Court Opinion

ID: 888913
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-06-05 05:27:37.926426+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:04:47.690651
License: Public Domain

August 5 2009

                                       DA 07-0299

                  IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

                                       2009 MT 261

STATE OF MONTANA, ex rel. STEVE BULLOCK,

           Plaintiff and Appellant,

     v.

PHILIP MORRIS, INC., et al.,

           Defendants and Appellees.

APPEAL FROM:        District Court of the First Judicial District,
                    In and For the County of Lewis and Clark, Cause No. CDV 1997-306
                    Honorable Thomas C. Honzel, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

             For Appellant:

                    David R. Paoli, John A. Kutzman, Paoli, Latino & Kutzman, P.C.,
                    Missoula, Montana

             For Appellee Philip Morris USA Inc.:

                    J. Daniel Hoven, Sara S. Berg, Browning, Kaleczyc, Berry & Hoven, P.C.,
                    Helena, Montana

             For Appellees R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company and Lorillard Tobacco Company:

                    William Evan Jones, Lawrence F. Daly, Charles E. Hansberry, Garlington,
                    Lohn & Robinson, PLLP, Missoula, Montana

             For Appellees Certain Subsequent Participating Manufacturers:

                    Sean M. Morris, Worden Thane P.C., Missoula, Montana

                    Robert J. Brookhiser, Elizabeth B. McCallum, Howrey LLP,
                    Washington, D.C.
                                 Submitted on Briefs: December 19, 2007

                                           Decided: August 5, 2009

Filed:

         __________________________________________
                           Clerk

                             2
Justice James C. Nelson delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1     The State of Montana appeals from an order entered by the First Judicial District

Court, Lewis and Clark County, granting the motion of Philip Morris USA Inc., R.J.

Reynolds Tobacco Company, and Lorillard Tobacco Company to compel arbitration. We

reverse and remand for further proceedings.

                                    BACKGROUND

¶2     This appeal arises out of litigation that began in 1997, when the State sued the

nation’s largest tobacco manufacturers for the public health costs caused by the industry’s

alleged ongoing misrepresentations to consumers about the risks of smoking. Other

states and territories filed similar litigation. In 1998, four of the tobacco manufacturers

(Philip Morris, R.J. Reynolds, Lorillard, and Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.1)

entered into a Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) with 46 states (including Montana2),

the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa,

and the Northern Mariana Islands. These four defendants are referred to in the MSA as

“original participating manufacturers” (OPMs), and the states, territories, and District of

Columbia are referred to as the “Settling States.” The MSA permits other tobacco

companies to join the settlement in order to avoid future litigation, and the companies

which have done so are designated “subsequent participating manufacturers” (SPMs). A

number of SPMs have intervened in the present suit. Finally, the original participating

manufacturers and the subsequent participating manufacturers are known collectively as

       1
        Brown & Williamson merged with R.J. Reynolds in 2004.
       2
        The tobacco companies and four states (Florida, Minnesota, Mississippi, and
Texas) entered into individual settlement agreements.

                                              3
“participating manufacturers” (PMs), while the tobacco companies that are not

signatories to the MSA are known as “non-participating manufacturers” (NPMs).

¶3    In exchange for the Settling States’ release of all claims, the PMs agreed to certain

marketing restrictions and to make annual payments to the Settling States “for the

advancement of public health” and “the implementation of important tobacco-related

public health measures.” The PMs do not make payments directly to individual Settling

States; rather, each PM is required to make a single, nationwide payment into an escrow

account, and the amounts are then allocated among the Settling States. Each PM’s

individual contribution to the account is based on its market share. Likewise, each

Settling State receives an “allocable share” of the sum of all payments made by the PMs

in the year in question. Montana’s allocable share is 0.4247591%. The State received

$24.8 million in MSA funds in 2006; $25.8 million in 2007; and $34.6 million in 2008.

¶4    The MSA assigns several responsibilities to an “Independent Auditor,” which is

defined as “a major, nationally recognized, certified public accounting firm.”3

Specifically, the Independent Auditor

      shall calculate and determine the amount of all payments owed pursuant to
      [the MSA], the adjustments, reductions and offsets thereto (and all resulting
      carry-forwards, if any), the allocation of such payments, adjustments,
      reductions, offsets and carry-forwards among the Participating
      Manufacturers and among the Settling States, and shall perform all other
      calculations in connection with the foregoing . . . .

