Court Opinion

ID: 4180143
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-22 22:10:13.848509+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:26.420834
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed by
                                                                           Reporter of Decisions
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                               Appellate Court                             Date: 2017.06.20
                                                                           14:35:58 -05'00'

                      In re A.S., 2017 IL App (1st) 161259-B

Appellate Court    In re A.S., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois, Petitioner-
Caption            Appellee, v. A.S., a Minor, Respondent-Appellant).

District & No.     First District, Second Division
                   Docket No. 1-16-1259

Filed              March 31, 2017
Rehearing denied   May 5, 2017

Decision Under     Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County No. 15-JD-901; the
Review             Hon. Steven James Bernstein, Judge, presiding.

Judgment           Reversed and remanded.

Counsel on         Michael J. Pelletier, Patricia Mysza, and Rebecca Cohen, of State
Appeal             Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                   Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg
                   and Iris G. Ferosie, Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the
                   People.

Panel              JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                   Justice Pierce concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                   Justice Neville specially concurred, with opinion.
                                                 OPINION

¶1       This matter is before us following remand to the circuit court of Cook County to conduct
     a further hearing pursuant to Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986), to address respondent’s
     claim that the State improperly used peremptory challenges to strike prospective black jurors
     during jury selection in his delinquency proceedings. In our earlier opinion in this case, we
     found that the trial court had improperly collapsed the second and third stages of the Batson
     hearing and, further, had not elicited any race-neutral reason from the State for its use of a
     peremptory against one prospective black juror, and therefore, we remanded for a resumed
     hearing. In re A.S., 2016 IL App (1st) 161259, ¶¶ 40, 47. We retained jurisdiction to further
     consider respondent’s Batson challenge, if necessary.
¶2       Following the hearing on remand, the trial court concluded that the State had proffered
     race-neutral reasons for exercising peremptory challenges against all four black members of
     the venire. Because we conclude that respondent sustained his burden to show, as to one
     juror, that the State’s proffered race-neutral reason was pretextual, we reverse and remand for
     a new trial.

¶3                                          BACKGROUND
¶4        On March 23, 2015, A.S., then a 17-year-old African American, was charged with the
     March 20, 2015, residential burglary of a home belonging to a white woman. Following a
     jury trial,1 A.S. was adjudicated delinquent of that offense and on May 11, 2016, was
     committed to the Department of Juvenile Justice until his twenty-first birthday.
¶5        Our prior opinion discussed in detail the process of jury selection, and we will not repeat
     that discussion. As relevant to the issue here, both on the juror questionnaire and during the
     court’s questioning of prospective jurors, members of the venire were asked whether they
     had “ever been accused of, a complainant or a witness in a criminal case?” As questioning of
     the panels was complete, the court and counsel would recess to chambers, and the State, in
     raising challenges for cause, would indicate that certain individuals had not disclosed
     criminal cases of which the State had a record. On the first day of jury selection, the State
     successfully challenged for cause Bill B., who had failed to disclose a driving under the
     influence (DUI) conviction. The State did not ask Bill B. any questions during voir dire.
¶6        Also on the first day of jury selection, the State disclosed that 56-year-old Connie T. had
     failed to disclose a prior criminal matter: a theft charge from 1977 for which she received
     supervision. The State proposed that she be stricken for cause. When the court wavered over
     the significance of a nearly 40-year-old theft case, the court asked the prosecutor whether she
     felt strongly enough about it to use a peremptory challenge. The prosecutor responded: “We
     have to be consistent so we have to ask.” The court initially indicated that it would excuse
     Connie T. for cause but then agreed to have her questioned in chambers, and the following
     colloquy occurred:

         1
         As we noted in our original opinion, A.S. was entitled to a jury trial due to the State’s decision to
     charge him under the habitual juvenile offender provision of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987. 705 ILCS
     405/5-820(d) (West 2014).

