Court Opinion

ID: 4595053
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:14:13.89573+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:51:21.633912
License: Public Domain

Estate of Mary H. Hays, Thomas J. Hays and Ruby Hays Thompson, Executors, Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentHays v. CommissionerDocket No. 15463United States Tax Court12 T.C. 210; 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 273; February 17, 1949, Promulgated *273 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  The decedent conveyed to herself as trustee for her four adult children certain farm lands, subject to mortgages on which she was primarily liable, reserving to herself the right as trustee to pay off the mortgage notes "out of income that may be derived from said lands, or in such manner as she deems to the best interest of the beneficiaries," and the further right to withhold income from the beneficiaries and add it to corpus.  The trust was to continue for the life of the grantor, except that she reserved the right to terminate it at any time during her lifetime, and upon termination the corpus was to go to the beneficiaries or their heirs at law.  Held, that the value of the trust property is includible in the decedent's gross estate. Ernest Kellner, Esq., for the petitioners.S. Earl Heilman, Esq., for the respondent.  LeMire, Judge.  LeMIRE *210  The respondent has determined an estate tax deficiency against the estate of Mary H. Hays, deceased, in the amount of $ 17,165.19.  The only question in issue is the inclusion in the gross estate of the value of four tracts of farm land comprising 2,713 acres of an admitted net value of $ 70,660.80, which the decedent transferred during her lifetime to a trust, of which she was the sole trustee, for the benefit of her four adult children.  There is no dispute as to the basic facts.FINDINGS OF FACT.The decedent died November 2, 1943, and the estate tax return was filed for her estate with the collector for the district of Mississippi.  *211  The return reported*275  a net estate of a minus value of $ 5,209.19.  The respondent in his audit of the return added thereto the value of stocks and bonds of a value of $ 700 and transfers made by the decedent during her lifetime of farm lands of a gross value of $ 107,023.96.  He allowed deductions not shown in the return of debts amounting to $ 36,363.16, leaving a net estate for basic tax of $ 66,151.61.  The computation shows a total tax of $ 21,153.54 and a deficiency, after assessments of $ 3,862.35 in 1944 and $ 126 in 1946, of $ 17,165.19.The trust in question was established by the decedent by declaration of trust dated July 31, 1941, in which she named herself as trustee for her four children.  The four parcels of farm land therein described were transferred to the trust "subject to the following liens or encumbrances":Tract No. 1.  None.Tract No. 2.  The lien of that deed of trust executed by Mary H. Hays, dated January 28, 1941, and recorded in Book 300, Page 27, of the Land Records of Washington County, Mississippi, securing an indebtedness of $ 20,000.00 owing to the Federal Land Bank of New Orleans, and the lien of that deed of trust executed by Mary H. Hays on January 28, 1941, and recorded*276  in Book 300, Page 29, of the Land Records of Washington County, Mississippi, securing an indebtedness of $ 4,500.00 owing to the Land Bank Commissioner.Tract No. 3.  The lien of that deed of trust executed by Georgie L. Magruder on February 1, 1924, and recorded in Book 192, Page 251, of the Land Records of Washington County, Mississippi, securing an indebtedness of $ 4,015.16 owing to the Federal Land Bank of New Orleans, which indebtedness was assumed by Mary H. Hays in the deed to her from the Bank of Hollandale, Hollandale, Mississippi, dated October 27, 1933, and recorded in Book 251, Page 316, of the Land Records of Washington, County Mississippi.Tract No. 4.  The lien of that deed of trust executed by Mary H. Hays on May 18, 1940, and recorded in Book 296, Page 169, of the Land Records of Washington County, Mississippi, securing an indebtedness of $ 6,708.00 owing to the Federal Land Bank of New Orleans, and the lien of that deed of trust executed by Mary H. Hays on May 18, 1940, and recorded in Book 296, Page 171, of the Land Records of Washington County, Mississippi, securing an indebtedness of $ 1,140.00 owing to the Land Bank Commissioner.The trustee herein is hereby*277  authorized and directed to pay the indebtedness secured by the foregoing liens or encumbrances out of the income that may be derived from said lands, or in such manner as she deems to the best interest of the beneficiaries, under the powers of the trustee hereinafter set forth.The trust agreement gave the trustee broad powers of management over the trust properties and further provided that:Section 1.  The trustee shall pay the net income of the trust estate or so much thereof as she deems to the best interest of the beneficiaries and to the best interest of the trust, monthly or quarterly, or as often as she deems best, to said beneficiaries in equal shares, and the net income not distributed shall remain in and become a part of the trust estate, however, the trustee shall not *212  be required to make any distribution of the net income of the trust estate to the beneficiaries at any time unless and until, in her discretion, the trustee deems such distribution to the best interest of the beneficiaries and of the trust estate.Section 2.  