Court Opinion

ID: 4664676
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-03 22:00:47.387411+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:37.516510
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

CHESTER W. NOSAL and
NATASCHA NOSAL,                                   :
                                                  :
       Plaintiffs,                                :       Civil Action No.:      19-1359 (RC)
                                                  :
       v.                                         :       Re Document Nos.:      19, 20, 25
                                                  :
INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE,                         :
                                                  :
       Defendant.                                 :

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

                 GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       In this case brought under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), Plaintiffs,

taxpayers Chester M. Nosal and Natascha Nosal, seek records from Defendant, the Internal

Revenue Service (“IRS”), pertaining to their taxes. Plaintiffs submitted a FOIA request for three

categories of records: past tax forms, audit records, and records related to any whistleblower

claims raised against them. Plaintiffs take no issue with the IRS’s treatment of the first two

categories of records. With respect to the whistleblower claims, however, the IRS asserts a so-

called Glomar response, in which it refuses to confirm or deny whether any records exist.

Plaintiffs maintain that the IRS cannot justify this response. The IRS has moved for summary

judgment, arguing that it has fulfilled its obligations under FOIA with respect to all three

categories of documents. Should the Court wish to review more evidence, the IRS has filed a

motion for leave to file documents for in camera review that would further support the agency’s

Glomar response. Additionally, Plaintiffs have filed a motion for a Vaughn index of any in
camera submission. For the reasons stated below, the Court grants the IRS’s motion for

summary judgment and denies as moot the other pending motions.

                                       II. BACKGROUND

                                   A. Plaintiffs’ FOIA Request

       Plaintiffs are individual taxpayers who reside in Florida. Compl. ¶ 3, ECF No. 1. In

early 2019, they submitted a FOIA request for three categories of records, offering to pay up to

$2,000 for copying costs. See id. ¶¶ 5–6. First, Plaintiffs requested “[w]histle-blower claims and

Form 211s 1 . . . related to alleged violations of the tax law by Chester W. Nosal . . . and/or

Natascha Nosal.” Compl. Ex. A at 2, ECF No. 1-1. 2 Second, Plaintiffs asked for “1099s . . .

filed with the IRS for years 2000-2006 allegedly reporting alleged income by Chester W. Nosal

from Capacitive Deionization Technology Systems, Inc.” Id. Third, Plaintiffs requested records

related to the “IRS Tax Audit Investigation . . . initiated on or about January 3, 2017 concerning

[Plaintiffs’] Form 1040.” Id. Following the IRS’s example, the Court refers to these three

categories of documents as Item 1, Item 2, and Item 3 respectively.

       The IRS responded to Plaintiffs’ request by advising “that such records, to the extent that

they exist, would be confidential and may not be disclosed unless specifically authorized by

law.” Compl. Ex. B at 3, ECF No. 1-2. With respect to the requested 1099s, the IRS stated that

Plaintiffs should use the “routine procedure . . . used to request information returns.” Id. The

agency closed Plaintiffs’ request as imperfect and took no further action. Id. Plaintiffs then filed

an administrative appeal, arguing that the agency failed to conduct an adequate search for

       1
         Form 211 is used by potential whistleblowers to provide information to the IRS
regarding alleged violations of Federal income tax law. See Simmons Decl. ¶ 45, ECF No. 19-3.
       2
          For exhibits attached to the Complaint, the Court cites the page numbers generated by
the electronic filing system.

                                                  2
responsive records and that the IRS failed to justify its withholding of responsive documents.

See Compl. Ex. C, ECF No. 1-3. After receiving a response from the agency stating that it may

take several weeks to evaluate the appeal, see Compl. Ex. D, ECF No. 1-4, Plaintiffs filed this

lawsuit.

