Court Opinion

ID: 4413900
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-03 19:05:00.004092+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:25:37.433634
License: Public Domain

Wallace & Gale Asbestos Settlement Trust v.
                                             William Edward Busch, Jr., et ux., No. 58,
                                             September Term 2018. Opinion by Harrell, J.

HEADNOTE[S]

ASBESTOS – LIABILITY – CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE – REASONABLE
INFERENCES
In Maryland, a plaintiff must prove exposure to a specific defendant’s asbestos-containing
product or products to prove that the product or products were a substantial causative factor
in the plaintiff’s mesothelioma. A plaintiff may satisfy this requirement through
circumstantial evidence, from which reasonable inferences may be drawn. In this case, the
plaintiffs satisfied this burden by producing evidence that, although offering no direct
evidence of the defendant’s employees installing the asbestos-containing products within
the boiler room where the bystander plaintiff worked (and was exposed to asbestos from
the insulation of the boilers and pipes) at a high school construction project, the defendant
was the primary (if not sole) heating pipe/equipment insulator on the high school project
and the defendant insulated fire lines in the boiler room, albeit with non-asbestos insulation.

EVIDENCE – “OPENING THE DOOR” DOCTRINE
The “opening the door” doctrine expands relevancy in an attempt to remedy potential
confusion regarding other admitted evidence. It renders relevant evidence, which would
be otherwise irrelevant, through an opposing party’s prior admission of evidence relating
to the same issue. A party is entitled to respond and introduce competing evidence, in
order to prevent jury confusion, when the “door” is “opened” by the opposing party
injecting an issue into the litigation which has the potential to confuse the jury.
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 24-X-16-000151
Argued: March 4, 2019

                                                                                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                                OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                        No. 58

                                                                                             SEPTEMBER TERM, 2018

                                                                                         WALLACE & GALE ASBESTOS
                                                                                            SETTLEMENT TRUST

                                                                                                           v.

                                                                                    WILLIAM EDWARD BUSCH, JR., ET UX.

                                                                                          Barbera, C.J.,
                                                                                          *Greene
                                                                                          McDonald
                                                                                          Watts
                                                                                          Hotten
                                                                                          Getty
                                                                                          Harrell, Glenn T., Jr.,
                                                                                              (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned)

                                                                                                        JJ.

                                                                                                Opinion by Harrell, J.
                                                                                                 Getty, J., dissents.

                                                                                          Filed: July 3, 2019

                                                                                   *Greene, J., participated in the hearing of the
 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.
                                                                                   case, in the conference in regard to its decision
                                                                                   and in the adoption of the opinion but he retired
                       2019-07-03 14:38-04:00
                                                                                   from the Court prior to the filing of the opinion.

Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
                “‘Nearly’ only counts in horseshoes and hand-grenades.”
                        NEIL GAIMAN, THE GRAVEYARD BOOK (2008).

             “‘Almost’ only really counts in horseshoes and hand-grenades.”
           GREEN DAY, Horseshoes and Handgrenades, on its album, 21ST CENTURY
                        BREAKDOWN, (Reprise Records 2009).

       We perceive that the flagship question in this case asks essentially to what degree,

if at all, the aphorism expressed in Neil Gaiman’s and Green Day’s works might apply to

the evidence offered of the defendant’s liability in this asbestos mesothelioma civil

litigation. At risk here is a $14,568,628.33 jury verdict, reduced to $7,284,264.17, returned

in favor of Respondents William Edward Busch, Jr. (“Mr. Busch”) and his wife, Kathleen

(“Mrs. Busch”) (collectively “the Buschs”), after a 14-day trial in the Circuit Court for

Baltimore City. The jury found that Mr. Busch contracted mesothelioma as a result of his

exposure to asbestos-containing materials installed by insulation contractor Wallace &

Gale, Co. (“W&G”)1 during the construction of Loch Raven High School (“LRHS”) in

Baltimore County. Mr. Busch worked for Honeywell Corporation during the relevant time

period, performing non-insulation work in the boiler room of LRHS, the area where the

asbestos exposure occurred.      Although Mr. Busch did not himself install asbestos-

containing products, nor was any direct evidence produced linking W&G to any asbestos-

containing products in the construction at LRHS (let alone in the boiler room), the jury was

       1
        W&G was the predecessor to Petitioner, Wallace & Gale Asbestos Settlement
Trust (“WGAST”). In 1984, W&G petitioned for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. A
bankruptcy settlement trust named WGAST was created pursuant to a reorganization plan
approved by the Bankruptcy Court in 2002.
convinced, apparently by circumstantial evidence (and inferences drawn therefrom), that

W&G was responsible more likely than not for installing the asbestos-containing insulation

in the boiler room.

       The Court of Special Appeals affirmed the judgment in a reported opinion.2

WGAST petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari. We granted the petition and issued

our writ. Wallace & Gale Asbestos Settlement Tr. v. Busch, 462 Md. 84, 198 A.3d 219

(2018).

                               QUESTIONS PRESENTED

       WGAST presents two questions for consideration. We have rephrased the questions

thusly:3

   I. Is it sufficient to rely on circumstantial evidence to infer that a defendant,
      whose presence was substantial in the general insulation of plumbing,
      heating, and ventilation surfaces during construction in a high school
      building, was responsible for the asbestos exposure and resulting illness of a
      plaintiff who worked only in a specific room of the building and where there
      was no direct evidence linking that defendant to the asbestos insulation
      installed in that room?

   II. Is it permissible to inform a jury that a co-defendant to the asbestos lawsuit
       had been dismissed when a remaining defendant “opens the door” by

       2
       Wallace & Gale Asbestos Settlement Trust v. William Edward Busch, Jr., et ux,
238 Md. App. 695, 194 A.3d 401 (2018).
       3
           WGAST’s questions were:
            I. May asbestos exposure to a specific defendant’s product be
                inferred from the defendant’s substantial presence elsewhere
                in the facility?
            II. Should juries be told that other defendants have been
                dismissed from the case when the complaints against them are
                admitted in evidence as admissions by the plaintiff?

                                            -2-
        introducing evidence relating to the earlier presence of that now-dismissed
        party?

        For reasons we shall explain, we answer both questions in the affirmative and affirm

the Court of Special Appeals’ judgment.

