Court Opinion

ID: 4635650
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-24 16:00:58.010414+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:25.307424
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

NATIONAL CASUALTY INSURANCE
COMPANY,                                         :
                                                 :
       Plaintiff,                                :       Civil Action No.:     20-699 (RC)
                                                 :
       v.                                        :       Re Document Nos.:     9, 18, 20, 26,
                                                 :                             30, 35, 37
HENRY A. SOLOMON, et al.,                        :
                                                 :
       Defendants.                               :
                                                 :
Consolidated Cases:                              :
ATLANTA CHANNEL, INC. v.                         :
SOLOMON, et al.                                  :       Civil Action No.:     20-1768 (RC)

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

      GRANTING DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT; DENYING

                               PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO DISMISS

                                     I. INTRODUCTION

       In this case, Plaintiff National Casualty Insurance Company (“National Casualty”) seeks

declaratory judgment against Defendants Henry A. Solomon and The Atlanta Channel Company,

Inc. (“ACI”) regarding a legal malpractice insurance policy. ACI filed a legal malpractice suit

against Mr. Solomon (the “Underlying Lawsuit”) alleging that, in December of 1999, he

submitted a defective application for a special broadcasting license with the Federal

Communications Commission (“FCC”). The Underlying Lawsuit remains pending in this Court

and is scheduled for trial next year. Because Mr. Solomon asserts that he does not have the

money to satisfy a judgment against him (ACI seeks millions of dollars in damages), an issue

looms over the Underlying Lawsuit: who will pay if ACI wins? National Casualty provided Mr.
Solomon with legal malpractice insurance at the relevant time and has been covering his legal

expenses for the duration of the Underlying Lawsuit. Through this action, however, National

Casualty seeks a declaratory judgment finding that it has no duty to defend or indemnify Mr.

Solomon because he failed to provide timely notice under the terms of the insurance contract. In

response, ACI brings a counterclaim and argues that, under Virginia law, National Casualty will

still have to pay any judgment issued against Mr. Solomon, notwithstanding any breach of the

contract on his part.

       ACI has moved for partial summary judgment on its counterclaim. See ACI’s Mem.

Supp. Mot. Partial Summ. J. (“ACI’s Mem.”), ECF No. 20-3. 1 National Casualty has moved to

dismiss ACI’s counterclaim. See Nat’l Casualty’s Mot. Dismiss, ECF No. 30. Resolution of

these motions depends on the same legal analysis. In addition, because ACI considers the

arguments made in response to its motion frivolous, it has moved for sanctions against National

Casualty. See ACI’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Sanction (“Mot. Sanctions”), ECF No. 37-1. For the

reasons stated below, the Court grants ACI’s motion for partial summary judgment and denies

National Casualty’s motion to dismiss. Because the Court does not find sanctions are warranted

for the reasons explained below, ACI’s motion for sanctions is denied. 2

       1
         ACI also filed an amended motion for partial summary judgment that purports to
withdraw one of the substantive arguments of the initial motion. See ACI’s Am. Mot. Partial
Summ. J., ECF No. 26. Also pending is ACI’s motion for leave to file a surreply. See Mot.
Leave to File, ECF No. 35. The Court finds that ACI’s proposed surreply addresses matters
raised for the first time in reply, and therefore, although surreplies are generally disfavored, see
Crummey v. Social Sec. Admin., 794 F. Supp. 2d 46, 62 (D.D.C. 2011), the Court grants ACI’s
motion for leave to file over National Casualty’s objection, see Nat’l Casualty’s Opp’n to ACI’s
Mot. Leave to File, ECF No. 36.
       2
         Also pending before the Court is a motion to dismiss filed by Mr. Solomon, see
Solomon Mot. Dismiss, ECF No. 9, and a motion to withdraw from ACI, see Mot. Withdraw,
ECF No. 18. Because the parties acknowledge Mr. Solomon’s motion is moot in their Rule
16(d) report, see Meet and Confer Statement at 1 n.1, ECF No. 41, the Court denies it. Because
no party objects to ACI withdrawing its motion, the Court grants the motion to withdraw.