In calculating the PMs’ annual payments, the Independent Auditor takes the base amount

owed by the PMs for the calendar year and then applies a series of adjustments,

      3
          The parties selected PricewaterhouseCoopers as the Independent Auditor.

                                            4
reductions, and offsets. Of relevance to this case is the Non-Participating Manufacturer

Adjustment (NPM Adjustment). The parties to the MSA recognized that the marketing

restrictions and payment obligations imposed on PMs could give NPMs a competitive

advantage and cause the PMs to lose market share to the NPMs.               Moreover, they

recognized that a transfer of market share to the NPMs would undermine the purposes of

the MSA. Thus, the NPM Adjustment serves to level the playing field by reducing the

PMs’ annual payment obligations if it is determined that (1) the PMs collectively lost

more than two percent of their pre-MSA (i.e., 1997) aggregate market share to NPMs

during the year in question and (2) “the disadvantages experienced as a result of the

provisions of [the MSA] were a significant factor contributing to” this loss.

¶5     The NPM Adjustment typically applies to the allocated payment for each Settling

State; however, a Settling State can avoid the NPM Adjustment if it “continuously had a

Qualifying Statute . . . in full force and effect during the entire calendar year immediately

preceding the year in which the payment in question is due, and diligently enforced the

provisions of such statute during such entire calendar year.” A “Qualifying Statute” is a

statute, regulation, law, or rule that “effectively and fully neutralizes the cost

disadvantages that the Participating Manufacturers experience vis-à-vis Non-Participating

Manufacturers within such Settling State as a result of the provisions of [the MSA].” If a

Settling State meets these requirements, then the NPM Adjustment is inapplicable to that

Settling State and is reallocated among the other Settling States on a pro rata basis.

¶6     The present litigation concerns the PMs’ annual payments for 2006. The PMs had

lost the requisite percentage of market share in 2003, and an economic consulting firm

                                              5
had determined that the disadvantages imposed by the MSA were a “significant factor”

contributing to that loss. Thus, the PMs asked the Independent Auditor to offset their

2006 payments by the amount of the 2003 NPM Adjustment. In response, the Settling

States contended that they each had enacted Qualifying Statutes which were in full force

and effect in 2003 and that the Independent Auditor should presume, in the absence of

substantial evidence to the contrary, that state officials had “diligently enforced” those

statutes. The PMs, however, argued that the Independent Auditor must “presume just the

opposite,” i.e., that the statutes had not been diligently enforced.

¶7     The Independent Auditor declined to apply the NPM Adjustment to the PMs’ 2006

payments. Noting the parties’ dispute over whether the Settling States continuously had

Qualifying Statutes “in full force and effect” and whether they “diligently enforced” the

provisions of such statutes, the Independent Auditor explained that it was “not charged

with the responsibility under the MSA of making a determination regarding this issue.”

Moreover, the Independent Auditor stated that it was “not qualified to make the legal

determination as to whether any particular Settling State has ‘diligently enforced’ its

Qualifying Statute.” Thus, the Independent Auditor concluded that “[u]ntil such time as

the parties resolve this issue or the issue is resolved by a trier of fact, the Independent

Auditor will not modify its current approach to the application of the NPM Settlement

Adjustment.” In effect, the Independent Auditor presumed that the Settling States had

diligently enforced their Qualifying Statutes.

¶8     On April 10, 2006, the OPMs served notice that they disputed the Independent

Auditor’s final calculations. Nevertheless, the OPMs paid the full amounts calculated by

                                              6
the Independent Auditor, though R.J. Reynolds and Lorillard paid the sums attributable to

the disputed amount into the Disputed Payments Account provided for in the MSA.

¶9     The State then commenced the instant action on May 8, 2006, by filing a motion

for declaratory order. The State alleged that Montana had enacted a Qualifying Statute

(§§ 16-11-401 to -404, MCA) in 1999 when the Legislature adopted the Model Statute

set forth in Exhibit T of the MSA. The State further alleged that the provisions of

§§ 16-11-401 to -404, MCA, were continuously in full force and effect during 2003 and

that the State had diligently enforced these provisions during that year. The State relied

on the presumption contained in § 26-1-602(15), MCA (“[o]fficial duty has been

regularly performed”) and also listed certain actions it had taken to enforce §§ 16-11-401

to -404, MCA. The State asked the District Court to enter an order declaring that

Montana diligently enforced the provisions of §§ 16-11-401 to -404, MCA, during 2003.

