Court Opinion

ID: 3009068
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-09 16:04:34.44282+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:46:15.259536
License: Public Domain

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
                     MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

                                              IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

                                              OF FLORIDA

                                              SECOND DISTRICT

RED BERYL, INC., a Nevada corporation, )
                                          )
                 Appellant,               )
                                          )
v.                                        )         Case No. 2D14-4092
                                          )
SARASOTA VAULT DEPOSITORY, INC.; )
PRIVATE CAPITAL GROUP, INC., a Utah )
corporation; TINA NIELSON, an individual; )
SUMMIT DEVELOPERS, LLC, an Arizona )
limited liability company; DWAYNE         )
SEITER, an individual; BRANDON            )
BENTLEY, an individual; KIM PURCELL, )
an individual; KRIS PURCELL, an           )
individual; DAVID A. KAHN, an individual; )
CHELLE HOLDINGS, LLC, a New York          )
limited liability company; LORA           )
MORGENSTERN, an individual; ENTRUST )
ARIZONA FBO GLEN FORTHUM #10874; )
NORMAN STEINER, an individual;            )
JONATHAN K. FOWLER, an individual;        )
HEATHER D. FOWLER, an individual;         )
THE ELDEN & CAROL GARDNER FAMILY )
TRUST DTD 12/11/1989; PRIVATE             )
CAPITAL GROUP DIVERSIFIED FUND,           )
LLC, a Utah limited liability company;    )
VAN HADLOCK, an individual; and           )
WENDY HADLOCK, an individual,             )
                                          )
                 Appellees.               )
                                          )

Opinion filed October 9, 2015.

Appeal pursuant to Fla. R. App. P. 9.130
from the Circuit Court for Sarasota County;
Charles E. Williams, Judge.
Dale T. Golden of Golden Scaz Gagain,
PLLC, Tampa, for Appellant.

R. John Cole, II, of R. John Cole, II, &
Associates, P.A., Sarasota, for Appellee
Sarasota Vault Depository, Inc.

No appearance for remaining Appellees.

ALTENBERND, Judge.

              Inside the vault at Sarasota Vault Depository, Inc., there is a lock box

purported to contain more than $5,000,000 in rare, red beryl gems. Sarasota Vault

claims no interest in these gems, but many of the remaining parties in the style of this

case do. Sarasota Vault filed a complaint seeking to interplead these gems or, in the

alternative, to obtain a declaratory judgment as to the rights of the parties to these

gems. The trial court entered a nonfinal order that partially granted a motion for

summary judgment on the issue of interpleader. The order does not place the gems in

the registry of the court, but it grants the request for interpleader to the extent that

Sarasota Vault is required to secure and hold the gems until further order of the court.

The trial court intends to conduct evidentiary proceedings to determine the rights of the

parties. The trial court has not discharged Sarasota Vault from any liability and has not

dismissed it as a party.

              Red Beryl, Inc., filed a notice of appeal challenging this order. It argues

primarily that interpleader is improper because Sarasota Vault, by the terms of its rental

agreement, is not in possession of the gems. In essence, it argues that Sarasota Vault

is in possession only of the vault and lock box in which the gems are held. After

ordering supplemental briefing on the matter, and as explained later in this opinion, we

                                             -2-
treat the notice as a petition for writ of common law certiorari. We conclude that the trial

court has not departed from the essential requirements of the law by entering an order

that allows the action for interpleader to proceed and temporarily secures the gems in

the vault under the supervision of the court. As explained later, the circumstances

surrounding the lock box are far more complex than the rental agreement. Documents

in addition to the rental agreement seem to give Sarasota Vault greater custodial

obligations for these gems. As a practical matter, even if Sarasota Vault has

possession only of the lock box, the documents in this case do not give any one party

an undisputed right of access to its contents. Sarasota Vault disavows any interest in

the contents of the lock box. The court properly accepted an interpleader of the lock

box and restricted access to its contents. The fact that Sarasota Vault might ultimately

have some monetary liability to one or more of the defendants due to its handling of the

gems does not alter the fact that it has no claim to or interest in the gems themselves.