       After Plaintiffs filed their Complaint, the IRS reevaluated its response to the FOIA

request. With respect to Item 1, the IRS continues to assert a Glomar response, refusing to

confirm or deny the existence or nonexistence of responsive records. IRS’s Statement of

Undisputed Material Facts (“IRS’s Statement of Facts”) ¶ 17, ECF No. 19-1. For Item 2, the IRS

searched for responsive documents, but determined that due to the age of the requested 1099s,

any responsive records would have been destroyed under the IRS’s record retention policies. See

id. ¶¶ 85–101. As for Item 3, the IRS produced 925 pages of responsive records with minor

redactions applied pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 3 and 7(E). See id. ¶¶ 122–24. The IRS now

moves for summary judgment based on its claimed exemptions and the adequacy of its search for

responsive records. See IRS’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. (“IRS’s Mot.”), ECF No. 19-2. The

IRS also filed a motion for leave to file documents for in camera review, in case the Court is not

satisfied with the submission made on the public docket. See IRS’s Mot. for Leave to File, ECF

No. 20. Plaintiffs filed a motion for a Vaughn index of any materials submitted for in camera

review. See Pls.’ Mot. for Vaughn Index, ECF No. 25. 3

       3
          It appears that Plaintiffs mistakenly believed that the IRS had already submitted
materials for in camera review when they filed their motion. See id. at 2 (“ . . . those documents,
in addition to others, were among those recently submitted to the Court for in camera review.”).
No in camera submission has yet been made, but the Court will consider Plaintiffs’ motion as a
request for whatever materials, if any, are ultimately submitted for in camera inspection.

                                                 3
             B. Materials Supporting the IRS’s Motion for Summary Judgment

       In support of its motion for summary judgment, the IRS submitted two declarations.

First, Joshua R. Simmons, an attorney in Branch 6 of the Office of the Associate Chief Counsel,

submitted a declaration outlining the administrative processing of Plaintiffs’ FOIA request, the

search for responsive records, the IRS’s whistleblower claim process, and the reasons underlying

the IRS’s Glomar response and claimed exemptions. See generally Simmons Decl. The

declaration explains that the IRS makes its Glomar response for Item 1 in conjunction with

FOIA Exemptions 3, 5, 6, 7(C), and 7(D). See id. ¶¶ 66–89. For Item 2, the Simmons

Declaration recounts the agency’s search for responsive records within the IRS’s Integrated Data

Retrieval System and Federal Records Center campuses, where older documents are housed. See

id. ¶¶ 33–44. Mr. Simmons explains that under IRS record retention policies, the requested

records would have been destroyed and that “there are no other locations likely to contain

records responsive to item (2) of Plaintiffs’ request.” Id. ¶ 43. Finally, with respect to Item 3,

Mr. Simmons details the search for and production of records relating to the examination of

Plaintiffs’ income tax return. See id. ¶¶ 19–32. His declaration explains that, of the 925 pages

produced, six pages of the production were “withheld in part because those pages contain

Discriminant Index Function (DIF) score information that is exempt from disclosure under FOIA

exemptions 3, in conjunction with 26 U.S.C. § 6103(b)(2) and (e)(7), and 7(E).” Id. ¶ 30.

       The IRS also submitted the declaration of Vikramsing R. Barad, an attorney serving as a

Senior Technician Reviewer in Branch 6 of the Office of the Associate Chief Counsel. Barad

Decl. ¶ 1, ECF No. 19-7. Mr. Barad provides an explanation of Discriminant Index Function

(“DIF”) scores, which the IRS uses to determine whether a tax return should be selected for

examination, and the reasons the IRS does not publicly disclose them. See id. ¶¶ 7–9. His

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declaration provides support for the IRS’s claims of Exemption 3, in conjunction with 26 U.S.C.

§ 6103(b)(2), and Exemption 7(E) related to DIF scores. See id. ¶¶ 10–15. Mr. Barad also

provides further support for the Glomar response pursuant to his “delegated authority pursuant to

DO 11-2 and the DO 11-2 Reference Chart under 26 U.S.C. § 6103(e)(7) 4 to determine whether

disclosure of return information . . . would seriously impair tax administration.” Id. ¶ 22. His

declaration states that he has “determined that any whistleblower records that may exist and the

existence of such records in this case may be withheld under § 6103(e)(7) (in conjunction with

FOIA exemption 3).” Id.

                                   III. LEGAL STANDARD

       The purpose of FOIA “is to ensure an informed citizenry, vital to the functioning of a

democratic society, needed to check against corruption and to hold the governors accountable to

the governed.” NLRB. v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 242 (1978). FOIA requests

thus provide individuals with the opportunity to obtain access to federal agency records, except

to the extent that such records are protected from public disclosure by one of nine exemptions.