                                                  2
                                      II. BACKGROUND

       National Casualty issued to Mr. Solomon, through his law firm at the time Haley, Bader

& Potts, P.L.C., a Lawyers Professional Liability Insurance Policy (the “Policy”) that covered

the firm from June 1999 to June 2000. See Compl. Ex. A, ECF No. 1-1. Haley, Bader & Potts,

P.L.C. was based in Arlington, Virginia and the Policy included several specific references to

Virginia. See id. at 15, 16. The Policy was issued in Virginia. See ACI’s Statement of Material

Facts Not in Dispute ¶¶ 6–8 (“ACI’s Statement of Facts”), ECF No. 20-1.

       In December 1999, Mr. Solomon, acting on behalf of his client ACI, filed a Statement of

Eligibility with the FCC to acquire a Class A License for its television station. See id. ¶ 11. In

the Underlying Lawsuit, ACI seeks damages of at least $25,000,000 based on Mr. Solomon’s

alleged negligence in filing the form—he filed the Statement of Eligibility with several questions

left blank, resulting in its rejection. See id.; see also 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 28–29, 32, The Atlanta

Channel v. Solomon, No. 15-cv-1823 (D.D.C. June 1, 2017), ECF No. 69. 3 Mr. Solomon filed

administrative appeals shortly after the initial rejection, but those remained pending for more

than a decade. See Compl. ¶¶ 15–16. Mr. Solomon did not make National Casualty aware of the

allegedly defective Statement of Eligibility until November of 2012. Id. ¶ 16.

       After receiving notice of the potential malpractice claim, National Casualty sent Mr.

Solomon a series of reservation of rights letters. See ACI’s Statement of Fact Ex. B–D. In each

letter, National Casualty confirms that it will defend Mr. Solomon, but reserves certain rights to

       3
         For a more detailed discussion of the factual background of the Underlying Lawsuit, see
Beach TV Props., Inc. v. Solomon, 324 F. Supp. 3d 115, 118–121 (D.D.C. 2018) and Beach TV
Props., Inc. v. Solomon, No. 15-cv-1823, 2016 WL 6068806, at *1–4 (D.D.C. Oct. 14, 2016).

                                                 3
challenge coverage. See id. Specifically, in the initial reservation of rights letter sent on

December 23, 2015, National Casualty states:

       The FCC dismissed the ACI Statement on June 9, 2000. Thereafter, you engaged
       in multiple filings in an effort to address the allegedly defective ACI Statement
       including a Petition for Reconsideration filed on June 22, 2000 and an Application
       for Review on December 20, 2000 . . . National Casualty, however, was not notified
       of any circumstances relating to the allegedly defective ACI Statement until
       November 2012. This delay of more than 12 years after the FCC’s initial ruling on
       June 9, 2000, dismissing the ACI Statement, was substantially untimely . . . Thus,
       you and the Haley Firm breached your notice obligations under the Policy.
Id. Ex. B at 5–6. National Casualty reiterates the position that Mr. Solomon breached the terms

of the Policy by failing to provide timely notice in the other two reservation of rights letters sent

on July 5, 2016 and October 10, 2019. See id. Ex. C–D. It is undisputed that ACI did not

receive the first two reservation of rights letter until December 13, 2019, ACI’s Statement of

Facts ¶¶ 19, 22, and the last reservation of rights letter until November 27, 2019, id. ¶ 25. As

such, ACI was not given notice of the reservation of rights letters within forty-five days of Mr.

Solomon receiving them.

