Court Opinion

ID: 2755679
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-11-26 16:06:27.754166+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:08:17.997855
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                    No. 13-1628
                             Filed November 26, 2014

MALIK JUWEID,
     Petitioner-Appellant,

vs.

IOWA BOARD OF REGENTS, et al.,
     Respondent-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Robert J. Blink,

Judge.

      Malik Juweid appeals the district court’s ruling on judicial review that

concluded he was not denied due process in the administrative proceedings.

AFFIRMED.

      Rockne O. Cole of Cole & Vondra, PC, Iowa City, for appellant.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and George A. Carroll, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

      Heard by Danilson, C.J., and Doyle and Tabor, JJ.
                                           2

DANILSON, C.J.

       Malik Juweid appeals the district court’s ruling on judicial review that

concluded he was not denied due process in the administrative proceedings.

Juweid argues impermissible conflicts of interest denied him due process in the

university disciplinary proceedings charging him with violations of its ethics and

anti-harassment policies. He asserts University of Iowa President Sally Mason’s

contemporaneous role as an intermediate decision maker in university

disciplinary proceedings and as a defendant in Juweid’s civil suit against her

constituted actual bias. He also maintains the assistant attorney general’s role

as legal advisor to the university in both proceedings was impermissible.

       Juweid’s claims he was denied due process as a result of conflicts of

interest fail because he has neither overcome the presumption of honesty and

integrity to which President Mason and Assistant Attorney General Carroll are

entitled nor established actual conflicts of interest.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       Juweid was a tenured faculty member at the University of Iowa, Carver

College of Medicine.       He has published articles asserting the dangers of

excessive use of PET-CT scans, particularly in children. One such article was

published in March 2010.         During the fall and summer of 2010, Juweid

recommended reduction of what he considered excessive imaging at University

of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (UIHC). On October 28, 2010, he sent President

Mason an email criticizing UIHC for failing to implement his recommendations

and asking for an investigation of the overuse of imaging in children.
                                            3

       On January 12, 2011, University of Iowa Provost Tom Rice placed Juweid

on administrative leave upon advice of the university’s threat assessment team.1

       On February 11, 2011, pursuant to provisions of the university’s

operations manual, Rice sent Juweid a written “Ethics Complaint—Notice of

Charges” (hereinafter complaint). The complaint detailed twenty-eight instances

of statements made in emails Juweid sent to numerous coworkers and university

officials between February 8, 2010, and February 9, 2011, which allegedly

“disparaged and attacked the character and integrity of colleagues at the

University and other institutions” in violation of section 15.4 of the operations

manual. That provision states in part, “In the exchange of criticism and ideas,

[the faculty member] shows due respect for the rights of others to their opinion.

He or she refrains from personal vilification . . . .”        The complaint indicated

Juweid “violated Section 15.4 by sending numerous prejudiced, insulting and

inflammatory emails to colleagues,” one of which was an October 27, 2010

email2 to President Mason and others,

       under the subject line “NPR Fires Analyst for Saying Muslims Make
       Him Nervous—And what Does the University of Iowa Do?” You
       [Juweid] accused Gay Pelzer of defending Dr. Fajardo [the
       chairperson of the radiology department] whom you allege as
       having made comments that are anti-gay, anti-Arab, discriminatory
       to minorities and religious practices and retaliatory. You accuse
       University administration of retaliation and discrimination and state
       that it is “time to react, Dr. Mason, before this all hits the press, the
       Iowa and Federal Civil Rights Commissions, the Federal Equal
       Opportunity and Diversity office, the Arab-American Anti-
       Discrimination committee and other civil rights committees.”

1
  Nothing in this record indicates any investigation of Juweid’s conduct was instigated by
President Mason.
2
  There is no evidence in this record as to whether President Mason read this email.
                                           4

       The complaint asserted Juweid’s remarks in the numerous, listed emails—

as well as his “abusive tone”—were “unprofessional, unnecessary, and

embarrassing to yourself and the University.”          The complaint also cited a

September 2008 agreement reached between Juweid and the then-associate

provost in which Juweid promised not to communicate with colleagues using

“racially pejorative terms in reference to the recipients.”      The February 2011

complaint indicated additional complaints about Juweid’s workplace conduct

were being investigated. Copies of the complaint were sent to the presiding

officer of the faculty judicial commission, the vice president for medical affairs,

the interim executive vice president and provost, the dean of the college of

medicine, and the head of the radiology department.

