Court Opinion

ID: 4664813
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-04 16:13:05.180648+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:38.394990
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Cleveland v. Taylor, 2021-Ohio-584.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

CITY OF CLEVELAND,                                :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,              :
                                                              No. 109371
                 v.                               :

LAVELL TAYLOR,                                    :

                 Defendant-Appellant.             :

                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: March 4, 2021

                      Criminal Appeal from the Cleveland Municipal Court
                                 Case No. 2019 CRB 014948

                                            Appearances:

                 Barbara A. Langhenry, Cleveland Director of Law,
                 Aqueelah A. Jordan, Chief Prosecuting Attorney, and
                 Leslie C. Weston, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for
                 appellee.

                 Anzelmo Law and James A. Anzelmo, for appellant.

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J.:

                Defendant-appellant Lavell Taylor brings this appeal challenging his

convictions and sentence for endangering children and criminal damaging.

Appellant argues that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to convict him of
endangering children, the trial court violated his right to confrontation, his

convictions were not supported by sufficient evidence and are against the manifest

weight of the evidence, and that the trial court erred in ordering appellant to pay

$400 in restitution. After a thorough review of the record and law, this court

affirms.

                         I. Factual and Procedural History

              The instant matter arose from an incident that occurred on August 28,

2019, between appellant, his son M.I.,1 and the mother of his son, I.D. The son was

ten years old at the time of the incident. It is undisputed that while at a restaurant,

appellant was looking through the son’s phone and discovered pornographic photos

or pornographic websites that had been accessed by the son. The pornographic

content was homosexual. As set forth in further detail below, the parties dispute

events that transpired following appellant’s discovery.

              Appellant was upset about his observations. He confronted his son, and

after taking his son to I.D.’s house, confronted I.D. about his discovery. Appellant

was angry that I.D. knew about the issue, either the pornography on the cell phone

or the son’s sexual orientation, but had not told him. When appellant arrived at

I.D.’s house, he was yelling at I.D. and calling the son names, including a “f[*****].”

              Appellant was also arguing with, yelling, and swearing at I.D. I.D.

asked appellant to leave several times, but appellant did not comply. The altercation

      1   D.O.B. December 4, 2008.
between appellant and I.D. escalated from a verbal argument to a physical

altercation.

               At some point during the altercation, I.D. threw water in appellant’s

face. She later threw the empty water bottle at appellant. I.D. attempted to enter

her house, but appellant prevented her from doing so. Appellant shoved I.D. into

the house. I.D. grabbed a hammer in the kitchen and ran outside towards appellant.

At this point, appellant was already in his vehicle. He backed out of the driveway

and left the scene. Later the same day, I.D. reported the altercation to the police.

               On September 3, 2019, appellant was charged in a three-count

complaint for his involvement in the August 28, 2019 altercation. Appellant was

charged with (1) domestic violence, a first-degree misdemeanor in violation of R.C.

2919.25, (2) endangering children, a first-degree misdemeanor in violation of

Cleveland Codified Ordinances (“CCO”) 609.04, and (3) criminal damaging or

endangering, a second-degree misdemeanor in violation of CCO 623.02.

               On September 4, 2019, following a hearing, the trial court issued an ex

parte temporary protection order under which I.D. and the child were listed as

protected persons.      Appellant pled not guilty during his September 21, 2019

arraignment.

               Trial commenced on November 6, 2019. I.D. testified on behalf of the

prosecution. Appellant testified on behalf of the defense.
I.D.’s Trial Testimony

             I.D. testified that appellant is the father of M.I., and that she has

another son that was two-years-old at the time of the incident. I.D. was not in a

relationship with appellant at the time of the incident. They were coparenting their

son, M.I.

              Appellant picked up their son from I.D.’s mom’s house. I.D. did not

expect appellant to pick their son up from her mom’s house. I.D. contacted

appellant and asked when he was dropping her son off. Appellant asserted that they

were going to have a conversation when they arrived at I.D.’s house. I.D. was sitting

on the porch with her younger son. I.D. provided the following account of what

transpired when appellant arrived at her house: “[Appellant] pulls up about maybe

an hour, 45 minutes after I got off the phone with him. He proceeded to get out the

car in my driveway and says, * * * ‘So you f[*****]g knew.’ * * * ‘You knew. You

f[*****]g knew.’ * * * ‘My son’s a f[*****]g f[**].’” (Tr. 7.)

              I.D. told appellant he needed to calm down. I.D. testified that she had

seen “gay photos in [her] son’s phone[.]” She thought she deleted the photos, but

appellant saw the content when he went through the son’s cell phone.

              I.D. testified that she informed appellant that she already addressed

the issue and that she discussed the issue with her mother and appellant’s mother.2

Appellant was mad that I.D. knew about either the pornographic content, the son’s

      2I.D. did not specify whether the “issue” to which she was referring was the
pornographic content on the son’s cell phone or the son’s sexual orientation.
sexual orientation, or both, and did not tell him. I.D. explained that she did not

discuss the photos with appellant because “I already knew what type of person he

was when it came to issues like that.”

              Appellant and I.D. got into an argument at her house. She asked him

to leave because he was calling the son names in front of I.D.’s younger son. The

older son “broke down in tears and ran into the house[.]” (Tr. 8.) The son had been

sitting in the car for the “first half” of the argument between appellant and I.D.

Then, appellant told the son to get out of the car. The son was on the porch and

started crying, at which point I.D. told him to take the two-year-old inside.

              Appellant and I.D. continued to argue. She asked him to leave several

times. Although appellant began to leave a couple of times, he ended up coming

back and continuing to argue with I.D.

