Court Opinion

ID: 9927720
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-29 20:12:45.863463+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:28.880972
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued January 23, 2024

                                        In The

                                Court of Appeals
                                       For The

                           First District of Texas
                              ————————————
                                NO. 01-23-00186-CV
                             ———————————
           HARRIS CENTRAL APPRAISAL DISTRICT, Appellant
                                          V.
                          SHU SEAN ZHENG, Appellee

                     On Appeal from the 61st District Court
                             Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 2020-72964

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Harris Central Appraisal District (“HCAD”) appeals the trial court’s order

denying its plea to the jurisdiction. HCAD argues that Shu Sean Zeng filed his

petition for review of HCAD’s appraised value of his property after the applicable

60-day deadline, and therefore the trial court lacked jurisdiction over his petition and
his later amended petitions. For the reasons explained below, we agree. Therefore,

we reverse the trial court’s order denying HCAD’s plea to the jurisdiction and render

judgment dismissing Zheng’s claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

                                   BACKGROUND

      Zheng filed an original petition for review in district court on November 12,

2020. His petition challenged HCAD’s appraised value of his property for the 2020

tax year. He later amended his petition to include challenges to HCAD’s appraised

values of his property for the 2021 and 2022 tax years.

      HCAD then filed a plea to the jurisdiction asserting Zheng did not timely file

his original petition for review, which deprived the trial court of subject matter

jurisdiction from the time Zheng filed suit. The trial court denied HCAD’s plea,

citing the Texas Supreme Court’s emergency order that allowed courts to extend

deadlines during the COVID-19 pandemic. HCAD filed a motion for

reconsideration, which the trial court also denied. HCAD now appeals, arguing the

trial court erred in denying its plea to the jurisdiction.

                                     DISCUSSION

          Section 42.21 of the Tax Code and Subject Matter Jurisdiction

      Each year, a county appraisal district appraises all taxable property within its

boundaries. See TEX. TAX CODE § 23.01(a). A property owner may protest the

appraised value of his property by filing a notice of protest with his local appraisal

                                            2
review board. Id. § 41.44(a). The appraisal review board, after determining the

merits of the property owner’s claim, must issue a written order and send by certified

mail: (1) a notice of the order’s issuance; and (2) a copy of the order. Id. § 41.47(a),

(d).

       The property owner may appeal the order by filing a petition for review in a

district court “within 60 days after the party received notice that a final order has

been entered.” Id. § 42.21(a). The 60-day filing deadline is jurisdictional, meaning

that if the property owner does not timely file the petition, the trial court lacks subject

matter jurisdiction to hear the appeal. See id. (stating that “[f]ailure to timely file a

petition bars any appeal” of final order); Appraisal Rev. Bd. v. Int’l Church of

Foursquare Gospel, 719 S.W.2d 160, 160 (Tex. 1986) (per curiam) (dismissing

property owner’s suit for lack of jurisdiction because “[c]ompliance with § 42.21 is

jurisdictional”); Mansion Partners, Ltd. v. Harris Cnty. Appraisal Dist., No. 01-20-

00565-CV, 2022 WL 175357, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Jan. 20, 2022,

no pet.) (mem. op.) (“Timely filing of the petition for review is jurisdictional.”); see

also TEX. GOV’T CODE § 311.034 (statutory prerequisites to suit are jurisdictional

requirements in suit against governmental entity).

       Subject matter jurisdiction is “essential” to a court’s authority to decide a case.

Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443 (Tex. 1993). Subject

matter jurisdiction “is never presumed and cannot be waived.” Id. at 443–44. The

                                            3
issue of subject matter jurisdiction may be raised at any time, even for the first time

on appeal. Id. at 445. Failure to comply with a jurisdictional requirement to suit

“deprives the trial court of power to act, other than to determine that it lacks

jurisdiction.” Goss v. City of Houston, 391 S.W.3d 168, 173 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.).

