Court Opinion

ID: 6348705
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-10 13:09:32.589419+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:42:45.401980
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Coldly v. Fuyao Glass America, Inc., 2022-Ohio-1960.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 WILLIE COLDLY                                          :
                                                        :
         Plaintiff-Appellant                            :    Appellate Case No. 29309
                                                        :
 v.                                                     :    Trial Court Case No. 2020-CV-3445
                                                        :
 FUYAO GLASS AMERICA, INC.                              :    (Civil Appeal from
                                                        :    Common Pleas Court)
         Defendant-Appellee                             :
                                                        :

                                                ...........

                                                OPINION

                               Rendered on the 10th day of June, 2022.

                                                ...........

MATTHEW G. BRUCE, Atty. Reg. No. 0083769, 11260 Chester Road, Suite 825,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant

MARC L. FLEISCHAUER, Atty. Reg. No. 0064580, 33 West First Street, Suite 200,
Dayton, Ohio 45402
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellee

                                              .............
                                                                                           -2-

WELBAUM, J.

       {¶ 1} Plaintiff-Appellant, Willie Coldly, appeals from a decision granting summary

judgment to Defendant-Appellee, Fuyao Glass America, Inc. (“Fuyao”). According to

Coldly, the trial court erred in rejecting his claim that Fuyao had wrongfully terminated him

in violation of public policy. Coldly contends that genuine issues of material fact exist

concerning this claim.

       {¶ 2} We conclude that the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment to

Fuyao. Coldly, an at-will employee, failed to satisfy the “jeopardy” element that must be

met to maintain this type of action. Specifically, while Coldly claimed that Fuyao had

failed to provide a safe workplace as required by R.C. 4101.11 and R.C. 4101.12, he did

not make clear to Fuyao that he was invoking a governmental policy as the basis for his

complaint about another employee, rather than his own self-interest.             The record

indicates that Coldly gave Fuyao no indication that his complaint concerned the public at

large rather than himself. Because this failure was fatal to Coldly’s claim, we need not

address issues concerning the other elements needed to establish wrongful termination

in violation of public policy. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.

                              I. Facts and Course of Proceedings

       {¶ 3} On September 4, 2020, Coldly filed a complaint against Fuyao, seeking

damages and an injunction based on his termination from employment with Fuyao on

November 19, 2019. The complaint contained three claims: (1) wrongful termination in
                                                                                             -3-

violation of public policy; (2) retaliation in violation of R.C. 4112.02(I); and (3) intentional

infliction of emotional distress. On October 1, 2019, Fuyao filed an answer denying

liability and asserting various affirmative defenses.

       {¶ 4} On April 19, 2021, Fuyao filed a motion for summary judgment. The motion

was supported by Coldly’s deposition and the affidavit of Reggie Jackson, who was

employed by Fuyao as an Employee Relations Specialist. In the motion, Fuyao argued

that Coldly could not satisfy any of the elements for establishing termination in violation

of public policy.     Fuyao further asserted that Coldly had failed to specify any

discriminatory practice protected by R.C. 4112.02 (race, religion, sex, national origin, etc.)

or that the reasons for his discharge were pretextual. Instead, Fuyao contended it had

legitimate reasons for discharging Coldly, i.e., Coldly’s aggressive conduct during a fight,

in violation of Fuyao’s policy prohibiting fighting in the workplace. Finally, Fuyao claimed

that Coldly could not provide facts necessary to support a claim for intentional infliction of

emotional distress.

       {¶ 5} On May 13, 2021, Coldly dismissed his claims for retaliation and intentional

infliction of emotional distress without prejudice, pursuant to Civ.R. 41(A)(1)(a). This left

only the claim for wrongful termination in violation of public policy. Coldly then filed a

memorandum on May 14, 2021, opposing the summary judgment motion. As support

for his memorandum, Coldly attached an ex parte civil protective order and personnel

records relating to an individual named Davion Owensby (the person with whom Coldly

had had an altercation at work). On May 25, 2021, Fuyao filed a reply brief in support of

its summary judgment motion.
                                                                                       -4-

      {¶ 6} On June 21, 2021, the parties filed an agreed motion to extend the pretrial

deadlines and trial date, and the court granted the motion.      After holding a pretrial

conference, the court issued a final pretrial order in August 2021 setting new deadlines,

including a new trial date of June 13, 2022. However, on October 27, 2021, the court

filed an entry and order sustaining Fuyao’s summary judgment motion. Coldly then

timely appealed from the court’s decision.

                                        II. Discussion

      {¶ 7} Coldly’s sole assignment of error states that:

             The Trial Court Erred When It Granted Summary Judgment to

      Defendant on Plaintiff’s Claim of Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public

      Policy (Count 1).

      {¶ 8} Under this assignment of error, Coldly contends that the trial court failed to

construe the facts in the proper light and that genuine issues of material fact precluded

summary judgment. In particular, Coldly argues that he established the prima facie

elements of a public policy claim. According to Coldly’s complaint, the public policy

allegedly violated by Fuyao was that reflected in R.C. 4101.11 and R.C. 4101.12, which

relates to an employer’s duty to furnish a “safe” place of employment.

      {¶ 9} Under established law, we review summary judgments de novo, “which

means that we apply the same standards as the trial court.” GNFH, Inc. v. W. Am. Ins.

Co., 172 Ohio App.3d 127, 2007-Ohio-2722, 873 N.E.2d 345, ¶ 16 (2d Dist.). In de novo

review, we independently review trial court decisions and accord them no deference.
                                                                                           -5-

Northeast Ohio Apt. Assn. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 121 Ohio App.3d 188, 192,

699 N.E.2d 534 (8th Dist.1997).

       {¶ 10} “Summary judgment is appropriate if (1) no genuine issue of any material

fact remains, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) it

appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and

construing the evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, that conclusion is

adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made.” State ex

rel. Duncan v. Mentor City Council, 105 Ohio St.3d 372, 2005-Ohio-2163, 826 N.E.2d

832, ¶ 9, citing Temple v. Wean United, Inc., 50 Ohio St.2d 317, 327, 364 N.E.2d 267

(1977). “ ‘As to materiality, the substantive law will identify which facts are material.

Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law

will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.’ ” Turner v. Turner, 67 Ohio St.3d

337, 340, 617 N.E.2d 1123 (1993), quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,

248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).

       {¶ 11} Concerning the summary judgment involved here, Ohio follows the law of

employment at will, which generally precludes actions for damages against employers

based on employment termination. Dohme v. Eurand Am., Inc., 130 Ohio St.3d 168,

2011-Ohio-4609, 956 N.E.2d 825, ¶ 11, citing Collins v. Rizkana, 73 Ohio St.3d 65, 67,

652 N.E.2d 653 (1995), and Mers v. Dispatch Printing Co., 19 Ohio St.3d 100, 483 N.E.2d

150 (1985), paragraph one of the syllabus.      “However, if an employee is discharged or

disciplined in contravention of a clear public policy articulated in the Ohio or United States

Constitution, federal or state statutes, administrative rules and regulations, or common
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law, a cause of action for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy may exist as an

exception to the general rule.” Id., citing Painter v. Graley, 70 Ohio St.3d 377, 639

N.E.2d 51 (1994), paragraph three of the syllabus, and Greeley v. Miami Valley

Maintenance Contrs., Inc., 49 Ohio St.3d 228, 551 N.E.2d 981 (1990), paragraph one of

the syllabus.

       {¶ 12} “To succeed on a claim for wrongful discharge in violation of public policy,

a plaintiff must establish four elements: (1) that a clear public policy existed and was

manifested either in a state or federal constitution, statute or administrative regulation or

in the common law (‘the clarity element’), (2) that dismissing employees under

circumstances like those involved in the plaintiff's dismissal would jeopardize the public

policy (‘the jeopardy element’), (3) that the plaintiff's dismissal was motivated by conduct

related to the public policy (‘the causation element’), and (4) that the employer lacked an

overriding legitimate business justification for the dismissal (‘the overriding-justification

element’).” Miracle v. Ohio Dept. of Veterans Servs., 157 Ohio St.3d 413, 2019-Ohio-

3308, 137 N.E.3d 1110, ¶ 12, citing Collins at 69-70.

       {¶ 13} “The clarity and jeopardy elements * * * are issues of law for the court's

determination; the causation and overriding-justification elements are questions for

determination by the fact-finder.” Dohme, 130 Ohio St.3d 168, 2011-Ohio-4609, 956

N.E.2d 825, at ¶ 17, citing Collins at 70. We will begin our discussion with the clarity

element.

                                            A. Clarity
                                                                                             -7-

       {¶ 14} In order “to satisfy the clarity element of a claim of wrongful discharge in

violation of public policy, a terminated employee must articulate a clear public policy by

citation of specific provisions in the federal or state constitution, federal or state statutes,

administrative rules and regulations, or common law. A general reference to workplace

safety is insufficient to meet the clarity requirement.” Dohme at ¶ 24.

       {¶ 15} In the complaint, Coldly cited R.C. 4101.11 and R.C. 4101.12 and also

referenced regulations and the common law. Complaint at ¶ 50. However, he did not

identify any specific regulations or common law principles either in the complaint or in

responding to summary judgment. See Plaintiff's May 14, 2021 Brief in Opposition to

Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment, p. 14-17. Instead, in his summary judgment

response, Coldly relied solely on the named statutes as reflecting Ohio’s “public policy

. . . that employees be provided with a safe work environment.” Id. at p. 17, fn. 7.

       {¶ 16} In granting summary judgment in Fuyao’s favor, the trial court noted that

Coldly had been discharged for fighting and concluded this was an appropriate decision

of the employer, not for a court or a jury. Entry and Order Sustaining Motion for Summary

Judgment (Oct. 27, 2021), p. 1. Additionally, the court found Fuyao’s citation of Quillen-

Smith v. U.S. Bank, N.A., S.D.Ohio No. 3:20-cv-364, 2021 WL 1192683, *3 (Mar.30,

2021) “persuasive” as it related to R.C. 4101.11 and R101.12. Id. at p. 2. This refers

to the holding in Quillen-Smith that “Ohio Revised Code §§ 4101.11 and 4101.12 fail to

satisfy the ‘clarity’ element of a wrongful discharge claim.” Quillen-Smith at *3, citing

Romero v. City of Middletown, 479 F. Supp.3d 660 (S.D.Ohio 2020). See Defendant’s

Apr. 19, 2021 Motion for Summary Judgment, p. 11 (which quotes Quillen).
                                                                                          -8-

       {¶ 17} According to the record, Coldly began employment at Fuyao in September

2019 as a sander, which involved scraping excess glass off windshields and using a spray

bottle to clean stains and spots on windshields. Deposition of Willie Coldly (“Coldly

Depo.”), p. 27. Coldly worked for two days during training with Devion Owensby as his

supervisor; at that time, the two men worked on first shift. After that, Owensby stayed

on first shift, and Coldly moved to third shift. Id. at p. 32-33. Around November 1, 2019,

Coldly moved to a mold operator position, but he remained on third shift. Id. at p. 35.

       {¶ 18} During his employment, Coldly gave a co-worker (Taylor) rides home from

work, and she paid him for the rides. Coldly and Taylor had met during employee

orientation. Id. at p. 134-135. During the training process, Owensby told Coldly that he

thought Taylor was “cute”; Owensby also appeared to be stalking Taylor on Facebook.

After Owensby saw a disrespectful remark that Taylor had made about a man she had

been with, Owensby reported to Coldly that Coldly’s “girl” was talking about him. Id. at

p. 135-136.

       {¶ 19} When Coldly asked Taylor about this, she got mad because there was no

relationship between them.     Taylor then yelled at Owensby quite harshly in front of

others. According to Coldly, Owensby then became angry with him because he was

embarrassed and also began calling Coldly names at work. Id. at p. 136-137. This was

just verbal, and Coldly did not report it to anyone at work. Id. at p. 137-138.

       {¶ 20} Subsequently, Coldly and his wife ran into Owensby at a gas station, at

which time which the two men had words. During this exchange, Coldly’s wife called him

back to the car because she had seen Owensby get a gun out of the trunk of his car.
                                                                                          -9-

After Coldly and his wife left the gas station, Owensby tried to run them off the road. At

that point, they were near Coldly’s house, so Coldly got out of the vehicle and told his wife

to keep going. When Coldly walked to the house, Owensby pulled up on Coldly’s wife,

showed her the gun, said he would kill them both, and drove off. Id. at p. 139-140.