              Appellant was calling I.D. names, including b***h, and he was calling

the son names, including “f[**].” (Tr. 9.) I.D. kept asking appellant to leave but he

would not. I.D. was holding a water bottle and threw the water at appellant. He still

would not leave, so she threw the empty water bottle at him.

              I.D. began walking towards her house and she tried to enter the house

through the front door. Appellant threatened her, saying, “I should punch you in

your f[*****]g face.” (Tr. 10.) I.D. tried to close the door behind her, but appellant

grabbed the door handle and pushed I.D. back into her house, causing her to fall

back approximately three feet. After appellant pushed I.D. into the house, he closed

the front door. I.D. was upset and she ran towards the front door. She grabbed
something to try and hit appellant with. She was unable to open the front door. As

a result, she ran through the house and exited through a side door.

              Before going back outside, she grabbed a hammer that was in the

kitchen. She explained that she grabbed the hammer because “I wanted him to

leave, just to try [to] get him to leave.” (Tr. 12.) Appellant got into his vehicle and

pulled out of the driveway.

              After appellant left, I.D. contacted appellant and inquired where her

son’s cell phone was. Appellant advised her that the son’s phone was “gone” and

“over with.” Appellant stated that he broke the phone. I.D. testified at trial that the

son has an “LG Aristo” cell phone from T-Mobile. I.D. was still paying for the phone

at the time of the incident. When asked about the value of the phone, I.D. testified,

“[w]ith all the accessories and everything I had on it and stuff I bought for him, it

was like $400, three, $400.” (Tr. 13.)

              After appellant left, I.D. went into the house and found her sons. The

older son was in a room crying. I.D. testified, over defense counsel’s objection, that

“I grabbed my son which I had a talk to in the room because he was under his covers

in tears crying saying that his daddy didn’t love him. And he proceeded to tell me

that [appellant] grabbed him by his arm, threw him on the ground and told him that

he is not a part of his family, he does not have f[***] in his family.” (Tr. 15.)

               I.D. testified that she talked to her son in the room and calmed him

down. After she calmed him down, they gathered themselves and went to the police
station to file a report. They went to the police station approximately 20 minutes

after the altercation ended.

              I.D. testified on cross-examination that when she tried to enter her

house, she never made it all the way inside because appellant grabbed the door

before she entered the residence. She acknowledged that she tried to open the front

door to hit appellant after he pushed her inside. When she was unable to open the

front door to do so, she locked the door and ran out of the house through a back

door. After she grabbed the hammer from the kitchen, she ran towards appellant

who was in his vehicle pulling out of her driveway.

              On redirect examination, I.D. confirmed that the altercation between

her and appellant did not start when she threw water on appellant. Rather,

appellant had been “in [her] face” before she threw water on him. I.D. opined that

she asked appellant to leave five or six times before she first threw water at him. He

began to leave approximately three times, but ended up coming back to continue the

argument. After she threw water at appellant, they continued to argue for another

five to ten minutes. Then, she threw the empty water bottle at appellant and

attempted to go inside the house.

              Following I.D.’s testimony, defense counsel moved for a Crim.R. 29

judgment of acquittal. Regarding the endangering children offense, the city argued

that the defense’s motion should be overruled based on appellant calling his son a

“f[*****]” and appellant’s conduct of bringing the fight to I.D.’s house and fighting

in front of the two children. (Tr. 28.) Regarding the criminal damaging offense, the
city argued that the motion should be overruled based on I.D.’s testimony that

appellant told her he destroyed the son’s phone and that she never got the phone

back from appellant. (Tr. 28.) The trial court denied defense counsel’s motion.

Appellant’s Trial Testimony

              Appellant testified at trial that he picked his son up from I.D.’s mom’s

house. They went to his brother’s restaurant and were hanging out. He had the

son’s phone and saw that the son had been visiting “several porn sites for months.”

Appellant testified that he talked to the son about it, and that they “just had a

conversation.”

              Appellant knew his son was lying because the son told him that the

site was accessed within the last couple of weeks, rather than months. Appellant

confronted the son about the lie, telling him that the websites dated back six or seven

months. The son continued to lie.

              Appellant asserted that he was “already on the ground” with his son.

Thereafter, appellant testified,

       And I did proceed to whip my son with a belt because, I mean, he was
       lying to me about what was going on. I never once called my son a
       f[*****] at all. I was explaining to him. And my son is very, of course
       — of course, everybody don’t want his father see that, I guess. So he
       was scared. And I was talking to him normally like anybody would do
       with their son. He — of course, we proceeded to go to his mom’s house.

(Tr. 31.)

              Appellant left the restaurant with the son and they went to I.D.’s

house. He got out of the car and the son stayed in the car. He proceeded to talk to
I.D. about the internet sites. I.D. told him that she already knew about the websites

and she spoke to appellant’s mom about the issue.

                   Initially, he was conversing with I.D. The conversation escalated into

an argument. Appellant provided the following account of the argument with I.D.:

       As the argument went on, I guess she got offended by some of this [sic]
       things I called her. I didn’t say called her out her name. I called her
       miserable because she was mad at the fact that I had a child and she
       wouldn’t let me see my son for all that time. So upon that she was
       already standing.

       I was on the ground. I wasn’t even on the steps. I was on the — on the
       grass. She was standing on her steps. That’s when she poured water
       on me once, poured it on me again. It was still water on there, and then
       she hit me with the water bottle. That’s when I got hit with the water
       bottle.