See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3), (a)(4)(B), (b), (c); see also NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S.

132, 136 (1975); Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 847 F.3d 735, 738 (D.C. Cir. 2017).

Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that summary judgment shall be

granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see, e.g., Alyeska

Pipeline Serv. Co. v. U.S. EPA, 856 F.2d 309, 314 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (concluding that

unsubstantiated claims of factual controversies cannot defeat a summary judgment decision in a

       4
        26 U.S.C. § 6103(e)(7) allows the IRS to withhold return information if the IRS
determines “that such disclosure would [] seriously impair Federal tax administration.”

                                                 5
FOIA case). FOIA cases are typically resolved through summary judgment because in FOIA

cases there is rarely any factual dispute; instead, these cases center on how the law is applied to

the records at issue. See Pinson v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 236 F. Supp. 3d 338, 352 (D.D.C. 2017)

(“FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”

(quoting Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009))); see also

Gray v. Southwest Airlines Inc., 33 Fed. App’x 865, 868 n.1 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Schiffer v.

FBI, 78 F.3d 1405, 1409 (9th Cir. 1996)). Accordingly, in a FOIA suit, summary judgment is

appropriate “if no material facts are genuinely in dispute and the agency demonstrates ‘that its

search for responsive records was adequate, that any exemptions claimed actually apply, and that

any reasonably segregable non-exempt parts of records have been disclosed after redaction of

exempt information.’” Prop. of the People, Inc. v. Off. of Mgmt. and Budget, 330 F. Supp. 3d

373, 380 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting Competitive Enter. Inst. v. EPA, 232 F. Supp. 3d 172, 181

(D.D.C. 2017)).

                                         IV. ANALYSIS

       The three Items requested by Plaintiffs correspond to three responses from the IRS.

Plaintiffs do not challenge the agency’s response to Items 2 and 3. See Pls.’ Opp’n to Mot.

Summ. J. (“Pls.’ Opp’n”), ECF No. 26. Given Plaintiffs’ lack of objection and based on the

materials submitted by the IRS, the Court finds that the agency has sufficiently justified its

                                                 6
responses to Items 2 5 and 3 6 and therefore grants summary judgment in the IRS’s favor for those

portions of the FOIA request. The Court dedicates the remainder of its discussion to the Glomar

response.

                                    A. The Glomar Response

       In certain circumstances, an agency may refuse to confirm or deny that it has relevant

records in response to a FOIA request. The Glomar response takes its name from Phillippi v.

CIA, where the Central Intelligence Agency refused to confirm or deny the existence of records

related to a large research ship named the Hughes Glomar Explorer. See 546 F.2d 1009, 1009–

10 (D.C. Cir. 1976). A Glomar response is appropriate only when “‘confirming or denying the

existence of records would’ itself reveal protected information.” Bartko v. Dep’t of Justice, 62 F.

       5
          After conducting a search and finding no responsive records, the IRS determined that
any responsive records to Item 2 would have been destroyed under the agency’s record retention
policies. See Simmons Decl. ¶ 43. To fulfill its obligations under FOIA, an “agency must
demonstrate that it has conducted a ‘search reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant
documents.’” Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476, 1485 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (quoting
Weisberg v. U.S Dep’t of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1350–51 (D.C. Cir. 1983)). A reasonably
detailed declaration describing the search performed and “averring that all files likely to contain
responsive materials (if such records exist) were searched,” Mobley v. C.I.A., 806 F.3d 568, 580–
81 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Oglesby v. U.S. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990)),
will satisfy the agency’s burden. Here, the Court is satisfied, based on the detailed declaration
submitted by the agency, that despite not having found any responsive records, the IRS
conducted a search reasonably calculated to uncover the requested documents, fulfilling its
obligations with respect to Item 2. See Simmons Decl. ¶¶ 33–44.
       6
          After conducting a search for responsive records, the IRS disclosed 925 pages of
records responsive to Item 3, withholding in part portions of the records that contained DIF score
information pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 3 and 7(E). See Simmons Decl. ¶¶ 29–31. Given that
Plaintiffs make no argument in opposition, and that “[c]ourts have routinely held that DIF scores
are exempt from disclosure,” Goldstein v. I.R.S., 174 F. Supp. 3d 38, 51–52 (D.D.C. 2016)
(collecting cases), the Court finds that the IRS has fulfilled its obligations to conduct an adequate
search for records and disclose all non-exempt information with respect to Item 3. The Court
also finds that the IRS has fulfilled its obligations to release all reasonably segregable non-
exempt information for Item 3. See Simmons Decl. ¶ 28 (“I have reviewed the entirety of the
administrative file and made every reasonably segregable non-exempt portion of every
responsive record therein available to Plaintiffs.”).

