Court Opinion

ID: 9493036
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 14:56:09.658675+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:55:36.613231
License: Public Domain

COFFEY, Circuit Judge.
On November 5, 1997, a federal grand jury sitting in the Central District of Illinois returned a two-count indictment charging Charlie Lawuary with possession with intent to distribute crack cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(B). On February 2, 1998, Lawu-ary moved to quash his arrest and suppress the evidence of his drug possession. The district court denied Lawuary’s motion, finding that the arresting officer had probable cause to believe Lawuary possessed a controlled substance. Lawuary, thereafter, entered a conditional plea of guilty to count number two of the two-count indictment (the government agreed to dismiss count one), reserving the right to appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress and to contest any finding that his prior criminal record subjected him to a mandatory life sentence.1
*374On appeal, Lawuary argues that, in spite of the fact that he had actual notice that a life sentence was mandatory, the trial judge did not have jurisdiction to impose a life sentence because the government failed to satisfy 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1) by failing to file a written information stating the two prior convictions it was relying upon to impose a life sentence. Lawuary also argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress because the police did not have probable cause to arrest. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
At about 4:30 p.m., on August 24, 1997, Officer Chris Russell of the Springfield, Illinois, Police Department (“SPD”) observed a gray Pontiac Bonneville traveling with its license plate dangling by one screw in violation of 625 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/3 — 413(b)- After observing the violation, Officer Russell initiated a traffic stop, and the Pontiac pulled into the driveway of a residence which the officer knew was La-wuary’s home.
After all three occupants exited the vehicle, Officer Russell, in order to maintain control of the situation and ensure his safety, immediately ordered everyone back into the car. Lawuary did not get back in the car as instructed; rather, he reached into the crotch of his bib overalls where weapons are frequently carried. Recognizing the danger Lawuary’s actions represented and knowing that Lawuary had been recently arrested for possessing a large quantity of crack cocaine,2 Officer Russell ordered Lawuary to “raise his hands.” Lawuary again refused to comply with the officer’s instructions; instead, he turned and ran toward the front door of his residence. Officer Russell and Officer Jason Lewis, who had just arrived on the scene to assist Officer Russell, observed Lawuary throw a plastic baggie as he ran. Officer Russell apprehended and restrained Lawuary while Officer Lewis retrieved the discarded baggie.3
Before entering his plea of guilty, Lawu-ary moved to quash the arrest and suppress the drug evidence on the grounds that the arresting officer did not have probable cause to arrest him. The trial court denied Lawuary’s motion and determined that the SPD’s search of the plastic baggie was justified because once Officer Russell observed a violation of the Illinois traffic code and Lawuary disregarded Officer Russell’s order to raise his hands, and reached into the crotch area of his bib overalls, and fled from the scene, Officer Russell had probable' cause to arrest La-wuary. Furthermore, the judge ruled that the search of the plastic baggie was justified as a search incident to the legal arrest.
After Lawuary’s entry of his conditional plea of guilty on March 9, 1998, a presen-tence investigation report (“PSR”) was filed which concluded that Lawuary’s two Illinois state felony drug convictions subjected him to a mandatory life sentence. After reviewing the PSR, Lawuary objected to it, arguing that although he was convicted of two separate offenses in Illinois state court, they arose out of the same course of conduct and were combined for sentencing purposes.4 Thus, according to Lawuary, the two prior convictions should *375be treated as one conviction for purposes of 21 U.S.C. § 841(b), and he should not be subjected to a mandatory life sentence. The court rejected Lawuary’s position and, relying on Lawuary’s two prior state felony drug convictions, sentenced him to life imprisonment and also ordered him to pay a $100 special assessment.
II. ISSUES
On appeal, Lawuary argues: (1) that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress because the officer did not have probable cause to arrest him; and (2) that the district court did not, because the government did not file the requisite written information under 21 U.S.C. § 851, have jurisdiction to impose a life sentence.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Probable Cause for Arrest
Initially, Lawuary argues that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress because the police officer lacked probable cause to arrest him. Because Lawuary’s challenge involves a mixed question of law and fact, we review the district court’s decision de novo. See Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696-97, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996).
“As a general matter, the decision to stop an automobile is reasonable where the police have probable cause to believe that a traffic violation has occurred.” See Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 810, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996). In this case, the traffic stop was reasonable because the officer observed the Pontiac’s rear license plate dangling and only attached by one screw, an obvious infraction of Illinois state law. See 625 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/3—413(b). After Officer Russell made the traffic stop, however, the occupants, including Lawuary, immediately exited the vehicle.
