Court Opinion

ID: 9369926
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-10 05:05:37.568845+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:18.002827
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

SALEM SPRINGS SE, LLC,                                               UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     February 9, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 357945
                                                                     Washtenaw Circuit Court
SUPERIOR CHARTER TOWNSHIP, ALEX                                      LC No. 20-000649-CH
WILLIAMS, LYNETTE FINDLEY, KENNETH
SCHWARTZ, BRENDA L., MCKINNEY, NANCY
CAVISTON, MEGHAN MCFARLANE
WINSLOW, and LISA A. LEWIS,

               Defendant/Cross-Defendants-
               Appellees,
and

SALEM TOWNSHIP,

               Defendant/Cross-Plaintiff-Appellant.

Before: YATES, P.J., and JANSEN and SERVITTO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff, Salem Springs SE, LLC (“Salem Springs”), and cross-plaintiff, Salem Township
(“the Township”), appeal as of right the trial court’s order dismissing the claims of mandamus set
forth in their complaint and cross-complaint as moot. The Township also appeals as of right the
trial court’s dismissal of its claim for declaratory relief as moot in the same order. We affirm the
trial court’s dismissal of both Salem Springs and Salem Township’s mandamus claims, reverse the
trial court’s dismissal of Salem Township’s declaratory claim, and remand for further proceedings
not inconsistent with this opinion.

                                                -1-
                                      I. BACKGROUND

        Salem Springs owns three vacant parcels of land, totaling approximately 370 acres, in
Salem Township. The properties are located in an area of the Township designated as an Urban
Service District (“USD”) and are zoned Planned Unit Development District (“PUD”). Pursuant to
the Township’s PUD ordinance, as a condition to any development approval, facilities must be
financed and constructed to provide the property with public water and sewer service. Thus, in
order for Salem Springs to develop its vacant land, it must have access to wastewater treatment.

       After researching options to obtain access to wastewater treatment to its USD (which would
include Salem Springs’ property), the Township determined that Wayne County and Ypsilanti
Community Utilities (“WCYCU”) was the only feasible supplier of sewer services. On July 1,
2017, the Township entered into a water transportation and treatment agreement with WCYCU.
To connect the Township USD to the WCYCU collection system, the Township sought to
construct a sewer line under a road in a Washtenaw County Road Commission right of way which
would traverse almost the entirety of Superior Township.

         The Superior Township Board of Trustees was aware of the Township’s arrangements with
WCYCU and, according to Salem Springs, at a May 21, 2018 meeting passed an amendment to its
Ordinance 169-85, which governed sewer services, to create new requirements for running sewer
lines in rights-of-way within Superior Township that would serve areas outside the township. The
revised ordinance read:

       Sewage lines, equipment and appurtenances, not owned by or under the control of
       the Township, to serve areas outside of the Township, are prohibited in the
       Township and in all road right[s]-of-way[] within the Township, unless: (a) a public
       health emergency exists and (b) the proposed connection, sewer line and
       appurtenances is (sic) the only feasible way to avert the public health emergency
       and (c) the parties have executed an agreement setting forth the terms of use, fees,
       limitations and other pertinent issues.

According to Salem Springs, the plain purpose of the amendment was to prevent efforts to connect
the Township USD to WCYCU.

       Nevertheless, the Township submitted a permit application to construct a sewer line in the
Washtenaw County Road Commission’s public road right-of-way within Superior Township on
September 16, 2019. In the permit, the Township provided statements concerning how it had
complied with the applicable constitutional provision, statutes, and ordinance 169-85. According
to Salem Springs, Superior Township did not process the application. Superior Township did,
however, further amend ordinance 169-85 to require a permit applicant to “deposit funds into an
escrow account with the Township in an amount equal to the requirements set forth in the
Township’s engineering standards, unless a difference (sic) amount is deemed appropriate and
reasonable by the Township Board.” Although the Township’s application pre-dated the ordinance
amendment, it offered to enter into an escrow agreement with Superior Township consistent with
the amendment. When Superior Township still failed to process the Township’s application, on
July 10, 2020, Salem Springs filed a complaint against Superior Township, the Superior Township

                                               -2-
supervisor, the Superior Township clerk, members of the Superior Township Board of Trustees,
(collectively “the Superior Township defendants’) and the Township.

