Court Opinion

ID: 2754361
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-11-21 23:01:14.027389+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:26:05.712963
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
______________________________
                               )
MICA SAINT-JEAN, et al.,       )
                               )
     Plaintiffs,               )
                               )
     v.                        )   Civil Action No. 08-1769 (RWR)
                               )
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA,          )
                               )
     Defendant.                )
______________________________)

                   MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

     Plaintiffs Mica Saint-Jean, Guerline Bourciquot, and Marie

Dorlus have brought claims against defendant District of

Columbia (“the District”) under the Fair Labor Standards Act

(“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 201, et seq., the D.C. Whistleblower

Protection Act (“WPA”), D.C. Code § 1-615.51, et seq., Title VII

of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq., and

local statutory and common law arising from an alleged scheme

which required them to pay kickbacks to their supervisor at the

District of Columbia Public Schools Division of Transportation

(“DOT”) in order to receive overtime assignments.   The District

moves to dismiss or for summary judgment claiming that the DOT

was under a receivership at the time thus entitling the District

to immunity.   Because the District has failed to show that the

DOT was under a receivership during the relevant time period,

the District’s motion will be denied.
                                - 2 -

                             BACKGROUND

I.     ALLEGATIONS

       The plaintiffs allege the following facts, many of which

are set forth in Saint-Jean v. District of Columbia, 844 F.

Supp. 2d 16, 18-20 (D.D.C. 2012).    Plaintiffs Saint-Jean,

Bourciquot, and Dorlus, all Haitian immigrants, worked at a DOT

school bus terminal.    They were denied the opportunity to work

overtime hours unless they paid illegal kickbacks to their

former supervisor, Michelle Smith, the Terminal Manager.      2d Am.

Compl. ¶¶ 2, 13-15, 24, 192.    Saint-Jean and Dorlus each paid

Smith between $75 and $150 per pay period to obtain overtime

assignments.    Id. ¶¶ 30, 34-35.   When they stopped paying Smith

in September 2007, Smith retaliated by refusing to assign them

overtime hours, selectively enforcing DOT policies against them,

“issuing repeated and unnecessary warnings[,]” and suspending

Bourciquot without pay.    2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 5, 45-47, 57, 62-63,

193.

       A group of Haitian DOT employees discussed Smith’s scheme

with DOT’s Transportation Administrator, David Gilmore, in

October 2006.    As a result, Smith was suspended for six weeks.

Smith resumed her scheme after she returned.    Id. ¶¶ 4, 38-42.

In November or December 2007, Saint-Jean and Dorlus reported

Smith’s illegal kickback scheme and retaliation to the Mayor’s

office, the Office of the Inspector General, the Office of the
                                   - 3 -

Attorney General, and the FBI.       Id. ¶ 6.   Bourciquot disclosed

the scheme to DOT Assistant Manager Janice Waters in March of

2008.    Id. ¶ 56.    Between July 10 and 16, 2008, two supervisors

issued four written warnings and a written reprimand to each of

Saint-Jean and Bourciquot for allegedly refusing a directive and

padding the clock.      Id. ¶¶ 64-65, 184-85.

       The plaintiffs discussed some of Smith’s discrimination

against Haitians with Gilmore on July 17, 2008.        Id. ¶ 77.    The

following day, Saint-Jean told Gilmore that Smith accepted

bribes in exchange for paying employees for hours not worked,

and that Smith let her boyfriend use DOT buses for personal

purposes.    Id. ¶¶ 79, 82.    DOT Deputy Terminal Manager Michael

Roberts suspended Bourciquot and Dorlus without pay on July 21,

2008, for five days, for an alleged failure to “call to report

they would be late [to work] on July 18th,” id. ¶¶ 86-87, and

directed a security guard to escort them off DOT property later

that afternoon.      Id. ¶ 183.   On July 29, 2008, DOT notified

Bourciquot and Dorlus of their “proposed termination[s]” for

insubordination to an immediate supervisor.        Id. ¶¶ 97, 99.

