Court Opinion

ID: 4194730
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-10 15:00:42.226139+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:22.312212
License: Public Domain

16-3140-cv
Shultz v. Shearith

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                   August Term, 2016

                     (Argued: June 1, 2017 Decided: August 10, 2017)

                                 Docket No. 16-3140-cv

                                    ALANA SHULTZ,

                                                     Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                        — v. —

  CONGREGATION SHEARITH ISRAEL OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, THE SPANISH AND
  PORTUGESE SYNAGOGUE, MEIR SOLOVEICHIK, In his personal and professional
capacities, MICHAEL LUSTIG, In his personal and professional capacities, BARBARA
                REISS, In her personal and professional capacities,

                                                     Defendants-Appellees.

B e f o r e:

          CABRANES and LYNCH, Circuit Judges, and MATSUMOTO, District Judge.*

*
 Judge Kiyo A. Matsumoto, of the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of New York, sitting by designation.
        Alana Shultz appeals from a judgment of the United States District Court
for the Southern District of New York (J. Paul Oetken, Judge), dismissing her
federal claims for sex discrimination and retaliation in violation of Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), and interference with her rights under the
Family and Medical Leave Act for failure to state a claim, and declining to
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over her various claims under New York State
and New York City law. The principal issue on appeal is whether a cause of
action under Title VII can be based on notice to an employee of a termination of
employment effective in approximately three weeks, that was revoked before it
became effective. Because Supreme Court precedent compels the conclusion that
it can, the judgment of the district court is VACATED in part and REMANDED
for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We AFFIRM the judgment
in various other respects.

                   JEANNE CHRISTENSEN (Bryan L. Arbeit, on the brief), Wigdor
                   LLP, New York, NY, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

                   VINCENT M. AVERY (Sarir Z. Silver, on the brief), Akerman LLP,
                   New York, NY, for Defendants-Appellees.

GERARD E. LYNCH, Circuit Judge:

      Plaintiff-appellant Alana Shultz appeals from a judgment of the United

States District Court for the Southern District of New York (J. Paul Oetken, Judge),

dismissing her federal claims for sex discrimination and retaliation in violation of

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VII”), and interference with her

rights under the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) for failure to state a

claim, and declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over her various claims

                                          2
under New York State and New York City law. The principal issue on appeal is

whether a cause of action under Title VII can be based on notice to an employee

of a termination of employment effective in approximately three weeks, that was

revoked before it became effective. Because Supreme Court precedent compels

the conclusion that it can, the judgment of the district court is VACATED in part

and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We

AFFIRM the judgment in various other respects.

                                  BACKGROUND

I.    Factual Background

      Because “a [court] ruling on a defendant’s motion to dismiss a complaint

must accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint,” Bell

Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 572 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted),

we describe the facts as alleged in the complaint, drawing all inferences in the

plaintiff’s favor, Littlejohn v. City of New York, 795 F.3d 297, 306 (2d Cir. 2015), and

construing any ambiguities “in the light most favorable to upholding plaintiff’s

claim,”Doe v. Columbia Univ., 831 F.3d 46, 48 (2d Cir. 2016).

      From 2004 to 2015, Shultz worked as the Program Director of Congregation

Shearith Israel of the City of New York, the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue

                                           3
(the “Congregation”), a Jewish synagogue in New York City. Her position

involved “planning and coordinating events” and assisting with the nursery

school program. App’x at 31. On June 28, 2015, Shultz, who was pregnant at the

time, was married. Prior to departing on her honeymoon, she informed Barbara

Reiss, the Congregation’s Executive Director, that she was pregnant, and asked

that Reiss convey that information to the Congregation’s rabbis.

      Shultz returned from her honeymoon, visibly pregnant, on July 20, 2015.