       {¶ 21} Because of this incident, Coldly obtained an ex parte protective order from

Dayton Municipal Court on November 6, 2019. The order prevented Owensby from

being within 500 feet of Coldly. According to Coldly, Owensby violated the order every

day at work thereafter until November 11, 2019, when a fight occurred at Fuyao. Coldly

Depo. at p. 31-32, and 34; Ex. A attached to Plaintiff’s Brief in Opposition to Defendant’s

Motion for Summary Judgment. However, Owensby was not served with the protective

order until November 12, 2019, which was after the fight occurred. Id. at Ex. A, p. 2.

Therefore, Owensby had not been in violation of the order.

       {¶ 22} After obtaining the protective order, Coldly spoke to his boss, Sean McKay,

on November 6, 2019, and showed him the order. Id. at p. 37-38. McKay told Coldly

he should probably show the order to human resources (“HR”), and Coldly did so around

7:05 a.m. on November 7, 2019, after his shift had ended. Id. at p. 39. At that point,

Coldly told Reggie Jackson, an HR employee, about what had happened. Id. at p. 40

and 141-142.

       {¶ 23} Coldly told Jackson that “the crime that [Owensby] did was so severe to

where [Coldly] didn’t know if [he] was going to make it back to work that day or not

because on the streets, when you pull a gun on somebody, you either pull it to kill them

or they’re going to get you because for the simple fact you pulled a gun on them.” Id. at
                                                                                          -10-

p. 40.

         {¶ 24} Coldly further testified that:

                And I was explaining to Reggie that we can’t even see each other

         because once we see each other, that there’s a violation. And the situation

         was so severe that I don’t – I didn’t know what my temper was going to do

         if I seen [sic] [Owensby] or what he was going to do to me because I felt like

         he was going to hurt me and I didn’t know if they had – they didn’t have no

         metal detectors or nothing, you know.

Coldly Depo. at p. 40-41.

         {¶ 25} In response, Jackson insisted that Coldly and Owensby “be grown men and

try to work with each other” and that avoiding crossing paths was not possible. Id. at p.

41. Jackson suggested that Owensby walk one way when coming in (for first shift) and

that Coldly walk another way while leaving (third shift). Coldly said he had done that

already that day and would continue doing it. Id. at p. 42. During this conversation,

both Coldly and Owensby were in the HR department, but they were in separate rooms.

Id. at p. 43-44. Jackson said he was going to talk to Owensby and ask him to do the

same thing and stay away from Coldly. Id. at p. 44-45.

         {¶ 26} Coldly doubted that Jackson had told Owensby to take a different way into

his work area, because he continued to see Owensby. Id. at p. 46. When Coldly’s shift

on the morning of November 8, 2019 was ending, Coldly let his supervisor, McKay, know

this approach was not working. McKay then suggested that Coldly go to the restroom

five minutes early, before his shift ended. Id. at 47-48. Coldly followed that procedure
                                                                                        -11-

every day until November 11, 2019. Id. at p. 48.

       {¶ 27} On the morning of November 11, 2019, Coldly asked McKay to let him go

to the restroom five minutes early, and McKay refused. Coldly Depo. at p. 49. Instead,

McKay needed Coldly to go to the front of the department and take a sander’s position

because the people in the front were having a safety training meeting. This was about

ten minutes before Coldly’s shift ended, as the first shift was coming in. Id. at p. 50-51.

Because Coldly was in the front sanding, Owensby would be coming in where Coldly was

located. Id. at p. 52.

       {¶ 28} As Coldly was sanding, he saw Owensby. Id. There are factual disputes

about what happened next. According to Coldly, Owensby was making comments about

the fact that Coldly was “the police,” was scared, and was afraid to fight him, but he

(Coldly) blew it off.    Id. at p. 52-53. At that point, Owensby was talking to a lady,

Laquetta, who was between the two men. Owensby kept walking toward Coldly, and

Coldly got into a “defensive mode” and put his hands up. Id. at p. 53-54. Owensby

called Coldly a “5.0,” which means “police.” Owensby called Coldly more names and

stated that he was “scared to fight.” Id. at p. 54.    After Owensby called him names,

Coldly called Owensby a “b**ch” and a “motherf***er.” Id. at p. 86.

       {¶ 29} At that point, Owensby went around Laquetta and approached Coldly, but

he did not have his fists up. In his deposition, Coldly agreed that “everyone thought” he

(Coldly) was “the aggressor” and was “inciting a fight.” Coldly Depo. at p. 56.

       {¶ 30} According to Coldly, Owensby also told him that he was going to get Coldly

outside, “like away from the job. Like wait until I catch you.” Id. at p. 84. In response,
                                                                                          -12-

Coldly told Owensby, “it’s whatever and we can go to the bathroom,” meaning they could

go fight in the bathroom, “and squash the whole situation.” Id. at p. 85. At that point, a

head inspector, Mrs. Ingraham, grabbed Coldly and moved him to a corner. She stated

that Fuyao would fire Coldly or both of them for that kind of thing; in response, Coldly said

he had not done anything. Id. at p. 58-59. According to Coldly, Owensby had been

close to him and he thought Owensby might spit on him or cut him with a razor. However,

he did not know if Owensby actually had a razor out. Coldly did not see a razor but was

worried that Owensby might have one. Owensby did not lay his hands on Coldly. Id. at

p. 61-62 and 83-84.

       {¶ 31} By this time, security had been called and had responded. Coldly told the

security officer that he had a protection order against Owensby and that HR had not

wanted a copy of the order. He also told the officer what had happened. Id. at p. 64.

In response, the officer said, “[O]h, we dropped the ball,” and took Coldly to the main

office to write a statement. Id. at p. 64-65. A person (Bob Andy, who may have been

in the hiring division) had Coldly write a statement, and Coldly gave him a copy of the

protection order.   Id. at p. 66-67.   After that, Coldly was escorted to the front gate

because his shift was over. Id. at p. 67.

