Court Opinion

ID: 6103766
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-14 20:11:43.642043+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:53:40.212302
License: Public Domain

Authority of the Department of Labor to Control the
      Disclosure of Federal Employees’ Compensation Act
       Records Held by the United States Postal Service
The Federal Employees’ Compensation Act gives the Department of Labor the authority
  to control and limit the disclosure of FECA records held by the United States Postal
  Service, and DOL’s FECA regulations prohibit USPS from disclosing FECA records
  in a manner inconsistent with DOL’s Privacy Act routine uses.
The Department of Labor’s regulatory regime for FECA records is consistent with and
  furthers the purposes of the Privacy Act.
Neither the Postal Reorganization Act nor the National Labor Relations Act authorizes
  USPS to control the disclosure of FECA records.

                                                                  November 16, 2012

               MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE SOLICITOR
                      DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

   The U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”), through its Office of Workers’
Compensation (“OWCP”), is responsible for administering the Federal
Employees’ Compensation Act (“FECA” or the “Act”). See Letter for
Virginia Seitz, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel,
from M. Patricia Smith, Solicitor of Labor, DOL at 1 (Jan. 23, 2012)
(“Request Letter”). DOL has established a government-wide system of
records that contains all records created in the process of filing and
resolving FECA claims, including those held by other agencies. It has
asserted control over those records and provided that they will generally
be kept confidential. DOL has also published a notice pursuant to the
Privacy Act of 1974 that enumerates the circumstances in which FECA
records may be disclosed. (These circumstances are known as “routine
uses.”) The United States Postal Service (“USPS” or “Postal Service”) is
the largest federal agency whose employees are covered by FECA. Id.
Like other agencies covered by FECA, USPS maintains certain records
related to the FECA claims its employees file. USPS has taken the posi-
tion that it has authority to control the FECA records in its possession,
and it has published its own Privacy Act notice listing routine uses that
would permit it to disclose its FECA records when DOL’s regulations
would not. In light of this conflict, you asked whether DOL has authority

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                                36 Op. O.L.C. 217 (2012)

to control and limit the disclosure of FECA records held by the Postal
Service. Request Letter at 1. 1
   We conclude that FECA gives DOL such authority, and that DOL’s
FECA regulations prohibit USPS from disclosing FECA records in a
manner inconsistent with DOL’s routine uses. We further conclude that
DOL’s regulatory regime for FECA records is consistent with and furthers
the purposes of the Privacy Act. USPS thus may not establish routine uses
for FECA records that result in disclosures that would not be permitted
under DOL’s regulations. Finally, we disagree with USPS’s arguments
that the Postal Reorganization Act and the National Labor Relations Act
(“NLRA”) provide it with authority to control the disclosure of FECA
records.

                                            I.

   Two statutory schemes are particularly relevant to our analysis: FECA
and the Privacy Act. Initially passed in 1916, FECA is now codified in
chapter 81 of title 5 of the United States Code. 2 It “provides a compre-
hensive system of compensation for federal employees who sustain
work-related injuries.” United States v. Lorenzetti, 467 U.S. 167, 168
(1984). FECA grants the Secretary of Labor or her designee exclusive
authority to “administer[] and decide all questions arising under” FECA.
5 U.S.C. § 8145 (2006); see Mathirampuzha v. Potter, 548 F.3d 70, 81
(2d Cir. 2008) (“Congress has vested the Secretary of Labor or her
delegate with exclusive authority to ‘administer[] and decide all ques-
tions arising under the FECA.’” (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 8145) (alteration in
original)). The Secretary has delegated this authority to OWCP. See
Delegation of Authorities and Assignment of Responsibilities to the
Director, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, 74 Fed. Reg.
58,834, 58,834 (Nov. 13, 2009). FECA also authorizes the Secretary to

   1 The request for this opinion came solely from DOL, and USPS declined to offer its

views when contacted by this Office. However, both DOL and USPS submitted exten-
sive views letters on this dispute to the Office of Management and Budget in October
2010, and DOL provided those letters to us. We considered those letters in preparing
this opinion.
   2 See Pub. L. No. 64-267, 39 Stat. 742 (1916). FECA’s text frequently references its

subchapters. Because only the first subchapter is relevant here, we refer to that subchapter
as “FECA” for ease of reading.

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            Authority of DOL to Control FECA Records Held by USPS

“prescribe rules and regulations necessary for the administration and
enforcement of [the Act].” 5 U.S.C. § 8149 (2006).
   FECA and the accompanying DOL regulations establish a process
through which federal employees can submit claims of workplace-related
injury or disease to DOL for adjudication and compensation. Generally,
the process involves submission of a notice of a covered injury or disease
accompanied by a claim form with supporting evidence, followed by
investigation and adjudication of the claim by OWCP. If a claim is ac-
cepted, the employee receives relief in the form of benefits and possible
reassignment. See generally id. §§ 8101–8152 (2006 & Supp. V 2011);
Questions and Answers about the Federal Employees’ Compensation Act
(FECA), http://www.dol.gov/owcp/dfec/regs/compliance/DFECfolio/q-
and-a.pdf (last visited Nov. 13, 2012).
   Two features of this process are significant here. First, while DOL
manages much of the claims process, a claimant’s employing agency is
also required to participate. For example, the statute requires injured
employees to provide notice of and information about their injuries to
their “immediate superior[s],” 5 U.S.C. § 8119, and instructs that, “im-
mediately after an injury to an employee which results in his death or
probable disability, his immediate superior shall report to the Secretary
of Labor,” id. § 8120. See also, e.g., 20 C.F.R. § 10.100 (2012) (de-
scribing employee procedure for notifying supervisor of traumatic injury);
id. § 10.110 (describing employing agency responsibilities when employ-
ees file such notices). Employing agencies, including USPS, also con-
tribute to the fund through which injured employees are compensated.
See 5 U.S.C. § 8147(b) (requiring agency contributions to a general com-
pensation fund); 39 U.S.C. § 2003(g) (2006) (regulating timing of manda-
tory USPS deposits in the general fund).
   Second, during the claims process, both the claimant and the employing
agency create and submit numerous records documenting the employee’s
compensation claim. The Secretary has substantial control over the infor-
mation included in these records. For example, in addition to giving the
Secretary broad general authority to administer and regulate FECA, the
statute specifically permits the Secretary to determine the required content
in the immediate superior’s report of an employee injury, and to require
the filing of supplementary reports. See 5 U.S.C. § 8120. The statute also
instructs covered employees to submit their FECA claims “on a form