                                                 7
Supp. 3d 134, 141 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting Nation Magazine v. U.S. Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885,

893 (D.C. Cir. 1995)). That is to say, the agency must “tether its refusal to respond . . . to one of

the nine FOIA exemptions.” Montgomery v. Internal Revenue Serv., 330 F. Supp. 3d 161, 168

(D.D.C. 2018) (quoting Wilner v. NSA, 592 F.3d 60, 68 (2d Cir. 2009)). When evaluating the

appropriateness of a Glomar response, “the focus is not on ‘the actual content of the documents

but on whether the potential harm created by revealing the existence of the documents is

protected by [the] FOIA exemption.” Id. (quoting Parker v. Dep’t of Justice Exec. Off. for U.S.

Attys., 852 F. Supp. 2d 1, 10 (D.D.C. 2012)). As such, “courts apply the general exemption

review standards established in non-Glomar cases.” Leopold v. Dep’t of Justice, 301 F. Supp. 3d

13, 28 (D.D.C. 2018). A proper Glomar response exempts the agency from searching for

responsive records. See Wheeler v. CIA, 271 F. Supp. 2d 132, 141 (D.D.C. 2003).

       To support its Glomar response to Item 1, the IRS invokes FOIA Exemptions 3 (in

conjunction with 26 U.S.C. § 6103(e)(7)), 5, 6, 7(C), and 7(D). Simmons Decl. ¶ 67. Because

the Court finds Exemption 3 appropriately applies, the Court does not address the other claimed

exemptions. 7

       Exemption 3 allows an agency to withhold records “specifically exempted from

disclosure by statute.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3). The IRS invokes Exemption 3 in conjunction with

26 U.S.C. § 6103(a), which states that “[r]eturns and return information shall be confidential.”

See Tax Analysts v. Internal Revenue Serv., 117 F.3d 607, 611 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (“That § 6103 is

the sort of nondisclosure statute contemplated by FOIA exemption 3 is beyond dispute.”); see

       7
         Because the Court grants the IRS’s motion for summary judgment based on its
application of Glomar and Exemption 3, it denies as moot the IRS’s motion to submit documents
for in camera review and Plaintiffs’ motion for Vaughn index.

                                                  8
also Church of Scientology of Cal. v. Internal Revenue Serv., 792 F.2d 146 (D.C. Cir. 1986).

Under the statute, “return information” means:

       [A] taxpayer’s identity, the nature, source, or amount of his income, payments,
       receipts, deductions, exemptions, credits, assets, liabilities, net worth, tax liability,
       tax withheld, deficiencies, overassessments, or tax payments, whether the
       taxpayer’s return was, is being, or will be examined or subject to other investigation
       or processing, or any other data, received by, recorded by, prepared by, furnished
       to, or collected by the Secretary with respect to a return or with respect to the
       determination of the existence, or possible existence, of liability (or the amount
       thereof) of any person under this title for any tax, penalty, interest, fine, forfeiture,
       or other imposition, or offense.

26 U.S.C. § 6103(b)(2)(A). The IRS may not disclose returns or return information if it

“determines that such disclosure would [] seriously impair Federal tax administration.” Id. §

6103(e)(8).

