Court Opinion

ID: 4508753
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-02-19 22:02:38.83759+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:37:45.339203
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

CLAROS DIAGNOSTICS, INC.                )
SHAREHOLDERS REPRESENTATIVE             )
COMMITTEE, through its members          )
MARC GOLDBERG, MICHAEL                  )
MAGLIOCHETTI, and ZACK SCOTT,           )
                                        )
                  Plaintiff,            )
                                        )
      v.                                ) C.A. No. 2019-0262-SG
                                        )
OPKO HEALTH, INC.,                      )
                                        )
                  Defendant.            )

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

                     Date Submitted: November 12, 2019
                      Date Decided: February 19, 2020

Joanna J. Cline, Christopher B. Chuff, and Ellis E. Harrington, of PEPPER
HAMILTON LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; OF COUNSEL: William W. Taylor and
Jaclyn M. Essinger, of PEPPER HAMILTON LLP, Boston, Massachusetts,
Attorneys for Plaintiff Claros Diagnostics, Inc. Shareholders Representative
Committee.

David J. Teklits and Alexandra M. Cummings, of MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT &
TUNNELL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; OF COUNSEL: Kenneth A. Sweder and
Brian M. Haney, of SWEEDER & ROSS LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, Attorneys for
Defendant OPKO Health, Inc.

GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
      A recurring scenario in this Court involves disputes between buyers and

sellers of entities over earn-out provisions for post-acquisition performance. The

incentives peculiar to such agreements, perhaps, make disputes, if not inevitable,

common. This matter arises from sale of an entity that had developed medical-

diagnostic technology. The Plaintiff—a committee representing sellers of that

entity—seeks to enforce an earn-out provision of the merger agreement it says has

been achieved. The Defendant buyer seeks to avoid liability, in part by pointing to

what it characterizes as fraud in the inducement of the merger agreement and related

breaches of representations and warranties. It seeks to do so via affirmative defenses

and counterclaims raised in its answer.

      The rub for the Defendant is that the merger took place in 2011 and the fraud

and the rep-and-warranty violations were known to the Defendant no later than

2012—it acknowledges that its claims in this regard are stale and subject to laches.

In other words, the Defendant could have brought its contractual and tort claims

years ago; it decided instead to proceed under the contract, leading to the

achievement of a milestone that triggers the first contemplated earn-out.

Nonetheless, the Defendant seeks to present its stale fraud and contract claims as

offsets under the doctrine of recoupment.

      A statute of limitation is designed to protect a litigant from being forced to

defend claims where a claimant has delayed to the point that the litigant is

                                          1
disadvantaged in her defense due to the passage of time, and where the litigant has

a right to thus expect repose from legal action. The statute of limitation represents

a legislative conclusion as to when this point—three years, for contract rights—has

passed; equity generally follows the law in this regard. Recoupment is an equitable

doctrine based on twin interests: efficiency and fairness.           When invoked to

resuscitate otherwise stale claims it stands in opposition to the dogmatic application

of a statute of limitations and laches, where the facts pertaining to a plaintiff’s claims

and defendant’s affirmative defenses or counterclaims are so intertwined that the

matter necessarily involves the development of a record which supports analysis of

the affirmative defenses or counterclaims. In that limited subset of cases, the

advantages of enforcing the statute of limitation are not present: the plaintiff herself

has decided to enter the legal fray, and the difficulties of mounting a defense to a

stale allegation are not present, since the facts necessary to the plaintiff’s claim by

definition are the same or closely related to those supporting the affirmative defense.

Because equity does not blindly follow doctrines beyond the limits of their utility,

in such cases a defendant may demonstrate a right to recoupment on an otherwise-

stale claim.

      Here, the Plaintiff moves to strike the affirmative defenses to the extent they

seek offsets for claims barred by the statute of limitations. The Defendant seeks to

proceed in recoupment. I find, however, that the affirmative defenses the Defendant

                                            2
seeks to prove—arising from fraud and breach of contract in the formation of the

merger agreement—are too attenuated from the contractual right on which the

Plaintiff relies to support recoupment. The Plaintiff’s claims rely on the recent

achievement of milestones triggering earn-out payments. The background facts on

which the Defendant seeks to demonstrate tort and contract damages are unrelated

to the earn-out right and would require creating a record separate from the Plaintiff’s

claims, and therefore the rationale for allowing recoupment based on time-barred

claims is absent. The Motion to Strike certain affirmative defenses is granted,

therefore.

       The Plaintiff also seeks to dismiss Defendant’s counterclaims for declaratory

relief, but I find those claims, at least in part, not subject to dismissal on statute-of-

limitation grounds. Finally, the Plaintiff’s motion to strike the unclean hands

defense requires a further record.

       My rationale follows.

                                   I. BACKGROUND1

       A. The Parties and Relevant Non-parties

       Non-party Claros Diagnostics, Inc. (“Claros”), was a Massachusetts-based

company founded in 2004 engaged in developing, manufacturing, and selling

1
  The facts, except where otherwise noted, are drawn from the well-pled allegations of the
Defendant’s Answer and Verified Counterclaims (“Answer” or “Answ.”) and exhibits or
documents incorporated by reference therein, which are presumed true for purposes of evaluating
the Plaintiff’s Motion to Dismiss.

                                              3
medical diagnostic devices.2 Claros focused on developing blood testing devices for

use in physician offices for tests that otherwise were typically performed in a

laboratory.3 Claros was acquired by OPKO Health, Inc. (“OPKO”) in 2011.4

       Defendant and Counterclaim-Plaintiff OPKO is a Delaware corporation

headquartered in Miami, Florida.5 OPKO is a publicly-traded healthcare company

focused on diagnostics and pharmaceuticals.6

       Plaintiff and Counterclaim-Defendant Claros Diagnostics, Inc. Shareholder

Representative Committee (the “Committee”) is authorized to act on behalf of Marc

Goldberg, Dr. Michael J. Magliochetti, and Dr. Zack Scott (the “Claros

Shareholders”) to “negotiate, undertake, compromise, defend resolve and settle any

suit, proceeding or dispute” under the 2011 Agreement and Plan of Merger Between

OPKO Health, Inc., Claros Merger Subsidiary, LLC, Claros Diagnostics, Inc., and

Ellen Baron, Marc Goldberg, and Michael Magliochetti, acting in his/her capacity

as members of the Shareholder Representative Committee (the “Merger

Agreement”).7

2
  Answ., at 6.
3
  Id.
4
  Id. at 1.
5
  Id. at 5.
6
  Id.
7
  Id. at 4; Verified Complaint, D.I. 1 (“Compl.”), Ex 1. “Agreement and Plan of Merger” (“Merger
Agreement”), § 3.12(b)(iv).

