Court Opinion

ID: 9910134
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-14 20:09:55.767837+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:50:59.786870
License: Public Domain

J-A23014-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

 IN THE INTEREST OF: E.D.A., III, A   :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 MINOR                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :
 APPEAL OF: T.M.A., MOTHER            :   No. 755 MDA 2022

              Appeal from the Decree Entered April 20, 2022
  In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Orphans’ Court at No(s):
                              2022-0008a

 IN THE INTEREST OF: E.J.A., A        :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 MINOR                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :
 APPEAL OF: T.M.A., MOTHER            :   No. 756 MDA 2022

              Appeal from the Decree Entered April 20, 2022
  In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Orphans’ Court at No(s):
                              2022-0009a

 IN THE INT. OF: R.M.A., A MINOR      :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                      :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                      :
                                      :
 APPEAL OF: T.W.A., MOTHER            :   No. 757 MDA 2022

              Appeal from the Decree Entered April 20, 2022
  In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Orphans’ Court at No(s):
                              2022-0010a

 IN THE INT. OF: A.B.A., A MINOR      :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                      :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                      :
                                      :
 APPEAL OF: T.W.A., MOTHER            :   No. 758 MDA 2022

              Appeal from the Decree Entered April 20, 2022
  In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Orphans’ Court at No(s):
                              2022-0019a
J-A23014-22

  IN THE INTEREST OF: B.W., A                  :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
  MINOR                                        :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
  APPEAL OF: T.W.A., MOTHER                    :   No. 759 MDA 2022

               Appeal from the Decree Entered April 20, 2022
   In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Orphans’ Court at No(s):
                               2022-0007a

BEFORE:       BOWES, J., McCAFFERY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

DISSENTING MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.:

                                                     FILED DECEMBER 14, 2023

       Respectfully, I disagree with the Majority’s conclusion that the orphans’

court decision to terminate Mother’s parental rights, as to all five Children,1

was not an abuse of discretion. Instead, I would conclude the orphans’ court,

which was in agreement that both Parents have successfully complied with

drug treatment, did not address the consistent testimony by multiple service

providers across several hearings, including the termination proceedings, that

both Parents have been in compliance with their housing, parenting, and

mental health goals. My rationale is not that the court erred in accepting the

testimony of one witness over other evidence, but rather that the court failed

to address extensive testimony that was in direct contradiction of the

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 As two children have the initials, “E.A.,” I will refer to E.A., III, as “Ed.A.”

and E.A. as “El.A.”

                                           -2-
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testimony it cited. In light of this incomplete review, I would disagree there

was clear and convincing evidence to support termination of “one of the oldest

fundamental rights protected by the Due Process Clause’ of the Fourteenth

Amendment.”2 Thus, I dissent.

       The Majority aptly summarizes that at the time the five Children were

adjudicated dependent,3 CYF’s concerns were both Parents’ drug abuse,

mental health, parenting skills, financial stability, and home environment.

See Memorandum Opinion in Support of Order Pursuant to Rule 1925(a)(2)(ii)

of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, 6/17/22 (Trial Ct. Op.,

6/17/22), at 7-8.

       Although Mother’s instant appeal lies from the April 20, 2022,

termination order, I consider the evidence, adduced at hearings within the five

months preceding that decision, to be relevant.

               I. November 10, 2021, Status Review Hearing

____________________________________________

2See K.W. v. S.L., 157 A.3d 498, 502-03 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation
omitted).

3 The four older children were adjudicated dependent on September 16, 2020.

At that time, their ages were approximately: B.W., six; Ed.A., five; R.A., two;
and El.A., one. A.A. was born thereafter, in June of 2021, and adjudicated
dependent almost two weeks later, on July 12, 2021.

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       First, at a status review hearing on November 10, 2021,4 Parents

averred the criminal investigation of their alleged abuse — for which CYF

received a referral 10 months earlier — was “ongoing” but had “gone

nowhere[.]”     N.T., 11/10/21, at 8-9.        The orphans’ court directed CYF to

conduct an independent investigation and provide a finding of “indicated” or

“unfounded” by the next hearing in three months’ time.5 Id. at 8-9; Status

Review Order, 11/10/21.

       Jessica Myers, a family therapist with Pressley Ridge, testified Parents’

housing was appropriate.         N.T., 11/10/21, at 23.    Although there was a

damaged ceiling, Parents were working with their landlord to repair it. Id. at

27. Parents reported their rent was paid through January. Id. I note Parents

have lived in the same five-bedroom apartment rental since October of 2020.

N.T., 4/1/22, at 199.        Ms. Myers further testified that a family advocate

developed a family budget, and both Parents were “very independent in

____________________________________________

4 CYF caseworker Kristen Marshall did not testify at this hearing.
                                                                Furthermore,
I note that at this time, R.A. and El.A. lived together in kinship foster
placement with D.V., their paternal grandmother. See N.T., 4/1/22, at 17,
216. The other three children — B.W., Ed.A., and A.A. — were living with
another foster family, but shortly after the November 10, 2021, hearing, they
moved to D.V.’s home so that the siblings would stay together. Id. at 216;
N.T., 11/10/21, at 7-8.

