Court Opinion

ID: 9912116
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-21 17:09:42.604915+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:51:58.863141
License: Public Domain

J-A22036-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :         PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellee                :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
  PETER FRANCIS PRYOR, JR.                     :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :       No. 914 WDA 2022

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered June 8, 2022
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0001261-2021

BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.:                             FILED: December 21, 2023

       Appellant, Peter Francis Pryor, Jr., appeals from the judgment of

sentence entered in the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas, following

his bench trial conviction for persons not to possess firearms and firearms not

to be carried without a license.1 We affirm.

       The trial court set forth the relevant facts of this case as follows:

          At 2:53 a.m. on February 26, 2021, police officers
          responded to a report of a domestic incident at 417
          Kingsboro Street in the City of Pittsburgh. Upon arrival,
          officers interviewed Kimberly Lee, who reported that she
          and [Appellant] had an argument about money and she
          wanted him to be removed from the residence. [Appellant],
          however, had fled the scene prior to the arrival of the police
          officers. Ms. Lee was advised to obtain a Protection From
          Abuse Order if [Appellant] returned.

          At 3:44 a.m. on that same day, police officers responded to
____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6105(a)(1) and 6106(a)(1).
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          a shotspotter alert at 417 Kingsboro Street for one shot
          fired. Upon arriving at the residence, Ms. Lee advised
          officers that [Appellant] had returned to the residence
          where she argued with [Appellant]. Ms. Lee provided
          officers with a physical description of [Appellant] and
          [Appellant] was located nearby at approximately 4:00 am.
          [Appellant] was asked if he had a weapon on him and he
          responded that he did possess a firearm. [Appellant]
          appeared nervous. He was rocking back and forth and he
          turned away from officers as they approached. The officers
          detained [Appellant] and conducted a pat-down of
          [Appellant]. A firearm was recovered from his person and
          there was a round in the chamber. [Appellant] did not
          possess a license to carry a firearm and he was prohibited
          from possessing a firearm due to a prior felony conviction
          for Aggravated Assault.

(Trial Court Opinion, filed 12/1/22, at 2).      The Commonwealth charged

Appellant with persons not to possess firearms, carrying a firearm without a

license, and possession of drug paraphernalia, in connection with these

events.

      On January 31, 2022, Appellant filed a motion to suppress evidence,

arguing that officers did not have reasonable suspicion to support his seizure,

search, and subsequent arrest. The court conducted a hearing on the motion

on March 10, 2022. The parties stipulated to the facts in the record, and after

argument the court denied the motion.         Appellant then proceeded to a

stipulated bench trial, wherein the defense conceded that the Commonwealth

met its burden for both firearm violations. (See N.T. Trial, 3/10/22, at 30).

The court convicted Appellant of persons not to possess firearms and carrying

a firearm without a license; it found Appellant not guilty of possession of drug

paraphernalia.

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        On June 8, 2022, the court sentenced Appellant to 36 to 72 months’

imprisonment for persons not to possess a firearm and imposed no further

penalty for carrying a firearm without a license. On June 16, 2022, Appellant

filed a timely post-sentence motion. The court denied the motion on July 11,

2022.     Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal.      The court subsequently

ordered Appellant to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal

per Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), and Appellant filed his statement on August 24, 2022.

        Appellant raises the following issue on appeal:

              Did the trial court err in denying suppression as police
              did not have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity
              and/or probable cause when they illegally seized and
              searched [Appellant]?

(Appellant’s Brief at 4).

        “Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to a trial court’s denial

of a suppression motion is limited to determining whether the factual findings

are supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from

those facts are correct.” Commonwealth v. Williams, 941 A.2d 14, 26-27

(Pa.Super. 2008) (en banc) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

           [W]e may consider only the evidence of the prosecution and
           so much of the evidence for the defense as remains
           uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as a
           whole. Where the record supports the findings of the
           suppression court, we are bound by those facts and may
           reverse only if the court erred in reaching its legal
           conclusions based upon the facts.

Id. at 27 (citation omitted). If appellate review of the suppression court’s

decision “turns on allegations of legal error,” then the trial court’s legal

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conclusions are nonbinding on appeal and subject to plenary review.

Commonwealth v. Smith, 164 A.3d 1255, 1257 (Pa.Super. 2017) (citation

omitted).

      Appellant argues that police did not have reasonable suspicion to

conduct an investigative detention in this case.      Appellant contends the

suppression record contains no information about how many people were

present when the shot was allegedly fired. Appellant suggests that someone

else could have fired the gunshot. Appellant emphasizes that Ms. Lee and

Appellant had only a verbal dispute, and Ms. Lee told police that Appellant did

not have a gun. Appellant claims there was no evidence that Appellant was

even at the location where the shot was allegedly fired. Appellant submits

that vehicular noises, fireworks, or other sounds could have prompted the

ShotSpotter notification. Appellant avers the record is also silent concerning

how much time elapsed between when police received the ShotSpotter

notification and when they located Appellant, and where he was in relation to

where the shots had been fired.      Appellant highlights that there was no

evidence of him acting nervous when the police approached, or of the area

being a high-crime area.

