Court Opinion

ID: 9384517
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-04 10:07:20.932501+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:53.925005
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                                       NO. 03-21-00360-CV

      World Class Capital Group, LLC; World Class Acquisitions, LLC; and Manfred
                                 Sternberg, Appellants

                                                  v.

                            Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP, Appellee

                FROM THE 53RD DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY
        NO. D-1-GN-20-007513, THE HONORABLE JAN SOIFER, JUDGE PRESIDING

                              M EM O RAND UM O PI NI O N

               Appellants World Class Capital Group, LLC and World Class Acquisitions, LLC

(collectively “World Class Appellants”) and Manfred Sternberg, the World Class Appellants’

counsel, appeal from the trial court’s order imposing discovery sanctions upon them. In the

underlying case, appellee Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP sued to enforce a foreign judgment

obtained in New York against the World Class Appellants following an arbitration there. On July 8,

2021, the trial court ordered monetary sanctions jointly against the World Class Appellants for

noncompliance with a discovery order and individually against their counsel Sternberg for his role

in the World Class Appellants’ failure to appear for a deposition. The trial court later increased the

amount of per-day monetary sanctions for noncompliance with the discovery order. Because we

conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by ordering sanctions for the reasons

explained below, we affirm.
                                        BACKGROUND

               After the World Class Appellants failed to pay Gibson Dunn nearly $1 million in

attorneys’ fees, Gibson Dunn initiated arbitration proceedings and obtained an arbitration award

against them in November 2019. After obtaining confirmation of the arbitration award in a lawsuit

filed in New York, Gibson Dunn became the judgment creditor of a final, conclusive, and

enforceable money judgment from the State of New York (the “New York Judgment”). Gibson

Dunn filed the underlying lawsuit seeking to enforce the New York Judgment in Texas in

December 2020, pursuant to the Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act. See generally

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code §§ 35.001-.008; see also id. § 35.003 (“A filed foreign judgment has

the same effect and is subject to the same procedures, defenses, and proceedings for reopening,

vacating, staying, enforcing, or satisfying a judgment as a judgment of the court in which it

is filed.”).

               On December 29, 2020, Gibson Dunn served document discovery requests and

deposition notices via certified mail on the World Class Appellants’ last known address of 814

Lavaca Street, Austin, Texas 78701. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 621a (allowing judgment creditor to pursue

post-judgment discovery “for the purpose of obtaining information to aid in the enforcement of

such judgment”). The four discovery requests included requests for production of documents from

each of the World Class Appellants due by January 29, 2021; a deposition notice for World Class

Capital Group setting a remote deposition for February 15, 2021, at 9:00 a.m.; and a deposition

notice for World Class Acquisitions setting a remote deposition for February 16, 2021, at 9:00 a.m.

In addition to serving the World Class Appellants, Gibson Dunn made other efforts to alert them

to the discovery requests by sending courtesy copies of the requests via email to an attorney who

had represented the owner of the World Class entities, Nate Paul, in other matters and to an attorney

                                                 2
who had previously represented that she was legal counsel to various World Class entities. Nate

Paul’s attorney informed Gibson Dunn he was not authorized to accept service for the World Class

Appellants, and the entities’ attorney did not respond.

               The deadline for responding to the document-production requests passed without

any responses from the World Class Appellants, as did the deadline for obtaining a stay of the

deposition by objecting to the time and place for the depositions. See id. R. 196.2(a) (establishing

that responding party must serve written response on requesting party within 30 days after service

of requests for document production); id. R. 199.4 (establishing that party may object to designated

time and place for oral deposition by motion for protective order or motion to quash, which stays

oral deposition until motion can be determined, if filed by third business day after service of

deposition notice).   Nor did the World Class Appellants seek to stay enforcement of the

domesticated judgment. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 35.006 (allowing judgment debtor to

seek stay of enforcement of foreign judgment under certain circumstances when it shows that

appeal is pending or will be taken or that time for appeal has not expired or that stay of execution

has been granted or has been or will be sought, if security for judgment has been furnished).

               Instead, on the evening of Sunday, February 14, 2021, appellant Sternberg, who

had not yet appeared in the case as the World Class Appellants’ counsel, contacted Gibson Dunn

and asked to cancel the depositions. 1 According to the affidavit of one of Gibson Dunn’s attorneys,

Sternberg emailed to inform Gibson Dunn that he had just been retained to represent the witnesses

and to inform counsel that “WCCG nor WCA will not be producing witnesses for depositions at

       1
          Sternberg’s initial correspondence is not part of the appellate record, but the timing of
his request is undisputed. Sternberg asserts in appellants’ brief that he was retained as counsel by
the World Class Appellants “around February 14, 2021.”
                                                 3
this time.” Sternberg did not propose alternative dates for the depositions but invited Gibson Dunn

to contact him by email or phone. Gibson Dunn’s counsel sent the following email in response:

       As the depositions are set to begin in about 13 hours, and as we first heard from
       you about 2 hours ago, and as you have not appeared as counsel in this matter or
       filed any motions, it seems somewhat unusual to me that you are asking me to just
       cancel the depositions. May I ask a few questions before further considering your
       request?

