Court Opinion

ID: 186307
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-02-05 02:47:31+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:01:41.555731
License: Public Domain

Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the
Federal Reporter or U.S.App.D.C. Reports. Users are requested to notify
the Clerk of any formal errors in order that corrections may be made
before the bound volumes go to press.

       United States Court of Appeals
                  FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CIRCUIT

Argued October 15, 2004                   Decided November 30, 2004

                               No. 03-1345

                   TITANIUM METALS CORPORATION,
                            PETITIONER

                                     v.

                 NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD,
                           RESPONDENT

                           Consolidated with
                               03-1410

         On Petition for Review and Cross-Application
             for Enforcement of an Order of the
               National Labor Relations Board

  George E. Yund argued the cause and filed the briefs for
petitioner Titanium Metals Corporation.

 Bills of costs must be filed within 14 days after entry of judgment.
The court looks with disfavor upon motions to file bills of costs out
of time.
                              2

   Kira D. Vol, Attorney, argued the cause for respondent.
With her on the brief were Arthur F. Rosenfeld, General
Counsel, John H. Ferguson, Assistant General Counsel, Ai-
leen A. Armstrong, Deputy Associate General Counsel, and
Robert J. Englehart, Attorney. David A. Fleischer, Senior
Attorney entered an appearance for respondent.
 Before: EDWARDS and RANDOLPH, Circuit Judges, and
WILLIAMS, Senior Circuit Judge.
  Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge EDWARDS.
   EDWARDS, Circuit Judge: In a decision issued on Septem-
ber 30, 2003, the National Labor Relations Board (‘‘Board’’ or
‘‘NLRB’’) held that Titanium Metals Corporation (‘‘TIMET’’)
violated § 8(a)(1) of the National Labor Relations Act
(‘‘NLRA’’ or ‘‘ACT’’), 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1) (2000), when the
company first issued a warning, then suspended, and finally
discharged employee David W. Smallwood in May 1999 for
poor work performance, failing to cooperate in a related
investigation, distributing a newsletter, and encouraging oth-
er employees at TIMET to call him during working hours.
The Board also found that TIMET violated § 8(a)(1) of the
Act by denying Smallwood’s request for union representation
during an interview regarding his discipline and by maintain-
ing and enforcing an overly broad no-solicitation/no-
distribution rule.
  The Board’s decision on the disputed disciplinary actions
rests principally on its findings that Smallwood’s publication
and distribution of a newsletter constituted ‘‘protected con-
certed activity’’ under § 7 of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 157; that
TIMET was motivated to discipline Smallwood because of his
publication and distribution of the newsletter in 1999; and
that Smallwood’s publications did not lose the protection of
the Act, because the cited articles did not disparage the
employer, advocate violence, recklessly disregard the truth,
or include material that was maliciously false.
  In reaching this decision, the Board declined to defer to a
grievance settlement reached by TIMET and the United
Steelworkers of America, Local 4856, AFL-CIO (‘‘Union’’)
                              3

