Court Opinion

ID: 3144889
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 18:05:10.049559+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:55:03.566102
License: Public Domain

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                         Appellate Court

                           People v. Rexroad, 2013 IL App (4th) 110981

Appellate Court             THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption                     CALVIN REXROAD, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.              Fourth District
                            Docket No. 4-11-0981

Filed                       March 28, 2013
Modified upon
denial of rehearing         June 28, 2013

Held                        In a prosecution arising from text messages defendant sent to a detective
(Note: This syllabus        posing as a 15-year-old girl, defendant’s conviction for indecent
constitutes no part of      solicitation of a child was upheld over his contentions that the jury was
the opinion of the court    given incomplete and misleading instructions, that his communications
but has been prepared       were constitutionally protected, and that the police induced his actions by
by the Reporter of          outrageous conduct, since, inter alia, defendant failed to object or offer
Decisions for the           alternative instructions, the evidence against defendant was
convenience of the          overwhelming, and the incorrect instructions had no effect on the verdict;
reader.)
                            however, the cause was remanded for vacation of improperly imposed
                            fines and the imposition of mandatory fines applicable to defendant.

Decision Under              Appeal from the Circuit Court of Champaign County, No. 11-CF-869; the
Review                      Hon. Harry E. Clem, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                    Affirmed in part; cause remanded with directions.
Counsel on                 Michael J. Pelletier, Karen Munoz, and Colleen Morgan, all of State
Appeal                     Appellate Defender’s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.

                           Julia Rietz, State’s Attorney, of Urbana (Patrick Delfino, Robert J.
                           Biderman, and Kathy Shepard, all of State’s Attorneys Appellate
                           Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Panel                      JUSTICE POPE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                           Justices Turner and Knecht concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                             OPINION

¶1          In August 2011, a jury convicted defendant, Calvin Rexroad, of indecent solicitation of
        a child (720 ILCS 5/11-6(a) (West 2010)). The trial court sentenced defendant to eight years’
        imprisonment. Defendant appeals, arguing the following: (1) his conviction for indecent
        solicitation of a child must be reversed and the case remanded for a new trial because the jury
        was given incomplete and misleading jury instructions, which omitted one mental state
        element of the offense and misstated the other; (2) his conviction must be reversed because
        the State did not prove he committed a crime because (a) there was not a victim, (b) his
        conversation with the police officer impersonating the 15-year-old girl was constitutionally
        protected, and (c) his presence at the meeting place was only induced by police conduct so
        outrageous it violated due process; and (3) the circuit clerk improperly imposed at least one
        fine and failed to apply his presentence-custody credit. We affirm defendant’s conviction but
        remand for the trial court to vacate fines improperly imposed by the circuit clerk and
        reimpose those fines where appropriate.

¶2                                      I. BACKGROUND
¶3          On May 31, 2011, the State charged defendant by information with indecent solicitation
        of a child (720 ILCS 5/11-6(a) (West 2010)) (count I) and solicitation to meet a child (720
        ILCS 5/11-6.6(a) (West 2010)) (count II), an offense for which defendant was extended-term
        eligible.
¶4          On August 24, 2011, defendant made an oral motion in limine with regard to a lone
        conversation between Detective Robb Morris and defendant. According to defense counsel:
                “Judge, there is a specific conversation between Detective Morris and Calvin
            Rexroad that’s on the tape and if the Court would allow I’ll just briefly read. Detective
            Morris asks my client, ‘How old is Riley?’ The Defendant states, ‘Well, she told me she
            was 15 but on Facebook she don’t say.’ Detective Morris states, ‘Okay.’ My client states,
            ‘Because everything is private on there.’ Detective Morris states, ‘All right. But you said

