Court Opinion

ID: 4158808
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-04-07 16:00:41.053396+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:59.802981
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 17a0206n.06

                                           No. 16-3765
                                                                                       FILED
                                                                                  Apr 07, 2017
                                                                             DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                         UNITED STATES COURTS OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

JENNIFER FRAZIER,                                          )
                                                           )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                                )
v.                                                         )
                                                               ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                           )
                                                               UNITED STATES DISTRICT
RICHLAND PUBLIC HEALTH, fka MANSFIELD                      )
                                                               COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
ONTARIO RICHLAND COUNTY HEALTH DEPT.,                      )
                                                               DISTRICT OF OHIO
and STANLEY SAALMAN,                                       )
                                                           )
       Defendants-Appellees.                               )
                                                           )

BEFORE: BATCHELDER, ROGERS, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Jennifer Frazier appeals the grant of summary

judgment to her employer, Richland Public Health, in this Title VII action claiming retaliation.1

We REVERSE.

                                                I.

       The facts are largely undisputed. Frazier began working for Richland Public Health

(RPH), a combined city/county health district, in October 2000, as a Sanitarian in training in the

Environmental Health division. RPH’s Health Commissioner is its highest ranking employee.

       1
          42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a). Frazier does not appeal the dismissal of her hostile-work-
environment claim brought under Title VII and Ohio state law, or the dismissal of her state-law
claims of civil assault, civil battery, false imprisonment, and intentional infliction of emotional
distress against Defendant Saalman. The district court declined to exercise supplemental
jurisdiction over the state-law claims, dismissing them without prejudice.
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

Defendant Stanley Saalman held that title until September 20, 2013, when he entered into a

separation and release agreement with RPH under which he retired. Martin Tremmel succeeded

Saalman as RPH Health Commissioner.                RPH management was at all pertinent times

predominantly male.

       Frazier was promoted to Sanitarian I after passing an examination. In that position, her

primary duties included food-service inspections, and campground and pool inspections. In

January 2006, Frazier was promoted to Sanitarian III,2 the highest Sanitarian level. She still

holds that position. Frazier’s involvement in mosquito control (referred to as vector control in

internal RPH documents) increased when she was promoted to Sanitarian III.

       2
           The Sanitarian III position description states:
       General Statement of Duties
       Administers specialized program activities in the Environmental Health Division.
       Conducts routine planning, educational and standard program activities associated
       with Environmental Health Division programs. Promotes environmental health
       and sanitation control through inspections and enforcement of state and local laws
       and regulations.
       Essential Functions:
       1. Consults; performs inspections; enforces regulations; reviews plans; conducts
          training sessions; and performs administrative tasks associated with
          specialized environmental programs i.e. food service operations, vending,
          mobile home parks, schools, camps, swimming pools, marinas, sewage
          disposal systems, private wells, solid waste disposal, land sludge application,
          environmental lead abatement and indoor air quality, or any related matters
          associated with these or other programs.

       2. Consults, performs inspections and enforces regulations associated with
          various community health concerns i.e. rabies control, investigation of food-
          borne or other illnesses, nuisance investigations and abatement, rodent and
          other vector control, inspection of refuse hauling and/or sewage hauling
          vehicles, collecting water samples, investigations for safety hazards.

PID 398. The Sanitarian I position description states the same essential functions as does the
Sanitarian III position description. See PID 394/Sanitarian I position description.
                                                  -2-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

       From 2010 until approximately July 2013, Frazier was President of AFSCME3 Local

3469, with which RPH had a collective bargaining agreement. In January 2013, while Frazier

was president, RPH employee Julie Ciesla filed a retaliation charge with the EEOC against

Human Resources and Information Technology Director Rick Grega, claiming that he sexually

harassed her and that she was demoted in retaliation for reporting Grega’s harassment.4 Frazier

participated in the internal investigation of Ciesla’s harassment complaint by serving as a witness

for Ciesla. The investigator wrote in a letter to Saalman dated November 16, 2012, that he had

spoken with Ciesla, Frazier, and Grega.5 The EEOC concluded its investigation of Ciesla’s

charge in April 2015.

       3
           American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees.
       4
           Ciesla’s EEOC charge stated:

       I began working for [RPH] in 1998. My former job title was Human Resources
       Specialist. My current job title is Payroll and Fiscal Specialist.

