Court Opinion

ID: 7802751
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-23 14:10:20.886373+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:30.714823
License: Public Domain

08/23/2022
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                                 May 10, 2022 Session

ALLSTATE PROPERTY & CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY ET AL. v.
          SEVIER COUNTY ELECTRIC SYSTEM ET AL.

                Appeal from the Circuit Court for Sevier County
  Nos. 17-CV-797-III, 17-CV-799-IV, 17-CV-800-III, 17-CV-806-III, 18-CV-781-II
                              Rex H. Ogle, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. E2021-00297-COA-R3-CV
                       ___________________________________

This appeal involves several consolidated lawsuits that were filed by insurance
companies concerning a wildfire that occurred in Sevier County on November 28, 2016.
The insurance companies alleged that the fire was sparked by dead or diseased trees
falling on or striking electrical lines and that the fire quickly spread to neighboring
properties, including properties owned by their insureds. The insurance companies urged
that the defendant vegetation management contractor should be held liable for the losses
for failing to prune or remove the diseased trees before they contacted the power lines.
The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the vegetation management
contractor, determining, inter alia, that the contractor owed no duty to inspect or remove
trees that were located outside the right of way that the contractor had agreed to maintain.
The insurance companies have appealed. Discerning no reversible error, we affirm the
trial court’s grant of summary judgment to the vegetation management contractor.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                             Affirmed; Case Remanded

THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN W.
MCCLARTY and KRISTI M. DAVIS, JJ., joined.

Matthew J. Evans, Knoxville, Tennessee; Mark S. Grotefeld, Austin, Texas; Amy L.
Dvorak, Emma L. Gaddipati, and Mark L. McGuire, Chicago, Illinois; Shawn E. Caine,
Del Mar, California; and Craig S. Simon, Irvine, California, for the appellants, Allstate
Property & Casualty Insurance Company; Allstate Vehicle & Property Insurance
Company; Allstate Indemnity Company; Allstate Fire & Casualty Insurance Company;
Allstate Insurance Company; Allstate County Mutual Insurance Company; Cincinnati
Insurance Company; Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Group; Farmers
Insurance Exchange; Foremost Insurance Company Grand Rapids, Michigan; Garrison
Property and Casualty Company; General Insurance Company of America; Homesite
Insurance Company of the Midwest; LM Insurance Corporation; Lexington Insurance
Company, Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Co.; Metropolitan Property & Casualty
Company; Safeco Insurance Company of America; State Farm Fire & Casualty
Company; State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company; United National
Insurance Company; United Services Automobile Association; USAA Casualty
Insurance Company; and USAA General Indemnity Company.1

Jessalyn H. Zeigler, Sara Morgan, and Scott D. Gallisdorfer, Nashville, Tennessee, for
the appellee, Wolf Tree Experts, Inc.

                                               OPINION

                              I. Factual and Procedural Background

       The initial plaintiffs, Farmers Insurance Exchange, Foremost Insurance Company
Grand Rapids Michigan, and United National Insurance Company, filed a complaint in
the Sevier County Circuit Court (“trial court”) on November 22, 2017, against the City of
Sevierville (“the City”); Sevier County Electric System (“SCES”); and SCES’s
vegetation management (“VM”) contractor, Wolf Tree, Inc. (“Wolf”) (collectively,
“Defendants”). The plaintiffs alleged, inter alia, that a wildfire broke out on November
28, 2016, near Little Cove Road in Sevierville, Tennessee, and quickly spread to adjacent
properties, including properties owned by the plaintiffs’ insureds, causing damage thereto
and resulting in insurance claims being filed concerning such damage. The plaintiffs
further alleged that they had paid or would pay these claims, resulting in the plaintiffs
having a right of subrogation such that they stood in the shoes of their policyholders and
could seek payment from Defendants.

        The plaintiffs averred that although Defendants had notice of a dangerous and
defective condition concerning decaying and diseased trees located near electrical
transmission and distribution lines, Defendants had failed to take action to prevent harm.
The plaintiffs claimed that these trees had manifested visible signs of decay and that
Defendants should have known that contact between these trees and energized power
lines would result in electrical failure, fire, and property damage. According to the
plaintiffs, on November 28, 2016, two Scarlet Oak trees fell due to their diseased
condition and contacted the power lines, causing electrical arcing and sparks that ignited
nearby vegetation and resulted in a wildfire (“Little Cove Fire”).

1
 We have adopted the list of plaintiffs/appellants provided in the appellants’ brief on page 10, footnote 2,
having determined such a list difficult to discern from the appellate record.
                                                   -2-
        The plaintiffs also alleged that Defendants were negligent due to, inter alia, their
failure to identify and remove the diseased trees, which created a foreseeable risk to the
insureds’ property. Moreover, the plaintiffs asserted that because Defendants’ actions or
inaction caused the Little Cove Fire, Defendants should be held liable for trespass
inasmuch as the Little Cove Fire constituted an unauthorized entry upon the insureds’
property. The plaintiffs further alleged that Defendants’ actions/inaction had created a
nuisance that interfered with the insureds’ use and enjoyment of their property. With
regard to Wolf specifically, the plaintiffs advanced that Wolf had a duty to conduct its
vegetation management and hazardous tree abatement activities in a reasonable,
competent, and workmanlike manner to prevent trees from contacting the electrical
transmission lines and causing damage to their insureds’ property. The plaintiffs
therefore sought compensatory, consequential, and incidental damages as well as pre- and
post-judgment interest and attorney’s fees from Defendants.

       Similar complaints were concomitantly filed in the trial court by other insurance
companies, including Homesite Insurance Company of the Midwest, United Services
Automobile Association, USAA Casualty Insurance Company, USAA General Indemnity
Company, Garrison Property and Casualty Company, Allstate Property & Casualty
Insurance Company, Allstate Vehicle & Property Insurance Company, Allstate Indemnity
Company, Allstate Fire & Casualty Insurance Company, Allstate Insurance Company,
Allstate County Mutual Insurance Company, LM Insurance Corporation, Metropolitan
Property & Casualty Company, State Farm Fire & Casualty Company, and State Farm
Mutual Automobile Insurance Company (collectively, along with the initial plaintiffs,
“Plaintiffs”).

        Defendants filed motions seeking to consolidate the actions, which motions were
granted by the trial court. Plaintiffs subsequently filed a motion seeking to consolidate
the actions involving the Little Cove Fire and to separately consolidate certain related
actions filed in the trial court involving another fire that began around Red Fox Trail in
Gatlinburg, Tennessee (“Cobbly Nob Fire”).2 Plaintiffs also sought to have the prior
consolidation orders set aside. Defendants opposed Plaintiffs’ motions to consolidate the
Little Cove and Cobbly Nob cases separately and to set aside the previous consolidation
orders.

       Meanwhile, SCES and the City filed answers to the complaints denying liability
and asserting various affirmative defenses, including governmental immunity. Wolf
likewise filed answers to the complaints denying liability and asserting various
affirmative defenses, including lack of duty and lack of proximate cause.

2
 According to the record, the Little Cove Fire involved trees located on SCES’s “Wears Valley circuit”
and the Cobbly Nob Fire involved trees located on SCES’s “Jones Cove circuit.”
                                                -3-
        The trial court entered an order on March 19, 2018, setting aside the earlier
consolidation orders and consolidating all of the cases for purposes of discovery and
pretrial motions only. The order provided in part that Judge James L. Gass would preside
over pretrial motions and discovery issues in the consolidated actions and that any party
could move for consolidation for trial purposes at a later date.

       On April 2, 2018, the City filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that the
City was entitled to judgment as a matter of law based on the immunity provisions of the
Governmental Tort Liability Act (“GTLA”). In support, the City filed the affidavit of
Allen Robbins, superintendent of SCES. Mr. Robbins explained that the City did not
own, control, or maintain any of the electric distribution lines. Rather, those lines were
owned and controlled by SCES. Mr. Robbins further explained that SCES had contracted
with Wolf to perform VM services and that the City did not perform such services and
was not a party to the contract. The City filed a similar affidavit executed by Russell
Treadway, City Manager for the City. The City also filed a statement of undisputed
material facts. On May 18, 2018, Plaintiffs filed a notice of voluntary dismissal with
respect to their claims against the City. An order of dismissal concerning Plaintiffs’
claims against the City was entered on June 1, 2018.

       On November 26, 2018, Safeco Insurance Company of America (“Safeco”) filed a
complaint against SCES and Wolf, containing substantially the same allegations as
included in the earlier complaints. On December 31, 2018, Safeco filed a notice of
voluntary nonsuit concerning its claims against SCES. The trial court entered an order
dismissing Safeco’s claims against SCES on January 4, 2019. On January 30, 2019,
Wolf filed an answer to Safeco’s complaint, denying liability.

       On March 7, 2019, SCES filed a motion seeking to amend its answer pursuant to
Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 15 by adding additional defenses. On April 22, 2019,
Wolf filed a motion seeking to consolidate the complaint filed by Safeco with the other
consolidated cases.