                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                                         Mr. Busch

        At the time of trial, Mr. Busch was a 70-year-old retiree. He began his career as an

apprentice steamfitter4 in 1967 at a Baltimore construction company, Lloyd E. Mitchell

(“Mitchell”). During his four years at Mitchell, he worked on at least four building projects

in Baltimore and its surrounding area, alleging in the present litigation asbestos exposure

at all four sites.5

        Mr. Busch left Mitchell in 1971 for Honeywell Corporation (“Honeywell”). He

worked at Honeywell for 30 years, installing primarily thermostats, sensors, relay stations,

fan control systems, and automatic temperature-control devices. Mr. Busch’s work in this

regard was typically one of the final phases of the construction process – when he

performed work for Honeywell on construction sites, “most of the job sites were pretty

much completed and finished . . . [he was] the last one in there for the thermostats and

controls.” He testified at trial in the present case that he was exposed to asbestos at various

        4
         A steamfitter installs heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment
in buildings.
        5
        Although Mr. Busch claimed exposure to asbestos fibers at various job sites from
his time at Mitchell, the claims germane to this litigation relate solely to his time at
Honeywell, a subsequent employer.

                                             -3-
job sites, including LRHS.6 Mr. Busch left Honeywell in 2001 for a local construction

firm, where he assumed the role of project manager and department head. He retired in

2016 when he was diagnosed with mesothelioma.

                                  Loch Raven High School

        The general worksite at issue in this case was LRHS. The specific worksite for Mr.

Busch was its boiler room.        Mr. Busch worked in the boiler room at LRHS for

approximately three or four months during the winter of 1971 and into the early spring of

1972.       The boiler room contained two fifteen-foot by twenty-foot boilers. The room

measured forty-feet by forty-feet. Mr. Busch performed his usual work for Honeywell in

close proximity to the boilers.

        Building specifications for LRHS called for magnesia blocks to be used to insulate

the boilers. By weight, magnesia block contained up to 15% asbestos. According to

testimony, workers would cut the magnesia block into smaller, but still large, blocks before

placing them around the boilers. This cutting created a “snow storm” of asbestos dust,

which was inhaled inevitably by those nearby, including Mr. Busch, even though he wore

a respirator. The cement mixture used to cover the magnesia block insulation contained

asbestos as well.

            Pre-Trial Discovery Responses and Depositions Received in Evidence

        Mr. Busch, in response to pre-trial defense interrogatory requests, identified

McCormick Asbestos Company (McCormick) and Georgia-Pacific, LLC, as the

        6
         Mr. Busch averred that he was exposed to a “snow storm” of dust when the
insulation blocks at LRHS were cut to insulate the boilers (discussed further below).
                                            -4-
responsible sources of products leading to his asbestos exposure at LRHS. He claimed that

the asbestos-containing insulation products were “sold, supplied, and installed by

McCormick[.]”7 Additionally, he stated that he came in contact there with an “asbestos-

containing joint compound manufactured, sold and supplied by Georgia-Pacific, LLC.”

Mr. Busch provided the names of two other Honeywell workers who had supposed

personal knowledge of the asbestos exposure at LRHS – Richard Huettel (“Huettel”) and

Howard Sheppard (“Sheppard”).

      In response to Mr. Busch’s interrogatories, WGAST produced a trove of documents

48 days before trial.8 The documents supported the existence of a contractual relationship

between W&G and Poole & Kent Co. (“Poole”).9 Poole, as testified to later by Huettel in

his deposition (which was received in evidence), was the mechanical contractor at LRHS.

Poole’s contractual obligations included employing plumbers and steamfitters to install the

piping systems for the LRHS boilers.     The inferred contract between Poole and W&G

provided $145,250.00 as the total consideration due to W&G for its work at LRHS.10 The

job, referred to as Job #5679, called for W&G to insulate the “plumbing, heating and

      7
       In his trial testimony, Mr. Busch stated that he did not know the identity of the
employer of the persons that performed the insulation work in the LRHS boiler room.
      8
       WGAST’s responses came after fact discovery had been closed. The Buschs do
not complain on appeal, however, regarding any discovery violation.
      9
         Although the documents did not include an original or copy of a contract,
references in the documents referred to a contract or agreement.
      10
         According to the United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
this amount is equivalent to approximately $889,566.13 in 2019 dollars.

                                           -5-
ventilating surfaces” at LRHS. It is not crystal clear what constituted the “surfaces” or

where most were located, but other documents indicated specifically that W&G, among

other responsibilities, insulated “fire lines” in the boiler room at LRHS during the time

Busch worked also in the boiler room.11

       Partial billing statements relating to Job #5679 were produced by WGAST. The

first was from W&G to Poole, dated 16 February 1972. The statement indicated that W&G

had “insulated various plumbing, heating and ventilating surfaces” at LRHS. The second,

again relating to Job #5679, was sent on 15 May 1972. These billing statements totaled

less than $20,000.00, but stated that the total value of Job #5679 was $145,250.00.

       Timesheets for W&G insulators were produced regarding Job #5679.                  The

timesheets revealed that their work at LRHS lasted from February to June 1972, and that

the workers spent over 4,500 person-hours at LHRS during that period.

       Additional invoices, order forms, and shipment records produced by WGAST

connected further W&G to Job #5679 in LRHS, but did not refer specifically to W&G with

regard to asbestos-containing products used or installed at LRHS. A “partial billing” for

Job #5679 sent by W&G to A.C. MacDonald Inc. was the only document connecting

directly W&G to work in the boiler room, as opposed to elsewhere at LRHS. This “partial

billing” was for insulation work performed on fire lines in the boiler room. Construction

       11
           Neither party attempted at trial to define what a fire line is and how it may be
different from other equipment in the boiler room. In its closing argument, WGAST stated
that fire lines are: “[S]prinklers. Those are the little sprinkler lines that put out fires.”
Closing arguments, however, are not evidence.
                                            -6-
specifications for the fire lines in LRHS provided that fiberglass or “foamglass” shall be

used as insulation for those lines. Neither fiberglass nor foamglass contained asbestos.

                                  Trial & Direct Appeal

       Mr. Busch brought suit initially against seven defendants, alleging occupational

exposure to asbestos-containing products resulting in his mesothelioma.12 Three were

dismissed prior to trial. Thus, by the time trial began, only four defendants remained.13

       At trial, Mr. Busch testified that he did not remember who installed, supplied, or

manufactured the block insulation and cement used to insulate the boilers and pipes in the

boiler room.14 He produced competent evidence, however, if believed by the factfinder,

demonstrating that the dust created by the sawing of the insulation blocks contributed to

his contracting mesothelioma.

