Court Opinion

ID: 6331303
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-13 20:03:36.309749+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:09.796194
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (2d) 200038-U
                                        No. 2-20-0038
                                   Order filed April 13, 2022

      NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent
      except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________

                                            IN THE

                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE                ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS,                           ) of Du Page County.
                                       )
      Plaintiff-Appellee,              )
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 18-CF-3001
                                       )
JERRY BENSON,                          ) Honorable
                                       ) Jeffrey S. MacKay,
      Defendant-Appellant.             ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the court.
       Justices McLaren and Schostok concurred in the judgment.

                                            ORDER

¶1     Held: The invited error doctrine barred defendant’s argument that he was not proved
             guilty of aggravated driving under the influence (DUI) because the State failed to
             prove at trial the aggravating factor that his license was subject to a statutory
             summary suspension at the time of the DUI. Defendant had successfully moved
             before trial to preclude the State from mentioning the basis of the suspension.
             Therefore, he was estopped from challenging the failure to prove the aggravating
             factor.

¶2     Defendant, Jerry Benson, appeals from his conviction, following a jury trial, of aggravated

driving under the influence (DUI), a Class 4 felony (625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2), (d)(1)(G), (d)(2)(A)

(West 2018)). Defendant argues that his conviction should be reduced to misdemeanor DUI
2022 IL App (2d) 200038-U

because the State failed to prove the aggravating factor—that defendant committed the offense

while his license was suspended based on a violation of section 11-501.1(a) of the Illinois Vehicle

Code (Vehicle Code) (625 ILCS 5/11-501.1(a) (West 2018))—at trial beyond a reasonable doubt.

We hold that, because defendant expressly invited and acquiesced to the claimed error, he is

estopped from challenging it on appeal. We thus affirm.

¶3                                     I. BACKGROUND

¶4     On January 22, 2019, defendant was indicted on one count of aggravated DUI. Id. §§ 11-

501(a)(2), (d)(1)(G), (d)(2)(A). On May 23, 2019, defendant was indicted on a second count of

aggravated DUI. Id. §§ 11-501(a)(1), (d)(1)(G), (d)(2)(A). The first count alleged that defendant

“drove or was in actual physical control of a motor vehicle *** while defendant was under the

influence of alcohol.” The second count alleged that defendant “drove or was in actual physical

control of a motor vehicle *** while the alcohol concentration in his blood or breath [(BAC)] was

.16 or more.” Each count also alleged, as an aggravating factor, that defendant committed the

offense “at a time when the defendant’s driver’s license or privilege to operate a motor vehicle

was suspended, where the suspension was based on a violation of 625 ILCS 5/11-501.1(a) [(West

2018)].” (Section 11-501.1 of the Vehicle Code concerns statutory driver’s license suspensions.

See id.) In addition to two counts of aggravated DUI, defendant was charged by complaint with

driving while his license was suspended (625 ILCS 5/6-303 (West 2018)). The charges stemmed

from defendant’s actions on December 30, 2018.

¶5     Prior to trial, defendant filed two motions in limine. In defendant’s “Motion In Limine #1”,

defendant asked, in paragraph six, “[t]hat the State’s Attorney or any of the State’s witnesses be

barred from referencing any criminal history of the Defendant.” In defendant’s “Motion In Limine

#2”, defendant asked, in paragraph one, “[t]hat the State be barred from introducing evidence of

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2022 IL App (2d) 200038-U

the basis for Defendant’s license being suspended or revoked. That information is irrelevant and

more prejudicial than probative.”

¶6     At the hearing on defendant’s motions, the trial court granted defendant’s first motion

in limine with no objection from the State. Thereafter, the following colloquy occurred as to

paragraph one of defendant’s second motion in limine:

                “THE COURT: ***

                All right. [Defendant’s] Motion in Limine No. 2, Paragraph 1, which deals with the

       Defendant’s driver’s license—And it’s suspended for a DUI or a statutory summary

       suspension?

                MS. NEVDAL [(DEFENSE COUNSEL)]: It’s a statutory summary suspension,

       Judge.

                THE COURT: All right. Ms. Barsanti.

