Court Opinion

ID: 2829706
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-21 18:02:46.792746+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:31:36.640855
License: Public Domain

Filed 8/21/15 Baharestani v. ZOLL Circulation CA6
                       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

HOSSEIN BAHARESTANI,                                                 H039028
                                                                    (Santa Clara County
         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   Super. Ct. No. 110CV177164)

                  v.

ZOLL CIRCULATION, INC.

         Defendant and Appellant.

         Plaintiff Hossein Baharestani, an electrical engineer, was terminated in July 2008
by his employer, defendant ZOLL Circulation, Inc. (ZOLL), a medical device
manufacturer. Baharestani had worked as an at-will employee for ZOLL for
approximately 21 months. He sued ZOLL for wrongful termination in violation of public
policy, pursuant to Tameny v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (1980) 27 Cal. 3d 167 (Tameny).
(Hereafter, this claim is sometimes referred to as a Tameny claim.) He claimed he was
terminated because he refused to submit false or misleading information to the United
States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concerning a ZOLL prototype medical
device. A jury found in favor of Baharestani and awarded him $370,000 in lost wages
and $130,000 in emotional distress damages.
         In its appeal, ZOLL asserts two challenges to the judgment entered on the jury
verdict. First, ZOLL contends the court erred when instructing the jury. Specifically,
ZOLL argues that because the evidence potentially supported a finding that there were
dual reasons for Baharestani’s termination—his refusal to lie to the FDA (according to
Baharestani) and his poor job performance (according to ZOLL)—the court erred in
refusing to instruct the jury that it was required to find that the former, illegitimate reason
“was a motivating or substantial reason” for the termination decision. Instead, the trial
court instructed the jury that it could render a verdict for plaintiff if it found the
illegitimate reason was simply “a motivating reason” for ZOLL’s decision to terminate
Baharestani. Second, ZOLL contends the judgment must be reversed because there was
insufficient evidence to support the verdict.
       Shortly after judgment was entered in this case, the California Supreme Court, in
Harris v. City of Santa Monica (2013) 56 Cal. 4th 203 (Harris), held that a plaintiff
seeking damages in an employment discrimination case must prove that the illegitimate
reason was a substantial motivating factor or reason in the termination decision— not
merely a motivating factor or reason. (Id. at p. 232.) We thus conclude the court
committed instructional error and that this error was prejudicial. Accordingly, we will
reverse the judgment and remand the matter for retrial.
                                 PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       I.      Complaint
       Baharestani filed suit on or about July 16, 2010, alleging a single Tameny claim
(wrongful termination against public policy) against ZOLL. The operative pleading is
the unverified first amended complaint (complaint) filed on October 12, 2011, in which
Baharestani alleged three causes of action: (1) a Tameny claim; (2) a claim of unlawful
prevention of employment by misrepresentation, or blacklisting (Lab. Code, § 1050); and
(3) intentional interference with prospective economic advantage. Because the trial court
granted ZOLL’s motion for nonsuit as to the second and third causes of action––an order
Baharestani does not challenge on appeal––our focus is solely upon the Tameny claim.

                                                2
       Baharestani alleged1 that he was employed by ZOLL from October 30, 2006, to
July 18, 2008. ZOLL manufactures AutoPulse, a device intended to provide automated
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to patients in cardiac arrest.
       Baharestani alleged in the complaint that he raised a number of issues involving
product safety and the integrity of the testing of proposed ZOLL products. These
concerns included questioning the safety of a proposed modification of the AutoPulse
design, and his refusal to sign off on a report indicating that defibrillator electrodes had
“passed” a compression test in which the AutoPulse had operated for one hour, when the
electrodes had, in fact, been damaged during testing. Baharestani alleged that ZOLL
retaliated against him for raising these issues. (Baharestani’s claims of retaliation are
discussed in greater detail in part I.D.1.a. of the Discussion, post.) He “was increasingly
marginalized” by ZOLL, and he was “left out of project management and instead
assigned to increasingly low-level tasks which would keep him away from any
information that would allow him to know or comment on the validity of [] the
Company’s submission to the FDA regarding the modification of AutoPulse.” In or
about February 2008, ZOLL “began an aggressive campaign to portray [Baharestani] as
incompetent and to terminate his employment” by (1) suddenly giving him an evaluation
that did not comply with the company’s protocols; (2) placing him on a one-month
performance improvement plan that contained unrealistic deadlines; and (3) terminating
him on July 18, 2008, after he had located a promising job opportunityfor which he had a
second interview scheduled the following day.

       1
         In identifying the allegations of the complaint in this section, we will avoid the
repetitive use of the phrase “Baharestani alleged.”

                                              3
       II.    Trial and Judgment
       The case proceeded to trial before a jury on April 23, 2012. On May 3, 2012, the
jury returned a verdict in favor of Baharestani. The jury awarded $370,000 in past
economic damages and $170,000 for physical pain and mental suffering, for a total
damage award of $500,000. The jury also found that ZOLL had acted with malice
oppression or fraud and awarded Baharestani punitive damages of $1. ZOLL made
alternative motions for new trial and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, which
were both denied on September 13, 2012. Judgment on the jury verdict was entered that
same day.
                               FACTUAL BACKGROUND2
       I.     ZOLL Circulation, Inc.
       In 2001, James Palazzolo and a vascular surgeon formed Revivant, a start-up
company that sought to develop a medical device, ultimately known as AutoPulse, that
could assist in giving CPR to patients with cardiac arrest. AutoPulse became
commercially available in 2003, and Revivant changed its name to ZOLL Circulation,
Inc. after it was sold to, and became a wholly owned subsidiary of, ZOLL Medical
Corporation (ZOLL Medical) in 2004. When Baharestani was hired in October 2006,
ZOLL had approximately 32 employees, 9 of whom were working in research and
development (R&D).
       AutoPulse is “a CPR assist device” that squeezes the chest to manually circulate
blood of a patient experiencing cardiac arrest. According to Palazollo’s testimony, it is a
device that provides consistent compressions to assist a person performing manual CPR,

       2
         A more detailed discussion of evidence relating to ZOLL’s contention that the
trial court committed prejudicial instructional error is presented in section II.D.1., post.

