Court Opinion

ID: 4462179
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-12-06 17:10:19.339929+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:28:04.263846
License: Public Domain

J-S53010-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                       :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                       :
              v.                       :
                                       :
                                       :
 MICHAEL A. GLOVER                     :
                                       :
                   Appellant           :   No. 2696 EDA 2018

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 27, 2018
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0003671-2016

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                       :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                       :
              v.                       :
                                       :
                                       :
 MICHAEL A. GLOVER                     :
                                       :
                   Appellant           :   No. 2698 EDA 2018

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 27, 2018
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0003669-2016

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                       :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                       :
              v.                       :
                                       :
                                       :
 MICHAEL A. GLOVER                     :
                                       :
                   Appellant           :   No. 2701 EDA 2018

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 27, 2018
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0003670-2016

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                       :        PENNSYLVANIA
J-S53010-19

                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 MICHAEL A. GLOVER                      :
                                        :
                   Appellant            :   No. 2703 EDA 2018

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 27, 2018
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0003672-2016

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA           :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                        :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 MICHAEL A. GLOVER                      :
                                        :
                   Appellant            :   No. 2705 EDA 2018

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 27, 2018
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0003675-2016

 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA           :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                        :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                        :
              v.                        :
                                        :
                                        :
 MICHAEL GLOVER                         :
                                        :
                   Appellant            :   No. 2706 EDA 2018

       Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 27, 2018
 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-51-CR-0008021-2016

BEFORE: OLSON, J., STABILE, J., and NICHOLS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                     FILED DECEMBER 06, 2019

                                  -2-
J-S53010-19

     Appellant, Michael A. Glover, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered on April 27, 2018, as made final by the denial of Appellant’s

post-sentence motion on August 20, 2018. We affirm.

     The trial court ably summarized the underlying facts of this case:

       CP-51-CR-0003675-2016

       On February 1, 2016, [K.M. (hereinafter “the Victim”)] left
       work to go out to lunch. . . . As [the Victim] walked outside,
       she was wearing earbuds and talking on the phone with her
       cousin. When she was about to get into her car, she noticed
       [Appellant,] with whom she was in a relationship from March
       to October of 2015[,] reversing toward her in his vehicle. He
       exited his car and grabbed the top of [the Victim’s] car door
       before she was able to close it. In response to [the Victim]
       telling [Appellant] he should not be there, [Appellant] threw
       a teddy bear and a card inside of her car. [The Victim]
       continued to tell [Appellant] to leave. [Appellant] then
       allowed [the Victim] to get into her car and close the door....

       [The Victim] drove around the corner and [Appellant] pulled
       around to her right side so that she was unable to drive any
       further. [Appellant] exited his car and jumped into the
       passenger seat of [the Victim’s] car. He began yelling at [the
       Victim], asking her to whom she was speaking on the phone.
       [The Victim] instructed her cousin to call the police. She
       honked the car horn in an effort to draw attention. At this
       time, [Appellant] grabbed her cell phone, which was attached
       to the earbuds she was wearing. When [the Victim]
       attempted to retrieve it, [Appellant] hit the right side of her
       forehead with the bottom of the phone[, causing the Victim
       to suffer “a knot on [her] forehead.” N.T. Trial, 2/9/18, at
       46-47]. After she attempted to hit him and grab his glasses,
       [Appellant] got out of [the Victim’s] car. He left in his car with
       [the Victim’s] cell phone. . . .

       [The Victim] drove toward police officers who told her to pull
       over so they could speak to her. [The Victim was, however,
       w]orried that [Appellant] might go to the school her children

                                     -3-
J-S53010-19

       attended, [so the Victim] drove back to work to tell her boss
       that she would be leaving for the day. . . .

       [When the Victim arrived at her work parking place, she
       stopped her vehicle and, before she could exit, Appellant]
       pulled his car up to the side of [her] car so that she could not
       open her door. He leaned over and began hitting [the
       Victim’s] car window with a screwdriver. She rolled down the
       window, but [Appellant] did not stop. Finally, [the Victim]
       honked the car horn again and [Appellant] drove away.

