Court Opinion

ID: 4507555
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-02-14 06:01:44.193952+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:46:52.359216
License: Public Domain

T.C. Memo. 2020-24

                        UNITED STATES TAX COURT

         OAKHILL WOODS, LLC, EFFINGHAM MANAGERS, LLC,
                TAX MATTERS PARTNER, Petitioner v.
          COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

      Docket No. 26557-17.                         Filed February 13, 2020.

      Anson H. Asbury and Gilbert L. Carey, Jr., for petitioner.

      John W. Sheffield III, Christopher D. Bradley, Jason P. Oppenheim, and

John T. Arthur, for respondent.

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      LAUBER, Judge: This case involves a charitable contribution deduction

claimed by Oakhill Woods, LLC (Oakhill), for a donation of a conservation

easement. Currently before the Court are cross-motions for partial summary
                                         -2-

[*2] judgment under Rule 121 as to whether Oakhill satisfied for this donation the

substantiation requirements of section 1.170A-13(c), Income Tax Regs.1 Should

we answer that question in the negative, petitioner urges that this regulation is

invalid.

      The Internal Revenue Service (IRS or respondent) contends that the charita-

ble contribution deduction must be denied in its entirety because Oakhill failed to

attach to its 2010 Form 1065, U.S. Return of Partnership Income, a fully com-

pleted “appraisal summary” on Form 8283, Noncash Charitable Contributions. In

particular, Oakhill did not disclose on that form, as was required, the “cost or

adjusted basis” of the property that was the subject of the contribution. Effingham

Managers, LLC (Effingham or petitioner), Oakhill’s tax matters partner (TMP)

and petitioner in this case, contends that Oakhill strictly or substantially complied

with that requirement or, alternatively, had reasonable cause for failing to meet it.

      Following our reasoning in Belair Woods, LLC v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 2018-159, we conclude that Oakhill did not comply, either strictly or

substantially, with the regulatory requirements. And we hold that the regulation

      1
        Unless otherwise indicated, all statutory references are to the Internal
Revenue Code (Code) in effect for the year at issue, and all Rule references are to
the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. We round all monetary amounts
to the nearest dollar, and we round all land acreage to the nearest acre.
                                        -3-

[*3] imposing these requirements is valid. But we find that disputes of material

fact exist as to whether Oakhill had reasonable cause for its failure to supply a

fully completed appraisal summary. We will accordingly grant in part

respondent’s motion for partial summary judgment and deny petitioner’s motion

for partial summary judgment.

                                    Background

      There is no dispute as to the following facts, which are drawn from the par-

ties’ motion papers and the attached declarations and exhibits. Oakhill had its

principal place of business in Georgia when the petition was filed.

A.    The Easement

      Before August 2007 Augusta Woodlands, LLC (Augusta), the subsidiary of

a large paper-products company, owned thousands of acres of undeveloped forest

property in Effingham County, Georgia. The financial crisis that burgeoned in

2007 took a toll on both companies. This prompted Augusta to liquidate assets.

      On August 1, 2007, Augusta sold 1,895 acres of forest property to HRH

Investments, LLC (HRH), a Georgia entity owned by real estate developers. The

property sold comprised two tracts. HRH purchased the first tract, consisting of

1,490 acres (Tract 1), for approximately $3,881,200, or $2,605 per acre. HRH
                                        -4-

[*4] purchased the second tract, consisting of 405 acres (Tract 2), for $1,008,736,

or $2,491 per acre. As the crow flies, the two tracts are about seven miles apart.

      HRH and its principals allegedly believed that these tracts held potential for

residential development. However, any near-term development plans became

illusory as the 2008-2009 financial crisis engulfed the Nation, with particular

severity on the housing market in the Southeastern States. HRH and its principals

accordingly considered whether they could wring economic value out of their real

estate investment in some other way.

      Oakhill is a Georgia limited liability company, formed in October 2008, that

has operated at all times as a partnership for Federal income tax purposes. Effing-

ham, Oakhill’s TMP, is related to HRH by virtue of having partners in common.

On December 1, 2009, HRH contributed to Oakhill 388 acres of Tract 2 in

exchange for an ownership interest in Oakhill.

      On December 7, 2010, slightly more than one year later, Oakhill executed a

deed of conservation easement (Easement) with the Georgia Land Trust (GLT), a

“qualified organization” for purposes of section 170(h)(3). The deed was recorded

that same day. Oakhill delegated many details regarding this transaction to For-

ever Forests, LLC (Forever Forests), a consulting firm specializing in structuring
                                         -5-

[*5] conservation easements to maximize tax benefits. Forever Forests advised

Oakhill on the terms of the Easement, as well as its tax filings with respect thereto.

      The Easement covers 379 of the 388 acres that HRH had conveyed to Oak-

hill. The nine acres excluded from the Easement were reserved by Oakhill for

possible future development. The Easement generally prohibits residential and

commercial development of the conserved land, reciting as its conservation pur-

poses the preservation of “significant open space, forest, agricultural, watershed,

wildlife and plant habitat features.”2

B.    Oakhill’s Tax Return

      Oakhill timely filed Form 1065 for its taxable year ending December 31,

2010. On that return it claimed for its donation a charitable contribution deduction

of $7,949,000 (or $20,975 per acre covered by the easement).

