Court Opinion

ID: 4157555
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-04-03 20:20:11.27483+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:31:05.928699
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

BELLEVUE FARM OWNERS                        No. 73794-5-1
ASSOCIATION, A Non-profit
Corporation; LAUREN BARRETT and             DIVISION ONE
WILLIAM BARRETT, husband and wife
respectively, trustees of the Laurie
Barrett Residential Trust and of the Bill
Barrett Residential Trust; WEBSTER
AUGUSTINE III, an individual;
HOOPOE LLC, a Washington Limited
Liability Company; GIGI BIRCHFIELD
and MARK BAUTE, husband and wife;
TIMOTHY DOHERTY and CHRISTINE
DOHERTY, husband and wife; GLEN
CORSON and KIM KYLO-CORSON,
husband and wife; JANTANA
KUPPERMANN and BARUCH
KUPPERMANN, husband and wife;
RODNEY SMITH and MARY
MARGARET SMITH, husband and wife;)          PUBLISHED OPINION
MATTHEW STRAIGHT and VERONICA)
STRAIGHT, husband and wife; TOM
TUCCI and DIANE TUCCI, husband
and wife; and DANA PIGOTT, an
individual,

                        Respondents,

                V.

CHAD STEVENS and "JANE DOE"
STEVENS, husband and wife,

                        Appellants,
No. 73794-5-1/2

PETE FINDLEY and "JANE DOE"
FIN DLEY, husband and wife;
CASCADE MOUNTAIN RENTALS LLC,)
a Washington limited liability company; )
ROBERT STEVENS, an individual; and )
DOES Ito 10, Inclusive,

                          Defendants. )         FILED: April 3, 2017

       SCHINDLER, J. —To establish abuse of process, the claimant must prove (1) an

ulterior purpose to accomplish an object not within the proper scope of the process,(2)

an act not proper in the regular prosecution of proceedings, and (3) harm caused by the

abuse of process. Chad Stevens filed a counterclaim against Mark Baute for abuse of

process. Stevens alleged as damages that he incurred attorney fees and costs as a

result of abuse of process. We affirm the August 5, 2015 order to produce the

"Attorney's Fees for Abuse of Process" spreadsheet. We also affirm denial of the

motion to bifurcate liability and damages, lift the temporary stay of the August 5, 2015

discovery order, and remand.

                                         FACTS

       The original owners of the Friday Harbor Bellevue Farm property owned the

waterfront portion of the property as tenants in common. In 1991, the owners recorded

a "Grant Deed of Conservation Easement." In 1994, the owners recorded a short plat to

create four lots and a common waterfront. In May 1997, the Bellevue Farm Owners

Association (BFOA)recorded a declaration of protective covenants, conditions, and

restrictions.

       In 2005, Chad Stevens purchased 10 acres of waterfront property in the Bellevue

Farm plat. Mark Baute and his spouse Gigi Birchfield own waterfront property located

adjacent and to the south of Stevens' property. Baute and Birchfield also co-own

                                            2
No. 73794-5-1/3

waterfront property with Jantana and Baruch Kuppermann adjacent and to the north of

Stevens' property.

       Baute was a BFOA board member and an attorney licensed to practice in

California. Baute began representing BFOA in May 2012. In August 2012, BFOA board

members clarified and amended the covenants, conditions, and restrictions and

adopted a revocable license agreement.

       In September 2012, BFOA filed a lawsuit against Stevens alleging violation of the

covenants, conditions, and restrictions. In November, the court granted the motion to

admit Baute pro hac vice. Baute acted as lead attorney in the lawsuit.

       Stevens asserted a number of counterclaims against BFOA, BFOA board

members, and other property owners (collectively, BFOA). Stevens alleged the 2012

clarification and amendments to the covenants, conditions, and restrictions and

adoption of the revocable license agreement were unlawful. In counterclaim 12,

Stevens asserts BFOA did not comply with the statutory requirements that govern a

homeowner association, chapter 64.38 RCW. Stevens sought declaratory and

injunctive relief.

