Court Opinion

ID: 5515804
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-10 15:00:37.614669+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:34:19.194243
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 20-14798     Date Filed: 01/10/2022   Page: 1 of 20

                                           [DO NOT PUBLISH]
                            In the
         United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Eleventh Circuit

                   ____________________

                         No. 20-14798
                   Non-Argument Calendar
                   ____________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
CHRISTOPHER TAVORRIS WILKINS,

                                           Defendant-Appellant.

                   ____________________

          Appeal from the United States District Court
              for the Southern District of Florida
            D.C. Docket No. 9:19-cr-80032-RKA-1
                   ____________________
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2                      Opinion of the Court                20-14798

Before WILSON, ROSENBAUM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
       After a jury trial, Christopher Wilkins appeals his convic-
tions for witness tampering and his 210-month total prison sen-
tence. He contends that the district court erred by denying his mo-
tion for judgment of acquittal based on insufficient evidence. He
also argues that at sentencing the district court erred by enhancing
his offense level under four Sentencing Guidelines provisions—
U.S.S.G. §§ 2J1.2(b)(1)(B), 2J1.2(b)(2), 2J1.2(b)(3)(C), and 4A1.3—
and abused its discretion by imposing an unreasonable sentence.
After careful review, we affirm.
                                 I.
       In addition to four gun and drug offenses, Wilkins was
charged with two counts of witness tampering in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1512(b). From February to September of 2018, according
to the superseding indictment, Wilkins attempted “to influence,
delay, and prevent” a government witness, “C.S.,” from both testi-
fying in a grand-jury investigation of Wilkins, in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 1512(b)(1) (Count 6), and speaking with federal law en-
forcement about potential federal crimes, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1512(b)(3) (Count 7).
       Wilkins proceeded to a five-day trial, and the jury found him
guilty on Counts 6 and 7 and on two counts of possession of a fire-
arm after a felony conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The jury
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20-14798               Opinion of the Court                         3

acquitted him of possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug-
trafficking crime, conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute co-
caine, and another § 922(g)(1) count. After the verdict was read,
Wilkins threw a chair towards the prosecutor as he yelled death
threats and various expletives. The district court denied Wilkins’s
motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of the government’s
case and his post-trial motion for acquittal or a new trial on Counts
6 and 7. The court then sentenced Wilkins to a total of 210 months
in prison.
                                 A.
        At trial, the government presented testimony from C.S. and
other evidence relating to her interactions with Wilkins. Accord-
ing to C.S., she and Wilkins dated on and off over the years. After
Wilkins was released to a halfway house in May 2017, they began
selling crack cocaine together. She often carried a Taurus 9mm
pistol, which Wilkins would sometimes hold, and they purchased
ammunition together at a Walmart on one occasion.
        In August 2017, C.S. threatened to expose Wilkins to police
after finding out he was seeing her friend, G.H. Wilkins told C.S.
to “go get a black dress, ho[],” and that he “control[s] who lives or
dies, bitch,” which she understood to mean that he would kill her
if she followed through. Nonetheless, C.S. contacted the police in
October 2017 because Wilkins was dating G.H. C.S. met with Spe-
cial Agent Sara Connors of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Fire-
arms, and Explosives (“ATF”), and showed her photos and videos
of Wilkins holding guns and ammunition. By that time, Wilkins
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4                      Opinion of the Court                 20-14798

