Court Opinion

ID: 9913014
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-26 17:06:59.325333+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:06:49.826328
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re I.C., S.C., 2023-Ohio-4707.]

                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               HANCOCK COUNTY

IN RE:                                                     CASE NO. 5-23-15

       I.C.,

NEGLECTED AND
DEPENDENT CHILD.                                           OPINION

[RACHEL C. - APPELLANT]
[JOHNATHON C. - APPELLANT]

IN RE:                                                     CASE NO. 5-23-17

       S.C.,

NEGLECTED AND DEPENDENT CHILD.

[RACHEL C. - APPELLANT]                                    OPINION
[JOHNATHON C. - APPELLANT]

                 Appeal from Hancock County Common Pleas Court
                                  Juvenile Division
                           Trial Court No. 2021 and 0004

                                       Judgment Affirmed

                           Date of Decision: December 26, 2023

APPEARANCES:

        Alison Boggs for Appellant Rachel C.

        Linda Gabriele for Appellant Johnathon C.

        Emil G. Gravelle for Appellee
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

WALDICK, J.

        {¶1} Mother-appellant, Rachel C. (“Mother”), and father-appellant,

Johnathan1 C. (“Father”), bring appeal 5-23-15 from the June 2, 2023, judgment of

the Hancock County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, granting permanent

custody of the minor child I.C. to the Hancock County Job and Family Services,

Children’s Protective Services Unit (“CPSU”). Mother and Father also bring appeal

5-23-17 from the June 13, 2023, judgment of the same court placing the minor child

S.C. in the legal custody of Jessica and Jesse D. On appeal, Mother and Father argue

that the trial court’s determinations were not supported by the evidence, and that

CPSU did not engage in reasonable efforts to support reunification in both instances.

Mother also argues that the trial court erred by holding the permanent custody and

legal custody hearings simultaneously.

                                            Background

        {¶2} Mother and Father are developmentally disabled and receive services

from the Board of MRDD. Mother and Father had two children together, I.C., born

in November of 2011, and S.C., born in September of 2013. I.C. is autistic and S.C.

deals with seizures and has ADHD.

        {¶3} CPSU first became involved with I.C. and S.C. in September of 2020

due to allegations of domestic violence in the home. It was reported that Father

1
 At times in the record “Johnathan” is spelled “Jonathan.” We used the spelling contained in the judgment
entries.

                                                  -2-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

would smack Mother and pull her hair daily, including in front of the children. In

addition, there were concerns with I.C. being significantly underweight.

       {¶4} CPSU received another report on November 3, 2020, indicating that

Father was smacking and/or spanking the children for “no reason.” Just a few days

later, CPSU received a report that Father had inappropriately touched his daughter,

S.C.

       {¶5} After the allegations, Father initially resisted leaving the home, but he

ultimately left so that Mother could remain with the children. Around that time,

Mother filed for, and received, a civil protection order against Father. However,

shortly thereafter Mother denied all of the abuse allegations and asked that the

protection order be dismissed. Nevertheless, Father admitted to committing

domestic violence against Mother to CPSU, and Mother and Father agreed to

voluntary services with CPSU in December of 2020.

       {¶6} In May of 2021, Father was permitted back into the home. Shortly after

Father returned to the home, new allegations were made of Father sexually abusing

S.C., and of physical abuse and neglect of the children. Mother and Father accused

S.C. of being a liar to CPSU while S.C. was present. After the incident, S.C.

expressed thoughts of suicide. As a result of the new allegations, the children were

sent to a relative’s home on a safety plan.

       {¶7} Unfortunately, while at the relative’s home, the children lost a

significant amount of weight. Specifically, I.C. lost 7 pounds, despite already having

                                         -3-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

weight issues, and S.C. lost 12 pounds. In addition, the children were not receiving

their medication and Mother was discontinuing services with providers. CPSU

spoke to the children’s caregiver and she indicated she could not care for the

children and that she was suicidal herself. At that time, CPSU filed to remove the

children from Mother and Father.

       {¶8} Complaints were filed alleging that the children were Neglected and

Dependent pursuant to R.C. 2151.03 and R.C. 2151.04. By consent of the parties,

the children were found to be Neglected and Dependent as alleged. For disposition,

S.C. was placed in the temporary custody of a distant relative, Jessica D., while I.C.

was placed in foster care in the temporary custody of CPSU. Notably, CPSU

contacted a significant number of relatives attempting to keep the children together,

but the agency was unable to find any relatives willing to take both children,

particularly with I.C.’s special needs.

       {¶9} Over the ensuing months, Mother and Father worked the case plan. As

part of the case plan, Mother and Father were evaluated by a psychologist selected

by CPSU and by a second psychologist that they selected. Both psychologists

concluded that neither parent could be a good enough parent for either child together

or alone due, in part, to low cognitive abilities.

       {¶10} In August of 2022, Jessica and Jesse D. filed a motion for legal custody

of S.C. In September of 2022, CPSU filed a motion for permanent custody of I.C.

A hearing was held on both motions simultaneously on May 9-10, 2023.

                                          -4-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

      {¶11} On June 2, 2023, the trial court filed a judgment entry granting

CPSU’s motion for permanent custody of I.C. On June 13, 2023, the trial court filed

a judgment entry granting Jessica and Jesse D.’s motion for legal custody of S.C.

Both parents appealed the trial court’s judgment. Mother asserts the following

assignments of error for our review:

                      Mother’s First Assignment of Error

      The trial court’s decision is against the manifest weight of the
      evidence. Appellee did not prove by clear and convincing evidence
      that the court should grant its motion for permanent custody of
      I.C. or grant its motion for legal custody of S.C. to the D[.]’s.

