Court Opinion

ID: 4510947
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-02-27 17:03:05.899662+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:15:07.213474
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

NEURVANA MEDICAL, LLC, a                   )
Delaware limited liability company,        )
                                           )
            Plaintiff,                     )
                                           )
      v.                                   )   C.A. No. 2019-0034-KSJM
                                           )
BALT USA, LLC, a Delaware limited          )
liability company, BALT                    )
INTERNATIONAL, a French S.A.S.,            )
DAVID FERRERA, an individual, and          )
PASCAL GIRIN, an individual,               )
                                           )
            Defendants.                    )

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION
                         Date Submitted: November 26, 2019
                          Date Decided: February 27, 2020

Jason A. Cincilla, Amaryah K. Bocchino, Ryan W. Browning, Tye C. Bell,
MANNING GROSS + MASSENBURG LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; John M.
Pierce, Michael M. Pomerantz, Elizabeth C. DeGori, Matthew J. Kokot, PIERCE
BAINBRIDGE BECK PRICE & HECHT LLP, New York, New York; Counsel for
Plaintiff Neurvana Medical, LLC.

Lori W. Will, Phillip R. Sumpter, Daniyal M. Iqbal, Jeremy W. Gagas, WILSON
SONSINI GOODRICH & ROSATI, P.C., Wilmington, Delaware; Dylan J.
Liddiard, Charles A. Talpas, WILSON SONSINI GOODRICH & ROSATI, P.C.,
Palo Alto, California; Brian J. Levy, WILSON SONSINI GOODRICH & ROSATI,
P.C., New York, New York; Counsel for Defendants Balt USA, LLC, Balt
International, S.A.S., David Ferrera, and Pascal Girin.

McCORMICK, V.C.
      The main plot in this case follows one trending storyline—that of the post-

closing earn-out dispute. The plaintiff, Neurvana Medical, LLC (“Neurvana”) sold

a medical device that required regulatory approval and commercialization. In an

effort to allocate the risk associated with the device, the parties agreed to a post-

closing earn-out structure. Under that structure, the buyer, Balt USA, LLC (“Balt

USA”) would pay additional post-closing consideration upon the achievement of

milestone events such as regulatory approval. The asset purchase agreement gave

Balt USA sole discretion post-closing on how to achieve the milestones, but it also

obligated Balt USA to use commercially reasonable efforts in doing so. When Balt

USA failed to achieve the regulatory approval condition to the first milestone

payment, Neurvana commenced this litigation. Neurvana asserts claims for breach

of the commercially reasonable efforts provision along with a boatload of other

contractual and tort claims.

      The subplot of this case involves another familiar storyline—that of the

conflicted fiduciary. The chairman of Neurvana’s board, David Ferrera, doubled as

an executive of Balt USA and was thus conflicted with respect to the sale of the

medical device. Rather than distancing himself from negotiations, Ferrera inserted

himself into the thick of them, and even hired his long-time personal attorney to

advise Neurvana. Neurvana’s board became concerned that this duo were overly

soft in negotiations, but the board allowed Ferrera and his attorney to negotiate on

                                         1
behalf of Neurvana and enter into a term sheet setting out the basic economic terms

of the asset purchase agreement. After the term sheet was executed, Neurvana

replaced Ferrera’s attorney and Ferrera was asked to resign from the board.

Neurvana claims that Ferrera breached his duty of loyalty in negotiating the

transaction, and that Balt USA’s CEO, Pascal Girin, aided and abetted in this breach.

      Ferrera and Girin moved to dismiss the claims against them for lack of

personal jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(2), and all of the defendants have moved to

dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).

      The outcome of these motions is that the subplot overtakes the main. This

decision denies the Rule 12(b)(2) motion as to Ferrera in light of the Delaware LLC

Act’s implied consent statute, but it grants the Rule 12(b)(2) motion as to Girin

because the complaint fails to support the conspiracy theory of jurisdiction. This

decision largely grants the defendant’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion, dismissing all

contractual and tort claims relating to the post-closing earn-out dispute, and denying

the motion only as to the claim against Ferrera for breach of the duty of loyalty. The

complaint pleads facts making it reasonably conceivable that Ferrera, who could not

be presumed disinterested or independent due to his dual roles as fiduciary of both

Balt USA and Neurvana, breached his duty of loyalty to Neurvana when he

negotiated the economic terms of the asset purchase agreement.

                                          2
I.       FACTUAL BACKGROUND
         The background facts are drawn from the Verified Complaint and the

documents it incorporates by reference. 1

         A.    The Parties
         In 2011, Ferrera co-founded Blockade Medical LLC (“Blockade”), a company

focused on developing catheter-based therapeutic devices for the treatment of

cerebral aneurysms. By 2016, Blockade owned one commercial product and had

three products in development.

         In September 2016, Balt International, S.A.S (“Balt International”), a French

medical device company, acquired Blockade’s commercial product and California

headquarters. Blockade became Balt USA, a Delaware limited liability company.

Ferrera became Balt USA’s COO and President, and Girin, the CEO of Balt

International, became Balt USA’s CEO.

         Balt International did not acquire the three Blockade products still in

development—Titan, Lumenate, and Dimension. Those products were spun out to

Neurvana, a new Delaware limited liability company. Ferrera became a member of

Neurvana and was named Chairman of Neurvana’s board of managers (the “Board”).

1
    C.A. No. 2019-0034-KSJM, Docket (“Dkt.”) 1, Verified Compl. (“Compl.”).

                                            3
         B.    Ferrera Negotiates Terms of a Sale of Titan to Balt USA.
         Of Neurvana’s three products, Titan was the closest to launch at the time of

the 2016 transaction. Titan is a catheter used to guide or deliver another medical

device to the brain in order to treat neurovascular conditions. In mid-2017, Balt

USA submitted a letter of intent to purchase Titan.

         Over the summer of 2017, Balt USA and Neurvana negotiated the sale of

Titan. Although Ferrera served dual roles as both Neurvana’s Chairman and Balt

USA’s COO and President, Ferrera was involved in these negotiations on behalf of

Neurvana. During those negotiations, Ferrera retained his own “long-time corporate

counsel” to represent Neurvana. 2

         On August 1, 2017, Neurvana and Balt USA entered into a letter agreement

(the “Letter Agreement”). The Letter Agreement attached a non-binding term sheet

(the “Term Sheet”) and stated that it was the “intent of the parties that their

discussions initially proceed based on the term sheet.”3                The Term Sheet

contemplated that Neurvana would sell Titan to Balt USA for a purchase price of up

to $16 million. Balt USA would pay $250,000 up front and the rest post-closing.

The post-closing payments would be conditioned on the achievement of

contractually defined milestone events, which included regulatory approvals.

2
    Compl. ¶ 33.
3
 Id. ¶ 35; Dkt. 28, Transmittal Aff. of Lori W. Will in Supp. of Defs.’ Opening Br. in Supp.
of Their Mot. to Dismiss Pl.’s Verified Compl. (“Will Aff.”) Ex. 1, at 1.

                                             4
          At the time of the Letter Agreement, Titan required 510(k) FDA regulatory

approval in the United States and Conformité Européene Mark (“CE Mark”)

approval in Europe. The Term Sheet established milestone payments for each. It

provided for a $250,000 “CE Mark Milestone” payment to be made when Neurvana

received written notice, on or prior to September 30, 2018, that the CE Mark could

be “lawfully affixed” to Titan.4        It further provided for a $250,000 “510(k)

Milestone” payment to be made when Neurvana received written notice, on or prior

to September 30, 2018, of 510(k) clearance from the FDA. 5 The Letter Agreement

assigned to Neurvana the responsibility to achieve both regulatory approvals. The

rest of the payments related to “Commercial Milestones,” 6 which would be

calculated using a formula tied to Titan’s revenue but were capped at $15.25 million.

          C.     After Negotiating the Term Sheet, Ferrera Is Asked to Resign
                 from the Board.
          Over the course of the negotiations leading to the Letter Agreement and Term

Sheet, the Board became increasingly concerned with Ferrera’s involvement. The

Board worried that the attorney Ferrera installed “had been soft on multiple elements

of the negotiation.”7 During this period, Ferrera allegedly “became abusive” toward

4
    Will Aff. Ex. 1, at 6.
5
    Id.
6
    Id.
7
    Compl. ¶ 36.

                                            5
Neurvana CEO Tom Fogarty, repeatedly “butted heads” with Board members,8

called for the removal of Fogarty as Neurvana CEO, sent Fogarty “several abusive

emails and texts,”9 and made culturally derogatory statements. 10

          After the Letter Agreement was executed, the Board removed Ferrera’s

chosen counsel and ultimately secured Ferrera’s resignation. Around August 2017,

the Board appointed new counsel to represent Neurvana during negotiation of a

confidentiality agreement with Balt USA. Then, in September 2017, the Board

recommended that Ferrera resign from his position as Chairman.

          Ferrera officially resigned from his position as Chairman on November 10,

2017. He and Neurvana entered into a consulting agreement (the “Consulting

Agreement”)11 whereby Ferrera agreed not to divulge Neurvana’s confidential

information or make disparaging statements about Neurvana.             In exchange,

Neurvana allowed Ferrera’s equity interests to continue to vest during the consulting

period, which ended on January 1, 2019.

          The Complaint is unclear as to who negotiated on behalf of Balt USA for the

acquisition of Titan prior to Ferrera’s resignation from the Board. The Complaint

8
    Id.
9
    Id. ¶ 39.
10
     Id. ¶ 37.
11
     Compl. Ex. D.

                                           6
does allege, however, that Girin negotiated directly with Fogarty and Neurvana’s

new outside counsel after Ferrera’s resignation.

           D.    Neurvana Struggles to Obtain Regulatory Approvals.
           By early December 2017, Neurvana grew concerned that it would not achieve

the CE Mark milestone memorialized in the Term Sheet. Neurvana’s concern

stemmed in part from the difficulties it had encountered with a process called

“sterilization validation.”12 Like many medical devices, Titan must be sterilized

before use, and the sterilization validation process determines the appropriate

sterilization method. There are several different types of sterilization validation

processes.       Neurvana initially chose to pursue a plan for “standard process

validation,” but ran into problems. 13 Instead of proceeding with standard process

validation, Neurvana determined to submit Titan for regulatory approval with

another type of validation process called a “lot release.”14 Neurvana informed Balt

USA of the difficulties it encountered with the pursuit of standard process validation

for Titan and that it had determined to pursue a lot release system in the first instance.

           In December 2017, after Neurvana informed Balt USA of the sterilization

validation difficulties, Balt USA’s Regulatory Vice President Charles Yang told

12
     Compl. ¶ 45.
13
     Id. ¶ 46.
14
     Id.

                                            7
Fogarty that Balt USA could secure CE Mark approval within forty-five days. Yang

based this representation on Balt USA’s “superior relationship” with “DQS,” a

notified body in Europe with the authority to issue the CE Mark.15 Plaintiff alleges

that Ferrera and Girin had previously expressed a confidence similar to Yang’s, as

they boasted “good relationship[s]” with a DQS auditor.16

          Ultimately, Balt USA proposed that the parties execute an agreement based

on the terms of the Letter Agreement and Term Sheet, but that they do so with the

understanding that they would immediately amend the agreement to transfer the

obligation to obtain CE Mark approval to Balt USA. Although this obligation would

be transferred to Balt USA, the amendment would preserve Neurvana’s entitlement

to the corresponding $250,000 milestone payment. Girin approved this proposal.

Neurvana agreed.

          E.     The Asset Purchase Agreement
          On December 21, 2017, Neurvana and Balt USA executed an Asset Purchase

Agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”). The Asset Purchase Agreement was

consistent with the Letter Agreement and Term Sheet’s economic terms and

milestone payment structure. Like the Letter Agreement and Term Sheet, the Asset

15
     Id. ¶ 47.
16
     Id. ¶ 48.

                                          8
Purchase Agreement assigned to Neurvana the responsibility to achieve regulatory

milestones on or before September 30, 2018. 17

           As contemplated, however, the parties amended the Asset Purchase

Agreement three weeks after it was executed, on January 12, 2018 (the

“Amendment”). 18 The Amendment required Neurvana to withdraw its CE Mark

application and Balt USA to file its CE Mark application on or before February 11,

2018. 19        The Amendment also required that Balt USA use “Commercially

Reasonable Efforts” to achieve the CE Mark Milestone on or before September 30,

2018. 20 This decision refers to the Asset Purchase Agreement as modified through

the Amendment as the “Amended Agreement.”

           The Amended Agreement gives Balt USA “authority over all matters relating

to [Titan] after the Closing,” but requires that Balt USA exercise its authority in

accordance with its “duty of good faith and fair dealing under applicable Law.”21

           The Amended Agreement also contains a “Further Assurances” provision

requiring the parties, upon request, to “take, or cause to be taken, all such further or

other actions as a Party may reasonably deem necessary or desirable in order to carry

17
     Compl. Ex. A § 1.06(b).
18
     Compl. Ex. B § 1.
19
     Id. § 4.
20
     Id.
21
     Compl. Ex. A § 1.06(d)(i)(4).

