Court Opinion

ID: 8265676
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-16 16:01:02.307905+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:43:20.536886
License: Public Domain

NORTONI, J.
— This is a suit for an installment of rent. The finding and judgment were for defendant and plaintiff prosecutes the appeal.
It appears that defendant leased from plaintiff certain premises numbered 21-23 West Thirty-fourth Street in New York City for occupancy as its eastern office on January 1, 1903. The lease was in writing for a nine-months’ term at the stipulated rental of $3000 per year, *113payable in quarterly installments of $750 each, in advance. Under tbe terms of tbe lease, tbe tenancy expired September 30,1903. The premises were occupied by defendant through one McGibbons, its New York agent, who had charge of certain matters pertaining to soliciting exhibits, etc., for the World’s Fair to be held in St. Louis in 1901. Some time in July, 1903, defendant’s-agent, one Ashforth, interviewed McGibbons with respect to renewing, the lease and McGibbons advised him. that he was not authorized to speak on the subject but ■would submit the matter to the officers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company at St. Louis. In compliance with this promise, McGibbons wrote the secretary of defendánt exposition company to the effect that plaintiff’s agent desired to know the attitude of the company with respect to renewing the lease of the premises, and no definite answer was received. But it appears that finally defendant, through its secretary, instructed McGibbons to try to see if a new lease could be obtained for a period of six months and this proposition was submitted to plaintiff’s agent, Ash-forth. Plaintiff, the owner of the premises, was in Europe and considerable time was consumed in communicating with her about the matter. Plaintiff did not accept the proposition for a renewal, of the lease for six months but afterwards, on about September 8th or 9th, Ashforth, her agent, submitted to McGibbons, defendant’s New York agent, a written lease stipulating a tenancy for seven months from September 30, 1903, at the same rate of rental per month as that stipulated for in the former indenture. McGibbons forthwith transmitted the unsigned written lease to defendant’s secretary, Mr. Walter Bi. Stevens, in St. Louis for the consideration of the company, and it appears that though he received it in due time it was not immediately accepted. While the matter thus obtained, the prior lease expired on September 30th and defendant continued in possession of the *114premises without further communication with plaintiff’s ■agent, Ashforth, until October 19th. It appears that on ■October 19th, plaintiff’s agent, Ashforth, spoke to McGibbons about the matter, inquired if defendant’s president, Gpvernor- Francis, had signed and returned the lease and was informed that he had not. Upon being so informed, Ashforth said to McGibbons that under the law of New York unless a lease is signed, the tenant becomes liable for a year’s rental but in this case such would be waived if he got the lease signed. The lease was never signed nor returned to McGibbons, and on November 17th, defendant notified him that it would close its New York office on December 31’st of that year. Immediately on receiving this information, McGibbons notified plaintiff’s agent, Ashforth, that defendant would surrender the premises on that day. Afterwards, December 31st, defendant vacated the premises and returned the keys therefor to plaintiff’s agent by depositing them in a box at his office, as the office was closed at the time. There is no controversy, however, over the fact that plaintiff’s agent did not object to receiving the keys. Defendant paid the rent for the months of October, November and until December 31,1903, but declined to pay rent thereafter. And it is said plaintiff received no rent from any source therefor until from and after the 1st day of July, 1904.
This suit proceeds for $750, said to have accrued under the common law rule with respect to the last quarter, as though a new lease had been entered into because of defendant’s holding over. The $750 involved pertains to the last quarter, commencing April 1, 1904, and ■ending July 1st of the same year, as if a new lease were executed between the parties for nine months under the identical terms and provisions as contained in the prior one. Another suit, it is said, is pending in New York for the second quarter on the same theory.
