Court Opinion

ID: 2810983
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-23 20:01:36.717732+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:19.326582
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                      PUBLISH                                 Tenth Circuit

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         June 23, 2015

                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            Clerk of Court
                         _________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

      Plaintiff - Appellant,

v.                                                          No. 14-5070

JEFFREY DAN WILLIAMS,

      Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of Oklahoma
                          (D.C. No. 4:97-CR-00171-JHP-1)
                       _________________________________

Richard A. Friedman, Appellate Section, Criminal Division, United States Department of
Justice, Washington, D.C. (Patrick C. Harris and Patricia S. Harris, Special Assistants,
United States Attorneys, Little Rock, Arkansas; Leslie R. Caldwell, Assistant Attorney
General, David A. O’Neil, Acting Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and Sung-Hee
Suh, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Washington, D.C., with him on the briefs), for
Plaintiff-Appellant.

Barry L. Derryberry, Research and Writing Specialist (William Widell, Assistant Federal
Public Defender with him on the brief), Office of the Federal Public Defender, Tulsa,
Oklahoma, for Defendant-Appellee.
                       _________________________________

Before BACHARACH, BALDOCK, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                 _________________________________

McHUGH, Circuit Judge.
                    _________________________________
                                     I. INTRODUCTION

       After multiple attempts over the course of fourteen years to attack his federal

convictions on various drug and firearm charges, Jeffrey Dan Williams filed a motion in

the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma seeking to

withdraw his guilty plea based on newly discovered evidence. Specifically, Mr. Williams

submitted affidavits in support of his claim that his guilty plea was involuntarily entered

because the law enforcement officers investigating his case planted evidence, gave false

testimony, and used threats and intimidation to suborn perjury from other witnesses.

After conducting an evidentiary hearing, the district court vacated Mr. Williams’s

convictions. It concluded that the officers had perpetrated a fraud on the court and that

vacating Mr. Williams’s convictions was necessary to correct the fraud and to prevent a

miscarriage of justice. The government appeals, asserting the district court lacked

jurisdiction over Mr. Williams’s motion due to his failure to first obtain certification from

this court, as required by 28 U.S.C. § 2255, permitting him to file a second or successive

petition for habeas corpus relief.

       Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2244, we hold that the

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) limits the courts’ power

to correct fraud on the court and to prevent a miscarriage of justice when the court

vacates a conviction in response to a second or successive habeas petition. Although a

district court may invoke these powers sua sponte, the district court here acted on

Mr. Williams’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea, which is a second or successive

                                               2
petition. We therefore reverse the district court’s order vacating Mr. Williams’s

conviction for lack of jurisdiction. But we exercise our discretion to treat Mr. Williams’s

appellate brief as a request to file a second or successive motion under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2255(h), and we grant that request in part.

                                   II. BACKGROUND

                                     A. Factual History1

       According to the government, from at least 1995 to 1997, Mr. Williams operated

and directed an illegal drug distribution operation, primarily in Tulsa, Creek, and Osage

Counties, Oklahoma. He was an experienced methamphetamine cook and charged large

fees to teach others to manufacture methamphetamine. Mr. Williams also employed

associates to help him manufacture methamphetamine, to purchase necessary precursor

chemicals, and to find locations to manufacture and store his product.

       Local authorities arrested individuals connected with the conspiracy beginning in

1994 but they did not realize the full scope of the conspiracy until 1997. By that point,

the authorities had made controlled buys, seized methamphetamine and paraphernalia at

traffic stops, and interviewed various witnesses about their involvement with Mr.

Williams and a coconspirator, James Edmondson. At that point, law enforcement officers

turned the focus of their investigation to Mr. Williams. Various searches of Mr.

Williams’s vehicle, residence, and the residence of his then-girlfriend uncovered drugs,

       1
        Mr. Williams has challenged some of the facts we recount here with newly
discovered evidence. Nonetheless, we outline the facts the government presented to the
sentencing court to place Mr. Williams’s new evidence in context.

                                                3
drug paraphernalia, drug manufacturing equipment, and a firearm. As a result, Mr.

Williams was arrested and ultimately charged under federal law.

                                    B. Procedural History

1. The Federal Indictment, Guilty Plea, and Sentencing

       Mr. Williams pled guilty to four counts alleged in a federal indictment: conspiring

to manufacture and possess methamphetamine (the conspiracy count); two counts of

possessing with intent to distribute methamphetamine on March 12, 1997, and July 22,

1997 (the drug counts); and possessing a firearm during and in relation to a drug

trafficking crime (the firearm count). At sentencing, Mr. Williams disputed the amount of

methamphetamine he was responsible for manufacturing and/or distributing, but the

district court rejected Mr. Williams’s argument and instead accepted the testimony of a

DEA agent. The district court therefore sentenced Mr. Williams to a total term of 420

months imprisonment, including 360 months for each of the conspiracy and drug counts,

running concurrently, and 60 months for the gun count, running consecutively.

2. The Direct Appeal and Prior Post-Conviction Relief Proceedings

       Mr. Williams appealed his conviction, and we affirmed. See United States v.

Williams, 201 F.3d 449 (10th Cir. 1999) (unpublished table decision). He then filed a

series of collateral attacks. His first four § 2255 motions were denied by the district court

and the Tenth Circuit. See, e.g., In re Williams, No. 08-5079 (10th Cir. 2008); United

States v. Williams, 167 F. App’x 25 (10th Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (unpublished); United

States v. Williams, 44 F. App’x 443 (10th Cir. 2002) (unpublished).

                                               4
        On November 12, 2010, Mr. Williams filed a fifth request for postconviction

relief, in which he first raised the allegations relevant to this appeal. Mr. Williams

claimed at least five Tulsa Police Department officers who were involved in the

investigation of his case were also the subject of an investigation into corruption at the

Tulsa Police Department (the corruption investigation), which uncovered instances of

planted evidence and perjury in other criminal cases. According to Mr. Williams, these

officers fabricated and manipulated evidence, intimidated witnesses, and used false

informants in his case.

        Although we denied Mr. Williams authorization to file a successive habeas

petition because he had not provided evidence to support his allegations, we noted our

denial was “without prejudice to Mr. Williams’s refiling, in this court, a motion for

authorization containing a complete description of all relevant facts and circumstances,

with supporting evidence.”

        In an attempt to comply with our instructions, Mr. Williams refiled his request for

authorization to file a second or successive § 2255 petition with this court and attached

notarized statements from various witnesses. We again denied the motion because the

new evidence did not establish a connection between any officer implicated in the

corruption investigation and the witnesses and federal agents involved in Mr. Williams’s

case.

                                               5
3. The Current Postconviction Relief Proceeding

   a. Mr. Williams’s Motion

       Mr. Williams next filed a pro se “Motion to Withdraw and Nullify Guilty Plea”

(the Motion) with the district court on January 17, 2012, which is the subject of this

appeal. In the Motion, he argued that “the same officers [involved in the corruption

investigation had] engaged in the same type of illegal conduct during the investigation,

searches and seizures [in Mr. Williams’s case,]” and that this conduct resulted in Mr.

Williams’s guilty plea. Mr. Williams attached evidence undermining the testimony of the

DEA agent used to support the drug quantity findings at Mr. Williams’s sentencing.2 In

addition, Mr. Williams attached his own affidavit in which he claimed Tulsa officers

conducted searches without probable cause, coerced testimony regarding the gun charge,

and seized less methamphetamine than they reported. Mr. Williams further stated that he

was pressured to plead guilty because his counsel advised him the government was

planning to file a Fourth Superseding Indictment which would add a continuing criminal

enterprise (CCE) charge against Mr. Williams and would name Mr. Williams’s younger

sister as a codefendant.

       2
         In compiling the appendix on appeal, the government failed to include the
transcript of the district court’s evidentiary hearing and did not include some of the
exhibits containing exculpatory evidence that Mr. Williams provided to the district court.
Nevertheless, we exercise our authority to consider documents filed with the district court
but not contained in the appendix. Milligan-Hitt v. Bd. of Trs. of Sheridan Cnty. Sch. Dist.
No. 2, 523 F.3d 1219, 1231 (10th Cir. 2008); see 10th Cir. R. 30. We also remind the
government of its obligation to submit an appendix that is “sufficient for considering and
deciding the issues on appeal,” 10th Cir. R. 30.1(A)(1).

                                              6
   b. The District Court’s Response

       The district court construed the Motion as a request under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 60(d)(3), which acknowledges a district court’s inherent authority to set aside

a judgment for fraud on the court. The district court also appointed counsel for Mr.

Williams, ordered the parties to conduct discovery, and held an evidentiary hearing,

which was conducted intermittently between May 2012 and June 2012.3

       At the hearing, the district court received testimony from multiple witnesses who

supported Mr. Williams’s claims that the Tulsa police officers acted fraudulently during

the investigation of his case.

       The district court issued an opinion and order vacating Mr. Williams’s judgment

and sentence and dismissing the third superseding indictment. In so doing, the district

court found that Tulsa Police Department officers committed a fraud on the court that

required Mr. Williams’s convictions to be set aside. In the alternative, the court granted

Mr. Williams’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea based on the court’s common law

authority to prevent a miscarriage of justice, specifically finding that Mr. Williams had

demonstrated actual innocence by a preponderance of the evidence. To distinguish an

intervening decision of this court, United States v. Baker, 718 F.3d 1204 (10th Cir.

2013),4 which held that motions alleging fraud on the court should be treated as second or

       3
         The government filed a motion for permission to file an interlocutory appeal with
this court, challenging the district court’s order, but we denied the government
permission to appeal.
       4
         We discuss our decision in Baker in more detail later in this opinion. See infra
Part III.B.1.b.