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                           36 Op. O.L.C. 217 (2012)

approved by the Secretary . . . [that] contain[s] all information required by
the Secretary.” Id. § 8121. DOL regulations further prescribe the forms
that initiate claims for compensation, the respective responsibilities of the
employer and employee in filling out these forms, and the timing and
manner of their transmittal. See, e.g., 20 C.F.R. §§ 10.7, 10.111, 10.102.
The regulations also permit employees and employing agencies to submit
additional relevant evidence, such as medical reports or other investiga-
tive materials. See, e.g., id. § 10.115. In addition, during claim adjudica-
tion, an employing agency must submit any relevant facts in its posses-
sion, may contest facts submitted by the claimant, and may conduct
certain independent assessments of the claimed injury or disability. See id.
§§ 10.117, 10.118.
   DOL has explained orally that, as a result of its involvement in the
FECA claims process, employing agencies typically have physical custo-
dy of certain FECA records, including the records the employing agency
gathers or creates when an employee files a claim. In addition, during
claim adjudication, DOL may provide employing agencies with records it
obtains from an injured employee. According to DOL, employing agen-
cies are given access to FECA records because those agencies play a
significant role in the submission and adjudication of FECA claims and
are generally responsible for their payment. See 5 U.S.C. § 8147(b).
   The Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. § 552a, is the second statutory
scheme relevant to this dispute. It was passed “to protect the privacy of
individuals identified in information systems maintained by Federal
agencies,” and governs the “collection, maintenance, use, and dissemi-
nation of information by such agencies.” Pub. L. No. 93-579, § 2(a)(5),
88 Stat. 1896, 1896 (1974). The Privacy Act applies to any “record”
kept in an agency “system of records.” The Act defines a “record” as
any information maintained by an agency pertaining to an individual and
linked to that individual through some means of specific identification.
See 5 U.S.C. § 552a(a)(4) (2006). It defines a “system of records” as any
group of records under the control of an agency from which information is
retrieved through use of an individual’s name or other identifying infor-
mation. See id. § 552a(a)(5). To promote transparency, the Privacy Act
requires agencies to publish a notice in the Federal Register announcing
the establishment or revision of their systems of records (commonly
called a “system-of-records notice”) and providing detailed information
about the characteristics of each system, including the sources and catego-

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            Authority of DOL to Control FECA Records Held by USPS

ries of the records the systems contain and the agency’s procedures gov-
erning their use. See id. § 552a(e)(4).
   As a general matter, the Privacy Act prohibits agencies from disclos-
ing any record contained in a system of records absent the written
request or written consent of the person to whom the record pertains.
See id. § 552a(b). There are exceptions to this general rule, including an
exception permitting disclosures for a “routine use.” Id. § 552a(b)(3).
“Routine use” of a record is defined as “the use of such record for a
purpose which is compatible with the purpose for which it was collect-
ed.” Id. § 552(a)(7). To employ the “routine use” exception, an agency
must describe all routine uses under which the agency will disclose
records in the relevant system-of-records notice. See id. § 552a(e)(4)(D).
The requirement that a published routine use be compatible with the
purpose for which the record was collected is known as the Privacy
Act’s “compatibility requirement.”
   To fulfill its obligations under the Privacy Act, DOL has published a
system-of-records notice covering FECA records. This notice, entitled
“DOL/GOVT-1, Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs, Federal
Employees’ Compensation Act File” (“DOL/GOVT-1”), describes the
records DOL/GOVT-1 covers and the routine uses for which they may be
disclosed. Records covered by DOL/GOVT-1 may include, for example,
DOL forms filed in connection with a FECA claim, underlying medical
records, payment records, hearing transcripts, demographic information,
investigative material, and consumer credit reports. See Publication of
Five New Systems of Records; Amendments to Five Existing Systems of
Records, 77 Fed. Reg. 1728, 1738 (Jan. 11, 2012) (republishing DOL/
GOVT-1 with amendment providing for an additional routine use). The
DOL/GOVT-1 system-of-records notice expressly states that DOL/
GOVT-1 includes FECA records in the possession of other agencies.
See id. at 1738 (DOL/GOVT-1 includes “[c]opies of claim forms and
other documents” and in some instances “original forms” related to FECA
claims that are “maintained by the employing agency”); see also Publica-
tion in Full of All Notices of Systems of Records Including Several New
Systems, 67 Fed. Reg. 16,816, 16,823 (April 8, 2002) (“It is presumed
that most, if not all, federal agencies maintain systems of records compris-
ing a portion of [DOL/GOVT-1].”); Use and Disclosure of Federal Em-
ployees’ Compensation Act Claims File Material, 63 Fed. Reg. 56,752,
56,753 (Oct. 22, 1998) (“When . . . claim forms are submitted to the

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                          36 Op. O.L.C. 217 (2012)

