Court Opinion

ID: 4910243
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-10 19:01:29.852026+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:23.416385
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
              for the Fifth Circuit                               United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Fifth Circuit

                                                                         FILED
                                                                 September 10, 2021
                                   No. 21-50792                     Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                         Clerk

Whole Woman’s Health, on behalf of itself, its staff, physicians,
nurses, and patients; Alamo City Surgery Center, P.L.L.C., on
behalf of itself, its staff, physicians, nurses, and patients, doing business as Alamo
Women’s Reproductive Services; Brookside Women’s Medical
Center, P.A., on behalf of itself, its staff, physicians, nurses, and patients,
doing business as Brookside Women’s Health Center and Austin Women's
Health Center; Houston Women’s Clinic, on behalf of itself, its staff,
physicians, nurses, and patients; Houston Women’s Reproductive
Services, on behalf of itself, its staff, physicians, nurses, and patients;
Planned Parenthood Center for Choice, on behalf of itself, its
staff, physicians, nurses, and patients; Planned Parenthood of
Greater Texas Surgical Health Services, on behalf of itself, its
staff, physicians, nurses, and patients; Planned Parenthood South
Texas Surgical Center, on behalf of itself, its staff, physicians, nurses,
and patients; Southwestern Women’s Surgery Center, on
behalf of itself, its staff, physicians, nurses, and patients; Whole Women’s
Health Alliance, on behalf of itself, its staff, physicians, nurses, and
patients; Medical Doctor Allison Gilbert, on behalf of herself
and her patients; Medical Doctor Bhavik Kumar, on behalf of
himself and his patients; The Afiya Center, on behalf of itself and its
staff; Frontera Fund, on behalf of itself and its staff; Fund Texas
Choice, on behalf of itself and its staff; Jane’s Due Process, on behalf
of itself and its staff; Lilith Fund, Incorporated, on behalf of itself
and its staff; North Texas Equal Access Fund, on behalf of itself
and its staff; Reverend Erika Forbes; Reverend Daniel
Kanter; Marva Sadler,

                                                              Plaintiffs—Appellees,

                                       versus
                                  No. 21-50792

Judge Austin Reeve Jackson; Penny Clarkston; Mark Lee
Dickson; Stephen Brint Carlton; Katherine A. Thomas;
Cecile Erwin Young; Allison Vordenbaumen Benz; Ken
Paxton,

                                                       Defendants—Appellants.

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Western District of Texas
                           USDC No. 1:21-cv-616

Before Jones, Duncan, and Engelhardt, Circuit Judges.
Per Curiam:
       This case presents a challenge to a recently enacted Texas law, S.B. 8,
which authorizes private civil actions against persons who abort an unborn
child with a detectable fetal heartbeat. The plaintiffs, a coalition of Texas
abortion providers, principally seek an injunction against the Texas court
system—judges, clerks, and a hypothetical private litigant—to prevent any
Texas court from entertaining suits under S.B. 8. The unusual nature of the
law and of the challenge to it raise “complex and novel antecedent procedural
questions.” Whole Woman’s Health v. Jackson, No. 21A24, 2021 WL
3910722, at *1 (U.S. Sept. 1, 2021). Our panel must address some of those
questions in order to decide a flurry of motions filed as the law took effect last
Wednesday, September 1.
       The motions arise out of the defendants’ appeal of the district court’s
denial of their motions to dismiss the case on jurisdictional grounds. Due to
the compressed timeframe, we had to decide some of those motions without
giving reasons. We give them now. Two other motions concerning the private
individual, Mark Lee Dickson, are still pending. We decide those today. At
the outset, we provide a summary of our ruling.

                                        2
                                 No. 21-50792

       First, as to the state officials’ appeal. The district court denied the
officials’ Eleventh Amendment immunity defenses, and they immediately
appealed under the collateral-order doctrine. The district court properly
stayed proceedings against those defendants. However, the plaintiffs then
sought an emergency motion for injunction pending appeal, premised on
their argument that the district court’s Eleventh Amendment immunity
ruling was correct. We previously DENIED that motion and now explain
why. S.B. 8 emphatically precludes enforcement by any state, local, or agency
officials. The defendant officials thus lack any “enforcement connection” to
S.B. 8 and are not amenable to suit under Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908).
       Second, as to Dickson’s appeal. The district court denied Dickson’s
motion to dismiss, which relied on standing and other jurisdictional grounds,
and Dickson appealed. But the district court declined to stay proceedings
against Dickson and proposed to go forward against him alone. Dickson then
asked us for a stay, and we temporarily stayed proceedings while considering
his request. In the meantime, the plaintiffs moved to dismiss Dickson’s
appeal. We conclude that jurisdictional issues presented in the proceedings
against Dickson are related to the issues presented in the state officials’
collateral-order appeal. The notice of appeal therefore divested the district
court of jurisdiction over Dickson as well as the officials. See Griggs v.
Provident Consumer Discount Co., 459 U.S. 56, 58 (1982). Accordingly, we
DENY the plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss Dickson’s appeal, and we GRANT
Dickson’s motion to stay the district court proceedings pending appeal.
       Finally, we EXPEDITE the appeal to the next available oral
argument panel.

