Court Opinion

ID: 4149966
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-03 12:06:55.924351+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:09.480696
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

JILL RENAE ZIENTEK,                                                  UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     March 2, 2017
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                    No. 330477
                                                                     Genesee Circuit Court
WOLFGANG ZIENTEK,                                                    LC No. 14-310740-DO

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: JANSEN, P.J., and BECKERING and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        This appeal arises from the violation of a provision in the parties’ judgment of divorce
addressing the division of property kept in a storage unit. Plaintiff, Jill Renae Zientek,1 appeals
as of right the circuit court’s order finding her in criminal contempt of court, ordering her to pay
$7,500 in sanctions, $2,500 in damages, and defendant’s attorney fees necessitated by plaintiff’s
conduct, and awarding the remaining contents of the storage unit to defendant, Wolfgang
Zientek. We affirm.

                   I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        The parties married in September of 2010, and plaintiff filed for divorce on February 6,
2014. While divorce proceedings were pending, plaintiff removed property from the marital
home, some of which defendant believed was personal property belonging to him and marital
property to which he was entitled a share. When the parties appeared for a half-day bench trial
on June 19, 2014, it came to light that plaintiff might have stored the property at the place where
she was currently staying or in a rented storage unit. Accordingly, the trial court adjourned the
trial and ordered the parties and their attorneys to locate and inventory or otherwise document
any property in dispute. Subsequently, the parties went to plaintiff’s storage unit, photographed
its contents, and agreed that neither party, nor anyone acting on a party’s behalf, would remove
anything from the storage unit until further instructions from the court. The trial court
memorialized this agreement in an August 13, 2014 order, which provided,

1
 After entry of the parties’ judgment of divorce, plaintiff reverted to use of the last name
“Doezema,” her name from a previous marriage.

                                                -1-
       Effective June 19, 2014, Plaintiff’s storage unit, #575, that was viewed and
       photographed by the parties and counsel, shall be and shall remain closed and
       locked. Neither party, nor anyone acting on their behalf, shall cause any item to
       be removed or fail to act to secure the premises (i.e., non-payment) until further
       order of the Court. The facility shall remain as it was when it was closed when
       the parties and their counsel were present.

        When the divorce trial resumed on August 20, 2014, the parties had agreed on a proposed
judgment of separate maintenance, which the trial court subsequently entered. Relative to the
instant appeal, the judgment allowed each party to retain his or her “jewelry, personal effects,
personal papers, etc. excluding the contents of the storage unit addressed separately herein.”
Regarding the storage unit, the judgment provided:

               The parties shall divide the contents of the storage unit whereby a third
       party shall be present to witness the division. No other persons are to be present.
       If the parties do not agree as to who is awarded a specific item, that item shall be
       set aside and sold and the parties shall share in the proceeds. The parties, through
       counsel, shall determine the third party and the method of sale for any items that
       are not agreed upon, and they shall share in the cost of the [third] party, if any.[2]

On January 2, 2015, the judgment of separate maintenance converted into the trial court’s
judgment of divorce.3

        According to defendant, after he appeared in court for entry of the judgment of divorce,
he became concerned about the storage unit and about a gun that was missing from his home. In
response to these concerns, defendant’s counsel issued a subpoena to the storage facility
requesting the access records for plaintiff’s unit. From these records, defendant learned that
plaintiff had accessed the unit five times since the court’s order of August 13, 2014. Thus,
defendant filed an emergency motion asking the court for ex parte relief and to order plaintiff to
show cause why she should not be held in contempt for violating the trial court’s order and the
judgment of separate maintenance/divorce. The trial court ordered the storage unit to be sealed,
but reserved its decision on the property in the unit until a hearing on the matter.