had been arrested for strangling G.H., and he has remained incar-
cerated since. Later in October 2017, C.S. told a grand jury that
Wilkins sold drugs while possessing a firearm, but she omitted her
involvement in his drug dealing.
       Around this time, Wilkins broke up with G.H. and told C.S.
he loved her and wanted her back. From jail, Wilkins called C.S.
(using another inmate’s account) and sent her letters, text mes-
sages, and emails.
       During several recorded jail phone calls in February 2018,
C.S. and Wilkins discussed the investigation into him. At first, Wil-
kins was confident that the government had “no case” because the
evidence was all “just hearsay.” When C.S. responded that the gov-
ernment had photos of him with guns and a video at Walmart, Wil-
kins offered false explanations he would tell a jury for why the evi-
dence was not credible. He explained that C.S. was central to the
government’s attempt to “conspire a case” because they lacked the
guns or the drugs, and that “[w]ithout [her], there’s nothing.” He
urged her to claim ignorance, to not cooperate, to contact his sister,
to get a lawyer, and to “change [her] number” and “leave the state”
so “they can’t come find you.” He stressed that she did not have
to cooperate and that a grand jury would not indict “unless you go
to the grand jury” with Agent Connors.
      C.S. visited Wilkins in prison in March 2018 and then re-
duced her contact with Agent Connors, with the goal of potentially
marrying Wilkins. Meanwhile, Wilkins learned that G.H. had been
cooperating with the government. He sent C.S. a letter
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20-14798               Opinion of the Court                         5

threatening to “go after” G.H. and “her entire blood line,” stating
a “mess” was “coming her way” and that there was a “price behind
everything.” Later in the letter, he added, “If they had me on any-
thing, you can best believe I would have been charged, meaning
they wouldn’t need you or [G.H.] lying ass statements. That’s why
you need to tighten up.” C.S. interpreted this statement to mean
that she should “stop listening to [the government].”
       At some point, Agent Connors discovered C.S.’s continued
communication with Wilkins and her involvement with Wilkins’s
crimes. As a result, Agent Connors executed a warrant and ar-
rested C.S. for her participation in the drug and gun crimes. After
retaining an attorney, C.S. decided to resume cooperating with the
government.
        By July 2018, Wilkins had learned that C.S. was cooperating
with the government. In several threatening emails, he wrote to
her, “are you cooperating with the government now? . . . is that
what I paid you for to be a snitch?”; “I got all the documents of you
talking, and im keeping track of everything . . . since its going like
dis, I advise you to just leave the state”; and “those guys know what
u filed, and told the agents . . . u cannot run or hide.” According to
C.S., she believed Wilkins was going to “send people after [her],”
and she felt “scared.” To secure her safety, the government relo-
cated her to a new residence.
      C.S. testified that Wilkins continued to send her threatening
emails and messages throughout August and September of 2018.
In one email, he wrote: “oh so your moving and think I wont find
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6                      Opinion of the Court                 20-14798

you? Yea my ppl will let me know exactly where you at. So ill be
at your door step to see my son . . . . I can stop by yo dad house
also. Dat skinny bitch [Agent Connors] better duck think im not
gonna push her shit backwards.” In another email, sent the next
day, he wrote, “get outta florida why u can bruh. Why are you
scared when u see my people? They know whats up, and got all
the paperwork. Yea its best you leave bruh, becuz shit gonna hit
the fan, and ah n[****] like me ready to do a life sentence bout my
respect.”
       In addition to these emails, Wilkins wrote C.S. a letter warn-
ing of consequences if she was “against [him]”:
      I got all your addresses. I know you moved, and I
      know how to get every new address location, just like
      I get all your paperwork off the internet. I know you
      cant leave the Southern District of Florida, which
      means I’ll be right on your ass before Dec. 25, 2018. .
      . it’s all gas, no breaks, when it comes to dis wilding
      shit. So you better act right. . . I’m really starting to
      feel like you are against me, and if it’s like dat, you
      will be put in the category of dem fuck n[*****] I’m a
      get when I catch them. So what’s it gonna be?
C.S. testified that she understood “act right” to mean she better
“stop talking” to ATF “or he’s coming after [her].” This letter,
much like Wilkins’s other threats, made C.S. feel “scared.”
                                 B.
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20-14798                  Opinion of the Court                               7

