Court Opinion

ID: 9556646
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-18 05:09:29.839602+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:48.051809
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     August 17, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    Nos. 360976; 360978
                                                                     Berrien Circuit Court
SAMUEL CORNELIUS CURTIS,                                             LC Nos. 2019-002067-FH; 2020-
                                                                              000090-FH
               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: YATES, P.J., and BORRELLO and PATEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant was convicted by a jury of five counts of second-degree criminal sexual conduct
(CSC-II) (victim between 13 and 16, related by blood or affinity), MCL 750.520c; five counts of
fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-IV) (victim between 13 and 16, actor at least five
years older than victim), MCL 750.520e; and one count of assault with intent to commit criminal
sexual conduct, MCL 750.520g. The trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent prison
sentences of 86 to 180 months for the CSC-II convictions, 16 to 24 months for the CSC-IV
convictions, and 24 to 60 months for the conviction of assault with intent to commit criminal sexual
conduct.

         In these consolidated appeals,1 defendant appeals of right, arguing that the evidence was
insufficient to convict him of CSC-II because he was not related to the victims by blood or affinity,
that convicting him of CSC-II and CSC-IV for the same contact violated the prohibition against
double jeopardy, that the jury should have been given a specific unanimity instruction, and that
the trial court erred by excluding his expert witness’s testimony about the suggestive nature of the
forensic interviews of the victims. The prosecution concedes that two CSC-II convictions should
be reversed on grounds that defendant was not related by affinity to the victims at the time that the

1
 People v Curtis, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered May 4, 2022 (Docket
Nos. 360976 and 360978).

                                                -1-
sexual conduct occurred.2 Accordingly, we reverse these two counts of CSC-II, and, for the
reasons set forth in this opinion, affirm defendant’s remaining convictions and sentences.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

        As previously alluded to, this matter involves three minor children, TM, CB, and GP; TM
and CB were half siblings of defendant’s wife. All three minor children alleged at different times
that defendant touched them inappropriately. TM testified that defendant used his hand to rub
TM’s penis over TM’s clothes and to rub his buttocks, but that defendant’s hands never went inside
his clothes. TM testified that he and defendant used to play fight and that defendant would
sometimes grab him in the crotch area to pick him up. TM said that he did not think much of it at
the time. Once, after TM went to sleep on defendant’s bed after playing video games, TM felt
defendant rubbing his crotch with his hand over his clothes; TM rolled over, and the rubbing
stopped.

        According to CB, defendant touched and rubbed his inner thigh and rubbed CB’s penis on
top of CB’s clothes. GP reported that defendant rubbed his penis over and under his clothes.

        The victims disclosed the sexual contact at different times, and all three participated in
forensic interviews at the Children’s Advocacy Center of Southwest Michigan (CAC). Defendant
was arrested in July 2019 and ultimately charged with three counts of CSC-II (relationship) on the
basis of the alleged sexual contact with TM. In January 2020, defendant was charged with
two counts of CSC-II (relationship) for sexually touching CB, and one count of assault with intent
to commit CSC-II for conduct involving GP. The trial court consolidated the two cases for trial,
denied defendant’s motion to dismiss the charges on grounds that there were no records of the
victims’ paternity, and granted the prosecution’s motion to amend the charges in each case to add
counts of CSC-IV (victim 13 to 16 years old) as alternatives to each count of CSC-II. The
prosecution contended that the facts would show that defendant’s wife, TM, and CB shared the
same biological father and that this would be sufficient to establish that defendant was related to
the victims within the fourth degree of affinity. However, should there be an issue with affinity,
the alternative counts would allow the jury to determine if the facts adduced at trial established
affinity or if CSC-IV was the appropriate charge.