                                      3
                                      No. 21-50792

                                  Background
        A group of Texas abortion providers and others (“Plaintiffs”)1
brought a pre-enforcement challenge under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to Senate Bill 8
(“S.B. 8”), a Texas abortion law that took effect on September 1, 2021. S.B.
8, 87th Leg., Reg. Sess. (Tex. 2021) (codified at Tex. Health & Safety
Code § 171.201, et seq.). Plaintiffs named as defendants several Texas
agency heads and a putative class of all Texas state judges and clerks of court
(“State Defendants”) as well as a private Texas citizen, Mark Lee Dickson
(“Dickson”) (collectively “Defendants”).2 They sought injunctive and
declaratory relief to prevent enforcement of the law.
        S.B. 8 prohibits a physician from performing an abortion on “a
pregnant woman”3 if her unborn child has a detectable fetal heartbeat, absent

        1
          Plaintiffs (Appellees here) are Whole Woman’s Health, Alamo City Surgery
Center P.L.L.C. d/b/a Alamo Women’s Reproductive Services; Brookside Women’s
Medical Center, P.A. d/b/a Brookside Women’s Health Center and Austin Women’s
Health Center; Houston Women’s Clinic; Houston Women’s Reproductive Services;
Planned Parenthood Center for Choice; Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas Surgical
Health Services; Planned Parenthood South Texas Surgical Center; Southwestern
Women’s Surgery Center; Whole Women’s Health Alliance; Medical Doctor Allison
Gilbert; Medical Doctor Bhavik Kumar; The Afiya Center; Frontera Fund; Fund Texas
Choice; Jane’s Due Process; Lilith Fund, Inc.; North Texas Equal Access Fund; Reverend
Erika Forbes; Reverend Daniel Kanter; Marva Sadler.
        2
          Defendants (Appellants here) are Judge Austin Reeve Jackson, a state district
judge in Smith County, Texas; Penny Clarkston, a clerk for the district court of Smith
County; Mark Lee Dickson, the prolife activist; Stephen Brint Carlton, the county judge of
Orange County, Texas; Katherine A. Thomas, Executive Director of the Texas Board of
Nursing; Cecile Erwin Young, Executive Commissioner of the Texas Health and Human
Services Commission; Allison Vordenbaumen Benz, Executive Director of the Texas State
Board of Pharmacy; and Ken Paxton, Texas Attorney General.
        3
         The district court felt moved to “note that people other than those who identify
as ‘women’ may also become pregnant and seek abortion services.” Order at 2 n.2. This
notion, whatever it might mean, ignores that the law applies only to “an abortion on a
pregnant woman.” Tex. Health & Safety Code § 171.204(a) (emphasis added).

                                            4
                                       No. 21-50792

a medical emergency. Tex. Health & Safety Code §§ 171.204(a);
171.205(a). Conspicuously, the law limits enforcement to “private civil
actions.” Section 171.207, entitled “Limitations on Public Enforcement,”
provides in relevant part:
        Notwithstanding Section 171.005 or any other law, the
        requirements of this subchapter shall be enforced exclusively
        through the private civil actions described in Section 171.208.
        No enforcement of this subchapter, and no enforcement of
        Chapters 19 and 22, Penal Code, in response to violations of
        this subchapter, may be taken or threatened by this state, a
        political subdivision, a district or county attorney, or an
        executive or administrative officer or employee of this state or
        a political subdivision against any person, except as provided
        in Section 171.208.
Id. § 171.207(a).4 In turn, section 171.208 provides that “any person” other
than state officials may bring a civil action against persons who perform
prohibited abortions and those who aid and abet them. Id. § 171.208(a). If a
violation is found, courts shall award injunctive relief, damages “not less than
$10,000” for each abortion, and costs and attorney’s fees. Id. § 171.208(b).
Among other affirmative defenses, a defendant may prove that the relief
sought “will impose an undue burden” on a woman or women the defendant
has standing to represent. Id. § 171.209(b); see also id. § 171.208(f).
        In light of S.B. 8’s enforcement mechanism, Plaintiffs have adopted a
novel strategy for their pre-enforcement challenge. Principally, they seek to
enjoin the entire Texas judiciary to prevent any court from entertaining S.B.
8 lawsuits. See Compl. for Decl. and Inj. Relief—Class Action (“Compl.”),

        4
          See also id. § 171.005 (providing S.B. 8 “shall be enforced exclusively through the
private civil enforcement actions described by Section 171.208 and may not be enforced by
the commission”).