under their collective bargaining agreement. The Union had
pursued a grievance to challenge the grounds of the disciplin-
ary actions taken against Smallwood. Following deliberations
between TIMET and Union officials, the parties entered into
a Letter of Understanding in which they agreed that Small-
wood was properly dismissed for ‘‘insubordination, inappro-
priate conduct toward the Company and supervisory employ-
ees, ongoing and costly workmanship related infractions,
[and] providing misleading and inaccurate information related
to melting incident investigations,’’ and that Smallwood ‘‘was
not discharged for engaging in protected activities under the
NLRA.’’ The Board specifically refused to accept a finding
by the Administrative Law Judge (‘‘ALJ’’) that the parties’
grievance settlement was ‘‘repugnant to the purposes and
policies of the Act.’’ The Board nonetheless declined to defer
to the parties’ grievance settlement, because, in the Board’s
view, the Letter of Understanding failed to satisfy the appli-
cable standards of fairness and regularity. See Spielberg
Mfg. Co., 112 N.L.R.B. 1080, 1082 (1955); Alpha Beta Co., 273
N.L.R.B. 1546, 1547 (1985), petition for review denied sub
nom. Mahon v. NLRB, 808 F.2d 1342 (9th Cir. 1987).
  TIMET petitions for review of the Board’s decision and the
NLRB cross-applies for enforcement of its order. TIMET
does not challenge the Board’s findings that it violated
§ 8(a)(1) by questioning Smallwood in the absence of a Union
representative and by maintaining and enforcing an overly
broad no-solicitation/no-distribution rule. Instead, TIMET
contends that the Board misapplied established law in refus-
ing to defer to a settlement reached by TIMET officials and
Smallwood’s union representatives, where the settlement was
reached pursuant to the parties’ lawful grievance procedures,
Smallwood had no right under the agreement to approve a
grievance settlement, the Board declined to endorse the
ALJ’s finding that the parties’ settlement was ‘‘palpably
wrong’’ or otherwise ‘‘clearly repugnant’’ to the purposes and
policies of the Act, and there is no claim that the Union
breached its duty of fair representation. We hold that, under
these circumstances, the Board clearly erred in declining to
defer to the settlement agreement between TIMET and the
                               4

Union. In light of this holding, the Board’s holding that
TIMET violated § 8(a)(1) in disciplining Smallwood is vacated
and TIMET’s challenge to that holding is dismissed as moot.

                       I.   BACKGROUND
   TIMET, a Delaware corporation, is engaged in the fabrica-
tion of titanium metal ingots at its Henderson, Nevada facili-
ty. At all times relevant to this case, TIMET and the Union
were parties to a collective bargaining agreement that cov-
ered production and maintenance employees. See Titanium
Metals Corp., 340 N.L.R.B. No. 88 (Sept. 30, 2003), slip op. at
1, 4, reprinted in Joint Appendix (‘‘J.A.’’) 355, 355, 358,
available at 2003 WL 22295370. The collective bargaining
agreement provided for a four-step grievance-arbitration pro-
cedure. At step one, an aggrieved employee, or Union repre-
sentatives acting on the employee’s behalf, could discuss the
matter with the employee’s foreman or supervisor. If a
grievance was ‘‘not adjusted to the satisfaction of the Union
in Step 1,’’ the Union had the option of presenting the
grievance in writing to the Human Resources Manager and
attempting to resolve it with the department manager at the
second step of the grievance procedure. Collective Bargaining
Agreement Between Titanium Metals Corporation and United
Steelworkers of America (1996), ¶ 11:19, J.A. 237. If a griev-
ance remained unresolved, the Union had the option of pro-
ceeding to step three, which involved a written appeal to the
Human Resources Manager. Under the agreement, a ‘‘rep-
resentative of the Union shall have the authority to settle or
withdraw any Union grievance in Step 3.’’ Id. ¶ 11:20, J.A.
238. Finally, if a grievance was unresolved after step three,
the Union could appeal the matter to arbitration. Id. ¶ 11:22,
J.A. 238. The agreement did not require the Union to
consult with, or obtain approval from, an aggrieved employee
before settling a grievance or deciding whether to appeal a
matter to arbitration.
  Smallwood began working for TIMET in July 1994. Begin-
ning in October 1996, Smallwood was employed as a furnace
operator in the melt department. Titanium Metals, slip op.
                              5