The next day, Reiss engaged Shultz in an extensive discussion about the

pregnancy. Later that day, Reiss asked Shultz to meet with her, Meir Soloveichik,

one of the Congregation’s rabbis, and Michael Lustig, a member of its Board of

Trustees. At that meeting, Reiss informed Shultz that her employment was

terminated, effective August 14, 2015. Reiss explained that, due to the departure

of one of the Congregation’s rabbis, Shultz’s position was being eliminated as

part of a restructuring. Shultz had never before heard of any planned

restructuring of the Congregation’s staff, and no further details about the

restructuring were provided at that meeting. Shultz told Reiss, Soloveichik and

Lustig that her pregnancy would make it “extremely difficult, if not impossible,

to obtain a new job.” App’x at 36. Her statement was “met with complete

                                         4
silence”; indeed, Soloveichik and Lustig “refused to speak to Ms. Shultz” at all,

and Soloveichik “refused to look at, speak to or acknowledge [her] in any way”

during the meeting . App’x at 35-36.

      At the meeting, Reiss presented Shultz with a severance agreement,

offering her six weeks of pay in exchange for a “a complete waiver of [her] right

to commence an action for pregnancy or gender discrimination or a claim

pursuant to the FMLA,” but Shultz refused to sign it. App’x at 37. Believing that

the restructuring was “a pretextual excuse to terminate her because [Reiss,

Soloveichik, and Lustig] disapproved of the fact that she was pregnant at the

time of her marriage,” Shulz retained counsel. App’x at 37. Shultz continued to

work at the Congregation, to complete various tasks, and help to transfer her

responsibilities to other employees.

      On July 30, 2015, Shultz’s lawyer informed the Congregation’s counsel that

Shultz had retained counsel to pursue claims stemming from her termination. A

few days later, on August 5, 2015, Reiss presented Shultz with a letter stating that

the Congregation had “reinstated” the position of Program Director, and thus she

would not be terminated on August 14, 2015. Shultz contends that this letter was

“not a bona fide offer of unconditional reinstatement.” App’x at 38. After the

                                         5
rescission letter was received Shultz was subject to a “pattern and practice of

repeat discrimination” by Reiss, Soloveichik, and Lustig, consisting of at least the

following events: (1) speaking loudly enough to be overheard by Shultz, Reiss

told Lustig in a telephone conversation that the Congregation “had a right” to

disapprove of Shultz’s pre-marital pregnancy and disparaged Shultz and her

lawyers; (2) Shultz’s name was removed from the Congregation’s newsletters to

the membership and from the employee list that was displayed on a wall outside

the synagogue; (3) Reiss continued to demand that she complete her assigned

tasks before the date of her previously scheduled termination, and to transition

her responsibilities to other employees; and (4) Soloveichik and Lustig refused to

speak with her. Id. at 38-40.

      Shultz did not return to work after August 14, 2015, the date that she had

originally been told that her position would be terminated. Nonetheless, the

Congregation continued to issue paychecks to Shultz (which she did not deposit)

and listed her in publications as the Program Director. This action was

commenced on September 22, 2015, and the Congregation emailed its

membership on September 25, 2015 stating:

             Congregation Shearith Israel categorically denies Ms.
             Shultz’s allegations of discrimination or of doing

                                         6
               anything wrong. In addition, Congregation Shearith
               Israel did not terminate her employment. She continues
               to remain employed in the exact same title, receiving the
               exact same compensation and benefits that she had been
               receiving all along. Her claim of loss is fabricated and
               inaccurate. She has received (and continues to receive to
               this very day) every penny, including for health benefits
               – even though she has not been to work since August
               14th. It is unfortunate that Ms. Shultz and her lawyers
               took advantage of the Synagogue’s inability to respond
               to press inquiries in the hours before Yom Kippur.

App’x at 41.

II.   Procedural History

      Shultz brought this action against the Congregation, Reiss, Soloveichik,

and Lustig (collectively, “Defendants”), asserting that Defendants (1)

discriminated against her on the basis of her sex, and retaliated against her for

taking action against such discrimination, in violation of Title VII and parallel

provisions of New York State law and New York City law; (2) interfered with her

exercise of rights under the FMLA; and (3) defamed her in violation of New York

state law. Defendants moved to dismiss each claim under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(6). In an Opinion and Order dated August 15, 2016, the district

court granted that motion, dismissing Plaintiff’s federal claims for failure to state

                                           7
a claim and declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over her claims under

state and city law. This appeal followed.