       >       How and when did the witnesses first have notice of the depositions?

       >       Who has retained you (I have been told by other counsel that neither witness
               has any assets)?

       >       When are you proposing the depositions take place and whom do you
               propose to produce to testify?

The next morning, Gibson Dunn’s counsel followed up with an email to Sternberg informing him

that he was available by phone if Sternberg wanted to speak and that he thought it “best that we

go on the record this morning and note the default of the witness. That will give us all a clean

record. I am available to discuss next steps at your convenience.” Gibson Dunn made a record of

the nonappearances of the witnesses on February 15 and February 16. On February 16, 2021, after

calling Sternberg twice and leaving voicemails, Gibson Dunn’s counsel wrote to Sternberg, asking

him to “please tell me via e mail what you propose as the path forward.” Sternberg informed

Gibson Dunn’s counsel that day that his office was not operating because he had no power and

limited internet because of the winter storm. 2

       2
           During Winter Storm Uri, power blackouts affected most of Texas from February 15-18,
2021. See https://comptroller.texas.gov/economy/fiscal-notes/2021/oct/winter-storm-impact.php
(last visited March 8, 2023).
                                                  4
               After the storm, Sternberg never responded to Gibson Dunn’s request that he

propose next steps for proceeding with the depositions. Instead, on February 22, 2021, Sternberg

appeared for the first time in the lawsuit on behalf of the World Class Appellants and filed a motion

to dismiss the foreign judgment. On March 17, 2021, Gibson Dunn filed a motion to compel,

requesting that the trial court compel the World Class Appellants to provide “substantive responses

and document productions” in response to the requests for production and to produce corporate

representatives in response to the deposition notices. Gibson Dunn also requested that the trial

court award it all fees and costs associated with the motion to compel.

               The trial court conducted a hearing on the motion to compel on April 22, 2021, and

at the end of the hearing the court orally ruled that it was granting the motion to compel. On

May 7, 2021, the trial court signed an order requiring the World Class Appellants to “provide

substantive responses to [Gibson Dunn’s] requests for production within 14 days of this Order,” to

each “produce a corporate representative for a deposition within 14 days of this Order,” and to

“pay reasonable fees and costs associated with [Gibson Dunn’s] Motion to Compel.” (Emphasis

added.) On May 19, 2021, the parties entered a Rule 11 agreement, agreeing that (1) the World

Class Appellants’ deadline to respond to the written discovery requests would be extended to

May 24, 2021; (2) the court-ordered depositions of the World Class Appellants’ corporate

representatives “will take place on Friday, May 28, 2021”; and (3) the World Class Appellants

“will identify their corporate representatives as soon as possible.”

               The World Class Appellants did not comply with the Rule 11 agreement. On

May 24, 2021, the agreed deadline for the World Class Appellants to respond to the requests for

production, the World Class Appellants did not produce any documents. Instead, World Class

Capital Group objected that one definition in the requests directed to it—the definition of the word

                                                 5
“you”—was overbroad. 3 World Class Acquisitions responded to the requests directed to it by

stating that it had no responsive documents in its possession or knowledge of any responsive

documents. The World Class Appellants never identified their corporate representatives before the

scheduled deposition date of May 28. 4

                The night before the depositions were scheduled to go forward, Sternberg attempted

to delay the depositions. He stated that he did not know who his clients’ corporate representatives

would be, and he suggested that Gibson Dunn should postpone the depositions in light of

settlement negotiations between the World Class Appellants’ New York counsel and Gibson

Dunn. 5 However, Gibson Dunn informed Sternberg in at least two separate emails that no

settlement had been reached and the depositions would be going forward the next morning. In the

first email that evening, Mitchell Karlan, one of Gibson Dunn’s attorneys, informed Sternberg:

“We are proceeding tomorrow. You are misinformed about the likelihood of settlement.” In a

second email after midnight, Collin Ray, another Gibson Dunn attorney, informed Sternberg:

       3
          The World Class Appellants had not timely objected to the discovery requests. Nor did
they assert any objection to the breadth of the requests or seek permission to file untimely
objections in either their response to Gibson Dunn’s motion to compel or at the April 22 hearing
on the motion to compel. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.2(a) (requiring party to timely object to written
discovery in writing and to “state specifically the legal or factual basis for the objection and the
extent to which the party is refusing to comply with the request”); id. R. 196.2(a) (requiring
responding party to serve written response to requests for production on requesting party within
30 days after service of the request); id. R. 193.2(e) (“An objection that is not made within the
time required, or that is obscured by numerous unfounded objections, is waived unless the court
excuses the waiver for good cause shown.”).
       4
           These depositions were also set to be conducted remotely via Zoom.
       5
          Sternberg also offered to withdraw the World Class Appellants’ opposition to one of
Gibson Dunn’s attorney’s motion for pro hac vice admission if Gibson Dunn would agree to
postpone the deposition for two weeks.
                                                 6
“[A]s Mr. Karlan said earlier, we will go forward in the morning and I will be examining the

witnesses.”

