Court Opinion

ID: 4698408
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-24 19:00:49.878264+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:53.195902
License: Public Domain

PUBLISHED

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                       No. 20-1290

COURTHOUSE NEWS SERVICE,

               Plaintiff – Appellee,

       v.

GEORGE SCHAEFER, in his official capacity as Clerk of the Circuit Court for Norfolk,
Virginia; JACQUELINE SMITH, in her official capacity as Clerk of the Circuit Court for
Prince William County, Virginia,

                Defendants – Appellants,

------------------------------

REPORTERS COMMITTEE FOR FREEDOM OF THE PRESS; ALM MEDIA, LLC;
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS; ATLANTIC MEDIA INC.; BOSTON GLOBE MEDIA
PARTNERS, LLC; CALIFORNIA NEWS PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION; FIRST
LOOK    MEDIA    WORKS,   INC.;  INTERNATIONAL     DOCUMENTARY
ASSOCIATION; INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING WORKSHOP AT AMERICAN
UNIVERSITY; INVESTIGATIVE STUDIOS; THE MEDIA INSTITUTE; MPA - THE
ASSOCIATION OF MAGAZINE MEDIA; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
BROADCASTERS; NATIONAL FREEDOM OF INFORMATION COALITION;
NATIONAL PRESS CLUB JOURNALISM INSTITUTE; THE NATIONAL PRESS
CLUB; NATIONAL PRESS PHOTOGRAPHERS ASSOCIATION; THE NEWS
LEADERS ASSOCIATION; NEWSGUILD-CWA, The; RADIO TELEVISION
DIGITAL NEWS ASSOCIATION; THE SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
JOURNALISTS; SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS; VIRGINIA
COALITION FOR OPEN GOVERNMENT; VIRGINIA PRESS ASSOCIATION; THE
E. W. SCRIPPS COMPANY; THE NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY; SINCLAIR
BROADCAST      GROUP,   INCORPORATED;     GANNETT      COMPANY,
INCORPORATED; POLITICO LLC,

                Amici - Supporting Appellee,
                                          No: 20-1386

COURTHOUSE NEWS SERVICE,

               Plaintiff – Appellee,

       v

GEORGE SCHAEFER, in his official capacity as Clerk of the Circuit Court for
Norfolk, Virginia; JACQUELINE SMITH, in her official capacity as Clerk of the
Circuit Court for Prince William County, Virginia,

               Defendants – Appellants,

------------------------------

REPORTERS COMMITTEE FOR FREEDOM OF THE PRESS; ALM MEDIA,
LLC; THE ASSOCIATED PRESS; ATLANTIC MEDIA INC.; BOSTON GLOBE
MEDIA    PARTNERS,   LLC;   CALIFORNIA   NEWS     PUBLISHERS
ASSOCIATION; FIRST LOOK MEDIA WORKS, INC.; INTERNATIONAL
DOCUMENTARY      ASSOCIATION;    INVESTIGATIVE     REPORTING
WORKSHOP AT AMERICAN UNIVERSITY; INVESTIGATIVE STUDIOS;
THE MEDIA INSTITUTE; MPA - THE ASSOCIATION OF MAGAZINE
MEDIA; NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS; NATIONAL
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION COALITION; NATIONAL PRESS CLUB
JOURNALISM INSTITUTE; THE NATIONAL PRESS CLUB; NATIONAL
PRESS PHOTOGRAPHERS ASSOCIATION; THE NEWS LEADERS
ASSOCIATION; NEWSGUILD-CWA, The; RADIO TELEVISION DIGITAL
NEWS ASSOCIATION; THE SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
JOURNALISTS; SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS; VIRGINIA
COALITION FOR OPEN GOVERNMENT; VIRGINIA PRESS ASSOCIATION;
THE E. W. SCRIPPS COMPANY; THE NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY;
SINCLAIR BROADCAST GROUP, INCORPORATED; GANNETT COMPANY,
INCORPORATED; POLITICO LLC

               Amici - Supporting Appellee.

                                              2
Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
Norfolk. Henry Coke Morgan, Jr., Senior District Judge. (2:18-cv-00391-HCM-LRL)

Argued: March 9, 2021                                         Decided: June 24, 2021

Before MOTZ, KING and WYNN, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Motz wrote the opinion, in which Judge King and
Judge Wynn joined.