        That hearing occurred on March 2, 2015. In defense of her actions, plaintiff asserted that
it had not been clear to her that she was not allowed to go into the storage unit, and she testified
that the only items she had removed were a vanity, a pink chair, two lamps, a small painted
sewing table, and clothing. In order to resolve the issue, the trial court instructed the parties to
agree on a date and time to go to the storage unit and divvy up its contents, and set a review date
for April 20, 2015. However, when the parties went to the storage unit, it became known that

2
  According to the record, plaintiff’s attorney added the italicized sentences at plaintiff’s request.
3
  The relevant provision states: “It is further ordered that findings, terms, conditions and orders
of this Court’s Judgment of Separate Maintenance of November 10, 2014, are hereby adopted by
reference as if fully set forth in all particulars and shall become this Court’s Judgment of
Divorce.”

                                                 -2-
plaintiff had removed more items than she had previously acknowledged. Defendant informed
the court of the same at the April 20, 2015 review hearing, submitting before and after
photographs of the unit’s contents taken in June 2014, and April 2015 respectively. Plaintiff and
her attorney agreed that the “after” picture accurately depicted what the storage unit looked like
when the parties went there to divvy up its contents. The trial court gave the parties seven days
to supplement their pleadings with whatever else they wanted the court to consider in deciding
defendant’s show cause motion. Both parties filed supplemental pleadings.

        In a June 3, 2015 order, the trial court found that plaintiff, by her own admission, had
engaged in indirect contempt of court with respect to the items in the storage unit. Accordingly,
the court found plaintiff in criminal contempt and ordered her to pay $7,500 in sanctions, $2,500
in damages, and defendant’s attorney fees necessitated by plaintiff’s conduct, and it granted
defendant’s request for the remaining items in the storage unit. Plaintiff filed a motion for
reconsideration challenging, among other things, the court’s $2,500 damages award as being
speculative, and arguing that the court had erred by not informing her she was at risk of being
found in criminal contempt or informing her of and affording her the due process safeguards to
which she was entitled. After giving defendant 21 days to respond, the trial court granted
plaintiff’s motion by way of an August 20, 2015 order, admitting that it had not given plaintiff a
full hearing before finding her in contempt, but opining that it had provided her with sufficient
due process to satisfy the statutory requirements.4 Nevertheless, the court noted that the audio
recording of the hearing showed “that [the court] did not make clear to Plaintiff whether the
charges against her were civil or criminal in nature.” The court further noted that, although it
believes that it afforded plaintiff the presumption of innocence and the right against self-
incrimination, it did not make that explicit to plaintiff on the record. Therefore, “[t]o provide
Plaintiff the utmost due process protections,” the court granted her a new hearing. Accordingly,
the trial court concluded its written opinion by thoroughly informing plaintiff of her rights with
regard to the criminal contempt charges against her.

        The new hearing was held on October 2, 2015. After a brief opening statement,
defendant indicated that he would rely on the pleadings and documents previously submitted.
Plaintiff then moved for a directed verdict on the ground that defendant had presented no
testimony establishing his claims, and that there had been no testimony at the hearing
establishing that plaintiff had acted in willful disregard or disobedience of the court’s orders or
the judgment of divorce. After plaintiff’s counsel explained that the court was obligated to
render its contempt decision based on the testimony and evidence presented at the hearing,
defendant’s counsel asked to be allowed to offer “two minutes” of testimony. The trial court
granted counsel’s request, and defendant testified under oath regarding the before and after
photographs of the storage unit, which then were admitted without objection as defendant’s
exhibits 1 and 2, respectively. Plaintiff’s attorney was given an opportunity for cross-
examination, but had no questions for defendant.

4
 MCL 600.1711(2) allows punishment for contempt of court “after proof of the facts charged
has been made by affidavit or other method and opportunity has been given to defend.”

                                                -3-
         After consulting with her attorney, plaintiff took the stand. The essence of her testimony
was that she had taken items from the marital home to the storage unit, and that most of the items
she removed belonged to her, but a few were jointly owned. She testified that she was aware of
the August 13, 2014 order and of the judgment of separate maintenance, but did not know that
either prohibited her from going into the storage unit. Plaintiff testified that she took the items
from the storage unit so she could furnish her new apartment, not to “thwart” defendant or to
violate the court’s order. She acknowledged that the before and after photographs of the storage
unit showed “quite a difference,” but attributed it to most of the items in the storage unit being
hers and her neglect in re-ordering the contents of the unit after she removed her belongings. On
cross-examination, she testified that she did not remember the June 19, 2014 trip to the storage
unit or the parties’ agreement not to open the storage unit absent the court’s instructions because
she “black[s] out” and was “nervous and uncomfortable . . . [w]hen all this is going on.” She
testified on redirect that the entire episode was so upsetting to her that she “stepped back and
shut down.”

