Court Opinion

ID: 9908091
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-07 18:02:57.525718+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:34:33.250235
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/7/23 P. v. Devine CA2/7
   NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                         SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION SEVEN

 THE PEOPLE,                                                    B323387

           Plaintiff and Respondent,                            (Los Angeles County
                                                                Super. Ct. No. MA017820)
           v.

 DAVID DEVINE,

           Defendant and Appellant.

      APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of
Los Angeles County, Charlaine F. Olmedo, Judge. Reversed with
directions.
      Loyola Law School, Juvenile Innocence & Fair Sentencing
Clinic, Christopher Hawthorne for Defendant and Appellant.
      Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief
Assistant Attorney General, Susan Sullivan Pithey, Senior
Assistant Attorney General, Scott A. Taryle, Supervising Deputy
Attorney General, and Chung L. Mar, Deputy Attorney General,
for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                       INTRODUCTION

       David Devine, who pleaded no contest in 2001 to first
degree murder, appeals from the superior court’s order following
an evidentiary hearing denying his petition for resentencing
under Penal Code section 1172.6.1 Devine argues the superior
court erred in ruling he could still be convicted of murder as an
aider and abettor even if he did not intend to kill. Devine also
argues the court erred in finding he was guilty of felony murder
without making findings on whether he acted with reckless
indifference to human life. We agree with Devine on both points.
Therefore, we reverse the order denying Devine’s petition and
direct the superior court to conduct a new evidentiary hearing
under section 1172.6, subdivision (d).

      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      A.    Devine Pleads No Contest to One Count of Murder
      In 1998, when Devine was 16 years old, he befriended Mark
Popp, who shared an apartment with his older brother, James
Popp. Devine occasionally “hung out” with Mark in the
apartment and played video games. After spending time with
Mark one evening in April 1998, Devine left the apartment at
10:00 p.m. James came home from work between 10:45 and
11:00 p.m., and Mark left about five minutes later.
      Later that night Devine was drinking with Fidel Castro,
who was 22 years old, in a parking lot near Castro’s car. Castro
had recently been released from prison. Devine and Castro did

1    Statutory references are to the Penal Code.

                                2
not know each other well, but Devine was familiar with Castro’s
gang because Devine sold items he had stolen to members of the
gang.2 Devine told Castro that Mark sold marijuana. Castro
said, “Why don’t we go over there, buy some drinks and, you
know, drink with him, smoke with him or whatnot.” Devine
agreed. Castro said, “When we get him nice and, you know,
drunk, we’ll take their stuff while they’re drunk and not even
looking.”3
       Devine had a pocketknife with him that belonged to a
member of Castro’s gang. He had been carrying it for two weeks.
Devine “probably” told Castro he would take the knife with him
and use it.
       Devine took Castro to the Popps’ apartment and knocked
on the door. When James opened the door, Devine and Castro
walked in. James asked, “What are you doing in my house?”
James said he was going to call the police and picked up a
cordless phone,4 but Castro grabbed it and removed the batteries.

2     Devine later told sheriff’s deputies that he did not know
Castro’s name, but that he knew him as “Wacko” and that they
had “been kicking it for a little bit.” In his parole hearing, Castro
said that, at the time of the crime, he was “fresh out of jail” and
did not know Devine before that night.

3     Devine initially told sheriff’s deputies it was Castro who
suggested going to Mark’s apartment and stealing from him.
Later in the interview, Devine said that the idea “came from both
of our mouths” and that he did not remember who said it first.