       She was standing up at that time. I had my head down walking up the
       steps approaching her. Upon me looking and seeing what was going on
       is when I seen [sic] her with the broom in her hand and the door was
       open. My son was — my son was already — he’s outside.

       [My son] was in the doorway. The door was wide open. There was no
       grabbing of the door. She was in the doorway. And when she
       approached me, I put my hands up to defend myself as if somebody
       would do when somebody’s approaching them. So, of course, she’s a
       lot less — weigh a lot less than me.

       [I.D.] fell. She fell back, and I shut the door because she was trying to
       get up and come to me. So I shut the door and that’s when I left. There
       was no going back and forth in the car or nothing.

(Tr. 33-34.)

                   Appellant explained that he shut the front door on I.D. because she

was coming to attack him. He denied locking the door or preventing I.D. from

opening it. He was laughing when he left because “[I.D.] approached me and she

fell.” (Tr. 35.)
               When appellant started pulling out of the driveway, I.D. came outside

with a hammer. He continued driving away from the residence.

              On cross-examination, appellant testified that prior to the August 28

incident, appellant had not seen his son for approximately one month. He alleged

that I.D. prevented him from seeing the son.

               Appellant was upset about what he saw on his son’s phone. He felt

that someone should have spoken to him about the issue.3 Appellant stated that he

was not angry when he called I.D. and told her that they needed to talk. He explained

that he was disappointed, not angry. Appellant testified that he did not became

angry until he was hit with the water bottle I.D. threw at him. He did not approach

I.D. until he was hit with the water bottle. Appellant confirmed that he was mad at

I.D. for not informing him about the issue involving the websites.

Verdict and Sentence

               At the close of trial, the trial court found appellant not guilty of

domestic violence, and guilty of endangering children and criminal damaging. On

December 2, 2019, the trial court sentenced appellant to 180 days in jail on the

endangering children count, with 176 of the 180 days suspended. The trial court

sentenced appellant to a suspended 90-day jail term on the criminal damaging

count. The trial court placed appellant on three years of active probation with the

following terms: complete 100 hours of community work service, pay $400 in

      3Appellant did not specify whether the “issue” to which he was referring was the
pornographic content on the son’s cell phone, the type of pornographic content on the cell
phone (homosexual content), or the son’s sexual orientation.
restitution to I.D., complete a substance abuse and alcohol assessment, and

complete the domestic intervention education training program.

              On December 26, 2019, appellant filed the instant appeal challenging

the trial court’s judgment. Appellant assigns five errors for review:

      I. The trial court lacked jurisdiction to convict [appellant] of child
      endangerment.

      II. The trial court erred by allowing I.D. to testify about N.’s out of court
      statements, in violation of [appellant’s] right to confrontation under
      the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

      III. [Appellant’s] convictions are based on insufficient evidence, in
      violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth
      Amendments to the United States Constitution and Sections 10 & 16,
      Article I of the Ohio Constitution.

      IV. [Appellant’s] convictions are against the manifest weight of the
      evidence in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and
      Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and
      Sections 10 & 16, Article I of the Ohio Constitution.

      V. The trial court erred by ordering [appellant] to pay $400 in
      restitution because the evidence fails to support the amount of that
      order.

                                 II. Law and Analysis

                                    A. Jurisdiction

              In his first assignment of error, appellant argues that the Cleveland

Municipal Court lacked jurisdiction to convict him of child endangerment. In

support of his argument, appellant contends that he was charged with and convicted

of CCO 609.04(b) and R.C. 2919.22(B)(1) for “‘beating’ [his son] after [appellant]

caught [his son] looking at pornography.” Appellant’s brief at 4. Based on his

assertion that he was convicted of CCO 609.04(b) and R.C. 2919.22(B)(1), appellant
contends that the juvenile court, not the municipal court, had exclusive jurisdiction

over the matter pursuant to R.C. 2151.23(A)(1) and (6).

              As an initial matter, we note that appellant did not raise his

jurisdictional argument in the trial court. However, “[s]ubject-matter jurisdiction

may not be waived or bestowed upon a court by the parties to the case. State v.

Wilson, 73 Ohio St.3d 40, 46, 652 N.E.2d 196 (1995). It may be raised sua sponte

by an appellate court. State ex rel. Wright v. Ohio Adult Parole Auth., 75 Ohio St.3d

82, 84, 661 N.E.2d 728 (1996).” State ex rel. White v. Cuyahoga Metro. Hous. Auth.,

79 Ohio St.3d 543, 544, 684 N.E.2d 72 (1997).

              CCO 609.04(b) provides, “[n]o person shall abuse a child under

eighteen (18) years of age or a mentally or physically handicapped child under

twenty-one (21) years of age.” The language of CCO 609.04(b) is set forth in R.C.

2919.22(B)(1), which provides, “[n]o person shall [abuse a child] under eighteen

years of age or a mentally or physically handicapped child under twenty-one years

of age[.]”

              R.C. 2151.23, governing the jurisdiction of the juvenile court,

provides, in relevant part,

       (A) The juvenile court has exclusive original jurisdiction under the
       Revised Code as follows:

       (1) Concerning any child who on or about the date specified in the
       complaint, indictment, or information is alleged to have violated
       section 2151.87 of the Revised Code or an order issued under that
       section or to be a juvenile traffic offender or a delinquent, unruly,
       abused, neglected, or dependent child and, based on and in relation to
       the allegation pertaining to the child, concerning the parent, guardian,
      or other person having care of a child who is alleged to be an unruly
      child for being an habitual truant or who is alleged to be a delinquent
      child for violating a court order regarding the child’s prior adjudication
      as an unruly child for being an habitual truant;

      ***

      (6) To hear and determine all criminal cases in which an adult is
      charged with a violation of division (C) of section 2919.21, division
      (B)(1) of section 2919.22, section 2919.222, division (B) of section
      2919.23, or section 2919.24 of the Revised Code, provided the charge is
      not included in an indictment that also charges the alleged adult
      offender with the commission of a felony arising out of the same actions
      that are the basis of the alleged violation of division (C) of section
      2919.21, division (B)(1) of section 2919.22, section 2919.222, division
      (B) of section 2919.23, or section 2919.24 of the Revised Code[.]

