Court Opinion

ID: 2800044
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-12 15:01:50.518956+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:12:28.324260
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 15a0356n.06

                                            Case No.14-1725                                    FILED
                                                                                        May 12, 2015
                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                          DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

CARLOS BRIGGS,                                            )
                                                          )
        Plaintiff-Appellant,                              )
v.                                                        )       ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                          )       STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
UNIVERSITY OF DETROIT-MERCY, et al.,                      )       THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
                                                          )       MICHIGAN
        Defendants-Appellees.                             )
                                                          )       OPINION
                                                          )
                                                          )

BEFORE: KETHLEDGE and DONALD, Circuit Judges; McCALLA, District Judge.*

        BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Carlos Briggs sued

his former employer, the University of Detroit-Mercy (“UDM”), and its athletic director, Keri

Gaither (“Gaither”), for unlawful retaliation in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of

1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a), amongst other claims. On May 27, 2014, the district

court granted summary judgment in favor of UDM and Gaither. For the reasons stated herein,

we AFFIRM.

                                                     I.

        On July 16, 2007, Briggs began working at UDM as one of three assistant coaches for the

men’s basketball team. Briggs’ responsibilities included daily coaching activities, recruiting

*
 The Honorable Jon P. McCalla, United States District Judge for the Western District of Tennessee, sitting by
designation.
Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

players, and occasional overnight travel. In Spring 2008, Gaither became Athletic Director. Her

responsibilities included overseeing the basketball program, supervising Briggs’ boss, the head

basketball coach, and reporting to UDM’s president. In August 2009, during a team exhibition

trip to Spain, Briggs learned that Gaither was having an affair with another assistant coach,

Derek Thomas. Briggs explained in his deposition that he did not report the affair because

Gaither and Thomas were “two adults, . . . [Briggs] was not the morality police[,] . . . [and the

affair was] on them, their husbands, wives, and God. PageID 1288. Briggs further explained

that he had “nothing to do with that.” Id.

           Once Gaither’s affair “started affecting the basketball team, [Briggs’] job, and things like

that,” however, Briggs allegedly reported Gaither’s affair and conduct to the head basketball

coach in 2010 and 2011.1 PageID 1289. Specifically, Briggs felt that Gaither (1) rejected

candidates that Briggs had identified for basketball scholarships so that candidates recruited by

Thomas would face less competition for scholarships; (2) traveled with the team to away games

so Thomas could illicitly “slip into [her] hotel room after the team’s curfew, causing the players

to leave their rooms to go stand outside the door to [her] room, giggling while they listened to

the sounds of Gaither and Thomas apparently having sex;” (3) engaged in behavior that elicited

outraged calls to Briggs from parents who were concerned about their sons’ exposure “to

Gaither[’s] and Thomas’ sexual conduct;” (4) openly showed favoritism to some players as a

reward for their silence; and (5) unfairly punished other players who might be expected to

divulge the affair or who were Briggs’ recruits, including removing several players from the

basketball program, resulting in their leaving UDM. PageID 13-14.

1
    Briggs was allegedly never advised whether the head coach took any action in response.

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Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

        On August 26, 2012, Briggs disclosed his knowledge of Gaither and Thomas’ affair as an

“anonymous” reporter via UDM’s web-based whistleblower tool. The whistleblower report

stated, in pertinent part:

        I am [an] Assistant Men’s Basketball Coach, one of three on our staff. We report
        to the Head Coach who reports to the Athletic Director [(“AD”)]. The Athletic
        Director has been having sexual relations with my fellow assistant [coach] Derek
        Thomas since our team trip to Spain in the summer of 2009. I know because
        Derek and I have been roommates on the road the whole time. Whenever the AD
        travels with the team I have the room to myself. The favoritism the AD shows
        Derek has caused a lot of difficulty and drag on our growth as a basketball
        program. The AD’s resentment for me because she knows I know about their
        affair and because she resents my ability to recruit and do other work functions
        better than her lover threatens my job status. She has consistently acted to
        undermine me during the past year.

