Court Opinion

ID: 2667288
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-04 13:38:58.155267+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:24:08.217748
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                     )
POLM FAMILY FOUNDATION, INC.,        )
                                     )
                  Plaintiff,         )
                                     )
      v.                             ) Civil Action No. 08-0514 (RBW)
                                     )
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA and         )
THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE )
                                     )
                  Defendants.        )
                                     )
____________________________________)

                               MEMORANDUM OPINION

       The plaintiff, the Polm Family Foundation, Inc. ("Foundation"), filed this action

on March 25, 2008, seeking a declaratory judgment pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7428 (2006),

declaring that it qualifies as a tax-exempt organization under 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3)

(2006) and as a supporting organization under 26 U.S.C. § 509(a)(3) (2006). See

generally, Complaint ("Compl."). The plaintiff submitted its initial application to the

Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") for tax-exempt status on or about April 10, 2007.

Compl. at ¶ 5. Thereafter, the plaintiff and the IRS exchanged communications regarding

the structure of the plaintiff's organization, and the plaintiff responded to all requests

made by the IRS for further information for nearly a year after the initial application was

submitted. Id. at ¶¶ 7-9, 12. However, the IRS never rendered a determination on the

plaintiff's application. Id. at ¶ 17. Therefore, because 270 days had elapsed since the

plaintiff submitted its initial application for tax exempt status with the IRS, and had

timely responded to all requests made by the IRS for additional information, the plaintiff
filed this action. Currently before the Court are the parties' cross-motions for summary

judgment. 1

           Upon consideration of the parties' written submissions, the administrative record

presented to the Court, and the applicable legal authority, the Court finds that the plaintiff

does not meet the requirements of a supporting organization under § 509(a)(3) and is

therefore considered a private foundation. 2 Specifically, the plaintiff fails to satisfy the

requirements under § 509(a)(3)(B)(ii) and § 509(a)(3)(C). 3

           "Under [§] 509(a), all organizations described in [§] 501(c)(3) are private

foundations except those excluded under [§] 509(a)(1) through (4)." Cockerline Mem'l

Fund v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue, 86 T.C. 53, 58 (1986). One of the exemptions from

private foundation status is reserved for those § 501(c)(3) organizations that qualify as a

supporting organizations under § 509(a)(3). See § 509(a)(3)(A)-(C) (providing for three

circumstances under which an organization may qualify as a supporting organization,

only one of which need be satisfied). Section 509(a)(3) organizations are exempted from

private foundation status, and therefore excused from the extensive regulation of private

foundations, because "their exposure to public scrutiny and their dependence on public

support [is believed to] keep them from the abuses to which private foundations [are]

1
  The Court considered the following papers filed in connection with this motion: the Plaintiff's Motion for
Summary Judgment ("Pl.'s Mot."); the Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Plaintiff's
Motion for Summary Judgment ("Pl.'s Mem."); the Plaintiff's Statement of Material Facts ("Pl.'s Stmt.");
the United States' Motion for Summary Judgment ("Defs.' Mot."); the United States' Memorandum in
Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment ("Defs.' Mem."); the United States' Statement of Material
Facts Not in Dispute ("Defs.' Stmt."); the Plaintiff's Memorandum in Opposition to Defendants' Motion for
Summary Judgment ("Pl.'s Opp'n"); the United States' Memorandum in Response to Plaintiff's Motion for
Summary Judgment ("Defs.' Opp'n"); and the Administrative Record ("Record").
2
    The plaintiff's status as a tax-exempt organization under § 501(c)(3) is not in dispute.
3
 Because the plaintiff has failed to satisfy § 509(a)(3)(B) and § 509(a)(3)(C), it is unnecessary for the
Court to give further attention to the question of whether the plaintiff has met the standard of §
509(a)(3)(A).

                                                         2
subject." Quarrie v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue, 603 F.2d 1274, 1277 (7th Cir. 1979),

affirming 70 T.C. 182 (1978); see also Roe Found. Charitable Trust v. Comm'r of

Internal Revenue, T.C. Memo 1989-566, 1989 WL 123012 (Oct. 19, 1989). "The

Treasury Regulations therefore provide that the supporting organization must be

responsive to the needs of the public charity and intimately involved in its operations."

Quarrie, 603 F.2d at 1277.

         The plaintiff seeks to qualify as a supporting organization under § 509(a)(3)(B)(ii)

("Type II"), and therefore is required to prove that it is "organized . . . and . . . operated

. . . exclusively for the benefit of, to perform the functions of, or to carry out the purposes

of one or more [publicly supported] organizations[,] . . . is . . . supervised or controlled

in connection with one or more such organizations . . . [and] is not controlled directly or

indirectly by one or more disqualified persons" in order to qualify as a supporting

organization. Id. The Court's review of the IRS's action (or inaction) is de novo, but it is

limited to a review of the administrative record, see Airlie Found. v. IRS, 283 F. Supp. 2d

58, 61-62 (D.D.C. 2003), and the plaintiff bears the burden of proving that it satisfied all

of the requirements necessary to qualify as a Type II supporting organization, see Tax

Court Rule 217(b)(3). 4 As explained below, the plaintiff has not proven that it has

satisfied the requirements of § 509(a)(3)(B)(ii) or § 509(a)(3)(C) and therefore does not

qualify as a supporting organization under § 509(a)(3), but is rather a private foundation.

