Court Opinion

ID: 4673620
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-01 15:01:01.412741+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:21:04.373918
License: Public Domain

(Slip Opinion)              OCTOBER TERM, 2020                                       1

                                       Syllabus

         NOTE: Where it is feasible, a syllabus (headnote) will be released, as is
       being done in connection with this case, at the time the opinion is issued.
       The syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been
       prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.
       See United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co., 200 U.S. 321, 337.

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES

                                       Syllabus

FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION ET AL. v.
     PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT ET AL.

CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR
                  THE THIRD CIRCUIT

    No. 19–1231. Argued January 19, 2021—Decided April 1, 2021*
Under its broad authority to regulate broadcast media in the public in-
 terest, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has long main-
 tained several ownership rules that limit the number of radio stations,
 television stations, and newspapers that a single entity may own in a
 given market. Section 202(h) of the Telecommunications Act of 1996
 directs the FCC to review its media ownership rules every four years
 and to repeal or modify any rules that no longer serve the public inter-
 est.
    In 2017, the FCC concluded that three of its ownership rules were
 no longer necessary to promote competition, localism, or viewpoint di-
 versity. The Commission further concluded that the record evidence
 did not suggest that repealing or modifying those three rules was likely
 to harm minority and female ownership. Based on that analysis, the
 agency decided to repeal two of those three ownership rules and modify
 the third. Prometheus Radio Project and several other public interest
 and consumer advocacy groups (collectively, Prometheus) petitioned
 for review, arguing that the FCC’s decision to repeal or modify the
 three rules was arbitrary and capricious under the Administrative
 Procedure Act (APA). The Third Circuit vacated the FCC’s reconsid-
 eration order, holding that the record did not support the agency’s con-
 clusion that the rule changes would have minimal effect on minority
 and female ownership.
Held: The FCC’s decision to repeal or modify the three ownership rules

——————
  * Together with No. 19–1241, National Association of Broadcasters et
al. v. Prometheus Radio Project et al., also on certiorari to the same court.
2               FCC v. PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT

                                  Syllabus

    was not arbitrary and capricious for purposes of the APA. In analyzing
    whether to repeal or modify its existing ownership rules, the FCC con-
    sidered the record evidence and reasonably concluded that the three
    ownership rules at issue were no longer necessary to serve the agency’s
    public interest goals of competition, localism, and viewpoint diversity,
    and that the rule changes were not likely to harm minority and female
    ownership.
       In challenging the FCC’s order, Prometheus argues that the Com-
    mission’s assessment of the likely impact of the rule changes on mi-
    nority and female ownership rested on flawed data. But the FCC
    acknowledged the gaps in the data sets it relied on, and noted that,
    despite its repeated requests for additional data, it had received no
    countervailing evidence suggesting that changing the three ownership
    rules was likely to harm minority and female ownership. Prometheus
    also asserts that the FCC ignored two studies submitted by a com-
    menter that purported to show that past relaxations of the ownership
    rules had led to decreases in minority and female ownership levels.
    But the record demonstrates that the FCC considered those studies
    and simply interpreted them differently.
       In assessing the effects of the rule changes on minority and female
    ownership, the FCC did not have perfect empirical or statistical data.
    But that is not unusual in day-to-day agency decisionmaking within
    the Executive Branch. The APA imposes no general obligation on
    agencies to conduct or commission their own empirical or statistical
    studies. And nothing in the Telecommunications Act requires the FCC
    to conduct such studies before exercising its discretion under Section
    202(h). In light of the sparse record on minority and female ownership
    and the FCC’s findings with respect to competition, localism, and view-
    point diversity, the Court cannot say that the agency’s decision to re-
    peal or modify the ownership rules fell outside the zone of reasonable-
    ness for purposes of the APA. Pp. 7–13.
939 F.3d 567, reversed.

   KAVANAUGH, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court. THOMAS,
J., filed a concurring opinion.
                       Cite as: 592 U. S. ____ (2021)                                 1

                             Opinion of the Court

    NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the
    preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to
    notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Wash-
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SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
                                   _________________

                         Nos. 19–1231 and 19–1241
                                   _________________

 FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.,
               PETITIONERS
19–1231             v.
       PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT, ET AL.

   NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS,
             ET AL., PETITIONERS
19–1241                v.
       PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT, ET AL.
ON WRITS OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF
            APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  [April 1, 2021]

  JUSTICE KAVANAUGH delivered the opinion of the Court.
  Under the Communications Act of 1934, the Federal
Communications Commission possesses broad authority to
regulate broadcast media in the public interest. Exercising
that statutory authority, the FCC has long maintained
strict ownership rules. The rules limit the number of radio
stations, television stations, and newspapers that a single
entity may own in a given market. Under Section 202(h) of
the Telecommunications Act of 1996, the FCC must review
the ownership rules every four years, and must repeal or
modify any ownership rules that the agency determines are
no longer in the public interest.
  In a 2017 order, the FCC concluded that three of its own-
ership rules no longer served the public interest. The FCC
2           FCC v. PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT

                     Opinion of the Court

therefore repealed two of those rules—the Newspa-
per/Broadcast Cross-Ownership Rule and the Radio/Televi-
sion Cross-Ownership Rule. And the Commission modified
the third—the Local Television Ownership Rule. In con-
ducting its public interest analysis under Section 202(h),
the FCC considered the effects of the rules on competition,
localism, viewpoint diversity, and minority and female own-
ership of broadcast media outlets. The FCC concluded that
the three rules were no longer necessary to promote compe-
tition, localism, and viewpoint diversity, and that changing
the rules was not likely to harm minority and female own-
ership.
   A non-profit advocacy group known as Prometheus Radio
Project, along with several other public interest and con-
sumer advocacy groups, petitioned for review, arguing that
the FCC’s decision was arbitrary and capricious under the
Administrative Procedure Act. In particular, Prometheus
contended that the record evidence did not support the
FCC’s predictive judgment regarding minority and female
ownership. Over Judge Scirica’s dissent, the U. S. Court of
Appeals for the Third Circuit agreed with Prometheus and
vacated the FCC’s 2017 order.
   On this record, we conclude that the FCC’s 2017 order
was reasonable and reasonably explained for purposes of
the APA’s deferential arbitrary-and-capricious standard.
We therefore reverse the judgment of the Third Circuit.
                             I
  The Federal Communications Commission possesses
broad statutory authority to regulate broadcast media “as
public convenience, interest, or necessity requires.” 47
U.S. C. §303; see also §309(a). Exercising that authority,
the FCC has historically maintained several strict owner-
ship rules. The rules limit the number of radio stations,
television stations, and newspapers that a single entity
may own in a given market. See FCC v. National Citizens
                  Cite as: 592 U. S. ____ (2021)            3

                      Opinion of the Court

Comm. for Broadcasting, 436 U.S. 775, 780–781, and nn.
1–3, 783–784 (1978). The FCC has long explained that the
ownership rules seek to promote competition, localism, and
viewpoint diversity by ensuring that a small number of en-
tities do not dominate a particular media market. See id.,
at 780–781, 808; In re 2002 Biennial Regulatory Review—
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 17 FCC Rcd. 18503, 18515–
18527 (2002).
   This case concerns three of the FCC’s current ownership
rules. The first is the Newspaper/Broadcast Cross-Owner-
ship Rule. Initially adopted in 1975, that rule prohibits a
single entity from owning a radio or television broadcast
station and a daily print newspaper in the same media mar-
ket. The second is the Radio/Television Cross-Ownership
Rule. Initially adopted in 1970, that rule limits the number
of combined radio stations and television stations that an
entity may own in a single market. And the third is the
Local Television Ownership Rule. Initially adopted in 1964,
that rule restricts the number of local television stations
that an entity may own in a single market.
   The FCC adopted those rules in an early-cable and pre-
Internet age when media sources were more limited. By
the 1990s, however, the market for news and entertainment
had changed dramatically. Technological advances led to a
massive increase in alternative media options, such as ca-
ble television and the Internet. Those technological ad-
vances challenged the traditional dominance of daily print
newspapers, local radio stations, and local television sta-
tions. See, e.g., In re 2002 Biennial Regulatory Review—
Report and Order and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 18
FCC Rcd. 13620, 13647–13667 (2003) (2002 Review).
   In 1996, Congress passed and President Clinton signed
the Telecommunications Act. To ensure that the FCC’s
ownership rules do not remain in place simply through in-
ertia, Section 202(h) of the Act directs the FCC to review its
ownership rules every four years to determine whether
4           FCC v. PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT

                      Opinion of the Court

those rules remain “necessary in the public interest as the
result of competition.” §202(h), 110 Stat. 111–112, as
amended §629, 118 Stat. 99–100, note following 47 U.S. C.
§303. After conducting each quadrennial Section 202(h) re-
view, the FCC “shall repeal or modify” any rules that it de-
termines are “no longer in the public interest.” Ibid. Sec-
tion 202(h) establishes an iterative process that requires
the FCC to keep pace with industry developments and to
regularly reassess how its rules function in the market-
place. See In re 2002 Biennial Regulatory Review—Report,
18 FCC Rcd. 4726, 4732 (2003).
   Soon after Section 202(h) was enacted, the FCC stated
that the agency’s traditional public interest goals of promot-
ing competition, localism, and viewpoint diversity would in-
form its Section 202(h) analyses. 2002 Review, 18 FCC
Rcd., at 13627; see also In re 1998 Biennial Regulatory Re-
view, 15 FCC Rcd. 11058, 11061–11062 (2000). The FCC
has also said that, as part of its public interest analysis un-
der Section 202(h), it would assess the effects of the owner-
ship rules on minority and female ownership. 2002 Review,
18 FCC Rcd., at 13627, 13634, and n. 67; see also In re 2010
Quadrennial Regulatory Review—Notice of Inquiry, 25 FCC
Rcd. 6086, 6106 (2010); cf. In re Amendment of Section
73.3555 [formerly Sections 73.35, 73.240 and 73.636] of the
Commission’s Rules Relating to Multiple Ownership of AM,
FM and Television Broadcast Stations, 100 F. C. C. 2d 74,
97 (1985).
   Since 2002, the Commission has repeatedly sought to
change several of its ownership rules—including the three
rules at issue here—as part of its Section 202(h) reviews.
See 2002 Review, 18 FCC Rcd., at 13622–13623 (eliminat-
ing strict caps on newspaper/broadcast and radio/television
cross-ownership and modifying the Local Television Own-
ership Rule); In re 2006 Quadrennial Regulatory Review—
Report and Order and Order on Reconsideration, 23 FCC
Rcd. 2010, 2021 (2008) (relaxing the Newspaper/Broadcast
                     Cite as: 592 U. S. ____ (2021)                   5

                         Opinion of the Court

Cross-Ownership Rule). But for the last 17 years, the Third
Circuit has rejected the FCC’s efforts as unlawful under the
APA. See Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC, 373 F.3d 372
(2004); Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC, 652 F.3d 431
(2011); see also 824 F.3d 33 (2016). As a result, those three
ownership rules exist in substantially the same form today
as they did in 2002.1
  The current dispute arises out of the FCC’s most recent
attempt to change its ownership rules. In its quadrennial
Section 202(h) order issued in 2016, the FCC concluded that
the Newspaper/Broadcast Cross-Ownership, Radio/Televi-
sion Cross-Ownership, and Local Television Ownership
Rules remained necessary to serve the agency’s public in-
terest goals of promoting “competition and a diversity of
viewpoints in local markets.” In re 2014 Quadrennial Reg-
ulatory Review—Second Report and Order, 31 FCC Rcd.
9864, 9865 (2016) (2016 Order). The FCC therefore chose
to retain the existing rules with only “minor modifications.”
Ibid.
  A number of groups sought reconsideration of the 2016
Order. In 2017, the Commission (with a new Chair)
granted reconsideration. In re 2014 Quadrennial Regula-
tory Review—Order on Reconsideration and Notice of Pro-
posed Rulemaking, 32 FCC Rcd. 9802 (2017) (2017 Recon-
sideration Order). On reconsideration, the FCC performed
a new public interest analysis. The agency explained that

——————
   1 The FCC currently has two other ownership rules that are subject to

its quadrennial Section 202(h) review: (1) the Local Radio Ownership
Rule, which limits the number of radio stations that an entity may own
in a single market, and (2) the Dual Network Rule, which prohibits mer-
gers among the top four television broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, Fox,
and NBC). The FCC has one additional ownership rule, the National
Television Ownership Rule, which is not subject to review under Section
202(h). That rule limits the number of television stations that a single
entity may own nationwide. Those other rules are not at issue in this
case.
6             FCC v. PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT

                          Opinion of the Court

rapidly evolving technology and the rise of new media out-
lets—particularly cable and Internet—had transformed
how Americans obtain news and entertainment, rendering
some of the ownership rules obsolete. See, e.g., id., at 9811–
9815. As a result of those market changes, the FCC con-
cluded that the three ownership rules no longer served the
agency’s public interest goals of fostering competition, lo-
calism, and viewpoint diversity. Id., at 9810, 9830, and n.
197, 9835–9836. The FCC explained that permitting effi-
cient combinations among radio stations, television sta-
tions, and newspapers would benefit consumers. See id., at
9819, 9830, 9835–9836.
   The Commission also considered the likely impact of any
changes to its ownership rules on minority and female own-
ership. The FCC concluded that repealing or modifying the
three ownership rules was not likely to harm minority and
female ownership. Id., at 9822–9824, 9830–9831, 9839–
9840.2
   Based on its analysis of the relevant factors, the FCC de-
cided to repeal the Newspaper/Broadcast and Radio/Televi-
sion Cross-Ownership Rules, and to modify the Local Tele-
vision Ownership Rule. Id., at 9803.
   Prometheus and several other public interest and con-
sumer advocacy groups petitioned for review, arguing that
the FCC’s decision to repeal or modify those three rules was
arbitrary and capricious under the APA.
   The Third Circuit vacated the 2017 Reconsideration Or-
der. The court did not dispute the FCC’s conclusion that

——————
   2 2017 Reconsideration Order, 32 FCC Rcd., at 9822 (“We find that re-

pealing the” Newspaper/Broadcast Cross-Ownership Rule “will not have
a material impact on minority and female ownership”); id., at 9830 (“[W]e
find that the record fails to demonstrate that eliminating the Radio/Tel-
evision Cross-Ownership Rule is likely to harm minority and female own-
ership”); id., at 9839 (“We find that the modifications we adopt to the
Local Television Ownership Rule are not likely to harm minority and fe-
male ownership”).
                 Cite as: 592 U. S. ____ (2021)            7

                     Opinion of the Court

those three ownership rules no longer promoted the
agency’s public interest goals of competition, localism, and
viewpoint diversity. But the court held that the record did
not support the FCC’s conclusion that the rule changes
would “have minimal effect” on minority and female owner-
ship. 939 F.3d 567, 584 (2019). The court directed the
Commission, on remand, to “ascertain on record evidence”
the effect that any rule changes were likely to have on mi-
nority and female ownership, “whether through new empir-
ical research or an in-depth theoretical analysis.” Id., at
587.
  Judge Scirica dissented in relevant part. In his view, the
FCC reasonably analyzed the record evidence and made a
reasonable predictive judgment that the rule changes were
not likely to harm minority and female ownership. Id., at
590.
  The FCC and a number of industry groups petitioned for
certiorari. We granted certiorari. 591 U. S. ___ (2020).
                              II
  In the 2017 Reconsideration Order, the FCC changed
three of its ownership rules because it concluded that the
rules were no longer in the public interest. In particular,
the FCC concluded that the rules no longer served the
agency’s goals of fostering competition, localism, and view-
point diversity, and further concluded that repealing or
modifying the rules was not likely to harm minority and fe-
male ownership.
  Prometheus argues that the FCC’s predictive judgment
regarding minority and female ownership was arbitrary
and capricious under the APA. See 5 U.S. C. §706(2)(A).
We disagree.
  The APA’s arbitrary-and-capricious standard requires
that agency action be reasonable and reasonably explained.
Judicial review under that standard is deferential, and a
court may not substitute its own policy judgment for that of
8           FCC v. PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT

                     Opinion of the Court

the agency. A court simply ensures that the agency has
acted within a zone of reasonableness and, in particular,
has reasonably considered the relevant issues and reasona-
bly explained the decision. See FCC v. Fox Television Sta-
tions, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 513–514 (2009); Motor Vehicle
Mfrs. Assn. of United States, Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto-
mobile Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983); see also FCC v.
WNCN Listeners Guild, 450 U.S. 582, 596 (1981).
    In its 2017 Reconsideration Order, the FCC analyzed the
significant record evidence of dramatic changes in the me-
dia market over the past several decades. See, e.g., 32 FCC
Rcd., at 9803, 9807, 9825, 9834. After thoroughly examin-
ing that record evidence, the Commission determined that
the Newspaper/Broadcast Cross-Ownership, Radio/Televi-
sion Cross-Ownership, and Local Television Ownership
Rules were no longer necessary to serve the agency’s public
interest goals of promoting competition, localism, and view-
point diversity. The FCC therefore concluded that repeal-
ing the two cross-ownership rules and modifying the Local
Television Ownership Rule would fulfill “the mandates of
Section 202(h)” and “deliver on the Commission’s promise
to adopt broadcast ownership rules that reflect the present,
not the past.” Id., at 9803.
   In analyzing whether to repeal or modify those rules, the
FCC also addressed the possible impact on minority and fe-
male ownership. The Commission explained that it had
sought public comment on the issue of minority and female
ownership during multiple Section 202(h) reviews, but “no
arguments were made” that would lead the FCC to conclude
that the existing rules were “necessary to protect or pro-
mote minority and female ownership.” Id., at 9822; see also
id., at 9831, 9839; cf. In re 2006 Quadrennial Regulatory
Review—Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 21 FCC
Rcd. 8834, 8837 (2006) (soliciting evidence on minority and
female ownership); In re 2010 Quadrennial Regulatory Re-
view—Notice of Inquiry, 25 FCC Rcd., at 6106, 6108–6109
                 Cite as: 592 U. S. ____ (2021)            9