In the alternative, the State asked the District Court to determine that the PMs “have

released, waived, or are estopped to assert any claim that Montana did not diligently

enforce the Model Statute with regard to the 2003 escrow payment.” The State alleged

that the court had jurisdiction under § VII(a)(2) of the MSA, which provides that each

individual state court retains exclusive jurisdiction for the purposes of “implementing and

enforcing” the MSA and the Consent Decree as to such Settling State.

¶10    The OPMs responded with a motion to compel arbitration (which the intervening

SPMs joined). They relied on § XI(c) of the MSA, which states:

              Resolution of Disputes. Any dispute, controversy or claim arising
       out of or relating to calculations performed by, or any determinations made
       by, the Independent Auditor (including, without limitation, any dispute

                                            7
       concerning the operation or application of any of the adjustments,
       reductions, offsets, carry-forwards and allocations described in subsection
       IX(j) or subsection XI(i)) shall be submitted to binding arbitration before a
       panel of three neutral arbitrators, each of whom shall be a former Article III
       federal judge. . . .

The OPMs argued that the parties’ dispute was one “arising out of or relating to

calculations performed by, or . . . determinations made by, the Independent Auditor.”

The OPMs also asserted that the parties’ dispute concerned the “application” of an

adjustment “described in subsection IX(j)” (namely, the NPM Adjustment). The OPMs

next argued that allowing Settling States to challenge the Independent Auditor’s

determinations in their respective state courts would “wreak havoc” on the MSA’s

payment system. Lastly, the OPMs contended that the law favors arbitration when a

contract contains an arbitration clause.

¶11    In response, the State emphasized that it sought a ruling only with respect to its

own diligent enforcement efforts and that it was not asking the District Court to calculate

any payments or adjustments. The State also pointed out that the arbitration provision

applies only to “calculations performed by” and “determinations made by” the

Independent Auditor, and the State argued that the Independent Auditor is, by definition,

an accounting firm which is not vested by the MSA with responsibility for evaluating the

exercise of prosecutorial discretion by the various state attorneys general to determine

whether their respective Qualifying Statutes have been diligently enforced.

¶12    The District Court agreed with the State that the MSA does not define “diligent

enforcement,” does not outline the standard by which a Settling State meets this

requirement, and does not expressly charge the Independent Auditor with the duty of

                                             8
determining whether a Settling State has “diligently enforced” its Qualifying Statute.

Nevertheless, the court concluded that the parties’ dispute “concerning the Auditor’s

determination not to apply the 2003 NPM Adjustment” was a matter for arbitration. The

court first observed that the issue of whether “diligent enforcement” has occurred is

“necessarily linked” to whether the NPM Adjustment applies. The court then reasoned

that although the Independent Auditor did not explicitly determine that the Settling States

were diligently enforcing their Qualifying Statutes, the Independent Auditor “presumed”

that they were. In the District Court’s view, this “presumption of ‘diligent enforcement’

is essentially a determination and, under Section IX(c), MSA, this determination is a

matter for arbitration.” The State now appeals.

                                         ISSUE

¶13    The sole issue on appeal is whether the District Court erred in granting the PMs’

motion to compel arbitration.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶14    This Court reviews a district court’s order granting a motion to compel arbitration

de novo. Martz v. Beneficial Montana, 2006 MT 94, ¶ 10, 332 Mont. 93, 135 P.3d 790.

                                     DISCUSSION

¶15    Arbitration is a matter of contract, and a party cannot be required to submit to

arbitration a dispute which it has not agreed so to submit.        AT&T Technologies v.

Communications Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 648, 106 S. Ct. 1415, 1418 (1986);

accord Willems v. U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray, 2005 MT 37, ¶ 13, 326 Mont. 103, 107
P.3d 465. Moreover, unless the parties “clearly and unmistakably” provide otherwise, the

                                            9
question of whether the parties agreed to arbitrate is to be decided by the court, not the

arbitrator. AT&T Technologies, 475 U.S. at 649, 106 S. Ct. at 1418; cf. Kingston v.

Ameritrade, 2000 MT 269, ¶ 13, 302 Mont. 90, 12 P.3d 929 (“[A] district court may not

order arbitration if there is a substantial and bona fide dispute over whether there exists

an agreement to arbitrate.” (citing § 27-5-115, MCA)). Thus, the first task of a court

asked to compel arbitration of a dispute is to determine whether the parties agreed to

arbitrate that dispute. Mitsubishi Motors v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, 473 U.S. 614, 626,

105 S. Ct. 3346, 3353 (1985); cf. Willems, ¶ 13 (“When a district court is asked to compel

arbitration of a dispute, the threshold inquiry is whether the parties agreed to arbitrate.”).