        Salem Springs’ specific causes of action consisted of: (1) violation of substantive due
process (against Superior Township only), for which it requested that the trial court enter a
judgment declaring ordinance 169-85 invalid and unenforceable; (2) mandamus (against the
Superior Township defendants), for which it requested the trial court issue a writ of mandamus
compelling the Superior Township clerk to promptly submit the permit application to the Superior
Township Board of Trustees, the Superior Township Board of Trustees to promptly process and
grant the Application, and Superior Township to promptly issue the requested permit; (3)
superintending control (against the Superior Township defendants), for which it requested the trial
court issue an order of superintending control compelling the Superior Township Board of Trustees
to promptly process and grant the permit application, and; (4) declaratory relief (against the
Township only), for which it requested the trial court declare and adjudge that the Township must
diligently pursue the processing of the permit application by Superior Township.

        The Township filed a cross-complaint against Superior Township and the Superior
Township Board of Trustees. The Township alleged that while knowing its need to run an
underground sewer line through Superior Township to connect to WCYCU, the Superior
Township Board of Trustees made attempts to prevent the Township from doing so by amending
ordinance 169-85. The Township alleged that the amendment was not intended to serve a
legitimate or reasonable interest of Superior Township, but intended solely and exclusively as an
arbitrary and unreasonable response to the need of the Township to extend its sanitary sewer. The
Township thus claimed that Superior Township and members of the Superior Township Board of
Trustees violated its right to substantive due process and, like Salem Springs, the Township sought
mandamus and superintending control. The Township also sought declaratory relief, requesting
that the trial court direct that the Superior Township Board of Trustees immediately process and
grant the Township’s permit application, and determine the Superior Township (cross) defendants
have the obligation to grant the Township’s application.

        Thereafter, Salem Springs and the Township filed a joint ex parte motion for an order to
show cause why a writ of mandamus should not enter requiring the Superior Township defendants
to process and approve the Township’s application. The Superior Township defendants responded
that mandamus was unavailable to Salem Springs and the Township under the circumstances of
the case, pointing out that the escrow funds required under ordinance 169-85 were not posted until
January 2021, and arguing that Superior Township’s engineering consultant was currently
reviewing the submitted application and engineering plans. The Superior Township defendants
also moved for summary disposition on the mandamus claims in the complaint and cross-
complaint pursuant to MCR 2.116(I)(2), contending that they had no clear legal duty to Salem
Springs and the Township, that their decisions are discretionary, and that Salem Springs and the
Township had adequate legal remedies (namely their due process claims).

        At the hearing on the motion, the trial court determined that the best course of action would
be to require the Superior Township defendants to act on the Township’s application, preferably
by April 23, 2021. The trial court ensured that the parties were aware it was expressing no opinion
on whether Superior Township should grant or deny the application; just that it should decide on
the application so it did not languish any longer. The trial court stated it would not be issuing an

                                                -3-
order, but would instead adjourn the motion hearing until the application was decided upon.
Superior Township denied the Township’s application prior to April 23, 2021, after which the
parties filed supplemental briefs. At the adjourned hearing on Salem Springs’ and the Township’s
joint motion to show cause, the trial court stated that because the Superior Township Board of
Trustees had recently processed and denied the Township’s permit application, “I believe that
renders counts 2, 3, and 4 of the plaintiff’s complaint and in fact cross-complaint as moot. It
appears that the only viable remaining count is count 1 which particularly addresses the validity
of the ordinance as to its application under the constitutional authority of the township.” The trial
court entered an order reflecting the above and denying the motion on the same day. Salem Springs
and the Township moved for reconsideration, which the trial court denied, and Superior Township
thereafter moved for summary disposition on the remaining claims of substantive due process
violation. Before the motion could be heard, however, the trial court entered the parties’ stipulated
order for dismissal of Salem Springs’ and the Township’s substantive due process claims with
prejudice. This appeal followed.

                                             II. MANDAMUS

        An issue must be raised in or decided by the trial court in order to be preserved for appeal.
Glasker-Davis v Auvenshine, 333 Mich App 222, 227; 964 NW2d 809 (2020). Here, the parties
presented arguments concerning whether the Superior Township defendants had a duty to consider
the application and render a decision on it in a timely manner but Salem Springs and the Township
also argued that the application should be granted. The trial court did not rule on whether the
Superior Township defendants had such a duty but instead encouraged that a decision be made on
the application quickly. When the decision was made, the trial court then sua sponte dismissed
the mandamus claims as moot. While issue preservation requirements generally prohibit raising
an issue for the first time on appeal, a party need not object to a trial court’s finding, decision, or
sua sponte acts or omissions. Id. at 227-228.

