Court Opinion

ID: 9943330
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-23 06:09:12.207048+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:46:47.035032
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

CAROL BETH LITKOUHI,                                                 UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     February 22, 2024
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 364409
                                                                     Oakland Circuit Court
ROCHESTER COMMUNITY SCHOOL                                           LC No. 2022-193088-CZ
DISTRICT,

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: K. F. KELLY, P.J., and JANSEN and HOOD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In this case involving FOIA requests for teacher materials, plaintiff, Carol Beth Litkouhi
(Litkouhi), appeals as of right the trial court’s order granting summary disposition in favor of
defendant, Rochester Community School District (Rochester). We affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       This case originates from a request under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL
15.231 et seq., from Litkouhi, a parent within the Rochester Community School District, to
Rochester for records related to a course on ethnic and gender studies taught in a district school.
In late August 2021, Litkouhi contacted Neil DeLuca, Rochester’s Executive Director of
Secondary Education. The specific details of that contact are unclear, but it related to an elective
course offered to high school students called “History of Ethnic and Gender Studies.” In response,
DeLuca emailed Litkouhi a description of the course and informed her that he could connect her
with one of the teachers teaching the course for various materials. In the afternoon that same day,
Litkouhi responded and asked to schedule a conversation with DeLuca.

        DeLuca contacted Chad Zwolinski, a teacher of the ethnic and gender studies course, and,
“to be responsive to Ms. Litkouhi,” asked him “to prepare a document to describe the topics
addressed in the course.” Zwolinksi produced an outline of the first two weeks of the course that
detailed various activities, including “community building activities,” writing activities, and other
assignments. In early September 2021, Litkouhi followed up with DeLuca after he offered to send
her additional course materials. DeLuca responded the same day, informing Litkouhi he would

                                                -1-
stop at one of the schools to “obtain a copy.” Later that same evening, DeLuca forwarded Litkouhi
a course syllabus.

      Approximately a week after she received the syllabus from DeLuca, Litkouhi submitted a
FOIA request to Rochester for course materials related to the ethnic and gender studies course.
The FOIA request sought

       all teacher training materials and references (written and video) for the “History of
       Ethnic and Gender Studies” course, given between August 1-September 10, 2021.
       If material is electronic, I request access via email. If book(s) were given to be
       used, I request that the book(s) be made available for me to come and review.

               Also, I request access to and a copy of all teacher lesson plans, readings
       given to students (articles, publications, case studies), viewings (video clips), and
       assignments used to evaluate students (writing prompts) used for the “History of
       Ethnic and Gender Studies” Course at Rochester High School, Adams High School,
       and Stoney Creek High School during the time period from August 30-September
       10, 2021. If material is electronic, I request access via email. If book(s) were given
       to be used, I request that the book(s) be made available for me to come and review.

        In an early October 2021 letter, Elizabeth Davis, Rochester’s Chief Human Resource
Officer and the FOIA Coordinator for the district, granted Litkouhi’s request in part. Davis
explained that the request was “denied to the extent that the District is not knowingly in the
possession of any records responsive to [Litkouhi’s] request” for lesson plans, readings, viewings,
or assignments to evaluate students between August 30, 2021, through September 10, 2021. Davis
indicated the letter “serve[d] as the District’s certification that no responsive records are known to
exist.”1 Davis granted the request for teacher training materials and references for the course. She
indicated that the “responsive records known by the District to exist at this time ha[d] previously
been provided to [Litkouhi],” but were “attached to this letter as well.” The document produced
with the October 2021 letter mirrored the one Zwolinski produced at DeLuca’s request and that
DeLuca had forwarded to Litkouhi.

        In mid-December 2021, Litkouhi emailed Davis another FOIA request. The request was
similar to her earlier request; she sought

1
  The affidavits of Joshua Wrinkle, principal of Rochester High School, and Pasquale Cusumano,
principal of Adams High School, indicate that the teachers teaching the ethnic and gender studies
course (Zwolinski at Rochester High School and Allie Danielson at Adams High School) were not
members of the school administration and that all teachers at their respective schools were “not
required to create, retain or provide any such documents” to the principals “or anyone else in the
administration,” except if the teacher is on a “performance improvement plan.” Neither teacher
was on a performance improvement plan. Both individuals stated that their respective
administrations were “not and ha[d] not been in possession of any such documents” responsive to
Litkouhi’s request.