        Using the 2018 Sentencing Guidelines Manual, Wilkins’s
presentence investigation report (“PSR”) set his base offense level
at 14 under U.S.S.G. § 2J1.2(a), the guideline for obstruction-of-jus-
tice offenses. The PSR then applied an 8-level increase for “causing
or threatening to cause physical injury to a person,” U.S.S.G.
§ 2J1.2(b)(1)(B), a 3-level increase for “substantial interference with
the administration of justice,” id. § 2J1.2(b)(2), and a 2-level in-
crease because the offense was “otherwise extensive in scope, plan-
ning, or preparation,” id. § 2J1.2(b)(3)(C), for a resulting total of-
fense level of 27. Wilkins objected to each enhancement.
        The PSR also chronicled Wilkins’s extensive criminal his-
tory, which earned him 21 criminal-history points and a resulting
criminal-history category of VI, the maximum category. Between
arrests and convictions, Wilkins’s criminal history depicted an
adult life of near continuous criminal activity interrupted by only
periods of incarceration. 1 The government, arguing that category
VI still underrepresented Wilkins’s criminal history, moved for the
court to depart upward under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3 or to vary upward
under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).
      At Wilkins’s sentencing in December 2020, the district court
overruled his objections to the PSR. First, the court found that the

1 The PSR also documented numerous juvenile arrests and convictions, be-
ginning at age 9, which did not add criminal-history points. The district court
stated that it did not consider “any of the juvenile adjudications or criminal
conduct in enhancing or sentencing the defendant.”
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8                      Opinion of the Court                 20-14798

trial evidence amply supported a finding that Wilkins “threaten[ed]
to cause physical injury” to C.S.
        Second, after hearing testimony from Agent Connors, the
district court determined that Wilkins substantially interfered with
the administration of justice by causing C.S. to stop cooperating
with the government, which had to spend additional resources to
secure her cooperation, and by causing the government to relocate
C.S. in response to his threats. That C.S. also shared culpability,
the court stated, did not “absolve Mr. Wilkins of his responsibility
for these costs,” and the court expressly found that C.S.’s refusal to
cooperate was the result of Wilkins’s improper interference.
       And third, the district court found that the offense was oth-
erwise “extensive” based on several factors: the duration of Wil-
kins’s obstructive conduct (over seven months); the multi-faceted
nature of Wilkins’s pressure campaign, including the use of differ-
ent media, subterfuge, and his sister; and Wilkins’s own comments
to C.S. about doing “more thinking & plotting . . . than you ever
will in your life” and being “10 steps ahead . . . when it comes to
laying on my enemies.”
       Turning to the government’s motion, the district court
granted a two-level upward departure under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3 after
hearing argument from the parties and personal statements by Wil-
kins. The court found that the criminal-history category substan-
tially underrepresented both Wilkins’s criminal history and the
likelihood he will commit future crimes. Among other things, the
court noted that Wilkins had earned eight extra criminal-history
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20-14798               Opinion of the Court                       9

points; had repeatedly committed new crimes upon release to pro-
bation from custody; had threatened to kill the prosecutor and oth-
ers after the guilty verdict in this case; and had exhibited no ac-
ceptance of responsibility or remorse in his comments at sentenc-
ing. With the two-level increase, the guideline range became 210
to 262 months of imprisonment.
       Ultimately, the district court sentenced Wilkins to serve a
total of 210 months in prison. In explaining its chosen sentence,
the court extensively analyzed the § 3553(a) factors. The court
found that the nature of the conduct was extremely serious, that
Wilkins was very likely to reoffend, potentially with violence, and
that the only way to prevent him from committing new crimes was
to imprison him. The court also cited the need for general deter-
rence and promoting respect for the law, explaining that there
must be serious consequences for threatening women and wit-
nesses in a federal criminal case.
       Importantly, the district court made clear that its choice of
sentence did not depend on its resolution of the guideline issues.
Even if it had resolved the guideline issues in Wilkins’s favor, the
court stated, it would have imposed the same 210-month sentence
as an upward variance because it was “the only appropriate sen-
tence in this case.” In the court’s view, sentencing Wilkins within
the lower guideline range would “create rather than avoid unwar-
ranted sentencing disparities,” given the severity of his “conduct,
his criminal history, and the likelihood that he will commit future
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10                     Opinion of the Court                20-14798