        A trial court’s decision whether to grant a writ of mandamus is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. Southfield Ed Ass’n v Bd of Ed of Southfield Pub Sch, 320 Mich App 353, 378; 909
NW2d 1 (2017). A court abuses its discretion when it chooses an outcome that falls outside the
range of reasonable and principled outcomes. Id. We review de novo whether a defendant has a
clear legal duty to perform and whether a plaintiff has a clear legal right to performance of any
such duty. Berry v Garrett, 316 Mich App 37, 41; 890 NW2d 882 (2016).

        Whether an issue is moot is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. In re
Tchakarova, 328 Mich App 172, 178; 936 NW2d 863 (2019). We also review de novo the
interpretation and application of statutes, rules, legal doctrines, Estes v Titus, 481 Mich 573, 578-
579; 751 NW2d 493 (2008), and ordinances. Soupal v Shady View, Inc, 469 Mich 458, 462; 672
NW2d 171 (2003).

        It is undisputed that as of at least May 2018, the Superior Township defendants were aware
that the Township sought to run a sewer line through Superior Township. It is also undisputed that
the Township submitted a permit application to Superior Township on September 16, 2019, and
that when Salem Springs filed its complaint on July 10, 2020 and the Township filed its cross-
complaint on August 20, 2020, Superior Township had not processed the permit application.
Finally, there is no dispute that in the complaint and cross-complaint, the requests for relief on the

                                                 -4-
mandamus claims were not only for an order directing the Superior Township defendants to
process the permit application, but also for an order directing that they grant the permit application.
Left for resolution, then, is whether the trial court erred in dismissing the mandamus claims as
moot without addressing the second part of Salem Springs’ and the Township’s requests for relief
and whether the trial court generally erred in dismissing the mandamus claims where, as claimed
by Salem Springs and the Township, they had demonstrated that the permit application should
have been granted.

         We first note that while Salem Springs and the Township asserted actions for mandamus
in their complaints, the event leading to the trial court’s dismissal of those claims was the filing of
a joint ex parte motion for an order to show cause why a writ of mandamus should not enter. These
are two different things. As stated in MCR 3.305(A)(2), an action for mandamus is brought in the
circuit court, unless brought against a state officer. “The court may hear the matter or may allow
the issues to be tried by a jury.” MCR 3.305(F). But, “[o]n ex parte motion and a showing of the
necessity for immediate action, the court may issue an order to show cause.” MCR 3.305(C).

         It is true that in response to the motion, the Superior Township defendants requested
summary disposition in their favor on the mandamus claims set forth in the complaints, putting the
claims for mandamus squarely before the court. However, the trial court specifically stated at the
initial scheduled hearing on the motion for an order to show cause that the issue before it was
essentially to compel Superior Township to render a decision on the permit application. At the
adjourned hearing date on said motion, the trial court then stated, “[M]y read of this is that count
2 of the complaint for, uh, a writ of mandamus is now moot because Superior Township did in fact
act on the application . . . .” After adjourning the hearing again for further briefing, the trial court
ultimately decided:

       at some point in the recent history, Superior Township board processed and denied
       Plaintiff Salem Springs’ application and because of that, as I have just stated, I
       believe that that renders counts 2, 3, and 4 of the Plaintiff’s complaint and in fact
       cross-complaint as moot. It appears that the only viable remaining count is count 1
       which particularly addresses the validity of the ordinance as to its application under
       the constitutional authority of the township. . . .

The trial court thus based its dismissal decision on the erroneous belief that the only relief Salem
Springs and the Township sought with respect to their mandamus claims was to have the Superior
Township defendants render a decision on the permit application.