OWCP . . . all materials relating to that claim or injury, whether in the
possession of the OWCP or the agency, are covered by DOL/GOVT-1,
and thus subject to OWCP’s exclusive control.”).
   DOL has established twelve universal routine uses for records main-
tained in any of its systems of records, and has supplemented that basic
list with seventeen routine uses specifically applicable to DOL/GOVT-1.
77 Fed. Reg. at 1729–30 (universal routine uses); id. at 1739–40 (DOL/
GOVT-1 routine uses). DOL/GOVT-1 further specifies that FECA records
cannot be disclosed under a specific routine use unless “the purpose of the
disclosure is both relevant and necessary and is compatible with the
purpose for which the information was collected.” Id. at 1739.
   Like DOL, USPS has published a system-of-records notice for the FE-
CA records in its possession, entitled “Office of Workers’ Compensation
Programs (OWCP) Record Copies.” This system of records overlaps with
the system created by DOL/GOVT-1. It includes FECA records related to
claims filed by USPS employees, such as “[r]ecords and supporting in-
formation related to the claim, including copies of Department of Labor
forms, postal forms and correspondence, and automated payment and
accounting records.” Privacy Act of 1974, System of Records, 70 Fed.
Reg. 22,516, 22,530 (Apr. 29, 2005) (notice 100.850). This USPS sys-
tem-of-records notice incorporates nine of the routine uses that USPS
applies to all of its systems of records. See id. at 22,521. There are sub-
stantial differences between the disclosures allowed by DOL’s and
USPS’s routine uses, and USPS’s routine uses conflict with the routine
uses in DOL/GOVT-1 because they allow some disclosures that would
not be permitted under DOL/GOVT-1.

                                    II.

   We first address whether FECA gives DOL exclusive authority to regu-
late the disclosure of all FECA records—and therefore bars USPS from
regulating the disclosure of its FECA records in a manner that is incon-
sistent with DOL regulations—or whether USPS’s status as a uniquely
independent establishment in the federal government gives it authority to
control disclosure of the FECA records in its possession. We then consid-
er whether USPS’s regulation of FECA record disclosure is barred by, or
is inconsistent with, the purposes of the Privacy Act. Finally, we address
whether USPS’s information disclosure obligations under the NLRA give

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            Authority of DOL to Control FECA Records Held by USPS

it the authority to establish a routine use permitting disclosure of FECA
records to labor unions when such disclosure is necessary for collective
bargaining.

                                     A.

   DOL and USPS disagree about which agency has authority over FECA
records in the custody of the Postal Service and thus the responsibility to
establish routine uses for those records under the Privacy Act. See Re-
quest Letter at 1. DOL contends that “it alone has authority over . . .
FECA records for Privacy Act purposes,” and that, as a result, “OWCP’s
regulations and Privacy Act System of Records Notice listing the routine
uses of FECA file information extend government-wide and cover the
Postal Service.” Id. USPS, however, argues that it has exclusive authority
over FECA records in its custody. See Statement of the United States
Postal Service in Support of Its Authority to Release Copies of OWCP
Records at 2–7 (Oct. 6, 2010) (“USPS Statement”) (attached to Request
Letter). USPS asserts that it is an agency with a uniquely independent
status in the federal government, “free from many facets of the federal
bureaucracy,” including many federal record-keeping statutes. Id. at 3. On
this basis, it claims that it has authority to control the disclosure of FECA
records in its possession, even where disclosure would not be permitted
under DOL/GOVT-1’s routine uses. Id.
   In our view, FECA gives DOL authority to control the disclosure of
FECA records in USPS’s possession. As set forth above, see supra
pp. 218–219, FECA gives the Secretary of Labor exclusive authority to
administer the FECA program, 5 U.S.C. § 8145, and to “prescribe rules
and regulations necessary for the administration and enforcement of
[FECA],” id. § 8149. Although the text of FECA does not explicitly
address the maintenance and disclosure of FECA records, it does create a
claims process that expressly contemplates the creation of records related
to FECA claims, including by employing agencies, see supra pp. 218–
220, and gives DOL broad authority to prescribe the rules and regulations
necessary to administer that process, see id. For many years, DOL has
held—and its regulations have reflected—the view that its authority to
regulate the FECA process includes authority to control access to and
disclosure of FECA records. We believe this is a reasonable reading of
the statute.

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                             36 Op. O.L.C. 217 (2012)

   DOL’s predecessor, the United States Employees’ Compensation
Commission, long ago determined that its authority to administer and
enforce FECA includes the authority to regulate the maintenance and
disclosure of the records the FECA process generates, and further deter-
mined that regulating such disclosure was an important part of administer-
ing FECA. Decades before Congress restricted disclosure of personally
identifiable information through the Privacy Act, the Compensation
Commission relied on FECA’s broad grant of regulatory authority to
promulgate regulations making FECA records confidential. See 20 C.F.R.
§ 1.1 (1938) (“[FECA] authorizes the [United States Employees’ Com-
pensation] Commission to make necessary rules and regulations for the
enforcement of the Act and to decide all questions arising under the
Act.”); see also id. § 1.21(a) (1938) (“[Employment compensation] rec-
ords and papers pertaining to any . . . injury or death are confidential and
no official or employee of a Government establishment . . . shall disclose
information from or pertaining to such records to any person.”); 20 C.F.R.
§ 1.21 (1974) (same). DOL and other predecessor entities have promul-
gated and enforced similar regulations ever since.
   At present, DOL has two regulations that address the confidentiality,
custody, and control of FECA records. The first, 20 C.F.R. § 10.10, is
entitled “Are all documents relating to claims filed under the FECA
considered confidential?” 3 It provides:
         All records relating to claims for benefits, including copies of
      such records maintained by an employer, are considered confidential
      and may not be released, inspected, copied or otherwise disclosed
      except as provided in the Freedom of Information Act [“FOIA”] and
      the Privacy Act of 1974 or under the routine uses provided by DOL/
      GOVT-1 if such release is consistent with the purpose for which the
      record was created.
The second regulation, 20 C.F.R. § 10.11, is entitled “Who maintains
custody and control of FECA records?” It provides:

  3 The FECA regulations were amended to their current interrogative form in 1997 to
make them easier to use. See Claims for Compensation under the Federal Employees’
Compensation Act, 62 Fed. Reg. 67,120, 67,120 (Dec. 23, 1997) (proposed rule to be
codified at 20 C.F.R. pt. 10).

