Court Opinion

ID: 9367040
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-30 19:02:21.568092+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:56.003311
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/30/23 P. v. Mills CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F082548
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                               (Super. Ct. No. F20906359)
                    v.

 MICHAEL HENRY MILLS,                                                                     OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Fresno County. Jonathan B.
Conklin, Judge.
         Sangeeta Sinha, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General,
Louis M. Vasquez and Ian Whitney, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
                                     INTRODUCTION
       On September 19, 2020, defendant Michael Henry Mills demanded money from
two employees working at a restaurant while pretending to possess a gun. A jury
convicted defendant of two counts of second degree robbery, and the trial court sentenced
defendant to nine years in prison.
       On appeal, defendant contends that defense counsel provided ineffective
assistance of counsel by failing to request a limiting instruction as to the jury’s use of his
prior felony theft convictions (CALCRIM No. 316) and a cautionary instruction
regarding defendant’s out-of-court statements (CALCRIM No. 358). Defendant also
contends that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury that it must find defendant
instilled fear in both victims. The People respond that defense counsel could have had
strategic reasons for not requesting the limiting and cautionary instructions, defeating
defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, and the trial court properly
instructed the jury as to the elements of robbery.
       We agree with the People and affirm the judgment.
                            PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       The District Attorney of Fresno County filed an information on November 16,
2020, charging defendant with two counts of second degree robbery (Pen. Code, § 211),1
and alleging one prior “strike” conviction within the meaning of the “Three Strikes” law
(§§ 667, subds. (b)–(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)–(d)) and one prior serious felony conviction
enhancement (§ 667, subd. (a)(1)).2 Defendant pleaded not guilty to the charges and
denied all allegations.

1      Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2      The trial court granted the prosecutor’s motion to amend the information by interlineation
on January 29, 2021, to correct the date of defendant’s prior conviction.

                                               2.
       After a six-day trial, the jury convicted defendant of both charges on January 28,
2021. Defendant waived his right to a jury trial, and the trial court found true both prior
conviction allegations.
       The trial court granted defendant’s motion to strike his prior conviction as to
count 2 and sentenced defendant on March 17, 2021, to four years in prison as to count 1
(§§ 211, 667, subd. (e)(1)), a two-year concurrent term as to count 2 (§ 211), and a
consecutive five-year enhancement (§ 667, subd.(a)(1)), for a total term of nine years.
The court also ordered defendant to pay victim restitution (former § 1202.4, subd. (f)(2)),
a $300 restitution fine (former § 1202.4), a suspended $300 parole revocation restitution
fine (§ 1202.45), a $30 criminal conviction assessment (Gov. Code, § 70373), and a $40
in court operations assessment (§ 1465.8).
       Defendant timely appealed on March 18, 2021.
                                          FACTS
       Alexis H. and Veronica L. (the victims) were working together at a restaurant on
September 19, 2020. Defendant entered the restaurant, and Alexis approached him at the
counter. After Alexis asked to assist him, defendant forcefully instructed her, “Put your
hands up. Give me your money.” Alexis believed that defendant had a gun because
defendant appeared to be pointing a gun at her from under his shirt. Alexis testified that
she was a little scared because she “didn’t know if he really had [a gun] or what.
Because then [she] thought he had a gun because it looked like it.” She also testified that
she was scared and nervous because she did not know what would happen and she
believed that he had a gun.
       Veronica rounded the corner, and defendant also instructed her to put her hands
up. She saw that defendant had his hand under his shirt and saw the shape of a gun, but
she could not tell whether it was a gun. Veronica testified that Alexis said defendant
wanted the money from the register, and then defendant told Veronica to give him the
money. Veronica handed defendant money from the register, and Alexis saw that he did