       {¶ 32} The same day, Reggie Jackson from HR called Coldly and told him he was

suspended until further notice while Jackson investigated. Coldly Depo. at p. 68. On

November 18, 2019, Coldly called Jackson to ask about the status of his job and left a

message. Id. at p. 69. On November 19, 2019, Jackson called and told Coldly he was

fired. Id. at p. 71. When Coldly asked why, Jackson initially refused to tell him and then
                                                                                          -13-

said it was because he had decided, during the investigation, that Coldly had been the

aggressor. Id. at p. 71-72.

       {¶ 33} During the investigation, Jackson had obtained statements from several

witnesses, including Owensby, Laquetta Bass, and Myah Green.             Ex. 1 attached to

Fuyao Summary Judgment Motion, ¶ 4. According to Jackson, most witnesses indicated

that Coldly was the aggressor.      Id.   Jackson concluded that both parties had used

profanity and had acted inappropriately, but that Coldly had been the aggressor. Id. at

¶ 5. Jackson further concluded that “[e]ven if [Coldly] had not been the aggressor, Coldly

specifically admitted that he had challenged Owensby to follow him to the FGA restroom

to physically fight, rather than deescalate the situation.” Id.

       {¶ 34} As a result of the fight, Fuyao suspended Owensby without pay for three

days and dismissed Coldly on November 19, 2019. Id. at ¶ 6-7. At some later point,

Fuyao discharged Owensby for unrelated conduct. Id. at ¶ 6. Coldly obtained another

job on December 3, 2019, at Chewy Pets, operating a picking device. After about a

month, Coldly took a job with a prior employer for more money. Coldly Depo. at p. 75-

77.

       {¶ 35} In view of these facts, construed most strongly in Coldly’s favor, the issue

is whether genuine issues of material fact precluded summary judgment on Coldly’s claim

for wrongful discharge. As indicated, the “first task” in this regard is “to identify whether

a clear public policy exists in Ohio” that Fuyao’s conduct violated. Collins, 73 Ohio St.3d

at 70, 652 N.E.2d 653. The statutes on which Coldly relies are R.C. 4101.11 and R.C.

4101.12, which provide, respectively, as follows:
                                                                                      -14-

             Every employer shall furnish employment which is safe for the

      employees engaged therein, shall furnish a place of employment which

      shall be safe for the employees therein and for frequenters thereof, shall

      furnish and use safety devices and safeguards, shall adopt and use

      methods and processes, follow and obey orders, and prescribe hours of

      labor reasonably adequate to render such employment and places of

      employment safe, and shall do every other thing reasonably necessary to

      protect the life, health, safety, and welfare of such employees and

      frequenters.

             No employer shall require, permit, or suffer any employee to go or

      be in any employment or place of employment which is not safe, and no

      such employer shall fail to furnish, provide, and use safety devices and

      safeguards, or fail to obey and follow orders or to adopt and use methods

      and processes reasonably adequate to render such employment and place

      of employment safe.      No employer shall fail to do every other thing

      reasonably necessary to protect the life, health, safety, and welfare of such

      employees or frequenters.      No such employer or other person shall

      construct, occupy, or maintain any place of employment that is not safe.

      {¶ 36} The Supreme Court of Ohio has said that “Ohio public policy favoring

workplace safety is an independent basis upon which a cause of action for wrongful

discharge in violation of public policy may be prosecuted.” Pytlinski v. Brocar Prods.,

Inc., 94 Ohio St.3d 77, 760 N.E.2d 385 (2002), paragraph one of the syllabus.
                                                                                           -15-

Furthermore, R.C. 4101.11 and R.C. 4101.12 are among the statutes mentioned in

Pytlinski. Id. at 70, fn. 2.

        {¶ 37} In a later decision, however, the court stressed that “mere citation of the

syllabus in Pytlinski is insufficient to meet the burden of articulating a clear public policy

of workplace safety.” Dohme, 130 Ohio St.3d 168, 2011-Ohio-4609, 956 N.E.2d 825, at

¶ 21. Likewise, one court has said that simply citing the statutes in the footnote in

Pytlinski is insufficient, if a party fails “to establish that any of these statutes were

applicable to his claim or had any bearing on the facts at issue in the case.” Whitaker v.

First Energy Nuclear Operating Co., 6th Dist. Ottawa No. OT-12-021, 2013-Ohio-3856,

¶ 21.

        {¶ 38} The Tenth District Court of Appeals has disagreed with Whitaker’s

conclusion that R.C. 4101.11 and R.C. 4101.12 are “too ‘general and broad’ to support”

a claim for wrongful termination in violation of public policy. Blackburn v. Am. Dental

Ctrs., 2014-Ohio-5329, 22 N.E.3d 1149, ¶ 29 (10th Dist.), quoting Whitaker at ¶ 25. In

this context, the Sixth District had said in Whitaker that “[t]hese statutes require employers

to provide a safe workplace for their employees and are most frequently cited in premises

liability and employer intentional tort cases. The statutes are very general and broad.

Again, Dohme requires citation to specific, clear law.” Whitaker at ¶ 25.

        {¶ 39} In Blackburn, the plaintiffs claimed that they had reported issues arising

from a dentist’s conduct in their office, “generally alleging that he physically accosted or

harassed appellants, threatened them, and had other violent confrontations in the

workplace, including an instance in which another dentist in the same office brought a
                                                                                          -16-

machete to work to confront Dr. Allen. Both appellants asserted that, when they brought

these problems to the attention of their superiors, they were told to ignore the situation or

face termination.” Blackburn at ¶ 20. The Tenth District Court of Appeals concluded

that R.C. 4101.11 and R.C. 4101.12 together establish “that there exists a clear public

policy that is manifested in a state or federal constitution, statute, or administrative

regulation in Ohio favoring workplace safety for employees and frequenters.” Id. at ¶ 27.

The court therefore found that the clarity element was met and specifically disagreed with

Whitaker’s finding that the statutes were too “ ‘general and broad’ to support such a claim.”

Id. at ¶ 28-29. See also McMahan v. Coca-Cola Ents., Inc., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-

030613, 2004 WL 2713999, *3 (Sept. 8, 2004) (concluding, without any discussion, that

the “clarity element was satisfied” because “Ohio undoubtedly has a public policy

embodied as R.C. 4101.11 and 4101.12 that requires employers to provide a safe

workplace”).