        In the opinion and order from which plaintiff now appeals, the trial court observed that
plaintiff admitted on multiple occasions that she had taken items from the storage unit, and that
comparison of the before and after pictures showed that she had taken significantly more than
she admitted to under oath, and that her “contradictory testimony that she did not know about or
understand the Court’s orders is not credible.” Accordingly, the trial court concluded that
“Defendant demonstrated, beyond a reasonable doubt,” that plaintiff willfully violated Court
orders.5 The court fined plaintiff $7,500 for contemptuous behavior, pursuant to MCL
600.1715(1), ordered her to pay defendant $2,500 in damages, and awarded defendant attorney
fees and all of the property remaining in the storage unit.

                                              II. ANALYSIS

                                     A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        We review a trial court’s findings in a contempt proceeding for clear error and must
affirm them if there is competent evidence to support them. In re Contempt of Henry, 282 Mich
App 656, 668; 765 NW2d 44 (2009). We review a trial court’s issuance of a contempt order for
an abuse of discretion, and questions of law de novo. Porter v Porter, 285 Mich App 450, 454-
455; 776 NW2d 377 (2009). “The abuse of discretion standard recognizes that there will be
circumstances where there is no single correct outcome and which require us to defer to the trial
court’s judgment; reversal is warranted only when the trial court’s decision is outside the range

5
    The trial court explained its ruling in part as follows:
          [T]he Court does not believe that Plaintiff was unaware of, or confused about, the
          fact that neither she nor Defendant were entitled to remove items from the storage
          facility. Moreover, because Plaintiff claims that she no longer has the property,
          the Court cannot coerce compliance with its orders and is left only with the
          remedy of punishing Plaintiff through criminal contempt for her willful
          violations.

                                                    -4-
of principled outcomes.” Id. at 455, citing Maldonado v Ford Motor Co., 476 Mich 372, 388;
719 NW2d 809 (2006). Whether a party has been afforded due process is a question of law that
is reviewed de novo. Reed v Reed, 265 Mich App 131, 157; 693 NW2d 825 (2005).

                             B. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       Plaintiff first argues that the trial court violated her right to due process when it relied on
admissions she made before she was apprised of the nature of the contempt charges against her
and of the rights to which she was entitled, and because the trial court did not conduct the
October 2, 2015 hearing as a criminal trial. We disagree.

        Contempt of court is a willful act, omission, or statement that tends to impair the
authority or impede the functioning of a court, In re Contempt of Auto Club Ins Assoc, 243 Mich
App 697, 708; 624 NW2d 443 (2000), or a neglect or violation of a duty to obey a court order, In
re Contempt of United Stationers Supply Co, 239 Mich App 496, 501; 608 NW2d 105 (2000).
Courts have inherent independent and statutory authority to punish a person for contempt, In re
Contempt of Dougherty, 429 Mich 81, 91 n 14; 413 NW2d 392 (1987), the purpose of which is
to preserve the effectiveness and power of the courts, In re Contempt of Auto Club Ins Assoc,
243 Mich App at 708.

       Contempt committed outside the presence of the court is referred to as indirect contempt
of court and may be found only after proof of the facts charged is made by affidavit or other
method and an opportunity has been given to defend. MCL 600.1711(2); In re Contempt of
Henry, 282 Mich App at 675. Such indirect contempt of court can be punished only in
conformance with statute, MCL 600.1711(2), court rule, MCR 3.606, and due process, see In re
Contempt of Auto Club Ins Assoc, 243 Mich App at 713.