                     Opinion of the Court

(same); In re 2014 Quadrennial Regulatory Review—Fur-
ther Notice of Proposed Rulemaking and Report and Order,
29 FCC Rcd. 4371, 4460, and n. 595, 4470 (2014) (same).
Indeed, the FCC stated that it had received several com-
ments suggesting the opposite—namely, comments sug-
gesting that eliminating the Newspaper/Broadcast Cross-
Ownership Rule “potentially could increase minority own-
ership of newspapers and broadcast stations.” 2017 Recon-
sideration Order, 32 FCC Rcd., at 9823 (emphasis added).
Based on the record, the Commission concluded that repeal-
ing or modifying the three rules was not likely to harm mi-
nority and female ownership. See id., at 9822, 9830, 9839.
   In challenging the 2017 Reconsideration Order in this
Court, Prometheus does not seriously dispute the FCC’s
conclusion that the existing rules no longer serve the
agency’s public interest goals of competition, localism, and
viewpoint diversity. Rather, Prometheus targets the FCC’s
assessment that altering the ownership rules was not likely
to harm minority and female ownership.
   Prometheus asserts that the FCC relied on flawed data
in assessing the likely impact of changing the rules on mi-
nority and female ownership. Prometheus further argues
that the FCC ignored superior data available in the record.
   Prometheus initially points to two data sets on which the
FCC relied in the 2016 Order and the 2017 Reconsideration
Order. Those data sets measured the number of minority-
owned media outlets before and after the Local Television
Ownership Rule and the Local Radio Ownership Rule were
relaxed in the 1990s. Together, the data sets showed a
slight decrease in the number of minority-owned media out-
lets immediately after the rules were relaxed, followed by
an eventual increase in later years. The 2016 Order cited
those data sets and explained that the number of minority-
owned media outlets had increased over time. But the FCC
added that there was no record evidence suggesting that
past changes to the ownership rules had caused minority
10          FCC v. PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT

                      Opinion of the Court

ownership levels to increase. See 31 FCC Rcd., at 9894–
9895; id., at 9911–9912.
  In the 2017 Reconsideration Order, the FCC referred to
the 2016 Order’s analysis of those data sets. The FCC
stated that data in the record suggested that the previous
relaxations of the Local Television Ownership and Local
Radio Ownership Rules “have not resulted in reduced levels
of minority and female ownership.” 2017 Reconsideration
Order, 32 FCC Rcd., at 9831; see also id., at 9823; id., at
9839. The FCC further explained that “no party” had “pre-
sented contrary evidence or a compelling argument demon-
strating why” altering the rules would have a different im-
pact today. Id., at 9839; see also id., at 9823, and n. 138;
id., at 9831, and n. 201. The FCC therefore concluded that
“the record provides no information to suggest” that elimi-
nating or modifying the existing rules would harm minority
and female ownership. Id., at 9831; see also id., at 9823;
id., at 9839.
  Prometheus insists that the FCC’s numerical comparison
was overly simplistic and that the data sets were materially
incomplete. But the FCC acknowledged the gaps in the
data. And despite repeatedly asking for data on the issue,
the Commission received no other data on minority owner-
ship and no data at all on female ownership levels. See
2016 Order, 31 FCC Rcd., at 9894–9895, nn. 211–212; id.,
at 9911, n. 325; 2017 Reconsideration Order, 32 FCC Rcd.,
at 9822–9823, and n. 138 (incorporating 2016 Order’s dis-
cussion of data sets); id., at 9831, and n. 201 (same); id., at
9839, and n. 243 (same). The FCC therefore relied on the
data it had (and the absence of any countervailing evidence)
to predict that changing the rules was not likely to harm
minority and female ownership.
  Prometheus also asserts that countervailing—and supe-
rior—evidence was in fact in the record, and that the FCC
ignored that evidence. Prometheus identifies two studies
submitted to the FCC by Free Press, a media reform group.
                    Cite as: 592 U. S. ____ (2021)                 11