                                           9
out the intent and accomplish the purposes of this Agreement.” 22 The Amended

Agreement further prohibits Balt USA from taking “any action with the intent and

purpose of reducing the Milestone Payments,”23 and it includes an indemnification

provision.24

          F.       Balt USA Delays Expected CE Mark Approval to October 2018.
          In the months following the execution of the Amended Agreement, Balt USA

allegedly “failed to regularly communicate with Neurvana and kept Neurvana in the

dark about its pursuit of Titan’s CE Mark approval.” 25 Balt USA did submit its CE

Mark application, but not until February 22, 2018, eleven days after the contractually

imposed deadline of February 11.26         The day after Balt USA submitted its

application, Yang expressed concern, allegedly “for the first time,” about Titan’s lot

release sterilization method and the impact that method would have on the device’s

commercialization. 27       Subsequently, Fogarty wrote to Girin twice—once on

February 27, 2018, and once on March 6, 2018—to express Neurvana’s willingness

22
     Id. § 4.07.
23
     Id. § 1.06(d)(i)(1).
24
     Id. § 5.03.
25
     Compl. ¶ 60.
26
     Amendment § 4.
27
     Compl. ¶ 62.

                                          10
to work with Balt USA in order to resolve any perceived issues with Titan’s

sterilization validation process.

           After a meeting between Balt USA and Neurvana on March 13, 2018, Yang

wrote to Neurvana and made several representations, including that CE Mark

approval was expected between mid-May and June 2018 and that the application had

been submitted with a lot release protocol. Plaintiff alleges that, based on Balt

USA’s representation that it expected CE Mark approval within that timeframe,

Neurvana “believed that Balt USA planned to launch Titan a few months later.”28

The Complaint notes that despite this, “Balt USA had not done anything to prepare

for the launch, including ordering enough of the product, which required lead time

of six to eight weeks.” 29

           Simultaneously, Balt USA pursued another type of sterilization validation for

Titan called “universal sterilization validation” and disclosed as much to

Neurvana. 30 On May 18, 2018, Balt USA failed the universal sterilization validation

for Titan. It planned for a new sterilization validation cycle to begin in June and end

on September 17.

28
     Id. ¶ 66.
29
     Id.
30
     Id. ¶ 65.

                                             11
          On June 15, 2018, DQS contacted Balt USA with questions about the lot

release sterilization validation that Balt USA had submitted with its initial CE Mark

application. Balt USA informed DQS that it was in the process of completing a

universal sterilization validation. In June 2018, Balt USA resubmitted its universal

sterilization validation application to DQS.

          On July 20, 2018, Balt USA decided to wait for Titan’s universal sterilization

validation to be completed in September before it resumed pursuit of CE Mark

approval for Titan. Balt USA told DQS not to consider the Titan CE Mark

application until it had successfully achieved universal sterilization validation. This

delayed the expected approval date to October 2018. Plaintiff alleges that this

decision “eliminated any chance that Titan would obtain CE Mark approval by the

regulatory milestone date of September 30, 2018,” thereby eliminating Balt USA’s

obligation to make the corresponding $250,000 milestone payment to Neurvana.31

Balt USA informed Neurvana of its decision to wait for universal sterilization

validation on August 13, 2018.

          On August 21, 2018, Neurvana Chairman Jeff Goldberg—Ferrera’s

successor—wrote to Girin to formally express Neurvana’s concerns with Balt USA’s

performance under the Amended Agreement. Specifically, Goldberg explained that

Neurvana “relied on Balt’s representations regarding its regulatory experience”

31
     Id. ¶ 72.

                                            12
when it agreed to execute the Amendment and believed that commercially

reasonable efforts had not been expended in that regard.32         Goldberg further

requested weekly phone calls until CE Mark approval was obtained. Balt USA did

not respond.

          Neurvana alleges that Balt USA’s delay in obtaining CE Mark approval

deprived it of the funds needed to secure 501(k) clearance from the FDA. Because

Balt USA never made the CE Mark approval regulatory milestone payment owed

under the Amended Agreement, Neurvana “no longer had adequate supplies of the

product or the funding to continue to pursue approval.” 33 As of the time the

Complaint was filed, Neurvana had received no updates on the status of Titan’s CE

Mark application since August 2018.

          G.     Neurvana Requests Indemnification Under the Amended
                 Agreement.
          By letter dated October 27, 2018, Neurvana notified Balt USA that it sought

to invoke its indemnification rights under Section 5.03 of the Amended Agreement

(the “Indemnification Notice”).34

          The Indemnification Notice cited several obligations imposed by the

Amended Agreement perceived to have been breached or unfulfilled by Balt USA

32
     Id. ¶ 73.
33
     Id. ¶ 74.
34
     Compl. Ex. E.

                                           13
in connection with the CE Mark approval process. Specifically, the Indemnification

Notice alleged that Balt USA “has failed to abide by its assurances and promises to

Neurvana, to consider requested options that would expedite the product launch, to

obtain CE Mark approval using Commercially Reasonable Efforts, and to prepare

for a reasonably timed launch using Commercially Reasonable Efforts.”35

          On November 30, 2018, Neurvana sent a second letter to Balt USA (the

“Indemnification Follow-Up”) stating that it “construe[d] Balt’s failure to respond

as a rejection of the indemnification claim” under the terms of the Amended

Agreement. 36      The Indemnification Follow-Up further stated that Neurvana

“remain[ed] willing to discuss [its indemnification claim] with Balt in good faith to

resolve [the] dispute” within sixty days of the Indemnification Notice, as required

by Section 5.05 of the Amended Agreement. 37 The parties did not reach a resolution

within that sixty-day period, and as of the date the Complaint was filed, no

indemnification agreement was reached.

35
     Id. at 3.
36
  Compl. Ex. F. Section 5.05(b) of the Amended Agreement provides: “If an Indemnifying
Party does not accept the liability described in an Indemnification Claim Notice within the
thirty (30) day period following receipt of such notice . . . such failure to so accept shall
constitute a rejection of such claim by the Indemnifying Party.” Compl. Ex. A § 5.05(b).
37
   Indemnification Follow-Up at 1. The Amended Agreement provides that, if the
indemnification dispute is not resolved “us[ing] good faith efforts” within sixty days of the
initial notice, the indemnification claim “shall be resolved” through litigation.
Compl. Ex. A §§ 5.05(b), 7.13.

                                             14
          H.     Ferrera Revokes an Alleged Licensing Agreement Between Balt
                 USA and Neurvana in Early 2018.
          In 2017, while Ferrera was still Chairman of the Board, Ferrera twice assured

the Board that Balt USA would license its “pusher” delivery device to Neurvana so

that Neurvana could use it to develop another of its medical devices called

“Dimension.”38        Neurvana “made plans” based on these representations and

“compensated Balt USA for the use of the pusher technology based on this

agreement.”39

          On January 23, 2018, in response to an email sent by a Neurvana employee

concerning the pusher delivery system, Ferrera stated: “[Girin] and I have discussed

this matter. Balt USA and Neurvana are separate companies. We have no business

relationship in terms of licensing any delivery system. We suggest that Neurvana

seek other means to [develop Dimension].” 40 As Neurvana had been using Balt

USA’s pusher delivery system for months, Fogarty appealed to Girin for an interim

solution while Neurvana secured a replacement.

          On March 2, 2018, Ferrera emailed Fogarty and copied Girin. In that email,

Ferrera wrote that he “sought to clarify the apparent confusion over why Balt [USA]

38
     Compl. ¶¶ 78–79.
39
     Id. ¶ 79.
40
     Id. ¶ 80.

                                            15
had stopped licensing its delivery system to Neurvana.”41 Ferrera denied the

existence of any licensing agreement and claimed that “some prerequisite to the

agreement had not occurred.”42

           I.    Neurvana Notifies Ferrera of Its Intent to Terminate the
                 Consulting Agreement.
           Several additional events that occurred throughout mid-to-late 2018 led

Neurvana to terminate the Consulting Agreement with Ferrera.

           On July 4, 2018, Ferrera wrote to the Board “out of the blue,” in Plaintiff’s

words, to ask whether Neurvana had entered into an asset sale with a third party.43

The Complaint alleges “[u]pon information and belief” that “Ferrera sent this email

to probe the financial condition of Neurvana.” 44

           On October 5, 2018, Ferrera demanded payment from Neurvana on behalf of

Balt USA of approximately $265,000, claiming that Balt USA had covered certain

of Neurvana’s expenses totaling that amount from August 2016 to November 2017.

Ferrera stated that if payment was not made within ten days, Balt USA would initiate

collection proceedings and possibly litigation. Balt USA had “never before sought

repayment of that purported debt.” 45 Plaintiff alleges that Ferrera’s demand and

41
     Id. ¶ 81.
42
     Id.
43
     Id. ¶ 86.
44
     Id.
45
     Id. ¶ 87.

                                             16
threat of litigation constituted a breach of the Consulting Agreement, which prohibits

Ferrera from using Neurvana’s confidential information—including knowledge of

Neurvana’s “financial condition”—for “any purpose not expressly set forth” in the

Consulting Agreement.46

         The Complaint further alleges “[u]pon information and belief” that Ferrera

“repeatedly disparaged Neurvana and its officers to investors, potential investors,

members of [the Board], and other people and entities in the neuro-medical device

industry, which impaired Neurvana’s ability to raise capital . . . and further drove

Neurvana into the ground.”47

         In light of these events, Neurvana believed that Ferrera was engaged in a

“coordinated effort to not only deprive Neurvana of the benefit of the [Agreement],

but to destroy the company completely for Ferrera’s and Balt’s benefit” and that

Ferrera had breached the Consulting Agreement. 48 Neurvana thus notified Ferrera

on December 26, 2018, that it was terminating the Consulting Agreement. 49 Because

46
     Id. ¶ 88; Consulting Agreement § 5(a).
47
     Compl. ¶ 85.
48
     Id. ¶¶ 88, 89.
49
  Consulting Agreement § 2(b) (“This Agreement may be terminated by the Company
upon five (5) days written notice to Consultant in the event Consultant breaches this
Agreement . . . .”).

                                              17
of this termination, Ferrera’s LLC units were cancelled and forfeited under

Neurvana’s operative LLC Agreement. 50

         J.    This Litigation
         Neurvana commenced this litigation on January 17, 2019. In its original form,

the Complaint named four defendants—Balt USA, Balt International, Ferrera, and

Girin (the “Original Defendants”)—and asserted the following fourteen causes of

action:

         •     Count 51 One for fraudulent inducement against Balt USA and Balt
               International;

         •     Count Two for equitable fraud or negligent misrepresentation against
               Balt USA and Balt International;

         •     Count Three for breach of contract against Balt USA and Balt
               International;

         •     Count Four for breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair
               dealing against Balt USA and Balt International;

         •     Count Five for promissory estoppel against Balt USA and Balt
               International;

         •     Count Six for breach of the Consulting Agreement against Ferrera;

         •     Count Seven for breach of fiduciary duty against Ferrera;

         •     Count Eight for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary duty against
               Girin;

50
     Compl. ¶ 89; Will Aff. Ex. 4 (“LLC Agreement”).
51
  For clarity, this decision assigns a “Count” number to each of the fourteen causes of
action asserted in the Complaint.

                                           18
         •      Count Nine for tortious interference with prospective economic
                advantage against all Defendants;

         •      Count Ten for anticipatory repudiation against Balt USA and Balt
                International;

         •      Count Eleven for specific performance against Balt USA and Balt
                International;

         •      Count Twelve for alter ego liability against Balt USA and Balt
                International;

         •      Count Thirteen for indemnification against Balt USA; and

         •      Count Fourteen for declaratory judgment against Balt USA and Balt
                International.
         On February 25, 2019, the Original Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the

Complaint under Court of Chancery Rules 12(b)(2) and 12(b)(6). 52 The parties fully

briefed the motion, 53 and the Court heard oral arguments on June 20, 2019.54 On

September 18, 2019, the Court issued a Memorandum Opinion dismissing Balt

International from the case under Rule 12(b)(2) for lack of personal jurisdiction.55

Balt International’s dismissal had the practical effect of resolving all of Count

52
     Dkt. 20, Mot. to Dismiss the Verified Compl.
53
  Dkt. 28, Defs.’ Opening Br. in Supp. of Their Mot. to Dismiss Pl.’s Verified Compl.
(“Defs.’ Opening Br.”); Dkt. 35, Pl. Neurvana Medical LLC’s Answering Br. in Opp’n to
Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss Pl.’s Verified Compl. (“Pl.’s Answering Br.”); Dkt. 39, Defs.’
Reply Br. in Further Supp. of Their Mot. to Dismiss Pl.’s Verified Compl. (“Defs.’ Reply
Br.”).
54
     Dkt. 43, Oral Arg. on Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss.
55
  Dkt. 44; Neurvana Med., LLC v. Balt USA, LLC, 2019 WL 4464268 (Del. Ch.
Sept. 18, 2019).