                                              4
because research has disclosed that manual CPR is so physically taxing that it becomes
ineffective after approximately one minute.
       The two AutoPulse device modifications under consideration while Baharestani
was employed at ZOLL relevant to this dispute are: (1) the AutoPulse pass-thru phase
(pass-thru project), and (2) the AutoPulse shock timing phase (shock timing project).
The pass-thru project was a modification that connected the AutoPulse with a
defibrillator. (The modification did not coordinate the functions of the AutoPulse and the
defibrillator.) The shock timing project was a modification in which the electronics of
the AutoPulse and the defibrillator were connected in such a way “that they could pass
information back and forth.” Baharestani testified he was for some period of time in
charge of both projects.
       II.    ZOLL’s Hiring of Baharestani
       Baharestani is an electrical engineer/biomedical engineer. He has a Bachelor of
Science degree and a Master of Science degree. His professional employment history
dates back to 1978. He has worked in research and development for a variety of
companies. For the majority of his professional career, Baharestani worked for medical-
device companies.
       Baharestani was hired in October 2006 by Palazzolo, ZOLL’s then-director of
R&D. At the time, ZOLL had one R&D electrical engineer, Rick Smith, and Palazzolo
thought a second electrical engineer was necessary to develop modifications and
improvements to AutoPulse. Palazzolo thought Baharestani had a “fantastic resume,”
and his experience in the medical device field made him an excellent fit with ZOLL’s
R&D division.
       Baharestani started work at ZOLL as senior electrical engineer on October 30,
2006. Pursuant to an offer letter signed earlier that month, he was to be paid a base salary
of $120,000. Baharestani’s salary was to be reviewed after six months, and then annually
after the first six-month review. It was stated in Baharestani’s offer letter that his

                                              5
employment with ZOLL would “be on an ‘at will’ basis, meaning that either
[Baharestani] or [ZOLL] may terminate [Baharestani’s] employment at any time for any
reason or no reason, without further obligation or liability.” Baharestani testified that he
understood he was an at-will employee, meaning that “if the company doesn’t need [his]
skills, [he has] no business there and they have the right to terminate [him].”
       Palazzolo was Baharestani’s immediate supervisor for a few weeks until Palazzolo
left the company. (Palazzolo returned to ZOLL in September 2007 as general manager;
later, while Baharestani was still at ZOLL, Palazzolo was elevated to the position of
president.) Steve Higa, general manager of ZOLL, then became Baharestani’s immediate
supervisor. Later, in approximately April 2007, Ryan Shahid was hired by ZOLL as
director of product engineering and became Baharestani’s immediate supervisor.
       III.   Baharestani’s Job Performance and Termination
       Baharestani testified that beginning in fall 2007—after he had raised concerns
about the high voltage (HiPot) testing (discussed post)—ZOLL started to exclude him
from day-to-day operations. Baharestani also noticed that his interactions with ZOLL
employees declined after this time in that “people didn’t trust [him] with anything” and
Shahid made Baharestani do unnecessary editing of work that had previously been
approved. He also observed that his work, at the request of Shahid, was subjected to
unreasonable monitoring by coworkers.
       Baharestani testified he received no evaluations from ZOLL for more than a year
after commencing his employment. A written performance appraisal, prepared and
signed by Baharestani’s supervisor, Shahid, was prepared in March 2008. The appraisal
(discussed, post) gave Baharestani an “unsatisfactory” performance rating. Baharestani
sent Shahid a lengthy response to the performance appraisal.
       On March 26, 2008, ZOLL provided Baharestani with a formal performance
improvement plan (PIP). Baharestani testified that he thought the tasks listed in the PIP
were given unrealistic completion deadlines.

                                              6
       Baharestani met for four hours with ZOLL’s president (Palazzolo) on April 28,
2008. Palazzolo told Baharestani he wanted him to transition out of ZOLL. According
to Palazzolo, he told Baharestani he could have up to two months to find new
employment while still working for ZOLL.
       On July 18, 2008, after meeting with Shahid and Charlene Shires, ZOLL’s human
resources officer, Baharestani’s employment was formally terminated. Baharestani told
Shahid and Shires he had been attempting to arrive at an agreeable transition plan with
ZOLL, and that the termination would prevent him from getting a job offer from Zonaire
Medical that he thought was forthcoming. Baharestani later appealed directly to
Palazzolo to delay his termination so he could attend a second interview with Zonaire
without having to disclose that ZOLL had terminated him. Palazzolo declined
Baharestani’s request.
       Baharestani attended a second interview with Zonaire where he disclosed that he
had been terminated by ZOLL. He did not receive a job offer. He then conducted daily
searches for a new job for three years. He was eventually hired by his present employer,
Accuray, on August 29, 2011.
                                     DISCUSSION
       I.     The Trial Court Committed Instructional Error
              A.      Instructional Error and Standard of Review
       “ ‘[P]arties have the “right to have the jury instructed as to the law applicable to all
their theories of the case which were supported by the pleadings and the evidence,
whether or not that evidence was considered persuasive by the trial court.” “A reviewing
court must review the evidence most favorable to the contention that the requested
instruction is applicable since the parties are entitled to an instruction thereon if the
evidence so viewed could establish the elements of the theory presented.” ’ ” (Freeze v.
Lost Isle Partners (2002) 96 Cal. App. 4th 45, 52-53 (Freeze), internal citations omitted.)
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the party claiming instructional error

