Court Opinion

ID: 2731497
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-10 05:00:32.892174+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:18:49.219350
License: Public Domain

Case: 13-60904   Document: 00512761978    Page: 1   Date Filed: 09/09/2014

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT    United States Court of Appeals
                                                   Fifth Circuit

                                                                     FILED
                                                                September 9, 2014
                                No. 13-60904
                                                                   Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                        Clerk

TILL S. DERR; KAI DERR; KATJA DERR; MARGRET DERR,

                                          Plaintiffs–Appellants,
v.

THOMAS L. SWAREK; THOMAS ANTHONY SWAREK

                                          Defendants–Appellees.

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Mississippi

Before DAVIS, SMITH, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
EDITH BROWN CLEMENT, Circuit Judge:
      Thomas L. Swarek and Thomas Anthony Swarek (“the Swareks”) sued
Herman Derr (“Derr”) and Derr Plantation, Inc. (“DPI”) in the Chancery Court
of Issaquena County, Mississippi (“Chancery Court”), alleging that Derr and
his corporation breached a contract for the sale of Mississippi farmland. Derr
died while the action was pending and, after years of stagnation in the
Chancery Court, Derr’s wife and children—Till, Kai, Katja, and Margret Derr
(“Derr Heirs” or “Heirs”)—sued the Swareks in the German Regional Court in
Dusseldorf, Germany, seeking a declaratory judgment that they were not liable
for any claims arising from the putative land contract. After the initiation of
the German lawsuit but before the decision of the Regional Court, the Swareks
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                                     No. 13-60904

dismissed all of their claims against Derr with prejudice and withdrew a
pending motion to substitute the Derr Heirs in the Mississippi action. The
German Regional Court dismissed the Derr Heirs’ claim but the German
Higher Regional Court reversed. The German appellate court granted the Derr
Heirs a declaratory judgment of non-liability and assessed the Swareks, as the
losing party, nearly $300,000 in court costs.        The Derr Heirs returned to
Mississippi and attempted to enforce the German order for costs in federal
district court. The district court refused to recognize the German judgment
and the Derr Heirs appealed. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
                           FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
      In February of 2005, the Swareks made an offer to DPI, a Mississippi
corporation, and Derr, one of its principals, to lease and then purchase a large
plot of farmland owned by DPI in Issaquena County, Mississippi. On February
15, 2005, the Swareks met with Derr in Germany and the parties signed a
“Lease/Buy/Sell” agreement—Derr in both his corporate and individual
capacities—that the Swareks contend constituted a binding contract for the
lease and sale of the farmland.        On March 1, 2005, the Swareks filed a
complaint and lis pendens notice in the Chancery Court of Issaquena County
against DPI and Derr alleging breach of the agreement and seeking specific
performance and compensatory and punitive damages in the amount of
$6,675,000. DPI filed an answer and counterclaim, and Derr moved to dismiss
for lack of personal jurisdiction.
      Derr passed away in February of 2006. His counsel filed a suggestion of
death on May 12, 2006, and the Swareks moved to substitute his estate on
June 6, 2006. On DPI’s motion, the case was stayed on June 4, 2008, until
DPI’s interlocutory appeal challenging the decision of the Chancery Court to
transfer venue to the Circuit Court of Issaquena County could be resolved. On

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March 9, 2009, while the Mississippi litigation was stayed, the Derr Heirs filed
a complaint in German Regional Court against the Swareks seeking a
declaratory judgment that the Swareks had no claims against them arising
from the Lease/Buy/Sell agreement signed by Derr. According to the complaint
in the German action, Till Derr and Kai Derr, through a German parent
corporation, became the sole shareholders of DPI.
        On November 2, 2009, the Swareks filed a second motion to substitute
with the Chancery Court, seeking to replace the estate of Herman Derr with
the Derr Heirs. The same day, a supplemental motion to dismiss for lack of
personal jurisdiction was filed on Derr’s behalf. On May 10, 2010, the Swareks
voluntarily dismissed with prejudice all of their claims against Derr in the
Mississippi action and withdrew both of their still-pending motions to
substitute for Derr his estate and the Derr Heirs. 1
        On August 31, 2010, the German Regional Court dismissed the Derr
Heirs’ complaint for a declaratory judgment of non-liability. The Regional
Court found that because the action in the Mississippi Chancery Court
addressed the Heirs’ claims and must be recognized in Germany, the Heirs
“lack[ed] the required legitimate interest in a declaratory judgment, but in any
event lack[ed] the need for legal protection.” On appeal, the German Higher
Regional Court reversed and awarded the Derr Heirs almost $300,000 in court
costs as the prevailing party.          The Higher Regional Court found that a
declaratory judgment of non-liability was necessary because the Swareks’
dismissal of their claims against Derr “constitute[d] a unilateral statement,”
which would not extinguish their claims under German law and which did not
“provide the same legal protection as results from a negative declaratory cross-

   1  The Swareks’ claims against DPI have had a long shelf life. The trial in the Mississippi
litigation concluded in September of 2013 and is pending decision by the chancellor.

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action.” The Higher Regional Court further held that the question of whether
res judicata applied to the Swareks’ voluntary dismissal of their claims with
prejudice against Derr in the Chancery Court could “remain open” because if
the Swareks were to file another action against the Derr Heirs, the Heirs would
be required to prove that res judicata barred the claim.
        The Derr Heirs filed suit in federal district court to enforce the German
judgment for costs. The district court refused to grant comity to the judgment
of the German Higher Regional Court and granted the Swareks’ motion for
judgment on the pleadings. The court found that the Derr Heirs’ liability had
already been resolved by the Swareks’ dismissal with prejudice in the
Chancery Court and, even if the dismissal was not effective, the purpose of the
German litigation was to interfere with the Mississippi proceedings and the
resulting judgment should not be enforced.
                                 STANDARD OF REVIEW
        “This Court reviews a district court’s grant of judgment on the pleadings
under Rule 12(c) de novo.” Doe v. MySpace, Inc., 528 F.3d 413, 418 (5th Cir.
2008). The question on appeal is whether the district court properly denied
enforcement of the German judgment for costs. A court’s decision to grant or
deny comity is reviewed for abuse of discretion. In re Vitro S.A.B. de C.V., 701
F.3d 1031, 1042 (5th Cir. 2012). 2 Because federal jurisdiction was invoked by