                     Mother’s Second Assignment of Error

      The Trial court erred to the prejudice of [Mother] when it
      conducted one hearing for both the permanent custody motion for
      I.C. and the legal custody motion for S.C.

                      Mother’s Third Assignment of Error

      The trial court erred in finding the agency used reasonable efforts
      for reunification throughout the case, depriving [Mother]
      Chamberlain her constitutional right to raise her children.

Father asserts the following assignments of error for our review:

                       Father’s First Assignment of Error

      The juvenile court’s decision to grant permanent custody of I.C.
      to the agency and legal custody of S.C. to the temporary custodian
      is against the manifest weight of the evidence as the appellee did
      not prove by the applicable standards that the minor children
      should not be reunited with their parents.

                                        -5-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

                      Father’s Second Assignment of Error

       The juvenile court abused its discretion in finding that the
       permanent custody of I.C. to the agency and legal custody of S.C.
       to the temporary custodians was in the children’s best interest.

                      Father’s Third Assignment of Error

       The juvenile court committed prejudicial error in finding that the
       agency made reasonable efforts and diligent case planning to
       accommodate the parents’ alleged disabilities and reunite them
       with their children.

       {¶12} As there is significant overlap in Mother and Father’s assignments of

error, we will address them together where appropriate.

  Mother’s First Assignment of Error; Father’s First and Second Assignments of
                                     Error

       {¶13} In Mother’s first assignment of error, she argues that the trial court’s

permanent and legal custody determinations regarding the children were not

supported by the evidence. In Father’s first and second assignments of error he also

argues that the trial court’s determinations were not supported by the evidence.

       {¶14} As both the permanent custody hearing regarding I.C. and the legal

custody hearing regarding S.C. were held together, we will discuss the evidence

presented, then we will address the trial court’s determination regarding permanent

custody of I.C. Finally, we will proceed to address the determination regarding legal

custody of S.C.

                                         -6-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

                               Evidence Presented

      {¶15} In both judgment entries the trial court thoroughly summarized the

evidence contained in the record and the evidence presented at the final hearing.

Having reviewed the record in its entirety, we determine that the trial court’s

summary of the evidence is supported by competent credible evidence. Therefore,

we quote the trial court’s summation of the evidence at length.

      Dr. David Connell (hereinafter “Connell”) is a licensed clinical and
      forensic psychologist. He performed a parenting evaluation of
      [Mother] and [Father] at the request of CPSU. His evaluation included
      testing on the parents and he testified as to his analysis and
      conclusions. Connell described [Mother] as a very nice young woman
      who has a history of maladjustment. He describes [Father] as a person
      who has exhibited behavior problems much of his adult lifetime and
      who has a significantly low IQ. In his opinion, their situation is made
      worse by the fact that [Mother]’s mother resides with them and she
      suffers from Schizophrenia. He called it a “bad situation all around”.
      Connell stated that in his opinion neither parent could be a “good
      enough parent” for either child and that his opinion did not change if
      the parents separated. He stated that he has profound concerns about
      [Mother] being a good enough parent to her two children because of
      her personality, her inability to keep the children safe, and her
      continued relationship with the father who is violent. Connell stated
      that he has concerns about [Father] and his low IQ, his history of
      maladaptive violent behavior and his inability to maintain a healthy
      relationship with his wife over a number of years. He does not believe
      that the parents can change in the ways that they would need to change
      in order to be fundamentally good parents because they lack the
      capacity to do so. Connell indicated that the complicated needs of
      [I.C.] and [S.C.] increased his concerns about [Mother] and [Father]’s
      parenting.

      Jessica D[.] is the relative caregiver for S.C. * * * She described the
      significant issues she had with S.C. at the beginning of this case. She
      indicated that S.C. has progressed quite a bit. [Jessica] described a
      bond between S.C. and her family and also indicated that S.C. is very

                                        -7-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

      bonded to [Mother]. In [Jessica]’s opinion, S.C. does not have much
      of a relationship with [Father]. S.C. takes medication daily and one
      medication is for a seizure disorder. This medication was prescribed
      after S.C. came into her care. [Jessica] observed behavior in S.C. that
      was found to be related to seizures. Prior to S.C. being placed [with
      Jessica and Jesse D[.], [Mother] had stopped taking S.C. to the
      physician. This lack of medical care was corrected when [Jessica]
      began to take S.C. regularly to the physician. Since being medicated,
      S.C.’s seizure issue is under control and now her ADHD is treated
      regularly by medication. [Jessica] indicated that she ensures S.C. and
      [I.C.] visit together and would continue to do so. [Jessica] also intends
      to allow [Mother] and [Father] to visit with S.C. in the future if S.C.
      remains in her home.

      Dr. Mark A. Babula is a licensed clinical psychologist. Dr. Babula
      completed a second parental fitness evaluation of [Mother] and
      [Father] at the request of the [appellants]. Dr. Babula completed
      different testing than what Dr. Connell completed with the parents.
      During the evaluation, [Father] indicated that his medication did not
      make him less upset, it made him tired. [Father] reported that he does
      not believe the violence will happen again. He indicated that he has
      asked for changes in his medications but the changes just have the
      same effect, He was medication compliant during the evaluation,
      however he was not regularly using his CPAP machine. [Father]
      reported that he had learned better parenting skills with the help of
      Amy, the home-based therapist and expected that should would [sic]
      remain with them for a while. He was able to state that he no longer
      yelled or hit, he now uses time outs, finger-wagging and stoplights (a
      system put in place by Amy and being used by the parents). [Mother]
      reported to Dr. Babula that she and [Father] have learned not to mess
      up. They have learned more about parenting and have begun to work
      on their marriage more. In Dr. Babula’s opinion neither [Mother] nor
      [Father] has the skills and fitness to have primary responsibility for
      these children. Like Dr. Connell, Dr. Babula’s concerns are only
      magnified by the fact that the children have special needs. Dr. Babula
      recommends that neither parent have primary responsibility for caring
      for the children. He believes that medical, school and day-to-day
      decisions should be someone else’s responsibility for the children.