       WGAST acknowledged that W&G insulators performed work at LRHS, but claimed

that no evidence had been produced by Mr. Busch linking W&G to the asbestos-containing

insulation used in the boiler room at LRHS. According to WGAST, the evidence placed

W&G workers and products in the boiler room only for the limited purpose of insulating

the fire lines, which insulation contained no asbestos.

       12
         The seven defendants were: WGAST; McCormick; Union Carbide Corporation;
E.L. Stebbing & Company; Hampshire Industries, Inc.; Lloyd E. Mitchell, Inc.; and
Georgia-Pacific, LLC.
       13
         WGAST; Georgia Pacific; Hampshire Industries, Inc.; and, E.L. Stebbing &
Company were the remaining defendants. The Buschs settled with Hampshire Industries
and E.L. Stebbing before the case was submitted to the jury, leaving WGAST and
Georgia Pacific as the two remaining defendants at the close of evidence.
       14
            But see supra at 5.
                                            -7-
       Huettel’s deposition, read into evidence by WGAST, revealed that he was a friend

and co-worker of Mr. Busch. Huettel and Mr. Busch worked together closely at various

jobsites, including LRHS, over an eight-year span.            Consistent with Mr. Busch’s

interrogatory answers (if not his trial testimony), Huettel’s deposition testimony indicated

that McCormick installed the asbestos-containing block insulation and cement on the

boilers at LRHS.

       WGAST moved successfully into evidence also the deposition testimony of

Sheppard. Sheppard was an electrician who performed work at LRHS in 1970-71, before

Busch worked at LRHS. Sheppard did not know Busch personally and testified only as a

“general product identification witness.”15      In a vein similar to Huettel’s testimony,

Sheppard claimed that he saw McCormick workers apply asbestos-containing materials to

insulate the pipes and boilers in the boiler room. Neither Huettel nor Sheppard identified

W&G as responsible for this work or connected in any way W&G to the asbestos-

containing insulation in the boiler room at LRHS.

       As noted earlier, at the close of all evidence, only WGAST and Georgia-Pacific

remained as defendants. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the Buschs against both

defendants.   The jury awarded Mr. Busch $318,528.33 for past medical expenses,

$1,250,000.00 for past and future economic loss, and $10,000,000.00 for non-economic

losses. Mrs. Busch was awarded $3,000,000.00 for loss of consortium. The total verdict

       15
          A general product identification witness testifies typically as to the conditions and
activities of a jobsite, but not in relation to the exposure of a specific plaintiff.

                                             -8-
was $14,568,528.33. The circuit court reduced the verdict to $7,284,264.17 because of the

effect of cross-claims against absent defendants. WGAST moved subsequently for JNOV,

a new trial, and, in the alternative, remittitur. The circuit court denied all motions.

WGAST appealed timely to the Court of Special Appeals.16

       The Court of Special Appeals affirmed. The intermediate appellate court held first

that sufficient evidence existed for the jury to infer that it was likely or probable that W&G

performed the insulation work (with asbestos-containing products) in the boiler room at

LRHS during the time Mr. Busch worked in the boiler room. The intermediate appellate

court held also, of relevance here, that the trial judge did not abuse her discretion in

allowing the Buschs to inform the jury that McCormick had been dismissed as a defendant.

                                              I.

       WGAST contends that Mr. Busch did not present evidence sufficient to prove

directly or by reasonable inference that he was exposed to asbestos-containing products

manufactured, sold, or installed by W&G. Because of this deficiency, the issue of its

potential liability was not proper to submit to the jury.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review a “trial court's decision to [] deny judgment or JNOV to determine

whether it was legally correct[.]” Scapa Dryer Fabrics, Inc. v. Saville, 418 Md. 496, 503,

16 A.3d 159, 163 (2011) (internal citations and quotations omitted). We analyze the trial

court's decision “viewing the evidence and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from it

       16
        Georgia-Pacific noted an appeal as well, but settled with the Buschs before the
appeal was decided.
                                             -9-
in the light most favorable to the non-moving party[.]” Id. The denial of a JNOV will be

upheld if there is “any evidence adduced, however slight … from which reasonable jurors,

applying the appropriate standard of proof, could find in favor of the plaintiff on the claims

presented.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Albright, 433 Md. 303, 333, 71 A.3d 30, 48, on

reconsideration in part, 433 Md. 502, 71 A.3d 150 (2013).

                                       DISCUSSION

       In an “asbestos case,” a plaintiff must demonstrate first that his or her exposure to

an asbestos-containing product was a substantial causative factor in the development of

mesothelioma or other injury. Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. v. Balbos, 326 Md. 179, 210,

604 A.2d 445, 460 (1992). We adopted in Balbos a “frequency, proximity, and regularity”

standard, borrowed from the Fourth Circuit’s decision in Lohrmann v. Pittsburgh Corning

Corp., 782 F.2d 1156, 1160 (4th Cir. 1986), by which to assess causation evidence in

asbestos cases. See Balbos 326 Md. at 210, 604 A.2d at 460. Balbos involved consolidated

tort actions brought by two former shipyard workers, both of whom inhaled asbestos fibers

at the shipyards where they worked. Id. at 186, 604 A.2d at 448. Both men succumbed to

mesothelioma. At issue was the causal relationship between the co-defendants’ asbestos

products and the plaintiffs’ exposure to it. Similar to the case at bar, both of the Balbos

plaintiffs’ direct work activities did not involve asbestos-containing products. Id. at 210,
604 A.2d at 460. As such, they were bystanders relative to the asbestos-related work or

products. Id. Regarding the bystander status of the plaintiffs, we observed:

       Whether the exposure of any given bystander to any particular supplier’s
       product will be legally sufficient to permit a finding of substantial-factor
       causation is fact specific to each case. The finding involves the

                                            - 10 -
       interrelationship between the use of a defendant’s product at the workplace
       and the activities of the plaintiff at the workplace. This requires an
       understanding of the physical characteristics of the workplace and of the
       relationship between the activities of the direct users of the product and the
       bystander plaintiff. Within that context, the factors to be evaluated include
       the nature of the product, the frequency of its use, the proximity, in distance
       and in time, of a plaintiff to the use of a product, and the regularity of the
       exposure of that plaintiff to the use of that product.

