Court Opinion

ID: 2803398
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-26 19:06:03.122511+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:29:48.159727
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/26/15 Oliphant v. Shah CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE

WELSEY D. OLIPHANT, et al,

   Cross-complainants, Cross-defendants                                G050693
and Appellants,
                                                                       (Super. Ct. No. INC080090)
         v.
                                                                       OPINION
SURESH SHAH, Individually and as
Trustee, etc.,

   Cross-defendant, Cross-complainant
and Appellant.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Riverside County,
Randall D. White, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, remanded.
                   Snell & Wilmer and Todd E. Lundell for Cross-defendant, Cross-
complainant and Appellant.
                   Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith, Jeffry A. Miller, Lann G. McIntyre;
Nethery/Mueller/Olivier and Martin A. Mueller for Cross-complainants, Cross-
defendants, and Appellants.
                                          *                  *                  *
              This is an appeal from a judgment in favor of Wesley D. Oliphant, Evan
Matzner, and Tuscany Heights, LLC (Tuscany) (collectively plaintiffs)1 by defendants
Suresh Shah and the Shah Family Trust (collectively defendants) over the fallout from a
real estate financing venture. The jury found in favor of plaintiffs on various legal claims
and awarded approximately $858,000 in damages. The court, ruling on various equitable
claims, increased the damages to approximately $1.2 million and awarded attorney fees
and costs, for a total judgment exceeding $1.6 million.
              Defendants argue various errors at trial, one of which would require
outright reversal on all claims if we agreed with their arguments. They claim the court
should have granted their motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict because each
of plaintiffs’ claims was improperly based on parol evidence. We disagree, because the
agreements in question were only partially integrated, and plaintiffs advanced a meaning
to which the agreements were reasonably susceptible.
              Alternatively, defendants contend other errors require a new trial or change
in the judgment. With respect to the jury verdict, defendants claim impeachment
evidence unfairly influenced the jury and the special verdict form was ambiguous. We
find no merit in either of these contentions and affirm the jury verdict.
              With regard to the equitable cause of action for implied contractual
indemnity, defendants argue the statement of decision is inadequate, despite their
requests for clarification. We agree and therefore reverse on this claim, and remand for
further proceedings. We must, accordingly, also therefore direct the trial court to
reconsider the amount of attorney fees awarded.

1Technically, the parties are cross-complainants and cross-defendant, as we will explain
shortly. But for the sake of simplicity and the ease of the reader, we refer to them as
plaintiffs and defendant.

                                              2
                Finally, in a cross-appeal, plaintiffs argue the court should have awarded
prejudgment interest under Civil Code section 3287. We conclude the trial court did not
err in denying plaintiffs’ motion for prejudgment interest.
                                               I
                                           FACTS
                In 2003, Oliphant, Matzner and an additional investor2 formed Tuscany for
the purpose of developing eight acres of real estate in Palm Springs. They executed an
operating agreement accordingly. In 2007, Tuscany borrowed $10.3 million from
Vineyard Bank (Vineyard) to construct the lots and build three model homes, which were
completed the same year. Both Oliphant and Matzner personally guaranteed the loan.
The loan was due by April 2008.
                Tuscany defaulted on the loan, and in August and September 2008,
respectively, Vineyard filed complaints to foreclose on the property and to collect from
Oliphant and Matzner on their guaranties. After those lawsuits were filed, Oliphant and
Matzner negotiated with Vineyard to extend the loan in exchange for a partial payment
and additional collateral. Negotiations continued for some time, and documents were
prepared.
                The extension was not executed, however, because Oliphant and Matzner
began negotiating with Suresh Shah, an acquaintance of Oliphant’s, toward late 2008.
Shah was interested in purchasing an office building Vineyard owned, and Oliphant
suggested the best way to get the bank’s attention was to make an offer on a package of
multiple properties. They eventually agreed to offer Vineyard $9 million in cash both to
purchase the building and to satisfy the Tuscany loan. Oliphant wrote his proposal to the
bank in an e-mail, introducing Shah as a “substantial net worth individual” and proposed

2   This investor dropped out of the project in 2005 or 2006.

                                               3
the $9 million cash offer. Shah reviewed this e-mail before it was sent, telling Oliphant it
was “a perfect letter.”
              The bank counteroffered with $10 million. Shah and Oliphant had already
agreed that $10 million was the likely purchase price. Oliphant went to Shah’s house to
celebrate. But at that time, Shah dropped what Oliphant described as “a bomb,” by
telling Oliphant he did not have the $10 million in cash. Shah did not want to take the
money out of an investment account, so he said he would ask his own bank, California
Bank & Trust, for a loan instead. Oliphant and Shah met there the next day, but
California Bank & Trust eventually turned Shah down, pointing out, among other things,
that Shah needed to clean up a revolving $3 million line of credit he already had with the
bank. Shah also approached several friends, who were ultimately uninterested in
investing.
              Around this time, Oliphant also approached El Paseo Bank (El Paseo)
seeking to borrow an additional $3 million. He sent an e-mail, copied to Shah, stating
that Shah would be the borrower, Shah’s collateral would be another piece of real
property, Shah would personally guaranty the loan, and Tuscany’s ownership would be
divided between Shah and Oliphant 70/30.
              Shah then suggested asking Vineyard to loan them $6 million. Vineyard
instructed Oliphant to get Shah’s financials, which would then be reviewed by a
committee. Shah provided financial statements and other information, and Oliphant put
together a balance sheet based on this information showing Shah had a net worth over
$66 million. Vineyard agreed, but increased the purchase price to $10.25 million. Shah
was able to negotiate a lower interest rate.
              The deal the parties reached would result in Shah becoming a majority
owner of Tuscany, purchasing the office building and buying out Vineyard’s note. Two
agreements were prepared: a purchase and sale agreement (PSA) between Tuscany and