5 CYF additionally reported that on October 19, 2021, Father entered a no
contest plea to disorderly conduct. N.T., 11/10/21, at 59. This charge arose
from “fighting” and Father received a sentence of 12 months’ probation.
Status Review Order for B.W., 11/10/21, at 2.

                                           -4-
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searching for new employment.”         N.T., 11/10/21, at 35-36.      Father was

employed through People Ready and he provided payment history for three

pay periods. Id. at 35, 37, 62.

          The following testimony about visitation was presented.         Parents

attended all visits and had never cancelled. N.T., 11/10/21, at 50. Ms. Myers,

who supervised three visits, testified “[P]arents are progressing appropriately”

and showed “positive changes.”         Id. at 24.    Michelle Mahoney, a family

advocate with Pressley Ridge, also supervised visits and testified that

generally, the visits were going well. N.T., 11/10/21, at 47-48. In earlier

visits,    Mother   “was   not   consistent   with   her   boundary   setting”   or

consequences, but since participating in family therapy, she had improved,

and the Children’s behaviors improved as a result. Id. at 48. Jessica Weymer,

another family advocate with Pressley Ridge, supervised the visits with respect

to A.A. (then five months old) only, and she did not have any concerns with

Parents’ visits. Id. at 55. Ms. Mahoney and Karen Rose, a CYF caseworker

supervisor, both recommended increased visitation and moving visits into the

community.       Id. at 53, 59-60.    The Children’s guardian ad litem, David

Worley, Esquire (GAL), agreed with these recommendations. Id. at 64.

          Ms. Myers testified Parents each have a therapist through True North,

and Mother had a drug and alcohol counselor through Pyramid Healthcare.

N.T., 11/10/21, at 28.      With respect to drug treatment, Mother’s recovery

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specialist, Janelle Wiland, testified Mother was compliant.6          Id. at 57.

Previously, Father was taking five milligrams of methadone, then took one

milligram for one day, and chose to stop. Id. at 63-64. He was successfully

discharged from methadone treatment on November 8, 2021. Id. at 28-29.

       At the conclusion of this hearing, the orphans’ court commented

positively on both Parents’ progress:

       . . . I think [Father’s attorney] said it very well[, that Father was
       complying with the objectives.] You want to put a team in place.
       You want to see them do their thing and you want to see the
       [P]arents cooperate. So far these [P]arents have done that. And
       this case is headed in the right direction. I’m pleased. Please
       keep up the good work.

N.T., 11/10/21, at 64. The court scheduled the next hearing for January 11,

2022. Id. at 66.

                      II. December 27, 2021, CYF Report

       Meanwhile, on December 27, 2021, CYF caseworker Kristen Marshall

filed a report,7 which concluded — contrary to the evidence at the status

hearing approximately seven weeks earlier —that Mother and Father made

“[m]inimal progress” under the permanency plan. CYF Report at 2, 4. The

report acknowledged both Parents “typically . . . maintain contact with” CYF

____________________________________________

6 Ms. Wiland also testified at the April 1, 2022, termination hearing, going by

her now married surname, Kelley. N.T., 4/1/22, at 172.

7 Caseworker Marshall filed five nearly identical reports — one for each child.

For ease of discussion, I refer to these in the singular.

                                           -6-
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and service providers, but stated they were “unresponsive to” Caseworker

Marshall’s email messages, sent on December 21, 22, 23, and 27, seeking to

schedule an interview for the outstanding CPS investigations. Id. at 2.

       The CYF report further alleged the following. The paystubs presented

by Parents lacked identifying information; Parents also failed to provide proof

that rent and bills were paid, bank statements, their driver licenses, vehicle

registrations, and proof of insurance. CYF Report at 2-5. Parents visited “the

kinship home unannounced five or six times,” and purchased $300 Apple iPads

for the four older children for Christmas. Id. at 3, 5. Finally, the CYF report

stated that petitions for the involuntary termination of Parents’ rights were “in

the process of being filed.” Id. at 7. Nevertheless, CYF recommended “a

continued primary goal of Reunification and a concurrent goal of Adoption.”

Id. at 8.

            III. January 11, 2022, Permanency Review Hearing

       The orphans’ court conducted the next permanency review hearing on

January 11, 2022. Despite the fact that CYF had not filed any petition for a

goal change and, again, its report filed two weeks earlier recommended a

continued primary goal of reunification, the orphans’ court changed the

primary goal to adoption at the end of this hearing.8 N.T., 1/11/22, at 49. As

____________________________________________

8 Both Parents have appealed from the goal change orders: Mother at Superior

Court Dockets 295 through 299 MDA 2022 and Father at Dockets 201 through
205 MDA 2022. Those appeals remain pending.

