Court Opinion

ID: 1033970
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-16 22:24:11.232516+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:24.816916
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                            JUL 16 2013
 1
                                                        SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                          U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
 2                                                        OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )        BAP No.   AZ-12-1381-JuTaAh
                                   )
 6   RCS CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT, LLC; )        Bk. No. 11-28746-RJH
     AMERICAN CHILDCARE PROPERTIES,)        (jointly administered with
 7   LLC; ACCP I, LLC,             )        11-29741-RJH, 11-29742-RJH)
                                   )
 8                  Debtors.       )
     ______________________________)
 9   A.B.C. LEARNING CENTRES LTD.; )
     ABC DEVELOPMENTAL LEARNING    )
10   CENTERS (USA), INC.,          )
                                   )
11                  Appellants,    )
                                   )
12   v.                            )        M E M O R A N D U M*
                                   )
13   RCS CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT, LLC; )
     AMERICAN CHILDCARE PROPERTIES,)
14   LLC; ACCP I, LLC,             )
                                   )
15                  Appellees.     )
     ______________________________)
16
                     Argued and Submitted on June 21, 2013
17                            at Phoenix, Arizona
18                           Filed - July 16, 2013
19            Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                        for the District of Arizona
20
      Honorable Randolph J. Haines, Chief Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
21                        _______________________
22   Appearances:     Carson T.H. Emmons Esq., of Baird, Williams &
                      Greer, LLP, argued for Appellees RCS Capital
23                    Development, LLC, American Childcare Properties,
24
25
26        *
            This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
28   See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.

                                      -1-
 1                      LLC and ACCP I, LLC.**
                             _________________________
 2
     Before:     JURY, TAYLOR, and AHART***, Bankruptcy Judges.
 3
 4            Appellants, A.B.C. Learning Centres Limited (ABC Learning)
 5   and its affiliate, ABC Developmental Learning Centers (U.S.A.),
 6   Inc. (ABC USA) (collectively, ABC), filed a proof of claim (POC)
 7   in an amount not less than $41 million in each of the jointly
 8   administered chapter 111 bankruptcy cases of RCS Capital
 9   Development, LLC (RCS), American Childcare Properties, LLC
10   (ACCP), and ACCP I, LLC (collectively, ACCP and ACCP I, LLC are
11   referred to as ACCP).
12            ABC’s claim arose out of a pending lawsuit filed by ABC
13   against ACCP, RCS, Kenneth Krynski (Krynski) and Las Vegas CLA
14   Partners, Ltd. (CLA Partners) in the Nevada district court
15   (Nevada Action), which asserted eighteen claims for relief,
16   including, among others, claims for actual and constructive
17   fraudulent transfers, constructive/resulting trust, breach of
18   contract, and various intentional torts.      RCS and ACCP filed a
19
20        **
            John J. Fries and Joshua L. Kahn of Ryley Carlock &
     Applewhite and Andrew Rosenblatt and Eric Daucher of Chadbourne &
21
     Parke LLP appeared on brief for Appellants A.B.C. Learning
22   Centres Ltd. and ABC Developmental Learning Centers (USA), Inc.
     Appellants chose not to appear at argument in accordance with the
23   Panel’s June 11, 2013 order.
24        ***
             Hon. Alan M. Ahart, United States Bankruptcy Judge for
     the Central District of California, sitting by designation.
25
          1
26          Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532.
27   “Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
     Procedure and “Civil Rule” references are to the Federal Rules of
28   Civil Procedure.

                                       -2-
 1   counterclaim in the case.
 2            After objecting to ABC’s POCs, RCS filed a motion for
 3   summary judgment (MSJ), contending that it was entitled to set
 4   off its claim against ABC for $57 million arising out of a
 5   liquidated judgment that it obtained in Arizona against ABC’s
 6   POC for $41 million that was based on the Nevada Action.     ABC
 7   filed a cross-motion for partial summary judgment asserting
 8   legal and equitable defenses to the setoff.     The bankruptcy
 9   court granted RCS’s MSJ and denied ABC’s cross MSJ by two
10   separate orders.     ABC sought reconsideration of both orders.
11   The bankruptcy court entered an amended summary judgment order
12   on July 12, 2012, denying ABC’s motion for reconsideration.
13   This appeal followed.2
14            For the reasons stated below, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy
15   court’s rulings granting RCS’s MSJ allowing the setoff and
16   denying ABC’s cross MSJ.     However, because the petition date is
17   the proper date for converting ABC’s claim to U.S. Dollars under
18   § 502(b), we REVERSE the bankruptcy court’s decision on the
19   amount of ABC’s claim and REMAND so that the court can calculate
20   the proper amount.
21                                  I.   FACTS
22            ABC Learning and its affiliates were operators of childcare
23   centers in Australia, New Zealand, the United States and the
24   United Kingdom.     Edmund Groves, the former CEO of ABC Learning,
25
26        2
            This appeal is related to BAP No. AZ-1626-JuTaAh, which is
27   an appeal by ABC from the bankruptcy court’s order confirming the
     Fifth Amended chapter 11 plan filed by RCS, ACCP, and ACCP I,
28   LLC. A separate memorandum addresses that appeal.

                                         -3-
 1   purchased his first child care center on the Gold Coast in
 2   Australia in 1987.   Eventually he had thirty locations when he
 3   took ABC Learning public in 2000.     By 2004, ABC Learning had
 4   over 300 locations in Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, and
 5   other commonwealth countries.   ABC Learning maintained interests
 6   in the United States through operation of ABC USA and by
 7   acquiring all the stock of a publicly traded company called the
 8   Learning Care Group (LCG), located in Novi, Michigan.    LCG
 9   through its various subsidiaries, primarily Tudor Time, was a
10   for profit childcare and early education provider with over a
11   thousand corporate and franchise childcare centers located
12   throughout the United States.
13        In February 2008, ABC missed its revenue projections by
14   over 43% which left it in a precarious financial situation.
15   A.   RCS’s Claim Against ABC:   The Arizona Action
16        Rick and Cheryl Sodja were the owners of the largest Tutor
17   Time franchise operation under the umbrella of LCG.    After
18   acquiring LCG, ABC Learning approached the Sodjas seeking to
19   purchase their franchises and enter into a development agreement
20   with them whereby the Sodjas would assist in expanding LCG’s
21   Tudor Time sites throughout the United States.    Not knowing
22   about ABC’s financial difficulties, in June 2008 the Sodjas
23   entered into an agreement with ABC Learning.    Under the
24   agreement, ABC Learning agreed to pay the Sodjas $70 million for
25   their twenty-six operating Tudor Time sites and another $100
26   million or so for sites to be developed around the United
27
28

