Court Opinion

ID: 4558200
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-24 18:00:42.041912+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:33.556967
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    PAO TATNEFT,

           Petitioner/Plaintiff,

           v.                                              Civil Action No. 17-582 (CKK)

    UKRAINE,

          Respondent/Defendant.

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                      (August 24, 2020)

       Pending before this Court is Petitioner Pao Tatneft’s [1] Petition to Confirm Arbitral Award

and to Enter Judgment in Favor of Petitioner.1 Pao Tatneft, formerly known as OAO Tatneft, brings

this action to enforce a 2014 foreign arbitral award entered in favor of Petitioner Pao Tatneft and

against Respondent Ukraine by the International Arbitral Tribunal in OAO Tatneft v. Ukraine, an

arbitration seated in Paris, France and conducted pursuant to the Rules of the United Nations

Commission on International Trade Law (“UNCITRAL”). Pao Tatneft was awarded $112 million

plus interest accruing at the U.S. dollar LIBOR rate plus 3%, compounded every three months, with

further instructions about accrual of interest. See Merits Award (also referred to as the “Final

1
 In connection with this Memorandum Opinion, the Court considered Petitioner’s [1] Petition to
Confirm Arbitral Award and to Enter Judgment in Favor of Petitioner (“Pao Tatneft Pet.”), and
exhibits attached thereto, including but not limited to the Merits Award, which is filed at ECF No.
1-4 through 1-7; Respondent’s [22] Opposition to Petitioner’s Petition to Confirm Arbitral Award
(Ukraine Opp’n.”); Petitioner’s [35] Reply in Further Support of Petition to Confirm Arbitral
Award and to Enter Judgment in Favor of Petitioner (“Pao Tatneft Reply”); the Jurisdiction
Decision, attached as Ex. A to the Supplemental Declaration of Jonathan Blackman, ECF No. 27-3;
and the record in this case. In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral
argument in this action would not be of assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f).
                                                    1
Award”) , attached as Ex. A to Declaration of Jonathan Blackman, ECF No. 1-3.2

         For the reasons set forth herein, the Court GRANTS Pao Tatneft’s [1] Petition to Confirm

Arbitral Award, and requests that the Petitioner file a proposed order of judgment reflecting the

amount of the constituent parts of the award, along with a brief summary of the interest calculations,

and Respondent have the opportunity to respond thereto.

         I. BACKGROUND3

         A. Factual Background Leading to the Merits Award

         Petitioner Pao Tatneft (hereinafter referred to as “Pao Tatneft” or Tatneft”) is a “publicly-

traded open joint stock company, established and existing under the laws of the Russian Federation.

See Pao Tatneft Pet., ECF No. 1, at ¶ 1. On July 4, 1995, Tatarstan and Ukraine entered into an

agreement to create CJSC Ukrtatnafta Transnational Financial and Industrial Oil Company

(“Ukrtatnafta”), a Ukrainian joint stock company that operates the largest oil refinery in Ukraine,

with Tatneft, Ukraine, and Tatarstan as its three major shareholders. See Declaration of Jonathan I.

Blackman in support of Petition (“Blackman Decl.”), ECF No. 1-3, Ex. A (Merits Award), ECF No.

1-4, at ¶¶ 57-59. Tatneft and Tatarstan were initially slated to make capital contributions of oil-

related fixed assets to Ukrtatnafta, but later agreed to make contributions of cash and other assets in

1997 and 1998. Merits Award, ECF No. 1-4, at ¶¶ 61, 174, 176.

          In 1998 and 1999, the United States-based Seagroup International, Inc. (“Seagroup”) and

    Switzerland-based AmRuz Trading Co. (“AmRuz”) acquired shares in Ukrtatnafta, and together

2
  Mr. Blackman is a partner at the law firm of Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP, counsel for
Petitioner Pao Tatneft in this action and during the arbitration.
3
  Much of the background is borrowed from the background information contained in this Court’s
March 19, 2018 [34] Memorandum Opinion and this Court’s May 13, 2020 [48] Memorandum
Opinion. This has been supplemented with background information relevant to the arguments
made by Ukraine.
                                                  2
with Tatneft and Tatarstan (the four entities are collectively referred to as the “Tatarstan

Shareholders”), they owned a majority 56% of Ukrtatnafta’s shares, and they agreed to vote as a

bloc. See Merits Award, ECF No. 1-4, at ¶ 141; ECF No. 1-6, at ¶ 562 & n.903. In January 2007,

the Ukrainian Privat Group acquired a 1% interest in Ukrtatnafta. Id., ECF No. 1-4, at ¶ 143; ECF

No. 1-5, at ¶¶ 223, 268. The Privat Group subsequently obtained Ukrainian judgments that

purportedly invalidated the 1997 and 1998 shareholder resolutions whereby Tatartan and Tatneft

obtained their interests in Ukrtatnafta, and resulted in the Tatarstan Shareholders being barred from

management of Ukrtatnafta and ownership of its shares. Id., ECF No. 1-4, at ¶¶ 126-28, 147, 156,

159-62, 169-71, 174-76; ECF No. 1-5, at ¶¶ 221-38, 276-80, 316, 320, 325; ECF No. 1-6, at ¶ 465.

        On December 11, 2007, Tatneft sent a Notice of Dispute to Ukraine, requesting

negotiations pursuant to Article 9 (1) of the Russia-Ukraine Bilateral Investment Treaty (“Russia-

Ukraine BIT” or “BIT”). Merits Award, ECF No. 1-4, at ¶ 6; Blackman Decl., ECF No. 1-3, Ex. B

(Russia-Ukraine BIT), ECF No. 1-8, at art. 9(1). On May 21, 2008, after trying to resolve the

dispute for approximately five months, Tatneft served Ukraine with a Notice of Arbitration and

Statement of Claim under UNCITRAL, alleging that Ukraine had violated its obligations with

regard to granting legal protection to and disallowing discrimination against investors from Russia,

such as Tatneft, under the Russia-Ukraine BIT. Merits Award, ECF No. 1-4, at ¶ 7; Russia-

Ukraine BIT, ECF No. 1-8, at arts. 2, 3(1).

