Court Opinion

ID: 4694696
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-11 14:10:10.857468+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:31.021863
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-2867-19

SCOTT D. GALKIN, D.M.D.,
and NEW JERSEY DENTAL
ASSOCIATION,

          Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

SMILEDIRECTCLUB, LLC,
DANNY LEEDS, D.D.S., and
ISAAC V. PERLE, D.M.D.,

          Defendants-Respondents,

and

ROBERT M. DEROSSO, D.M.D.,

     Defendant.
_____________________________

                   Argued April 28, 2021 – Decided June 11, 2021

                   Before Judges Whipple and Firko.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
                   Chancery Division, Middlesex County, Docket No.
                   C-000019-19.
              Arthur Meisel argued the cause for appellants.

              Kevin M. Capuzzi argued the cause for respondents
              (Benesch, Friedlander, Coplan & Aronoff, LLP,
              attorneys; Kevin M. Capuzzi, Michael J. Barrie, and J.
              Erik Connolly, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Plaintiffs Scott D. Galkin, D.M.D., and the New Jersey Dental Association

appeal orders of January 27, 2020, and March 6, 2020. The first order granted

in part defendants' motion to seal the court record, and the second order granted

defendants' motion for summary judgment. We affirm as to both.

      Plaintiffs are Galkin, a dentist, and the New Jersey Dental Association, a

non-profit corporation.    Defendants Danny Leeds, D.D.S., and Isaac Perle,

D.M.D., are licensed dentists who provide telehealth dental services to clients

in New Jersey. Defendant SmileDirectClub, LLC (SDC), is a dental support

organization that offers non-clinical support services to licensed dentists. SDC

provides clear aligners for professional corporations or groups of licensed

dentists after assessing patients using at-home impression kits and 3D optical

scanning. At the heart of this case is the nature of the relationship among the

defendants.

      Leeds is the sole owner of Smile of New Jersey, P.A. (SNJ), a New Jersey

company located in Tennessee that places advertisements on behalf of and

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contracts with dentists in New Jersey, but has no physical office in New Jersey.

SNJ also contracts with SDC for non-clinical administrative services, including

billing and records management. Leeds has an employment contract with SNJ.

SDC sources clear aligners from an FDA-certified manufacturer and impression

kits from a lab for SNJ.

      On January 28, 2019, plaintiffs filed a complaint for injunctive relief in

Middlesex County, asserting defendants SDC, Leeds, and Perle1 are engaging in

the unlawful corporate practice of dentistry and unlawful practice of dentistry,

N.J.S.A. 45:6-12, and are illegally engaging in direct-to-consumer advertising,

sale, and delivery of aligners to straighten teeth in violation of N.J.S.A. 45:6-

19.

      In March 2019, SDC, Leeds, and Perle filed a motion to dismiss plaintiffs'

complaint, which the court denied. Defendants moved for reconsideration,

which the court also denied in June 2019.         To protect against the public

disclosure of its proprietary information during the litigation, defendants moved

for, and the court issued, a protective order on August 2, 2019. The protective

order dictated that restrictions be in place forbidding unauthorized disclosure of

1
  A third dentist, Robert DeRosso, was named as a defendant in plaintiffs'
complaints but was granted summary judgment, and that order was not appealed.
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                                        3
certain confidential or proprietary information. All parties to the litigation were

permitted through the order to designate as confidential documents: answers to

interrogatories, pleadings, or other material. The judge also denied plaintiffs'

motion for summary judgment.

      Later, on January 27, 2020, the court granted defendants' motion to seal

the court record in part, prohibiting public disclosure of agreements and related

documents. The court directed defendants to file revised transcripts that redact

only confidential information pertaining to SDC's business model and written

agreements between SDC and SNJ. The court found SDC satisfied its burden to

show that it would be seriously injured if such information were publicly

disclosed. On March 6, 2020, the court denied plaintiffs' second motion for

summary judgment and granted defendants' cross-motion for summary judgment

after determining SDC does not practice dentistry, nor does it control SNJ. This

appeal followed.