                                     -4-
 1   States.3        The Sodjas then formed, or had already formed, RCS, an
 2   Arizona limited liability company, for the purpose of developing
 3   child care facilities in the United States for ABC Learning.           In
 4   September 2008, ABC breached the development agreement.
 5            On October 20, 2008, RCS sued ABC in the Arizona Superior
 6   Court for breach of contract (Arizona Action).         On May 14, 2010,
 7   RCS won a jury verdict of over $47 million in damages and was
 8   awarded attorneys’ fees and costs.         On December 22, 2010, the
 9   state court entered the judgment.          As of February 17, 2012, the
10   total amount due and owing on the judgment was in excess of $57
11   million.
12            ABC appealed the decision to the Arizona Court of Appeals
13   and RCS cross-appealed on the denial of pre-judgment interest on
14   the verdict.        On June 12, 2012, the Arizona Court of Appeals
15   issued a decision upholding the jury’s verdict, affirming the
16   award of attorneys’ fees and costs (except for a three percent
17   enhancement fee), and affirming the denial of pre-judgment
18   interest on the verdict.
19   B.       ACCP
20            Krynski, a Las Vegas developer, and Groves, the former CEO
21   of ABC Learning, became friends and eventually business
22
23
          3
            In essence, the Sodjas were becoming development partners
24   with ABC in the United States through ABC’s wholly-owned
     subsidiary, LCG. This initial agreement was evidently
25   renegotiated when ABC Learning sought to sell 60% of its interest
26   in LCG to Morgan Stanley Private Equity (Morgan Stanley) due to
     its financial problems. Rather than enter into the development
27   agreement with LCG, the Sodjas entered into a development
     agreement with ABC USA and ABC Learning and signed a release with
28   respect to LCG.

                                          -5-
 1   partners.   In March 2006, Krynski formed ACCP, a Nevada limited
 2   liability company, of which he was the sole member.   ACCP and
 3   LCG then entered into a joint venture whereby ACCP would
 4   purchase and develop child care properties on behalf of LCG.
 5   Because ACCP did not have its own source of funding, beginning
 6   in early 2006, ABC Learning began advancing money to ACCP to
 7   facilitate the purchase of properties in Nevada and Virginia.
 8   Between March 2006 and June 27, 2008, ABC Learning advanced ACCP
 9   approximately AUD$41 million.   ACCP also developed childcare
10   centers on several of the properties using funds obtained from
11   ABC Learning.
12        In late June 2008, due to its precarious financial
13   condition, ABC Learning entered into a purchase agreement with
14   Morgan Stanley whereby Morgan Stanley would purchase 60% of ABC
15   Learning’s interest in LCG for USD$240 million, cash.
16        In connection with ABC’s sale of 60% of its stock in LCG,
17   ABC and ACCP redefined and re-characterized their prior
18   agreements.   On June 25, 2008, ACCP, ABC, and LCG entered into a
19   Termination and Release Agreement (Termination Agreement) that
20   was designed to terminate the parties’ prior oral development
21   arrangements.   According to the Termination Agreement, the
22   parties were released from any obligations or liabilities that
23   arose under previous agreements.
24        On June 29, 2008, ABC USA and ACCP entered into a deed of
25   acknowledgment (Deed of Acknowledgment) which allegedly
26   re-established the parties’ obligations relative to the ABC
27   funds already advanced.   The Deed of Acknowledgment required
28   ACCP to purchase eleven properties throughout the United States

                                     -6-
 1   and develop and construct childcare centers on them.     Upon
 2   completion and satisfaction of certain conditions, the
 3   properties were then to be transferred to ABC USA and the value
 4   of the property deducted from ACCP’s debt to ABC USA.
 5   Alternatively, ACCP could sell the properties to third parties,
 6   so long as sale proceeds were remitted to ABC.
 7            In August 2008, ACCP transferred one of the properties for
 8   $1.8 million, but did not remit the proceeds to ABC.     In October
 9   2008, ACCP transferred another property and again did not remit
10   the proceeds to ABC.
11   C.       The ACCP and RCS Merger
12            Meanwhile, RCS commenced steps to acquire Krynski’s
13   membership interest in ACCP for the purpose of obtaining setoff
14   rights against ABC in connection with the Arizona Action.4      In
15   the first step of the transaction, RCS offered to pay Krynski
16   $4.7 million for his membership interest in ACCP.     In the second
17   step, RCS, as the managing member of ACCP, would dissolve ACCP,
18   distribute its assets in liquidation to its members (itself),
19   and assume all debts and liabilities, including the $41 million
20   allegedly owed by ACCP to ABC under the Deed of Acknowledgment.
21   According to RCS, this arrangement ensured that ABC would be
22   paid for the money it loaned to ACCP; either it would be offset
23   against RCS’s Arizona claims or RCS, having assumed the
24   liability, would pay it directly.
25            On November 11, 2008, RCS and ACCP executed their
26
          4
27          Apparently, realizing that it was an unsecured creditor of
     ABC, RCS began taking steps to establish its setoff rights before
28   the Arizona Action was completed.

                                        -7-
 1   agreement.   RCS purchased Krynski’s interest for $4.7 million in
 2   cash and property.   The agreement required RCS to keep certain
 3   employees of ACCP for one month following the acquisition.    RCS
 4   and ACCP then merged by means of two Dissolution, Distribution,
 5   and Liquidation Agreements.   The title to the properties ACCP
 6   acquired with ABC’s funds became vested in RCS upon merger and
 7   ACCP ceased doing business.
 8   D.   ABC’s Australian Insolvency Proceeding
 9        Prior to execution of the RCS agreement with Krynski, on
10   November 6, 2008, ABC Learning commenced voluntary
11   administrations (a type of insolvency proceeding) under
12   Australian law for itself and each of its Australian
13   subsidiaries and receivers and managers were appointed.
14        On December 11, 2008, the receiver and manager in ABC
15   Learning’s Australian proceeding sent a letter to ACCP, stating
16   that it would no longer purchase ACCP’s properties.    Instead,
17   ACCP was to pay back the loans with cash to ABC Learning.    The
18   same letter acknowledged the receipt of funds from a property
19   ACCP previously sold.   The exchange rate as of October 2008 was
20   used to calculate the remaining debt owed by ACCP, which by then
21   had merged with RCS.    The receiver demanded the sum of AUD$39
22   million to be paid to ABC Learning within seven days of the
23   letter.   That amount was never paid.
24   E.   ABC’s Claim Against RCS:    The Nevada Action
25        In March 2009, ABC filed the Nevada Action against ACCP,
26   RCS, Krynski and CLA Partners, asserting a constructive trust
27   claim over the properties ACCP purchased with ABC’s funds along
28   with other claims.   At the same time, ABC recorded a lis pendens