                                     DISCUSSION

       We “review[ ] de novo a district court’s grant of a motion under Rule

12(b)(6) to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can

be granted.” Doe, 831 F.3d at 53 (internal quotation marks omitted).

I.     Discriminatory Termination

       Shultz’s principal claim is that the notice of termination she received was

itself an adverse employment action, despite its later revocation. We agree.

       Title VII makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate on the basis of

sex with regard to the “terms, conditions, or privileges of employment” and

prohibits an employer from depriving “any individual of employment

opportunities or otherwise adversely affect[ing] his status as an employee” on

the basis of sex. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–2(a)(1)-(2). “Title VII's prohibition against sex

discrimination applies to discrimination based on pregnancy.” Young v. United

Parcel Serv., Inc., 135 S. Ct. 1338, 1343 (2015).

       To state a claim for employment discrimination under Title VII, “a plaintiff

must plausibly allege that (1) the employer took adverse action against him, and

                                             8
(2) his race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor in the

employment decision.” Vega v. Hempstead Union Free Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d 72, 87 (2d

Cir. 2015). For purposes of this appeal, Defendants do not dispute that Shultz has

adequately alleged that their actions were motivated by hostility to her pregnant,

unmarried state.1 Rather, Defendants argue that, in light of the Congregation’s

attempt to rescind her firing in its letter of August 5, 2015, the communication to

Shultz on July 21, 2015 that her position was being eliminated was not itself an

adverse employment action.

      The District Court ruled that “a rescinded termination does not constitute

adverse employment action under Title VII,” assuming that there had been no

“material change in the conditions of employment.” App’x at 103. Our Court,

however, has not yet decided whether a notice of termination, which is rescinded

before the termination is implemented, qualifies as an adverse employment

action. This court has held that:

             A plaintiff sustains an adverse employment action if he
             or she endures a materially adverse change in the terms
             and conditions of employment. To be materially adverse

1
 Defendants may well dispute whether as a factual matter their actions were so
motivated, and we intimate no view on whether Shultz will be able to
substantiate her factual allegations.

                                           9
             a change in working conditions must be more
             disruptive than a mere inconvenience or an alteration of
             job responsibilities. A materially adverse change might
             be indicated by a termination of employment, a
             demotion evidenced by a decrease in wage or salary, a
             less distinguished title, a material loss of benefits,
             significantly diminished material responsibilities, or
             other indices . . . unique to a particular situation.

Galabya v. N.Y. City Bd. of Educ., 202 F.3d 636, 640 (2d Cir. 2000) (citations and

internal quotation marks omitted) (ellipsis in original).

      Shultz argues that informing an employee that she has been fired is the

quintessential adverse employment action, in that it terminates (even if

prospectively) her employment, occasioning both the psychological anxiety of

unemployment and the costs associated with beginning a search for employment

(and, where the employee believes she has been fired for discriminatory reasons,

the costs of finding and retaining counsel to pursue appropriate legal action).

Defendants argue in response that the tangible adverse consequences of firing

are imposed only when the job is actually lost; during the interim period before

the firing becomes effective, the employee continues to work in the same position

and receive the same pay and benefits.

      Each of those arguments has some intuitive appeal. We need not decide,

however, as a matter of first impression, which argument better accords with the

                                          10
statutory regime, because the answer follows directly from existing Supreme

Court authority.

      The Supreme Court has twice considered cases in which a notice of

termination of employment preceded the effective date of the termination, in the

context of determining, for purposes of the statute of limitations, when a cause of

action for discriminatory termination accrues. In Delaware State College v. Ricks,

449 U.S. 250 (1980), a college instructor was informed in June 1974 that the faculty

had voted to deny him tenure but, pursuant to the school’s practice, he was given

a one-year terminal contract, after which his employment would be terminated.