                                        -8-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

      Jesse D[.] testified and he echoed his wife’s (Jessica D[.]) testimony
      in that he acknowledges a need for S.C. to have a continuing
      relationship with her parents and with [I.C.].

      Tammy Alvarado (hereinafter “Alvarado”) testified that she is the
      family’s current caseworker. She relayed the initial concerns that
      CPSU had with the family including domestic violence in front of the
      children, [Father] spanking and smacking the children, [Mother]
      seeking a civil protection order and then recanting, [Father] hitting
      S.C., sexual abuse of S.C. by [Father] and the safety plan monitors no
      longer willing to assist the family with keeping the children. Alvarado
      stated that CPSU was able to find a relative (the D[.]’s) to care for
      S.C. but could not find a relative for [I.C.] so he was placed in foster
      care. [I.C.] has remained at this foster home the entire time the case
      has been open. Alvarado explained that the family was referred to
      Becky Shumaker for a search of family placement for [I.C.]. No one
      could be located. The original relative who requested the children’s
      removal at the beginning of the case express[ed] that she again was
      interested but CPSU did not approve her for a subsequent placement
      due to the concerns of her care of the children and her inability to
      handle them. Alvarado indicated that the parents are compliant with
      her and have completed every service that CPSU requested of them,
      however concerns remain that the parents are unable to implement the
      skills they learned long term. This is why CPSU sought a
      psychological evaluation to determine if CPSU could provide
      anything else to assist the family.

      Alvarado testified that her concerns include incidents that have
      happened during visitations between the children and their parents. In
      November 2022, while on a visit, [I.C.] was able to get out of [Mother]
      and [Father’s] home. CPSU provided alarms for the doors and
      windows to the family but there was a delay in installing the alarms
      by [Father] and [Mother]. Alvarado also indicated that [Father] falls
      asleep during visits with the children causing concerns about what
      would happen if the children were placed full time back in the home.
      Alvarado testified that [Father] has sleep apnea and has been told by
      medical professionals to use his CPAP machine but does not use it
      regularly. More recently in April, 2023, [I.C.] scalded himself when
      he went to get a glass of water and turned the hot water on instead of
      the cold. Alvarado has seen [I.C.] regress when he is with the parents
      and believes this would continue if he were to be returned to their care.

                                        -9-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

      Alvarado indicated that she has huge concerns about medication.
      [Father] has not followed the schedule for his own medications and
      has instead taken all of his medications at night which is not correct.
      Both children have significant diagnoses which require medication.
      Alvarado is concerned about the opinion of both doctors that indicated
      the parents lack the ability to parent. In addition, Alvarado states that
      [Father] is getting angrier lately. [Mother] has told Alvarado that
      [Mother] cannot parent alone because [Mother] struggles to parent the
      children when [Father] is not present and [Father] has recently started
      a second shift job. Alvarado testified that the parents have stated they
      do not understand the special needs of each child and their disabilities.
      Although the parents are compliant people who are very nice
      according to Alvarado, Alvarado does not believe the parents have the
      ability to care for the children full time. Because of the concerns,
      CPSU has not progressed to overnight visits between the children and
      parents.

      Alvarado stated that [I.C.] has flourished in foster care and the foster
      parents are willing to adopt him. She stated that [I.C.] eats, has gained
      weight and is very bonded with his foster family as he goes to them
      for affection and comfort. Alvarado stated that CPSU has completed
      a home study on the D[.]’s home for S.C. and it was approved. She
      indicated that she would like S.C. to be placed in their legal custody.
      She believes that the D[.]s and [I.C.]’s foster parent have committed
      to ensure a relationship between the children. Although not binding,
      Alvarado believes that [I.C.]’s foster parents would continue contact
      between [I.C.], S.C. and [Mother] and [Father]. Alvarado believes this
      scenario is what is best for the children. Alvarado testified that in her
      opinion, [I.C.] is in need of a legally secure ·placement and that such
      a placement is not achievable without the granting of permanent
      custody.

      Amy Ward (hereinafter “Ward”) testified that she is the home-based
      therapist for the family. She has been providing the family with parent
      education in their own home since September 2021. Ward stated that
      she finds both [Father] and [Mother] very compliant and willing to
      learn. The parents have never cancelled a session with her. Ward has
      taught the family to cook meals, keep the home safe and to be honest
      and transparent with everyone. Ward acknowledged that the family
      delayed installing the door and window alarms. Ward has no concerns
      about [Mother]’s mother in the home. Ward indicated that [Father]

                                        -10-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

      was compliant with her and followed [Mother]’s lead. Ward indicated
      if the CPSU case closes, her work with the family must end due to the
      way her program is funded. When asked about her concerns regarding
      [Father] and [Mother’s] parenting, she stated that her main concern is
      what would happen to the children if something happened to Rachel
      as she believes Rachel is the main caretaker.

