Court Opinion

ID: 4292635
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-09 21:09:23.100566+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:12:34.251948
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                                    Appellate Court                            Date: 2018.06.14
                                                                               16:31:15 -05'00'

             Ritschel Boehle v. OSF Healthcare System, 2018 IL App (2d) 160975

Appellate Court         KELLI RITSCHEL BOEHLE, Individually and as Administrator of
Caption                 the Estate of Nikolas Ritschel, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. OSF
                        HEALTHCARE SYSTEM, d/b/a Saint Anthony Medical
                        Center-Rockford and d/b/a OSF Medical Group; BERNARD E.
                        O’MALLEY, M.D.; ROY K. WERNER, M.D.; ROCKFORD
                        RADIOLOGY ASSOCIATES, P.C.; JOSEPH P. MICHO, M.D.;
                        MICHAEL G. MYERS, M.D.; ERIC TREFELNER, M.D., INC.,
                        d/b/a Nightshift Radiology; and MARSHALL P. MALLORY, M.D.,
                        Defendants-Appellants.

District & No.          Second District
                        Docket No. 2-16-0975

Filed                   March 7, 2018

Decision Under          Appeal from the Circuit Court of Winnebago County, No. 15-L-390;
Review                  the Hon. J. Edward Prochaska, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                Certified questions answered; cause remanded.

Counsel on              Julie A. Teuscher, of Cassiday Schade LLP, of Chicago, for appellants
Appeal                  Michael G. Myers, M.D., Eric Trefelner, M.D., Inc., and Marshall P.
                        Mallory, M.D.
                              Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP, of Chicago (Joshua G. Vincent, Jeffry S.
                              Spears, Daniel E. Wiesch, and Carson R. Griffis, of counsel), for
                              appellants OSF Healthcare System, Bernard O’Malley, M.D., and Roy
                              K. Werner, M.D.

                              Cunningham, Meyer & Vedrine, PC, of Warrenville (Kevin J.
                              Vedrine, Thomas J. Tomasik, and Robert L. Larsen, of counsel), for
                              other appellants.

                              Robert P. Sheridan, Keith A. Hebeisen, Bradley M. Cosgrove, and
                              Susan A. Capra, of Clifford Law Offices, P.C., of Chicago, for
                              appellee.

     Panel                    JUSTICE SPENCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                              Presiding Justice Hudson and Justice Schostok concurred in the
                              judgment and opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1         In this appeal involving a medical malpractice case, we address the following questions
       certified pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. July 1, 2017):
                   “(1) Does Supreme Court Rule 219(e) prevent the use of a voluntary dismissal to
               avoid the consequences of a court order denying plaintiff’s motion to disclose an
               additional Supreme Court Rule 213(f)(3) witness as untimely, or does it only prevent
               the use of a voluntary dismissal to avoid the effect of court-ordered sanctions for
               discovery violations or other misconduct?
                   (2) Does Supreme Court Rule 219(e) prevent a party from disclosing new expert
               witnesses in a refiled action who were not identified in Rule 213(f)(3) disclosures by a
               court-ordered deadline in an original action as an abuse of the voluntary dismissal
               process in order to avoid the consequences of orders in the original action?”
¶2         Although the questions seem to call for straightforward answers through their either/or and
       yes/no phrasing, our interpretation of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 219(e) (eff. July 1, 2002)
       and consideration of relevant case law preclude such a result. Regarding the first question, we
       conclude that nothing in Rule 219(e) prevents a plaintiff from attempting to use a voluntary
       dismissal to avoid the consequences of a court order denying the plaintiff’s motion to disclose
       an additional witness or to avoid the effect of court-ordered sanctions for discovery violations
       or other misconduct. However, the trial court has the discretion to sanction the plaintiff for
       misconduct or unreasonable noncompliance by ordering expenses paid to the defendant as a
       condition of granting the voluntary dismissal, and the trial court could additionally or
       alternatively bar or limit witnesses and/or evidence in the refiled action. As to the second
       question, we conclude that Rule 219(e) does not prevent the plaintiff from disclosing a new

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       expert witness in a refiled action. Still, it is within the trial court’s discretion whether to bar or
       otherwise limit that witness’s testimony in the refiled case.

