Court Opinion

ID: 4611108
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:48:18.435191+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:54:11.386320
License: Public Domain

Estate of Henry P. Lammerts, Deceased, Henry P. Lammerts, Jr. and Hildred K. Lammerts, Executors, et al., 1 Petitioners v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentEstate of Lammerts v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 6819-65, 732-66, 733-66, 734-66United States Tax Court54 T.C. 420; 1970 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 194; March 10, 1970, Filed *194 Decisions will be entered under Rule 50 in docket Nos. 6819-65, 732-66, and 733-66.Decision will be entered for the respondent in docket No. 734-66.  1. The liquidation of petitioner, Lammerts, Inc., followed by the incorporation of a new corporation carrying on the same business did not constitute a sec. 368(a)(1)(F) reorganization where (a) the liquidation was undertaken pursuant to the testamentary directions of petitioners' deceased shareholder, (b) the decision to incorporate the new corporation was arrived at independently of the decision to liquidate the old corporation, (c) the persons possessing the proprietary interest in the new corporation were not predominantly the same as the persons possessing the proprietary interest in the old corporation, and (d) the capital structure of the new corporation was unlike the capital structure of the old corporation.2. The liquidation of petitioner, Lammerts, Inc., pursuant to sec. 331 may not be disregarded even though followed by the incorporation of a new corporation carrying on the same business as the old corporation because an existing business will be treated as having survived a sec. 331 liquidation only where the continuation *195 of such business, for tax purposes, is dictated by the so-called reorganization sections of the Code.3. The distribution in redemption of 180 shares of the 1,409 shares of preferred stock held by petitioner Hildred K. Lammerts was essentially equivalent to a dividend because of the attribution rules of sec. 318(a)(1)(A)(ii) which made her constructive owner of 100 percent of Lammerts, Inc., common stock both before and after the redemption.4. The executors of the Estate of Henry P. Lammerts, in not ascertaining the nature of their fiduciary duties, failed to do all that they reasonably might have been expected to do, and the late filing of the fiduciary income tax return occasioned by such failure cannot be allowed to escape penalty under sec. 6651(a) of the Code.  Paul H. Reid, Jr., for the petitioners.John E. White, for the respondent.  Irwin, Judge.  Raum, J., dissents.  Tannenwald, J., dissenting in part.  Simpson, J., agrees with this dissent.  Sterrett, J., dissenting.  Dawson, J., agrees with this dissent.  IRWIN*420  Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioners' income and estate taxes for the following years: *421 DocketTaxable yearName of petitionerDeficiencyNo.6819-65D/D 6/15/61 1*196 Estate of Henry P. Lammerts,2 $ 5,145.12deceased, Henry P. Lammerts, Jr.,and Hildred K. Lammerts, executors.732-666/16/61 -- 5/31/62Estate of Henry P. Lammerts,3 82,016.09deceased, Henry P. Lammerts, Jr.,and Hildred K. Lammerts, executors.733-661962Lammerts, Inc1,207.22734-661962Hildred K. Lammerts4,049.41 Certain concessions having been made by the parties, the issues remaining for decision are:Issue 1:(A) Whether the purported liquidation of Lammerts Associates, Inc., was in substance a section 368(a)(1)(F)2 reorganization.(B) Whether the distribution of assets by Lammerts Associates, Inc., was pursuant to a complete liquidation within the intendment of section 331 or merely constituted a section 301 dividend paid by a continuing corporation.Issue 2: Whether the redemption of 180 shares of preferred stock by Lammerts, Inc., amounted to a distribution not essentially equivalent to a dividend within the meaning of section 302(b)(1).Issue 3: Whether the late filing of the fiduciary income tax return was due to reasonable cause so as to prevent the imposition of a penalty under section 6651(a).FINDINGS OF FACTSome of the facts have been stipulated by the parties and are incorporated herein, along with  the exhibits attached *197 thereto, by this reference.Hildred K. Lammerts, one of the petitioners herein, resided in Lewiston, N.Y., at the time the petition herein was filed.  Her Federal income tax return for the taxable year 1962 was filed with the district director of internal revenue at Buffalo, N.Y.Lammerts, Inc., one of the petitioners herein (hereinafter Lammerts (New)) was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York on December 27, 1961.  Its principal office at the time it petition was *422  filed was in Niagara Falls, N.Y.  It filed its U.S. corporation income tax return for the taxable year 1962 with the district director of internal revenue at Buffalo, N.Y.Henry P. Lammerts, Sr. (hereinafter either Henry or decedent), a resident of Lewiston, N.Y., died testate on June 15, 1961, at the age of 73.  His son, Henry P. Lammerts, Jr. (hereinafter Parkinson), and his wife, Hildred K. Lammerts (hereinafter Hildred), qualified as executors of his estate.  It is in this capacity that Parkinson appears as a petitioner herein.  Hildred and Parkinson, as executors, timely filed an estate tax return with the district director of internal revenue at Buffalo, N.Y.  On April 15, 1963, they also filed on behalf *198 of the estate a fiduciary income tax return for the period from June 16, 1961, to May 31, 1962, with the district director of internal revenue at Buffalo, N.Y.Lammerts, Inc. (hereinafter Lammerts (Old)), was incorporated under the laws of the State of New York on May 27, 1929.  3 The original shareholders and their ownership interest in said corporation were as follows:Number of sharesName of shareholderof common stockPeter Lammerts351Henry P. Lammerts349Total700Peter Lammerts and Henry P. Lammerts were father and son, respectively.  Their stock ownership in Lammerts (Old) represented all of its issued and outstanding stock. Peter Lammerts died on October 24, 1941.  As part of his share of his father's estate, Henry P. Lammerts received his father's 351 shares of common stock of Lammerts (Old), thereby making him owner of all the stock. During his lifetime Henry P. Lammerts made the following gifts of Lammerts (Old) stock to his son, Parkinson:Date of giftNumber of sharesNovember 195612November 195712November 195814November 195914November 196014Total66From *199 its inception in 1929 until about January 2, 1962, Lammerts (Old) was engaged in the operation of retail automobile sales and *423  service agencies.  During this period it was a dealer for the Buick Division of the General Motors Corp.  Its Buick operations, originally located at 5043 6th Street, Niagara Falls, N.Y., were later relocated to the corner of First Street and Elk Street, Niagara Falls, N.Y. (which address will hereinafter be referred to as the Ramp Garage).  The land and building constituting the Ramp Garage property was owned by Lammerts (Old).  In January 1961, Lammerts (Old) again moved its Buick operations; this time to 838 66th Street, Niagara Falls, N.Y.  The new premises were leased from Pine Land Realty Co., Inc., a corporation owned entirely by Parkinson.Prior to 1949 Lammerts (Old) operated what was known in the automobile industry as a dual dealership. In addition to the Buick agency it also was a dealer for the Cadillac Division of General Motors.  The operations of the Cadillac agency were conducted at 5043 6th Street, Niagara Falls, N.Y.Around 1949 the Cadillac and Buick dealerships were separated.  On August 19, 1946, a corporation by the name of Lammerts Motor *200 Ramp Corp. was formed under the laws of the State of New York for the purpose of selling and servicing Cadillac automobiles.  The original shareholders and their stockholdings in said corporation were as follows:Number of sharesName of shareholderof common stockHenry30Hildred K. Lammerts30Parkinson40Total100On or about October 29, 1948, the name of Lammerts Motor Ramp Corp. was changed to Lammerts Cadillac Corp. (hereinafter Cadillac).  Cadillac operated as a Cadillac automotive sales and service agency in the city of Nigara Falls until January 1961.During the year 1948, the above shareholders of Cadillac acquired additional shares of common stock as reflected below:AdditionalName of shareholdershares acquiredHenry120Hildred120Parkinson160Total400These shares, when coupled with the 100 shares originally issued, represented all the issued and outstanding common stock of Cadillac.Sometime in 1958 the General Motors Corp. (Cadillac division) came to Cadillac and requested that a new facility be built to house the Cadillac agency since the building located at 5043 6th Street was built before the turn of the century.  Cadillac informed General Motors that *424  it could not afford to build a *201 new facility by itself.  After much negotiation, General Motors finally agreed to the unification of the Cadillac and Buick agencies operated by Cadillac and Lammerts (Old).  As a result, Cadillac sold all of its assets which were connected with the automotive agency business (except the real property) to Lammerts (Old).  The sale took place during January 1961.  Thereafter, Cadillac's operations were limited to the management of several parcels of real estate located in the city of Niagara Falls.As a result of its acquisition of the automobile business formerly conducted by Cadillac, Lammerts (Old) entered into a new direct dealer selling agreement with the General Motors Corp. which was to be effective from January 16, 1961, to October 31, 1965.  This agreement contemplated that Henry and Parkinson would substantially and actively participate in either the ownership and/or operation of the dealership and that General Motors could terminate the agreement in the event of the death or incapacity (for reasons of health) of either Henry or Parkinson.  Like the Buick dealership agreement which had been in effect from March 1, 1956, through October 31, 1960, 4*203  this agreement also provided *202 that if either party died or became incapacitated, General Motors would offer the dual dealership to the surviving party if he qualified as an agency operator and if he owned or *425  acquired within a reasonable time a 25-percent financial interest in the successor dealership. On June 15, 1961, Henry died testate at the age of 73.  Paragraph fourth of Henry's will (dated November 13, 1958) provided as follows:I presently own all the common stock of LAMMERTS, INC., a New York corporation, other than a few shares held by my son, HENRY PARKINSON LAMMERTS, JR.  Included in the assets of that corporation are real property located at First Street and Elk Place, in the City of Niagara Falls, New York; certain stocks, bonds or securities of other corporations; and the remainder consisting of the operating assets of a Buick automobile sales and service agency, including new and used automobiles, *204 automotive parts, tools, fixtures and operating capital, all of which are hereinafter referred to as the "operating business assets".  I hereby direct my executors to effect the liquidation of that corporation and, upon such liquidation, to cause the distribution of the assets in kind.  Since it is the desire of my son, HENRY PARKINSON LAMMERTS, JR., to continue in the active operation of the Buick automobile agency, I direct my executors to vote for the distribution to my said son, on account of the shares which he may hold in said corporation, an undivided interest in the "operating business assets", and to further vote for the distribution of the remainder of the assets, including such remaining portion of the "operating business assets", to my estate for the shares held by me at the time of my death.I give and bequeath to my said son, HENRY PARKINSON LAMMERTS, JR., such portion of the "operating business assets" as, when added to the portion which he shall receive upon such corporate liquidation, will make a total of twenty-five percent (25%) interest in said operating business.  The remaining seventy-five percent (75%) of the undivided interest in such "operating business assets" *205 I give and bequeath to my wife, HILDRED K. LAMMERTS, to be hers absolutely.  In the event my wife, HILDRED K. LAMMERTS, should predecease me, I give and bequeath the entire share of the "operating business assets" to my son, HENRY PARKINSON LAMMERTS, JR.  I further direct my executors to make the distributions herein provided immediately upon the liquidation of the said corporation, provided there are sufficient remaining assets in my said estate to insure the payment of estate obligations and estate taxes.The effect of the above provision, when coupled with paragraphs Fifth and Sixth of the will, was threefold: First, it assured Parkinson the 25-percent ownership interest in Lammerts (Old) which would be required for renewal of the agency contracts with General Motors.  5 Second, it preserved the rest of Henry's estate for his wife Hildred who, under paragraphs Fifth and Sixth of the will, was entitled to (a) an outright share of the residuary estate equal to the maximum marital deduction allowable in determining the Federal estate taxes payable by reason of Henry's death and (b) a life income interest in the remainder.  *426  Third, it effectively isolated and removed the Ramp Garage *206 property from the other assets of the business.At a special meeting held on December 14, 1961, the stockholders of Lammerts (Old) adopted a plan of dissolution and approved a change in the name of the corporation from "Lammerts, Inc." to "Lammerts Associates, Inc."On December 27, 1961, Lammerts (Old) filed a certificate of change of name with the Department of State for the State of New York and changed its name to Lammerts Associates, Inc. (also referred to hereinafter as Lammerts (Old)).On January 2, 1962, a special meeting of the board of directors of Lammerts (Old) was held to effectuate the dissolution of the corporation.  In the minutes of this meeting, the "net worth" of the corporation was reported to be as follows:Net value of real property (Ramp Garage)$ 78,591.65Operating business assets214,085.58Total net worth292,677.23The directors resolved *207 that the assets of the corporation would be distributed in liquidation as follows:Distribution to --Kind of propertyEstateParkinsonUndivided interest in operating assets of business$ 186,490.30$ 27,595.28Real property (Ramp Garage)78,591.65Total265,081.9527,595.28Upon receiving the distribution in liquidation in accordance with the resolution adopted by the board of directors of Lammerts (Old) on January 2, 1962, the executors of the estate made a distribution of all of the undivided interest held by it in the operating assets of the automotive sales-service agency (valued at $ 179,810.15) 6*208  to the legatees in Henry's will:(a) To Hildred -- an undivided part of the said business held by the estate, said portion having a value of $ 154,812.70.(b) To Parkinson -- the remainder of the undivided part of the said business held by the estate, said portion having a value of $ 24,997.45.On December 27, 1961, a certificate of incorporation, dated December 18, 1961, was filed by Lammerts, Inc. (hereinafter Lammerts (New)), with the Department of State for the State of New York.  *427  The authorized capital stock of Lammerts (New) consisted of 1,000 shares of $ 100 par value common stock, and 3,000 shares of $ 100 par value, noncumulative, nonvoting preferred stock.Also, on January 2, 1962, Hildred transferred most of the undivided interest in the operating assets of the agency which she had received from the estate to Lammerts (New).The amount transferred was valued at $ 149,812.70.  In return she received 1,498 shares of $ 100 par value preferred stock of Lammerts (New) and cash of $ 12.70.  Parkinson also transferred to Lammerts (New) most of his undivided interest ($ 46,104.24) in the automotive business (part of which he had received from Lammerts (Old) and part of which he had received from the estate), and received in return 461 shares of $ 100 par value common stock of Lammerts (New) plus cash of $ 4.24.A comparison of the *209 opening balance sheet of Lammerts (New) as of January 2, 1962, with the closing balance sheet of Lammerts (Old) as of December 30, 1961, reveals that Lammerts (New) acquired all of the assets and liabilities of Lammerts (Old) except for regular accounts receivable in the amount of $ 2,688.83, a loan to the shareholders in the amount of $ 9,979.81, and the Ramp Garage property with a book value of $ 78,591.65.No interruption of the automobile agency business occurred as a result of the foregoing transactions.  Business was resumed, as usual, following the January 1 holiday weekend.  The employees of Lammerts (New) were the same persons who had been employed by Lammerts (Old).  The agency business telephone number was left unchanged.  Bank accounts, stationery, and the Lammerts (Old) employees' identification numbers were left intact.  No notice was given to the public that the dual automobile agency was operating under a new corporate structure.  Only the office manager and office bookkeeper were aware of the fact that a transition had occurred.An information return setting forth the terms of liquidation set forth in the resolution adopted by the shareholders of Lammerts (Old) on January *210 2, 1962, was never filed with the district director's office of the Internal Revenue Service as required.  7 In 1967 Lammerts Associates, Inc. (Lammerts (Old)), was dissolved pursuant to the provisions of section 203-A of the New York *428  Tax Law as amended.  Lammerts (Old), under the then name "Lammerts Associates, Inc.," did not, subsequent to the fiscal year 1961, file a corporate tax return.As of December 31, 1960, the board of directors of Lammerts (Old) consisted of Henry, Parkinson, Robert W. Seigner, and E. Russell Sandham.  As *211 a result of Seigner's resignation in April 1961 and Henry's death in June 1961, Hildred and Elizabeth K. Lammerts (the wife of Parkinson) were elected to the board of directors on June 26, 1961.  There were no further changes in the membership of the board of directors during the remainder of 1961 or during the entire year 1962.  During the year 1962 the board of directors of Lammerts (New) consisted of Hildred, Parkinson, E. Russell Sandham, and Elizabeth K. Lammerts.On or about May 2, 1962, new dealer selling agreements were entered into by Lammerts (New) with General Motors, which were to be effective from May 2, 1962, to October 31, 1965.  Each of these agreements recited that the agreement was a personal service contract and that it was being  entered into in reliance on the personal qualifications of Parkinson and on the expectation that he would substantially participate in the ownership and operation of the dealership. Except for the deletion of Henry's name, the terms of each of these dealership agreements were identical with those described earlier.At a special stockholders meeting held on December 15, 1962, the stockholders of Lammerts (New) authorized the purchase by the *212 corporation of 180 shares of its preferred stock from Hildred for the sum of $ 18,000 (which amount represented the par value of said shares).Paul H. Reid, Jr. (hereinafter Reid), who represents petitioners in the instant proceedings, prepared the estate tax return for the Estate of Henry Lammerts.  Reid, however, was not retained to prepare Federal income tax returns for either the corporation or the individual members of the Lammerts family.  An accountant named DeLyden had always been used by the family for the preparation of both corporation and personal income tax returns.  DeLyden had in the past been given free access to all the books and records of the corporation.  No specific instructions were given to DeLyden by either Henry or Parkinson.  DeLyden or one of his representatives would merely prepare whatever returns were necessary (corporate or individual), using the books and records which were always available to them.  However, DeLyden never had access to the records which pertained to the income of the estate for the period from June 15, 1961, to May 31, 1962, since these records were maintained in the office of Reid.*429  Neither Parkinson nor Hildred, the two executors of *213 Henry's estate, ever discussed the matter of preparing a fiduciary income tax return with DeLyden.  Parkinson, who apparently assumed responsibility for such family matters as tax returns, had never acted as executor of any estate prior to the time he was appointed as one of the executors of his father's estate.  As a result of his inexperience, he was under the impression that the only return that had to be filed was the estate tax return.  Sometime in 1963, DeLyden discovered that the fiduciary income tax return had not been filed and immediately apprised Parkinson of the necessity of filing such a return, whereupon he (DeLyden) was instructed by Parkinson to prepare it.  The return was prepared by DeLyden and filed by the estate on April 15, 1963, some 7 months after the statutory filing deadline.OPINIONIssue 1. Distribution of Assets to Petitioner; Ordinary Income or Capital Gain.The primary question in this case is whether the distribution by Lammerts (Old) of certain property, not transferred to Lammerts (New), resulted in ordinary income to the estate (pursuant to either section 3018 or section 3569*215 ) or capital gain (pursuant to section 33110).  Respondent denies that such *214 property was distributed pursuant to a section 331 liquidation. Instead, respondent views the several transactions before us as being no more than a continuation of Lammert (Old); or, in the alternative, as constituting a corporate reorganization *430  under section 368(a)(1)(F).  11*216  Each of these theories poses intriguing questions in an area of the law which is marked by uncertainty and conflict.  Due to the importance which we attach to respondent's alternate contention in which he raises the question of an (F) reorganization, we will first address ourselves to this argument.A. Liquidation or (F) ReorganizationThough aged, section 368(a)(1)(F) has, until recently, received little administrative 12 or judicial attention.  Our task here is to determine whether the case at bar falls within the narrow grasp of section 368(a)(1)(F).  We do not think that it does.Section 368(a)(1)(F) defines a reorganization as "a mere change in identity, form, or place of organization, however effected."In Associated Machine, 48 T.C. 318">48 T.C. 318 (1967), revd.  403 F. 2d 622 (C.A. 9, 1968), we stated as a principle at page 326 that the "wording of subparagraph (F) is simple and clear.  'Mere' means 'nothing more or other than.'"In Hyman H. Berghash, 43 T.C. 743">43 T.C. 743, 752 (1965), affd.  361 F. 2d 257 (C.A. 2, 1966), we made the following observation with regard to the scope of a reorganization under subparagraph (F):Although the exact function and scope of the (F) reorganization in the scheme of tax-deferred transactions described in section 368(a)(1) have never been clearly defined, it is apparent from the language of subparagraph (F) that it is distinguishable from the five preceding types of *217 reorganizations as encompassing only the simplest and least significant of corporate changes.  The (F)-type reorganization presumes that the surviving corporation is the same corporation as the predecessor in every respect, except for minor or technical differences.  * * *Hence, while a mere change of corporate domicile would seem to come well within the parameters of subparagraph (F), "a change which involves the retirement of some shareholders, the addition of others,  a shift in the proportionate interests of those who continue, and increase in capital" 13 would seem to be outside of the literal terms of this provision.In Berghash, the Commissioner argued that the transaction on which the Court had to pass judgment constituted an (F) reorganization. *431  There the taxpayer was a retail druggist who held 99 percent of the stock of a corporation (D-B) which owned and operated a drugstore.  The taxpayer and a pharmacist named Lettman, who was then in his employ, entered into a contract to establish a new drugstore corporation (D) in a prospective shopping plaza.  The shopping plaza *218 never materialized and no capital was ever paid into D until the transaction which was at issue in the case.  After several unsuccessful efforts to find a new location, Lettman insisted that taxpayer sell Lettman a 50-percent share in the D-B corporation or Lettman would be forced to strike off on his own.  Taxpayer agreed to the sale of 50 percent of his ownership interest in the corporation.  However, since Lettman could only raise $ 25,000 and since the D-B corporation's assets were worth well over $ 100,000, taxpayer and Lettman arrived at the following plan: First, the shareholders of D-B corporation (taxpayer owning 99 percent of the outstanding shares and his wife owning 1 percent of the outstanding shares) adopted a section 331*219 plan of complete liquidation; second, D-B corporation transferred its operating assets to D corporation in exchange for 50 percent of D's common stock (valued at $ 25,000) and a negotiable promissory note for the difference between $ 25,000 and the value of the assets transferred; third, Lettman purchased the outstanding shares of common stock for $ 25,000; and fourth, D-B distributed all of its assets, including the D stock, in a complete liquidation.In holding that the transaction did not constitute an (F) reorganization, we relied upon the following principle stated at page 752:The decisions involving subparagraph (F) or its counterpart in prior revenue acts consistently have imposed at least one major limitation on transactions that have been claimed to qualify thereunder: if a change in stock ownership or a shift in proprietary interest occurs, the transaction will fail to qualify as an (F) reorganization. Helvering v. Southwest Corp., 315 U.S. 194">315 U.S. 194, affirming 119 F. 2d 561, affirming a Memorandum Opinion of this Court.  [Emphasis supplied.]Finally, in distinguishing Berghash from the facts which were presented to us in Pridemark, Inc., 42 T.C. 510 (1964), affirmed in part and *220 reversed in part 345 F. 2d 35 (C.A. 4, 1965), we made the following observation at page 754 relating to the fact that, in Berghash, the D corporation, once it obtained all of the operating assets of the D-B corporation, continued in exactly the same capacity as its predecessor:Despite the fact that all of the operating assets were carried over to the successor corporation, which continued exactly the same business, in the same location, as had been conducted by the predecessor, the radical shift in stock ownership which occurred precludes us from holding that the transaction amounted to no more than "a mere change in identity, form, or place of organization" within the meaning of section 368(a)(1)(F). Cushman Motor Works v. Commissioner, * * * [130 F. 2d 977]; Joseph C. Gallagher, * * * [39 T.C. 144">39 T.C. 144]. [Emphasis supplied.]