Court Opinion

ID: 6125021
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-04 20:22:27.628131+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:27:18.364926
License: Public Domain

Dykman, J.:
To carry a fee or estate of inheritance in lands at common law, the word heirs was necessary in a grant or donation. The rule *219came from feudalism, and like many other relics of that system, the reason for its introduction has long since ceased to exist. That reason was “ as the personal abilities of the donee were originally supposed to be the only inducements to the gift, the donee’s estate in the land extended only to his own person and subsisted no longer than his life, unless the donor by an express provision in the grant, gave it a longer continuance and extended it also to his heirs.” (2 Black. Com., 108.) The rule soon came to be softened by the introduction of exceptions to it, and one of the earliest of these denied its application to devises by last will and testament, and permitted a fee to pass by those instruments where the intention of the testator to give such estate could be clearly ascertained from the language employed in the devise. By this exception to the old rule it became settled that the language of the will must be effectuated, and a fee must pass whenever such intent was plainly manifested, even in the absence of the word heirs. (4 Kent’s Com., 7.) Where, however, there were no words of inheritance, it was necessary to have language supplied from which an intent to devise a fee might fairly be inferred.
The plaintiff here brings ejectment on the following facts: The premises were owned in common by Gilbert Merritt, her grandfather, and his sister Sarah Carpenter. Gilbert Merritt died, leaving three •children, Delila Merritt, Hannah Merritt, the mother of the plaintiff, and Penelope Slater. He died leaving a last will and testament dated October 24,1823, and proved and admitted to probate December 1, 1823, containing the following provision: “ I give • and bequeath unto my daughter Penelope Slater, at the decease of widow Penelope Merritt, all my right and title of the land and buildings thereon, now in possession of the said widow Penelope Merritt, it being the equal one-half of said property, together with the appurtenances thereto belonging.” The widow Penelope Merritt died soon after the death of the testator, and Penelope Slater, the devisee named, came into possession of the premises under the will, and the defendant has title from her .through mesne conveyances.
The claim of the plaintiff is that only a life estate passed to Penelope Slater under the provision of the will above set out, and that on her death, Hannah Merritt, the mother of the plaintiff, became seized of one-third of the testator’s share of these premises by *220descent, as one of bis beirs-at-law, and tbat sbe now takes tbis estate as tbe only child and beir-at-law of ber mother, who died intestate.
As tbis will was made and went into effect previous to tbe Revised Statutes of tbis State it must be interpreted by tbe rules of which we have already spoken. Tbe intention of tbe testator to devise a fee, if discovered in tbis will, must be found in the words “ all my right and title of tbe lands and buildings.” These words comprehended all tbe testator’s interest in tbe premises, and the intent to pass it to tbe devisee named is clearly expressed. Tbis language plainly discovers an intent of tbe testator to devise all the estate be had in tbe land. He was tbe owner in fee of tbe undivided half of tbe premises, and bis language cannot receive the force of its significance without admitting bis intent to devise all be bad. In tbe case of Newkerk v. Newkerk (2 Caines, 345) tbe words of a devise were “ all my right in tbe patentees’ woods to my children, in case tbe same continue to inhabit tbe town of Hurley, otherwise not,” and they were held to pass afee, if tbe testator bad one. In tbe opinion in tbat case, which was previous to tbe Revised Statutes, it is said : “ It can hardly be doubted tbat a devise of a man’s right in lands will pass all bis estate and interest therein, and, of course, a fee, if be himself have one. Right is equivalent to all right, and if all bis right be devised, what is there left for others % ” Tbis case has’not been questioned in tbis State, and tbe reasoning satisfies tbe judgment and meets our approbation. We think it an irresistible inference from tbe language used by tbe testator in tbis will, that bis intent was to pass all tbe right and estate be bad in tbe land in question.
Tbe plaintiff cannot, therefore, be permitted to recover, and. tbe judgment must be affirmed, with costs.
Gilbert, J., concurred; BarNard, P. J., not sitting.
Judgment affirmed, with oosts.