Court Opinion

ID: 4184250
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-07-07 11:10:31.545233+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:46.683956
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                         COURT OF APPEALS

ESTATE OF PATRICIA E. LEBLANC, by        UNPUBLISHED
SUZANNE RUBBA and DANIEL LEBLANC,        July 6, 2017
Personal Representatives,

           Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                        No. 330330
                                         Macomb Circuit Court
EUGENE J. AGNONE, M.D., and MICHIGAN     LC No. 2013-002255-NH
CANCER SPECIALISTS, PLC,

           Defendants-Appellees,

and

CHAKRPANI RANGANATHAN, M.D.,
MICHAEL F. ROMANELLI, M.D., MACOMB
NEUROLOGY ASSOCIATES, PC, and WOODS
CARDIOVASCULAR INTERNAL MEDICINE
ASSOCIATES, PC,

           Defendants.

ESTATE OF PATRICIA E. LEBLANC, by
SUZANNE RUBBA and DANIEL LEBLANC,
Personal Representatives,

           Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                        No. 330416
                                         Macomb Circuit Court
EUGENE J. AGNONE, M.D., CHAKRPANI        LC No. 2013-002255-NH
RANGANATHAN, M.D., MICHIGAN CANCER
SPECIALISTS, PLC, and MACOMB
NEUROLOGY ASSOCIATES, PC,

           Defendants,

and

                                   -1-
MICHAEL F. ROMANELLI, M.D., and WOODS
CARDIOVASCULAR INTERNAL MEDICINE
ASSOCIATES, PC,

              Defendants-Appellants.

Before: FORT HOOD, P.J., and CAVANAGH and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        These two interlocutory consolidated appeals arise from the same medical malpractice
case. In Docket No. 330330, plaintiff appeals by leave granted1 an order granting the motion of
defendants Eugene J. Agnone, M.D., and Michigan Cancer Specialists, PLC (MCS), to
disqualify plaintiff’s proposed expert in medical oncology, Gerald Sokol, M.D., from testifying
regarding the standard of practice applicable to Dr. Agnone. In Docket No. 330416, defendants
Michael F. Romanelli, M.D., and Woods Cardiovascular Internal Medicine Associates, PC
(Woods), appeal by delayed leave granted2 four orders: (1) an order denying the motion of Dr.
Romanelli and Woods to strike plaintiff’s proposed cardiology expert, Arthur Meltzer, M.D., or
to preclude his testimony; (2) an order denying the motion of Dr. Romanelli and Woods to strike
Dr. Meltzer’s testimony regarding his standard of care criticism that the chemotherapeutic agent
Novantrone must be discontinued when a patient has a 10% decrease in ejection fraction; (3) an
order denying the motion of Dr. Romanelli and Woods to strike Dr. Meltzer’s allegedly new
standard of care criticisms; and (4) an order denying the motion of Dr. Romanelli and Woods to
strike the testimony of Dr. Meltzer and Dr. Sokol regarding proximate causation. We affirm in
both appeals.

        Plaintiff commenced this medical malpractice action alleging that plaintiff’s decedent,
Patricia E. LeBlanc (Patricia) (date of birth 07/27/1940), died on July 12, 2010, as a result of
cardiogenic shock caused by the purportedly excessive and inappropriate administration of a
chemotherapeutic drug called Novantrone between August 2008 and November 2009. In May
2008, defendant Chakrpani Ranganathan, M.D., a neurologist employed by defendant Macomb
Neurology Associates, PC, diagnosed Patricia with progressing relapsing multiple sclerosis
(MS). Dr. Ranganathan referred Patricia to Dr. Agnone, a medical oncologist employed by
MCS, for the intravenous administration of Novantrone, a chemotherapeutic drug, as a form of
treatment for Patricia’s MS. Patricia was also referred to a cardiologist, Dr. Romanelli, who was
employed by Woods, for a cardiac evaluation in connection with the administration of
Novantrone. In July 2008, Dr. Romanelli’s office determined that Patricia’s ejection fraction,

1
  LeBlanc Estate v Agnone, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 31, 2016
(Docket No. 330330).
2
  LeBlanc Estate v Agnone, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 31, 2016
(Docket No. 330416).

                                               -2-
i.e.., the percentage of blood pumped out of a filled ventricle with each heartbeat, was 76%. In
August 2008, Patricia began receiving 20 milligram doses of Novantrone administered by Dr.
Agnone every four to six weeks, eventually receiving a total of 16 doses. According to plaintiff,
the appropriate dosage for Patricia given her body surface area was 24.72 milligrams every three
months, and her appropriate lifetime dosage was 288.4 milligrams. On the date of Patricia’s
sixth treatment, in January 2009, Dr. Agnone noted that Patricia had recent dyspnea (difficult or
labored breathing) and that her ejection fraction was 62% according to Dr. Romanelli. By the
time Patricia received her final dose in November 2009, she had received a lifetime total of 300
milligrams of Novantrone. The Novantrone was then discontinued after an echocardiogram
showed that her ejection fraction was between 50% and 55%. In January 2010, Patricia was
found to be suffering from cardiac toxicity as a result of taking Novantrone; she suffered
congestive heart failure and cardiomyopathy (heart disease leading to decreased function). In
February 2010, Patricia underwent a mitral valve repair. She later suffered respiratory failure,
cardiogenic shock, and failure of multiple organs, ultimately dying in July 2010 of cardiogenic
shock. Plaintiff alleged medical malpractice on the part of each defendant physician regarding
the purportedly excessive doses of Novantrone administered to Patricia and negligence in the
failure to ensure the appropriate assessment of Patricia for cardiac signs and symptoms before
the administration of each dose of Novantrone; plaintiff also asserted vicarious liability of the
respective entity defendants employing each defendant physician. The trial court decided several
motions in limine, five of which are the subject of these appeals.

       In Docket No. 330330, plaintiff argues that the trial court abused its discretion in
concluding that Dr. Sokol lacked the requisite qualification under MCL 600.2169(1)(b) to testify
as an expert in medical oncology concerning the standard of care applicable to Dr. Agnone. We
disagree.

         A trial court’s ruling regarding the qualification of a proposed expert witness to testify at
trial is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Woodard v Custer, 476 Mich 545, 557; 719 NW2d
842 (2006). A trial court’s decision whether to admit evidence is also reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. Edry v Adelman, 486 Mich 634, 639; 786 NW2d 567 (2010). An abuse of discretion
occurs when the trial court’s decision falls outside the range of principled outcomes. Id.;
Woodard, 476 Mich at 557. This Court reviews de novo questions of law underlying evidentiary
rulings, such as the interpretation of court rules and statutes. Elher v Misra, 499 Mich 11, 21;
878 NW2d 790 (2016).

       As our Supreme Court explained in Elher, 499 Mich at 21-22:

               A plaintiff in a medical malpractice action must establish (1) the
       applicable standard of care, (2) breach of that standard of care by the defendant,
       (3) injury, and (4) proximate causation between the alleged breach and the injury.
       Generally, expert testimony is required in a malpractice case in order to establish
       the applicable standard of care and to demonstrate that the professional breached
       that standard. An exception exists when the professional’s breach of the standard
       of care is so obvious that it is within the common knowledge and experience of an
       ordinary layperson. The proponent of the evidence has the burden of establishing
       its relevance and admissibility. [Quotation marks, footnotes and citations
       omitted.]

                                                 -3-
       MCL 600.2169 provides, in relevant part:

               (1) In an action alleging medical malpractice, a person shall not give
       expert testimony on the appropriate standard of practice or care unless the person
       is licensed as a health professional in this state or another state and meets the
       following criteria:

               (a) If the party against whom or on whose behalf the testimony is offered
       is a specialist, specializes at the time of the occurrence that is the basis for the
       action in the same specialty as the party against whom or on whose behalf the
       testimony is offered. However, if the party against whom or on whose behalf the
       testimony is offered is a specialist who is board certified, the expert witness must
       be a specialist who is board certified in that specialty.

              (b) Subject to subdivision (c) [pertaining to general practitioners and
       which is not applicable here], during the year immediately preceding the date of
       the occurrence that is the basis for the claim or action, devoted a majority of his or
       her professional time to either or both of the following:

               (i) The active clinical practice of the same health profession in which the
       party against whom or on whose behalf the testimony is offered is licensed and, if
       that party is a specialist, the active clinical practice of that specialty.

               (ii) The instruction of students in an accredited health professional school
       or accredited residency or clinical research program in the same health profession
       in which the party against whom or on whose behalf the testimony is offered is
       licensed and, if that party is a specialist, an accredited health professional school
       or accredited residency or clinical research program in the same specialty.

“The proponent of expert testimony in a medical malpractice case must satisfy the court that the
expert is qualified under . . . MCL 600.2169.” Elher, 499 Mich at 22 (footnote and citation
omitted).

