Court Opinion

ID: 6349168
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-13 08:11:13.052462+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:05.440542
License: Public Domain

In the
                    Court of Appeals
            Second Appellate District of Texas
                     at Fort Worth
                 ___________________________
                      No. 02-21-00164-CV
                 ___________________________

                 TODD GALLAHER, Appellant

                                V.

DENTON MEDIA COMPANY, INC. D/B/A DENTON RECORD CHRONICLE,
                         Appellee

              On Appeal from the 158th District Court
                     Denton County, Texas
                   Trial Court No. 20-4102-16

               Before Kerr, Wallach, and Walker, JJ.
               Memorandum Opinion by Justice Kerr
                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      In this defamation suit, pro se Appellant Todd Gallaher appeals the trial court’s

granting of summary judgment in favor of Appellee Denton Media Company, Inc.

d/b/a Denton Record-Chronicle (the Newspaper). Gallaher contends that the trial

court improperly excluded his summary-judgment evidence, that portions of the

Newspaper’s summary-judgment evidence were incompetent, and that fact issues

precluded summary judgment. We will affirm.

                                   I. Background

A. Pre-lawsuit facts

      Gallaher is a political consultant who was selected in December 2018 to join

the staff of Denton County commissioner Dianne Edmondson as her chief

administrator. His hiring was subject to a vote of approval by the Denton County

Commissioner’s Court. At a December 18, 2018 meeting—after the outgoing county

judge voiced opposition to hiring Gallaher1—the commissioners voted against

approving him for the position.

      That same day, the Newspaper published its first of a series of four articles that

detailed the circumstances of Gallaher’s potential hiring and allegations that he had

been prosecuted for misconduct during the 2008 primary election.

      1
        The outgoing county judge’s tenure ended on December 31, 2018, and she
encouraged the commissioners to “revisit” Gallaher’s potential hire after she left
office. Gallaher’s hire was eventually approved on January 1, 2019.

                                          2
      1. December 18, 2018 article

      The December 18 article, titled Incoming Denton County Commissioner Picks Staffer

Once Accused of Scheming, reported that Gallaher had in 2008 been “put on leave” from

his job as a staffer for a Texas state representative. According to the article, this

followed allegations that Gallaher had used an email address—one that appeared to

belong to another Texas state representative—to disseminate damaging photos of a

political rival. It also reported that Gallaher had once admitted to impersonating a

Dallas Morning News reporter to gather information concerning an ethics complaint

against his former employer. Commissioner Edmonson was quoted as having said,

“I’ve known Todd for a very long time . . . . I have complete confidence that

something that happened over a decade ago is not going to happen in Denton

County.”

      2. December 29, 2018 article

      The December 29 article, titled County Officials to Again Try Hiring Aide Once

Prosecuted in Political Scheme, reasserted the misconduct allegations against Gallaher. It

further reported that the Newspaper had obtained a document from the Texas

Attorney General’s office (OAG) showing that Gallaher had been “prosecuted for a

charge of misrepresentation of identity in a 2008 primary election” for which he was

“given a year of pre-trial diversion and sentenced to 60 hours of community service.”

This article reported that Gallaher had not “return[ed] an email and a phone call

seeking comment.” Several public officials from Denton County defended Gallaher’s

                                            3
work history, and the local Republican Party chair, who had recently employed

Gallaher as a political consultant, told the Newspaper that Gallaher was “very

knowledgeable,” “a hard worker,” and did “good things for the county.”

      3. January 1, 2019 article

      The January 1 article, titled New Year’s Day Brings Local Transition of Power,

contained nearly verbatim reporting as that from December 29—that Gallaher had

been “prosecuted for a charge of misrepresentation of identity in a 2008 primary

election” for which he “was given a year of pre-trial diversion and sentenced to

60 hours of community service” and that he had “not returned multiple requests for

comment” from the Newspaper. It noted that Gallaher’s hiring had ultimately been

approved.

      4. March 9, 2019 article

      The March 9 article, titled Gallaher, Edmonson’s Chief Administrator, Disputes

Reporting on 2008 Charge, outlined a series of emails exchanged between the Newspaper

and Gallaher. According to the article, Gallaher denied ever having been put on a

leave of absence or charged, prosecuted, or sentenced for misrepresentation of

identity. It also quoted Gallaher as having asked in one of the emails, “Does the

Denton Record Chronicle condone this act of wrongfully increasing the appearance of

guilt in my action?”