                  I. THE ALLEGATIONS REGARDING OWNERSHIP
                         AND POSSESSION OF THE GEMS

              Sarasota Vault is a private company in Sarasota that rents lock boxes to

customers for a monthly fee.1 As described in greater detail later in this opinion, it has

entered into rental agreements for the lock box in this case with at least two different

entities. The most recent of these is with Red Beryl, a Nevada corporation, and its

purported agent, Tina Nielson. This standardized rental agreement claims that

Sarasota Vault does not have "custody" or "control" of the contents, is not responsible

for the contents, and is a lessor of the box and not a "warehouseman." The rental

              1
              At this stage of the proceedings, the "facts" are based on the contents of
the record, which is limited and does not contain evidence comparable to the testimony
of a trial.

                                            -3-
agreement provides that it is "not intended to, nor does it in any way, create a bailment

between the parties" except in the case of default or failure to pay the rent by the

lessee. It further provides that: "Tenant has full rights to privacy, and Landlord does not

want to know the nature, quantity, quality or value of the Contents of the Box."

              Despite this contractual language in the rental agreement, the record

reflects that Sarasota Vault also issued at least four separate documents entitled

"Safekeeping Receipt." Each of these documents confirms that Sarasota Vault's "client"

has "deposited" with Sarasota Vault one thousand "Red Emerald Gemstones," totaling

298 carats in weight and valued at $5,005,023. Each receipt recites that Sarasota Vault

"stand[s] ready to confirm safekeeping by telephone or facsimile, to any inquiring bank,

or authorized representative, and will transfer this Original Safekeeping Certificate with

written approval of [its] Client." Thus, these receipts seem to create relationships

regarding these gems beyond the mere rental of an empty, secret box to Red Beryl. It

is doubtful that the receipts are each a complete transfer of the preceding receipt.

              In September 2008, Sarasota Vault entered into the first rental agreement

of the lock box with an individual who is not a party to this action. It issued the original

safekeeping receipt for these gems to this individual.2 In June 2009, the individual

issued a release of the gems to either Rex Harris, the purported "legal owner" of the

gems, or a designated agent of Mr. Harris. But Rex Harris apparently did not enter into

a new rental agreement or obtain a transfer of the safekeeping certificate.

              2
                 It is worth noting that neither the trial court nor this court has inspected
this lock box. All of the parties seem to agree that the box contains valuable gems, but
that fact is not independently established in this record.

                                             -4-
               Instead, at that time, Tina Nielson, the daughter of Mr. Harris and a

purported agent for Red Beryl, asked Sarasota Vault to transfer the gems to Red Beryl

with a new safekeeping receipt. Red Beryl and Ms. Nielson then entered into the

second rental agreement with Sarasota Vault to lease the lock box, and Sarasota Vault

issued a second safekeeping receipt confirming that the gems had been deposited by

"its client, Red Beryl, Inc." If this was done with written approval of the first client, that

fact is not clear from our record.

               Next, in July 2010, Patrick Lewis, holding himself out as an agent of Red

Beryl, asked Sarasota Vault to issue a third safekeeping receipt to Progress Solutions,

LLC, another Nevada company. At the same time, Sarasota Vault also received a

document from Progress Solutions titled "Revised Resolution to Borrow," which stated

that Progress Solutions wished to "lease" the gems to a third party. The document was

signed by Rex Harris, Tina Nielson, and Patrick Lewis, and it authorized Mr. Lewis to

sign, execute and endorse "all lease documents" that might be required to lease the

gems. Sarasota Vault issued its third safekeeping receipt for these gems to Progress

Solutions on July 6, 2010. Apparently, Red Beryl does not regard this safekeeping

receipt to be a full transfer of its earlier receipt.