Id. at 252-53. When he sued, alleging that the denial of tenure and consequent

termination of his employment was motivated by his national origin, the college

argued that his action was time-barred. To evaluate the statute of limitations

argument, the Supreme Court considered when his cause of action had accrued,

and the limitations period accordingly began. The Court held that the “proper

focus is upon the time of the discriminatory acts, not upon the time at which the

consequences of the acts became most painful.” Id. at 258 (emphases and internal

quotations marks omitted). The limitations period commences at “the time the

[termination] decision was made and communicated to” the employee, even

                                         11
when the date of termination is later than the date of notification. Id. The

Supreme Court subsequently applied the same rule in a non-tenure-related

termination case, holding in Chardon v. Fernandez, 454 U.S. 6 (1981) that, for

statute of limitations purposes, a notice of termination was actionable at the point

when “the operative decision was made – and notice given – in advance of a

designated date on which employment terminated.” Id. at 8.

      This “notice rule,” as the Supreme Court described the Ricks and Chardon

holdings, means that the claim is actionable on the date “when the employer

notifies the employee he is fired, not on the last day of his employment.” Green v.

Brennan, 136 S. Ct. 1769, 1782 (2016).2 The Supreme Court’s conclusion that a

discrimination claim accrues upon notice of termination, rather than upon the

implementation of that decision, necessarily implies that the notification of

termination qualifies as an adverse employment action. The Supreme Court has

not directly addressed whether a rescinded termination constitutes an adverse

employment action. But the conclusion that the notice of termination itself gives

2
  In Green, the Supreme Court applied the same “notice rule” in the context of a
constructive discharge claim: “If an employee gives ‘two weeks' notice’ – telling
his employer he intends to leave after two more weeks of employment – the
limitations period begins to run on the day he tells his employer, not his last day
at work.” Green, 136 S. Ct. at 1782.

                                         12
rise to a claim follows ineluctably from the Court’s rulings regarding the

limitations period, because a limitations period ordinarily commences “when the

plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action,” Green, 136 S. Ct. at 1776

(quoting Graham Cty. Soil & Water Conservation Dist. v. United States ex rel. Wilson,

545 U.S. 409, 418 (2005) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

      If the claim accrues at the time of notification of termination, however,

rescission of the notice at a point after the cause of action has accrued cannot

eliminate the adverse employment action that has already occurred, and negate

an accrued claim for relief. Accordingly, we conclude that the notice of

termination itself constitutes an adverse employment action, even when the

employer later rescinds the termination.

      That notifying an employee of a prospective termination of his or her

employment constitutes an adverse employment action, however, does not

deprive an employer’s rescission of the notice of legal effect. Whether motivated

by a genuine change of heart, or by a belated recognition of the possible legal

consequences of its actions, an employer’s good-faith decision to rescind a

previously-announced termination of employment, like an offer of restored

employment after the termination takes effect, should, and does, have

                                         13
consequences. Those consequences come into play in connection with the

calculation of damages.

      As the Supreme Court has held in a related context, “absent special

circumstances, the simple rule that the ongoing accrual of backpay liability is

tolled when a Title VII claimant rejects the job he originally sought comports with

Title VII’s policy of making discrimination victims whole.” Ford Motor Co. v.

EEOC, 458 U.S. 219, 238-39 (1982) (footnote omitted). Similarly, we have held that

“[a]n employer may toll the running of back pay damages by making an

unconditional offer to the plaintiff of a job substantially equivalent to the one he

or she was denied, even without an offer of retroactive seniority.” Pierce v. F.R.

Tripler & Co., 955 F.2d 820, 830 (2d Cir. 1992).

      Those rulings flow from the employee’s obligation to mitigate damages,

Ford Motor Co., 458 U.S. at 231, and require an examination of “whether the

plaintiff acted reasonably in attempting to gain other employment or in rejecting

proffered employment.” Pierce, 955 F.2d at 830. An employee cannot collect

damages for a period of unemployment occasioned by the employee’s

unreasonable rejection of a good-faith, unconditional offer of restoration to his or

her former position and status. On the other hand, as appellate courts

                                          14
confronting these issues have recognized, where the employer’s offer is not made

in good faith, or where the employee otherwise acted reasonably in rejecting the

offer, the offer of renewed employment will not cut off the accrual of damages.

