secretary’s fiscal intermediary, recouped over

$9,700,000 in alleged overpayments from UPMC. UPMC timely appealed Blue Cross’s

assessment of its costs to the PRRB. In 1998, the Board issued its decision, ordering Blue Cross

to reclassify a number of UPMC’s expenses. J.A. at 88–171 (PRRB Hearing Decision 98-D26,

Jan. 28, 1998).1 According to UPMC, this decision resulted in a “substantial award of more than

       1
               The Court’s citations to the parties’ joint appendix employ the page numbers
automatically applied to the document by the district court ECF system and not the (non-

                                                3
$13,500,000 in UPMC Mercy’s favor, and . . . effectively reversed Blue Cross’[s] improper

earlier recoupment of more than $9,700,000.” Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”)

at 13. It is uncontested, however, that the Board’s decision did not contain a specific dollar

amount that UPMC was owed by the government.

       The Board’s January 1998 decision was interpreted differently by UPMC and Blue Cross.

Blue Cross issued a revised NPR based on the Board’s decision and paid UPMC the full amount

specified by that NPR. According to UPMC, however, the revised NPR and resulting payment

did not adequately reflect the amount UPMC was owed pursuant to the Board’s decision. Thus,

UPMC appealed to the Board again. In 2008, while that appeal was still pending, Blue Cross

finally conceded that it had miscalculated the amount owed to UPMC, issued another NPR, and

paid the remainder. The question remained, however, whether UPMC was entitled to receive

interest on the amount that had gone unpaid from 1998 to 2008. Accordingly, UPMC revised its

PRRB appeal to address that question.

       UPMC, counting from the date of the Board’s 1998 decision, calculated that it was owed

over $9,000,000 in interest as of March 2008. Pl.’s Mem. at 22. The Board, however, disagreed,

ruling that its own 1998 decision had not been a “final determination” of an underpayment for

the purposes of the Hurry-Up-and-Pay Statute’s interest provision. Rather, the Board concluded

that although it had “identified specific amounts for reallocation in its [1998] decision, the final

determination of the amount due could only be determined by [Blue Cross] via revisions to the

cost report and [the issuance of] a revised NPR.” J.A. at 11 (PRRB Hearing Decision 2009-D22,

May 8, 2009). Thus, because Blue Cross had paid UPMC within 30 days of issuing its revised

sequential) Bates-stamp numbers that appear in the lower corner of each page.

                                                  4
NPR in 1998, the Board concluded that the statute’s interest provision had never been triggered

and UPMC was due no interest.2 UPMC subsequently commenced this action, seeking judicial

review of the Board’s 2009 decision under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C.

§ 551 et seq.

                                    II. LEGAL STANDARD

       Summary judgment is the proper mechanism for deciding, as a matter of law, whether an

agency action is supported by the administrative record and consistent with the APA standard of

review, which requires a reviewing court to “hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings,

and conclusions found to be . . . arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in

accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); see Stuttering Found. of Am. v. Springer, 498 F.

Supp. 2d 203, 207 (D.D.C. 2007) (citing Richards v. INS, 554 F.2d 1173, 1177 & n.28 (D.C. Cir.

1977)). Because, however, “the district judge sits as an appellate tribunal” in such cases, Am.

Bioscience, Inc. v. Thompson, 269 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2001), the usual summary

judgment standard does not apply. Rather, “it is the role of the agency to resolve factual issues to

arrive at a decision that is supported by the administrative record, [and] ‘the function of the

district court is to determine whether or not as a matter of law the evidence in the administrative

record permitted the agency to make the decision it did.’” Stuttering Found., 498 F. Supp. 2d at

207 (quoting Occidental Eng’g Co. v. INS, 753 F.2d 766, 769–70 (9th Cir. 1985)).

       2
               The PRRB concluded that because the amount on which interest accrues is
determined by reference to the relevant “final determination,” the fact that Blue Cross apparently
misconstrued the PRRB’s 1998 decision is without significance — once Blue Cross had paid the
amount that it had determined was due, as recorded in the revised NPR, within 30 days, it had
discharged its obligations under the Hurry-Up-and-Pay Statute.