       In the Spring of 2012, I complained to management that I was sexually harassed
       by my supervisor, Richard Grega. No corrective action was taken. On or about
       November 5, 2012, Stan Saalman, Health Commissioner, told me he’s sick and
       tired of me complaining to him and that he did not want to hear any more
       complaints from me. Saalman also told me that my new supervisor will be Kevin
       Vanmeter, Fiscal Director, and that I would no longer be reporting to Grega. On
       or about Nov 6, 2012, I was demoted to a position with lesser responsibilities.
       Vanmeter told me I would be responsible for payroll only and that I would no
       longer be doing Human Resources job. He also told me that I could only make
       future complaints to him and no one else. I believe this has a chilling effect on
       other females from reporting workplace harassment.

       I believe I was discriminated against for participating in a protected activity, in
       violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended.

PID 459/Ciesla EEOC charge signed Jan. 9, 2013.
       5
          The investigator of Ciesla’s sexual harassment complaint advised Grega to remove from
his office the muscle massager he had used on himself in front of Ciesla (and generally kept on
                                                -3-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

             A. Backdrop to Saalman’s Workplace Assault of Frazier in July 2013

   On June 19, 2013, three female RPH employees, Beth Conrad, Sue Osborn, and Andrea

Barnes, individually complained to Frazier that a video camera in the office of RPH information

technology manager Phillip Nichols was aimed at the women’s restroom, which was only six or

seven feet away. After Frazier verified that there was a video camera in Nichols’ office so

aimed, she reported it to Ciesla. Ciesla in turn informed Health Commissioner Saalman.

       By letter dated June 28, 2013, addressed to RPH’s Personnel Committee from Local

3469’s executive committee, of which Frazier was a member, the union complained:

       Re: Surveillance cameras at the health department
       To Whom It May Concern:
       On June 19th, 2013, at 10:30 AM, it was discovered that a small surveillance
       camera located in the Computer Specialist’s office was pointed at the entrance of
       the women’s restroom across from the Registrar’s office. After a complaint was
       made to one of the managers, the camera was taken down at 10:45 AM.
       According to several employees this camera was observed to be “on” and in
       recording mode. This camera is believed to have been operating from this
       location for some time.
       According to Chapter 2907.08(B) of the Ohio Revised Code,
       “No person, for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying the person’s
       self, shall commit trespass or otherwise surreptitiously invade the privacy of
       another to videotape, film, photograph, or otherwise record the other person
       in a state of nudity.”
       Consequently, a violation of subsection (B) hereof is guilty of voyeurism, which
       is considered a misdemeanor of the second degree. In light of the fact that there is
       presently an ongoing sexual harassment case against one of the managers
       employed at the health department [presumably, Ciesla’s complaint that Grega
       sexually harassed her], this incident, along with the following development is
       particularly disturbing and could contribute to what some staff may consider a
       hostile workplace.

his desk in plain view), the incident that prompted Ciesla’s complaint. Grega agreed to remove
the massager from his office.
                                               -4-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

       With that being said, it has come to our attention the Board of Health is
       considering the purchase of surveillance cameras to be installed at the Health
       Department. The rationale explained to several employees by management was
       that the cameras would be used to deter child abduction from taking place on
       Health Department grounds.
       The local chapter of AFSCME #3469 has no knowledge that any policy has been
       adopted regarding these surveillance cameras and would therefore like to have the
       following questions answered in writing regarding this issue:

                How many child abduction incidents have occurred at the local Health
                 Department?
                 ...
                What will be the locations of each surveillance camera?
                Who will have access to the video footage of these surveillances cameras?
                Will these cameras be used for purposes besides that of security?
                 ...
                Will the video footage . . . be considered public record?
                Which managers were implicated in the incident mentioned above?
                Was there any discipline levied against any of these individuals?

    With the latest incident regarding a surveillance camera monitoring an area
    where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy, it is the opinion of the local
    bargaining unit that the staff and the public be given insight into this
    prospective surveillance camera system to prevent abuse and to protect the
    department from the threat of future litigation.

    Thank you for your consideration into this matter.

    Sincerely,
    The Executive Committee of Local Chapter of 3469 AFSCME
    Cc:                 Health Commissioner
                 Department Staff
PID 430-31 (emphasis in original). This letter was distributed to Health Commissioner Saalman

and all bargaining-unit employees, as well as to the individual members of RPH’s Personnel

Committee of the Board of Health.