      2
        HRH or its affiliates contributed portions of Tract 1 (or portions of other
tracts in Effingham County) to various LLCs, for each of which Effingham served
as TMP. Each LLC in turn granted a conservation easement to GLT. The IRS has
challenged the charitable contribution deductions claimed by the LLCs for these
other donations, and those cases are currently pending in this Court. See Belair
Woods, LLC v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2018-159; Red Oak Estates, LLC v.
Commissioner, T.C. Dkt. No. 13659-17; Cottonwood Place, LLC v. Commis-
sioner, T.C. Dkt. No. 14076-17; Englewood Place, LLC v. Commissioner, T.C.
Dkt. No. 1560-18; Maple Landing, LLC v. Commissioner, T.C. Dkt. No. 1996-18;
Riverside Place, LLC v. Commissioner, T.C. Dkt. No. 2154-18; Village at
Effingham, LLC v. Commissioner, T.C. Dkt. No. 2426-18.
                                         -6-

[*6] Oakhill included with its return a copy of an appraisal by David R. Roberts,

which relied on the “before and after method” to value the easement. Mr. Roberts

noted that the land was zoned “agricultural residential,” with a five-acre minium

residential lot size, and that “approximately 53% * * * [was] wetlands area.”

Although the tract had no existing water or sewer facilities, he opined that, “if the

site has sewer treatment available, * * * [sites could] be as small as 1/4-acre with

county approval.” Mr. Roberts acknowledged that “the economic downturn of

2008 ha[d] affected the subject market area” and that “several constructed resi-

dential subdivisions in the market area * * * [had] been foreclosed upon.” But he

expressed optimism that the land was “prime for residential development” and

“would be one of the first tracts utilized for this type of development” once the

market recovered.

      Assuming that “219 sites could be developed with the use of a private sew-

age system,” Mr. Roberts concluded that the highest and best use of the 379 acres

was a 219-site high-density residential development, which would supposedly

make the land worth $8,535,000 on a “before” basis. The placement of the ease-

ment allegedly reduced that value to $586,000 (including $9,000 of enhancement

to the value of the reserved nine acres). Subtracting the “after” value from the

before value, Mr. Roberts determined a value of $7,949,000 for the easement.
                                        -7-

[*7] Oakhill included with its return a Form 8283 executed by Mr. Roberts and

GLT. Form 8283 directs the taxpayer to provide the IRS with certain information

regarding noncash charitable contributions. When a taxpayer donates property

(other than publicly traded securities) valued in excess of $5,000, the taxpayer

must provide: (1) a description of the donated property, (2) a brief summary of its

physical condition, (3) its appraised fair market value (FMV), (4) the date the

property was acquired by the donor, (5) the manner of acquisition, and (6) the

donor’s “cost or adjusted basis.” The instructions to the form state that, “[i]f you

have reasonable cause for not providing the information * * * , attach an explana-

tion so your deduction will not be automatically disallowed.”

      Oakhill allegedly relied on Forever Forests to “manage * * * the completion

of IRS Form 8283,” believing that Forever Forests had “obtained advice from

legal counsel regarding certain aspects of Form 8283, including completion of

line 5(f) * * * which requests the ‘cost or adjusted basis’ in the donated property.”

In the relevant boxes on Form 8283, Oakhill wrote “see attachment” and appended

a three-page letter.

      The letter attached to the Form 8283 stated that: (1) the donated property

was a conservation easement, (2) the easement covered 379 acres of undeveloped

land, (3) the easement had an appraised FMV of $7,949,000, and (4) the parcel
                                        -8-

[*8] covered by the easement was acquired on August 1, 2007, by “purchase/ex-

change.” With respect to “cost or adjusted basis” the letter stated:

      A declaration of the taxpayer’s basis in the property is not included in
      * * * the attached Form 8283 because of the fact that the basis of the
      property is not taken into consideration when computing the amount
      of the deduction. Furthermore, the taxpayer has a holding period in
      the property in excess of 12 months and the property further qualifies
      as “capital gain property.”

Oakhill alleges that it completed Form 8283 in this way in reliance on the advice

of Forever Forests and of the certified public accountant (CPA) who prepared the

return.3

      The IRS selected Oakhill’s 2010 return for examination and sent petitioner

an information document request. In December 2014 the IRS issued petitioner a

summary report proposing to disallow Oakhill’s claimed deduction because (inter

alia) it had not included on its Form 8283 information concerning its “cost or ad-

justed basis.” Within 90 days of receiving the summary report Oakhill’s CPA al-

legedly “provided the IRS with the cost basis information necessary to supplement

* * * the Form 8283.”