                                               7
applies both to whether there was error and, assuming error, whether such error was
prejudicial. (Whiteley v. Philip Morris Inc. (2004) 117 Cal. App. 4th 635, 655 (Whiteley).)
       Where instructional error is found, a judgment in a civil case will not be reversed
“ ‘unless, after an examination of the entire cause, including the evidence, the court shall
be of the opinion that the error complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice.’
[Citation.]” (Soule v. General Motors Corp. (1994) 8 Cal. 4th 548, 580 (Soule).)
“Instructional error in a civil case is prejudicial ‘where it seems probable’ that the error
‘prejudicially affected the verdict.’ [Citations.]” (Ibid.) In assessing whether
instructional error is prejudicial, the court looks at “(1) the state of the evidence, (2) the
effect of other instructions, (3) the effect of counsel’s arguments, and (4) any indications
by the jury itself that it was misled.” (Id. at pp. 580-581, fn. omitted.)
       The propriety of a jury instruction is a question of law that is reviewed de novo.
(Cristler v. Express Messenger Systems, Inc. (2009) 171 Cal. App. 4th 72, 82, citing
People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal. 4th 1158, 1206.) Likewise, the substance of a special
verdict form is subject to de novo review. (Saxena v. Goffney (2008) 159 Cal. App. 4th
316, 325.)
              B.      Background
       At trial, the parties submitted different versions of proposed jury instructions
relating to the elements of Baharestani’s Tameny claim. Baharestani submitted an
instruction patterned after the then-existing version of California Civil Jury Instruction
(CACI) No. 2430 that included as a third element of the claim: “3. That Hossein
Baharestani’s refusal to participate in providing false or incomplete information to the
FDA was a motivating reason for Hossein Baharestani’s termination.” ZOLL’s proposed
instruction, also patterned after CACI No. 2430, but containing critical modifications
noted here in italics, read as follows: “3. That Baharestani’s challenging of ZOLL
Circulation’s testing procedures was a motivating or substantial reason for Baharestani’s
discharge. ‘A “motivating reason” means the reason played a “substantial role” in the

                                               8
decision to terminate the employee.’ [Citations.]” (Italics added, original emphasis
omitted.) The parties also submitted proposed special verdict forms that were based upon
their respective versions of CACI No. 2430: Baharestani’s proposed special verdict
asked whether his “refusing to participate in providing false or incomplete information to
the FDA [was] a motivating reason” for ZOLL’s termination decision; ZOLL’s proposed
special verdict form asked whether Baharestani’s “conduct in complaining about ZOLL
Circulation’s testing practices [was] a substantial or motivating reason” for ZOLL’s
termination decision. (Original emphasis omitted.)3
       On May 1, 2012, the court held a conference with counsel concerning proposed
jury instructions and special verdict forms. One issue discussed was the parties’
respective versions of CACI No. 2430 on the elements of Baharestani’s Tameny claim.
ZOLL’s counsel argued that the jury should be instructed that Baharestani was required
to show that his conduct concerning product testing was “ ‘a substantial or motivating
reason’ ” for ZOLL’s decision to terminate him. In support of this position, ZOLL cited
Grant-Burton v. Covenant Care, Inc. (2002) 99 Cal. App. 4th 1361. The court denied
ZOLL’s request. Instead, the court instructed the jury that, as the third element of the
claim for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy, Baharestani was required to
show: “3. That Hossein Baharestani’s refusal to participate in providing false or
misleading information to the FDA was a motivating reason for Hossein Baharestani’s
termination.” After deliberation, the jury responded “yes” in the special verdict to
question 3, as follows: “3. Was Hossein Baharestani’s refusing to participate in

       3
        There is an apparent typographical error in ZOLL’s proposed special verdict
form in that the question quoted in the text above omits the words “discharge
Baharestani” or “terminate Baharestani,” and reads “ . . . a substantial or motivating
reason for ZOLL Circulation’s decision to.” (Original emphasis omitted.)

                                             9
providing false or misleading information to the FDA a motivating reason for [ZOLL’s]
decision to terminate Hossein Baharestani?”4
              C.     There Was Instructional Error
       Nine months after the trial in this case, the California Supreme Court decided
Harris, supra, 56 Cal. 4th 203. In that case, the plaintiff, a bus driver, alleged that she had
been terminated by the City of Santa Monica (the City) because she was pregnant, in
violation of the prohibitions on gender discrimination provided in the Fair Employment
Housing Act (Gov. Code, § 12900 et seq.; FEHA). (Harris, at pp. 211, 213.) The
plaintiff, originally hired as a driver trainee and promoted one month later to a position as
a probationary part-time driver, was terminated after seven months on the job. (Id. at
pp. 211-213.) The City presented evidence at trial that the plaintiff “was not meeting the
city’s standards for continued employment because she had two miss-outs [failure to give
supervisor at least one-hour’s notice that driver would not report for shift] and two
preventable accidents, and had been evaluated as needing ‘further development.’ ” (Id. at
p. 212.) At trial, the City requested that the jury be given a “mixed-motives defense”
instruction in which, if the jury found the employer’s action to have been motivated by

       4
         We note a discrepancy in the record concerning the special verdict. The text of
question 3 of the special verdict as recited by the clerk on May 3, 2012, when it
announced the jury’s verdict was as quoted above. But the judgment on jury verdict later
entered on September 13, 2012, recites that the jury answered “Yes” to the following
question: 3. Was Hossein Baharestani’s refusing to participate in providing false or
misleading information to the FDA a substantially motivating reason for [ZOLL’s]
decision to terminate Hossein Baharestani?” (Italics added.) We have obtained a copy of
the special verdict form filed with the court below on May 4, 2012, to resolve this
discrepancy, and we take judicial notice of that document pursuant to Evidence Code
section 459, subdivision (a). The language of question 3 of the special verdict form is
identical to the language the clerk recited. Accordingly, we conclude the insertion of
“substantially” in the judgment’s recitation of question 3 of the special verdict was in
error.

