Court Opinion

ID: 4581695
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-29 14:01:12.693649+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:45:18.199737
License: Public Domain

19-4066
Spanski Enterprises, Inc. v. Telewizja Polska S.A.

                                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                      FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                                     SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN
CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE
EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at
the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York,
on the 29th day of October, two thousand twenty.

Present:
                    ROBERT D. SACK,
                    ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
                    WILLIAM J. NARDINI,
                         Circuit Judges.

SPANSKI ENTERPRISES, INC.,

                              Plaintiff-Counter-Defendant-
                              Appellant,
                    v.                                               19-4066

TELEWIZJA POLSKA S.A.,

                              Defendant-Counter-Claimant-
                              Appellee.

For Plaintiff-Counter-Defendant-Appellant:                     JOHN PISKORA, Loeb & Loeb LLP, New
                                                               York, NY.

For Defendant-Counter-Claimant-Appellee:                       JOHN VUKELJ (Stanley McDermott III, John
                                                               O. Wray, on the brief), DLA Piper LLP,
                                                               New York, NY

                                                           1
       Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New

York (Gardephe, J.).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the order of the district court is AFFIRMED.

       Plaintiff-counter-defendant-appellant Spanski Enterprises, Inc. (“SEI”) appeals from a

December 2, 2019 order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New

York (Gardephe, J.) denying its motion for a preliminary injunction. SEI, a Canadian

corporation, entered into an exclusive distribution agreement (the “Agreement”) on December

14, 1994 with defendant-counter-claimant-appellee Telewizja Polska S.A. (“TVP”), Poland’s

national television broadcasting company, to distribute one of TVP’s channels, TV Polonia, in

North and South America. The Agreement had an initial term of 25 years, which expired on

December 13, 2019. A year before the initial term expired, SEI sought to extend the Agreement,

but TVP opposed an extension. SEI filed the instant lawsuit seeking a declaration that it has a

right under the Agreement to unilaterally extend the term of the Agreement for an additional 10-

year period. Before the district court, SEI moved for a preliminary injunction barring TVP from

interfering or competing with SEI’s exclusive distribution of TV Polonia programming in North

and South America. The district court denied SEI’s motion on the grounds that it had failed to

show that its interpretation of the Agreement was either likely to be successful or raised

sufficiently serious questions going to the merits to warrant issuance of a preliminary injunction.

We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of the case,

and the issues on appeal.

       “We review a district court’s decision to grant or deny a preliminary injunction for abuse

of discretion. An abuse of discretion occurs if the district court (1) based its ruling on an

                                                  2
erroneous view of the law, (2) made a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or

(3) rendered a decision that cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” Oneida

Nation of N.Y. v. Cuomo, 645 F.3d 154, 164 (2d Cir. 2011). 1 “Under abuse of discretion review,

the factual findings and legal conclusions underlying the district court’s decision are evaluated

under the clearly erroneous and de novo standards, respectively.” Id. A district court’s

interpretation of the terms of a contract is a question of law reviewed de novo. See Cap. Ventures

Int’l v. Republic of Argentina, 552 F.3d 289, 296 (2d Cir. 2009).

       “In order to justify a preliminary injunction, a movant must demonstrate (1) irreparable

harm absent injunctive relief; (2) either a likelihood of success on the merits, or a serious

question going to the merits to make them a fair ground for trial, with a balance of hardships

tipping decidedly in the plaintiff’s favor; and (3) that the public’s interest weighs in favor of

granting an injunction.” Metro. Taxicab Bd. of Trade v. City of N.Y., 615 F.3d 152, 156 (2d Cir.

2010). “The ‘serious questions’ standard permits a district court to grant a preliminary injunction

. . . where it cannot determine with certainty that the moving party is more likely than not to

prevail on the merits of the underlying claims, but where the costs outweigh the benefits of not

granting the injunction.” Citigroup Glob. Mkts., Inc. v. VCG Special Opportunities Master Fund

Ltd., 598 F.3d 30, 35 (2d Cir. 2010).

       We agree with the district court that SEI failed to establish a likelihood of success on the

merits or serious questions going to the merits justifying issuance of a preliminary injunction.

