Court Opinion

ID: 6351339
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-21 13:15:23.637549+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:36.975293
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED

              Present: Senior Judges Annunziata, Frank and Petty

              JEREMY L. PERRY, S/K/A
               JEREMY LEE PERRY
                                                                               MEMORANDUM OPINION*
              v.     Record No. 1198-21-2                                          PER CURIAM
                                                                                   JUNE 21, 2022
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY
                                                W. Allan Sharrett, Judge

                               (Terry R. Driskill, on brief), for appellant.

                               (Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Susan Brock Wosk, Assistant
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     After a bench trial, the Circuit Court of Prince George County convicted appellant of grand

              larceny and sentenced him to ten years’ incarceration, with five years and six months suspended.

              Appellant appeals the conviction, arguing that the trial court “erred in finding [him] guilty of grand

              larceny where only circumstantial evidence was introduced and where that circumstantial evidence

              did not exclude every reasonable hypothesis of innocence, particularly, that there was another

              criminal agent.”

                     Appellant’s counsel moved for leave to withdraw. The motion to withdraw is accompanied

              by a brief referring to the part of the record that might arguably support this appeal. A copy of that

              brief has been furnished to appellant with sufficient time for him to raise any matter that he chooses,

              along with a motion requesting an extension of time to allow appellant to file supplemental

              pleadings. Appellant has not filed any pro se supplemental pleadings.

                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
       After examining the briefs and record in this case, the panel unanimously holds that oral

argument is unnecessary because “the appeal is wholly without merit.” Code § 17.1-403(ii)(a);

Rule 5A:27(a).

                                         BACKGROUND

       “On appeal, an appellate court is required to consider the evidence and all inferences fairly

deducible from it in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.”

Lambert v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 510, 515 (2020). “In doing so, we discard any of appellant’s

conflicting evidence and regard as true all credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and

all inferences that may reasonably be drawn from that evidence.” McGowan v. Commonwealth,

72 Va. App. 513, 516 (2020).

       In January 2021, Robert Crotts and his daughter, Courtney Crotts, resided in Prince

George County. Robert knew appellant because he previously had lived with Robert for two

years while he was dating Courtney. During that time, Robert kept musical equipment, including

fifteen cymbals, in a trailer behind his house. The trailer was located in a wooded area that was

not visible from the road.

       Although appellant moved out in 2019, Robert continued to receive his mail.

Approximately six months after appellant moved out, Courtney submitted a change of address

with the post office to stop appellant’s mail from arriving at their house. Courtney had only brief

communication with appellant since he moved out and last spoke with appellant in 2019 or 2020.

       On January 12, 2021, appellant spoke with Robert on the phone and asked him if he had

received appellant’s stimulus check. Robert, who was unhappy with appellant, told him that he

had not received the check, but if he did, he would “rip it up.” After the phone call, Robert

discovered that fifteen of his cymbals were missing from his trailer. Robert called the police and

reported the cymbals missing.

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       After Robert discovered that the cymbals were missing, an unidentified user named

“justbarrtom” contacted Courtney on Instagram regarding the cymbals. Courtney believed this

account belonged to appellant, and she entered into a conversation with the user. Courtney

started the conversation by stating, “Jeremy i [sic] have your check,” and “Where can I meet you

to get these back?” In response, the user said “Don’t tel [sic] police pleas [sic].” Courtney then

wrote, “Jeremy please call my house now please [sic] I have your money now.” The user

requested that Courtney deliver the check, but when Courtney asked where she could meet the

user, the user accused Courtney of “rip[ping]” the check. Finally, after Courtney denied

destroying the check, she asked, “Jeremy how long have I known you?” At no point did the user

identified as “justbarrtom” contest being called Jeremy.

       At trial, appellant testified that four or five other people were present during his phone

call with Robert and that “one of them [has] a grudge against me. . . . [S]omebody is definitely

setting me up.” Appellant admitted that he knew about the trailer, knew that it contained

Robert’s musical equipment, and “went out there a lot with [Robert].” Appellant denied ever

creating, or sending messages from, an Instagram account with the username, “justbarrtom.”

       After closing arguments, the trial court considered the short amount of time between

appellant’s phone call with Robert and the larceny. It noted how a person with a username of

“justbarrtom” contacted Courtney instead of Robert. The trial court discussed that the person

had specific knowledge about the musical equipment in the trailer, about the stimulus check, and

Robert’s threat to destroy the check. It noted that the person did not refute the name Jeremy and

made “a very direct threat to destroy the evidence and, indeed, no evidence has been recovered.”

The trial court doubted that “a complete stranger” would have this specific conversation about

the stimulus check and missing cymbals with Courtney. The trial court considered that apart

from appellant’s “vague assertion [that] there were some other people in the room,” there was no

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evidence that anyone else would frame appellant for this crime. The trial court could find “no

alternative situation [consistent] with innocence” and convicted appellant of grand larceny. The

trial court sentenced appellant to ten years’ incarceration, with five years and six months

suspended. This appeal followed.

                                             ANALYSIS

        Appellant argues that the trial court erred in convicting him of grand larceny “where only

circumstantial evidence was introduced and where that circumstantial evidence did not exclude

every reasonable hypothesis of innocence.” Appellant argues that it “is entirely possible that

someone who overheard the conversation . . . took the items.” Appellant asserts that if he had sent

the messages, he would have objected to being called “Jeremy,” but “[a]nother agent would have

been likely to have allowed the name to go unchallenged.”