                                             3.
not have a gun when he reached for the money. Alexis whispered to Veronica not to give
defendant the money, but Veronica gave it to defendant anyway because she was still
scared, did not know what to expect, and believed it was the safest thing to do.
       When defendant took his hand out of his sweater and reached for the money,
Alexis realized that defendant did not have a gun but had been pointing his fingers as if
he did. She did not know if defendant had any weapons. Veronica told defendant to just
take the money and then said to him, “God bless you.” Defendant appeared confused
when he took the money and then looked as if he wanted to cry.
       The victims walked away from the counter after defendant took the money, but
then defendant raised his voice to ask them if he could help them do anything. Veronica
asked defendant to just leave because she did not know his intent and she believed it
would be better for her and Alexis if defendant left. Defendant left, and Veronica calmly
retrieved her phone and then locked the door because she was scared. Alexis tried to call
security while Veronica attempted to call the police.
       Officer Thimothee Heu responded to the restaurant and spoke with the victims.
They were shaking, appeared scared based upon their tone of voice, and told Heu that
they were scared.
       Defendant testified that he was working at a nearby carwash and went to the
restaurant to introduce himself to the women working there. He put his hand under his
shirt to wipe away sweat from working at the carwash. He made a joke to Alexis, and
she and Veronica both laughed. Defendant asked the victims if he could work for money.
They appeared scared of him and raised their hands, but he never told them to do so, nor
did he tell them to give him money from the register. Defendant removed his hand from
under his shirt to show them that he did not have any weapons. Alexis said, “[O]h no,”
as if she was telling Veronica, “[D]on’t give him the money.” Veronica gave him money,
which confused him because defendant wanted to work for it. He left after Veronica

                                            4.
asked him to leave. Defendant also testified that he had been convicted of prior felony
theft-related offenses in 2012 and 2018.
                                      DISCUSSION

I.     Defendant has failed to show that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to
       request an instruction to limit the jury’s use of defendant’s prior convictions
       to assess his credibility.

       A.     Background
       The trial court granted the prosecutor’s motion to permit defendant to be
impeached with his 2012 robbery conviction and 2018 possession of a stolen vehicle
(§ 496d, subd. (a)) conviction. In so doing, the trial court limited the prosecutor to asking
defendant, “Have you been convicted of a felony crime involving theft?” During his
testimony, defense counsel elicited that defendant had felony theft-related convictions
from 2012 and 2018. The prosecutor also elicited the fact of the two convictions from
defendant.
       Defense counsel did not request the trial court to instruct the jury in accordance
with CALCRIM No. 316, which provides:

       “

       “[If you find that a witness has been convicted of a felony, you may
       consider that fact [only] in evaluating the credibility of the witness’s
       testimony. The fact of a conviction does not necessarily destroy or impair a
       witness’s credibility. It is up to you to decide the weight of that fact and
       whether that fact makes the witness less believable.]

       “

       “[If you find that a witness has committed a crime or other misconduct, you
       may consider that fact [only] in evaluating the credibility of the witness’s
       testimony. The fact that a witness may have committed a crime or other
       misconduct does not necessarily destroy or impair a witness’s credibility. It
       is up to you to decide the weight of that fact and whether that fact makes
       the witness less believable.]”

                                             5.
       The trial court instructed the jury regarding its judgment of the credibility of
witnesses pursuant to CALCRIM No. 226 and listed conviction of a felony as a factor for
their consideration in determining whether to believe a witness. In closing argument, the
prosecutor referred to defendant’s prior convictions one time while arguing that the jury
should disbelieve defendant’s testimony in part because he was previously convicted of
felonies. Defense counsel argued that the jury should believe defendant’s testimony and
never addressed defendant’s prior convictions. The prosecutor did not mention
defendant’s felony convictions in closing other than as described and did not argue that
the jury should believe defendant committed the crimes because he had committed crimes
involving theft previously.

       B.     Standard of Review and Applicable Law
       “In order to establish a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
must show that his or her counsel’s performance was deficient, and that the defendant
suffered prejudice as a result of such deficient performance.” (People v. Mickel (2016)
2 Cal.5th 181, 198 (Mickel), citing Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687–
692.) “To demonstrate deficient performance, [a] defendant bears the burden of showing
that counsel’s performance ‘ “ ‘ “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness …
under prevailing professional norms.” ’ ” ’ [Citation.] To demonstrate prejudice, [a]
defendant bears the burden of showing a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
deficient performance, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different.”
(Mickel, at p. 198.)
       “[C]ertain practical constraints make it more difficult to address ineffective
assistance claims on direct appeal rather than in the context of a habeas corpus
proceeding.” (Mickel, supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 198.) “The record on appeal may not
explain why counsel chose to act as he or she did. Under those circumstances, a
reviewing court has no basis on which to determine whether counsel had a legitimate

