Court Opinion

ID: 6673644
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 21:14:13.088537+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:00:37.559146
License: Public Domain

The opinion of the Court was délivered by
Willard, A. J.
The appeal from the decree of the Circuit. Court in the case against Wells, as guardian, will be first considered. The facts of the case are sufficiently stated in the opinion of the Circuit Judge, and need not be restated at this time.
*356The material facts ascertained by the circuit decree are as follows:
1. That the plaintiff possessed at the time of making this settlement, sought to be set aside, sufficient knowledge of the nature of her rights and of the circumstances of the case to enable her to act understanding^, and that her action in the premises was not affected by any misrepresentation or undue influence.
2. That the settlement was in itself a fair one, and, considering the relations of the parties, creditable to all. He consequently determined, as matter of law, that, under all the circumstances proven, the settlement made with the plaintiff upon her maturity was one fair and proper in law, and now binding upon her.
We are called upon to adjudge that these conclusions of fact and law are unsupported by the evidence and in violation of rules of law and equity applicable to the case.- We will first consider the grounds urged for reversing the conclusions of fact. In order to set aside the conclusions of the Circuit Court as to the force and effect of evidence, upon an appeal in cases of equitable cognizance, it is necessary to show that such conclusions are inconsistent with or unsupported by the clear force of the evidence from which they are drawn. It is not sufficient ground to interfere with determinations as to matters of fact that the appellate Court, had it heard the case upon the evidence, in the exercise of original jurisdiction, would have drawn different conclusions of fact than those drawn by the Circuit Court. It must appear that the conclusions of the Circuit Court are clearly wrong. The presumptions in favor of the correctness of the circuit decree must be completely rebutted on considerations arising from the evidence, if it appears that there was contradictory testimony, in order to reconcile which the character and position of the witnesses must be considered as presenting a question of credibility. The circumstance that the Circuit Court is primarily authorized to determine the questions of fact, and the additional circumstance that that Court ordinarily possesses more ample means for arriving at a just conclusion as to the degree of weight that ought to be ascribed to disputable testimony, induces the appellate Court, ordinarily, to defer .to the judgment of the Circuit Court. If it appears that conclusions of fact iuferentially drawn from the testimony enter into the determinations as to matters of fact, the appellate Court usually leaves these conclusions undisturbed, unless found to be inconsistent with inferences that are *357regarded by the Court as irresistibly arising from such evidence. In a word, the clear result of undisputed testimony must point to a conclusion different from that which the Circuit Court has drawn from it before it will be disturbed on-appeal.
The foregoing principles governing appeals as to matters of fact have so often been enunciated by this Court that it is not necessary to refer particularly to the cases in which they have been considered.
■ It is contended that the conclusions of the Circuit Judge, that the plaintiff, at the time of making the settlement in question, possessed sufficient knowledge of her rights and of the state of her affairs to act understandingly in the matter, is not supported by the evidence. The testimony on this subject is certainly contradictory. The different statements made by the plaintiff and her father, bearing on the question of the extent of her knowledge, was such that it was particularly within the province of the Circuit Court to determine the preponderance of proof. A question of credibility, involving the accuracy of the memory of the respective witnesses, and more or less affected by their respective interests in the controversy, was clearly presented to the Circuit Judge. His conclusions on such matters, as we have already seen, will not ordinarily be disturbed. There is no reason to doubt that the Circuit Judge gave full and impartial consideration to all the circumstances that have a bearing on this and other similar questions arising out of inconsistencies between the statements of different witnesses bearing upon the same subject. No sufficient reason is urged for disturbing his conclusions as to the testimony that ought to receive the greater weight in the judgment of the Court.
A question of law is ultimately associated with the questions of fact just noticed, namely: To what extent ought the plaintiff to have been informed to enable her to act understandingly ? Should we conclude that the Circuit Judge had erred in applying the proper measure to the extent of information regarded as necessary or proper to be conveyed to her under the circumstances in order to enable her fairly to judge as to her interest in the settlement, we would be bound to apply the true measure to the case.
The amount of information that should have been conveyed to her by her father must depend on the character of the motive that prompted her in making the settlement.
*358That motive was clearly either a desire to conform to her father’s wishes or to relieve him of part of his liability, supposed to have arisen from his misfortunes, or to settle by a compromise a disputed claim. It is probable that all of these elements extend more or less into the motive that actuated her.
