Court Opinion

ID: 6341007
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-16 15:00:29.021248+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:43:06.431933
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 21-1341     Document: 010110684665       Date Filed: 05/16/2022     Page: 1
                                                                                   FILED
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          Tenth Circuit

                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            May 16, 2022
                          _________________________________
                                                                          Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                              Clerk of Court
  VIOLETA DUMITRASCU, on behalf of
  A.M.B.D.,

        Plaintiff - Appellee,

  v.                                                          No. 21-1341
                                                     (D.C. No. 1:21-CV-01813-PAB)
  ALIN DUMITRASCU,                                              (D. Colo.)

        Defendant - Appellant.
                       _________________________________

                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
                          _________________________________

 Before BACHARACH, BALDOCK, and EID, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

       This appeal arises from an international custody dispute between Alin

 Dumitrascu and Violeta Dumitrascu regarding their minor child, A.M.B.D. The

 district court found that Alin wrongfully retained A.M.B.D. in the United States and

 ordered A.M.B.D.’s return to Romania under the Hague Convention on the Civil

 Aspects of International Child Abduction, Oct. 25, 1980, T.I.A.S. No. 11,670, 1343

 U.N.T.S. 89 (Hague Convention), and its implementing legislation, the International

       *
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
 unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
 argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
 submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
 except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
 may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Appellate Case: 21-1341    Document: 010110684665        Date Filed: 05/16/2022    Page: 2

 Child Abduction Remedies Act, 22 U.S.C. §§ 9001–9011. Alin challenges the

 district court’s threshold finding that A.M.B.D. habitually resided in Romania.

 Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

                                    I. Background

       Alin and Violeta are both Romanian by birth and have family in Romania.

 Alin moved to the United States in 2006 and became a United States citizen. Violeta

 is a Romanian citizen.

       The two met online in 2007 and married in Romania in 2015. They then

 moved to Colorado in 2016, and Alin successfully sponsored Violeta’s application

 for a green card.

       Violeta later became pregnant with A.M.B.D. The couple decided to travel to

 Romania for her birth in part to avoid hospital fees in the United States. They

 traveled to Romania in early August 2019, where they stayed with Alin’s father;

 though at that point they “intended to return to the United States at some point to

 raise the child.” Aplt. App., vol. 2 at 20. Violeta gave birth to A.M.B.D. on

 September 4, 2019, and the couple lived in Romania for about ten months after

 A.M.B.D.’s birth.

       During that time, their “plan for the future diverged.” Id. “When A.M.B.D.

 was five weeks old, [Violeta] got a job [in Romania] because someone had to earn

 money and [Alin] did not want to work in Romania.” Id. Violeta’s green card also

 expired, the United States denied her application for an extension, and she developed

 reservations about returning to the United States. “She therefore made plans for the

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 family to live in Romania.” Id. at 21. As part of these plans, she applied for “the

 First House program, a Romanian program to assist young families in buying their

 first home.” Id.

       Alin intended for the family to return to the United States. He got Violeta’s

 permission to travel to the United States with A.M.B.D. so he could obtain a social

 security card for the child. “He also planned to work on getting [Violeta] a green

 card, to bring her over to the United States, and to earn money through a job.” Id. at

 22. To facilitate this trip, Violeta signed an affidavit that stated: “I agree and

 consent[] that [A.M.B.D. can] travel to the United States of America, starting with

 July 6, 2020, until December 31, 2020, together with Alin Dumitrascu, as parent of

 minor.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Alin took A.M.B.D. to the United States in July 2020. But he did not help

 Violeta apply for a green card. And he did not return A.M.B.D. to Romania by the

 December 31 deadline to do so. Violeta then filed for divorce in Romania and

 launched these proceedings seeking A.M.B.D.’s return to Romania.

       The district court found that Romania was A.M.B.D.’s habitual residence

 when Alin retained her in the United States. It therefore evaluated whether Alin’s

 retention of A.M.B.D. breached Violeta’s custody rights under Romanian law,

 concluded that his retention did, and ordered A.M.B.D.’s return to Romania pending

 custody proceedings there. Alin challenges the district court’s finding that A.M.B.D.

 habitually resided in Romania.

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                                       II. Discussion

        “Under the Hague Convention . . . , a child wrongfully removed from her

 country of ‘habitual residence’ ordinarily must be returned to that country.”

 Monasky v. Taglieri, 140 S. Ct. 719, 722–23 (2020). “[A] first-instance

 habitual-residence determination is subject to deferential appellate review for clear

 error.” Id. at 723. But we review the district court’s “conclusions regarding

 principles of domestic, foreign, and international law de novo.” Watts v. Watts,

 935 F.3d 1138, 1144 (10th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted). And

 A.M.B.D.’s return to Romania does not moot this appeal because “the return of a

 child under the Hague Convention does not moot an appeal of the return order.”

 Monasky, 140 S. Ct. at 725.