              The next morning, Sternberg appeared at the court-ordered depositions, but no

corporate representative appeared for either of the World Class Appellants. Sternberg stated on

the record that he had advised his clients that they need not appear. Below is Sternberg’s full

statement on the record at the World Class Capital Group’s deposition:

       I’m here on behalf of World Class Capital Group, LLC, and this statement will also
       be applicable to World Class Acquisitions, LLC. So on May 27th, 2021, at 6:03
       p.m. Central Daylight Time, I sent Collin Ray [one of Gibson Dunn’s attorneys] the
       following e-mail in response to his e-mail in which he indicated, you represented
       today, that you saw our previous e-mails and would respond—would respond to my
       messages if they deserved a response. This deserves a response.

       So—and a quote, and so I responded, Collin, still do not know who the witnesses
       will be for my clients. Karlan [another Gibson Dunn attorney] should stop acting
       like a horse’s rear and postpone the deposition. He should be interested, if he does
       not postpone, he will not be attending any deposition that I’m a part of, especially
       since he’s not admitted pro hac vice. And I would note for the record he is
       here today.

       [Returns to reading his email to Collin Ray] Now, this is the weird—this is weird.
       I learned today that my client and Gibson Dunn are about to settle the case in full
       in New York. Did you know that? My question is, why are we going through all
       this if the parties have agreed to—in principle to settle? This case will generate no
       more fees for Gibson Dunn, and you are eating into the margin for the firm now.

       If only for just that reason, Karlan is screwing his partners if he continues this
       course of action. Don’t you have real clients to bill? I note that there are five
       lawyers on the phone today—or on the Zoom today. [Returns to reading his email
       to Collin Ray] Karlan’s behavior in this case now makes more sense as it seems to
       be personal with Karlan. He was emotionally charged when he sloppily prepared
       the judgment, then his domestication, now his pro hac vice, which is still
       pending, correct?

       Karlan has acted—continued to act like a sloppy horseshoe lawyer ever since he
       first tried to bully me during the Texas freeze in February. Are we still going
       forward tomorrow?

                                                7
       End of e-mail.

       When I got no response from Karlan Ray before—Collin Ray before this deposition
       and after my client has told me they settled the lawsuit, I advised my client that
       because I did not hear from Mr. Ray, I logically assumed the deposition would be
       postponed because of the pending settlement.

       To continue a day of depositions before a long holiday weekend, Memorial Day,
       would make no sense to appear and continue—and would be a continued waste of
       both parties’ resources if the parties agreed to settle the lawsuit as my client
       instructed me that the parties have agreed.

       So in conclusion, both World Class Capital Group, LLC and World Class
       Acquisitions, LLC have each instructed me that the lawsuit in New York that was
       the judgment in favor of Gibson Dunn, LLC made the subject of this Texas
       litigation in Travis County has been settled; that the parties have negotiated a
       written settlement agreement; and that my clients have bought their peace and the
       cessation of all litigation between the parties, including all depositions. Therefore,
       my clients will not be appearing today.

       And I am finished with my statement.

(Emphasis added). During World Class Acquisition’s court-ordered deposition, Sternberg read a

similar statement, although he clarified that “I will note that [Collin Ray] did send me one [email]

early this morning.”

               Gibson Dunn subsequently moved for sanctions, arguing that the trial court should

sanction the World Class Appellants and Sternberg for their willful violation of the court’s

May 2021 order to produce documents and appear for depositions. Gibson Dunn asserted that

“mere days after [Sternberg] represented that [the World Class Appellants] would be producing

responsive documents—[the World Class Appellants] served frivolous discovery objections

making clear that they were refusing to produce anything at all.” Gibson Dunn also set forth the

circumstances of the World Class Appellants’ refusal to attend their court-ordered depositions and

Sternberg’s admission on the record that he advised them not to appear. Gibson Dunn argued that

                                                 8
these blatant violations of the court’s order by the World Class Appellants and Sternberg warranted

additional sanctions beyond an order to pay attorneys’ fees related to this second motion. Because

the trial court’s first order and its award of attorneys’ fees had failed to obtain compliance with

Gibson Dunn’s discovery requests, Gibson Dunn contended that additional and harsher discovery

sanctions were needed not only to compensate Gibson Dunn for the World Class Appellants’ abuse

of the discovery process but also to compel the World Class Appellants’ compliance with their

discovery obligations—discovery that Gibson Dunn sought to enforce its unpaid judgment against

them. Accordingly, Gibson Dunn sought an order compelling production of documents and

deposition witnesses within 72 hours without objections, a $500 sanction for each day the

production was late, and $10,000 sanctions on the World Class Appellants and Sternberg, in

addition to its attorneys’ fees and costs.