(Emphasis added.)

              Appellant directs this court to State v. Middleton, 2d Dist. Greene No.

2019-CA-22, 2020-Ohio-1308. In Middleton, the Second District held that the

defendant’s child endangerment conviction was void and must be vacated because

the charge was brought in municipal court and the juvenile court had exclusive

jurisdiction over the case pursuant to R.C. 2151.23(A)(6). Id. at ¶ 29-31. Appellant’s

reliance on Middleton is misplaced.

              In Middleton, the defendant was charged with child endangerment in

violation of R.C. 2919.22(B)(1). In the instant matter, the city argues that appellant

was charged with child endangerment in violation of CCO 609.04(a) and R.C.

2919.22(A), not 2919.22(B)(1), and as a result, the Cleveland Municipal Court had

jurisdiction over the proceedings.
              After reviewing the record, we agree with the city and find that the

juvenile court did not have exclusive jurisdiction over the proceedings. Accordingly,

the municipal court had jurisdiction to preside over the city’s prosecution.

              First, appellant’s reliance on R.C. 2151.23(A)(1) is misplaced because

the matter did not involve any allegations involving appellant’s son.          It was

appellant’s conduct, not the conduct of his son, that was at issue in the proceedings.

              Furthermore, appellant’s assertion that he was convicted of CCO

609.04(b) and R.C. 2919.22(B)(1) is unsupported by the record.             The city’s

complaint charged appellant with endangering children in violation of CCO

609.04(a).   The language of CCO 609.04(a) is set forth, verbatim, in R.C.

2919.22(A). Therefore, the provision set forth in R.C. 2151.23(A)(6) giving the

juvenile court exclusive jurisdiction over criminal cases involving violations of R.C.

2919.22(B)(1) is inapplicable.

              Based on the foregoing analysis, we find that the municipal court had

jurisdiction over the criminal proceedings. Appellant’s first assignment of error is

overruled.

                             B. Right to Confrontation

              In his second assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court

erred by allowing I.D. to testify, over defense counsel’s objection, about the son’s

out-of-court statements. Appellant contends that the trial court’s ruling violated his

constitutional right to confrontation.
              As noted above, I.D. testified that after appellant left her house, she

went into the house and found her sons. The older son was in a room crying. I.D.

testified, “I grabbed my son which I had a talk to in the room because he was under

his covers in tears crying saying that his daddy didn’t love him. And he proceeded

to tell me that [appellant] grabbed him by his arm, threw him on the ground and

told him that he is not a part of his family, he does not have f[**]s in his family.”

(Tr. 15.)

              Defense counsel raised a general, unspecified objection to I.D.’s

testimony about the son’s statements. The city argued that the statements were

admissible as an excited utterance. The trial court overruled defense counsel’s

objection.

              In support of his argument that the trial court erred by permitting

I.D.’s testimony, appellant directs this court to Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S.

36, 59, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004). Appellant appears to argue that the

child’s statements were testimonial under the Crawford standard because the child

made the statements to I.D. before she contacted the police to press charges against

appellant. As a result, appellant contends that “I.D. made the statements [to police]

to establish or prove events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.”

Appellant’s brief at 7. Appellant emphasizes that the test is whether an objectively

reasonable person would believe the statements were testimonial, and as a result,

the son’s young age is inconsequential in the Crawford analysis.
               As an initial matter, we note that the relevant inquiry is whether the

son’s statements to I.D. were testimonial — not whether the statements that I.D.

made to the police at the time she was filing the report were testimonial.

               “The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides

that ‘in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * * to be

confronted with the witnesses against him [or her].’” State v. Barnes, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga Nos. 108857, 108858, and 109321, 2020-Ohio-3184, ¶ 14.

       In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158
       L.Ed.2d 177 (2004), the United States Supreme Court held that the
       Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States
       Constitution permits testimonial statements of witnesses absent from
       trial where the declarant is unavailable, only where the defendant has
       had a prior opportunity to cross-examine. Testimonial statements
       include statements “that were made under circumstances which would
       lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that the statement
       would be available for use at a later trial.” Id. at 52. See also Davis v.
       Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822, 126 S.Ct. 2266, 165 L.Ed.2d 224
       (2006). “Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of
       police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that
       the primary purpose of interrogation is to enable police assistance to
       meet an ongoing emergency.” Davis at 823. See also State v. Eicholtz,
       2d Dist. Clark No. 2012-CA-7, 2013-Ohio-302, ¶ 26.

State v. Renode, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109171, 2020-Ohio-5430, ¶ 24,

              In Crawford, the Supreme Court found that at a minimum,

testimonial evidence includes prior testimony at a preliminary hearing, before a

grand jury, or at a former trial, and statements made during police interrogations.

Id. at 68.

              The Confrontation Clause does, however, not bar the admission of

hearsay statements that are not testimonial. Davis at 823; State v. Siler, 116 Ohio
St.3d 39, 2007-Ohio-5637, 876 N.E.2d 534, ¶ 21. The Confrontation Clause is not

implicated by, and need not be considered when nontestimonial hearsay is at issue.