                                               4
       B. Claros’ Product and Merger Discussions

       As of 2010, Claros had developed products which it publicized could diagnose

“as many diseases as big laboratories [could]—but quickly, cheaply and in remote

locations.”8 The products were said to be able to diagnose such diseases on the spot,

using only a drop of blood on a disposable $1 plastic cassette card and a “book-size”

analyzer.9 Claros was led by its CEO Dr. Michael J. Magliochetti (“Magliochetti”),

Co-Founder and Chief Operating Officer David Steinmiller (“Steinmiller”), and Co-

Founder and Chief Technology Officer Vincent Linder (“Linder”).10

       In 2011, OPKO approached Claros and began discussions regarding a

purchase of Claros—including all of Claros’ intellectual property and products (the

“Claros Technology”) which, with other assets functioned together as a system (the

“Claros System”)—by OPKO or an OPKO-owned subsidiary.11 As part of the due

diligence process, Claros furnished to OPKO various documents (the “Due

Diligence Documents”) by uploading them into a data room on September 22, 2011

and thereafter.12 The Due Diligence Documents contained information regarding (i)

obtaining laboratory quality results, (ii) the accuracy and precision of the Claros

System, (iii) the “launch ready” nature of the Claros System, (iv) the “on-cassette

8
  Answ., at 28.
9
  Id.
10
   Id. Magliochetti and Steinmiller were also directors of Claros. Id.
11
   Id. at 29.
12
   Id.

                                                5
controls,” (v) the stability of the Claros System, (vi) the cost of the goods for the

disposable cassettes, (vii) a European launch, and (viii) statements regarding the

multiplex capabilities of the Claros System.13       OPKO’s Answer and Verified

Counterclaims (the “Answer”) notes that of particular importance to the commercial

value of the Claros System was its purported abilities concerning multiplexing for

different tests from one drop of blood.14

       Claros and OPKO contemplated a transaction where Magliochetti,

Steinmiller, and Linder were to hold the same officer positions with the new OPKO-

owned entity as they held with Claros.15 Under this arrangement, OPKO projected

before the acquisition that the Claros System would generate operating profits in

excess of $250 million from 2012 through 2018.16

       C. The Merger Agreement

       On October 13, 2011, the parties entered into the Merger Agreement whereby

Claros merged with Claros Merger Subsidiary, LLC, a Delaware limited liability

company and a wholly-owned subsidiary of OPKO (the “Merger”).17 OPKO paid

$10 million in cash,18 and $22.5 million in shares of OPKO common stock in

13
   Id. at 30.
14
   Id. at 35.
15
   Id. at 30–31.
16
   Id. at 31, 36.
17
   Id. at 31.
18
   Subject to certain set-offs and deductions.

                                                 6
connection with the Merger.19 The Merger Agreement provided for possible further

payments of OPKO common stock to the Claros Shareholders upon the achievement

of certain milestones.20 Claros also made certain representations and warranties in

the Merger Agreement. The milestones and representations and warranties are

particularly relevant to this Action.

              1. Milestones

       Section 2.9 of the Merger Agreement provides that OPKO “shall make

milestone payments (the ‘Milestone Payments’) to the Shareholders and all other

holders of [Claros stock] exchanged pursuant to the Merger in the amounts listed on

Schedule 1 to [the Merger Agreement], in each case subject to, and within (20) days

following [Claros’] achievement of, the milestones (the ‘Milestones’) set opposite

each such amount on Schedule 1.”21

       Schedule 1 is replicated, in pertinent part, in Annex “A,” attached at the end

of this Memorandum Opinion. Relevant at this stage, the first Milestone is:

       Receipt of approval or clearance by the FDA to market (i) Claros’ rapid
       quantitative point-of-care diagnostic platform, or (ii) any substantially
       similar or derivative or replacement product which requires the practice
       of the Intellectual Property of the Company (the “Claros System”) in
       the United States for prostate specific antigen testing[.]22

19
   Answ., at 7.
20
   Id. at 31.
21
   Merger Agreement, § 2.9(a). The Milestone Payments are payable “solely in shares of [OPKO]
Common Stock . . . .” Id.
22
   Id. at Schedule 1.

                                             7
OPKO agreed to pay the Claros Shareholders $2.375 million in OPKO common

stock upon the achievement of the first Milestone.23

       OPKO also agreed that “until such time as all of the Milestones have been

achieved, and all of the Milestone Payments have been made, (i) [OPKO] and

[Claros] shall use commercially reasonable efforts, in good faith, to cause all of the

Milestones to be achieved and (ii) [Claros] and [OPKO] shall not take any actions

(or omit to take any actions) which are intended to frustrate or prevent, or could

reasonably be expected to frustrate or prevent, the achievement of any of the

Milestones.”24

               2. Representations and Warranties

       The Merger Agreement also contains certain representations and warranties

made by Claros to OPKO. Two representations and warranties are pertinent here.

       In Section 6.17(h), Claros represents and warrants:

       Except as disclosed in Schedule 6.17(h), no Company Product25: (i)
       contains any bug, defect or error (including, without limitation, any
       bug, defect or error relating to or resulting from the display,
23
   Id.
24
   Id. § 2.9(b). The Section continues: “ For purposes of the foregoing clause (i) in this Section
2.9(b), ‘commercially reasonable efforts’ shall mean the efforts and resources normally used by a
party engaged in the medical device industry in connection with the development and
commercialization in the European Union and the United States as is typically expended for a
medical diagnostic device with a similar market potential and at a similar stage in its development
or commercialization, taking into account the competitiveness of the marketplace, the party’s
proprietary position with respect to such product, applicable regulatory circumstances, the
potential or actual profitability of such product, and all other relevant factors.” Id.
25
   Defined as “products or services currently, or currently contemplated to be, marketed, sold,
licensed or otherwise made available by [Claros] in its business as presently conducted . . . .” Id.
§ 6.17(a)(1).

                                                 8
       manipulation, processing, storage, transmission or use of data) that
       materially and adversely affects the use, functionality or performance
       of such Company Product or any product or system containing or used
       in conjunction with such Company Product; or (ii) fails to comply with
       any applicable warranty or other contractual commitment relating to the
       use, functionality or performance of such Company Product.26

No bugs, defects or errors were listed on Schedule 6.17(h).27

       In Section 6.17(l), Claros represents and warrants that “[t]he Company

Products conform in all material respects to the functional specifications listed

in Schedule 6.17(l).28

       D. Post-Merger Changes to the Claros Technology and FDA Approval

       After the Merger, Claros29 continued to largely operate as a standalone entity

in Massachusetts with the core original Claros employees remaining with the

Company.30 An employee (the “whistleblower”) not part of this original group told

OPKO of problems with the Claros System—the whistleblower was then

“castigated” by Claros-legacy-officer Vincent Linder.31 At some point after the

Merger closed, OPKO realized that the Claros System was not ready for a “European

market launch” as it had expected nor would it achieve the first Milestone by the

26
   Id. § 6.17(h).
27
   Answ., at 42. The Merger Agreement filed with the Complaint does not contain a Schedule
6.17(h).
28
   Merger Agreement, § 6.17(l). The Merger Agreement filed with the Complaint does not contain
a Schedule 6.17(l).
29
    For simplicity’s sake I continue to refer to the Claros entity post-Merger as “Claros”
notwithstanding that it merged into a wholly-owned subsidiary of OPKO.
30
   Answ., at 32.
31
   Id.