       National Casualty filed this lawsuit seeking “a declaratory judgment finding that it has no

duty to defend or indemnify [Mr.] Solomon” under the Policy. Compl. ¶ 1. The Complaint also

asks for a judgment declaring that “National Casualty has no obligation to indemnify Defendant

Atlanta Channel for any future final judgment awarded in favor of Defendant Atlanta Channel

arising out of the Underlying Lawsuit.” Id. at 10. ACI brought a counterclaim and cross claim

requesting an order stating that “[a]ny judgment entered in the [Underlying Lawsuit] in favor of

ACI against Mr. Solomon without the consent of Mr. Solomon is enforceable against National

Casualty pursuant to Va. Code § 38.2-2200 notwithstanding any breach of the Policy by Mr.

Solomon described in any Reservation of Rights Letter.” ACI Ans. at. 9, ECF No. 19.

                                                  4
       ACI has moved for summary judgment on its counterclaim. See ACI’s Mem. National

Casualty has moved to dismiss the counterclaim. See Nat’l Casualty’s Mot. Dismiss. In addition

to these motions, ACI has filed a motion for sanctions against National Casualty. See Mot.

Sanctions. The Court addresses the motion for partial summary judgment and motion to dismiss

together first, then turns to the motion for sanctions.

 III. MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND MOTION TO DISMISS

                                        A. Legal Standard

       Summary judgment is proper when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as

to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a). A “material” fact is one capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation.

See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” if there is

enough evidence for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the non-movant. See Scott v.

Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007). The principal purpose of summary judgment is to streamline

litigation by disposing of factually unsupported claims or defenses and determining whether

there is a genuine need for trial. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323–24 (1986). The

movant bears the initial burden of identifying portions of the record that demonstrate the absence

of any genuine issue of material fact. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. In

response, the non-movant must point to specific facts in the record that reveal a genuine issue

that is suitable for trial. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324. In considering a motion for summary

judgment, a court must “eschew making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence[,]”

Czekalski v. Peters, 475 F.3d 360, 363 (D.C. Cir. 2007), and all underlying facts and inferences

must be analyzed in the light most favorable to the non-movant, see Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255.

                                                  5
Nevertheless, conclusory assertions offered without any evidentiary support do not establish a

genuine issue for trial. See Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999).

       The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require that a complaint contain “a short and plain

statement of the claim” in order to give the defendant fair notice of the claim and the grounds

upon which it rests. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); accord Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007)

(per curiam). A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) “tests the legal sufficiency of a

complaint” under that standard; it asks whether the plaintiff has properly stated a claim.

Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a

complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is

plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). This means that a plaintiff’s factual allegations “must be

enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level, on the assumption that all the

allegations in the complaint are true (even if doubtful in fact).” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555–56

(citations omitted). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

conclusory statements,” are therefore insufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss. Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 678. A court need not accept a plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true, see id., nor must a

court presume the veracity of legal conclusions that are couched as factual allegations, see

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. However, a court considering a motion to dismiss presumes that the

complaint’s factual allegations are true and construes them liberally in the plaintiff’s favor. See,

e.g., United States v. Philip Morris, Inc., 116 F. Supp. 2d 131, 135 (D.D.C. 2000).

                                                  6
                                            B. Analysis

       The parties’ arguments shift significantly across the briefing papers. 4 The Court

identifies one primary issue that remains in dispute—whether Va. Code § 38.2-2226 should

apply to this case brought in federal court. The facts required to settle this issue are not in

dispute; the parties have not identified any disputed facts relevant to this inquiry.

       The Virginia law at issue states:

       Whenever any insurer on a policy of liability insurance discovers a breach of the
       terms or conditions of the insurance contract by the insured, the insurer shall notify
       the claimant or the claimant’s counsel of the breach. Notification shall be given
       within forty-five days after discovery by the insurer of the breach or of the claim,
       whichever is later. Whenever, on account of such breach, a nonwaiver of rights
       agreement is executed by the insurer and the insured, or a reservation of rights letter
       is sent by the insurer to the insured, notice of such action shall be given to the
       claimant or the claimant’s counsel within forty-five days after that agreement is
       executed or the letter is sent, or after notice of the claim is received, whichever is
       later. Failure to give the notice within forty-five days will result in a waiver of the
       defense based on such breach to the extent of the claim by operation of law.