      Stella Maxwell (hereinafter “Maxwell”) testified that she is the foster
      mother of [I.C.]. She described [I.C.] when he arrived in her home as
      a child who would only use a bottle and could not say any words. He
      has progressed in her care. He now showers, can say words; uses a
      cup and has few issues with eating. He is still on medications and has
      not had any seizures. He is diagnosed with autism and ADHD. [I.C.]
      is reportedly bonded with everyone in the foster family. Maxwell
      indicated that [I.C.] enjoys seeing his parents but will sometimes need
      encouragement to go to them. She has seen some regression after a
      visit to include waking at night screaming, using grunts and pointing
      instead of words and throwing water on the floor. Maxwell is
      interested in adopting [I.C.] and also acknowledges [I.C.]’s need to
      have a relationship with his parents and sister. Ms. Maxwell hugged
      both parents on her way out of the courtroom.

      Debra Barnhart (hereinafter “Barnhart”) testified that she is employed
      with Blanchard Valley Center and she supports individuals with
      developmental disabilities. Barnhart Indicated that [I.C.] has limited
      services with her agency. Her role is mainly to contact the foster
      parent and check on I.C. Barnhart reported that I.C. has been doing
      well drinking out of a cup and communicating better. He is diagnosed
      with a food disorder. She described [I.C.] as doing well and he was
      relaxed the last time she saw him in his foster home. He appears
      bonded with the foster parent and he snuggled up to his foster mother
      on the visit. [I.C.] is not yet potty trained and has cognitive delays.
      Because [I.C.] is a minor and being cared for by a foster parent,
      Barnhart explained that her agency is involved in a limited capacity.
      If [I.C.] needed more supports in the future, he may be eligible for a
      waiver so that her agency could provide more services. Currently
      there is no need to expand services as all of his needs are met in the
      foster home.

      Rebecca Shoemaker [sic] (hereinafter “Shumaker”) testified that she
      is the Kinnect to Family caseworker and she conducted a search for a

                                       -11-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

      family member to care for [I.C.] Although the case was successful for
      S.C., Shumaker was unsuccessful in finding a relative to care for [I.C.]
      as he was much more difficult to place.

      Tim Sandford (hereinafter “Sandford”) testified that he is the
      CASA/GAL for [I.C.] and S.C. He has visited with the children
      between 15 and 17 times. Sandford testified that he has reviewed the
      reports by the psychologists in this case and Sandford stated he feels
      that it takes a village to raise a child. He has raised a child with special
      needs himself and has experience that applies here. He believes that
      there are supports that can help the family and he has contacted an
      organization in Michigan that may be able to help. He stated that he
      has the feeling that the parents can “do it” meaning raise the children.
      He has never seen [Father] asleep during a visit as reported and he
      stated that the family needs to keep working on it. He feels that the
      scalding incident should have been used as a learning opportunity as
      to what to do when that happens. The parents have learned about
      nutrition and are cooking. He believes that the short review of the case
      plan during the semi-annual review was not conducive to the family
      and should have been conducted in a way that accommodated the
      parents and their disability. He does not believe that CPSU honestly
      sought reunification. Sandford indicated that in every case he has been
      involved in with CPSU, the family was treated with respect and
      dignity. He testified that respect was lacking here. He believes that the
      care and concerns of the caseworker are exaggerated, that there should
      be a leap of faith by CPSU and the children returned to the parents.

                      Analysis of Permanent Custody of I.C.

      {¶16} “[T]he right to raise one’s children is an ‘essential’ and ‘basic civil

right.’ ” In re Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 157, 556 N.E.2d 1169 (1990), quoting

Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651, 92 S.Ct. 1208, 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972).

“Parents have a ‘fundamental liberty interest’ in the care, custody, and management

of their children.” Id., quoting Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753, 102 S.Ct.

1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982). “The rights and interests of a natural parent are not,

                                         -12-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

however, absolute: where a court finds that permanent custody is appropriate under

circumstances of a particular case and all due process safeguards have been

followed, whatever residual rights a parent may have are properly divested.” In re

Leveck, 3d Dist. Hancock Nos. 5-02-52, 5-02-53, and 5-02-54, 2003-Ohio-1269, ¶

6.

       {¶17} “Decisions concerning child custody matters lie within the sound

discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed unless the trial court abused its

discretion.” In re Leveck, supra, ¶ 7, citing Miller v. Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74,

523 N.E.2d 846 (1988). An abuse of discretion involves more than a mere error of

law or judgment; rather, it implies that the trial court's attitude was unreasonable,

arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450

N.E.2d 1140 (1983). “In reviewing this exercise of discretion, appellate courts must

adhere to ‘every reasonable presumption in favor of the lower court’s judgment and

finding of facts.’ ” In re Leveck, supra, at ¶ 7, quoting In re Brodbeck, 97 Ohio

App.3d 652, 659, 647 N.E.2d 240 (1994).

       {¶18} “R.C. 2151.414 outlines the procedures that protect the interests of

parents and children in a permanent custody proceeding.” In re N.R.S., 3d Dist.

Crawford Nos. 3-17-07, 08, 09, 2018-Ohio-125, ¶ 12, citing In re B.C., 141 Ohio

St.3d 55, 2014-Ohio-4558, ¶ 26. “When considering a motion for permanent

custody of a child, the trial court must comply with the statutory requirements set

forth in R.C. 2151.414.” In re A.M., 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-14-46, 2015-Ohio-2740,

                                         -13-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

¶ 13. Specifically, “R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) establishes a two-part test for courts to

apply when determining whether to grant a motion for permanent custody: (1) the

trial court must find that one of the circumstances in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a)-(e)

applies, and (2) the trial court must find that permanent custody is in the best interest

of the child.” In re Y.W., 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-16-60, 2017-Ohio-4218, ¶ 10.