         Important to this appeal, the defense called David W. Thompson, Ph.D., to testify about
his analysis of the CAC interviews of the minor children. Defense counsel first sought to admit
transcripts of the interviews into evidence. The trial court disallowed the transcripts on the ground
that their content was inadmissible hearsay and concluded that it would allow Dr. Thompson to
testify generally about his interpretation of proper forensic interviewing, but he could not reference
the specific videos or transcripts of the minor childrens’ forensic interviews. During his direct
examination of Dr. Thompson, defense counsel sought to admit into evidence a three-page
document that used a coding system to show alleged deficiencies in the forensic interview. The
trial court excluded the document on grounds that it fell under its previous hearsay ruling. Defense
counsel then attempted to have Dr. Thompson recall the details of his analysis by use of his three-

2
 The convictions are Count III in LC No. 2019-002067-FH (Docket No. 360976), and Count II in
LC No. 2020-000090-FH (Docket No. 360978).

                                                 -2-
page analysis if necessary to refresh his memory, but the trial court sustained the prosecution’s
objection. Defense counsel then tried to elicit testimony from Dr. Thompson about his recollection
of the inconsistencies in the minor childrens’ interview responses, but the trial court again
sustained the prosecution’s objection based on the court’s ruling that the specifics of the interviews
were inadmissible.

       Testifying on his own behalf, defendant denied ever touching the minor children for sexual
purposes. The jury convicted defendant as indicated. Defendant now appeals.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

        Defendant first argues that the evidence was insufficient to conviction him for CSC-II on
the basis of affinity because, under Michigan law, there was no affinity relationship between him
and TM and CB.

        This Court reviews a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence by reviewing the evidence
de novo in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether a rational trier of fact
could have found that the essential elements of the crime were proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
See People v Meissner, 294 Mich App 438, 452; 812 NW2d 37 (2011); People v Roper, 286 Mich
App 77, 83; 777 NW2d 483 (2009); see also Jackson v Virginia, 443 US 307, 324; 99 S Ct 2781;
61 L Ed 2d 560 (1979). “The standard of review is deferential: a reviewing court is required to
draw all reasonable inferences and make credibility choices in support of the jury verdict.” People
v Nowack, 462 Mich 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000). “Conflicts in the evidence are resolved in
favor of the prosecution.” People v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 472; 802 NW2d 627 (2010)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). In addition, “this Court should defer to the fact-finder’s
role in determining the weight of the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses.” Id.

        As an initial matter, the prosecution concedes, and we agree, that two CSC-II charges, one
based on defendant’s sexual touching of TM at a house on Ogden Street and one based on
defendant’s sexual touching of CB at the home of defendant’s father, should be reversed. Both
incidents happened after the death of defendant’s wife which severed defendant’s affinity
relationship with the victims. Defendant’s affinity relationship with TM and CB was predicated
on defendant’s marriage to the victims’ sister, and death terminated that marriage. See Tiedman v
Tiedman, 400 Mich 571, 576; 255 NW2d 632 (1977) (indicating that marriage terminates upon the
death of a spouse).

        Defendant was convicted of violating MCL 750.520c(1)(b)(ii), which provides that a
person is guilty of CSC-II if the victim is “at least 13 but less than 16 years of age” and the
perpetrator “is related by blood or affinity to the fourth degree to the victim.” The parties agree
that “affinity” “is the relation existing in consequence of marriage between each of the married
persons and the blood relatives of the other.” Bliss v Caille Bros Co, 149 Mich 601, 608; 113 NW
317 (1907). Evidence adduced at trial established that defendant’s wife, TM, and CB had the same
biological father and were half siblings. There is no dispute that defendant wed the sister of TM
and CB in May 2014. Therefore, under Bliss’s definition of affinity, defendant was related by
affinity to his wife’s half brothers, TM and CB.