      3
       The final sentence of the letter evidently refers to section 170(e)(1)(A),
which requires that the amount of any deduction be reduced by “the amount of
gain which would not have been long-term capital gain” if the property had
instead been sold.
                                        -9-

[*9] On September 19, 2017, the IRS issued petitioner a timely notice of final

partnership administrative adjustment (FPAA) disallowing the claimed deduction

because Oakhill failed to meet “all of the requirements of * * * Section 170.” The

FPAA alternatively determined that, if any deduction were allowable, Oakhill had

not established that the FMV of the easement “exceeded $0.” The FPAA deter-

mined a 40% “gross valuation misstatement” penalty under section 6662(a) and

(h) and (in the alternative) a 20% accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a).

      In December 2017 petitioner timely petitioned this Court for readjustment

of the partnership items under section 6226(a). Respondent filed a motion for par-

tial summary judgment on May 18, 2018. On December 12, 2018, petitioner filed

a cross-motion for partial summary judgment contending (among other things) that

the regulations requiring inclusion on Form 8283 of information concerning cost

or adjusted basis “are invalid * * * because they do not give effect to the unam-

biguous language of the statute.” We have jurisdiction under section 6226(f).4

      4
        In his motion for partial summary judgment respondent urges an alternative
ground for disallowing the charitable contribution deduction--namely, that a defect
in the Easement’s “judicial extinguishment” provision prevents the Easement
from satisfying the requirement, set forth in section 170(h)(5)(A), that the conser-
vation purposes be “protected in perpetuity.” See PBBM-Rose Hill, Ltd. v. Com-
missioner, 900 F.3d 193 (5th Cir. 2018) (disallowing a charitable contribution de-
duction for a conservation easement on this ground); Coal Prop. Holdings, LLC v.
Commissioner, 153 T.C. __ (Oct. 28, 2019) (same). In its cross-motion for partial
                                                                        (continued...)
                                        - 10 -

[*10]                                 Discussion

        The purpose of summary judgment is to expedite litigation and avoid costly,

unnecessary, and time-consuming trials. See FPL Grp., Inc. & Subs. v. Commis-

sioner, 116 T.C. 73, 74 (2001). We may grant partial summary judgment regard-

ing an issue as to which there is no genuine dispute of material fact and a decision

may be rendered as a matter of law. Rule 121(b); Elec. Arts, Inc. v. Commission-

er, 118 T.C. 226, 238 (2002). The parties agree on all material facts relating to the

question whether Oakhill strictly or substantially complied with the regulatory re-

quirements governing substantiation of charitable contribution deductions. We

conclude that this issue, as well as petitioner’s challenge to the regulation’s validi-

ty, is appropriate for summary adjudication.

        Section 170(a)(1) allows as a deduction any charitable contribution made

within the taxable year. If the taxpayer makes a charitable contribution of prop-

        4
        (...continued)
summary judgment, petitioner contends that the regulation governing this issue,
sec. 1.170A-14(g)(6), Income Tax Regs., “is an invalid, arbitrary and capricious
regulation promulgated without explanation or other evidence of reasoned
decision-making as required by SEC v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194 (1947).”
Challenges to the validity of that regulation are currently pending before this
Court in a host of conservation easement cases. See, e.g., Oakbrook Land Hold-
ings, LLC v. Commissioner, T.C. Dkt. No. 5444-13; Briarcreek Pres. LLC v.
Commissioner, T.C. Dkt. No. 1547-18; Englewood Place, LLC v. Commissioner,
T.C. Dkt. No. 1560-18. Given our disposition, we will defer ruling on respond-
ent’s alternative ground for disallowance at this time.
                                       - 11 -

[*11] erty other than money, the amount of the contribution is generally equal to

the FMV of the property at the time of the contribution. See sec. 1.170A-1(c)(1),

Income Tax Regs.

      Where a contribution of property (other than publicly traded securities) is

valued in excess of $5,000, the taxpayer must “obtain[] a qualified appraisal of

such property and attach[] to the return * * * such information regarding such

property and such appraisal as the Secretary may require.” Sec. 170(f)(11)(C).

The required information includes “an appraisal summary” that must be attached

“to the return on which such deduction is first claimed for such contribution.”

Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (DEFRA), Pub. L. No. 98-369, sec. 155(a)(1), 98

Stat. at 691; see sec. 1.170A-13(c)(2), Income Tax Regs. The IRS has prescribed

Form 8283 to be used as the “appraisal summary.” Jorgenson v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2000-38, 79 T.C.M. 1444, 1450. Failure to comply with this

requirement generally precludes a deduction. See sec. 170(a)(1) (“A charitable

contribution shall be allowable as a deduction only if verified under regulations

prescribed by the Secretary.”).

      In his motion for partial summary judgment, respondent contends that Oak-

hill’s claimed deduction should be disallowed because it declined to report its

“cost or adjusted basis” on Form 8283 and thus failed to attach to its return a prop-
                                         - 12 -

[*12] erly completed appraisal summary. Oakhill contends that it strictly (or at

least substantially) complied with the applicable regulation. We rejected that

argument on virtually identical facts in Belair Woods, and we reject that argument

again here. Accord, Loube v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2020-3, at *17-*23.

