Court Opinion

ID: 9910214
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-15 06:04:05.257584+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:51:31.557031
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                       FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                       December 14, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                      No. 348732
                                                                       Wayne Circuit Court
ANDREW MICHAEL CZARNECKI,                                              LC No. 16-010813-01-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

                            ON REMAND, ON RECONSIDERATION

Before: O’BRIEN, P.J., and BOONSTRA and GADOLA, JJ.

BOONSTRA J. (concurring).

        I fully concur in the majority opinion. I write separately simply to offer some additional
insights that I hope will help guide the judiciary going forward.

        Michigan has long drawn the line between juveniles and adults at the age of 18. In 1971,
the Michigan Legislature enacted the Age of Majority Act, MCL 722.52 et seq., which generally
provided that “a person who is at least 18 years of age . . . is an adult of legal age for all purposes
whatsoever, and shall have the same duties, liabilities, responsibilities, rights, and legal capacity
as persons heretofore acquired at 21 years of age.” MCL 722.52(1). The legal age to vote in
Michigan is also 18. See Const 1963, art 2, § 1. The Michigan Constitution of 1963 (as well as
the preceding state constitutions of 1835, 1850, and 1908) established the voting age as 21, see id.,
but it was effectively lowered to 18 by the ratification in 1971 of the 26th Amendment to the
United States Constitution.1 Under the common law, the capacity generally to enter into contracts
is gained at the age of 18. See Woodman ex rel Woodman v Kera LLC, 486 Mich 228, 236;785

1
  US Const Amend XXVI, §1 provides: “The right of citizens of the United States, who are
eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by
any State on account of age.”

                                                 -1-
NW2d 1 (2010). The legal age to make a will is 18. MCL 700.2519. The legal age to marry is
also 18. MCL 551.103(1).

        Some specific conduct has become subject to different age requirements. In 1978, the
people of Michigan adopted Proposal D, a constitutional amendment, raising the legal drinking
age to 21 (from 18). Const. 1963, art 4, §40. The age of consent (for sexual activity) is 16. See,
e.g., MCL 750.520c. A minor (under the age of 18) may petition a court to waive the requirement
of parental consent for an abortion. MCL 722.903. Before the enactment of 2023 PA 71, effective
September 19, 2023, the legal age to marry—with parental consent—was 16.2 MCL 551.51;
MCL 551.103.3

       In abolishing the federal death penalty for juveniles, the United States Supreme Court
explained that line-drawing is a necessity in the law:
          Drawing the line at 18 years of age is subject, of course, to the objections always
          raised against categorical rules. The qualities that distinguish juveniles from
          adults do not disappear when an individual turns 18. By the same token, some
          under 18 have already attained a level of maturity some adults will never reach.
          For the reasons we have discussed, however, a line must be drawn. . . . The age
          of 18 is the point where society draws the line for many purposes between
          childhood and adulthood. It is, we conclude, the age at which the line for death
          eligibility ought to rest. [Roper v Simmons, 543 US 551, 574; 125 S Ct 1183;
          161 L Ed 2d 1 (2005).]

The United States Supreme Court drew the same line (at age 18) when it held that the Eighth
Amendment to the United States Constitution forbids mandatory sentences of life imprisonment
without the possibility of parole (LWOP) for juvenile offenders. Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460,
465, 479; 132 S Ct 2455; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012).

2
  Now that 2023 PA 71 and its related legislation has become effective, a minor (who, as noted,
may petition for an abortion without parental consent, MCL 722.903) may no longer petition for
permission to marry (even with parental consent). See House Bill 4294, tie-barred to 2023 PA 71
(containing amendments to MCL 551.103 eliminating a minor’s ability to petition for marriage).
3
  It isn’t a stretch to ponder, notwithstanding the recently-enacted increase in the legal age to marry
(with parental consent), whether proposals to reduce the age for gender-transition measures will
soon find their way into the law. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health
recommends that the age for allowing gender-transition hormones be lowered to 14, and that for
gender-transition surgeries be reduced to as low as 15. See International Journal of Transgender
Health, “Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version
8” (2022), available at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644
(last accessed October 2, 2023); see also AP News, “Trans kids’ treatment can start younger, new
guidelines say,” available at https://apnews.com/article/gender-transition-treatment-guidelines-
9dbe54f670a3a0f5f2831c2bf14f9bbb (last accessed October 2, 2023).