   2  Recent cases of this circuit have stated unequivocally that a district court’s comity
decision is subject to abuse-of-discretion review. See, e.g., Anderson Tully Lumber Co. v. Int’l
Forest Prods., S.r.L., 306 F. App’x 858, 859 (5th Cir. 2009); Int’l Transactions, Ltd. v.
Embotelladora Agral Regiomontana, SA de CV, 347 F.3d 589, 593 (5th Cir. 2003). But
previous sessions of this court have not been in such harmonious agreement. Compare
Banque Libanaise Pour Le Commerce v. Khreich, 915 F.2d 1000, 1004 (5th Cir. 1990)
(reviewing comity determination for abuse of discretion), with Sw. Livestock & Trucking Co.
v. Ramon, 169 F.3d 317, 321 (5th Cir. 1999) (applying de novo review to comity decision);
Overseas Inns S.A. P.A. v. United States, 911 F.2d 1146, 1148 (5th Cir. 1990) (same). Because
Mississippi law entrusts the comity decision to the discretion of the trial judge, Greater
Canton Ford Mercury Inc. v. Ables, 948 So. 2d 417, 425 (Miss. 2007), we follow recent
precedent and review the district court’s decision for abuse of discretion. In any event, as
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way of diversity of citizenship, we apply Mississippi law governing the
recognition of foreign judgments. See Khreich, 915 at 1000 (citing Erie R.R.
Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)).
                                       DISCUSSION
        The district court refused to extend comity to the German judgment on
two independent grounds. The court first ruled that the German judgment
was unnecessary because the issue of the Derr Heirs’ liability under the
Lease/Buy/Sell agreement had already been determined by the Swareks’
dismissal with prejudice of their claims against Derr. The court then held that
even if the Swareks’ dismissal of claims against Derr did not preclude them
from bringing a future action against the Derr Heirs, the Heirs’ purpose in
initiating the German lawsuit was to interfere with the Mississippi litigation
and the German Higher Regional Court should have left the issue to be
resolved in the Chancery Court. 3
        Filing a mirror-image lawsuit in a foreign court while domestic litigation
is pending is not sufficient, on its own, to preclude recognition of a foreign
judgment, and the district court erred in denying comity on this ground. But

this court has noted in reviewing comity judgments, “little turns on whether we label review
of this particular question abuse of discretion or de novo, for an abuse of discretion standard
does not mean a mistake of law is beyond appellate correction.” Ramon, 169 F.3d at 321 n.4
(internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).
   3 The Derr Heirs argue that the district court’s finding that they intended to interfere
with the Chancery Court litigation was inappropriate on a motion for judgment on the
pleadings because there was no evidence in the record to support the conclusion, the Heirs
were not given an opportunity to respond, and the Swareks did not argue that particular
defense. This contention is puzzling because after the Swareks filed a motion for judgment
on the pleadings, the Derr Heirs did in fact submit their own motion for summary judgment
and a reply to the Swareks’ motion. And, as referenced in its order, the district court
grounded its findings in the Derr Heirs’ complaint in the German Regional Court and the
order of the German Higher Regional Court; it did not improperly cull from facts outside of
the record. Finally, the Swareks’ motion requested non-recognition of the judgment on comity
grounds, under which the court placed its interference analysis. Notwithstanding the lack of
merit in this objection, the point is moot because we affirm on the grounds that the German
Higher Regional Court ignored the Mississippi judgment.

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because the Swareks’ dismissal of their claims against Derr in the Chancery
Court constituted a judgment on the merits under Mississippi law, the
Swareks were precluded under the doctrine of res judicata from re-litigating
those claims against Derr or his privies, the Derr Heirs. The German court’s
refusal to recognize, or even consider, the Mississippi judgment that protected
the Derr Heirs from any liability arising from the Lease/Buy/Sell agreement
resulted in a superfluous declaration of non-liability that the Heirs had already
secured in Mississippi. As the German declaratory judgment and attendant
cost award issued only because the German court ignored the res judicata
effect of the Swareks’ dismissal with prejudice, the district court did not abuse
its discretion in refusing to extend comity to the judgment.
I.    The mere initiation of a foreign parallel proceeding is not a
      ground upon which a court may refuse to enforce the resulting
      foreign judgment.
      Judgments of a foreign country, unlike judgments of a sister state, are
not entitled to the protection of full faith and credit under Article IV, Section 1
of the United States Constitution, but are enforced on the basis of comity.
Khreich, 915 F.2d at 1004. Comity is “the recognition which one nation allows
within its territory to the legislative, executive or judicial acts of another
nation, having due regard both to international duty and convenience, and to
the rights of its own citizens, or of other persons who are under the protection
of its laws.” Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U.S. 113, 164 (1895). Mississippi courts
enforce foreign judgments “not as a matter of obligation but out of deference
and mutual respect.” Ables, 948 So. 2d at 425.
      In determining whether a foreign judgment is deserving of recognition,
the Mississippi Supreme Court receives guidance from the Restatement
(Second) of Conflict of Laws § 98. See Laskosky v. Laskosky, 504 So. 2d 726,

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729 (Miss. 1987). The Restatement provides that a foreign judgment rendered
by a court of competent jurisdiction will be enforced if
        there has been opportunity for a full and fair trial abroad before a
        court of competent jurisdiction, conducting the trial upon regular
        proceedings, after due citation or voluntary appearance of the
        defendant, and under a system of jurisprudence likely to secure an
        impartial administration of justice between the citizens of its own
        country and those of other countries, and there is nothing to show
        either prejudice in the court, or in the system of laws under which
        it is sitting, or fraud in procuring the judgment . . . .
Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 98(c) (1971) (quoting Hilton, 159
U.S. at 202). The Restatement references a number of enumerated defenses
that can be asserted to oppose the enforcement of a foreign judgment. See id.
§ 98 cmt. g. 4 Mississippi courts will also refuse to apply comity “when its
application would render meaningless substantial rights of the non-moving

   4Likewise, Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law of the United States § 482 lists
seven grounds upon which a court may refuse to recognize an otherwise valid foreign
judgment. That Restatement provides, in relevant part:
        (2) A court in the United States need not recognize a judgment of the court of
        a foreign state if:
           (a) the court that rendered the judgment did not have jurisdiction of the
           subject matter of the action;
           (b) the defendant did not receive notice of the proceedings in sufficient time
           to enable him to defend;
           (c) the judgment was obtained by fraud;
           (d) the cause of action on which the judgment was based, or the judgment
           itself, is repugnant to the public policy of the United States or of the State
           where recognition is sought;
           (e) the judgment conflicts with another final judgment that is entitled to
           recognition; or
           (f) the proceeding in the foreign court was contrary to an agreement
           between the parties to submit the controversy on which the judgment is
           based to another forum.
Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law of the United States § 482(2) (1987).

