Court Opinion

ID: 182459
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-01-07 19:10:37+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:25:59.637561
License: Public Domain

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT            FILED
                              ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                         JANUARY 7, 2011
                                     No. 09-11374
                                                                            JOHN LEY
                               ________________________
                                                                             CLERK

                       D. C. Docket No. 06-01950-CV-T-33-TGW

WAYNE R. GRAY,

                                                                          Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                            versus

NOVELL, INC.,
THE SCO GROUP, INC.,
X/OPEN COMPANY LIMITED,

                                                                      Defendants-Appellees.

                               ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Middle District of Florida
                           _________________________
                                  (January 7, 2011)

Before EDMONDSON, HILL and ALARCÓN,* Circuit Judges.

       *
        Honorable Arthur L. Alarcón, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting
by designation.
PER CURIAM:

       This case centers on ownership of the UNIX trademark. Plaintiff-Appellant

Wayne R. Gray (“Gray”) alleges that the Defendant-Appellees -- X/Open

Company Limited (“X/Open”), Novell, Inc. (“Novell”), and The Santa Cruz

Operation, Inc. (“SCO”)1 -- conspired to conceal the lawful owner of this mark,

that X/Open was not the true owner, and that X/Open’s administrative opposition

to Gray’s registration of the similar-sounding iNUX mark was therefore fraudulent.

The District Court granted summary judgment for Defendants, concluding that

X/Open was the indisputable owner of the UNIX mark when it opposed Gray’s

iNUX registration; we affirm the judgment.

                                       I. Background

                       A. The UNIX Businesses and Trademarks

       UNIX is a computer source code developed by American Telephone &

Telegraph (“AT&T”) in 1969. AT&T began using the trademark “UNIX” to

1
  The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc., was the predecessor-in-interest to the SCO Group, with respect
to whom this appeal is currently stayed due to ongoing bankruptcy proceedings. We refer to
both companies as “SCO” herein.

                                               2
identify operating systems based on this source code in 1972. In 1986, it filed two

UNIX trademark registrations with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“PTO”).

In 1990, AT&T assigned the UNIX mark and registrations to its subsidiary, UNIX

Systems Laboratories (“USL”).

       USL’s UNIX business had two facets: (1) a source-code business, for which

USL owned UNIX source code, developed operating systems based on that source

code -- most notably UNIX System V -- and licensed the UNIX trademark for

products created from UNIX source code; and (2) a product business, in which

USL -- along with Novell, its joint-venture partner -- sold a UNIX-based operating

system called UNIXWARE.2

       In 1994, USL merged into Novell. As part of the merger, Novell acquired

the UNIX trademark. Novell’s post-merger UNIX operations were similar to those

of USL: Novell maintained both the source-code business -- under which it owned

the UNIX System V source code and the UNIX trademark, and licensed them to

third parties -- and the UNIXWARE product business.

       The Term Sheet. Shortly before the completion of this merger, Novell and

several other companies selling UNIX-based operating systems agreed that it was

in the computer industry’s best interest to transfer Novell’s UNIX-licensing

2
 We refer to the trademark associated with the source-code business as “the UNIX trademark,”
and the trademark associated with the product business as “the UNIXWARE trademark.”

                                              3
business to an independent non-profit organization, which would then be

responsible for licensing the UNIX trademark to third parties. The companies also

agreed that this organization would license the UNIX mark not based on products’

use of UNIX source code -- this had been the standard in the past -- but instead

based on products’ conformity to certain compatibility specifications.

      The independent organization selected to do this specification-based

licensing was X/Open, an international technology consortium based in the United

Kingdom. In October 1993, the companies signed a non-binding agreement,

entitled “Term Sheet,” declaring that Novell would begin licensing the UNIX mark

exclusively through X/Open, and would assign ownership of the mark to X/Open

within three years.

      The Licensing Agreement. On 10 May 1994, Novell and X/Open

implemented the Term Sheet’s first step by executing a Licensing Agreement in

which Novell granted X/Open an “exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable license to use,

and sub-license to third parties the use of,” the UNIX trademark. In addition, this

agreement obligated X/Open to grant sub-licenses to products that conformed to

certain specifications, thus creating the specification-based licensing business

contemplated in the Term Sheet.