                                                  5
                                         III. ANALYSIS

       UPMC deploys an impressive array of arguments to challenge the Board’s decision that

UPMC was not entitled to interest, including that the Board’s decision was inconsistent with the

text of the interest-payment regulation, incompatible with the text and purpose of the Hurry-Up-

and-Pay Statute, and would effectively allow the government to take interest-free loans from

Medicare providers like UPMC. The Court does not reach the majority of these arguments,

however, because it agrees with UPMC’s alternative argument that the applicable section of the

interest-payment regulation was amended without notice and comment in violation of the APA.

A.     UPMC Has Abandoned or Conceded Its Claim That the Regulation Was Originally
       Promulgated in Violation of the APA’s Notice and Comment Procedures

       The Secretary understands UPMC to challenge the validity of the interest-payment

regulation not only on the basis of its 1991 amendment (discussed below), but also because of the

process by which it was originally enacted in 1982. See Def.’s Opp’n at 32–36. The Secretary

understandably reaches this conclusion on the basis of UPMC’s complaint, which states: “[T]he

Secretary’s hurry-up-and-pay interest regulation is entitled to no deference because it was both

promulgated, and later amended in pertinent part, without notice and an opportunity for

comment and without a logical (or other) explanation . . . .” Compl. ¶ 145 (emphasis added).

None of UPMC’s three subsequent filings, however, addresses the validity of the regulation’s

original promulgation, focusing only on its 1991 amendment. See Pl.’s Mem. at 43–45; Pl.’s

Opp’n at 44–45; Pl.’s Reply at 25. Accordingly, it appears that UPMC has abandoned its

challenge to the regulation’s original enactment.

                                                6
        Further, even if UPMC has not deliberately abandoned its challenge to the regulation’s

original enactment, the Court concludes that UPMC has conceded the Secretary’s arguments on

this point. The Secretary asserts that the regulation was originally adopted without notice and

comment pursuant to the good-cause exception of 5 U.S.C. § 553(b)(B), or, in the alternative,

that any initial failure to provide notice and comment was subsequently cured by post-comment

amendments. Def.’s Opp’n at 32–34. UPMC has not responded to any of these arguments;

accordingly, the Court deems them conceded. See Lewis v. District of Columbia, 2011 WL

321711, at *1 (D.C. Cir. Feb. 2, 2011) (“It is well understood in this Circuit that when a plaintiff

files an opposition to a dispositive motion and addresses only certain arguments raised by the

defendant, a court may treat those arguments that the plaintiff failed to address as conceded.”

(quoting Hopkins v. Women’s Div., Gen. Bd. of Global Ministries, 284 F. Supp. 2d 15, 25

(D.D.C. 2003), aff’d 2004 WL 1178772 (D.C. Cir. 2004)) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

Accordingly, the Court turns to UPMC’s argument regarding the 1991 amendment of the

regulation.

B.      The 1991 Amendment of the Regulation Violated the APA Because the Amendment
        Was Not Subject to the Interpretative Rule Exception to the APA’s Notice-and-
        Comment Requirement

        As originally enacted, the provision of the interest-payment regulation that was applied by

the Board in this case (which was at the time codified in section 405.376 rather than 405.378)

read:

        For purposes of this section, a final determination is deemed to occur . . . [u]pon the
        issuance of both a Notice of Program Reimbursement (NPR), as discussed in
        § 405.1803, and . . . a written determination of an underpayment by the intermediary
        after the cost report is filed.

                                                  7
42 C.F.R. § 405.376(c)(1)(i) (1988). In 1991, the provision was amended to read:

       For purposes of this section, any of the following constitutes a final determination:
       (i) A Notice of Amount of Program Reimbursement (NPR) is issued, as discussed in
       §§ 405.1803, 417.576, and 417.810, and . . . [a] written determination of an
       underpayment is made by the intermediary after a cost report is filed.

42 C.F.R. § 405.376(c)(1)(i) (1992) (emphasis added). This change was made without the

notice-and-comment procedures described in the APA.

