Court Opinion

ID: 2685607
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-07-24 22:00:40.439514+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:15:09.381224
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 RALPH S. JANVEY, et al.,

    Plaintiffs,

           v.                                            Civil Action No. 12-155 (CKK)
 PROSKAUER ROSE, LLP, et al.,

    Defendants.

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                     (July 24, 2014)

       Presently before the Court is Plaintiffs’ [15] Motion to Transfer Case to the United States

District Court for the Northern District of Texas. In response, Defendants filed a [29] Cross-

Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction. Upon consideration of the pleadings,1 the relevant

legal authorities, and the record as a whole, the Court finds that transferring this case to the

United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas is not in the interest of justice.

Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ [15] Motion is DENIED and Defendants’ [29] Cross-Motion is

GRANTED and this case is DISMISSED.2

       1
         Plaintiffs’ Motion to Transfer Under 28 U.S.C. § 1631 (“Pl.s’ Mot.”), ECF No. [15];
Defendants’ Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion to
Transfer Under 28 U.S.C. § 1631 and in Support of Defendants’ Cross-Motion to Dismiss for
Lack of Jurisdiction (“Def.s’ Opp’n.”), ECF No. [30]; Plaintiffs’ Reply in Support of Motion to
Transfer Under 28 U.S.C. § 1631 (“Pl.s’ Reply”), ECF No. [37].
       2
          Pending before the Northern District of Texas District Court at the time this matter was
transferred back to this Court were two motions: (1) Plaintiff Ralph S. Janvey’s Motion to
Substitute Attorney, N.D. Tex., ECF No. [66], and (2) Defendants Proskauer Rose LLP and
Thomas V. Sjoblom’s Cross-Motion to Compel Discovery, N.D. Tex., ECF No. [70]. Both
motions are opposed. Defendants oppose Plaintiffs’ substitution of counsel because “they
believe that proposed replacement counsel, Neligan Foley LLP, co-counsel and/or Janvey may
have received actual or imputed knowledge of confidential government information [about the
SEC investigation], including information concerning Proskauer and Sjoblom, in violation of
                                       I.      BACKGROUND

       This case arises from the Ponzi scheme of Allen Stanford, who controlled Stanford

International Bank (“SIB”) which sold billions of dollars in fraudulent certificates of deposit to

more than 50,000 people over a period of more than two decades. Pl.s’ Mot. ¶ 2. Plaintiff Ralph

S. Janvey was appointed by the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas,

Dallas Division, to serve as the Receiver for the Stanford Receivership Estate. Compl. ¶ 2. In his

capacity as Court-Appointed Receiver, Janvey filed suit on behalf of the Stanford Receivership

Estate and the Official Stanford Investors Committee (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) against

Proskauer Rose, LLP, Chadbourne & Parke, LLP, and Thomas V. Sjoblom (collectively,

“Defendants”) on January 27, 2012, asserting negligence, aiding and abetting in breaches of

fiduciary duties, and aiding and abetting in a fraudulent scheme, among other claims, by

assisting SIB in evading regulatory oversight and obstructing the government investigation. Id.

at ¶¶ 209-221; Pl.s’ Mot., ¶ 3. Although Plaintiffs filed sixty-one lawsuits on behalf of the

Stanford Receivership Estate in the United States District Court for the Northern District of

Texas, Plaintiffs filed the present cause of action in this Court. See Def.s’ Opp’n. at 1-2;

Rouhandeh Decl., ECF No. [31-1].