                MS. BARSANTI [(ASSISTANT STATE’S ATTORNEY)]: Judge, I looked at the

       abstract yesterday and I redacted the part where it says statutory summary; so it would just

       say SUSP on 12/30 of 2018. I have a copy if both sides want to see it. I mean, I think we

       have to introduce a certified copy of the Defendant’s driving abstract. I don’t have an

       objection to not getting into it. I was more concerned, I guess, about providing that as

       evidence.

                THE COURT: All right. And I don’t want to speak for [defense counsel], but I

       don’t think she’s talking about that. I think she’s talking about during testimony.

                Is that correct?

                MS. NEVDAL: That’s correct.

                THE COURT: All right. Any objection to—

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               MS. BARSANTI: I don’t have any objection to that. I guess, I’d just ask that we

       address that as well, the abstract, because we have to enter a certified copy of the

       Defendant’s driving abstract and it says on that page, ‘Statutory Summary Suspension.’

               THE COURT: But that doesn’t go back to the jury.

               MS. BARSANTI: Okay.

               THE COURT: That’s just for sentencing purposes.

               MS. BARSANTI: Okay.

               THE COURT: Okay. So no objection to Count 1—

               MS. BARSANTI: No.

               THE COURT: —excuse me—Paragraph 1.

               Okay. Paragraph 2—And [defense counsel], I’m sorry, you know, I didn’t allow

       you to make any oral argument if you wanted to and I apologize. Is there anything else you

       wanted to say on Paragraph 1?

               MS. NEVDAL: No, Judge.”

¶7     The matter proceeded to a jury trial. Because defendant does not dispute that the evidence

was sufficient to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of DUI (challenging only whether

the State was required to prove the aggravating factor at trial rather than sentencing), we state the

facts only briefly. Testimony generally established that, on December 30, 2018, police officers

found defendant unresponsive in his locked vehicle, which was parked on the side of the road with

the keys in the ignition and the engine running. After the officers tried unsuccessfully to rouse

defendant, they entered the vehicle using “lockout tools.” Shortly thereafter, defendant woke up.

An odor of alcohol emanated from defendant’s mouth. Defendant’s eyes were bloodshot and

glassy and his speech was slurred. Police dashcam video recorded the officers’ interactions with

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2022 IL App (2d) 200038-U

defendant, which included field sobriety tests. A records search revealed that defendant’s driver’s

license was suspended. Defendant was arrested. When defendant refused to provide a breath

sample, officers obtained a warrant for a blood draw, which revealed a BAC of 0.167.

¶8     Following the presentation of the State’s witnesses, and outside the presence of the jury,

the State asked to admit People’s exhibit No. 11, “the certified copy of the abstract.” The court

inquired of defense counsel, who said that she had no objection. The trial court clarified: “Just for

the record, that certified copy has been redacted for any criminal history.” The State replied: “I

have a redacted copy, I think, but then after that conversation, I printed out a regular copy. I can,

if I don’t have it, make another redacted copy.” The court responded: “If we can please make

People’s Exhibit Number 11 a redacted copy.” The court said it would permit defense counsel to

“take look at [People’s exhibit No. 11] before we send it back to the Jury.” With the admission of

People’s exhibit No. 11, the State rested.

¶9     Defendant moved for a directed verdict. Concerning People’s exhibit No. 11, defense

counsel argued that there was no testimony tying the abstract to defendant. The abstract contained

no date of birth, address, or other identifiers aside from defendant’s name, which counsel argued

was not uncommon enough to definitively connect the abstract to defendant. The trial court denied

the motion, stating that “there is a presumption if the name on the certified copy is the defendant’s

name, that he is the defendant, and I will go with that presumption.” The defense rested.

¶ 10   Later, when the parties discussed which exhibits would go back to the jury, the State noted

that it had, as the court directed, redacted People’s exhibit No. 11 and shown it to defense counsel.

The court asked defense counsel if she wanted to make a record regarding People’s exhibit No. 11.

Counsel said, “I think I did make a record. We’re still making the same objection to that as I made

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2022 IL App (2d) 200038-U

earlier. I don’t think it ties to the defendant, but—.” The court interjected and ruled that People’s

exhibit No. 11 would go back to the jury.

¶ 11   People’s exhibit No. 11 states that defendant’s license suspension was in effect on

December 30, 2018, but does not show the basis for the suspension.