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              Authority of DOL to Control FECA Records Held by USPS

          All records relating to claims for benefits filed under the FECA,
       including any copies of such records maintained by an employing
       agency, are covered by the government-wide Privacy Act system of
       records entitled DOL/GOVT-1 (Office of Workers’ Compensation
       Programs, Federal Employees’ Compensation Act File). This system
       of records is maintained by and under the control of OWCP, and, as
       such, all records covered by DOL/GOVT-1 are official records of
       OWCP. The protection, release, inspection and copying of records
       covered by DOL/GOVT-1 shall be accomplished in accordance with
       the rules, guidelines and provisions of this part [i.e., DOL’s FECA
       regulations], as well as those contained in 29 CFR parts 70 and 71
       [i.e., DOL’s FOIA and general Privacy Act regulations], and with
       the notice of the system of records and routine uses published in the
       Federal Register. All questions relating to access/disclosure, and/or
       amendment of FECA records maintained by OWCP or the employ-
       ing agency, are to be resolved in accordance with this section.
   As DOL explains, these regulations reflect the “careful control over
the disclosure of documents from [FECA] case files” that OWCP has
maintained for “decades.” DOL’s Position Statement at 1 (Oct. 1, 2010)
(“DOL Statement”) (attached to Request Letter). Consistent with this
view, a DOL notice of final rulemaking announcing a revision to an
earlier version of 20 C.F.R. § 10.11 notes that DOL “considers all rec-
ords collected because a claim was filed seeking benefits under FECA[]
to be official records of the Department and, with one limited exception,
covered by DOL/GOVT-1.” Use and Disclosure of Federal Employees’
Compensation Act Claims File Material, 63 Fed. Reg. 56,752, 56,753
(Oct. 22, 1998). 4 The notice further asserts that all materials covered by
DOL/GOVT-1 are “subject to OWCP’s exclusive control.” Id. DOL
reaffirmed this view when it finalized the regulation in its current form.
See Claims for Compensation Under the Federal Employees’ Compensa-
tion Act, 63 Fed. Reg. 65,284, 65,286 (Nov. 25, 1998).
   Under the two regulations reproduced above, the Postal Service lacks
authority over the disclosure of FECA records in its possession. Both

   4The “limited exception” referenced in the notice permits agencies to retain FECA
forms in the personnel folders of employees, in accordance with guidelines issued by the
Office of Personnel Management, if those forms were not submitted to OWCP. 63 Fed.
Reg. at 56,753.

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                              36 Op. O.L.C. 217 (2012)

regulations expressly cover “copies” of FECA records maintained by
employing agencies other than DOL; and both make clear that FECA
records are confidential, and that “routine use” disclosure is permissible
only “under the routine uses provided by DOL/GOVT-1.” 20 C.F.R.
§ 10.10; id. § 10.11. 5 The plain text of these regulations thus bars USPS
from disclosing FECA records under a “routine use” that is inconsistent
with the DOL/GOVT-1 notice. 6
   These regulations constitute a valid exercise of DOL’s statutory au-
thority under FECA. As noted above, FECA grants the Secretary broad
authority to “administer[] and decide all questions arising under” FECA,
and to “prescribe rules and regulations necessary for the administration
and enforcement of [FECA].” 5 U.S.C. §§ 8145, 8149. And FECA rec-
ords are an integral part of the FECA process. As DOL explains, “[t]he
records maintained in [DOL/GOVT-1] are created as a result of and are
necessary to” DOL’s statutory duties of “processing and adjudicating
claims” for federal workers’ compensation. 67 Fed. Reg. at 16,827. In
light of the importance of FECA records to the processing and adjudica-
tion of claims, DOL reasonably concluded that the question of when and
how to disclose FECA records “aris[es] under” FECA, and falls within
the Secretary’s jurisdiction. 5 U.S.C. § 8145; cf. Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v.
Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843–44 (1984) (an agen-
cy’s reasonable construction of a statute it is charged with administering
is entitled to deference). The reasonableness of DOL’s conclusion is
supported by DOL’s consistent guarantee of the confidentiality of FECA
records since 1938. See Good Samaritan Hosp. v. Shalala, 508 U.S. 402,
417 (1993) (the “consistency of an agency’s position is a factor in as-
sessing the weight that the position is due”); see also supra p. 224
(describing history).

   5 Because the DOL–USPS disagreement at issue does not concern disclosures of
FECA records under FOIA or provisions of the Privacy Act other than the routine use
exception, we do not address those issues. Cf. 5 U.S.C. § 552a(b)(1)–(2), (4)–(12), (d)
(2006) (providing for disclosure of Privacy Act records other than through a “routine
use”).
   6 Even if the regulations were ambiguous, we would defer to DOL’s reasonable inter-

pretation of them. See Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 461–62 (1997) (the Secretary of
Labor’s interpretation of a DOL regulation, advanced in a legal brief, is “controlling
unless plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation” (internal quotation marks
omitted)).

