Court Opinion

ID: 4427812
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 18:55:58.069694+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:34:06.028870
License: Public Domain

SYLLABUS

This syllabus is not part of the Court’s opinion. It has been prepared by the Office of the
Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the
Court. In the interest of brevity, portions of an opinion may not have been summarized.

             Frances Green v. Monmouth University (A-63-17) (080612)

Argued January 3, 2019 -- Decided May 7, 2019

FERNANDEZ-VINA, J., writing for the Court.

       Plaintiff Frances Green brought suit against Monmouth University for injuries she
allegedly sustained while attending a Martina McBride concert that was held in a
University facility but was open to the public. In this appeal, the Court considers whether
the University is immune from Green’s suit pursuant to the Charitable Immunity Act,
N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7 to -11. Under the circumstances of this case, the answer to that
question hinges on whether, in hosting the concert, the University was engaged in
performing the educational objectives it was organized to promote and whether Green
was a direct recipient of its works when she attended the concert.

        Defendant Monmouth University is a non-profit educational institution. In its
certificate of incorporation, the University states that its “purposes” include providing
“for the holding of meetings and events open to the public, including classes,
conferences, lectures, forums, exhibitions, conventions, plays, motion pictures, concerts,
and athletic contests, all calculated, directly or indirectly, to advance the cause of
education and wholesome recreation.”

        Monmouth University and Thoroughbred Management, Inc. (TMI), a for-profit
corporation, entered into an agreement that allowed TMI to use the University’s
Multipurpose Activity Center (MAC) for the McBride concert. TMI paid a $10,000
rental fee. According to the Vice President of Student Life at Monmouth University, the
intent of that fee was “to cover the cost of the set up of the facility, the breakdown, the
police costs, [and] fire safety,” among other components. In addition, guests were
charged a “facility fee” of $3.00 per ticket, the proceeds of which were split evenly
between the University and TMI. The Vice President also testified that the University
did not expect to make money on its fee but instead hoped to cover its direct costs.

        While attending the concert, Green was climbing a set of stairs in an area that she
alleges was poorly lit. As Green stepped onto what appeared to be a solid surface, her
foot slipped down to the step below, causing her to fall forward. Her face struck the back
of a seat in one of the rows adjacent to the stairs. A University police officer walked to
where Green fell and observed a rubber strip sticking out from the step.

                                             1
        Green filed a complaint against the University. Both parties moved for summary
judgment. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the University. Noting
that the University’s resolution states that the University’s purposes include holding
concerts for the general public to advance the cause of education and wholesome
recreation, the court determined that the McBride concert fell “squarely within those
purposes.” And the court found that, even though Green was not a University student,
she was a beneficiary of its educational purpose when she attended the concert. The trial
court thus concluded that charitable immunity applied against Green’s claim.

       Green filed a timely appeal, and, in a split decision, the Appellate Division
affirmed the trial court’s determination. 452 N.J. Super. 542, 561 (App. Div. 2018). The
dissenting judge determined immunity to be inappropriate in light of the income the
University derived from the concert and the disputed question of whether McBride’s
concert was an “artistic performance” that served the University’s educational goals.
Green appealed to the Court as of right based on the dissent. See R. 2:2-1(a)(2).

HELD: The concert was promoting the University’s educational objectives and purposes
at the time of Green’s injury, and as a result, Monmouth University is afforded charitable
immunity. Although Green was not a Monmouth University student, she was a
beneficiary under the language of the Charitable Immunity Act.

1. The Legislature prescribed that the Charitable Immunity Act “shall be deemed to be
remedial and shall be liberally construed so as to afford immunity to” nonprofit entities
“organized for religious, charitable, educational or hospital purposes.” N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-
10. The Act sets out the contours of the immunity it grants to nonprofit entities in
N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7(a). “Distilling the statutory language to its essence,” the Court has
determined that “an entity qualifies for charitable immunity when it (1) was formed for
nonprofit purposes; (2) is organized exclusively for religious, charitable or educational
purposes; and (3) was promoting such objectives and purposes at the time of the injury to
plaintiff who was then a beneficiary of the charitable works.” Ryan v. Holy Trinity
Evangelical Lutheran Church, 175 N.J. 333, 342 (2003). There is no dispute here that the
University satisfies the first two prongs of that standard. The third prong of the charitable
immunity test involves two inquiries: (1) whether the organization pleading the
immunity, at the time in question, was engaged in the performance of the objectives it
was organized to advance; and (2) whether the injured party was a direct recipient of
those good works. Id. at 350. (pp. 15-18)

2. Although some nonprofits provide a wide range of services beyond their core purpose,
such activities do not eviscerate their entitlement to immunity as long as the services or
activities further the charitable objectives the entities were organized to advance. The
Court reviews a number of cases and focuses on a case similar to this one, in which the
Appellate Division held that Princeton University was “entitled to immunity from a claim
arising out of the rental of an auditorium to another non-profit entity that use[d] the

                                             2
facility for . . . educational purposes” -- a concert. Lax v. Princeton Univ., 343 N.J.
Super. 568, 573 (App. Div. 2001). In Lax, the Appellate Division stated that the
Princeton Chamber Symphony was a nonprofit corporation that rented an auditorium
from Princeton University, also a nonprofit corporation, for approximately $5000 per
concert. Id. at 569. The plaintiff, who was not a Princeton student, purchased a ticket
and attended a Symphony concert, where the plaintiff fell. Id. at 570. The panel found
that the plaintiff’s subsequent tort claims were barred by charitable immunity as to both
the orchestra and the university. Id. at 572. The Lax court’s ruling and the other
opinions discussed cumulatively reflect the liberal construction the Legislature has
prescribed for the Charitable Immunity Act. Courts have found institutions offering an
array of services to be educational in nature and have found a broad variety of activities
offered by educational institutions to advance their educational objectives. (pp. 18-25)

