Court Opinion

ID: 8051433
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 04:12:19.287465+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:37:43.054821
License: Public Domain

JOHNSON, J.
The plaintiff, First NH Bank (the bank), appeals from orders of the Superior Court (Groff, J.) granting summary judgment in favor of the defendant, Town of Windham (the town), and upholding the town’s acquisition of a delinquent taxpayer’s land, free and clear of the bank’s interest as mortgagee of the taxpayer. We consider the following: (1) whether real estate tax liens have priority over antecedent mortgages; (2) whether tax deeds issued in foreclosure of the equity of redemption existing under such liens (tax lien deeds), RSA 80:76 (1991), extinguish such mortgages; and (3) whether mortgagees must receive notice of the deeding of tax liens as a matter of statutory construction and due process. We reverse because the bank as mortgagee did not receive notice of the extermination of its rights in the property prior to the issuance of deeds.
On April 1,1988, Torrisi Construction Co. (Torrisi) owned four lots in Windham that the town assessed for property taxes. The bank held a mortgage on each lot, securing approximately $1.4 million of debt.
Torrisi failed to pay taxes on the four lots following the April 1988 assessment. Applying the alternate tax lien procedure, see RSA 80:20-a (1991), the town tax collector executed liens on all four lots on April 13,1989. The tax collector testified that she notified the bank of the existence of tax liens in accordance with RSA 80:65 (Supp. 1993). This was the only notice of the tax collection process that the town provided the bank before issuing tax lien deeds two years later.
Because no payments were made to redeem the property from the liens, the tax collector issued deeds for the lots to the town on April 19,1991. After the town notified the bank that it held title, the bank immediately offered to pay all tax arrearages in exchange for reconveyance of the lots. The town declined the offer. The assessed value of the properties exceeded $1 million, while the amount of unpaid taxes was approximately $60,000.
In July 1991, the bank filed a petition seeking a judgment that its mortgages had priority over the tax liens, and that the lots remained encumbered by the mortgages. An amended petition alleged, among other things: (1) that the town, by notifying the bank of the tax liens, but not of the impending conveyances of tax lien deeds, had not complied with the statutory requirement that current owners receive notice prior to such deeding; (2) that the failure to provide notice violated the bank’s right to due process; and (3) that the conveyance of tax lien deeds was fraudulent.
*321In November 1991, the trial court ruled on a motion for summary judgment that the tax liens had priority over the bank’s mortgages. The parties agreed to auction the four properties and to place in escrow any funds exceeding the tax arrearages and costs, and in May 1992 the trial court consented to this arrangement.
In June 1992, the bank moved to add a claim that the town’s retention of the value of the properties in excess of the amount of unpaid taxes was a taking. The trial court denied the motion but ruled, on a motion for summary judgment, that the tax collection procedure complied with RSA chapter 80 and the due process clauses of the State and Federal Constitutions. The bank’s motions for reconsideration and clarification were denied.
The amount currently in escrow from the auction of the four lots is approximately $640,000. On appeal, the bank asserts a right to the escrowed funds on account of the following: the priority of its mortgages; the failure of the tax lien deeds to extinguish its mortgages; the town’s violation of the statutory and constitutional requirements of notice; and the fraudulent conveyance of the properties by the tax lien deeds. The bank also argues that the town’s retention of the value of the real estate in excess of its unpaid taxes and costs violates the purpose of the tax collection statute and constitutes a taking, and that the trial court erred by denying the bank’s motion to amend its petition.

