Court Opinion

ID: 4598576
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:21:34.373196+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:51:58.980094
License: Public Domain

CHARLES D. JAFFEE, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.  LOUIS J. JAFFEE, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.  JULIUS SCHWARTZ, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.  HARRY H. SCHWARTZ, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Jaffee v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 26587-26590.United States Board of Tax Appeals17 B.T.A. 675; 1929 BTA LEXIS 2263; September 28, 1929, Promulgated *2263  Assessment and collection of the tax involved herein are not barred by the statute of limitation.  Harry T. Lore, Esq., and Harvey L. Rabbitt, Esq., for the petitioner.  J. E. Mather, Esq., and J. A. Lyons, Esq., for the respondent.  LITTLETON*675  These proceedings, which were duly consolidated for hearing and decision, are for the determination of deficiencies asserted against the petitioners as transferees of the assets of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., for the years and in the amounts as follows: Fiscal year ended Oct. 31, 1919Fiscal year ended Oct. 31, 1920Charles D. Jaffee$22,708.85$9,686.58Louis J. Jaffee22,708.859,686.58Julius Schwartz22,708.859,686.58Harry H. Schwartz22,708.859,686.58A number of issues are raised by the pleadings, but the hearing was limited to the question whether assessment and collection of the tax are barred by the statute of limitation.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  The petitioners are the former stockholders of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., which was a corporation organized under laws of the State of New York in the year 1918 and was in course of dissolution when certain*2264  written consents here in question were signed.  Julius Schwartz was president of the corporation and Charles D. Jaffee was, during its entire corporate life, treasurer thereof.  The four petitioners constituted the board of directors.  The office of the corporation was at 880 Broadway, New York City.  On March 1, 1920, Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., filed an income and profits-tax return for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1919, and on *676  February 3, 1921, it filed an income and profits-tax return for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1920.  On March 2, 1922, at a meeting of the board of directors of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., the following resolution was adopted: RESOLVED, that in the opinion of this Board of Directors it is advisable to dissolve this corporation forthwith, in the manner prescribed by Section 221 of the General Corporation Law of the State of New York, and thata meeting of the stockholders be held at its office No. 880 Broadway, Borough of Manhattan, New York City, on the second day of March, 1922, at four o'clock in the afternoon, for the purpose of voting upon the proposition that the corporation be forthwith dissolved pursuant to waivers of such meeting, *2265  fixing the time and place thereof, signed by all the stockholders of the above Company as authorized by Section 42 of the General Corporation Law.  FURTHER RESOLVED, that unless notice of such meeting be waived by all the stockholders, the Secretary cause notice of such meeting to be held at its office, No. 880 Broadway, Borough of Manhattan, New York City, on the Fifth day of April 1922, at two o'clock in the afternoon, to be both published and served as prescribed by law.  FURTHER RESOLVED, that the President or Vice-President and Secretary execute a certificate showing the adoption of these resolutions and setting forth the proceedings of the said meeting of stockholders, and that they also attest the written consent of the stockholders that the corporation be dissolved, and execute and verify all statements required by law to dissolve the said corporation pursuant to the provisions of Section 221 of the General Corporation Law of the State of New York.  FURTHER RESOLVED, that the President, or Vice-President and the Secretary cause such certificate and consent to be filed in the office of the Secretary of State, together with a duly verified statement of the names and residences*2266  of the members of the existing Board of Directors and of the names and residences of the officers of the corporation, and all certificates and waivers of all notices required by law, and that the officers and Board of Directors of the corporation take such further action as may be required to effectuate the dissolution of the corporation and wind up its business affairs pursuant to Section 221 of the General Corporation Law of the State of New York.  On March 2, 1922, the stockholders of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., at a meeting duly called, adopted the following resolutions: RESOLVED, that the resolutions of the Board of Directors adopted at the meeting of the Board held on the second day of March, 1922, in favor of the immediate dissolution of this Company, be, and are hereby approved, and that we, the holders of 1668 shares of First Preferred Series A Stock; 13,289 shares of First Preferred Series B Stock; 100 shares of Second Preferred Stock and 31,561 shares of Common Stock of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., hereby consent that the said corporation be dissolved forthwith pursuant to the provisions of Section 221 of the General Corporation Law of the State of New York, and that the officers*2267  and directors of the company be and are hereby authorized to take all the necessary and proper action to effectuate such dissolution and to wind up the business affairs of the Company, and that we hereby signify our consent in writing to such dissolution in conformity with the provisions of said statute.  *677  RESOLVED, that the Board of Directors, at their meeting, or a majority of them, be and they hereby are authorized to act as Trustees for the purpose of winding up and liquidating the affairs of the corporation pursuant to statute.  On March 8, 1922, a certificate of dissolution setting forth the action taken by the stockholders and the board of directors of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., and having attached thereto a written consent of the stockholders to the dissolution of the corporation, and a statement of the names and addresses of the directors and officers, was filed with the Secretary of State of New York, who on the same day issued in duplicate a certificate which is in the words and figures following, to wit: STATE OF NEW YORK, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE, ss:THIS CERTIFICATE issued in duplicate, hereby certifies that SCHWARTZ & JAFFEE, INC., a domestic*2268  stock corporation, has filed in this office on this 8th day of March, 1922, papers for the voluntary dissolution of such corporation under section 221 of the General Corporation Law, and that it appears therefrom that such corporation has complied with said section in order to be dissolved.  WITNESS my hand and seal of office of the Secretary of State, at the City of Albany, this eighth day of March, one thousand nine hundred and twenty-two.  (Signed) C. W. TAFT, Second Deputy Secretary of State.A copy of said certificate was published once a week for two weeks in one or more newspapers published and circulated in the county in which the principal office of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., was located.  Only one meeting of the board of directors, acting as trustees for the stockholders, in the liquidation of the corporation, was held and the minutes of this meeting are as follows: SPECIAL MEETING of the Board of Directors acting as trustees for the stockholders in the liquidation of the corporation of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., held Tuesday, April 4th, 1922, at the office of the Company at #568 Broadway, New York City, 3:30 P.M.  PRESENT: Messrs. Julius Schwartz, L. J. Jaffee*2269  and C. D. Jaffee, constituting a majority of the Board of Directors.  Mr. Samuel Knopf, Advisory Director, was also present.  The President, Mr. Julius Schwartz, presided.  Mr. Samuel Knopf, Advisory Director, acted as Secretary of the meeting.  On motion duly made and seconded, it is RESOLVED that The Coal & Iron National Bank, N.Y.C.  The Philadelphia Nat'l. Bank, Phila., Pa.The National Park Bank, N.Y.C.  The Bank of America, N.Y.C.  The Bank of the Manhattan Co., N.Y.C.  *678  be and hereby are authorized to make payments from the funds of this Company on deposit with them, upon and according to the checks of this Company, only when signed jointly by the President, Mr. Julius Schwartz, and the Treasurer, Mr. C. D. Jaffee.  There being no further business, on motion duly made and seconded, the meeting was adjourned.  During the years 1924 and 1925 Charles D. Jaffee and Louis Jaffee were engaged in business at 45 West 18th Street, New York City, and Julius Schwartz and Harry H. Schwartz were engaged in business at the office theretofore occupied by Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., at 880 Broadway, New York City.  Jacob P. Raff, who was comptroller of Schwartz & Jaffee, *2270  Inc., prior to March 8, 1922, thereafter was employed by Charles D. Jaffee and Louis Jaffee from some time in 1922, though he continued to perform certain functions in connection with the dissolution of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc.  On December 23, 1924, the following written consent was executed: NEW YORK CITY, Dec. 23, 1924.INCOME AND PROFITS TAX WAIVER In pursuance of the provisions of existing Internal Revenue Laws, Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., a taxpayer of New York, New York, and the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, hereby consent to extend the period prescribed by law for a determination, assessment and collection of the amount of income, excess-profits, or war-profits taxes due under any return made by or on behalf of said taxpayer for the year ended October 31, 1919, under the Revenue Act of 1924, or under prior income, excess-profits, or war-profits tax Acts, or under Section 38 of the Act entitled "An Act to provide revenue, equalize duties, and encourage the industries of the United States, and for other purposes," approved August 5, 1909.  This waiver is in effect from the date it is signed by the taxpayer and will remain in effect for a period of one year after the*2271  expiration of the statutory period of limitation within which assessments of taxes may be made for the year or years mentioned, or the statutory period of limitation as extended by Section 277(b) of the Revenue Act of 1924, or by any waivers already on file with the Bureau.  (Signed) SCHWARTZ & JAFFEE, INC., Taxpayer.By CHARLES D. JAFFEE, Treas.D. H. BLAIR, Commissioner.On December 20, 1925, written consents were executed as follows: In pursuance of the provisions of existing Internal Revenue Laws, Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., a taxpayer of New York, N.Y., and the Commissioner of Internal Revenue hereby waive the time prescribed by law for making any assessment of the amount of income, excess profits, or war-profits taxes due under any return made by or on behalf of said taxpayer for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1919 under existing revenue acts, or under prior revenue acts.  