        The Russian-Ukraine BIT provides for arbitration by “an ad hoc arbitration tribunal in

accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade

law (UNCITRAL).” Russia-Ukraine BIT, ECF No. 1-8, at art. 9(2)(c); Merits Award, ECF No. 1-

4, at ¶ 6. Furthermore, the Russia-Ukraine BIT sets out a procedure for selecting members of the

arbitral tribunal:

        Each [of the] Contracting Parties shall appoint one member of the arbitration tribunal

                                                 3
           within two months of receiving the arbitration notice. Those two tribunal members
           shall then select a citizen of a third country who with the consent of both Contracting
           Parties shall be appointed as a chairperson of the tribunal within one month of the
           appointment of the two other tribunal members.

    Russian-Ukraine BIT, ECF No. 1-8, at art. 10.

           In accordance with the Russia-Ukraine BIT, Tatneft appointed one member of the tribunal,

    Professor Rudolph Dolzer, and Ukraine appointed The Honorable Marc Lalonde, and these two

    appointees appointed the third and presiding member of the panel – Professor Orrego Vicuña.

    Merits Award, ECF No. 1-4, at ¶ 8. Ukraine challenged Tatneft’s appointment of Professor Dolzer,

    and after the challenge was sustained, Tatneft appointed the Honorable Charles N. Brower instead.

    Merits Decision, ECF No. 1-4, at ¶ 9. Ukraine did not object to Judge Brower or to Professor

    Vicuña, who is a “law professor with extensive experience as an arbitrator in international disputes,

    and is a judge of the International Monetary Fund’s Administrative Tribunal, among other

    appointments.” Tatneft Reply, ECF No. 35, at 8.4

           Following written submissions and a hearing, the arbitral tribunal issued a September 28,

    2010 decision confirming its jurisdiction over Tatneft’s claims (the “Jurisdiction Decision”), and

    after receiving additional written submissions and documents, the arbitral tribunal held a merits

    hearing from March 18, 2013 to March 27, 2013, wherein fact and expert witnesses testified.

    Merits Award, ECF No. 1-4, at ¶¶ 6-46. On July 29, 2014, the arbitral tribunal issued its Merits

    Award, whereby it concluded that Ukraine’s actions resulted in a “total deprivation of [Tatneft’s]

    rights as a shareholder of Ukrtatnafta” and further, that Ukraine had failed under the Russia-

    Ukraine BIT to provide fair and equitable treatment (FET) to Tatneft. Merits Award, ECF No. 1-

    5, at ¶ 412; ECF No. 1-6, at ¶ 464. Ukraine was ordered to “pay [Tatneft] the amount of US $112

4
 Page numbers cited by the Court refer to the page numbers assigned by the Court’s Electronic
Case Filing (“ECF”) system.
                                                4
 million as compensation for its breaches of the Russia-Ukraine BIT” along with interest at the U.S.

 dollar LIBOR rate plus 3% compounded every three months, with further instructions about the

 accrual of interest. Merits Award, CF No. 1-6, at ¶ 642(1)-(3). Each party was ordered to bear

 its own costs, and each party was ordered to pay half the cost of the arbitration. Merits Award,

 ECF No. 1-6, at ¶ 642 (5),(6).

       On July 22, 2011, in the period between the issuance of the Jurisdiction Decision and the

Merits Award, Professor Vicuña was appointed as an arbitrator by Cleary Gottlieb, the law firm

representing Tatneft, in an unrelated arbitration (DP World, et al. v. Republic of Peru), and he

accepted the appointment on September 21, 2011. Ukraine Opp’n., ECF No. 22, at 6; Pao Tatneft

Reply, ECF No. 35, at 4. The appointment was reported by Global Arbitration Review, “a publication

and database that is regularly read and used by virtually all international arbitration practitioners[.]”

Pao Tatneft Reply, ECF No. 35, at 9. Professor Vicuña “did not update his original disclosures in

the Arbitration to include his DP World appointment.” Id.

       During this same period between the issuance of the Jurisdiction Decision and the Merits

Award, on April 30, 2013, Ukraine’s law firm from the arbitration – King & Spaulding – appointed

Professor Vicuña as an arbitrator in South American Silver Ltd. v. Bolivia, a case where the claimant

(represented by King & Spalding) seeks more than $300 million, and this appointment was not

disclosed in the arbitration at issue in this case. Pao Tatneft Reply, ECF No. 35, at 9-10.

         B. Procedural Background After the Merits Award

         On August 27, 2014, Ukraine brought an action before the Paris Court of Appeal in France

to annul both the Merits Award and the earlier Jurisdiction Decision. Blackman Decl. ¶ 5. On

November 29, 2016, the Paris Court of Appeal rejected Ukraine’s annulment request, upheld both

the Jurisdiction Decision and the Merits Award, and ordered Ukraine to pay fees and costs to Tatneft.

Id. In connection with Ukraine’s effort to annul the Merits Award, Ukraine argued that Professor

                                                   5
Vicuña’s failure to disclose his DP World appointment was grounds for vacating the Merits Award.

See June 26, 2017 Declaration of Jean-Yves Garaud, ECF No. 16-1 (“Garaud Decl.”), at ¶ 3; Ex. A-

2 (Paris Court of Appeal Order), ECF 16-3, at 12.5 This argument was rejected by the Paris Court of

Appeal in its November 29, 2016 decision confirming the Merits Award, when that court found that:

“Ukraine fail[ed] to demonstrate how a single appointment in the course of the seven years that the

arbitration lasted, which did not characterize a history of business between the arbitrator and this law

firm, had the potential to raise a reasonable doubt about the independence and impartiality of Mr.

Orrego Vicuña.” ECF No. 16-3, at 13.

          Ukraine filed a subsequent request for appeal, on March 21, 2017, to the French Court of

    Cassation. On December 29, 2016, Tatneft sent a letter to Ukraine demanding payment of the

    Merits Award amount and noting that if payment was not made by February 15, 2017, Tatneft

    would commence enforcement proceedings. See Blackman Decl., ECF No. 1-3, Ex. C (Dec. 29,

    2016 Demand Letter), ECF No. 1-9, at 2. Tatneft filed its Petition to Confirm Arbitral Award on

    March 30, 2017, seeking recognition of the award in this Court. The Petition was fully briefed in

    mid-2018, but prior to this Court ruling on the Petition, Ukraine filed a motion to dismiss on

    jurisdictional grounds, and the case was stayed subsequently while Ukraine appealed from this

    Court’s denial of its motion to dismiss. The stay was lifted after the Court of Appeals affirmed

    this Court’s decision and issued its mandate, and subsequently, this Court ordered the parties to

    file a Joint Status Report.