I. Priority of Tax Liens Over Mortgages

The first issue is whether the tax liens have priority over the mortgages. We hold that liens for taxes are superior encumbrances.
Local property taxes exact a ratable portion of the value of real estate to support the functions of government. See H. Black, A Treatise on the Law of Tax Titles § 2 (2d ed. 1893). This tax falls not on the landowner’s equity in the land, but on the real estate itself. See RSA 72:6 (1991); RSA 80:19 (Supp. 1993) (amended to provide that all liens imposed in accordance with this chapter shall have priority over all other liens); see Eastman v. Thayer, 60 N.H. 408, 418 (1880).
In April of each year, a lien arises by force of law to secure the payment of property taxes for that year; all real estate becomes “holden for all taxes thereon.” RSA 80:19; see also RSA 76:2 (1991); Allen v. Bemis, 99 N.H. 247, 108 A.2d 549 (1954). No judicial intervention is necessary for the town to realize wealth from the land subject to this automatic lien. See Black, supra § 189. Instead, there are two statutory mechanisms for converting the automatic *322lien into an equitable property interest by tax sale on a perfected statutory lien under the lien procedure: the tax sale and the alternate tax lien procedure. In either event the procedure applies to the real estate itself without regard to other liens.
The town in this case employed the alternate tax lien procedure. See P. Loughlin, 2 New Hampshire Municipal Practice Series, Municipal Finance and Taxation § 13:29 (1990). The alternate tax lien process requires a tax collector to execute a tax lien, which is a lien on “a 100 percent common and undivided interest in the property,” RSA 80:61 (1991), if the taxes remain unpaid on December 1 following their assessment. See RSA 80:59 (Supp. 1993). Only a town, a county, or the State may hold this lien on the real estate already “holden for all taxes” by the automatic lien. RSA 80:63 (Supp. 1993). Any person holding an interest in land subject to the alternate tax lien procedure may redeem the property by paying the tax collector all outstanding taxes, costs, and interest. RSA 80:69 (Supp. 1993). This right of redemption expires when, after two years from the execution of the lien, the tax collector issues a deed to the town, the county, or the State, as lienholder. RSA 80:76. A tax sale, in contrast, is a public auction of the smallest percentage interest in the property that a bidder is willing to buy to satisfy the unpaid taxes, interest, and costs. See RSA 80:24 (1991); Opinion of the Justices, 131 N.H. 644, 651-52, 557 A.2d 1364, 1369-70 (1989); W. Howes, Tax Collecting in New Hampshire 187 (1941).
The bank asserts that its mortgages are superior because they were recorded before the tax collector executed the tax liens to the town. We disagree. A real estate tax lien is superior to a mortgage because in this State it has been “the consistent assumption and practice by mortgagees and tax collectors, and the notice provisions of the tax statutes give[] it that effect.” United States v. Town of Marlborough, New Hampshire, 305 F. Supp. 718, 722 (D.N.H. 1969). The lien, like the property tax obligation itself, attaches to the land, not to the landowner’s equity. RSA 80:19; see also RSA 72:6; Morrison v. Manchester, 58 N.H. 538, 557-59 (1879).
According to the bank, a statutory lien, such as a tax lien, is subordinate to an antecedent mortgage unless the State Legislature indicates otherwise. Even if we were to accept that the priority of a tax lien must be established by statute, we would still conclude that tax liens are superior. Liens for taxes may be accorded primacy by an express statutory provision, or by implication.- See Black, supra § 185, at 233. RSA chapter 80 provides that mortgagees shall receive notice following the execution of the tax lien, and mortgagees, as *323parties interested in the property, may redeem the property by paying all taxes and charges prior to the issuance of a tax lien deed. RSA 80:65, :69. A tax lien and a tax lien deed are void as to any mortgagee not apprised of the execution of the lien, thus establishing priority for the mortgage. RSA 80:65. In addition, the statutory form of power of sale mortgages requires that the mortgagor pay “all taxes, charges and assessments for which the property mortgaged may become liable.” RSA 477:29 (1992). These provisions would serve little purpose if tax liens did not take precedence over mortgages.
We infer that a mortgage is inferior to a tax lien so that we may give effect to the relevant language in every power of sale mortgage and in the statutes granting the mortgagee a right to notice of a tax lien and a right to redeem. See Town of Marlborough, New Hampshire, 305 F. Supp. at 722. Therefore, finding the superior rank of tax liens implied by statute and established by case law, we hold that the town’s tax liens have priority over the bank’s mortgages. Cf. Laws 1993, 125:1 (providing that tax liens take priority over other liens, thereby “ratif[ying] and codif[ying] existing case law and practice”).