3. The second portion of the third prong of the charitable immunity test focuses on
whether the plaintiff was benefitting from the institution’s educational works when he or
she was injured. Courts will typically find Ryan’s third prong met if the plaintiff’s
presence was clearly incident to accomplishment of the defendant’s charitable purposes.
Courts also consider, but are not bound by, the purposes set forth in the organization’s
certificate of incorporation. Otherwise, every non-profit corporation could unilaterally
insulate itself from tort liability merely by setting forth a list of beneficiaries sufficiently
broad to include all possible claimants. And charitable immunity can still apply even
where the person has paid for the services rendered by the charity. (pp. 25-27)

4. Just as the Appellate Division in Lax found the Chamber Symphony to be
“educational” and “charitable” under the Charitable Immunity Act, the McBride concert
is afforded similar status. It served the University’s stated goals of presenting concerts
open to the public to advance the cause of education, and courts should not be in the
business of deciding what music constitutes “educational” music and what does not.
Furthermore, the Court agrees with the majority that Monmouth University’s decision to
rent out the MAC to host the Martina McBride concert did not result in the loss of the
University’s charitable immunity. If hiring third-party professionals triggers the loss of
an entity’s immunity status, non-profits in turn will be dissuaded from presenting
religious, charitable, or educational events, which is contrary to the Legislature’s intent.
The Court’s decision is not at all based on whether the University here made a profit or
lost money on the Martina McBride concert. The Legislature could have set up the
Charitable Immunity Act to turn on such issues, but it did not. Finally, Green was a
beneficiary under the language of the Charitable Immunity Act. (pp. 27-30)

       AFFIRMED.

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, PATTERSON,
SOLOMON, and TIMPONE join in JUSTICE FERNANDEZ-VINA’S opinion.
JUSTICE ALBIN did not participate.

                                               3
       SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
             A-63 September Term 2017
                        080612

                     Frances Green,

                 Plaintiff-Appellant,

                           v.

                Monmouth University,

               Defendant-Respondent,

                          and

            Press Communications, LLC,
               d/b/a Thunder 106, and
                  AEG Worldwide,

                      Defendants.

         On appeal from the Superior Court,
   Appellate Division, whose opinion is reported at
       452 N.J. Super. 542 (App. Div. 2018).

       Argued                        Decided
   January 3, 2019                  May 7, 2019

Stewart M. Leviss argued the cause for appellant
(Berkowitz, Lichtstein, Kuritsky, Giasullo & Gross,
attorneys; Stewart M. Leviss, on the briefs).

John N. Kaelin, III, argued the cause for respondent
(Schwab, Haddix and Millman, attorneys; John N.
Kaelin, III, on the briefs).

                           1
            Eric G. Kahn argued the cause for amicus curiae New
            Jersey Association for Justice (Javerbaum Wurgaft Hicks
            Kahn Wikstrom & Sinins, attorneys; Eric G. Kahn, of
            counsel and on the brief).

      JUSTICE FERNANDEZ-VINA delivered the opinion of the Court.

      Plaintiff Frances Green brought suit against Monmouth University for

injuries she allegedly sustained while attending a Martina McBride concert

that was held in a University facility but was open to the public. In this

appeal, we consider whether the University is immune from Green’s suit

pursuant to the Charitable Immunity Act, N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7 to -11.

      Under the circumstances of this case, the answer to that question hinges

on whether, in hosting the concert, the University was engaged in performing

the educational objectives it was organized to promote and whether Green was

“a direct recipient of those good works” when she attended the concert. See

Ryan v. Holy Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, 175 N.J. 333, 350 (2003).

      The trial court answered both of those questions in the affirmative and

granted summary judgment in favor of the University. A majority of the

Appellate Division panel agreed, relying on the liberal construction of the

Charitable Immunity Act and the institutional goals set forth in the

University’s certificate of incorporation. The dissenting judge determined

summary judgment on the basis of immunity to be inappropriate in light of the

                                        2
income the University derived from the concert and the disputed question of

whether McBride’s concert was an “artistic performance” that served the

University’s educational goals.

      Upon review, we agree with the Appellate Division majority that

Monmouth University’s decision to host a musical concert open to the public

-- an activity explicitly provided for under the “purposes” section of the

University’s certificate of incorporation -- served its educational goal. We

reach that conclusion without regard to the performer, the genre, or the

program of the concert. We decline to engage in subjective philosophical

questions of whether all music is art or whether all art is educational. We also

agree with the majority that, although Green was not a Monmouth University

student, she was a beneficiary of its educational purpose under the language of

the Charitable Immunity Act when she was injured. Monmouth University is

therefore immune from Green’s claims, and we affirm the judgment of the

Appellate Division.

                                        I.

                                       A.

      Defendant Monmouth University is a non-profit educational institution

located in West Long Branch. In its certificate of incorporation, the University

states that its “purposes” include:

                                        3
            To establish, maintain, and conduct an institution of
            learning for the purpose of promoting education . . . for
            the instruction of students in the various branches of
            technological, professional, vocational, and general
            cultural education . . . .