          The parties’ [43] Joint Status Report indicated that Ukraine had filed a motion for

reinstatement of the French Court of Cassation proceeding, but Ukraine did not seek a further stay

of this proceeding because of that motion, although it reserved its right to renew a motion for stay

5
  Jean-Yves Faraud is a partner at Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton, LLP, counsel for Pao Tatneft
in this matter and during the arbitration.
                                                 6
if and when the French Court of Cassation proceeding resumes. Jt. Status Rpt., ECF No. 43, at 1-

2. The parties noted that they were unaware of any new cases or law affecting the pending briefing.

Id. at 2. Finally, the parties notified this Court of a decision in a parallel proceeding in the United

Kingdom (the “UK”) High Court denying one of Ukraine’s challenges to enforcement of the Final

Award. Id.; see Joint Status Report, Ex. A ([UK] Approved Judgment), ECF No. 43-1. This

challenge by Ukraine was brought under section 103(2)(e) of the UK Arbitration Act 1996, which

implements Article V(1)(d) of the New York Convention. This UK ruling will be discussed herein

in the context of one of Ukraine’s arguments against enforcement of the Petition in this case, i.e.,

that the Court should refuse to recognize and enforce the Final Award pursuant to Article V(1)(d).

       Also pending before the High Court is Ukraine’s challenge to enforcement of the Final

Award under section 103(2)(d) of the UK Arbitration Act 1996, which implements Article V(1)(c)

of the New York Convention. While Ukraine made no argument pursuant to Article V(1)(c) in

response to the Petition in this case, Ukraine filed a motion asking this Court for permission to

provide supplemental briefing on that issue. That request to provide additional briefing was denied

by this Court, see May 13, 2020 Memorandum Opinion, ECF No. [48], and accordingly, Pao

Tatneft’s Petition is now ripe for resolution by this Court. Pao Tatneft seeks to confirm the Merits

Award under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), 9 U.S.C. §201, et seq., which codifies the

Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, June 10, 1958, 21

U.S.T. 2517 (the “New York Convention”).

       II. LEGAL STANDARD

       The New York Convention, which is incorporated in the Federal Arbitration Act, see 9

U.S.C. §§ 201-208, “is a multilateral treaty that, with exceptions, obligates participating countries

to honor international commercial arbitration agreements and to recognize and enforce arbitral

                                                  7
awards rendered pursuant to such agreements.” Enron Nigeria Power Holding, Ltd. v. Fed.

Republic of Nigeria, 844 F.3d 281, 283 (D.C. Cir. 2016). The New York Convention provides for

“recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards made in the territory of a State other than the State

where the recognition and enforcement of such awards are sought.” See Art. 1.1, 21 U.S.T. 2517.

Since the award in this case was made in France and enforcement is sought in the United States,

both of which are signatories to the New York Convention, the confirmation is governed by the

Convention. See Pao Tatneft Pet., ECF No. 1, at ¶ 3; 9 U.S.C. Section 207 (permitting any party to

an arbitration under the Convention to seek confirmation of the arbitral award in United States

federal district court within three years of the award); see also BCB Holdings Ltd. v Gov’t of Belize,

110 F. Supp. 3d 233, 242 (D.D.C. 2015) (finding that the FAA affirms that the purpose of the New

York Convention is to encourage recognition and enforcement of commercial arbitration

agreements in international contracts), aff’d, 650 F. App’x 17 (D.C. Cir. 2016), cert den., 137 S. Ct.

619 (2017).

       As the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has recognized,

“[c]onsistent with the ‘emphatic federal policy in favor of arbitral dispute resolution’ recognized by

the Supreme Court[,]. . . the FAA affords the district court little discretion in refusing or deferring

enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.” Belize Soc. Dev. Ltd. v. Gov’t of Belize, 668 F.3d 724, 727

(D.C. Cir. 2012) (quoting Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614,

631 (1985)). The FAA provides that a district court “shall confirm the award unless it finds one of

the grounds for refusal or deferral of recognition or enforcement of the award specified in the [ ]

Convention.” 9 U.S.C. § 207; see TermoRio S.A. E.S.P. v. Electanta S.P., 487 F.3d 928, 935 (D.C.

Cir. 2007) (A district court “may refuse to enforce the award [under the New York Convention] only

on the grounds explicitly set forth in Article V of the Convention.”), cert denied, 552 U.S. 1038

                                                  8
(2007); see also Int’l Trading & Indus. Inv. Co. v. DynCorp Aerospace Tech., 763 F. Supp. 2d 12,

20 (D.D.C. 2011) (“Confirmation proceedings are generally summary in nature” because “the New

York Convention provides only several narrow circumstances where a court may deny confirmation

of an arbitral award.”) (citation omitted).

         The party resisting confirmation bears a heavy burden of establishing that one of the

 grounds for denying confirmation in Article V applies. Seelmperial Ethiopian Gov’t. v. Baruch-

 Foster Corp., 535 F.2d 334, 336 (5th Cir. 1976); see also Ottley v. Schwartzberg, 819 F. 2d 373,

 376 (2d Cir. 1987)(“[T]he showing required to avoid summary confirmation is high.”). Pursuant

 to the New York Convention: (1) an arbitral award may be refused at the request of the party

 against whom it is invoked where (a) the parties to the agreement were under some incapacity;

 (b) the party against whom the award is invoked did not receive proper notice of the arbitration

 proceedings; (c) the award deals with an issue not falling within the terms of the parties’ submission

 to arbitration; (d) the composition of the arbitral tribunal was not in accordance with the parties’

 agreement; (e) the award has not yet become binding; or (2) recognition and enforcement of an

 arbitral award may be refused in the country where it is sought if (a) the issue arbitrated is not

 capable of being arbitrated under the law or (b) it would be contrary to the public policy of such

 country. New York Convention, Art. V, June 10, 1958, 21 U.S.T. 2517, 1970 WL 104417

 (effective for the United States on Dec. 29, 1970).