Texas Disciplinary Rule of Professional Conduct 1.10 and ABA Model Rule of Professional
Conduct 1.11.” Joint Status Report (Feb. 6, 2014), ECF No. [20], at 6. In their Cross-Motion to
Compel Discovery, Defendants seek discovery to “determine the extent of the improper
transmission of that information,” if any. Def.s’ Cross-Mot. at 7. This Court has determined
there is no need to evaluate the parties’ motions to substitute counsel and to compel discovery
because Defendants’ concerns about replacement counsel’s knowledge of confidential
information about the SEC investigation have no bearing on the purely procedural motion to
transfer presently before the Court. Moreover, as this case is being dismissed for lack of
jurisdiction, the Court finds Plaintiffs’ [66] Motion to Substitute Counsel and Defendants’ [70]
Cross-Motion for Discovery MOOT. Accordingly, the Court also denies as MOOT the recent
Motion for Admission Pro Hac Vice filed on behalf of attorney Douglas J. Buncher as proposed
counsel to represent Plaintiff Ralph S. Janvey. See ECF No. [38].
                                                 2
       On February 16, 2012, Defendants filed a Notice of Potential Tag-Along Action with the

United States Panel on Multidistrict Litigation, seeking transfer of this case to the United States

District Court for the Northern District of Texas. See Remand Order (Dec. 23, 2013), ECF No.

[14]. Subsequently, on March 2, 2012, this case was transferred to the United States District

Court for the Northern District of Texas by the Panel on Multidistrict Litigation pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1407, which provides that civil actions that involve one or more common questions of

fact and are pending in different districts may be transferred to any district for coordinated or

consolidated pretrial proceedings. The Clerk of the Panel entered a conditional order transferring

the case to the Northern District of Texas. See Conditional Transfer Order (Mar. 1, 2012), ECF

No. [11].

       On October 24, 2012, Defendants filed Motions to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction in the

Northern District of Texas. See N.D. Tex. (Dallas), ECF Nos. [49], [50], [53].          Defendants

argued that the Northern District of Texas did not have subject matter jurisdiction because the

parties were not diverse due to the “statelessness” of Defendants Proskauer Rose and

Chadbourne & Parke. Def.s’ Mot. to Dismiss, N.D. Tex. (Dallas), ECF No. [49], at 13-23.

Additionally, Defendants contended that, because Plaintiffs originally chose to file in the District

of Columbia, they could not assert jurisdiction in the Northern District of Texas pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 754 and must instead establish an independent ground for federal subject matter

jurisdiction, which they failed to do. Id. at 23-26. On December 12, 2012, Plaintiffs moved for a

recommendation of remand of the case to the District of Columbia, arguing that the District of

Columbia court could cure any jurisdictional defects by ordering a 28 U.S.C. §1631 transfer in

the “interest of justice” to a court with jurisdiction. See Pl.s’ Mot. for Recommendation of

Remand, N.D. Tex. (Dallas), ECF No. [55]. On August 21, 2013, the United States District

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Court of the Northern District of Texas issued an order denying Defendants’ motions to dismiss

and recommending that the United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation remand the

case back to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to determine Plaintiff’s

§ 1631 transfer request. See Order (Aug. 21, 2013), N.D. Tex. (Dallas), ECF No. [71]. On

December 23, 2013, a Remand Order was issued by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation

directing remand of the case from the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas to

the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. See Remand Order (Dec. 23, 2013), ECF

No. [14]. The Panel gave weight to the Northern District of Texas’ determination that remand

was necessary to provide Plaintiffs “the opportunity to present to the District of Columbia court

evidence and argument that a transfer to this Court [the Northern District of Texas] would be in

the interest of justice.” Id. at 3.

        On February 5, 2014, Plaintiffs filed in this Court a Motion to Transfer Case to the

United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1631. On

February 20, 2014, Defendants filed a Cross-Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction and a

Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion to Transfer and in Support of Defendants’

Cross-Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiffs concede that this court does not have jurisdiction over this

action, but argue that this case should be transferred to the Northern District of Texas pursuant to

§1631 because Plaintiffs reasonably believed that diversity jurisdiction existed at the time of

filing in this court and if transfer to a court of proper jurisdiction is denied, “there is a risk that

the Receiver’s negligence claims may be barred.” Pl.’s Mot. ¶ 14. Defendants contend that this

action should be dismissed because Plaintiffs filed this action in this court in bad faith and thus it

is not in the interest of justice to transfer the action. On March 27, 2014, Plaintiffs filed a

Motion for Leave to Late-File Reply. See ECF No. [33]. The Court granted Plaintiffs’ Motion

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on June 30, 2014, and Plaintiffs’ Reply was subsequently docketed. Accordingly, this motion is

now ripe for review.

                                      II.      LEGAL STANDARD

       Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631, courts have authority to transfer a civil action filed in the

wrong jurisdiction, “if it is in the interest of justice” to do so. When a case is transferred

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631, it “proceed[s] as if it had been filed in . . . the court to which it is

transferred on the date upon which is was actually filed in . . . the court from which it is

transferred.” Id. “There are three elements to a section 1631 transfer: (1) there must be a lack of

jurisdiction in the district court; (2) the transfer must be in the interest of justice; and (3) the

transfer can be made only to a court in which the action could have been brought at the time it

was filed or noticed.” Fasolyak v. The Cradle Soc’y, Inc., No. 06-1126, 2007 WL 2071644, at

*11 (D.D.C. July 19, 2007) (quoting Ukiah Adventist Hosp. v. FTC, 981 F.2d 534, 549 (D.C. Cir.

1992)). As the party requesting transfer, Plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing that the

elements of a § 1631 transfer have been met. See Osage Tribe of Indians of Okla. v. U.S., No. 04-

283, 2005 WL 578171, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar. 9, 2005) (rejecting defendants’ transfer request under

§ 1631 because defendants failed to make the necessary threshold showing that the court lacked

subject matter jurisdiction). Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631, “federal courts [have the] authority to

make a single decision upon concluding that it lacks jurisdiction – whether to dismiss the case . .

. or, in the interest of justice, to transfer it . . . .” Maxwell v. Lappin, No. 10-1613, 2011 WL
1897175 at *2 fn. 1 (D.D.C. May 18, 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court shall

consider the three § 1631 requirements in turn.

                                            III.   DISCUSSION

   A. Jurisdiction in the District of Columbia District Court

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       The first requirement of a § 1631 transfer—that the district court in which the action was

originally filed lack jurisdiction—has clearly been met in this case, and both parties agree that

this Court lacks jurisdiction. See Pl.s’ Mot. Mem. ¶ 3 (“The parties agree that the District of

Columbia district court did not and does not have diversity jurisdiction to hear this case.”);

Def.s’ Opp’n. at 8 (“[T]here is no dispute that this Court lacks federal subject-matter jurisdiction

over this case.”). In their Complaint, Plaintiffs originally alleged that this Court had jurisdiction

over this action under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1) because “Plaintiffs and Defendants are citizens of

different states.” Compl. ¶ 7. However, both parties now concede that this Court lacks subject-

matter jurisdiction over this case because some of the defendants are in fact “stateless” for the

purposes of diversity jurisdiction. See Pl.s’ Mot. Mem. ¶ 3 (“[T]he District of Columbia district

court did not and does not have diversity jurisdiction . . . Plaintiffs did not know the facts about

the law firms ‘stateless partners’ at the time.”); Def.s’ Opp’n. at 7 (“[E]ach defendant law firm

has at least one partner who is a ‘stateless’ person, precluding diversity jurisdiction.”).

Specifically, two of the defendants are law firms with partners who are American citizens

domiciled abroad. See Def. Chadbourne & Parke, LLP’s Mot. to Dismiss, N.D. Tex. (Dallas),

Mecz Decl. and Greenwald Decl., ECF No. [49-1]; Def. Proskauer Rose LLP’s Mot. to Dismiss,

N.D. Tex. (Dallas), Spitzer Decl., ECF No. [51].3 The Supreme Court has held that the

citizenship of a partnership for the purposes of establishing diversity jurisdiction “depends on the

citizenship of ‘all the members.’” Carden v. Arkoma Assocs., 494 U.S. 185, 195 (1990) (quoting

Chapman v. Barney, 129 U.S. 677, 682 (1889)). “Partnerships which have American partners

living abroad pose a special problem. . . . An American citizen domiciled abroad, while being a

       3
         Defendants incorporate into their present Opposition and Motion to Dismiss all
arguments made in their Motions to Dismiss the First Amended Complaint filed before the
Northern District of Texas. See Def.s’ Opp’n. at 7 fn. 3.
                                                6
citizen of the United States is, of course, not domiciled in a particular state, and therefore such

person is ‘stateless’ for purposes of diversity jurisdiction.” Swiger v. Allegheny Energy, Inc.,

540 F.3d 179, 183-184 (3rd Cir. 2008). “Because a ‘stateless’ defendant ‘destroy[s] complete

diversity,’” all parties concede, and the Court agrees, Defendants cannot be sued in this Court

based upon diversity jurisdiction. See Newman-Green, Inc. v. Alfonzo-Larrain, 490 U.S. 826,

829 (1989). See Swiger, 540 F.3d at 185 (holding that federal courts lacked diversity jurisdiction

over defendant Morgan Lewis, a law firm with a partner who was an American citizen domiciled

abroad because of the partner’s “statelessness”). Accordingly, the Court finds that it lacks

subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims.

   B. Jurisdiction in the Northern District of Texas District Court

          The next requirement for a § 1631 transfer is that the transfer be made to a court “in

which the action could have been brought at the time it was filed or noticed.” Fasolyak, WL

2007 2071644, at *11. Both parties appear to agree that the Northern District of Texas has

jurisdiction over these proceedings pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 754. See Def.s’ Opp’n. at 1-2

(“Unlike the Northern District of Texas, which Plaintiffs concede has ‘jurisdiction over the

Stanford receiver proceedings’ . . .”); Pl.s’ Mot. Mem. ¶ 3. Pursuant to § 754, the Northern

District of Texas, as the court that appointed Plaintiff as Receiver, has jurisdiction over any

claim brought by the Receiver in his execution of Receivership duties. See Def. Chadbourne &

Parke’s Mot. to Dismiss, N.D. Tex. (Dallas), at 18 (“[The Northern District of Texas] has

previously acknowledged that ‘a receiver has standing to bring ancillary recovery actions in the

appointing court . . .’”) (citing Janvey v. Alquire, 846 F. Supp. 2d 662, 668-69) (N.D. Tex.

2011)).

          However, the question remains as to whether this action could have been brought in the

                                                  7
Northern District of Texas at the time it was filed—as required by the statute.                In their

Opposition, Defendants raise the specter that had Plaintiff filed the present action in the Northern

District of Texas at the time Plaintiff filed the action in this court, the action would have been

barred by the Texas statute of limitations. See Def.s’ Opp’n at 2. Plaintiffs effectively ignore this

issue in their briefing, focusing instead on whether the Texas statute of limitations would bar this

action if it were filed in the Northern District of Texas District Court today. But whether an

action would have been barred by a statute of limitations in the transferee court if that action had

originally been filed in that court is an essential part of the analysis of the third requirement of a

§ 1631 transfer. See Hyun Min Park v. Heston, 245 F.3d 665, 667 (8th Cir. 2001) (holding that

untimely appeal could not be transferred under § 1631 because transfer “can remedy the mistake

of filing in the wrong court, but not the mistake of filing in an untimely manner”); Briseno v.

United States, No. 08-74, 2009 WL 899697, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Mar. 31, 2009) (transferring case

pursuant to § 1631 because plaintiffs had cited “to a statute of limitations which, in their opinion,

would likely bar a new case filed after the dismissal of plaintiffs’ suit in this court, but which

would not bar plaintiffs’ claims as of the date of their original filing in this court.”). Neither party

sufficiently briefs the statute of limitations issue apparently because both—correctly—agree that

timeliness questions are most prudently resolved not by the transferor court, but by the transferee

court. See Def.s’ Opp’n. at 16; Pl.s’ Reply ¶ 4; see also Sosa v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Def., 47 Fed.

