Court Opinion

ID: 4660887
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-17 18:12:10.234175+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:09.769452
License: Public Domain

J-S52028-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :    IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :         PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  MARCUS VALENTINE                             :
                                               :   No. 1854 EDA 2019
                       Appellant               :

      Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 8, 2019
  In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0001285-2018

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  MARCUS VALENTINE                             :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1855 EDA 2019

  Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 8, 2019
  In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0001286-2018

BEFORE:      PANELLA, P.J., McCAFFERY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.:                        FILED FEBRUARY 17, 2021

       Appellant, Marcus Valentine, appeals from the judgments of sentence

entered in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, at two related

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S52028-20

dockets, following a jury trial and his convictions for robbery, possession of a

firearm by a prohibited person (firearm possession), strangulation, possession

of an instrument of crime (PIC), terroristic threats, and simple assault.1 On

appeal, he challenges the legality and discretionary aspects of his sentence.

For the following reasons, we affirm.

       Appellant and Dante Bolden (Complainant) met in the summer of 2017

and became romantically involved.2 N.T., 11/14/18, at 40-41. At the time,

Complainant occupied a second-story, one-bedroom apartment with her six-

year-old daughter and 4-year-old son, M.G. Id. at 42, 53. Appellant moved

in with Complainant and started “help[ing] out with the kids[.]”3 Id. at 41.

He watched the children while Complainant worked during the day. Id. at 42,

82. Complainant purchased a cell phone for Appellant, id. at 143, and gave

her “EBT card” to Appellant so he could purchase food for the children. Id. at

62, 93.

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3701(a)(1)(ii), 6105(a)(1), 2718(a)(1), 907(a), 2706(a)(1),
2701(a), respectively.    As we discuss infra, Appellant pleaded nolo
contendere to firearm possession following the jury’s convictions on the other
counts.

2 Appellant was known to the complainant as “Syfeer Carter.” N.T. Trial,
11/13/18, at 8-11, 18, 37; N.T. Trial, 11/14/18, at 40, 72, 170, 184; see
also Affidavit of Probable Cause, 12/7/17, at 2. However, Appellant was
arrested, charged, and prosecuted under his legal name, Marcus Valentine.
N.T., 11/13/18, at 14.

3 Also, Complainant’s two brothers periodically “stay[ed] there.”         N.T.,
11/14/18, at 84-85.

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       We review in detail the offenses that occurred on October 4, 2017. That

day, Appellant accused Complainant of acting differently and questioned her

mood.     N.T., 11/14/18, at 43.        As the two sat next to each other in the

bedroom, Appellant grabbed Complainant by the hair.                 Id. at 43-44.

Complainant later testified at trial, “[Appellant] said he wasn’t going to let go

until I told him what was wrong with me.” Id. at 44. After Appellant let go

of her hair, Complainant fell from the bed, hitting her head on the radiator.

Id. at 44-45, 108-09.

       The two continued to argue. Complainant informed Appellant she was

taking the children to their father’s house.            N.T., 11/14/18, at 46-47.

Appellant told Complaint she “wasn’t going nowhere[,]” and began hitting the

Complainant “[a]nywhere he could.”               Id. at 47-48.   Appellant blocked

Complainant and her children from leaving and said, “I’m telling you right

now[,] go back upstairs, or it’s going to get ugly.”4 Id. at 220. Complainant

refused and Appellant put his hands around Complainant’s neck, choked her,

and told her that she and her children “are [his] property.” Id. at 46, 220.

Complainant told her daughter to scream for help and “try to get away from

him, because he wasn’t going to let us out the house.” Id. at 48.

____________________________________________

4 These statements were a part of the Affidavit of Probable Cause, read on the
record at trial by Philadelphia Police Detective Mary Kuchinsky.         N.T.,
11/14/18, at 219-22.

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      The assault then continued outside.          N.T., 11/14/18, at 45, 49.

Complainant testified that as she started to scream, Appellant pushed her

against a vehicle and again choked her. Id. at 49. Appellant released her

only after Complainant agreed to go back into the apartment.           Id. at 52.

