Court Opinion

ID: 2765959
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-31 18:05:14.801323+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:26:21.292159
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MINNESOTA

                                  IN SUPREME COURT

                                        A12-2117

Court of Appeals                                                                     Page, J.
                                                   Dissenting, Anderson, J., and Gildea, C.J.

Medical Staff of Avera Marshall Regional
Medical Center on its Own behalf and in its
Representative Capacity for its Members, et al.,

                    Appellants,

vs.                                                               Filed: December 31, 2014
                                                                  Office of Appellate Courts
Avera Marshall d/b/a Avera Marshall
Regional Medical Center, et al.,

                    Respondents.

                              ________________________

Kathy S. Kimmel, Margo S. Struthers, Oppenheimer Wolff & Donnelly, LLP,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, for appellants.

David R. Crosby, Bryant D. Tchida, Stinson Leonard Street LLP, Minneapolis,
Minnesota, for respondents.

Sam Hanson, Daniel J. Supalla, Briggs and Morgan, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota, for
amici curiae American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association,
American Academy of Family Physicians, Minnesota Academy of Family Physicians,
and the Minnesota Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

David F. Herr, Michael C. McCarthy, Maslon Edelman Borman & Brand, LLP,
Minneapolis, Minnesota, for amici curiae Minnesota Hospital Association and American
Hospital Association.
                            ________________________

                                            1
                                     SYLLABUS

       1.     A medical staff that meets the criteria of Minn. Stat. § 540.157 (2012) has

the capacity to sue and be sued.

       2.     Medical staff bylaws may be an enforceable contract between members of

the medical staff and a hospital.

       Reversed and remanded.

                                       OPINION

PAGE, Justice.

       In 2012, the governing board of respondent Avera Marshall Regional Medical

Center, a nonprofit hospital in Marshall, Minnesota, announced a plan to repeal the

hospital’s medical staff bylaws and replace them with revised bylaws. Avera Marshall’s

Medical Staff, its Chief of Staff, and Chief of Staff-elect eventually commenced an action

seeking, as relevant here, a declaration that the Medical Staff has standing to sue Avera

Marshall and that the medical staff bylaws are an enforceable contract between Avera

Marshall and the Medical Staff. The district court entered judgment for Avera Marshall

and dismissed the case after concluding both that the Medical Staff lacked the capacity to

sue Avera Marshall and that the medical staff bylaws do not constitute an enforceable

contract between Avera Marshall and the Medical Staff. The court of appeals affirmed

the district court. For the reasons discussed below, we reverse the court of appeals and

remand to the district court for further proceedings.

                                             2
      Avera Marshall is owned and operated by Avera Health and is incorporated under

the Minnesota Nonprofit Corporation Act, Minn. Stat. ch. 317A (2012). Under Avera

Marshall’s articles of incorporation and corporate bylaws, Avera Marshall’s board of

directors (the board) is vested with the general responsibility for management of Avera

Marshall.   The corporate bylaws require the board to “organize the physicians and

appropriate other persons granted practice privileges in the hospital . . . into a medical-

dental staff under medical-dental staff bylaws approved by the [board].”

      Appellants include two individual physicians and Avera Marshall’s Medical Staff.

The medical staff is composed of practitioners, primarily physicians with admitting and

clinical privileges to care for patients at the hospital. The Medical Staff is subject to

medical staff bylaws originally enacted by the board in 1995.              When this case

commenced, appellant Dr. Steven Meister was the Chief of Staff of the Medical Staff and

appellant Dr. Jane Willett was the Medical Staff’s Chief of Staff-elect. Dr. Meister was

the chair of the Medical Executive Committee (the MEC), a medical staff committee that

acts on the Medical Staff’s behalf, and Dr. Willett was a member of the MEC.

      Before May 1, 2012, the medical staff bylaws provided that, in order to admit

patients, a practitioner was required to be a member of the medical staff. To serve on the

medical staff, a physician was required to agree to be bound by the medical staff bylaws.

One of the “enumerated purposes” for the medical staff set out in the bylaws was “[t]o

initiate and maintain rules, regulations and policies for the internal governance of the

Medical Staff.” Another enumerated purpose was “[t]o provide a means whereby issues

concerning the Medical Staff and the Medical Center [could] be directly discussed by the

                                            3
Medical Staff with the Board of Directors and the Administration, with the understanding

that the Medical Staff [was] subject to the ultimate authority of the Board of Directors.”

       The bylaws also gave the Medical Staff authority, “[s]ubject to the authority and

approval of [the board],” to “exercise such power as is reasonably necessary to discharge

its responsibilities under these bylaws and under the corporate bylaws of the Medical

Center.” The Medical Staff was also afforded “prerogatives,” such as attending and

voting on matters presented at medical staff and committee meetings and holding medical

staff office. The bylaws described these prerogatives as “general in nature” and possibly

“subject to limitations by special conditions . . . , by other sections of these Medical Staff

Bylaws and by the Medical Staff Rules and Regulations, subject to approval by [the

board].”

       Under the bylaws, the Chief of Staff, the MEC, the board, or one-third of active

medical staff members could propose amendments to or repeal of medical staff bylaws.

The bylaws further provided for review of proposed amendments to the bylaws, either by

the MEC itself or by special committee. Section 17.2 of the bylaws specifically provided

that, “for the purposes of enacting a bylaws change, the change shall require an

affirmative vote of . . . two-thirds of the Members eligible to vote.” Bylaws changes

recommended by the Medical Staff would not become effective until approved by the

board. The bylaws were silent with respect to bylaws changes proposed by the board but

not recommended for approval by the Medical Staff. However, the amendment and

repeal process was “subject to approval by a majority vote of [the board]” and could not

                                              4
“supersede the general authority of [the board] as set forth in its corporate bylaws or

applicable common law or statutes.”

       In January 2012, the board notified the Medical Staff that the board had approved

the repeal of the medical staff bylaws and that a set of revised medical staff bylaws had

been approved. The notice solicited the Medical Staff’s input but explained that the

revised bylaws would take effect on April 1, 2012. At a medical staff meeting on January

24, 2012, Avera Marshall’s CEO and President announced that, while individual

members of the Medical Staff could comment on the changes, the board would not accept

comments from the Medical Staff as an organized body, and the proposed changes would

not be submitted to the Medical Staff for a vote.

       After review, the MEC concluded that the proposed revisions to the bylaws

restricted the rights of the Medical Staff, the functioning of medical-staff committees, and

the Medical Staff’s ability to ensure the quality of patient care. On that basis, MEC

recommended that the board reject the changes. Notwithstanding the board’s decision

that the repeal and revision of the bylaws would not be submitted to the Medical Staff for

a vote, on March 20, 2012, relying on section 17.2 of the former bylaws, the Medical

Staff voted on the proposed changes and rejected both the repeal of the former bylaws

and the enactment of the revised bylaws. Ultimately, the revised bylaws took effect on

May 1, 2012.

       Appellants filed a nine-count action against Avera Marshall, seeking a declaration

that, as relevant here, the Medical Staff had standing and the capacity to sue Avera

Marshall and that the former medical staff bylaws constituted a contract between Avera

                                             5
Marshall and the Medical Staff. Appellants also sought to enjoin Avera Marshall from

repealing the former bylaws and enforcing the revised bylaws. Avera Marshall moved to

dismiss the action on the basis that the Medical Staff lacked standing and the capacity to

sue. The district court converted Avera Marshall’s motion to dismiss into a motion for

summary judgment and then granted the motion, holding that the Medical Staff did not

have the capacity to sue.

       The parties then brought cross motions for summary judgment on the issue of

whether the former bylaws constituted a contract between Avera Marshall and the

Medical Staff or were otherwise enforceable against Avera Marshall. The district court

again granted summary judgment to Avera Marshall, this time determining that the

former bylaws did not constitute an enforceable contract between Avera Marshall and the

Medical Staff or between Avera Marshall and any individual member of the Medical

Staff. The district court further concluded that Avera Marshall had the authority to

modify the bylaws without approval from the Medical Staff “if [Avera] substantially

complies with the procedural prerequisites contained in the Medical Staff Bylaws.”