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          at some point she told you she was 15.’ Defendant says, ‘Well she said do I have a
          problem with her being 15. I said yeah, you know. I didn’t say yes. I didn’t say no.’
          That’s the portion I’m asking the Court to exclude.”
     Defendant argued the statement was hearsay. The State argued the statement was not being
     offered to establish the truth of the matter asserted, i.e., R.H.’s actual age. Instead, the State
     argued the statement would be offered to show defendant believed he was communicating
     with a 15 year old. The court denied defendant’s motion, finding the statement fell under the
     state-of-mind exception to the hearsay rule.
¶5        At defendant’s August 2011 trial, the State moved to dismiss the indecent solicitation to
     meet charge, which the trial court allowed. R.H. (born July 18, 1995) testified she was 15
     years old when defendant sent her a Facebook message that said, “Wow, you are really so
     beautiful.” R.H. did not respond but told her parents, who contacted the police about the
     message. R.H. testified she personally never sent defendant any type of communication.
¶6        Detective Robb Morris of the Champaign police department testified he sent messages
     to defendant impersonating R.H. from R.H.’s Facebook account with her permission. In
     response to defendant’s initial message, Morris responded, “You are so sweet, thank you. I
     don’t recognize your name, though, and my mom is freaky about stuff like that. I have an e-
     mail address that she does not know about, though, if you want to use that.” The message
     then provided that e-mail address.
¶7        Morris testified he had no further contact with defendant on Facebook. However, he
     received six e-mail messages on the e-mail account Morris created to give to defendant. The
     first message was sent from defendant on May 19, 2011. The message included a telephone
     number. Morris obtained a loaner phone from the Champaign Telephone Company and set
     up a phone number and account for purposes of the investigation. Morris testified he and
     defendant exchanged 442 text messages between the loaner phone he was using and the
     phone number provided in the e-mail message from defendant.
¶8        Morris sent the first text message to defendant on Friday, May 19, 2011. However, that
     message along with approximately 10 to 15 other messages were lost because the phone
     Morris was using did not have an “SD” card and the battery on the phone died. When he
     powered the phone back on, the text messages were gone. Morris resumed contact with
     defendant the following week. Morris did not remember the specifics of the lost messages
     he received. However, he testified he “had established quite quickly a number of things,
     including the elements of the [charged] offenses, *** but none of that information was
     retained by the phone.”
¶9        Morris testified he, while impersonating R.H., and defendant communicated with each
     other between May 23 and May 27 via text message. In the text messages, Morris told
     defendant he was 15 and ready to have sex but nervous. In many of the text messages, Morris
     stated the messages were being sent from R.H.’s high school. Morris sent defendant a text
     message stating he knew defendant was “older, like 40 or something” and asked what
     defendant looked like. Defendant responded he was 6 feet 2 inches tall, with dishwater
     blonde hair, an average build, and baby blue eyes. Morris and defendant then exchanged
     messages about what R.H. and defendant would do on a date. Defendant said he would buy

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       condoms. Defendant also stated he would perform oral sex on R.H. and described how they
       would have sexual intercourse. During another exchange, defendant again described
       performing oral sex on R.H., described how they would have sexual intercourse, and how
       he wanted R.H. to perform oral sex on him. In one message, defendant asked if R.H. would
       let him ejaculate inside her without a condom. Morris responded, “If u don’t care that people
       find out u got a 15-year-old schl girl prego.” They also discussed what R.H. would tell her
       mother to get out of the house. They arranged to meet at an IGA grocery store parking lot so
       they could go back to defendant’s residence.
¶ 10        Morris testified a young lady who resembled R.H. in physical appearance but was older
       and working at the police department at the time impersonated R.H. for the planned meeting
       with defendant on Friday, May 27, 2011. Detective Morris testified he went to the parking
       lot at Centennial High School near the scene of the scheduled meeting between defendant
       and the young lady impersonating R.H. Morris saw defendant arrive at the meeting place and
       gesture toward the young lady impersonating R.H. from about 50 feet away. When defendant
       started walking toward who he thought was R.H., the officers on the scene moved in and
       arrested defendant. Defendant’s cell phone was found on the ground underneath him at the
       time of his arrest.
¶ 11        Detective Morris testified he interviewed defendant after his arrest. During the interview,
       which was played for the jury, defendant said R.H. told him she was 15. However, he denied
       ever talking to or texting R.H. about sex. Defendant claimed he lost his cell phone two weeks
       earlier and found it the day before in some bushes outside his apartment. However, the phone
       records showed a sexually explicit message was sent from defendant’s phone to R.H. the
       morning of his arrest, which would have been after he claimed to have found his phone.
¶ 12        Defendant testified at trial and denied texting R.H. explicit sexual messages. He again
       claimed he lost his phone the weekend before his arrest and did not find the phone until the
       day before his arrest. Defendant said he was in the area of his arrest getting job applications
       when he received a text message. He did not pay attention to who sent the message because
       he was thinking about his job applications. He responded to the text message from R.H.’s
       cell phone, but he claimed he did not think about who he was meeting. Shortly thereafter, the
       police arrested him.
¶ 13        On August 31, a jury found defendant guilty of indecent solicitation of a child. On
       October 14, 2011, the trial court sentenced defendant to 8 years in prison with credit for 144
       days’ presentence custody credit. The court also ordered defendant to pay a mandatory $500
       fine because he had been convicted of a sex offense. Finally, the court ordered defendant to
       pay court costs. That same day, defendant filed a motion to reconsider his sentence. On
       October 27, 2011, the court denied defendant’s motion to reconsider sentence.
¶ 14        This appeal followed.

