Court Opinion

ID: 6347548
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-07 14:01:46.595845+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:34:53.412807
License: Public Domain

FOURTH DIVISION
                               DILLARD, P. J.,
                           MERCIER and MARKLE, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                       June 7, 2022

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A22A0103. HISE v. BORDEAUX.

      DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

      Gregory Hise applied for a Georgia weapons carry license (“GWCL”), under

OCGA § 16-11-129, with Thomas C. Bordeaux, Jr., a judge of the Chatham County

Probate Court. Bordeaux denied the application, but the superior court granted Hise

a writ of mandamus, directing issuance of the GWCL. While Bordeaux appealed,

Hise filed an action for damages, alleging that (in denying the license) Bordeaux

violated his fundamental right to bear arms under the United States Constitution, as

well as the Georgia Constitution, and also violated a prohibition against county

officials regulating firearms. Bordeaux filed a motion to dismiss for failure to state

a claim, which the superior court granted. Hise now appeals that decision, but for the

reasons set forth infra, we affirm.
      The record in this matter—which for the most part is undisputed—shows that

on May 6, 2019, Hise filed an application for a GWCL with Bordeaux under OCGA

§ 16-11-129.1 Bordeaux issued an order denying Hise’s application the same day,

citing as grounds for the denial that Hise had been convicted in another state of

misdemeanor assault in 1979. In response, Hise filed a mandamus action in the

superior court, requesting that Bordeaux be ordered to issue the GWCL. Soon

thereafter, Hise moved for summary judgment; and on October 4, 2019, the superior

court issued an order granting the motion and directing Bordeaux to issue a GWCL

to Hise within ten days. Bordeaux did not immediately comply, which prompted Hise

to file a motion for contempt. Bordeaux then moved for reconsideration, and when

the superior court denied that motion, he appealed to this Court.2

      1
         See OCGA § 16-11-129 (a) (1) (“The judge of the probate court of each
county shall, on application under oath, on payment of a fee of $30.00, and on
investigation of the applicant pursuant to subsections (b) and (d) of this Code section,
issue a weapons carry license or renewal license valid for a period of five years to any
person whose domicile is in that county. . . . Such license or renewal license shall
authorize that person to carry any weapon in any county of this state notwithstanding
any change in that person’s county of residence or state of domicile.”).
      2
          See Bordeaux v. Hise, 355 Ga. App. 688 (845 SE2d 408) (2020).

                                           2
      A few weeks after Bordeaux filed his notice of appeal, on November 26, 2019,

Hise filed an action against him, in both his official and individual capacities, seeking

monetary damages on the grounds that (in denying the GWCL) Bordeaux violated

Hise’s fundamental right to bear arms under the Second Amendment of the United

States Constitution and Article I, Section I, Paragraph VIII of the Georgia

Constitution, and that he also violated the prohibition in OCGA § 16-11-173 against

county officials regulating firearms. Bordeaux filed an answer and a motion to

dismiss for failure to state a claim, arguing that a denial of a GWCL does not

constitute a violation of Hise’s fundamental right to bear arms under the United States

or Georgia Constitution and, in any event, Hise’s claims are barred by the doctrines

of sovereign, judicial, and official immunity.

      Hise filed a response to Bordeaux’s motion, and the trial court scheduled a

hearing on the matter. But prior to that hearing, this Court affirmed the trial court’s

earlier ruling granting Hise’s writ of mandamus.3 Consequently, Bordeaux issued the

      3
        See id. at 690-91 (affirming the trial court’s judgement because “Hise’s filing
a mandamus action in the superior court was a proper avenue to appeal the probate
judge’s decision to deny his application”); see also OCGA § 16-11-129 (j) (“When
an applicant is otherwise denied a license, temporary renewal license, or renewal
license and contends that he or she is qualified to be issued a license, temporary
renewal license, or renewal license, the applicant may bring an action in mandamus
or other legal proceeding in order to obtain such license.”).