                The World Class Appellants did not file a written response to the motion for

sanctions. On July 1, the trial court conducted a hearing on the motion for sanctions and on Gibson

Dunn’s supplemental briefing addressing the amount of attorneys’ fees incurred in litigating the

motion to compel. After hearing the parties’ arguments on the motion for sanctions, the trial

court concluded:

        COURT: Y’all had a court order to appear. You didn’t get to unilaterally decide, on
        the day of the deposition, not to appear. You could’ve filed some sort of motion
        and ask to go back in front of the Court. You could have tried to get a different
        Rule 11 agreement. Instead, you appeared at the deposition and announced that the
        witnesses were not going to appear, after having been ordered to do so.

        I am going to award, in addition to the $20,000 in attorney’s fees that I’ve already
        ordered, $10,000 in sanctions against the debtor and $10,000 in sanctions against
        counsel and $500 a day starting 72 hours from now until there’s been full
        compliance with Judge Connor’s order. And all of that needs to be paid within 30
        days of today’s date, with the exception, of course, of the $500 a day as it accrues.
        That will be due within 30 days of the date of accrual.

                                                 9
       MR. STERNBERG: Your Honor, I would like to ask the Court to recognize that I
       did appear for the deposition as ordered by the Court. I cannot compel my client to
       do anything. But I was there, and I explained to them why my client was not there.
       That should not—I should not be sanctioned for actually appearing at a deposition
       that was ordered by the Court, and I did what I was supposed to do.

       THE COURT: Actually, Mr. Sternberg, as I explained, I think that what you’re
       supposed to do is file a motion, maybe an emergency motion, to ask the Court to
       set aside its order. And that is—that’s what troubles me, is that you took matters
       into your own hand, told your client they didn’t need to appear, apparently, and just
       unilaterally canceled the deposition.

       So had you filed a new motion that asked for either postponement or cancellation
       of the depositions, I think that would have been appropriate conduct for a lawyer.
       But just having your clients not show up and unilaterally canceling, after having
       been ordered by a court, is what I find troubling.

The trial court memorialized its ruling in a written order signed on July 8, 2021. The order imposed

a $10,000 sanction on the World Class Appellants and a $10,000 sanction on Sternberg. The trial

court also ordered that if the World Class Appellants did not comply with the trial court’s

May 2021 order within 72 hours of July 1, 2021, it was imposing a penalty of $500 per day for

each day that the World Class Appellants remained out of compliance with the May 2021 order.

The trial court signed a separate order that same day awarding Gibson Dunn $20,000 of its

attorneys’ fees that were incurred in litigating the motion to compel. This appeal followed.

                          SUBSEQUENT TRIAL-COURT ORDERS

               After the appeal was filed, in their appellants’ brief, the World Class Appellants and

Sternberg informed the Court that the trial court had modified its July 2021 sanctions order to

increase the sanctions to $1,000 per day. Citing Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 27.3, they

attached to their brief a copy of the trial court’s November 18, 2021 order on Gibson Dunn’s

“Renewed Motion for Contempt and to Enforce the Court’s Orders.” In addition to increasing the

                                                10
daily sanctions amount, the order required the World Class Appellants to sit for depositions on or

before December 3, 2021; ordered that their corporate representative would be World Class

President and CEO Natin Paul (a.k.a. Nate Paul); and listed the topics that Paul should be prepared

to testify about. Gibson Dunn was awarded $10,000 in attorneys’ fees related to the motion.

               The World Class Appellants and Sternberg later filed a “Notice of Appellants’

Modified Order Pursuant to Tex. R. App. P. 27.3,” informing the Court that they were giving notice

that the trial court had modified the sanctions orders on appeal and that pursuant to Rule 27.3, this

Court should treat the appeal as from the trial court’s February 1, 2022 “Order on Motions for

Contempt.” 6 The order states that on January 27, 2022, the trial court heard Gibson Dunn’s motion

for contempt and sanctions and its motion to hold Nate Paul in contempt.