                                                     -2-
                  “THE COURT: On your response, you mentioned to us that you had never been
             accused of a criminal case.
                  [CONNIE T.]: Not that I know of.
                  THE COURT: All right. Do you recall back in 1977 a—was it retail theft?
                  MR. MUNIZ [Assistant State’s Attorney]: Theft.
                  THE COURT: You got a supervision is what they’re saying. What’s your birth
             date?
                  [CONNIE T.]: 1-22-59.
                  MR. MUNIZ: Yes, [J]udge. Per the information that we ran, we have *** a
             Connie [T.] with a birth date of January 22, 1959.
                  [CONNIE T.]: Yes.
                  MR. MUNIZ: We have a statute citation for theft.
                  THE COURT: A statute citation?
                  MR. MUNIZ: I mean the citation is for theft. Basically the statute that they’re
             referencing is theft and [she] was sentenced to supervision back on January 6, 1978,
             out of Cook County.
                  [CONNIE T.]: I remember now.
                  THE COURT: You remember?
                  [CONNIE T.]: Yes, sir.
                  THE COURT: What was that?
                  [CONNIE T.]: I was in Carson’s, and my boyfriend was putting something in my
             purse and I didn’t know, so when we walked out of the door in Evergreen Plaza they
             stopped me and not him.”
     When asked by defense counsel whether she intentionally omitted that information from her
     questionnaire, Connie T. responded, “Oh no, sir. I completely forgot about it.” The State did
     not ask Connie T. any questions.
¶7        After she left, the State still proposed to excuse Connie T. for cause. When the court
     refused, the State did not press the issue by expressing its belief that Connie T. had lied about
     failing to remember the 1977 case. The State then used peremptories to strike both Connie T.
     and Madelyn B., another black member of the venire. At that point, the State had used three
     peremptories to strike black members of the venire, which prompted respondent’s Batson
     challenge.
¶8        The court declined at that point to find that respondent had established a prima facie case.
     Without requesting the State to indicate why it had exercised peremptories against black
     members of the venire, the court observed that the State had demonstrated “some
     consistency” in requesting the dismissal for cause of any members of the venire who had
     failed to disclose prior criminal matters. With respect to Connie T., the court stated: “the
     State was consistent with their statement that they didn’t want Connie [T.] on because she
     also quote ‘lied,’ if you want to use that term. I found that she didn’t so they were forced to
     use a peremptory challenge.” (Emphasis added.) The court drew a distinction between
     Connie T. and other members of the venire stricken for failure to disclose more serious
     matters, stating, “I didn’t give [the State] challenge for cause because I think that could be an
     honest mistake 40 years ago, supervision. Theoretically, it’s not a conviction. People don’t

                                                 -3-
       understand the distinction sometimes.” The trial judge also noted that when he represented
       clients in criminal matters in which they received supervision, he used to tell them, “you
       were never convicted. You don’t have to tell people.”
¶9         The following day before jury selection resumed, counsel for respondent renewed his
       Batson challenge via a motion for a mistrial, but the court adhered to the previous day’s
       ruling.
¶ 10       The next black member of the venire questioned was Joe W. After he was questioned by
       the court, Joe W. volunteered, “I’m beginning to feel bad now actually. I got medical
       conditions.” He further revealed he was an insulin-dependent diabetic and had high blood
       pressure, cholesterol problems, and glaucoma. In chambers with counsel, the court raised the
       possibility of dismissing Joe W. for cause given his health issues, but counsel for respondent
       asked that he be brought in for questioning. At that point, the State revealed that Joe W. had a
       13-year-old DUI conviction that he did not disclose on his juror questionnaire or during the
       court’s questioning.
¶ 11       When Joe W. was questioned in chambers, he indicated that he had numerous health
       issues and was taking several different medications. The court inquired about his DUI
       conviction:
                   “Q. *** Now there is a question for a prior arrest for DUI. Do you recall that?
                   A. Yeah, 2003. I forgot about that. I was with the VA.”
       When Joe W. explained that he had been pulled over after drinking all night following his
       brother’s funeral, the court asked: “So did you just forget about it when you did it?” Joe W.
       responded:
                   “A. Your Honor, that’s what I’m saying[.] [S]ometimes I am right there and then
               again I can’t remember yesterday hardly.”
       In response to questions from defense counsel, Joe W. elaborated that when asked about
       criminal cases, he associated the question with criminal matters like “boom, boom” and
       “wasn’t even thinking of the DUI as a criminal deal.” Joe W. further indicated that he
       thought he could serve on the jury if the court accommodated his health issues by taking
       breaks as necessary. The State did not ask Joe W. any questions.
¶ 12       After Joe W. left chambers, the following colloquy occurred:
                   “MS. DAWKINS [Assistant State’s Attorney]: I’m assuming that you are not
               going to excuse him for cause.
                   THE COURT: I’m convinced he can make it.
                   MS. DAWKINS: So with respect to the arrest.
                   THE COURT: No.”
       At that point, although it had exercised only four of its seven peremptory challenges, the
       State accepted Joe W.
¶ 13       Once 12 jurors had been empaneled, the parties commenced questioning of alternate
       jurors. When the State exercised a peremptory against the next black member of the venire,
       Rita J., the court sua sponte found that there was a prima facie Batson violation and
       proceeded to ask the State to articulate race-neutral reasons for its use of peremptories. The
       court’s sua sponte finding was based solely on the number of black venire members
       challenged by the State, a factor that, standing alone, is generally insufficient to make out a