                                              7
successive petitions, the district court explained that “it is the Court, not the defendant,

that has invoked its inherent authority and has construed Mr. Williams’[s] motion to

Withdraw and Nullify Guilty Plea as a fraud on the court motion.” United States v.

Williams, 16 F. Supp. 3d 1301, 1313 n.5 (N.D. Okla. 2014).

       The district court entered its order on April 18, 2014, and the government filed an

appeal of that decision on June 16, 2014. In response, Mr. Williams filed a motion in this

court seeking to dismiss the government’s appeal as untimely.5

                                   III.    DISCUSSION

       On appeal, the government argues the district court lacked jurisdiction to vacate

Mr. Williams’s conviction because Mr. Williams failed to first obtain certification from

this court permitting him to file a second or successive petition, as required under

AEDPA. In response, Mr. Williams claims the district court had independent jurisdiction

because (1) the Motion was not a second or successive petition or (2) irrespective of

AEDPA’s limitations on second or successive petitions, the court had the inherent

authority to correct fraud on the court or, alternatively, to prevent a miscarriage of justice.

       5
          The basis for Mr. Williams’s motion is that Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure
4 gives the government thirty days to appeal in a criminal case and sixty days to appeal in
a civil case. Compare Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(B), with id. 4(b)(1)(B). Mr. Williams
argues the district court’s order was an order in a criminal case, noting the government’s
notice of appeal referred to the rules governing criminal appeals. He also indicates the
district court’s order was issued in the criminal case and vacated the judgment entered in
that criminal case. But the government did not file its notice of appeal within thirty days
as required by Rule 4. Because the timeliness of the government’s appeal is dependent
upon our ultimate conclusion about the nature of the district court’s action, we reserve the
resolution of this dispute until later in our analysis.

                                                8
       For the reasons explained below, we conclude that although AEDPA has not

eliminated the courts’ power to correct fraud on the court or to prevent a miscarriage of

justice entirely, AEDPA has restricted those powers in a way that divested the district

court of jurisdiction to act on the Motion. In so ruling, we first analyze whether the

Motion is a second or successive petition for habeas relief and conclude that it is. Next,

we explain that although courts have the inherent authority to correct fraud on the court

or to prevent a miscarriage of justice, AEDPA has limited a court’s ability to exercise

those inherent powers when the court is acting on a second or successive petition for

habeas relief. Ultimately, we conclude that the district court did not properly invoke its

inherent powers in Mr. Williams’s case and therefore it lacked subject matter jurisdiction

to vacate his conviction. But we exercise our discretion to construe Mr. Williams’s

arguments on appeal as a request for authorization to file a successive habeas petition and

grant that request in part.

    A. The Motion is a Second or Successive Petition for Habeas Corpus Relief.

       We begin by determining whether Mr. Williams’s Motion is a second or

successive petition and is therefore governed by AEDPA. After a federal prisoner has

filed one postjudgment habeas petition, which is permitted under 28 U.S.C. § 2255(a),

another postjudgment motion is treated as a second or successive § 2255 motion if it

asserts or reasserts claims of error in the prisoner’s conviction. United States v. Nelson,

465 F.3d 1145, 1147 (10th Cir. 2006); see Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 530–31

(2005) (involving a § 2254 motion). To discern whether a postjudgment motion styled

otherwise is, in fact, a successive § 2255 motion, we “look at the relief sought, rather than

                                               9
a pleading’s title or its form.” United States v. Baker, 718 F.3d 1204, 1206–08 (10th Cir.

2013). If a petitioner challenges his underlying conviction, his filing is a successive

§ 2255 motion. See id. (concluding that a petition filed alleging fraud on the conviction

court was a second or successive petition). The distinction is important because § 2255(h)

deprives a district court of jurisdiction over uncertified second or successive habeas

petitions. Nelson, 465 F.3d at 1148.6

       Mr. Williams’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea falls squarely within the

definition of a second or successive petition. He filed an initial § 2255 motion on

January 4, 2001, which the district court reviewed and denied on the merits. His current

Motion asked the district court to allow him to withdraw his guilty plea and thus

challenged his underlying conviction. It is therefore a successive § 2255 motion, and the

district court did “not even have jurisdiction to deny the relief sought in the pleading” in

the absence of a certification from this court. Nelson, 465 F.3d at 1148; see also 28

U.S.C. § 2255(h) (explaining that a second or successive motion must receive

       6
         Section 2255(h) explains that a petitioner must obtain certification from a federal
court of appeals that the successive motion contains:

   (1) Newly discovered evidence that, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a
       whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that no
       reasonable factfinder would have found the movant guilty of the offense; or

   (2) A new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by
       the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable.

28 U.S.C. § 2255(h). Procedures governing certification are found in 28 U.S.C. § 2244.

                                              10
certification from the appropriate court of appeals before it may be considered by a

district court).

       Despite this, Mr. Williams asks us to consider the Motion as an initial § 2255

petition. He relies on our decision in In re Weathersby, where we held that a petition

technically filed after an initial petition need not be treated as a second or successive

petition if “the purported defect did not arise, or the claim did not ripen, until after the

conclusion of the previous petition.” 717 F.3d 1108, 1111 (10th Cir. 2013) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Attempting to qualify for the Weathersby exception, Mr.

Williams alleges the defect in his conviction did not exist when he filed his first habeas

petition, and thus his habeas claim was not ripe, because the Tulsa police corruption had

not been discovered at that time. We are not persuaded.

       Weathersby outlined a narrow exception to the bar on successive § 2255 motions

for circumstances where a particular claim cannot be raised in a defendant’s initial § 2255

motion. Id. at 1111. This occurs where the factual basis for a claim does not yet exist—

not where it has simply not yet been discovered—at the time of a defendant’s first

motion. For instance, in Weathersby, the defendant’s federal sentence was enhanced

based on prior state convictions. Id. at 1109. After sentencing and after his first § 2255

motion, the defendant successfully challenged his state convictions and they were

expunged. Id. He then raised a separate challenge to his federal sentence. Although the

defendant in Weathersby filed a new motion for postconviction relief, this court held it

was not a successive petition because the challenge to his enhanced sentence was not ripe

when he filed his first §2255 motion. Id. at 1111. We explained that the factual basis for

                                                11
his claim—that his state convictions were expunged—did not exist when he filed the first

habeas corpus motion. Id.

       In contrast, the factual basis of Mr. Williams’s claim—that Tulsa police officers

and various witnesses lied, planted evidence, fabricated witness statements, misled

federal agents, and otherwise coerced Mr. Williams to plead guilty—existed at the time

of his initial habeas petition. Because these acts occurred well before Mr. Williams filed

the Motion, he cannot rely on the Weathersby exception. See United States v. McCalister,

545 F. App'x 718, 720–21 (10th Cir. 2013) (unpublished) (treating an allegation of police

corruption as a successive § 2255 motion because the police corruption, and hence the

defendant’s claim, existed at the time of trial).7 Although the proof of those allegations

may not have been available to Mr. Williams when he filed his first petition, newly

available proof implicates the newly discovered evidence exception in § 2255(h)(1), not

whether Mr. Williams’s claim should be treated as an initial habeas petition.8

       For these reasons, we conclude Mr. Williams’s petition must be construed as a

second or successive petition governed by § 2255(h) of AEDPA. Under § 2255(h), Mr.

Williams was prohibited from filing a second or successive petition without first

obtaining certification from this court, which he failed to do. We therefore proceed to

       7
        Though not precedential, we find the reasoning of this court’s unpublished
opinions instructive. See 10th Cir. R. 32.1 (“Unpublished opinions are not precedential,
but may be cited for their persuasive value.”).
       8
        After Mr. Williams’s first habeas petition, some of the officers involved in his
case were charged or convicted of crimes discovered during the corruption investigation.
But Mr. Williams’s current claims rely on the officers’ underlying misconduct in
conducting their investigation, which occurred prior to his first federal habeas petition.

                                              12
Mr. Williams’s alternative argument that, even though his Motion is a second or

successive petition, the district court had jurisdiction under its inherent authority to

correct fraud on the court or to prevent a miscarriage of justice.

        B. The Courts’ Inherent Powers and AEDPA’s Limitations on Them

       Federal courts enjoy numerous inherent equitable powers. See Chambers v.

NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 43–45 (1991) (discussing various inherent powers, including

the power to “control admission to its bar and to discipline attorneys who appear before

it,” to “punish for contempt,” to correct fraud on the court, to control its courtroom, to

dismiss for forum non conveniens, and to sua sponte dismiss for failure to prosecute);

Eash v. Riggins Trucking Inc., 757 F.2d 557, 561–64 (3d. Cir. 1985) (outlining three

general categories of inherent powers); see also McQuiggin v. Perkins, 133 S. Ct. 1924,

1934 (2013) (evaluating the courts’ equitable authority to prevent a miscarriage of

justice). These powers are necessary to “control and direct the conduct of litigation” and

are exercised “without any express authorization in a constitution, statute, or written rule

of court.” Joseph J. Anclien, Broader Is Better: The Inherent Powers of Federal Courts,

64 N.Y.U. Ann. Surv. Am. L. 37, 44 (2008) (alteration and internal quotation marks

omitted). Two of these powers, the power to correct a fraud on the court and to prevent a

miscarriage of justice, are at issue here.