The merits of SEI’s position turn on the proper interpretation of Section 10 of the Agreement,

which provides for its extension or termination as follows:

       1
       Unless otherwise indicated, in quoting cases, all internal quotation marks, alterations,
emphases, footnotes, and citations are omitted.

                                                  3
       1. The term of this Agreement is 25 (twenty-five) years and it comes into effect
          on the date of its signing. TVP and SEI may extend its term by subsequent 10
          year periods.

       2. Each party may terminate this Agreement if the other party commits a
          significant violation of its provisions . . . .

Joint App’x 138. 2 SEI contends that the second sentence in Section 10.1 – “TVP and SEI may

extend its term by subsequent 10-year periods” – uses “and” in the disjunctive, or enumerative,

sense to establish either TVP’s or SEI’s right to extend the Agreement’s term independent of the

wishes of the other party. 3 TVP argues that Section 10.1 uses “and” in the conjunctive sense,

requiring the parties to mutually agree to any extension of the Agreement.

       The Agreement, as amended, is governed by New York law. Under New York law, “[t]o

determine the terms of a contract a court must ascertain the parties’ intent based on the language

they used.” Consarc Corp. v. Marine Midland Bank, N.A., 996 F.2d 568, 573 (2d Cir. 1993). In

so doing, the Court must first determine whether the contract is ambiguous. See Golden Pacific

Bancorp v. F.D.I.C., 273 F.3d 509, 514 (2d Cir. 2001). Ambiguity does not arise from

“[s]training a contract’s language beyond its reasonable and ordinary meaning . . . .” Brass v.

Am. Film Techs., Inc., 987 F.2d 142, 149 (2d Cir. 1993). A contract “must be read as a whole,

and if possible, courts must interpret them to effect the general purpose of the contract.”

Postlewaite v. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 411 F.3d 63, 67 (2d Cir. 2005).

       2
          The Agreement was originally drafted in Polish; the language above comes from a
certified English translation that SEI submitted to the district court. TVP does not challenge the
translation.
       3
          SEI also argues that “i,” the Polish word translated as “and” in the certified English
translation provided by SEI, may also be understood in either the conjunctive or enumerative
sense, but must be understood in the enumerative sense here.

                                                 4
       Courts applying New York law to contracts using the word “and” look to the context in

which the word is used to determine whether it should be read in the conjunctive or disjunctive

sense. See Sasson v. TLG Acquisition LLC, 9 N.Y.S.3d 2, 4 (App. Div. 2015) (finding “no

ambiguity” in a contract’s use of the word “and” in context); Lamborn v. Nat’l Park Bank of N.

Y., 208 N.Y.S. 428, 435 (App. Div. 1925), aff’d, 240 N.Y. 520 (1925) (“‘And’ is considered also

as ‘or,’ unless the document shows on its face that the word ‘and’ is to be liberally construed.”)

(emphasis added); see also 22 N.Y. Jur. 2d Contracts § 240 (“[I]t may be found that ‘and’

includes ‘or’ or that ‘or’ includes ‘and,’ as a reasonable construction requires.”).

       We agree with the district court that the use of the word “and” in the context of Section

10.1 is unambiguous and that it has its usual conjunctive meaning. As the district court noted,

reading the Agreement as a whole suggests that, when the parties sought to provide for unilateral

rights, they used the term “each party” to distinguish from the conjunctive “TVP and SEI.” The

first sentence of Section 10.2, which immediately follows Section 10.1’s extension provision,

reads: “Each party may terminate this Agreement if the other party commits a significant

violation of its provisions.” Joint App’x 138 (emphasis added). This language clearly creates a

unilateral right to terminate the Agreement, and stands in contrast to the use of the phrase “TVP

and SEI” in the previous sentence, which SEI contends also creates a unilateral right. This

difference in phrasing supports the interpretation that Section 10.1 requires the parties to

mutually agree to extend the Agreement.