        Proceedings regarding contempt may be civil or criminal. See In re Contempt of Rochlin,
186 Mich App 639, 644; 465 NW2d 388 (1990). “A defendant charged with contempt is entitled
to be informed not only whether the contempt proceedings are civil or criminal, but also the
specific offenses with which he or she is charged.” DeGeorge v Warheit, 276 Mich App 587,
592; 741 NW2d 384 (2007). The distinction between civil and criminal proceedings is critical
because of differences in the process due and the burdens of proof. In re Contempt of
Dougherty, 429 Mich at 91. A criminal contempt proceeding requires some of the safeguards of
an ordinary criminal trial. See DeGeorge, 276 Mich App at 592. A party in a criminal contempt
proceeding is entitled to an opportunity to prepare his defense and to secure the assistance of
counsel. Id. Further, “[a] party charged with criminal contempt is presumed innocent, enjoys
the right against self-incrimination, and the contempt must be proven beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Porter, 285 Mich App at 456. In addition, the rules of evidence apply to a hearing on a
contempt charge. In re Contempt of Robertson, 209 Mich App 433, 439; 531 NW2d 763 (1995).

        To prove criminal contempt, the moving party must demonstrate beyond a reasonable
doubt “(1) that the individual engaged in a willful disregard or disobedience of authority or
orders of the court, and (2) that contempt has been clearly and unequivocally shown.” In re
Contempt of Rapanos, 143 Mich App 483, 488; 372 NW2d 598 (1985). A willful act is an act
that is “[v]oluntary and intentional, but not necessarily malicious.” Black’s Law Dictionary,
(10th ed), p 1834. “A voluntary act becomes willful, in law, only when it involves conscious

                                                 -5-
wrong or evil purpose on the part of the actor, or at least inexcusable carelessness, whether the
act is right or wrong.” Id.

         Plaintiff’s assertion that the trial court seemed not to appreciate the proceedings required
in a criminal contempt matter has some record support. The record substantiates plaintiff’s claim
that the trial court was ready to rely on plaintiff’s past admissions and on the pleadings and
documents submitted by the parties prior to the contempt hearing as the basis for its criminal
contempt decision. However, as plaintiff’s attorney pointed out at the hearing, those documents
constitute hearsay, i.e., statements made, other than those made by the declarant while testifying
at trial, and “offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” MRE 801(c). Given
that the rules of evidence apply to a hearing on a contempt charge, In re Contempt of Robertson,
209 Mich App at 439, the documents upon which the trial court was poised to rely were
inadmissible, absent an exception, MRE 802. Thus, plaintiff is correct that, at the time she
moved for a directed verdict, defendant had not yet presented admissible evidence sufficient to
prove criminal contempt beyond a reasonable doubt.6

        Nevertheless, plaintiff’s claim of error ultimately fails. Our review of the record
convinces us that the trial court adequately informed plaintiff of the rights and process to which
she was entitled in a criminal contempt proceeding. The court informed plaintiff of the charge
against her in writing in its August 20, 2015 order granting her motion for reconsideration, and
again at the beginning of the October 2, 2015 evidentiary hearing. See DeGeorge, 276 Mich
App at 592. Plaintiff already had an attorney and had more than six weeks to prepare a defense
against the charge. In addition, plaintiff has not disputed the trial court’s statement in its order of
June 3, 2015, that it believed it had afforded plaintiff the presumption of innocence, nor has
plaintiff alleged that her self-incriminatory testimony at the October 2, 2015 hearing was
coerced. See Porter, 285 Mich App at 456. Thus, the record shows that plaintiff was informed
of the nature of the charge against her, given an opportunity to work with her attorney to prepare
a defense, DeGeorge, 276 Mich App at 592, and afforded the presumption of innocence and the
privilege against self-incrimination, Porter, 285 Mich App at 456. In addition, the testimony and
evidence presented at the October 2, 2015 hearing supported the trial court’s finding beyond a
reasonable doubt that plaintiff had removed items from the storage facility unilaterally, in
violation of the parties’ judgment of divorce.

6
  Although there was some confusion regarding whether prior evidence was admissible for
purposes of the October 2, 2015 hearing, the trial court conceded to the argument of plaintiff’s
counsel that the court should take testimony. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by allowing the hearing to continue and by taking testimony.