       Although the courts’ equitable powers have “always been characterized by

flexibility” so that they may “meet new situations which demand equitable intervention,

and to accord all the relief necessary to correct the particular injustices involved in these

situations,” Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238, 248 (1944), the

                                               13
judicial power is not boundless. Instead, the Supreme Court has recognized that because

Congress created the federal district and circuit courts, it may statutorily limit their

inherent powers, so long as such limitations are clearly reflected by statute. Chambers,

501 U.S. at 47. But see Eash, 757 F.2d at 562 (opining that the judiciary’s “irreducible

inherent authority” authorizes the exercise of inherent powers which are “so fundamental

to the essence of a court as a constitutional tribunal” that Congress cannot limit them).

Therefore, where a statute includes “clear[] command” limiting an inherent judicial

power, courts cannot exercise that power in contravention of the statute. McQuiggin, 133

S. Ct. at 1934 (quoting Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 646 (2010)); see, e.g., Carlisle

v. United States, 517 U.S. 416, 428 (1996) (rejecting the argument that a court has the

inherent power to act in contradiction to an applicable rule and holding that a district

court could not sua sponte grant an untimely motion for judgment of acquittal); Bank of

Nova Scotia v. United States, 487 U.S. 250, 254 (1988) (holding that Federal Rule of

Criminal Procedure 52 sets the boundaries of a federal court’s supervisory power to

dismiss an indictment procured by prosecutorial misconduct).

        We are therefore charged with determining whether the relevant AEDPA

provision, 28 U.S.C. § 2255, reflects the type of clear statutory command that limits the

courts’ power to correct fraud on the court and prevent a miscarriage of justice in this

case.

1. Fraud on the Court

        The government argues AEDPA has limited the courts’ inherent power to correct

fraud on the court where a petitioner has raised allegations of fraud in a second or

                                               14
successive petition but has failed to obtain the required certification under § 2255(h).9

The district court rejected this argument, reasoning that any procedural bars contained in

AEDPA were inapplicable because the court did not act on the Motion, but instead acted

sua sponte.

       For the reasons explained below, we agree with the government that AEDPA

limits a court’s inherent authority and prohibits district courts from acting on an

unauthorized second or successive petition, even if the petition alleges fraud on the court.

We also hold that although the district court was correct that AEDPA (and any procedural

bars it may contain) does not apply where a court acts sua sponte, rather than on a second

or successive petition, the district court did not act sua sponte here. Therefore AEDPA’s

certification requirement applies and the district court lacked jurisdiction to vacate Mr.

Williams’s convictions based on fraud on the court.

       a. The inherent power to correct fraud on the court

       Courts have historically enjoyed the inherent authority to correct judgments

obtained by the commission of fraud on the court, regardless of ordinary procedural bars

like statutes of limitations or the time limits imposed on motions to set aside judgments

for fraud. See Hazel-Atlas, 322 U.S. at 244–46 (acknowledging an exception to the

       9
         Because the government’s opening brief on appeal did not challenge the district
court’s conclusion that the Oklahoma officers’ conduct constitutes fraud on the court, we
assume for purposes of this appeal that it does. Wheeler v. Comm’r, 521 F.3d 1289, 1291
(10th Cir. 2008) (“[I]ssues raised by an appellant for the first time on appeal in a reply
brief are generally deemed waived.”). But see Weese v. Schukman, 98 F.3d 542, 552–53
(10th Cir. 1996) (describing the types of egregious misconduct that rise to the level of
fraud on the court).

                                              15
general prohibition against altering a judgment after the expiration of the court term if the

judgment was the result of fraud on the court); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(d)(3) (“This

rule does not limit a court’s power to . . . set aside a judgment for fraud on the court.”);

Zurich N. Am. v. Matrix Serv., Inc., 426 F.3d 1281, 1290–91 (10th Cir. 2005) (explaining

that procedural limitations on Rule 60(b) motions do not apply to fraud on the court

allegations). This is because “a decision produced by fraud on the court is not in essence

a decision at all, and never becomes final.” Kenner v. Comm’r, 387 F.2d 689, 691 (7th

Cir. 1968).

       The courts’ interest in correcting a fraud on the court stems from “far more than an

injury to a single litigant.” Hazel-Atlas, 322 U.S. at 246. Instead, our primary objective

when correcting a fraud on the court is to redress harm to “the integrity of the judicial

process.” United States v. Estate of Stone Hill, 660 F.3d 415, 444 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Although a court may “vacate its own judgment upon proof

that a fraud has been perpetrated upon the court,” it may also “fashion an appropriate

sanction” short of disturbing an otherwise valid judgment. Chambers, 501 U.S. at 44.

Such sanctions include assessing attorney fees against the culpable party, id. at 46, or

suspension, disbarment, or other reprimand against the attorney who abuses the judicial

process, Eash, 757 F.2d at 561. Any relief a party may obtain when we correct a fraud on

the court is subordinate to our primary interest in restoring the court’s integrity.

                                               16
       b. AEDPA restricts the court’s jurisdiction to consider a second or successive
          petition, even where the petition alleges fraud on the court.

       Having discussed the nature of and remedies available under the courts’ inherent

power to correct fraud on the court, we now consider whether AEDPA has limited that

power in the context of a second or successive habeas petition. As explained above, supra

Part III.A, AEDPA plainly requires that before filing a second or successive § 2255

motion, a petitioner must obtain certification from the appropriate court of appeals. 28

U.S.C. § 2255(h). In the years immediately after Congress passed AEDPA, precedent

from this court and other circuits acknowledged the possibility that a court might have

jurisdiction to consider a second or successive petition, despite § 2255’s procedural bar,

where the petition alleges fraud on the court. See, e.g., United States v. McVeigh, 9 F.

App’x 980, 983 (10th Cir. 2001) (unpublished) (considering a petitioner’s argument that

the prosecution committed fraud on the court and assuming “the existence of a fraud on

the court exception to the gatekeeping requirements and affirmative limitations in § 2255

applicable to second or successive motions”); Fierro v. Johnson, 197 F.3d 147, 153 (5th

Cir. 1999) (recognizing the potential that the inherent power to correct fraud on the court

may give life to a challenge that AEDPA’s procedural bars would otherwise forbid).

       As the federal case law interpreting AEDPA progressed, however, it called into

question the practice of relabeling what would otherwise constitute a second or

successive petition as a motion alleging fraud in an attempt to avoid the reach of

AEDPA’s procedural bars. See Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 531–32 (2005)

(holding that a pleading labeled as a Rule 60(b)(6) motion will be considered a second or

                                              17
successive habeas motion subject to AEDPA if it seeks to add new grounds for relief or

attacks a previous habeas determination on the merits); Spitznas v. Boone, 464 F.3d 1213,

1216 n.4 (10th Cir. 2006) (cautioning that “spurious attempts to re-cast substantive

habeas arguments in the guise of ‘fraud on the court’ . . . will properly be treated as an

attempt to allege or re-allege substantive grounds for habeas relief, thus presenting a

second or successive petition”).

       Most recently, in United States v. Baker, we squarely rejected the possibility that

alleging fraud on the court of conviction creates an exception to the procedural bars under

§ 2255(h). 718 F.3d 1204 (10th Cir. 2013). In Baker, a federal prisoner filed a second or

successive motion asking the court to correct fraud on the court that allegedly took place

during his criminal trial, citing Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(d)(3)’s savings clause.

Id. at 1205. The district court ruled it lacked jurisdiction to hear the motion because the

petitioner had not received authorization from this court to file the motion. Id. at 1205–

06. On appeal, we agreed and held that a motion asking the district court to invoke its

inherent power to correct fraud on the criminal trial court is not exempt from § 2255(h)’s

preauthorization requirements. Id.at 1208. We reasoned that despite a court’s inherent

authority to correct a fraud on the court, a petitioner cannot circumvent AEDPA’s

statutory certification requirements applicable to second-or-successive applications by

filing pleadings that are labeled as motions under Rule 60(b) but are actually habeas

corpus petitions in substance. We therefore concluded that a claim seeking the same relief

                                              18
as a second or successive collateral attack, even if it invokes the district court’s inherent

power, is not exempt from the certification requirements in § 2255(h). Id.10

       From Baker, we learn that in this circuit, AEDPA has indeed limited the courts’

power to correct fraud on the conviction court where the petitioner has already received

fair habeas review.11 Therefore, without authorization from the appropriate court of

appeals, a district court may not act on a petitioner’s second or successive motion to

vacate a petitioner’s conviction, even where that motion alleges fraud on the court.12

       10
           We note that Baker was decided shortly before the Supreme Court issued its
decision in McQuiggin v. Perkins, which instructed that AEDPA cannot “displace courts’
traditional equitable authority absent the clearest command.” 133 S. Ct. 1924, 1934
(2013) (quoting Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 646 (2010)). Neither party has asked
us to consider whether this ruling casts doubt on Baker’s holding. See United States v.
Edward J., 224 F.3d 1216, 1220 (10th Cir. 2000) (explaining that a panel of this court
can overturn the decision of another panel based on “a superseding contrary Supreme
Court decision” (internal quotation marks omitted)). We therefore decline to do so. But
see United States v. Zaler, No. 14-1474, 2015 WL 573957, at *2 (10th Cir. 2015)
(unpublished) (ruling that McQuiggin does not allow a habeas petitioner to “circumvent
§ 2255(h)’s restrictions” simply by alleging fraud on the court in a second or successive
petition).
       11
          Where a petitioner alleges fraud solely on the initial habeas court, our analysis is
different because, in such a case, the petitioner may not have had a fair opportunity to
challenge the merits of his conviction in the first habeas proceeding. Gonzalez v. Crosby,
545 U.S. 524, 532 & n.5 (2005); see also Sptiznas v. Boone, 464 F.3d 1213, 1216 (10th
Cir. 2006) (“If the alleged fraud on the court relates solely to fraud perpetrated on the
federal habeas court, then the motion will be considered a true 60(b) motion.”).
        And even if a petitioner’s initial habeas proceeding was fair, he may obtain relief
for later-discovered fraud in a successive petition under § 2255(h), if clear and
convincing evidence shows that absent the fraud no reasonable factfinder would have
found the petitioner guilty.
       12
         Although AEDPA limits the district court’s jurisdiction to vacate the underlying
conviction in response to a second or successive petition, the statute does not address
remedies independent of the conviction, such as sanctioning individuals, referring
attorneys for disciplinary action, or alerting prosecutors to potentially criminal conduct.

