Court Opinion

ID: 4359781
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-01-17 17:00:40.349135+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:17.791803
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

KENNETH J. DILLON,                               :
                                                 :
       Plaintiff,                                :       Civil Action No.:      17-1716 (RC)
                                                 :
       v.                                        :       Re Document Nos.:      14, 16
                                                 :
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,                      :
                                                 :
       Defendant.                                :

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

DENYING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT; DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION
                          FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       Over the course of three weeks in the fall of 2001, five people were killed and seventeen

others were infected when several letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to the

Washington, D.C. offices of U.S. Senators Patrick Leahy and Tom Daschle and to news media

organizations in New York City and Florida. After a years-long criminal investigation, the

Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) determined that these attacks had been committed by

Dr. Bruce Ivins, a scientist at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious

Diseases (“USAMRIID”). But in July 2008, before federal prosecutors were able to obtain a

grand injury indictment, Ivins committed suicide. Less than two years later, having concluded

that Ivins had acted alone, the FBI formally closed its investigation without charging anyone and

issued a ninety-six-page Investigative Summary outlining its findings.

       The Plaintiff in this case, Kenneth J. Dillon, is among many who have expressed doubts

about the FBI’s ultimate conclusion over the years. A historian and author, Dillon questions

whether Ivins was involved in the attacks at all. In pursuit of evidence that might support this
belief, Dillon submitted to the FBI two different requests for records under the Freedom of

Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552. The first of these requests asked for various pieces

of evidence that Dillon believes the FBI possesses—particular emails that Ivins sent or received

and certain lab notebooks that belonged to Ivins. The second request asked for thirty-eight pages

of the FBI’s Interim Major Case Summary (“IMCS”), a 2,000-page report produced in 2006,

four years before the FBI concluded its investigation. Dillon asked for the report’s twenty-two-

page table of contents and its sixteen pages that discuss Ivins.

       When he became dissatisfied with the FBI’s initial responses to his requests, Dillon filed

this lawsuit against the Department of Justice (“DOJ”), and presently before the Court are the

parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment as to both of Dillon’s requests. For reasons

explained in greater detail below, the Court denies each of these motions. With respect to

Dillon’s first request—the request for Ivins’s emails and lab notebooks—the FBI ultimately

responded by releasing seven pages of emails and ninety-eight pages of notebook material. But

Dillon has pointed to other seemingly responsive emails known to have existed that remain

unproduced. Because DOJ never meaningfully addressed the specific outstanding emails that

Dillon identified, the Court concludes that there remains a genuine dispute as to the adequacy of

the FBI’s search. The Court therefore orders that DOJ file a notice within thirty days providing

possible explanations for why the identified emails were not produced. If DOJ’s notice

meaningfully engages with Dillon’s evidence in a way that assures the Court that it has

conducted a good faith, reasonable search, the Court will enter judgment in DOJ’s favor.

       As for the second request, the one for the IMCS excerpts, in response to this request, the

FBI informed Dillon that the IMCS is, in its entirety, protected by the deliberative process

privilege and exempt from FOIA. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). The Bureau therefore withheld all

                                                  2
thirty-eight of Dillon’s requested pages in full. Dillon, unsurprisingly, disputes the FBI’s

assertion of privilege, and he argues that, at a minimum, the Court should review the thirty-eight

pages in camera to ensure that the privilege does in fact apply and that the requested pages do

not contain any “reasonably segregable,” non-exempt information. Id. § 552(b)(5). On this

point, the Court agrees with Dillon and concludes that in camera review is appropriate before

judgment is entered in favor of either party. The Court thus orders that DOJ produce the thirty-

eight pages within thirty days. If the Court agrees with DOJ that the excerpts are privileged in

their entirety, it will enter judgment in DOJ’s favor. If not, the parties will be permitted to renew

their motions for summary judgment with respect to Dillon’s second request based on other

FOIA exemptions that DOJ has preserved in the alternative.

                                       II. BACKGROUND

                    A. FOIA Request 1327397 – The Request for Evidence

       Dillon submitted the first of his FOIA requests, which was assigned number 1327397, on

April 18, 2015. The scope of the request was initially quite broad: It asked for, “in regard to the

2001 anthrax mailings, all email messages, laboratory notebooks, paper and computer files, and

information about meetings and telephone conversations in September and October, 2001 of Dr.

Bruce Ivins, USAMRIID.” Decl. of David Hardy (“Hardy Decl.”), Ex. S, ECF No. 14-4 at 18.