 A.     The Date for Determining A.M.B.D.’s Habitual Residence

        Alin argues the district court erred by evaluating A.M.B.D.’s habitual

 residence immediately before the date he removed her from Romania—i.e., July 8,

 2020—instead of the date he retained A.M.B.D. in the United States without

 Violeta’s permission—i.e., December 31, 2020.

        Violeta agrees the district court should have decided where A.M.B.D.

 habitually resided immediately before Alin retained her in the United States. But she

 contends the district court did exactly that. 1

        1
         Violeta also argues this issue—i.e., whether the district court should have
 made a finding on where A.M.B.D. habitually resided immediately before her
 retention in the United States—was not preserved in the district court and that Alin
 therefore waived his argument by failing to argue for plain-error review in his
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       We agree with Violeta that the district court found A.M.B.D. habitually

 resided in Romania on the date Alin retained her in the United States without

 Violeta’s permission. The court titled the section of its order deciding A.M.B.D.’s

 habitual residence by reference to A.M.B.D.’s retention, not her removal, asking:

 “Where was A.M.B.D.’s habitual residence at the time of her retention?” Aplt. App.,

 vol. 2 at 30 (boldface omitted). And the court ultimately found “that A.M.B.D.’s

 habitual residence at the time of her removal to the United States on July 8, 2020,

 and subsequent retention in the United States, was Romania.” Id. at 31 (emphasis

 added); see also id. at 36 (finding “that A.M.B.D. was ‘at home’ in Romania when

 she was wrongfully retained” (emphasis added)). We therefore reject Alin’s first

 claim of error.

 B.    The District Court’s Habitual Residency Finding

       Alin next contends the district court clearly erred in finding that A.M.B.D.

 habitually resided in Romania.

 opening brief. “The question we ask” in deciding whether an “issue was preserved
 below” “is whether the district court was adequately alerted to the issue.” United
 States v. Garcia, 936 F.3d 1128, 1132 (10th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks
 omitted). In her petition, Violeta asked the district court to find that “[t]he Child was
 habitually a resident with [Violeta] in Romania within the meaning of Article 3 of the
 Convention immediately before her removal and retention by [Alin].” Aplt. App.,
 vol. 1 at 15 (emphasis added). And, as we hold below, the district court made the
 requested finding. The district court was therefore adequately alerted to the issue for
 us to consider it on appeal. See Garcia, 936 F.3d at 1132 (“[I]f the district court was
 adequately alerted to the issue, and perhaps even responded to the issue, then we are
 able to review on appeal.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

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        “The Hague Convention does not define the term ‘habitual residence.’”

 Monasky, 140 S. Ct. at 726. “A child ‘resides’ where she lives. Her residence in a

 particular country can be deemed ‘habitual,’ however, only when her residence there

 is more than transitory.” Id. (citation omitted). “The place where a child is at home,

 at the time of removal or retention, ranks as the child’s habitual residence.” Id.

 “Because locating a child’s home is a fact-driven inquiry, courts must be sensitive to

 the unique circumstances of the case and informed by common sense.” Id. at 727

 (internal quotation marks omitted). “There are no categorical requirements for

 establishing a child’s habitual residence,” id. at 728, and “[n]o single fact . . . is

 dispositive across all cases,” id. at 727. Instead, “[t]he inquiry into a child’s habitual

 residence . . . cannot be reduced to a predetermined formula and necessarily varies

 with the circumstances of each case.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

        A petitioning parent bears the burden of proving a child’s habitual residence in

 the applicable country by a preponderance of the evidence. See 22 U.S.C.

 § 9003(e)(1)(A); West v. Dobrev, 735 F.3d 921, 929 (10th Cir. 2013). Alin offers

 four reasons the district court erred in finding Violeta satisfied her burden of proving

 A.M.B.D. habitually resided in Romania.

        First, Alin argues the district court erred in weighing the couple’s intent on

 where to raise A.M.B.D. He points to evidence that when they first went to Romania

 and for some time thereafter, he and Violeta shared an intent to raise A.M.B.D. in the

 United States. And he argues the district court erred by allowing Violeta’s changed

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 intent, to raise A.M.B.D. in Romania, to trump his steadfast intent to raise A.M.B.D.

 in the United States. 2

        Alin is correct that “‘the intentions and circumstances of caregiving parents

 are relevant considerations.’” Aplt. Opening Br. at 19 (quoting Monasky, 140 S. Ct.

 at 727). “But a court must consider all the facts and circumstances concerning the

 couple’s intended stay in the country.” Watts, 935 F.3d at 1145. Here, Alin and

 Violeta shared an intent to return to the United States “as a family.” Aplt. App., vol.

 2 at 30 (emphasis added). They “never had a shared, mutual intent to live apart.” Id.

 at 31. And when Violeta’s green card expired in November 2019, the family could

 no longer live together in the United States. The district court weighed the impact of

 this changed circumstance on the couple’s prior intent, alongside other facts,

 including the couple’s joint effort to secure an affidavit time-limiting A.M.B.D.’s

 travel away from the only country she had ever lived in, and found that “the parties’

 pre-birth intent [was] outweighed by their intent and conduct thereafter.” Id. at 37.