II. Impact of Tax Lien Deeds on Mortgages

The next issue on appeal is whether the mortgages survived the issuance of the tax lien deeds. The bank argues that a tax lien deed conveys only that interest necessary for the collection of taxes and charges. Such a limited conveyance, according to the bank, allows other lienors to recover the value of their interests, less any taxes and charges, if the town ultimately sells the property that it acquired by tax lien deed.
In Spurgias v. Morrissette, 109 N.H. 275, 249 A.2d 685 (1969), we rejected a claim analogous to the bank’s. The taxpayer in Spurgias, divested of his property by a tax sale and a collector’s deed, sought to recover the value of the property exceeding the unpaid taxes, charges, and fees. Id. at 276, 249 A.2d at 686. We concluded that any right of the taxpayer to the surplus of proceeds resulting from the tax sale ended when the issuance of the tax deed terminated the right of redemption. Id. at 278, 249 A.2d at 688.
Our conclusion in Spurgias that the issuance of the deed annihilates the previous owner’s interest in the property comports with an analysis of the statute, and with earlier decisions of this court. The statute authorizing the issuance of tax lien deeds indicates that the deed is for the “land subject to the real estate tax lien.” RSA 80:76. The lienholder takes a “100 percent common and undivided interest in the property” upon execution of the lien, RSA 80:61, and *324this interest matures into a tax title upon the termination of the right of redemption and the execution of the tax deed. RSA 80:76. Consistent with the construction that the tax lien is superior because it attaches to' the land itself, we have noted that the tax title derived from this lien “breaks up all previous titles.” See Eastman, 60 N.H. at 418. In other words, a new and independent title to one hundred percent of the land charged for unpaid taxes is the ultimate product of the alternate tax lien procedure. See Black, supra § 420, at 529-30; see also Smith v. Messer, 17 N.H. 420, 428 (1845). A mortgage does not encumber the tax title created by RSA 80:76. The mortgagee’s interest in the property ends upon the issuance of the tax lien deeds when the right of redemption expires, cf. Spurgias, 109 N.H. at 278, 249 A.2d at 688, because previous encumbrances are thereby divested. See Eastman, 60 N.H. at 418; Black, supra §§ 420, 425, at 529-30, 535-36. Therefore, we reject the bank’s argument that mortgages recorded on a taxpayer’s property survive the issuance of tax lien deeds.