Va. Code § 38.2-2226. The parties primarily disagree on whether this statute is substantive or

procedural. ACI argues that this statute applies to this case and that, because ACI was not

provided timely notice of the reservation of rights letters, National Casualty has waived its

defense based on Mr. Solomon’s alleged breach of the insurance contract. See ACI’s Mem. at 4.

Mr. Solomon agrees. See Solomon’s Resp. to ACI’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. at 2 (“Solomon’s

       4
         For example, in its amended motion for partial summary judgment, “ACI withdraws
that branch of the [original motion] which sought a declaration that the Judgment shall include
any judgment entered upon the consent of Mr. Solomon without the agreement or approval or
National Casualty.” ACI’s Am. Mot. Partial Summ. J. at 2. In its motion to dismiss, National
Casualty argues that application of the Virginia statutes would be unripe because there has not
been a judgment entered against Mr. Solomon. See Nat’l Casualty Mot. Dismiss at 5. National
Casualty abandons this argument in its opposition to ACI’s amended motion for partial summary
judgment. See Nat’l Casualty Opp’n to ACI’s Am. Mot. Partial Summ. J. (“Nat’l Casualty’s
Opp’n”) at 3, ECF No. 33 (“National Casualty does now acknowledge this action is ripe under
the Declaratory Judgment Act”).

                                                  7
Resp.”), ECF No. 24. National Casualty argues that Va. Code § 38.2-2226 is procedural and

therefore does not apply to this case. Nat’l Casualty Mot. Dismiss at 3–5.

        The parties also disagree about what analysis the Court should apply to resolve the

dispute. National Casualty insists that the Erie doctrine applies and because Va. Code § 38.2-

2226 is procedural, this Court should not apply it. See id. ACI and Mr. Solomon argue that Va.

Code § 38.2-2226 is built into the Policy by both operation of Virginia law and by the terms of

the Policy itself. See ACI’s Mem. at 6 (citing Maxey v. American Cas. Co., 23 S.E.2d 221, 223

(Va. 1942) (“A pertinent statute is as much a part of the contract as if it were incorporated in it.

The general rule is that laws in existence are necessarily referred to in all contracts made under

such law.” (internal quotations omitted))); Solomon Resp. at 7 (citing Policy at 20 (“Any part of

this policy which is in conflict with the statutes of the state in which this policy is issued is

amended to conform to such statutes.”)). Mr. Solomon maintains that a choice of law analysis

also settles the matter. See Solomon Resp. at 5–9. Furthermore, Mr. Solomon puts forth an

argument that Va. Code § 38.2-2226 is substantive because it creates for ACI a legally

enforceable claim against National Casualty that would not have existed otherwise. See

Solomon’s Resp. to Nat’l Casualty’s Opp’n to ACI’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. at 10–11 (“Solomon

Resp. to Nat’l Casualty’s Opp’n), ECF No. 31. In the Court’s view, no party puts forth a

complete and correct analysis.

        In Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, the Supreme Court declared that “[t]here is no federal general

common law” and that, when sitting in diversity, “the law to be applied in any case is the law of

the state.” 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938). “The ‘broad command of Erie,’ of course, is that ‘federal

courts are to apply state substantive law and federal procedural law’ when sitting pursuant to

their diversity jurisdiction.” Burke v. Air Serv Intern., Inc., 685 F.3d 1102, 1107 (D.C. Cir.

                                                   8
2012) (quoting Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 465 (1965)). As the Supreme Court has

observed, however, “[c]lassification of a law as ‘substantive’ or ‘procedural’ for Erie purposes is

sometimes a challenging endeavor.” Gasperini v. Ctr. for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427

(1996). Because of this, where no federal rule or statute controls—such as in this case—courts

“must apply state law if it is ‘outcome-determinative’ in the relevant sense.” Burke, 685 F.3d at

1108 (quoting Hanna, 380 U.S. at 468). This determination is made by asking whether “the

failure to enforce state law ‘would disserve the so-called twin aims of the Erie rule:

discouragement of forum-shopping and avoidance of inequitable administration of the laws.’”
Id. (quoting Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 27 n.6 (1988)). If failing to enforce

the state law would encourage forum-shopping or create inequity in the administration of the

laws, Erie and its progeny require the state law to be applied. See id. at 1108–09.