crimes, the likelihood that he will commit future violent crimes.”
Wilkins now appeals.
                                II.
       We start with Wilkins’s challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence to support his convictions for witness tampering. He con-
tends that his communications with CS, when considered in the
context of their romantic relationship and the investigation of her
crimes as well as his, were not designed to persuade CS to do any-
thing she had not already considered doing herself.
       We review de novo whether sufficient evidence supports a
conviction, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
government and making all reasonable inferences and credibility
choices in support of the jury’s verdict. United States v. Gamory,
635 F.3d 480, 497 (11th Cir. 2011). The evidence is sufficient if “a
reasonable jury could have found the defendant guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt,” United States v. Mercer, 541 F.3d 1070, 1074
(11th Cir. 2008), even if it does not exclude every reasonable hy-
pothesis of innocence, United States v. Peters, 403 F.3d 1263, 1268
(11th Cir. 2005).
       Section 1512(b) broadly prohibits the use or attempted use
of “intimidation, threats, or corrupt persuasion” with the intent to
impede the administration of justice. United States v. Davis, 854
F.3d 1276, 1292 (11th Cir. 2017); see 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b). As rele-
vant here, it prohibits such conduct with the intent to (1) “influ-
ence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in an official
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20-14798                Opinion of the Court                         11

proceeding,” and (2) “hinder, delay, or prevent the communication
to a law enforcement officer or judge of the United States of infor-
mation relating to the commission or possible commission of a
Federal offense” or a violation of the conditions of release. 18
U.S.C. § 1512(b)(1), (3).
       Persuasion is “corrupt” if it is “motivated by an improper
purpose.” United States v. Shotts, 145 F.3d 1289, 1301 (11th Cir.
1998). It need not be accompanied by “the use of physical or eco-
nomic threat.” McAndrew v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 206 F.3d
1031, 1040 (11th Cir. 2000). Whether a communication is a threat
is a question of fact for the jury, provided “a reasonable recipient,
familiar with the context of the communication would interpret it
as a threat.” Davis, 854 F.3d at 1293 (quotation marks omitted). If
that objective inquiry is satisfied, the jury is free to conclude that a
defendant violated § 1512(b)(1) “[r]egardless of whether [the wit-
ness] actually felt threatened.” Id.
       Here, a reasonable jury could readily conclude that Wilkins
was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of both counts of witness
tampering. The government presented ample evidence and testi-
mony that Wilkins used corrupt persuasion, intimidation, and
threats with the intent to prevent C.S. from testifying against him
before a grand jury and from cooperating with ATF in the investi-
gation against him. See 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b)(1), (3).
      In the light most favorable to the guilty verdict, the trial ev-
idence shows that Wilkins began to corruptly persuade C.S. to not
cooperate with the government in February 2018. In several phone
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12                     Opinion of the Court                 20-14798

calls, he urged C.S. repeatedly to cut off contact with the govern-
ment, not out of concern for C.S. or her legal interests but because
he believed she was a valuable witness against him and that a grand
jury would not indict “unless you go to the grand jury” with Agent
Connors. A jury could reasonably infer that Wilkins “was attempt-
ing with an improper motive to persuade [C.S.] not to talk to the
[government].” Shotts, 145 F.3d at 1301.
        Then, starting in July 2018, Wilkins escalated to intimidation
tactics and threats of violence after learning that C.S. was cooper-
ating with the government. Over several months and across differ-
ent media, he called C.S. a “snitch” and warned that she was being
watched and “cannot run or hide”; he said he was going to find her
new address and was “ready to do a life sentence bout my respect”;
and he stated he was coming after her if she did not “act right” and
stop being “against me.” C.S. interpreted these statements as
threats to stop cooperating with the government or Wilkins would
“com[e] after [her]” and harm her, and they made her feel scared.
Likewise, the jury was free to conclude that a reasonable recipient,
familiar with the context of the communication, would understand
the statements as threats, whether C.S. actually felt threatened or
not. See Davis, 854 F.3d at 1293.
      Wilkins makes several arguments based on C.S.’s conduct
and her state of mind, asserting that she was coerced more by the
government than by Wilkins. But C.S.’s state of mind is not
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20-14798                   Opinion of the Court                              13