                                             19
Twelve against Balt International for alter ego liability. 56 In connection with the

September 18 Memorandum Opinion, the Court requested that the parties make

supplemental submissions concerning their theories for the Court’s personal

jurisdiction (or lack thereof) over Ferrera and Girin.57 The Court also held the Rule

12(b)(6) motion in abeyance pending receipt of those submissions. 58 The parties

completed their supplemental submissions on November 26, 2019. 59

II.        LEGAL ANALYSIS
           Given the sprawling nature of the Complaint, this analysis begins by grouping

each of the Counts into four categories.

           The first category comprises claims specific to Ferrera and Girin based on

Ferrera’s status as a fiduciary: Count Seven for breach of fiduciary duty against

Ferrera and Count Eight for aiding and abetting Ferrera’s breach of fiduciary duty

against Girin (the “Fiduciary Duty Claims”).

56
   Count Twelve was initially asserted against Balt USA and Balt International, but is
directed in substance to Balt International. Compl. ¶¶ 166–70. Specifically, Count Twelve
alleges that Balt International, acting through Balt USA “fraudulently induced Neurvana
to enter into the [Agreement] and Amendment in order to obtain the Titan catheters for less
than fair value.” Id. ¶ 167. Accordingly, Count Twelve is dismissed.
57
     Dkt. 45.
58
     Id.
59
  Dkt. 51, Defs.’ Opening Suppl. Br. in Supp. of Their Mot. to Dismiss the Verified
Compl.; Dkt. 53, Pl. Neurvana Medical LLC’s Answering Br. in Opp’n to Defs.’ Opening
Suppl. Br. in Supp. of Their Mot. to Dismiss the Pl.’s Verified Compl.; Defs.’ Suppl. Reply
Br. in Further Supp. of Their Mot. to Dismiss the Verified Compl. (“Defs.’ Suppl. Reply
Br.”).

                                             20
      The second category comprises contract claims against Balt USA: Count

Three for breach of the Amended Agreement, Count Four for breach of the implied

covenant of good faith and fair dealing, Count Five for promissory estoppel, Count

Ten for anticipatory repudiation, Count Eleven for specific performance, Count

Thirteen for indemnification, and Count Fourteen for declaratory relief (the

“Contract Claims Against Balt USA”).

      The third category comprises a contract claim against Ferrera: Count Six for

breach of the Consulting Agreement (the “Contract Claim Against Ferrera”).

      The fourth category comprises tort claims against various Defendants: Count

One against Balt USA for fraudulent inducement, Count Two against Balt USA for

equitable fraud or negligent misrepresentation, and Count Nine against all

Defendants for tortious interference with prospective economic advantage (the “Tort

Claims”).

      Ferrera and Girin have moved to dismiss the claims against them for lack of

personal jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(2). Under Rule 12(b)(2), “the plaintiff bears

the burden of showing a basis for the court’s exercise of jurisdiction over the

defendant.”60 In ruling on a 12(b)(2) motion, this Court may “consider the pleadings,

60
  Ryan v. Gifford, 935 A.2d 258, 265 (Del. Ch. 2007) (citing Werner v. Miller Tech. Mgmt.,
L.P., 831 A.2d 318 (Del. Ch. 2003)).

                                           21
affidavits and any discovery of record.”61 “If, as here, no evidentiary hearing has

been held, plaintiffs need only make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction

and ‘the record is construed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.’” 62

         All Defendants have moved to dismiss all categories of claims under Rule

12(b)(6). Under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court may grant a motion to dismiss if the

complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”63 “[T]he

governing pleading standard in Delaware to survive a motion to dismiss is

reasonable ‘conceivability.’” 64 When considering such a motion, the Court must

“accept all well-pleaded factual allegations in the [c]omplaint as true . . . , draw all

reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff, and deny the motion unless the

plaintiff could not recover under any reasonably conceivable set of circumstances

susceptible of proof.” 65       The Court, however, need not “accept conclusory

allegations unsupported by specific facts or . . . draw unreasonable inferences in

61
 Id. (citing Cornerstone Techs., LLC v. Conrad, 2003 WL 1787959, at *3 (Del. Ch.
Mar. 31, 2003)).
62
  Id. (first citing Benerofe v. Cha, 1996 WL 535405, at *3 (Del. Ch. Sept. 12, 1996) and
then quoting Cornerstone Techs., 2003 WL 1787959, at *3).
63
     Ct. Ch. R. 12(b)(6).
64
  Cent. Mortg. Co. v. Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Hldgs. LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 537 (Del.
2011).
65
     Id. at 536 (citing Savor, Inc. v. FMR Corp., 812 A.2d 894, 896–97 (Del. 2002)).

                                             22
favor of the non-moving party.” 66 Nor may a plaintiff point to what discovery might

show to bolster its allegations.67

       A.     The Fiduciary Duty Claims and Personal Jurisdiction Issues
       Plaintiff argues that the Court has jurisdiction over Ferrera under the Delaware

LLC Act’s implied consent provision codified at 6 Del. C. § 18-109. Plaintiff further

argues that jurisdiction over Girin is appropriate because he aided and abetted

Ferrera’s breach of fiduciary duty. Because Plaintiff’s Rule 12(b)(2) arguments

hinge on the Rule 12(b)(6) analysis as to the Fiduciary Duty Claims, this section

resolves the Rule 12(b)(2) motion and the Rule 12(b)(6) motion as to the Fiduciary

Duty Claims together.

66
  Price v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., 26 A.3d 162, 166 (Del. 2011) (citing
Clinton v. Enter. Rent-A-Car Co., 977 A.2d 892, 895 (Del. 2009)).
67
   “The complaint generally defines the universe of facts that the trial court may consider
in ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss.” In re Gen. Motors (Hughes) S’holder Litig.,
897 A.2d 162, 168 (Del. 2006) (collecting cases). Plaintiff’s assertions that discovery will
reveal facts to support its claims do not aid Plaintiff at the pleading stage. See Pl.’s
Answering Br. at 24 (“Neurvana more than adequately alleged breach; why Balt’s conduct
was not commercially reasonable will be proven through discovery and expert
testimony.”); id. at 40 (“Discovery will show either that Defendants knew they were lying
when they claimed that Balt could rapidly achieve [CE Mark approval] and fulfill the intent
of the [Amended Agreement], or that they did not care if what they said was true.”); id. at
58 (“Discovery will show both that third parties had shown interest in acquiring Neurvana’s
other products, and that the value of the [neuro]-medical devices increases exponentially
after certain thresholds . . . are crossed.”).

                                            23
                1.     Jurisdiction Over Ferrera
         Section 18-109 of the Delaware LLC Act authorizes service of process on the

managers of Delaware LLCs in certain types of proceedings:

                A manager . . . of a limited liability company may be
                served with process . . . in all civil actions or proceedings
                brought in the State of Delaware involving or relating to
                the business of the limited liability company or a violation
                by the manager . . . of a duty to the limited liability
                company. 68

Defendants concede that because Ferrera served as Chairman of the Board until

November 10, 2017, Ferrera is subject to this Court’s jurisdiction under Section 18-

109 for any breach of fiduciary duty allegedly committed while in that role.69 The

question is thus whether the Court may exercise ancillary jurisdiction as to the

remaining Counts against Ferrera—Count Six for breach of the Consulting

Agreement and Count Nine for tortious interference with prospective economic

advantage.

         In both the corporate and alternative business entity contexts, “Delaware

public policy favors Delaware courts assuming personal jurisdiction over parties in

in order to adjudicate claims which sufficiently relate to other claims which do

68
     6 Del. C. § 18-109(a).
69
  Def.’s Reply Br. at 6 (“Defendants acknowledge that Plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty
[claim] against Ferrera falls under the statute.”). But see id. at 7 n.4 (arguing that Section
18-109 does not “create personal jurisdiction for conduct after Ferrera resigned”).

                                             24
properly bring the party within those courts’ jurisdiction.”70 Once a fiduciary is

properly subject to jurisdiction for a claim of breach of fiduciary duty, “the trial court

may also subject that fiduciary to personal jurisdiction for claims that are

‘sufficiently related’ or ‘[not] distantly related’ to the breach of fiduciary duty

claim.” 71 Whether the non-fiduciary duty claims are “sufficiently related” to the

fiduciary duty claim “depends on whether the claims arise out of the ‘same nucleus

of operative facts.’” 72 Further, a claim may be “adequately alleged to be ‘sufficiently

related’” 73 for the purpose of ancillary jurisdiction despite its failure to state a claim

under Rule 12(b)(6). 74

70
     Fitzgerald v. Chandler, 1999 WL 1022065, at *4 (Del. Ch. Oct. 14, 1999).
71
   Hazout v. Tsang Mun Ting, 134 A.3d 274, 292 n.63 (Del. 2016). Although Hazout
involved an application of 10 Del. C. § 3114, this Court has recognized that it “often looks
to analogies in the corporate law for guidance on similar issues involving alternative
business entities.” Fitzgerald, 1999 WL 1022065, at *4.
72
  Canadian Commercial Workers Indus. Pension Plan v. Alden, 2006 WL 456786, at *11
(Del. Ch. Feb. 22, 2006) (quoting Hovde Acq., LLC v. Thomas, 2002 WL 1271681, at *4
n.16 (Del. Ch. June 5, 2002)).
73
  N. Am. Catholic Educ. Programming Found., Inc. v. Gheewalla, 2006 WL 2588971, at
*1 (Del. Ch. Sept. 1, 2006).
74
  Id. at *7 n.73 (“[T]hat the averments fail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted
does not determine whether the Court has personal jurisdiction with respect to any claim,
as an initial matter.”). Cf. Carlton Invs. v. TLC Beatrice Int’l Hldgs., Inc., 1995 WL
694397, at *13 (Del. Ch. Nov. 21, 1995) (“The ability of a shareholder to invoke Section
3114 cannot turn upon whether the facts allege[d] constitute a valid claim. If they do not,
the director may have the case dismissed on its merits under Rule 12(b)(6), not under Rule
12(b)(2) . . . .”); Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 682 (1946) (“[I]t is well settled that the failure
to state a proper cause of action calls for a judgment on the merits and not for a dismissal
for want of jurisdiction.”).

                                               25
           Ferrera argues that the non-fiduciary claims against him are not sufficiently

related to the fiduciary duty claim because they address conduct occurring after

Ferrera resigned from his fiduciary position. 75 This argument rests on a flawed

premise—that Ferrera cannot be liable for breach of fiduciary duty for actions taken

after he ceased being a fiduciary. 76 While generally “former directors owe no

fiduciary duties,” 77 Delaware law recognizes limited exceptions to this rule. “A

former director, of course, breaches his fiduciary duty if he engages in transactions

that had their inception before the termination of the fiduciary relationship or were

founded on information acquired during the fiduciary relationship.”78 Plaintiff

invokes this exception, alleging that Ferrera breached his fiduciary duties by using

confidential information and knowledge that he acquired before his resignation to

harm Neurvana. 79

75
     Defs.’ Suppl. Reply Br. at 4.
76
     Id.
77
     In re Walt Disney Co. Deriv. Litig., 907 A.2d 693, 658 (Del. Ch. 2005).
78
   BelCom, Inc. v. Robb, 1998 WL 229527, at *3 (Del. Ch. Apr. 28, 1998) (emphasis
removed); see also Seiden v. Kaneko, 2015 WL 7289338, at *11 (Del. Ch. Nov. 3, 2015)
(recognizing that a former director continued to owe fiduciary duties to his former company
where the director continued to serve as a director or officer of an affiliate and continued
to have access to the former company’s confidential information post-resignation).
79
   Compl. ¶ 139 (alleging that Ferrera was “repeatedly disparaging Neurvana to investors
and other members of the neuro-medical industry, using confidential information to
undermine Neurvana’s product development, arbitrarily rescinding an agreement to license
a device that would allow for further product development, delaying Titan’s pursuit of CE
Mark approval, failing to prepare for the launch of Titan, and demanding repayment of
                                             26
           Plaintiff’s claims against Ferrera for breach of the Consulting Agreement and

for tortious interference with prospective economic advantage are sufficiently

related to this aspect of the claim for breach of fiduciary duty such that ancillary

jurisdiction is appropriate in this case. At their core, the additional claims against

Ferrera center on Ferrera’s alleged “ongoing efforts . . . to sabotage and destroy”

Neurvana through non-performance of the Amended Agreement and other conduct

designed to impair Neurvana’s value.80 The Complaint alleges that, “[i]n support of

these efforts, Ferrera has violated his [C]onsulting [A]greement with Neurvana . . .

by using Neurvana’s confidential information to Neurvana’s detriment.” 81 The

Consulting Agreement was a byproduct of Ferrera’s resignation from the Board, and

it prohibited Ferrera from using any confidential information he acquired during the

fiduciary relationship. 82 Ferrera’s alleged breach of this confidentiality obligation

forms one of the bases for Plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claim. 83

           The Complaint further alleges that Ferrera’s “ouster” from the Board84

prompted Ferrera to take nefarious actions designed in part to “intentionally

over $264,000 in October 2018 in an attempt to further cripple Neurvana using his
knowledge of Neurvana’s financial vulnerability”); see also Pl.’s Answering Br. at 50–51.
80
     Compl. ¶ 1.
81
     Id. ¶ 2.
82
     Id.
83
     Id. ¶¶ 138–39.
84
     Id. ¶ 2.

