Court Opinion

ID: 9959082
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-10 17:00:47.443888+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:26.739477
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 23-1787
                                     _____________

                                     GAVIN COCO,
                                         Appellant

                                             v.

                               JOSH DEAR, individually;
                               HELEN ZANE, individually
                                        _________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                                for the District of Delaware
                                 (D.C. No. 1-18-cv-01902)
                     District Judge: Honorable Gregory B. Williams
                                      _____________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                 on January 30, 2024

    Before: CHAGARES, Chief Judge, RESTREPO, and FREEMAN, Circuit Judges

                                  (Filed: April 10, 2024)
                                        _________

                                        OPINION *
                                        _________

*
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, does not
constitute binding precedent.
RESTREPO, Circuit Judge

       Appellant Gavin Coco was injured during a 2018 Memorial Day weekend incident

which culminated in his arrest after officers accused him of striking a police horse. Coco,

who denies any wrongdoing, brought this action against Officers Helen Zane and Josh

Dear (“Appellees”) alleging multiple federal and state law claims. Coco appeals the

District Court’s grant of summary judgment to the officer defendants on all counts. We

will affirm the grant of summary judgment as to Counts II through V and vacate and

remand for further proceedings as to Count I.

                                             I.

       Coco was walking with Jason Epps and other friends along Route 1 in Dewey

Beach, Delaware during the early morning hours of May 27, 2018, when the group

stopped to observe a commotion in a nearby parking lot involving the arrest of an African

American woman. Epps began recording the police interaction. After a local officer on

foot told them the area was restricted, mounted state police Officers Dear and Zane

approached and ordered Coco to leave. Officer Dear then attempted to use his horse to

block Coco from the parking lot area, but in doing so, his horse stepped on Coco’s toe.

Appellees allege that during the incident, Coco touched or punched Officer Zane’s horse,

prompting Zane to grab Coco by the shirt so that another officer, Jason Lovins, could

place Coco under arrest.

       Following these events, Coco filed a civil action seeking damages for violations of

state and federal law. Specifically, Coco alleged claims against Officer Zane for Fourth

Amendment unlawful detention pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Count I), and malicious

                                             2
prosecution under Delaware law (Count III). Coco further claimed Fourth Amendment

use of excessive force pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Count II), battery pursuant to

Delaware law (Count IV), and First Amendment retaliation (Count V), against both

Appellees. The District Court granted summary judgment to Appellees on April 5, 2023,

and Coco timely appealed.

                                            II. 1

       Our review of the District Court’s order granting summary judgment is plenary,

and we apply the same standard as the District Court. Ellis v. Westinghouse Elec. Co., 11

F.4th 221, 229 (3d Cir. 2021). Summary judgment is only appropriate if no genuine

dispute of material fact exists, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Genuine disputes of material fact exist if, when the evidence is

viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, a reasonable jury could return

a verdict for that party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

                  A. Unlawful detention (Count I against Officer Zane)

       Coco argues that the presence of a genuine dispute of material fact as to probable

cause precludes summary judgment on his unlawful detention claim. We agree. A claim

for unlawful detention brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 requires a plaintiff to

establish a Fourth Amendment seizure without probable cause. Harvard v. Cesnalis, 973

F.3d 190, 199 (3d Cir. 2020); James v. City of Wilkes-Barre, 700 F.3d 675, 680 (3d Cir.

       1
        The District Court had jurisdiction over Coco’s federal law claims pursuant to
28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 & 1343(a)(3) and had supplemental jurisdiction over Coco’s state law
claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). This Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291.
                                             3
2012). Where, as here, the parties do not dispute whether a seizure occurred, summary

judgment is “proper only if no reasonable juror could find a lack of probable cause.”

Harvard, 973 F.3d at 199.

       “To determine whether an officer had probable cause to arrest an individual, we

examine the events leading up to the arrest, and then decide ‘whether these historical

facts, viewed from the standpoint of an objectively reasonable police officer, amount to’

probable cause.” Maryland v. Pringle, 540 U.S. 366, 371 (2003) (quoting Ornelas v.