                                                 -6-
        Plaintiff’s relies on Roller v Roller, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of
Appeals, issued January 14, 2016 (Docket No. 324130) to support her claim of a procedural due
process violation. Although unpublished opinions are not binding precedent, they may be
instructive or persuasive. People v Jamison, 292 Mich App 440, 445; 807 NW2d 427 (2011).
With regard to the issue before this Court, Roller is not helpful to plaintiff.

       At issue in Roller was whether the defendant’s due process rights in a criminal contempt
proceeding were violated when the trial court reached its contempt decision in reliance on self-
incriminating testimony the defendant gave prior to being informed that the contempt
proceedings were criminal and that she had a right not to incriminate herself. Roller, unpub op at
3-4. The Court noted that “ ‘[a] defendant cannot be found guilty of criminal contempt when the
proceedings lacked any semblance of a criminal trial[.]’ ” Id. at 4, quoting Ann Arbor v Danish
News Co, 139 Mich App 218, 231; 361 NW2d 772 (1984). Accordingly, the trial court
concluded that, “because defendant was deprived of her constitutional right to due process, we
conclude that the trial court erred in issuing an order finding her in criminal contempt.” Id.

        The significant distinction between Roller and the present case is that, in reaching its
contempt decision, the trial court in Roller relied solely on testimony given by the defendant in a
friend of the court proceeding at which the referee did not clarify the nature of the contempt
charge or the defendant’s rights. In the present case, the plaintiff gave self-incriminating
testimony at the October 2, 2015 hearing, after the trial court clarified the nature of the contempt
charge and explained plaintiff’s rights, and after plaintiff consulted with her attorney prior to
testifying at the hearing. In Roller, the trial court’s after-the-fact clarification that they were
dealing with a criminal contempt matter could not cure the prior due process violation, as the
court took no post-clarification testimony. Id. In the present case, however, the trial court’s
clarification arguably did cure any due process violation. Plaintiff incriminated herself at the
October 2, 2015 hearing, fully informed of her rights and after receiving the advice of counsel.
Moreover, in addition to plaintiff’s October 2, 2015 testimony, the trial court’s finding of
criminal contempt was fully supported by the properly admitted before and after photographs of
the storage unit that was under plaintiff’s exclusive control.

       In light of the record support for the trial court’s findings of fact, and mindful that this
Court does not weigh the evidence or the credibility of witnesses in determining whether there is
competent evidence to support the trial court’s findings, see In re Contempt of Henry, 282 Mich
App at 668, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in issuing an order of
criminal contempt against plaintiff.

                                       C. BURDEN SHIFT

        Plaintiff next argues that the trial court improperly shifted the burden from defendant to
prove his damages, to plaintiff to prove that defendant’s damages assessment was inaccurate.
Plaintiff bases her claim of error on the trial court’s statement in its August 20, 2015 opinion and
order that plaintiff could use the October 2, 2015 hearing “as one last chance to provide evidence
as to a more accurate valuation of the missing property”.

                                                -7-
      MCL 600.1721 provides statutory authority for the recovery of compensatory damages in
contempt proceedings as follows:

               If the alleged misconduct has caused an actual loss or injury to any person
       the court shall order the defendant to pay such person a sufficient sum to
       indemnify him, in addition to the other penalties which are imposed upon the
       defendant. The payment and acceptance of this sum is an absolute bar to any
       action by the aggrieved party to recover damages for the loss or injury.

        “[U]nder a plain reading of MCL 600.1721, a court must order a person found to be in
contempt of court to indemnify any person who suffers an actual loss or injury as a result of the
contemnor’s misconduct.” Taylor v Currie, 277 Mich App 85, 100; 743 NW2d 571 (2007).
This Court has further observed that MCL 600.1721 makes no distinction between civil and
criminal contempt, and has held that the indemnification sanction mandated by the statute applies
“even when a trial court imposes a punitive (i.e., criminal) sanction on a contemnor.” Id.
Defendant has the burden to prove the amount of loss he suffered due to plaintiff’s contemptuous
acts. In re Contempt of Rochlin, 186 Mich App at 651.