                                                 -2-
       access to and a copy of all teacher lesson plans, curriculum, readings given to
       students (such as articles, publications, case studies), viewings (such as video clips),
       and assignments given to students (such as writing or discussion prompts) used for
       the “History of Ethnic and Gender Studies” Course at Rochester High School
       during the time period from August 30 – present. Also, I request access to teacher
       prompts made on Flipgrid and Google classroom during the time period from
       August 30 – present. If material is electronic, I request access via email. If book(s)
       were given to be used, I request that the book(s) be made available to me to come
       and review.

Litkouhi also asked Davis to provide a written explanation should she deny Litkouhi’s request,
asking for “reference to the specific statutory exemption(s) upon which you rely” and “all
segregable portions of otherwise exempt material.”

       In a mid-January 2022 letter, Davis acknowledged receipt of Litkouhi’s December 2021
FOIA request. Davis indicated that Litkouhi’s “request [was] granted in part and denied in part.”
Davis granted the request “to the extent that a unit plan document was provided to you in our
response dated October 4, 2021.” Davis also explained the partial denial as follows:

       [T]he District is not knowingly in the possession of any records responsive to your
       request for “teacher lesson plans,” “readings given to students,” “viewings,” and
       “assignments used to evaluate student”, or teacher prompts made on Flipgrid and
       Google classroom during the time period from August 30, 2021[,] through present.
       This letter serves as the District’s certification that no responsive records are known
       to exist.

Litkouhi received this letter on January 12, 2022.

        A week after receiving the letter from Davis, Litkouhi emailed Dr. Robert Shaner,
Rochester’s superintendent. She wrote that, despite indications to the contrary from the district,
she believed that “responsive documents do exist” because the class had “been allowed to run
uninterrupted for the last 6 months.” She asked Dr. Shaner to reconsider the district’s response,
indicating that although district administrators had “rebuffed” her requests, “common sense” and
statements from others in the district suggested the documents existed. Litkouhi noted the
likelihood of litigation, advised Dr. Shaner to preserve all documents related to the course, and
indicated her willingness to discuss the issue to avoid court intervention. In an early February
2022 letter, Dr. Shaner responded to Litkouhi’s appeal, noting his review of the issue. Dr. Shaner
confirmed the accuracy of Davis’s response and upheld her decision, denying Litkouhi’s appeal.

        In mid-March 2022, Litkouhi sued Rochester, alleging a single claim for violation of FOIA.
Within that single count, Litkouhi alleged that in denying her FOIA request, Rochester adopted a
narrow reading of FOIA when it indicated that it only had to produce records in possession of
district administrators and records held by member schools or individual teachers were not
considered in the district’s possession for FOIA purposes. She alleged that Rochester was
obligated to produce responsive records used, possessed, or retained by its member schools, and
to ask if any of the member schools had responsive materials in their possession. She also alleged
that Rochester failed to properly identify an exemption when it withheld certain materials because

                                                 -3-
of copyright concerns.2 Litkouhi sought statutory damages for the alleged FOIA violations, and
attorneys’ fees and costs.

        In late April 2022, Rochester answered Litkouhi’s complaint and asserted various
affirmative defenses, generally acknowledging the accuracy of her allegations related to the
circumstances of her FOIA request and appeal, but otherwise denying the allegations as untrue, or
neither admitting nor denying them. Rochester admitted that some documents were not provided
to Litkouhi, responding, however, that it did not know whether those documents even existed and
denied possessing them.

         In early July 2022, the parties stipulated to allowing Litkouhi to file an amended complaint.
The amended complaint contained largely the same allegations regarding Litkouhi’s request
related to the course on ethnic and gender studies. Relevant here, Litkouhi added allegations that
Rochester had a duty to locate and produce any responsive records possessed by any schools or
individual teachers. Rochester answered in mid-July 2022, largely tracking the answers in its
initial answer. It denied, however, that it had a duty to locate and produce records that schools or
individual teachers may possess. In early August 2022, Rochester filed a notice of deposition,
seeking to depose Litkouhi because her complaint was “replete with allegations raising factual
issues” requiring discovery. Litkouhi opposed the deposition and sought to quash it; the court
adjourned the motion to quash.