¶ 15                                    II. ANALYSIS
¶ 16                                  A. Jury Instructions
¶ 17       At the time defendant was accused of indecent solicitation of a child, section 11-6(a) of
       the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/11-6(a) (West 2010)) stated:

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            “A person of the age of 17 years and upwards commits the offense of indecent
            solicitation of a child if the person, with the intent that the offense of aggravated criminal
            sexual assault, criminal sexual assault, predatory criminal sexual assault of a child, or
            aggravated criminal sexual abuse be committed, knowingly solicits a child or one whom
            he or she believes to be a child to perform an act of sexual penetration or sexual conduct
            as defined in Section 12-12 of this Code.” 720 ILCS 5/11-6(a) (West 2010).
       Defendant argues the jury was given incomplete and misleading jury instructions because it
       was not told it had to find defendant possessed the intent to commit aggravated criminal
       sexual abuse to find defendant guilty of indecent solicitation of a child. Further, the jury was
       not instructed it must find defendant knew or believed R.H. was under 17 years of age.
¶ 18        The trial court instructed the jury, in part, as follows:
                “A person of 17 years or older commits the offense of indecent solicitation of a child
            when he solicits a child under the age of 17, or one who he believes to be a child under
            the age of 17, to do an act which, if done, would be aggravated criminal sexual abuse.
                The words solicit or solicitation mean to command, authorize, urge, incite, request,
            or advise. To sustain the charge of indecent solicitation of a child the State must prove
            the following propositions: First proposition. That the defendant solicited a child under
            the age of 17 years, or one who he believed to be a child under the age of 17 years to do
            any act which, if done, would be aggravated criminal sexual abuse.
                And second proposition: That the defendant was then 17 years of age or older. If you
            find from your consideration of all the evidence that each of these propositions has been
            proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the defendant guilty. If you find from
            your consideration of all the evidence that any one of these propositions has not been
            proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the defendant not guilty.”
       See generally Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 9.01 (4th ed. 2000) (modified
       instruction given to jury) (hereinafter, IPI Criminal 4th No. 9.01); Illinois Pattern Jury
       Instructions, Criminal, No. 9.01A (4th ed. 2000) (hereinafter, IPI Criminal 4th No. 9.01A);
       Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 9.02 (4th ed. 2000) (modified instruction
       given to jury) (hereinafter, IPI Criminal 4th No. 9.02). According to defendant, based on
       these jury instructions, the jury was allowed to convict defendant without first determining
       the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt he had the “requisite intent to commit aggravated
       criminal sexual abuse” when he sent the text messages. Further, the jury was allowed to find
       defendant guilty without the State establishing defendant knew or believed R.H. was under
       17 years of age.
¶ 19        The State argues defendant forfeited this issue by failing to object or offer alternate jury
       instructions at his trial and by failing to raise the issue in his posttrial motion. People v.
       Sargent, 239 Ill. 2d 166, 188-89, 940 N.E.2d 1045, 1058 (2010). In Sargent, our supreme
       court stated:
                “Supreme Court Rule 366(b)(2)(i) (155 Ill. 2d R. 366(b)(2)(i)) expressly provides that
            ‘[n]o party may raise on appeal the failure to give an instruction unless the party shall
            have tendered it.’ In addition, our court has held that a defendant will be deemed to have
            procedurally defaulted his right to obtain review of any supposed jury instruction error

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           if he failed to object to the instruction or offer an alternative at trial and did not raise the
           issue in a posttrial motion. People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 564 (2007).
                Limited relief from this principle is provided by Supreme Court Rule 451(c) (177 Ill.
2d R. 451(c)), which states that ‘substantial defects’ in criminal jury instructions are ‘not
           waived by failure to make timely objections thereto if the interests of justice require.’ ***
                The purpose of Rule 451(c) is to permit correction of grave errors and errors in cases
           so factually close that fundamental fairness requires that the jury be properly instructed.
           The rule is coextensive with the plain-error clause of Supreme Court Rule 615(a) (134
           Ill. 2d R. 615(a)) ***.” Sargent, 239 Ill. 2d at 188-89, 940 N.E.2d at 1058.
       When determining whether something constitutes plain error, we must first determine
       whether error occurred. People v. Walker, 392 Ill. App. 3d 277, 294, 911 N.E.2d 439, 456
       (2009).
¶ 20       Here, the trial court erred in the way it instructed the jury. The jury instructions did not
       instruct the jury in order to find defendant guilty it must find defendant had the intent to
       commit aggravated criminal sexual abuse when he sent the text messages. See People v.
       Carter, 405 Ill. App. 3d 246, 251-52, 939 N.E.2d 46, 50 (2010). Further, the jury instructions
       stated the jury could convict defendant of this offense if the person he solicited was under
       17 years of age regardless of whether defendant knew or believed the minor was under the
       age of 17. We note IPI Criminal 4th Nos. 9.01, 9.01A, and 9.02 did not correctly state the
       law at the time defendant was tried. These instructions were recently amended effective
       January 18, 2013. See Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, Nos. 9.01, 9.01A, 9.02,
       http://state.il.us/court/CircuitCourt/CriminalJuryInstructions/CRIM%2009.00.pdf (eff. Jan.
       18, 2013).
¶ 21       As the First District stated in Carter, “The 1999 amendment *** added two mental states
       as elements of the offense: (1) the defendant must intend to commit one of the sex offenses
       identified in the statute, such as aggravated criminal sexual abuse; and (2) the defendant must
       know or believe the victim to be under 17 years of age.” Carter, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 252, 939
       N.E.2d at 50-51.
¶ 22       Because we find the trial court erred in the way it instructed the jury, we turn to the
       second step of the plain error analysis, i.e., determining (1) whether “the evidence is so
       closely balanced that the jury’s guilty verdict may have resulted from the error and not the
       evidence; or (2) the error is so fundamental and of such magnitude that the defendant is
       denied the right to a fair trial and the error must be remedied to preserve the integrity of the
       judicial process.” Carter, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 252, 939 N.E.2d at 51; see also People v.
       Herron, 215 Ill. 2d 167, 178-79, 830 N.E.2d 467, 475 (2005). In People v. Sharp, 391 Ill.
       App. 3d 947, 957-58, 909 N.E.2d 971, 979-80 (2009), this court stated it would “take our
       supreme court at its word and find plain error only in exceptional circumstances in which
       ‘ “ ‘the error seriously affect[s] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
       proceedings.’ ” ’ ” Sharp, 391 Ill. App. 3d at 957-58, 909 N.E.2d at 979-80 (quoting People
       v. Crespo, 203 Ill. 2d 335, 348, 788 N.E.2d 1117, 1124 (2001), quoting United States v.
       Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 631-32 (2002), quoting Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 467
       (1997)).