         III. ARGUMENT

         Ukraine argues against confirmation and enforcement of the Merits Award on New York

 Convention Article V grounds; namely, Ukraine alleges there was a lack of impartiality of the

 arbitral tribunal, and further, that recognition and enforcement would be contrary to the public

 policy of the United States. These two arguments by Ukraine will be addressed in turn.

                                                  9
       A. Composition of the Arbitral Tribunal

       Article V(1)(d) of the New York Convention provides that “[r]ecognition and enforcement

of the award may be refused” if “[t]he composition of the arbitral authority . . . was not in

accordance with the agreement of the parties. . . “ New York Convention, art. V(1)(d). Ukraine

explains that “[w]hen Tatneft elected to arbitrate under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, such

Rules became part of the agreement to arbitrate [,] [and these] Rules contain specific rules

governing the composition of the arbitral authority in Section II, Articles 5-14.” Ukraine Opp’n.,

ECF No. 22, at 11. Article 9 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules sets the standard for an

arbitrator’s duty of disclosure as follows:

       A prospective arbitrator shall disclose to those who approach him in connection with his
       possible appointment any circumstances likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to his
       impartiality or independence. An arbitrator, once appointed or chosen, shall disclose such
       circumstances to the parties unless they have already been informed by him of the
       circumstances.

1976 UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, art. 9.

       Ukraine alleges that “[d]uring the course of the arbitration, President of the Arbitral

Tribunal, Mr. Francisco Orrego Vicuña, failed to fulfill his duty of disclosure owed to the Parties

[when] [h]e concealed from the Parties information that was likely to give rise to justifiable doubts

as to his independent and impartiality.” Ukraine Opp’n, ECF No. 22, at 6. More specifically, at

the time the parties were “making their final written submissions on the merits,” Mr. Vicuña was

approached by the law firm that represented Pao Tatneft, and he was offered (and accepted) a

“prestigious and lucrative appointment” in “a major investment arbitration” being conducted in

Washington, D.C., where he could be expected to earn hundreds of thousands of dollars. Id. at 6-

8. Ukraine contends that it “did not become aware of Mr. Orrego Vicuña’s appointment . . . until

after the conclusion of the arbitration.” Id. at 8. As a preliminary matter, this Court must establish

the appropriate standard under which to examine Mr. Vicuña’s actions.

                                                 10
            1. Applicable Standard for Challenging an Arbitrator’s Partiality

            Ukraine proffers that, pursuant to Section 10(a)(2) of the FAA, an arbitral award may be

    vacated “where there was evident partiality . . . in the arbitrators, or either of them[,]”and this is a

    higher standard than in Article 10 of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, which merely require a

    showing of “justifiable doubts” as to the arbitrator’s impartiality or independence. Ukraine Opp’n.,

    ECF No. 22, at 15 (citing FAA, § 10(a)(2) and UNCITRAL, Art. 10).6 In arguing that the standard

    is evident partiality, Ukraine relies on Commonwealth Coatings Corp. v. Continental Casualty Co.,

    393 U.S. 145, 148-9 (1968) (“We can perceive no way in which the effectiveness of the arbitration

    process will be hampered by the simple requirement that arbitrators disclose to the parties any

    dealings that might create an impression of possible bias.”) and Schmitz v. Zilveti, 20 F. 3d 1043,

    1047 (9th Cir. 1994) (“The parties can choose their arbitrators intelligently only when facts showing

    potential partiality are disclosed.”).

            Ukraine asserts that “[i]n light of U.S. case law, Mr. Orrego Vicuña’s failure to disclose an

    appointment that likely brought him revenue around USD 300,000 would have been more than

    sufficient to characterize “evident partiality” in the meaning of Section 10(a)(2) of the FAA, and

    would have been more than sufficient to vacate the award under that Section.” Ukraine Opp’n.,

    ECF No. 22 , at 15 (emphasis omitted); see Applied Industrial Materials Corp. v. Ovalar Makine

    Ticaret Ve Sanayi, A.S., 492 F.3d 132 (2d Cir. 2007) (affirming a district court’s denial of a petition

    to confirm an arbitration award from an arbitration held in New York, and holding that an

    arbitrator’s failure to investigate and disclose the fact that a company he chaired and was CEO for

    had earned revenue of $275,000 from his relationship with one of the parties amounted to “evident

6
 Article 10 of the 1976 UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules provide that “[a]ny arbitrator may be
challenged if circumstances exist that give rise to justifiable doubts as to the arbitrator’s
impartiality or independence.” 1976 UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, art. 10.
                                                   11
partiality”). Ukraine indicates that had it become aware of Mr. Vicuña’s “lucrative and prestigious

appointment by Tatneft’s counsel in the midst of the parties’ final submission on the merits and in

anticipation of the Merits Award,” Ukraine “justifiably [could] have had serious doubts” as to the

arbitrator’s impartiality and independence. Ukraine Opp’n., ECF No. 22, at 16.

       Pao Tatneft contests the standard proffered by Ukraine and explains that the FAA’s

“evident partiality” standard is used to assess claims in cases involving domestic arbitration

awards, which is not the case here. Pao Tatneft notes further that the Commonwealth Coatings

and Zilvetti cases relied upon by Ukraine are distinguishable because they both addressed domestic

awards and therefore applied this standard. “However, because the United States is only a

secondary jurisdiction under the New York Convention with respect to the Final Award, see BCB

Holdings, 110 F. Supp 3d at 246, the FAA’s domestic provisions — including the evident partiality

provision — do not apply to this proceeding.” Pao Tatneft Reply, ECF No. 35, at 18; cf. Republic

of Argentina v. AWG Grp. Ltd., 211 F. Supp. 3d 335, 346 (D.D.C. 2016) (noting that when “the

award is made in the United States, the parties may, through Article V(1)(e), seek vacatur of the

arbitration award under the FAA provisions applicable to domestic awards in 9 U.S.C. §§ 10 and

11”), aff’d., 894 F.3d 327 (D.C. Cir. 2018).