               Just two weeks later, Mr. Lewis—allegedly still holding himself out as an

agent of Red Beryl—asked Sarasota Vault to issue yet a fourth safekeeping receipt, this

time to Summit Developers, LLC, an Arizona development company. He also asked

Sarasota Vault to endorse a document titled "Confirmation of Blocking of Assets" (the

blocking agreement), which already had been signed by representatives of both Summit

Developers and Private Capital Group (PCG), a Utah corporation. Summit Developers

                                               -5-
had apparently borrowed $400,000 from PCG and various other lenders (collectively,

the lenders),3 and had secured the loan in part with some of the gems located in the

vault.4 Despite the fact that Sarasota Vault had just issued a receipt for all of these

gems to Progress Solutions, it issued the fourth safekeeping receipt to Summit

Developers on July 21, 2010. If Progress Solutions gave written approval for this

transfer, that fact is not apparent from this record.

              Sarasota Vault also signed the blocking agreement, in which it

represented that the gems were "reserved and blocked" for the benefit of PCG for one

year pending payment of the promissory note by Summit Developers to PCG. Sarasota

Vault agreed to "facilitate delivery" of the gems to PCG upon receipt of a written notice

of default by Summit Developers.

              Summit Developers subsequently defaulted on the promissory note. In

early 2011, PCG provided Sarasota Vault with written notice of the default and

requested delivery of the gems. Sarasota Vault did not deliver the gems to PCG. In

September 2011, the lenders filed an action against Summit Developers in Utah state

court for breach of the loan agreement. The lenders also named Sarasota Vault as a

defendant, alleging conversion and breach of contract for failing to facilitate the delivery

              3
               PCG, Summit Developers, and these lenders—Dwayne Seiter, Brandon
Bentley, Kim and Kris Purcell, David A. Kahn, Chelle Holdings, LLC, Lora Morgenstern,
Entrust Arizona FBO Glen Forthum #10874, Norman Steiner, Jonathan K. and Heather
D. Fowler, The Elden and Carol Gardner Family Trust DTD 12/11/1989, Private Capital
Group Diversified Fund, LLC, and Van and Wendy Hadlock—are all defendants in the
interpleader action below. None of these parties have appeared in this appeal, and they
are thus appellees by operation of Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.020(g).
              4
               Although the parties do not fully explain this, according to the security
agreement for the loan and an attached inventory list, only about one hundred of the
one thousand gems that are allegedly in the vault were partial collateral on the loan.
Their value is not included on the inventory list.

                                             -6-
of the gems pursuant to the blocking agreement. At some point after this, Red Beryl

attempted to gain access to the vault and lock box, but Sarasota Vault did not allow it.

In September 2012, Red Beryl sent a demand letter to Sarasota Vault in which it

threatened suit for civil theft and treble damages if Sarasota Vault did not give it access

to the gems.

                         II. THE ACTION FOR INTERPLEADER

                                     A. The Pleadings

               Sarasota Vault filed its amended complaint for interpleader in 2013. It

named as defendants Red Beryl, Tina Nielson, Summit Developers, PCG, and the

remaining lenders. In its count for interpleader, Sarasota Vault alleged that it had no

interest in the gems and wished to deliver them to whomever they lawfully belonged but,

based on the alleged events and the conflicting claims to the gems, it could not make

this determination without threat of litigation from the defendant claimants. It asked the

court to enter an order allowing it to transfer the gems into the court registry, releasing it

of all liability to the claimants, discharging it from the action, and requiring the claimants

to interplead and settle their respective rights to the gems among themselves. In its

alternative count for declaratory judgment, Sarasota Vault asked for a determination of

who is entitled to possession of the gems.

               The lenders filed an answer to Sarasota Vault's amended complaint for

interpleader in which they brought counterclaims against Sarasota Vault, including

claims for breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair

dealing, and conversion. They also brought crossclaims against Red Beryl.