Petitioner alternatively contends that the regulation governing reporting of cost

basis is invalid or (if it is valid) that Oakhill had reasonable cause for failing to

comply with it. We address these arguments in turn.

A.    Regulatory Reporting Requirements

      1.     Strict Compliance

      The regulation requires the donor to “[a]ttach a fully completed appraisal

summary” to the tax return on which the charitable contribution deduction is first

claimed. Sec. 1.170A-13(c)(2)(i)(B), Income Tax Regs. A fully completed ap-

praisal summary must include the cost or adjusted basis of the donated property.

Id. subpara. (4)(ii)(E). “If a taxpayer has reasonable cause for being unable to pro-

vide the information required * * * (relating to the manner of acquisition and basis

of the contributed property), an appropriate explanation should be attached to the

appraisal summary.” Id. subdiv. (iv)(C)(1). “The taxpayer’s deduction will not be

disallowed simply because of the inability (for reasonable cause) to provide these

items of information.” Ibid.
                                       - 13 -

[*13] We conclude that Oakhill did not strictly comply with the regulatory re-

quirements. Oakhill did not report its cost basis as the regulation requires and as

Form 8283 directs. And the explanation Oakhill attached to that form, far from

showing that it was unable to provide this information, simply asserted that the

information was not necessary. In effect, Oakhill asserted that taxpayers are free

to ignore the requirement that they report cost basis. Asserting that one may ig-

nore a requirement does not constitute strict compliance with it.

      Petitioner contends that Oakhill omitted basis information from its Form

8283 because it did not know what basis to report. On the facts here, petitioner

says, the term “basis” might refer (for example) to the price HRH paid for Tract 2,

the adjusted cost basis of the 388 acres that HRH contributed to Oakhill, or the

adjusted cost basis of the 379 acres that Oakhill subjected to the easement. Be-

cause the term “basis” in the context of a conservation easement is supposedly

ambiguous, petitioner contends that Oakhill should be excused from supplying

this information.

      Even if petitioner’s premise were correct, its conclusion does not follow

from its premise. The regulation excuses the omission of basis information only if

reasonable cause is established in the explanation attached to the appraisal sum-

mary. See sec. 1.170A-13(c)(4)(iv)(C)(1), Income Tax Regs.; see also Friedman
                                          - 14 -

[*14] v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-45, 99 T.C.M. 1175, 1177. In

its attachment to the appraisal summary Oakhill did not offer the explanation it

now advances. Nor did it disclose what its basis would be under the alternative

approaches it mentions. Rather, it declined to disclose basis information of any

sort on the theory that the IRS did not need this information.

      Petitioner alternatively contends that Oakhill cured its initial omission by

supplying cost basis information during the IRS audit. The regulation provides

that a deduction will not be disallowed for failure to attach an appraisal summary

if the donor complies with an IRS request to submit a Form 8283 within 90 days.

Sec. 1.170A-13(c)(4)(iv)(H), Income Tax Regs. (providing that a deduction will

not be disallowed “[i]f such a request is made [by the IRS] and the donor complies

with the request”). Petitioner asserts that this regulation entitles it to relief be-

cause its CPA provided basis information to the IRS after being informed that the

IRS proposed to deny Oakhill’s deduction.

      We are not persuaded. By its terms the regulation petitioner cites does not

apply here. Oakhill did not “fail[] to attach to * * * [its] return an appraisal sum-

mary.” Ibid. Rather, Oakhill included in its return an intentionally incomplete

Form 8283. And the IRS did not “request” that Oakhill cure the omission of

which it was guilty. Ibid. Rather, the IRS informed Oakhill that its deduction
                                       - 15 -

[*15] might be denied, and Oakhill unilaterally supplied basis information in an

effort to avoid that outcome.

      Oakhill supplied the relevant information three years after its return was

filed and only upon learning that the IRS examination might have an unhappy

ending. The regulation creates a prophylactic rule designed to provide the IRS

with information to help it decide whether to commence an examination. This re-

quirement would be meaningless if a taxpayer could cure noncompliance ex post

facto, after learning that an examination had begun and was headed toward an ad-

verse outcome.

      In sum, Oakhill did not provide cost basis information on its Form 8283,

and its attached explanation did not show that it was unable to provide such infor-

mation. We accordingly conclude here, as we did in Belair Woods, at *11-*14,

that Oakhill’s appraisal summary did not strictly comply with the regulation.

      2.    Substantial Compliance

      In Bond v. Commissioner, 100 T.C. 32, 41 (1993), we held that some of the

reporting requirements in section 1.170A-13, Income Tax Regs., while “helpful to

respondent in the processing and auditing of returns,” are “directory and not man-

datory.” Thus, in appropriate circumstances, these requirements can be satisfied

by substantial, rather than by literal, compliance. Bond, 100 T.C. 42. “The
                                        - 16 -

[*16] doctrine of substantial compliance is designed to avoid hardship in cases

where a taxpayer does all that is reasonably possible, but nonetheless fails to

comply with the specific requirements of a provision.” Durden v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2012-140, 103 T.C.M. 1762, 1763.