                                               19
Because we have determined that the Motion Mr. Williams filed in the district court is a

second or successive petition, the district court lacked the jurisdiction under § 2255(h) to

act on it in the absence of certification from this court.

       c. AEDPA’s procedural bars do not apply where a court is not acting pursuant to
          a motion.

       Notwithstanding AEDPA’s limitations, Mr. Williams argues the district court here

did not act on his second or successive petition, but instead, invoked its inherent authority

sua sponte. We thus next address whether the district court could, and, in fact, did,

properly act sua sponte.

       Mr. Williams is correct that AEDPA will not constrain a court’s authority to

employ its inherent equitable powers if the court is acting on its own initiative, rather

than upon the application filed by the petitioner. Calderon v. Thompson, 523 U.S. 538,

554 (1998). This is so because AEDPA—and any limitations it may contain—governs

courts’ actions in response to habeas petitions and is therefore applicable only in

instances in which “the court acts pursuant to a prisoner’s [habeas] ‘application.’” Id.

       In Calderon, a state prisoner in a capital case filed a motion asking the Ninth

Circuit to exercise its inherent power to recall its mandate denying his original request for

habeas corpus relief based on arguments challenging his underlying conviction. Id. at

546. The Ninth Circuit thereafter recalled its mandate and granted relief. Id. at 548–51.

The Supreme Court granted the state’s petition for certiorari. Id. at 549. The Court first

explained that the defendant’s motion asking the circuit court to exercise its inherent

power to recall the mandate was effectively a second or successive application for habeas

                                               20
relief governed by § 2244(b) because it challenged the underlying conviction. Id. at 553.

The Supreme Court then reviewed the plain text of § 2244(b), and instructed that if the

court acts on the defendant’s application for a successive petition, its jurisdiction is

constrained by AEDPA, but where the court is truly acting on its own initiative, AEDPA,

by its plain language, does not govern the matter. Id.

       Next, the Supreme Court undertook the task of determining whether the Ninth

Circuit had acted on the defendant’s successive petition, beginning with an examination

of the circuit’s stated basis of its action. Id. The Supreme Court cautioned, “The court’s

characterization of its action as sua sponte does not, of course, prove this point; had the

court considered claims or evidence presented in [the defendant’s] later filings, its action

would have been based on a successive application, and so would be subject to

§ 2244(b).” Id. In other words, if, in taking action, “the court considers new claims or

evidence presented in a successive application for habeas relief, it is proper to regard the

court’s action as based on that application” and the court is therefore constrained by

AEDPA. Id.13

       13
          The provisions of AEDPA interpreted in Calderon are slightly different than the
provisions at issue in this case. The Supreme Court interpreted 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b),
which requires a court to dismiss “[a] claim presented in a second or successive habeas
corpus application” attacking a state criminal conviction. The provisions governing
second or successive collateral attacks on federal convictions are 28 U.S.C. §§ 2244(a)
and 2255. Under Section 2244(a), “No circuit or district judge shall be required to
entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus . . . if it appears that the legality of
such detention has been determined by a judge or court of the United States on a prior
application for a writ of habeas corpus, except as provided in section 2255.” Section
2255(h) bars “[a] second or successive motion” that has not been certified by a federal
court of appeals to bring a claim based on newly discovered evidence or a new,
retroactive, rule of constitutional law. AEDPA’s bar to second or successive habeas

                                               21
       In Calderon, the Supreme Court concluded the Ninth Circuit recalled its mandate

because of voting irregularities related to the first petition and that it did not consider the

claims or evidence provided in the petitioner’s successive motion. Id. The Supreme Court

explained that the Ninth Circuit reconsidered and “acted on the first application [for

habeas relief] rather than a successive one.” Id. As a result, the Supreme Court held that

the Ninth Circuit indeed acted sua sponte, and therefore AEDPA’s procedural bars on

second or successive petitions were not directly applicable.

       Nonetheless, the Court reversed the Ninth Circuit’s sua sponte decision,

explaining that even when a court acts sua sponte, its must still “exercise its discretion in

a manner consistent with the objects of” AEDPA—specifically, promoting the state’s

interest in the finality of judgment. Id. at 554.Because the court of appeals’ justification

for recalling the mandate in Calderon did not comport with the objects of AEDPA, the

Court ruled that recalling the mandate constituted an abuse its discretion. Id. at 554–566.

In so ruling, the Court took care to note that Calderon was not a case involving fraud on

the court, which would presumably provide a proper basis for reversing a mandate sua

sponte. Id. at 557. Notably, the Court made this fraud-on-the-court distinction in the

second part of its analysis, where it explained the circumstances under which a court is

within its discretion in reversing a mandate sua sponte. It did not indicate that the

petitions filed by both state and federal defendants focuses on the “application” or
“motion” filed by a defendant, and therefore the logic of Calderon applies to both types
of proceedings.

                                                22
presence of fraud on the court would alter the first part of its analysis, wherein it

established the test for determining whether a court acts sua sponte.

       Calderon thus instructs that in the context of a second or successive petition,

AEDPA does not bar the exercise of inherent authority where a court truly acts sua

sponte—that is, where it acted without considering claims or evidence presented in the

successive habeas petition. Although the dissent would limit the application of

Calderon’s sua sponte test to cases involving an appellate court’s recall of a habeas

mandate, we are not convinced the Court intended such a narrow reading. Rather, we

read Calderon to establish a general test for determining whether a (district or appellate)

habeas court acts sua sponte. This reading of Calderon is more consistent with AEDPA’s

general ban on consideration of second or successive petitions, which applies at both the

district court and appellate court level, as well as with this court’s prior interpretation of

the term sua sponte. See Bylin v. Billings, 568 F.3d 1224, 1228 n.6 (10th Cir. 2009)

(explaining that “[a] court raises an issue sua sponte when it does so ‘[w]ithout prompting

or suggestion; on its own motion’” and ruling that a district court purporting to act sua

sponte did not, in fact, do so because the defendant had raised the relevant issue in a

motion (second alteration in original) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1437 (7th ed.

1999)). We therefore proceed by applying the Calderon test to the facts of

Mr. Williams’s case.

       d. The district court did not act sua sponte in Mr. Williams’s case.

       Guided by Calderon’s principles, we now decide whether the district court acted

pursuant to the Motion or whether it acted sua sponte. To do so, we first ascertain the

                                               23
“underlying basis of the court’s action.” Id. at 554. Here, the district court claimed it

acted sua sponte to correct a fraud on the court. United States v. Williams, 16 F. Supp. 3d

1301, 1313 n.5 (N.D. Okla. 2014). But the district court’s characterization is not the end

of our inquiry; Calderon instructs us to confirm that claim by determining whether the

district court “consider[ed] new claims or evidence presented in a successive application

for habeas relief.” 523 U.S. at 554.

       Applying this test to the facts here, we easily conclude that the district court acted

on Mr. Williams’s successive application for habeas relief because the district court

considered the new claims and evidence raised in Mr. Williams’s Motion. In the Motion,

Mr. Williams alleged Tulsa police officers lied at the state preliminary hearing and a

witness made false statements to a DEA agent, which resulted in an artificial increase in

the quantity of methamphetamine involved. Based on these and other allegations,

Mr. Williams moved the court to withdraw and nullify his guilty plea or, alternatively, to

remand the case for an evidentiary hearing and to appoint him counsel. In response, the

district court first granted the alternative relief requested: it appointed counsel, opened

discovery, and conducted an evidentiary hearing to further develop the evidence Mr.

Williams presented in his Motion. Based on the evidence presented at the hearing, the

district court vacated Mr. Williams’s judgment. This is essentially the same relief

Mr. Williams requested because, had the district court granted Mr. Williams’s motion to

withdraw his guilty plea, it necessarily would have also vacated the judgment. Cf. Hicks

v. Franklin, 546 F.3d 1279, 1287 (10th Cir. 2008) (granting a motion to withdraw a guilty

plea and vacating the judgment). Under the test announced in Calderon, the district court

                                               24
was acting on Mr. Williams’s successive application, something it lacked jurisdiction to

do in the absence of certification from this court. Accordingly, we must reverse the

district court’s decision to vacate Mr. Williams’s convictions on the basis of fraud on the

conviction court.

2. Miscarriage of Justice

       Because we conclude the district court lacked jurisdiction to vacate

Mr. Williams’s convictions on the basis of fraud on the court, we turn to whether the

court had inherent authority to vacate the convictions to prevent a miscarriage of justice.