        Wolf concomitantly filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that Wolf was
entitled to judgment as a matter of law concerning Plaintiffs’ allegations of negligence
because Wolf owed no duty to Plaintiffs to inspect or remove allegedly hazardous trees
that existed outside the fifty-foot right of way that Wolf was contractually obligated to
maintain. Wolf further argued that Plaintiffs could show no evidence of a negligent or
intentional trespass or nuisance. In support, Wolf filed a statement of undisputed
material facts along with an affidavit from one of Wolf’s attorneys, attaching a copy of
the contract between Wolf and SCES, a copy of SCES’s “Right-of-Way Vegetation
Management Requirements & Standards,” portions of the National Electrical Safety
Code, portions of certain fire and other codes, and various photographs. Wolf also
attached the affidavit of Ryan Lynch, land surveyor and co-owner of Lynch Surveys,
LLC, who stated that he had identified the trees in question and that they were
                                             -4-
respectively located thirty-three and thirty-eight feet outside the boundaries of the right of
way maintained by Wolf.

        On April 26, 2019, the trial court entered an order allowing SCES to amend its
answer to include additional defenses. On May 3, 2019, the trial court entered an order
clarifying that dispositive motions would be heard by the judge assigned to the particular
case in which the motion was filed. On May 7, 2019, an order was entered consolidating
the Safeco matter with the other cases for purposes of discovery and pretrial motions.

        Wolf and SCES (now collectively, “Defendants”) subsequently filed a joint
motion asking the trial court to reconsider its May 3, 2019 order such that dispositive
motions could be filed in the consolidated action and heard by one judge, for reasons of
judicial economy. Defendants insisted that unless the motions were consolidated, they
would have to set nine summary judgment hearings before four different judges. Wolf
asserted that its summary judgment motions, whether filed concerning the Cobbly Nob
Fire or the Little Cove Fire, contained the same legal arguments. On May 30, 2019, the
trial court entered an order consolidating the claims concerning the Cobbly Nob Fire into
one action, to be heard by Judge Carter S. Moore, and consolidating the claims
concerning the Little Cove Fire into a separate action, to be heard by Judge Rex Henry
Ogle.

       On January 24, 2020, certain plaintiffs filed a response to Wolf’s motion for
summary judgment, contending that Wolf had maintained a duty to remove or prune trees
with the potential to affect electrical lines. In turn, they also posited that they had stated
valid claims of trespass by fire and nuisance. These plaintiffs filed a response to Wolf’s
statement of undisputed material facts, delineating certain facts that were in dispute.
They also filed an affidavit from one of their attorneys attaching various documents
including copies of the ANSI A300 standards concerning trees; deposition transcripts;
discovery responses; the affidavit of Michael Neal, a VM consultant; and an affidavit of
Michael Mahoney, a consulting arborist. Other plaintiffs subsequently adopted this
response. Wolf thereafter filed additional documents in support of its summary judgment
motion, including a reply concerning standards applicable in Tennessee and a response to
Plaintiffs’ additional statements of undisputed material fact.

       The trial court conducted a hearing relative to Wolf’s summary judgment motion
on February 4, 2020. On September 22, 2020, the trial court entered an order granting
summary judgment in favor of Wolf. In its order, with regard to Plaintiffs’ negligence
claims based on a statutory duty, the trial court determined that although Tennessee had
adopted the National Electric Safety Code (“NESC”) by reference in Tennessee Code
Annotated § 68-101-104(a)(2), “[t]he NESC does not place any duty upon [Wolf] with
respect to its actions in removal of hazardous trees.” The court therefore found that no
statutory duty applied.

                                            -5-
       Respecting any duty based on contract, the trial court determined that the clear
language of the contract required Wolf to abide by the specifications of the Sevier County
Electric System Right-of-Way Vegetation Management Requirements and Standards,
which only addressed what Wolf should do within the fifty-foot right of way. The court
concluded that inasmuch as the trees in question were undisputedly located outside the
right of way, Wolf had no duty to inspect or remove them pursuant to the contract.
Furthermore, the court rejected Plaintiffs’ arguments that a duty could be imposed on
Wolf based upon the provisions of the ANSI A300 standards or the IVM Best
Management Practices.

        With regard to whether Tennessee common law imposed any additional duty in
tort, the trial court found that it did not. The court determined that Wolf’s actions did not
amount to misfeasance or assumption of duty. Finally, the trial court concluded that
Plaintiffs’ claims of trespass and nuisance were also without merit.

       On October 21, 2020, Plaintiffs filed a motion seeking permission for an
interlocutory appeal and for a stay. In response, Wolf asked the trial court to defer ruling
on this motion until a decision was rendered concerning Wolf’s summary judgment
motion filed in the companion Cobbly Nob Fire case.

       On February 19, 2021, the trial court entered an order of final judgment, pursuant
to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 54.02, concerning Plaintiffs’ claims against Wolf.
The court determined that there was no just reason for delay and directed entry of a final
judgment dismissing all claims against Wolf. The court stayed the claims pending
against SCES until this appeal was concluded. The court also denied Plaintiffs’ motion
for an interlocutory appeal and Wolf’s motion to defer as moot. Plaintiffs timely filed a
notice of appeal on March 18, 2021.

                                    II. Issues Presented

       Plaintiffs present the following issues for this Court’s review, which we have
restated slightly:

       1.     Whether the trial court erred in its grant of summary judgment in
              Wolf’s favor because Wolf owed Plaintiffs a duty to exercise
              reasonable care in the performance of utility tree and vegetation
              management services.

       2.     Whether Tennessee common law’s heightened duty of reasonable
              care for utilities in performing vegetation management surrounding
              power lines applies to contractors hired by utilities to perform
              vegetation management on the utility’s behalf.

                                            -6-
3.    Whether Tennessee’s public policy and the Satterfield factors
      support the imposition of a duty upon Wolf under the facts presented
      in this action.

4.    Whether a vegetation management contractor who agrees to perform
      vegetation management services on behalf of a public utility has a
      duty to comply with state and/or local vegetation management
      regulations applicable to the work and if so, whether Wolf had a
      duty to comply with the NESC, as adopted by Tennessee Code
      Annotated § 68-101-104(a)(2).

5.    Whether Wolf was required to comply with all state statutes and
      regulations, including the NESC and Tennessee Code Annotated §
      68-101-104(a)(2), by reason of its contractual agreement to comply
      with Tree Line USA Guidelines, which included a requirement that
      Tree Line USA members must comply with all state and local rules
      applicable to vegetation management.

6.    Whether Tennessee recognizes prevailing industry standards, such as
      ANSI A300 and IVM Best Management Practices, as evidence of a
      common law duty owed by utilities and their VM contractors
      performing vegetation management work.

7.    Pursuant to the contract dated December 22, 2014, whether Wolf
      was required to inspect and/or identify hazardous trees which
      threatened the SCES power lines located along the Wears Valley
      circuit.

8.    Whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because
      genuine issues of material fact existed concerning whether any
      portion of the trees in question were located inside of the right of
      way.

9.    Whether the negligent inspection conduct complained of by
      Plaintiffs constitutes either misfeasance or nonfeasance under
      Tennessee law.

10.   Whether an inspection for hazardous trees, which occurs jointly
      between a utility and a vegetation management contractor or
      independently by the contractor, is sufficient to establish a duty to do
      so reasonably under Tennessee’s common law assumption of duty
      doctrine.

                                    -7-
       11.    Whether a genuine issue of material fact exists as to Plaintiffs’ claim
              of negligent trespass.

       12.    Whether a genuine issue of material fact exists as to Plaintiffs’ claim
              of nuisance.

Wolf restates the issues as follows:

       1.     Whether the trial court correctly held that Wolf had no duty to
              inspect, remove, or otherwise make safe any trees located outside of
              a contractual right of way, when (1) no statute imposes any such
              duty, (2) the relevant contract imposed no such duty, and (3)
              Tennessee common law imposes no such duty.

       2.     Whether the trial court correctly held that Wolf did not voluntarily
              assume a duty to inspect, remove, or otherwise make safe any trees
              located outside of a contractual right of way where the relevant
              evidence and testimony demonstrated that Wolf did not actually
              undertake those acts and the utility did not rely on Wolf to do so.

       3.     Whether the trial court correctly granted summary judgment in favor
              of Wolf concerning Plaintiffs’ trespass claim when that claim
              necessarily relied on Wolf’s alleged negligence, which Plaintiffs
              could not prove.

       4.     Whether the trial court correctly granted summary judgment in favor
              of Wolf concerning Plaintiffs’ nuisance claim when that claim
              necessarily relied on Wolf’s alleged negligence, which Plaintiffs
              could not prove.

                                 III. Standard of Review

       The grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment is a matter of law;
therefore, our standard of review is de novo with no presumption of correctness. See Rye
v. Women’s Care Ctr. of Memphis, MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 250 (Tenn. 2015); Dick
Broad. Co. of Tenn. v. Oak Ridge FM, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 653, 671 (Tenn. 2013) (citing
Kinsler v. Berkline, LLC, 320 S.W.3d 796, 799 (Tenn. 2010)). As such, this Court must
“make a fresh determination of whether the requirements of Rule 56 of the Tennessee
Rules of Civil Procedure have been satisfied.” Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 250. “Statutory
construction is a question of law that is reviewable on a de novo basis without any
presumption of correctness.” In re Estate of Tanner, 295 S.W.3d 610, 613 (Tenn. 2009).