       CP-51-CR-0008021-2016

       On February 8, 2016, [the Victim] obtained a final Protection
       From Abuse [(“PFA”)] order[,] . . . valid until February 7,
       2019[,] against [Appellant]. The PFA [order] prohibited
       [Appellant] from abusing, harassing, stalking, or threatening
       her. In addition, [Appellant] was forbidden from having any
       contact with [the Victim] by telephone or through a third
       party. Lastly, [Appellant] was evicted from [a certain
       residence]. . . .

       On March 1, 2016, [the Victim] received several emails from
       [Appellant]. In these emails, [Appellant] threatened to kill
       [the Victim], and [Appellant] sent [the Victim] photos of her
       home and workplace. . . .

       CP-51-CR-0003669-2016

       On March 12, 2016, at approximately 2:00 a.m., [the Victim]
       received several phone calls. The police arrived at [the
       Victim’s] house in response to a call, which [the Victim]
       explained likely came from [Appellant]. [Appellant] also left
       various threatening voicemails, including threats to kill her.

       CP-51-CR-0003670-2016 & CP-51-CR-0003671-2016

       In an incident that occurred later on March 12, 2016, [the
       Victim] was sitting on her front porch with her sister
       [(hereinafter “the Sister”)]. . . . [The Sister] noticed a car
       driving slowly on the one-way street. When it stopped, [the
       Sister] realized it was [Appellant]. [Appellant] exited his car
       and began striking [the Victim’s] car window with an object
       resembling a baton, while yelling out profanities. . . .

                                    -4-
J-S53010-19

        Both [the Victim and the Sister] ran toward [Appellant] and
        sprayed him with pepper spray. [Appellant] got back into his
        car and began driving away while holding onto [the Victim]
        by her hoodie. [The Victim] was dragged until [the Sister]
        threw a pepper spray can at [Appellant’s] car. [Appellant]
        then quickly reversed in his car toward [the Sister], who was
        standing in the middle of the street. [The Sister] jumped out
        of the way and [Appellant] drove away. . . .

        [The Victim and the Sister] followed [Appellant] in [the
        Victim’s] car in an effort to get his license plate number.
        While they were looking for [Appellant], he came speeding
        toward the passenger side of their car. [The Victim] was able
        to swerve so that [Appellant] struck only the back of her car.
        As a result of this incident, [the Victim] sustained back pain
        and [the Sister] experienced wrist soreness.

        CP-51-CR-0003672-2016

        On March 14, 2016, [the Victim] was at an auto-repair shop
        in Philadelphia. She was sitting in the waiting area looking
        down at her phone when [Appellant] entered the shop and
        grabbed the phone from her. He then punched her in the
        eye. [The Victim] fell out of her chair and onto the ground...

        [Appellant] appeared to be leaving but then came back
        toward [the Victim]. [The Victim] lifted a plastic chair and
        held it out in front of her to keep [Appellant] away. He pushed
        against the chair, causing [the Victim] to fall backwards into
        glass causing it to shatter. [Appellant] then ran outside and
        broke at least two more windows on [the Victim’s] car.

Trial Court Opinion, 4/26/19, at 2-4 (citations and some capitalization

omitted).