      On appeal, plaintiffs argue the court erred granting summary judgment

because defendants are unlawfully engaged in the corporate practice of dentistry

and that it was also error to enter an order protecting portions of the record from

disclosure. We review entry of summary judgment de novo, applying the same

legal standard as the trial court. Conley v. Guerrero, 228 N.J. 339, 346 (2017).

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                                        4
Summary judgment shall be granted "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show

that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact challenged and that the

moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a matter of law." Templo

Fuente De Vida Corp. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co., 224 N.J. 189, 199 (2016)

(quoting R. 4:46-2(c)).

      "When no issue of fact exists, and only a question of law remains, [we]

afford[] no special deference to the legal determinations of the trial court."

Templo Fuente De Vida, 224 N.J. at 199 (citing Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp.

Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)). But the decision to seal or

unseal portions of the court record is left to the discretion of the trial judge.

Hammock ex rel Hammock v. Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., 142 N.J. 356, 380

(1995).

                                        I.

      N.J.S.A. 45:6-1 to -69 (the Dental Practice Act) regulates and governs the

practice of dentistry in New Jersey. The State's corresponding administrative

code, N.J.A.C. 13:30-1.1 to -8.26, applies to:

            [A]ll licensed dentists, licensed dental hygienists,
            registered dental assistants, limited registered dental
            assistants, and holders of dental clinic permits, and all
            applicants seeking licensure to engage in the practice of

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                                        5
             dentistry, dental hygiene, and dental assisting, and
             applicants seeking permits to operate dental clinics.

             [N.J.A.C. 13:30-1.1(b).]

Failure to comply with this rule "may be deemed professional misconduct and

may subject the licensee, registrant or permit holder to disciplinary action

pursuant to the provisions of 45:1-14 . . . ." N.J.A.C. 13:30-1.1(c).

      Plaintiffs argue that defendants violated the "common law" by engaging

in the "unlawful corporate practice of dentistry." They cite to N.J.S.A. 45:6-12,

which states "[n]o corporation shall practice or continue to practice, offer or

undertake to practice, or hold itself out as practicing dentistry." The statute

further states:

             No person shall practice or continue to practice
             dentistry as an officer, agent or employee of any
             corporation, or under the name of any corporation. No
             person shall practice or continue to practice dentistry
             under any firm name or trade name or under any name
             other than his true name, but nothing herein contained
             shall prohibit the practice of dentistry by a partnership
             under a firm name containing nothing but the surname
             of every member of the partnership, and that nothing
             herein contained shall prohibit a licensed dentist from
             practicing under his own name or under a firm name
             containing only the surnames of each member of such
             firm. Every person or corporation, violating any of the
             foregoing provisions of this section shall be subject to
             a penalty of three hundred dollars for the first offense
             and six hundred dollars for the second and each
             subsequent offense.

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                                        6
            Every person practicing dentistry under a firm name as
            herein authorized and every person practicing dentistry
            or as an employee of another shall cause his name to be
            conspicuously displayed and kept in a conspicuous
            place at the entrance of the place where such practice
            shall be conducted, and any person who shall neglect to
            cause his name to be displayed as herein required, shall
            be liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars.

            [N.J.S.A. 45:6-12.]

      Addressing the relevant provisions, the motion judge found SDC is not

engaged in the corporate practice of dentistry, nor is SDC in violation of

N.J.S.A. 45:6-12 because it does not control clinical treatment to patients or the

dentists with whom it contracts. The motion judge also rejected plaintiffs'

contention that a Law Division decision in Allstate Insurance Co. v. Schick, 328

N.J. Super. 611 (Law Div. 1999), and our Supreme Court's decision in Allstate

Insurance Co. v. Northfield Medical Center, 228 N.J. 596 (2017), bar SDC from

its business arrangement as "enabling unlicensed persons to own dental

practices," and so do we.

