Court Opinion

ID: 9939449
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-09 21:14:23.781311+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:41:14.182138
License: Public Domain

02/09/2024
         IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT NASHVILLE
                          Assigned on Briefs October 10, 2023

         STATE OF TENNESSEE v. CHARLES TIMOTHY ROWDEN

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lawrence County
                     No. 35135 Christopher V. Sockwell, Judge
                      ___________________________________

                            No. M2023-00262-CCA-R3-CD
                        ___________________________________

A Lawrence County jury convicted the Defendant, Charles Timothy Rowden, of first
degree felony murder, second degree murder, especially aggravated robbery, and
aggravated arson. The trial court merged the two murder convictions and imposed an
effective sentence of life without the possibility of parole. On appeal, the Defendant asserts
that: (1) the trial court erred when it did not instruct the jury that the Defendant’s girlfriend
was an accomplice as a matter of law; (2) the evidence is insufficient to support his
convictions; and (3) his attorney was ineffective. After review, we affirm the trial court’s
judgments and remand for entry of an additional judgment form.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed
                                  and Remanded

ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN W.
CAMPBELL, SR., and KYLE A. HIXSON, JJ., joined.

John S. Colley, III, Columbia, Tennessee, for the appellant, Charles Timothy Rowden.

Jonathan Skrmetti, Attorney General and Reporter; Benjamin A. Ball, Senior Assistant
Attorney General; Brent A. Cooper, District Attorney General; and Christi L. Thompson
and Gary M. Howell, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of
Tennessee.

                                          OPINION
                                           I. Facts

       This case arises from a January 21, 2018 residential fire that killed Connis Blake,
the victim. Investigation of the fire led to the Lawrence County grand jury indicting the
Defendant for first degree premeditated murder, first degree felony murder, especially
aggravated robbery, conspiracy to commit first degree murder, and aggravated arson.

                                         A. Trial

       At the State’s request, the trial court dismissed the conspiracy charge, and the case
proceeded to trial, at which the parties presented the following evidence: After work on
the night of January 20, 2018, Brandon Blake, the victim’s son, and his girlfriend, Lindsay
Taylor, went to the victim’s home on Ethridge Red Hill Road in Lawrence County,
Tennessee. When Mr. Blake arrived, he found the victim, almost asleep, on the couch.
The victim was happy to see Mr. Blake, and they spoke for some time before Mr. Blake
needed to go home. It was approximately 1:52 a.m. when Mr. Blake left the victim’s home.

       As he left, Mr. Blake told the victim he would lock the front door behind him. The
victim responded, “No, don’t worry about it[,] I’ve got somebody coming.” Mr. Blake
made two stops on his way home. Once home, at about 3:30 a.m., he received a phone call
notifying him that the victim’s house was on fire. Mr. Blake immediately drove back to
the victim’s home and found the house “up in flames.” He described the scene saying,
“you couldn’t see the house for the fire.” The victim’s Ford Explorer was parked in the
same place it had been earlier that night. After the firefighters extinguished the fire, the
Fire Marshal notified Mr. Blake that the victim’s remains were found in the house.

        The victim had been alone when Mr. Blake had stopped by the residence after work.
Mr. Blake noted that, at times, a woman named Sonya Beard had lived at the residence
with the victim. Mr. Blake described the victim and Ms. Beard’s relationship as “off and
on” and “odd.” At the time of the fire, Mr. Blake believed that the victim and Ms. Beard
were not “together,” but that Ms. Beard likely still had personal belongings in the house.
Mr. Blake estimated that Ms. Beard had been out of the house for a couple of days before
the fire. Mr. Blake confirmed that the victim was an alcoholic and smoked regularly. He
had smelled alcohol on the victim when he saw the victim earlier that night.

       Lindsay Taylor, Mr. Blake’s girlfriend, testified about returning to the victim’s
house after notification of the fire. She recalled that law enforcement drew her attention
to a watch, a knife, and a bag that were found in the yard outside the house. The bag,
containing some of Ms. Beard’s belongings, was lying under the victim’s Ford Explorer.
The watch was found lying on the ground between the house and the driveway, and the
knife was located next to the front tire of the Ford Explorer. Ms. Taylor identified the
watch in a photograph that the trial court entered into evidence as exhibit 8. Ms. Taylor
recognized the knife as one she had seen in the victim’s kitchen. Ms. Taylor confirmed
that she had not seen any of these items lying outside when they left the victim’s house at
1:52 a.m.
                                             2
        Latonya Durham testified that in the early morning hours of January 21, 2018,
Latonya Durham was driving home from her job at Lawrence County Hospital to
Savannah, Tennessee. She drove westbound on Highway 64 when she noticed “an usual
glow” in the darkness. Ms. Durham turned down a side road, confirmed that the glow was
a fire, and called 911. Ms. Durham pulled into the victim’s driveway and noticed the fire
was “more toward the front porch area,” not seeing any flames “toward the end of the
home.” While still on the phone with 911, Ms. Durham exited her vehicle and walked to
the house to see if she could hear anyone calling for help. Within a matter of minutes,
flames shot through the roof and Ms. Durham backed away from the house. The fire was
so intense that Ms. Durham got back into her car and moved to the side of the road.