       UPMC argues that this change of subsection (i)(B) from “a written determination of an

underpayment by the intermediary” to “a written determination of an underpayment is made by

the intermediary” constituted a substantial and unexplained change to the meaning of “final

determination.” Pl.’s Mem. at 44. Prior to the change, UPMC asserts, “a ‘final determination’

included a written determination of an intermediary’s underpayment — whether the

determination was made by the intermediary or another, higher-level administrative actor, such

as the PRRB.” Pl.’s Mem. at 44. The addition of “is made” before “by the intermediary,”

however, narrows the range of possible actors who can make a written determination to one —

the intermediary itself. Thus, UPMC asserts, the Secretary effected a “sleight of hand” by which

she materially changed the meaning of the regulation without providing notice and an

opportunity for comment as required by the APA.

       The Secretary responds that the addition of “is made” had no impact whatsoever on the

meaning of subsection (i)(B). Rather, she avers, “[t]he previous language referred to a ‘written

determination’ of an underpayment ‘by the intermediary,’ not by the PRRB, and the current

regulation likewise makes reference to a written determination ‘by the intermediary.’” Def.’s

Opp’n at 35. To her, this revision was a “minor stylistic change” that merely clarified the prior

                                                 8
meaning of the regulation, and was thus subject to the interpretative rule exception to the APA’s

notice-and-comment procedures. Further, the Secretary asserts that UPMC is without standing to

challenge this amendment because “the addition of ‘is made’ had no effect on the Board’s

decision in this case,” meaning that, even if notice-and-comment procedures were required,

UPMC was not harmed by Secretary’s the failure to follow them. The Secretary’s arguments are

unpersuasive.

       The APA requires agencies to publish a notice of each proposed rulemaking and “give

interested persons an opportunity to participate in the rule making through submission of written

data, views, or arguments.” 5 U.S.C. § 553(b), (c). This general requirement is subject to

exceptions for “interpretative rules, general statements of policy, or rules of agency organization,

procedure, or practice.” Id. § 553(b)(A). The interpretative rule exception applies to those

agency statements or regulations that “explain ambiguous language, or remind parties of existing

duties — not [those that] create new law.” Sentara-Hampton Gen. Hosp. v. Sullivan, 980 F.2d

749, 759 (D.C. Cir. 1992). This is not to say that interpretative rules can have no effect on the

behavior of parties or their interactions with the agency; rather, “[s]uch effects are entirely

permissible under the interpretative rule exception, so long as the rule represents the agency’s

explanation of a statutory or regulatory provision, and the rule is not intended to substantively

change existing rights and duties.” Id. (emphasis added). In general, the interpretative rule

exception “is to be narrowly construed and only ‘reluctantly countenanced.’” Id. (quoting

Alcaraz v. Block, 746 F.2d 593, 612 (9th Cir. 1984)). Further, the courts do not defer to an

agency’s own characterization of a rule as interpretative, but rather engage in their own inquiry.

See Sprint Corp. v. FCC, 315 F.3d 369, 374–75 (D.C. Cir. 2003).

                                                  9
       In determining whether agency material falls within the bounds of the interpretative rule

exception, courts in this circuit apply a four-factor test designed to gauge whether the rule at

issue has legal effect. They ask:

       (1) whether in the absence of the rule there would not be an adequate legislative basis
       for enforcement action or other agency action to confer benefits or ensure the
       performance of duties, (2) whether the agency has published the rule in the Code of
       Federal Regulations, (3) whether the agency has explicitly invoked its general
       legislative authority, or (4) whether the rule effectively amends a prior legislative
       rule.

Am. Mining Cong. v. Mine Safety & Health Admin., 995 F.2d 1106, 1112 (D.C. Cir. 1993). If

any of these questions is answered in the affirmative, the rule is not interpretative and must

undergo notice and comment. Id.

       Applying the foregoing test, the Court has little difficulty concluding that the amended

regulation is not an interpretative rule. The answer to the second and fourth questions is clearly

yes: the amended regulation is published in the Code of Federal Regulations, and not only

“effectively amends a prior legislative rule,” but also literally does so.3 Thus, the regulation as

amended lies beyond the scope of the interpretative rule exception.

