Court Opinion

ID: 4026205
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-18 07:06:40.358342+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:46.800304
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                     UNPUBLISHED
In re HINES/NEAL, Minors.                                            August 16, 2016

                                                                     No. 326780
                                                                     Macomb Circuit Court
                                                                     Family Division
                                                                     LC Nos. 2014-000137-NA;
                                                                             2014-000138-NA;
                                                                             2014-000139-NA

                                        AFTER REMAND

Before: JANSEN, P.J., and CAVANAGH and GLEICHER, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        This case returns to us after remand to the trial court in order for the court to make
findings of fact and conclusions of law regarding the statutory grounds for termination of
respondent-appellant’s parental rights to the minor children, BEH, RJN, and ODN. See In re
Hines/Neal, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered December 15, 2015 (Docket No.
326780). We concluded that the trial court failed to make independent findings on the statutory
grounds for termination. Id. We directed the trial court to determine on remand “whether, on the
basis of clear and convincing legally admissible evidence, the facts alleged in the petition are
true and establish a statutory basis for termination.” Id. The trial court conducted an updated
hearing and again terminated respondent’s parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(b) (child
suffered abuse and there is a reasonable likelihood that child will be abused in the future),1 (c)(i)
(conditions of adjudication continue to exist), (g) (failure to provide proper care or custody), (j)
(reasonable likelihood that child will be harmed if returned to parent), and (k)(iii) (parent abused
child or a sibling and abuse included battery, torture, or other severe physical abuse). We affirm.

1
  We note that the trial court did not specify whether termination occurred under MCL
712A.19b(3)(b)(i), (ii), or (iii). However, petitioner sought termination under MCL
712A.19b(3)(b)(i).

                                                -1-
                               I. EVIDENTIARY CHALLENGES

        This case arises from an initial petition to terminate respondent’s parental rights
following the discovery of injuries to RJN during a wellness check.2 Respondent contends that
the trial court abused its discretion in admitting inadmissible evidence and relying on the
opinions of witnesses who did not testify as experts during the termination hearing. We
disagree.

        The trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence is generally reviewed for an abuse
of discretion, which occurs when the trial court chooses an outcome falling outside the range of
principled outcomes. In re Brown/Kindle/Muhammad, 305 Mich. App. 623, 629; 853 NW2d 459
(2014). However, any preliminary questions of law are reviewed de novo. Id. at 629-630. “This
Court reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s qualification of an expert witness and its
ultimate ruling regarding whether to admit expert testimony.” People v Wood, 307 Mich. App.
485, 507; 862 NW2d 7 (2014), vacated in part on other grounds 498 Mich. 914 (2015).

        As noted in our previous opinion, in general, the rules of evidence apply to the
adjudicative phase of a child protective proceeding, but not during the dispositional phase of the
child protective proceeding. MCR 3.972(C)(1); MCR 3.973(E)(1). However, the application of
the rules of evidence differs when termination is requested at the initial dispositional hearing.
MCR 3.977(E). MCR 3.977(E) provides:

               The court shall order termination of the parental rights of a respondent at
       the initial dispositional hearing held pursuant to MCR 3.973, and shall order that
       additional efforts for reunification of the child with the respondent shall not be
       made, if

               (1) the original, or amended, petition contains a request for termination;

               (2) at the trial or plea proceedings, the trier of fact finds by a
       preponderance of the evidence that one or more of the grounds for assumption of
       jurisdiction over the child under MCL 712A.2(b) have been established;

              (3) at the initial disposition hearing, the court finds on the basis of clear
       and convincing legally admissible evidence that had been introduced at the trial or
       plea proceedings, or that is introduced at the dispositional hearing, that one or
       more facts alleged in the petition:

               (a) are true, and

             (b) establish grounds for termination of parental rights under MCL
       712A.19b(3)(a), (b), (d), (e), (f), (g), (h), (i), (j), (k), (l), (m), or (n);

2
 For a summary of the relevant facts in this case, see In re Hines/Neal, unpublished opinion per
curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued December 15, 2015 (Docket No. 326780).

                                                -2-
                 (4) termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests. [Emphasis
       added.]

Thus, the statutory grounds for termination must be established by clear and convincing, legally
admissible evidence in this case because termination occurred at the initial disposition hearing.
See MCR 3.977(E).

