Court Opinion

ID: 6330881
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-13 16:08:12.957536+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:06.355332
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This decision of the New Mexico Court of Appeals was not selected for publication in
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          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

No. A-1-CA-38412

STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

       Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JASON LEE COMITZ,

       Defendant-Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
Cristina Jaramillo, District Judge

Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General
Benjamin Lammons, Assistant Attorney General
Santa Fe, NM

for Appellee

Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender
Mary Barket, Assistant Appellate Defender
Santa Fe, NM

for Appellant

                                MEMORANDUM OPINION

ATTREP, Judge.

{1}     Defendant Jason Comitz appeals the district court’s amended judgment and
sentence on multiple convictions after the New Mexico Supreme Court in State v.
Comitz, 2019-NMSC-011, 443 P.3d 1130, reversed several of his convictions.
Defendant’s resentencing reduced his prison sentence from life plus fifteen years to
thirty-four and one-half years. In this appeal, Defendant contends the district court, in
fashioning his amended sentence, deprived him of due process by acting vindictively
and relying on acquitted conduct or abused its discretion. We affirm.
BACKGROUND

{2}     Several days before the incident giving rise to the charges in this case,
Defendant went to the home of his friend Paul Randy Rael (Randy) to collect a drug
debt of $30. Id. ¶ 2. During a fight that ensued between Randy’s stepson Manuel
Ramirez (Manuel) and Defendant, Defendant was punched multiple times and pushed
to the ground. Id. Several days later, Defendant and two companions, all armed with
handguns, returned to the Rael home. Id. ¶ 3. Randy, Manuel, Randy’s wife, Randy’s
son, Paul Rael Junior (Paul), and Randy’s ten-year-old granddaughter were there. Id.
Randy’s wife and granddaughter remained inside, while Randy, Manuel, and Paul went
out to the porch. Id. ¶¶ 4-5. Meanwhile, Defendant and his companions were on the
sidewalk. Id. ¶ 5. Eventually, Defendant and his companions began shooting at Randy,
Manuel, and Paul. Id. ¶ 6. Randy died from a gunshot wound to his neck; Paul was shot
in the head and survived; and Manuel was shot in the leg and survived. Id. ¶ 8. Randy’s
wife and granddaughter were not physically injured. Id.

{3}     Defendant was charged with numerous offenses, id. ¶ 9, and a jury convicted
him of first-degree felony murder and second-degree murder of Randy, four counts of
aggravated battery of Paul and Manuel, two counts of aggravated assault of Paul and
Manuel, multiple conspiracy counts, child abuse, and shooting at a dwelling. Id. ¶ 10.
The district court judge, who presided over the jury trial, sentenced Defendant to the
basic sentence for each offense, including life imprisonment for first-degree felony
murder, NMSA 1978, § 30-2-1(A)(2) (1994), with firearm enhancements where
applicable. See NMSA 1978, § 31-18-14 (2009) (basic sentences for capital felonies);
NMSA 1978, § 31-18-15 (2007, amended 2019) (basic sentences for noncapital
felonies); NMSA 1978, § 31-18-16 (1993, amended 2020) (firearm enhancement). The
district court ran the sentences for the aggravated assault convictions concurrently with
the sentences on the remaining convictions. Otherwise, in all relevant respects, the
remaining sentences ran consecutively for an aggregate sentence of life plus fifteen
years.

{4}     Defendant appealed his convictions to the New Mexico Supreme Court. See
Comitz, 2019-NMSC-011, ¶ 11. The Court concluded that the State failed to prove the
predicate felony of shooting at a dwelling for Defendant’s first-degree felony murder
conviction. Id. ¶ 23. The Court explained that shooting at a dwelling requires a showing
“that the target of the defendant[’s] gunfire was the dwelling . . . itself.” Id. ¶ 19. In this
case, the Court concluded that “the only reasonable inference from the evidence” was
that “Defendant and his companions specifically and primarily targeted the Raels
themselves in the course of a gunfight that took place in front of the dwelling.” Id. ¶ 18.