       The IRS argues that whistleblower records constitute return information and that

disclosing the existence of any whistleblower records would seriously impair Federal tax

administration. See IRS’s Mot. at 10–11. Because information from a whistleblower “can result

in the civil or criminal investigation and an assessment and collection of tax liability,” the IRS

contends that 26 U.S.C. § 6103 shields the information from disclosure. Id. at 10. The agency

argues that disclosure would seriously impair tax enforcement because whistleblowers are

promised that their identities will remain private and disclosure would likely “deter future

whistleblowers from providing the [IRS] with information about potential violations of the tax

laws that the [IRS] might not otherwise discover.” Id. at 11. The IRS argues that a Glomar

response is appropriate because “[i]f the [IRS] acknowledged only the nonexistence of records,

taxpayers could deduce when there is a whistleblower claim.” Id. The agency’s declaration

further explains that whistleblower forms are considered “return information” because “the

records—as well as the mere fact of the records’ existence—reflect ‘whether the taxpayer’s

                                                  9
return was, is being, or will be examined or subject to other investigation or processing.’” Barad

Decl. ¶ 17 (quoting 26 U.S.C. § 6103(b)(2)). Mr. Barad, pursuant to his authority under DO 11-

2 and the DO 11-2 Reference Chart to determine whether disclosure of return information would

seriously impair tax administration, has “determined that any whistleblower records that may

exist and the existence of such records in this case may be withheld under § 6103(e)(7) (in

conjunction with FOIA Exemption 3), and accordingly, application of this exemption supports

the IRS’s issuance of a Glomar response in this case.” Id. ¶ 22. Plaintiffs do not address the

applicability of Exemption 3, instead suggesting, without citation to any precedent, that the IRS’s

Glomar response should “only be available to a bona fide whistleblower.” Pls.’ Opp’n at 4.

       The Court concludes that the IRS appropriately issued a Glomar response in conjunction

with Exemption 3. As an initial matter, the Court finds that the broad definition of “return

information” encompasses not only the contents of whistleblower records, but also the existence

or non-existence of such records. The existence or non-existence of whistleblower records

plausibly falls within two portions of the definition of “return information.” First, the Court

agrees with Mr. Barad that the existence of whistleblower records “reflect[s] ‘whether the

taxpayer’s return was, is being, or will be examined or subject to other investigation or

processing.’” Barad Decl. ¶ 17 (quoting 26 U.S.C. § 6103(b)(2)). If whistleblower records exist

with respect to a particular taxpayer, that information tends to show that the taxpayer’s return

may be subject to examination. As such, whistleblower records would fall within the express

terms of the statutory definition of “return information.” Moreover, the existence of

whistleblower records plausibly constitutes “other data, received by . . . furnished to, or collected

by the [IRS] with respect . . . to the determination of the existence, or possible existence, of [tax]

liability.” 26 U.S.C. § 6103(b)(2). Indeed, in an analogous case, the D.C. Circuit read the “other

                                                  10
data” portion of the definition of “return information” to include, and therefore exempt from

disclosure under Exemption 3, “the identities of third parties who requested audits or

investigations and the contents of their communications.” Landmark Legal Found. v. Internal

Revenue Serv., 267 F.3d 1132, 1135 (D.C. Cir. 2001). The court reasoned that a statement of the

identity of the third parties “communicates the factual proposition that someone’s name is in the

IRS files in connection with that person’s payment or non-payment of taxes,” bringing it within

the meaning of “other data” as used in 26 U.S.C. § 6103(b)(2)(A). Id. at 1136. Here, the

existence of whistleblower records would communicate the factual proposition that someone

submitted a whistleblower complaint to the IRS in connection with a particular individual’s

payment or non-payment of taxes. Given the broad sweep of the statutory definition of “return

information,” the Court finds that whistleblower records fall within its ambit.

       The Court agrees with the IRS that disclosure of the existence of whistleblower records

would seriously impair Federal tax administration. Disclosure of the existence of whistleblower

records could lead to three distinct harms that could seriously impair Federal tax administration.

First, as Mr. Barad explains in his declaration, protecting the confidentiality of whistleblower

records protects the effectiveness of the whistleblower program as a whole, encourages voluntary

reporting of information that may lead to prosecution of violations of federal income tax laws,

and “prevent[s] reprisals against whistleblowers who come forward with such information.”