This trust shall continue until the death of the grantor unless prior thereto the trustee shall deem it to the best interest of the beneficiaries*278  and of the trust estate so to do, and in such event, the trustee may terminate this trust at any time.Upon the termination of the trust, either by the death of the grantor or by the trustee prior thereto, the trust estate shall be immediately distributed in kind to the beneficiaries, in equal shares.In the event of the death of any one of the beneficiaries during the continuance of this trust, the interest of such beneficiary shall pass to his or her heirs at law under the laws of descent and distribution of the State of Mississippi.The beneficiaries of this trust shall have no interest in the trust estate and the income therefrom, except to receive the same as herein provided, and said beneficiaries shall be without power to assign, pledge, encumber or sell their interest in the trust estate and the income therefrom shall never become liable for their debts.The trustee's compensation was to be $ 3,000 annually, payable $ 250 per month.The grantor filed a gift tax return for 1941 in which she reported a gift of the property conveyed to the trust at a valuation of $ 107,023.96, less encumbrances of $ 36,363.16.  She paid a gift tax thereon in the amount of $ 1,033.62.The income*279  of the trust to December 31, 1942, amounted to $ 39,285.99 and was all distributed by the trustee as follows:Trustee's salary$ 3,000.00Taxes on lands4,093.15Interest1,071.54Notes7,120.20T. J. Hays6,000.29Ruby Hays Thompson6,000.27Mary Hays Shakelford6,000.27Ruth Hays Sweatt6,000.27Total39,285.99There was no accumulated income in the trust at the time of the decedent's death, November 2, 1943.The decedent's four children named as beneficiaries of the trust were all over 21 years of age at the time the trust was created.OPINION.The respondent contends that the value of the trust property is includible in the decedent's gross estate for any one or all *213  of three reasons, namely: (1) Because of the grantor's reservation of a right of enjoyment of the income by having it applied against her obligation on the mortgage notes; (2) because of the grantor's reservation of a right to withhold the income from the beneficiaries; and (3) because of the grantor's reservation of the right to terminate the trust at any time.  The material provisions of the law are set out in the margin.  1*280 There would be little doubt as to the correctness of the respondent's action in including the value of the trust property in the decedent's gross estate under section 811 (c), if the income that was applied against the mortgage notes had been in satisfaction of the decedent's legal obligation.  See ; ; . The respondent's position is that the decedent remained liable on the mortgage notes and that the payments made on them out of the trust income pursuant to the trust agreement were for her use and enjoyment within the meaning of the statute.  The respondent refers to the following provisions of section 81.18 of Regulations 105:The use, possession, right to the income, or other enjoyment of the property will be considered as having been retained by or reserved to the decedent to the extent that during any such period it is to be applied towards the discharge of a legal obligation of the decedent, or otherwise for his pecuniary*281  benefit.The petitioners counter with the argument that the decedent did not remain primarily liable on the mortgage notes after the transfer of the *214  properties to the trust and that the payments made on the notes were not for her benefit, but were for the benefit of the trust.At the time of the transfers to the trust there were five mortgage notes against the properties, four of which had been executed by and one assumed by the decedent. Presumably the decedent was primarily liable on all the notes.  There is no showing or claim to the contrary.  She transferred the properties to the trust subject to the mortgages and charged the trust with the duty of paying the mortgage notes either out of trust income or otherwise.  There is nothing in the trust agreement or elsewhere in the evidence before us to show whether the grantor intended that the trust should assume the primary obligation on the mortgage notes or whether the grantor should remain primarily liable. There is no evidence that the mortgagee agreed to release the grantor from her obligation on the notes or to accept the trust as the primary debtor.  The petitioners argue that under the laws of the State of Mississippi*282  the trust, as grantee of the properties subject to the mortgages, became primarily liable on the mortgage notes by operation of law and that the decedent then became a surety with secondary liability.There is support for the petitioners' argument that under the laws of the State of Mississippi the grantee of property subject to mortgage who assumes the mortgage debt becomes primarily liable therefor and that the mortgagor becomes a surety. See ; . In the cited case the court stated the rule to be as follows:* * * As between the mortgagor and the grantee, the grantee becomes the principal debtor primarily liable for the debt, and the mortgagor becomes a surety, with all the consequences flowing from the relation of suretyship.  As between these two and the mortgagee, although he may treat them both as debtors and may enforce the liability against either, still, after receiving notice of the assumption, he is bound to recognize the condition of suretyship, and to respect the rights of the surety in all of his subsequent dealings with them.  * * *It is stated in 41 C. J. 733 *283  that:§ 783.  The assumption of the mortgage by the grantee of the mortgaged premises does not deprive the mortgagee of any rights or remedies he possessed against the mortgagor, or release the latter from liability for the debt secured, or for any part thereof still unpaid, unless the mortgagee has expressly agreed to release him to accept the grantee as his debtor in place of the mortgagor. * * *However, we do not think that our question here turns upon the nature of or the degree of the liability for payment of the mortgage notes as between the decedent and the trust estate. It is the reservation by the grantor of rights such as defined in the statute that determines its applicability.  