Court Opinion

ID: 9353853
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-12 22:06:45.605631+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:12:06.724684
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Perez, 2023-Ohio-83.]

                                COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

STATE OF OHIO,                                  :

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,            :
                                                             No. 111296
                 v.                             :

RAUL PEREZ,                                     :

                 Defendant-Appellant.           :

                                 JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 12, 2023

          Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
           Case Nos. CR-20-655272-A, CR-20-655273-A, CR-20-655274-A,
                                and CR-21-657848-B

                                          Appearances:

                 Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
                 Attorney, and Jasmin L. Jackson, Assistant Prosecuting
                 Attorney, for appellee.

                 Mary Catherine Corrigan, for appellant.

EMANUELLA D. GROVES, J.:

                   Defendant-appellant Raul Perez (“Perez”) appeals his conviction for

felonious assault and other felony offenses. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
Procedural and Factual History

              On December 18, 2020, and March 12, 2021, the grand jury indicted

Perez on multiple felony offenses surrounding four separate incidents. The first case

alleged that on May 30, 2020, Perez committed the offense of felonious assault, a

second-degree felony (“Case 1”).

              Then on June 27, 2020, it was alleged Perez committed the offenses

of aggravated robbery, a first-degree felony; two counts of robbery, charged as

second-degree and third-degree felonies; having weapons while under disability, a

third-degree felony; grand theft, a third-degree felony; and aggravated menacing, a

first-degree misdemeanor. One and three-year firearm specifications were attached

to the aggravated robbery, both robbery, and grand theft charges (“Case 2”).

              The next case contained allegations against Perez and a codefendant,

Thomas Knapp. That case alleged that on November 8, 2020, Perez committed the

offenses of abduction, a third-degree felony; aggravated robbery, a first-degree

felony; two counts of robbery, charged as second-degree and third-degree felonies

respectively; having weapons while under disability, a third-degree felony; improper

handling of a firearm in a motor vehicle, a fourth-degree felony; and two counts of

theft, charged as fifth-degree felonies. One and three-year firearm specifications

were attached to the aggravated robbery and both robbery charges (“Case 3”).

              The final case alleged that on November 27, 2020, Perez committed

the offenses of felonious assault, a second-degree felony; having weapons while

under disability, a third-degree felony; improper handling of a firearm in a motor
vehicle, a fourth-degree felony; and two first-degree misdemeanor offenses, assault

and failure to stop after an accident (“Case 4”).

               On September 9, 2021, the parties appeared in court with an agreed-

upon plea deal. The plea agreement consisted of Perez pleading to certain charges

in each case, in exchange for which the state would dismiss the remaining charges.

Additionally, the parties agreed to a recommended sentence of eight to 12 years and

that Perez would not be subject to postrelease control. The trial court accepted

Perez’s guilty plea to the agreed charges and explained to Perez that the court was

not bound by the plea agreement or the sentencing recommendation.

               The case was scheduled for sentencing on November 18, 2021.

However, at that time, Perez arrived with new counsel who indicated they needed

an opportunity to review the discovery and evaluate the plea agreement. Counsel

indicated that there was concern about the length of the proposed sentence and

whether Perez wanted to maintain his plea.

               On November 22, 2021, Perez filed a motion to withdraw his guilty

plea. The motion alleged that Perez was not represented by highly competent

counsel during his plea. Specifically, the motion alleged that the plea agreement

counsel agreed to was harsher than similarly situated defendants. It further alleged

that prior counsel had failed to review discovery with Perez, preventing him from

fully exploring any viable defenses.

               The case was then set for hearing on January 7, 2022; however, it was

continued as the parties continued to engage in discussions. On February 10, 2022,
the parties came before the court again. Perez withdrew the previous motion to

withdraw his plea. Nevertheless, the trial court elected to withdraw the plea anyway

and begin anew to ensure “that there’s a full understanding of the consequences

[Perez has], and, also, that [Perez has] fully voluntarily, intelligently, and knowingly

entered into those guilty pleas.” (Tr. 50.)