When Complainant attempted to walk toward the neighbor’s house, Appellant

grabbed her by the neck and pushed her towards the apartment building. Id.

at 52.    In defiance, Complainant sat on the front-step and said, “We not

going.”   Id. at 53.    Appellant responded, “Yes, you are[,]” and grabbed

Complainant by the back of the neck and forced her towards the front door.

Id. Appellant then “swiped” Complainant’s 4-year-old son M.G. “out [of] the

way” and opened the door.         Id. at 53-54.     M.G. fell against the brick,

sustaining scratches on his back as a result. Id. at 54. Complainant lifted

M.G.’s shirt to see his injuries, but Appellant said M.G. was fine. Id. at 55.

Then, Complainant and Appellant entered the vestibule area of the building,

and the children ran upstairs to the apartment. Id.

      Once inside, the violence continued.           Appellant choked and hit

Complainant a third time. N.T., 11/14/18, at 56. According to Complainant,

Appellant was “ranting that . . . he’s getting tired of people doing him like this,

it’s not going to happen no more.” Id. at 56. He then shoved Complainant’s

shirt into her mouth to stifle her screams. Id. at 61, 129-30. Complainant

bit down on Appellant’s fingers and Appellant pulled his hand from

Complainant’s mouth.      Id. at 130.     Complainant fell to the ground and

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Appellant pulled a black gun from his waist. Id. at 58. He pressed the gun

against Complainant’s neck and said, “Now you aint going to go nowhere.”5

Id. at 220. Appellant then complained that “girls was doing him wrong[,]”

and, “If he couldn’t have [Complainant], nobody can.” Id. at 58-59, 74.

       Finally, Appellant placed the gun on the floor of the vestibule and went

upstairs to retrieve his belongings.6 N.T., 11/14/18, at 131-32. Complainant

got up from the floor and told Appellant to return her keys, phones, debit card,

and EBT card.        Id. at 62, 135.           Appellant responded he would leave

Complainant’s belongings in the mailbox. Id. at 60, 62, 135-36. However,

after Appellant left, Complainant “checked the mailbox, and [they were not]

there.” Id. at 63. Complainant went next door to a neighbor’s house and

called the police. Id. Appellant left with Complainant’s identification, debit

card, food stamp card, $10 cash, and two cellphones:7 a black iPhone 7 plus,

____________________________________________

5 These statements were a part of the Affidavit of Probable Cause, read on
the record at trial by Detective Kuchinsky. N.T., 11/14/18, at 219-22.

6 Complainant was unsure when Appellant retrieved the gun, but testified
Appellant “had to [have picked up the gun] because it wasn’t there no more.”
N.T. Trial 11/14/18, at 136-37.

7 One of the cell phones was purchased by Complainant for Appellant. N.T.
Trial, 11/14/18, at 93.

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and a gold iPhone 7 plus.8 Id. at 221. Appellant later withdrew $100 using

Complainant’s debit card. Id. at 66.

       The next day, October 5, 2017, Complainant was interviewed by

Philadelphia Police Detective Mary Kuchinsky.         Detective Kuchinsky also

photographed both Complainant’s and M.G.’s injuries. N.T., 11/14/18, at 200.

Complainant had visible scratch marks and abrasions on her throat, as well as

bruising on her left-arm and elbow area.         Id. at 201.   M.G. suffered an

abrasion to his back. Id. Detective Kuchinsky drafted an Affidavit of Probable

Cause and an arrest warrant was issued for Appellant on December 7, 2017.

       Almost 14 months later, Appellant was arrested on February 1, 2019.

On February 22, 2019, Appellant was charged, inter alia, with robbery, firearm

possession, strangulation, PIC, and terroristic threats at trial docket CP-51-

CR-0001285-2018 (Case 1285) with respect to Complainant. Appellant was

separately charged with respect to M.G. at docket CP-51-CR-0001286-2018

(Case 1286) with, inter alia, simple assault.