According to the district court, the undisputed factual record showed Avera Marshall

substantially complied with the procedural prerequisites in the former medical staff

bylaws when it repealed them and enacted the revised medical staff bylaws.

       The court of appeals affirmed the district court. It agreed with the district court

that the Medical Staff does not have the capacity to sue under Minnesota law because,

among other reasons, it is not its own “ultimate creator,” owns no property, and can

“contract no indebtedness and pay no bills.” Med. Staff of Avera Marshall Reg’l Med.

                                            6
Ctr. v. Avera Marshall, 836 N.W.2d 549, 557 (Minn. App. 2013) (citation omitted)

(internal quotation marks omitted). It also held that the medical staff bylaws do not

constitute an enforceable contract. Id. at 562. Because the medical staff bylaws “are not

contractual,” the court of appeals concluded that Avera Marshall “has the authority to

unilaterally amend the bylaws.” Id.

         On appeal from a grant of summary judgment, we determine whether any genuine

issues of material fact exist and whether the district court erred in its application of the

law. Midwest Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Wolters, 831 N.W.2d 628, 636 (Minn. 2013). We

must also construe the facts in the light most favorable to the party against whom

summary judgment was granted—in this case the Medical Staff, J.E.B. v. Danks, 785
N.W.2d 741, 746 (Minn. 2010).1

                                             I.

         This appeal presents two primary issues: (1) whether the Medical Staff has the

legal capacity to sue; and (2) whether the medical staff bylaws constitute a contract

between Avera Marshall and the Medical Staff. We begin our analysis with the first

issue.

1
       Because this matter is before us after a grant of summary judgment, the facts must
be construed in the light most favorable to appellants, the parties against whom summary
judgment was granted. See J.E.B. v. Danks, 785 N.W.2d 741, 746 (Minn. 2010). The
dissent, however, ignores the procedural posture of this case when it first addresses what
are supposedly the reasons why Avera Marshall’s board unilaterally amended the medical
staff bylaws. In this discussion, the dissent quotes extensively from statements Avera
Marshall’s President made. These “facts,” however, are contested by appellants, and the
dissent has presented them in a light most favorable to Avera Marshall, not appellants.
As a result, the dissent’s recitation of these “facts” is inconsistent with our standard of
review.

                                             7
       The common law rule in Minnesota, established in St. Paul Typothetae v. St. Paul

Bookbinders’ Union, is that, “in the absence of a statute otherwise providing,”

unincorporated associations “have no legal entity distinct from that of their members”

and therefore lack capacity to sue or be sued. 94 Minn. 351, 357, 102 N.W. 725, 726-27

(1905). In 1946, we held that Minnesota still followed the common law rule because the

Legislature had not enacted a statute conferring legal capacity to sue upon unincorporated

associations. Bloom v. Am. Express Co., 222 Minn. 249, 252-53, 23 N.W.2d 570, 573

(1946). The next year, the Legislature enacted section 540.151. Act of Apr. 24, 1947,

ch. 527, § 1, 1947 Minn. Laws 867 (codified at Minn. Stat. § 540.151 (2012)).

       Minnesota Statutes § 540.151 provides:

       When two or more persons associate and act, whether for profit or not,
       under the common name, including associating and acting as a labor
       organization or employer organization, whether such common name
       comprises the names of such persons or not, they may sue in or be sued by
       such common name, and the summons may be served on an officer or a
       managing agent of the association. The judgment in such cases shall accrue
       to the joint or common benefit of and bind the joint or common property of
       the associates, the same as though all had been named as parties to the
       action.

       Notwithstanding the enactment of section 540.151, we have since reaffirmed the

common law rule. See Galob v. Sanborn, 281 Minn. 58, 62, 160 N.W.2d 262, 265 (1968)

(concluding that a village public utility commission was merely a department or agency

of a village and could not be sued in its own name). We have never directly addressed

whether section 540.151 gives unincorporated associations the capacity to sue. Thus, the

parties dispute whether Minn. Stat. § 540.151 abrogated the common law rule that

unincorporated associations lack the capacity to sue.

                                            8
       Appellants acknowledge that at common law in Minnesota unincorporated

associations did not have the capacity to sue, but argue that the Legislature abrogated that

common law rule when it enacted Minn. Stat. § 540.151.            Specifically, relying on

American Civil Liberties Union of Minnesota v. Tarek Ibn Ziyad Academy, the Medical

Staff argues that Minn. Stat. § 540.151 unambiguously grants the capacity to sue to

associations that satisfy its statutory criteria. 788 F. Supp. 2d 950, 955-56 (D. Minn.

2011) (noting that the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit has

recognized that Minn. Stat. § 540.151 “ ‘permit[s] persons associated under a common

name to sue under that name’ and that associations can have standing to assert their

members’ rights” (quoting Minn. Ass’n of Nurse Anesthetists v. Allina Health Sys. Corp.,

276 F.3d 1032, 1049-50 (8th Cir. 2002)). According to appellants, section 540.151

allows them to sue because the Medical Staff consists of two or more persons who

associate with each other and act for common purposes, using a common name. Further,

appellants note that this action was brought in the association’s common name.

       Avera Marshall argues that, because the Medical Staff is subject to the authority

and approval of the board and possesses no rights that supersede the general authority of

the board, the Medical Staff is a department or agent of Avera Marshall rather than a

voluntary association existing separately from the hospital. Therefore, Avera Marshall

contends that under the common law rule the Medical Staff has no legal capacity to sue.

According to Avera Marshall, the common law rule remains good law and is not

superseded by Minn. Stat. § 540.151 because the statute is only procedural in nature.

Rather than granting the legal capacity to sue, Avera Marshall argues that this statute

                                             9
simply provides that associations that otherwise have the legal capacity to sue in

Minnesota may do so under the association’s common name.

       We conclude that, under its plain language, Minn. Stat. § 540.151 grants to an

unincorporated association the right to sue and be sued if it meets the statutory criteria.

The statute states that people who associate under a common name “may sue in or be

sued by such common name.” Id. Avera Marshall’s claim that section 540.151 simply

creates procedures by which an unincorporated association granted the capacity to sue in

another statute may bring such a lawsuit is contrary to the plain statutory language.2

Section 540.151 contains no limiting language indicating that it applies only if another

statute has granted an association the legal capacity to sue. Given the absence of such

language and our rules of statutory interpretation that require us to give meaning to all the

words used by the Legislature, see Minn. Stat. § 645.17(2) (2012), we can only conclude

that when the Legislature used the words “[w]hen two or more persons associate and act

. . . under the common name . . . , they may sue in or be sued by such common name,” it

intended to give such associated persons the legal capacity to sue.

       Here, the Medical Staff is composed of two or more physicians who associate and

act together for the purpose of ensuring proper patient care at the hospital under the

2
        The dissent ignores this statutory language when it states that it “is not clear . . .
the Legislature intended to give medical staffs the substantive right to sue when it enacted
section 540.151.” And, despite the fact that the meaning of section 540.151 is an issue of
state law, the dissent gives deference to a federal court decision to support its claim that
the statute may be procedural. See Minn. Ass’n of Nurse Anesthetists v. Allina Health
Sys. Corp., 276 F.3d 1032, 1049 (8th Cir. 2002) (concluding in a single sentence without
analysis or citation to authority that section 540.141 “is only procedural”).

                                             10
common name “Medical Staff.”        Therefore, because the Medical Staff satisfies the

statutory criteria of section 540.151, we hold that it has the capacity to sue and be sued

under Minnesota law.

                                            II.