       Moreover, as stated by our Supreme Court long ago:

       It is universally understood by the bench and bar . . . that a moot case is one which
       seeks to get a judgment on a pretended controversy, when in reality there is none,
       or a decision in advance about a right before it has been actually asserted and
       contested, or a judgment upon some matter which, when rendered, for any reason,
       cannot have any practical legal effect upon a then existing controversy. The only
       way a disputed right can ever be made the subject of judicial investigation is, first,
       to exercise it, and then, having acted, to present a justiciable controversy in such
       shape that the disputed right can be passed upon in a judicial tribunal, which can

                                                  -5-
       pronounce the right and has the power to enforce it. [Anway v Grand Rapids R Co,
       211 Mich 592, 610-11; 179 NW 350 (1920) (citation and quotation marks
       omitted.)]

That is not the case here. Salem Springs and the Township have presented a controversy, to wit:
they believe they have a right to have the Township’s permit application approved when Superior
Township denied it. The trial court is the appropriate forum to determine whether that is true.
Thus “mootness” was not the appropriate basis on which to dismiss the mandamus claims.

       As to whether the elements of mandamus had been established, a writ of mandamus is an
extraordinary remedy that will only be issued if:

       (1) the party seeking the writ has a clear legal right to the performance of the duty
       sought to be compelled, (2) the defendant has a clear legal duty to perform the act
       requested, (3) the act is ministerial, that is, it does not involve discretion or
       judgement, and (4) no other legal or equitable remedy exists that might achieve the
       same result. The burden of proving entitlement to a writ of mandamus is on the
       plaintiff. [Southfield Ed Ass’n, 320 Mich App at 378 (quotation marks and citations
       omitted).]

        As to element one, a clear legal right is “one clearly founded in, or granted by, law; a right
which is inferable as a matter of law from uncontroverted facts regardless of the difficulty of the
legal question to be decided.” Rental Props Owners Ass’n of Kent Co v Kent Co Treasurer, 308
Mich App 498, 518-519; 866 NW2d 817 (2014), (quoting Univ Med Affiliates, PC v Wayne Co
Executive, 142 Mich App 135, 143; 369 NW2d 277 (1985)). Further, a plaintiff’s clear legal right
in the execution of a duty must be more than a right possessed by citizens generally. Id. at 519.

        Concerning element two, when a public official or public body has a clear legal duty to act
and fails to do so, a plaintiff may seek a writ of mandamus from a court of superior jurisdiction to
compel the official or body to comply with that duty. Jones v Dept of Corr, 468 Mich 646, 658;
664 NW2d 717 (2003). A clear legal duty exists when there is a statute that plainly instructs that
agency to perform a certain action. See Berry, 316 Mich App at 43-44.

        Element three requires that the act sought to be compelled is ministerial. Southfield Ed.
Ass’n, 320 Mich App at 378. “A ministerial act is one in which the law prescribes and defines the
duty to be performed with such precision and certainty as to leave nothing to the exercise of
discretion or judgment.” Berry, 316 Mich App at 42, quoting Hillsdale Co Senior Servs, Inc v
Hillsdale Co, 494 Mich 46, 58 n 11; 832 NW2d 728 (2013).

        The final essential element for a writ of mandamus to be issued is the absence of any other
legal or equitable remedy. Southfield Ed Ass’n, 320 Mich App at 378. “The general rule is that a
writ of mandamus is not to be issued where the plaintiff can appeal the error.” Keaton v Village
of Beverly Hills, 202 Mich App 681, 683; 509 NW2d 544 (1993).

        “The plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating entitlement to the extraordinary remedy
of a writ of mandamus.” Attorney General v Bd of State Canvassers, 318 Mich App 242, 249; 896
NW2d 485 (2016) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                                 -6-
       In support of elements one and two, a clear legal right on their part and a clear legal duty
on the part of the Superior Township defendants, Salem Springs and the Township direct us to
Const 1963, art 7, § 29, which states:

       No person, partnership, association or corporation, public or private, operating a
       public utility shall have the right to the use of the highways, streets, alleys or other
       public places of any county, township, city or village for wires, poles, pipes, tracks,
       conduits or other utility facilities, without the consent of the duly constituted
       authority of the county, township, city or village; or to transact local business
       therein without first obtaining a franchise from the township, city or village. Except
       as otherwise provided in this constitution the right of all counties, townships, cities
       and villages to the reasonable control of their highways, streets, alleys and public
       places is hereby reserved to such local units of government.

The above section represents a right specifically reserved to local government authorities—that of
“reasonable control” of highways, streets, alleys, and public places to counties, townships, cities,
and villages. City of Lansing v State, 275 Mich App 423, 431; 737 NW2d 818 (2007).