Id. Thus, a bystander plaintiff must prove that a defendant’s asbestos-containing products

were a substantial causative factor in the illness. He/she may do so by demonstrating that:

(1) the product was used frequently; (2) he/she worked in close proximity to the product or

products, in both distance and time period; and, (3) he/she was exposed regularly to the

product or products. No single factor is determinative.

       Maryland rejects what is known as the “fiber drift” theory of causation. In other

words, “a plaintiff must present evidence to show that he inhaled asbestos fibers shed by

the specific manufacturer's product.” Reiter v. Pneumo Abex, LLC, 417 Md. 57, 71, 8 A.3d
725, 733 (2010) (internal quotations omitted). In Reiter, shipyard workers, diagnosed with

asbestos-related maladies, alleged exposure to asbestos dust emitted from the braking

mechanisms of cranes at their place of work. The plaintiffs worked at a large facility,

approximately the size of an airplane hangar. Id. at 70, A.3d 733. There were at least six

cranes throughout the shipyard suspended approximately twenty-five to thirty feet in the

air. Id. at 73-74, A.3d 735. We affirmed the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment

because the plaintiffs did not produce evidence that placed the defendant’s asbestos

products at the specific site within the shipyard where the plaintiffs worked. Id. (stating

“[e]vidence that some [of the defendant’s asbestos] products were used somewhere in the

                                            - 11 -
480-acre tin mill does not establish that [the defendant’s asbestos] product was on the crane

that was in the 50 square feet where Mr. Reiter ‘actually worked.’”). Pertinent to this case,

we described “the ‘specific site’ where each decedent worked was the limited area in the

facility where the decedent was located on a day-to-day basis. While a “boiler room” . . .

may constitute a specific site, a factory the size of an airplane hangar does not.” Id.

(emphasis added).

              1. Was there sufficient evidence presented to hold liable W&G

                 for the asbestos-containing products in the boiler room at

                 LRHS?

       The crux of WGAST’s question on appeal is whether it was demonstrated

sufficiently at trial to submit to the jury the question of whether W&G was responsible for

installing the asbestos-containing products in the boiler room at LRHS.

       WGAST contends that the judgments of the circuit court and Court of Special

Appeals represented a “game-changing departure from established Maryland legal

principles” in concluding that “a reasonable jury could have inferred permissibly that

W&G was the primary, if not the only, insulation contractor present during the construction

of LRHS, and, therefore, that W&G was responsible for the installation of asbestos-

containing insulation in the boiler room.” Wallace & Gale Asbestos Settlement Trust, 238
Md. App. at 710, 194 A.3d at 409. Further, it avers that, because Mr. Busch presented no

direct evidence at trial connecting W&G to the asbestos-products in the boiler room or, for

that matter, anywhere at LRHS, the jury verdict as to its liability amounted to mere

speculation. It concludes its trifecta of arguments with a policy plea – allowing a defendant

                                            - 12 -
to be held liable based on its mere substantial presence in or at a larger workplace is akin

to a market-share theory of liability, an approach rejected in Maryland.

       We conclude, as did the Court of Special Appeals, that the evidence presented at

trial regarding W&G’s work at LRHS was sufficient to allow the case to go to the jury and

for the jury to conclude that W&G was liable. The trial judge assessed whether a

reasonable jury could conclude that the preponderance standard was met. Under that

standard, she was tasked to determine whether Mr. Busch presented sufficient evidence to

allow the jury to determine if it was more likely than not that W&G performed the

insulation work in the boiler room with asbestos-containing products. Circumstantial

evidence was presented such that a reasonable factfinder could have found by a

preponderance of the evidence that W&G performed the asbestos insulation work in the

LRHS boiler room.

       The Buschs moved successfully into evidence numerous documents relating to

W&G’s work at LRHS, including, but not limited to: time sheets showing that W&G spent

over 4,500 person-hours in the construction at LRHS; partial billing statements for Job

#5679 indicating that W&G had insulated plumbing and heating surfaces at LRHS;

invoices reflecting partial payment for work performed at LRHS; and, partial invoices for

the fire lines work W&G performed in the boiler room.17 The nature of the documents

produced during discovery suggested that document production regarding W&G’s work at

       17
          No party adduced evidence that any other entity was engaged to perform (or, in
fact, performed) heating pipe or equipment insulation at LRHS.

                                           - 13 -
LRHS was fragmentary. For instance, although timesheets produced indicated that W&G

spent over 4,500 person-hours at LRHS and the total value of the job was $145,250.00,

invoices reflected only a partial payment for $20,000.00. This is either indicative of an

enormous write-down, or, more plausibly, gaps in the production of documents in pretrial

discovery regarding the LRHS job.18

      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Busch, a reasonable factfinder

could have inferred that W&G was more likely than not responsible for all of the insulation

work at LRHS during the time Mr. Busch worked in the boiler room. First, it is not a

hyper-extended stretch for the trial jury to draw an inference that W&G was the primary,

if not only, insulation contractor working in LRHS.19 A reasonable jury could have reached

that conclusion from facts such as W&G’s apparently broad contractual undertaking for

“insulat[ing] various plumbing, heating and ventilating surfaces” and the thousands of

hours W&G spent working at LRHS. Additionally, other documentation put W&G in the

boiler room performing insulation work on the fire lines, albeit with insulation free of

asbestos. As this reasoning goes (especially in the absence of any reason suggested for

      18
          There could be multiple benign explanations for these gaps. W&G’s work at
LRHS took place in the early 1970s. Discovery and trial in this case occurred in 2016 and
2017. Record retention policies (or the lack thereof) over the 45-year interlude might
explain why there were gaps and incompleteness in W&G’s response to discovery. This
is but one possible explanation.
      19
          WGAST points out that an inference is “a fact determined through logical
deduction from other proven facts[,]” to support its contention that the only inference
permissible from the evidence presented is that W&G was the primary insulator at LRHS.
Although that is certainly one reasonable inference that could have been drawn potentially
by the jury, we believe that there are other permissible inferences which could have been
(and were in fact) drawn.
                                           - 14 -
why another insulation contractor may have been hired or was necessary to perform the

limited task of insulating the boilers with asbestos-containing insulation), an inference

could be drawn reasonably that it was unlikely that another insulation contractor would be

hired for the limited objective of insulating the boilers with asbestos-containing product

where W&G had a building-wide insulation contract and was performing some insulation

work in the boiler room, albeit not involving asbestos-containing insulation.