                                               4
Vineyard, which Shah joined separately,and a first amendment to the operating
agreement of Tuscany, signed by Oliphant, Matzner and Shah. The final version of the
first amendment was prepared by Oliphant and Shah, not their attorneys.
               While the negotiations were proceeding, Shah informed Oliphant on
December 12 or 13 that he would be in India for the rest of the month. According to
Oliphant, they came up with the idea of including Tuscany as the borrower on the loan so
that Oliphant could sign the loan documents in Shah’s absence. Shah gave his assistant
full authority to act as his agent.
               The PSA, dated December 26, 2008, specified that Tuscany would
purchase the office building and would also satisfy Vineyard’s prior note. Vineyard
would then make a new loan to Tuscany to finance the purchase price, “guaranteed by
Suresh Shah.” Shah would become the majority owner in Tuscany. Escrow was to close
on or before January 9, 2009.
               At the time the PSA was signed and according to its terms, Oliphant and
Shah each deposited $250,000 into escrow. In the event the deal did not close, the funds
would be applied toward the principal on the outstanding note.
               Shah also signed a separate joinder. The joinder declared that Oliphant and
Matzner agreed to assign Shah a majority of Tuscany upon closing, and that Tuscany
“will continue to be obligated under the [PSA] subsequent to such assignment of the
ownership interests . . . .”
               The first amendment, signed on January 7, 2009, conveyed Matzner’s
entire 50 percent interest to Shah, along with a 30 percent interest from Oliphant. Recital
F stated Oliphant and Shah would recapitalize Tuscany for the purpose of inducing
Vineyard to convey the office building and to reconvey the Tuscany property. The same
provision specified the money for the purchase would come from several sources,
including the $6 million loan set forth in the PSA, which would be “guaranteed by

                                             5
[Shah].” The funds would also come from the El Paseo loan “to [Tuscany] . . . secured
by collateral owned and guaranteed by [Shah].”
              Paragraph 6 of the first amendment discussed company lines of credit. It
stated: “The Company shall obtain two loans . . . a six million dollar . . . and a three
million dollar . . . secured line[] of credit, which shall be personally guaranteed by
[Shah]. The secured lines of credit, or whatever portion therof is needed, shall be used
for the acquisition of a commercial building and the payoff of a promissory note as more
fully identified in the PSA. However, [Oliphant], [Shah] and [Tuscany] agree that
[Tuscany] shall be one hundred percent . . . liable and the primary Guarantor with
borrower(s), etc, et al., for repayment of loan obligations of [Tuscany], on the real
property to be conveyed by Vineyard . . . and for secured or unsecured lines of credit on
any and all property of [Shah] and/or the Shah Family Trust securing [Tuscany] assets. It
is acknowledged that the Lines of Credit and new loans will be the obligations of
[Tuscany]. [Shah] and [Oliphant] personally guarantee any membership obligations they
might have under the operating agreement to the LLC as amended herein.”
              On January 8, 2009, Shah, as managing member of Tuscany, signed the
necessary documents for the company to borrow $6 million from Vineyard. Shah and
Oliphant continued negotiations with El Paseo over the $3 million loan. Richard Davis
of El Paseo informed Oliphant the loan had been approved with Shah’s name as the
borrower and his personal guaranty, with another property owned by Shah, Morningstar
Plaza, as collateral. But El Paseo learned the Morningstar property was held by the Shah
Family Trust, in addition to a number of title issues. The loan was, therefore, not ready
to close by the required date of the PSA, January 9, but Vineyard was willing to extend
the date.
              On January 12, Shah went to El Paseo to sign the loan documents. He saw
that El Paseo had prepared to make the Shah Family Trust the borrower rather than