ARGUED: Michael Gordon Matheson, THOMPSONMCMULLAN, P.C., Richmond,
Virginia, for Appellants. William Jonas Hibsher, BRYAN CAVE LEIGHTON PAISNER
LLP, New York, New York, for Appellee. Jennifer Anne Nelson, REPORTERS
COMMITTEE FOR FREEDOM OF THE PRESS, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae.
ON BRIEF: William D. Prince IV, THOMPSONMCMULLAN, P.C., Richmond,
Virginia, for Appellants. Heather S. Goldman, Bryan J. Harrison, BRYAN CAVE
LEIGHTON PAISNER LLP, Washington, D.C.; Conrad M. Shumadine, WILLCOX &
SAVAGE, P.C., Norfolk, Virginia, for Appellee. Bruce D. Brown, Katie Townsend,
Caitlin Vogus, William Powell, REPORTERS COMMITTEE FOR FREEDOM OF THE
PRESS, Washington, D.C., for Amici Curiae The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the
Press and 28 Media Organizations.

                                          3
DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ, Circuit Judge:

       Courthouse News brought this action after its reporters could not obtain prompt

access to newly filed civil complaints from two Virginia courts. After a four-day bench

trial, the district court found that the Clerks of those courts had not made the complaints

timely available to the press and public, violating the First Amendment right of access to

such documents. Accordingly, the district court granted a declaratory judgment so holding,

which the Clerks now appeal. We affirm.

                                              I.

       Courthouse News is a news service that reports on civil litigation in state and federal

courts throughout the country. It assigns reporters to cover federal and state courthouses.

One of its publications — the New Litigation Report — provides summaries of

newsworthy civil complaints filed each day. To compile the summaries, reporters typically

visit their assigned courthouses near the end of each business day to review and report on

the complaints filed that day.

       Among the courts covered by Courthouse News are the Circuit Courts of the City

of Norfolk and County of Prince William, Virginia. The Clerks of those courts —

George E. Schaefer and Jacqueline C. Smith, respectively — act as the custodians of all

records, including civil complaints, in their respective courts.

       In fall 2017, when reporters from Courthouse News began daily coverage of the

Norfolk and Prince William courts, they experienced delays accessing newly filed civil

complaints. The reporters started to track the delays, measuring the difference between the

                                              4
filing date of a complaint and the time at which it became available to them over a period

of several months (“the tracking period”). In July 2018, after several months of tracking,

Courthouse News filed this suit against the Clerks. It sought declaratory and injunctive

relief, alleging that between January and June of 2018, the Clerks unnecessarily delayed

access to newly filed civil complaints in violation of the First Amendment.

       After resolving preliminary motions, the district court conducted a bench trial. At

the trial’s conclusion, the court issued a detailed opinion granting a declaratory judgment

but denying injunctive relief. The court held that the First Amendment guarantees the press

and the public a contemporaneous right of access to newly filed civil complaints, which

requires courts to make complaints available as soon as practicable. The district court then

carefully applied this standard to the facts in this case and concluded that the Clerks had

not provided sufficiently prompt access to the requested documents.

       Upon review of the evidence and expert testimony offered at trial, the court made

detailed findings concerning the duration and frequency of delays throughout the tracking

period. The district court found that, at times, the portion of complaints made promptly

available was quite low. For example, in May 2018, the City of Norfolk court made only

19% of the complaints available on the day of filing, and 22% of the complaints were not

available until two or more court days after filing. Similarly, in July 2018, the Prince

William County court only made 42.4% of the complaints available on the day of filing

and 41.5% of the complaints were not available until two or more court days after filing.

       The district court also found that after Courthouse News filed suit, both Clerks

significantly improved access to documents in their courts without hiring any new

                                             5
employees or changing employee or court hours. By the end of November 2018, the

Norfolk City court made 92.3% of newly filed civil complaints available on the day of

filing and 100% of complaints available within one court day of filing. Similarly, for the

last three months of the tracking period, the Prince William County court made at least

88.1% of the complaints available on the day of filing and approximately 96.5% of

complaints were available within one day of filing.