                                             5
                                       No. 21-50792

at 35 (seeking to certify a class “of all non-federal judges in the State of Texas
with jurisdiction over civil actions and the authority to enforce S.B. 8”). To
that end, they have sued a putative class of all state judges and clerks of court,
as well as Dickson, who they allege is likely to bring a future S.B. 8 civil action.
But see Whole Woman’s Health, 2021 WL 3910722, at *1 (observing “the sole
private-citizen defendant before us has filed an affidavit stating that he has no
present intention to enforce the law”). Following the logic of that strategy,
their complaint groups these defendants—judges, clerks, and Dickson—
together.5 The complaint refers to Dickson as “a private individual deputized
to bring S.B. 8 enforcement actions under color of state law.” Compl. at 7.6
        As relevant here, all Defendants moved to dismiss the lawsuit on the
grounds of sovereign immunity and Article III standing. The district court
denied those motions. Defendants appealed and sought from our court an
emergency stay of all district court proceedings, including an impending
preliminary injunction hearing, as well as a temporary administrative stay
pending our resolution of the emergency stay motion. While those motions
were pending, the district court granted a stay as to the State Defendants,
allowing proceedings to continue against Dickson alone. In our court,
Plaintiffs filed an opposition to Dickson’s stay motion along with a motion to

        5
          See Compl. at 7 (stating Plaintiffs bring claims “against a putative class of Texas
state-court judges who will be called upon to enforce S.B. 8’s terms; a putative class of
Texas court clerks who will participate in the enforcement scheme by . . . accepting S.B. 8
enforcement actions for filing and issuing service of process; [and] Mark Lee Dickson, a
private individual deputized to bring S.B. 8 enforcement actions under color of state law,
from whom Plaintiffs face a credible threat of enforcement”).
        6
         Plaintiffs also sued various state agency officials, claiming that they “indirectly”
enforce S.B. 8 through after-the-fact investigations and licensing decisions. We address the
claims against those defendants infra.

                                             6
                                      No. 21-50792

dismiss his appeal. We then administratively stayed all district court
proceedings and requested a response from Dickson, which he filed.7
                                    Discussion
                           I. State Defendants’ Appeal
        We denied multiple requests for emergency relief filed by Plaintiffs
after 1 a.m. on Sunday, August 29, 2021. We now briefly explain the grounds
for our actions, as they relate to the State Defendants’ appeal (we separately
address the motions related to Dickson’s appeal, infra).
        Plaintiffs sought an injunction pending appeal to prevent Defendants
from enforcing S.B. 8. They also filed emergency motions asking us to
(a) vacate our stay of all district court proceedings pending appeal of the State
Defendants’ Eleventh Amendment immunity claims; (b) vacate the district
court’s self-imposed stay of proceedings involving the State Defendants in
order to obtain rulings on class action status and a temporary or preliminary
injunction of S.B. 8; or (c) vacate the district court’s denial of the sovereign
immunity claims and remand, purportedly to restore district court
jurisdiction over the entire controversy. As the emergency motions’ viability
is contingent on Plaintiffs’ motion for injunction pending appeal, we address
only that request.
        To obtain an injunction pending appeal pursuant to Federal Rule of
Appellate Procedure 8(a)(2)(A)(i), Plaintiffs must show (1) a strong
likelihood of success on the merits; (2) irreparable injury in the absence of an

        7
         In the interim, we denied Plaintiffs’ emergency motions for an injunction pending
appeal, to vacate both courts’ stays, and to vacate the district court’s order denying
Defendants’ motion to dismiss. We also denied Plaintiffs’ request to decide the underlying
appeal on an expedited basis that would have required full briefing and a decision over one
weekend. Plaintiffs then sought emergency injunctive relief in the United States Supreme
Court, which was denied. See Whole Woman’s Health, 2021 WL 3910722, at *1.