at 4, J.A. 358. From May 1997 through November 1997, and
again in late March and May 1999, Smallwood published a
newsletter, which he distributed to approximately 20 of TI-
MET’s melt department employees at their homes and to the
Union at its office. The newsletter was widely read and
circulated in the melt department. Id. The Board found
that ‘‘[t]he newsletter was usually about six pages long and
contained articles of general interest as well as those dealing
with wages, hours, and working conditions at the Henderson
facility, many of which were critical of supervisors and [TI-
MET’s] labor-management policies.’’ Id.
   On December 22, 1997, TIMET issued a written warning to
Smallwood for violating the company’s harassment-free work-
place policy based on his written and verbal comments. In
response to the warning, Smallwood stopped disseminating
the newsletter until late March 1999, when he published a
new edition. Smallwood received another written warning on
May 25, 1999. The May 25 warning stated that Smallwood
was being disciplined for: (1) poor work performance, includ-
ing a May 18, 1999 incident in which he allegedly damaged an
ingot, (2) the manner in which he responded to the investiga-
tion of that incident, (3) distributing the newsletter, and (4)
encouraging fellow employees to call him during work hours.
See id., slip op. at 5-6, J.A. 359-60.
  Smallwood published the final edition of the newsletter at
about the same time when he received the May 25 warning.
On May 26, employee relations supervisor Alan Gines and
another supervisor, Max Frederick, met Smallwood when he
arrived at work and brought him to the office of melt division
supervisor Vinoo Kamdar. There, Gines informed Smallwood
that he was suspended pending termination. By letter dated
June 8, 1999, TIMET converted Smallwood’s suspension to a
discharge effective May 26, 1999. Id., slip op. at 6-7, J.A.
360-61.
  Pursuant to the procedures in the collective bargaining
agreement between TIMET and the Union, Smallwood’s dis-
charge was the subject of a grievance that reached step three
on July 22, 1999. Id., slip op. at 7, J.A. 361. Following their
                              6

deliberations over Smallwood’s grievance, TIMET and the
Union finally resolved the matter in a ‘‘Letter of Understand-
ing’’ dated February 15, 2000. The grievance settlement
provided, as follows:
        Mr. Smallwood was not discharged for engaging
     in protected concerted activities under the NLRA.
     The Company recognizes the Union’s rights to com-
     municate with represented employees, to post no-
     tices and other related Union materials on plant
     bulletin boards as outlined in the collective bargain-
     ing agreement, and to engage in all other legally
     protected rights and activities, including, but not
     necessarily limited to, the NLRATTTT The Compa-
     ny’s reasons for discharging Mr. Smallwood includ-
     ed issues such as insubordination, inappropriate
     conduct toward the Company and supervisory em-
     ployees, ongoing and costly workmanship related in-
     fractions, providing misleading and inaccurate infor-
     mation related to melting incident investigations,
     etc.
Letter of Understanding of 2/15/00, J.A. 349. On March 8,
2000, the Union sent Smallwood a letter advising him that a
‘‘decision has been made that no further action will be taken,
pertaining to the grievance, filed on your behalf regarding
your discharge from employment at Titanium Metals Corpo-
ration.’’ Letter from Jerry Storms to David Smallwood of
3/8/00, J.A. 350. Although Smallwood did not have a copy of
the parties’ settlement agreement, he knew then that his
grievance would not be appealed to arbitration.
   While the Union was pursuing Smallwood’s grievance,
Smallwood filed an unfair labor practice charge against TI-
MET with the NLRB on July 2, 1999. He amended his
charge on August 9, 2000. The Board’s Regional Director
issued a complaint on August 24, 2000. Titanium Metals,
slip op. at 4, J.A. 358. Neither Smallwood’s charge nor the
Board’s complaint claimed that the Union’s representation of
Smallwood during the grievance processing was in any way
suspect or inadequate. Amended Charge, 8/9/00, J.A. 192-93;
Complaint and Notice of Hearing, 8/24/00, J.A. 195-200.
                                7

