Court Opinion

ID: 4662824
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-25 16:13:07.525192+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:23.913853
License: Public Domain

February 25, 2021

                                                          Supreme Court

                                                          No. 2019-24-Appeal.
                                                          (PC 17-5614)

       Premier Home Restoration, LLC       :

                      v.                   :

   Federal National Mortgage Association :
                    et al.

               NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision
               before publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers
               are requested to notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme
               Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence,
               Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone (401) 222-3258 or
               Email opinionanalyst@courts.ri.gov, of any typographical
               or other formal errors in order that corrections may be
               made before the opinion is published.
                                                            Supreme Court

                                                            No. 2019-24-Appeal.
                                                            (PC 17-5614)

       Premier Home Restoration, LLC        :

                     v.                     :

    Federal National Mortgage Association :
                     et al.

             Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, and Robinson, JJ.

                                    OPINION

        Chief Justice Suttell, for the Court.         The plaintiff, Premier Home

Restoration, LLC, appeals from a Superior Court judgment following the grant of a

motion brought by the defendants, Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA)

and U.S. Bank National Association (collectively defendants or the mortgagees),1

for judgment on the pleadings. This case came before the Supreme Court pursuant

to an order directing the parties to appear and show cause why the issues raised in

this appeal should not be summarily decided. After considering the parties’ written

and oral submissions and reviewing the record, we conclude that cause has not been

shown and that this case may be decided without further briefing or argument. For

1
  In their filings with this Court, defendants refer to themselves collectively and do
not differentiate between their arguments or potential liability; for this reason, we do
the same here.

                                         -1-
the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm in part and vacate in part the judgment

of the Superior Court.

                                           I

                                  Facts and Travel
      On December 22, 2015, defendants, as mortgagees, caused a foreclosure sale

to be conducted for property located at 36 Stevens Road in Cranston (the property).

At the foreclosure sale, plaintiff was the successful bidder and agreed to pay

$115,000 for the property. On that date, plaintiff executed an agreement with the

auctioneer entitled “Memorandum of Terms and Conditions of Sale” (the agreement)

and paid a deposit of $5,000 (the deposit) to defendants for the property.

      Under the agreement, the mortgagees were to convey title, and plaintiff was

to pay the remaining balance, on the thirtieth day following the foreclosure sale. The

property was to be conveyed “subject to any and all unpaid taxes, tax titles, tax liens,

water and sewer assessments or liens, and any other municipal assessments or liens.”

If plaintiff did not fulfill its obligations under the agreement, the deposit was to be

retained by the mortgagees. The agreement also provided that “the mortgagee

reserves the right to void this transaction for any reason[,]” in which case plaintiff’s

only recourse was to have the deposit returned. Additionally, if the mortgagees were

unable to convey title within thirty days, they were entitled under the agreement to

give notice to plaintiff and extend the time for conveyance up to thirty additional

                                         -2-
days. However, the agreement also stated that “[t]ime is of the essence[.]” FNMA

did in fact extend the initial time for conveyance until February 22, 2016. Thereafter,

the parties agreed to a number of further extensions, ultimately extending the time

of performance for an additional twenty months, until October 13, 2017.

Throughout the time of the extensions, costs, taxes, and fees continued to accrue on

the property (the accruing costs).

      In May 2017, defendants were prepared to close on the property and convey

title to plaintiff. The defendants asserted that plaintiff was liable for all costs that

had accrued with respect to the property, but plaintiff disputed this liability. On

October 16, 2017, defendants caused a forfeiture-of-bid letter to be sent to plaintiff,

dissolving plaintiff’s rights in the property and notifying plaintiff that defendants

would keep the deposit.

      On November 14, 2017, plaintiff filed a notice of lis pendens in the City of

Cranston Land Evidence Records, claiming an interest in the property and asserting

that it would be filing a claim in the Superior Court. On November 22, 2017,

plaintiff filed a complaint claiming breach of contract for failure to return the deposit

(count one); failure to timely perform (count two); and violation of the implied

covenant of good faith and fair dealing (count three). The plaintiff also asserted a

claim for a violation of the Rhode Island Unfair Trade Practice and Consumer

Protection Act, G.L. 1956 chapter 13.1 of title 6 (the Act) (count four).

                                          -3-
      On May 1, 2018, defendants filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings

pursuant to Rule 12(c) of the Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure. The

defendants asserted that plaintiff could not prove any set of facts that would support

its claims against defendants and argued that the complaint established that plaintiff

breached the agreement and that defendants’ acts were not deceptive but rather

consistent with the agreement’s terms. The plaintiff objected to this motion. At a

hearing on August 22, 2018, a Superior Court justice granted defendants’ motion in

a brief oral decision, finding that he would have to “rewrite the agreement” for

plaintiff’s claims to succeed.