Their effective date of termination was August 14, 2008.        Id.

¶ 100.    DOT placed Saint-Jean on a ten-day administrative leave

for insubordination on September 10, 2008, with notice that she

would be terminated effective September 24, 2008.        Id. ¶¶ 114-

115.
                                - 4 -

II.   MOTION

      The District now moves for judgment on the pleadings or for

summary judgment, contending that DOT was under a receivership

during the relevant time period and that that insulates the

District from liability, or, alternatively, that the District

should be granted the “same judicial immunity that would protect

the receiver if he were named as a defendant in this

litigation.”   Def.’s Mot. for J. on the Pleadings or, in the

Alternative, for Summ. J. (“D.C. Mot.”) at 2.     The plaintiffs

oppose, arguing primarily that DOT was not under a receivership

during the relevant period.    Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for J.

on the Pleadings (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 1.

                              DISCUSSION

      Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c), “[a]fter the

pleadings are closed -- but early enough not to delay trial -- a

party may move for judgment on the pleadings.”     Fed. R. Civ. P.

12(c).   A Rule 12(c) motion is granted if there are no material

facts in dispute and the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.   Stewart v. Evans, 275 F.3d 1126, 1132 (D.C. Cir.

2002).   “In considering a motion for judgment on the pleadings,

the Court should ‘accept as true the allegations in the

opponent’s pleadings’ and ‘accord the benefit of all reasonable

inferences to the non-moving party.’”      Id. (quoting Haynesworth

v. Miller, 820 F.2d 1245, 1249 n.11 (D.C. Cir. 1987)).
                               - 5 -

     When “matters outside the pleadings are presented to and

not excluded by the court” on a Rule 12(c) motion, “the motion

must be treated as one for summary judgment under Rule 56.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d).   “[E]ven if the parties have not been

provided with notice,” so long as “they have had a reasonable

opportunity to contest the matters outside the pleadings such

that they are not taken by surprise,” a Rule 12(c) motion may be

treated as one for summary judgment.   Tolbert-Smith v. Chu, 714
F. Supp. 2d 37, 41 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing Highland Renovation

Corp. v. Hanover Ins. Grp., 620 F. Supp. 2d 79, 82 (D.D.C.

2009)).

     Summary judgment may be granted when the moving party

demonstrates that there is no genuine issue as to any material

fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.   Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).   In considering a motion

for summary judgment, a court is to draw all justifiable

inferences from the evidence in favor of the nonmovant.    Cruz-

Packer v. District of Columbia, 539 F. Supp. 2d 181, 189 (D.D.C.

2008) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255

(1986)).   The relevant inquiry “is the threshold inquiry of

determining whether there is the need for a trial -- whether, in

other words, there are any genuine factual issues that properly

can be resolved only by a finder of fact because they may

reasonably be resolved in favor of either party.”   Anderson, 477
                               - 6 -

U.S. at 250.   A genuine issue exists where the “evidence is such

that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving

party[,]” as opposed to where the evidence is “so one-sided that

one party must prevail as a matter of law.”    Id. at 248, 252.

I.   LIABILITY OF ENTITIES UNDER A RECEIVERSHIP

     Entities under a receivership may be shielded from direct

or vicarious liability for actions undertaken by the receiver.