      Having determined that the Medical Staff has the capacity to sue, we turn next to

the Medical Staff’s argument that the medical staff bylaws create an enforceable contract

between Avera Marshall and the Medical Staff. As noted earlier, the district court

concluded that the medical staff bylaws did not create an enforceable contract between

Avera Marshall and the Medical Staff or its individual members. The Medical Staff

argues that the district court and the court of appeals erred because, in consideration for

each physician’s appointment to Avera Marshall’s Medical Staff, the physician agreed to

be bound by the full extent of the bylaws and the bylaws go beyond anything required by

statute or rule. This promise to abide by the bylaws, appellants claim, was an integral

part of the contract that existed between Avera Marshall and the Medical Staff.

Appellants further argue that Avera Marshall was obligated to comply with the terms of

the bylaws and that Avera Marshall breached the former bylaws’ amendment and repeal

provision by unilaterally modifying the bylaws.

      Avera Marshall contends that the former bylaws were not an enforceable contract

because consideration is lacking and there was therefore no bargained-for exchange with

any individual physicians or any group of physicians. Avera Marshall maintains that it

adopted the medical staff bylaws because it had a preexisting legal duty to do so under

Minnesota administrative rules and Avera Marshall’s own bylaws. Additionally, Avera

                                            11
Marshall claims that nothing in the bylaws requires that Avera Marshall obtain approval

from the Medical Staff before it amends the bylaws. According to Avera Marshall, both

its corporate bylaws and the medical staff bylaws gave Avera Marshall the power to

unilaterally modify the medical staff bylaws.

      With respect to whether the former bylaws create a contract, the district court and

court of appeals agreed with Avera Marshall, concluding that the former medical staff

bylaws are not an enforceable contract because of a lack of consideration. Med. Staff of

Avera Marshall, 836 N.W.2d at 560-62. Both courts reasoned that the bylaws lacked

consideration because the bylaws simply memorialized Avera Marshall’s preexisting

duty under Minnesota Rules to adopt medical staff bylaws.3

3
      Minn. R. 4640.0700 provides in part:

      The governing body or the person or persons designated as the governing
      authority in each institution shall be responsible for its management,
      control, and operation. It shall appoint a hospital administrator and the
      medical staff. It shall formulate the administrative policies for the hospital.

Minn. R. 4640.0700, subp. 2 (2013).

      Minn. R. 4640.0800 provides in part:

      The medical staff shall be responsible to the governing body of the hospital
      for the clinical and scientific work of the hospital. It shall be called upon to
      advise regarding professional problems and policies.

      In any hospital used by two or more practitioners, the medical staff shall be
      an organized group which shall formulate and, with the approval of the
      governing body, adopt bylaws, rules, regulations, and policies for the
      proper conduct of its work. The medical staff shall: designate one of its
      members as chief of staff; hold regular meetings for which minutes and
                                                     (Footnote continued on next page.)

                                            12
       In Campbell v. St. Mary’s Hospital, without any discussion or analysis about

whether medical staff bylaws constitute an enforceable contract between a hospital and

its medical staff, we implied that a hospital’s bylaws created contractual rights between a

physician and the hospital. 312 Minn. 379, 388, 252 N.W.2d 581, 587 (1977) (affirming

grant of summary judgment on doctor’s breach of contract claim because “under the

bylaws plaintiff was afforded a full measure of his contractual due process rights at every

stage of the proceedings to revoke his surgical privileges”). Thus, we have recognized, at

least implicitly, that a hospital’s bylaws may constitute a contract between a hospital and

its physicians.

       A contract is formed when two or more parties exchange bargained-for promises,

manifest mutual assent to the exchange, and support their promises with consideration.

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 17 (1981). “Consideration requires that one party to

a transaction voluntarily assume an obligation on the condition of an act or forbearance

by the other party.” U.S. Sprint Commc’ns Co., Ltd. v. Comm’r of Revenue, 578 N.W.2d
752, 754 (Minn. 1998); see also Baehr v. Penn-O-Tex Oil Corp., 258 Minn. 533, 539,

104 N.W.2d 661, 665 (1960) (explaining that consideration “insures that the promise

enforced as a contract is not accidental, casual, or gratuitous, but has been uttered

intentionally as the result of some deliberation, manifested by reciprocal bargaining or

(Footnote continued from previous page.)
      records of attendance shall be kept; and review and analyze at regular
      intervals the clinical experience in the hospital.

Minn. R. 4640.0800, subps. 1-2 (2013).

                                            13
negotiation”). A promise to do something that one is already legally obligated to do

provides no benefit and thus is a “mere naked promise,” Hilde v. Int’l Harvester Co. of

Am., 166 Minn. 259, 260, 207 N.W. 617, 618 (1926), that does not constitute

consideration.   Tonka Tours, Inc. v. Chadima, 372 N.W.2d 723, 728 (Minn. 1985)

(stating the common law rule that if a party does or promises to do what he is already

legally obligated to do, there is insufficient consideration to support the new promise).

       We begin our analysis of whether there was consideration by noting that the

district court, the court of appeals, and Avera Marshall miss the point by focusing on the

adoption of the medical staff bylaws as a preexisting legal obligation. First, nothing in

the rules Avera Marshall relies on requires the medical staff bylaws to contain any

specific provision. Those rules set out only the minimum requirements for adopting

bylaws. “[B]ylaws which exceed the minimum standards required under state law satisfy

the consideration requirement.” Craig W. Dallon, Understanding Judicial Review of

Hospitals’ Physician Credentialing and Peer Review Decisions, 73 Temple L. Rev. 597,

647 (2000). Our review of the bylaws leads us to conclude that the bylaws at issue here

exceed the minimum requirements set out in the administrative rules. While Minn. R.

4640.0800, subp. 2, requires the medical staff to formulate and adopt, with the approval

of the hospital’s governing body, bylaws, rules, regulations, and policies “for the proper

conduct of its work,” the rule leaves it to the medical staff and the hospital’s governing

body to determine the specifics of the bylaws, rules, regulations, and policies. Thus, the

mere fact that hospitals have a preexisting legal obligation to adopt medical staff bylaws

                                             14
does not provide much guidance as to whether the bylaws as adopted provide the basis

for an enforceable contract between a hospital and its medical staff. 4

       Second, we note that focusing solely on Avera Marshall’s preexisting duty to

adopt medical staff bylaws completely ignores the fact that, before a doctor can be

granted privileges at the hospital, the doctor must agree to abide by the medical staff

bylaws. While it is true that before agreeing to abide by the prospective bylaws members

of the Medical Staff had no ability to change or otherwise alter the bylaws, it is also true

that they could have chosen not to join the Medical Staff because of those bylaws.

Conversely, this focus ignores the fact that Avera Marshall could choose to either grant

or not grant privileges.

4
       The dissent claims the medical staff bylaws are not a contract because language in
the bylaws indicates that Avera Marshall did not intend to be bound by them. At the
same time, the dissent claims the bylaws lack consideration because Avera Marshall was
legally required to have medical staff bylaws. It is unclear how, on the one hand, Avera
Marshall can be obligated to have such bylaws, yet at the same time have no intention to
follow them. When viewed in totality, the dissent’s position appears to be that hospitals
must have medical staff bylaws but that those legally required bylaws are meaningless as
hospitals may disavow any intention to follow them.

        Beyond this inconsistency, the dissent’s position is contrary to language in Avera
Marshall’s corporate bylaws that requires it to have and operate its medical staff under
medical staff bylaws. Avera Marshall’s corporate bylaws state that the board “shall
organize the physicians . . . into a medical-dental staff under medical-dental staff bylaws
approved by” the board and that “[t]here shall be bylaws . . . for the medical-dental staff
that set forth its organization and government.” Avera Marshall’s corporate bylaws also
make specific reference to sections of the medical staff bylaws.

                                             15
      The record in this case indicates that Avera Marshall formed a contractual

relationship with each member of the Medical Staff upon appointment.5 Avera Marshall

offered privileges to each member of the Medical Staff, so long as the Medical Staff

member agreed to be bound by the medical staff bylaws as a condition of appointment.