                                                 -2-
          In People v Parks, 510 Mich 225; 987 NW2d 161 (2022), a narrowly-divided Michigan
Supreme Court saw fit to extend the holding of Miller, under the Michigan Constitution, beyond
juveniles to include those adult defendants who had attained the age of 18. It relied on its
evaluation of the “scientific and social-science research regarding the characteristics of the late-
adolescent 18-year-old brain.” Id., 510 Mich at 248. Of course, it is the very nature of “science”
that it is rarely static or settled. See People v Zimmerman, 385 Mich 417, 460 n 8; 189 NW2d 259
(1971) (noting, in the context of the admission into evidence of expert opinion testimony, “Before
approaching the evaluation of the state of the art in any scientific discipline, it is well to recognize
that science, like the law, is not static but is dynamic, and as science from time to time revises its
estimations of certainty or adds new fields[,] the law can and should recognize these
developments.”). This raises very serious questions of whether these judgments are properly those
of the judiciary or the policy-making, legislative branch of government.4 As Justice Scalia
cautioned in Roper:

       Today’s opinion provides a perfect example of why judges are ill equipped to make
       the type of legislative judgments the Court insists on making here. To support its
       opinion that States should be prohibited from imposing the death penalty on anyone
       who committed murder before age 18, the Court looks to scientific and sociological
       studies, picking and choosing those that support its position. It never explains why
       those particular studies are methodologically sound; none was ever entered into
       evidence or tested in an adversarial proceeding. As THE CHIEF JUSTICE has
       explained:

               “[M]ethodological and other errors can affect the reliability and validity of
               estimates about the opinions and attitudes of a population derived from
               various sampling techniques. Everything from variations in the survey
               methodology, such as the choice of the target population, the sampling
               design used, the questions asked, and the statistical analyses used to
               interpret the data can skew the results.” Atkins, supra, at 326–327, 122 S.Ct.
               2242 (dissenting opinion) (citing R. Groves, Survey Errors and Survey
               Costs (1989); 1 C. Turner & E. Martin, Surveying Subjective Phenomena
               (1984)).

       In other words, all the Court has done today, to borrow from another context, is to
       look over the heads of the crowd and pick out its friends. Cf. Conroy v. Aniskoff,
       507 U.S. 511, 519, 113 S.Ct. 1562, 123 L.Ed.2d 229 (1993) (SCALIA, J.,
       concurring in judgment).

       We need not look far to find studies contradicting the Court’s conclusions. [Roper,
       543 US at 616-618 (SCALIA, J., dissenting).]

4
 See Myers v City of Portage, 304 Mich App 637, 644; 848 NW2d 200 (2014) (“[M]aking public
policy is the province of the Legislature, not the courts.”).

                                                  -3-
         Our Supreme Court in Parks did “not dispute the dissent’s point that any line-
drawing will, at times, lead to arbitrary results.” Parks, 510 Mich at 244-245. But it chose
to draw the line—for then, at least—at the age of 19. In doing so, the Court observed that
the defendants before it were both 18 years old at the time they committed their crimes and
that it therefore did not need to decide whether its expansion of Miller should go farther
than age 18:
         Given that Parks and Poole (the defendant in the companion case) were both 18 at
         the time they committed their crimes, our opinion only applies to 18-year-olds. We
         need not address the Michigan constitutional requirements for sentencing offenders
         who were over 18 years old at the time of the offense. [Parks, 510 Mich at 245.]