               The court then inquired about the plea agreement. The parties

informed the court that the plea agreement remained the same. Perez subsequently

pled guilty to one count of felonious assault in Case 1, attempted aggravated robbery

with a one-year firearm specification in Case 2, abduction and improper handling of

a firearm in a motor vehicle in Case 3, and felonious assault with a three-year firearm

specification in Case 4. In exchange for those pleas, the state agreed to dismiss the

remaining charges and recommended a sentence between eight and 12 years, with

no associated postrelease control.

               During the plea colloquy, the trial court informed Perez that some of

his charges would be subject to an indefinite sentence pursuant to R.C. 2967.271,

the Reagan Tokes Law. Perez’s counsel noted an objection to the Reagan Tokes Law

and its sentencing structure.

               After accepting the plea, the trial court proceeded immediately to

sentencing.   The court noted that all parties had reviewed the presentence-

investigation report.

               The state presented the following witnesses. R.P., the victim in Case

1, told the court that Perez attacked him from behind without warning, cause, or
justification. He did not believe that Perez was repentant for his crimes. R.P. asked

the court to impose the maximum sentence possible.

              J.S. and T.S., the victims in Case 4, also addressed the court. J.S. had

limited interaction with Perez, who had hit his and T.S.’s car while it was parked

outside their home. T.S. tried to see if Perez was okay after the accident; however,

he did not respond. She went to take a picture of his license plate, but he quickly

snatched it off the car and then pulled a gun on her. Perez fired at her and missed,

tried again, but the gun jammed. T.S. was able to get to safety. J.S. told the court

that he and T.S. had been together for over 21 years and what happened greatly

distressed him and jeopardized his mental health. T.S. disagreed with the plea

agreement and was disappointed that it was allowed.

              Det. Krakowski was the assigned detective on Cases 2 and 3. The trial

court allowed him to give a statement over the defense’s objection. Det. Krakowski

informed the court that Perez was from a loving family and a good home but chose

to live his life as evidenced by his crimes. He requested the trial court issue the

maximum sentence.

              The prosecutor then addressed the court and argued that there were

no mitigating circumstances. The prosecutor laid out the timeline of events and

asked the court to take those factors into consideration when issuing its sentence.

              The defense then addressed the court. Perez read a letter he had

written apologizing for his actions and expressing remorse. His counsel then asked
the court to impose an eight-year sanction to be served concurrently on all the cases.

The defense did not raise the issue of a breach of the plea agreement.

              The court proceeded to sentence Perez as follows: On Case 4, the

sentence was three years on the firearm specification, to run prior to and consecutive

to five to seven and one-half years on the felonious assault. On Case 2, the sentence

was one year on the firearm specification to run prior to and consecutive to two to

three years on the attempted aggravated robbery. On Case 1, a sentence of four to

six years on felonious assault. The court ordered the sentences on Cases 1, 2, and 4

to run consecutively to one another. On Case 3, the trial court sentenced Perez to a

12-month term each on the abduction and improper handling charges, to run

concurrently to each other and concurrently to all other charges. The aggregate

sentence was a term of 15 years to 20 and one-half years.

              Perez appeals and assigns the following errors for our review:

                           Assignment of Error No. 1

      The trial court erred by proceeding to sentencing after the state of Ohio
      violated the plea agreement.

                           Assignment of Error No. 2

      The trial court erred by sentencing the appellant to three (3) indefinite
      sentences pursuant to the Reagan Tokes Act.

                           Assignment of Error No. 3

      The trial court erred by imposing an unconstitutional sentence
      pursuant to the Reagan Tokes Act.
Law and Analysis

               For ease of analysis, we will address the assignments of error out of

order as necessary.

               In the first assignment of error, Perez argues that the state violated

the plea agreement and the trial court erred when it proceeded to sentence him.

Perez alleges that the state violated the plea agreement in three ways: 1) when it

argued that there were no mitigating circumstances; 2) when Det. Krakowski

requested that the trial court impose the maximum sentence, and 3) by allowing

“countless details, feelings, and impertinent circumstances” to be presented to the

trial court.