                                              6
Tuscany. He refused to sign for this reason. According to Davis, he understood that
whomever owned the collateral was to be the borrower on the loan, and Shah had
forwarded family trust documents to El Paseo.
              According to Oliphant, Shah also said that his wife wouldn’t sign the loan
documents with respect to the trust. Oliphant asked El Paseo if they would reissue the
loan documents with Tuscany as the borrower. The bank ultimately said it should not be
a problem. But at that point, Shah went out of town, and, according to Oliphant, refused
to take further steps to close the deal. He did not hear from Shah again until mid-
February, when he sent Oliphant a fax stating he had backed out of the deal because
Oliphant had been dishonest. He said he had never seen the PSA and Oliphant had
concealed the $3 million loan was to Shah rather than Tuscany.
              At that point, the deal was unsalvageable. Vineyard terminated the PSA for
failure to close escrow. Oliphant subsequently revoked his resignation as managing
member of Tuscany. Eventually, Oliphant and Matzner settled for $600,000.
              While the litigation was still pending, however, plaintiffs cross-complained
against Shah and the Shah Family Trust for Shah’s refusal to perform under the first
amendment by obtaining the El Paseo loan. Plaintiffs sued for breach of contract, fraud,
negligent misrepresentation, implied contractual indemnity, and declaratory relief.
Defendants cross-complained, stating 14 causes of action. The jury was asked to decide
the breach of contract and fraud claims at trial.
              At trial, the court bifurcated liability and damages, with the jury first
deciding liability on the legal claims. The jury found for plaintiffs on their claims for
breach of contract and negligent misrepresentation, and found against defendants on their
claims. At the conclusion of the damages phase, the jury awarded plaintiffs $858,506.24.
              The court then considered the equitable claim for implied contractual
indemnity and increased plaintiffs’ award to $1,208,566.20. The court subsequently

                                              7
awarded attorney fees and costs to plaintiffs and denied defendants’ motion to vacate the
judgment and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and also moved for a new trial.
The court denied plaintiffs’ request for prejudgment interest. Both parties now appeal.
                                              II
                                       DISCUSSION
Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict
              We address this issue first, because if defendants are correct and judgment
notwithstanding the verdict should have been granted, we need not address the remaining
issues. Defendants argue the first amendment was a fully integrated agreement, and
under its terms, Tuscany would be the borrower and Shah was only the guarantor. Thus,
the plaintiffs’ contention that Shah should have borrowed the $3 million from El Paseo
was inconsistent with the terms of the written agreement and in violation of the parol
evidence rule. The trial court denied defendants’ motion in limine on this point,
concluding the first amendment was only partially integrated and was sufficiently
ambiguous to allow evidence of a collateral agreement.
              California’s parol evidence rule is codified in section 1856 of the Code of
Civil Procedure. Section 1856, subdivision (a) states: “Terms set forth in a writing
intended by the parties as a final expression of their agreement with respect to the terms
included therein may not be contradicted by evidence of a prior agreement or of a
contemporaneous oral agreement.” The parol evidence rule is a rule of substantive law
that prevents the introduction of extrinsic evidence to vary, alter, or contradict the terms
of a written agreement. (Code Civ. Proc., § 1856, subd. (a); Gerdlund v. Electronic
Dispensers International (1987) 190 Cal.App.3d 263, 270.)
              The operation of the parol evidence rule is a question of law when no
evidentiary conflict exists. (Consolidated World Investments, Inc. v Lido Preferred Ltd.
(1992) 9 Cal.App.4th 373, 378.) Because the only question defendants ask us to rule on

                                              8
here is the applicability of the parol evidence rule, we consider the question
independently, rather than under the more deferential substantial evidence standard under
which we generally decide a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. (Gunnell
v. Metrocolor Laboratories, Inc. (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 710, 718.)
              We begin with the question of whether the contract is integrated. An
integration clause is one factor to consider; indeed, it is often determinative. (Banco Do
Brasil, S.A. v. Latian, Inc. (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 973, 1002-1003.) But other factors
include: (1) whether the parol understanding on the subject at issue naturally might have
been made as a separate agreement and; (2) “the circumstances at the time of the
writing.” (Founding Members of the Newport Beach Country Club v. Newport Beach
Country Club, Inc. (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 944, 953-954 (Founding Members).)
              The original Tuscany operating agreement included an integration clause,
although the first amendment does not. The integration clause states it is “the entire
agreement between the members and supersedes all agreements, representations,
warranties, statements, promises and understandings, whether oral or written, with
respect to the subject matter hereof . . . .” But the integration clause itself creates
something of an ambiguity by referring to superseding other agreements that had
occurred prior to the effective date of the operating agreement, but not any future
amendments. Although the first amendment states “[e]xcept as specifically modified
herein, the Operating Agreement, as modified by this First Amendment, shall remain in
full force and effect as though fully set forth herein, or as subsequently modified,” that
only begs the question as to whether the first amendment does, in fact, modify the
integration clause.
              But both recital F and paragraph 6 refer to other agreements, specifically,
the loans that would be taken out in order to recapitalize and fund Tuscany. Additional
loans equates to additional agreements. Therefore, separate agreements were certainly