¶3                                           I. BACKGROUND
¶4          On February 4, 2011, plaintiff, Kelli Ritschel Boehle, and her son, Nikolas Ritschel, filed a
       medical negligence lawsuit against several defendants for allegedly failing to timely diagnose
       and treat Nikolas’s sarcoma of the spine, allegedly resulting in the spread of the cancer and the
       increased likelihood of premature death. The trial court initially set a trial date of July 9, 2012.
       Nikolas passed away on March 9, 2012, and on May 29, 2012, plaintiff filed a first amended
       complaint, individually and on behalf of Nikolas’s estate. She thereafter disclosed four expert
       witnesses, pursuant to defendants’ Illinois Supreme Court Rule 213(f)(3) (eff. Jan. 1, 2007)
       interrogatories, who would each opine that defendants’ alleged deviations from the standard of
       care proximately caused Nikolas’s death.
¶5          Plaintiff retained new counsel, and on January 16, 2014, the trial court granted plaintiff’s
       motion for leave to supplement her Rule 213(f)(3) disclosures, over defendants’ objections;
       she was to disclose her new experts by March 1, 2014. Plaintiff’s supplemental Rule 213(f)(3)
       disclosures named two additional witnesses who would testify as to causation.
¶6          On August 7, 2014, the trial court rescheduled the trial date to September 14, 2015. It
       ordered that all of plaintiff’s expert witnesses be deposed by September 18, 2014. Defendants
       were to disclose their expert witnesses by November 18, 2014, and their depositions were to be
       completed by February 18, 2015. Defendants later disclosed a total of 12 expert witnesses.
¶7          On June 25, 2015, plaintiff mailed notice of a motion to supplement her Rule 213(f)(3)
       disclosures to add Dr. Leonard Wexler, a pediatric oncologist, to testify as to causation.
       Defendants objected, and the trial court denied plaintiff’s motion on July 23, 2015. It stated
       that, when plaintiff had switched law firms earlier, she had been given leave to name two new
       experts. However, the case had now been pending for four years, all of the experts had been
       deposed, and trial was two months away. The alleged failure to diagnose Nikolas’s cancer was
       the theory of the case from the beginning, and plaintiff had chosen to name surgeons and
       neurosurgeons, as opposed to oncologists, as experts, which was a matter of trial strategy. The
       trial court noted that plaintiff previously had ample opportunity to name an oncology expert if
       she felt that one was needed, but “now it’s too late, trial is upon us.”
¶8          Less than one month later, on August 19, 2015, the trial court granted plaintiff’s motion to
       voluntarily dismiss the suit without prejudice.
¶9          On December 9, 2015, plaintiff refiled her case against the same defendants. She
       subsequently moved to disclose 10 experts, including Dr. Wexler and 4 other experts not
       named in the original action. Defendants moved to strike the motion, arguing that Rule 219(e)
       prohibited plaintiff from using a voluntary dismissal to avoid compliance with the trial court’s
       July 23, 2015, discovery order, which denied her leave to name Dr. Wexler as a witness.
       Defendants argued that plaintiff should also not be allowed to name the other new expert
       witnesses.
¶ 10        On June 22, 2016, the trial court denied defendants’ motion to strike. It stated as follows.
       Plaintiff dismissed her original action as “a strategic voluntary dismissal *** because [she]
       was not allowed to disclose Dr. Wexler *** because we were too close to trial.” Plaintiff
       dismissed her initial action in order to be able to name her choice of experts in the refiled

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       action, including Dr. Wexler. However, Rule 219(e) did not prohibit “dismissing a case for
       strategic reasons and then naming a new or additional expert upon re-filing.” To bar plaintiff’s
       new expert witnesses under Rule 219(e), the trial court would have to find “discovery
       violations in the prior case,” “misconduct in the prior case,” or “a deliberate disregard of the
       court’s authority in the underlying case,” none of which was present. It did “not see any reason
       under Supreme Court Rule 219(e) to bar the plaintiffs [sic] from viewing this as a new case and
       for strategic reasons naming some new and additional expert witnesses.” To rule otherwise
       would be to read conditions into section 2-1009 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735
       ILCS 5/2-1009 (West 2016) (allowing voluntary dismissals)). However, the trial court would
       reserve ruling on whether two of the newly named experts, a radiologist and a neurosurgeon,
       were cumulative witnesses.
¶ 11       Defendants then sought to certify the aforementioned questions for immediate appeal
       under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Jan. 1, 2016). At the hearing on the motion to
       certify, the trial court stated that the situation at hand involved a recurring issue. It stated:
                    “[Plaintiff] voluntarily dismissed [her] case when I denied [her] request to name a
                new additional expert witness, this oncologist. I made that ruling at the time and I stand
                by it because it was too late. We were very close to the final pretrial conference. *** I
                denied it in my discretion. And then [she] made [her] motion for voluntary dismissal.
                    I have no doubt and I’ve even said it on the record *** I call it a strategic voluntary
                dismissal. *** [She] wants to name a couple of new experts in this newly filed case and
                so I have to look at where, where it was in the litigation and I felt like, again, in my
                discretion, after reviewing Supreme Court Rule 219(e), *** there was nothing
                preventing [her] from doing that. I don’t think [she] was violating any orders that I had
                entered in the previous case. In particularly [sic], *** it’s important to the Court that
                [she] wasn’t doing anything that was going to save [her] case from an imminent defeat
                and by that I mean summary judgment or directed verdict.
                                                       ***
                    And so, I, in every case, look at where *** are we along the path to trial? And in this
                particular case I didn’t feel that we were far enough long [sic] the path to trial in the
                prior case to say that [plaintiff] could not voluntarily dismiss, refile, and name a couple
                of new experts. I felt that was in my discretion. I allowed it.”
       The trial court stated that the issue defendants raised in their proposed certified questions was
       whether its ruling improperly allowed plaintiff to avoid the effects of its order denying her
       motion for leave to add Dr. Wexler as an expert witness. The issue involved the interplay of
       section 2-1009, Rule 219(e), and a trial court’s discretion to make discovery rulings when a
       case is refiled. Therefore, the trial court granted the motion to certify, over plaintiff’s
       objection.
¶ 12       We initially denied defendants’ application for leave to appeal. However, on May 24,
       2017, our supreme court issued a supervisory order directing us to vacate our denial of
       defendants’ application and to consider the questions certified by the trial court. We followed
       the supreme court’s directive and granted defendants leave to appeal.