                                           -7-
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this hearing predated the filing of the termination petitions by less than two

weeks, and the termination orders by a mere three months, I review this

proceeding in detail.

      First, CYF reported it found both Mother and Father indicated as

perpetrators of physical abuse against both El.A. and B.W. N.T., 1/11/22, at

7. The parties acknowledged that a finding of abuse hearing was scheduled

for March 10, 2022. Id. at 5.

      Following these introductory remarks by the parties, the orphans’ court

commented that “with the exhibits that we already have and so forth,

[including Caseworker Marshall’s report,] we really don’t need to hear any

testimony[.]” N.T., 1/11/22, at 7. Mother’s attorney protested, and the court

permitted examination of Caseworker Marshall. Id. at 8.

      Caseworker Marshall testified to all of the following: although Parents

have made “moderate” progress with their drug treatment, CYF had not

observed the “stability needed for five children in the home.” N.T., 1/11/22,

at 10. “[P]artial visitation has still not been recommended,” and when she

observed one visit the prior July, it was “chaotic without appropriate

boundaries . . . in disciplining and cleaning up and the [C]hildren fighting.”

Id. at 10, 15-16. Furthermore, Father failed to provide proper documentation

for his employment. N.T., 1/11/22, at 14. Although Caseworker Marshall

received bank statements from Pressley Ridge family advocate Yashira

Luciano, some portions were “blacked out.” Id. at 19. In any event, the

                                    -8-
J-A23014-22

documents received did not “align with the proposed budget,” and the electric

or gas bill had a balance of $1,796.14. Id. at 20.

     The testimony of the other witnesses at this hearing, however, was that

Parents were successfully complying with their goals. Ms. Luciano testified

that the previous night, she inspected Parents’ home and concluded it was

appropriate, and opined Parents achieved the goal of having appropriate

housing. N.T., 1/11/22, at 24-25, 23-25, 30. Ms. Luciano further stated: she

prepared a family budget; Parents were in programs for paying the electric

and gas bills; and the landlord provided her with a receipt showing rent was

paid. N.T., 1/11/22, at 26, 28. Mother showed Ms. Luciano documentation

of salary deposits to her bank account.       Id. at 29.     Ms. Luciano sent

Caseworker Marshall the financial information that was requested, and

explained, “The items that were blacked out . . . were not related to

employment that needed to be verified.”      Id. at 26-27.   Significantly, Ms.

Luciano recommended that her services come to a successful end: “The family

no longer needs advocacy. There are no other concerns or needs that the

family would need to complete.” Id. at 25.

     Nicole Lam, Mother’s drug and alcohol counselor at Pyramid, testified

Mother was meeting the expectations of her treatment and her “[p]rognosis

is very good.” N.T., 1/11/22, at 34. However, in September of 2021, Ms.

Lam had an hour-and-a-half telephone conversation with Caseworker

Marshall. Id. Ms. Lam “found a lot of [Caseworker Marshall’s] comments to

                                    -9-
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be bias[ed], often derogatory, unprofessional,” and “[v]ery stigmatized[.]”

Id. at 35.     For example, Caseworker Marshall made “generalizations

concerning . . . addicts,” stated Mother was “lazy” and “uses that as an excuse

to relapse,” and speculated that Parents were involved in “drug deals.” Id.

Ms. Lam disagreed with this portrayal of Mother, and she had no concerns

with Mother’s compliance with her drug program. Id.

      Pressley Ridge family therapist Jessica Myers, testified that at visits,

Parents have been providing “more structure and boundaries” and showing

“much more consistent follow through[.]” N.T., 1/11/22, at 37. Ms. Myers

opined that moving the visits to Parents’ home would be appropriate if the

family were on track to reunification. Id. at 40. However, in light of CYF’s

indication it would file a termination petition, Ms. Myers would not recommend

visits in the home. Id. at 39-40, 41.

      At the conclusion of the hearing, the orphans’ court agreed with the

GAL’s oral recommendation to “flip the goals.” N.T., 1/11/22, at 49. The

court thus amended the primary goal to adoption, with a concurrent goal of

reunification. Id. Shortly thereafter, on January 19 and 27, 2022, CYF filed

petitions to terminate Parents’ parental rights.

      Meanwhile, on March 10, 2022, the orphans’ court conducted the finding

of abuse hearing. It heard testimony that B.W. disclosed, inter alia, that he

and El.A. were “being beat” and slapped, sometimes with a belt. See N.T.,

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3/10/22, at 12. The court rendered a finding that both Father and Mother

were perpetrators of abuse against B.W. and El.A.9 Id. at 53-54.

         IV. April 2022 Termination of Parental Right Hearings

       Finally, with respect to the April 1 and 18, 2022, termination hearings,

while the orphans’ court and Majority have reviewed the testimony of

Caseworker Marshall, I consider in detail the testimony of the other witnesses.

First, it was reiterated that Father was successfully discharged from the drug

program. N.T., 4/1/22, at 26-27. Mother was also successful in her drug

treatment. Id. at 173.