Each member of the Medical Staff who accepted Avera Marshall’s offer of appointment

agreed to be bound by the bylaws. Thus, there was a bargained-for exchange of promises

and mutual consent to the exchange. Importantly, there was also consideration. 6 Both

5
       Other courts have similarly held that medical staff bylaws may be an enforceable
contract, or an enforceable part of a contract, between a hospital and members of its
medical staff. See, e.g., Williams v. Univ. Med. Ctr. of S. Nev., 688 F. Supp. 2d 1134,
1142-43 (D. Nev. 2010); Gianetti v. Norwalk Hosp., 557 A.2d 1249, 1255 (Conn. 1989);
Lo v. Provena Covenant Med. Ctr., 826 N.E.2d 592, 598-99 (Ill. App. Ct. 2005); Terre
Haute Reg’l Hosp., Inc. v. El-Issa, 470 N.E.2d 1371, 1376-77 (Ind. Ct. App. 1984);
Virmani v. Presbyterian Health Serv. Corp., 488 S.E.2d 284, 287-88 (N.C. Ct. App.
1997); St. John’s Hosp. Med. Staff v. St. John Reg’l Med. Ctr., Inc., 245 N.W.2d 472,
474-75 (S.D. 1976); Lewisburg Cmty. Hosp., Inc. v. Alfredson, 805 S.W.2d 756, 759
(Tenn. 1991); Bass v. Ambrosius, 520 N.W.2d 625, 628 (Wis. Ct. App. 1994).
6
        To be clear, consideration does not exist simply because the medical staff bylaws
exist. Consideration exists because, with the appointment of each member to the Medical
Staff, that member and Avera Marshall both voluntarily assumed an obligation on the
condition of an act by the other party—that is, each member of the Medical Staff agreed
to be bound by the medical staff bylaws and Avera Marshall agreed to let each member
of the Medical Staff practice at its hospital. The dissent contends that these additional
acts and promises cannot constitute consideration because “both sides were already under
a preexisting legal duty to perform these functions.” The dissent, however, fails to
explain how, before the appointment of each member to its medical staff, Avera Marshall
was under a preexisting legal duty to allow that particular physician to practice at its
hospital or why that physician was under a preexisting legal duty to follow Avera
Marshall’s medical staff bylaws.

       The dissent also claims “there is no evidence to support the conclusion that the
medical staff bylaws are supported by consideration regarding each individual medical
staff member” because no member of the medical staff can change the bylaws. The
                                                     (Footnote continued on next page.)

                                           16
Avera Marshall and the members of its Medical Staff voluntarily assumed obligations on

the condition of an act or forbearance on the part of the other.7

       The district court and court of appeals both concluded that the Medical Staff did

not have the capacity to sue Avera Marshall and that the medical staff bylaws did not

constitute an enforceable contract between Avera Marshall and the Medical Staff. As a

result, appellants’ claims were dismissed. Because we conclude that the Medical Staff

has the capacity to sue and be sued under Minn. Stat. § 540.151, and that the medical

staff bylaws constitute an enforceable contract between Avera Marshall and the

(Footnote continued from previous page.)
existence of consideration is not dependent on a party’s ability to change the terms of a
contract before agreeing to it. See U.S. Sprint Commc’ns Co., 578 N.W.2d at 754
(defining consideration). Moreover, to support this claim, the dissent cites a case that
actually concluded that medical staff bylaws are part of an enforceable contract between
a hospital and a member of its medical staff for the same reason we have concluded there
is consideration in this case. See Gianetti v. Norwalk Hosp., 557 A.2d 1249, 1255 (Conn.
1989) (concluding medical staff bylaws are an enforceable contract between a physician
and a hospital and were “supported by valid consideration” because “[t]he hospital
changed its position by granting medical staff privileges and the plaintiff physician has
likewise changed his position in doing something he was not previously bound to be, i.e.,
to ‘abide’ by the hospital medical staff bylaws”).
7
       Our decision today is analogous to and consistent with our decision in Pine River
State Bank v. Mettille, 333 N.W.2d 622 (Minn. 1983). In Pine River, we determined that
employee-handbook provisions may create contractual obligations enforceable against an
employer. Id. at 627. In doing so, we applied traditional contract formation principles to
hold that an employee handbook may modify terms of an at-will employment contract.
Id. at 626-27. We held that an employee accepted the employer’s offer to modify the
terms of his employment in line with the employee-handbook provisions when he
continued working for the employer. Id. Later, when the bank summarily fired the
employee, the bank violated the terms of the employee handbook, which provided for a
three-stage disciplinary procedure before an employee could be discharged. Id. at 626,
631. The medical staff bylaws, like the employee handbook in Pine River, constitute the
terms of an enforceable contract between Avera Marshall and the Medical Staff.

                                             17
individual members of the Medical Staff, we reverse the decision of the court of appeals

and remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       Reversed and remanded.

                                            18
                                      DISSENT

ANDERSON, Justice (dissenting).

      I respectfully dissent. At its heart, this case is about who has ultimate control of

Avera Marshall Regional Medical Center—Avera Marshall’s Medical Staff or Avera

Marshall’s board of directors. As a matter of contract law, and under the terms of Avera

Marshall’s corporate bylaws and the medical staff bylaws, the answer to that question is

Avera Marshall’s board of directors. Consequently, I would affirm summary judgment in

favor of respondents Avera Marshall, et al.

                                              I.

      I agree with the majority’s recitation of the facts, but think it important to first

address why Avera Marshall’s board of directors unilaterally amended the medical staff

bylaws, which gets to the heart of the dispute in this case. In 2009, Avera Health

Systems assumed control of Weiner Memorial Medical Center, which had previously

been owned and operated by the City of Marshall, and the hospital was incorporated as a

nonprofit under the name Avera Marshall Regional Medical Center. Shortly thereafter,

tension and conflict arose between members of the Medical Staff employed by Affiliated

Community Medical Centers, P.A. (ACMC), who held privileges at Avera Marshall, and

Avera Marshall’s governing body.1      According to the President and CEO of Avera

1
       These conflicts, from the perspective of Avera Marshall, included: ACMC
physicians injected discussions of ongoing litigation between ACMC and Avera Marshall
into Medical Executive Committee (MEC) meetings; ACMC physicians assumed a three-
to-one majority control over the MEC compared to physicians employed directly by
Avera Marshall and Avera Health Systems, in spite of an even split between ACMC and
                                                        (Footnote continued on next page.)

                                              D-1
Marshall, the board of directors subsequently amended the medical staff bylaws to

address the “dysfunction” of the Medical Staff, particularly its Medical Executive

Committee (MEC), “which [wa]s obvious and ha[d] gone on for almost sixteen months.”

The adoption of the new bylaws “was also a result of [board of directors’] growing

concerns about Dr. Meister’s leadership” as he “conducted himself in a manner designed

to exploit and harm [Avera-Marshall], as opposed to being an effective leader of the

entire medical staff.” Moreover, the problems within the MEC “resulted in dysfunctional

quality review and credentialing processes at the Hospital”; the MEC had failed to carry

out its functions under the old medical staff bylaws, including its credentialing and peer

review functions; and the new bylaws were meant to “better promote quality review and

patient safety free from bias.”

       In response to the changes to the medical staff bylaws, the appellants 2 filed a civil

complaint seeking eight counts of declaratory and injunctive relief and one count of

(Footnote continued from previous page.)
Avera Marshall physicians in the makeup of the medical staff; MEC chair Dr. Steven
Meister excluded Mary Maertens, President and CEO of Avera Marshall, from MEC
meetings, even though she was an ex officio MEC member; ACMC members of the
MEC conducted MEC meetings at ACMC offices with an attorney hired to represent
MEC who was not authorized by the board of directors to participate in the meetings; Dr.
Meister filed a complaint against Avera Marshall with the Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Hospitals, which was dismissed; and various other actions by ACMC
physicians that Avera Marshall felt threatened the quality of patient care. Some of these
assertions are admitted by the Medical Staff, others are disputed, and the Medical Staff
asserts other conflicts exist that were created by Avera Marshall. The atmosphere
between the parties can be fairly described as poisonous.
2
       When I refer to “the appellants,” I am referring to both the Medical Staff and the
individual members of the Medical Staff.