                        Opinion of the Court

Those studies purported to show that past relaxations of
the ownership rules and increases in media market concen-
tration had led to decreases in minority and female owner-
ship levels. According to Prometheus, the Free Press stud-
ies undercut the FCC’s prediction that its rule changes were
unlikely to harm minority and female ownership.
   The FCC did not ignore the Free Press studies. The FCC
simply interpreted them differently. In particular, in the
2016 Order, the Commission explained that its data sets
and the Free Press studies showed the same long-term in-
crease in minority ownership after the Local Television
Ownership and Local Radio Ownership Rules were relaxed.
31 FCC Rcd., at 9895, and n. 215; id., at 9912, and n. 329.
Moreover, as counsel for Prometheus forthrightly acknowl-
edged at oral argument, the Free Press studies were purely
backward-looking, and offered no statistical analysis of the
likely future effects of the FCC’s proposed rule changes on
minority and female ownership. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 75–76.
   In short, the FCC’s analysis was reasonable and reason-
ably explained for purposes of the APA’s deferential arbi-
trary-and-capricious standard. The FCC considered the
record evidence on competition, localism, viewpoint diver-
sity, and minority and female ownership, and reasonably
concluded that the three ownership rules no longer serve
the public interest. The FCC reasoned that the historical
justifications for those ownership rules no longer apply in
today’s media market, and that permitting efficient combi-
nations among radio stations, television stations, and news-
papers would benefit consumers. The Commission further
explained that its best estimate, based on the sparse record
evidence, was that repealing or modifying the three rules at
issue here was not likely to harm minority and female own-
ership. The APA requires no more.3
——————
  3 Because we hold that the Third Circuit’s judgment must be reversed

under ordinary principles of arbitrary-and-capricious review, we need
12            FCC v. PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT

                          Opinion of the Court

   To be sure, in assessing the effects on minority and fe-
male ownership, the FCC did not have perfect empirical or
statistical data. Far from it. But that is not unusual in day-
to-day agency decisionmaking within the Executive
Branch. The APA imposes no general obligation on agen-
cies to conduct or commission their own empirical or statis-
tical studies. Cf. Fox Television, 556 U.S., at 518–520; Ver-
mont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources
Defense Council, Inc., 435 U.S. 519, 524 (1978). And noth-
ing in the Telecommunications Act (or any other statute)
requires the FCC to conduct its own empirical or statistical
studies before exercising its discretion under Section
202(h). Here, the FCC repeatedly asked commenters to
submit empirical or statistical studies on the relationship
between the ownership rules and minority and female own-
ership. See, e.g., In re 2014 Quadrennial Review, 29 FCC
Rcd., at 4460, and n. 595. Despite those requests, no com-
menter produced such evidence indicating that changing
the rules was likely to harm minority and female owner-
ship. In the absence of additional data from commenters,
the FCC made a reasonable predictive judgment based on
the evidence it had. See State Farm, 463 U.S., at 52.
   In light of the sparse record on minority and female own-
ership and the FCC’s findings with respect to competition,
localism, and viewpoint diversity, we cannot say that the
agency’s decision to repeal or modify the ownership rules
fell outside the zone of reasonableness for purposes of the
APA.4
——————
not reach the industry petitioners’ alternative argument that the text of
Section 202(h) does not authorize (or at least does not require) the FCC
to consider minority and female ownership when the Commission con-
ducts its quadrennial reviews. We also need not consider the industry
petitioners’ related argument that the FCC, in its Section 202(h) review
of an ownership rule, may not consider minority and female ownership
unless promoting minority and female ownership was part of the FCC’s
original basis for that ownership rule.
  4 The Third Circuit also vacated the FCC’s separate 2018 Incubator
                     Cite as: 592 U. S. ____ (2021)                    13

                          Opinion of the Court

                      *    *     *
  We reverse the judgment of the U. S. Court of Appeals for
the Third Circuit.
                                           It is so ordered.

