Court Opinion

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Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:10:21.598249+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:05:04.574043
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Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

9-30-2005

Sheils v. Pfizer Inc
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 04-3724

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Recommended Citation
"Sheils v. Pfizer Inc" (2005). 2005 Decisions. Paper 500.
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                                             NOT PRECEDENTIAL

       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                  __________

                      No. 04-3724
                      __________

                   JAMES J. SHEILS
                                      Appellant

                           v.

                     PFIZER, INC.
                      __________

     On Appeal from the United States District Court
        For the Western District of Pennsylvania
                 (Case No. 02-CV-01913)
     District Judge: Honorable Donetta W. Ambrose
                       __________

      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                 September 27, 2005
                    ___________

Before: RENDELL, FUENTES, and GARTH, Circuit Judges

          (Opinion Filed: September 30, 2005)
                     __________

                       OPINION
                      __________
Garth, Circuit Judge:

       James J. Sheils (“Sheils”) appeals the order of the United States District Court for

the Western District of Pennsylvania granting a motion for summary judgment filed by

Pfizer, Inc. (“Pfizer”). For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.

                                                 I.

       The facts, viewed as they must be in the light most favorable to Sheils, are as

follows:

       Sheils worked as a field sales representative at Pfizer.1 As part of the

compensation package Sheils was given when he became a Pfizer employee in 1997, he

received an option to purchase shares of the company’s common stock. Pfizer granted

Sheils an option to purchase additional shares the next year.

       The agreements that governed both of these options (the “stock option

agreements”) contained explicit manner and time requirements for the exercise of the

options. Specifically, they required that all employees exercise their options “by the

giving of written notice of exercise to” Pfizer, and that a terminated employee exercise

his options “within three (3) months after the date on which [his] employment . . .

terminates.” The stock option agreements also made clear that options could not be

       1
         Sheils began working in 1997 for Agouron Pharmaceuticals, which merged with
Warner-Lambert in 1999. Pfizer later purchased Warner-Lambert. Neither of the parties alleges
that these changes in the identity of Sheils’s employer affect the issues raised in this lawsuit. For
ease of reference, then, we will refer to the company that employed Sheils at all times relevant to
the lawsuit as “Pfizer.”

                                                  1
exercised after they had expired. (A139, A140, A169, A170).

       Sheils read and understood the stock option agreements. (A218-221). He had

exercised options on a few occasions before this litigation commenced by submitting

written notice to Pfizer, as those agreements required. (A208, A439, A447).

       Though the stock option agreements provided that employees must exercise their

options in writing, they did not provide more specifically how employees were supposed

to do that (i.e., what information employees should include in the writing, to whom

employees should give the writing, etc.). That specific information was conveyed

elsewhere (although the record does not reveal where). What is clear from the record is

that, up until July 1, 2002, employees exercised their options by giving a Notice of

Exercise to the stock plan administrator, Cheryl Burr (“Burr”). (A71, A439).

       This process for exercising options changed, however, on July 1, 2002. As of that

date, employees had to open an account with Merrill Lynch and exercise their options

through that institution instead of through Burr. (A106).

       Sheils testified that he received a mailing from Pfizer in late April or early May of

2002 (A249-250) advising him as follows:

              Next week you will receive a Pfizer Stock Option Package in
              the mail. This kit will prepare you for the July 1, 2002
              transition to the Merrill Lynch system. This kit will include
              important information about the new service, what you need
              to know to open an account and exercise your options and an
              invitation to the upcoming information sessions on May 13,
              14 and 15 th (arrangements are being made for those of you
              outside of the La Jolla area).

                                             2
(A105). The kit referred to in this mailing (“the Kit”) was sent to all past and current

employees in May of 2002, but Sheils claims that he never received it, and thus never saw

instructions for exercising his options under the new system. (A261).

       Pfizer terminated Sheils on May 10, 2002. His stock options were fully vested on

that day, and Sheils could have sold them for a net profit of $207,752.

       At the time of his termination, Pfizer provided Sheils with separation documents

that clearly reiterated that his stock options were subject to the terms and conditions of the

stock option agreements. The separation documents also included a Merrill Lynch phone

number that terminated employees could call if they had questions regarding their stock

options. (A361). That phone number was the same one provided to Pfizer employees in

the Kit. Sheils understood the separation documents (A203-204), and went back and

reviewed the terms of the stock option agreements to which they pointed him. (A221).

       Burr usually sent terminated employees a certified letter informing them of how

many options they had, and reminding them how to go about exercising – and by when

they needed to exercise – those options. (A72-73, A78-80). Sheils claims he never

received such a certified letter from Burr.

       Sheils called Burr on May 10, 2002 – the day he was terminated – seeking

information about his stock options and how he could exercise them. (A204-205). Burr

did not answer, so Sheils left a message; Burr never returned Sheils’s call.

