Court Opinion

ID: 4591314
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:05:31.260269+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:50:38.399282
License: Public Domain

THE PENN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Penn Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. CommissionerDocket No. 52577.United States Board of Tax Appeals32 B.T.A. 839; 1935 BTA LEXIS 880; June 28, 1935, Promulgated *880  1.  DEDUCTION - INTEREST OR DIVIDEND. - Payments made voluntarily by an insurance company during tax years to holders of deferred dividend policies in addition to the deferred dividends held not to constitute interest on indebtedness within the meaning of section 245, Act 1926, or section 203, Act 1928, where there was neither legal nor moral obligation to pay such interest and the amounts of the company's obligations under the policies were impossible of exact ascertainment when the contracts were entered into.  2.  DEDUCTION - INTEREST OR DIVIDEND. - Where, in accordance with the terms of certain policies, an insurance company paid a stated number of installments over a period of years to named beneficiaries and the aggregate of such payments is greater than the commuted value of the policies at the date of death of the insured, held, such excess is not deductible as "guaranteed interest" by the company but is a part of the reserve and constitutes a policy obligation.  3.  Id. - Held, further, amounts paid policy holders which the company was under no obligation to pay constitute voluntary distributions of earnings and are not deductible by the company as interest*881  on indebtedness.  4.  PROCEEDS OF POLICIES LEFT WITH INSURANCE COMPANIES. - Where under terms of a life insurance policy beneficiary exercises an option to leave the "net proceeds with the company at interest at the rate of 3% per annum" a new relationship between new parties arises, that of debtor and creditor, not involving life contingency and the guaranteed interest payments of 3 percent are allowable deductions under provisions of applicable sections of the revenue acts.  Robert Dechert, Esq., for the petitioner.  De Witt M. Evans, Esq., for the respondent.  MORRIS *840  This proceeding is for the redetermination of deficiencies in income tax of $22,484.32 and $38,119.86 for the calendar years 1926 and 1928, respectively.  The following errors are alleged to have been committed by the respondent.  (1) His failure to allow as a deduction from gross income interest guaranteed and actually paid by petitioner in said taxable years on policies which had matured by death, the proceeds of which were paid in installments, the amounts claimed under this assignment being $211,254.60 and $238,640.01 for the years 1926 and 1928, respectively; (2) *882  His failure to allow as a deduction in the computation of net taxable income, so-called "excess" interest actually paid in said years upon policies which had matured by death, the proceeds of which were paid in installments, the amounts so disallowed being $105,418.55 and $187,912.18, for the years 1926 and 1928, respectively; (3) His failure to allow as a deduction from gross income, interest paid in said years on sums due under supplementary contracts not involving life contingencies, that is, interest paid on proceeds of policies that had matured by death which the petitioner continued to hold at interest for beneficiaries, such disallowances being $81,747.68 and $175,292.12 for the years 1926 and 1928, respectively; (4) His failure to allow deductions from gross income in the taxable year 1928 for: Realty taxes upon home office building$53,067.00Maintenance expenses upon home office building142,946.02Depreciation upon home office building44,040.91*841  (5) His requirement that the petitioner include in its gross income as assumed rental of $246,000 for its home office building in 1926, no portion of which was actually received.  The respondent, *883  by an affirmative allegation in his amended answer, pleads error upon his part in that the petitioner deducted from its income for the year 1926, as "interest on indebtedness", the sum of $181,764.13 and for the year 1928 the sum of $10,117.19, purporting to represent interest on deferred dividends paid to policyholders during each of the respective years, that said sums were not interest on indebtedness as provided for by law and consequently not deductible, and that he, therefore, erred in his failure to disallow the deduction of said amounts.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  The petitioner is a corporation organized and incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and is engaged in the mutual life insurance business, with its principal office at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  It issues to its policyholders a policy entitled "Trust Certificate or Instalment Policy." A typical policy, here in evidence, having a face "instalment certain" value upon the death of the insured of $24,000, that is, if paid in 240 equal monthly installments-certain of $100 each, and a cash surrender or "lump sum" value of $18,380, if not so paid, provides: Hereby insures the life of WILLIAM*884  PENN The Insured and agrees to pay TWENTY-FOUR THOUSAND Dollars, in Two Hundred Forty equal Monthly instalments-certain of One Hundred & 00/100 Dollars each ($1200.00 yearly income), the first instalment-certain to be paid upon the receipt of due proof of the death of the insured, and the subsequent instalments-certain Monthly thereafter, beginning One Month from the date of death of the insured, to Hannah Penn, his wife, if she survive him, otherwise to his executors, administrators or assigns, * * * DIVIDENDS Dividends of surplus under this Policy shall be awarded and may be used as provided in section one.  PREMIUMS This contract is made in consideration of the payment in advance to the Company at its Home Office of the sum of Four Hundred Eighty-four & 30/100 Dollars, at the date hereof, and upon condition that the annual premium of Four Hundred Eighty-four & 30/100 Dollars is paid on or before the First day of July in every year until the death of the insured.  *842  Premium payments may be made annually, or in semi-annually or quarterly instalments at the rates shown on the margin hereof and as provided in section five.  All the benefits, privileges and*885  provisions stated on the second and third pages hereof form a part of this Policy as fully as though recited at length over the signatures hereto affixed.  * * * FROM THE DATE OF ISSUE THIS POLICY SHALL BE WITHOUT ANY RESTRICTIONS AS TO TRAVEL OR RESIDENCE.  SECTION 1.  PARTICIPATION - DIVIDENDS OF SURPLUS ANNUAL DIVIDENDS.  This Policy will participate in surplus while in force by payment of premiums and thereafter if full-paid.  Dividends will be determined and accounted for by the Company and will be available upon payment of the second year's premium, and at the end of the second and of each subsequent policy-year.  Dividends may be used: (1) In reduction of premium, or (2) To purchase paid-up participating additional insurance payable in one sum, or (3) To accumulate to the credit of this Policy at 3 per cent, per annum compound interest, this interest rate to be increased annually by such addition as may be awarded by the Board of Trustees, which accumulation will be payable at the maturity of this Policy or may be withdrawn at any time with interest to the date of withdrawal.  