This waiver of the time for making any assessment as aforesaid shall remain in effect until December 31, 1926, and shall then expire except that if a notice of a deficiency in tax is sent to said taxpayer by registered mail before said date and (1) no appeal is filed therefrom with*2272 the United States Board of Tax Appeals then said date shall be extended sixty days, or (2) if an appeal is filed with said Board then said date shall be extended by the number of days between the date of mailing of said notice of deficiency and the date of final decision by said Board.  (Signed) SCHWARTZ & JAFFEE, INC., Taxpayer.By C. D. JAFFEE, Treasurer.D. H. BLAIR, Commissioner.In pursuance of the provisions of existing Internal Revenue Laws, SCHWARTZ & JAFFEE, Inc., a taxpayer of New York, N.Y., and the Commissioner of Internal Revenue hereby waive the time prescribed by law for making any assessment of the amount of income, excess-profits, or war-profits taxes due under any return made by or on behalf of said taxpayer for the fiscal year ended October 31, 1920, under existing revenue acts, or under prior revenue acts.  This waiver of the time for making any assessment as aforesaid shall remain in effect until December 31, 1926, and shall then expire except that if a notice of a deficiency in tax is sent to said taxpayer by registered mail before said *679  date and (1) no appeal is filed therefrom with the United States Board of Tax Appeals, then*2273  said date shall be extended sixty days, or (2) if an appeal is filed with said Board then said date shall be extended by the number of days between the date of mailing of said notice of deficiency and the date of final decision by said Board.  (Signed) SCHWARTZ & JAFFEE, INC., Taxpayer.By C. D. JAFFEE, Treasurer.D. H. BLAIR, Commissioner.Charles D. Jaffee signed the three consents set forth above without the knowledge or specific authorization of the other directors of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc.  The corporate seal of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., was attached in each instance.  In April, 1926, the Commissioner assessed additional tax against Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., for the fiscal years ended October 31, 1919, and October 31, 1920, and a deficiency letter was mailed to Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., on May 26, 1926.  The deficiency letters herein were mailed to the petitioners on February 18, 1927.  OPINION.  LITTLETON: The respondent has asserted deficiencies against the petitioners as transferees of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., under section 280 of the Revenue Act of 1926, which provides, among other things, that: SEC. 280. (a) The amounts of the following liabilities*2274  shall, except as hereinafter in this section provided, be assessed, collected, and paid in the same *680  manner and subject to the same provisions and limitations as in the case of a deficiency in a tax imposed by this title (including the provisions in case of delinquency in payment after notice and demand, the provisions authorizing distraint and proceedings in court for collection, and the provisions prohibiting claims and suits for refunds): (1) The liability, at law or in equity, of a transferee of property of a taxpayer, in respect of the tax (including interest, additional amounts, and additions to the tax provided by law) imposed upon the taxpayer by this title or by any prior income, excess-profits, or war-profits tax Act.  * * * (b) The period of limitation for assessment of any such liability of a transferee or fiduciary shall be as follows: (1) Within one year after the expiration of the period of limitation for assessment against the taxpayer; or (2) If the period of limitation for assessment against the taxpayer expired before the enactment of this Act but assessment against the taxpayer was made within such period, - then within six years after the making*2275  of such assessment against the taxpayer, but in no case later than one year after the enactment of this Act.  The returns of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., for the fiscal years ended October 31, 1919, and October 31, 1920, were filed on March 1, 1920, and February 3, 1921, and the five-year periods for assessment against that company expired on March 1, 1925, and February 3, 1926.  Assessment was not made within that period and no deficiency was asserted against the alleged transferees within one year after the expiration of the five-year periods.  But the Commissioner contends that written consents were executed and filed on behalf of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., which operated to extend the period within which assessment and collection could be made against and from that company, and that the deficiencies were asserted against the petitioners within the time prescribed by section 280 of the Revenue Act of 1926.  The contention of the petitioners is that the consents are invalid for the reason that they were signed by C. D. Jaffee as treasurer of the corporation when he did not hold such position and when he was without authority to so act for the corporation.  To state their position more*2276  explicitly, it is that when the corporation took the formal action and filed the necessary papers as required by statute for voluntary dissolution and received a certificate from the State of New York that the statute had been complied with, the old officers, of whom C. D. Jaffee was one, ceased to exist as such, and that during the period of dissolution the corporation was governed by a board of directors acting as trustees for the stockholders in the liquidation, which could only act as a body in authorizing he signing of the consents in question and that since the directors did not authorize C. D. Jaffee to sign the consents, his action in signing them *681  was without force and effect to extend the time for the assessment of taxes against the corporation.  