                                                   -6-
¶ 23       We first note the evidence in this case was not closely balanced and clearly established
       defendant’s intent to commit the offense of aggravated criminal sexual abuse and his belief
       he was communicating with someone under 17 years of age. The evidence established
       explicit text messages were sent from defendant’s phone to a phone he thought belonged to
       R.H. These text messages described in detail the sexual activities that were to occur when
       he and R.H. met. Further, the text messages establish defendant believed he was
       communicating with a 15-year-old girl. Finally, defendant’s explanation the explicit text
       messages were sent during a period when his phone was lost was not credible. One sexually
       explicit message was sent from his phone after he claimed he had found the phone.
¶ 24       We also conclude the error involving the jury instructions was not of such a magnitude
       or so fundamental defendant was denied the right to a fair trial. This error did not affect the
       integrity of the judicial process. In fact, the error in this case did not affect the defense put
       forward by defendant. According to defense counsel’s closing argument, “the ultimate issue
       here is who sent the text messages.” Defense counsel wisely chose not to argue whoever sent
       the text messages did not know or believe “R.H.” was under 17. Further, defense counsel
       wisely chose not to argue the person sending the text messages to “R.H.” did not intend to
       engage in the explicit sexual acts referenced in the text messages with “R.H.” The evidence
       was overwhelming whoever sent the messages intended to engage in numerous sexual acts
       with a girl he thought was 15 years old.
¶ 25       Defendant next argues his trial counsel’s failure to object to the erroneous instructions
       constitutes ineffective assistance. To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
       must establish both his attorney’s actions were so deficient they were unreasonable and he
       was prejudiced by the deficient performance. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 685-86
       (1984). As we stated earlier, defendant’s only possible defense was he did not send the text
       messages. Defendant’s counsel understandably chose to pursue this defense. As a result, the
       incorrect jury instructions had no effect on the jury’s verdict, and defendant was not
       prejudiced by the erroneous jury instructions. As stated, the evidence was overwhelming
       whoever sent the text messages intended on engaging in numerous sexual acts with a girl he
       believed to be 15 years old. The jury concluded defendant sent the text messages.

¶ 26                         B. Defendant’s Actions Were Criminal
¶ 27       According to defendant, “even taking the State’s allegations as true, [his] acts were not
       criminal and so his conviction cannot stand.” Defendant argues the State did not prove he
       committed a crime because there was no victim, his text conversations with Detective Morris
       were constitutionally protected speech, and his presence at the meeting place was induced
       by police conduct so outrageous it violated due process. We disagree.
¶ 28       Defendant contends the State was required to prove not only R.H. was injured, but the
       injury was the result of a criminal act (the solicitation of sexual conduct or penetration)
       committed by defendant. Defendant points out he only sent R.H. one Facebook message
       which said, “Wow, you are really so beautiful.” According to defendant, the sexually explicit
       messages were sent to Detective Morris, who was only impersonating a 15-year-old girl.
       Because R.H. was never exposed to any sexually explicit or even suggestive language,