        Critical to this appeal, the trial court, in mid-September 2022, entered a stipulated order
regarding early motions for summary disposition. Acknowledging that the case “present[ed] two
purely legal issues,” the parties stipulated that the first issue involved Litkouhi’s December 2021
request. The order states:

       Plaintiff’s position is that FOIA requires Defendant to provide any responsive
       records prepared, owned, used, or possessed by individual teachers. Defendant’s
       position is that it is not required [to] search for or provide[] such records. The
       parties agree that if the Court were to find in favor of Defendant’s position that it
       is not required to search for or provide for such records then Plaintiff’s claims
       regarding her December 14, 2021 FOIA request should be dismissed. However, if
       the Court finds in favor of Plaintiff’s position that Defendant is required to search
       for and provide such records, then fact questions remain and the case would proceed
       to resolve those issues.

The order also stayed discovery pending resolution of the summary-disposition motion, noting it
would reopen for 90 days if the court denied Rochester’s motion related to the December 2021
request. The parties also waived oral argument on any dispositive motions.

        Rochester moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). It argued
that records created and retained by individual teachers were not “public records” as defined in
FOIA. It reasoned that, under FOIA, only records of “public bodies” were subject to disclosure

2
  The parties stipulated to the dismissal without prejudice of Litkouhi’s claims related to the
copyright issue in early October 2022. This issue is not part of this appeal.

                                                 -4-
(with some exceptions), and because teachers do not constitute “public bodies” under FOIA, their
individual records need not be disclosed. Rochester acknowledged that it, as a school district,
constituted a public body, but asserted that it had not “prepared, used, owned, possessed or retained
the documents [Litkouhi] requested by her” in December 2021. It therefore argued that because
teachers are not public bodies, “whatever papers they may possess are not” public records.3

        Litkouhi responded to Rochester’s motion for summary disposition. Citing MCL
15.231(2)’s statement about entitlement to “full and complete information” regarding
governmental affairs and the acts of “public employees,” Litkouhi argued that FOIA requires
disclosure of all records of a public body, unless they are specifically exempt. Litkouhi asserted
that schools, “indisputably” part of school districts, were not excluded from the definition of a
public body, and teachers were not “excluded from what constitutes a public employee.” Litkouhi
acknowledged that some materials were exempt from disclosure, asserting, however, that
Rochester had not established the applicability of an exemption.

         Litkouhi argued that Rochester incorrectly suggested that the exclusion of the term
“employee” from subsections defining “public body” (other than one referencing the state
executive branch) “means that employees are exempt from FOIA,” asserting such a
misinterpretation would “gut FOIA . . . .” She further asserted that documents requested under
FOIA were obtainable from all employees, not just administrators, and teachers were “indisputably
public employees” because, citing MCL 15.232(h)(iv), their positions were primarily funded by or
through state or local authority.4 Litkouhi also argued that because a school district is an artificial
entity, it could only act through its employees or agents, so the requested records should be subject
to disclosure.

       Litkouhi contended that Rochester also could not withhold documents simply because the
administration did not possess the documents at the time of her request. Documents possessed by
public employees were only beyond FOIA’s reach, Litkouhi argued, if they were an employee’s
personal documents or a statutory exemption applied. Litkouhi asserted that FOIA did not limit

3
  Relevant to some of Litkouhi’s arguments in her responsive brief, Rochester also asserted in its
factual background that teachers in the district were “not members of the administration,” but were
instead “employees and members of a bargaining unit represented by the Michigan Education
Association.” Litkouhi responded to this argument by contending that a collective bargaining
agreement “cannot supersede FOIA.” Referencing the collective bargaining agreement apparently
in effect at the time of Litkouhi’s FOIA request, she argued that a provision related to teachers and
FOIA requests “can be read to anticipate that teachers may have to provide documents in response
to FOIA requests.”
4
  The subsection Litkouhi cited relates to a “body” that is “primarily funded by or through state or
local authority,” not a position or individual. MCL 15.232(h)(iv) (a subsection of the definition of
“public body”) states in full:
       Any other body that is created by state or local authority or is primarily funded by
       or through state or local authority, except that the judiciary, including the office of
       the county clerk and its employees when acting in the capacity of clerk to the circuit
       court, is not included in the definition of public body.

                                                 -5-
disclosure to those documents possessed by administrators, and to read such language into the
statute would be improper and require courts to perform a tedious analysis of the issues. This
analysis, Litkouhi argued, was “completely unnecessary,” however, because FOIA already
provided that all persons are entitled to the full and complete information of governmental affairs,
including the acts of public employees. Litkouhi asked the court to deny Rochester’s motion but
grant summary disposition in her favor under MCR 2.116(I)(2), and allow discovery to continue.