                                     -8-
 1   against the properties previously owned by ACCP.     RCS filed a
 2   motion to expunge the lis pendens which the Nevada court denied
 3   in an order dated September 10, 2009 (Lis Pendens Order).     “In
 4   the Lis Pendens Order the Nevada court also found that (1) the
 5   constructive trust claim affects the title or possession of the
 6   [p]roperties; (2) ABC Learning would be injured by a transfer of
 7   an interest in the [p]roperties before the Nevada Action was
 8   concluded; and (3) ABC Learning established that it was likely
 9   to prevail on the merits of the constructive trust claim.”        See
10   In re ABC Learning Centres Ltd., 2011 WL 4899789, at *2 (Bankr.
11   D. Del. 2011).5     Despite this ruling, RCS subsequently sold one
12   property in March 2011 and two properties in June 2011 subject
13   to the lis pendens.     Id.
14   F.       ABC’s Chapter 15 Proceeding
15            On May 26, 2010, twelve days after the jury verdict in the
16   Arizona Action was rendered in favor of RCS, ABC’s Australian
17   administrators petitioned the Delaware bankruptcy court for
18   chapter 15 recognition of the insolvency proceedings in
19   Australia to protect their assets from RCS’s judgment.6     RCS
20
21        5
            We take judicial notice of the Delaware bankruptcy court’s
22   decisions in ABC’s chapter 15, Bankr. Case No. 10-11711, which
     was listed as a related case in the parties’ certifications
23   pursuant to BAP Rule 8010(A)1-(C). See United States ex rel.
     Robinson Rancheria Citizens Council v. Borneo, Inc., 971 F.2d
24   244, 248 (9th Cir. 1992) (courts may take notice of proceedings
     in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial
25
     system, if those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at
26   issue.”). This written decision of the Delaware bankruptcy court
     described what had occurred in the Nevada case.
27
          6
              Subsequent to the filing of the petition in the Delaware
28                                                        (continued...)

                                       -9-
 1   objected to recognition and the imposition of the stay and,
 2   alternatively, moved for relief from stay in the proceeding so
 3   that it could reduce its jury verdict in the Arizona Action to a
 4   judgment and assert a setoff of the judgment as a defense in the
 5   Nevada Action.
 6        The Delaware bankruptcy court granted ABC’s petition,
 7   recognizing the Australian liquidations as foreign main
 8   proceedings.   Upon recognition, the court found that the
 9   automatic stay applied to ABC and its properties within the
10   territorial United States.   ABC Learning Centres Ltd., 445 B.R.
11   318, 336 (Bankr. D. Del. 2011) (citing § 1520(a)(1)).
12        The Delaware bankruptcy court granted RCS’s motion for
13   relief from stay for the limited purpose of reducing the Arizona
14   verdict to judgment and asserting the resulting judgment as a
15   setoff in the Nevada Action.   The court noted:
16        Section 553(a) of the Code does not create an
          independent federal right to setoff, but merely
17        preserves whatever setoff rights may exist under
          applicable state law. Here, the merits of any setoff
18        defense asserted by RCS in the Nevada Litigation are
          properly determined by the Nevada Court. Based on the
19        parties’ arguments, the Court is convinced that RCS
          has at least a slight probability of success in
20        receiving recognition of setoff by the Nevada Court,
          and therefore meets this requirement. Furthermore,
21        even if the Court were to abstain from any conjecture
          regarding RSC’s likely success in asserting setoff,
22        the totality of the circumstances supports granting
          relief. All other factors in the Court’s analysis
23        strongly favor granting RCS’s request for relief, and
          this Court finds it appropriate to leave the analysis
24        and application of Nevada law to the Nevada Court.
25
          6
26         (...continued)
     bankruptcy court, ABC’s creditors converted the voluntary
27   administrations in Australia to liquidations. The Delaware
     bankruptcy court gave recognition to these liquidation
28   proceedings under chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code.

                                    -10-
 1   Id. at 338-39.   The bankruptcy court entered the order granting
 2   recognition of foreign proceedings and related relief on
 3   November 15, 2010.
 4        The Delaware bankruptcy court later found that RCS’s sale
 5   of three properties, which were subject to the lis pendens, was
 6   a violation of the stay based on ABC’s “interest” in the
 7   properties protected by the lis pendens.   The bankruptcy court
 8   reserved the issue of damages until later because a hearing was
 9   scheduled for November 1, 2011, in the Nevada district court to
10   decide whether RCS held the properties in a constructive trust
11   for the benefit of ABC.   See In re ABC Learning Centres Ltd.,
12   2011 WL 4899789, at *2-3.
13   G.   RCS’s Bankruptcy Filing
14        Less than a month before the Nevada court’s scheduled
15   hearing, RCS filed a chapter 11 proceeding in the District of
16   Arizona on October 12, 2011.
17        On October 24, 2011, ACCP and ACCP I filed their chapter 11
18   petitions in the District of Arizona.   On the same day, RCS
19   moved for joint administration of the three bankruptcy cases.
20   On October 27, 2011, the bankruptcy court entered the order
21   granting RCS’s motion for joint administration.
22        ABC filed a POC for $41 million in all three bankruptcy
23   cases based on its claims for relief asserted against the
24   parties in the Nevada Action.   RCS submitted a “joint” plan of
25   reorganization that would pay the ABC claim by setoff of their
26   mutual debts.
27        RCS filed an objection to ABC’s POCs, asserting that some
28   were duplicative and that the $41 million amount should be

