Court Opinion

ID: 9764027
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-29 03:08:17.34376+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:29:52.014324
License: Public Domain

BENTON, Chief Justice.
Marcia L. Kasl managed and resided at a residential care facility in Lincoln. On November 15, 1995, at about 9:30 p.m., she arose from her chair to dispense medicine to a resident. Unaware her left foot had “fallen asleep,” she fell and broke her ankle.
*853The Labor and Industrial Relations Commission affirmed a temporary award of benefits. The employer (Bristol Care, Inc.) and the insurer (Travelers Property Casualty Company) appeal, asserting the injury did not arise out of her employment. This Court granted transfer. Mo. Const art. V, sec. 10. Affirmed.
I.
In 1993, the General Assembly amended the workers’ compensation law. 1993 Mo. Laws 763-816. The legislature did not change the fundamental principle of workers’ compensation: Employers are liable, irrespective of negligence, to furnish workers’ compensation to employees for personal injuries from accidents “arising out of and in the course of’ employment. Compare sec. 287.120.1 RSMo 1986, with sec. 287.120.1 RSMo 199L1
The 1993 amendment does, however, change the definition of “accident”:
2. The word “accident” as used in this chapter, shall, unless a different meaning is clearly indicated by the context, be construed to mean an unexpected or unforeseen identifiable event or series of events happening suddenly and violently, with or without human fault, and producing at the time objective symptoms of an injury. An injury is compensable if it is clearly work related. An injury is clearly work related if work was a substantial factor in the cause of the resulting medical condition or disability. An injury is not compensable merely because work was a triggering or precipitating factor.
Sec. 287.020 codifying 1993 Mo. Laws 766 (emphasis denotes language new in 1993).
Adopting the test in Wolfgeher v. Wagner Cartage Service, Inc., the 1993 amendment requires that, to be compensable, accidents must be “clearly work related.” 646 S.W.2d 781, 785[4] (Mo. banc 1983). As this Court has explained, this means accidents must be “unique” to the work Abel v. Mike Russell’s Standard Service, 924 S.W.2d 602, 504 (Mo. banc 1996).2
The 1993 amendment further requires that work must be a “substantial” factor, not merely a “triggering or precipitating” factor in causing the resulting medical condition or disability. The 1993 amendment thus overrules the holding of Wynn v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.:
“Even though [employee] was in poor health, had a preexisting heart condition, did not take good care of himself, and might have succumbed to a fatal heart attack while off work, possibly caused by different sorts of stress, the right to compensation should exist if the actual triggering causes are found, on the basis of substantial evidence, to meet the ‘job related’ or ‘work related’ test of Wolfgeher.”
654 S.W.2d 87, 89-90 (Mo. banc 1983) (emphasis supplied). The 1993 amendment also rejects statements in earlier cases, such as Bone v. Daniel Hamm Drayage Company: “The heavy work [employee] did while he had his heart and lung conditions was a precipitating cause of his death.” 449 S.W.2d 169, 172 (Mo.1970) (emphasis supplied); see also Wilhite v. Hurd 411 S.W.2d 72, 79 (Mo.1967); Hall v. Spot Martin, Inc., 304 S.W.2d 844, 852 (Mo.1957). Similar statements in the cases listed in the appendix should not be followed, for claims governed by the 1993 amendment.
Awards for injuries “triggered” or “precipitated” by work are nonetheless proper if the employee shows that the work is a “substantial factor” in the cause of the injury. In Alexander v. D.L. Sitton Motor Lines, this Court approved compensation for a fall off a four-and-one-half foot platform, precipitated by a dizzy spell. 851 S.W.2d 525, 528 *854(Mo. banc 1993). This Court stated: “But even though the heart attack, itself, is not compensable, injuries sustained in a fall as a result of the heart attack would be compen-sable, assuming there is a causal connection between the fall” and the work. Id. at 529.
II.
The 1993 amendment also changes the definition of “injury”:
3. (1) In this chapter the term “injury” is hereby defined to be an injury which has arisen out of and in the course of employment. The injury must be incidental to and not independent of the relation of employer and employee. Ordinary, gradual deterioration or progressive degeneration of the body caused by aging shall not be compensable, except where the deterioration or degeneration follows as an incident of employment.
(2)An injury shall be deemed to arise out of and in the course of the employment only if:
(a) It is reasonably apparent, upon consideration of all the circumstances, that the employment is a substantial factor in causing the injury; and
(b) It can be seen to have followed as a natural incident of the work; and
(c) It can be fairly traced to the employment as a proximate cause; and
(d) It does not come from a hazard or risk unrelated to the employment to which workers would have been equally exposed outside of and unrelated to the employment in normal nonemployment life.