As with Mr. Williams’s fraud on the court claim, we first explain the nature of this

inherent power and then look to the relevant AEDPA provision, § 2255(h), to determine

whether and to what extent Congress has limited the courts’ power to prevent a

miscarriage of justice.

       a. The inherent authority to prevent a miscarriage of justice

       Historically, the common law miscarriage of justice exception (also referred to as

the actual innocence exception) allowed a petitioner to overcome certain procedural bars

to postconviction relief if a petitioner could show “it is more likely than not that no

reasonable juror would have convicted him in light of the new evidence.” Schlup v. Delo,

513 U.S. 298, 327 (1995). This authority “is grounded in the equitable discretion of

habeas courts to see that federal constitutional errors do not result in the incarceration of

innocent persons.” McQuiggin v. Perkins, 133 S. Ct. 1924, 1931 (2013) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Thus, pre-AEDPA “a court could grant relief on a second-or-

successive petition, then known as an ‘abusive’ petition, if the petitioner could show that

                                               25
a fundamental miscarriage of justice would [more likely than not] result.” Id. at 1933

(internal quotation marks omitted).

       But, as with the courts’ inherent power to correct a fraud on the court, Congress

may statutorily limit the courts’ authority to prevent a miscarriage of justice if it does so

by “the clearest command.” McQuiggin, 133 S. Ct. at 1934 (quoting Holland v. Florida,

560 U.S. 631, 648 (2010)). In McQuiggin, the Supreme Court analyzed whether Congress

had limited the courts’ inherent power to prevent a miscarriage of justice by enacting

AEDPA’s one-year statute of limitations on § 2254 petitions. Id. The Court

acknowledged that the provisions in AEDPA that allow petitioners to evade procedural

bars by presenting clear and convincing evidence of actual innocence contain a

miscarriage of justice exception, but an exception that has been modified from the

preponderance standard employed at common law. Id. For those provisions, Congress

clearly intended that courts may no longer invoke their common law miscarriage of

justice authority to allow petitioners to bypass the relevant procedural bar. Id. Instead,

courts must apply the exception as modified by Congress. Id. In contrast, “In a case not

governed by those provisions . . . the [common law] miscarriage of justice exception

survived AEDPA’s passage intact and unrestricted.” Id. Because AEDPA’s statute of

limitations governing first habeas petitions was silent as to a miscarriage of justice

exception, the Supreme Court held the common law exception had survived. Id.

   b. Section 2255(h) contains a modified miscarriage of justice exception.

       Applying McQuiggin’s analysis to Mr. Williams’s case, we must determine

whether the relevant AEDPA provision—in this case, § 2255(h)—contains a modified

                                               26
miscarriage of justice exception. If so, the district court was not free to invoke its

common law authority to correct a miscarriage of justice but was instead constrained by

the limitations on that power established by Congress.

       Section 2255(h)(1) allows a petitioner to bring a second or successive petition if

the appropriate court of appeals first certifies that the petition contains “newly discovered

evidence that, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be

sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder

would have found the movant guilty of the offense.” The statute thus alters the common

law miscarriage of justice exception in two ways: (1) by changing the standard from

“more likely than not” to “clear and convincing evidence,” and (2) by requiring

preauthorization from the appropriate court of appeals.

       Because § 2255(h) contains a modified miscarriage of justice exception, the

district court here could not invoke the common law miscarriage of justice exception.

Instead, before bringing his Motion in the district court, Mr. Williams was required by

§ 2255(h)’s procedures to first obtain certification from this court. Mr. Williams did not

obtain certification, and as a result the district court lacked jurisdiction to vacate his

convictions to prevent a miscarriage of justice.

       In sum, a district court’s ability to exercise its inherent powers has been

constrained by AEDPA where the court acts on a petitioner’s successive motion. Because

the district court acted on Mr. Williams’s Motion in invoking its powers, it did so in

                                                27
contravention of AEDPA. We therefore reverse the district court’s decision for lack of

jurisdiction.14

C. We Construe Mr. Williams’s Appellate Briefing as a Request to File a Second or
                   Successive Petition, which We Grant in Part.

       Having concluded that Mr. Williams’s Motion was a successive § 2255 petition

and that the district court lacked jurisdiction to grant the requested relief, we now

exercise our discretion to treat his appellate brief as a request for authorization to file a

successive § 2255 motion. See United States v. Nelson, 465 F.3d 1145, 1149 (10th Cir.

2006) (recognizing that we have the discretion to treat a petitioner’s appeal and appellate

briefing as an implied application for leave to file a successive motion); Spitznas v.

Boone, 464 F.3d 1213, 1219 n.8 (10th Cir. 2006) (same). To qualify for permission to file

a successive petition, Mr. Williams must present “newly discovered evidence that, if

proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by

clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found the movant

guilty of the offense.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(1); see also id. § 2244(b)(3)(C) (“The court of

appeals may authorize the filing of a second or successive application only if it

       14
          Because we conclude the Motion was a second or successive habeas petition and
that the court acted on the Motion, we can reject Mr. Williams’s alternative argument that
the government’s appeal is untimely. By acting on the Motion, the district court acted
exclusively as a habeas court, and its judgment granted Mr. Williams habeas relief. The
timing to appeal the judgment is therefore governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 4(a)(1)(B), which requires a notice of appeal to be filed within sixty days in a
civil case where the United States is a party. See also United States v. Pinto, 1 F.3d 1069,
1070 (10th Cir. 1993) (applying the sixty-day filing period for civil cases to appeals from
habeas cases, even where the habeas petition was filed in the defendant’s underlying
criminal case). Here, the government filed its notice of appeal fifty-nine days after the
district court entered judgment, which was timely under Rule 4(a)(1)(B).

                                                28
determines that the application makes a prima facie showing that the application satisfies

the requirements of this subsection.”).

       In deciding whether the evidence as a whole supports Mr. Williams’s factual

innocence claim, we “must consider all the evidence, old and new, incriminating and

exculpatory, without regard to whether it would necessarily be admitted under rules of

admissibility that would govern at trial.” House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 538 (2006)

(internal quotation marks omitted); United States v. MacDonald, 641 F.3d 596, 612–13

(4th Cir. 2011) (adopting the House rule for the factual innocence determination

§ 2255(h)(1) requires). In engaging in this inquiry, we may also consider the evidence

presented to the district court at the evidentiary hearing.15 Each of the parties was

represented by counsel and the testimony was taken under oath before the district court.

       Considering all of the evidence in the total record, we “must make a probabilistic

determination about what reasonable, properly instructed jurors would do. The court’s

function is not to make an independent factual determination about what likely occurred,

but rather to assess the likely impact of the evidence on reasonable jurors.” House, 547

U.S. at 538 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Our review “does not require

absolute certainty about the petitioner’s guilt or innocence.” Id.

       Because of the fact-intensive nature of this inquiry, we pause to detail the evidence

referenced in Mr. Williams’s presentence investigation report (PSR), his guilty plea, and

       15
          Although we have concluded the district court lacked jurisdiction to act on Mr.
Williams’s successive petition for habeas relief, we consider the evidence developed in
the district court in the interest of judicial efficiency.

                                              29
the evidence he has introduced attacking his conviction before analyzing whether this

evidence entitles Mr. Williams to a certification under § 2255.

1. The Evidence as a Whole

       We begin with the evidence contained in the PSR from Mr. Williams’s 1998

criminal prosecution. The PSR discusses five searches and seizures that resulted in the

evidence against Mr. Williams. Mr. Williams has not challenged two of those searches,

which occurred at his residence on September 9, 1996 and January 2, 1997, and revealed

methamphetamine, laboratory equipment, and precursor chemicals associated with

manufacturing methamphetamine. Mr. Williams and an associate, Eileen Farmer, were

arrested during the execution of the search warrant on January 2, 1997.

       Mr. Williams has, however, challenged some of the evidence related to searches

that took place on March 12 and July 22, 1997. On March 12, police officers conducted a

controlled buy and then searched the apartment of Katherine Lanning,16 Mr. Williams’s

then-girlfriend. According to the PSR, the search revealed 2.5 grams of

methamphetamine, a small amount of marijuana, a revolver, and a pager. That same day,

police officers discovered Mr. Williams at a nearby parking lot with a disabled vehicle.

Following a search of Mr. Williams’s person and vehicle, the officers seized 25 grams of

methamphetamine, $622, and a pager. Tulsa Police Officer John Gray testified at the state

preliminary hearing that Mr. Williams consented to the search. Mr. Williams was arrested

at the scene.

       16
         Ms. Lanning has since changed her name, but we use her prior name for
consistency with the record of the proceedings.

                                             30
       The other search Mr. Williams challenges occurred on July 22, 1997, after Mr.

Williams was released on bond. On that day, Tulsa Police officers, including Officer

Gray and Officer Jeff Henderson, stopped a vehicle driven by Mr. Williams. Ms. Lanning

and a third individual, Doyle “Skip” Owens, were in the car with Mr. Williams. Officers

discovered methamphetamine, a loaded handgun, and other contraband in the vehicle.

Ms. Lanning and Mr. Owens claimed the firearm and the methamphetamine belonged to

Mr. Williams. Law enforcement officers again arrested Mr. Williams.

       The evidence developed at the 2012 postconviction evidentiary hearing called into

question some of the information contained in the 1998 PSR. The district court received

testimony from multiple witnesses, four of whom provided particularly relevant

information.

       First, Ms. Lanning testified at the 2012 hearing that on March 12, 1997, she was

home alone and no controlled buy took place at the apartment she shared with Mr.

Williams. Ms. Lanning testified that when police officers searched her apartment that

day, they did not find methamphetamine. But she claimed that Officer Gray produced a

bag of methamphetamine and that she believed he planned to use it to frame Mr.

Williams.