                                              9
third quarter of 2012 as anticipated.32 After the whistleblower told OPKO of

problems with the Claros System, Steinmiller and Linder subsequently

acknowledged in a report to OPKO dated December 18, 2012 (the “First Report”)

that the Claros System had an error rate of 30.6% and an external control error rate

of 36%.33 These error rates were “attributable to design and manufacturing process

problems and defects” in the Claros System.34 The First Report noted the need for

changes in the “external control, internal control, sample flow and lyo

reconstruction, reagent flow and mixing, solid phase preparation, and stability”

aspects of the Claros Technology.35 The First Report also concluded that in order to

obtain manufacturing consistency, changes were required in quality management for

manufacturing, staff quality control in the laboratory, process/automation

improvement, training and training effectiveness, and expanded production

oversight.36 Steinmiller and Linder delivered a second report dated February 9, 2013

(the “Second Report”) which reported the same error rates and specified in more

32
   Id. at 33.
33
   Id. at 32; Opening Br. in Support of Pl.’s Mot. to Dismiss Def.’s Verified Countercls. and Strike
Affirmative Defenses, D.I. 16, at 8 (noting date of the First Report). The external control refers to
pre-testing of the system at the point of care. Answ., at 32.
34
   Answ., at 32.
35
   Id.
36
   Id. at 32–33.

                                                10
detail the problems and possible solutions along with other defects and problems

with the Claros Technology.37

       In the OPKO corporate family tree Claros was within OPKO Diagnostics.38

A new President of OPKO Diagnostics was appointed and his responsibilities

included providing technical review and oversight of the redesigns and reinventions

of the Claros Technology so that the Claros System could proceed with clinical trials

in pursuit of regulatory approval for the Claros System.39 OPKO made numerous

changes to the Claros Technology including rework of the blood collection system

and redesign of the blood collection device—these changes led to the issuance of

new patents.40 OPKO also made changes to the product design and manufacturing

process with respect to controls of incoming material, in-process material, and final

product performance assessment.41 Stability studies revealed a defect in the design

of the Claros cassette card and in the chemistry of the card which limited the

longevity of the cards—an effort was undertaken to remedy these stability defects.42

It was also found that the cost of goods for the Prostate Specific Antigen (“PSA”)

test cassette was a multiple of the amounts projected by Claros—the excess cost

37
   Id. at 33; see Opening Br. in Support of Pl.’s Mot. to Dismiss Def.’s Verified Countercls. and
Strike Affirmative Defenses, D.I. 16, at 8 (noting date of the Second Report).
38
   Answ., at 34.
39
   Id.
40
   Id.
41
   Id.
42
   Id. at 34–35.

                                               11
resulted from the advanced precision injection molding technology and assembly

originally developed by Claros.43            A redesign and reinvention of the Claros

Technology and Claros System for the single PSA test was completed at the end of

2016.44 The redesign and reinvention included changes to “virtually all” of the

associated reagents, calibrators, controls, and solution of antibodies of the Claros

Technology and the Claros System.45

       Clinical studies took place in 2017.46 In 2018 the Pre-Market Authorization

process with the Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) was undertaken for the

PSA test.47 On January 30, 2019 OPKO received FDA approval to market the Claros

rapid point of care diagnostic platform in the United States for PSA testing.48 Such

approval, per the Committee, is the trigger set out in Schedule I of the Merger

Agreement for the first Milestone Payment. In the press release announcing the FDA

approval, OPKO stated that it “plans to expand the number of assays on the Claros

1 technology platform through future submissions to the FDA, including a planned

43
   Id. at 35.
44
   Id. As noted above, the first Milestone is defined in the Merger Agreement as “[r]eceipt of
approval or clearance by the FDA to market (i) Claros’ rapid quantitative point-of-care diagnostic
platform, or (ii) any substantially similar or derivative or replacement product which requires the
practice of Intellectual Property of [Claros] . . . in the United States for [PSA] testing.” Merger
Agreement, at Schedule 1.
45
   Answ., at 35.
46
   Id. at 36.
47
   Id.
48
   Id. at 12.

                                                12
submission for a testosterone test later this year.”49 In total, OPKO spent in excess

of $95 million in research and development and other costs on the Claros

Technology and Claros System from 2012 through 2018 and recognized no sales or

profit in that time period.50 In February 2019, OPKO Executive Vice President–

Administration and Director, Steven Rubin, told Dr. Magliochetti that OPKO would

not make the first Milestone Payment and OPKO has not made such payment.51

       E. The Committee’s Claims

       On April 5, 2019 the Committee filed its Verified Complaint (the

“Complaint”). The Complaint pled claims for breach of contract, repudiation, and

breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing against OPKO.52

       The Committee’s breach of contract claim alleged two breaches of the Merger

Agreement by OPKO.53 The first alleged breach is of Section 2.9(a) and Schedule

1 of the Merger Agreement, whereby OPKO is obligated to make a corresponding

Milestone Payment within 20 days of the completion of a Milestone.54             The

Committee alleges that the FDA approval obtained on January 30, 2019 qualifies as

the first Milestone and entitles the Claros Shareholders to $2.375 million in OPKO

49
   Id. at 15.
50
   Id. at 36.
51
   Id. at 14, 22.
52
   Compl.
53
   Id. ¶¶ 49–66.
54
   Id. ¶ 52; Merger Agreement, § 2.9(a), Schedule 1.

                                               13
common stock.55 The Committee alleges that OPKO has failed to pay the first

Milestone Payment—OPKO has not denied that it has not paid $2.375 million in

OPKO common stock to the Claros Shareholders.56 The second breach of contract

claim is for breach of Section 2.9(b) of the Merger Agreement, requiring OPKO to

use “commercially reasonable efforts” to achieve the Milestones and not take any

actions (or omit to take any actions) intended to frustrate or prevent, or that could

reasonably be expected to frustrate or prevent, the achievement of any of the

Milestones.57 The Committee alleges that OPKO plans to abandon the development

and commercialization of the Claros Technology and the Claros System with the

intent (or with reasonable expectation) to frustrate or prevent the achievement of the

Milestones.58

       The Committee’s repudiation claim alleges that OPKO has stated its intent (i)

not to perform under the Merger Agreement59 and (ii) not to perform under the

Merger Agreement except on terms different from the Merger Agreement.60 The

55
   Compl., ¶ 54.
56
   Id. ¶ 54; Answ., at 22.
57
   Compl., ¶ 55; Merger Agreement, § 2.9(b).
58
   Compl., ¶¶ 60–61. The Committee also alleges that no commercially reasonable or good faith
basis exists to abandon efforts to develop and commercialize the Claros Technology or the Claros
System. Id. ¶ 62.
59
   Allegedly Mr. Rubin represented to Dr. Magliochetti in February 2019 that “Opko will shelve
the Claros Products for the specific reason of avoiding Milestone Payments.” Id. ¶ 71.
60
   Allegedly, in oral and written communications, OPKO “stated that it would not pay the Claros
Shareholders any of the Milestone Payments unless the []Committee agreed to an accelerated,
discounted earn-out and threatened to litigate and argue the Claros Shareholders are not entitled to
any payments.” Id. ¶ 72.

