Court Opinion

ID: 4279084
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-05-29 17:50:45.442797+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:34:26.123042
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                              DIVISION ONE

BRANDON APELA AFOA,                             No. 76130-7-1

                        Appellant,
                                                                                          r-
                                                                                       G")
                V.                              PUBLISHED OPINION

WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF
LABOR AND INDUSTRIES,

                        Respondent.             FILED: May 29, 2018

      SCHINDLER, J. — As the result of a compromise between employers and workers,

in 1911, the legislature enacted the Industrial Insurance Act (IIA), Title 51 ROW.

Employers agreed to pay personal injury claims that were not compensable under

common law. In exchange, workers agreed to forfeit common law tort remedies. The

IIA gives the worker the right to appeal the decision of the Department of Labor and

Industries to the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals. Either party may appeal the

decision of the Board to superior court. In 2013, Brandon Afoa filed a claim for 24-hour-

a-day in-home attendant care services. Based on an independent assessment, the

Department agreed to 16 hours a day for in-home attendant care services. The Board

affirmed the decision. Afoa appealed to superior court and filed a jury demand. The

jury found the Board correctly decided that Afoa needed only 16 hours a day for
No. 76130-7-1/2

attendant care services. Afoa seeks reversal of the jury verdict. Afoa claims limiting the

record in an 11A appeal to the evidence presented at the Board violates his right to a jury

trial under article!, section 21 of the Washington Constitution and the separation of

powers doctrine. We reject the argument that the IIA violates the right to a jury trial

under article I, section 21 or separation of powers. The legislature had the authority to

abolish the common law cause of action for negligence for workers and in its place

enact workers' compensation under the IIA. The 11A limits the appeal to superior court

to the certified record of the evidence presented to the Board, and under the civil rules

the superior court IIA appeal is a special proceeding. We affirm.

Industrial Injury

        Brandon Afoa worked at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport for Evergreen

Aviation Ground Logistics Enterprises Incorporated. On December 26, 2007, Afoa was

severely injured at work. Afoa is a paraplegic with nerve damage to his right arm and

hand.

        After release from the hospital, the Department of Labor and Industries

(Department) paid for 24-hour-a-day in-home attendant care services. When Afoa was

stable, the Department reduced in-home attendant care services to 16 hours a day.

Afoa's father Mataala Te'o and Afoa's sister Hannah Mulifai provided in-home care

services through Maxim Healthcare Services. Te'o provided care for Afoa during the

day and Mulifai was available to provide care later in the day and at night.

Denial of Request for Additional In-Home Care Services

        In 2013, Afoa filed a claim to increase the amount the Department paid for in-

home attendant care services from 16 to 24 hours a day. At the request of the

                                             2
No. 76130-7-1/3

Department, registered nurse consultant Elaine Baker conducted an assessment to

determine necessary in-home attendant care services for Afoa. Baker recommended

16 hours a day for in-home attendant care services. The Department issued a notice of

decision on January 30, 2014. The Department denied the request to increase in-home

attendant care services to 24 hours a day.

Appeal to the Board

       Afoa appealed the decision to the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals (Board).

An industrial appeals judge (IAJ) conducted a hearing on the appeal. A number of

witnesses testified, including Afoa, Te'o, Mulifai, occupational therapist Christiane Buhl,

occupational nurse consultant Kimberly Skoropinski, and registered nurse Baker. The

IAJ admitted into evidence the videotaped deposition testimony of Afoa's expert Dr.

Paul Nutter.

       Occupational therapist Buhl worked with Afoa before his discharge from the

hospital to skilled nursing care. Buhl focused on "strengthening his upper extremities,

using his right arm, and increasing his time out of bed? Buhl testified that with

assistance, Afoa could dress, groom, and feed himself. According to Buhl, Afoa

"needed maximum assistance" for 50 to 75 percent of the tasks needed to bathe.

       Afoa testified about his injuries and the in-home care services Te'o and Mulifai

provide for him. Te'o and Mulifai testified about caring for Afoa.