If no other option is selected, dividends shall be paid in cash.  POST-MORTEM DIVIDEND. *886  Upon the death of the insured during any policy-year, after the first, while this Policy is in force by payment of premiums, the Company will pay a post-mortem dividend for the policy-year current at the date of the insured's death.  * * * SECTION 7.  INSTALMENTS When this Policy becomes a claim it will be payable in 240 Monthly instalments-certain as stipulated on the first page hereof, provided no indebtedness on account of this Policy is outstanding.  If there be any indebtedness at maturity on account of this Policy which is not repaid before the first instalment-certain falls due, such indebtedness shall be forthwith deducted from the total commuted value of this Policy and the amount of each instalment-certain payable during the specified period of Twenty years shall be thereby reduced in the proportion that the total indebtedness bears to the total commuted value.  If the beneficiary should die while receiving instalments-certain, the commuted value of the instalments-certain remaining unpaid calculated by the Company on the same basis (3% compound interest) as the instalments are granted, shall be payable to such beneficiary's executors or administrators, unless otherwise*887  provided in this Policy or by proper instrument in writing filed at the Home Office of the Company.  The payment, upon the death of such beneficiary, of the remaining instalments-certain shall discharge the Company from all liability under this Policy.  * * * The commuted value of this Policy is calculated on the basis of annual payment of the instalments.  If the instalments are payable in semi-annual, *843  quarterly or monthly portions, the Company will pay with the first instalment of each year an additional amount equal to the saving in interest through payment of the instalments other than annually, which will be the following percentage of the stipulated yearly instalments: if semi-annually 0.73%, if quarterly 1.10%, if monthly 1.34%.  The fixed monthly installment of $100 provided for in the foregoing policy, in so far as actuarial calculation is concerned, includes a partial payment of the original lump sum equivalent; that is, the original lump sum at the time of death or maturity of the policy, and the remainder thereof is the equivalent of a guaranteed rate of 3 percent.  In addition to the installment payments under the so-called "Trust Certificate or Instalment*888  Policy", the petitioner issued an ordinary life policy with an installment option under which the insured could direct during his lifetime or the beneficiary thereafter elect to have the payments of the proceeds spread over a period of years.  An election to convert this type of policy into one payable under installments-certain makes it in all practical respects like the trust certificate policy, so far as its payment is concerned.  The pertinment parts of section 7, relating to the exercise of this option, are as follows: Section 7.  Options for payment of this Policy as an Income.  The insured, subject to any designation of beneficiary or assignment of this Policy filed with the Company, as provided in Section 4, may elect in writing that the net proceeds of this Policy at maturity, or any part thereof, or the cash value before maturity, not less than $1,000, shall be payable according to any of the following options.  In such written election no beneficiary entitled to the proceeds of this Policy or any part thereof or any instalment of interest or principal to become due thereon shall have the right to commute, withdraw, surrender, encumber, alienate or assign the same upon*889  any terms whatsoever unless by the written permission of the insured.  The beneficiary entitled to receive the net proceeds when payable may elect in writing to have the net proceeds payable according to any of the following options in event of the failure of the insured to do so.  * * * OPTION A.  INCOME FOR ONE TO THIRTY YEARS CERTAIN in annual or monthly instalments as may be elected according to the following table.  [Here follows a table showing the amount of annual payments for any period from one to thirty years selected.] * * * Upon the death of any beneficiary, any unpaid instalments under Option A or unpaid instalments-certain under Option B or C, or the commuted value thereof, calculated upon the basis or 3 per cent. per annum compound interest, will be paid as agreed upon in the election of the option.  The amounts paid out by the petitioner during the years 1926 and 1928 as a part of its guaranteed installments under matured policies payable by installments were, 1926, $211,254.60; 1928, $238,640.01.  Payments of so-called excess interest under assignment of error No.  *844  2 relate to the same policies hereinabove discussed and involve payments made*890  under the following provisions of the policies: Trust certificate policy, section 7: * * * The instalments-certain after the first year will be increased annually by such addition as may be awarded by the Board of Trustees.  Ordinary life policy, section 7: * * * The income under option A or the income during the instalments-certain period under option B or C, after the first year, will be increased annually by such surplus as may be awarded by the Board of Trustees.  The amounts of so-called excess interest paid by the petitioner under installment policies for the two years in question were, 1926, $105,418.55; and 1928, $187,912.18.  The total rate of so-called "interest" paid by the petitioner during the years 1926 and 1928 under the foregoing installment policies was 4.85 percent, which includes the guaranteed rate ranging from 3 to 4 percent, included in the guaranteed amount of installments, and the excess payment annually in addition to the guaranteed installments.  The third assignment of error involves alleged interest paid during the taxable years in sums due under supplementary contracts not involving life contingencies.  Under this type of policy the petitioner*891  obligates itself to hold the proceeds at interest, after the amount thereof has become fixed by maturity, if such an election is made either by the insured or by the beneficiary.  The provisions of the policy pertinent thereto are as follows: SECTION 7.  OPTIONS FOR PAYMENT OF THIS POLICY AS AN INCOME. - The insured, subject to any designation of beneficiary or assignment of this Policy filed with the Company, as provided in Section 4, may elect in writing that the net proceeds of this Policy at maturity, or any part thereof, or the cash value before maturity, not less than $1,000, shall be payable according to any of the following options.  In such written election no beneficiary entitled to the proceeds of this Policy or any part thereof or any instalment of interest or principal to become due thereon shall have the right to commute, withdraw, surrender, encumber, alienate or assign the same upon any terms whatsoever unless by the written permission of the insured.  The beneficiary entitled to receive the net proceeds when payable may elect in writing to have the net proceeds payable according to any of the following options in event of the failure of the insured to do so.  *892  * * * OPTION D.  INTEREST INCOME OF THE NET PROCEEDS payable for such a period as may be agreed upon in the election of this option.  * * * Under Options D and E, the net proceeds are left with the company at interest at the rate of 3 per cent per annum, increased annually by such additions as may be awarded by the Board of Trustees, and the income may be made *845  payable annually or in equivalent equal semi-annual, quarterly or monthly payments commencing at the end of the first interest period, with a further payment for the period elapsing between the last regular payment and the date of death of the beneficiary.  Payments of principal and interest shall be subject to such provisions as may be agreed upon in the election of either of these options.  The amounts of alleged interest paid by the petitioner during the years 1926 and 1928 on the proceeds of matured policies were, 1926, $81,747.68; 1928, $175,292.12.  The actual rate of interest paid by the petitioner in the years 1926 and 1928 was 4.85 percent annually, of which 3 percent had been guaranteed and the remaining 1.85 percent represents the additional rate fixed by the board of trustees.  The affirmative*893  allegation in the respondent's amended answer relates to his original allowance for the years 1926 and 1928, and now claimed by him to have been erroneously allowed - of amounts purporting to represent interest on deferred dividends under "accumulated surplus" policies.  Said policies, after providing for the name of the insured, the amount of insurance, etc., the name of the beneficiary and the annual premiums to be paid, provide, among other things, as follows: ACCUMULATED-SURPLUS PLAN.  PROVISIONS APPLICABLE ONLY TO THIS FORM OF POLICY.  THIS POLICY IS ISSUED UPON THE ACCUMULATED-SURPLUS PLAN, THE PARTICULARS OF WHICH ARE AS FOLLOWS: I.  The Accumulated-Surplus Period for this Policy shall be completed on the First day of July in the year nineteen hundred and Twenty-six.  II.  No distribution of Surplus shall be made upon this Policy unless the person whose life is hereby insured shall survive the completion of the said Accumulated-Surplus Period, and unless this Policy shall then be in force by the payment in cash, when due, of all the required premiums on this Policy up to the end of said period.  III.  All Surplus intermediately awarded to this Policy shall belong*894  to and be retained by the Company until the completion of the Accumulated-Surplus Period, whereupon the aggregate of such Dividends of Surplus, as accumulated, shall become the property of the insured and be available under the options hereinafter named.  IV.  Upon the completion of the Accumulated-Surplus Period, as above stated, provided this Policy shall then be in force by payment of premiums, as above specified, the insured shall have the following OPTIONS, viz.: FIRST.  To withdraw the Accumulated Surplus apportioned to this Policy by the Company, and to continue the Policy in force on the Ordinary Life Plan by payment of premiums.  Or, SECOND.  To withdraw in cash the full reserve by the American Three per cent.  Table of Mortality, which will be Thirty-two Thousand Seven Hundred Fifty-eight & 00/100 Dollars, together with the Accumulated Surplus before mentioned, and thus terminate the contract.  Or, THIRD.  To surrender this Policy for a full paid Participating Life Policy for the amount that the *846  said reserve and the said Accumulated Surplus together, used as a single premium, will purchase at the then age of the insured, at the present established rates of the*895  Company; provided, however, that if such paid-up Policy shall exceed the sum originally insured by this Policy, satisfactory evidence of the continued good health of the insured must first be furnished to the Company.  Or, FOURTH.  To apply the entire withdrawal value of the policy, as per Second established Option above, to the purchase of a Life Annuity, at the rates of the Company, at the then age of the insured.  Or, FIFTH.  To apply the Accumulated Surplus apportioned to this policy to the purchase of an Annuity, to be applied to decrease the future payments required under this Policy.  V.  If the FIRST OPTION is selected and the Policy continued in force, it shall participate thereafter, annually, in all distributions of Surplus as made by the Company upon Policies of the same age and kind.  It is the general rule that during the continuance of policies in this petitioner, that is, the usual type of policy, dividends of surplus are paid annually, differing from the accumulated-surplus policy just referred to in that such policies do not become entitled to any share of the surplus until the completion of the accumulated-surplus period, which may be ten, fifteen, twenty or*896  more years, depending upon the election of the policyholder at the time of entering into the policy contract.  The accounting practice of the petitioner under the accumulated-surplus policies was to make provisional annual awards of surplus in the same manner as if these policies had been upon an annual dividend plan, to which amount so-called interest was added annually and such amount as so calculated and set aside, together with the amounts provisionally awarded to policies which failed to complete the period of accumulation by reason of lapse or for other reasons, was paid in accordance with the optional provisions in the contract at the end of the stipulated period set forth therein.  The cash payments made during the years in question, hereinafter set forth, were applicable to those policies which completed their accumulation period during the stated years.  The amounts paid by the petitioner under the accumulated-surplus policies, referred to by the petitioner as "interest", were, 1926, $181,764.13; and 1928, $10,117.19.  The foregoing amounts, representing the excess payments over the statutory 2 percent of deferred dividends claimed and allowed, were claimed as deductions*897  in the petitioner's return for the years in question and were allowed by the respondent upon the ground that they represented payments of "interest on indebtedness", but the respondent now retracts and alleges error upon his part in allowing such deductions.  The petitioner included $246,000 as income in its return for the calendar year 1926, representing the estimated rental value of space occupied by it in a building which it owned.  *847  Petitioner claimed the following deductions in the computation of its net taxable income for the calendar year 1928: Taxes, home office building$53,067.00Maintenance, home office building142,946.02Depreciation, home office building44,040.91but as it included no amount in its income for the estimated rental value of space occupied by it in its office building, the respondent disallowed such deduction.  OPINION.  MORRIS: Four allegations of error, one being an affirmative allegation of the respondent, involve the deductibility of "interest" under section 245 of the Revenue Act of 1926, which, for our purposes, is identical with section 203(a)(8) of the Revenue Act of 1928, providing: (a) In the case of*898  a life insurance company the term "net income" means the gross income less - * * * (8) All interest paid or accrued within the taxable year on its indebtedness * * *.  In , we had under consideration the language of section 234(a)(2) of the Act of 1926, providing for the deduction of "All interest * * * on its indebtedness." We there adopted the following definition: "Interest on indebtedness has a definite and well accepted meaning as 'the compensation allowed by law or fixed by the parties for use, or forbearance, or detention of money.' [citations]", and in ; reversed, , we quoted with approval the dictionary definition of the word "interest" as "An agreed or stipulated compensation accruing to a creditor during the time that a loan or debt remains unpaid." See also . The Supreme Court of the United States, in , used some pertinent language.  