Court Opinion

ID: 805930
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-08-03 16:24:08+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:17.793072
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                           To be cited only in accordance with
                                    Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

              United States Court of Appeals
                                 For the Seventh Circuit
                                 Chicago, Illinois 60604

                                   Argued July 11, 2012
                                  Decided August 3, 2012

                                          Before

                            RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge

                            DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge

                            JOHN DANIEL TINDER, Circuit Judge

No. 12-1033

JUAN RAMIREZ-GARAY,                             Petition for Review of an Order of the
     Petitioner,                                Board of Immigration Appeals

       v.                                       No. A078-847-003

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR.,
Attorney General of the United States,
      Respondent.

                                         ORDER

        Juan Ramirez-Garay, a 34-year-old Mexican citizen, petitions for review of an order
of the Board of Immigration Appeals upholding an immigration judge’s denial of his
request for cancellation of removal. Ramirez-Garay argues that the Board and the IJ applied
an incorrect legal standard for hardship and failed to consider evidence. He also complains
that the IJ neglected to warn him of all the conditions of his grant of voluntary departure.
Because the former argument challenges the Board’s discretionary weighing of the
evidence and the latter argument concerns a purely speculative injury, we dismiss the
petition.
No. 12-1033                                                                             Page 2

        Ramirez-Garay entered the United States illegally in 1990 and, apart from a two-
month trip to Mexico in 1997, has remained in the U.S. ever since. He has four children, all
U.S. citizens—one with a former girlfriend and three with his current girlfriend. He
remains married to Sylvia Patino, a U.S. citizen, but the couple separated after immigration
officials denied the visa petition she filed on his behalf. He came to the attention of
immigration authorities upon his arrest in 2008 for illegally transporting alcohol, 625 ILCS
§ 5/11-502, driving with a suspended license, id. § 5/6-303(a), possessing a controlled
substance, 720 ILCS § 570/402-C, making an improper right turn, Mun. Code Chi. § 9-16-
020A, and using an alley as a through street, Mun. Code Chi. § 9-20-010C. He pleaded
guilty to the first two charges, the court dismissed the third, and the state dropped the last
two. Two days after his arrest, he received a notice to appear in removal proceedings.

       Appearing before the IJ, Ramirez-Garay conceded his removability, but sought the
discretionary relief of cancellation of removal or, failing that, voluntary departure. The IJ
then scheduled an evidentiary hearing to determine Ramirez-Garay’s eligibility for
cancellation of removal.

        The Immigration and Nationality Act gives the Attorney General discretion to
cancel the removal of an immigrant under certain limited conditions. The immigrant must
be of good moral character who has resided in the United States for ten years and has not
been convicted of an aggravated felony. Significantly in this case, the immigrant must
establish that his removal would cause exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to a
qualifying U.S.-citizen relative. 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). Ramirez-Garay testified that his
removal would be an exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to his four U.S.-citizen
children, who range in age from a few months to 10 years. His was the sole income in his
family’s household (he worked as an auto body repairman) because his girlfriend remained
at home to breastfeed their infant daughter. He said that the violence from drug crime in
his home town of Torreon, Mexico would imperil him and his family, and that the police
could not control it. He submitted several articles about the violent drug crime in Mexico.
And he apologized for his misdemeanor arrests (for drug possession), which he called
mistakes from his “youth.” The first such arrest was in 2007 and the last was in 2009, while
Ramirez-Garay was awaiting his hearing before the IJ.

       But the “most important reason” cited by Ramirez-Garay in seeking cancellation of
removal was that two of his sons suffer from cryptorchidism and vesicoureteral reflux, and
his removal could prevent them from obtaining medical care. Cryptorchidism is a failure of
one or both of the testes to descend. The recommended treatment is surgery: one child had
already undergone the operation without apparent complication, and an operation on the
younger son was scheduled to take place in September 2010. (The record does not reflect
No. 12-1033                                                                                Page 3

whether the September surgery took place.) Vesicoureteral reflux is the abnormal flow of
urine back to the kidneys, and can lead to urinary tract infections and even kidney damage.

        The IJ denied the request for cancellation of removal, concluding that Ramirez-
Garay had not demonstrated that his removal would be an exceptional and extremely
unusual hardship to his children. Ramirez-Garay had not shown that he would be unable
to support his children by working as an auto mechanic in Mexico. The IJ noted that,
should the children relocate as well, they already spoke some Spanish. And while
acknowledging the danger from violent drug cartels in Torreon and throughout Mexico,
the IJ found that Ramirez-Garay was free to relocate to another part of the country.

        Concerning the medical conditions of Ramirez-Garay’s sons, the IJ found that their
conditions did not amount to exceptional and extremely unusual hardship. The IJ accorded
“expert weight” to web pages (copies of which he introduced into the record) from
WebMD (a popular medical website targeted to lay users) and the website of the Mayo
Clinic. According to those sources and Ramirez-Garay’s testimony, the boys’ conditions,
although potentially serious, could be treated with surgery (which the elder son had
already received), and Ramirez-Garay had not shown that this surgery would be
unavailable in Mexico.