It is very urgently contended that in no respect does the idea of a compromise enter into the settlement; but if the circumstances are properly considered, it will appear that the parties had .reasonable ground to suppose, at the time of making the settlement, that a compromise was appropriate. It is far from clear that the guardian was at that time responsible for the whole estate of his ward that came originally into his hands. It has been assumed in argument that the evidence shows that, as guardian, he had mixed up the moneys of his ward with his own and used them for his own profit. The evidence falls far short of sustaining such a conclusion. The testimony of the guardian shows that he invested the plaintiff’s money in stocks, — bank, railroad, &c., — and that the securities became valueless through the general failure of corporations at the close of the late war. It is true that the investment was alleged to have been made in his own name, but that is not decisive, for he may have placed the evidences of such investment for the benefit of his ward and held them apart from the risks of business for all that appears. Nor do the circumstances under which the investments were made appear so as to enable the Court to say that the investments of themselves constituted a breach of trust on the part of the guardian. Nor can it be said that the guardian was bound in this case to volunteer proof that he had not been guilty of a breach of trust in the mode of investment, for no such breach of trust is charged in the complaint; all that is said is that “said large sums of money have been ever since in the hands and under the control and management of the said guardian unaccounted for except as hereinafter shown.” The burden of the complaint is failure to account, and yet the plaintiff seems to assume that a decree for the whole original amount of her estate is a matter of course against the estate of her father’s surety without going through what is essential to our understanding of the actual liability of her father as her guardian. It is enough to say that, there is not enough on the face of the pleadings and evidence to enable the Court to say .that at the time of the settlement there was an undisputed case of liability on the part of the guardian and his surety to the full ex*359tent of the ward’s estate that originally came into the guardian’s hands. Jf this view is correct, there was probably in the minds of the parties an idea that there was something unascertained and doubtful in the liability of the parties, and, therefore, something that invited compromise. The evidence before us does not warrant us in saying that the Circuit Judge erred in holding that the plaintiff possessed sufficient knowledge of her affairs to make a settlement understandingly. If the case be regarded as one of a compromise of a diputable debt, no particular information was requisite beyond that of knowing approximately the amount of her estate, the fact that it had been swept away by a disaster common to those around her, and that the existence of any mode of replacing the corpus of her estate’ was doubtful. We have no- reason to question the sufficiency of her knowledge in these respects. If, on the other hand, her sole motive was to conform to her father’s wishes, or to relieve him from partial responsibility for a loss which she doubtless believed he had incurred without his fault and through a general disaster, then no particular information as to the state of facts can be regarded as essential to carrying out'a purpose resting wholly on benevolent or dutiful feelings.
The evidence does not warrant any conclusion inconsistent with the finding of the Circuit Court that no misrepresentation or undue influence was employed to control the action of the plaintiff in the premises. We might go farther, and say that there is no evidence that could warrant any other conclusion, but we are not called upon to make such a determination. The conclusion of the Circuit Judge that the settlement was a fair one, and, considering the relations of the parties, creditable to all, is objected to. I concur fully in the view of the Circuit Judge in this respect. Assuming that the case, as presented to the mind of the plaintiff, was this, — that her father had lost her estate without fault on his part and through the course of public events alone, and that she could only look to her uncle to make good to her such loss, — it was the natural dictate of a good heart to relinquish all advantages derived from such a source, or at least to accept but a part of what might be legally demanded. If she regarded her uncle as voluntarily offering to replace part of what was lost, it was natural that a mind thus influenced should prompt her to treat the offer as proceeding from the bounty of her uncle and to release all further demands upon him. When it is considered, in addition to this, that the claim *360against her uncle was disputable, as we are bound from the evidence to say it was, considerations of prudence would naturally become mingled with those arising from kindly feelings and suggest the very course pursued. If it was right for the plaintiff to have acted as she did from the promptings of her own mind, it was right for her father to strengthen that motive by his counsel in the expression of his wishes. Whether such a course of