Court Opinion

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Date Created: 2015-10-16 14:33:22.604759+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:06:21.490816
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COURT OF APPEALS
                          SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                FORT WORTH

                              NO. 02-10-00350-CV

DONALD L. WASHINGTON, JR.,                                           APPELLANT
M.D.

                                        V.

BULMARO ALVAREZ,                                                     APPELLEES
INDIVIDUALLY AND AS
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE
ESTATE OF SANDRA ALVAREZ,
DECEASED AND AS NEXT FRIEND
OF SARAY ALVAREZ AND MARIA
ALVAREZ, MINORS, AND SANDY
ALVAREZ, INDIVIDUALLY

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          FROM THE 96TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

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                         MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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      Donald L. Washington, Jr., M.D., a pulmonologist, appeals from the trial

court‟s interlocutory order refusing to dismiss the health care liability claims of

      1
       See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
appellees Bulmaro Alvarez, individually and as representative of the Estate of

Sandra Alvarez, deceased, and as next friend of Saray Alvarez and Maria

Alvarez, minors, and Sandy Alvarez, individually. We affirm.

                             Procedural Background

      Appellant participated in the postoperative care of Sandra Alvarez after

she had a hysterectomy.       Alvarez died after developing complications from

bleeding. Appellees filed an expert report with their original petition asserting

health care liability claims against all of the doctors involved in Alvarez‟s care;

appellees filed an amended report four months later in response to appellant‟s

objections. After appellant filed a motion to dismiss, the trial court found that the

reports were a good faith effort but were nevertheless deficient for addressing the

doctors‟ breaches as a group. The trial court extended the deadline for serving a

sufficient report for thirty days. Appellees filed a second amended expert report;

the trial court overruled appellant‟s objections to that report and denied

appellant‟s second motion to dismiss.

                               Standard of Review

      A trial court=s decision on a motion to dismiss under section 74.351 is

subject to an abuse of discretion standard. See, e.g., Am. Transitional Care Ctrs.

of Tex., Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 875 (Tex. 2001). To determine whether

a trial court abused its discretion, we must decide whether the trial court acted

without reference to any guiding rules or principles; in other words, we must

decide whether the act was arbitrary or unreasonable. Downer v. Aquamarine

                                     2
Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241B42 (Tex. 1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S.
1159 (1986).       Merely because a trial court may decide a matter within its

discretion in a different manner than an appellate court would in a similar

circumstance does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred. Id.

at 242. A trial court does not abuse its discretion if it commits a mere error in

judgment. See E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549,

558 (Tex. 1995).

                           Expert Report Requirements

      In a health care liability claim, a claimant must serve on each defendant an

expert report that addresses standard of care, liability, and causation no later

than the 120th day after the claim is filed. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.

' 74.351(a), (j) (West 2011); Barber v. Mercer, 303 S.W.3d 786, 790 (Tex.

App.CFort Worth 2009, no pet.). If an expert report has not been served on a

defendant within the 120-day period, then on the motion of the affected

defendant, the trial court must dismiss the claim with prejudice and award the

defendant reasonable attorney=s fees and costs. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

Ann. ' 74.351(b); Barber, 303 S.W.3d at 790. A report Ahas not been served@

under the statute when it has been physically served but it is found deficient by

the trial court.    Lewis v. Funderburk, 253 S.W.3d 204, 207B08 (Tex. 2008);

Barber, 303 S.W.3d at 790B91. When no report has been served because the

report that was served was found to be deficient, the trial court has discretion to

grant one thirty-day extension to allow the claimant the opportunity to cure the

                                    3
deficiency. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. ' 74.351(c); Barber, 303 S.W.3d

at 791.