       Occupational nurse consultant Skoropinski testified that initially, Afoa received

24-hour attendant care, but when he "became more stable, care hours were reduced to

16." Skoropinski testified the Department pays "for actual care provided and not for

hours that the caregiver is sleeping." Skoropinski described the tasks necessary for the

                                             3
No. 76130-7-1/4

care of Afoa and testified Afoa "needed only 6 hours of attendant care per day, but the

Department continues to pay for 16." Skoropinski testified that "care services are not

paid for on a per shift basis and the 16 hours per day payment is intended to be spread

throughout a 24-hour day."

       Registered nurse consultant Baker testified about her assessment of the number

of hours Afoa needed for in-home attendant care services. Baker testified the

Washington Administrative Code "allow[s]for attendant care to take care of the

workerns activities of daily living and not chore services."' After reviewing the caregiver

records, Baker recommended the Department provide 16 hours of attendant care each

day. Baker testified that "even ... if each task were accounted for it would not add up

to that amount."

       Afoa's expert Dr. Nutter testified that in his opinion,"optimal care would be for

[Afoa] to have 24-hour aide services." However, Dr. Nutter admitted he told the

Department that "continuously after January 1, 2013... 16 hours of care would be

appropriate."

       The IAJ affirmed the decision of the Department to deny the request for 24-hour-

a-day in-home attendant care services. The IAJ found,"The time necessary to perform

these tasks, along with other daily needs, do not come close to a need for the

caregivers to be compensated for 24 hours." The IAJ concluded that while Te'o and

Mulifai are available throughout a 24-hour period, "their services are not needed

constantly through the day." Based on "the present tasks of daily living" and other

necessary attendant care, the IAJ concluded the Department "is adequately

compensating Mr. Afoa's caregivers with its determination of 16 hours per day" and

       I See WAG 296-23-246.

                                             4
No. 76130-7-1/5

affirmed the January 30, 2014 Department decision to deny the claim for 24-hour care

services.

      The proposed decision and order states, in pertinent part:

                                     FINDINGS OF FACT

      2.         Brandon A. Afoa sustained an industrial injury on December 26,
                 2007 and as a result has paralysis from T-9 down, internal
                 injuries, and right arm nerve damage.

      3.         The December 26, 2007 industrial injury proximately caused Mr.
                 Afoa to need assistance in activities of daily living along with
                 frequent changing of bags and frequent changes of position in bed.

      4.         Through January 30, 2014, the assistance Mr. Afoa needed on a
                 daily basis is best quantified as the 16 hours per day for which the
                 Department of Labor and Industries is paying.

                                   CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

      1.         The Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals has jurisdiction over the
                 parties and subject matter of this appeal.

      2.         Brandon A. Afoa's daily level of assistance through January 30,
                 2014 is at the 16-hour home health aide level pursuant to WAG
                 296-23-246.

      3.         The January 30, 2014 order of the Department of Labor and
                 Industries is correct and is affirmed.131

      The Board adopted the proposed decision and order and denied the petition for

review.

Superior Court Appeal

       Afoa filed an appeal of the decision and a jury demand in superior court. The

Industrial Insurance Act (11A), Title 51 ROW,governs the appeal of a Board decision to

       2 Ninththoracic vertebra.
       3 Boldface in original.

                                                5
No. 76130-7-1/6

superior court. Because review is de novo, the jury considers only the certified Board

record and does not hear new evidence. RCW 51.52.115; Hill v. Dep't of Labor &

Indus 161 Wash. App. 286, 291 1 253 P.3d 430(2011).

        The court instructs the jury on the findings of the Board on each material issue.

RCW 51.52.115. The findings and decision of the Board are "prima facie correct" and

the burden is on the party challenging the decision to support the claim by a

preponderance of the evidence. RCW 51.52.115; Rogers v. Dep't of Labor & Indus.

151 Wash. App. 174, 179-80, 210 P.3d 355(2009); Ruse v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 138
Wash. 2d 1, 5, 977 P.2d 570(1999).4

        In his trial brief, Afoa stated Mulifai would "read her own testimony transcript to

the jury." Afoa argued that under CR 43(k), the court should also allow Mulifai to

answer questions posed by the jury.5 The Department filed a motion in limine to

preclude Afoa from calling Mulifai to read her testimony to the jury or answering

questions posed by the jury. The Department argued that under the 11A, the record on

review is limited to the certified Board transcript. The court granted the motion in limine.

