Court Opinion

ID: 4964542
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-24 16:06:26.32316+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:16:01.738406
License: Public Domain

BERGER, Justice,
for the majority:
In this criminal appeal we consider whether the trial court should have granted appellant’s motion for judgment of acquittal based on conflicts in the State’s evidence. In most cases, inconsistencies in the evidence are resolved by the jury. Here, however, the State’s two relevant witnesses gave irreconcilably different accounts of material facts. Most significantly, the victim testified that two men pulled her into an alley and robbed her at gunpoint. One of the assailants, who was the State’s only witness against appellant, testified that three men participated in the robbery and that they all were present in the alley, standing within three feet of the victim. Where the victim flatly denies that a defendant was present, and there is no corroboration for the accomplice’s contrary testimony, a motion for judgment of acquittal should have been granted. Accordingly, we reverse.
Factual and Procedural Background
Shortly before 9:30 p.m., on October 1, 2007, A.T.1, a 17 year-old high school student, was walking to her home in Wilmington. A.T. and her cousin were crossing the Market Street Bridge, when she noticed three men walking in the same direction, but on the opposite side of the bridge. After crossing the bridge, A.T. left her cousin and turned onto 18th street. She was talking with a friend on her cell phone when two men, holding guns, ran up behind her and ordered A.T. into an alley. At that point, A.T. saw the third man walking across the street. She never saw him again and could not identify him, either from photographs or at trial.
According to A.T., one of the two men was wearing a blue hat and the other was wearing a black hat. The man in the blue hat later was identified as Jaron Smullen and the man in the black hat was identified as Marvin Burroughs. A.T. testified that Burroughs ordered her to lie down on her *377back. Burroughs demanded money, but A.T. said she had none. Burroughs patted her down, told her to lie on her stomach, patted her down again, and then ordered her to strip. A.T. complied, and Burroughs then ordered her to lie back down. Burroughs picked up her clothes and then ordered A.T. to lie on her stomach. At that point, A.T. heard Burroughs ask Smullen, “Should I do it, should I do her?” A.T. saw from Smullen’s shadow that he shook his head, no. Burroughs then ordered A.T. to walk about 10 feet and stand under a street lamp so that he could see her better. After a few minutes in the lighted area, Burroughs told A.T. to lie on her stomach. He warned her not to move, or he would kill her, and then he and Smullen left, taking A.T.’s clothes and cell phone with them. A.T. started walking home, and a car with some of her friends passed by. The friends gave A.T. clothes and brought her to her aunt’s house.
When the police interviewed A.T. later that evening, she told them that she knew the man in the blue hat from high school. The next day, Detective Matthew Hall returned to A.T.’s house, and she identified Smullen from a high school yearbook. The police located Smullen and interviewed him. Smullen identified Burroughs and Washington. Smullen also confessed and gave a statement to the police. Under a plea bargain, Smullen pled guilty to second degree robbery and second degree conspiracy. He agreed to testify truthfully at his co-defendants’ trial and the State agreed to seek a sentence of no more than one year at Level V.
Smullen’s testimony at trial conflicted with his prior statement to the police and with A.T.’s testimony. On direct examination at trial, he said he was coming from a pickup basketball game and saw Burroughs and Washington by the Market Street Bridge. Burroughs said, “We going to get these two dudes that was walking across the bridge.”2 In response, Smullen said okay and Washington said nothing. After the two potential robbery victims turned the corner and disappeared, the three men changed their focus to A.T. Smullen testified that he recognized A.T. while on the bridge, but that he only told Washington that he knew her.
Smullen said that, when they went into the alley, he was two feet away from A.T., and that Washington was even closer to the victim — about one foot away — on the other side. Both he and Washington were keeping lookout. Smullen said that he did not have a gun, but he saw that Washington had a gun on his waist. When Burroughs asked if he should shoot A.T., Smullen testified that he “jumped in the way” and said, “No, we not going to shoot her.”3 Then all three of the men walked away together.
On cross-examination, Smullen denied that A.T. had been ordered to stand up and walk under the light. When asked, “Weren’t you standing there?” he answered, “Not that close ... I was like 2 feet away.” Pushed further, Smullen explained that he wears glasses and did not have them on. He did not have his glasses on at trial, either, but was able to see the court reporter sitting a few feet away from him. Smullen also acknowledged differences between his taped statement and his trial testimony. For example, in his statement, Smullen did not say that Washington had a gun; he said that A.T. had no money; and he claimed to be farther away from A.T. during the robbery. He agreed that, when he gave his taped statement, he did not know AT.’s version of events.
*378Washington and Burroughs were tried together, and most of the focus was on Burroughs’ identity. Smullen and A.T. agreed that Burroughs was the one giving the orders, but she had difficulty identifying him from photographic lineups, and was unable to identify him in court. At the close of the State’s case, Washington moved for judgment of acquittal. The trial court denied that motion, as well as a renewed motion for judgment of acquittal or a new trial. Washington was convicted of first degree robbery and second degree conspiracy. The jury acquitted him on the charge of possessing a firearm during the commission of a felony. This appeal followed.
Discussion
The jury’s function is to decide whether the evidence presented at trial proves, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant committed the charged crimes. “[I]t is the sole province of the fact finder to determine witness credibility, resolve conflicts in testimony and draw any inferences from the proven facts.”4 The jury has “discretion to accept one portion of a witness’ testimony and reject another part.”5 But, in the rare case where there is an irreconcilable conflict in the State’s evidence concerning the defendant’s guilt, such as would preclude a conviction beyond a reasonable doubt, the trial court must remove the case from the jury’s consideration and grant a motion for judgment of acquittal.