United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696 (1996)). “[W]e view all such facts and assess whether

any reasonable jury could conclude that those facts, considered in their totality in the

light most favorable to the nonmoving party, did not demonstrate a ‘fair probability’ that

a crime occurred.” Dempsey v. Bucknell Univ., 834 F.3d 457, 468 (3d Cir. 2016)

(emphasis omitted).

       Relying on testimony from Officers Zane and Lovins, who stated they saw Coco

punch Zane’s horse, causing the horse’s head to jerk back, the District Court found that

Officer Zane had probable cause to seize Coco for harassment of a law-enforcement

animal. 2 In reaching its conclusion, the District Court noted that Coco and Epps agreed

       2
           Del. Code tit. 11, § 1250(a)(1) provides:
               A person is guilty of harassment of a law-enforcement animal
               when such person intentionally harasses, taunts, menaces,
               challenges or alarms a law-enforcement animal in such a
               manner as is likely to provoke from such animal a violent,
               defensive or threatening response, such as lunging, baring of
               teeth, kicking, spinning or jumping, if such response from the
               animal causes alarm, distress, fear or risk of injury to any
               person or to the animal.
                                              4
with Appellees that, in the moments before Coco’s arrest, Officer Zane had said “[h]e

touched my horse.” J.A. 9.

       But Coco testified that he did not touch the horse. Additionally, reports from other

officers present at the scene noted uncertainty over whether Coco punched, struck, or

touched the horse. For example, Officer Kemp noted in her testimony that there was

intradepartmental controversy on the night of the incident over whether Coco had

punched the horse. Officer Bowden similarly stated that he did not recall Coco behaving

aggressively toward the horse and conceded that any contact between the two may have

been unintentional. And Officer Litten noted that his memory did not “jive with” video

recordings of the incident. J.A. 563–565. Further, Officer Dear conceded that Coco was

too far away from Officer Zane to have punched her horse at the moment she accused

him of doing so.

       Contrary to the District Court’s conclusion, whether Coco was approaching

Officer Zane and her horse is also in dispute. 3 Although Officer Zane contends that Coco

approached her and Officer Dear’s horses, Coco testified that both mounted officers came

towards him and corralled him into a parked police car. Coco’s version of the events was

corroborated by other officers’ deposition testimonies, which stated that a video

recording of the incident depicts the horses leading Coco towards the parked car.

       Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Coco as the non-moving party, we

       3
         The District Court stated, “There is no dispute that Coco was approaching Zane
and [her horse] and that he was in close proximity to them.” J.A. 9.

                                             5
conclude there is a genuine dispute as to whether there was probable cause to arrest Coco

for harassing a police horse under Del. Code tit. 11, § 1250(a)(1). We cannot conclude

that the facts of record demonstrate a “fair probability” that Coco committed a crime

when persons present during the incident disagree about the events underlying Coco’s

arrest. Dempsey, 834 F.3d at 468. Thus, Coco’s unlawful detention claim survives

summary judgment.

                B. Malicious prosecution (Count III against Officer Zane)

      Our conclusion that probable cause is disputed might have revived Coco’s

malicious prosecution claim if not for the requirement that Coco must demonstrate that

Officer Zane harbored malice in bringing charges against him. 4 Malice requires a

showing that Zane acted “with a wrongful or improper motive or with wanton disregard”

of Coco’s rights. Scott v. Moffit, No. N18C-11-015, 2019 WL 3976068, at *6 (Del. Super.

Ct. Aug. 20, 2019). In other words, Coco must show that Zane “had no sufficient reason

      4
          To establish malicious prosecution under Delaware law, a plaintiff must show:

              (1) a prior initiation of some regular judicial proceedings
              against the now-plaintiff; (2) such former proceedings must
              have been initiated by the now-defendant; (3) the former
              proceedings must have terminated in favor of the now-
              plaintiff; (4) the now-defendant must have harbored malice in
              instituting the former proceedings; (5) there was an absence of
              probable cause in the former proceedings; and (6) the now-
              plaintiff suffered injury or damage resulting from the former
              proceedings.
Smith v. First State Animal Ctr. & SPCA, Inc., No. S15C-12-025, 2018 WL 4829991, at
*7 (Del. Super. Ct. Oct. 4, 2018) (citations omitted), aff’d, 212 A.3d 803 (Del. 2019)
(unpublished).
                                            6
to believe []he was guilty.” Id.