       Appellant declined a plea offer. Relevant to his claims on appeal, we

acknowledge the offer included a sentence of 11½ to 23 months’ incarceration

and 5 years’ probation.        See N.T., 11/13/18, at 27.   The charges at both

dockets proceeded to a consolidated jury trial on November 13, 2018. On

____________________________________________

8 These statements were a part of the Affidavit of Probable Cause, read on the
record at trial by Detective Kuchinsky. N.T. Trial, 11/14/18, at 219-22.

                                           -6-
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November 16th, a jury returned guilty verdicts on the above charges.

Appellant then immediately pleaded nolo contendere to firearm possession in

a bifurcated proceeding.9 N.T. Trial, 11/16/18, at 18. The trial court ordered

a presentence and mental health evaluation, and scheduled a sentencing

hearing for February 8, 2019.

       At Case 1285, Appellant received consecutive sentences of: 8 to 20

years’ incarceration for robbery; 5 to 10 years’ incarceration for firearm

possession; 4 to 10 years’ incarceration for strangulation; 1½ to 5 years’

incarceration for PIC; and 1½ to 5 years’ incarceration for terroristic threats.

Sentencing Order, 2/8/19. At Case 1286, Appellant was sentenced to 1½ to

5 years’ incarceration, also to run consecutively, for the simple assault

committed against M.G. Sentencing Order, 2/8/19. In sum, Appellant was

sentenced to an aggregate term of 21½ to 55 years’ incarceration across both

dockets. Additionally, Appellant was subject to: a stay away order; anger

management with supervision by the Domestic Violence Unit; random drug

screens; and mandatory court costs of $756.25 and $447.25 respectively.10

____________________________________________

9 The parties agreed to bifurcated proceedings for the firearm possession
charge. N.T., 11/13/18, at 15, 21-22. The charge would proceed only if
Appellant was found guilty of PIC, because the Commonwealth alleged the
criminal instrument was a handgun. Id. at 22.

10 Appellant filed a pro se notice of appeal on February 21, 2019, later
withdrawn by order of this Court on May 3, 2019. See Commonwealth v.
Valentine, 1024 EDA 2019 (Pa. Super. May 3, 2019).

                                           -7-
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       Appellant timely filed a motion to modify sentence. 11        Appellant

requested the trial court give greater weight to the mitigating factors

presented at sentencing, “including but not limited to his childhood, mental

health, and potential for rehabilitation[.]”     Appellant’s Motion to Modify

Sentence, 2/19/19, at 2. Furthermore, Appellant asserted the imposition of

consecutive sentences “constitute[d] a legally excessive sentence.” Id. On

June 19, 2019, Appellant’s post-sentence motion was denied by operation of

law. Appellant then filed separate notices of appeal in each of his two dockets

on June 25, 2019.12

       Appellant was ordered to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement,

which he timely filed on September 13, 2019.        The trial court issued its

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion on February 19, 2020.          On April 22, 2020,

Appellant’s application for consolidation of appeals was granted by order of

this Court.

____________________________________________

11 The 10th day after the imposition of sentence was February 18, 2019,
Presidents Day. See Pa.R.Crim.P 720(a). The time stamp on the face of the
post-sentence motion indicates that it was timely filed on February 15th.
However, the corresponding trial docket entry reflects a February 19th date.
Even if we were to assume this latter date was the filing date, because
February 18th was a court holiday, “such day shall be omitted from the
computation.” Thus, the February 19th post-sentence motion was therefore
timely submitted. See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1908.

12 We note Appellant has thus complied with Pa.R.A.P. 341(a) and
Commonwealth v. Walker, 185 A.3d 969, 976 (Pa. 2018), which require
separate notices of appeal from a single order resolving issues spanning more
than one docket.

                                           -8-
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      Appellant presents two issues for our review:

      1. Is the sentence on the charge of terroristic threats illegal,
      insofar as that sentence should have merged with the sentence
      for robbery?