       Ms. Lam, Mother’s Pyramid drug and alcohol counselor, testified to the

following.   She has been working with Mother for more than a year, and

Mother has produced “negative” drug tests for 19 months. N.T., 4/1/22, at

30-31.     Although she is not required to, Mother attends almost weekly

sessions, in addition to a weekly “advanced outpatient” program. Id. at 31.

Since September of 2021, Mother has been consistently taking 45 milligrams

of methadone, her progress was “[v]ery good,” and Ms. Lam had no concerns

“at all” about Mother’s drug usage. Id. at 31, 35, 38.

____________________________________________

9 As the Majority notes, both Parents appealed from this abuse finding.  On
December 28, 2022, this Court affirmed as to Mother (Dockets 545 & 546 MDA
2022) and on August 28, 2023, this Court affirmed as to Father (Dockets 117
& 118 MDA 2023).

                                          - 11 -
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       Ms. Lam again testified, as she did at the January 11, 2022, hearing,

about “biased” statements made by Caseworker Marshall in a conversation in

September of 2021.          N.T., 4/1/22, at 33.         Caseworker Marshall “kept

mentioning that she thought there was ongoing drug use, even though [Ms.

Lam] confirmed [Mother] has been compliant in all aspects of her treatment.”

Id. at 34. Ms. Lam described this conversation as “[c]onfusing” and appearing

to focus on how the Parents were failing, rather than how they could assist

them.10 Id. at 32-33.

       With respect to visits, Ms. Mahoney, the Pressley Ridge family advocate,

testified that visitation increased in September of 2021. N.T., 4/1/22, at 52.

The family therapist, Ms. Myers, worked with Parents on parenting skills and

managing      the   Children’s     behaviors,      and   both   Parents   have   made

“tremendous” progress. Id. at 56, 70. See also id. at 78. Ms. Mahoney

____________________________________________

10  Additionally, CYF caseworker Patrick Duggan briefly testified to the
following. He began working with CYF approximately one month earlier, and
specifically with Caseworker Marshall on Parents’ case one week earlier. See
N.T., 4/1/22, at 134. Caseworker Marshall made “biased” comments to Mr.
Duggan, such as, “[T]his family was trashy,” and Mother “was bitchy.” Id. at
136-38.

      Following Mr. Duggan’s testimony, the orphans’ court stated that while
it would reserve judgment as to the credibility of Caseworker Marshall, it
understood that employees in the judicial system sometimes comment “about
the dire nature of their jobs and the cases out of sheer frustration,” and it was
“not going to let Ms. Marshall leave [the] courtroom thinking [the court found]
she did . . . a terrible thing. They were words said in frustration.” N.T.,
4/1/22, at 167-68.

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would feel comfortable with unsupervised visits, but due to the then-ongoing

abuse investigation, such visits were not permitted by the orphans’ court. See

id. at 62, 68. Additionally, Pressley Ridge generally does not conduct visits in

the family home if there is no “solid plan” for reunification, and here, they did

not “want to upset the [C]hildren by having visits in the home, if that’s not

where [they are] sure [the case is] headed.” Id. at 73.

      With respect to the bonds between Children and Parents, Ms. Mahoney

also testified to the following. All the Children enjoy the time they spend with

Parents, and they feel safe around Father. N.T., 4/1/22, at 61, 63. At most

visits, B.W. articulates that he does not want the visits to end, and he tells his

parents, “I love you.”     Id. at 59-60.      R.A. is “particularly attached to

[M]other,” and while she also goes to Father, “she just tends to want to spend

time with [M]other.” Id. at 64-65. With respect to Ed.A., Ms. Mahoney did

not observe any indication he was fearful of or not comfortable with Parents.

Id. at 68. El.A. is “very attached” to Father, and is affectionate with both

Parents. Id. at 69.

      Ms. Myers testified both B.W. and Ed.A. have a connection and healthy

relationship with both Parents. N.T., 4/1/22, at 97, 98. Both boys express

not wanting visits to end, and express frustration that they cannot see Parents

more often or go to other places with Parents. Id. at 99. R.A. and El.A. have

good relationships with Parents as well. Id. at 101-02. Both Parents share

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in caring for A.A.’s needs, including changing diapers, feeding him, and

holding and playing with him. Id. at 102.

      Meanwhile, Caseworker Marshall, had observed one visit before the

filing of the termination petition filing — on June 23, 2021 — and one visit

thereafter, on February 16, 2022.      See N.T., 4/18/22, at 25-26.        She

acknowledged the oldest child, B.W., has a parental bond with Parents, he is

happy and excited to see them, and he has indicated he would like to be

reunited with Parents. Id. at 209, 218. She stated Ed.A., R.A., and El.A. all

similarly have a bond with Mother and Father, although these three Children

had not indicated to her whether they would like to reunite with Parents. Id.

at 210-11, 220-21; N.T., 4/18/22, at 37. Nevertheless, Caseworker Marshall

opined termination would not have any long-term, negative impact on any of

these Children. N.T., 4/1/18, at 238-39.