Whorton v. Bockting, 549 U.S. 406, 420, 127 S.Ct. 1173, 167 L.Ed.2d 1 (2007).

              Appellant also appears to argue that the child’s statements were not

admissible under the excited utterance exception to the hearsay rule because they

were made after appellant left the scene.

      Evid.R. 803 sets forth certain exceptions to the rule against hearsay,
      including the “excited utterance” exception. Evid.R. 803(2). In order
      for a statement to be admissible as an excited utterance, four
      prerequisites must be satisfied: (a) the occurrence of an event startling
      enough to produce a nervous excitement in the declarant that stills his
      reflexive faculties so that his declarations are spontaneous and the
      unreflective and sincere expressions of his impressions and beliefs; (b)
      a statement made while still under the stress of excitement caused by
      the event; (c) a statement related to the startling event; and (d) the
      declarant had an opportunity to personally observe the matters in his
      declaration. State v. Taylor, 66 Ohio St.3d 295, 300-301, 612 N.E.2d
      316 (1993); State v. Jones, 135 Ohio St.3d 10, 2012-Ohio-5677, 984
      N.E.2d 948, ¶ 166.

Renode, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109171, 2020-Ohio-5430, at ¶ 27.

              After reviewing the record, we find no basis upon which to conclude

that the trial court abused its discretion in permitting I.D. to testify about the son’s

statements.

              First, the record reflects that the son’s statements were not

testimonial. The son was upset about what had transpired between him and

appellant, and appellant and I.D. The son made the statement in the context of his

belief that appellant did not love him based on the content appellant found on his

cell phone.
                We cannot conclude that the son’s statement, made to his mother in

the privacy of her home following a traumatic event was made under circumstances

that would lead an objective witness to reasonably believe that the statement would

be available for use at a later trial. Finally, I.D. testified that the son made the

statement to her while he was upset and crying. She calmed him down after he made

the statement, and then told him to get ready to go to the police station. The son did

not make the statement after I.D. told him that they were going to the police station

to file a report.

               Second, the record reflects that the son’s statements were admissible

as an excited utterance. Appellant’s (1) discovery of the pornographic content on the

son’s cell phone, (2) ensuing physical action directed towards the son (throwing him

to the ground by his arm and “whipping” him), (3) verbal berating of the son and

I.D., and (4) participation in the verbal and physical altercation with I.D. were

startling enough to produce a nervous excitement in the son, who was ten years old

at the time. Although appellant was no longer at the residence at the time the son

made the statements to I.D., the statements were made less than 20 minutes after

the verbal and physical altercation between appellant and I.D., and less than 20

minutes after appellant had been berating the son for accessing the pornography on

his cell phone. I.D. testified that she went to the police station approximately 20

minutes after the altercation with appellant ended.

                The record reflects that the son was still under the stress of excitement

caused by appellant’s discovery on his cell phone. I.D. testified that she found the
son crying in his room, underneath the covers. The son was upset because appellant

“didn’t love him.” I.D. had to calm the son down. The son’s statement was related

to the startling event — appellant’s reaction after finding pornographic material on

the son’s cell phone. Finally, the son personally observed the matters in his

declaration because appellant’s actions were directed at him.

              For all of the foregoing reasons, appellant’s second assignment of

error is overruled. The trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in admitting

I.D.’s testimony.

                                   C. Sufficiency

              In his third assignment of error, appellant argues that his

endangering children and criminal damaging convictions were not supported by

sufficient evidence.

              Crim.R. 29 mandates that the trial court issue a judgment of acquittal

where the prosecution’s evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction for the

offense. Crim.R. 29(A) and sufficiency of the evidence require the same analysis.

State v. Taylor, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100315, 2014-Ohio-3134. “An appellate

court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal

conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such

evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Driggins, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98073,

2012-Ohio-5287, ¶ 101, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678

N.E.2d 541 (1997).
                The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light

most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Vickers,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97365, 2013-Ohio-1337, citing State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d

259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991).

                Initially, we note appellant’s arguments that I.D.’s testimony was not

credible and that she “has demonstrated her hostility and bias against [appellant]

given her interference with [appellant’s] ability to see his own son” are not properly

raised in a sufficiency context. These arguments pertain to the manifest weight of

the evidence.

                               1. Endangering Children

                CCO 609.04(a) and R.C. 2919.22(A), governing the offense of

endangering children, provide, in relevant part,

      No person, who is the parent, guardian, custodian, person having
      custody or control, or person in loco parentis of a child under eighteen
      (18) years of age or a mentally or physically handicapped child under
      twenty-one (21) years of age, shall create a substantial risk to the health
      or safety of the child, by violating a duty of care, protection or support.

      Proof of recklessness is also required. State v. McGee, 79 Ohio St.3d
      193, 680 N.E.2d 975 (1997), syllabus (“The existence of the culpable
      mental state of recklessness is an essential element of the crime of
      endangering children under R.C. 2919.22(A).”). A “[s]ubstantial risk”
      is “a strong possibility, as contrasted with a remote or significant
      possibility, that a certain result may occur or that certain circumstances
      may exist.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(8). “A person acts recklessly when, with
      heedless indifference to the consequences, he perversely disregards a
      known risk that his conduct is likely to cause a certain result, or is likely
      to be of a certain nature.” R.C. 2901.22(C). Thus, to support a
      conviction for child endangering under R.C. 2919.22(A), it must be
      established, beyond a reasonable doubt, that [the defendant] (1)
      recklessly (2) created a substantial risk to the health or safety of one or
      more of his children (3) by violating a duty of care, protection or
      support.