       In late October 2022, Rochester replied in support of its motion for summary disposition.
Rochester noted that Litkouhi addressed arguments Rochester “never made on th[e] issue” of
disclosure, including arguments related to collective bargaining agreements and claiming that
Rochester had cast teachers as employees of a union or bargaining union. Rochester asserted it
never made any of these arguments and did not further address them.

        Rochester did, however, address two of Litkouhi’s arguments. First, Rochester argued that,
contrary to Litkouhi’s position, the definition of “public body” in MCL 15.232 controlled, and that
Litkouhi improperly added language to MCL 15.231(2) that documents were obtainable from all
employees. According to Rochester, that provision simply provided that information about public
employees could be obtained consistent with other provisions of FOIA; it directed parties to other
sections of FOIA to address “which documents are obtainable, and who they may be obtained
from.” Rochester reiterated that, under FOIA, documents created or possessed by a teacher but
not the district are not public records subject to disclosure. It argued that MCL 15.232 “makes it
perfectly clear that teachers are not public bodies for purposes of FOIA” and any documents they
produce or use in day-to-day instruction are not public records. Second, Rochester argued that in
Breighner v Mich High Sch Athletic Ass’n, Inc, 471 Mich 217; 683 NW2d 639 (2004), our Supreme
Court rejected an agency argument like that raised by Litkouhi.

        In mid-December 2022, the trial court entered an order granting summary disposition to
Rochester. The court noted the September 2022 stipulated order, which provided the parties’
agreement that if the court found in Rochester’s favor, Litkouhi’s claim regarding the December
2021 FOIA request should be dismissed. The trial court found that the Legislature “did not intend
for a public school district’s employees to be included in the definition of ‘public bodies’ relative
to FOIA.” The court rejected Litkouhi’s request to treat a public school teacher’s individual work
product as discoverable public records of a public body. It therefore found that Litkouhi’s
complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted and granted summary
disposition in Rochester’s favor under MCR 2.116(C)(8). The court also found that even if
teachers were “public bodies” for purposes of FOIA requests, the evidence showed that Rochester
had not “prepared, owned, used, possessed, or retained the documents requested by” Litkouhi in
December 2021. It therefore found summary disposition alternatively appropriate under MCR
2.116(C)(10). This appeal followed.

                                 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW5

5
  Litkouhi did not raise her argument related to the Management and Budget Act below, and the
trial court did not address or decide it, so that aspect of her argument is unpreserved. See Glasker-

                                                -6-
       This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition.
El-Khalil v Oakwood Healthcare Inc, 504 Mich 152, 159; 934 NW2d 665 (2019). “A motion
under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim based on the factual allegations in
the complaint.” Id. at 159 (emphasis omitted). “When considering such a motion, a trial court
must accept all factual allegations as true, deciding the motion on the pleadings alone.” Id. at
160. “A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8) may only be granted when a claim is so clearly
unenforceable that no factual development could possibly justify recovery.” Id.

       A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) “tests the factual sufficiency of a claim.” El-Khalil,
504 Mich at 160 (emphasis omitted). In considering a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10), the trial
court “must consider all evidence submitted by the parties in the light most favorable to the party
opposing the motion.” Id. Such a motion “may only be granted when there is no genuine issue of
material fact.” Id. “A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record leaves open an issue
upon which reasonable minds might differ.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).

Davis v Auvenshire, 333 Mich App 222, 227; 964 NW2d 809 (2020) (explaining that to preserve
an issue for appeal it must be raised in or decided by the trial court).
         This Court has historically applied two different standards to unpreserved issues in the civil
context: plain-error, see, e.g., Mr Sunshine v Delta College of Trustees, 343 Mich App 597, 601;
997 NW2d 755 (2022); Demski v Petlick, 309 Mich App 404, 426-427, 873 NW2d 596 (2015);
Kern v Blethen-Coluni, 240 Mich App 333, 336; 612 NW2d 838 (2000), and the so-called “raise-
or-waive” rule, see, e.g., In re Conservatorship of Murray, 336 Mich App 234, 240-242; 970
NW2d 372 (2021); Jawad A Shah, MD, PC v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 324 Mich App 182,
192-194; 920 NW2d 148 (2018) (applying the so-called raise-or-waive standard, but
“acknowledg[ing] that decisions of our Supreme Court and this Court have applied the plain-error
standard of review to certain unpreserved issues in the civil context”). Our Supreme Court has yet
to state definitively which standard is the appropriate standard for the civil context. See Shah, 324
Mich App at 194 n 5 (noting that our Supreme Court has applied plain-error in certain civil contexts
and declining to decide “under what circumstances the plain-error standard of review should be
applied in the civil context”). But see Tolas Oil & Gas Exploration Co v Bach Servs & Mfg, LLC,
___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket No. 359090); slip op at 2-5 (holding that
our Supreme Court requires application of the so-called raise-or-waive standard).
        But recently, a panel of this Court resolved this apparent conflict, holding that the plain-
error test does not apply in civil cases, and appellate courts instead apply the raise-or-waive rule.
See Tolas, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 2-5. Regardless, this Court may still “overlook
preservation requirements if the failure to consider the issue would result in manifest injustice, if
consideration is necessary for a proper determination of the case, or if the issue involves a question
of law and the facts necessary for its resolution have been presented.” Id. at ___; slip op at 3
(quotation marks and citations omitted). As a published decision, this Court is bound by Tolas.
See MCR 7.215(C)(2). As required by Tolas, the issue related to the Management and Budget Act
is waived. See id. at ___; slip op at 2-5. Although the so-called raise-or-waive rule has several
exceptions, we decline to address the issue. See Tolas, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 3.