Fantasia v. Office of the Receiver of the Comm’n on Mental

Health Servs., Civil Action No. 01-1079 (LFO), 2001 WL 34800013,

at *5-6 (D.D.C. Dec. 21, 2001). 1   The District contends it is

entitled to judgment on the pleadings or summary judgment

because under a consent order issued in Petties v. District of

Columbia, Civil Action No. 95-148 (PLF) (D.D.C. June 25, 2003),

     1
       The D.C. Circuit has not yet ruled whether and to what
extent an entity under a receivership order can be held liable
for the acts committed while it is under a receivership order.
See Fantasia at *5 (“There is a shortage of case law addressing
the liability of an entity placed under a receivership for the
actions of the receiver.”). Other courts have turned to
principles of agency law to determine the scope of liability.
See, e.g., id. (assessing who controlled the receiver to
determine if the District of Columbia could be held liable for
the acts of a receiver); Canney v. City of Chelsea, 925 F. Supp.
58, 63-66 (D. Mass. 1996) (resolving the question of “which
entity bears ultimate liability for the receiver’s torts” by
turning to common-law agency principles). However, it is
unnecessary to analyze agency principles to resolve the
District’s motion because the District does not rely on agency
principles to absolve itself of liability and, as is explained
below, DOT was not under a receivership order during the
relevant time period.
                                - 7 -

ECF No. 1118 (“Petties Consent Order”), 2   DOT was placed under a

full receivership.    See Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of D.C. Mot.

(“D.C. Mem.”) at 2.    The District further argues that, because

DOT was under a receivership during the relevant time, the

District cannot be held liable -- either directly or vicariously

-- for actions taken by the receiver “because as a matter of law

the District lacked the power and authority to manage or operate

the entire DOT while David Gilmore was serving as Transportation

Administrator.”   Id. at 7-10 (citing Fantasia, 2001 WL 34800013;

Wise v. District of Columbia, Civil Action No. 03-310 (SBC),

2005 WL 818622 (D.D.C. Apr. 8, 2005); and Lerner v. District of

Columbia, Civil Action No. 00-1590 (GK), 2003 WL 21384645

(D.D.C. May 27, 2003)).

     Though the District acknowledges that David Gilmore was

appointed as a “Transportation Administrator” rather than as a

receiver under the Petties consent order, it argues that “this

is a distinction without a difference, because the orders issued

in Petties make clear that Mr. Gilmore functioned as a receiver

for DOT.”   Def.’s Supp. Mem. in Supp. of Its Mot. for J. on the

Pleadings or, in the Alternative, for Summ. J. (“D.C. Supp.

Mem.”) at 2; id. at 2-3 (quoting Morgan v. McDonough, 540 F.2d
527, 535 (1st Cir. 1976)) (“[T]he consent order makes clear that

     2
       The Petties Consent Order also appears as an attachment to
the District’s errata. 3/14/14 Errata, ECF No. 138, attach. 1.
                               - 8 -

the purpose of the order was to substitute the Court’s authority

(exercised through the judicially appointed Transportation

Administrator) ‘for that of the elected and appointed officials’

who were running DOT.”); Reply to Pls.’ Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for

J. on the Pleadings or, in the Alternative, for Summ. J. (“D.C.

Reply”) at 7 n.5 (arguing that “the consent order makes clear

that Mr. Gilmore was the judicially appointed receiver for DOT,

even though the parties agreed to refer to Mr. Gilmore as the

‘Transportation Administrator,’ rather than the ‘receiver’”).

However, the District’s conclusory assertion that a

transportation administrator is the same as a receiver sheds no

light on whether the District can be held liable for actions

undertaken while Gilmore was the Transportation Administrator.

See D.C. Mem. at 7-10 (stating that Gilmore is a receiver and

arguing that the District should not be held liable for actions

undertaken during a receivership); D.C. Supp. Mem. at 2-3

(same).   The District’s analysis assumes that Gilmore was a

receiver, see, e.g., D.C. Mem. at 6-14 (relying solely on case

law about receivers without discussion of the potential

distinctions), and makes only cursory arguments about why

Gilmore is a receiver, see, e.g., D.C. Supp. Mem. at 2-3

(asserting that Gilmore’s title of Transportation Administrator

instead of receiver is a “distinction without a difference”);
                                - 9 -

D.C. Reply at 7 n.5 (arguing that Gilmore performs the same

function as a receiver).