        The 911 operator instructed Ms. Durham to wait at the scene until emergency
personnel arrived. Ms. Durham concluded her call with the 911 operator and then saw the
porch roof collapse. She estimated that five to ten minutes elapsed between the flames
breaking through the roof and the porch roof collapsing. Ms. Durham described a light
pole at the end of the road and a wire that ran from the corner of the victim’s home to the
light pole. She saw the electrical wires begin “sparking,” and she moved down the road
away from it. Ms. Durham filmed a portion of the fire, and the State played the recording
for the jury. Ms. Durham testified that her work day ended at a few minutes after 3:00 a.m.
that morning, and she confirmed that she placed the 911 call at about 3:35 a.m.

       Krystal Risner testified that she and the Defendant were in a romantic relationship
and lived together in Waynesboro, Tennessee, at the time of these events. Ms. Risner also
knew the victim and had been to his house to buy marijuana “a couple of times.” The
Defendant had gone with Ms. Risner to the victim’s house on those occasions, but he had
remained in the car while she went inside.

       On the night of the fire, the Defendant and Ms. Risner were in their home in
Waynesboro when the Defendant told Ms. Risner that he wanted to go to the victim’s house
and “rob the man.” Ms. Risner told the Defendant she did not want to go, but he told her,
“Yes, you’re going.” Ms. Risner drove the Defendant to the victim’s house but “passed
the house a couple of times” because she did not “want to turn into the house.” The
Defendant instructed her to turn the car around and pull into the driveway. She did so, and
then the Defendant told Ms. Risner to “sit there and not move.” The Defendant walked
around the front of the car to the porch of the victim’s house. Ms. Risner pulled the car
around to the side of the house next to another “bigger” vehicle that obscured her view of
the victim’s house. In this new location she was unable to see “[any]thing” with respect to
the Defendant’s whereabouts.

                                            3
       Ms. Risner recalled that the victim’s porch light was illuminated when they arrived,
but the Defendant unscrewed the lightbulb. Because of her obscured view of the victim’s
house, the next time she saw the Defendant he was walking from the house toward her.
The Defendant took some items from a bag lying on the floorboard of the car and went
back to the house, leaving the passenger door open. With the car door open, Ms. Risner
heard the Defendant “scream,” “This is a robbery. You tell me where the stuff is, I won’t
hurt you.” She heard a gunshot and then nothing else. When the Defendant returned the
second time, “he was carrying stuff out.” He placed boxes with jewelry, watches, and
electronics on the back seat of their car. The Defendant proceeded to make several trips to
the house, each time returning with “more stuff.” Once the back seat of their car was
completely full, the Defendant took a bottle of lighter fluid from a garbage bag on the
passenger side floorboard.

       From her location inside the vehicle, Ms. Risner could see the front porch of the
victim’s house but not inside the house. The Defendant went inside the victim’s house
with the lighter fluid and then returned quickly looking for a lighter. He found a “Zippo”
and then went back to the victim’s house. That was the Defendant’s last trip inside the
house and when he returned to the vehicle, they drove home. As they drove away, Ms.
Risner saw, in the rearview mirror, flames through the living room window of the victim’s
house.

        As they drove back to Waynesboro, the Defendant told Ms. Risner, “he had to have
help, because [she] wouldn’t help him, and he hoped it didn’t bite him in the rear end.”
The Defendant never explained this statement, and it was all he said during the drive. The
car was dark, and the Defendant was preoccupied with something in his hand that Ms.
Risner was unable to see. As they drove along Highway 64, the Defendant threw
something out of the car window. At home, the Defendant told Ms. Risner that he did not
kill the victim but that he had “knocked him out.” Ms. Risner recalled more of the
conversation as follows:

      [The Defendant] said that [the victim] was laying [sic] down and [the
      Defendant] flipped him out of the recliner or chair or whatever it was. [The
      Defendant] said that he got down there on his hands and his knees and . . .
      looked at [the victim] and told [the victim] if he would tell [the Defendant]
      where the stuff was that he wouldn’t - - he wouldn’t hurt [the victim].”

The Defendant said that the victim did not respond to the Defendant when he made these
statements. The Defendant told Ms. Risner that he fired his gun above his head. Ms. Risner
did not ask the Defendant any questions because she was terrified and “didn’t want to
know.”

                                            4
        The State showed Ms. Risner trial Exhibit 8, the photograph of a watch recovered
at the scene. She confirmed that the watch looked like one that the Defendant had worn.
Ms. Risner identified blue “hospital gloves” in the photograph, stating that the Defendant
would put Vaseline on his dry, cracked hands and then put blue hospital gloves on his
hands over the Vaseline. Ms. Risner recalled that the Defendant wore blue hospital gloves
on the night they were at the victim’s house.

        On cross-examination, Ms. Risner agreed that she spoke with Tennessee Bureau of
Investigation (“TBI”) Special Agent Adam Barnes in August 2019. She did not recall
telling Special Agent Barnes that the Defendant entered the victim’s house three times.
She maintained that the Defendant went inside the victim’s house more than three times
and that the Defendant’s purpose in going to the victim’s house was to rob the victim. Ms.
Risner could not recall whether she told Special Agent Barnes that the Defendant went to
the victim’s house to steal pills.