                                             6.
reason for making a particular decision, or whether counsel’s actions or failure to take
certain actions were objectively unreasonable.” (Ibid.) “Moreover, we begin with the
presumption that counsel’s actions fall within the broad range of reasonableness, and
afford ‘great deference to counsel’s tactical decisions.’ ” (Ibid.)
       “Accordingly, [our Supreme Court] ha[s] characterized defendant’s burden as
‘difficult to carry on direct appeal,’ as a reviewing court will reverse a conviction based
on ineffective assistance of counsel on direct appeal only if there is affirmative evidence
that counsel had ‘ “ ‘no rational tactical purpose’ ” ’ for an action or omission.” (Mickel,
supra, 2 Cal.5th at p. 198.) If the record fails to disclose why trial counsel acted or failed
to act in the manner challenged, the ineffective assistance of counsel claim must be
rejected unless counsel was asked for, and failed to provide, an explanation or there could
be no plausible explanation. (People v. Pope (1979) 23 Cal.3d 412, 426, overruled on
another ground in People v. Berryman (1993) 6 Cal.4th 1048, 1081, fn. 10.)

       C.     Analysis
       We reject defendant’s contention that defense counsel provided ineffective
assistance in failing to request CALCRIM No. 316. In this case, the record contains little
discussion of the jury instruction conference and, therefore, we have no record of defense
counsel’s reasons for not requesting such an instruction. As the People argue, such a
specific instruction could risk focusing the jury’s attention on defendant’s convictions,
especially as the jury had been instructed with CALCRIM No. 226, which also discussed
the jury’s use of a felony conviction in assessing the believability of defendant as a
witness. As noted, the fact of the felony convictions was elicited by both counsel in brief
questioning, and the robbery conviction was described only as a theft conviction to
minimize prejudice caused by any similarity to the charged offenses. During closing
argument, the prosecutor argued only that the jury should not trust defendant’s testimony

                                              7.
due to the felony convictions but did not suggest the jury should use the conviction to
find defendant committed the instant offenses.
       Numerous courts have rejected similar ineffective assistance claims where the
record is silent as to why trial counsel failed to request the limiting instruction, reasoning
that “ ‘[a] reasonable attorney may have tactically concluded that the risk of a limiting
instruction … outweighed the questionable benefits such instruction would provide.’ ”
(People v. Hernandez (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1040, 1053; see also People v. Hinton (2006)
37 Cal.4th 839, 878 [“Defendant also complains that counsel’s failure to request a
limiting instruction concerning his prior murder conviction demonstrated ineffective
assistance, but counsel may have deemed it unwise to call further attention to it.”];
People v. Bonilla (1985) 168 Cal.App.3d 201, 206 [“The record does not show why [a
limiting instruction on the use of a prior conviction] was not requested. It may well be
that trial counsel did not want such an instruction, believing that it would emphasize the
prior conviction. Since the record is silent on counsel’s reasoning and a satisfactory
explanation exists for not making the request, the case must be affirmed on appeal.”].)
       Accordingly, we conclude that defendant is not entitled to reversal of the judgment
on the ground that defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to request a
limiting instruction as to the jury’s use of his prior convictions.

II.    Defendant has failed to show that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to
       request an instruction to caution the jury regarding defendant’s out-of-court
       inculpatory statements.

       A.     Background
       Both Alexis and Veronica testified that defendant demanded money from the cash
register and told them to put their hands up. Both also testified that after Veronica
handed defendant the money, he appeared confused, acted as if he wanted to cry, and
then asked them if he could help them do anything. Defendant testified as to his words
and actions after receiving the money but denied that he demanded money or ordered the

                                               8.
victims to raise their hands. Defense counsel did not request the trial court to instruct the
jury with CALCRIM No. 358, which provides:

       “You have heard evidence that the defendant made [an] [oral] [and ] [a]
       [written] statement[s] (before the trial … ). You must decide whether the
       defendant made any (such/of these) statement[s], in whole or in part. If you
       decide that the defendant made such [a] statement[s], consider the
       statement[s], along with all the other evidence, in reaching your verdict. It
       is up to you to decide how much importance to give to the statement[s].