*432  Though the facts presented in the instant case do not closely parallel those which we had before us in Berghash, we believe the principles developed in that case are determinative of the issue herein presented.Prior to Henry's death, Lammerts (Old) was owned exclusively by Henry and Parkinson; while subsequent to Henry's death, and prior to the distribution of assets *221 in liquidation of the "old" corporation, Henry's estate and Parkinson held all the outstanding stock of Lammerts (Old).  By contrast, Hildred and Parkinson owned all the shares of stock in Lammerts (New) with Parkinson owning all the common stock, and Hildred owning all the preferred stock. Hence, there was a marked difference in the ownership of Lammerts (Old) vis-a-vis Lammerts (New).  14Our finding is to be contrasted with the holding *222 of the Second Circuit in Bard-Parker Co. v. Commissioner, 218 F. 2d 52 (C.A. 2, 1954), affirming 18 T.C. 1255">18 T.C. 1255 (1952), certiorari denied 349 U.S. 906">349 U.S. 906 (1955), which is urged upon us by respondent.  There it was held that liquidating trustees served merely as a "conduit" through which title to the assets of the transferring corporation passed to the acquiring corporation in a tax-free reorganization. The taxpayer in Bard-Parker contended that the transfer of the assets did not constitute a tax-free reorganization under then section 112(b)(4) 15 because: (a) In accordance with the applicable New York statute, once the old company was dissolved, title to its assets then vested in its former directors as liquidating trustees; (b) therefore, these individuals (as opposed to the old corporation) transferred the assets of the old corporation to the new corporation; and (c) the literal terms of the statute could, therefore, not be complied with since section 112(b)(4), related solely to a reorganization in which a corporation exchanged property  for securities in another corporation.  In holding that the transactions did constitute a reorganization, the Court of Appeals at pages 56-57 used *433 *223 the following language, part of which was quoted from Helvering v. Limestone Co., 315 U.S. 179">315 U.S. 179 (1942):"the separate steps were integrated parts of a single scheme.  Transitory phases of an arrangement frequently are disregarded under these sections of the revenue acts where they add nothing of substance to the completed affair.  * * * Here they were no more than intermediate procedural devices utilized to enable the corporation to acquire all the assets of the old one pursuant to a single reorganization plan." n2 * * * [Footnote omitted.]See also Davant v. Commissioner, 366 F. 2d 874, 884 (C.A. 5, 1966), affirming in part and reversing on other grounds 43 T.C. 540">43 T.C. 540 (1965), in which the Fifth Circuit rejected an argument similar to the argument posited by the taxpayer in Bard-Parker. Given the facts which we have before us, we *224 cannot say that the separate steps which took place in this case were "integrated parts of a single scheme" in which Henry's executors merely served as conduits for the distribution of the corporation's operating assets, and should, therefore, be disregarded.  In the first place, a period of approximately 3 years passed between the execution of the testamentary instrument by Henry and his demise.  Secondly, the decision to liquidate and to distribute the assets of the corporation was made on the advice of counsel.  Hence, the executors acted under the mandate of Henry's will only after being instructed by counsel that no other recourse was available to them.  Thirdly, the decision to reincorporate was made several months after Henry's death.With the above firmly in mind, it remains to be determined whether the shareholders of record prior to the transactions which are alleged to have constituted the (F) reorganization were predominantly the same as those persons who wound up with the proprietary interest in the corporation subsequent to such transactions.  See, e.g., Helvering v. Southwest Corp., 315 U.S. 194">315 U.S. 194 (1942), reversing 119 F. 2d 561 (C.A. 5, 1941), affirming a Memorandum Opinion *225 of this Court; Joseph C. Gallagher, 39 T.C. 144">39 T.C. 144 (1962); and Hyman H. Berghash, supra.As stated earlier, we hold that the stock ownership in Lammerts, Inc. (Lammerts (New)), after the transactions referred to above, was not the same as the proprietary interest in Lammerts (Old) which existed just prior to the first of these transactions, i.e., the distribution of assets to Parkinson and the estate.  This is reflected by the chart which follows.  As such, an (F) reorganization could not have taken place under the case law cited above.Ownership interest in shares (FMV)LammertsLammertsCommon(Old)(New)Estate (Henry)6340Parkinson66461Hildred00PreferredHildred01,498Parkinson00*434  Moreover, the capital structure of the new corporation was substantially different from that of the old.  This is not the type of transition contemplated by the (F) reorganization framework.  Again quoting from our opinion in Berghash, "The (F)-type reorganization presumes that the surviving corporation is the same corporation as the predecessor in every respect, expect for minor or technical differences." 16We hold that the transactions commencing with the distribution of Lammerts (Old) assets to *226 its then shareholders did not collectively or independently constitute the type of occurrence contemplated by section 368(a)(1)(F).In arriving at the above conclusion we are not unmindful of the Ninth Circuit's holdings in Estate of Stauffer v. Commissioner, 403 F. 2d 611 (C.A. 9, 1968), reversing 48 T.C. 277">48 T.C. 277 (1967), and in Associated Machine, supra; and the Fifth Circuit's opinion in Reef Corporation v. Commissioner, 368 F. 2d 125 (C.A. 5, 1966), affirming in part and reversing in part a Memorandum Opinion of this Court.  In each of these cases we held on doctrinal grounds that (F) reorganizations had not taken place and in each instance our determination was reversed on appeal with the result being an attenuation of what we thought to be the fairly narrow terms of the statute.In Associated Machine we held that even though the fusion of brother-sister corporations may constitute a statutory reorganization for purposes of section 368(a)(1)(A), it did not constitute a "mere change in identity, form, or place of organization" 17 for purposes of section 368(a)(1)(F).  Relying in part on the legislative history of the (F)-type reorganization and on our holding in Hyman H. Berghash, supra, *227 we adopted the view that "the wording of subparagraph (F) * * * envisions a corporate rearrangement involving changes in the structure of only one corporation -- a transaction where both prior to and after the reorganization there is only one corporation." 18In the Stauffer case we were presented with an issue almost identical to the (F) reorganization question presented in the Associated Machine case and there, too, we held that no (F) reorganization had occurred.  The basis for our determination in Stauffer is summed up, in part, by the following language which appears at page 300 of our opinion:Certainly, it is necessary that there be continuity of both proprietary interest and enterprise in order to qualify as an (F) reorganization. But that is not enough, for there may be other changes that are too significant to be ignored in determining whether there was a "mere change in identity, form, or place of *435  organization." And in this case substantial changes did occur when the separate businesses of three separate corporations were united in a new corporation.Relying heavily on the language of Davant v. Commissioner, supra, *228 the Ninth Circuit reversed both cases on the general principle that where there is a shift in the operating assets from the transferor corporation to its alter ego (whether it be a viable corporation or a corporate shell) and where the identity of proprietary interest remains intact and the business enterprise of the transferor corporation continues unimpaired,  an (F) reorganization has taken place.  19We do not believe that the above appellate court decisions detract from the conclusions we have reached in the instant proceeding.  Without commenting on the overall approach used by the circuit court in these decisions, it need only be stated that in neither instance could there have been an (F) reorganization without an identity of shareholder interest.  *229 Therefore, although the above holdings of the Ninth Circuit are at loggerheads with this Court's interpretation of subparagraph (F), 20 we do not find these cases to be in conflict with the conclusions we have reached herein.  21Reef Corporation v. Commissioner, supra, involved a fact pattern different from the two cases discussed above.  In Reef, the old corporation (RF) was composed of two groups of shareholders *230 -- the Butler group which owned 52 percent of the stock and the Favrot group which owned 48 percent of the stock. The Butler group was determined to buy out the Favrot group and the following plan was devised to accomplish this objective.  A new corporation was formed (R) and the Butler group received all the common stock of R in exchange for a portion of their holdings in RF stock. Both groups sold the remaining RF stock to a third party (S) and each received notes of S in return.  The Favrot group also received some cash.  R then sold its holdings in RF stock to S for S's notes.  This placed all of the stock of RF in S. S then caused RF to sell all of its assets to R in a section 337 sale.  RF received R notes in the transaction which were distributed *436  to S in complete liquidation of RF.  S then distributed the R notes pro rata to the holders of his personal notes (R, the Butler group and the Favrot group) in complete satisfaction of his personal notes.  The net result of the above transactions was that the Butler group which formerly owned 52 percent of the continuing enterprise now owned a 100-percent interest.  Under these facts we held that though a (D) reorganization had taken *231 place, the changes which occurred in the proprietary interests were such that (F) reorganization treatment would not be proper.  22The Fifth Circuit, on cross-appeal from the Commissioner, reversed our determination with regard to this issue on the ground that (a) continuity of shareholder interest was present through the Butler group and (b) the elimination of the Favrot group's proprietary interest represented a section 302 redemption "functionally unrelated" to be (F) reorganization entered into by the Butler group.To the extent that the circuit court in Reef predicated its holding on the premise that the discontinuance of the minority group's proprietary interest in R resulted from a redemption "functionally unrelated" to the transactions comprising the reorganization which was there held to have taken place, we do not feel that the Reef case forbids the conclusion which we have reached in the case at bar.  However, to the extent that the circuit court's opinion in Reef can be read as being in conflict with the continuity-of-interest rules laid down in the Berghash23 and Southwest Corp. cases, we would have to respectfully disagree with the *232 Fifth Circuit and follow Berghash, which was upheld by the Second Circuit in which an appeal from this case would lie.  24B. Section 331 Liquidation or Section 301*233 DividendRespondent's other argument is that a complete liquidation within the intendment of section 331 did not take place and that Lammerts (New) is merely a continuation of Lammerts (Old).  Under respondent's *437  theory the distribution of the Ramp Garage and accounts receivable not retained by Lammerts (New) would be taxable to the estate as a dividend by virtue of sections 301 and 316.  25*234  We do not accept respondent's theory.In Joseph C. Gallagher, supra, we stated at page 157 that --The concept of a continuation of the existing business through a section 331 liquidation, n13 coupled with an intercorporate transfer, falls into the general area of corporate reorganizations, so that it is in the so-called reorganization sections, if anywhere, that we should expect it to be dealt with.  [Footnote omitted.]This principle was reaffirmed in Hyman Berghash, supra.26*235  We now find it apposite to the issue at hand.  We have already found that a reorganization under subparagraph (F) did not take place, and since no other form of reorganization is urged by respondent, we find the language quoted from Gallagher to be determinative of the issue at hand.  Even so, because of the complexities which inhere in this area of the law, we deem it wise to consider the various arguments raised by respondent with regard to this issue. Respondent relies, in part, on the following language from Davant v. Commissioner, supra, in support of his argument that the transactions described above did not constitute a complete liquidation under section 331:Clearly, this liquidation cannot come within the intention of Congress in enacting the complete liquidation provisions.  Those provisions contemplate that operating assets will no longer be used by the stockholders to carry on the business as a corporation.  It has long been recognized that taxpayers cannot liquidate a corporation with the intention of immediately reincorporating it in order to hold back liquid assets and cash for the purpose of getting capital gains treatment * * *.  Such a liquidation reincorporation transaction does not qualify for section 331 treatment.  * * * [366 F.2d 882">366 F. 2d 882, 883.]We find the facts of Davant to be distinguishable from those presented herein; and we do not, therefore, find the above-quoted language to be binding in the instant case.  For, in Davant there was a *438 complete identity of shareholder interest.  After the transactions there had been fully  consummated, the four families who owned all *236 the shares of stock in the transferor corporation wound up with all the shares of stock in the transferee corporation.  