       In Woodard, 476 Mich at 559, our Supreme Court explained that MCL 600.2169(1)
“requires the matching of a singular specialty, not multiple specialties.” After taking note of the
requirement in MCL 600.2169(1)(b) that the plaintiff’s expert must have devoted a majority of
his or her professional time to practicing or teaching the same specialty as the defendant
physician in the year immediately preceding the alleged malpractice, the Woodard Court stated:

       Obviously, a specialist can only devote a majority of his professional time to one
       specialty. Therefore, it is clear that §2169(1) only requires the plaintiff’s expert
       to match one of the defendant physician’s specialties. Because the plaintiff’s
       expert will be providing expert testimony on the appropriate or relevant standard
       of practice or care, not an inappropriate or irrelevant standard of practice or care,
       it follows that the plaintiff’s expert witness must match the one most relevant
       standard of practice or care – the specialty engaged in by the defendant physician
       during the course of the alleged malpractice, and, if the defendant physician is

                                                -4-
       board certified in that specialty, the plaintiff’s expert must also be board certified
       in that specialty. [Woodard, 476 Mich at 560.]

      “[A] ‘specialty’ is a particular branch of medicine or surgery in which one can potentially
become board certified.” Id. at 561.

       [A] ‘subspecialty’ is a particular branch of medicine or surgery in which one can
       potentially become board certified that falls under a specialty or within the
       hierarchy of that specialty. A subspecialty, although a more particularized
       specialty, is nevertheless a specialty. Therefore, if a defendant physician
       specializes in a subspecialty, the plaintiff’s expert witness must have specialized
       in the same subspecialty as the defendant physician at the time of the occurrence
       that is the basis for the action. [Id. at 562 (footnote omitted).]

Also, “the proposed expert witness must have the same board certification as the party against
whom or on whose behalf the testimony is offered.” Id. at 562-563 (quotation marks and citation
omitted). A certificate of special or added qualifications constitutes a board certificate. Id. at
565. Hence, “if a defendant physician has received a certificate of special qualifications, the
plaintiff’s expert witness must have obtained the same certificate of special qualifications in
order to be qualified to testify under §2169(1)(a).” Id. (footnote omitted).

        The Woodard Court also provided the following explanation concerning the requirement
in MCL 600.2169(1)(b) that an expert witness must have devoted a majority of his or
professional time in the year immediately preceding the date of the alleged malpractice to
practicing or teaching the same specialty as the defendant physician:

       As we explained above, one cannot devote a “majority” of one’s professional time
       to more than one specialty. Therefore, in order to be qualified to testify under
       §2169(1)(b), the plaintiff’s expert witness must have devoted a majority of his
       professional time during the year immediately preceding the date on which the
       alleged malpractice occurred to practicing or teaching the same specialty that the
       defendant physician was practicing at the time of the alleged malpractice, i.e., the
       one most relevant specialty. [Woodard, 476 Mich at 566 (footnote omitted).]

The Woodard Court further explained:

              Just as a subspecialty is a specialty within the meaning of §2169(1)(a), a
       subspecialty is a specialty within the meaning of §2169(1)(b). Therefore, if the
       defendant physician specializes in a subspecialty and was doing so at the time of
       the alleged malpractice, the plaintiff’s expert witness must have devoted a
       majority of his professional time during the year immediately preceding the date
       on which the alleged malpractice occurred to practicing or teaching that
       subspecialty. [Id. at 566 n 12.]

For these reasons, “the plaintiff’s expert does not have to match all of the defendant physician’s
specialties; rather, the plaintiff’s expert only has to match the one most relevant specialty.” Id. at
567-568.

                                                 -5-
         In Woodard, 476 Mich at 554-555, the defendant physician was board certified in
pediatrics with certificates of special qualifications in pediatric critical care medicine and
neonatal-perinatal medicine, whereas the plaintiff’s proposed expert was board certified in
pediatrics without any certificates of special qualifications. The defendant physician was
practicing pediatric critical care medicine at the time of the alleged malpractice, and pediatric
critical care medicine thus constituted “the one most relevant specialty.” Id. at 576. Because the
plaintiff’s proposed expert did not specialize in pediatric critical care medicine at the time of the
alleged malpractice, the proposed expert did not satisfy the same specialty requirement of MCL
600.2169(1)(a). Id. at 576-577. The plaintiff’s proposed expert also did not satisfy the same
practice or instruction requirement of MCL 600.2169(1)(b) because the proposed expert did not
practice or teach pediatric critical care medicine during the year immediately preceding the
alleged malpractice. Id. at 577. The trial court in Woodard therefore did not abuse its discretion
in concluding that the plaintiff’s proposed expert was not qualified to testify regarding the
appropriate standard of practice or care under MCL 600.2169(1). Id.

        The Woodard Court also applied its holdings to the companion case of Hamilton v
Kuligowski, which was consolidated with Woodard. Woodard, 476 Mich at 577-578. In
Hamilton, the defendant physician was board certified in general internal medicine and
specialized in general internal medicine. Id. at 556. The plaintiff’s proposed expert was board
certified in general internal medicine but devoted a majority of his professional time to the
treatment of infectious diseases, which is a subspecialty of internal medicine. Id. The trial court
granted a directed verdict in favor of the defendant physician, reasoning that the plaintiff’s
proposed expert was not qualified given that he specialized in infectious diseases and did not
spend a majority of his professional time practicing or teaching general internal medicine. Id.
This Court reversed, stating that the proposed expert and the defendant physician both
specialized in internal medicine and that the proposed expert devoted “a majority of his
professional time to the practice of internal medicine given that the treatment of infectious
diseases is a subspecialty of internal medicine.” Id. at 556-557 (summarizing this Court’s
reasoning). Our Supreme Court reversed this Court’s decision and held that the trial court had
properly granted a directed verdict to the defendant physician. Id. at 579. Our Supreme Court
explained:

               The defendant physician specializes in general internal medicine and was
       practicing general internal medicine at the time of the alleged malpractice.
       During the year immediately preceding the alleged malpractice, plaintiff’s
       proposed expert witness did not devote a majority of his time to practicing or
       teaching general internal medicine. Instead, he devoted a majority of his
       professional time to treating infectious diseases. As he himself acknowledged, he
       is “not sure what the average internist sees day in and day out.” Therefore,
       plaintiff’s proposed expert witness does not satisfy the same practice/instruction
       requirement of §2169(1)(b).

               For this reason, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding
       that plaintiff’s proposed expert witness is not qualified to testify regarding the
       appropriate standard of practice or care under §2169(1). Because plaintiff failed
       to present an expert qualified under §2169(1) to testify with regard to the

                                                -6-
       appropriate standard of practice or care, the trial court properly granted a directed
       verdict in favor of defendant. [Id. at 577-578.]

       In Kiefer v Markley, 283 Mich App 555, 559; 769 NW2d 271 (2009), this Court applied
the holding in Woodard and noted that the word “majority” means “the greater part or larger
number; more than half of a total.” (Quotation marks and citation omitted.) “MCL
600.2169(1)(b), therefore, requires a proposed expert physician to spend greater than 50 percent
of his or her professional time practicing the relevant specialty the year before the alleged
malpractice.” Kiefer, 283 Mich App at 559. Because the plaintiffs’ proposed expert devoted
only 30 to 40 percent of his time to the practice of hand surgery, which was the one most
relevant specialty in that case, the proposed expert was not qualified under MCL 600.2169(1)(b).
Kiefer, 283 Mich App at 559. The majority of the panel in Kiefer expressed respectful
disagreement with Judge O’Connell’s dissenting view that the term “majority” means “an
amount that represents the largest percentage of the whole, even if this amount is less than 50
percent.” Id. at 558 n 1 (quotation marks omitted). The Kiefer majority explained:

       Let us consider a situation where a doctor spends 40 percent of his time in one
       area, 40 percent in a second area, and 20 percent in a third. Under our colleague’s
       definition, this hypothetical doctor would then be in the position of devoting the
       “majority” of his time to two different specialties. Because the Woodard Court
       maintained that this is impossible, it is clear that the Woodard Court relied on a
       definition of “majority” as “an amount that exceeds 50 percent of the total.” [Id.]

Despite concluding that the plaintiffs’ proposed expert was not qualified to testify at trial under
MCL 600.2169(1)(b), the Kiefer majority made the following observation:

               Given the unambiguous language of the statute and the caselaw on this
       issue, this panel is constrained to affirm the trial court’s decision [striking the
       plaintiffs’ proposed expert witness]. However, we note that this is not a result we
       think the Legislature intended. Defendant Dr. John M. Markley was board-
       certified in plastic surgery with an added qualification in hand surgery, as was
       [the plaintiffs’ proposed expert witness,] Dr. [Frederick A.] Valauri. We believe
       that this similarity, coupled with the fact that Dr. Valauri spent more than 50
       percent of his time in the area of hand surgery and the closely related area of
       reconstructive surgery of other extremities, should qualify him as an expert in this
       situation. Nonetheless, we reluctantly hold that the trial court did not abuse its
       discretion by granting defendants’ motion in limine to strike plaintiffs’ expert
       witness. [Kiefer, 283 Mich App at 559-560 (citations omitted).]