      2. Was the total sentence of twenty-one and one-half to fifty-five
      years incarceration manifestly excessive, unreasonable, and
      disproportionate to [Appellant’s] conduct?

Appellant’s Brief at 4.

      In his first question, Appellant argues his sentence for terroristic threats

is illegal because it should have merged with the sentence for robbery.

Appellant’s Brief at 16. He asserts the elements of terroristic threats “are

completely subsumed” within robbery / threatening serious bodily injury, since

“[a] threat to put someone in fear of serious bodily injury is clearly a threat

to commit a crime of violence.” Id. at 16, 18. Appellant also contends his

actions constitute a single criminal act, “the pointing of the gun,” and thus his

case is “indistinguishable” from Commonwealth v. Martinez, 153 A.3d 1025

(Pa. Super. 2016). Id. at 18-19. Like the defendant in Martinez, Appellant

asserts his charging documents “did not allege criminal acts that constituted

terroristic threats as distinct from the conduct that constituted robbery.” Id.

      Appellant’s challenge to the legality of his sentence is raised for the first

time in his brief, as he did not include the challenge in his post-sentence

motion nor Pa.R.A.P.1925(b) concise statement. Ordinarily, issues not raised

in the trial courts cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P

302(a).   Nevertheless, claims involving sentencing merger fall within the

narrow class of claims challenging the legality of a sentence. See Martinez,

                                      -9-
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153 A.3d at 1030. Challenges to the legality of a sentence are non-waivable

claims that may be raised for the first time on appeal as a matter of right.

See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(a); Martinez, 153 A.3d at 1030 n.2. Thus, this Court

has jurisdiction to review Appellant’s first question.13

       In proceeding to the merits of Appellant’s first question, we are mindful

of our standard of review. As stated above, a claim that crimes should have

merged for sentencing purposes raises a challenge to the legality of a

sentence. Martinez, 153 A.3d at 1030. Thus, our standard of review is de

novo and the scope of review is plenary. Id.

       Crimes merge for sentencing purposes only if:       (1) all the statutory

elements of one offense are included in the statutory elements of the other;

and (2) the crimes arise from a single criminal act. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9765; see

also Commonwealth v. Baldwin, 985 A.2d 830, 833 (Pa. 2009). Under

____________________________________________

13 Before proceeding to the merits of Appellant’s first claim, we clarify a
discrepancy in the record. Our careful review of the record shows Appellant
was charged under 18 Pa.C.S. § 3701(a)(1)(i) with robbery/infliction of
serious bodily injury. Yet in its opening and closing arguments at trial, the
Commonwealth, referred to the elements of Subsection 3701(a)(1)(ii),
robbery/threatening serious bodily injury. N.T., 11/14/18, at 23-24; N.T.
Trial, 11/15/18, at 41-42. Furthermore, at the charging conference, the
parties agreed to instruct the jury on robbery/threatening serious bodily
injury. N.T., 11/15/18, at 50-51. The parties also stipulated, “[S]erious
bodily injury was not inflicted[.]” Id. at 51. As a result, the trial court
instructed the jury, and responded to a jury question, stating the elements of
robbery/threatening serious bodily injury. Id. at 67, 74; N.T., 11/16/18, at
9-10. The resulting guilty verdict was therefore a conviction under 18 Pa.C.S.
§ 3701(a)(1)(ii) for robbery/threatening serious bodily injury.

                                          - 10 -
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such circumstances, a court may only sentence the defendant on the higher

graded offense. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9765. The merger doctrine is a rule of statutory

construction, designed to determine whether the legislature intended the

punishment of one offense to encompass that of another offense arising from

the same criminal act. Baldwin, 985 A.2d at 835 (citation omitted).

      In this Commonwealth, one is guilty of robbery if “in the course of

committing a theft, he . . . threatens another with or intentionally puts him in

fear of immediate serious bodily injury[.]”      18 Pa.C.S. § 3701(a)(1)(ii).

Similarly, one commits terroristic threats if he “communicates, either directly

or indirectly, a threat to . . . commit any crime of violence with intent to

terrorize another[.]” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2706(a)(1).