As determined earlier in this opinion, the shareholders of Lammerts (New) were not the same as the shareholders in Lammerts (Old).  Hence, we are not concerned with the kind of alleged abuse which concerned the Court of Appeals in Davant.Respondent also relies upon the following language used by the Court of Appeals in Pridemark, Inc. v. Commissioner, 345 F. 2d 35, 41 (C.A. 4, 1965):The Code provides no definition of "complete liquidation" * * * [An] indication of what distributions are meant to be accorded favored treatment is found in an early report of the Senate Finance Committee.  S. Rep. No. 398, 68th Cong., 1st Sess. 12 (1924).  There a distribution in complete liquidation was analogized to a sale of stock in that the shareholder "surrenders his interest in the corporation and receives money in place thereof." The corporation must have ceased to be a going corporate concern, or if the enterprise is continued in corporate form, the shareholder must have disassociated himself from it.  See Regs. 1.332-2(c) (1955).  * * *We agree with the respondent that the Code *237 provides no definition of a "complete liquidation." However, we cannot agree that the excerpt from the Senate Finance Committee report (which appears quoted above) sheds any light on either the liquidation-reincorporation area generally, or on the particular facts presented in the instant case.  27In this regard, *238 we note the following language of the Court of Appeals in Berghash:The only point upon which we see any need to expand upon the Tax Court's decision is the Commissioner's argument [rejected by the Tax Court] that, if the business of the liquidated corporation is continued by the new corporation, there is no "complete liquidation" within the meaning of Sections 331 and 337.  This argument, apparently derived from an early report of the Senate Finance Committee, S. Rep. No. 398, 68th Cong., 1st Sess. 12 (1924) and from Treas. Regs. § 1-332-2(c) (1955) has been accepted in a dictum by the Fourth Circuit * * * [in] Pridemark, Inc. v. Commissioner, 345 F. 2d 35, 41 (4 Cir. 1965).We are in complete agreement with the Tax Court's resolution of this issue; *439  its interpretation reflects the normal meaning of the words "complete liquidation" in Sections 331 and 337.  * * * [361 F. 2d 260.]Nor, as respondent further argues, are we persuaded that section 1.331-1(c) of the regulations constrains us to find that a complete liquidation did not, in fact, occur in the instant case.  Section 1.331-1(c) reads as follows:  (c) A liquidation which is followed by a transfer to another corporation of all *239 or part of the assets of the liquidating corporation or which is preceded by such a transfer may, however, have the effect of the distribution of a dividend or of a transaction in which no loss is recognized and gain is recognized only to the extent of "other property." See sections 301 and 356.  [Emphasis supplied.]As we read section 1.331-1(c), a liquidation followed by a transfer to another corporation of all or part of the assets of the liquidating corporation may be denied capital gains status under section 331.  However, it is our belief that the above regulations do not compel such a finding where a denial of section 331 liquidation status is not warranted by the facts.  We hold on the facts presented herein that a denial of section 331 liquidation status would be unwarranted in the case at bar.The basis for the regulations quoted above seems to be found in the legislative history of the 1954 Code.  The first legislative effort intended to deal explicitly with the reincorporation problem was passed by the House in 1954, but rejected by the Senate.  The Senate-House conference committee,  which also rejected it, commented as follows:The House bill in section 357 contained a provision *240 dealing with a device whereby it has been attempted to withdraw corporate earnings at capital gains rates by distributing all the assets of a corporation in complete liquidation and promptly reincorporating the business assets.  This provision gave rise to certain technical problems and it has not been retained in the bill as recommended by the accompanying conference report.  It is the belief of the managers on the part of the House that, at the present time, the possibility of tax avoidance in this area is not sufficiently serious to require a special statutory provision.  It is believed that this possibility can appropriately be disposed of by judicial decision or by regulation within the framework of other provisions of the bill.  28*241  [Emphasis supplied.]Just what force should be given to the conferees' report and the regulations seemingly promulgated thereunder is somewhat unclear.  Pridemark, Inc. v. Commissioner, supra. While the conference report cannot *440  be regarded as law, it appears clear that the committee was aware of the liquidation-reincorporation problem and, nevertheless, concluded that the present statutory scheme, case law, and regulations which might be promulgated in the future were adequate to deal with it.  We are in accord with this approach and at the same time we find that the regulations quoted above add little to the case law which we have already found to be not in conflict with the results we have reached.Respondent next urges that liquidation of Lammerts (Old) did not take place for the following reasons: (a) No interruption of the automobile agency business occurred as a result of the foregoing transactions; (b) the employees of Lammerts (New) were the same persons who had been employed by *242 Lammerts (Old); (c) the agency business telephone number was left unchanged; (d) bank account numbers and stationery were left unchanged; (e) Lammerts (Old) taxpayer identification number was left intact; (f) no notice was given to the public that the dual automobile agency was being operated under a new corporate structure; (g) only the office manager and bookkeeper were aware of the fact that a transition in ownership and management had occurred; and (h) an information return, as required by section 6043(1), was never filed with the district director's office of the Internal Revenue Service.  29We do not feel that, under the particular facts of this case, any of the reasons set forth above singularly or collectively militate against our decision herein.  Petitioners cannot be condemned for the expeditiousness with which the transactions described herein were accomplished.  The mere fact that business, under the auspices of Lammerts (New), was resumed without interruption at the termination of Lammerts (Old) does not prove that there was not, in fact, a termination of Lammerts (Old).  Cf.  Hyman H. Berghash, supra.We recognize that Lammerts (Old) was derelict in *243 failing to file a notice of liquidation per section 6043(1) and that Lammerts (New) was derelict in failing to obtain a new taxpayer identification number; however, we cannot see how either of these failures may be construed to prevent liquidation status under section 331.Lastly, respondent has stated on brief that:If respondent is incorrect and an estate that causes a corporation to go through a purely formal liquidation qualifies automatically under section 331, then "a new horizon of tax avoidance possibilities would be opened." * * * For if respondent loses this case, a rush of new codicils may naturally be expected.In response to this contention, we note that it was the direction of Henry's will which caused the executors of Henry's estate to liquidate Lammerts.  It was not an act of their own volition which brought about *441  the liquidation. Assuming arguendo that respondent is correct in his fear, we would not be justified in altering our conclusions merely because a taxpayer, in a given set of circumstances, experiences favorable income tax consequences.  Quoting, in part, language cited by the Court of Appeals in Lewis v. Commissioner, 176 F.2d 648">176 F. 2d 648, "Our determination of the *244 substantive question must not be controlled by whether in the particular case it is to the advantage of the Government or of the taxpayer" to hold that a section 331 liquidation has been effected.  "Rather, the effort should be to seek out the true intendment of the law, [and] let the chips fall how they may in the particular litigation.  Otherwise, to change the metaphor, interpretative chickens may come home to roost at a time when the barnyard wears quite a different aspect." 176 F. 2d at 648.Issue 2. Redemption of Preferred StockOn December 15, 1962, a special meeting of the stockholders of Lammerts (New) was held.  Present at that meeting were Hildred, Parkinson, and Paul H. Reid, Jr., the petitioners' attorney.  The following is an excerpt from the minutes of that meeting:A general review of the business operations for the year 1962 was had and a discussion was had relative to the preferred stock of the Corporation.  It was unanimously agreed that it would be in the best interest of the Corporation that such preferred stock be retired in part.As a result, Lammerts (New) redeemed 180 shares of its 6-percent noncumulative,  nonvoting preferred stock from Hildred for $ 18,000 (its *245 book value).  30 During the year 1962, Lammerts (New) reported a taxable income of $ 25,714.12.  No dividends were paid on the preferred shares by Lammerts (New) during the year 1962.Respondent contends that redemption of the 180 shares of preferred stock referred to above was essentially equivalent to a dividend under section 302 and subject to ordinary-income tax rates under section 301.  31 we agree with respondent. The problem of determining whether a redemption of stock should be treated as an exchange (pursuant to section 302) or a distribution (pursuant to section 301) is indeed a vexing one.  32The burden *246 of proof *442  on this issue rests with petitioner.  Petitioner concedes, in its reply brief, that the redemption of Hildred's shares does not fit within either of the specific safe-harbor tests of section 302(b)(2) and (3)33*247 *248  which, if met, would require capital gains treatment.  Petitioner, however, contends that the distribution was not essentially equivalent to a dividend under section 302(b)(1).  34 We hold that petitioner has failed to meet its burden of proof with regard to this question and that the redemption of Hildred's shares was essentially equivalent to a dividend.The regulations under section 302, in pertinent part, contain the following statements:Sec. 1.302-2. Redemptions not taxable as dividends.(a) The fact that a redemption fails to meet the requirements of paragraph (2), (3) or (4) of section 302(b) shall not be taken into account in determining whether the redemption is not essentially equivalent to a dividend under section 302(b)(1).  See, however, paragraph (b) of this section.  For example, if a shareholder owns only nonvoting stock of a corporation which is not section 306 stock and which is limited and preferred as to dividends and in liquidation, and one-half of such stock is redeemed, the distribution will ordinarily meet the requirements of paragraph (1) of section 302(b) but will not meet the requirements of *249 paragraph (2), (3) or (4) of such section.  * * **443  (b) The question whether a distribution in redemption of stock of a shareholder is not essentially equivalent to a dividend under section 302(b)(1) depends upon the facts and circumstances of each case.  One of the facts to be considered in making this determination is the constructive stock ownership of such shareholder under section 318(a).  * * *Two distinct inferences may be drawn from the above language: The first being that a redemption of nonvoting, non-306 preferred stock from a person owning only preferred stock will ordinarily, but not necessarily, meet the requirements of section 302(b)(1); 35*250  and, the second being that the analysis of any transaction alleged to fit within section 302(b)(1), including the example cited in section 1.302-2(a) of the regulations, must take into consideration the constructive-ownership rules of section 318.  36*251  See, e.g., Levin v. Commissioner, 385 F. 2d 521 (C.A. 2, 1967), affirming 47 T.C. 258">47 T.C. 258 (1966); and Thomas G. Lewis, 35 T.C. 71 (1960). Petitioner has not argued to the contrary.It is our conclusion that the application of the attribution rules of section 318(a)(1)(A)(ii)37*253  to the facts of this case precludes us from holding that the redemption of Hildred's shares of preferred stock was not essentially equivalent to a dividend. As we stated in Perry S. Lewis, 47 T.C. 129">47 T.C. 129, 134, (1966), "We think that the indispensable first step in determining dividend equivalency is whether the redemption *444  of stock has caused a meaningful change in the position of the shareholder with relation to his corporation and the other shareholders." (Quotation marks and brackets omitted.) In the instant case, the redemption of the 180 shares of Hildred's preferred stock created no change in her relationship to either Lammerts (New) or her son, Parkinson.  Both before and after the redemption she owned directly 100 percent of the outstanding shares of Lammerts (New) preferred and constructively 100 percent of Lammerts (New) *252 common since her son, Parkinson, owned directly all the outstanding common stock. Moreover, Hildred's relationship to the corporation was not significantly changed by virtue of the redemption. Neither before nor after the redemption did she take an active role in the management of the corporation.  Hence, the facts of this case are distinguishable from Perry S. Lewis, supra, the only case relied upon by petitioners.  