      Substantial compliance may be shown where the taxpayer “provided most of

the information required” or made omissions “solely through inadvertence.” Hew-

itt v. Commissioner, 109 T.C. 258, 265 n.10 (1997), aff’d without published opin-

ion, 166 F.3d 332 (4th Cir. 1998). But in order to substantially comply, the tax-

payer must satisfy all reporting requirements that “relate ‘to the substance or es-

sence of the statute.’” Bond, 100 T.C. 41 (quoting Taylor v. Commissioner, 67
T.C. 1071, 1077 (1977)); see Estate of Evenchik v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2013-34, 105 T.C.M. 1231, 1234 (declining to excuse reporting errors that

go to the “essential requirements of the governing statute” (quoting Estate of

Clause v. Commissioner, 122 T.C. 115, 122 (2004))). In assessing whether

Oakhill substantially complied with the regulation in question here, we consider

whether it provided sufficient information to enable the IRS “to evaluate the[] re-

ported contributions, as intended by Congress.” Smith v. Commissioner, T.C.
                                        - 17 -

[*17] Memo. 2007-368, 94 T.C.M. 574, 586, aff’d, 364 F. App’x 317 (9th

Cir. 2009).5

      In enacting DEFRA’s heightened reporting requirements, Congress aimed to

give the IRS tools that would enable it to identify inflated charitable contribution

deductions. See RERI Holdings I, LLC v. Commissioner, 149 T.C. 1, 16-17

(2017), aff’d sub nom. Blau v. Commissioner, 924 F.3d 1261 (D.C. Cir. 2019).

Just before the enactment of DEFRA, the IRS had warned that taxpayers were

using inflated appraisals to claim deductions that were several multiples of the

amounts actually paid for donated property. See, e.g., Roscoe L. Egger, “Warning:

Abusive Tax Shelters Can Be Hazardous,” 68 A.B.A. J. 1674, 1676 (1982). The

Senate Finance Committee took note of this fact, stating that, “in recent years,

opportunities to offset income through inflated valuations of donated property

have been increasingly exploited by tax shelter promoters.” S. Prt. No. 98-169

(Vol. 1), at 444 (S. Print 1984). Citing “the subjective nature of valuation,” the

Committee expressed concern that “taxpayers may continue to play the ‘audit

      5
        As noted infra p. 27, Congress in 2004 added to the Code section
170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II), which sets forth a statutory “reasonable cause” defense for
failure to comply with the reporting requirements discussed above. “The substan-
tial compliance doctrine has continuing but limited application in a post-section
170(f)(11) world.” Rothman v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-163, 103
T.C.M. 1864, 1868, supplemented and vacated in part by T.C. Memo.
2012-218.
                                       - 18 -

[*18] lottery’ and claim excessive charitable deductions.” Ibid. Congress

intended that DEFRA’s new substantiation regime would “alert the Commissioner

to potential overvaluations of contributed property and thus deter taxpayers from

claiming excessive deductions.” RERI Holdings I, 149 T.C. 14.

      The requirement to disclose “cost or adjusted basis” when that information

is reasonably obtainable is necessary to facilitate the Commissioner’s efficient

identification of overvalued property. The cost of property typically corresponds

to its FMV when the taxpayer acquired it. See sec. 1012; Phillips Petroleum Co.

v. Commissioner, 104 T.C. 256, 308 (1995) (“Actual sales are generally the best

evidence of fair market value.”). When a taxpayer claims a charitable contribution

deduction for recently purchased property, a wide gap between cost basis and

claimed value raises a red flag suggesting that the return merits examination.

Unless the taxpayer complies with the regulatory requirement that he disclose his

cost basis and the date and manner of acquiring the property, the Commissioner

will be deprived of an essential tool that Congress intended him to have.

      For these reasons, we concluded in RERI Holdings I, 149 T.C. 16-17, that

the taxpayer did not substantially comply with the reporting requirements when it

failed to disclose “cost or adjusted basis” on its Form 8283. The taxpayer there

had claimed a deduction reflecting a value 11 times higher than its basis in proper-
                                         - 19 -

[*19] ty it had purchased just 17 months earlier. We noted that this “significant

disparity * * * , had it been disclosed, would have alerted respondent to a potential

overvaluation.” Id. at 17. Because the failure to supply cost basis information

“prevented the appraisal summary from achieving its intended purpose,” we held

that this failure could not be excused on grounds of substantial compliance. Id.

at 16.

         Here, Oakhill acquired the land in question by contribution from HRH, a re-

lated party. HRH had acquired Tract 2, comprising 405 acres, in August 2007 for

$1,008,736, reflecting an average per-acre price of $2,491. In December 2009

HRH contributed 388 of those acres to Oakhill, and in December 2010 Oakhill

granted an easement over 379 of those remaining acres to GLT, valuing the ease-

ment at $7,949,000. That translates to an asserted per-acre value of $20,975 for

the Easement alone, ignoring the value of the retained land.

         Oakhill thus took the position that the 379 acres had appreciated by more

than 800% during the previous 3-1/2 years amid the worst real estate crisis since

the Great Depression. This is precisely the sort of information that Congress

wished the IRS to have, and Oakhill’s refusal to supply this information contra-

venes the “essential requirements of the governing statute.” Estate of Evenchik,
105 T.C.M. at 1234 (quoting Estate of Clause, 122 T.C. 122); see Bond,
                                       - 20 -

[*20] 100 T.C. 41; Alli v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2014-15, 107 T.C.M.

(CCH) 1082, 1094 (“[C]ourts have routinely declined to apply the substantial

compliance doctrine where * * * entire categories of required information are

omitted.”).

      Petitioner urges that Oakhill effectively disclosed its cost basis elsewhere on

its Form 1065 for 2010. Specifically, petitioner contends that Oakhill supplied

information from which its cost basis could be derived on Schedule L, Balance

Sheets per Books, on various schedules included within the return, or in the

attached appraisal, which included a history of Tract 2.

      We are not persuaded. The regulation requires that “[a]n appraisal summary

shall include” information concerning basis. Sec. 1.170A-13(c)(4)(ii)(E), Income

Tax Regs. The explicit disclosure of basis on Form 8283 is essential in alerting

the Commissioner as to whether (and to what extent) further investigation may be

needed. See Knight-Ridder Newspapers, Inc. v. United States, 743 F.2d 781, 796

(11th Cir. 1984) (refusing to excuse as harmless error a taxpayer’s failure to make

an election on the designated IRS form because “[t]he Commissioner needs to

know that an election has been made in order to determine whether an audit is

necessary in the first place and what its scope should be”).
                                         - 21 -

[*21] The IRS reviews millions of returns each year for audit potential, and the

disclosure of cost basis on the Form 8283 itself is necessary to make this process

manageable. Oakhill’s 2010 tax return was 35 pages long, and the attached ap-

praisal (excluding addenda) was 143 pages long. Where the taxpayer states on

Form 8283 that basis information will not be provided, revenue agents cannot be

required to sift through hundreds of pages of complex returns looking for possible

clues about what the taxpayer’s cost basis might be. Cf. Durden, 103 T.C.M.

(CCH) at 1764 (“Nothing in the statute * * * requires respondent to look beyond

the written acknowledgment when on its face the acknowledgment fails to provide

the information required to substantiate a charitable contribution deduction.”). If

cost basis is not explicitly disclosed where it is required to be disclosed, the

Commissioner will be handicapped in identifying suspicious charitable deductions

and deterring taxpayers from “continu[ing] to play the ‘audit lottery.’” S. Prt. No.

98-169 (Vol. 1), supra at 444.

      Finally, this is not a case where the taxpayer did “all that is reasonably pos-

sible,” Durden, 103 T.C.M. at 1763, or omitted information “solely through

inadvertence,” Hewitt, 109 T.C. 265 n.10. Oakhill contacted Forever Forests

about preparing the Form 8283, specifically with reference to reporting its “cost or

adjusted basis.” Allegedly in reliance on the advice it received, Oakhill declined
                                        - 22 -

[*22] to report its cost or adjusted basis, asserting in an attachment to its Form

8283 that this information was unnecessary because “basis * * * is not taken into

consideration when computing the amount of the deduction.” This was not a case

of inadvertent omission, but of a conscious election not to supply the required

information. For all these reasons, we hold that Oakhill did not comply, literally

or substantially, with the regulatory reporting requirements. Accord, Belair

Woods, at *14-*21; Loube, at *17-*23.

B.    Challenge to the Regulation’s Validity

      On December 12, 2018, two months after we issued our opinion in Belair

Woods, petitioner filed a cross-motion for partial summary judgment challenging

the validity of section 1.170A-13(c)(4)(ii)(D) and (E), Income Tax Regs. These

provisions set forth the regulatory requirements (discussed above) that an apprai-

sal summary “shall include” information concerning the manner in which the

donor acquired the donated property, the date on which he acquired it, and the

“cost or other basis of the property adjusted as required by section 1016.” Ibid.

Petitioner contends that these provisions “are invalid under Chevron U.S.A., Inc.

v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984), because they do not give

effect to the unambiguous language of the statute.”
                                        - 23 -

[*23] When considering a challenge to the validity of a regulation, we generally

look to the two-part test established by Chevron. The first prong of that test asks

“whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue.” Id. at

842. If Congress has not spoken to the precise question at issue, the second prong

requires the Court to determine whether the regulation “is based on a permissible

construction of the statute.” Id. at 843. Petitioner contends that Congress “has

directly spoken to the precise question at issue,” id. at 842, and that the regulation

is invalid because it contravenes the statute’s “unambiguous language.”

      The statute on which petitioner relies is a provision of DEFRA, enacted by

Congress in 1984. See supra p. 11. The Senate Finance Committee expressed

Congress’ concern that “inflated valuations of donated property have been in-

creasingly exploited by tax shelter promoters.” S. Prt. No. 98-169 (Vol. 1), supra

at 444. The Committee believed that “stronger substantiation and overvaluation

provisions should be made applicable to charitable contributions of property.”