{5}    Because the State failed to prove the predicate felony, the Court vacated
Defendant’s convictions for first-degree felony murder and shooting at a dwelling; and
for similar reasons, the Court vacated his conviction for conspiracy to commit shooting
at a dwelling. Id. ¶¶ 23-24. The Court also vacated, on double jeopardy grounds, two of
Defendant’s convictions for aggravated battery and two of his convictions for
conspiracy. Id. ¶¶ 31, 36. The Court remanded the case to the district court for
resentencing on the remaining convictions: second-degree murder of Randy, two counts
of aggravated battery of Paul and Manuel, conspiracy to commit aggravated battery,
two counts of aggravated assault of Paul and Manuel, and child abuse. See id. ¶¶ 9, 53.

{6}     The same judge who presided over the jury trial and Defendant’s original
sentencing presided over Defendant’s resentencing. At the resentencing hearing, the
district court and the parties agreed that the maximum sentence allowed on the
remaining charges, including with applicable firearm enhancements, was thirty-four and
one-half years. The following exchange ensued:

         Judge:                          I’ve already heard all the arguments, right?

         Defense counsel:                Your, honor, the defense does have some arguments
                                         now that this case has been remanded on the second-
                                         degree murder as opposed to a first . . . .1

         Judge:                          What could be different?

         Defense counsel:                And the fact that so many convictions were actually vacated.
                                         Well, your honor, at this time…

         Judge:                          Well, I don’t agree. Let me just tell you from the start,
                                         when you shoot in the direction of a house, that’s
                                         shooting at a dwelling. I don’t agree with the Supreme
                                         Court and how they did that, and that’s fine; I’m coming
                                         back on it, but, go ahead.

At that point, the district court permitted extensive argument from defense counsel.
Defense counsel requested that the district court run the remaining counts as it did in
the original sentencing—that is, run the aggravated assault convictions concurrently
with the other offenses and run all other offenses consecutively—for an aggregate
sentence of twenty-nine and one-half years. Defense counsel further requested that the
district court suspend thirteen and one-half years, for an effective term of sixteen years’
incarceration. Counsel argued the sentence would be comparable to the codefendants’
sentences and contended it was justified given Defendant’s relative culpability, shown in
part by the fact that the bullet that killed Randy was not from Defendant’s gun.2

{7}     Randy’s wife spoke next, followed by counsel for the State. The State contended
that the incident would not have happened had Defendant not instigated it, and the
State requested that all counts be run consecutively so Defendant would be sentenced
to the full thirty-four and one-half years. Defendant then addressed the court. Though he

1Because these statements by defense counsel are difficult to discern from the audio recording, this
transcription only approximates them.
2Subsequent to Defendant’s original appeal, his codefendants pled guilty to lesser charges. One
codefendant received a sentence of thirty-four years with nineteen years suspended, while the other
received a sentence of twenty-eight and one-half years with sixteen years suspended.
apologized for “what ha[d] happened,” he did not appear to accept responsibility for his
actions, stating, “There’s no way I would have [done] anything to hurt Randy.” In
announcing her sentencing decision, the district court judge stated:

      I remember this trial and I remember the testimony of the witnesses and
      the evidence that was presented, and [Defendant] was the start of all of
      this over $30. And the life of an individual was worth $30. And the fact that
      you had gotten upset about the son pushing you down on the ground
      when you came to collect your $30. You then, with friends, with drugs and
      alcohol, fueled your anger at being disrespected, being pushed down; you
      and your friends decided to go show them who was boss. And all three of
      you were armed. And you don’t go to a place unless you mean business—
      if you carry a gun with you, you mean business. Mr. Comitz, had you not
      decided to try to confront them with your friends, none of this would have
      happened. This was all your decision making. And maybe it helps you to
      sleep at night knowing that your bullet wasn’t the one that killed your
      friend. But that bullet wouldn’t have been there had it not been [for] you.
      So ultimately, you hold most of the responsibility for all of this, compared
      to the codefendants in this case, who didn’t know Randy, who didn’t know
      the family, who had no dog in that fight. This was all your fight, not theirs.
      I’m going to run everything consecutive to each other, for a total of thirty-
      four and a half years.

{8}   Defendant now appeals his amended sentence.