       On February 15, 2011, on the recommendation of Lois Geist, the

associate dean of faculty affairs of the university’s medical school, Rice filed

disciplinary charges against Juweid alleging violation of the anti-harassment,

disruptive behavior, and anti-retaliation policies of the university.

       On April 22, 2011, academic investigator Linda McGuire recommended

disciplinary proceedings continue on the anti-harassment and disruptive behavior

grounds.

       On May 6, 2011, Juweid filed a lawsuit against twenty-five defendants,

including President Mason, alleging he was entitled to whistleblower protections

and had been subjected to retaliation in violation of state and federal civil rights

acts. (An amended petition was filed in August 2011.)3 In part, Juweid sought a

3
  Juweid voluntarily dismissed this lawsuit (CVCV073326) without prejudice on
November 1, 2012.
                                            5

temporary injunction staying the disciplinary process while the civil action was

pending.

         On May 12, 2011, Juweid was sent another disciplinary complaint, which

gave notice of charges that included violations of the university’s anti-

harassment, disruptive behavior, and professional ethics and academic

responsibility policies, as well as a violation of the Health Insurance Portability

and Accountability Act (HIPAA) (concerning protected health information). Again,

copies were sent to the presiding officer of the faculty judicial commission, the

vice president for medical affairs, the interim executive vice president and

provost, the dean of the college of medicine, and the head of the radiology

department.

         Following operations manual procedures, a three-person faculty panel

presided over a June 15, 2012 hearing4 on the charges stated in the two

complaints.      Juweid was allowed the assistance of counsel but chose to

represent himself. The university was represented by Assistant Attorney General

George Carroll.       While Juweid’s argument refers to President Mason as a

complaining witness, only three witnesses testified for the university: Dr. Geist,

the Associate Dean of Faculty Affairs, and Peter Berkson and Jane Caton, two

members of the university threat assessment team. Juweid was afforded the

opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses. He also had the opportunity to call

witnesses and present documentary evidence.

         On July 23, 2012, the panel issued unanimous findings, conclusions, and

recommendations.        It found “clear and convincing evidence” that Juweid had

4
    Apparently, the hearing was continued numerous times for varying reasons.
                                          6

repeatedly violated section 15.4 by failing to “avoid[] interference with [others’]

work,” engaging in “personal vilification,” engaging in “threatening, intimidating, or

abusive language,” and engaging in “conduct that creates a hostile work

environment.” The panel also found Juweid had violated HIPAA. The panel

recommended Juweid be dismissed from his tenured faculty position in the

department of radiology and his employment be terminated.

       On August 16, 2012, Juweid appealed the panel’s decision, which would

normally go to the university president, Mason.        However, Juweid sought an

“external adjudicator”

       due to the UI’s flagrant violation of his procedural and substantive
       due process rights in this termination proceeding. The obvious
       conflict is that your own [Mason’s] lawyer in our whistleblowing and
       civil rights lawsuit against you, George Carroll, is now submitting a
       brief to you, his client, asking you to determine that you did not
       retaliate against Dr. Juweid due to his whistleblowing activities.
       This is an obvious conflict of interest impairing Dr. Juweid’s rights to
       an impartial appeal process.
                ....
                . . . You are now subject of a civil action as to whether you
       violated Dr. Juweid’s rights under the Whistle Blower statute;
       Section 1983; and the 1st, 5th and 14th Amendments to the US
       Constitution. You cannot now possibly be called upon pass upon
       your own actions.

       An “Academic Officer’s Brief to President Mason Following Panel’s

Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations” was also submitted on August 16.

It made no mention of the request for an external adjudicator.