Appx. 350, 352 (6th Cir. 2002) (holding that transferee court should resolve the disputed

timeliness of plaintiff’s claim); Hyun Min Park, 245 F.3d at 667 (declining to resolve the “open

question” of whether plaintiff’s petition for review was timely and transferring the case pursuant

to § 1631). Consequently, the Court finds that the facts relevant to the third requirement for a §

1631 transfer do not prevent transfer to the Northern District of Texas.             Nevertheless, as

                                                   8
explained below, the Court shall deny transfer of this action to the Northern District of Texas

because transfer is not in the interest of justice.

    C. Transfer Would Not Be in the Interest of Justice

        This Court must finally consider whether transferring this case to the Northern District of

Texas is in the interest of justice. The legislative history of § 1631 indicates that “Congress

contemplated that the provision would aid litigants who were confused about the proper forum

for review.” Am. Beef Packers, Inc. v. I.C.C., 711 F.2d 388, 390 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (per curiam)

(citing S.Rep. No. 275, 97th Cong., 2d Sess. 11 (1981), reprinted in 1982 U.S.C.C.A.N. 11,

21). In determining whether a transfer is in the interest of justice, the equities of dismissing a

claim when it could be transferred should be carefully weighed. Liriano v. United States, 95
F.3d 119, 122 (2d Cir. 1996) (citing Franchi v. Manbeck, 947 F.2d 631, 634 (2d Cir.

1991)). Courts have found that transfer is “in the interest of justice” when, for example, the

original action was misfiled by a pro se plaintiff or by a plaintiff who, in good faith,

misinterpreted a complex or novel jurisdictional provision. See, e.g., Prof’l Managers’ Ass’n v.

U.S., 761 F.3d 740, 745 fn. 5 (D.D.C. 1985) (holding that transfer was in the interest of justice

“because of the complexity of the federal court system and special jurisdictional provisions”);

Besser v. Sec. of HHS, No. 86-1477, 1987 WL 155962 at *1 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (holding transfer

was in the interest of justice because a pro se litigant was confused as to where to file his action).

Courts have also looked to whether it would be time consuming and costly to require a plaintiff

to refile his or her action in the proper court or whether dismissal would work a significant

hardship on plaintiff who would likely now be time barred from bringing his or her action in the

proper court. See Prof’l Managers’ Ass’n, 761 F.3d at 745 fn. 5; Maxwell, 2011 WL 1897175 at

*2 (holding transfer was in the interest of justice because it would be too costly and time-

                                                      9
consuming to make prisoner refile his habeas petition); Bailey v. Fulwood, 780 F. Supp. 2d. 20,

27 (D.D.C. 2011) (same).

       Weighing these factors, the Court cannot find that transfer is in the interest of justice in

the present case. First, Plaintiffs are not pro se litigants who were simply confused as to the

proper forum in which to file their action. Rather, Plaintiffs are represented by two law firms,

Strasburger & Price, LLP and Neligan Foley, LLP. Cf. Esposito v. C.I.R., 208 F. Supp. 2d. 44,

46 (D.D.C. 2002) (“Confusion about the proper forum is certainly understandable when the

litigants are pro se . . . .”); Besser, 1987 WL 155962, at *1 (holding that “because this pro se

litigant was confused as to where to file his action, we decline to dismiss the petition. Instead, we

transfer this action . . . .”). Nor have Plaintiffs alleged that there were complex or novel

jurisdictional provisions at issue excusing their failure to file this action in the proper court.

Instead, Plaintiffs’ failure to recognize that the District of Columbia District Court lacked

jurisdiction over their lawsuit suggests that Plaintiffs filed their suit in this jurisdiction either in

bad faith and/or as an attempt at forum shopping. It is well settled law that a “stateless” partner

can destroy complete diversity. Plaintiffs claim that they “did not know the facts about the law

firms[’] ‘stateless partners’ prior to filing this suit, and such facts are inherently difficult if not

impossible to discover from publicly available information.” Pl.s’ Mot. Mem. ¶ 3. However, it

would have required a minimal amount of research on Defendants’ websites for Plaintiffs to be

alerted to the likelihood that Defendants might be considered “stateless” for the purposes of

diversity jurisdiction. See Def.s’ Opp’n. at 12 (“[E]ven a minimal level of diligence would have

revealed that Proskauer and Chadbourne . . . have fourteen different international offices . . . This

information is prominently and clearly identified on both firms’ websites . . . which also disclose

that U.S. law is practiced in foreign offices, in some cases by partners who have obviously