PRESERVATION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

{9}   We generally review a trial court’s sentencing decision for an abuse of discretion.
See State v. Bonilla, 2000-NMSC-037, ¶ 6, 130 N.M. 1, 15 P.3d 491. However,
Defendant’s due process challenges, if preserved, are generally subject to de novo
review. See State v. Dyke, 2020-NMCA-013, ¶ 24, 456 P.3d 1125 (reviewing de novo
the question of “whether a harsher sentence represents a due process violation”). But
see State v. Gardner, 2003-NMCA-107, ¶ 39, 134 N.M. 294, 76 P.3d 47 (applying the
abuse of discretion standard to decide whether the court’s consideration of uncharged
conduct at sentencing violated due process).

{10} While Defendant contends he “preserved arguments related to the general
propriety of [his] sentence,” he acknowledges that he did not object on the due process
grounds he now raises on appeal. In light of this, we conclude that Defendant’s due
process arguments were not preserved. See Rule 12-321(A) NMRA (“To preserve an
issue for review, it must appear that a ruling or decision by the trial court was fairly
invoked.”); see also State v. Montoya, 2015-NMSC-010, ¶ 45, 345 P.3d 1056 (“In order
to preserve an issue for appeal, a defendant must make a timely objection that
specifically apprises the trial court of the nature of the claimed error and invokes an
intelligent ruling thereon.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
{11} Nonetheless, we exercise our discretion to review Defendant’s unpreserved,
constitutional claims for fundamental error. See State v. Jensen, 1998-NMCA-034, ¶ 16,
124 N.M. 726, 955 P.2d 195 (reviewing an unpreserved claim pertaining to the
consideration of certain materials at resentencing for fundamental error); see also State
v. Castillo, 2011-NMCA-046, ¶ 28, 149 N.M. 536, 252 P.3d 760 (reviewing an
unpreserved, constitutional sentencing claim for fundamental error). We, however, apply
the fundamental error exception sparingly. “The doctrine of fundamental error applies
only under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a miscarriage of justice. The
error must shock the conscience or implicate a fundamental unfairness within the
system that would undermine judicial integrity if left unchecked.” Castillo, 2011-NMCA-
046, ¶ 29 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

DISCUSSION

{12} Defendant contends the district court, in fashioning his amended sentence: (1)
deprived him of due process by acting vindictively; (2) deprived him of due process by
relying on acquitted conduct; or (3) abused its discretion. We address each of
Defendant’s arguments in turn.

I.      Judicial Vindictiveness

{13} We first take up Defendant’s claim that his amended sentence is a product of
judicial vindictiveness. “A sentence is unconstitutionally vindictive if it imposes greater
punishment because the defendant exercised a constitutional right, such as . . . the right
to appeal.” Dyke, 2020-NMCA-013, ¶ 24. Defendant requests that we apply the
presumption of vindictiveness, as a matter of federal due process, adopted by the
United States Supreme Court in North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711 (1969),
overruled on other grounds by Alabama v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794 (1989). Pearce, as our
Supreme Court has explained, sets out a prophylactic rule that “a presumption of
vindictiveness arises when [a defendant’s] second sentence is more severe than the
first.” State v. Saavedra, 1988-NMSC-100, ¶ 20, 108 N.M. 38, 766 P.2d 298.

{14} The Pearce presumption of vindictiveness, however, applies in limited
circumstances. It does not apply where “there was no realistic possibility that the [judge]
at the second trial would be motivated by vindictiveness.” Saavedra, 1988-NMSC-100, ¶
21. And, as relevant to this case, the presumption “arises [only] when the second
sentence is more severe than the first.” Id. ¶ 20 (emphasis added). In determining
whether the second sentence is more severe in cases involving multiple convictions,
such as this one, the question arises whether to look at the sentence for each count or
the sentence as a whole. While the United States Supreme Court has not answered the
question, New Mexico, nearly forty years ago, joined what appears to be a majority of
federal and state courts in adopting an “aggregate package,” or total term of
imprisonment, approach.3 See State v. Lopez, 1983-NMCA-045, ¶¶ 5-6, 99 N.M. 612,

3See 6 Wayne R. LaFave, Criminal Procedure § 26.8(a) (4th ed. 2021) (“Most courts look primarily to the
total prison term . . . . Only the Second Circuit now follows the minority approach, comparing sentences
for remaining counts, along with several state courts.” (footnote omitted)).
661 P.2d 890. Lopez held that “Pearce . . . and the concept of ‘judicial vindictiveness’
are not applicable . . . where the total term of imprisonment subsequently ordered is
less than the original which had been imposed.”4 Lopez, 1983-NMCA-045, ¶ 6
(emphasis added).