                                                14
Committee’s implied covenant claim alleges that OPKO’s actions breached the

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing by “exert[ing] economic coercion on

the Claros Shareholders to force them to settle for an amount far lower than they

would be entitled to receive under the [Merger] Agreement.”61

       F. OPKO’s Affirmative Defenses and Counterclaims

       OPKO filed its Answer and Verified Counterclaims on May 14, 2019. OPKO

pled four affirmative defenses. Its counterclaims request declaratory relief, and fees

and expenses.

       OPKO’s first affirmative defense is fraudulent inducement.62 OPKO claims

that it relied upon allegedly false representations made by Claros in the Due

Diligence Documents and that Dr. Magliochetti, Steinmiller, and Linder knew of the

falsity of the representations.63 OPKO alleges that the misrepresentations were made

with the specific intent of inducing OPKO to enter into the Merger Agreement, that

OPKO acted in justifiable reliance on such representations, and that OPKO has

suffered substantial harm in relying upon such representations.64

       OPKO’s second affirmative defense is unclean hands, alleging that Claros’

alleged fraudulent inducement and alleged failure to disclose the purported “bugs,

61
   Id. ¶ 77.
62
   Answ., at 28.
63
   Id. at 30. In the alternative (of the falsity of representations) OPKO claims that representations
were rendered false by omissions which Claros had a duty to disclose. Id.
64
   Id.

                                                15
defects, and errors” of the Claros Technology and the Claros System constitutes

unclean hands and bars the Claros Shareholders from receiving the relief sought in

the Complaint.65

       OPKO’s third affirmative defense alleges that Claros breached the

representations and warranties in Sections 6.17(h)(i) and 6.17(l)66 of the Merger

Agreement.67 OPKO contends that the projected $250 million in operating profit

(from 2012–2018) and the expenditures in excess of $95 million in research and

development costs should be offset against any award made to the Committee in this

Action.68     OPKO further states that Claros’ alleged breaches of the Merger

Agreement should excuse OPKO from any further performance under the Merger

Agreement, “including but not limited to any payment for any Milestones which

have been achieved or may be achieved in the future and any obligation to take

further action or expend further amounts to achieve any Milestones.”69

       OPKO’s fourth affirmative defense states that the Claros Shareholders’ claims

for equitable relief are barred because they have an adequate remedy at law.70

       OPKO’s counterclaims for declaratory relief plead that because of the alleged

fraudulent inducement and breaches of contract, and because of OPKO’s

65
   Id. at 37.
66
   See Section I.C.2. supra.
67
   Answ., at 42.
68
   Id. at 43.
69
   Id.
70
   Id. at 44.

                                         16
expenditures in developing the Claros Technology and Claros System to date OPKO

should be excused from taking further actions under the Merger Agreement to

achieve additional Milestones.71 OPKO contends that the efforts and expenditures

already made by it “far exceed the commercially reasonable efforts required of

OPKO under the [Merger] Agreement.”72 OPKO asks for a declaratory relief: (A)

declaring that the Claros Shareholders are not entitled to payment of the first

Milestone Payment under the Merger Agreement; (B) declaring that the Claros

Shareholders are not entitled to payment of any further Milestone Payments if further

Milestones are achieved under the Merger Agreement; (C) declaring that OPKO has

no further obligation under the Merger Agreement to cause any or all of the

Milestones to be achieved; (D) awarding OPKO all reasonable fees and expenses of

counsel in this Action; and (E) granting such other and further relief as the Court

may deem just and proper.73

        G. Procedural Posture

        The Committee moved to dismiss OPKO’s counterclaims and strike OPKO’s

first, second, and third affirmative defenses on June 4, 2019. I heard Oral Argument

on the Committee’s Motion on October 14, 2019 at which point the parties asked to

submit supplemental memoranda, which I permitted.           The final supplemental

71
   Id. at 47.
72
   Id. at 47–48.
73
   Id. at 48.

                                         17
memorandum was submitted on November 12, 2019 and I considered the matter

submitted for decision on that date.

                                        II. ANALYSIS

       The Committee has moved to dismiss the fraud-based counterclaim and

defense under Chancery Court Rule 9(b)74 and all counterclaims under Chancery

Court Rule 12(b)(6).75 The standard for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) is well

settled:

       (i) all well-pleaded factual allegations are accepted as true; (ii) even
       vague allegations are well-pleaded if they give the opposing party
       notice of the claim; (iii) the Court must draw all reasonable inferences
       in favor of the non-moving party; and (iv) dismissal is inappropriate
       unless the plaintiff would not be entitled to recover under any
       reasonably conceivable set of circumstances susceptible of proof.76

I need not, however, “accept conclusory allegations unsupported by specific facts or

. . . draw unreasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.”77 Because

OPKO is the non-moving party here, the Answer is the operative pleading stage

74
   Ch. Ct. R. 9(b). OPKO asserts that declaratory judgments should be grated on account of (1)
fraudulent inducement, (2) breach of contract, and (3) OPKO’s use of “commercially reasonable
efforts.” The parties have thus briefed the counterclaim by reference to the nature of the underlying
claim—an approach which is consistent with Delaware law. See Kraft v. WisdomTree Invs., Inc.,
145 A.3d 969, 985 (Del. Ch. 2016) (Recognizing that certain cases in this Court “have linked the
nature of the declaratory judgment to the nature of the underlying claim.”). I thus consider
declaratory judgment claims by reference to the underlying claim.
75
   Ch. Ct. R. 12(b)(6).
76
   Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896–97 (Del. 2002) (footnotes and internal quotation
marks omitted).
77
   Price v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., 26 A.3d 162, 166 (Del. 2011).

                                                18
document—I also refer to the Merger Agreement, which is incorporated by reference

therein.

       The Committee has also moved to strike OPKO’s first (fraudulent

inducement), second (unclean hands), and third (breach of contract) affirmative

defenses under Chancery Court Rule 12(f).78 On a motion to strike, “the inquiry is

usually whether, assuming the truth of the facts alleged in the answer, the challenged

defense is legally sufficient.”79

       A. The Motion to Dismiss and Strike

       The Committee has moved to dismiss or strike all of OPKO’s counterclaims

and three of its four affirmative defenses on the ground that they are untimely.

OPKO filed its responsive pleading80 on May 14, 2019.

       The Committee contends that OPKO’s fraud-based counterclaim and

affirmative defense is barred by laches because fraudulent inducement claims are

subject to a three-year statute of limitations, a period which begins “at the moment

of the wrongful act.”81 Because this is a court of equity, a statute of limitations does

not automatically bar an action because actions in equity are time-barred only by the

78
   Ch. Ct. R. 12(f).
79
   Holtzman v. Gruen Holding Corp., 1994 WL 444756, at *3 (Del. Ch. Aug. 5, 1994).
80
   i.e. the Answer.
81
   Fike v. Ruger, 754 A.2d 254, 260 (Del. Ch. 1999), aff’d, 752 A.2d 112 (Del. 2000) (citing In re
Dean Witter P’ship Litig., 1998 WL 442456, at *4 (Del. Ch. July 17, 1998)); 10 Del. C. § 8106.