       On August 21, 2012, President Mason issued a letter stating, “I have

reviewed the materials, findings and subsequent briefs filed in the matter of an

Ethics Charge against Dr. Malik Juweid, and I accept the recommendations for

sanctions. I direct that the panel’s recommendations be implemented.”
                                         7

      On October 2, 2012, Juweid appealed to the Iowa Board of Regents,

challenging “all adverse factual findings and legal conclusions” of the panel’s

decision. He also alleged he was denied due process because of impermissible

conflicts of interest (1) on the part of the assistant attorney general who argued

the appeal to President Mason and represented President Mason in Juweid’s

civil action and (2) on President Mason’s part because she was a defendant in

the civil action and was the adjudicator in the disciplinary proceedings. He asked

for a stay of the disciplinary decision, reversal of President Mason’s decision, and

the recusal of President Mason from considering his new agency administrative

hearing.

      The board of regents denied Juweid’s motion to stay proceedings,

rejecting his claims of impermissible conflicts of interest. With respect to Mason,

the board concluded:

      For the purposes of the administrative proceeding President Mason
      is presumed unbiased, and Dr. Juweid carries the burden of
      proving otherwise. Schweiker v. McClure, 456 U.S. 188, 195-96
      (1982). The simple fact that two proceedings are pending in two
      different forums is not, in and of itself, enough to establish bias. To
      find otherwise would permit an employee to interfere with
      established University disciplinary procedures simply by filing
      litigation against the decision-maker.

Addressing the claim as to the assistant attorney general, the board stated,

      Dr. Juweid has not demonstrated how Assistant Attorney General
      Carroll’s defense of President Mason in the civil matter adversely
      affected his representation of the University in the disciplinary
      matter. While it is true that the final institutional decision rested
      with President Mason, Dr. Juweid has failed to present evidence
      tending to indicate that Assistant Attorney General Carroll’s
      representation improperly influenced her decision or that of the
      Faculty Judicial Panel.

      On February 8, 2013, the board of regents denied Juweid’s appeal.
                                              8

       Juweid then filed a petition for judicial review, again asserting the

administrative procedures denied him of due process. While Juweid argued to

the district court that President Mason was a “complaining witness” in the

disciplinary proceeding, it was only in the sense that Juweid sent two emails to

President Mason.5 He contended that in order to bring a whistleblower action, he

was required to “blow the whistle” to President Mason. The district court affirmed

the agency action. Juweid appeals.

II. Scope and Standard of Review.

       Because constitutional issues are raised, our review is de novo. Botsko v.

Davenport Civil Rights Comm’n, 774 N.W.2d 841, 844 (Iowa 2009).

III. Discussion.

       Juweid asserts he was denied a fair trial in a fair tribunal due to conflicts of

interest existing with the assistant attorney general and the university president.

       Our supreme court has most recently addressed the framework for

procedural due process claims in administrative proceedings in Botsko, 774

N.W.2d at 848-82.         “A party in an administrative proceeding is entitled to

procedural due process.”           Id. at 848.       Due process always involves a

constitutional floor of a “fair trial in a fair tribunal.” Id. “[I]n some situations, such

as those involving pecuniary interest or demonstrated personal bias, ‘experience

teaches that the probability of actual bias on the part of the judge or

5
  Only the October 27, 2011 email was mentioned in the disciplinary complaint. Provost
Rice described that email as “accus[ing] University administration of retaliation and
discrimination and state that it is ‘time to react, Dr. Mason, before this all hits the press,
the Iowa and Federal Civil Rights Commissions, the Federal Equal Opportunity and
Diversity office, the Arab-American Anti-Discrimination committee and other civil rights
committees.’”
                                        9

decisionmaker is too high to be constitutionally tolerable.’” Id. (quoting Withrow

v. Larkin, 421 U.S. 35, 47 (1975)).

       “[T]he mere fact that investigative, prosecutorial, and adjudicative

functions are combined within one agency does not give rise to a due process

violation.” Id. at 849. “[T]here is a consensus in the case law that even where

investigative and adjudicative functions are combined in a single individual or

group of individuals, there is no due process violation based solely upon the

overlapping investigatory and adjudicatory roles of agency actors.”      Id.   The

Botsko court ruled, “In order to prove a procedural due process violation in the

context of a combination of investigative and adjudicative roles, even in a single

individual, the challenging party must bear the difficult burden of persuasion to

overcome the presumption of honesty and integrity in those serving as

adjudicators.” Id. at 849.