                                               9
contemplated that would involve both the parties and the various banks involved. Thus,
given all of the surrounding circumstances, we cannot deem the first amendment and the
operating agreement to be a fully integrated contract. It is, at best, partially integrated.
              When a document is partially integrated, additional evidence of consistent
additional terms is admissible to supplement or explain the agreement, but cannot be used
to “to flatly contradict the express terms of the agreement.” (Consolidated World
Investments, Inc. v Lido Preferred Ltd., supra, 9 Cal.App.4th at p. 379.) Further, the
agreement must be reasonably susceptible to the proffered meaning. (Founding
Members, supra, 109 Cal.App.4th at p. 955.) “A contract must receive such an
interpretation as will make it lawful, operative, definite, reasonable, and capable of being
carried into effect, if it can be done without violating the intention of the parties.” (Civ.
Code, § 1643.)
              Shah points to the following language in recital F: “The inducement . . . [to
Vineyard] shall come from the following funds . . . [a] new $3,000,000 loan to [Tuscany]
from El Paseo Bank secured by collateral owned and guaranteed by [Shah].” He argues
this language is subject to no interpretation other than that Tuscany would be the
borrower and Shah would act only as guarantor. But as plaintiffs point out, this ignores
the following language in paragraph 6: “However, [Oliphant], [Shah] and [Tuscany]
agree that [Tuscany] shall be one hundred percent . . . liable and the primary Guarantor
with borrower(s), etc, et al., for repayment of loan obligations of [Tuscany], on the real
property to be conveyed by Vineyard . . . and for secured or unsecured lines of credit on
any and all property of [Shah] and/or the Shah Family Trust securing [Tuscany] assets. It
is acknowledged that the Lines of Credit and new loans will be the obligations of
[Tuscany].”
              If no other “borrower(s), etc.” besides Tuscany itself were contemplated by
the parties, there was no need to include language stating that Tuscany carried the

                                              10
primary liability. This would be obvious; if Tuscany were the only borrower, then no
language regarding its liability is necessary. “An interpretation rendering contract
language nugatory or inoperative is disfavored. [Citation.]” (Founding Members, supra,
109 Cal.App.4th at p. 957.)
              Thus, we are faced with an ambiguous contract including two important
clauses that require further interpretation. We find the court did not err in admitting all
relevant extrinsic evidence the parties wished to offer on to explain the first amendment’s
meaning. As we are not being asked to decide whether substantial evidence supported
the meaning the jury reached, we need proceed no further on this point.
              Defendants also argue parol evidence should not have been admissible to
support plaintiffs’ negligent misrepresentation claim, but we reject that argument for the
same reasons. Because the first amendment was only partially integrated, we need not
consider the applicability of the fraud exception.

Credibility Evidence
              Defendants argue the court erred by allowing evidence of prior bad acts to
attack Shah’s credibility, necessitating a new trial. This evidence related to the status of
Shah’s medical license. He was a medical doctor (and is sometimes referred to by “Dr.
Shah” in exhibits and testimony) until his license was revoked by the California Medical
Board (CMB). He sought to have his license reinstated in 2008, but was unsuccessful. In
another matter (the Salhotra case), Shah gave a deposition in which he stated the CMB’s
description and the reasons for revoking his license were correct. One such reason was
Shah’s lack of integrity and failure to tell the truth.
              During his deposition in this matter, Shah was asked about his medical
license. Defense counsel was unaware of Shah’s testimony in the Salhotra case at the
time. When asked whether he had sought reinstatement of his license, he testified it

                                               11
would be coming up for reinstatement in 2011. When asked why his license had been
revoked, Shah testified: “There were three different things: One was sex with a patient;
second, was giving too much narcotics to a patient; and the third one was using the same
medical record from the office to the hospital.” He did not mention lack of integrity or
failure to tell the truth, or that he had previously tried, and failed, to have his license
reinstated.
              Prior to trial, defendants sought to exclude any reference to CMB’s
decision pursuant to Evidence Code section 787. He also argued the evidence should be
excluded under Evidence Code section 352. Plaintiffs opposed, arguing Evidence Code
section 787 did not preclude the evidence’s admissibility because it was being offered to
demonstrate that Shah had lied during this case, and was therefore proper impeachment
testimony under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (c). After considering the
matter, the trial court decided the evidence was admissible for impeachment purposes on
the issue of credibility, and any prejudice was outweighed by the evidence’s probative
value.
              “Trial court rulings on the admissibility of evidence, whether in limine or
during trial, are generally reviewed for abuse of discretion. [Citation.]” (Pannu v. Land
Rover North America, Inc. (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 1298, 1317.) Defendants argue the
court abused its discretion by admitting the evidence despite Evidence Code section 787.
(They do not appeal based on Evidence Code section 352.) When a party asserts
evidentiary error, its “burden is to demonstrate the court’s ‘discretion was so abused that
it resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Hernandez v.
Paicius (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 452, 456, overruled on other grounds in People v.
Freeman (2010) 47 Cal.4th 993, 1006-1007, fn.4.)
              Several Evidence Code sections are relevant here. Unless otherwise
provided by statute, Evidence Code section 780 states: “the court or jury may consider in