      On September 10, 2018, plaintiff filed a premature notice of appeal. However,

judgment entered on September 14, 2018; and, therefore, we accept plaintiff’s appeal

as timely. See, e.g., Goddard v. APG Security-RI, LLC, 134 A.3d 173, 175 (R.I.

2016) (treating a premature notice of appeal as timely filed).

                                          II

                                 Standard of Review

      “A judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c) * * * ‘provides a trial court

with the means of disposing of a case early in the litigation process when the material

facts are not in dispute after the pleadings have been closed and only questions of

law remain to be decided.’” Nugent v. State Public Defender’s Office, 184 A.3d 703,

706 (R.I. 2018) (quoting Chase v. Nationwide Mutual Fire Insurance Company, 160

                                         -4-
A.3d 970, 973 (R.I. 2017)). We review the granting of a Rule 12(c) motion for

judgment on the pleadings under the same test we utilize to review a Rule 12(b)(6)

motion to dismiss. Id. Therefore, a judgment on the pleadings “may be granted only

when it is established beyond a reasonable doubt that a party would not be entitled

to relief from the defendant under any set of conceivable facts that could be proven

in support of its claim.” Id. at 706-07 (quoting Chase, 160 A.3d at 973).

                                         III

                                     Discussion

      Before this Court, plaintiff advances several arguments in support of its

appeal. Essentially, plaintiff contends that the hearing justice failed to assume that

all the allegations in the complaint were true and that questions of disputed material

facts exist that cannot be resolved on a motion for judgment on the pleadings.

                                          A

                                Breach of Contract

      The plaintiff’s claim of breach of contract, as set forth in its complaint, is

twofold. It first contends that defendants’ retention of the deposit constituted a

breach of the agreement. While acknowledging in its complaint that defendants

reserved the right to void the agreement for any reason, plaintiff asserted that

defendants’ sole obligation in that event was to return the deposit, which defendants

did not do.

                                        -5-
      The plaintiff’s second argument concerning breach of contract implicates the

time of performance. In the complaint, plaintiff alleged that the agreement required

plaintiff to pay the balance of the purchase price on the thirtieth day following the

foreclosure sale, but that defendants were not prepared to close until approximately

seventeen months later. The plaintiff alleges that at least eight extensions were

executed, but nevertheless a dispute arose over liability for the payment of “property

taxes, sewer fees, municipal fees, violation fines and/or water fees” during that

seventeen-month period. The plaintiff attributes the delay in closing solely to

defendants.

      On the other hand, defendants argued in Superior Court that the issue was

controlled by the original agreement and the various extensions, which extended the

time for performance but ratified the agreement in all other respects.

      However, after our review of the complaint, assuming all allegations therein

are true and resolving any doubts in plaintiff’s favor, as we must, we cannot say that

it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that plaintiff would not be entitled to relief

under any set of conceivable facts that could be proven in support of its claim. See

Siena v. Microsoft Corporation, 796 A.2d 461, 463 (R.I. 2002).

      The plaintiff’s claims for breach of contract turn on the determination of

which party is responsible for the taxes and assessments that accrued subsequent to

the sale of the property at auction. The initial agreement calls for the mortgagee to

                                        -6-
give title or to make conveyance “on the 30th day following the [foreclosure] sale[.]”

It further provides that the mortgagee may extend the time for performance for a

period of up to thirty days. The agreement also expressly states that “[t]ime is of the

essence of this agreement.” Thus, the agreement clearly contemplates a final closing

within a relatively short period of time, certainly not a seventeen-month delay.

      This, in our opinion, constitutes an ambiguity in the contract terms. “A term

in a contract is ambiguous when it is ‘reasonably and clearly susceptible to more

than one rational interpretation.’” Botelho v. City of Pawtucket School Department,

130 A.3d 172, 176 (R.I. 2016) (quoting Miller v. Saunders, 80 A.3d 44, 49 (R.I.

2013)). The determination of whether a contract’s provision is ambiguous is a

question of law to be reviewed de novo; the interpretation of that provision, however,

is a question of fact. Id. at 176, 177-78. In the matter before us, there is an ambiguity

with respect to the liability for payment of the accruing costs during the seventeen-

month period occasioned by defendants’ delay in delivering title.

      While it is true that the parties executed a series of extensions, purporting to

extend the time of performance but ratifying the agreement in all other respects, there

appear to be significant gaps during that seventeen-month period when no extension

was in effect. For instance, based upon the extensions that were appended to

plaintiff’s complaint, the most recent extension was dated October 3, 2017, and

extended the time of performance from September 8, 2017, to October 13, 2017.

                                          -7-
The immediately preceding extension, however, was dated October 12, 2016, and

purported to continue the closing from September 29, 2016, to November 18, 2016.