III. Right of a Mortgage Holder Where Notice Not Adequate

We agree, however, that a mortgage will survive tax deeds if the town fails to provide all the notice the law requires. See White v. Lee, 124 N.H. 69, 75-76, 470 A.2d 849, 853 (1983). Pursuant to RSA 80:60 (1991) and :65, the town notified the landowner and the bank that tax liens had been executed, and pursuant to RSA 80:77 (1991), the town notified the landowner before the tax deeds were issued. The bank, however, was not sent express notice of the issuance of the tax deeds.
The bank first argues that, like the taxpayer, it was entitled to notice of the tax lien deed under RSA 80:77. RSA 80:77 provides for actual notice of tax lien deeds to every “current owner” thirty days before the deeds are executed. The issue, then, is whether the bank is a “current owner” within the meaning of the statute. We hold that it is not. We believe that the legislature did not consider mortgagees to be “current owners.” We are led to this conclusion by comparing RSA 80:60 and :65, which deal with notice of the tax lien. RSA 80:60 provides that such notice must be given to the “current owner”; RSA 80:65 provides that such notice must also be given to mortgagees. Had the legislature intended mortgagees to be regarded as “current owners,” it would not have needed to enact 80:65. Similarly, had the legislature intended there to be notice of a tax deeding to both owners and mortgagees, we believe it would have so provided in express terms.
*325The bank also argues that it was entitled to notice of tax lien deeds as a matter of due process under the State and Federal Constitutions. Consistent with State v. Ball, 124 N.H. 226, 231, 471 A.2d 347, 350 (1983), we first consider the due process requirements of part I, article 15 of the New Hampshire Constitution, and refer to cases under the fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution only to aid our analysis.
The parties in this case concentrate much of their efforts arguing that the following cases should be applied or distinguished: Mennonite Board of Missions v. Adams, 462 U.S. 791 (1983); White v. Lee, 124 N.H. 69, 470 A.2d 849 (1983); and Kakris v. Montbleau, 133 N.H. 166, 575 A.2d 1293 (1990). Because we agree that disposition of this case must take account of those cases, we briefly set forth their facts and holdings.
In Mennonite, a mortgagee’s recorded lien on real property had been extinguished under Indiana law by virtue of a tax sale and expiration of the redemption period. The mortgagee sued the current owner, arguing that its rights to due process had been violated because (1) it had not received constitutionally adequate notice of the pending tax sale, and (2) it had not received notice of the opportunity to redeem the property following the tax sale. Mennonite, 462 U.S. at 795. The Indiana courts upheld the statutory notice. The Supreme Court reversed, holding that due process required actual notice of the tax sale to the known mortgagee, but expressly stated that it was not deciding the issue of whether the mortgagee was also entitled to actual notice of its right to redeem the property. Id. at 800 n.6. The Mennonite Court explained that the case was controlled by the principle announced in Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950), that “prior to an action which will affect an interest in life, liberty, or property protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, a State must provide notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.” Mennonite, 462 U.S. at 795 (quotation omitted). Finding that the mortgage was a “substantial property” interest and noting that Indiana tax sales “significantly affected” mortgages, the Court held that the bank enjoyed a due process right to receive actual notice of the tax sale. Id. at 798.
In White v. Lee, the plaintiffs had acquired the property in question after the April 1 tax assessment date. After the conveyance, the town sent a tax bill to the prior owner who was the owner of record as of April 1. The taxes were not paid, and the town held a tax sale. *326Notice of the tax sale was sent only to the prior owner. Two years later, and again without notice to the current owner, the property was conveyed by a tax deed. On an interlocutory transfer, we were asked, inter alia, whether the notice comported with due process. We explained that whether or not statutorily required, a town is constitutionally required to provide actual notice of a tax sale to such known current owners. White, 124 N.H. at 77, 470 A.2d at 854.
Finally, in Kakris v. Montbleau, we considered whether due process requires notice to an owner before the issuance of a tax deed. Due to an error in town records, a twenty-acre parcel owned by Kakris disappeared from the tax rolls of the town. Twenty years later, after a town tax map was completed, the parcel reappeared on the tax rolls, but, despite reasonable efforts, the town was unable to determine the owner. Accordingly, the land was taxed to “owner unknown.” When the taxes were not paid, a tax sale was held and two years later, a tax deed was issued. Notice of these events was again only sent to “owner unknown.” Kakris challenged the tax deed, arguing in part that due process required the town to give her actual notice of the tax deeding and that the town’s notice to “owner unknown” was insufficient. We explained that while due process and RSA 80:38-a (1991) would require actual notice to a known owner before tax deeding, the failure to give Kakris actual notice was not a violation of due process because her identity remained unknown despite reasonable efforts on the part of the town. Kakris, 133 N.H. at 176, 575 A.2d at 1299.