       “[Consider with caution any statement made by (the/a) defendant tending to
       show (his/her) guilt unless the statement was written or otherwise
       recorded.]”

       B.     Standard of Review and Applicable Law
       See ante, part I.B.

       C.     Analysis
       As to defense counsel’s deficient performance, defendant argues that the victims’
testimony regarding defendant’s statements during the robbery “constituted the bulk of
the prosecution’s case” and was not recorded and, therefore, “[t]here was no tactical or
strategic reason for counsel to fail to seek a limiting instruction.” We disagree. Although
the record does not show why counsel did not request that the court instruct the jury with
CALCRIM No. 358, we discern potential tactical reasons for her refraining to do so.
(See People v. Weaver (2001) 26 Cal.4th 876, 926 [“where counsel’s trial tactics or
strategic reasons for challenged decisions do not appear on the record, we will not find
ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal unless there could be no conceivable reason
for counsel’s acts or omissions”]; see also People v. Lucas (1995) 12 Cal.4th 415, 436–
437 [there is a “ ‘strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance’ ”]; People v. Mitcham (1992) 1 Cal.4th 1027, 1059
[generally, a reviewing court “may not second-guess” trial counsel’s strategic and tactical
choices].) As the People argue, defense counsel’s decision to forgo the cautionary
instruction had a conceivable strategic basis. Defense counsel argued in closing that the

                                             9.
victims were confused about defendant’s intent and that defendant’s statements after the
robbery demonstrated that he did not intend to rob the victims. Because counsel was also
relying on defendant’s statements during the robbery, a reasonable defense attorney may
not have wanted to risk the jury treating those statements with caution.
       The People rely upon People v. Diaz (2015) 60 Cal.4th 1176 (Diaz), in which our
Supreme Court held that absent a request by defendant, a trial court is not required to
instruct with CALCRIM No. 358 (or its equivalent). (See Diaz, at p. 1189.) Our
Supreme Court observed, “It is not uncommon that the statements of a defendant contain
both incriminating and exculpatory elements.” (Id. at p. 1193.) Although defendant
contends the jury would have understood CALCRIM No. 358 to apply only to statements
proving guilt and not to exculpatory statements, Diaz explained, “A defendant, however,
might prefer not to rely on the jury’s ability to discriminate between those incriminating
admissions it should view with special caution and those exculpatory statements that are
not subject to the instruction.” (Diaz, at p. 1193.) In Diaz, our Supreme Court concluded
that a trial court is not required to provide this instruction sua sponte because “it is
appropriate to allow the defendant to make the strategic decision whether to request the
instruction.” (Ibid., italics added.) We recognize that Diaz did not involve a
determination of whether counsel was ineffective in failing to request the cautionary
instruction. However, Diaz’s recognition that defense counsel’s decision to request a
cautionary instruction in such circumstances is a strategic decision necessarily informs
our conclusion that we cannot find ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal where
there is a conceivable strategic reason for counsel’s challenged decision and that reason
does not appear on the record.
       In addition, defendant has not demonstrated the second prong of prejudice to
support his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Even before Diaz changed the law by
discarding the trial court’s duty to sua sponte give a cautionary instruction regarding out-
of-court statements, its erroneous omission had “frequently been held to be harmless