                                 Standard of Review

       A party may challenge the existence of subject matter jurisdiction through a

plea to the jurisdiction. Klumb v. Houston Mun. Emps. Pension Sys., 458 S.W.3d 1,

8 (Tex. 2015). The existence of subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law that

we review de novo. Id. We consider the pleadings and factual assertions by the

parties, along with evidence in the record that is relevant to the jurisdictional issue.

Id. We look to the plaintiff’s intent and construe the pleadings liberally in his favor

to determine whether he has alleged facts affirmatively demonstrating jurisdiction.

Id. If the pleadings do not plead sufficient facts to demonstrate jurisdiction but do

not affirmatively negate jurisdiction, the trial court must give the plaintiff the

opportunity to amend. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217,

226–27 (Tex. 2004). If the pleadings affirmatively negate jurisdiction, then the trial

court must grant the plea without giving the plaintiff an opportunity to amend. Id. at

227.

                                           4
      If the plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts,

we consider whether the evidence in the record raises a fact issue. Id. at 227–28. If

so, the trial court cannot grant the plea to the jurisdiction, and the fact issue must be

resolved by the factfinder. Id. But if the evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact

question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court may rule on the plea to the

jurisdiction as a matter of law. Id. at 228.

                                        Analysis

      HCAD raises only one issue on appeal: that the trial court erred in denying its

plea to the jurisdiction. That issue relies on three arguments: (1) Zheng did not timely

file his original petition; (2) the Supreme Court’s applicable COVID-19 emergency

order did not extend the jurisdictional deadline to file the original petition; and (3)

Zheng’s amended petitions did not confer jurisdiction because the original petition

was null. We agree with each of these arguments and conclude the trial court erred

in denying HCAD’s plea to the jurisdiction.

      1.     Original Petition for Review Was Untimely

      HCAD argues that Zheng’s pleadings and jurisdictional evidence establish

that he did not timely file his original petition for review, and the trial court lacked

subject matter jurisdiction because the Tax Code’s 60-day filing deadline is a

jurisdictional requirement. Based on Zheng’s claim that he received notice on or

                                               5
about September 5, 2020, HCAD asserts that he needed to have filed his petition by

November 5, 2020. Zheng did not file his petition until November 12.

      Zheng argues that HCAD needed to prove the date he received notice to prove

that his November 12 filing was past the 60-day deadline, and he argues HCAD did

not prove that date. The 60-day deadline to file a petition begins on the date the

property owner receives notice. See TEX. TAX CODE § 42.21(a). Generally, for a

party to prevail on its plea to the jurisdiction based on Section 42.21 of the Tax Code,

that party must prove the property owner received notice more than 60 days before

filing his petition. See Mansion Partners, 2022 WL 175357, at *4.

      HCAD argues in response that it did not need to offer evidence to prove the

date Zheng received notice because Zheng’s pleadings and jurisdictional evidence

establish that he received notice more than 60 days before filing his petition.

      Zheng attached an affidavit to his response to HCAD’s plea to the jurisdiction.

In the affidavit, he referred to his original petition and stated that he “voluntarily

offered into the records the full factual accounting of the extraordinary events and

facts that led to and caused the two-week delay in the filing of [his] Original

Petition.” He went on to say, “I had always intended and planned to file my Original

Petition within the 60-day deadline. If not for [certain events and facts], I would have

filed the Original Petition within the 60-day deadline.”

                                           6
      After HCAD filed a motion to reconsider the order denying its plea to the

jurisdiction, Zheng filed another response with another affidavit. In this affidavit, he

stated:

            I received the Appraisal Review Board’s Order Determining
      Protest letter for tax year 2020 on or around September 5, 2020. . . .
      Based on the receipt date of September 5, 2020, I had calculated the 60-
      day statute of limitation deadline as specified in § 42.21 of the Texas
      Property Code to be November 5, 2020. Subsequently and with the
      advice of legal counsel I now understand that the correct day for this
      60-day statutory deadline should have been November 4, 2020.

We agree with HCAD that Zheng’s evidence establishes he received notice more

than 60 days before filing his petition; Zheng admits he did not timely file his

petition.