                                     -11-
 1   reduced to $39 million as of December 11, 2008, the alleged
 2   breach date, based on the exchange rate on that date.   ABC
 3   responded, contending that its claims were not duplicative and
 4   that the exchange rate prevailing on the petition date was the
 5   relevant rate for converting its claims to U.S. dollars.      Using
 6   that rate, ABC maintained that its claim was approximately
 7   $42 million.
 8                  The Cross Motions For Summary Judgment
 9        On February 17, 2012, RCS moved for summary judgment,
10   contending that it was entitled to set off the alleged debt owed
11   to ABC arising out of the Nevada Action against ABC’s debt owed
12   to RCS arising out of the Arizona Action.   Although RCS
13   questioned the validity of ABC’s claim, RCS conceded the
14   obligation for purposes of summary judgment on the setoff issue.
15   RCS argued that both Nevada and Australian law provided for the
16   setoff of mutual debts and further asserted that all
17   requirements for setoff were met as a matter of law.    RCS
18   challenged ABC’s fraudulent transfer claims on the grounds that
19   it had paid consideration for ACCP’s assets and assumed its
20   liabilities, including the debt owed to ABC.   RCS further
21   maintained that ABC could not have been defrauded when the net
22   effect of the setoff was that ABC ended up owing RCS
23   $30 million.   Finally, RCS argued there was nothing to litigate
24   in connection with the breach of contract or related claims
25   because it conceded for the purpose of the motion that it owed
26   the money to ABC.
27        On March 9, 2012, ABC cross-moved for partial summary
28   judgment, arguing that setoff was rendered unenforceable by

                                     -12-
 1   § 553(a)(3) because any debt RCS owed to the ABC creditors was
 2   incurred after November 6, 2008, when ABC was placed into
 3   administration in Australia.   ABC further asserted that
 4   (1) enforcing any right of setoff would be inequitable; (2) the
 5   purported right to setoff was barred by Australian law;
 6   (3) RCS’s debt to ABC was the result of fraudulent transfers;
 7   (4) the properties transferred to RCS should be held in
 8   constructive trust for the benefit of ABC’s creditors; and
 9   (5) setoff should not be allowed because RCS’s debt to ABC was
10   the result of intentional torts.   In addition, ABC argued that
11   there was no mutuality of debts between ABC and RCS prior to
12   RCS’s dissolution of ACCP.
13        On March 19, 2012, ABC filed a response to RCS’s MSJ,
14   raising the same arguments and alleging the same facts it had
15   asserted in its cross MSJ.
16        On April 3, 2012, in its reply to ABC’s opposition to its
17   MSJ, RCS asserted that it acquired its setoff rights by de facto
18   merger.
19        On May 22, 2012, the bankruptcy court heard the matter and
20   granted RCS’s motion, finding that RCS’s purchase of Krynski’s
21   membership interest and subsequent assumption of liabilities in
22   the Dissolution, Distribution and Liquidation Agreements, was a
23   de facto merger and that there was no applicable defense to
24   setoff that’s been asserted and adequately supported for summary
25   judgment purposes.   Turning to ABC’s cross MSJ, the court
26   wondered if it was moot in light of the ruling on RCS’s motion.
27   “I’ll here [sic] from ABC on the other motion for summary
28   [judgment], but I think maybe the first question is does that

                                    -13-
 1   ruling moot the issue?”    Hr’g Tr. 5/22/12 at 37:10-12.
 2   Nevertheless, the court heard ABC’s arguments and denied its
 3   cross MSJ:
 4           It’s ordered denying the motion for summary judgment
             on fraudulent transfer grounds. I believe at best
 5           there exists a fact question regarding an alleged
             intent not to pay the debt as indicated in colloquy.
 6           I do believe that there was an intent to exercise a
             setoff depending on timing that may have been an
 7           intent to obtain a preference, but I don’t find that
             adequate showing has been made for summary judgment
 8           purposes that such an intent to obtain a setoff even
             if preferential is a fraudulent transfer of either the
 9           constructive or altered variety. But at best, there
             remain fact questions on that so I am denying summary
10           judgment. Hr’g Tr. 5/22/12 at 55:23-25; 56:1-9.
11           Since its ruling on the setoff issue resolved ABC’s breach
12   of contract and constructive trust claims, the court found them
13   moot.    On June 8, 2012, the bankruptcy court entered an order
14   granting RCS’s MSJ and allowing RCS to setoff its claim against
15   ABC based on the Arizona judgment against ABC’s POC, leaving
16   over $30 million still owing to RCS.      The court dismissed with
17   prejudice ABC’s claims against RCS and quashed and declared as
18   void ab initio any and all lis pendens filed by ABC against
19   RCS’s properties wherever located.       On the same day, the
20   bankruptcy court entered an order denying ABC’s cross MSJ.
21           ABC moved for reconsideration.    RCS conceded that the
22   amount of the attorneys’ fees should be recalculated in light of
23   the Arizona Court of Appeals’ disallowance of the enhancement
24   award in the amount of $1,640,000.       On July 12, 2012, the
25   bankruptcy court denied ABC’s motion for reconsideration, but
26   recalculated the principal balance owed on the judgment as of
27   May 22, 2012, as USD$31,659,237.85 and found that ABC was liable
28   to RCS for USD$28,486,206.64.    The court dismissed with

                                      -14-
 1   prejudice ABC’s causes of action against RCS and again declared
 2   as void ab initio any and all lis pendens filed by ABC against
 3   RCS’s property wherever located.
 4        ABC timely appealed from that order.            ABC then moved for a
 5   stay pending appeal.    At the August 6, 2012 hearing on the
 6   matter, the bankruptcy court denied the motion.           ABC did not
 7   seek a stay in this court.
 8                                II.   JURISDICTION
 9        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction over this proceeding
10   under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(B) and (C).           We have
11   jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.
12                                  III.    ISSUES
13        A.   Whether the bankruptcy court erred in granting RCS’s
14   MSJ for setoff;
15        B.   Whether the bankruptcy court erred in denying ABC’s
16   cross MSJ on the legal and equitable defenses asserted; and
17        C.   Whether the bankruptcy court erred in calculating the
18   amount of ABC’s claim by using the “breach date” for converting
19   ABC’s claim to U.S. dollars rather than the petition date as
20   stated in § 502(b).
21                          IV.    STANDARDS OF REVIEW
22        We review de novo the bankruptcy court’s grant of a motion
23   for summary judgment.    Danning v. Miller (In re Bullion Reserve
24   of N. Am.), 922 F.2d 544, 546 (9th Cir. 1991).
25        Although disputes over the amount of a claim may involve
26   factual questions, here the calculation was an error of law
27   because the bankruptcy court chose the wrong date for applying
28   the exchange rate to ABC’s claim.            Whether § 502(b) requires the