                                                  -4-
       prima facie case. People v. Rivera, 221 Ill. 2d 481, 513-14 (2006); People v. Garrett, 139 Ill.
2d 189, 203 (1990). Nevertheless, in our earlier opinion, we examined the relevant factors
       and determined that the respondent, in fact, established a prima facie case and that the State
       was properly required to articulate race-neutral reasons for its use of peremptory challenges
       against black members of the venire. In re A.S., 2016 IL App (1st) 161259, ¶ 33. The State
       then proffered explanations for its decision to use peremptories against three of the four black
       members of the venire but failed to articulate, and the court did not inquire about, a reason
       for the use of a peremptory challenge to strike Connie T.
¶ 14       Respondent’s case proceeded to trial, and following his adjudication, he appealed.
       Among other issues, the court’s failure to elicit a race-neutral reason for the State’s exercise
       of a peremptory against Connie T. prompted remand. Id. ¶ 40.
¶ 15       During the hearing on remand, the parties again addressed the State’s reasons for
       exercising peremptory challenges against black members of the venire. With respect to
       Connie T., notwithstanding the court’s observation in denying the State’s challenge for cause
       during the first hearing that her failure to remember the 1977 case was an “honest mistake,”
       the State asserted that the prosecutors did not believe Connie T. when she claimed not to
       recall the case. In particular, according to the State, its use of a peremptory was based on its
       belief that Connie T. was not truthful about her recollection of the theft case. According to
       the State, Connie T. “repeatedly denied” the case and that it was only after she was “pressed”
       on the matter that she recalled the details. The State elaborated:
                   “MS. DAWKINS: Based on her demeanor we determined that she was not being
               truthful. Theft is a crime of moral turpitude. [Connie T.] was in the back for some
               period of time. She was being questioned about something she already had been
               evasive about[;] we, the [S]tate, were asking her the questions in the back[.] [W]e
               were actually conducting the questioning when she was in the back with us.
               Confirming her age and name, confronting her with the fact that she did not disclose a
               crime.”
¶ 16       In response, defense counsel pointed out that the court, and not the State, had questioned
       Connie T. in chambers, which is, in fact, borne out by the transcript quoted above. Further,
       counsel argued that the State’s acceptance of Joe W. cast doubt on the legitimacy of its
       reliance on failure to disclose criminal matters as a race-neutral basis for dismissing
       prospective jurors. The State responded that the distinction between Joe W. and Connie T.
       was the State’s assessment of their demeanor when questioned in chambers.
¶ 17       After the parties articulated their positions with respect to the reasons offered by the State
       for using its peremptories, the hearing adjourned for the court to consider its decision. On
       November 30, 2016, the court ruled orally on respondent’s Batson challenge. The court
       prefaced its ruling by noting that, due to the scarcity of jury trials in juvenile court, it did not
       have any difficulty recalling the jury selection process in respondent’s case despite the
       passage of 11 months. The court also observed that it was familiar with the lawyers for the
       parties and believed them to be “fair-minded and ethical.”
¶ 18       The court noted generally that “[t]he State was very consistent in requesting strikes for all
       who answered the jury card questions in an untruthful way,” and in particular as to Connie
       T., the court found that she “was stricken for race neutral reasons[,] specifically, the State felt
       that she was being evasive in her answers and not truthful with the Court.” As to Joe W., the
       court found that “[t]he ASA indicated that in their opinion Joe W. was truthful and believable