            To provide for the holding of meetings and events open
            to the public, including classes, conferences, lectures,
            forums, exhibitions, conventions, plays, motion
            pictures, concerts, and athletic contests, all calculated,
            directly or indirectly, to advance the cause of education
            and wholesome recreation.

            [(emphases added).]

      Plaintiff Frances Green is a resident of Long Branch in Monmouth

County. On December 9, 2012, Green attended a concert at the University’s

Multipurpose Activity Center (MAC). The event license agreement described

the concert as radio station “Thunder 106’s Winter Thunderland: Martina

McBride: The Joy of Christmas Tour.” Martina McBride is a country music

performer, and the concert at Monmouth University was one of sixteen

concerts that McBride performed as a part of a tour. The other fifteen concerts

were at venues located outside of New Jersey.

      By way of background, the University entered into an exclusive booking

agreement for the 2010-2012 period with Concerts East, Inc., which agreed to

act as the University’s “agent for live music entertainment services of artistic

performers on behalf of [the University]” for shows at the MAC. Concerts

East had the exclusive rights to book concerts for the University and was
                                        4
required to “adhere to the University’s established policies and procedures,

and be subject to the University’s prior written approval.”

      Under the agreement, Concerts East had rights to proceeds derived from

ticket sales, ticket rebates, and sponsorship revenues. In exchange, the

University received a $10,000 rental fee for the use of its facility, half of a per -

ticket charge called a “facility fee,” and commissions on artist merchandise.

Furthermore, the University had exclusive rights to proceeds accruing from

concessions, its Beer Garden, and parking.

      On March 7, 2012, Concerts East assigned its rights and obligations

under the booking agreement to Thoroughbred Management, Inc. (TMI), a for -

profit New Jersey corporation. Monmouth University and TMI entered into an

Event License Agreement on December 5, 2012 that allowed TMI to use the

MAC for the McBride concert. The University agreed to handle the over-the-

counter advance ticket sales at the MAC box office, but TMI otherwise

managed and controlled the ticketing for the event, with tickets sold through

Ticketmaster.

      Pursuant to the booking agreement, TMI paid a $10,000 rental fee.

According to Maryann Nagy, Vice President of Student Life at Monmouth

University, the intent of that fee was “to cover the cost of the set up of the

facility, the breakdown, the police costs, [and] fire safety,” among other

                                         5
components. In addition, guests were charged a “facility fee” of $3.00 per

ticket, the proceeds of which were split evenly between the University and

TMI. Ms. Nagy testified that the University did not expect to make money on

its fee but instead hoped to cover its direct costs.

      While attending the McBride concert, Green was climbing a set of stairs

in an area that she alleges was poorly lit. As Green stepped onto what

appeared to be a solid surface, her foot slipped down to the step below, causing

her to fall forward. As she fell, her face struck the back of a seat in one of the

rows adjacent to the stairs. Despite the fall, Green stayed to watch the concert.

After the concert, she told a University police officer, Corporal Alfonso

Acerra, what had happened. Officer Acerra walked to the location where

Green fell and observed a rubber strip sticking out approximately two inches

from the step. He later acknowledged in a deposition that the strip was a

tripping hazard.

                                         B.

      Green filed a complaint against the University, alleging that she was a

business invitee and the University breached its duty of care to her. Both

parties moved for summary judgment. On December 1, 2015, the trial court

granted summary judgment in favor of the University.

                                         6
      The court found that the University was “without dispute a non-profit

educational institution organized for charitable purposes.” The trial court thus

determined that the dispositive issue in the case was whether the University

was promoting its objectives and purposes at the time of Green’s injury, and

whether Green was a beneficiary of the University’s charitable works at the

time of her accident.

      Noting that the University’s resolution states that the University’s

purposes include holding concerts for the general public to advance directly or

indirectly the cause of education and wholesome recreation, the court

determined that the McBride concert fell “squarely within those purposes.”

The court noted that although the concert may have been a commercial

activity, it had a direct relationship to the University’s stated goals of hosting

concerts. The trial court thus distinguished the McBride concert from the

YMCA’s ski operation found not to fall within the organization’s purposes in

Kasten v. YMCA, 173 N.J. Super. 1, 10-11 (App. Div. 1980). And the court

found that, even though Green was not a University student, she was a

beneficiary of its educational purpose when she attended the concert. The trial

court thus concluded that charitable immunity applied against Green’s claim.

                                         7
      Green filed a timely appeal, and, in a split decision, the Appellate

Division affirmed the trial court’s determination. Green v. Monmouth Univ.,

452 N.J. Super. 542, 561 (App. Div. 2018).

      The majority stressed the Legislature’s instruction that, as remedial

legislation, the Charitable Immunity Act “‘shall be liberally construed so as to

afford immunity . . . from liability as provided herein in furtherance of the

public policy for the protection of nonprofit corporations’ organized for

educational purposes.” Id. at 550 (quoting N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-10). The

majority noted that “the term ‘educational’ has been broadly interpreted and

not limited to purely scholastic activities,” ibid. (quoting Orzech v. Fairleigh

Dickinson Univ., 411 N.J. Super. 198, 205 (App. Div. 2009)), and explained

that “[a] non-profit corporation may be organized for ‘exclusively educational

purposes’ even though it provides an educational experience which is

‘recreational’ in nature,” id. at 551 (quoting Roberts v. Timber Birch-

Broadmoore Athletic Ass’n, 371 N.J. Super. 189, 194 (App. Div. 2004)).