Thus, in accordance with the allegations set forth in plaintiff’s complaint, there was

a period of nearly ten months in which no extension agreement was in effect and

during which, for purposes of a motion for judgment on the pleadings, it cannot be

inferred that plaintiff agreed to cover the taxes and municipal assessments that

continued to accrue on the property.

      In reviewing the grant of a judgment on the pleadings, this Court “confine[s

itself] to the four corners of the complaint, assume[s] that the allegations set forth

are true, and resolve[s] any doubts in favor of the complaining party.” Chase, 160

A.3d at 973 (quoting Tri-Town Construction Co. v. Commerce Park Associates 12,

LLC, 139 A.3d 467, 478 (R.I. 2016)). Applying this standard to the case before us,

we are of the opinion that plaintiff’s breach-of-contract claims cannot be resolved

by a judgment on the pleadings.

                                           B

        Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

      In its complaint, plaintiff also alleged a breach of an implied covenant of good

faith and fair dealing. The essence of its claim is that, at the time of the foreclosure

sale, defendants represented that they “could perform, and close, within thirty (30)

days or at the very least within a reasonable time thereafter[,]” but that defendants

                                         -8-
repeatedly requested extensions due to their own delays, errors, and/or mistakes.

The plaintiff contends that defendants breached their duty to act in good faith by

making the false representation that they could close within thirty days, thus

requiring plaintiff to pay the costs that accrued on the property due to defendants’

own delays and errors.

       “It is well settled that ‘virtually every contract contains an implied covenant

of good faith and fair dealing between the parties.’” Ferreira v. Child and Family

Services, 222 A.3d 69, 76 (R.I. 2019) (brackets omitted) (quoting Dovenmuehle

Mortgage, Inc. v. Antonelli, 790 A.2d 1113, 1115 (R.I. 2002)). This implied

covenant provides a safeguard so that contractual aims are satisfied and parties do

not act to “destroy[] or injure[] the right of the other party to receive the fruits of the

contract.” McNulty v. Chip, 116 A.3d 173, 185 (R.I. 2015) (quoting 17A Am. Jur.

2d Contracts § 370 at 365 (2004)). However, “the implied covenant of good faith

and fair dealing does not create an independent cause of action[,]” but must be

connected to a breach-of-contract claim. Ferreira, 222 A.3d at 76.

       In light of our holding, supra, reviving plaintiff’s breach-of-contract claims,

we are satisfied that its count alleging breach of an implied covenant of good faith

and fair dealing must be resuscitated as well. Assuming all allegations in plaintiff’s

complaint are true and drawing all inferences in its favor, it may well be a question

of fact whether defendants’ delay in scheduling a closing while the taxes and

                                           -9-
municipal assessments continued to accumulate constituted bad faith and unfair

dealing.

                                           C

    Claim under the Unfair Trade Practice and Consumer Protection Act

      Pursuant to § 6-13.1-5.2(a), private actions under the Act can be brought by

“[a]ny person who purchases or leases goods or services primarily for personal,

family, or household purposes[.]”       However, we have said “a Rhode Island

corporation * * * plainly does not have standing to bring a private action under this

statute.” ERI Max Entertainment, Inc. v. Streisand, 690 A.2d 1351, 1354 (R.I. 1997).

The plaintiff is a Rhode Island limited liability company. Therefore, the plaintiff did

not have standing to bring this claim under the Act against the defendants, and we

affirm the granting of the motion for judgment on the pleadings on this count alone.

                                          IV

                                     Conclusion

      For the reasons stated herein, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court

with respect to the plaintiff’s claim in count four of its complaint, under the Unfair

Trade Practice and Consumer Protection Act. The judgment of the Superior Court

is vacated in all other respects. We remand the record to the Superior Court for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      Justice Flaherty participated in the decision but retired prior to its publication.

                                         - 10 -
Justice Lynch Prata and Justice Long did not participate.

                                - 11 -
                                               STATE OF RHODE ISLAND
                                        SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE
                                              Licht Judicial Complex
                                                250 Benefit Street
                                               Providence, RI 02903

                                 OPINION COVER SHEET

                                     Premier Home Restoration, LLC v. Federal National
Title of Case
                                     Mortgage Association et al.
                                     No. 2019-24-Appeal.
Case Number
                                     (PC 17-5614)

Date Opinion Filed                   February 25, 2021

Justices                             Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, and Robinson, JJ.

Written By                           Chief Justice Paul A. Suttell

Source of Appeal                     Providence County Superior Court

Judicial Officer from Lower Court    Associate Justice Bennett R. Gallo

                                     For Plaintiff:

                                     Richard A. Pacia, Esq.
                                     For Defendants:
Attorney(s) on Appeal
                                     Thomas J. Walsh, Esq.
                                     Justin Pierce, Esq.
                                     Brian M. Kiser, Esq.

SU-CMS-02A (revised June 2020)