conduct would be appropriate on the part of one not within the parental relation need not be considered. Equity cannot ignore the existence of such prompting nor declare that to be inequitable which is prompted by the best feelings of our nature. It is true equity is watchful that feelings of this character are not abused or misdirected or unreasonably indulged; but where, as in the present case, no such circumstance appears, it withholds its hand from interfering with acts springing from such motives. The conclusion drawn by the Circuit Court from the facts already adverted to appears to be correct. He holds that, under all the circumstances proved, the settlement made with the plaintiff upon her maturity was one fair and proper in law and now binding upon her. It is contended, however, that the fact that this settlement was made the day after the plaintiff arrived at maturity deprives it of the character of an.ordjnary contract made with a person of full age. It is well settled that for some purposes the relation of guardian and ward is deemed to continue for some appreciable time after the moment, at which the ward arrives at maturity, on the idea that the effect of the past legal relation, as it regards the duty of protection on the one hand and confidence on the other hand, cannot be instantaneously obliterated.—Archer vs. Hudson, 7 Beav., 351. When a person in loeo parentis, such as a guardian, deals with his ward for his own advantage immediately after such ward come3 of age, the presumption is against the fairness of the transaction, and the person claiming such advantage must show, affirmatively, that it is in all respects fair.—Archer vs. Hudson; Johnson vs. Johnson, 2 Hill Ch., 277. It is not difficult to refer the principles of this decision to the familiar rule of equity that a trustee shall make no profit to himself out of the trust estate, — that rule being considered as giving rise to a presumption of undue influence for such a time after the legal termination of the fiduciary relation as should appear to be sufficient for the purpose of removing from the mind of the ward the influences incident *361to, such past relation. The rule that forbids personal advantage being taken of his confidential relation by one assuming or charged with advising another on matters affecting the pecuniary interests of the latter appears to result from assimilation to the principle just stated.—Huguenin vs. Basely, 13 Lead. C. E., 95. As one of the incidents of the relation of guardian and- ward is that the guardian should act in an advisory capacity to the ward, the Court looks to see that the duty of the relation in this respect has been fully performed. This duty necessarily involves that of putting the ward in possession of all the facts and circumstances essential to an understanding of any case in which he may be called upon to exercise judgment, and whether this duty has been fully performed is a proper subject of legal inquiry. If there has been a failure in this réspect, the guardian is deprived of any benefit he might otherwise have derived from his dealings with his ward.—Womack vs. Austin, 1 S. C., 421. In the cases in which a presumption of unfairness has been applied a direct benefit to the person seeking to uphold the transaction has been a feature.—Archer vs. Hudson, 7 Beav., 351; Huguenin vs. Baseley, 3 Lead. C. E., 95; Womack vs. Austin, 1 S. C., 421; Johnson vs. Johnson, 2 Hill’s Ch., 277; Gibson vs. Jegis, 6 Ves., 266; Heron vs. Heron, 2 Atk., 167; Blackburn vs. Edgeley, 1 P. Wms., 600; Hatch vs. Hatch, 9 Ves., 292.
It is evident that the present case cannot be regarded as one in which the guardian claims any benefit arising from the relinquishment of any part of the plaintiff’s demands against her father’s surety. The guardian was hopelessly insolvent. If his motive can be gathered from his subsequent conduct, it would appear to be of an opposite character. As it appears that he used the property obtained through the settlement as the means of obtaining credit to go into business, if anything is to be inferred from this fact bearing on his interest in the settlement it would lead to the conclusion that he was interested in his daughter’s receiving as much as possible from her uncle. But, however that may be, the case discloses the circumstances of the transaction sufficiently to enable the Court to see that the transaction was fair and equitable, and, should it be considered that a presumption of unfairness attached to the transaction apart from explanation, the facts as developed must be regarded as sufficient to do away with the force of such presumption.
*362The conclusions of the Circuit Judge, as it rpgards the effect of the settlement with the guardian on the executor of his surety, appear to be correct.
The appeal taken by the executor of the surety relates to that part of the decree which prescribes the mode of computing interest on the trust fund and relates to the complaint against Wells as trustee. The decree directs interest to be “ calculated annually from the 1st day of April, 1859, to the day of computation. That is to say, the first year’s interest due on the 1st day of April, 1860, to be considered an interest-bearing fund until the day of computation, and so on as the interest falls due, less two and a half per cent, commissions upon the amount of interest.”