       In April 2013, the court revoked pro hac vice admission of Baute. The court

found, in pertinent part:

             Mr. Baute's personal interest as a party plaintiff appeared to be
             causing a relatively straightforward lawsuit to be increasingly
             characterized by unprofessional personal invective, excessive and
             unnecessary pleadings, and a lack of civility between himself and
             counsel for the defendants.
             ...Mr. Baute has ignored the court's warning and again engaged in
             unnecessary and intentionally provocative behavior that has only
             increased the level of personal antagonism and rancor that infects
             this litigation.

                                            3
No. 73794-5-1/4

             Provocation is exactly the type of behavior the court had warned Mr.
             Baute to refrain from and that should no longer be tolerated.
             ...the Court is convinced that Mr. Baute's conduct continues to
             manifest an intentional disregard for this Court's directions and a
             flippant disregard for the clearly adverse effect his personal feelings
             of animosity and disrespect for the Defendants and their attorneys
             have had on the manner in which this lawsuit has been conducted.[1]

       Stevens filed a motion for leave to file amended counterclaims to add a

counterclaim against Baute and the marital community (collectively, Baute)for abuse of

process, counterclaim 13. Stevens also alleged breach of fiduciary duty and sought

damages against BFOA under chapter 64.38 RCW.

       The abuse of process counterclaim alleged that during the course of the

litigation, Baute engaged in conduct "based upon the existence of his ulterior motives

and was coercion for the purpose of obtaining collateral advantage."

       The conduct of Baute has been based upon the existence of his ulterior
       motives and was coercion for the purpose of obtaining collateral
       advantage not properly involved in the litigation process itself, and
       constitutes the misuse of the litigation process for purposes other than
       those which constitute legitimate litigation proceedings.
              ... As a result of the conduct of Baute, Defendant/Counterplaintiff
       Chad  Stevens  has been damaged.

       Stevens alleged the litigation strategy was designed to harass Stevens and

"needlessly increase" litigation costs. The counterclaim alleged that despite the April

2013 court order revoking pro hac vice admission, Baute "continued and continues to

provide to the plaintiffs legal advice and engaged in the unlawful practice of law for the

continued purpose of harming Stevens through use of the litigation process." Over the

objection of BFOA and Baute, the court granted the motion to file the amended

counterclaims on May 6. BFOA filed a demand for a jury trial.

       1 Some alterations in original, internal quotation marks omitted.

                                                    4
No. 73794-5-1/5

       On June 13, 2014, Baute propounded interrogatories and requests for production

of documents to Stevens, including a request to produce invoices for the legal fees and

costs allegedly incurred for abuse of process.2 In a June 19 letter, the special master

directed the parties to "confer about how to approach this issue" and urged the parties

to take steps to preserve attorney client privilege and attorney work product.3

       In July 2014, Stevens filed a motion to stay discovery and a motion to file

amended counterclaims. Stevens alleged Baute made assertions in pleadings that

Baute knew were false, continued to harm Stevens through "the litigation process," and

engaged in conduct designed to "harass" and "needlessly increase Stevens' litigation

costs." Stevens alleged Baute was "liable for the attorney's fees and costs that

       2 The requests for production state, in pertinent part:
       DOCUMENT REQUEST NO.43:
                Produce copies of the fee agreement or retainer agreement for each lawyer or
       law firm whose fees YOU seek to recover as damages for abuse of process.

       DOCUMENT REQUEST NO.49:
                Produce all DOCUMENTS, and law firm invoices, which reflect in any way the
       legal fees and costs YOU have incurred in this lawsuit, or the lawsuit brought against
       YOU by Mr. Campisi, which YOU contend are recoverable as damages for abuse of
       process by Mark Baute.