          Respondent contends that the trial court improperly considered hearsay testimony when
rendering its decision. Hearsay is defined as “a statement, other than the one made by the
declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the
matter asserted.” MRE 801(c). A statement is “(1) an oral or written assertion or (2) nonverbal
conduct of a person, if it is intended by the person as an assertion.” MRE 801(a). Hearsay is
inadmissible except as provided by the rules of evidence. MRE 802. “If . . . the proponent of the
evidence offers the statement for a purpose other than to prove the truth of the matter asserted,
then the statement, by definition, is not hearsay.” People v Musser, 494 Mich. 337, 350; 835
NW2d 319 (2013). A statement offered to show why an individual took certain action is not
hearsay. See People v Chambers, 277 Mich. App. 1, 11; 742 NW2d 610 (2007). Records kept in
the ordinary course of business are admissible as an exception to hearsay. MRE 803(6). A
laboratory report prepared by a nontestifying analyst is hearsay. People v Payne, 285 Mich. App.
181, 196; 774 NW2d 714 (2009). However, a record related to treatment is generally admissible
if it is a record of regularly conducted activity. See MRE 803(6).

        Respondent further contends that the trial court impermissibly considered the testimony
of certain physician witnesses because the witnesses were required to be qualified as experts in
order for the court to consider their testimony. The rules of evidence govern admission of lay
witness and expert testimony. Limited opinion testimony from a lay witness is permitted by
MRE 701, which provides:

               If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’ testimony in the
       form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are
       (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear
       understanding of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.

“Any witness is qualified to testify as to his or her physical observations and opinions formed as
a result of them.” Lamson v Martin (After Remand), 216 Mich. App. 452, 459; 549 NW2d 878
(1996). A lay witness may testify regarding opinions and inferences that are rationally based on
the perception of the witness and are helpful to understand the witness’s testimony or the
determination of a fact in issue. People v McLaughlin, 258 Mich. App. 635, 657; 672 NW2d 860
(2003).

       MRE 702, which governs the admissibility of expert testimony, provides:

               If the court determines that scientific, technical, or other specialized
       knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a
       fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
       training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise if
       (1) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the

                                                  -3-
       product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the
       principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.

In Surman v Surman, 277 Mich. App. 287, 308; 745 NW2d 802 (2007), this Court delineated the
following requirements for expert testimony:

               The admission of expert testimony requires that (1) the witness be an
       expert, (2) there are facts in evidence that require or are subject to examination
       and analysis by a competent expert, and (3) the knowledge is in a particular area
       that belongs more to an expert than to the common man. The party presenting the
       expert bears the burden of persuading the trial court that the expert has the
       necessary qualifications and specialized knowledge that will aid the fact-finder in
       understanding the evidence or determining a fact in issue. A witness may be
       qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education.

        An expert may testify in the form of an opinion provided that the underlying facts and
data are admitted in evidence, but may not testify regarding another expert’s diagnosis. MRE
703; People v Fackelman, 489 Mich. 515, 534-535; 802 NW2d 552 (2011). Consequently, the
proper and limited purpose of a medical report prepared by one doctor, but relied upon by
another doctor, is for consideration of the facts and data upon which the testifying expert based
his opinion. Id. at 535.

        Caselaw indicates that failure to properly certify an expert or to obtain expert testimony
does not warrant reversal. In People v Dobek, 274 Mich. App. 58, 62; 732 NW2d 546 (2007), the
victim alleged that she was molested by the defendant, her stepfather, when she was 12 years
old, but the trial did not occur until she was 22 years old. On appeal, the defendant argued that
the prosecutor improperly elicited testimony regarding delayed disclosure from a detective, as a
lay witness, when expert testimony was required. Id. at 76. This Court concluded that even
assuming that expert testimony was required, the police detective was qualified to provide an
expert opinion on the subject matter in light of his testimony regarding his extensive knowledge,
experience, training, and education regarding the sexual abuse of children. Id. at 79. The
detective delineated the hundreds of investigations he participated in with child victims and the
training he received regarding delayed disclosure. Id. Thus, through his training, background,
and experience in interviewing victims, he became knowledgeable regarding delayed disclosure.
Id.

                                A. HEARSAY CHALLENGES

        Respondent contends that certain testimony contained inadmissible hearsay statements.
Respondent challenges Dr. Christopher Lee’s testimony on the basis that Dr. Lee was not
qualified as an expert and improperly relied on the reports of other doctors. Dr. Lee, the
orthopedic surgeon who evaluated RJN, testified that RJN’s injuries were the result of child
abuse. Dr. Lee refreshed his memory during his testimony with the use of his three-page report.
Dr. Lee did not testify regarding the contents of his report, but instead merely used the report to
refresh his memory regarding the location of RJN’s fractures. Accordingly, Dr. Lee’s testimony
did not contain hearsay statements since there was no statement other than the one made by the
declarant while testifying at the hearing. See MRE 801(c).