        In this case, the parties are in agreement that the one most relevant specialty, i.e., the
specialty that defendant-physician Dr. Agnone was practicing at the time of the alleged
malpractice, was medical oncology. It is undisputed that Dr. Agnone is board certified in
internal medicine and medical oncology, which is a subspecialty of internal medicine. Plaintiff’s
proposed expert witness in medical oncology, Dr. Sokol, is, like Dr. Agnone, board certified in

                                                -7-
internal medicine and medical oncology. But unlike Dr. Agnone, Dr. Sokol is board certified in
numerous other specialties, including radiation oncology (also known as therapeutic radiology), 3
clinical pharmacology, skin cancer medicine, and quality assurance and utilization review. 4 The
issue is therefore whether Dr. Sokol devoted a majority of his professional time to practicing or
teaching medical oncology during the year immediately preceding the date of the alleged
malpractice.

        In his affidavit of merit filed with the complaint, Dr. Sokol made the following assertion:
“I further certify that during the year immediately preceding the date of the occurrence that is the
basis for this claim, I devoted a majority of my professional time to the active clinical practice of
Medical Oncology and/or the instruction of students in an accredited health professional school
or clinical research program in Medical Oncology.” Despite this conclusory claim in the
affidavit of merit, Dr. Sokol’s testimony regarding this issue at his trial deposition was decidedly
less clear or coherent. Early in the direct examination of Dr. Sokol, plaintiff’s counsel asked
whether Dr. Sokol devoted a majority of his professional time to the clinical practice of
“oncology” during the relevant time period, without specifying whether the question pertained to
medical oncology, radiation oncology, or both. Dr. Sokol responded, “Well, at least 30 hours,
maybe more, a week. In addition to that, teaching in that area and, of course, the Center for Drug
Research, which is kind of a supervisory overview of a lot of – lot of medicine.”

       On cross-examination, Dr. Sokol’s testimony failed to establish that he devoted a
majority of his professional time to practicing or teaching medical oncology during the relevant
time period. For example, he testified:

                 Q. When we took your deposition in July of last year, you could not state
          what percentage of your time was in medical oncology versus only radiation
          oncology. Isn’t that true?

                  A. Well, because obviously I draw upon all my specialties and trainings
          every time I see a given patient.

                                                    * * *

                 Q. Therefore, you cannot as you could not back in 19 – or 2014, you
          cannot state – state what percentage of your day-to-day practice is in medical
          oncology. Right?

                  A. Not exactly. I told you that – that there is a special benefit of having
          practiced medical oncology or radiation oncology drawing upon all of those
          experience[s]. I hope you’re not – I hope you’re not criticizing me for being
          overtrained to do it.

3
  Dr. Sokol acknowledged that radiation oncology is a different certification from medical
oncology.
4
    The skin cancer medicine certification is from Australia rather than the United States.

                                                  -8-
                                                * * *

              Q. . . . What percentage of your day-to-day practice is in radiation
       oncology, for example?

              A. What percentage is in radiation oncology? I don’t know how to
       answer that question when I draw upon every specialty when I see a patient. And
       – and this patient would be a perfect example – a perfect example of why it’s
       important to do so.

              Q. Just answer my question now. Okay.

               A. I just told you that I can’t answer it because I draw upon all those
       specialties. And I will add that it’s in a patient like this probably critically
       important that I do.

Later, Dr. Sokol testified that he spends 20 hours a week in medical oncology at the Center for
Drug Research. Dr. Sokol stated that “whatever standard you want to meet, I believe that I spent
enough time in medical oncology and pharmacology and internal medicine to qualify for that
[standard].” Dr. Sokol further testified:

              Q. Okay. And you have given opinions over the years that you cannot in
       your mind state what percentage of your practice is in either therapeutic radiation
       oncology or medical oncology. Correct?

              A. When I see a patient, I draw opinion [sic: upon] all of those specialties.

              Q. I didn’t ask you that.

              A. Well –

              Q. Can you give me a percentage of your professional time in medical
       oncology? Yes or no?

               A. . . . Well, I think you asked that question three times and I told you
       that I have no way of separating them when I utilize all of my training when I see
       a patient.

                                                * * *

               Q. In the year immediately preceding [the alleged malpractice], you
       cannot state that you devoted a majority of your professional time to the active
       clinical practice of medical oncology. Yes or no?

              A. Well, I think I already answered that. And it’s – it stays the same. I
       told you what I did in medical oncology working at the FDA in medical oncology
       for over 20 hours practicing medical oncology for several hours more, however
       you want to define it.

                                               -9-
When again asked whether he devoted a majority of his professional time to medical oncology,
Dr. Sokol stated that he did not know how to answer the question and that “I’ve got five boards
and I use them to the best of my abilities to take care of patients.” Dr. Sokol also stated, in
response to questioning by defense counsel concerning the amount of time he spent in the “active
clinical practice of pharmacology[,]” “I can’t practice medical oncology doing the best job I
possibly can without knowing clinical pharmacology and utilizing it every time I practice
medical oncology.” Dr. Sokol indicated that he makes more money practicing radiation
oncology than medical oncology but claimed that he thinks more about medical oncology. On
further questioning, Dr. Sokol testified:

               Q. Of the two – I’m not counting the other several – do you do more
       radiation oncology than medical oncology now at the facilities you’re at?

              A. Let’s see. Being on call once a month about 20 hours that week, just
       being on call, two, four hours a day covering medical oncology, about another 20
       hours a week, so that would be about – I don’t know – 25 hours a week where I
       have a total medical oncology responsibility. And then seeing additional patients
       where I kind of have to balance and sort out –

               Q. Doctor –

               A. Well, I’m trying to give you some time.

               Q. My question is you want –

               A. You want – you want me to quantitate it. I’m trying to do it.

               Q. No. Give me the answer. Do you spend more time on radiation
       oncology than you do in medical oncology? Yes or no? Now in the past four or
       five years. Isn’t that true, sir?

               A. The answer is maybe except for the fact that when I spend time in
       radiation oncology, I’m doing it as a medical oncologist in evaluating it for that
       purpose.

               Q. But you bill as a radiation oncologist when you do that. Correct?

              A. Oh, well, I just told you I make more money doing radiation oncology
       than doing medical oncology. I already told you that.

       On redirect examination, Dr. Sokol indicated that it was difficult to separate out the time
he spent as an internist from the time he spent as a medical oncologist. He then testified as
follows:

               Q. Understanding that when you are practicing medical oncology, you’re
       also practicing internal medicine?

               A. Yes.

                                              -10-
              Q. Are you able to state that a majority of your professional time is spent
       in medical oncology with that overlap in internal medicine?

              A. Well, yes.

On recross examination, Dr. Sokol testified:

              Q. When I asked you yes or no whether you can state that you spend a
       majority of your professional time in medical oncology, you couldn’t answer,
       could you?

              A. Well, you’re asking me – you were asking me to divvy it up. And I
       don’t know how to divvy it up.

                                                 * * *

               Q. By the way – what percentage of your time presently is medical
       radiation oncology? Can you give us that?

              A. What percentage?

              Q. Yeah. What percentage of your professional time?

              A. I just told you that I combined them. It’s very difficult.

             Q. I’m asking this because we have laws in Michigan we have to follow.
       Can you tell me, yes or no, what percentage of your professional time is in
       medical radiation oncology?

              A. Well, let’s see. About the 80 hours that I work, I’d say maybe – let’s
       see – hard to say. Let’s see. Eighty hours. Maybe – and I’m just guessing
       because I –

              Q. I don’t want you to guess, Doctor.

              A. Well, I’m just guessing because of the overlap and what I told you.
       The multiple specialties that I combine to be what I hope to be a good doctor. I
       would speculate that it would be 30 hours maybe out of the 80 that I work, maybe
       – maybe more, a little less. Hard to say for all of the reasons that I told you.

              Q. Many times it’s more than your medical oncology. Correct?

              A. Well, I think I – we talked to you about, well, medical oncology when I
       was doing the FDA, that was 20 hours of pretty academic oncology –

              Q. No. I mean –

                                               -11-
               A. Taking call[s] 20 hours every month in medical oncology, seeing
       patients at least three hours a day in medical oncology, being the only medical
       oncologist in the facility, another 15 hours a week. I mean it’s –

             MR. SIEMION: Okay. That’s your answer. That’s fine. Thank you very
       much. I have nothing further.