                                               19
equitable doctrine of laches, invoked by the Committee.82 However, where a party

seeks equitable relief this Court applies the statute of limitations by analogy and

thus, absent tolling of the limitations period, a party’s failure to file within the

analogous limitations period is given great weight in deciding whether a claim is

barred by laches.83       The Committee contends that even if the fraud-based

counterclaim and affirmative defense could be tolled, that tolling would extend the

beginning of the limitations period no later than December 18, 2012, the date of the

First Report, because at that point OPKO had actual knowledge of the veracity of

the Due Diligence Documents. Thus in the Committee’s reading, the analogous

limitations period for the fraud-based counterclaim and affirmative defense would

have run, at the latest, on December 18, 2015.

       The Committee also contends that the breach of contract counterclaim and

affirmative defense is untimely because it is not within the survival period provided

for in the Merger Agreement. The Merger Agreement explicitly limits the survival

period of representations and warranties to two years after the closing date of the

Merger.84 The Merger closed on October 13, 2011.85 Thus, under this view any

82
   Whittington v. Dragon Grp., L.L.C., 991 A.2d 1, 9 (Del. 2009) (quoting Albert v. Alex. Brown
Mgmt. Servs., 2005 WL 1594085, at *12 (Del. Ch. June 29, 2005)).
83
   Id. (citing Weiss v. Swanson, 948 A.2d 433, 451 (Del. Ch. 2008); Adams v. Jankouskas, 452
A.2d 148, 157 (Del. 1982)).
84
   Merger Agreement, § 7.2.
85
   Answ., at 7.

                                              20
claim for breach of the representations and warranties in the Merger Agreement

would be time-barred unless it was filed by October 13, 2013.

       Finally, the Committee submits that because OPKO’s unclean hands

affirmative defense is “based on the same allegations as [OPKO’s] Counterclaims”

and those counterclaims are untimely, the unclean hands defense is likewise

untimely.86

       B. Recoupment

       OPKO has not contested that its fraud-based and breach of contract claims

and defenses87 are time-barred to obtain affirmative (offensive) relief, but urges they

are properly asserted as affirmative defenses and defensive counterclaims under the

doctrine of recoupment. “Recoupment is a common-law, equitable doctrine that

permits a defendant to assert a defensive claim aimed at reducing the amount of

damages recoverable by a plaintiff.”88 Recoupment may be raised under certain

circumstances as a “narrow exception” to the limitations period that permits a

86
   Opening Br. in Support of Pl.’s Mot. to Dismiss Def.’s Verified Countercls. and Strike
Affirmative Defenses, D.I. 16, at 22.
87
   Because these affirmative defenses, so called, are in fact attempts to raise affirmative claims for
damages for purposes of reducing the Committee’s alleged damages, they are subject to
contractual and statutory time limitations. See 80 C.J.S. Set-off and Counterclaim § 2 (2020)
(“Recoupment is . . . in the nature of a defense, as it denies the validity of plaintiff’s claim in the
amount claimed, and does not entitle a defendant to any affirmative relief or any amount in excess
of the amount demanded by plaintiff. While technically no affirmative relief may be had on
recoupment, it is an affirmative cause of action that is distinct from a defense that merely attempts
to defeat the plaintiff’s cause of action by denial or avoidance.”) (internal citations omitted).
88
   TIFD III-X LLC v. Fruehauf Prod. Co., 883 A.2d 854, 859 (Del. Ch. 2004) (quoting 80 C.J.S.
Set-off and Counterclaim § 2 (2000)).

                                                 21
defendant to “resuscitate a time-barred claim and reduce the amount of damages that

a plaintiff recovers.”89 A recoupment claim must involve the same litigants as the

damages claim and the defendant must show that “(i) the claims arose out of the

same transaction or occurrence [that is, that they have a close “transactional nexus”],

(ii) it is sought defensively rather than as the basis for affirmative recovery, and (iii)

the nature of the relief sought is similar to the plaintiff’s.”90              A successful

recoupment claim is limited to the extent of the plaintiff’s recovery.91

       Our Supreme Court has cautioned that this Court must use “great care” before

permitting a party to employ recoupment to assert a stale claim to reduce its liability

for timely claims.92 In this vein, in TIFD III–X LLC v. Fruehauf Production Co.,

L.L.C.93 then-Vice Chancellor Strine remarked:

       [W]here the plaintiff’s claim and the defendant’s ‘defense’ are factually
       unrelated, the defendant should not be permitted to assert that defense
       under the rubric of recoupment. To hold otherwise would permit
       defendants to avoid statutes of limitation by creative pleading without
       serving the efficiency concerns underlying the doctrine, and would turn
       a narrow equitable doctrine designed to permit a summing up of
       liabilities in a tightly connected factual dispute into a wide-ranging
       license to revive a relationship’s worth of stale grievances, which long
       predate the fresh dispute that brings the parties to court. To sanction

89
   Terramar Retail Centers, LLC v. Marion #2-Seaport Tr., 2019 WL 2208465, at *20 (Del. Ch.
May 22, 2019), aff’d sub nom. Marion #2-Seaport Tr. U/A/D June 21, 2002 v. Terramar Retail
Centers, LLC, 2019 WL 5681450 (Del. Nov. 1, 2019) (citing TIFD, 883 A.2d at 860).
90
   Universal Enter. Grp., L.P. v Duncan Petroleum Corp., 2013 WL 4833706, at *2 (Del. Ch. Sep.
10, 2013) aff’d 99 A.3d 228 (Del. 2014) (citing TIFD, 883 A.2d at 859).
91
   Id. (citing 80 C.J.S. Set-off and Counterclaim § 2 (2013)).
92
   Finger Lakes Capital Partners, LLC v. Honeoye Lake Acquisition, LLC, 151 A.3d 450, 454 (Del.
2016).
93
   883 A.2d 854 (Del. Ch. 2004).

                                              22
      such inefficiency and inequity in the name of recoupment is
      inadvisable.94

Accordingly, Delaware law looks at recoupment’s “transactional nexus” prong with

a jaundiced eye, requiring it be “tightly constrained.”95

      A number of this Court’s cases exemplify the straightened nature of

recoupment’s “transactional nexus” requirement. In TIFD, the plaintiff requested a

declaration interpreting a distribution provision of a dissolved partnership’s

constitutional document and the defendant asserted recoupment claims based on

alleged breaches of that agreement over the life of the partnership.96 This Court did

not permit the defendant to raise the recoupment claims, because the transaction at

issue, the dissolving of the partnership, was “unrelated” to the plaintiff’s alleged past

breaches of the partnership agreement.97 TIFD remarked that “the fact that a single

contract is involved does not suffice to demonstrate that the necessary transactional

nexus exists.”98

      In United BioSource LLC v. Bracket Holding Corp.99 the plaintiff (“UBC”)

sold certain subsidiaries to the defendant (“Brackett”) under a stock purchase

agreement (the “SPA”).100 The SPA required Brackett to pay UBC certain tax

94
   Id. at 865.
95
   Finger Lakes, 151 A.3d at 450.
96
   TIFD, 883 A.2d at 855–867.
97
   Id.
98
   Id. at 864.
99
   2017 WL 2256618 (Del. Ch. May 23, 2017).
100
    Id. at *1.