Ibid. DEFRA accordingly added to the Code a number of new enforcement

provisions.

      DEFRA section 155(a), which was not codified, directed the Secretary to

advance Congress’ objectives by promulgating regulations tightening the sub-

stantiation requirements for charitable deductions. It provided that, “[n]ot later
                                       - 24 -

[*24] than December 31, 1984, the Secretary shall prescribe regulations” requiring

taxpayers claiming certain deductions to do the following:

      (A) to obtain a qualified appraisal for the property contributed,
      (B) to attach an appraisal summary to the return on which such
      deduction is first claimed for such contribution, and
      (C) to include on such return such additional information (including
      the cost basis and acquisition date of the contributed property) as the
      Secretary may prescribe in such regulations.

      Petitioner contends that Congress spoke directly “to the precise question at

issue,” Chevron, 487 U.S. at 842, when it directed the Secretary to issue regula-

tions requiring that information concerning cost basis and acquisition date be “in-

clude[d] on such return,” DEFRA sec. 155(a)(1)(C) (emphasis added). The

Secretary thereafter issued regulations requiring that such information (as well as

nine other types of information) be included in the appraisal summary attached to

the return. See sec. 1.170A-13(c)(4)(ii), Income Tax Regs. Petitioner asserts that

the Secretary, by so doing, violated Congress’ explicit mandate.

      This argument is unpersuasive for at least three reasons. First, a taxpayer’s

“return” for a particular year includes all IRS forms and schedules required to be

filed as part of the return. See sec. 1.6011-1, Income Tax Regs. The Form 8283,

comprising the appraisal summary, was an essential component of petitioner’s re-

turn for 2010. By requiring inclusion of information concerning cost basis and
                                        - 25 -

[*25] acquisition date on the Form 8283, the Secretary complied with Congress’

mandate that such data be “include[d] on such return.” DEFRA sec. 155(a)(1)(C).

      Second, even if Congress were thought to have intended “appraisal sum-

mary” and “return” to be mutually exclusive terms, there is nothing in DEFRA

section 155 that prohibits the Secretary from requiring that information concerning

cost basis and acquisition date be included both on the appraisal summary and

elsewhere on the return. Petitioner reads into DEFRA section 155(a)(1)(C) a

negative pregnant that is wholly unjustified by the text.

      Third, DEFRA section 155(a)(3), which petitioner fails to cite, wholly un-

dermines its argument. That paragraph, captioned “Appraisal summary,” provides

that, “[f]or purposes of this subsection, the appraisal summary shall be in such

form and include such information as the Secretary prescribes by regulations.”

(Emphasis added.) Congress thus left the Secretary with discretion to require in-

clusion on Form 8283 of whatever information the Secretary reasonably deemed

relevant. See Blau, 924 F.3d at 1270 (“Though the Congress left it to the discre-

tion of the Secretary * * * to impose additional reporting requirements, the Con-

gress specifically identified the basis and the date of acquisition as the bare mini-

mum that a taxpayer must provide.”). The Code provision governing appraisals

makes the depth of the Secretary’s discretion plain. See sec. 170(f)(11)(C) (re-
                                        - 26 -

[*26] quiring that taxpayers obtain a qualified appraisal and “attach[] to the return

* * * such information regarding such property and such appraisal as the Secretary

may require”). For these reasons we reject petitioner’s contention that the

regulation violates Chevron step one on the theory that it contravenes “the

unambiguous language of the statute.”

      It seems equally obvious that the regulation satisfies Chevron step two,

which requires that the regulation be “based on a permissible construction of the

statute.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843. When enacting DEFRA Congress decided

that the IRS needed disclosure of information--specifically including information

concerning cost basis and acquisition date of donated property--in order to combat

claims of “excessive charitable deductions” by taxpayers seeking to “play ‘the

audit lottery.’” S. Prt. No. 98-169 (Vol. 1), supra at 444. Congress accordingly

directed the Secretary to issue regulations requiring that taxpayers claiming certain

types of charitable deductions attach to their returns an appraisal summary, which

“shall be in such form and include such information as the Secretary prescribes by

regulations.” DEFRA sec. 155(a)(3).

      The Secretary reasonably concluded that the information the IRS needed

would be most accessible to its examining agents if all of the required information

appeared in the same place, namely, on the appraisal summary. The Secretary
                                        - 27 -