¶ 12   The jury signed verdict forms finding defendant (1) “guilty of driving while driver’s license

is suspended,” (2) “guilty of driving while under the influence of alcohol,” and (3) “guilty of

driving with an alcohol concentration of .08 or more.” The jury found that “the allegation that ***

the alcohol concentration in the defendant’s blood was 0.16 or more, was not proven.”

¶ 13   Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which was denied.

¶ 14   At defendant’s sentencing hearing, the trial court merged the aggravated DUI convictions

and sentenced defendant to 24 months’ probation. The court sentenced defendant to a concurrent

term of 168 days in jail on the conviction of driving while his license was suspended. The

presentence investigation report, which the trial court considered, included a section titled

“Secretary of State Suspension/Revocation Summary.” It provided:

               “According to the Illinois Secretary of State Driver’s Abstract, the statutory

       summary suspension for the defendant’s license was in effect as of November 25, 2019.

       The Illinois Secretary of State indicated the following actions: two DUI statutory summary

       suspensions, one extension of the statutory summary suspension, and one mandated

       enrollment in a driver remedial program and/or court supervision.”

¶ 15   Defendant timely appealed.

¶ 16                                      II. ANALYSIS

¶ 17   Defendant argues that his conviction of aggravated DUI should be reduced to misdemeanor

DUI because the State failed to prove the aggravating factor—that defendant committed the

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2022 IL App (2d) 200038-U

offense while his license was suspended based on a violation of section 11-501.1(a) of the Vehicle

Code (625 ILCS 5/11-501.1(a) (West 2018))—at trial beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 18   When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the question presented is

“ ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ”

(Emphasis in original) People v. McLaurin, 2020 IL 124563, ¶ 22 (2020) (quoting Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). Here, it is undisputed that the State did not present evidence

at trial to establish the basis of defendant’s driver’s license suspension, but instead presented it at

sentencing. Defendant argues that the State was required to present this evidence at trial. This

presents an issue of law, which we consider de novo. See People v. May, 2021 IL App (4th)

190893.

¶ 19   Defendant was convicted of DUI under section 11-501(a) of the Vehicle Code, which

provides:

               “(a) A person shall not drive or be in actual physical control of any vehicle within

       this State while:

                       (1) the alcohol concentration in the person’s blood, other bodily substance,

               or breath is 0.08 or more ***;

                       (2) under the influence of alcohol.” 625 ILCS 5/11-501(a)(2) (West 2018)).

A conviction under subsection 11-501(a) of the Vehicle Code is a Class A misdemeanor. Id. § 11-

501(c)(1). Here, however, defendant was charged with, and the trial court entered convictions on,

two counts of aggravated DUI under subsection 11-501(d)(1)(G), which provides:

               “(d) Aggravated driving under the influence of alcohol ***.

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2022 IL App (2d) 200038-U

                       (1) Every person convicted of committing a violation of this Section shall

               be guilty of aggravated driving under the influence of alcohol *** if:

                                                                ***

                                (G) the person committed a violation of subsection (a) during a

                       period in which defendant’s driving privileges are revoked or suspended,

                       where the revocation or suspension was for a violation of subsection (a) or

                       a similar provision, Section 11-501.1, paragraph (b) of Section 11-401, or

                       for reckless homicide ***.” (Emphasis added.) Id. § 11-501(d)(1)(G).

Section 11-501.1 of the Vehicle Code concerns statutory driver’s license suspensions. Id. § 11-

501.1. When a motorist is arrested for DUI, the arresting officer shall ask the motorist to submit

to a chemical test. Id. § 11-501.1(a). If the motorist refuses testing or if the motorist consents and

testing reveals a BAC of 0.08 or greater, the motorist’s driving privileges will be summarily

suspended. Id. § 11-501.1(c).