      A report is deficient (therefore subjecting a claim to dismissal) when it

Adoes not represent an objective good faith effort to comply with the definition of

an expert report@ in the statute. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. ' 74.351(l);

Barber, 303 S.W.3d at 791. While the expert report Aneed not marshal all the

plaintiff=s proof,@ Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 878, it must provide a fair summary of

the expert=s opinions as to the Aapplicable standards of care, the manner in which

the care rendered by the physician or health care provider failed to meet the

standards, and the causal relationship between that failure and the injury, harm,

or damages claimed.@ Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. ' 74.351(r)(6); Barber,
303 S.W.3d at 791.

      To qualify as a good faith effort, the report must Adiscuss the standard of

care, breach, and causation with sufficient specificity to inform the defendant of

the conduct the plaintiff has called into question and to provide a basis for the

trial court to conclude that the claims have merit.@ Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 875;

Barber, 303 S.W.3d at 791. A report does not fulfill this requirement if it merely

states the expert=s conclusions or if it omits any of the statutory requirements.

Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879; Barber, 303 S.W.3d at 791. The information in the

report Adoes not have to meet the same requirements as the evidence offered in

a summary-judgment proceeding or at trial.@ Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879; Barber,
303 S.W.3d at 791.       When reviewing the adequacy of a report, the only

                                    4
information relevant to the inquiry is the information contained within the four

corners of the document alone. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 878; Barber, 303 S.W.3d

at 791; see Bowie Mem‟l Hosp. v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002). This

requirement precludes a court from filling gaps in a report by drawing inferences

or guessing as to what the expert likely meant or intended. Barber, 303 S.W.3d

at 791; see Austin Heart, P.A. v. Webb, 228 S.W.3d 276, 279 (Tex. App.––Austin

2007, no pet.) (citing Bowie Mem=l Hosp., 79 S.W.3d at 53).

      “[I]t is not enough that the expert report „provided insight‟ about the

plaintiff‟s claims. Rather, to constitute a good-faith effort to establish the causal-

relationship element, the expert report must fulfill Palacios‟s two-part test.”

Bowie Mem’l Hosp., 79 S.W.3d at 52 (citation omitted); Farishta v. Tenet Health

Sys. Hosps., Inc., 224 S.W.3d 448, 453 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth 2007, no pet.).

The expert “must explain the bases of the statements [made regarding causation]

and link his or her conclusions to the facts.” Farishta, 224 S.W.3d at 453–54

(quoting Longino v. Crosswhite, 183 S.W.3d 913, 917–18 (Tex. App.––

Texarkana 2006, no pet.)). The report must provide enough information within

the document to both inform the defendant of the specific conduct at issue and to

allow the trial court to conclude that the suit has merit. Bowie Mem’l Hosp., 79

S.W.3d. at 52.

                                      Analysis

      In two issues, appellant claims that the trial court abused its discretion by

failing to dismiss appellees‟ claims against him with prejudice because the

                                      5
amended expert report failed to adequately or sufficiently address the issue of

proximate cause with respect to appellant.

      The pertinent parts of the expert report show that Alvarez was admitted to

the hospital for a vaginal hysterectomy because of “dysfunctional uterine

bleeding.” Another doctor performed the surgery. In the recovery room, Alvarez

had a drop in blood pressure, an increase in pulse, and no urine output. Another

pulmonologist and an internal medicine specialist evaluated Alvarez in the

recovery room and gave her Hespan and IV fluids, but she did not improve. The

pulmonologist diagnosed Alvarez with hemorrhagic shock and recommended

aggressive IV fluids, a transfusion, and pressor agents. He also “suggested” that

Alvarez would need surgical or radiological intervention, but he did not order or

do anything to cause such intervention to occur. The report opines that appellant

as well as the other doctors failed to meet the standard of care, which was to

recognize the emergency and see that “appropriate intervention” was carried out.

When Alvarez was taken back to the operating room, she died in surgery.