       WGAST argues that not one piece of direct evidence placed Mr. Busch in the same

location at the same time that W&G used an asbestos-containing product in that space, so

the jury’s verdict amounted to impermissible speculation. In asbestos cases, however,

circumstantial evidence (and reasonable inferences available therefrom) can be sufficient

to establish exposure, and liability. See Scapa Dryer Fabrics, Inc., 418 Md. at 511, 16

A.3d at 167; see also Balbos, 326 Md. at 210, 604 A.2d at 460. Based on the evidence

highlighted above, the jury was entitled to infer that W&G was likely the insulator

responsible for the asbestos-containing products in the LRHS boiler room.

       WGAST likens the use of circumstantial evidence and inferences here to a market-

share liability approach. A market-share liability approach apportions liability among

manufacturers based on their respective share of the market for the injury-causing product.

WGAST points out correctly that Maryland rejects such an approach in asbestos cases. See,

e.g., Reiter, 417 Md. at 65, 8 A.3d at 730 (stating that market-share liability is not

recognized under Maryland law).

       WGAST’s argument that the courts considering this litigation before us applied an

improper market-share liability theory conflates inappropriately consideration of W&G’s

                                           - 15 -
substantial presence in LRHS with W&G’s share of the asbestos-containing products

market. Indeed, W&G performed a substantial amount of work at LRHS. Market-share

liability, however, is premised on a manufacturer’s share of the marketplace for a product,

not its presence on, or “share” of, a single construction job site.

       Mr. Busch (in his interrogatory answers), Huettel, and Sheppard (in their

depositions read into evidence) testified, to varying degrees of certitude, that McCormick

was the contractor responsible for the asbestos-containing insulation installed in the LRHS

boiler room. WGAST sees this testimony as exonerating W&G. Because of this, the Court

of Special Appeals erred in ruling that the jury was free to disregard this evidence and rely

instead on other and more attenuated evidence that was arguably more generous to Mr.

Busch’s claim. WGAST points to cases, many from foreign jurisdictions, to support this

notion. In essence, WGAST argues that because the testimony that McCormick installed

the asbestos-containing insulation was uncontroverted, the trial court should have granted

JNOV. We are not persuaded by this argument. Although there was evidence which

identified McCormick as the manufacturer and installer of the asbestos-containing

insulation in the boiler room, other evidence was presented that permitted a reasonable

judge or factfinder to infer otherwise.

       For the reasons explained supra, the question of W&G’s liability was a close enough

question to present to the jury for consideration. A reasonable jury could have inferred that

W&G performed the asbestos insulation work in the boiler room at LRHS, the dust from

which was a substantial causative factor in Mr. Busch’s mesothelioma. Thus, the Buschs

shall prevail with their “horseshoes and hand-grenades” body of evidence.

                                             - 16 -
                                            II.

       WGAST’s second contention on appeal is that the circuit court erred in informing

the jury that McCormick had been dismissed from the lawsuit. As noted earlier, Mr. Busch

included McCormick as one of seven original co-defendants to the lawsuit. To set the

stage, we shall attempt first to make clear McCormick’s involvement in, and ultimate

disengagement from, this litigation, and then address WGAST’s argument on its merits.

       It is not unusual for an asbestos lawsuit to be brought against multiple defendants.

As such a case proceeds, and more information is uncovered in the pre-trial stage (and even

during trial), it is common for some defendants to be dismissed or otherwise “disappear”

from the proceedings before the case is sent to the jury. Additionally, it is not uncommon

for co-defendants to file cross-claims against each other.

       Here, Mr. Busch brought suit initially against seven entities, including McCormick

and WGAST.        WGAST asserted cross-claims against McCormick, alleging that

McCormick was responsible for insulating the boilers at LRHS using asbestos-containing

insulation. Despite this, McCormick was not a party when the case was given to the jury.

It had been dismissed from the proceedings, before trial commenced, by the grant of an

unopposed summary judgment motion because no party could identify sufficient and

competent evidence upon which it could be surmised that McCormick performed any work

or supplied any product involving asbestos insulation regarding the LRHS boilers.

       At trial, WGAST caused to be admitted into evidence various documents, including

Busch’s original Complaint, which listed all of the original defendants. WGAST moved

successfully into evidence also historical Baltimore City Asbestos Personal Injury Master

                                           - 17 -
Complaints and Amendments by Interlineation, dating from the late 1980s and early 1990s.

These documents included excerpts from:

          • Master Complaint from In Re: Personal Injury Asbestos Cases CT-2
            Trades Cases, dated 10 July 1987;
          • Amendment by Interlineation to Master Complaint from In Re:
            Personal Injury Asbestos Cases, CT-1 Trades Cases, CT-2 Bethlehem
            Steel Case, CT-3 Railroad Cases, CT-4 Other Asbestos Cases, and
            CT-5 Shipyard Cases, dated 4 April 1989;
          • Amended Master Complaint from In Re: Personal Injury Asbestos
            Cases, CT-1 Trades Cases, dated 20 June 1990;
          • Amendment by Interlineation to Master Complaint filed in In Re:
            Personal Injury Asbestos Cases, CT-1 Trades Cases, dated 12
            November 1990;
          • Amendment by Interlineation to Master Complaint from In Re:
            Personal Injury Asbestos Cases, CT-1 Cases, dated 5 February 1991;
          • Amendment by Interlineation to Master Complaint filed in In Re:
            Personal Injury Asbestos Cases, CT-1 Trades Cases, dated 27
            February 1991; and,
          • Amendment by Interlineation to Master Complaint from In Re:
            Personal Injury Asbestos Cases, CT-1 Trades Cases, dated 27
            October 1994.

       The exhibits introduced by WGAST identified many different entities as defendants.

All seven defendants named initially in the Buschs’s Complaint were identified, as well as

other entities that had gone bankrupt over the past twenty-five years, and all entities

believed by the Buschs to be responsible for contributing to the development of Mr.

Busch’s mesothelioma. In total, there were at least 23 other entities identified in these

documents introduced by WGAST that were not defendants being tried in the trial in the

present case.