                                           -15-
 1   court to determine the amount of a claim in lawful currency of
 2   the United States as of the date of the filing of the petition
 3   is a question of statutory interpretation subject to de novo
 4   review.    Onink v. Cardelucci (In re Cardelucci), 285 F.3d 1231,
 5   1233 (9th Cir. 2002).
 6                               V.   DISCUSSION
 7           In reviewing the bankruptcy court’s decision on a motion
 8   for summary judgment, we apply the same standards as the
 9   bankruptcy court.    Summary judgment is properly granted when no
10   genuine and disputed issues of material fact remain, and, when
11   viewing the evidence most favorably to the non-moving party, the
12   movant is entitled to prevail as a matter of law.    Civil
13   Rule 56, incorporated by Rule 7056; Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
14   477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986).     Material facts which would
15   preclude entry of summary judgment are those which, under
16   applicable substantive law, could affect the outcome of the
17   case.    The substantive law will identify which facts are
18   material.    Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248
19   (1986).    “When faced with cross-motions for summary judgment,
20   the [bankruptcy] court must review each motion separately on its
21   own merits to determine whether either of the parties deserves
22   judgment as a matter of law.”     Rossignol v. Voorhaar, 316 F.3d
23   516, 523 (4th Cir. 2003).
24   A.      Setoff Rights Under the Bankruptcy Code
25           “Right of setoff (also called ‘offset’) allows entities
26   that owe each other money to apply their mutual debts against
27   each other, thereby avoiding ‘the absurdity of making A pay B
28   when B owes A.’”    Citizens Bank of Maryland v. Strumpf, 516 U.S.

                                       -16-
 1   16, 18 (1995)(citing Studley v. Boylston Nat. Bank, 229 U.S.
 2   523, 528 (1913)).   “It is a procedural or remedial device
 3   employed by a court to dispose of rival claims by litigants
 4   before the court.   Instead of issuing rival judgments, the
 5   court, if satisfied of the enforceability of each separate
 6   claim, applies the amount that would have been given in judgment
 7   on one claim against the amount that would have been given in
 8   judgment on the other claim, to arrive at a balance due or net
 9   figure which is declared owing in a single judgment.”
10   In re Hancock, 137 B.R. 835 (Bankr. N.D. Okla. 1992).
11        The Bankruptcy Code preserves the right of setoff for
12   creditors under § 553.   Section 553 authorizes setoff of mutual
13   debts by a creditor when three conditions are met:   “‘(1) the
14   debtor owes the creditor a prepetition debt; (2) the creditor
15   owes the debtor a prepetition debt; and (3) the debts are
16   mutual.’”   United States v. Carey (In re Wade Cook Fin. Corp.),
17   375 B.R. 580, 588 (9th Cir. BAP 2007).   For setoff to apply,
18   “‘each debt or claim sought to be offset must have arisen prior
19   to the filing of the bankruptcy petition’” and for mutuality to
20   exist the debts and claims must be “‘in the same right and
21   between the same parties, standing in the same capacity.’”    Id.
22        The Code preserves a debtor’s right to effectuate a setoff
23   under § 558, as it exists under state law.   In re TSLC I, Inc.,
24   332 B.R. 476, 478 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2005) (“Courts have found
25   that section 558 preserves to the debtor any prepetition
26   defenses a debtor may have, including any right to setoff.”);
27   In re Westchester Structures, Inc., 181 B.R. 730, 739-40 (Bankr.
28   S.D.N.Y. 1995)(“Section 558 of the Bankruptcy Code also

                                    -17-
 1   preserves for the benefit of the estate any right to setoff the
 2   debtor may have.”).     Because there is no restrictive language in
 3   § 558 confining setoff to prepetition debts, courts have
 4   concluded that a debtor may set off prepetition claims against
 5   postpetition obligations that it owes.       See State Bank of
 6   Florence v. Miller (In re Miller), 459 B.R. 657, 675 n.16 (6th
 7   Cir. BAP 2011); In re Women First Healthcare, Inc., 345 B.R. 131
 8   (Bankr. D. Del. 2006) (citing In re Papercraft Corp., 127 B.R.
 9   346, 350 (Bankr. W.D. Pa. 1991)); In re ABC-NACO, Inc., 294 B.R.
10   832, 838 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 2003); In re PSA, Inc., 277 B.R. 51,
11   53 (Bankr. D. Del. 2002).
12            Although RCS is a creditor of ABC, it cannot be using § 553
13   to achieve setoff in its own capacity as a creditor in its own
14   case.     Rather, RCS — a chapter 11 debtor — is asserting its
15   prepetition defense of setoff against ABC’s claims asserted
16   against RCS in the Nevada Action.        We thus conclude that § 558
17   is the applicable statute in this case.7
18   B.       Nevada Law Preserved RCS’s Right to Setoff
19            Under § 558, RCS’s setoff rights are determined under
20   non-bankruptcy law.     In re PSA, Inc., 277 B.R. at 54 (“[A] right
21   to setoff must be established under state law so that the debtor
22   then may assert the setoff as a defense reserved by § 558.”);
23   see also Camelback Hosp., Inc. v. Buckenmaier
24
          7
            As a result, it is unnecessary for us to resolve the
25   dispute between the parties regarding which petition date, as
26   between RCS and ABC, is the applicable date for purposes of
     determining whether RCS incurred the alleged debt owed to ABC
27   prepetition or postpetition. Otherwise, whether § 553 or § 558
     applies probably makes little difference to the outcome of this
28   case.

                                       -18-
 1   (In re Buckenmaier), 127 B.R. 233, 237 (9th Cir. BAP 1991)
 2   (“[T]he Code does not create or expand the setoff right but
 3   instead merely preserves the common-law right under applicable
 4   non-bankruptcy law.”).
 5            RCS’s asserted setoff defense arises out of the Nevada
 6   Action which is the basis for ABC’s POC.     Nevada recognizes the
 7   common law right of setoff.8
 8            ‘Setoff is a form of counterclaim which a defendant
              may urge by way of defense or to obtain a judgment for
 9            whatever balance is due.’ Setoff is a doctrine used
              to extinguish the mutual indebtedness of parties who
10            each owe a debt to one another. In fact, the claims
              that give rise to a setoff need not arise out of the
11            same transaction; they may be entirely unrelated.
12   Aviation Ventures, Inc. v. Joan Morris, Inc., 110 P.3d 59, 63
13   (Nev. 2005).     Nevada law requires that each party must have a
14   valid and enforceable debt against the other for setoff to
15   apply.     Id.
16            RCS has a valid and enforceable judgment debt against ABC
17   obtained in the Arizona Action.     RCS concedes that ABC has a
18   valid and enforceable debt against it, as asserted in ABC’s POC
19   (not less than $41 million), for purposes of summary judgment on
20   the setoff issue.     Accordingly, at first blush, it appears that
21   RCS’s right of setoff under Nevada law has been preserved.
22   C.       Mutuality of the Claims, Debts and Parties
23            Generally, the common law right of setoff requires
24   mutuality between the claims, debts and parties.      In re Wade
25   Cook Fin. Corp., 375 B.R. at 588 (For mutuality to exist, the
26
          8
27          Moreover, ACCP is a Nevada limited liability company,
     several of the properties at issue were located in Nevada, and
28   the alleged merger between RCS and ACCP took place in Nevada.

