Court Opinion

ID: 4525585
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-04-15 18:00:26.477636+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:15:00.316801
License: Public Domain

Case: 19-30499   Document: 00515383056        Page: 1   Date Filed: 04/15/2020

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                 United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Fifth Circuit

                                                                        FILED
                                    No. 19-30499                    April 15, 2020
                                                                   Lyle W. Cayce
HENRY LUWISCH,                                                          Clerk

             Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

AMERICAN MARINE CORPORATION,

             Defendant - Appellant

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Louisiana

Before KING, JONES, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
      This case pits an injured seaman against his former employer. After a
bench trial, the district court found that the employer was liable for most of
the seaman’s injuries and entered judgment accordingly. The employer now
appeals, claiming a host of errors. Seeing none, we affirm.
                                         I.
                                        A.
      On November 2, 2014, plaintiff–appellee Henry Luwisch was on board
the M/V American Challenger, a vessel owned by his employer, defendant–
appellant American Marine Corp. Luwisch was the chief engineer of the vessel,
and one of his jobs that day was to store line on board. Luwisch climbed to the
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                                No. 19-30499
upper deck of the vessel, where he had never previously been, to see whether
there was room to store the line. He discovered that there was already line
lying on the upper deck and that it was obstructing part of the walkway,
creating a hazard. Luwisch then attempted to climb back down the ladder but
in doing so tripped over the line and fell ten feet, to the lower deck. He was
taken to the hospital, where a CT scan revealed damage to several of his
cervical discs. Luwisch never returned to work for American Marine.
      In December 2014 and again in February 2015, Luwisch saw Dr. William
Alden, complaining of pain and numbness in his left arm and headaches,
among other things. Dr. Alden found that Luwisch had damage to three of his
cervical discs and referred him to Dr. Troy Beaucoudray for treatment.
Between March 2015 and February 2016, Dr. Beaucoudray gave Luwisch a
series of epidural steroid injections. These injections provided Luwisch only
short-term relief, so Dr. Beaucoudray ultimately referred him to Dr. Bradley
Bartholomew for surgery. But because of disagreements over who would pay,
the surgery never took place.
      Between March 2015 and June 2016, Luwisch worked intermittently as
a mechanic for a series of different employers. In July 2016, Luwisch resumed
working as a chief engineer. When applying for employment as a chief
engineer, Luwisch denied having any previous neck injuries or neck pain. In
May 2018, Luwisch quit his job and moved to Georgia to sell shrimp and run
an RV park.
                                     B.
      In April 2017, when he was still living in Louisiana, Luwisch filed suit
against American Marine, seeking maintenance and cure as well as
compensatory damages. The case was tried without a jury, from July 23 to July
25, 2018.