                                            7
                                        No. 21-50792

injunction; (3) that the balance of hardships weighs in their favor if injunctive
relief is granted; and (4) that the public interest favors such relief. Fla.
Businessmen for Free Enter. v. City of Hollywood, 648 F.2d 956, 957 (5th Cir.
1981).8 Our denial turned on the first prerequisite: Plaintiffs’ inability to
demonstrate a likelihood of success on the pending immunity appeals.
        Plaintiffs sued several categories of state officers: the Texas Attorney
General; certain state professional licensing officials; a state district judge,
and a court clerk.9 Along with various standing and justiciability principles
likely to preclude federal court jurisdiction, the State Defendants claim
immunity under the Eleventh Amendment, which forbids suits against non-
consenting states in federal court absent other (here inapplicable) exceptions.
See Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 54 (1996). Plaintiffs seek
to avoid the Eleventh Amendment bar by asserting that each type of State
Defendant has “some connection” with enforcing S.B. 8 that permits an
injunction against the officer in his or her official capacity. See Young, 209
U.S. at 157. If a state officer is a proper party under Ex parte Young,
prospective injunctive relief is available to order that officer not to enforce
state law that violates federal law. We must therefore consider the quality of
connection between each State Defendant and the enforcement of S.B. 8.
        This court is no stranger to suits testing the limits of the Young
doctrine. In fact, Louisiana’s previous attempts to regulate abortion practice
resulted in an en banc case and a subsequent panel decision. See Okpalobi v.

        8
           We agree with Plaintiffs that it was “impracticable” first to seek a stay in the
district court. See Fed. R. App. P. 8(a)(2)(A)(i). Our previously issued stay of district
court proceedings, including but not limited to a preliminary injunction hearing originally
scheduled to commence on Monday, August 30, made district court action impracticable.
        9
         Pending in the district court is a motion to certify a class of all Texas state judges
and court clerks, but that motion has yet to be decided.

                                              8
                                      No. 21-50792

Foster, 244 F.3d 405 (5th Cir. 2001) (en banc); K.P. v. LeBlanc, 627 F.3d 115,
125 (5th Cir. 2010). In Okpalobi, a state statute created private tort claims
against doctors who perform abortions. 244 F.3d at 409. This court held en
banc that plaintiffs, abortion providers covered by the law, lacked Article III
standing to sue the state’s governor and attorney general, who had no more
than a “general duty” to enforce the law in question. Id. at 418. A significant
plurality also concluded that the plaintiffs failed to show that those officers
had a sufficient “enforcement connection” to enable relief under Young.
Okpalobi, 244 F.3d at 423 (plurality op.); see also id. at 416 (describing the
required connection as a “particular duty to enforce the statute . . . and a
demonstrated willingness to exercise that duty”).
        A few years later, this court held that abortion providers did state an
actionable Young claim against the members of the state board responsible for
overseeing the Louisiana Patient’s Compensation Fund, where state law
denied abortion providers the benefit of participating in the Fund. K.P., 627
F.3d at 125. The K.P. court refused to speculate whether our precedent
requires a “special relationship,” as urged by the Okpalobi plurality, or
merely “some connection” with state law to justify injunctive relief against
the state officer. Id. at 124. Instead, the court emphasized that
“[e]nforcement [of the challenged law] typically involves compulsion or
constraint.” Id. at 124 (internal quotations omitted). Under the facts
presented, the board members exercised the responsibility to approve or
deny claims pursuant to the law. Id. at 123. These decisions bookend our
analysis.10 Plaintiffs fail to show any enforcement connection between any of

        10
         See also City of Austin v. Paxton, 943 F.3d 993, 997 (5th Cir. 2019) (articulating
the “some connection” requirement).

                                            9
                                      No. 21-50792

the State Defendants and S.B. 8, and therefore cannot satisfy either
understanding of Ex parte Young.
        The district court, following the Plaintiffs’ lead, read section
171.207(a) not to preclude enforcement by the State Defendants. This ignores
the statute’s plain language: “Notwithstanding Section 171.005 or any other
law, the requirements of this subchapter shall be enforced exclusively through
the private civil actions . . . .” § 171.207(a) (emphasis added). And the
provision continues, prohibiting civil or criminal enforcement by “this state,
a political subdivision, a district or county attorney, or an executive or
administrative officer or employee of this state or a political subdivision
against any person.” Ibid. Indeed, along with S.B. 8, the enforcement powers
of the Texas Health and Human Services Commission were amended to
provide that, unlike other chapters of the code, S.B. 8 “shall be enforced
exclusively through the private civil enforcement actions described by Section
171.208 and may not be enforced by the commission.” § 171.005 (eff. Sept.
1, 2021) (emphasis added). This language could not be plainer. Exclusive
means exclusive, and notwithstanding any other law means notwithstanding
any other law.11 When the district court imputed “indirect” S.B. 8
enforcement authority to other agency provisions, it ran the multiple red
lights in S.B. 8’s text.
        Confirming that none of the State Defendants has an “enforcement
connection” with S.B. 8 is not difficult in light of the statute’s express
language and our case law. To begin, the Texas Attorney General has no
official connection whatsoever with the statute. No enforcement power
means no enforcement power. Okpalobi teaches that state law enforcement