4    A cordless telephone is “a two-way, low power
communication system consisting of two parts, a ‘base’ unit which
connects to the public switched telephone network and a handset

                                  3
Devine asked James where Mark was and when he was coming
back.
       Castro went into the kitchen and returned with a knife.
Castro held James against a wall, pointed the knife at him, and
told him to shut up. James asked, “Are you going to kill me?”
Castro began to choke James. Castro told Devine to “go ahead
and get it,” and Devine went to the entertainment center and
tried to remove the video game console.5 As Castro struggled
with James, Castro called to Devine, “help me, help me,” and
Devine ran over and hit James two or three times and kicked him
once. Devine returned to the game console as Castro and James
struggled on the floor.
       While Devine was trying to remove the game console, he
saw Castro stabbing James. Devine saw blood and “started
getting shaky.” Castro left to wash his hands. Mark returned to
the apartment, and Devine heard the front door begin to open,
which made him drop the game console. Castro pushed the door
closed and said, “It’s time to go.” When Mark was able to open
the door, he saw Castro trying to run away and Devine crouching
and trying to remove the video game console. Mark asked

or ‘remote’ unit, that are connected by a radio link and authorized
by the Federal Communications Commission to operate in the
frequency bandwidths reserved for cordless telephones.” (§ 632.7,
subd. (c)(2); see Smith v. LoanMe, Inc. (2021) 11 Cal.5th 183, 192,
fn. 3.)
5     “Video game consoles are consumer devices designed for,
and whose primary use is, to play video games.” (Federal Trade
Commission v. Microsoft Corp. (2023) ___ F.Supp.4th ___, ___
(N.D. Cal., July 10, 2023, No. 23-CV-02880-JSC) [2023 WL
4443412, p. 2].)

                                4
Devine, “What the fuck is going on?” and Devine “put up his
hands like [he] didn’t know.” Mark saw James lying in a pool of
blood 12-15 feet from the entertainment center and saw Castro
with a red rag on one of his hands.
       Castro and Devine fled through the door. Devine ran and
hid in Castro’s car. A friend of Castro’s saw Devine in the car,
told Devine to get into his car, and drove Devine to meet Castro’s
brother and friends, who wanted to know what had happened.
Castro’s friends told Devine to tell police he acted in self-defense.
The person who loaned Devine the pocketknife told him to “get
rid of that right now.” Devine returned the knife to its owner,
who threw it away. Castro’s brother and friends drove Devine to
the bus station, where he was arrested.
       James died from multiple sharp force injuries.
Investigators discovered a large steak knife covered in blood and
wrapped in a towel on the dining room table of the apartment.
       The People charged Devine with one count of murder
(§ 187, subd. (a)), one count of first degree residential burglary
(§ 459), and one count of attempted first degree residential
robbery (§§ 211, 664). The People alleged as a special
circumstance that the murder was committed while Devine was
committing or attempting to commit residential burglary and
attempted residential robbery, within the meaning of
section 190.2, subdivision (a)(17).
       Devine pleaded no contest to first degree murder. The trial
court dismissed the remaining counts and allegations and
sentenced Devine to a prison term of 25 years to life.

                                  5
      B.      The Superior Court Denies Devine’s Petition Under
              Section 1172.6
      In February 2019 Devine filed a petition for resentencing
under former section 1170.95, now section 1172.6. The People
conceded Devine was not ineligible as a matter of law, and the
superior court issued an order to show cause. At the evidentiary
hearing, the court stated it had reviewed the preliminary hearing
transcript. The court admitted the preliminary hearing
transcript, the transcript of the deputies’ interview with Devine,
several minute orders, and the transcript of Devine’s 2021 parole
board hearing. The court also admitted, at Devine’s request, an
excerpt from the transcript of Castro’s 2022 parole board hearing.
      The prosecutor argued Devine could still be convicted of
murder as a principal who directly aided and abetted the murder
and under the felony-murder rule as a major participant in a
residential robbery who acted with reckless indifference to
human life. Counsel for Devine argued there was insufficient
evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Devine aided
and abetted the murder or that he was a major participant in a
robbery who acted with reckless indifference to human life.
      The superior court denied Devine’s petition. The court
found Devine could still be convicted of first degree murder
because the People proved beyond a reasonable doubt he was
“a direct aider and abettor” and because, “aside from aiding and
abetting, if the court is incorrect on that, the Banks factors for a
major participant are met in this case.” Devine timely appealed.