      First, we agree with Appellant that “a threat to put someone in fear of

serious bodily injury is clearly a threat to commit a crime of violence.” See

Appellant’s Brief at 18. This Court has previously determined “it would be

championing a distinction without a difference to conclude that threatening

serious bodily injury . . . was not the functional equivalent of a threat of

violence intended to cause terror.” Martinez, 153 A.3d at 1033. Thus, we

agree the statutory elements of terroristic threats are subsumed by

Subsection 3701(a)(1)(ii) of the robbery statute.

      We must also determine whether Appellant’s crimes result from the

commission of a single criminal act. This Court has explained:

      When considering whether there is a single criminal act or multiple
      criminal acts, the question is not whether there was a break in the

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      chain of criminal activity. The issue is whether the actor commits
      multiple criminal acts beyond that which is necessary to establish
      the bare elements of the additional crime, then the actor will be
      guilty of multiple crimes which do not merge for sentencing
      purposes.

      In determining whether two or more convictions arose from a
      single criminal act for purposes of sentencing, we must examine
      the charging documents filed by the Commonwealth.

Martinez, 153 A.3d at 1030-31 (citations and quotation marks omitted).

      Here, Appellant relies on Martinez, 153 A.3d 1025, in arguing his

conduct constitutes a single criminal act because his charging documents “did

not allege criminal acts that constituted terroristic threats as distinct from the

conduct that constituted robbery.” Appellant’s Brief at 18-19. In Martinez,

the defendant was convicted of robbery and terroristic threats.        Martinez,

153 A.3d at 1027. Martinez approached the victim in a dark alley and asked,

“[W]hat do you got?”     Id.   After the victim said he had nothing, Martinez

brandished a silver revolver and pressed it to the victim’s cheek. Id. Martinez

then slammed the victim against the hood of a nearby car and searched the

victim’s pockets.   Id. at 1027-28.     Martinez took $50 cash and a cellular

telephone, then ran away.      Id. at 1028.    On appeal, Martinez argued his

sentences for robbery and terroristic threats should have merged because

terroristic threats is a lesser-included offense within robbery. Id. at 1029.

This Court agreed, and also concluded his conduct constituted a “seamless

event occurring in the course of a theft.” Id. at 1032. Critically, the Court

found “neither the charging information nor supporting documents of

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record describe the operative facts in such a way as to distinguish the specific

conduct underlying the offenses of robbery and terroristic threats[.]”       Id.

(emphasis added).

      After thorough review of both the instant record and events giving rise

to the underlying offenses, we conclude Appellant committed separate and

distinct criminal acts. Appellant asserts “[t]he criminal information offers only

a generic recitation of the offenses and the statutory elements of each[.]”

Appellant’s Brief at 19. The information states:

      COUNT 2: Robbery-Inflict Serious Bodily Injury – (F1)

      On or about: 10/04/07        18 § 3701§§A1I
      In the course of committing a theft, inflicted serious bodily injury
      upon another. Victim: Dante Bolden. Age: 25.

                                  *     *      *

      COUNT 10: Terroristic Threats W/Int to Terrorize Another – (M1)

      On or about: 10/04/07         18 § 2706 §§A1
      Communicated, either directly or indirectly, a threat to commit a
      crime of violence with intent to terrorize another. Victim: Dante
      Bolden. Age: 25.

Information, 2/22/18, at 1-2. Unlike Martinez, the supporting documents of

record in Appellant’s case reveal his conduct was not a “seamless event

occurring in the course of a theft.” See Martinez, 153 A.3d at 1032. Rather,

Appellant’s conduct appears to be a series of assaults, interspersed with

threats and culminating in a theft. Complainant’s statements to the police

detective, in summary, include: telling Appellant “nothing was wrong,” he

grabbed her by the hair and said, “I’m not gonna let you go until you let me

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know what’s wrong with you,” Complainant attempted to escape, but

“[Appellant] kept pulling her back by the hair;” when Complainant refused to

“[g]o back upstairs,” Appellant threatened, “I’m tellin you right now, go back

upstairs or it’s gonna get ugly;” as Appellant choked her, Complainant told

him to stop, he replied “You’re my property and your kids are my property;”

Appellant pushed her and her son, M.G., back into the house, placed a black

handgun to her neck and said, “Now you ain’t goin nowhere.” Affidavit of

Probable Cause, 12/7/17, at 2.