       Where, however, the same person within an agency performs both

prosecutorial/advocacy and adjudicative roles, there may arise a “will to win,”

which creates a risk that due process has been violated so great that the

“ordinary requirement of actual bias or prejudice in separation of functions

challenges does not apply.” See id.

       A. President Mason.       Juweid contends President Mason was both

accuser and witness in the disciplinary action, as well as a civil defendant,

potential criminal defendant, and adjudicator in his disciplinary action.      He

contends President Mason’s impartiality to preside over his disciplinary

proceedings “can reasonably be questioned” and he need not show actual bias
                                           10

or prejudice because the conditions here created a “will to win” on the part of

President Mason.

       We are not persuaded by Juweid’s attempts to fit the present

circumstances into the exception to the general rule that he, as the challenging

party, bears the burden of overcoming the presumption of honesty and integrity.

See id. Juweid offers only bald assertions that President Mason was the “chief

accuser/witness” in his disciplinary hearing,6 that she had a pecuniary interest in

the outcome of the civil suit,7 and that the outcome of his civil action could

subject President Mason to criminal liability.8 We reject these unsubstantiated

claims and agree with the reasoning of the board of regents:

               Dr. Juweid cites Gibson v. Berryhill, 411 U.S. 564 (1973), in
       support of his contention that President Mason was conflicted out of
       rendering a final institutional decision in his disciplinary matter. In
       Gibson, administrative action was initiated before the Alabama
       Board of Optometry challenging the licensure of a group of
       optometrists based on allegations related to the unlawful practice of
       optometry. 411 U.S. at 567. Prior to ruling, the Board of Optometry
       sued the individual optometrists and the company with whom they
       were associated citing the same issues that were raised in the
       administrative complaint. ld. at 568. Following a favorable ruling in
       district court, the Board of Optometry proceeded with the
       administrative complaint against the individual optometrists. Id.
       The individual optometrists filed suit alleging, essentially, that the
       Board could not act as a fair and impartial arbiter of the
       administrative complaint. Id. at 570.
               The District Court considered two distinct sources of
       possible bias. Given that the Board previously initiated suit on the

6
  Juweid points to his October 27, 2010 email to President Mason, which he claims
“interjected President Mason as a witness in his disciplinary proceeding.” But the email
was written by Juweid, not Mason. Mason was not called as a witness in the disciplinary
proceeding. The two administrative complaints mention emails Juweid sent to Mason,
but this hardly transforms Mason into the “chief accuser/witness.”
7
  Juweid cites 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in this regard, contending that because he sued Mason
in her individual capacity, she was subject to personal liability, which in turn created a
pecuniary interest in the outcome of the civil action.
8
  Here, he asserts that if Mason admitted retaliating against him in his whistleblower
action, she would be admitting a simple misdemeanor.
                                  11

same subject matter against the very optometrists whose licensure
it was now tasked with reviewing, the court found potential bias
based on prejudgment of the facts. Id. at 578. The court also
found that that any action taken by the Board to suspend or revoke
licensure could redound to the personal financial benefit of the
Board members in that their decision could result in elimination of a
large portion of practicing optometrists in the state. Id. In affirming
the District Court, the Supreme Court only relied on the potential for
pecuniary interest in the outcome of the administrative proceeding,
although it recognized both avenues of potential bias. Id. at 578-
79.
        The matter presently at issue before the Board of Regents
differs in two regards to the facts at issue in Gibson. In Gibson, the
Board of Optometry previously initiated suit against the plaintiffs
alleging professional violations substantially similar to those it was
tasked with administratively reviewing, leading the court to
conclude there was a possibility that the Board had already
concluded the optometrists were engaged in illegal practice. Id.
Neither President Mason nor the University sued Dr. Juweid prior to
resolution of the institutional disciplinary charges filed against him.
Rather, Dr. Juwied initiated suit against President Mason alleging
violations of the Iowa Whistleblower Act and his constitutional rights
while disciplinary proceedings were pending. . . . While the two
complaints may have stemmed from Dr. Juweid’s employment
relationship with the University, the issues and allegations are not
so substantially similar as to give rise to an inference of bias.
There is nothing to indicate that President Mason prejudged the
facts at issue in the disciplinary matter simply because Dr. Juweid
filed suit against her in another forum.
        Secondly, Dr. Juweid has presented no evidence indicating
that President Mason had a personal financial interest in the
outcome of the disciplinary proceeding. Dr. Juweid argues, without
further explanation, “[a] favorable decision helped her civil case.
An unfavorable one would have hurt her case. . . . The Supreme
Court stated, “[i]t is sufficiently clear from our cases that those with
substantial pecuniary interest in legal proceedings should not
adjudicate these disputes.” Id. at 579 (citations omitted). While
President Mason may have an interest in the outcome of the civil
proceeding, she is not the party responsible for adjudicating that
dispute. Dr. Juweid is free to present whatever arguments he
deems valuable regarding President Mason’s institutional decision
and the motivations behind it in his civil litigation, but the mere
possibility that her decision may be introduced as evidence in
another forum does not rise to the level of a substantial personal
financial interest in the outcome of the disciplinary matter.
        For the purposes of the administrative proceeding President
Mason is presumed unbiased, and Dr. Juweid carries the burden of
                                           12