                                             10
both discriminatory and nondiscriminatory reasons, the employer would not be liable if it
established that the legitimate reason, by itself, would have caused it to make the same
decision. (Id. at p. 213.) The court refused the City’s request and instructed the jury,
pursuant to CACI No. 2500, that the plaintiff was required “to prove that her pregnancy
was a ‘motivating factor/reason for the discharge.’ ” (Ibid.) After judgment was entered
on a jury verdict in the plaintiff’s favor, the City appealed. (Id. at pp. 213-214.)
       The Court of Appeal reversed and remanded the case, and the Supreme Court
affirmed. In holding the instruction at issue in that case (CACI No. 2500) was an
inaccurate statement of the law, our high court held that instead of “whether
discrimination was ‘a motivating factor/reason’ for Harris’s termination,” the proper
instruction should have been for “the jury . . . [to] determine whether discrimination was
‘a substantial motivating factor/reason’ ” for her termination. (Harris, supra,
56 Cal.4th at p. 232.) The court explained: “Requiring the plaintiff to show that
discrimination was a substantial motivating factor, rather than simply a motivating
factor, more effectively ensures that liability will not be imposed based on evidence of
mere thoughts or passing statements unrelated to the disputed employment decision.”
(Ibid., original italics.)
       After Harris was decided, the Judicial Council of California revised four
instructions—CACI No. 2430 (wrongful discharge in violation of public policy, essential
factual elements), No 2500 (disparate treatment claim under the FEHA, essential factual
elements), No. 2505 (retaliation claim under the FEHA, essential factual elements), and
No. 2507 (“motivating reason” explained)—to substitute the phrase “a motivating
reason” with the phrase “a substantial motivating reason.” And CACI No. 2507 was
further revised to read as follows: “A ‘substantial motivating reason’ is a reason that
actually contributed to the [adverse employment action]. It must be more than a remote
or trivial reason. It does not have to be the only reason motivating the [adverse
employment action].”

                                              11
       Two appellate courts—reviewing trial court judgments entered before Harris was
decided by the Supreme Court—have since concluded that the holding in Harris applies
not only to claims of discrimination under the FEHA, but also to Tameny claims of
wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. In Alamo v. Practice Management
Information Corp. (2013) 219 Cal. App. 4th 466, 469 (Alamo), an employee alleged claims
for discrimination under the FEHA, retaliation under the FEHA, and wrongful
termination in violation of public policy. The Alamo court reversed a judgment in the
plaintiff’s favor, holding that the trial court had prejudicially erred in instructing the jury
under the pre-Harris versions of CACI Nos. 2430, 2500, 2505, and 2507. (Id. at pp. 469-
470.) It concluded that under Harris, the jury should have been instructed that the
plaintiff could prevail on her claims only if she established the alleged unlawful factor
was “ ‘a substantial motivating reason,’ ” rather than merely “ ‘a motivating reason’ ” for
her discharge. (Alamo, at p. 479.) The court held further that the instructional error—
including the error related to CACI No. 2430 concerning the elements of a Tameny
claim—“was prejudicial because the proper standard of causation in a FEHA
discrimination or retaliation claim is not ‘a motivating reason,’ as stated in the
instructions, but rather ‘a substantial motivating reason,’ as set forth in Harris.” (Id. at
p. 483.)
       In Mendoza v. Western Medical Center Santa Ana (2014) 222 Cal. App. 4th 1334
(Mendoza), the plaintiff sued for wrongful termination in violation of public policy (a
Tameny claim), alleging that, after more than 20 years of employment, he had been fired
in retaliation for having reported sexual harassment. (Id. at pp. 1336, 1338.) The trial
court instructed the jury using the pre-Harris language of CACI No. 2430, and provided
it with a special verdict form consistent with that instruction. (Id. at p. 1336.) A jury
found in the plaintiff’s favor. (Id. at p. 1338.) On appeal, the defendants, among other
things, asserted that the trial court committed prejudicial instructional error. (Id. at
p. 1339.) The appellate court agreed. (Id. at pp. 1339-1342.) It cited Harris, supra, 56

                                              12
Cal.4th at page 232, noting that at least with respect to CACI No. 2500 (disparate
treatment claim under the FEHA), the proper instruction should read that the unlawful
factor was “ ‘a substantial motivating factor, rather than simply a motivating factor’ ” in
the employer’s termination decision. (Mendoza, at p. 1341.) The Mendoza court noted
further that the Judicial Council had impliedly concluded that CACI No. 2430 was also
incorrect when it modified the instruction in 2013 to provide that a plaintiff asserting a
Tameny claim must show that the improper factor was “ ‘a substantial motivating
reason’ ” for the termination decision. (Id. at p. 1340.) And the Mendoza court relied on
Alamo, supra, 219 Cal. App. 4th 466 to conclude that the Harris standard applied to
Tameny claims as well as FEHA claims: “It would be nonsensical to provide a different
standard of causation in FEHA cases and common law tort cases based on public policies
encompassed by FEHA.” (Mendoza, at p. 1341.)
       We agree with the holdings in Alamo, supra, 219 Cal. App. 4th 466, and Mendoza,
supra, 222 Cal. App. 4th 1334. We, too, hold that the “substantial motivating
factor/reason” language enunciated by the California Supreme Court in Harris as the
causation standard in a FEHA case is equally applicable to common law Tameny claims
for wrongful termination in violation of public policy. (Mendoza, at p. 1341.)
       Baharastani urges that the differences between the pre-Harris instruction given
and the post-Harris “substantial motivating reason” instruction recommended by the
Judicial Council its revision to CACI No. 2430 are not “so drastic as to warrant reversal.”
But, he argues, were we to disagree with his position, we should not apply Harris
retroactively in this case.
        “Courts of Appeal routinely consider newly published case law that was not
available until after entry of judgment in the trial court.” (Waller v. Truck Ins. Exchange
(1995) 11 Cal. 4th 1, 23 (Waller); see also Ticor Title Ins. Co. v. Employers Ins. of
Wausau (1995) 40 Cal. App. 4th 1699, 1713, fn. 9 [retroactivity doctrine applies “to all
cases still open on direct review and to all events, regardless of whether such events