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            Authority of DOL to Control FECA Records Held by USPS

   It was likewise reasonable for DOL to conclude that regulations pro-
tecting the confidentiality and restricting the disclosure of FECA records
are “necessary” for the Act’s administration. 5 U.S.C. § 8149; cf. Chev-
ron, 467 U.S. at 843–44. FECA records often contain sensitive medical
and health information, see, e.g., 20 C.F.R. § 10.115(f ) (requiring submis-
sion of medical report), and disclosure of such information may implicate
significant individual privacy interests, cf. Plain Dealer Publ’g Co. v.
Dep’t of Labor, 471 F. Supp. 1023, 1026 (D.D.C. 1979) (protecting doc-
uments in an active OWCP claims file under FOIA exemption for “per-
sonnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would
constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy”). Protecting
the confidentiality of such information, except where DOL has deter-
mined that disclosure is consistent with the purposes of FECA, serves
those privacy interests. And prohibiting other agencies from disclosing
FECA records outside of DOL’s framework ensures that these confidenti-
ality interests are protected wherever the records are physically main-
tained.
   DOL’s protection of FECA records is also consistent with its efficient
implementation of the Act. If DOL cannot ensure the confidentiality of
FECA records, employees may be deterred from submitting all infor-
mation necessary to evaluate their claims, to the detriment of DOL’s
adjudication process. Cf. id. (describing the serious harm that would
result from public release of an OWCP claims file); see also DOL State-
ment at 8 (“DOL does not want to risk an employee being less than
forthcoming in his workers’ compensation claim because he fears the
information will . . . not be held close[ly] by OWCP or that the infor-
mation may somehow be used against him in another, unrelated, proceed-
ing.”).
   In its submission to the Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”),
USPS challenges DOL’s control of the FECA records in its possession,
claiming that DOL control over the Postal Service’s copies of FECA
records would “improperly ignore[] the Postal Service’s unique independ-
ence from many federal statutes and regulations.” USPS Statement at 1.
USPS contends that DOL’s exercise of authority over its FECA records
would be burdensome, requiring USPS to seek DOL’s permission every
time it wishes to disclose a FECA record, and would intrude on the Postal
Service’s statutory independence. Id. at 2–4. In making these arguments,
USPS relies on 39 U.S.C. § 410(a) (2006), a provision of the Postal Reor-

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                             36 Op. O.L.C. 217 (2012)

ganization Act of 1970, as amended, 39 U.S.C. §§ 101–5605 (2006 &
Supp. V 2011) (“PRA”). That provision states that, “[e]xcept as provided
in subsection (b) of this section, and except as otherwise provided in this
title . . . no Federal law dealing with public or Federal contracts, property,
works, officers, employees, budgets, or funds . . . shall apply to the exer-
cise of the powers of the Postal Service.” Id. § 410(a). USPS notes that it
views all records in its possession as USPS “property,” and has therefore
historically relied on section 410(a) as authority for its independence from
statutes regulating records (e.g., the Federal Records Act, 44 U.S.C.
§§ 3101–3107 (2006)). USPS Statement at 3–4.
    We agree that the Postal Service has a unique status within the federal
government. But it has no general characteristic that exempts its FECA
records from DOL’s regulatory regime. Instead, the question whether the
Postal Service is subject to the burdens and obligations imposed by FECA
is a matter of statutory interpretation. And here, Congress, through the
PRA, expressly subjected USPS to FECA, and thus to DOL’s control of
FECA records.
    Although the PRA relieved USPS from its obligation to comply with
“many . . . statutes governing federal agencies,” it also “specifically
subjected [USPS] to some others.” U.S. Postal Serv. v. Flamingo Indus.
(USA), Inc., 540 U.S. 736, 741 (2004). Indeed, the PRA provision USPS
cites, section 410(a), states that the Postal Service is exempt from various
federal laws “except as otherwise provided in this title.” 39 U.S.C.
§ 410(a) (emphasis added). Another provision of the relevant title, 39
U.S.C. § 1005(c) (2006), expressly provides that “[o]fficers and employ-
ees of the Postal Service shall be covered by subchapter I of chapter 81
of title 5, relating to compensation for work injuries.” And subchapter I
of chapter 81 of title 5 codifies the FECA statute, including (among other
things) the Secretary of Labor’s authority to enforce and administer
FECA. 5 U.S.C. § 8149. Thus, under the PRA’s plain language, USPS
officers and employees are “covered” by FECA, including the provisions
authorizing the Secretary of Labor to issue regulations governing FECA
records. 39 U.S.C. § 1005(c). 7 Far from exempting USPS from DOL’s

  7  By stating that FECA benefits will be provided to USPS “officers and employees,”
the PRA necessarily subjects USPS to the obligations that FECA imposes on employers,
including the obligation to abide by DOL’s regulations regarding disclosure of FECA
records.

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              Authority of DOL to Control FECA Records Held by USPS

authority to administer FECA, the PRA clarifies that USPS falls within
the ambit of DOL’s FECA authority. 8

                                           B.

   DOL also suggests that the Privacy Act independently gives it authority
to control the disclosure of FECA records through DOL/GOVT-1. See
DOL’s Reply to USPS at 1–2 (undated) (“DOL Reply”) (attached to
Request Letter). Specifically, DOL notes that OMB, the agency with
authority to oversee implementation of the Privacy Act, has issued guid-
ance that would forbid USPS from either creating a system of records that
overlaps with DOL’s government-wide system of FECA records or estab-
lishing inconsistent routine use exceptions. USPS counters that OMB’s
guidance does not apply to it. See USPS Statement at 4–6.
   We agree that OMB’s guidance suggests that DOL’s assertion of exclu-
sive control over the disclosure of FECA records under its government-
wide system-of-records notice is consistent with and furthers the purposes
of the Privacy Act. However, for the reasons explained below, we decline
to resolve whether OMB’s guidance actually binds USPS in this situation.
   The Privacy Act gives OMB the authority to “develop and, after notice
and opportunity for public comment, prescribe guidelines and regulations
for the use of agencies in implementing [the Privacy Act],” and to “pro-
vide continuing assistance to and oversight of the implementation of [the

   8 In its views letter for OMB, USPS cites a 2002 statement in which DOL asserted that
it has “control over [the FECA system of records] to the same extent as the Office of
Personnel Management [‘OPM’] has control over systems of records containing federal
employee personnel records.” USPS Statement at 5 (quoting Publication of All Notices of
Systems of Records, 67 Fed. Reg. 16,816, 16,823 (Apr. 8, 2002)) (internal quotation
marks omitted). USPS then notes that OPM specifically disclaims authority over USPS
personnel files, and contends that, by comparing its control over FECA records to OPM’s
control over personnel records, DOL must have been conceding that its control over
FECA records does not extend to USPS files. Id. But DOL plainly has not disclaimed
authority over FECA records in USPS’s possession. Instead, in its 2002 statement, DOL
appears to be pointing out that its authority over the FECA system of records is generally
similar to OPM’s authority over personnel records, and (in particular) that its authority
extends to files held by other agencies. See 5 C.F.R. § 293.301 (2012). Furthermore, OPM
disclaims authority over USPS personnel files because USPS has an independent person-
nel system. See 39 U.S.C. § 410(a). In contrast, USPS does not have an independent
employee compensation system, but rather is subject to FECA.