                                           3
GWCL. As a result, Hise withdrew his contempt motion but maintained his action for

damages. One month later, the trial court held the hearing on Bordeaux’s motion to

dismiss, which it ultimately granted. This appeal follows.

      In his sole enumeration of error, Hise contends generally that the trial court

erred in granting Bordeaux’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. But in his

brief, he specifically argues—despite not separately enumerating—that all three

claims in his complaint are valid and his action is not barred by any form of

immunity. Accordingly, we will address each of his claims separately.

      This Court conducts a de novo review of a trial court’s ruling on a motion to

dismiss.4 In doing so, we are tasked with determining whether the allegations of the

complaint—when construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and with all

doubts resolved in the plaintiff’s favor—“disclose with certainty that the plaintiff

would not be entitled to relief under any state of provable facts.”5 But importantly,

      4
        See Dove v. Ty Cobb Healthcare Sys., Inc., 316 Ga. App. 7, 9 (729 SE2d 58)
(2012); see also Carson v. Brown, 348 Ga. App. 689, 699 (2) (824 SE2d 605) (2019)
(noting that we review a trial court’s decision on a motion to dismiss de novo).
      5
          Dove, 316 Ga. App. at 9 (punctuation omitted).

                                          4
we need not “adopt a party’s legal conclusions based on these facts.”6 With these

guiding principles in mind, we turn to Hise’s specific claims of errors.

      1. For starters, Hise argues that by refusing to issue the GWCL after the

superior court granted his writ of mandamus, Bordeaux—in his individual rather than

his official capacity—violated Hise’s fundamental right to bear arms under the

Second Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, Section I,

Paragraph VIII of the Georgia Constitution. This contention lacks merit. The Second

Amendment of the United States Constitution provides: “A well regulated Militia,

being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear

Arms, shall not be infringed.” And this amendment guarantees the individual “right

of law-abiding, responsible citizens to use arms in defense of hearth and home.”7 But

      6
       Id. (punctuation omitted); see Trop, Inc. v. City of Brookhaven, 296 Ga. 85,
87 (1) (764 SE2d 398) (2014) (“While a trial court is required to consider a
non-moving party’s factual allegations to be true, it is not required to accept the legal
conclusions the non-party suggests that those facts dictate.”); Bankston v. RES-Ga
Twelve, LLC, 334 Ga. App. 302, 304 (1) (779 SE2d 80) (2015) (same).
      7
        District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U. S. 570, 635 (IV) (128 SCt 2783, 171
LE2d 637) (2008); see McDonald v. City of Chicago, 561 U. S. 742, 791 (V) (B) (130
SCt 3020, 177 LE2d 894) (2010) (holding that the Second Amendment of the United
States Constitution applies to the states under the Fourteenth Amendment).

                                           5
emphasizing that this right is not absolute, the Supreme Court of the United States

held in Heller that

      nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding
      prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill,
      or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as
      schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and
      qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.8

The Heller Court further noted that this list of “presumptively lawful regulatory

measures” is not exhaustive.9

      Similarly, the Constitution of the State of Georgia provides that the “right of

the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, but the General Assembly

shall have power to prescribe the manner in which arms may be borne.”10 And the

Supreme Court of Georgia has also “previously interpreted this provision as

permitting the State to regulate the right to carry weapons ‘to some extent’ while

      8
          Heller, 554 U. S. at 626-27 (III).
      9
          Id. at 627 (III) n. 26.
      10
           Ga. Const. Art. I, § I, ¶ VIII.