This appeal gives rise to two questions — first, what is the rule of calculating interest applicable to the case? and, second, when should interest commence to run? It is necessary to conclude that so much of the decree as ascertains the facts with regard to the disposition of the moneys belonging to the plaintiff in the hands of Wells is applicable both to the estate of the plaintiff held by him as guardian and that held by him as trustee. In other words, that the same events that are to be deemed the cause of the loss of the estate held by him as guardian are to be equally regarded as the cause of the loss of the trust estate. Under these circumstances it might have been a question, had an appeal been taken for that purpose, whether the findings of the decree and the evidence authorized any decree against the surety, or even as against the guardian, for the want of a clear allegation and proof of a breach of trust, in view of the proof as to investments and as to the actual cause of loss; but that question is not before us, as the only feature of the decree appealed from by the executor of the surety is that relating to interest. These facts have, however, an important bearing on the question of interest. The rule of law is clearly settled in this State that only simple interest, qualified as hereinafter stated as to credits for payments, can be charged against a trustee unless it appears that he has dealt improperly with the interest-bearing fund. No such charge can be made out from the facts found by the decree upon the evidence, and, the qualifications of the rule as to payments being inapplicable, as will subsequently appear, simple interest alone can be claimed. In Black vs. Blakeley, (2 McC. Ch., 1,) it was settled that, as a general rule, trustees, and *363and others in a like relation, are not to be subjected to the payment of interest upon interest, according to the method of computing by annual rests, although the existence of exceptions is recognized, as where one mingles trust funds with his own and subjects them to the risks of trade for his own profit; or where there is'a direction to accumulate a fund, which has been disregarded. A qualification of the general rule was also recognized, as where the trustee is to be credited with payments made, in which case it is to be presumed that balances of interest in his hands were first applied to make such payments before the interest-bearing sum was employed 'for that purpose. This latter qualification had the effect to make interest an interest-bearing fund only where it was, in fact, or should have been, employed to discharge current demands; but in this case it was only in an indirect sense that the interest became an interest-bearing fund, for, in point of fact, the computation of interest was confined to the corpus of the estate; but as that was, in effect, kept intact by taking from the interest fund what was necessary to meet current demands, the interest then employed was, in a certain sense, productive. This rule was approved in Wright vs. Wright, (2 Hill Ch., 185.) The duty of keeping interest balances in a separate account, so that compounding should be avoided, as a general rule, was clearly pointed out in Derrick vs. Edin, (3 DeS., 241.) The rule in Black vs. Blakeley was followed in Brown vs. Vixyard, (Bail. Eq., 460.) In Davis vs. Wright, (2 Hill, 560,) Judge O’Neall, referring to the rule of computation laid down in Black vs. Blakeley, says that he has no doubt that where accounts are made up under it, and the other familiar rule to apply first the interest of each .current year as the balance of the preceding year to the expenditures, that it will be found that even by very prudent management they can hardly escape loss instead of making profit. Illustrations of the exceptions to this general rule in the cases of improperly subjecting the estate to the risks of trade and disregarding a direction to accumulate a fund are found in the following cases: Ratcliff vs. Greaves, Vernon, 186; Raphard vs. Boehn, 11 Ves., 92; Durnford vs. Durnford, 12 Ves., 127; Scheeferlin vs. Steward, 1 Johns. Ch., 619; Edmunds vs. Crenshaw, 1 Harp. Eq., 224.
The results of the rule in question are clearly presented in Huggins vs. Blakeley, 9 Rich. Eq., 403. That mere neglect on the *364part of a trustee to account does not constitute an exception to the general rule appears in Rock vs. Hart, 11 Ves, 58. The rule above stated does not appear since to have been questioned. It is true that at best it only affords an approximate means of adjusting a trustee’s account. The proper duty of a trustee is to keep a separate account of trust funds in his hands, whether forming originally part of the trust estate as arising from accumulations. If such an account is presented for settlement there is nothing in the adjudicated cases requiring that the actual amount should be set aside and resort had to a rule merely approximating the truth of the settlement Such a rule is necessarily imperfect, and if it is attempted to bend it to conform to all the exigencies that arise it will lose its simplicity, that constitutes its chief element of value. In the present case there is nothing to take it out of the general rule that allows only simple interest. It does not appear that any payments out of the fund have been made which ought to have been made out of balances of interest, and therefore the qualification of the rule as it respects current payments is inapplicable to the case. The decree should be modified so as to allow only simple interest. It is clearly settled that, as a general rule, interest on funds received should only be computed from the first day of January next ensuing their receipt.—Adams vs. Latham, 14 Rich. Eq., 304. There are no special circumstances in the present case calling for a departure from this general rule, and interest should begin from'the 1st of January next succeeding the receipt by the trustee of the trust funds.