In that case the respondent was a mutual life insurance*899  company having no capital stock, conducting its business upon the "level premium plan", under which the estimated annual cost of insurance is averaged and the maximum annual contribution of each member is uniform through the life of the policy.  The annual contributions during the early years of the policy are in excess of the natural premiums and such excess premiums, augmented by interest thereon, are held as a reserve to maintain insurance in the later years.  The company was required by state law to maintain its assets at a sum not less than the amount of "legal reserve" required by such laws.  The *848  respondent there, in its return filed for the year 1917, included such reserve in its invested capital under the act then in force.  The question of its inclusion was finally contested in the Supreme Court.  It having been contended there that such reserve represented a present existing liability, the Court said in disposing of such contention: * * * These assets, thus constituted, have never represented indebtedness any more than the capital of a stock corporation subscribed by its stockholders represents indebtedness.  Until the maturity of a policy, the policyholder*900  is simply a member of the corporation, with no present enforceable right against the assets.  Upon the maturity of the policy he becomes a creditor with an enforceable right.  Then for the first time there is an indebtedness.  * * * In the meantime, each member bears a relation to the mutual company analogous to that which a stockholder bears to the joint-stock company in which he holds stock.  In either case, the title to the assets is in the corporation and not in the members or stockholders.  * * * Because of the relationship which the respondent's affirmative allegation bears to three similar issues raised by the petitioner, we shall dispose of this issue first.  He claims to have erred in allowing the petitioner to deduct as "interest on indebtedness" the sums of $181,764.13 for the year 1926 and $10,117.19 for the year 1928, purporting to represent "interest" on deferred dividends paid to policyholders under the so-called "accumulated-surplus plan" policy.  In support of this issue the respondent relies not only upon the total absence of a contractual obligation to pay interest to its policyholders under such policies, but upon our decision upon a very similar type of policy*901  in  The petitioner, on the other hand, contends not only that there was an obligation to pay "interest", but that the facts in the instant case are distinguishable from the case relied upon by the respondent, asserting, however, that even if the facts were identical it would still disagree with the conclusion there reached.  We have carefully considered the petitioner's contentions urged by counsel at the trial and set forth on brief, but they fail to convince us of any statutory justification for the deduction claimed by it, and, in our opinion, erroneously allowed by the respondent.  We base our conclusion upon a thorough consideration of the policy contract itself and the testimony respecting it, supported by , and , in which we reiterated the position taken in the former proceeding, although reversed on that issue by the circuit court.  In the latter proceeding, after setting forth provisions of the policy strikingly similar to those here, the Board said: The method followed by petitioner with respect to*902  the apportionment of the deferred dividends on these policies was to set aside each year an amount as representing the profits of such year allowable to the policy, the total of these *849  sums representing the sum apportioned as a deferred dividend at the close of the tontine period.  In each year it also set aside on each policy an amount designated as interest and computed at 3 1/2 per cent compounded annually upon the amounts theretofore set aside as apportioned profits of prioor years.  The total of these sums was paid to the policyholder at the close of the period.  The question here presented is whether those portions of the payments made in the taxable years which represented the so-called interest computed, were in fact payments of interest upon debts or obligations of petitioner or whether the entire payment in each case was one of deferred dividends.  In , we had a situation substantially similar to this before us.  In that case we said: Nor can it be said that the deferred dividends constituted debts owed by petitioner during the 20-year period of the tontine policies.  A debt in its general sense is "a*903  specific sum of money which is due or owing from one person to another, and denotes not only the obligation of the debtor to pay, but the right of the creditor to receive and enforce payment." . During the tontine period none of the deferred dividends constituted "a specific sum of money due or owing" from petitioner to a policyholder and enforceable by the latter.  Not until the end of such period could it be determined who of the policyholders might be entitled to deferred dividends.  Indeed, it is quite conceivable that none would be so entitled.  It is clear, we think, that under such circumstances the so-called interest payments could not properly be deemed interest.  They constituted additional dividends rather than interest.  It will be noted that there is no agreement in the policy here in question to pay interest upon deferred dividends, and we think it immaterial how petitioner computes the amount allocable to the policy for each year, the total of which it pays at the close of the tontine period, which is the date its obligation to make any payment accrues.  Petitioner attempts to distinguish the above cited case upon the ground*904  that the apportionment of profits for each year and the computation of interest thereon was made at the close of the tontine period, whereas in the present case it was made each year and the tentative credits to the policy then transferred from surplus.  We see in that no material difference.  It was at most, in our opinion, merely a different method of recording upon the corporate books a transaction in all respects similar to the one before us in In both cases the obligation was similar and the payments made were identical in character.  We can not conclude from the mere use of the terms "surplus", "accumulated-surplus" or "accumulated-surplus plan", without even the slightest suggestion in the contract of the payment of "interest", that there was either moral or legal obligation to pay such interest, as the petitioner would have us do.  Furthermore, the policy being payable only after the conclusion of the accumulated-surplus period, which might be anywhere from ten to twenty or more years, not only were the survivors to benefit under such plan unknown, but the amounts of the obligations thereunder were impossible of exact ascertainment*905  when the contracts were entered into.  If all policyholders completed their accumulated-surplus period, the amount payable under the contract would be one thing, but if only a very few did so it would be quite another thing.  *850  For the above and foregoing reasons we hold that the respondent's allowance of the amounts set forth under this issue as deductions was incorrect, and his affirmative allegation in respect thereto is accordingly sustained.  Coming now to the petitioner's first and second assignments of error.  Under those issues two classes of alleged interest are claimed as deductions: (a) "guaranteed interest" at 3 percent included in the installments-certain, and (b) the "excess" or "additional" interest, both of which are provided for in section 7 of the policy contract first set forth hereinabove.  The type of policy involved under this issue becomes payable, upon the death of the insured, in a stated number of installments over a period of years to the beneficiary therein named.  The so-called guaranteed interest is the difference between the commuted value at the date of death of the insured and the total amount the petitioner is obligated to pay as installments-certain. *906  A feature of this policy which must necessarily be borne in mind is that although it matures upon the death of the insured, neither the beneficiary nor his estate has any contractual claim against the petitioner for the payment of installments-certain until each installment falls due and becomes payable and that the amount of such installment is determined at the time the contract is entered into, and does not change, and the reserve required by law to be set aside for such payment is based upon the amount found under "The American Experience Table of Mortality with interest at 3 per cent, per annum, according to the net level premium method." The 3 percent interest provided for in section 7 has no independent significance in the policy.  It effects no change or alteration in the original basis of determining the installment-certain.  Such provision was inserted there, according to our construction of the contract, for the sake of clarity, and so that there may be no dispute as to the rights of the beneficiary's estate, in the event of his death prior to receiving the full number of installments, to receive the remainder of such installments, computed upon the same basis as theretofore*907  employed in the case of the beneficiary himself.  In principle this case is no different from  There is no agreement in this contract to pay interest, as such, and the fact that the petitioner in writing its contract separates the component parts of the reserve to be set aside for the ultimate payment of such installments into strict reserve, as determined by the American Experience Table of Mortality, and the amount of interest required to maintain such reserve at a level sufficient to insure payment upon maturity, is merely a matter of computation which, in our opinion, is quite immaterial.  The amount so arrived at and paid to the policyholder constitutes a *851  policy obligation and as such is not "interest paid or accrued on indebtedness within the meaning of section 245(a)(8) of the applicable Revenue Acts." . It is obvious from what we have said respecting the two preceding issues that the so-called excess interest deductions deserve the same treatment, for there is considerably less justification for their deduction than for those where there is*908  at least an obligation to pay the amounts claimed as deductions.  Under this issue there was no obligation on the part of the board of trustees ever to award additional amounts.  At any rate, what was paid amounted to nothing more than voluntary distributions of earnings.  The "ordinary life policy", under which the disputed amounts arise in allegation of error numbered three, provided in section 7 thereof for certain options available to the beneficiary, or to the insured during his lifetime, among which there was one permitting such beneficiary upon the death of the insured to leave the "net proceeds * * * with the company at interest at the rate of 3 per cent per annum, increased annually by such additions as may be awarded by the Board of Trustees * * *." The respondent disallowed the deductions claimed under this issue and he opposes the petitioner's efforts in this action to have such amounts allowed upon the sole ground that they have been included in the reserves required by law and the 4 percent mean thereof allowed as a deduction under the statute in the computation of net taxable income.  He asserts as a fact that such amounts were included in the reserve, but we are*909  unable to so conclude from the proof offered.  However, whether the amounts were included in the reserve required by law or not - such inclusion might have been made erroneously under the statute, though it is unnecessary to decide that question in this proceeding.  See ; affd., 47 Fed. (2) 218; , and . The respondent concedes that the arrangement under this contract "is somewhat similar to a beneficiary loaning the insurance company a sum certain at 3 per cent interest" and he says "It may even be conceded that under certain circumstances the payments made to the beneficiaries, particularly the 3 percent, might possibly be deducted as interest on indebtedness." It will be observed that the arrangement under the provisions of the contract here discussed are supplementary to the policy obligation.  The petitioner agrees that if the beneficiary will forego the right to receive the net proceeds payable to him under the contract immediately *852 *910  upon the death of the insured and if he will permit the petitioner to retain such amount for a stated period of time, it will compensate him by the payment of 3 percent interest.  A new relationship between new and different parties springs into being - an indebtedness actually arises upon the death of the insured and the immediate satisfaction thereof is postponed by the debtor, on the one hand, and the creditor on the other.  There is no life contingency involved in this new transaction.  An indebtedness arises under the contract between the petitioner and the beneficiary and the interest is paid upon such indebtedness.  Therefore, we are of the opinion that the guaranteed interest payments of 3 percent are allowable deductions under the provisions of the applicable sections of the act hereinbefore set forth and discussed.  There was no obligation upon the petitioner to pay any amounts in excess thereof, and such excess is not deductible.  Issues numbered four and five pertain to the disallowance of deductions from gross income, for the taxable year 1928, of realty taxes, maintenance expenses and depreciation upon the petitioner's home office building and to the inclusion in its*911  gross income of an amount representing the assumed rental value of space occupied by it in its said building during the year 1926.  Deductions may not be allowed to a life insurance company for depreciation, taxes, and expenses incurred in connection with a building owned by it, unless there is also included in gross income the rental value of the space occupied by it.   and , decided after the submission of this proceeding.  There is therefore no merit in the petitioner's present contention that it erroneously included such rental value in its return for 1926.  As to the year 1928, the petitioner is entitled to the claimed deductions but, in order to compute the net benefit which it is entitled to, the rental value of the space occupied by it must be included in its gross income.  ; see also . Reviewed by the Board.  