       {¶ 40} At present, the conflict in Ohio cases has not been reconciled, nor has a

conflict apparently been certified to the Supreme Court of Ohio.          In a more recent

decision, the Sixth District continued to adhere to the position it took in Whitaker. See

Creveling v. Lakepark Industries, Inc., 2021-Ohio-764, 169 N.E.3d 21, ¶ 53 (6th Dist.).

Recently, in Jones v. Nat. Essentials, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2021-P-0066, 2022-Ohio-

1010, the court noted a split in authorities “on whether these statutory provisions [R.C.

4101.11 and 4101.12] satisfy the clarity element of a public policy claim based on

workplace safety.” Id. at ¶ 67. The docket of the Supreme Court of Ohio does not reveal

that any appeal has been taken from the Jones decision.
                                                                                         -17-

         {¶ 41} A judge from our court has also recently remarked that “judicial

interpretation of the Greely clarity element is not entirely clear at all.” Trimbach v. Bath

Twp., 2021-Ohio-2058, 175 N.E.3d 605, ¶ 21 (2d Dist.) (Tucker, J., concurring, and

setting forth a suggested analysis).

         {¶ 42} Lower federal courts in the Sixth Circuit are also split concerning whether

the policies in R.C. 4101.11 and R.C. 4101.12 are specific enough to support claims for

wrongful discharge in violation of public policy. Compare Romero, 479 F.Supp.3d 660,

675 (no); Quillen-Smith, S.D.Ohio No. 3:20-cv-364, 2021 WL 1192683, at *3 (no); Jenkins

v. Cent. Transport, Inc., N.D.Ohio No. 09-cv-525, 2010 WL 420027, *3 (Jan. 29, 2010)

(yes); and Tarver v. Delta Tranz, LLC, N.D.Ohio No. 1:17-cv-01963, 2018 WL 1638644,

*2 (Apr. 15, 2018) (yes). In reviewing the case law and origins of the statutes involved

here, they are quite broad and appear to have been directed to the concept of premises

liability.

         {¶ 43} Specifically, “R.C. 4101.13 and its companion provisions, R.C. 4101.111

and 4101.12, * * * are commonly referred to as the ‘frequenter’ statutes. Originally

enacted to benefit employees, these statutes are ‘no more than a codification of the

common-law duty owed by the owner or occupier of premises to business invitees to keep

his premises in a reasonably safe condition and to give warnings of latent or concealed

perils of which he has, or should have, knowledge.’ ”          Kucharski v. Natl. Eng. &

Contracting Co., 69 Ohio St.3d 430, 432-433, 633 N.E.2d 515 (1994), quoting Westwood

v. Thrifty Boy Super Markets, Inc., 29 Ohio St.2d 84, 86, 278 N.E.2d 673 (1972). The

court went on to note in Kucharski that “[t]he subsequent passage of the Ohio Workers'
                                                                                      -18-

Compensation Act, which protected covered employers from damage suits brought by

employees injured on the job, rendered these statutes largely obsolete. They continue

to be used, however, by injured employees of subcontractors who seek damages, in

addition to workers' compensation benefits, from the property owners, or contractors in

privity with their employers, who fail to keep the property safe from hazards for

‘frequenters.’ ” Id. at 433, citing Ford Motor Co. v. Tomlinson, 229 F.2d 873, 879 (6th

Cir.1956).

       {¶ 44} The fact that the statues were rendered “largely obsolete” does not mean

they cannot be used. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court of Ohio was not very specific in

either Pytlinski, 94 Ohio St.3d 77, 760 N.E.2d 385, or Dohme, 130 Ohio St.3d 168, 2011-

Ohio-4609, 956 N.E.2d 825, about how the clarity element should be applied.

       {¶ 45} However, we need not decide the conflict, nor do we need to resolve what

the Supreme Court meant. Assuming without deciding that the “clarity” element was

satisfied, Coldly failed to meet what is needed for the “jeopardy” element. That is fatal

to his claim.

                                    B. Jeopardy Element

       {¶ 46} As noted, the jeopardy element considers whether “ ‘dismissing employees

under circumstances like those involved in the plaintiff's dismissal would jeopardize the

public policy.’ ” Miracle, 157 Ohio St.3d 413, 2019-Ohio-3308, 137 N.E.3d 1110, at ¶ 12,

citing Collins, 73 Ohio St.3d at 69-70, 652 N.E.2d 653. Concerning “jeopardy,” the Sixth

Circuit Court of Appeals held some time ago that:
                                                                                           -19-

      [T]he employee must at least have made clear to his employer that he is

      invoking a governmental policy as the basis for his complaint, not just his

      own self-interest. Otherwise, the employer is not effectively put on notice

      that the employee is acting not only for himself, but also for the public at

      large. The “jeopardy” element does not state simply that the policy has

      been violated, but that the policy itself is at risk if dismissals like the one in

      question are allowed to continue.          The Ohio Supreme Court views

      employee complaints and whistleblowing as critical to the enforcement of

      the State's public policy, and the Court therefore intended to make

      employees de facto “enforcers” of those policies. Toward this end, the

      Court granted them special protection from Ohio's generally applicable at-

      will employment status when the employees act in this public capacity. In

      exchange for granting employees this protection, employers must receive

      notice that they are no longer dealing solely with an at-will employee, but

      with someone who is vindicating a governmental policy.                Employers

      receive clear notice of this fact when actual government regulators arrive to

      audit or inspect.     They should receive some similar notice when an

      employee functions in a comparable role. Even though an employee need

      not cite any specific statute or law, his statements must indicate to a

      reasonable employer that he is invoking governmental policy in support of,

      or as the basis for, his complaints.

(Emphasis added.) Jermer v. Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc., 395 F.3d 655, 659
                                                                                        -20-

(6th Cir.2005). Accord Allman v. Walmart, Inc., 967 F.3d 566, 574 (6th Cir.2020).