       In response to these documentary admissions by WGAST, the Buschs sought to

admit the circuit court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of McCormick as to all

                                          - 18 -
cross and third-party claims against it by third-party defendants on its unopposed motion,

preceded by a stipulation by the Buschs dismissing their claims against McCormick.

According to the Buschs, this was necessary because WGAST, in what to them seemed an

attempt to muddy the water, had created jury confusion by its use of the Complaint and

pleadings in other cases having questionable relevance. The Buschs sought to dispel any

confusion by informing the jury simply that McCormick was dismissed by summary

judgment and thus was no longer a party in the pending lawsuit. WGAST objected to the

Buschs’s proposals on various grounds, including relevance.

      After hearing argument, the trial judge concluded:

      But I think it creates an unfair confusion regarding what happened when the
      defense has it – has entered into the record the fact that these parties
      [McCormick] were sued, and to not tell the jury that these parties have now
      been dismissed. I think it creates confusion.
                                           ***
      [Y]ou’ve put in the record the complaint identifying McCormick, and now
      you’re saying now in your argument that you [W&G] have a defense of
      mistaken identity. But you have put in as evidentiary support of that defense
      the complaint by the plaintiff, and I think that does open up questions for the
      jury as to what happened to that complaint [as to McCormick].

      At that point, trial counsel for WGAST acquiesced in informing the jury of the

dismissal of McCormick, but not the court’s ruling on McCormick’s Motion for Summary

Judgment. Counsel stated:

      If you want to tell the jury they’re dismissed and they shouldn’t consider any
      reason for it, that’s fine.
                                             ***
      If they want to say it’s dismissed to complete the record, that’s fine. But I’m
      objecting to any explanation . . .

                                           - 19 -
       The circuit court permitted ultimately the Buschs to inform the jury that McCormick

had been dismissed. It did not allow them, however, to make reference to the Buschs’s

dismissal of their claims against McCormick, McCormick’s unopposed motion for

summary judgment, or the order granting the motion. The trial judge explained that there

was a difference between informing the jury that former parties mentioned by WGAST in

its evidentiary submissions were dismissed and informing the jury specifically of the legal

vehicle by which its exit from the case was accomplished. Accordingly, the judge ruled:

       But I guess my ruling then is allowing in the fact that these parties were
       dismissed, are no longer in the case but stripped of any content or context for
       that dismissal.

       Because I believe that the content and the context has the potential for
       creating unfair prejudice by invoking the Court’s reasoning, or if not the
       Court’s reasoning, in the case of a motion for summary judgment, it invites
       the jury to speculate as to the amount or the reasons why other parties may
       have settled.

       So I want to avoid that, and I think that all parties should take care to avoid
       that. And that goes to the defense as well. Because I can imagine ways you
       could craft your closing argument that would invite further inquiry. So I
       would say all parties should proceed very cautiously to avoid any inferences
       as to why other parties aren’t here.

Consistent with this ruling, counsel for the Buschs informed the jury: “Plaintiffs dismissed

any and all claims against [McCormick] in Mr. Busch’s case.”

                               STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review a trial court's evidentiary determinations generally for an abuse of

discretion. Ruffin Hotel Corp. of Maryland v. Gasper, 418 Md. 594, 619, 17 A.3d 676,

691 (2011). We give no deference, however, to a trial court's conclusion as to whether

evidence is relevant. State v. Robertson, No. 40, slip op. at 8 (Md. Apr. 2, 2019); see also

                                            - 20 -
Ford v. State, 462 Md. 3, 46, 197 A.3d 1090, 1115 (2018), reconsideration denied (Dec.

11, 2018). In regards to application of the “opening the door” doctrine, we evaluate a trial

court’s decision first, as a matter of law, whether the “door” was opened, and then, for an

abuse of discretion as to the trial court’s response if the “door” was opened. Little v.

Schneider, 434 Md. 150, 170, 73 A.3d 1074, 1085 (2013).

                                      DISCUSSION

       WGAST contends that the circuit court’s and Court of Special Appeals’

“unsubstantiated assumption” that admission of the complaints at trial by WGAST created

unfair potential confusion is erroneous.      It continues that admitting evidence that

McCormick had been sued, but was no longer in the case, was not confusing, so no

corrective action was necessary.    WGAST argues that the “opening the door” doctrine,

relied on by the Court of Special Appeals, was applied in error because: 1) there was no

actual or potential problem requiring an evidentiary cure; and, 2) there was no unfair

prejudice relating to confusion as to McCormick’s status, so no “door” was “opened.” We

cast a jaundiced eye on WGAST’s urgings in this regard.

       The “opening the door” doctrine expands relevancy in an attempt to quell confusion

regarding previously admitted other evidence. It renders otherwise irrelevant evidence

admissible as relevant through an opposing party’s prior admission of evidence relating to

the same subject matter. As we explained:

       The doctrine of “opening the door” to otherwise inadmissible evidence is
       based on principles of fairness. As we have stated: “‘opening the door’ is
       simply a way of saying: ‘My opponent has injected an issue into the case,
       and I ought to be able to introduce evidence on that issue.’” Clark v. State,
       332 Md. 77, 85, 629 A.2d 1239, 1243 (1993). It is a method by which we

                                           - 21 -
       allow parties to “meet fire with fire,” as they introduce otherwise
       inadmissible evidence in response to evidence put forth by the opposing side.
       See Terry v. State, 332 Md. 329, 337, 631 A.2d 424, 428 (1993). In this
       regard, the “doctrine is really a rule of expanded relevancy.” Clark, 332 Md.
       at 84, 629 A.2d at 1242. It “authorizes admitting evidence which otherwise
       would have been irrelevant in order to respond to ... admissible evidence
       which generates an issue.” Id. at 84-85, 629 A.2d at 1243.

Little, 434 Md. at 157, 73 A.3d at 1078 (footnote omitted). Despite the expansion afforded

by the doctrine, it has limitations. For example, the “door” must be opened before the

otherwise irrelevant evidence is admitted – a party cannot introduce an irrelevant and

inadmissible piece of evidence for a controversy not “live” yet. Clark v. State, 332 Md.
77, 86–87, 629 A.2d 1239, 1244 (1993). Additionally:

       Such evidence is also subject to exclusion where a court finds that the
       probative value of the otherwise inadmissible responsive evidence “is
       substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
       issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of
       time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”

Id. at 87, A.2d 1244.