        “When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support

it.’” McGowan, 72 Va. App. at 521 (alteration in original) (quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296

Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask itself whether it believes that the

evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id. (alteration in original)

(quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018)). “Rather, the relevant question is

whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting Williams v.

Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193 (2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the

reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from

the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan, 72 Va. App. at 521 (quoting

Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)).

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       “At trial, the Commonwealth bears the burden of proving the identity of the accused as the

perpetrator beyond a reasonable doubt.” Cuffee v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 353, 364 (2013)

(quoting Blevins v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App. 412, 423 (2003)). In proving the identity of a

criminal actor, the Commonwealth may rely on circumstantial evidence. Crawley v.

Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 372, 375 (1999). “It is firmly established that ‘[c]ircumstantial

evidence is competent and is entitled to as much weight as direct evidence provided that the

circumstantial evidence is sufficiently convincing to exclude every reasonable hypothesis except

that of guilt.’” Kelley v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 617, 629 (2019) (alteration in original)

(quoting Pijor v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 512 (2017)). “Circumstantial evidence is not

‘viewed in isolation’ because the ‘combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances,

each insufficient in itself, may lead a reasonable [fact finder]’ to conclude beyond a reasonable

doubt that a defendant is guilty.” Rams v. Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 12, 27 (2019) (alteration in

original) (quoting Muhammad v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 451, 479 (2005)). Therefore,

circumstantial evidence may prove identity when “circumstances of time, place, motive, means,

opportunity and conduct concur in pointing out the accused as the perpetrator of the crime.”

Schlimme v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 15, 18 (1993) (quoting Potts v. Commonwealth, 12

Va. App. 1093, 1097 (1991)).

       “The ‘reasonable hypothesis of innocence’ concept is also well defined. The

Commonwealth need exclude only reasonable hypotheses of innocence that ‘flow from the evidence

itself, and not from the imagination’ of the defendant.” Kelley, 69 Va. App. at 629 (quoting Pijor,

294 Va. at 512). So “[m]erely because [a] defendant’s theory of the case differs from that taken by

the Commonwealth does not mean that every reasonable hypothesis consistent with his innocence

has not been excluded. What weight should be given evidence is a matter for the [factfinder] to

decide.” Ray v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 291, 308 (2022) (alterations in original) (quoting

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Edwards v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 284, 301 (2017)). “While a factfinder may not arbitrarily

disregard a reasonable doubt, whether ‘the hypothesis of innocence is reasonable is itself a

“question of fact,” subject to deferential appellate review.’” Burton v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App.

274, 285-86 (2011) (quoting Clanton v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 561, 572-73 (2009) (en

banc)). “By finding [a] defendant guilty, therefore, the factfinder ‘has found by a process of

elimination that the evidence does not contain a reasonable theory of innocence.’” Ray, 74

Va. App. at 308 (alteration in original) (quoting Edwards, 68 Va. App. at 301). When “‘faced with

a record of historical facts that supports conflicting inferences,’ the [appellate] court ‘must

presume—even if it does not affirmatively appear in the record—that the trier of fact resolved any

such conflicts in favor of that prosecution, and must defer to that resolution.’” Hill v.

Commonwealth, 297 Va. 804, 808 (2019) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 326 (1979)).

        The evidence presented in this case contained several concurrent circumstances supporting

the trial court’s conclusion that appellant committed the larceny. The trial court questioned, “Who

else would have contacted Courtney Crotts at this particular time, with the specific knowledge of a

ripped up check and of the existence of cymbals in the shed and insisted on having—getting his

check or the cymbals would be destroyed.” Appellant and Robert did not communicate for years,

but the larceny occurred shortly after Robert spoke to appellant about his stimulus check and

Robert’s intention to “rip it up.” The cymbals were contained in a trailer, which was in a wooded

area not visible to the road. Appellant admitted that he knew about the trailer and its contents from

his time living at Robert’s residence.

        Shortly after the larceny, someone with the Instagram username of “justbarrtom” contacted

Courtney, appellant’s closest link to the family. The trial court questioned why the person would

contact Courtney, as opposed to Robert, but also noted that appellant had “animosity” toward

Robert. In addition, the trial court noted that the person sending the messages did not refute the

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name, “Jeremy,” even though Courtney referred to the unknown user as “Jeremy” on three

occasions. The trial court found that the person who sent the messages had “specific knowledge,”

including details of appellant’s phone call with Robert. After the person asked Courtney to deliver

his check, he alluded to Robert’s threat, stating “U ripped the check.”

       Finally, the trial court reasonably considered and rejected appellant’s hypothesis of

innocence. Appellant testified that four or five other people were present during his phone call with

Robert and that “one of them [has] a grudge against me. . . . [S]omebody is definitely setting me

up.” The trial court did not find credible appellant’s testimony and, instead, found that “[e]very

piece of this evidence points only in one direction and that is to [appellant] and it points nowhere

else.” “The rejection of a hypothesis of innocence ‘is binding on appeal unless plainly wrong . . . .’”

Ervin v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 495, 519 (2011) (en banc) (quoting Archer v.

Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 1, 12-13 (1997)). Considering the totality of the evidence, the trial

court did not err in rejecting appellant’s hypothesis of innocence. The Commonwealth’s evidence

was competent, was not inherently incredible, and was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable

doubt that appellant was guilty of grand larceny.

                                           CONCLUSION

       Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s conviction and grant the motion for leave to

withdraw. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 744 (1967). This Court’s records shall reflect

that Jeremy L. Perry, s/k/a Jeremy Lee Perry is now proceeding without the assistance of counsel

in this matter and is representing himself on any further proceedings or appeal.

                                                                                               Affirmed.

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