               BY MS. MACKENZIE:

               Q. I didn’t hear the end of your answer. Another 15 hours of –

               A. Well, research and teaching and writing papers and –

               Q. In medical oncology?

              A. Medical oncology and clinical pharmacology associated with the
       things we do in the practice of oncology.

         We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that plaintiff
failed to establish that Dr. Sokol devoted a majority of his professional time to the practice or
teaching of medical oncology in the year immediately preceding the alleged malpractice. It is
true that Dr. Sokol’s affidavit of merit filed with the complaint contained a conclusory assertion
that he devoted a majority of his professional time to the practice or teaching of medical
oncology during that time period. But Dr. Sokol’s trial deposition testimony indicates that the
conclusory assertion in his affidavit of merit lacks factual support. Upon repeated questioning
on cross-examination, Dr. Sokol expressed that he had difficulty separating or divvying up the
time he spent in his various specialties because he purportedly draws upon all of his specialties
when seeing a patient. Although Dr. Sokol at various points did attempt to quantify the hours
devoted to his various specialties, it is far from clear from his confusing testimony that he
devoted a majority of his professional time to the practice or teaching of medical oncology
during the relevant time period. Dr. Sokol did agree with plaintiff’s counsel during redirect
examination that he devoted a majority of his professional time to medical oncology “with that
overlap in internal medicine[,]” but our Supreme Court’s decision in Woodard, 476 Mich at 560,
566, indicates that an expert can only devote a majority of his professional time to one specialty.
It is thus improper to combine Dr. Sokol’s time spent in medical oncology with his time spent
practicing internal medicine when considering whether he is qualified as an expert under MCL
600.2169(1)(b). See Woodard, 476 Mich at 577-578 (concluding that the proposed expert in
Hamilton did not satisfy the same practice or instruction requirement of MCL 600.2169(1)(b)
where the expert devoted a majority of his professional time to the subspecialty of treating
infectious diseases rather than to practicing or teaching general internal medicine). Overall, the
trial court’s decision fell within the range of principled outcomes.5

5
  The parties present competing arguments regarding whether Dr. Sokol’s affidavit of merit
constitutes hearsay and whether it may be considered in assessing his qualification to testify
under MCL 600.2169(1). But it makes no difference whether the affidavit of merit is considered.

                                               -12-
        Plaintiff asserts that the language in Woodard providing that an expert can only devote a
majority of his or her professional time to one specialty constitutes mere obiter dictum.6 Obiter
dictum is an incidental remark or opinion that is not essential to the case. Allison v AEW Capital
Mgt, LLP, 481 Mich 419, 437; 751 NW2d 8 (2008). That is, language in a judicial opinion may
be deemed obiter dictum if it is “in the nature of a gratuitous and irrelevant remark with no
bearing on the case.” Detroit Free Press, Inc v Univ of Mich Regents, 315 Mich App 294, 298;
889 NW2d 717 (2016) (citation omitted). The language in Woodard stating that a specialist can
only devote a majority of his or her professional time to one specialty was not a mere gratuitous
or irrelevant remark. Rather, it was central to the Supreme Court’s reasoning for concluding
that, in order to be qualified under MCL 600.2169(1), a plaintiff’s expert is required to match
only one of the defendant physician’s specialties, i.e., the specialty engaged in by the defendant
during the alleged malpractice, and to devote a majority of his or her professional time to that
one most relevant specialty. See Woodard, 476 Mich at 560, 566-568. Further, this Court in
Kiefer, 283 Mich App at 558 n 1, relied on the pertinent language in Woodard to conclude that
the word “majority” means more than 50 percent of the proposed expert’s professional time,
given that the Woodard Court said that it is impossible for a physician to devote the majority of
his or her professional time to more than one specialty. Because the language at issue in
Woodard was not an incidental or gratuitous remark, it is not obiter dictum.

       Plaintiff suggests that there is confusion regarding which opinion in Woodard was the
majority opinion. We disagree. Justice Markman’s lead opinion in Woodard, which is the
opinion that we have been citing throughout this opinion, is unquestionably the majority opinion
because it was supported by four of the seven justices of our Supreme Court. Indeed, Justice
Markman’s lead opinion in Woodard removed any doubt that it was the majority opinion:

             Contrary to Chief Justice Taylor’s concurrence’s assertion, this opinion is
       the majority opinion in this case given that it has four supporters – Justices
       Cavanagh, Weaver, and Kelly, and myself. Chief Justice Taylor’s concurrence
As explained, the affidavit of merit contained merely a conclusory assertion that Dr. Sokol
devoted a majority of his professional time to practicing or teaching medical oncology; this
assertion fell apart at his deposition when he failed to provide sufficient supporting facts. See
Hamade v Sunoco, Inc (R & M), 271 Mich App 145, 163; 721 NW2d 233 (2006) (in the
analogous context of summary disposition, “mere conclusory allegations within an affidavit that
are devoid of detail are insufficient to create a question of fact.”).
6
  Plaintiff’s counsel arguably waived this issue at the motion hearing by stating, “I do agree that
Woodard is the test. I agree that you can only spend a majority of your professional time in the
active clinical practice of one specialty; that in this case it’s medical oncology.” “[A] waiver is a
voluntary and intentional abandonment of a known right.” Quality Prod & Concepts Co v Nagel
Precision, Inc, 469 Mich 362, 374; 666 NW2d 251 (2003). “A party who waives a right is
precluded from seeking appellate review based on a denial of that right because waiver
eliminates any error.” Cadle Co v Kentwood, 285 Mich App 240, 255; 776 NW2d 145 (2009)
(citations omitted). By agreeing that an expert could only spend a majority of his or her
professional time in the active clinical practice of one specialty as set forth in Woodard, plaintiff
arguably abandoned the right to claim that this aspect of Woodard is merely obiter dictum rather
than the governing test. We will nonetheless address plaintiff’s argument.

                                                -13-
       sows confusion in an area of the law that is desperately in need of clarity.
       [Woodard, 476 Mich at 554 n 1.]

Plaintiff contends that the language in Woodard that a physician can only devote a majority of
his or her professional time to one specialty is unrealistic because a physician may draw on more
than one specialty in treating a patient. This argument should be directed to our Supreme Court.
This Court is obligated to follow a decision of our Supreme Court until it has been overruled or
modified by our Supreme Court. See Paige v Sterling Hts, 476 Mich 495, 524; 720 NW2d 219
(2006) (only our Supreme “Court has the authority to overrule one of its prior decisions. Until
[our Supreme] Court does so, all lower courts and tribunals are bound by that prior decision and
must follow it even if they believe that it was wrongly decided or has become obsolete.”).

        Plaintiff argues that it should be permitted to produce a substitute expert witness if this
Court affirms the trial court’s order striking Dr. Sokol. This argument is not preserved because it
was not raised in the trial court. Polkton Charter Twp v Pellegrom, 265 Mich App 88, 95; 693
NW2d 170 (2005). “Although this Court need not address an unpreserved issue, it may overlook
preservation requirements when the failure to consider an issue would result in manifest
injustice, if consideration is necessary for a proper determination of the case, or if the issue
involves a question of law and the facts necessary for its resolution have been presented.” Gen
Motors Corp v Dep’t of Treasury, 290 Mich App 355, 387; 803 NW2d 698 (2010) (citation
omitted). Plaintiff fails to acknowledge that this aspect of the issue is unpreserved and offers no
argument for the applicability of any ground for addressing the unpreserved issue. The trial
court’s order did not dismiss plaintiff’s claim against Dr. Agnone and MCS, and the trial court
has not yet been presented with any request to allow a substitute expert witness. It is thus
premature for this Court to address plaintiff’s unpreserved argument. We note, however, that the
failure to present an expert witness who is qualified under MCL 600.2169(1) to testify regarding
the appropriate standard of practice or care has been held to warrant dismissal with prejudice.
See Woodard, 476 Mich at 577-579.

        We now address the issues raised by Dr. Romanelli and Woods in Docket No. 330416.
In these remaining issues, we will refer to Dr. Romanelli and Woods as “defendants” because
they are the only defendants appealing with respect to these issues.
       Defendants argue that the trial court abused its discretion in denying defendants’ motions
seeking to strike plaintiff’s proposed expert in cardiology, Dr. Meltzer, or to preclude his
standard of care testimony. We disagree.

       MRE 702 provides:

               If the court determines that scientific, technical, or other specialized
       knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a
       fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
       training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise if
       (1) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data, (2) the testimony is the
       product of reliable principles and methods, and (3) the witness has applied the
       principles and methods reliably to the facts of the case.

                                               -14-
Under MRE 702, then, “the proposed expert witness must be ‘qualified’ to render the proposed
testimony. Generally, the expert may be qualified by virtue of ‘knowledge, skill, experience,
training, or education.’ ” Craig ex rel Craig v Oakwood Hosp, 471 Mich 67, 78; 684 NW2d 296
(2004) (footnotes and citations omitted). Also, MCL 600.2169(2) provides:

       In determining the qualifications of an expert witness in an action alleging
       medical malpractice, the court shall, at a minimum, evaluate all of the following:

       (a) The educational and professional training of the expert witness.

       (b) The area of specialization of the expert witness.

       (c) The length of time the expert witness has been engaged in the active clinical
       practice or instruction of the health profession or the specialty.

       (d) The relevancy of the expert witness’s testimony.

       MRE 702 “requires the circuit court to ensure that each aspect of an expert witness’s
testimony, including the underlying data and methodology, is reliable.” Elher, 499 Mich at 22.

       MRE 702 incorporates the standards of reliability that the United States Supreme
       Court articulated in Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharm, Inc, [509 US 579; 113 S Ct
       2786; 125 L Ed 2d 469 (1993)], in order to interpret the equivalent federal rule of
       evidence. Under Daubert, the trial judge must ensure that any and all scientific
       testimony or evidence admitted is not only relevant, but reliable. A lack of
       supporting literature, while not dispositive, is an important factor in determining
       the admissibility of expert testimony. Under MRE 702, it is generally not
       sufficient to simply point to an expert’s experience and background to argue that
       the expert’s opinion is reliable and, therefore, admissible. [Elher, 499 Mich at 22-
       23 (footnotes, quotation marks and citations omitted).]