                                             -7-
              Red Beryl, meanwhile, filed simultaneous motions to dismiss and to

"strike" the amended complaint for interpleader, arguing in both motions that

interpleader was not proper because, according to the lease agreement for the vault,

Sarasota Vault does not have possession of the gems and thus does not meet the

definition of a "stakeholder" articulated by the Florida Supreme Court in Paul v. Harold

Davis, Inc., 20 So. 2d 795, 796 (Fla. 1945). The trial court denied both motions. After

Red Beryl filed a "motion to determine propriety of interpleader," in which it repeated the

argument from its prior motions, the court entered an order denying the motion and

explaining that if Red Beryl was seeking a judgment that Sarasota Vault was not entitled

to interpleader, it should file a motion for summary judgment or judgment on the

pleadings on that basis.

     B. The Parties' Motions for Summary Judgment and the Order on Review

              Red Beryl filed a motion for summary judgment and again made the same

argument regarding interpleader. It also argued that Sarasota Vault is not entitled to

declaratory relief because it is seeking a declaration of the defendants' rights to the

stake but not its own.

              Sarasota Vault filed its own motion for summary judgment as to

interpleader and its alternative count for declaratory relief. It argued that it is a proper

stakeholder because it has actual possession or control over the gems, it has no

interest in the gems, and it is exposed to multiple liability regarding the conflicting claims

to the gems. It maintained that these are the only requirements for interpleader under

the current rule.

                                             -8-
              After a hearing on the motions for summary judgment, the trial court

entered a written order that allowed both counts to go forward on the merits. It found

that an evidentiary hearing is needed to determine who is entitled to possession of the

gems and accordingly denied summary judgment on the count for declaratory judgment.

It found that interpleader is proper because Sarasota Vault has established that there

are competing claims to the gems for which Sarasota Vault is exposed to multiple

liability and that Sarasota Vault is a stakeholder with "actual possession" of the gems for

purposes of interpleader. It ordered that the gems remain with Sarasota Vault for

safekeeping until further order of the court. It also ordered that Sarasota Vault not be

discharged from liability or dismissed from the proceedings until further order and that

Red Beryl and PCG must interplead and litigate between themselves their respective

rights to the gems. It denied Red Beryl's motion for summary judgment in its entirety.

Red Beryl filed this appeal.

                  III. THE ORDER IS NOT APPEALABLE AS EITHER
                            A NONFINAL OR FINAL ORDER

              Red Beryl initially sought to appeal this order as either a nonfinal order

determining the right to immediate possession of property pursuant to Florida Rule of

Appellate Procedure 9.130(a)(3)(C)(ii), or as a final order of interpleader. The order is

not appealable as either.5

              5
                We recognize that this conclusion is not consistent with the direct
appellate review in Zimmerman v. Cade Enterprises, Inc., 34 So. 3d 199 (Fla. 1st DCA
2010). Zimmerman appears to involve an appeal in the same posture as this one. One
of the claimants in Zimmerman appealed the trial court's order granting interpleader to
the extent that the action was allowed to proceed and the plaintiff was required to place
the stake into the court registry. Id. at 200-01. And although this fact is not explicitly
addressed, the plaintiff does not appear to have been dismissed from the suit. See id.

                                           -9-
              As an initial matter, the portion of the order denying summary judgment on

the alternative count for declaratory relief is nonfinal and is not appealable under rule

9.130(a)(3). Likewise, that portion of the order is not a proper subject for certiorari

review. See, e.g., Miami-Dade Cty. v. Perez, 988 So. 2d 40 (Fla. 3d DCA 2008).

              The portion of the order on the count for interpleader is also nonfinal: it

expressly declines to release Sarasota Vault from the suit or from liability. It is therefore

not final as to either party, and it is not appealable as such. Cf. Schnebelt v. Schnebelt,

710 So. 2d 147 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) (holding that the order granting interpleader was

final as to the stakeholder, who was dismissed from the suit, and affirming the order

insofar as it required the remaining parties to interplead but concluding that the court

was without jurisdiction to reach any other issues raised by those parties in the appeal).