                                       -19-
 1   debts and claims must be “‘in the same right and between the
 2   same parties, standing in the same capacity.’”); see also
 3   In re Women First Healthcare, Inc., 345 B.R. at 134-35 (“Both
 4   §§ 553 and 558 require the mutuality of parties, that is, the
 5   estate must seek to set off a debt it owes to the creditor
 6   against a debt that the creditor owes to the estate.”).
 7        Mutuality is at issue in this case.     RCS’s judgment for
 8   $57 million is against ABC, but ABC’s claim for $41 million
 9   arises out of its loans to ACCP for the purchase and development
10   of various properties and the Deed of Acknowledgment.    There is
11   no dispute that RCS was unrelated to ACCP prior to RCS’s
12   purchase of Krynski’s membership interest in ACCP and the
13   subsequent dissolution and liquidation of ACCP whereby RCS
14   merged ACCP’s assets with its own and assumed ACCP’s
15   liabilities.
16        RCS asserted that it was the successor in interest to ACCP
17   under a de facto merger theory as a matter of law and the
18   bankruptcy court so found.   ABC seeks to have us reverse the
19   court’s finding on de facto merger, contending that the
20   transactions between RCS and ACCP do not meet the requirements
21   for a de facto merger for various reasons.    ABC also argues that
22   the merger should be unwound under a fraudulent transfer theory
23   because ACCP transferred the assets for little or no
24   consideration and harmed ACCP’s creditors, especially ABC.    ABC
25   further contends that it is not seeking to hold RCS liable as
26   the successor under the Deed of Acknowledgment, but rather is
27   seeking to recover the properties that were fraudulently
28   transferred to RCS.

                                    -20-
 1                             Successor Liability
 2            De facto merger and fraudulent transfer theories are
 3   related in that both can be used to impose successor liability.9
 4   “A primary purpose of the de facto merger exception is to
 5   protect dissenting shareholders or creditors from a transaction
 6   that is a ploy to avoid the seller’s liabilities.”      Devine &
 7   Devine Food Brokers, Inc. v. Wampler Foods, Inc., 313 F.3d 616,
 8   619 n.3 (1st Cir. 2002) (citing 15 W. Fletcher, Law of Private
 9   Corporations § 7045.10, at 32-34 (Rev. Ed. 1999)).      “Courts
10   commonly appeal to this doctrine where the asset transfer in
11   question was neither an arms-length bargain nor supported by
12   adequate consideration.”      Id.
13            However, this is not a successor liability case.10   The
14
15        9
            Successor liability has it roots in assets sales. Beck v.
16   Roper Whitney, Inc., 190 F.Supp.2d 524, 535 (W.D.N.Y. 2001) (“The
     classic example of a de facto merger is a transaction in which
17   the purchasing corporation pays for the acquired assets with
     shares of its own stock.”). “[I]t is the general rule that when
18
     one corporation sells all of its assets to another corporation
19   the purchaser is not liable for the debts of the seller.” Lamb
     v. Leroy Corp., 454 P.2d 24, 26-27 (Nev. 1969). The Nevada
20   Supreme Court has identified four “well recognized exceptions” to
     the general rule: (1) where the purchaser expressly or impliedly
21   agrees to assume such debts; (2) where the transaction is really
22   a consolidation or a merger; (3) when the purchasing corporation
     is merely a continuation of the selling corporation; and
23   (4) where the transaction was fraudulently made in order to
     escape liability for such debts. Id.
24
          10
            Indeed, RCS is not trying to escape liability from ABC
25   but seeks to establish that it properly assumed ACCP’s
26   liabilities through a merger. ABC does not seek to impose
     liability on RCS for the breach of the Deed of Acknowledgment but
27   instead relies on fraudulent transfer law and a constructive
     trust remedy to recover the properties that were transferred from
28   ACCP to RCS through the merger.

                                         -21-
 1   bankruptcy court did not apply the de facto merger doctrine to
 2   impose successor liability on RCS in the context of an asset
 3   sale.    Rather, the court used the doctrine to recognize the
 4   transactions between RCS and ACCP as a valid merger because RCS
 5   failed to follow the statutory requirements under Nevada law
 6   that would have supported a merger in law.     “One meaning of de
 7   facto merger . . . refers to a bona fide attempt to merge or
 8   consolidate that fails to comply with one or more legal
 9   requirements for a merger . . . .”      15 W. Fletcher, Law of
10   Private Corporations § 7047.20 (Rev. Ed. Sept. 2012).      Nevada
11   law gives no indication that its courts would limit the use of
12   the de facto merger doctrine to successor liability cases.
13              De Facto Merger:   Requirements Under Nevada Law
14           Nevada law provides a comprehensive statutory framework for
15   the merger of corporations in Nev. Rev. Stat. Chapter 92A.
16   Those statutes set forth the requirements for the approval of
17   the merger and contents for the plan of merger, filing
18   requirements for mergers, and the like.     A consummated agreement
19   of merger generally imposes upon the surviving corporation all
20   liabilities of the constituent corporations so merged or
21   consolidated.    Nev. Rev. Stat. 92A.250.   RCS conceded at the
22   hearing on this matter that it did not file its plan of merger
23   with the Secretary of State as required under Nevada law.        Nev.
24   Rev. Stat. 92A.200.
25           Nevada recognizes the de facto merger doctrine when there
26   has been a failure to comply with the merger statutes.        See
27   Vill. Builders v. U.S. Labs., Inc., 112 P.3d 1082, 1087 (Nev.
28   2005); see also Schumacher v. Richards Shear Co., 451 N.E.2d