       On February 15, 2018, Tennessee Department of Correction Community Service
Supervisor Shawn Reedy had a crew of inmates picking up trash along Highway 64 in
Wayne County, Tennessee. An inmate on the work detail found a Tennessee driver’s
license, a debit card, and a credit card on the roadside and gave them to Supervisor Reedy.
The cards were found on the shoulder of the westbound lanes going into Waynesboro. The
driver’s license and debit card bore the victim’s name, and the credit card was a prepaid
Visa that had no name on it. After the work crew finished and Supervisor Reedy had
returned to the penitentiary, he was instructed to deliver the found items to the Lawrence
County Sheriff’s Department.

       City of Columbia Assistant Fire Marshal Nathan Keeton served as the Ethridge
Volunteer Fire Department Chief. On January 21, 2018, he responded to a 3:35 a.m. call
about a residential fire. He arrived within ten minutes and found the house “engulfed.”
The fire had spread across Ethridge Red Hill Road and was “touching . . . the main power
lines.” Chief Keeton immediately requested “utilities [ ] be notified due to the heavy fire
conditions.”

        Due to the flames crossing the road and the utilities falling into the roadway, Chief
Keeton notified the other responders of a safer route for entry that delayed response to the
victim’s house. Chief Keeton confirmed that there were four tankers full of water to douse
the fire at the victim’s house. He testified that the Ethridge water tanker carried 1800
gallons of water and firefighters filled the tank ten times. The Ethridge tanker arrived at
the scene at 4:01 a.m. and it was around 7:00 a.m. before the “fire was down.” He
explained that the gas main in the house was “fully engulfed” with no way to turn it off.
Chief Keeton notified “utilities” who were also unable to turn it off. Ultimately they dug

                                             5
a ditch in the road to “clip the line to get it cut off.” It took approximately three hours to
mitigate the gas issue before firefighters could extinguish the entire fire.

       As firefighters worked to contain the fire, a law enforcement officer notified Chief
Reedy that there was possibly someone inside the house. Approximately fifteen minutes
after Chief Reedy arrived, he witnessed the southwest corner of the house collapse.

        TBI Fire Investigator Mike Zimmerman testified as an expert in the field of fire
investigation. Investigator Zimmerman arrived at the scene with Scooter, an accelerant
detecting canine, after the fire had been extinguished. Accelerant detecting canines are
trained to enter fire scenes where there is suspicion that an accelerant was used to start the
fire, and to detect the possible presence of an ignitable liquid. In this case, firefighters
suspected the use of an accelerant due to the “rapid-growth fire.” Scooter indicated, in the
area of the victim’s remains in the living room, the possible presence of an ignitable liquid.
Scooter also indicated in several places near the outer wall of the living room area.
Investigator Zimmerman collected samples from each of the three areas that Scooter had
indicated the possible presence of an accelerant and submitted the samples for further
testing at the TBI.

       Investigator Zimmerman explained that a canine’s olfactory gland was more
sensitive to scent than lab equipment. Water at the scene can also move a substance from
one place to another; however, in training Scooter has been able to alert to chemicals moved
by water. Due to concerns about the structural integrity of the flooring, Investigator
Zimmerman did not have Scooter search the entire house. In total, law enforcement
gathered seven samples of the fire debris from three locations.

       TBI Latent Print Examiner Hunter Greene testified as an expert in the field of latent
fingerprints. Mr. Greene received a knife collected at the crime scene and a driver’s
license, a paper copy of the driver’s license, a Walmart card, and a Visa card collected from
Highway 64. Mr. Greene processed the items and some ridges developed on the driver’s
license and credit cards, but the ridges were insufficient for identification purposes. Mr.
Greene also processed the knife for print evidence and did not develop any latent print
ridge detail.

      TBI Special Agent Lisa Burgee testified as an expert in the field of forensic biology.
Special Agent Burgee tested a watch, a latex glove, and a knife for DNA evidence.
Analysis revealed limited DNA profiles so her findings were inconclusive. Special Agent
Burgee conducted DNA testing on debris collected from the bathroom of the house and
found no useable DNA samples.

                                              6
        TBI Special Agent Lindsey Anderson testified as an expert witness in the field of
forensic science, specifically in the discipline of microanalysis. Special Agent Anderson
performed fire debris analysis on seven items of evidence collected at the scene, most of
which were charred wood from different areas on the premises and one metal strip from
the front door threshold. The first two items, charred wood from the front door area,
revealed the presence of a product that could not be positively identified or classified due
to the deteriorated condition of the samples. Two other pieces of charred wood from the
front door area revealed the presence of terpenes, which are present in turpentine and some
scented cleaners and naturally occurs in some wood products. Special Agent Anderson
stated that she would expect terpenes to be present in a burned wood sample because it is
present in wood; however, she reported the finding because there is the possibility that it
came from turpentine. The final three items tested included the metal door strip, and none
of the items revealed the presence of any ignitable liquid residue. Special Agent Anderson
clarified that this result did not eliminate the possibility that an ignitable liquid was used
because there is the possibility of a sampling error. She explained that the sample could
have been taken “just far enough away from where the [canine]” was indicating that the
accelerant was not represented in the sample. She stated that it was also possible that there
was total degradation of the accelerant in the fire.