      It is not readily apparent from the consent order, however,

that the position of Transportation Administrator was intended

to be identical to that of a receiver.     See Petties Consent

Order at 1.    Initially, Judge Friedman appointed a

Transportation Administrator in 2000, and “[t]his Administrator

was a DCPS employee who reported directly to the Superintendent

of Schools.”    Petties v. District of Columbia, Civil Action No.

95-0148 (PLF), 2006 WL 1046943, at *1 (D.D.C. Apr. 21, 2006).

As Judge Friedman explained the factual history,

      [b]ased on the continuing failure to improve the
      transportation function under the leadership of a DCPS
      Administrator who reported to the Superintendent . . .
      plaintiffs filed a Motion to Place the Transportation
      System into Receivership.           Defendants vigorously
      objected to plaintiffs’ request, and the issue was
      heavily litigated. . . . Ultimately, rather than
      proceed with oral argument and submit the plaintiffs’
      motion for the Court’s consideration, defendants
      agreed   to    the    appointment    of   an    independent
      Transportation Administrator to ‘manage, supervise and
      assume    responsibility     for’     the    transportation
      operations of DCPS.       The parties filed a proposed
      Consent   Order    implementing    their   agreement,   and
      plaintiffs   withdrew    their    motion   to   appoint   a
      receiver. . . .       [T]he Court approved the Consent
      Order and appointed David Gilmore . . . as the
      Transportation     Administrator     for    DCPS    special
      education[.]

Id.   Notably, though Gilmore’s appointment as Transportation

Administrator was precipitated by the plaintiffs’ motion to

place DOT under a receivership, the plaintiffs withdrew that
                                - 10 -

motion as part of the consent order.     Id.   Further, Judge

Friedman later explained that “[b]y agreeing to the Consent

Order, defendants averted the substantial possibility that the

Court would grant plaintiffs’ motion to put DOT into

receivership, stripping DCPS entirely of its authority to manage

the transportation function.”    Id. at *5; see also Winder v.

Erste, 511 F. Supp. 2d 160, 166 n.3 (D.D.C. 2007) (“Plaintiff

has described the DCPS Transportation Division as being in

receivership at various times.    Judge Friedman’s order indicates

that his appointment of a Transportation Administrator in 2000

and again in 2003 was distinct from receivership.” (citations

omitted)), rev’d in part on other grounds, 566 F.3d 209 (D.C.

Cir. 2009).

     The Petties Consent Order also indicates that the

Transportation Administrator was not intended to have the same

powers as a receiver.   Gilmore was not granted complete

authority or control over DOT.    Compare Petties Consent Order at

6 (“After consultation with the Superintendent, the

Transportation Administrator shall have the power and authority

necessary, and consistent with applicable law and this Order, to

carry out his duties and responsibilities.”) with Dixon v.

Barry, 967 F. Supp. 535, 555 (D.D.C. 1997) (granting the

plaintiff’s motion for appointment of a receiver and giving the

receiver “[a]ll powers over the [Commission on Mental Health
                              - 11 -

Services] currently exercised by the Commissioner of Mental

Health Services, the Director of Human Services, and the Mayor

of the District of Columbia”).    The consent order also made

clear that “[t]he Transportation Administrator shall have the

same immunity provided to District of Columbia public

officials,” Petties Consent Order at 14, whereas a court-

appointed receiver may be entitled to limited quasi-judicial

immunity, see Fantasia, 2001 WL 34800013, at *2-3 (“A receiver’s

immunity is . . . only protection for acts within the scope of

his authority that are basic and integral parts of the judicial

function[.]” (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Sindram

v. Suda, 986 F.2d 1459, 1461 (D.C. Cir. 1993))); see also infra

at 14-18 (discussing immunity).    This suggests that the

Transportation Administrator position was intended to be

analogous to a District official, rather than to a specialized

judicial official.   Finally, since the plaintiffs withdrew their

motion to appoint a receiver, see Petties Consent Order at 14,

it would be anomalous to view the consent order as granting the

request for appointment of a receiver when the plaintiffs

withdrew their request.   Ultimately, while the District asserts

that Gilmore’s title is irrelevant, his title, the Petties

consent order, and the circumstances surrounding Gilmore’s

appointment indicate that Gilmore was not appointed as a

receiver.   Because the Petties consent order did not appoint
                               - 12 -