We are cognizant of the fact that traffic stops are inherently dangerous. See Maryland v. Wilson, 519 U.S. 408, 414, 117 S.Ct. 882, 137 L.Ed.2d 41 (1997). In an effort to control this known danger, Officer Russell ordered the occupants back into the vehicle. Lawuary, however, made this stop even more dangerous by refusing to comply with the officer’s directions and reaching into the crotch area of his overalls where many criminals are known to carry concealed weapons. Cf. Minnesota v. Dickerson, 508 U.S. 366, 382, 113 S.Ct. 2130, 124 L.Ed.2d 334 (1993) (Scalia, J., concurring) (citing J. Moynahan, Police Searching Procedures (1963)). Recognizing the danger Lawuary’s actions represented, Officer Russell ordered Lawuary to raise his hands, but Lawuary once again failed to comply. Lawuary further aroused Officer Russell’s suspicions when he suddenly ran from the scene, tossing away a plastic baggie in the process. The combination of Lawuary’s threatening gestures, his failure to comply with the law enforcement officer’s orders, his flight, and his throwing the baggie away, created probable cause for Officer Russell to arrest Lawuary. See Tom v. Voida, 963 F.2d 952, 957-58 (7th Cir.1992). Cf. Illinois v. Wardlow, — U.S. -, 120 S.Ct. 673, 145 L.Ed.2d 570 (2000); Kelly v. Bender, 23 F.3d 1328, 1330 (8th Cir.1994), abrogated on other grounds, 515 U.S. 304, 115 S.Ct. 2151, 132 L.Ed.2d 238 (1995). Therefore, the officer’s subsequent retrieval and inspection of the plastic baggie was justified as a search incident to a lawful arrest. See United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218, 224, 94 S.Ct. 467, 38 L.Ed.2d 427 (1973).5
B. The District Court’s Jurisdiction to Impose an Enhanced Sentence
Lawuary argues that the district court did not have the jurisdiction to im*376pose a life sentence pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) because, even though he had actual notice that a mandatory life sentence would be imposed, the government failed to comply with the requirements of section 851(a)(1).6 We review the sufficiency of a section 851 information de novo. See Jackson, 189 F.3d at 661.
Under 21 U.S.C. § 851:
No person who stands convicted of an offense under this part shall be sentenced to increased punishment by reason of one or more prior convictions, unless before trial, or before entry of a plea of guilty, the United States attorney files an information with the court (and serves a copy of such information on the person or counsel for the person) stating in writing the previous convictions to be relied upon.
21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1) (emphasis added).7 Section 851’s requirements are clear: before Lawuary can be sentenced to life imprisonment by reason of his two prior felony convictions, the government must provide written notice identifying the two prior convictions it is relying upon. See 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1). The statute itself, however, does not specify the form the filing must take, and we have, in past decisions, been flexible with regard to what the government must do in order to comply with section 851. See United States v. Tringali, 71 F.3d 1375, 1382 (7th Cir.1995).
With the idea that section 851’s purpose is to provide the defendant with adequate notice, this court has stated that the section 851 notice can be provided through various methods as long as the defendant receives sufficient written notice containing the necessary information before he enters into a guilty plea or goes to trial. See e.g., Tringali, 71 F.3d at 1382; United States v. Belanger, 970 F.2d 416, 418-19 (7th Cir.1992); United States v. Jackson, 121 F.3d 316, 320 (7th Cir.1997). In Tringali 71 F.3d at 1382, we held that the section 851 notice was sufficient when read in conjunction with the government’s separately filed Rule 404(b) notice.8 Similarly, in Belanger, the government filed a section 851 notice reciting that the government sought an enhancement, but the notice did not identify the convictions to be relied upon. Those convictions, however, were detailed in a separate filing, the government’s “Notice and Intent to Offer Evidence,” filed to establish the defendant’s intent to distribute marijuana and for im*377peachment purposes. We held that although the section 851 notice was initially defective, the second filing contained “all the required information.” Belanger, 970 F.2d at 419; see also Jackson, 121 F.3d at 320 (noting that “the plea agreement ... clearly indicate^] that contingencies in sentencing were possible if [the defendant] had prior felony drug convictions.”).
In this case, Lawuary entered a conditional plea of guilty so section 851 requires that the government provide written notice to Lawuary that he faced a life sentence before he pled guilty. We are of the opinion that all the requisite section 851 information was printed on the first page of the written plea agreement:
Because the defendant has two prior felony drug convictions in Sangamon County, Illinois case numbers 93-CF-789 and 95-CF^413 at the time of the offense, the potential penalties are:
—mandatory life in prison
—up to an eight million dollar fine
—a mandatory period of supervised release of 10 years, and
—a $100 special assessment
Furthermore, Lawuary’s plea agreement recited that he “may seek to have one or more convictions vacated, and so does not by this agreement, admit that they are valid. He does, however, acknowledge that by his guilty plea, the Court will be required to impose a sentence of life imprisonment.” This language clearly provided Lawuary with notice, in writing, that he faced a life sentence based on his specifically identified prior state felony drug convictions. In fact, Lawuary signed the plea agreement which contained this language and acknowledged, by his signature, that he “read this entire plea agreement carefully and have discussed it fully with my attorney. I fully understand this agreement, and agree to it voluntarily and of my own free will ..., even if it means that I will receive a sentence of life imprisonment.”
We note that the government also supplemented its written notice by orally advising the defendant at the time of his plea hearing, that:
[T]he information concerning the two prior felony convictions that the Defendant has referred to is contained within the written plea agreement in accordance with 21 U.S.C. Section 851. And I think it would be appropriate to make sure that the Defendant acknowledges, knows, understands; because we’re talking about a mandatory life sentence here; that the Government is alleging that he has two prior felony drug convictions. Namely, those in Sangamon County, Illinois, case numbers 93-CF-798 and 95-CF-413, as indicated in Paragraph 1 of the written plea agreement.
Furthermore, at Lawuary’s plea hearing, the district judge engaged in an extensive colloquy with him, ensuring that Lawuary was well aware that his two prior Illinois state drug convictions would result in a mandatory life sentence.
Because Lawuary was given the requisite notice under section 851 before he entered his plea of guilty, we hold that the government satisfied the notice requirement of 21 U.S.C. § 851(a)(1). Lawuary’s conviction and sentence are
AFFIRMED.

. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) (“If any person commits a violation of this subparagraph ... after two or more prior convictions for a felony drug offense have become final, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory term of life imprisonment without release. ...”).

. The SPD arrested Lawuary on May 11, 1997, for possession of 21.3 grams of crack cocaine. This charge constituted count one of the November 5, 1997 indictment. Because the district court dismissed this count, it is not part of this appeal.

. The Illinois State Police Forensic Laboratory analyzed the plastic baggie and determined that it contained 64.3 grams of crack cocaine, 13 grams of powder cocaine, and an undetermined amount of marijuana.

.In 1994, Lawuary pled guilty to one felony drug offense in Sangamon County, Illinois, and was placed on 18 months' probation. In 1995, Lawuary, while on probation, pled guilty to another felony drug offense in Illinois. He was then sentenced to concurrent two-year terms for his 1994 and 1995 drug convictions.

. We also note that the search of the baggie may have been justified as a search of abandoned property. See Bond v. United States, 77 F.3d 1009, 1013 (7th Cir.1996). Because we have concluded that the search was proper, we need not address the abandonment theory.

.We have held that the requirements of section 851 are jurisdictional in nature. See United States v. Jackson, 189 F.3d 655, 661 (7th Cir.1999). Consequently, the fact that Lawuary did not raise this argument at sentencing does not constitute waiver. See Kelly v. United States, 29 F.3d 1107, 1114 (7th Cir.1994); see also United States v. Kennedy, 133 F.3d 53, 59 (D.C.Cir.1998); Harris v. United States, 149 F.3d 1304, 1306-09 (11th Cir.1998); United States v. Gonzalez-Lerma, 14 F.3d 1479, 1488 (10th Cir.1994); but see Prou v. United States, 199 F.3d 37, 42-47 (1st Cir.1999). Although we do not agree with the concurrence’s approach to section 851, even if we did, we do not believe this is the time to revisit established Circuit precedent. This is especially true in light of the fact that the issue does not affect the outcome of La-wuary's appeal and the government conceded that section 851 is "jurisdictional” and we are, therefore, without the benefit of oral advocacy on this issue.

. The legislature has provided safeguards for the defendant facing sentence enhancement. These safeguards ensure that the defendant understands that he faces severe penalties in order that he can make a “better informed decision[ ] whether to proceed to trial.” Kelly, 29 F.3d at 1109.

. Rule 404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides that:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, provided that upon request by the accused, the prosecution in a criminal case shall provide reasonable notice in advance of trial, or during trial if the court excuses pretrial notice on good cause shown, of the general nature of any such evidence it intends to introduce at trial.