        11
          In the same vein, section 171.208(a) authorizes civil suits by any person “other
than an officer or employee of a state or local government entity . . . .”

                                           10
                                  No. 21-50792

officials’ general duty to enforce state law cannot render them suable under
Young. It follows a fortiori that the doctrine cannot apply where state law
specifically forecloses them from acting.
       Based on the same principle, Plaintiffs have no Young claim against
the state licensing officials, namely the Executive Directors of the Texas
Medical Board, Texas Nursing Board, or the Texas Board of Pharmacy, or
the state Health and Human Services Commissioner. The district court
suggested these officials would have authority to “indirectly” enforce S.B. 8
by, for example, suspending the license of a physician found to have violated
S.B. 8. But the law’s plain language is in tension with that conclusion. It
provides that “[n]o enforcement . . . in response to violations of this
subchapter . . . may be taken or threatened by . . . an executive or
administrative officer or employee of this state . . . except as provided in
Section 171.208.” Tex. Health & Safety Code § 171.207(a). But
even assuming such agency actions could follow an S.B. 8 judgment, it is
speculative whether those actions would ever occur, given the vicissitudes of
litigation. And even then, the agencies’ roles would bear little resemblance to
agencies we have found suable under Young. Take K.P., which found board
members proper defendants because they themselves administered a fund
from which a challenged law purported to exclude abortion providers. See
K.P., 627 F.3d at 124–25 (explaining “the Board’s role starts with deciding
whether to have a medical review panel consider abortion claims and ends
with deciding whether to pay them,” thus “delegat[ing] [to Board members]
some enforcement authority”). The agency officials sued here have no
comparable “enforcement” role under S.B. 8. Under the terms of S.B. 8,
then, no prospective injunctive relief is authorized against these officials.
       Finally, Plaintiffs’ claims against a state judge and court clerk are
specious. Young explicitly excludes judges from the scope of relief it
authorizes:

                                       11
                                       No. 21-50792

        [T]he right to enjoin an individual, even though a state official,
        from commencing suits . . . does not include the power to
        restrain a court from acting in any case brought before it, either
        of a civil or criminal nature. . . . [A]n injunction against a state
        court would be a violation of the whole scheme of our
        government.
209 U.S. at 163. Moreover, it is well established that judges acting in their
adjudicatory capacity are not proper Section 1983 defendants in a challenge
to the constitutionality of state law. Bauer v. Texas, 341 F.3d 352, 359 (5th Cir.
2003); Just. Network Inc. v. Craighead Cty., 931 F.3d 753, 763 (8th Cir. 2019);
Allen v. DeBello, 861 F.3d 433, 440 (3d Cir. 2017).
        Since 1996, Section 1983 precludes injunction actions against judicial
officers acting in their judicial capacity.12 Plaintiffs cite no cases to the
contrary that postdate this amendment. They do, however, focus on this
proviso to Section 1983, which states that where declaratory relief is
“unavailable,” an injunction may be ordered against state judges. The
proviso has no force here because temporary unavailability, which is all the
Plaintiffs assert, is not “unavailability.” More broadly, the Declaratory
Judgment Act requires an “actual controversy” between plaintiffs and
defendants, 28 U.S.C. § 2201(a), but no such controversy exists. Jones v.
Alexander, 609 F.2d 778, 781 (5th Cir. 1980). The Plaintiffs are not
“adverse” to the state judges. See Bauer, 341 F.3d at 359. When acting in
their adjudicatory capacity, judges are disinterested neutrals who lack a
personal interest in the outcome of the controversy. It is absurd to contend,
as Plaintiffs do, that the way to challenge an unfavorable state law is to sue

        12
           See 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (providing in relevant part that “in any action brought
against a judicial officer for an act or omission taken in such officer’s judicial capacity,
injunctive relief shall not be granted unless a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory
relief was unavailable”).