Section 221 of the General Corporation Law of the State of New York (McKinney's Consolidated Laws of New York), provides as follows: SEC. 221.  Dissolution of stock corporation before expiration of time limit. - Any stock corporation, except a moneyed or a railroad corporation, may be dissolved before the expiration of the time limited in its certificate of incorporation or in its charter as follows: 1.  The*2277  board of directors of any such corporation may at a meeting called for that purpose, upon at least three days' notice to each director, by a vote of a majority of the whole board, adopt a resolution that it is in their opinion advisable to dissolve such corporation forthwith, and thereupon shall call a meeting of the stockholders for the purpose of voting upon a proposition that such corporation be forthwith dissolved.  Such meeting of the stockholders shall be held not less than thirty nor more than sixty days after the adoption of such resolution, and the notice of the time and place of such meeting so called by the directors shall be published in one or more newspapers published and circulating in the county wherein such corporation has its principal office at least once a week for three weeks successively next preceding the time appointed for holding such meeting, and on or before the day of the first publication of such notice, a copy thereof shall be served personally on each stockholder, or mailed to him at his last known post-office address.  Such meeting shall be held in the city, town or village in which the last preceding annual meeting of the corporation was held, and said*2278  meeting may, on the day so appointed, by the consent of a majority in interest of the stockholders present, be adjourned from time to time, and notice of such adjournment shall be published in the newspapers in which the notice of the meeting is published.  If at any such meeting the holders of two-thirds in amount of the stock of the corporation, then outstanding, shall, in person or by attorney, consent that such dissolution shall take place and signify such consent, in writing, then such corporation shall file such consent, attested by its secretary or treasurer, and its president or vice-president, together will the powers of attorney signed by such stockholders executing such, consent by attorney, with a statement of the names and residences of the then existing board of directors of said corporation, and the names and residences of its officers duly verified by the secretary or treasurer or president of said corporation, in the office of the secretary of state.  2.  The secretary of state shall thereupon issued to such corporation, in duplicate, a certificate of the filing of such papers and that it appears therefrom that such corporation has complied with this section in order*2279  to be dissolved, and one of such duplicate certificates shall be filed by such corporation in the office of the clerk of the county in which such corporation has its principal office; and thereupon such corporation shall be dissolved and shall cease to carry on business, except for the purpose of adjusting and winding up its business.  The board of directors shall cause a copy of such certificate to be published at least once a week for two weeks in one or more newspapers published and circulating in the county in which the principal office of such corporation is located, and at the expiration of such publication, the said corporation by its board of directors shall proceed to adjust and wind up its business and affairs with power to carry out its contracts and to sell its assets at public or private sale, and to apply the same in discharge of debts *682  and obligations of such corporation, and, after paying and adequately providing for the payment of such debts and obligations, to distribute the balance of assets among the stockholders of said corporation, according to their respective rights and interests.  3.  Said corporation shall nevertheless continue in existence for*2280  the purpose of paying, satisfying and discharging any existing debts or obligations, collecting and distributing its assets and doing all other acts required in order to adjust and wind up its business and affairs, and may sue and be sued for the purpose of enforcing such debts or obligations, until its business and affairs are fully adjusted and wound up.  It is first insisted by petitioners that, pursuant to the foregoing statutory provision, Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., was dissolved on March 8, 1922, when a certificate was issued by the Secretary of State of New York to the effect that the corporation had complied with the section "in order to be dissolved," but we are unable to agree that this worked the dissolution of the corporation.  Not only does the statute provide that the corporation shall remain in existence after that time for the purpose of winding up its affairs, but the evidence is conclusive to the effect that the corporation was in process of liquidation at least up until the time the waivers were signed.  What we have, therefore, is a corporation continued in existence "for the purpose of paying, satisfying and discharging any existing debts or obligations, collecting*2281  and distributing its assets, and doing all other acts required in order to adjust and wind up its business and affairs," and our question is whether a consent signed by an individual who was an officer of the corporation prior to filing the dissolution papers referred to in our findings and who became one of the directors in liquidation, is valid when signed by this individual without the knowledge of, or specific authorization from, the other liquidating directors.  