PageID 1426.

        Steve Nelson, UDM’s Associate Vice-President for Human Resources, responded by

thanking Briggs for the report, and the next day asked that Briggs “provide more details to

facilitate the investigation.” PageID 1428. Briggs was initially hesitant, allegedly because he

desired to remain anonymous. Nelson pointed out that by identifying himself as Derek Thomas’

fellow Assistant Men’s Basketball Coach, Briggs had already narrowed the possibilities to just

two individuals, but nevertheless assured Briggs that UDM would protect him from any

retaliation. Eventually, Briggs agreed to meet Nelson at a Tim Horton’s restaurant on September

7, 2012 to discuss the whistleblower report.

        After this face-to-face meeting with Nelson, Briggs alleges that UDM either directly or

indirectly disclosed his identity to Gaither, resulting in (1) increased hostility and harassment by

Gaither, and (2) Gaither falsely accusing Briggs of misconduct on the job.

        UDM investigated the allegation contained in Briggs’ whistleblower report but Gaither

and Thomas denied any sexual relationship. UDM closed its investigation of Briggs’ report on

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Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

September 15, 2012, and conveyed to Briggs that “appropriate action has been taken.” PageID

1430. Dissatisfied with UDM’s investigation and Gaither and Thomas’ continued employment,

on September 18, 2012, Briggs emailed Nelson and copied UDM’s president, stating that the

“lines of authority have been permanently compromised” and questioned whether there was

“anywhere else [he] can go to get this cleaned up.” PageID 750. UDM did not disclose the

contents of its investigation but assured Briggs that “he would be fine and should just go back to

work.” PageID 16.

       Meanwhile, Briggs’ workplace conduct had caused concern and resulted in e-mail

exchanges regarding his behavior, from as early as April 2, 2010. Specifically, Briggs’ behavior

on at least two occasions led to complaints that he threatened (1) a female Assistant Athletic

Director as she tried to explain UDM’s gasoline expense reimbursement procedures to Briggs;

and (2) coaching staff from another school after they sent an e-mail complaining that Briggs had

compromised the integrity of his UDM department by calling a fellow coach a “racist” and a

“punk-ass” in public.     PageID 617.     Briggs’ behavior was addressed in a Performance

Improvement Plan (“PIP”) that had been prepared in draft form with input from Briggs’

supervisors and UDM’s human resources department. The PIP was not formally presented to

Briggs prior to his termination and the parties agree that the PIP was “not being compiled with

the intent of firing Briggs.” PageID 1221, 1224.

       On October 10, 2012, UDM’s Head Women’s Basketball Coach, Autumn Rademacher,

complained to UDM that Briggs interfered with her ability to obtain a head coaching job at

Eastern Michigan University (“EMU”). On October 14, 2012, UDM received a complaint from

Mort Meisner, head of UDM’s PR contracting firm, that Briggs had threatened and/or assaulted

Mort Meisner and his daughter at a UDM facility on October 12, 2012. Nelson met with Briggs

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Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

to discuss the complaints. Briggs denied interfering with Rademacher’s EMU job and denied

threatening/assaulting Mort Meisner and his daughter. In investigating Rademacher’s complaint,

UDM reviewed cell phone activity from work-issued phones in the athletics department. In the

course of that investigation, UDM inadvertently discovered text messages that proved Gaither

and Thomas’ affair, and decided to quickly act on the information.

        Within a few days, on October 31, 2012, UDM advised Thomas and Gaither that their

employment would be terminated, and Gaither, given her 29-year tenure at UDM, opted instead

to voluntarily retire.      The following day, on November 1, 2012, UDM terminated Briggs’

employment. The termination letter specified that “[t]he grounds for the termination are that

[Briggs] acted in a threatening manner toward Mort Meisner and his daughter on the evening of

October 12, 2012 at Calihan Hall, and that [Briggs] attempted to interfere in an employment

opportunity that Autumn Rademacher had at Eastern Michigan University.” PageID 746.2

                                                        II.