                                                -5-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

                                            B.

       Angered by this letter, Saalman confronted Frazier as she arrived at work on the morning

of July 11, 2013, called her over to the women’s restroom, screamed at her repeatedly asking

whether she could see the camera, shoved her inside the restroom, and blocked her access to the

exit. See PID 1084/Frazier v. Richland Pub. Health, No. 2:14-cv-2735, 2016 WL 3182671, at

*2–5 (S.D. Ohio June 8, 2016). Frazier reported Saalman’s assaultive conduct internally to her

immediate supervisor, Director of Environmental Health Matthew Work, and to Human

Resources Director Grega. Frazier also reported the incident to the local Sheriff’s office, on the

advice of her AFSCME representative, whom she called right after the incident.6

       Shortly after the Saalman-Frazier July 11th incident, accounts of the camera incidents

were published in the local media. Central to Frazier’s retaliation claim is Work’s conduct

following this media exposure:

       On July 18, 2013, RPH held an Environmental Health staff meeting in which
       Work spoke about an upcoming levy that concerned RPH’s budget. Work said
       that “all the negative publicity from the [Mansfield] News Journal” may have an
       impact on the upcoming levy. He also stated that people could be laid off if the
       levy did not pass. Frazier believed these comments were directed at her because
       Work looked at her during his speech and she left the meeting crying. Frazier
       remained at work the rest of the day and spoke to [co-worker Sue] Osborn who
       told Frazier that it was not her fault and that things would get better. Helen
       Mitchell, an RPH secretary, also told Frazier she did the right thing by reporting
       the Camera Incidents. Following the meeting, Frazier went to see her primary
       care physician and nurse practitioner who diagnosed her with depression, anxiety,
       and high stress. Frazier began taking medication for her conditions and took
       leave from RPH under the Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) from July 19,
       2013 to September 5, 2013.
PID 1086/Frazier, 2016 WL 3182671, at *7 (internal citations omitted); see also PID

407/Anwers to Interrogatories. Frazier’s FMLA leave was six weeks long.

       6
           See PID 448-50/ Richland County Sheriff’s Office Incident Report.
                                                 -6-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

       RPH ordered an internal investigation of the July 11th Saalman-Frazier “camera

incident.” RPH’s outside legal counsel, Fishel Hass Kim Albrecht, conducted the investigation,

which included interviews of Frazier and RPH employees who witnessed the “camera incident”

in and outside the women’s restroom, including Sanitarian II Beth Conrad. Assistant Health

Commissioner Randall’s declaration, submitted in this case, averred:

             4. I served as a director or Health Commissioner for 26 of my first 30
       years of employment and then 8 years as the Assistant to the Health
       Commissioner at Richland Public Health. . . .
              5. Because of my position as Assistant to the Health Commissioner and
       the location of my office, I was a part of many meetings between managers and
       could often hear or was a part of conversations between [RPH] managers.
               6. I have personally witnessed Commissioner Stanley Saalman threaten,
       berate, scream at and attack female employees of [RPH].
              18. Mr. Saalman blew up at Jenny Frazier on July 11, 2013 . . .
              19. After the July 11 incident . . . Rick Grega, Director of Human
       Resources and Information Technology, said to me, “I decided that no one is to
       talk to Ms. Frazier, especially because she complained to the Sheriff’s
       Department.”
       ....
               24. Mr. Grega was deliberately retaliating against and treating Mrs.
       Frazier differently for filing a complaint about the Stan incident with the sheriff.
       Rick Grega said to me, “He will have her job changed around to do different
       duties until she quits.” Which is exactly what he did to Julie Ciesla who had filed
       a complaint about him with the state of Ohio and eventually quit.
              25. [] Grega . . . and Matt Work––all managers—also remarked several
       times how they wanted to “get rid of Jenny, for causing trouble and complaining
       about management.” . . .
PID 1014-16/Randall Decl.
       As for Frazier’s report to the local Sheriff, the City of Mansfield Law Director’s Office

notified Frazier in April 2014, seven months after she reported Saalman’s assaultive conduct,

that no charges would be brought against Saalman.

                                               -7-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

                                               C.