The trial court undoubtedly did not dismiss Sarasota Vault from the lawsuit or from

liability because of the unusual factual circumstances in this case and the fact that

several of the defendants have brought counterclaims against Sarasota Vault. See,

e.g., Rainess v. Estate of Machida, 81 So. 3d 504, 508 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012) (explaining

that the trial court allowed interpleader to proceed but denied a motion to withdraw by

the stakeholder who ultimately faced counterclaims).

              This nonfinal, interlocutory order is not appealable as an order determining

"the right to immediate possession of property" under rule 9.130(a)(3)(C)(ii). Because

the purpose of rule 9.130 is to "restrict the number of appealable nonfinal orders," we

are obligated to interpret the rule narrowly. See Travelers Ins. Co. v. Bruns, 443 So. 2d
959, 961 (Fla. 1984). Thus, despite Red Beryl's assertion, the court did not make a

The First District did not address jurisdiction in Zimmerman, and it is likely that the
jurisdictional question was never considered in that case.

                                            - 10 -
determination regarding any of the parties' "right" to possess the gems. To the contrary,

the court ordered that the gems remain in the vault for safekeeping pending the court's

future determination of their rightful owner or owners.6 See Walker v. Fla. Gas

Transmission Co., 134 So. 3d 571, 573 (Fla. 1st DCA 2014); Perez, 988 So. 2d at 41

("The effect of the order was simply to deny summary disposition of the parties'

respective claims to immediate possession—not to determine those claims. The claims

remain subject to determination at trial." (emphasis omitted)); see also Higgins v. Ryan,

81 So. 3d 588 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012) (concluding, in a published order, that an

interlocutory order in which the trial court simply gave its "opinion" of ownership

interests was not appealable under rule 9.130(a)(3)(C)(ii) and dismissing appeal for lack

of jurisdiction).

               If Red Beryl is entitled to review of the trial court's decision to take

temporary supervision of these gems while the parties' rights to the gems are resolved,

it must be by certiorari jurisdiction. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.030(b)(1)(B), (2)(A). We thus

treat this appeal as a petition for writ of certiorari. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.040(c)

(providing that where "a party seeks an improper remedy, the cause shall be treated as

if the proper remedy had been sought").

               6
                When the court concluded that interpleader was proper, it explained that
although it would normally order the stake to be deposited into the court registry, taking
this course of action with gems had caused trouble for the clerk of court in the past. It
therefore gave the parties the option of keeping the gems where they were or finding an
independent receiver to take possession of them. The parties apparently did not elect
to have an independent receiver take possession, and the court appropriately ordered
that the gems remain in the vault. See, e.g., Rogers v. Publix Super Mkts., Inc., 575 So.
2d 214, 215 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990) ("Retention of funds by a trustworthy person in an
action for interpleader is not unusual and avoids the clerk's fees."). Thus, for purposes
of this appeal, these gems are under the supervision of the court just as if they were in
the registry of the court.

                                             - 11 -
                 IV. THE ORDER IS NOT A DEPARTURE FROM THE
                     ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE LAW

              A nonfinal, nonappealable order may be reviewable by certiorari

jurisdiction in limited circumstances. Bd. of Trs. of Internal Improvement Tr. Fund v.

Am. Educ. Enters., LLC, 99 So. 3d 450, 454-55 (Fla. 2012). The party seeking relief

must demonstrate that the challenged order constitutes: (1) a departure from the

essential requirements of the law; (2) resulting in material injury for the remainder of the

proceedings; (3) that cannot be corrected on postjudgment appeal. Id. at 455 (quoting

Reeves v. Fleetwood Homes of Fla., Inc., 889 So. 2d 812, 822 (Fla. 2004)); see also

Parkway Bank v. Ft. Myers Armature Works, Inc., 658 So. 2d 646, 648 (Fla. 2d DCA

1995). Red Beryl has not made this showing.