       Furthermore, in Belize Bank, a case that was not cited by Ukraine, the United States Court

of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit explained this distinction in some detail:

      The cases upon which Belize relies address a provision of the Federal Arbitration Act
      (FAA) that permits a district court to vacate a domestic arbitration award “where there was
      evident partiality or corruption in the arbitrators.” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(2) For the reasons set
      forth below, Belize has failed to allege conduct that would warrant denial of enforcement
      under our cases interpreting that standard. But even if the alleged conduct did satisfy the
      FAA standard, we would be unable to deny enforcement in this case. As we have explained
      above, we may refuse to enforce this international arbitration award “only on the grounds
      explicitly set forth in Article V” of the New York Convention, TermoRio, 487 F.3d at 935,
      and the only potentially relevant ground is that enforcement of the arbitration award “would
      be contrary to the public policy of [the United States],” New York Convention art. V(2)(b).
      As we have also explained, this requires Belize to show that [an arbitrator’s] participation

                                                12
      in the arbitration violated this country’s “most basic notions of morality and justice.”
      TermoRio, 487 F.3d at 938.

Belize Bank Ltd. v. Govt. of Belize, 852 F.3d 1107, 1112 (D.C. Cir. 2017)

       Pao Tatneft notes that Ukraine not only ignores Belize Bank, but it also “fails to cite a single

U.S. case supporting its argument that an arbitrator’s failure to disclose an alleged conflict of

interest should be addressed under Article V(1)(d), much less adopting the less demanding test

Ukraine argues should apply here.” Pao Tatneft Reply, ECF No. 35, at 19. This Court agrees that

this Circuit has made it clear that the burden on Ukraine in challenging Professor Vicuña’s

impartiality in a proceeding to enforce a foreign arbitration award is higher than the FAA’s evident

partiality standard, which is applied to domestic arbitration cases, and that such claims should be

brought pursuant to the public policy exception. Nevertheless, because Pao Tatneft responds to

Ukraine’s arguments as if the [less-stringent] evident partiality standard applies and/or Ukraine

may rely on the Article V(1)(d) of the New York Convention, this Court will analyze Ukraine’s

argument under those standards.

       a. Even under the Evident Partiality Standard, Ukraine’s Argument Fails

       Assuming arguendo that the evident partiality standard applies, Pao Tatneft asserts that

Ukraine would not meet that standard. “[T]he burden on a claimant for vacation of an arbitration

award due to ‘evident partiality’ is heavy, and the claimant must establish specific facts that

indicate improper motives on the part of an arbitrator.” Al-Harbi v. Citibank, N.A., 85 F.3d 680,

683 (D.C. Cir. 1996), cert den., 519 U.S. 981 (1996). Pao Tatneft notes that Ukraine relies on the

plurality opinion in Commonwealth Coatings to suggest that the mere failure to disclose facts

showing potential partiality by an arbitrator could be enough to vacate an award; however, the

D.C. Circuit has recognized that “Justice White’s concurrence is the narrowest grounds for the

judgment, which means that it is the holding of the Court.” Pao Tatneft Reply, ECF No. 35, at 20

                                                 13
(citing Belize Bank, 852 F. 3d at 1114 n.4). Accordingly, Pao Tatneft concludes that this evident

partiality standard requires “showing more than a mere appearance of potential bias” to disqualify

an arbitrator, id. at 20, such as when “a reasonable person, considering all the circumstances, would

have to conclude that an arbitrator was partial to one side.” Id. (citing Scandinavian Reinsurance

Co. Ltd. v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co., 668 F.3d 60, 72 (2d Cir. 2012) (emphasis in original)

(citation omitted); see also id. at 72 (“[W]e have repeatedly cautioned that we are not quick to set

aside the results of an arbitration because of an arbitrator’s alleged failure to disclose

information.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       Ukraine relies on the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, cases and commentary propounding

generally that “the arbitrator owes to the parties a continued duty to disclose any circumstances

that are likely to give rise to justifiable doubts as to impartiality or independence.” Ukraine Opp’n.,

ECF No. 22, at 11-12 (emphasis in original). Pao Tatneft acknowledges these authorities cited by

Ukraine but notes that not even one source “suggest[s] that a single appointment by one of the

parties’ law firms in an unrelated arbitration constitutes such a circumstance.” Pao Tatneft Reply,

ECF No. 35, at 21. Notably, Ukraine does not cite to the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest

in International Arbitrations, which are “persuasive, but not binding authority” on arbitrator

conflicts of interest. AWG Group Ltd., 211 F. Supp. 3d at 355. Pao Tatneft asserts that those

Guidelines “make clear that a single appointment need not be disclosed unless specific

circumstances require.” Id. at 21 & n.5 (explaining that under the IBA Guidelines, a situation that

may give rise to doubts on impartiality involves an arbitrator being appointed on more than three

occasions within the past three years by the same counsel or law firm). Importantly, Ukraine does

not mention that its counsel also appointed Professor Vicuña as an arbitrator in another arbitration

before the Final Award was handed down.

       Pao Tatneft argues that courts which have considered Ukraine’s argument, which amounts

                                                  14
    to a per se rule requiring disclosure of a single appointment by one of the parties’ law firms, have

    rejected it. See, e.g., Nat’l Indem. Co. v. IRB Brasil Resseguros S.A., 164 F. Supp. 3d 457, 479-80

    (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (noting that “it cannot be that selection and payment for a person’s services as a

    party-arbitrator or umpire, without more, produces a ‘material or commercial financial

    relationship’ sufficient to constitute disqualifying partiality [because] [if] it did, the entire

    commercial arbitration system, which universally uses such procedures, would be undermined”),

    aff’d, 675 F. App’x 89 (2d Cir 2017); Sathianathan v. Smith Barney, Inc., No. C 04-02130 SBA,

    2009 WL 537158, at *6 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 3, 2009) (noting even “repeated appearance of counsel

    before either a judge or an arbitrator does not by itself constitute ‘evident partiality or corruption’”)

    (citation omitted), aff’d, 362 F. App’x 853 (9th Cir. 2010). As such, this Court finds that, even

    assuming that the applicable standard was “evident partiality,” Ukraine fails to demonstrate that

    this standard has been met, and accordingly, denial of confirmation of Pao Tatneft’s arbitral award

    is unwarranted.

            b. Even under Section V(1)(d), Ukraine’s Argument Fails

            Furthermore, assuming arguendo that Section V(1)(d) of the New York Convention was

    the appropriate section under which to proceed, Pao Tatneft contends that “Ukraine’s argument

    would still fall far short of demonstrating that the Court should refuse to enforce the Final Award.”