       The Secretary’s argument that the 1991 amendment was interpretative appears to rest on

the assumption that the Court’s focus should rest not on the regulation as amended but rather on

the specific changes that were made during amendment. Thus, the Secretary focuses solely on

the addition of “is made,” arguing that this change, standing by itself, fits within the

interpretative rule exception. See Def.’s Opp’n at 35–36. Yet the Secretary identifies no case,

nor is the Court aware of any, that has allowed changes to the actual text of a regulation that

       3
                The Secretary does not argue, nor could she, that the pre-amendment regulation
was itself an interpretative rule under this test.

                                                 10
otherwise falls outside of the interpretative rule exception on the ground that those changes were

merely technical or stylistic. In the absence of such precedent — and given that the

interpretative rule exception is only reluctantly countenanced — the Court cannot conclude that a

doctrine that forbids agencies from “constructively rewrit[ing] [a] regulation” in the guise of

clarifying it allows them to literally rewrite a portion of a regulation with the same justification.

See Nat’l Family Planning & Reprod. Health Ass’n, Inc. v. Sullivan, 979 F.2d 227, 236 (D.C.

Cir. 1992); cf. British Caledonian Airways, Ltd. v. Civil Aeronautics Bd., 584 F.2d 982, 990

(D.C. Cir. 1978) (holding an agency order to be interpretative where it clarified existing rights

and obligations “without any change in the content of the relevant language”). Accordingly, the

Court concludes that the 1991 amendment of the interest-payment regulation without notice and

comment fell outside of the interpretative rule exception and violated the APA.4

       The Court is likewise unpersuaded by the Secretary’s argument that UPMC has no

standing to challenge the lack of notice-and-comment procedures during the 1991 amendment.

See Def.’s Opp’n at 36. The cases cited by the Secretary in support of that assertion involved a

different type of claim. There, plaintiffs who were interested in the impact of a rule that was

adopted without notice and comment argued that “the mere denial of notice and comment to a

party interested in the ultimate agency rule establishes, by itself, a separate and remediable injury

. . . which confers standing on that party.” Renal Physicians Ass’n v. Dep’t of Health & Human

       4
               This outcome does not restrict agencies’ ability to clarify the meaning of
regulations that seem unclear without going through the cumbersome notice-and-comment
process. Here, the Secretary could have issued a policy statement, order, manual, or other
document, stating that she understood subsection (i)(B) to refer only to determinations made by
intermediaries of underpayments. Such an interpretation would still be entitled to some
deference. See United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 235 (2001).

                                                  11
Servs., 422 F. Supp. 2d 75, 85 (D.D.C. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, by

contrast, the injury for which UPMC seeks redress is not the lack of notice and comment itself,

but rather the Board’s allegedly erroneous denial of UPMC’s interest claim. By virtue of that

injury, UPMC uncontestedly has standing to challenge the Board’s decision as “arbitrary,

capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 706(2)(A). UPMC’s argument in support of that challenge — that the Board erroneously

applied a regulatory provision that was amended in violation of the APA — does not constitute a

separate claim for which UPMC must independently demonstrate standing. See FCC v. Sanders

Bros. Radio Station, 309 U.S. 470, 477 (1940) (holding that a party who had demonstrated an

injury sufficient to confer standing to appeal from an agency decision could “raise . . . any

relevant question of law in respect of the order of the [agency]”); CHARLES ALLEN WRIGHT &

ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE & PROCEDURE § 3531.16 (2010) (“Once a party is

properly in court to challenge a particular injury-causing event, the range of permissible

argument may properly be measured by prudential concerns. . . . [T]he court should be free to

consider the arguments that seem to provide the most secure basis for decision without undue

concern for the conceptual nexus between argument and injury.”). Moreover, as discussed

immediately below, the challenged agency decision relied on the improperly amended regulation.

Thus, UPMC does not lack standing to challenge the Secretary’s failure to employ notice-and-

comment procedures during the 1991 amendment of the interest-payment regulation.