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                         36 Op. O.L.C. 217 (2012)

Privacy Act].” 5 U.S.C. § 552a(v) (2006). One OMB Privacy Act guid-
ance document recognizes the category of government-wide systems of
records, and directs other agencies not to publish their own systems of
records that duplicate such government-wide systems:
        Governmentwide Systems of Records. Certain agencies publish
     systems of records containing records for which they have govern-
     mentwide responsibilities. The records may be located in other agen-
     cies, but they are being used under the authority of and in conform-
     ance with the rules mandated by the publishing agency. . . . Agencies
     should not publish systems of records that wholly or partly duplicate
     existing governmentwide systems of records.
OMB Circular A-130, Transmittal No. 1, Management of Federal In-
formation Resources, 58 Fed. Reg. 36,068, 36,078 (July 2, 1993).
Under this guidance, agencies may not publish—and therefore cannot
utilize—separate routine uses for records that are part of a government-
wide system maintained by another agency. See 5 U.S.C. § 552a(b)(3)
(permitting routine uses as “described under subsection (e)(4)(D),”
which requires their publication in systems-of-records notices). OMB’s
guidance thus seeks to ensure that the only routine use disclosures of
records in government-wide systems will be those established in the
relevant system-of-records notice.
   OMB expanded on this guidance in a later document implementing a
presidential memorandum issued by President Clinton on May 14, 1998,
which directed heads of executive departments and agencies to conduct,
“in accordance with instructions to be issued by [OMB],” a variety of
tasks related to Privacy Act requirements. Memorandum on Privacy and
Personal Information in Federal Records (May 14, 1998), 1 Pub. Papers
of Pres. William J. Clinton 759, 759 (1998). OMB’s subsequent instruc-
tions stated in part:
     [A]gency systems of records should not duplicate or be combined
     with those systems which have been designated as “government
     wide systems of records.” A government wide system of records is
     one for which one agency has regulatory authority over records in
     the custody of many different agencies. . . . Such government-wide
     systems ensure that privacy practices with respect to those records
     are carried out in accordance with the responsible agency’s regula-

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           Authority of DOL to Control FECA Records Held by USPS

     tions uniformly across the federal government. For example, a civil-
     ian agency subject to the personnel rules of the Office of Personnel
     Management should manage its official personnel folders in accord-
     ance with the government wide notice published by OPM for those
     records, OPM/GOVT-1. The custodial agency need not, and should
     not, publish a system of records which covers the same records.
Memorandum for Heads of Departments and Agencies from Jacob J. Lew,
Director, OMB, Re: Instructions on Complying with President’s Memo-
randum of May 14, 1998, “Privacy and Personal Information in Federal
Records” att. B (Jan. 7, 1999) (“Memorandum 99-05”).
   These OMB documents demonstrate that DOL’s assertion of authority
over FECA records is consistent not only with FECA, but also with the
purposes of the Privacy Act, as interpreted by OMB in Circular A-130 and
Memorandum 99-05. DOL’s designation of DOL/GOVT-1 as a govern-
ment-wide system of records, see supra pp. 224–225; 67 Fed. Reg. at
16,825, comports with OMB’s definition, see Memorandum 99-05, att. B
(defining government-wide system of records as a system including
records for which a single agency has government-wide responsibilities).
Thus, under the terms of OMB’s guidance, DOL/GOVT-1 should be the
sole system that includes FECA records, in order to ensure uniform priva-
cy protection for such records across the government. See Memorandum
99-05, att. B (“[G]overnment-wide systems ensure that privacy practices
with respect to those records are carried out in accordance with the re-
sponsible agency’s regulations uniformly across the federal govern-
ment.”). DOL’s FECA regulations further these Privacy Act objectives.
   We do not determine here, however, whether OMB’s guidance either
binds USPS or provides an independent source of authority for DOL’s
exclusive control over FECA records. As USPS points out, while the
Privacy Act itself applies to the Postal Service, “no regulation issued
under [the Privacy Act] shall apply to the Postal Service unless expressly
made applicable.” 39 U.S.C. § 410(b). According to USPS, the OMB
guidance fails this test. USPS Statement at 4. In our view, it is unclear
whether either Circular A-130 or Memorandum 99-05 has been “expressly
made applicable” to the Postal Service. Although the relevant portion of
Circular A-130, appendix I, does not mention USPS by name, it defines
“agency” by express cross-reference to the Privacy Act, which includes

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                               36 Op. O.L.C. 217 (2012)

USPS within its definition of “agency.” See 5 U.S.C. § 552a(a)(1). 9 Circu-
lar A-130 also states that it “applies to all agencies subject to the Act.” 58
Fed. Reg. at 36,075 (emphasis added). Memorandum 99-05, for its part,
likewise uses the term “agency” without specifically mentioning USPS,
but does so while discussing Privacy Act obligations, which (given the
Privacy Act’s inclusion of USPS in its definition of “agency”) might
include USPS. Memorandum 99-05, att. B. It is thus not immediately
apparent whether the guidance in either document has been made “ex-
pressly applicable” to USPS. As set forth in Part II.A above, however,
FECA by itself gives DOL the authority to control the disclosure of FECA
records held by USPS. Accordingly, we need not decide whether OMB’s
regulations independently give DOL the same authority. 10

                                           C.