Cleveland Hts. v. Cohen, 2015-Ohio-1636, 31 N.E.3d 695, ¶ 25 (8th Dist.).

              Appellant raises several arguments in support of his sufficiency

challenge that pertain to the offenses of endangering children in violation of R.C.

2919.22(B)(1) and (3). For instance, appellant argues that his son did not sustain

injuries as a result of appellant’s conduct nor seek medical attention after the

incident, and that appellant had the right to discipline and punish his son. Appellant

also reiterates his argument that the municipal court lacked jurisdiction over the

child endangerment offense because the juvenile court had exclusive jurisdiction

over the criminal proceedings.      Appellant was charged with and convicted of

violating R.C. 2919.22(A). Therefore, appellant’s arguments are misplaced.

              Appellant reiterates his argument that I.D.’s testimony that appellant

threw the son down to the ground and “told [the son] that he is not a part of his

family, [appellant] does not have f[***] in his family” was inadmissible. (Tr. 15.)

Based on our resolution of appellant’s second assignment of error, we find no merit

to appellant’s assertion. The trial court properly permitted I.D. to testify about the

son’s statement.

              Finally, appellant argues that he cannot be convicted of child

endangerment, in violation of R.C. 2919.22(A), based on the altercation between
him and I.D. pursuant to this court’s holding in Cohen, 2015-Ohio-1636, 31 N.E.3d

695.

               The city, on the other hand, argues that appellant’s child

endangerment conviction was supported by sufficient evidence because appellant

became enraged after discovering the pornography on his son’s phone, and rather

than talking to I.D. about his discovery, appellant “immediately whipped his son

whom he had not seen for at least a month, told his son that he was no longer part

of his family and repeatedly called his son a f[*****].” Appellee’s brief at 9. The city

argues that Cohen is distinguishable because in Cohen, the verbal and physical

altercation between the parents was based on their relationship issues, whereas

here, the son was the “central figure and subject” of the argument between appellant

and I.D. In sum, the city argues that appellant “expressed several things in front of

his son, that couldn’t help but effect the mental and emotional health of [his son].”

Appellee’s brief at 9.

               In Cohen, the defendant-husband got into a physical altercation with

his wife in front of their children. During the argument, the defendant pushed his

wife into a wall, causing her to hit her head on a closet. The children witnessed the

head injury sustained by the wife. The husband was convicted at trial of two counts

of child endangerment, violations of R.C. 2919.22(A).

               On appeal, this court reversed the child endangerment convictions,

concluding that the prosecution failed to establish that defendant’s conduct created

a substantial risk to the health and safety of the children that were present and
witnessed the physical altercation. Cohen, 2015-Ohio-1636, 31 N.E.3d 695, at ¶ 30.

This court explained, that there was no evidence in the record that the children were

“in any way part of the altercation involving their parents,” and as a result, there

was “no evidence in the record that the children were at any risk of harm — much

less a substantial risk of harm — to their mental or physical health or safety” as a

result of defendant’s actions. (Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 29. Furthermore, this

court concluded,

       Although we have little doubt that (1) hearing one’s parents argue about
       getting a divorce and leaving the family’s home and (2) viewing the type
       of inappropriate and irresponsible behavior exhibited by the parents in
       this case could have an emotional impact on a child, we cannot say,
       based on the record before us, that the city met its burden of proof.
       Simply because the two children were present in the home at the time
       of the altercation, may have witnessed part of the dispute and may have
       been (understandably) upset or confused by their parents’ words and
       actions does not establish that Cohen violated a duty of care, protection
       or support to his children or that he, with heedless indifference to the
       consequences of his actions, perversely disregarded a known risk and
       thereby created a substantial risk to the health or safety of his children.
       As such, the evidence was insufficient to support Cohen’s conviction for
       child endangering pursuant to R.C. 2919.22(A).

Id. at ¶ 30.

               After reviewing the record, we find this case to be distinguishable from

Cohen. In Cohen, the children were merely present at the time of the altercation

between their parents. The children were not, however, involved in the altercation

“in any way.” Id. at ¶ 29. In the instant matter, unlike Cohen, appellant’s son was a

part of, and directly involved in, an ongoing altercation that began when appellant

discovered the pornography on his son’s phone and confronted him, and continued
to I.D.’s house where the altercation eventually ended.         The ongoing dispute

occurred between appellant, I.D., and their son. Unlike Cohen, where the subject of

the parents’ altercation was their marriage and the wife’s assertion that she wanted

a divorce, the subject of the ongoing altercation in this case was the son’s sexual

orientation.

               In addition to throwing his son to the ground, appellant verbally

berated both his son and I.D. during the altercation about the ten-year-old son’s

sexual orientation. Unlike Cohen, where this court concluded that the defendant’s

actions could emotionally impact the children, appellant’s actions in this case

created a substantial risk to the son’s emotional and mental health or safety. For all

of these reasons, appellant’s reliance on Cohen is misplaced.

               After reviewing the record, we find that appellant’s child

endangerment conviction is supported by sufficient evidence. I.D. testified that her

son advised her that appellant grabbed his arm and threw him on the ground after

discovering the pornography on the son’s cell phone. Appellant told his son that “he

is not a part of his family, [and appellant] does not have f[***] in his family.”

Appellant’s actions directly involved the son in the ongoing altercation.

               The son continued to be involved in the altercation after arriving at

I.D.’s house. Appellant directed anger towards both I.D. and his son at I.D.’s house.