    Pao Tatneft Reply, ECF No. 35, at 23. As a preliminary matter, this issue of arbitral impartiality

    — based on the same circumstances asserted here — was raised by Ukraine under Section

    103(2)(e) of the United Kingdom Arbitration Act, in a parallel proceeding before the High Court

    of Justice, Business and Property Courts of England and Wales Commercial Court, and it was

    rejected by the High Court in its December 20, 2019 decision.7 The High Court examined this

7
 The decision is attached to the parties’ Joint Status Report, ECF No. 43. In that Joint Status
Report, the parties note that “Section 103(2)(e) of the Arbitration Act 1996 implements Article
                                                   15
 question in light of Halliburton Company v. Chubb Bermuda Insurance Ltd. [2018] EWCA Civ.

 817, [2018] 1 WLR 3361 (finding it a “false comparison”); the IBA Guidelines on Conflicts of

 Interest in International Arbitration (finding “nothing in [those] Guidelines in force at the time of

 these matters which assists” and concluding that disclosure would not “currently be required”);

 and International Chamber of Commerce (“ICC”) guidance. See High Court Decision (attached

 to Joint Status Report), ECF No. 43-1, at ¶¶ 19, 64-65, 67, 75-77, 87, 98. The High Court noted

 that the Paris Court of Appeal had addressed this argument and “dismissed all the bases advanced

 by Ukraine” when it rejected this challenge on November 29, 2016 . High Court Decision, ECF

 No. 43-1, at ¶¶ 21, 23. The High Court found that:

         Whether or not the Paris Court applies a slightly different test in substance to the one which
         is operative here, like the Paris Court I do not consider that it can at all be said that a single
         appointment in the course of the seven years the arbitration lasted would or might provide
         the basis for a reasonable apprehension about the independence or impartiality of Professor
         Vicuña; and still less that they were likely to give rise to justifiable doubts so as to trigger
         the duty of disclosure. The argument that this appointment does so is in reality premised
         on the supposed fair-minded and informed observer being either not entirely fair-minded
         or not entirely informed, or both.

High Court Decision, ECF No. 43-1, at ¶ 84. The High Court concluded that there was “no failure

to disclose” and “no failure of arbitral procedure.” Id. at ¶ 103.

       Accordingly, this Court is the third entity to examine Ukraine’s claim of arbitral impartiality

that has been twice rejected. In an argument brought under Section V(1)(d), Pao Tatneft argues that

Ukraine would need to demonstrate both that Professor Vicuña’s failure to disclose the DP World

appointment somehow violated UNCITRAL Rules and that there was substantial prejudice flowing

from any alleged violation, pursuant to the ruling in Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee v.

Hammermills, Inc., No. CIV. A 90-0169 (JGP), 1992 WL 122712, at *5 (D.D.C. May 29, 1992), a

V(1)(d) of the New York Convention.” ECF No. 43, at 2 & n.1. (comparing the language of
Section 103(2)(e) with art. V(1)(d)).
                                           16
case from this Court, which was not addressed by Ukraine. In that case, the party challenging an

arbitration award “reason[ed] that the arbitration clause in its contract . . . provided for arbitration

‘according to the Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the [ICC],’ and therefore any procedural

violation of the ICC Rules necessarily violates ‘the agreement of the parties’ under the Convention.”

Id. The court responded to that argument as follows:

       The Court does not believe that section 1(d) of Article V was intended, as CBG argues, to
       permit reviewing courts to police every procedural ruling made by the Arbitrator and to set
       aside the award if any violation of ICC procedures is found. Such an interpretation would
       directly conflict with the “pro-enforcement” bias of the Convention and its intention to
       remove obstacles to confirmation of arbitral awards. . . . Rather, the Court believes that a
       more appropriate standard of review would be to set aside an award based on a procedural
       violation only if such violation worked substantial prejudice on the complaining party.

Id. (emphasis in original) (internal citations omitted).

       Here, Ukraine would have to show (and it does not) that had Professor Vicuña disclosed the

DP World appointment, it would have been disqualifying. This is problematic for Ukraine for several

reasons, including that the arbitration was announced publicly by Cleary Gottlieb in a publication

used by law firms that participate in arbitrations, thereby giving counsel - King & Spalding - notice,

and furthermore, as previously noted, King & Spalding also appointed Professor Vicuña as an

arbitrator in one of their cases, and thus should have been aware by that time of the arbitrations in

which Professor Vicuña was active. In either case, Ukraine never mentioned this DP World

appointment “until after the Final Award,” Pao Tatneft Reply, ECF No. 35, at 24, which weighs

against any claim of “substantial prejudice.”       Accordingly, even if proceeding under Section

(V)(1)(d), Ukraine’s argument regarding Professor Vicuña’s alleged lack of impartiality fails, and

denial of confirmation of the arbitral award is unwarranted.

       In sum, Ukraine’s arguments regarding application of the evident partiality standard and/or

proceeding pursuant to Article V(1)(d) fail, are in fact contradicted by the law of this Circuit, see

                                                   17
Belize Bank, supra., which applies a more stringent standard to challenges regarding impartiality of

arbitrators in foreign arbitration proceedings and indicates that those type of claims shall be brought

pursuant to the public policy exception. Furthermore, as explained above, Ukraine fails to meet the

less stringent standards proposed in its Opposition and rebutted in Pao Tatneft’s Reply. Ukraine

alternatively argues that various public policy exceptions are applicable to invalidate the Merits

Award in this case.

       B. Public Policy

       Article V(2)(b) of the New York Convention provides that “[r]ecognition and enforcement of

an award may also be refused” if it would be “contrary to the public policy” of the United States.