       Coco claims that the officers’ actions were directed at him because a member of

his party was recording an arrest and his group did not immediately leave the scene. He

suggests that evidence of malice is somehow inherent in the officers’ “ever escalating

accusations” regarding his alleged encounter with the police horse. Appellant Br. 17.

       We note that under Delaware state law, “malicious prosecution is viewed with

disfavor and assessed with special scrutiny.” Spence v. Spence, No. K11C-06-035, 2012

WL 1495324, at *3 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 20, 2012). “[A] bare allegation” that charges

were brought “solely to intimidate and harass is insufficient.” Nix v. Sawyer, 466 A.2d

407, 412 (Del. Super. Ct. 1983). Though the existence of probable cause to arrest remains

an open question, the facts of record, even when viewed in the light most favorable to

Coco, do not establish that Officer Zane “had no sufficient reason to believe” he harassed

her horse. Scott, 2019 WL 3976068, at *6. If Zane’s “purpose was otherwise a proper one

the addition of the incidental fact that [s]he felt indignation or resentment toward [Coco]

will not make [her] liable.” Kaye v. Pantone, Inc., 395 A.2d 369, 372 (Del. Ch. 1978)

(citations omitted).

       Coco failed to sufficiently allege that the Appellees acted with an improper motive

or wanton disregard for his rights. We therefore conclude that no reasonable juror could

find that Officer Zane maliciously prosecuted Coco, and we will affirm the grant of

summary judgment for Officer Zane as to Count III.

                       C. Excessive force (Count II against Appellees)

       The District Court properly granted summary judgment to the officers on Coco’s

                                             7
claim that they employed excessive force during his arrest in violation of his Fourth

Amendment rights. To establish excessive force, “a plaintiff must show that a ‘seizure’

occurred and that it was unreasonable.” Estate of Smith v. Marasco, 318 F.3d 497, 515

(3d Cir. 2003) (quoting Abraham v. Raso, 183 F.3d 279, 288 (3d Cir. 1999)). A seizure

involves “a governmental termination of freedom of movement through means

intentionally applied.” Brower v. County of Inyo, 489 U.S. 593, 597 (1989) (emphasis

omitted).

       Courts assess the reasonableness of the officers’ actions objectively, “without

regard to their underlying intent or motivation.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 397

(1989). Whether an officer’s use of force is “objectively reasonable” depends on “the

facts and circumstances of each particular case, including the severity of the crime at

issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or

others, and whether [the suspect] is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest

by flight.” Id. at 396–97.

       We agree with the District Court that Coco failed to present sufficient evidence

that Officer Dear seized him. Although Officer Dear conceded that he used his horse to

curtail Coco’s movement, Coco was not seized until Officer Zane grabbed him by the

shirt. Until that moment, Coco admits he was still able to “kind of calmly side-step[] to

[his] left,” J.A. 417, and would have been able to leave the area. See California v. Hodari

D., 499 U.S. 621, 626 (1991) (holding that a seizure does not occur where a party does

not yield to an officer’s application of physical force or show of authority).

                                              8
       That Officer Zane seized Coco by grabbing his shirt is undisputed. The remaining

question is whether Zane’s use of force was objectively reasonable in light of the

circumstances. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. Coco alleges that after Zane exclaimed,

“[h]e touched my horse,” she “forcefully grabbed [his] shirt from the back” and used

profanity. J.A. 33. Coco does not contest that, prior to being seized, he did not obey

officers’ instructions to leave the scene, or that he attempted to walk away after being

notified that he was under arrest. Given these circumstances, we agree with the District

Court that no reasonable juror could conclude Zane’s act of grabbing Coco’s shirt

constituted excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Summary judgment

was thus appropriately granted to Officer Zane on this claim.