At common law, if a tenant holds over after the expiration of his term, the law presumes he intends to con*115tinue the tenancy for a term of identical duration and on the same terms as to the rental as were stipulated for in the prior lease, and all that is necessary to complete the contract for- such term is the consent or acquiescence of the landlord. But any new agreement between the landlord and tenant relative to the continued occupancy of the leased premises by the tenant precludes the landlord from charging him with liability for a full term, and where the landlord by his conduct leads the tenant to believe that he will not be charged as tenant for an entire new term, the landlord may not change his position and •so charge him thereafter.- [Jones on Landlord and Tenant, sec. 210.] However, when the parties are negotiating for a new lease at the time the prior lease expired and the tenant remains in possession pending such negotiations, with either the express of tacit .consent of the landlord, the landlord is therby estopped from thereafter treating the tenant as holding over for another term on the same conditions as before. In such circumstances, instead of the relation of landlord and tenant •continuing precisely as in the former lease, the tenant becomes a tenant at will and is treated with throughout the law accordingly. The law was so stated, or substantially so, on a prior appeal of this case, as will appear by reference to Legget v. Louisiann Purchase Exposition Co., 134 Mo. App. 175, 114 S. W. 92; see also 18 Am. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 184, 185; Grant v. White, 42 Mo. 285.
As before stated, the suit proceeds on the theory that by holding over, a new term was created for a period of nine months at the same rental agreed upon in the prior lease; but it can not be sustained, if it appears that negotiations were pending between the parties pertaining to a new term when the old one expired ■on September 30, 1903. By its answer, defendant set forth facts which, together with its-admissions, show a prima facie right of recovery in plaintiff and pleaded in ■ avoidance two affirmative defenses, the first of which *116goes to the effect that negotiations for a new term were pending at .the time the former lease expired and that defendant continued in possession of the premises with the acquiescence and implied consent of-plaintiff during such pendency; secondly, that defendant paid all of the rent for the time it occupied the premises and surrendered possession thereof to plaintiff on December 31, 1903, and that plaintiff accepted such surrender. Defendant assumed the burden of proof, and on the trial the facts were made to appear as above set forth.
The principal argument for consideration on appeal relates to the action of the trial court in permitting the introduction in evidence of certain letters from the secretary of defendant exposition company to its agent, Me-Gibbons, in New York, pertaining to the proposed lease which was submitted by plaintiff to defendant about the 9th of September, 1903, and to a conversation between Governor Francis, President of the Exposition Company, and Mr. Stevens, its secretary, pertaining to the proposed lease and what instructions should be communicated to McGibbons thereabout. It is argued these matters should have been excluded from the jury for the reason that the contents of the letters from defendant to its New York agent, McGibbons, were not shown to have been communicated to plaintiff at the time, and that the conversation between President Francis and Mr. Stevens was not had in the presence of plaintiff or her agent. On first impression, it would seem that the objection to such testimony should have been sustained, but we believe that, in view of other uncontroverted facts in the case and of the fact that the real issue or crucial question was whether or not defendant was actually considering the proposed new lease from September 9th or 10th until on and after the 30th of that month, when the old one expired, it was competent as of the res gestae to the end of elucidating defendant’s intention on the question as to whether or not it was then considering the proposition for a new lease with the purpose of contract*117ing, or was merely delaying the matter with an ulterior motive. We say this in view of the uncontroverted evidence that negotiations were pending in good faith up to September 9th, when plaintiff submitted the lease for seven months to defendant’s agent, McGibbons, in New York, who mailed it to defendant at St. Louis, and the further uncontroverted evidence to the effect that plaintiff actually treated the negotiations as still pending on October 19, or nineteen days after the time for the new lease had expired. Both defendant’s agent, McGibbons, and plaintiff’s agent, Ashforth, testified to the same effect, that Ashforth was urging McGibbons on October 19th to procure an acceptance of the proposition and return the lease signed at. once. The case concedes that plaintiff’s agent, Ashforth, said on that day that if the lease were executed and returned, the question of liability for a new term under the laws of New York would be waived. Indeed, the evidence is conclusive to the effect that, so far as negotiations were concerned on the part of plaintiff, they were pending up to October 19th and the real and only question in the case as to negotiations pending pertained to the conduct and