      The article discussed various OAG records related to an investigation involving

Gallaher, including a spreadsheet upon which the Newspaper’s reporting had been

                                         4
initially based. It reported that 11-page and 6-page versions of this spreadsheet

existed:

       Gallaher referred the newspaper to an 11-page spreadsheet prepared by
       the Attorney General’s Office titled “Election Fraud Violations
       Prosecutions Resolved.” In regard to the allegations against Gallaher,
       under the heading of “Charge(s),” it lists “Misrepresentation of identity,”
       while under the heading of “Disposition,” it states: “Pre-trial diversion
       for 1 year, 60 hours of community service, completed early.” The
       spreadsheet also contains a disclaimer on Page 11 that states, “This
       document only reflects cases investigated and/or prosecuted by the
       OAG.”

       However, the document used by the Record-Chronicle to inform its earlier
       reporting is just six pages in length. And while the spreadsheet title,
       headings[,] and content regarding Gallaher are the same as the 11-page
       version he referred to, it did not contain a similar disclaimer. The only
       applicable note included at the bottom was “Investigated by OAG,
       however presented to, and prosecuted by local district/county attorney.”

       The March 9 article further reported that Gallaher, when asked for evidence

that the Newspaper’s reporting had been inaccurate, provided a screenshot from the

Texas Department of Public Safety’s criminal-history online database showing that a

search for “Gallaher, Todd” returned no results. Gallaher was also quoted as having

acknowledged in an email to entering a pre-trial diversion program: “‘There was no

prosecution,’ [Gallaher] continued. ‘With no charges filed against me, I volunteered to

enter a pre-trial program.’”

                                           5
B. Trial-court proceedings

      On     December      27,   2019,    Gallaher    sued    the    Newspaper     for

“DEFAMATION/LIBEL/PER SE.” The statements that Gallaher alleged as

defamatory can be grouped into three categories:

      1. that he was “charged,” “prosecuted,” and “sentenced” for his involvement
         in a “political scheme” related to his alleged actions during the 2008 primary
         elections;

      2. that he was “put on leave” for these alleged actions; and

      3. that he declined to respond to requests for comment from the Newspaper.

      1. The Newspaper moves for summary judgment

      The Newspaper claimed numerous grounds for summary judgment, including

that (1) limitations barred any claim of defamation stemming from the December

18 article, (2) the statutory defense of truth as provided in Section 73.005(b) of the

Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code applied to its statements pertaining to the

OAG document, and (3) the statements that Gallaher had declined to respond to the

Newspaper’s requests for comment were incapable of a defamatory meaning.

      In support, the Newspaper included a business-records affidavit from an OAG

records custodian that attached two documents related to an OAG investigation into

Gallaher for misrepresentation of identity: (1) a 13-page spreadsheet and (2) an

incident report. The spreadsheet was titled “Office of the Attorney General of Texas,

Election Fraud Violations, Prosecutions Resolved” and contained entries for dozens

                                          6
of election-fraud cases involving many people.2 The third page of the spreadsheet

showed an entry for “Gallaher, Todd” with the following information:
   County[]      Defendant      Allegation        Election   Cause/Case       Charge[s]          #       Resolution   Statute    Disposition[]
                                                  Involved    Number[]                        Offenses     Date       Violated
                                                                                              Charged
Aransas/Travis   Gallaher,   Misrepresentation     2008      C08999934    Misrepresentation      1        5/21/09      EC        Pre-trial
                  Todd       of identity –        Primary                 of identity                                 255 005    diversion for
                             intent to            Election                                                                       1 year, 60
                             manipulate                                                                                          hours of
                             election or injure                                                                                  community
                             candidate                                                                                           service,
                                                                                                                                 completed
                                                                                                                                 early

This spreadsheet also contained a disclaimer that “[t]his document only reflects cases

investigated and/or prosecuted by the OAG” and the bottom of each page reads:

“Information as of 8/17/2020.”

          As additional summary-judgment evidence, the Newspaper attached affidavits

from the three writers of the articles in question:

                    a. Laferney Affidavit

          Dalton LaFerney attested that he authored the December 18 and December

29 articles and coauthored the March 9 article. He further attested that, in writing the

December 29 article, he used an OAG document titled “Election Fraud Violations

Prosecutions Resolved,” which identified Gallaher on its third page. Concerning this

document, LaFerney stated:

        The record shows that the content related to Gallaher’s case was identical
          2

across the 6-, 11-, and 13-page spreadsheets. The versions varied only in their lengths
due simply to the rolling number of total cases reported, their disclaimers, and the
dates upon which they were accessed. The 6-page spreadsheet was dated as from
2012, and the 11-page spreadsheet contains a footer stating “Information as of
11/16/2018.”