      Regarding Alvarez‟s specific diagnosis, the report opines,

            The suspicion of post operative hemorrhage is made when
      there is an acute drop in hemoglobin out of proportion to
      intraoperative blood loss, decreased or absent urine output,
      increased pulse, and decreased blood pressure. The diagnosis is
      made when the patient does not respond to a fluid bolus. When the
      diagnosis is made the only avenue of treatment available is surgical
      exploration to control the hemorrhage. Continued blood loss and
      hypotension compromises cardiac output, resulting in hemorrhagic
      shock, a much more difficult clinical situation to treat and reverse.
      Failure to treat this condition early in its clinical course with surgery
      to stop the hemorrhage, increases the risk of a fatal outcome, as

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seen in this case. . . . [M]aintaining blood pressure with the pressor
agents exacerbates the hemorrhage much as squeezing a bag of
blood with a hole increases the speed of the discharge through the
hole, hastening, not slowing the blood loss. Pressor agents are
absolutely contraindicated when there is a diagnosis of post-
operative hemorrhage. The only way to increase the pressure and
salvage the patient is to stop the leak. No other solution will work.
Physicians and nurses taking care of post operative patients . . . in
the ICU know this fact and the extreme risks involved to the patient if
it is not done. It is inappropriate and below the standard of care for
physicians and nurses taking care of a patient in this situation to
continue to administer fluids, transfuse blood, and administer
pressors without having surgical intervention underway.

        The standard of care required both recognizing the emergency
and seeing that appropriate surgical intervention is carried out. The
delay in recognizing the emergent nature of . . . Alvarez‟s condition
and in insisting that Dr. Allen or some other surgeon effect a surgical
repair was below the standard of care. Further, this delay was a
proximate cause of . . . Alvarez‟s death. Proper standards of care
further prohibit the use of pressors as this exacerbates the problem.
. . . [Appellant] failed to . . . insist that such surgery take place either
by Dr. Allen or by some other surgeon. . . . [Appellant] continued to
order pressors.

       . . . The delay in timely returning . . . Alvarez to surgery to
repair the obvious bleed caused her death.

[Emphasis added.]

In another section of the report, Dr. Tyuluman opines,

      The standard of care for [appellant], an internist and
pulmonologist caring for a post-operative patient like . . . Alvarez in
the CCU, is to recognize the emergent and critical post-operative
bleed and to insist that Dr. Allen or some other surgeon take her
back to surgery in a timely fashion and repair it. [Appellant] was also
aware of . . . Alvarez‟s emergently critical condition. He too took no
steps to make sure that Dr. Allen or some other surgeon take . . .
Alvarez emergently back to surgery to correct the obvious post-
surgical bleed. [Appellant] was paged at 1945. At 2010, he ordered
continuation of Dopamine and Neosynephrine and added Levophed.
He was again paged at 2015. He was at the bedside at 2019. He

                                7
      ordered bicarbonate for her acidosis. By 2030, [appellant] noted that
      . . . Alvarez would require “re-exploration”, but took no steps to make
      sure that that happened within the next hour and a half. This course
      of conduct was negligence, contributed to the delay and was a
      proximate cause of . . . Alvarez’s death.

[Emphasis added.]

      Finally, Dr. Tyuluman concludes by stating,

             The failure of all defendants to provide surgery to control the
      hemorrhage, continuing to administer pressor agents when
      contraindicated, failure to properly monitor intraoperative blood loss,
      and failure to recognize the compromised status of the patient during
      this process are proximate cause[s] of the death of Alvarez.

      Appellant contends that the expert report fails to explain why his delay in

meeting the articulated standard of care––ensuring that Alvarez be taken

immediately to surgery––proximately caused Alvarez‟s death when several other

doctors had already been treating her for several hours before that. In his brief,

appellant argues that the report “improperly leaves the trial court to infer or guess

that . . . Alvarez‟s outcome would have been different at the time [he] initially saw

her, and something occurred of medical significance between the time [appellant]

first saw . . . Alvarez at 20:19, and 20:42, when Dr. Allen [her surgeon] made the

decision to take her to surgery and repair the bleed.”