       In light of these facts, the district court held that in order to satisfy the First

Amendment’s access requirement, the Clerks must make newly filed civil complaints

available on the same day of filing when practicable, and where not practicable by the end

of the next court day. The court went on to explain that minor deviations from this standard

or deviations due to extraordinary circumstances would not amount to constitutional

violations. Given that both Clerks had fallen far short of this standard without any

justification for the delays, the court concluded that they had denied Courthouse News’s

First Amendment right of access.

       The Clerks timely noted this appeal.

                                              II.

       The Clerks raise several procedural arguments, some of which challenge our

jurisdiction. We address these issues before turning to the merits. See Steel Co. v. Citizens

for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94–95 (1998).

                                              6
                                             A.

       First, the Clerks argue that this case is moot because they have minimized

document-access delays since Courthouse News initiated this suit.

       A case becomes moot when “the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties

lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome.” Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S. 478, 481

(1982) (per curiam) (quoting U.S. Parole Comm’n v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388, 396 (1980)).

But “a defendant cannot automatically moot a case simply by ending its unlawful conduct

once sued.” Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc., 568 U.S. 85, 91 (2013). We refer to this nuance

in the rules of mootness as the voluntary cessation doctrine. Id. Without it, “a defendant

could engage in unlawful conduct, stop when sued to have the case declared moot, then

pick up where he left off, repeating this cycle until he achieves all his unlawful ends.” Id.

A defendant asserting mootness thus “bears the formidable burden of showing that it is

absolutely clear the allegedly wrongful behavior could not reasonably be expected to

recur.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envt’l Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 190

(2000).

       The Clerks do not attempt to meet this high burden. Instead, they argue that

voluntary cessation requires evidence of a formal change in policy or practice — evidence

that is absent from the record here. They are wrong. Whenever “a defendant retains the

authority and capacity to repeat an alleged harm, a plaintiff’s claims should not be

dismissed as moot.” Wall v. Wade, 741 F.3d 492, 497 (4th Cir. 2014). While the Clerks’

improvements in rates of access are commendable, absent the relief Courthouse News

sought, “nothing bars [them] from reverting” to the allegedly unconstitutional rates of

                                             7
access in the future. Porter v. Clarke, 852 F.3d 358, 365 (4th Cir. 2017). The case is thus

not moot. 1

                                             B.

       The Clerks also argue that the district court erred in refusing to abstain. We review

a court’s refusal to abstain under a deferential abuse of discretion standard. Town of Nags

Head v. Toloczko, 728 F.3d 391, 395 (4th Cir. 2013).

       Ordinarily, “federal courts have a strict duty to exercise the jurisdiction that is

conferred upon them by Congress.” Quackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co., 517 U.S. 706, 716

(1996). But the Supreme Court has recognized some “carefully defined” situations in

which courts may abstain. New Orleans Public Serv., Inc. v. Council of New Orleans, 491

U.S. 350, 359 (1989). To ensure that abstention remains “the exception, not the rule,”

Hawaii Housing Auth. v. Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229, 236 (1984), federal courts may abstain

only if a case falls into one of these “specific doctrines,” Martin v. Stewart, 499 F.3d 360,

364 (4th Cir. 2007).

       1
          The Clerks also contend that the district court lacked jurisdiction to award
declaratory relief due to a lack of immediacy. That argument also fails. A court may
exercise jurisdiction over a suit for declaratory judgment when “(1) the complaint alleges
an ‘actual controversy’ between the parties of ‘sufficient immediacy and reality to warrant
issuance of a declaratory judgment;’ (2) the court possesses an independent basis for
jurisdiction over the parties (e.g., federal question or diversity jurisdiction); and (3) the
court does not abuse its discretion in its exercise of jurisdiction.” Volvo Const. Equipment
NA, Inc. v. CLM Equipment Co., 386 F.3d 581, 592 (4th Cir. 2004) (quoting 28 U.S.C.
§ 2201). All these conditions have been met here.
                                             8
       The Clerks rely on Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971), O’Shea v. Littleton, 414

U.S. 488 (1974), and Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 (1976), to maintain that the district

court erred in refusing to abstain. But none of these cases justifies abstention here.