The constitutional question we must address here is one that was not expressly reached in Mennonite, White, or Kakris: whether due process requires actual notice to a mortgagee of record of not only a tax sale, but also a tax deeding. The town contends that it does not. We disagree and hold that the due process provisions of the New Hampshire Constitution require that a mortgagee receive actual notice of its right to redeem and the consequences of not doing so.
While neither Mennonite, White, nor Kakris dealt with the constitutional requirement of notice to a mortgagee before tax deeding, the due process concerns articulated in those cases are equally forceful with respect to the issue presently before us. Once it is determined that there is a protected property interest, the due process inquiry, reduced to its core, is one of “fundamental fairness.” A core requirement of fundamental fairness is that “prior to an action which will affect an interest in life, liberty or property, ... a State must provide [actual notice to known interested parties].” Mennonite, 462 U.S. at 795. Mennonite, White, and Kakris, then, simply represent *327applications of the requirement of fundamental fairness to particular situations.
In this light, we conclude that for the same reasons that fundamental fairness requires actual notice of a tax sale to known owners and mortgagees, and actual notice of a tax deeding to known owners, it also requires actual notice of a tax deeding to known mortgagees, as in this case. First, we do not see how due process can be read, as in Mennonite, to require actual notice to a known mortgagee of a tax sale, but not to require notice, as here, of a tax deeding. We reach this conclusion by comparing the relative effects on interested parties of these two events. In New Hampshire, the significance to interested parties of a tax sale or the execution of a tax lien is primarily to determine who will hold the priority lien on the property for the payment of taxes. Once a tax sale has been held or a tax lien has been executed, the property owner, or holder of an interest such as a mortgagee, is required to pay a statutorily set interest rate to the holder of the lien. For two years, the redemption period, this remains the status of the parties. The end of the redemption period, however, is an event that has far greater significance to both the owner and the mortgagee. When the redemption period lapses, the holder of the lien is entitled to exchange the lien for a tax deed, thereby acquiring the property free and clear of all other interests. See RSA 80:59-:76. Unlike following the execution of the tax lien, there is nothing any interested party can do after the property is conveyed by tax deed. Second, we do not see how due process can be read, as Kakris suggests, to require actual notice of a tax deeding to a known owner, but not require notice in this case to a known mortgagee. Although not expressly stated in Kakris, the requirement announced in that case that known owners must receive notice of a tax deeding was based primarily on the fact that tax deeding irreversibly deprives the owner of any equity in the property. Considering that tax deeding extinguishes valuable mortgage interests just as it extinguishes valuable equity interests, the same fairness concerns arise as to the mortgagee.
In sum, the end of the redemption period and the execution of a tax deed have much greater significance to interested parties than does the occurrence of a tax sale. Since we have already recognized that a known owner is entitled to actual notice of a tax deeding, we cannot hold that a known mortgagee is constitutionally entitled to actual notice of a tax sale but not notice of a tax deeding. Accordingly, we hold that fundamental fairness under the New Hampshire Constitution requires notice to the mortgagee of the following: the *328issue date of the tax lien deeds; the expiration date of the right of redemption; and a warning that the mortgage will be eradicated by the tax lien deed if the property is not redeemed.
Because the town did not provide the bank all the notice required by the due process requirements of the New Hampshire Constitution, we hold that the tax lien deeds did not extinguish all of the bank’s interest in the property. Although the bank’s right to notice prior to the delivery of tax lien deeds is a constitutional mandate rather than an express statutory requirement, we do not hold that the alternate tax lien procedures are invalid. When these statutory procedures are read in conjunction with a requirement that reasonably ascertainable mortgagees receive notice prior to the issuance of tax lien deeds, they are not unconstitutional. See White, 124 N.H. at 78, 470 A.2d at 854.
The application of the rule announced in this case shall apply to the parties hereto and to any similar cases pending but not concluded, but shall not be retroactively applied. See Opinion of the Justices, 131 N.H. at 649-51, 557 A.2d at 1368-69; Hampton Nat’l Bank v. Desjardins, 114 N.H. 68, 314 A.2d 654 (1974); see also Harper v. Virginia Dept. of Taxation, 113 S. Ct. 2510 (1993).
We need not address the remaining arguments on appeal. If there had not been a stipulation between the parties that any funds remaining after the auction of the four properties which exceeded tax arrearages and costs be placed in escrow, then the bank would still have a viable mortgage due to the lack of notice. Since there was such a stipulation between the parties, however, our holding is limited to the bank’s interest in the escrowed funds. We reverse and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Reversed and remanded.

Horton, J., with whom Thayer, J., joined, concurred specially; the others concurred.