      Zheng argues that we must consider his intent in his pleadings. See Klumb,

458 S.W.3d at 8 (explaining that in determining subject matter jurisdiction, courts

look to plaintiff’s intent and construe pleadings liberally in his favor). He argues that

his pleadings show he intended to file on time. Zheng argued in both his original

petition and response to HCAD’s plea to the jurisdiction that he intended to file his

petition timely, but due to extraordinary circumstances, he could not. 1 These

pleadings thus acknowledge that Zheng did not timely file his petition.

1
      In his original petition, Zheng stated:

            Plaintiff, however, has been repeatedly delayed by changes in the Court’s
            filing procedures for Pro Se filers due to the COVID19 pandemic,
            challenges in securing legal representation and expert testimony,
            demands of the ongoing litigation Plaintiff has been pursuing . . . , and a
                                                7
      Zheng also argues that his original petition specifically pleaded that he

complied with all conditions precedent to filing suit, which shifted the burden of

proof to HCAD to specifically deny that the conditions precedent did not occur. He

argues HCAD did not file an answer indicating which conditions precedent did not

occur. However, HCAD filed a plea to the jurisdiction, which challenges the trial

court’s subject matter jurisdiction. Subject matter jurisdiction is “essential” to a

court’s authority to decide a case. Tex. Ass’n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 443. It “is never

presumed and cannot be waived.” Id. at 443–44. Thus, HCAD could not waive the

issue of subject matter jurisdiction by failing to deny a particular condition precedent

when, as here, the condition precedent to suit is a jurisdictional requirement. See

Gilles-Gonzalez v. Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr., No. 05-16-00078-CV, 2016 WL

3971411, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 22, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (rejecting

plaintiff’s argument that trial court could not grant plea to jurisdiction because

plaintiff pleaded she met all conditions precedent and defendant did not specifically

          flesh wound Plaintiff suffered on October 29, 2020 where Plaintiff’s left
          thumb was lacerated by a knife to a depth of half-inch, consequently
          Plaintiff was unable to file this Petition before the sixty-(60)-day deadline
          on November 5, 2020, which is only one-week prior to the final filing
          date of this Petition.

      In his response to HCAD’s plea to the jurisdiction, Zheng argued that his original
      petition established his intent to file the original petition within the 60-day deadline,
      quoted the preceding paragraph, and argued that if not for these extenuating
      circumstances, he would have.
                                              8
deny any condition precedent, and explaining that court must consider subject matter

jurisdiction regardless of specific denial of condition precedent).

        Therefore, Zheng’s pleadings and jurisdictional evidence establish that Zheng

did not timely file his original petition for review.

        2.    COVID-19 Emergency Order Did Not Extend Jurisdictional Deadline

        HCAD next argues that Zheng cannot rely on the Texas Supreme Court’s

emergency order to extend the jurisdictional 60-day filing deadline. See generally

Kim v. Ramos, 632 S.W.3d 258, 266–67 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2021, no

pet.) (providing history of Texas Supreme Court’s emergency orders regarding

COVID-19 following governor’s issuance of initial disaster declaration in March

2020).

        The Supreme Court’s Twenty-Sixth Emergency Order Regarding the COVID-

19 State of Disaster, the applicable order here, states:

               Subject only to constitutional limitations, all courts in Texas may
        in any case, civil or criminal—and must to avoid risk to court staff,
        parties, attorneys, jurors, and the public—without a participant’s
        consent . . . , modify or suspend any and all deadlines and procedures,
        whether prescribed by statute, rule, or order, for a stated period ending
        no later than December 1, 2020[.]

Twenty-Sixth Emergency Order Regarding COVID-19 State of Disaster, 609 S.W.3d

135, 135 (Tex. 2020). Zheng argues that the plain language of this order applies to

extend the deadline for filing a petition for review under Section 42.21 of the Tax

Code.