After a back-and-forth between the parties, the FBI eventually released six pages of previously

processed documents while stating that “[a]dditional records potentially responsive . . . may

exist.” Id., Ex. X, ECF No. 14-4 at 28. If Dillon wanted a search for those records to be

conducted, the Bureau advised that he should submit a new FOIA request. Id.

       Instead of submitting a new request—which would have returned him to the back of the

FBI’s FOIA queue—Dillon filed an administrative appeal, in which he provided “an updated

                                                  3
specification of the records [the] FBI need[ed] to release in order to be responsive” to his

request. Id., Ex. Y, ECF No. 14-4 at 31. This updated list of records was more specific than his

original request, but it also appeared to encompass additional categories of information that he

had not previously asked for. The list included:

       (1) “Ivins’s emails to or from Patricia Fellows, Mara Linscott, Nancy Haigwood, [and]

           other individuals,” which Dillon noted the FBI had “selectively” cited in the final

           Investigative Summary released to the public;

       (2) “pages of [Ivins’s] Notebook 4010 . . . and above all . . . the critically important

           Notebook 4282,” which apparently documents the work Ivins was doing in his lab

           from August to September 2001;

       (3) “all paper and computer files” on Ivins’s work and personal computers;

       (4) “[a]ll relevant records related to meetings Ivins attended” in September and October

           2001;

       (5) Ivins’s telephone and credit card records;

       (6) Ivins’s “entry and exit records” for the building at USAMRIID “where genetically

           matching anthrax was stored”; and

       (7) “records relating to Ivins’s animal experiments” performed in September and October

           2001.

Id., Ex. Y, ECF No. 14-4 at 31–32.

       In response to Dillon’s appeal and this updated list of requested records, the FBI’s

administrative appeals staff affirmed the Bureau’s action of releasing only the six previously

released pages, concluding that the “FBI’s response was correct and that it [had] conducted an

adequate, reasonable search for responsive requests subject to the FOIA.” Id., Ex. AA, ECF No.

                                                   4
14-4 at 37. Following this decision, Dillon replied by informing the FBI that he had been

“largely persuaded” that the FBI did not currently “possess [any] not-yet-released documents on

the activities of Bruce Ivins in September and October, 2001.” Id., Ex. BB, ECF No. 14-4 at 40.

But Dillon remained skeptical that the FBI had released all of the documents that it had ever

possessed—he continued to point, for example, to emails that were publicly known to exist but

that had never been made public. Dillon thus stated that he “ha[d] provisionally adopted the

assumption that somebody must have destroyed” some of the evidence that he had requested. Id.

To “test this assumption,” Dillon narrowed his request substantially—to “two specific kinds of

evidence”: (1) “Ivins’s emails to or from Patricia Fellows and Mara Linscott;” and (2)

“Laboratory Notebook No. 4282.” Id.

       Eventually, the FBI released two new batches of documents in response to this narrowed

request—first, seven pages of new Ivins emails, then ninety-eight pages of records regarding the

lab notebook. Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 34–35, ECF No. 14-2. According to David Hardy of the FBI’s

Records Management Division, these records were located by searching the Bureau’s Central

Records System (“CRS”), “an extensive system . . . consisting of applicant, intelligence,

personnel, administrative, and general files compiled and maintained by the FBI” that “spans the

entire FBI organization and encompasses the records of FBI HQ, FBI Field Offices, and FBI

Legal Attaché Offices . . . worldwide.” Id.

       The CRS is organized, Hardy explained, by “classifications,” which are numerically

sequenced files corresponding to “designated subject categories.” Id. ¶ 38. When a case file is

opened, it is assigned a Universal Case File Number (“UCFN”), made up of three parts: (1) a

CRS classification number that refers to the type of subject matter involved, (2) the abbreviation

of the FBI Office of Origin opening the file, and (3) an individual case specific file number. See

                                                5
id. ¶ 38 & n.3. But the CRS can be searched across case files using the system’s “general

indices,” which include entries “on a variety of subject matters,” including “individuals,

organizations, events, or other subjects of investigative interest.” Id. ¶ 39. The entries fall into

two types of categories: (1) main entries, which, unsurprisingly, “carr[y] the name of an

individual, organization, or other subject matters that is the designated subject of [a] file,” and

(2) reference entries, which “pertain[] to records that merely mention or reference an individual,

organization, or other subject matter that is contained in a ‘main’ file record about a different

subject matter.” Id.