See, e.g., Lightfoot v. Union Carbide Corp., 110 F.3d 898, 908 (2d Cir. 1997); Brown v.

Ala. Dept. of Transp., 597 F.3d 1160, 1183 (11th Cir. 2010). Because such issues are

fact-intensive, we cannot and do not attempt to assess at this stage of the

litigation how they might play out in this case; whether the rescission of the

termination notice was made in good faith, and whether Shultz acted reasonably

in refusing to accept the offer to restore her position, are questions for the finder

of fact. See Pierce, 955 F.2d at 830; Fiedler v. Indianhead Truck Line Inc., 670 F.2d 806,

808 (8th Cir. 1982).

      Finally, we note that our holding is based on the facts of this case, and is

not without limitations. We need not decide, for example, whether in some

circumstances the period of time between a notice of firing and its rescission may

be so short as to render the termination de minimis. Cf., e.g., Schiano v. Quality

Payroll Sys., Inc., 445 F.3d 597, 609 (2d Cir. 2006) (finding no adverse employment

action when employee was given a new reporting structure but the employer

“rescinded the change the following day in response to [employee’s] complaint,

                                            15
and did so with an apology.”) An impulsive “You’re fired,” followed

immediately by a revocation of the firing, would present different circumstances

than those of this case. See Keeton v. Flying J, Inc., 429 F.3d 259, 264 (6th Cir. 2005)

(“termination lasting only hours” not an adverse employment action).

      Here, the Congregation did not attempt to rescind the termination for two

weeks. Shultz thus had ample time to experience the dislocation of losing her

employment at a particularly vulnerable time, undertake the effort of retaining

counsel, and inform the Congregation that she was going to file suit.

      Moreover, we note that our holding concerns a notice of termination, and

does not apply to other types of potential adverse employment actions that an

employer may seek to rescind at a later date. A notice of termination is unlike

other types of actions that an employer may take towards an employee in that it

announces the complete termination of the employment relationship. To put it

mildly, “[e]ven under the most optimal circumstances . . . termination of an

employee is likely to give rise to bad feelings and anxiety.” Kelly v. Chase

Manhattan Bank, 717 F. Supp. 227, 235 (S.D.N.Y. 1989). We have held that less

significant employment actions taken by an employer, such as placing a

counseling letter in an employee file, do not constitute adverse employment

                                           16
actions where they have been rescinded. Tepperwien v. Entergy Nuclear Operations,

Inc., 663 F.3d 556, 570 (2d Cir. 2011) (holding that where a counseling letter was

placed in an employee file and then removed “the rescinded counseling letter

was not a material adverse employment action.”).

      Under the circumstances of this case, however, the Supreme Court’s notice

rule compels the conclusion that the notice of termination of Shultz’s

employment was an adverse employment action.

II.   Interference with FMLA Rights

      Shultz also asserts a claim under the FMLA, contending that her firing

after she became pregnant interfered with her rights under the statute. See 29

U.S.C. §§ 2612(a), 2615(a)(1). “[T]o prevail on a claim of interference with her

FMLA rights, a plaintiff must establish: 1) that she is an eligible employee under

the FMLA; 2) that the defendant is an employer as defined by the FMLA; 3) that

she was entitled to take leave under the FMLA; 4) that she gave notice to the

defendant of her intention to take leave; and 5) that she was denied benefits to

which she was entitled under the FMLA.” Graziadio v. Culinary Inst. of Am., 817
F.3d 415, 424 (2d Cir. 2016).

                                         17
      The complaint alleges that Shultz was an “eligible employee”; that the

Congregation was a “covered employer,” within the meaning of the FMLA; that

she was entitled under the FMLA to a 12-week leave to give birth to and care for

her child; and that “by terminating her employment mere weeks before [she] was

scheduled to commence” that leave, the Defendants violated the FMLA and took

an action that “clearly deters employees from exercising their rights under the

FMLA.” App’x at 43-44. The district court dismissed Shultz’s FMLA claim on the

ground that because her employment had not been effectively terminated,

Defendants had not interfered with her FMLA rights.