                                                                   7
      [] I had no reason to believe the information in the Texas Attorney
      General Office record was false.

      [] Based on my experience as a journalist in having reported on criminal
      court proceedings and my understanding of the words in the title of the
      record “Election Fraud Violations Prosecutions,” and the columns in the
      record titled “Allegations,” “Cause/Case Number,” “Charge(s),”
      “Statute Violated,” and “Disposition,” which reflected under this
      column guilty pleas, convictions with criminal sanctions, and what I
      considered plea bargains with deferred adjudication, I concluded the
      record was of individuals charged with violation or violations of criminal
      code provisions and the results of the charges.

      [] The information in this record beside Gallaher’s name was he was
      accused and charged with violation of Election Code 255.005, which is a
      criminal misdemeanor concerning the 2008 Primary Election, that he
      voluntarily entered a pre-trial diversion program and performed 60 hours
      of community service.

      [] Seeing a cause or case number beside his name and the disposition
      being a “pre-trial” program with community service hours could only be
      understood to mean some court was in charge of the charges against him
      that ended []as it did.

             b. Heinkel-Wolfe Affidavit

      Peggy Heinkel-Wolfe attested that she wrote the January 1 article and stated

that her reporting related to Gallaher’s alleged prosecution came from an OAG

document titled “Election Fraud Violations Resolved” and “another document

obtained from the Attorney General’s office.” Further, she stated:

      [] I saw in this record columns titled “Allegations,” “Election Involved,”
      “Cause/Case Number,” “Charge(s),” “Statute Violated,” and
      “Disposition,” that under that column I found pleas of guilty,
      convictions with punishment of incarceration, fines and what appeared
      to be deferred adjudications.

                                          8
      [] Gallaher’s name was on page three with allegations made against him
      concerning the 2008 Primary Election followed by a charge of
      misrepresentation of identity in violation of Election Code
      255.005 resulting in a disposition of his entering a pre-trial program and
      60 hours of community service.

      [] I concluded the foregoing information along with the heading
      “Cause/Case Number” meant that all of this took place in some court
      because only courts have pre-trials.

             c. McCrory Affidavit

      Sean McCrory attested that he was the Newspaper’s executive editor, that he

coauthored the March 9 article, and that it was published at Gallaher’s request.

McCrory stated that Gallaher had informed him that the Newspaper’s reporting had

been “based on information ‘misinterpreted from a spreadsheet’ about the

2008 primary election” because, according to Gallaher, he had never been charged,

prosecuted, or sentenced in relation to the alleged election-code violations.

      Like LaFerney and Heinkel-Wolfe, McCrory attested that his writing had been

informed by an OAG document titled “Election Fraud Violations Prosecutions

Resolved” which identified Gallaher on its third page:

      [] I saw in this [O]AG record columns titled “Allegations,” “Election
      Involved,” “Cause/Case Number,” “Charge(s),” “Statute Violated,” and
      “Disposition.” Under that last column, I found pleas of guilty,
      convictions with punishment of incarceration, fines[,] and what appeared
      to be deferred adjudications.

      [] This record reflected the allegations made against [Gallaher]
      concerning the 2008 Primary Election followed by the charge of
      misrepresentation of identity in violation of Election Code
      255.005 resulting in a disposition of Gallaher entering a pre-trial
      program, including 60 hours of community service.

                                           9
       [] I had no reason not to believe the content of this record.

       [] Based on my experience as a journalist in reporting and editing
       criminal proceedings, I understood the content of the [O]AG record that
       Gallaher had accepted a plea bargain to avoid a trial on a misdemeanor
       charge for violation of the Election Code.

       2. Gallaher’s summary-judgment response

       Gallaher objected to and moved to strike all of the Newspaper’s summary-

judgment evidence. He argued that the 13-page spreadsheet was hearsay, irrelevant,

dated over one year after the articles’ publication, and “misleading to the extent [the

Newspaper’s] use of such document attempts to show [the Newspaper’s] statements

are true.” He argued that the affidavits were incompetent summary-judgment

evidence because they were self-serving statements of interested witnesses,

conclusory, without evidentiary support or predicate, vague, unclear, misleading, or

assumed facts not in evidence.