       Consideration of the “opening the door” doctrine implicates Md. Rule 5-403, which

states that relevant evidence “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially

outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the

jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of

cumulative evidence.”20 This rule, by its nature, involves balancing the probative value

against the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion, and other considerations.

       20
         Indeed, we have infused the verbatim text from Md. Rule 5-403 in our prior
decisions discussing the “opening the door” doctrine.
                                           - 22 -
       Based on the record before her, the trial judge considered carefully the evidence

introduced by WGAST and any potential confusion which that evidence might invoke. She

noted astutely that allowing WGAST to introduce the Complaint and historical Baltimore

City Asbestos Personal Injury Master Complaints and Amendments by Interlineation from

the late 1980s and early 1990s, with nothing more, invited the jury to speculate regarding

why McCormick was no longer a party in the present lawsuit, especially in light of

WGAST’s introduction of Mr. Busch’s, Sheppard’s, and Huettel’s discovery responses

blaming McCormick as the sole entity responsible for installing asbestos-containing

insulation in the boiler room of LRHS. McCormick’s involvement in the earlier stages of

the lawsuit, without more, could have been confusing to a lay juror who may not be familiar

with the “ins-and-outs” of litigation, let alone asbestos litigation.

       The trial judge was in the best position to observe the presentation of the evidence

and how it may have been received by the jury. It was within her discretion to evaluate the

evidence and determine whether it may create confusion, which potential consequence

required clarification. The circuit court did not abuse its discretion by allowing the Buschs

to inform the jury of McCormick’s dismissal from this litigation.

                                            JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF
                                            SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED. COSTS
                                            TO BE PAID BY PETITIONER.

                                             - 23 -
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 24-X-16-000151
Argued: March 4, 2019

                                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                                OF MARYLAND

                                                        No. 58

                                             SEPTEMBER TERM, 2018

                                         WALLACE & GALE ASBESTOS
                                            SETTLEMENT TRUST

                                                           v.

                                    WILLIAM EDWARD BUSCH, JR., ET UX.

                                          Barbera, C.J.,
                                          *Greene
                                          McDonald
                                          Watts
                                          Hotten
                                          Getty
                                          Harrell, Glenn T., Jr.,
                                              (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned)

                                                        JJ.

                                                 Dissent by Getty, J.

                                          Filed: July 3, 2019

                                   *Greene, J., participated in the hearing of the
                                   case, in the conference in regard to its decision
                                   and in the adoption of the opinion but he retired
                                   from the Court prior to the filing of the opinion.
       I respectfully dissent from the Majority’s conclusion as to the first issue and would

hold that the jury was not entitled to infer that Wallace and Gale (hereinafter “W&G”) was

the insulator responsible for the asbestos-containing products in the Loch Raven High

School (hereinafter “LRHS”) boiler room. As appropriately framed by the Court of Special

Appeals, “this case is, at its core, is about product identification, and the question before

us is whether the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to support an inference that

W&G installers installed asbestos-containing magnesia block in the boiler room at LRHS.”

Wallace & Gale Asbestos Settlement Tr. v. Busch, 238 Md. App. 695, 707 (2018). In

considering this core issue, however, I depart from the conclusion reached by the Court of

Special Appeals and the Majority.1

       Based on the evidence presented at trial, we know Mr. Busch did not install

asbestos-containing products himself. Further, no other pieces of direct evidence were

produced linking W&G to any asbestos-containing products in the construction at LRHS,

let alone in the boiler room during Mr. Busch’s time there. In my view, only impermissible

inferences drawn from the circumstantial evidence presented at trial could have possibly

supported that W&G was more likely than not responsible for installing the asbestos-

containing insulation in the boiler room. The jury’s verdict was the product of mere

conjecture and speculation.

1
  I would not have reached and thus do not comment on the second issue of whether the
circuit court erred in informing the jury that McCormick had been dismissed from the
lawsuit.
         In any asbestos case, a plaintiff must demonstrate that exposure to the Defendant’s

asbestos-containing product was a substantial causative factor in the development of the

plaintiff’s injury. Eagle-Picher Indus. v. Balbos, 326 Md. 179, 210 (1992). We have

previously assessed causation by evidence of a plaintiff’s “frequency, proximity, and

regularity” to the asbestos-containing product. Id. at 210 (“[F]actors to be evaluated

include the nature of the product, the frequency of its use, the proximity, in distance and in

time, of a plaintiff to the use of a product, and the regularity of the exposure of that plaintiff

to the use of that product.”). In all cases, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the defendant’s

asbestos-containing product caused the condition.

         This Court has refrained from permitting impermissible inferences amounting to

speculation to serve as the basis of a defendant’s liability in Maryland’s asbestos litigation.

Most relevant to this case, we held in Balbos that due to “missing links in the chain of

causation” there was insufficient evidence to find that a plaintiff was injured by one of the

installers at a shipyard. 326 Md. at 213 (1992). In that case, one of the plaintiffs presented

two theories of liability against one of the defendants, Porter Hayden Company (hereinafter

“Porter”), an installer on the project. Id. The plaintiff alleged “that Porter sold to the

shipyard Johns-Manville (Manville)2 asbestos products to which [the plaintiff] was

exposed” and/or “that Porter’s employees exposed [the plaintiff] to asbestos fibers during

installation of products at the Key Highway shipyard.” Id. The evidence presented

supported a finding that Manville products were used in areas of ships where the plaintiff

2
    Johns-Manville “dealt almost exclusively in asbestos products.” Id. at 204.
                                                2
would have frequently been in contact with them; however, this Court determined that the

contact was not enough to hold Porter liable. Id. at 214. Instead, the plaintiff had the

burden of showing that Porter was the seller of the Manville products or that Porter had

used them at the shipyard. Id.

       This Court determined the plaintiff failed to carry that burden. Id. Reviewing the

evidence presented at trial, we noted that there were the “unknowns,” such as whether and

to what extent Manville sold directly to the project, and to what extent independent

contractors had introduced the asbestos products.       Id. at 215.    Therefore, “[a]bsent

quantification of these relationships, it [was] speculation to assume [the plaintiff’s]

proximity to Manville asbestos at Key Highway is probably proximity to Porter asbestos.”

Id. at 215. As to their second contention, we held that the plaintiff also failed to meet its

evidentiary burden because the fact that the shipyard used “outside installers at Key

Highway, one of whom was Porter . . . does not establish that [the plaintiff] was frequently

exposed in proximity to Porter-supplied asbestos products.” Id. at 216.