        Upon his termination, Briggs sued Gaither, UDM and its PR contractors, Mort Meisner

Associates, Inc., and its president, Mort Meisner (collectively “Meisner”) in state court for

money damages based on six claims, including that UDM discharged him in unlawful retaliation

under Title VII. After removing the case to federal court, Gaither/UDM and Meisner moved

separately for summary judgment.

        The district court granted Meisner’s motion for summary judgment, dismissing each of

Briggs’ claims against Meisner in piece-meal fashion in orders dated August 28, 2013, May 7,

2014, and June 16, 2014. Briggs appealed only the May 7, 2014 order and specified that he

“challenges only that aspect of the district court’s May 7, 2014, Opinion and Order that related to

2
 Briggs’ termination letter reminded him that he could be terminated with or without cause, as per the terms of his
employment agreement, but that the specified grounds were sufficient cause to warrant termination. Therefore,
Briggs was terminated for cause.

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Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

Briggs’ defamation claim.” Appellant’s Br. 6, fn. 5. In particular, Briggs disagrees with the

district court’s finding that Briggs was a limited purpose public figure and failed to meet his

evidentiary burden to show that Meisner had acted with the requisite malice to be liable for

defamation. Appellant’s Br. 3.

       Gaither/UDM’s motion to dismiss, which was construed as a summary judgment motion

because of its attached exhibits, argued that Briggs did not make a prima facie case of Title VII

retaliation because he failed to demonstrate two necessary elements (1) that he engaged in

protected activity under Title VII, and (2) that there was a causal connection between such

activity and his termination.

       Before the district court, Briggs opposed Gaither/UDM’s motion as to his state law

retaliation claim but did not discuss his Title VII retaliation claim at all. The district court noted

that “[b]y failing to present any argument or evidence supporting his Title VII retaliation claim

in his response, [Briggs] has forfeited any argument that summary judgment on that claim is

inappropriate.” PageID 1798 (citing Brown v. Gojcaj Foods, Inc., No. 09–14537, 2011 WL

1980533, at *3 (E.D. Mich. May 20, 2011)). Nevertheless, the district court considered the facts

on record before determining that “[n]o reasonable jury could find that when Plaintiff reported

Gaither and Thomas’s relationship, and the resulting favoritism of Thomas, he had a reasonable

and good faith belief that he was reporting Title VII sex discrimination or sexual harassment,”

and that Gaither/UDM was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. PageID 1799. Accordingly,

the district court granted summary judgment in favor of Gaither/UDM as to all six claims on

May 27, 2014. Briggs appealed the decision challenging “only that aspect of the district court’s

May 27, 2014, Opinion and Order that related to his claim for Retaliation in Violation of Title

VII.” Appellant’s Br. at 8, fn. 6, and at 37, fn. 11.

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Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

        After Briggs’ appellate briefing was filed, Meisner was dismissed from this appeal

pursuant to a stipulation on October 27, 2014. On the same day Gaither/UDM filed its appeal

brief which addressed the district court’s May 7, 2014 order granting summary judgment to

Meisner and its underlying findings with respect to Briggs’ defamation claims. Gaither/UDM’s

inclusion of this argument appears prophylactic and ultimately unnecessary because (1) Briggs’

defamation arguments on appeal are directed only at Meisner, who was subsequently dismissed

from the appeal; (2) Briggs does not argue that UDM was liable for Meisner’s allegedly

defamatory statements; and (3) Briggs does not challenge the district court’s May 27, 2014

decision as to UDM’s liability for Meisner’s alleged defamation.3

        Accordingly, we review only the district court’s May 27, 2014 order granting summary

judgment to Gaither/UDM and limit our review, as requested by Briggs, to his Title VII

retaliation claim. Briggs now argues that (1) he did not forfeit any argument against summary

judgment of his Title VII retaliation claim, and (2) the district court’s analysis preceding its grant

of summary judgment was inadequate. We consider each of his arguments in turn.