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       defendant argues she was not victimized as contemplated by the indecent-solicitation-of-a-
       child statute.
¶ 29       According to defendant, “the State failed to establish the corpus delicti of the offense
       because it could not establish beyond a reasonable doubt proof of criminal agency or injury.”
       Defendant provides no authority for the proposition the State had to prove an injury to an
       actual minor to establish an inchoate offense such as solicitation. As a result, defendant
       forfeited this argument pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008).
¶ 30       Regardless of his forfeiture, defendant’s actions constituted a criminal act as defined by
       section 11-6(a) of the Criminal Code (720 ILCS 5/11-6(a) (West 2010)). He knowingly
       solicited someone he believed to be a child to commit a variety of sexual acts, including oral
       sex and intercourse, with the intent the sexual acts would be committed. See People v.
       Ruppenthal, 331 Ill. App. 3d 916, 920, 771 N.E.2d 1002, 1005 (2002) (“The offense of
       solicitation is complete when the principal offense is commanded, encouraged or requested
       with the intent that it be committed.”). The actual sexual act commanded, encouraged, or
       requested does not have to occur before the offense of solicitation is complete. Ruppenthal,
331 Ill. App. 3d at 920, 771 N.E.2d at 1005.
¶ 31       The fact a minor was not victimized is irrelevant. As the First District noted in
       Ruppenthal:
           “Defendant is being punished for his intent to engage in sexual activity with someone he
           *** believed to be under the age of 17 and his solicitation of that activity. The fact that
           defendant’s words were transmitted to an adult does not negate defendant’s belief that
           he was speaking to a minor, which is the culpable act defined by statute. The specific
           intent required to prove the elements of the offense of solicitation can be inferred from
           the surrounding circumstances and acts of the defendant.” Ruppenthal, 331 Ill. App. 3d
           at 920, 771 N.E.2d at 1005.
       As the First District noted, “the element of criminal intent ‘transforms mere recitation of
       “loose” words which may mandate first amendment protection into the offense of
       solicitation.’ ” Ruppenthal, 331 Ill. App. 3d at 920, 771 N.E.2d at 1005 (quoting People v.
       Lewis, 84 Ill. App. 3d 556, 561, 406 N.E.2d 11, 15 (1980)).
¶ 32       The General Assembly clearly acted within its authority to define this type of conduct as
       criminal.
                “The Illinois Constitution empowers the legislature to define conduct that constitutes
           a crime and determine the nature and extent of the punishment for that offense.
           [Citation.] The State of Illinois has a legitimate interest in protecting minor children from
           the indecent solicitation of sex acts by adults. *** As with the child abduction statute in
           Williams, if an adult and a minor discuss sexual activity and the adult displays the intent
           to engage in that activity, it is virtually impossible for law enforcement to prevent such
           a crime from occurring unless the legislature treats it as an inchoate offense.”
           Ruppenthal, 331 Ill. App. 3d at 922, 771 N.E.2d at 1006-07.
¶ 33       Defendant cites Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S. 234 (2002), as support for
       his argument his conviction must be overturned as the indecent solicitation of a child statute
       “cannot be applied to criminalize [defendant’s] actions because the text and email

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       communication[s] [were] not obscene, *** recorded no crime, and *** created no victim
       through [their] production.” According to defendant, his “text communication with Detective
       Morris was only simulating a conversation between an adult and a minor. No minors were
       actually involved in the production of the text messages at issue, and consequently, no
       minors were injured.”
¶ 34       The Supreme Court’s decision in Free Speech Coalition does not support defendant’s
       argument his conviction should be overturned. The Court made clear in that case “[t]he
       Government, of course, may punish adults who provide unsuitable materials to children,
       [citation], and it may enforce criminal penalties for unlawful solicitation.” Free Speech
       Coalition, 535 U.S. at 251-52. The Court later stated:
                “To preserve [First Amendment] freedoms, and to protect speech for its own sake,
           the Court’s First Amendment cases draw vital distinctions between words and deeds,
           between ideas and conduct. [Citations.] The government may not prohibit speech because
           it increases the chance an unlawful act will be committed ‘at some indefinite future
           time.’ [Citation.] The government may suppress speech for advocating the use of force
           or a violation of law only if ‘such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent
           lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action.’ [Citation.] There is here no
           attempt, incitement, solicitation, or conspiracy. The Government has shown no more than
           a remote connection between speech that might encourage thoughts or impulses and any
           resulting child abuse. Without a significantly stronger, more direct connection, the
           Government may not prohibit speech on the ground that it may encourage pedophiles to
           engage in illegal conduct.” Free Speech Coalition, 535 U.S. at 253-54.
       As the Supreme Court stated above, the government may suppress speech that advocates the
       incitement of imminent illegal action likely to produce that illegal action. Free Speech
       Coalition, 535 U.S. at 253.
¶ 35       Defendant’s first amendment rights were not violated by his conviction in this case. He
       was convicted of encouraging imminent illegal sex acts with a minor with the intent those
       lawless acts would occur. The element of criminal intent in section 11-6(a) (720 ILCS 5/11-
       6(a) (West 2000)) “ ‘transforms mere recitation of “loose” words which may mandate first
       amendment protection into the offense of solicitation.’ ” Ruppenthal, 331 Ill. App. 3d at 920,
       771 N.E.2d at 1005 (quoting Lewis, 84 Ill. App. 3d at 561, 406 N.E.2d at 15).
¶ 36       Defendant also argues law enforcement’s conduct in this case was “so outrageous and
       shocking it exceeded the bounds of fundamental fairness and denied [him] his right to due
       process.” According to defendant:
           “Detective Morris was the one soliciting. He solicited [defendant] into committing a
           crime. Prior to Morris’s involvement, [defendant] had only sent one innocuous Facebook
           compliment to R.H. Instead of letting that be the end of the communication, Morris
           encouraged [defendant] to correspond by email and then text messages. It was Morris,
           not [defendant], who instigated the sexual discussions and prodded [defendant] to be
           explicit.”
       Defendant forfeited this argument by failing to raise it in the trial court. See People v.
       D’Angelo, 223 Ill. App. 3d 754, 781, 585 N.E.2d 1239, 1257 (1992). Regardless of