       {¶19} “The first prong of that test requires a finding by clear and convincing

evidence that one of the statutorily-prescribed situations of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) is

satisfied.” In re N.F., 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-22-40, 2023-Ohio-566, ¶ 19. The

statutory subsections related to the first prong concern, inter alia, whether the child

cannot or should not be placed with the child’s parents within a reasonable time

(R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a)), or whether the child has been in the temporary custody

of a children’s services agency for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-

two-month period (R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d).

       {¶20} Once a trial court determines that the first prong of the test is satisfied,

the trial court is directed to determine the best interests of the child. To determine

the best interests of the child, R.C. 2151.414(D) directs the trial court to consider all

relevant factors, including but not limited to: (1) the interaction and interrelationship

of the child with the child’s parents, relatives, foster parents and any other person

who may significantly affect the child; (2) the wishes of the child; (3) the custodial

history of the child, including whether the child has been in the temporary custody

of one or more public children services agencies or private child placing agencies

                                          -14-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period; (4) the

child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether that type of

placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the agency; and

(5) whether any of the factors in R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) through (11) are applicable.

       {¶21} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(B)(1), an award of permanent custody must

be based on clear and convincing evidence. In re H.M. 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-18-46,

2019-Ohio-3721, ¶ 44. “Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of

proof which is more than a mere ‘preponderance of the evidence,’ but not to the

extent of such certainty as is required ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ in criminal cases,

and which will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction

as to the facts sought to be established.” Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120

N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus. “Where the degree of proof

required to sustain an issue must be clear and convincing, a reviewing court will

examine the record to determine whether the trier of facts had sufficient evidence

before it to satisfy the requisite degree of proof.” Id. at 477.

       {¶22} In reviewing whether a trial court’s permanent custody decision is

against the manifest weight of the evidence, an appellate court “ ‘weighs the

evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and

determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [finder of fact] clearly

lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the [judgment]

must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’ ” Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d

                                          -15-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

328, 2012-Ohio-2179, at ¶ 20, quoting Tewarson v. Simon, 141 Ohio App.3d 103,

115, 750 N.E.2d 176 (9th Dist. 2001). Notably, however, issues relating to the

credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to the evidence are primarily for

the trier-of-fact. Seasons Coal Co. Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461

N.E.2d 1273 (1984). Deferring to the trial court on matters of credibility is “crucial

in a child custody case, where there may be much evident in the parties’ demeanor

and attitude that does not translate to the record well.” (Emphasis sic.) Davis v.

Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 419, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997). “ ‘Thus, if the children

services agency presented competent and credible evidence upon which the trier of

fact reasonably could have formed a firm belief that permanent custody is

warranted, then the court’s decision is not against the manifest weight of the

evidence.’ ” In re A.B., 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-22-12, 2022-Ohio-4234, ¶ 12, quoting

In re R.M., 4th Dist. Athens Nos. 12CA43 and 12CA44, 2013-Ohio-3588, ¶ 55.

       {¶23} At the outset of our review, we note that neither parent challenges the

trial court’s determinations regarding R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) and the first prong of the

permanent custody analysis on appeal, likely because the evidence affirmatively

established that I.C. was in CPSU’s custody for longer than twelve months of a

consecutive twenty-two-month period. Nevertheless, even if a challenge was made

                                        -16-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

by Mother and Father, the trial court’s findings are supported by the record and the

first prong of the permanent custody analysis is satisfied.2

         {¶24} As to the second prong of the permanent custody analysis, the trial

court individually analyzed all of the factors in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1). We will

review the trial court’s findings to determine if they are supported by the evidence.

         {¶25} Revised Code 2151.414(D)(1)(a) concerns the relationship of I.C. with

his parents, siblings, relatives, and caregivers. The trial court determined that I.C.

was thriving in his foster home by gaining weight, using a cup instead of a bottle,

and speaking some words. By all indications I.C. was bonded to his foster family

and his foster family indicated that it would consider adopting I.C. Further, I.C.’s

foster mother specifically stated she would continue to maintain relationships

between I.C. and S.C., and between I.C. and his natural parents even after the case

was closed.

         {¶26} According to his foster mother, I.C. had to be cajoled at times to get

out of the vehicle to see his parents at visitation. Further, the trial court noted that

I.C. had experienced some “regression” after visitation with his parents and there

have been some incidents during visitation such as I.C. scalding himself with hot

2
  Under the plain language of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d), when a child has been in an agency’s temporary
custody for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period, a trial court need not find that
the child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with the parents.
In re I.G., 3d Dist. Marion Nos. 9-13–43, 9–13–44, and 9-13-45, 2014-Ohio-1136, ¶ 30, citing R.C.
2151.414(B)(1)(d); In re A.M., 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-14-46, 2015-Ohio-2740, ¶ 14. However, the trial court
did also make the additional, superfluous finding that I.C. cannot and should not be placed with either parent
within a reasonable time even though I.C. had been in the temporary custody of CPSU for twelve or more
months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period.

                                                     -17-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

water that were concerning. After weighing all the evidence, the trial court

determined that an analysis of R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a) supported granting

permanent custody. There is competent, credible evidence to support the trial court’s

determination.

       {¶27} Revised Code 2151.414(D)(1)(b) concerns the child’s wishes

expressed by the child or through the child’s GAL. Here, the trial court’s analysis

consisted of the following: “Although [I.C.] is now speaking some words, he is not

able to express his wishes due to his autism diagnosis and his developmental

disability.” The trial court did not find that this factor weighed in favor of granting

permanent custody or against granting permanent custody.