       Frazier returned from FMLA leave on September 5, 2013, when the 2013 mosquito-

control season was wrapping up. The season runs from when RPH first receives complaints

about mosquitos, around May, to the first frost. Co-worker Sue Osborn informed Frazier that

while Frazier was out on leave, her supervisory mosquito-control duties were reassigned

permanently to Weston Engelbach, a Sanitarian supervisor who, like Frazier, reported directly to

Matt Work. Frazier then emailed Work several times, seeking clarification of her duties and

specifically asking whether he had assigned her supervisory mosquito-control duties to

Engelbach permanently. Work answered none of Frazier’s emails until April 2014, after more

than six months had passed. His email responded simply “You will be part of the 2014 Mosquito

program.” PID 472, 474, 477, 478.

History of Frazier’s Mosquito-Control Duties

       As a Sanitarian I, Frazier’s role in the mosquito-control program was limited to riding

with the summer intern who performed the spraying and recording the mileage, i.e., when the

sprayer was started and stopped. Frazier testified that when she was promoted to Sanitarian III

in 2006, her role in mosquito control increased and included supervision of the mosquito-control

duties of two RPH employees, Sue Osborn and Deb Britton.             PID 112/Frazier dep.; PID

1087/Dist. Ct. Op.; see also PID 763/Engelbach dep. (testifying that when he was a Sanitarian

III, Sanitarian IIIs coordinated the mosquito-control scheduling and handling of complaints).

       Engelbach testified at his deposition that he and Work met in August or September 2013,

at which time Work transferred to Engelbach all mosquito-control supervisory duties.            As

mentioned, Frazier returned from FMLA leave on September 5, 2013. Work limited Frazier’s

                                               -8-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

involvement in the 2014 mosquito-control program to performing scheduling and, in 2015,

Frazier had no mosquito-control duties at all. Frazier’s declaration states that she had performed

mosquito-control duties for nine years and that after Work took her duties away, he required

Frazier to perform food-safety inspections, which she had not performed in ten years. Frazier

testified that Work never explained why he took away her mosquito control duties.

                                      D. Frazier’s EEOC Charge

       Frazier filed an EEOC sex-discrimination and retaliation charge in February 2014:

       I began working for [RPH] on October 1, 2000. The position that I currently hold
       is Sanitarian III.
       On or around December of 2012, I was a witness to my co-worker’s (Julie Ciesla)
       EEOC Charge #[redacted]. On July 11, 2013, Health Commissioner, Stan
       Sealman [sic], assaulted me in the workplace and I filed a complaint against him
       for his actions. I returned back to work from FMLA leave on or around
       September 5, 2013, and Director of Environmental Health, Matt Work, removed
       one of my programs from me (mosquito control) and assigned it to a male
       employee, Weston Englebach. Additionally, Mr. Work required me to start
       entering my own data into the computer; this duty is typically assigned to clerical
       staff.
       I believe that I have been discriminated against due to my sex[,] female, and
       retaliated against for engaging in protected activity, in violation of Title VII . . .
PID 482.7
                                            E.

       Frazier filed the instant action in December 2014, asserting claims of hostile work

environment and retaliation under Title VII and Ohio law, and state-law claims of civil assault

and battery, false imprisonment, and intentional infliction of emotional distress against Saalman.

On RPH’s motion for summary judgment, the district court dismissed Frazier’s federal claims

       7
          On September 26, 2014, the EEOC issued a dismissal and notice of rights to Frazier,
stating that it was “unable to conclude that the information obtained establishes violations of the
statutes.” PID 490.
                                                 -9-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over her state claims. Frazier appeals only the

dismissal of her retaliation claim.

                                                 II.

       We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Laster v. City of

Kalamazoo, 746 F.3d 714, 726 (6th Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is appropriate when the

record, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmovant reveals “that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 56(a). Title VII prohibits an employer from retaliating against an employee “because .

. . [s]he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in any investigation,

proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–3(a). A retaliation claim can

be established by either direct or circumstantial evidence. Laster, 746 F.3d at 730. Because

Frazier relies on circumstantial evidence, we analyze her claim under the burden-shifting

framework of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973).