       {¶ 47} While the Supreme Court of Ohio has not specifically commented on this

point, several Ohio appellate districts agree with Jermer. See Jones, 11th Dist. Portage

No. 2021-P-0066, 2022-Ohio-1010, at ¶ 68 (“ ‘a plaintiff who cites workplace safety as

the public policy satisfying the clarity element ... must have at least lodged complaints

about workplace safety in order to satisfy the jeopardy element of the claim.’ ”); Beckloff

v. Amcor Rigid Plastics USA, LLC, 2017-Ohio-4467, 93 N.E.3d 329, ¶ 42 (6th Dist.);

Zwiebel v. Plastipak Packaging, Inc., 3d Dist. Shelby No. 17-12-20, 2013-Ohio-3785,

¶ 32; and Gaskins v. Mentor Network-REM, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94092, 2010-Ohio-

4676, ¶ 17 (“employee's statements ‘must indicate to a reasonable employer that he is

invoking governmental policy in support of, or as the basis for, his complaints’ ”).

       {¶ 48} The only Ohio decision criticizing Jermer is a decision from our court that

was vacated by the Supreme Court of Ohio. See Dohme v. Eurand Am., Inc., 170 Ohio

App.3d 593, 2007-Ohio-865, 868 N.E.2d 701 (2d Dist.) (Dohme I), vacated for lack of final

appealable order, 121 Ohio St.3d 277, 2009-Ohio-506, 903 N.E.2d 1174. Later, after a

final order was entered, we stated that “we believe our decision in Dohme v. Eurand Am.,

Inc., 170 Ohio App.3d 593, 2007-Ohio-865, 868 N.E.2d 701, is correct, and we adopt that

decision here in its entirety.” Dohme v. Eurand Am., Inc., 189 Ohio App.3d 343, 2010-

Ohio-3905, 938 N.E.2d 417, ¶ 8 (2d Dist.) (Dohme II).

       {¶ 49} The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court of Ohio, and the court

reversed our decision. See Dohme, 130 Ohio St.3d 168, 2011-Ohio-4609, 956 N.E.2d

825. The basis for reversal was that the employee had “failed to meet his requisite
                                                                                          -21-

burden to articulate, by citation to its source, a specific public policy that [the employer]

violated when it discharged him.” Id. at ¶ 19. In reversing, the court criticized the fact

that we had sua sponte presumed to identify the source of the public policy when the

employee failed to do so. Id. at ¶ 23.

        {¶ 50} Since that time, no courts, including our own, have cited Dohme II. Courts

in the Sixth Circuit have also generally not considered the content in Dohme I. E.g.,

Trout v. FirstEnergy Generation Corp., 339 Fed.Appx. 560, 567 (6th Cir.2009) (finding the

decision had no precedential value since it was vacated); Allman v. Walmart Inc.,

S.D.Ohio No. 2:18-cv-369, 2019 WL 529572, *4, fn. 2 (Feb. 11, 2019), aff’d, 967 F.3d 566

(6th Cir.2020) (noting the “decision was vacated by the Ohio Supreme Court on other

grounds, and the Ohio Supreme Court expressly declined to consider the jeopardy

element” in its later decision in Dohme, 130 Ohio St.3d 168, 2011-Ohio-4609, 956 N.E.2d

825).

        {¶ 51} We have cited Dohme I twice since it was vacated, and neither case dealt

with jeopardy or notice. In one case, we stated that Dohme I had been “reversed” (rather

than vacated) and rejected an employee’s claim because the cited Ohio Building Codes

did not establish a “clear public policy.” McGlothen v. City of Fairborn, 2019-Ohio-141,

127 N.E.3d 527, ¶ 19-20 (2d Dist.).

        {¶ 52} In the second case, we quoted Dohme I only for the proposition that “ ‘to

prevail on his claim, [the employee] must carry his burden to prove the remaining

elements of a wrongful-discharge claim.’ ” Sutton v. Tomco Machining, Inc., 186 Ohio

App.3d 757, 2010-Ohio-830, 930 N.E.2d 815, ¶ 40 (2d Dist.), quoting Dohme I, 170 Ohio
                                                                                      -22-

App.3d 593, 2007-Ohio-865, 868 N.E.2d 701, at ¶ 38. Sutton was issued after the

Supreme Court of Ohio vacated Dohme I, and before we had filed our decision in Dohme

II, but we did not mention the fact that the decision had been vacated. In any event,

Sutton did not address the issue of whether the employee made a complaint or was acting

on his own behalf rather than the public at large. In fact, the employee there could not

have complained, because he was discharged from employment an hour after he had

reported an injury to his employer and before he filed a workers’ compensation claim. Id.

at ¶ 1.

          {¶ 53} As noted, the Supreme Court of Ohio reversed our judgment in Dohme II

because the employee failed to meet the burden of citing to a specific source and because

our court had improperly made “sua sponte articulation of a public policy favoring

workplace fire safety, which was supported by citation of various state and federal

statutes and regulations.” Dohme, 130 Ohio St.3d 168, 2011-Ohio-4609, 956 N.E.2d

825, at ¶ 22. Because this disposed of the case, the court declined to consider the two

additional issues for review, including whether the employee’s termination “jeopardized

public policy.” Id. at ¶ 26. Based on that fact, one could argue that we are bound by a

prior panel’s decision unless we overrule it after convening an en banc proceeding. E.g.,

McFadden v. Cleveland State Univ., 120 Ohio St.3d 54, 2008-Ohio-4914, 896 N.E.2d

672, ¶ 15-16. On the other hand, in contrast to our statement in Dohme I, the landscape

has changed. As noted, four Ohio appellate districts have subsequently agreed with

Jermer. These decisions did not exist when we issued Dohme I.

          {¶ 54} However, even if this were otherwise, Dohme I (and its adoption in Dohme
                                                                                           -23-

II) are both non-precedential and distinguishable. Dohme II did not discuss any facts or

law, so we will refer to the earlier decision in Dohme I.

       {¶ 55} In Dohme I, we noted that the plaintiff was injured when a fire-alarm

malfunctioned at his place of employment, and he reported fire-safety problems to the

local fire department. Dohme I, 170 Ohio App.3d 593, 2007-Ohio-865, 868 N.E.2d 701,

at ¶ 2.    After that occurred, the plaintiff was reassigned to duties that included

responsibilities relating to the fire system.     Id. at ¶ 3.   Subsequently, the company

informed its employees that “an insurance inspector would be visiting * * * to perform a

site survey and risk assessment.” Id. at ¶ 4. The plaintiff believed the “inspector was

there to rate how safe the facility was.”       Id.   However, the employer “instructed its

employees not to speak to the inspector, but identified certain employees in the e-mail

who had permission to speak to the inspector.” Id. The plaintiff “was not identified in

the e-mail as an individual with permission to speak to the inspector.” Id.