      Turning to the University’s certificate of incorporation, the majority

noted that the McBride concert served the University’s stated goal of

presenting concerts for the general public and therefore qualified as promoting

the objectives and purposes of the organization. The majority analogized this

case to Lax v. Princeton University, 343 N.J. Super. 568 (App. Div. 2001),

                                        8
finding that although Lax involved a classical music concert, not a country

music performance, “music is an art, and McBride is a musical artist. Thus,

McBride’s concert was a ‘cultural and educational experience for patrons of

this form of artistic production.’” Green, 452 N.J. Super. at 552 (quoting Lax,

343 N.J. Super. at 572).

      The majority also relied on the Lax court’s conclusion that the “plaintiff

was a direct ‘beneficiary’ of [Princeton’s] educational and charitable endeavor

when she was injured while attending one of the Chamber Symphony’s

concerts. The fact that she was required to pay the admission charge to obtain

this benefit does not affect her status as a beneficiary.” Ibid. (quoting Lax,

343 N.J. Super. at 572). The panel majority held that Green was likewise a

beneficiary of Monmouth University’s educational endeavor even though she,

like Lax, was a member of the general public who paid an admission charge to

attend a concert. Ibid.

      The majority then rejected several of Green’s arguments, most

importantly concluding that the Charitable Immunity Act applied even though

the University had rented out its auditorium to for-profit entities. Id. at 553.

The majority noted that there was no evidence in the record that the MAC’s

dominant use was rental to for-profit entities, or that the University sought to

profit from the concert. Id. at 555. Although the University received a

                                        9
$10,000 rental fee and $1.50 per ticket for facility fees, the majority found no

evidence that such figures were equal to or in excess of the market rate for

renting facilities such as the MAC, or that they constituted a profit over the

University’s cost. Ibid. The majority rejected the dissent’s view that the court

was compelled to infer, based on the summary judgment standard set forth in

Brill v. Guardian Life Insurance Co. of America, 142 N.J. 520 (1995), that the

University had a profit motive in hosting the concert, stating that such an

inference was not reasonable in light of the record. Green, 452 N.J. Super. at

556.

       The dissent found summary judgment inappropriate because, in its view,

there was a genuine dispute as to the material issue of whether the concert

advanced the University’s educational purpose. See id. at 561 (Fisher, J.,

dissenting). “[A]ssuming the truth of plaintiff’s factual assertions and viewing

those facts in the light most favorable to her,” the dissent reasoned, “requires

an assumption that the University’s sole interest or involvement in the Martina

McBride concert . . . was to offer its premises for a monetary profit.” Id. at

561-62. Noting that students had to purchase tickets, that the University did

not seek McBride’s performance, and that the University had contracted with

for-profit entities with no educational purpose in exchange for $10,000 and a

“piece of the action,” id. at 562, the dissent concluded that an inference could

                                        10
be made that, in hosting the concert, the University was promoting nothing

more than the best interests of the University’s “bottom line,” id. at 564.

      The dissent was not persuaded by the majority’s reliance on Lax, which

the dissent described as “inconsistent with” and an “unwarranted expansion”

of the Charitable Immunity Act, id. at 562-63, particularly because “Lax linked

the immunity determination to a requirement that the injury occur while the

plaintiff attended an ‘artistic’ performance,” id. at 562 n.3. The dissenting

judge expressed concern that such a standard is unworkable because it requires

courts to determine what constitutes art in each situation because one cannot

simply reason, as the majority did here, that “all music is art and all singers are

musical artists.” Ibid. In the dissent’s view, the University was not promoting

educational “objectives and purposes” when plaintiff sustained her injuries,

and plaintiff was not a “beneficiary” of the University’s educational

“objectives and purposes.” Id. at 563-64.

      Green appealed to this Court as of right based on the dissent in the

Appellate Division. -----
                    See R. 2:2-1(a)(2). We granted the motion of the New

Jersey Association for Justice (NJAJ) to appear as amicus curiae.

                                        11
                                         II.

                                         A.

      Green argues that there were disputed issues of material fact that should

have been submitted to the jury, particularly whether the University was

motivated by an educational or financial purpose and whether the concert was

educational. Green contends that the majority erred in finding that the concert

advanced the University’s educational purpose on the sole basis of a single line

from the University’s certificate of incorporation. Green questions the use of

what she characterizes as a subjective standard to determine what is

“educational” and instead proposes a charitable immunity test based on the

University’s level of involvement in musical offerings in general and in the

concert in particular. Green asserts that if renting its arena for the concert is

viewed as part of the University’s educational objectives and purposes, then

the immunity provided by the Charitable Immunity Act has no boundaries, and

the issue of immunity is decided once it is established that the entity itself is

“charitable,” “religious,” or “educational.”

                                         B.

      NJAJ similarly argues that “the current state of our charitable immunity

jurisprudence places our courts in the untenable position of either deciding

what is educational or granting a virtually total bar to all liability for

                                         12
educational non-profits.” NJAJ contends that by labeling Martina McBride an

“artist” whose concert therefore constitutes “a cultural and educational

experience, the Appellate Division inadvertently opened the door to an

avalanche of litigation” regarding what qualifies as educational. NJAJ asserts

that while Martina McBride is at issue today, someone like Eminem, or a

monster truck show, could be at issue tomorrow. NJAJ also notes the risk that

a college may hold concerts at an arena the size of MetLife Stadium -- with

greater ticket sales and profits -- but still seek to claim charitable immunity for

those performances. According to NJAJ, without this Court’s intervention,

courts will be left either to make subjective judgments about whether each

event that comes before them is educational, or to allow what was intended to

be a “permeable shield” from liability to become a total bar.