The reservation by a grantor of a right not *215  exhausted prior to his death to have any of the income of the trust paid to him directly requires the inclusion of the whole trust corpus in his estate.  See . A right to have the trust income, or corpus, applied against an indebtedness which the grantor had incurred for his personal benefit would seem to be the equivalent of the "enjoyment" of or "the right to the income," whether*284  his obligation to repay the borrowed money was primary or secondary.  It could hardly be said that trust income used to repay a loan obtained by the grantor was not for the grantor's benefit when he has already received and enjoyed the funds represented by the loan.  The evidence before us does not show for what purpose the decedent obtained the mortgage loans on the trust properties.The fact that the payments made on the mortgage notes benefited the trust, in that they freed the trust properties of the burden of the mortgages, does not mean that they were not also for the benefit of the grantor. They may have been for the benefit of both, as would certainly have been the situation if under the trust agreement the grantor had remained primarily liable on the mortgage notes and the mortgagee had credited the payments of trust income to her debt.  The grantor would have been benefited by having her debt paid and the trust by having its property cleared of encumbrances.But even if the respondent is wrong in this contention, we think that he is right in his further contention that the decedent's reservation of a right to accumulate the income and to terminate the trust at any time *285  amounted to a right "to designate the persons who shall possess or enjoy the property or the income therefrom" within the meaning of section 811 (c), as well as a right to change the enjoyment by exercise of a power to terminate the trust under subsection (d).  ; ; ; affd. (on this point), .In , the Court said:It seems obvious that one who has the power to terminate contingencies upon which the right of enjoyment is staked, so as to make certain that a beneficiary will have it who may never come into it if the power is not exercised, has power which affects not only the time of enjoyment but also the person or persons who may enjoy the donation.  * * *The above language from the Holmes case precisely fits the situation here, where the grantor had the power to terminate the trust at any*286  time during her life so as to make certain that the present beneficiaries would come into the enjoyment of their shares of the trust estate -- an *216  eventuality which might have been prevented by their failure to survive the grantor.In the Budlong case, supra, we held that the right to withhold the income from the life beneficiaries and add it to trust corpus was a right "to designate the persons who shall possess or enjoy" the income within the meaning of section 811 (c).It is immaterial, we think, for the purpose of our present discussion, that in the Budlong case the accumulated income was to go to persons other than the primary beneficiaries, if the trust continued for their lives and was not terminated earlier by the grantor. That would have been the situation here if a primary beneficiary had predeceased the grantor.We see no merit in the petitioners' argument that the grantor here did not have the power, in her discretion, to withhold income distributions from the beneficiaries. The trust agreement clearly states that she had that right, and, further, that "the net income not distributed shall remain in and become a part of the trust estate." We find*287  no error in the respondent's inclusion of the value of the entire trust properties in the decedent's gross estate.Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  Footnotes1. SEC. 811. GROSS ESTATE.The value of the gross estate of the decedent shall be determined by including the value at the time of his death of all property, real or personal * * ** * * *(c) Transfers in Contemplation of, or Taking Effect at Death.  -- To the extent of any interest therein of which the decedent has at any time made a transfer, by trust or otherwise, in contemplation of or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after his death, or of which he has at any time made a transfer, by trust or otherwise, under which he has retained for his life or for any period not ascertainable without reference to his death or for any period which does not in fact end before his death (1) the possession or enjoyment of, or the right to the income from, the property, or (2) the right, either alone or in conjunction with any person, to designate the persons who shall possess or enjoy the property or the income therefrom; except in case of a bona fide sale for an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth.  * * *(d) Revocable Transfers.  --(1) Transfers After June 22, 1936.  -- To the extent of any interest therein of which the decedent has at any time made a transfer (except in case of a bona fide sale for an adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth), by trust or otherwise, where the enjoyment thereof was subject at the date of his death to any change through the exercise of a power (in whatever capacity exercisable) by the decedent alone or by the decedent in conjunction with any other person (without regard to when or from what source the decedent acquired such power), to alter, amend, revoke, or terminate, or where any such power is relinquished in contemplation of decedent's death;* * * *↩