              For purposes of this proceeding, we accept that Red Beryl, if it actually

has a right of possession to these gems at this time, could suffer irreparable injury by

having the gems held by the court. Cf. Tetrault v. Calkins, 79 So. 3d 213, 215 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2012) (explaining that an order denying a motion to discharge a lis pendens may

cause harm not remediable on appeal because a lis pendens operates as a cloud on

title that may constrain a petitioner's right to convey property).

              Nevertheless, the trial court did not depart from the essential requirements

of the law. In actuality, Red Beryl is not claiming that it is aggrieved because the court

took supervision of the lock box or its contents. Its grievance is that it wants the right to

immediately access the contents of the lock box. So do many of the other defendants.

Red Beryl has not established in this record that it has such a clear right to the contents

of the lock box that the court should deny interpleader and allow it exclusive access to

the box.

                                            - 12 -
              Red Beryl asserts that the trial court departed from the essential

requirements of the law when it allowed interpleader to proceed because Sarasota Vault

does not fit the definition of a stakeholder in a decades-old supreme court case, Paul v.

Harold Davis, Inc., 20 So. 2d 795 (Fla. 1945). In Paul, the supreme court explained that

it "underst[oo]d a stakeholder to be a person in possession of a fund with naked

authority to deliver it upon a contingency or the occurrence or nonoccurrence of an

event." Id. at 796. Red Beryl argues that, pursuant to the express terms of the rental

agreement, Sarasota Vault does not have "custody" or "control" of the gems and is not a

bailee or "warehouseman" with naked authority to possess the gems or to deliver them

to another party. It contends that Sarasota Vault thus does not fit the definition of a

stakeholder set forth in Paul, and interpleader is not proper in this case.

              As an initial matter, Red Beryl's argument is based on the questionable

assumption that the terms of the rental agreement exclusively control Sarasota Vault's

obligations regarding the lock box and its contents. As we have explained, the

circumstances surrounding the lock box and its contents—and in particular, the four

safekeeping agreements—suggest that this is not the case. But even assuming that

Red Beryl's assumption is correct, Red Beryl's argument ignores the current law and the

purpose for interpleader. Paul was decided before the common law requirements for

strict interpleader were replaced by Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.240. See

Zimmerman v. Cade Enters., Inc., 34 So. 3d 199, 202 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010); Joe Hatton,

Inc. v. Conner, 247 So. 2d 782, 783-84 (Fla. 4th DCA 1971). Rule 1.240 provides that:

              Persons having claims against the plaintiff may be joined as
              defendants and required to interplead when their claims are
              such that the plaintiff is or may be exposed to double or
              multiple liability. It is not ground for objection to the joinder

                                            - 13 -
              that the claim of the several claimants or the titles on which
              their claims depend do not have common origin or are not
              identical but are adverse to and independent of one another,
              or that the plaintiff avers that the plaintiff is not liable in whole
              or in part to any or all of the claimants.

Id. (emphasis added).

              Interpleader is a two-stage action. First, the trial court determines whether

interpleader is proper—i.e., whether the plaintiff has stated a claim for interpleader—

and second, the trial court determines who is actually entitled to the stake. See, e.g.,

N & C Props. v. Vanguard Bank & Tr. Co., 519 So. 2d 1048, 1050-51 (Fla. 1st DCA

1988). If the court determines that a claim for interpleader has been properly pleaded in

step one, it may deposit the stake into the court registry or order alternative

safekeeping. See, e.g., Bruce J. Berman & Peter D. Webster, Berman's Florida Civil

Procedure § 1.240:5 (West's Fla. Prac. Series 2015 ed.). The court may also dismiss

the plaintiff from the action and discharge the plaintiff from further liability regarding

entitlement to the stake. See id. However, if the plaintiff faces liability to the claimants

on theories that are independent from the entitlement to the stake, the court may keep

the plaintiff in step two of the litigation to defend against those claims. See, e.g.,

Rainess, 81 So. 3d at 508.