relevant to whether Wilkins violated § 1512(b). 2 See id. at 1292–
93. That Wilkins exploited his relationship with C.S. to help him-
self at her expense is no defense of his conduct. See id. (statements
by a father to his nine-year-old daughter to not testify because
“that’ll make Daddy go to jail for a long time” were sufficient to
establish corrupt persuasion under § 1512(b)). Nor was the govern-
ment required to prove that Wilkins’s witness-tampering campaign
was successful. See id. (affirming a § 1512(b)(1) conviction
“[r]egardless of whether [the victim] felt threatened”); see also
United States v. Maggitt, 784 F.2d 590, 593 (5th Cir. 1986) (“In de-
termining whether a threat was intended to influence future con-
duct under 18 U.S.C. § 1512, it is the endeavor to bring about a
forbidden result and not the success in actually achieving the result
that is forbidden.”).
       For these reasons, sufficient evidence supported Wilkins’s
convictions for witness tampering. The district court properly de-
nied the motion for judgment of acquittal.

2 Wilkins complains that it is unfair to permit the government to use threats
of prosecution to encourage the cooperation of a reluctant witness, but he of-
fers no authority suggesting that the government’s conduct was either im-
proper or relevant to the elements of the § 1512(b) offenses. See, e.g., United
States v. Davis, 854 F.3d 1276, 1291 (11th Cir. 2017) (“Davis cites no authority
suggesting that the government cannot use the threat of prosecution to en-
courage cooperation, and courts that have considered this issue have con-
cluded otherwise.”).
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14                      Opinion of the Court                   20-14798

                                  III.
       Next, we consider Wilkins’s challenges to the calculation of
his guideline range. We generally review the district court’s factual
findings at sentencing for clear error and its application of those
facts to justify a sentencing enhancement de novo. United States
v. Castaneda-Pozo, 877 F.3d 1249, 1251 (11th Cir. 2017). “We will
not reverse a district court’s factual finding unless we are left with
a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.”
Id. (quotation marks omitted). The government has the burden of
proving by a preponderance of the evidence disputed facts neces-
sary to support a sentencing enhancement. United States v. Wash-
ington, 714 F.3d 1358, 1361 (11th Cir. 2013).
                                   A.
       First, the district court did not clearly err in finding that Wil-
kins “threaten[ed] to cause physical injury to a person.” See
U.S.S.G. § 2J1.2(b)(1)(B). Even assuming the threat of violence was
not “explicit,” as Wilkins claims on appeal, it also was not obscure.
When C.S. first raised going to the police about Wilkins, he not-so-
subtly hinted at her funeral, telling her to “go get a black dress,”
and said that he “control[s] who lives or dies.” Then, after learning
that C.S. had been cooperating with the government, Wilkins indi-
cated that he was having her followed, that he was coming after
her, and that he was “ready to do a life sentence bout my respect.”
It was not clearly erroneous to construe these comments as threats
to physically harm, even kill, C.S., to prevent her cooperation. We
affirm the application of the § 2J1.2(b)(1)(B) enhancement.
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20-14798                   Opinion of the Court                               15

                                       B.
       We also affirm the district court’s determination that Wil-
kins substantially interfered with the administration of justice for
purposes of § 2J1.2(b)(2). 3 According to § 2J1.2’s commentary,
“substantial interference with the administration of justice” in-
cludes “the unnecessary expenditure of substantial governmental
or court resources.” U.S.S.G. § 2J1.2, cmt. n.1; see United States v.
Johnson, 485 F.3d 1264, 1271–72 (11th Cir. 2007) (applying this
commentary).
       Wilkins has not shown that the district court clearly erred in
finding that Wilkins’s obstruction resulted in the unnecessary ex-
penditure of substantial government resources. See Johnson, 485
F.3d at 1272. First, the trial evidence supported the district court’s
finding that C.S. would not have ceased cooperating with the gov-
ernment but for Wilkins’s criminally obstructive conduct. Despite
her feelings for Wilkins, C.S. had reached out to and was