                                                -4-
        Furthermore, as noted by the trial court, Dr. Lee’s testimony encompassed the
information in his medical records. The review of the report allowed Dr. Lee to testify that RJN
suffered from several different fractures in various stages of healing. In light of his training and
experience, he opined that the fractures were of different ages, ranging from a couple of weeks in
age to a couple of months. Dr. Lee noted that he examined his own x-rays to determine the
fractures sustained by RJN. Dr. Lee’s x-rays did not constitute hearsay because they did not
constitute “statements.” See MRE 801(c). Dr. Lee also noted that he had treated other children
with genetic disorders, but concluded that RJN’s injuries were not attributable to a genetic
disorder because the child did not have a bone structure that predisposed him to fractures. Dr.
Lee also stated that RJN also had a black eye when treated. Although Dr. Lee was shown
Exhibits 5 through 7, which were reports of other physicians, the reports were used to refresh Dr.
Lee’s testimony with regard to the location of RJN’s fractures. Like with his own report, Dr. Lee
did not testify regarding the contents of the reports in Exhibits 5 through 7. Accordingly, his
testimony did not include improper hearsay statements since there were no statements other than
those made by the declarant while testifying at the hearing. See id.

        With regard to medical geneticist Dr. Vinod Misra, respondent contends that Dr. Misra
relied on hearsay when he stated that he relied on all of the other information in coming to his
opinion that RJN’s injuries were caused by abuse and not by a disease. However, Dr. Misra’s
testimony did not contain hearsay because Dr. Misra merely alluded to the fact that he
considered other records in coming to a conclusion on the issue. Like Dr. Lee, Dr. Misra
refreshed his memory with the use of his reports, but did not relay the contents of his reports on
the record. Accordingly, Dr. Misra’s testimony did not contain improper hearsay statements.
See MRE 801(c).

        Respondent also challenged pediatrician Dr. Anton Osk’s testimony as impermissible
hearsay. However, Dr. Osk’s testimony was not offered for the truth of the matter asserted.
Rather, he saw RJN and ODN for a wellness visit and, during the course of the visit, noted that
RJN had a lump on his leg. Therefore, he ordered an x-ray to determine the cause of the lump
and ensure that a tumor was not present. When he did not receive a response regarding the status
of the x-rays from respondent, he called Child Protective Services (CPS). To the extent that his
testimony involved conversations with others, the testimony was not offered for its truth, but to
explain the course of action he took and why. See MRE 801(c).

        Respondent also contends that pediatrician Dr. Marcus DeGraw relied on hearsay
evidence because he stated that he reviewed the medical records, impressions and plans, vital
signs, laboratory reports, and x-rays before making his final impression of RJN’s injuries. He
also testified that he spoke with other physicians. However, Dr. DeGraw did not state what the
reports said or what the other doctors told him. See MRE 801(c). Dr. DeGraw specifically
reported that he learned from respondent and from the record that respondent took RJN for a
wellness check and that the pediatrician ordered an x-ray of RJN’s thigh during the wellness
check. He also explained that the x-ray showed at least two fractures. However, Dr. DeGraw’s
testimony did not constitute inadmissible hearsay because the statements did not go to the truth
of the matter asserted, but instead explained how Dr. DeGraw came to his conclusions regarding
the source of RJN’s injuries. To the extent that Dr. DeGraw’s description of the x-rays as
showing fractures went to the truth of the matter asserted, the x-rays did not constitute statements

                                                -5-
under MRE 801(c). Accordingly, Dr. DeGraw’s testimony did not contain impermissible
hearsay statements. See id.

        Respondent also contended that CPS worker Amy Dumas’s testimony incorporated
impermissible hearsay because Dumas testified that she relied on RJN’s first medical evaluation,
an out of court statement instructing respondent to obtain an x-ray, and conversations with
hospital staff. Respondent contends that Dumas reviewed several documents and spoke with
several people before filing the petition, and admitted that her opinions were based on the
documentation. However, Dumas testified that she received a CPS complaint regarding RJN.
Because of the complaint, she made contact with respondent. Thus, the receipt of the complaint
was not offered for the truth of the matter asserted, but rather, to explain why Dumas made
contact with respondent. In addition, Dumas’s testimony regarding her discussion with other
people and her review of records and documentation did not constitute hearsay since the
testimony was not used to prove the truth of the matter asserted, but instead, to explain why
Dumas came to the conclusions that she did and why she took the action she took. See MRE
801(c).

        With regard to Warren Police Officer Charles Younkin, respondent argues that Officer
Younkin’s testimony contained impermissible hearsay since he discussed conversations he had
with Dr. DeGraw, who reported the injuries he observed on RJN. Officer Younkin also testified
regarding conversations he had with other persons not parties to this case. However, the trial
court’s opinion and order shows that the court only considered Officer Younkin’s testimony
regarding the statements that respondent made to him, as well as the statements made by O. Neal
and O. Neal’s relatives regarding the explanations for RJN’s injuries. To the extent that Officer
Younkin relied on statements made by respondent, the statements were not hearsay. MRE
801(d)(2) (explaining that a party’s own statement offered against the party is not hearsay). O.
Neal reported that RJN’s injuries were likely caused when he fell over in his car seat or by
respondent’s autistic child, while O. Neal’s relatives had no explanation for the injuries.
However, it is clear that Officer Younkin’s testimony regarding the explanations for RJN’s
injuries were not admitted for the truth of the matter asserted, but rather, explained why Officer
Younkin took the action of reporting the case to the prosecutor. See MRE 801(c).