                                                 -9-
       defendant’s forfeiture, the conduct of the police in this case was far from outrageous.
       Defendant was not denied his right to due process.

¶ 37                                       C. Fines and Fees
¶ 38       Defendant next argues the circuit clerk did not properly apply the presentence custody
       credit he was awarded by the trial court to his “Drug Court Program” fine. Defendant also
       argues the basis for the “State Police Services” assessment imposed by the circuit clerk is
       unclear. Defendant argues this assessment should either be vacated or the cause remanded
       for the trial court to determine the basis for the assessment.
¶ 39       The State argues we do not have jurisdiction over the assessments in question because
       those assessments were imposed after the October 27, 2011, denial of defendant’s motion
       to reconsider sentence. The State focuses on a computer printout “receipt” included in the
       record dated December 30, 2011. According to the State’s argument:
                “Defendant’s challenge on appeal is not to the orders entered by the trial court and
           listed in his notice of appeal, in which, as shown above, there is no error. Instead, he
           seeks credit against and vacation of assessments listed in the December 30, 2011,
           ‘receipt’ listing those assessments. [Citations.] Defendant thus seeks such relief as to
           assessments not made by the trial court and imposed after entry of the orders listed in his
           notice of appeal.”
¶ 40       Defendant stated in his notice of appeal filed October 31, 2011, he was appealing the
       October 21, 2011, denial of his motion to reconsider sentence. Defendant’s motion to
       reconsider sentence was actually denied on October 27, 2011. On January 20, 2012, this
       court granted defendant’s motion for leave to file a late notice of appeal. The late notice of
       appeal stated the nature of the order appealed from was defendant’s “Conviction, Sentence,
       and Denial of Motion to Reconsider.” Defendant listed October 27, 2011, as the date of the
       judgment or order.
¶ 41       Our supreme court has stated, “A court cannot confer relief, even from void orders, if the
       court lacks jurisdiction.” People v. Gutierrez, 2012 IL 111590, ¶ 14, 962 N.E.2d 437. We
       hold we do have jurisdiction over this portion of the appeal. While not identical to the
       situation in the case at bar, we find our supreme court’s recent ruling in Gutierrez instructive,
       and we are guided by its reasoning.
¶ 42       In that case, the defendant argued several fines and fees assessed against him were
       improperly imposed. Id. ¶ 3, 962 N.E.2d 437. The State argued the appellate court lacked
       jurisdiction to consider the defendant’s arguments for the following reasons: “(1) the fee was
       ordered by the circuit clerk rather than by the court, and the appellate court’s jurisdiction is
       generally limited to reviewing final orders of the circuit court; and (2) defendant’s notice of
       appeal did not indicate that he was appealing the assessment of any fees or fines.” Id. ¶ 7,
       962 N.E.2d 437.
¶ 43       Our supreme court stated notices of appeal are to be liberally construed within limits. Id.
       ¶ 9, 962 N.E.2d 437. Citing its decision in People v. Smith, 228 Ill. 2d 95, 105, 885 N.E.2d
1053, 1058 (2008), the court stated the notice of appeal in Smith from a circuit court’s
       November 10, 2004, judgment of conviction “could not fairly and adequately be read as