When deciding whether the parties agreed to arbitrate a certain matter, courts generally

should apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of contracts. See

First Options of Chicago v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944, 115 S. Ct. 1920, 1924 (1995);

Willems, ¶ 13 (“Because arbitration is a matter of contract, the rules of contract apply.”);

§ 28-3-102, MCA (“A contract is to be interpreted according to the law and usage of the

place where it is to be performed . . . .”). Indeed, the MSA itself states that “[t]his

Agreement (other than the Escrow Agreement) shall be governed by the laws of the

relevant Settling State, without regard to the conflict of law rules of such Settling State.”

¶16    Under Montana law, the construction and interpretation of a contract is a question

of law for the court to decide. Ophus v. Fritz, 2000 MT 251, ¶ 19, 301 Mont. 447, 11
P.3d 1192. “A contract must be so interpreted as to give effect to the mutual intention of

the parties as it existed at the time of contracting, so far as the same is ascertainable and

lawful.” Section 28-3-301, MCA. “When a contract is reduced to writing, the intention

                                             10
of the parties is to be ascertained from the writing alone if possible . . . .” Section

28-3-303, MCA. “The whole of a contract is to be taken together so as to give effect to

every part if reasonably practicable, each clause helping to interpret the other.” Section

28-3-202, MCA. “The language of a contract is to govern its interpretation if the

language is clear and explicit and does not involve an absurdity.” Section 28-3-401,

MCA. “A contract must receive such an interpretation as will make it lawful, operative,

definite, reasonable, and capable of being carried into effect if it can be done without

violating the intention of the parties.” Section 28-3-201, MCA. Laws existing at the time

a contract is formed become part of the contract. Earls v. Chase Bank of Texas, N.A.,

2002 MT 249, ¶ 12, 312 Mont. 147, 59 P.3d 364. If the language of a contract is

unambiguous—i.e., reasonably susceptible to only one construction—the court must

apply the language as written. Mary J. Baker Revoc. Trust v. Cenex Harvest States, 2007
MT 159, ¶ 19, 338 Mont. 41, 164 P.3d 851.

¶17    Again, the MSA’s arbitration provision (§ XI(c)) provides, in relevant part, that

       [a]ny dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to calculations
       performed by, or any determinations made by, the Independent Auditor
       (including, without limitation, any dispute concerning the operation or
       application of any of the adjustments, reductions, offsets, carry-forwards
       and allocations described in subsection IX(j) or subsection XI(i)) shall be
       submitted to binding arbitration.

¶18    In applying this provision, we must first identify the parties’ “dispute, controversy

or claim.” The PMs frame the dispute in rather broad and imprecise terms. Specifically,

they assert that the parties’ dispute is over “the Auditor’s determination not to apply the

2003 NPM Adjustment.” As noted, the PMs lost the requisite percentage of market share

                                            11
in 2003, and an economic consulting firm determined that the disadvantages imposed by

the MSA were a “significant factor” contributing to that loss. These facts triggered an

NPM adjustment; however, the MSA states that a Settling State’s allocated payment

“shall not” be subject to an NPM Adjustment if the Settling State continuously had a

Qualifying Statute in full force and effect and diligently enforced the provisions of such

statute. Yet, while the MSA provides comprehensive formulas for determining whether

an NPM Adjustment is triggered, the MSA does not provide such formulas for evaluating

“diligent enforcement” of a Qualifying Statute.       Nor does it state what entity is

responsible for conducting that evaluation. The Independent Auditor concluded that it

was neither responsible nor qualified to determine diligent enforcement; and, for that

matter, the parties did not suggest that the Independent Auditor should make this

determination. Rather, the PMs argued that the Independent Auditor should presume that

the Settling States had not diligently enforced Qualifying Statutes, while the Settling

States argued in favor of the opposite presumption. The Independent Auditor ultimately

adopted the Settling States’ approach and presumed diligent enforcement, and that is

what the PMs dispute—i.e., the Independent Auditor’s decision to presume diligent

enforcement rather than presume no diligent enforcement.

¶19   But that is not the dispute here. The State filed the instant action not to challenge

any calculation, determination, or course of action actually performed, made, or chosen

by the Independent Auditor. Rather, the State sought a declaration that Montana had, in

fact, diligently enforced the provisions of §§ 16-11-401 to -404, MCA, during 2003.