     Following a bench trial, the trial court found Appellant guilty of the

following crimes:

                                     -5-
J-S53010-19

        at CP-51-CR-0003675-2016 (hereinafter “Docket Number 3675-2016”),

         robbery, theft by unlawful taking, receiving stolen property, possessing

         instruments of crime (“PIC”), simple assault, and harassment;1

        at CP-51-CR-0008021-2016 (hereinafter “Docket Number 8021-2016”),

         stalking, terroristic threats, and harassment;2

        at CP-51-CR-0003669-2016 (hereinafter “Docket Number 3669-2016”),

         stalking, contempt for violation of order or agreement, terroristic

         threats, and harassment;3

        at CP-51-CR-0003670-2016 (hereinafter “Docket Number 3670-2016”),

         aggravated assault, stalking, contempt for violation of order or

         agreement, PIC, simple assault, recklessly endangering another person

         (“REAP”), and harassment;4

        at CP-51-CR-0003671-2016 (hereinafter “Docket Number 3671-2016”),

         aggravated assault, PIC, simple assault, and REAP;5 and,

____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3701(a)(1)(iv), 3921(a), 3925(a), 907(a), 2701(a), and
2709(a)(1), respectively.

2   18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2709.1(a)(1), 2706(a)(1), and 2709(a)(1), respectively.

3 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2709.1(a)(1), 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114(a), and 18 Pa.C.S.A.
§§ 2706(a)(1) and 2709(a)(4), respectively.

418 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2702(a) and 2709.1(a)(1), 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114(a), and 18
Pa.C.S.A. §§ 907(a), 2701(a), 2705, and 2709(a)(4), respectively.

5   18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2702(a), 907(a), 2701(a), and 2705, respectively.

                                           -6-
J-S53010-19

       at CP-51-CR-0003672-2016 (hereinafter “Docket Number 3672-2016”),

        robbery, stalking, theft by unlawful taking, receiving stolen property,

        contempt for violation of order or agreement, terroristic threats, simple

        assault, and harassment.6

        On April 27, 2018, the trial court sentenced Appellant to serve an

aggregate term of seven to 14 years in prison, followed by five years of

probation, for his convictions. N.T. Sentencing, 4/27/18, at 40-44.

        On August 20, 2018, the trial court denied Appellant’s post-sentence

motion and Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. Appellant’s statement of

questions involved raises the following, general claim to this Court:

          Did the [trial] court err by convicting Appellant of numerous
          charges for which the Commonwealth did not present
          sufficient evidence?

Appellant’s Brief at 3 (some capitalization omitted).

        Appellant’s general claim of error encompasses seven specific claims of

evidentiary insufficiency. In particular, Appellant argues that the evidence

was insufficient to support his convictions for: 1) robbery, at Docket Number

3675-2016, because the Victim “did not testify to any contemporaneous

threats or any bodily injury she suffered[; n]or did [the Victim] testify that

she was in fear of immediate bodily injury;” 2) PIC, at Docket Number

3675-2016, because “[t]he evidence presented did not prove that Appellant
____________________________________________

6 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3701(a)(1)(iv), 2709.1(a)(1), 3921(a), and 3925(a), 23
Pa.C.S.A. § 6114(a), and 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2706(a)(1), 2701(a), and
2709(a)(4), respectively.

                                           -7-
J-S53010-19

possessed the phone with the intent to employ it criminally;” 3) aggravated

assault, at Docket Number 3670-2016, because the Commonwealth did not

prove that Appellant attempted to cause the Victim serious bodily injury; 4)

aggravated      assault,    at    Docket       Number   3671-2016,   because   the

Commonwealth did not prove that Appellant attempted to cause the Sister

serious bodily injury; 5) PIC, at Docket Number 3671-2016, because the

Commonwealth did not prove that Appellant “used the vehicle criminally”

towards the Sister; 6) robbery, at Docket Number 3672-2016, because the

Commonwealth did not prove that Appellant used force to take the phone;

and, 7) stalking, at Docket Number 3672-2016, because the Commonwealth

did not prove that Appellant engaged in a “course of conduct” towards the

Victim. See Appellant’s Brief at 12-20.7

____________________________________________

7 The trial court ordered Appellant to file and serve a concise statement of
errors complained of on appeal, pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate
Procedure 1925(b). Appellant complied with the trial court’s order and raised
the following claims in his Rule 1925(b) statement:

         1. On [Docket Number 3675-2016], the evidence was
         insufficient to prove the following convictions:

              a. robbery, as the evidence did not establish that the
              [Victim] suffered injury or was put in fear of injury; and

              b. [PIC], as the evidence did not establish that Appellant
              intended to employ the cell phone criminally.

         2. On [Docket Number 3670-2016], the evidence was
         insufficient to prove the following convictions:

                                           -8-
J-S53010-19

       We review Appellant's sufficiency of the evidence challenges under the

following standard:

         The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the
         evidence is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial
         in the light most favorable to the verdict winner, there is
         sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every
         element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. In applying
____________________________________________

              a. aggravated assault, as the evidence did not establish
              that the [Victim] suffered serious bodily injury or that
              Appellant attempted to cause such injury; and

              b. [PIC], as the evidence did not establish that Appellant
              intended to employ the car criminally.

         3. On [Docket Number 3671-2016], the evidence was
         insufficient to prove the following convictions:

              a. aggravated assault, as the evidence supported a
              finding that Appellant was merely reckless in his conduct
              and the evidence was insufficient to prove any heightened
              standard; and

              b. [PIC], as the evidence did not establish that Appellant
              intended to employ the car criminally.

         4. On [Docket Number 3672-2016], the evidence was
         insufficient to prove the following convictions:

              a. robbery, as the evidence did not support that the
              [Victim] suffered serious bodily injury, or that she was
              threatened or placed in fear of such injury; and

              b. stalking, as the bills of information charged Appellant
              on this docket with a single criminal act, and the charge
              of stalking is expressly directed at courses of conduct and
              not single acts.

Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) Statement, 10/31/18, at 1-2 (some capitalization
omitted).

                                           -9-
J-S53010-19

        the above test, we may not weigh the evidence and substitute
        our judgment for [that of] the fact-finder. In addition, we
        note that the facts and circumstances established by the
        Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
        innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt may be
        resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak
        and inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact
        may be drawn from the combined circumstances. The
        Commonwealth may sustain its burden of proving every
        element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt by means
        of wholly circumstantial evidence. Moreover, in applying the
        above test, the entire record must be evaluated and all
        evidence actually received must be considered. Finally, the
        trier of fact while passing upon the credibility of witnesses
        and the weight of the evidence produced, is free to believe
        all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Brown, 23 A.3d 544, 559–560 (Pa. Super. 2011) (en

banc), quoting Commonwealth v. Hutchinson, 947 A.2d 800, 805–806 (Pa.

Super. 2008).

     First, Appellant claims that the evidence was insufficient to support his

robbery conviction at Docket Number 3675-2016.

     Appellant was convicted of robbery under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(a)(1)(iv).

In relevant part, Section 3701 declares:

        (1) A person is guilty of robbery if, in the course of
        committing a theft, he:

                                     ...

           (iv) inflicts bodily injury upon another or threatens
           another with or intentionally puts him in fear of immediate
           bodily injury[.]

                                     ...

                                    - 10 -
J-S53010-19

         (2) An act shall be deemed “in the course of committing a
         theft” if it occurs in an attempt to commit theft or in flight
         after the attempt or commission.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701.

      The term “bodily injury” is defined as “[i]mpairment of physical condition

or substantial pain.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2301.

      According to Appellant, the evidence was insufficient to support his

robbery conviction because the Victim “did not testify to any contemporaneous

threats or any bodily injury she suffered[; n]or did [the Victim] testify that

she was in fear of immediate bodily injury.” Appellant’s Brief at 12-13. This

claim fails.

      As we have held, to sustain a robbery conviction under subsection

3701(a)(1)(iv), the victim does not need to testify as to her subjective state

of mind. We explained:

         In determining whether all of the elements of the crime of
         robbery have been met, a reviewing court will consider the
         defendant's intent and actions and not necessarily the
         subjective state of mind of the victim. Whether the victim
         was in fact put in fear under such circumstances [is] not
         controlling.

Commonwealth v. Davison, 177 A.3d 955, 957 (Pa. Super. 2018)

(quotations    and   citations   omitted);    see   also   Commonwealth        v.

Leatherbury, 473 A.2d 1040, 1042 (Pa. Super. 1984) (holding:              “[w]hen

appellant and another young man came up behind [an] elderly man who was

walking alone at 1:15 in the morning, grabbed him by both arms, and

demanded his money and his wallet, the trier of the facts could infer that the

                                     - 11 -
J-S53010-19

young men intended to acquire the victim's money by placing him in fear of

immediate bodily injury. Neither the fact that they did not inflict bodily injury

nor that they were unsuccessful in obtaining the victim's money was

controlling. An aggressive act intended to place the victim in fear that he was

in danger of immediate physical harm was sufficient to elevate an attempted

theft to robbery, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(a)(1)(iv). Whether the victim was in

fact put in fear under such circumstances [is] not controlling”).

      Further, as is relevant to the current issue, the language of Section

3701(a)(1)(ii) is substantively identical to that contained in Section

3701(a)(1)(iv). Compare 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(a)(1)(ii) (“A person is guilty

of robbery if, in the course of committing a theft, he: . . . (ii) threatens another

with or intentionally puts him in fear of immediate serious bodily injury”), with

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701(a)(1)(iv) (“A person is guilty of robbery if, in the course

of committing a theft, he: . . . (iv) . . . threatens another with or intentionally

puts him in fear of immediate bodily injury”). This Court has held that, to

determine whether the victim has been placed in fear of serious bodily injury

for purposes of Section 3701(a)(1)(ii), a court must utilize an objective

standard.   We explained:

         The evidence is sufficient to convict a defendant of robbery
         under [Section 3701(a)(1)(ii)] if the evidence demonstrates
         aggressive actions that threatened the victim's safety. The
         court must focus on the nature of the threat posed by an
         assailant and whether he reasonably placed a victim in fear
         of immediate serious bodily injury. Additionally, this Court
         has held that the threat need not be verbal. . . .

                                      - 12 -
J-S53010-19

        When determining whether a victim has been placed in fear
        of serious bodily injury, this Court uses an objective
        standard; therefore, the victim's subjective state of mind
        during the robbery is not dispositive. Commonwealth v.
        Kubis, 978 A.2d 391, 398 (Pa. Super. 2009) (concluding that
        the nature of appellant's threat to stab the victim was such
        that a reasonable person in the victim's position would fear
        for his life or safety even though no knife was physically
        produced during robbery).

Commonwealth v. Valentine, 101 A.3d 801, 807 (Pa. Super. 2014)

(quotations, corrections, and some citations omitted).

      Since   the   pertinent   language      in   Sections   3701(a)(1)(ii)   and

3701(a)(1)(iv) is substantively identical, Valentine’s above-quoted analysis

and holding is equally applicable to Section 3701(a)(1) (iv).         As such, to

determine whether a defendant “threaten[ed] another with or intentionally

put[] him in fear of immediate bodily injury” for purposes of Section

3701(a)(1)(iv), this Court must utilize an objective standard. See id.

      The evidence in the case at bar demonstrates that, on February 1, 2016,

the Victim was driving her vehicle on the road when Appellant drove his vehicle

next to hers and cut her off. N.T. Trial, 2/9/18, at 14. Appellant then jumped

out of his vehicle, jumped into the Victim’s passenger-side seat, and began

yelling at her. Id. The Victim, who was having a cell phone conversation with

her cousin at the time, told her cousin to call the police. Id. at 14-15. In

response, Appellant grabbed the Victim’s cell phone, which caused the

earbuds to rip out of her ears, and hit the Victim in her forehead with the cell

phone. Id. at 15.

                                     - 13 -
J-S53010-19

       Regardless of whether Appellant actually caused the Victim “bodily

injury,” Appellant’s aggressive and frightening actions would have placed a

reasonable person in the Victim’s position in fear of immediate bodily injury.

As such, the evidence was sufficient to support Appellant’s robbery conviction

under Section 3701(a)(1)(iv). See Davison, 177 A.3d at 957; Valentine,

101 A.3d at 807. Appellant’s claim to the contrary fails.

       Next, Appellant claims that the evidence was insufficient to support his

PIC conviction at Docket Number 3675-2016.

       Section 907 of the Crimes Code generally defines PIC in the following

manner:

         (a) Criminal instruments generally.--A person commits a
         misdemeanor of the first degree if he possesses any
         instrument of crime with intent to employ it criminally.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 907(a).

       In relevant part, the statute defines “instrument of crime” as:

“[a]nything used for criminal purposes and possessed by the actor under

circumstances not manifestly appropriate for lawful uses it may have.” 18

Pa.C.S.A. § 907(d).

       Appellant was convicted of PIC for possessing the Victim’s cell phone

with the intent to employ it criminally.8 See Commonwealth’s Information at
____________________________________________

8 The Commonwealth claims that the PIC conviction was based upon
Appellant’s possession of the screwdriver, which he used to attack the Victim’s
car window, and not the cell phone. Commonwealth’s Brief at 12. The
Commonwealth is mistaken. Certainly, the criminal information specified that,

                                          - 14 -
J-S53010-19

Docket Number 3675-2016, at Count 4; Trial Court Opinion, 4/26/19, at 6.

On appeal, Appellant claims that the evidence was insufficient to support this

conviction because the Commonwealth failed to prove that he possessed the

phone “with the intent to employ it criminally.”      Appellant’s Brief at 13.

However, the evidence demonstrates that Appellant struck the Victim in the

head with the cell phone. N.T. Trial, 2/9/18, at 15. And, since Appellant used

the cell phone to assault the Victim, the evidence is sufficient to prove that

Appellant, in fact, employed the phone criminally. 9        Thus, Appellant’s

sufficiency claim fails.

       Third, Appellant claims that the evidence is insufficient to support his

aggravated assault conviction at Docket Number 3670-2016.

____________________________________________

for purposes of the PIC charge, the “instrument of crime” was the “phone.”
Commonwealth’s Information at Docket Number 3675-2016, at Count 4
(some capitalization omitted). Further, in addressing Appellant’s sufficiency
challenge to his PIC conviction, the trial court’s opinion analyzed whether
Appellant possessed the phone with the intent to employ it criminally. Trial
Court Opinion, 4/26/19, at 6 (“[e]vidence that [Appellant] held [the Victim’s]
cell phone in his hand and used it to strike the right side of her forehead was
sufficient to sustain the conviction for [PIC]”).

9 Appellant claims the evidence demonstrates that he did not assault the
Victim with the cell phone; instead, he claims, the “entire struggle was a
spontaneous and unpredictable event.” Appellant’s Brief at 13. This argument
necessarily fails, as it does not view the evidence in the light most favorable
to the Commonwealth. See Brown, 23 A.3d at 559–560 (“[t]he standard we
apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence is whether viewing all the
evidence admitted at trial in the light most favorable to the verdict winner,
there is sufficient evidence to enable the fact-finder to find every element of
the crime beyond a reasonable doubt”).

                                          - 15 -
J-S53010-19

      The trial court found Appellant guilty of aggravated assault under 18

Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(1). This subsection states:

        A person is guilty of aggravated assault if he:

            (1) attempts to cause serious bodily injury to another, or
            causes such injury intentionally, knowingly or recklessly
            under circumstances manifesting extreme indifference to
            the value of human life[.]

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(1).

      “Serious bodily injury” is defined as: “[b]odily injury which creates a

substantial risk of death or which causes serious, permanent disfigurement,

or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or

organ.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2301.