                                           -8-
       As our Supreme Court has explained respecting the requirements for a movant to
prevail on a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil
Procedure 56:

      [W]hen the moving party does not bear the burden of proof at trial, the
      moving party may satisfy its burden of production either (1) by
      affirmatively negating an essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim
      or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving party’s evidence at the
      summary judgment stage is insufficient to establish the nonmoving party’s
      claim or defense. We reiterate that a moving party seeking summary
      judgment by attacking the nonmoving party’s evidence must do more than
      make a conclusory assertion that summary judgment is appropriate on this
      basis. Rather, Tennessee Rule 56.03 requires the moving party to support
      its motion with “a separate concise statement of material facts as to which
      the moving party contends there is no genuine issue for trial.” Tenn. R.
      Civ. P. 56.03. “Each fact is to be set forth in a separate, numbered
      paragraph and supported by a specific citation to the record.” Id. When
      such a motion is made, any party opposing summary judgment must file a
      response to each fact set forth by the movant in the manner provided in
      Tennessee Rule 56.03. “[W]hen a motion for summary judgment is made
      [and] . . . supported as provided in [Tennessee Rule 56],” to survive
      summary judgment, the nonmoving party “may not rest upon the mere
      allegations or denials of [its] pleading,” but must respond, and by affidavits
      or one of the other means provided in Tennessee Rule 56, “set forth specific
      facts” at the summary judgment stage “showing that there is a genuine issue
      for trial.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06. The nonmoving party “must do more
      than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material
      facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., 475 U.S. [574,] 586, 106 S. Ct. 1348,
      [89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)]. The nonmoving party must demonstrate the
      existence of specific facts in the record which could lead a rational trier of
      fact to find in favor of the nonmoving party. If a summary judgment
      motion is filed before adequate time for discovery has been provided, the
      nonmoving party may seek a continuance to engage in additional discovery
      as provided in Tennessee Rule 56.07. However, after adequate time for
      discovery has been provided, summary judgment should be granted if the
      nonmoving party’s evidence at the summary judgment stage is insufficient
      to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Tenn.
      R. Civ. P. 56.04, 56.06. The focus is on the evidence the nonmoving party
      comes forward with at the summary judgment stage, not on hypothetical
      evidence that theoretically could be adduced, despite the passage of
      discovery deadlines, at a future trial.

                                           -9-
Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 264-65. “Whether the nonmoving party is a plaintiff or a
defendant—and whether or not the nonmoving party bears the burden of proof at trial on
the challenged claim or defense—at the summary judgment stage, ‘[t]he nonmoving party
must demonstrate the existence of specific facts in the record which could lead a rational
trier of fact to find in favor of the nonmoving party.’” TWB Architects, Inc. v. The
Braxton, LLC, 578 S.W.3d 879, 889 (Tenn. 2019) (quoting Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 265).
Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56.04, the trial court must “state the legal
grounds upon which the court denies or grants the motion” for summary judgment, and
our Supreme Court has instructed that the trial court must state these grounds “before it
invites or requests the prevailing party to draft a proposed order.” See Smith v. UHS of
Lakeside, Inc., 439 S.W.3d 303, 316 (Tenn. 2014).

                 IV. Propriety of Grant of Summary Judgment in favor of Wolf
                               Concerning Claims of Negligence

       The overarching issue presented by Plaintiffs questions whether the trial court
properly granted summary judgment in Wolf’s favor with respect to Plaintiffs’ assertion
that Wolf was negligent. In answer to this query, the trial court determined that Wolf
could not be held liable for negligence because Wolf owed no duty to inspect or remove
the trees at issue. Regarding a claim of negligence generally, our Supreme Court has
elucidated that such a claim requires proof of the following elements:

          (1) a duty of care owed by the defendant to the plaintiff; (2) conduct by the
          defendant falling below the standard of care amounting to a breach of that
          duty; (3) an injury or loss; (4) cause in fact; and (5) proximate or legal
          cause.

West v. E. Tenn. Pioneer Oil Co., 172 S.W.3d 545, 550 (Tenn. 2005). The High Court
went on to explain:

          [T]he concept of duty has become an essential element in all negligence
          claims. The duty owed to the plaintiffs by the defendant is in all cases that
          of reasonable care under all of the circumstances. Whether the defendant
          owed the plaintiffs a duty of care is a question of law to be determined by
          the court.

Id. (internal citations omitted).

       Plaintiffs argue that a duty existed by virtue of Wolf’s contract with SCES,
common law, public policy, statute, and/or various regulations. We will address each of
Plaintiffs’ arguments in turn.3

3
    Plaintiffs also raised an issue concerning whether “genuine issues of material fact existed concerning
                                                   - 10 -
                                   A. Wolf’s Contractual Duties

        Plaintiffs postulate that Wolf owed a duty to inspect for, prune, and/or remove
trees that posed a hazard to electrical lines and conductors by reason of its contract with
SCES. Our review necessarily focuses on the relevant contractual language. Wolf’s
contract with SCES (“the Contract”), dated December 22, 2014, provided in pertinent
part:

        This contract is for tree trimming and other vegetation management for the
        SCES distribution circuit WV 103-224 containing approximately 43.11
        miles of distribution power line. SCES agrees to contract [Wolf] . . . to
        perform tree and other vegetation trimming within proximity of SCES
        power lines and other equipment per provided specifications, requirements
        and mandates. SCES also agrees to contract [Wolf] for other utility
        forestry services as deemed necessary by SCES as specified in submitted
        contractor bid (UNIT PRICING BIDSHEET; TIME AND MATERIALS
        BIDSHEET) of said circuit.

        ***

        [Wolf] shall faithfully uphold and observe all of the qualifications,
        requirements, stipulations and mandates contained within Sevier County
        Electric System Right-of-Way Vegetation Management Requirements &
        Standards.

        ***

whether any portion of the trees in question were located inside of the right of way.” However, because
Plaintiffs failed to include argument concerning this issue in the argument section of their brief, we
determine this issue to be waived. See Hodge v. Craig, 382 S.W.3d 325, 335 (Tenn. 2012) (“An issue
may be deemed waived, even when it has been specifically raised as an issue, when the brief fails to
include an argument satisfying the requirements of Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7).”); Banks v. Elks Club Pride
of Tenn. 1102, 301 S.W.3d 214, 227 (Tenn. 2010) (“[The appellant] has waived the issue regarding his
entitlement to attorney’s fees by failing to brief and argue the issue.”); Newcomb v. Kohler Co., 222
S.W.3d 368, 400-01 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (“The failure of a party to cite to any authority or to construct
an argument regarding his position on appeal constitutes waiver of that issue.”).

Although Plaintiffs attempt to argue in their reply brief that other questions of fact exist precluding
summary judgment, we cannot consider such arguments inasmuch as the arguments were advanced for
the first time in a reply brief. See Denver Area Meat Cutters & Emprs. Pension Plan v. Clayton, 209
S.W.3d 584, 594 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (“An appellant cannot abandon an argument advanced in his brief
and advance a new argument to support an issue in the reply brief.”); see generally Shaw v. Gross, No.
W2017-00441-COA-R3-CV, 2018 WL 801536, at *4, n.5 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 9, 2018).

                                                 - 11 -
      [Wolf] hereby assumes entire responsibility and liability in and for any and
      all damages or injury of any kind or nature whatsoever to all persons,
      whether its employees or otherwise, and to all property, growing out of or
      resulting from the execution of the work provided for in this Contract or
      occurring in connection therewith. [Wolf] agrees to defend, indemnify and
      save harmless SCES and/or the City of Sevierville . . . from and against any
      and all losses and expenses, including court costs and attorney’s fees,
      damages or injury growing out of or resulting from or occurring in
      connection with the execution of the work herein provided for; provided,
      however, that [Wolf] will not be held liable for loss of life or injury or
      damage to person or property due to the sole negligence of SCES, its
      agents, officers, servants or employees. This provision shall survive the
      termination or expiration of this Contract.

      The document referenced in the Contract, “Sevier County Electric System Right-
of-Way Vegetation Management Requirements & Standards” (“SCES Manual”),
provides in relevant part:

      1.1   Objectives

      [SCES’s] Vegetation Management (VM) program actively manages
      vegetation contained within rights-of-way that may come in contact with
      high voltage power lines and/or other infrastructure equipment to:

            A.     Ensure safety to people, pets and property;
            B.     Ensure reliable electricity to customers;
            C.     Maintain accessible power line rights-of-way;
            D.     Provide and/or enhance habitat for desirable vegetation and
                   wildlife species.

      1.2   Purpose

      The purpose of these specifications is to provide direction for the proper
      pruning and management of trees, shrubs, vines and other vegetation which
      are in contact with, or have the potential to come in contact with power
      lines as located within rights-of-way, easements or pruning zones. All
      pruning of trees, shrubs, vines and other vegetation shall be in accordance
      with Tree Line USA requirements as described in:

            A.     “Pruning Trees Near Electrical Utility Lines: A Field Guide
                   for Qualified Line-Clearance Workers” by Dr. Alex Shigo;

                                         - 12 -
      B.   “Best Management Practices – Utility Pruning of Trees” by
           The International Society of Arboriculture;
      C.   ANSI A300 guidelines.