       The IJ granted voluntary departure, conditioned upon Ramirez-Garay’s posting a
$1,000 bond. After setting the bond amount, the IJ did not—as he is required to do by
8 C.F.R. § 1240.26(c)(3)—ask Ramirez-Garay if he wanted to accept voluntary departure or
warn him to submit proof of his bond to the Board should he appeal. But the IJ
emphatically warned Ramirez-Garay and his attorney about the consequences of failure to
comply with the voluntary departure conditions:

       I just want to emphasize that if the respondent doesn't leave within the 60 days,
       or post bond — the $1,000 bond within one week, or five business days, then he
       could be arrested and removed from the United States. If that were to happen
       then he would be barred from returning for ten years and if he returned illegally
       during that period he could be incarcerated up to two years and barred from
       adjustment, voluntary departure, and cancellation. Please, explain that to him.
       I'll give you written instructions on limitations on discretionary relief, which
       provide that warning in writing. I'll also give you an order, which indicates the
       conclusions that I've just articulated.

As promised, the IJ gave Ramirez-Garay written notice of the civil penalties for failure to
depart, and Ramirez-Garay posted the bond within five business days. But the IJ did not
No. 12-1033                                                                                 Page 4

explicitly provide Ramirez-Garay with an opportunity to decline voluntary departure, nor
did he warn Ramirez-Garay that failure to submit proof of the bond with his appeal to the
Board would prevent reinstatement of voluntary departure after his appeal.

        Ramirez-Garay then appealed the IJ’s decision to the Board, which dismissed the
appeal. The Board agreed with the IJ that the hardships of the boys’ medical conditions and
the dangers of rampant violence in Mexico were insufficient to warrant cancellation of
removal. The IJ should not have accorded “expert weight” to web pages from WebMD and
the Mayo Clinic, the Board ruled, but nonetheless the web pages—which contained
definitions of cryptorchidism and vesicoureteral reflux—were consistent with the other
evidence and thus the error was harmless. And although the IJ should have given Ramirez-
Garay an opportunity to accept or reject voluntary departure, the Board found that the
failure to do so was harmless because Ramirez-Garay had posted the bond within five
business days as required. The Board also reinstated the grant of voluntary departure. That
grant was automatically cancelled, however, when Ramirez-Garay petitioned for judicial
review. 8 C.F.R. § 1240.26(i).

       In this court, Ramirez-Garay asserts three errors: (1) that the Board and IJ applied an
incorrect legal standard, (2) that the Board and IJ ignored evidence of hardship posed by
violence in Mexico, and (3) that the IJ’s failure to give Ramirez-Gary the opportunity to
decline voluntary departure requires remand for a new hearing (with the required
warnings) and a new grant of voluntary departure. For the first two contentions—that the
Board and IJ applied an incorrect legal standard and ignored evidence—the government
urges this court to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. We lack jurisdiction to review a denial of
cancellation of removal, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B), unless Ramirez-Garay asserts a good faith
claim of legal or constitutional error, id. § 1252(a)(2)(D). What Ramirez-Garay characterizes
as legal errors, the government argues, are really challenges to the Board’s weighing of the
evidence.

        Although he asserts that the Board and IJ committed legal errors, in substance
Ramirez-Garay challenges the weight accorded the evidence by the Board and the IJ.
See Khan v. Filip, 554 F.3d 681, 687–89 (7th Cir. 2009); Chavez-Vasquez v. Mukasey, 548 F.3d
1115, 1119 (7th Cir. 2008); see also Saleheen v. Holder, 618 F.3d 957, 962 (8th Cir. 2010). First,
Ramirez-Garay’s contends that the Board and IJ applied what he calls “an incorrect,
heightened standard” for hardship because they did not find his case analogous to
In re Recinas, 23 I&N Dec. 467 (BIA 2002) (en banc). In Recinas, the Board found exceptional
and extremely unusual hardship in the removal to Mexico of a single mother who, among
several problems, lacked any family in Mexico, had no support from the children’s father,
and had six children—none of whom spoke Spanish. Id. at 472. Ramirez-Garay argues that
No. 12-1033                                                                                Page 5

the Board discounted his own hardship as less substantial than Recinas’s, but such
weighing of the evidence is reserved to the Board’s discretion. See Khan, 554 F.3d at 687–89.

        Second, Ramirez-Garay contends that the Board and IJ minimized evidence of
violent crime in Mexico. Failure to address an entire line of evidence or argument is a legal
error that we may review. See Munoz-Pacheco v. Holder, 673 F.3d 741, 743–44 (7th Cir. 2012);
Kiorkis v. Holder, 634 F.3d 924, 928–29 (7th Cir. 2011); Champion v. Holder, 626 F.3d 952, 956
(7th Cir. 2010); Alzainati v. Holder, 568 F.3d 844, 850 (10th Cir. 2009); Mocevic v. Mukasey, 529
F.3d 814, 817 (8th Cir. 2008) (per curiam). But here both the IJ and the Board explicitly
addressed the dangers of violent crime in Mexico, as Ramirez-Garay acknowledges. He
argues that they gave it short-shrift, but the Board need not belabor its discussion of an
immigrant’s every argument; it need assure us only that an argument was not overlooked.
See Munoz-Pacheco, 673 F.3d at 744–45; Solis-Chavez v. Holder, 662 F.3d 462, 469 (7th
Cir. 2011).