The cause should be remanded to the Circuit Court for a modification of the decree as affecting the liability of Wells and his surety for the trust estate, in accordance with the foregoing principles.
Wright, A. J., concurred.
*365STATEMENT.
To fully understand the cases which follow, and which grew out of the general election held in this State on Tuesday, the 7th day of November, 1876, it is necessary to state briefly some of the provisions of the law under which the election was held and the votes canvassed, and such general historical facts as bore upon the points raised and were unquestioned and unquestionable. *
By tbe Constitution and law of the State, the election at each precinct within the County was to be held on the first Tuesday in November by three Managers of Election appointed by a Board of Commissioners of Election.
The voting was to be by ballot, and the Commissioners of Election were required to provide boxes for the Managers appropriately labeled. The Managers were required tolceep a poll list, on which the name of each elector voting should be entered.
The polls were to be kept open from 6 A. M. to 6 P. M., and a.t the close of the polls the Managers were required to count the ballots and within three days to return to the Commissioners of Election the poll list and the boxes containing the ballots.
The Commissioners of Election were required to meet a.t the County seat on the Tuesday next following the election and organize as a County Board of Canvassers, and within ten days of the time of their first meeting the Board of County Canvassers were to make such statements of the votes “ as the nature' of the election required, and to transmit to tbe Board of State Canvassers any protests and all papers relating to tho election. Duplicate statements were to be made out and filed in the office of the Clerk of the County, and if there be úo such Clerk then in the office of the Secretary of State.
Besides the statements to be filed in the office of County Clerk or Secretary of State, three separate statements of the votes, containing the names of tho persons voted for and the number of votes east for each, were to be made out and transmitted by mail to the G-overnor, Secretary of State and Comptroller-General.
The Secretary of State, Comptroller General, Attorney General, State Treasurer, Adjutant and Inspector General and the Chairman of the Committee on Privileges and Elections of tho House of Representatives were to constitute the Board of State Canvassers, four of whom were sufficient to constitute a Board.
At the times herein mentioned this Board consisted of five persons — H. E. Hayne, Secretary of State 5 E. L. Cardozo, State Treasurer; T. C. Dunn, Comptroller General; William Stone, Attorney General, and H. W. Purvis, Adjutant and Inspector General. Three of these persons, Hayne, Cardozo and Dunn, constituting a majority of the Board, were candidates for re-election.
The duties of the Board, as prescribed by the statute, were to meet, under the call of the Secretary of State, on or before the 10th of November next after tbe general election, “ for the purpose of canvassing the votes for all officers voted for at such election.”
The Board when formed “shall, upon the certified copies of the statements made by the Board of County Canvassers, proceed to make a statement of the whole number of votes given at such election for the various officers and for each of them voted for, distinguishing the several Counties in which they were given.” They shall certify such statements to bo correct and subscribe the same with their proper name. “ They shall make and subscribe oa the proper statement a certificate of their determination and shall deliver the same to the Secretary of State.”
“Upon such statements they shall then proceed to determine and declare what persons have been, by the greatest number of votes, duly elected to such offices, or either of them. They shall have power, and it is made their duty, to decide all cases under protest or contest that may arise when the power to do so does not by tbe Constitution reside in some other body.” The Board had power to adjourn from day to day “for a term not exceeding ten days.”
The law further provided “ that in ease of a contest of the election for Governor, (if the General Assembly by concurrent resolution shall entertain the same,) that the Senate and House of Representatives shall, each separately, proceed to hear and determine the facts in the case so far as they deem necessary, and decide thereon who, according to the 10th Section of Article YIII of the Constitution, is entitled to be declared elected.”
*366The Section of Article VIII of the Constitution referred to is in these words: “In all elections held by the people under this Constitution, the person'or persons who shall receive the highest number of yotcs shall be declared elected.”
This was a general provision, embracing not only the election for Governor, but also the election for other State officers, for members of the Legislature and for Presidential electors.
The Constitution also provided (Article II, Section 14,) that “ each house shall judge of the election returns and qualifications of its own members.”
In 1876 the State was divided into two political parties, one known as the Democratic and the other as the Republican party. The Democratic party was composed almost entirely of the native white citizens of the State, and the Republican party was composed of the black and colored citizens of the State, black and white citizens from Northern States who had come South since the war, and a few native and adopted white citizens of the State.