      Novell also authorized X/Open to publish the acknowledgment that “UNIX

                                           4
is a registered trade mark licensed exclusively by X/Open,” and committed to

assigning the UNIX trademark to X/Open in three years (unless the parties later

agreed to a different time). While this agreement gave X/Open responsibility for

the portion of Novell’s source-code business related to the licensing of UNIX,

Novell retained ownership of the System V source code and trademark. Novell

also kept the rights to issue maintenance releases and to receive royalties for

products licensed prior to the agreement. The Licensing Agreement did not

implicate Novell’s UNIXWARE business.

      The Asset Purchase Agreement. A little over one year later, Novell reached

an agreement to sell certain assets, including much of the remainder of its UNIX

business, to SCO. Schedule 1.1(a) of the Asset Purchase Agreement (“APA”),

which listed the assets being transferred to SCO, transferred “[a]ll rights and

ownership of UNIX and UNIXWARE,” including -- “without limitation” -- the

“[t]rademarks UNIX and UNIXWARE as and to the extent held by [Novell]

(excluding any compensation [Novell] receives with respect of the license granted

to X/Open regarding the UNIX trademark).” Schedule 1.1(b) listed assets

specifically excluded from the transfer, among them “[a]ll copyrights and

trademarks, except for the trademarks UNIX and UNIXWARE.” In other words,

Schedule 1.1(b) confirmed that the UNIX and UNIXWARE trademarks were to be

                                           5
transferred to SCO -- but, as indicated in Schedule 1.1(a), only “as and to the

extent held by” Novell.

      The Confirmation Agreement. In September 1996, Novell, X/Open, and

SCO jointly executed a tripartite Confirmation Agreement that clarified the fate of

the UNIX trademark. This agreement “provide[d] for the acceleration of the

vesting of title in X/Open to the UNIX trademark, and the assignment to SCO of

Novell’s rights under the [Licensing] Agreement.” To accomplish this, the

Confirmation Agreement tasked Novell -- “the owner of legal title to the UNIX

trademark” -- with formally transferring title to the UNIX trademark to X/Open “as

soon as possible.” The agreement further provided that “such assignment by

Novell shall not be considered a breach of Novell’s obligations [to SCO] under the

APA,” and that the APA was “subject to rights and obligations established in” the

Licensing Agreement.

      A month after executing the Confirmation Agreement, Novell and SCO

amended the APA, revising Schedule 1.1(b) -- the list of assets excluded from the

transfer -- to exclude “[a]ll copyrights and trademarks, except for the copyrights

and trademarks owned by Novell as of the date of the [APA] required for SCO to

exercise its rights with respect to the acquisition of UNIX and UNIXWARE

technologies.” This amendment reinforced the Confirmation Agreement in making

                                          6
clear that Novell would not transfer to SCO any trademark that SCO did not

“require[]” with respect to the assets it was acquiring from Novell.

        The Deed of Assignment. In November 1998 Novell finalized its

compliance with the earlier agreements by assigning ownership of the UNIX mark

to X/Open. Under this Deed of Assignment, Novell assigned “all property, right,

title and interest in the [UNIX] trademarks with the business and goodwill attached

to the said trademarks.” X/Open recorded the assignment with the PTO in June

1999.

                             B. The UNIX-iNUX Dispute

        The events directly giving rise to this litigation began in 1999, when the

Appellant Gray filed an application with the Patent & Trademark Office to register

the trademark “iNUX.” Gray had incorporated a computer software business in

October 1998, initially under the name MegaChoice, Inc. But he later changed the

company’s name to iNUX, Inc. and applied to register the iNUX mark in April

1999.

        This application prompted a response from X/Open, which sent Gray a letter

demanding that he abandon his application for the mark. X/Open contended that

                                            7
iNUX was “virtually identical” to X/Open’s UNIX trademark. Shortly thereafter,

X/Open filed a formal administrative opposition to Gray’s application with the

Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (“TTAB”) of the PTO. In this opposition,

X/Open asserted that it owned several UNIX trademark registrations and that the

iNUX mark was likely to “cause confusion, mistake, or deception,” given its

similarity to the “famous” UNIX mark.