      In Schick, insurer Allstate accused defendant medical providers of

creating "a group of sham medical corporations that appeared to be owned by

plenary licensed physicians as required by applicable administrative

regulations." 328 N.J. Super. at 615. Allstate argued that the defendants'

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                                        7
scheme was hatched in order to "circumvent administrative regulations requiring

that diagnostic facilities be owned by plenary licensed physicians and

regulations prohibiting plenary licensed physicians from being employed by

chiropractors or non-licensees." Id. at 616. The documents memorializing the

relationship between the physicians and medical corporations had specious

authenticity. Id. at 623. A significant portion of Schick pertained to alleged

insurance fraud (the Insurance Fraud Protection Act, N.J.S.A. 17:33A-1 to -30)

and violation of medical licensing regulation through the New Jersey Board of

Medical Examiners, N.J.A.C. 13:35-2.6, which are not of moment in the present

case. See id. at 614, 627-29. Schick can be further distinguished from the case

at bar because the administrative regulations and legislative statutes in question

for dental licensing and medical licensing are different. The court in Schick

ultimately decided that there were issues of fact related to the supervision of

licensed physicians, specifically related to potentially forged documents, and

that this precluded summary judgment in favor of the defendant medical

providers. Id. at 616.

      In Northfield, the insurer again contended that defendants—in that case,

a chiropractor and his management company—knowingly violated the Insurance

Fraud Prevention Act. 228 N.J. at 599. The Court evaluated this fraud claim

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                                        8
through the lens of regulations for a medical practice, in specific, codified at

N.J.A.C. 13:35-6.16. Id. at 601. In Northfield, a medical doctor who owned a

corporation did not participate in his patients' treatment. Id. at 626. The Court

in Northfield decided the defendants had violated Board standards by putting an

unlicensed chiropractor in control of a medical practice. Id. at 615.

      Schick and Northfield do not apply here. SNJ is a valid professional

corporation owned and controlled by a licensed dentist; there are no credible

allegations that SNJ is a sham corporation, that it is substantially controlled by

SDC, or that it was formed to evade insurance requirements or statutory

regulations. Moreover, SNJ is not a plenary medical practice, which would be

subject to a different set of regulations.

      In addition, SNJ is not owned or controlled by unlicensed strangers to the

profession. On this point, plaintiffs argue that a succession agreement between

SDC and SNJ would allow SDC to effectively take ownership of SNJ through

an SDC designee. However, the succession agreement requires SNJ be owned

by a New Jersey-licensed orthodontist or dentist. Thus, the safeguards in place

in the agreements maintain management and ownership of SNJ under the Dental

Practice Act; its operations and those of SDC must comport with the statute.

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                                         9
      Plaintiffs also argue that SDC is engaged in the "direct-to-consumer

advertising, sale and delivery of clear-plastic orthodontic aligners to straighten

teeth in violation of N.J.S.A. 45:6-19."

      N.J.S.A. 45:6-19 defines a person engaged in the practice of dentistry as

someone who, in pertinent part:

            (1) Uses a dental degree, or the terms "mechanical
            dentist" or the use of the word "dentist" in English or
            any foreign language, or designation, or card, device,
            directory, poster, sign, or other media whereby he
            represents himself as being able to diagnose, treat,
            prescribe or operate for any disease, pain, deformity,
            deficiency, injury, or physical condition of the human
            tooth, teeth, alveolar process, gums, cheek, or jaws, or
            oral cavity and associated tissues; or

            (2) Is a manager, proprietor, operator, or conductor of
            a place where dental operations are performed; or

            (3) Performs dental operations of any kind gratuitously
            . . . or

            (4) Uses himself or by any employee, uses a Roentgen
            or X-ray machine for dental treatment, dental
            radiograms, or for dental diagnostic purposes; or

            (5) Extracts a human tooth or teeth, or corrects or
            attempts to correct malpositions of the human teeth or
            jaws; or

            (6) Offers and undertakes, by any means or method, to
            diagnose, treat or remove stains or concretions from
            human teeth or jaws; or

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                                       10
                  ....

            (8) Takes impressions of the human tooth, teeth, jaws,
            or performs any phase of any operation incident to the
            replacement of a part of a tooth, teeth, or associated
            tissues; or

            (9) Performs any clinical operation included in the
            curricula of recognized dental schools or colleges.

            [(Emphasis added.)]