3 In his initial brief, Wilkins makes a single reference to “double counting,”
which is not sufficient to preserve the issue for review. See United States v.
Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003) (“[A] party seeking to raise a
claim or issue on appeal must plainly and prominently so indicate.”). His ar-
guments in the reply brief come too late. See Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian
Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 683 (11th Cir. 2014). In any case, as the district court
explained, the § 2J1.2(b)(2) enhancement does not double count conduct be-
cause the underlying § 1512(b) offenses can be committed without any result-
ing interference with the administration of justice.
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16                      Opinion of the Court                   20-14798

cooperating with the government before Wilkins corruptly per-
suaded her to stop.
       Second, the government offered evidence at sentencing
showing that it incurred substantial unnecessary expenses because
of Wilkins’s witness tampering. Agent Connors testified that the
government would not have executed a search warrant against
C.S. or prosecuted her had Wilkins not corruptly persuaded C.S. to
stop cooperating with the government. She further testified that
the government paid to relocate C.S. in response to Wilkins’s
threats against her. Wilkins does not dispute that these expenses
were substantial. Accordingly, the court did not err in applying the
§ 2J1.2(b)(2) enhancement.
                                   C.
        Third, the district court did not clearly err in finding that the
offense was “otherwise extensive in scope, planning, or prepara-
tion.” U.S.S.G. § 2J1.2(b)(3); see United States v. Gupta, 463 F.3d
1182, 1198 (11th Cir. 2006) (reviewing a similar “otherwise exten-
sive” finding for clear error). As the court noted, Wilkins’s cam-
paign to prevent C.S. from cooperating was multi-faceted and
lasted for more than seven months. He used different media to
communicate with C.S., sometimes disguising his identity to evade
detection by authorities. Plus, his comments to C.S. reflect that he
was extensively “plotting” while in jail and had engaged his “peo-
ple,” including his sister, to keep tabs on C.S. Based on this record,
we are not left with a definite and firm conviction that the court
made a mistake in finding that Wilkins’s criminal activity was
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20-14798                Opinion of the Court                         17

otherwise extensive. We affirm the application of the § 2J1.2(b)(3)
enhancement.
                                  D.
       Finally, the district court did not err by applying a two-level
increase to Wilkins’s offense level under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3. Section
4A1.3 recommends an upward departure where “reliable infor-
mation indicates that the defendant’s criminal history category sub-
stantially under-represents the seriousness of the defendant’s crim-
inal history or the likelihood that the defendant will commit other
crimes.” U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3(a)(1). Usually, the court will depart to a
higher criminal-history category, but where, as here, that category
is the maximum of VI, the court may increase the offense level in-
stead. See id. § 4A1.3(a)(4)(B).
         Here, the district court reasonably decided to depart upward
under § 4A1.3. See United States v. Phillips, 120 F.3d 227, 230, 232
(11th Cir. 1997) (reviewing the application of § 4A1.3 for an abuse
of discretion). Wilkins had 21 criminal-history points, which far
exceeded the 13 points necessary for the maximum criminal-his-
tory category of VI. See United States v. Santos, 93 F.3d 761, 763
(11th Cir. 1996) (affirming a two-level upward departure under
§ 4A1.3 where the defendant had 21 criminal-history points). He
also repeatedly violated the conditions of his probation, threatened
to kill the prosecutor after the guilty verdict in this case, and exhib-
ited no acceptance of responsibility or remorse in his comments at
sentencing, all of which supported the court’s determination that
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18                         Opinion of the Court                      20-14798