In Lewis, the redemption of the shares of stock held by the taxpayer was in conjunction with an overall plan whereby the taxpayer relinquished his duties as president and completely terminated his active role as an officer and director of the corporation.  Under these circumstances, we found that the taxpayer's desire to withdraw from both the ownership and management of the business constituted a change in position sufficient to "dispel the aura of dividend equivalence." 47 T.C. at 135. We find no such change of position in the case at bar.In arriving at the above determination we do not deny that Hildred experienced some change in the ownership rights attached to her preferred shares, to wit, participation in current earnings and the right to corporate assets on liquidation. However, on the facts of this case, we do not feel that these changes weigh heavily enough to alter our determination of dividend equivalency.  Compare Himmel v. Commissioner, 338 F. 2d 815 (C.A. 2, 1964), reversing 41 T.C. 62">41 T.C. 62 (1963), distinguishable on its facts, in which relative changes with respect to ownership attributes of preferred stock (i.e., rights to earnings and assets) were considered by the Court of Appeals in arriving at its determination of nondividend equivalency.The redemption of Hildred's shares came at the heels of a profitable year for Lammerts (New) during which its current earnings and profits exceeded the $ 18,000 paid to Hildred for her preferred shares.  In light of the "aura of dividend equivalence" suggested by these factors we believe that, in order to find for petitioners, *254 there would have to be present in this case "some raison d'etre for the redemption reasonably related to business exigencies and not founded upon the personal whims of the taxpayer or, * * * upon the machinations of other shareholders whose shares would be attributable to [her]." 47 T.C. at 134. Cf.  Northup v. United States, 240 F. 2d 304 (C.A. 2, 1957), reversing *445  a District Court case.  In the instant case, no business purpose for the redemption is urged by petitioners.Finally, in light of the  fact that we have treated Hildred as constructive owner of 100 percent of the common stock of Lammerts (New), we believe the so-called net-effect test, under which dividend equivalency is determined by comparing the economic effect of a hypothetical dividend to that of the actual distribution in redemption of preferred shares, has no application to the facts of this case.  38Issue 3.  Penalty for Late FilingPetitioners (in this instance, the Estate of Henry Lammerts) contend that the late filing of the *255 fiduciary income tax return for the estate was due to reasonable cause, within the meaning of section 6651(a), 39*256  since the executors of the estate relied upon DeLyden, their long-time accountant, and Paul H. Reid, Jr., attorney to the estate, to file all necessary tax returns.  Petitioners also contend that the failure of the executors to file on time should be excused since neither Parkinson nor Hildred had previously acted as executors of an estate and were unaware of the necessity of filing a fiduciary income tax return.The regulations under section 6651(a) defined reasonable cause in accordance with the  following standard: "If the taxpayer exercised ordinary business care and prudence and was nevertheless unable to file the return within the prescribed time, then the delay is due to a reasonable cause." Sec. 301.6651-1(a)(3), Proced. & Admin. Regs.  For a similar definition, see George S. Van Schaick, Supt. of Insurance, 32 B.T.A. 736">32 B.T.A. 736, 744 (1935).Petitioner has the burden of showing that failure to file the required return was due to reasonable cause. Wm. J. Lemp Brewing Co., 18 T.C. 586">18 T.C. 586 (1952). Moreover, it is well established that ignorance of the necessity for filing a tax return will not of itself relieve a taxpayer of the 6651(a) penalty. Frank Souza, 33 T.C. 817 (1960); Logan Lumber Co. v. Commissioner, 365 F. 2d 846 (C.A. 5, 1966), affirming a Memorandum Opinion of this Court; Haywood Lumber & Mining Co., 12 T.C. 735">12 T.C. 735 (1949), reversed on other grounds 178 F. 2d 769*446  (C.A. 2, 1950).  In the instant case, the estate cannot be relieved of its obligation to timely file a fiduciary income tax return simply because the executors of the estate had never before acted *257 in such capacity and were unaware of the duties incumbent upon them, one of which was the filing of a fiduciary income tax return.Parkinson, as the executor of the estate and as the person who apparently assumed responsibility for such estate matters as the preparation of tax returns, had a positive duty to ascertain the nature of his responsibilities as such.  The fact that he, in good faith, believed that he had done all that was required of him when the estate tax return was filed is not an excusable circumstance.  See, e.g., Fides, A.G., v. Commissioner, 137 F. 2d 731 (C.A. 4, 1943), affirming 47 B.T.A. 280">47 B.T.A. 280 (1942), certiorari denied 320 U.S. 797">320 U.S. 797 (1943). In failing to ascertain his obligations as executor, Parkinson's conduct was in our estimation neither "ordinary" nor "prudent." See sec. 301.6651-1(a)(3), Proced. & Admin. Regs., supra.  Inasmuch as both Parkinson and Hildred were unfamiliar with the duties and responsibilities incumbent upon them as executors, at least one of them should have sought advice from either DeLyden or Reid as to what Federal tax returns were required of the estate.  The record contains not even the slightest hint that either of the executors sought *258 such advice.Nor are we persuaded by petitioner's contention that the executors of the estate reasonably relied upon Reid and DeLyden for preparation of the fiduciary income tax return required of the estate.  DeLyden testified that most of his work for the Lammerts family and the Lammerts corporations had to do with repeat returns and that he did not think that his offices would be called upon to prepare the fiduciary income tax return. Moreover, the books and records of the estate were maintained in Reid's office.  Parkinson and DeLyden never even discussed estate matters.  Under these circumstances, any belief on the part of Parkinson that DeLyden would handle the preparation of all tax returns affecting the estate cannot be regarded as reasonable.Lastly, petitioners may not escape responsibility under 6651(a) by attempting to show reliance on Reid.  It is true that under some circumstances it has been held that reliance by a taxpayer upon professional advice may constitute reasonable cause for failure to comply with the law.  However, in such cases the matter involved must be "complicated and unusual, justifying such reliance." R. A. Bryan, 32 T.C. 104">32 T.C. 104, 133 (1959). In the case at *259 bar, by contrast, the necessity of filing a fiduciary income tax return represented a duty basic to the administration of Henry's estate.  All Parkinson had to do to ascertain the nature of this duty was to ask Reid what he (Parkinson), as executor of his father's estate, was obligated to do in order to fully satisfy his fiduciary obligation.  He failed to do this.*447  Granted that Parkinson's inadvertence was probably predicated upon his mistaken (though unwarranted) belief that DeLyden would prepare all tax returns required of the estate; however, no basis whatsoever existed which might have glossed this belief with a coating of reasonableness since DeLyden was not even supplied with the books and records of the estate until after it was discovered that the return had been overlooked.Under these facts, petitioners' reliance on the Haywood Lumber & Mining Co. case is misguided since in the Haywood case, unlike the instant proceeding, petitioners' accountant was supplied with all the necessary information for the preparation of the return in question and was specifically requested to prepare it.To reflect the concessions made by the parties and the conclusions reached herein,Decisions *260 will be entered under Rule 50 in docket Nos. 6819-65, 732-66, and 733-66.Decision will be entered for the respondent in docket No. 734-66.  TANNENWALD (In Part); STERRETTTannenwald, J., dissenting in part: As I read the majority opinion, it embraces the thesis that a distribution, which is in form accomplished as part of a complete liquidation, must be treated as a section 331 distribution unless the entire transaction can be fitted within the definition of a reorganization contained in section 368(a).  My brother Sterrett lends credence to this analysis by focusing upon the reorganization provisions and struggling with the technical obstacles with which those provisions abound.  The net result is to escalate one prong of Joseph C. Gallagher, 39 T.C. 144">39 T.C. 144 (1962), and Hyman H. Berghash, 43 T.C. 743">43 T.C. 743 (1965), affd.  361 F. 2d 257 (C.A. 2, 1966), from the level of a distinguishable rationale to a mandated doctrine of wide application.  I would have thought that the "form versus substance" criteria (cf.  Bazley v. Commissioner, 331 U.S. 737">331 U.S. 737 (1947)) with which the decided cases abound, would have been more than sufficient to preclude such supine acceptance of the tyranny of labels and to *261 support the conclusion that no liquidation of Lammerts (Old) occurred herein.  1*448   Let us assume that Henry P. Lammerts had, prior to his death, caused the liquidation of Lammerts (Old) and, after retaining the accounts receivable, loan to shareholder, and Ramp Garage property (hereinafter referred to as the specified assets or the retained specified assets), joined in the immediate transfer of his share of the operating assets of the automobile agency to Lammerts (New) in exchange for the appropriate amount of preferred and common stock. I doubt whether anyone would seriously question that he would have realized dividend income in the *262 full amount of the value of the retained assets.  Similarly, if Henry P. Lammerts had in his will divided his common stock in Lammerts (Old) between his widow and his son and, upon distribution of the common stock in accordance with those directions, the widow and the son had accomplished the liquidation and reincorporation exchange, with the widow retaining the specified assets, the widow would also clearly have realized a comparable amount of dividend income.  Finally, if Henry P. Lammerts had directed his executors to accomplish both the liquidation and the reincorporation exchange and then to distribute the retained specified assets and the preferred stock of Lammerts (New) to his widow and the common stock to his son, the estate would have been properly charged with the same amount of dividend income.  This case simply involves the question whether the retained assets should escape the characterization of dividend income simply because, pursuant to a preconceived plan, which was promptly implemented upon the death of Henry P. Lammerts, the liquidation and reincorporation stages are handled separately -- the liquidation by the estate and the reincorporation by the widow and the *263 son.  I think a negative answer to that question is clearly indicated.I am aware of the concept -- which is not without its troublesome aspects -- that shareholder as well as corporate purposes may legitimatize various types of corporate readjustments.  See Parshelsky's Estate v. Commissioner, 303 F. 2d 14, 21 (C.A. 2, 1962), reversing 34 T.C. 946">34 T.C. 946 (1960); Ballenger v. United States, 301 F. 2d 192, 198 (C.A. 4, 1962).  But I need not tarry along this path, for the record is devoid of any probative evidence which could cause us to hold that there was any raison d'etre, aside from tax considerations, for the liquidation of Lammerts (Old) and the retention of the specified assets.  Compare Helvering v. Elkhorn Coal Co., 95 F. 2d 732 (C.A. 4, 1937).I recognize, of course, that the absence of a "business purpose," developed for application in the corporate reorganization area by Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465">293 U.S. 465 (1935), does not automatically destroy the tax validity of a corporate liquidation. A liquidation can be motivated solely by tax considerations and still be clearly valid (see United States v. Cumberland Pub. Serv. Co., 338 U.S. 451">338 U.S. 451, 455*449  (1950)) -- e.g., the liquidation of a corporate *264 business and its subsequent operation as a partnership or sole proprietorship.  But this does not mean that a purely technical liquidation must always be recognized for tax purposes.  2The liquidation must still have reality and substance as a liquidation and it is here that petitioners' case falls apart. Amounts received on liquidations are treated as the proceeds of an "exchange" only because section 331 says they should be.  Indeed, in the early years of the income tax, liquidating distributions were treated as dividends subject to ordinary tax and not as capital gains.  H. Rept. No. 179, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 11-12 (1924); S. Rept. No. 398, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 11-12 (1924); H. Rept. No. 844, 68th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 14 (1924).  Congress analogized a *265 liquidation to a sale or exchange because it felt that a significant transmutation occurred in the shareholder's interest.  Davant v. Commissioner, 366 F. 2d 874, 882 (C.A. 5, 1966), modifying 43 T.C. 540">43 T.C. 540 (1965); Pridemark, Inc. v. Commissioner, 345 F. 2d 35, 41 (C.A. 4, 1965), reversing 42 T.C. 510">42 T.C. 510 (1964). See S. Rept. No. 398, supra. Where a corporation is liquidated and its business continued in noncorporate form, there is validity to that analogy.  