       According to Gallaher, summary judgment was precluded because the

Newspaper had failed to establish its defenses of truth and lack of malice as a matter

of law and because three issues of material fact existed: (1) whether the Newspaper

published its articles with malice; (2) whether the articles were substantially true; and

(3) whether privilege applied to the articles.

       As summary-judgment evidence, Gallaher incorporated by reference “all

pleadings and documents filed of record” with the trial court and also attached a

personal affidavit with a number of exhibits: (1) the four articles in question,

                                            10
(2) multiple emails between himself and Newspaper employees, (3) a copy of the 11-

page OAG spreadsheet, (4) a copy of a criminal-history search from the Texas

Department of Public Safety website purporting to show that a search for “Gallaher,

Todd” returned no results, and (5) a July 10, 2008 OAG memo.3

      The OAG memo read in full:

      Office of the Attorney General
      GREG ABBOTT
      MEMO

      To: Will Tatum
      From: Angela Miller
      Date: July 10, 2008
      Subject: Campaign Communication

      The two laws at issue, § 255.004 and § 255.005, are part of Title 15 of
      the Election Code. Tex. Elec. Code § 255.004 – 255.005. The Texas
      Ethics Commission is authorized by the Texas Legislature to “administer
      and enforce” Title 15 of the Election Code. Tex. Gov’t Code § 571.061.
      The Commission rules clearly state that “campaign communications” do
      not include email and that this definition applies to Title 15 of the
      Election Code “unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.” Texas
      Ethics Commission Rules, Chap. 20(A) § 20.1. The broader definition of
      campaign communication (“a written or oral communication [ ].”) is also
      fund [sic] in Title 15. Tex. Elec. Code § 251.001. I did not find any case
      law which mentioned this issue, and nothing which suggested that the
      Ethics Commission’s definition should not apply to “campaign
      communications” in this case.

      Gallaher attested that he had never been placed on a leave of absence, had a

“former case” opened against him, or been prosecuted, charged, or sentenced for

alleged misrepresentation of identity during the 2008 election. He attested that he had,

      The Newspaper did not reply to Gallaher’s response or object to his summary-
      3

judgment evidence.

                                          11
on multiple occasions before the December 29 and January 1 articles, responded by

email to the Newspaper’s requests for comment by informing the Newspaper that the

articles contained “false and/or inaccurate information.” One such email exchange

between Gallaher and Laferney from December 18 is illustrative:

      Gallaher: Your article contains false facts . . . . Please correct the facts
      ....

      Laferney: I called you four times. Called you just now, as soon as I
      received this email. Can you give me a call back? I am calling to get the
      story straight. Which facts are false?

      Gallaher: It is not my responsibility to verify facts for you.

      Laferney: It is my job to explore the facts and verify them. And that is
      why I called you multiple times. But you are literally not participating in
      that process by not taking my calls. That is a decision you’re making. If
      you would like the accurate information circulated, I suggest you play
      ball and take a couple of questions.

      Gallaher: You are responsible for the information being accurate. You
      are compensated for that work. If you want to compensate me for
      verifying facts, send a contract. There are multiple incorrect statements. I
      am not spending my time doing your work for free.

      Laferney: I’m doing my job by asking you which statements are
      incorrect. You, Todd, brought this to my attention, and you, Todd, will
      not clarify which statements are inaccurate. Do you understand? . . . If
      you would like to clarify which facts are inaccurate, please let me know.

      Gallaher: It appears you took incorrect information from other news
      articles instead of verifying facts. This is your work. It is your
      responsibility to verify your work product. You are compensated for this
      work. It is not my responsibility to do your work for you. Being forced
      to participate in this work of yours is something that does not interest
      me. In my opinion, you have a higher responsibility than you have
      demonstrated in this article.

                                            12
      According to Gallaher, he had emailed the Newspaper provisions from

Section 20.1 of the Texas Election Code and the above-described “internal OAG

memo” which, he claimed, showed that his alleged actions during the 2008 primary

election did not violate the election code.

      Gallaher also attested that an online search of the Travis County criminal

records revealed nothing related to him and that the Newspaper never indicated to

him that it possessed “any independently verified information” on which to base its

reporting. Further, contrary to the March 9 reporting, Gallaher stated that he had

never referred the Newspaper to the 11-page spreadsheet and that the Newspaper had

never mentioned to him that its reporting was based on the 6-page spreadsheet.