                                            D-2
attorney fees and costs. Only three of the declaratory judgment counts are before us:

whether the Medical Staff has legal capacity to sue (count one); whether the medical staff

bylaws constitute a contract between Avera Marshall and the Medical Staff (count two);

and whether Avera Marshall’s board of directors could unilaterally amend the medical

staff bylaws without obtaining two-thirds approval from voting members of the Medical

Staff (count seven). The district court granted the respondents’ motion for summary

judgment as to these three counts, and the court of appeals affirmed. The appellants

raised each of these issues in their petition for review with this court, and we granted full

review.3

                                             II.

       I am skeptical that appellant Medical Staff has standing to sue under Minn. Stat.

§ 540.151 (2012),4 but I need not decide this issue, because even if the Medical Staff has

3
        Specifically, the appellants raised the following three issues in their petition for
review to this court: (1) whether a medical staff has legal capacity to sue under Minn.
Stat. § 540.151 (2012); (2) whether medical staff bylaws constitute a contract or are
otherwise judicially enforceable; and (3) whether a hospital can unilaterally change
medical staff bylaws when the medical staff bylaws state that changes to the bylaws must
be approved by two-thirds of the medical staff. The majority does not explain why it
fails to address the third issue raised by the appellants.
4
        Without a doubt, an entity such as the Medical Staff—which calls itself an
“unincorporated association”—could not sue or be sued at common law. See Bloom v.
Am. Express Co., 222 Minn. 249, 251, 23 N.W.2d 570, 572 (1946). Minnesota Statutes
§ 540.151 provides that “[w]hen two or more persons associate and act, whether for profit
or not, under the common name . . . , they may sue in or be sued by such common name.”
Despite the majority’s insistence that I am “ignoring” the statutory language, it is not
clear to me that the Legislature intended to give medical staffs the substantive right to sue
when it enacted section 540.151, because the statute has been described as “only
procedural.” Minn. Ass’n of Nurse Anesthetists v. Allina Health Sys. Corp., 276 F.3d
                                                       (Footnote continued on next page.)

                                            D-3
standing to sue, the Medical Staff and its members do not have the rights they claim to

have under the medical staff bylaws because those bylaws do not create an enforceable

contract.5 There is a split of authority regarding whether medical staff bylaws constitute

a contract between a hospital’s medical staff or its members and the hospital. See 1

Karen S. Rieger et al., Health Law Practice Guide § 2:16 (2014) (listing cases in which

courts recognized medical staff bylaws as a contract, and those in which they did not);

Craig W. Dallon, Understanding Judicial Review of Hospitals’ Physician Credentialing

and Peer Review Decisions, 73 Temp. L. Rev. 597, 639-642 nn. 288, 290 (2000)

(discussing cases). Those courts holding that medical staff bylaws do not constitute a

contract often do so on the ground that a necessary component of contract formation is

missing in medical staff bylaws—namely, consideration. See, e.g., Kessel v. Monongalia

Cnty. Gen. Hosp. Co., 600 S.E.2d 321, 326 (W. Va. 2004) (concluding that hospital had a

(Footnote continued from previous page.)
1032, 1049 (8th Cir. 2002). Moreover, while not explicitly stating the statute is
procedural, rather than substantive, we have previously treated section 540.151 as
procedural. See, e.g., Galob v. Sanborn, 281 Minn. 58, 62, 160 N.W.2d 262, 265 (1968);
State ex rel. Ryan v. Civil Serv. Comm’n of City of Minneapolis, 278 Minn. 296, 298, 154
N.W.2d 192, 194 (1967). Thus, absent a legislative grant of standing, the Medical Staff
must be dismissed as a party to this suit. See Exeter Hosp. Med. Staff v. Bd. Of Trs. of
Exeter Health Res., Inc., 810 A.2d 53, 56 (N.H. 2002).
5
       Regardless of the resolution of the Medical Staff’s capacity to sue, we still must
address the contract issue in this case because Dr. Steven Meister and Dr. Jane Willet
also filed suit in their individual capacities. These doctors clearly have capacity and
standing to sue in their individual capacities.

                                           D-4
preexisting duty under state law to adopt medical staff bylaws and thus consideration was

lacking).6

                                            A.

       In order to state a claim for breach of contract under Minnesota law, a plaintiff

must show (1) formation of a contract, (2) performance by plaintiff of any conditions

precedent to his right to demand performance by the defendant, and (3) breach of the

contract by defendant. Park Nicollet Clinic v. Hamann, 808 N.W.2d 828, 833 (Minn.

2011). One of the essential features of contract formation is consideration, which is

“something of value given in return for a performance or a bargained for promise of

performance.” 20 Brent A. Olson, Minnesota Practice—Business Law Deskbook § 7:7

(2013-2014 ed.). “Consideration . . . insures that the promise enforced as a contract is not

accidental, casual, or gratuitous, but has been uttered intentionally as the result of some

deliberation, manifested by reciprocal bargaining or negotiation.” Baehr v. Penn-O-Tex

6
       See also O’Byrne v. Santa Monica-UCLA Med. Ctr., 114 Cal. Rptr. 2d 575, 583
(Cal. Ct. App. 2001) (“[State regulations] required the Medical Center to appoint a
medical staff, they required the medical staff to adopt bylaws, and they required the
medical staff to abide by those bylaws. Clearly, there was no consideration given for the
Bylaws—neither the Medical Center nor plaintiff conferred on the other any more than
what was required by law.”); Tredrea v. Anesthesia & Analgesia, P.C., 584 N.W.2d 276,
285-87 (Iowa 1998) (holding medical staff bylaws did not constitute a contract and
noting that hospitals in some cases are required by statute to promulgate bylaws so
consideration may be lacking); Egan v. St. Anthony’s Med. Ctr., 244 S.W.3d 169, 174
(Mo. 2008) (“[A] hospital’s duty to adopt and conform its actions to medical staff bylaws
as required by [a] regulation is a preexisting duty, and a preexisting duty cannot furnish
consideration for a contract.”); 41 C.J.S. Hospitals § 27 (2006) (“[T]here is authority that
absent express language to the contrary, a hospital’s medical staff bylaws do not
constitute a contract between the hospital and its staff physicians, since the essential
element of valuable consideration is absent.”).

                                            D-5
Oil Corp., 258 Minn. 533, 539, 104 N.W.2d 661, 665 (1960). A promise to do what one

is legally obligated to do cannot constitute consideration. Tonka Tours, Inc. v. Chadima,

372 N.W.2d 723, 728 (Minn. 1985).

       Under Minnesota law, as the majority acknowledges, the governing body of a

hospital must appoint a medical staff. Minn. R. 4640.0700, subp. 2 (2013). The medical

staff must formulate “bylaws, rules, regulations, and policies for the proper conduct of its

work.” Minn. R. 4640.0800, subp. 2 (2013). But the medical staff does not have

unilateral authority to adopt its own bylaws; instead, the medical staff bylaws are subject

to “the approval of the [hospital’s] governing body.” Id. What these rules tell us is this:

the Medical Staff was bound by law to formulate bylaws and Avera Marshall had a legal

obligation to not only have a medical staff, but to also adopt bylaws “for the proper

conduct of [the medical staff’s] work.” Id. Consequently, the Medical Staff’s and Avera

Marshall’s fulfillment of their legal obligations in formulating and adopting medical staff

bylaws was simply the fulfillment of a preexisting legal duty, and thus neither party

conferred on the other any more than what the law already required.7 Accordingly, the

7
       The majority contends that the medical staff bylaws are supported by
consideration because the content of those bylaws exceeds the minimum requirements for
adopting bylaws as set out in the administrative rules. While this may be true, I
nevertheless conclude that consideration is lacking here because the rules themselves
place broad discretion in the hands of the medical staff to formulate bylaws and the
hospital to ultimately approve the content of the bylaws. Cf. O’Byrne, 114 Cal. Rptr. 2d
at 584 (“Plaintiff does not explain precisely how the Bylaws are more expansive and
comprehensive than those provided for by law, in light of the broad discretion given the
medical staff to adopt appropriate bylaws.”). The majority acknowledges that “members
of the Medical Staff had no ability to change or otherwise alter the bylaws.” There is no
evidence to support the conclusion that the medical staff bylaws are supported by
                                                       (Footnote continued on next page.)