               In that order, the trial court increased the daily sanctions amount from $1,000 to

$5,000 per day beginning from the date of the order. The trial court also found World Class Capital

Group to be in contempt of court. The trial court further ordered that Paul “shall be individually

liable for the daily sanctions jointly and severally with [World Class Capital Group] from the date

of this Order.” The trial court ordered the World Class Appellants and Paul to produce to Gibson

Dunn “all documents relevant to the satisfaction of the judgment in the above-styled case and the

whereabouts and value of all assets, accounts, and property belonging to the [World Class

Appellants] by no later than Friday, February 4, 2022, at 10:00 A.M.” (Emphasis omitted.) The

trial court also ordered Paul to appear for a remote deposition on Tuesday, February 22, 2022,

stating that the trial court “shall preside over the deposition and rule on any objections raised” and

that Paul must “be prepared to testify regarding all matters relevant to the satisfaction of the

       6
          At the Court’s request, a supplemental clerk’s record with both subsequent orders was
filed and made part of the appellate record. See Tex. R. App. P. 34.5(c)(1).
                                                 11
judgment in the above-styled case and the whereabouts and value of all assets, accounts, and

property belonging to the [World Class Appellants].” Finally, the court ordered that “[i]f (a) all

documents are not produced by the deadline pursuant to paragraph 4 above or (b) Mr. Paul does

not appear or is not adequately prepared for the deposition pursuant to paragraph 5 above, the

Court will issue a show cause order directing Mr. Paul to appear and show cause why he should

not be held in civil contempt and jailed.”

               We briefly address the scope of our appellate jurisdiction over these subsequent

orders. “[W]hen an order of monetary sanctions is issued as part of post-judgment discovery

proceedings, a challenge to the monetary sanctions properly may be reviewed by appeal.” Sintim

v. Larson, 489 S.W.3d 551, 557 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.). Although post-

judgment orders resolving discovery disputes are not final, appealable judgments and thus must

be reviewed by mandamus, we have appellate jurisdiction over an order compelling discovery that

imposes monetary sanctions and would support execution, even if the order does not explicitly

state that execution is authorized. See Bahar v. Lyon Fin. Servs., Inc., 330 S.W.3d 379, 388 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2010, pet. denied) (quoting Arndt v. Farris, 633 S.W.2d 497, 500 n.5 (Tex. 1982)

(“An order imposing monetary sanctions, however, would be final and appealable when the

sanctions are reduced to a judgment and execution is authorized thereon.”)). Therefore, as a

general matter, we have jurisdiction to consider the World Class Appellants and Sternberg’s appeal

from the trial court’s post-judgment orders imposing sanctions upon them. 7

       7
          The World Class Appellants filed a notice in this Court informing us that the New York
Judgment had been fully satisfied as of April 12, 2022. Once the judgment was satisfied, the need
for ongoing daily sanctions to compel compliance with the May 2021 order ended, and those daily
sanctions stopped accruing. See Alexander Dubose Jefferson & Townsend LLP v. Chevron Phillips
Chem. Co., L.P., 540 S.W.3d 577, 581 (Tex. 2018) (explaining that “a trial court’s post-judgment

                                               12
               Rule 27.3 provides as follows:

       After an order or judgment in a civil case has been appealed, if the trial court
       modifies the order or judgment, or if the trial court vacates the order or judgment
       and replaces it with another appealable order or judgment, the appellate court must
       treat the appeal as from the subsequent order or judgment and may treat actions
       relating to the appeal of the first order or judgment as relating to the appeal of the
       subsequent order or judgment. The subsequent order or judgment and actions
       relating to it may be included in the original or supplemental record. Any party
       may nonetheless appeal from the subsequent order or judgment.

Tex. R. App. P. 27.3 (emphases added). Thus, when a party seeks to invoke our appellate

jurisdiction over a modified order pursuant to Rule 27.3, we must consider whether the subsequent

order is a modification of the order from which the party first appealed. In re R.A., 465 S.W.3d 728,

738-40 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, pet. denied). In In re R.A., the court of appeals

held that it had appellate jurisdiction over the juvenile court’s first order but lacked appellate

jurisdiction over the juvenile court’s second order, after it examined both orders and determined

that the second order neither vacated or replaced nor modified the first order. Id. at 738-740, 745.

               Having reviewed the November 2021 order and the February 2022 order on Gibson

Dunn’s subsequent motions to enforce the trial court’s orders and for sanctions, we conclude that

those orders only modify the court’s July 2021 order to the extent that they increase the daily

sanctions amount from $500 per day, first to $1,000 per day, and then to $5,000 per day. All other

relief granted in those subsequent orders, including the $10,000 in attorneys’ fees awarded in

connection with the November 2021 order and the finding in the February 2022 order that World

enforcement powers ‘can last until the judgment is satisfied’” (quoting Black v. Shor, 443 S.W.3d
170, 176 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2013, no pet.) (first citing Tex. R. Civ. P. 308; and
then citing Bahar v. Lyon Fin. Servs., Inc., 330 S.W.3d 379, 386 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010,
pet. denied))).
                                                 13
Class Capital Group was in contempt, constitutes new issues that are not within our appellate

jurisdiction. See Chen v. Razberi Techs., Inc., 645 S.W.3d 773, 782-83 (Tex. 2022) (holding that

new notice of appeal was not required for court of appeals to continue consideration of appeal from

special-appearance order after trial court rendered final judgment). As the Texas Supreme Court

explained in Chen, under Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 27.3, the court of appeals is “obligated

to treat the previously perfected appeal as an appeal from the final judgment, but only as to the

issues raised in the existing appeal.” Id. at 775.