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       encompassing the court’s order of February 21, 2006” denying Smith’s motion for sentence
       correction no matter how liberally the supreme court construed the notice of appeal.
       Gutierrez, 2012 IL 111590, ¶ 9, 962 N.E.2d 437. However, the court distinguished Smith
       from the defendant’s situation in Gutierrez, stating:
            “Here, by contrast, defendant appealed from the final judgment in his case. His first
            notice of appeal indicated that he was appealing from the denial of his motion to
            reconsider the sentence, but listed the wrong date. Defendant then filed an amended
            notice that listed the date December 28, 2008, the date of final judgment. Defendant’s
            notice of appeal substantially conformed to the form provided in Rule 606(d) (Ill. S. Ct.
            R. 606(d) (eff. Sept. 1, 2006)), but omitted the section where a defendant can identify if
            he is appealing from anything other than his conviction.
                 ***
                 *** [W]here defendant’s notice of appeal listed the date of final judgment and did
            not indicate that defendant was appealing anything other than his conviction, the State
            was adequately informed of the nature of defendant’s appeal, and the appellate court had
            jurisdiction.” Id. ¶¶ 10-12, 962 N.E.2d 437.
       Later in the opinion the court stated, “Because defendant’s notice of appeal properly brought
       up his entire conviction for review, the appellate court had jurisdiction to act on void orders
       of the circuit clerk.” Id. ¶ 14, 962 N.E.2d 437.
¶ 44        In the instant case, defendant’s late notice of appeal adequately informed the State
       defendant was appealing his conviction, sentence, and denial of his motion to reconsider
       sentence. This included the assessments at issue here. As a result, the State should not have
       been taken by surprise by defendant’s challenge of these assessments.
¶ 45        As for the State’s argument the assessments in question were imposed after the trial court
       denied defendant’s motion to reconsider sentence on October 27, 2011, the State cites this
       court to nothing in the record other than a “receipt” as support for its jurisdictional argument.
       Contrary to the State’s argument, the “receipt” does not establish the assessments in question
       were imposed after the trial court denied defendant’s motion to reconsider sentence. We find
       little significance in the December 30, 2011, date included on the “receipt.” Considering the
       court’s docket included in the record was printed on December 30, 2011, it appears the
       December 30, 2011, date on the “receipt” only signifies the date the “receipt” was printed
       when preparing the record for defendant’s appeal.
¶ 46        Neither the State nor defendant in their respective briefs to this court addressed a docket
       entry dated August 31, 2011, which stated the assessments in question were imposed on that
       date. In the opinion this court filed on March 28, 2013, this court relied on that docket entry
       as establishing this court’s jurisdiction. However, as the State correctly pointed out in its
       petition for rehearing, the docket entry appears to have been erroneously entered, as the trial
       court did not sentence defendant until October 14, 2011. That being said, we still conclude
       we have jurisdiction over this portion of defendant’s appeal.
¶ 47        As a result of the erroneous docket entry, some confusion exists regarding when the
       assessments in question were imposed in this case. In Gutierrez, the supreme court was also
       faced with contradictory dates in the record in that case. According to the supreme court’s

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       decision:
           “The State notes that there is some confusion as to when the circuit clerk imposed the
           public defender fee. The Party Finance Summary Query provided to defendant lists two
           dates: ‘FILED 08/22/2007,’ and ‘STATUS 08/01/2008.’ The ‘filed’ date is one day after
           the complaint was filed, and the ‘status’ date is the date that defendant was sentenced.
           The logical inference is that the fee was assessed on the date that defendant was
           sentenced. Thus, the notice of appeal, which clearly indicated that defendant was
           appealing from the court’s final judgment, was sufficient to confer jurisdiction on the
           appellate court to consider defendant’s entire conviction.” Id. ¶ 12, 962 N.E.2d 437.
       In the case sub judice, the trial court ordered defendant to pay a $500 fine and court costs at
       the sentencing hearing. The “receipt” contained in the record shows the amount of the
       assessments in question are included in the total “Cost Amount” included on the “receipt.”
           “Cost Amount        457.00
           Fine Amount         500.00
           Restitution              .00
           Other Amounts            .00
           Total Amount        957.00”
       As a result of our review of the record, we can logically infer the circuit clerk (1) considered
       the assessments at issue part of the “court costs” the trial court ordered defendant to pay and
       (2) implemented these assessments at the time of sentencing.
¶ 48       We further find the State’s reliance on People v. Jake, 2011 IL App (4th) 090779, 960
N.E.2d 45, and People v. Alghadi, 2011 IL App (4th) 100012, 960 N.E.2d 612, is misplaced.
       Unlike the case sub judice, the fees in question in Jake and Alghadi were in the “nature of
       a separate civil penalty,” i.e., collection and late fees, which had to be “challenged by a cause
       of action separate from the criminal case.” See Jake, 2011 IL App (4th) 090779, ¶ 23, 960
N.E.2d 45; see also Alghadi, 2011 IL App (4th) 100012, ¶ 23, 960 N.E.2d 612. As a result,
       we find we have jurisdiction over this issue.
¶ 49       On the merits, we first address defendant’s argument he is entitled to monetary credit
       pursuant to section 110-14 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS
       5/110-14(a) (West 2010)), for the 144 days he was incarcerated prior to sentencing. The State
       concedes defendant is entitled to credit against the drug court fine but not the sexual assault
       fine. We do not accept the State’s concession.
¶ 50       Section 110-14(a) (725 ILCS 5/110-14(a) (West 2010)) states: “Any person incarcerated
       on a bailable offense who does not supply bail and against whom a fine is levied on
       conviction of such offense shall be allowed a credit of $5 for each day so incarcerated upon
       application of the defendant.” However, section 110-14(b) (725 ILCS 5/110-14(b) (West
       2010)) states: “Subsection (a) does not apply to a person incarcerated for sexual assault as
       defined in paragraph (1) of subsection (a) of Section 5-9-1.7 of the Unified Code of
       Corrections.” Section 5-9-1.7(a)(1) of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-9-
       1.7(a)(1) (West 2010)) states in relevant part: “ ‘Sexual assault’ means the commission or
       attempted commission of the following: *** indecent solicitation of a child ***.”