Standard of Review

               Preliminarily, we recognize that plea bargains are ‘‘“‘contractual in

nature and subject to contract law standards.”’’’ State v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 109963, 2021-Ohio-3099, ¶ 34, quoting State v. Butts, 112 Ohio App.3d 683,

686, 679 N.E.2d 1170 (8th Dist.1996), quoting Baker v. United States, 781 F.2d 85,

90 (6th Cir.1986). Accordingly, a plea agreement has the same elements of other

contracts, i.e., offer, acceptance, the capacity to contract, consideration, and “a

manifestation of mutual assent.” Id., citing State v. Robinson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 82801, 2004-Ohio-740, ¶ 12, citing Perlmuter Printing Co. v. Strome, Inc., 436

F.Supp. 409, 414 (N.D.Ohio 1976). There must be a meeting of the minds in order

to enforce the contract. Id., citing Robinson at id., citing Episcopal Retirement

Homes, Inc. v. Ohio Dept. of Indus. Relations, 61 Ohio St.3d 366, 369, 575 N.E.2d
134 (1991). “The terms of a plea agreement must therefore be explicit.” State v.

Grove, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103042, 2016-Ohio-2721, ¶ 36, citing State v.

Padilla, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98187, 2012-Ohio-5892, ¶ 11.

               If the state breaches the agreement, the defendant may either

withdraw the plea or seek specific performance. Id., citing State v. Brunning, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95376, 2013-Ohio-930, ¶ 9; Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S.

257, 263, 92 S.Ct. 495, 30 L.Ed.2d 427 (1971). “Whether there has been a breach is

a decision in the trial court’s discretion.” State v. Monroe, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-19-

1241, 2020-Ohio-4541, ¶ 16, citing State v. Payton, 6th Dist. Erie Nos. E-09-070 and

E-09-071, 2010-Ohio-5178, ¶ 11, citing State v. Willis, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-05-026,

2005-Ohio-7002, ¶ 9 (additional citations omitted in the original).

               Preliminarily, the defense did not raise the breach of the plea

agreement before the trial court. When a defendant fails to raise a breach of the plea

agreement in the trial court, they waive all but plain error. United States v. Barnes,

278 F.3d 644, 646 (6th Cir.2002); see also State v. Hartley, 3d Dist. Hancock No.

5-14-04, 2014-Ohio-4536, ¶ 9; State v. Reidling, 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-11-002,

2012-Ohio-2343, ¶ 6; State v. Cortes, 11th Dist. Ashtabula Nos. 2022-A-0019 and

2022-A-0020, 2022-Ohio-3973, ¶ 22; State v. Kocak, 2016-Ohio-8483, 79 N.E.3d

127, ¶ 31 (7th Dist.).

               Plain error may be found when 1) there is an error, i.e., deviation from

a legal rule; 2) that error is plain and obvious, and 3) the error affected the

defendant’s substantial rights, i.e., affected the outcome of the case. State v. Pratts,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104235, 2016-Ohio-8053, ¶ 34, citing State v. Barnes, 94

Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002). However, it has long been established,

that “[e]ven if the plain error standard is met, courts should only notice it ‘with the

utmost caution under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest

miscarriage of justice.’” State v. White, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110452, 2022-Ohio-

2130, ¶ 37, quoting State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978).

               Furthermore, under plain error review, “the defendant bears the

burden of demonstrating that a plain error affected his substantial rights.”

(Emphasis sic.) State v. Perry, 101 Ohio St.3d 118, 2004-Ohio-297, 802 N.E.2d 643,

¶ 14. In the instant case, the defense did not object before the trial court and does

not invoke plain error on appeal. An appellate court need not consider plain error

when the appellant fails to timely raise a plain error claim. State v. Body, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 109388, 2021-Ohio-703, ¶ 23.

               Accordingly, Perez’s first assignment of error is overruled.

               In the third assignment of error, Perez argues the indefinite sentence

imposed by the trial court pursuant to R.C. 2967.271, the Reagan Tokes Law, was

unconstitutional. Perez argues that the law violates the right to a jury trial under the

Ohio and United States Constitutions; violates the separation-of-powers doctrine;

and violates the Due Process Clauses of the Ohio and United States Constitutions.