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¶ 13                                            II. ANALYSIS
¶ 14        Rule 308 allows for the permissive interlocutory appeal of an order involving “a question
       of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion” and where “an
       immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the
       litigation.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 308 (eff. July 1, 2017). Our review is generally limited to answering
       the questions certified, as opposed to examining the propriety of an underlying trial court
       order. Combs v. Schmidt, 2015 IL App (2d) 131053, ¶ 6. Because a certified question under
       Rule 308 presents a question of law, our review is de novo. Bowman v. Ottney, 2015 IL
119000, ¶ 8.
¶ 15        Section 2-1009(a) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-1009(a) (West 2016)) allows a plaintiff to
       voluntarily dismiss his or her action without prejudice at any time before trial or hearing
       begins, provided that the plaintiff provides notice to each party and pays costs. “When a party
       complies with the requirements of section 2-1009(a), her right to a voluntary dismissal without
       prejudice is, with very limited exceptions, unfettered.” Smith v. Bartley, 364 Ill. App. 3d 725,
       727 (2006). Section 13-217 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/13-217 (West 2016)) permits a plaintiff
       to refile a voluntarily dismissed action within one year of the dismissal date.
¶ 16        Defendants do not dispute that a plaintiff has the right to voluntarily dismiss and refile his
       or her action. Rather, the parties disagree about a plaintiff’s ability to name witnesses in a
       refiled action who were not previously named or were named untimely. This question involves
       the interpretation of Rule 219(e), which is titled “Voluntary Dismissals and Prior Litigation”
       and provides:
                “A party shall not be permitted to avoid compliance with discovery deadlines, orders or
                applicable rules by voluntarily dismissing a lawsuit. In establishing discovery
                deadlines and ruling on permissible discovery and testimony, the court shall consider
                discovery undertaken (or the absence of same), any misconduct, and orders entered in
                prior litigation involving a party. The court may, in addition to the assessment of costs,
                require the party voluntarily dismissing a claim to pay an opposing party or parties
                reasonable expenses incurred in defending the action including but not limited to
                discovery expenses, expert witness fees, reproduction costs, travel expenses, postage,
                and phone charges.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 219(e) (eff. July 1, 2002).
       The committee comments to the rule state:
                    “Paragraph (e) addresses the use of voluntary dismissals to avoid compliance with
                discovery rules or deadlines, or to avoid the consequences of discovery failures, or
                orders barring witnesses or evidence. This paragraph does not change existing law
                regarding the right of a party to seek or obtain a voluntary dismissal. However, this
                paragraph does clearly dictate that when a case is refiled, the court shall consider the
                prior litigation in determining what discovery will be permitted, and what witnesses
                and evidence may be barred. The consequences of noncompliance with discovery
                deadlines, rules or orders cannot be eliminated by taking a voluntary dismissal.
                Paragraph (e) further authorizes the court to require the party taking the dismissal to
                pay the out-of-pocket expenses actually incurred by the adverse party or parties. ***
                Paragraph (e) does not provide for the payment of attorney fees when an action is
                voluntarily dismissed.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 219(e), Committee Comments (rev. June 1, 1995).
¶ 17        We construe supreme court rules according to the same principles that govern the
       interpretation of statutes. Ferris, Thompson & Zweig, Ltd. v. Esposito, 2017 IL 121297, ¶ 22.

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       Our primary goal is to ascertain and give effect to the drafters’ intent, which is best indicated
       by the plain and ordinary meaning of the language used. Id. We will interpret a rule such that
       no part of it is rendered meaningless or superfluous, and we will not depart from the rule’s
       plain language by reading into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions that conflict with the
       drafters’ expressed intent. Id. If the rule’s language is ambiguous or susceptible to more than
       one reasonable interpretation, we may look to the committee comments for guidance in
       ascertaining the reason and purpose for the rule. A.M. Realty Western L.L.C. v. MSMC Realty,
       L.L.C., 2016 IL App (1st) 151087, ¶ 73. The interpretation of a rule presents a question of law,
       which we review de novo. Doe v. Coe, 2017 IL App (2d) 160875, ¶ 10.
¶ 18        Defendants OSF Healthcare System; Bernard E. O’Malley, M.D.; and Roy K. Werner,
       M.D. (collectively OSF defendants), argue that Rule 219(e)’s plain language prohibits a party
       from avoiding compliance with discovery deadlines or orders by voluntarily dismissing a
       lawsuit and that the committee comments likewise state that the rule prohibits the use of
       voluntary dismissals to avoid complying with discovery orders.
¶ 19        OSF defendants cite Jones v. Chicago Cycle Center, 391 Ill. App. 3d 101 (2009), and
       Valdovinos v. Luna-Manalac Medical Center, Ltd., 328 Ill. App. 3d 255, 271 (2002), as
       examples of cases where the appellate court held that Rule 219(e) allows a court to impose
       sanctions or bar evidence when a plaintiff uses the right to voluntarily dismiss the lawsuit as a
       means to avoid the consequences of an order excluding evidence. In Jones, the plaintiffs
       sought to obtain additional opinion testimony from one of their experts, based on the decline in
       the primary plaintiff’s condition. Jones, 391 Ill. App. 3d at 103-04. The trial court questioned
       why the plaintiffs had not previously disclosed the decline or their plan to elicit new opinion
       testimony from an expert last deposed two years before. Id. at 104. The trial court stated that
       based on the trial date it was “too late” to disclose additional opinion testimony, but it
       continued the defendants’ motion in limine to bar the testimony until after the deposition. Id.
       The plaintiffs moved to voluntarily dismiss their case the next day. Id. The trial court found
       that the plaintiffs sought a voluntary dismissal in order to avoid the trial court’s rulings on
       motions in limine and to avoid witnesses and evidence being barred as untimely. Id. at 114.
       The trial court ordered the plaintiffs to pay costs of over $180,000 as a condition of granting
       their motion for a voluntary dismissal. Id. at 106. The appellate court affirmed, stating that,
       although the record did not show “that plaintiffs deliberately violated case management,
       preservation or protective orders or failed to comply with the court’s discovery orders or
       deadlines,” the trial court clearly found that they were using the voluntary dismissal “ ‘to avoid
       the consequences of discovery failures, or orders barring witnesses or evidence.’ ” (Emphasis
       omitted.) Id. at 114 (quoting Ill. S. Ct. R. 219(e), Committee Comments (rev. June 1, 1995)).
¶ 20        In Valdovinos, the trial court similarly granted the plaintiffs’ motion for a voluntary
       dismissal but ordered them to pay costs of over $100,000 to the defendants. Valdovinos, 328
Ill. App. 3d at 263-64. The appellate court affirmed, stating that the assessment of expenses
       was proper “where the plaintiffs exercised their right to voluntarily dismiss the action without
       prejudice in order to avoid the effects of pretrial evidentiary rulings based on their own failure
       to comply with discovery deadlines.” Id. at 271. In particular, due to untimely disclosures, the
       plaintiffs were barred from presenting certain witnesses and from using a computer animated
       videotape. Id.
¶ 21        OSF defendants note that, like the trial courts in Jones and Valdovinos, the trial court here
       originally excluded Dr. Wexler’s testimony because plaintiff had disclosed him “too late” and