       Younger and its progeny limit injunctive relief that would interrupt “an ongoing

state judicial proceeding.” Nivens v. Gilchrist, 319 F.3d 151, 153 (4th Cir. 2003). The

Supreme Court has been explicit that Younger abstention is impermissible “[a]bsent any

pending proceeding in state tribunals.” Ankenbrandt v. Richards, 504 U.S. 689, 705 (1992)

(emphasis omitted). Here, the Clerks have not pointed to any ongoing state proceeding

with which this case would interfere and we know of none. The Clerks’ reliance on

Younger abstention is therefore misplaced.

       Rizzo and O’Shea similarly provide no basis for abstention here. Unlike the instant

dispute, those cases concern a federal court’s ability to issue specific injunctive relief — in

each case, the Supreme Court held that the injunctive relief at issue was inappropriate. Id.

at 377; O’Shea, 414 U.S. at 499. We need not determine whether Rizzo and O’Shea would

limit injunctive relief here, however, because the district court denied injunctive relief and

Courthouse News has not cross-appealed that denial. Moreover, we note that a holding

that the injunction Courthouse News sought was beyond the district court’s power would

not undermine that court’s ability to grant the request for declaratory judgment. See Steffel

v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 462 (1974) (“When no state proceeding is pending . . . the

propriety of granting federal declaratory relief may properly be considered independently

                                              9
of a request for injunctive relief.”). Rizzo and O’Shea therefore do not support the Clerks’

argument that the district court erred in refusing to dismiss this case. 2

       In sum, given the lack of any pending state proceeding or the district court’s grant

of any injunctive relief, Younger, Rizzo, and O’Shea offer the Clerks no assistance. The

district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the Clerks’ motion to abstain.

                                                     C.

       The Clerks also assert that the district court erred in denying their motion to dismiss

for misjoinder. We again review for abuse of discretion. See Hinson v. Nw. Fin. S.C., Inc.,

239 F.3d 611, 618 (4th Cir. 2001).

       The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permit multiple defendants to be joined in one

action if “any right to relief is asserted against them . . . with respect to or arising out of the

same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences” and “any question

of law or fact common to all defendants will arise in the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2).

The Clerks acknowledge that the claims in this case involve common questions of law and

fact. They contend, however, that those claims do not arise out of the same transactions or

occurrences.

       2
          Nor does Courthouse News Serv. v. Brown, 908 F.3d 1063 (7th Cir. 2018), on
which the Clerks heavily rely, help them here. There, the Seventh Circuit did reverse the
district court — but the district court had granted a preliminary injunction. Moreover, in
reversing that grant of injunctive relief, the Seventh Circuit recognized that none of the
“principal categories of abstention” constituted “a perfect fit.” Id. at 1071. Instead, it based
its “decision on the more general principles of federalism.” Id. Such an approach is
inconsistent with our precedent and Supreme Court guidance. See Martin, 499 F.3d at 364
(“[T]he Supreme Court has never allowed abstention to be a license for freeform ad hoc
judicial balancing of the totality of state and federal interests in a case.”).
                                                10
       But “[a]bsolute identity of all events is unnecessary” for joinder. Mosley v. Gen.

Motors Corp., 497 F.2d 1330, 1333 (8th Cir. 1974). Instead, Rule 20 permits joinder of

“all reasonably related claims for relief by or against different parties.” Id. (quoting

Mosley, 497 F.2d at 1333). For this reason, two claims arise from the same transaction —

and therefore can be joined in the same action — when there is a “logical relationship”

between them. See, e.g., In re EMC Corp., 677 F.3d 1351, 1357–58 (Fed. Cir. 2012); In

re Prempro Prods. Liability Litigation, 591 F.3d 613, 622–23 (8th Cir. 2010). Courthouse

News alleged identical claims against similarly situated defendants. The claims arose out

of Courthouse News’s coverage of Virginia courts, and the complaint alleged that delays

in access occurred for similar reasons. The joinder standard is met here, and the district

court did not abuse its discretion in holding joinder appropriate. 3

                                              III.