        Forensic Medical Management Deputy Chief Medical Examiner Thomas Deering
testified as an expert witness in the field of forensic pathology and performed the autopsy
on the victim’s body. Dr. Deering described the victim’s body upon initial examination as
“severely burned, partially cremated.” The severity of the burns indicated “a really hot fire
that burned for a long time.” Dr. Deering stated that the victim’s body encountered heat
on all sides due to “charr[ing] all the way around.” What remained after the fire was
approximately thirty inches long and weighed approximately thirty pounds.

       Dr. Deering x-rayed portions of the remains and did not find any bullets. Next, Dr.
Deering inspected the organs and found no injury to the victim’s organs such as wounds
that might result from a stab wound. Further, he found no indication of coronary artery
disease, emphysema, or any significant natural disease that might have caused death. Dr.
Deering believed he saw soot on the airways leading to the lungs but could not be certain
due to damage from the “body [being] really heated for a long time” which caused
“everything [to] get[] darkened.” In this case, Dr. Deering did not have any blood to test
to measure levels of carbon monoxide, so he extracted liver tissue to submit to the lab. Dr.
Deering was unable to secure information from the confirmation test of the liver tissue to
conclude whether the victim died of smoke inhalation or another cause before the fire.

       Because Dr. Deering was unable to determine if the death was fire-related or
occurred prior to the fire, he ultimately concluded that the cause and manner of death in
this case was undetermined.
                                              7
       TBI Special Agent Adam Barnes was the lead investigator in this case. In the early
morning hours of January 21, 2018, Special Agent Barnes learned of the fire and arrived
at the crime scene at around 7:00 a.m. The Fire Department had the fire suppressed and
were misting the area where a gas line had been breached and there was a “shooting flame
going north . . . to the road.” Firefighters had not yet recovered the body, but family
members had indicated someone was in the house. Special Agent Barnes stepped up onto
the porch and immediately saw the body. He observed the victim lying face down with his
right arm beneath him, in front of couch springs. There was debris on top of the victim’s
body. Based upon the state of the victim’s body, mostly bones, Special Agent Barnes
believed there had been “a very hot and intense fire” in the living room area.

       Special Agent Barnes surveyed the damage to the house and opined that the fire
began in the front door/ living room area to the east side of the house. He explained that
the entry area was completely consumed by fire whereas other areas of the house were not.
The living room area of the house had no roof, walls or flooring, only charred debris. There
was no flooring or floor joists around the victim’s body, indicating that there was a great
deal of heat in this area. The further officers inspected away from the body and living
room area, the more floor material was present. Special Agent Barnes requested Officer
Zimmerman and the arson canine detective to search the debris.

       After the canine search, officers collected samples for further testing. The victim’s
body was then removed from the scene. Underneath the victim’s body law enforcement
found rings and a hatchet with no handle. Special Agent Barnes opined that the handle of
the hatchet had likely been consumed by the fire.

       After the body had been removed, law enforcement surveyed the remainder of the
structure and found a heater in the kitchen area that one might insert in a fireplace. Law
enforcement interviewed the victim’s family members and learned that the heater did not
work. The electrical break box was also considered as a cause of the fire. In determining
the point of origin for the house fire, investigators look for the “lowest point of burn,” the
area with the most damage. In this case, Special Agent Barnes stated “it was obvious that
the point of origin [was] in that living room area.” Based upon the state of the victim’s
body, mostly bones, the duration of the fire, and the complete destruction of the flooring,
Special Agent Barnes believed there had been “a very hot and intense fire” in the living
room area that was “an incendiary fire.”

       Special Agent Barnes testified that, based upon his investigation, he believed it was
clear that an accelerant was involved. He explained that fires that involve an accelerant
are “high heat, high intense, and [ ] very fast fires.” He stated that fires burn “up and out”
and that this is the expected typical burn pattern. The use of an accelerant changes the burn
                                              8
pattern to more localized damage. In determining that the fire was started by an accelerant
he also considered witnesses’ accounts of the fire before firefighters arrived.

       Special Agent Barnes first spoke with Ms. Risner when he arrested the Defendant
on June 13, 2018. He spoke to Ms. Risner two to three weeks later in July 2018 and then
he did not speak with her again until August 2019. During this August 2019 interview,
Special Agent Barnes did not tell Ms. Risner any details related to the fire. The interview
was recorded, and the State played the recording for the jury. In the recording, Ms. Risner
recalled the Defendant stating that he did not kill the victim but knocked him out. Special
Agent Barnes confirmed that he had not told Ms. Risner about the hatchet found underneath
the victim’s body. Special Agent Barnes confirmed that Ms. Risner cried during the
interview as she recounted the events of that night.

       Special Agent Barnes identified a photograph of the knife found in the front yard in
front of the victim’s Ford Explorer. He also identified a photograph of the watch and the
blue latex glove recovered from the victim’s front yard.

       The trial court included the following, with regard to accomplice testimony, in the
jury instructions:

      T.P.I. CRIM. 42.09
      ACCOMPLICE

             An accomplice is a person who knowingly, voluntarily, and with
      common intent with the principal offender unites with him or her in the
      commission of the crime. If a witness was an accomplice in the crime, then
      his or her testimony must be corroborated. Corroborating evidence is that
      evidence, entirely independent of the accomplices testimony, which, taken
      by itself, leads to the inference not only that a crime has been committed but
      also that the defendant was implicated in it. This independent corroborative
      testimony must include some fact or circumstance that affects the
      defendant’s identity. Corroborative evidence may be direct or entirely
      circumstantial and it need not be adequate, in and of itself, to support a
      conviction. It is sufficient if the corroborative evidence fairly and
      legitimately tends to connect the defendant with the crime charged. It is a
      question for the jury to determine whether an accomplices testimony has
      been sufficiently corroborated. Accomplice testimony cannot be
      corroborated by another accomplice’s testimony.