                                             13
predate or postdate announcement of the rule.”].) Although judicial decisions will
sometimes be construed to apply only prospectively, this will only be done when there
are “compelling and unusual circumstances justifying departure from the general rule.”
(Newman v. Emerson Radio Corp. (1989) 48 Cal. 3d 973, 983 (Newman); see also UDC-
Universal Development, L.P. v. CH2M Hill (2010) 181 Cal. App. 4th 10, 22 [noting that
courts have “repeatedly rejected claims that new case law should not be applied
retroactively”].) Contrary to Baharestani’s assertion—relying in part on Newman—this
is not an instance warranting an exception to the general rule of retroactivity, such as
“ ‘where a . . . statute has received a given construction by a court of last resort, and
contracts have been made or property rights acquired in accordance with the prior
decision, [such that] the contracts should not]be invalidated nor vested rights be impaired
by applying the new rule retroactively. [Citation.]’ [Citation]” (Moradi-Shalal v.
Fireman's Fund Ins. Companies (1988) 46 Cal. 3d 287, 305.) Thus, we conclude the
California Supreme Court’s articulation in Harris of a heightened standard of causation
applies to this case. (Waller, supra, 11 Cal.4th at pp. 23-25; Corenbaum v. Lampkin
(2013) 215 Cal. App. 4th 1308, 1334-1335.)5
              D.      The Error Was Prejudicial
       In determining whether the instructional error was prejudicial, we follow the four-
prong inquiry enunciated by the California Supreme Court, giving consideration to
“(1) the state of the evidence, (2) the effect of other instructions, (3) the effect of
counsel’s arguments, and (4) any indications by the jury itself that it was misled.” (Soule,
supra, 8 Cal.4th at pp. 580-581, fn. omitted.)

       5
        We note that in Alamo, supra, 219 Cal. App. 4th 466 and Mendoza, supra,
222 Cal. App. 4th 1334, the appellate courts applied Harris retroactively under procedural
circumstances similar to those here.

                                               14
                     1.     State of the Evidence
       The evidence relating to Baharestani’s employment with ZOLL was in great
conflict. The evidence favoring Baharestani’s claim that he was terminated in violation
of public policy, and ZOLL’s evidence supporting its position that he was terminated for
poor performance, is outlined below.
                            a.     Evidence Favorable to Baharestani’s Tameny Claim
       Baharestani presented a significant amount of evidence that he had raised six
issues surrounding the integrity of the testing and the safety of products for which ZOLL
was seeking FDA approval. The theme argued by his counsel to the jury was one of
action-reaction (i.e., Baharestani would complain about safety or testing issues and, in
response, ZOLL would take negative action towards him).
       First, Baharestani presented evidence that he complained to ZOLL that the pass-
thru device added risk without creating benefit. He claimed that after he complained in
March 2007 and was told he could study the possibility of proceeding with the shock
timing device without a delay in the approval process, he was removed prematurely from
the shock timing project and it was given to another engineer.
       Second, Baharestani testified that he advised management about a potential flaw in
HiPot testing involving a false “pass” of the testing where the cable may have been
disconnected or broken. He testified that after doing so and after submitting testing
specifications to address the problem, the project was reassigned to a new engineer who
eliminated the safeguards Baharestani had developed for the specifications. Later, in
September 2007, the testing protocol was again modified to address Baharestani’s
concern by providing for the test to fail if the cables were not connected.
       Third, Baharestani testified that he advised his superiors that the user guide for the
proposed pass-thru device incorrectly stated that all ZOLL Medical defibrillator cables
were compatible with ZOLL’s device. Baharestani did not identify a specific “reaction”

                                             15
to this complaint. Indeed, ZOLL followed the recommendation in Baharestani’s
memorandum to narrow the list of electrodes compatible with the AutoPulse.
       Fourth, Baharestani investigated the appropriate sample size for defibrillator
electrodes that would be subject to compression testing—i.e., testing in which there
would be compressions of the AutoPulse (simulated administration of CPR on a patient)
to determine whether defibrillator electrodes would be damaged. After relaying
information he had received from BioDetek (ZOLL’s sister company that manufactured
defibrillator cables) that 30 electrodes was a good sample size, Baharestani’s superior
ridiculed that suggestion in an email. Baharestani testified he then started to explore the
possibility of a smaller sample size, but was removed from the compression test project
before he could complete his analysis.
       Fifth, in August 2007, protocols for compression testing of defibrillator electrodes
for the pass-thru project were developed by another ZOLL electrical engineer, Rick
Smith. Under that protocol, the electrodes were required to undergo 60 minutes of
compression testing without physical damage that would affect their functionality.
Baharestani performed the 60-minute compression test, after which a BioDetek employee
reported back to him that one of the electrodes had failed in that it was unable to deliver
the required number of shocks. Baharestani testified that he and Smith had agreed the
electrode had failed, but Shahid said, angrily, the electrodes had passed the test and told
him “ [‘N]o. Sign it off as a pass.[’] ” Later, Baharestani asked if he could take a day to
investigate why the electrode had failed. Shahid agreed to give him a day for the
investigation. But Baharestani testified that before he could complete the investigation,
Higa told him he had spoken to BioDetek’s president and there would be a compromise
in which it would be said the electrodes had passed the compression test but ZOLL would
“not use the results as intended.” The report was then revised to indicate that the
electrodes had passed a 30-minute compression test. Baharestani testified that he had
disagreed with that conclusion because the electrode had failed after 60 minutes of

                                             16
compression and there was no way of determining at what time (i.e., before or after
30 minutes) the electrode had failed. Baharestani ultimately signed the final test report,
which had indicated that BioDetek (not ZOLL) had concluded that the electrodes had
passed a 30-minute compression test. But he thought the final test report reflected very
poor engineering judgment.
       Higa testified that Baharestani had done the right thing by telling Shahid he would
not sign the test results as indicating the electrodes had passed 60 minutes of compression
testing. But Higa also testified that the electrodes were in fact still functional after one
hour of testing, although they showed wear. He was advised by BioDetek that all
electrodes worked after the testing, so it was a pass. But BioDetek raised concerns about
some cracking and mechanical wear with the electrodes, so it suggested the run-time of
the AutoPulse with pass-thru be limited to thirty minutes, which was the average amount
of time AutoPulse was deployed on a patient. Palazzolo likewise testified that the
electrodes were still functional after one hour of compression testing. Palazollo also
testified that, based upon feedback from the FDA while the application for approval of
the pass-thru device was pending, ZOLL performed additional compression tests that
more closely simulated how the AutoPulse would likely be used in the field with a
defibrillator. The new tests showed that the electrodes were functional for as long as
20 hours of chest compression and shocks, although some failed at three hours.
       Sixth, in October 2007, Baharestani attended a meeting in which there was a
discussion that the maximum voltage from a ZOLL Medical defibrillator was
4.4 kilovolts, instead of 3.6 kilovolts, as ZOLL had been advised previously by ZOLL
Medical. ZOLL had spent a significant amount of time performing HiPot testing for the
pass-thru project to make sure the AutoPulse could work safely with the defibrillator.
The HiPot testing used 1.5 times the maximum voltage of the ZOLL Medical
defibrillator. This protocol of 1.5 times maximum voltage is a standard used by ZOLL.
Baharestani testified the protocol “has a significant role in the FDA’s evaluation of