       Large parts of the general indices are now automated and electronically available, in what

the FBI refers to as the Universal Index (“UNI”). The UNI is accessible through two different

electronic case management systems, the older of which is called Automated Case Support

(“ACS”). Id. ¶ 41. Though ACS did not become effective until 1995, it “incorporate[s] prior

automated FBI indices” and is therefore “capable of locating FBI records well before” then. Id.

¶ 42. The newer case management system is Sentinel, “FBI’s next-generation . . . system that

became effective FBI-wide on July 1, 2012.” Id. ¶ 43. Sentinel has not replaced ACS; it merely

“provides another portal to locate information within the . . . CRS for FBI records generated on

or after July 1, 2012.” Id.

       In response to Dillon’s request for evidence here, the FBI performed a search in both

ACS and Sentinel. Id. ¶ 45. This search first included a three-way phonetic breakdown of

“Bruce Edward Ivins,” which means that the “computer automatically broke [the] name down

and searched the index for three different breakdowns of the name entered”—“Bruce Edward

Ivins,” “Ivins, Bruce, Edward,” and “Ivins, Bruce, E.” Id. ¶¶ 45 & n.6. As part of the three-way

phonetic search, the computer also “breaks [the] names down based on their phonetic

                                                  6
characteristics” and “return[s] results based on whether . . . they phonetically match a certain

percentage of the first and last name searched.” Id. ¶ 45 n.6. In addition to the three-way

phonetic search, the FBI also performed an on-the-nose search for “Ivins, Bruce, Edward”—

which, as one might expect, prompted the computer to search for exactly the name entered and

only that name. Id. ¶ 45 n.7.

        As a result of these various searches, the FBI located Bruce Ivins’s investigative file in

electronic format and “performed a page-by-page review of the entire file” to identify any

documents that were responsive to Dillon’s request. Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 8, ECF No. 20-1.

Within the file, it found the seven pages of emails and ninety-eight notebook pages and released

the pages to Dillon, redacting only to protect the privacy of third parties, with which Dillon does

not now take issue in his motion for summary judgment. See Hardy Decl., Ex. FF, ECF No. 14-4

at 56–58; Pl.’s Mem. in Support of Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. at 4 & n.1 (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No.

16-1.

        Dillon does, however, challenge the adequacy of the FBI’s search, and he continues to

assert that there remain additional publicly known emails that have never been released. See

Pl.’s Mot. at 4–5; Decl. of Scott Hodes (“Hodes Decl.”), Ex. A, ECF No. 16-4. In a February

2018 letter, Dillon listed several specific examples of such emails and asked that the FBI either

“locate, and release [them] and identify all emails still being withheld,” or “explain the universe

of emails that are available and if any information was destroyed.” Hodes Decl., Ex. A. As the

FBI neither responded to this letter nor produced additional documents, Dillon now argues that

the “FBI has failed to establish that its search methods for specific emails was reasonably

calculated to uncover relevant documents.” Pl.’s Mot. at 5.

                                                  7
                  B. Request No. 1329350 – The Request for IMCS Excerpts

       While all of this was going on, Dillon was simultaneously pursuing a second FOIA

request, which he submitted to the FBI on May 15, 2015. Hardy Decl., Ex. A, ECF No. 14-2 at

2. Like his first request, this second request—which was assigned number 1329350—was

initially broad: It asked for the entire 2,000-page ICS. Id. at 3. But also like Dillon’s first

request, the scope of the second request eventually narrowed greatly. After the FBI informed

Dillon that the “best way to expedite [the] request [was] to keep it to 50 pages or less,” he chose

to focus on the IMCS’s twenty-two-page table of contents and its sixteen pages that discuss

Ivins. Id., Ex. O, ECF No. 14-4 at 2.

       The FBI later informed Dillon, however, that it intended to withhold those thirty-eight

pages in full. Id., Ex. R., ECF No. 14-4 at 12. The Bureau explained that “the analyses,

evaluations, assessments, and conclusions contained within the IMCS [we]re pre-decisional and

deliberative in nature . . . and that the release of the information contained in the[] records could

reasonably be expected to interfere with the deliberative process and/or cause public confusion.”

Id. The IMCS was therefore, according to the FBI, privileged and “exempt from disclosure in its

entirety pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5).” Id. In its motion for summary judgment, the FBI

reiterates that assertion of privilege and preserves additional FOIA exemptions in the alternative.