¶ 20   In Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 476 (2000) (quoting Jones v. U.S., 526 U.S. 227,

243, n.6 (1999)), the United States Supreme Court held that “ ‘any fact (other than a prior

conviction) that increases the maximum penalty for a crime must be charged in an indictment,

submitted to a jury, and proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” After Apprendi was decided, the

General Assembly enacted section 111-3(c-5) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725

ILCS 5/111-3(c-5) (West 2018)), which provides:

       “[I]f an alleged fact (other than the fact of a prior conviction) is not an element of an offense

       but is sought to be used to increase the range of penalties for the offense beyond the

       statutory maximum that could otherwise be imposed for the offense, the alleged fact must

       be included in the charging instrument or otherwise provided to the defendant through a

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         written notification before trial, submitted to a trier of fact as an aggravating factor, and

         proved beyond a reasonable doubt.”

¶ 21     According to defendant, because the aggravating factor was not a prior conviction but a

statutory summary suspension, the State was required to prove it beyond a reasonable doubt at

trial.

¶ 22     The State responds that defendant forfeited this argument by failing to raise it below and,

in addition, that any arguable error was invited by defendant. Alternatively, the State contends that

it was not required to prove the basis of the suspension at trial and that it was properly proven at

sentencing.

¶ 23     We first note that, contrary to the State’s contention, defendant did not forfeit his argument

by failing to raise it below. Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, which may be

raised for the first time on appeal. See People v. Carter, 2021 IL 125954, ¶ 41 (the defendant’s

argument that his aggravated battery conviction did not satisfy the armed habitual criminal

statute’s predicate offense requirement was a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence that

could be made for the first time on appeal).

¶ 24     We next consider the State’s contention that any arguable error was invited by defendant.

The following principles, recently applied by this court in People v. Moore, 2021 IL App (2d)

200407, apply here.

         “It is well settled under the doctrine of invited error that a defendant cannot request to

         proceed in one manner in the trial court and later assert on appeal that the course of action

         was erroneous. People v. Carter, 208 Ill. 2d 309, 319 (2003). The doctrine of invited error

         or acquiescence is a procedural default sometimes described as estoppel. People v. Harvey,

         211 Ill. 2d 368, 385 (2004). ‘[A] defendant’s invitation or agreement to the procedure later

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       challenged on appeal “goes beyond mere waiver.” ’ Id. (quoting People v. Villarreal, 198

       Ill. 2d 209, 227, (2001)). ‘To permit a defendant to use the exact ruling or action procured

       in the trial court as a vehicle for reversal on appeal would offend all notions of fair play

       [citation], and encourage defendants to become duplicitous.’ (Internal quotation marks

       omitted.) Id.” Moore, 2021 IL App (2d) 200407, ¶ 33.

In Moore, we held that, because the defendant expressly invited and acquiesced to the claimed

error, i.e., an inadequate factual basis for a guilty plea, he was estopped from challenging the plea.

Id. ¶¶ 31-36.

¶ 25   In support of its argument that defendant should be estopped, based on the doctrine of

invited error, from arguing that the State was required to prove at trial the basis of the suspension,

the State relies on People v. Bowman, 221 Ill. App. 3d 663 (1991). In Bowman, the defendant was

convicted of DUI and the enhanced offense of driving while his license was revoked. Id. at 664.

The statute allowed such an enhancement based on proof of (1) a prior conviction of driving with

a revoked license and (2) a DUI conviction that was the basis for the prior revocation conviction.

Id. at 665 (citing (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 95 ½, ¶ 6-303(d)). The jury did not receive evidence of

the prior convictions of driving with a revoked license or DUI; instead, the trial court considered

the evidence at sentencing. Id. On appeal, the defendant argued that the State failed to prove

beyond a reasonable doubt one of the elements of the offense—that the defendant’s revocation

was based on a prior DUI conviction. Id. at 664.

¶ 26   The Fourth District found that the defendant was estopped from asserting error because he

“invited or agreed to the procedure” followed by the trial court. Id. at 666. During a pretrial

conference, the parties “agreed to admit into evidence only that part of the driving record abstract

that showed defendant’s license was revoked” on the date of the offense. Id. at 665. The State was

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willing “to proceed in this fashion as long as there was agreement, so that on appeal no one could

say [the State] did not prove all elements of the offense.” Id. The parties’ agreement was to

       “attempt to prove to the jury only that defendant’s driver’s license was revoked ***, but

       not that his prior DUI was the basis for his revocation, and that he had a prior [driving

       while license revoked] conviction based thereon. The jury instructions would be similarly

       tailored to reflect this stipulation. Then, if a sentencing hearing was necessary, the entire

       abstract and certified copies of court documents *** would be introduced to enhance the

       [offense] to a felony.” Id.