However, the Court expressly noted that “some of the mitigating characteristics in the scientific
research submitted by amici and defense counsel apply to young adults, in some form, up to the
age of 25.” Parks, 510 Mich at 244. It also tellingly also stated:
        We recognize that this Court has previously held that a mandatory life-without-
        parole sentence for felony murder did not violate Const. 1963, art. 1, § 16. See
        People v Hall, 396 Mich. 650, 657-658, 242 N.W.2d 377 (1976). However, that
        decision did not address the issue of sentencing a juvenile to life without parole.
        Moreover, Hall was decided before the United States Supreme Court decided
        Miller and its progeny, and the Hall Court did not have the benefit of the scientific
        literature cited in this opinion. Accordingly, that decision does not preclude our
        holding in this case. Moreover, our holding today does not foreclose future review
        of life-without-parole sentences for other classes of defendants; however, our
        opinion today does not affect Hall’s holding as to those older than 18. See Hall,
        396 Mich. at 657-658, 242 N.W.2d 377. [Parks, 510 Mich at 255 n 9.]

        It thus appears that the Court in Parks may have been laying the groundwork to possibly
extend its own extension of Miller (from age 18 to age 19) even farther, perhaps to age 25 (as it
suggested some current scientific literature may support). How else does one explain the Court’s
(1) allowance of the addition of this legal issue, when it was not previously raised before this Court
or in the initial application for leave to appeal in the Supreme Court;5 (2) its pre-Parks holding of
the application in abeyance pending a decision in Parks;6 (3) its post-Parks remand to this Court—
even though Parks expressly limited its holding to 18-year-olds—for consideration of “whether
the defendant’s mandatory sentence of life without parole for a murder committed at the age of 19
is cruel or unusual punishment under Const 1963, art 1, §16. See Parks, supra.”7

5
 People v Czarnecki, ___ Mich ___; 967 NW2d 609 (2022). But see People v McBurrows, 504
Mich 308, 328 n 11; 934 NW2d 748 (2019) (declining to consider issues raised for the first time
on appeal to the Michigan Supreme Court).
6
    People v Czarnecki, ___ Mich ___; 967 NW2d 609 (2022).
7
    People v Czarnecki, ___ Mich ___; 982 NW2d 172 (2022).

                                                 -4-
        Notably, our Supreme Court similarly held in abeyance (pending Parks) an appeal in
People v Adamowicz, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued June 22,
2017 (Docket No. 330612),8 which involved a defendant who was 21 years old at the time he
committed first-degree premeditated murder. The Supreme Court then similarly remanded to this
Court for reconsideration in light of Parks.9 On remand, this Court noted the prediction of the
dissent in Parks that “in the coming years we will hear cases arguing that we should extend Miller’s
protection to those in their early twenties as well,” see Parks, 510 Mich at 298 (CLEMENT, J.,
dissenting), and observed, “It didn’t take that long.” People v Adamowicz (On Second Remand),
___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2023), slip op at 2. This Court then held in Adamowicz,
as we do in this case, that it was bound by the Supreme Court’s decision in Hall, which had “upheld
the constitutionality of a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole imposed
upon an adult for the crime of first-degree premeditated murder,” Adamowicz (On Second
Remand), __ Mich App at __, slip op at 3. The Court noted that Hall “has not been reversed or
modified since its issuance,” id., and that the Supreme Court in Parks had expressly “conceded
that it was not altering the holding in Hall to the extent it applied to defendants over the age of
18.” Id., slip op at 4, citing Parks, 510 Mich at 255 n 9. After concluding that it was bound by
Hall, this Court in Adamowicz nonetheless then proceeded further to examine the Lorentzen10
factors identified in Parks as relevant in evaluating the proportionality of sentences under the
“cruel or unusual punishment” clause of our constitution, and concluded that, even if not bound
by Hall, the defendant’s sentence was constitutional. Adamowicz (On Second Remand), __ Mich
App at __., slip op at 9.11 An application for leave to appeal in Adamowicz is now pending before
our Supreme Court.