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party,” or “when the substantive law of the foreign jurisdiction is unknown or
not reasonably predictable.” Harrison, 700 So. 2d 247, 250 (Miss. 1997).
      Although comity is not an “absolute obligation,” it is more than “mere
courtesy and good will.” Hilton, 159 U.S. at 163-64. If an otherwise valid
judgment is rendered in a foreign court, the merits of the case will not be re-
litigated if “there is nothing to show either prejudice in the court, or in the
system of laws under which it was sitting, or fraud in procuring the judgment,
or any other special reason why the comity of this nation should not allow it
full effect.” Id. at 202-03; see also Somportex Ltd. v. Phila. Chewing Gum Corp.,
453 F.2d 435, 440 (3rd Cir. 1971) (“Comity should be withheld only when its
acceptance would be contrary or prejudicial to the interest of the nation called
upon to give it effect.”). Because the exceptions to recognition of a valid foreign
judgment are limited, the first question we must answer is whether the
initiation of a parallel foreign lawsuit, without more, justifies declining comity
to the resulting foreign judgment. It does not.
      The district court, relying on Laker Airways, Ltd. v. Sabena, Belgian
World Airlines, 731 F.2d 909 (D.C. Cir. 1984), held that because the purpose of
the German litigation was to interfere with the Mississippi action, the German
court should have deferred to the first-filed Chancery Court action. In Laker
Airways, Laker, a British airliner, brought an antitrust suit under American
law in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia against foreign and
domestic defendants. Some of the foreign defendants sought and obtained an
injunction from the United Kingdom’s High Court of Justice prohibiting Laker
from pursuing its antitrust claims in the United States court. Id. at 917-18.
The district court then granted Laker’s motion for an injunction preventing the
United States defendants and two foreign defendants from obtaining the same
relief in the British court. Id. at 918-19. The court of appeals upheld the

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district court’s anti-suit injunction issued to protect its jurisdiction over
Laker’s claims. Id. at 930-31.
        The Laker court, however, made clear that “parallel proceedings on the
same in       personam claim         should       ordinarily be     allowed to proceed
simultaneously, at least until a judgment is reached in one which can be pled
as res judicata in the other.” Id. at 926-27. It distinguished the usual case of
permissible parallel proceedings from the case at issue, finding it was “not a
situation    where      two   courts    are    proceeding      to   separate     judgments
simultaneously under one cause of action. Rather, the sole purpose of the
English proceeding is to terminate the American action.” Laker Airways, 731
F.2d at 930.       Here, the German litigation did not strip the Mississippi
Chancery Court of jurisdiction over the Swareks’ claims. Both cases were free
to proceed to resolution until the judgment of one court could be used to put an
end to the duplicative litigation in the other. See Sea Containers Ltd. v. Stena
AB, 890 F.2d 1205, 1212-13 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (a foreign ruling that defeats a
plaintiff’s claims in domestic litigation is not a threat to the jurisdiction of the
domestic court).
        But even if the Swareks could have enjoined the Derr Heirs from
litigating their declaratory judgment action in Germany, they did not seek to
do so. 5    The Swareks point to no authority holding that the relevant

   5  Had the Swareks moved for an anti-suit injunction, there is authority indicating that it
would have been granted. See Scruggs, Millette, Bozeman & Dent, P.A. v. Merkel & Cocke,
P.A., 804 So. 2d 1000, 1006 (Miss. 2001) (“[W]here two suits between the same parties over
the same controversy are brought in courts of concurrent jurisdiction, the court which first
acquires jurisdiction retains jurisdiction over the whole controversy to the exclusion or
abatement of the second suit.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). The same would be true
if the Chancery Court looked to this court’s precedent. See Kaepa, Inc. v. Achilles Corp., 76
F.3d 624, 627 (5th Cir. 1996) (anti-suit injunction may issue when “allowing simultaneous
prosecution of the same action in a foreign forum thousands of miles away would result in
inequitable hardship and tend to frustrate and delay the speedy and efficient determination
of the cause.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

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considerations in enjoining parallel litigation are identical to those in
recognizing a foreign judgment that has resulted after the foreign proceeding
has been allowed to unfold. And it is clear that they are not. See Laker
Airways, 731 F.2d at 928-29 (“[T]he possibility of an ‘embarrassing race to
judgment’ or potentially inconsistent adjudications does not outweigh the
respect and deference owed to independent foreign proceedings. The parallel
proceeding rule applies only until a judgment is reached in one of the actions.”
(footnotes omitted)). Even if the Derr Heirs instituted their declaratory suit in
Germany for the purpose of obtaining a judgment before one could be reached
in the Mississippi litigation, this “interference,” in the absence of a final
judgment in the Chancery Court, does not fit within one of the narrow
exceptions permitting a court to refuse comity to a valid foreign judgment.
Accordingly, the district court’s anti-injunction analysis cannot support its
refusal to recognize the German judgment.
II.         The Swareks’ unilateral dismissal with prejudice in the
            Mississippi litigation was a final judgment on the merits
            invoking a res judicata bar to re-asserting the dismissed claims
            against the Derr Heirs.
            To uphold the district court’s refusal to recognize the German judgment,
then, the Swareks’ dismissal with prejudice of their claims against Derr in the
Mississippi Chancery Court must have constituted a judgment barring a
subsequent suit on the same claims against the Derr Heirs. The Swareks
contend, as they did in the German Higher Regional Court, that their
voluntary dismissal with prejudice pursuant to Miss. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1)(i) 6 was

     The Swareks assert in their brief that they voluntarily dismissed all of their claims
      6

against Derr “pursuant to Miss. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(2).” This statement appears to be in error.
Miss. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(2) provides for voluntary dismissal by order of the court. The Swareks
argued in the district court that they unilaterally dismissed their claims with prejudice
pursuant to Miss. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1)(i). Likewise, their “Notice of Voluntary Dismissal” in
the Chancery Court stated only that they were dismissing the claims against Derr with
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a “final judgment on the merits” and they were thus foreclosed from re-
asserting the same or related claims against Derr, or his privies, the Derr Heirs
in Germany. The Derr Heirs respond that the Chancery Court lacked personal
jurisdiction over Derr because he was never properly served, so the Swareks’
unilateral dismissal could not have had res judicata effect. See Turner v.
Deutsche Bank Nat’l. Trust Co., 65 So. 3d 336, 339 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011) (“The
rules on service of process are to be strictly construed. If they have not been
complied with, the court is without jurisdiction unless the defendant appears
of his own volition.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
      “Res judicata is a doctrine of claim preclusion.” Garcino v. Noel, 100 So.
3d 470, 475 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012). “[W]hen a court of competent jurisdiction
adjudicates—that is, enters a final judgment on the merits of an action—the
parties or their privies are precluded from re-litigating claims that were
decided or could have been raised in that action.” Id. at 476 (internal quotation
marks omitted). “For the bar of res judicata to apply in Mississippi there are
four identities which must be present: (1) identity of the subject matter of the
action; (2) identity of the cause of action; (3) identity of the parties to the cause
of action; and (4) identity of the quality or character of a person against whom
the claim is made.” Harrison v. Chandler-Sampson Ins., Inc., 891 So. 2d 224,
232 (Miss. 2005). “[T]he absence of any one of the elements is fatal to the
defense of res judicata.” Id.
      At first glance, the Derr Heirs’ conclusion that the Swareks’ dismissal
lacked res judicata effect appears to be compelled by the requirements
necessary to invoke the doctrine.        A court that lacks jurisdiction over a
defendant does not have the authority to address the merits of the case and

prejudice and did not request court permission to do so. Because Derr had not filed an
answer, the court’s imprimatur was not required.