***

2.2   Clearance Minimums: Transmission Lines, Distribution Lines,
      Secondaries, Street Lights and Service Drops

      A.   Transmission Lines: All pruning within transmission line
           rights-of-way will require close coordination between
           CONTRACTOR and SCES.                Pruning of trees near
           transmission conductors may require the line to be de-
           energized.        This will be coordinated between
           CONTRACTOR’s           Supervisor    and    SCES       Project
           Representative. Clearance of transmission lines is both
           weather and load dependent and may not be available upon
           request. Clearances should be requested a minimum of forty-
           eight (48) hours in advance of work. All overhanging limbs
           shall be removed. All brush and trees less than seven (7)
           inches in diameter, excluding landscape-quality and
           ornamental trees located in maintained property owner’s
           yards, shall be removed from the right-of-way and all brush
           chipped. All trees seven (7) inches and larger in diameter
           located in the right-of-way shall be removed only at the
           direction of SCES or SCES Project Representative and at the
           bid-submitted unit pricing. All side-pruning of trees shall be
           a minimum of twenty-five (25) feet from the energized
           conductor.      See Section II: Minimum Clearances-
           Transmission Lines (69kV) in Appendix.

           The transmission right-of-way shall be mechanically cleared
           (i.e. mowed) utilizing a bush-hog and/or a fecon to a
           minimum of twenty-five (25) feet from the centerline of the
           line or a total of fifty (50) feet unless otherwise noted on the
           map or drawing; or so directed by SCES or SCES Project
           Representative.

           ***

           Distribution Lines: All distribution line rights-of-way shall
           be cleared to a minimum of ten (10) feet from all energized
           conductors (including poles). Single-, two- and three-phase
                               - 13 -
            distribution lines are not permitted through trees. All over-
            hanging limbs shall be removed. Leaving over-hanging limbs
            will only be considered in certain safe conditions, but in no
            case will a clearance of less than ten (10) feet be allowed. All
            diseased, weak and dead limbs above all conductors shall be
            removed. The final decision regarding leaving over-hanging
            limbs will rest solely with SCES or SCES Project
            Representative. See Section I. Minimum Clearances-Primary
            Power Lines in Appendix.

            ***

      B.    Secondary Conductors: Secondary conductors shall be
            pruned a minimum of ten (10) feet. The definition of a
            “Secondary Conductor” for tree pruning is as follows: open
            three wire or triplex conductors that carry current from the
            secondary side of a distribution transformer to a lift pole or
            poles serving more than one customer. Secondary conductors
            shall be pruned from the connection at the transformer to the
            last lift pole.

      ***

      D.    Service Drops: The definition of “Service Drop” is as
            follows: secondary conductors, which carry current from the
            secondary side of a distribution transformer to a single
            customer connection or from the last lift pole serving more
            than one customer. CONTRACTOR does not prune Service
            drops.

2.3   Tree Pruning

      The following SCES Vegetation Management practices are in
      accordance with Tree Line USA requirements as described in “Best
      Management Practices-Utility Pruning of Trees” and/or “Pruning
      Trees Near Electric Utility Lines: A Field Guide for Qualified Line-
      Clearance Workers” by Alex Shigo and ANSI A300 tree pruning
      standards. CONTRACTOR shall provide Dr. Shigo’s field guides to
      each crew who performs line clearance pruning. This guide will be
      available at each work site as a quick reference. Specifically, the
      following practices shall be followed:

      ***
                                  - 14 -
      D.    All dead branches overhanging primary lines at any height
            shall be removed.

      ***

      K.    Special effort shall be made to eliminate all tree parts and
            growth points beneath the power lines, and all weak, diseased
            and dead limbs above the power lines, which may fall or blow
            into them.

      ***

2.4   Tree, Brush and Vine Removal

      A.    All trees less than seven (7) inches in diameter that will
            require pruning in future years shall be removed from the
            right-of-way, with the exception of low-growing trees (i.e.
            dogwoods, redbuds or ornamental trees) and landscape
            quality trees. . . .

      B.    If CONTRACTOR is instructed by the property owner that he
            wishes to have any trees seven (7) inches and larger in
            diameter removed, CONTRACTOR shall inform SCES or
            SCES Project Representative of the request immediately.
            CONTRACTOR shall not remove trees seven (7) inches and
            larger in diameter until approval is received from SCES or
            SCES Project Representative. . . .

      ***

      D.    All hazardous trees (tall, dead, dying or leaning over primary
            power lines) located outside of the right-of-way and/or
            pruning zone shall be removed at the sole discretion of SCES
            or SCES Project Representative. . . .

      ***

3.8   Evaluations and Completion

      A.    SCES or SCES’s Project Representative will evaluate
            CONTRACTOR performance for each circuit at the
            conclusion of the work based on components such as pruning
                                - 15 -
                     techniques, worksite cleanliness, quantity of work, quality of
                     work, customer relations, responsiveness to problems and
                     their resolution and effectiveness in completing work without
                     rework. CONTRACTOR shall be provided with a copy of
                     the evaluation report upon written request. CONTRACTOR
                     performance evaluations shall be utilized concerning future
                     vegetation management CONTRACTOR bids.

        Based on Wolf’s statement of undisputed facts and Plaintiffs’ response thereto, the
parties herein have agreed that the electrical lines “located near the location of the Little
Cove Fire are transmission lines.” As such, according to the Contract, Wolf was to clear
the area “to a minimum of twenty-five (25) feet from the centerline of the line or a total
of fifty (50) feet unless otherwise noted on the map or drawing; or so directed by SCES
or SCES Project Representative.” No proof has been presented that Wolf was directed to
clear any areas beyond the twenty-five foot minimum on either side of the transmission
lines, although Plaintiffs presented proof that Wolf did remove trees outside the right of
way in certain instances when SCES directed or authorized Wolf to do so.

       The primary question here, however, is whether Wolf maintained a duty, pursuant
to the Contract, to inspect, remove, or recommend for removal any trees outside the
twenty-five foot right of way on either side of the transmission lines. Although some
dispute exists in this matter concerning the exact location of the two trees that Plaintiffs
have identified as hazardous and as a potential cause of the Little Cove Fire, it is
undisputed that the trunks of those trees were located more than twenty-five feet from the
centerline of the transmission lines and were thus outside the minimum clearance for the
right of way as specified in the Contract.

       In their appellate brief, Plaintiffs rely on the Contract’s language stating that all
pruning of vegetation by Wolf “shall be in accordance with Tree Line USA
requirements” as described in:

       A.     “Pruning Trees Near Electrical Utility Lines: A Field Guide for
              Qualified Line-Clearance Workers” by Dr. Alex Shigo;
       B.     “Best Management Practices – Utility Pruning of Trees” by The
              International Society of Arboriculture;
       C.     ANSI A300 guidelines.

Plaintiffs advance the argument that these “requirements,” specifically the ANSI A300
guidelines and the “Best Management Practices” published by the International Society
of Arboriculture, obligated Wolf to inspect trees outside the right of way that had the
potential to affect the utility lines. Plaintiffs specifically assert that the above-referenced
guidelines required Wolf to perform a visual inspection of any trees outside the right of
way that could possibly fall on or strike the transmission lines in order to check for
                                              - 16 -
obvious defects and that Wolf should have reported the location of such trees to SCES so
that SCES could make a decision about their removal. Plaintiffs cite various portions of
the ANSI A300 guidelines, specifically Parts 7 and 9, as supportive of their arguments.

      By way of example, Plaintiffs particularly cite Part 7, section 75.2, which
provides:

        Trees and tree branches with the potential to affect utility facilities should
        be monitored for risk, and pruned or removed as appropriate (refer to ANSI
        A300 Part 9 – Tree Risk Assessment). Monitoring intervals, action
        thresholds and methods for mitigation shall be determined by the type of
        facility, regulatory requirements, and available resources.

ANSI A300, Part 9, concerns tree risk assessment and discusses the various levels of
assessment that should be performed, how any risks detected should be analyzed, and
how those risks should be reported. Section 93.6.4.1 clearly states: “It shall be the
responsibility of the owner, the owner’s agent, or the controlling authority to schedule
repeat or advanced assessments, determine actions, and implement follow-up
recommendations, monitoring, and/or mitigation.” However, Plaintiffs contend that Part
9 generally supports their position that Wolf had a duty to inspect for hazardous trees.4

      The core of the issue presented here is one of contract interpretation. As our
Supreme Court has instructed:

        We review issues of contractual interpretation de novo. We are guided by
        well-settled principles and general rules of construction. “A cardinal rule
        of contractual interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of
        the parties.” Allmand [v. Pavletic], 292 S.W.3d [618,] 630 [(Tenn. 2009)]
        (citing Allstate Ins. Co. v. Watson, 195 S.W.3d 609, 611 (Tenn. 2006)). We
        initially determine the parties’ intent by examining the plain and ordinary
        meaning of the written words that are “contained within the four corners of
        the contract.” 84 Lumber Co. v. Smith, 356 S.W.3d 380, 383 (Tenn. 2011)
        (citing Kiser v. Wolfe, 353 S.W.3d 741, 747 (Tenn. 2011)). The literal
        meaning of the contract language controls if the language is clear and
        unambiguous. Allmand, 292 S.W.3d at 630. However, if the terms are
        ambiguous in that they are “susceptible to more than one reasonable
        interpretation,” Watson, 195 S.W.3d at 611, we must apply other
4
  Other portions of the ANSI A300 guidelines simply address proper tree pruning techniques, such as how
and where tree limbs should be cut in order to “prevent the loss of [utility] service, comply with mandated
clearance laws, prevent damage to equipment, maintain access, and uphold the intended usage of the
facility/utility space while adhering to accepted tree care performance standards.” Similarly, Dr. Shigo’s
“Field Guide” contains detailed drawings and instructions for the proper pruning of trees.