   After trying the case in Las Vegas, Nevada from January
16-19, 2001, the ALJ issued a decision on March 30, 2001.
The ALJ determined that Smallwood’s publication of the
newsletter in 1999 constituted protected concerted activity
under § 7 of the NLRA. The ALJ also concluded that
nothing in the subject matter of the newsletters caused them
to lose their protection under § 7, because the articles did not
disparage TIMET, advocate violence, or involve false state-
ments made maliciously or with reckless disregard for the
truth. Because the ALJ found that TIMET was motivated to
discipline Smallwood because of his publication of a newslet-
ter in 1999, the ALJ held that TIMET committed unfair labor
practices in violation of NLRA § 8(a)(1) by interfering with
Smallwood’s exercise of his § 7 rights. See Titanium Metals,
slip op. at 7-9, J.A. 361-63. The ALJ further ruled that
TIMET violated § 8(a)(1) by questioning Smallwood during
the May 26 discharge meeting in the absence of a Union
representative after Smallwood had requested representation,
and by having promulgated and enforced an overly broad no-
distribution/no-solicitation rule. Id., slip op. at 9-10, J.A. 363-
64.
  In concluding that TIMET’s discipline of Smallwood violat-
ed § 8(a)(1), the ALJ declined to defer to the Letter of
Understanding between TIMET and the Union settling
Smallwood’s grievance. The ALJ purported to rely on Alpha
Beta Co., 273 N.L.R.B. 1546 (1985), petition for review denied
sub nom. Mahon v. NLRB, 808 F.2d 1342 (9th Cir. 1987), in
which the Board extended the deferral principles of Spielberg
Mfg. Co., 112 N.L.R.B. 1080 (1955), to grievance settlements.
Alpha Beta, 273 N.L.R.B. at 1547. As noted by the Board in
this case, under Spielberg and Alpha Beta, the Board will
defer to a grievance settlement when: (1) the grievance
proceedings were fair and regular, (2) all parties agreed to be
bound, and (3) the results of the settlement are not clearly
repugnant to the purposes and policies of the NLRA. See
Titanium Metals, slip op. at 2, J.A. 356 (citing Spielberg, 112
N.L.R.B. at 1082; Alpha Beta, 273 N.L.R.B. at 1546). The
ALJ found that, because Smallwood was dismissed for engag-
ing in protected concerted activity, the Letter of Understand-
                                8

ing was ‘‘palpably wrong’’ and, therefore, the settlement was
‘‘repugnant to the principles and policies of the Act.’’ Id., slip
op. at 10, J.A. 364.
   The Board affirmed the ALJ’s findings of § 8(a)(1) viola-
tions and also agreed with the ALJ that deferral to the Letter
of Understanding between TIMET and the Union was inap-
propriate. See id., slip op. at 1, J.A. 355. The Board
assumed that the Letter of Understanding was a settlement
agreement to which it might defer under Alpha Beta. How-
ever, the Board refused to endorse the ALJ’s finding that the
settlement agreement was clearly repugnant to the purposes
and policies of the Act. Rather, the Board held that ‘‘the
process that resulted in the ‘Letter of Understanding’ was not
fair and regular and, accordingly, failed to satisfy the stan-
dard for deferral.’’ Id., slip op. at 2, J.A. 356.
   The Board cited two considerations in reaching its conclu-
sion that the settlement agreement was not fair and regular.
First, the Board noted that the existence of the Letter of
Understanding was not promptly disclosed to Smallwood.
Second, the Board stated that the reasons cited in the Letter
of Understanding in support of Smallwood’s discharge deviat-
ed from those given Smallwood when he was terminated.
According to the Board, ‘‘[i]n the absence of any explanation
from [TIMET] or the Union for this deviation, the ‘Letter of
Understanding’ appears to be an attempt to disguise the real
reason for the discharge: Smallwood’s protected, concerted
activity of distributing a newsletter that addressed employ-
ment conditions and employment-related matters.’’ Titani-
um Metals, slip op. at 2, J.A. 356. The Board did not find
that the substantive terms of the settlement were unlawful;
nor did it find that the Union breached its duty of fair
representation to Smallwood.
   TIMET filed the present petition for review of the Board’s
decision, and the Board cross-applied for enforcement of its
order. TIMET does not challenge the Board’s findings that
TIMET violated § 8(a)(1) by questioning Smallwood in the
absence of a union representative during the May 26 inter-
view with Gines and by maintaining an overly broad no-
solicitation/no-distribution rule. Therefore, the Board is enti-
                                9

tled to summary enforcement of these findings. See Int’l
Union of Petroleum & Indus. Workers v. NLRB, 980 F.2d
774, 778 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1992).