         Gray responded to X/Open’s opposition by launching his own investigation

into X/Open and the UNIX mark. Through this investigation, he came to believe

that Novell had never transferred ownership of the UNIX mark to X/Open and that

X/Open’s opposition to the iNUX application was therefore fraudulent. After five

years of Gray’s investigation and ongoing discovery disputes between him and

X/Open, Gray filed this lawsuit against X/Open, Novell, and SCO. He also filed a

successful motion to have the TTAB suspend the opposition proceedings.3

                                    C. Procedural History

         The basis for Gray’s suit was his claim that the three defendants had

conspired to conceal the true owner of the UNIX mark. According to Gray, SCO

3
    The TTAB proceedings remain unresolved and suspended pending resolution of this lawsuit.

                                                8
-- not X/Open -- was the lawful owner of the mark; and so X/Open had falsely

claimed ownership of the mark in its opposition to Gray’s iNUX registration.

Claiming that the Defendants induced him to abandon his business so that he could

defend himself in court, Gray sought treble damages plus interest and attorney’s

fees -- an amount in excess of $4.5 million -- as well as injunctive relief and

cancellation of the UNIX trademark registrations X/Open claimed to own.

      The complaint raised eleven distinct claims for relief. These claims relied

on the federal and Florida RICO statutes, 18 U.S.C. § 1961 et seq., Fla. Stat. § 895;

the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1120, 1125(a); a federal criminal statute, 18 U.S.C.

§ 1001; the Florida Communications Fraud Act, Fla Stat. § 817.034; and common

law theories of fraud and conspiracy to defraud.

      X/Open moved for summary judgment on liability and damages. X/Open

argued that no genuine issue of material fact existed, that X/Open was the lawful

owner of the UNIX trademark, and that any losses Gray suffered were due to his

own decision to abandon his business and pursue this suit. Novell also moved for

summary judgment on five of Gray’s claims. Novell contended that the claims

under the Lanham Act and 18 U.S.C. § 1001 failed because no evidence existed

that Novell had fraudulently procured a trademark registration and also contended

that the common law claims failed because no evidence existed that Novell had

                                           9
made misrepresentations. Gray filed his own motion for summary judgment,

seeking an order either determining the issue of ownership or determining the

material facts not genuinely at issue.

      The District Court concluded that Novell had granted X/Open an exclusive

license for the UNIX mark via the 1994 Licensing Agreement, that Novell

transferred ownership of the mark to X/Open via the 1998 Deed of Assignment,

and that no fraud was involved in either X/Open’s registration of its ownership of

the UNIX mark with the PTO or its opposition to Gray’s iNUX registration. The

District Court thus granted X/Open and Novell’s motions for summary judgment,

and the Court denied Gray’s motion. Gray now appeals.

                               II. Standard of Review

      We review a district court’s summary judgment decision de novo, applying

the same legal standards as those that governed the district court. Capone v. Aetna

Life Ins. Co., 592 F.3d 1189, 1194 (11th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). Summary

judgment is appropriate where “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

We construe all facts and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-

                                         10
moving party. Abel v. S. Shuttle Servs., Inc., 620 F.3d 1272, 1273 n.1 (11th Cir.

2010) (citation omitted).

                                   III. Discussion

   The linchpin of Gray’s complaint is his allegation that X/Open is not the true

owner of the UNIX mark. He claims that Novell did not grant X/Open an

exclusive license to the UNIX mark. According to Gray, Novell instead

transferred ownership of this mark to SCO via the APA; and ever since, the three

Defendants -- X/Open, Novell, and SCO -- have conspired to conceal the mark’s

true owner. If Gray is mistaken about the ownership of the UNIX mark, all of his

claims must fail; nothing would be fraudulent in X/Open representing itself as the

UNIX mark’s owner, nor would there be fraud attributable to Novell or SCO.