                                             12
                                          No. 21-50792

state court judges, who are bound to follow not only state law but the U.S.
Constitution and federal law.13 Plaintiffs’ position is antithetical to
federalism, violates the Eleventh Amendment and Ex parte Young, and
ignores state separation of powers. Further, although not expressly covered
by the judicial exception to 1983, the court clerks act under the direction of
judges acting in their judicial capacity. Their duty within the court is to
accept and file papers in lawsuits, not to classify “acceptable” pleadings.
Accordingly, the clerks are improper defendants against whom injunctive
relief would be meaningless. See Chancery Clerk of Chickasaw Cty. v. Wallace,
646 F.2d 151, 160 (5th Cir. 1981).14
        We are mindful that S.B. 8 applies to pre-viability abortions, which
may “raise[] serious questions regarding the constitutionality of the Texas
law.” Whole Woman’s Health, 2021 WL 3910722, at *1. But see also ibid.
(noting the Court’s order “in no way limits other procedurally proper
challenges to the Texas law, including in Texas state courts”); Tex.
Health & Safety Code § 171.209(b)–(c) (providing “affirmative
defense to liability” if defendant shows that relief sought “will impose an
undue burden” on a properly represented woman or group of women). But
we must respect the limits of our jurisdiction. Based on a suit against the State
Defendants, to reach the merits a federal court would have to exercise
“hypothetical jurisdiction,” a long-rejected technique by which some courts
had “assum[ed] the existence” of jurisdiction in doubtful cases because they

        13
             In fact, several lawsuits challenging S.B. 8 are currently pending in state court.
        14
             We do not even take into account the many other justiciability defenses
Defendants have raised beyond Young. Defendants have argued powerfully that, not only
do they enjoy Eleventh Amendment immunity, but federal jurisdiction is also lacking under
Article III. Related doctrines of standing, ripeness, and justiciability are also likely to prevail
because these Plaintiffs have no present or imminent injury from the enactment of S.B. 8.
See Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 564 (1992).

                                                13
                                      No. 21-50792

thought an adverse ruling on the merits was easier. See Steel Co. v. Citizens
for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 93–94 (1998). No version of hypothetical
jurisdiction could enable this court to grant Plaintiffs affirmative relief in the
absence of jurisdiction. See id. at 98–101.15 The Supreme Court “decline[d]
to endorse such an approach because it carries the courts beyond the bounds
of authorized judicial action and thus offends fundamental principles of
separation of powers.” Id. at 94. A court would do precisely that if, in its zeal
to reach the merits, it hurdled the obvious jurisdictional defects present here.
                               II. Dickson’s Appeal
        We next address the two related motions pending before us related to
the appeal by Dickson, the hypothetical private litigant sued by Plaintiffs.
        Recall that Plaintiffs sued Dickson as part of their pre-enforcement
strategy to enjoin the Texas court system from entertaining any S.B. 8 suits.
Their complaint treats their claims against Dickson together with the
putative class of state judges and court clerks. See Compl. at 7. In seeking
dismissal, Dickson raised standing defenses as well as broader justiciability
issues. The district court denied Dickson’s motion and, along with the State
Defendants, he appealed. In light of that appeal, the district court stayed
further proceedings as to the State Defendants but not as to Dickson. The
court reasoned that Dickson did not assert a claim to sovereign immunity nor
“provide . . . a legitimate independent basis for staying the proceedings as to
him.” We then temporarily stayed district court proceedings while
considering whether Dickson was entitled to a stay. Plaintiffs opposed
Dickson’s stay request and also moved to dismiss his appeal.

        15
          Cf. Norton v. Mathews, 427 U.S. 524 (1976); Secretary of Navy v. Avrech, 418 U.S.
676 (1974) (per curiam); United States v. Augenblick, 393 U.S. 348 (1969).