But Dillon contends that the FBI has failed to establish that his specific requested excerpts of the

IMCS constitute deliberative documents, and that the Bureau has failed to establish that any

concrete harm would result from release of the requested pages. At a minimum, Dillon argues,

the Court should review the thirty-eight pages in camera to ensure that all segregable, non-

exempt information is released.

                                                  8
                                    III. LEGAL STANDARD

       FOIA “sets forth a policy of broad disclosure of Government documents in order to

ensure an informed citizenry, vital to the functioning of a democratic society.” FBI v. Abramson,

456 U.S. 615, 621 (1982) (quoting NLRB v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 473 U.S. 214, 242

(1978)). “The Act requires government agencies to make information available upon request,

unless the information is protected by one of nine statutory ‘exemptions.’” Judicial Watch, Inc.

v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 847 F.3d 735, 738 (D.C. Cir. 2017).

       “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”

Pinson v. Dep’t of Justice, 313 F. Supp. 3d 88, 105 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting Defs. of Wildlife v.

U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009)). As a general matter, summary

judgment is warranted when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A

fact is material if it is “capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation.” Pinson,
313 F. Supp. 3d at 105. And a dispute is genuine if there exists sufficient evidence for a

reasonable jury to return a verdict for the nonmovant. Id.

       In FOIA cases, a government agency is “entitled to summary judgment if no material

facts are genuinely in dispute and the agency demonstrates ‘that its search for responsive records

was adequate, that any exemptions claimed actually apply, and that any reasonably segregable

non-exempt parts of records have been disclosed after redaction of exempt information.’” Prop.

of the People, Inc. v. Office of Mgmt. and Budget, 330 F. Supp. 3d 373, 380 (D.D.C. 2018)

(quoting Competitive Enter. Inst. v. EPA, 232 F. Supp. 3d 172, 181 (D.D.C. 2017)). “To meet its

burden, a defendant agency may rely on declarations that are reasonably detailed and non-

conclusory.” Pinson, 313 F. Supp. 3d at 106. The agency’s expertise reflected in these

                                                  9
declarations is entitled to “respect”; courts are cautioned not to “overstep the proper limits of the

judicial role in FOIA review.” Id. (quoting Hayden v. Nat’l Sec. Agency/Cent. Sec. Serv., 608
F.2d 1381, 1388 (D.C. Cir. 1979)).

                                        IV. DISCUSSION

       Two different disputes exist between the parties in this case. With respect to Dillon’s

first request—the request for the emails and notebook pages—the focus of the disagreement is on

the adequacy of the FBI’s search for the records. Dillon does not take issue with the minimal

exemptions the Bureau claimed in response to that first request. By contrast, with regard to

Dillon’s second request—the request for the IMCS excerpts—the parties’ disagreement centers

entirely on the exemptions that the Bureau has claimed; there is no dispute over the adequacy of

the FBI’s search in response to the second request.

        A. The Adequacy of the FBI’s Search in Response to Dillon’s First Request

       As already noted, for an agency to be entitled to summary judgment in a FOIA case, it

must show that it conducted an adequate search for responsive records. E.g., Prop. of the

People, 330 F. Supp. 3d at 380. An adequate search for purposes of FOIA is one “reasonably

calculated to uncover all relevant documents.” Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1114 (D.C. Cir.

2007) (quoting Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1351 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). This

standard does not require that the agency search “every record system” for the requested

documents; rather, the agency “must conduct a good faith, reasonable search of those systems of

records likely to possess the requested records.” Pinson, 313 F. Supp. 3d at 107 (quoting Marino

v. Dep’t of Justice, 993 F. Supp. 2d 1, 9 (D.D.C. 2013)). To prove that it has performed such a

search, the agency must provide a “reasonably detailed” affidavit or declaration describing the

agency’s actions and the scope of the search. Iturralde v. Comptroller of the Currency, 315 F.3d
10
311, 313–14 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C.

Cir. 1990)). Once the agency has submitted such an affidavit or declaration, “the burden shifts to

the FOIA requester to produce ‘countervailing evidence’ suggesting that a genuine dispute of

material fact exists as to the adequacy of the search.” Pinson, 313 F. Supp. 3d at 107 (quoting

Morley, 508 F.3d at 1116).