                                               12
determining the credibility of a witness any matter that has any tendency in reason to
prove or disprove the truthfulness of his testimony at the hearing, including but not
limited to . . . [¶] . . . [¶] (e) His character for honesty or veracity or their opposites.
[¶] . . . [¶] (i) The existence or nonexistence of any fact testified to by him [¶] . . . [¶]
(k) His admission of untruthfulness.”
                 Evidence Code section 786 prohibits evidence of “traits” of character other
than honesty or veracity, or their opposites, to attack or support the credibility of a
witness. Evidence Code section 787 states “evidence of specific instances of his conduct
relevant only as tending to prove a trait of his character is inadmissible to attack or
support the credibility of a witness.” (Italics added.) But under Evidence Code section
1101, subdivision (c), “evidence offered to support or attack the credibility of a witness”
is admissible.
                 Contrary to defendants’ argument, Evidence Code section 787 does not,
preclude evidence of specific incidents to contradict direct testimony of a witness — for
example, to show the witness lied about the facts on the stand. (People v. Moses (1972)
24 Cal.App.3d 384, 396-397.)
                 In People v. Moses, the court considered the admissibility of testimony by a
police officer, Smith, in an undercover narcotics program. The identity of the defendant
was a key issue. The defense contended the trial court erred by not permitting extrinsic
evidence to impeach Smith’s sincerity. “[W]e proceed from the premise that defendant
wanted to provide a basis for the jury to find that Smith was advertently lying when he
told the Pomona officers that the photograph he selected depicted the man he had dealt
with in the bar and when he told the jury that defendant, as he stood in the courtroom,
was that man (i.e., deliberately made a false identification) by: [¶] (a) showing (through
evidence of contrary circumstances) that Smith had lied in court when he said to the jury
that he had never made any misidentifications and that Smith would have been lying to

                                                13
the jury if, being allowed to answer the second question, he had said that he had never
misreported a quantity of contraband; and [¶] (b) showing that Smith lied in his report to
Pomona officers when he said that he had made a buy from John Doe #1 at a certain time
(by proving that at that same time he (Smith) was turning over evidence from another buy
to superior officers).” (People v. Moses, supra, 24 Cal.App.3d at p. 394.)
              The court concluded: “The difference between these two situations is that
in the first one the asserted lie is in court and in the second, out of court. [Recent
caselaw] suggests that (1) proof of the former is allowable, but excludable under a fair
exercise of discretion pursuant to Evidence Code section 352; but that (2) proof of the
latter is impermissible.” (People v. Moses, supra, 24 Cal.App.3d at p. 394.) Thus, a lie
offered under oath in the current proceeding is admissible, whereas an out of court
statement, even one in an official report, was not.
              As the court explained: “‘Section 780 of the Evidence Code provides that,
except as otherwise provided by statute, the court or jury in assessing the witness’
credibility may consider “any matter that has any tendency in reason to prove or disprove
the truthfulness of [the witness’] testimony . . . .” That section sets forth “a convenient
list of the most common factors that bear on the question of credibility.” [Citation.]
Among those matters which the jury or judge may consider is the “existence or
nonexistence” of any fact testified to by the witness. [Citation.] The nonexistence of a
fact testified to is relevant insofar as it is an indication of the witness’ general truthfulness
and credibility on the witness stand. For this reason juries are instructed, as was the jury
in this case, that a witness willfully false in one part of his testimony is not to be trusted
in others.’ [Citation.] Thus, we understand, a jury may consider, as a matter tending in
reason to show the untruthfulness of a witness’ testimony, ‘[t]he nonexistence of a fact
testified to’ by him, even though the subject matter is collateral and the purpose is to
show that the witness is a person prone to mendacity and therefore likely to be lying as to

                                               14
matters directly in issue (see § 787).’” (People v. Moses, supra, 24 Cal.App.3d at p. 396;
see also People v. Lavergne (1971) 4 Cal.3d 735, 742.)
              “The [California] Supreme Court, therefore, despite the introductory
provisional phrase of section 780 does not believe that section 787 prevents showing that
a witness on the stand lied about a specific instance of conduct by establishing what that
conduct really was, even though the result of the combination of the false statement in
court and the extrinsic proof of the circumstance involved tends to prove the trait of
character of propensity to prevaricate.” (People v. Moses, supra, 24 Cal.App.3d at pp.
396-397, fns. omitted.)
              Had plaintiffs tried to raise Shah’s problems with the CMB for the first
time at trial, or if Shah had told the truth about these matters during his deposition, we
would agree with defendants that this evidence would be inadmissible under Evidence
Code section 787. The key difference here is that Shah lied under oath during these
proceedings. Thus, the evidence of Shah’s conduct was not admitted “only as tending to
prove a trait of his character . . . .” (Evid. Code, § 787, italics added.) It was admitted to
show that he lied during these proceedings.
              Deposition testimony is admissible at trial against any party for the purpose
of impeaching the testimony of the deponent. (See Code Civ. Proc., § 2025.620, subd.
(a).) It is the functional equivalent of testimony at trial. As juries are often instructed,
“You must consider the deposition testimony that was presented to you in the same way
as you consider testimony given in court.” (CACI No. 208.) Had Shah lied under oath
on the witness stand in this case, his testimony would have been immediately
impeachable. The result is no different because he gave the false testimony during a
deposition. Shah made his own bed by choosing to lie under oath in this case. The court
did not err by admitting evidence that he did so. Accordingly, a new trial on this ground
was not warranted.