            In this case it is a question for the jury to determine whether the
      witness, Kr[y]stal Risner, was an accomplice in this alleged crime. If you
                                            9
       find from the proof that the witness was an accomplice, then the defendant
       cannot be convicted upon the uncorroborated testimony of this witness. If
       you find that the witness was not an accomplice, then you will judge the
       weight to be given to her testimony just as you do that of the other witnesses
       in the case.

       After deliberation, the jury convicted the Defendant of the lesser-included offense
of second degree murder, and the charged offenses of first degree felony murder, especially
aggravated robbery, and aggravated arson. The trial court merged the two murder
convictions and imposed an effective sentence of life without the possibility of parole.

                            B. Motion for New Trial Hearing

       The Defendant filed a motion for new trial. As relevant to this appeal, the Defendant
alleged that the trial court erred in denying the Defendant’s oral motion for judgment of
acquittal and that he was entitled to a new trial because the verdict was against the weight
of the evidence. The Defendant filed an amended motion asserting ineffective assistance
of counsel because the Defendant’s trial attorney (“trial counsel”) had failed to call
witnesses identified by the Defendant. He also claimed that trial counsel had been
ineffective by not moving for acquittal or requesting jury instructions regarding the
uncorroborated testimony of Ms. Risner, who he claimed was an accomplice as a matter of
law.

       The Defendant called trial counsel as the only witness at the motion for new trial
hearing. Trial counsel testified that there was an in-chambers discussion about Ms.
Risner’s involvement in the case. He recalled the issue of Ms. Risner being an unindicted
accomplice and that, “we were all, basically, of the mindset that based on the evidence that
had come out so far in the trial that [she] would be an accomplice of fact.” He confirmed
that the trial court instructed the jury on Tennessee Pattern Instruction 42.09, referencing
accomplice testimony. Trial counsel reiterated that there was general agreement that Ms.
Risner was an accomplice in fact.

       Trial counsel testified that initially, three people were indicted as co-defendants in
this case. The State’s theory had been that the Defendant, Jimmy Dale Hogan, and Paul
McNeal had “roughed [the victim] up, robbed him, and then burned down his house. After
Ms. Risner’s 2019 interview, the State dismissed the indictments against Jimmy Dale
Hogan and Paul McNeal. Trial counsel stated that he wanted to introduce the dismissed
indictments and that he subpoenaed Ms. Beard and another man but was unable to serve
either witness. Trial counsel was hesitant regarding introduction of the dismissed

                                             10
indictments because he believed Ms. Risner’s testimony would rebut a defense theory
based upon the dismissed indictments.

       Following the hearing, the trial court issued a written order denying the motion for
new trial:

              This cause came to be heard on the Motion for New Trial filed by the
       Defendant whereby the Defendant originally argued that the Court did not
       instruct the jury on accomplice testimony when, in fact, upon review of the
       record as a whole, [the] Defendant acknowledged that the Court did instruct
       the jury on accomplice testimony and that the Court had addressed said issue.
       [The] Defendant renewed its motion for new trial in arguing that the Court
       committed a reversible error when it declined to find [Ms.] Risner to be an
       accomplice as a matter of law as to Counts 2 and 3 (First Degree
       Murder/Felony Murder and Especially Aggravated Robbery). [The]
       Defendant alleges that the Court’s reasoning that there was some issue as to
       whether Ms. Risner knew the Defendant planned to commit a murder would
       not apply to Counts 2 and 3, since Ms. Risner herself testified at trial that the
       Defendant knew they were going to Lawrence County to rob a man that night.
       The Court finds there was ample evidence that her participation was not
       voluntary, nor did the parties’ share common intent, as per her testimony.
       The Court relied upon the case of Bland v. State, WL 3793697, see State v.
       Green, 915 S.W.2d 827, 831 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); State v. Lawson, 794
       S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. Crim. App[]. 1990). When evidence is unclear, it
       becomes a question of fact for the jury to determine whether the witness is
       an accomplice and, if so, whether there is corroborating evidence to support
       the witness’s testimony. See Green, 915 S.W2d at 831-32. Thus, it became
       a jury question as to whether she was an accomplice, especially considering
       her testimony concerning duress and coercion during the time span of her
       involvement. In Bland, the Court found that:

              The evidence at trial was not clear and undisputed that
              Christopher Williams participated in the crime. Williams
              testified that he was not armed, that he remained in the alley,
              and that he did not know the defendant was going to kill the
              victim, as the plan had been for the defendant to just shoot the
              victim in the legs and rob him. We conclude, therefore, that
              the trial court properly found that whether Williams was an
              accomplice was a question of fact to be determined by the jury.
              The defendant is not entitled to relief on the basis of this issue.

                                              11
              The defendant in Bland had alleged that the trial court erred by
       denying his request to instruct the jury that Christopher Williams was an
       accomplice as a matter of law due to his participation. Participation in
       knowing that a crime was being committed does not in and of itself make the
       individual an accomplice as a matter of law. As stated previously, it may be
       a jury question. For this reason, [the] Defendant’s Motion for a New Trial is
       hereby denied.