                                                    -5-
       and he was actually very likeable.” The court acknowledged that the State’s failure to
       exercise a peremptory against Joe W. was contrary to its position that failure to disclose
       criminal matters was grounds for dismissal but noted that the State “did believe he made a
       mistake.” Comparing Joe W. and Connie T., the court stated: “[The State] did not believe her
       so there’s a distinction that I’m making today between Joe W. and Connie T.; that one was
       believable; one was not believable.” Ultimately, the court concluded that “[t]here was no
       individual exclusion of any of these African-Americans from the jury for anything other than
       a race neutral reason.”
¶ 19       This case was then returned to this court pursuant to our retained jurisdiction.

¶ 20                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 21       Although respondent raises several claimed errors on appeal, we need address only one:
       whether the State’s proffered reason for using a peremptory against Connie T. was
       pretextual. The proponent of a Batson challenge always bears the burden of persuasion. Rice
       v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 338-39 (2006). We find that respondent has sustained his burden as
       to Connie T. and, therefore, reverse and remand for a new trial.
¶ 22       As noted in our original opinion, Batson is premised on the proposition that “the [e]qual
       [p]rotection [c]lause forbids the prosecutor to challenge potential jurors solely on account of
       their race or on the assumption that black jurors as a group will be unable impartially to
       consider the State’s case against a black defendant.” Batson, 476 U.S. at 89. If any member
       of the venire was dismissed based on race, respondent is entitled to a new trial. People v.
       Davis, 231 Ill. 2d 349, 360 (2008). Further, because the State’s reason for exercising a
       peremptory against Connie T. rests on the State’s representation, made for the first time on
       remand, that it did not believe her when she initially failed to recall her theft case, that
       subjective observation is subject to close scrutiny. People v. Williams, 209 Ill. 2d 227, 245
       (2004) (citing People v. Wiley, 165 Ill. 2d 259, 274-75 (1995) (subjective assessments of a
       venireperson’s demeanor should be given close scrutiny because such perceptions may be
       easily used as a pretext for discrimination)).
¶ 23       The trial court’s third-stage findings regarding purposeful discrimination will not be
       reversed unless they are clearly erroneous. Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 365-69
       (1991); People v. Hogan, 389 Ill. App. 3d 91, 100 (2009). A finding is clearly erroneous
       when a review of the record leaves a reviewing court with the definite and firm conviction
       that a mistake has been made. People v. Payne, 2015 IL App (2d) 120856, ¶ 43.
¶ 24       The trial court, in fact, assessed Connie T.’s demeanor when it denied the State’s request
       to strike her for cause. Finding cause lacking, the court characterized her lack of recall of a
       nearly 40-year-old theft case as an “honest mistake” and commented that that it would not
       have expected her to remember such a minor matter in her distant past. Indeed, the court
       expressly found that Connie T. had not lied when she initially did not recall the 1977 case.
       Had the State, in fact, believed that Connie T. was, as it now contends, “lying” about her
       recall, we would have expected the State to take issue with the court’s assessment of her
       demeanor and its refusal to dismiss her. But the State said nothing and instead exercised a
       peremptory.
¶ 25       Conversely, with respect to Joe W., the State claimed on remand that it found believable
       his failure to recall his 13-year-old DUI conviction until he was reminded of it in chambers.
       The State elaborates that Joe W. was credible and “likeable” when he explained that he