      On appeal, Appellant claims that the evidence was insufficient to support

his aggravated assault conviction, as the Commonwealth did not prove that

he attempted to cause the Victim serious bodily injury. Appellant’s Brief at

14-16. This claim is frivolous.

      Our Supreme Court has summarized:

        “A person commits an attempt when, with intent to commit
        a specific crime, he does any act which constitutes a
        substantial step toward the commission of that crime.” 18
        Pa.C.S.A. § 901(a). An attempt under § 2702(a)(1) requires
        a showing of some act, albeit not one causing serious bodily
        injury, accompanied by an intent to inflict serious bodily
        injury.

        “A person acts intentionally with respect to a material
        element of an offense when . . . it is his conscious object to
        engage in conduct of that nature or to cause such a result.”
        18 Pa.C.S.A. § 302(b)(1)(i). As intent is a subjective frame
        of mind, it is of necessity difficult of direct proof. The intent

                                     - 16 -
J-S53010-19

        to cause serious bodily injury may be proven by direct or
        circumstantial evidence.

        [In Commonwealth v. Alexander, 383 A.2d 887 (Pa.
        1978), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court] created a totality of
        the circumstances test, to be used on a case-by-case basis,
        to determine whether a defendant possessed the intent to
        inflict serious bodily injury. Alexander provided a list, albeit
        incomplete, of factors that may be considered in determining
        whether the intent to inflict serious bodily injury was present,
        including evidence of a significant difference in size or
        strength between the defendant and the victim, any restraint
        on the defendant preventing him from escalating the attack,
        the defendant's use of a weapon or other implement to aid
        his attack, and his statements before, during, or after the
        attack which might indicate his intent to inflict injury.
        Alexander, [383 A.2d] at 889. Alexander made clear that
        “simple      assault   combined     with   other    surrounding
        circumstances may, in a proper case, be sufficient to support
        a finding that an assailant attempted to inflict serious bodily
        injury, thereby constituting aggravated assault. . . .

Commonwealth v. Matthew, 909 A.2d 1254, 1257 (Pa. 2006) (some

quotations, citations, and corrections omitted).

      The trial court thoroughly explained why Appellant’s sufficiency claim is

frivolous:

        Here, there was sufficient evidence to conclude that
        [Appellant] took a substantial step toward inflicting serious
        bodily injury when he got into his car, held onto [the Victim]
        by her hoodie, and began driving. He dragged her "a couple
        of feet" before dropping her, and only did so because [the
        Sister] threw a pepper spray can at his vehicle. Throughout
        the incident, [Appellant] laughed, yelled out profanities, and
        "threaten[ed] to kill [them] the whole entire time." . . .

        After [Appellant] drove away, [the Victim and the Sister]
        attempted to follow him in their vehicle. [Appellant] sped
        toward them. As his vehicle was approaching the passenger
        side of their vehicle, [the Victim] was able to swerve out of

                                    - 17 -
J-S53010-19

          the way causing [Appellant] to only hit the rear of her vehicle.
          ...

          [Appellant’s] actions, coupled with his statements during
          these incidents, were sufficient proof of his attempt to cause
          serious bodily injury.

Trial Court Opinion, 4/26/19, at 7-8 (citations omitted).

      We agree with the trial court’s analysis and conclude that Appellant’s

claim of error fails.

      For his fourth and fifth claims on appeal, Appellant contends that the

evidence was insufficient to sustain his aggravated assault and PIC convictions

at Docket Number 3671-2016. These convictions were based upon Appellant’s

action of driving his vehicle directly at the passenger-side of the Victim’s car,

while the Sister was sitting in the passenger’s seat of the Victim’s car.

According to Appellant, the evidence merely proved that Appellant acted

“reckless[ly], not criminal[ly].” Appellant’s Brief at 16-17.

      Appellant’s claims are frivolous. Viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth, the evidence demonstrates that Appellant

intentionally used his vehicle as a deadly weapon and specifically intended to

use that deadly weapon to, first, strike the Sister while she was standing in

the street and, then, when the Sister got into the passenger’s seat of the

Victim’s car, Appellant attempted to drive his vehicle into the passenger-side

of the Victim’s car.