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       it found that plaintiff had voluntarily dismissed her lawsuit to avoid the consequences of that
       discovery order. OSF defendants argue that the trial court wrongly believed that it could bar
       Dr. Wexler’s testimony under Rule 219(e) only if it found that plaintiff had committed
       “discovery violations in the prior case,” “misconduct in the prior case,” or “a deliberate
       disregard of the court’s authority in the underlying case.” OSF defendants argue that, although
       Rule 219(e) requires the trial court to consider “any misconduct” in the prior case (Ill. S. Ct. R.
       219(e) (eff. July 1, 2002)), it does not require misconduct before relief may be imposed. OSF
       defendants maintain that case law provides that “unreasonable noncompliance” or
       “misconduct” is sufficient to justify imposing costs or other sanctions under Rule 219(e). See
       Jones, 391 Ill. App. 3d at 115; see also Ramos v. Kewanee Hospital, 2013 IL App (3d) 120001,
       ¶ 112; Scattered Corp. v. Midwest Clearing Corp., 299 Ill. App. 3d 653, 659 (1998). OSF
       defendants point out that in Jones the trial court equated unreasonable noncompliance with the
       plaintiffs voluntarily dismissing their case to avoid the consequences of discovery orders.
       Jones, 391 Ill. App. 3d at 115.
¶ 22        OSF defendants argue that those cases in which Rule 219(e) relief was found to be
       inappropriate involved situations where either there was no discovery order that the plaintiff
       sought to avoid through voluntary dismissal or the trial court did not find that the dismissal was
       designed to avoid an adverse discovery ruling. See In re Marriage of Webb, 333 Ill. App. 3d
1104, 1106 (2002) (trial court erred in assessing expenses against the plaintiff as a condition
       for allowing her to voluntarily dismiss her action because it did not make a preliminary
       determination that she engaged in discovery misconduct); Scattered Corp., 299 Ill. App. 3d at
       660-61 (trial court erred in imposing expenses for voluntary dismissal because it made no
       finding of misconduct or unreasonable noncompliance with any court order).
¶ 23        OSF defendants argue that the trial court’s ruling in this case contradicts Rule 219(e)’s
       express purpose, as the rule states that a party “shall not be permitted to avoid compliance with
       discovery *** orders *** by voluntarily dismissing a lawsuit.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 219(e) (eff. July 1,
       2002). They argue that, by imposing the additional requirement of violations or misconduct,
       the trial court inadvertently encouraged the very gamesmanship that Rule 219(e) seeks to
       prohibit. See Scattered Corp., 299 Ill. App. 3d at 660 (“Rule 219(e) targets those strategic and
       tactical litigation decisions which, having crossed the line of vigorous advocacy, become
       decisions aimed no longer at besting the opposing party but rather at undermining the integrity
       of the judicial system.”). OSF defendants contend that we should answer both certified
       questions by holding that Rule 219(e) prohibits a strategic voluntary dismissal designed to
       avoid the effect of an order denying as untimely a plaintiff’s motion to disclose an expert
       witness in prior litigation.
¶ 24        Defendants Michael G. Myers, M.D.; Eric Trefelner, M.D., Inc., d/b/a Nightshift
       Radiology; and Marshall P. Mallory, M.D. (collectively Nightshift defendants), present
       arguments similar to those of OSF defendants. They argue that Rule 219(e)’s plain language
       prohibits a party from avoiding compliance with discovery deadlines and court orders by
       voluntarily dismissing a lawsuit and that the rule is not limited to circumstances where a party
       is guilty of misconduct. They argue that Rule 219(e)’s committee comments are similarly
       unambiguous. Nightshift defendants argue that the trial court’s order denying defendants’
       motions to bar Dr. Wexler and the other new expert witnesses in the refiled action allowed
       plaintiff to accomplish precisely what Rule 219(e) prohibits, i.e., avoiding compliance with
       discovery deadlines and court orders by voluntarily dismissing a lawsuit. Nightshift