      The foregoing testimony, corroborated by the evidence at trial, proves

Appellant committed the robbery as a part of an ongoing violent domestic

assault, which started in the couple’s bedroom, then moved outside, N.T.,

11/14/18, at 45, 49, before ending inside Complainant’s home. Appellant’s

ongoing    conduct    was   sufficient    to   sustain   separate   convictions   for

robbery/threatening serious bodily injury and terroristic threats.                See

Commonwealth v. Butcher, 644 A.2d 174, 176 (Pa. Super. 1994)

(sustaining terroristic threats conviction where appellant grabbed victim from

inside her car, pushed her against the vehicle, and said in a “forceful voice,

‘Don’t make me get physical[.]’”). Therefore, Appellant is entitled to no relief

on his first issue.

      In his second question, Appellant argues his aggregate sentence of 21½

to 55 years’ incarceration violates the Sentencing Code because the sentence

is “manifestly excessive, unreasonable, and disproportionate” to his conduct.

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Appellant’s Brief at 20. He insists the trial court did not meaningfully consider

the sentencing factors in imposing “essentially a life sentence[,]” in a case

“where no serious bodily injury was caused[,]” by “a defendant whose only

prior criminal contacts as an adult were misdemeanors and one escape

charge.” Id. at 20, 26. Additionally, Appellant argues the trial court erred in

applying   an    incorrect   offense     gravity   score   (OGS)   of    12   for

robbery/threatening serious bodily injury. Id. at 8-9.

      A challenge to the discretionary aspects of sentencing is not appealable

as of right. Commonwealth v. Caldwell, 117 A.3d 763, 768 (Pa. Super.

2015) (en banc). Our jurisdiction to review such a challenge is dependent

upon the satisfaction of a four-prong test:

      (1) whether appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see
      Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly
      preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify
      sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. [720]; (3) whether appellant’s brief
      has a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a
      substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not
      appropriate under the Sentencing Code.

Id. (citation omitted).

      Here, Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal and preserved the issue

in a timely post-sentence motion. See Appellant’s Motion to Modify Sentence,

2/19/19, at 2. Furthermore, Appellant’s brief properly includes the required

Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) statement.     See Appellant’s Brief at 11-14.        Thus, we

consider whether Appellant “sufficiently articulates the manner in which the

sentence violates either a specific provision of the sentencing scheme set forth

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in the Sentencing Code or a particular fundamental norm underlying the

sentencing process.” See Caldwell, 117 A.3d at 768 (quotation marks and

citation omitted).

      The determination of what constitutes a substantial question must be

evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Caldwell, 117 A.3d at 768. Ordinarily, a

challenge to a court’s exercise of discretion in imposing consecutive sentences

does not raise a substantial question. Id. at 769 (citation omitted). Instead,

the imposition of consecutive sentences presents a substantial question in

“only ‘the most extreme circumstances, such as where the aggregate sentence

is unduly harsh, considering the nature of the crimes and the length of

imprisonment.’” Id. (citations omitted).

      To make it clear, a defendant may raise a substantial question
      where he receives consecutive sentences within the guideline
      ranges if the case involves circumstances where the application of
      the guidelines would be clearly unreasonable, resulting in an
      excessive sentence; however, a bald claim of excessiveness due
      to the consecutive nature of a sentence will not raise a substantial
      question.

Id., quoting Commonwealth v. Dodge, 77 A.3d 1263, 1270 (Pa. Super.