      For essentially the same reasons stated above, we conclude that this was

error. We see no reason to construe the FMLA differently from Title VII with

respect to whether the rescission of a notice of termination given to a pregnant

employee establishes as a matter of law that the notice may not constitute an

adverse employment action sufficient to deter or interfere with the employee’s

exercise of FMLA rights.3

3
  Defendants argued below that Shultz’s FMLA claim failed because, though she
had notified the Congregation that she was pregnant, she had not provided any
notice of her intention to take leave. The district court did not address this
alternative argument for dismissal, App’x at 108, and neither party addresses the
issue on appeal. Accordingly, we express no view on whether the allegation in

                                        18
III.   Constructive Discharge and Hostile Work Environment

       The complaint asserts a claim that Shultz was constructively discharged in

violation of Title VII. “The constructive-discharge doctrine contemplates a

situation in which an employer discriminates against an employee to the point

such that his working conditions become so intolerable that a reasonable person

in the employee’s position would have felt compelled to resign.” Green, 136 S. Ct.

at 1776 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Shultz asserts that

“Defendants’ discriminatory termination, visible contempt, disingenuous offer of

re-instatement, among other facts and circumstances, caused [her] working

conditions to become so intolerable that a reasonable person in [her] position

would have felt compelled to cease working at the Congregation.” App’x at 49.

       As the district court noted, however, “the facts alleged in this case [with

respect to Defendants’ actions after Shultz returned from her honeymoon visibly

pregnant] are sparse.” App’x at 104. Shultz alleges that, during her termination

meeting with Resis, Soloveichik and Lustig, she was met with silence when she

the complaint that Shultz was “scheduled” to take a leave should be construed to
allege that she had given notice of her intention to take leave, and leave the issue
of notice to the district court, should Defendants raise it either by a renewed
motion to dismiss or by a summary judgment motion in due course.

                                         19
expressed her concerns about finding another job while pregnant. Shultz further

alleged that after she received the notice of termination, she overheard a phone

call in which Reiss disparaged her, her name was removed from a wall and a

newsletter, and Soloveichik and Lustig did not speak to her. These acts alone,

occurring over a period of a few weeks, are insufficient to raise an issue of fact

with respect to whether Shultz can meet “the high standard to establish that [s]he

was constructively discharged.” Adams v. Festival Fun Parks, LLC, 560 F. App’x 47,

49 (2d Cir. 2014). “Such a claim requires the employee to show both (1) that there

is evidence of the employer’s intent to create an intolerable environment that

forces the employee to resign, and (2) that the evidence shows that a reasonable

person would have found the work conditions so intolerable that he would have

felt compelled to resign.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Shultz has not

pled sufficient facts arising after the notice of termination to establish that a

reasonable person would have been compelled to resign in these circumstances.4

4
 These allegations may take on more significance in light of the notice of
termination. Given our conclusion that the notice of termination in itself
constituted an adverse employment action, the better legal framework for
evaluating the significance of the various incidents alleged by Shultz is with
respect to the questions of the good faith of Defendants’ reinstatement offer and
whether, if reinstatement was indeed offered, a reasonable person in Shultz’s
position would have accepted it, rather than as a separate free-standing claim of