                                                 -7-
      We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo. Wells Fargo Rail Corp v State of
Michigan, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2022) (Docket No. 359399); slip op at 3.

       The goal of statutory interpretation is to determine and apply the intent of the
       Legislature. The first step in determining legislative intent is to examine the
       specific language of the statute. If the language is clear and unambiguous, judicial
       construction is neither required nor permitted, and courts must apply the statute as
       written. The provisions of a statute must be read in the context of the entire statute
       to produce a harmonious whole. This Court must consider the object of the statute
       and the harm it is designed to remedy, and apply a reasonable construction that best
       accomplishes the statute’s purpose. [Yopek v Brighton Airport Ass’n, Inc, 343 Mich
       App 415, 424; 997 NW2d 481 (2022) (quotation marks and citations omitted).]

        “Whether requested information fits within an exemption from disclosure under FOIA is a
mixed question of fact and law, and, on appeal, the trial court’s factual determinations are reviewed
for clear error, but its legal conclusions are reviewed de novo.” Taylor v Lansing Bd of Water &
Light, 272 Mich App 200, 205; 725 NW2d 84 (2006). Clear error exists when this Court is
definitely and firmly convinced the trial court made a mistake. Mich Open Carry, Inc v Dep’t of
State Police, 330 Mich App 614, 621; 950 NW2d 484 (2019).

 III. PUBLIC SCHOOL EMPLOYEES ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE DEFINITION OF A
          “PUBLIC BODY” UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT

       Litkouhi argues that the trial court erred when it found that the definition of a “public body”
under FOIA does not include public school district employees and thus their individual work
product is not discoverable as a public record. We disagree.

        “The purpose of FOIA is to provide to the people of Michigan ‘full and complete
information regarding the affairs of government and the official acts of those who represent them
as public officials and public employees,’ thereby allowing them to ‘fully participate in the
democratic process.’ ” Amberg v Dearborn, 497 Mich 28, 30; 859 NW2d 674 (2014), quoting
MCL 15.231(2). “The Legislature codified the FOIA to facilitate disclosure to the public of public
records held by public bodies.” Mich Open Carry, Inc, 330 Mich App at 625 (quotation marks
and citation omitted). It must therefore be “broadly interpreted to allow public access to” records
held by public bodies. Id. And the statutory exemptions to FOIA disclosures must be narrowly
construed “to serve the policy of open access to public records.” Id.

       Under MCL 15.232(h) “public body” is defined as any of the following:

               (i) A state officer, employee, agency, department, division, bureau, board,
       commission, council, authority, or other body in the executive branch of the state
       government, but does not include the governor or lieutenant governor, the executive
       office of the governor or lieutenant governor, or employees thereof.

               (ii) An agency, board, commission, or council in the legislative branch of
       the state government.

                                                 -8-
               (iii) A county, city, township, village, intercounty, intercity, or regional
       governing body, council, school district, special district, or municipal corporation,
       or a board, department, commission, council, or agency thereof.

               (iv) Any other body that is created by state or local authority or is primarily
       funded by or through state or local authority, except that the judiciary, including
       the office of the county clerk and its employees when acting in the capacity of clerk
       to the circuit court, is not included in the definition of public body.