       Although § 29 purports to grant cities, such as plaintiff, the absolute authority to
       grant or withhold consent to a utility to use its highways, streets, alleys, or other
       public places for the placement of facilities, our Supreme Court has stated that
       consent cannot be “refused arbitrarily and unreasonably....” See Union Twp v Mt
       Pleasant, 381 Mich 82, 90; 158 NW2d 905 (1968). Hence, the grant of authority is
       not absolute. Further, § 29 does not specify the manner by which consent is to be
       granted or withheld. In order to give effect to this provision, a city must exercise its
       authority to grant or withhold consent through its general power to adopt
       resolutions and ordinances relating to its municipal concerns. [Id. at 432-433.]

       As previously indicated, and consistent with the above, Superior Township did adopt an
ordinance related to its municipal concerns and which was in place at the time the application was
submitted. Ordinance 169-85 states:

       Permit or authorization required. It shall be unlawful to discharge to the waters of
       the state within or through the Township, or in any area under the jurisdiction of
       such Township and/or to the sewage works, sewerage lines and appurtenances
       owned by private parties or other entities, private and/or municipal, any wastewater
       except as provided by an NPDES permit and/or as authorized by the Township and
       the [WCYCU] in accordance with the provisions of this Ordinance. Sewage lines,
       equipment and appurtenances, not owned by or under the control of the Township,
       to serve areas outside of the Township, are prohibited in the Township and in all
       road right[s]-of-way[] within the Township, unless: (a) a public health emergency
       exists and (b) the proposed connection, sewer line and appurtenances is (sic) the
       only feasible way to avert the public health emergency and (c) the parties have
       executed an agreement setting forth the terms of use, fees, limitations and other
       pertinent issues.

                                                 -7-
       The Township (and Salem Springs) had a right to have the permit application considered
under the standards set forth in the ordinance above, and it was considered under those standards.
The Superior Township defendants had a duty to consider the application under the standards
adopted in the ordinance above and did so. In its April 20, 2021 denial of the Township’s permit
application, Superior Township stated:

       Salem Township filed an application requesting authority from the Charter
       Township of Superior to run a sanitary sewer force main within road rights-of-way
       from the northern boundary of Superior Township to the southern boundary of
       Superior for a proposed residential development in Salem Township to the
       [WCYCU] wastewater treatment plant.

       The proposed sanitary sewer force main will transport wastewater from the
       proposed residential development to the [WCYCU] wastewater treatment plan in
       Ypsilanti Township.

       MCL 247.183 provides that before one municipality can construct a sewer line
       through the road rights-of-way within a second municipality, it shall first obtain the
       consent of the second municipality.

       In the only reported case interpreting this statute Union Township v City of Mt.
       Pleasant the court held that such consent may not be arbitrarily and unreasonably
       withheld.

       Consistent with the statute and case law Superior Township Ordinance 169, the
       Utility Ordinance, in Section 169-85 sets forth standards for applying this law. In
       particular Section 169-85 states that sewer lines to serve areas outside the Township
       are prohibited unless:

       1. a public health emergency exists;

       2. the proposed connection, sewer line and appurtenances is the only feasible way
       to avert the public health emergency and

       3. the parties have executed an agreement setting forth the terms of use, fees,
       limitations and other pertinent issues.

       After receiving Salem Township’s application, Superior Township had the
       application reviewed by its engineers OHM and its planners, McKenna, to evaluate
       whether the application meets the standards set forth in Ordinance 169.

       Further on this day, April 20, 2021, at an open meeting, the applicant was provided
       an opportunity to present its proposal to the Township Board.