                                                     III.

        We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Sjostrand v. Ohio State

Univ., 750 F.3d 596, 599 (6th Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is warranted “if the movant shows

that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “The moving party is entitled to summary judgment if the

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant

3
 The district court acknowledged Briggs’ argument that UDM and Gaither were responsible for Meisner’s alleged
defamation under a respondeat superior theory and ruled that “[b]ecause the court has already determined that
Meisner’s alleged statements are not defamatory, the question of whether [UDM] can be held liable for Meisner’s
alleged defamation of [Briggs] is moot,” Page ID 1795.

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Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Samuels v. Corr. Med. Servs., 591 F. App’x 475, 483

(6th Cir. 2015) (emphasis added).

          In deciding whether summary judgment is appropriate, this Court views “all evidence in

the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Himmel v. Ford Motor Co., 342 F.3d 593, 598

(6th Cir. 2003) (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586

(1986)). The Court must also “draw all reasonable inferences in [the nonmoving party’s] favor.”

Henderson v. Walled Lake Consol. Sch., 469 F.3d 479, 487 (6th Cir. 2006). However, “the mere

existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise

properly supported motion for summary judgment; the requirement is that there be no genuine

issue of material fact.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986) (emphasis

in original). A genuine issue of material fact exists where “there is sufficient evidence favoring

the nonmoving party for a jury to return a verdict for that party.” Id. at 249.

                                                 IV.

          In support of his argument that he did not forfeit his Title VII retaliation claim, Briggs

asserts that his response to UDM’s summary judgment motion “mentioned the word ‘retaliate’ or

some derivative form no less than 33 times.” Appellant’s Br. 38. While that may be an accurate

statistic, Briggs appears to be conflating his Michigan state-law retaliation claim with a Title VII

retaliation claim. Briggs may not preserve arguments in support of his claim of Title VII

retaliation by pleading his claim of retaliation under Michigan’s Whistleblower Protection Act.

See Brown v. VHS of Mich., Inc., 545 Fed. App’x 368, 371 (6th Cir. 2013) (“[E]ven if two claims

provide the same remedy, a plaintiff asserting both needs to establish the legal elements of

each.”)

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Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

        Briggs cited no authority and made no legal argument as to his Title VII retaliation claim

before the district court. Indeed, a discussion of Title VII retaliation is glaringly absent in

Briggs’ summary judgment response which includes sub-sections devoted to Briggs’ other

claims. “This Court’s jurisprudence on abandonment of claims is clear: a plaintiff is deemed to

have abandoned a claim when a plaintiff fails to address it in response to a motion for summary

judgment.” VHS, 545 Fed. App’x at 372 (quoting Hicks v. Concorde Career Coll., 449 F. App’x

484, 487 (6th Cir. 2011) (holding that a district court properly declines to consider the merits of a

claim when a plaintiff fails to address it in a response to a motion for summary judgment) and

Clark v. City of Dublin, 178 F. App’x 522, 524-25 (6th Cir. 2006)).

        That said, a district court may not use a party’s failure to respond (in whole or in part) as

a reason for granting summary judgment “without first examining all the materials properly

before it under Rule 56(c).” FTC v. E.M.A. Nationwide, Inc., 767 F.3d 611, 630 (6th Cir. 2014)

(quoting Smith v. Hudson, 600 F.2d 60, 65 (6th Cir. 1979)).4 This is so because “[a] party is

never required to respond to a motion for summary judgment in order to prevail since the burden

of establishing the nonexistence of a material factual dispute always rests with the movant.” Id.

(quoting Smith, 600 F.2d at 64) (alteration in original). Therefore, even where a motion for

summary judgment is unopposed (in whole or in part), a district court must review carefully the

portions of the record submitted by the moving party to determine whether a genuine dispute of

material fact exists. Id. However, “[n]either the trial nor appellate court . . . will sua sponte

comb the record from the partisan perspective of an advocate for the non-moving party.”