                                             27
interfere[] with the development of Lumenate and Dimension.” 85 Such alleged

actions included using confidential information he acquired in his capacity as

manager of Neurvana to “undermine Neurvana’s product development” 86 and

demanding repayment of a substantial debt “in an attempt to further cripple

Neurvana using knowledge of Neurvana’s financial vulnerability,” which he also

acquired in his capacity as manager.87 These alleged actions form additional bases

for Plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claim against Ferrera. 88

           As alleged, therefore, Plaintiff’s claims against Ferrera for breach of the

Consulting Agreement and for tortious interference with prospective economic

advantage are sufficiently related to Plaintiff’s claim against Ferrera for breach of

fiduciary duty. Thus, the exercise of ancillary jurisdiction over Count Six and Count

Nine, as asserted against Ferrera, is appropriate.

                  2.    Jurisdiction Over Girin
           “[A]iding and abetting claims represent a context-specific application of civil

conspiracy law.” 89 The Delaware Supreme Court established the elements of the

conspiracy theory of jurisdiction in Istituto Bancario SpA v. Hunter Engineering Co.:

85
     Id. ¶ 150.
86
     Id. ¶ 151.
87
     Id.
88
     Id. ¶ 139.
89
     Allied Capital Corp. v. GC-Sun Hldgs., L.P., 910 A.2d 1020, 1038 (Del. Ch. 2006).

                                             28
             A conspirator who is absent from the forum state is subject
             to the jurisdiction of the court . . . if the plaintiff can make
             a factual showing that (1) a [tortious conspiracy] existed;
             (2) the defendant was a member of that conspiracy; (3) a
             substantial act or substantial effect in furtherance of the
             conspiracy occurred in the forum state; (4) the defendant
             knew or had reason to know of the act in the forum state
             or that acts outside the forum state would have an effect in
             the forum state; and (5) the act in, or effect on, the forum
             state was a direct and foreseeable result of the conduct in
             furtherance of the conspiracy. 90

“Delaware courts construe this test narrowly and require a plaintiff to assert specific

facts, not conclusory allegations, as to each element.”91 “Sufficiently pleading a

claim for breach of fiduciary duty and a related claim for aiding and abetting a breach

of fiduciary duty satisfies the first and second elements of the Istituto Bancario

test.”92 The threshold questions are thus (a) whether Plaintiff has sufficiently

pleaded a claim for breach of fiduciary duty against Ferrera, and if so, (b) whether

Plaintiff has sufficiently pleaded a claim for aiding and abetting breach of fiduciary

duty against Girin.

90
  Perry v. Neupert, 2019 WL 719000, at *22 (Del. Ch. Feb. 15, 2019) (quoting Istituto
Bancario Italiano SpA v. Hunter Eng’g Co., 449 A.2d 210, 225 (Del. 1982)).
91
 Hartsel v. Vanguard Gp., Inc., 2011 WL 2421003, at *10 (Del. Ch. June 15, 2011) (citing
Werner v. Miller Tech. Mgmt., L.P., 831 A.2d 318, 329–30 (Del. Ch. 2003)).
92
  Virtus Capital, L.P. v. Eastman Chem. Co., 2015 WL 580553, at *13 (Del. Ch. Feb. 11,
2015) (citing Benihana of Tokyo, Inc. v. Benihana, Inc., 2005 WL 583828, at *7 (Del. Ch.
Feb. 4, 2005)).

                                           29
                       a.        Count Seven States a Claim for Breach of Fiduciary
                                 Duty Against Ferrera.
         Count Seven of the Complaint alleges that Ferrera breached his fiduciary duty

to Neurvana. The Complaint alleges that, while serving as Chairman, Ferrera “owed

Neurvana ongoing fiduciary duties of loyalty, good faith, and care.” 93 As discussed

above, the Complaint further alleges that Ferrera was obligated after his resignation

as Chairman not to use information obtained in the fiduciary relationship to harm

Neurvana. 94 Although the LLC Agreement does not eliminate default fiduciary

duties,95 it does exculpate managers from liability for breaches of the duty of care.96

The practical effect of the exculpation provision is that to state a claim for breach of

fiduciary duty, Plaintiff must plead a reasonably conceivable basis for this Court to

infer that Ferrera breached his duty of loyalty or otherwise acted in bad faith.

         Where a Complaint alleges breach of the fiduciary duty of loyalty, “a plaintiff

can survive a motion to dismiss . . . by pleading facts supporting a rational inference

that the director harbored self-interest adverse to the stockholders’ interests, acted to

93
     Compl. ¶ 136.
94
     See supra Section II.A.1.
95
     See generally LLC Agreement art. V.
96
  Id. § 5.4(b) (providing that “[n]o Member, Manager or Officer shall be liable, responsible
or accountable in damages or otherwise to [Neurvana] or to any other Member for . . . any
act performed in good faith on behalf of [Neurvana] and in a manner reasonably believed
to be within the scope of authority conferred on the Member, Manager or Officer . . . except
for the gross negligence or willful misconduct of the Member, Manager or Officer”).

                                              30
advance the self-interest of an interested party from whom they could not be

presumed to act independently, or acted in bad faith.”97           Bad faith may be

demonstrated where “the fiduciary intentionally acts with a purpose other than that

of advancing the best interests of the corporation, where the fiduciary acts with the

intent to violate applicable positive law, or where the fiduciary intentionally fails to

act in the face of a known duty to act, demonstrating a conscious disregard for his

duties.”98

          The Complaint adequately alleges that Ferrera breached his duty of loyalty

and acted in bad faith while serving as Chairman. The Complaint alleges that Ferrera

served as President and COO of Balt USA while he negotiated the Term Sheet and

Letter Agreement on behalf of Neurvana. Despite this dual role, Ferrera “inserted

himself” into negotiations with Balt USA rather than distancing himself from the

process.99 Ferrera went so far as to “push[] for his long-time counsel to work on the

deal during initial negotiations over the deal term sheet.” 100 Members of the Board

were concerned that Ferrera failed to negotiate in Neurvana’s best interests and

believed that Ferrera’s lawyer was soft on multiple terms, including with respect to

97
  In re Cornerstone Therapeutics Inc. S’holder Litig., 115 A.3d 1173, 1179–80 (Del.
2015).
98
     Stone, 911 A.2d at 369 (quoting Disney, 906 A.2d at 67).
99
     Compl. ¶ 33.
100
      Id. ¶ 35.

                                             31
the milestone earn-out structure adopted in the Amended Agreement, which

contemplated an up-front payment of a small fraction of the total possible

consideration—$250,000 of $16 million.101 These allegations make it reasonably

conceivable that Ferrera was acting for a purpose “other than that of advancing the

best interests of the corporation”102 and thus breached his duty of loyalty and good

faith.

          The Complaint also alleges that Ferrera breached his fiduciary duties to

Neurvana after he resigned from the Board by using Neurvana’s confidential

information to harm Neurvana. Specifically, the Complaint alleges that Ferrera

                 [1] repeatedly disparag[ed] Neurvana to investors and
                 other members of the neuro-medical industry, [2] us[ed]
                 confidential information to undermine Neurvana’s
                 product development, [3] arbitrarily rescind[ed] an
                 agreement to license a device that would allow for further
                 product development, [4] delay[ed] Titan’s pursuit of CE
                 Mark approval, [5] fail[ed] to prepare for the launch of
                 Titan, and [6] demand[ed] repayment of over $264,000 in
                 October 2018 in an attempt to further cripple Neurvana
                 using his knowledge of Neurvana’s financial
                 vulnerability. 103

          As discussed above, “[a] former director . . . breaches his fiduciary duty if he

engages in transactions that had their inception before the termination of the

101
      Id. ¶¶ 35, 50.
102
      Stone, 911 A.2d at 369 (quoting Disney, 906 A.2d at 67).
103
      Compl. ¶ 139; Pl.’s Answering Br. at 50–51.

                                             32
fiduciary relationship or were founded on information acquired during the fiduciary

relationship.”104 Of the six alleged ways Ferrera breached his fiduciary duties post-

resignation, however, none fit this description. Plaintiff does not allege that Ferrera

engaged in a transaction that had its inception before his resignation. Although

Plaintiff alleges in a conclusory fashion that Ferrera used “his knowledge of

Neurvana’s financial vulnerability” in engaging in these activities, 105 Plaintiff does

not plead facts to support this assertion. The notion fails at a high level, as it is not

reasonable to infer that any knowledge of Neurvana’s vulnerability was only attained

by Ferrera in his fiduciary capacity. A closer examination of the six allegations

supports this conclusion.

         Four of these post-resignation allegations form the bases for the Contract

Claim Against Ferrera. 106 As discussed below, however, these allegations are

conclusory, lacking in well-pleaded factual support, and insufficient to state a claim

104
      BelCom, 1998 WL 229527, at *3.
105
      Compl. ¶ 139.
106
    See infra Section II.C. Plaintiff alleges that Ferrera breached the Consulting Agreement
by “us[ing] confidential information to harm and undermine Neurvana’s development and
prospective business relations” when he caused Balt USA to “revoke Neurvana’s license
to use Balt’s ‘pusher’ delivery-system” and “demanded immediate payment of over
$264,000.” Compl. ¶ 132; Pl.’s Answering Br. at 54. Plaintiff also alleges that Ferrera
breached the Consulting Agreement by “repeatedly disparag[ing] Neurvana and its officers
to investors . . . and other people and entities in the neuro-medical industry.” Compl. ¶ 133.

                                             33
for breach of the Consulting Agreement. 107            For the same reasons, they are

insufficient to state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty.

         The remaining two allegations—that Ferrera “delay[ed] Titan’s pursuit of CE

Mark approval” and “fail[ed] to prepare for the launch of Titan” 108 using Neurvana’s

confidential information or his knowledge of Neurvana’s financial vulnerability—

are also conclusory and unsupported by well-pleaded facts in the Complaint. The

Complaint contains no allegation that Ferrera was even marginally involved with the

CE Mark approval process after his resignation from the Neurvana Board. 109 Rather,

the Complaint alleges only that Yang, Girin, and Fogarty participated in or

communicated about that process. 110 Similarly, the Complaint contains no allegation

that Ferrera was involved with Balt USA’s preparation for the launch of Titan.

107
      See infra Section II.C.
108
      Compl. ¶ 139.
109
      Id. ¶¶ 59–76.
110
    E.g., id. ¶ 59 (alleging that Yang suggested the ultimately agreed-upon plan that Balt
would obtain accelerated CE Mark approval and that Girin approved this plan); id. ¶ 62
(“On February 23, the Neurvana team received an email from Charles Yang, which noted
that Balt USA had submitted Titan’s CE Mark application.”); id. ¶ 63 (“On February 27,
Tom Fogarty wrote to Girin to report that the parties’ respective regulatory employees,
Charles Yang and Nate Knock, had found some common ground . . . .” (internal quotation
marks omitted)); id. (“The next day, Fogarty wrote again to clarify that the Neurvana team
members stood ready to resolve any sterilization challenges and ‘can help’ if Yang is
‘resource constrained’ . . . .”); id. ¶ 64 (“On March 6, Fogarty wrote to Girin to again offer
Neurvana’s help . . . .”); id. ¶ 65 (“After a meeting between the Balt USA and Neurvana
teams on March 13, Yang wrote to the Neurvana team to confirm Balt’s plan to secure CE
Mark approval . . . .”); id. ¶ 66 (“Shortly thereafter, Fogarty reached out again to Girin to
offer Neurvana’s help with a market forecast based on the interim sterilization plan.”).

                                             34
      In sum, Plaintiff has sufficiently stated a claim against Ferrera for breach of

fiduciary duty concerning his pre-resignation conduct, but has failed to state a claim

for the same concerning Ferrera’s post-resignation conduct. One consequence of

this conclusion is that Defendants’ motion to dismiss Count Seven of the Complaint

pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is denied. Another consequence of this conclusion is that

the Complaint sufficiently pleads the first essential element for asserting personal

jurisdiction over Girin.

                    b.     Count Eight Fails to State a Claim for Aiding and
                           Abetting Breach of Fiduciary Duty Against Girin.
      Count Eight of the Complaint alleges that Girin aided and abetted Ferrera’s

breach of fiduciary duty. Plaintiff does not assert Count Eight against Balt USA. A

party is liable for aiding and abetting when he knowingly participates in any

fiduciary breach. 111 An aider and abettor knowingly participates in a breach when

he acts “with the knowledge that the conduct advocated or assisted constitutes such

111
    In re Santa Fe Pac. Corp. S’holder Litig., 669 A.2d 59, 72 (Del. 1995) (“A claim for
aiding and abetting requires the following three elements: (1) the existence of a fiduciary
relationship, (2) a breach of the fiduciary’s duty, and (3) a knowing participation in that
breach by [the non-fiduciary].”); see RBC Capital Markets, LLC v. Jervis, 129 A.3d 816,
861–62 (Del. 2015).

                                            35
a breach.”112 This standard requires well-pleaded facts that the aider and abettor

acted with “scienter,” or “knowingly, intentionally or with reckless indifference.”113

         As discussed above, Plaintiff has stated a claim against Ferrera for breach of

fiduciary duty relating to his pre-resignation conduct in negotiating the Letter

Agreement and Term Sheet. But there are no facts in the Complaint allowing for the

rational inference that Girin knowingly participated in this breach, as the Complaint

does not allege that Girin was involved in those negotiations or that Girin and Ferrera

ever communicated throughout that period. 114

         The aspect of Plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claim relating to Ferrera’s

post-resignation conduct does not survive Defendants’ motion. But even assuming

that a predicate breach of fiduciary duty occurred after Ferrera resigned from the

Neurvana Board, the Complaint does not contain non-conclusory allegations

concerning Girin’s knowing participation in that breach. Aside from the allegation

that Girin and Ferrera were simultaneously employed by Balt USA after Ferrera

resigned from the Neurvana Board, the only allegation tying Girin to Ferrera’s post-

112
   In re Rural Metro Corp., 88 A.3d 54, 97 (Del. Ch. 2014) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted); see also In re Comverge, Inc. S’holders Litig., 2014 WL 6686570, at *18
(Del. Ch. Nov. 25, 2014) (explaining that knowing participation “requires an understanding
between the parties with respect to their complicity”).
113
    Mesirov v. Enbridge Energy Co., 2018 WL 4182204, at *13 (Del. Ch. Aug. 29, 2018)
(citing, Jervis, 129 A.3d at 862).
114
      See Compl. ¶¶ 33–35.

                                            36
resignation conduct is an email from Ferrera to Fogarty, stating: “Pascal [Girin] and

I have discussed this matter. . . . We have no business relationship in terms of

licensing any delivery system.” 115 This allegation is insufficient to constitute

“knowing participation” in fiduciary breach. That Ferrera and Girin were co-officers

of Balt USA and may have “discussed” the alleged licensing agreement does not

provide a reasonably conceivable basis to conclude that Girin acted with the sort of

“scienter” necessary for a finding of knowing participation in fiduciary breach.116

         Thus, the Complaint fails to plead the second essential element for asserting

personal jurisdiction over Girin, and Girin’s motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule

12(b)(2) is granted.

         B.       The Contract Claims Against Balt USA
         Count Three of the Complaint claims that Balt USA breached the express

terms of the Amended Agreement. Count Four asserts that Balt USA breached the

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Count Five asserts a claim for

promissory estoppel. Count Ten asserts a claim for anticipatory repudiation. Count

Thirteen asserts a claim for indemnification. And Count Eleven and Fourteen seek

specific performance and declaratory relief, respectively.

115
      Id. ¶ 66.
116
      Mesirov, 2018 WL 4182204, at *13.

                                           37
                1.     Count Three Fails to State a Claim for Breach of the
                       Amended Agreement.
         Plaintiff claims that Balt USA breached four express provisions of the

Amended Agreement, by (a) failing to use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to

obtain CE Mark approval for Titan, in violation of Sections 1.06 and 4.06; (b) failing

to provide Neurvana with Further Assurances, in violation of Section 4.07; (c) failing

to submit its CE Mark application by the contractually specified deadline of

February 11, 2018, in violation of Section 4.06; and (d) failing to make the milestone

payments, in violation of Section 1.06. 117

         “To establish a breach of contract claim, a party must prove: (1) the existence

of a contract; (2) the breach of an obligation imposed by the contract; and (3)

damages that the plaintiff suffered as a result of the breach.”118 Delaware courts

follow the objective theory of contracts, giving words “their plain meaning unless it

appears that the parties intended a special meaning.”119 The objective theory of

contracts requires that a court “give priority to the parties’ intentions as reflected in

117
      Pl.’s Answering Br. at 20–22.
118
   Osram Sylvania Inc. v. Townsend Ventures, LLC, 2013 WL 6199554, at *6 (Del. Ch.
Nov. 19, 2013) (citing Bakerman v. Sidney Frank Importing Co., 2006 WL 3927242, at
*19 (Del. Ch. Oct. 10, 2006)); see also VLIW Techs., LLC v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 840
A.2d 606, 612 (Del. 2003).
119
   Allen v. Encore Energy P’rs, L.P., 72 A.3d 93, 104 (Del. 2013) (citing AT & T Corp. v.
Lillis, 953 A.2d 241, 252 (Del. 2008)); see also Salamone v. Gorman, 106 A.3d 354, 367–
68 (Del. 2014) (“A contract’s construction should be that which would be understood by
an objective, reasonable third party.” (quoting Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d
1153, 1159 (Del. 2010))).

                                           38
the four corners of the agreement, construing the agreement as a whole and giving

effect to all its provisions.” 120

                      a.     Commercially Reasonable Efforts
       Section 1.06(d)(i)(4) of the Amended Agreement vests Balt USA with the sole

discretion and authority post-closing to make decisions concerning “all matters

relating to” Titan. 121 This discretion is limited by Balt USA’s obligations to use

“Commercially Reasonable Efforts” to achieve the CE Mark Milestone as provided

in Sections 4.06(b) of the Amended Agreement. 122

       Efforts standards like that imposed by the Amended Agreement are

common. 123      Typical forms of efforts clauses require “good faith efforts,”

120
   In re Viking Pump, Inc., 148 A.3d 633, 648 (Del. 2016) (citing Salamone, 106 A.3d at
368).
121
    Compl. Ex. A § 1.06(d)(i)(4) (“The Purchaser shall have authority over all matters
relating to the Milestone Products after the Closing, including, but not limited to, any
research, development, manufacturing, Commercialization, clinical trial design, site
selection, regulatory, quality standards, legal, intellectual property rights, marketing,
licensing and sales decisions relating to the Milestone Products.”).
122
   As amended, Section 4.06(b) provides that Balt USA “shall and shall cause its Affiliates
to use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to achieve the CE Mark Milestone.” Amendment
§ 4. Similarly, Section 1.06(d)(i)(2) requires Balt USA to “use Commercially Reasonable
Efforts to Commercialize the Milestone Products in the applicable market(s) in which the
applicable regulatory approval(s) that is/are the subject of the Regulatory Milestone(s)
was/were achieved.” Compl. Ex. A § 1.06(d)(i)(2).
123
   Akorn, Inc. v. Fresenius Kabi AG, 2018 WL 4719347, at *86 (Del. Ch. Oct. 1, 2018)
(“In acquisition transactions, the parties will generally bind themselves to achieve specified
results with respect to activities that are within their control . . . and reserve [an efforts]
standard for things outside of their control or those dependent upon the actions of third
parties.” (quoting Lou R. Kling & Eileen T. Nugent, 2 Negotiated Acquisitions of
                                              39
“commercially reasonable efforts,” “reasonable efforts,” “reasonable best efforts,”

and “best efforts.”124 “Deal practitioners have a general sense of a hierarchy of

efforts clauses,”125 but “[c]ommentators who have surveyed the case law find little

support for the distinctions that transactional lawyers draw.”126 This Court has

“wrestled” with the meaning of efforts clauses on many occasions,127 ascribing

default meanings to efforts clauses where the parties failed to contractually set

one. 128

Companies, Subsidiaries and Divisions § 13.06 (2019)), aff’d, 198 A.3d 724 (Del. 2018)
(TABLE).
124
    Id. at *86–87 (identifying the five efforts clauses and explaining the meaning ascribed
to each by the ABA Committee on Mergers and Acquisitions); see Ryan Aaron Salem, An
Effort to Untangle Efforts Standards Under Delaware Law, 122 Penn St. L. Rev. 793, 799–
803 (2018) (listing several “variant[s]” of efforts standards used by contractual parties).
125
      Akorn, 2018 WL 4719347, at *86.
126
      Id. at *87.
127
   Himawan v. Cephalon, Inc., 2018 WL 6822708, at *7 & n.83 (Del. Ch. Dec. 28, 2018)
(collecting cases).
128
    See, e.g., Williams Cos. v. Energy Transfer Equity, L.P., 159 A.3d 264, 273 (Del. 2017)
(construing contractual clauses requiring the parties to use undefined “reasonable best
efforts” and “commercially reasonable efforts” as placing “an affirmative obligation on the
parties to take all reasonable steps” to accomplish contractual objectives); Akorn, 2018 WL
4719347, at *46, 87 (construing a contractual clause requiring the plaintiff to use undefined
“commercially reasonable efforts” as requiring the plaintiff to “‘take all reasonable steps’
to maintain its operations in the ordinary course of business” (quoting Williams, 159 A.3d
at 272)). Cf. Kenneth A. Adams, Understanding “Best Efforts” and Its Variants (Including
Drafting Recommendations), 50 Prac. Law. 11, 14 (2004) (commenting that “case law on
the meaning of best efforts suggests that instead of representing different standards, other
efforts standards mean the same thing as best efforts, unless a contract definition provisions
otherwise (emphasis added)).

                                             40
         In this case, the parties agreed to a definition of Commercially Reasonable

Efforts in Section 6.01 of the Amended Agreement:

                activities using efforts and resources comparable to those
                which an entity in the medical device industry of similar
                resources and expertise as the Purchaser and its Affiliates
                (taken as a whole) generally use in the exercise of its
                reasonable business judgment to accomplish such
                activities and objectives in an expeditious manner for its
                own products . . . of similar market potential at a similar
                stage in development or product life, considering
                conditions then prevailing.129

Section 6.01 then goes on to list several factors to consider when applying this

definition.130 Provisions like Section 6.01 impose an objective “outward facing

definition,” which “applies an industry-standard requirement or looks to other

participants in the industry to define the diligence obligations of the buyer.” 131 Such

provisions create a “standard based on the effort that companies similarly situated in

the market employ, or would employ.” 132 These provisions are viewed as seller-

129
      Compl. Ex. A § 6.01.
130
    Id. (listing several considerations to be “tak[en] into account, without limitation,”
including issues of safety, efficacy, expected and actual cost of development, profitability,
competitiveness of third-party products, market exclusivity, and “all other relevant
scientific, technical, commercial, and other factors”).
131
     Kristian A. Werling & Richard B. Smith, “Commercially Reasonable Efforts”
Diligence Obligations in Life Science M&A (Mergers and Acquisitions), Nat. L. Rev.
(May 29, 2014), https://www.natlawreview.com/article/commercially-reasonable-efforts-
diligence-obligations-life-science-ma-mergers-and-ac.
132
   Himawan, 2018 WL 6822708, at *1 (considering a clause that defined “commercially
reasonable efforts” as “the exercise of such efforts and commitment of such resources by
a company with substantially the same resources and expertise as [the buyer]” and
                                             41
friendly, as they allow the seller, when attempting to plead or prove that the buyer

has breached its obligations, to point to an objective metric—comparable industry

standards—rather than the buyer’s subjective intent or state of mind. 133

            Despite the seller-friendly nature of Section 6.01’s efforts standard, the

Complaint fails to plead any facts that could conceivably support a claim for breach

of that standard. The Complaint does not identify a single “entity in the medical

device industry of similar resources and expertise as” Balt USA. 134 Nor does it

identify what activities such an entity would “generally use in the exercise of its

reasonable business judgment to accomplish such activities and objectives in an

expeditious manner for its own products.”135 And the Complaint does not identify

any “products . . . of similar market potential at a similar stage in development or

product life” as Titan.136 Notably, Plaintiff does not attempt to plead any such facts

in even a conclusory fashion. Plaintiff alleges that Balt USA told DQS to stop

processing Titan’s CE Mark application until after it had successfully achieved

commenting that it appeared to create a “standard based on the effort that companies
similarly situated in the market employ, or would employ”).
133
   See Werling & Smith, supra note 131 (commenting that outward facing definitions are
“generally viewed as more favorable to the seller of a technology, as it enables the seller
to point to other industry standards that would have the buyer take additional steps to
achieve the goal that would result in a payout on the earnout”).
134
      Compl. Ex. A § 6.01.
135
      Id.
136
      Id.

                                            42
universal sterilization validation, but alleges nothing to suggest that Balt USA’s

approach stopped short of Commercially Reasonable Efforts in pursuing sterilization

validation as defined in Section 6.01. 137

          The allegations in this action contrast with those made in Himawan, where

Vice Chancellor Glasscock interpreted a nearly identical, outward facing

commercially reasonable efforts provision. 138 The merger agreement in Himawan

was similar in form to the Amended Agreement in that it: provided an up-front

payment and post-closing earn-out structure; gave the acquirer complete discretion

over business decisions relating to the surviving company; and obligated the acquirer

to use “commercially reasonable efforts” to develop and commercialize the antibody

it was acquiring.139        The plaintiffs alleged that the defendant failed to use

commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize the antibody, where

the merger agreement defined “commercially reasonable efforts” as “the exercise of

such efforts and commitment of such resources by a company with substantially the

same resources and expertise as [the acquirer], with due regard to the nature of

efforts and cost required for the undertaking at stake.” 140 The defendants moved to

dismiss the claim.

137
      Pl.’s Answering Br. at 21–22.
138
      2018 WL 6822708, at *3.
139
      Id. at *34.
140
      Id. at *3.

                                             43
            In denying the motion to dismiss, Vice Chancellor Glasscock observed that

the plaintiffs had pleaded at least some facts tying to the “relevant yardstick”

supplied by the contractual commercially reasonable efforts provision.141 The

plaintiffs pointed to “several companies with substantially the same resources and

expertise as [the acquirer]” that were “working to develop treatments” for the

relevant disease.142 The Court concluded that these allegations, scant as they were,

supported the reasonable inference that the defendant failed to satisfy the contractual

standard. 143 By contrast, Plaintiff in this case made no effort to apply the “relevant

yardstick” supplied by Section 6.01 of the Amended Agreement.

            Rather than plead facts regarding similar entities or similar products in similar

stages of development, the Complaint focuses primarily on Balt USA’s interactions

with Plaintiff. The Complaint alleges that Balt USA “turned down Neurvana’s

offers to help” with regulatory approval, “promised to continue to pursue lot release”

in its CE Mark application and then “reneged” on that alleged promise to Neurvana,

and “failed to keep Neurvana informed” about the CE Mark approval process or

communications with DQS. 144

141
      Id. at *8.
142
      Id.
143
      Id.
144
      Pl.’s Answering Br. at 21–22.

                                               44
       None of Plaintiff’s allegations, standing alone or taken collectively, create the

reasonable inference that Balt USA breached the objective Commercially

Reasonable Efforts standard set forth in Section 6.01. These allegations demonstrate

nothing more than that Balt USA did not want Plaintiff’s involvement or that

Plaintiff disagreed with Balt USA’s regulatory strategy—a strategy Balt USA was

contractually entitled to undertake. 145 The Complaint fails to allege facts making it

reasonably conceivable that Balt USA failed to use Commercially Reasonable

Efforts to timely submit and obtain CE Mark approval. 146

145
     Compl. Ex. A § 1.06(d)(i)(4). Cf. GRT, Inc. v. Marathon GTF Tech., Ltd.,
2012 WL 2356489, at *5 (Del. Ch. June 21, 2012) (“If a contract specifically contemplates
that a party may take action, . . . and then the party takes that action in full accordance with
its attendant obligations, there is no proper basis to conclude that the party has breached
the contract by doing what the objective terms of the contract authorize.” (emphasis added)
(citing Seidensticker v. Gasparilla Inn, Inc., 2007 WL 4054473, at *1 (Del. Ch. Nov. 8,
2007))).
146
   Compl. ¶ 114. For the same reasons, the Complaint also fails to allege facts making it
reasonably conceivable that Balt USA failed to use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to
commercialize Titan under Section 1.06(d)(i)(2). This argument additionally fails because
the Commercial Milestone Efforts Period throughout which Balt USA was required to use
Commercially Reasonable Efforts to commercialize Titan never commenced. See Compl.
Ex. A § 1.06(d)(i)(2) (“During the Commercial Milestone Efforts Period, [Balt USA] shall
use Commercially Reasonable Efforts to Commercialize [Titan] in the applicable market(s)
in which the applicable regulatory approval(s) . . . was/were achieved.” (emphasis added));
id. § 1.06(a)(i) (defining “Commercial Milestone Efforts Period” as the period
“commencing on the earliest to occur of the date (1) the Purchaser receives notice that a
CE mark may be lawfully affixed to one or both Titan Products . . . or (2) the Seller receives
notice of 510(k) clearance from the FDA”).

                                              45
                       b.     Further Assurances
            Section 4.07 of the Amended Agreement provides that, “as and when

requested” by Plaintiff, Balt USA must “take . . . all such further or other actions as

a Party may reasonably deem necessary or desirable in order to carry out the intent

and accomplish the purposes of this Agreement.” 147

            Because Plaintiff has not adequately alleged that Balt USA breached the

Commercially Reasonable Efforts provision, Plaintiff effectively argues that Section

4.07 imposes a more onerous obligation, which Balt USA breached. Plaintiff

dedicates but one paragraph of its brief to this claim. 148 In that paragraph, Plaintiff

does not point to a single allegation in the Complaint concerning Balt USA’s failure

to take actions that may be reasonably deemed necessary or desirable to carry out

the intent and accomplish the purposes of the Amended Agreement. Instead,

Plaintiff argues that the sufficiency of Balt USA’s efforts to obtain CE Mark

approval “are factual determinations for trial.”149 This non sequitur does nothing at

the pleading stage to aid Plaintiff in satisfying its burden of demonstrating a

reasonable conceivability that Balt USA breached Section 4.07.

147
      Compl. Ex. A § 4.07.
148
      Pl.’s Answering Br. at 26.
149
      Id.

                                           46
                       c.       CE Mark Application Deadline
         Section 4.06(b) of the Amended Agreement provides that, “[o]n or before

February 11, 2018 . . . [Balt USA] will file an application for approval that a CE

mark may be lawfully affixed to” Titan. 150 Plaintiff argues that Balt USA breached

the Amended Agreement by failing to submit its CE Mark application by the

contractually mandated deadline of February 11, 2018.                 But the Complaint

acknowledges that Balt USA eventually filed its CE Mark application on

February 22, 2018,151 and Plaintiff pleads no facts suggesting that this delay of eight

business days caused it to suffer damages. 152

                       d.       Milestone Payments
         Section 1.06(b) of the Amended Agreement provides that Balt USA “shall pay

(or cause to be paid) to the Seller, in accordance with and subject to the terms of this

Section 1.06, the following payments . . . upon the achievement of the following

milestone events.” 153 Sections 1.06(b)(i) and 1.06(b)(ii) then list the “Regulatory

150
      Amendment § 4.
151
      Compl. ¶ 61.
152
    To the contrary, Plaintiff alleges that independent events other than the eight-day delay
were the cause of Plaintiff’s alleged damages: “[A]lthough the initial application was
‘only’ eight days late, Neurvana alleges several additional unexplained delays, and Balt
later withdrew the [CE Mark] application entirely to pursue universal sterilization instead,
which meant that the milestone deadline would not be met . . . .” Pl.’s Answering Br. at 27
(emphasis added).
153
      Compl. Ex. A § 1.06(b).

                                             47
Milestones” and “Commercial Milestones” and their corresponding milestone

payments. 154

          Plaintiff alleges that Balt USA breached the Amended Agreement by failing

to make the regulatory and commercial milestone payments required under

Section 1.06(b). Plaintiff does not allege that any of the milestone events triggering

Balt USA’s milestone payment obligations actually occurred—indeed, the non-

occurrence of those milestone events forms the basis for Plaintiff’s claim that Balt

USA breached its obligation to use Commercially Reasonable Efforts. Rather,

Plaintiff argues that Section 1.06(b)’s prefatory language mandates that Balt USA

“shall pay” Neurvana the milestone payments on a date certain regardless of whether

the relevant milestone is achieved.155

          In addition to ignoring the manifest purpose of the earn-out structure—to

allocate risk by requiring payment only upon the achievement of specific milestone

events—Plaintiff’s argument ignores the plain language of the Amended Agreement.

In full, Section 1.06(b) requires payment only “upon the achievement of the

following milestone events.” 156    The “Regulatory Milestones” subsections that

154
      Id. §§ 1.06(b)(i), (ii).
155
      Id. § 1.06(b).
156
      Id. (emphasis added).

                                          48
follow also contain conditional language. 157             Similarly, the “Commercial

Milestones” subsections that follow expressly acknowledge that a failure to receive

regulatory approval may result in no payments to Neurvana whatsoever.158 And in

Section 1.06(f) of the Amended Agreement, Neurvana expressly acknowledges that

“the achievement of any Milestone is uncertain and it is therefore not assured that

[Balt USA] will be required to pay any Milestone Payment at all if no Milestones

described in Section 1.06 are achieved.” 159

         Plaintiff alternatively argues that the prevention doctrine applies because Balt

USA’s supposed breaches impeded the conditions that would have triggered the

157
    The Regulatory Milestones provisions in Section 1.06(b)(i) require payment to
Neurvana only where regulatory approval is obtained by a date certain. Id. § 1.06(b)(i)(1)
(stating that the $250,000 CE Mark milestone payment shall be made “in the event that the
following shall have occurred on or prior to September 30, 2018 (emphasis added)); id.
§ 1.06(b)(i)(2) (stating that the $250,000 510(k) approval milestone payment shall be made
“in the event that the following shall have occurred on or prior to September 30, 2018.”
(emphasis added)).
158
   Each of the “Commercial Milestones” subsections contemplates “a payment, if any,” to
Neurvana using some multiple of “Titan Revenue.” See id. §§ 1.06(b)(ii)(1)–(5). The term
“Titan Revenue” is defined in Section 1.06(a)(vii) as “(a) the actual gross amounts
invoiced from or on account of the sale or distribution of [Titan] by [Balt USA] . . . in a
particular period” less certain specified deductions, and “(b) the royalties or license fees
actually received from unaffiliated third parties by [Balt USA]” in connection with
distribution rights Balt USA may have granted. Id. § 1.06(a)(vii) (emphases added). In
other words, “Titan Revenue” cannot exist without the sale or distribution of Titan—and
the sale or distribution of Titan cannot occur without the requisite regulatory approvals.
See Compl. ¶ 25 (“Before Neurvana could market and sell Titan, it had to . . . acquire
regulatory approvals.” (emphasis added)).
159
      Compl. Ex. A § 1.06(f).

                                            49
milestone payments. 160 The prevention doctrine “provides that a party may not

escape contractual liability by reliance upon the failure of a condition precedent

where the party wrongfully prevented performance of that condition precedent.”161

Plaintiff asserts that the doctrine applies here because “Balt continuously worked to

undermine the application process and resulting payments.” 162 This conclusory

assertion is unsupported by the facts alleged in the Complaint. And as discussed

above, Plaintiff’s disagreement with the regulatory strategy Balt USA was

contractually entitled to undertake does not give rise to the inference that Balt USA

“wrongfully prevented” performance of the Amended Agreement.163

                2.     Count Four Fails to State a Claim for Breach of the Implied
                       Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing.
         Count Four of the Complaint alleges that Balt USA breached the implied

covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Under Delaware law, “[t]he implied

160
      Pl.’s Answering Br. at 28.
161
  Mobile Commc’ns Corp. of Am. v. MCI Commc’ns Corp., 1985 WL 11574, at *4 (Del.
Ch. Aug. 27, 1985) (emphasis added) (citations omitted).
162
      Pl.’s Answering Br. at 28.
163
    Some decisional authority suggests that the wrongful prevention doctrine’s application
is limited where “one party assumes the risk that fulfillment of the condition precedent will
be prevented.” Mobile Comm’cns, 1985 WL 11574, at *4. Defendants thus argue that
Plaintiff expressly assumed the risk that it would not receive milestone payments when it
agreed that Balt USA would have authority over all matters relating to Titan post-closing.
Defs.’ Reply Br. at 14. This decision notes the point without resolving it in view of the
multiple other deficiencies in this aspect of Plaintiff’s claim.

                                             50
covenant is inherent in all contracts.”164 Delaware courts have characterized the

implied covenant as “a limited and extraordinary legal remedy” 165 whose application

is a “cautious enterprise.” 166 “[T]he implied covenant ‘does not apply when the

contract addresses the conduct at issue,’ but only ‘when the contract is truly silent’

concerning the matter at hand.”167 The implied covenant “should not be applied to

give plaintiffs contractual protections that ‘they failed to secure for themselves at the

bargaining table.’” 168

         Plaintiff argues that the implied covenant applies because the Amended

Agreement is “silent about the sterilization protocol.”169           That argument is

inconsistent with the plain language of the Amended Agreement, which vests Balt

USA with “authority over all matters relating to [Titan] after the Closing, including,

but not limited to, any research, development, manufacturing, Commercialization,

clinical trial design, site selection, regulatory, quality standards,” and other

164
      Dieckman v. Regency GP LP, 155 A.3d 358, 366 (Del. 2016).
165
  Oxbow Carbon & Minerals Hldgs. v. Crestview-Oxbow Acq., LLC, 202 A.3d 482, 507
(Del. 2019) (quoting Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1128 (Del. 2010)).
166
      Nemec, 991 A.2d at 1125 (Del. 2010).
167
   Oxbow, 202 A.3d at 507 (first quoting Nationwide Emerging Managers, LLC v.
Northpointe Hldgs. LLC, 112 A.3d 878, 896 (Del. 2015); then quoting Allied Capital, 910
A.2d at 1033).
168
  Winshall v. Viacom Int’l, Inc., 55 A.3d 629, 636–37 (Del. Ch. 2011), aff’d, 76 A.3d 808
(Del. 2013) (quoting Aspen Advisors LLC v. United Artists Theatre Co., 861 A.2d 1251,
1260 (Del. 2004)).
169
      Pl.’s Answering Br. at 31.

                                             51
decisions. 170 Neurvana affirmatively agreed to vest Balt USA with the discretionary

authority to proceed with any and all regulatory, commercial, and other decisions

related to Titan post-closing.171 This language suggests that conferred discretion to

Balt USA “was a contractual choice to grant authority . . . not a gap.”172

            Of course, “vesting [a contracting party] with discretion does not relieve [the

party] of its obligation to use that discretion constituently with the implied covenant

of good faith and fair dealing.” 173 Yet Plaintiff does not plead facts that Balt USA

acted in bad faith when it exercised its discretion to pursue universal sterilization

validation instead of a lot release sterilization protocol. For example, Plaintiff

asserts that Balt USA “represented that they could achieve approval within 45 days”

and that “[t]his timeline would have been possible only with a lot-release submission

because universal validation takes more than 30 days.” 174 But neither of the

paragraphs to which Plaintiff cites for this proposition contain the factual allegation

that universal sterilization validation takes more than thirty days. 175 Indeed, that

170
      Compl. Ex. A § 1.06(d)(i)(4).
171
      Id.
172
      Oxbow, 202 A.3d at 503.
173
    Id. (citing Miller v. HCP Trumpet Investments, LLC, 2018 WL 4600818, at *1–2 (Del.
Sept. 20, 2018) (TABLE)); Amirsaleh v. Bd. of Trade of N.Y.C., Inc., 2008 WL 4182998,
at *1 (Del. Ch. Sept. 11, 2008) (“[T]he law presumes that parties never accept the risk that
their counterparties will exercise their contractual discretion in bad faith.”).
174
      Pl.’s Answering Br. at 32.
175
      See Compl. ¶¶ 46, 65.

                                              52
allegation exists nowhere in the Complaint. And even if it did, Plaintiff does not

allege that approval with a universal sterilization validation would have been

impossible within the timeline Balt USA proposed.

                3.     Count Five Fails to State a Claim for Promissory Estoppel.
         Count Five of the Complaint alleges that the doctrine of promissory estoppel

makes Balt USA’s “promise” to secure CE Mark approval using a lot release

sterilization protocol within forty-five days an enforceable one. But Plaintiff’s

argument ignores well-settled Delaware law: “Promissory estoppel does not

apply . . . where a fully integrated, enforceable contract governs the promise at

issue.” 176 The Amended Agreement contains an integration clause, which provides:

“This Agreement and the documents referred to herein contain the complete

agreement between the Parties relating to the subject matter hereof and supersede

any prior understandings, agreements or representations by or between the Parties,

written or oral, which may have related to the subject matter hereof in any way . . .

.” 177

         Plaintiff does not argue that the Amended Agreement is not fully integrated

or that the Amended Agreement’s integration clause is somehow void. Nor does

Plaintiff dispute that Balt USA’s alleged promise to secure CE Mark approval within

176
      SIGA Techs., Inc. v. PharmAthene, Inc., 67 A.3d 330, 348 (Del. 2013).
177
      Compl. Ex. A § 7.08.

                                             53
forty-five days using a lot release sterilization protocol relates to “subject matter” of

the Amended Agreement. Indeed, Plaintiff would be hard-pressed to make such

arguments. Thus, the Amended Agreement supersedes the alleged promise made

prior to its execution, and the doctrine of promissory estoppel may not be applied to

revive them.

                4.     Count Ten Fails to State a Claim for Anticipatory
                       Repudiation.
         Count Ten of the Complaint alleges that Balt USA anticipatorily repudiated

the Amended Agreement. As Chancellor Allen once observed, the doctrine of

anticipatory repudiation derives from the principle that, “[i]f it is clear that the

promisor intends not to perform his promise, there seems little reason to force the

parties to wait to have their rights and obligations determined while markets rise and

fall.” 178 However, “[t]he theory justifying an action for breach of contract prior to

the contracted-for time of performance really only holds when the repudiation

is . . . ‘positive and unconditional.’” 179 Thus, “[u]nder Delaware law, repudiation is

an outright refusal by a party to perform a contract or its conditions” 180 requiring an

“unequivocal statement”181 of an intent not to perform.

178
      Carteret Bancorp, Inc. v. Home Gp., Inc., 1988 WL 3010, at *5 (Del. Ch. Jan. 13, 1988).
179
      Id. at *6 (quoting 11 Williston on Contracts § 1322 (3d ed. 1968)).
180
      CitiSteel USA, Inc. v. Connell Ltd. P’ship, 758 A.2d 928 (Del. 2000).
181
   Veloric v. J.G. Wentworth, Inc., 2014 WL 4639217, at *15 (Del. Ch. Sept. 18, 2014)
(quoting Carteret, 1988 WL 3010, at *5).

                                              54
          Plaintiff alleges that, “by unilaterally refusing to submit the CE Mark file to

DQS for regulatory approval with a lot release sterilization protocol,” Balt USA

anticipatorily repudiated the Amended Agreement. 182 But nowhere in the Complaint

does Plaintiff allege that such unilateral refusal occurred. In fact, the Complaint

alleges the opposite: After a meeting between the parties on March 13, 2018, Yang

wrote to Neurvana and represented that the CE Mark “application had been

submitted [by Balt USA] with an aspiration indication and with a sterile lot release

protocol.”183 At no point, according to the Complaint, did Balt USA “unilaterally

refuse” to submit its CE Mark application with a lot release sterilization protocol.

          Rather than pointing the Court to an “unequivocal statement” by Balt USA

evidencing an intent not to perform, Plaintiff points the Court to Balt USA’s

“actions” (in no definite terms) and argues that those actions “render[ed] contractual

performance impossible.” 184       This argument is unpersuasive.       Nothing in the

Complaint suggests that Balt USA’s undefined actions made contractual

performance impossible.

182
      Compl. ¶ 158.
183
      Id. ¶ 65.
184
      Pl.’s Answering Br. at 36.

                                            55
                5.    Count Thirteen Fails to State a Claim for Indemnification.
         Count Thirteen of the Complaint seeks indemnification for alleged losses

incurred “[a]s a result of Balt’s breaches of its obligations under the

[Agreement].” 185 Section 5.03 of the Amended Agreement provides that Balt USA

“shall indemnify” Neurvana and its representatives and “hold them harmless against

any Losses paid, incurred, suffered or sustained . . . directly or indirectly, resulting

from, arising out of, or relating to” any of the following:

                (a) Any inaccuracy or breach of any representation or
                warranty of [Balt USA] contained in [the relevant portion
                of the Amended Agreement]; (b) any non-fulfillment or
                breach by [Balt USA] of any covenant or agreement
                contained in this Agreement; (c) any Assumed Liability;
                and/or      (d) [Neurvana’s]      development        and
                                                         186
                commercialization of the Titan Products.

Plaintiff has failed to adequately plead that any of the four circumstances delineated

in Section 5.03 are present. As discussed above, the Complaint does not demonstrate

that any sort of inaccuracy, breach, or non-fulfillment of any of the covenants or

obligations contained in the Amended Agreement. 187 Thus, Count Thirteen fails to

state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

185
      Compl. ¶ 176.
186
      Compl. Ex. A § 5.03.
187
    Plaintiff does not argue that the “Assumed Liability” language in Section 5.03 applies
in this case.

                                           56
                6.    Counts Eleven and Fourteen Fail to State Claims for
                      Alternative Forms of Relief.
         Counts Eleven and Fourteen of the Complaint seek specific performance of

the Amended Agreement and declaratory judgment concerning Balt USA’s

obligations at issue in Counts Three, Four, and Ten. Because each of the predicate

claims to Counts Eleven and Fourteen fail to state a claim, the equitable and

declaratory relief Plaintiff requests in connection with those claims is denied.

         C.     The Contract Claim Against Ferrera
         Count Six of the Complaint alleges that Ferrera breached the Consulting

Agreement’s confidentiality and non-disparagement clauses.188 The confidentiality

clause provides: “Consultant agrees during the term of this Agreement and for five

(5) years thereafter that Consultant will take all steps reasonably necessary to hold

Company’s Confidential or Proprietary Information . . . in trust and

confidence . . . .” 189 The non-disparagement clause provides: “Consultant agrees

that he will not . . . make any non-flattering statement or disparage . . . the Company,

its technology or business, or any of the (past, present or future) employees, officers,

188
     Although the Consulting Agreement is governed by California law, Consulting
Agreement § 9(c), Delaware law provides the procedural standard, and thus Plaintiff must
still plead facts under Rule 12(b)(6) sufficient to support a reasonable inference that Ferrera
breached the Consulting Agreement.
189
      Consulting Agreement § 5(a).

                                              57
managers, independent contractors, consultants, equity holders or lenders of the

Company . . . .” 190

          Plaintiff first contends that Ferrera breached the confidentiality clause when

he “revoke[d] Neurvana’s license to use Balt’s ‘pusher’ delivery system,” and

“demanded immediate payment” of the debts owed by Neurvana to Balt USA.191

These events occurred throughout 2018, after Ferrera’s resignation.192 Plaintiff

asserts that “the timing of each act was informed by Ferrera’s inside knowledge as

former chairman of the board of Neurvana’s confidential financial information.”193

These allegations are conclusory and unsupported by well-pleaded facts in the

Complaint. Other than by broad reference to Ferrera’s “inside knowledge” as former

Chairman, 194 Plaintiff pleads no facts indicating specifically or even generally which

“nonpublic or proprietary information regarding [Neurvana or] its business” Ferrera

possessed that was protected by the Consulting Agreement.195 And other than the

conclusory allegation that Ferrera “used confidential information about Neurvana to

190
      Id. § 8(a).
191
      Pl.’s Answering Br. at 54.
192
      Compl. ¶¶ 77, 87.
193
      Pl.’s Answering Br. at 54 (internal quotation marks omitted).
194
      Compl. ¶ 76.
195
   Consulting Agreement § 5(a) (defining the “Confidential or Proprietary Information”
that Ferrera was prohibited from using).

                                              58
harm and undermine Neurvana and its prospective business relations,”196 Plaintiff

pleads no facts indicating that Ferrera actually used such confidential information in

a contractually prohibited manner. Plaintiff has failed to plead facts making it

reasonably conceivable that Ferrera breached the Consulting Agreement’s

confidentiality clause.

          Plaintiff next argues that Ferrera breached the non-disparagement clause when

he “repeatedly disparaged Neurvana and its officers to investors, potential investors,

members of Neurvana’s board, and other people and entities in the neuro-medical

device industry.” 197 But this allegation was made merely “[u]pon information and

belief” and was unsupported by well-pleaded facts in the Complaint—thus, the Court

need not accept it as true.198

          D.      The Tort Claims
          Count One asserts that Balt USA fraudulently induced Neurvana to enter into

the Amended Agreement. Count Two asserts that the same conduct giving rise to

the fraudulent inducement claim gives rise to a claim for equitable fraud or negligent

misrepresentation. Count Nine asserts that all Defendants tortiously interfered with

196
      Compl. ¶ 84.
197
      Id. ¶ 85.
198
     See Griffin Corp. Servs., LLC v. Jacobs, 2005 WL 2000775, at *6 (Del. Ch.
Aug. 11, 2005) (addressing one of the plaintiffs’ allegations made only “[u]pon
information and belief” and concluding that “[s]uch a bald statement, without further
factual allegations to support it, is merely conclusory and need not be accepted as true”
(citing Haber v. Bell, 465 A.2d 353, 357 (Del. Ch. 1983)).

                                            59
the development and commercialization of Neurvana’s remaining two products,

Lumenate and Dimension.

             1.     Counts One and Two Fail to State Claims for Fraud.
      Under Delaware law, a claim for fraud has five conjunctive elements: (1) a

false statement, generally of fact, made by the defendant; 199 (2) the defendant’s

knowledge or belief that the statement was false at the time it was made, or the

defendant’s reckless indifference to statement’s truth; (3) the defendant’s intent to

cause the plaintiff to act or refrain from acting as a result of the statement; (4) the

plaintiff’s justifiable reliance on that statement in acting or in refraining from acting;

and (5) damages incurred as a result of that reliance. 200 To state a claim for equitable

fraud, a plaintiff must “satisfy all the elements of common-law fraud with the

exception that [the] plaintiff need not demonstrate that the misstatement or omission

was made knowingly or recklessly.” 201             To state a claim for negligent

199
    “In addition to overt representations, fraud may also occur through deliberate
concealment of material facts, or by silence in the face of a duty to speak.” H-M Wexford
LLC v. Encorp, Inc., 832 A.2d 129, 144 (Del. Ch. 2003) (citing Stephenson v. Capano
Dev., Inc., 462 A.2d 1069, 1074 (Del. 1983)). Though the Complaint alleges in a
conclusory manner that Balt USA made “representations . . . by fraudulently concealing
material facts,” Plaintiff neither points to any such omission in the Complaint nor
meaningfully argues that point in briefing. Compl. ¶ 95; see Pl.’s Answering Br. at 39–48
(referring only to affirmative statements by Balt USA).
200
  Solow v. Aspect Res., LLC, 2004 WL 2694916, at *2 (Del. Ch. Oct. 19, 2004) (citing
Gaffin v. Teledyne, Inc., 611 A.2d 467, 472 (Del. 1992)).
201
   H-M Wexford, 832 A.2d at 144 (quoting Zirn v. VLI Corp., 681 A.2d 1050, 1061 (Del.
1996)).

                                           60
misrepresentation, a plaintiff must show: (1) “a particular duty to provide accurate

information, based on the plaintiff[’s] pecuniary interest in that information;”

(2) “the supplying of false information;” (3) “failure to exercise reasonable care in

obtaining or communicating information; and” (4) “a pecuniary loss caused by

justifiable reliance on the false information.” 202

         Court of Chancery Rule 9(b) imposes a heightened pleading standard on

plaintiffs asserting fraud claims.        Specifically, Rule 9(b) requires that “the

circumstances constituting fraud . . . be stated with particularity.” 203         “Under

Rule 9(b), the circumstances that must be stated with particularity are the time, place,

and contents of the false representation, the identity of the person(s) making the

representation, and what he intended to obtain thereby.” 204 “It is not necessary under

Rule 9(b) to plead knowledge or intent with particularity.” 205 “Essentially, to satisfy

that requirement, the plaintiff must allege circumstances sufficient to fairly apprise

the defendant of the basis for the claim.” 206

202
   Id. at 147 n.44 (citing Glosser v. Cellcor, Inc., 1994 WL 593929, at *22 (Del. Ch.
Oct. 17, 1994)).
203
      Ct. Ch. R. 9(b).
204
      H-M Wexford, 832 A.2d at 145 (citations omitted).
205
    KnightTek, LLC v. Jive Commc’ns, -- A.3d --, 2020 WL 414434, at *6 (Del.
Jan. 27, 2020); Ct. Ch. R. 9(b) (“Malice, intent, knowledge and other condition of mind . .
. may be averred generally.”)
206
    H-M Wexford, 832 A.2d at 145 (citing Norman v. Paco Pharm. Servs., Inc., 1989 WL
110648, at *10 (Del. Ch. Sept. 22, 1989); Cont’l Ill. Nat’l Bank & Tr. Co. of Chi. v. Hunt
Int’l Res. Corp., 1987 WL 55826, at *6 (Del. Ch. Feb. 27, 1987)).

                                             61
         Plaintiff argues that Balt USA, through its agents and representatives, made

several misrepresentations that induced Plaintiff to enter into the Amended

Agreement. Specifically, Plaintiff takes issue with Balt USA’s statements that due

to its superior relationships, resources, and expertise, Balt USA could obtain CE

Mark approval for Titan faster than Neurvana could, within forty-five days. 207

         The allegations supporting Plaintiff’s fraud claims closely resemble the

allegations supporting Plaintiff’s failed claim for promissory estoppel—and

Plaintiff’s fraud claims may fail for the same reasons.208 In any event, Plaintiff has

failed to adequately plead one element common to each of the three Tort Claims—

an actionable false statement. 209

207
      Compl. ¶¶ 96–98.
208
    There exists some support for the notion that an integration clause containing
unambiguous anti-reliance language precludes a finding of justifiable reliance, thus barring
certain fraud claims. See H-M Wexford, 832 A.2d at 142 (dismissing a fraud claim for
failure to demonstrate justifiable reliance and stating that, “if [the plaintiff] wanted to be
able to rely upon [a private placement memorandum it received prior to signing the
agreement] or particular facts represented therein, it had an obligation to negotiate to have
those matters included within the scope of the integration clause of the contract”). Cf.
Kronenberg v. Katz, 872 A.2d 568, 593 (Del. Ch. 2004) (“The presence of a standard
integration clause alone, which does not contain explicit anti-reliance representations and
which is not accompanied by other contractual provisions demonstrating with clarity that
the plaintiff had agreed that it was not relying on facts outside the contract, will not suffice
to bar fraud claims.”). Because Plaintiff’s fraud claims fail for more obvious reasons, the
Court need not reach this issue.
209
   Plaintiff’s reliance on Narrowstep, Inc. v. Onstream Media Corp. is misplaced. Pl.’s
Answering Br. at 42 (citing Narrowstep, Inc. v. Onstream Media Corp., 2010 WL 5422405,
at *12 (Del. Ch. Dec. 22, 2010)). In Narrowstep, the Court held that the plaintiff
successfully pleaded the false statement element of its fraud claims. Narrowstep,
2010 WL 5422405, at *12 (explaining that the plaintiff, Narrowstep, adequately pleaded
the elements of its fraud claims, stating: “Narrowstep alleges that Onstream made several
                                              62
          Balt USA’s statement that it could secure CE Mark approval within forty-five

days is a forward-looking opinion, and such opinions are generally not actionable as

fraud. 210 Acknowledging this line of case law, 211 Plaintiff first argues that the

disputed statement misrepresented facts known by Balt USA (“then-existing

facts”)212 at the time the statement was made about Balt USA’s “supposed superior

relationship with European regulators that would allow Titan to rapidly achieve

CEM.” 213 Delaware law recognizes that forward-looking statements can support a

claim of fraud where the declarant knows the statement to be false at the time it is

made. 214 In this case, Plaintiff neither alleges nor argues what then-existing facts

false representations with respect to its communicated desire to close a merger with
Narrowstep in an expeditious manner.”). In so holding, the Court observed that “the
Complaint sufficiently describe[d] the details” of the alleged misappropriation scheme,
which in turn indicated that the false representations were made intentionally. Id. Here,
unlike in Narrowstep, Plaintiff has not properly alleged that Balt USA made “false
representations” in the first place.
210
   Grunstein v. Silva, 2009 WL 4698541, at *13 (Del. Ch. Dec. 8, 2009) (observing that
“expressions as to what will happen in the future are not actionable as fraud” (citation
omitted)); BAE Sys. N. Am. Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 2004 WL 1739522, at *7 (Del.
Ch. Aug. 3, 2004) (“Expressing opinions or predictions about the future, however, ‘cannot
give rise to actionable common law fraud.’” (quoting Great Lakes Chem. Corp. v.
Pharmacia Corp., 788 A.2d 544, 554 (Del. 2001))).
211
   Pl.’s Answering Br. at 43 (acknowledging that “representations regarding future
conduct, predictions, and expressions of opinion generally do not create actionable fraud”).
212
      Id. at 40.
213
      Id. at 42.
214
   Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. AIG Life Ins. Co., 901 A.2d 106, 116 (Del. 2006); see also
KnighTek, 2020 WL 414434 at *6 (applying Utah law, distinguishing between “forward-
looking predictions or opinions that are subject to uncertainty and predictions or opinions
                                            63
were supposedly false. 215 The Complaint does not support a reasonable inference

that Balt USA lacked superior relationships, resources, and expertise; in fact, the

Complaint supports the contrary inference. 216 And the 45-day prediction is a pure

expression as to what might happen in the future and not alleged to be based on any

specific fact known at the time the statement was made. 217

       Tacitly conceding Balt USA’s superior knowledge and that the disputed

statement was an opinion only, Plaintiff next argues that “even an opinion may rise

to the level of a misstatement of fact when made by one with special or superior

knowledge.”218 Once again, however, Plaintiff fails to point to any supporting

allegations or otherwise develop this argument.

that the speaker knows are false,” and ruling that the complaint adequately alleged that the
defendant knew the statement to be false due to “presently existing material fact[s]”).
215
    Compare Compl. ¶ 96 (“These misrepresentations included the claim that Balt had
superior relationships, resources, and expertise, which would lead to faster CE Mark
approval than Neurvana could achieve.”), and id. (“Balt represented that it could obtain
CE Mark approval for Titan within 45 days”), with KnighTek, 2020 WL 414434 at *2
(finding it reasonably conceivable that defendant’s statement that plaintiff would have to
wait more than five years to be bought out was known to be false when made where, the
day after the plaintiff agreed to be paid out at a discount, a change of control transaction
that would have accelerated the defendant’s payment obligations in full occurred).
216
  See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 99, 108, 152 (referring to the foreseeability of Neurvana’s alleged
damages given “Balt’s knowledge of the industry and Neurvana’s products”).
217
   In briefing, Plaintiff states: “Discovery will show either that Defendants knew they were
lying when they claimed that Balt could rapidly achieve [CE Mark approval] and fulfill the
intent of the [Amended Agreement], or that they did not care if what they said was true.”
Pl.’s Answering Br. at 40. But Plaintiff cannot point to future discovery to bolster its
allegations at the pleading stage.
218
    Pl.’s Answering Br. at 43 (citing Aviation West Charters, LLC v. Freer,
2015 WL 5138285, at *6 (Del. Super. Ct. July 2, 2015); Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. AIG Life
                                            64
              2.     Count Nine Fails to State a Claim for Tortious Interference
                     with Prospective Economic Advantage.
       “To survive dismissal, a claim for tortious interference with business relations

must allege: ‘(a) the reasonable probability of a business opportunity, (b) the

intentional interference by defendant with that opportunity, (c) proximate causation,

and (d) damages.’” 219

Ins. Co., 901 A.2d 106, 116 (Del. 2006)). Plaintiff’s reliance on Aviation West Charters
and Wal-Mart is misplaced. In Aviation West Charters, the Delaware Superior Court did
not find that the misrepresentation forming the basis for the plaintiff’s fraudulent
inducement claim was an opinion. 2015 WL 5138285, at *7 (holding that a company’s
inflation of its accounts receivable was “a statement of past fact—not one of opinion or
future conduct”). And the expression of opinion in Wal-Mart is distinguishable from that
in this case. In Wal-Mart, several brokers sold to Wal-Mart corporate-owned life insurance
policies (“COLIs”) that they represented would generate significant tax benefits.
901 A.2d at 111. The brokers assured Wal-Mart that in the “worst case” scenario, Wal-
Mart would only lose $283,000. Id. But after an adverse change in tax laws, the COLIs
did not generate tax benefits, and Wal-Mart allegedly suffered more than $100 million in
damages. Id. at 110. The Delaware Supreme Court held that, while the broker’s assurance
that Wal-Mart would only lose $283,000 in the “worst case” scenario was an opinion, it
was “the type of opinion that suggests the reasonable belief that it was based on facts known
to the maker.” Id. at 116. This was so because the brokers, who were “experts in COLI
plans,” should have known that the COLIs “deviated from industry standards, and that
those deviations had prompted regulators to question or disapprove similar plans.” Id. at
111, 116. There are no similar allegations here. Plaintiff does not allege that Balt USA’s
approach “deviated from industry standards” or that Balt USA’s approach would have been
impossible.
219
    Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1099 (Del. 2001) (quoting DeBonaventura v.
Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 428 A.2d 1151, 1153 (Del. 1981)). Though Plaintiff asserts
Count Nine as a claim for “tortious interference with prospective economic advantage,”
that claim is the same as one for “tortious interference with business relations.” See Pl.’s
Answering Br. at 56 (citing the elements of a claim for tortious interference with business
relations).

                                             65
            Plaintiff’s claim fails on the first element. “To meet the reasonable probability

of a business opportunity prong, a plaintiff ‘must identify a specific party who was

prepared to enter into a business relationship but was dissuaded from doing so by

the defendant . . . .’” 220 The plaintiff “cannot rely on generalized allegations of

harm.” 221 “Furthermore, ‘[t]o be reasonably probable, a business opportunity must

be something more than a mere hope . . . or a mere perception of a prospective

business relationship.’” 222

            The Complaint does not allege that any party, let alone a “specific party,” was

prepared to partner with Neurvana to develop and commercialize Lumenate or

Dimension. In briefing, Plaintiff highlights the potential value of Lumenate and

Dimension, Defendants’ knowledge of this value, and Defendants’ “intentional[]

sabotage[]” of CE Mark approval for Titan “in order to prevent Neurvana from being

able to commercialize Dimension and Lumenate.” 223 But these general points do

not identify the existence of a specific party or support a reasonable inference of the

existence of a specific party.

220
   Soterion Corp. v. Soteria Mezzanine Corp., 2012 WL 5378251, at *13 (Del. Ch.
Oct. 31, 2012) (quoting Agilent Techs., Inc. v. Kirkland, 2009 WL 119865, at *7 (Del. Ch.
Jan. 20, 2009)).
221
      Id. (quoting Agilent, 2009 WL 119865, at *7).
222
      Id.
223
      Pl.’s Answering Br. at 57.

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III.   CONCLUSION
       For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of personal

jurisdiction pursuant to Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(2) is GRANTED as to Girin

and DENIED as to Ferrera. Defendants’ motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim

pursuant to Court of Chancery Rule 12(b)(6) is GRANTED as to Counts One, Two,

Three, Four, Five, Six, Nine, Ten, Eleven, Twelve, Thirteen, Fourteen, and Count

Seven concerning Ferrera’s post-resignation conduct and DENIED as to Count

Seven concerning Ferrera’s pre-resignation conduct.

                                         67