       Here, the Court finds that DOJ has met its initial burden, but that Dillon has produced

sufficient countervailing evidence to create a genuine dispute of material fact. DOJ included

with its initial motion a declaration by David Hardy of the FBI’s Record Management Division,

which both outlined the Bureau’s system of records—the CRS, the UNI, ACS, Sentinel—and

described how that system was used to locate documents responsive to Dillon’s request. See

Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 37–47. The declaration explained how the FBI performed searches of the CRS in

both ACS and Sentinel using multiple variations of Ivins’s full name. These searches, the

declaration stated, revealed an investigative file pertaining to Ivins, which was then reviewed for

the emails and notebook pages that Dillon sought. Id. ¶¶ 45–47. The Court finds that this was

enough “reasonably detailed” information to shift the burden to Dillon.

       To meet that burden, Dillon essentially makes two different complaints in his own motion

for summary judgment. First, he argues that Hardy’s declaration did not include a sufficiently

specific “description of the FBI’s search through the investigative file.” Pl.’s Mot. at 5. And

second, Dillon cites to his February 2018 letter, which identified a number of purportedly

responsive emails that are publicly known but remain unproduced. See Hodes Decl., Ex. A.

According to Dillon, “the FBI should be required to state the status of th[o]se emails” before it is

entitled to summary judgment. Pl.’s Mot. at 5.

                                                 11
        DOJ has addressed the first of these concerns by submitting a second declaration from

Hardy, which clarified that the located investigative file was in “electronic format,” and that

personnel from the FBI’s Record/Information Dissemination Section “performed a page-by-page

review of the entire file to identify all the documents” that were responsive to Dillon’s request. 1

Second Hardy Decl. ¶¶ 7–8. But DOJ has not adequately responded to Dillon’s other concern.

Hardy’s second declaration never specifically addressed the particular emails that Dillon cited in

his February 2018 letter. Instead, it merely stated the obvious—that, as a general matter, “Ivins’s

USAMRIID emails are not FBI records under the FOIA,” id. ¶ 6, but that “the FBI possesses

select . . . Ivins emails because these emails are part of the FBI’s criminal investigation into

him,” id. ¶ 7.

        Dillon has provided evidence, though, that at least three of his identified emails were a

part of the criminal investigation into Ivins. 2 All three were allegedly sent by Ivins to his

assistant, Mara Linscott. See Hodes Decl., Ex. A. Two were apparently cited in an affidavit in

support of a warrant to search Ivins’s home, and the other was supposedly cited in the final

Investigative Summary. See id. Both the affidavit and the Summary are publicly available, and

they do in fact contain emails that seem to match Dillon’s general descriptions—though they do

not identify recipients of these emails by name. See Aff. in Support of Search Warrant by

Thomas F. Dellafera at 13–14 (Oct. 31, 2007), https://www.justice.gov/

archive/amerithrax/docs/07-524-m-01.pdf; U.S. Dep’t of Justice, Amerithrax Investigative

        1
          Hardy ultimately submitted a third declaration with DOJ’s surreply, see ECF NO. 23-2,
but the third declaration’s brief discussion of the FBI’s search procedures essentially repeated
what had already been stated in the prior two declarations.
        2
          The February 2018 letter cites two additional publicly known Ivins emails, but on their
face, they are not responsive to Dillon’s narrowed request, as they were not addressed to either
Patricia Fellows or Mara Linscott. See Hodes Decl., Ex. A.

                                                 12
Summary at 65 (Feb. 19, 2010), https://www.justice.gov/archive/amerithrax/docs/amx-

investigative-summary.pdf. It is thus possible that Dillon is mistaken in believing that Linscott

was the recipient—which would make the emails non-responsive and explain why they were not

produced.

       Another possibility is that the emails were in the possession of the U.S. Postal Inspection

Service (“USPIS”) instead of the FBI. The affidavit Dillon cites was signed by Postal Inspector

Thomas Dellafera, not by an FBI employee. As a general matter, FOIA imposes no obligation

on the responding agency “to make inquiries of other law enforcement agencies . . . for

documents no longer within its control or possession.” White v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 840 F.

Supp. 2d 83, 90 (D.D.C. 2012) (omission in original) (quoting Valencia-Lucena v. U.S. Coast

Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 328 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). But, for our purposes here, employees of the

USPIS and FBI served together on the task force that spent years investigating the anthrax

attacks, and Hardy’s second declaration stated that it “is FBI policy to import all records into the

investigative case file.” Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 7 (emphasis added). The Court cannot help but

wonder, then, whether the FBI possesses certain USPIS-obtained records, or whether the FBI and

USPIS have some record-sharing system in place with respect to the anthrax investigation.