¶ 27   Here, although the parties did not, as in Benson, expressly stipulate to the procedure

followed at trial, we agree that any error was invited and acquiesced to by defendant. Indeed,

defendant’s second motion in limine specifically requested “[t]hat the State be barred from

introducing evidence of the basis for Defendant’s license being suspended or revoked.” (Emphasis

added.) In response to the motion, the State agreed to redact the words “Statutory Summary” from

the certified copy of defendant’s driving abstract so that the abstract would reflect only that

defendant’s driver’s license was suspended on the date of the offense but not the basis of the

suspension. When the court commented, “I don’t think [defense counsel is] talking about that. I

think she’s talking about during testimony,” the State responded that it had no objection to not

eliciting testimony about the basis of the suspension at trial, but that it intended to introduce a

certified copy of defendant’s driving abstract and that the abstract reflected that the suspension

was a “ ‘Statutory Summary Suspension.’ ” The court responded, “But that doesn’t go back to the

jury” and that it was “just for sentencing purposes.” (Emphases added.) When asked whether she

had anything to add, defense counsel responded, “No.” Later, after presentation of its witnesses,

the State sought to admit an unredacted copy of the driving abstract as People’s exhibit No. 11.

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The court, now apparently presuming that the abstract would go back to the jury, asked the State

to make redactions. When defense counsel was later shown the redacted copy and asked if she

wished to make a record, she objected that the abstract could not be tied to defendant. However,

this point went to weight, not admissibility. More importantly, the issue at the time was whether

the redacted abstract should go back to the jury, not whether it should be admitted into evidence.

Like the trial testimony, the redactions were consistent with what counsel had previously said she

wanted presented to the jury. She had asked that the jury not hear the basis of the suspension, and,

moreover, when the court made clear that evidence of the basis was “just for sentencing purposes”

(emphasis added), she acquiesced. Indeed, defendant’s language in his motion in limine is

essentially the equivalent of a judicial admission; defendant admits the basis of the suspension but

does not want to jury to hear it. 1 Accordingly, defendant cannot now be heard to complain that the

State did not prove at trial the aggravating factor that defendant committed the offense while his

license was suspended based on a violation of section 11-501.1(a) of the Vehicle Code.

¶ 28   Defendant does not acknowledge Bowman in his reply brief. Instead, he argues that

“[d]efense counsel did not object to an inclusion of language that [defendant’s] license was

suspended pursuant to [section 11-501.1], but rather expressed concern that the State might present

evidence during witness testimony regarding [defendant’s] prior criminal history.” According to

defendant, “the State chose to redact the [abstract] more than necessary—on its own accord.” This

       1
           “[J]udicial admissions ‘are formal concessions in the pleadings in the case or stipulations

by a party or its counsel that have the effect of withdrawing a fact from issue and dispensing wholly

with the need for proof of the fact.’ ” Knauerhaze v. Nelson, 361 Ill. App. 3d 538, 557-58 (2005)

(quoting J. Strong, McCormick on Evidence § 254, at 142 (4th ed.1992)).

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argument is disingenuous, given defendant’s express request in his second motion in limine “[t]hat

the State be barred from introducing evidence of the basis for Defendant’s license being suspended

or revoked.” (Emphasis added.) To be sure, defendant also requested, in his first motion in limine,

that the State be barred from presenting evidence regarding defendant’s criminal history, but this

was distinct from his specific request to bar admission of the basis of the driver’s license

suspension.

¶ 29   Accordingly, because defendant expressly invited and acquiesced to the claimed error, he

is estopped from challenging it on appeal.

¶ 30   Going forward, we strongly suggest that, where a defendant is charged with aggravated

DUI based on having committed DUI while his license was suspended for a violation of section

11-501.1(a) of the Vehicle Code, there be a stipulation on the record that the suspension will result

in additional punishment if the defendant is convicted. Otherwise, the unredacted abstract should

be admitted.

¶ 31                                    III. CONCLUSION

¶ 32   For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Du Page County.

¶ 33   Affirmed.

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