       In addition, MCL 600.2955(1) provides:

       In an action for the death of a person or for injury to a person or property, a
       scientific opinion rendered by an otherwise qualified expert is not admissible
       unless the court determines that the opinion is reliable and will assist the trier of
       fact. In making that determination, the court shall examine the opinion and the
       basis for the opinion, which basis includes the facts, technique, methodology, and
       reasoning relied on by the expert, and shall consider all of the following factors:

       (a) Whether the opinion and its basis have been subjected to scientific testing and
       replication.

       (b) Whether the opinion and its basis have been subjected to peer review
       publication.

                                               -15-
       (c) The existence and maintenance of generally accepted standards governing the
       application and interpretation of a methodology or technique and whether the
       opinion and its basis are consistent with those standards.

       (d) The known or potential error rate of the opinion and its basis.

       (e) The degree to which the opinion and its basis are generally accepted within the
       relevant expert community. As used in this subdivision, “relevant expert
       community” means individuals who are knowledgeable in the field of study and
       are gainfully employed applying that knowledge on the free market.

       (f) Whether the basis for the opinion is reliable and whether experts in that field
       would rely on the same basis to reach the type of opinion being proffered.

       (g) Whether the opinion or methodology is relied upon by experts outside of the
       context of litigation.

In short, “MCL 600.2955(1) requires the court to determine whether the expert’s opinion is
reliable and will assist the trier of fact by examining the opinion and its basis, including the facts,
technique, methodology, and reasoning relied on by the expert, and by considering seven
factors[.]” Elher, 499 Mich at 23. “[A]ll the factors in MCL 600.2955 may not be relevant in
every case.” Id. at 27; see also Chapin v A & L Parts, Inc, 274 Mich App 122, 137; 732 NW2d
578 (2007) (opinion by DAVIS, J.) (“[A]lthough MCL 600.2955(1) explicitly requires the trial
court to consider all seven of the factors it enumerates, the statute does not require that each and
every one of those seven factors must favor the proffered testimony.”). “[I]t is within a trial
court’s discretion how to determine reliability.” Elher, 499 Mich at 25. The proponent of expert
testimony in a medical malpractice case has the burden of establishing that the expert is qualified
under MRE 702 and MCL 600.2955, and that the evidence is relevant and admissible. Id. at 22.

        “The inquiry is not into whether an expert’s opinion is necessarily correct or universally
accepted. The inquiry is into whether the opinion is rationally derived from a sound foundation.”
People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 217; 749 NW2d 272 (2008), quoting Chapin, 274 Mich
App at 139 (opinion by DAVIS, J.). “Pursuant to Daubert and MRE 702, ‘the trial court’s role as
gatekeeper does not require it to search for absolute truth, to admit only uncontested evidence, or
to resolve genuine scientific disputes.’ ” Unger, 278 Mich App at 217, quoting Chapin, 274
Mich App at 127 (opinion by DAVIS, J.).

       The standard focuses on the scientific validity of the expert’s methods rather than
       on the correctness or soundness of the expert’s particular proposed testimony. An
       expert’s opinion is admissible if it is based on the “methods and procedures of
       science” rather than “subjective belief or unsupported speculation.” [Unger, 278
       Mich App at 217-218 (citation omitted), quoting Daubert, 509 US at 590.]

         In medical malpractice cases, the standard of care for a specialist is defined by “the
recognized standard of practice or care within that specialty as reasonably applied in light of the
facilities available in the community or other facilities reasonably available under the
circumstances . . . .” MCL 600.2912a(1)(b). “[T]he standard of care is not based on how a

                                                 -16-
particular health care professional would act.” Wiley v Henry Ford Cottage Hosp, 257 Mich
App 488, 493; 668 NW2d 402 (2003) (citation omitted).

        Defendants initially contend that Dr. Meltzer is not qualified to testify as an expert
because he lacks specialized knowledge regarding the medical issues he purports to address.
Defendants emphasize Dr. Meltzer’s testimony that he is not an expert in the use of Novantrone,
that he has never seen a patient who was taking Novantrone, and that he had no experience with
Novantrone aside from the research he conducted in this case. Defendants also note Dr.
Meltzer’s testimony that he conducted research on the Internet to learn about Novantrone in
preparation for his expert testimony in this case. Moreover, defendants argue that Dr. Meltzer
therefore lacks the requisite knowledge and experience to qualify as an expert regarding the
cardiotoxic effects of Novantrone and the information that a cardiologist should provide to other
physicians. According to defendants, Dr. Meltzer is merely “parroting” information that he
learned on the Internet.

        We find defendants’ argument unpersuasive. Dr. Meltzer is not holding himself out as an
expert in Novantrone. Rather, Dr. Meltzer is testifying as an expert in cardiology. Dr. Meltzer
has been a practicing cardiologist for 27 years. His knowledge in cardiology comes from
attending medical school and continuing education that includes reviewing new studies that
come out, reviewing clinical trials, reviewing peer-reviewed literature, and his 27 years of
experience as a practicing cardiologist. Although Dr. Meltzer had no prior experience with
Novantrone before his research in this case, Dr. Meltzer testified that he does have “experience
with assessing patients on other cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs. That gives you a
foundation and an understanding of how to evaluate the changes you may see in a patient and
relate that to whether or not the patient is suffering a cardiotoxic effect of the drug.” Dr. Meltzer
explained that he possesses a “general understanding of cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs” in
addition to the information he obtained in this case from researching articles concerning
Novantrone. Dr. Meltzer further explained:

       I know from my training and experience how to evaluate patients on cardiotoxic
       chemotherapeutic agents. I’ve done it many times. I had to learn about
       Novantrone to see the details of Novantrone, and what the parameters were to
       form a fair and reasonable educated opinion as to how the drug is assessed, and
       how the cardiotoxic effects are assessed because it’s different for every drug. . . .
       It’s different for every drug and you have to be familiar with how to compile the
       information and make a reasonable and correct decision and recommendation.

Dr. Meltzer emphasized that he did not use the medical literature he obtained from the Internet to
determine the standard of care; rather, he used the literature to determine the parameters by
which a cardiologist would evaluate a patient who is taking Novantrone. Defendants’ suggestion
that Dr. Meltzer was merely “parroting” information he obtained from the Internet is therefore
not supported by the record.

        Moreover, Dr. Meltzer’s standard of care criticisms of Dr. Romanelli were limited to the
role of a cardiologist in determining whether and how to assess a patient who was taking
Novantrone; Dr. Meltzer was not purporting to possess expertise more generally in Novantrone
itself. Dr. Meltzer explained his first standard of care criticism of Dr. Romanelli as follows:

                                                -17-
               The first criticism is based on Dr. Romanelli’s testimony that at the time
       he evaluated [Patricia] he had no understanding whatsoever of the drug
       Novantrone, no understanding of how it worked or no understanding of the
       parameters by which a patient taking the drug is to be evaluated. And in my
       opinion he violated the standard of care by offering a recommendation in light of
       the fact that he did not have any knowledge about the drug.

Dr. Meltzer noted that Dr. Romanelli had testified that he lacked any knowledge about
Novantrone when Dr. Romanelli was asked by Patricia’s treating physicians to perform a cardiac
assessment of Patricia to determine the risks of using Novantrone. Following his cardiac
evaluation, Dr. Romanelli wrote to the treating physician in January 2009 that Patricia was an
acceptable risk for the medication. In Dr. Meltzer’s view, “no reasonable or prudent board-
certified cardiologist would make a recommendation concerning a drug when he has absolutely
no knowledge of the drug, how the drug works, how you assess the drug or how to evaluate a
patient for risks associated with the drug.” When asked what Dr. Romanelli should have done,
Dr. Meltzer testified:

               Well, in my opinion he had to choose between one of two choices. One
       choice would be to research the drug and educate himself about the drug. And if
       that research left him satisfied that he was sufficiently knowledgeable to make a
       recommendation about the drug, then make a recommendation about the drug.

              The second thing he could have done was to tell [the treating physician]
       I’m not qualified to evaluate this patient. I don’t know anything at all about this
       drug. And you need to send her to a cardiologist who knows how to do a proper
       evaluation concerning a patient taking Novantrone.

       Dr. Meltzer’s second standard of care criticism was that Dr. Romanelli failed to
recognize that Patricia was suffering a cardiotoxic effect of Novantrone:

       When Dr. Romanelli evaluated [Patricia] he failed to recognize that she was
       demonstrating toxic effects, potentially toxicity effects of Novantrone therapy.
       And this included a fall in ejection fraction from 76 percent to 62 percent. She
       had an echocardiogram in July of 2008 that had an ejection fraction of 76 percent
       and in January of 2009 her ejection fraction was 62 percent.

               In addition, the echo from July of 2008 demonstrated hyperdynamic left
       ventricular wall motion. And the echocardiogram performed in January of 2009
       demonstrated wall motion. Both of these – I’m sorry, normal wall motion. Both
       of these findings, the fall in ejection fraction and the change in the character of the
       wall motion, are consistent with and suggestive of a cardiotoxic effect of the drug.