       A third possibility regarding the emails Dillon identified is that, for some reason, certain

records related to the anthrax investigation were destroyed or returned. This admittedly seems

unlikely, though. Given the importance of the investigation, one would not expect the

investigative files to be subject to a routine document retention policy with a short destruction

date. And even if they were subject to such a policy, the investigation had only been closed for

five years when Dillon submitted his FOIA request. Dillon seems to suggest that the FBI may

have destroyed these and other emails in bad faith—an allegation that the Court is reluctant to

                                                 13
credit. But it did take nearly three years for the FBI to release any new documents in response to

Dillon’s request, and if responsive documents were destroyed or returned to their originating

entities during that time period, summary judgment in favor of DOJ would be unwarranted.

Chambers v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 568 F.3d 998, 1004–05 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (“[S]ummary

judgment is inappropriate . . . if viewing all inferences in a light most favorable to [the FOIA

requester], a triable issue exists as to whether [the responding agency] intentionally destroyed”

the requested records after the FOIA request was submitted.); see also Landmark Legal Found.

v. EPA, 272 F. Supp. 2d 59, 66–67 (D.D.C. 2003) (granting summary judgment to responding

agency that wrongfully destroyed responsive records, but only after holding the agency in

contempt and ordering it to pay the FOIA’s requester’s fees and costs caused by the

“contumacious behavior”).

       The problem for the Court is that DOJ never substantively addressed Dillon’s evidence of

unproduced emails, so the Court is left guessing as to what may have caused the alleged

discrepancy here. This in and of itself demonstrates that there remains a genuine dispute

regarding whether the FBI “conduct[ed] a good faith, reasonable search of th[e] systems of

records likely to possess the requested records.” Pinson, 313 F. Supp. 3d at 107 (quoting

Marino, 993 F. Supp. 2d at 9). To be sure, “the adequacy of a FOIA search is generally” not

judged “by the fruits of the search,” Ancient Coin Collectors Guild v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 641
F.3d 504, 514 (D.C. Cir. 2011), and the Act does not “require[] an agency to answer questions

disguised as a . . . request,” Hudgins v. IRS, 620 F. Supp. 19, 21 (D.D.C. 1985). But the burden

is ultimately on DOJ to show that its search was adequate. And in this case, after the FBI

produced only four emails in total, see Second Hardy Decl. ¶ 7, Dillon identified at least three

more that are known to have been a part of the investigation. Thus far, DOJ has failed to

                                                 14
meaningfully engage with this “countervailing evidence.” Pinson, 313 F. Supp. 3d at 107

(quoting Morley, 508 F.3d at 1116). Instead, DOJ has essentially said, “these emails have

always been in the sole possession of USAMRIID.” This explanation is not plausible in light of

the emails’ known role in the investigation. Without more information, the Court is unable to

conclude that DOJ has met its burden.

       To hopefully assuage these concerns, the Court orders that DOJ submit a notice within

thirty days providing any information within its knowledge that might explain why the three

emails that Dillon has identified were not produced. This could include, but is of course not

limited to, information about any document retention policies under which the documents may

have been destroyed, or information about any record-sharing systems in place with the FBI and

USPIS. The Court does not expect a definitive explanation for why the emails were not located

or were not responsive—though one would certainly be welcomed. What is important is that

DOJ actually respond to the evidence Dillon has presented. If DOJ meaningfully engages with

that evidence in a way that assures the Court that it has acted in good faith, the Court will enter

judgment in its favor. In the meantime, both parties’ motions for summary judgment with

respect to Dillon’s first request are denied without prejudice.

   B. The FBI’s Claim of Deliberative Process Privilege in Response to Dillon’s Second
                                         Request

       As noted earlier, the parties’ dispute regarding Dillon’s second request is not about the

adequacy of the FBI’s search. The FBI located the IMCS’s table of contents and the sections

discussing Ivins, but it has withheld the pages in full because, according to the FBI, the IMCS is,

in its entirety, protected by the deliberative process privilege and exempt from FOIA. Dillon,

meanwhile, questions this assertion of privilege and argues that, at a minimum, the Court should

                                                 15
review the requested excerpts in camera to ensure that the privilege actually applies and that all

“reasonably segregable” portions of the documents are released.

       In asserting its claim of privilege, the FBI relies on FOIA Exemption 5, which permits

government agencies to withhold “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters that

would not be available by law to a party . . . in litigation with the agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5).