                                      -22-
 1   195, 198 (N.Y. Ct. App. 1983) (A de facto merger occurs when a
 2   transaction, although not in form a merger, is in substance “a
 3   consolidation or merger of seller and purchaser.”).      Although we
 4   are not applying the doctrine in a successor liability case,
 5   the four factor test applied in such cases is instructive for
 6   purposes of our analysis:    “(1) whether there is continuation of
 7   the enterprise, (2) where there is a continuity of shareholders,
 8   (3) whether the seller corporation ceased its ordinary business
 9   operations, and (4) whether the purchasing corporation assumed
10   the seller’s obligations.”   Vill. Builders, 112 P.3d at 1087.
11   The court is instructed to weigh these factors equally to
12   determine if a plaintiff has established a prima facie case for
13   de facto merger, and “no single factor ‘is either necessary or
14   sufficient to establish a de facto merger.’”     Id.11
15        In this case we conclude that RCS has showed a prima facie
16   case for at least three of the factors.     The record shows there
17   was a continuity of shareholders.      Before its merger with ACCP,
18   RCS, a limited liability company, was the sole member of ACCP
19   through the purchase of Krynski’s membership interest.     Cheryl
20   and Rick Sodja were the sole members of RCS.     Therefore, the
21   Sodjas were indirectly members in ACCP.     It is sufficient for a
22   finding of continuity of ownership that the Sodjas held
23
         11
24          In Vill. Builders, the Nevada Supreme Court determined
     that a de factor merger does not exist when only two of the four
25   factors exist. 112 P.3d at 1090. It therefore appears that more
26   than two factors are needed to demonstrate a de facto merger
     under Nevada law. See also Lumbard v. Maglia, Inc., 621 F.Supp.
27   1529, 1535 (S.D.N.Y. 1985) (“Not all of these factors are needed
     to demonstrate a merger; rather, these factors are only
28   indicators that tend to show a de facto merger.”).

                                     -23-
 1   interests in both RCS, the successor corporation, and ACCP, the
 2   predecessor.   “[T]he cases uniformly hold that continuity, not
 3   uniformity, is the significant variable.”     Lumbard, 621 F.Supp.
 4   at 1535. (S.D.N.Y. 1985).   Next, ACCP did not continue to exist
 5   after the transfer of its assets.      The Dissolution, Distribution
 6   and Liquidation Agreements show that all of ACCP’s property,
 7   assets, and liabilities were merged into RCS.     ACCP was not
 8   dissolved immediately but remained as a mere shell and is now a
 9   bankrupt entity.   However, so long as the acquired corporation
10   is shorn of its assets and has become, in essence, a shell,
11   legal dissolution is not necessary before a finding of a
12   de facto merger will be made.   U.S. v. Gen. Battery Corp., Inc.,
13   423 F.3d 294, 305 (3d Cir. 2005) (“barren continuation” of the
14   seller company does not bar application of the de facto merger
15   doctrine); Morales v. City of N.Y., 849 N.Y.S.2d 406, 412 (N.Y.
16   Sup. Ct. 2007) (same).   Third and last, RCS assumed ACCP’s
17   liabilities.   Both of the Dissolution, Distribution and
18   Liquidation Agreements dated November 12th and 13th, 2008,
19   recite that RCS expressly assumed all the debts and liabilities
20   of ACCP.
21        In sum, although the facts of this case do not fit neatly
22   into the test for finding a de facto merger in the context of an
23   asset sale, none of the above mentioned factors were
24   sufficiently disputed by ABC so as to preclude this Panel from
25   deciding that a valid merger between RCS and ACCP occurred as a
26   matter of law.   As a result, all the requirements for a lawful
27   setoff under Nevada law were met:      there was mutuality between
28   the claims, debts and parties, and each party had a valid and

                                     -24-
 1   enforceable debt against the other.
 2   D.   ABC’s Defenses to Setoff and Cross Motion
 3        ABC asserted several defenses to setoff, including that of
 4   fraudulent transfer and imposition of a constructive trust.
 5   After the bankruptcy court granted RCS’s motion for setoff based
 6   on de facto merger, it commented “but I think maybe the first
 7   question is does that ruling moot [those] issue[s]?”   Hr’g Tr.
 8   5/22/12 at 37:10-12.   Despite this comment, the court denied the
 9   cross motion on the merits.   The bankruptcy court’s first
10   instinct however was the correct one: its ruling based on the
11   de facto merger of ACCP into RCS conclusively resolved all
12   arguments raised in ABC’s cross MSJ, which were also its
13   defenses to RCS’s motion.
14        The determination that ACCP had properly merged into RCS
15   with RCS assuming ACCP’s liabilities obviated any possibility
16   that a transfer had occurred, a critical element for fraudulent
17   transfer.   Under Nev. Rev. Stat. 112.150 a “‘[t]ransfer’ means
18   every mode, direct or indirect, absolute or conditional,
19   voluntary or involuntary, of disposing of or parting with an
20   asset or an interest in an asset, and includes payment of money,
21   release, lease and creation of a lien or other encumbrance.”
22   Here, due to the merger, there cannot have been the “disposing
23   of or parting with an asset or an interest in an asset” nor can
24   it be said that the merger entailed any separation or divestment
25   of corporate assets from ACCP.    ACCP’s assets before the merger
26   remained after the merger.    Therefore, the substantive economic
27   effect of the merger was that there was no change with respect
28   to the properties and thus there could be no “transfer” from

                                      -25-
 1   ACCP to RCS within the meaning of Nevada’s fraudulent transfer
 2   act.   Since no transfer occurred, it was not necessary for the
 3   bankruptcy court or us to address these arguments further.    We
 4   would note, however, that because RCS assumed all the
 5   liabilities of ACCP in the merger, such assumption of the debt
 6   which went with the assets would be reasonably equivalent value,
 7   conclusively defeating another element necessary to prove a
 8   fraudulent transfer.    See Nev. Rev. Stat. 112.180(b).
 9          To the extent that ABC’s cross motion argued that it could
10   assert a constructive trust in the assets of ACCP, now RCS, this
11   theory fails as a matter of Ninth Circuit law.   A constructive
12   trust is an equitable remedy, not a claim for relief, that
13   remains inchoate until it has been imposed by a court.    Torres v
14   Eastlick (In re N. Am. Coin & Currency, Ltd.), 767 F.2d 1573,
15   1575 (9th Cir. 1985).   Our court recognized that a constructive
16   trust imposed by state law prepetition would exclude the res
17   from the debtor’s estate, but if it remains inchoate
18   postpetition, it is subordinate to the trustee’s strong-arm
19   powers.   Airwork Corp. v. Markair Express, Inc. (In re Markair,
20   Inc.), 172 B.R. 638, 642 (9th Cir. BAP 1994) (citing Chbat v.
21   Tleel (In re Tleel), 875 F.2d 769, 771-72 (9th Cir. 1989); see
22   also Taylor Assocs. v. Diamant (In re Advent Mgt. Corp.),
23   178 B.R. 480, 488 (9th Cir. BAP 1995).   Although ABC asserted
24   the constructive trust theory in its Nevada litigation and used
25   it as a basis to record the lis pendens that were dissolved by
26   the bankruptcy court, no court had imposed a trust.    As a
27   result, the properties remained property of RCS’s estate and any
28   action to claim the inchoate remedy is trumped by the strong arm

