Court Opinion

ID: 1076627
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 20:19:45.234441+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:18:56.027930
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Baker, Annunziata and Overton
Argued at Norfolk, Virginia

ELBERT SMITH, JR.
                                           MEMORANDUM OPINION *
v.          Record No. 1004-96-1        BY JUDGE JOSEPH E. BAKER
                                              JULY 1, 1997
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

         FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH
                       Alan E. Rosenblatt, Judge
            Cal Thompson Bain, Senior Assistant Public
            Defender (Office of the Public Defender, on
            brief), for appellant.

            Eugene Murphy, Assistant Attorney General
            (James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General, on
            brief), for appellee.

     Elbert Smith, Jr. (appellant) appeals from his jury trial

convictions by the Circuit Court of the City of Virginia Beach

(trial court) for second degree murder and use of a firearm in

the commission of that felony.     The sole issue presented by this

appeal is whether the trial court erred when it sustained the

Commonwealth's hearsay objection to evidence that appellant

contends was not offered to prove the truth of the matter

asserted.    Finding no error, we affirm the judgment of the trial

court.

     As the parties are fully knowledgeable of the facts

contained in this record, we reference only those necessary to an

understanding of this opinion.     Upon familiar principles, the
     *
      Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not
designated for publication.
evidence is stated in the light most favorable to the

Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly

deducible therefrom.   Martin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438,

443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987).

     In a videotaped interview by the police, appellant gave four

varying versions of what he claimed occurred on the night the

victim was shot and killed.   First, he denied being present.

Next, he said that he and Diefen McGann (McGann) went to the

victim's place of employment to collect money that the victim

owed McGann; that after their arrival an unknown male entered and

shot the victim; and thereafter appellant and McGann fled the

scene.
     Later, appellant said that when he and McGann demanded

payment of the debt, the victim balked and "pulled out a pistol."

McGann and the victim exchanged shots and McGann shot the victim

three times.   Subsequently, appellant admitted that he had a gun

in his possession and that the victim had none.

     Lastly, appellant said that McGann fired a first shot at the

victim and the victim grabbed McGann's gun.   A struggle between

the two ensued during which McGann told appellant he was losing

his grip on the gun.   Appellant responded by drawing a knife from

a sweatshirt pocket, lunging at the victim, and telling the

victim to release the gun.    The victim released the gun.   McGann

then fired three shots that struck the victim.

     At trial, on cross-examination, appellant attempted to

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procure an answer from Detective J. T. Orr to the following

question:
            Q. Did McGann ever tell you that he saw a
            gun or [the victim] displayed a gun to him on
            the night of the 23rd--or the day of the 23rd
            when they were together?

In addition, appellant also wanted to ask Orr whether McGann told

Orr that the victim's "debt was for a car," and whether McGann

told Orr about the victim having a gun.   The Commonwealth

objected on the ground that the answer would have been

inadmissible hearsay.   The trial court advised appellant that the

answer would appear to have been sought "to establish a fact."

Appellant responded it was not offered to prove the truth thereof

but rather to show appellant's "state of mind" and "what he

believed about the situation he was going into."   The trial court

sustained the objection.   In his brief on appeal, appellant

argues that the question was not asked to establish "the truth of

the matter asserted" but rather to show corroboration of what

appellant said McGann had told him while they were on the way to

see the victim.
     The Supreme Court of Virginia has adopted the definition of

hearsay evidence contained in McCormick on Evidence § 246 at 584

(2d ed. 1972).
          "Hearsay evidence is testimony in court, or
          written evidence, of a statement made out of
          court, the statement being offered as an
          assertion to show the truth of matters
          asserted therein, and thus resting for its
          value upon the credibility of the
          out-of-court asserter."

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Stevenson v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 462, 465, 237 S.E.2d 779, 781

(1977).   "A clear example of hearsay evidence is where a witness

testifies to the declaration of another for the purpose of

proving the facts asserted by the declarant."      Williams v.

Morris, 200 Va. 413, 417, 105 S.E.2d 829, 832 (1958).
               The hearsay rule itself, is very simply
          stated: hearsay evidence is not admissible.
           This rule was recognized in Virginia as
          early as 1795, in the case of Claiborne v.
          Parrish. If the evidence offered is in fact
          hearsay within the accepted definition, it
          cannot be received in evidence unless it
          falls within one of the numerous exceptions
          set forth later in this chapter. The hearsay
          rule is therefore a rule of exclusion, which
          prevents the trier of fact from considering a
          great deal of otherwise relevant evidence.

Charles E. Friend, The Law of Evidence in Virginia § 18-1 (4th

ed. 1993).

     The issue here arose when, at trial, appellant's attorney

attempted to ask Detective Orr if McGann told him that the victim

had pulled a gun on January 23rd and if McGann told Orr that the

debt was for a car repair.   The Commonwealth objected to these

questions as calling for hearsay.    Appellant argued that the

answer to neither question was offered for the truth of the

matter asserted but to show corroboration of what appellant said

McGann told him while they were on the way to the body shop.     The

trial court sustained the Commonwealth's objection.

     The proponent of hearsay evidence has the burden of clearly

showing that it is admissible.     Clark v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App.
474, 480, 351 S.E.2d 42, 45 (1986).      In Meadows v. McClaugherty,

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167 Va. 41, 187 S.E. 475 (1936), the trial court was reversed

because it permitted the defendant to relate the contents of a

conversation he previously had with his brothers who were to

testify subsequent to the defendant.    Id. at 46-47, 187 S.E.2d
478.   The plaintiff had objected, arguing that the testimony was

hearsay and that it was an effort to corroborate the brothers'

anticipated testimonies.   In holding it was error to admit the

evidence for that purpose the Court said:
               The admissibility of corroborative
          evidence is fully discussed in Crowson v.
          Swan, 164 Va. 82, 92, 178 S.E. 898, [903
          (1935)] and the holding in that case is
          determinative of the question here presented.
           In the Crowson Case it was held error to
          admit the evidence of the father that his
          daughter, an infant eleven years of age,
          prior to the trial of the case had made the
          same statement to him that she made as a
          witness for the defendant.
               The action of the court in admitting the
          evidence of the defendant constitutes
          reversible error and necessitates a remand of
          the case for a new trial.

Meadows, 167 Va. at 48, 187 S.E. at 478-79.    In Crowson, the

Court said:
          It is a general and well-nigh universal rule
          that evidence of what a witness said out of
          court cannot be received to corroborate his
          testimony.

Crowson, 164 Va. at 94, 178 S.E. at 903 (citations omitted).

Similarly, evidence of what McGann said to Detective Orr out of

court cannot be received to corroborate what appellant, in his

videotaped interview, claimed McGann had told him.

       Appellant also contends that the answer to the question

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should have been admitted as an exception to the hearsay rule to

show his "state of mind."   We have found no authority, and

appellant has cited none, which supports the contention that Orr

should have been permitted to testify to statements made by

McGann for the purpose of showing appellant's state of mind.

     For the reasons stated, we hold that the trial court did not

err when it sustained the Commonwealth's objection, and its

judgment is affirmed.

                                                         Affirmed.

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