Notably, the PMs have not alleged that Montana did not diligently enforce these statutes.

                                           12
In any event, the dispute in the present case, as framed in the State’s motion, is whether

Montana diligently enforced a Qualifying Statute. We reject the PMs’ attempts to

repackage the dispute in this case as something it clearly is not.

¶20    The second question is whether this dispute is one “arising out of or relating to

calculations performed by, or any determinations made by, the Independent Auditor.”

We agree with the State that it is not. The Independent Auditor neither “calculated” nor

“determined” whether Montana diligently enforced a Qualifying Statute. Rather, the

Independent Auditor simply presumed that Montana did so, and we cannot agree that this

constitutes a “determination” as contemplated by the MSA. To “presume” is “to suppose

to be true without proof.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 923 (10th ed.,

Merriam-Webster 1997).        To “determine,” by contrast, involves something more

affirmative, such as “to find out or come to a decision about by investigation, reasoning,

or calculation.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 315. Here, the Independent

Auditor refused to conduct any “investigation, reasoning, or calculation” regarding

whether the Settling States had diligently enforced their Qualifying Statutes. In this

connection, it is important to bear in mind that the Independent Auditor is defined in the

MSA as “a major, nationally recognized, certified public accounting firm,” whose duties

are to calculate and determine the amounts of payments, to collect all information

necessary to make such calculations and determinations, and to allocate such payments.

The PMs point to nothing in the MSA supporting their contention that the parties

intended for the Independent Auditor to interpret statutes and evaluate whether the

prosecutorial activities of the state attorneys general amount to “diligent enforcement” of

                                             13
those statutes. As the Independent Auditor itself stated, it is “not qualified” to make this

determination.

¶21    We also agree with the State that the question of whether Montana diligently

enforced a Qualifying Statute in 2003 does not “arise out of or relate to” any calculations

or determinations that the Independent Auditor actually “performed” or “made.” To be

sure, the State’s motion for declaratory order followed from the Independent Auditor’s

finding that the PMs lost the requisite percentage of market share in 2003 and from the

economists’ subsequent determination that the disadvantages imposed by the MSA were

a significant factor contributing to that loss. But the State’s motion in no way “arises out

of or relates to” the Independent Auditor’s market-share analysis. Indeed, that analysis

has not been challenged. Rather, the State’s motion relates to an issue (diligent

enforcement) that the Independent Auditor explicitly refused to determine, and it is clear

from the language of the arbitration provision that the parties intended to arbitrate only

those disputes which arise out of or relate to calculations or determinations that the

Independent Auditor actually “performed” or “made.”

¶22    The PMs point to the parenthetical in the arbitration provision, emphasized here:

       Any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to calculations
       performed by, or any determinations made by, the Independent Auditor
       (including, without limitation, any dispute concerning the operation or
       application of any of the adjustments, reductions, offsets, carry-forwards
       and allocations described in subsection IX(j) or subsection XI(i)) shall be
       submitted to binding arbitration.

                                            14
The PMs contend that subsection IX(j) describes the NPM Adjustment and that the

language of the parenthetical, therefore, mandates that all disputes “concerning” the

“application” of an NPM Adjustment must be arbitrated.

¶23    Again, we disagree. As noted, “[t]he whole of a contract is to be taken together so

as to give effect to every part if reasonably practicable, each clause helping to interpret

the other.” Section 28-3-202, MCA. Moreover, “[w]here there are several provisions or

particulars, such a construction is, if possible, to be adopted as will give effect to all.”

Section 1-4-101, MCA. Reading the parenthetical as the PMs urge, such that any dispute

concerning the application of an NPM Adjustment must be arbitrated, would effectively

nullify the limiting words “calculations performed by, or any determinations made by”

the Independent Auditor. When the arbitration provision is read as a whole, it is clear

that the parties intended to arbitrate only those disputes which involve calculations

performed or determinations made by the Independent Auditor. The situations identified

in the parenthetical are not “in addition to” those which come before the parenthetical.

Rather, the parenthetical, which begins with the word “including,” simply lists examples

and affirms that any calculations or determinations actually performed or made by the

Independent Auditor regarding “any of the adjustments, reductions, offsets, carry-

forwards and allocations described in subsection IX(j)” are to be submitted to arbitration.

In this regard, it is important to note that while subsection IX(j) does mention the NPM

Adjustment, it makes no mention of “diligent enforcement” or the Settling States’

exemption from the NPM Adjustment.