        During the trial, attorneys and paralegals read testimony from the certified Board

record. Afoa also played the videotaped deposition of his expert Dr. Nutter to the jury.

        Jury instruction 1 states the jury must consider the evidence that consists only of

"the testimony of the witnesses which has been read to you, or provided to you by

          4 RCW 51.52.115 provides, In pertinent part,"In all court proceedings under or pursuant to this
title the findings and decision of the board shall be prima fade correct and the burden of proof shall be
upon the party attacking the same?
          5 CR 43(k) states,"The court shall permit Jurors to submit to the court written questions directed
to witnesses?

                                                      6
No. 76130-7-I17

video,from the certified Appeal Board record," as well as the exhibits admitted.6 Jury

instruction 9 also states:

              The law requires that this case be tried solely on the evidence and
       testimony that was offered before the Board of Industrial Insurance
       Appeals. This means that the parties are not permitted to bring witnesses
       Into court and have them testify before you. The evidence that you are to
       consider is limited to that contained in the record.

       The court instructed the jury on the material findings and decision of the Board.

Jury instruction 7 states:

              This is an appeal from the findings and decision of the Board of
       Industrial Insurance Appeals. The Board made the following material
       findings of fact:
              1. Brandon A. Afoa sustained an industrial injury on December 26,
                   2007 and as a result has paralysis from T-9 down, internal
                   injuries, and right arm nerve damage.

               2. The December 26, 2007 industrial injury proximately caused
                  Mr. Afoa to need assistance in activities of daily living along
                  with frequent changing of bags and frequent changes of
                  position in bed.

               3. Through January 30, 2014,the assistance Mr. Afoa needed on
                  a daily basis is best quantified as the 16 hours per day which
                  the Department of Labor and Industries is paying.

                    By informing you of these findings the court does not intend to
                    express any opinion on the correctness or incorrectness of the
                    Board's findings.

       e Jury instruction 1 further states:
                You are the sole judges of the credibility of the witness. You are also the sole
       judges of the value or weight to be given to the testimony of each witness. In considering
       a witness's testimony, you may consider these things: the opportunity of the witness to
       observe or know the things they testify about; the ability of the witness to observe
       accurately; the quality of a witness's memory while testifying; the manner of the witness
       while testifying; any personal interest that the witness might have In the outcome or the
       issues; any bias or prejudice that the witness may have shown; the reasonableness of
       the witness's statements In the context of all of the other evidence; and any other factors
       that affect your evaluation or belief of a witness or your evaluation of his or her testimony.

                                                     7
No. 76130-7-1/8

      Jury instruction 8 addresses the burden of proof:

             The findings and decision of the Board of Industrial Insurance
      Appeals are presumed correct. This presumption is rebuttable and it Is for
      you to determine whether it is rebutted by the evidence. The burden of
      proof is on Brandon Afoa to establish by a preponderance of the evidence
      that the decision is incorrect.
             When it is said that a party has the burden of proof on any
      proposition, or that any proposition must be proved by a "preponderance"
      of the evidence, or the expression "if you find" is used, it means that you
      must be persuaded, considering all the evidence in the case bearing on
      the question, that the proposition on which that party has the burden of
      proof is more probably true than not true.

      Jury instruction 11 defines "proper and necessary" attendant services:

             Attendant services are proper and necessary health care services
      provided to maintain the injured worker in his or her residence. The
      Department covers proper and necessary attendant services that are
      provided consistent with the Injured workers needs, abilities, and safety.
      Only services that are necessary due to the physical restrictions caused
      by the accepted industrial injury are covered. Examples of covered
      services include:
               • Bathing and personal hygiene;
               • Dressing;
               • Administration of medications;
               • Specialized skin care, including changing or caring for
                  dressing or ostomies;
               • Tube feeding;
               • Feeding assistance (not meal preparation);
               • Mobility assistance, including walking, toileting and other
                  transfers;
               • Turning and positioning;
               • Bowel and incontinent care; and
               • Assistance with basic range of motion exercises.