        It is true that the trial court gave plaintiff another opportunity to provide “a ‘more
accurate’ estimate of the value of the items removed from the unit” at the October 2, 2015
hearing. However, when this statement is read in light of the parties’ dispute about the property
in the storage unit, it does not appear to us that the effect of the statement was to shift
defendant’s burden of proof, which he met with the best evidence available to him given
plaintiff’s wrongdoing: before pictures showing what was in the storage unit at the time the
court ordered it to remain closed, and after pictures showing what was left in the storage unit
after plaintiff entered the unit and removed items in violation of the order and the judgment of
separate maintenance/divorce. Defendant also produced a list of what he believed to be “missing
items” from the marital home, while plaintiff provided the trial court with a copy of the same list
with her handwritten objections and corrections. Viewed in this light, the court’s invitation to
plaintiff did not shift the burden of proof from defendant to plaintiff so much as give plaintiff
another opportunity to potentially minimize the economic consequences of her wrongdoing by
giving the court more to work with to assess the items and value of the property removed from
the storage unit.7

7
  Plaintiff asserts in passing that “attorney fees were never proven because of the Trial Court’s
wrongful imposition of placing the entire burden of proof in this matter on Appellant.” Not only
does plaintiff fail to explain the basis for her assertion, but the record shows that defendant’s
attorney did bring up attorney fees at the October 2, 2015 hearing when she asked the court to
affirm its prior award of attorney fees, for which she had submitted an affidavit, and to add to it
an amount for her appearance at the contempt hearing. Plaintiff’s attorney objected to any
discussion of attorney fees, stating: “This was not brought up on any testimony here today.
She’s arguing for something else totally different. That can be set for another day but it certainly
can’t be used here in evidence at this particular time or in closing argument.”

                                                -8-
        Plaintiff asserts that the award of $2,500 for the loss of defendant’s personal property and
his share of the marital property removed from the storage unit was “speculative, only, and had
no basis in fact.” As the trial court’s explanation of how it arrived at the damages award
indicates, the court based its decision on an analysis of information submitted to the court and
exchanged by both parties as exhibits to motions, briefs, and supplemental pleadings, on the
testimony of the parties, and on photographs accepted as accurate by both parties. Thus, the
court’s award did have a basis in fact.

        Plaintiff relies on Gubin v Lodisev, 197 Mich App 84; 494 NW2d 782 (1992), to imply
that the trial court finding that defendant’s losses are $2,500 is clear error because it is based on
“extrajudicial information” rather than on information offered at the October 2, 2015 hearing.
Plaintiff’s reliance is misplaced. The “extrajudicial information” at issue in Gubin was
extrajudicial communication between the trial court and a referee of the office of the friend of the
court that the defendant speculated had influenced the court’s decision against him. Gubin, 197
Mich App at 86. In the instant case, the information the trial court used to reach its damages
award was not “extrajudicial” in the same sense as were the extrajudicial communications
alleged in Gubin.

        It cannot go without notice that plaintiff’s actions prevented defendant from providing a
more precise measure of his damages. Under the circumstances of plaintiff’s wrongdoing,
defendant presented the best evidence available to prove the amount of his loss: the before and
after photographs and his testimony, over plaintiff’s objection, regarding the approximate
percentage of property plaintiff removed from the storage unit. As defendant stated in his brief
to this Court, “it would be a gross injustice to allow Plaintiff-Appellant to claim she was
wronged by the trial court’s findings, when her own wrongful actions made it impossible for
Defendant-Appellee to determine the value of the missing property.” The court’s assessment of
damages was not so much speculative as it was as precise a determination as it could manage
under the circumstances.

