Court Opinion

ID: 9377781
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-08 18:02:47.262006+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:16.567243
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/8/23 Adoption of A.G. CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (Sacramento)
                                                            ----

 Adoption of A.G., a Minor.                                                                    C096060

 B.G.,                                                                           (Super. Ct. No. 21AD00088)

                    Plaintiff and Respondent,

           v.

 T.H.,

                    Defendant and Appellant.

         T.H. (mother) appeals from a family court judgment terminating her parental
rights as to the minor. (Fam. Code, § 7822.)1 Mother contends the family court (1) did
not comply with the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.),
(2) erred in finding she abandoned the minor within the meaning of section 7822,
and (3) erred in finding termination of parental rights was in the minor’s best interest.
Agreeing with mother’s ICWA claim, we will reverse and remand to the family court.

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Family Code.

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                                    BACKGROUND
       Mother and R.G. (father) were in a relationship when mother gave birth to the
minor in 2014. The parents were never married and when they separated in June 2016,
the minor was almost three years old. They obtained a shared custody agreement soon
thereafter. Father began a relationship with B.G. (stepmother) and the two were married
in 2018. Father and stepmother became concerned about the minor’s well-being when
the minor returned to them from mother’s house and made comments pertaining to
domestic violence and sexual abuse. On March 14, 2018, following a custody evaluation,
the family court issued a new custody order granting father temporary full physical and
legal custody of the minor, with compliance, progress, and possible modifications to be
considered after three months. The family court ordered the parents to schedule drug
testing and individual therapy, and to preserve the parent/child relationship by, among
other things, maintaining free access and unhampered contact with the minor. In
addition, the family court ordered that mother have professionally supervised visitation
with the minor twice a week.
       Mother had no supervised visits with the minor in the next three years. Her last
contact with the minor was Mother’s Day 2018. Mother called father and texted him a
handful of times, but father did not allow mother to speak with the minor. Mother made
some child support payments to father, but stopped doing so after January 2020.
       On June 23, 2021, stepmother filed an adoption request seeking to adopt the minor
as a stepparent. The request alleged that mother abandoned the minor by leaving the
child in father’s care and custody for one year or longer without providing for the minor’s
support or without communication from mother and with the intent to abandon the minor.
On September 22, 2021, stepmother filed a petition to declare the minor free from the
parental custody and control of mother. Father consented in writing to the petition.
Father and stepmother both completed parental notification of Indian status (ICWA-020)

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forms indicating they had no Indian ancestry. After stepmother filed her petition, mother
made efforts to contact the minor and sent Christmas gifts to the minor.
          A court investigator conducted an investigation regarding stepmother’s petition.
The investigator made contact with mother, but mother expressed discomfort in speaking
with the investigator, saying she wanted to retain legal counsel. The investigator
interviewed father, stepmother, and the minor. The minor indicated she last saw mother
approximately three to four years prior but she did not enjoy the visits and was happy
mother’s paternal rights would be terminated. The minor expressed her desire to be
adopted by stepmother and her wish to continue living with father, stepmother, and her
sister.
          Following a trial in which father, mother, maternal aunt, and stepmother testified,
the family court granted stepmother’s petition. The family court found that there had
been a period of more than a year where mother did not pay child support, mother had
made merely token efforts to contact the minor, mother had abandoned the minor, and
removal of the minor from her stable relationship with father and stepmother would be
detrimental.
          Additional facts are set forth in the discussion as relevant to the contentions on
appeal.
                                         DISCUSSION
                                                 I
          Mother contends the record on appeal does not show compliance with ICWA. She
notes that a proceeding to terminate parental rights under Family Code section 7800 et
seq. is a child custody proceeding under ICWA (In re Suzanna L. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th
223, 229, quoting In re Crystal K. (1990) 226 Cal.App.3d 655, 660-666) and claims there
was no effort to inquire as to her possible Indian heritage.
          Rule 5.481 of the California Rules of Court provides that where, as here, a party is
seeking a declaration freeing the minor from the custody or control of at least one of the

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parents, or termination of a parent’s parental rights, or a subsequent adoption, that party
and the court “have an affirmative and continuing duty to inquire whether the child is or
may be an Indian child . . . .” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a).) Additionally, that
party “must ask . . . the parents . . . whether the child is or may be an Indian child . . .”
and “must complete the Indian Child Inquiry Attachment (form ICWA-010(A)) and
attach it to the petition . . . .” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a)(1).) Further, the court
must, at the first appearance by a parent, ask whether he or she knows or has reason to
know the child is an Indian child, instruct the parties to inform the court of any
subsequently received information that provides a reason to know the child is an Indian
child, and order the parent to complete an ICWA-020 form. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule
5.481(a)(2)(A)-(C).)
        Mother attended court hearings on November 8, 2021, December 13, 2021, and
March 24, 2022. Although father and stepmother both completed ICWA-020 forms
indicating they had no Indian ancestry, there is no evidence in the record that mother was
asked about possible Indian heritage or that she received or completed an ICWA-020
form.
        Stepmother argues any error was harmless because mother had opportunities to
claim Indian ancestry with the investigator and during her court appearances but did not
do so, and she does not offer evidence on appeal that the minor has Indian heritage.
However, we cannot say the lack of inquiry is harmless because we do not yet know if a
tribe was deprived of an opportunity in this case. Accordingly, we will reverse and
remand.
                                               II
        Mother next contends stepmother failed to meet her burden under section 7822
to show abandonment of the minor.
        Section 7800 et seq. governs proceedings to declare a minor child free from a
parent’s custody and control. (§ 7802; Adoption of Allison C. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th