       Moreover, interpreting the word “and” in Section 10.1 to include “or” would permit

either party to unilaterally renew the contract for 10-year periods indefinitely, in effect creating a

perpetual unilateral extension right. Even if we found Section 10.1’s use of the word “and”

ambiguous, we would not interpret it to create such a right “[i]n the absence of a clear provision”

                                                  5
because, “under New York law, contracts which are vague as to their duration generally will not

be construed to provide for perpetual performance.” Chapman v. N.Y. State Div. for Youth, 546
F.3d 230, 237 (2d Cir. 2008). More generally, as the district court held, interpreting the contract

to allow either party to bind the other indefinitely would be unreasonable. See In re Lipper

Holdings, LLC, 766 N.Y.S.2d 561, 562 (App. Div. 2003) (“A contract should not be interpreted

to produce a result that is absurd, commercially unreasonable, or contrary to the reasonable

expectations of the parties.”). 4 The parties’ agreement to specific terms of years – an initial term

of 25 years and possible extensions in 10-year increments – strongly suggests that they did not

intend for either of them to be able to bind the other in perpetuity.

       SEI argues that interpreting Section 10.1 to require mutual agreement renders its

extension clause superfluous because the parties would be free to enter into a new mutual

agreement even without specifying their ability to do so in the Agreement. See Galli v. Metz, 973
F.2d 145, 149 (2d Cir. 1992) (“Under New York law an interpretation of a contract that has the

effect of rendering at least one clause superfluous or meaningless is not preferred and will be

avoided if possible.”). But the mutual agreement interpretation suggested by TVP renders the

extension provision neither meaningless nor superfluous; under this interpretation, the clause (1)

       4
         SEI argues that we have previously approved of indefinite licensure terms as not
“absurd,” citing our decision in Nicholas Laboratories Ltd. v. Almay, Inc., 900 F.2d 19 (2d Cir.
1990). But Nicholas Laboratories is inapposite inasmuch as it concerned a contract with an
automatic renewal provision limiting termination to specific enumerated grounds. See id. at 20–
21 (discussing automatic renewal provision stating that the contract “shall continue” for
“successive periods of five” years unless one of the enumerated circumstances occurred). There
is no such automatic renewal provision here. SEI also argues that an indefinite term contract
would not be absurd in this particular instance because of the parties’ past behavior and contract
negotiations. But, even if we could consider parol evidence, the evidence cited by SEI is not
persuasive – neither the fact that TVP previously entered into a contract with another distributor
for an “indefinite” term nor the fact that the parties considered making the term of this contract
indefinite implies that TVP intended to enter into a contract with SEI in perpetuity.
                                                  6
specifies that any extension beyond the initial period is not automatic and must be mutually

agreed upon, and (2) sets a standard extension term of 10 years.

       Finally, SEI argues that the district court erred in failing to consider and misconstruing

extrinsic evidence of the parties’ contractual intent. However, the district court, while making

clear that its resolution of the motion was “not premised on parol evidence,” noted that the

extrinsic evidence submitted “d[id] not suggest that the Agreement was intended to grant either

side the unilateral right to perpetually extend the Agreement in ten-year increments.” Special

App’x 13. We identify no error in this conclusion, nor in the district court’s decision not to

premise its ruling on parol evidence given that the provision at issue in the contract was not

ambiguous. Moreover, the Agreement contained an integration clause, which ordinarily acts to

exclude consideration of extrinsic evidence. See Primex Int’l Corp. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 89
N.Y.2d 594, 599–600 (N.Y. 1997) (An integration clause indicates “the parties’ intent that the

[a]greement is to be considered a completely integrated writing” and “[a] completely integrated

contract precludes extrinsic proof to add to or vary its terms.”).

       Accordingly, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying

SEI’s motion for a preliminary injunction. We have considered all of SEI’s remaining

contentions on appeal and have found in them no grounds for reversal. 5 For the foregoing

reasons, the order of the district court is AFFIRMED.

                                               FOR THE COURT:
                                               Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

       5
         We also reject TVP’s invitation to take the unusual step of remanding to the district
court with instructions to direct the entry of final judgment in TVP’s favor, despite the facts that
TVP never moved to dismiss the complaint below and that TVP’s motion for summary judgment
below was stricken for failure to comply with the district court’s requirements.
                                                  7