       proving otherwise. Schweiker v. McClure, 456 U.S. 188, 195-96
       (1982). The simple fact that two proceedings are pending in two
       different forums is not, in and of itself, enough to establish bias. To
       find otherwise would permit an employee to interfere with
       established University disciplinary procedures simply by filing
       litigation against the decision-maker. Dr. Juweid has not, at this
       time, presented sufficient evidence indicating a likelihood of
       success on the issue of bias under either of the factors considered
       in Gibson.

       Juweid asserts his best defense in the agency disciplinary proceeding was

his whistleblower defense, but he was unable to make that argument because

President Mason refused to recuse herself. 9 The record belies this complaint—

Juweid did argue to the faculty panel that his communications with colleagues,

which were found to have violated section 15.4 of the operations manual, were

justified due to the lack of action on his concerns about the overuse of imaging.

The panel considered these contentions:

       Dr. Juweid claims that he has whistleblower status (see, e.g., Dr.
       Juweid Post-Hearing Brief at 25). This claim appears to reside in
       his belief that he (Dr. Juweid) exposed incompetence on the part of
       his department chair . . . and that he exposed inappropriate medical
       procedures (in the form of excessive PET-CT scans being
       conducted on a young patient).
               Neither of these factors [is] either mitigating or exculpatory.
       Dr. Juweid violated University and UIHC Policy in a number of ways
       as noted above. He could have pursued his concerns about his
       department chair without violating University and DUIC Policies,
       and he could have pursued his concerns about inappropriate
       medical procedures without violating UUIC policies. Therefore the
       validity or otherwise of his initial concerns does not mitigate any
       sanctions which might be considered.

9
   He also contended his communications were misunderstood due to cultural
differences. The panel addressed this claim in its questions to witnesses.
        The panel also addressed Juweid’s claim that he currently suffered from post-
traumatic stress syndrome. The panel stated, “Based on the medical reports, we cannot
find that Dr. Juweid’s behavior during the period in question (February of 2010 to May of
2011) was caused by post-traumatic stress syndrome.”
                                       13

       Nothing in this record indicates President Mason prejudged the facts of

Juweid’s appeal following the unanimous recommendation of the faculty panel.

Moreover, we observe that President Mason’s decision was not the final agency

action. Rather, the board of regents provided the final ruling, and Juweid makes

no claim that the board of regents—which was also named as a party in his civil

action—had a disqualifying conflict of interest.     There is no evidence that

President Mason was ever involved in the investigation, the decision to file the

complaints against Juweid, litigation strategy, or assumed a personal

commitment to a particular result. See Botsko, 774 N.W.2d at 851-52 (citing

Nightlife Partners v. City of Beverly Hills, 133 Cal. Rptr. 2d 234, 246 (Cal. Ct.

App. 2003)). Juweid has failed to overcome the presumption of honesty and

integrity of President Mason in ruling on his administrative appeal. See id. at

849.

       B. Assistant Attorney General. Relying on Nightlife Partners, Juweid

also claims he was denied due process because Assistant Attorney General

Carroll represented President Mason in the civil action and argued to her in the

administrative proceedings.    His reliance on Nightlife Partners is misplaced

because in that case the impermissible conflict arose because the city attorney,

who had insisted the petitioners must submit one type of application to renew

their adult entertainment permit, also sat next to and advised the hearing officer

throughout the administrative permit hearing—that is, that the attorney was not

only an advocate but a de facto decision maker. See 133 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 238-

39.