                                            15
¶24    The PMs also contend that arbitration is compelled by the MSA’s “single, unitary

payment structure.” The PMs opine that if “payment-related disputes” are not resolved

through “a single, nationwide arbitration” guided by “one clearly articulated set of rules,”

the result will be “chaos.” Moreover, the PMs argue that because granting one Settling

State an exception to the NPM Adjustment effectively reduces the payments to any

Settling States which do not qualify for this exception (pursuant to the reallocation

provision, see ¶ 5, supra), nationwide arbitration of the “diligent enforcement” issue for

all Settling States is necessary so that each state can participate.

¶25    We are not persuaded. For one thing, our decision must be based on Montana law

and the plain language of the arbitration provision, not on the PMs’ policy arguments. If

the PMs intended for the “diligent enforcement” question to be arbitrated pursuant to

“one clearly articulated set of rules” and with all Settling States present in one nationwide

forum, the PMs certainly were capable of negotiating for this requirement in the MSA.

As it is, no such language and no such rules appear in the MSA.                   Moreover,

notwithstanding the PMs’ apparent concern that some Settling States might suffer

reductions to their allocated payments, the fact remains that the question of whether

Montana diligently enforced its Qualifying Statute does not depend, in any way, on what

the other Settling States have or have not done.          If Montana diligently enforced a

Qualifying Statute, the NPM Adjustment does not apply to it; whether the other Settling

States did the same is immaterial.

¶26    As for the PMs’ desire for “one clearly articulated set of rules,” the PMs’

argument in this regard is undercut by the MSA’s Governing Law provision, which states

                                              16
that “[t]his Agreement . . . shall be governed by the laws of the relevant Settling State,

without regard to the conflict of law rules of such Settling State.” In executing the MSA,

the PMs clearly agreed to the application of various state laws, with the possibility of

differing outcomes on a single issue. In this connection, § VII(f) of the MSA states:

             Coordination of Enforcement. The Attorneys General of the
      Settling States (through NAAG) shall monitor potential conflicting
      interpretations by courts of different States of this Agreement and the
      Consent Decrees. The Settling States shall use their best efforts, in
      cooperation with the Participating Manufacturers, to coordinate and resolve
      the effects of such conflicting interpretations as to matters that are not
      exclusively local in nature.

Given this provision, the PMs’ concerns about “chaos” and no uniformity of decisions are

somewhat overstated. Indeed, even if, as the PMs argue, “one clearly articulated set of

rules” is preferable for deciding the “diligent enforcement” issue, this fact does not lead

inevitably to the conclusion that nationwide arbitration is “compelled.” Certainly the

individual state courts are capable of applying uniform rules (should they be

promulgated) in a consistent and evenhanded fashion to their respective Settling States.

¶27   Lastly, the PMs cite (in their briefs and in post-briefing notices of supplemental

authority) a number of cases from other state courts, each of which concluded that the

particular Settling State had agreed to arbitrate the issue of “diligent enforcement.” Of

course, those decisions are not binding on this Court. Moreover, they are of limited

persuasive value given that we are applying Montana law to the particular claims raised

by the State in its motion for declaratory order. And, while many of the decisions cited

by the PMs appear simply to be following suit with the earlier decisions of other state

courts, our independent review of the relevant provisions of the MSA and our application

                                            17
of Montana’s well-settled principles of contract interpretation require us to conclude that

the State of Montana did not agree to arbitrate the question of whether it diligently

enforced a Qualifying Statute.

                                    CONCLUSION

¶28    The District Court erred in granting the PMs’ motion to compel arbitration. We

accordingly reverse the District Court’s order and remand this case for further

proceedings consistent with this Opinion.

¶29    Reversed and remanded.

                                                 /S/ JAMES C. NELSON

We Concur:

/S/ PATRICIA O. COTTER
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
/S/ BRIAN MORRIS

Justice Jim Rice, dissenting.

¶30    Courts in 48 states, including the First Judicial District Court for the State of

Montana, have reviewed the issue in this case under their own state law, and have

unanimously concluded that the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) requires the issue

to be submitted to arbitration. I do not agree with the Court that the uniqueness of

Montana law requires a different conclusion. In my view, the Court has made analytical

                                            18
errors in both the application of the law and in the interpretation of the provisions of the

MSA which has led to an erroneous decision.

¶31    I. Policies Favoring Arbitration.