              And third of all, in January of 2009 she was noted to have a new right
       bundle branch block on her electrocardiogram. And a right bundle branch block
       could be a sign of a cardiotoxic effect of the Novantrone.

The echocardiogram in January 2009 indicated that Patricia’s ejection fraction was 62%, which
was an 18% decrease from her ejection fraction in July 2008. Also, a stress test performed in
                                                -18-
January 2009 indicated that Patricia’s ejection fraction was 50%, which was more than a 30%
drop from the July 2008 ejection fraction. Dr. Meltzer explained why the decreases in ejection
fraction were significant: “In all of the literature that I reviewed it recommends that a fall in
ejection fraction of greater than 10 percent and some of the literature says even 5 percent,
indicates a cardiotoxic effect of Novantrone and the drug should be stopped.” Dr. Meltzer
further explained that

       those are very big changes in ejection fraction and when you look at a patient who
       is taking a chemotherapeutic – a cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic agent a fall in
       ejection fraction from 76 to 62, or 76 to 50 indicates a significant decrease in
       ejection fraction in cardiac function.

In short, the significant decrease in ejection fraction “suggests that the patient is suffering a
cardiotoxic effect of the drug.”

          We conclude that Dr. Meltzer was properly qualified to testify as an expert in cardiology.
His extensive knowledge and experience in practicing cardiology, including in performing
cardiac evaluations of patients who are taking cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs, supports the
conclusion that he was qualified to testify concerning the appropriate standard of care for a
cardiologist who is asked to perform a cardiac evaluation of a patient who is taking a
chemotherapeutic drug such as Novantrone. Cf. Elher, 499 Mich at 24 (“There is no doubt
that . . . plaintiff’s sole expert regarding the standard of care[] was qualified to testify as an
expert based on his extensive experience. . . . The question is whether [the expert’s] opinion was
sufficiently reliable under the principles articulated in MRE 702 and by the Legislature in MCL
600.2955.”). Dr. Meltzer’s lack of prior experience with the particular chemotherapeutic drug
used in this case, Novantrone, does not disqualify him to testify concerning the standard of care
for a cardiologist. There is no requirement in case law that an expert possess prior experience
with exactly the same drug at issue in the case. Dr. Meltzer’s standard of care criticisms were
limited to areas that fell within his expertise as a practicing cardiologist. We are thus not
persuaded by defendants’ argument that Dr. Meltzer lacked the qualification to testify as an
expert in this case.

        Defendants next argue that Dr. Meltzer’s standard of care testimony was unreliable. In
particular, defendants focus on Dr. Meltzer’s opinion that a decrease of the ejection fraction by
10% or more indicates that a cardiotoxic effect of the drug exists such that Dr. Romanelli should
have recommended the discontinuation of the Novantrone therapy. Defendants contend that
there is no peer-reviewed literature establishing that the standard of care requires a cardiologist
to recommend ending the administration of Novantrone upon a 10% drop in ejection fraction.
Defendants state that the FDA packaging for Novantrone does not refer to a 10% decrease in
ejection fraction as a reason to discontinue the medication. Defendants characterize the medical
articles cited by Dr. Meltzer as merely describing clinical trials and case studies of patients in
which the authors and treating physicians chose to discontinue the medication upon a 10%
decrease in ejection fraction. Defendants claim that these articles do not establish the standard of
care for a cardiologist who is performing a cardiac evaluation of a patient taking Novantrone.

       We find defendants’ argument unconvincing. There was adequate support for Dr.
Meltzer’s standard of care testimony to conclude that it was reliable. The FDA-approved label

                                               -19-
for Novantrone warns, in relevant part: “Additional doses of NOVANTRONE should not be
administered to multiple sclerosis patients who have experienced either a drop in [ejection
fraction] to below the lower limit of normal or a clinically significant reduction in [ejection
fraction] during NOVANTRONE therapy.” (Emphasis added.) Dr. Meltzer identified medical
articles that supported his view that a 10% drop in ejection fraction was significant and
warranted discontinuation of the medicine. Of particular note is Avasarala et al., Rapid onset
Mitroxantrone-induced cardiotoxicity in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, Multiple
Sclerosis Journal (2003), in which the physician-authors studied 28 MS patients who were
treated with Mitroxantrone7 every three months. Five of the 28 patients displayed what the
authors described as a “significant” decrease in ejection fraction of 10% or more, and the
Mitroxantrone treatment was thus discontinued for those patients. Id. The authors stated that
“[a] decline in [ejection fraction] of 10 percentage points or more should be viewed with
concern.” Id.

        Defendants claim that none of the medical literature on which Dr. Meltzer relied was
peer-reviewed,8 but defendants fail to address the article summarized above or to explain why
defendants believe it was not peer-reviewed. “A party cannot simply assert an error or announce
a position and then leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, or
unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then search for authority either to sustain or
reject his position.” Mitchell v Mitchell, 296 Mich App 513, 524; 823 NW2d 153 (2012)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). Given defendants’ inadequate briefing, this aspect of
their argument may be deemed abandoned. Prince v MacDonald, 237 Mich App 186, 197; 602
NW2d 834 (1999). The above article was authored by multiple medical professionals. It was
written in a formal, scholarly manner using technical medical terms and included citations to
numerous other medical studies in endnotes. The article indicated that it was “accepted” more
than two months after it was “received.” This strongly suggests that there was a peer-review
process before publication. We find nothing to support defendants’ conclusory assertion that the
article was not peer-reviewed. Also, the article was written outside of the context of litigation,
and defendants articulate no basis for disagreement with the substantive content of the article.
Overall, Dr. Meltzer’s opinion was based not only on his experience and background but found
general support in the FDA packaging information and additional support in the medical
literature. Regardless of whether Dr. Meltzer’s conclusion was necessarily correct, his opinion
was “rationally derived from a sound foundation[ ]” and did not comprise mere speculation. See
Unger, 278 Mich App at 217, quoting Chapin, 274 Mich App at 139 (opinion by DAVIS, J.). The
trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Dr. Meltzer’s standard of care testimony
was reliable.

      Next, we disagree with defendants’ contention that Dr. Meltzer improperly used the
medical literature in contravention of MRE 707. MRE 707 provides:

7
    Novantrone is the trade name for Mitroxantrone.
8
 Again, peer-reviewed literature is not always necessary to satisfy the requirements of MRE
702. Elher, 499 Mich at 28.

                                               -20-
               To the extent called to the attention of expert witnesses upon cross-
       examination, statements contained in published treatises, periodicals, or
       pamphlets on a subject of history, medicine, or other science or art, established as
       a reliable authority by the testimony or admission of the witness or by other
       expert testimony or by judicial notice, are admissible for impeachment purposes
       only. If admitted, the statements may be read into evidence but may not be
       received as exhibits.

MRE 707 has been interpreted to bar the use of learned treatises as substantive evidence on
direct examination, but the rule “does not absolutely forbid using learned treatises at other stages
of a trial or for other reasons.” Hilgendorf v St John Hosp & Med Ctr Corp, 245 Mich App 670,
702; 630 NW2d 356 (2001). Defendants assert that Dr. Meltzer was repeatedly questioned about
the literature he reviewed and that this essentially constitutes the use of the literature as direct
evidence. Defendants fail to provide any record citations to support this assertion in the
argument section of their brief on appeal for this issue (although defendants quote testimony
concerning the literature earlier in their brief). “This Court will not search the record for factual
support for a party’s claim.” McIntosh v McIntosh, 282 Mich App 471, 485; 768 NW2d 325
(2009) (citation omitted); see also MCR 7.212(C)(7) (“Facts stated must be supported by specific
page references to the transcript, the pleadings, or other document or paper filed with the trial
court.”). In any event, although Dr. Meltzer referred to medical literature as supporting his
opinion, he did not read into evidence any statements contained in the medical literature.9
Defendants have failed to establish that the admission of Dr. Meltzer’s testimony is a violation of
MRE 707.

       Next, defendants argue that the trial court erred in denying their motion to exclude Dr.
Meltzer’s allegedly new standard of care criticisms. Defendants contend that Dr. Meltzer offered
new standard of care criticisms at his trial deposition, i.e., that (1) Dr. Romanelli should have

9
  That is, Dr. Meltzer did not read into evidence any statements from a specific article by directly
quoting it. In explaining his understanding of the literature, Dr. Meltzer arguably paraphrased it
by stating, “In the medical literature that I reviewed it consistently says that the risk of
cardiotoxicity increases with the risk, with the increasing doses of the drug.” Dr. Meltzer also
stated, “In all of the literature that I reviewed it recommends that a fall in ejection fraction of
greater than 10 percent and some of the literature says even 5 percent, indicates a cardiotoxic
effect of Novantrone and the drug should be stopped.” Again, however, defendants’ brief fails to
include record citations to indicate the specific portions of Dr. Meltzer’s testimony that they are
challenging in this issue. Defendants also fail to address whether a general statement
paraphrasing medical literature, as opposed to a direct quotation of a specific article, amounts to
a violation of MRE 707, nor do defendants cite case law addressing that issue. “A party cannot
simply assert an error or announce a position and then leave it to this Court to discover and
rationalize the basis for his claims, or unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then
search for authority either to sustain or reject his position.” Mitchell, 296 Mich App at 524
(quotation marks and citation omitted). Given defendants’ inadequate briefing, this aspect of
their argument may be deemed abandoned. Prince, 237 Mich App at 197.