4
  A previous version of Tax Court Rule 217 stated that the burden of proof was on the IRS if it failed to
issue a determination. See World Family Corp. v. Comm'r of Internal Revenue, 81 T.C. 958, 959, n.2
(1983) (citing to Tax Court Rule 217(c)(2)(ii) in discussing the burden of proof). The current version of
Rule 217 contains no such provision, and consequently, the petitioner to the IRS, the plaintiff here, retains
the burden of proving its tax exempt status even when the IRS has failed to make a final determination.
See Tax Court Rule 217(b)(3) (stating "[w]henever a trial is required in an action for declaratory judgment,
such trial shall be conducted in accordance with . . . [Tax Court Rule 142(a)(1)]," which states that "[t]he
burden of proof shall be on the petitioner, except as otherwise provided by statue or determined by the
Court").

                                                      3
I.     The Requirements of § 509(a)(3)(B)(ii) Have Not Been Satisfied

       "Because the nature of the qualifying relationships between the supporting and

publicly supported organizations under [§] 509(a)(3)(B) may determine the applicable

criteria under [§] 509(a)(3)(A), [the Court must] first consider [§] 509(a)(3)(B)."

Cockerline, 86 T.C. at 58. The plaintiff claims that it is "supervised or controlled in

connection with one or more [publicly supported] organizations," and therefore meets the

qualifications of § 509(a)(3)(B)(ii). However, in order to satisfy this standard, "the

control or management of the supporting organization must be vested in the same persons

that control or manage the publicly supported organization[s]" to insure "that the

supporting organization will be responsive to the needs and requirements of the publicly

supported organizations." Treas. Reg. § 1.509(a)-4(h)(1); see also § 1.509(a)-4(f)(4)

(stating that the "distinguishing feature [of a Type II supporting organization] is the

presence of common supervision or control among the governing bodies of all

organizations involved, such as the presence of common directors"). The relationship

between a Type II supporting organization and its publicly supported organizations is

often compared to "brother and sister organizations subject to common control."

Cockerline, 86 T.C. at 59; see also Roe, 1989 WL 123012.

       The plaintiff claims to meet this requirement of common supervision or control

because of the structure of its Board. Pl.'s Mem. at 11. The plaintiff has structured its

Board such that the managing directors, who are officers, directors, and/or trustees of the

publicly supported organizations within the plaintiff's supported class, always have

majority voting power over the other, non-managing directors, who are not required to be

associated with the publicly supported beneficiaries. Id. However, all directors,

                                              4
including the managing directors, are appointed by Richard Polm, a disqualified person

under 26 U.S.C. § 4946 (2006), 5 who is not required to be associated with any publicly

supported beneficiary within the plaintiff's supported class. Id. at 12; see Administrative

Record at 160. Additionally, the plaintiff elected to specify a broadly defined supported

class rather than specifically naming each supported organization, see Administrative

Record at 186 (The Foundation's Articles of Amendment and Restatement state that "the

class of [supported] organizations . . . [are those that] support, promote and/or perform

public health and/or Christian objectives, including but not limited to Christian

evangelism, edification and stewardship (all of such organizations collectively being the

'Supported Class')."), a privilege afforded only to proven §§ 509(a)(B)(i) & (ii)

supporting organizations, see § 1.509(a)-4(d). Therefore, Mr. Polm is free to annually

appoint the directors of the Foundation from an infinitely large number of public charities

within its supported class, thereby decreasing any assurance that the plaintiff will remain

responsive to the needs and requirements of its publicly supported organizations and

limiting the scrutiny of members of its supported class, the policy underlying the

adoption of the provision for such organizations.

         While Type II supporting organizations are permitted to specify a supported class

rather than naming its specific publicly supported organizations, when such an

organization elects to define its supported class as broadly as the plaintiff has in this case,

the power of appointment or election of the directors of the supporting organization who

supply the common supervision or control must somehow be vested in or supervised by

5
  The Internal Revenue Code defines a disqualified person, for the purposes of this case, as a person who is
"a substantial contributor to the foundation." 26 U.S.C. § 4946(a)(1)(A) (Additional definitions are
provided in § 4946(a)(1)(A)-(I).); see also Administrative Record at 144 (plaintiff acknowledged to the IRS
that Mr. Polm and Theresa E. Polm are disqualified persons with respect to the Foundation).