Barad Decl. ¶ 18. Thus, avoiding the impairment of Federal tax administration requires

protection of the identity of whistleblowers not just for the benefit of that particular

whistleblower, but also for the benefit of the whistleblower program as a whole. Preserving the

integrity of the whistleblower program requires ensuring that future whistleblowers feel

sufficiently confident coming forward with potentially valuable information in the knowledge

                                                  11
that their identities too will be protected. Protecting the interests of the program as a whole also

requires that whistleblowers’ identities be protected even within historical documents in

situations where the individual whistleblower may no longer be subject to reprisal. Both Mr.

Simmons and Mr. Barad speak to the risk of harm to the entire whistleblower program in

acknowledging the existence of records. See Simmons Decl. ¶ 70 (“[T]he only way for the IRS

to maintain the confidentiality of whistleblowers’ identities and adequately protect all

whistleblower records . . . is to consistently issue a Glomar response to every FOIA request

seeking whistleblower information.” (emphasis added)); Barad Decl. ¶ 21 (“[M]aintaining the

confidentiality of the existence and identity of whistleblowers requires that the IRS consistently

issue a Glomar response to every FOIA request seeking whistleblower information.” (emphasis

added)).

       Second, with respect to the protection of the identities of individual whistleblowers, the

Court agrees that even acknowledging the existence or non-existence of whistleblower records

“may imply or confirm the identity of that whistleblower,” especially in cases where a party

“claim[s] to know the identity or identities of the purported whistleblower(s).” Id. ¶ 19. For

example, in a scenario where there is only one suspected whistleblower, confirming or denying

the existence of whistleblower records would necessarily confirm or refute the suspicion; if the

IRS confirmed the non-existence of records in some cases, but not others, it would be easy to

determine when whistleblower records existed. Allowing the public to deduce whether

whistleblower records exist with respect to particular taxpayers would undermine the

effectiveness of the anonymous reporting system with respect to the individual whistleblowers at

issue. But protecting the anonymous nature of the reporting system as a whole is also important

to ensure the future flow of potentially valuable whistleblower information for whistleblowers

                                                 12
who might otherwise be reluctant to step forward absent the knowledge that their anonymity will

also be preserved.

       Finally, beyond the protection of whistleblower identities, in cases involving

contemporaneous records, acknowledging the existence of whistleblower records may alert a

taxpayer of an imminent or ongoing but nonpublic IRS audit/investigation leading that taxpayer

to potentially destroy evidence, intimidate witnesses, or engage in other undesirable acts that

would also seriously impair Federal tax administration. Although such harm is typically

prevented through a Glomar response and Exemption 7(A), see Leopold v. Dep’t of Justice, 301

F. Supp. 3d 13, 27–28 (D.D.C. 2018) (describing the rationale of a Glomar response to protect

ongoing law enforcement proceedings), it can also be prevented in the tax enforcement context

through a Glomar response and Exemption 3 in conjunction with 26 U.S.C. § 6103. And, again,

denying the existence of whistleblower records in only some instances would necessarily

confirm the existence of such records in others. In this scenario, protecting the existence of the

records at all could be critical to the success of the audit/investigation and, thus, to the success

(and lack of impairment) of Federal tax administration.

       Thus, only by using a blanket Glomar response in all situations involving whistleblower

records as a category can the IRS avoid the impairment of Federal tax administration in all

situations, by protecting the integrity and viability of the whistleblower program as a whole, the

confidentiality of whistleblowers, and the viability of imminent or ongoing audits/investigations.

Montgomery, 330 F. Supp. 3d at 171 (explaining this rationale with respect to whistleblower

identity in the context of Exemption 7(D)). Plaintiffs make no effort to rebut these various bases

for the IRS asserting a Glomar response in this context. As such, the Court finds that the IRS

                                                  13
has appropriately invoked Glomar in conjunction with Exemption 3 and therefore has satisfied

its obligations under FOIA with respect to Item 1.

                                      V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 19) is

GRANTED. Defendant’s motion for leave to file documents for in camera review (ECF No.

20) is DENIED AS MOOT. Plaintiffs’ motion for Vaughn index (ECF No. 25) is DENIED AS

MOOT. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and

contemporaneously issued.

Dated: March 3, 2021                                           RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                               United States District Judge

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