——————
Order and the 2016 Order’s definition of “eligible entity.” But the Third
Circuit did not offer any independent reasons for doing so. Instead, it
vacated those agency actions based solely on its conclusion that the FCC
failed to adequately consider minority and female ownership in the 2017
Reconsideration Order. Because we reverse the judgment of the Third
Circuit as to the 2017 Reconsideration Order, it follows that the Third
Circuit’s judgment as to the Incubator Order and “eligible entity” defini-
tion is also reversed.
                 Cite as: 592 U. S. ____ (2021)           1

                    THOMAS, J., concurring

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
                         _________________

                  Nos. 19–1231 and 19–1241
                         _________________

 FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION, ET AL.,
               PETITIONERS
19–1231             v.
       PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT, ET AL.

   NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS,
             ET AL., PETITIONERS
19–1241                v.
       PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT, ET AL.
ON WRITS OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF
            APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                        [April 1, 2021]

   JUSTICE THOMAS, concurring.
   As the Court correctly holds, the Federal Communica-
tions Commission’s orders were not arbitrary and capri-
cious. Based on the record evidence available, the FCC rea-
sonably concluded that modifying its broadcast ownership
rules would not harm minority and female ownership of
broadcast media. I write separately to note another, inde-
pendent reason why reversal is warranted: The Third Cir-
cuit improperly imposed nonstatutory procedural require-
ments on the FCC by forcing it to consider ownership
diversity in the first place.
   The FCC had no obligation to consider minority and fe-
male ownership. Nothing in §202(h) of the Telecommuni-
cations Act of 1996 directs the FCC to consider rates of mi-
nority and female ownership. See note following 47 U.S. C.
§303 (requiring the FCC simply to consider “ ‘the public in-
terest as the result of competition’ ”). Nor could any court
2           FCC v. PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT

                     THOMAS, J., concurring

force the FCC to consider ownership diversity: Courts have
no authority to impose “judge-made procedur[es]” on agen-
cies. Perez v. Mortgage Bankers Assn., 575 U.S. 92, 102
(2015).
   Disregarding these limits, the Third Circuit imposed on
the FCC a nonstatutory requirement to consider minority
and female ownership. The court first did so in 2004 when
it vacated the FCC’s modification of its Local Television
Ownership Rule, faulting the FCC for “failing to mention
anything about the effect this change would have on poten-
tial minority station owners.” 373 F.3d 372, 420 (2004). It
then directed the FCC on remand to “consider . . . proposals
for enhancing ownership opportunities for women and mi-
norities.” Id., at 435, n. 82; accord, 652 F.3d 431, 471 (2011)
(reiterating that its “prior remand requir[ed] the Commis-
sion to consider the effect of its rules on minority and female
ownership”). Repeating this error in 2016, the Third Cir-
cuit mandated that the FCC, “in addition to §202(h)’s re-
quirement . . . , include a determination about ‘the effect of
the rules on minority and female ownership.’ ” 824 F.3d 33,
54, n. 13 (quoting 652 F.3d, at 471; brackets omitted).
   Respondents try to defend the Third Circuit’s ruling by
noting that the FCC has previously discussed ownership di-
versity when considering its ownership rules. They contend
that the FCC thus believed that a purpose of those rules is
to promote minority and female ownership. And because
an agency cannot “depart from a prior policy sub silentio,”
FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 515
(2009), they argue that the FCC either had to consider own-
ership diversity or expressly repudiate its prior policy. That
argument fails because the FCC’s ownership rules—unlike
some of its nonownership rules—were never designed to
foster ownership diversity.
   From its infancy, the FCC has generally focused on con-
sumers, not producers. The year after it was established,
the agency that would later become the FCC made clear
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                     THOMAS, J., concurring