¶32    The decision in this case should not be made without consideration of the federal

and state policies favoring arbitration. Although the Court acknowledges in passing that

the manufacturers (OPMs) contend “that the law favors arbitration,” the Court fails to

consider the effect of this argument or the substantial body of law supporting it. The

Court cites U.S. Supreme Court Cases for the standards and law relevant to deciding

arbitration questions, but it ignores the parts of those same cases which concretely

establish an approach strongly favoring arbitration.      In Mitsubishi Motors, the U.S.

Supreme Court stated that “any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should

be resolved in favor of arbitration . . . .” 473 U.S. at 626, 105 S. Ct. at 3353-54

(quotation omitted; emphasis added). In AT & T Technologies, the U.S. Supreme Court

instructed that arbitration “should not be denied unless it may be said with positive

assurance that the arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the

asserted dispute.” AT & T Technologies, 475 U.S. at 650, 106 S. Ct. at 1419 (quotation

omitted; emphasis added). The fact that 48 jurisdictions, including 20 appellate courts,

have determined that the arbitration clause here is “susceptible of an interpretation that

covers the dispute” should give us pause.

¶33    Our Court has likewise recognized this policy in favor of arbitration. See Vukasin

v. D.A. Davidson & Co., 241 Mont. 126, 785 P.2d 713 (1990); Topolski v. Helena Assn.

of Realtors, Inc., 2000 MT 343, ¶ 9, 303 Mont. 224, 15 P.3d 414. Although the Court

                                             19
cites Kingston, ¶ 13, for the proposition that arbitration may not be ordered “if there is a

substantial and bona fide dispute over whether there exists an agreement to arbitrate,”

that statement should be taken in its context—we held there that the district court erred in

“not fully addressing whether a valid arbitration agreement exists” before looking to the

policy favoring arbitration, which we nonetheless recognized. Kingston, ¶¶ 16, 20. Here,

a valid arbitration agreement indisputably exists, and thus the policy favoring submission

of this particular dispute to that arbitration agreement should be applied, and should form

the backdrop of the interpretational issues raised herein.

¶34    II. Interpreting and Applying the Contract Language.

¶35    The parties dispute the Independent Auditor’s decision to presume “diligent

enforcement” by the State of Montana in determining the amount of the NPM

Adjustment and, consequently, the final payment amount. Section XI(c) of the MSA

states, in pertinent part, as follows:

       Resolution of Disputes. Any dispute, controversy, or claim arising out of
       or relating to calculations performed by, or any determinations made by,
       the Independent Auditor (including, without limitation, any dispute
       concerning the operation or application of any of the adjustments,
       reductions, offsets, carry-forwards and allocations described in subsection
       IX(j) or subsection XI(i)) shall be submitted to binding arbitration before a
       panel of three neutral arbitrators, each of whom shall be a former Article III
       federal judge.

¶36    I would first dispute the Court’s conclusion about what is incorporated within this

provision. In rejecting the OPMs’ interpretation, the Court states that “it is important to

note that while subsection IX(j) does mention the NPM Adjustment, it makes no mention

of ‘diligent enforcement’ or the Settling States’ exemption from the NPM Adjustment.”

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Opinion, ¶ 23. This is incorrect. Subsection IX(j) provides that “the NPM Adjustment

shall be applied . . . pursuant to subsections IX(d)(1) and (d)(2),” and, in turn, subsection

IX(d)(2) is the provision which establishes “diligent enforcement” and the Settling

States’ exemption. Contrary to the Court’s view, the arbitration provision incorporates

by reference the very provisions out of which the dispute in this case arises. Thus, the

parenthetical phrase in the arbitration provision, which provides examples “without

limitation” of disputes that should be arbitrated, specifically incorporates the “diligent

enforcement” exception to the NPM Adjustment and the Settling States’ exemption from

the NPM Adjustment, and clearly demonstrates that these are areas in which the

arbitration provision was intended to operate.

¶37    The Court further unduly narrows the scope of the parenthetical phrase. It states

that the phrase “simply lists examples and affirms that any calculations or determinations

actually performed or made” are to be submitted to arbitration. Opinion, ¶ 23. However,

the parenthetical provides examples, not merely of determinations, but of disputes

concerning such determinations (“including, without limitation, any dispute concerning .

. . any of the adjustments”). The Court likewise fails to apply the “arising out of or

relating to” language to this listing of disputes, to which I now turn.

¶38    A critical phrase within the arbitration clause is “arising out of or relating to.”