                                               6
disallowing a law that ‘under the name of regulation, amounts in effect, to a

deprivation of the constitutional right.’”11

      Here, Hise seeks monetary damages based on his claims that Bordeaux violated

his fundamental right to bear arms under the United States and Georgia constitutions

by refusing to issue the GWCL after the superior court granted his writ of

      11
          Hertz v. Bennett, 294 Ga. 62, 68 (3) (751 SE2d 90) (2013) (punctuation
omitted); see Strickland v. State, 137 Ga. 1, 7 (1) (72 SE 260) (1911) (holding that
a statute requiring a person to obtain a license before carrying a pistol or revolver
about his person did not violate the state constitutional right to keep and bear arms);
see also Nunn v. State, 1 Ga. 243, 243 (1846) (holding that statute conflicts with the
Second Amendment “so far as it cuts off the exercise of the right of the citizen
altogether to bear arms, or, under the color of prescribing the mode, renders the right
itself useless”).

                                           7
mandamus.12 But both of these claims of alleged constitutional violations are barred

by the doctrine of judicial immunity.

      As the Supreme Court of Georgia has noted, the Supreme Court of the United

States has “long recognized the doctrine of judicial immunity which shields judges

from being sued and from being held civilly liable for damages based on federal law

as a result of carrying out their judicial duties.”13 Georgia law has also “long

      12
           Although not specifically pleaded in his complaint, Hise asserts on appeal
that he is entitled to relief under 42 USC § 1983, which requires a plaintiff to “show
that [he] has been deprived of a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the
United States, and that the defendant acted under color of state law.” Barrow v.
Raffensperger, 308 Ga. 660, 689 (5) (842 SE2d 884) (2020); see 42 USC § 1983
(“Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or
usage, of any State . . . , subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United
States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights,
privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the
party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.
. . .”). Georgia does not have an equivalent to 42 USC § 1983. See Howard v. Miller,
222 Ga. App. 868, 872 (1) (c) (476 SE2d 636) (1996) (“[Georgia] [has] no equivalent
to 42 USC § 1983, which gives a claim against a state officer individually for certain
unconstitutional acts.”). But given our holding infra, we need not address whether
Article I, Section I, Paragraph VIII of the Georgia Constitution affords a right of
action for retrospective monetary damages against a public official in his individual
capacity.
      13
         Withers v. Schroeder, 304 Ga. 394, 396 (2) (819 SE2d 49) (2018); see
Forrester v. White, 484 U. S. 219, 225 (III) (108 SCt 538, 98 LE2d 555) (1988)
(noting that judicial immunity developed in medieval times and continues as a solid
doctrine in modern jurisprudence); Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U. S. 349, 355-56 (II) (98
SCt 1099, 55 LE2d 331) (1978) (explaining that the Supreme Court of the United

                                            8
recognized the doctrine of judicial immunity for state law claims.”14 Indeed, the

rationale for this doctrine is quite logically that

      [i]f judges were personally liable for erroneous [judicial] decisions, the
      resulting avalanche of suits, most of them frivolous but vexatious, would
      provide powerful incentives for judges to avoid rendering decisions
      likely to provoke such suits. The resulting timidity would be hard to
      detect or control, and it would manifestly detract from independent and
      impartial adjudication. Nor are suits against judges the only available
      means through which litigants can protect themselves from the
      consequences of judicial error. Most judicial mistakes or wrongs are
      open to correction through ordinary mechanisms of review, which are
      largely free of the harmful side-effects inevitably associated with
      exposing judges to personal liability.15

States recognized the doctrine of judicial immunity as early as the late 1800s).
      14
          Withers, 304 Ga. at 396 (2); see Calhoun v. Little, 106 Ga. 336, 339 (2) (32
SE 86, 88) (1898) (“It is universally conceded that judges of courts of superior and
general jurisdiction are exempt from liability in damages for judicial acts, even when
such acts are in excess of their jurisdiction. This doctrine has become firmly fixed in
the jurisprudence of both England and the United States.”); Gault v. Wallis, 53 Ga.
675, 677 (2) (1875) (noting that a judge is not liable for errors of judgment when
acting within the jurisdiction conferred upon him by law); Upshaw v. Oliver, 1 Dud.
241 (1832) (same); Maddox v. Prescott, 214 Ga. App. 810, 812 (1) (449 SE2d 163)
(1994) (“Our courts have consistently held that judges are immune from liability in
civil actions for acts performed in their judicial capacity.” (punctuation omitted)).
      15
         Forrester, 484 U. S. at 226-27 (III) (citation omitted); accord Withers, 304
Ga. at 396 (2) n. 3.