                         II.   ANALYSIS
A.     Standard of Review
   Judicial review of NLRB determinations in unfair labor
practice cases is generally limited, but not so deferential that
the court will merely act as a rubber stamp for the Board’s
conclusions. Pa. State Educ. Ass’n-NEA v. NLRB, 79 F.3d
139, 148 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Board orders will not survive
review when the Board’s decision has no reasonable basis in
law or when the Board has failed to apply the proper legal
standard. See, e.g., NLRB v. McClatchy Newspapers, Inc.,
964 F.2d 1153, 1156 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (Edwards, J., concur-
ring). A Board’s decision will also be set aside when it
departs from established precedent without reasoned justifi-
cation, see, e.g., Pittsburgh Press Co. v. NLRB, 977 F.2d 652,
655 (D.C. Cir. 1992), or when the Board’s factual determina-
tions are not supported by substantial evidence, see Allen-
town Mack Sales & Serv., Inc. v. NLRB, 522 U.S. 359, 366
(1998). Finally, if the Board fails to follow or misapplies its
own standards in deciding whether to defer to a grievance
settlement, the Board’s decision will be set aside as an abuse
of discretion. See Plumbers & Pipefitters Local 520 v.
NLRB, 955 F.2d 744, 750 (D.C. Cir.) (setting forth abuse of
discretion standard of review), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 817
(1992). See also Am. Freight Sys., Inc. v. NLRB, 722 F.2d
828, 832 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (‘‘Although the Board has considera-
ble discretion in deciding whether to defer TTT a failure to
follow its own standards of deference is an abuse of that
discretion.’’).
B. The Board’s Deferral Policy and Its Application to
   this Case
     1. The Parties’ Letter of Understanding was a Settlement
        Agreement Subject to Alpha Beta
   This case requires us to examine whether the Board abused
its discretion in declining to defer to the Letter of Under-
                               10

standing between TIMET and the Union. Before reaching
this question, however, we must first address whether the
Letter of Understanding constituted a settlement agreement
subject to analysis under Alpha Beta. The Board merely
assumed this without deciding the matter. This is of no
moment, however, because we accord no deference to the
Board’s interpretations of labor contracts. BP Amoco Corp.
v. NLRB, 217 F.3d 869, 873 (D.C. Cir. 2000).
   We have reviewed the Letter of Understanding and con-
clude that it is a valid settlement agreement. Therefore
Alpha Beta applies. The Board refused with good reason to
adopt the ALJ’s finding that the settlement agreement was
repugnant to the Act, for there is nothing legally impermissi-
ble in the terms of the agreement. The record is also clear
that the agreement was properly executed by TIMET and
Union officials pursuant to the terms of their lawful collective
bargaining agreement. And both parties received consider-
ation under the settlement agreement: TIMET secured disci-
plinary action against Smallwood and, as Board counsel con-
ceded, ‘‘[t]he Union got a reaffirmation of its rights.’’ Br. for
NLRB at 39. Therefore, we conclude that the Letter of
Understanding constitutes a settlement agreement between
TIMET and the Union to which the Board must apply the
deferral standards of Alpha Beta.
  2. The Alpha Beta Deferral Policy
  As noted above, the Board declared in Alpha Beta that it
will defer to grievance settlements when: (1) the proceedings
appear to have been fair and regular; (2) all parties agree to
be bound; and (3) the agreement is not palpably wrong –
meaning it is not clearly repugnant to the purposes and
policies of the NLRA. See Alpha Beta, 273 N.L.R.B. at 1547.
The Board noted a fourth consideration in United States
Postal Serv., 300 N.L.R.B. 196, 198 (1990), namely, whether
the parties to a grievance settlement considered the unfair
labor practice issue in reaching their agreement. This fourth
consideration is not at issue here, as there is no dispute that
the parties’ Letter of Understanding meets this prong of the
Board’s deferral test.
                              11