      DOCUMENT REQUEST NO.54:
               Produce copies of all law firm invoices, if any, from the South BFOA v. Stevens
      and Findley case which you contend reflect recoverable damages for abuse of process
      by Mr. Baute.
      3 The letter states, in pertinent part:

      [BFOA counsel] has forwarded Plaintiff [Baute]'s Second Set of Interrogatories and
      Second Set of Requests for Production and suggests that the Special Master direct a
      timely and complete response to these requests. It would be inappropriate to issue a
      ruling without the parties having met and conferred as required by CR 26(1). The Special
       Master is available for a conference call, if necessary, after counsel have held a
      discovery conference.
      ... When attorney fees and costs are claimed as damages,... special care must be
      taken to preserve attorney client privilege and attorney work product because the case
      has not yet been heard. If the case is tried to a jury, it may be appropriate that the jury
      determine only the fact of damage, leaving the attorneys fee calculation to the trial judge.
       I am not aware of cases in which a jury evaluates the amount of attorney fees during trial.
       I urge counsel to confer about how to approach this issue. It may be appropriate to seek
      a ruling from the trial judge before discovery of time sheets proceeds.

                                                   5
No. 73794-5-1/6

defendant Stevens has incurred as a result of Mr. Baute's abuse of process." Stevens

alleged BFOA was "liable for the attorney's fees and costs that defendant Stevens has

incurred because of their breach of fiduciary duty to him." Stevens argued the court

should stay discovery on the counterclaims for breach of fiduciary duty and abuse of

process, counterclaim 12 and counterclaim 13.

       BFOA did not object to filing the amended counterclaims. BFOA objected to the

motion to stay discovery on counterclaim 12 and counterclaim 13. The court denied the

motion to stay discovery on the counterclaims.

       In late August, BFOA filed a motion to compel Stevens to respond to the June

13, 2014 interrogatories and requests for production. The motion states BFOA sought

information that was "not privileged" on "the amount of legal fees that [Stevens] claims

are linked to any alleged abuse of process by Mr. Baute." The discovery master

granted the motion to compel based on the "agreement of the parties." The order states

Stevens "is not at this time required to produce privileged time sheets."

       Stevens filed a motion to stay the order of the special master granting the motion

to compel and certification to the appellate court. The court denied the motion to stay.

The court ruled the discovery master "was correct in ruling that[Stevens'] attorney's

fees are discoverable because he had alleged that those fees are his damages under

Counterclaims 12 and 13." The court ruled that "where attorney's fees constitute an

element" of tort damages,"they must be proved to the trier of fact." But the court

granted the request to certify "whether [Stevens'] alleged damages of attorney

fees/costs under abuse of process and breach of fiduciary duty are discoverable, where

those fees/costs are the only allegation of proximately caused harm under each claim."

                                            6
No. 73794-5-1/7

      On February 23, 2015, Stevens submitted supplemental responses to the

interrogatories and requests for production. Stevens states he is entitled to $204,000 in

attorney fees and costs as damages for abuse of process and $185,000 in attorney fees

and costs as damages for breach of fiduciary duty under chapter 64.38 RCW. Stevens

did not provide attorney time sheets.

      BFOA filed a motion for sanctions under CR 37. BFOA argued the responses did

not allow BFOA to evaluate whether the attorney fees were the proximate cause of

breach of fiduciary duty or abuse of process. Baute propounded additional discovery

requests asking for production of attorney fee invoices including time entries and task

descriptions.4

      The discovery master conducted an in camera review of the attorney billing

records. On March 31, the special master issued a letter ruling. The discovery master

denied the motion for CR 37 sanctions.

      The discovery master ruled that to establish liability for breach of fiduciary duty

and abuse of process, Stevens must prove the fact of damages.

      [T]o establish liability on his counterclaims, defendant must prove the fact
      of damage, and his only claimed damages are his attorney fees.
      Permitting defendant to claim the full amount of his attorney fees without
      allowing plaintiffs' discovery of them violates plaintiffs' right to a fair trial.

      4 The   requests for production state, in pertinent part:
       REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 28: Produce the invoices for[your attorney]'s law
       firm in this case.

       REQUEST FOR PRODUCTION NO. 34: Produce the invoices, work[ ]sheets and
       documents which reflect the time entries and/or task descriptions which reflect the work
       done by [your attorney] that is listed in response to interrogatory number 39 for [your
       attorney]'s time charges for abuse of process damages.