       To establish a prima facie retaliation case, Frazier must show that 1) she engaged in

protected activity, 2) her exercise of protected rights was known to RPH, 3) RPH thereafter took

an adverse employment action against her or she was subjected to severe or pervasive retaliatory

harassment by a supervisor, and 4) there was a causal connection between her protected activity

and the adverse employment action or harassment.           Morris v. Oldham Cty. Fiscal Court,

201 F.3d 784, 792 (6th Cir. 2000). An adverse employment action under Title VII’s retaliation

provision may be established by showing “that a reasonable employee would have found the

challenged action materially adverse, which in this context means it well might have dissuaded a

reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.”              Burlington N.

                                                -10-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

& Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006); Laster, 746 F.3d at 719. As the Burlington

Court observed:

       We speak of material adversity because we believe it is important to separate
       significant from trivial harms. Title VII, we have said, does not set forth a general
       civility code for the American workplace.... The antiretaliation provision seeks to
       prevent employer interference with unfettered access to Title VII’s remedial
       mechanisms. It does so by prohibiting employer actions that are likely to deter
       victims of discrimination from complaining to the EEOC, the courts, and their
       employers . . . .
       We refer to reactions of a reasonable employee because we believe that the
       provision’s standard for judging harm must be objective.
Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 548 U.S. at 69 (emphasis in original).

       If the employee establishes a prima facie case of retaliation, the burden of production of

evidence shifts to the employer to articulate some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its

actions.   If the employer satisfies its burden, the burden shifts back to the employee to

demonstrate that the employer’s proffered reason was not the true reason for the adverse

employment action. Laster, 746 F.3d at 730. “Title VII retaliation claims must be proved

according to traditional principles of but-for causation,” which “require[ ] proof that the unlawful

retaliation would not have occurred in the absence of the alleged wrongful action or actions of

the employer.” Id. at 731.

                                                A.

       Frazier argued below that she engaged in three protected activities: participating in the

Ciesla investigation of Grega, reporting Saalman’s July 11, 2013 workplace assault and conduct

                                               -11-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

both internally to RPH and to the Sheriff’s office,8 and filing an EEOC charge. PID 1097. The

district court agreed that Frazier’s participation in the Ciesla investigation and EEOC charge

constituted protected activity, but disagreed that Frazier’s internal reports regarding Saalman,

which preceded the filing of her EEOC charge, constituted protected activity, observing:

       Title VII does not protect Frazier’s pre-EEOC charge reports regarding [] the
       Camera Incidents. Although Frazier alleges in the Complaint that she filed a
       “formal written harassment charge against Defendant Saalman,” that allegation is
       unsubstantiated by Frazier’s deposition testimony and the incident report she
       filed. Simply, there is nothing in the incident report or Frazier’s deposition
       testimony which shows that her incident report was opposing a work practice
       prohibited by Title VII. The incident report does not even rise to the level of a
       “vague charge of discrimination” that the Sixth Circuit found inadequate in
       Booker [v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Co., 879 F.2d 1304, 1313 (6th Cir.
       1989)].
PID 1099-1100/Frazier, 2016 WL 3182671, at *10.

       Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Frazier, as we must, female employees

complained to Frazier that a video camera in the office of an RPH male manager was aimed at

the nearby women’s restroom, and Frazier’s report of the matter reached Saalman. Soon after,

Frazier co-wrote the June 28 letter from the union’s executive committee, which was distributed

to Saalman and bargaining-unit employees. It was Frazier’s reporting of the female employees’

sex-based complaints and her participation in the June 28 letter that led to the July 11 Saalman-

Frazier camera incident.

       Further, contrary to RPH’s assertion, Frazier’s deposition testimony, when read as a

whole, did not “concede that Saalman’s interaction with her had nothing to do with her gender

and everything to do with her status as Union President.” Appellee Br. 28. Frazier testified that

       8
         See PID 432, the Incident Report Frazier completed on July 11, 2013, which states that
she called AFSCME’s Ohio counsel after the incident with Saalman, and spoke to Rick Grega,
RPH’s Director of Human Resources and IT.
                                              -12-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

she also reported the female employees’ complaints outside of union circles—to Human

Resources specialist Ciesla, a non-bargaining unit employee who testified that she reported the

matter to Saalman.

       The district court incorrectly determined that the allegation that Frazier filed a “formal

written harassment charge against” Saalman “is unsubstantiated by Frazier’s deposition

testimony and the incident report she filed.” PID 1099/Frazier, 2016 WL 3182671, at *10.

