Court Opinion

ID: 7806640
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-06 17:00:29.195789+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:30:15.950264
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 21-1974
                                       __________

                                HO KA TERENCE YUNG,
                                                   Appellant

                                             v.

                ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA;
                   UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE;
                        UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                       ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the District of Delaware
                         (D.C. Civil Action No. 1:20-cv-00032)
                      District Judge: Honorable Leonard P. Stark
                      ____________________________________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   July 22, 2022
              Before: MCKEE, SHWARTZ, and MATEY, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion filed: September 6, 2022)
                                      ___________

                                       OPINION*
                                      ___________

PER CURIAM

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
        Ho Ka Terence Yung appeals pro se from an order of the United States District

Court for the District of Delaware that sua sponte dismissed his civil complaint for lack

of standing. For the following reasons, we will affirm.

        Yung pleaded guilty to cyberstalking under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2261A(2)(B) and

2261(b). On direct appeal, he challenged the cyberstalking law as overbroad. We

recently rejected that challenge, reading the statute narrowly to “ensure that protected

speech largely escapes the law’s net.” United States v. Yung, -- F.4th –, 2022 WL

2112794, at *6 (3d Cir. 2022).

        In addition to challenging the constitutionality of § 2261A(2)(B) through his

criminal case, Yung also filed a civil action seeking declaratory and injunctive relief on

the ground that § 2261A(2)(B) is unconstitutional as applied to his past and future

speech.1 In particular, that speech included “two fake Twitter accounts … allegedly

created in the name of” a professor who had interviewed Yung for admission to a pre-

college program. (ECF 14, at 2-3.) Those Twitter accounts were cited in Yung’s

presentence report, but did not form the basis of his conviction. In the complaint, Yung

stated that the Twitter accounts were “pretty funny” and that he would “intend to engage

in the aforementioned speech activity in the future, but he has exercised considerable

self-censorship as a consequence of the chilling effect of the federal cyberstalking law.”

(Id. at 3.)

1
  Yung also filed a motion for a subpoena duces tecum to obtain prison trust account
statements (ECF 11, 13), a motion for sanctions against an Assistant United States
Attorney involved in his criminal case (ECF 5), and requests for a preliminary injunction

                                             2
       The District Court sua sponte dismissed the complaint for lack of jurisdiction

(ECF 20), holding that Yung did not have standing because “the threat of prosecution

under … § 2261A(2)(B) is grounded in mere speculation.”2 (ECF 19, at 9.) Yung

appealed.3 (ECF 21.)

       Constitutional standing under Article III is a threshold jurisdictional issue, see

Wayne Land & Min. Grp., LLC v. Delaware River Basin Comm’n, 959 F.3d 569, 574

(3d Cir. 2020), and we generally cannot employ “hypothetical jurisdiction” to “resolve

contested legal questions when jurisdiction is in doubt.” Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better

Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 101-02 (1998). Courts of Appeals have, however, recognized “an

exception to the rule against assuming the existence of standing in those ‘peculiar

circumstances’ where the outcome on the merits has been ‘foreordained’ by another

case….” Ctr. for Reprod. Law & Policy v. Bush, 304 F.3d 183, 194 (2d Cir. 2002)

and an evidentiary hearing (ECF 4, 15).
2
  The District Court also denied Yung’s motion for a subpoena duces tecum and his
motion for sanctions. Yung does not challenge those denials on appeal. See M.S. by &
through Hall v. Susquehanna Twp. Sch. Dist., 969 F.3d 120, 124 n.2 (3d Cir. 2020)
(holding that claims were forfeited where appellant failed to raise them in her opening
brief). Yung does challenge the District Court’s denial of his motions for a preliminary
injunction and for an evidentiary hearing. Because those requests were contingent on his
challenge to § 2261A(2)(B), which, as explained below, lacks merit, we conclude that
there was no abuse of discretion. Kos Pharm., Inc. v. Andrx Corp., 369 F.3d 700, 708
(3d Cir. 2004) (stating that the Court reviews the denial of a motion for a preliminary
injunction “for an abuse of discretion, an error of law, or a clear mistake in the
consideration of proof” (internal quotations omitted)); Elliott v. Kiesewetter, 98 F.3d 47,
53 (3d Cir. 1996) (reviewing the District Court’s decision not to hold an evidentiary
hearing prior to denying the motion for a preliminary injunction for abuse of discretion).
3
  We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and may affirm on any basis supported by
the record. See Murray v. Bledsoe, 650 F.3d 246, 247 (3d Cir. 2011) (per curiam).

                                              3
(quoting Steel Co., 523 U.S. at 98). Thus, “a court may rule that a party loses on the

merits without first establishing jurisdiction because the merits have already been decided

in the court’s resolution of a claim over which it did have jurisdiction.” Starkey ex rel.

A.B. v. Boulder Cnty. Soc. Servs., 569 F.3d 1244, 1260 (10th Cir. 2009).

       This exception applies here, where “the jurisdictional question could have no

effect on the outcome.” Steel Co., 523 U.S. at 98. Indeed, the issue that Yung presents

was recently rejected in our affirmance his conviction. Therefore, “we need not reach the

academic question of Article III standing in this case.” Bush, 304 F.3d at 195. Rather,

we will affirm on the ground that Yung’s challenge to § 2261A(2)(B) as

unconstitutionally overbroad fails for the reasons stated in our decision affirming his

conviction. See Yung, -- F.4th –, 2022 WL 2112794, at *2-7.

                                             4