Gilmore as a receiver, the District cannot claim that it is

shielded from liability on the basis that Gilmore was a court-

appointed receiver. 3

      Even if Gilmore’s position of Transportation Administrator

was functionally the same as that of a receiver -- a proposition

that the District has not proven -- the District fails to show

that it nevertheless cannot be held liable for the actions

undertaken during Gilmore’s tenure.     The District fails to cite

a single case where the organization under the leadership of a

functional equivalent of a receiver was held not liable.    See

generally D.C. Mem.; D.C. Supp. Mem; D.C. Reply.    All three of

the cases that the District cites, see D.C. Mem. at 7-10,

involve the District’s Commission on Mental Health Services

which was under a court-ordered receivership imposed in Dixon,
967 F. Supp. at 555.    See Wise, 2005 WL 818622, at *3; Lerner,

2003 WL 21384645, at *2-3; Fantasia, 2001 WL 34800013, at *3,

*6.   In all three of those cases, there was a formal

      3
       The District also does not deny that it previously argued
during the Petties case that the Transportation Administrator
was not a receiver. D.C. Reply at 8-11; see Petties, 2006 WL
1046943, at *4 (stating that the District was arguing that the
Transportation Administrator “is not a receiver, but only an
administrator appointed by the Court with the consent of the
parties”). Rather, the District argues that judicial estoppel
does not apply. While it is unnecessary to resolve the judicial
estoppel question here, the fact that the District itself did
not consider the Transportation Administrator position as a
receiver during the Petties litigation weighs against its
argument here that Gilmore was in fact appointed as a receiver.
                              - 13 -

receivership order that granted the receiver the authority

traditionally vested in the Commissioner of Mental Health

Services, the Director of Human Services, and the Mayor of the

District of Columbia, and the entities under the receiver’s

auspices could not be held directly or vicariously liable for

the receiver’s actions because they lacked authority to override

the receiver.   Wise, 2005 WL 818622, at *3; Lerner, 2003 WL
21384645, at *2-3; Fantasia, 2001 WL 34800013, at *3, *6.

Further, the District fails to argue that the rationale for

insulating an entity under a receivership from liability is

applicable even when there is not a receivership in place, and

thus -- regardless of whether DOT was under a receivership --

the District should be shielded from liability.   Conceivably, if

Gilmore retained all authority over the DOT, as the District

contends, and he could not therefore be considered an agent of

the District, the rationale for insulating an organization under

a receivership order from liability may be applicable.    However,

the Court will not, sua sponte, “resolve [a question] based on

an argument that counsel did not raise.”   Nat’l Tel. Coop. Ass’n

v. Exxon Corp., 38 F. Supp. 2d 1, 17 (D.D.C. 1998); see also

Murray v. Gilmore, 231 F. Supp. 2d 82, 90 (D.D.C. 2002)

(dismissing the plaintiff’s claim because she “ha[d] simply

failed to present the Court with a cognizable legal theory” and

“the court is loathe to make arguments for plaintiff at this
                               - 14 -

stage in the proceedings that she has, as yet, failed to

articulate”), rev’d in part on other grounds, 406 F.3d 708 (D.C.