                                              10.
error in light of such general instructions on witness credibility,” such as CALCRIM
No. 226. (Diaz, supra, 60 Cal.4th at pp. 1191, 1196–1197.)
       Here, the jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 226, which extensively covered
the jury’s role in evaluating a witness’s testimony, including a variety of factors bearing
on the truth or accuracy of that testimony. Those factors included a witness’s bias,
interest, or other motive; prior consistent or inconsistent statements; ability to remember
the matter in question; and admissions of untruthfulness. In addition, the trial court
instructed the jury with a modified version of CALCRIM No. 301 (Single Witness’s
Testimony): “The testimony of only one witness can prove any fact. Before you
conclude that the testimony of one witness proves a fact, you should carefully review all
the evidence.” The jury was further instructed with CALCRIM No. 302: “If you
determine there’s a conflict in the evidence[,] you must decide what evidence, if any, to
believe.” The jury was told not to “accept the testimony of the greater number of
witnesses” and “[w]hat is important is whether the testimony or any other evidence
convinces you, not just the number of witnesses who testify on a certain point.”
Moreover, according to CALCRIM No. 226, the trial court also instructed: “You may
believe all, part[,] or none of any witness’[s] testimony.” Finally, the jury was instructed
with CALCRIM No. 318 (Prior Statements as Evidence) that it may use prior statements
“to evaluate whether the witness’s testimony in court is believable.”
       When a jury is thoroughly instructed on the numerous factors involved in
assessing witness credibility, failure to give the cautionary instruction in CALCRIM
No. 358 is harmless because the jury has been adequately warned to view the witnesses’
testimonies with caution. (Diaz, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 1196; People v. Salazar (2016)
63 Cal.4th 214, 251.) “Under these circumstances, it is not reasonably likely or possible
that the error in omitting a cautionary instruction affected the outcome at the guilt or
penalty phases.” (People v. Johnson (2018) 6 Cal.5th 541, 588–589 [other jury
instructions made need to determine whether defendant made a statement reasonably

                                             11.
apparent and alerted the jury of the need to carefully consider witness’s testimony,
including significance of a witness’s prior consistent and inconsistent statements,
discrepancies in a witness’s testimony or between the witness’s testimony and that of
others, a witness’s willfully false statement in material part, conflicting testimony, and a
witness’s credibility in general].)
        We conclude that defendant has failed to demonstrate that his counsel was
ineffective.

III.    The trial court did not err in its instructions to the jury as to the elements of
        robbery.

        A.     Background
        The charging information was read to the prospective jurors at the commencement
of the trial. Count 1 charged that defendant robbed Alexis, and count 2 charged that
defendant robbed Veronica. The prosecutor explained that count 1 and count 2 related to
different victims in his opening statement.
        Defense counsel requested that the jury be instructed as to the elements of robbery
pursuant to CALCRIM No. 1600. The trial court granted the request and instructed the
jury:

                “The defendant is charged in Counts One and Two with robbery in
        violation of Penal Code Section 211. To prove the defendant guilty of this
        crime the People must prove the following: One, the defendant took
        property that was not his own; two, the property was in the possession of
        another person; three, the property was taken from the other person or his
        or her immediate presence; four, the property was taken against that
        person’s will; five, the defendant used force or fear to take the property or
        to prevent the person from resisting; and six, when the defendant used force
        or fear to take the property he intended to deprive the owner of the property
        permanently. [¶] … [¶]

               “ … A person does not actually have to hold or touch something to
        possess it. It’s enough if the person has control over it either personally or
        through another person.

                                              12.
              “A business employee who is on duty has possession of the business
       owner’s property. Fear, as used here, means fear of injury to the person
       himself or herself or immediate injury to someone else present during the
       incident, or to that person’s property.

              “An act is done against a person’s will if that person does not
       consent to the act. In order to consent the person must act freely and
       voluntarily and know the nature of the act.”
       The trial court further instructed the jury in accordance with CALCRIM No. 3515:
“Each of the counts charged in this case is a separate crime. You must consider each
count separately and return a separate verdict for each one including any lesser included
offense, which will be addressed in a separate instruction.” The trial court explained that
the verdict form contained verdicts for count 1 and count 2, which it described as “two
separate charged robberies.” The verdict for count 1 designated the robbery as involving
Alexis, and the verdict for count 2 designated the robbery as involving Veronica.
       In reviewing the facts and law, the prosecutor repeated the elements of robbery as
contained in the jury instruction and that:

               “The key here is actually element number five. That is the main
       issue in this case. The defendant used force or fear to take the property.
       Were they afraid? Because you’ve heard some statements yes, I was scared
       from Veronica. I was a little scared, little later on. I didn’t know if it was a
       joke. I didn’t know what was going to happen. So that is the main issue in
       this case.”
The prosecutor then cataloged the evidence separately as to each victim that proved they
were both scared.
       In closing, defense counsel argued that the victims misinterpreted defendant’s
request to earn money by working for them as a robbery. She argued that Veronica
testified that defendant did not appear threatening and did not behave like a robber, and
that Veronica told Officer Heu that she believed defendant was joking. Defense counsel
argued that Alexis tried to stop Veronica from providing the money to defendant because