                                                -21-
informed Patricia’s other medical providers that her computer-generated ejection fraction had
fallen to 50% in a January 2009 stress test, and (2) Dr. Romanelli should have ordered a
multigated acquisition (MUGA) scan to determine Patricia’s correct ejection fraction. Therefore,
defendants argue, Dr. Meltzer’s new standard of care criticisms should be excluded. We
disagree.

       MCR 2.302(E)(1) provides, in relevant part:

               Duty to supplement. A party who has responded to a request for discovery
       with a response that was complete when made is under no duty to supplement the
       response to include information acquired later, except as follows:

               (a) A party is under a duty seasonably to supplement the response with
       respect to a question directly addressed to

              (i) the identity and location of persons having knowledge of discoverable
       matters; and

                (ii) the identity of each person expected to be called as an expert witness at
       trial, the subject matter on which the expert is expected to testify, and the
       substance of the expert’s testimony. [Emphasis added.]

        At his trial deposition, Dr. Meltzer testified that Dr. Romanelli should have informed
Patricia’s treating physicians that, according to a stress test performed in January 2009, her
ejection fraction had fallen to 50%. Dr. Meltzer noted that, although the body of Dr. Romanelli’s
report reflected that the computer-generated ejection fraction was 50%, Dr. Romanelli changed
the ejection fraction to greater than 60% in the conclusion of his report, on the basis of Dr.
Romanelli’s subjective assessment. Defendants contend that Dr. Meltzer had not disclosed
during his discovery deposition that he was making a standard of care criticism related to Dr.
Romanelli’s failure to report the 50% ejection fraction to the other medical providers. We
disagree. In his discovery deposition, Dr. Meltzer testified:

              The next violation of the standard of care is that he arbitrarily changed the
       value of the ejection fraction on the Persantine stress test from sixty to fifty [sic:
       50 to 60] based on his subjective evaluation that the left ventricular contraction
       looked normal to him so he gave it a normal number of sixty.

               The next violation of the standard of care is that he failed to recognize,
       likely due to his ignorance of Novantrone, that the patient’s change in ejection
       fraction, change in wall motion, new right bundle branch block were all
       suggestive of Novantrone-induced cardiotoxicity and that a more thorough
       workup was indicated.

               A consequence of his changing the ejection fraction from fifty to sixty on
       the stress test and ignoring or not being aware of the ejection fraction of seventy-
       six and sixty-two percent, in my mind, prevented him from thinking about getting
       a different kind of estimation of her stress test, namely a MUGA, which is more

                                                -22-
       accurate, so that he could ascertain, get a better idea of what her ejection fraction
       truly is.

                                               * * *

       [Dr. Romanelli] violated the standard of care. What he did was not consistent
       with what a reasonable and prudent cardiologist would do. You have an eighteen
       percent fall in ejection fraction and then you have a fall to fifty percent, which is a
       thirty-six percent fall in ejection fraction, and you don’t make a recommendation
       to stop the drug, that’s a violation of the standard of care.

In his discovery deposition, then, Dr. Meltzer stated that it was a violation of the standard of care
for Dr. Romanelli not to recommend discontinuation of Novantrone therapy in light of the fall in
the ejection fraction to 50%. Recommending the discontinuation of Novantrone due to the
ejection fraction of 50% implies informing the medical providers of the 50% ejection fraction.
Dr. Meltzer also indicated in his discovery deposition that it was a violation of the standard of
care for Dr. Romanelli to change the ejection fraction of 50% that was generated by the
computer during the stress test to 60% on the basis of Dr. Romanelli’s subjective assessment,
which again suggests that the 50% ejection fraction finding should have been communicated to
the other medical providers. Although not phrased identically to his trial deposition testimony, it
was sufficiently clear from Dr. Meltzer’s discovery deposition that he was critical of Dr.
Romanelli for failing to inform the other medical providers of the 50% ejection fraction finding.

        Defendants also claim that Dr. Meltzer first testified during his trial deposition that it was
a violation of the standard of care for Dr. Romanelli to fail to order a MUGA scan in order to
determine Patricia’s true ejection fraction. According to defendants, Dr. Meltzer did not state
during his discovery deposition that the failure to order a MUGA scan violated the standard of
care. Again, we conclude that, while not stated in precisely the same manner as in Dr. Meltzer’s
trial deposition testimony, Dr. Meltzer’s discovery deposition testimony adequately informed
defendants of Dr. Meltzer’s view on this point. In his discovery deposition, Dr. Meltzer testified
that a MUGA scan is the most accurate way to measure ejection fraction and that Patricia did not
undergo a MUGA scan. And, as quoted above, Dr. Meltzer also testified in his discovery
deposition that, as a result of Dr. Romanelli’s changing the ejection fraction from 50% to 60%
and being unaware of the earlier ejection fraction findings, Dr. Romanelli did not consider
ordering a MUGA scan, which is a more accurate way of determining a patient’s ejection
fraction. It is thus clear from Dr. Meltzer’s discovery deposition testimony that a MUGA scan is
the most accurate way to determine ejection fraction and that a MUGA scan was warranted given
the change in Patricia’s ejection fraction from earlier findings. While not explicitly phrased in
terms of being a violation of the standard of care, the discovery deposition testimony concerning
the MUGA scan, considered in its entirety, sufficed to apprise defendants of Dr. Meltzer’s
opinion on the matter.

        Defendants further argue that the complaint failed to apprise defendants of Dr. Meltzer’s
two allegedly new standard of care criticisms discussed above. Defendants note that, before
deciding the motion at issue here, the trial court had entered a consent order limiting plaintiff to
theories pleaded in the complaint unless the trial court permitted an amendment pursuant to
MCR 2.118. We disagree with defendants’ argument. “[T]he primary function of a pleading in

                                                -23-
Michigan is to give notice of the nature of the claim or defense sufficient to permit the opposite
party to take a responsive position.” Stanke v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 200 Mich App 307,
317; 503 NW2d 758 (1993). A complaint must contain “[a] statement of the facts, without
repetition, on which the pleader relies in stating the cause of action, with the specific allegations
necessary reasonably to inform the adverse party of the nature of the claims the adverse party is
called on to defend[.]” MCR 2.111(B)(1). Plaintiff’s allegations were sufficient to provide
defendants with notice of the nature of the claims. The complaint included allegations that Dr.
Romanelli failed to communicate pertinent information to the other specialists and to
appropriately collaborate and coordinate with the other specialists; these allegations encompass
Dr. Meltzer’s theory that Dr. Romanelli should have informed the other medical providers of the
10% decrease in ejection fraction. The failure to order a MUGA scan was encompassed by
allegations of a failure to ensure that Patricia is assessed for cardiac signs and symptoms.
Overall, the allegations in the complaint sufficed to reasonably inform defendants of the nature
of the claims.

       Finally, defendants argue that the trial court abused its discretion in denying their motion
to exclude the proximate causation testimony of Dr. Meltzer and Dr. Sokol, which defendants
characterize as speculative and unsupported. We disagree.10

        “[A] plaintiff’s prima facie case of medical malpractice must draw a causal connection
between the defendant’s breach of the applicable standard of care and the plaintiff’s injuries.”
Craig, 471 Mich at 90. Expert testimony is required to establish causation in a medical
malpractice action. Teal v Prasad, 283 Mich App 384, 394; 772 NW2d 57 (2009). “ ‘Proximate
cause’ is a legal term of art that incorporates both cause in fact and legal (or ‘proximate’) cause.”
Craig, 471 Mich at 86 (footnote and citation omitted).

       As a matter of logic, a court must find that the defendant’s negligence was a cause
       in fact of the plaintiff’s injuries before it can hold that the defendant’s negligence
       was the proximate or legal cause of those injuries.

               Generally, an act or omission is a cause in fact of an injury only if the
       injury could not have occurred without (or “but for”) that act or omission. While
       a plaintiff need not prove that an act or omission was the sole catalyst for his
       injuries, he must introduce evidence permitting the jury to conclude that the act or
       omission was a cause. [Id. at 87 (footnotes and citations omitted).]

There must be proof of “more than a mere possibility or a plausible explanation.” Id. (footnote
and citation omitted).

10
  We earlier determined that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that Dr.
Sokol lacked the requisite qualification under MCL 600.2169(1)(b) to testify as an expert in
medical oncology about the standard of care applicable to Dr. Agnone. This does not preclude
Dr. Sokol from testifying regarding causation. See Woodard, 476 Mich at 558 n 4 (“MCL
600.2169(1) only applies to expert testimony on the appropriate standard of practice or care; it
does not apply to other kinds of expert testimony, such as expert testimony on causation.”).

                                                -24-
       [A] plaintiff establishes that the defendant’s conduct was a cause in fact of his
       injuries only if he sets forth specific facts that would support a reasonable
       inference of a logical sequence of cause and effect. A valid theory of causation,
       therefore, must be based on facts in evidence. And while the evidence need not
       negate all other possible causes, this Court has consistently required that the
       evidence exclude other reasonable hypotheses with a fair amount of certainty.
       [Id. at 87-88 (quotation marks, brackets, footnotes and citations omitted).]