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must dismiss the action. Horne v. Mobile Area Water & Sewer Sys., 897 So. 2d
972, 975 (Miss. 2004). “[A] dismissal for want of jurisdiction has no preclusive
effect and the same action subsequently may be brought in a court of competent
jurisdiction.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). So in the ordinary case,
a court’s dismissal of claims against a defendant—even if purportedly rendered
on the merits—would not bar re-litigation of those claims if the court did not
have personal jurisdiction over the defendant.
         But here it was not the Chancery Court that dismissed the Swareks’
claims against Derr, but the Swareks themselves. Miss. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1)(i)
provides that “an action may be dismissed by the plaintiff without order of
court . . . by filing a notice of dismissal at any time before service by the adverse
party of an answer or of a motion for summary judgment, whichever first
occurs.” (emphasis added). “Unless otherwise stated in the notice of dismissal
or stipulation, the dismissal is without prejudice.” Miss. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(1).
Both the Mississippi and Federal rules make explicit that a dismissal, with or
without prejudice, is effective without any action of the court. See Fed. R. Civ.
P. 41(a)(1)(A)(i) (“[T]he plaintiff may dismiss an action without a court order
by filing . . . a notice of dismissal before the opposing party serves either an
answer or a motion for summary judgment . . . .”). 7 A plaintiff’s dismissal of
his claims with prejudice is the “legally operative act of dismissal pursuant to
[Federal] Rule 41(a)(1)[(A)])(i),” such that a “district court’s subsequent order
to the same effect [is] superfluous.” Warfield v. AlliedSignal TBS Holdings,
Inc., 267 F.3d 538, 541 (6th Cir. 2001); see also SmallBizPros, Inc. v.
MacDonald, 618 F.3d 458, 463 (5th Cir. 2010) (“Any dismissal order entered

   7 Mississippi modeled its own Rule 41 after Fed. R. Civ. P. 41, and the Mississippi
Supreme Court looks to federal precedent to interpret the state rule. BellSouth Pers.
Commc’ns LLC v. Bd. of Sup’rs of Hinds Cnty., 912 So. 2d 436, 440 (Miss. 2005); Carter v.
Clegg, 557 So. 2d 1187, 1190 n.2 (Miss. 1990).

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by a district court after the filing of a voluntary dismissal is ‘superfluous.’”).
Because the court has no role to play in a Rule 41(a)(1) dismissal, it is of no
consequence that the court lacks jurisdiction over the defendant.                      If the
plaintiff chooses to extinguish his rights forever he is entitled to do so, and the
defendant will reap the benefit of a res judicata bar to any attempt by the
plaintiff to re-litigate the dismissed claims. 8
         That res judicata bars the Swareks’ claims against Derr does not end the
inquiry into whether the Swareks were foreclosed from re-alleging the same
claims in a subsequent action against the Derr Heirs. The Heirs maintain that
they were not parties to the Mississippi litigation and, consequently, the
Swareks’ dismissal had no effect on their potential liability for breach of the
purported land contract. But this narrow view ignores that “strict identity of
parties is not necessary for either res judicata or collateral estoppel to apply, if
it can be shown that a nonparty stands in privity with the party in the prior
action.” EMC Mortg. Corp. v. Carmichael, 17 So. 3d 1087, 1090-91 (Miss. 2009)
(internal quotation marks omitted).             “[P]rivity is a broad concept, which
requires [the court] to look to the surrounding circumstances to determine
whether claim preclusion is justified.” Id. at 1091 (internal quotation marks
and alterations omitted). As relevant here, privies are “those who stand in
mutual or successive relationship to the same [r]ights of property.” Clement v.

   8  The only court to consider the issue has recently come to the same conclusion. In Arias
v. Napolitano, No. 13-cv-248, 2014 WL 2987109 (S.D. Ohio July 2, 2014), the plaintiff sought
to re-litigate against the same defendant the identical claims he had dismissed with prejudice
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a) in a prior action. Id. at *3. The plaintiff argued that his
dismissal with prejudice in the previous case did not have res judicata effect because the
district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the case and thus his dismissal did not
operate as a “final decision on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction” as required to
invoke claim preclusion. Id. at *2-3. Citing Warfield, the district court held that it did not
matter whether the prior district court lacked jurisdiction over the defendant because it was
plaintiff’s voluntary dismissal of his claims with prejudice that was the legally operative act
of dismissal under Rule 41(a) fulfilling res judicata’s requirement of a “decision on the
merits.” Id. at *3-4.

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R. L. Burns Corp., 373 So. 2d 790, 794 (Miss. 1979) (quoting Lipscomb v.
Postell, 38 Miss. 476, 489 (Miss. Err. & App. 1860)). It is clear that the Heirs
are in privity with Derr. The alleged purpose of the Heirs’ German action was
to protect them from the claims filed against Derr in the Mississippi ligation,
which would affect them only as successors-in-interest to his property. 9
         Finally, although Derr passed away in 2006, the Chancery Court never
acted on Derr’s initial motion to dismiss or the Swareks’ timely motion to
substitute his estate, so the Swareks’ claims against Derr were still pending at
the time of the Swareks’ voluntary dismissal. See Miss. R. Civ. P. 25(a) (upon
the death of a party, “[t]he action shall be dismissed without prejudice as to
the deceased party if the motion for substitution is not made within ninety
days after the death is suggested upon the record” (emphasis added)).
Defendants evidently understood this to be the case as they filed a
supplemental motion to dismiss on Derr’s behalf as late as November of 2009.
It does not matter, then, whether the Derr Heirs were parties to the Mississippi
action. The Swareks dismissed with prejudice their still-pending claims
against Derr, which also barred them from later asserting those claims against
his privies, the Derr Heirs.
III.     The district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing comity
         to the German judgment that resulted from the German Higher
         Regional Court’s own refusal to extend comity to the Mississippi
         judgment.
         We now address the question of whether the district court abused its
discretion by denying comity to the German judgment on the ground that the
German Higher Regional Court ignored the Swareks’ dismissal with prejudice
of the very claims upon which the Derr Heirs sought a declaratory judgment of

   9 Because the Derr Heirs do not contest the district court’s finding that they are in privity
with Derr any such argument is also waived. See Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A); United States
v. Ogle, 415 F.3d 382, 383 (5th Cir. 2005).