                                                   7
No. 73794-5-1/8

       The special master agreed BFOA was entitled to determine whether the attorney

fees were proximately caused by the alleged breach and harm.

       Plaintiffs are correct that plaintiffs are entitled to test the validity of the
       claimed fees by examining whether they were proximately caused by
       plaintiffs alleged misconduct, and whether they are overstated,
       duplicated, or unrelated to the issue, etc.

       However, based on the in camera review, the special master concluded that

there "is no way to reasonably redact" attorney communications and work product and

that producing the billing records would disclose information protecting the attorney

client privilege and work product.

       However, a review of the billings indicates that producing them would
       disclose both descriptions of attorney/client communications and attorney
       work product, i.e. strategy, areas of research, names of individuals being
       interviewed, etc. Of course, many of the entries are innocuous. ... But
       there is no way to reasonably redact sensitive entries and permit
       examination of the rest. It would be an overly burdensome and expensive
       task and the redacted billings would not give an accurate picture of what
       the attorney fees are.

       Because disclosure would violate the attorney client privilege and work product,

the special master concluded production of the attorney billing records before a trial on

liability was not inappropriate.

       The Discovery Master cannot appropriately order that defense counsel
       produce these billing records before the liability trial without invading the
       attorney/client privilege and work product doctrine protections. Disclosure
       of the billings pre-trial would compromise defense counsel's ability to
       represent his client.

       As a solution to the competing interests, the special discovery master suggested

the parties stipulate to the fact of damages and to bifurcate the trial on liability and

damages.

       One solution is for the parties to stipulate (1)to the fact of damage;(2)to
       plaintiffs' full discovery of defendant's fees and costs post trial, as is

                                                8
No. 73794-5-1/9

         customary, if the jury finds for defendant;[and](3) to [the] Judge['s]. . .
         determination of the amount of damages after trial if liability is established.

         A commissioner of this court denied discretionary review of the question certified

by the court. "In light of the discovery master's suggested solution, which has yet to be

considered by the trial court, appellate review is not warranted at this time."

         BFOA refused to stipulate to the fact of damage or bifurcation and filed a motion

to reconsider the March 31, 2015 decision. Stevens filed a motion for a protective

order.

         On April 27, the discovery master filed a report and proposed order on the motion

to reconsider and the motion for a protective order. The report states the "two motions

present important issues that are best resolved by the trial judge."

         The special master states Stevens must prove the fact of damage and the

requested billing information is necessary to determine whether his attorney fees and

costs are causally related to the counterclaims. But the "redacted billings would not

give a true picture of the fees claimed."

         Defendant cannot establish all required elements of these two causes of
         action at trial without proving at least the fact of damage. The requested
         billing information is necessary so that plaintiffs (counterclaim defendants)
         can determine whether defendant's claimed damages, i.e. his costs and
         attorney fees, are in fact causally related to the counterclaims. The
         Discovery Master has reviewed the billings and believes redacted billings
         would not give a true picture of the fees claimed. Defendant cannot be
         permitted to present to the jury evidence of attorney billings if plaintiffs are
         denied the right to examine those billings in discovery.

         The proposed order states attorney fees and costs are Stevens'"only claimed

damages"for violation of chapter 64.38 RCW and abuse of process and that Stevens

"waived his attorney client privilege and work product protections by placing protected

information at issue." The proposed order requires Stevens to produce all invoices,

                                                9
No. 73794-5-1/10

dates, time entries, and spreadsheets related to his attorney billings since July 2012 but

with redaction of all "task descriptions."

       Defendant shall produce all invoices, dates, time entries and spreadsheets
       for attorney billings in this case for all attorneys, without task descriptions,
       for work performed from July 2012 through the present. The spreadsheet
       labeled "Attorney's Fees (Comprehensive)," submitted to the Discovery
       Master for in camera review on March 13, 2015, shall be produced in its
       entirety, without task descriptions.[51

       By contrast, the proposed order requires Stevens to produce two spreadsheets—

"Attorney's Fees for Abuse of Process" and "Attorney's Fees for Breach of RCW

64.38"— "without redaction."