                                              17
[ZOLL’s] claims and [its] application for a new product.” Because of the incorrect
information from ZOLL Medical, ZOLL did not test to a level of 6.6 kilovolts (1.5 times
the maximum of 4.4 kilovolts of ZOLL Medical’s defibrillators); rather, Baharestani
followed the protocol of using a maximum of 6.0 kilovolts. Baharastani testified that in a
meeting in October 2007, Ziad Elghazzawi, a representative of ZOLL Medical, stated
that he thought the testing was “probably okay, and Mr. Ryan Shahid seem[ed] to agree
with that.” Baharestani disagreed, saying that ZOLL’s standard specifically required 1.5
times the maximum voltage, so ZOLL was required to perform the test at that standard.
ZOLL subsequently duplicated the HiPot testing using the correct 4.4 kilovolts as the
maximum voltage, after Baharestani amended the specification, design and protocol
documents. The new testing delayed the project by at least two months.
       Baharestani testified that beginning in fall 2007 (after he had raised concerns
about the HiPot voltage testing), he noticed that he started being excluded from day-to-
day operations. He said Shahid expressed resentment at having to perform the retesting,
referring to the issue at staff meetings as “the Hi Pot fiasco.” He also noticed that his
interactions with ZOLL employees had declined in that “people didn’t trust [him] with
anything” and Shahid made him do unnecessary editing of work that had previously been
approved. He also observed that his work was being subjected to unreasonable
monitoring by coworkers at the request of Shahid.
                            b.      Evidence of Poor Job Performance
       Evidence concerning Baharestani’s job performance, and whether he was
counseled by ZOLL management about perceived deficiencies, was in sharp conflict.
Although Baharestani testified he had no performance reviews until March 2008 and that
he thought his job performance was satisfactory, ZOLL presented a great deal of

                                             18
evidence that Baharestani’s job performance was substandard and that at least three of his
supervisors counseled him on an ongoing basis.6
       Higa—Baharestani’s supervisor between December 2006 and April 2007—
testified that the pass-thru project was delayed due to Baharestani’s lack of a clear
understanding of AutoPulse. During the time Higa supervised Baharestani, he (Higa) felt
Baharestani’s productivity was too low and that he “was struggling.” In that time period,
Higa met with Baharestani after meetings and at the end of the day to coach and mentor
him on matters Higa observed Baharestani was having difficulty with. Higa recalled one
instance in March or April 2007 when Baharestani developed a schedule for the pass-thru
device that was not realistic because it ran seven different schedules serially, rather than
determining when different functions could be scheduled to run in parallel fashion. Higa
advised Baharestani he needed to better coordinate the overall schedule of the project.
       According to Higa, in approximately April 2007, Baharestani asked Higa if he
would be receiving a formal six-month performance review. Higa said his performance
did not warrant a merit salary increase and he had “some issues we need to work
through.” Higa suggested that since Shahid had been hired and would take over as
Baharestani’s supervisor, it might make sense to defer the review to permit Baharestani
and Shahid to work together.
       Higa testified that he met with Baharestani in May 2007 and gave him a verbal
performance review that was not documented. In that review, Higa told Baharestani his
work “needed improvement, especially with regard to Baharestani’s inability to get tasks
completed and [his] inability to work cooperatively with his peers.” Also in May 2007,
because Baharestani’s work was delayed, Higa reassigned the HiPot testing for the pass-

       6
         Shahid did not testify in person at trial. Excerpts of Shahid’s videotaped
deposition were played at trial by ZOLL’s counsel in the presentation of its defense. The
parties have provided us with no record of this videotaped deposition testimony.

                                             19
thru project to another employee. Higa testified that Baharestani had done some of the
planning work for the HiPot testing, but the work was “very straightforward,” “upfront
work” that represented only about 30 percent of the planning work needed.
       Baharestani acknowledged on cross-examination that sometime after April 2007
when Shahid was hired, Baharestani was concerned about whether he still had a role in
the company, and he started looking for another job shortly thereafter. Baharestani
testified he had a discussion in July 2007 with Higa in which he offered to resign because
a project Baharestani had managed had been transferred to Shahid, and Baharestani felt
he “was being marginalized.” Baharestani told Higa that he did not “want to be a burden
on the company,” and that he and Higa “couldn’t see eye to eye on the projects.” After
Baharestani offered to resign, Higa told him, “[N]o, that’s not how we deal with people in
this organization. We work with them.”
       Palazzolo also testified that in the fall and winter of 2007, he spoke approximately
weekly with Baharestani about ways to improve his job performance. He talked to
Baharestani about his interactions and communications with others, and working in a
team setting. Palazzolo advised Baharestani that he could establish better relationships
and more effectively communicate with others by “spend[ing] less time e-mailing the
person two feet away and spend[ing] more time talking to [the person].” Palazzolo also
talked to Shahid and suggested he find ways to assist Baharestani in coming up with
methods of working within ZOLL’s research and development culture.
       Palazzolo testified that as of the end of January 2008, after talking with and
coaching Baharestani for three months, “he was struggling to meet deadlines, . . . the
interpersonal interactions with other engineers on the team weren’t as fruitful as they
should be[,] and he wasn’t as engaged in the team process as he should be.” Palazzolo
had multiple conversations with Shahid in January-February 2008 about Baharestani’s
performance. Shahid had discussed Baharestani’s performance with Palazzolo and had
said that it “wasn’t where he expected it to be.” Shahid wanted to give Baharestani a