                                              13.
Alexis realized that defendant was not armed when he pulled his hand from inside his
shirt and was no longer afraid of him.
       During deliberations, the jury asked the trial court to hear testimony from Alexis
and defense counsel’s cross-examination of Officer Heu who had previously testified that
Veronica told him she believed defendant was joking at first, did not believe the situation
was too serious, and defendant did not do anything threatening and appeared as if he
wanted to cry after receiving the money.

       B.     Standard of Review and Applicable Law
       “No judgment shall be set aside, or new trial granted, in any cause, on the ground
of misdirection of the jury, … unless, after an examination of the entire cause, including
the evidence, the court shall be of the opinion that the error complained of has resulted in
a miscarriage of justice.” (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13.)
       We review de novo whether a jury instruction correctly states the law. (People v.
Posey (2004) 32 Cal.4th 193, 218.) “Once we have ascertained the relevant law, we
determine the meaning of the instructions in this regard. Here, the question is whether
there is a ‘reasonable likelihood’ that the jury understood the charge as the defendant
asserts. [Citations.] ‘In addressing this question, we consider the specific language under
challenge and, if necessary, the charge in its entirety. [Citation.] Finally, we determine
whether the instruction, so understood, states the applicable law correctly.’ ” (People v.
Kelly (1992) 1 Cal.4th 495, 525–526, first bracketed insertion added.)
       “ ‘ “[T]he correctness of jury instructions is to be determined from the entire
charge of the court, not from a consideration of parts of an instruction or from a particular
instruction.” ’ ” (People v. Solomon (2010) 49 Cal.4th 792, 822.) “ ‘It is fundamental
that jurors are presumed to be intelligent and capable of understanding and applying the
court’s instructions.’ ” (People v. Bryant, Smith and Wheeler (2014) 60 Cal.4th 335,
433.) We review the instructions as a whole and presume that jurors are intelligent and

                                             14.
able to understand and correlate the trial court’s instructions and apply them to the facts
of the case. (People v. Carey (2007) 41 Cal.4th 109, 130.)
       If the trial court has adequately instructed on the general principles of law, it is the
defendant’s obligation to request any clarifying or amplifying instructions. (People v.
Lee (2011) 51 Cal.4th 620, 638.) “[T]he failure to request clarification of an instruction
that is otherwise a correct statement of law forfeits an appellate claim of error based upon
the instruction given.” (People v. Rundle (2008) 43 Cal.4th 76, 151, disapproved on
another ground in People v. Doolin (2009) 45 Cal.4th 390, 421.)

       C.     Analysis
       Defendant argues that the trial court, using a modified version of CALCRIM
No. 1600, did not instruct the jury that it must find that as to each count, each element
satisfied as to each victim and that it could not use evidence regarding one victim to
satisfy the elements for the other victim. Defendant argues that the trial court was
required to sua sponte instruct the jury that each victim’s will must have been overcome
by their own fear, and the trial court’s use of CALCRIM No. 1600 without such language
failed to correctly define the element of fear and relieved the prosecution of its burden of
proof. We disagree.
       “Robbery is defined in section 211 as ‘the felonious taking of personal property in
the possession of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will,
accomplished by means of force or fear.’ Robbery is a crime of violence committed
against a person. [Citation.] Robbery of a particular person has not occurred unless
property was taken from the person’s immediate presence and the defendant used force or
fear to take the property or to prevent the person from resisting.” (People v. Scott (2009)
45 Cal.4th 743, 749 [citing with approval CALCRIM No. 1600].) Two or more persons
may be in joint constructive possession of a single item of personal property, and
multiple convictions of robbery are proper if force or fear is applied to multiple victims in