                                              15
Adequacy of Special Verdict Form
              Defendants next argue the special verdict form was ambiguous because the
term “and/or” was used to describe Oliphant and Matzner on one hand, and Shah and the
Shah Family Trust on the other. The court’s intent in using this language was to avoid a
lengthy verdict form that would require the jury to resolve the same issues five separate
times, once for each party. Taken together, as given, the special verdict form on the
complaint and cross-complaint was nine pages long. We review this issue de novo.
(Taylor v. Nabors Drilling, USA, LP (2014) 222 Cal.App.4th 1228, 1242.)
              We conclude that given the context of the facts of this trial, the verdict form
was not ambiguous. An ambiguity only arises if the parties (Oliphant, Matzner, and
Tuscany on plaintiffs’ side and Shah and the Shah Family Trust on the other) were not
agents of each other. Defendants refused to stipulate to this, but offered no evidence to
the contrary at trial. Defendants argue that Matzner might not have reasonably relied on
Shah’s representations, but this is irrelevant if he, Oliphant and Tuscany were each
other’s agents. Similarly, defendants claim the issue at trial was not whether Shah had
authority to act on behalf of the trust, but whether he actually acted as the trustee when
agreeing to borrow money from El Paseo. But again, the fundamental existence of an
agency relationship was not in dispute.
              The jury was also instructed on agency, and the parties could be found
responsible for each other’s actions if acting as agents. They were also instructed on
damages that they must determine the liability of each defendant to plaintiffs separately,
and they must not divide the damages between the defendants. Thus, in light of the
pleadings and the evidence, we conclude there was no ambiguity in the special verdict
form. Absent some indication in the record, we presume the jury followed the court’s
instructions and that its verdict reflects the limitations the instructions imposed. (Cassim

                                             16
v. Allstate Ins. Co. (2004) 33 Cal.4th 780, 803-804; People v. Bradford (1997) 15 Cal.4th
1229, 1337.) A new trial on this ground is unwarranted.

Implied Contractual Indemnity
               Defendants also argue the court’s finding on the implied contractual
indemnity claim cannot be upheld. They argue the statement of decision did not make
any findings necessary to support a verdict for plaintiffs, and such findings cannot be
implied because the omission in the statement of decision was brought to the court’s
attention.
               Defendants state the process to obtain a statement of decision “was
somewhat confused.” Before hearing the equitable claim, the court asked each party to
submit a proposed statement of decision, both of which requested judgment in their favor
on the claims for implied contractual indemnity. The court issued a tentative statement of
decision, which stated: “The Court finds that the Defendants are estopped from asserting
an interpretation of the First Amendment to the Operating Agreement . . . which would
not require Suresh Shah acting as the Managing Member of Tuscany . . . to perform in the
best interests of all the members of Tuscany . . . and to obtain the $3000000 loan from El
Paseo Bank . . . pursuant to the executed Purchase and Sale Agreement . . . . It would be
unfair and unreasonable for the Court to accept the assertion that Defendants were
required to obtain the loan from El Paseo Bank if and only if it was directly to Tuscany
. . . as the borrower.”
               The tentative also states defendants were aware of the circumstances of the
El Paseo loan on a continuing basis from December 24, 2008 forward, that Shah’s refusal
to sign breached his representations that he would obtain and guarantee the necessary
financing, that defendants never denied that the borrower could either be Shah or the
family trust, and that defendants failure to complete the transaction resulted in

                                             17
foreseeable consequences to plaintiffs, who detrimentally relied on the promises to
perform.
              Defendants then requested a statement of decision, or alternatively, offered
objections to the tentative. One of the requested findings for the statement of decision
was “[w]hether Plaintiffs have satisfied the elements of implied equitable indemnity, and
if so, the legal and factual basis for the finding that they have.” The objections stated the
tentative “omits any discussion of whether Plaintiffs have satisfied the elements of
implied equitable indemnity . . . .” As far as we can tell, there was no effort to correct the
tentative.
              Plaintiffs do not argue the statement of decision clearly addressed the
subject of implied contractual indemnity.3 They do argue defendants failed to timely
request a statement of decision or object to it. We disagree. The tentative was filed on
August 14, 2012. Defendants filed their request for statement of decision and objections
on September 12. The proposed judgment was filed on September 18.
              California Rules of Court, rule 3.1590(d) requires a statement of decision to
be requested within 10 days of the date of the tentative. But even if we assume the pre-
filed proposed statements of decision did not act as a sufficient request, objections to a
proposed statement of decision are not required to be filed until 15 days after both the
proposed statement of decision and judgment are served. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule
3.1590(g).) The proposed judgment was not filed until after defendants filed their request
for a statement of decision and objections. Thus, even if the request for the statement of

3 The doctrine of implied contractual indemnity has its roots in equity. Such indemnity
is “available when two parties in a contractual relationship were both responsible for
injuring a third party; recovery rested on the theory that ‘a contract under which the
indemnitor undertook to do work or perform services necessarily implied an obligation to
do the work involved in a proper manner and to discharge foreseeable damages resulting
from improper performance absent any participation by the indemnitee in the wrongful
act precluding recovery.’ [Citations.]” (Prince v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co. (2009) 45
Cal.4th 1151, 1159.)