      NJAJ suggests that this Court adopt “a new test to determine when an

educational non-profit promotes its objectives” focused on the question, “what

is the school doing?” If that question were asked in this case, NJAJ submits,

“the answer would be: the University was renting its facilities for monetary

gain,” and charitable immunity would not apply. NJAJ suggests that such a

test would allow courts to avoid determining what constitutes education and

allow organizations to maintain their immunity when and where they are

promoting educational objectives.

                                        13
                                        C.

      The University argues that the Appellate Division decided the case

correctly. The University contends that it was engaged in the performance of

its educational objectives when Green was injured because its certificate of

incorporation specifies that an integral part of its educational mission is to

hold events and concerts open to the public. The University also asserts that

“by attending the concert, [Green] was a beneficiary of [the University’s]

educational goals.” Thus, the University maintains, it is entitled to charitable

immunity under N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7 and relevant case law.

                                        III.

                                        A.

      A trial court shall grant summary judgment if “the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with

the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact

challenged and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a

matter of law.” --
                R. 4:46-2(c). In considering whether there exists a genuine

issue of material fact, the motion judge must “consider whether the competent

evidential materials presented, when viewed in the light most favorable to the

non-moving party, are sufficient to permit a rational factfinder to resolve the

                                        14
alleged disputed issue in favor of the non-moving party.” Brill, 142 N.J. at

540.

       “Review of an order granting summary judgment is de novo.” Davis v.

Devereux Found., 209 N.J. 269, 286 (2012). Furthermore, a trial court’s

determination of the applicability of charitable immunity is reviewed de novo

because an organization’s right to immunity raises questions of law. Estate of

Komninos v. Bancroft Neurohealth, Inc., 417 N.J. Super. 309, 318 (App. Div.

2010).

                                       B.

       New Jersey’s doctrine of charitable immunity was first declared “as a

judicial expression of [New Jersey’s] public policy” in D’Amato v. Orange

Memorial Hospital, 101 N.J.L. 61 (E. & A. 1925), but was expressly

repudiated by this Court in Collopy v. Newark Eye & Ear Infirmary, 27 N.J. 29

(1958), as lacking historical foundation and contrary to “modern concepts of

justice.” See Collopy, 27 N.J. at 31, 47-48.

       The Legislature immediately responded by passing a precursor to the

Charitable Immunity Act and, a year later, the Act itself. See Bieker v. Cmty.

House of Moorestown, 169 N.J. 167, 174 n.1 (2001). Through that legislation,

“‘the common law doctrine as it had been judicially defined by the courts of

                                       15
this State’ was restored.” Id. at 174 (quoting Schultz v. Roman Catholic

Archdiocese, 95 N.J. 530, 533 (1984)).

      The Charitable Immunity Act’s “original purpose was to avoid the

diversion of charitable trust funds ‘to non-charitable purposes in order to live

up to the reasonable expectations of the benefactors.’” Ryan, 175 N.J. at 341

(quoting Parker v. St. Stephen’s Urban Dev. Corp., Inc., 243 N.J. Super. 317,

321 (App. Div. 1990)). “Over time, however, our case law has recognized that

the purposes underlying charitable immunity are broader than simply

preserving charitable trust funds and include the encouragement of altruistic

activity” by limiting the economic impact of litigation on charities. Ibid. To

effectuate those aims, the Legislature prescribed that the Charitable Immunity

Act

             shall be deemed to be remedial and shall be liberally
             construed so as to afford immunity to the said
             corporations, societies and associations from liability
             as provided herein in furtherance of the public policy
             for the protection of nonprofit corporations, societies
             and associations organized for religious, charitable,
             educational or hospital purposes.

             [N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-10.]

      The Act sets out the contours of the immunity it grants to nonprofit

entities as follows:

             No nonprofit corporation, society or association
             organized exclusively for religious, charitable or
                                       16
             educational purposes . . . shall, except as is hereinafter
             set forth, be liable to respond in damages to any person
             who shall suffer damage from the negligence of any
             agent or servant of such corporation, society or
             association, where such person is a beneficiary, to
             whatever degree, of the works of such nonprofit
             corporation, society or association; provided, however,
             that such immunity from liability shall not extend to
             any person who shall suffer damage . . . where such
             person is one unconcerned in and unrelated to and
             outside of the benefactions of such corporation, society
             or association.

             [N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7(a).]

      “Distilling the statutory language to its essence,” this Court has

determined that “an entity qualifies for charitable immunity when it (1) was

formed for nonprofit purposes; (2) is organized exclusively for religious,

charitable or educational purposes; and (3) was promoting such objectives and

purposes at the time of the injury to plaintiff who was then a beneficiary of the

charitable works.” Ryan, 175 N.J. at 342 (quoting O’Connell v. State, 171

N.J. 484, 489 (2002)).

      As the Appellate Division stated, there is no dispute here that “the

University satisfies the first two prongs of the charitable immunities standard

because it is a ‘nonprofit corporation . . . organized exclusively for . . .

educational purposes.’” Green, 452 N.J. Super. at 550 (quoting N.J.S.A.

2A:53A-7(a)). At issue in this matter is the third prong of the test.