                                            D-6
simple fact that medical staff bylaws exist is not enough to give the Medical Staff, or

individual medical staff members, contractual rights under the bylaws.

                                           B.

      Even if consideration somehow existed, the contract nonetheless is invalid because

there was no mutual assent. In order to form a contract, there must be mutual assent

among the parties to the contract to the contract’s essential terms. SCI Minn. Funeral

Servs., Inc. v. Washburn-McReavy Funeral Corp., 795 N.W.2d 855, 864 (Minn. 2011);

see Minneapolis Cablesystems v. City of Minneapolis, 299 N.W.2d 121, 122 (Minn.

1980). The medical staff has conceded that Avera Marshall has the “ultimate authority to

make final decisions” while the medical staff provided mere “input.” Indeed, the medical

staff bylaws do not express an intent by Avera Marshall to be bound by the terms of the

bylaws. See Hamilton v. Boyce, 234 Minn. 290, 292, 48 N.W.2d 172, 174 (1951) (“No

contract is formed by the signing of an instrument when the offeree is aware that the

offerer does not intend to be bound by the wording in the instrument.”); Wells Constr. Co

v. Goder Incinerator Co., 173 Minn. 200, 205, 217 N.W. 112, 114 (1927) (concluding

that no contract was created when one party did not intend to be bound). The expressed

(Footnote continued from previous page.)
consideration regarding each individual medical staff member. See Gianetti v. Norwalk
Hosp., 557 A.2d 1249, 1254 (Conn. 1989) (concluding medical staff bylaws were not
supported by consideration because the hospital had a preexisting duty to adopt bylaws
and “the plaintiff ma[de] no claim that he had any input into the bylaws”). The majority
also insists that consideration exists because “each member of the Medical Staff agreed to
be bound . . . and Avera Marshall agreed to let each member of the Medical Staff practice
at its hospital.” This does not change the fact, however, that both sides were already
under a preexisting legal duty to perform these functions, and thus, there was no
consideration.

                                           D-7
purpose of the medical staff is, among other things, to provide that all patients receive

appropriate medical care and to provide a means whereby the medical staff and Avera

Marshall’s board of directors may discuss issues that arise, “with the understanding that

the Medical Staff is subject to the ultimate authority of the Board of Directors.” Medical

Staff Bylaws § 2.1(e) (emphasis added). Directly after the enumerated purposes of the

medical staff, the medical staff bylaws describe the authority of the medical staff:

“Subject to the authority and approval of the Board of Directors, the Medical Staff shall

have and exercise such power as is reasonably necessary to discharge its responsibilities

under these bylaws.” Medical Staff Bylaws § 2.2 (emphasis added). Thus, the language

of the bylaws indicates that Avera Marshall intended to retain final authority over the

hospital and medical staff, and consequently, did not agree to be bound by the terms of

those bylaws.

       In considering whether medical staff bylaws constituted a contract, the Sixth

Circuit (in an unpublished opinion) and other jurisdictions have relied on similar

language to conclude that a hospital did not intend to be bound by the terms of medical

staff bylaws. Talwar v. Catholic Healthcare Partners, 258 F. App’x 800, 805 (6th Cir.

2007) (“The self-declared purpose of the Bylaws and Credentials Manual is to protect the

best interests of patients, regulate activities of the medical staff, and insure the provision

of quality medical care for the hospital’s patients, not to declare or create contractual

rights of individual members of the medical staff.”); see also Munoz v. Flower Hosp., 507
N.E.2d 360, 365 (Ohio Ct. App. 1985) (concluding no contract existed when the medical

staff bylaws stated in its preamble “that the bylaws are ‘subject to the ultimate authority

                                             D-8
of the applicable governing bodies’ ” and consequently “[t]he obvious interpretation of

the bylaws’ preamble [wa]s that the . . . hospital [wa]s not to be bound by the staff

bylaws”); 41 C.J.S. Hospitals § 27 (2006) (“A hospital’s medical staff bylaws may

constitute a contract . . . particularly where the hospital and its staff indicate an intent to

be bound by their terms, but not otherwise.” (emphasis added)). Therefore, because the

medical staff is subject to the ultimate authority of Avera’s Marshall’s board of directors

under the terms of the medical staff bylaws, I would conclude that Avera Marshall did

not intend to be bound contractually by the bylaws.

                                              C.

       There is another problem with the appellants’ argument that the medical staff

bylaws constitute a contract—namely, who are the parties to the contract?               Is the

purported contract between the Medical Staff as a whole and Avera Marshall? 8 Or is the

purported contract between each individual Medical Staff member and Avera Marshall?

Based on the briefing and oral argument, it is not clear who the contractual parties are in

this dispute. The problem with the absence of clearly identified parties is that we simply

do not know, and cannot know, whether an additional necessary component of contract

8
       Another unresolved issue is whether the Medical Staff even has capacity to
contract. Indeed, it is arguable that the Medical Staff is simply a constituent part of
Avera Marshall aimed at advancing the hospital’s policy of providing quality patient
care, not a separate legal entity capable of entering into a contract. See 1 Rieger et al.,
supra, § 2:16 (“If the healthcare entity bylaws and the medical staff bylaws state that the
medical staff is a constituent part of the facility and not a separate entity capable of
constituting a separate party to a contract, the medical staff bylaws should be viewed as a
policy of the healthcare entity which governs the medical staff, and should not operate as
a contract.”).

                                             D-9
formation is present here: an objective manifestation of mutual assent. See 1 Richard A.

Lord, Williston on Contracts § 3:2 (4th ed. 2008). When it is unclear who the parties to

the contract are, how can there have been an objective assent to the purported contract’s

essential terms?

       This is not to say that medical staff bylaws can never constitute a contract between

a medical staff and a hospital. A medical staff could bargain with a hospital’s governing

body to secure language in the medical staff bylaws expressly declaring the medical

staff’s rights under the bylaws. If the medical staff bylaws are written to give the medical

staff and its members the rights to sue and recover for breach of the medical staff bylaws,

such an agreement arguably would be enforceable against the hospital. See Mason v.

Cent. Suffolk Hosp., 819 N.E.2d 1029, 1032 (N.Y. 2004) (stating that the court would

enforce medical staff bylaws as a contract if clearly written, but concluding that the

bylaws in the case before it formed no such contract); Holt v. Good Samaritan Hosp. &

Health Ctr., 590 N.E.2d 1318, 1322 (Ohio Ct. App. 1990) (“[Medical] staff bylaws

constitute a binding contract ‘only where there can be found in the bylaws an intent by

both parties to be bound.’ ” (quoting Munoz, 507 N.E.2d at 360)). But here, there is no

language in the medical staff bylaws stating that the provisions of the bylaws are

enforceable against the hospital, and so I would conclude that the bylaws do not

                                           D-10
constitute an enforceable contract.9     Because there is no contract, I would affirm

summary judgment in favor of the respondents on count two of the complaint.

                                            III.

       Having determined that the medical staff bylaws do not constitute a contract

between the medical staff or its members and Avera Marshall, I turn to the final issue in

this appeal: whether Avera Marshall’s board of directors was authorized to unilaterally

amend the medical staff bylaws. The appellants, representing the interests of the medical

staff, argue that Avera Marshall breached the medical staff bylaws by unilaterally

changing the bylaws over the objection of the majority of medical staff members.