      Appellant claims the police stopped him based solely on his possession

of a concealed firearm. Appellant contends that the only evidence of record

was that, at the officer’s prompting, Appellant gave his name and confirmed

he had a firearm. Appellant maintains the officer then patted him down for

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officer safety and recovered a gun in Appellant’s coat pocket.      Relying on

Commonwealth v. Hicks, 652 Pa. 353, 208 A.3d 916 (2019), cert. denied,

___ U.S. ____, 140 S.Ct. 645, 205 L.Ed.2d 410 (2019), Appellant argues that

mere possession of a concealed firearm in public does not provide reasonable

suspicion for police to conduct an investigative detention. Appellant concludes

police conducted an illegal investigative detention in the absence of

reasonable suspicion that Appellant was engaged in criminal activity, and this

Court must grant relief. We disagree.

      This Court has explained:

         The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
         and Article I, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution
         protect citizens from “unreasonable searches and seizures,
         including those entailing only a brief detention.”
         Commonwealth v. Strickler, 563 Pa. 47, 56, 757 A.2d
         884, 888 (2000). Specifically, police officers may not
         conduct a warrantless search or seizure unless one of
         several recognized exceptions applies. Commonwealth v.
         Blair, [575 A.2d 593, 596 (Pa. Super. 1990)].         If a
         defendant’s detention violates the Fourth Amendment, then
         any evidence seized during that stop must be excluded as
         fruit of an unlawful detention. Id.

Commonwealth v. Mattis, 252 A.3d 650, 654 (Pa.Super. 2021).

      Contacts between the police and citizenry fall within three general

classifications:

         The first [level of interaction] is a “mere encounter” (or
         request for information) which need not be supported by
         any level of suspicion, but carries no official compulsion to
         stop or to respond. The second, an “investigative detention”
         must be supported by a reasonable suspicion; it subjects a
         suspect to a stop and a period of detention, but does not
         involve such coercive conditions as to constitute the

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          functional equivalent of an arrest. Finally an arrest or
          “custodial detention” must be supported by probable cause.

Commonwealth v. Bryant, 866 A.2d 1143, 1146 (Pa.Super. 2005), appeal

denied, 583 Pa. 668, 876 A.2d 392 (2005) (quoting Commonwealth v.

Phinn, 761 A.2d 176, 181 (Pa.Super. 2000), appeal denied, 567 Pa. 712, 785

A.2d 89 (2001)).

       An “investigative detention” is interchangeably labeled as a “stop and

frisk” or a “Terry[2] stop.”        Commonwealth v. Brame, 239 A.3d 1119

(Pa.Super. 2020), appeal denied, ___ Pa. ____, 251 A.3d 771 (2021).

          An investigative detention, unlike a mere encounter,
          constitutes a seizure of a person and thus activates the
          protections of Article 1, Section 8 of the Pennsylvania
          Constitution. To institute an investigative detention, an
          officer must have at least a reasonable suspicion that
          criminal activity is afoot. Reasonable suspicion requires a
          finding that based on the available facts, a person of
          reasonable caution would believe the intrusion was
          appropriate.

                                       *       *   *

          Reasonable suspicion exists only where the officer is able to
          articulate specific observations which, in conjunction with
          reasonable inferences derived from those observations, led
          him reasonably to conclude, in light of his experience, that
          criminal activity was afoot and that the person he stopped
          was involved in that activity.

Commonwealth v. Jones, 874 A.2d 108, 116 (Pa.Super. 2005) (internal

citations omitted). “In determining whether police had reasonable suspicion

____________________________________________

2 Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).

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to initiate an investigative detention, ‘the fundamental inquiry is an objective

one, namely, whether the facts available to police at the moment of the

intrusion warrant a [person] of reasonable caution in the belief that the action

taken was appropriate.’”     Commonwealth v. Jefferson, 256 A.3d 1242,

1248 (Pa.Super. 2021), appeal denied, ___ Pa. ____, 268 A.3d 1071 (2021)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Gray, 784 A.2d 137, 142 (Pa.Super. 2001)).

Demonstrating reasonable suspicion requires that the detaining officer

“articulate something more than an inchoate and unparticularized suspicion

or hunch.” Id. (citation omitted).

      In Hicks, supra, our Supreme Court held that “conduct in which

hundreds of thousands of Pennsylvanians are licensed to engage lawfully” is,

on its own, “an insufficient basis for reasonable suspicion that criminal activity

is afoot.”   Hicks, supra at 400, 208 A.3d at 945.           However, behavior

indicative of the presence of a firearm contributes to the totality of the

circumstances in determining whether there is reasonable suspicion to

investigate further. Id. at 939-40.

      Instantly, the parties stipulated at the suppression hearing to the facts

of record which included the affidavit of probable cause, the preliminary

hearing transcript, and the description of the body camera footage from

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Appellant’s suppression motion.3 The affidavit of probable cause explains that

Officer Michael Mahich responded to a ShotSpotter alert at 3:44 a.m. Officer

Mahich was aware that earlier that morning, at approximately 3:00 a.m.,

police responded to a “verbal domestic” call at the same location where the

caller, Ms. Lee, stated that Appellant was arguing with her about money.