       Defendant shall also produce in their entirety, without redaction, the two
       spreadsheets labeled "Attorney's Fees for Abuse of Process" and
       "Attorney's Fees for Breach of RCW 64.38" submitted to the Discovery
       Master for in camera review on March 13, 2015.[6]

       The special master notes that because the trial court previously declined to stay

discovery on the breach of fiduciary duty and abuse of process counterclaims, the court

would need to "decide whether some other trial management technique should be

employed to protect defendant's work product and privilege in his billing records while

granting plaintiffs the discovery necessary to guarantee a fair trial."

       The Discovery Master had proposed in an earlier ruling that the parties
       stipulate to the fact of damage in the liability phase of trial on
       counterclaims 12 and 13, while reserving the amount of damage to later
       determination by the court. The proposal was rejected, as is the parties'
       right. The trial court has previously declined to stay or bifurcate
       Counterclaims 12 and 13. Only the trial court can decide whether some
       other trial management technique should be employed to protect
       defendant's work product and privilege in his billing records while granting
       plaintiffs the discovery necessary to guarantee a fair trial.

       5 Emphasis added, italics omitted.
       6 Emphasis added, italics omitted.

                                             10
No. 73794-5-1/11

         Following a hearing, the court adopted the report and proposed order and on

August 5, 2015, entered the "Order on Discovery Master's Report and Proposed Order

Regarding Plaintiffs' Motion for Reconsideration and Defendant's Motion for Protective

Order." The court ordered Stevens to produce the attorney billing records and

spreadsheets by August 21. The order also states, "If Counterclaim 12 or 13 go to the

jury, the Court has concluded the jury will decide the appropriate amount of attorney's

fees."

         Stevens filed a motion for an emergency stay and discretionary review. We

granted interlocutory discretionary review and entered a temporary stay of the August 5,

2015 order.

         After we accepted review, BFOA filed a motion to strike the jury demand for the

counterclaim alleging breach of fiduciary duty in violation of chapter 64.38 RCW and

damages, counterclaim 12.7 The court granted the motion.8 Therefore, the only

question on appeal is whether the trial court erred in entering the order that requires

Stevens to produce the spreadsheet for "Attorney's Fees for Abuse of Process."

                                             ANALYSIS

Abuse of Process

         Stevens asserts attorney fees and costs is not an element of a cause of action

for abuse of process that a jury must decide. Stevens argues Washington law requires

proof of only two elements: (1) the existence of an ulterior purpose to accomplish an

        7 See RCW 64.38.050 (court may award reasonable attorney fees to prevailing party for violation
of chapter 64.38 RCW).
        8 We grant Stevens' motion to allow the trial court to enter the order. See RAP 7.2.

                                                  11
No. 73794-5-1/12

object not with the proper scope of process and (2) an act in the use of process that is

not proper in the regular litigation of the proceedings. We disagree.

       In Sea-Pac Co. v. United Food & Commercial Workers Local Union 44, 103
Wash. 2d 800, 699 P.2d 217(1985), the Washington Supreme Court addressed the

elements of abuse of process. The Supreme Court cites the Court of Appeals decision

in Fite v. Lee, 11 Wash. App. 21, 27, 521 P.2d 964(1974), that characterized the

existence of an ulterior purpose and an improper act as the "essential elements" of

abuse of process. Sea-Pac Co., 103 Wash. 2d at 806. The Fite court identifies the

"essential elements" of the tort of abuse of process as:

      (1)[T]he existence of an ulterior purpose—to accomplish an object not
      within the proper scope of the process—and (2) an act in the use of legal
      process not proper in the regular prosecution of the proceedings.

Fite, 11 Wash. App. at 27.

       But the Washington Supreme Court also adopted the Restatement(Second) of

Torts § 682(1977) definition for abuse of process. Sea-Pac, 103 Wash. 2d at 806.