                                             18
decision was untimely (which we question), the nearly identical objections to the
tentative were timely filed.
              We also agree with defendants that both the request for a statement of
decision and the objections were sufficient to bring the deficiencies in the tentative to the
court’s attention. “A statement of decision explains the factual and legal bases for the
trial court’s decision in a nonjury trial. [Citation.] If the statement of decision fails to
decide a controverted issue or is ambiguous, any party may bring the omission or
ambiguity to the trial court’s attention either before the entry of judgment or in
conjunction with a new trial motion or a motion to vacate the judgment under Code of
Civil Procedure section 663. [Citation.] If an omission or ambiguity is brought to the
trial court’s attention, the reviewing court will not infer findings or resolve an ambiguity
in favor of the prevailing party on that issue. [Citation.]” (Uzyel v. Kadisha (2010) 188
Cal.App.4th 866, 896, fn. omitted.) “To bring an omission or ambiguity to the trial
court’s attention for purposes of Code of Civil Procedure section 634, a party must
identify the defect with sufficient particularity to allow the court to correct the defect.
[Citation.]” (Ibid.) Here, identifying the lack of any specificity in the tentative about the
implied contractual indemnity cause of action was more than sufficient. We therefore
cannot imply findings to support the court’s conclusion on the equitable claim, and we
must reverse the judgment on this point. (Social Service Union v. County of Monterey
(1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 676, 681.) While defendants claim we can find in their favor as a
matter of law, we believe it is ill-advised to do so without even learning the court’s
reasons for its decision.
              Moreover, we note this is not a per se reversal. The lack of an adequate
statement of decision hampers any efforts for this court to resolve the substantive issues
defendants raise. Defendants claim a lack of substantial evidence that Shah’s “failure to
complete the transaction with El Paseo Bank caused harm to Vineyard Bank or any third

                                              19
party” or that plaintiffs “were held liable or required to pay any damages.” We cannot
tell what damages the court was awarding or for what reason. Plaintiffs requested
$1,458,586 in actual damages on both the equitable and legal claims; the jury awarded
$858,506. The court increased the total award to $1,208,566 on the equitable claim, an
increase of $350,060. Plaintiffs argue the increase is due to Tuscany’s presence as a
plaintiff on the equitable claim, but as defendants point out, it is unclear what damages
Tuscany suffered that were not also suffered by Oliphant and Matzner, or how those
damages were properly awarded in the context of indemnifying plaintiffs for losses
suffered by a third party.
              On remand, the parties must bear in mind that a claim for implied
contractual indemnification is, at its heart, an indemnification claim. Damages must
therefore be tied to amounts that plaintiffs were required to pay third parties. It is not
appropriate to award all damages proximately caused as a result of the breach; doing so
destroys any distinction between an implied contractual indemnity claim and a legal
claim for breach of contract. Perhaps the court’s judgment intended to only award
damages based on a finding that defendants must indemnify plaintiffs for losses to third
parties, but based on the current statement of decision, we simply cannot tell. Therefore,
this claim must be reversed and remanded for further proceedings. The trial court is
directed to prepare a statement of decision explaining the factual and legal bases for its
decision to decide in plaintiffs’ favor on the equitable claim and how the damages were
computed. (Espinoza v Calva (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 1393, 1398)
              Due to our conclusion that reversal is required, we need not further address
defendants’ claim that the amount of damages on the equitable claim should not have
exceeded the amount of damages on the legal claim.

                                              20
Attorney Fees
              Defendants argue that when the rest of the judgment fails, the attorney fee
award must also fail. As reflected above, we have a mixed decision here, with an
affirmance in plaintiffs’ favor on the legal claims and a reversal and remand on the
equitable claim. Accordingly, we direct the trial court to reconsider the attorney fee
award in light of its actions on remand.

Prejudgment Interest
              Plaintiffs’ cross-appeal on the issue of whether they should have been
awarded prejudgment interest. The trial court reserved this issue for itself before the jury
began deliberating. The court’s tentative decision on the equitable issues awarded “pre-
judgment interest to be determined.” After briefing by both parties, the trial court denied
plaintiffs’ motion for prejudgment interest on the grounds that the amount of damage was
not certain or capable of being made certain as required by Civil Code section 3287,
subdivision (a). Plaintiffs contend they are either entitled to interest under section 3287,
subdivision (a), or as a discretionary matter under section 3287, subdivision (b).
              Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (a) states: “A person who is entitled
to recover damages certain, or capable of being made certain by calculation, and the right
to recover which is vested in the person upon a particular day, is entitled also to recover
interest thereon from that day, except when the debtor is prevented by law, or by the act
of the creditor from paying the debt.”
              Prejudgment interest “is generally denied ‘because of the general equitable
principle that a person who does not know what sum is owed cannot be in default for
failure to pay. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Lucky United Properties Investments, Inc. v. Lee
(2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 635, 652-653.) The statutory exception applies only when
damages are “certain, or capable of being made certain . . . .” (§ 3287, subd. (a).)