        MCL 15.232(i) defines a public record as a “writing prepared, owned, used, in the
possession of, or retained by a public body in the performance of an official function, from the
time it is created.” FOIA “separates public records into” two classes: (1) those exempt from
disclosure under MCL 15.243 and (2) “[a]ll public records that are not exempt from disclosure
under [MCL 15.243] and that are subject to disclosure under this act.” MCL 15.232(i)(i) and (ii).

              What ultimately determines whether records in the possession of a public
       body are public records within the meaning of FOIA is whether the public body
       prepared, owned, used, possessed, or retained them in the performance of an official
       function. In the event a FOIA request is denied and the requesting party
       commences a circuit court action to compel disclosure of a public record, the public
       body bears the burden of sustaining its decision to withhold the requested record
       from disclosure. [Blackwell v Livonia, 339 Mich App 495, 502-503; 984 NW2d
       780 (2021) (quotation marks, citations, and brackets omitted).]

         In Blackwell, this Court held that private direct messages that the mayor sent or received
via an unofficial Facebook page were not subject to disclosure simply because the mayor was an
administrative officer for the defendant city. Blackwell, 339 Mich App at 508. This Court stated
that, instead, the messages were subject to FOIA disclosure “only if such messages were utilized
by the city of Livonia mayor’s office in the performance of an official function.” Id., citing MCL
15.232(i). The Blackwell Court quoted language from Howell Ed Ass’n, MEA/NEA v Howell Bd
of Ed, 287 Mich App 228, 237; 789 NW2d 495 (2010), stating that “unofficial private writings
belonging solely to an individual should not be subject to public disclosure merely because that
individual is a state employee and the same is true for all public body employees.” Blackwell, 339
Mich App at 508 (cleaned up). In arriving at this decision, the Blackwell Court also cited our
Supreme Court’s decision in Bisio v Clarkston, 506 Mich 37; 954 NW2d 95 (2020), and noted the
distinction the Bisio Court recognized “between the city attorney—the individual—and the office
of the city attorney—the public body[.]” Blackwell, 339 Mich App at 505, citing Bisio, 506 Mich
at 53 n 10. This Court then noted that although “FOIA includes in the definition of ‘public body’
officers and employees of state government, see MCL 15.232(h)(i), the definitional section does
not also include officers and employees of municipalities such as cities or townships.” Blackwell,
339 Mich App at 505. This distinction between state and local government officials, the Blackwell
Court concluded, “demonstrate[d] the Legislature’s intent to exclude individual government
officers and employees not working in state government from the definition of ‘public body.’ ”
Id.; see Breighner, 471 Mich at 233 n 6 (“[I]t would defy logic (as well as the plain language of §
232[d][iii]) to conclude that the Legislature intended that any person or entity qualifying as an

                                                -9-
‘agent’ of one of the enumerated governmental bodies would be considered a ‘public body’ for
purposes of the FOIA.”) (second alteration in original).6

        Public school teachers are not included in the definition of “public body” and therefore
records created and retained by individual teachers are not public records subject to disclosure for
purposes of FOIA.7 The parties focus primarily on MCL 15.232(h)(i) and (iii) for the definition
of public body. Those two subsections, to reiterate, define a public body as follows:

               (i) A state officer, employee, agency, department, division, bureau, board,
       commission, council, authority, or other body in the executive branch of the state
       government, but does not include the governor or lieutenant governor, the executive
       office of the governor or lieutenant governor, or employees thereof.

                                               * * *

               (iii) A county, city, township, village, intercounty, intercity, or regional
       governing body, council, school district, special district, or municipal corporation,
       or a board, department, commission, council, or agency thereof. [MCL 15.232(h)(i)
       and (iii).]

        As the Blackwell Court noted, subsection (i) references state-level employees in the
executive branch but not local government employees. Blackwell, 339 Mich App at 505. See also
MCL 15.232(h)(i). Subsection (iii) refers to different local-level governmental units or divisions.
See Breighner, 471 Mich at 232 (recognizing that the term “agency” in what was previously MCL
15.232(d)(iii)—now MCL 15.232(h)(iii)—refers to a “unit or division of government,” not a
principal-agent relationship) (emphasis omitted). The term “employee” is wholly absent from the
subsection related to local governmental units. See MCL 15.232(h)(iii). And “express mention in
a statute of one thing implies the exclusion of other similar things.” Bradley v Saranac Comm Sch