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       defendants cite our supreme court’s statement that, “[i]nstead of limiting a party’s right to
       voluntarily dismiss his claims without prejudice prior to trial, Rule 219(e) prevents voluntary
       dismissals from being used as an artifice for evading discovery requirements” (Morrison v.
       Wagner, 191 Ill. 2d 162, 166 (2000)) and its statement that a plaintiff “cannot use the voluntary
       dismissal and refiling provisions to accomplish in the [refiled] suit what she was precluded
       from doing in the [original] suit” (Bowman, 2015 IL 119000, ¶ 25).
¶ 25        Nightshift defendants further argue that, even if Rule 219(e) requires a finding of
       misconduct, plaintiff’s failure to disclose Dr. Wexler and the other new expert witnesses by the
       discovery deadline was a discovery violation. Nightshift defendants maintain that the trial
       court conceded that its ruling allowed plaintiff to “get around” or “avoid” its prior orders.
       Nightshift defendants argue that this consideration distinguishes the instant case from Webb
       and Scattered Corp. Nightshift defendants argue that this case is far more analogous to Jones,
       where the plaintiffs’ failure to timely disclose Rule 213(f) witnesses and their opinions was
       misconduct sufficient to invoke Rule 219(e).
¶ 26        Defendants Rockford Radiology Associates, P.C., and Joseph P. Micho, M.D. (Rockford
       Radiology defendants) adopt the arguments set forth by OSF defendants and Nightshift
       defendants.
¶ 27        Plaintiff responds that, although certified questions are supposed to present questions of
       law, defendants are actually seeking to have us review the propriety of the trial court’s order
       denying their motions to bar Dr. Wexler and the other new expert witnesses. Plaintiff argues
       that, given the trial court’s discretion under Rule 219(e), both parts of the first certified
       question, as well as the second certified question, should be answered in the negative.
¶ 28        Plaintiff contends that defendants wrongly describe Dr. Wexler as having been barred in
       the original case. She argues that instead she simply asked for leave to disclose him after
       discovery was closed, and the trial court denied the motion solely because it was too close to
       trial. Plaintiff argues that, although the trial court described her voluntary dismissal as
       “strategic,” all such dismissals are strategic and the trial court explicitly stated that she had
       done nothing improper or sanctionable. Plaintiff maintains that she had the right not only to
       dismiss her case but also to refile it and that it is well established that a refiled case is not a
       continuation of the original case but instead a new action. See Dubina v. Mesirow Realty
       Development, Inc., 178 Ill. 2d 496, 504 (1997) (“We note that the refiled action is an entirely
       new and separate action, not a reinstatement of the old action.”). Plaintiff argues that, aside
       from exceptions not applicable here, a refiled case should not be treated as a continuation of the
       old case and should therefore not be burdened with the proceedings of the old case, or else the
       right to dismiss and refile would be pointless. Plaintiff contends that, although defendants
       focus on Rule 219(e)’s language that parties “shall not be permitted to avoid compliance with
       discovery deadlines, orders or applicable rules by voluntarily dismissing a lawsuit,” such
       policy language is ordinarily not considered in determining the scope of an enactment. See
       Brown v. Kirk, 64 Ill. 2d 144, 152 (1976). She also points out that the rule further specifies that
       the trial court shall consider discovery undertaken, any misconduct, and the orders entered.
       Plaintiff argues that the trial court was not required to apply previous orders in the refiled case,
       as there is no rule that such orders must be reinstated upon refiling.
¶ 29        Plaintiff further argues that the cases cited by defendants do not support their position.
       Plaintiff argues that Morrison does not hold that the trial court is required to bar evidence,
       particularly considering that Rule 219(e) states that the trial court “may” require the plaintiff to