      3. Trial court’s judgment and ruling

      The trial court overruled Gallaher’s objections and denied his motion to strike

the Newspaper’s summary-judgment evidence. It granted summary judgment for the

Newspaper without specifying the grounds on which its ruling relied.

                                II. Standard of Review

      We review a summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d

860, 862 (Tex. 2010). We consider the evidence presented in the light most favorable

to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if reasonable jurors

could, and disregarding evidence contrary to the nonmovant unless reasonable jurors

could not. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844,

848 (Tex. 2009). We indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the

                                              13
nonmovant’s favor. 20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex. 2008). When a

trial court’s order granting summary judgment does not specify the ground or grounds

relied on for its ruling, we will affirm summary judgment if any of the theories

presented to the trial court and preserved for appellate review are meritorious.

Provident Life & Accident Ins. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 216 (Tex. 2003); Star-Telegram,

Inc. v. Doe, 915 S.W.2d 471, 473 (Tex. 1995).

                                   III. Discussion

      We interpret Gallaher’s briefing as raising five issues on appeal: whether (1) the

trial court improperly excluded his summary-judgment evidence; (2) portions of the

Newspaper’s summary-judgment evidence were incompetent; (3) a fact issue existed

regarding the Newspaper’s defense of truth; (4) a fact issue existed on the

Newspaper’s assertion of privilege; and (5) a fact issue existed about whether the

Newspaper acted with negligence or malice.

A. Gallaher’s first and second issues were waived for appellate review

      Although we are to construe pro se briefs liberally, we also must hold pro se

litigants to the same standards as licensed attorneys and require them to comply with

applicable laws and rules of procedure. In re P.S., 505 S.W.3d 106, 111 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2016, no pet.) (citing Mansfield State Bank v. Cohn, 573 S.W.2d 181, 184–

85 (Tex. 1978)). An appellant’s brief must contain a clear and concise argument,

including appropriate citations to the record and legal authority. Tex. R. App.

P. 38.1(i). This requirement is not satisfied by merely uttering brief conclusory

                                           14
statements unsupported by legal citations. In re P.S., 505 S.W.3d at 111 (quoting Tesoro

Petroleum Corp. v. Nabors Drilling USA, Inc., 106 S.W.3d 118, 128 (Texas. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied)). Failure to cite legal authority or provide

substantive analysis of the legal issue presented results in waiver of the complaint.

Craaybeek v. Craaybeek, No. 02-20-00080-CV, 2021 WL 1803652, at *5 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth May 6, 2021, pet. denied) (mem. op.). An appellate court has no duty or

right to independently review the record and applicable law to look for error. Id.

      1. Argument that the trial court improperly excluded his summary-
         judgment evidence

      Gallaher’s argument that the trial court improperly excluded his summary-

judgment evidence reads in its entirety:

      F. The trial court improperly excluded Gallaher’s relevant evidence.

            a. Gallaher’s Objections, Motion to Strike and Response to
      Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment filed 3/2/21 document
      evidence that is relevant to Gallaher’s claim of #1.

            b. Gallaher’s Objections, Motion to Strike and Response to
      Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment filed 3/2/21 document
      evidence that is relevant to Gallaher’s claim of #2.

      Gallaher cites no supporting authority or record evidence. See Tex. R. App.

P. 38.1(g). Further, Gallaher does not point us to a trial court ruling—and we find

none—to support his contention that the trial court did exclude his summary-

judgment evidence. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a) (requiring that the record must show a

                                           15
timely complaint and ruling with the trial court to preserve appellate review).

Accordingly, we hold that Gallaher waived his first issue.

      2. Gallaher’s objections to the Newspaper’s summary-judgment evidence

      Gallaher complains that the Newspaper’s OAG business-records affidavit and

the affidavits from Laferney and Heinkel-Wolfe were incompetent summary-

judgment evidence. He timely objected to and moved to strike this evidence, and the

trial court denied his motion. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a).

      Gallaher contends that the OAG business-records affidavit was incompetent

summary-judgment evidence because it sponsored the 13-page spreadsheet from

2020—that is, “records created after the publication of the articles (years later).” He

continues that

      [a]s a matter of law, to the extent an objection was needed, the Court
      should have sustained Gallaher’s objections. However, the
      summary[-]judgment evidence is defective as a matter of law based on a
      plain review of the dates of such records. In other words, the
      [Newspaper] could not have relied on records created by the [OAG]
      after the publication of the articles.