                                                  -6-
       equated criminal matters with “boom, boom” and not with his DUI. Yet, notwithstanding the
       State’s current position that it believed Joe W. genuinely overlooked his criminal case, the
       State still moved to strike Joe W. for cause, even after hearing his explanation. If the State
       genuinely believed Joe W. did not remember his DUI conviction and, therefore, did not
       deliberately fail to disclose it, the rationale for striking him for cause disappears. On the other
       hand, if nondisclosure, per se, was the determining factor, then the State should have used a
       peremptory against Joe W., just as it did for Bill B., who was dismissed for cause for failing
       to disclose a DUI, no questions asked.
¶ 26        At the time the State failed to exercise a peremptory against Joe W., it had three
       peremptories left. Joe W. became the eleventh juror. Thus, it is apparent that at that late stage
       in jury selection, the State could have used a peremptory against Joe W. without risking its
       later inability to strike an unacceptable juror. This case is thus unlike Payne, where the court
       found that the State’s use of peremptories against certain members of the venire who had
       criminal records and not others was understandable given that later in the jury selection
       process, the State had only two peremptories left and prosecutors were concerned that
       striking a member of the venire with a criminal record who otherwise answered questions
       appropriately could lead to the inability to strike another member about whom the State had
       serious concerns. Payne, 2015 IL App (2d) 120856, ¶ 49. The State articulated no such
       strategy here.
¶ 27        And as we pointed out in our earlier opinion, by this point respondent had raised his
       Batson claim, and the State was undoubtedly aware that its use of another peremptory against
       a black member of the venire would prompt a renewed challenge. In re A.S., 2016 IL App
       (1st) 161259, ¶ 41. Under these circumstances, it is difficult to give much credence to the
       State’s fundamentally subjective reasons for dismissing Connie T. while keeping Joe W.
¶ 28        More problematic is the failure of the trial court to reconcile its earlier findings with its
       acceptance on remand of the State’s newly articulated reason for striking Connie T. During
       the first hearing, the court readily found Connie T. believable and specifically determined
       that she was not lying. During the in-chambers questioning, the court had the same
       opportunity to observe Connie T.’s demeanor as did the State. When, on remand, the State
       asserted that contrary to the court’s conclusions, it believed Connie T. was lying, it was
       incumbent on the court to evaluate the sincerity of this race-neutral explanation. Yet the court
       never probed the State’s asserted belief by, for example, asking the State to articulate
       precisely what it was about Connie T.’s demeanor that led to the conclusion that she was
       lying or asking the prosecutor why, if she had concluded Connie T. was lying, she did not
       press her request to dismiss her for cause. And the State’s characterization of the exchange
       during chambers questioning is demonstrably incorrect; the court did the questioning, and
       Connie T. was not “confronted” or “pressed” by the State about anything.
¶ 29        The transcript on remand does not reveal that the court undertook “a sincere and reasoned
       attempt to evaluate the prosecutor’s explanations in light of the circumstances of the case.”
       (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Harris, 129 Ill. 2d 123, 174-75 (1989). During
       the third stage of a Batson hearing, a trial court is often called upon to assess the credibility
       of the lawyers exercising peremptory challenges. Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 365; Rivera, 221
Ill. 2d at 502 (“[A] trial court’s third stage finding on the ultimate issue of discrimination
       rests largely on credibility determinations.” (Emphasis omitted.)). Typically, such
       observations and credibility findings are entitled to deference and will not be reversed unless

                                                    -7-
       they are clearly erroneous. Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 365-69. But, here, the trial judge’s
       observation about not seeing any sign of discrimination by the lawyers in his courtroom, to
       which we defer, is of marginal relevance given that, under Batson, the issue is not racial
       animus but the respondent’s right to a fair trial, including a jury selection process untainted
       by improper exclusion of prospective jurors based on race. The State, like any other party to
       a jury trial, wants to seat a jury that will be favorable (or at least not hostile) to its case.
       Batson focuses on the reason the State believes a particular juror should not be seated, and if
       the juror’s race is the reason, a violation exists despite the fact that the prosecutor does not
       otherwise discriminate against or harbor any animus toward that race. Further, other than the
       court’s repetition of the State’s reasons for striking Connie T. and retaining Joe W., i.e., that
       the State believed one and disbelieved the other, the court made no finding that the State’s
       assessment of Connie T.’s and Joe W.’s truthfulness was sincere. And given the significant
       indications we have discussed above that the State’s subjective reason for striking Connie T.
       was, in fact, pretextual, we conclude respondent has sustained his burden to show a Batson
       violation and is, consequently, entitled to a new trial.