Sec. 287.020 codifying 1993 Mo. Laws 766 (entire quotation new in 1993).
Subsection (2)(a) repeats the “substantial factor” requirement of section 287.020.2, discussed in Part I of this opinion. The parties in this case further dispute the meaning of subsection (2)(d), which states that to be compensable, the injury cannot come from a hazard or risk “unrelated to” employment. Sec. 287.020.3(2)(d) codifying 1993 Mo. Laws 766. Among such hazards or risks are “idiopathic” conditions, those “peculiar to the individual: innate.” Alexander, 851 S.W.2d at 527 n. 3. Common conditions exacerbated by employment requirements are not idiopathic. Kloppenburg v. Queen Size Shoes, Inc., 704 S.W.2d 234, 236 (Mo. banc 1986). See also Abel, 924 S.W.2d at 504[4]; Alexander, 851 S.W.2d at 528; Morgan v. Duncan, 361 Mo. 683, 236 S.W.2d 281, 283[4] (Mo.1951). Yet, injuries on the job, resulting from an idiopathic condition peculiar to the employee, are not covered. Abel, 924 S.W.2d at 504.
III.
Here, after waiting for the appointéd time, Kasl arose from her chair to dispense medicine to a resident, a requirement of her job.
In terms of subsection 2(d), Kasl’s condition was not idiopathic; having a foot “fall asleep” is neither innate nor peculiar to Kasl. Kasl’s foot falling asleep was a common condition clearly related to her work. Without having to wait for the appointed time to dispense medicine, her foot would not have fallen asleep. And without having to arise to dispense medicine (a job requirement), with a foot that had fallen asleep, Kasl would not have fallen, breaking her ankle. By itself, having a foot fall asleep was neither a hazard nor a risk to Kasl. Only in conjunction with and exacerbated by her work did Kasl’s common condition subject her to injury.
In terms of subsection 2(a), the work-related requirements were a substantial factor—more than a mere triggering or precipitating factor—in the fall that caused her injury. Here, the commission found: “the conditions of Mrs. Kasl’s required work— waiting for the appointed time for Heim-soth’s medication—caused her foot to fall asleep, which, when coupled with the job requirement of getting the medication, caused an accident.” Kasl’s work was thus a substantial factor in causing her fall and resulting injury, which was thus clearly work related.3
*855The decision of the Labor and Industrial Relations Commission is affirmed.
PRICE, WHITE, HOLSTEIN, and WOLFF, JJ.,concur;
LIMBAUGH, J., dissents in separate opinion filed.
COVINGTON, J., concurs in opinion of LIMBAUGH, J.
APPENDIX
Carter v. Jones Truck Lines, Inc., 943 S.W.2d 821, 829 (Mo.App.1997); McCowan v. City of Riverside, 890 S.W.2d 725, 727 (Mo.App.1995); Quilty v. Frank’s Food Mart, 890 S.W.2d 360, 363[10] (Mo.App.1994); Kintz v. Schnucks Markets, Inc., 889 S.W.2d 121, 123[6] (Mo.App.1994); Rector v. City of Springfield, 820 S.W.2d 639, 642[7] (Mo.App.1991); Kolde v. St. Louis County, 809 S.W.2d 14, 15[1] (Mo.App.1991); Haynes v. Emerson Electric Co., 799 S.W.2d 939, 948[3]-[4] (Mo.App.1990); Jackson v. H.D. Lee. Co., Inc., 772 S.W.2d 742, 746-47[3] (Mo.App.1989); Low v. ACF Industries, 772 S.W.2d 904, 907[5] (Mo.App.1989); Foley v. Pipefitters Union Local 562, 762 S.W.2d 870, 871 (Mo.App.1989); Arens v. Deleon Corporation, 760 S.W.2d 914, 916 (Mo.App.1988); Ham v. Sikeston Concrete Products, 735 S.W.2d 427, 428-29 (Mo.App.1987); Hutchinson v. Tri-State Motor Transit Co., 721 S.W.2d 158, 162-63 (Mo.App.1986); Raines v. City of St. Louis, 711 S.W.2d 544, 544 (Mo.App.1986); Ford Motor Co. v. Dickens, 700 S.W.2d 484, 486-87 (Mo.App.1985); Tibbs v. Rowe Furniture Corp., 691 S.W.2d 410, 412 (Mo.App.1985); Staab v. Laclede Gas Co., 691 S.W.2d 343, 344-45[1] (Mo.App.1985); Matthews v. Roadway Express, Inc., 660 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Mo.App.1983); Gunnerson v. Kansas City Structural Steel Co., 535 S.W.2d 585, 591-92[6] (Mo.App.1976); Todd v. Goostree, 493 S.W.2d 411, 417, 421 (Mo.App.1973); Oder v. St. Joe Minerals Corp., 484 S.W.2d 487, 497-98 (Mo.App.1972); Greer v. Black, Sivalls & Bryson, Inc., 483 S.W.2d 763, 765-66 (Mo.App.1972); Govreau v. Farmington Transfer Co., 473 S.W.2d 750, 755-56[4] (Mo.App.1971); Herbert v. Sharp Bros. Contracting Co., 467 S.W.2d 105, 107 (Mo.App.1971); Boatwright v. ACF Industries, 463 S.W.2d 549, 552, 554 (Mo.App.1971); Gill v. Massman Construction Co., 458 S.W.2d 878, 881 (Mo.App.1970); Greer v. Missouri State Highway Dept., 362 S.W.2d 773, 778 (Mo.App.1962); Patane v. Stix, Baer and Fuller, 326 S.W.2d 402, 413 (Mo.App.1959); Driemeyer v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 153 S.W.2d 821, 825 (Mo.App.1941).

. All statutory citations are to RSMo 1994 unless otherwise indicated.

. Section 287.020, as amended in 1993, uses the term "work” eight times, while never using the term “workplace.” To the extent that the Abel opinion limits the term "work” to the concept “workplace,” it should not be followed for claims governed by the 1993 amendment.

. The dissent claims that this result is contrary to the Abel opinion. In fact, the Abel opinion did not analyze or apply the 1993 amendment, because the accident there occurred in 1991.