              Although some courts have continued to recite the four common law

requirements for "strict" interpleader,7 the only requirement to state a claim for

              7
               To maintain an action in strict interpleader, the common law required that:
(1) the claims to the stake were dependent or had common origin; (2) the same thing,
debt, or stake was claimed by the defendants; (3) the plaintiff had "no interest in the
subject matter—that is, in strict interpleader as distinguished from a suit in the nature of
interpleader"; and (4) the plaintiff was in a position of indifference as to the claimants,
"having incurred no independent liability to [any] of the claimants" and it appearing that
"no act on his part . . . caused the embarrassment of conflicting claims and the peril of

                                             - 14 -
interpleader that remains under rule 1.240 "is that the stakeholder 'is or may be

exposed to double or multiple liability' for competing claims to a single fund." Brock v.

Bowein, 99 So. 3d 580, 584 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012) (quoting Zimmerman, 34 So. 3d at

202). The current relevance of the earlier four requirements that applied under the

common law before the adoption of rule 1.240 and the merger of law and equity in 1967

is not easily explained. But when the order of interpleader does not discharge the

plaintiff of potential liability and the plaintiff remains a party to the modern proceeding, it

is clear that the third and fourth requirements of the common law of "strict' interpleader

have no application in the determination of whether interpleader may proceed. See,

e.g., Bruce J. Berman & Peter D. Webster, Berman's Florida Civil Procedure § 1.240:4

(West's Fla. Prac. Series 2015 ed.) (explaining the historical development of the

requirements for "strict" interpleader); see also Bradley v. Kochenash, 44 F.3d 166, 168

(2d Cir. 1995).

              Thus, under the modern rule, the nature or propriety of the stakeholder's

possession does not determine whether a plaintiff may bring an action for interpleader.

See Joe Hatton, Inc., 247 So. 2d at 782-83 (finding that interpleader was the proper

method for the agricultural commissioner to return assessments that had been deemed

unconstitutional and to which the state was no longer legally entitled). The purpose of

interpleader is to protect a stakeholder, who himself has no interest in the stake, from

liability for incorrectly determining which of the multiple claimants is entitled to the stake.

See Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.240 author's cmt.-1967. Thus, whether Sarasota Vault has

double vexation." Riverside Bank of Jacksonville v. Fla. Dealers & Growers Bank, 151
So. 2d 834, 836 (Fla. 1st DCA 1963), superseded by rule, Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.240, as
stated in Zimmerman, 34 So. 3d at 202.

                                             - 15 -
"naked" or legal authority to deliver the gems to the parties is not relevant to whether it

has properly pleaded an action for interpleader and whether the trial court has properly

ordered the gems to remain in the vault pending a determination of the parties' interests

in them.

              We conclude that the trial court's determination that this is a proper case

for interpleader is not a departure from the essential requirements of the law. Sarasota

Vault does not claim any interest in the gems. But in order for any of the claimants to

take possession of the gems, they must obtain physical access to the vault with the

permission of Sarasota Vault. Sarasota Vault has properly alleged that, based on what

is admittedly a convoluted series of events, it is unclear who properly owns the gems

and that it faces liability to multiple parties if it either denies or allows any one of them

access to the gems. Red Beryl has made demand that it will sue for conversion if

Sarasota Vault fails to turn over the gems; the lenders have in fact filed suit against

Sarasota Vault in Utah state court alleging conversion and breach of contract for

Sarasota Vault's failure to deliver the gems pursuant to the blocking agreement, and the

lenders have filed several counterclaims against Sarasota Vault in this case alleging

various causes of action based on Red Beryl's failure to deliver the gems pursuant to

the blocking agreement. Putting aside whether Sarasota Vault bears any responsibility

or fault for the circumstances leading to the dispute, it can take no course of action or

inaction regarding the gems without facing liability to someone. Although this situation

is unusual, it is precisely the kind of situation that interpleader was intended to address.

              Petition for certiorari denied.

CASANUEVA and KHOUZAM, JJ., Concur.

                                             - 16 -