                                             21
Essentially, prejudgment interest is only available when “‘there is essentially no dispute
between the parties concerning the basis of computation of damages if any are
recoverable but where their dispute centers on the issue of liability giving rise to
damage.’ [Citation.]” (Wisper Corp. v. California Commerce Bank (1996) 49
Cal.App.4th 948, 958.) The test is whether “defendant actually know[s] the amount
owed or from reasonably available information could the defendant have computed that
amount.” (Chesapeake Industries, Inc. v. Togova Enterprises, Inc. (1983) 149
Cal.App.3d 901, 907, 911.)
              Here, plaintiffs argue there was no dispute about the amounts Oliphant
testified to at trial as out-of-pocket expenses. A spreadsheet summary was offered by
plaintiffs at trial, and this was the only evidence of damages. Therefore, they argue, the
amount of damages were undisputed.
              Defendants counter that plaintiffs’ claimed amount of damages changed
numerous times during the pendency of the case. The complaint sought damages
“according to proof” to be determined at trial. The complaint alleged defendants exposed
plaintiffs to $10 million in liability to Vineyard “as well as continuing expenses, costs,
and attorney’s fees.” Thereafter, plaintiffs sent defendants a summary of damages report
estimating approximately $2,085,295.51. Later, plaintiffs revised their summary to
approximately $1.5 million. During trial, plaintiffs first asserted damages of
$1,489,121.24, which they later changed to $1,458,586.24. The second calculation was
the total sought on both the legal and equitable claims. Neither the court nor the jury
awarded either of these amounts.
              Given this uncertainty, we disagree with plaintiffs that the amount the
summary of damages they presented at trial was the final word on the matter. As a
threshold matter, the amount of damages was contested at trial after liability was
determined.

                                             22
              Moreover, the propriety of prejudgment interest does not simply depend on
the evidence presented at trial, but the defendant’s actual knowledge. (Chesapeake
Industries, Inc. v. Togova Enterprises, Inc., supra, 149 Cal.App.3d at pp. 907, 911.) The
ever-changing amounts of damages claimed by plaintiffs do not lend itself to such
certainty. Plaintiffs claim defendants could easily have computed the damages due, but
given that they could not do so on a consistent basis, we find it unreasonable to expect
defendants to do the same. The fact that plaintiffs finally figured out what they wanted to
claim as damages by the time the trial date arrived does not mean that damages were
readily calculable all along. This is not a mere discrepancy between the pleadings and
the judgment, as plaintiffs suggest; it reflects a genuine confusion as to the amount
plaintiffs claimed they had lost. We therefore conclude the trial court did not err by
finding prejudgment interest was not appropriate under Civil Code section 3287,
subdivision (a).
              Plaintiffs’ initial brief on the cross-appeal also offered a two-paragraph
argument contending they were entitled to prejudgment interest as a discretionary matter
under Civil Code section 3287, subdivision (b). We agree with defendants that this
argument was poorly developed and therefore waiver of the issue is appropriate on that
basis alone.4 (Benach v. County of Los Angeles (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 836, 852.)
              In addition, however, these grounds were not included in plaintiffs’ moving
papers in the trial court. While plaintiffs’ reply brief admits this is a discretionary
doctrine, they also argue we can decide it as “a question of law based on facts established
in the record.” Plaintiffs are incorrect. The question of law exception does not apply
where we are reviewing a court’s ruling for abuse of discretion, which is exactly the case
here. (Gonzalez v. County of Los Angeles (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1124, 1131-1132.)

4 Plaintiffs’ expanded argument in its reply brief is not sufficient to save the issue from
waiver. Absent a showing of good cause, we need not consider issues raised for the first
time in a reply brief. (Schubert v. Reynolds (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 100, 108.)

                                              23
Plaintiffs’ statement of the issue is whether “the court [should] have exercised its
discretion to award prejudgment interest from the date the cross-complaint was filed?” It
is not our role to put ourselves in the trial court’s shoes on a wholly discretionary matter
that was never raised below. Plaintiffs have waived this issue.
                                             III
                                      DISPOSITION
              The jury’s verdict on the legal causes of action is affirmed. The court’s
verdict on the equitable claim is reversed and remanded with instructions for the trial
court to prepare a new statement of decision. The attorney fee award is also reversed for
the trial court to reconsider based on its decisions on remand. Each party shall bear its
own costs on appeal.

                                                   MOORE, J.

WE CONCUR:

RYLAARSDAM, ACTING P. J.

THOMPSON, J.

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