Gray is mistaken. Beginning with the Licensing Agreement, Gray is incorrect

about the legal effect of each transaction at issue. We begin our analysis with the

Licensing Agreement. Gray has not shown why this agreement did not mean what

it said when it described the license X/Open received as “exclusive.” He argues

that this designation is not conclusive and that a licensee must receive “all

substantial rights” to intellectual property to become an exclusive licensee, but he

                                          11
has failed to show any such right that X/Open did not receive in the Licensing

Agreement.

       Through this agreement, Novell charged X/Open with certain

responsibilities on the future sublicensing of the UNIX mark and authorized

X/Open to publicize that it was the exclusive licensor of this mark. Novell did

retain certain rights in the Licensing Agreement -- for example, the right to use the

UNIX name within the UNIXWARE designation that Novell continued to own --

but Gray has not shown that these retained rights are inconsistent with the granting

of an exclusive license to X/Open.4 No genuine issue exists on the effect of the

Licensing Agreement: Novell made X/Open the exclusive licensee of the UNIX

trademark.

       Gray is similarly mistaken about the Asset Purchase Agreement executed by

Novell and SCO. While it is true that the APA provided for the transfer of UNIX

and UNIXWARE to SCO “without limitation,” it expressly transferred ownership

of the corresponding trademarks only “as and to the extent held by” Novell. Here

4
  Gray notes that Novell filed formal oppositions to at least three trademark registrations in the
PTO after executing the Licensing Agreement. He claims that Novell therefore must have
retained the obligation to enforce its rights in the UNIX trademark. But even after licensing the
UNIX mark to X/Open, Novell remained in the UNIX business. So Novell had an interest in
protecting the mark’s integrity. Standing to file a formal opposition requires only that one
“believe[] that he would be damaged by the registration of a mark upon the principal register.”
15 U.S.C. § 1063(a). Novell was not required to own the UNIX mark to file oppositions, and the
filing of such oppositions is entirely consistent with its exclusive licensing of the UNIX mark to
X/Open.

                                               12
the distinction between Novell’s two UNIX-related businesses -- the source-code

business and the UNIXWARE product business -- is key.

       When the APA was executed, Novell could not transfer the UNIX mark to

SCO; it had exclusively licensed that mark to X/Open, and the mark had since

come to identify products licensed by X/Open and conforming to X/Open’s

specifications. But Novell could transfer its remaining rights in the source-code

business: namely, the rights to issue maintenance releases and receive royalties for

products licensed prior to the Licensing Agreement. And Novell still owned the

UNIXWARE business in its entirety; this business, too, went to SCO.

In this way, the APA was entirely consistent with Novell’s Licensing Agreement

with X/Open. The APA expressly referenced that agreement when it excluded

from the transfer to SCO “any compensation [Novell] receives with respect of the

license granted to X/Open regarding the UNIX trademark.” This confirms that the

APA was reached in full contemplation of the Licensing Agreement. We see no

genuine issue of fact on the effect of the APA; it transferred only the UNIXWARE

product business and the portion of the UNIX source-code business that Novell

retained following the Licensing Agreement -- which did not include the UNIX

trademark.5

5
 Gray repeatedly insists that this Court must consider the Utah District Court’s decision in SCO
Group, Inc. v. Novell, Inc., No. 2:04-cv-00139, 2007 WL 2327587 (D. Utah Aug. 10, 2007),

                                               13
       This point was reinforced by the Confirmation Agreement, notably executed

by all three Defendants. Given that the APA had not altered Novell’s obligations

under the Licensing Agreement in the first place, it is not clear that Novell and

SCO needed to modify the APA -- but they certainly had the right to do so under

California law (which they chose to govern the APA). Cal. Civ. Code § 1698(a)

(“A contract in writing may be modified by a contract in writing.”). And the parol

evidence rule does not preclude our consideration of subsequent agreements. Cal.