       {¶28} In reviewing the trial court’s findings, we note that although I.C. was

unable to express his wishes, the GAL did express an opinion that I.C. should be

returned to Mother and Father. Thus there was some additional evidence the trial

court did not explicitly mention when analyzing this subsection that could favor

denying the permanent custody motion.

       {¶29} The next factor, Revised Code 2151.414(D)(1)(c) concerns the

custodial history of I.C. and whether he had been in the temporary custody of CPSU

for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period. The evidence

was clear and unequivocal that I.C. had been in the temporary custody of CPSU for

greater than twelve months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period, thus the trial

                                         -18-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

court found that this factor weighed in favor of granting permanent custody. The

evidence supports the trial court’s determination on this issue.

       {¶30} Revised Code 2151.414(D)(1)(d) concerns I.C.’s need for legally

secure placement and whether secure permanent placement can be achieved without

CPSU taking permanent custody. Here, I.C.’s caseworker indicated he was in need

of legally secure placement and the two psychologists testified that I.C.’s parents

would simply never have the ability to effectively parent him without some type of

assistance. In addition, we note that I.C.’s caregivers indicated that they were

willing to adopt I.C. Based on the evidence presented the trial court determined that

this factor weighed in favor of granting permanent custody.

       {¶31} Finally, the trial court noted that none of the factors in R.C.

2151.414(E)(7)-(E)(11) were applicable in this case, thus R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(e)

did not apply here. We agree that there is no evidence to support the application of

any of these factors.

       {¶32} After considering all of the evidence, the trial court determined by

clear and convincing evidence that granting permanent custody of I.C. to CPSU was

in his best interest. The trial court emphasized that this case was “quite different

from others in this situation” in that the parents had completed their caseplan and

the issue that remained was their ability to apply what they had learned. Two

separate clinical psychologists both testified that the parents in this case were

                                        -19-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

essentially incapable of successfully parenting these children due to their cognitive

limitations.3

           {¶33} Both Mother and Father argue that the trial court improperly based its

entire decision on the limited cognitive abilities of the parents. The Supreme Court

of Ohio stated in In re D.A., 113 Ohio St.3d 88, 2007-Ohio-1105, that “[w]hen

determining the best interest of a child under R.C. 2151.414(D) at a permanent-

custody hearing, a trial court may not base its decision solely on the limited

cognitive abilities of the parents.”

           {¶34} We find D.A. distinguishable from the case sub judice, as there are

some notable differences between this case and D.A. For example, the Court in D.A.

determined that there was no concern and no evidence regarding any harm or threat

of harm to the children from the parents’ intellectual deficiencies. Here, however,

there were numerous allegations of physical abuse. In addition, even at the time of

the final hearing the parents were failing to exhibit what they had learned in their

classes by allowing I.C. to scald himself with hot water, allowing him to get out of

the house, and by falling asleep during visitations.

           {¶35} Furthermore, the evidence indicated that neither parent understood

I.C.’s autism. In addition, the psychologists noted that even Mother, who was better

with the children than Father, would need extensive help—she would need frequent

3
    The psychologists were classified as experts at trial with no objection.

                                                       -20-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

monitoring and welfare checks and could only successfully parent for brief periods

of time and at most for 24 hours. Thus this case has key differences from D.A. See

In re Robinson, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-08-24, 2008-Ohio-5311, ¶ 37 (distinguishing

D.A. where limited intellectual functioning is tied to ability to provide an adequate

home); In re Cunningham Children, 3d Dist. Nos. 13-08-27, 28, 29, 30, 2008-Ohio-

5938.

        {¶36} While we recognize that the GAL felt differently than the caseworkers

and the psychologists in this case, after reviewing the record in its entirety we do

not find the trial court abused its discretion by weighing the factors in favor of

granting permanent custody of I.C. to CPSU. Therefore, Mother and Father’s

arguments related to this issue are not well-taken.

                               Legal Custody of S.C.

        {¶37} On appeal, we review the grant or denial of a motion for legal custody

under an abuse-of-discretion standard. In re B.P., 3d Dist. Logan Nos. 8-15-07 and

8-15-08, 2015-Ohio-5445, ¶ 21.

        {¶38} Ohio’s juvenile courts are statutory entities, and they are able to

exercise only those powers that the General Assembly confers on them. In re Z.R.,

144 Ohio St.3d 380, 2015-Ohio-3306, ¶ 14. Revised Code Chapter 2151 grants a

juvenile court exclusive original jurisdiction concerning a child alleged to be

abused, neglected, or dependent. In re A.D., 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-22-12, 2023-

Ohio-2442, ¶ 59.

                                        -21-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

       {¶39} Following an adjudication of an abused, neglected, or dependent child,

R.C. 2151.353(A) provides the juvenile court with certain dispositional alternatives

for the child. Among the juvenile court’s dispositional alternatives is granting legal

custody of the child to either parent or to an individual who files a motion requesting

legal custody. R.C. 2151.353(A)(3); see also Juv.R. 34(D).

       The Revised Code defines “[l]egal custody” to mean

       a legal status that vests in the custodian the right to have physical care
       and control of the child and to determine where and with whom the
       child shall live, and the right and duty to protect, train, and discipline
       the child and to provide the child with food, shelter, education, and
       medical care, all subject to any residual parental rights, privileges, and
       responsibilities. An individual granted legal custody shall exercise the
       rights and responsibilities personally unless otherwise authorized by
       any section of the Revised Code or by the court.

R.C. 2151.011(A)(21).