                                                  - 17 -
       established rules of construction to aid in determining the contracting
       parties’ intent. The meaning of the contract becomes a question of fact
       only if an ambiguity remains after we have applied the appropriate rules of
       construction.

Dick Broad., 395 S.W.3d at 659 (other internal citations omitted). Of course, when “an
executed agreement refers to other documents and makes the conditions of the other
documents part of the executed agreement, they will be interpreted together as the
agreement of the parties.” Burns v. Temperature Control Co., 371 S.W.2d 804, 806
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1962).

       The instant Contract provided in pertinent part that Wolf was “to perform tree and
other vegetation trimming within proximity of SCES power lines and other equipment
per provided specifications, requirements and mandates” and to provide “other utility
forestry services as deemed necessary by SCES[.]” Attendant thereto, Wolf agreed to
“faithfully uphold and observe all of the qualifications, requirements, stipulations and
mandates contained within” the SCES Manual.

        Interpreting the Contract and the SCES Manual together, see Burns, 371 S.W.2d at
806, and determining the parties’ intent by examining the plain and ordinary meaning of
the written words utilized therein, see Dick Broad., 395 S.W.3d at 659, it is clear that the
SCES Manual established the parameters and scope of the tree and vegetation trimming
and other forestry services that Wolf was to provide. The SCES Manual provided that
SCES’s vegetation management program was designed to “actively manage[] vegetation
contained within rights-of-way that may come in contact with high voltage power lines
and/or other infrastructure equipment” (emphasis added). According to the SCES
Manual, Wolf was to clear a minimum of twenty-five feet on either side of the
transmission lines and would remove all trees within such right of way that were less than
seven inches in diameter. The SCES Manual further provided that trees seven inches in
diameter and larger would be removed at the property owner’s request and with SCES
approval. Significantly, the SCES Manual provided that “hazardous trees,” defined as
“tall, dead, dying or leaning over primary power lines,” which were located outside the
right of way “shall be removed at the sole discretion of SCES or SCES Project
Representative.”

        Upon our thorough review, we note that neither the Contract nor the SCES Manual
articulates any requirement that Wolf inspect trees outside the right of way to determine
whether they are hazardous or should be removed. Indeed, these documents do not
impose a duty upon Wolf to remove or seek approval to remove such trees, either.
Instead, any question concerning removal of trees located outside the right of way, like
the trees at issue here, is addressed to SCES’s sole discretion.

                                           - 18 -
       We note that Plaintiffs do not exclusively focus on the language contained within
the four corners of the Contract or the SCES Manual as creating a duty that Wolf would
inspect trees outside the right of way and recommend their removal; rather, Plaintiffs also
rely on provisions contained within the additional documents referred to in the SCES
Manual as “requirements” for proper tree “pruning” and argue that these additional
documents imposed a duty upon Wolf that the Contract and SCES Manual may not have.
The provision in the SCES Manual upon which Plaintiffs rely, however, states that its
purpose is to “provide direction for the proper pruning and management of trees, shrubs,
vines and other vegetation which are in contact with, or have the potential to come in
contact with power lines as located within rights-of-way, easements or pruning zones”
and that “pruning of trees, shrubs, vines and other vegetation shall be in accordance with
Tree Line USA requirements as described in” the ANSI A300 guidelines and the
accompanying “Best Management Practices” published by the International Society of
Arboriculture, as well as Dr. Shigo’s “Field Guide” (emphasis added).

        As our Supreme Court has elucidated:

               We first recognize the foundational principles in all of Tennessee
        contract law. The common thread in all Tennessee contract cases—the
        cardinal rule upon which all other rules hinge—is that courts must interpret
        contracts so as to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the contracting
        parties consistent with legal principles.

               Also foundational to our jurisprudence is the principle that the rules
        used for contract interpretation “have for their sole object ‘to do justice
        between the parties, by enforcing a performance of their agreement
        according to the sense in which they mutually understood it at the time it
        was made.’” McNairy v. Thompson, 33 Tenn. 141, 149 (1853) (quoting
        Chitty on Con. 73).

Individual Healthcare Specialists, Inc. v. BlueCross BlueShield of Tenn., Inc., 566
S.W.3d 671, 688 (Tenn. 2019) (other internal citations omitted). To that end, “the object
to be attained in construing a contract is to ascertain the meaning and intent of the parties
as expressed in the language used and to give effect to such intent if it does not conflict
with any rule of law, good morals, or public policy.” Planters Gin Co. v. Fed. Compress
& Warehouse Co., Inc., 78 S.W.3d 885, 890 (Tenn. 2002) (quoting 17 Am.Jur.2d,
Contracts, § 245).

      Upon careful review, we determine the language of the Contract and the
incorporated SCES Manual to be clear and unambiguous.5 Wolf’s contractual duty was

5
 Because the Contract and incorporated SCES Manual contain no ambiguity, we need not resort to the
use of parol evidence for interpretation, as Plaintiffs urge. See, e.g., Allstate Ins. Co. v. Watson, 195
                                                 - 19 -
to clear a minimum of twenty-five feet on either side of the transmission lines and
remove all trees within such right of way measuring less than seven inches in diameter.
Decisions regarding removal of trees seven inches in diameter or larger or trees located
outside the twenty-five foot right of way were left to the sole discretion of SCES. No
contractual duty of inspection was imposed upon Wolf for trees located outside the
twenty-five foot right of way.

       According to the Contract and the SCES Manual, as concerning the proper
methods for “pruning” of trees and other vegetation, the guidelines presented in the
additional listed publications were to be followed. However, inasmuch as the Contract
and SCES Manual placed no duty upon Wolf to inspect trees outside the right of way,
much less to remove them unless directed to do so by SCES, such a duty could not be
added by reference to additional guidelines concerning only proper “pruning” methods.
As the trial court stated, “the contract between Wolf Tree and SCES imposed the duties
and the ANSI A300 provided instructions on how to carry out the duties appropriately, in
terms of making the appropriate cuts in the appropriate places.” By referring to these
additional guidelines in terms of proper pruning only, SCES clearly limited application of
those documents to pruning methods rather than to all subjects covered therein.

       In short, the plain and ordinary meaning of the clear and unambiguous written
words “contained within the four corners of the contract,” see 84 Lumber Co. v. Smith,
356 S.W.3d 380, 383 (Tenn. 2011), provided that the additional guidelines referenced
were to be applied to methods of pruning only. These additional documents did not add
to or vary the terms of the contractual duties to which Wolf had agreed. Therefore,
because the language of the Contract imposed no duty upon Wolf to inspect for
hazardous trees located outside the right of way, the trial court properly granted summary
judgment to Wolf on that basis.

                                     B. Statutory Duty

      Plaintiffs additionally posit that Wolf has a statutory duty relative to its vegetation
management work because Tennessee has adopted the NESC as applicable to
maintenance and operation of Tennessee electrical lines, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 68-101-
104, and the NESC provides that hazardous trees posing a danger to utility facilities
should be pruned or removed. Tennessee Code Annotated § 68-101-104 (2013), found
within “Miscellaneous Safety and Environmental Regulations” in Title 68 of the
Tennessee Code, provides in relevant part:

       (a)     The American National Standard Electrical Safety Code, edition
               dated August 1, 2011, prepared and published by the Institute of
               Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., 345 East 47th Street, New

S.W.3d 609, 612 (Tenn. 2006).
                                           - 20 -
              York, New York, 10017, is adopted by the general assembly for
              application for all processes within the state of Tennessee as the
              official electrical safety code, to provide a standard for safeguarding
              of persons from hazards arising from the installation, operation, or
              maintenance of:

              (1)    Conductors and equipment in electric-supply stations; and

              (2)    Overhead       and    underground     electric-supply    and
                     communication lines, and work rules for the construction,
                     maintenance, and operation of electric-supply and
                     communication lines and equipment, and the provisions of
                     such National Electrical Safety Code are adopted herein by
                     reference and shall not be copied in the codified sections or
                     provisions of the Tennessee Code.

In support of their argument that the NESC imposes a statutory duty upon Wolf,
Plaintiffs rely particularly on Section 218 of the NESC, which states: “Vegetation that
may damage ungrounded supply conductors should be pruned or removed. Vegetation
management should be performed as experience has shown to be necessary.”
Notwithstanding, as Wolf points out, a note to Section 218 provides that “right-of-way
limitations” should be considered as one of the “[f]actors . . . in determining the extent of
vegetation management required.” Another such factor is the “vegetation’s location in
relation to the conductors.” As a second note to Section 218 provides: “It is not practical
to prevent all tree-conductor contacts on overhead lines.”