   The Alpha Beta deferral policy was upheld by this court in
Plumbers, 955 F.2d at 751-52. The Plumbers decision noted
that,
     [b]y recognizing the validity and finality of [pre-
     arbitration grievance] settlements, the Board pro-
     motes the integrity of the collective bargaining pro-
     cess, thereby effectuating a primary goal of the
     national labor policy.
Id. at 752. Fostering the integrity of the collective bargain-
ing process clearly advances the purposes of the NLRA, and
the Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C. §§ 141-144,
171-187 (2000), because these laws ‘‘are designed to protect
both individual and collective rights, and have as their para-
mount goal the promotion of labor peace through the collec-
tive efforts of labor and management.’’ Hammontree v.
NLRB, 925 F.2d 1486, 1502 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (en banc) (Ed-
wards, J., concurring).
   In short, the Board’s policy of deferring to grievance
settlements is supported by two simple and related policy
determinations: First, ‘‘[t]he Board found that the application
of deferral principles to such settlements would further the
policy favoring private resolution of labor disputes.’’ Postal
Serv., 300 N.L.R.B. at 197. Second, when contract grievance
disputes implicate statutory rights that are ‘‘waiveable’’ pur-
suant to collective bargaining, it is appropriate to accede to
arrangements reached by the bargaining parties. See Metro.
Edison Co. v. NLRB, 460 U.S. 693, 705 (1983) (‘‘This Court
long has recognized that a union may waive a member’s
statutorily protected rightsTTTT’’); id. at 707 n.11 (‘‘the Na-
tional Labor Relations Act contemplates that individual rights
may be waived by the union so long as the union does not
breach its duty of good-faith representation’’); Energy Coop.,
Inc., 290 N.L.R.B. 635, 636 (1988) (relying on Metropolitan
Edison for the proposition that a union may waive a mem-
ber’s statutorily protected rights).
   There is no doubt that employee discipline of the sort
implicated in this case falls within the compass of waiveable
rights that are subject to collective bargaining and grievance
                              12

settlements. See Fournelle v. NLRB, 670 F.2d 331, 335 (D.C.
Cir. 1982) (‘‘An employee’s section 7 rights to engage in
concerted activities TTT are neither unqualified nor abso-
luteTTTT [C]ertain rights granted by section 7 may be
waived pursuant to collective bargaining.’’); Postal Serv., 300
N.L.R.B. at 197 (in cases involving employee discipline, ‘‘a
union can waive employees’ statutory rights’’ and employees
are bound by the terms of settlement agreements negotiated
by their bargaining representative). The Board does not
suggest otherwise. Therefore, the only issue here is whether
the Board abused its discretion in declining to defer in this
case, where the disputed settlement was reached pursuant to
the parties’ lawful grievance procedures, Smallwood had no
right under the agreement to approve a grievance settlement,
the Board specifically refused to endorse the ALJ’s finding
that the parties’ settlement was ‘‘palpably wrong’’ or other-
wise ‘‘clearly repugnant’’ to the purposes and policies of the
Act, and there is no claim that the Union breached its duty of
representation. For the reasons indicated below, we hold
that, in these circumstances, the Board clearly erred in
declining to defer to the settlement agreement between TI-
MET and the Union.
   3. Application of the Board’s Deferral Policy in this Case
   As noted above, the Board rested its decision solely on the
‘‘fair and regular’’ prong of Alpha Beta. The Board offered
two reasons to justify its conclusion that the settlement
agreement between TIMET and the Union was not fair and
regular. First, the Board noted that ‘‘the existence of the
[settlement] agreement was never disclosed to [Smallwood]
by the Union or the [employer].’’ Titanium Metals, slip op.
at 2, J.A. 356. Second, the Board found that, ‘‘although the
‘Letter of Understanding’ recites several reasons for Small-
wood’s discharge – including ‘insubordination, inappropriate
conduct toward the company TTT [and] providing misleading
and inaccurate information TTT’ – these reasons were not the
explanation given to Smallwood when he was discharged.’’
Id. Neither explanation justifies the Board’s conclusion that
the parties’ settlement agreement failed the ‘‘fair and regu-
lar’’ prong of Spielberg and Alpha Beta.
                              13