6
  When our Supreme Court decided Breighner in 2004, the language that is now found in MCL
15.232(h) was previously found in MCL 15.232(d) (with some revisions). Compare 1997 PA 553,
effective March 31, 1997, with 2018 PA 68, effective June 17, 2018.
7
  The posture of this case, and its limited facts, necessarily limits the scope of our decision. By
stipulation, the parties agreed—before substantial discovery occurred—that a narrow legal issue
dictated the outcome of this case. We therefore limit our analysis to the legal issue which turns on
the interpretation of “public body” as defined in FOIA, MCL 15.232(h)(i) and (iii). We
acknowledge that scenarios exist where an individual teacher possesses documents requiring
disclosure under other FOIA provisions. (For example, a teacher maintaining lesson plans or other
documents in a brief case or private email that a school district directed them to generate, therefore
making the document one that the school district uses or possesses.) But those factual scenarios
are not present here. As discussed below, to the extent further discovery might reveal those factual
scenarios to be present, Litkouhi has waived that argument through her stipulation.

                                                -10-
Bd of Ed, 455 Mich 285, 289; 565 NW2d 650 (1997).8 Thus, by including the term “employee”
in MCL 15.232(h)(i), and limiting that provision to state-level positions, and excluding
“employee” from MCL 15.232(h)(iii), we conclude that the Legislature intended not to include
local governmental employees in the definition of “public bodies.” Further, although “school
district” is included in MCL 15.232(h)(iii), and, public school teachers work at public schools
which are part of school districts, this is akin to the agency-agent distinction the Supreme Court
rejected in Breighner. See Breighner, 471 Mich at 231-233 (holding that “agency” as used in
Seciton 232(d)(iii), “clearly refers to a unit or division of government and not to the relationship
between a principal and an agent.”) (Emphasis in original). Had the Legislature intended to include
public employees at the local level, whether generally or those employed by specific governmental
units—like a school district—in the definition of “public body,” it could have included them in the
explicit definition of “public body.” See id. It did not do so and we will not read “employee,”
“public employee,” “public school teacher,” or any other iteration of these terms into the definition
of “public body,” as Litkouhi urges.

        Litkouhi contends that MCL 15.231(2) controls and entitles her to disclosure of “full and
complete information” about the acts of public employees (here, public school teachers). Focusing
on this language, she ignores the language that this access to “full and complete information” is
qualified by “consistent with this act.” See id. (“It is the public policy of this state that all
persons . . . are entitled to full and complete information regarding the affairs of government and
the official acts of those who represent them as public officials and public employees, consistent
with this act”) (emphasis added). Here, this means that public school teachers must qualify as a
public body for any of their individually-held records to be subject to disclosure under FOIA. They
do not satisfy the definition of a “public body” as discussed and therefore their individually-held
and individually-maintained records are not subject to disclosure under FOIA. See also Bradley,
455 Mich at 296 (concluding that the appellant school teacher and school administrators lacked
standing to assert exemption in seeking to prevent disclosure of personnel files and holding that
“the proper party to raise this exemption [was] the school district, not the appellants.”).

8
   Litkouhi argues that courts must not engage in judicial construction when a statute is
unambiguous. This is true. See Sclafani v Domestic Violence Escape, 255 Mich App 260, 266;
660 NW2d 97 (2003). But this doctrine (the expression of one thing implies the exclusion of
others) “is a rule of statutory interpretation meant to help ascertain the intent of the Legislature”—
a court’s ultimate goal in statutory interpretation—and “does not subsume the plain language of
the statute when determining the intent of the Legislature.” Tuggle v Dep’t of State Police, 269
Mich App 657, 663; 712 NW2d 750 (2005). And “[i]t has been described as a rule of construction
that is a product of logic and common sense. The doctrine characterizes the general practice that
when people say one thing they do not mean something else.” Detroit City Council v Detroit
Mayor, 283 Mich App 442, 456; 770 NW2d 117 (2009) (quotation marks and citations omitted).
It is appropriate to rely on this doctrine if we must look beyond the terms of the statute to discern
the Legislature’s intent with respect to whether local government employees are included in the
definition of public body in MCL 15.232(h). See Detroit City Council, 283 Mich App at 456-458
(applying the doctrine of expressio unius est exclusio alterius and declining to read language into
the statute).