                                             20
performance review, but Palazzolo suggested that Shahid defer it and instead “have an
intensive period where [Shahid and Palazzolo] . . . work[ed] with [Baharestani] to try to
get his performance to improve.” Between late January and March 2008, Palazzolo and
Shahid continued to talk and confirmed what efforts they were taking to coach
Baharestani. After some time, neither saw progress, and they decided that Shahid should
move forward with the performance appraisal.
       Finally, three of Baharestani’s coworkers—Rick Smith, Craig Pendry, and Sean
Yip—testified that from their observation, there were problems with Baharestani’s job
performance. Smith felt that Baharestani “was not performing all of his work.” Pendry
testified that, as of March 2007, he did not believe Baharestani had a good grasp of the
pass-thru project and he was late in completing some tasks. Pendry also observed that in
2007, Baharestani “had put together things that were very complicated and hard to
understand.” Yip—who was asked by Shahid in February 2008 for input concerning
Baharestani’s job performance—indicated in an email that he believed Baharestani
“could design circuits, but someone else has to give him top-level design first. If he only
has high-level functional requirements, his design tends to be much more complicated
than necessary and may not even meet the requirements.” Yip also stated that
Baharestani had “yet to deliver a single task on-time” for the AIT project. He wrote that
the AIT circuit was four months overdue. Yip also indicated that Baharestani “seem[ed]
to have trouble understanding others.” And under the heading “Teamwork,” Yip
described Baharestani as “among the most difficult people I’ve worked with. Most of all,
he’s paranoid.”
                            c.     Performance Review & Termination
       In contrast to Higa’s testimony that Baharestani was given a verbal review in May
2007, Baharestani testified he received no evaluations from ZOLL for more than a year
after commencing his employment. Baharestani testified that in approximately January
2008, Baharestani approached Shahid to request an evaluation. Shahid said “it would be

                                            21
done.” Months later, Baharestani spoke with Shahid, who said he had been considering
conducting a review, but Baharestani “should maybe consider other options because it [(a
review)] was not going to be good.” Approximately two days later, Shahid told
Baharestani there would “be a review, no other options,” and Baharestani asked for a few
days to prepare for the review. Shortly afterward, Shahid performed the employee
review.
       On March 7, 2008, Shahid signed the performance appraisal, and Baharestani
signed it on March 14, 2008. The appraisal covered the period from October 30, 2006, to
October 30, 2007. Higa and Palazzolo reviewed the appraisal and provided their input.
The appraisal was done in March 2008, according to Higa, because “we had determined
after trying to find a role that would work that there really wasn’t a role [Baharestani]
could perform in and be successful at ZOLL Circulation.” The ultimate conclusion of the
appraisal was that “[Baharestani’s] performance in the last review period had not been up
to a level to meet the performance and productivity level of senior electrical engineer at
ZOLL Circulation.” He was given an “unsatisfactory” performance rating.
       Shahid stated in the appraisal that Baharestani had “missed most of his goals in the
last review period and continues to struggle in coming up to speed with the AutoPulse
system details. [Baharestani was] for a period of time lead [on] the [pass-thru project].
The project was not going well and had issues with the progress and the overall project
management.” Shahid also stated: “[Baharestani] worked on various projects . . . and
seemed to have put in a lot of hours working on those projects. However, his output did
not match the apparent level of effort . . . He did not deliver results consistently and on
time and something always seems to get in the way. He seems to frustrate team members
by raising issues and concerns that cripple progress but are without demonstrated merit.
He then tends to approach them for solutions to problems which often appear to have
been made overly complex. [¶ Baharestani] has shown poor skills in the area of
managing and measuring work. [He] made commitments for specific deliverables and

                                             22
then missed the deadline completely without timely update to team members.” Shahid
went on to state: “[Baharestani] has limited grasp of due process as seen by others which
can cause disruption in overall team productivity. [Baharestani] appears to work in a
disorganized fashion and cannot figure out effective and efficient ways to get things
done.”
         On March 19, 2008, Baharestani sent Shahid (with a copy to ZOLL’s president,
Palazzolo) a written, 11-page response to the performance appraisal. At the time,
Baharestani believed ZOLL was attempting to get rid of him because the pass-thru
project had been completed. Based upon the negative performance appraisal, Baharestani
asked, among other things, why no one at ZOLL had ever “formally coached, counseled,
or warned” him previously.
         After receiving Baharestani’s response to the performance appraisal, Palazzolo
asked Higa and Shahid to review it in detail on a high priority basis. He wanted the
review made a priority, in part, so that Palazzolo could learn whether Baharestani’s
response raised any specific issues about product safety that needed to be addressed.
Higa and Shahid prepared a document rebutting Baharestani’s response, which was
finalized after Palazzolo’s review. Palazzolo concluded that Baharestani’s response did
not raise any significant allegations about product safety that needed to be addressed, and
the response “was largely that he was unhappy about [having] received an unsatisfactory
performance review and that he was looking for ways to blame that performance on
things other than himself.”
         On March 26, 2008, Shahid, on behalf of ZOLL, provided Baharestani with a
formal performance improvement plan (PIP). Palazzolo reviewed the PIP and discussed
it with Shahid before it was provided to Baharestani. The intended approach was to
provide Baharestani with some tasks that were easy to accomplish in order to give him
some early success. For instance, Palazzolo felt that the first task listed on the PIP—
modifying the HiPot tester for the shock timing device—was very achievable, given