                                              3
        Sheils did not take further action regarding his stock options until June 13, 2002.

On that day, Sheils called Merrill Lynch (using the number that was listed in his

separation documents), and asked for information concerning his outstanding options.

(A35, A206). The person to whom he spoke told him that Sheils did not have an account

at Merrill Lynch, and so Merrill Lynch could not help him. (A269). In late June, Sheils

called Burr again and left another message, which also went unreturned.

        Sheils explains that he was not more proactive about seeking out someone at Pfizer

or Merrill Lynch with whom to discuss his options because “everything having to do with

[his] separation [from Pfizer] was extremely drawn out,” and consequently he assumed

the deadline for exercising the options would be extended until Burr got back to him with

the information he requested. (A57-60). He also relied on language in the stock option

agreements (section 5.07 of those documents) stating that the Pfizer Board of Directors or

its delegates could extend that deadline, though there was no indication that Pfizer

contemplated granting an extension for Sheils, or that Sheils requested one.

        Burr left Pfizer shortly before the transition to the new system. Her last day at the

company was June 30, 2002. On that day Burr sent an e-mail to all employees reminding

them that she was leaving the company, and that from then on they should contact Merrill

Lynch to exercise their stock options. (A75). Sheils claims he did not receive this e-

mail.

        On August 12, 2002, Sheils received a status report from Merrill Lynch that

                                               4
informed him that his stock options had expired on August 11, 2002. (A174). He

immediately called the number on the report and left a message (as opposed to speaking

to someone live) because it was already after business hours.

       The next day, he called Eileen Lacamera (“Lacamera”) in the Stock Option and

Incentive Plan office at Pfizer. Lacamera consulted with John Gates (“Gates”) in Pfizer’s

Compensation and Benefits program. Gates and Lacamera confirmed that Sheils’s

options had expired and jointly made the decision not to reinstate the options. (A83).

                                             II.

       Sheils filed a complaint against Pfizer asserting a claim for breach of the stock

option agreements and a claim under the Pennsylvania Wage Payment and Collection

Law, 43 P A. C ONS. S TAT. A NN. §260.1 et seq. Pfizer moved for summary judgment. By

Report and Recommendation dated July 27, 2004, Magistrate Judge Amy Reynolds Hay

granted Pfizer’s motion. On August 27, 2004, District Judge Donetta W. Ambrose

adopted the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation. This timely appeal from

the District Court’s final judgment followed.

                                             III.

       We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1291. Our review of a grant of a

summary judgment motion is plenary, and we apply the same standard as the District

Court. Summary judgment is appropriate only where, drawing all reasonable inferences

in favor of the nonmoving party, “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . .

                                              5
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” F ED. R. C IV. P. 56(c);

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). The moving party has the

initial burden of “informing the district court of the basis for its motion.” Celotex Corp. v.

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). Once the moving party has met this burden, however,

the nonmoving party must identify, by affidavits or otherwise, specific facts showing that

there is a genuine issue for trial. Id.

                                             A.

       The Supreme Court of California has explained that an option has a dual nature:

“from the viewpoint of the optionor, an option is a binding contract subject to the

performance of a condition precedent by the optionee. From the viewpoint of the

optionee, an option is an irrevocable offer which the optionee can convert into a binding

bilateral contract by acceptance of the offer.” Palo Alto Town & Country Village v.

BBTC Company, 521 P.2d 1097, 1102 (Cal. 1974). Because the issue here focuses on the

optionee’s action (or, rather, failure to act), the Court must regard the option in question

as an irrevocable offer. Id. The question, then, is whether Sheils accepted that offer,

thereby forming a contract.

       No reasonable jury could find that Sheils accepted the offer. “It is well settled that

when the provisions of an option contract prescribe the particular manner in which the

option is to be exercised, they must be strictly followed.” Id. at 1098-99 (emphasis

added). The limited period of time an option contract gives an optionee to exercise his

                                              6
option, too, must be strictly enforced. See 15 Williston on Contracts §46:12 (4th ed.) (“an

option by its very terms must be exercised within a specified time ”). See also Simons v.

Young, 93 Cal. App. 3d 170, 182 (1979) (“Since the optionor is bound while the optionee

is free to accept or not as he chooses, courts are strict in holding an optionee to exact

compliance with the terms of the option.”).

       Here, the stock option agreements explicitly required Sheils to exercise his option

in writing, “within three months” of the day he was terminated. He failed to do this; his

option thus lapsed. “[O]n the lapse of the option period, the matter is completely ended

and the offer is withdrawn.” Allen v. Smith, 94 Cal. App. 4th 1270, 1281 (2002).

                                              B.

       Sheils argues that he did not fail to exercise his options within the prescribed

period. The status report Sheils received on August 12, 2002 informed him his options

had expired (or “terminated,” in the language of the status report) on August 11, 2002.