      Gallaher next argues that the Laferney and Heinkel-Wolf affidavits were

incompetent summary-judgment evidence because the affiants failed to “identify or

articulate what [OAG] records they reviewed or relied upon.” He continues that

      [t]he parties don’t even indicate that they reviewed the attached records
      from the OAG, dated in 2020. The Court should have sustained any
      objection to such effect. However, as a matter of law, the
      summary[-]judgment evidence is conclusory and is incompetent and is
      error for the Court to allow such to support summary judgment.

                                           16
       Neither of Gallaher’s objection arguments cites to any supportive legal

authority. They consist solely of brief conclusory statements and give us no

substantive legal analysis to consider. See In re P.S., 505 S.W.3d at 111. Accordingly, we

hold that Gallaher waived his second issue.

B. Statements from the December 18 article barred by statute of limitations

       Gallaher alleged that he was defamed by statements in the December 18 article

that he was “put on leave” for political “scheming.” The Newspaper argued in its

summary-judgment motion and on appeal that the statute of limitations barred any

claims related to the December 18 article.4 We agree.

       “[T]o obtain traditional summary judgment on a limitations defense, the

defendant must conclusively prove (1) when the cause of action accrued, and (2) that

the plaintiff brought its suit later than the applicable number of years thereafter . . . .”

Draughon v. Johnson, 631 S.W.3d 81, 89 (Tex. 2021). The statute of limitations on a

defamation claim is one year from the date the cause of action accrues. Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code Ann. § 16.002(a); see Glassdoor, Inc. v. Andara Grp., LP, 575 S.W.3d 523,

527–28 (Tex. 2019). Defamation claims generally accrue when the allegedly

defamatory matter is first published or circulated and made available to the publisher’s

intended audience. Glassdoor, Inc., 575 S.W.3d at 528.

       This article was first published on December 18, 2018, but Gallaher did not file

suit until more than a year later, on December 27, 2019. Thus, the Newspaper was

       Gallaher failed to address this argument both in the trial court and on appeal.
       4

                                            17
entitled to summary judgment on its limitations defense related to alleged defamatory

comments from the December 18 article.

C. Statements that Gallaher was “charged,” “prosecuted,” and “sentenced” for
   involvement in a “political scheme” protected by statutory defense

      Gallaher’s chief allegation was that the Newspaper defamed him by publishing

multiple statements in the December 29, January 1, and March 9 articles that he was

“charged,” “prosecuted,” and “sentenced to 60 hours of community service” for his

involvement in an alleged “political scheme.” The Newspaper argued that these

statements were protected by the statutory defense of truth found in Subsection

73.005(b) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. In his third issue, Gallaher

contends that his summary-judgment evidence raised a fact issue about whether the

Newspaper established that defense. We will hold that the Newspaper established as a

matter of law its Subsection 73.005(b) defense related to the statements that Gallaher

was charged, prosecuted, and sentenced for a political scheme.

      Section 73.005 provides that

      (a) The truth of the statement in the publication on which an action for
      libel is based is a defense to the action.

      (b) In an action brought against a newspaper or other periodical or
      broadcaster, the defense described by Subsection (a) applies to an
      accurate reporting of allegations made by a third party regarding a matter
      of public concern.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code. Ann. § 73.005; see Dall. Morning News, Inc. v. Hall,

579 S.W.3d 370, 380 (Tex. 2019) (“[M]edia outlets that accurately report allegations

                                         18
made by a third party about matters of public concern can assert the truth as a

defense.”). It is well settled that the commission and prosecution of crimes and

related proceedings are matters of public concern; so too is the disclosure of alleged

misbehavior of a public official. Brady v. Klentzman, 515 S.W.3d 878, 884 (Tex. 2017)

(citing Cox Broad. Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U.S. 469, 492, 95 S. Ct. 1029, 1045 (1975)).

      Gallaher maintains that a fact issue existed surrounding the Newspaper’s truth

defense because he “never violated the Texas Election Code Statute, never was

arrested, never was charged, and never was prosecuted” and was, in fact,

“exonerated” of any such wrongdoing. In support, he points us to three pieces of

summary-judgment evidence: (1) the July 10, 2008 OAG memo, which opined

generally that “campaign communications” do not include email communications for

purposes of enforcing Section 255.005 of the election code; (2) the copy of the

criminal-history search from the Texas Department of Public Safety website

purportedly showing that a search for “Gallaher, Todd” returned no results; and

(3) the variation in the disclaimers on the 11- and 13-page spreadsheets. In essence,

Gallaher argues that this evidence raised a fact issue about whether he was actually

prosecuted and formally charged rather than merely investigated for misconduct

related to the 2008 elections.

