Court Opinion

ID: 5497116
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-10 02:53:59.059642+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:33:50.252873
License: Public Domain

Bartlett, J.
This action is brought to recover damages for an alleged trespass committed by the defendant in entering upon certain premises on the west side of Fifth avenue between One Hundred and Thirty-Seventh street and One Hundred and Thirty-Eighth street in the city of Hew York, and removing therefrom and destroying a fence which inclosed the property. The plaintiffs proved their possession of the premises under a claim of ownership. The entry and the removal of the fence by the defendant were admitted. These acts could only be justified by showing that the title to the land was in the defendant. This he sought to do by proof that the property was situated in the tideway of the Harlem river, and hence passed to the city of Hew York under the Dongan charter of 1686. Mayor v. Hart, 95 N. Y. 443. But the plaintiffs introduced evidence to the contrary, tending to show that the ordinary line of high water was originally east of the premises to which this suit relates. On this issue the learned trial judge held with the plaintiffs, and we discover nothing in the record which should lead us to interfere with his finding. There is no evidence in the case going back to the time of the Dongan charter, to show us where the ordinary high-water mark of the Harlem river was, 1686. The earliest proof in this record as to the actual location of the line of high water near the property in question is furnished by what is known as the “Bandall Map, ” which was made for the city by a surveyor named John Bandall, Jr., and was filed in the office of the street commissioners in or before the year 1821. The particular sheet of this map which embraces the property in dispute is dated May 18, 1819. It shows a pink line, separating an area on the west, colored yellow, from an area on the east, colored blue. Both the yellow portion and the blue portion of the map bear symbols which are evidently intended to indicate the presence of grass. There are no words on the map to show what line, if any, was intended to represent the high-water mark of the Harlem river; but Mr. Silas Ludlam, an old and experienced surveyor, testified that the pink line, which has been mentioned, dividing the high grass and the low grass, showed the limit of ordinary high water on the map. To confirm the correctness of the Bandall map, the defendant proved by another surveyor, who made a survey of the upper part of Hew York island in 1886 for the purpose of locating the ordinary high-water line, that after the completion of his work he compared the results with the lines shown on the Bandall map, and found that those indicating high-water mark were almost identical. If the pink line on the Bandall map represents the actual location of the original line of ordinary high water on the. Harlem, the property in question must be within the former tideway. But the trial judge preferred to rely upon the testimony of living witnesses, rather than upon the map; and, indeed, some doubt may well be entertained as to the competency of this map as evidence in favor of the defendant, in view of the fact that it was prepared at the instance of the very municipal corporation which now puts it forward as the main foundation for the claim of title asserted in the present litigation in its behalf.
Hone of the witnesses called on the trial could recollect the loons in quo as far back as 1821, the year in which the Bandall map appears to have been filed; but Walter Brady, a witness for the plaintiffs, remembered the locality as long ago as 1831, when Mr. Charles H. Hall, who then occupied the property, caused a fresh-water pond to be constructed there. “The line of ordinary high water, ” says this witness, “opposite the block between One Hundred and Thirty-Seventh street and One Hundred and Thirty-Eighth street was somewhere about Fifth avenue—along the line of Fifth avenue.” This would leave the premises in controversy outside the tideway. Again the witness says: “I think high-water line was along by Fifth avenue. When the tide flowed up at high water at this place at Fifth avenue there was a *790high embankment there against which it flowed. ” And the witness explained that he did not mean an artificial bank built by Mr. Hall to inclose or retain his pond, but a solid bank, which existed there before any artificial construction, and against which the tide flowed at high water about on the line of Fifth avenue. In 1831 Mr. Hall seems to have determined to’devote a portion of the farm which he occupied to the purposes of a pleasure garden, and he then constructed the pond which has been mentioned upon the property to which this action relates. The pond was retained in part at least by embankments or causeways upon the east and north; and in the embankment to-the east there was a wooden sluice or flood-gate. According to Dr. Lewis A. Sayre, who knew the place as early as 1846, the embankment remained there-until after Mr. Hall’s death, which occurred in 1852. A portion of it had broken away, permitting the surplus water from the pond to overflow into-the marsh beyond, and there were parts where the muskrats had eaten away a great deal of the bank. As against the explicit testimony of the witness Brady, to the effect that the ordinary high-water line of the Harlem river was east of these premises in 1831, we have nothing but the statements of a number of witnesses for the defense that, years afterwards, they had known the tide to flow in over the locality where Hall’s pond is proved to have been situated. An inflow of this character, however, due to an artificial excavation upon the property and to breaks in the embankment about that excavation, is of little or no importance in determining the location of the original tideway. The earliest testimony given by any living witness as to the line of ordinary high water with reference to this land shows that the tide did not usually flow over it, and the court below was justified in accepting this as-more satisfactory than the inferences to be drawn from the Randall map, or from what occurred after the pond was made, and the retaining bank began to deteriorate. The adverse possession upon which the plaintiffs also rely appears, to us to have been sufficiently made out. There is proof enough to sustain the finding that the premises were protected by a substantial inclosure during Mr. Hall’s occupancy from 1831 to 1852. See Trustees v. Kirk, 84 N. Y. 215. The judgment below should be affirmed, with costs. All concur.