                                              23
refunds after the closing of the transaction if the refunds met certain conditions.101

After closing Brackett received a qualifying tax refund of nearly $5 million but

refused deliver the tax refund to UBC during the pendency of a separate litigation in

the Delaware Superior Court wherein Brackett (there the plaintiff) alleged that UBC

(there the defendant) inflated financial statements and caused Brackett to overpay

for the subsidiaries by over $80 million.102 UBC moved for summary judgment in

this Court based on the contractual language requiring the tax refund be paid to it by

Brackett. Brackett did not dispute its breach, but raised a recoupment defense that

UBC was not entitled to specific performance because of the alleged fraud which

was the basis for the Superior Court action. This Court found that facts underlying

the Superior Court action did not “arise out of the same transaction or occurrence”

as the pre-closing tax refund dispute because the financial statements “ha[d] no

bearing on UBC’s entitlement to the [t]ax [r]efund,” and noted that UBC would have

been entitled to the tax refund regardless of whether the parties entered into the

SPA.103 Because the claims were transactionally unrelated, Brackett could not

reduce (or eliminate) the amount owed to UBC pursuant to the tax refund by

asserting the fraud claims as a recoupment defense.

101
    Id. at *2.
102
    Id. at *2, 6.
103
    Id. at *6.

                                         24
       In Terramar Retail Centers, LLC v. Marion #2-Seaport Trust,104 one member

(“Terramar”) of a three-member limited liability company exercised a contractual

right to dissolve the company and the other members disputed whether Terramar had

validly exercised such right—Terramar filed an action where it sought a declaration

(i) that it could dissolve the company and unilaterally sell its assets to a third party

and (ii) that it had correctly determined the allocation of the sale proceeds.105 The

defendant (the “Trust”) contended that this Court should adjust Terramar’s

distribution from the company downward because of Terramar’s alleged breaches

of contractual and fiduciary duties while operating and financing the company over

a decade-plus long period.106 This Court found that the Trust’s stale challenges to

Terramar’s historical conduct involving alleged breaches of other provisions of the

LLC agreement could not survive as recoupment defenses because they did not arise

out the same transaction as the claims that Terramar had asserted under a specific

section of the LLC agreement relating to its exercise of its put and dissolution

rights.107

       While the application of the recoupment doctrine’s transactional nexus

requirement is necessarily fact-specific, insights as to its contours can be gleaned

104
    2019 WL 2208465 (Del. Ch. May 22, 2019), aff’d sub nom. Marion #2-Seaport Tr. U/A/D June
21, 2002 v. Terramar Retail Centers, LLC, 2019 WL 5681450 (Del. Nov. 1, 2019).
105
    Id. at *1.
106
    Id. at *19.
107
    Id. at *21.

                                            25
from TIFD, United BioSource, and Terramar. First, the fact that a defense arises

from the same relationship as does a plaintiff’s claim is insufficient to permit the

defense under a recoupment theory.108               Likewise, the “transaction” for the

transactional nexus inquiry focuses on the plaintiff’s claim—and only the plaintiff’s

claim. Thus, an alleged breach of one potion of a contract is not transactionally

related to a defense for recoupment purposes simply because the defense alleges a

breach of the same contract.109 Instead, the inquiry must be confined to the “factual

core” of the plaintiff’s claim, and recoupment is permitted only where the defense

shares a “common factual core.”110

       The nexus requirement, thus viewed, is central to the application of

recoupment, particularly where, as here, the limitations period would bar the claim

if brought for affirmative relief. A stale claim is barred to prevent a defendant from

the necessity to defend based on facts whose proof is made difficult by the passage

of time, which itself is an artifact of the plaintiff’s feckless inactivity. Laches allows

parties who, because of the passage of time, should expect that the period for

litigation has passed, to in fact enjoy such repose. Where, however, a plaintiff brings

a claim that is factually interwoven with an offsetting but stale claim, the rationale

108
    United BioSource, 2017 WL 2256618, at *6.
109
    Terramar, 2019 WL 2208465, at *21 (“Where the contract itself contemplates the business to
be transacted as discrete and independent units, even claims predicated on a single contract will
be ineligible for recoupment.” (quoting 80 C.J.S. Set-off and Counterclaim § 36 (2019))).
110
    TIFD III-X LLC v. Fruehauf Prod. Co., 883 A.2d 854, 864 (Del. Ch. 2004).

                                               26
for repose is not present. Such a plaintiff herself has initiated the action, and her

claim will require development of much of what is necessary to the defendant’s

claim in recoupment. In such a case, equity is advanced by “permitting a court to

examine all aspects of the transaction that is the subject of the action.”111

Recoupment is thus an efficiency doctrine and not a “wide-ranging license to revive

a relationship’s worth of stale grievances.”112

       Under this rubric, OPKO’s affirmative defenses113 of fraudulent inducement

and breach of contract cannot serve as recoupment defenses because they do not

arise out of the same transaction or occurrence as the Committee’s claim for the first

Milestone Payment under Section 2.9(a) and Schedule 1 of the Merger Agreement.

OPKO’s fraud-based and breach of contract defenses invoke historical conduct by

Claros’ principals and representations made in the Merger Agreement, and OPKO

does not dispute that the criterion for the first Milestone114 have been met.115

Whether Claros’ principals engaged in fraud or made misrepresentations has no

111
    Id.; 80 C.J.S. Set-off and Counterclaim § 2 (2020).
112
    TIFD, 883 A.2d at 865. I note that even Festivus requires that such airing of grievances take
place on a yearly basis. See Seinfeld: The Strike (NBC television broadcast Dec. 18, 1997).
113
    I address OPKO’s fraud-based and breach of contract counterclaims in Section II.D. infra.
114
     “Receipt of approval or clearance by the FDA to market (i) Claros’ rapid quantitative point-
of-care diagnostic platform, or (ii) any substantially similar or derivative or replacement product
which requires the practice of the Intellectual Property of the Company . . . in the United States
for prostate specific antigen testing.” Merger Agreement, at Schedule 1.
115
    Answ., at 12 (“OPKO admits that on February 1, 2019 it received FDA approval to market the
Claros rapid quantitative point-of-care diagnostic platform in the United States for prostate specific
antigen testing . . . .”).