      As stated above, Parents have been living in the same home since

October of 2020. N.T., 4/1/22, at 199. Caseworker Marshall conducted home

inspections on November 20 and December 24, 2020, and additionally

attempted to inspect the home on August 20, 2021, and January 10, 2022,

but was denied entry. N.T., 4/18/22, at 46-47. Caseworker Marshall, along

with her supervisor Karen Rose, made an unannounced home visit on March

24, 2022 — approximately one week before the first termination hearing.

N.T., 4/1/22, at 200. They observed: a “heavy” smell of animal feces and

urine; “piles” of animal feces in the trash can; a dog “peeing sporadically” in

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the house; space heaters throughout the house, including one atop a laundry

basket; and no sink in the only bathroom. Id. at 200-01, 203. With regard

to the ceiling in Parents’ bedroom, although there was a repair, there was still

“an active leak.” Id. at 201. Caseworker Marshall initially stated there was

no bed set for the youngest child, A.A., but on cross-examination, she

acknowledged there was a crib, but it had not been set up. Id. at 201; N.T.,

4/18/22, at 17.    In sum, she opined Parents could not provide safe and

appropriate housing for the Children. N.T., 4/1/22, at 204.

      Ms. Myers was re-called to the witness stand, and she testified she

visited Parents’ home five days earlier, on April 13, 2022, observed no safety

issues, and had no concerns with visitation being held in the home.       N.T.,

4/18/22, at 130, 133-34. There was a strong odor of bleach on the first floor,

and Mother stated she had cleaned the kitchen. Id. at 131. On the second

floor, there was a smell of a litter box, but it was “not overpowering,” and on

the third floor, she could smell cat food. Id. Ms. Myers did not notice any pet

feces or urine, aside from the litter box, and there was a puppy pad, which

was not saturated in urine or feces. Id. at 132-33. The bathroom had a new

sink, with running hot and cold water. Id. at 132. Finally, Ms. Myers stated

both Parents were currently receiving mental health treatment from True

North, and she opined Parents did not need “new advocacy services.” Id. at

136-37.

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      Finally, I review Parents’ testimony. Father stated he has been working

for one month as full-time as a flooring subcontractor. N.T., 4/18/22, at 95.

Prior to that, he worked one month at Wolfgang Candies through a temp

agency. Id. at 96-97. Before that, Father worked as a subcontractor for a

fence company for almost one year. Id. at 97. He stated that over the past

year, there were only a few days or a week that he did not work. Id. at 97.

      Mother testified she has been working at a pizza restaurant for

approximately five weeks.    See N.T., 4/18/22, at 148.     Prior to that, she

worked at Wolfgang Candies for one month, along with Father, but they left

because the 12-hour shifts conflicted with their drug testing schedule. Id. at

148-49. Before that, Mother worked at FedEx for one month, but she had the

same 12-hour shift issue. Id. at 149. Mother also worked for Wonolo for one

month, and before that, she did not work as she was pregnant. Id. at 149-

50. Mother stated she informed the Pressley Ridge team of changes in her

employment and believed the information was forwarded to Caseworker

Marshall. Id. at 162. Mother also signed releases for Pressley Ridge to obtain

documentation of her rent and utilities.     Id.   In November of 2021, their

electricity was turned off, but Mother made a $90 payment and it was turned

on within 20 minutes. Id. at 163.

      Both Parents testified they had mental health treatment through True

North, and they did not know they were discharged until the first termination

hearing on April 1, 2022.   N.T., 4/18/22, at 99, 113, 152-53.     They were

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discharged due to not completing insurance paperwork that was required

every 30 days. Id. at 100, 153. Father had an appointment with True North

the following day, and Mother was treating with them monthly for four

months, and did not miss any appointments. Id. at 99, 153-54.

      With respect to their home, Father testified the prior bathroom sink was

old, and he made an agreement with the landlord to replace the sink in

exchange for a credit toward the rent. N.T., 4/18/22, at 111, 122-23. They

lacked an operable bathroom sink for approximately one month. Id. at 111.

They used puppy pads inside the house for a dog who has a disabled leg, but

this dog also relieves itself outside. Id. at 110.

      Father stated he loved and missed the Children, and he had good

relationships with them.    N.T., 4/18/22, at 101-02, 104.    Mother similarly

testified she had good relationships with each Child. Id. at 157-60. Both

Parents stated they had a good relationship with each other. Id. at 119, 178.

Upon questioning by B.W.’s legal counsel, both Parents agreed it was not

appropriate to strike children out of frustration or use “implementations” when

disciplining Children. Id. at 116-17, 176. Mother, however, denied she or

Father have ever inappropriately disciplined the Children. Id. at 180. Both

Parents stated they attended the Children’s medical appointments when they

were able to. Id. at 106, 165. A.A. was born with a club foot, and Mother

attended his foot appointments. Id. at 165.

