Court Opinion

ID: 7096204
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 12:11:18.026545+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:13:15.494668
License: Public Domain

Miller, Cii. J\,
dissenting.- — -I dissent from the views expressed and the conclusion reached in the first paragraph of the foregoing opinion.
By the well settled rules of evidence, the mere production in court of a deed purporting to be executed by a private corporation, under its corporate seal, is not sufficient evidence to establish the fact that it is the act and deed of the corporation. The seal will not prove itself. The court cannot presume, without some proof, that the seal is genuine and was affixed by proper authority. Moises v. Thornton, 8 Term. R., 303; Jackson v. Pratt, 10 Johns. R., 381, 386; Mann, Receiver, etc., v. Pentz, 2 Sandf. Ch., 257, 272; Foster v. Shaw, 7 Serg. & Rawle, 156; Leazure v. Hillegas, Id., 313. When, however, proof is made of the signatures of the officers or agents executing the instrument in its behalf, the seal will be presumed to be that of the corporation; and when the seal affixed to the deed is proved to be the corporate seal, it is pfima facie evidence that it was affixed by proper authority. See The President, Managers, & Co. of Berks & D. Turnpike Road v. Myers, 6 Serg. & R., 12, 16; Adams v. His Creditors, 14 Louisiana, 455; Darnell v. Dickens’ Lessee, 4 Yerger, 7; Burrill v. Nahant Bank, 2 Met. (Mass.), 163, 166; Lovett v. The Steam Saw Mill Ass., 6 Paige Ch., 54, 60; Flint v. Clinton Company & Trustee, 12 N. H., 434.
In the case before us, there was no proof offered either of the genuineness of the seal or of the official character of those whose names are signed to the deed as agents of the corporation, so that there is really no proof that the instrument offered in evidence is the deed of the corporation. Do the *627provisions of our statute dispense with such proof? Section 2730 of the Code provides that “where a written instrument is referred to in a pleading, and the same, or a copy thereof, is incorporated therein or attached to such pleading, the signature thereto, and to any indorsement thereon, shall be deemed genuine and admitted, unless the person whose signature the same purports to be, shall, in á pleading or writing, filed within the time allowed for pleading, deny the genuineness of such signature under oath. If such instrument be not negotiable, and purports to be executed by a person not a party to the proceeding, the signature thereto shall not be deemed genuine or admitted, if a party to the proceeding, in the manner and within the time before mentioned, state under oath that he has no knowledge or information 'sufficient to enable him to form a belief as to the genuineness of such signature.”
This section modifies the common law rule of evidence, so that when a writing, or a copy thereof, is referred to and incorporated in a pleading, or annexed thereto, the signatura need not be proved in the first instance by the party using the instrument as evidence, unless the signature be denied under oath. The failure to deny the signature has the effect to admit its genuineness. Now, if it be admitted that this section of the statute applies at all to writings purporting to be executed by private corporations, through their agents, all that is admitted, by the failure of the appellant to deny the signatures to the deed under oath, is the genuineness of such signatures. It does not amount to an admission that the persons signing the deed were officers- of the corporation; that they, or either of them, had the custody of the seal of the corporation, or that they had the power and did affix the same to the deed offered in evidence. A corporation can alone act through its officers and agents. It is bound by the authorized acts of its agents, but proof of the genuineness of the signatures of the persons signing a writing on behalf of the corporation is not proof of the official character of such persons, or that they were custodians of the corporate seal, with authority to affix the same. If there had been proof made that Forrest was president, and Thompson secretary and treasurer of the corpor*628ation, with the statutory admission of the genuineness of their signatures, the law would presume that they had authority to • make the conveyance, and that the seal affixed was the seal of the corporation. Flint v. Clinton Company & Trustee, supra; Bank of U. S. v. Dandridge, 12 Wheat., 64. But such proof was not made. We have only the statutory admission of the genuineness of the signatures of Forrest - and Thompson, but no proof of their character as agents of the corporation, which is not sufficient to bind the latter. The case is like that of a deed purporting to be that of A., executed by B., as his attorney in fact; an admission or proof of the signature of B. would afford no evidence that he was attorney of A. It was not intended to be the effect of the statute, in such case, that a failure to deny the signature under oath should establish the agency. There was, in my opinion, error in rendering judgment for plaintiff without some proof of the agency or official character of the persons whose names are affixed to the deed.