                                                 27
effect on—nor does it share a factual core with—the Committee’s contractual claim

to receive Milestone Payments upon the achievement of Milestones. Nor do the

fraud-based and contractual affirmative defenses share a factual core with the

Committee’s repudiation and implied covenant claims—those claims concern

ongoing (or recent) conduct by OPKO and likewise have an insufficient

transactional nexus with the historical conduct underlying the fraud-based and

contractual defenses. That all claims arise out of the Merger Agreement does not

change this analysis.116

       OPKO analogizes to the transactional nexus this Court found sufficient in

Delaware Chemicals, Inc. v. Reichhold Chemicals, Inc.117 to the case at hand, but

that case is readily distinguishable.118 Delaware Chemicals concerned an agreement

whereby the plaintiff transferred to the defendant certain information related to the

production of an industrial chemical.119 The plaintiff alleged that the defendant had

116
    See TIFD, 883 A.2d at 864; Terramar Retail Centers, LLC v. Marion #2-Seaport Tr., 2019 WL
2208465, at *21 (Del. Ch. May 22, 2019), aff’d sub nom. Marion #2-Seaport Tr. U/A/D June 21,
2002 v. Terramar Retail Centers, LLC, 2019 WL 5681450 (Del. Nov. 1, 2019).
117
    121 A.2d 913 (Del. Ch. 1956).
118
    OPKO also relies on Winklevoss Capital Fund, LLC v. Shaw, 2019 WL 994534 (Del. Ch. Mar.
1, 2019), a case in which this Court permitted stale claims to proceed on recoupment. The plaintiffs
there alleged breach of contract and fiduciary duties in the conduct of a business venture; the
defendants counterclaimed that the plaintiffs had themselves violated duties in the conduct of the
same venture. The Winklevoss court noted that it could “discern no basis to restrict [the
defendants] from presenting evidence of the [plaintiffs’] failure to honor agreements [in way of
the business] as grounds to defend against [plaintiffs’] claim that [defendants] have not delivered
all that was promised.” Id. at *9. That analysis, I find, is not applicable to the instant facts. Here,
OPKO seeks to recoup against damages arising from breach of a contract based on alleged
wrongdoing from formation of that contract.
119
    Delaware Chems., 121 A.2d at 914.

                                                 28
violated the agreement and was manufacturing the chemical by a “process derived

from the engineering and chemical information, formulation, know-how, data and

other secret knowledge supplied by the plaintiff.”120 The defendant disputed the

plaintiff’s allegations as to “the valuable character of the subject matter transferred

to it under the contract” and asserted counterclaims and affirmative defenses.121 This

Court dismissed the counterclaims, which it found “clearly [sought] affirmative

relief” but permitted the defendant to amend its counterclaims “so as to assert the

counterclaims defensively” under the doctrine of recoupment.122                       But the

transactional nexus in Delaware Chemicals is inapposite to the case at hand because

there the dispute centered on the character of the information the plaintiff furnished

to the defendant. The plaintiff claimed the defendant was using the plaintiff’s

information to engage in business outside of the bounds of the agreement whereas

the defendant disputed the nature of the information transferred to it—to resolve

both the affirmative claims and the permitted defensive counterclaims the Court

would be required to delve into the particulars of what was passed from the plaintiff

to the defendant and its connection to the defendants then-current business.

Conversely, here, the underlying facts required to resolve the Committees’ claims

120
    Id. at 916.
121
    Id.
122
    Id. at 918; Finger Lakes Capital Partners, LLC v. Honeoye Lake Acquisition, LLC, 151 A.3d
450, 453 n.6 (Del. 2016) (noting that Delaware Chemicals “involves recoupment and not setoff.”).

                                              29
share an insufficient overlapping nexus with OPKO’s fraud-based and contractual

affirmative defenses to support recoupment.

          While my finding of a lack of a transactional nexus between the Committee’s

claims and OPKO’s fraud-based and contractual affirmative defenses could stand on

an analysis of the transactional nexus requirement alone, it also aligns with the policy

rationale outlined in TIFD. In the context of historical counterclaims of breach of a

partnership agreement being brought as recoupment claims upon the partnership’s

dissolution, then-Vice Chancellor Stine noted:

          Put simply, it makes little sense as a matter of policy to interpret the
          transactional nexus requirement so broadly as to permit a party to sit on
          its contractual rights and wait until dissolution to assert its claims. By
          that time, much of the evidence pertinent to those claims, such as
          testimony of employees involved in the relevant events who have long-
          since left the enterprise, might be unavailable or less reliable, and the
          plaintiff might be unable to mount a successful defense. Moreover,
          when a significant amount of time passes after a dispute arises and no
          claim is ever filed against a party, that party tends to assume that the
          dispute has been laid to rest. If parties entering into long-term
          relationships with one another can never be assured that they can move
          along in their relationship without remaining exposed to potential
          liability for events in the distant past, not only will the repose
          considerations embodied in statutes of limitations and the doctrine of
          laches be subverted, but the risk created by this uncertainty will make
          businesspersons less willing to commit capital to profit-generating
          enterprises such as partnerships for fear that every action or inaction
          they take during the life of the partnership might come back to haunt
          them at the relationship’s end.123

123
      TIFD III-X LLC v. Fruehauf Prod. Co., 883 A.2d 854, 865 (Del. Ch. 2004).

                                               30
The Vice Chancellor’s words apply with fresh vigor here. The Answer makes clear

that OPKO knew of the alleged fraud and misrepresentations at or around

completion of the First Report and the Second Report.124 Those reports were

completed in December 2012 and February 2013 respectively. OPKO could have

pursued those claims in a timely fashion. Instead, presumably for business reasons

of its own, OPKO chose to ignore what it claims were misrepresentations, and

proceed to develop the Claros Technology and Claros System.            OPKO was

successful, triggering a Milestone Payment, according to the Committee. Only now,

many years after discovery of the alleged misrepresentations, does OPKO attempt

to force the Committee to defend these stale claims as an offset to OPKO’s Milestone

obligations. Such an application of the doctrine of recoupment would be repugnant

to equity. Therefore, the Committee’s Motion to Strike OPKO’s first and third

affirmative defenses is granted.

          C. Unclean Hands Affirmative Defense

          The Committee urges that I strike OPKO’s second affirmative defense of

unclean hands as barred under the same rationale as the first and third affirmative

defenses. Unclean hands refers to the equitable maxim that “he who comes into

equity must do so with clean hands,” and the doctrine exists to shield a court of

124
      Answ., at 32–33.

                                         31
equity from a tarring with the misdeeds of the litigants before it.125 Courts of equity,

such as this Court, “have extraordinarily broad discretion in application of the

doctrine of unclean hands.”126 However, this Court does not deny relief to a plaintiff

under an unclean hands defense “simply because the plaintiff may have engaged in

inequitable conduct in the past. Rather, the plaintiff’s inequitable conduct must have

an ‘immediate and necessary’ relation, to the claims for which the plaintiff seeks

relief.”127 That is because the doctrine is not directed to whether a plaintiff is

“worthy” in some sense of relief; it is not a tool which is aimed at benefiting a

defendant or punishing a plaintiff, at all.128 Instead, unclean hands is applied to

protect the Court and its ability to do equity. 129 Where a litigant comes before this

Court and seeks its assistance by invoking the power of equity, and that plaintiff has

himself acted inequitably with respect to the res under consideration, the Court must

decline. Otherwise, the Court itself becomes an agent of inequity. It is to prevent

125
    Nakahara v. NS 1991 Am. Tr., 718 A.2d 518, 522 (Del. Ch. 1998) (quoting Kousi v. Sugahara,
1991 WL 248408, at *2 (Del. Ch. Nov. 21, 1991)).
126
    Id.
127
    Kousi, 1991 WL 248408, at *2.
128
    Skoglund v. Ormand Indus., Inc., 372 A.2d 204, 213 (Del. Ch. 1976) (“[T]he clean hands maxim
. . . is not a matter of defense to be applied on behalf of a litigant; rather it is a rule of public
policy.”).
129
    In re Wilbert L., 2010 WL 3565489, at *5 (Del. Ch. Sept. 1, 2010) (“The unclean hands doctrine
is deployed principally to protect courts of equity from misuse by those who have acted
unconscionably. It need not apply only in a defensive posture, but may be used to save the Court
from using its powers to benefit an undeserving party.”) (internal citations omitted).