Cir. 2005).    The District focuses its efforts on arguing that

Gilmore was in fact a receiver, rather than on analyzing whether

agency principles justify insulating the District from

liability.    Accordingly, because the District has not shown that

the DOT was under a receivership at the time of the complained

actions -- the predicate for protecting the District from

liability under its theory -- the District might be held liable

and is not entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

II.   RECEIVER’S IMMUNITY

      A court-appointed receiver may be entitled to judicial

immunity for the acts the receiver takes within the scope of his

receivership when he is being sued in his personal capacity.

See Fantasia, 2001 WL 34800013, at *2-3; Murray v. Gilmore, 406
F.3d 708, 716-17 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (“[W]e leave for another day

the issue of whether, as Gilmore argues, court-appointed

receivers enjoy quasi-judicial immunity in their personal

capacity.”).    However, contrary to the District’s contention,

see D.C. Mem. at 10, a court-appointed receiver is not

necessarily entitled to absolute immunity.    See, e.g., Murray,
406 F.3d at 717 (permitting the plaintiff to proceed with a

Title VII sex discrimination claim against the receiver in his

official capacity); Mintz v. District of Columbia, Civil Action
                               - 15 -

No. 00-0539 (LFO), 2006 WL 1518954, at *2 (rejecting the

receivership’s claim of absolute immunity because “even judges

are subject to discrimination suits, because discriminatory acts

are not judicial acts.” (citing Forrester v. White, 484 U.S. 219

(1988))).    Furthermore, any receiver immunity that Gilmore may

be entitled to is limited to those “acts within the scope of his

authority that are basic and integral parts of the judicial

function.”    Fantasia, 2001 WL 34800013, at *3 (internal

quotation marks omitted); see also Mintz, 2006 WL 1518954, at *2

(“[J]udicial immunity only extends to judicial acts.”).

     In addition, as the District has not shown that Gilmore was

a court-appointed receiver, he might not automatically be

entitled to whatever immunity to which a court-appointed

receiver might be entitled.    The District does not explore the

rationale for granting judicially appointed receivers immunity

or how that rationale may apply here to Gilmore, nor does the

District explore how the rationale for extending immunity to

third parties applies here to the District.      See generally D.C.

Mem.; D.C. Supp. Mem.; D.C. Reply.      Indeed, the crux of that

immunity question is not, as the District implies, who had

authority over DOT at the time, see, e.g., D.C. Reply at 11-12

(emphasizing that the District “lacks discretion to disobey [a

receiver’s] orders,” and that “the DOT for all intents and

purposes was run by the Transportation Administrator”), but
                               - 16 -

whether Gilmore should be entitled to immunity, see Fantasia,

2001 WL 34800013, at *2 (explaining that “‘[c]ourt appointed

receivers act as arms of the court and are entitled to share the

appointing judge’s immunity’” (quoting Davis v. Bayless, 70 F.3d
367, 373 (5th Cir. 1995))), what the scope of that immunity is,

see Murray, 406 F.3d at 716-17, and, if a receiver is entitled

to some immunity, whether the District should be shielded by

that same immunity.    These questions are left unanswered by the

District’s briefing.    See generally D.C. Mem.; D.C. Supp. Mem.;

D.C. Reply.

     Indeed, the District’s discussion of immunity demonstrates

that the case law in support of extending a receiver’s immunity

-- or that of any official entitled to immunity -- to a third

party is particularly ill-suited to the inquiry of whether an

entity under a receivership order should be held liable.   See,

e.g., supra at 12-13.   Rather, as is explained in Lerner, which

the District cites, “[while] [c]ourt-appointed receivers are

generally immune from suit[,] . . . the question of liability of

an entity placed under receivership, such as the District,

rather than the Receiver himself, ‘is better framed as one of

whether an entity placed under receivership can then be held

directly or vicariously liable for the receiver’s actions.’”
                             - 17 -