Restatement(Second) of Torts § 682 defines the tort of abuse of process as follows:

       One who uses a legal process, whether criminal or civil, against another
       primarily to accomplish a purpose for which it is not designed, is subject to
       liability to the other for harm caused by the abuse of process.

       The plain and unambiguous language of the Restatement(Second) of Torts §

682 states that an essential element of the tort of abuse of process is "harm caused by

the abuse of process." To establish the tort of abuse of process, a claimant must prove

(1) an ulterior purpose to accomplish an object not within the proper scope of the

process,(2) an act not proper in the regular prosecution of proceedings, and (3) harm

                                            12
No. 73794-5-1/13

proximately caused by the abuse of process. Where the claimant seeks damages for

attorney fees and costs incurred as a result of abuse of process, those damages are an

element of the tort cause of action that the claimant must prove and the fact finder must

determine.

      Stevens relies heavily on Hough v. Stockbridge, 152 Wash. App. 328, 216 P.3d
1077 (2009), to argue damages for attorney fees and costs are not an essential element

of abuse of process. Hough does not support his argument.

       Hough sued the Stockbridges for defamation and malicious prosecution. Hough,
152 Wash. App. at 334. The Stockbridges filed a counterclaim for abuse of process.

Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 334. The arbitrator awarded the Stockbridges $5,000 in

damages and $20,315 in attorney fees. Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 334. Hough filed a

demand for trial de novo. Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 334.

      The Stockbridges called their former attorneys to testify at trial. Hough, 152 Wn.

App. at 335. The court instructed the jury on the essential elements of a claim for abuse

of process, including an instruction based on the Restatement(Second) of Torts § 682,

Jury instruction 10. Jury instruction 10 stated,"'One who uses a legal process against

another primarily to accomplish a purpose for which it is not designed, is subject to

liability to the other for harm caused by his abuse of process.'" Hough, 152 Wash. App. at

                                            13
No. 73794-5-1/14

343.9

        The jury found Hough liable for abuse of process. Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 336.

The jury awarded the Stockbridges $200,500.00 in damages. The damages the jury

awarded included $30,467.08 for attorney fees and costs. Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 336.

Because Hough did not improve his position in the trial de novo, the trial court awarded

the Stockbridges $40,844.50 in attorney fees and costs under Mandatory Arbitration

Rule 7.3. Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 336.

        On appeal, Hough argued the jury instructions defining "abuse of process" did

not correctly state the law. Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 341-42. Hough also argued

substantial evidence did not support the verdict and the trial court erred in awarding

attorney fees and costs under MAR 7.3. Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 344-50. Hough did

not challenge, and the court notes it does not address, the jury award of damages.

Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 348 n.1.

         9 Jury instructions 7, 8, and 9 also defined the elements of abuse of process. Hough, 152 Wn.
App. at 342-43. Jury instruction 7 stated:
        "'Abuse of process' is the misuse of the power of the court. It is an act done in the name
         of the court and under its authority by means of use of a legal process not proper in the
         conduct of a proceeding for an ulterior purpose(s) or motive(s)."
Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 342. Jury instruction 8 stated the essential elements of a claim of abuse
of process are:
                  "(1) The existence of an ulterior purpose to accomplish an object not within the
         proper scope of the process, and (2) An act in the use of legal process not proper in the
         regular prosecution of the proceedings.
                  "The test as to whether there is abuse of process is whether the process has
         been used to accomplish some end which is without the regular purview of the process;
         or which compels the party against whom it is used to do some collateral thing which he
         could not legally and regularly be compelled to do."
Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 343. Jury Instruction 9 stated,"'The ulterior motive or purpose may be
inferred from what is said or done about the process, but the improper act may not be inferred
from the motive. The purpose for which the process is used, once it is issued, is the only thing of
importance.'" Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 343.

                                                   14
No. 73794-5-1/15

       The court held the jury instructions "correctly state[d] the law on abuse of

process." Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 343. The court rejected the argument that

substantial evidence did not support the jury verdict. Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 346-47.