{15} Where the Pearce presumption of vindictiveness arises, the sentencing judge’s
reasons for imposing the more severe sentence “must affirmatively appear” in the
record. State v. Cordova, 1983-NMCA-144, ¶ 25, 100 N.M. 643, 674 P.2d 533 (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). Where the presumption does not arise, relief is
available only when the defendant establishes his sentence was influenced by actual
vindictiveness. See Saavedra, 1988-NMSC-100, ¶ 21; Dyke, 2020-NMCA-013, ¶ 25.

{16} In this case, Defendant argues (A) a presumption of vindictiveness arose from
his amended sentence; (B) regardless, he has shown the district court’s actual
vindictiveness to punish him for exercising his right to appeal; or (C) if current New
Mexico precedent does not afford him relief, we should overrule Lopez or interpret the
New Mexico Constitution to provide greater protection in this context. As we explain, we
are not persuaded by Defendant’s arguments.

A.      Presumptive Vindictiveness

{17} To support his claims of judicial vindictiveness, Defendant contends that his
sentence was “increased” as a result of his aggravated assault sentences running
consecutively to his remaining sentences, when they originally had been run
concurrently. Defendant’s argument is foreclosed by Lopez. As this Court explained,
“[t]he trial court has the discretion to order that sentences for different offenses be
served concurrently or consecutively,” 1983-NMCA-045, ¶ 4, and “[t]he fact that
concurrent sentences are changed to consecutive terms does not by itself indicate an
actual increase in penalty.” Id. ¶ 5. Lopez held that the presumption of vindictiveness
does not arise “where the total term of imprisonment subsequently ordered is less than
the original which had been imposed.” Id. ¶ 6; see also id. ¶¶ 3, 5-6 (concluding no
presumption of vindictiveness arose from an amended sentence when counts that
previously ran concurrently were run consecutively and the total term of incarceration
decreased from twenty-one years to nineteen years). For the same reasons, the
presumption of judicial vindictiveness does not arise in this case—where,
notwithstanding the fact that Defendant’s sentence on some counts changed from

4Lopez has since been reaffirmed. See State v. Case, 1985-NMCA-027, ¶ 27, 103 N.M. 574, 711 P.2d 19
(concluding that the presumption of vindictiveness did not apply when the trial court originally sentenced
the defendant to one year for each of ten instances of contempt, for a total of ten years, and on
resentencing after appeal, resentenced the defendant to ten years for the one remaining count of
contempt), rev’d on other grounds, 1985-NMSC-103, 103 N.M. 501, 709 P.2d 670; State v. Duncan,
1994-NMCA-030, ¶¶ 1, 4, 117 N.M. 407, 872 P.2d 380 (providing that “the presumption of vindictiveness
does not apply” where the initial sentence exceeded forty years on fourteen counts, but on resentencing
was reduced to thirty-four years on two counts), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Brule, 1999-
NMSC-026, ¶¶ 3-6, 127 N.M. 368, 981 P.2d 782.
concurrent to consecutive, Defendant’s total amended sentence of thirty-four and one-
half years is less than his original sentence of life plus fifteen years. See id.

B.     Actual Vindictiveness

{18} Defendant alternatively argues that the record demonstrates actual
vindictiveness. Defendant bears the burden to make this showing. See Dyke, 2020-
NMCA-013, ¶ 25. As proof that the district court imposed a vindictive sentence to punish
Defendant for exercising his right to appeal, he again points to the change in his
aggravated assault sentences from concurrent to consecutive. Defendant also cites the
omission by the judge of an explanation why she ran the counts consecutively, as well
as her initial comments expressing her disagreement with the New Mexico Supreme
Court’s shooting-at-a-dwelling ruling and questioning whether anything had changed or
additional argument was needed.