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¶ 51        Because defendant was incarcerated for the indecent solicitation of a child, defendant is
       not entitled to presentence custody credit against any of his fines pursuant to section 110-
       14(b) of the Code (725 ILCS 5/110-14(b) (West 2010)).
¶ 52        We next examine the circuit clerk’s imposition of certain assessments. The circuit clerk
       has no authority to impose fines. People v. Swank, 344 Ill. App. 3d 738, 747-48, 800 N.E.2d
864, 871 (2003) (imposing a fine is a judicial act). Defendant takes issue with the $5 drug
       court program assessment (55 ILCS 5/5-1101(f) (West 2010)) and the $10 State Police
       services assessment.
¶ 53        We first address the drug court program assessment. Although the drug court assessment
       pursuant to section 5-1101(f) of the Counties Code (55 ILCS 5/5-1101(f) (West 2010)) is
       labeled a fee, it is actually a fine where, as here, defendant did not participate in drug court.
       See Jake, 2011 IL App (4th) 090779, ¶¶ 28-29, 960 N.E.2d 45. The State concedes the drug
       court program assessment is a fine which can only be imposed by the trial court. Although
       not raised in defendant’s brief, the State points out the circuit clerk also imposed a State
       Police operations assessment pursuant to section 27.3a of the Clerks of the Courts Act (705
       ILCS 105/27.3a (West 2010)). This is also a fine that can only be imposed by the trial court.
       See People v. Millsap, 2012 IL App (4th) 110668, ¶ 31, 979 N.E.2d 1030. As a result, we
       must remand this case for the trial court to vacate these two fines and reimpose them if
       applicable.
¶ 54        With regard to the State Police services assessment imposed by the circuit clerk, both
       defendant and the State agree the statutory basis for this assessment is unclear. Because an
       appellant is not allowed to hoist the burden of argument and research on this court, we would
       normally forfeit an issue such as this. However, because we must remand this case for the
       trial court to vacate the drug court program fine and the State Police operations fine and then
       determine whether those fines should be reimposed, we order the trial court to determine (1)
       whether the State Police services fund assessment made in this case is a fine or fee and (2)
       its applicability to defendant. If it is a fine, the trial court shall vacate the fine imposed by the
       circuit clerk and determine whether it needs to be reimposed by the court.
¶ 55        Although not raised by either party, to avoid an unnecessary appeal or postconviction
       petition, we also order the trial court to perform the same analysis for the $52 victims fund
       fine imposed by the circuit clerk on defendant. Based on the title given to this fine by the
       circuit clerk’s printout and by the amount of the fine, it appears the circuit clerk imposed a
       violent crime victims assistance (VCVA) fund fine (725 ILCS 240/10(b) (West 2010)). The
       circuit clerk has no authority to impose a VCVA fine. Alghadi, 2011 IL App (4th) 100012,
       ¶ 21, 960 N.E.2d 612. If this is a VCVA fine, the trial court will need to recalculate the fine,
       taking into account any additional fines imposed by the trial court on remand.
¶ 56        We again note as this court noted in People v. Folks, 406 Ill. App. 3d 300, 309, 943
N.E.2d 1128, 1135 (2010), “[t]he judicial and clerical time expended on accurate calculation
       of the precise assessment of these monies, much of which may never be collected, is
       phenomenal.”

¶ 57                                      III. CONCLUSION

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¶ 58       For the reasons stated, we affirm defendant’s conviction but remand this case to the trial
       court for it to vacate any fines improperly imposed by the circuit clerk and impose any
       mandatory fines applicable to defendant. Because the State successfully defended a portion
       of the criminal judgment, we grant the State its $50 statutory assessment against defendant
       as costs of this appeal. See People v. Smith, 133 Ill. App. 3d 613, 620, 479 N.E.2d 328, 333
       (1985) (citing People v. Nicholls, 71 Ill. 2d 166, 178, 374 N.E.2d 194, 199 (1978)).

¶ 59      Affirmed in part; cause remanded with directions.

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