                                          20
      Although the complaint does not set forth a separately-labeled claim for

the creation of a hostile work environment, Shultz argues on appeal that the facts

alleged give rise to such a claim. We need not address Defendants’ argument that

Shultz’s failure to specifically assert such a claim in the complaint waives the

argument,5 because such a claim would fail in any event, for much the same

reasons as does her constructive discharge claim. “In order to establish a hostile

work environment claim under Title VII, a plaintiff must . . . show that the

workplace is permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult,

that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s

employment and create an abusive working environment.” Rivera v. Rochester

Genessee Reg’l Transp. Auth., 743 F.3d 11, 20 (2d Cir. 2014) (internal quotation

marks omitted). Assuming the truth of all of the handful of uncomfortable

incidents cited by Shultz, none of them taken in isolation is sufficiently severe,

constructive discharge.
5
 But see Green, 136 S. Ct. at 1789 (Alito, J., concurring in the judgment) (referring
to a hostile work environment claim as a “lesser included” claim within a
constructive discharge claim). See also Whidbee v. Garzarelli Food Specialties, Inc.,
223 F.3d 62, 73-74 (2d Cir. 2000) (discussing without resolving whether
constructive discharge claim requires plaintiff to prove more severe and
pervasive treatment than necessary for hostile environment claim).

                                          21
and all of them taken together, over a period of just a few weeks, are not

sufficiently pervasive, to raise an issue of fact as to whether she suffered a hostile

work environment.

IV.   Retaliation

      Shultz’s final federal claim is that Defendants retaliated against her in

violation of Title VII after she retained counsel and took steps to bring this suit.

      A prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII requires that the pleading

show: “(1) participation in a protected activity; (2) that the defendant knew of

the protected activity; (3) an adverse employment action; and (4) a causal

connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action.”

Littlejohn, 795 F.3d at 316 (quoting Hicks v. Baines, 593 F.3d 159, 164 (2d Cir. 2010)).

We assume, without deciding, that Shultz engaged in a protected activity by

retaining counsel and threatening to sue. See Mandel v. Rofe, No. 10 CIV. 6045

RMB FM, 2012 WL 1981453, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 31, 2012). The Defendants were

made aware of that activity on July 30, 2015. The question is whether Shultz was

subsequently subjected to an adverse employment action that was causally

connected to the assumed protected activity.

                                          22
      In the context of retaliation, “adverse employment action” is broader than

it is in the context of discrimination. See Hicks, 593 F.3d at 165. Nevertheless, the

employer’s conduct must be “harmful to the point that [it] could well dissuade a

reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Id.

“Actions that are ‘trivial harms’ – i.e., ‘those petty slights or minor annoyances

that often take place at work and that all employees experience’– are not

materially adverse.” Tepperwien, 663 F.3d at 568 (quoting Burlington N. & Santa Fe

Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 57 (2006)). “Title VII does not protect an employee

from ‘all retaliation,’ but only ‘retaliation that produces an injury or harm.’” Id.

(quoting Burlington, 548 U.S. at 67).

      Here, the district court correctly concluded that “Shultz has not adequately

pleaded that Defendants acted in retaliation for her threat of legal action.” App’x

at 110. Shultz asserts that there was a “campaign” against her after she

threatened legal action, but her allegations, which we take as true, are merely

that Reiss made negative comments about her on the phone (which she

overheard), that Defendants encouraged employees not to speak with her after

her last day at work, that the Congregation continued to claim that she was an

employee after her termination in an effort to discredit her, and that the

                                          23
Congregation distributed a negative statement about her after the lawsuit was

commenced. These comments by the Defendants, even when viewed together in

the light most favorable to Shultz, do not meet the standard for a materially

adverse action. Thus, the district court properly dismissed the Title VII retaliation

claim.

V.       State- and City-Law Claims

         The district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the

non-federal claims because it had dismissed Shultz’s federal claims. Because we

hold that Shultz did state a plausible claim of discriminatory termination, and

interference with her FMLA rights, the District Court should reconsider on

remand its decision to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. See Irrera v.

Humpherys, 859 F.3d 196, 199 n.5 (2d Cir. 2017). Of course we intimate no view on

the merits of any such reconsideration.

                                    CONCLUSION

         For the reasons stated above, the judgment of the district court is

VACATED, and REMANDED for further proceedings, insofar as it dismissed

Shultz’s claims for discriminatory termination in violation of Title VII and

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interference with her exercise of FMLA rights, and declined to exercise

supplemental jurisdiction over her claims under New York State- and City-law.

The judgment is AFFIRMED in all other respects.

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