       MOTION After providing the opportunity for public comments, reviewing the
       report of its experts and considering the presentation by the applicant, the following
       motion was offered by Treasurer McKinney and seconded by Trustee McGill:

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       The application of Salem Township to run a sanitary sewer force main within road
       rights-of-way from the northern boundary of Superior Township to the southern
       boundary of Superior for a proposed residential development in Salem Township
       to the [WCYCU] wastewater treatment plant is denied for the reason that the
       applicant has not established that it meets the criteria set forth in Section 169-85 of
       Superior Township Ordinance 169. ln particular, because:

       1. There is no public health emergency as set forth in the attached report of OHM,1

       2. The proposed sewer line is not the only feasible way to avert a public health
       emergency or the only feasible way to provide sewer services to Salem Township’s
       Urban Service District, and its operation and maintenance issues pose a threat,
       including but not limited to environmental risks, to Superior Township as set forth
       in the attached report of OHM; and

       3. The existence of the proposed sanitary sewer forced main creates a direct threat
       to and is inconsistent with Superior Township’s Master Plan goal of maintaining
       the land north of Geddes Road as agricultural/rural/open space as set forth in the
       attached report of McKenna.2

1
  The OHM report provided significant analysis and concluded, among other things, that there are
concerns about corrosion, maintenance, considerable on-going maintenance along the pipeline
route for maintenance and repair and slurry pits being potentially necessary in the area; that “[i]n
our opinion, a public health emergency does not apply to the future growth aspect of the Salem
USD,” and alternative sewer options “appear to be feasible for the Applicant to vet further, we
also note an additional option that from an engineering standpoint appears to be feasible and may
provide regional benefits across multiple communities/ entities.”
2
 McKenna’s report indicates that the proposed system was inconsistent with the Superior
Township Master Plan and it:

       calls for extension of an 18-inch sanitary forcemain. The forcemain is proposed to
       travel through sensitive environmental areas north of Ford Road, characterized by
       the presence of wetlands, streams, woods, and rural open spaces. Between Cherry
       Hill and Geddes Roads, the forcemain is proposed to travel through vast prime
       agricultural lands occupied by huge, productive farms.

The report also noted the desire to provide sanitary sewer service to the Salem Township USD is
not an emergency:

       This wish has been known for well over a decade, so it certainly cannot be classified
       as sudden, urgent or unexpected. If there was a public health need that required
       immediate attention, the Washtenaw County Health Department and Michigan
       Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy would likely be involved.
       Even Mr. Whittaker’s use of the words “to avoid a public health emergency’

                                                -9-
The motion was unanimously passed.

        The entirety of the rights of the Township (and Salem Springs) and Superior Township’s
duty with respect to the permit application have been met. The rest of the claims set forth by the
Township and Salem Springs are not actually “rights” and “duties” under a mandamus analysis,
but instead concern the factual determination as to whether Superior Township’s denial of the
application was arbitrary or unreasonable. The trial court specifically reserved a determination on
this issue for resolution under the then still-pending due process claims.

       Salem Springs and the Township having failed to establish even the first two elements
necessary for a mandamus claim, the trial court properly dismissed those claims, albeit for the
wrong reason. Briefly addressing the remaining two elements of mandamus for purposes of
thoroughness, Salem Springs and the Township have also failed to establish those elements.

        Element three requires that the act sought to be compelled is ministerial. Southfield Ed.
Ass’n, 320 Mich App at 378. “A ministerial act is one in which the law prescribes and defines the
duty to be performed with such precision and certainty as to leave nothing to the exercise of
discretion or judgment.” Berry, 316 Mich App at 42. Granting or denying the application at issue
cannot be deemed ministerial in nature. The Superior Township Board of Trustees must
necessarily seek outside information to determine whether the information in a permit application
is accurate, and then whether the permit sought in an application meets the requirements set forth
in ordinance 169-85. Whether the application establishes that the permit should be issued because
(a) a public health emergency exists and (b) the proposed connection, sewer line and appurtenances
are the only feasible way to avert the public health emergency and (c) the parties have executed an
agreement setting forth the terms of use, fees, limitations and other pertinent issues necessarily
involve judgment calls.

        The final essential element for a writ of mandamus to be issued is the absence of any other
legal or equitable remedy. Southfield Ed Ass’n, 320 Mich App at 378. Here, Salem Springs and
the Township could have sought to amend their complaints, and/or could have left their substantive
due process claims active instead of dismissing them. There was thus an alternative remedy
available to them.

         In sum, the trial court properly dismissed the mandamus counts, although on incorrect
grounds. We may affirm a trial court’s decision when it reaches the right result, although the basis
for the result is incorrect and we do so here. See, e.g. People v Miller, 498 Mich 13, 27; 869 NW2d
204 (2015).

       acknowledges there is no present emergency in existence. Salem Township’s
       dilemma was created years ago because Urban Service District boundaries were
       arbitrarily drawn to encompass 1,400 acres around the interchange of Gotfredson
       Road and M-14 without sufficient forethought as to where the urban services would
       come from.