{19} From our review of the record, there is no indication that the district court
fashioned Defendant’s sentence because of any indignation over his exercise of his
right to appeal. While Defendant would have us look at a couple of the judge’s
comments in isolation, we decline to do so. Instead, considering the hearing as a whole,
we are not persuaded that Defendant’s amended sentence was a product of actual
vindictiveness. To begin, we disagree that the district court judge’s taking exception to
our Supreme Court’s shooting-at-a-dwelling ruling exposes vindictiveness; in the end,
she submitted to the Court’s judgment. See id. ¶ 28 (declining to consider a comment
by the resentencing judge in isolation, particularly given its susceptibility to an
innocuous, alternative interpretation). Indeed, the district court fashioned an amended
sentence reflecting only the convictions remaining after appeal. See id. ¶¶ 28-29
(finding no actual vindictiveness where no statement of the resentencing judge betrayed
vindictiveness and where the sentence was foreseen as possible). Moreover, by all
appearances, it was the State’s, not the judge’s, idea to run the aggravated assault
sentences consecutively. Lastly, the district court gave a reasoned explanation for
imposing the maximum available sentence, citing facts establishing Defendant’s
culpability, including in relation to his codefendants; the judge did not state or imply that
Defendant’s exercise of his right to appeal influenced her decision. See id. (undermining
the defendant’s allegation of vindictiveness by reference to the sentencing court’s
“reasoned explanation for the sentence”).

{20} In sum, Defendant has failed to show that his amended sentence was based on
a desire by the district court to punish him for exercising his constitutional right to
appeal. See id. ¶ 29.

C.     Departure From Existing Law

{21} Defendant next contends that, if existing New Mexico law denies him relief, we
should either overrule Lopez or interpret the New Mexico Constitution to provide greater
protections in this context. In particular, Defendant requests that we adopt the minority
approach for determining when the Pearce presumption of vindictiveness arises (i.e.,
comparing the original and amended sentences for each count), and abandon the
“aggregate package” approach adopted in Lopez. We decline to do so.

{22} Defendant has not satisfied the high burden imposed by our courts for
overturning precedent. “Stare decisis is the judicial obligation to follow precedent, and it
lies at the very core of the judicial process of interpreting and announcing law.” Trujillo
v. City of Albuquerque, 1998-NMSC-031, ¶ 33, 125 N.M. 721, 965 P.2d 305. “It
promotes very important principles in the maintenance of a sound judicial system: (1)
stability of the law, (2) fairness in assuring that like cases are treated similarly, and (3)
judicial economy.” Id. (citations omitted). Thus, “any departure from precedent demands
special justification” in view of the following factors:

       (1) whether the precedent is so unworkable as to be intolerable; (2)
       whether parties justifiably relied on the precedent so that reversing it
       would create an undue hardship; (3) whether the principles of law have
       developed to such an extent as to leave the old rule no more than a
       remnant of abandoned doctrine; and (4) whether the facts have changed
       in the interval from the old rule to reconsideration so as to have robbed the
       old rule of justification.

Id. ¶ 34 (alteration, omission, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).

{23} We understand Defendant’s argument to hinge entirely on the first factor.
Nonetheless, Defendant acknowledges that the “aggregate package” approach in Lopez
“has not been proven unworkable as such,” but contends “it has proven intolerably
harsh.” Setting aside the fact that “intolerable harshness” is not what we must be
convinced of to overrule precedent, Defendant’s explanation as to how Lopez has this
effect is wanting. Initially, Defendant contends—based on the United States Supreme
Court’s progressive narrowing of the Pearce presumption’s application and New
Mexico’s criminal sentencing scheme—that the Pearce presumption is “essentially
unavailable” to defendants in New Mexico. As proof, Defendant points to the limited
number of cases in New Mexico citing Lopez. Given the myriad reasons Lopez might
not be cited more frequently, we find this argument unduly speculative, especially as a
justification for overruling precedent. Next, Defendant contends it is easier for a
defendant to sustain a claim of actual vindictiveness than to meet the requirements of
presumptive vindictiveness and that his case proves this point. As we discussed,
however, Defendant has not established actual vindictiveness, so the premise of this
argument is lacking. What is more, given the particular circumstances of this case—
where Defendant’s statutorily authorized sentence represents a drastic decrease from
his initial sentence, and where the district court stated a neutral reason for the amended
sentence—we see “no realistic possibility” of vindictiveness, Saavedra, 1988-NMSC-
100, ¶ 21, and no reasoned basis for departing from Lopez today.