               The Court reasoned that Rule 27.3 does not operate to perfect an appeal as to any

other issues resolved by the subsequent order or judgment that were not encompassed by the

pre-existing appeal. See id. at 783. Therefore, any party seeking to challenge issues not already

pending before the appellate court must file a notice of appeal from the subsequent order or

judgment. See id. Here, as in Chen, “[a]lthough any litigant in this case could have filed a notice

of appeal from the final judgment to broaden the issues, no one did.” Id. Accordingly, we will

consider the issues presented by the World Class Appellants and Sternberg concerning whether the

trial court abused its discretion by imposing the $20,000 in attorneys’ fees for litigating the motion

to compel, the $10,000 sanction on the World Class Appellants, the $10,000 sanction on Sternberg,

and the per-day penalty imposed on the World Class Appellants for each day that they remained

out of compliance with the May 2021 order.

                                            ANALYSIS

               The World Class Appellants and Sternberg challenge the trial court’s award of

sanctions in two issues. First, the World Class Appellants and Sternberg assert that the sanctions

imposed on them were improper because the trial court failed to consider whether a direct

                                                 14
relationship existed between the offensive conduct alleged and the sanctions imposed. Second,

they assert that the trial court abused its discretion by imposing excessive sanctions on them

because it never considered whether less stringent sanctions would fully promote compliance.

Standard of Review

               Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 215 authorizes a trial court to impose discovery

sanctions, after notice and hearing, if it finds that a party has failed to comply with proper discovery

requests or to obey an order to provide discovery, see Tex. R. Civ. P. 215.2(b), or that the party is

abusing the discovery process, see id. R. 215.3. Trial courts have “broad discretion” under Rule

215 to sanction parties who abuse the discovery process. Horizon Health Corp. v. Acadia

Healthcare Co., 520 S.W.3d 848, 884 (Tex. 2017). We review a trial court’s decision to impose

discovery sanctions for a clear abuse of discretion and will reverse only if the trial court acted

without reference to any guiding rules or principles, making its ruling arbitrary or unreasonable.

Id. To make that determination, we “independently review the entire record,” American Flood

Rsch. v. Jones, 192 S.W.3d 581, 583 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam), “including the evidence, counsels’

arguments, the circumstances surrounding the offending party’s discovery abuse, and all of the

offending party’s conduct during the litigation,” Duncan v. Park Place Motorcars, Ltd.,

605 S.W.3d 479, 488 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2020, pet. withdrawn). We view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, and we draw all reasonable inferences in support of that

ruling. Id.

               When determining whether the trial court abused its discretion, we must ensure that

the sanctions were just. TransAmerican Nat. Gas Corp. v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 917 (Tex.

1991). In TransAmerican, the Texas Supreme Court articulated a two-part test for deciding

                                                  15
whether the imposition of sanctions is just: (1) “a direct relationship must exist between the

offensive conduct and the sanction imposed”; and (2) “just sanctions must not be excessive.” Id.

“These standards set the bounds of permissible sanctions under Rule 215 within which the trial

court is to exercise sound discretion.” Id.

Direct Relationship Must Exist Between Offensive Conduct and Sanction Imposed

               The requirement of a direct relationship between the offensive conduct and the

sanction imposed “means that a just sanction must be directed against the abuse and toward

remedying the prejudice caused the innocent party” and “that the sanction should be visited upon

the offender.” Id. The sanctions that the trial court imposes “must relate directly to the abuse

found,” and the trial court must “attempt to determine whether the offensive conduct is attributable

to counsel only, or to the party only, or to both.” Id. The World Class Appellants and Sternberg

assert that the sanctions imposed upon them were improper because the trial court failed to

consider whether a direct relationship existed between the offensive conduct and the sanctions

imposed and that no such relationship existed because the trial court did not attempt to determine

whether there had been actual compliance, which party was responsible for the alleged discovery

abuse, or whether the sanctions were visited on the actual offender.

               We disagree with this characterization of the trial court’s consideration of the record

before it. The World Class Appellants’ failures to comply with the discovery rules began in January

2021 when they failed to respond to Gibson Dunn’s discovery requests. They retained Sternberg

on the day before their Monday, February 15 depositions, and approximately 15 hours before the

remote depositions were set to begin, Sternberg informed counsel that “WCCG nor WCA will not

be producing witnesses for depositions at this time” and did not propose alternative dates for the

                                                 16
depositions. After the winter storm had passed, Sternberg never proposed next steps for proceeding

with the depositions. At the April 2021 hearing, the trial court orally granted Gibson Dunn’s

motion to compel, and the May 2021 order required the World Class Appellants to provide

“substantive responses and document productions” in response to the requests for production and

to produce corporate representatives in response to the deposition notices, as well as paying Gibson

Dunn’s reasonable fees and costs related to the motion to compel, which were later determined to

be $20,000 (a reduction from the requested award of $27,959.45). 8

               Based on our examination of the record, we conclude that a direct relationship

existed between the World Class Appellants’ failure to produce documents and to produce

corporate representatives for deposition and the initial sanction of attorneys’ fees imposed in

connection with the motion to compel. The World Class Appellants had not complied with their

discovery obligations. There was no evidence or argument presented that their noncompliance

was based on advice or direction from Sternberg not to comply. See American Flood Rsch.,

192 S.W.3d at 583 (holding that “trial court’s discretion to impose sanctions does not depend on

whether it issues a specific finding that the ‘party’ . . . abused the discovery process”; instead,

“appellate courts must independently review the entire record to determine whether the trial court

abused its discretion”).