                                            9
Consequently, there are only “two grounds on which a judge will be denied the

absolute protection of judicial immunity: (1) committing an act that is nonjudicial in

nature; or (2) acting in the ‘complete absence of all jurisdiction.’”16 And importantly,

a judge is not deprived of judicial immunity “simply because [he] has allegedly acted

mistakenly, maliciously or corruptly.”17

      In this matter, Hise contends—without citing any supporting case

authority—that his claims are not barred by judicial immunity because Bordeaux was

acting in the absence of all jurisdiction and committing a nonjudicial act by ignoring

the writ of mandamus. But these contentions are without merit.

      First, OCGA § 16-11-129 (a) (1) explicitly provides probate judges (such as

Bordeaux) with jurisdiction over the issuance of a GWCL.18 Next, turning to the

      16
        Withers, 304 Ga. at 397 (2) (citing Mireles v. Waco, 502 U. S. 9, 11-12 (112
SCt 286, 116 LE2d 9) (1991)); accord GeorgiaCarry.Org, Inc. v. Bordeaux, 352 Ga.
App. 399, 403 (4) (834 SE2d 896) (2019).
      17
           Withers, 304 Ga. at 397 (2).
      18
         See supra note 1 & accompanying text; see also Withers, 304 Ga. at 397 (2)
(finding that judges were not acting in the absence of all jurisdiction because, at the
time, traffic offenses like the one at bar were adjudicated in the DeKalb County
Recorder’s Court); Heiskell v. Roberts, 295 Ga. 795, 801 (3) (a) (764 SE2d 368)
(2014) (holding that in considering whether judicial immunity barred claim, it was
undisputed that Georgia state court judge had subject matter jurisdiction over traffic
cases); Wilson v. Moore, 275 Ga. App. 493, 494 (1) (621 SE2d 507) (2005) (stating

                                           10
question of whether Bordeaux committed a nonjudicial act, “a court looks not to

functions actually performed by that party, but to the functions that the law entitles

the party to perform.”19 Indeed, the relevant inquiry is “the nature and function of the

act, not the act itself.”20 Simply stated, we look to the particular act’s “relation to a

general function normally performed by a judge.”21 So, in order to determine whether

an act is judicial in nature, a reviewing court should consider “(1) whether the act is

one normally performed by judges, and (2) whether the complaining party was

dealing with the judge in [his] judicial capacity.”22 Here, determining whether to issue

a GWCL under OCGA § 16-11-129 was unquestionably a normal function of a

that when a judge has subject matter jurisdiction, he is not acting in the absence of all
jurisdiction).
       19
        Withers, 304 Ga. at 397 (2) (punctuation omitted); accord Arthur Andersen
& Co. v. Wilson, 256 Ga. 849, 849 (353 SE2d 466) (1987).
       20
            Withers, 304 Ga. at 397 (2) (punctuation omitted); accord Mireles, 502 U.
S. at 13.
       21
         Withers, 304 Ga. at 397-98 (2) (punctuation omitted); accord Mireles, 502
U.S. at 13.
       22
            Withers, 304 Ga. at 398 (2) (punctuation omitted).