      The evidence is thus sufficient to establish that Appellant used his

vehicle in a criminal manner, in an attempt to cause the Sister serious bodily

injury.   Hence, the evidence is sufficient to sustain Appellant’s aggravated

                                      - 18 -
J-S53010-19

assault and PIC convictions at Docket Number 3671-2016. Appellant’s fourth

and fifth claims on appeal fail.

      Appellant next claims that the evidence was insufficient to support his

robbery conviction at Docket Number 3672-2016. Within his brief, Appellant

argues that the evidence was insufficient because it “failed to establish[] the

force – however slight – necessary to sustain any gradation of robbery.”

Appellant’s Brief at 17. This claim is waived, as Appellant did not raise it in

his Rule 1925(b) statement.        See Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) Statement,

10/31/18, at 1-2 (contending that the evidence was insufficient to support his

robbery conviction because “the evidence did not support that the [Victim]

suffered serious bodily injury, or that she was threatened or placed in fear of

such injury”); Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii) (“[i]ssues not included in the [Rule

1925(b)] Statement . . . are waived”).

      Finally, Appellant posits that the evidence was insufficient to support his

stalking conviction at Docket Number 3672-2016.

      Appellant was convicted of stalking under 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2709.1(a)(1),

which states:

        A person commits the crime of stalking when the person...:

            (1) engages in a course of conduct or repeatedly commits
            acts toward another person, including following the
            person without proper authority, under circumstances
            which demonstrate either an intent to place such other
            person in reasonable fear of bodily injury or to cause
            substantial emotional distress to such other person. . . .

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2709.1(a)(1).

                                     - 19 -
J-S53010-19

      Appellant contends that the evidence did not demonstrate that he

engaged in a “course of conduct” here. The claim is meritless.

      Section 2709.1 defines the term “course of conduct” to mean:         “[a]

pattern of actions composed of more than one act over a period of time,

however short, evidencing a continuity of conduct.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2709.1(f).

Further, as we have held:

        [c]ourse of conduct is established by proof of two related but
        separate events. . . . The elements of stalking are not
        established until the occurrence of a second prohibited act
        and any additional acts extend the course of conduct. These
        additional acts, in conjunction with the prior acts, also create
        a new “course of conduct” and are, by definition, stalkings. .
        .

        [S]talking, as defined by the legislature, occurs with each act
        involved in an established course of conduct, and forms the
        basis for an independent charge. Each stalking, including the
        first, is a certifiable count, capable of sustaining a separate
        conviction and sentence. Each act, constituting the course of
        conduct leading to arrest and trial, is not merely cumulative
        evidence of stalking but a stalking in and of itself.

Commonwealth v. Leach, 729 A.2d 608, 611-612 (Pa. Super. 1999)

(emphasis omitted).

      The evidence presented at trial established that, from February 1, 2016

until March 14, 2016, Appellant engaged in a loathsome and outrageous

course of conduct that he directed at the Victim and that was intended to place

the Victim in reasonable fear of bodily injury and to cause her substantial

emotional distress.   Appellant’s final acts in this horrid chain of events

occurred on March 14, 2016, when Appellant violated the PFA order by

                                    - 20 -
J-S53010-19

approaching the Victim in an automobile repair shop – where the Victim was

having a car window repaired that Appellant had broken two days prior. It

was in this shop that Appellant took the Victim’s cell phone out of her hand,

punched her in the eye, pushed her into glass shelves, and then ran outside

and broke at least two more windows on her vehicle. N.T. Trial, 2/9/18, at

47-51. Simply stated, this final, charged event was “not merely cumulative

evidence of stalking but a stalking in and of itself.” See Leach, 729 A.2d at

612. Appellant’s final claim on appeal thus fails.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/6/19

                                    - 21 -