   USPS’s final argument is that the NLRA requires it to maintain a rou-
tine use permitting disclosure of FECA records to labor unions. USPS
points out that it is the “only federal entity subject to the National Labor
Relations Act,” a statute that governs certain aspects of the employer-
employee relationship, including collective bargaining. USPS Statement
at 7. 11 USPS argues that the NLRA requires it “to provide unions with
otherwise confidential information”—including FECA records—“when
that information is relevant to the unions’ role in collective bargaining.”

   9  The Privacy Act’s definition of “agency” cross-references and incorporates by refer-
ence the FOIA definition of “agency” in 5 U.S.C. § 552(e), which, after amendment, is
now contained in 5 U.S.C. § 552(f )(1) (2006). See Pub. L. No. 99-570, § 1802(b), 100
Stat. 3207, 3207-49 (1986); Pub. L. No. 104-231, § 3, 110 Stat. 3048, 3049 (1996). There
is no dispute that FOIA’s definition of “agency” covers USPS.
    10 DOL also devotes a substantial portion of its OMB submission to arguing that, un-

der the Privacy Act’s compatibility requirement, “routine use” disclosures are permissi-
ble only for purposes closely related to the purpose for which records were collected,
and that some of USPS’s routine uses—including the one providing for disclosures of
FECA records related to collective bargaining—do not meet this standard. See DOL
Statement at 6. Our conclusion that FECA gives DOL authority to control disclosure of
FECA records means that, whether or not USPS’s routine uses satisfy the compatibility
requirement, USPS may not promulgate its own routine uses for FECA records. Thus, we
need not resolve this issue here.
    11 Other federal entities are covered by the Federal Service Labor-Management Rela-

tions Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 7101–7135 (2006 & Supp. V 2011).

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            Authority of DOL to Control FECA Records Held by USPS

Id. at 8. USPS thus concludes that it must be authorized to establish a
routine use permitting, “[a]s required by applicable law,” disclosure of
OWCP records “to a labor organization when needed by that organization
to perform its duties as the collective bargaining representative of Postal
Service employees.” 70 Fed. Reg. at 22,521; see USPS Statement at 9.
   For two reasons, we do not believe that the NLRA gives USPS authori-
ty to establish a routine use permitting disclosure to labor unions for
purposes related to collective bargaining. First, as set forth above, FECA
gives DOL broad authority over the FECA process, including the power
to control disclosure of FECA records. The NLRA, in contrast, does not
directly address the disclosure of FECA records, and nothing in its text
suggests that it should be read to displace DOL’s authority over the gov-
ernment-wide FECA system of records. As a result, the best way to har-
monize DOL’s broad authority over FECA records with the possibility
that the NLRA (or some other statute) might sometimes require those
records’ disclosure is to presume that the entity with control of the rec-
ords—DOL—will authorize the disclosure of FECA records when and if
disclosure is in fact required. See infra note 14. USPS’s potential disclo-
sure obligations under the NLRA, in other words, do not give rise to an
inference that USPS must have independent authority to promulgate
routine uses for FECA records.
   Second, as a practical matter, the potential for conflict between USPS’s
obligations under the NLRA and FECA is insufficient to support an
inference that Congress intended to authorize USPS to control disclosure
of the FECA records in its possession. It is true that the NLRA imposes
on employers a duty to “bargain collectively,” 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(5)
(2006), which includes a broad obligation “to provide relevant infor-
mation needed by a labor union for the proper performance of its duties as
the employees’ bargaining representative.” Detroit Edison Co. v. NLRB,
440 U.S. 301, 303 (1979); see also USPS Statement at 8. But this duty
requires the provision of information, not particular documents, and it is
not absolute. See, e.g., Detroit Edison, 440 U.S. at 318 (the duty to dis-
close information can be outweighed by legitimate privacy interests in the
requested information); cf. NLRB v. U.S. Postal Serv., 841 F.2d 141, 146
(6th Cir. 1988) (“NLRB I ”) (applying Detroit Edison to evaluate privacy
interests involved in disclosure of records covered by USPS collective
bargaining routine use); NLRB v. U.S. Postal Serv., 660 F.3d 65, 66 (1st

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                                36 Op. O.L.C. 217 (2012)

Cir. 2011) (“NLRB II ”) (USPS employees have a “legitimate and substan-
tial privacy interest in their test scores,” which the NLRB must balance
against the union’s interests); id. at 77 (USPS’s routine use authorizing
disclosure of certain records neither mandates disclosure nor “defeat[s] all
expectations of privacy” in the covered information). 12 To be sure, em-
ployers cannot simply refuse to give unions sensitive information; rather,
employers must accommodate a union’s reasonable request for infor-
mation while protecting the privacy interests involved by, for example,
obtaining employee consent to disclosure, redacting records, or submitting
records in a summary format. See, e.g., Detroit Edison, 440 U.S. at 317
(consent); Oil, Chem. & Atomic Workers, Local Union No. 6 v. NLRB,
711 F.2d 348, 363 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (redaction); U.S. Testing Co. v. NLRB,
160 F.3d 14, 21 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (redaction); Pa. Power & Light Co., 301
N.L.R.B. 1104, 1107 (1991) (summary).
   Relevant here, the privacy interests in FECA records, which often in-
clude medical reports, are substantial. See DOL Statement at 7; see also,
e.g., U.S. Testing, 160 F.3d at 21; Oil, Chem. & Atomic Workers, 711 F.2d
at 363. And, in most (if not all) cases, a union’s need for information
about FECA claims in collective bargaining will not require receipt of
individual FECA records of a given employee, but instead will be capable
of satisfaction through a compilation, summary, or aggregation of anony-
mized information concerning one or more employees. 13 It thus seems