        Respondent further contends that the trial court improperly considered foster-care worker
Karlesha Simmons’s testimony regarding conversations she had with Reginald Hines (R. Hines),
Brenda Harris, and Nicole Hunt, as well as her reliance on an Early On Assessment of BEH and
her discussion of BEH with BEH’s physician. However, Simmon’s testimony with regard to her
conversations with R. Hines, Harris, and Hunt involved whether the three were potential relative
placements for the children. The testimony did not relate to the statutory grounds for
termination. See MCR 3.977. Furthermore, the trial court did not discuss the conversations
when discussing Simmons’s testimony in it opinion and order on the statutory grounds for
termination, and it is therefore clear that the trial court did not consider the testimony when
rendering its decision. With regard to the Early On Assessment, Simmons used the assessment
to refresh her memory, and she did not discuss the contents of the report. Finally, with regard to
her discussion with BEH’s primary care physician, Simmons testified that BEH’s primary care
physician referred BEH for an autism assessment. She did not relate the statements made by
BEH’s primary care physician. Accordingly, Simmons’s testimony did not contain inadmissible
hearsay statements. See MRE 801(c). Furthermore, the trial court did not rely on any statements

                                               -6-
that BEH’s primary care physician made to Simmons in its opinion and order discussing the
statutory grounds for termination. For the reasons discussed above, respondent is not entitled to
a new trial on the basis of admission of hearsay statements.

                              B. REFRESHING RECOLLECTION

        Respondent also contends that the trial court improperly permitted petitioner to refresh
the recollections of certain witnesses with documents that were not properly authenticated. In
order for a witness to refresh his recollection with a writing, there must be a proper foundation.
Genna v Jackson, 286 Mich. App. 413, 423; 781 NW2d 124 (2009). “To lay a proper foundation,
the proponent must show that (1) the witness’s present memory is inadequate, (2) the writing
could refresh the witness’s present memory, and (3) reference to the writing actually does refresh
the witness’s present memory.” Id. The record in this case demonstrates that petitioner laid a
proper foundation with regard to each exhibit used to refresh the memory of a witness.
However, respondent contends that the materials used to refresh the memories of the witnesses
were not properly authenticated. “Where memory or recollection is being refreshed, the material
used for that purpose is not substantive evidence. Rather, the material is employed to simply
trigger the witnesses’ recollection of the events. That recollection is substantive evidence and
the material used to refresh is not.” People v Favors, 121 Mich. App. 98, 109; 328 NW2d 585
(1982). MRE 901 clarifies that authentication or identification is a condition precedent to
admissibility of evidence. See MRE 901. Respondent’s argument that petitioner was required to
authenticate the documents used to refresh the memory of the witnesses is without merit since
the exhibits were used to refresh the recollection of the witnesses, and were not admitted as
substantive evidence.3

                                   C. EXPERT WITNESSES

        Respondent also contends that the court improperly considered the opinions of most of
the doctors who testified during the hearing because the doctors did not testify as expert
witnesses. Dr. DeGraw testified as an expert witness at the hearing. However, Dr. Lee, Dr. Osk,
and Dr. Misra did not testify as expert witnesses at the hearing. Although petitioner did not
move to have the doctors testify as experts, the court qualified the doctors as experts in its
opinion and order. The court explained that the substance of the doctors’ testimony revealed the
fact that their testimony constituted expert witness testimony, and the court pointed out that there
was no tenable argument that the doctors were not qualified to testify as experts. The court
stated that it would consider the testimony of the doctors only to the extent that their opinions
were based on admissible evidence.

3
  The trial court stated that Exhibits 5 through 7 were not properly admitted, and the court stated
that it did not consider Exhibits 8 through 10 as well. The court concluded that Exhibits 4 was
admissible because Dr. Lee authenticated his medical records, and the records were admissible
under the hearsay exception in MRE 803(6). However, the court also explained that Dr. Lee’s
testimony covered all of the information in his medical records, and it is therefore unnecessary to
determine whether the trial court properly determined that Exhibit 4 was admissible.