                                                 -3-
        Defendant argues on appeal that an affinity relationship did not exist between him and the
victims because the termination of the parental rights of the father of defendant’s wife, TM, and
CB destroyed the natural family relationship and rendered their father a “legal stranger” to them.
Our Supreme Court has recently indicated, however, that legal changes do not affect the genetic
makeup of a child or a parent. See People v Moss, 509 Mich 253, 264; 984 NW2d 23 (2022).
Termination of the parental rights of their father changed the father’s legal relationship to
defendant’s wife and her half siblings, TM and CB, but it did not change the fact that the three
were related to each other by blood. Therefore, when defendant married the victims’ sister, he
became related by affinity to her blood relatives, i.e., TM and CB. See Bliss, 149 Mich at 608.
Accordingly, the evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a reasonable
doubt that defendant was related by affinity to TM and CB and, therefore, to convict defendant of
three counts of CSC-II, as charged, for defendant’s sexual contact with TM at the house on Bishop
and the hotel, and for defendant’s sexual contact with CB at the house on Bishop.

       Defendant next contends that charging and convicting him of CSC-II and CSC-IV for the
same conduct violated the principles of double jeopardy by punishing him with multiple
convictions for a single act of criminal sexual conduct.

        Because defendant did not raise this double-jeopardy challenge in the trial court, this issue
is not preserved. See People v McGee, 280 Mich App 680, 682; 761 NW2d 743 (2008) (indicating
that a double jeopardy challenged raised for the first time on appeal is unpreserved for appellate
review). This Court reviews unpreserved claims of constitutional error for plain error affecting
the defendant’s substantial rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).
To prevail under plain-error review, defendants must establish that error occurred, that the error
was obvious, and that it affected their substantial rights. Id. An error affected substantial rights if
it “affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Id. “Reversal is warranted only when
the plain, forfeited error resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant or when an
error seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings
independent of the defendant’s innocence.” Id. (quotation marks, citation, and alteration omitted).

        In People v Nutt, 469 Mich 565, 574; 677 NW2d 1 (2004), our Supreme Court explained
the protections against double jeopardy as follows:

              The United States and Michigan Constitutions protect a person from being
       twice placed in jeopardy for the same offense. The prohibition against double
       jeopardy provides three related protections: (1) it protects against a second
       prosecution for the same offense after acquittal; (2) it protects against a second
       prosecution for the same offense after conviction; and (3) it protects against
       multiple punishments for the same offense.

The present issue involves the third protection.

        Whether the prohibition against multiple punishments for the same offense has been
violated depends on the elements of the charged offenses. “[I]f each offense ‘requires proof of a
fact which the other does not’ then there is no violation of double jeopardy.” People v Garland,
286 Mich App 1; 777 NW2d 732 (2009), quoting Blockburger v United States, 284 US 299; 52 S
Ct 180; L Ed 306 (1932).

                                                   -4-
        Defendant was convicted of violating MCL 750.520c(1)(b) (CSC-II), and
MCL 750.520e(1)(a) (CSC-IV), for each incident of sexual touching that occurred before his
wife’s death. MCL 750.520c(1)(b) provides in relevant part:

              (1) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the second degree if the
       person engages in sexual contact with another person and if any of the following
       circumstances exists:

                                               * * *

               (b) That other person is at least 13 but less than 16 years of age and any of
       the following:

                                               * * *

               (ii) The actor is related by blood or affinity to the fourth degree to the victim.

       MCL 750.520e(1)(a) provides as follows:

              (1) A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the fourth degree if he
       or she engages in sexual contact with another person and if any of the following
       circumstances exist:

              (a) That other person is at least 13 years of age but less than 16 years of age,
       and the actor is 5 or more years older than that other person.

        As the foregoing shows, CSC-II and CSC-IV are codified as separate statutes. Contrary to
defendant’s argument on appeal, this is not a case of defendant being charged multiple times under
the same statute for different aggravating factors. In People v Johnson, 406 Mich 320, 323; 279
NW2d 534 (1979), our Supreme Court held that, under the CSC-I statute, a single sexual
penetration, accompanied by more than one aggravating factor, cannot result in multiple CSC-I
charges, convictions, and sentences. For example, if a single sexual penetration involved the use
of a weapon, force, and personal injury, the perpetrator could not be charged with three counts of
CSC-I. See id. at 324-325. In the present case, defendant was not charged under one statute on
the basis of multiple aggravating factors; he was charged under two separate statutes.