When Officer Mahich arrived on the scene after the ShotSpotter alert, he made

contact with Ms. Lee, who told him that Appellant returned to the home to

argue with her. Ms. Lee provided a description of Appellant and suggested

that it was likely he would still be in the area. Officer Mahich stated that at

approximately 4:00 a.m., he located a male matching the description given

by Ms. Lee in close proximity to the residence. Officer Mahich described what

occurred next in the affidavit of probable cause as follows:

          I asked the male if his name was Peter, in which he
          acknowledged. I asked Peter[, Appellant,] if he had a gun
          on his persons, in which he acknowledged that he did.
          [Appellant] stated it was in his front right jacket pocket.
____________________________________________

3 On appeal, the parties disagree about which evidence was before the trial

court at the suppression hearing. At the outset, we agree with Appellant that
“[i]n appeals from suppression orders, our scope of review is limited to the
evidence presented at the suppression hearing.” Commonwealth v. Caple,
121 A.3d 511, 517 (Pa.Super. 2015), appeal denied, 645 Pa. 177, 179 A.3d 7
(2018) (citing In re L.J., 622 Pa. 126, 151-52, 79 A.3d 1073, 1088-89
(2013)). However, here, rather than limiting the suppression court to
testimony introduced at the suppression hearing, the parties stipulated to the
facts of record. (See N.T. Hearing, 3/10/22, at 2-3). Thus, the trial court
properly considered all evidence in the record of this case when ruling on the
suppression motion which included, inter alia, the affidavit of probable cause,
the preliminary hearing transcript, and the description of the body camera
footage from Appellant’s suppression motion (the actual body camera footage
is not in the certified record), when ruling on the suppression motion.

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           [Appellant] appeared to be extremely nervous, rocking back
           and forth and beginning to turn away from me upon my
           approach. I ordered [Appellant] to keep his hands out and
           not reach for anything. Due to [Appellant] matching the
           description provided from [Ms.] Lee, the proximity of the
           shots fired notification, and [Appellant] acknowledging that
           he was carrying a firearm, I detained [Appellant] at
           approximately 0400 hours. I recovered a chrome handgun…
           from [Appellant’s] front right jacket pocket…. [Appellant]
           stated that he did not have a concealed carry permit.
           Appellant was placed in custody at 0419 hours.

(Affidavit of Probable Cause, 2/27/21, at 2).

      In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court explained its findings as

follows:

           This [c]ourt believes the officers possessed the requisite
           reasonable suspicion to conduct the pat-down of
           [Appellant]. At the time of the search, police officers were
           aware that [Appellant] was a participant in two domestic
           incidents, less than an hour apart, at a residence where a
           gunshot was reported at the time of the second incident.
           Police officers believed that [Appellant] was a participant in
           the domestic incident. Because there was a report of a
           gunshot being fired at the residence, the police officers’
           belief that [Appellant] was armed and dangerous was
           reasonable. This belief was confirmed when [Appellant]
           admitted that he possessed the firearm. These facts
           establish a reasonable suspicion that [Appellant] may be
           armed and dangerous at the time of the pat-down search.
           The search was, therefore, proper and the denial of
           [Appellant’s] suppression motion should be affirmed.

(Trial Court Opinion at 6).

      Upon review, we agree with the trial court that the facts available to the

officers at the time of the investigative detention were sufficient to establish

reasonable suspicion. Although Appellant is correct that, without more, his

possession of a concealed firearm did not establish reasonable suspicion for

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an investigative detention, the totality of the circumstances in this case

provided enough additional factors to give the officers reasonable suspicion

that criminal activity was afoot.              See Hicks, supra; Jones, supra.

Therefore, the trial court did not err in denying Appellant’s motion to

suppress.4 See Williams, supra. Accordingly, we affirm.

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.

 12/21/2023

____________________________________________

4 In a footnote in his appellate brief, Appellant makes the alternative argument

that the interaction at issue was a custodial detention lacking probable cause.
(See Appellant’s Brief at 13 n.3). Nevertheless, Appellant did not assert this
alternative theory at the suppression hearing, as Appellant’s argument
focused solely on whether the officers had reasonable suspicion for an
investigative detention. (See N.T. Hearing, 3/10/22, at 1-20). Furthermore,
in Appellant’s motion to suppress, he only argues that “[o]fficers did not have
reasonable suspicion to support [his] seizure and subsequent arrest.” (Motion
to Suppress, filed 1/31/22, at 6). Appellant did not specifically argue that the
interaction was a custodial detention for which the officers lacked probable
cause. (See id.). Therefore, Appellant failed to preserve this alternative
theory of relief for review. See Commonwealth v. Champney, 161 A.3d
265, 285 n.25 (Pa.Super. 2017) (en banc), appeal denied, 643 Pa. 190, 173
A.3d 268 (2017) (holding that appellant failed to preserve argument which
was not raised in suppression motion or before trial court at suppression
hearing).

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