   12 USPS itself has recognized that the NLRA’s disclosure obligation is not absolute.

See NLRB II, 660 F.3d at 68 (referencing USPS argument that the NLRA did not require it
“to release employee test scores unconditionally under the routine use exception”). The
cases USPS cites in its OMB submission are not to the contrary. Three of those cases
recognize that the NLRA’s disclosure obligations are not absolute. See NLRB v. U.S.
Postal Serv., 888 F.2d 1568, 1572 & n.3 (11th Cir. 1989) (the NLRA’s disclosure obliga-
tions do not absolutely require disclosure of all relevant information in all cases); NLRB I,
841 F.2d at 146 (“[T]he union’s right to disclosure of relevant information is not abso-
lute.”); U.S. Postal Serv. v. Nat’l Ass’n of Letter Carriers, 9 F.3d 138, 144 (D.C. Cir.
1993) (“Letter Carriers”) (noting the Detroit Edison exception to the NLRA’s disclosure
requirement); id. at 149–50 (Randolph, J., dissenting) (same). The fourth case denied
enforcement of an NLRB order requiring disclosure of certain personnel files on the
grounds that they were not needed for collective bargaining, and thus did not consider
Detroit Edison balancing. See NLRB v. U.S. Postal Serv., 128 F.3d 280, 283–85 (5th Cir.
1997).
   13 There may be circumstances in which a specific FECA record is essential to deter-

mination of an employee’s individual grievance; and because an employer’s obligation to

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               Authority of DOL to Control FECA Records Held by USPS

likely that the balance between privacy interests and the union’s need for
information would not generally require the disclosure of the records
under Detroit Edison. Cf. 440 U.S. at 319 (weighing the “sensitive nature”
of the information requested in that case against the “minimal burden”
that a privacy-protecting accommodation would have placed on the un-
ion). 14 The very limited potential for conflict between USPS’s NLRA
obligations and DOL’s FECA regulations is a further reason why we
would not treat Congress’s decision to apply the NLRA to USPS as an

provide information extends through the term of any collectively bargained agreement,
see NLRB v. Acme Indus. Co., 385 U.S. 432, 436 (1967), the NLRA might require disclo-
sure of the record to a union assisting an employee with his or her grievance. However,
the Privacy Act authorizes the disclosure of FECA records to a union in that setting with
employee consent. See 5 U.S.C. § 552a(b).
     14 If a situation did arise in which the Detroit Edison balance tipped in favor of disclo-

sure of a FECA record, DOL would have to consider how best to reconcile the NLRA
with the Privacy Act. The NLRA might be interpreted as either (i) requiring DOL to
create a routine use permitting disclosure in such circumstances (if concerns about the
Privacy Act’s compatibility requirement could be overcome); or (ii) in effect creating a
statutory exception to the Privacy Act’s general confidentiality requirement, a kind of
legislatively created routine use, permitting disclosure in those circumstances. Cf. Privacy
Act Guidelines, 40 Fed. Reg. 28,949, 28,954 (July 9, 1975) (disclosures expressly re-
quired by laws other than FOIA are “in effect congressionally-mandated ‘routine uses’”);
Letter Carriers, 9 F.3d at 143 (opinion of Silberman, J.) (USPS could have an obligation
under the NLRA to publish a routine use); Dep’t of Def. v. FLRA, 510 U.S. 487, 506 n.3
(1994) (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (suggesting that agencies have discretion to publish
their routine uses, but noting possibility of obligatory routine uses raised in Letter Carri-
ers). On the other hand, it may be that under the PRA, the NLRA would not in fact
require USPS to disclose FECA records to a union if doing so would violate DOL’s
FECA regulations. The PRA states that USPS’s “[e]mployee-management relations shall
. . . be subject to” the NLRA only “to the extent not inconsistent with the provisions of
[title 39].” 39 U.S.C. § 1209(a) (2006); DOL Reply at 3. Title 39, in turn, subjects USPS
to both the Privacy Act and FECA. The PRA might thus be interpreted to require USPS to
comply with the NLRA generally, but to make an exception to the extent that the NLRA
required a disclosure barred under the Privacy Act or FECA. Cf. Letter Carriers, 9 F.3d at
147 (Williams, J., concurring) (noting possibility that the PRA may require NLRA
disclosures only to the extent not barred by the Privacy Act). While the application of
OMB’s Privacy Act guidance to USPS is uncertain, see supra Part II.B, FECA, as admin-
istered by DOL pursuant to its statutory authority, plainly prohibits USPS from disclosing
FECA records in contravention of DOL’s FECA regulations. Accordingly, under the
PRA, USPS is arguably not required to disclose FECA records in contravention of DOL’s
FECA regulations promulgated under FECA. This is, however, another issue we are not
required to resolve.

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                               36 Op. O.L.C. 217 (2012)

indicator that USPS must have authority to regulate the disclosure of the
FECA records in its possession. 15

                                           III.

   In sum, we conclude that DOL has authority to control the disclosure of
FECA records, including those in the possession of USPS, and that DOL’s
exercise of this authority is consistent with and furthers the purposes of
the Privacy Act. We further conclude that USPS is not separately author-
ized to control the disclosure of FECA records by virtue of its independ-
ent status within the federal government, or by the NLRA.

                                             VIRGINIA A. SEITZ
                                           Assistant Attorney General
                                            Office of Legal Counsel

    15 USPS also claims that it may be required to disclose FECA records in proceedings

before the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) and the
United States Merit Systems Protection Board (“MSPB”), and that limiting disclosure in
such proceedings would be “unworkable and contrary to Congressional intent.” USPS
Statement at 6–7. However, USPS does not point to any provision in the statutes estab-
lishing the EEOC or the MSPB that would confer disclosure authority on USPS, let alone
override the authority conferred on DOL by FECA. We further note that DOL has already
published a routine use that allows the production of otherwise private records to a “court
or adjudicative body” where such disclosure is necessary. 77 Fed. Reg. at 1730. It may be
that the EEOC and the MSPB would constitute “adjudicative bod[ies]” and therefore that
such disclosures are already authorized.

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