       Before turning to the twin aims of Erie, the Court notes another layer of complexity.

This Court must apply the law of the District of Columbia when sitting pursuant to its diversity

jurisdiction. See Burke, 685 F.3d at 1105. All parties agree that under a D.C. choice of law

analysis, Virginia substantive law applies in this case. See Nat’l Casualty Opp’n at 3 (“National

Casualty does not oppose the idea that substantive law of Virginia applies to the substantive

coverage issues concerning the policies.”); ACI’s Mem. at 6; Solomon’s Resp. at 2 (“Mr.

Solomon agrees with ACI that Virginia law governs the dispute.”). Outside of the Erie context,

D.C. law also addresses the enigmatic substantive or procedural distinction. “Under District of

Columbia choice-of-law rules, procedures of the forum normally apply.” Parker v. K & L Gates,

LLP, 76 A.3d 859, 869 (D.C. 2013). The Court need not, however, delve into D.C. case law

analyzing the distinction because “in some circumstances . . . a foreign jurisdiction may enforce

procedural provisions of a different jurisdiction if a contract explicitly provides that another set

                                                  9
of procedures shall govern.” Id. n.14. In Conteh v. Allstate Ins. Co., the court found that

because “the Virginia statute and its attendant obligations were expressly incorporated into the

insurance policy, we need not address appellant’s characterization of [the statute] as creating a

merely procedural duty.” 782 A.2d 748, 752 (D.C. 2001). The Court is confident that under the

express terms of the contract, which incorporate Virginia law, see Policy at 20 (“Any part of this

policy which is in conflict with the statutes of the state in which this policy is issued is amended

to conform to such statutes.”), the D.C. Court of Appeals would apply Va. Code § 38.2-2226 to

this case even if it was merely procedural. Be that as it may, Erie, which controls here, does not

ask whether D.C. law should apply instead of Virginia law; instead, Erie asks whether federal

law should apply instead of state law. The relevant state substantive law, under D.C. choice of

law principles, is Virginia law.

       The Court finds that the twin aims of Erie require application of Va. Code § 38.2-2226 in

this case. First, failing to enforce Va. Code § 38.2-2226 would encourage forum-shopping. If

federal courts ignored Va. Code § 38.2-2226, the same case could have drastically different

results depending on which forum presided over the lawsuit. Insurers in Virginia would be

encouraged to file for declaratory judgment in federal court, after the expiration of the forty-five-

day notice period. Insurers would seek to avoid state court. Without the notice rights of Va.

Code § 38.2-2226 recognized in this case, ACI, as the claimant, would have no case against

National Casualty in federal court even though it would have a claim in Virginia state court. See

Dan River, Inc. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 317 S.E.2d 485, 488 (Va. 1984) (explaining the

purpose of the statute is to protect the claimant); see also Morrel v. Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins.

Co., 188 F.3d 218, 226 (4th Cir. 1999) (explaining that § 38.2–2226 applies when a claimant

unable to collect a judgment from an insured party sues an insurer directly under Va. Code §

                                                 10
38.2–2200). The Court also agrees with Mr. Solomon that Va. Code § 38.2-2226 creates a right

to notice for the claimant where no right exists under the contract 5 or common law. See

Solomon Resp. to Nat’l Casualty’s Opp’n at 10.

       Second, failing to enforce Va. Code § 38.2-2226 would create inequity in administration

of the law. As noted above, the terms of the Policy indicate that National Casualty agreed to be

bound by Virginia law, whether substantive or procedural. See Policy at 20 (“Any part of this

policy which is in conflict with the statutes of the state in which this policy is issued is amended

to conform to such statutes.”). National Casualty does not engage at all with this contention.

