Court Opinion

ID: 9902238
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-24 17:00:38.750934+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:48.101449
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                            FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        NOV 24 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    21-50249

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. Nos.
                                                2:19-cr-00313-SVW-1
 v.                                             2:19-cr-00313-SVW

MARK STEVEN DOMINGO,
                                                MEMORANDUM*
                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                   Stephen V. Wilson, District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted November 16, 2023
                              Pasadena, California

Before: RAWLINSON, HURWITZ, and OWENS, Circuit Judges.

      Mark Domingo appeals from his convictions for (1) providing material

support to terrorists in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2339A and (2) attempting to use a

weapon of mass destruction in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2332a(a)(2). He argues

that there was insufficient evidence for the jury to find that he was not entrapped

into committing his crimes. As the parties are familiar with the facts, we do not

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
recount them here. We affirm.

      “When evaluating a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we

determine whether, ‘after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” United States v. Eller, 57 F.4th 1117, 1119

(9th Cir. 2023) (quoting United States v. Nevils, 598 F.3d 1158, 1163–64 (9th Cir.

2010) (en banc)). A rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that

Domingo was not entrapped. The record contained ample evidence to support

either that Domingo “was predisposed to commit the crime before being contacted

by government agents,” or that he “was not induced by the government agents to

commit the crime.” United States v. Temkin, 797 F.3d 682, 691 (9th Cir. 2015)

(quoting United States v. Mejia, 559 F.3d 1113, 1116 (9th Cir. 2009)).

      We consider the following factors when analyzing predisposition: “(1) the

character or reputation of the defendant; (2) whether the government made the

initial suggestion of criminal activity; (3) whether the defendant engaged in the

activity for profit; (4) whether the defendant showed any reluctance; and (5) the

nature of the government’s inducement.” United States v. Gomez, 6 F.4th 992,

1001 (9th Cir. 2021), cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 493 (2022). Because the fifth factor

of the predisposition analysis assumes inducement, even if the jury found that the

government induced Domingo to commit his crimes, evidence of his predisposition

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could independently support the conclusion that he was not entrapped.

      First, Domingo’s “character” and “reputation” suggested an inclination

toward violence that predated his contact with government agents, as shown by the

testimony of his former platoonmate and therapist. Id. “The evidence most

damaging to [Domingo’s] entrapment defense . . . is his own testimony.” United

States v. Reynoso-Ulloa, 548 F.2d 1329, 1336 (9th Cir. 1977). Domingo admitted

on the stand that the government agent with whom he planned the terrorist attack

was “someone who [he] could be [himself] with, uncensored, unfiltered, [he]

didn’t have to put on a mask or disguise with this individual.” Under the second

predisposition factor, Domingo initiated and led the effort to commit a terrorist

attack; for example, like the defendant in United States v. Mohamud, 843 F.3d 420

(9th Cir. 2016), Domingo identified potential target locations after the

government’s initial contact with him but before the suggestion of criminal

activity. See id. at 433.

      Third, though Domingo did not attempt to commit the attack for profit, he

had just as compelling a motivation for his crimes: martyrdom. Considering the

fourth factor, whether Domingo showed any reluctance, in the immediate leadup to

the planned attack, Domingo expressed a preference for a different target. But,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, a rational jury

could have attributed this reluctance to his concerns that there would not be enough

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potential victims to achieve his desired impact at the initial target location, rather

than any hesitation about committing a terrorist attack. Domingo’s ultimate

decision—to give the go-ahead to proceed with the attack—indicated that he no

longer had “any reluctance in going through with a horrific attack that would have

killed and maimed countless people.” Id. Rather, his cumulative actions

“expressed great enthusiasm in seeing it through.” Id.

      Finally, regarding inducement, there was no need for “repeated and

persistent solicitation” or “persuasion” by the government because Domingo spoke

of terrorism unprompted and eagerly planned the attack. United States v. Simas,

937 F.2d 459, 462 (9th Cir. 1991) (quoting Reynoso-Ulloa, 548 F.2d at 1335–36).

He testified that he “wanted to commit mass murder with a bomb.” As a result,

there was sufficient evidence for a rational jury to conclude that Domingo was not

induced into committing his crimes. In the alternative, even assuming inducement,

there still was sufficient evidence from which the jury could find Domingo’s

predisposition to commit his crimes.

      Therefore, a rational jury could have found that Domingo was not entrapped.

      AFFIRMED.

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