                                           11
probate judge, and in seeking to obtain such a permit, Hise was unquestionably

dealing with Bordeaux in his judicial capacity.23

      Attempting to distinguish Bordeaux’s actions from the explicit authority

OCGA § 16-11-129 grants to probate judges, Hise argues that Bordeaux engaged in

a nonjudicial act outside his jurisdiction when he refused to issue the GWCL after the

superior court granted his petition for a writ of mandamus. But this argument

conflates refusal with appeal. Hise cites no authority for his contention that Bordeaux

could not seek an appellate court’s determination as to whether the writ of mandamus

was properly issued. And regardless, given that we addressed the merits of

Bordeaux’s appeal24 (rather than dismissing it for lack of jurisdiction), that issue has

      23
         In his reply brief, Hise attempts to counter the undisputed fact that Bordeaux
was authorized to issue GWCLs with a lengthy discussion about Georgia being one
of the few states that gives such authority to probate judges, and that even in Georgia,
such power was not traditionally a responsibility granted to probate judges. But while
this discussion is certainly interesting from a legal history perspective, it has no
bearing in this matter because OCGA § 16-11-129 clearly provides such authority
now. Suffice it to say, we are not authorized to either ignore or rewrite statutes. See
West v. State, 300 Ga. 39, 44 (793 SE2d 57) (2016) (“While this Court has the
authority to narrow a statute to avoid unconstitutional infirmities under our system
of separation of powers, this Court does not have the authority to rewrite statutes.”
(punctuation omitted)).
      24
           See Bordeaux, 355 Ga. App. at 690-91.

                                          12
already been decided against Hise.25 Put simply, Hise disagreed with Bordeaux’s

decision; but “[d]isagreement with the action taken by the judge . . . does not justify

depriving that judge of his immunity.”26 And looking at the nature of the function at

issue, Bordeaux’s appeal of the grant of the writ of mandamus was certainly part and

parcel of the judicial process necessary to ultimately resolve whether he was required

to issue Hise a GWCL.27 Indeed, it would be difficult to find a case better

exemplifying the importance of judicial immunity than this one, as Hise has attempted

to elevate his disagreement with a judicial decision into a lawsuit for retrospective

monetary damages, despite the judge’s initial error being corrected by the appellate

      25
         See Welbon v. State, 304 Ga. 729, 729-30 (1) (822 SE2d 277) (2018) (“Under
the ‘law of the case’ doctrine, which is applicable to rulings made by appellate courts
in both civil and criminal cases, any ruling by the Supreme Court or the Court of
Appeals in a case shall be binding in all subsequent proceedings in that case in the
lower court and in the Supreme Court or the Court of Appeals as the case may be.
OCGA § 9-11-60 (h).” ( punctuation omitted)); see also Green Tree Servicing, LLC
v. Jones, 333 Ga. App. 184, 184 (1) (775 SE2d 714) (2015) (noting that this Court
may inquire nostra sponte as to whether it has jurisdiction to consider an appeal).
      26
           Stump, 435 U. S. at 363 (II).
      27
       See Withers, 304 Ga. at 399 (2) (explaining that the inquiry into judicial
immunity requires that we only look at the nature of the function at issue).

                                           13
process.28 Given these circumstances, Hise’s claims that Bordeaux violated his

fundamental right to bear arms under the United States and Georgia constitutions by

refusing to issue the GWCL after the superior court granted his writ of mandamus are

barred by the doctrine of judicial immunity.29

      28
        Forrester, 484 U. S. at 226-27 (III) (explaining that the rationale for judicial
immunity is to prevent vexatious litigation attempting to hold judges personally liable
for judicial decisions, which would be detrimental to judicial independence and
impartiality).
      29
          See Mireles, 502 U. S. at 12-13 (holding that judge’s actions in directing
police officers to bring before judge an attorney who was in courthouse were not
taken in complete “absence of all jurisdiction,” so as to deprive judge of judicial
immunity from § 1983 suit, even though judge allegedly directed officers to carry out
order with excessive force); Stump, 435 U. S. at 362-64 (II) (concluding that because
judge, in approving mother’s ex parte petition to have her mentally challenged
daughter sterilized, acted in his capacity judge, and performed type of act normally
performed only by judges, the lack of formality with which he proceeded did not
render his action “nonjudicial” for purposes of depriving him of absolute immunity
from damages liability); Withers, 304 Ga. at 398-99 (2) (holding that court
administrator’s act of preparing a report at the direction of the judge to aid in the
judicial process is a function that is judicial in nature and protected by judicial
immunity, thus barring plaintiff’s § 1983 and state law claims); Heiskell, 295 Ga. at
801-02 (3) (a) (holding that former judge was entitled to judicial immunity from
liability on counterclaims by county for alleged breach of contract, damages, and
intentional infliction of emotional distress arising out of judge’s dismissal of 60
traffic cases during remainder of his term after he lost election); Earl v. Mills, 275 Ga.
503, 503-04 (1) (570 SE2d 282) (2002) (affirmed that judge was entitled to judicial
immunity since he was acting in his judicial capacity when he issued a standing order
creating de facto family court despite the fact that order was not supported by
constitutional provision stating that only legislature could create such courts);
Maddox, 214 Ga. App. at 812 (1) (holding that probate judge was entitled to judicial

