Court Opinion

ID: 9514558
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-06 22:50:28.81079+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:06:18.840936
License: Public Domain

KONENKAMP, Justice.
[¶ 1.] Gordon Jones appeals from an order denying his motion to vacate the court’s judgment and decree of divorce for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm.
Facts and Procedure
[¶ 2.] Cynthia Weston1 and Gordon Jones were married August 31, 1991 in Flandreau, South Dakota. Two children were born of this marriage. In 1995, the parties separated. On February 26, 1996, by service of a summons and complaint, Weston commenced a divorce action against Jones in circuit court in Moody County, seeking division of property, child custody, and child support. Jones answered, stating, inter alia, that the parties and their two minor children were enrolled tribal members residing on Flandreau Santee Indian trust land and that all of their property was located within these boundaries. He did not pursue this jurisdictional issue further in the divorce action.
[¶ 3.] In May 1996, the parties entered into a settlement agreement that addressed their property, custody and support issues. The circuit court entered a judgment and decree of divorce on June 10, 1996, incorporating the parties’ agreement. Neither party appealed from this judgment. In 1998, Jones twice sought modification of his child support obligation in circuit court. Following hearings on these separate motions, orders were entered modifying child support.
*707[¶ 4.] On January 5, 1999, two and one-half years after the divorce was final, Jones filed a motion in circuit court to dismiss the judgment and decree of divorce for lack of subject matter jurisdiction or, in the alternative, transfer the matter to tribal court. Following a hearing, the circuit court denied the motion. Jones appeals.
Analysis and Decision
[¶ 5.] Both Jones and Weston are enrolled members of the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe as are their two minor children. They reside on Indian trust lands and did so prior to their divorce. All of their property, including their marital home, was located on tribal trust land. All four family members receive a monthly allotment from the tribe, the children’s monies being placed in trust for their benefit. The tribe employed both parties at the time of their' divorce. Jones was secretary of the tribe’s executive council, an elected position. Weston does not dispute these facts but argues that Jones is es-topped from attacking the parties’ divorce decree on jurisdictional grounds because he submitted himself to state court jurisdiction at the time of the parties’ divorce and at two subsequent hearings regarding child support modification.
[¶ 6.] It is recognized that “domestic relations among its members is an important area of ‘traditional tribal control.’ ” Byzewski v. Byzewski, 429 N.W.2d 394, 399 (N.D.1988) (citing Three Affiliated Tribes v. Wold Engineering, 476 U.S. 877, 889, 106 S.Ct. 2305, 2313, 90 L.Ed.2d 881 (1986); Fisher v. District Court, 424 U.S. 382, 388-89, 96 S.Ct. 943, 947-48, 47 L.Ed.2d 106 (1976); United States v. Quiver, 241 U.S. 602, 603-04, 36 S.Ct. 699, 700, 60 L.Ed. 1196 (1916); F. Cohen, Handbook of Federal Indian Law at 249 (1982)). See also Conroy v. Conroy, 575 F.2d 175, 182 (8thCir.l978) (“[T]he power of a tribe to regulate the domestic relations of its members, historically well established, remains undisturbed.”). It is further recognized that a judgment of a court without subject matter jurisdiction is void. State ex rel. Freeman v. Sadlier, 1998 SD 114, ¶ 10, 586 N.W.2d 171, 174 (citing In re MA.C, 512 N.W.2d 152, 154 (S.D.1994)).
[¶ 7.] There is another principle, however, based on estoppel, that has been long applied in divorce actions. It holds that one who obtains a judgment cannot later collaterally attack it on jurisdictional grounds. 1 Homer H. Clark, Jr., The Law of Domestic Relations in the United States § 13.3 (2d ed. 1987) (collecting cases at n. 13).
To put the principle in concise form, if the person attacking the divorce is, in doing so, taking a position inconsistent with his past conduct, or if the parties to the action have relied upon the divorce, and if, in addition, holding the divorce invalid will upset relationships or expectations formed in reliance upon the divorce, then estoppel will preclude calling the divorce in question.
Id. at 744. The Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 74 (1971) provides an even broader extension of this rule: “A person may be precluded from attacking the validity of a foreign divorce decree if, under the circumstances, it would be inequitable for him to do so.” This principle is founded in the spirit of equity and common sense. It puts “finality” for the sake of the persons involved above the right to broach legal obstacles that could have been raised earlier but were not. Finality in divorce cases is particularly imperative. Imagine the upheaval in familial relationships should one be able to disrupt a long-rested decree with new questions about its validity. The narrow issue in this appeal, therefore, is not whether the state court had subject matter jurisdiction over the Jones-Weston divorce. The question is can Jones, an active participant in the state divorce action and the proponent of two later motions based on the decree, be estopped from attacking it now on jurisdictional grounds.