       We turn to the merits. Courthouse News asserts that it has a First Amendment right

to access newly filed civil complaints. 4 The Clerks acknowledge that the First Amendment

       3
         Because joinder was permissible here, the Clerks’ venue challenge also fails. A
federal statute and the district court’s local rules establish that venue is appropriate in cases
with multiple defendants in a division where at least one defendant resides if all defendants
reside in the same state. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1); E.D. Va. Loc. R. Civ. P. 3(C). These
conditions are met here.
       4
         We recognize that the Supreme Court has also identified a right of public access
rooted in the common law. Nixon v. Warner Comms., Inc., 435 U.S. 589, 597 (1978). But
“[t]he common law does not afford as much substantive protection to the interests of the
press and the public as does the First Amendment.” Rushford v. New Yorker Magazine,
Inc., 846 F.2d 249, 253 (4th Cir. 1988). Courthouse News does not rely on the common-
law right of access here, and so we confine our analysis to the existence of such a right
under the First Amendment.
                                               11
does provide such a right in some cases. They contend, however, that it does not assist

Courthouse News here.

       The First Amendment provides a right of access to a judicial proceeding or record:

(1) that “ha[s] historically been open to the press and general public;” and (2) where “public

access plays a significant positive role in the functioning of the particular process in

question.” Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1, 8–10 (1986). This test —

named for its respective prongs — is known as the “experience and logic” test. In re United

States for an Order Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 2603(D), 707 F.3d 283, 291 (4th Cir. 2013).

If both experience and logic indicate that a judicial record has in the past, and should in the

future, be afforded public access, a qualified First Amendment right of public access

attaches to it. Id.

       In this case, with respect to the experience prong, the district court found that

“[t]here is no dispute that, historically, courts have openly provided the press and general

public with access to civil complaints.” Courthouse News v. Schaefer, 440 F. Supp. 3d

532, 557 (E.D. Va. 2020). 5 At trial, Courthouse News provided evidence of a nationwide

tradition and practice of access to newly filed civil complaints. And at oral argument before

us, the Clerks acknowledged the existence of a tradition of openness. Indeed, the Clerks

       5
          The media’s rights of access are “co-extensive with and do not exceed those rights
of members of the public in general.” In re Greensboro News Co., 727 F.2d 1320, 1322
(4th Cir. 1984). While we recognize that “the press serves . . . to bring to bear the beneficial
effects of public scrutiny upon the administration of justice,” Cox Broad. Corp. v. Cohn,
420 U.S. 469, 492 (1975), our holding and analysis do not rest on any consideration
particular to Courthouse News’s status as a media organization.
                                              12
have repeatedly emphasized their own commitment to allowing public access to

complaints.

       But the Clerks contend that there is no tradition of public access to newly filed civil

complaints before a court takes some action in a case. This argument rests on the theory

that a First Amendment right of access to a judicial record only exists as a byproduct of the

right of access to a given judicial proceeding involving that record. For this reason, the

Clerks maintain that our cases using the “analytical approach” — under which a court asks

if a particular document is “a necessary corollary of the capacity to attend the relevant

proceedings” — apply here and compel this conclusion. Doe v. Pub. Citizen, 749 F.3d

246, 267 (4th Cir. 2014) (quoting Hartford Courant Co. v. Pellegrino, 380 F.3d 83, 93 (2d

Cir. 2004)).

       That argument misreads precedent — the analytical approach complements the

experience and logic test without supplanting it. Of course, a First Amendment right of

access exists as to some documents “submitted in conjunction with judicial proceedings

that themselves would trigger the right to access.” Id.; see also In re Wash. Post Co., 807

F.2d 383, 390 (4th Cir. 1986). But that does not mean that the First Amendment right of

access to a document never exists independent of and prior to a related judicial proceeding.

Rather, the experience and logic test can and sometimes does independently furnish the

basis for a First Amendment right of access to a judicial document or to judicial

proceedings. See, e.g., In re United States, 707 F.3d 283 (applying the experience and

logic test to § 2703(d) orders); Baltimore Sun Co v. Goetz, 886 F.2d 60 (4th Cir. 1989)

(same, to search warrant affidavits). And as in a similar case recently decided by the Ninth

                                             13
Circuit, nothing in the record before us demonstrates that the tradition of access to

complaints “conditions [that] access on judicial action.” Courthouse News Serv. v. Planet,

947 F.3d 581, 592 (9th Cir. 2020) (“Planet III”). 6 In sum, the experience prong supports

a First Amendment right of access to civil complaints, even before any judicial action in

the case.