                                            9
      However, every court that has considered the issue has concluded that the

Supreme Court’s COVID-19 emergency orders do not extend jurisdictional

deadlines to create jurisdiction where it would not otherwise exist. E.g., Nix v. City

of Beaumont, No. 09-22-00042-CV, 2023 WL 4781212, at *5 (Tex. App.—

Beaumont July 27, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op.) (stating emergency orders do not

extend deadline for perfecting appeal, grant authority to revive jurisdiction once

appellate deadline passes, or grant jurisdiction where none otherwise exists); Harris

County v. Davidson, 653 S.W.3d 318, 323 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2022,

no pet.) (concluding emergency order did not extend jurisdictional deadline for filing

suit because order does not create jurisdiction where none exists); Prescod v. Tkach,

No. 02-21-00162-CV, 2022 WL 246858, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 27,

2022, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“The emergency orders do not give courts authority to

revive jurisdiction once a jurisdictional deadline has passed.”); Choudry v. Choudry,

No. 01-20-00698-CV, 2021 WL 3556660, at *1 n.1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

Aug. 12, 2021, no pet.) (per curiam) (mem. op.) (“[A]lthough the Supreme Court’s

emergency order provides that courts may modify or suspend deadlines . . . , nothing

in the emergency order suggests that it may be interpreted to grant jurisdiction where

jurisdiction no longer exists.”); Quariab v. El Khalili, No. 05-20-00979-CV, 2021

WL 960646, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 15, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(concluding emergency order did not reinstate trial court’s jurisdiction by extending

                                         10
deadline to exercise plenary power); Cantu v. Trevino, No. 13-20-00299-CV, 2020

WL 6073267, at *5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Sept. 24, 2020, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (“[N]othing in the emergency orders suggest that they alter the rules of

appellate procedure or purport to grant jurisdiction where none exists.”); see also In

re State ex rel. Ogg, 618 S.W.3d 361, 364 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (interpreting

Supreme Court’s emergency orders as “presuppos[ing] a pre-existing power or

authority over the case or the proceedings” and granting courts ability to “extend a

deadline . . . that would otherwise be part of the court proceedings,” but orders “do[]

not suggest that a court can create jurisdiction for itself where the jurisdiction would

otherwise be absent”).

      Zheng has not cited any authority to the contrary, nor have we found any. He

only argues there is nothing in the plain language of the order itself indicating a court

cannot extend jurisdictional deadlines. Yet every court interpreting the orders has

concluded the emergency orders do not extend jurisdictional deadlines. E.g.,

Choudry, 2021 WL 3556660, at *1 n.1 (“[N]othing in the emergency order suggests

that it may be interpreted to grant jurisdiction where jurisdiction no longer exists.”).

      Particularly, Zheng argues that some of the emergency orders specifically

excluded the deadline for perfecting appeals from the general granting of authority

                                           11
to extend deadlines.2 E.g., Eighth Emergency Order Regarding COVID-19 State of

Disaster, 597 S.W.3d 844, 844 (Tex. 2020) (stating any deadline for filing or service

of any civil case is tolled but “[t]his does not include deadlines for perfecting appeal

or for other appellate proceedings”); see also Cantu, 2020 WL 6073267, at *5

(interpreting Eighth Emergency Order and concluding order did not extend deadline

for perfecting appeal); Lane v. Lopez, No. 14-20-00633-CV, 2020 WL 6439689, at

*1 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 3, 2020, pet. denied) (per curiam) (mem.

op.) (interpreting Twenty-First Emergency Order, which also specifically excluded

deadline for perfecting appeal, and concluding order did not extend deadline for

perfecting appeal).