                                               -10-
                                     III. DECLARATORY RELIEF

       In its cross-claim, the Township brought a claim for declaratory relief,3 alleging:

       65. That Salem Township’s Application satisfies the requirements of Superior
       Township’s Ordinance 169-85, and there is no reasonable basis for Superior
       Township to indefinitely refuse to process and grant the Application.

       66. That Salem Township’s engineers have prepared the detailed plans and
       specifications for the sewer main, including that portion of the sewer system
       traversing Superior Township in the public right-of-way, and these plans and
       specifications have been reviewed by the MDEQ which has issued a permit and
       authorized the construction of the wastewater system in Salem Township’s USD
       and through Superior Township to [WCYCU] in Ypsilanti Township.

       67. That the Washtenaw County Road Commission has issued an approval letter
       approving the wastewater system’s plans, including that portion of the underground
       sewer main traversing Superior Township in the public road right-of-way, which is
       now subject only to Salem Township obtaining a permit from Cross-Defendant,
       Superior Township.

       68. That pursuant to MCL 247.183(1), municipalities, such as Salem Township,
       may enter upon, construct and maintain sewers or similar structures under any
       public road, bridge, street or public place within the limited access highway right-
       of-way with the consent of the governing township through which the sewer lines
       are to be constructed and maintained.

       69. That under Michigan law, Superior Township’s consent under MCL 247.183(1)
       may not be refused arbitrarily and unreasonably. See Union Township v Mount
       Pleasant, 381 Mich 82, 90 (1968).

       70. Contrary to MCL 247.183(1), the Superior Defendants have arbitrarily and
       unreasonably refused to grant or even process Salem Township’s Application.

       71. That this dispute between Salem Township and Superior Township represents
       and actual or justiciable controversy, and a present adjudication of this controversy
       is necessary to guide the parties future conduct.

3
  While Salem Springs presented a claim for declaratory relief in its complaint, it did so only as
against Salem Township and only to claim that Salem Township had an obligation to diligently
pursue to completion the permit application, not merely submit it. Salem Springs does not appeal
the dismissal of its declaratory claim.

                                               -11-
       72. That this Court has the power, pursuant to MCR 2.605, to adjudicate the matter
       at issue and enter a judgment declaring the rights of the parties to this action.

       WHEREFORE, Cross-Plaintiff, Salem Township, respectfully requests that this
       Honorable Court issue an order of declaratory relief, specifically, that the Superior
       Township Board of Trustees must immediately process and grant Salem
       Township’s Application, and that the Superior Township Cross-Defendants have
       the obligation to grant Salem Township’s Application, and award Salem Township
       such other relief, including its costs and attorney fees, as the Court deems
       appropriate.

Claims for declaratory relief necessarily derive from claims for substantive relief. Taxpayers
Allied for Constitutional Taxation v Wayne Co, 450 Mich 119, 128; 537 NW2d 596 (1995).
Although MCR 2.605 allows a plaintiff to seek a declaratory judgment that remedy must be
predicated upon a viable legal theory. Cary Investments, LLC v City of Mount Pleasant, __Mich
App __; __ NW2d __ (2022). Declaratory relief is a remedy, not a claim. Mettler Walloon, LLC
v Melrose Tp, 281 Mich App 184, 221; 761 NW2d 293 (2008).

        As previously indicated, the trial court did not consider the merits of the Township’s claim
for declaratory relief, but simply dismissed it as moot, based on its erroneous belief that that the
only requested relief was an order directing the Superior Township defendants to process the
permit application, which they ultimately did. As can be seen above, however, in its request for
declaratory relief, the Township requested that the trial court order the Super Township defendants
to grant the permit application because they arbitrarily and unreasonably refused to do so. Lacking
a sufficient record on this issue to review, we therefore reverse the trial court’s dismissal of the
Township’s declaratory relief claim as moot and remand to the trial court for further proceedings
not inconsistent with this opinion.

      We affirm the trial court’s dismissal of both Salem Springs’ and Salem Township’s
mandamus claims, reverse the trial court’s dismissal of Salem Township’s declaratory claim, and
remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                             /s/ Christopher P. Yates
                                                             /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                             /s/ Deborah A. Servitto

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