that “ ‘emphasis must be first and foremost on the interest,
the convenience, and the necessity of the listening public,
and not on the interest, convenience, or necessity of the in-
dividual broadcaster.’ ” FCC v. Pottsville Broadcasting Co.,
309 U.S. 134, 139, n. 2 (1940) (quoting a 1928 agency doc-
ument).
   The FCC kept true to that design when promulgating
ownership rules. For example, when it created the News-
paper/Broadcast Cross-Ownership Rule at issue here, the
agency explained that its “ownership rules rest on two foun-
dations: the twin goals of diversity of viewpoints and eco-
nomic competition,” and that viewpoint diversity is the
“higher” policy. 50 F. C. C. 2d 1046, 1074 (1975); see also
22 F. C. C. 2d 306, 313, ¶25 (1970) (stating that the “prin-
cipal purpose” of the Radio/Television Cross-Ownership
Rule is “promot[ing] diversity of viewpoints” and a second-
ary purpose is “promot[ing] competition”). To these two
consumer-focused goals, the FCC has also added a third: lo-
calism. 18 FCC Rcd. 13620, 13624, ¶8, 13645, ¶81 (2003).
None of these objectives advances demographic diversity of
owners for the sake of owners.
   To be sure, the FCC has sometimes considered minority
and female ownership of broadcast media when discussing
ownership rules. Time after time, however, it has viewed
those forms of diversity not “as policy goals in and of them-
selves, but as proxies for viewpoint diversity.” 17 FCC Rcd.
18503, 18519, ¶41, and n. 116, 18521, ¶50 (2002); accord,
e.g., 18 FCC Rcd., at 13774, ¶389 (“diversity of ownership
promotes diversity of viewpoints”); id., at 13636, ¶51,
13760, ¶355 (similar); 10 FCC Rcd. 2788, ¶¶1–2 (1995)
(“promoting minority ownership of broadcasting and cable
television facilities serves to enhance the diversity of view-
points presented”). The FCC has also said that ownership
diversity “promote[s] competition.” Id., at 2789, ¶6; accord,
22 F. C. C. 2d, at 313, ¶25. And although the FCC has oc-
4           FCC v. PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT

                     THOMAS, J., concurring

casionally used language that, read in isolation, could sug-
gest a freestanding goal of promoting ownership diversity,
e.g., 17 FCC Rcd., at 18521, ¶50 (“[T]he Commission has
historically used the ownership rules to foster ownership by
diverse groups, such as minorities, women and small busi-
nesses”), these comments must be viewed in the light of the
FCC’s repeated statements that “the core Commission goal
[is] maximizing the diversity of points of view available to
the public” and that “promoting minority [and female] own-
ership of broadcasting and cable television facilities serves”
this core goal. E.g., 10 FCC Rcd., at 2788, ¶¶1–2.
   Even while trying to abide by the Third Circuit’s im-
proper mandate, the FCC clarified in this proceeding that
it considered ownership diversity a potential means to pur-
sue viewpoint diversity, not a freestanding goal of its own-
ership rules. To cite just a few examples, in its 2016 order
the FCC explained that it “has a long history of promulgat-
ing rules and regulations intended to promote diversity of
ownership among broadcast licensees, and thereby foster a
diversity of voices.” App. 335 (emphasis added). It afforded
certain companies waivers from various rules to “serve our
broader goal of diversity of ownership, and thus viewpoint
diversity.” Id., at 337 (emphasis added). And it noted that
it could not promulgate a race-conscious regulation without
first “demonstrat[ing] a connection between minority own-
ership and viewpoint diversity” that would “satisfy strict
scrutiny.” Id., at 397; cf. Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC,
497 U.S. 547, 566–568 (1990) (upholding race-conscious
“minority ownership policies” because they were “substan-
tially related to the achievement of . . . broadcast diver-
sity”—i.e., viewpoint diversity), overruled by Adarand Con-
structors, Inc. v. Peña, 515 U.S. 200, 227 (1995) (requiring
strict scrutiny for “all racial classifications”).
   The Third Circuit erred by disregarding this history. For
example, when the FCC modified its Local Television Own-
ership Rule in 2003, the court faulted the FCC for “failing
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                        THOMAS, J., concurring

to mention anything about the effect this change would
have on potential minority station owners.” 373 F.3d, at
420. But as with its other ownership rules, the stated “ob-
jectives” for that rule were fostering viewpoint diversity
and competition. 14 FCC Rcd. 12903, 12910–12912, ¶¶15,
17 (1999).1
   Here, as in 2003, once the FCC determined that none of
its policy objectives for ownership rules—viewpoint diver-
sity, competition, and localism—justified retaining its
rules, the FCC was free to modify or repeal them without
considering ownership diversity. Indeed, the FCC has long
been clear that “it would be inappropriate to retain multiple
ownership regulations for the sole purpose of promoting mi-
nority ownership.” 100 F. C. C. 2d 74, 94, ¶45 (1985). The
Third Circuit had no authority to require the FCC to con-
sider minority and female ownership. So in future reviews,
the FCC is under no obligation to do so.2

——————
  1 The FCC reiterated these objectives when modifying the rule in 2003.

18 FCC Rcd. 13620, 13708, ¶¶225–226.
  2 The FCC has recently questioned the validity of the assumption that

ownership diversity promotes viewpoint diversity. 32 FCC Rcd. 9802,
9810, ¶15, n. 49 (2017). Its previous acceptance of that assumption in no
way precludes the FCC from rejecting it in the future.