             Not covered are services that further the everyday environmental
      needs of the injured worker that are unrelated to the medical care of the
      injured worker. Examples include: housecleaning, laundry, shopping,
      meal planning and preparation, transportation of the injured worker,
      errands for the injured worker, recreational activities, yard work, and child
      care.

                                            8
No. 76130-7-1/9

       The jury found the Board was correct in deciding Afoa needed only 16 hours a

day for in-home attendant care services. The jury answered "yes" in response to the

following question:

              Was the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals correct in deciding
       that through January 30, 2014, the assistance Mr. Afoa needed on a daily
       basis is best qualified as 16 hours per day?

Motion for New Trial

       Afoa filed a motion for a new trial. Afoa argued the IIA violated his state

constitutional right to a jury trial under the Washington State Constitution and the

separation of powers doctrine. Afoa asserted he was entitled to present the "testimony

of his caregivers and of the Department's witnesses, with testimony not limited to that

which was heard at the Board of Industrial Insurance Appeals." The superior court

denied the motion for a new trial. The court entered judgment on the jury verdict. Afoa

appeals.

Constitutional Right to a Jury Trial

       Afoa claims the statutory provision of the IIA that limits the evidence in a jury trial

to the certified Board record violates his constitutional right to a jury trial guaranteed by

article I, section 21 of the Washington Constitution.

       Whether a statute is constitutional is a question of law that we review de novo.

Kitsao County v. Mattress Outlet, 153 Wash. 2d 506, 509, 104 P.3d 1280(2005). A statute

is presumed constitutional. The burden is on the party challenging the statute to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt that the statute is unconstitutional. Island County v. State,

135 Wash. 2d 141, 146,955 P.2d 377(1998); Bird v. Best Plumbing Grp.. LLC, 175 Wash. 2d
9
No. 76130-7-1/10

756, 768,287 P.3d 551 (2012); State ex rel. Peninsula Neigh. Ass'n v. Dep't of Transp.,

142 Wash. 2d 328, 335, 12 P.3d 134(2000).

      The legislature enacted the IIA in 1911. LAWS OF 1911, ch. 74. The adoption of

the IIA "was the product of a grand compromise" between employers and workers.

Birklid v. Boeing Co., 127 Wash. 2d 853, 859,904 P.2d 278(1995); Cowlitz Stud Co. v.

Clevenger, 157 Wash. 2d 569, 572, 141 P.3d 1(2006).

       Before adoption of the IIA, an injured worker could sue an employer "in only a

limited number of cases; cases where the injury is the result of fault on the part of the

employer and there is want of fault on the part of the workman." State ex rel. Davis-

Smith Co. v. Clausen,65 Wash. 156, 196, 117 P. 1101 (1911). Under the common law,

no remedy at all was afforded "[for the greater number or industrial injuries. Clausen,

65 Wash. at 196.

       The IIA is a no-fault compensation system that gives "sure and certain miler for

Injured workers "regardless of questions of fault and to the exclusion of every other

remedy." RCW 51.04.010. Employers agreed to limited liability "for claims that might

not have been compensable under the common law." Cowlitz Stud Co., 157 Wash. 2d at

572. "In exchange, workers forfeited common law remedies." Cowlitz Stud Co., 157
Wash. 2d at 572.

       The legislature created a new system of worker compensation benefits that were

unavailable at common law and did not exist before adoption of the IIA in 1911. The

legislature made the 11A the exclusive remedy and abolished civil actions for workplace

injury negligence. RCW 51.04.010; Clausen,65 Wash. at 169-70, 175; Dennis v. Dep't

                                             10
No. 76130-7-1/11

of Labor & Indus., 109 Wn.2d 467,469-70, 745 P.2d 1295(1987)7 RCW 51.04.010

states:

      The common law system governing the remedy of workers against
      employers for injuries received in employment is inconsistent with modern
      Industrial conditions. In practice it proves to be economically unwise and
      unfair. Its administration has produced the result that little of the cost of
      the employer has reached the worker and that little only at large expense
      to the public. The remedy of the worker has been uncertain, slow and
      inadequate. Injuries in such works,formerly occasional, have become
      frequent and inevitable. The welfare of the state depends upon its
      industries, and even more upon the welfare of its wage worker. The state
      of Washington, therefore, exercising herein its police and sovereign
      power, declares that all phases of the premises are withdrawn from private
      controversy, and sure and certain relief for workers, injured in their work,
      and their families and dependents is hereby provided regardless of
      questions of fault and to the exclusion of every other remedy, proceeding
      or compensation, except as otherwise provided in this title; and to that end
      all civil actions and civil causes of action for such personal injuries and all
      jurisdiction of the courts of the state over such causes are hereby
      abolished, except as in this title provided.

          Under the Washington Constitution, the superior court exercises appellate

jurisdiction "as may be prescribed by law? CONST., art. IV,§ 6. Because the legislature

expressly abolished the jurisdiction of state courts over civil actions for workplace

injuries, the Department has original jurisdiction under the IlA for workplace injuries.

RCW 51.04.010; Dougherty v. Den't of Labor & Indus., 150 Wash. 2d 310, 314,76 P.3d

1183(2003). The IIA gives the superior court appellate jurisdiction over Board

decisions. RCW 51.52.110; Dougherty, 150 Wash. 2d at 314. In Dougherty, the

Washington Supreme Court held that under the IIA, state court "original jurisdiction over

       7 The statutory bar to sue an employer Is subject to two exceptions. Under RCW 51.24.020, an
employee may sue the employer for deliberately injuring the employee. Under RCW 51.24.030(1), an
employee may sue a third party for personal Injury damages.

                                                 11
No. 76130-7-1/12

workplace injuries was abolished when the Washington legislature enacted" the IIA.

Dougherty, 150 Wash. 2d at 314.

      The act declared that "all phases of the premises are withdrawn from
      private controversy... and to that end all civil actions and civil causes of
      action for such personal injuries and all jurisdiction of the courts of the
      state over such causes are hereby abolished, except as in this act
      provided."

Dougherty, 150 Wash. 2d at 3148(quoting LAWS OF 1911, ch. 74,§ 1; RCW 51.04.010).

       The IIA governs appeals to the superior court from the decision of the Board.

RCW 51.52.115 states the superior court acts in an appellate capacity, review is de

novo, and the evidence is limited to the certified Board record. City of Bellevue v.

Raum 171 Wash. App. 124, 139, 286 P.3d 695(2012); Elliott v. Dep't of Labor & Indus.,

151 Wash. App. 442, 445-46, 213 P.3d 44(2009). RCW 51.52.115 gives either party the

right to request a jury trial on "the exact findings of the board." Elliott 151 Wash. App. at

445-46; Lewis v. Simpson Timber Co., 145 Wash. App. 302, 315-16, 189 P.3d 178(2008).

The court or the jury address only issues of law or fact that were included in the notice

of appeal to the Board and the proceedings before the Board. RCW 51.52.115; Elliott,
151 Wash. App. at 446. RCW 51.52.115 states:

       Upon appeals to the superior court only such issues of law or fact may be
       raised as were properly included in the notice of appeal to the board, or in
       the complete record of the proceedings before the board. The hearing in
       the superior court shall be de novo, but the court shall not receive
       evidence or testimony other than, or In addition to, that offered before the
       board or included in the record filed by the board in the superior court as
       provided in RCW 51.52.110: PROVIDED,That in cases of alleged
       irregularities in procedure before the board, not shown in said record,
       testimony thereon may be taken in the superior court. The proceedings in
       every such appeal shall be informal and summary, but full opportunity to
       be heard shall be had before judgment is pronounced. In all court
       proceedings under or pursuant to this title the findings and decision of the
       board shall be prima facie correct and the burden of proof shall be upon

       'Alteration in original.

