Court Opinion

ID: 3600484
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 23:47:02.140426+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:16.773525
License: Public Domain

[EDITORS' NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 639 
The important question in this case is whether, from the facts found by the referee, his conclusion of law can be sustained. Did the acceptance of the draft by the plaintiff, under the circumstances found, constitute in law a payment for the price of the hogs? If it did, the plaintiff cannot maintain the action; but, if not, the judgment must be affirmed. In determining this question, it is proper to consider, whether the draft is to be deemed delivered and accepted upon the sale and delivery of the hogs, or upon a precedent debt contracted for the purchase of them. The rule differs in the two cases in the application of the presumption of payment. In the former the rule is, that if a vendor of goods receives from the purchaser the note or bill of a third person, such note or bill will be deemed to have been accepted by the vendor, in payment and satisfaction, unless the contrary be expressly proved; and in such a case the onus is upon the person receiving the paper. (Whitbeck v. Van Ness,
11 J.R., 408.) But when such note or bill is received upon a precedent debt, the presumption is that it was not taken in payment, and the onus of establishing *Page 641 
that it was so received is upon the debtor. (Noel v. Murray,13 N.Y., 167.) The sale was for cash, payable on delivery. No credit was asked or intended to be given, but it is claimed that payment was waived by the absolute delivery of the property. It is competent for the seller to waive payment by an unconditional delivery; but the mere fact of delivery does not necessarily establish a waiver. If the seller accompanies the delivery with a declaration of the conditional terms, or if that be the implied understanding of the parties, the sale is conditional. (2 Kent's Com., 497.)
After finding that the sale was for cash, on delivery, the referee finds, that on the delivery of the hogs to them, the defendants sat down and figured up what the hogs came to; and, after agreeing upon the amount, the agent of defendants, who made the purchase, told the plaintiff that he would have to go up town and get the money to pay for the hogs, and inquired of the plaintiff which he would prefer, the currency or a draft on New York, and the plaintiff said he would prefer a draft, as he wished to take it home; and shortly thereafter the agent procured a draft payable to plaintiff's order, and delivered it to him, and that he accepted it without indorsement, but did not agree to receive it at his own risk.
Was this an unconditional delivery? I think not. The plaintiff doubtless reposed sufficient confidence in the defendants' agent to believe that he would go to a bank and procure the draft as agreed; but the idea of giving credit to the defendants for the price of the hogs was not entertained. It does not appear that the plaintiff had any knowledge of the defendants or their responsibility, and nothing was said on the subject. The agent of the defendants desired to ship the hogs on board the cars before he went to the bank, about three miles distant, for the draft. The plaintiff consented that he might do so, but only upon the agreement that the draft was to be immediately obtained. The agent agreed that he would procure either the money or a draft immediately; and the plaintiff consented to the delivery upon the condition that the draft should be procured as soon as practicable. It *Page 642 
would have been no stronger if this condition had been expressed in terms. Delivery and payment were, by the contract, to be simultaneous acts, and were so, in substance. They constituted a single transaction. If payment had not been made, the plaintiff might have retaken his property. The case is distinguishable from those where a credit is given, or the condition of payment is waived by delivery, in the circumstance that the intervening period between the delivery and actual payment was necessary, in order to make the payment as agreed. In such cases the idea of a waiver is repelled. A person purchases an article of merchandise for cash, and, upon receiving it, gives it to a servant to carry away, after which he counts the money and makes payment. Can it be said that a credit is intended, and, if payment is not made, would not the seller have a right to reclaim his property? Where the intervening period is necessary for counting the money, or drawing a note or bill of a third person, or going to a bank to procure funds, or doing any other act for the purpose of completing a contract of sale and delivery according to its terms, such sale and delivery will not be regarded as complete until the payment is made. All preceding acts are deemed conditional upon full performance. Such a rule insures good faith in commercial transactions, and protects the rights of all parties, and does not interfere with the principle, that an unconditional delivery operates as a waiver of payment.
The delivery was accompanied by the understanding plainly implied, if not expressed, that it was made conditional upon payment. The presumption of law that the draft was received as payment therefore applies, and the plaintiff cannot maintain the action. But suppose the other construction is to prevail, and that a credit was given and the draft delivered and received upon a precedent debt, and that it was incumbent upon the defendants to prove that it was received as payment, the result would not be changed. The referee, it is true, finds that the plaintiff did not agree to receive the draft at his own risk; but this only means that there was no express *Page 643 
agreement to that effect, and that the other facts found do not constitute such an agreement. In this I think the referee erred. If there was a debt it existed at the time of the conversation about procuring the draft, and in determining whether there was an agreement to receive the draft in payment. We must take all that was said and done, and the intervening period is unimportant. It was expressed that defendant's agent was to go to the bank for money to pay for the hogs. Plaintiff said he preferred a draft, and the agent promised to procure one, payable to plaintiff's own order. It is clear that the draft was to perform the same service as the money; that is, "to pay" for the hogs. The draft was obtained, as agreed, and delivered, and the plaintiff accepted it without indorsement. What sum was necessary to constitute an agreement to receive the draft as payment? Suppose the agent had had the currency and draft when the conversation took place, and he had told the plaintiff "I have the currency and a draft to pay for the hogs; which do you prefer?" and the plaintiff had said, "I prefer the draft," and then received it, would he not be deemed to have agreed to receive it in payment as plainly as if the transaction had been formally written out? For the purposes of this question the transaction is the same as if it had all taken place at the same time, and in construing it we must observe the rule applicable to all contracts, that the intent of the parties is to be effectuated. If the plaintiff had not intended to have received the draft in payment he would have said so, or required an indorsement. (Darnell v. Morehouse, Court of Appeals, not reported.) And when a creditor has an option, to receive money or a note of a third party, and he accepts the latter, it will be presumed that he receives it with the same effect as if he had received the money. (St. John v. Purdy, 1 Sand., S.C.R., 9.)
At the first trial before the same referee the plaintiff was nonsuited, on the ground that the draft was received as payment, but the judgment was reversed at the General Term of the eighth district. The learned judge who delivered the *Page 644 
opinion, comments upon various circumstances which appeared in the evidence on the first trial, and which are not found on this trial as facts in the case, and some of which do not appear in the evidence; but it is unnecessary to determine, whether these circumstances should affect the decision. In any view of the case, as now presented, we are of opinion that the judgment must be reversed.
All concur.
Judgment reversed.