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                                  No. 13-60904

non-liability. As relevant here, Mississippi provides for two exceptions to the
general rule that a valid foreign judgment rendered by a foreign court of
competent jurisdiction will be enforced domestically. Mississippi courts will
not grant comity where doing so would “render meaningless substantial rights
of the non-moving party,” Harrison, 700 So. 2d at 250, or violate the public
policy of the state, Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 98(g)
(recognizing public policy exception). In this instance, the two inquiries merge.
See C. I. T. Corp. v. Turner, 248 Miss. 517, 541 (Miss. 1963) (“Public policy and
the interest of litigants alike require that there be an end to litigation which,
without the doctrine of res judicata, would be endless.”). Res judicata “is a
doctrine of public policy designed to avoid the expense and vexation attending
multiple lawsuits, conserve judicial resources, and foster reliance on judicial
action by minimizing the possibilities of inconsistent decisions.” Little v. V &
G Welding Supply, Inc., 704 So. 2d 1336, 1337 (Miss. 1997) (quoting Montana
v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 153-54 (1979)) (internal quotation marks
omitted).
      The German Higher Regional Court’s failure to respect the Swareks’
dismissal with prejudice of their claims against Derr—and by the rule of
privity, the Derr Heirs—violated Mississippi public policy and rendered
meaningless the right of the Swareks to put an end to litigation of their claims.
The German appellate court wholly ignored the res judicata issue, instead
finding that the question could “remain open” because there was a possibility
that the Swareks could pursue the identical claims against the Derr Heirs
under German law in the future, in which case the Heirs would bear the
burden of “proving” that the action was foreclosed.         But this reasoning
misunderstands the very purpose of according comity to foreign judgments.
“[O]nce the parties have had an opportunity to present their cases fully and

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                                   No. 13-60904

fairly before a [foreign] court of competent jurisdiction, the results of the
litigation process should be final.” Int’l Transactions, 347 F.3d at 593. The
German appellate court’s justification for pretermitting the res judicata
question and re-litigating the very issues that had been decided in the
Mississippi court leaves no place for comity at all. See Turner Entm’t Co. v.
Degeto Film GmbH, 25 F.3d 1512, 1521 (11th Cir. 1994) (“While courts
regularly permit parallel proceedings in an American court and a foreign court,
once a judgment on the merits is reached in one of the cases, . . . failure to defer
to the judgment would have serious implications for the concerns of
international comity.” (internal citation omitted)). And even if, under German
law, the Derr Heirs’ burden of proving that res judicata prevented a
hypothesized future lawsuit from the Swareks justified the issuance of a
declaratory judgment, enforcement of the attendant cost award in Mississippi
would still violate the state’s public policy against superfluous litigation.
Whenever a claim is foreclosed by a final judgment, the party invoking res
judicata must demonstrate that the doctrine applies. The German Higher
Regional Court’s “burden of proof” exception permitting re-litigation of claims
already decided would, in this case, nullify the defense of res judicata entirely.
      The Derr Heirs’ corollary argument that the German Higher Regional
Court was correct to apply German law and civil procedure to determine the
Heirs’ liability in Germany similarly misses the mark. Uniformity of laws and
procedural rules between the domestic and foreign states is not necessary for
a final judgment in one forum to be respected in another. See Ohno v. Yasuma,
723 F.3d 984, 1005 (9th Cir. 2013) (The comity determination “focus[es] on the
fundamentals of the cause of action underlying the foreign judgment . . . not
the differences in the bodies of law or in the way in which remedies are
afforded.” (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Soc’y of Lloyd’s v.

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                                        No. 13-60904

Turner, 303 F.3d 325, 332 (5th Cir. 2002) (same, interpreting Texas law). 10
The defect in the German appellate proceedings was not the Higher Regional
Court’s application of German law and procedure to rule on the Heirs’ claim
for a declaratory judgment, but its disregard of the binding dismissal with
prejudice in the Mississippi litigation that obviated the need to entertain the
duplicative action at all.
        The Derr Heirs’ final argument is that they were not seeking to enforce
the German Higher Regional Court’s substantive judgment of non-liability in
the Mississippi district court, but only its attendant order for costs. This
attempt to separate the cost award from the underlying decision on liability is
unpersuasive. German law provides for the award of costs to the prevailing
party—the cost award does not exist independently of the underlying
judgment. If the Derr Heirs had not obtained a declaratory judgment of non-
liability on the identical claims that the Swareks had dismissed with prejudice
nearly two years earlier, no order for costs would have issued.
        The Swareks’ voluntary dismissal with prejudice in the Chancery Court
operated as an adjudication on the merits under Mississippi law and thus
already provided the Derr Heirs with the judgment of non-liability they were
seeking in Germany. Had the German Higher Regional Court recognized the
Mississippi judgment, it would have dismissed the Heirs’ redundant action—
as the German trial court did—and the Swareks would not have been saddled
with the costs of the unnecessary litigation. The German Higher Regional
Court’s decision to sidestep the comity determination and re-adjudicate claims

   10 The Derr Heirs’ very attempt to enforce the German order for costs in the United States
reveals the infirmity of their argument that Mississippi claim preclusion law must be
identical to German claim preclusion law to be afforded effect in German court. American
law, in most instances, does not award costs to the prevailing party. Yet, as the Heirs point
out, cost awards rendered in a foreign court will be recognized in the United States. See, e.g.,
Tahan v. Hodgson, 662 F.2d 862, 867 n.20 (D.C. Cir. 1981); Somportex, 453 F.2d at 443.

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                                   No. 13-60904

that had already been settled in the Chancery Court violated the Mississippi
public policy of res judicata and the Swareks’ right to permanently terminate
their claims. Comity must be a two-way street. In re Vitro, 701 F.3d at 1064.
The district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to enforce the German
cost award.
                                  CONCLUSION
         For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court.

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                                        No. 13-60904

W. EUGENE DAVIS, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:
         I agree with my colleagues in the majority as to the conclusions set forth
in Part I of their opinion. One litigant’s initiation of a parallel lawsuit in a
foreign country while a domestic lawsuit remains pending is not a basis on
which a district court may deny comity to the resulting foreign judgment. 1 I
disagree, however, with Part III of the majority’s opinion. I therefore do not
reach the difficult question of first impression under Mississippi law addressed
in the majority’s Part II. 2
         As explained below, even if the Swareks’ voluntary dismissal of their
contract claim “with prejudice” under Rule 41 of the Mississippi Rules of Civil