4
 See, also, Guarino v. Brookfield Twp. Trs., 980 F.2d 399, 405 (6th Cir. 1992) (citing InterRoyal Corp. v.
Sponseller, 889 F.2d 108, 111 (6th Cir. 1989)) (holding that the “burden” of responding with specificity, involves
presenting the record facts with enough specificity that the district court can readily identify the facts upon which
the nonmoving party relies, and that this burden is “really an opportunity to assist the court in understanding the
facts. But if the non-moving party fails to discharge that burden –for example, by remaining silent—its opportunity
is waived and its case wagered.”)

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Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

Guarino, 980 F.2d at 410. Based on the district court’s articulated analysis we find that the court

did not overlook any genuine dispute of material fact. E.M.A. Nationwide, 767 F.3d at 630.

       The district court properly articulated the elements of a prima facie case of Title VII

retaliation: a showing that the “(1) [plaintiff] engaged in activity protected by Title VII; (2) this

exercise of protected rights was known to the defendant; (3) the defendant thereafter took an

adverse employment action against the plaintiff; and (4) there was a causal connection between

the protected activity and the adverse employment action.”           Martin v. Toledo Cardiology

Consultants, Inc., 548 F.3d 405, 412 (6th Cir. 2008). “Under Title VII, there are two types of

protected activity: participation in a proceeding with the Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission (‘EEOC’) and opposition to an apparent Title VII violation.” Wasek v. Arrow

Energy Servs., 682 F.3d 463, 469 (6th Cir. 2012); see also 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a). An

employer violates Title VII by discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national

origin. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(2).

       With respect to the first type of protected activity, Briggs was not retaliated against

because he participated in an EEOC proceeding.               To the contrary, his employment was

terminated before he filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC. Turning to Briggs’

“opposition” to Title VII violation(s) as the basis for his alleged protected activity, the district

court considered Briggs’ assertion that he was opposing sex discrimination by reporting

Gaither’s affair and favoritism to UDM, and cooperating with UDM’s investigation into his

whistleblower report. Moving for summary judgment, UDM argued that Briggs neither engaged

in protected activity nor had a good faith reasonable belief that he was doing so. Before the

district court, Briggs failed to respond to this argument.

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Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

       Even so, the district court conducted a protected activity inquiry. Having found that

UDM did not engage in sex discrimination, the district court held that the conduct underlying

Briggs’ protected activity claim was not—in fact—unlawful under Title VII. Notably, Briggs

does not contest the district court’s finding that UDM did not engage in sex discrimination or any

other conduct made unlawful by Title VII.

       Recognizing that protected activity also includes “opposing any practice that the

employee reasonably believes to be a violation of Title VII . . . whether or not the challenged

practice ultimately is found to be unlawful,” the district court continued its analysis. PageID

1799 (quoting Simpson v. Vanderbilt Univ., 359 F. App’x 562, 570-71 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing

Johnson v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 215 F.3d 561, 579-80 (6th Cir. 2000)).). Specifically, the district

court considered whether Briggs had a reasonable and good faith belief that he was reporting

conduct that was unlawful under Title VII when he reported the affair and its alleged impact.

       The record before the district court suggested that Briggs did not believe he was engaging

in protected activity when he complained about the affair or when he participated in the ensuing

investigation.   For example, in his response to UDM’s summary judgment motion, Briggs

admitted that he did not tell anyone about Gaither and Thomas’ affair initially because the

conduct only affected them and, although Briggs did not approve of the affair, he did not

consider himself to be the “morality police.” PageID 1288. In other words, Briggs recognized

that an affair, while perhaps morally questionable, was not itself in violation of Title VII.