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      Based on the evidence presented at trial, the district court determined
that, after an unrelated workplace accident in 2011, Luwisch had been
diagnosed with degenerative disc disease and a herniated disc. Because
Luwisch had not disclosed this condition to American Marine when he applied
for employment, the district court ruled that Luwisch was not entitled to
maintenance and cure.
      But the district court found that the placement of the line on the upper
deck of the American Challenger rendered the vessel unseaworthy, and it also
found that American Marine had violated its duty to provide Luwisch with a
reasonably safe place to work. The court determined that the placement of the
line directly contributed to Luwisch’s fall and that American Marine was
eighty-percent responsible for the accident. The court determined that Luwisch
himself was twenty-percent responsible.
      The district court heard medical expert testimony from both sides and
determined that although Luwisch had degenerative disc disease before the
accident, his condition was asymptomatic until the fall exacerbated it. The
district court agreed with Luwisch that he could not continue to work as a chief
engineer in the long term and thus had a diminished earning capacity. The
district court awarded Luwisch damages—reduced by twenty percent due to
his comparative negligence—based on his past medical expenses, past wage
loss, loss of future earning capacity, and pain and suffering.
      American Marine now appeals most aspects of the district court’s
decision. American Marine argues that (1) the American Challenger was not
unseaworthy, (2) the district court incorrectly apportioned fault between the
parties, (3) Luwisch’s fall did not exacerbate his medical condition, (4) Luwisch
does not have a diminished earning capacity, (5) Luwisch was not entitled to
recover his medical expenses, and (6) the district court’s pain-and-suffering
award was excessive. We address each argument in turn.
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                                       II.
      “The standard of review for a bench trial is well established: findings of
fact are reviewed for clear error and legal issues are reviewed de novo.” Barto
v. Shore Constr., LLC, 801 F.3d 465, 471 (5th Cir. 2015) (quoting Becker v.
Tidewater, Inc., 586 F.3d 358, 365 (5th Cir. 2009)). As such, we will upset the
district court’s findings of fact only if we are “left with the definite and firm
conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Id. (quoting Jauch v. Nautical
Servs., Inc., 470 F.3d 207, 213 (5th Cir. 2006)). As relevant here, findings of
fact include determinations of negligence, apportionment of fault, and
calculation of damages. See DePerrodil v. Bozovic Marine, Inc., 842 F.3d 352,
356, 358, 361 (5th Cir. 2016). “Moreover, and of particular relevance here, the
clearly erroneous standard of review following a bench trial requires even
‘greater deference to the trial court’s findings when they are based on
determinations of credibility.’” Guzman v. Hacienda Records & Recording
Studio, Inc., 808 F.3d 1031, 1036 (5th Cir. 2015) (quoting In re Luhr Bros., 157
F.3d 333, 338 (5th Cir. 1998)). Accordingly, “[w]e entertain a strong
presumption that the court’s findings must be sustained even though this court
might have weighed the evidence differently.” Johnson v. Cenac Towing, Inc.,
544 F.3d 296, 303 (5th Cir. 2008).
                                       A.
      “General maritime law imposes a duty upon shipowners to provide a
seaworthy vessel.” Hlodan v. Ohio Barge Line, Inc., 611 F.2d 71, 74 (5th Cir.
1980) (citing Carlisle Packing Co. v. Sandanger, 259 U.S. 255 (1922)). “To be
seaworthy, a vessel and its appurtenances must be reasonably fit for their
intended uses.” Manderson v. Chet Morrison Contractors, Inc., 666 F.3d 373,
379 (5th Cir. 2012) (citing Mitchell v. Trawler Racer, Inc., 362 U.S. 539, 550
(1960)). “Liability under the doctrine of unseaworthiness does not rest upon
fault or negligence.” Johnson v. Offshore Express, Inc., 845 F.2d 1347, 1354
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(5th Cir. 1988). Instead, “a plaintiff must prove that the unseaworthy condition
played a substantial part in bringing about or actually causing [an] injury and
that the injury was either a direct result or a reasonably probable consequence
of the unseaworthiness.” Id.
      The district court found that “[t]he placement of the rope at the top of
the ladder to the upper deck . . . rendered the vessel unseaworthy.” It also
found that the line “was not the result of an isolated negligent act” and that it
“played a substantial part in causing Plaintiff’s injury, and the injury was a
reasonably probable consequence of the unseaworthiness.” Although American
Marine argues that the line’s presence on the upper deck was “transitory in
nature,” it cites no caselaw for the proposition that the line must have lain on
the deck for a particular amount of time to render the American Challenger
unseaworthy, nor does it cite any evidence regarding how long the line had in
fact lain there. Luwisch testified that he had never been to the upper deck
before, and neither of the two deckhands—who were the only other people
working on the boat—provided testimony. The district court thus concluded
that the line had been there “for an extended period of time.” American Marine
has failed to demonstrate that the district court’s finding of unseaworthiness
was clear error.
                                       B.
      “A seaman is entitled to recovery under the Jones Act . . . if his
employer’s negligence is the cause, in whole or in part, of his injury.” Gautreaux
v. Scurlock Marine, Inc. (Gautreaux II), 107 F.3d 331, 335 (5th Cir. 1997) (en
banc). Under the Jones Act, the employer’s duty of care “retains the usual and
familiar definition of ordinary prudence.” Id.
      Although “Jones Act negligence and unseaworthiness under general
maritime law are two distinct causes of action,” Offshore Express, 845 F.2d at
1354, they largely provide for the same remedies. Consequently, when we rule
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“for [a] plaintiff on the issue of unseaworthiness, we [ordinarily] need not
consider the question of Jones Act negligence.” Miles v. Melrose, 882 F.2d 976,
983 (5th Cir. 1989), aff’d sub nom. Miles v. Apex Marine Corp., 489 U.S. 19
(1990); see, e.g., Colburn v. Bunge Towing, Inc., 883 F.2d 372, 375 n.3 (5th Cir.
1989).
      “Comparative negligence applies in both Jones Act and unseaworthiness
actions, barring an injured party from recovering for the damages sustained as
a result of his own fault.” Miles, 882 F.2d at 984. “Under the Jones Act and the
law of unseaworthiness, contributory negligence, however gross, does not bar
recovery, but only mitigates damages.” Offshore Express, 845 F.2d at 1355.
      American Marine has failed to establish that Luwisch’s accident was
mostly his own fault. The district court found that Luwisch was physically
incapable of moving the line himself, in part because the rope had heavy
wooden boards piled on top of it. And the court also found that Luwisch noticed
a junction box with a loose electrical wire on the upper deck, near the line, that
Luwisch determined needed to be repaired before the deckhands could safely
climb up to help him move the line. These findings were supported by
Luwisch’s testimony at trial.
      American Marine argues that Luwisch’s testimony here is inconsistent,
since Luwisch suggested that he noticed the loose wire only after he had
decided to climb back down to the lower deck. But Luwisch also testified that
he did not know where the two deckhands were at the time, because he could
not see them from the upper deck. Luwisch testified that he intended to find
the deckhands and, once he had noticed the loose wire, to find his tools for
fixing the junction box as well. The district court evidently credited Luwisch’s
uncontroverted testimony and found that Luwisch was twenty percent at fault.
American Marine has not shown this apportionment to be clearly erroneous.

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                                      No. 19-30499
       American Marine observes that, under the Jones Act, an “employer must
have notice and the opportunity to correct an unsafe condition before liability
attaches.” Colburn, 883 F.2d at 374. Yet “[t]he standard of care is not ‘what the
employer subjectively knew, but rather what it objectively should have
known.’” Id. (citation omitted). “[A] corporate shipowner may be deemed to
have constructive knowledge if the . . . negligent condition could have been
discovered through the exercise of reasonable diligence.” Brister v. A.W.I., Inc.,
946 F.2d 350, 356 (5th Cir. 1991). Here, the district court found that “[t]he rope
was routinely stored in that location by the vessel’s regular crew” and “had
been in that position for an extended period of time.” Because American Marine
points to no evidence contradicting this finding, constructive knowledge could
be imputed to it. 1
       American Marine also seeks to rely on the primary-duty rule. In its
original formulation, this rule barred an injured plaintiff from recovering from
his employer if his injury resulted from his own failure to perform a duty of his
employment. See Walker v. Lykes Bros. S.S. Co., 193 F.2d 772, 774 (2d Cir.
1952). In this circuit, however, we have refused to adopt so strict a rule:
       [E]ven if an employee’s injury resulted in part from his own
       negligence, whether in failing to carry out his duties or in some
       other respect, such negligence would only reduce, not bar, recovery
       unless the employer were not negligent at all and the employee’s
       negligence was the sole cause of his injury.
Kendrick v. Ill. Cent. Gulf R.R. Co., 669 F.2d 341, 344 (5th Cir. 1982); see also
Gautreaux v. Scurlock Marine, Inc., 84 F.3d 776, 782 (5th Cir. 1996), reinstated

       1 What is more, American Marine’s liability for unseaworthiness, as opposed to
negligence, does not require notice. See Mitchell, 362 U.S. at 549 (“[T]he shipowner’s actual
or constructive knowledge of the unseaworthy condition is not essential to his liability.”);
Allen v. Seacoast Prods., Inc., 623 F.2d 355, 364 (5th Cir. 1980) (“Lack of knowledge of or
opportunity to correct [unseaworthy] conditions does not mitigate the vessel owner’s duty.”),
overruled on other grounds by Gautreaux II, 107 F.3d at 339.
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in pertinent part by Gautreaux II, 107 F.3d at 339. This rule does not bar
Luwisch from recovery.
      Nevertheless, American Marine insists that Luwisch was more than
twenty percent at fault because he was responsible for correcting any safety
hazards on the vessel. But the district court found that Luwisch had not seen
the line prior to the incident, and American Marine does not contest this
finding. Because Luwisch could not have corrected a dangerous condition that
he knew nothing about, we see no basis to conclude that Luwisch violated any
purported duty to American Marine.
      Finally, American Marine argues that Luwisch contributed to his injury
by concealing his prior injury when he applied for employment. American
Marine cites to Cenac Towing, in which we concluded that, under the Jones
Act, “contributory negligence may be found where a seaman has concealed
material information about a pre-existing injury or physical condition from his
employer; exposes his body to a risk of reinjury or aggravation of the condition;
and then suffers reinjury or aggravation injury.” 544 F.3d at 303-04.
      In Cenac     Towing, we vacated a district          court’s   decision for
“reevaluat[ion]” where the district court had held that the plaintiff was not
negligent at all despite finding a “causal link” between the plaintiff’s injury
and the plaintiff’s intentional concealment of his medical condition. Id. at 302-
04. To be sure, this case presents similar facts, insofar as Luwisch concealed
his preexisting neck injury in order to obtain employment with American
Marine and then, in the course of that employment, aggravated his neck injury.
Here, however, the district court clearly evaluated the evidence and made no
inconsistent findings about causation; indeed, it found that Luwisch was
twenty percent at fault. Cenac Towing does not require vacatur, much less
reversal.

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                                  No. 19-30499
                                       C.
      American Marine asserts that Luwisch’s present ailments do not stem
from his fall aboard the American Challenger, but it does not carry its heavy
burden of demonstrating clear error in the district court’s choice between
competing experts. At trial, American Marine’s expert, Dr. Everett Robert,
testified that images from MRIs that Luwisch underwent in 2011 and 2015 did
not show “any clinically appreciable changes” but only “some mild degenerative
changes that [became] more advanced.” Dr. Bartholomew, however, testified
that some of the changes on the MRIs “were out of proportion to the time
period.” Similarly, Dr. Beaucoudray testified that there “appeared to be more
than the normal rate of degenerative changes.” Combining that with Luwisch’s
failure to complain of radicular pain until after his 2014 fall, Dr. Beaucoudray
concluded that, “more probably than not,” the 2014 fall caused Luwisch’s
symptoms. Crediting Dr. Beaucoudray’s medical opinion on this point was not
clear error.
      Additionally, although some medical records indicated that Luwisch
suffered from radiculopathy in 2011, Dr. Beaucoudray testified that this
appeared to have been an intentional misdiagnosis designed to justify the cost
of an MRI, and even Dr. Robert testified that Luwisch did not seem to have
radiculopathy in 2011. The district court was not required to accept Dr.
Robert’s theory that Luwisch’s symptoms were a delayed consequence of his
2011 accident.
                                       D.
      “A damages award for future lost wages should generally be based upon
a seaman’s work-life expectancy, meaning ‘the average number of years that a
person of a certain age will both live and work.’” Barto, 801 F.3d at 475 (quoting
Madore v. Ingram Tank Ships, Inc., 732 F.2d 475, 478 (5th Cir. 1984)). A court
may also consider “evidence that a particular person, by virtue of his health or
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occupation or other factors, is likely to live and work a longer, or shorter, period
than the average.” DePerrodil, 842 F.3d at 361 (quoting Madore, 732 F.2d at
478).
        Dr. Bartholomew testified that someone with Luwisch’s injuries should
not work on boats because the labor could aggravate his condition. Similarly,
Dr. Alden testified that, for someone with Luwisch’s cervical-disc injuries,
working as a chief engineer would exacerbate his condition and, on a long-term
basis, cause intolerable pain. The district court credited this testimony and
found that Luwisch “is not able to return to his job as a chief engineer on
offshore vessels and has suffered a loss of earning capacity.” American Marine
objects that Dr. Alden did not reexamine Luwisch before trial but presents no
reason to infer that Luwisch’s condition would have improved since his 2015
examination.
        American Marine’s observation that Luwisch did, in fact, work as a chief
engineer after his fall does not compel reversal. The district court found that
Luwisch was in pain throughout his post-accident employment despite taking
over-the-counter pain medication—a finding that American Marine does not
dispute—and consequently the court found that Luwisch worked only “out of
economic necessity” and “would not be able to do so long-term.” 2 Moreover, the
evidence at trial was that Luwisch likely would not have been able to obtain
these jobs had he been forthright with his employers about his injuries.
American Marine does not dispute this either. Because Luwisch could not
continue to work as a chief engineer without misrepresenting his condition to

        American Marine’s argument that nearly everyone works “out of economic necessity”
        2

misses the point. Luwisch testified at trial that he returned to work only after liquidating his
retirement account and spending all of his savings. In other words, the district court’s finding
was that Luwisch forced himself to do work that he physically should not have been doing
because he needed money to pay his bills.
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his employers and experiencing pain, the district court’s finding of diminished
earning capacity was not clearly erroneous.
      Neither does Luwisch’s subsequent decision to quit working as a chief
engineer compel reversal. Although American Marine makes much of Luwisch
calling this his “retirement,” the evidence at trial was that Luwisch was
planning to “start selling seafood and running an RV park in Georgia.” That is
to say, Luwisch was seeking to move into a less physically demanding line of
work. As one of the experts correctly noted at trial, the calculation of future
income is based on what Luwisch’s future earnings would have been “[i]f the
accident hadn’t occurred.” American Marine’s only evidence that Luwisch
would have taken an early retirement even if he had not gotten injured is
Luwisch’s statement at trial that, when he was working as a mechanic after
his fall, he hoped that he would be “ready to retire” in five years. This is weak
evidence that Luwisch would have intended to “retire” on the same timeframe
had he not been so physically impaired.
                                       E.
      Although the district court ruled that Luwisch was not entitled to
maintenance and cure, the court nevertheless awarded Luwisch past medical
expenses because of American Marine’s negligence. American Marine suggests
that the award of medical expenses vitiates the denial of maintenance and
cure, but that argument is unavailing. See Jauch, 470 F.3d at 214 (“[T]he
district court’s denial of [the plaintiff]’s claim for maintenance and cure had no
legal effect on his entitlement to recover Jones Act damages for his past
medical expenses.”).
      American Marine also objects that Luwisch’s medical expenses were paid
for by his attorneys, but because the medical expenses were awarded on the
Jones Act claim, the collateral-source rule applies. See, e.g., Davis v. Odeco,
Inc., 18 F.3d 1237, 1245 (5th Cir. 1994). “The collateral-source rule bars a
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tortfeasor from reducing his liability by the amount the plaintiff recovers from
independent sources.” DePerrodil, 842 F.3d at 358. “In its simplest form, the
rule asks whether the tortfeasor contributed to, or was otherwise responsible
for, a particular income source. If not, the income is considered ‘independent of
(or collateral to) the tortfeasor,’ and the tortfeasor may not reduce its damages
by that amount.” Id. at 358-59 (citation omitted) (quoting Davis, 18 F.3d at
1243). “Sources of compensation that have no connection to the tortfeasor are
inevitably collateral.” Davis, 18 F.3d at 1244.
       As such, Luwisch’s failure to prove that he was obliged to reimburse his
attorneys for his medical expenses is irrelevant. 3 “In practice, the [collateral-
source] rule allows plaintiffs to recover expenses that they did not personally
have to pay.” DePerrodil, 842 F.3d at 359. That is a permissible result: “better
a potential windfall for the injured plaintiff than the liable tortfeasor.” Id.
                                            F.
       “[A]ny amount awarded for pain and suffering depends to a great extent
on the trial court’s observation of the plaintiff and its subjective determination
of the amount needed to achieve full compensation.” Offshore Express, 845 F.2d
at 1357 (quoting Hernandez v. M/V Rajaan, 841 F.2d 582, 590 (5th Cir. 1988)).
Nevertheless, American Marine asserts that Luwisch is a serial liar whose
testimony should not be credited and concludes that Luwisch “probably”
“significantly exaggerated his complaints” such that his pain-and-suffering
award “should be reduced by 80%.”
       Although the district court knew that Luwisch concealed his medical
history from his employers, it nevertheless found Luwisch’s trial testimony

       3 Because American Marine indisputably had “no connection with” the payment of
Luwisch’s medical expenses, it is “not a difficult task” to conclude that, under the rule,
Luwisch’s recovery should not be reduced. Phillips v. W. Co. of N. Am., 953 F.2d 923, 930-31
(5th Cir. 1992). Indeed, American Marine does not argue to the contrary.
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about his current condition credible. American Marine also points to evidence
that Luwisch concealed his employment from Drs. Bartholomew and
Beaucoudray, and it notes that Luwisch made some inconsistent statements at
trial, regarding the date when his property was foreclosed upon and the length
of time that he was unemployed. But again, all this information was before the
district court, which had the unique ability to observe Luwisch and to judge
his credibility. Because Luwisch “has told a coherent and facially plausible
story that is not contradicted by extrinsic evidence,” Guzman, 808 F.3d at 1036
(quoting Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 575 (1985)), we
cannot say that the district court clearly erred in crediting his testimony.
                                      III.
      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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