Wilkins was highly likely to reoffend. 4 Cf. United States v. Fayette,
895 F.2d 1375, 1380 (11th Cir. 1990) (stating that post-plea offenses
may “suggest the likelihood of recidivism and future criminal be-
havior” for purposes of § 4A1.3). Wilkins has not shown that the
court abused its discretion by applying a two-level increase under
§ 4A1.3.
                                      IV.
       In the alternative, Wilkins’s 210-month sentence was appro-
priate as an upward variance. The district court expressly stated
that, even if it had resolved the guideline issues in Wilkins’s favor,
it would have imposed the same 210-month sentence as an upward
variance because it was “the only appropriate sentence in this
case.” And it supported that statement with an extensive discus-
sion of the facts of the case and the § 3553(a) factors.
       “Where a district judge clearly states that he would impose
the same sentence, even if he erred in calculating the guidelines,
then any error in the calculation is harmless,” so long as the sen-
tence is substantively reasonable. United States v. Barner, 572 F.3d
1239, 1248 (11th Cir. 2009); see United States v. Goldman, 953 F.3d

4 Wilkins was charged separately for his post-verdict outburst. See United
States v. Wilkins, no. 0:21-cr-60037-AMC-1 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 28, 2021). He is
awaiting trial as of the date of this opinion. Id. Beyond conclusory assertions,
Wilkins makes no argument that it was improper for the court to consider this
conduct for the limited purpose of evaluating his likelihood to reoffend under
§ 4A1.3 and § 3553(a).
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20-14798               Opinion of the Court                      19

1213, 1221 (11th Cir. 2020); United States v. Keene, 470 F.3d 1347,
1349 (11th Cir. 2006).
       We examine whether the sentence is substantively reasona-
ble under the totality of the circumstances and in light of the sen-
tencing factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). United States v.
Cubero, 754 F.3d 888, 892 (11th Cir. 2014). The district court must
impose a sentence “sufficient, but not greater than necessary to
comply with the purposes” listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2), includ-
ing the need to reflect the seriousness of the offense, promote re-
spect for the law, provide just punishment for the offense, deter
criminal conduct, and protect the public from the defendant’s fu-
ture criminal conduct. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). The court must also
consider the nature and circumstances of the offense and the his-
tory and characteristics of the defendant, among other factors. 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1).
       We ordinarily will vacate a sentence “only if[] we are left
with the definite and firm conviction that the district court com-
mitted a clear error of judgment in weighing the § 3553(a) factors
by arriving at a sentence that lies outside the range of reasonable
sentences dictated by the facts of the case.” United States v. Irey,
612 F.3d 1160, 1190 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (quotation marks
omitted). The defendant bears the burden of showing that the sen-
tence “is unreasonable in light of the entire record, the § 3553(a)
factors, and the substantial deference afforded sentencing courts.”
United States v. Rosales-Bruno, 789 F.3d 1249, 1256 (11th Cir.
2015).
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20                     Opinion of the Court                 20-14798

       Here, any error in calculating the guideline range was harm-
less because the district court clearly stated that its choice of sen-
tence did not depend on its resolution of the guideline issues, and
the 210-month sentence is substantively reasonable. As the court
explained, that sentence is supported by the serious nature of the
offense conduct, Wilkins’s lengthy and unrepentant criminal his-
tory, and the potential for his future criminal conduct to be violent,
given his threats to C.S., G.H., and the prosecutor. The sentence
also promotes the needs for general deterrence and promoting re-
spect for the law by imposing serious consequences for threatening
witnesses in a federal criminal case. We cannot say the 210-month
sentence lies outside the range of reasonable sentences for this case.
See Irey, 612 F.3d at 1190.
                                 V.
        In sum, we affirm Wilkins’s convictions for witness tamper-
ing under § 1512(b) because they are supported by sufficient evi-
dence. We affirm Wilkins’s 210-month sentence because the dis-
trict court did not err in calculating the guideline range or even as-
suming it did, any error was harmless and the sentence is substan-
tively reasonable.
      AFFIRMED.