                                                     5
the common leaders of the organizations in order to insure that the supporting

organization remains "subject to the scrutiny of [the] public charit[ies]," see Quarrie, 603

F.2d at 1277-78; see also § 1.509(a)-4(h), and that the substitution of beneficiaries within

the supported class "is at all times controlled by a publicly supported beneficiary,"

Quarrie, 603 F.2d at 1278 (stating that Type II supporting organizations are permitted to

specify beneficiary organizations by class, and substitute beneficiaries within the class

because "such substitution is at all times controlled by [the] publicly supported

beneficiar[ies]"). In fact, the combination of Mr. Polm's appointment power and the

plaintiff's broadly defined class prevents the plaintiff from meeting the requirements of

any type of supporting organization. 6

         "[T]he public scrutiny [over a supporting organization] derives from the publicly

supported beneficiaries, which, in turn, oversee the activities of the supporting

organization . . . [and] [t]he provisions of section 509(a)(3) and the regulations thereunder

are designed to assure that the publicly supported beneficiaries of a section 509(a)(3)

organization have both the ability and the motivation to do so." Quarrie, 70 T.C. at 190,

aff'd, 603 F.2d 1274. The plaintiff's publicly supported organizations do not have

adequate ability nor necessarily inherent motivation to oversee the activities of the

supporting organization, for the directors who provide such common supervision and

6
  The identical appointment power vested in an individual who is not required to be associated with a
publicly supported organization would bar the plaintiff from qualifying as a § 509(a)(B)(i) ("Type I")
supporting organization, an organization more heavily controlled by the publicly supported beneficiaries
than a Type II supporting organization, see § 509(a)(3)(B)(i); § 1.509(a)-4(g) (requiring the majority of the
leadership of a Type I supporting organization to be appointed or elected by individuals governing or at
least associated with a publicly supported organization), as well as prevent the plaintiff from qualifying as a
§ 509(a)(B)(iii) ("Type III") supporting organization, an organization under less supervision and control by
the publicly supported beneficiaries than a Type II supporting organization, see § 509(a)(3)(B)(iii); Quarrie,
603 F.2d at 1278-79 (stating that a Type III organization must designate its publicly supported
organizations by name).

                                                      6
control can be replaced every year with leaders from an infinite number of publicly

supported organizations, and are appointed by an individual not required to be associated

with any publicly supported beneficiary. Consequently, the plaintiff does meet the

requirements under § 509(a)(3)(B)(ii) and cannot qualify as a supporting organization.

II.     The Requirements Under § 509(a)(3)(C) Have Not Been Satisfied

        While the plaintiff is considered a private foundation based on the fact that it does

not meet the requirements under § 509(a)(3)(B), the plaintiff also fails to satisfy the

requirements under § 509(a)(3)(C), a failure which similarly prevents the plaintiff from

qualifying as a supporting organization. Section 509(a)(3)(C) states that the plaintiff may

"not [be] controlled directly or indirectly by one or more disqualified persons (as defined

in [§] 4946)." The Treasury Regulations state that an organization will be considered

"controlled," within the meaning of § 509(a)(3)(C), when the disqualified person "may

require [the] organization to perform any act which significantly affects its operation or

may prevent such organization from performing such act." § 1.509(a)-4(j)(1). The same

section concludes by stating that "all pertinent facts and circumstances . . . will be taken

into consideration in determining whether a disqualified person does in fact indirectly

control an organization." Id.

        Mr. Polm is disqualified person as defined by § 4946. See Pl.'s Mem. at 12-13;

Administrative Record at 144. Nonetheless, Mr. Polm has the power to appoint all

directors, including managing directors, to the Foundation's Board, Pl.'s Mem. at 12;

Administrative Record at 160, serves as the President of the Foundation, see

Administrative Record at 55, 163 (stating that the President "shall have general charge

and control of all the [plaintiff's] affairs and properties . . . [and] shall have the powers

                                               7
and duties of supervision and management generally incident to the officer of president"),

and is initially in control of the business and affairs of the Foundation in conjunction with

two other directors, one of whom is also a disqualified person under § 4946, see id. at

144, 187 (The amended Articles of Incorporation filed with the State of Maryland on

March 6, 2008 state that the business and affairs of the Foundation will be "managed

under the [initial] direction of . . . Richard E. Polm, Theresa E. Polm, and Lew Schrumm"

even though both Richard and Theresa Polm are disqualified persons.). In light of the

Treasury Regulations governing what amounts to "control" with respect to §

509(a)(3)(C), the Court considers the extensive power and authority of Mr. Polm to

constitute indirect control over the Foundation in violation of § 509(a)(3)(C).

       Based on its failure to establish that it satisfies either § 509(a)(3)(B) or (C), the

plaintiff does not qualify as a supporting organization and is therefore considered a

private foundation. The defendant is therefore entitled to summary judgment, and the

plaintiff's cross-motion for summary judgment must be denied. 7

                                                         _______/s/___________
                                                         REGGIE B. WALTON
                                                         United States District Judge

7
       An Order consistent with the Court’s ruling accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                8