        Finally, the relevant question is whether the evidence presented at the October 2, 2015
hearing supports an award of $2,500 for the loss of defendant’s property occasioned by
plaintiff’s wrongdoing. Defendant testified, over plaintiff’s objection, that “like 90%” of the
property had been removed from the storage unit, and he submitted before and after photographs
of the storage unit showing, in the words of the court, that the once-full unit had been
“substantially emptied.” Given the particular circumstances of this case, the trial court’s finding
that the loss of defendant’s property had a value of $2,500 does not appear to be clear error. To
require defendant to present a more precise measure of damages when plaintiff’s actions made it
impossible to value the property in the storage unit would be tantamount to rewarding plaintiff
for wrongfully removing the property and thereby making it impossible for defendant to
establish more precisely the value of the property in which he claimed ownership or a share.

                                                -9-
                     D. MODIFICATION OF JUDGMENT OF DIVORCE

        Plaintiff further argues that the trial court’s award of the items remaining in the storage
unit to defendant was contrary to law because it represented a modification of the judgment of
divorce without proper grounds.

        “A court possesses inherent authority to enforce its own directives.” Walworth v
Wimmer, 200 Mich App 562, 564; 504 NW2d 708, 709 (1993), citing Greene v Greene, 357
Mich 196, 202; 98 NW2d 519 (1959). “A divorce case is equitable in nature, and a court of
equity molds its relief according to the character of the case; once a court of equity acquires
jurisdiction, it will do what is necessary to accord complete equity and to conclude the
controversy.” Walworth, 200 Mich App at 564. Moreover, MCL § 600.611 “provides circuit
courts with ‘jurisdiction and power to make any order proper to fully effectuate the circuit
courts’ jurisdiction and judgments.’ ” Id.

       In the instant case, the trial court’s order after the October 2, 2015 hearing affirmed its
June 3, 2015 award to defendant of the remaining property in the storage unit. The trial court
explained the original award as follows:

       Defendant has requested that Court [sic] modify its order to award the remaining
       property of the storage unit to him. Plaintiff argues that such modification of
       property settlements is not a possible [sic] because this Court is bound by the
       property settlement reached in the Judgment of Separate Maintenance, citing
       Lentz v Lentz, 271 Mich App 465[;] 721 NW2d 861 (2006). Here, though, the
       parties failed to property [sic] execute their property settlement in accordance
       with the Judgment of Separate Maintenance. Instead, the Court finds that Plaintiff
       conducted her own personal property settlement of the storage Unit outside the
       presence of Defendant. To execute the property settlement contemplated by the
       Judgment of Separate Maintenance, which provides that “the parties divide the
       contents with a third party present to witness the division” would be impossible
       because of Plaintiff’s actions. Given that Plaintiff has already taken the share of
       the property she wanted, the Court awards the remaining property in the storage
       unit to Defendant, not as a modification of the Judgment but as a mechanism of
       enforcement.

        Plaintiff relies on Lentz to contend that the trial court was bound to follow the terms of
the judgment of divorce regarding the division of the property remaining in the storage unit, but,
again, plaintiff’s reliance is misplaced. Lentz did not address a situation in which one of the
parties violates a property agreement incorporated into a judgment of divorce. At issue in Lentz
was whether the trial court was obligated to include in a judgment of divorce a property
agreement reached by the parties where the court found fault with the agreement, but the
agreement was not ambiguous, and there was no evidence that it resulted from fraud, coercion, or
duress. Lentz, 271 Mich App at 477-478. In the instant case, the parties’ agreement regarding
the property in the storage unit was incorporated into the judgment of separate maintenance,
which then converted into the judgment of divorce. However, by her own admission, plaintiff
removed property from the storage unit, thus violating the parties’ agreement. Although plaintiff
asserted that she did not understand that the parties’ agreement prohibited her from unilaterally

                                               -10-
taking things out of the storage unit, the trial court found that her assertions lacked credibility, an
assessment this Court does not second-guess. See In re Contempt of Henry, 282 Mich App at
668.

        We conclude that, given the particular facts of this case, the trial court did not clearly err
in finding that plaintiff had violated the terms of the judgment of divorce when she “conducted
her own personal property settlement.” Nor does it seem inequitable for the trial court to enforce
the relevant provision in the judgment of divorce by awarding the property left in the storage unit
to defendant.

       Affirmed.

                                                               /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                               /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                               /s/ Michael F. Gadola

                                                 -11-