   1 See Royal & Sun Alliance Ins. Co. of Canada v. Century Int’l Arms, Inc., 466 F.3d 88, 92
(2d Cir. 2006) (“Generally, concurrent jurisdiction in United States courts and the courts of
a foreign sovereign does not result in conflict.”); Gau Shan Co. v. Bankers Trust Co., 956 F.2d
1349, 1352 (6th Cir. 1992) (“[P]arallel proceedings on the same in personam claim should
ordinarily be allowed to proceed simultaneously, at least until a judgment is reached in one
jurisdiction which can be pled as res judicata in the other.” (quoting Laker Airways, Ltd. v.
Sabena, Belgian World Airlines, 731 F.2d 909, 926-27 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (alteration omitted))).
   2  In Part II, the majority explains that the Swareks’ voluntary dismissal of their lawsuit
“with prejudice” under Rule 41 of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure operates as a “final
judgment on the merits” and entails claim-preclusive effect under Mississippi law. The
majority concludes that this Rule 41 dismissal is entitled to claim-preclusive effect even as
to Derr and the Derr Heirs, despite the Swareks’ failure to serve Derr and the Derr Heirs
with process in the Mississippi proceedings. Neither the litigants nor the court, however,
have identified any decisions by Mississippi courts in support of this conclusion. The majority
also fails to address Semtek International Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 531 U.S. 497, 502-
03 (2001), in which the Supreme Court cautioned that “the term ‘judgment on the merits’ . .
. has come to be applied to some judgments . . . that do not pass upon the substantive merits
of a claim and hence do not (in many jurisdictions) entail claim-preclusive effect.” Moreover,
even if the Swareks’ Rule 41 dismissal does operate as a “judgment on the merits” as to the
Swareks themselves, it is not clear that the Swareks’ Rule 41 dismissal necessarily entailed
claim-preclusive effect as to Derr and the Derr Heirs absent effective service of process. As
the majority recognizes, after all, claim preclusion results under Mississippi law where a final
judgment is rendered by “a court of competent jurisdiction.” Garcino v. Noel, 100 So. 3d 470,
476 (Miss. Ct. App. 2012). But the Mississippi courts are “without jurisdiction” unless the
“rules on service of process . . . have . . . been complied with . . . .” See Turner v. Deutsche
Bank Nat’l Trust Co., 65 So. 3d 336, 339 (Miss. Ct. App. 2011). Given my conclusions
regarding the issues addressed in Part III of the majority’s opinion, however, this difficult
question of Mississippi law need not be resolved in this case.

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                                         No. 13-60904

Procedure operated as a final judgment as to the Derr Heirs, that final
judgment does not conflict with the German court’s decision in this case. On
the contrary, the German court’s decision is in accord with the Swareks’ Rule
41 dismissal. That is, the Swareks neither recovered any damages nor received
any other remedy on their claim for breach of contract. As for the costs award
rendered during the German proceedings, the German court stated explicitly
that those costs would have accrued even if the German court had ruled on the
basis of res judicata rather than on the substance of the Swareks’ underlying
contract claim.
         Accordingly, there is no conflict between the two purported final
judgments in the present case. There is no recognized basis, therefore, on
which to deny comity. 3 For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
                                                I.
         The majority explains that Mississippi courts would deny comity to the
German judgment because “[t]he German Higher Regional Court’s failure to
respect the Swareks’ dismissal with prejudice . . . violated Mississippi public
policy and rendered meaningless the right of the Swareks to put an end to
litigation of their claims.”         In support, the majority cites several general
statements by Mississippi courts regarding the importance of the public
policies underlying the doctrine of res judicata. The majority identifies no

   3 As the majority correctly observes, “‘an abuse of discretion standard does not mean a
mistake of law is beyond appellate correction.’” Sw. Livestock & Trucking Co. v. Ramon, 169
F.3d 317, 321 n.3 (5th Cir. 1999) (quoting Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 100 (1996)).
“‘The interpretation of . . . judicial decrees’” is “‘traditionally an issue of law.’” Abbott Labs.
v. TorPharm, Inc., 503 F.3d 1372, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (quoting Schering Corp. v. Illinois
Antibiotics Co., 62 F.3d 903, 908 (7th Cir. 1995)); see also Levens v. Ballard, 255 P.3d 195,
197 (Mont. 2011); Kannianen v. White, 788 N.W.2d 340, 342 (N.D. 2010); Boyd v. Franklin,
919 So. 2d 1166, 1171 (Ala. 2005) (“‘[T]he construction of a judgment is a matter of law . . . .’”
(quoting Sheehan v. Balasic, 699 A.2d 1036, 1039 n.4 (Conn. App. 1997)); Laitram Corp. v.
NEC Corp., 115 F.3d 947, 951 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (“[J]udicial rulings, like statutes, are official
legal instruments of the sovereign. Generally, all such instruments—whether trial court
orders or appellate court mandates—are reviewed de novo on appeal.”).

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                                         No. 13-60904

decisions by Mississippi courts, however, that have ever denied comity to a
judgment based on a foreign court’s “failure to respect” a res judicata decision
rendered earlier in time by a Mississippi court. Nor does the majority identify
any such decisions by the federal courts. Nor does the majority identify any
such decisions by the courts of any other state in the United States. 4
         The majority’s “failure to respect” rationale bears some resemblance to a
well-recognized exception to the doctrine of comity.                       This exception is
applicable in cases where a foreign judgment “conflicts with another final
judgment.” 5 Certainly, as the Eleventh Circuit explained in one of the cases
cited favorably by the majority, “attempts to enforce conflicting judgments
raise major concerns of international comity.” 6 This sensible exception to the
doctrine of comity has been codified as statutory law in Texas and many other
states under the Uniform Foreign Money-Judgments Recognition Act. 7 This

   4 Indeed, some authorities suggest that courts have discretion to enforce the later-in-time
judgment. See Koehler v. Bank of Bermuda Ltd., M18-302(CSH), 2004 WL 444101, at *17
(S.D.N.Y. Mar. 10, 2004) (“If . . . there is a conflict between the Arizona judgment and the
Bermuda Declaratory Judgment that is material to recognition analysis, the 2001 Bermuda
Declaratory Judgment must be preferred over the 1994 Arizona judgment of dismissal
because it is latest in time.”); Ambatielos v. Found. Co., 116 N.Y.S.2d 641, 648 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.
1952) (“Where, as here, the party against whom enforcement is sought had full opportunity
in the second action to argue the binding force of the earlier judgment, there is every reason
for applying the [last-in-time] rule to inconsistent judgments rendered by the tribunals of
foreign nations.”); see also Byblos Bank Europe, S.A. v. Sekerbank Turk Anonym Syrketi, 885
N.E.2d 191, 193-94 (N.Y. 2008) (“The last-in-time rule, applicable in resolving conflicting
sister state judgments under the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the Constitution . . . need
not be mechanically applied when inconsistent foreign country judgments exist.” (citations
omitted)).
   5   See Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law § 482(2)(e) (emphasis added).
   6Turner Entm’t Co. v. Degeto Film GmbH, 25 F.3d 1512, 1521 (11th Cir. 1994) (emphasis
added).
   7  See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 36.005(b)(4) (“A foreign country judgment need not
be recognized if . . . the judgment conflicts with another final and conclusive judgment . . . .”);
Beluga Chartering B.V. v. Timber S.A., 294 S.W.3d 300, 304 n.1 (Tex. App. 2009); Genujo Lok
Beteiligungs GmbH v. Zorn, 943 A.2d 573, 577 n.5 (Me. 2008); HCA Health Servs. of Texas,
Inc. v. Reddix, 566 S.E.2d 754, 756 (N.C. App. 2002); Nadd v. Le Credit Lyonnais, S.A., 804
So. 2d 1226, 1231 (Fla. 2001).