                                             12
No. 76130-7-1/13

       the party attacking the same. If the court shall determine that the board
       has acted within its power and has correctly construed the law and found
       the facts, the decision of the board shall be confirmed; otherwise, it shall
       be reversed or modified. In case of a modification or reversal the superior
       court shall refer the same to the department with an order directing it to
       proceed in accordance with the findings of the court: PROVIDED,That
       any award shall be in accordance with the schedule of compensation set
       forth in this title. In appeals to the superior court hereunder, either party
       shall be entitled to a trial by jury upon demand, and the jury's verdict shall
       have the same force and effect as in actions at law. Where the court
       submits a case to the jury, the court shall by instruction advise the jury of
       the exact findings of the board on each material issue before the court.

       RCW 51.52.115 clearly prohibits "evidence or testimony other than, or in addition

to," the certified record filed by the Board. "r]ounsel for the litigants adopt unique

"role playing" capacities and "read" their respective parts to the jury, in the same

manner as they would when reading a witness' deposition." Lewis 145 Wash. App. at 316

(quoting Buffelen Woodworking Co. v. Cook, 28 Wash. App. 501, 503,625 P.2d 703

(1981)).

       Article I, section 21 of the Washington State Constitution states,"The right of trial

by jury shall remain inviolate." The statutory prohibition against witness testimony does

not violate the state constitutional right to a jury trial.

       In Clausen, the Washington Supreme Court held adoption of the IIA was a

constitutional exercise of police power. Clausen 65 Wash. at 177-78, 195. Because

the legislature abolished civil actions for workplace injuries when it enacted Title 51

RCW,the court rejected the argument that the IIA violated the right to a jury trial under

article I, section 21 of the state constitution. Clausen,65 Wash. at 210-11, 212. In

State v. Mountain Timber Co., 75 Wash. 581, 582-84, 135 P.645(1913), the court

adhered to the decision in Clausen and rejected the argument that the IIA violated the

Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution and the right to a jury trial under

                                                13
No. 76130-7-1/14

article 1, section 21 of the state constitution. The United States Supreme Court affirmed.

Mountain Timber Co. v. State 243 U.S. 219, 37 S. Ct. 260,61 L. Ed.685(1917). The

Supreme Court held the 11A does not violate the Seventh Amendment right to a trial by

jury because "(a]s between employee and employer, the act abolishes all right of

recovery in ordinary cases, and therefore leaves nothing to be tried by jury." Mountain

Timber 243 U.S. at 235.

       Afoa cites Sofie v. Fibreboard Corp., 112 Wn.2d 636,771 P.2d 711,780 P.2d

260(1989), and Dacres v. Oregon Railway & Navigation Co., 1 Wash. 525, 20 P.601

(1889), to argue that limiting the evidence to the certified Board record violates his state

constitutional right to a jury trial. Neither case supports his argument.

       In Sofie, the court addressed whether the statute that limited noneconomic

damages in a personal injury or wrongful death action, RCW 4.56.250, violated the right

to a jury under article!, section 21 of the Washington Constitution. Sofie, 112 Wash. 2d at

638. In analyzing the right to a jury trial under article!, section 21, the court examined

"the right as it existed at the time of the constitution's adoption in 1889" to determine the

scope of the right to a jury for the cause of action. Sofie, 112 Wash. 2d at 645. The court

held RCW 4.56.250 violated the state constitutional right to a jury determination of the

amount of noneconomic damages in a tort cause of action. Sofie, 112 Wash. 2d at 648-50.

The court states only the jury has the power under the constitution "'to weigh the

evidence and determine the facts—and the amount of damages in a particular case is

an ultimate fact.'" Sofie, 112 Wn.2d at 646(quoting James v. Robeck,79 Wn.2d 864,

869,490 P.2d 878 (1971)). "Washington has consistently looked to the jury to

determine damages as a factual issue, especially in the area of noneconomic

                                             14
No. 76130-7-1/15

damages," and article I, section 21 protects the jury's role to determine damages. Sofie
112 Wash. 2d at 648.

               The Legislature has the power to shape litigation. Such power,
       however, has limits: it must not encroach upon constitutional protections.
       In this case, by denying litigants an essential function of the jury, the
       Legislature has exceeded those limits.

Sofie, 112 Wash. 2d at 651.