       Moving to the logic prong, we have no trouble concluding that public access to

complaints logically plays a positive role in the functioning of the judicial process. The

Supreme Court has recognized that openness of the judicial process — especially through

the press’s reporting — “affords citizens a form of legal education and hopefully promotes

confidence in the fair administration of justice.” Richmond Newspapers, Inc. v. Virginia,

448 U.S. 555, 572 (1980) (plurality opinion) (quoting State v. Schmitt, 139 N.W.2d 800,

807 (1966)). And access allows the public to “participate in and serve as a check upon the

judicial process — an essential component in our structure of self-government.” Globe

Newspaper Co. v. Superior Ct. for Norfolk Cty., 457 U.S. 596, 606 (1982).

       It would be impossible for the public to perform this role adequately without access

to nonconfidential civil complaints. “A complaint, which initiates judicial proceedings, is

the cornerstone of every case, the very architecture of the lawsuit, and access to the

complaint is almost always necessary if the public is to understand a court’s decision.”

       6
        Accordingly, the case at hand differs markedly from ACLU v. Holder, 652 F. Supp.
2d 654 (E.D. Va. 2009), on which the Clerks rely. There, the district court held that there
is no First Amendment right of access to sealed, qui tam False Claims Act complaints,
because such documents are filed pursuant to a specific statutory scheme that mandates
“secrecy” and had, for twenty-three years, never been challenged on First Amendment
grounds. Id. at 662–63.
                                            14
Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Abbvie Prods. LLC, 713 F.3d 54, 62 (11th Cir. 2013). Complaints

are thus much like the docket sheets in Doe, to which we held the public has a First

Amendment right of access. Doe, 749 F.3d at 268–69. Because they allow the public to

understand the parties involved in a case, the facts alleged, the issues for trial, and the relief

sought, access to complaints, like access to docket sheets, is crucial to “not only the public’s

interest in monitoring the functioning of the courts but also the integrity of the judiciary.”

Doe, 749 F.3d at 266; see also Planet III, 947 F.3d at 592 (noting that “[p]ublic access to

civil complaints . . . buttresses the institutional integrity of the judiciary.”).

       The Clerks do not argue to the contrary. Instead, they again quarrel with when

access is required. They contend that the logic prong does not require contemporaneous

access to newly filed civil complaints.

       This argument ignores the immediate consequences precipitated by filing a

complaint, consequences that the public must promptly understand if it is to help “improve

the quality of [the judicial] system by subjecting it to the cleansing effects of exposure and

public accountability.”     Nebraska Press Ass’n v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539, 587 (1976)

(Brennan, J., concurring). For example, a complaint instantaneously invokes a court’s

jurisdiction, Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 395 (1990), and jurisdictional

questions often implicate “the public’s confidence” in judicial power, Arizona Christian

Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn, 563 U.S. 125, 133 (2011). Moreover, a complaint carries

significant implications for “the parties’ substantive legal rights and duties,” by, among

other things, triggering an obligation to preserve evidence and, in some cases, triggering a

statute of limitations. Bernstein v. Bernstein Litowitz Berger & Grossmann LLP, 814 F.3d

                                                15
132, 140 (2d Cir. 2016). This is especially true given that some complaints are withdrawn

or cause the parties to settle before any judicial action is taken. Accord Planet III, 947 F.3d

at 592.     The press and public thus have an important interest in reasonably

contemporaneous access to civil complaints.

       In sum, both the experience and logic prongs are satisfied here. Accordingly, the

press and public enjoy a First Amendment right of access to newly filed civil complaints.

                                             IV.

       Finally, we consider the district court’s determination that the Clerks violated

Courthouse News’s right of access to newly filed civil complaints.

       Ordinarily, we apply strict scrutiny to examine an asserted infringement of a First

Amendment right of access. Doe, 749 F.3d at 266; see Globe Newspaper Co., 457 U.S. at

606. But the Supreme Court has instructed that “limitations on the right of access that

resemble ‘time, place, and manner’ restrictions on protected speech [will] not be subjected

to such strict scrutiny.” Globe Newspaper Co., 547 U.S. at 607 n.17. The Clerks’ practices

do indeed resemble time, place, and manner restrictions, so we apply more relaxed scrutiny.