New York Convention, art. V(2)(b); Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473

U.S. 614, 638 (1985). “The public policy defense under Article V(2)(b) of the New York Convention

is to be construed narrowly and is available only where an arbitration award ‘tends clearly to

undermine the public interest, the public confidence in the administration of the law, or security for

individual rights of personal liberty or of private property.’” Enron Nigeria Power Holding, Ltd. v.

Fed. Republic of Nigeria, 844 F.3d 281, 289 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (quoting TermoRio S.A. v. Electranta

S.P, 487 F.3d 928, 938 (D.C. Cir. 2017)). “Although this defense is frequently raised, it has rarely

been successful.” BCB Holdings Ltd., 110 F. Supp. 3d at 250 (quotation omitted).

       The party contesting enforcement has a “substantial burden” to demonstrate a “well-defined

and dominant” United States public policy that sufficiently overcomes the public policy favoring

arbitration, and such policy shall “be ascertained by reference to the laws and legal precedents and

not from general consideration of supposed public interests.” Id.; see also Enron, 844 F.3d 281 at

289 (noting the “heavy burden”). In this case, Ukraine argues that recognition and enforcement of

the Merits Award would violate United States public policies against: (1) abuse of process; (2)

manipulation of corporate structure to create jurisdiction; and (3) illegality and wrongdoing, and

                                                  18
these allegations will be discussed in turn.

       1. Abuse of Process

       Ukraine asserts that the United States and District of Columbia have a “public policy guarding

against abuse of process and ensuring that such abuse is not rewarded,” Ukraine Opp’n., ECF No.

22, at 17. Ukraine, however, fails to proffer any legal authority that any such policy against abuse

of process would outweigh any policy in favor of enforcement of arbitration awards, and on an even

more basic level, Ukraine fails to proffer any legal authority explaining such public policy against

abuse of process. Cf. Venco Imtiaz Cnstruction Co. v. Symbion Power LLC, Civil Action No. 16-

1737 (JDB), 2017 WL 2374349, at *3 (D.D.C. May 31, 2017) (“Symbion has cited no cases, nor can

the Court find any, holding that the general policy of issue preclusion is such a ‘basic notion of

morality and justice’ as to justify non-enforcement of an arbitration award under the public policy

exception. The Court doubts that it is.”), aff’d., 2018 WL 3407572 (D.C. Cir. Jul. 10, 2018); see also

BCB Holdings, 110 F. Supp. 3d at 250 (“Although this Court recognizes that the United States has a

strong public policy against corruption abroad, this policy does not reach the threshold required to

outweigh the policy in favor of enforcement [of an arbitral award].”)

       The Court notes that Ukraine cites Nader v. The Democratic Nat. Comm., 555 F. Supp. 2d

137, 153 (D.D.C. 2008), in support of its proposition that abuse of process involves “perver[sion] of

the judicial proceeding, achiev[ing] a purpose not contemplated in the regular prosecution of the

charge and harbor[ing] an ulterior motive.” That case is however inapposite, as it pertains to claims

involving the Rooker-Feldman doctrine that the “U.S. Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction

precludes federal district courts from exercising subject-matter jurisdiction to review state-court

judgments in an appellate capacity.” Id. Furthermore, the court in Nader found that the “plaintiffs’

abuse of process claims d[id] not require this court to revisit a matter previously decided in state

court.” Id. Accordingly, Ukraine simply saying that there is a public policy against abuse of process

                                                 19
and citing a case with no bearing on the issue of confirmation of an arbitral award does not make it

applicable, nor does it demonstrate that such public policy outweighs the policy in favor of enforcing

awards.

       Moreover, even if Ukraine did demonstrate that three aforementioned elements in Nader are

the necessary elements for pursuing an abuse of process claim in this case, Ukraine’s conclusory

statement that “Tatneft’s perversion of the BIT arbitration process” was done with an “ulterior motive

of bringing BIT claims against Ukraine,” Ukraine Opp’n., ECF No. 22, at 18, is just that - a

conclusory statement that does not come close to showing that Pao Tatneft committed an abuse of

process. Pao Tatneft summarizes the findings by the arbitral panel in rebutting claims by Ukraine

that Pao Tatneft engaged in some sort of wrongdoing:

       As the Tribunal found, at the time Tatneft acquired the AmRuz and SeaGroup shares,
       Ukraine had not irreversibly stripped them of their value. For that reason alone, the Tribunal
       concluded that Tatneft did not acquire these shares solely to augment its recovery against
       Ukraine. Moreover, the Tribunal also found that AmRuz and SeaGroup were both entitled to
       pursue their own claims against Ukraine under different treaties . . . [and] [f]inally, the
       Tribunal expressly found that Tatneft did not act with an improper motive.

Pao Tatneft Reply, ECF No. 35, at 27 (emphasis in original); see id. at 15 (with additional cites to

the Jurisdiction Decision).

       “A refusal to enforce an [arbitration] award must rest on more than speculation or

assumption.” United Paperworkers Int’l. Union, AFL-CIO v. Misco, 484 U.S. 29, at 44-45 (1987).

Such speculation by Ukraine does not overcome the arbitral panel’s findings of fact, which are

entitled to deference. “In addressing the public policy question at the enforcement stage, the Supreme

Court has given significant weight to the arbitrator’s findings of fact.” Enron Nigeria Power

Holding, 844 F.3d at 289 (citation omitted); see also United Paperworkers, 484 U.S. at 44-45 (“The

parties did not bargain for the facts to be found by a court, but by an arbitrator chosen by them who

had more opportunity to observe [witnesses] and be familiar with [the facts]. Nor does the fact that

                                                 20
is it inquiring into a possible violation of public policy excuse a court for doing the arbitrator’s task.”)

        Accordingly, this Court concludes that Ukraine has failed to demonstrate that confirmation

of the Final Award should be denied based on its speculative claim that Pao Tatneft engaged in an

abuse of process, as this claim has neither been demonstrated nor has Ukraine shown that it would

outweigh the public policy favoring arbitration.

        2. Manipulation of Corporate Structures to Create Jurisdiction

        Ukraine next argues that the Final Award should be rejected because it conflicts with a “strong

public policy [in the U.S.] against manipulation of corporate structures to obtain jurisdiction.”