                                         17
                                        C.

      This Court has explained that the third prong of the charitable immunity

test involves two inquiries. Ryan, 175 N.J. at 350. The first is whether “the

organization pleading the immunity, at the time in question, ‘was engaged in

the performance of the . . . objectives it was organized to advance.’” Ibid.

(quoting Anasiewicz v. Sacred Heart Church, 74 N.J. Super. 532, 536 (App.

Div. 1962)). The second is whether “the injured party [was] a direct recipient

of those good works.” Ibid. (citing DeVries v. Habitat for Humanity, 290 N.J.

Super. 479, 487-88 (App. Div. 1996)). Here, the question is whether the

concert furthered the University’s educational objectives and, if so, whether

Green was a beneficiary of the concert.

                                        i.

      The determination of whether a nonprofit entity’s activities are

consistent with its stated purpose frequently necessitates a “fact-sensitive

inquiry.” See Kuchera v. Jersey Shore Family Health Ctr., 221 N.J. 239, 252

(2015). Although some nonprofits “provide a wide range of services beyond

their core purpose,” such activities do not eviscerate their entitlement to

immunity “as long as the services or activities further the charitable objectives

[the entities were] organized to advance.” Id. at 252-53 (citing Bieker, 169

N.J. at 175).

                                        18
      In Bloom v. Seton Hall University, for example, the Appellate Division

found that Seton Hall was entitled to charitable immunity as a nonprofit

educational institution from a claim brought by a student injured at a campus

pub. 307 N.J. Super. 487, 490-92 (App. Div. 1998). Noting that courts have

“afforded to nonprofit institutions, whether educational, religious or charitable,

substantial latitude in determining the appropriate avenues for achieving their

objectives,” id. at 491, the Bloom panel found “it consistent with reasonable

educational goals for a university to conclude that a campus experience ought

to include opportunities to mature in an environment enriched not only by

study and classes, but by diverse forms of social interchange within the

university setting,” id. at 492.

      In Orzech v. Fairleigh Dickenson University, a panel similarly reasoned

“that the provision by a college or university of dormitory housing for its

students falls within the broad range of reasonable educational goals” because

it “provide[s] opportunities for students to live in an environment with other

students, share experiences, broaden their horizons by living and interacting

with other students of diverse backgrounds, and maturing as young adults.”

411 N.J. Super. 198, 207 (App. Div. 2009). The panel thus held that “a

dormitory resident injured in the dormitory as a result of the negligence of the

                                       19
university or its employees or agents would generally be barred from suing the

university or its employees or agents.” Id. at 208.

      In other cases, the broad term “educational” has been applied to a rope

and ladder climb at a Boy Scout exhibition, Stoolman v. Camden Cty. Council

Boy Scouts of Am., 77 N.J. Super. 129, 135 (Law Div. 1962) (“[T]he term[s]

‘educational’ and ‘recreation’ are not mutually exclusive but rather are

overlapping.”); daily craft and game activities offered by a religious camp,

Rupp v. Brookdale Baptist Church, 242 N.J. Super. 457, 465 (App. Div. 1990)

(noting that the “crafts and games” fostered “sportsmanship, honesty and

creativity” and were thus “educational for purposes of the [Charitable

Immunity Act]”); and an aquarium, Morales v. N.J. Acad. of Aquatic Scis.,

302 N.J. Super. 50, 54 (App. Div. 1997) (finding that the New Jersey Academy

of Aquatic Sciences “was organized exclusively for charitable and educational

purposes and that it operates [its] Aquarium in furtherance of those beneficent

purposes”).

      And in a case similar to the one before us, the Appellate Division held

that Princeton University was “entitled to immunity from a claim arising out of

the rental of an auditorium to another non-profit entity that use[d] the facility

for . . . educational purposes” -- a concert. Lax, 343 N.J. Super. at 573.

                                        20
      In Lax, the Appellate Division stated that the Princeton Chamber

Symphony was a nonprofit corporation that rented an auditorium from

Princeton University, also a nonprofit corporation, for approximately $5000

per concert. Id. at 569. The plaintiff in that case, who was not a Princeton

student, purchased a ticket and attended a Symphony concert, where the

plaintiff fell. Id. at 570. The panel found that the plaintiff’s subsequent tort

claims were barred by charitable immunity as to both the orchestra and the

university. Id. at 572.

      In holding that the concerts performed by the Symphony were

educational, the panel acknowledged that concerts could be viewed as a form

of entertainment or recreation. Id. at 571. The panel found that the concerts

were nevertheless “clearly ‘educational’ and ‘charitable’ within the intent of

the Charitable Immunity Act.” Ibid. Noting the wide array of organizations

found to have educational and charitable purposes, id. at 571-72, and stressing

that “[a] performance of classical music provides a cultural and educational

experience for patrons of this form of artistic production,” the court found that

the orchestra was organized and operated for charitable purposes and entitled

to charitable immunity, id. at 572.