        With respect to the specific statutory elements of the two crimes of which defendant was
convicted, both MCL 750.520c(1)(b) and MCL 750.520e(1)(a) require the victim to be “at least
13 but less than 16 years of age.” However, MCL 750.520c(1)(b) also requires the actor to be
related to the victim by blood or affinity to the fourth degree, whereas MCL 750.520e(1)(a)
requires the actor to be “5 or more years older than the other person.” Each statute requires an
element that the other does not. A defendant could violate MCL 750.520c(1)(b) without violating
MCL 750.520e(1)(b), and vice versa. Therefore, under the Blockburger test, “because each
offense contains an element that the other does not, [CSC-II] and [CSC-IV] are separate offenses
for which defendant was properly convicted and sentenced, without violating defendant’s double
jeopardy protection against multiple punishments.” Garland, 286 Mich App at 6. Accordingly,

                                                  -5-
defendant has failed to show plain error affecting his substantial rights. See Carines, 460 Mich
at 763.

        Defendant next contends that the trial court erred by not giving a specific unanimity
instruction and that the general unanimity instruction that the trial court allowed the jury to cobble
together a verdict out of various charges.

        Because defendant did not object to the trial court’s jury instruction below, this issue is not
preserved for appellate review. See MCR 2.512(C); People v Gonzalez, 256 Mich App 212, 225;
663 NW2d 499. This Court review unpreserved claims of instructional error for plain error
affecting a defendant’s substantial rights. Carines, 460 Mich at 763.

        “A criminal defendant is entitled to have a properly instructed jury consider the evidence
against him.” People v Riddle, 467 Mich 116, 124; 649 NW2d 30 (2002). The right to a trial by
jury that is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution3 “includes a
requirement that the verdict should be unanimous.” Ramos v Louisiana, ___ US ___, ___; 140 S
Ct 1390, 1396-1397; 206 L Ed 2d 583 (2020). The Michigan Constitution also guarantees criminal
defendants a unanimous jury verdict. People v Gadomski, 232 Mich App 24, 30; 592 NW2d 75
(1998), citing Const 1963, art 1, § 14. “In order to protect a defendant’s right to a unanimous
verdict, it is the duty of the trial court to properly instruct the jury regarding the unanimity
requirement.” People v Cooks, 446 Mich 503, 511; 521 NW2d 275 (1994).

         [I]f alternative acts allegedly committed by defendant are presented by the state as
         evidence of the actus reus element of the charged offense, a general instruction to
         the jury that its decision must be unanimous will be adequate unless 1) the
         alternative acts are materially distinct ([when] the acts themselves are conceptually
         distinct or [when] either party has offered materially distinct proofs regarding one
         of the alternatives), or 2) there is reason to believe the jurors might be confused or
         disagree about the factual basis of defendant’s guilt. [Id. at 524.]

        A general unanimity instruction sufficed in Cooks because, although the defendant was
charged with one count of criminal sexual conduct and the victim testified about three separate
incidents, the incidents were anal penetrations that occurred in the same house over an unspecified
three-day period while only the victim and the defendant were present. Id. at 528. The Cooks
Court deemed the multiple acts alleged by the prosecutor to be “tantamount to a continuous course
of conduct.” Id. at 529. Further, the defendant did not offer specific defenses to any of the
allegations; instead, the defendant denied the existence of any inappropriate behavior. Id. On
these facts, the sole task of the jury, therefore, was to determine the credibility of the victim about
the pattern of alleged conduct. Id.