       {¶ 56} When the inspector arrived, the plaintiff was asked to greet him because

another employee was not available. At that point, the plaintiff gave the inspector a

computer printout showing overdue inspections. A recent overdue inspection was not

included, and the plaintiff told the inspector he might want to “check” about what

happened with that inspection. Id. at ¶ 5. The plaintiff testified that he was concerned

he would be blamed. Two days after this conversation, the plaintiff was fired. Id.

       {¶ 57} The trial court’s resolution of the case on summary judgment was based

solely on the “clarity” element and did not discuss the other public policy elements. This

dismissal was due to the plaintiff’s failure to articulate what public policy had been violated
                                                                                          -24-

when he was discharged. Id. at ¶ 11-13. We reversed the trial court on this ground,

finding “a clear public policy favoring workplace fire safety.” Id. at ¶ 24. In this context,

we cited federal and state statutes and Ohio regulations, which, as the Supreme Court

later stressed, the plaintiff had not raised. Dohme, 130 Ohio St.3d 168, 2011-Ohio-4609,

956 N.E.2d 825, at ¶ 23, referencing Dohme I.

       {¶ 58} At that point, we did not need to address any further issues, as the trial court

had not ruled on the remaining public policy elements. However, we went ahead and

discussed the employer’s contention that the jeopardy element was not satisfied. We

noted the employer had supported its argument with four cases, one of which was Jermer.

Dohme I, 170 Ohio App.3d 593, 2007-Ohio-865, 868 N.E.2d 701, at ¶ 29.                    The

discussion of jeopardy, including Jermer, can fairly be classified as dicta. Specifically, it

was unnecessary, since we had already decided to reverse the trial court on the only

point it had considered. “Dicta in one case has no binding effect in other cases.” Hicks

v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 2017-Ohio-7095, 95 N.E.3d 852, ¶ 52 (2d Dist.), citing

Cosgrove v. Williamsburg of Cincinnati Mgt. Co., 70 Ohio St.3d 281, 284, 638 N.E.2d 991

(1994). “ ‘Dicta includes statements made by a court in an opinion that are not necessary

for the resolution of the issues. * * * Dicta is not authoritative, and, by definition, cannot

be the binding law of the case.’ ” Id., quoting Gissiner v. Cincinnati, 1st Dist. Hamilton

No. C-070536, 2008-Ohio-3161, ¶ 15. Consequently, we do not consider Dohme I (or

its adoption in Dohme II) precedential.

       {¶ 59} Furthermore, as to these cases being distinguishable, we first found that

Jermer was not relevant because the employer in Jermer had already decided to fire the
                                                                                          -25-

employee due to his prior conduct in the work place. The firing decision occurred before

the employee contacted the employer’s hot-line to complain about the fact that the

employer had failed to address his air-quality concerns. Dohme I, 170 Ohio App.3d 593,

2007-Ohio-865, 868 N.E.2d 701, at ¶ 30, discussing Jermer, 395 F.3d at 658.                In

contrast, the plaintiff in Dohme I “was not fired for prior conduct, but rather was fired for

his conversation with the insurance inspector.” Id. We then said that:

               We disagree with Jermer's implication that an employee must make

       some formal announcement that his statements are being made for the

       purpose of protecting the public policy favoring workplace-safety.

       Employers are presumed to be sophisticated enough to comply with the

       workplace safety laws. When an employer directs employees to not speak

       to an insurance representative inspecting a premises, an implication arises

       that the employer wishes to cover up defects, including those that create a

       danger to employees.

Id. at ¶ 32.

       {¶ 60} After reviewing Jermer as well as the Ohio cases agreeing with it, we are

not persuaded that it requires a “formal” announcement. In Jermer, the court indicated

that, “[w]hile such a complaint need not always be in writing, it must do more than merely

indicate a preference or make a vague statement.            It must at least connect the

employer's conduct in some way to government policy relating to employee health.” Id.

at 659. This is not a command to make a “formal” announcement. Notably, the focus

is on the employee’s pursuit of his own self-interest rather than the interests of the public
                                                                                           -26-

at large.

       {¶ 61} In Jermer, the plaintiff had a brief conversation with a supervisor while

walking to an unrelated meeting. The plaintiff asked how an air quality project was going

and asked if the supervisor needed any help with re-testing. Jermer at 657. During the

conversation, the employee said, “I still think there’s some issues.” Id. In response to

the employee’s offer to help, the supervisor said, “ ‘we’ll see.’ ” Id. The employee had

also previously asked for an air filter for his office. Id. at 659.

       {¶ 62} As noted, the plaintiff later made a specific call to the employer’s hotline,

but this occurred after the employer had already decided to discharge him, due to a

downturn caused by the September 11, 2001 attacks, and the fact that the plaintiff was

the lowest-rated employee in his department.          Id. at 658.     The Sixth Circuit, while

discussing the need to alert the employer, noted that the plaintiff’s “off-the-cuff statement

‘I still think there's issues’ while discussing outstanding projects was neither clear nor

specific enough to rise to the level of a complaint about possible violation of a

governmental policy.” Id. at 659. In addition, the court remarked that the plaintiff’s

“request for an air filter in his office was more in the nature of a request to turn the air

conditioner or heat up or down. It is similar to a request to keep a window open so that

the office will have more fresh air.” Id.

       {¶ 63} Furthermore, the facts in Dohme I are different than those involved here.

Failure to have functioning fire alarms could injure many employees, and what is worse,

the employer deliberately prevented employees from communicating with an inspector.

In contrast, the record here is devoid of any evidence that Coldly was acting on behalf of
                                                                                         -27-

the public at large or on behalf of anything other than his own self-interest.

       {¶ 64} In arguing that this is not the case, Coldly points to the fact that before he

filed “his complaint with Employee Relations, Owensby had confronted Coldly at work,

got in his face, and called him ‘n* * * * * * ’ because he was upset that Taylor had yelled

at him.” Appellant’s Brief at p. 19, citing Coldly Depo. at p. 137. In addition, Coldly

argues that Owensby “had pulled guns on employees at Fuyao before and ‘has a big

problem with, you know, pulling guns and fighting.’ ” Id., citing Coldly Depo. at p. 74.