      The Lax panel also found that Princeton University was entitled to

immunity from the plaintiff’s suit. Id. at 573. Noting that “[t]heatrical

                                        21
productions, concerts, and other artistic performances are an integral part of

the educational life of a university,” the panel reasoned that “if the University

presented its own chamber music production of classical music at [the

auditorium], there would be no doubt such a production would be considered

part of its educational program.” Ibid. Nor did the court find it problematic

that the university had rented its auditorium to the orchestra: citing Bieker --

in which this Court determined that a nonprofit entity that rents meeting rooms

and facilities “to charitable organizations, for-profit entities, and the general

public,” 169 N.J. at 170, would be entitled to charitable immunity unless

rentals to for-profit entities were the dominant use, id. at 179 -- the Lax panel

reasoned that the university would not lose its immunity as a nonprofit

educational institution simply because it had rented its auditorium to “another

non-profit entity that uses the facility for similar educational purposes.” Lax,

343 N.J. Super. at 573.

      The Lax court’s ruling as to Princeton University and the other opinions

described above focused on the third prong of the charitable immunity test and

provide examples of the breadth of activities that can be considered to advance

educational purposes. Further illustration of the scope of the term

“educational” can be found in cases focused on the second prong of the

                                        22
immunity test -- whether institutions are “organized exclusively for

educational purposes.”

      This Court interpreted that phrase in Ryan, 175 N.J. at 347. The Ryan

Court noted that while the Charitable Immunity Act groups religious,

charitable, and educational purposes all together, N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7,

“educational” and “religious” are “specific as to subject matter,” whereas

“charitable” is “a generic catchall term.” Id. at 343. The Court reasoned that

“educational” and “religious” have “limited and commonly understood

meaning[s],” ibid., and should thus be read literally, id. at 346.

      The Court then noted that the term “educational” has been interpreted

broadly as in Pomeroy v. Little League Baseball of Collingswood, 142 N.J.

Super. 471, 474 (App. Div. 1976). In that case, the Appellate Division panel

found that the Little League had an exclusively educational purpose because it

taught “young people the ideals of good sportsmanship, honesty, loyalty,

courage and reverence,” and its educational purpose was not vitiated simply

because it “was accomplished through the teaching of athletic skills.” Ryan,

175 N.J. at 347 (discussing Pomeroy).

      The Ryan Court went on to hold that a “group of parents and expectant

mothers organized to exchange experiences and receive information regarding

childbirth, child rearing, mothering, and family relationships” was an

                                        23
educational organization. Id. at 336-37, 347. The Court reasoned that “the

form that education takes,” such as discussion, “is not a touchstone for

qualifying for immunity.” Id. at 348. Nor was it relevant that the subject was

not academic in nature. Ibid. The Court noted that the organization stated it

had an educational purpose in its bylaws, offered focused discussions directed

by facilitators and experienced group members, and provided some lectures.

Id. at 347-48. The Court also noted that the ancillary services the organization

provided advanced its educational mission. Id. at 349. The Ryan Court thus

found that the organization under consideration was entitled to charitable

immunity. Ibid.

      The Appellate Division likewise discussed what constitutes an

educational purpose in Auerbach v. Jersey Wahoos Swim Club, in which the

court considered whether a swim club was organized for exclusively

educational purposes. 368 N.J. Super. 403 (App. Div. 2004). The club

identified its primary purpose as “promot[ing] and teach[ing] swimming.” Id.

at 408.

      The court opined that “the term ‘educational’ . . . [is] not limited to

purely scholastic activities,” id. at 411 (alterations in original) (quoting Bloom,

307 N.J. Super. at 492), and remarked that, “[w]hile an entity cannot assert

merely that ‘“life” is [the] educational experience,’” id. at 411-12 (quoting

                                        24
Kirby v. Columbian Inst., 101 N.J. Super. 205, 210 (Law Div. 1968)),

“‘educational’ has been broadly defined to include” a wide array of activities,

id. at 412. The panel additionally noted that an organization may be

promoting exclusively educational purposes even though providing an

educational experience that is “recreational” in nature. Id. at 412. Finally, the

panel explained that physical education and athletics were part of a school’s

curriculum and therefore fell within the broad definition of “educational.” Id.

at 413. The panel concluded that the swim club aimed to teach its members

swimming and aquatic skills, and that it was therefore educational. Ibid.

      Cumulatively, the decisions described above reflect the liberal

construction the Legislature has prescribed for the Charitable Immunity Act.

See N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-10. Courts have found institutions offering an array of

services to be educational in nature and have found a broad variety of activities

offered by educational institutions to advance their educational objectives.

                                       ii.

      The second portion of the third prong of the charitable immunity test

focuses on whether the plaintiff was benefitting from the institution’s

educational works when he or she was injured.

      The notion of who is a beneficiary of a charity’s works “is to be

interpreted broadly, as evidenced by the use of the words ‘to whatever degree’

                                       25
modifying the word ‘beneficiary’ in the [Charitable Immunity Act].” Ryan,

175 N.J. at 353 (discussing N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7). “Those who are not

beneficiaries must be ‘unconcerned in and unrelated to’ the benefactions of

such an organization.” Ibid. (quoting Gray v. St. Cecilia’s Sch., 217 N.J.

Super. 492, 495 (App. Div. 1987)). Pursuant to this expansive view, courts

will typically find Ryan’s third prong met if the plaintiff’s “‘presence was

clearly incident to accomplishment’ of the defendant’s charitable purposes.”

Bieker, 169 N.J. at 180 (quoting Gray, 217 N.J. Super. at 495).

      Our case law is evidence of this. See ibid. (the three-year-old plaintiff

was “plainly a recipient” of a community center’s “‘benefactions’ even if only

as a companion of his father and a spectator at his father’s basketball game”);

Pomeroy, 142 N.J. Super. at 475 (“[A] spectator at a Little League baseball

game is a beneficiary of defendant’s works since . . . at the time [she] was

injured defendant was engaged in . . . the charitable objectives it was

organized to advance.”); Peacock v. Burlington Cty. Historical Soc’y, 95 N.J.