And where the business of the new corporation differs substantially from that of the old, the analogy is equally valid.  See Pridemark, Inc. v. Commissioner, 345 F. 2d at 41; Standard Realization Co., 10 T.C. 708">10 T.C. 708, 714-715 (1948). Similarly, the analogy remains where there is a significant change of ownership, although it can become strained where there is a continuity of ownership, albeit somewhat reduced, on the part of a shareholder who retains some of the assets.  See Joseph C. Gallagher, 39 T.C. 144 (1962). But where a formal liquidation is followed instanter by a prearranged reincorporation of the very same business with the very same owners, the analogy fails completely.  See Davant v. Commissioner, 366 F. 2d at 882. Compare also *266 the contrasting of "genuine liquidation" with "going concern" in United States v. Cumberland Pub. Serv. Co., 338 U.S. at 454-455.The majority does not deny that there was well-nigh perfect continuity of business and, in fact, details the many respects in which the business continued without a break.  The only element of business discontinuity was the lapse in the General Motors dealership. But that lapse was solely in consequence of Henry's death and would have occurred whether or not  the liquidation-reincorporation took place.*450  The problem lies with continuity of ownership. After Henry's death, the stock of Lammerts (Old) was technically vested in Henry's estate.  By way of contrast, the stock of Lammerts (New) was acquired by Hildred and Parkinson.  Thus, continuity of ownership can be established only by viewing the estate as a mere conduit for Hildred's and Parkinson's ownership. I think that this is justifiable.  3 It is actual ownership, and not formal title to the corporate stock, which is important in determining continuity of interest in a corporation. Helvering v. Alabama Asphaltic Limestone Co., 315 U.S. 179">315 U.S. 179 (1942). Under the will, Hildred and Parkinson were the sole successors *267 to Henry's interest in the corporation, and so I think that they should be regarded as in substance the owners of Lammerts (Old), especially in view of the fact that they were sole executors of the estate.  4*268  True, Henry's will directed the formal liquidation of Lammerts (Old), so that the legatee's rights were to the corporate assets rather than to the corporate stock. But it is precisely the ownership of the corporate assets which is significant, not formal ownership of the corporate shell.  In Helvering v. Alabama Asphaltic Limestone Co., supra, the creditors of the old corporation had no right (as creditors) to the stock of the old corporation, only to its assets: yet the Court found continuity. There is thus complete continuity of ownership, as well as complete continuity of business, between Lammerts (Old) and Lammerts (New).  What Hildred and Parkinson had before the liquidation is virtually identical to what they had after the reincorporation. Of course, Hildred's interest in Lammerts (Old) consisted of an interest in an estate which owned common stock in that corporation.  Her interest in Lammerts (New) consisted of the direct ownership of preferred stock. I do not regard this difference as great enough to cause any analogy to a sale or exchange to be appropriate.  5 Compare Easson v. Commissioner, 294 F. 2d 653, 660 (C.A. 9, 1961).There *269 are numerous examples where the courts have imposed a judicial gloss on the words of provisions of the Internal Revenue Code dealing with the use of the corporate form to bring about readjustments *451  in business enterprises.  Thus, in the reorganization area, the doctrines of "continuity of interest" and "business purpose" have long been accepted tools for decision.  E.g., Pinellas Ice Co. v. Commissioner, 287 U.S. 462">287 U.S. 462 (1933); Helvering v. Alabama Asphaltic Limestone Co., supra;Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465">293 U.S. 465 (1935). The "continuity of business enterprise" thesis in the area of carryovers of net operating losses is another example.  E.g., Libson Shops, Inc. v. Koehler, 353 U.S. 382">353 U.S. 382, 386 (1957). A further illustration can be found in cases examining the question whether a transfer of assets to a corporation is a sale for a corporate evidence of indebtedness entitled to capital gain treatment or a tax-free exchange under section 351.  Compare, e.g., Burr Oaks Corp., 43 T.C. 635 (1965), affd.  365 F. 2d 24 (C.A. 7, 1966), with Charles E. Curry, 43 T.C. 667">43 T.C. 667 (1965). Similarly, the courts have on occasion refused to characterize a distribution in kind by a corporation which continues in *270 business as a liquidating dividend when it is immediately disposed of by the recipient shareholder. See cases collected in Waltham Netoco Theatres, Inc., 49 T.C. 399">49 T.C. 399, 405 (1968), affd.  401 F. 2d 333 (C.A. 1, 1968).  We ought not to flinch from importing a comparable judicial gloss into section 331 in order to reject petitioners' contentions herein.  Our obligation to do so is reinforced by the express concern of Congress over problems in the liquidation-reincorporation area and its confidence that those problems could be dealt with "by judicial decision or by regulation within the framework of the other provisions" of the 1954 Code.  See H. Rept. No. 2543, 83d Cong., 2d Sess., p. 41 (1954).  The respondent has sought to justify that confidence (see secs. 1.301-1(1) and 1.331-1(c), Income Tax Regs.) and we should be no less forthright where there is sufficient flexibility to permit us to act.The fact that Henry's will directed the liquidation does not require a different conclusion.  The testamentary provision was no more than the directive, albeit a posthumous one, of a controlling stockholder. To say that the executors were legally bound to obey, and hence did not act of their own *271 volition, is to say no more than that the liquidation was an integral part of a preconceived plan and to confirm the mutual interdependence of the various steps of the transaction.The liquidation and reincorporation were merely steps in a preconceived plan.  They added nothing to the final result and may therefore be disregarded.  Cf.  Helvering v. Alabama Asphaltic Limestone Co., 315 U.S. at 184-185. Under the plan, the business assets were to be out of the corporate solution and in the hands of Hildred and Parkinson only in a technical legal sense and only for a fleeting moment.  The fact that Hildred and Parkinson received undivided interests in a unified business provides objective support for this conclusion.  In short, *452  both the liquidation and the reincorporation were meaningless events in the accomplishment of the transaction and can be disregarded for tax purposes.  Cf.  Minnesota Tea Co. v. Helvering, 302 U.S. 609">302 U.S. 609 (1938); Helvering v. Bashford, 302 U.S. 454">302 U.S. 454 (1938); Casco Products Corp., 49 T.C. 32 (1967); William F. Wolf, Jr., 43 T.C. 652 (1965), affd.  357 F. 2d 483 (C.A. 9, 1966).  "A given result at the end of a straight path is not made a different result because reached *272 by following a devious path." See Minnesota Tea Co. v. Helvering, 302 U.S. at 613.I would hold that there was no liquidation within the meaning of section 331.  See Davant v. Commissioner, 366 F. 2d at 882-883; Pridemark, Inc. v. Commissioner, 345 F. 2d at 41. Consequently, the distributions involved herein cannot be treated as received in an "exchange" under section 331 and therefore cannot receive capital treatment.  No other section of the Code specifically requires the recognition of a liquidation for tax purposes.  Of course, the general language of section 61 might require the recognition of a merely technical liquidation as a taxable event.  But I have concluded that it does not, for much the same reasons that I have concluded that the transaction was outside section 331.Neither Joseph C. Gallagher, supra, nor Hyman H. Berghash, 43 T.C. 743 (1965), affd.  361 F. 2d 257 (C.A. 2, 1966), forecloses this result.  Admittedly, there is unfavorable language in those opinions which leaves "room for some skepticism." 6 See Simon v. United States, 402 F. 2d 272, 277 (Ct. Cl. 1968). But both cases involved facts quite different from those now before us.  In Gallagher, a substantial (38.05 *273 percent) minority interest left the corporate enterprise, and a substantial (27 1/3 percent) new minority interest took its place in the successor corporation.  And in Hyman H. Berghash, supra, half of the stock of the new corporation was owned by a new investor.  7 In both cases, therefore, there was a meaningful change in the ownership, so that the successor corporation could not easily be equated to the predecessor corporation.Since Lammerts (Old) and Lammerts (New) are to be regarded as the same corporation, the receipt of the retained specified assets constitutes as distribution with respect to stock under section 301.  It is perhaps arguable that what occurred was a redemption of part of the stock of Lammerts (Old) for those assets. *274  Compare Casco Products Corp., supra.See sec. 317(b).  But, even so, section 302(d) would make *453 section 301 applicable.  Obviously, neither subsection (b)(2) nor (b) (3) of section 302 would apply, especially in light of the attribution rules of section 318.  As a result, there would appear to be no basis for considering the distribution as not being "essentially equivalent to a dividend."As far as the presence of a reorganization is concerned, I agree that there was not a "mere change in identity, form, or place of organization" so as to constitute an (F) reorganization for the reasons set forth in the majority opinion.  I also have great difficulty in finding a (D) reorganization, because this requires accepting the premise that the existence of two corporations should be recognized.  Such a holding also involves, as my brother Sterrett's opinion reveals, adopting a dichotomous approach that, on one hand, the entire transaction was "integrated" in order to find a reorganization but that, on the other hand, the distribution and retention of the specified assets were "functionally unrelated" to the reorganization in order to deal with the limitations of the boot provisions of section 356(a)*275 due to the stepped-up basis attendant upon Henry's death and thus bring the distribution under section 301.  See Whitaker, fn. 1, supra.  The difficulties arising from the dichotomous approach would, of course, also be present in a holding that there was an (E) reorganization. I also note that there is serious doubt as to whether the record herein would sustain a finding of the required "business purpose" and, in any event, no argument based upon this type of reorganization was made by the parties herein.Sterrett, J., dissenting:  I respectfully disagree with the majority's view of the tax consequences flowing from the liquidation-reincorporation transaction involved in issue one of the case at bar.In my opinion, it ignores the realities of the situation to say that during the period between Henry's death (June 15, 1961) and the liquidation of Lammerts (Old) (January 2, 1962) it was the estate, rather than Hildred and Parkinson, which had a proprietary interest in the 634 shares of Lammerts (Old) previously owned by Henry.  To the contrary, the facts reveal that Hildred and Parkinson were coexecutors of the estate and consequently, held legal title to the stock of Lammerts (Old) with *276 full power to vote such stock. In addition, as the sole beneficiaries of the estate, insofar as the assets of Lammerts (Old) were concerned, Hildred and Parkinson were the beneficial owners of that stock. Thus, Hildred and Parkinson held both the legal and equitable interests of the Lammerts (Old) stock, giving them complete dominion and control over the assets of the corporation.*454  In light of the foregoing, I would revise the majority's chart reflecting the various preliquidation and postliquidation ownership interests in Lammerts, Inc., to set forth the facts more realistically, as follows:Ownership interest in sharesLammertsCommon(Old)(New)Estate (Hildred and Parkinson)6340Parkinson66461PreferredHildred01,498When the transaction is viewed in this posture, it can be seen that there was continuity of proprietary interest throughout, i.e., both Hildred and Parkinson had an ownership interest in Lammerts, Inc., before and after the liquidation-reincorporation transaction.Furthermore, continuity of business enterprise is present in the transaction at issue.  With the exception of certain accounts receivable, a loan to shareholders, and the Ramp Garage property, the assets of Lammerts *277 (Old) remained in corporate solution following their transfer to the new corporate shell.  Indeed, all of the operating assets of Lammerts (Old) were transferred to Lammerts (New) and that corporation without interruption continued to carry on exactly the same business which had previously been conducted by Lammerts (Old).Finally, I have been unable to discern any valid business purpose for the complete liquidation of Lammerts (Old).  Section 331 was intended by Congress to be used on the occasion of a corporation terminating its business.  Davant v. Commissioner, 366 F. 2d 874, 882-883 (C.A. 5, 1966), affirming in part and reversing on other grounds 43 T.C. 540">43 T.C. 540 (1965). However, as noted earlier, such a termination did not occur, but instead, the operating assets of Lammerts (Old) were reincorporated in Lammerts (New) and used to carry on the same business.I am therefore compelled to the conclusion that the liquidation in and of itself had no independent validity, but instead, was one step in a series of integrated steps in a unitary plan which resulted in Lammerts (New) receiving a stepped-up basis in the assets received from Lammerts (Old).  