      The Dental Practice Act also outlines what specific activities are not

considered practice of dentistry:

            (7) The making of artificial restorations, substitutes, or
            appliances for correction of disease, loss, deformity,
            malposition, dislocation, fracture, or injury to the jaws,
            teeth, lips, gums, cheeks, palate, or cases, models, or
            from impressions furnished by a licensed and registered
            dentist, on written prescription only; provided, that
            such prosthetic or orthodontic appliances, or the
            services rendered in the construction, repair, or
            alteration thereof, shall not be advertised, sold or
            delivered, directly or indirectly, to the public by the
            dental technician or dental laboratory as principal or
            agent.

            [N.J.S.A. 45:6-19(7) (emphasis added).]

      Because SDC markets orthodontic appliances on behalf of licensed

dentists and does not treat patients, it is not a dental technician or dental

laboratory; therefore, this provision of the Act does not apply to SDC. The

aligners provided to patients are prescribed by dentists or orthodontists.

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                                       11
       The management services agreement executed between SDC and Smile of

NJ explicitly lists services SDC will provide; for example, recruitment and

supervision of non-clinical personnel, payroll and taxes, patient record

maintenance, laboratory services, and various additional non-clinical services.

In addition, the agreement states SDC:

             [S]hall not interfere in any manner or to any extent with
             the performance of any [c]linical [p]ersonnel's medical
             or professional judgment. Nothing contained in this
             [a]greement shall be construed to permit the
             ManagementCo [2] to (a) engage in the practice of
             medicine, dentistry or dental hygiene, it being the sole
             intention of the [p]arties that the professional
             healthcare services performed by the [p]ractice are to
             be rendered by the [p]ractice and its [c]linical
             [p]ersonnel, (b) own or maintain any part of the
             [p]ractice, (c) control or operate the [p]ractice in any
             manner, (d) engage any person to practice medicine,
             dentistry or dental hygiene or (e) control, influence, or
             attempt to control or influence or otherwise interfere
             with the exercise of the [c]linical [p]ersonnel's
             independent professional judgment regarding the
             diagnosis or treatment of a dental disease, disorder or
             physical condition.

The motion judge found that SDC's marketing informs that patients' dental

treatment is handled by licensed dentists and orthodontists. The dentists do not

work for SDC, and SDC only provides non-clinical services to the contracting

2
    SDC Holding LLC refers to itself in its agreements as "ManagementCo."
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                                       12
parties. Therefore, because SDC is not engaged in dentistry according to the

statutory definition, defendants' marketing materials do not violate N.J.S.A.

45:6-19.

                                        II.

      Finally, we reject plaintiffs' argument that the judge abused his discretion

in granting defendants' motion to seal, and in denying plaintiffs' motion to vacate

the order granting motion to seal. The motion judge retains discretion over the

decision to seal documents. Rule 1:2-1 states:

            All trials, hearings of motions and other applications,
            pretrial    conferences,    arraignments,     sentencing
            conferences (except with members of the probation
            department) and appeals shall be conducted in open
            court unless otherwise provided by rule or statute. If a
            proceeding is required to be conducted in open court,
            no record of any portion thereof shall be sealed by order
            of the court except for good cause shown, as defined by
            R[ule] 1:38-11(b), which shall be set forth on the
            record.

            [(Emphasis added).]

      Rule 1:38-11(b) states that "good cause" to seal a record exists when:

            (1) Disclosure will likely cause a clearly defined and
            serious injury to any person or entity; and

            (2) The person's or entity's interest in privacy
            substantially outweighs the presumption that all court
            and administrative records are open for public
            inspection pursuant to R[ule] 1:38.

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Good cause must be measured by the standard of "reasonableness." Hammock,

142 N.J. at 386.

      In the January 10, 2020 hearing, the motion judge found that the

agreements among defendants should be kept under seal: "I find that the only

reason that conclusory language is pretty -- pretty clear that the commercial

interest confidentiality information is -- should be protected from public

disclosure." He later added that "[t]he Supreme Court said that if it's clearly

something that should be confidential information. I don't think any evidence

[is] necessary. I think it's clear that the confidential information is there." The

order specifies that SDC has satisfied its burden of showing that public

disclosure of agreements and depositions would cause defendants serious injury

because the documents "contain highly sensitive information that, if put in the

wrong hands, could competitively harm [d]efendants." We discern no abuse of

the court's discretion. All of the remaining arguments raised by plaintiffs lack

sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.

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