                                           14
      2. Hise further contends that by refusing to issue the GWCL after the superior

court granted his writ of mandamus, Bordeaux—in his individual and official

capacity—also violated the prohibition in OCGA § 16-11-173 against county officials

regulating firearms. First, in light of our holding in Division 1, supra, Hise’s claim

that Bordeaux violated the statute in his individual capacity is barred by the doctrine

of judicial immunity.30 Additionally, the trial court did not err in dismissing Hise’s

claim that Bordeaux violated the statute in his official capacity.

      It is well settled under Georgia law that “suits against state officers in their

official capacities amount to suits against the State itself and are barred by sovereign

immunity.”31 And the Supreme Court of Georgia has held that the doctrine “extend[s]

not only to the State itself, but also to counties.”32 Furthermore, county officers sued

immunity in guardian’s action claiming judge improperly approved earlier settlement
agreement). Cf. Bordeaux, 352 Ga. App. at 403 (4) (“Although judges are immune
from liability in civil actions seeking damages for acts performed in their judicial
capacity, this immunity does not bar claims for declaratory or injunctive relief.”
(punctuation omitted)).
      30
           See supra note 29.
      31
         Lathrop v. Deal, 301 Ga. 408, 421 (II) (B) (801 SE2d 867) (2017); accord
Price v. Dept. of Transp., 257 Ga. 535, 537 (361 SE2d 146) (1987).
      32
           Lathrop, 301 Ga. at 421 (II) (B).

                                           15
in “their official capacities—since a suit against a county officer in his official

capacity is a suit against the county itself—enjoy the same sovereign immunity.”33

Importantly, sovereign immunity can only “be waived by the Constitution itself or the

General Assembly, and as to the General Assembly, only by way of a law that

specifically provides that sovereign immunity is thereby waived and the extent of

such waiver.”34

      33
        Layer v. Barrow Cty., 297 Ga. 871, 871 (1) (778 SE2d 156) (2015)
(punctuation omitted); accord Conway v. Jones, 353 Ga. App. 110, 111 (1) (836
SE2d 538) (2019).
      34
           Lathrop, 301 Ga. at 422-23 (II) (B) (punctuation omitted); see Ga. Const.,
Art. I, §. II, Par. IX (e) (“Except as specifically provided in this Paragraph, sovereign
immunity extends to the state and all of its departments and agencies. The sovereign
immunity of the state and its departments and agencies can only be waived by an Act
of the General Assembly which specifically provides that sovereign immunity is
thereby waived and the extent of such waiver.”); Conway, 353 Ga. App. at 111-12 (1)
(“Sovereign immunity can only be waived by an Act of the General Assembly which
specifically provides that sovereign immunity is thereby waived and the extent of
such waiver.” (punctuation omitted)).