[¶ 8.] This same equitable principle was applied in Scherer v. Scherer, 405 N.E.2d *70840 (Ind.Ct.App.1980). In Scherer, a husband and his wife had been divorced in a court in the Dominican Republic. The wife appeared personally in that action while the husband voluntarily appeared by special power of attorney executed for the express purpose of obtaining a divorce. Id. at 43. Before the divorce, the parties had executed an agreement, drafted by the husband’s attorney, dividing their property and settling their child custody, visitation and support issues. This agreement was incorporated into the decree of divorce. Seven months later, the husband filed for a divorce and dissolution of property in the state of Indiana claiming the earlier divorce was invalid.2 The Indiana court affirmed summary judgment for the wife, holding “if both parties to a marriage submit to the jurisdiction of another state for the purpose of obtaining a divorce they are estopped from attacking the decree by virtue of their participation.” Id. The court found the husband’s position was inconsistent with his conduct both before and after the divorce. Id. at 46. See Restatement § 74, supra, cmt b (“Such inequity [precluding a jurisdictional challenge] may exist when action has been taken in reliance on the divorce or expectations are based on it or when the attack on the divorce is inconsistent with the earlier conduct of the attacking party.”). The Scherer court noted that in affirming the summary judgment, it did not address the validity of the Dominican Republic decree but merely held that the husband was estopped from challenging its validity. Id. at 48.
[¶ 9.] In Webb v. Webb, 461 S.W.2d 204 (Tex.Civ.App.1970), a husband and wife obtained a divorce in Mexico.. After the husband remarried, his ex-wife complained to the Texas court that Mexico did not have jurisdiction of the parties at the time of the divorce and therefore the divorce decree was void. The district court judge agreed and, by instructed verdict, decreed both the Mexican divorce and the husband’s subsequent marriage invalid and that the husband was still married to his first wife. The Texas Court of Civil Appeals reversed and remanded the action for a new trial, noting that both parties had participated in and consented to the divorce and had invoked the Mexican court’s jurisdiction by their participation. The divorce decree made express findings that the court had jurisdiction of the case. The court stated:
By jointly petitioning the Mexican court for a divorce, the parties thereto necessarily represented to the court that all conditions precedent to the exercise of the court’s jurisdiction, including residential requirements, were satisfied. If such jurisdictional facts did not exist, a fraud was perpetrated upon the Mexican court.
Id. at 205-06.
[¶ 10.] The case before this Court shows some factual similarities to the findings in Scherer and Webb, above. Although Jones’ answer 'to his wife’s complaint raised the issue of jurisdiction, he did not pursue it further. The parties together resolved their property, child support and custody issues and their agreement was incorporated into the judgment and decree. Prior to entry of the decree of divorce on June 10, 1996, both parties signed and filed with the state circuit court a joint affidavit “for the express purpose of establishing jurisdiction and grounds for divorce.” The record contains no evidence and Jones makes no claim that Weston lured him into state court. The court expressly stated in the judgment and decree of divorce that it had both personal and subject matter jurisdiction in this action. As the Texas court noted in Webb, if the court did not have jurisdiction, then the *709parties, by their active participation in seeking a divorce from this court perpetrated a fraud upon the court.
[¶ 11.] Here, too, the conduct of the parties after the divorce supports affirmance of the circuit court’s order refusing to vacate the judgment and decree of divorce. Weston requested and obtained the return of her maiden name in the decree. Although the record does not indicate that either party has remarried, it must be assumed that they have relied upon the decree, formed expectations based upon it, and enjoyed benefits consistent with their unmarried status. Jones certainly relied upon the decree and the jurisdiction of the state when he brought two separate motions in circuit court seeking to reduce his child support obligation. Two and one-half years later, he seeks to have this judgment and decree, upon which both parties have relied, vacated. Jones was fully aware that tribal court was available to him and though he initially raised the issue of jurisdiction in state court, on his own volition he dropped it and never raised it again until long after the divorce was final.
[¶ 12.] We find that all three factors underlying the policy precluding Jones’ attack on the divorce decree are present in this case: (1) his challenge to the divorce is inconsistent with his prior conduct, both before and after the decree was entered; (2) both parties here have relied upon the divorce and formed expectations based upon it; and (3) these expectations would be upset if the June 10,1996 judgment and decree of divorce were vacated. Like the Scherer court, we decline to address the validity of the Jones-Weston divorce decree because, under these facts, Jones is estopped from attacking it collaterally.
[¶ 13.] We affirm.
[¶ 14.] AMUNDSON and GILBERTSON, Justices, concur.
[¶ 15.] MILLER, Chief Justice, concurs specially.
[¶ 16.] SABERS, Justice, dissents.

. "Weston” is Cynthia's maiden name, which was restored to her in the judgment and decree of divorce.

. Although the husband told his wife of his plans to remarry and publicly accepted congratulations from friends, he also indicated to several people that he wished the couple had never divorced; the wife married the husband’s attorney three months after the Dominican Republic divorce, the same attorney who drafted their settlement agreement. Id. at 46.