       Ms. Lanning also described the July 22, 1997, traffic stop by Officers Gray and

Henderson. She testified that after the officers stopped the vehicle, Mr. Owens became

agitated because he had a firearm tucked into the front of his pants. Mr. Owens pulled the

firearm out of his clothing, and officers later recovered it from the vehicle. After the

officers recovered the firearm, they asked Ms. Lanning who owned it. When she

                                              31
truthfully reported the firearm belonged to Mr. Owens, Officers Gray and Henderson

detained her and continued to question her about the ownership of the firearm. They told

her she was in trouble and asked if she wanted to go to prison. The officers indicated she

could avoid prison if she said the firearm belonged to Mr. Williams. Ms. Lanning

eventually complied; she stated the firearm belonged to Mr. Williams, even though she

knew it did not.

       Second, Edward Farner, who had served as Officer Gray’s informant, testified at

the 2012 postconviction evidentiary hearing. He stated Officers Gray, Harold Wells, and

Henderson coerced him into working as a confidential informant from 1994 to 1999. At

one point, the officers ordered Mr. Farner to target Mr. Williams, first as a potential

informant, and later as a potential defendant. Mr. Farner testified that he did not make a

controlled buy at the apartment shared by Ms. Lanning and Mr. Williams on March 12,

1997, as represented in the search warrant affidavit.

       The next witness, Greg Fillmore, was another informant who worked for Officers

Gray and Henderson in Mr. Williams’s case. Like Mr. Farner, he claimed the officers

coerced him into working for them. Mr. Fillmore testified he was forced by one of the

officers to call DEA agents and to lie about having helped Mr. Williams manufacture

methamphetamine. Mr. Fillmore also testified that he sensed the DEA agents were

expecting his call implicating Mr. Williams. Mr. Fillmore recanted the original

statements he had made to the DEA agents, and instead testified that he had never seen

Mr. Williams manufacture methamphetamine and had never bought drugs from him. Mr.

Fillmore also denied providing evidence that could support the drug quantity attributed to

                                              32
Mr. Williams in the PSR. When asked about written reports DEA Agent Leon Francis

made of his interviews with Mr. Fillmore, Mr. Fillmore denied making many of the

statements Agent Francis had included in the reports.

      Finally, Agent Francis testified at the 2012 hearing. He claimed that his

investigation included interviews with approximately seventy witnesses and that these

interviews established that Mr. Williams had manufactured methamphetamine and had

taught others how to manufacture it. But Agent Francis admitted to a number of

irregularities regarding his reliance on Mr. Fillmore as an informant. For example, Agent

Francis did not recall how Mr. Fillmore knew to contact the DEA. And he recalled that

none of the other seventy witnesses mentioned knowing Mr. Fillmore or reported that Mr.

Fillmore was a member of the conspiracy. Rather, Mr. Fillmore’s relationship with the

DEA began when Mr. Fillmore “walked in off the street” and implicated himself in the

drug conspiracy. Notably, Mr. Fillmore did not ask for anything in exchange for his

cooperation. In addition, Agent Francis admitted he did not question Mr. Fillmore about

his knowledge of the manufacturing process or otherwise make any independent effort to

corroborate Mr. Fillmore’s story.

2. Application of the § 2255(h) Standard to Mr. Williams’s Evidence

      Considering the evidence detailed above, we agree with the district court that Mr.

Williams has made a prima facie showing of factual innocence with respect to his firearm

conviction. But we disagree that Mr. Williams has established actual innocence with

respect to his conspiracy and drug possession convictions. We part ways with the district

court on the charges other than the firearm conviction, in large part because we must hold

                                             33
Mr. Williams to a higher evidentiary standard than that applied by the district court. As

previously explained, the district court considered Mr. Williams’s claims through the lens

of the common law miscarriage of justice exception, which required the petitioner to

establish actual innocence only by a preponderance of the evidence. See McQuiggin v.

Perkins, 133 S. Ct. 1924, 1935 (2013). But to obtain authorization to file a successive

petition under AEDPA’s framework, Mr. Williams must establish actual innocence by

clear and convincing evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h)(1).

       a. Conspiracy Conviction

       We turn first to Mr. Williams’s conspiracy conviction. Even accepting the district

court’s conclusion that any evidence obtained from Officers Gray, Henderson, and Wells,

including the statements of Mr. Fillmore and Mr. Farner implicating Mr. Williams in the

conspiracy, is necessarily unreliable, Mr. Williams has not met his burden. The

conspiracy conviction is not supported solely with evidence from these tainted sources.

Law enforcement officers also recovered evidence connecting Mr. Williams with a

conspiracy to manufacture and distribute methamphetamine when executing search

warrants at his residence on September 9, 1996, and January 2, 1997. This included

methamphetamine, laboratory equipment, precursor chemicals, scales, and objects

containing methamphetamine residue. Cf. United States v. Tolman, 826 F.2d 971, 972–73

(10th Cir. 1987) (holding that the possession of chemicals and laboratory equipment

necessary to manufacture methamphetamine provides circumstantial evidence that a

defendant manufactured methamphetamine). And he was arrested with an associate who

                                             34
manufactured and sold methamphetamine, which supports an inference that he was

involved in a conspiracy.

      Mr. Williams’s prima facie case of factual innocence is also undermined by Agent

Francis’s testimony and Mr. Williams’s plea allocution. Agent Francis testified that he

received information from as many as seventy other witnesses, all of whom provided

information related to Mr. Williams’s involvement in the conspiracy and supported his

conclusion that Mr. Williams conspired to manufacture at least 22 kilograms of

methamphetamine. These witnesses provided detailed information about the conspiracy’s

methamphetamine distribution network, and many observed Mr. Williams personally

distributing methamphetamine. Mr. Williams has only produced evidence directly

contradicting two of these individuals’ statements—Mr. Fillmore and Mr. Farner. That

leaves dozens of witnesses Agent Francis relied upon in reaching his conclusions. Even if

Mr. Williams had shown that all of Agent Francis’s reports were unreliable under the

preponderance standard the district court applied, he has not demonstrated pervasive

problems with the entirety of Agent Francis’s investigation that could show, by clear and

convincing evidence, that no reasonable juror would credit any of these statements.

      Although Mr. Williams has raised serious questions about whether Officers Gray,

Wells, and Henderson manufactured false evidence, there is still ample untainted

evidence remaining in the record that supports Mr. Williams’s conspiracy conviction. See

United States v. McCalister, 545 F. App’x 718, 722 (10th Cir. 2013) (unpublished)

(holding the involvement of Officers Gray and Wells in a defendant’s conspiracy case

does not per se meet the clear and convincing standard for a successive motion where a

                                             35
defendant has not shown their involvement tainted all the witnesses against him). We

hold that Mr. Williams has not met the heavy burden of producing new evidence that, if

proven, would show by clear and convincing evidence that no reasonable juror would

convict him of conspiring to manufacture and distribute methamphetamine. Therefore, he

is not authorized to file a successive § 2255 motion attacking his conspiracy conviction.

       b. Drug Possession Convictions

       Likewise, Mr. Williams has not asserted actual innocence with respect to his

convictions on the drug possession charges. Although he has presented testimony that

Officer Gray appeared willing to plant methamphetamine on him and testimony that

Officers Gray and Henderson were willing to coerce witnesses into lying about who

possessed contraband, Mr. Williams has not claimed that Officers Gray, Henderson,

Wells, or others planted methamphetamine on him on March 12 or July 22, 1997. Nor has

he claimed that he did not possess methamphetamine on those dates.17 If anything, Mr.

Williams’s most recent affidavit actually implies his guilt with respect to both counts

because he asserts that his sentence should have been calculated using only the

       17
          Mr. Williams has produced evidence challenging the search of Ms. Lanning’s
apartment on March 12, 1997, and the items Officer Gray allegedly discovered during
that search. But Mr. Williams’s conviction was not based on evidence from that search.
Instead, his March 12 possession conviction was based on methamphetamine found in his
vehicle when Officer Gray searched it in a nearby parking lot. Regarding that search, Mr.
Williams has alleged only that the search of his vehicle was illegal, not that the vehicle
did not contain methamphetamine. The legality of a search and admissibility of any
seized evidence is not relevant to our analysis under §§ 2244(b) and 2255(h)(1). Cf.
United States v. MacDonald, 641 F.3d 596, 611–613 (4th Cir. 2011) (explaining that we
must consider “all the evidence, including that alleged to have been illegally admitted and
that tenably claimed to have been wrongly excluded or to have become available only
after the trial” (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted)).

                                             36
methamphetamine seized on those dates as opposed to the methamphetamine attributable

to the entire conspiracy. As a result, Mr. Williams has not met his burden of making a

prima facie case of actual innocence for drug possession, and we deny authorization to

file a successive § 2255 motion attacking those convictions.

       c. Firearm Conviction

       Finally, we address Mr. Williams’s firearm conviction. We are persuaded that Mr.

Williams has met his burden of establishing a prima facie case of actual innocence with

respect to this conviction. There are four facts that support Mr. Williams’s firearm

conviction: (1) Officers Gray and Henderson discovered a firearm in Mr. Williams’s

vehicle; (2) Mr. Owens stated the gun belonged to Mr. Williams; (3) Ms. Lanning gave a

statement that the firearm was Mr. Williams’s; and (4) Mr. Williams pled guilty to

possessing the firearm.

       Ms. Lanning’s testimony at the 2012 postconviction evidentiary hearing provides

exculpatory evidence that, if proven, undermines much of this incriminating evidence.