                                         II. Analysis

       On appeal, the Defendant asserts that: (1) the trial court erred when it did not instruct
the jury that Ms. Risner was an accomplice as a matter of law; (2) the evidence is
insufficient to support his convictions; and (3) his attorney was ineffective.

                                 A. Accomplice Instruction

        The Defendant argues that the trial court erred when it failed to instruct the jury that
Ms. Risner was an accomplice as a matter of law. The State responds that the Defendant
has waived this claim because he failed to request the instruction. The record about this
issue is unclear because the discussion regarding this issue occurred in chambers and is not
part of the record before us. Counsel testified at the motion for new trial hearing that the
issue was not overlooked. It was discussed in-chambers, and the trial court determined that
Ms. Risner was not an accomplice as a matter of law. The trial court instructed the jury
consistent with the Tennessee Pattern Jury Instruction on accomplices. As such, we will
consider whether the trial court erred in this determination.

       “It is well-settled in Tennessee that a defendant has a right to a correct and complete
charge of the law so that each issue of fact raised by the evidence will be submitted to the
jury on proper instructions.” State v. Farner, 66 S.W.3d 188, 204 (Tenn. 2001) (citing
State v. Garrison, 40 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Teel, 793 S.W.2d 236, 249
(Tenn. 1990)). Accordingly, trial courts have the duty to give “a complete charge of the
law applicable to the facts of the case.” State v. Davenport, 973 S.W.2d 283, 287 (Tenn.
Crim. App. 1998) (citing State v. Harbison, 704 S.W.2d 314, 319 (Tenn. 1986)). An
instruction will be considered prejudicially erroneous only if it fails to submit the legal
issues fairly or misleads the jury as to the applicable law. State v. Faulkner, 154 S.W.3d
48, 58 (Tenn.2005) (citing State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 101 (Tenn. 1998)).

        An accomplice is defined as one who “knowingly, voluntarily, and with common
intent participates with the principal offender in the commission of the crime alleged in the
charging instrument.” State v. Griffis, 964 S.W.2d 577, 588 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). The
                                              12
test for determining whether a witness is an accomplice is whether the witness could be
indicted for the same offense as the defendant. See State v. Green, 915 S.W.2d 827, 831
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); State v. Lawson, 794 S.W.2d 363, 369 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).
When the evidence is clear and undisputed that a witness participated in the crime, then the
trial court must declare the witness to be an accomplice as a matter of law and instruct the
jury that the witness’s testimony must be corroborated. Lawson, 794 S.W.2d at 369. On
the other hand, when the evidence is unclear, it becomes a question of fact for the jury to
determine whether the witness is an accomplice and, if so, whether there is corroborating
evidence to support the witness’s testimony. Id.; see Green, 915 S.W.2d at 831-32.

        The evidence at trial was not clear and undisputed that Ms. Risner participated in
the crime. Ms. Risner testified that the Defendant told her she was driving him to the
victim’s house where he planned to rob the victim. She told him no, but he insisted. The
Defendant ordered Ms. Risner to stay in the car where she remained for the duration of the
offenses, and from her vantage point she was unable to see the Defendant’s movements
and actions inside the house. She did not know that the Defendant was going to set the
house on fire and kill the victim, as the Defendant had only stated an intent to rob the
victim. See State v. Bland, No. W2014-00991-CCA-R3-CD, 2015 WL 3793697 at *4
(Tenn. Crim. App. June 16, 2015), perm. app. denied (Tenn. October 15, 2015). Ms. Risner
testified to being terrified and an unwilling participant, saying that she even intentionally
drove past the house until the Defendant made her drive into the driveway. We conclude,
therefore, that the trial court properly found that Ms. Risner was not an accomplice as a
matter of law and that whether Ms. Risner was an accomplice was a question of fact to be
determined by the jury. The jury was so instructed. The Defendant is not entitled to relief
on this issue.

                              B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

        The Defendant asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions for
felony murder and especially aggravated robbery because the State failed to corroborate
the testimony of Ms. Risner, who he asserts was an accomplice and, as such, her testimony
required corroboration. The Defendant does not contend that the evidence failed to
establish the elements of the offenses, he argues only that no evidence corroborates Ms.
Risner’s testimony. The State responds that the evidence did not establish that Ms. Risner
was an accomplice and that, even if she were an accomplice, there was sufficient
corroboration to support the Defendant’s convictions.

       When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court’s standard
of review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the State,
“any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Tenn. R. App. P.
                                             13
13(e); State v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d
247, 276 (Tenn. 2002)). This standard applies to findings of guilt based upon direct
evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and circumstantial
evidence. State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999) (citing
State v. Dykes, 803 S.W.2d 250, 253 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990)). In the absence of direct
evidence, a criminal offense may be established exclusively by circumstantial evidence.
Duchac v. State, 505 S.W.2d 237, 241 (Tenn. 1973). “The jury decides the weight to be
given to circumstantial evidence, and ‘[t]he inferences to be drawn from such evidence,
and the extent to which the circumstances are consistent with guilt and inconsistent with
innocence, are questions primarily for the jury.’” State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn.
2006) (quoting Marable v. State, 313 S.W.2d 451, 457 (Tenn. 1958)). “The standard of
review [for sufficiency of the evidence] ‘is the same whether the conviction is based upon
direct or circumstantial evidence.’” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011)
(quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)).