       The trial court determined that the above-referenced NESC provision “imposes no
explicit duty on vegetation management contractors,” further explaining that although the
NESC “may state a standard for utility companies, it does not explicitly impose a duty on
contractors.” Our consideration of the NESC provisions contained in the appellate record
leads to the conclusion that it is designed to serve as a “standard (or basis of the standard)
of safe practice for public and private utilities in the United States,” as stated in its
introduction (emphasis added). Accordingly, any duty to prune or remove vegetation that
could impact electrical supply lines would lie first and foremost with SCES. However, as
Plaintiffs note, some authority exists supporting the position that utilities can delegate
certain duties respecting the “maintenance” of utility systems to independent contractors.
See, e.g., Dempsey v. Correct Mfg. Corp., 755 S.W.2d 798, 806 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988)
(explaining that “maintenance or alteration of . . . objects in proximity to the system
which are not directly involved in the carrying of electrical energy is a matter which may
be committed to independent contractors” while also explaining generally that “tree-
cutting” is not included in “maintaining” utilities as used in the NESC and other
regulations). As such, whether or not the NESC was intended to apply to contractors

                                            - 21 -
employed by utilities, it appears that utilities can delegate certain duties thereunder to
independent contractors under appropriate circumstances. See id.

        Assuming, arguendo, that SCES could properly delegate its duty, pursuant to the
NESC, to Wolf for pruning or removal of vegetation that might damage ungrounded
supply conductors, any question relative to the parameters and scope of the duty
delegated to Wolf would be controlled by the parties’ Contract. See, e.g., Frazee v. Med
Ctr. Inns of Am., Inc., No. 01A01-9301-CV-00034, 1993 WL 312674, at *4 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Aug. 18, 1993) (explaining that when a party delegates a duty to another, the
respective duties of each are delineated by their contractual agreement). We reiterate that
the Contract only required Wolf to remove trees located within the right of way and
measuring less than seven inches in diameter without SCES’s authorization and/or
direction. The trees at issue here were undisputedly located outside the right of way.
Therefore, SCES maintained sole discretion as to their removal. Ergo, Plaintiffs’
assertion that Wolf owed a statutory duty to remove the trees at issue pursuant to the
NESC must fail for similar reasons that were fatal to Plaintiffs’ position that Wolf owed a
duty pursuant to the parties’ contract. We accordingly conclude that Wolf owed no
statutory duty to remove the trees at issue based on Tennessee Code Annotated § 68-101-
104 or the NESC, and we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment as to this
issue.6

                              C. Assumption of Common Law Duty

       Plaintiffs contend that because Wolf, on occasion, performed visual inspections of
trees existing both inside and outside the right of way while it performed vegetation
pruning and removal under the Contract, Wolf voluntarily assumed a duty to perform
such inspections outside the right of way defined in the Contract and to identify
hazardous trees for pruning or removal. Plaintiffs rely on the common law statement of a
general principle found in Biscan v. Brown, 160 S.W.3d 462, 482-83 (Tenn. 2005), that:
“One who assumes to act, even though gratuitously, may thereby become subject to the
duty of acting carefully” (quoting Stewart v. State, 33 S.W.3d 785, 793 (Tenn. 2000)).
As the trial court noted, this principle applies in situations where “a party has undertaken
to provide services to another” and where a third party “suffer[s] physical harm from the
negligent performance of the undertaking.” See Grogan v. Uggla, 535 S.W.3d 864, 873
(Tenn. 2017).

6
  Plaintiffs also argue that the affidavit of their vegetation management expert, Michael Neal, opining that
“[Wolf’s] failure to adequately prune or remove the subject tree suffering from obvious structural defects
was a violation of the NESC statutory standard of care” was sufficient to establish a statutory duty. We
note, however, this Court’s previous instruction that “content meaning and application of statutes and
regulations are not a matter of fact to be proven by the affidavit of an expert witness, but are a matter of
law.” Dempsey, 755 S.W.2d at 806.
                                                  - 22 -
       In further defining this principle, Tennessee courts have often cited with approval
Section 324A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which provides:

       One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to
       another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third
       person or his things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical
       harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his
       undertaking, if

       (a)    his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such
              harm, or

       (b)    he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third
              person, or

       (c)    the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third
              person upon the undertaking.

See Grogan, 535 S.W.3d at 874. The question of whether a party has assumed such a
duty is a question of law. See id.; see also Biscan, 160 S.W.3d at 483.

        Plaintiffs contend that Wolf should be deemed to have assumed a common law
duty to inspect for hazardous trees located beyond the right of way specified in the
Contract because each of the party witnesses who testified via deposition in this matter
affirmed that Wolf performed hazardous tree inspections outside the right of way.
Respectfully, our review of the deposition testimony presented demonstrates that
Plaintiffs’ argument is unpersuasive. For example, Jeff Hedrick, the corporate
representative for SCES, testified that trees were “typically” marked for removal by
SCES inspectors. Mr. Hedrick clarified that although the VM contractor could “point a
tree out,” the SCES inspector “will have the discretion whether to cut that tree or not.”
During this questioning, Mr. Hedrick made no distinction concerning whether he was
referring to trees located inside or outside the right of way.

        Jared Underwood, a utility forester for SCES assigned to the circuit in question,
testified that he was present on the Wears Valley circuit daily while Wolf employees
were working. He also testified that he had inspected the circuit before Wolf began
work. Mr. Underwood expressly stated that it was his responsibility to identify trees for
removal and that he would “go ahead” of Wolf employees to mark trees that needed to be
removed. Mr. Underwood also related that although Wolf’s employees sometimes
pointed out a tree or requested that he look at a tree, the responsibility to identify trees for
removal was SCES’s. Mr. Underwood made no distinction in this testimony concerning
whether he was referring to trees located inside or outside the right of way.

                                             - 23 -
        Nathan Dunn, a vegetation inspector for SCES who worked on the separate Jones
Cove circuit, similarly testified that although Wolf employees at times asked him to look
at a particular tree or conferred with him about a tree, it was ultimately SCES’s
responsibility to identify trees for removal. Steven Springer, the supervisor of vegetation
management for SCES, testified that SCES employees were tasked with identifying
hazardous trees and had the final say on whether trees seven inches in diameter or larger
were removed. Mr. Springer added that although VM contractors were not required to
notify SCES regarding trees that needed to be removed outside the right of way, they did
so at times. However, Mr. Springer clarified that removal of trees outside the right of
way was SCES’s “call.”

        Daniel Allen, a former employee of Wolf who served as a supervisor for the
Wears Valley circuit during the relevant time frame, testified that while he sometimes
pointed out trees to the SCES inspector that he felt needed to be removed within the right
of way, he would only mention a tree outside the right of way if it was “noticeable.”
David Jackson, the operations manager for Wolf during the applicable time frame,
testified that he inspected the circuit before Wolf bid on the job and helped calculate the
cost of the work for bidding purposes. Notably, Mr. Jackson did not state that he had
inspected any trees located outside the right of way or that he had marked any such trees
for potential removal.

       In considering the above-referenced testimony in light of Plaintiffs’ claim of
voluntary assumption of a common law duty, we find the Supreme Court’s opinion in
Grogan to be instructive. See 535 S.W.3d at 873-876. In Grogan, the High Court was
asked to determine whether a residential home inspector, who had performed an
inspection of a home for a potential home buyer, could subsequently be held liable for the
injuries of a third party who fell from the home’s deck because the deck railing, which
was alleged to be improperly built, collapsed. Id. at 866. The injured party filed suit
against the home inspector and claimed, inter alia, that the inspector had performed a
negligent home inspection. Id.

        The Grogan Court, in analyzing the negligence issue, considered whether Section
324A should apply and whether the inspector had undertaken a duty for the protection of
the injured third party. Id. at 874. In determining whether the inspector had actually
undertaken such a duty, the Court reviewed the inspector’s contract with the home owner
for a home inspection, deposition testimony, and the “relevant statutes and regulations.”
Id. at 874-75. Specifically, the plaintiff had alleged that the inspector failed to find that
the deck railing was non-compliant relative to the applicable building code, but the home
inspection contract stated that the inspection was “visual only and not a building code
inspection,” and the inspector testified that he was not a building codes inspector. Id. at
875. Furthermore, the contract stated that “[n]ot all conditions may be apparent” and that
the inspector was not liable for “patent or latent defects in materials, workmanship, or
other conditions.” Id. Based primarily on limitations stated in the inspection contract
                                            - 24 -
and the inspector’s testimony, the Court determined that the inspector had not voluntarily
assumed any duty beyond that which he owed to his client pursuant to their agreement.
Id. at 876.