We do not think it could be seriously questioned that the settlement of its tax liability would come within the scope of the purposes for which a corporation would be continued in existence under section 221 of the New York statute as referred to above.  The corporation could not transact new business, but it could do all things necessary to wind up its affairs, one of which would be the settlement of taxes on account of business done during its active existence and the adjustment of this tax controversy, which was known to at least three of the four directors prior to March 8, 1922.  Apparently the same individuals who took care of such matters prior to the filing of the dissolution papers were functioning in a similar*2282  capacity during the period with which we are concerned.  Jacob P. Raff, who was employed as comptroller of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., and assisted in the preparation of the returns in question, continued to look after tax matters during the dissolution period.  It was he with whom the revenue agent conferred with *683  respect to the first consents furnished and it was he who presented the consents to C. D. Jaffee for signature, and had the corporate seal attached thereto.  The letters transmitting the consents to the Commissioner were dictated by Mr. Raff, and mail from the Commissioner with respect to the matter in controversy was sent to him, except in some instances where it apparently went direct from the post office to the accountants who had charge of the liquidating office.  With respect to C. D. Jaffee, we find that as treasurer of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., he signed the returns for the years with which we are concerned, and also signed all of the waivers before us in the same capacity.  He testified that he was treasurer of the corporation during its entire corporate existence.  That this included the period during which the corporation remained in existence for the purpose*2283  of dissolution is shown from the minutes of the one meeting held by the board of directors as liquidators wherein a resolution was adopted to the effect that checks were to be signed by the "President, Mr. Julius Schwartz, and the Treasurer, Mr. C. D. Jaffee." These were the same offices held by these individuals prior to March 8, 1922, and there is nothing in the record to indicate that they did not continue in these positions by virtue of action taken prior to that date, rather than by action of the board of directors in their capacity as liquidators.  Further, when the revenue agent called in regard to the consents he was told that C. D. Jaffee was treasurer and not only the consents, but also letters from the corporation to the Treasry Department, were signed by him in that capacity.  When we consider the foregoing facts, together with the entire record in the case, we are of the opinion that the consents in question were executed in a manner binding on the corporation.  We can agree with the petitioners' contention that by section 221 of the New York statute the persons in this instance who were charged with the duty and authority of liquidating the corporation and winding up*2284  its affairs were the board of directors and that they had authority to act as a body and not individually, but we fail to see where this results in any different situation from that which ordinarily prevails with respect to a board of directors.  In the usual case, where a corporation is continuing in active existence, the final governing body is the board of directors and not the officers, for the reason that the officers are selected by the board of directors.  As stated by Cook on Corporations, p. 2924: * * * The stockholders, indeed, have very few functions.  The board of directors have the widest of powers.  All of the various acts and contracts which a corporation may enter into are entered into by and through the board of directors.  The board of directors make or authorize the making of the *684  notes, bills, mortgages, sales, deeds, liens and contracts generally of the corporation.  They appoint the agents, direct the businss, and govern the policy and plans of the corporation.  A by-law that employees shall participate in surplus earnings may constitute a contract with them if they have performed.  The power of directors to delegate their discretionary powers is*2285  discussed elsewhere.  The directors elect the officers, and in this connection it may be added that "at law there is no limit to the number of offices which may be held simultaneously by the same person, provided that neither of them is incompatible with any other." They institute, prosecute, compromise, or appeal suits at law and in equity which the corporation brings or has brought against it.  It is doubtful whether the board of directors can share the exercise of their powers with a so-called board of managers.  And from the same authority we find that they can act only as a board when duly assembled and that the action of the majority governs.  But this eminent author states further, p. 2926, that: A single director has no power to contract for the corporation.  It is perfectly legal, however, for a board of directors to delegate to an agent the power to make a contract, and this agent may, of course, be a director as well as a third person.  The board of directors and the corporation are bound also by the contracts of a director or other person who has assumed to contract for the company, and for some time has been allowed by the board to so act and contract.  