                                            14
                                      No. 21-50792

        Consequently, the matters now before us are Dickson’s motion for a
stay pending appeal and Plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss Dickson’s appeal. The
parties join argument on the basis of appellate jurisdiction. Plaintiffs argue
that we lack jurisdiction to review the district court’s non-final order denying
Dickson dismissal on the basis of standing and that Dickson’s appeal must
therefore be dismissed. See, e.g., Netsphere, Inc. v. Baron, 799 F.3d 327, 331
(5th Cir. 2015) (“Our appellate jurisdiction is normally limited to ‘final
decisions of the district courts of the United States.’”) (quoting 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291)). Dickson counters that our appellate jurisdiction over the State
Defendants’ collateral-order appeal encompasses issues implicated by his
appeal. Therefore, he argues, the notice of appeal divested the district court
of jurisdiction over him as well as the State Defendants, and his appeal
therefore should not be dismissed. This is also the ground on which Dickson
argues he merits a stay pending appeal.16
        Our court has jurisdiction under the collateral-order doctrine to
immediately review the State Defendants’ appeal contesting the order
denying their Eleventh Amendment immunity defenses. See, e.g., Haverkamp
v. Linthicum, 6 F.4th 662, 669 (5th Cir. 2021) (citing Puerto Rico Aqueduct &
Sewer Auth. v. Metcalf & Eddy, 506 U.S. 139, 143 (1993)). Furthermore, the
notice appealing that order “divest[ed] the district court of its control over
those aspects of the case involved in the appeal.” Griggs, 459 U.S. at 58; see
also Weingarten Realty Invs. v. Miller, 661 F.3d 904, 908 (5th Cir. 2011)
(“Although appeals transfer jurisdiction from the district court to the
appellate court concerning ‘those aspects of the case involved in the appeal,’
the district court is nonetheless free to adjudicate matters that are not

        16
           Dickson makes no separate argument that he is entitled to a stay under the
familiar four-part test applying Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 8. See Nken v. Holder,
556 U.S. 418, 426 (2009).

                                            15
                                  No. 21-50792

involved in that appeal.” (citations omitted)). The district court implicitly
found such a divestiture of jurisdiction over the State Defendants, which
explains why it granted a stay as to them. But the court concluded it was not
similarly divested of jurisdiction over Dickson, whose defenses it found
distinct from the State Defendants’ sovereign immunity defenses. The court
therefore denied a stay as to Dickson and—if we dismiss Dickson’s appeal or
deny his stay motion—proposes to go forward with preliminary injunction
and summary judgment proceedings as to Dickson alone.
       We must therefore address whether the district court’s proceedings
as to Dickson encompass “aspects of the case involved in the [State
Defendants’] appeal.” Griggs, 459 U.S. at 58; see also Weingarten, 661 F.3d at
907–10 (applying Griggs). We ask whether “the [State Defendants’] appeal
and the claims before the district court [as to Dickson] address the same legal
question.” Weingarten, 661 F.3d at 909. If they do, then the district court was
divested of jurisdiction over Dickson by the filing of the notice of appeal, and
Dickson is therefore entitled to a stay of proceedings pending appeal and a
denial of the Plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss. In this inquiry, sovereign immunity
issues “call for a broader reading of the Griggs jurisdictional transfer” than
other issues. Ibid.; see also Alice L. v. Dusek, 492 F.3d 563, 565 (5th Cir.
2007) (per curiam) (“How broadly a court defines the aspects of the case on
appeal depends on the nature of the appeal.”).
       Dickson makes various arguments as to why we should rule in his
favor, but we need address only one to dispose of the present motions. As
Dickson points out, on an interlocutory appeal reviewing the denial of
Eleventh Amendment immunity, “we may first determine whether there is
federal subject matter jurisdiction over the underlying case.” Hospitality
House, Inc. v. Gilbert, 298 F.3d 424, 429 (5th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted);
see also Planned Parenthood Gulf Coast, Inc. v. Phillips, 5 F.4th 568, 581 (5th
Cir. 2021) (same). The State Defendants’ appeal, in addition to Eleventh

                                       16
                                       No. 21-50792

Amendment immunity, encompasses other jurisdictional issues that also
pertain to Dickson. For instance, a significant issue is whether a federal court
has subject matter jurisdiction to enjoin state officers acting in their
adjudicatory capacity, an issue raised repeatedly in the district court by all
parties.17 Indeed, the Supreme Court has already questioned, in this very
case, the propriety of “issu[ing] an injunction against state judges asked to
decide a lawsuit under Texas’s law.” Whole Woman’s Health, 2021 WL
3910722, at *1 (citing Young, 209 U.S. at 163). In addition to his own standing
arguments, Dickson raised precisely these same jurisdictional issues in the
district court.18
        It is therefore evident that the claims as to Dickson implicate “aspects
of the case involved in the [State Defendants’] appeal.” Griggs, 459 U.S. at
58. This follows from the underlying theory of Plaintiffs’ suit, which, as
noted, seeks to enjoin the Texas judiciary from entertaining S.B. 8 filings.
Having sought injunctive relief against Texas judges and Texas clerks of
court, Plaintiffs also logically sought relief against a possible Texas litigant,
Dickson. Plaintiffs’ complaint makes the connection between judges, clerks,
and Dickson impossible to miss. As to the clerks, Plaintiffs sued them because
they are “directed to accept filing of and issue citations for service of process