Appellant was yelling at I.D., “‘[m]y son’s a f[*****]g f[**].’” I.D. testified that

appellant “kept proceeding to call [his son a] f**.]”
              Appellant’s son was directly involved in the ongoing altercation, and

the son’s sexual orientation was the subject of the altercation. Appellant directed

anger, both physical and verbal, towards his son throughout the altercation.

              The ten-year-old son’s sexual orientation, whether it was established

or undecided, is certainly a delicate, sensitive, and personal issue. Rather than

inquiring about the issue and protecting or supporting his son, appellant — who had

not seen his son for one month prior to the incident — became angry, berated his

son, and led his son to believe he would no longer be a part of appellant’s family or

life. Appellant’s reckless conduct upon first discovering the content on his son’s cell

phone created a substantial risk to his son’s mental and emotional health or safety.

              Appellant’s actions created a strong possibility that his son’s mental

and emotional health or safety would be harmed. The immediate harm that

appellant’s actions caused his son is evident from the record. When the son was

outside of the home on the porch and appellant was calling him names, the son

“broke down in tears and ran in the house[.]” When the altercation between

appellant and I.D. ended, I.D. found her son in a room inside the house “under his

covers in tears crying saying that his daddy didn’t love him.” Rather than supporting

his son and making him feel comfortable, the record reflects that appellant’s actions

made the son feel scared, ashamed, and embarrassed.

              For all of the foregoing reasons, and based on the son’s involvement

in the ongoing altercation, we find that the evidence presented at trial by the city, if

believed, sufficiently established that appellant’s actions created a substantial risk
of harm to the mental and emotional health or safety of the son. Accordingly,

appellant’s endangering children conviction for violating R.C. 2919.22(A) was

supported by sufficient evidence.

              Appellant’s third assignment of error is overruled with respect to his

endangering children conviction.

                               2. Criminal Damaging

              CCO 623.02(a)(1), governing the offense of criminal damaging or

endangerment, provides “[n]o person shall [knowingly, by any means] cause, or

create a substantial risk of physical harm to any property of another without his or

her consent[.]” CCO 623.02 references R.C. 2909.06.

              In support of his sufficiency challenge, appellant argues that his

criminal damaging conviction must be reversed because appellant “made no

admission that he broke [his son’s] phone.” Appellant’s brief at 9. Appellant’s

argument is misplaced.

              I.D. testified at trial that she contacted appellant after he left her

residence and inquired where her son’s cell phone was. Appellant advised her that

the son’s phone was “gone” and “over with.” Appellant stated that he broke the

phone. I.D. testified at trial that the son has an “LG Aristo” cell phone from T-

Mobile. I.D. paid for the phone at the time of the incident. When asked about the

value of the phone, I.D. testified, “[w]ith all the accessories and everything I had on

it and stuff I bought for him, it was like $400, three, $400.” (Tr. 13.)
              I.D.’s testimony, if believed, was sufficient to support appellant’s

criminal damaging conviction. Accordingly, appellant’s third assignment of error is

overruled with respect to his criminal damaging conviction.

                                D. Manifest Weight

              In his fourth assignment of error, appellant argues that his

convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

              A manifest weight challenge questions whether the state met its

burden of persuasion. State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-

3598, ¶ 12. A reviewing court “‘weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences,

considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts

in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage

of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins,

78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172,

175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). A conviction should be reversed as against the

manifest weight of the evidence only in the most “exceptional case in which the

evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Id.

              Although appellant raises separate assignments of error challenging

the sufficiency and manifest weight of the evidence, appellant does not develop an

argument in support of his manifest weight challenge with citations to the record

and supporting authorities, as required by App.R. 16(A)(7). Rather, appellant

merely references the arguments raised in his third assignment of error. See

Cleveland v. Hall, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101820, 2015-Ohio-2698, ¶ 14, citing
App.R. 16(A)(7) (overruling appellant’s assignment of error relating to a sufficiency

challenge pursuant to App.R. 16(A)(7) because the appellant did not make a specific

argument regarding why the convictions were not supported by sufficient evidence,

and only addressed the issues relating to the manifest weight challenge).

“Sufficiency” and “manifest weight” challenges present two distinct legal concepts.

Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 23.

              App.R. 16(A) requires a party to separately argue each assignment of

error.   Pursuant to App.R. 12(A)(2), an appellate court may disregard any

assignment of error, or portion thereof, if the appellant fails to make a separate

argument. State v. Wells, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98388, 2013-Ohio-3722, ¶ 55.

               Notwithstanding appellant’s failure to develop his manifest weight

challenge, we find that appellant’s endangering children and criminal damaging

convictions are not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

              Appellant appears to challenge the credibility of I.D. and her trial

testimony. Specifically, appellant contends that I.D. is not a credible witness and

that her interference with appellant’s ability to see his son demonstrates her hostility

and bias towards appellant.

               The defense’s theory of the case at trial was that I.D., not appellant,

was responsible for the altercation that transpired at I.D.’s house. The defense

suggested that I.D. assaulted appellant by throwing water on him and chasing him

with a hammer. The city’s theory, on the other hand, was that appellant was the
primary aggressor and that he was responsible for the verbal argument that

escalated into a physical altercation.

               At the close of evidence at trial, the trial court found that appellant was

“not credible at all.” “‘[A] conviction is not against the manifest weight of the

evidence simply because the [finder of fact] rejected the defendant’s version of the

facts and believed the testimony presented by the [prosecution].’” State v. Jallah,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101773, 2015-Ohio-1950, ¶ 71, quoting State v. Hall, 4th

Dist. Ross No. 13CA3391, 2014-Ohio-2959, ¶ 2. The trial court, as the finder of fact,

did not lose its way in resolving the conflicting theories based on the evidence

presented at trial.