                                               4
1004, 1009 (Allison C.).) “A declaration of freedom from parental custody and control
. . . terminates all parental rights and responsibilities with regard to the child.” (§ 7803.)
       A court may declare a child free from parental custody and control if the parent
has abandoned the child. (§ 7822; Allison C., supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 1010.)
Abandonment may occur when “[o]ne parent has left the child in the care and custody of
the other parent for a period of one year without any provision for the child’s support, or
without communication from the parent, with the intent on the part of the parent to
abandon the child.” (§ 7822, subd. (a)(3).) “The failure to provide . . . support, or failure
to communicate is presumptive evidence of the intent to abandon. If the parent . . . ha[s]
made only token efforts to support or communicate with the child, the court may declare
the child abandoned by the parent . . . .” (§ 7822, subd. (b).) “The parent need not intend
to abandon the child permanently; rather, it is sufficient that the parent had the intent to
abandon the child during the statutory period.” (In re Amy A. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 63,
68; see In re Daniel M. (1993) 16 Cal.App.4th 878, 886.)
       We review the family court’s findings under section 7822 for substantial evidence,
bearing in mind the clear and convincing standard of proof. (Conservatorship of O.B.
(2020) 9 Cal.5th 989, 1011; In re Marriage of Jill & Victor D. (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th
491, 503.) “ ‘An appellate court is not empowered to disturb a decree adjudging that a
minor is an abandoned child if the evidence is legally sufficient to support the finding of
fact as to the abandonment.’ ” (In re Brittany H. (1988) 198 Cal.App.3d 533, 549.)
Abandonment and intent are questions of fact for the trial judge and the trial judge’s
decision when supported by substantial evidence is binding upon the reviewing court.
(Allison C., supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 1011.) “In determining if substantial evidence
exists, we consider the evidence in a manner that favors the order being challenged.”
(Adoption of A.B. (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 912, 922.) We do not evaluate “the credibility
of witnesses, resolve conflicts in the evidence or determine the weight of the evidence.”
(In re E.M. (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 828, 839.) On appeal, the appellant bears the burden

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of establishing insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s findings. (Ibid.) We are
mindful of the requirement that the relevant findings must be supported by clear and
convincing evidence (§ 7821) and adjust our standard of review accordingly.
(Conservatorship of O.B., at p. 1005.)
       Here, substantial evidence supports the family court’s finding of abandonment.
Although mother had been entitled to supervised visitation, there is evidence she did not
participate in visitation for years. Mother said it was too hard for her. And although
father appears to have prevented mother from talking on the phone with the minor, the
record indicates mother did not seek assistance at that time from the court or the agencies
to help her regularly engage with the minor. In addition, there is evidence mother did not
provide child support for more than a year.
       Mother’s contention lacks merit.
                                              III
       Mother further contends it was not in the minor’s best interest to terminate
parental rights. She admits she had challenges completing the court’s order to drug test
and that child protective services had opened a case related to her son (the minor’s
younger half-sibling), but she claims those issues no longer exist and she is now sober,
has housing, and is employed. In mother’s view, termination of her parental rights is not
in the minor’s best interest because the minor will never have contact with mother and
will never meet her baby brother.
       “ ‘[T]he decision to terminate parental rights lies in the first instance within the
discretion of the trial court, “and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of that
discretion.” ’ [Citation.]” (Adoption of A.B., supra, 2 Cal.App.5th at p. 924.) “When
applying the deferential abuse of discretion standard, ‘the trial court’s findings of fact are
reviewed for substantial evidence, its conclusions of law are reviewed de novo, and its
application of the law to the facts is reversible only if arbitrary and capricious.’ ” (In re
C.B. (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 102, 123.) When the court applies section 7822 to

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terminate parental rights, “the court shall consider the wishes of the child, bearing in
mind the age of the child, and shall act in the best interest of the child.” (§ 7890.)
       The family court’s findings are supported by the record. In addition to the
evidence we have already discussed, there is evidence the minor’s relationship with
mother was strained and that the minor had a positive relationship with the stepmother,
whom she called “mom” and with whom she had lived since March 2018.
       Mother has not established an abuse of discretion.
                                       DISPOSITION
       The order terminating mother’s parental rights is conditionally reversed and the
matter remanded to the family court with directions to conduct further inquiry and
proceedings in accordance with ICWA and, if applicable, notice as required by the
provisions of ICWA. If the family court determines proper inquiry and notice has been
affected, and no tribe asserts its rights under ICWA, the family court shall reinstate its
order terminating parental rights. If the inquiry raises a reason to believe the minor is an
Indian child, the family court shall proceed according to the dictates of ICWA.

                                                      /S/
                                                   MAURO, Acting P. J.

We concur:

    /S/
KRAUSE, J.

    /S/
MCADAM, J.*

* Judge of the Yolo County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant
to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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