See Planet III, 947 F.3d at 595. In the context of this case, this requires that delays in

access be “content-neutral, narrowly tailored and necessary to preserve the court’s

important interest in the fair and orderly administration of justice.” Id. at 585.

       The district court faithfully applied these principles. The court noted that “the

public and press generally have a contemporaneous right of access to court documents and

proceedings when the right applies.” Doe, 749 F.3d at 272 (emphasis added). It held that

                                              16
“‘contemporaneous’ in this context means ‘the same day on which the complaint is filed,

insofar as is practicable;’ and when not practicable, on the next court date” — excepting

inconsequential deviations and extraordinary circumstances which may, without violating

the constitution, delay access. Schaefer, 440 F. Supp. 3d at 562. This flexible standard

does not require perfect or instantaneous access. Rather, it provides courts with some

leeway where same-day access would be impracticable, and fully exempts inconsequential

delays and those caused by extraordinary circumstances.

       This flexibility accords with precedent in recognizing that the Constitution does not

require the impossible. In Doe, we defined “contemporaneous” in this context to require

that the court act “as expeditiously as possible.” Doe, 749 F.3d at 273. And in Richmond

Newspapers, the Supreme Court explained that, though the public has a right of access to

criminal proceedings, “since courtrooms have limited capacity, there may be occasions

when not every person who wishes to attend can be accommodated.” 448 U.S. at 581 n.18.

       Evidence produced at trial — including expert testimony — supports the district

court’s findings as to the necessity and propriety of this flexible standard. The court found

that, by the end of the tracking period, the evidence demonstrated that the Clerks provided

access to substantially all (almost 90%) of complaints on the day of filing without changing

any policies, hiring any new employees, or increasing employees’ hours. From this

evidence, the district court concluded that it was both possible and practicable to provide

same-day access to most newly filed civil complaints. The court noted that the evidence

established a significant increase in same-day access by the end of the tracking period —

more than doubling same-day access in Prince William County and tripling it in Norfolk

                                             17
City. The percent of complaints available within one court day after filing similarly

improved. The district court reasonably concluded that this was a substantial improvement

over previous months, in which many complaints were not accessible within one court day

of filing.

       And the district court found that, although the Clerks put forth a variety of possible

explanations as to why their delays prior to the filing of this action might have been

necessary or unavoidable, they failed to offer facts establishing that any of these

explanations did actually cause delays. 7 To be sure, if the Clerks had conclusively

demonstrated that delays during this period were substantially more frequent due to some

unpreventable circumstance — inclement weather or a security threat, for example — the

result might well be different. But the Clerks offered no evidence that such emergencies

caused the delays, and “argument unsupported by the evidence will not suffice to carry the

government’s burden.” Reynolds v. Middleton, 779 F.3d 222, 229 (4th Cir. 2015).

       7
          The Clerks also reiterate a host of arguments relating to the admissibility and
sufficiency of evidence underlying the district court’s findings. However, the district court
was under no obligation to accept the testimony of the Clerks’ experts over those of
Courthouse News and we are loath to second guess the court’s determinations. Hendricks
v. Central Reserve Life Ins. Co., 39 F.3d 507, 513 (4th Cir. 1994) (observing that credibility
determinations are “best committed to the district court”). Here, the district court engaged
in careful factfinding, explicitly discussing and rejecting the Clerks’ challenges to the
expert testimony when making its credibility determinations. Thus, we find no basis to
deviate from our usual deference to district courts’ evidentiary rulings. Further, the court
did not abuse its discretion in holding that the tracking information was admissible,
especially given the testimony that such records were kept in the ordinary course of
business. See Schultz v. Capital Int’l Sec., Inc., 466 F.3d 298, 310 (4th Cir. 2006). Finally,
the district court conducted its own review of the raw data submitted in a joint exhibit in
order to reach its conclusions — which provides an additional basis to uphold its findings.
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                                              V.

       The press and public enjoy a First Amendment right of access to newly filed civil

complaints. This right requires courts to make newly filed civil complaints available as

expeditiously as possible. After considering all of the evidence offered at trial, the district

court found that the facts of this case demonstrate that the Clerks did not do so, and so

violated the First Amendment. Accordingly, the district court’s grant of a careful, nuanced

declaratory judgment so holding is

                                                                                 AFFIRMED.

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