      The report states that Alvarez was taken to the PACU2 at 1302 and was

hypotensive3 at that time. The expert opined that at 1503, Alvarez‟s bleed was

      2
       Post-anesthesia care unit.
      3
       Low blood pressure.

                                     8
obvious and she needed to be immediately returned to surgery. Dr. Allen decided

to take Alvarez back to surgery at 2042, but he did not actually take her back

until 2200. Although appellant characterizes his treatment of Alvarez as being for

only “a few minutes” within the approximately nine hours Alvarez was treated

postoperatively, the timeline in the expert report shows that he was involved in

her treatment for over two hours before she was actually taken to surgery.

      Moreover, Dr. Tyuluman‟s report also faults appellant for continuing to

prescribe pressors when they were “absolutely contraindicated,” and he explains

that the use of such pressors exacerbated the bleeding that Alvarez was already

experiencing, actively contributing to the worsening of her condition rather than

passively being involved in the delay. Thus, according to Dr. Tyuluman‟s report,

appellant‟s entire “course of conduct” was a proximate cause of Alvarez‟s death.

Proximate cause need not be sole cause; one doctor‟s actions can be part of a

chain of events that all combine to be a substantial factor in causing a patient‟s

injury or death. See, e.g., Presbyterian Cmty. Hosp. of Denton v. Smith, 314
S.W.3d 508, 519 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth 2010, no pet.); Patel v. Williams ex rel.

Estate of Mitchell, 237 S.W.3d 901, 905–06 (Tex. App.––Houston [1st Dist.]

2007, no pet.) (“While there are many links in this chain of causation, we cannot

conclude that Dr. Zeitlin‟s report is insufficient to fulfill the requirements of section

74.351.”).

      Appellees argue that this case is similar to Menefee v. Ohman, 323
S.W.3d 509 (Tex. App.––Fort Worth 2010, no pet.). In that case, Dr. Ohman was

                                       9
one of several doctors who treated a sixteen-year-old girl who suffered brain

injuries after being given antipsychotic medication. Id. at 515–16. The expert

opined that each doctor in the chain proximately caused the girl‟s injuries by

failing to prescribe anticonvulsant therapy; we held that the expert‟s causation

opinion was sufficient under section 74.351. Id. at 519–20. Appellant contends

Menefee is inapposite because Dr. Ohman had provided care to his patient for

“hours,” but appellant treated Alvarez for only “a few minutes.” But this is a

distinction without a difference. As we have explained, Dr. Tyuluman contends

that appellant‟s continued prescription of pressors, which contributed to the bleed

for almost two hours before Alvarez actually went back to surgery, was a

proximate cause of Alvarez‟s death. Thus, contrary to appellant‟s contentions,

the expert report in this case is much like the sufficient one in Menefee.

      Appellant is arguing, in effect, that for Dr. Tyuluman‟s report to be sufficient

under section 74.351, he should have opined as to the exact moment surgical

intervention would have outweighed the effect of the continued use of pressors.

But such detail is not required at this stage of the litigation. See Kelly v. Rendon,

255 S.W.3d 665, 677 n.6 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.). Dr.

Tyuluman‟s report was sufficient to inform appellant of the specific conduct that

appellees contend was a proximate cause of Alvarez‟s death.            Whether that

evidence is sufficient to actually prove causation is an issue for trial.        See

Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879.

      We overrule appellant‟s two issues.

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                                   Conclusion

      Having overruled appellant‟s two issues, we affirm the trial court‟s order. 4

                                                    TERRIE LIVINGSTON
                                                    CHIEF JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; GARDNER and WALKER, JJ.

DELIVERED: July 7, 2011

      4
      This court‟s November 30, 2010 order staying discovery in the trial court
remains pending until disposition of the motion for rehearing in appeal number
02-10-342-CV.

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