As one might expect, then, “Exemption 5 ‘incorporates the traditional privileges that the

Government could assert in civil litigation against a private litigant,’—including the presidential

communications privilege, the attorney-client privilege, the work product privilege, and,”

relevant for this case, “the deliberative process privilege.” Loving v. Dep’t of Def., 550 F.3d 32,

37 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting Baker & Hostetler LLP v. U.S. Dep’t of Commerce, 473 F.3d 312,

321 (D.C. Cir. 2006)).

       “The deliberative process privilege protects ‘documents reflecting advisory opinions,

recommendations and deliberations comprising part of a process by which governmental

decisions and policies are formulated.’” Id. at 38 (quoting Dep’t of Interior v. Klamath Water

Users Protective Ass’n, 532 U.S. 1, 8 (2001)). It “rests on the obvious realization that officials

will not communicate candidly among themselves if each remark is a potential item of discovery

and front page news, and its object is to enhance ‘the quality of agency decisions,’ by protecting

open and frank discussion among those who make them within the Government.” Klamath, 532
U.S. at 8–9 (citations omitted) (quoting NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 151

(1975)). “To fall within . . . the privilege, materials must bear on the formulation or exercise of

agency policy-oriented judgment.” Petroleum Info. Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 976 F.2d
1429, 1435 (D.C. Cir. 1992). “A record qualifies for withholding only if it is both

‘predecisional’ and ‘deliberative.’” Prop. of the People, 330 F. Supp. 3d at 382 (quoting Access

                                                 16
Reports v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 926 F.2d 1192, 1194 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). Thus, “[p]urely factual

material usually cannot be withheld . . . unless it reflects an ‘exercise of discretion and judgment

calls.’” Ancient Coin Collectors, 641 F.3d at 513 (quoting Mapother v. Dep’t of Justice, 3 F.3d
1533, 1539 (D.C. Cir. 1993)).

       Of course, the burden is on the government agency to show that it has properly asserted

the privilege. E.g., Prop. of the People, 330 F. Supp. 3d at 380. And, unlike the agency’s

burden with respect to the adequacy of a FOIA search, its burden as to privilege “does not shift

even when the [FOIA] requester files a cross motion for summary judgment because ‘the

Government ultimately [has] the onus of proving that the [documents] are exempt from

disclosure.’” Hardy v. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 243 F. Supp. 3d
155, 162 (D.D.C. 2017) (second and third alterations in original) (quoting Pub. Citizen Health

Research Grp. v. FDA, 185 F.3d 898, 904–05 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). To meet its burden, the agency

must offer “a relatively detailed justification” explaining why the privilege applies. Elec.

Privacy Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Drug Enf’t Agency, 192 F. Supp. 3d 92, 103 (D.D.C. 2016) (quoting

Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 251 (D.C. Cir. 1977)).

“Ultimately, an agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears

‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’” Wolff v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 374–75 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Gardels

v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100, 1105 (D.C. Cir. 1982)). But “exemptions from disclosure must be

narrowly construed” as well, Morley, 508 F.3d at 1115, and the agency “cannot justify its

withholdings on the basis of summary statements that merely reiterate legal standards or offer

‘far-ranging category definitions for information.’” Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in

Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 955 F. Supp. 2d 4, 13 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting King v. U.S. Dep’t

of Justice, 830 F.2d 210, 221 (D.C. Cir. 1987)).

                                                 17
       Here, there is no doubt that the ICMS is “predecisional,” as it was drafted four years

before the FBI concluded its investigation. Significant portions of the report are also certain to

be “deliberative”; the Court sees no reason to disbelieve the assertion that the IMCS is “a

preliminary case summary drafted midway through the anthrax investigation [that] contains

information, analyses, and suppositions based on the limited and incomplete evidence at the

time” as well as “opinions and analyses based on inter-agency communications.” Hardy Decl.

¶ 65. Nor does the Court doubt that release of certain parts of the IMCS could “inhibit inter-

agency communications” and “create public confusion,” as the FBI has claimed. Id. ¶ 66.

       But the report is also 2,000 pages long, and the FBI has asserted that the entire thing is

deliberative. This contention immediately draws some skepticism, because “the deliberative

process privilege does not protect documents in their entirety; if the government can segregate

and disclose non-privileged factual information within a document, it must.” Loving, 550 F.3d at

38. FOIA requires the same. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b) (“Any reasonably segregable portion of a

record shall be provided to any person requesting such record after deletion of the portions which

are exempt.”). As noted above, then, for the factual information in the IMCS to fall within the

ambit of the privilege here, the information must “reflect[] an ‘exercise of discretion and

judgment calls.’” Ancient Coin Collectors, 641 F.3d at 513 (quoting Mapother, 3 F.3d at 1539).