       In our precedent that followed Balbos we have continued to require evidence that

the defendant was responsible for the asbestos-containing product at issue. See Scapa

Dryer Fabrics, Inc. v. Saville, 418 Md. 496, 505 (2011) (“In addition to satisfying Balbos,

a plaintiff must link the defendant to the product.”); Reiter v. Pneumo Abex, LLC, 417 Md.
57, 69 (2010) (“The case at bar is a ‘circumstantial evidence’ case in which the Petitioners

were required to present evidence of exposure to a ‘specific product [made or

manufactured by the Respondents] on a regular basis, over some extended period of time,

                                             3
in proximity to where the [decedents] actually worked.’” (emphasis added) (citing

Lohrmann v. Pittsburgh Corning Corp., 782 F.2d 1156, 1162-63 (4th Cir. 1986)). Here, I

believe the Majority is departing from our long-held standard. The Majority is permitting

the baseline requirement that Mr. Busch must link W&G to the asbestos insulation to be

satisfied through impermissible inferences when we have no evidence that W&G utilized

any asbestos containing products at LRHS, much less the boiler room, during the time Mr.

Busch worked there.

       In review of the evidence before the jury, W&G had a broad contractual undertaking

for “insulat[ing] various plumbing, heating and ventilating surfaces” at LRHS and spent

many hours working at LRHS. As to the boiler room specifically, the evidence showed

only that W&G performed insulation work on the fire lines inside the boiler room, with

insulation free of asbestos.

       In his pre-trial interrogatory answers, Mr. Busch declared that McCormick was the

contractor responsible for installing the asbestos-containing insulation in the LRHS boiler

room. Specifically, Mr. Busch stated that he “worked with and around asbestos-containing

thermal insulation products sold, supplied, and installed by McCormick.” At trial, Mr.

Busch never renounced his assertion but instead stated that he now suffered memory loss.

On the record, he acknowledged his answers to the interrogatories and that he had not

attempted to repudiate or correct them before trial. The entirety of his testimony was that,

despite his previous statements, he no longer recalled who performed the asbestos-

containing insulation work in the boiler room at LRHS.

                                             4
       Mr. Huettel and Mr. Sheppard, co-workers of Mr. Busch, affirmed in their

deposition, read into evidence at trial, that McCormick was the contractor responsible for

installing the asbestos-containing insulation. When Mr. Huettel was asked at his deposition

if he recalled which company hired the pipe coverers at LRHS, he responded: “[t]hat was

McCormick.” When asked if he could identify what the pipe coverers did at LRHS, he

responded, “[w]ell, they insulated the boilers.”      Likewise, Mr. Sheppard identified

McCormick as the installer of the asbestos-containing materials in the boiler room. He

recounted specifically McCormick’s name as printed on the workers’ toolboxes and on the

asbestos insulation packaging with “made by McCormick” labels.

       W&G produced invoices and other statements regarding its work at LRHS. Every

document produced embracing the time in which Mr. Busch performed work at LRHS

referred to specific materials such as foamglass, fiberglass, or “power house cement.” It is

uncontroverted that those products did not contain asbestos.

       W&G also produced timesheets that identify when W&G employees worked in

LRHS generally and for how long. However, they do not reveal specifically what work

was performed nor where in LRHS the work was performed except for the fire lines in the

boiler room. At best, the timesheets demonstrate that W&G was present somewhere in

LRHS for relatively substantial periods of time. Construction in the high school spanned

several months commencing in 1971 and ending in 1972. A claim that the timesheets give

rise to an inference that W&G performed insulation work using asbestos-containing

materials in the boiler room is a bridge too far.

                                              5
       By contrast, Mr. Busch produced no evidence showing that W&G supplied or

installed asbestos-containing materials anywhere in LRHS during the time Mr. Busch

performed work there. It is unreasonable to draw from the more generalized evidence of

W&G’s other work at LRHS an inference that it likely installed the asbestos insulation in

the boiler room. Not one piece of evidence placed Mr. Busch in the same location or

vicinity, at the same time, where W&G used an asbestos-containing product at LRHS. For

that matter, there was no evidence presented that demonstrated W&G’s installation of

asbestos-containing materials anywhere in LRHS during the time Mr. Busch performed

work there. In light of the dearth of such evidence, the jury’s verdict amounted to

impermissible speculation.

       I agree with the Majority that in asbestos cases, circumstantial evidence (and

reasonable inferences available therefrom) can be sufficient to establish exposure or

liability. Slip op. at 15. However, in my view, based on the evidence presented here, the

jury was not entitled to infer that W&G was the insulator responsible for the asbestos-

containing products in the LRHS boiler room. It is well established that a case resting on

speculation, conjecture, or surmise is not sufficient to submit to a jury. See Baulsir v.

Sugar, 266 Md. 390, 395 (1972) (“[A] plaintiff has not met his burden of proof if he

presents merely a scintilla of evidence where the jury must resort to surmise and conjecture

to declare his right to recover. A hypothesis resting on surmise and conjecture is not

enough to warrant a submission of the case to the jury.” (internal citations omitted)); see

also Peterson v. Underwood, 258 Md. 9, 21 (1970) (reversing the Court of Special

                                             6
Appeals’ judgment due to lack of proof of liability because allowing a jury “to attempt to

answer the question . . . without any evidence as a guide would permit ‘the rankest kind of

guesswork, speculation and conjecture.’”).

       A defendant’s primary or general presence at a large worksite, without more, fails

to demonstrate the required degree of specificity required by Maryland’s asbestos liability

jurisprudence in order to hold this Defendant responsible for Mr. Busch’s asbestos

exposure in the LRHS boiler room. It follows that it does not constitute sufficient proof of

product identification, thus preventing W&G3 from being held liable.

       The inference that W&G was more likely than not responsible for the asbestos work

in the boiler room was an assumption based on asserted probability created by W&G’s

mere presence at LRHS. A missing (and determinative) piece of the mosaic constructed

by Busch is evidence linking W&G to the installation of the asbestos-containing materials

used in the boiler room, or even linking W&G to asbestos work performed anywhere in

LRHS. Therefore, I would have reversed the Court of Special Appeals.

3
 Technically speaking, Wallace & Gale Asbestos Settlement Trust is the party from
which Mr. Busch would recover.
                                             7