                                           16
      And in this case, Hise argues that in refusing to issue the GWCL after the

superior court granted his writ of mandamus, Bordeaux violated OCGA § 16-11-173

(b) (1) (B), which provides:

      Except as provided in subsection (c) of this Code section, no county or
      municipal corporation, by zoning, by ordinance or resolution, or by any
      other means, nor any agency, board, department, commission, political
      subdivision, school district, or authority of this state, other than the
      General Assembly, by rule or regulation or by any other means shall
      regulate in any manner . . . [t]he possession, ownership, transport,
      carrying, transfer, sale, purchase, licensing, or registration of firearms
      or other weapons or components of firearms or other weapons . . . .

The statute also establishes a private right of action, which includes the potential for

the recovery of actual damages, equitable relief, and any other relief a court may

deem proper.35 And given this language, Hise asserts that sovereign immunity has

been waived.

      Nevertheless, even if we were to find that OCGA § 16-11-173 (b) (1) and (g)

evince a waiver of sovereign immunity as to Bordeaux’s actions in his official

capacity, Hise’s claim still fails. As previously noted, OCGA § 16-11-173 provides

that no authority enumerated in the statute shall by way of “rule or regulation or by

      35
           See OCGA § 16-11-173 (g).

                                          17
any other means . . . regulate in any manner” the “possession, ownership, transport,

carrying, transfer, sale, purchase, licensing, or registration of firearms or other

weapons or components of firearms or other weapons,” and the only authority which

may regulate such activity is the General Assembly.36 Regardless, there is no evidence

Bordeaux attempted to regulate the possession, transport, or carrying of firearms in

any manner. Rather, the only rule or regulation at issue was Bordeaux’s determination

as to whether Hise was entitled to a GWCL under OCGA § 16-11-129, which is a

statute passed by the General Assembly. As a result, Bordeaux merely construed that

statute and initially concluded Hise was not entitled to a GWCL. But such a

construction, even after it was determined to be in error, does not amount to

regulation. Indeed, were it otherwise and we followed Hise’s logic, every ruling by

a probate judge on a GWCL application under OCGA § 16-11-129—whether he

granted it, properly denied it, or erroneously denied it—would constitute regulation

in contravention of OCGA § 16-11-173. We do not agree with the implication that

the General Assembly would pass a statute that runs afoul of another statute every

      36
           See OCGA § 16-11-173 (b) (1) (B).

                                         18
time the former was applied.37 Accordingly, Bordeaux did not violate OCGA § 16-11-

173 (b) (1), even if the statute does possibly grant a waiver of sovereign immunity in

other contexts (a question we need not reach in this appeal).38

      For all these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s ruling to grant Bordeaux’s

motion to dismiss.39

      Judgment affirmed. Mercier and Markle, JJ., concur.

      37
        See Evans v. Gwinnett Cty. Public Schools, 337 Ga. App. 690, 693 (1) (788
SE2d 577) (2016) (“All statutes are presumed to be enacted by the legislature with
full knowledge of the existing condition of the law and with reference to it.”
(punctuation omitted)).
      38
          See id. at 695-96 (3) (holding that school system did not regulate possession
or carrying of firearms in any manner in violation of OCGA § 16-11-173 (b) (1),
when school official informed father of student at school that, in his opinion, father,
who held GWCL, would be in violation of statute governing weapons in school safety
zones if he carried firearm onto school property and that he would notify authorities
if father did so).
      39
         This Court may affirm a trial court’s grant of a motion to dismiss if it is right
for any reason, so long as the argument was fairly presented to the court below. Here,
Bordeaux asserted several forms of immunity in his answer and motion to dismiss.
See GeorgiaCarry.Org. Inc. v. Bordeaux, 360 Ga. App. 807, 812 (2) n.3 (861 SE2d
649) (2021) (“While it appears that the trial court granted the motion to dismiss
because the controversy was moot rather than based upon a hypothetical or future
contingency, we will affirm the court if it is right for any reason.”); Robinson v.
Becker, 265 Ga. App. 692, 695 n.18 (595 SE2d 319) (2004) (“Although the trial court
apparently did not base its dismissal of appellant’s civil rights claim on judicial
immunity, we will affirm a judgment that is right for any reason.”).

                                           19