Decision will be entered under Rule 50.MATTHEWS dissents.  MCMAHON *912  MCMAHON, dissenting: I dissent from the holding of the majority in this proceeding that any portion of the amounts of $81,747.68 and $175,292.12, representing so-called "interest" paid by the petitioner in the respective years 1926 and 1928 to beneficiaries upon the proceeds of ordinary life insurance policies which had matured by death of the insured and which had been left with the petitioner *853  under Option D of the policies is deductible as interest under the Revenue Acts of 1926 and 1928.  Each of these figures is made up in part of a sum calculated at 3 percent and in part of a sum calculated at 1.85 percent.  The majority holds that the portion of those amounts which represents the 3 percent guaranteed so-called "interest" is deductible as interest under the revenue acts, but that the portion of such amounts representing the 1.85 percent additional so-called "interest" is not deductible under the statute.  No part of either amount is deductible under such acts as interest.  If, as held by the majority, the portion representing the 1.85 per cent is not deductible as interest, then, looking to substance and not to form, as we must do, the same reasoning requires a*913  holding that no portion of either amount constitutes deductible interest.  The holdings of the majority as to these two percentages are irreconcilable.  The source and nature of the 3 percent and the 1.85 percent are the same.  Speaking figuratively, they are cut out of the same cloth.  Both came from surplus and both represent earnings or profits upon funds held by the petitioner.  The denial of the deduction of the 1.85 percent is justifiable only on the ground that it is in the nature of a distribution of earnings.  The same is true of the 3 percent.  Such earnings or profits of a mutual life insurance company, such as petitioner, operated upon a participating plan of insurance, are derived from numerous sources, including (1) "saving in mortality", where the mortality conditions experienced prove to be more favorable than those assumed, (2) returns on investments, (3) "profit from loading" of premiums or, more simply stated, from overcharges in premiums, (4) surrender of policies, (5) lapse of policies, and (6) investment or capital transactions.  All these earnings or profits go into what is termed "surplus." 1 Three precent is the minimum amount which experience has shown that*914  a well managed solvent life insurance company is thus able to earn and pay even under unfavorable conditions.  The same experience has also shown that under normal conditions such a company can earn considerably in excess of 3 percent. 2 The 1.85 percent herein involved represents excess over 3 percent.  The payment of the full amount of 4.85 percent undoubtedly would have been assured under Option D except that the company could not be positive that 4.85 percent could be earned and paid.  However, the fact that only 3 percent was assured does not mean that the company was not bound to pay more than that if more than that were earned and safely payable.  Under the laws *854  of Pennsylvania, under which the petitioner was organized, the petitioner may maintain a surplus or safety fund, but the same may not be in excess of 10 per centum of its reserve, or $100,000, whichever is greater, and the excess of the market value of its securities over their book value. 3 Furthermore, the laws of Pennsylvania require that all such policies shall contain a provision that the policy shall participate in the surplus of the company, while it remains in force. 4 It is doubtful whether any*915  state would permit petitioner to continue to issue policies therein if it did not pay over under Option D all it could earn and safely pay, which, in the instant proceeding, has been demonstrated to be at least 4.85 percent.  All the policies involved in the instant proceeding participated in surplus, and this is true as to both insured and beneficiaries.  The ordinary life policy expressly provides that the 3 percent per annum payable under Option D shall be increased annually by such additions as may be awarded by the board of*916  trustees.  The rights of the beneficiary are such as are conferred primarily by the policy or contract of insurance.  37 Corpus Juris 577.  When a beneficiary is named in a policy he is as much entitled to rely upon its provisions for the protection of his rights as the insured or the company. ; . All of the features of the policy in question from this standpoint inure to the benefit of the beneficiary.  In ; , the Supreme Court of Indiana had under consideration a surplus participating policy of this petitioner.  The court there held that where the policy had been delivered and had become effective, the beneficiary had an interest therein which could not be divested by the insured without her consent.  It is clear that the 1.85 percent did not constitute a purely voluntary payment as in effect held by the majority; but it was paid by virtue of a policy or contract obligation imposed by statute.  The holding of the majority that the 3 percent paid under Option D of the ordinary life policies is deductible*917  as interest is irreconcilable with its holding that the 3 percent included as part of installments paid under ordinary life policies which had been converted to the installment basis of payment by the exercise of Option A therein is not deductible as interest.  Both holdings of the majority pertain to the same type of policy, ordinary life, and the same 3 percent; upon the death of the insured, the proceeds of Option D and of *855  Option A are each equivalent substantially to the proceeds of the face value of the policy and hence are equivalent substantially to each other; the factor of 3 percent is identical; and both holdings should be the same and to the effect that the 3 percent paid under Option D as well as the 3 percent paid under Option A is not deductible.  The holding of the majority that the 3 percent paid under Option D is deductible is also irreconcilable with its holding that the 3 percent included as part of installment payments made under trust certificate or installment policies is not deductible as interest.  Upon the death of the insured the proceeds of this latter type of policy are identical with the proceeds of Option A under the ordinary life type; the*918  factor of 3 percent is identical in the proceeds of each; and both holdings should be the same and to the effect that the 3 percent paid under Option D as well as the 3 percent paid under the trust certificate or installment type of policy is not deductible.  From the policy of this type in evidence it clearly appears that the $18,380, which is the cash surrender or "lump sum" value at the date of death of the insured, is the sum which at 3 percent so-called compound "interest" will return a total of $24,000 to the beneficiary when paid in 240 equal monthly installments of $100 each.  Under all of the petitioner's policies, in evidence here, participating as to policyholders or beneficiaries, or both, the amounts ultimately received under the various options or provisions are all the equivalent substantially of the face value or of the present worth or commuted value at the date of death. 5.  Otherwise there would be unjustifiable discrimination between participating policies of a mutual life insurance company.  