As Frazier’s deposition testimony and declaration make clear, after she sat in Grega’s office and

recounted the Saalman incident to Grega and others present, Grega gave her a generic

“Accident/Incident Report” to complete. The form asks for 1) “Concise description of event,”

2) “Remedial action following event,” and 3) “Managerial (supervisor) action to prevent re-

occurrence. When bodily injury occurs, obtain medical director comment on back.” PID 432.

That is, the form Grega gave Frazier does not ask or suggest that an aggrieved employee

designate the legal nature of her complaint.

       Moreover, the generic “incident report” form Grega asked Frazier to complete, which she

completed and signed on the day of the assaults, is replete with details of Saalman’s

inappropriate and assaultive workplace conduct and strongly suggests that Saalman confronted

and assaulted Frazier because she took part in complaining of workplace harassment of women

via the camera that was aimed at the women’s restroom:

                              ACCIDENT/INCIDENT REPORT

       [date, time, employee name, place, and division completed by Frazier]

       This is a confidential report to the department management and is to be filed
       with the supervisor by the end of the work day on which the event occurred

                                               -13-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

       and with the Director of Fiscal Operations in Administration within 24
       hours.
       1. Concise description of event (continue on back).

           Walked into the main hallway at the Health Dept. to begin my work day @
           7:15 am on 7/11/13. Stan Saalman was standing in the main upstairs hallway
           in front of Phillip Nichol’s office [where the camera at issue was] . . . I said,
           “Hi Stan.” He said, “Jenny, come here for a second . . . I need to talk to you
           about something.” We proceeded to walk down the hall . . . to in front of the
           female employees restroom. He said, “I need you to answer a question for
           me.” Then he proceeded to open the restroom door and he said, “go in there.”
           The female restroom was dark. He did not turn on the light. He stood there
           propping the door open. He said, “go in there & tell me if you can see
           Phillip’s office.” I said, “really?” I did then proceed to stand right in the
           doorway, not in the women’s restroom and looked in the direction of Phillip’s
           office. Stan then put both of his hands on my shoulders and pushed me back
           into the women’s restroom. He was in my face yelling & screaming, “can you
           see the camera from in here?” He continued to hold my shoulders, was in my
           face with his, & was blocking my exit from the restroom. Had several
           witnesses to the event: Beth Conrad . . . They were in and/or around the
           plumber’s office. Sue Osborn also heard Stan screaming & yelling & came
           into the hall to see what was going on. She said that she could see the
           bathroom door was propped open, but could not see Stan, could only hear him
           yelling, “can you see the camera from here?” She did not know who he was
           yelling at! She then came back to the front . . . & Helen asked, “who is Stan
           yelling at?” I didn’t answer the question at first & proceeded to try to exit the
           bathroom when he put both his hands on my shoulders again, got in my face,
           in front of me, blocking me and said again, “answer the question!” . . . At that
           time I put both my hands/arms up and said, “Really Stan?[”] I had an iced tea
           in my left hand, peanut butter sandwich in the right hand, and notebook/folder
           under my left arm pit. I then said, “I didn’t write the letter, that it came from
           the Executive Board of the Union.” I kept trying to leave the bathroom but he
           was blocking my way. I said, “look I don’t know exactly what angle the
           camera was positioned, I haven’t seen any footage, and don’t know what was
           recorded, but the camera was pointed in this direction.” At this time he had
           moved to allow me to exit the bathroom and we were back in [the] hall. He
           said, “I didn’t hear anything from the union about this initially.” I then told
           him, “I had several upset female employees come to me about the camera.”
           . . . He said, “Well it’s been removed . . . “

           About a half an hour to 45 mins. later, Stan came knocking at my closed,
           locked office door. Sue Osborn was in my office w/me discussing the
           mosquito schedule for next week. I opened the door & stood in my doorway,
           attempting to move the conversation into the hallway because I was scared &
           wanted witnesses. He then proceeded to make his way in my office, pushed

                                               -14-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

           the door open & hitting Sue who was standing behind it. He very rudely said
           to Sue, “Can you please leave?” She exited my office & he began to close my
           office door & Sue grabbed the door & said, “I wouldn’t shut the door, she
           doesn’t want to be in here alone with you!” He shut the door anyway. Stan
           said, “I just want to apologize for this morning.” I shook my head no & said
           “no, no, that was uncalled for.” He then grabbed my right shoulder and said,
           “No look, I am trying to apologize to you.” At that point, I was becoming
           nervous. So I backed up to my bookshelf. He then said, “I wasn’t sure who
           the letter was from, central AFSCME or you guys?” I said, “does that
           matter?” I said, “I am very upset, you pushed me into the restroom.” He then
           said, “Oh Really!,” opened my door & stormed out. My supervisor Matt
           Work stood in his doorway, across the hall & asked Sue who was in the hall
           area making copies, “what is going on?”