This Court found such a conflict in Bland v. State.6 Four defendants had been charged with burglary and conspiracy after the victims discovered that their home had been burglarized while they were on vacation. Two of the defendants entered into plea bargains, and presented the only evidence against the remaining two defendants. The accomplices agreed that: 1) they were together in a car; 2) they stopped and took mail from the victims’ mailbox; 3) then they drove around for a while; and 4) when they returned, two men stayed in the car while the others broke into the house.
But the accomplices’ stories differed in several respects. For example, one said that there were four burglars; the other agreed there were four on direct examination, but on cross-examination changed his testimony and said there were six. One said that, after taking the mail, and learning the name of the homeowner, they called the house to make sure no one was home. The other said that they made no telephone call. One said that the car remained parked at the corner during the burglary. The other said that he was instructed to drive around for a while and then return, and also said that during the burglary, he took one of the two defendants home at the defendant’s request.
The Bland court first discussed Delaware law on corroboration of an accomplice’s testimony. The Court noted that other jurisdictions require corroboration from an independent source. In Delaware, however, corroboration is not “an absolute necessity.”7 The Court declined to change the Delaware rule, noting that it “has been followed repeatedly for many years and [is] too deeply embedded in the law of this state to permit our changing it by judicial action.”8 The Court continued:
*379But our rule does not mean that a trial Judge has no power to remove the case from the jury’s consideration in a situation where, for example, there is an irreconcilable conflict in the State’s case concerning the defendant’s guilt. On occasion, it may well be the duty of the trial Judge to declare the evidence to be insufficient to warrant conviction. The present appellants contend that this was such a case. We agree.9
The principle announced in Bland has been reaffirmed numerous times over the past 40 years.10 None of the fact patterns in those post-Bland cases, however, created an irreconcilable conflict. That is because only in a rare case, like this one, will all of the requirements for an irreconcilable conflict be found. First, the conflict must be in the State’s evidence. The fact that defense witnesses present evidence inconsistent with the State’s witnesses is irrelevant. Second, the only evidence of the defendant’s guilt must be the uncorroborated testimony of one or more accomplices. Finally, the inconsistencies must be material to a finding of guilt.
In analyzing the evidence against Washington, we begin with the fundamental inconsistency as to the number of participants in the crime. Smullen said there were three people, standing within a few feet of the victim in an alley. A.T. said there were only two. She was unwavering in her testimony that, as the two men ran up to her, the third person, who had been walking on the bridge before the attack, was walking across the street. The presence and use of guns was another significant inconsistency. Smullen testified that he had no gun; that Burroughs was pointing his gun at A.T.; and that Washington had a gun in his waist. A.T. testified that Smullen and Burroughs both were pointing guns at her. There were other material inconsistencies. For example. Smullen said that, when Burroughs asked whether he should shoot A.T., Smullen jumped in the way and said no. A.T. said that Smul-len merely shook his head. Finally, Smul-len testified that he did not see A.T. standing nude, under the street light, a few feet away from him.
But for Smullen’s testimony, the State would have had no evidence against Washington. In closing, the State made it appear that there was independent support for Smullen’s account of the crime. For example, while listing the consistencies between A.T.’s testimony and Smullen’s, the prosecutor said, “They both stated that [A.T.] was on the ground when the three men fled the scene....”11 In rebuttal, the prosecutor again made it seem that there was corroboration for Smullen’s testimony. He said that “everybody agrees ... that ... three men approached A.T.”12 In fact, A.T. denied that there was a third person present, in the alley, during the robbery. This Court recently reaffirmed Bland, noting the “inherent weakness in accomplice testimony.”13 Smullen’s testimony not only was uncorroborated, but also was contradicted by the victim. In almost all other circumstances, it would be the jury’s task to sort out the conflicts in the evidence, and to decide whether to accept or reject all or a portion of the *380witnesses’ testimony. Here, however, we conclude that the irreconcilable conflicts in the State’s evidence precluded any rational jury from reaching a harmonious version of the facts that would support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
We recognize the dissent’s concern about removing factual determinations from the jury. The dissent proposes that we adopt the Missouri doctrine of “destructive contradictions,” as set forth in State v. Newberry.14 We decline to do so, although we find that Smullen’s testimony was so inherently incredible that it would meet even that standard.
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing, the judgment of the Superior Court is REVERSED and this matter is REMANDED for further action in accordance with this opinion. Jurisdiction is not retained.

. We refer to the victim as A.T. to protect her identity.

. Tr. 5/14 at 187.

. Tr. 5/14 at 198.

. Poon v. State, 880 A.2d 236, 238 (Del.2005).

. Pryor v. State, 453 A.2d 98, 100 (Del.1982).

. 263 A.2d 286, 288 (Del.1970).

.263 A.2d at 288.

.Ibid.

. Ibid.

. See, e.g.,: Corbin v. State, 1991 WL 316965 (Del.Supr.); Ward v. State, 1991 WL 181476 (Del.Supr.); Brokenbrough v. State, 522 A.2d 851 (Del.1987); Wintjen v. State, 398 A.2d 780 (Del.1979); Wilson v. State, 305 A.2d 312 (Del.1973).

. Tr. 5/16 at 22.

. Id. at 59.

. Smith v. State, 991 A.2d 1169, 1179 (Del.Supr.2010)

. 605 S.W.2d 117 (Mo. 1980).