Options A and D are each*919  equivalent to the face value of the policy and therefore A is equivalent to D.  Since no part of the installment payments made by petitioner to beneficiaries under Option A of ordinary life policies (or under trust certificate or installment policies) constitutes interest, as the majority correctly holds, then no part of the payments made under Option D is interest.  Likewise, the holding of the majority that the so-called "interest" paid upon deferred dividends under the ordinary life accumulated surplus plan policies is not deductible is irreconcilable with its holding that the 3 percent paid under Option D is deductible.  The majority bases its holding as to so-called "interest" upon these deferred dividends upon the ground that there is no indebtedness because *856  there is no certainty as to who will survive and ultimately receive all of the deferred dividends.  However, it may be pointed out that there is even more uncertainty as to who will ultimately receive all of the proceeds left with the company under Option D.  To illustrate, the proceeds in whole or in part may be payable to a person or persons not yet born at the time of the death of the insured.  *920 It has been held that whether and to what extent deductions shall be allowed depends upon legislative grace; and that only as there is clear provision therefor can a deduction be allowed.  . In , the Supreme Court, with respect to statutory provisions allowing another type of deduction to life insurance companies, stated in part: * * * It is intended to define a deduction which they are permitted to make in the calculation of the net amount to be taxed.  The rule that ambiguities in statutes imposing taxes are to be resolved in favor of taxpayers does not apply.  Deductions are allowed only when plainly authorized.  . . The fact that the 3 percent is sometimes designated as "interest" in the ordinary life policy or is treated as interest by the petitioner does not determine the question of whether it is deductible interest under the Federal statutes, *921 , and ; and it is sometimes designated as interest income in the same policy.  That it is not exclusively designated as interest in the policy, but is also designated primarily as income there, is significant.  Nor does the fact that it is guaranteed or assured determine that it is interest under such statutes any more than the fact that certain dividends are assured to a certain extent on preferred corporate stocks renders such dividends interest and not earnings by way of dividends.  Under Option D the 3 percent rate is merely a minimum rate of earnings and not interest; and in such preferred dividends the rate fixed is merely a maximum of earnings and not interest.  The figure and words "3 percent" are also used in the policy in describing the reserve basis upon which petitioner operates.  The word "interest" is used in petitioner's type of ordinary life policy only once in its true sense.  It is provided therein that interest at 6 percent shall be paid to the petitioner by any policyholder who borrows from petitioner against his policy and upon the security thereof. *922  Hence, it appears from the language of this type of policy that the term "interest" as applied to proceeds of policies left with the company under Option D is not used in the same sense as it is used in describing interest upon money loaned by the petitioner upon the security of its policies.  *857  The proceeds were not borrowed by the petitioner from the beneficiaries.  Ordinarily money at interest is borrowed for the use of the borrower in his business or for his other purposes.  This is not true in the instant proceeding.  Under the provisions of the policy the proceeds were "left with" the petitioner.  The petitioner, so far as the record shows, did not need or use these proceeds for its own purposes, but simply conserved them for the benefit of the beneficiary in accordance with the provisions of the policy.  To constitute interest there must be definite terms with respect to designation of the person or persons to whom the principal and interest are to be paid, the time and place of payment, the amount of the principal, and the rate.  A fair test of whether the terms are definite enough to constitute interest is whether the borrower may make payment of the principal*923  and interest at some definite agreed time and place or make legal tender thereof, and thus stop the running of the interest.  Here the evidence does not show that there were any such definite or certain terms in reference to any policy.  Under the statute of Pennsylvania whenever, under the terms of any policy of life insurance or under any written agreement supplemental thereto, the proceeds are retained by the company at maturity or otherwise, no person entitled to any part of such proceeds or any so-called interest due thereon is permitted to commute, anticipate, encumber, alienate, or assign the same or any part thereoof if such permission is expressly withheld by the terms of the policy or supplemental agreement; and the company shall not be required to segregate such funds, but may hold them as a part of its general corporate funds. 6 This supports the view that there was no indebtedness owing from the petitioner to the beneficiary within the meaning of the Federal revenue acts and that the 3 percent paid under Option D did not constitute deductible interest.  *924  There is in reality, in the exercise of Option D, no new contract entered into between the petitioner and either the insured or the beneficiary.  The Pennsylvania statute requires that each policy shall constitute the entire contract. 7 In any event, election of this sort of payment is founded primarily upon the provisions of, and is made by virtue of, the original contract of insurance out of which any obligation or change thereof in this respect arises.  Hence, it is immaterial whether there is a new or supplemental agreement.  Even if we assume, for purposes of discussion, that there was a new contract between the insurer and the beneficiary in those instances where *858  the beneficiary made the election, such assumption would not reach those instances in which the insured made the election; and in these latter instances each and every payment made to the beneficiary was the discharge of a policy obligation, without the payment of any interest.  The record contains no basis for determining what portion of the 3 percent paid under Option D was paid pursuant to election made by the insured, in his lifetime, and what portion was paid pursuant to election made by the beneficiary. *925 The 3 percent paid under Option D is more in the nature of income or earnings of a trust fund than interest as upon money loaned.  Whether the insured or the beneficiary made the election of Option D the proceeds were, in a sense, placed in trust with the petitioner and the 3 percent, as well as the additional 1.85 percent, represents earnings upon the principal amount.  The funds were in the custody of a board of trustees, and they made the awards in excess of the guaranteed or assured 3 percent.  It should be borne in mind that we are dealing with a participating ordinary life insurance policy issued by a mutual company primarily for protection.  We are concerned with that protection as it relates to the beneficiary after the death of the insured.  The policy contemplates conservation of assets of the nature of a trust fund.  