At the election held November 7,1876, both parties had full tickets in the field. The candidates of the Democratic party on the State ticket were Wade Hampton for Governor; W. D. Simpson for Lieutenant Governor; R. M. Sims for Secretary of State; S. L. Leaphart for State Treasurer; Johnson Hagood for Comptroller General; James Conner for Attorney General; Hugh S. Thompson for Superintendent of Education, and E. W. Moise for Adjutant and Inspector General; and on the ticket for Presidential electors were Theodore G. Darker, Samuel McGowan, J. S. Ingram, Robert Aldrich, John W. W. Harrington, William Wallace and J. B. Erwin.
The candidates of the Republican party on the State ticket were D. II. Chamberlain for Governor ; R. H. Gleaves for Lieutenant Governor; II. E. Ilayne for Secretary of State; E. L. Cardozo for State Treasurer; Thomas C. Dunn for Comptroller General; R. B. Elliott for Attorney General; J. B. Tolbert for Superintendent of Education, and James Kennedy for Adjutant and Inspector -General; and on their «ticket for Presidential electors were C. C. Bowen, Timothy Hurley, John Winsmith, Thomas B. Johnston, William B Nash, Wilson Cooke and William F. Myers.
In every County of the State each party had a full ticket for members of the Legislature and for County officers. The election for members of Congress was held at the same time, and in the five Congressional Districts of the State each party had its nominee on the ticket.
The Republican party had been in the ascendant since 1867, carrying every general election in which there was any contest by majorities amounting to over thirty thousand, and a large majority of both branches of the Legislature had been members of that party. A strong conviction, however, had taken hold of the minds of many of the most intelligent, well informed and influential citizens of the State that at the general election to take place in that year .(1876) the Democratic ticket would be successful. Owing to causes unnecessary to be here mentioned, the most intense excitement prevailed. The election, however, was peaceable. There was no violence or bloodshed anywhere at the polls, and but few if any disturbances took place.
The polls were closed on Tuesday, November the 7th, at 6 o’clock P. M., and very soon thereafter it became known that, according to the returns or statements of the County Boards of Canvassers for the different Counties of the State, Hampton had certainly received a majority of the votes for Governor. It was also believed that the other candidates on the Democratic State ticket were elected; but as to the Presidential electors there was great uncertainty, the chances apparently being that the Republican ticket had received a majority.
As to the election in the different Counties for members of the Legislature, it also soon became known that, according to the returns or statements of the County Boards of Canvassers of the different Counties, the Democratic party had elected a majority of the members of the House of Representatives; but the elections in the respective Counties of Edgefield, Laurens and Barnwell, in which the Democratic candidates had the majorities, wore contested, and it was feared and believed by many that the members of the Board of State Canvassers would assume judicial powers and give the certificates of election for those Counties to the Republican candidates and thus give to that party the control of the organization of the House.
*367• It was also feared and believed by many that 'the State Board of Canvassers would set aside, disregard or ignore the returns or statements of the County Boards of Canvassers for those Counties of the election for Governor and Lieutenant Governor and the State ticket generally, and thus give a majority to L. II. Chamberlain and the other Republican candidates.
These fears and beliefs grew out of the fret not only that all the members of the State Board of Canvassers were members of the Republican party, but also that three nut of the five persons composing that Board wore candidates for re-election upon the Republican State ticket. It was manifest, therefore, that if they assumed judicial powers and undertook to decide which of the candidates for members of the House from those Counties were entitled prima facie to the certificates of election, and also to decide on the returns or statements of the County Boards of Canvassers of those Counties as to the validity of the election for State officors, they would be acting as judges in their own cause. And it may be as well to add here that, this objection having been brought to the notice of the Board in a protest against their exercising any other than ministerial powers, they passed resolutions., declaring that they did not propose to canvass the returns.of Governor and Lieutenant Governor? that as the State Board of Canvassers they had tho right to hear protests as to the election of electors for President and Vice President and members of Congress, and to give their certificates to such persons as had the highest number of votes; and, lastly, “ that it is the opinion of the Board of State Canvassers that the Secretary of State, State Treasurer and Comptroller General have the right to sit as members of this Board to hear and determine all questions coming before them, except that neither of the said officers shall vote upon his own election.”
Such was the political state of affairs in the State immediately preceding the commencement of the action in Wallace vs. Hayne and the other political cases which followed that case.