C.     Because the Challenged Board Decision Relied on the Regulatory Provision that
       Was Amended in Violation of the APA, that Decision Was Arbitrary, Capricious, an
       Abuse of Discretion, or Otherwise Not in Accordance with Law

                                                 12
        The fact that the 1991 amendment of the interest-payment regulation violated the APA

requires the Court to grant summary judgment for UPMC and remand to the Secretary. Although

subsection (i)(B) is not cited directly in the Board’s decision, both parties agree that the Board

applied it, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 33–34; Def.’s Opp’n at 8–9, and the language of the Board’s

decision closely parallels the language of the amended provision. Compare 42 C.F.R. §

405.378(c)(1)(i)(B) (1998) (“A written determination of an underpayment is made by the

intermediary after a cost report is filed.”), with J.A. at 11 (“ . . . the final determination of the

amount due could only be determined by the intermediary via revisions to the cost report and a

revised NPR . . . .”). Indeed, the fact that the Board’s decision is almost entirely unexplained

strongly suggests that the Board simply applied subsection (i)(B), which — post-amendment —

plainly forecloses UPMC’s interest claim.5 Thus, the Court must vacate and remand. See PPG

Indus., Inc. v. United States, 52 F.3d 363, 365 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (“[W]hen a court reviewing

agency action determines that an agency made an error of law, the court’s inquiry is at an end: the

case must be remanded to the agency for further action consistent with the corrected legal

standards.”); cf. SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 95 (1943) (“[A]n administrative order

        5
                The Secretary’s assertion, as part of her standing argument, that “the addition of
‘is made’ had no effect on the Board’s decision in this case,” Pl.’s Opp’n at 36, is both
unsupported and implausible. The Secretary elsewhere admits that the Board reached its decision
by applying subsection (i)(B), see Pl.’s Opp’n at 8–9, and the addition of “is made” to that
provision precludes UPMC’s interpretation and mandates the outcome reached by the Board.
The fact that the Board wrote “determined by the intermediary” instead of “made by the
intermediary” does not suggest that it was not influenced by the plain text of the regulation it was
concededly applying. Indeed, in the absence of any other explanation of the Board’s reasoning,
the Court must conclude that the Board simply effected what it saw as the clear command of the
regulation.

                                                   13
cannot be upheld unless the grounds upon which the agency acted in exercising its powers were

those upon which its action can be sustained.”).

       Finally, the Court notes that vacatur is necessary here not because the result reached by

the Board would be an impermissible construction of the pre-amendment regulation; the Court

expresses no opinion as to that question. Rather, vacatur is necessary because the Board

appeared to believe that the result it reached was compelled by the text of the regulation as

amended. It is possible that the Board could validly reach the same result for different reasons on

remand. The Court’s opinion should not be read to preclude that possibility. See Phillips

Petroleum Co. v. FERC, 792 F.2d 1165, 1172 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (remanding where the agency

erroneously believed its decision to be mandated by judicial precedent, and noting that the

agency was free on remand to interpret the regulation in question using its own judgment). Any

future Board interpretations of the interest-payment regulation will judged by the strength of the

rationales offered by the Board at that time.6

       6
                 The Court notes that, even if the Board’s decision had not been based on an
improperly amended regulation, it would risk invalidation for failing to articulate any reasoning
or rationale. See, e.g., Envtl. Def. Fund, Inc. v. EPA, 898 F.2d 183, 189 (D.C. Cir. 1990)
(explaining that the courts cannot sustain unexplained agency actions “on the basis of interpretive
theories that the agency might have adopted and findings that (perhaps) it might have made”); cf.
Teva Pharm. USA, Inc. v. FDA, 441 F.3d 1, 4 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (“We declined to evaluate the
reasonableness of the FDA’s statutory interpretation because the agency provided no explanation
. . . .”). Indeed, the Board’s decision is so vague that it is largely unclear what the Board
ultimately concluded, let alone why. In such cases, meaningful judicial review is difficult.
Benvenuti v. Dep’t of Defense, 587 F. Supp. 348, 356 (D.D.C. 1984); see United States v. Chi.,
Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pac. R.R., 294 U.S. 499, 510–11 (1935) (“We must know what a decision
means before the duty becomes ours to say whether it is right or wrong.”).

                                                 14
                                    IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, UPMC’s motion for summary judgment [#22] must be

granted and the Secretary’s motion for summary judgment [#25] must be denied. An appropriate

order accompanies this memorandum opinion.

                                                  Henry H. Kennedy, Jr.
                                                  United States District Judge

                                             15