And the district court found Ms. Lanning credible. If her new version of the facts is true,

it also undermines Mr. Owens’s statement made to Officers Gray and Henderson that the

gun belonged to Mr. Williams. According to Ms. Lanning, Mr. Owens became agitated

and nervous when the police stopped the vehicle and then removed the gun from his

waistband and placed it in the car. A reasonable inference is that he was concerned about

facing criminal charges if caught in possession of a firearm. Thus, Mr. Owens had a

strong motive to fabricate his statement that the firearm belonged to Mr. Williams.

                                              37
       That the firearm was discovered in Mr. Williams’s vehicle and that he pled guilty

to possession of it both support an inference that Mr. Williams possessed the firearm. Cf.

United States v. Gorman, 312 F.3d 1159, 1164 (10th Cir. 2002) (the presence of a firearm

in a defendant’s vehicle can establish constructive possession); Vanwinkle v. United

States, 645 F.3d 365, 370 (6th Cir. 2011) (same). But we agree with the district court that

Ms. Lanning’s recent account of events provides compelling evidence that Mr. Owens

owned the firearm. And the district court concluded that Mr. Williams’s explanation for

entering into the plea agreement—that he was coerced—is credible evidence in light of

Officers Gray’s and Henderson’s pattern of fraudulent activity. Recall that Mr. Farner

and Mr. Fillmore testified to being coerced by these officers into making false statements

on numerous occasions.

       In short, Ms. Lanning’s testimony regarding the firearm charge provides the link

that is missing in Mr. Williams’s attack on his conspiracy and drug convictions.

Specifically, Mr. Williams has presented newly discovered evidence that, if proven and

viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and

convincing evidence that no reasonable factfinder would have found him guilty of

possessing a firearm. Therefore, we authorize Mr. Williams to file of a successive § 2255

motion attacking his firearm conviction.

                                  IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s judgment and

REMAND with instructions to dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction. We also GRANT

                                             38
Mr. Williams authorization to file with the district court a successive § 2255 motion

attacking his conviction for possession of a firearm.

                                             39
14-5070, United States v. Williams

BACHARACH, J., dissenting.

      I agree with the majority that (1) Mr. Williams’ motion, which

alleged fraud on the court, constituted an unauthorized second-or-

successive motion, (2) the district court would have lacked jurisdiction to

grant this motion, and (3) the district court had the power to sua sponte

raise fraud on the court. But I respectfully disagree with the majority in

two respects:

      1.    Calderon v. Thompson does not affect our determination of whether
            the district court was acting sua sponte.

      2.    The district court invoked fraud on the court sua sponte.

Because the district court invoked fraud on the court sua sponte and had

the power to do so, I would affirm. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

I.    Power to Invoke Fraud on the Court Sua Sponte

      The judiciary can vacate a judgment sua sponte when it was obtained

through a fraud on the court. Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire

Co., 322 U.S. 238, 244-45 (1944), overruled on other grounds by Standard

Oil Co. of Cal. v. United States, 429 U.S. 17 (1976). This fraud goes

beyond an injury to a party because it injures the “integrity of the judicial

process.” Id. at 246. Thus, the fraud-on-the-court power does not depend

on the filing of a motion and “the court may assert this power sua sponte.”

United States v. Buck, 281 F.3d 1336, 1341-42 (10th Cir. 2002); see
Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 44 (1991) (“[A] court has the

power to conduct an independent investigation in order to determine

whether it has been the victim of fraud.”); see also Government’s Reply

Br. at 6 (acknowledging that a court can invoke fraud on the court sua

sponte “to protect itself”).

      In certain contexts, the courts’ ability to act sua sponte may be

affected by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act’s

restrictions on second-or-successive motions to vacate a criminal

judgment. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(h) (2012); United States v. Nelson, 465 F.3d

1145, 1148 (10th Cir. 2006). Like the majority, I believe the Act would

prevent a district court from granting a second-or-successive motion,

which relies on fraud on the court, in the absence of certification by our

court. See Maj. Op. at 19-20. As the majority acknowledges, the Act does

not apply when the district court acts sua sponte. Id. at 15. In my view,

this acknowledgment requires us to affirm: The district court stated that it

was acting sua sponte, and we should take the court at its word.

      A.     Calderon’s Interpretive Rule

      The majority discounts the district court’s characterization based on

Calderon v. Thompson, 523 U.S. 538, 553-56 (1998). Maj. Op. at 20-24.

But Calderon does not address a judge’s sua sponte invocation of fraud on

the court.

                                      2
      Calderon involves a circuit court’s ability to recall a mandate sua

sponte based on judges’ docketing errors. Calderon v. Thompson, 523 U.S.

538, 547-48 (1998). In Part III of the opinion, the Supreme Court

addresses whether the recall was proper, discussing the issue in three

sections:

      1.    Part III.A analyzes whether the Ninth Circuit (1) acted sua
            sponte in recalling the mandate or (2) recalled the mandate
            because of arguments advanced in a second-or-successive
            petition.

      2.    Part III.B examines the “significant limits” on federal
            jurisdiction over habeas petitions and creates a rule for when
            circuit courts can sua sponte recall their mandates.

      3.    Part III.C applies the new rule.

Id. at 553-66.

      The first section contains the rule applied by today’s majority

regarding when a court has acted sua sponte. But the second section

disclaims any impact on fraud-on-the-court cases.

      Calderon’s procedural history helps us understand the first section

of the opinion. Mr. Thompson, a state prisoner, filed a habeas petition

alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. Id. at 545. The petition was

granted in part. Id. On appeal, a Ninth Circuit panel reversed in part and

affirmed in part. Id. at 545-46.

                                      3
      Mr. Thompson filed a petition for rehearing and a suggestion for

rehearing en banc, which was circulated to all active judges. Id. at 546.

The panel issued an order in March 1997, denying the petitions. Id.

      In July 1997, Mr. Thompson filed a second motion to recall the

mandate, which was based on new evidence. Id. This motion constituted a

second-or-successive petition, triggering the Antiterrorism and Effective

Death Penalty Act, and the Ninth Circuit denied relief. Id. at 547.

      Two days later, the full court voted to recall its original mandate

(issued in March 1997), claiming that it was acting sua sponte rather than

in response to the request in July 1997 to recall the mandate. Id. at 547-

48. In deciding to recall the mandate, the court explained that two of the

judges failed to request en banc review because of docketing mistakes. Id.

at 548. The court later considered the merits and decided to grant relief.

Id. at 548-49.

      The Supreme Court granted certiorari. The Court’s first step was to

determine whether the Ninth Circuit had jurisdiction to recall the mandate.

Id. at 553-54. The Ninth Circuit’s recall of the mandate would have

implicated the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act if the

court’s action had been based on Mr. Thompson’s filing in July 1997. See

id. Thus, to determine whether the Act applied, the Supreme Court had to

determine whether the Ninth Circuit was truly acting sua sponte:

                                      4
             As a textual matter, § 2244(b) applies only where the
      court acts pursuant to a prisoner’s “application.” This carries
      implications for cases where a motion to recall the mandate is
      pending, but the court instead recalls the mandate on its own
      initiative. Whether these cases are subject to § 2244(b) depends
      on the underlying basis of the court’s action. If, in recalling the
      mandate, the court considers new claims or evidence presented
      in a successive application for habeas relief, it is proper to
      regard the court’s action as based on that application. In these
      cases, § 2244(b)(2) applies irrespective of whether the court
      characterizes the action as sua sponte.

             In Thompson’s case, however, the Court of Appeals was
      specific in reciting that it acted on the exclusive basis of
      Thompson’s first federal habeas petition. The court’s
      characterization of its action as sua sponte does not, of course,
      prove this point; had the court considered claims or evidence
      presented in Thompson’s later filings, its action would have
      been based on a successive application, and so would be
      subject to § 2244(b). But in Thompson’s case the court’s
      recitation that it acted on the exclusive basis of his first federal
      petition is not disproved by consideration of matters presented
      in a later filing. Thus we deem the court to have acted on his
      first application rather than a successive one.

Id. at 554.

      This passage announces an interpretive rule for determining when a

court is truly acting sua sponte in recalling a mandate. In our case, the

majority relies on this passage to conclude that the district court did not

act sua sponte because it considered claims and evidence presented in Mr.

Williams’ second-or-successive motion. See Maj. Op. at 20-24.

      But the reach of the interpretive rule is qualified by the second

section of Part III, when the Supreme Court cautioned: “We should be

clear about the circumstances we address in this case. . . . This . . . is not

                                       5
a case of fraud upon the court, calling into question the very legitimacy of

the judgment.” Calderon, 523 U.S. at 557.

      B.       Calderon’s Impact on Fraud on the Court

      The disclaimer in the second section creates a question about the

scope of the rule relied on by the majority. Given the context of the

disclaimer, two interpretations are possible.

      One interpretation is that the disclaimer applies to the entire case,

including the first section’s analysis of whether the Court of Appeals

acted sua sponte. If this interpretation is correct, nothing in Calderon

should be applied to a fraud-on-the-court case and the Supreme Court’s

discussion about when a judge acts sua sponte does not affect our

decision.

      The second interpretation is that the disclaimer applies only to the

rule regarding when an appellate court can recall a mandate sua sponte

(the analysis in the second section). If this interpretation is correct

              the Supreme Court’s reasoning about when a judge acts sua
               sponte governs, and

              the district judge did not act sua sponte because he considered
               evidence and claims raised in Mr. Williams’ second-or-
               successive motion.

      Reasonable minds can differ in interpreting Calderon’s disclaimer.