      Gallaher misunderstands what the Newspaper was required to show to be

entitled to the Subsection 73.005(b) statutory defense. His arguments and evidence

seek to establish that a fact issue existed about whether he was actually prosecuted,

                                           19
charged, or sentenced. But it is fundamental to First Amendment and defamation

jurisprudence that the media “enjoy a privilege to report on judicial and official

proceedings without regard for whether the information from such proceedings is actually true.”

Dall. Morning News, Inc., 579 S.W.3d at 381 (emphasis added) (citing Tex. Civ. Prac. &

Rem. Code Ann. § 73.005(b)); see KBMT Operating Co. v. Toledo, 492 S.W.3d 710,

715 (Tex. 2016). Thus, to be accorded summary judgment on this so-called “third-

party allegation” defense, the Newspaper had only to conclusively prove that it

accurately reported the information it received from the OAG—which it did. See Dall.

Morning News, Inc., 579 S.W.3d at 380.

       The article writers attested that their reporting was based on an OAG

document titled “Election Fraud Violations Prosecutions Resolved” that contained on

its third page a row dedicated to “Gallaher, Todd.” The record shows that every

iteration of this spreadsheet alleged identical information about an OAG case

involving Gallaher:

   • He was labeled a “Defendant,” and his case was assigned a cause number;

   • His case was listed among dozens of other election-fraud violation
     “prosecutions” resolved by the OAG;

   • His “charge” was for one count of misrepresentation of identity with intent to
     manipulate or injure a candidate during the 2008 primary election, in violation
     of Section 255.005 of the Texas Election Code;

   • His case was resolved on May 21, 2009; and

                                              20
   • The “disposition” of his case was “[p]re-trial diversion for 1 year, 60 hours of
     community service, completed early.”

      Moreover, each article expressly qualified its reporting with sourcing language

to the same effect:

   • December 29 article: “according to a Texas Attorney General’s Office
     document obtained by the Denton Record-Chronicle.”

   • January 1 article: “[a]ccording to state documents obtained by the Denton Record-
     Chronicle.”

   • March 9 article: “based off a Texas Attorney General’s Office document
     obtained by the [N]ewspaper.”

      Also drawing from the OAG spreadsheet, Laferney attested that he referred to

Section 255.005 of the election code to inform his reporting that Gallaher had been

involved in a “political scheme.” Section 255.005 is part of Title 15 of the Texas

Election Code, which regulates “political funds and campaigns.” 15 Tex. Elec. Code

Ann. §§ 251.001–258.009. Specifically, Section 255.005 makes it a class A

misdemeanor for a person to misrepresent his identity “in political advertising or a

campaign communication.” Tex. Elec. Code Ann. § 255.005. A “scheme” is

commonly understood as “a plan or program of action.” Scheme, MERRIAM-

WEBSTER, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/scheme (last visited June 2,

2022); see Trimble v. Fed. Nat’l Mortg. Assoc., 516 S.W.3d 24, 32 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied) (referring to commonly understood definition of relevant

term in a property dispute to hold that summary judgment was appropriate).

                                          21
Accordingly, the Newspaper conclusively proved that it accurately reported from the

OAG spreadsheet when it stated that Gallaher had been involved in an alleged

“political scheme.”

      Likewise, the Newspaper conclusively proved that its reporting involved a

matter of public concern because (1) it was related to the OAG’s alleged criminal

prosecution and related proceedings against Gallaher and (2) at the time of the

articles, Gallaher either had been engaged to serve or was actually serving as a public

official in Denton County. See Brady, 515 S.W.3d at 884.

      In light of this, we hold that the Newspaper conclusively proved that it

accurately reported the allegations contained in the OAG spreadsheet when it stated

that Gallaher had been “charged,” “prosecuted,” and “sentenced to 60 hours of

community service” for his involvement in an alleged “political scheme” and that this

constituted a matter of public concern.

      Gallaher seems to imply that the Newspaper did not accurately report the

OAG’s allegations when it stated that he was “sentenced” to community service as a

requirement of his pretrial diversion. We are mindful that completing a pretrial

diversion program does not generally lead to a criminal sentencing under Texas law.