  The Board first stresses that the Letter of Understanding
was never disclosed to Smallwood. This is perplexing, for, in
the context of this case, this fact is utterly innocuous. Small-
wood knew he had been terminated; he knew that the Union
did not settle the grievance on terms that were favorable to
him; and he knew that the Union did not appeal the case to
arbitration. In other words, he was clearly on notice of the
fact that TIMET and the Union had resolved his grievance
without providing him any of the remedies he had requested.
He was free to ask his Union agent about the terms upon
which his grievance was settled, but he did not do this. And
the Board does not suggest that the Union withheld any
materials related to Smallwood’s grievance to which he was
entitled under the collective bargaining agreement.
   More importantly, it is legally irrelevant that Smallwood
was not notified that the Union and TIMET had executed a
Letter of Understanding with regard to his claims. Absent
specified rights under a collective bargaining agreement, bar-
gaining unit employees have no right to participate in con-
tract grievance proceedings. See Plumbers, 955 F.2d at 753-
54. Indeed, recognizing that a union is the collective-
bargaining agent of individual employees, the Board has
made it clear that it will defer to grievance settlements even
when a grievant objects to the settlement. See Postal Serv.,
300 N.L.R.B. at 197. The Board acknowledges that a union
can settle an employee’s grievance over his objection, but
argues that this case should be treated differently, because
Smallwood was not informed of the precise terms of the
settlement agreement between the Union and TIMET. Tita-
nium Metals, slip op. at 2, J.A. 356; Br. for NLRB at 37-38.
This is a specious argument. Even if Smallwood had been
notified of the precise details of the settlement, he could have
done nothing to change it. The employer and union are the
parties to the collective bargaining agreement and only they –
not individual employees – determine how to interpret and
enforce the agreement. In short, as we stated in Plumbers:
‘‘Absent a breach of the duty of fair representation, the [union
is] empowered to bind [the individual employee] to the result
obtained through the grievance process.’’ 955 F.2d at 753.
                              14

  The second factor the Board relied on in declining to defer
in this case was that the reasons recited in the Letter of
Understanding for Smallwood’s discharge differed from the
explanation given Smallwood when he was discharged. As-
suming this is true, it does not support the Board’s conclusion
that the settlement agreement was not fair and regular. The
Union and TIMET were well within their rights to negotiate
over Smallwood’s grievance under the contract grievance
procedures and decide whether, and on what terms, Small-
wood should be terminated. See Collective Bargaining
Agreement, ¶¶ 11:19, 11:20, J.A. 237-38. Indeed, Board coun-
sel acknowledged at oral argument that, if an arbitrator had
upheld the termination of Smallwood for the same reasons
relied upon in the Letter of Understanding, the Board proba-
bly would not have concluded that the arbitration process was
unfair or irregular. Recording of Oral Argument at 21:20-:45.
   There is nothing in the record to suggest that the grounds
recited in the Letter of Understanding supporting Small-
wood’s discharge – i.e., insubordination, inappropriate con-
duct, workmanship related infractions, and making misleading
statements during the investigation of workplace accidents –
were factually unsupportable. See, e.g., Tr. of ALJ Hearing
at 589-90, J.A. 184-85 (testimony that Smallwood was respon-
sible for a workplace overmelt and that Smallwood lied about
what happened). And, as noted above, the Board does not
assert that the Union breached its duty of fair representation
to Smallwood in reaching the settlement. Therefore, the fact
that the explanation for Smallwood’s termination in the Let-
ter of Understanding differed from the reasons given Small-
wood when he was discharged did not make the settlement
agreement unfair or irregular. The Letter or Understanding
was the lawful product of collective bargaining between com-
pany and union representatives.
   At oral argument before the court, in an effort to defend
the Board’s decision, Board counsel suggested that this case
‘‘didn’t smell right.’’ Recording of Oral Argument at 28:36.
But when counsel was pressed to explain what smelled bad
about the case, she could identify nothing that provides a
                              15