        Similarly, here, the Contract and incorporated SCES Manual expressly provide
that SCES has sole discretion concerning the removal of trees located outside the right of
way, and no duty to inspect for hazardous trees outside the right of way is imposed upon
Wolf. The deposition testimony unequivocally established that trees located outside the
right of way were only removed with SCES’s express authorization. Moreover, although
there existed some testimony that Wolf employees occasionally pointed out trees that
they believed should be removed, the duty to inspect for such trees outside the right of
way belonged to SCES. Mr. Underwood, who worked daily on the Wears Valley circuit,
testified that he proceeded ahead of Wolf’s employees to mark trees for removal and that
identification of such trees was SCES’s responsibility. Mr. Allen, also present daily on
that circuit, testified that he only mentioned a tree for removal authorization outside the
right of way if it was “noticeable.” Based on the facts presented concerning Wolf’s
agreement with SCES and the respective deposition testimony, we conclude that the trial
court correctly determined that Wolf did not voluntarily assume a common law duty to
inspect for hazardous trees located outside the right of way.

          D. Imposition of Common Law Duty and Misfeasance/Nonfeasance

       Plaintiffs also rely on a “common law duty” with respect to their negligence claim
against Wolf. Tennessee common law recognizes that duty consists of a “legal obligation
to conform to a reasonable person standard of care in order to protect others against
unreasonable risks of harm.” Satterfield v. Breeding Insulation Co., 266 S.W.3d 347, 355
(Tenn. 2008). As our Supreme Court explained:

      As a general rule, persons have a duty to others to refrain from engaging in
      affirmative acts that a reasonable person “should recognize as involving an
      unreasonable risk of causing an invasion of an interest of another” or acts
      “which involve[] an unreasonable risk of harm to another.” Restatement
      (Second) of Torts §§ 284, 302, at 19, 82 (1965). Thus, if an individual
      “acts at all, [he or she] must exercise reasonable care to make his [or her]
      acts safe for others.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 4 cmt. b, at 8. The
      core of negligence is the violation of this requirement by engaging in
      “behavior which should be recognized as involving unreasonable danger to
      others.” W. Page Keeton, Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 31, at
      169 (5th ed.1984) [hereinafter “Prosser and Keeton”].

             These rules do not, however, require that persons always act
      reasonably to secure the safety of others. Rather, they serve a more limited
      role as restraints upon a person’s actions that create unreasonable and
                                          - 25 -
       foreseeable risks of harm to others. Expounding upon this point more than
       a century ago, Professor Francis H. Bohlen asserted that “[t]here is no
       distinction more deeply rooted in the common law and more fundamental
       than that between misfeasance and non-feasance, between active
       misconduct working positive injury to others and passive inaction, a failure
       to take positive steps to benefit others, or to protect them from harm not
       created by any wrongful act of the defendant.”

Id. at 355-56 (quoting Francis H. Bohlen, The Moral Duty to Aid Others as a Basis of
Tort Liability, 56 U. PA. L. REV. 217, 219 (1908)).

       The Satterfield Court further elucidated:

              Professor Bohlen is not the only scholar to offer an eloquent and
       enlightening articulation of the distinction between misfeasance and
       nonfeasance. Dean Keeton and Dean Prosser explained the distinction as
       follows:

              In the determination of the existence of a duty, there runs
              through much of the law a distinction between action and
              inaction. . . . [T]here arose very early a difference, still
              deeply rooted in the law of negligence, between
              “misfeasance” and “nonfeasance”—that is to say, between
              active misconduct working positive injury to others and
              passive inaction or a failure to take steps to protect them from
              harm. The reason for the distinction may be said to lie in the
              fact that by ‘misfeasance’ the defendant has created a new
              risk of harm to the plaintiff, while by ‘nonfeasance’ he has at
              least made his situation no worse, and has merely failed to
              benefit him by interfering in his affairs.

       Prosser and Keeton § 56, at 373.

Id. at 356 (footnote omitted).

       Plaintiffs advance that Wolf’s alleged failure to properly inspect for or remove the
hazardous trees at issue constitutes misfeasance rather than nonfeasance. Plaintiffs
predicate their assertion of misfeasance in part on their position that Wolf owed a
heightened duty of care to the public pursuant to Tennessee common law “commensurate
with the extreme danger posed by the electrical power lines.”

       In support of their postulate, Plaintiffs rely on this Court’s opinions in Rogers v.
City of Chattanooga, 281 S.W.2d 504, 508 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1954) (“[T]he City was
                                           - 26 -
required not only to install or erect the uninsulated high-tension wires, which carried
death for anyone who came in contact with them, at a safe height above the ground, but . .
. was also under a duty to patrol and inspect said lines at frequent intervals to see that the
lines did not later become unsafe and dangerous by changing conditions, such as,
overhanging tree branches, erection of buildings, etc.”); Int’l Harvester Co. v. Sartain,
222 S.W.2d 854, 867 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1948) (“One who deals with an article which is
imminently dangerous owes a public duty to all to whom it may come and who may be
endangered thereby to exercise caution adequate to the peril involved[.]”); and Rollins v.
Elec. Power Bd. of Metro. Gov’t of Nashville & Davidson Cnty., No. M2003-00865-
COA-R3-CV, 2004 WL 1268431, at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 8, 2004) (“It is the supplier
of electricity who is charged with the heightened duties for public safety[.]”). The
obvious distinction between the case at bar and Rogers, Sartain, and Rollins, however, is
that in those cases, the “heightened” duty being analyzed belonged to the owner or
operator of the electrical lines, not a private contractor hired to manage vegetation. As
the trial court observed, “[Wolf] is not a utility and [Wolf] was not in control of
electricity or the electrical lines in any way[.]” As such, the cases from this Court relied
upon by Plaintiffs for imposition of a heightened duty are unavailing.

       Plaintiffs also cite a decision from the California Court of Appeals, CHY Co. v.
Util. Tree Servs., Inc., No. C054697, 2008 WL 4838684, at *2 (Cal. Ct. App. Nov. 10,
2008), as authority for the contention that a VM contractor’s improper performance of
tree inspections constitutes misfeasance rather than nonfeasance. Plaintiffs’ reliance is
again misplaced for at least two reasons. First, the vegetation management contractor in
CHY had a contractual duty to inspect for hazardous trees, whereas Wolf did not. See id.
Second, although “cases from other jurisdictions are sometimes persuasive in this Court,
they do not operate as controlling authority.” Wofford v. M.J. Edwards & Sons Funeral
Home Inc., 490 S.W.3d 800, 817 n.12 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2015). We therefore determine
CHY to be unavailing as well.

        Plaintiffs also place special emphasis on the factors listed in Satterfield concerning
utilization of a balancing test for foreseeability and gravity of harm in determining a
defendant’s duty. We emphasize, however, that in instances where the defendant has
made the plaintiff’s situation no worse (nonfeasance), there is generally no duty to act.
See Satterfield, 266 S.W.3d at 356. Exceptions to this rule exist for certain special
relationships between the parties, none of which are applicable to the parties herein. Id.
at 359. The Satterfield balancing test and its applicability in situations concerning
misfeasance versus nonfeasance was succinctly explained by this Court in Koczera v.
Steele, 570 S.W.3d 242, 247-49 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2018):

              “As a general rule, persons have a duty to others to refrain from
       engaging in affirmative acts that a reasonable person ‘should recognize as
       involving an unreasonable risk of causing an invasion of an interest of
       another’ or acts ‘which involve[] an unreasonable risk of harm to another.’”
                                          - 27 -
Satterfield v. Breeding Insulation Co., 266 S.W.3d 347, 355 (Tenn. 2008)
(quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 284, 302, at 19, 82 (1965)).
Such affirmative acts are known as “misfeasance.” Giggers [v. Memphis
Hous. Auth.], 277 S.W.3d [359,] 364 [(Tenn. 2009)].

       Conversely, “nonfeasance” is “passive inaction or a failure to take
steps to protect [others] from harm.” Satterfield, 266 S.W.3d at 356
(quoting W. Page Keeton, Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 56
(5th ed. 1984)).

       As for nonfeasance, Tennessee’s courts generally have
       declined to impose a duty to act or to rescue. Bradshaw v.
       Daniel, 854 S.W.2d [865,] 870 [(Tenn. 1993)]; Newton v.
       Tinsley, 970 S.W.2d [490,] 492 [(Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)].
       Simply stated, persons do not ordinarily have a duty to act to
       protect others from dangers or risks except for those that they
       themselves have created. Biscan v. Brown, 160 S.W.3d 462,
       478-79 (Tenn. 2005); Nichols v. Atnip, 844 S.W.2d 655, 661
       (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992).

       Tennessee’s general rule with regard to nonfeasance is
       consistent with the Restatement’s position that “[t]he fact . . .
       the actor realizes or should realize that action on his part is
       necessary for another’s aid or protection does not of itself
       impose upon him a duty to take such action.” Restatement
       (Second) of Torts § 314, at 116. This general and long-
       standing principle of tort law [is] often termed either the “no
       duty to act rule” or the “no duty to rescue rule”. . . .

Id. at 357.

       However, in order to mitigate the harshness of the common law rule,
our courts have recognized certain exceptions where “the defendant has a
special relationship with either the individual who is the source of the
danger or the person who is at risk,” such as between a landlord and tenant.
Giggers, 277 S.W.3d at 364. Thus, under Tennessee law, “‘while an actor
is always bound to prevent his acts from creating an unreasonable risk to
others, he is under the affirmative duty to act to prevent another from
sustaining harm only when certain socially recognized relations exist which
constitute the basis for such legal duty.’” Turner v. Jordan, 957 S.W.2d
815, 818 (Tenn. 1997) (quoting Bradshaw, 854 S.W.2d at 871).