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       pay expenses (Ill. S. Ct. R. 219(e) (eff. July 1, 2002)). Plaintiff argues that in Jones the trial
       court found that the plaintiffs engaged in “egregious” discovery misconduct that warranted the
       imposition of costs and expenses under Rule 219(e) (Jones, 391 Ill. App. 3d at 112), whereas
       here the trial court found that plaintiff had not engaged in any discovery misconduct. Plaintiff
       cites the Jones court’s statement: “In order for Rule 219(e) to apply, there must be some
       misconduct on the plaintiff’s part.” Id. at 111. Plaintiff argues that Jones is also distinguishable
       because there the trial court’s finding of misconduct was affirmed, whereas here defendants
       seek to reverse the trial court’s ruling, and because Jones involved assessing costs as opposed
       to barring witnesses.
¶ 30       Plaintiff also argues that defendants focus on the language of Rule 219(e) without
       considering the remainder of the rule. Plaintiff cites Rule 219(c), which relates to, among other
       things, the unreasonable failure to comply with discovery and allows the trial court to impose
       remedies, including sanctions. Ill. S. Ct. R. 219(c) (eff. July 1, 2002). Plaintiff argues that Rule
       219(e) clearly aims to carry that remedy provision into refiled cases and that both provisions
       require a preliminary finding of misconduct. See Jones, 391 Ill. App. 3d at 111 (trial court must
       make a preliminary finding of misconduct before imposing expenses under Rule 219(e)).
¶ 31       Plaintiff argues that Scattered Corp. controls. There, the court stated that “Rule 219(e)’s
       reference to voluntary dismissals taken to ‘avoid compliance’ with ‘discovery deadlines,
       orders, or applicable rules’ (166 Ill. 2d R. 219(e)) requires the circuit court to make a
       preliminary finding of misconduct, analogous to the ‘unreasonable noncompliance’ standard
       invoked in Rule 219(c) cases (166 Ill. 2d R. 219(c)), before imposing expenses pursuant
       to Rule 219(e).” Scattered Corp., 299 Ill. App. 3d at 659. The court stated that unreasonable
       noncompliance occurs where “the noncomplying party shows a deliberate, contumacious or
       unwarranted disregard for the court’s authority.” Id. Plaintiff points out that the supreme court
       cited Scattered Corp. with approval in Morrison, 191 Ill. 2d at 166, and that the appellate court
       has cited it with approval in other cases. See Ramos, 2013 IL App (3d) 120001, ¶¶ 110-113;
       Jones, 391 Ill. App. 3d at 111-12; Webb, 333 Ill. App. 3d at 1111-12.
¶ 32       Plaintiff next argues that defendants ignore the fact that Rule 219(e) sanctions are
       discretionary. “Just as is the case with any sanction imposed under Rule 219, only a clear abuse
       of discretion justifies a reversal on appeal of the trial court’s decision to bar evidence or the
       testimony in a refiled case by reason of a party’s misconduct in his original action.” Smith v.
       P.A.C.E., 323 Ill. App. 3d 1067, 1075 (2001). Therefore, according to plaintiff, defendants
       wrongly seek to have her experts barred as a matter of law. Plaintiff argues that trial courts
       generally have discretion regarding whether to bar witnesses and that Illinois courts recognize
       that such action is a drastic sanction to be used sparingly.
¶ 33       OSF defendants reply that, although plaintiff concedes that Rule 219(e) applies to
       unreasonable noncompliance in addition to misconduct, she never explains why an untimely
       witness disclosure is not unreasonable noncompliance with a discovery order. OSF defendants
       and Nightshift defendants argue that the only issue here is whether a voluntary dismissal
       designed to avoid an order denying the untimely disclosure of a witness is subject to Rule
       219(e) relief, despite the trial court’s belief here that it lacked discretion to provide such relief
       absent a discovery sanction in the original lawsuit. Rockford Radiology defendants argue,
       among other things, that plaintiff’s analysis is flawed because Ramos, Jones, Webb, and
       Scattered Corp. all involved whether the trial courts properly imposed monetary sanctions,
       which the third sentence of Rule 219(e) addresses, whereas here the issue is whether the trial

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       court should enforce its prior order denying leave to disclose additional expert witnesses after
       the deadline had long passed, which the first sentence of Rule 219(e) addresses.
¶ 34        Having summarized the parties’ arguments, we now begin our own commentary. After
       briefing in this case was completed, this court decided Freeman v. Crays, 2018 IL App (2d)
170169, which touches upon many of the issues central to this case. There, the plaintiff brought
       suit against the defendant doctor, alleging that his negligent treatment of her husband’s
       cardiovascular disease proximately caused her husband’s death. Id. ¶ 1. Shortly before the
       trial, the trial court ruled that the plaintiff’s only medical expert witness was unqualified to
       offer an opinion on causation, which would have prevented the plaintiff from proving her case.
       Id. The plaintiff voluntarily dismissed and refiled her action, and she disclosed her intent to
       name an additional medical expert witness to testify on causation. Id. The defendant then
       moved to adopt the rulings from the original case and bar the testimony of any newly disclosed
       experts under Rule 219(e). Id. The trial court granted the defendant’s motion, leading the
       defendant to request and receive summary judgment in his favor. Id. The plaintiff appealed,
       arguing that (1) the trial court abused its discretion by barring her original medical expert
       witness from testifying on causation and (2) the trial court improperly applied Rule 219(e) by
       barring her from disclosing a new expert witness in the refiled action. Id.
¶ 35        We first concluded that the trial court acted within its discretion in barring the original
       expert witness’s causation opinion. Id. ¶ 36. In addressing the second issue, we rejected the
       plaintiff’s argument that, because she was not sanctioned or found to have committed
       misconduct in the original action, it was improper for the trial court to apply Rule 219(e) in the
       refiled action. Id. ¶¶ 44, 46, 50. We recognized that Jones stated that, “ ‘[i]n order for Rule
       219(e) to apply, there must be some misconduct on the plaintiff’s part.’ ” Id. ¶ 44 (quoting
       Jones, 391 Ill. App. 3d at 111). However, we noted that Jones and the cases it relied on, namely
       Scattered Corp. and Webb, involved the imposition of expenses associated with a voluntary
       dismissal, as opposed to the application of Rule 219(e) in a refiled case. Id. We instead looked
       to Smith, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 1074, which did involve barring witnesses in a refiled action under
       Rule 219(e). We agreed with Smith’s holding that a party’s misconduct in the original action is
       just one factor for the trial court to consider in the refiled action in determining what evidence
       will be permitted. Freeman, 2018 IL App (2d) 170169, ¶ 49. We further agreed with Smith that
       in such a situation the trial court should look to the same factors that are used to determine
       whether barring a witness is an appropriate sanction in the original action, namely (1) surprise
       to the adverse party, (2) the prejudicial effect of the witness’s testimony, (3) the nature of the
       testimony, (4) the adverse party’s diligence, (5) the timeliness of the objection to the
       testimony, and (6) the good faith of the party calling the witness. Id. ¶ 52 (citing Smith, 323 Ill.
       App. 3d at 1076).
¶ 36        We ultimately held that the trial court abused its discretion in barring the plaintiff’s new
       expert witness in the refiled action because the trial court improperly applied the standards in
       Jones governing the imposition of expenses associated with a voluntary dismissal, instead of
       the framework set out in Smith for a refiled action. Id. ¶ 60. We remanded the cause for the trial
       court to reconsider the issue according to the proper standards. Id. ¶ 61.
¶ 37        Returning to the instant case, we look to the language of Rule 219. Rule 219 is titled
       “Consequences of Refusal to Comply with Rules or Order Relating to Discovery or Pretrial
       Conferences.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 219 (eff. July 1, 2002); see Michigan Avenue National Bank v.
       County of Cook, 191 Ill. 2d 493, 506 (2000) (titles and headings cannot limit the plain meaning

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       of the text of a statute, but they can be considered if they shed light on an ambiguous word or
       phrase within the text). As plaintiff points out, Rule 219(c) allows the trial court to impose
       sanctions if a party “unreasonably” fails to comply with discovery orders or rules. Ill. S. Ct. R.
       219(c) (eff. July 1, 2002). Rule 219(e) extends the trial court’s enforcement of discovery orders
       to refiled cases. See Scattered Corp., 299 Ill. App. 3d at 659 (purposes behind Rule 219(c) and
       Rule 219(e) are similar).
¶ 38        Rule 219(e) begins: “A party shall not be permitted to avoid compliance with discovery
       deadlines, orders or applicable rules by voluntarily dismissing a lawsuit.” (Emphasis added.)
       Ill. S. Ct. R. 219(e) (eff. July 1, 2002). Plaintiff frames Rule 219(e)’s first sentence as policy
       language that is largely irrelevant (see supra ¶ 28), but unlike in the case she cites (see Brown,
64 Ill. 2d at 152), this language is not a separate policy section or preamble of a statute, but
       rather part of a supreme court rule. Scattered Corp. found that the phrase “avoid compliance”
       rendered the rule ambiguous, thereby allowing consideration of the committee comments to
       the rule. Scattered Corp., 299 Ill. App. 3d at 658; see also Webb, 333 Ill. App. 3d at 1112
       (agreeing with Scattered Corp. that the phrase was ambiguous); Wright v. Desate, Inc., 292 Ill.
       App. 3d 952, 954 (1997) (finding rule to be ambiguous). Scattered Corp. determined that the
       statement in the committee comments that “[t]he consequences of noncompliance with
       discovery deadlines, rules or orders cannot be eliminated by taking a voluntary dismissal” (Ill.
       S. Ct. R. 219(e), Committee Comments (rev. June 1, 1995)) indicated that the voluntary
       dismissal had to involve some disobedience by the plaintiff. Scattered Corp., 299 Ill. App. 3d
       at 659. It held that the inclusion of the phrase “avoid compliance” required the trial court “to
       make a preliminary finding of misconduct, analogous to the ‘unreasonable noncompliance’
       standard invoked in Rule 219(c) cases [citation], before imposing expenses pursuant to Rule
       219(e).” Id. 1 Unreasonable noncompliance occurs where the party shows a deliberate,
       contumacious, or unwarranted disregard for the court’s authority. Id.; see also Shimanovsky v.
       General Motors Corp., 181 Ill. 2d 112, 120 (1998) (unreasonable noncompliance warranting
       sanctions occurs where there has been a deliberate and pronounced disregard for a discovery
       rule). Whether unreasonable noncompliance or misconduct occurred is a factual determination
       for the trial court. Jones, 391 Ill. App. 3d at 115. In Scattered Corp., the court stated that its
       construction of Rule 219(e) was “consistent with the language and spirit of the authority vested
       in the circuit court pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 219 generally and Rule 219(c) in
       particular.” Scattered Corp., 299 Ill. App. 3d at 659.
¶ 39        We next consider the second sentence of Rule 219(e), which states: “In establishing
       discovery deadlines and ruling on permissible discovery and testimony, the court shall
       consider discovery undertaken (or the absence of same), any misconduct, and orders entered in
       prior litigation involving a party.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 219(e) (eff. July 1, 2002). This sentence clearly
       applies to discovery in the refiled action. See also Quintas v. Asset Management Group, Inc.,
       395 Ill. App. 3d 324, 335 (2009) (stating the same). Although plaintiff argues that her refiled
       case is an entirely new action (see supra ¶ 28), this portion of the rule allows the trial court to
       consider the prior action. The committee comments support this conclusion, as they state that,
       “when a case is refiled, the court shall consider the prior litigation in determining what

           1
            Scattered Corp. was interpreting the first sentence of Rule 219(e) in ruling on an award of
       expenses, undermining Rockford Radiology defendants’ argument that an award of such expenses
       relates only to the third sentence of the rule. See supra ¶ 33.