                                                -7-
        While Dr. Osk was not called as an expert witness, it is clear from the record that his role
was that of a fact witness. He was called to describe RJN’s condition, his need to obtain an x-ray
to diagnose the condition, and the failure to obtain respondent’s cooperation, resulting in a call to
CPS. Accordingly, there was no need to certify him as an expert. Dr. Misra was also not
qualified as an expert. However, respondent does not take issue with his training and experience,
his qualifications, and his conclusions regarding how to diagnose osteogenesis imperfecta. Dr.
Lee did not testify as an expert witness, but he outlined his education and 40 years of training
and experience in orthopedic pediatrics during his testimony. Accordingly, we conclude that the
trial court did not err in considering the expert opinion testimony of Dr. Misra and Dr. Lee
because petitioner laid a proper foundation for each physician’s education, professional
experience, and expertise.

         Regardless, even assuming that the court erred in determining that the doctors were
qualified as experts and in considering the testimony of the doctors, the error was harmless
because the testimony of Dr. DeGraw, who was qualified as an expert medical doctor with a
pediatrics specialty and a focus in child abuse, was sufficient to establish that RJN’s injuries
were the result of abuse. Dr. DeGraw was qualified as an expert in 400 cases, and he testified as
a child abuse expert or a child abuse pediatrician in the majority of the cases. Dr. DeGraw
testified that he examined RJN and opined that his injuries were the result of abuse. He
conducted a child abuse evaluation of RJN’s injuries and found that the number of fractures in
various stages of healing coupled with no plausible explanation for the fractures indicated that
the fractures were the result of child abuse. There was no objection to Dr. DeGraw’s testimony
as an expert. The testimony of the other physicians supplemented the testimony of Dr. DeGraw.
Therefore, we conclude that even assuming that the court improperly considered the testimony of
the other physicians, the testimony of Dr. DeGraw, combined with the admissible testimony of
the other witnesses who testified at trial, provided clear and convincing evidence that RJN’s
injuries were the result of abuse.4

                                  II. STATUTORY GROUNDS

       Respondent further argues that the trial court erred in finding by clear and convincing
evidence that there were statutory grounds to terminate her parental rights. We disagree.

        “To terminate parental rights, a trial court must find by clear and convincing evidence
that at least one statutory ground under MCL 712A.19b(3) has been established.” In re Moss,
301 Mich. App. 76, 80; 836 NW2d 182 (2013). “We review for clear error a trial court’s finding

4
 Respondent also argues that the witnesses improperly referred to the diagnoses of nontestifying
physicians, which constituted speculation. However, respondent abandons the argument on
appeal by failing to specify which testimony she contends constituted speculation. See Woods v
SLB Prop Mgt, LLC, 277 Mich. App. 622, 626-627; 750 NW2d 228 (2008) (noting that “ ‘[a]n
appellant’s failure to properly address the merits of his assertion of error constitutes
abandonment of the issue’ ”) (citation omitted; alteration in original).

                                                -8-
of whether a statutory ground for termination has been proven by clear and convincing
evidence.” Id.. “’ A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if the reviewing court has a definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been committed, giving due regard to the trial court’s special
opportunity to observe the witnesses.’ ” In re Laster, 303 Mich. App. 485, 491; 845 NW2d 540
(2013) (citation omitted).

       The petition requested termination of respondent’s parental rights pursuant to the
following provisions of MCL 712A.19b(3):

              (b) The child or a sibling of the child has suffered physical injury or
       physical or sexual abuse under 1 or more of the following circumstances:

              (i) The parent’s act caused the physical injury or physical or sexual abuse
       and the court finds that there is a reasonable likelihood that the child will suffer
       from injury or abuse in the foreseeable future if placed in the parent’s home.

                                              * * *

               (g) The parent, without regard to intent, fails to provide proper care or
       custody for the child and there is no reasonable expectation that the parent will be
       able to provide proper care and custody within a reasonable time considering the
       child’s age.

                                              * * *

               (j) There is a reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of
       the child’s parent, that the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the
       home of the parent.

              (k) The parent abused the child or a sibling of the child and the abuse
       included 1 or more of the following:

                                              * * *

               (iii) Battering, torture, or other severe physical abuse.

“[O]nly one statutory ground for termination must be established for each parent[.]” In re
Laster, 303 Mich. App. at 495.

        Respondent first challenges the trial court’s statement in its opinion and order that
respondent “has admitted” to the contents of the petition when she pleaded no contest. To the
extent that the trial court erred in failing to distinguish between a plea of admission and a no-
contest plea, the error was harmless because the trial court detailed at length additional testimony
establishing by clear and convincing evidence the allegations in the petition, and we conclude
that the remaining facts outlined by the court provided clear and convincing evidence that the
grounds in MCL 712A.19b(3)(b)(i), (g), (j), and (k)(iii) were met.