In a simultaneous but functionally unrelated *278 transaction (which will be more fully discussed later), the Ramp Garage, the accounts receivable, and the shareholder loan were siphoned off in a distribution which petitioners contend should be taxable at the favorable capital gains rates.That the reincorporation of the operating assets of Lammerts (Old) was foreordained is apparent for several reasons.  First, Parkinson and Hildred went out of their way to retain the name Lammerts, Inc., for the new corporate shell by changing the name of Lammerts (Old) to *455  Lammerts Associates, Inc., on the same day that they filed a certificate of incorporation for Lammerts (New) under the name of Lammerts, Inc.  Second, G.M.'s direct dealer selling agreement before the liquidation-reincorporation was with Lammerts, Inc., and the one executed on May 2, 1962, after the transaction, was similarly with Lammerts, Inc.  The expiration date of both agreements was the same, October 31, 1965, and all other provisions were identical except for the elimination of the name of Henry P. Lammerts as a participant in ownership and operation.  Thus, a highly desirable degree of continuity for business, goodwill, and contractual relationship purposes was maintained. *279  Third, the high risks of tort or breach of contract claims inherent in the automobile dealership business certainly made it prudent, if not mandatory, for the business to be operated within a corporate shell.For the foregoing reasons, I believe that the liquidation-reincorporation transaction would more properly be treated within the scope of the reorganization provisions of the 1954 Code.  There is ample authority wherein this Court has deemed it appropriate to collapse the liquidation-reincorporation steps thereby treating the arrangement as a unitary plan of reorganization. James Armour, Inc., 43 T.C. 295">43 T.C. 295, 309-310 (1964); John G. Moffatt, 42 T.C. 558">42 T.C. 558, 575 (1964), affd.  363 F. 2d 262 (C.A. 9, 1966), and the cases cited therein.  See also sec. 1.331-1 (c), Income Tax Regs.Indeed, the instant transaction aptly fits the mold of a "reorganization" as defined in section 368 (a)(1)(D).  That section describes a (D) reorganization as "a transfer by a corporation of all or a part of its assets to another corporation if immediately after the transfer the transferor, or one or more of its shareholders * * * is in control of the corporation to which the assets are transferred." All of the *280 requisite elements of this definition are fulfilled in the instant case.  Lammerts (Old) transferred substantially all of its assets to Lammerts (New), and immediately thereafter, Hildred and Parkinson, who were shareholders of the transferor, were in "control" of the transferee, Lammerts (New).  "Control" is defined in section 368(c) to mean ownership of 80 percent of all classes of both voting and nonvoting stock of the corporation.  In this case, Hildred and Parkinson, taken together, owned 100 percent of all the common and preferred stock of Lammerts (New).Section 368(a)(1)(D) further provides that a transaction comes within its terms "only if, in pursuance of the plan, stock or securities of the corporation to which the assets are transferred are distributed in a transaction which qualifies under section 354, 355 [section 355 is not applicable to this case], or 356." The transaction at issue does *456  qualify for treatment under section 354.  Disregarding the intermediate steps and viewing the transaction as a whole, it is clear that in substance there was an exchange by Hildred and Parkinson of stock in Lammerts (Old) for stock in Lammerts (New) as required by section 354(a)(1). *281 John G. Moffatt, supra at 577. Moreover, Lammerts (Old) transferred "substantially all" of its assets to Lammerts (New) pursuant to a unitary plan of reorganization within the intendment of section 354(b)(1)(A) and (B).  Thus, I would hold that the liquidation-reincorporation transaction qualifies as a tax-free reorganization within the definitional provisions of section 368(a)(1)(D) and the operative provisions of section 354.  As a result, the basis of the transferred assets in the hands of Lammerts (New) would be the same basis that the assets had in the hands of Lammerts (Old).  See sec. 362(b), I.R.C. 1954.Alternatively, this transaction could well be viewed as an (E) reorganization based upon the reshuffling of the capital structure of Lammerts, Inc.  Hildred entered the transaction with a majority interest in the common stock of Lammerts (Old) and emerged owning 100 percent of the preferred stock of Lammerts (New).  At the same time, Parkinson went into the transaction owning a minority interest in Lammerts (Old) and came out with 100 percent of the common stock of Lammerts (New).  Because of these substantial changes in the capital structure of the corporation, I do not believe *282 that the transaction qualifies as "a mere change in identity, form, or place of organization" within the meaning of section 368(a)(1)(F).Furthermore, I view the distribution of the Ramp Garage property, the accounts receivable, and the shareholder loan to the estate as being an event which was separate and distinct from the reorganization transaction.  While these two events (i.e., the dividend and the reorganization) occurred at the same time, they were functionally unrelated.  Reef Corporation v. Commissioner, 368 F. 2d 125 (C.A. 5, 1966), affirming in part and reversing in part a Memorandum Opinion of this Court; and Davant v. Commissioner, supra.As the Fifth Circuit said in Reef Corporation v. Commissioner, supra at 134: "The test of whether events should be viewed separately or together as part of a single plan is not temporal but is functional." Applying this standard to the instant case, I fail to see how the dividend distribution can be said to be either necessary to or in any other way rationally related to the reorganization.I am therefore constrained to conclude that the Ramp Garage property, the accounts receivable, and the shareholder loan, are taxable at ordinary income *283 rates to the extent of earnings and profits as provided *457  under sections 301(a), 301(c), and 316.  This conclusion is supported by section 1.301-1(l),  Income Tax Regs., which provides:(l) Transactions treated as distributions.  A distribution to shareholders with respect to their stock is within the terms of section 301 although it takes place at the same time as another transaction if the distribution is in substance a separate transaction whether or not connected in a formal sense.  This is most likely to occur in the case of a recapitalization, a reincorporation, or a merger of a corporation with a newly organized corporation having substantially no property.  * * *In light of my conclusion that the dividend distribution was functionally unrelated to the reorganization transaction, it of course follows that I believe that the "boot distribution" rules of section 356 are not applicable to this case.  Footnotes1. Cases of the following petitioners are consolidated herewith: Estate of Henry P. Lammerts, deceased, Henry P. Lammerts, Jr., and Hildred K. Lammerts, Executors, docket No. 732-66; Lammerts, Inc., docket No. 733-66; and Hildred K. Lammerts, docket No. 734-66.↩1. Date of decedent's death (D/D) -- 6/15/61.2. Federal estate tax.↩3. Income tax -- $ 65,341.14 and addition to the tax under the provisions of sec. 6651(a)↩ -- $ 16,674.95.2. All statutory references, unless otherwise specified, are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended.↩3. The name Lammerts (Old) will be used in referring to this corporation for all times prior to and after the changing of its name to Lammerts Associates, Inc., on Dec. 27, 1961.  It was dissolved in 1967.↩4. The applicable portions of this agreement were as follows: In Consideration * * * of the promises hereinafter made by the parties to each other, it is agreed as follows:* * * *THIRD: This is a personal contract, being entered into in reliance upon and in consideration of the personal qualifications of and representations with respect thereto of the following named persons, who actively and substantially participate in the ownership or in the operations, or both in the ownership and in the operations of the Dealer:* * * *H. P. LammertsH. P. Lammerts, Jr.* * * *TERMINATION OF AGREEMENT* * * *B. Termination for Cause* * * *(3) In the event of the death or incapacity of Dealer or any person named in Paragraph Third hereof Buick may terminate this Agreement.  * * ** * * *D. Rights of Surviving Persons Named in Paragraph ThirdIf this Agreement should be terminated by Buick under the provisions of subsection 23B(3) or 23B(4) a and at the time of such termination another person is named in Paragraph Third on the basis of being qualified as an operator as distinguished from being qualified solely on the basis of a financial interest, and if such other person owns a financial interest of at least twenty-five per cent (25%) or acquires such an interest within a reasonable time (considering then existing circumstances) after the date of such termination * * * Buick shall offer such other person a new Selling Agreement for the unexpired balance of the term of the Selling Agreement being terminated.  * * *5. Since Parkinson controlled the corporation which, at the time of Henry's death, owned the real property facilities in which Lammerts (Old) was housed, a bequest of a percentage of the operating assets of the business was all that was required to satisfy the ownership requirements of the General Motors agency contract.  See fn. 4 supra↩.6. Though the book value of the undivided interest in the operating assets of the agency distributed to the estate was determined to be $ 186,490.30, the actual worth of these assets was stipulated at a value of $ 179,810.15.  No explanation was offered by the parties as to the reason for this discrepancy.It was also stipulated that the distribution to Parkinson was made by the executors of the estate (as opposed to the directors of the corporation).7. Under sec. 6043(1), the filing of an information return within 30 days after the adoption of a plan of liquidation is required of every liquidating corporation.  Sec. 6043(1) contains the following directive:SEC. 6043. RETURN REGARDING CORPORATE DISSOLUTION OR LIQUIDATION.Every corporation shall -- (1) Within 30 days after the adoption by the corporation of a resolution or plan for the dissolution of the corporation or for the liquidation of the whole or any part of its capital stock, make a return setting forth the terms of such resolution or plan and such other information as the Secretary or his delegate shall by forms or regulations prescribe; * * *↩8. SEC. 301. DISTRIBUTIONS OF PROPERTY.(a) In General.  -- Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, a distribution of property (as defined in section 317(a)) made by a corporation to a shareholder with respect to its stock shall be treated in the manner provided in subsection (c).↩9. SEC. 356. RECEIPT OF ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATION.(a) Gain on Exchanges.  (1) Recognition of gain.  -- If -- (A) section 354 or 355 would apply to an exchange but for the fact that(B) the property received in the exchange consists not only of property permitted by section 354 or 355 to be received without the recognition of gain, but also of other property or money,then the gain, if any, to the recipient shall be recognized, but in an amount not in excess of the sum of such money and the fair market value of such other property.(2) Treatment as dividend. -- If an exchange is described in paragraph (1) but has the effect of the distribution of a dividend, then there shall be treated as a dividend to each distributee such an amount of the gain recognized under paragraph (1) as is not in excess of his ratable share of the undistributed earnings and profits of the corporation accumulated after February 28, 1913.  The remainder, if any, of the gain recognized under paragraph (1) shall be treated as gain from the exchange of property.↩10. SEC. 331. GAIN OR LOSS TO SHAREHOLDERS IN CORPORATE LIQUIDATIONS.(a) General Rule.  -- (1) Complete liquidation. -- Amounts distributed in complete liquidation of a corporation shall be treated as in full payment in exchange for the stock.↩11. SEC. 368. DEFINITIONS RELATING TO CORPORATE REORGANIZATIONS.(a) Reorganization. -- (1) In general.  -- For purposes of parts I and II and this part, the term "reorganization" means -- * * * *(F) a mere change in identity, form, or place of organization, however effected.12. See Rev. Rul. 69-185, 1 C.B. 108">1969-1 C.B. 108; Rev. Rul. 69-516↩, I.R.B. 1969-41, 10.13. See Lane, "The Reincorporation Game: Have the Ground Rules Really Changed?," 77 Harv. L. Rev. 1235">77 Harv. L. Rev. 1235↩-1236.14. Even if, under New York law, it could be said that Hildred and Parkinson, as specific legatees, obtained equitable title to the business assets of Lammerts (Old) upon Henry's death, Hildred did not, prior to the liquidation, have effective command over the use or disposition of these assets for purposes of the continuity-of-interest requirements so as to fall within subpar. (F).  The disposition of the business assets of Lammerts (Old) was controlled by the dispositive provisions of Henry's will and accomplished by his executors. As such, we do not feel that either Parkinson or Hildred can be regarded as having stepped into the preliquidation shoes of the decedent (or his estate) so as to succeed to his former proprietary interest in Lammerts (Old).↩15. SEC. 112. RECOGNITION OF GAIN OR LOSS [I.R.C. 1939].