      But other orders, like the applicable order in this case, did not exclude the

deadline for perfecting appeals. Zheng argues the Supreme Court, by removing that

language, expressed an intent to give courts the discretion to extend appellate

deadlines by removing that language. But even when interpreting emergency orders

without the specific appellate deadline exclusion, courts have still held the

emergency orders do not extend jurisdictional deadlines or grant jurisdiction where

it does not otherwise exist. E.g., Davidson, 653 S.W.3d at 322 (interpreting Twenty-

Ninth Emergency Order, which did not exclude appeals, and concluding order did

2
      Zheng’s original petition was an appeal to the district court of the appraisal review
      board’s final order regarding the appraised value of his property.
                                           12
not extend jurisdictional deadline); Prescod, 2022 WL 246858, at *5 (interpreting

Thirty-Sixth Emergency Order, which did not exclude appeals, and concluding order

did not give trial court authority to extend jurisdictional deadline); Choudry, 2021

WL 3556660, at *1 n.1 (interpreting Twenty-Sixth Emergency Order, which did not

exclude appeals, and concluding order could not extend jurisdictional deadline to

grant jurisdiction where it no longer existed); Quariab, 2021 WL 960646, at *1–2

(interpreting Twenty-Sixth Emergency Order, which did not exclude appeals, and

concluding trial court lacked jurisdiction after plenary power expired and emergency

order could not grant jurisdiction to reinstate case).

      The Supreme Court’s emergency orders gave courts the discretion to extend

deadlines where that discretion already existed, but the orders did not create subject

matter jurisdiction where it did not already exist. See, e.g., Choudry, 2021 WL

3556660, at *1 n.1. Thus, we agree with HCAD that the emergency order applicable

to this case did not extend the 60-day jurisdictional deadline.

      One day before this appeal was set for submission, Zheng filed an amended

brief without leave of court. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.7 (“A brief may be amended or

supplemented whenever justice requires, on whatever reasonable terms the court

may prescribe.”). Generally, “a party must seek leave of court to file an amended or

supplemental brief, and the appellate court has some discretion in deciding whether

to allow the filing.” Palma v. Harris Cnty. Appraisal Rev. Bd., No. 01-17-00705-

                                          13
CV, 2018 WL 3355052, at *1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 10, 2018, pet.

denied) (mem. op.) (quoting Standard Fruit & Vegetable Co. v. Johnson, 985

S.W.2d 62, 65 (Tex. 1998)). Zheng’s amended brief did not raise any new issues not

included in his original brief, but it further elaborated his argument that the Supreme

Court’s emergency orders allowed courts to extend jurisdictional deadlines. HCAD

moved to strike the amended brief, but our conclusion on this part of HCAD’s sole

appellate issue—agreeing with HCAD that the Supreme Court’s emergency orders

did not allow courts to extend jurisdictional deadlines—renders the motion moot.

We therefore dismiss HCAD’s motion to strike Zheng’s amended brief as moot.

      3.     Amended Petitions Did Not Confer Jurisdiction

      Lastly, we consider HCAD’s argument that the trial court also lacked subject

matter jurisdiction over the claims Zheng added in his amended petitions.

      After Zheng filed his original petition for review of his 2020 appraisal, he

amended his petition to add claims to review his 2021 and 2022 appraisals. See TEX.

TAX CODE § 42.21(c) (authorizing property owner to amend original appeal to add

appeal of subsequent order). HCAD has not disputed that Zheng timely filed his

2021 and 2022 claims under the 60-day deadline applicable to each of those claims.

HCAD argues that, because the trial court lacked jurisdiction over Zheng’s original

petition, it “was a nullity” that could not create subject matter jurisdiction over any

amended petitions. See Goss, 391 S.W.3d at 175; see also San Jacinto River Auth.

                                          14
v. Lewis, 629 S.W.3d 768, 776–77 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2021, no pet.)

(holding that because trial court lacked jurisdiction over plaintiff’s original petition

it also lacked jurisdiction over claims asserted in amended petition, even though

court would have had jurisdiction over new claims if plaintiff had timely filed them).

      Zheng asserts that, even if the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction

over his original petition, his amended petitions “fully conferred” jurisdiction on the

trial court because he strictly complied with the statutory requirements for each of

the newly asserted claims. He relies on Section 42.21(c) of the Tax Code, which

provides that when a petition for review is pending, a property owner may appeal

subsequent appraisal review board orders by amending the original petition for

review to add the new claims. TEX. TAX CODE § 42.21(c).