                                                 -9-
                             A. MCL 712A.19b(3)(b)(i) AND (k)(iii)

        The trial court did not err in concluding that there was clear and convincing evidence that
MCL 712A.19b(3)(b)(i) and (k)(iii) provided statutory grounds for termination. The testimony
presented during the hearing established that RJN’s injuries were the result of child abuse. Dr.
DeGraw testified as an expert in child abuse pediatrics. Dr. DeGraw testified that RJN suffered
from multiple fractures at various stages of healing. Dr. DeGraw testified that RJN expressed
pain when the area with the leg bump was manipulated, and the bump was readily visible.
Additionally, RJN had bruising to his head. Because of the child’s age, the injuries could not
have been self-inflicted, and the child would have responded to the pain. Dr. DeGraw attempted
to obtain a plausible explanation for the injuries and questioned respondent regarding whether
the child had been dropped, injured in an accident, or injured by a sibling, but respondent
answered negatively to all possibilities. Consequently, the doctor concluded that RJN’s fractures
were the result of child abuse because they were significant traumatic injuries, their cause was
unexplained, the child could not injure himself, he did not receive medical care for the injuries,
and the family took several days to complete the x-ray. Dr. DeGraw’s conclusion was further
supported by the fact that RJN did not suffer any new fractures after the children were removed
from respondent’s care. Thus, there was evidence establishing that RJN’s injuries were the result
of child abuse.

        Additionally, respondent testified that she was the primary caregiver for the children.
She was unemployed and at home with the children the majority of the time, and only
occasionally left the children with babysitters. In In re Ellis, 294 Mich. App. 30, 31; 817 NW2d
111 (2011), an infant was taken to the hospital where he was diagnosed with multiple skull
fractures and 13 broken bones, including partially healed fractures. The respondents, the infant’s
parents, had no explanation for the severe injuries, and they admitted that they were the child’s
only caretakers. Id. at 32. The couple did acknowledge that the child was particularly fussy and
crying more than usual. Id. However, a physician qualified in child abuse was able to explain
that the injuries were caused by squeezing the rib cage and forceful shaking. Id. There were no
accidental, genetic, or childbirth causes to explain the infant’s injuries, and therefore, the injuries
were caused by physical abuse. Id. This Court rejected the contention that termination of
parental rights could not occur pursuant to MCL 712A.19b(3)(b)(i), (b)(ii), (j), or (k)(iii) because
the perpetrator of the abuse was not identified. This Court explained:

              The most significant and interesting argument respondents raise is that it is
       impossible to determine which of them committed this heinous abuse of the minor
       child. That would be an extremely relevant, and possibly dispositive, concern in a
       criminal proceeding against either or both of them, but it is irrelevant in a
       termination proceeding. When there is severe injury to an infant, it does not
       matter whether respondents committed the abuse at all, because under these
       circumstances there was clear and convincing evidence that they did not provide
       proper care.

                                               * * *

              Respondents lived together in a small apartment. Both testified that they
       were the only two individuals who took care of the child. The child suffered

                                                 -10-
       numerous nonaccidental injuries, and the explanations provided were inconsistent
       with the extent and nature of the child’s injuries. The injuries were numerous,
       highly indicative of child abuse, using a very high force of impact, and
       inconsistent with any sort of accident. The fact that many of them were in various
       stages of healing showed that A. Ellis had suffered multiple instances of abuse
       over a prolonged time. The physician testified that while the child may not have
       been crying constantly, he would have shown signs of distress at least periodically
       through lack of appetite, sleeping more, and increased fussiness. Respondents
       could not offer any plausible alternative explanation for A. Ellis’s injuries. We
       conclude that the trial court properly determined that at least one of them had
       perpetrated the abuse and at least one of them had failed to prevent it;
       consequently, it did not matter which did which.

                We hold that termination of parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(b)(i),
       (b)(ii), (j), and (k)(iii) is permissible even in the absence of definitive evidence
       regarding the identity of the perpetrator when the evidence does show that the
       respondent or respondents must have either caused or failed to prevent the child’s
       injuries. The evidence in this case clearly shows that A. Ellis suffered numerous
       nonaccidental injuries that likely occurred on more than one occasion and that the
       parents lived together, shared childcare responsibilities, and were the child’s sole
       caregivers. [Id. at 33, 35-36.]

       Applying this analysis to the present case, there was clear and convincing, legally
admissible evidence to support termination of respondent’s parental rights pursuant to MCL
712A.19b(3)(b)(i) and (k)(iii). Respondent and the biological father of the twins were the
primary caregivers for the children. Neither provided a plausible and consistent explanation for
RJN’s injuries. If respondent did not commit the physical abuse that caused RJN’s fractures,
they were caused by RJN’s biological father. However, respondent perpetuated the abuse by
seeing signs of it and failing to take RJN to the doctor.