(b) Exchanges Solely in Kind.  -- * * * *(4) Same.  -- Gain of corporation.  -- No gain or loss shall be recognized if a corporation a party to a reorganization exchanges property, in pursuance of the plan of reorganization, solely for stock or securities in another corporation a party to the reorganization.↩16. See p. 430 supra↩.17. Sec. 368(a)(1)(F), I.R.C. 1954.  See fn. 11 supra↩.18. 48 T.C. at 326↩.19. In Estate of Stauffer v. Commissioner, 403 F. 2d 611, supra, see the Court of Appeal's language at page 619 and in Associated Machine see the Court of Appeal's reasoning, 403 F. 2d at 625, culminating in the following language:"At least where there is a complete identity of shareholders and their proprietary interests, as here, we hold that the type of transaction involved is a type (F) reorganization↩.  * * *" (Emphasis theirs.)20. In Stauffer, we declined to accept the holding of the Fifth Circuit in Davant v. Commissioner, 366 F. 2d 874↩, insofar as it permitted (F) reorganization treatment to the merger of brother-sister corporations, stating at page 303: "With all due respect to the Court of Appeals, we do not accept its interpretation of subparagraph (F)."21. See Rev. Rul. 69-185, supra at fn. 12, which states that the Internal Revenue Service will not follow the decisions of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in the Stauffer and Associated Machine cases, nor that portion of the Fifth Circuit's opinion in Davant, supra, which deals with the question of whether a combination of two or more commonly owned operating corporations can qualify as an (F)-type reorganization. Cf. Rev. Rul. 69-516, id↩.22. Reef Corporation, T.C. Memo 1965-72">T.C. Memo 1965-72↩.23. In this regard, we note, without further comment, the language used by the Fifth Circuit at page 137 of the opinion:"The Tax Court's position might have more force if the change in proprietary interests were to new persons and less than 50% of the former stockholders' interest in the old corporation remained in the new corporation.  Then the change begins to look like a sale of the assets to a new and legally separate entity followed by a bona fide liquidation. * * *" (368 F. 2d at 137.)Cf. the following language from our opinion in Berghash:"* * * Berghash, who had owned all of the stock (except the two shares owned by his wife) of the old Delavan-Bailey Drug Co., Inc., wound up as the owner of only 50 percent of the stock of the successor corporation.  * * * [This] radical shift in stock ownership which occurred precludes us from holding that the transaction amounted to no more than "a mere change in identity, form, or place of organization" within the meaning of section 368(a)(1)(F).  * * *" (43 T.C. at 754↩.)24. See fn. 26 infra↩.25. SEC. 316. DIVIDEND DEFINED.(a) General Rule.  -- For purposes of this subtitle, the term "dividend" means any distribution of property made by a corporation to its shareholders -- (1) out of its earnings and profits accumulated after February 28, 1913, or(2) out of its earnings and profits of the taxable year (computed as of the close of the taxable year without diminution by reason of any distributions made during the taxable year), without regard to the amount of the earnings and profits at the time the distribution was made.Except as otherwise provided in this subtitle, every distribution is made out of earnings and profits to the extent thereof, and from the most recently accumulated earnings and profits.  To the extent that any distribution is, under any provision of this subchapter, treated as a distribution of property to which section 301↩ applies, such distribution shall be treated as a distribution of property for purposes of this subsection.26. Note, also the opinion of the Court of Appeals in Berghash where our application of the Gallagher principle was cited with approval.  361 F. 2d at 260↩.27. The phrase quoted in Pridemark appears in the following Senate Finance Committee's explanation of the liquidation provisions of the Revenue Act of 1924 and merely speaks of the treatment to be accorded liquidating dividends:"The bill treats a liquidating dividend as a sale of the stock, with the result that the gain to the taxpayer is treated not as a dividend subject only to the surtax but as a gain from the sale of property which may be treated as a capital gain.  The treatment of liquidating dividends under the bill is substantially the same as provided for in the Revenue Act of 1918.  A liquidating dividend is, in effect, a sale by the stockholder of his stock to the corporation; he surrenders his interest in the corporation and receives money in place thereof.  * * *" (S.Rept. No. 398, to accompany H.R. 6715 (Pub. L. No. 176), 68th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 11-12 (1924).)↩28. Conf. Rept. No. 2543, to accompany H.R. 8300 (Pub. L. No. 591), 83d Cong., 2d Sess., p. 41 (1954).  The House bill was initiated to shore up pre-1954 case law on reincorporations which was thought to supply inadequate protection against the bail out of corporate earnings at the capital rate.  A reincorporation was subject to the provisions of the House bill if more than 50 percent of the old corporation's assets were transferred to a controlled corporation within 5 years after a liquidation, but an exception was provided for transactions not having tax avoidance as a principal purpose↩.  See Bittker, Federal Income, Estate and Gift Taxation 721.29. See fn. 7 supra↩.30. Immediately before this redemption, Hildred owned 1,498 shares of the preferred stock of Lammerts (New), these being all of the outstanding preferred shares.  Parkinson owned 461 shares of the common stock of Lammerts (New), these being all of the outstanding common shares.↩31. Sec. 301(a), see fn. 8 supra.SEC. 301. DISTRIBUTIONS OF PROPERTY.(c) Amount Taxable.  -- In the case of a distribution to which subsection (a) applies -- (1) Amount constituting dividend. -- That portion of the distribution which is a dividend (as defined in section 316↩) shall be included in gross income.32. See Moore, "Dividend Equivalency -- Taxation of Distributions in Redemption of Stock," 19 Tax L. Rev. 249">19 Tax L. Rev. 249↩ (1964).33. SEC. 302. DISTRIBUTIONS IN REDEMPTION OF STOCK.(b) Redemptions Treated as Exchanges.  --* * * *(2) Substantially disproportionate redemption of stock. -- (A) In general.  -- Subsection (a) shall apply if the distribution is substantially disproportionate with respect to the shareholder.(B) Limitation.  -- This paragraph shall not apply unless immediately after the redemption the shareholder owns less than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote.(C) Definitions.  -- For purposes of this paragraph, the distribution is substantially disproportionate if -- (i) ratio which the voting stock of the corporation owned by the shareholder immediately after the redemption bears to all of the voting stock of the corporation at such time,is less than 80 percent of -- (ii) the ratio which the voting stock of the corporation owned by the shareholder immediately before the redemption bears to all of the voting stock of the corporation at such time.For purposes of this paragraph, no distribution shall be treated as substantially disproportionate unless the shareholder's ownership of the common stock of the corporation (whether voting or nonvoting) after and before redemption also meets the 80 percent requirement of the preceding sentence.  For purposes of the preceding sentence, if there is more than one class of common stock, the determinations shall be made by reference to fair market value.(D) Series of redemptions. -- This paragraph shall not apply to any redemption made pursuant to a plan the purpose or effect of which is a series of redemptions resulting in a distribution which (in the aggregate) is not substantially disproportionate with respect to the shareholder.(3) Termination of shareholder's interest.  -- Subsection (a) shall apply if the redemption is in complete redemption of all of the stock of the corporation owned by the shareholder.↩34. SEC. 302. DISTRIBUTIONS IN REDEMPTION OF STOCK.(b) Redemptions Treated as Exchanges.  -- (1) Redemptions not equivalent to dividends. -- Subsection (a) shall apply if the redemption is not essentially equivalent to a dividend.↩35. The example illustrated in sec. 1.302-2(a), Income Tax Regs., is apparently derived from the legislative history of sec. 302.  As originally passed by the House, sec. 302 did not contain the "not essentially equivalent to a dividend" test.  The Senate Finance Committee felt that without such a test, sec. 302 would be unnecessarily restrictive.  As a result the Senate Finance Committee added sec. 302(b)(1) and explained this addition as follows:"While the House bill set forth definite conditions under which stock may be redeemed at capital-gain rates, these rules appeared unnecessarily restrictive, particularly in the case of redemptions of preferred stock which might be called by the corporation without the shareholder having any control over when the redemption may take place.  Accordingly, your committee follows existing law by reinserting the general language indicating that a redemption shall be treated as a distribution in part or full payment in exchange for stock if the redemption is not essentially equivalent to a dividend. * * * [S.Rept. No. 1622, to accompany H.R. 8300 (Pub. L. No. 591), 83d Cong., 2d Sess., pp. 44-45 (1954).]"↩36. Sec. 318(b)(1) states as follows:(b) Cross References.  -- For provisions to which the rules contained in subsection (a) apply, see --(1) section 302 (relating to redemption of stock);Sec. 302(c) states as follows:(c) Constructive Ownership of Stock. -- (1) In General.  -- Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, section 318(a)↩ shall apply in determining the ownership of stock for purposes of this section.37. SEC. 318. CONSTRUCTIVE OWNERSHIP OF STOCK.(a) General Rule.  -- For purposes of those provisions of this subchapter to which the rules contained in this section are expressly made applicable -- (1) Members of family.  -- (A) In General.  -- An individual shall be considered as owning the stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for --* * * *(ii) his children, grandchildren, and parents.↩38. For a recent discussion of the principles underlying the "net effect test," see Commissioner v. Estate of Antrim, 395 F. 2d 430↩ (C.A. 4, 1968), affirming a Memorandum Opinion of this Court.39. SEC. 6651. FAILURE TO FILE TAX RETURN.(a) Addition to the Tax.  -- In case of failure to file any return required under authority of subchapter A of chapter 61 (other than part III thereof), * * * on the date prescribed therefor (determined with regard to any extension of time for filing), unless it is shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, there shall be added to the amount required to be shown as tax on such return 5 percent of the amount of such tax if the failure is for not more than 1 month, with an additional 5 percent for each additional month or fraction thereof during which such failure continues, not exceeding 25 percent in the aggregate.1. The liquidation-reincorporation area is a prickly thicket through which the courts, the respondent, and even the Congress, have traveled only with considerable difficulty.  See, e.g., Wood, "A Proposed Treatment of Reincorporation Transactions," 25 Tax L. Rev. 282">25 Tax L. Rev. 282 (1970); Pugh, "The F Reorganization; Reveille for a Sleeping Giant?," 24 Tax L. Rev. 437">24 Tax L. Rev. 437, 453-456 (1969); Whitaker, "Liquidation and Reincorporation," 18th U. So. Calif. Tax Inst. 191 (1966); Lane, "The Reincorporation Game: Have the Ground Rules Really Changed?," 77 Harv. L. Rev. 1218">77 Harv. L. Rev. 1218↩ (1964).2. Technical liquidations utilized as a means of effecting a reorganization, e.g., Morley Cypress Trust, Schedule "B", 3 T.C. 84">3 T.C. 84 (1944), stand on an entirely different footing with respect to sec. 331.  Since such a liquidation draws business significance from the reorganization of which it is part, a purely formal liquidation may satisfy sec. 331↩ and make the transaction an "exchange" as required by secs. 354 and 356(a).3. I realize that this line of reasoning may cast doubt upon the liability of the estate for the tax on the dividend represented by the retained specified assets.  But petitioners have not raised this issue, even alternatively, and consequently we need not concern ourselves with this aspect of the case.↩4. Survaunt v. Commissioner, 162 F. 2d 753, 757 (C.A. 8, 1947), affirming 5 T.C. 665">5 T.C. 665 (1945), is clearly distinguishable.  In that case, the Court of Appeals emphasized that the transfer to the widow was not part of the plan and in fact took place more than a year after the decedent's death and more than 7 months after the transfer of assets to the new corporation.5. My rationale is based upon the merger of the technical title of the estate into the actual ownership of Hildred and Parkinson and not upon a recognition of actual ownership by the former and the attribution thereof to the latter.  I recognize that the statutory attribution rules are not applicable to reorganizations. See Hyman H. Berghash, 43 T.C. 743">43 T.C. 743, 757↩ (1965).6. I think that the majority has misinterpreted the language it quotes from Gallagher, 39 T.C. at 157. I read that language to say that if there is a valid↩ liquidation, the resulting "exchange" must necessarily be treated as a capital transaction unless it is incident to a reorganization.7. The parties stipulated that a "complete liquidation" had taken place, and this may have played some part in the decision.  See Hyman H. Berghash, 43 T.C. 743">43 T.C. 743, 759↩ (1965).