       The facts of the Cooks case are distinguishable from the facts in People v Yarger, 193 Mich
App 532; 485 NW2d 119 (1992), wherein this Court concluded that the trial court erred by not
providing a specific unanimity instruction. The defendant in Yarger was charged with, and

3
    US Const, Am VI.

                                                  -6-
convicted of, one count of CSC-III (victim at least 13 years of age and under 16 years of age). The
prosecution presented evidence of distinct types of penetration through the victim’s testimony that
she performed fellatio on the defendant and that the defendant penetrated her vagina with his penis.
The trial court instructed the jury that its verdict had to be unanimous and that finding beyond a
reasonable doubt that either fellatio or intercourse had occurred would satisfy the element of
penetration required to prove CSC-III. Id. at 534-535. On appeal, this Court stated that the trial
court erred by not instructing the jury that it “must unanimously agree on which act was proven
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 537. The general unanimity instruction that the trial court gave
allowed for the possibility of a verdict that was not unanimous: six jurors could have been
convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that fellatio occurred, while the other six could have believed
that vaginal intercourse, but not fellatio, had occurred. Id. Because the jury instructions were
insufficient to ensure a unanimous verdict, this Court reversed the defendant’s conviction. Id.

         The present case more closely resembles Cooks than Yarger. The evidence that the
prosecution offered was materially the same for each incident and each victim. Each minor child
testified that defendant intentionally touched or rubbed their penises over their clothes, and CB
testified that defendant touched and rubbed his inner thigh. There were no temporal times posts,
and the sexual touching occurred over a longer period than did the sexual abuse in Cooks.
However, the prosecutor elicited testimony from the victims that linked each incident of sexual
touching to a specific location, i.e., the Bishop house, the hotel, the Ogden house, and at the home
of defendant’s father. Further, as in Cooks, defendant did not offer specific defenses to any of the
allegations; rather, he denied that he had ever touched the boys for a sexual purpose. Lastly,
beyond asserting that a specific unanimity instruction was required because the incidents of sexual
contact were not temporally or geographically proximate, defendant has not shown how the jury
potentially could have reached a verdict that was not unanimous, nor pointed to any juror
confusion. On these facts, defendant has failed to show that the absence of a specific unanimity
instruction constituted plain error affecting his substantial rights. See Carines, 460 Mich at 774.

        Next, defendant contends that the trial court erred by not allowing his expert witness,
Dr. David Thompson, to testify about the video of the CAC’s forensic interview and about his
concerns with the interviewers’ questions. Defendant has not shown that he is entitled to relief on
this issue.

        Because defendant did not make an offer of proof at trial regarding the substance of Dr.
Thompson’s excluded testimony, MRE 103(a)(2), we are unable to conclude that the exclusion of
Dr. Thompson’s testimony affected defendant’s substantial rights. MRE 103(a). People v
Hampton, 237 Mich App 143, 154; 603 NW2d 270 (1999). “Unpreserved claims of evidentiary
error are reviewed for plain error affecting the defendant’s substantial rights.” People v Brown,
326 Mich App 185, 195; 926 NW2d 879 (2018).

        As previously indicated, defendant did not make an offer of proof about the substance of
Dr. Thompson’s testimony. The trial transcript indicates that the witness distilled his analysis into
two documents: a graph of consistencies and inconsistencies of the minor childrens’ responses
during the interviews and a “query count” that used a coding system to “evaluate each utterance
by the interviewer during the substantive portion” of the forensic interviews. Hence, the actual
substance of Dr. Thompson’s analysis cannot be determined from the transcript. One of the
purposes of an offer of proof is that it allows this Court to determine whether the trial court’s

                                                -7-
exclusion of evidence affected the defendant’s substantive rights. See Hampton, 237 Mich App
at 154. However, as previously explained, defendant’s failure to make an offer of proof to the trial
court does not allow this Court to determine whether exclusion of Dr. Thompson’s testimony
affected defendant’s substantial rights. Because defendant has not shown that the trial court’s
exclusion of the testimony affected his substantial rights, he has not shown that he is entitled to
relieve under plain-error review. See Carines, 460 Mich at 763.

       For the foregoing reasons, we reverse defendant’s convictions for Count 3 in LC No. 2019-
002067-FH (Docket No. 360976) and for Count 2 in LC No. 2020-000090-FH (Docket
No. 360978), but affirm defendant’s remaining convictions and sentences.

       Reversed in part and affirmed in part. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                             /s/ Christopher P. Yates
                                                             /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                             /s/ Sima G. Patel

                                                -8-