        In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court should not re-weigh or
reevaluate the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).
Nor may this Court substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact from the
evidence. State v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Tenn. 1999) (citing Liakas v. State, 286
S.W.2d 856, 859 (Tenn. 1956)). “Questions concerning the credibility of witnesses, the
weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the
evidence are resolved by the trier of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn.
1997). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony
of the witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.”
State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). The Tennessee Supreme Court stated
the rationale for this rule:

       This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the
       jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
       demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be given
       to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d 523,
527 (Tenn. 1963)). This Court must afford the State of Tennessee the “‘strongest legitimate
view of the evidence’” contained in the record, as well as “‘all reasonable and legitimate
inferences’” that may be drawn from the evidence. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d at 775 (quoting
State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 279 (Tenn. 2000)). Because a verdict of guilt against a
defendant removes the presumption of innocence and raises a presumption of guilt, the
                                           14
convicted criminal defendant bears the burden of showing that the evidence was legally
insufficient to sustain a guilty verdict. State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 557-58 (Tenn.
2000) (citations omitted).

         The rule is well settled in Tennessee that a defendant cannot be convicted on the
uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice. Sherrill v. State, 321 S.W.2d 811, 814 (1959).
An accomplice is defined as “a person who knowingly, voluntarily, and with common
intent with the principal offender, unites in the commission of a crime.” Clapp v. State, 30
S.W. 214, 216 (1895). To corroborate the testimony of an accomplice, “there should be
some fact testified to, entirely independent of the accomplice’s evidence, which, taken by
itself, leads to the inference, not only that a crime has been committed, but also that the
defendant is implicated in it.” Clapp, 30 S.W. at 216. This corroboration must consist of
some fact or circumstance which affects the identity of the defendant. The necessary
corroboration, however, need be only rather slight circumstances. See, e.g., Bethany v.
State, 565 S.W.2d 900, 904 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978) (citing Garton v. State, 332 S.W.2d
169 (Tenn. 1960); Alexander v. State, 229 S.W.2d 331 (Tenn. 1950)). Furthermore, the
jury is to determine the degree of evidence necessary to corroborate the testimony of an
accomplice, and it is sufficient “if there is some other evidence fairly tending to connect
the defendant with the commission of the crime.” Clapp, 30 S.W. at 217.

        In this case, Ms. Risner testified that the Defendant told her she would drive him to
the victim’s house with his stated intent to rob the victim. Ms. Risner was unaware that
the Defendant would kill the victim and commit arson. The victim did not participate in
any of the criminal acts that the Defendant committed at the victim’s house and remained
in the car where the Defendant ordered her to stay. Ms. Risner testified that she was
terrified and did not inquire any further into the Defendant’s acts. The evidence supports
a jury’s conclusion that Ms. Risner did not voluntarily, with a common intent, participate
in the commission of the Defendant’s crimes. Even so, if the jury found Ms. Risner was
an accomplice, there was sufficient corroboration of her testimony.

        Ms. Risner testified that the Defendant told her he intended to rob the victim. She
stated the Defendant made numerous trips through the victim’s yard with items from the
victim’s house. Ms. Risner testified that the Defendant owned blue “hospital gloves” that
he commonly wore to moisturize his chapped hands. She recalled that the Defendant wore
blue “hospital gloves” the night of these crimes. Firefighters found items from the victim’s
house in the front yard of the residence including the remnant of a blue “hospital glove.”
Ms. Risner testified that the Defendant took an accelerant into the residence. Arson
investigation of the scene indicated the use of an accelerant to cause a fire of the intensity
of the fire at the victim’s house. Additionally, an accelerant detecting canine indicated the
presence of accelerant in the living room area of the house, the area of the house where the
victim was found and the area that received the most significant damage. Finally, Ms.
                                             15
Risner testified that, as they drove home, the Defendant was manipulating something in his
hands that she was unable to see. As they drove down Highway 64, the Defendant threw
some items out of the car window. Later, a corrections crew picking up trash along
Highway 64 found some of the victim’s items on the side of the road.

       Based on our review of the record, we conclude that there is sufficient corroborating
evidence which tends to connect the Defendant with the commission of the charged
offenses. The Defendant is not entitled to relief as to this issue.

                             C. Ineffective Assistance at Trial

       The Defendant next asserts that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. This
Court has consistently “warned defendants and their counsel of the dangers of raising the
issue of ineffective assistance of trial counsel on direct appeal because of the significant
amount of development and fact finding such an issue entails.” Kendricks v. State, 13
S.W.3d 401, 405 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). Raising the issue of ineffective assistance of
counsel on direct appeal is “a practice fraught with peril.” State v. Thompson, 958 S.W.2d
156, 161 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

        Nonetheless, our supreme court has stated that claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel may be presented on direct appeal and that the reviewing court must apply the
same standard as utilized for such claims in post-conviction proceedings. See State v.
Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 461 n. 5 (Tenn. 1999). Under the Sixth Amendment, when a claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel is made, the burden is on the petitioner to show (1) that
counsel’s performance was deficient and (2) that the deficiency was prejudicial. Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); see Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 368-72
(1993). In other words, a showing that counsel’s performance falls below a reasonable
standard is not enough; rather, the petitioner must also show that but for the substandard
performance, “the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466
U.S. at 694. The Strickland standard has been applied to the right to counsel under article
I, section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution. State v. Melson, 772 S.W.2d 417, 419, n. 2
(Tenn. 1989).

        A defendant will only prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel after
satisfying both prongs of the Strickland test. See Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 580
(Tenn. 1997). The performance prong requires a defendant raising a claim of
ineffectiveness to show that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness or “outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690. The prejudice prong requires a defendant to demonstrate that
“there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of
the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. “A reasonable probability is a
                                              16
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. Failure to satisfy either
prong results in the denial of relief. Id. at 697.

        In Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975), our Supreme Court decided
that attorneys should be held to the general standard of whether the services rendered were
within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases. Also, in
reviewing counsel’s conduct, a “fair assessment of attorney performance requires that
every effort be made to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the
circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s
perspective at the time.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Thus, the fact that a particular
strategy or tactic failed or even hurt the defense does not, alone, support a claim of
ineffective assistance. Deference is made to trial strategy or tactical choices if they are
informed ones based upon adequate preparation. See United States v. DeCoster, 487 F.2d
1197, 1201 (D.C. Cir. 1973).

        In the motion for new trial, the Defendant raised two issues with respect to trial
counsel’s representation: (1) trial counsel failed to call witnesses; and (2) trial counsel
failed to request jury instructions for an accomplice as a matter of law. In his brief, the
Defendant argues several claims not raised in the motion for new trial or addressed at the
hearing. The State contends that the appellant has waived these issues because they were
not included in the motion for a new trial. Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e). We agree with the State
and address only the issues raised in the motion for new trial and presented at the hearing.

       The Defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to call
witnesses to testify on the Defendant’s behalf at trial. The State responds that the
Defendant has failed to show trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call witnesses. We
agree with the State.

        As an initial note, the Defendant complains that trial counsel called no witnesses at
trial; however, Defendant did not present any testimony from potential witnesses at the
motion for new trial hearing. The Defendant only presented testimony from trial counsel.
Because the witnesses Defendant complains of did not testify at the hearing, the Petitioner
cannot show prejudice. See Black v. State, 794 S.W.2d 752, 757 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).
Neither the trial court nor this court can “speculate or guess” about whether such testimony
would have affected the outcome of the Defendant’s trial. See id. Therefore, the Defendant
failed to establish by clear and convincing evidence that trial counsel’s decision regarding
witnesses was deficient or caused the Defendant prejudice.

       The Defendant also argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a
jury instruction on corroboration of testimony from an accomplice as a matter of law. At
the motion for new trial hearing, trial counsel testified that the role of Ms. Risner was
                                             17
discussed in-chambers and, ultimately, the trial court determined that it was a question of
fact. Trial counsel stated that he agreed with the trial court’s determination and thus, he
did not request a jury instruction that Ms. Risner was an accomplice as a matter of law.
The trial court determined that it was a question of fact and so instructed the jury.

        The Defendant has failed to present evidence that trial counsel was deficient in this
respect. The trial court considered this issue and ultimately determined that Ms. Risner
was not an accomplice as a matter of law. Therefore, the Defendant has failed to show that
trial counsel would have prevailed had he challenged the trial court’s ruling.

                                   D. Judgment Forms

        A Lawrence County grand jury indicted the Defendant for first degree premeditated
murder (Count 1); first degree felony murder (Count 2), especially aggravated robbery
(Count 3); conspiracy to commit first degree murder (Count 4); and aggravated arson
(Count 5). Before trial, the State dismissed the Count 4. At the conclusion of the jury trial,
Defendant was convicted of all the remaining charges but, for Count 1, the jury convicted
the Defendant of the lesser-included offense of second degree murder. The trial court
merged Count 1 into Count 2. In doing so, the trial court entered one judgment form for
Count 2. In the “Special Conditions” box on the judgment form, the trial court included
“Count 1, conviction for second degree murder merges with Count 2, conviction for felony
first degree murder.

        In State v. Berry, 503 S.W.3d 360 (Tenn. 2015), the supreme court explained that
the proper procedure for entry of judgments in the event of merger of convictions is for the
trial court to enter a separate judgment in each count. The court explained:

       [W]hen two jury verdicts are merged into a single conviction, the trial court
       should complete a uniform judgment document for each count. The judgment
       document for the greater (or surviving) conviction should reflect the jury
       verdict on the greater count and the sentence imposed by the trial court. The
       judgment document for the lesser (or merged) conviction should reflect the
       jury verdict on the lesser count and the sentence imposed by the trial court.
       Additionally, the judgment document should indicate in the “Special
       Conditions” box that the conviction merges with the greater conviction. To
       avoid confusion, the merger also should be noted in the “Special Conditions”
       box on the uniform judgment document for the greater or surviving
       conviction.

Id. at 364. Therefore, on remand, the trial court should enter a judgment document for
Count 1, following the instructions of the supreme court.
                                             18
                                    III. Conclusion

        Accordingly, the judgments of the trial court are affirmed. We remand the case to
the trial court for the entry of corrected judgments reflecting proper merger.

                                            ____________________________________
                                                 ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE

                                           19