Perez acknowledges that this court, in the en banc decision of State v Delvallie,

2022-Ohio-470, 185 N.E.3d 536 (8th Dist.), has already addressed these issues,
finding the statute constitutional. However, he seeks to preserve the issue for the

ultimate decision of the Ohio Supreme Court.

                Accordingly, Perez’s third assignment of error is overruled.

                In the second assignment of error, Perez argues that the trial court

erred when it sentenced him under R.C. 2967.271. Specifically, Perez argues that

the law only allows the imposition of an indefinite sentence on one qualifying felony

offense when a defendant is convicted of multiple qualifying offense that are

consecutive. Therefore, Perez alleges, the trial court erred when it sentenced him to

three indefinite sentences.

                Perez failed to raise this error before the trial court and, therefore,

waives all but plain error. Pratts, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104235, 2016-Ohio-8053

at ¶ 34. Additionally, Perez did not raise plain error before this court, so we are not

required to consider it. Body, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109388, 2021-Ohio-703, at

¶ 23.

                Nevertheless, because we find there was no error and because this

court    recently   addressed    this   issue,   we   will   discuss   it   briefly   here.

R.C. 2929.144(B)(2) provides:

        If the offender is being sentenced for more than one felony, if one or
        more of the felonies is a qualifying felony of the first or second degree,
        and if the court orders that some or all of the prison terms imposed are
        to be served consecutively, the court shall add all of the minimum terms
        imposed on the offender under division (A)(1)(a) or (2)(a) of section
        2929.14 of the Revised Code for a qualifying felony of the first or second
        degree that are to be served consecutively and all of the definite terms
        of the felonies that are not qualifying felonies of the first or second
        degree that are to be served consecutively, and the maximum term shall
      be equal to the total of those terms so added by the court plus fifty
      percent of the longest minimum term or definite term for the most
      serious felony being sentenced.

              In the instant case, the trial court imposed indefinite prison terms on

one qualifying offense in each of three separate cases. Perez argues that the language

“more than one felony” applies in his cases, despite the fact that his cases cover

separate incidents on separate indictments. We disagree. As we noted in State v.

Bond, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110022, 2022-Ohio-1487, “R.C. 2929.144(B)(2) only

applies to consecutive prison terms imposed within a single case.” Id. at ¶ 13. The

language of R.C. 2929.144(B)(2) does not authorize a court “to use an indefinite

prison term imposed on a qualifying felony in one case to calculate the indefinite

prison term on a qualifying felony in a different case.”        Id.     For each case,

R.C. 2929.144(B)    requires   the    court   imposing    a    prison    term   under

R.C. 2929.14(A)(1)(a) or (2)(a) for a first-degree or second-degree felony to

determine ‘“the maximum prison term that is part of the sentence.’” Id. quoting

2929.144(B). “If the legislature had intended to allow courts to include indefinite

prison terms in separate cases when calculating consecutive sentence under

R.C. 2929.144(B)(2), it could have done so, but it did not.”

              In fact, Perez acknowledges that Bond disagrees with his position.

However, Perez argues that the separate three cases in question were indicted on the

same day and are so intertwined that the holding in Bond and the plain reading of

2929.144(B)(2) should not apply to this case. We disagree.
              While the three separate cases were indicted on the same date, they

address offenses that occurred over the course of seven months, from May 2020

through November 2020. Additionally, they involve different locations and victims.

Consequently, the trial court did not err in sentencing Perez to consecutive

sentences, each with an indefinite component.

              Accordingly, the second assignment of error is overruled.

              Judgment affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment

into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

EMANUELLA D. GROVES, JUDGE

MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, P.J., and
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR

N.B. Judge Emanuella D. Groves concurred with the opinions of Judge Lisa B.
Forbes (dissenting) and Judge Anita Laster Mays (concurring in part and dissenting
in part) in Delvallie and would have found the Reagan Tokes Law unconstitutional.

Judge Eileen T. Gallagher joined the dissent by Judge Lisa B. Forbes in Delvallie
and would have found that R.C. 2967.271(C) and (D) of the Reagan Tokes Law are
unconstitutional.