                         D. Battery (Count IV against Appellees)

       Coco’s battery claim fails because his allegations do not preclude the grant of

immunity under Delaware law. The Delaware State Tort Claims Act

              exempts state employees from civil liability for their actions
              unless the plaintiff proves the absence of one or more of the
              following three elements: (1) The act or omission complained
              of arose out of and in connection with the performance of an
              official duty . . . ; (2) The act or omission complained of was
              done in good faith and in the belief that the public interest
              would best be served thereby; and (3) The act or omission
              complained of was done without gross or wanton negligence[.]

Roberts v. White, 698 F. Supp. 2d 457, 462 (D. Del. 2010) (alterations in original) (citing

Del. Code tit. 10, § 4001).

       Although Coco correctly argues summary judgment could be precluded by a

demonstration of evidence permitting an inference of bad faith, he points to no specific

                                             9
examples in the record that support such an inference. We will therefore affirm the grant

of summary judgment for Appellees on this claim.

              E. First Amendment Retaliation (Count V against Appellees)

       Finally, we agree with the District Court’s finding that Coco lacks standing to

assert First Amendment retaliation. Standing in this context depends on an injury to a

legally protected First Amendment interest. Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560

(1992); Associated Builders & Contractors W. Pa. v. Cmty. Coll. Allegheny Cnty., 81

F.4th 279, 288 (3d Cir. 2023). Moreover, the requirements of standing demand that the

litigant himself suffer the injury; he cannot achieve standing by asserting the legal

interest of a third party. Wheeler v. Travelers Ins. Co., 22 F.3d 534, 537–38 (3d Cir.

1994); Davis v. Phila. Hous. Auth., 121 F.3d 92, 96 (3d Cir. 1997).

       Coco alleges his First Amendment rights were violated because Appellees

“prohibit[ed] the recording of police activity” and “retaliat[ed] against” him “for

exercising his First Amendment rights.” J.A. 38. Coco cannot establish standing due to

the simple fact that he was not recording the arrest of the woman in the parking lot; his

friend was. Thus, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment to

Appellees on Count V.

                                  F. Qualified Immunity

       Because the District Court granted summary judgment in favor of Appellees on all

of Coco’s constitutional claims, it never reached the merits of Appellees’ qualified

immunity defense. But our holding that Coco’s unlawful detention claim survives

summary judgment requires that the applicability of this defense now be addressed.

                                             10
       Although Appellees urge us to decide the merits of their qualified immunity

defense on appeal, we decline to do so. 5 See O’Hanlon v. Uber Techs., Inc., 990 F.3d

757, 762 n.3 (3d Cir. 2021) (“[A]s a ‘court of review, not of first view,’ . . . we will

analyze a legal issue without the district court’s having done so first only in extraordinary

circumstances.” (citation omitted)). Rather, we will remand this matter so that the District

Court can adjudicate the remaining claim against Zane and decide whether she is entitled

to qualified immunity.

                                             III.

       Accordingly, we will vacate the District Court’s order as to Count I and remand

for further proceedings. We will affirm on all other counts.

       5
         Appellees argue that “‘[w]here . . . the issues are purely legal and ripe for
review’ and litigation has been lengthy, ‘remand on the immunity claims would not be
appropriate.’” Appellee Br. 20 (quoting In re Montgomery Cnty., 215 F.3d 367, 374–75
(3d Cir. 2000)); see also Oliver v. Roquet, 858 F.3d 180, 189 n.4, 196 (3d Cir. 2017)
(finding defendant was entitled to qualified immunity on appeal even though the district
court did not address the issue at the summary judgment stage). Notably, however, the
cases the Appellees cite dealt with situations where summary judgment was denied and
qualified immunity was therefore denied by implication. Given that the District Court
granted summary judgment to Appellees, and this matter involves disputed factual issues
(not purely legal ones), the circumstances of this case do not fit neatly within the
parameters of In re Montgomery’s holding.

                                              11