Court Opinion

ID: 2978824
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:32:00.858844+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:02:38.217638
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                               File Name: 10a0060p.06

              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                              _________________

                                                   X
                                                    -
 WILLIAM HARRIS ASHER, et al.,
                                                    -
                                    Plaintiffs,
                                                    -
 LORA BUSH; STEPHEN BUSH; JAMES HELTON; -
                                                       No. 09-5158

                                                    ,
                                                     >
                                                    -
 CHRYSTAL KAE HILL; JAMEY HILL; DORA

                                                    -
 KELEY; STEPHEN KING; ANNA RACHELLE

 PITTMAN; BILLY RHODES; CLIFFORD ROBERT --
 MCCLURE; GARY PATTERSON; DANNY

                                                    -
                                                    -
 SAGE; KIMBERLY DAWN DEERFIELD SAGE;

                                                    -
 GLENNA GAIL SHUPE; SEAN LEE SHUPE;
                                                    -
 CECIL DAVID SPURLOCK; ELAINE M.
                                                    -
 SPURLOCK; BENNIE SWIFT; SARAH BETH
 SWIFT; KATHY TRENT; and RICKY TRENT,               -
                          Plaintiffs-Appellants, -
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                    -
            v.
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                    -
 UNARCO MATERIAL HANDLING, INC., a

     Intervening Plaintiff/Defendant-Appellee, -
 Tennessee Corporation,
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                    -
                                                    -
 ATLAS MATERIAL HANDLING, INC., a

     Defendant/Third Party Plaintiff-Appellee. -
 California Corporation,
                                                   N
                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Kentucky at London.
                   No. 06-00548—Amul R. Thapar, District Judge.
                             Argued: January 15, 2010
                         Decided and Filed: March 3, 2010
             Before: KENNEDY, COLE, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

                                _________________

                                    COUNSEL
ARGUED: Elizabeth K. Russo, RUSSO APPELLATE FIRM, P.A., Miami, Florida, for
Appellants. Todd S. Page, STOLL KEENON OGDEN PLLC, Lexington, Kentucky,
Douglas W. Langdon, FROST BROWN TODD LLC, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellees.

                                         1
No. 09-5158          Asher, et al. v. Unarco Material Handling, Inc., et al.               Page 2

ON BRIEF: Elizabeth K. Russo, RUSSO APPELLATE FIRM, P.A., Miami, Florida, for
Appellants. Todd S. Page, STOLL KEENON OGDEN PLLC, Lexington, Kentucky,
Douglas W. Langdon, Charles S. Cassis, Susan Simpson Wettle, FROST BROWN TODD
LLC, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellees.
                                     _________________

                                           OPINION
                                     _________________

        GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge. In this diversity suit, plaintiffs, who are past and present
Wal-Mart employees and their spouses, allege injuries caused by exposure to carbon
monoxide gas in the enclosed freezer section of a Wal-Mart Distribution Center during a
two-week period in November and December 2005. One group of plaintiffs – the original
plaintiffs – filed suit within one year of the date of last exposure to the gas, while the other
group of plaintiffs – the new plaintiffs – did not. In this appeal, the new plaintiffs challenge
the district court’s dismissal of their claims as time-barred under the one-year statute of
limitations period in Kentucky Revised Statutes Annotated § 413.140. They argue that the
district court erred in holding that (1) their claims did not relate back to the filing date of the
original plaintiffs’ claims under Rule 15(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and
(2) the discovery rule did not toll the limitations period. We disagree and affirm.

                                                I.

        In its appealed order granting summary judgment to defendants Unarco Material
Handling, Inc. (“Unarco”), and Atlas Material Handling, Inc. (“Atlas”), the district court
accurately set forth the relevant facts:

        This action arises out of an alleged discharge of carbon monoxide gas in the
        enclosed freezer section of the Wal-Mart Distribution Center (the
        “Distribution Center”) in London, Kentucky, between November 29 and
        December 12, 2005. The Plaintiffs contend that the work performed in the
        evenings by Atlas and Unarco caused the discharge, resulting in the
        Plaintiffs’ injuries. More specifically, the Plaintiffs assert that Atlas and
        Unarco acted negligently in operating propane-powered welders inside the
        Distribution Center, resulting in their exposure to carbon monoxide gas. The
        Plaintiffs are all either past or present employees of the Distribution Center
        and their spouses.
        The Plaintiffs initially filed their Complaint on November 21, 2006, in the
        Laurel Circuit Court alleging claims for negligence and loss of consortium.
No. 09-5158       Asher, et al. v. Unarco Material Handling, Inc., et al.             Page 3

      The Defendants then removed the action to this Court [based upon diversity
      of citizenship jurisdiction]. Thereafter, on March 22, 2007, the Plaintiffs
      filed a motion for leave to file an Amended Complaint to add thirty-three
      plaintiffs1 to the action. The Court granted the motion on July 17, 2007.
      ___________________________________________________________
              1
              The Plaintiffs who asserted claims for the first time in the Amended
      Complaint are: Stephen King, Anna McClure, George Hibbard, Ricky
      Trent, Kathy Trent, Jeff Wagers, Angela Wagers, Timothy Burns, Theresa
      Burns, Bobby Allen, Tracy Allen, Justin Gomez, James Helton, Jamey Hill,
      Chrystal Hill, Clifford Sage, Kimberly Sage, Billy Rhodes, Jamie Rhodes,
      Danny Pittman, Gary Patterson, Barry Lockard, Mildred Lockard, Bennie
      Swift, Sarah Swift, Cecil Spurlock, Elaine Spurlock, Sean Shupe, Glenna
      Shupe, Stephen Bush, Lora Bush, Dora Keley, and Humberto Alvarado.
      ___________________________________________________________
      Subsequently, in November 2007 and January 2008, eleven of the
      newly-added Plaintiffs filed notices and/or stipulations of voluntary
      dismissal of their claims. Additionally, the Court granted Atlas’ and
      Unarco’s motion for summary judgment as to Plaintiff Jamie Rhodes’ claim
      for loss of consortium on May 16, 2008. As a result, only twenty-one
      Plaintiffs who first asserted their claims in the Amended Complaint currently
      remain in this action. They are: Stephen King, Anna McClure, Ricky Trent,
      Kathy Trent, James Helton, Jamey Hill, Chrystal Hill, Clifford Sage,
      Kimberly Sage, Billy Rhodes, Danny Pittman, Gary Patterson, Bennie Swift,
      Sarah Swift, David Spurlock, Elaine Spurlock, Sean Shupe, Glenna Shupe,
      Stephen Bush, Lora Bush, and Dora Keley (collectively, the “new
      Plaintiffs”).
      In their motions for summary judgment against the new Plaintiffs, Atlas and
      Unarco contend that any claims asserted for the first time in the Amended
      Complaint are barred by Kentucky’s one year statute of limitations, KRS
      § 413.140. According to Atlas and Unarco, the new Plaintiffs learned of
      their injuries and had reason to know that any injuries could have been
      caused by the exposure to carbon monoxide gas in December 2005.
      Therefore, Atlas and Unarco contend that the statute of limitations expired
      on their claims in December 2006, and the claims asserted for the first time
      in the Amended Complaint in March 2007 are time-barred.
      In response, the new Plaintiffs assert that the Amended Complaint should
      relate back to the original Complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
      15. Further, the new Plaintiffs contend that, even if the Amended Complaint
      does not relate back, the time for filing any claims against Atlas and Unarco
      is governed by Kentucky’s discovery rule because the new Plaintiffs did not
      discover the permanent nature and cause of their injuries until 2007.
No. 09-5158          Asher, et al. v. Unarco Material Handling, Inc., et al.             Page 4

        In granting summary judgment to Unarco and Atlas, the district court held that the
new plaintiffs’ claims were barred by the one-year statute of limitations period in Kentucky
Revised Statutes Annotated § 413.140. In so ruling, the district court rejected the new
plaintiffs’ contentions that (1) their claims related back to the filing date of the original
complaint under Rule 15(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and (2) the discovery
rule tolled the one-year limitations period. In addition, the district court held that the
consortium claims asserted by the new plaintiffs’ spouses were likewise untimely because
they were derivative of the underlying bodily injury claims.

        Unarco and Atlas reached settlements with the original plaintiffs, and the district
court dismissed the original plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice pursuant to the parties’ January
2009 stipulations of dismissal. The new plaintiffs requested reconsideration of the district
court’s previous grant of summary judgment against them, relying upon a more fully
developed record, including testimony given at trial, and the transfer of the case to a different
district judge. The district court denied the motion for reconsideration.

        The new plaintiffs timely appeal the district court’s amended final judgment in favor
of Unarco and Atlas under Rule 54(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

                                               II.

        The issue presented in this appeal is whether the new plaintiffs’ claims are barred by
Kentucky’s one-year statute of limitations period for personal injury actions. KY. REV. STAT.
ANN. § 413.140(1)(a). The new plaintiffs acknowledge that their motion seeking leave to
amend the original complaint to add their claims to the lawsuit and the district court’s grant
of their motion occurred more than one year after the onset of their injuries from carbon
monoxide exposure. However, the new plaintiffs attempt to overcome the statute of
limitations hurdle in two ways: by application of (1) the relation-back provisions of Rule
15(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and (2) Kentucky’s discovery rule. We give
de novo review to the district court’s grant of summary judgment. Longaberger Co. v. Kolt,
586 F.3d 459, 465 (6th Cir. 2009).
No. 09-5158           Asher, et al. v. Unarco Material Handling, Inc., et al.               Page 5

                                               A.

        The new plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in holding that their claims
did not relate back to the original plaintiffs’ timely-filed claims under Rule 15(c) of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 15(c) provides, in relevant part:

        (c)     Relation Back of Amendments.
                (1)      When an Amendment Relates Back. An amendment to a
                         pleading relates back to the date of the original pleading
                         when:
                         (A)     the law that provides the applicable statute of
                                 limitations allows relation back;
                         (B)     the amendment asserts a claim or defense that arose
                                 out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out
                                 – or attempted to be set out – in the original
                                 pleading; or
                         (C)     the amendment changes the party or the naming of
                                 the party against whom a claim is asserted, if Rule
                                 15(c)(1)(B) is satisfied and if, within the period
                                 provided by Rule 4(m) for serving the summons and
                                 complaint, the party to be brought in by amendment:
                                 (i)      received such notice of the action that it will
                                          not be prejudiced in defending on the
                                          merits; and
                                 (ii)     knew or should have known that the action
                                          would have been brought against it, but for
                                          a mistake concerning the proper party’s
                                          identity.

        The parties agree that the question of whether Rule 15(c) permits relation back of an
amendment adding otherwise untimely plaintiffs and their claims to a timely-filed complaint
is an issue of first impression for our circuit. Nevertheless, in urging Rule 15(c)’s
applicability to their claims, the new plaintiffs concede significant ground.                They
acknowledge “that this Court has on several occasions made blanket statements to the effect
that amendments which add a party to the original suit cannot relate back for limitation
purposes.” Undeterred, the new plaintiffs seek to limit that rule to a plaintiff’s attempt to add
a defendant to the action after the statute of limitations has expired, noting that this court’s
prior decisions have addressed only that scenario. The new plaintiffs contend that “the
No. 09-5158          Asher, et al. v. Unarco Material Handling, Inc., et al.            Page 6

considerations are very different when plaintiffs seek to add additional plaintiffs to an
existing suit when all of the plaintiffs’ claims arise out of the same occurrence of which the
defendant is already well aware due to the pending lawsuit against it.” (Emphasis added.)
In that situation, the new plaintiffs maintain, the defendant is not prejudiced by the addition
of plaintiffs to the pending action because the lawsuit provided notice that additional
plaintiffs might sue, and the defendant is already defending itself from their claims. Applied
to the present case, the new plaintiffs emphasize that all plaintiffs were injured by carbon
monoxide in “one, unique incident that affected a single group of workers in a single area,
the initial Complaint provided notice to the Defendants of the claims arising from the
incident such that they prepared to defend and began defending the action from that time[,]”
and “[t]he addition of workers from the group similarly affected by the Defendants’ conduct
did not alter the defense of that conduct that the Defendants were already preparing to
mount.”

        The new plaintiffs’ position is untenable. “[T]he precedent of this circuit clearly
holds that ‘an amendment which adds a new party creates a new cause of action and there
is no relation back to the original filing for purposes of limitations.’” In re Kent Holland Die
Casting & Plating, Inc., 928 F.2d 1448, 1449 (6th Cir. 1991) (quoting Marlowe v. Fisher
Body, 489 F.2d 1057, 1064 (6th Cir. 1973)); see also United States ex rel. Statham
Instruments, Inc. v. Western Cas. & Surety Co., 359 F.2d 521, 523 (6th Cir. 1966) (stating
that, when “[t]he effect of Plaintiff’s amendment is to add another party[,]” it “establishes
a new and independent cause of action which cannot be maintained when the statute has run,
for the amendment is one of substance rather than one of form and brings into being one not
presently in court.”); Smart v. Ellis Trucking Co., Inc., 580 F.2d 215, 218 (6th Cir. 1978).

        Although the new plaintiffs are correct that our prior decisions applying this rule
involved plaintiffs’ attempts to add defendants after the statute of limitations expired, they
offer no authority or persuasive justification for treating plaintiffs differently from
defendants and allowing untimely plaintiffs to ride piggyback on the claims of timely
plaintiffs. Indeed, the plain language of Rule 15(c) does not authorize the exception
advanced by the new plaintiffs.
No. 09-5158          Asher, et al. v. Unarco Material Handling, Inc., et al.             Page 7

        Rule 15(c)(1)(B) allows relation back of an amendment asserting a “claim or
defense,” but it does not authorize the relation back of an amendment adding a new party.
Similarly, Rule 15(c)(1)(C) permitting relation back of an amendment changing a party or
its name applies, by its plain language, to changes to defendants. See Rule 15(c)(1)(C)
(authorizing relation back of an amendment that “changes the party or the naming of the
party against whom a claim is asserted[.]”) (emphasis added). Although various courts have
extended the relation-back provisions of Rule 15(c)(1)(C) to amendments changing identities
of plaintiffs, see, e.g., Young ex rel. Nutramax Litig. Trust v. Lepone, 305 F.3d 1, 14 (1st Cir.
2002); SMS Fin., LLC v. ABCO Homes, Inc., 167 F.3d 235, 244-45 (5th Cir. 1999); Nelson
v. County of Allegheny, 60 F.3d 1010, 1014 (3d Cir. 1995), the type of “changes” permitted
are limited to corrections of misnomers or misdescriptions. See In re Kent Holland Die
Casting & Plating, Inc., 928 F.2d at 1450; Cox v. Treadway, 75 F.3d 230, 240 (6th Cir.
1996) (holding that substitution of a “John Doe” defendant with a named party is not a
misnomer but a “change in parties” that does not relate back); Young, 305 F.3d at 15 (stating
that relation back applies when the original plaintiffs and the new plaintiffs have a “sufficient
identity of interest” or “a fairly advanced degree of privity”); Leachman v. Beech Aircraft
Corp., 694 F.2d 1301, 1309 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (“The point of the courts’ consideration of
identity of interest is that that factor ensures that the old and new plaintiffs are sufficiently
related so that the new plaintiff was in effect ‘involved in [the proceedings] unofficially from
an early stage.’”) (quoting 3 J. Moore, Moore’s Fed. Practice ¶ 15.15 [4.-1], at 15-220
(1982)); Advisory Comm. Notes to 1966 Amends. to FED. R. CIV. P. 15(c) (clarifying that
the purpose behind Rule 15(c)(1)(C)’s authorization to make corrections to defendants or
their names was to protect the rights of a private party who timely sued an officer or agency
of the United States but “mistakenly named as defendant the United States, the Department
of HEW, the ‘Federal Security Administration’ (a nonexistent agency), and a Secretary who
had retired from the office nineteen days before.”); id. (referencing Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 17(a), which “provide[s] that no action shall be dismissed on the ground that it
is not prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest until a reasonable time has been
allowed for correction of the defect in the manner there stated.”).

        In urging relation back of their claims, the new plaintiffs did not seek to correct a
misnomer or misdescription of a proper party plaintiff already in court, nor did they attempt
No. 09-5158          Asher, et al. v. Unarco Material Handling, Inc., et al.              Page 8

“to change the capacity in which [they] sue[d]; or to substitute or add as plaintiff[s] the real
party interest; or to add additional plaintiffs where the action, as originally brought, was a
class action.”   Hill v. Shelander, 924 F.2d 1370, 1376 (7th Cir. 1991) (describing
circumstances under which “[a] plaintiff may usually amend his complaint under Rule
15(c)”) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Instead, they attempted to
circumvent the statute of limitations, adding new parties and new claims.

        Both the Third and District of Columbia Circuits have rejected plaintiffs’ attempts
to invoke Rule 15(c)’s relation-back provisions under these circumstances. See Nelson, 60
F.3d at 1011, 1015 (holding that Rule 15(c) does not “permit relation back of an amendment
to a pleading that names new plaintiffs after expiration of the statute of limitations when
those new plaintiffs are neither substituted nor have shown mistake concerning identity[,]”
even though both groups of plaintiffs “allege[d] injury by the same conduct described in the
original pleading, [and] the evidence relevant to a defense against these new claims would
be the same as the evidence relevant to a defense against the original claims.”); Leachman,
694 F.2d at 1308 (holding that “a corporation wholly owned by an existing plaintiff can[not]
be added to an action under rule 15 after the statute of limitations has run when the
corporation seeks to allege a claim for damages that, although it arises out of the same
occurrence as the original claims, was not asserted by the original plaintiff in the original
complaint.”). In Leachman, the District of Columbia Circuit aptly explained:

        We find persuasive the . . . need to limit relation back of claims asserted by
        new plaintiffs in some way beyond the “conduct, transaction, or occurrence”
        test that applies to relation back of amendments generally. Without some
        limit, total strangers with claims arising out of a multi-victim incident might
        join pending actions long after the statute of limitations had lapsed. That
        would allow the tardy plaintiffs to benefit from the diligence of the other
        victims and, more importantly, could cause defendants’ liability to increase
        geometrically and their defensive strategy to become far more complex long
        after the statute of limitations had run. Even if, as here, there were no
        showing of specific prejudice in the sense of lost or destroyed evidence,
        defendants would still be deprived of their interest in repose. At some point,
        defendants should have notice of who their adversaries are.
Id. at 1309; see also Rockwell Int’l Corp. Graphic Sys. Div. v. Feder Litho-Graphic Servs.,
Inc., 845 F.2d 327 (6th Cir. 1988) (per curiam) (unpublished table decision) (relying upon
Leachman in holding that a shareholder’s claims were barred by the applicable statutes of
No. 09-5158          Asher, et al. v. Unarco Material Handling, Inc., et al.              Page 9

limitations because the shareholder was not added as a claimant to his corporation’s
counterclaim until after the statutes ran, and his addition did not relate back to the filing date
of his corporation’s counterclaim); C.T. Dreschler, 8 A.L.R. 2d 6 § 14 (1949) (“Where the
additional party plaintiff joining in a suit brought before the statute of limitations has run
against the original plaintiff seeks to enforce an independent right, the amended pleading
does not relate back[.]”) (footnote omitted).

        In arguing that Unarco and Atlas had notice of their claims because they were aware
of the original plaintiffs’ timely claims, the new plaintiffs’ view of notice is myopic. See
Young, 305 F.3d at 15-16 (“[W]e repudiate the conceit that an action filed by one plaintiff
gives a defendant notice of the impending joinder of any or all similarly situated plaintiffs.
Such a rule would undermine applicable statutes of limitations and make a mockery of the
promise of repose.”). Similarly unavailing is the new plaintiffs’ contention that Unarco and
Atlas would not be prejudiced by their addition to the lawsuit, inasmuch as Unarco and Atlas
were already defending against the original plaintiffs’ claims. See id. at 17 (“[W]hile [the]
original complaint may have given [defendant] reason to fear that other shareholders might
pursue similar claims, such minimal notice hardly suffices to avert undue prejudice to
[defendant] within the meaning of Rule 15(c)(3) should we permit relation back.”).

        If the drafters of Rule 15(c) had intended to permit relation back on these facts, the
rule would have so stated. Similarly, had the Kentucky legislature wanted the claims of
untimely plaintiffs to escape the time bar in Kentucky Revised Statutes Annotated
§ 413.140(1)(a), it would have spoken. See FED. R. CIV. P. 15(c)(1)(A) (permitting relation
back of an amendment when “the law that provides the applicable statute of limitations
allows relation back.”). The new plaintiffs cite no authority permitting relation back under
these circumstances. We decline to legislatively craft a new rule of civil procedure.

                                                B.

        Alternatively, the new plaintiffs attempt to avoid the statute of limitations by arguing
that the district court erred in holding that Kentucky’s “discovery rule” did not apply to toll
the statute of limitations.
No. 09-5158          Asher, et al. v. Unarco Material Handling, Inc., et al.               Page 10

        While the new plaintiffs devote the bulk of their brief to addressing when their cause
of action accrued under the discovery rule, they largely ignore the threshold question of
whether the discovery rule even applies on these facts. In this regard, Kentucky law is clear
that the new plaintiffs may invoke the discovery rule only if their injuries were latent.
Louisville Trust Co. v. Johns-Manville Prods. Corp., 580 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Ky. 1979);
Vandertoll v. Commonwealth, 110 S.W.3d 789, 796 (Ky. 2003). Despite the district court’s
statement that it “does not believe that [the new plaintiffs’] injuries can be considered
latent[,]” the new plaintiffs neither argue to the contrary in their initial brief nor cite any
authority that their alleged injuries from carbon monoxide were latent. Instead, the new
plaintiffs rely upon a single unpublished per curiam decision from this court. See Douthitt
v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., No. 98-5900, 1999 WL 357795, at *1 (6th Cir. 1999) (per
                                                                               1
curiam) (unpublished). Douthitt, however, is not precedentially binding and provides no
guidance because there was no dispute that the discovery rule applied to a painter’s
delayed onset of occupational asthma caused by his eighteen-year exposure to
isocyanates in the paint. Id. Accordingly, we deem the new plaintiffs’ appeal of the
district court’s alternative holding that the discovery rule was inapplicable forfeited. See
United States v. Johnson, 440 F.3d 832, 845-46 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[A]n appellant
abandons all issues not raised and argued in its initial brief on appeal[,]” and “it is a
settled appellate rule that issues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by
some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived.”) (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted).

        Assuming arguendo that the issue was properly before us, the new plaintiffs’
half-hearted argument in their reply brief that their injuries from carbon monoxide
exposure were latent rests upon slim support. The injury in Louisville Trust Co., where
the Supreme Court of Kentucky extended its discovery rule to latent injuries, was
malignant mesothelioma, a rare type of lung cancer caused by breathing asbestos dust
and fibers that “develops only after long exposure.” 580 S.W.2d at 499 (citation and

        1
           Thompson v. N. Am. Stainless, LP, 567 F.3d 804, 809 n.2 (6th Cir. 2009) (en banc); United
States v. Sanford, 476 F.3d 391, 396 (6th Cir. 2007).
No. 09-5158         Asher, et al. v. Unarco Material Handling, Inc., et al.        Page 11

internal quotation marks omitted). The plaintiff in Louisville Trust Co. did not become
ill until fourteen years after he was first exposed to asbestos. Id. at 498.

        Louisville Trust Co. relied upon the United States Supreme Court’s decision in
Urie v. Thompson, 337 U.S. 163 (1949), which “involved a locomotive fireman who
contracted silicosis from inhalation of silica dust over a thirty-year period.” 580 S.W.2d
at 499. According to the Louisville Trust Co. court, “[t]he thrust of Urie is that when an
injury does not manifest itself immediately the cause of action should accrue not when
the injury was initially inflicted, but when the plaintiff knew or should have known that
he had been injured by the conduct of the tortfeasor.” Id. at 500 (emphasis added). In
other words, “[c]ourts have felt that the injured party should be allowed to have his day
in court when his injury was of an inherently unknowable nature.” Id. at 501 (citation
and internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added).

        Unlike the plaintiffs in Louisville Trust Co. and Urie, the new plaintiffs concede
that their injuries from carbon monoxide exposure, like those of the timely plaintiffs,
manifested immediately. Moreover, those symptoms did not dissipate but grew worse
with time. Although the new plaintiffs complain that they did not know until some
unspecified date after the onset of their symptoms that their injuries were permanent,
Kentucky law is clear that, absent a latent injury, the statute of limitations begins to run
on the date the injury is inflicted even where the injury is slight initially and its full
extent is not known until years later. See Caudill v. Arnett, 481 S.W.2d 668, 669 (Ky.
1972) (holding that the statute of limitations began running when the plaintiff sustained
“minor” injuries while riding a school bus that overturned, not when he was diagnosed
more than six years later with chronic pancreatitis caused by the accident). The new
plaintiffs’ argument that they erroneously attributed their symptoms to influenza is also
unavailing because their injuries “manifest[ed] . . . immediately,” see Louisville Trust
Co., 580 S.W.2d at 500, and were not “inherently unknowable,” id. at 501, and the new
plaintiffs cite no authority that a mistaken belief about the cause of a non-latent injury
triggers the discovery rule under Kentucky law. Cf. Manhattanville College v. James
John Romeo Consulting Eng’r, P.C., 774 N.Y.S.2d 542, 546 (N.Y. App. Div. 2004)
No. 09-5158             Asher, et al. v. Unarco Material Handling, Inc., et al.                      Page 12

(holding that property damage caused by carbon monoxide was not latent and thus did
not trigger the toxic tort discovery rule under New York law because “[w]hile there can
be no doubt that carbon monoxide poses an immediate hazard to a building’s occupants
so long as it is present inside such building, it is equally clear . . . that whenever the
source of carbon monoxide is temporarily or permanently abated, the gas dissipates and
the building once again becomes safe for its occupants.”).

         Kentucky’s courts have cautioned against judicial efforts to expand the discovery
rule without legislative authorization. See, e.g., Bariteau v. PNC Fin. Servs. Group, Inc.,
285 F. App’x 218, 222 (6th Cir. 2008) (unpublished) (“The Kentucky legislature has
been specific in extending the discovery rule to some actions but not to others” and
“[t]he Kentucky courts at the same time have hesitated to extend the discovery rule
beyond these statutorily prescribed causes of action.”); McLain v. Dana Corp., 16
S.W.3d 320, 326 (Ky. Ct. App. 1999) (stating that “[a]pplication of the discovery rule
under circumstances [in which it was not intended] . . . would defeat the very purpose
of the [statute of] limitations. As one court observed, ‘logic dictates that such an
exception is capable of swallowing the rule.’”) (quoting Simmons v. S. Cent.
Skyworker’s, Inc., 936 F.2d 268, 269 (6th Cir. 1991)). Consistent with our role as a
federal court sitting in diversity, we decline to do so now.2

         2
           Because we hold that the discovery rule is not applicable, it is not necessary for us to address
the primary issue raised by the new plaintiffs in this appeal – whether the district court erred in ruling that
they failed, as a matter of law, to exercise reasonable diligence in discovering the nature and extent of their
injuries.
No. 09-5158           Asher, et al. v. Unarco Material Handling, Inc., et al.                 Page 13

                                                  III.

         For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.3

         3
           Unarco devotes more than twenty pages of its appellate brief to advance its argument that the
district court’s judgment should be affirmed on the alternative ground that the new plaintiffs failed to
establish that Unarco breached a duty owed to them. The new plaintiffs move to strike the issue from
Unarco’s brief. In view of our disposition, we choose not to address the issue and dismiss as moot the
motion to strike.