                                     -26-
 1   powers held by the debtor in possession, RCS.
 2         ABC’s other claims arise from breach of contract and
 3   various intentional torts, claims which would result in a
 4   damages claim against RCS/ACCP.    However, RCS’s motion conceded
 5   the existence of the full amount of ABC’s monetary claim for the
 6   purpose of asserting its setoff argument and the court
 7   effectively ruled that conceded claim was “paid” by the setoff.
 8   As a result, the other arguments of ABC in defense or in its
 9   cross MSJ are moot: the liability is conceded and paid.    ABC is
10   owed no further debt and has no grounds for further complaint.
11         In essence, the bankruptcy court’s denial of the ABC motion
12   was compelled by it ruling in favor of RCS on the setoff issue.
13   We find no error in that ruling.
14   E.    Amount of ABC’s Claim
15         The order granting RCS’s summary judgment stated that the
16   amount of ABC’s claim was USD$30,366,140.90.    In determining
17   that amount, the bankruptcy court used the exchange rate for
18   Australian dollars as of December 11, 2008, the date of ACCP’s
19   purported breach under the Deed of Acknowledgment.12   Therefore,
20   ABC’s AUD$41 million claim was converted to USD as of that date.
21   ABC moved for reconsideration on that issue, arguing that
22   § 502(b) required the exchange rate to be calculated as of the
23   date of the petition.   According to ABC, if that rate is used
24   the amount of its claim is approximately USD$42,139,800.     The
25
          12
26          The December 11, 2008 date was the date of the letter
     sent by the ABC receiver and manager to ACCP stating that ABC
27   would not purchase any more of ACCP’s properties under the Deed
     of Acknowledgment and demanding the sum of AUD$39 million to be
28   paid to ABC within seven days.

                                    -27-
 1   bankruptcy court did not state any reason for denying ABC’s
 2   motion for reconsideration on this ground.
 3        Section 502(b) governs the allowance of claims:
 4        Except as provided in subsections (e)(2), (f), (g),
          (h) and (i) of this section, if such objection to a
 5        claim is made, the court, after notice and a hearing,
          shall determine the amount of such claim in lawful
 6        currency of the United States as of the date of the
          filing of the petition, and shall allow such claim in
 7        such amount. . . .
 8   “This section ‘prevents the value of a claim from fluctuating by
 9   freezing the claim as of the petition date and converting it to
10   United States dollars.   The amount of the claim will not change,
11   even . . . if the applicable currency rises or falls in relation
12   to dollars.’”   In re Global Power Equip. Grp., Inc., 2008 WL
13   435197 (Bankr. D. Del. 2008) aff’d 400 B.R. 17 (D. Del. 2009).
14   In Global Power, the bankruptcy court declined to consider
15   whether the “judgment day” or the “breach day” rule13 applied for
16   purposes of the relevant date for applying an exchange rate,
17   instead finding that the plain language of § 502(b) controlled.
18   The bankruptcy court’s decision was affirmed on appeal.
19        RCS argues that Global Power stands for the proposition
20   that § 502(b) does not require that claims in foreign currency
21
         13
            The “judgment day rule” states that when a contractual
22
     obligation is payable in a foreign country in that country’s
23   currency, the amount owed should be converted at the rate in
     effect on the date of judgment. See Zimmermann v. Sutherland,
24   274 U.S. 253, 255-56 (1927). The “breach day rule” parallels the
     general rule for contract damages: that breach-of-contract
25   damages are measured from the date of breach. See Alder Terrace,
26   Inc. v. United States, 161 F.3d 1372, 1377 (Fed. Cir. 1998)
     (“Generally, in the case of a breach of a contract, a cause of
27   action accrues when the breach occurs.”). However, when choice
     of law questions arise, the “breach day rule” generally requires
28   that the cause of action arise under American law.

                                    -28-
 1   be converted as of the petition date.    We disagree.   Nowhere
 2   does the plain language of the statute suggest that the court
 3   has discretion in applying its terms.    Rather, the plain
 4   language of § 502(b) commands that the bankruptcy court “shall”
 5   determine the amount of such claim in lawful currency of the
 6   United States as of the petition date.   U.S. v. Ron Pair
 7   Enters., 489 U.S. 235, 241 (1989) (“[W]here . . . the statute’s
 8   language is plain, ‘the sole function of the courts is to
 9   enforce it according to its terms.’”); see also Brower v. Evans,
10   257 F.3d 1058, 1068 n.10 (9th Cir. 2001) (“‘Shall’ means
11   shall.”).
12        Moreover, using the “breach date” as the effective date for
13   the setoff makes no sense under these facts.    RCS did not obtain
14   its judgment against ABC until almost two years after ABC
15   declared that ACCP was in breach of contract.   Thus, setoff
16   could not have occurred on the earlier date.    Further, as noted,
17   RCS did not concede the validity of ABC’s claim until
18   February 17, 2012 when it moved for summary judgment on the
19   issue of setoff.   Finally, setoff was accomplished through RCS’s
20   plan of reorganization which had an Effective Date of
21   December 14, 2012.   If the purpose of § 502(b) is to freeze the
22   value of a claim on the petition date to avoid fluctuations in
23   the relevant currency, then § 502(b) inures to the benefit of
24   RCS under these circumstances.
25        Accordingly, we conclude that the bankruptcy court erred in
26   calculating the exchange rate by using the breach date rather
27   than the petition date as mandated by § 502(b).
28

                                      -29-
 1                            VI.   CONCLUSION
 2        For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy
 3   court’s grant of RCS’s MSJ and AFFIRM the court’s denial of
 4   ABC’s cross MSJ.   However, we REVERSE and REMAND on the amount
 5   of ABC’s claim.
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

                                    -30-