               A jury could, and did, infer from the frequency, number, and nature
       of Mr. Hough's motions and other process that the documents were not
       only improper but filed to harass the Stockbridges and increase their cost
       of litigation. ... We will not disturb the jury's verdict. .. .
               . .. And, moreover, there was ample evidence of damages in this
       record.

Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 346-47.

       Hough argued that the jury should have determined attorney fees under MAR

7.3. Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 347-49. The court disagreed. Because Hough did not

improve his position at trial, MAR 7.3 authorized the trial court to award attorney fees

and costs.

       Here, the jury awarded the Stockbridges $200,500 in damages. The
       arbitrator awarded the Stockbridges only $5,000. It was Mr. Hough who
       requested trial de novo. And it was Mr. Hough who did not improve his
       position at trial. MAR 7.3, then, authorized the court's attorney fees
       award.

Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 349.

       In dicta, the court addressed circumstances where a jury determines attorney

fees and costs, such as equitable indemnification where "the defendant's wrongful act

causes the plaintiff to be involved in litigation with others." Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 348

(citing Jacob's Meadow Owners Ass'n v. Plateau 44 IL LLC, 139 Wash. App. 743, 759,

162 P.3d 1153(2007)). The court states attorney fees are "determined by the trier of

fact only when the measure of the recovery of attorney fees is an element of damages."

                                            15
No. 73794-5-1/16

Hough, 152 Wash. App. at 348.1° But Hough "cite[d] no authority for the proposition that

attorney fees are an element of damages in an abuse of process case." Hough, 152
Wash. App. at 348.

        As previously addressed, in Sea-Pac, the Supreme Court adopts the

Restatement(Second) of Torts § 682 and identifies harm caused by abuse of process

as an element of the tort cause of action. Sea-Pac, 103 Wash. 2d at 806. Here, there is

no dispute Stevens alleged he incurred attorney fees as a result of abuse of process

and his only damages are attorney fees and costs.

        We hold Stevens must prove damages as an element of the claim for abuse of

process and the jury must determine whether he is entitled to attorney fees and costs

proximately caused by abuse of process. See Sofie V. Fibreboard Corp., 112 Wash. 2d
636, 646, 771 P.2d 711, 780 P.2d 260(1989)(constitutional right to a jury determination

of damages); see also Palmer v. Jensen, 132 Wash. 2d 193, 197, 937 P.2d 597(1997)

("Determination of the amount of damages is within the province of the jury.").

Waiver

        Stevens contends that under Pappas v. Holloway, 114 Wash. 2d 198, 787 P.2d 30

(1990), the doctrine of implied waiver applies only in legal malpractice cases. In

Pappas, the Washington Supreme Court adopted the test from Hearn v. Rhay,68

F.R.D. 574, 581 (E.D. Wash. 1975), to determine implied waiver of attorney client

privilege. Pappas, 114 Wash. 2d at 207-08.

       [VV]here the following three conditions are satisfied, an implied waiver of
       the attorney-client privilege should be found: (1) assertion of the privilege
       was the result of some affirmative act, such as filing suit, by the asserting

        10 See RCW 64.38.050("Any violation of the provisions of this chapter entitles an aggrieved party
to any remedy provided by law or in equity. The court, in an appropriate case, may award reasonable
attorneys' fees to the prevailing party.").

                                                   16
No. 73794-5-1/17

       party;(2)through this affirmative act, the asserting party put the protected
       information at issue by making it relevant to the case; and (3) application
       of the privilege would have denied the opposing party access to
       information vital to his defense.

Pappas, 114 Wash. 2d at 207.

       We recently considered and rejected the same argument in Steel v. Olympia

Early Learning Center, 195 Wash. App. 811, 381 P.3d 111 (2016). In Steel, we concluded

the Supreme Court in Pappas did not limit application of the Hearn test to legal

malpractice cases. Steel, 195 Wash. App. at 823-24.