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exception to the doctrine of comity also comports with the public policy of
decisional finality underlying Mississippi’s doctrine of res judicata. 8
         It is possible, therefore, that Mississippi’s public policy does require
denial of enforcement to a foreign judgment that “conflicts” with a final
judgment rendered earlier in time 9 by a Mississippi court. Even if this is
correct, however, there is no such conflict between the German judgment and
the Swareks’ Rule 41 dismissal in the present case.
                                                II.
         Roughly three pages of the German Higher Regional Court’s ruling
address the substantive merits of the Swareks’ contract claim against Derr and
the Derr Heirs. 10 From this, we can plainly see that the German Higher
Regional Court did not conclude that the Swareks’ contract claim was
extinguished by the Rule 41 dismissal’s purported res judicata effect. But the
Derr Heirs prevailed nonetheless because, according to the German Higher
Regional Court, the Swareks’ claim failed on its merits. 11 As the successful
parties in the litigation, therefore, the Derr Heirs were awarded costs under §
91(1) of the German Code of Civil Procedure. 12

   8 See Dep’t of Human Servs., State of Miss. v. Shelnut, 772 So. 2d 1041, 1046 (Miss. 2000);
Little v. V & G Welding Supply, Inc., 704 So. 2d 1336, 1337-38 (Miss. 1997).
   9But see Byblos Bank, 885 N.E.2d at 193-94; Koehler, 2004 WL 444101, at *17;
Ambatielos, 116 N.Y.S.2d at 648.
   10   See Derr Heirs’ Compl., Ex. B, 7-9 (Rec. Doc. 1-3).
   11   See id.
   12   See id. at 10 (“The decision on the costs is based on § 91 para. 1, sentence 1 of the
German Code of Civil Procedure . . . .”); 7 Digest of Commercial Laws of the World § 119:1 (“§
91(1) The unsuccessful party shall bear the costs of the action, including, but not limited to,
compensating the opponent for his or her expenses to such extent as they were necessary for
the appropriate prosecution or the defense of his or her rights.”); Burkhard Hess & Rudolf
Huebner, Cost and Fee Allocation in German Civil Procedure, 11 IUS GENTIUM 151, 151, 154-
55 (2012) (“Court charges are generally calculated on the basis of the amount in controversy
. . . . As the court fees are solely based on the amount in controversy, they do not depend on
the efforts actually undertaken by the Court. Neither the length nor the difficulty of the
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                                          No. 13-60904

         Had the German Higher Regional Court ruled on the basis of res
judicata, the result would have been identical. That is, the Swareks would
have recovered no damages nor received any other relief on their contractual
claims, and the Derr Heirs would have been awarded costs under German law
as the successful parties. Accordingly, even though the German judgment
relies on a legal basis that was entirely separate and distinct from Mississippi’s
doctrine of res judicata, the enforcement of this judgment does not conflict with
the res judicata outcome that the Swareks arguably achieved by their Rule 41
dismissal with prejudice.
         The absence of any conflict is demonstrated, in particular, by two aspects
of the German Higher Regional Court’s reasoning.                       First, as the majority
acknowledges, the German Higher Regional Court explicitly pretermitted the
applicability of res judicata.           In its written opinion, the German Higher
Regional Court explained that the question of whether the Swareks’ voluntary
“withdrawal of the complaint” gave rise to “a procedural preclusion (‘res
judicata’) . . . c[ould] remain open.” 13 Logically, if there were an actual conflict
between the proposed res judicata outcome of the Rule 41 dismissal and the
substantive analysis of the Swareks’ contract claim, the German Higher
Regional Court could not have pretermitted this obviously dispositive issue.
The German Higher Regional Court only had the luxury of leaving the res
judicata question “open” because ruling directly on the contract claim would
lead to precisely the same result. In much the same way, we see that the
German Higher Regional Court also pretermitted the question of whether the

proceedings is taken into account. Court fees rise with the amount in controversy on a
digressive scale.”).
   13   See Derr Heirs’ Compl., Ex. B, 7 (Rec. Doc. 1-3).

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                                          No. 13-60904

contract claim was untimely. 14 Needless to say, of course, our own court often
follows the same approach. Where several alternative arguments point toward
a single conclusion, we frequently decide only the dispositive issue and
pretermit the remaining questions. 15
         Second, as the German Higher Regional Court also stated explicitly,
costs would have accrued even if the doctrine of res judicata had been the basis
of the German judgment. According to the German Higher Regional Court,
“[e]ven if” the Swareks’ voluntary dismissal had res judicata effect, the Derr
Heirs would nonetheless “be required to prove that the res judicata effect
extend[ed] to them” in “the event of an action filed against them” and “any
ambiguity w[ould] be resolved at their expense.” 16                    As this explanation
demonstrates, even a result predicated on res judicata would have given rise
to costs in the German litigation. The record presents no reason to think that
such costs would not also form the basis for a costs award under § 91(1) of the
German Code of Civil Procedure. 17

   14 See id. at 9 (“Thus, it can remain open whether the assertion of possible claims may
also be barred by the statute of limitations.”).
   15See, e.g., Freeman v. Texas Dep’t of Criminal Justice, 369 F.3d 854, 863 n.11 (5th Cir.
2004); Fina, Inc. v. ARCO, 200 F.3d 266, 269 (5th Cir. 2000).
   16   See Derr Heirs’ Compl., Ex. B, 7 (Rec. Doc. 1-3).
   17 See 7 Digest of Commercial Laws of the World § 119:1; Hess & Huebner, 11 IUS
GENTIUM at 151. The Swareks have implied that some relationship exists between the
failure to apply res judicata and the costs award. In urging this inference, the Swareks
emphasize the fact that the German appellate court awarded costs (after failing to apply res
judicata), whereas the German trial court did not award costs. Compare Swareks’ Answer
and Affirmative Defenses, Ex. 13, 2-5 (Rec. Doc. 6-13), with Derr Heirs’ Compl., Ex. B, 7 (Rec.
Doc. 1-3). But this inference is incorrect. As revealed by a comparison of the two German
courts’ opinions, the difference between their reasoning was unrelated to the doctrine of res
judicata. For its part, the German trial court did not even mention res judicata. Indeed, the
res judicata issue likely was never raised before the German trial court because the Swareks
never appeared in those trial proceedings. The disagreement between the two German courts
actually focused solely on the interpretation of Section 256 of the German Code of Civil
Procedure, which evidently governs German litigants’ right to a declaratory judgment. See
7 Digest of Commercial Laws of the World § 119:1. The Swareks argued before the German
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                                          No. 13-60904