2013). Additionally:

      In determining whether a substantial question exists, this Court
      does not examine the merits of whether the sentence is actually
      excessive.    Rather, we look to whether the appellant has
      forwarded a plausible argument that the sentence, when it is
      within the guideline ranges, is clearly unreasonable.
      Concomitantly, the substantial question determination does not
      require the court to decide the merits of whether the sentence is
      clearly unreasonable.

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Id. Excessive sentencing challenges may present a substantial question if the

collective sentence “appears upon its face to be, an excessive level in light of

the criminal conduct at issue in the case.” Commonwealth v. Austin, 66

A.3d 798, 808 (Pa. Super. 2013) (citation omitted).

      In the case sub judice, we conclude Appellant’s challenge to the

consecutive nature of his sentences, alone, does not present a substantial

question. See Caldwell, 117 A.3d at 769. The aggregate sentence does not

appear to be excessive “in light of [Appellant’s] criminal conduct[.]”      See

Austin, 66 A.3d at 808.      However, Appellant’s claim that the trial court

miscalculated the OGS for robbery presents a substantial question for our

review. See Commonwealth v. Archer, 722 A.2d 203, 210-11 (Pa. Super.

1998) (en banc). Additionally, his excessive sentence claim, together with his

assertion the trial court did not meaningfully consider the sentencing factors,

does present a substantial question invoking this Court’s jurisdiction. See

Caldwell, 117 A.3d. at 770.

      When reviewing a challenge to the discretionary aspects of sentencing,

we are required to assess whether the trial court has abused its discretion.

Caldwell, 117 A.3d at 770. We note:

      Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the
      sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal
      absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse
      of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather,
      the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the
      sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its
      judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or
      arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.

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Id (citation omitted).

      When imposing sentence, a court is required to consider the
      particular circumstances of the offense and the character of the
      defendant. In considering these factors, the court should refer to
      the defendant’s prior criminal record, age, personal characteristics
      and potential for rehabilitation.

Commonwealth v. McLaine, 150 A.3d 70, 75-76 (citation omitted).

“[W]here the trial court is informed by a pre-sentence report [(PSI)], it is

presumed that the court is aware of all appropriate sentencing factors and

considerations, and that where the court has been so informed, its discretion

should not be disturbed.” Commonwealth v. Ventura, 975 A.2d 1128, 1135

(Pa. Super. 2009).

      First, we note that at the sentencing hearing, the parties disagreed as

to proper OGS for Appellant’s robbery conviction. Appellant argued it was 10,

while the Commonwealth averred it was 12. N.T. Sent’g, 2/8/19, at 10. At

this juncture, we note Appellant’s is correct that robbery/threatening serious

bodily injury, under Subsection 3701(a)(1)(ii), carries an OGS of 10. See 204

Pa. Code § 303.15. Meanwhile, the OGS for a conviction under Subsection

3701(a)(1)(i), robbery/inflicting serious bodily injury, is 12. Id. It appears

the trial court applied an OGS of 12. However, the trial court also specified

its “intention to deviate from the guideline calculations for the myriad of stated

cogent reasons.” Trial Ct. Op. at 17; see N.T., 2/8/19, at 27 (“[M]y sentence

will deviate from any guidelines, I acknowledge that.”).       Thus, Appellant’s

argument that the trial court miscalculated the standard range guideline does

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not merit relief, as the court specified it was deviating from the standard range

anyway.

      The trial court maintains “the imposed Orders of Sentence were not

unreasonable and the rationale for imposition was clearly recited.” Trial Ct.

Op., 2/19/20, at 15. The court acknowledged its review of the facts, the PSI,

as well as “all relevant sentencing factors[,] particularly in view of

[Appellant’s] commission of prior offenses[.]”      Id. at 16.    The court also

viewed Appellant’s refusal to speak with the mental health evaluator, “cavalier

lack of remorse for his actions[,]” and “[ ]overall defiant conduct as a ‘level of

arrogance that is most disconcerting[,]’” reinforcing the court’s “perception

that [Appellant] constitutes a clear and present danger to the community.”