                                                32
its own implication in a litigant’s turpitude that this Court employs the doctrine of

unclean hands.130

        The doctrine, therefore, only applies where there exists a close nexus between

the wrongdoing of the plaintiff and the relief he seeks.131 The Court in considering

unclean hands employs a relational requirement akin to the transactional nexus

requirement of recoupment discussed above. Of this relational requirement, the

United States Supreme Court noted in Keystone Driller Co. v. General Excavator

Co.:

        [C]ourts of equity do not make the quality of suitors the test. They
        apply the maxim requiring clean hands only where some
        unconscionable act of one coming for relief has immediate and
        necessary relation to the equity that he seeks in respect of the matter in
        litigation. They do not close their doors because of plaintiff’s
        misconduct, whatever its character, that has no relation to anything
        involved in the suit, but only for such violations of conscience as in

130
    Nakahara, 718 A.2d at 522 (“The unclean hands doctrine is aimed at providing courts of equity
with a shield from the potentially entangling misdeeds of the litigants in any given case. The Court
invokes the doctrine when faced with a litigant whose acts threaten to tarnish the Court’s good
name. In effect, the Court refuses to consider requests for equitable relief in circumstances where
the litigant’s own acts offend the very sense of equity to which he appeals.”); Gallagher v.
Holcomb & Salter, 1991 WL 158969, at *4 (Del. Ch. Aug. 16, 1991), aff’d sub nom. New Castle
Ins., Ltd. v. Gallagher, 692 A.2d 414 (Del. 1997) (“The equitable doctrine of unclean hands is not
strictly a defense to which a litigant is legally entitled. Rather, it is a rule of public policy to protect
the public and the court against misuse by persons who, because of their conduct, have forfeited
the right to have their claims considered. The question raised by a plea of unclean hands is whether
the plaintiff’s conduct is so offensive to the integrity of the court that his claims should be denied,
regardless of their merit.”) (internal citation omitted).
131
    In re Farm Indus., Inc., 196 A.2d 582, 590 (Del. Ch. 1963) (“It is settled law in Delaware that
relief may be barred by the doctrine of unclean hands only by reason of some conduct relating
directly to the matter in controversy.”).

                                                    33
       some measure affect the equitable relations between the parties in
       respect of something brought before the court for adjudication.132

Typically, therefore, application of unclean hands is based upon a developed factual

record.133 Here, the allegation is that the contractual obligations the Committee

seeks to enforce arose via fraud. The matter is at the pleading stage, and the parties

have not, in my view, adequately addressed the nexus between the alleged fraud and

the Milestone obligation. The burden on a motion to strike rests with the moving

party, and I must decline to dismiss the unclean hands defense on this record.

       D. Motion to Dismiss OPKO’s Counterclaims

       The Committee has moved to dismiss OPKO’s counterclaims on the same

time-bar theory as its fraud-based and contractual affirmative defenses. However,

OPKO’s counterclaims invoke not only the alleged fraud and breaches of contract—

the same allegations that animate its affirmative defenses—but also OPKO’s

expenditures in developing the Claros Technology and the Claros System. This

pleading concerns the parties’ dispute as to whether OPKO has used “commercially

reasonable efforts” in compliance with Section 2.9(b) of the Merger Agreement—

the Committee alleges OPKO has not done so and has repudiated its obligations

under Section 2.9(b). OPKO cites its efforts in developing the Claros Technology

132
    E. States Petroleum Co. v. Universal Oil Prod. Co., 8 A.2d 80, 82 (Del. 1939) (quoting Keystone
Driller Co. v. Gen. Excavator Co., 290 U.S. 240, 245 (1933)).
133
    See Stone & Paper Inv’rs, LLC v. Blanch, 2019 WL 2374005, at *9 (Del. Ch. May 31, 2019)
(“Dismissing a complaint for unclean hands at the pleading stage is only appropriate in extreme
circumstances.”).

                                                34
and the Claros System in asking this Court for affirmative relief in the form of a

declaratory judgment that it need not pay the first Milestone Payment, or any further

Milestone Payments, and that it has no further obligation to cause any or all of the

Milestones to be achieved.134 While the affirmative defenses I have dismissed relate

solely to fraud and breach claims accruing as of the Merger date, OPKO’s

commercial efforts, based on the pleadings, are at least partially recent or ongoing.

Because the pleadings supporting a counterclaim for affirmative relief invoke

OPKO’s efforts to develop the Claros Technology and the Claros System, and

because those pleadings are inextricably intertwined with the fraud-based and

contractual pleadings in support of such affirmative relief, I cannot dismiss OPKO’s

counterclaims as time-barred on this record. Therefore, the Committee’s Motion to

Dismiss OPKO’s counterclaims is denied.

                                   III. CONCLUSION

       The Committee’s Motion to Strike is granted in part and denied in part. The

Committee’s Motion to Dismiss is denied. The parties should submit a form of order

consistent with this Memorandum Opinion.

134
   OPKO also requests fees and expenses of counsel and any other relief that the Court “may deem
just and proper.” Answ., at 48.

                                              35
                                                       Annex A

 Milestone                                                Payment Amount

 Receipt of approval or clearance by the FDA to
 market (i) Claros’ rapid quantitative point-of-care
 diagnostic platform, or (ii) any substantially similar
 or derivative or replacement product which
 requires the practice of the Intellectual Property of
 the Company (the “Claros System”) in the United
 States for prostate specific antigen testing .............. $2.375 million

 Receipt of CE Mark approval to market the Claros
 System throughout the European Union for
 testosterone testing ………………………………. $1.875 million

 Receipt of approval or clearance by the FDA to
 market the Claros System in the United States for
 testosterone testing ………………......................... $1.875 million

 Development of the Claros System using one or
 more assays initially selected by the Buyer and

 (a) if one assay is selected for initial development
 by the Buyer, receipt of FDA approval or clearance
 receipt      of       CE       Mark         Approval; (a) $3.75 million for FDA approval or clearance
 …………………..................................................... and 4.25 million for CE Mark approval

 And

 (b) if two or more assays are selected for initial
 development by the Buyer, receipt of CE Mark (b) $4.25 million for first CE Mark approval and
 approval for each of the first two assays …….......... $3.75 million for second CE Mark approval

 Receipt of World-wide Net Revenues, attributable
 to Sales of Milestone Products, in excess of $50
 million during any four consecutive fiscal quarters
 within four years following the first FDA approval
 to market any assay using any Milestone Product
 in the United States ……………………………… $5.0 million135

135
    Merger Agreement, at Schedule 1. Schedule 1 contains definitions or certain terms and
references terms defined elsewhere in the Merger Agreement—such information is not pertinent
to the Plaintiff’s Motion to Dismiss and Strike.

                                                       36