                                             15.
joint possession of the property taken. (People v. Ramos (1982) 30 Cal.3d 553, 589 [“We
view the central element of the crime of robbery as the force or fear applied to the
individual victim in order to deprive him of his property. Accordingly, if force or fear is
applied to two victims in joint possession of property, two convictions of robbery are
proper.”], revd. on other grounds sub nom. California v. Ramos (1983) 463 U.S. 992.)
       Section 212 delineates the meaning of the term “fear” as used in section 211:
“The fear mentioned in Section 211 may be either: [¶] 1. The fear of an unlawful injury
to the person or property of the person robbed, or of any relative of his or member of his
family; or, [¶] 2. The fear of an immediate and unlawful injury to the person or property
of anyone in the company of the person robbed at the time of the robbery.”
       The trial court gave standard jury instructions under CALCRIM No. 1600 on the
fear element of robbery, telling the jury that “defendant used force or fear to take the
property or to prevent the person from resisting” and “[f]ear, as used here, means fear of
injury to the person himself or herself or immediate injury to someone else present during
the incident, or to that person’s property.” “To establish a robbery was committed by
means of fear, the prosecution ‘must present evidence “ … that the victim was in fact
afraid, and that such fear allowed the crime to be accomplished.” ’ ” (People v.
Morehead (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 765, 771, quoting People v. Cuevas (2001)
89 Cal.App.4th 689, 698; see People v. Davison (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 206, 212; People
v. Mungia (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 1703, 1709, fn. 2.)
       We conclude that the jury instructions, as a whole, conveyed to the jury that it
must find as to each count that the victim named therein was afraid when defendant
obtained the property. Specifically, the jury was instructed to decide each count
separately and, as provided on the verdict forms, each count addressed a separate victim.
We conclude that the jury would have understood the word “person” in the instruction to
refer to the victim named in that count when deciding whether the evidence satisfied the
elements as to that particular count. Therefore, the jury would have understood element

                                             16.
five of CALCRIM No. 1600 required the evidence to show that defendant used force or
fear to take the property or to prevent the victim named in each count from resisting and
that it should determine whether the fear actually experienced by each victim was
sufficient to enable defendant to take the property against that person’s will.
          Additionally, “in evaluating the reasonable likelihood that the jury understood its
charge in a manner that violated [defendant]’s rights, we may consider the arguments of
counsel.” (People v. Cuevas, supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at p. 699, citing People v. McPeters
(1992) 2 Cal.4th 1148, 1191, superseded by statute on another ground as stated in Verdin
v. Superior Court (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1096, 1106, 1116; see People v. Kelly, supra,
1 Cal.4th at p. 526.) Here, closing arguments by both sides made it clear that the jury
was being called on to consider the actual fear experienced by both Alexis and Veronica.
Neither counsel attempted to argue that the fear experienced by just one of the victims
could be used to convict defendant of both robbery counts.
          Considering the complete and accurate instructions given to the jury, as well as the
arguments of counsel emphasizing the issue of both Alexis’s and Veronica’s actual states
of mind during the robbery, we conclude that there is no reasonable likelihood the jury
understood the charge in the manner argued by defendant or that violated defendant’s
rights.

IV.       Defendant was not deprived of due process by any cumulative error.
          Defendant contends the cumulative effect of the alleged instructional errors and
trial counsel’s ineffective assistance combined to deprive defendant of his right to a fair
trial and due process. Under the cumulative error doctrine, “a series of trial errors,
though independently harmless, may in some circumstances rise by accretion to the level
of reversible and prejudicial error.” (People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 844; accord,
People v. Capers (2019) 7 Cal.5th 989, 1017.) We have rejected defendant’s ineffective
assistance and instructional error claims, and there were no errors in the case.

                                               17.
Accordingly, there is no cumulative effect to weigh. (See In re Reno (2012) 55 Cal.4th
428, 483 [holding that each of the defendant’s individual claims “cannot logically be used
to support a cumulative error claim [where] we have already found there was no error to
cumulate”], superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in In re Friend (2021)
11 Cal.5th 720, 728.) Furthermore, “[t]o the extent there are a few instances in which we
have ... assumed [the] existence [of error], no prejudice resulted. The same conclusion is
appropriate after considering their cumulative effect.” (People v. Valdez (2012)
55 Cal.4th 82, 181.)
                                     DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed.

                                                                               HILL, P. J.
WE CONCUR:

POOCHIGIAN, J.

DETJEN, J.

                                           18.