                                    - 28 -
       In her deposition, Ms. Steele stated that a sheriff’s deputy arrived at
the office where she worked on September 29, 2008, and asked her if she
was the office manager, to which she responded “yes.” According to Ms.
Steele, he handed her “papers for Dr. O’Connor,” but she did not know
what the papers were “until after [she] had them.” She could not remember
the officer explaining to her what the papers were, and the two did not
discuss whether or not she was authorized to accept process on Dr.
O’Connor’s behalf. After he left, she handed the documents to Dr. Pearson.

        The issue here is one of characterization. Plaintiffs argue that both
Ms. Steele and Dr. Pearson had a duty to inform the sheriff’s deputy who
delivered the documents for Dr. O’Connor that they were not authorized to
accept process on Dr. O’Connor’s behalf—or at least to inquire about the
nature of the delivered papers. Plaintiffs characterize this as a “duty to
disclose” or a “duty not to interfere.” Still, the crux of Plaintiffs’ argument
is that Defendants had a duty to take some action to correct the officer’s
error in serving process on one not authorized to accept it. There is,
however, no special relationship recognized at law between Defendants and
Plaintiffs that qualifies as an exception to the “no duty to act rule.”

       Plaintiffs make much out of the trial court’s “fail[ure] to apply the
balancing test outlined in Satterfield to determine whether or not
Defendants[] had a duty.” The Tennessee Supreme Court explained the
balancing test Plaintiffs refer to as follows:

       When the existence of a particular duty is not a given or when
       the rules of the established precedents are not readily
       applicable, courts will turn to public policy for guidance.
       Doing so necessarily favors imposing a duty of reasonable
       care where a defendant’s conduct poses an unreasonable and
       foreseeable risk of harm to persons or property. When
       conducting this analysis, the courts have considered, among
       other factors: (1) the foreseeable probability of the harm or
       injury occurring; (2) the possible magnitude of the potential
       harm or injury; (3) the importance or social value of the
       activity engaged in by the defendant; (4) the usefulness of the
       conduct to the defendant; (5) the feasibility of alternative
       conduct that is safer; (6) the relative costs and burdens
       associated with that safer conduct; (7) the relative usefulness
       of the safer conduct; and (8) the relative safety of alternative
       conduct.

                                    - 29 -
       Satterfield, 266 S.W.3d at 365 (citations and internal quotation marks
       omitted). However, Plaintiffs erroneously characterize the alleged
       negligence of Ms. Steele and Dr. Pearson as misfeasance rather than
       nonfeasance. The balancing test above has generally been applied where a
       defendant’s conduct poses an unreasonable and foreseeable risk of harm,
       not a defendant’s inaction. See Grogan v. Uggla, 535 S.W.3d 864, 871-72
       (Tenn. 2017) (declining to analyze the issue of duty under the “Satterfield
       duty factors” where a defendant inspect[or] failed to identify a source of
       harm during an inspection); see also, e.g., Burroughs v. Magee, 118 S.W.3d
       323, 329-35 (Tenn. 2003); Satterfield, 266 S.W.3d at 365-69.

See also Satterfield, 266 S.W.3d at 355 (explaining that rules with respect to
“unreasonable risk” serve as “restraints upon a person’s actions that create” such risk).

        Similarly, here, Plaintiffs erroneously characterize Wolf’s alleged failure to
inspect or remove hazardous trees as misfeasance; however, what Plaintiffs have alleged
is not “active misconduct working positive injury to others,” but rather “passive inaction”
on Wolf’s part or Wolf’s “failure to take steps to protect” Plaintiffs’ insureds from harm.
See Satterfield, 266 S.W.3d at 356. In essence, Plaintiffs have alleged nonfeasance, and
Wolf therefore maintained no common law duty to act. See id.

       Plaintiffs also argue that the ANSI A300 standards represented an “industry
custom or practice” imposing a duty upon Wolf to inspect for hazardous trees that could
impact the electrical lines. Plaintiffs urge that various witnesses testified via deposition
that compliance with these standards was mandated by the Contract. We reiterate that
although the ANSI A300 and other such standards were clearly applicable to pruning
methods pursuant to the language of the Contract, this fact does not warrant imposition of
an additional duty upon Wolf (to inspect for hazardous trees outside the right of way) for
which Wolf did not bargain in the Contract. Likewise, the fact that Plaintiffs’ expert, Mr.
Neal, opined that the ANSI standards or other regulations would apply to Wolf’s work as
a VM contractor does not necessarily mean that Wolf could be charged with a duty to
inspect trees located outside the right of way that Wolf had contractually agreed to
maintain. We again note that “content meaning and application of . . . regulations are not
a matter of fact to be proven by the affidavit of an expert witness, but are a matter of
law.” Dempsey, 755 S.W.2d at 806.

        We accordingly conclude that Wolf owed no duty to Plaintiffs or their insureds in
this matter by virtue of its contract with SCES, Tennessee common law, public policy,
statute, or applicable regulations. We therefore affirm the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment in Wolf’s favor based on a lack of duty.

                                           - 30 -
                                   V. Remaining Claims

        Plaintiffs assert that the trial court improperly granted summary judgment as to
their remaining claims of negligent trespass and nuisance. As to their claim of negligent
trespass by fire, such claim is premised upon their allegation that Wolf negligently caused
the property of Plaintiffs’ insureds to be invaded by fire. In their brief, Plaintiffs cite
Section 165 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which states:

       One who recklessly or negligently, or as a result of an abnormally
       dangerous activity, enters land in the possession of another or causes a
       thing or third person so to enter is subject to liability to the possessor if, but
       only if, his presence or the presence of the thing or the third person upon
       the land causes harm to the land, to the possessor, or to a thing or a third
       person in whose security the possessor has a legally protected interest.

(Emphasis added.)

       As the trial court properly reasoned, Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate
negligence on Wolf’s part due to lack of duty. Plaintiffs have likewise failed to prove
that Wolf acted recklessly or engaged in an abnormally dangerous activity. As such,
Plaintiffs cannot rely on the above Restatement section as a basis for imposing liability
on Wolf.

        With respect to their remaining claim of nuisance, Plaintiffs argue that their claim
of nuisance is not dependent upon a finding of negligence, asserting that “nuisance may
exist either with or without negligence.” Roles-Walter v. Kidd, No. M2017-01417-COA-
R3-CV, 2018 WL 1920166, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 24, 2018) (quoting Weakley Cnty.
v. W. L. Carney, 14 Tenn. App. 688, 1932 WL 1295, *3-4 (Tenn. Ct. App. March 31,
1932)). As the Roles-Walter Court proceeded to explain:

       The distinction between “nuisance” and “negligence” has been stated as
       follows:

       When defendant is the creator of a dangerous situation, his liability therefor
       is for a nuisance; but when defendant did not create a dangerous situation
       but is nevertheless under a duty to remove the danger, failure to do so
       involves a question of negligence. Another statement of the distinction is
       that, where the damage is the necessary consequence of just what defendant
       is doing, or is incident to the business itself or the manner in which it is
       conducted, the law of negligence has no application and the law of nuisance
       applies. It has also been said that the distinction lies in the fact that the
       creation or maintenance of a nuisance is the violation of an absolute duty,
       the doing of an act which is wrongful in itself, whereas negligence is the
                                           - 31 -
       violation of a relative duty, the failure to use the degree of care required
       under the particular circumstances in connection with an act or omission
       which is not of itself wrongful.

Roles-Walter, 2018 WL 1920166, at *4.

       Plaintiffs therefore appear to concede in their brief that Wolf can only be liable for
nuisance if Plaintiffs were able to establish that Wolf’s acts constituted misfeasance
rather than nonfeasance—in other words, if Wolf were the creator of the dangerous
condition. As the trial court correctly noted, inasmuch as Plaintiffs’ misfeasance
argument failed, so too would their nuisance claim. We agree and conclude that
summary judgment was properly granted in Wolf’s favor on Plaintiffs’ remaining claims.

                                      VI. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment
in Wolf’s favor concerning all of Plaintiffs’ claims. We remand this matter to the trial
court for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion and collection of costs assessed
below. Costs on appeal are assessed to the appellants, Allstate Property & Casualty
Insurance Company; Allstate Vehicle & Property Insurance Company; Allstate
Indemnity Company; Allstate Fire & Casualty Insurance Company; Allstate Insurance
Company; Allstate County Mutual Insurance Company; Cincinnati Insurance Company;
Cincinnati Specialty Underwriters Insurance Group; Farmers Insurance Exchange;
Foremost Insurance Company Grand Rapids, Michigan; Garrison Property and Casualty
Company; General Insurance Company of America; Homesite Insurance Company of the
Midwest; LM Insurance Corporation; Lexington Insurance Company, Liberty Mutual
Fire Insurance Co.; Metropolitan Property & Casualty Company; Safeco Insurance
Company of America; State Farm Fire & Casualty Company; State Farm Mutual
Automobile Insurance Company; United National Insurance Company; United Services
Automobile Association; USAA Casualty Insurance Company; and USAA General
Indemnity Company.

                                                    s/Thomas R. Frierson, II
                                                    _________________________________
                                                    THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE

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