See Lee v. State, 560 S.W.3d 768, 770 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2018, pet. ref’d). But, in a

defamation case, “[t]echnical errors in legal nomenclature do not cause a statement to

be false,” Dolcefino v. Turner, 987 S.W.2d 100, 115 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist]

1998), aff’d, 38 S.W.3d 103 (Tex. 2000), and “[a] statement need not be true in every

                                          22
detail” for a defendant to be entitled to the statutory defense of truth, Cram Roofing

Co., v. Parker, 131 S.W.3d 84, 90 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, no pet). Thus, to the

extent Gallaher raised this argument, we overrule it.

D. Statements that Gallaher declined to return requests for comment are
   not capable of a defamatory meaning

       We are left to consider whether summary judgment was appropriate for the

Newspaper regarding its statements from the December 29 and January 1 articles that

Gallaher had declined to respond to requests for comment. Gallaher contends that he

did, in fact, respond to requests for comment from the Newspaper and attached as

summary-judgment evidence multiple emails between himself and the Newspaper to

support this contention. The Newspaper responds that its declined-to-respond

statements are not capable of a defamatory meaning. We agree with the Newspaper.

       Summary judgment is appropriate when a dispositive question of law is

involved. Averitt v. PriceWaterhouseCoopers L.L.P., 89 S.W.3d 330, 333 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2002, no pet.) (citing Rhone-Poulenc, Inv. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 222 (Tex.

1999)). Whether unambiguous statements are reasonably capable of a defamatory

meaning is a question of law for the trial court to answer. Musser v. Smith Protective

Servs., Inc., 723 S.W.2d 653, 654 (Tex. 1987). A statement is defamatory if it tends to

injure a person’s reputation, to expose them to public hatred, contempt, ridicule, or

financial injury, or to impeach his honesty, integrity, or virtue. Chehab v. Edgewood Dev.,

Ltd., 619 S.W.3d 828, 835 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2021, no pet.).

                                            23
      The court is to construe the statements as a whole in light of surrounding

circumstances based on how a person of ordinary intelligence would perceive the

entire statement. Musser, 723 S.W.2d at 655. “Statements alleged to be defamatory

must be viewed in their context; they may be false, abusive, unpleasant, or

objectionable to the plaintiff and still not be defamatory in light of the surrounding

circumstances.” Tomlinson v. McComas, No. 02-11-00175-CV, 2011 WL 5607604, at

*4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 17, 2011, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (citing Musser,

723 S.W.2d at 655).

      Writing that Gallaher declined to comment for a news story is unambiguous

and not an allegation of any wrongful conduct. See Chehab, 619 S.W.3d at 835. A

person of ordinary intelligence would recognize that a person might decline to

comment on a news story about himself for myriad innocuous reasons. This is

particularly true here when we view the articles together. See MKC Energy Invs., Inc. v.

Sheldon, 182 S.W.3d 372, 377–78 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2005, no pet.) (citing Musser,

723 S.W.2d at 653) (instructing that, because statements were alleged as defamatory

across a series of newspaper articles, it was required to “examine the published articles

at issue in their entirety rather than examine separate sentences or words excerpted

from such articles”).

      The Newspaper’s first article from December 18 quoted Commissioner

Edmonson as having said that she had “complete confidence” in Gallaher. The

December 29 article cited numerous local officials who defended Gallaher, with one

                                           24
noting that he did “good things for the county.” The January 1 article reported that

Gallaher was ultimately approved and hired for the position with Commissioner

Edmonson. And the March 9 article—aptly titled Gallaher, Edmonson’s chief

administrator, disputes reporting on 2008 charge—provides an in-depth discussion of

Gallaher’s responses to and disagreements with the Newspaper’s earlier reporting. In

other words, the Newspaper’s statements that Gallaher initially declined to comment

on its reporting must be juxtaposed against and read together with multiple quotes

bolstering his character and a fourth and final entire article dedicated to the comments

he provided to the Newspaper. Thus, we hold as a matter of law that these statements

are not capable of a defamatory meaning when viewed in their proper context by a

person of ordinary intelligence. See Musser, 723 S.W.2d at 655.

                                   IV. Conclusion

      Having held that the Newspaper was entitled to summary judgment on all

alleged defamatory statements, we need not consider Gallaher’s fourth and fifth

issues. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. We affirm.

                                                      /s/ Elizabeth Kerr
                                                      Elizabeth Kerr
                                                      Justice

Delivered: June 9, 2022

                                           25