[*27] therefore issued regulations requiring that information concerning cost basis

and acquisition date (as well as nine other types of information) be included in the

appraisal summary included with the return. See sec. 1.170A-13(c)(4)(ii), Income

Tax Regs. We have no difficulty concluding that the Secretary’s requirement to

this effect was “based on a permissible construction of the statute.” Chevron, 467
U.S. at 843. We will accordingly deny petitioner’s cross-motion for summary

judgment insofar as it contends that the regulation is invalid.6

C.    Reasonable Cause Defense

      In 2004, the year after the tax year involved in RERI Holdings I, Congress

enacted the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 (AJCA), Pub. L. No. 108-357,

sec. 883(a), 118 Stat. at 1631. The AJCA added to the Code section 170(f)(11),

which included, in subparagraph (A)(ii)(II), a new “reasonable cause” defense for

failure to comply with the regulatory reporting requirements. That subparagraph

      6
        This conclusion is consistent with the conclusion reached in previous un-
published orders of this Court. See River’s Edge Landing, LLC v. Commissioner,
T.C. Dkt. No. 1111-18 (order dated Dec. 10, 2019); Ogeechee River Pres., LLC v.
Commissioner, T.C. Dkt. No. 2771-18 (order dated Dec. 10, 2019); Riverpointe at
Ogeechee, LLC v. Commissioner, T.C. Dkt. No. 4011-18 (order dated Dec. 10,
2019); Dasher’s Bay at Effingham, LLC v. Commissioner, T.C. Dkt. No. 4078-18
(order dated Dec. 10, 2019). In Mohamed v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-
152, 103 T.C.M. 1814, 1818-1819, we sustained the validity of sec.
1.170A-13(c), Income Tax Regs., against a challenge directed to a different aspect
of the regulatory requirements.
                                        - 28 -

[*28] excuses failure to satisfy the reporting requirements discussed above if “it is

shown that the failure to meet such requirements is due to reasonable cause and

not to willful neglect.” This statutory “reasonable cause” defense is broader than

the regulatory “reasonable cause” defense promulgated previously. As noted

supra p. 12-13, the latter defense is limited to situations where the taxpayer has

reasonable cause “for being unable to provide the information required.” Sec.

1.170A-13(c)(4)(iv)(C)(1), Income Tax Regs.

      The formulation of the section 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II) defense--referring to the

existence of “reasonable cause” and the absence of “willful neglect”--resembles

that appearing in numerous Code provisions that impose penalties or additions to

tax. See, e.g., secs. 6039G(c) (flush language), 6704(c)(1), 6652(f)-(j), 6709(c).

“Code provisions generally are to be interpreted so congressional use of the same

words indicates an intent to have the same meaning apply.” Elec. Arts, Inc., 118
T.C. 241. Thus, although the section 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II) “reasonable cause”

defense relieves the taxpayer from disallowance of a deduction rather than from

imposition of a penalty, we have construed these defenses similarly. See Alli, 107
T.C.M. at 1096; Crimi v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2013-51, 105 T.C.M.

(CCH) 1330, 1353.
                                        - 29 -

[*29] “Reasonable cause requires that the taxpayer have exercised ordinary busi-

ness care and prudence as to the challenged item.” Crimi, 105 T.C.M.

at 1353 (citing United States v. Boyle, 469 U.S. 241 (1985)). “The determination

of whether a taxpayer acted with reasonable cause and in good faith is made on a

case-by-case basis, taking into account all pertinent facts and circumstances.” Sec.

1.6664-4(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.

      If a taxpayer alleges reliance on the advice of a tax professional, that “ad-

vice must generally be from a competent and independent advisor unburdened

with a conflict of interest and not from promoters of the investment.” Mortensen

v. Commissioner, 440 F.3d 375, 387 (6th Cir. 2006), aff’g T.C. Memo. 2004-279;

see Gustashaw v. Commissioner, 696 F.3d 1124, 1139 (11th Cir. 2012), aff’g T.C.

Memo. 2011-195. “Advice hardly qualifies as disinterested or objective if it

comes from parties who actively promote or implement the transactions in ques-

tion.” Stobie Creek Invs. LLC v. United States, 608 F.3d 1366, 1382 (Fed. Cir.

2010). A taxpayer advancing a reliance-on-professional-advice defense must also

show that it actually relied in good faith on the advice it received. See Alli, 107
T.C.M. at 1096; see also Neonatology Assocs., P.A. v. Commissioner, 115
T.C. 43, 98-99 (2000), aff’d, 299 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 2002). This determination “is
                                       - 30 -

[*30] inherently a fact-intensive one.” Alli, 107 T.C.M. at 1096 (quoting

Crimi v. Commissioner, 105 T.C.M. at 1353).

      Petitioner contends that Oakhill, when preparing its Form 8283, reasonably

relied on advice from the CPA who prepared its return and from Forever Forests,

which allegedly relayed advice from an outside law firm. We conclude that reso-

lution of this issue will require us to address several questions as to which genuine

disputes of material fact currently appear to exist. These questions include wheth-

er Forever Forests was a “tax professional”; whether Forever Forests was “a com-

petent and independent advisor unburdened with a conflict of interest,” see Mor-

tensen, 440 F.3d at 387; whether Oakhill could reasonably rely on legal advice

relayed to it indirectly; whether petitioner’s CPA was a competent tax professional

who provided tax advice independent of the advice supplied by Forever Forests;

and whether Oakhill actually relied in good faith on whatever advice it received.

      To reflect the foregoing,

                                                An order will be issued granting in

                                       part respondent’s motion for partial

                                       summary judgment and denying petitioner’s

                                       motion for partial summary judgment.