Super. 205, 207-09 (App. Div. 1967) (a woman who accompanied her husband

to a historical society library to “keep him company and to enjoy an

automobile ride” and who “casually viewed exhibits and maps” while waiting

for him was a beneficiary of the society’s works even though “she had not the

slightest interest” in the information her husband sought); Anasiewicz, 74 N.J.

                                       26
Super. at 537-38 (holding that a wedding guest was a beneficiary of charitable

benefactions of Sacred Heart Church).

      Courts also consider, but are not bound by, the purposes set forth in the

organization’s certificate of incorporation. DeVries, 290 N.J. Super. at 484-

85. Otherwise, every non-profit corporation “could unilaterally insulate itself

from tort liability merely by setting forth a comprehensive list of beneficiaries

sufficiently broad to include all possible claimants.” Id. at 484.

      And charitable immunity can still apply “even where the person has paid

for the services rendered by the charity.” Loder v. St. Thomas Greek

Orthodox Church, 295 N.J. Super. 297, 302-03 (App. Div. 1996) (quoting

Casper v. Cooper Hosp., 26 N.J. Super. 535, 540 (App. Div. 1953)); see also

Hauser v. YMCA, 91 N.J. Super. 172, 176-78 (Law Div. 1966) (finding that

the plaintiff’s “paying guest status” did not deprive the YMCA of its charitable

immunity).

                                       IV.

      At issue in this matter is the third prong of N.J.S.A. 2A:53A-7(a),

whether the University “was promoting such objectives and purposes at the

time of the injury to plaintiff who was then a beneficiary of the charitable

works.” At the outset, we repeat that the Charitable Immunity Act is to be

liberally construed and that the phrase “educational purpose” has been

                                        27
interpreted broadly. Applying those legal principles to the facts and

circumstances of this case, we conclude that the majority of the Appellate

Division panel was correct in its determination.

      In Monmouth University’s certificate of incorporation, the University

expressly states that its “purposes” include the establishment and maintenance

of an institution that promotes education, including “general cultural

education,” as well as “provid[ing] for the holding of meetings and events

open to the public . . . all calculated, directly or indirectly, to advance the

cause of education and wholesome recreation.” While the purpose set forth in

an organization’s certificate of incorporation is not conclusive, the

organization’s stated purpose is a useful factor for courts to consider. See

DeVries, 290 N.J. Super. at 485.

      Here, the underlying event was a concert, which is undisputedly an

activity encompassed by the University’s certificate of incorporation as an

event that furthered the University’s educational purpose. Just as the

Appellate Division in Lax found the Chamber Symphony to be “educational”

and “charitable” under the Charitable Immunity Act, the McBride concert is

afforded similar status.

      As the majority stated, “[w]hether classical, country, or Christmas,

music is an art, and McBride is a musical artist. Thus, McBride’s concert was

                                         28
‘a cultural and educational experience.’” Green, 452 N.J. Super. at 552

(quoting Lax, 343 N.J. Super. at 572). The McBride concert served the

University’s stated goals of presenting concerts open to the public to advance

the cause of education.

      Further, as the majority correctly observed, courts should not be in the

business of deciding what music constitutes “educational” music and what

does not. By accepting the premise that all music is art, regardless of whether

it is country music, classical, rap, or some other type, courts can avoid going

down the proverbial rabbit hole of determining what music is considered

artistic, and what is not. See id. at 552 n.3. Nor does it matter whether the

music comes from a mainstream, commercially successful performer or a

nonprofit group. The outcome is the same. That is why we do not agree with

the dissent, which found that the McBride concert serves no educational

purpose or endeavor. Id. at 552. Requiring courts to engage in such an

analysis is problematic.

      While the Legislature never intended the Charitable Immunity Act to be

limitless, the Act is to be liberally construed, and we believe that today’s

ruling is in step with the Act’s legislative intent. We hold that the underlying

concert was promoting the University’s educational objectives and purposes at

                                        29
the time of Green’s injury, and as a result, Monmouth University is afforded

charitable immunity.

      Furthermore, we agree with the majority that Monmouth University’s

decision to rent out the MAC to host the Martina McBride concert did not

result in the loss of the University’s charitable immunity. A charitable entity

should be allowed to contract with third-party, for-profit entities to help

facilitate the logistics of establishing and running a charitable event -- like a

concert -- inasmuch as certain third parties undoubtedly have certain resources,

contacts, and expertise that a charitable entity may not possess. If hiring third-

party professionals triggers the loss of an entity’s immunity status, non-profits

in turn will be dissuaded from presenting religious, charitable, or educational

events, which is contrary to the Legislature’s intent.

      We also note that our decision is not at all based on whether the

University here made a profit or lost money on the Martina McBride concert.

The Legislature could have set up the Charitable Immunity Act to turn on such

issues, but it did not.

      Finally, although Green was not a Monmouth University student, she

was a beneficiary under the language of the Charitable Immunity Act. This is

well supported by our case law interpreting the language of the Charitable

Immunity Act, as previously noted.

                                        30
                                      V.

     For the reasons set forth, the judgment of the Appellate Division is

affirmed.

     CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, PATTERSON,
SOLOMON, and TIMPONE join in JUSTICE FERNANDEZ-VINA’S opinion.
JUSTICE ALBIN did not participate.

                                     31