       8
           Although the World Class Appellants and Sternberg included the trial court’s July 2021
order setting the amount of attorneys’ fees with their notice of appeal, they do not challenge the
evidence supporting the amount awarded. They focus their arguments in their briefing on the trial
court’s July 2021 sanctions order, but liberally construing their issues presented together with their
notice of appeal, they arguably challenge all sanctions imposed by the trial court, including the
award of attorneys’ fees related to the motion to compel. See Horton v. Stovall, 591 S.W.3d 567,
569 (Tex. 2019) (“[B]riefs are to be liberally, but reasonably, construed so that the right to appeal
is not lost by waiver.” (citing Tex. R. App. P. 38.9)). Accordingly, we consider the propriety of the
trial court’s award of attorneys’ fees as an initial sanction.
                                                 17
               Rule 215.2 expressly authorizes the imposition of sanctions to compensate for the

attorneys’ fees of a party that has suffered delay because of the disobedient party’s discovery abuse.

See Hagerman v. Wells Fargo, No. 03-03-00769-CV, 2006 WL 2448598, at *10 (Tex. App.—

Austin Aug. 25, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Tex. R. Civ. P. 215.2(b)).                 In fact,

Subsection (b)(8) mandates that the court shall require the party or the attorney advising it or both

to pay “the reasonable expenses, including attorney fees, caused by the failure” to respond to

discovery requests unless the court makes a finding that “the failure was substantially justified or

that other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 215.2(b)(8). Here,

the trial court conducted the necessary hearing and had before it the necessary evidence to

demonstrate that such sanctions were just. See id. R. 215.2. The sanctions were “imposed upon

the true offender and tailored to remedy any prejudice discovery abuse caused.” American Flood

Rsch., 192 S.W.3d at 583. Moreover, the World Class Appellants have not argued on appeal that

the fees were not reasonable or were excessive, and we note that the trial court reduced the

requested award of fees based upon an oral finding that the hourly rates for fees were “a bit high.”

Accordingly, on this record we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by imposing

the initial sanction on the World Class Appellants to compensate Gibson Dunn for the attorneys’

fees it incurred because of their failures to comply with discovery requests.

               After the trial court issued its May 2021 order requiring the World Class Appellants

to provide “substantive responses and document productions” in response to the requests for

production and to produce corporate representatives in response to the deposition notices, the

World Class Appellants continued to abuse the discovery process by flouting the trial court’s order.

They neither produced substantive responses and documents nor appeared for their depositions.

See, e.g., id. at 584 (noting that “in the context of an enduring attorney-client relationship,

                                                 18
knowledge acquired by the attorney is imputed to the client”); Van Es v. Frazier, 230 S.W.3d 770,

782 (Tex. App.—Waco 2007, pet. denied) (determining that it would “defy logic” to conclude that

client had not consulted with attorney concerning status of litigation and various sanctions motions

filed in case). As for Sternberg’s role, Gibson Dunn informed the court that as part of the

discussions that led to the Rule 11 agreement to extend the deadline for production and depositions,

Sternberg represented to Gibson Dunn that the World Class Appellants would not merely object

but would actually produce documents. Moreover, Sternberg asserted that the World Class

Appellants informed him that a settlement had been reached—which was not true and he was so

informed by Gibson Dunn before the deposition—but based on that information, Sternberg

nevertheless instructed them not to appear at the depositions without first moving to postpone the

depositions, which the trial court ruled was sanctionable conduct. Therefore, based on the record

before the trial court at the hearing on the motion for sanctions, the trial court reasonably

determined that both the World Class Appellants and Sternberg were at fault for the World Class

Appellants’ failure to attend the scheduled depositions and to provide substantive responses and

document productions.