Because August 11 was a Sunday, Sheils’s argues, he actually had until Monday, August

12, 2002 to exercise his options, under the California Civil Code (“the Code”).

       Section 11 of the Code provides that “[w]henever any act of a secular nature . . . is

appointed by law or contract to be performed upon a particular day, which day falls upon

a holiday, it may be performed upon the next business day, with the same effect as if it

had been performed upon the day appointed.” Section 7 of the Code defines “holiday” to

include, among certain other days, “every Sunday.”

                                              7
         Pfizer disagrees, arguing that if Sheils’s options expired on August 11, he was

obligated to exercise them by August 10, which is three months from the date of his

termination, May 10. In other words, the day the options expired – August 11 – was not

“within three months” of his termination; rather, it was already one day too late.

         Even if Sheils is correct that August 11 was the last day “within three months,”

and thus that, under the Code, he had through August 12 to exercise his options, he still

cannot prevail because the fact remains that he did not exercise his options in the

prescribed manner on Monday, August 12, 2002. He was obligated to exercise his

options in writing, and all that he did on August 12 was leave a phone message for Merrill

Lynch.

                                              C.

         Sheils also argues that Pfizer prevented him from exercising his options by failing

to inform him about how to exercise those options after Merrill Lynch replaced Burr as

the stock options administrator. Specifically, Sheils complains, Burr failed to send him

(1) the certified letter she customarily sent terminated employees and (2) the e-mail she

sent employees on her last day at Pfizer, and Pfizer failed to provide him with (3) the Kit

and (4) the status report indicating when his stock options expired (collectively, “the

Materials”) until after it was too late.

         Sheils argues that Pfizer’s failure to provide him with the Materials breached

sections 8.01 and 8.02 of the stock option agreements. These sections require that all

                                               8
notices, demands, requests, declarations, service of process or other communications

“permitted or required under” the agreements (1) be in writing and (2) be served

personally or sent by registered or certified mail. (A142, A171).

        This argument fails for two reasons. First, as explained above, the stock option

agreements are not contracts but rather irrevocable offers which the optionee is free to

accept or reject. They thus do not impose duties on the optionor other than the obligation

not to revoke the offer during the period before it expires, and the conditional obligation

to follow through on the offer should the optionee accept it. Pfizer could not violate the

stock option agreements unless it failed to fulfill one of those obligations.

       Moreover, even if Pfizer was bound by sections 8.01 and 8.02, failing to provide

Sheils with the Materials clearly did not run afoul of those sections. This is because these

sections only apply to communications required or permitted under the stock option

agreements. The stock option agreements certainly did not require Pfizer to provide

Sheils with the Materials. They permitted Pfizer to provide Sheils with the Materials only

in the sense that they did not explicitly forbid it from doing so. But the word “permitted”

in the agreements common-sensically cannot refer to every communication not explicitly

forbidden by them, but rather must refer only to communications they specifically

mention as optional (i.e., communication they affirmatively permit).

       Sheils alternately argues that he is entitled to equitable relief from the terms of the

stock option agreements. This argument lacks merit. Under California law, an optionee

                                              9
is not entitled to such relief where the failure to exercise the option results from his own

neglect or inadvertence and was not contributed to by the optionor. See Bekins Moving &

Storage Company v. Prudential Insurance Company of America, 176 Cal. App. 3d 245,

251-255 (1985); Simons, 93 Cal. App. 3d at 185-190. In the context of articulating this

rule, courts have stressed that California law is conservative – especially in comparison to

the law of other states – when it comes to relieving an optionee of the obligation to

exercise his option in the precise manner and within the precise timeframe described in an

option contract. Id. Because Sheils possessed Pfizer’s phone number, Pfizer’s alleged

failure to provide him with the Materials cannot accurately be characterized as a

“contribution” to his failure to exercise his options.

                                              D.

       In addition to his breach of contract claim, Sheils asserted that Pfizer violated the

Pennsylvania Wage Payment and Collection Law (“WPCL”), 43 P A. C ONS. S TAT. A NN.

§260.1 et seq. The WPCL provides in part:

              Whenever an employer separates an employee from the
              payroll, or whenever an employee quits or resigns his
              employment, the wages or compensation earned shall become
              due and payable not later than the next regular payday of his
              employer on which such wages would otherwise be due and
              payable.

§260.5(a). The statute “provides a statutory remedy when the employer breaches a

contractual obligation to pay earned wages.” Weldon v. Kraft, 896 F.2d 793, 801 (3d Cir.

                                              10
1990). The statute is inapplicable here because, even if the stock options qualify as

“wages” under it, Sheils has not shown that Pfizer breached a contractual obligation to

pay him earned wages.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of summary

judgment for Pfizer.

                                            11