Lerner, 2003 WL 21384645, at *2 (quoting Fantasia, 2001 WL
34800013, at *5). 4

     4
       Even if Gilmore was entitled to some immunity -- whether
absolute or qualified, and whether in his individual or official
capacity or both -- that would not protect the District here.
The cases that the District cites to bolster its argument that
it should be shielded from liability by virtue of Gilmore’s
ostensible immunity do not mandate immunity for the District
here and are inapposite. For example, the District cites
Cunningham v. District of Columbia, which involves a
psychiatrist who assisted a parole board in carrying out its
duties. See D.C. Mem. at 13; Cunningham v. District of
Columbia, 584 A.2d 573 (D.C. 1990). The District of Columbia
Court of Appeals concluded that both the parole board and the
doctor were entitled to immunity. Cunningham, 584 A.2d at 576-
78. The doctor was entitled to immunity because he was an
employee of the District of Columbia and he was acting within
the scope of his official duties. See id. at 578 n.6 (“[H]e
acted at the direction of the parole board, in aid of that
board’s performance of its adjudicatory duties[.]”). Notably,
though the District of Columbia was a defendant in that case
through the doctrine of respondeat superior, it was not
dismissed by extension of the parole board’s immunity. See id.
at 574-75 (noting that the trial court correctly dismissed the
case against the District of Columbia under the public duty
doctrine). Here, the District is not an employee of the
receiver, and there is no allegation that the District acted
solely at Gilmore’s behest. The District oversimplifies the
analysis, arguing that all those who assist an officer entitled
to judicial immunity should also be protected by that officer’s
immunity. D.C. Mem. at 13-14 (stating that, like in Cunningham,
where the psychiatrist was “required . . . to assist the parole
board,” the District was required to “cooperate and work
closely” with Gilmore, thus it too should be protected by
immunity). In Cunningham, the psychiatrist did not merely
assist or cooperate with the parole board but in fact acted at
the parole board’s direction. See Cunningham, 584 A.2d at 577.
Even if Gilmore would otherwise be entitled to immunity as a
receiver, the rationale for protecting an employee who acts at
the behest of an official who is cloaked in immunity is simply
inapplicable here.
     Additionally, as is discussed in Fantasia, the act of
terminating an employee is protected by immunity only when that
termination is not only within the receiver’s authority, but
                             - 18 -

                      CONCLUSION AND ORDER 5

     Because the District has failed to show that DOT was under

a receivership during the relevant period, the District has

failed to demonstrate that it should be insulated from liability

or that it is entitled to immunity.    Accordingly, it is hereby

     ORDERED that the District’s motion [137] for judgment on

the pleadings or summary judgment be, and hereby is, DENIED.

     SIGNED this 21st day of November, 2014.

                                                /s/
                                      RICHARD W. ROBERTS
                                      Chief Judge

also “integral to carrying out the court’s order.” Fantasia,
2001 WL 34800013, at *3. The District fails to show that the
plaintiffs’ termination was integral to carrying out the court’s
order. The District’s argument rests instead on the premise
that because the District was required under the Petties Consent
Order to “cooperate” with Gilmore, the District should be
entitled to immunity. See D.C. Mem. at 13-14. The District
thus conflates Gilmore’s authority to terminate the plaintiffs
with the centrality of Gilmore’s actions to the Petties Consent
Order. Although Gilmore may have had the authority to terminate
the plaintiffs, the termination must also be “integral to
carrying out the court’s order.” See id. There is no evidence
that terminating the plaintiffs was a part of effectuating the
Petties consent order. Indeed, the District does not even
discuss the purpose of the Petties consent order. Thus, the
District has shown neither that Gilmore nor that the District is
entitled to immunity.
     5
       Plaintiffs also contend that the District has waived its
immunity argument because the District failed to raise “any
immunity defense” when it filed its motion to dismiss. Pl.’s
Opp’n at 6. Further, the plaintiffs argue that “the District’s
untimeliness should be considered a waiver of this putative
defense.” Id. at 7. Because the District has not shown that
DOT was under a receivership during the relevant period, it is
unnecessary to resolve the plaintiffs’ waiver argument.