Within the context of arbitration, this phrase is interpreted nationally as playing the

important role of signifying the intent to broadly require arbitration concerning the

subject matter specified. In Fleet Tire Serv. of N. Little Rock v. Oliver Rubber Co., 118
F.3d 619, 621 (8th Cir. 1997), the court held that the term “relating to” in an agreement

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“constitutes the broadest language the parties could reasonably use to subject their

disputes to that form of settlement, including collateral disputes.” See also Collins &

Aikman Prods. Co. v. Building Sys., Inc., 58 F.3d 16, 20 (2d Cir. 1995) (an agreement

requiring arbitration for “‘any claim or controversy arising out of or relating to the

agreement,’ is the paradigm of a broad clause”); Mitsubishi Motors, 473 U.S. at 625, 105

S. Ct. at 3353, n. 13 (“[T]he exclusion of some areas of possible dispute from the scope

of an arbitration clause does not serve to restrict the reach of an otherwise broad clause in

the areas in which it was intended to operate.”). Thus, when interpreting the arbitration

provision, the broad application which the law has given to “arising out of or relating to”

should properly be considered.

¶39    Therefore, based upon a reading of the MSA as a whole, arbitration is required for

(1) any dispute, controversy or claim, (2) arising out of or relating to (3) calculations

performed by, or any determinations made by, the Independent Auditor (4) including,

without limitation, disputes concerning the operation or application of any of the

adjustments, including the NPM Adjustment, diligent enforcement, or the Settling States’

exemption from the NPM Adjustment.            Here, the Independent Auditor decided to

presume “diligent enforcement” by the Settling States in determining the NPM

Adjustment and the final payment. This decision resulted in a financial calculation which

is more than one billion dollars different than had the Auditor decided to apply the NPM

Adjustment without presuming “diligent enforcement.” Given the law’s policy favoring

arbitration, and given the MSA’s broad directive to arbitrate matters “relating to”

calculations made by and “any determinations made by” the Auditor, including those

                                             22
“concerning” the operation or application of adjustments, specifically, the NPM

Adjustment, I would conclude that whether Montana diligently enforced its statute, which

impacts the amount of the NPM Adjustment, is a dispute which must be arbitrated under

the MSA.

¶40    I believe the Court has made interpretational errors in reaching the opposite

conclusion, in addition to those discussed above. The Court’s decision hangs on two

propositions which are, in my view, extremely narrow and contrived interpretations of the

MSA.       First, the Court concludes that the Auditor did not actually make a

“determination” regarding the NPM Adjustment, but, rather, merely made a

“presumption” about the Adjustment. Distinguishing between dictionary definitions of

“determine” and “presume,” the Court concludes that the Auditor’s action (which

resulted in a billion dollar difference in the final payment calculation) was merely a

presumption which fell outside of the arbitration provision. However, given that all

controversies “related to” the Auditor’s “calculations” or “determinations” are to be

arbitrated, and are to be broadly interpreted, I must disagree with this narrow approach.

¶41    Secondly, the Court reasons that the Auditor, instead of making a calculation,

actually “refused to conduct” any calculation or investigation here, and therefore, this

dispute is not subject to arbitration because the MSA requires arbitration of only those

calculations “that the Independent Auditor actually performed or made.” Opinion, ¶¶ 20,

21. However, the Auditor had the responsibility of applying the NPM Adjustment and to

do so, was forced to make a decision on diligent enforcement. It is undisputed that the

Auditor did not fail to act—it acted by making the decision to presume diligent

                                            23
enforcement. Again, under the policies favoring arbitration, I view the Court’s approach

to be a hyper-technical reading of the MSA.

¶42    The Court’s approach does not truly ask whether the dispute arises out of or

relates to an Auditor’s determination, but, rather, narrowly asks whether a dispute

consists of an Auditor’s determination. The Court offers that the Auditor’s market-share

analysis “has not been challenged.”     Opinion, ¶ 21. Here, the Court has made an

assumption that the Auditor is merely a glorified calculator, and that the MSA requires

arbitration only of the Auditor’s numerical calculations. I believe this is a significant

narrowing of the plain language of the arbitration provision. Had the parties intended

arbitration to be limited to the Auditor’s calculations, I suspect the arbitration panel

would have consisted of accountants instead of federal judges. In reality, the Auditor

could not have “calculated” the final payment without making determinations concerning

the NPM Adjustment and diligent enforcement.

¶43    I believe the Court has applied an overly narrow interpretation of the terms of the

MSA and has failed to consider the policies favoring arbitration. I dissent and would

affirm the District Court.

                                                /S/ JIM RICE

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