       {¶40} Importantly, “the award of legal custody is ‘not as drastic a remedy as

permanent custody.’ ” In re J.B., 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-15-79, 2016-Ohio-2670, ¶ 32,

quoting In re L.D., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-985, 2013-Ohio-3214, ¶ 7. Unlike

granting permanent custody, the award of legal custody does not divest parents of

their residual parental rights, privileges, and responsibilities. In re C.R., 108 Ohio

St.3d 369, 2006-Ohio-1191, ¶ 17. Significantly, the parents can generally petition

the court for a custody modification in the future. In re L.D. at ¶ 7. Thus, “a parent’s

right to regain custody is not permanently foreclosed.” In re B.P., 3d Dist. Logan

Nos. 8-15-07, 8-15-08, 2015-Ohio-5445, at ¶ 19.

                                         -22-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

       {¶41} The standard a juvenile court uses in making its determination in a

legal-custody proceeding (by “preponderance of the evidence”) is less onerous than

a permanent-custody proceeding (by “clear and convincing evidence”). In re B.P.

at ¶ 19. Preponderance of the evidence means evidence that is more probable, more

persuasive, or of greater probative value. In re M.G., 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-18-54,

2019-Ohio-906, ¶ 7. At a dispositional hearing involving a request for legal custody,

the focus is on the best interest of the child. In re B.P. at ¶ 19.

       {¶42} However, Revised Code 2151.353(A)(3) does not list specific factors

a court should consider in deciding what is in the child’s best interest pursuant to

the requested disposition of legal custody. In re B.P. at ¶ 20. Nevertheless, we have

previously concluded that juvenile courts may be guided by the factors listed in R.C.

2151.414(D)(1) (the permanent-custody factors) or R.C. 3109.04(F)(1) (factors

employed in private-custody disputes) since they may be instructive. In re L.P., 3d

Dist. Seneca Nos. 13-12-60 and 13-12-61, 2013-Ohio-2607, ¶ 22. In addition to the

foregoing factors, the juvenile court must also liberally interpret and construe R.C.

Chapter 2151 so as to effectuate the General Assembly’s expressed purpose when

considering which situation will best promote the child’s “care, protection, and

mental and physical development,” understanding that the child should only be

separated from his or her parents “when necessary for the child’s welfare or in the

interests of public safety.” In re C.W., 2010-Ohio-2157, at ¶ 11, citing R.C.

2151.01(A).

                                          -23-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

       {¶43} When analyzing the motion for legal custody of S.C. in its final

judgment entry, the trial court again individually listed and analyzed the best interest

factors in R.C. 2151.414(D)(1). The trial court also listed and analyzed the factors

in R.C. 3109.04(F) where applicable. We will review the trial court’s findings

regarding the factors.

       {¶44} With regard to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a) and the relationship between

S.C. and her parents and caregivers, the trial court determined that S.C. was thriving

in her placement. S.C.’s seizures were being treated, she was bonded to Jessica and

Jesse D. The trial court also determined that while S.C. was bonded with her mother,

she did not have a close relationship with her father. The trial court found that the

evidence supported granting the motion for legal custody. This decision is supported

by the evidence.

       {¶45} With regard to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(b), the trial court did find that the

GAL expressed S.C.’s desire to be reunited with her parents. The trial court found

that this factor favored reunification, and that determination is supported by the

record.

       {¶46} With regard to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(c), the trial court determined that

S.C. had been placed outside her home for well over twelve months, albeit in a

relative’s custody and not in CPSU’s custody. The trial court determined this factor

supported granting the motion for legal custody and that is supported by the record.

                                         -24-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

       {¶47} The trial court determined R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d) did not apply

because permanent custody was not sought here; however, permanency was

important according to S.C.’s caseworker, thus unlike the trial court, we find it has

some relevance supporting granting the legal custody motion.

       {¶48} The trial court determined that R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(e) did not apply,

which supported reunification. The trial court’s finding is supported by the record.

       {¶49} The trial court then addressed R.C. 3109.04(F) factors where the

information had not been covered elsewhere. The trial court determined that R.C.

3109.04(F)(1)(d) and S.C.’s adjustment to home, school, and community favored

granting the legal custody motion. Further, the trial court determined that R.C.

3109.04(F)(1)(e) related to the mental and physical health of all involved favored

granting the legal custody motion as exhibited through S.C.’s seizure disorder being

controlled in her placement and the parents’ cognitive deficiencies. The trial court

determined that R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(f) through (F)(1)(j) were not applicable to this

case. All of these findings are supported by the record.

       {¶50} After analyzing all the evidence and making findings, the trial court

determined that it was in S.C.’s best interests that Jessica and Jesse D. be granted

legal custody of her. Mother and Father again argue that under In re D.A., supra,

the decision here was improperly based solely on the limited cognitive ability of the

parents. However, D.A. is distinguishable for the same reasons previously stated

when analyzing I.C.’s case, and, in S.C.’s case, for the additional fact that Jessica

                                        -25-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

and Jesse D. are only being awarded legal custody of S.C. The D.A. decision

involved permanent custody and would not control here, particularly given that the

parents could still petition for rights. Thus D.A. has even less relevance here than it

did in I.C.’s case.

       {¶51} Since the record supports the trial court’s difficult decision in this

matter, we do not find that the trial court abused its discretion or clearly lost its way.

Therefore Mother’s first assignment of error and Father’s first and second

assignments of error are overruled.

                        Mother’s Second Assignment of Error

       {¶52} In Mother’s second assignment of error, she argues that the trial court

erred by holding a single hearing for both the permanent custody motion related to

I.C. and the legal custody motion of S.C.