                                                  10
American backgrounds but have lived in the same foreign country for as many as 20 years or

more.”). As Defendants argue, prior to filing this suit, “[P]laintiffs should, at a bare minimum,

have realized that they lacked the information necessary to plead what was required for diversity

jurisdiction under established federal law.” Id. at 20. Instead, despite having sophisticated

counsel, Plaintiffs only alleged jurisdiction was appropriate in this court because Defendants

Proskauer Rose and Chadborne & Parke are “citizen[s] of a state other than Texas.” Compl. ¶¶

10-11. See Kelso v. Luna, 317 Fed. Appx. 846, 848 (10th Cir. 2009) (holding that transfer was

inappropriate because plaintiff’s original action was not filed in good faith where plaintiff

“should have realized” that the district in which he filed was an improper forum because an

action he had previously filed was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction). The Court finds that it is

unlikely that Plaintiffs were simply confused about the propriety of jurisdiction in this court.

       Furthermore, the fact that Plaintiffs previously filed sixty-one related lawsuits and, “in an

abundance of caution,” one virtually identical suit in the Northern District of Texas, but only one

suit in the District of the District of Columbia, suggests that Plaintiffs may have been aware that

the District of Columbia was an improper forum. Pl.s’ Mot. Mem. ¶ 4 fn. 1 (“. . . in an

abundance of caution, Plaintiffs filed a second suit in the Northern District of Texas . . . which is

. . . stayed pending the outcome of the D.C. suit.”). The timing of this suit also suggests that

Plaintiffs were attempting to circumvent concerns regarding the constraints of the statute of

limitations in Texas. While the limitations period for negligence claims is two-years in Texas, it

is three-years in the District of Columbia. Kansa Reinsurance Co. v. Cong. Mortg. Corp. of Tex.,

20 F.3d 1362, 1369 (5th Cir. 1994) (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 16.003);

Johnson v. Long Beach Mortg. Loan Trust 2001-4, 451 F. Supp. 2d 16, 47 (D.D.C. 2006) (citing

D.C. Code § 12-301). Defendants argue that “by filing in a different district with a longer

                                                 11
limitations period, plaintiffs hoped to overcome their delay in filing this action and preserve their

[allegedly] stale claims.” Def.s’ Opp’n at 11. Plaintiff does not respond to any of these

arguments by Defendants. Such forum-shopping plaintiffs are not the type of confused litigants

Congress contemplated in providing for transfer pursuant to § 1631.

       Finally, transfer is not in the interest of justice in so far as it would avoid the

inefficiencies involved in dismissing the action and requiring Plaintiffs to refile in the proper

forum as Plaintiffs have already done so. Plaintiffs concede that “in an abundance of caution,”

they already filed a second suit in the Northern District of Texas which has been stayed pending

this decision. Pl.s’ Mot. Mem. ¶ 4 fn. 1. Consequently, dismissal of this case will not require

Plaintiffs to refile and will be neither time-consuming nor potentially costly. See Carson v.

Director, Office of Workers’ Comp. Programs, No. 97-1203, 1997 WL 573483 at *1 (D.C. Cir.

1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1121 (1998) (holding transfer pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631 was not

necessary because petitioner had filed an identical petition with the Ninth Circuit). If this case is

dismissed, Plaintiffs can prosecute the second action. Accordingly, the Court finds it is not in

the interest of justice to transfer this matter to the Northern District of Texas.

                                          IV.     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that transfer of this case to the Northern

District of Texas is not appropriate pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1631 because it is not in the interest

of justice. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ [15] Motion to Transfer is DENIED and Defendants’ [29]

Cross-Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED.

                                                          /s/
                                                       COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                       UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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