Refusing to hold National Casualty to this agreement simply because the matter is before a

federal court in another state would not be fair or equitable. Moreover, Virginia case law

interpreting Va. Code § 38.2-2226 indicates it is aimed at addressing the potential inequity

caused by an insurer’s failure to provide a claimant notice of defenses. See Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.

v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 288 S.E.2d 469, 474 (Va. 1982) (finding that the purpose of a prior

version of Va. Code § 38.2-2226 “is to require a liability insurer that intends to rely on a breach

of the terms and conditions of the policy contract . . . to furnish prompt notice of such intention

to the claimant or his attorney so that steps may be taken by the claimant, a stranger to the

insurance contract, to protect his rights”); Dan River, 317 S.E.2d at 488; Great Am. Ins. Co. v.

Gross, No. 3:05–0159, 2008 WL 376263, at *11 (E.D. Va. Feb. 11, 2008) (“[Section] 38.2–2226

serves to protect claimants, who are strangers to the contract, and not the insured”). While Va.

Code § 38.2-2226 certainly contains a procedural element (the forty-five-day notice period), the

substantive inequity created by refusing to apply it here (virtually no chance of collecting

       5
          The Court notes, however, that the terms of this contract in particular do incorporate by
reference Virginia law. See Policy at 20 (“Any part of this policy which is in conflict with the
statutes of the state in which this policy is issued is amended to conform to such statutes.”).

                                                 11
judgment if won) suggests it should apply. See Gasperini, 518 U.S. at 416 (“[A]lthough [the

statute] contains a procedural instruction . . . the State’s objective is manifestly substantive.”).

Considering the twin aims of Erie, the Court finds that Va. Code § 38.2-2226 should apply in

this case.

        The cases cited by National Casualty do not require the opposite result. In Fed. Ins. Co.

v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., the federal court in Virginia conducted a choice of law analysis to

determine whether the law where the accident occurred should apply (Virginia) or the law where

the contract was made (Tennessee). 448 F. Supp. 723 at 724–25 (W.D. Va. 1978). 6 Without any

analysis of the difference between substance and procedure, the court stated that “[t]he public

policy of Virginia as set forth in [the statute] is clearly procedural and the court so holds.” Id. at

725. The court did not mention Erie or conduct an analysis of the twin aims of Erie. Moreover,

some of the court’s language suggests that the statute is more substantive than procedural. See
id. at 726 (“Virginia, through this statute, has manifested a legitimate interest in safeguarding the

rights of persons injured within her boundaries.” (emphasis added)). The Court does not find

that this case requires any particular result with respect to its Erie analysis and whether

application of the statute is “‘outcome-determinative’ in the relevant sense.” Burke, 685 F.3d at

1108 (quoting Hanna, 380 U.S. at 468). The second case cited by National Casualty to show

that the statute is procedural merely relies on Federal Insurance and offers no further analysis.

        6
         National Casualty also suggests that Federal Insurance stands for the proposition that
Va. Code § 38.2-2226 only applies when the injury occurs in Virginia. Nat’l Casualty Opp’n at
4–5. The Court disagrees. This argument appears to stem from confusion regarding the
difference between an Erie analysis and choice of law analysis. Federal Insurance, while not
particularly clear, applied Virginia law after a choice of law analysis. 448 F. Supp. at 725.
National Casualty agrees that Virginia substantive law should apply to the case at hand. See
Nat’l Casualty Opp’n at 3. If Virginia substantive law applies and Va. Code § 38.2-2226 is
substantive, it would not matter that the injury did not occur in Virginia.

                                                  12
See MHM Servs., Inc. v. Assurance Co. of Am., 975 N.E.2d 1139, 1163 (Ill. App. 2012) (citing

Fed. Ins., 448 F. Supp. at 725).