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       discovery will be permitted, and what witnesses and evidence may be barred.” Ill. S. Ct. R.
       219(e), Committee Comments (rev. June 1, 1995). Our supreme court has also held that a
       refiled case is not an entirely new and unrelated action for purposes of Rule 219(e). Bowman,
       2015 IL 119000, ¶ 24.
¶ 40       We agree with defendants that, according to the second sentence of Rule 219(e),
       misconduct in the prior action is just one factor to consider when ruling on discovery issues in
       the refiled action. As discussed, we arrived at this very conclusion in Freeman: “[T]he
       misconduct of a party in the original action is merely a factor to be considered by the trial court
       in the refiled action when it determines what witnesses and evidence will be permitted.”
       Freeman, 2018 IL App (2d) 170169, ¶ 49. In Freeman, we adopted the framework set forth in
       Smith for the trial court to determine whether to bar a witness in the refiled action, that being
       consideration of the same factors used to determine whether barring a witness is an appropriate
       sanction in the original action. See supra ¶ 35. These factors are applied in imposing any
       sanction under Rule 219(c) (see Enbridge Energy, Ltd. Partnership v. Fry, 2017 IL App (3d)
150765, ¶ 62), thus reinforcing the relationship between Rules 219(c) and 219(e). Such an
       analysis includes consideration of “ ‘the misconduct of a party in the original action and any
       sanctions entered against him therein.’ ” Freeman, 2018 IL App (2d) 170169, ¶ 53 (quoting
       Smith, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 1074).
¶ 41       The third sentence of Rule 219(e) allows the trial court to impose expenses on the party
       dismissing the action, and it is not debated here.
¶ 42       With these considerations in mind, we return to the first certified question, which states:
                    “(1) Does Supreme Court Rule 219(e) prevent the use of a voluntary dismissal to
               avoid the consequences of a court order denying plaintiff’s motion to disclose an
               additional Supreme Court Rule 213(f)(3) witness as untimely, or does it only prevent
               the use of a voluntary dismissal to avoid the effect of court-ordered sanctions for
               discovery violations or other misconduct?” (Emphases added.)
       As mentioned, the phrasing of this question is problematic because it presents either/or
       scenarios, neither of which is entirely correct. Rule 219(e) does not limit or “prevent” a
       plaintiff’s ability to voluntarily dismiss an action without prejudice prior to trial. Morrison,
191 Ill. 2d at 166; Scattered Corp., 299 Ill. App. 3d at 660. The rule does, however, make the
       party subject to paying costs as a condition of the voluntary dismissal and/or suffering adverse
       consequences if the party chooses to refile. Morrison, 191 Ill. 2d at 166. That is, the rule “alters
       the consequences of taking a voluntary dismissal rather than restricting a party’s right to obtain
       such a dismissal.” Id. at 167.
¶ 43       Moreover, case law holds that “[t]he rule does not require, as a condition precedent to
       voluntary dismissal, that the plaintiff agree to be bound by prior discovery orders upon refiling
       the case” (Wright, 292 Ill. App. 3d at 955) 2 and that Rule 219(e) “permits a voluntary
       dismissal even when the dismissal is prompted by discovery sanctions” (id. at 953). In
       Gibellina v. Handley, 127 Ill. 2d 122, 134 (1989), the defendants argued that voluntary
       dismissals were being used to evade the consequences of a failure to comply with discovery
       rules. Our supreme court noted that the plaintiff had a limited opportunity to refile, would have
       to comply with current statutes, and would be subject to various types of sanctions. Id. at 135.

           2
            Correspondingly, Rule 219(e) does not require the trial court to reimpose any sanctions that were
       entered against the plaintiff in the original case. Smith, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 1074.

                                                     - 12 -
¶ 44       In sum, regarding the first half of the question, a plaintiff could use a voluntary dismissal to
       attempt to avoid the consequences of a court order denying as untimely a plaintiff’s motion to
       disclose an additional witness. Regarding the second half of the question, a plaintiff could
       attempt to use a voluntary dismissal to avoid the effect of court-ordered sanctions for discovery
       violations or other misconduct. Still, upon a voluntary dismissal, the trial court would have the
       discretion to sanction the plaintiff through expenses paid to the defendant, and the trial court
       would also have the discretion to bar or otherwise limit certain witnesses and/or evidence in the
       refiled action using the same standards applicable to sanctions under Rule 219(c).
¶ 45       The second certified question states:
                    “Does Supreme Court Rule 219(e) prevent a party from disclosing new expert
               witnesses in a refiled action who were not identified in Rule 213(f)(3) disclosures by a
               court-ordered deadline in an original action as an abuse of the voluntary dismissal
               process in order to avoid the consequences of orders in the original action?” (Emphasis
               added.)
       Again, nothing in Rule 219(e) would prevent the plaintiff from disclosing a new expert witness
       in the refiled action. See Wright, 292 Ill. App. 3d at 955. Rather, “[w]hen a case is refiled, the
       rule requires the court to consider the prior litigation in determining what discovery will be
       permitted, and what witnesses and evidence may be barred.” Morrison, 191 Ill. 2d at 167. This
       concept is perfectly illustrated in Freeman, as the plaintiff sought to name a new medical
       expert witness in her refiled action, and the defendant objected. Freeman, 2018 IL App (2d)
170169, ¶ 11. We held that it was within the trial court’s discretion whether to bar a witness in
       a refiled action (id. ¶ 39) and that the trial court should apply the same factors used to
       determine whether barring a witness is an appropriate sanction in an original action (id. ¶ 52).
       As discussed, these are the same considerations that apply to sanctions under Rule 219(c).

¶ 46                                      III. CONCLUSION
¶ 47      For the foregoing reasons, we answer the certified questions as detailed above, and we
       remand the cause for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶ 48      Certified questions answered; cause remanded.

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