               “The legitimate purposes of discovery sanctions are threefold: 1) to secure

compliance with discovery rules; 2) to deter other litigants from similar misconduct; and 3) to

punish violators.” Chrysler Corp. v. Blackmon, 841 S.W.2d 844, 849 (Tex. 1992). Here, the trial

court imposed a $10,000 sanction on the World Class Appellants and a $10,000 sanction on

Sternberg to punish them for their flagrant violation of the court’s May 2021 order and the Rule

11 agreement and to deter future violations. In the context of the discovery sought here—post-

judgment discovery to aid in the enforcement of an existing judgment of almost $1 million—most

of the nonmonetary sanctions suggested in Rule 215.2 would not be effective to punish these

                                                19
violations or deter future violations because the World Class Appellants were neither seeking their

own discovery nor seeking to prevail on a claim. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 215.2(b)(1)-(5). Instead, they

presumably sought to delay payment and avoid enforcement of an already final judgment.

Consequently, on this record, we hold that the trial court’s award of a monetary sanction against

both the World Class Appellants and Sternberg for their violation of the court’s order and the

parties’ Rule 11 agreement and for further delaying the post-judgment discovery and enforcement

process satisfies the first prong of the TransAmerican test. See 811 S.W.2d at 917 (requiring

sanction to be directed against abuse and towards remedying prejudice caused to innocent party

and to be imposed upon offending party).

               To secure compliance with the discovery rules, the trial court also imposed a penalty

of $500 per day on the World Class Appellants to be paid to Gibson Dunn for each day that they

remained out of compliance with the May 2021 order, beginning 72 hours after July 1, 2021. That

penalty was subsequently increased from $500 to $1,000 per day beginning November 22, 2021,

and from $1,000 to $5,000 per day on February 1, 2022. Again, in this context of post-judgment

discovery, nonmonetary sanctions would not be an effective means for compelling compliance

with the discovery rules and the court’s May 2021 order. We conclude that a direct relationship

exists between the World Class Appellants’ failure to obey both the discovery rules and the trial

court’s order and the per-day penalty imposed for further noncompliance with that order;

accordingly, we hold that the per-day penalty satisfies the first prong of the TransAmerican test.

See id. We overrule the World Class Appellants and Sternberg’s first issue.

                                                20
Sanctions Must Not Be Excessive

               “Although punishment and deterrence are legitimate purposes for sanctions,” id.,

“a trial court may not impose a sanction that is more severe than necessary to satisfy its legitimate

purpose,” Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 839 (Tex. 2004). To satisfy the second prong of the

TransAmerican test, “the punishment should fit the crime.” 811 S.W.2d at 917. The World Class

Appellants and Sternberg contend that the sanctions imposed are excessive because the trial court

never considered the availability of less stringent sanctions and whether lesser sanctions would

fully promote compliance. To the contrary, the trial court not only considered lesser sanctions

before imposing the $10,000 sanctions and the per-day sanctions, it actually imposed lesser

sanctions in the May 2021 order by ordering compliance and awarding Gibson Dunn its reasonable

fees related to the motion to compel. Only when those sanctions did not result in compliance and

when the World Class Appellants and Sternberg flouted the trial court’s order did the court impose

the $10,000 sanctions and the per-day sanctions. Furthermore, the trial court initially set the daily

sanctions amount at $500 per day that the World Class Appellants remained out of compliance

with the May 2021 order. When that sanction was not enough to compel compliance, after five

months, the trial court increased the sanctions to $1,000 per day, and then after another two months,

it increased the amount to $5,000 per day. As discussed above, most nonmonetary sanctions

suggested in Rule 215.2(b) would have no effect here where discovery is sought only to aid in the

enforcement of an already final judgment—this is not a case where death-penalty sanctions could

even be threatened as a means of compelling compliance. The only nonmonetary sanction that

potentially would be applicable would be the more severe sanction of an order treating as contempt

                                                 21
of court the offending party’s failure to obey the court’s orders. 9 See Tex. R. Civ. P. 215.2(b)(6).

The trial court here reasonably began by ordering the requested discovery and imposing a sanction

of attorneys’ fees related to the motion to compel before progressing to the more severe sanctions

of the $10,000 penalties for the egregious violations of the court’s order and the per-day sanctions

to compel compliance with the order. We hold that this progression from lesser sanctions to more

severe sanctions satisfies the second prong of the TransAmerican test. We overrule the World

Class Appellants and Sternberg’s second issue.

                                         CONCLUSION

               Because we hold that the sanctions imposed on the World Class Appellants and

Sternberg are just sanctions, we affirm the trial court’s sanctions orders requiring (1) the World

Class Appellants to pay Gibson Dunn $20,000 in attorneys’ fees, the $10,000 sanction, and the

per-day sanctions imposed in the July 2021, November 2021, and February 2022 orders and

(2) Sternberg to pay Gibson Dunn the $10,000 sanction.

                                               __________________________________________
                                               Gisela D. Triana, Justice

Before Justices Baker, Triana, and Theofanis

Affirmed

Filed: March 30, 2023

       9
         That more severe sanction was eventually ordered by the trial court as to World Class
Capital Group in the trial court’s November 2021 and February 2022 orders. That sanction was
not imposed in the order initially appealed from, and the World Class Appellants and Sternberg do
not contend on appeal that this sanction was excessive.
                                                 22