For two reasons, however, I believe the Calderon disclaimer applies to the

entire case:

                                        6
      1.    The Supreme Court’s language (explaining how to determine
            whether a court is acting sua sponte) explicitly ties the rule to
            situations where an appellate court is recalling a mandate.

      2.    The issue presented when a district court claims to invoke
            fraud on the court sua sponte (the issue here) is meaningfully
            different from the issue presented when an appellate court
            claims to recall a mandate sua sponte in the face of two
            petitions (the issue in Calderon).

For both reasons, I do not believe Calderon’s interpretive rule applies

when a court states that it is acting to prevent fraud on the court. Thus, we

must take the district court at its word when it said it was acting sua

sponte.

      1.    Specificity of the Supreme Court’s Language

      The Supreme Court stressed that it was dealing with recall of the

mandate when explaining the test to determine whether the Ninth Circuit

was acting sua sponte:

      As a textual matter, § 2244(b) applies only where the court
      acts pursuant to a prisoner’s “application.” This carries
      implications for cases where a motion to recall the mandate is
      pending, but the court instead recalls the mandate on its own
      initiative. Whether these cases are subject to § 2244(b)
      depends on the underlying basis of the court’s action. If, in
      recalling the mandate, the court considers new claims or
      evidence presented in a successive application for habeas
      relief, it is proper to regard the court’s action as based on that
      application. In these cases, § 2244(b)(2) applies irrespective
      of whether the court characterizes the action as sua sponte.

Id. at 554 (emphasis added). Through this language, the Supreme Court

took great pains to make clear that the sua sponte action it was testing was

recall of a mandate, as opposed to something else. The specificity of this

                                      7
language in the first section, combined with the disclaimer in the second

section, suggest that the Supreme Court was limiting its interpretive rule

to the recall of a mandate.

      2.      Distinctions Between the Issue in Calderon and this Case

      This limitation is imperative here, for the Supreme Court had

powerful reasons to distinguish between (1) all courts’ ability to sua

sponte invoke fraud on the court (which is at issue here) and (2) an

appellate court’s desire to recall its mandate (which was at issue in

Calderon).

      The majority points out that when a court is defrauded, the judgment

never becomes final. See Maj. Op. at 16 (stating that courts have

historically enjoyed the power to invoke fraud on the court because

judgments procured through fraud had never become final); see also

Kenner v. Comm’r, 387 F.2d 689, 691 (7th Cir. 1968) (“We think . . . that

it can be reasoned that a decision produced by fraud on the court is not in

essence a decision at all, and never becomes final.”). Because the

judgment never became final, the court can act through its jurisdiction

over the original proceeding. Otherwise, the case would continue in

perpetuity.

      In contrast, an appellate court transfers jurisdiction to the district

court by issuing a mandate. See In re Sunset Sales, Inc., 195 F.3d 568, 571

(10th Cir. 1999). Accordingly, when a court recalls its mandate sua

                                       8
sponte, it impinges on the finality of the judgment and its relationship to

another court in a way that is absent when a court merely invokes its

fraud-on-the-court power sua sponte to continue proceedings that had

never terminated.

      This difference accounts for the Supreme Court’s effort to determine

whether the Ninth Circuit was acting on the first habeas petition or the

second habeas petition. The determination took on importance under the

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act because the first round of

habeas proceedings had already terminated.

      Here, we are attempting to determine whether the district court was

acting in the original criminal case or the sixth round of federal post-

conviction proceedings. As the majority acknowledges, if the original

criminal proceedings had been tainted by a fraud on the court, those

proceedings were never terminated. See Maj. Op. at 16 (stating that when

there is a fraud on the court, the judgment never became final). Surely the

district court had the power to determine whether the original criminal

case had ever ended.

      Because a fraud on the court prevents termination of the tainted

proceedings, no court has ever applied the statutory provisions governing

second-or-successive petitions to a judge’s power to remedy a fraud on the

court. See Gonzales v. Sec’y for Dep’t of Corrs., 366 F.3d 1253, 1275

(11th Cir. 2004) (stating that in Calderon, the Supreme Court recognized

                                      9
that a mandate in a habeas case can be recalled when there was a fraud on

the court, creating a question about the legitimacy of the judgment); see

also Douglas v. Workman, 560 F.3d 1156, 1193-94 (10th Cir. 2009)

(noting that the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act is designed

to protect against judicial abuse by the petitioner, not the State’s

perpetration of a fraud on the court).

      In my view, Congress has given little indication of an intent to

restrict the established power of a court to act sua sponte to address fraud

on the court. In the absence of congressional repeal of this power, a

district court continues to enjoy the necessary power to address fraud on

itself―regardless of whether the petitioner files a second-or-successive

motion to vacate the judgment.

II.   The District Court’s Characterization of its Action

      Having concluded that a court may invoke fraud on the court sua

sponte even after the filing of a motion, the resulting issue is whether the

district court exercised that power. The majority acknowledges that the

district court said it was acting sua sponte. Maj. Op. at 24 (“Here, the

district court claimed it acted sua sponte to correct a fraud on the court.”).

I would abide by the district court’s characterization of its action.

      Mr. Williams pleaded guilty to federal criminal charges and filed

multiple post-conviction motions. His sixth motion, styled as a motion to

withdraw and nullify his guilty plea, led to the district court’s concern

                                      10
about a fraud on the court. Ultimately, however, the court invoked its

fraud-on-the-court power sua sponte rather than in response to Mr.

Williams’ motion.

      Initially, the district court did not believe Mr. Williams’ motion

would be considered second-or-successive based on his allegations of a

fraud on the court. See Appellant’s App., vol. II, at 359 (“[B]ecause

Defendant seeks relief based on a fraud upon the court claim, it is distinct

from a habeas petition and is not governed by [the Antiterrorism and

Effective Death Penalty Act].”). As a result, the court allowed the case to

proceed. But during the proceedings, the court changed its approach based

on a newly issued opinion in our court: United States v. Baker, 718 F.3d

1204 (10th Cir. 2013). There we held that “a motion alleging fraud on the

court in a defendant’s criminal proceeding must be considered a second-

or-successive collateral attack because it asserts or reasserts a challenge

to the defendant’s underlying conviction.” Baker, 718 F.3d at 1207. The

district court correctly interpreted Baker to foreclose consideration of

Mr. Williams’ motion unless we were to authorize a second-or-successive

motion under § 2255. Appellant’s App., vol. II, at 383 n.5.

      Instead of continuing with the approach now forbidden by Baker, the

district court initiated consideration of the issue under its authority to

invoke fraud on the court sua sponte. In doing so, the district court

distinguished its order from the one in Baker, stating in footnote five:

                                      11
“The instant case is distinguishable due to the fact it is the Court, not the

defendant, that has invoked its inherent authority and has construed

Williams’ Motion to Withdraw and Nullify Guilty Plea as a fraud on the

court motion.” Id. 1

       Nothing in the district court’s analysis is inconsistent with a sua

sponte invocation of fraud on the court. Thus, I would conclude that the

court invoked fraud on the court sua sponte, as it had the authority to do.

III.   Merits

       As the majority notes, the government waived arguments regarding

the district court’s application of fraud on the court by failing to raise

these arguments until the reply brief. Maj. Op. at 15 n.9; see Wheeler v.

Comm’r¸ 521 F.3d 1289, 1291 (10th Cir. 2008) (“[I]ssues raised by an

appellant for the first time on appeal in a reply brief are generally deemed

1
      The government questions the validity of this distinction, arguing
that the relief being sought (vacatur of the conviction) is the same
regardless of whether this remedy is being requested by Mr. Williams or
the district court. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 40. This distinction is
dubious and immaterial. It is dubious because courts do not request relief;
they decide whether to grant relief. The distinction is immaterial because
Baker did not address whether a court could invoke fraud on the court sua
sponte after a party files a second-or-successive petition. The majority
agrees. See Maj. Op. at 20 (“Mr. Williams is correct that [the
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act] will not constrain a
court’s authority to employ its inherent equitable powers if the court is
acting on its own initiative, rather than upon the application filed by the
petitioner.”).

                                      12
waived.”). 2 Because I would reject the government’s jurisdictional

arguments, I would end the analysis there and affirm.

IV.   Conclusion

      We have long recognized the ability of a court to vacate a judgment

procured through a fraud. The district court invoked that power, as it was

empowered to do.

      We need not decide whether the court correctly perceived the

government’s conduct as fraudulent because the government waived its

arguments on the merits. Instead, the government appealed solely on a

jurisdictional ground.

      Though the district judge lacked jurisdiction to grant relief based on

Mr. Williams’ motion, that is not what happened. To the contrary, the

2
      In its opening brief, the government refers to the merits in three
sentences:

      Whether or not there was police misconduct during the
      investigation, there was no fraud on the district court during
      the proceedings that led to Williams’ convictions. His
      convictions rested solely on his detailed written and oral
      admissions of his factual guilt. The district court’s fraud-on-
      the-court ruling is wrong on the merits.

Appellant’s Opening Br. at 34. These three sentences, lacking any
explanation or authority, do not constitute adequate development of an
argument on the merits. See Rojem v. Gibson, 245 F.3d 1130, 1141 n.8
(10th Cir. 2001) (stating that an argument was waived in a habeas appeal
because it was inadequately developed). In oral argument, the government
conceded that its opening brief had not addressed the merits. Oral Arg.
7:52-8:37.

                                     13
district judge exercised his inherent power to sua sponte remedy a fraud

on his own court. Accordingly, I would affirm. Because the majority has

declined to do so, I respectfully dissent.

                                      14