        The twins were not taken to the doctor for approximately the first six months of their
lives. When advised that an x-ray was necessary to determine the cause of the RJN’s leg bump,
respondent did not take the child in for the x-ray. Rather, the doctor’s office and the doctor
himself persistently called respondent to no avail, and CPS had to make an unannounced visit to
ensure that the x-ray was taken. The x-rays resulted in the removal of the children from
respondent’s home because of the discovery of several fractures in various stages of healing.
Respondent was advised that an x-ray was necessary to diagnose why RJN was in discomfort.
Additionally, RJN’s weight was not in the normal percentage ranges for children his age. Thus,
even if the leg bump was present at birth, respondent ignored RJN’s injury and need for medical
care. Accordingly, respondent perpetuated the abuse by failing to obtain treatment for RJN’s
injuries and allowing additional injury to occur. In addition, the children are reasonably likely to
suffer from injury or abuse in the foreseeable future if placed in respondent’s home because
respondent failed to identify the cause of RJN’s injuries or accept responsibility for them.
Therefore, MCL 712A.19b(3)(b)(i) and (k)(iii) were satisfied by clear and convincing, legally
admissible evidence.

                                               -11-
                                    B. MCL 712A.19b(3)(g)

         We further conclude that there was clear and convincing evidence to support the trial
court’s decision to terminate respondent’s parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(g).
Respondent failed to take all of the children to the doctor for regular wellness checks. With
regard to BEH, respondent failed to acknowledge that BEH had special needs, and she did not
seek services for BEH’s special needs while the child was in her care. With regard to RJN, the
evidence indicated that when RJN was taken in for a wellness check, RJN had multiple fractures
in various stages of healing. He was also malnourished. In addition, respondent was advised of
the need to take RJN in for an x-ray, but she failed to do so. When questioned why she did not,
she faulted the transportation system. Karen Neiman, respondent’s friend, testified that she had
provided respondent with rides to take BEH to the doctor, but respondent had not asked her for a
ride to the doctor’s office recently. Neiman testified that she would have given respondent a ride
in order to take the twins to a doctor appointment. Respondent was advised of the need to
diagnose the source of RJN’s leg bump and that the child was in pain or discomfort because of
the bump. Despite this information, she ignored repeated calls from the doctor’s office regarding
the status of the x-ray. The x-ray was only taken after the doctor involved CPS. Because
respondent failed to take any steps to protect RJN from abuse or take measures to eliminate
additional abuse, he was not provided with proper care or custody.

         The doctrine of anticipatory neglect reasons that “ ‘[h]ow a parent treats one child is
certainly probative of how that parent may treat other children.’ ” In re LaFrance, 306 Mich
App 713; 858 NW2d 143 (2014) (citations omitted; alteration in original). Thus, respondent’s
treatment of RJN is indicative of how she may treat her other children in the future. Further,
given respondent’s unwillingness to follow medical advice and obtain treatment for RJN,
combined with her failure to take the children to regular doctor’s appointments, there was no
reasonable expectation that respondent would be able to provide proper care and custody within
a reasonable time considering the children’s young ages. Thus, there was clear and convincing,
legally admissible evidence to support this ground for termination.

                                    C. MCL 712A.19b(3)(j)

       There was also clear and convincing evidence supporting the trial court’s determination
that MCL 712A.19b(3)(j) provided a statutory ground for termination. As discussed above,
respondent failed to take the children for regular wellness checks at the doctor’s office.
Respondent also failed to take RJN for a diagnostic x-ray despite multiple inquiries from the
doctor’s office and the doctor himself regarding the status of the x-ray. When CPS took
measures to ensure that the x-ray occurred, RJN was diagnosed with seven fractures at various
stages of healing. As discussed above, respondent did not provide a valid reason for why RJN
suffered the factures. There was physician testimony that the fractures were the result of abuse,
and the facts of the case indicate that respondent either caused the abuse or failed prevent it.

                                              -12-
This demonstrates a reasonable likelihood that RJN, BEH, and ODN would be at risk of harm if
returned to respondent’s care. Therefore, termination was proper under MCL 712A.19b(3)(j).5

                                      III. BEST INTERESTS

        Respondent finally contends that the trial court improperly determined that termination
was in the children’s best interests. We disagree.

        “[W]hether termination of parental rights is in the best interests of the child must be
proved by a preponderance of the evidence.” Moss, 301 Mich. App. at 90. “We review a trial
court’s decision regarding a child’s best interests for clear error.” Laster, 303 Mich. App. at 496.
We also “review for clear error whether the trial court failed to address a significant difference
between each child’s best interests.” In re White, 303 Mich. App. 701, 716; 846 NW2d 61 (2014).