        Indeed, as has often been explained by the Second, Sixth, and District of
Columbia Circuits, after “a judgment is reached” in one of two “[p]arallel
proceedings in the same in personam claim,” the first forum’s judgment must
then be “pled as res judicata in the other.” 18 These statements explicitly
contemplate at least one more stage of litigation in the second forum even after
final judgment has been rendered in the first forum—the post-judgment
proceeding in which the parties’ arguments regarding res judicata are asserted
and considered. The doctrine of res judicata does not obligate the second forum
to forgive the costs that would ordinarily accrue during this post-judgment
litigation. Nor does the doctrine of res judicata obligate the second forum to
immediately stop its work sua sponte so that no further litigation costs will
accrue against the unsuccessful litigant.
        Nor would there seem to be any obligation, in the present case, for the
German courts to forgive those costs that had already accrued before the
Swareks’ Rule 41 dismissal. It is true, as the majority emphasizes, that the
German Higher Regional Court decided the Swareks’ appeal on January 12,
2012—nearly two years after the Swareks’ Rule 41 dismissal occurred on May
10, 2010. But the Swareks’ Rule 41 dismissal also did not occur until more
than a year after the Derr Heirs’ lawsuit had been filed in the German trial

appellate court that the res judicata effect of their Rule 41 dismissal had barred the Derr
Heirs from receiving a declaratory judgment under Section 256. The German appellate court
rejected this argument. Derr Heirs’ Compl., Ex. B, 5-7 (Rec. Doc. 1-3) (“There also is no lack
of interest in a declaratory judgment on the side of the plaintiffs. . . . The plaintiffs’ legitimate
interest in legal protection did not terminate with the ‘dismissal with prejudice,’ namely the
withdrawal of the complaint with respect to the deceased Mr. Hermann Derr in the
Mississippi lawsuit.”). In any event, this disagreement over German procedural law has no
relevance to the task before our court.
   18 See Royal & Sun Alliance, 466 F.3d at 92 (emphasis added); Gau Shan, 956 F.2d at
1352 (same); Sea Containers Ltd. v. Stena AB, 890 F.2d 1205, 1213 (D.C. Cir. 1989) (same);
China Trade & Dev. Corp. v. M.V. Choong Yong, 837 F.2d 33, 36 (2d Cir. 1987) (same); Laker
Airways, 731 F.2d at 926-27 (same).

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                                          No. 13-60904

court on March 9, 2009.             The majority asserts that the German Higher
Regional Court’s costs award “rendered meaningless the right of the Swareks
to put an end to litigation of their claims.” But surely any right to terminate
one’s claims under Mississippi law does not entail the power to escape the costs
that one has already accrued during previous or ongoing litigation in a foreign
jurisdiction.
         I therefore do not understand the majority’s conclusion that “[i]f the Derr
Heirs had not obtained a declaratory judgment of non-liability on the identical
claims that the Swareks had dismissed with prejudice nearly two years earlier,
no order for costs would have issued.” On the contrary, costs apparently would
have accrued anyway during post-judgment litigation when the Rule 41
dismissal was “pled as res judicata” 19 in the German forum. Costs may also
have accrued during the full year of litigation in the German trial court prior
to the Rule 41 dismissal.
         Accordingly, as is evident from the written opinion of the German Higher
Regional Court, such costs would have been awarded against the Swareks
under § 91(1) of the German Code of Civil Procedure “[e]ven if” the Swareks’
voluntary dismissal had “cause[d] a procedural preclusion (‘res judicata’)” in
the German proceedings. 20 The German court’s award of costs therefore is not
in conflict with the purported res judicata effect achieved by the Swareks’ Rule
41 dismissal. It is in accord.
                                               III.
         As explained above, even if the Mississippi doctrine of res judicata had
been applied in the German court precisely as the Swareks now articulate that

   19 See Royal & Sun Alliance, 466 F.3d at 92 (emphasis added); Gau Shan, 956 F.2d at
1352; Laker Airways, 731 F.2d at 926-27.
   20   See Derr Heirs’ Compl., Ex. B, 7 (Rec. Doc. 1-3).

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                                         No. 13-60904

doctrine, we would still be faced with a German declaratory judgment
awarding no damages to the Swareks and awarding costs to the Derr Heirs.
Only the reasoning of the declaratory judgment would be different.
        At most, therefore, all that can be said is that the German Higher
Regional Court did not apply Mississippi law on claim preclusion when it
proceeded to analyze the merits of the Swareks’ contract claim. This was not
necessarily even legal error. There are also courts in the United States that
have applied the claim preclusion rules of the enforcement forum rather than
those of the rendering forum when faced with enforcing a foreign country’s
judgment. 21 In any event, even if the German Higher Regional Court’s costs
award were predicated on a legal error, such error would not affect this case.
Under Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U.S. 113, 202-03 (1895), the Restatement (Second)
of Conflict of Laws § 98, and numerous other federal and state authorities, a
foreign court’s “error of law” is not a sufficient reason to deny comity to a
foreign judgment. 22

   21  See Andes v. Versant Corp., 878 F.2d 147, 149 (4th Cir. 1989) (“When dealing with the
preclusive effect of a foreign nation money judgment, some courts have seemed to employ a
strict full faith and credit approach, while others have employed the res judicata rules of the
forum state.”); Panama Processes, S.A. v. Cities Serv. Co., 796 P.2d 276, 291-92 & n.70 (Okla.
1990); see also United States v. Kashamu, 656 F.3d 679, 683 (7th Cir. 2011) (“There is no
consensus.”). The situation is different where both the rendering forum and the enforcement
forum are bound by the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution. In
such circumstances, the enforcement forum is obligated to apply the rendering forum’s rules
on res judicata. See id.
   22 Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 98 Comment D (1971, rev’d 1988) (“[T]he
judgment will not be refused recognition on the ground that the rendering court made an
error of law or of fact.”); see also, e.g., de Csepel v. Republic of Hungary, 714 F.3d 591, 606-07
(D.C. Cir. 2013); Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux (Dakota) Gaming Enter. v. Prescott, 779
N.W.2d 320, 325-27 (Minn. Ct. App. 2010); Sarl Louis Feraud Int’l v. Viewfinder, Inc., 489
F.3d 474, 479 (2d Cir. 2007); Dart v. Dart, 597 N.W.2d 82, 85-86 (Mich. 1999); Parsons v.
Bank Leumi Le-Israel, B.M., 565 So. 2d 20, 25 (Ala. 1990); Panama Processes, 796 P.2d at
284; Banco Minero v. Ross, 172 S.W. 711, 714 (Tex. 1915).

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    Case: 13-60904         Document: 00512761978      Page: 28   Date Filed: 09/09/2014

                                       No. 13-60904

         In summary, the majority’s interpretation of the public policy exception
to the doctrine of comity is unsupported by Mississippi law or by any other
authorities identified during these proceedings. This interpretation denies
enforcement to a judgment that was evidently rendered by “a court of
competent jurisdiction . . . under a system of jurisprudence likely to secure an
impartial administration of justice” absent any indication of “prejudice in the
court . . . or fraud in procuring the judgment.” 23 The majority’s interpretation
recognizes, apparently for the first time, a broad exception to the doctrine of
comity where a foreign court “fail[s] to respect” a res judicata decision rendered
earlier in time by a Mississippi court, even where the two resulting judgments
are not in conflict with one another.
         For these reasons, I would reverse the district court’s order granting the
Swareks’ motion for judgment on the pleadings. Accordingly, I respectfully
dissent.

   23   See Hilton, 159 U.S. at 202.

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