Id., quoting N.T. Sent’g, 2/8/19, at 23-24.        The trial court emphasized

Appellant’s resistance to rehabilitation and criminal history:

      [A]t the mere age of [17] and as a juvenile he had been arrested
      three times. As an adult, Appellant had incurred [12] arrests, [7]
      convictions, [3] violations of probation and [1] pending violation,
      and [2] revocations of sentence. Additionally, Appellant had
      amassed [14] misconducts and facilitated [1] escape while in
      custody.

Trial Ct. Op. at 16. The court insists Appellant’s sentences resulted from a

reasonable exercise of the court’s discretion and “fell within the statutory

maximum[.]”     Id. at 17.     The trial court concludes the sentences were

“imposed only after careful consideration of all relevant sentencing factors[,]

including the paramount need for protection of the public, the gravity of the

offense, and Appellant’s poor prospect of rehabilitation.” Id. at 20.

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        After thorough review, we find no merit in Appellant’s disproportionality

argument — that his sentence is manifestly unreasonable because “no serious

bodily injury was caused[,]” and his “only prior criminal contacts as an adult

were misdemeanors and one escape charge.”           See Appellant’s Brief at 20

(emphasis added). His contention, that “no serious bodily injury was caused,”

is not persuasive, as the infliction of serious bodily injury was not an element

of the crimes for which Appellant was convicted.        Appellant arguing to the

absence of serious bodily injury further minimizes the impact of his crimes

and reinforces the trial court’s conclusion he lacks remorse for his actions.

Indeed, Appellant continues to deny the assaults against the victim and her

son.14 See Trial Ct. Op. at 16.

        Finally, at sentencing, the trial court provided a thorough description of

Appellant’s extensive, criminal history in support of its “grave concerns about

____________________________________________

14At   sentencing, Appellant stated:

        But I feel as though the DA don’t know me. She going off what
        she is reading off the past history. Yes, I admit to some of the
        stuff I have done in my past, but as far as the assaults go, they
        never even occurred. Once females found out who I was as far as
        my actual name, that is what tends to happen. When they find
        out about my kids’ mothers — find out about kids that I have, that
        is what they tend to do, make up stories. And whatever a female
        say to the cops, they automatically go with it.

N.T., 2/8/19, at 22-23.

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[Appellant’s] behavior in the future” and demonstrated resistance to

rehabilitation. N.T., 2/8/19, at 24-25. The court stated:

      This case involved very serious charges. I recall not only the
      physical injuries that you inflicted upon this victim, but the
      circumstances involving the children who witnessed and suffered
      the effects of your intentional violence upon their mother and as
      to [M.G.,] intentionally as to him.

           Your overall perception of what you can and cannot do is
      reflected in the statements made to this [C]omplainant during this
      event reflected a mindset, sir, that you feel entitled to treat human
      beings as your property. I believe you stated words to that effect
      during the event. That reflects a mindset, sir, of not only lacking
      in remorse for your actions as evidenced today again, but
      someone who is going to — if and when given the opportunity —
      harm others in the future without regard or remorse. So to the
      extent that my sentence will deviate from any guidelines, I
      acknowledge that.

Id. at 26-27. The court’s sentence also considered that at the time of the

incident, Appellant “was absconding from probation [for] a prior domestic

violence case, and “the presentence investigator noted that [Appellant’s] three

prior arrests have been assaults of women.” Id. at 17, 20.

      Under these facts, we conclude Appellant’s sentence was not manifestly

unreasonable.   See Caldwell, 117 A.3d at 770.           The trial court reviewed

Appellant’s PSI, and we presume it was aware of all appropriate sentencing

factors. See Ventura, 975 A.2d at 1135. This Court’s comprehensive review

of the record supports the conclusion the trial court did not ignore or misapply

the law in its consideration of the sentencing factors, nor did it impose the

sentence with partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will.    See id.   We therefore

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decline to find the trial court abused its discretion in imposing Appellant’s

aggregate sentence. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of sentence.

     Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 2/17/2021

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