       The Nightlife Partners court observed:
                                          14

              This concern over too close a connection between an
       advocate and the decisionmaker is reflected in various
       administrative procedure acts.           Thus, the Model State
       Administrative Procedure Act [(APA)] and various state
       administrative procedure acts, including California’s APA, provide
       for the separation of administrative functions by specifying that an
       employee engaged in prosecuting functions for an agency in a case
       may not, in the same or a factually related case, participate or
       advise in either the decision, or the agency reviews of that decision,
       the only exception being that such employee may participate as a
       witness or counsel in public proceedings.

133 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 244.

       In Botsko, an employer was challenging the fairness of the hearing it

received before the city’s civil rights commission, which had found the employer

had discriminated against an employee. 774 N.W.2d at 843. The supreme court

did not find it troubling that the executive director of the civil rights commission,

Judith Morrell, made an initial finding of probable cause and later participated as

advisor in the civil rights commission’s deliberations.       Id. at 852.   This was

determined “not sufficient to give rise to a due process violation in the absence of

a demonstration of actual prejudice.” Id. Nor was the court concerned about

Morrell’s “participation in the litigation after the agency made its final

determination.   Such post-decision defense of agency action does not inject

unacceptable risks of bias into the agency determination.”10 Id. at 853.

10
   The court was concerned, however, that Morrell “sat at counsel table for the
[employee] and participated in off-the record conferences with [the employee’s] private
counsel at the close of testimony.” Botsko, 774 N.W.2d at 853. The court concluded,
               Where it is undisputed that the director of an agency sits at
       counsel table with a complainant, confers with that counsel at the close of
       the testimony of witnesses, and does not object when the hearing officer
       suggests that she, along with counsel for the complainant, bears the
       burden of proof, we conclude, as a matter of law, that the director was
       engaged in advocacy on behalf of the complainant. That advocacy is of a
       sufficient nature to preclude her later participation in the adjudicatory
                                        15

      Here Attorney Carroll participated as counsel in public proceedings. See

Nightlife Partners, 133 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 244.    There is nothing in this record

indicating he acted as an impermissible advisor to President Mason in the

appellate decision. In Nightlife Partners, the decision of the hearing officer was

unappealable, see id. at 239, which is not the case here. The decision about

which Juweid complains is an intermediate administrative appeal.        The final

decision rested with the board of regents. See Botsko, 774 N.W.2d at 853-54

(noting “the commission may avoid the due process violation by submitting the

case, on the record previously developed, to a disinterested quorum of current

commission members”).

      The board of       regents   rejected Juweid’s conflict-of-interest claim

concerning Attorney Carroll, stating,

      Dr. Juweid further alleges that Assistant Attorney General Carroll’s
      representation of President Mason in the civil suit and the
      University in the disciplinary matter amounted to an impermissible
      conflict of interest, requiring President Mason’s recusal. . . . Dr.
      Juweid cites Iowa Rules of Professional Conduct § 32:1.7(a)(1) in
      support of this contention. This rule addresses ethical conflicts of
      interest that arise when the concurrent representation of one client
      is directly adverse to the representation of another. The Attorney
      General has the duty to prosecute or defend causes of action for
      which the state or its employees is a party or for which the state’s
      interest requires. [Iowa Code] § 13.2 (2011). This duty applies to
      state administrative hearings. See 1987 WL 119624 (lowa A.G.).
      Dr. Juweid has not demonstrated how Assistant Attorney General
      Carroll’s defense of President Mason in the civil matter adversely
      affected his representation of the University in the disciplinary
      matter. While it is true that the final institutional decision rested
      with President Mason, Dr. Juweid has failed to present evidence
      tending to indicate that Assistant Attorney General Carroll’s

      process in the case under the due process clauses of the state and
      federal constitutions.
Id.
                                       16

      representation improperly influenced her decision or that of the
      Faculty Judicial Panel.

      Upon our de novo review, we conclude Juweid was not denied a fair

hearing in the administrative proceedings. We therefore affirm.

      AFFIRMED.