        17
           See Bauer v. Texas, 341 F.3d 352, 359 (5th Cir. 2003) (“The requirement of a
justiciable controversy [under Article III of the Constitution] is not satisfied where a judge
acts in his adjudicatory capacity.” (citations omitted)); Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. at 163
(“The difference between the power to enjoin an individual from doing certain things, and
the power to enjoin courts from proceeding in their own way to exercise jurisdiction, is
plain, and no power to do the latter exists because of a power to do the former.”).
        18
           Moreover, standing issues raised both in the appeal and the district court pertain
to all parties. For instance, whether relief against any Defendant would redress the
Plaintiffs’ claimed injuries cuts across every Defendant in the litigation, including Dickson.
This is the kind of subject-matter jurisdiction issue that our court may properly consider in
a collateral-order appeal. See Hospitality House, 298 F.3d at 429.

                                             17
                                        No. 21-50792

in S.B. 8 civil actions.” Compl. at 38. As to the judges, Plaintiffs sued them
because S.B. 8 actions “may be brought in the . . . [courts] where they
preside” and they are “directed to enforce compliance with the Act by
implementing the remedies mandated by S.B. 8.” Id. at 36. And Plaintiffs
sued Dickson because of “a credible threat that he will sue them under S.B.
8.” Id. at 16.19 Indeed, the complaint describes Dickson as “a private
individual deputized to bring S.B. 8 enforcement actions under color of state law.”
Id. at 7 (emphasis added); see also Whole Woman’s Health, 2021 WL 3910722,
at *3 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting) (arguing that “the Texas Legislature has
deputized the State’s citizens as bounty hunters”).
        We therefore conclude that jurisdictional issues in Dickson’s appeal
are “inextricably intertwined” with the same issues in the State Defendants’
appeal, over which we indisputably have appellate jurisdiction. Escobar v.
Montee, 895 F.3d 387, 391 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting Swint v. Chambers Cty.
Comm’n, 514 U.S. 35, 51 (1995)). From this, it follows that the notice of
appeal divested the district court of jurisdiction over Dickson as well as the
State Defendants. See Griggs, 459 U.S. at 58; Weingarten, 661 F.3d at 908.
        We are not blind to the “serious questions regarding the
constitutionality of the Texas law at issue.” Whole Woman’s Health v.
Jackson, 2021 WL 3910722, at *1. We are also mindful of the real-world
effects while courts resolve these vexing procedural questions. But we point
out, as did the Supreme Court, that potential S.B. 8 defendants will be able
to raise defenses before state courts that are bound to enforce the

        19
           See also id. at 7 (stating that Plaintiffs bring claims “against a putative class of
Texas state-court judges who will be called upon to enforce S.B. 8’s terms; a putative class
of Texas court clerks who will participate in the enforcement scheme by . . . accepting S.B.
8 enforcement actions for filing and issuing service of process; [and] Mark Lee Dickson, a
private individual deputized to bring S.B. 8 enforcement actions under color of state law,
from whom Plaintiffs face a credible threat of enforcement”).

                                              18
                                       No. 21-50792

Constitution. See ibid. (noting the Court’s “order . . . in no way limits other
procedurally proper challenges to the Texas law, including in Texas state
courts”).20 Nonetheless, for a federal court to proceed to the merits without
certainty of jurisdiction “would threaten to grant unelected judges a general
authority to conduct oversight of decisions of the elected branches of
Government.” California v. Texas, 141 S. Ct. 2104, 2116 (2021) (citation
omitted). In light of that nonnegotiable principle, we cannot allow
proceedings to go forward while our court considers whether the federal
judiciary has any power to entertain this novel lawsuit to begin with.
                                    Conclusion
        IT IS ORDERED that Plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss Dickson’s
appeal is DENIED.
        IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Dickson’s motion for stay of
district court proceedings pending appeal is GRANTED.
        IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this appeal is EXPEDITED
to the next available oral argument panel.

        20
           See also Temporary Restraining Order, Planned Parenthood of Greater Tex.
Surgical Health Servs. et al. v. Texas Right to Life et al., No. D-1-GN-21-004632 (53rd Dist.
Ct., Travis County, Tex. Sept. 3, 2021) (entering TRO against putative S.B. 8 plaintiffs).
We also note that United States recently challenged S.B. 8 by suing Texas in federal district
court. See United States v. State of Texas, No. 1:21-cv-796 (W.D. Tex. Sept. 9, 2021).

                                             19