“It is axiomatic in logic and in science that correlation is not causation. This adage counsels that
it is error to infer that A causes B from the mere fact that A and B occur together.” Id. at 93
(footnote and citation omitted). “Where the connection between the defendant’s negligent
conduct and the plaintiff’s injuries is entirely speculative, the plaintiff cannot establish a prima
facie case of negligence.” Id. (footnote and citation omitted).

       In this case, Dr. Meltzer testified that as a result of receiving 16 doses of Novantrone for
16 consecutive months, Patricia developed a severe cardiomyopathy, meaning that her heart did
not work or pump correctly. Dr. Meltzer noted that this conclusion was supported by the
diagnosis of Dr. Romanelli’s partner, Dr. David Graham, who examined Patricia in the hospital
in January 2010 and concluded that she was suffering from “dilated cardiomyopathy likely
nonischemic in nature related to the cardiac toxicity of her chemotherapy that she was receiving
for multiple sclerosis.” Dr. Meltzer opined that the cardiomyopathy was caused by the
cardiotoxic effects of Novantrone. Dr. Meltzer explained that Patricia “didn’t have any reason to
develop a cardiomyopathy. So there’s no other causative factor and Novantrone is known to
cause a cardio, to have the potential to cause a cardiomyopathy.” In Dr. Meltzer’s view, Patricia
would not have developed a dilated cardiomyopathy if the Novantrone had been discontinued in
January 2009. He explained:

       She had evidence of cardiomyopathy in January of 2009. But what is known
       about Novantrone is when you stop the drug the patient has the potential to have
       the cardiotoxic effect slowly go away.

              So that, in my opinion, more likely than not, she would not have gone on
       to develop a dilated cardiomyopathy and severe mitral regurgitation had the
       Novantrone been stopped in January of 2009.

        According to Dr. Meltzer, if Dr. Romanelli had recognized the significant decrease in
ejection fraction and recommended the discontinuation of Novantrone therapy in January 2009,
Patricia “would not have developed cardiotoxicity to the extent that she did and more likely than
not she would not have developed the severe cardiac dysfunction and valvular – mitral valvular
regurgitation that required her to be operated on.” Dr. Meltzer noted that Patricia “was already
suffering cardiotoxic effects of the drug in January of 2009. And she was receiving subsequent,
relatively close to monthly treatments with the drug, and that would have only added to the
cardiotoxic effects of the drug and it would have been manifested as a consistent decline in her
ejection fraction.” Dr. Meltzer further explained: “The combination of the drug induced
cardiomyopathy and the mitral regurgitation basically placed her in the state where she
deteriorated into a condition called cardiogenic shock. And she, therefore, required surgery on
her mitral valve in order to try to improve her cardiac performance to the point that she could

                                               -25-
survive.”   Patricia underwent surgery for this cardiac condition and then developed
complications following the surgery that led to her death.

        Dr. Sokol provided similar testimony. Dr. Sokol opined that the doses of Novantrone
administered to Patricia were more concentrated and dense and given at more frequent intervals
than were recommended for safe usage, which added significantly to the toxicity of the drug. Dr.
Sokol stated that the frequency with which Novantrone was administered added “significantly to
the inability of the drug to be metabolized and it adds to the concentration of a toxin that exists
for a much longer period of time. There is no time for a washout. And, of course, the
concentration of the drug is much higher for a period of time.” In Dr. Sokol’s view, Patricia
would not have suffered the same degree of cardiotoxicity that she did if the drug had been
stopped after six doses in January 2009, which was when the significant decline in ejection
fraction was measured. Dr. Sokol explained that if the Novantrone administration had ended in
January 2009, Patricia “would have gotten only, what, 30 to 40 percent of the dose that she
[ultimately] got. So if you’re saying that, gee, she was a dead duck at six months, well, I hate to
see her shot 10 more times with additional [sic] to make sure the deed was done.” Dr. Sokol
noted that it was “[n]ot just my opinion that she sustained cardiotoxic death, to a large extent
contributed to [sic] the dose of Novantrone and the way it was given, but apparently it was the
opinion of the people that took care of her as well.” Dr. Sokol expressed agreement with Dr.
Graham’s consultation notes in the hospital records concluding that Patricia had suffered a
dilated cardiomyopathy “related to the cardiac toxicity of her chemotherapy that she was
receiving for multiple sclerosis.”

       Dr. Sokol also indicated that the cardiotoxicity of Novantrone increases with each dose:

                Q. And – okay. Moving on. Novantrone can lead to cardio toxicity with
       the first dose. Correct?

               A. To a very small extent, that’s true.

               Q. But you cannot state at any point in time what dose could have tipped
       this patient over into the area where you claim – the area you claimed occurred?
       You can’t isolate one dose, can you?

              A. If that’s an accusation, I deny it because that would be an inaccurate
       accusation when you say I can’t do that.

               Q. Okay.

               A. Because there is a clearcut statistical association between the early
       doses, the low doses, and the increasing incidents of cardio toxicity as the dose
       increases particularly above the limits that have been defined.

              Q. Doctor, you indicated that the numbers – the risk percentage is small
       with cardio toxicity for Novantrone, two or three percent, correct?

             A. Oh, you’re talking about Novantrone when it’s given every three
       months. And that’s drawn from the studies that have utilized it every three

                                               -26-
       months. But if you draw appropriately from the studies that were done every
       month, you will find a significantly higher incidents [sic] of cardio toxicity.

               Q. Is it dose-related, Doctor, not frequency-related?

               A. It’s both.

               Q. If it’s dose-related, don’t we know what the percentage risks are at
       certain levels or do you?

               A. I just told you it’s both.

        In short, then, Dr. Meltzer opined that, more likely than not, Patricia would not have
developed the severe cardiac condition that ultimately led to her death if the Novantrone therapy
had been discontinued in January 2009, and Dr. Sokol testified that Patricia would not have
suffered the degree of cardiotoxicity that she did if the Novantrone had been stopped after six
doses in January 2009. Notably, defendants do not challenge the reliability of the experts’
testimony that Patricia died as a result of Novantrone-induced cardiogenic shock. As discussed,
medical literature and FDA packaging information reflect the risk of cardiac complications
arising from the use of Novantrone, and Dr. Romanelli’s own partner who treated Patricia
concluded that she suffered a dilated cardiomyopathy related to the cardiac toxicity of her
chemotherapy drug. Rather than challenging the theory that Patricia died from cardiac
complications arising from the use of Novantrone, defendants claim that there is no support for
the opinion that Patricia would not have suffered the degree of cardiotoxicity that she suffered if
the Novantrone administration had ended in January 2009. Defendants take note of testimony
from plaintiff’s neurology expert, Dr. Douglas Jeffery, that one dose of Novantrone could cause
what occurred in this case, that a patient could suffer a delayed reaction to Novantrone months or
years later, and that the same injury could have occurred even if the appropriate dosage had been
given. Defendants also note that Dr. Sokol, when asked whether the first dose of Novantrone
can lead to cardiotoxicity, stated, “To a very small extent, that’s true.”

        The flaw in defendants’ argument is that it fails to take into account the increased risk of
cardiotoxicity with each dose of Novantrone and the fact that, in January 2009, Patricia had only
received six of the 16 doses that she ultimately received. Defendant-oncologist Dr. Agnone
acknowledged in his deposition that the risk from taking Novantrone increases with each
milligram. Most of the doses of Novantrone were administered to Patricia after January 2009.
The frequent and dense doses after January 2009 therefore may reasonably be determined to
have not only infused more of this drug into Patricia’s body but also, as Dr. Sokol explained,
prevented her body from having an opportunity to metabolize the drug and wash out the toxins.
The risk of complications with only the first dose of Novantrone, on which defendants focus,
was very small, according to Dr. Sokol. Defendants seem to suggest that there must be medical
literature explicitly addressing the precise question of whether a patient would suffer
complications if the Novantrone administration had been discontinued after six doses. Such a
fact-specific medical article conclusively addressing the exact situation presented here is not
required. See Unger, 278 Mich App at 220 (“Indeed, it is obvious that not every particular
factual circumstance can be the subject of peer-reviewed writing.”). Utilizing the knowledge and
experience they have obtained in their respective fields, Dr. Meltzer and Dr. Sokol posited a

                                               -27-
causation theory that was reasonably extrapolated from an established scientific foundation as
reflected in the medical literature and FDA packaging information regarding the cardiac risks of
this drug. Their testimony was sufficiently reliable to be admitted for a jury to consider. See
Unger, 278 Mich App at 220 (“When expert witnesses offer conflicting opinions, it is solely for
the jury to determine which expert is more credible.”). The trial court properly denied
defendants’ motion to exclude the proximate causation testimony of plaintiffs’ experts.

       Affirmed in both appeals. In Docket No. 330330 defendants Dr. Agnone and MCS, as
the prevailing parties, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219. In Docket No. 330416, plaintiff, as
the prevailing party, may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219.

                                                           /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
                                                           /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh

                                             -28-