Essentially, they argue that the medical staff bylaws outline a specific process for

amending the bylaws, which includes obtaining an affirmative vote of two-thirds of the

medical staff members eligible to vote, and that Avera Marshall breached this process by

amending the medical staff bylaws without obtaining two-thirds approval. See Medical

Staff Bylaws § 17.2. I disagree. In my view, under the terms of Avera Marshall’s

corporate bylaws and the medical staff bylaws, the board of directors was authorized to

unilaterally amend the medical staff bylaws.

9
       The majority contends that concluding the medical staff bylaws constitute a
contract is analogous to our decision in Pine River State Bank v. Mettille, 333 N.W.2d
622 (Minn. 1983), in which we held that employee-handbook provisions may constitute a
contract. I disagree; Pine River is distinguishable for several reasons. First, the employer
in Pine River did not have a preexisting legal obligation to adopt an employee handbook.
Second, Avera Marshall declared an intent not be bound by the bylaws; the employer in
Pine River made no such declaration about the employee-handbook provisions. Third,
the employee-handbook provisions in Pine River simply modified the terms of an express
employment contract, whereas here the medical staff seeks to establish that the bylaws
are the entire contract.

                                           D-11
                                             A.

       I first turn to Avera Marshall’s corporate bylaws for guidance as to the process

required for amending the medical staff bylaws.             Avera Marshall’s articles of

incorporation vest management and control of the hospital in its board of directors.

Articles of Incorporation, Art. V. Any powers supposedly granted to the medical staff

under the medical staff bylaws “must originate from, and be authorized by, the Board

pursuant to the Corporate Bylaws.” Mahan v. Avera St. Luke’s, 621 N.W.2d 150, 155

(S.D. 2001) (concluding that medical staff bylaws constitute a contract, but the source of

the contractual rights flow from the hospital’s bylaws); see also Radiation Therapy

Oncology, P.C. v. Providence Hosp., 906 So. 2d 904, 910-11 (Ala. 2005) (concluding

hospital did not breach medical staff bylaws by transferring its radiation oncology

practice to another corporation and stating, under the terms of the corporate bylaws, “the

medical staff does not have the power or right to overrule a valid business decision made

by the board”); Bartley v. E. Maine Med. Ctr., 617 A.2d 1020, 1022 (Me. 1992) (reading

a physician’s rights under medical staff bylaws through the lens of the hospital’s

corporate bylaws, and concluding “[i]t is clear from these bylaw provisions that the board

of trustees . . . has the authority to manage all the affairs of the hospital”). Although not

binding on this court, Mahan is helpful in articulating the relationship between medical

staff bylaws and a hospital’s corporate bylaws:

       Their legal relationship is similar to that between statutes and a
       constitution. They are not separate and equal sovereigns. The former
       derives its power and authority from the latter. Hence, to determine
       whether the staff was granted the power that it now claims to possess, any
       judicial analysis must begin with an examination of the Corporate Bylaws.

                                           D-12
621 N.W.2d at 155. Put simply, the corporate bylaws are a superior source of authority

as compared to the medical staff bylaws when determining what process is required for

amending the medical staff bylaws.

       To determine what rights the medical staff and its individual members have,

therefore, it is necessary to analyze Avera Marshall’s corporate bylaws. The corporate

bylaws provide that “[t]he Board of Directors shall organize the physicians and

appropriate other persons granted practice privileges in the hospital owned and operated

by the Corporation into a medical-dental staff under medical-dental staff bylaws.” Avera

Marshall Corporate Bylaws § 15.1(a). Under this provision, Avera Marshall’s board of

directors was required not only to organize a medical staff, but also to adopt medical staff

bylaws that would govern the medical staff. The corporate bylaws further provide that:

       There shall be bylaws, rules and regulations, or amendments thereto, for the
       medical-dental staff that set forth its organization and government.
       Proposed bylaws, rules and regulations, or amendments thereto, may be
       recommended by the medical-dental staff or the Board of Directors.

Avera Marshall Corporate Bylaws § 15.3 (emphasis added).10             Importantly, Avera

Marshall’s corporate bylaws grant to the medical staff the right to recommend medical

10
       In ascertaining the scope of the board of directors’ authority to amend the medical
staff bylaws, the appellants incorrectly rely, for the most part, on the medical staff
bylaws. The proper focus, however, is on the language of the corporate bylaws. The
appellants’ only argument regarding the corporate bylaws is that it is inconsistent for the
board to have the express right to “recommend” bylaws changes, and, simultaneously, the
implied right to impose changes. But the appellants ignore the portion of the corporate
bylaws that vests authority in the board to “exercise oversight of the business affairs of
[Avera Marshall]” and to “exercise all of the powers which may be exercised or
performed by [Avera Marshall].” Avera Marshall Corporate Bylaws § 4.1. Those
                                                        (Footnote continued on next page.)

                                           D-13
staff bylaws. The corporate bylaws say nothing, however, about requiring a two-thirds

vote from voting members of the medical staff in order to amend the bylaws.

       A final provision of Avera Marshall’s corporate bylaws is relevant, and provides

in pertinent part:

       The Board of Directors shall exercise oversight of the business affairs of
       [Avera Marshall] and shall have and exercise all of the powers which may
       be exercised or performed by [Avera Marshall] under the laws of the State
       of Minnesota, the Corporation’s Articles of Incorporation, and these
       Bylaws . . . .

Avera Marshall Corporate Bylaws § 4.1. In interpreting a similar hospital bylaw, the

South Dakota Supreme Court declared: “Therefore, the medical staff has no authority

over any corporate decisions unless specifically granted that power in the Corporate

Bylaws or under the laws of the State of South Dakota.” Mahan, 621 N.W.2d at 155.

Here, Avera Marshall’s corporate bylaws do not grant to the medical staff the authority to

preclude Avera Marshall’s board of directors from amending the medical staff bylaws

unless two-thirds of the medical staff agree to the amendments. To the contrary, the

corporate bylaws only grant to the medical staff the limited power to propose

amendments. Under the terms of its corporate bylaws, therefore, Avera Marshall retained

the authority to unilaterally amend the medical staff bylaws.

(Footnote continued from previous page.)
powers include, absent express language in the corporate bylaws saying otherwise,
amending the medical staff bylaws.

                                           D-14
                                            B.

       Contrary to the appellants’ argument, the authority to unilaterally amend the

medical staff bylaws, as stated in the corporate bylaws, was also expressly retained by

Avera Marshall in the medical staff bylaws. It is true that one provision of the medical

staff bylaws provides that a change in those bylaws “shall require an affirmative vote of

two-thirds of the Members eligible to vote.” Medical Staff Bylaws § 17.2. But when this

provision is read in conjunction with the rest of the medical staff bylaws, the board of

directors’ ultimate authority to manage the medical staff and hospital is clear. See Halla

Nursery, Inc. v. City of Chanhassen, 781 N.W.2d 880, 884 (Minn. 2010) (“[T]he terms of

a contract are not read in isolation.”). The enumerated purposes of the medical staff, as

stated in the medical staff bylaws, include the following:

       To provide a means whereby issues concerning the Medical Staff and the
       Medical Center may be directly discussed by the Medical Staff with the
       Board of Directors and the Administration, with the understanding that the
       Medical Staff is subject to the ultimate authority of the Board of Directors.

Medical Staff Bylaws § 2.1(e) (emphasis added). This provision indicates a clear intent

by Avera Marshall to retain control over the medical staff, and by association the medical

staff bylaws, by stating that the medical staff is “subject to the ultimate authority” of

Avera Marshall’s board of directors.

       Avera Marshall also expressly retained control over the medical staff in the

portion of the medical staff bylaws controlling the process for amending or repealing the

medical staff bylaws. After the process for amending or repealing the medical staff

bylaws is delineated in those bylaws, there is a savings clause that states: “Nothing

                                           D-15
contained herein shall supersede the general authority of the Medical Center Board of

Directors as set forth in its corporate bylaws or applicable common law or statutes.”