           II. Remedial action following event.

           I immediately told Sue Osborn what had just happened. I immediately called
           Eric Boyd’s cell phone, AFSCME Ohio Council & Staff rep; as Union
           President. I explained what had happened & asked him for advice in a
           message. Sue Osborn called Roberta Skok from AFSCME, Regional Director
           & spoke with her regarding what had happened. She advised me to file a
           report with the Sheriff’s office. She was also going to call Don Bartlett’s cell
           phone (Pres. of Board of Health) & tell him what had happened. I then went
           into Rick Grega’s office after he called & wanted to see me about the incident.
           I described the account to him, Selby Dorgan & Sue Osborn. I then called the
           Sheriff’s dept. & dispatch said they are sending out a deputy.

           III. Managerial (supervisor) action to prevent re-occurrence.            When
           bodily injury occurs, obtain medical comment on back.

           Rick [Grega] told Stan not to come around me or in/or around my areas of
           work. He filled out a slip and went home (Stan.)

PID 432-36 (emphasis in original); see also Frazier declaration, PID 1005-06. Sanitarian II Beth

Conrad also provided a declaration averring that she witnessed part of the Frazier Saalman

camera incident on July 11, 2013, provided a written and oral statement to Rick Grega, and

spoke to RPH outside counsel Attorney Douglas Duckett “during the investigation performed by

Central Human Resources.” PID 1000.

                                              -15-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

       Frazier presented sufficient evidence to raise a genuine fact issue whether her internal

complaint regarding Saalman’s assaultive workplace conduct constituted protected activity under

Title VII; the first prima facie element of her retaliation case. See Randolph v. Ohio Dep’t of

Youth Servs., 453 F.3d 724, 736–37 (6th Cir. 2006) (determining that because the plaintiff

“reasonably believed that her actions in reporting the harassment were protected activity, she

satisfies the first element of her retaliation claim”); see also Johnson v. Univ. of Cincinnati,

215 F.3d 561, 582 (6th Cir. 2000).

                                                 B.

       Work, RPH’s Human Resources Director and Frazier’s immediate supervisor, who

decided to greatly reduce Frazier’s mosquito-control duties during the 2014 season and

eliminated all such duties effective 2015, knew that Frazier had reported Saalman’s workplace

assault internally in July 2013. Frazier, 2016 WL 3182671, at *3/PID 1085. In fact, Work

advised Frazier to fill out an incident report and call the Sheriff. Id. Frazier thus established the

second prima facie element of her retaliation case.

       Regarding the third prima facie element—that RPH took an adverse employment action

against her by diminishing and then completely eliminating her mosquito-control duties, RPH

maintains that because Frazier did not lose pay or suffer a demotion, the reassignment of her

mosquito control duties was not an adverse employment action. But an adverse employment

action may be established by showing “that a reasonable employee would have found the

challenged action materially adverse, which in this context means it well might have dissuaded a

reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.”              Burlington N.

                                                -16-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

& Santa Fe Ry. Co., 548 U.S. at 68 (2006); see also Laster, 746 F.3d at 719. As the Burlington

Northern Court observed:

       Burlington argues that a reassignment of duties cannot constitute retaliatory
       discrimination where, as here, both the former and present duties fall within the
       same job description. We do not see why that is so. Almost every job category
       involves some responsibilities and duties that are less desirable than others.
       Common sense suggests that one good way to discourage an employee such as
       White from bringing discrimination charges would be to insist that she spend
       more time performing the more arduous duties and less time performing those that
       are easier or more agreeable. That is presumably why the EEOC has consistently
       found “[r]etaliatory work assignments” to be a classic and “widely recognized”
       example of “forbidden retaliation.” 2 EEOC 1991 Manual § 614.7, pp. 614–31 to
       614–32; see also 1972 Reference Manual § 495.2 (noting Commission decision
       involving an employer’s ordering an employee “to do an unpleasant work
       assignment in retaliation” for filing racial discrimination complaint); Dec. No.
       74–77, CCH EEOC Decisions (1983) ¶ 6417 (1974) (“Employers have been
       enjoined” under Title VII “from imposing unpleasant work assignments upon an
       employee for filing charges”).
Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 548 U.S. at 70–71.