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      At the end of the second day of hearings, the orphans’ court terminated

both Parents’ parental rights to all five Children. N.T., 4/18/22, at 203. In

support, the court cited the physical abuse, the Children’s safety, and Parents’

refusal to admit wrongdoing. Id.

                          V. Standard of Review

      I incorporate the Majority’s discussion of the applicable standard of

review. I reiterate that the party seeking termination bears the burden to

establish statutory grounds for termination with clear and convincing

evidence. See In re N.C., 763 A.2d 913, 917-18 (Pa. Super. 2000).

      The standard of clear and convincing evidence is defined as
      testimony that is so “clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to
      enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without
      hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” It is well
      established that a court must examine the individual
      circumstances of each and every case and consider all
      explanations offered by the parent to determine if the evidence in
      light of the totality of the circumstances clearly warrants
      termination.

In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d 273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009) (citation omitted).

      The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has stated: “[W]here a parent is

satisfactorily working toward a reunification, [CYF] should continue to

facilitate such progress and parental termination is inappropriate.”       In re

H.S.W.C.-B, 836 A.2d 908, 910 (Pa. 2003) (citations omitted & paragraph

break added). I am mindful that “‘the right to make decisions concerning the

care, custody, and control of one’s children is one of the oldest fundamental

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rights protected by the Due Process Clause’ of the Fourteenth Amendment.”

K.W., 157 A.3d at 502-03 (citation omitted).

        VI. Termination as to A.A. Under Subsection 2511(a)(5)

       First, I consider Mother’s discussion that although CYF’s petition sought

termination under Subsections 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), and (8) (and 2511(b)),

the orphans’ court analysis discussed (5) and (8) (and (b)) only. See Mother’s

Brief at 21. At the termination hearing, Father’s counsel asked the court to

specify the Section 2511(a) subsections under which it was entering

termination.11     The court merely replied, “I think you should address the

sections that [CYF] put in the petitions.” N.T., 4/18/22, at 205. In its opinion,

while the orphans’ court quoted the text of Subsections 2511(a)(1), (2), (5),

(8), and (b), its analysis addressed only Subsections (5) and (8). See Trial

Ct. Op., 6/17/22 at 4-5, 30 (“The Court finds that [CYF] has carried its burden

under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(5) and (8).”). In light of this discussion, I would

agree with Mother that this Court should construe that termination was

premised on these only these latter subsections — 2511(a)(5) and (8) (and

(b)).12 See Mother’s Brief at 21.

____________________________________________

11See N.T., 4/18/22, at 204 (Father’s counsel asking, “[F]or purposes of
appeal . . . are you going to specifically say under which subsection so that
we can address that?”).

12 Nevertheless, Mother additionally addressed Subsections 2511(a)(1) and
(2), in order to avoid waiver of any issues. Mother’s Brief at 21-23.

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     Subsections 2511(a)(5) and (8) provide:

          (a) General rule. — The rights of a parent in regard to a
     child may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the
     following grounds:

                                *   *   *

               (5) The child has been removed from the care of the
          parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an
          agency for a period of at least six months, the conditions
          which led to the removal or placement of the child continue
          to exist, the parent cannot or will not remedy those conditions
          within a reasonable period of time, the services or assistance
          reasonably available to the parent are not likely to remedy
          the conditions which led to the removal or placement of the
          child within a reasonable period of time and termination of
          the parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare of
          the child.

                                *   *   *

              (8) The child has been removed from the care of the
          parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an
          agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from the date of
          removal or placement, the conditions which led to the
          removal or placement of the child continue to exist and
          termination of parental rights would best serve the needs and
          welfare of the child.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(5), (8).

     First, Subsection (a)(5) includes the removal of the child “from the care

of the parent” for at least six months. See 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(5). Here,

A.A. was never in Mother’s care.        He was born with drug withdrawal

symptoms, stayed at the hospital for nine days, and was adjudicated

dependent at 13 days old. See Order of Adjudication & Disposition for A.A.,

7/12/21, at 1. Caseworker Marshall testified he has “always been outside the

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care and custody of his parents.” N.T., 4/11/22, at 213. See Trial Ct. Op.,

6/17/22, at 38 (“A.A. has been dependent since birth.”). Thus, under the

plain meaning of the statute, I would conclude termination of Mother’s rights

as to A.A. under Subsection 2511(a)(5) was mistaken.13 See 23 Pa.C.S. §

2511(a)(5), (8). On this ground, I would reverse the termination order as to

Mother’s parental rights to A.A.

       VII. Termination Under Subsections 2511(a)(5) & (8)

       With respect to termination of the Mother’s parental rights as to the

older four Children under Subsections 2511(a)(5) and (8), I incorporate the

Majority’s summary of Mother’s arguments on appeal.