 We decline Alin’s invitation to re-weigh the evidence on appeal. See United States v.

 Gilgert, 314 F.3d 506, 515–16 (10th Cir. 2002) (“On clear error review, our role is

 not to re-weigh the evidence . . . .”).

        2
         To the extent Alin argues Violeta could only prevail by showing a shared
 parental intent to raise A.M.B.D. in Romania, we reject this argument as contrary to
 Monasky. See 140 S. Ct. at 726 (holding that “the determination of habitual
 residence [for an infant] does not turn on the existence of an actual agreement”
 “between the parents on where to raise their child”).

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       Second, Alin argues that “[o]utside of [Violeta’s] unilateral actions, the district

 court had little to rely on to support its conclusion that A.M.B.D.’s habitual residence

 was Romania.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 37. We disagree. The evidence shows

 A.M.B.D. was born in Romania, lived there for ten months—accumulating various

 possessions 3 and building relationships with extended family in Romania during that

 time—and only left Romania via a travel document that limited her legal absence to

 less than six months. 4 Also, both of her parents could legally live in Romania,

 whereas only her father could legally live in the United States. These facts support a

 finding that A.M.B.D. was “at home,” Monasky, 140 S. Ct. at 726, in Romania.

 Cf. United States v. Chavez, 734 F.3d 1247, 1250 (10th Cir. 2013) (“A finding of fact

 is not clearly erroneous unless it is without factual support in the record, or unless the

 court after reviewing all the evidence, is left with a definite and firm conviction that

 the district court erred.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Third, Alin highlights evidence that could support a finding A.M.B.D. was

 habitually resident in the United States. He points to the couple’s joint efforts to

 secure U.S. citizenship for A.M.B.D., a delay in A.M.B.D.’s trip to the United States

       3
         Alin argues the district court erred when it “found that A.M.B.D. had a
 bicycle in Romania” because Violeta testified that the bicycle in question did not
 belong to A.M.B.D., but instead belonged to the family. Aplt. Opening Br. at 40.
 This argument misconstrues the district court’s finding, which was that “[t]he
 family’s belongings in Romania include . . . a bicycle.” Aplt. App., vol. 2 at 20
 (emphasis added).
       4
         Alin does not challenge the district court’s finding that Romanian law
 required him to return A.M.B.D. to Romania by December 31, 2020.
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 by about a month due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Violeta’s efforts to help Alin

 secure employment in the United States, and a catalogue of A.M.B.D.’s possessions

 in the United States. But this evidence does not lead us to “a definite and firm

 conviction that the district court erred,” Chavez, 734 F.3d at 1250 (internal quotation

 marks omitted).

       Starting with A.M.B.D.’s citizenship, the Hague Convention’s writers

 “deliberately chose ‘habitual residence’ for its factual character, making it the

 foundation for the Convention’s return remedy in lieu of formal legal concepts like

 domicile and nationality.” Monasky, 140 S. Ct. at 727. And Alin does not cite any

 evidence that A.M.B.D.’s legal citizenship bore any relation to where she was “at

 home,” id. Regarding the delay in A.M.B.D.’s trip to the United States, even if

 A.M.B.D.’s flight had not been delayed, her earlier departure on a limited-duration

 trip would not sway the habitual residence analysis. Violeta’s efforts to help Alin

 find a job and A.M.B.D.’s accumulation of possessions in the United States might

 lend support to the conclusion A.M.B.D. had taken up habitual residence in the

 United States, but they do not compel it on the factual record before the district court.

       Fourth, Alin argues the district court erred by failing to discuss evidence

 pertaining to A.M.B.D.’s acclimation in the United States during the period between

 July 8 and December 31, 2020, in its section addressing A.M.B.D.’s habitual

 residence. But as a general rule, “the district court is not required to make findings

 as to every detail. Findings are sufficient if they indicate the factual basis for the

 court’s general conclusion as to ultimate facts and are broad enough to cover all

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  material issues.” Hjelle v. Mid-State Consultants, Inc., 394 F.3d 873, 880 (10th Cir.

  2005) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). Cf. Nulf v. Int’l Paper Co.,

  656 F.2d 553, 561 (10th Cir. 1981) (observing that “a trial court is not a dictating

  machine” and that “[i]ts findings do not have to contain evidence supporting every

  possible viewpoint”) (discussing Fed. R. Civ. P. 41 and 52). And in this case, the

  district court’s order makes it clear the court was aware of and considered evidence

  of A.M.B.D.’s acclimation in the United States after July 8, 2020, by discussing some

  of that evidence in a later section of its order. See Aplt. App., vol. 2 at 45

  (recounting undisputed witness “testimony that A.M.B.D. has had a happy childhood

  with her father and grandparents in Colorado”).

                                      III. Conclusion

        We affirm the district court’s order.

                                                Entered for the Court

                                                Bobby R. Baldock
                                                Circuit Judge

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