       Work took away Frazier’s mosquito control duties and responsibilities, which she had

performed for nine years, and reassigned her largely to food inspections, which she had not

performed in more than ten years. RPH management required Frazier to take several refresher

food-inspection courses. Frazier presented the declaration of RPH Assistant Commissioner

Randall, submitted in this case, who averred that Grega and Work remarked in his presence

several times that they wanted to “get rid of Jenny [Frazier], for causing trouble and complaining

about management,” and that Grega said he “will have her job changed around to do different

duties until she quits.” PID 1015-16/Randall Decl. Thus, a genuine issue of fact remained

regarding whether the reassignment of Frazier’s duties that occurred here might have dissuaded a

reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination. Burlington N. & Santa

Fe Ry. Co., 548 U.S. at 70–71.

                                              -17-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

       Frazier also presented evidence sufficient to survive summary judgment regarding the

fourth prima facie element of her retaliation case—that a causal connection existed between her

protected activity, internally reporting the July 11, 2013 camera incident, and the drastic

diminution and eventual abolishment of her mosquito-control duties.              Frazier internally

complained and reported to the Sheriff’s deputy the Saalman incidents on July 11, 2013.

Engelbach testified that Work assigned supervision of the mosquito-control program to him in

August or September 2013 and Sue Osborn’s declaration averred that around “August 29, 2013,

the clerical staff, including myself, had a meeting . . . During the course of this meeting the

mosquito control program was brought up. Matt Work said, ‘Wes Engelbach has been given all

the duties Jenny [Frazier] was responsible for from here on out. Wes is in charge.’” PID 1013.

Thus, less than six weeks passed between Frazier’s protected activity of reporting Saalman’s

workplace assault and conduct to her superiors at RPH and Work’s reassignment of Frazier’s

mosquito-control duties to Engelbach on August 29, 2013, when Frazier was out on FMLA

leave. But Frazier was scheduled to return from leave days later, in early September.

       This court has held that the causal connection between the protected activity and the

adverse employment action necessary for a prima facie case of retaliation can be established

solely on the basis of close temporal proximity. Seeger v. Cincinnati Bell Tel. Co., 681 F.3d 274,

283–84 (6th Cir. 2012); Mickey v. Zeidler Tool & Die Co., 516 F.3d 516, 525 (6th Cir. 2008)

(“Where an adverse employment action occurs very close in time after an employer learns of a

protected activity, such temporal proximity between the events is significant enough to constitute

evidence of a causal connection for the purposes of satisfying a prima facie case of retaliation.”).

This court has determined that a two to three month period between protected activity and

adverse employment action was sufficient to establish a causal connection. Clark v. Walgreen

                                               -18-
No. 16-3765, Frazier v. Richland Public Health et al.

Co., 424 F. App’x 467, 473 (6th Cir. 2011) (“[T]he court correctly credited the temporal

proximity [two months] of [the plaintiff’s] leave and his firing as sufficient evidence of a causal

connection between the two. Our precedents stand for the principle that timing matters.”);

Bryson v. Regis Corp., 498 F.3d 561, 571 (6th Cir. 2007) (three months between the plaintiff’s

request for FMLA leave and her termination on the day she was scheduled to return to work

sufficed to establish causal connection at prima facie stage).

        Contrary to the district court’s determination, Frazier presented evidence sufficient to

create a genuine issue of fact regarding whether she established a prima facie case of retaliation.

See Whitfield v. Tenn., 639 F.3d 253, 260 (6th Cir. 2011).

                                                   C.

        RPH maintains that even if Frazier established a prima facie case, it is still entitled to

summary judgment because Frazier cannot demonstrate that the reason her mosquito-control

duties were eliminated was a pretext for retaliation. Because the district court did not reach the

issue of pretext, we leave it to the district court to address it in the first instance on remand.

        For the reasons stated, we REVERSE the district court’s grant of summary judgment.

                                                  -19-