       Concerning Mother’s drug treatment goals, the orphans’ court’s opinion

refers positively to the testimony that she has made progress throughout this

matter. See Trial Ct. Op., 6/17/22, at 14, 19, 29, 32. However, the court

denied that Parents’ substance abuse was the sole basis for removal of the

Children, and maintains that instead, “from the beginning,” major concerns

included whether Parents had a safe home environment and financial stability

to care for five small children. See id. at 7-8. The court stated a “pattern”

emerged, in which Parents were doing well with drug testing, but did not have

____________________________________________

13 Furthermore, CYF’s termination petition as to A.A. cited only Subsections

2511(a)(1), (2), and (5) — and not (a)(8). See also In re Adoption of
C.L.G., 956 A.2d 999, 1006 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc) (applying Subsection
2511(a)(8) where child tested positive for cocaine at birth and was removed
from mother’s care at four days old).

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a suitable home environment and refused to submit financial documentation

to CYF. Id. at 8.

       With respect to Parents’ housing, the orphans’ court cited evidence

presented at the: (1) February 10, 2021, permanency review hearing, that

there was dog feces on the floor, and R.A. and Mother had lice; (2) August 5,

2021, permanency review hearing, that Catholic Charities reported the home

appeared appropriate at times, but at other times there was extreme clutter,

bugs, smells, and trash; and (3) January 11, 2022, permanency review

hearing, that Ms. Myers only observed the living room and did not inspect the

rest of the home at Parents’ request.14 Trial Ct. Op., 6/17/22, at 11, 16, 19-

20.

       I emphasize, however, that the orphans’ court did not address — either

positively or negatively — the extensive, consistent testimony given by the

Pressley Ridge witnesses that the home was safe and appropriate. I reiterate

that at the November 10, 2021, status review hearing, Ms. Myers testified

Parents’ five-bedroom apartment was appropriate and Parents were resolving

the issue of the bedroom ceiling with their landlord. N.T., 11/10/21, at 23.

At the January 11, 2022, permanency review hearing, Ms. Luciano testified

____________________________________________

14 The orphans’ court cited, however, Parents’ reason for requesting Ms. Myers

to not inspect the other rooms: Parents were packing and planning to move
“because the landlord was not being cooperative.” Trial Ct. Op., 6/17/22, at
20.

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that: one day earlier, she inspected Parents’ living room, kitchen, and the

Children’s proposed bedrooms; the ceiling was repaired and required only

finishing and painting; and her services should come to an end because

Parents achieved the goal of having appropriate housing.                  N.T.,

1/11/22, at 23-25, 30-31.

      At the April 1, 2022, termination hearing, Ms. Myers stated: she visited

Parents’ home five days earlier; she did not observe any pet feces or urine,

aside from a litter box that merely needed changing; there was a working sink

in the bathroom; and she had no concerns with safety issues nor with

visitation being held in the home. N.T. 4/18/22, at 130-34.

      It is clear that in a termination appeal, we accept the orphans’ court’s

credibility determinations if they are supported by the record.    See In re

D.L.B., 166 A.3d at 325-26. Here, the Majority holds the court’s credibility

findings — crediting the testimony of Caseworker Marshall — is supported by

the record.   See Maj. Memo. at 13.     However, in my view, in addressing

Parents’ housing goals, the orphans’ court did not address at all the testimony

by the Pressley Ridge witnesses, including Ms. Luciano’s statement, three

months earlier, that Parents have met their goal of appropriate housing, to

the extent she suggested her services come to a successful end. See N.T.,

1/11/22, at 25.   Given the lack of any discussion of the above testimony,

which came later in time than the initial observations cited in the orphans’

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court’s opinion, I cannot agree that the housing conditions, which led to

Children’s removal, continued to exist. See 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(5), (b).

      Next, I review the orphans’ court’s finding that Parents have failed to

provide proper documentation “that would help to present a clear picture of

financial stability.” See Trial Ct. Op., 6/17/22, at 21. The court’s opinion

properly cited Caseworker Marshall’s testimony, as well as CYF supervisor Ms.

Rose’s testimony, over several hearings, that Parents either failed to present

any proof of employment, or provided handwritten notes that were not

sufficient. See id. at 13, 16, 21. The court also acknowledged Ms. Luciano’s

testimony, at the January 11, 2022, hearing, that she accepted bank

statements, with some entries covered in black marker, as sufficient proof of

employment. Id. at 21-22. At the termination hearing, both Parents testified

as to their current employment and most recent employment.         See N.T.,

4/18/22, at 148-49.

      I acknowledge CYF’s evidence that Parents failed to consistently provide

proof of income that was acceptable to the agency. I agree with the orphans’

court’s concern that Parents must comply with CYF’s request to provide

authentic and reliable financial documentation. Nevertheless, in light of the

evidence that Parents have successfully met their drug treatment, housing,

and parenting goals, I would decline to affirm the termination of Mother’s

parental rights on the ground she failed to provide proper financial

documentation. I am mindful that “the right to make decisions concerning

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the care, custody, and control of one’s children is one of the oldest

fundamental rights” protected by our Constitution. See K.W., 157 A.3d at

502-03. See also In re Bowman, 647 A.2d 217, 218-19 (Pa. Super. 1994)

(“The complete and irrevocable termination of parental rights is one of the

most serious and severe steps a court can take, carrying with it great

emotional impact for the parent and the children.”). I thus disagree there was

clear and convincing evidence that Mother cannot or will not remedy her

financial instability, or that financial stability continues to exist.   See 23

Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(5), (8).