¶ 30      Reversed and remanded.

¶ 31      JUSTICE NEVILLE, specially concurring.
¶ 32      I concur with the judgment reached by the majority but I write separately to suggest rules
       to make it easier for courts to review Batson violations. In Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400
       (1991), Justice Kennedy made the following statement:
              “[R]acial discrimination in the selection of jurors ‘casts doubt on the integrity of the
              judicial process,’ Rose v. Mitchell, 443 U.S. 545, 556 (1979), and places the fairness
              of a criminal proceeding in doubt.
                  *** Active discrimination by a prosecutor during this process condones violations
              of the United States Constitution within the very institution entrusted with its
              enforcement, and so invites cynicism respecting the jury’s neutrality and its
              obligation to adhere to the law. The cynicism may be aggravated if race is implicated
              in the trial, either in a direct way as with an alleged racial motivation of the defendant
              or a victim, or in some more subtle manner as by casting doubt upon the credibility or
              dignity of a witness, or even upon the standing or due regard of an attorney who
              appears in the cause.
                  ***
                  The purpose of the jury system is to impress upon the criminal defendant and the
              community as a whole that a verdict of conviction or acquittal is given in accordance
              with the law by persons who are fair. The verdict will not be accepted or understood
              in these terms if the jury is chosen by unlawful means at the outset. ***
                                                    ***
                  The Fourteenth Amendment’s mandate that race discrimination be eliminated
              from all official acts and proceedings of the State is most compelling in the judicial
              system. [Citation.] We have held, for example, that prosecutorial discretion cannot be
              exercised on the basis of race, [citation], and that, where racial bias is likely to
              influence a jury, an inquiry must be made into such bias. [Citations.] The statutory

                                                   -8-
               prohibition on discrimination in the selection of jurors, 18 U.S.C. § 243, enacted
               pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment’s Enabling Clause, makes race neutrality in
               jury selection a visible, and inevitable, measure of the judicial system’s own
               commitment to the commands of the Constitution. The courts are under an
               affirmative duty to enforce the strong statutory and constitutional policies embodied
               in that prohibition. [Citations.]
                   ***
                   It remains for the trial courts to develop rules, without unnecessary disruption of
               the jury selection process, to permit legitimate and well-founded objections to the use
               of peremptory challenges as a mask for race prejudice.” Powers, 499 U.S. at 411-16.
¶ 33       Racial discrimination in jury selection persists after Batson. See David C. Baldus et al.,
       Statistical Proof of Racial Discrimination in the Use of Peremptory Challenges: The Impact
       and Promise of the Miller-El Line of Cases as Reflected in the Experience of One Philadelphia
       Capital Case, 97 Iowa L. Rev. 1425, 1464-65 (2012). Several courts have found direct
       evidence that prosecutors explicitly excluded black persons from juries because of their race.
       See Foster v. Chatman, 578 U.S. ___, ___, ___, 136 S. Ct. 1737, 1744, 1755 (2016);
       Commonwealth v. Basemore, 744 A.2d 717, 729-31 (Pa. 2000).
¶ 34       Courts have permitted and encouraged the continuing discrimination by imposing on
       defendants the burden of creating a record showing the racial identities of the venire, and the
       burden of proving that a facially neutral reason for excluding a juror actually arose from
       racial discrimination. Courts have not infrequently found Batson issues waived by the
       defendant’s failure to make a sufficient record. See United States v. Collins, 195 F. App’x
       419, 422 (6th Cir. 2006); States v. State, 88 So. 3d 749, 755 (Miss. 2012); Hatchett v. State,
       930 S.W.2d 844, 847 (Tex. App. 1996).
¶ 35       As one commentator noted, “Unfortunately, Batson did not become the cure many had
       hoped for, and parties determined to exclude jurors on the basis of race developed
       pretextually ‘race-neutral’ means to do so without violating Batson. Much of the Batson
       jurisprudence from the late 1980s and 1990s consists of a torrent of decisions restricting the
       application of Batson, finding Batson challenges to have been waived, or finding Batson
       challenges to have been without merit under the restrictive applications of Batson established
       by the circuit courts.” Mikal C. Watts & Emily C. Jeffcott, A Primer on Batson, Including
       Discussion of Johnson v. California, Miller-El v. Dretke, Rice v. Collins, & Snyder v.
       Louisiana, 42 St. Mary’s L.J. 337, 341-42 (2011).
¶ 36       If courts are to meet their “affirmative duty to enforce the strong statutory and
       constitutional policies embodied in” the fourteenth amendment as interpreted in Batson,
       (Powers, 499 U.S. at 416), courts need to take a more active role in protecting the rights of
       defendants to a fair jury.
¶ 37       Following the Supreme Court’s imprecation that the courts must develop rules to help
       implement Batson, and to assist in the review of Batson claims, circuit court judges in both
       civil and criminal cases should be directed, once a Batson claim is made, to make all juror
       summonses a part of the record and circuit judges should be directed to write on each
       summons the race and gender, etc., of each juror to assist the reviewing court with Batson
       challenges. The circuit court should hold a hearing that involves three stages:

                                                  -9-
                    A. The court should direct the defendant to make out his prima facie case of racial
                discrimination in the State’s exercise of its peremptory challenges.
                    B. If the defendant makes a prima facie case for racial discrimination, the court
                should require the State to come forward with a neutral explanation for challenging
                each juror.
                    C. If the State offers an acceptable neutral explanation for its peremptory
                challenges, the court should give the defendant a chance to show that the State’s
                neutral explanation is pretextual. See People v. Harris, 129 Ill. 2d 123, 174-75 (1989).
¶ 38        But the court should also go further, to help uncover racial discrimination in jury
       selection. The court should maintain a database that includes the information from the juror
       summonses. The database should show the demographic composition of venires for all jury
       trials in civil and criminal cases, and it should record how each prosecutor (and plaintiff’s
       attorney) and each defense attorney exercised his or her peremptory challenges. See
       Catherine M. Grosso & Barbara O’Brien, A Stubborn Legacy: The Overwhelming Importance
       of Race in Jury Selection in 173 Post-Batson North Carolina Capital Trials, 97 Iowa L. Rev.
       1531, 1544-47 (2012) (concerning the need for, and difficulty of collecting, accurate data
       regarding the race of venire members). The court should make the data available to any
       attorney who needs the data to show that an assistant State’s Attorney (plaintiff’s attorney), a
       State’s Attorney’s office (plaintiff’s attorney’s office), a defense attorney, or a defense
       attorney’s office has, in the past, systematically used peremptory challenges in a racially
       discriminatory manner.
¶ 39        Attorneys seeking to raise Batson issues should also make a record specifically
       identifying:
                    A. the race or gender of all the venirepersons in the jury pools,
                    B. the race or gender of all venirepersons remaining after challenges for cause,
                    C. the race or gender of those removed by the plaintiff’s attorney, and
                    D. the race or gender of the jurors who served and the gender of jurors acceptable
                by the plaintiff’s attorney who were stricken by the defendant’s attorney.
¶ 40        Attorneys who violate Batson should receive additional training or should be required to
       take a continuing legal education course to ensure that a Batson violation does not occur in
       the future.
¶ 41        Finally, the court should adopt rules, like the rules suggested here, to protect the rights of
       all parties, in both civil and criminal cases, to a fair trial by a qualified and impartial “jury
       free from ethnic, racial, or political prejudice, [citations], or predisposition about the
       defendant’s culpability.” Gomez v. United States, 490 U.S. 858, 873 (1989).

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