Ukraine Opp’n, ECF No. 22, at 18 (emphasis omitted). In support of this proposition, Ukraine cites

two cases, but those cases refer to the policy that parties may not collude to create diversity

jurisdiction in federal courts.     Ukraine tries to analogize that “federal courts are of limited

jurisdiction, just like BIT arbitral tribunals,” id., but Pao Tatneft argues that an arbitration tribunal’s

“determination as to its own competence to hear this dispute pursuant to the Russia-Ukraine BIT

obviously has nothing to do with” a statute that governs the jurisdiction of federal courts. Pao Tatneft

Reply, ECF No. 35, at 29. Even assuming arguendo that this is somehow analogous, as with its

claim in subsection 1 above, Ukraine proffers only a generalized statement that Tatneft “improperly

and collusively acquired shares in Amruz and Seagroup to extend the Arbitral Tribunal’s jurisdiction

to cover Amruz’s and Seagroup’s damages claims.” Ukraine Opp’n., ECF No. 22, at 18 (even while

Ukraine acknowledges that Amruz and Seagroup could have brought their own claims under separate

treaties). Similar to the claim in subsection 1 above, this generalization ignores the Tribunal’s

findings on this issue. See Pao Tatneft Reply, ECF No. 35, at 29; see id. at 27, id. at 15 (with cites

to the Jurisdiction Decision). Accordingly, Ukraine has failed to demonstrate that the Final Award

should be rejected based on its vague claim that Pao Tatneft manipulated corporate structures to

create jurisdiction, as this claim is unsupported, and there is no indication that it would outweigh the

                                                    21
public policy favoring arbitration.

       3. Illegality and Wrongdoing

       Finally, Ukraine contends that the Final Award should be rejected because it conflicts with

the “strong public policy” in the United States “against illegality and wrongdoing in their various

forms.” Ukraine Opp’n., ECF No. 22, at 19; see United Paperworkers Int’l Union, 484 U.S. at 42

(recognizing that “no court will lend its aid to one who found a cause of action upon an immoral or

illegal act”); Commercial Union Ins. Co. v. Lines, 378 F.3d 204, 208 (2d Cir. 2004) (indicating that

the United States does have a public policy against enforcing arbitral awards obtained by fraud.)

Ukraine states generally that:

       Enforcement of the Merits Award would lend the Court’s power to wrongdoers: Amruz and
       Seagroup, which unlawfully acquired their shares in Ukratnafta using promissory notes in
       violation of Ukrainian law; and Tatneft, which acquired shares of Amruz and Seagroup in
       bad faith, for a remarkable price of USD 81 million, despite that the shares had already been
       transferred to Naftogaz and were otherwise disputed in ongoing litigation, and with the
       ulterior motive of suing Ukraine for damages.

Ukraine Opp’n., ECF No. 22, at 20. The Court notes that these are the same types of allegations

discussed and rejected in subsections 1 and 2 above.

       Assuming that Ukraine is relying on fraud as a form of illegality and wrongdoing, Ukraine

fails to explain the manner in which Pao Tatneft committed such alleged fraud or how such alleged

fraud was prejudicial. Ukraine suggests instead that there may have been some wrongdoing and

asserts that “discovery is needed” in order to “appreciate” whether actions taken by Tatneft, Amruz

and Seagroup were “legal under Russian law.” Ukraine Opp’n., ECF No. 22, at 20. Pao Tatneft

notes that Ukraine surmises that it “might discover additional facts that would tend to contradict the

Tribunal’s findings that [there was no bad faith because ] AmRuz and Seagroup could have filed their

own treaty claims,” but “this kind of wishful thinking is no ground for refusing enforcement of the

Final Award.” Pao Tatneft Reply, ECF No. 35, at 29-30.           See Anatolie Stati v. Republic of

                                                 22
Kazakhstan, 302 F. Supp. 2d 187, 201 (D.D.C. 2018) (noting that the public policy exception imposes

a “heavy burden [which] exists precisely because the public policy exception is not an invitation to

re-try” valid, final arbitral awards”), aff’d., 773 Fed. App’x. 627 (D.C. Cir. 2019), cert den., 140 S.

Ct. 381 (2019).

       Accordingly, this Court finds that Ukraine has failed to demonstrate that this Court should

deny confirmation of the Final Award, based on Ukraine’s vague claim that Pao Tatneft engaged in

some form of illegality and wrongdoing that might be fleshed out through discovery. Ukraine’s claim

does not outweigh the public policy favoring arbitration. The Court reiterates further that this public

policy argument asserted by Ukraine is contrary to the findings of the arbitral tribunal. See Stati, id.

(“In other words, there is a difference between enforcing an award that is alleged to be tainted by

fraud that has never been addressed and enforcing an award after the jurisdiction that issued it has

head and rejected the allegations.”)

       IV. CONCLUSION

       The Court must confirm the Merits Award unless it finds that Respondent has established one

of the grounds for refusal specified in the New York Convention. See 9 U.S.C. § 7. Having rejected

Ukraine’s arguments under the New York Convention, Articles V(1)(d) and V(2)(b), this Court will

accordingly confirm the Merits Award. This leaves open however the question of how much to

award. In its Petition, ECF No. 1, at 7 ¶¶ 17-18, Pao Tatneft indicates that the Award to be paid by

Ukraine is in the amount of US$112 million, and the Award provides further that Ukraine must pay

interest on this amount at the U.S. dollar LIBOR rate plus 3% compounded every three months,

accruing until the date of payment. Furthermore, the Award states that the interest on $68.44 million

(of the total $112 million) would begin accruing on May 12, 2009, while the interest on the other

$43.56 million would begin accruing on January 27, 2020, though accrual of interest was suspended

for sixty days after the issuance of the Award. Id. Accordingly, by September 21, 2020, Petitioner

                                                  23
shall file a proposed order of judgment reflecting the exact monetary amount of its constituent parts

of the Final Award, along with a brief summary of its calculations of interest. Ukraine may respond

to the form of the proposed order and associated calculations by no later than October 12, 2020, and

Pao Tatneft’s reply, if any, is due by October 26, 2020. A separate Order accompanies this

Memorandum Opinion.

DATED: August 24, 2020                                _____________/s/__________________
                                                      COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                      UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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