       By contrast, the court expressly distinguished the holding in Sofie from the IIA.

Citing Mountain Timber, 75 Wash. at 583, the Washington Supreme Court states the

legislature had the authority to abolish a cause of action and instead, adopt a

"mandatory industrial insurance scheme." Sofie, 112 Wash. 2d at 651. Therefore, If the

cause of action is completely done away with, then the right to trial by jury becomes

irrelevant. Since the right attaches to civil trials, there can be no right—and no

constitutional violation—if no civil trial is available." Sofie, 112 Wash. 2d at 651.

        In Dacres, the court held a statute that allowed an appraiser to determine the

value of animals killed or maimed by railroad companies was unconstitutional because

the legislature "has no power to deprive any person or corporation of the right of trial by

jury in a common-law action" for damages. Dacres, 1 Wash. at 527-29. But unlike in

Dacres, the legislature had the authority to abolish the common law civil cause of action

for workplace injuries in exchange for adopting a new statutory scheme that gives

                                        ... regardless of questions of fault and to the
injured workers "sure and certain relief.

exclusion of every other remedy." RCW 51.04.010; Clausen,65 Wash. at 177-78, 195.9

        9 Afoa  also cites Allison v. Department of Labor & Industries, 66 Wash. 2d 263, 401 P.2d 982(1965).
Allison did not address the constitutional right to a jury tnal or the presentation of witness testimony. In
Allison the Washington Supreme Court held the Department was entitled to a new trial In a worker
compensation case because the evidence established two jurors were biased In favor of the plaintiff.
Allison, 66 Wash. 2d at 265.

                                                    15
No. 76130-7-1/16

       We hold the 11A and the limitation on presentation of evidence and testimony

does not violate the right to a jury trial guaranteed by article 1, section 21.

Separation of Powers

       Afoa also claims ROW 51.52.115 violates the separation of powers doctrine.

Afoa asserts limiting the evidence to the certified Board record conflicts with the civil

rule that provides the court shall allow jurors to pose questions to witnesses. See CR

43(k). Because an IIA appeal to superior court is a special proceeding under CR 81(a),

we disagree.

       Under the separation of powers doctrine, the fundamental function of each

branch of government must remain inviolate, and one branch may not threaten the

independence or integrity of another. Putman v. Wenatchee Valley Med. Ctr., PS 166
Wash. 2d 974, 980, 216 P.3d 374(2009).

       The judicial branch has the inherent power to promulgate court rules. Putman,
166 Wash. 2d at 980. CR 81(a)states the Civil Rules shall govern all civil proceedings

"[e]xcept where inconsistent with rules or statutes applicable to special proceedings." In

Putman,the court defined "special proceedings" as "those proceedings created or

completely transformed by the legislature." Putman, 166 Wash. 2d at 982. "This standard

protects the separation of powers" doctrine by preserving the right to adopt court rules

for traditional actions and allowing "the legislature to set rules for newly created

proceedings." Putman 166 Wash. 2d at 982. The court cites as examples of special

proceedings "actions unknown to common law (such as attachment, mandamus, or

certiorari)" and proceedings "where the legislature has exercised its police power and

entirely changed the remedies available (such as the workers' compensation system)?

                                              16
No. 76130-7-1/17

Putman, 166 Wash. 2d at 982. The Washington Supreme Court states the IIA"'took away

from the workman his common-law right of action for negligence' and '[i]n its place it

provided for industrial insurance,' thereby 'creating the right of the workman to

compensation'from the workers' compensation fund." Putman, 166 Wash. 2d at 98210

(quoting Lane v. Department of Labor & Industries, 21 Wn.2d 420,428, 151 P.2d 440

(1944)).

       We hold RCW 51.52.115 does not violate the separation of powers. The

superior court did not err in denying Afoa's request to allow the jury to pose questions to

witnesses under CR 43(k).

       We affirm the judgment on the jury verdict that affirms the decision of the Board.

                                               9sdiar-0290-( y
WE CONCUR:

                      ..
  e ten/ 14.0‘ c...../.-\ s
  c

       10 Alteration in original.

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