               After reviewing the record, we find appellant’s convictions are not

against the manifest weight of the evidence. The record reflects that I.D. testified

consistently about the important aspects of the August 28, 2019 incident and

appellant’s involvement therein.      We do not find in resolving conflicts in the

evidence that the trial court, as the trier of fact, clearly lost its way in finding

appellant guilty of endangering children and criminal damaging. Furthermore, this

is not the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against appellant’s

convictions.

               For all of the foregoing reasons, appellant’s fourth assignment of error

is overruled. Appellant’s convictions are not against the manifest weight of the

evidence.
                                E. Restitution Order

              In his fifth assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court

erred in ordering him to pay $400 in restitution to I.D. for damaging his son’s phone

because the trial court did not receive any evidence verifying the phone’s value and

instead “relied on I.D.’s estimated value of the phone in combination with the court’s

own recollection for how much it paid for a smart phone.” Appellant’s brief at 13.

Without documentary evidence establishing the value of the phone, appellant

contends that the trial court’s restitution order is not supported by competent and

credible evidence in the record.

              The criminal damaging or endangering count pertained to appellant’s

conduct of destroying the son’s cell phone that I.D. paid for. The phone was an LG

Aristo smart phone.

              An order of restitution is generally reviewed for an abuse of discretion.

State v. Santorella, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105475, 2018-Ohio-274, ¶ 27. Where an

appellant fails to object to the order of restitution or the amount of restitution,

however, the appellant waives all but plain error. State v. McLaurin, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 103068, 2016-Ohio-933, ¶ 10.

              Under Crim.R. 52(B), plain error affecting substantial rights may be

noticed even though it was not brought to the court’s attention. Id. at ¶ 11.

“[A]ppellate courts are to notice plain error only in ‘exceptional circumstances’ in

order to prevent ‘a manifest miscarriage of justice.’” State v. Keslar, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 107088, 2019-Ohio-540, ¶ 21, quoting State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d

91, 95, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978).

                 In the instant matter, neither appellant nor defense counsel objected

to the trial court’s restitution order. Accordingly, appellant has waived all but plain

error.

                R.C. 2929.18, governing payment of restitution, provides, in relevant

part,

         (A)(1) Restitution by the offender to the victim of the offender’s crime
         or any survivor of the victim, in an amount based on the victim’s
         economic loss. * * * If the court imposes restitution, at sentencing, the
         court shall determine the amount of restitution to be made by the
         offender. If the court imposes restitution, the court may base the
         amount of restitution it orders on an amount recommended by the
         victim, the offender, a presentence investigation report, estimates or
         receipts indicating the cost of repairing or replacing property, and
         other information, provided that the amount the court orders as
         restitution shall not exceed the amount of the economic loss suffered
         by the victim as a direct and proximate result of the commission of the
         offense.

(Emphasis added.)

                  Before imposing an order of restitution, a sentencing court must

determine that “‘the amount of restitution bears a reasonable relationship to the loss

suffered.’” McLaurin, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103068, 2016-Ohio-933, at ¶ 13,

quoting State v. Borders, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2004-12-101, 2005-Ohio-

4339, ¶ 36. The amount of restitution must be determinable to a reasonable degree

of certainty and supported by competent, credible evidence. Id., citing State v.

Warner, 55 Ohio St.3d 31, 69, 564 N.E.2d 18 (1990).
                In the instant matter, I.D. testified at trial that the son had an “LG

Aristo” cell phone from T-Mobile. I.D. paid for the phone at the time of the incident.

When asked about the value of the phone, I.D. testified, “[w]ith all the accessories

and everything I had on it and stuff I bought for him, it was like $400, three, $400.”

(Tr. 13.)

                During the sentencing hearing, the trial court inquired about the

phone’s value. The prosecutor asserted that the phone was “purported to be $400.”

(Tr. 3.) The prosecutor explained that she did not have a receipt for the phone. After

learning about the specific phone that was destroyed, the trial court stated, “I just

bought one of those for my step grandson this summer. I know what they cost,

unfortunately.” (Tr. 4.)

                After reviewing the record, we find no error, plain or otherwise, with

respect to the trial court’s restitution order. The trial court did not commit plain

error in determining the amount of restitution based on the victim’s testimony that

the phone’s estimated value was $400, and the prosecutor’s assertion that the phone

had an approximate value of $400. Furthermore, the trial court was familiar with

the cost of the specific phone that was destroyed based on its firsthand, personal

experience of purchasing the phone for a relative. Contrary to appellant’s assertion,

the amount of the phone was not required to be established with absolute certainty

by documentary evidence or a receipt.

                Based on the foregoing analysis, appellant’s fifth assignment of error

is overruled.
                                    III. Conclusion

                After thoroughly reviewing the record, we affirm the trial court’s

judgment. Appellant’s endangering children conviction was not void for lack of

jurisdiction. The trial court did not err or violate appellant’s confrontation rights by

permitting I.D. to testify about the statements her son made following the

altercation. Appellant’s convictions were supported by sufficient evidence and are

not against the manifest weight of the evidence. The trial court did not commit plain

error in ordering appellant to pay $400 in restitution to I.D. for damaging the son’s

cell phone.

                Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

Cleveland Municipal Court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s

convictions having been affirmed, any bail pending is terminated. Case remanded

to the trial court for execution of sentence.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., JUDGE

EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, J., CONCURS;
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J., CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY