Court Opinion

ID: 4659010
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-09 23:03:04.067959+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:57.022106
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/9/21

                            CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                             FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                        DIVISION THREE

 THE PEOPLE,

      Plaintiff and Respondent,                      G057136

          v.                                         (Super. Ct. No. 16NF2644)

 JOSHUA ACOSTA,                                      OPINION

      Defendant and Appellant.

                 Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, John
Conley, Judge. Affirmed.
                 Michelle May Peterson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
                 Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Arlene A. Sevidal,
Randall D. Einhorn, Elizabeth M. Kuchar and Joseph Anagnos, Deputy Attorneys
General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                    *         *          *
                When he was 21 years old, appellant Joshua Acosta, who has been
diagnosed with a form of high-functioning autism spectrum disorder, plotted with his
codefendant to kill their friend Katlynn’s parents, whom Acosta believed was physically
and sexually abusing her. Late one night, Acosta shot and killed Katlynn’s parents and a
family friend who was at their house. A jury convicted Acosta of three counts of first
degree murder and found true the multiple murder special circumstance and firearm
enhancements. The trial court sentenced him to three consecutive terms of life without
the possibility of parole (LWOP), plus an additional 75 years to life in prison.
                Acosta now claims his LWOP sentences are unconstitutional and must be
modified to allow for future parole consideration. Much of his challenge concerns Penal
Code1 section 3051, which grants the right to a youth offender parole hearing to juvenile
offenders sentenced to LWOP and to juvenile and young adult offenders sentenced to
indeterminate or life terms, no matter how lengthy. According to Acosta, section 3051
violates equal protection because it denies young adult offenders sentenced to LWOP,
like Acosta, the right to a youth offender parole hearing. Acosta further contends his
LWOP sentences violate the Eighth Amendment. We reject these contentions and affirm
the judgment.

                                           FACTS
                At the time of the murders, Acosta was a 21-year-old United States Army
mechanic stationed at Fort Irwin. His best friend was his 25-year-old codefendant, Frank
Felix.
                About a year before the murders, Acosta and Felix met 17-year-old
Katlynn G. through the furry community, a worldwide group of cartoon fans who like to

         1
                All further undesignated statutory references are to this code.

                                               2
dress up as animals. The trio became good friends. Katlynn and Felix were at times
sexually involved.
              Katlynn lived in Fullerton with her mother and stepfather, Jen and Chris
Yost, and her two younger half-sisters, ages 6 and 9. Katlynn confided to Acosta and
Felix that she wanted to run away from home because her stepfather was physically and
sexually abusing her. She also talked about killing her stepfather.
              Acosta and Felix decided they had to “save” Katlynn and her sisters from
further abuse. They came up with a plan to murder Katlynn’s parents using a shotgun
owned by Felix’s father, and then to help Katlynn hide until she turned 18 and could live
with Felix.
              Later Katlynn texted Acosta that she was going to run away from home and
asked him to help her escape. Apparently by chance, Acosta and Felix had planned to
execute their murder plot that same night.
              Acosta drove to Katlynn’s house and went inside, while Felix stayed
outside. Acosta then discovered that a family friend named Billy was spending the night;
he decided to also kill Billy to keep him “quiet.” Katlynn secretly loaded her belongings
into Acosta’s truck with Felix’s help. After everyone was asleep, Katlynn snuck out the
front door.
              Acosta, who was waiting outside, asked Katlynn if he could use the
restroom; he told Katlynn to go to his truck. Acosta entered the house with the shotgun.
He walked over to the couch where Billy was sleeping and shot him in the back of the
head. Acosta then walked to the master bedroom and shot Jen in the face; he shot Chris
as he tried to flee. Acosta, Felix, and Katlynn drove to Felix’s house, where they
destroyed Katlynn’s cellphone so she could not be tracked. They also burned the
clothing Acosta wore during the murders.

                                             3
                The next morning, Katlynn’s younger sisters woke up to find their parents
dead and their sister missing; they called 911. Police officers quickly arrived at the scene
and found the victims’ bodies.
                The police soon informed authorities at Fort Irwin about Acosta’s possible
involvement in the triple homicide. Military police contacted Acosta in his barracks,
retrieved shotgun shells from his pocket, and transported him to the military police
station for questioning.
                Acosta eventually gave a complete confession and told police where they
could find Katlynn. He claimed it was his idea to kill the Yosts; he said he and Felix
planned the murders because the Yosts treated Katlynn as a sex toy and a punching bag.
They wanted to save her and her young sisters from “two monsters,” and Billy was just
“collateral.”
                The district attorney filed an information charging Acosta with three counts
of special circumstance first degree murder (§§ 187, subd. (a), 190.2, subd. (a)(3)), with
the allegation that he personally discharged a firearm causing death to each victim
(§ 12022.53, subd. (d)). Felix was charged as a codefendant and separately tried.
                At trial the defense presented evidence that Acosta has a form of high
functioning autism spectrum disorder, a condition marked by persistent deficits in social
communication and social interaction. According to the defense expert, Acosta is not
intellectually disabled, but he is “severely affected from a social-emotional point of
view” and functions at the social-emotional level of an 11-year-old, making him easily
subject to manipulation. Acosta also has a history of impulsivity due to his attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), further compounding the social-emotional
deficiencies from his autism spectrum disorder.2

       2
               Trial testimony suggested Acosta has a number of characteristics indicating
he is on the autism spectrum, including a lack of social-emotional reciprocity, odd
presentation, unusual grimaces inconsistent with what someone is saying, a flat affect,

                                              4
                 A jury found Acosta guilty as charged. The trial court sentenced Acosta to
three consecutive LWOP terms for the special circumstance murders, plus 75 years to life
for the firearm enhancements. At sentencing, the court noted it was “imposing the
highest sentence possible under the law” and observed “this is a particularly bad [case].”
Acosta appealed.

                                         DISCUSSION
                 Acosta’s appeal is limited to the propriety of his LWOP sentences. As
noted, the trial court sentenced Acosta to three consecutive LWOP terms under
section 190.2, subdivision (a): “The penalty for a defendant who is found guilty of
murder in the first degree is death or imprisonment in the state prison for life without the
possibility of parole if . . . [¶] . . . [¶] [t]he defendant, in this proceeding, has been
convicted of more than one offense of murder in the first or second degree.” (Id. at
subd. (a)(3).)
                 An LWOP sentence “is the second most severe penalty allowed under the
law.” (People v. Scott (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 1265, 1272.) By effectively guaranteeing
death in prison, an LWOP sentence “deprives the convict of the most basic liberties

disengagement with conversation, pacing and hand-rubbing (typical self-soothing
behaviors for people on the spectrum), stereotypic motor activity such as rocking, a
history of social isolation, inability to read social cues, insistence on the sameness in his
environment, hyperactivity to sensory input, and a fixation on being right all the time.

       Acosta’s father, a retired police officer who adopted Acosta and his sisters from a
drug addict mother, described Acosta as extraordinarily trusting, lacking in street smarts,
and unable to read people or discern their intentions. Acosta’s army colleagues testified
he was a good soldier, but gullible, unable to understand humor, standoffish, and unable
to verbalize facts appropriately. Acosta often spoke to a handmade stuffed My Little
Pony, which he needed for comfort; he kept the pony in his barracks and also brought it
into the desert for combat training exercises.

      The Attorney General concedes the facts pertaining to Acosta’s autism were fully
developed at trial.

                                                5
without giving hope of restoration . . . . [Citation.] . . . [It] ‘means denial of hope; it
means that good behavior and character improvement are immaterial; it means that
whatever the future might hold in store for the mind and spirit of [the convict], he will
remain in prison for the rest of his days.’” (Graham v. Florida (2010) 560 U.S. 48, 69-70
(Graham).)
               Acosta contends his LWOP sentences must be modified to allow for future
parole consideration. He observes that section 3051 affords a youth offender parole
hearing to offenders sentenced to determinate or life sentences (no matter how lengthy)
for crimes committed when they were 25 or younger (§ 3051, subd. (b)(1)-(3)), and to
offenders sentenced to LWOP for crimes committed before they turned 18 (id.,
subd. (b)(4)), but expressly excludes offenders, like Acosta, who were sentenced to
LWOP for crimes committed when they were ages 18 to 25 (id., subd. (h)).3 According
to Acosta, that statutory exclusion precluding young adult LWOP offenders from the

       3
               In its current form, the statute provides in pertinent part: “(b)(1) A person
who was convicted of a controlling offense that was committed when the person was
25 years of age or younger and for which the sentence is a determinate sentence shall be
eligible for release on parole at a youth offender parole hearing during the person’s 15th
year of incarceration. . . . [¶] (2) A person who was convicted of a controlling offense
that was committed when the person was 25 years of age or younger and for which the
sentence is a life term of less than 25 years to life shall be eligible for release on parole at
a youth offender parole hearing during the person’s 20th year of incarceration. . . .
[¶] (3) A person who was convicted of a controlling offense that was committed when
the person was 25 years of age or younger and for which the sentence is a life term of
25 years to life shall be eligible for release on parole at a youth offender parole hearing
during the person’s 25th year of incarceration. . . . [¶] (4) A person who was convicted of
a controlling offense that was committed before the person had attained 18 years of age
and for which the sentence is life without the possibility of parole shall be eligible for
release on parole at a youth offender parole hearing during the person’s 25th year of
incarceration. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] (h) This section shall not apply to cases in which sentencing
occurs pursuant to Section 1170.12, subdivisions (b) to (i), inclusive, of Section 667, or
Section 667.61, or to cases in which an individual is sentenced to life in prison without
the possibility of parole for a controlling offense that was committed after the person had
attained 18 years of age. . . .” (§ 3051, subds. (b)(1)-(4), (h), italics added.)

                                                6
right to a youthful offender parole hearing violates equal protection.4 He further contends
his LWOP sentences constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth
Amendment.
       1.     Section 3051’s Purpose and Legislative History
              Before turning to Acosta’s arguments, we review section 3051’s purpose
and history. The Legislature first enacted section 3051 in 2013 in response to a series of
decisions concerning Eighth Amendment limitations on juvenile sentencing. (See
Graham, supra, 560 U.S. at p. 74 [juvenile who commits nonhomicide offense cannot be
sentenced to LWOP]; Miller v. Alabama (2012) 567 U.S. 460, 465 (Miller) [juvenile who
commits homicide offense cannot be sentenced automatically to LWOP]; People v.
Caballero (2012) 55 Cal.4th 262, 268 (Caballero) [juvenile cannot be sentenced to
functional equivalent of LWOP for a nonhomicide offense].) These decisions rested in
part “on science and social science” (Miller, at p. 471), and noted that “developments in
psychology and brain science continue to show fundamental differences between juvenile
and adult minds” and in the “parts of the brain involved in behavior control” (Graham, at
p. 68; see Caballero, at p. 266).
              “[T]he Legislature passed Senate Bill No. 260 explicitly to bring juvenile
sentencing into conformity with Graham, Miller, and Caballero.” (People v. Franklin
(2016) 63 Cal.4th 261, 277.) In enacting section 3051, the Legislature explained that
“youthfulness both lessens a juvenile’s moral culpability and enhances the prospect that,
as a youth matures into an adult and neurological development occurs, these individuals
can become contributing members of society.” (Stats. 2013, ch. 312, § 1.) The bill’s

       4
              The statute also excludes youth offenders sentenced under the “One Strike”
law (§ 667.61). (§ 3051, subd. (h).) California appellate courts disagree on whether that
statutory exclusion is constitutional. (See, e.g., People v. Williams (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th
475, 490 [finding no equal protection violation], review granted July 22, 2020, S262229;
People v. Edwards (2019) 34 Cal.App.5th 183, 197 [finding equal protection violation],
review denied July 10, 2019 (Edwards).)

                                             7
stated purpose was “to establish a parole eligibility mechanism that provides a person
serving a sentence for crimes that he or she committed as a juvenile the opportunity to
obtain release when he or she has shown that he or she has been rehabilitated and gained
maturity, in accordance with the decision of the California Supreme Court in [Caballero]
and the decisions of the United States Supreme Court in [Graham and Miller].” (Ibid.)
              As originally enacted, section 3051 only afforded a youth parole eligibility
hearing to juvenile offenders, not to young adults. (In re Trejo (2017) 10 Cal.App.5th
972, 981 & fn. 6.) It also excluded juveniles who were sentenced to LWOP, since they
were already eligible for resentencing under section 1170. (Former § 3051, subd. (h)
[“This section shall not apply to cases . . . in which an individual was sentenced to”
LWOP], as enacted by Stats. 2013, ch. 312, § 4 (Sen. Bill No. 260).) In the years that
followed, however, the Legislature expanded section 3051’s provisions on who is eligible
for a youth offender parole hearing, “recogniz[ing] that the maturity process does not end
at 18 and in many cases extends to at least 25 years of age.” (In re Jones (2019)
42 Cal.App.5th 477, 484 (conc. opn. of Pollak, J.) (Jones).)
              In 2015, the Legislature expanded section 3051 to apply to offenders who
committed crimes at the age of 23 or younger. (Former § 3051, subd. (a)(1), added by
Stats. 2015, ch. 471, § 1 (Sen. Bill No. 261).) The amendment’s author cited “[r]ecent
scientific evidence on adolescent and young adult development and neuroscience
show[ing] that certain areas of the brain—particularly those affecting judgment and
decision-making—do not fully develop until the early- to mid-20s.” (Sen. Com. on
Public Safety, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 261 (2015-2016 Reg. Sess.) Apr. 28, 2015, p. 3.)
              In 2017, the Legislature twice amended section 3051. First, the Legislature
further increased the age from 23 to 25, such that offenders serving a determinate or life
sentence for crimes committed when they were 25 or younger are now eligible for a
youth offender parole hearing. (§ 3051, subd. (b); Stats. 2017, ch. 675, § 1 (Assem. Bill
No. 1308).) The amendment’s author cited research that the prefrontal cortex, which is

                                             8
responsible for decision making and impulse control, “doesn’t have nearly the functional
capacity at age 18 as it does at 25.” (Assem. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Assem.
Bill No. 1308, as amended March 30, 2017 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) Apr. 25, 2017, p. 2.)
              That same year, the Legislature also amended section 3051 to allow youth
offender parole hearings for juveniles—but not young adults—sentenced to LWOP.
(§ 3051, subd. (b)(4); Stats. 2017, ch. 684, § 1 (Sen. Bill No. 394).) This amendment was
designed to “bring California into compliance with the constitutional requirements of
Miller and Montgomery [v. Louisiana (2016) 577 U.S. __ [136 S.Ct. 718]
(Montgomery)],” which held that Miller’s prohibition on mandatory LWOP sentences for
juvenile offenders was retroactive. (Sen. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Sen. Bill
No. 394 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) Mar. 21, 2017, p. 4.) The bill sought “to remedy the
now unconstitutional juvenile sentences of life without the possibility of parole,” without
the need for “a resentencing hearing, which is time-consuming, expensive, and subject to
extended appeals.” (Id. at p. 3.)
              Thus, in its current form, section 3051 “permit[s] the reevaluation of the
fitness to return to society of persons who committed serious offenses prior to reaching
full cognitive and emotional maturity,” unless the person was “between 18 and 25 years
of age when they committed their offense [and] sentenced to life without possibility of
parole.” (Jones, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 485 (conc. opn. of Pollak, J.).) It therefore
“distinguishes both between those who committed their offenses under 18 years of age
and those between 18 and 25 years of age, and between offenders 18 to 25 years of age
sentenced to prison terms with the possibility of parole and those in the same age group
who have been sentenced to life without the possibility of parole.” (Id. at p. 483
(conc. opn. of Pollak, J.).)
       2.     Equal Protection Analysis
              Acosta asserts section 3051’s exclusion of young adult LWOP offenders
from the right to a youthful offender parole hearing violates equal protection, first by

                                             9
granting future parole consideration to young adults with any sentence of “X” years to
life but not to young adults sentenced to LWOP, and second by granting future parole
consideration to juveniles sentenced to LWOP but not to young adults sentenced to
LWOP.
              “The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I,
section 7 of the California Constitution guarantee all persons the equal protection of the
laws.” (Edwards, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at p. 195.) “‘“The first prerequisite to a
meritorious claim under the equal protection clause is a showing that the state has
adopted a classification that affects two or more similarly situated groups in an unequal
manner.” [Citations.] This initial inquiry is not whether persons are similarly situated for
all purposes, but “whether they are similarly situated for purposes of the law
challenged.”’” (People v. Morales (2016) 63 Cal.4th 399, 408.)
              If a class of criminal defendants is similarly situated for purposes of the law
challenged to another class of defendants who are treated differently, “courts look to
determine whether there is a rational basis for the difference.” (Edwards, supra,
34 Cal.App.5th at p. 195.) “[E]qual protection of the law is denied only where there is no
‘rational relationship between the disparity of treatment and some legitimate
governmental purpose.’ [Citation.] . . . This standard of rationality does not depend upon
whether lawmakers ever actually articulated the purpose they sought to achieve. Nor
must the underlying rationale be empirically substantiated. [Citation.] While the realities
of the subject matter cannot be completely ignored [citation], a court may engage in
‘“rational speculation”’ as to the justifications for the legislative choice [citation]. It is
immaterial for rational basis review ‘whether or not’ any such speculation has ‘a
foundation in the record.’” (People v. Turnage (2012) 55 Cal.4th 62, 74-75 (Turnage).)
              To successfully challenge a law on equal protection grounds, the defendant
must negate “‘“every conceivable basis”’” on which “the disputed statutory disparity”
might be supported. (Edwards, supra, 34 Cal.App.5th at p. 195.) “If a plausible basis

                                               10
exists for the disparity, ‘[e]qual protection analysis does not entitle the judiciary to
second-guess the wisdom, fairness, or logic of the law.’” (Id. at pp. 195-196.)
              a.      Similarly Situated
              We must first decide whether young adult LWOP offenders are similarly
situated to young adult offenders sentenced to life and juvenile offenders sentenced to life
or LWOP—not for any purpose, but for the purpose of section 3051. We conclude they
are.
              Section 3051’s amendments were designed “to account for neuroscience
research that the human brain—especially those portions responsible for judgment and
decisionmaking—continues to develop into a person’s mid-20s.” (Edwards, supra,
34 Cal.App.5th at p. 198.) “[T]he purpose of section 3051 is not to measure the extent of
punishment warranted by the offense the individual committed but to permit the
evaluation of whether, after years of growth in prison, that person has attained the
maturity to lead a law-abiding life outside of prison. Both a person sentenced to LWOP
for a crime committed while under 18 and a person receiving the same sentence for a
crime committed when 18 or slightly older committed their offenses before their
character was necessarily ‘well formed’ and when their judgment and decisionmaking
were likely to improve. Both are similarly situated for the purpose of evaluating whether
they have outgrown the youthful impulses that led to the commission of their offenses.”
(Jones, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at pp. 485-486 (conc. opn. of Pollak, J.).)
              “Likewise, a person who committed an offense between 18 and 25 years of
age serving a sentence permitting parole and a person who committed an offense at the
same age serving an LWOP sentence are similarly situated for the purpose of determining
whether they have outgrown the youthful impulses that led to the commission of their
offenses.” (Jones, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 486 (conc. opn. of Pollak, J.).) As
between “youth offenders sentenced to LWOP and those sentenced to a parole-eligible
life terms,” “one could say that both groups committed their crimes before their

                                              11
prefrontal cortexes reached their full functional capacity, when their characters were not
yet fully formed. Both groups are equally likely to demonstrate improved judgment and
decision-making as they reach emotional and cognitive maturity.” (In re Williams (2020)
57 Cal.App.5th 427, 435 (Williams).)
                b.     Rational Basis
                We next must determine whether there is a rational basis for treating young
adult LWOP offenders differently than juvenile offenders sentenced to life or LWOP or
young adult offenders sentenced to life. We conclude there is.
                To start, there is a rational basis for distinguishing between juvenile LWOP
offenders and young adult LWOP offenders: their age. Section 3051 has always
excluded young adult LWOP offenders, and until 2017 it also excluded juvenile LWOP
offenders. Section 3051 now affords a youth offender parole hearing to juvenile LWOP
offenders to comply with Montgomery without resorting to costly resentencing hearings.
(Sen. Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 394 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.)
Mar. 21, 2017, p. 3.) The Legislature declined to include young adult LWOP offenders
in this amendment, presumably because Montgomery did not compel such treatment for
young adults. The Legislature thus had a constitutionally sufficient basis for
distinguishing juvenile LWOP offenders from young adult LWOP offenders. (See also
Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551, 574 [“a line must be drawn,” and “[t]he age of 18
is the point where society draws the line for many purposes between childhood and
adulthood”].)
                There is also a rational basis for distinguishing between a young adult
LWOP offender and a young adult offender serving a non-LWOP sentence: the severity
of the crime committed. “The Legislature has prescribed an LWOP sentence for only a
small number of crimes. These are the crimes the Legislature deems so morally depraved
and so injurious as to warrant a sentence that carries no hope of release for the criminal
and no threat of recidivism for society. In excluding LWOP inmates from youth offender

                                              12
parole hearings, the Legislature reasonably could have decided that youthful offenders
who have committed such crimes—even with diminished culpability and increased
potential for rehabilitation—are nonetheless still sufficiently culpable and sufficiently
dangerous to justify lifetime incarceration.” (Williams, supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at p. 436.)
              A special circumstance multiple murder “carries a mandatory sentence of
LWOP or death (§ 190.2, subd. (a)), which are the harshest penalties available under our
penal system and are reserved for crimes of the most heinous nature.” (Williams, supra,
57 Cal.App.5th at p. 436.) “The Legislature rationally judged this crime to be more
severe and more deserving of lifetime punishment than nonspecial circumstance first
degree murder. This judgment is ‘both the prerogative and the duty of the Legislature’
and ‘[e]qual protection analysis does not entitle the judiciary to second-guess the
wisdom, fairness, or logic’ of that judgment.” (Ibid.) Thus, the statute, on its face, does
not violate equal protection.5
              We do have some reservations about our analysis. After all, in amending
section 3051 to encompass young adult offenders, the Legislature expressly recognized
that cognitive brain development continues into the early 20s or later, and the parts of the
brain that are still developing during this process affect judgment in ways that are highly
relevant to criminal behavior. Since the Legislature has determined a 17-year-old who is
sentenced to life or LWOP for committing a crime when his or her brain is not yet fully
developed should receive a youth offender parole hearing after 25 years of incarceration,
a 21-year-old sentenced to LWOP for committing a crime when his or her brain is not yet
fully developed should arguably receive the same hearing. We are also mindful of the
public policy purpose of the statute, which is to permit the eventual evaluation of a young
offender who committed a serious offense before reaching full cognitive and emotional
maturity with an eye toward determining whether that individual has become fit to return

       5
              Nothing in this opinion precludes Acosta from bringing an “as applied”
constitutional challenge to section 3051 via a habeas corpus petition.

                                             13
to society. Arguably an LWOP offender and a non-LWOP offender are equally capable
of gaining maturity, so we question whether the exclusion for young adult LWOP
offenders from this process is consistent with the statute’s purpose and legislative history.
              In the end, however, we cannot insert our own policy concerns into the
analysis. As noted, “[e]qual protection analysis does not entitle [us] to second-guess the
wisdom, fairness, or logic of the law.” (Turnage, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 74.) Having
concluded there is a rational basis for treating young adult LWOP offenders differently,
we must reject Acosta’s equal protection challenge. Nonetheless, we invite the
Legislature to reconsider the provision in question for the reasons discussed above. (See
also People v. Montelongo (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 1016, 1039, 1041 (conc. opn. of
Segal, J.) [encouraging the Legislature to “rethink” the exclusion, noting “section 3051’s
current treatment of young adult offenders . . . conflicts with the California Supreme
Court decisions that adopted and extended Miller”], review denied Jan. 27, 2021,
S265597 (Montelongo); Jones, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at pp. 486-487 (conc. opn. of
Pollak, J.) [noting “there is good reason for legislative reconsideration of the exclusion of
young adults serving LWOP sentences from the scope of the statute”].)6
       3.     Eighth Amendment Analysis
              Acosta alternatively argues his LWOP sentences violate the Eighth
Amendment. According to Acosta, even though he was 21 years old at the time of the
murders, his autism spectrum disorder causes him to incur mitigated culpability similar to
that of a juvenile under Miller. Accordingly, he asks us to modify his sentence to allow
him to seek parole eligibility in 25 years akin to a non-LWOP youthful offender.

       6
              We also recognize the concurring statement of Justice Liu, issued in
conjunction with the Supreme Court’s order denying review in Montelongo, in which he
“join[ed] Justice Segal’s suggestion that the Legislature ‘reconsider the propriety,
wisdom, and perhaps even the constitutionality’” of the exclusion. (Montelongo, supra,
55 Cal.App.5th at p. 1041a (stmt. of Liu, J.).)

                                             14
              We are not persuaded by Acosta’s argument. Miller applies to juvenile
offenders sentenced to mandatory LWOP terms, not 21 year olds. We are aware of no
authority extending Miller to encompass young adult LWOP offenders on the autism
spectrum, and we decline to take that step.
              Acosta intentionally executed three people, leaving their bodies for two
young girls to find. The Eighth Amendment does not prohibit a triple LWOP sentence
here. (See also Williams, supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at p. 439 [“If the Eighth Amendment
does not prohibit a sentence of death for 21 year olds, then most assuredly, it does not
prohibit the lesser LWOP sentence”].)

                                     DISPOSITION
              The judgment is affirmed.

                                                   GOETHALS, J.

I CONCUR:

BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

                                              15
Aronson, J., concurring:
              I concur with the majority’s reasoning and its disposition with one
exception: I would not reach the similarly situated prong since a rational basis exists for
the Legislature to distinguish between a young adult sentenced to life without the
possibility of parole and those not falling into this category, as the majority aptly
explains. Consequently, appellant cannot prevail no matter how we resolve the similarly
situated prong of an equal protection analysis.

                                           ARONSON, ACTING P. J.

                                              1