              Petitioners first argue that our legal precedent limits application of
       implied waiver of the attorney-client privilege to legal malpractice claims.
       We disagree.
              Both parties rely primarily on Pappas and [Dana v. Piper, 173 Wn.
     . App. 761, 295 P.3d 305 (2013),] to support their contentions regarding the
       application of implied waiver outside the legal malpractice context. ... We
       disagree and instead conclude that the application of the implied waiver
       doctrine is not so limited.

              ...[W]hile both Pappas and Dana applied the implied waiver
       doctrine in the context of legal malpractice, neither case expressly limited
       application of the doctrine solely to legal malpractice cases.

Steel, 195 Wash. App. at 823-24."

       Under Hearn, Stevens impliedly waived the attorney client privilege and work

product by claiming attorney fees as his only damages for abuse of process. Because

discovery is necessary to determine the proximate cause of his alleged harm, Stevens

waived the right to assert attorney client privilege and work product for attorney fees

and cost billing records.

       11 Emphasis in original.

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No. 73794-5-1/18

Bifurcation

       Even if proof of damages and attorney fees and costs is an element of abuse of

process, Stevens argues the court erred in refusing to stay discovery and bifurcate the

abuse of process counterclaim.

       We review discovery orders for abuse of discretion. Fellows v. Moynihan, 175
Wash. 2d 641, 649, 285 P.3d 864(2012); Doe v. Puget Sound Blood Ctr., 117 Wash. 2d 772,

778, 819 P.2d 370(1991). A court abuses its discretion when the decision is based on

untenable grounds, is made for untenable reasons, or is manifestly unreasonable.

Mayer v. Sto Indus., Inc., 156 Wash. 2d 677, 684, 132 P.3d 115(2006).

       Stevens asserts the court did not balance the prejudice that will result from

disclosure of attorney client privilege and work product. Contrary to his assertion, the

record reflects the court considered bifurcation at length during the hearing on the

discovery master's report and proposed order to compel disclosure of the attorney

billing records. The parties addressed the special master's previous suggestion that the

court bifurcate liability and damages. Although BFOA refused to stipulate to the fact of

damages, Stevens argued the court should bifurcate the trial on liability and damages to

protect attorney client privilege and work product. BFOA argued the discovery was

necessary to determine whether the attorney fees incurred were proximately caused by

the alleged abuse of process. The court recognized "the unfairness to[BFON" but

states, "I also have a concern, as the discovery master does, about the unfairness to

Mr. Stevens." But the court concluded the proposal to produce the spreadsheet for the

abuse of process legal fees was "the best we can do to try to protect Mr. Stevens' right,

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No. 73794-5-1/19

given the fact that he's the one who filed the claim and has put the damages at issue

here." The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to bifurcate.

        Nonetheless, we note that at oral argument, the BFOA attorney agreed Stevens

is entitled to discovery of the attorney fees and costs incurred by BFOA and Baute to

establish the reasonableness and amount of an award of damages for attorney fees and

costs.12 On remand, the court has the authority to reconsider and decide whether to

bifurcate the trial on the counterclaim for abuse of process from other claims.

Washburn v. Beatt Equip. Co., 120 Wash. 2d 246, 300, 840 P.2d 860(1992)(an order that

adjudicates fewer than all claims is subject to revision at any time before entry of a final

judgment as to all claims and the rights and liabilities of all parties).

        We affirm the August 5, 2015 discovery order, lift the stay, and remand.13

WE CONCUR:
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        12 A comparison of hours charged by opposing counsel is relevant to determine the
reasonableness of attorney fees for the prevailing party. See McGinnis v. Ky. Fried Chicken of Cal., 51
F.3d 805 (9th Circ. 1994); Citqo Petroleum Corp. v. Krystal Gas Mktq. Co., 466 F. Supp. 2d 1263(N.D.
Okla. 2006); Blowers v. Lawyer's Coop. Publ'g Co., 526 F. Supp. 1324(W.D. N.Y. 1981); Henq v. Rotech
Med. Corp., 720 N.W.2d 54,65(N.D. 2006).
        13 We deny BFOA's request for an award of attorney fees on appeal under RAP 18.9.

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