{24} Suffice it to say that we decline Defendant’s invitation to overrule Lopez. See
State v. Chavez, 2021-NMSC-017, ¶¶ 53-54, 485 P.3d 1279 (declining to abandon
precedent where the reasoning behind an “unworkable” claim was inadequate).
Furthermore, for the reasons discussed above, and because Defendant’s state
constitutional claim was neither preserved nor adequately developed on appeal, we
decline to examine today whether the New Mexico Constitution provides greater
protection in this area. See Dyke, 2020-NMCA-013, ¶ 23 (analyzing a presumptive
vindictiveness claim under the federal constitution only, where the defendant “failed to
preserve or adequately argue in the district court for protections under the New Mexico
Constitution”).

II.     Acquitted Conduct

{25} Based solely on the district court judge’s expression of disagreement with our
Supreme Court’s shooting-at-a-dwelling ruling, Defendant contends that the court
“considered him guilty of shooting at a dwelling . . . (and therefore felony murder and
conspiracy) and intended to sentence him in accordance with that view.” As proof of
what Defendant regards as reliance by the district court on “acquitted conduct,”
Defendant again points to the fact that the district court ran his sentences for the
aggravated assault convictions consecutively to his sentences for the remaining
convictions, when they originally had been run concurrently.

{26} Defendant argues at length about the impropriety of a sentencing court’s reliance
on acquitted conduct, a reliance he says violates due process. Yet he scarcely
considers whether the district court in this case can be said to have relied on acquitted
conduct, as that term is understood by the several authorities he cites.5 We are not
persuaded the district court engaged in such reliance, and therefore see no need to
take up the particular question Defendant raises: whether, under the United States
Constitution or the New Mexico Constitution, a court may take acquitted conduct into
account at sentencing. We explain.

{27} One authority Defendant cites, which is representative of the rest, People v.
Beck, 939 N.W.2d 213 (Mich. 2019), illustrates what is meant by reliance on acquitted
conduct in the sentencing context.6 In Beck, the jury found the defendant guilty of being
a felon in possession of a firearm and of carrying a firearm during the commission of a
felony, but acquitted him of murder, among other offenses. Id. at 216. The Michigan
sentencing guidelines range for the felon in possession conviction was 22 to 76 months,

5The term “acquitted conduct” is used in the several authorities cited by Defendant to refer at times to the
counts or charges for which a defendant was acquitted, and at other times to the conduct underlying the
acquitted counts or charges. See, e.g., People v. Black, 33 A.D.3d 338, 341-42 (N.Y. App. Div. 2006)
(referring to both the trial court’s reliance on the charges for which the defendant was acquitted and the
conduct underlying the acquitted charges). Unless otherwise specified, we use “acquitted conduct” to
refer to both the acquitted charges and the conduct underlying such charges.
6None of the cases cited by Defendant involved the same scenario at issue here—in which a defendant’s
conviction was overturned by an appellate court and the defendant was then resentenced. They instead
all involved the scenario where a defendant’s innocence was determined by a jury and conduct or
charges for which the jury acquitted the defendant was considered at original sentencing. Whether this is
a distinction without a difference is, however, not something we grapple with today.
but the court imposed a sentence of 240 to 400 months for that offense. Id. The court
justified the sentence as follows.

        [The jury] could not find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant
        committed the homicide. But the [c]ourt certainly finds that there is a
        preponderance of the evidence that he did. . . . [The defendant] was the
        person who perpetrated the killing. And I do find by a preponderance of
        the evidence that that has been shown. And I do consider that in going
        over the guidelines in this matter.

Id. at 217 (emphases omitted). Thus, the trial court explicitly countermanded the
acquittal to find the defendant committed homicide, and it clearly relied on that finding to
greatly lengthen his punishment for the lesser conviction. Id. In concluding this
amounted to a federal due process violation, the Supreme Court of Michigan stated, “To
allow the trial court to use at sentencing an essential element of a greater offense as an
aggravating factor, when the presumption of innocence was not, at trial, overcome as to
this element, is fundamentally inconsistent with the presumption of innocence itself.” Id.
at 225 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In Beck, and numerous other of
the authorities cited by Defendant, the sentencing judge’s reliance on acquitted conduct
in fashioning the defendant’s sentence was evident.7

