Court Opinion

ID: 9683757
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-24 13:36:21.774557+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:17:49.761990
License: Public Domain

SPEARS, Justice,
concurring.
I agree with the majority’s holding which reverses and remands this cause for a new trial. Respondents’ petition only alleged causes of action under the Texas Wrongful Death Act and the Texas Survival Statute. These allegations failed to give petitioners notice that Dr. Madalin was asserting an independent cause of action for the negligent infliction of mental anguish suffered as a result of his sensory perception of the *777accident and the death of his child.1 Petitioners’ admission of liability was necessarily predicated on respondents’ petition and could not enlarge the claims asserted therein.
I also agree that the question whether Texas should continue to apply the pecuniary loss rule as the proper measure of damages under the Wrongful Death Act is not preserved in this record. On remand of this cause and in all future causes of action under the Wrongful Death Act, however, I would reject the pecuniary loss limitation and allow a plaintiff to recover for all damages incurred as a result of a tortfeasor’s negligence. A plaintiff’s recovery should not be limited to loss of financial contribution and services. If proven, damages for loss of companionship and society and damages for mental anguish are also proper elements of recovery.
The language of the Texas wrongful death statutes does not preclude recovery of the aforementioned elements of damage. Like most states, Texas patterned its wrongful death statutes after Lord Campbell’s Act. Neither the Texas statutes nor Lord Campbell’s Act expressly limit recovery to pecuniary loss. Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat. Ann. article 4671 (Vernon)2 creates a cause of action for “actual damages on account of the injuries causing the death . . . .” (emphasis added). Article 4677 establishes the measure of damages in a wrongful death action.
The jury may give such damages as they may think proportionate to the injury resulting from such death.
The pecuniary loss limitation has been imposed by judicial construction of this language.
In the past a surviving parent’s damages in an action for the death of a child under the Texas Wrongful Death Act has been limited to the pecuniary value of the child’s services and financial contributions, minus the cost of his care, support, and education. This judicial construction of the Act, known as the pecuniary loss rule, makes the life of a child valueless and has been termed “an unwarranted and restrictive interpretation.” Ferguson, Damages For The Death Of A Minor Child Under The Texas Wrongful Death Act, 4 St. Mary’s L.J. 157, 160 (1972). Indeed, the commentators are virtually unanimous in their criticism of the pecuniary loss limitation. See, e. g., 2 F. Harper & F. James, The Law of Torts § 25.14, at 1331 (1956); W. Prosser, The Law of Torts § 127, at 908-09 (4th ed. 1971); Decof, Damages In Actions For Wrongful Death Of Children, 47 Notre Dame Law. 197, 198 (1971); Speiser & Ma-lawer, An American Tragedy: Damages For Mental Anguish Of Bereaved Relatives In Wrongful Death Actions, 51 Tul.L.Rev. 1, 5-6 (1976).
The pecuniary loss rule is based on antiquated concepts evolved in the rural 1800’s, and it is totally unrelated to the present day realities of modern society.
Modern economic reality emphasizes the gulf between the old concepts of a child’s economic value and the new facts of modern family life. To limit damages for the death of a child to the monetary value of the services which the next of kin could reasonably have expected to receive during his minority less the reasonable expense of maintaining and educating him stamps almost all modern children as worthless in the eyes of the law. In fact, if the rule was literally followed, the average child would have a negative worth.
*778Selders v. Armentrout, 190 Neb. 275, 207 N.W.2d 686, 688-89 (1973).
Strict application of the pecuniary loss rule would lead to an anomalous result in which the Wrongful Death Act creates a cause of action for the death of a child but prescribes no measure of recovery. See Wardlow v. City of Keokuk, 190 N.W.2d 439, 448 (Iowa 1971); Lockhart v. Besel, 71 Wash.2d 112, 426 P.2d 605, 608 (1967) (en banc). In fact, strict adherence to the pecuniary loss rule would ordinarily lead to the negligent tortfeasor being rewarded for having saved the parents the cost and expense of rearing a child. In order to avoid this result, juries and trial courts have circumvented the pecuniary loss rule, and appellate courts have sanctioned this practice. In criticizing the pecuniary loss rule, Pros-ser said:
As any parent is well aware, any realistic view of the prospects must mean that the costs of rearing the child will far exceed any conceivable pecuniary benefits that might ever be optimistically expected of him; and damages honestly calculated on this basis could never be anything but a minus quantity. Nevertheless in such cases substantial verdicts have been sustained, where it is very evident that the jury have taken the bull by the horns, and in reality have compensated for the prohibited sentimental aspects of the family relation, with the court benevolently winking at a flagrant violation of the rule it has laid down. . . . Such decisions do not appear very likely to command respect for the administration of justice; but it seems evident that it is the theory which is wrong, and not the result.
W. Prosser, supra, at 908-09 (footnotes omitted).3
Today, courts in a majority of jurisdictions allow recovery of damages for loss of companionship and society under statutes which traditionally would have been interpreted as limiting recovery to pecuniary loss. See Krouse v. Graham, 19 Cal.3d 59, 137 Cal.Rptr. 863, 562 P.2d 1022, 1025 (1977) (in bank); Wardlow v. City of Keokuk, supra, at 448, Wycko v. Gnodtke, 361 Mich. 331, 105 N.W.2d 118, 122 (1960); Fussner v. Andert, 261 Minn. 347, 113 N.W.2d 355, 363 (1961); Selders v. Armentrout, supra 207 N.W.2d at 689; Lockhart v. Besel, supra, 426 P.2d at 609. These courts recognize that a deceased child has a value to other members of the family as a part of the family unit and that a child’s death represents a substantial injury to the familial relationship. Krouse v. Graham, supra, 137 Cal.Rptr. 863, 562 P.2d at 1026; Wycko v. Gnodtke, supra, 105 N.W.2d at 122-23; see Decof, supra, at 206-07; Green, The Texas Death Act, 26 Texas L.Rev. 133, 136 (1947). The true value of children is not in their potential for financial contribution, but in the rewards which flow from the familial relationship; i. e., love, comfort, assistance, and companionship. See Fussner v. Andert, supra, 113 N.W.2d at 359; Van Cleave v. Lynch, 109 Utah 149, 166 P.2d 244, 249-50 (1946).
This court has recognized previously that injuries to the familial relationship are significant injuries and are worthy of compensation. In Whittlesey v. Miller, 572 S.W.2d 665, 668 (Tex.1978) we held that either spouse has a cause of action for loss of consortium suffered as a result of an injury to the other spouse by a tortfeasor’s negligence. We held that loss of affection, solace, comfort, companionship, society, assistance, and sexual relations were real, direct, and personal losses and said that these losses were not too intangible or conjectural to be measured in pecuniary terms. Id. at 667. A parent’s claim for damages for the loss of companionship of a child is closely analogous to the loss of consortium cause of action created in Whittlesey. In Selders v. Armentrout, supra, 207 N.W.2d at 689, the Nebraska Supreme Court noted this analo*779gy with loss of consortium and said, “There is no logical reason for treating an injury to the family relationship resulting from the wrongful death of a child more restrictively.”
In future wrongful death actions I would allow recovery for elements of damage similar to those delineated in Whittlesey; i. e., loss of companionship, society, affection, and comfort. These elements of damage are not too abstract or speculative to be given a monetary value. Recovery is regularly allowed in other tort areas for injuries which are equally intangible; i. e., pain and suffering. Nor is the fear of excessive verdicts a sufficient justification for denying recovery for loss of companionship. The judicial system has adequate safeguards to prevent recovery of damages based on sympathy or prejudice rather than fair and just compensation for the plaintiff’s injuries, and the legislature is free to limit the amount recoverable for loss of companionship if it believes limitation is necessary. See Fussner v. Andert, supra, 113 N.W.2d at 363.
In addition to recovery for loss of companionship and society, I would allow a parent to recover for the mental anguish suffered as a result of a child’s wrongful death. An injury to the parent-child relationship results in mental anguish, and it would be unrealistic to separate injury to the familial relationship from emotional injury. Wilson v. Lund, 80 Wash.2d 91, 491 P.2d 1287, 1292 (1971) (en banc). Today, with increased medical and scientific knowledge of psychic trauma, emotional injuries can be diagnosed and proved by competent medical evidence. In fact, injuries resulting from mental anguish may actually be less nebulous than pain and suffering, or even injuries resulting from loss of companionship or loss of consortium.
It is hard to distinguish the deep emotional wounding of the bereaved parent from the physical pain and mental suffering of the plaintiff with bodily injury, or the loss of enjoyment of one who can no longer engage in sports or favorite activities, or the loss of consortium by the spouse of an injured victim. Lambert, Rheingold & Joost, Recent Important Tort Cases, 30 N.A.C.C.A.L.J. 188, 194 (1964). A plaintiff should be permitted to prove medically the damages resulting from a tortfeasor’s negligent infliction of emotional trauma. Leong v. Takasaki, 55 Haw. 398, 520 P.2d 758, 767 (1974).
The damages recoverable, however, should be for actual mental injuries rather than mere fear, anger, or sorrow. In most instances the normal grief reaction will result in little or no actual mental injury, and the damages suffered will be minimal or nonexistent. When the emotional trauma results in depression or other secondary reactions, however, the plaintiff should recover for the damages incurred. See generally Leibson, Recovery Of Damages For Emotional Distress Caused By Physical Injury To Another, 15 J.Fam.L. 163, 190-209 (1976-1977); Comment, Negligently Inflicted Mental Distress: The Case For An Independent Tort, 59 Geo.L.J. 1237, 1248-53 (1971).
Presently, courts of several states allow recovery for mental anguish under statutes similar to Texas’ statute. In City of Tucson v. Wondergem, 105 Ariz. 429, 466 P.2d 383, 388 (1970) (in banc) the Arizona Supreme Court allowed a plaintiff to recover for mental anguish in a wrongful death action under a statute which provided “the jury shall give such damages as it deems fair and just with reference to the injury resulting from the death . . .” The court said:
Not to permit recovery for damages such as in the instant case where a wife had to be hospitalized from an emotional condition which required psychiatric treatment caused by the death of her husband would deprive a survivor of material damages “resulting from the death” of her husband.
Id. 466 P.2d at 386. The court noted that the Arizona Wrongful Death Act had already been interpreted to allow recovery for loss of companionship and comfort and said that these losses result in mental anguish. Id. at 386.
*780In Smith v. Wells, 258 S.C. 316, 188 S.E.2d 470, 471 (1972) the South Carolina Supreme Court allowed recovery for mental anguish under a statute substantially the same as Texas’ statute. The South Carolina statute provided that “the jury may give such damages ... as they may think proportioned to the injury resulting from such death . . .” The courts in Virginia and West Virginia allow recovery for mental anguish under statutes providing for damages that are fair and just. See Matthews v. Hicks, 197 Va. 112, 87 S.E.2d 629, 633 (1955); Stamper v. Bannister, 146 W.Va. 100, 118 S.E.2d 313, 317 (1961).4
This court should revise its interpretation of the Texas wrongful death statutes in light of present social realities and expand recovery beyond the antiquated and inequitable pecuniary loss rule. We are not bound by prior legislative inaction in an area like tort law which has traditionally been developed primarily through the judicial process. Green, Protection Of The Family Under Tort Law, 10 Hastings 237, 245 (1959). In his article, Dean Green criticized the pecuniary loss rule as outdated and inequitable and suggested that it is within the function and power of the courts to remedy this problem. Id. at 245. He said that because the difficulties in reducing the refinements of tort law doctrines into statutory form often result in legislation which is either underinclusive or over-inclusive and which is frequently couched in ambiguous terms which the courts must interpret, judicial decision is the best way to develop tort law. Id. at 246. Inaction of the Legislature cannot be interpreted as prohibiting judicial reappraisal of the judicially created pecuniary loss rule. “[A] legislature legislates by legislating, not by doing nothing, not by keeping silent.” Wycko v. Gnodtke, supra, 105 N.W.2d at 121-22. Moreover, a survey of 20th Century legislation indicates that all legislation has been in the direction of eliminating the pecuniary loss restriction. Speiser & Malawer, supra, at 22.
In recognizing a cause of action for loss of consortium we said:
[Abdication of judicial responsibility is no longer called for in light of present social realities. The law is not static; and the courts, whenever reason and equity demand, have been the primary instruments for changing the common law through a continual re-evaluation of common law concepts in light of current conditions.
Whittlesey v. Miller, supra, at 668. The same reasoning applies to the present question. The Texas Wrongful Death Act does not require that damages be limited to pecuniary loss based on a child’s financial value to the parents, and this court is free to interpret the statute to allow recovery for such elements of damage as loss of companionship, loss of society, and mental anguish. It is time for Texas to take this step into the 20th Century.
STEAKLEY and CAMPBELL, JJ., concur.

. See Dillon v. Legg, 68 Cal.2d 728, 69 Cal.Rptr. 72, 441 P.2d 912 (1968) (in bank). Although not necessary to the disposition of this appeal, in the future I would adopt the rule established in Dillon. Accord, Leong v. Takasaki, 55 Haw. 398, 520 P.2d 758 (1974); Sinn v. Burd, 486 Pa. 146, 404 A.2d 672 (1979); D’Ambra v. United States, 338 A.2d 524 (R.I.1975). The Dillon rule does not require actual visual observance of the accident, only “sensory and contemporaneous observance of the accident, as contrasted with learning of the accident from others after its occurrence.” Dillon, supra, 69 Cal.Rptr. at 80, 441 P.2d at 920 (emphasis added); accord, Krouse v. Graham, 19 Cal.3d 59, 137 Cal.Rptr. 863, 562 P.2d 1022, 1031 (1977) (in bank); Corso v. Merrill, 406 A.2d 300, 307 (N.H.1979).

. All statutory references are to Texas Revised Civil Statutes Annotated.

. An analysis of damage awards for wrongful death of a child suggests that judicial acquiescence in circumvention of the pecuniary loss rule is selective and intermittent, with the rule being ignored most often in cases involving middle or upper-middle class children. Finkelstein, Pickrel & Glasser, The Death of Children: A Nonparametric Statistical Analysis Of Compensation For Anguish, 74 Colum.L.Rev. 884, 893 (1974).

. In addition, four states, Arkansas, Florida, Maryland, and New Hampshire have enacted statutes which specifically provide for recovery of a parent’s mental anguish resulting from the wrongful death of a child. See 2 S. Speiser, Recovery for Wrongful Death 2d, Appendix A, at 643-787 (1975).