                                             23
Baharestani’s familiarity with the HiPot tester and the fact that the work was “nearly
completed.” Palazzolo believed that the due dates for each of the three tasks listed in the
PIP were achievable. But Baharestani testified that each of the three tasks listed in the
PIP were assigned unrealistic completion deadlines, and on April 10, 2008, Baharestani
provided a written response to the PIP so indicating.
       Palazzolo testified that Baharestani missed each of the target completion dates for
the three tasks, and that he had missed them “by a wide margin.” As a result of
Baharestani’s performance under the PIP, Palazzolo decided to terminate Baharestani’s
employment. Palazzolo met with Baharestani for four hours on the evening of April 28,
2008, and notified Baharestani that he wanted to help him successfully transition from
ZOLL to another company. He offered to continue to employ Baharestani for two
months while Baharestani actively looked for other employment. He told Baharestani
that he could attend interviews during normal working hours. He offered to review
Baharestani’s resume and give him feedback. Palazzolo also offered to give
Baharestani’s resume to friends in the medical device field. Palazzolo testified that
Baharestani’s raising concerns about product safety issues had no bearing on his decision
to terminate him. Palazzolo also testified that he believed Baharestani was not a good fit
within the culture of ZOLL. He felt Baharestani was “a capable engineer” and he would
be happier if he could find a better fit with a company that had a more narrowly defined
job scope than he had with ZOLL.
       The next day (April 29, 2008), Baharestani sent Palazzolo an email in which he
thanked Palazzolo for the time spent “ ‘discuss[ing] alternatives that may be used to
resolve the current disagreements.’ ” Palazzolo testified that he had not proposed
“alternatives” but had made it clear that Baharestani was being terminated with two
months to transition from ZOLL. Palazzolo testified he “was flabbergasted” by the email
in that it proposed that ZOLL pay him through August 31, 2008, a period much longer
than two months. Palazzolo met with Baharestani on April 29, 2008, and told him that

                                             24
the August 31 date was not consistent with their discussion, and that he would have a
maximum of two months to find other employment. Palazzolo did not document this
conversation.
       Palazzolo testified that he decided to move forward with Baharestani’s termination
in early July 2008. He did so after speaking with Baharestani and asking him how his job
search was progressing. Baharestani indicated he was struggling to find any job
opportunities and had not had any interviews. Palazzolo concluded from this meeting
that Baharestani was not actively looking for work. Palazzolo testified that at no time
had Baharestani approached him to ask him for comments about his resume or to forward
it to anyone.
       On July 18, 2008, Baharestani met with Shahid and Charlene Shires, ZOLL’s
human resources officer. They presented Baharestani with a letter of termination.
                            d.     Evidence Supporting Baharestani’s Termination for
                                   Legitimate Reasons

       There was significant evidence that ZOLL had legitimate reasons for terminating
Baharestani that were unrelated to any product safety or testing integrity concerns raised
by him. To be sure, Baharestani attempted at trial to discredit ZOLL’s claims of alleged
deficient performance through cross-examination of witnesses and by pointing out that
there was no documentation of any criticism of his performance until the March 2008
performance appraisal. Nonetheless, there was substantial evidence from which a trier of
fact could have reasonably concluded that Baharestani’s substandard job performance—
not voiced complaints and concerns about product safety and testing integrity—was a
substantial motivating reason for ZOLL’s termination of Baharestani’s employment.
Stated conversely, based upon the evidence presented by ZOLL, the jury could have
reasonably concluded that Baharestani’s raising of the above-referenced six safety/testing
integrity issues was not the reason—or was at least not a substantial motivating reason—

                                            25
for his discharge. Thus, the state of the evidence strongly suggests that ZOLL was
prejudiced by the instructional error.
                     2.     Effect of other instructions
       There was no other instruction given by the court that in any way mitigated the
instructional error. (See Marich v. MGM/UA Telecommunications, Inc. (2003)
113 Cal. App. 4th 415, 429 [finding instructional error prejudicial, in part, because there
were no clarifying or correcting instructions].) In fact, the court reiterated the erroneous
instruction based upon the pre-Harris version of CACI No. 2430 in response to a
question presented by the jury during deliberations. And the erroneous instruction was
reinforced by the special verdict form that also contained the erroneous language.
                     3.     Effect of Counsel’s Arguments
       The record does not disclose that argument by Baharestani’s counsel contributed
to the erroneous instruction by enunciating the improper standard. But ZOLL’s counsel,
in closing argument, stated that the issue for the jury to decide was whether
“Baharestani’s refusal to participate in providing false and misleading information to the
FDA [was] a motivating reason for his termination.” Defense counsel cannot be faulted
for making this argument, however, since it was based on the instruction the jury had
already been given. In light of the heightened burden of proof involved in the post-
Harris instruction under CACI No. 2430, we infer that had the correct instruction been
given, defense counsel would have argued that plaintiff was required to show that even if
Baharestani’s expressed safety and testing concerns were a motivating factor,
Baharestani could not prevail unless he established that they were a substantial
motivating reason for ZOLL’s termination decision.
                     4.     Whether The Jury Was Misled.
       “A close verdict is a key indication that the jury was misled by an instructional
error. [Citations.]” (Whiteley, supra, 117 Cal.App.4th at p. 665.) The jury verdict here
was divided; 10 jurors voted in favor of the verdict and two voted against it. While this is

                                             26
not as “close” as the 9-to-3 jury verdict in Whiteley, the vote, coupled with the fact that
the jury asked three questions during deliberations—one of which asked for the meaning
of “wrongful termination” that prompted the court to reiterate the erroneous portion of
CACI No. 2430—indicates the jury was misled. (Cf. Krotin v. Porsche Cars North
America, Inc. (1995) 38 Cal. App. 4th 294, 305-306 [fact that one juror voted against
verdict found insignificant on the issue of prejudice].)
                     5.      The Instructional Error Was Prejudicial
       As noted above, there was a great deal of evidence presented below from which a
reasonable trier of fact could have concluded that Baharestani’s refusal to participate in
providing false or misleading information to the FDA was not the reason, or at least was
not a substantial motivating reason, for ZOLL’s decision to terminate his employment.
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to ZOLL (see Freeze, supra,
96 Cal.App.4th at pp. 52-53), as well as considering the other Soule factors, we conclude
the instructional error here was prejudicial in that “ ‘it seems probable’ that the error
‘prejudicially affected the verdict.’ [Citations.]” (Soule, supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 580.)
       In view of our conclusion that there was instructional error that requires reversal,
we need not address ZOLL’s second, alternative argument that the judgment must be
reversed due to insufficiency of the evidence to support Baharestani’s claim of wrongful
termination in violation of public policy.
                                       DISPOSITION
       The judgment is reversed and the matter is remanded for retrial.

                                              27
                                  Márquez, J.

WE CONCUR:

Bamattre-Manoukian, Acting P.J.

  Grover, J.