Civ. Proc. Code § 1856. Accordingly, we conclude that the Confirmation

Agreement reaffirmed that Novell would be assigning ownership of the UNIX

mark to X/Open.6 The post-Confirmation Agreement amendment to the APA --

rev’d in part, 578 F.3d 1201 (10th Cir. 2009), in which -- he claims -- Novell admitted (and the
Utah District Court accepted) that Novell had transferred the UNIX trademark to SCO via the
APA. But as the District Court in this case recognized, the issue before the Utah court was the
ownership of the UNIX and UNIXWARE copyrights -- not the trademarks with which we are
concerned. We are not bound by a decision involving an issue wholly distinct from the issue
before this Court. See Pleming v. Universal-Rundle Corp., 142 F.3d 1354, 1359 (11th Cir. 1998)
(collateral estoppel requires that the issue on appeal be “identical to the one involved in the prior
proceeding,” and that it was actually litigated in that prior proceeding).
6
  Gray disputes this conclusion, and he argues that the Confirmation Agreement is unlawful
insofar as it references the transfer of the UNIX mark to X/Open. He notes that the
Confirmation Agreement references a Licensing Agreement executed on 14 May 1994, and that
the Licensing Agreement at issue in this case was executed on 10 May. On this basis, Gray
insists that Novell and X/Open must have entered into a second licensing agreement only four
days after signing the agreement we have reviewed, and that this second agreement included the
parties’ actual obligations for the UNIX mark. Because Gray offers nothing to support this
speculative assertion (that a second, unseen agreement actually exists), and because the
Confirmation Agreement is perfectly compatible with the Licensing Agreement we have
reviewed, we conclude that a reasonable fact-finder could not reject X/Open’s explanation --
which was accepted by the District Court -- that the Confirmation Agreement merely contained a
typographical error about the date of the Licensing Agreement.

                                                 14
excluding all trademarks from the transfer except those SCO “require[d]” -- further

supports this conclusion, as SCO did not need the UNIX mark to carry out the

business it acquired: it was X/Open, not SCO, who needed that mark for its

specification-based licensing. We conclude (as did the District Court) that the

Deed of Assignment accomplished the transfer that the Licensing Agreement,

APA, and Confirmation Agreement all contemplated: transferring to X/Open

ownership of the UNIX mark.

      Having set forth the legal effect of these transactions, it becomes clear that

all of Gray’s claims must fail. Gray’s common law claims for fraud and

conspiracy to defraud depend on his allegation that the Defendants misrepresented

that X/Open owned the UNIX mark. See Pettinelli v. Danzig, 722 F.2d 706, 709

(11th Cir. 1984) (explaining that common law fraud requires some

misrepresentation). But X/Open was the mark’s lawful owner; no fraud arose in

the Defendants’ representations to this effect.

      Gray’s federal and Florida RICO claims, as well as his claims under the

Florida Communications Fraud Act, all allege that Defendants fraudulently

schemed to conceal the UNIX mark’s owner. But again, these claims fail in the

light of the fact that X/Open truly did own the mark following the 1998 assignment

from Novell; there was no fraudulent scheme. 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c) (requiring a

                                          15
“pattern of racketeering activity”); Fla. Stat. § 895.03(3) (same); Fla. Stat.

§ 817.034(4)(a) (requiring a scheme to defraud).

       Gray’s claims of fraudulent trademark registration, fraud on the PTO, and

unfair competition all also fail in the light of the fact that X/Open was the true

owner of the UNIX mark when it registered with the PTO its receipt of that mark

from Novell. 15 U.S.C. § 1120 (“Any person who shall procure registration in the

Patent and Trademark Office of a mark by a false or fraudulent declaration or

representation . . . shall be liable . . . .”); 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1) (establishing civil

liability for anyone who “uses in commerce . . . any false designation of origin”

likely to deceive); 18 U.S.C. § 1001(a) (establishing criminal liability for anyone

who makes a false representation in any matter within the federal government’s

jurisdiction). Because each and every one of Gray’s claims depends on the

common allegation that X/Open did not own the UNIX mark, he cannot prevail.

                                     IV. Conclusion

       Concluding that no genuine issues of material fact exist on the ownership of

the UNIX mark, we also conclude that the District Court properly granted

                                             16
summary judgment against Gray on all claims.7 We therefore affirm the District

Court’s decision in all parts.

       AFFIRMED.

7
  Because we conclude that Gray is entitled to no relief on any of his claims, it is not necessary
to address the issue of damages (on which the District Court also granted summary judgment
against Gray.)

                                                 17