The employment*2286  of an assistant manager need not be formally authorized by the board of directors where he has performed the duties in the ordinary course of business.  So also the board of directors and the corporation are bound by an unauthorized agent's contract when the contract is acquiesced in or the benefits of that contract are accepted; or when the corporation expressly ratifies and confirms the contract.  That similar principles would apply to the board of directors of a New York corporation when in voluntary dissolution is shown by the following statement from ; , where the section before us was likewise under consideration: * * * A corporation can only act through its directors or by some one appointed in their place, and they are likewise given power in said section, and directed to proceed "to adjust and wind up its business and affairs with power to carry out its contracts, and to sell its assets at public or private sale, and to apply the same in discharge of debts and * * * to distribute the balance of assets among the stockholders." They are, of course, in a sense trustees, because*2287  they have no power to perform further corporate duties or do new business, but must act only as liquidators, and their powers are derived from this section providing for the dissolution.  We are not advised as to what action the board of directors of Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., took with respect to the appointment or election of officers, but the minutes of the one meeting held by them as liquidators show that they recognized the same president and treasurer who had held these offices prior to the filing of the dissolution papers.  Certainly they (the board of directors) must have *685  delegated authority to officers or agents to act for them in matters pertaining to the liquidation or acquiesced in a continuation of the old officers in their same positions, since the corporation was still in process of liquidation in 1925 and only one meeting of the board of directors as liquidators had been held, that having been within one month after the dissolution papers were filed in March, 1922.  Under such circumstances, we do not think that specific authority was required for C. D. Jaffee to sign the consents any more than would have been true had the corporation been continuing its*2288  active existence.  He had signed the original returns as treasurer, which position the board of directors recognized him as holding after the dissolution papers were filed and in which capacity he likewise signed the waivers.  It is true that the other directors had no knowledge that the waivers were asked for or signed, but as to a similar situation we said in : * * * Petitioners argue that the consents executed by the president of the petitioners were invalid because there was no specific action by the directors of the corporation authorizing the same, but we think this contention is without merit.  The general rules applicable to the determination of the validity of contracts are not applicable in the determination of the validity of the consent to a later determination, assessment, and collection of additional tax under the various revenue acts.  We think Congress used the word "consent" advisedly.  To consent implies the idea of acquiescence to a matter of conduct, the assent to the performance of an act or duty in other than the usual or customary manner, or at a time other than that prescribed, and we think a consent*2289  to a later determination and assessment of tax of a corporation signed by an officer of the corporation in the regular course of business, although without specific authorization by the board of directors, is valid and effectual to suspend the operation of the statute of limitation for such period as may be specified therein.  It is well known that in the general conduct of affairs of corporations it is customary for the corporate officers to perform many acts that partake of agreements or consents, as may be for the best interest of the corporation, and it would be unreasonable to suppose that every act of regularly constituted officers of a corporation must have specific approval by vote of the board of directors.  A consent to a determination and assessment of whatever tax may be due by the corporation beyond the period specified in the statute is nothing more than approval by the officer or officers of a corporation of a policy to be pursued in the conduct of affiairs of a corporation in respect of such matters or the concurrence or acquiescence by such officer on behalf of the corporation to the performance by the Commissioner at a later date of an act which the statute prescribes*2290  shall otherwise be performed by him within a specified time.  * * * See, also, , which involved a corporation in dissolution under a statute in many respects similar to the one before us, wherein the court upheld the validity of waivers signed by officers of the corporation without authorization from the board of directors.  Also , wherein the court said that "Surely, the signing of such a tax waiver, in order to secure further consideration of corporate *686  tax liability, falls within the ordinary power of executive officers, and would not require additional special authority from the board of directors." In view of the foregoing, we are of the opinion that the consents executed by C. D. Jaffee as treasurer, who was also one of the directors, are sufficient to extend the statute of limitations for the assessment and collection of taxes against Schwartz & Jaffee, Inc., for the years before us.  The proceedings will be restored to the calendar for further action on the issues raised by the pleadings.  Reviewed by the Board.  MARQUETTE and TRAMMELL*2291  dissent.