       However, as the affair continued, Gaither allegedly began openly displaying favoritism

towards Thomas at Briggs’ expense, treating Briggs in a harsh manner and unfairly devaluing his

work in order to further Thomas’ career. By the 2010-2011 season Gaither had allegedly

blocked or rejected several student-athletes recruited by Briggs without justification in an

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Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

attempt to have available scholarships awarded to players recruited by Thomas. Despite these

circumstances, Briggs waited another two years before he was driven to submitting a

whistleblower report, which he states he did because of harm to his career and injustice done to

student-athletes as a result of Gaither’s open favoritism. On these facts, the question becomes

whether Briggs reasonably believed that an affair combined with favoritism was unlawful under

Title VII.

        Briggs never argued before the district court that he believed that complaining of

favoritism for a paramour was protected activity under Title VII, much less that such a belief

would be reasonable. On the other hand, UDM argued persuasively that Briggs held no such

belief and even if he did, such belief would not be reasonable. For example, UDM cited several

cases, all holding that it was unreasonable for a plaintiff to believe that complaining of

“favoritism for paramours” was protected activity. PageID 645-46 (citing Stanley v. Insights

Training Group, LLC, 2013 WL 76123 (W.D. Ky. Jan. 4, 2013) and Sullivan v. Paycor, Inc.,

2013 WL 2286069, at *5 (W.D. Ky. May 23, 2013)).5 Briggs did not cite any cases to the

contrary, and the district court, after its own analysis, concluded that there were none. Page ID.

1799 (“[A]s far as this court is aware, every other court to have considered the issue has found

that a plaintiff who expressed opposition to favoritism resulting from a consensual affair did not

have a reasonable basis to believe he or she was opposing an unlawful practice.”) (citations

omitted). The district court’s analysis ended at the first element of a prima facie showing of Title

VII retaliation, after finding that Briggs failed to meet his burden.

5
 Though district courts in this Circuit and other Circuits to have considered this issue have been unanimous in their
decisions, Briggs may be correct that we have not previously ruled on the merits of the issue in this Circuit.
However, we decline to do so now and hold that this has no bearing on our instant review of the district court’s
articulated analysis “to ensure that it did not overlook any genuine dispute of material fact.” E.M.A. Nationwide,
767 F.3d at 630.

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Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

       In challenging the district court’s decision on appeal, Briggs argues for the first time that

a “reasonable jury could find that when [he] reported Gaither and Thomas’s relationship and its

resulting favoritism Briggs had a reasonable and good faith belief that he was reporting Title VII

sex discrimination because the issue remains unresolved in this Circuit.” Appellant’s Br. 42.

The underlying implication is that in the absence of Sixth Circuit precedent expressly stating that

“a plaintiff who expressed opposition to favoritism resulting from a consensual affair did not

have a reasonable basis to believe he or she was opposing an unlawful practice,” Briggs must be

absolved of an unreasonable mistake of law.

       Unfortunately for Briggs, “[i]t is well-settled that this [C]ourt will not consider arguments

raised for the first time on appeal,” and we do not believe that “our failure to consider the issue

[raised by Briggs] will result in a plain miscarriage of justice.” In re Hood, 319 F.3d 755, 760

(6th Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Armstrong v. City of

Melvindale, 432 F.3d 695, 700 (6th Cir. 2006) (“It is well-settled that this court’s function is to

review the case presented to the district court, rather than a better case fashioned after an . . .

unfavorable order.”) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); Pinney Dock & Transp.

Co. v. Penn Cent. Corp., 838 F.2d 1445, 1461 (6th Cir. 1988) (quoting Singleton v. Wulff, 428

U.S. 106, 121 (1976)) (noting that identifying circumstances where failure to consider would

entail a plain miscarriage of justice is “left primarily to the discretion of the courts of appeals, to

be exercised on the facts of individual cases”). Because the district court did not overlook any

material fact in finding that Briggs failed to meet the first element of a prima facie case of

unlawful retaliation under Title VII, we need not look any further.

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Case No. 14-1725, Briggs v. Univ. of Detroit-Mercy, et al.

                                               V.

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary judgment

in favor of UDM and Gaither.

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