legal justification for the Board’s refusal to defer to the
settlement agreement. As we noted in Plumbers, ‘‘since a
union has broad discretion to alter or modify employees’
‘waiveable’ rights through collective bargaining, see Metropol-
itan Edison Co., 460 U.S. at 705-07, 103 S.Ct. at 1475-77, we
see no basis upon which the Board legitimately could inter-
vene merely because the settlement reached by the union and
the employer was not to the Board’s liking.’’ Plumbers, 955
F.2d at 757.
   What is clear here is that Board does not have discretion to
abandon its established deferral policies and act on whim. As
we said in American Freight,
     [a]llowing the Board to disregard its own deference
     policy, which has been reinforced by long-standing
     and consistent case precedent, would undermine the
     careful development of the Spielberg standards of
     deference, discourage parties from relying on their
     own bargaining agreements and procedures, and
     ‘‘significantly undermin[e] the value and efficacy of
     arbitration as an alternative to the judicial or admin-
     istrative resolution of labor disputes.’’
Am. Freight, 722 F.2d at 833 (quoting Liquor Salesmen’s
Union Local 2 v. NLRB, 664 F.2d 318, 327 (2d Cir. 1981)
(alteration in Am. Freight)). The same analysis holds true
here.
   There is no basis under established law justifying the
Board’s conclusion that the disputed Letter of Understanding
violated the first prong of the Spielberg/Alpha Beta deferral
doctrine. What is ‘‘fair and regular’’ under the first prong of
Alpha Beta must be measured by reference to the parties’
collective bargaining agreement, not by reference to the
Board’s abstract sense of what is right. It is clear in this
case that the parties acted pursuant to a lawful grievance
procedure and faithfully adhered to the terms of their collec-
tive bargaining agreement in processing Smallwood’s griev-
ance; the resulting settlement agreement was not repugnant
to the Act; and the Union did not violate its duty of fair
representation. It defies reason to hold that a grievance
                              16

settlement reached in these circumstances is unfair or irregu-
lar. The Board’s contrary conclusion was an abuse of discre-
tion.

                      III.   CONCLUSION
   TIMET’s petition for review of the Board’s order is grant-
ed in part and denied in part. The Board’s cross-application
for enforcement of its order is granted in part and denied in
part. For the reasons stated above: (1) the Board’s order is
enforced insofar as it finds that TIMET violated § 8(a)(1) by
questioning Smallwood in the absence of a Union representa-
tive and by maintaining and enforcing an overly broad no-
solicitation/no-distribution rule; (2) TIMET’s petition chal-
lenging the Board’s decision declining to defer to the Letter
of Understanding between TIMET and the Union is hereby
granted; and (3) the Board’s holding that TIMET violated
§ 8(a)(1) in disciplining Smallwood is vacated, TIMET’s chal-
lenge to that holding is dismissed as moot, and the Board’s
cross-application for enforcement of the order relating to
these § 8(a)(1) charges is denied.
                                                  So ordered.