{28} This is in contrast to the circumstances here. In this case, the record does not
reflect that the district court “relied on acquitted conduct” in resentencing Defendant, as
he alleges. To begin, there plainly is no finding by the district court that Defendant
“targeted the dwelling”—the conduct underlying the acquitted charge of shooting at a
dwelling. See Comitz, 2019-NMSC-011, ¶ 19. Nor does the record reveal anything like
the reliance on acquitted conduct observed in the cases Defendant cites. Instead, there
is the district court judge’s brief expression of disagreement with our Supreme Court’s
legal conclusion on what constitutes shooting at a dwelling, followed by her expression
of willingness to accept it. This willingness is reflected in the sentence she imposed—
i.e., a basic sentence for only those charges remaining on remand. Further, the judge

7See, e.g., State v. Paden-Battle, 234 A.3d 332, 344-48 (N.J. Super Ct. App. Div. 2020) (requiring
resentencing where the sentencing judge plainly relied on murder charges of which the defendant was
acquitted to enhance the defendant’s sentence), aff’d sub nom. State v. Melvin, 258 A.3d 1075 (N.J.
2021); Black, 33 A.D.3d at 342 (requiring resentencing where “the trial court freely admitted that it could
not disregard [the] defendant’s conduct underlying the murder” and other charges of which the defendant
was acquitted in fashioning his sentence); State v. Cote, 530 A.2d 775, 783-85 (N.H. 1987) (concluding
that the trial court’s apparent reliance on the conduct underlying five charges of which the defendant was
acquitted was an abuse of discretion); State v. Marley, 364 S.E.2d 133, 139 (N.C. 1988) (concluding that
the trial court’s increase in sentence, based on a judge-made finding that the killing was premeditated and
deliberate when the defendant had been acquitted of first-degree murder, violated due process).
In the federal precedent cited by Defendant, the reliance on acquitted conduct as a basis for enhancing a
defendant’s sentencing is equally evident; this reliance, however, was held to be permissible. See, e.g.,
United States v. Watts, 519 U.S. 148, 157 (1997) (per curiam) (holding—where the district court found,
notwithstanding the jury’s verdict to the contrary, that the defendant used a firearm and used that finding
to increase the guidelines range sentence—that “a jury’s verdict of acquittal does not prevent the
sentencing court from considering conduct underlying the acquitted charge, so long as that conduct has
been proved by a preponderance of the evidence” (emphasis added)).
clearly articulated her reasons for selecting the maximum sentence on the remaining
charges—i.e., Defendant’s culpability, especially in relation to his codefendants.

{29} In short, the district court judge gave no indication that she was imposing
Defendant’s sentence in reliance on acquitted conduct. See Gardner, 2003-NMCA-107,
¶¶ 42-43 (concluding no due process violation occurred at sentencing where the
information that formed the basis of the defendant’s challenge on appeal was not plainly
relied on by the sentencing judge); see also State v. Aker, 2005-NMCA-063, ¶¶ 21-22,
137 N.M. 561, 113 P.3d 384 (same); cf. State v. Wilson, 1982-NMCA-019, ¶¶ 20-25, 97
N.M. 534, 641 P.2d 1081 (finding no due process violation where the resentencing court
imposed a statutorily authorized sentence, notwithstanding that the court characterized
the conduct underlying the conviction as constituting an offense different from the
convicted offense, given that the court otherwise articulated reasons for the sentence).
We find the various authorities cited by Defendant inapposite; and we further conclude
no reliance on acquitted conduct, or any possible corresponding due process violation,
occurred at resentencing.

III.   Abuse of Discretion

{30} In asserting that the district court abused its discretion in resentencing him,
Defendant merely rehashes the arguments he made in support of his due process
claims. We have thoroughly considered these arguments and conclude, for the reasons
already stated, that the district court did not abuse its discretion in resentencing
Defendant. See Gardner, 2003-NMCA-107, ¶ 43 (“We cannot find an abuse of
discretion in the imposition of a basic sentence that was grounded in the evidence.”);
Lopez, 1983-NMCA-045, ¶ 4 (“The trial court has the discretion to order that sentences
for different offenses be served concurrently or consecutively.”).

CONCLUSION

{31} For the foregoing reasons, Defendant has not demonstrated that his
resentencing was the result of error, fundamental or otherwise, or amounted to an
abuse of discretion. We affirm.

{32}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

JENNIFER L. ATTREP, Judge

WE CONCUR:

JACQUELINE R. MEDINA, Judge

MEGAN P. DUFFY, Judge