       {¶53} At the outset, we emphasize that Mother never objected to the trial

court holding a single hearing for both the permanent custody motion of I.C. and

the legal custody motion of S.C. For this reason alone we could overrule her

assignment of error. Nevertheless, we emphasize that the witnesses for the motions

were largely the same (other than the current caregivers), so judicial economy

favored holding the hearings simultaneously. Moreover, it is not uncommon for

legal custody motions and permanent custody motions to be pending

simultaneously. See, e.g., In re N.F., 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-22-40, 2023-Ohio-566.

                                          -26-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

       {¶54} Finally, Mother’s principal complaint with the hearings being held

simultaneously is that the trial court heard testimony that S.C. was “failure to thrive”

when that was not the case and Mother contends that the trial court incorrectly relied

upon this “failure to thrive” in reaching its decision. However, as appellee points

out, Mother does not cite to the transcript where this purportedly inaccurate

testimony occurred or to where the trial court improperly relied upon it in reaching

its decision. In our own review of the transcript, the testimony indicated that I.C.

was “failure to thrive” and that was an issue more for him than S.C. (Tr. at 218-

219). Thus we see no indication that there was improper testimony here. Further,

we see no indication that the trial court relied upon anything improper or inaccurate

on this issue in its entry. Thus Mother’s arguments themselves are inaccurate. For

all of these reasons, Mother’s second assignment of error is overruled.

     Mother’s Third Assignment of Error; Father’s Third Assignment of Error

       {¶55} Mother and Father both argue in their respective third assignments of

error that the trial court erred by determining that CPSU engaged in reasonable

efforts to support reunification.

                                    Relevant Authority

       {¶56} The Ohio Revised Code imposes a duty on the part of children’s

services agencies to make reasonable efforts to reunite parents with their children

when the agency has removed the children from the home. In re J.D., 3d Dist.

Hancock No. 5-10-34, 2011-Ohio-1458, ¶ 14, citing R.C. 2151.419. To that end,

                                           -27-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

case plans establish individualized concerns and goals, along with the steps that the

parties and the agency can take to achieve reunification. Id.

           {¶57} Agencies have an affirmative duty to diligently pursue efforts to

achieve the goals in the case plan. Id. “Nevertheless, [when considering reasonable

efforts,] the issue is not whether there was anything more that [the agency] could

have done, but whether the [agency’s] case planning and efforts were reasonable

and diligent under the circumstances of this case.” In re Leveck, 3d Dist. Nos. 5–

02–52, 5–02–53, 5–02–54, 2003–Ohio–1269, ¶ 10.

                                       Analysis

           {¶58} Although Mother and Father contend that the trial court erred by

finding in its final judgment entries that CPSU engaged in reasonable efforts to

support reunification in this case, the trial court had previously determined that

CPSU engaged in reasonable efforts to reunify the family in earlier judgment

entries. Generally, a children’s services agency is required to demonstrate

reasonable efforts prior to filing a permanent custody motion4, not at the permanent

custody hearing, unless it has failed to do so previously. In re S.S., 4th Dist. Jackson

Nos. 16CA7, 16CA8, 2017-Ohio-2938, ¶ 166-169. “Because the trial court entered

a reasonable efforts finding before placing the children in the agency’s permanent

custody,” it was not required to do so again. See id.

4
    See R.C. 2151.413(D)(3)(b).

                                         -28-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

         {¶59} Nevertheless, in the interests of justice we will review Mother and

Father’s assignments of error. In its final entries, the trial court used substantially

similar language related to finding that CPSU had engaged in reasonable efforts in

this case, reading as follows:

         The Court further finds that reasonable efforts have been made by
         CPSU in that service have been made to the parents including a search
         for relatives, visitation, home-coaching, food assistance, housing
         assistance, mental health counseling, domestic violence counseling,
         services through MRDD, alarms for doors and windows, and
         psychological evaluations. The Court finds further that reasonable
         efforts to finalize a permanency plan have been made by CPSU in that
         they have conducted a search for relatives and have filed for
         permanent custody.

         {¶60} In an attempt to undermine the trial court’s findings, Mother and

Father argue that the case plan did not recognize that the parents completed their

objectives. Further, Mother and Father argue that CPSU continued to add “new

hoops to jump through” whenever they completed an objective.5

         {¶61} However, we emphasize that the law does not require a trial court to

consider whether there was anything more CPSU could have done, but whether the

case planning was reasonable under the circumstances. See In re N.F., 3d Dist.

Marion No. 9-22-40, 2023-Ohio-566. Here, CPSU connected Mother and Father to

services and provided assistance. By all accounts, Mother and Father were

compliant with the case plan. The primary issue was their cognitive inability to ever

5
 Mother also argues that the reasonable efforts statute is unconstitutional, but this was not raised at the trial
court level and thus need not be heard for the first time on appeal. State v. Awan, 22 Ohio St.3d 120, 489
N.E.2d 277 (1986), at syllabus.

                                                     -29-
Case No. 5-23-15 and 5-23-17

fulfil their parental roles and apply what they had learned for the benefit of their

children. The caseworker testified that while the parents had completed their case

goals, the problem was with their implementation of what they learned over the long

term. Testimony indicated areas where the parents were still failing to apply what

they had learned.

       {¶62} In sum, the testimony presented detailed the efforts of CPSU in this

matter and the parents’ compliance, or at least the attempts of the parents to comply

with the case plan. Given the evidence presented, we do not find that the trial court

erred here. For all of these reasons, Mother and Father’s third assignments of error

are overruled.

                                    Conclusion

       {¶63} Having found no error prejudicial to Mother or Father in the

particulars assigned and argued, the assignments of error are overruled and the

judgments of the Hancock County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, are

affirmed.

                                                               Judgments Affirmed

WILLAMOWSKI and ZIMMERMAN, J.J., concur.

/eks

                                        -30-