      But Zheng’s argument is unavailing. We have already concluded the trial

court lacked jurisdiction over his original petition. The relevant time to determine

subject matter jurisdiction is when a suit is filed. “At that time, the court either has

jurisdiction or it does not. Jurisdiction cannot subsequently be acquired while the

suit is pending.” Bell v. Moores, 832 S.W.2d 749, 754 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 1992, writ denied); see also Tex. Ass’n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 446 n.9

(explaining that standing, as one component of subject matter jurisdiction, is

determined “at the time suit is filed in the trial court,” and relevant concern is “with

a party’s right to initiate a lawsuit and the trial court’s corresponding power to hear

                                          15
the case ab initio”); TJFA, L.P. v. Tex. Comm’n on Env’t Quality, 368 S.W.3d 727,

733 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012, pet. denied) (“[T]the authority of the court to act in

the matter is properly invoked by filing a petition alleging a claim falling under the

jurisdiction of the court. If the petition does not address a dispute falling under the

court’s jurisdictional umbrella, then the court does not have subject-matter

jurisdiction . . . .”).

       The trial court did not have jurisdiction over Zheng’s original petition.

Therefore, it could not later acquire jurisdiction over either his original claim or the

claims added by his amended petitions, even though the latter claims were timely

filed. See Bell, 832 S.W.2d at 754; see also Lewis, 629 S.W.3d at 776–77; Goss, 391

S.W.3d at 175.3 Because the original petition did not establish the trial court’s

jurisdiction, the trial court had no power to act, other than to determine that it lacked

jurisdiction. See Goss, 391 S.W.3d at 173; see also TEX. TAX CODE § 42.21(a)

(“Failure to timely file a petition bars any appeal under this chapter.”).

       In sum, we have concluded that (1) Zheng’s pleadings and evidence

established he did not timely file his original petition, so HCAD did not need to

3
       We note that the claims added by the amended petitions in both Lewis and Goss
       would have been untimely had they been filed in separate petitions, unlike the
       claims added by Zheng’s amended petitions in this case. See Lewis, 629 S.W.3d at
       775–76; Goss, 391 S.W.3d at 171. However, we still find the reasoning in Lewis
       and Goss persuasive; because the original petition did not establish the trial court’s
       jurisdiction, the trial court had no power to act and could not later acquire
       jurisdiction through amended petitions.
                                             16
prove the date he received notice; (2) the Texas Supreme Court’s applicable COVID-

19 emergency order did not extend the jurisdictional deadline to file the original

petition under Section 42.21 of the Tax Code; and (3) Zheng’s original petition did

not establish the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction, and thus the trial court also

lacked jurisdiction over his amended petitions adding new claims, even though the

new claims were timely. For these reasons, we conclude the trial court erred in

denying HCAD’s plea to the jurisdiction, and we sustain HCAD’s sole issue on

appeal.

      Because Zheng’s pleadings and evidence affirmatively negated jurisdiction,

the trial court should have granted HCAD’s plea to the jurisdiction and did not need

to give Zheng an opportunity to amend his pleadings. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227.

Therefore, we must dismiss Zheng’s claims because the trial court was without

subject matter jurisdiction to decide them. But our dismissal is without prejudice to

Zheng’s right, if any, to file or refile timely claims, and we express no opinion as to

the availability or viability of any future claims. See San Jacinto River Auth. v.

Ogletree, 594 S.W.3d 833, 842–43 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, no pet.)

(reversing trial court’s order denying plea to jurisdiction, rendering judgment

dismissing claims, but noting dismissal was without prejudice as to any viable future

claims).

                                           17
                                   CONCLUSION

      Because Zheng did not timely file a petition for review under Section 42.21

of the Tax Code, which is a jurisdictional bar, the trial court erred in denying

HCAD’s plea to the jurisdiction. We therefore reverse the trial court’s order denying

HCAD’s plea to the jurisdiction and render judgment dismissing Zheng’s claims for

lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

                                              Gordon Goodman
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Justices Goodman, Countiss, and Farris.

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