      Next, I consider the orphans’ court’s finding — stated at the termination

hearing in support of termination — that Parents have failed to take

responsibility for the physical abuse of the Children. N.T., 4/18/22, at 203.

The court’s opinion also cited a Justice Works Discharge Report, which noted

Mother did “not take accountability for the impact her substance abuse has

had on her [C]hildren. [Mother] denies the [C]hildren experiencing trauma

despite being removed from the home after witnessing [her] overdosing in the

home.” Trial Ct. Op., 6/17/22, at 27. I do not minimize the findings of abuse

made against both Parents, for the abuse that occurred prior to the Children’s

removal in August of 2020. However, I also consider that the orphans’ court

has not meaningfully addressed the extensive testimony by Pressley Ridge

witnesses that Mother has since made great progress in her parenting skills

and that visits were going very well.

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      Both Parents met weekly with family therapist Ms. Myers. N.T., 4/1/22,

at 75, 87. Five months before termination was entered, Ms. Mahoney, CYF

supervisor Karen Rose, and the GAL all agreed with a recommendation to

increase visitation and move visits into the community. See N.T., 11/10/21,

at 53, 59-60, 64. At the termination hearing, Ms. Mahoney testified she would

feel comfortable with unsupervised visits despite the ongoing abuse

investigation, noting such visits were not permitted because of the

investigation. N.T., 4/1/22, at 62, 68. Ms. Mahoney also only opposed visits

in the home at that time because the goal was not currently reunification. Id.

at 73.   Finally, Ms. Myers likewise testified she would agree with partially

supervised visits. Id. at 107-08.

      In its opinion, the orphans’ court considered that the service providers

“did not recommend a move to partial supervised visits until recently,” after

the four older Children have been adjudicated dependent for 20 months. See

Trial Ct. Op., 6/17/22, at 10, 43 (emphasis added). However, the court does

not   explain   why   these   current   recommendations       militate   against

reunification, nor why they should be disregarded solely due to the length of

time passed. In the absence of such discussion, I would decline to affirm the

termination orders on the ground of Mother’s parenting skills.

      In light of all the foregoing, I would disagree with the orphans’ court’s

conclusion there was clear and convincing evidence supporting termination.

See In re N.C., 763 A.2d at 917-18.          “Clear and convincing” evidence is

                                    - 26 -
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evidence that is so “clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to enable the [trial

court] to come to a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the

precise facts in issue.” See In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d at 276. I would thus

reverse the orphans’ court’s termination of Mother’s parental rights as to the

four older children, B.W., Ed.A., R.A., and El.A., under Subsections 2511(a)(5)

and (8).

              VIII. Termination Under Subsection 2511(b)

      Having determined that termination was improper under Subsection

2511(a), I would not reach the merits of termination under Subsection

2511(b). See In re L.M., 923 A.2d at 511 (termination under Section 2511

requires a bifurcated analysis, and only if the court determines the parent’s

conduct warrants termination does the court engage in the second part of the

analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b)).         See also Mother’s Brief at 28-30

(addressing Subsection 2511(b)). Nevertheless, I would opine the orphans’

court likewise failed to address the testimony summarized above, by the

multiple Pressley Ridge witnesses, about the bonds between the Children and

Mother. Caseworker Marshall likewise acknowledged there is a bond. While

she also offered her opinion that termination would have no long-term,

negative impact on any of the Children, I emphasize she observed only one

visit prior to the filing of the termination petition (10 months before the filing).

See N.T., 4/1/18, at 238-39; N.T., 4/18/22, at 25-26.

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            IX. Claim of Bias Against Caseworker Marshall

      In Mother’s next issue, she avers the orphans’ court erred or abused its

discretion in accepting the “biased” testimony of Caseworker Marshall.

Mother’s Brief at 30. The orphans’ court addressed this claim of bias, and

properly pointed out it was the court’s purview to weigh the witnesses’

testimony and credibility. See In re D.L.B., 166 A.3d at 325-26; Trial Ct.

Op., 6/17/22, at 39. In light of my discussion above, that reversal of the

termination orders would be appropriate, I would not reach the merits of this

claim. Nevertheless, I emphasize my rationale is not that the orphans’ court

should not have believed Caseworker Marshall, but rather than the court failed

to address the testimony of the Pressley Ridge and other agency witnesses.

                               X. Conclusion

      For the foregoing reasons, I would reverse the orders involuntarily

terminating Mother’s parental rights to her five Children, B.W., Ed.A., R.A.,

El.A., and A.A.

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