This had a double aspect.  One is to preserve the assets, the other is to increase them by earnings.  The insurer being on the 3 percent American Experience Table of Mortality reserve basis, it is contemplated that*926  the annual increase will be at least 3 percent.  Under the arrangements here the proceeds of the policies were left with the insurer, with the duty upon it to keep them intact so that an an appointed time they might be paid over to the beneficiaries, the insurer in the meantime paying over to the beneficiaries the annual increment. 8That the 3 percent paid by petitioner under Option D in 1926 and 1928 is not deductible as "interest" under the applicable provisions of the revenue acts is sustained in principle by , wherein it is held that so-called "interest" such as we have presented here constitutes "earnings" and as such is included in gross income of the beneficiaries within the meaning of section 213(b)(1), Revenue Act of 1926 (similar to section 22(b)(1), Revenue Act of 1928), construed in the light of the statement accompanying the Conference Report to the House of Representatives submitted with the Revenue*927  Bill of 1926, which, in effect, treats amounts left with life insurance companies in the *859  manner provided for in Option D as being "placed in trust upon the death of the insured", and the holding of the majority as to the 3 percent under Option D is contrary, in principle, to that case.  In , the insurance company paid a fixed amount of 3 percent and approximately 1.85 percent in addition thereto, which is approximately the same as that paid by petitioner under Option D.  Sometimes instead of leaving the proceeds of policies with insurance companies, such proceeds are transferred to a trustee, thus creating what is known as a "life insurance trust", the advantages being that usually a somewhat higher rate of income may be realized and that the trustee will have more latitude and assume broader discretionary powers. 9 Where proceeds are left with a life insurance company, as they were under Option D, the situation is more nearly like that created by these "life insurance trusts" than it is like the situation of debtor and creditor.  That earnings or increment of such life insurance trusts is interest is untenable.  *928  It is true that the Revenue Act of 1928 makes provision for the deduction by life insurance companies, such as the petitioner, of interest.  This does not contemplate the payments of 3 percent made under Option D.  It comprehends only interest in its true sense; that is, amounts paid for the use of money actually borrowed.  As heretofore stated, under Option D we are dealing with an insurance obligation and not a borrowing of money by the petitioner.  Even though the petitioner, under its charter, may not have the authority to borrow money, there is always the possibility that at some time it may have such authority and may borrow.  Furthermore, judgments may be taken against the petitioner where policies are contested and interest may then have to be paid at a legal rate.  No provision of the statutes and nothing in the statutory scheme of Federal taxation has been called to our attention which discloses an intention on the part of Congress to allow the deduction of any portion of the 3 percent paid under Option D. Compare ; Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co., infra; *929 ; and , wherein it was held that life insurance companies may not deduct depreciation upon furniture and fixtures which are not used in connection with their investment business, the income from which is *860  taxed, as distinguished from its underwriting business, the income from which is not taxed.  The question of whether the petitioner is here entitled to a deduction of the 3 percent paid under Option D is not affected by the fact that it is not entitled to a deduction of 4 percent of the mean of the reserve to cover proceeds of matured ordinary life policies left with petitioner under Option D, as held in  (Docket No. 59670). Upon the question involved in the payments of the 3 percent under Option D we are concerned only with whether there is express statutory authority for permitting the deduction of the 3 percent.  The question of the deduction of reserves is governed by wholly different statutory language.  Furthermore, if petitioner were entitled to the deduction of such payments of 3*930  percent upon the ground that it is not entitled to deduct 4 percent of the mean of such reserve, then the same reasoning would also require the allowance of the deduction of the 1.85 percent paid under Option D, which has been denied by the majority.  We are not here concerned with a question of policy.  That is for Congress.  We are concerned only with a question of statutory authority.  Until Congress legislates to allow the deduction we are bound to deny it.  Upon the entire record, the conclusion that the petitioner has not sustained its burden of showing that the respondent erred in holding that the payments of the 3 percent made by it under Option D are not deductible for 1926 and 1927 is unavoidable.  On the contrary, the evidence confirms the correctness of the determination of the respondent in this respect.  In the case of , relied upon by the majority, wherein it is stated that upon the maturity of a policy in a mutual company the policyholder becomes comes a creditor with an enforceable right and for the first time there is an indebtedness, the question presented was wholly different from*931  any question presented here.  The question there presented was whether the funds constituting the legal reserve of a life insurance company were invested capital within the meaning of section 207(a) of the Revenue Act of 1917, which imposed a war excess profits tax.  The Court held that the reserves did not constitute a present existing liability or indebtedness.  The Court there used the word "indebtedness" in the broad general sense of "obligation", rather than in any restricted technical sense.  See ; ; ; and ; . Footnotes1. See discussion of "Dividends" in Life Insurance, by Joseph B. Maclean, 3d Ed., 1932, ch. 11, p. 226.  ↩2. In Life Insurance, by Joseph B. Maclean, 3d Ed., 1932, p. 173, it is stated: "At the present time the net rate earned by the companies varies from 4 1/2 to over 5 per cent, which is approximately the rate yielded by high class securities." (Emphasis supplied.) ↩3. Section 614 of Title 40 of Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes, Annotated, Permanent Ed., 1930.  (1921, May 17, P.L. 682, Art. IV, sec. 429.) ↩4. Section 510(f) of Title 40 of Purdon's, Pennsylvania Statutes, Annotated, Permanent Ed., 1930 (1921, May 17, P.L. 682, Art. IV, sec. 410). ↩5. The Essence of Life Insurance, by William Breiby, 1924, p. 87, and Life Insurance, by Joseph B. Maclean, 3d Ed., 1932, pp. 49, 50. ↩6. Section 514 of Title 40 of Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes, Annotated, Permanent Ed., 1930 (1923, April 26, P.L. 104, sec. 1). ↩7. Section 510 of Title 40, Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes, Annotated, Permanent Ed., 1930 (1921, May 17, P.L. 682, Art. IV, sec. 410). ↩8. To the effect that proceeds of policies left with a life insurance company under options similar to Option D are held by the company "as a trust fund", see The Essence of Life Insurance, by William Breiby, supra.↩9. Life Insurance, by Joseph B. Maclean, 3d Ed., 1932, p. 172. ↩