According to Coldly, these concerns led him to file a complaint with HR that was very

specific about Owensby’s actions and Coldly’s “concerns for the safety of himself and

others.” Appellant’s Brief at p, 19.

       {¶ 65} These “facts” are either incorrect or taken out of context. On November 7,

2019, Coldly informed HR about the protective order that had been granted. It was not

a complaint about employee safety in general; Coldly was discussing this issue in

conjunction with his own concerns. Nothing in the record suggests otherwise about this

discussion.

       {¶ 66} The incident discussed on page 137 of Coldly’s deposition refers to an

encounter that occurred before the protective order was issued and before Coldly talked

to HR. At that point, Owensby “got in” Coldly’s face and called him a name because he

was upset about what Coldly had told Taylor. However, Coldly did not report that to

anyone at Fuyao. Id. Thus, based on this incident, Fuyao had no reason to conclude

that Coldly was concerned about the safety of other employees (or even about himself),

because Fuyao did not even know about it.
                                                                                           -28-

       {¶ 67} As noted, page 19 of Coldly’s brief refers to page 74 of the deposition and

comments that “Owensby had pulled guns on employees at Fuyao before and ‘has a big

problem with you know, guns and not fighting.’ ” The implication here is that Fuyao knew

that Owensby brought guns to work and, therefore, should have known that Coldly was

not just acting on his own behalf, but on behalf of other employees as well.

       {¶ 68} However, this part of Coldly’s deposition refers to a conversation that Coldly

had with Laquetta Bass at Wal-Mart after the November 11, 2019 fight. Coldly did not

specify the date of the conversation, but it was clearly after the fight for which Coldly was

terminated. Coldly Depo. at p. 73-74. On that day, Laquetta asked if Coldly had lost

his job, and he replied, “not that I know of, I mean I’m on suspension.” Id. at p. 73. The

suspension did not occur until after the fight.

       {¶ 69} Coldly then said in his deposition:

              And then she [Laquetta] was saying that they had came [sic] and

       talked to – tried to talk to her, but she said that she wasn’t going to be in it.

       And I was like, well, you seen [sic] what happened. And she said yes.

       And she was just saying that the dude has a big problem with, you know,

       pulling guns and not fighting, but she said that she wasn’t going to get in it.

       She said they did come and talk to her, but she didn’t – she said she wasn’t

       going to get in it. But obviously she did.

Coldly Depo. at p. 73-74.

       {¶ 70} Again, this conversation occurred after the fighting incident for which Coldly

was terminated. This employee did not say that she saw Owensby pulling guns on other
                                                                                           -29-

employees or fighting at work, nor did she say that HR had been told about these things

before the November 11, 2019 fight. Again, there is no evidence that Fuyao knew about

Owensby pulling guns on employees or fighting.

         {¶ 71} Finally, Coldly's brief also refers to his conversation with Reggie Jackson of

HR (about the protective order) and states that Coldly was acting with respect to others’

safety because it was Owensby's “history of pulling guns on other employees at Fuyao

that led Coldly to tell Jackson 'we do not need to cross paths.’ ” Appellant's Brief at p.

20, citing Coldly Depo. at p. 41. In this point in his deposition, Coldly stated that “I had

heard [Owensby] had come up there and he pulled a gun on another employee so that's

why I was telling Reggie, like, we do not need to cross paths.” Id.

         {¶ 72} However, Coldly did not say that he actually told Jackson this; he was

explaining why he told Jackson that he and Owensby did not need to cross paths.

Furthermore, this was in the context of telling Jackson that “the situation was so severe”

that a protective order violation would occur if the two men saw each other and that, in

such a situation, Coldly “didn't know what [his] temper was going to do” if he saw Owensby

because he felt like Coldly was going to hurt him. Coldly Depo. at p. 40-41. Again, this

was a concern about Coldly's own safety, not that of other employees or public safety at

large.

         {¶ 73} Based on the preceding discussion, there is no indication in the record that

Coldly was concerned about danger to anyone other than himself during this course of

events or that his complaint to HR was related to concern about the public at large rather

than his own interests. Accordingly, Coldly’s claim failed to meet the jeopardy element,
                                                                                           -30-

and the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment in Fuyao’s favor.

       {¶ 74} While our decision is based on a reason other than what the trial court

expressed, “[a]n appellate court may affirm based on different reasoning than found by a

trial court, but an appellate court cannot disturb a judgment or order that is legally correct

based on different reasoning.” John A. Becker Co. v. Jedson Eng., Inc., 2018-Ohio-

3924, 121 N.E.3d 788, ¶ 19 (2d Dist.), citing State ex rel. Sommers v. Perkins Local

Schools Bd. of Edn., 2017-Ohio-7991, 98 N.E.3d 1117, ¶ 26 (6th Dist.).                   “The

fundamental questions in an appeal are, one, whether the appealed decision itself is

erroneous and, two, whether that error is prejudicial. A decision that achieves the right

result must be affirmed, even if the wrong reasoning is used to justify the decision,

because an error in reasoning is not prejudicial.” Id., citing Sommers at ¶ 26.

       {¶ 75} The remaining issues in Coldly’s brief involve whether genuine issues of

material fact existed concerning the other two elements in the public policy equation:

“causation” (whether Fuyao was motivated by conduct related to the public policy) and

“overriding-justification” (whether Fuyao had an overriding business justification for the

dismissal). Because the failure to satisfy the jeopardy element is fatal to Coldly’s claim,

these issues will not be considered. The issue as to the “clarity” finding also need not

be considered, since the judgment is being affirmed on a different basis.

       {¶ 76} Based on the preceding discussion, Coldly’s sole assignment of error is

overruled.

                                          III. Conclusion
                                                                                        -31-

       {¶ 77} Coldly’s assignment of error having been overruled, the judgment of the trial

court is affirmed.

                                     .............

TUCKER, P.J. and LEWIS, J., concur.

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Matthew G. Bruce
Marc L. Fleischauer
Hon. Robert G. Hanseman