intention of defendant, for, to have negotiations, there must be two parties to consider the matter, and it is the theory of plaintiff that defendant had concluded the whole matter and was no longer negotiating at the timé, September 30th. In this view, it was determined on the former, or second, appeal that as the case revealed negotiations open on the part of plaintiff until October 19th, the real question for decision was as to whether or not defendant, at the time or after the lease was received in St. Louis, took it up and considered it with a view of accepting or rejecting it, or held it merely for the purpose of misleading plaintiff, in order that it might hold on to the premises until it was ready to surrender them. [See Leggett v. Exposition Co., 134 Mo. App. 175, 114 S. W. 92.] On a retrial'of the issue, the court proceeded with the case in conformity to the view theretofore expressed *118by this court and, as tending to elucidate the intention of defendant pertaining to this matter, received in evidence-the conversation between Governor Francis, defendant’s-president, and Mr. Stevens, its secretary, together with the letters in compliance with President Francis’ instructions to the agent, McGibbons, inquiring if a different arrangement could not be made with plaintiff.. This evidence shows the lease was held by Secretary Stevens of the Exposition Company as “pending business” until he could bring it before President Francis,, •whose time was greatly preoccupied, and besides tends to-prove that defendant Avas acting in good faith pertaining to the negotiation on its part. It was well known to plaintiff’s agent that defendant’s agent, McGibbons, was-wholly without authority to consummate a lease and that he Avas acting only as an instrument of communication between Asliforth and the Exposition Company. And as her agent, Ashforth, was admittedly negotiating-in good faith during all of the time, it seems defendant should have the benefit of such facts and circumstances as were available tending to prove it was doing the same. When a matter is to turn on a question of intention, it is usually relevant to consult such facts and circumstances as- attend the situation at the time, in order to deduce the truth with respect to such intention. In this view, though it be true that the evidence complained of would ordinarily be denounced as self-serving declarations which impinged the rule against hearsay, we consider it competent under the exception to that rule pertaining to the res gestae. [See Greenleaf on Evidence (16 Ed.), sec. 108.]
A Massachusetts case is quite similar in this respect. There, the suit proceeded against defendant fosrents on the theory that he had accepted the terms of a lease by retaining it. It was shown the lease had been signed by plaintiff, purporting to demise the premises- and sent to defendant by his son who placed it upon defendant’s desk. The Supreme Court declared that *119though ordinarily what defendant said to his son at the-time the lease was delivered about it would be hearsay as a declaration in his own interest not made in the presence of plaintiff, such statements were comptent under-the exception to the rule as of the res gestae, for it elucidated his intention with respect to the matter. • The principle of that case is relevant here in view of the issue-on the particular facts of this one. [See Stevens v. Miles, 142 Mass. 571.]
The principal instruction for plaintiff complained-of conforms precisely to the view expressed by this court on the former appeal and for that reason it will not be-further considered.
On defendant’s second defense, pertaining to a surrender of the premises, the proof showed that immediately after defendant removed therefrom, on December 31st, some one placed a desk and one or more chairs therein and that they were frequently seen in the office. It was further shown that defendant’s agent delivered the keys of the premises, to plaintiff’s agent by dropping them into the mail box in the evening when the office off plaintiff’s agent was closed and that such agent took charge of and retained the keys. For plaintiff, the evidence tended to prove that another tenant, an ice machine company, had left the desk and chair in the office for its own convenience and that plaintiff did not let the-premises to another until July 1, 1904. On this feature-of the case, the court correctly declared the law as to-what is essential to operate a surrender, and required' the jury to find, before sustaining this defense, that, plaintiff took possession of the premises with the intent of releasing defendant from further payment of the rent. The rule of this instruction is the sound law on the question and conforms precisely to the opinion of this court on the first appeal. [See Leggett v. Louisiana Expo. Co., 121 Mo. App. 70, 97 S. W. 976.] Plaintiff requested an instruction on the same question from her standpoint which the court refused, but in view of that given by-*120plaintiff there was certainly no reversible error in re fusing that of plaintiff. Furthermore, the instruction requested by plaintiff was properly refused for the reason that it contained an unwarranted comment on the evidence. [See Bank v. Enderle, 133 Mo. App. 222, 113 S. W. 262; James v. Ins. Co., 135 Mo. App. 247, 115 S. W. 478.]
We discover no reversible érror in the record and the judgment should be affirmed. It is so ordered.
Reynolds, P. J., and Caulfield, J., concur.