In other words, the drafters of the report must have “‘cull[ed] the relevant documents, extract[ed]

the pertinent facts, organize[d] them to suit a specific purpose,’ and ‘identif[ied] the significant

issues.’” Nat’l Sec. Archive v. CIA, 752 F.3d 460, 465 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Mapother, 3
F.3d at 1538).

       In this case, the easiest way for the Court to determine whether the IMCS is the product

of such a process is to look at the requested excerpts. Indeed, “[w]here the agency fails to meet

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[its] burden, a not uncommon event,” FOIA provides courts “a host of procedures” to determine

whether the claimed exemption is proper, including discovery, further agency affidavits, and in

camera review of the records in question. Allen v. CIA, 636 F.2d 1287, 1298 (D.C. Cir. 1980),

abrogated on other grounds by Founding Church of Scientology of Washington, D.C., Inc. v.

Smith, 721 F.2d 828, 830–31 (D.C. Cir. 1983). Here, the Court thinks that the last of these

options is the appropriate one. The documents at issue are relatively short in length—just thirty-

eight pages—and the parties’ “dispute . . . centers on the actual contents of the document[s].”

Id.; see also Juarez v. Dep’t of Justice, 518 F.3d 54, 60 (D.C. Cir. 2008). The FBI also has not

expressed much, if any, opposition to the Court performing such a review. See, e.g., Second

Hardy Decl. ¶ 16 (“If the Court deems it necessary, the FBI will provide copies of the processed

records to the Court for in camera inspection.”); cf. Allen, 636 F.2d at 1299 (“[L]ittle basis for

. . . concern [over judicial intrusion] exists when the agency itself proposes that the court conduct

an in camera inspection of the document.”).

       The Court thus exercises its “broad discretion” to order production of the requested

IMCS excerpts within thirty days. Id. at 1297. DOJ should, if necessary, produce classified and

unclassified versions of the pages. If, after reviewing the excerpts, the Court concludes that the

deliberative process privilege applies to the pages in their entirety, the Court will enter judgment

in favor of DOJ. If, on the other hand, the Court concludes that the excerpts include reasonably

segregable non-privileged information, the Court will permit the parties to renew their motions

for summary judgment based on the other FOIA exemptions that DOJ has preserved in the

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alternative. 3 For the time being, though, the Court denies both parties’ motions for summary

judgment as to Dillon’s second request without prejudice. 4

                                      V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, DOJ’s motion for summary judgment is DENIED, and

Dillon’s cross-motion for summary judgment is DENIED. An order consistent with this

Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: January 17, 2019                                           RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                  United States District Judge

       3
          In addition to Exemption 5, DOJ has preserved Exemptions 1, 3, 6, 7(C), and 7(E). See,
e.g., Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. at 13–30, ECF No. 14.
       4
          Dillon argues that the Court should order the release of the sixteen IMCS pages that
discuss Ivins because DOJ neglected to include them in the “Exemption Application Index” that
it submitted pursuant to Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C. Cir. 1973)). Dillon’s argument
seems to be that failure to include these sixteen pages in the Vaughn index constituted a waiver
of all FOIA exemptions with respect to those pages. The problem with this contention, however,
is that agencies are not required to submit a Vaughn index. Rather, “[a]n agency may carry its
burden of properly invoking an exemption by submitting sufficiently detailed affidavits or
declarations, a Vaughn index of the withheld documents, or both.” Hardy, 243 F. Supp. 3d at
162 (emphasis added). Here, DOJ has preserved its exemption claims with respect to the sixteen
IMCS pages through submission of the declarations from David Hardy. See, e.g., Hardy Decl.
¶ 67 (“The pre-decisional and deliberative nature of the IMCS readily falls under the deliberative
process privilege and is exempt from disclosure pursuant to Exemption 5.”); Second Hardy Decl.
¶ 14 (“[T]he FBI properly withheld all twenty-two pages of the ToC and the portions dealing
with the topics specified by [Dillon] due to the deliberative nature of this report. Releasing any
part of the IMCS would create public confusion and harm agency deliberations in current and
future investigations.” (emphasis added)).

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