       Also, as noted at oral argument, the detrimental country conditions due to the drug
violence are common to every illegal immigrant being deported back to Mexico. Because
there was no evidence that Ramirez-Garay was involved with or threatened by the
perpetrators of the violence, there was no legal error for the Board to consider. Under
Ramirez-Garay’s standard, everyone ordered deported to Mexico would be eligible to be
withheld from removal. Accordingly, we dismiss these claims for lack of jurisdiction.

        Ramirez-Garay also argues that the IJ erred by failing to give him the opportunity to
accept or decline voluntary departure after being told the amount of the bond and the
consequences of failing to post bond within five business days or failing to depart. He seeks
a new hearing, at which he would be given all of the required warnings and afforded the
option of declining voluntary departure, followed by a new period of voluntary departure
(if he accepts it).

        Department of Justice regulations require an IJ to give an immigrant the opportunity
to opt for removal over voluntary departure after hearing the conditions and the amount of
the departure bond. See 8 C.F.R. § 1240.26(c)(3). The rule took effect in January 2009, and
there is a dearth of case law applying it; we discussed the rule in Bachynskyy v. Holder, 668
F.3d 412 (7th Cir. 2011), but found the rule not retroactive and thus inapplicable to
Bachynskyy. The rule exists to avoid penalizing immigrants for violating conditions that
they find Herculean or for failing to post bonds that they cannot afford. See Matter of
Gamero, 25 I. & N. Dec. 164 (BIA 2010); Voluntary Departure: Effect of a Motion to Reopen
or Reconsider or a Petition for Review, 73 Fed. Reg. 76,927, at 76,933. When immigrants
request voluntary departure, they do not know what conditions the IJ will impose or the
amount of the departure bond the IJ will set. ee § 1240.26(c)(3). To avoid penalizing an
No. 12-1033                                                                                Page 6

immigrant for failing to meet a condition too arduous, the regulations permit an immigrant
to decline voluntary departure (and thus avoid the statutory penalties) after hearing the
conditions and the bond amount. See id.; Bachynskyy v. Holder, 668 F.3d at 419; Voluntary
Departure, 73 Fed. Reg. at 76,933. But this is an extreme choice, as the only other option is
immediate removal. See § 1240.26(c)(3); see also Dada v. Mukasey, 554 U.S. 1, 21 (2008) (an
immigrant who opts out of voluntary departure “becomes subject to the IJ’s alternate order
of removal”).

        None of these concerns applies to Ramirez-Garay. He ably met all of the conditions
the IJ set, and he does not claim that he would have preferred immediate removal—his lone
remaining option had he declined voluntary departure. The IJ imposed only the
regulation’s minimum conditions, see 8 C.F.R. § 1240.26(c)(3), and set the departure bond at
$1,000, which Ramirez Garay posted. (He had previously posted a $3,000 appearance
bond.) The penalties for failure to depart or post bond—civil fines and a 10-year ban from
immigration relief, see 8 U.S.C. § 1229c(d)—cannot be imposed upon him now, because his
petition for review to this court canceled his grant of voluntary departure. See 8 C.F.R.
§ 1240.26(i); Pawlowska v. Holder, 623 F.3d 1138, 1139 n.2 (7th Cir. 2010). Ramirez-Garay
asserts—and the government concedes—that the IJ erred by not warning him to provide
the Board with evidence of his bond on appeal, else the Board would be unable to reinstate
his grant of voluntary departure. See § 1240.26(c)(3)(iii). But nonetheless Ramirez-Garay
provided proof of his bond to the Board, and so avoided this pitfall even without the
required warning. Had he failed to do so, the Board wrote, it would have remanded
Ramirez-Garay’s case for the IJ to grant a new period of voluntary departure (and to give
the required warnings and chance to opt out), and this is consistent with the Board’s past
practice, see Gamero, 25 I&N Dec. at 167–68. But in this case the Board could and did
reinstate the grant of voluntary departure itself.

        In short, Ramirez-Garay received the benefit of remaining in the United States for
the period of his grant of voluntary departure and faces none of the statutory penalties for
failure to depart. Remanding his case for a new grant of voluntary departure would serve
his purpose of delaying his exit from the United States, but it would not serve the
regulation’s purpose of preventing immigrants from being punished for failing to meet
insurmountable conditions, such as a bond they cannot afford. Because Ramirez-Garay
suffered no injury and no future injury is possible, we dismiss this claim as moot. See
Bachynskyy, 668 F.3d at 421 (dismissing claim because IJ’s error, if any, was harmless); see
also generally Wis. Right to Life State Political Action Comm. v. Barland, 664 F.3d 139, 149 (7th
Cir. 2011) (discussing mootness standard).

                                                                                     DISMISSED.