       The D.C. Circuit’s opinion in Chi. Ins. Co. v. Paulson & Nace, PLLC lends support to the

Court’s conclusion. 783 F.3d 897 (D.C. Cir. 2015). There, the court found that the district court

below correctly conducted a choice of law analysis and determined “that District of Columbia

law governed this contract between the D.C.-based law firm and Illinois-based insurer.” Id. at

902. The court did not state that Va. Code § 38.2-2226 is procedural or that it would never apply

in a federal court. Indeed, by framing the problem as a choice of law issue, the court implicitly

acknowledged that Va. Code § 38.2-2226 is substantive and could apply to a case in federal court

if the choice of law analysis pointed to Virginia substantive law. See id. at 902–03. The court

did not provide any guidance for an Erie analysis of this statute.

       Accordingly, the Court finds that the twin aims of Erie support application of Va. Code §

38.2-2226 to this case and therefore, based on the undisputed fact that timely notice was not

provided as required by the statute, any judgment entered in favor of ACI against Mr. Solomon

in the Underlying Lawsuit may be enforced by ACI or its assigns against National Casualty,

notwithstanding any breach of contract by Mr. Solomon. The Court grants ACI’s motion for

partial summary judgment and denies National Casualty’s motion to dismiss.

                                IV. MOTION FOR SANCTIONS

                                        A. Legal Standard

       Under Rule 11, an attorney “presenting to the court a pleading, written motion, or other

paper . . . certifies that” the filing “is not being presented for any improper purpose, such as to

harass, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase the cost of litigation.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

11(b). Furthermore, an attorney must certify that “the claims, defenses, and other legal

                                                  13
contentions are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for extending,

modifying, or reversing existing law or for establishing new law.” Id. Rule 11 is a “prophylactic

measure[] to protect the court from frivolous and baseless filings that are not well grounded,

legally untenable, or brought with the purpose of vexatiously multiplying the proceedings.”

Cobell v. Norton, 157 F. Supp. 2d 82, 86 n.8 (D.D.C. 2001) (citing Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx

Corp., 496 U.S. 384 (1990); LaPrade v. Kidder Peabody & Co., 146 F.3d 899 (D.C. Cir. 1998)).

“The Court has discretion to decide whether a Rule 11 violation has occurred and what sanctions

should be imposed if there has been violation.” Long v. Dep’t of Justice, 207 F.R.D. 4, 6

(D.D.C. 2002) (citing Cooter, 496 U.S. at 403–05; Rafferty v. NYNEX Corp., 60 F.3d 844, 851–

52 (D.C. Cir. 1995)). “Courts do not impose Rule 11 sanctions lightly; such sanctions are an

extreme punishment for filing pleadings that frustrate judicial proceedings.” Jordan v. U.S.

Dep’t of Labor, 273 F. Supp. 3d 214, 241 (D.D.C. 2017) (citing Henok v. Chase Home Fin.,

LLC, 926 F. Supp. 2d 100, 104 (D.D.C. 2013)).

                                           B. Analysis

       The Court will not impose sanctions in this case. As noted above, the Court finds that no

party, including ACI, put forth a complete and correct analysis of this complicated legal issue.

The intersection of the Erie and choice of law doctrines presents myriad complicating factors—

the Court does not find that any argument put forth by National Casualty was made in bad faith

or without legal support such that sanctions must be imposed. While the Court rules in ACI’s

favor with respect to the motion for partial summary judgment and motion to dismiss, the Court

does not find National Casualty’s position to be so devoid of reason as to be deemed frivolous.

Accordingly, ACI’s motion for sanctions is denied.

                                                14
                                    V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, ACI’s motion for partial summary judgment (ECF No. 20), as

amended (ECF No. 26), is GRANTED and National Casualty’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 30)

is DENIED. ACI’s motion for sanctions (ECF No. 37) is DENIED. Mr. Solomon’s motion to

dismiss (ECF No. 9) is DENIED AS MOOT; ACI’s motion to withdraw (ECF No. 18) is

GRANTED; and ACI’s motion for leave to file (ECF No. 35) is GRANTED. An order

consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: November 24, 2020                                      RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                              United States District Judge

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