                                                -11-
        Litkouhi urges this Court to reject applying Blackwell and Breighner to this case.
Regarding Blackwell, she contends that it did not involve the work product of public employees
and any statement in it regarding that issue was simply dicta. We reject this argument because the
discussion Litkouhi paints as dicta is not actually dicta. She asserts that “any determination” in
Blackwell regarding a public employee’s work product is dicta. But “dictum” is “a judicial
comment that is not necessary to the decision in the case.” Pew v Mich State Univ, 307 Mich App
328, 334; 859 NW2d 246 (2014) (citation omitted). See Griswold Props, LLC v Lexington Ins Co,
276 Mich App 551, 563; 741 NW2d 549 (2007) (holding that although “[s]tare decisis does not
arise from a point addressed in obiter dictum,” “an issue that is intentionally addressed and decided
is not dictum if the issue is germane to the controversy in the case, even if the issue was not
necessarily decisive of the controversy in the case.”). Blackwell pointed out that the definition of
“public body” included officers and employees of state government, but not of local governments.
Blackwell, 339 Mich App at 505. This led the Blackwell Court to conclude, as noted, that this
distinction “demonstrate[d] the Legislature’s intent to exclude individual government officers and
employees not working in state government from the definition of ‘public body.’ ” Id. This
conclusion supported this Court’s decision that the office of the mayor—a public body—did not
retain, use, or possess the messages of a political office holder’s social media account “such that
those messages bec[a]me ‘public records’ under FOIA.” Id. at 503. That is, it was a discussion
necessary to the decision for determining whether the mayor’s communications on a private social
media account were subject to disclosure under FOIA. See Pew, 307 Mich App at 334; Griswold
Props, LLC, 276 Mich App at 563. The portion of Blackwell that Litkouhi claims is dicta was
necessary to the determination of the case and is therefore not dicta.

        Regarding Breighner, Litkouhi argues it was “error for the Blackwell court to say that
Breighner held that” the Legislature intended to exclude non-state governmental employees from
the definition of “public body.” First, Blackwell did not claim this was a holding of Breighner; it
cited and quoted language from Breighner with a “See” signal, Blackwell, 339 Mich App at 505,
a signal denoting clear support for a proposition with an inferential step required. See Bluebook
Rule 1.2; Michigan Appellate Opinion Manual, pp 4-5, § 1:3. Second, Breighner may not have
involved public employees as Litkouhi points out, but the Blackwell Court’s citation to it, and the
trial court’s reliance on both Blackwell and Breighner, was not improper. The language in
Breighner cited by Blackwell and then relied on by the trial court supports the proposition that the
Legislature intended to exclude public employees from the definition of “public body.” By using
the “See” signal, the Blackwell Court asked readers to make an inferential step to conclude that
Breighner supported the general proposition that the Legislature intended to exclude non-state
governmental employees from the definition of “public body.”

         Litkouhi also argues that summary disposition was prematurely granted because
insufficient discovery had been conducted. We reject this argument based on Litkouhi’s waiver
before the trial court. According to the parties’ stipulation, during “premotion discovery
mediation,” “the parties recognized that this case present[ed] two purely legal issues . . . .” The
parties stipulated that “depending on how the court rules on those issues,” they “may resolve the
entire case and render discovery unnecessary.” They also stipulated to staying discovery pending
the trial court’s ruling on the motion(s) for summary disposition, and that discovery would reopen
for 90 days if the court did not grant Rochester’s motion related to the December 2021 FOIA
request—the request at issue on appeal. On top of that, the parties agreed that if the court found
in Rochester’s favor, Litkouhi’s claims related to the relevant FOIA request should be dismissed.

                                                -12-
The parties thus agreed to dismissal before the completion of discovery if the court agreed with
Rochester’s position. The trial court did just that, and that decision was not erroneous. Litkouhi
effectively waived this argument by agreeing to pre- or mid-discovery dismissal if the court agreed
with Rochester. Grant v AAA Mich/Wisconsin, Inc, 272 Mich App 142, 148; 724 NW2d 498
(2006) (“A party who expressly agrees with an issue in the trial court cannot then take a contrary
position on appeal.”).

        In conclusion, public school teachers do not qualify as “public bodies” for purposes of
MCL 15.232(h)(i) or (iii) of FOIA. Their records are therefore not subject to disclosure under
FOIA under those provisions. Any suggestion by Litkouhi that this Court should read public
school teachers or public employees generally into the definition of public body in MCL 15.232(h)
is improper; her efforts are more appropriately directed to the Legislature. See Woodman v Kera,
LLC, 486 Mich 228, 246; 785 NW2d 1 (2010) (noting the “superiority of the Legislature to address
matters of public policy” over the courts).

       We affirm.

                                                            /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                            /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                            /s/ Noah P. Hood

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