Medical Staff Bylaws § 17.1-3. As discussed previously, Avera Marshall’s board of

directors was granted broad power under the corporate bylaws. See Avera Marshall

Corporate Bylaws § 4.1 (“The Board of Directors shall exercise oversight of the business

affairs of [Avera Marshall] and shall have and exercise all of the powers which may be

exercised or performed by [Avera Marshall].”). Given the grant of broad power to the

board of directors, and the expressed intent of Avera Marshall to retain that power under

the terms of the medical staff bylaws, it is not reasonable to interpret the medical staff

bylaws as precluding the board from unilaterally amending those bylaws.11

11
        Importantly, Minnesota law also supports Avera Marshall’s position that it can
unilaterally amend the medical staff bylaws. Under Minnesota Rule 4640.0700, subpart
2, “[t]he governing body or the person or persons designated as the governing authority
[of a hospital] shall be responsible for its management, control, and operation.” And
because Avera Marshall is a nonprofit corporation, it is subject to Minn. Stat. § 317A.201
(2012), which provides that a nonprofit corporation “must be managed by or under the
direction of a board of directors.” While these provisions do not conclusively state one
way or the other whether a hospital such as Avera Marshall has unilateral authority to
amend medical staff bylaws, they do show that the party with the ultimate responsibility
to manage and govern a hospital is the hospital’s board of directors. Interpreting the
medical staff bylaws in a way that requires Avera Marshall’s board of directors to obtain
two-thirds approval of the medical staff before amending the medical staff bylaws would
severely limit the board’s authority to manage and govern the hospital and the medical
staff. See Weary v. Baylor Univ. Hosp., 360 S.W.2d 895, 897 (Tex. Ct. App. 1962)
(“[I]nternal procedures set forth in the Medical Staff By-Laws, even though such By-
Laws be approved and adopted by the Governing Board, cannot limit the power of the
Governing Board of the Hospital.”).

                                          D-16
                                           C.

      Finally, the appellants argue that the standards promulgated by the Joint

Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (Joint Commission) preclude a hospital from

unilaterally amending medical staff bylaws, providing evidence that Avera Marshall

could not unilaterally amend the medical staff bylaws.       The appellants are wrong.

Hospitals licensed in Minnesota may choose either to be inspected by the Commissioner

of Health or alternatively be accredited by “an approved accrediting organization.”

Minn. Stat. § 144.55, subd. 4 (2012). One such approved accrediting organization is the

Joint Commission, which has historically “played a defining role in developing,

implementing and enforcing minimum standards of conduct by which hospitals and their

stakeholders function.” Brian M. Peters & Robin Locke Nagele, Promoting Quality Care

& Patient Safety: The Case for Abandoning the Joint Commission’s “Self-Governing”

Medical Staff Paradigm, 14 Mich. St. U. J. Med. & L. 313, 319 (2010).             Under

Minnesota law, it is recommended, but not required, that a hospital adopt the Joint

Commission standards. Minn. R. 4640.0700, subp. 1 (2013). Across the nation, 88

percent of hospitals are accredited by the Joint Commission. Peters, supra, at 321. Prior

to 2012, Avera Marshall was accredited by the Joint Commission.

      One of the Joint Commission’s standards provides that “[n]either the organized

medical staff nor the governing body may unilaterally amend the medical staff bylaws or

rules and regulations.” JCAH Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals, 2010,

Standard MS.01.01.03. If this provision applied to Avera Marshall, it is arguable that

Avera Marshall violated the provision when it amended the medical staff bylaws without

                                         D-17
obtaining the approval of the medical staff.12 Notably, however, the bylaws in effect at

the time Avera Marshall amended the medical staff bylaws did not contain Standard

MS.01.01.03, or language similar to that standard. More importantly, even if Avera

Marshall was subject to the standard by reason of its decision to be accredited by the

Joint Commission, it withdrew from Joint Commission accreditation on January 19,

2012, effective as of January 30, 2012. The amended medical staff bylaws did not take

effect until May 1, 2012. Consequently, Standard MS.01.01.03—and its prohibition on

unilaterally amending medical staff bylaws—did not apply to Avera Marshall.

                                            IV.

       I am concerned that today’s majority opinion will encourage conflict between

medical staffs and a hospital’s board of directors.13 Ultimately, in my view, a hospital’s

12
       It is also arguable that Avera Marshall did comply with Standard MS.01.01.03 by
seeking written feedback from medical staff members regarding the amendments
proposed to the medical staff bylaws and making changes to the bylaws based on these
written comments. In the end, however, it does not matter whether or not Avera Marshall
complied with Standard MS.01.01.03 because it was not bound by the standard.
13
        In its brief and at oral argument, counsel for Avera Marshall frequently referenced
the fact that Avera Marshall is a nonprofit corporation and the members of the medical
staff that are pursuing this lawsuit are employed by ACMC, a for-profit competitor of
Avera Marshall. The relevance of this repeated assertion to the legal issues before us is
not entirely clear, but to the extent the implication here is higher moral purpose, or better
governance, for nonprofit organizations as compared to for-profit businesses, that claim
is not only unproven, it is highly suspect. See Nicole Gilkeson, For-Profit Scandal in the
Nonprofit World: Should States Force Sarbanes-Oxley Provisions Onto Nonprofit
Corporations?, 95 Geo. L.J. 831, 832 (2007) (“In recent years, the nonprofit sector has
been rocked by fraud and scandal.”); Evelyn Brody, Agents Without Principals: The
Economic Convergence of the Nonprofit and For-Profit Organizational Forms, 40
N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 457, 460 (1996) (“Various economic forces—like resource
                                                         (Footnote continued on next page.)

                                           D-18
board of directors must be allowed to amend medical staff bylaws when it has expressly

reserved ultimate authority over the medical staff and determines that doing so is in the

best interest of the hospital and patient care.14 This does not mean, of course, that a

hospital board of directors will make the correct decision or that members of the medical

staff should not provide advice, guidance, and, where necessary, criticism of board

decisions. But, in the end, the board must have the power to take steps to resolve

problems and end conflict by amending the medical staff bylaws, without fear of

prolonged litigation. Cf. Mason, 819 N.E.2d at 1032 (“A decision by those in charge of a

hospital to terminate the privileges of, or deny privileges to, a doctor who may be their

colleague will often be difficult. It should not be made more difficult by the fear of

subjecting the hospital to monetary liability.”).15

(Footnote continued from previous page.)
dependency, institutional isomorphism, and organization slack—mold nonprofits and for-
profits into similar configurations with similar problems.”).
14
       It is particularly important for a hospital to have authority to amend medical staff
bylaws in light of our decision in Larson v. Wasemiller, 738 N.W.2d 300, 313 (Minn.
2007), recognizing that a hospital can be liable for a claim of negligent physician
credentialing. Here, Avera Marshall’s board of directors amended the medical staff
bylaws to vest final credentialing authority with the board, because, according to the
President and CEO of Avera Marshall, the MEC was not fulfilling its duties with respect
to medical staff credentialing. “It [is] completely illogical to first impose a duty of
reasonable care upon a hospital, and then later strip the hospital of the ability and power
to implement the policies and programs required to fulfill that duty.” Mahan, 621
N.W.2d at 161.
15
        See also Tredrea v. Anesthesia & Analgesia, P.C., 584 N.W.2d 276, 287 (Iowa
1998) (noting that “[i]f the view of these plaintiffs prevailed, the hospital could not scale
down or close a department, regardless of the advisability of doing so, without incurring
liability”); Zipper v. Health Midwest, 978 S.W.2d 398, 417 (Mo. Ct. App. 1998) (“The
                                                         (Footnote continued on next page.)

                                            D-19
       For the foregoing reasons, I would affirm the decision of the court of appeals, and

so I respectfully dissent.

GILDEA, Chief Justice (dissenting).

       I join in the dissent of Justice Anderson.

(Footnote continued from previous page.)
holding that hospital bylaws do not constitute a contract between the hospital and its
medical staff is in accord with strong public policy principles . . . . Allowing a physician
to seek damages for an alleged failure of a hospital to follow the procedures established
by its bylaws is counter to this policy.”).

                                            D-20