         As the majority aptly notes, and notwithstanding that defendant was 19 years old when he
committed his offenses while the defendant in Adamowicz was 21, we are bound by Hall and
Adamowicz. It is up to our Supreme Court—should it choose to do so—to overturn Hall or, short
of that, to possibly further erode Hall’s holding (as it did in Parks with respect to 18-year-olds). I
would respectfully suggest, however, that “the law requires consistency,” WA Foote Mem Hosp v
Michigan Assigned Claims Plan, 321 Mich App 159, 193; 909 NW2d 38 (2017), vacated in part
on other gds, 504 Mich 985; 934 NW2d 44 (2019), and that the objective of enabling litigants and
legal practitioners the ability to rely upon well-established legal principles “is not furthered by a
system of justice that allows the law to ebb and flow at the whim of the judiciary. It is instead
furthered, and its legitimacy in the eyes of our society is advanced, by demanding consistency in

8
    People v Adamowicz, ___ Mich ___; 964 NW2d 36 (2021).
9
    People v Adamowicz, ___ Mich ___; 928 NW2d 176 (2022).
10
     People v Lorentzen, 387 Mich 167; 194 NW2d 827 (1972).
11
  This Court has applied Adamowicz in similarly upholding a LWOP sentence imposed on a
defendant who was 21 years old at the time of his offenses, whose case the Supreme Court similarly
remanded for reconsideration in light of Parks. See People v Rush, unpublished per curiam
opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued June 22, 2023 (Docket No. 353182); People v Rush, ___
Mich ___; 982 NW2d 179 (2022). An application for leave to appeal our decision in Rush is
currently pending in the Supreme Court.

                                                 -5-
the law . . . .” Id. at 195. See also Robinson v Detroit, 462 Mich 439, 463; 613 NW2d 307 (2000),
quoting Hohn v United States, 524 US236, 251; 118 S Ct 1969; 141 L Ed 2d 242 (1998) (“Stare
decisis is the preferred course because it promotes the evenhanded, predictable, and consistent
development of legal principles, fosters reliance on judicial decisions, and contributes to the actual
and perceived integrity of the judicial process.”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).12

        Consequently, if the Supreme Court elects to overturn or further erode Hall, I would
respectfully suggest that the people of Michigan deserve a clear and cogent articulation of why
legal adults (or even minors) are categorically deemed under the law to be of sufficient maturity
to exercise decision-making in the most weighty and consequential matters they will confront in
our society during their lifetimes—with respect to such matters as voting, entering into marriage,
entering into binding contracts, making a will, aborting the unborn, engaging in procreative
activity, or taking measures to alter one’s gender—but are not similarly deemed to be of sufficient
maturity to be held accountable for the most grievously-imaginable criminal wrongdoing.

       It takes little imagination to foresee that the next scientific studies that will make their way
into appellate briefing may posit that the human brain continues to develop until the age of 30, or
perhaps 35, or possibly 60, or that in fact we all continue to develop and mature in our decision-
making capabilities until we take our last breath.13 All the more reason for the judiciary to leave
the evaluation of such matters to the people’s policy-making representatives (who also should
consider the need for consistency in the law), as Justice Scalia suggested in Roper, rather than for
those of us in black robes to issue pronouncements that override them.

        For these reasons and those set forth by the majority, I agree that defendant’s mandatory
life-without-parole sentence for first-degree murder does not violate the constitutional prohibition
of cruel or unusual punishment, and I concur in affirming defendant’s sentence.

                                                               /s/ Mark T. Boonstra

12
  The law thus stands in stark contrast to the world of politics, where hypocrisy and inconsistency
sometimes can abound.
13
  Other studies may posit that the human brain declines after the age of 80, or 70, or 60, or some
other age, which may then suggest that we should also institute a corresponding mitigation-of-
responsibility effect on the opposite (high) end of the age continuum.

                                                 -6-