        “If the court finds that there are grounds for termination of parental rights and that
termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests, the court shall order termination of
parental rights and order that additional efforts for reunification of the child with the parent not
be made.” MCL 712A.19b(5). Factors for the trial court to consider in determining best
interests include the “ ‘the child’s bond to the parent, the parent’s parenting ability, the child’s
need for permanency, stability, and finality, and the advantages of a foster home over the
parent’s home.’ ” White, 303 Mich. App. at 713 (citation omitted). “The trial court may also
consider a parent’s history of domestic violence, the parent’s compliance with his or her case
service plan, the parent’s visitation history with the child, the children’s well-being while in care,
and the possibility of adoption.” Id. at 714. “[T]he trial court ‘has a duty to decide the best
interests of each child individually.’ ” Id. at 715 (citation omitted).

        The trial court did not clearly err in determining that termination of respondent’s parental
rights was in the children’s best interests. As petitioner acknowledges, there was testimony that
respondent had a bond with her children. However, the children’s bond with respondent is only
one factor for the trial court to consider in determining best interests, and the court did not err in
determining that other factors significantly outweighed the children’s bond with respondent.
First, the testimony indicated that the children would not be safe in respondent’s care.
Respondent was the primary caregiver for the children, and the evidence established that she
failed to obtain routine medical care for her children even before the injuries to RJN were
discovered. There was testimony that respondent failed to take the children for regular wellness
checks. With regard to RJN, although respondent contended that the bump was present on RJN

5
  We note that the trial court indicated in its opinion and order that termination was proper under
MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i). We conclude that MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) was not a proper ground for
termination because termination occurred at the initial dispositional hearing. See MCL
712A.19b(3)(c)(i) (contemplating that 182 or more days have elapsed since the issuance of an
initial dispositional order). However, the error is harmless because only one ground for
termination needs to be established by clear and convincing evidence, and the court properly
concluded that the other statutory grounds were established by clear and convincing evidence.
See Laster, 303 Mich. App. at 495.

                                                -13-
at birth, she failed to take RJN for an x-ray when Dr. Osk ordered it on an expedited basis
because of the child’s discomfort. Respondent did not find the resources to take her children to
the doctor or call an ambulance, contrary to testimony that respondent had the resources to do so.
The evidence indicated that either respondent or O. Neal abused RJN, and respondent did
nothing to protect the child from further abuse, calling into question the safety of his siblings.

        Second, respondent demonstrated an inability to care for all of her children at once.
During supervised visits, respondent was unable to address the needs of all three children at
once, requiring a worker to intervene to prevent injury when BEH climbed on a table. Since the
children’s placement in foster care, they were advancing cognitively, improving physically,
communicating, and RJN had not suffered any new fractures. Therefore, there was ample
evidence to indicate that respondent was not meeting the children’s needs and that termination of
respondent’s parental right would allow them to advance in a safe environment.

        Respondent challenges the trial court’s decision to consider the best interests of the
children collectively, except as otherwise indicated. Although the trial court stated that it was
applying the best-interest standard to the children collectively, the court did discuss the children
separately to address the different needs and circumstances of BEH and RJN. This Court in
White clarified that “if the best interests of the individual children significantly differ, the trial
court should address those differences when making its determination of the children’s best
interests.” White, 303 Mich. App. at 715. Respondent does not point out any significant
differences between each child’s best interests that the trial court failed to consider. The record
does not reveal any significant differences between the children that the court did not consider.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not fail to address any significant differences
between each child’s best interests. See id.

        Respondent further contends that petitioner failed to consider relative placements for the
children. Respondent cites caselaw indicating that the trial court must explicitly consider the
children’s placement with relatives during the termination hearing. See In re Mason, 486 Mich.
142, 164; 782 NW2d 747 (2010). However, the record reveals that petitioner continuously
attempted to locate relative placements for the children, and none of the proposed relative
placements were suitable for the children. The relative placement offered by respondent
involved respondent’s mother, who was on the Department of Health and Human Services
Central Registry at the time of the initial placement decision, was living with respondent, and did
not have a legal source of income. With regard to R. Hines, the uncle of M. Hines, R. Hines
indicated to Simmons that he was not willing to be a foster parent to the children. With regard to
Hunt, the sister of M. Hines, the placement applied only to BEH, the child had not had contact
with Hunt in years, and there was no indication that Hunt had the ability to care for BEH’s
special needs. Hunt lived in Virginia, and BEH would have to live in Virginia as well. Simmons
explained that it would not be in the best interests of BEH to be placed with Hunt because BEH
could not have parenting time visits with respondent or visitations with her siblings. Simmons
further explained that BEH would not know who Hunt is. Simmons also testified that she
considered Harris, another relative, but Harris was not willing to be a foster-care provider.
Therefore, we conclude that petitioner properly considered relative placements, and none of the
relatives provided suitable placements for the children. See MCL 722.954a. For these reasons, a
preponderance of the evidence supports the trial court’s determination that termination of
respondent’s parental rights was in the children’s best interests.

                                                -14-
Affirmed.

                   /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                   /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                   /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher

            -15-