                                 6
                          DISCUSSION

       A.    Section 1172.6
       Effective 2019, the Legislature substantially modified the
law governing accomplice liability for murder, eliminating the
natural and probable consequences doctrine as a basis for finding
a defendant guilty of murder (People v. Reyes (2023) 14 Cal.5th
981, 986; People v. Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 842-843) and
significantly narrowing the felony-murder exception to the malice
requirement for murder (§§ 188, subd. (a)(3), 189, subd. (e); see
People v. Strong (2022) 13 Cal.5th 698, 707-708; People v. Lewis
(2021) 11 Cal.5th 952, 957). Section 188, subdivision (a)(3), now
prohibits imputing malice based solely on an individual’s
participation in a crime and requires proof of malice to convict a
principal of murder, except under the revised felony-murder rule
in section 189, subdivision (e). The latter provision requires the
People to prove specific facts relating to the defendant’s
culpability: The defendant was the actual killer (§ 189,
subd. (e)(1)); the defendant, though not the actual killer, with the
intent to kill assisted in the commission of the murder (§ 189,
subd. (e)(2)); or the defendant was a major participant in a felony
listed in section 189, subdivision (a), and acted with reckless
indifference to human life, “as described in subdivision (d) of
Section 190.2,” the felony-murder special-circumstance provision.
(§ 189, subd. (e)(3); see Strong, at p. 708; Gentile, at p. 842.)
       Section 1172.6 authorizes an individual convicted of felony
murder or murder based on the natural and probable
consequences doctrine to petition the superior court to vacate the
conviction and be resentenced on any remaining counts, if he or
she could not now be convicted of murder because of the changes

                                 7
the Legislature made effective 2019 to the definitions of the
crime. (See People v. Strong, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 708; People
v. Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 957; People v. Gentile, supra,
10 Cal.5th at p. 843.) If a section 1172.6 petition contains all the
required information, the court must appoint counsel to represent
the petitioner, if requested. (Lewis, at pp. 962-963; see § 1172.6,
subd. (b)(1)(A), (3).) The prosecutor must then file a response to
the petition, the petitioner may file a reply, and the court must
hold a hearing to determine whether the petitioner has made a
prima facie showing he or she is entitled to relief. (§ 1172.6,
subd. (c).)
       Where, as here, the petitioner has made the requisite
prima facie showing he or she is entitled to relief under
section 1172.6, the court must issue an order to show cause and
hold an evidentiary hearing to determine whether to vacate the
murder conviction and resentence the petitioner on any
remaining counts. (§ 1172.6, subd. (d)(1).) At that hearing the
court may consider evidence “previously admitted at any prior
hearing or trial that is admissible under current law,” including
witness testimony. (§ 1172.6, subd. (d)(3).) The petitioner and
the prosecutor may also offer new or additional evidence. (Ibid.;
see People v. Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at pp. 853-854.)
       On appeal from an order denying a petition under
section 1172.6, we review the superior court’s factual findings for
substantial evidence. (People v. Guiffreda (2023) 87 Cal.App.5th
112, 125; People v. Richardson (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 1085, 1090.)
“In reviewing the trial court’s findings for substantial evidence,
we . . . examine the entire record in the light most favorable to
the judgment to determine whether it contains substantial
evidence—that is, evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of

                                 8
solid value that would support a rational trier of fact in finding
[the necessary fact] beyond a reasonable doubt. . . . While the
trial judge must review all the relevant evidence, evaluate and
resolve contradictions, and make determinations as to credibility,
all under the reasonable doubt standard, our job is to determine
whether there is any substantial evidence, contradicted or
uncontradicted, to support a rational fact finder’s findings beyond
a reasonable doubt.” (People v. Pittman (2023) 96 Cal.App.5th
400, 414, internal quotation marks omitted; see Guiffreda, at
p. 125; People v. Clements (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 276, 298.)
“‘“Substantial evidence includes circumstantial evidence and any
reasonable inferences drawn from that evidence.”’” (People v.
Navarro (2021) 12 Cal.5th 285, 339; see People v. Brooks (2017)
3 Cal.5th 1, 57; People v. Nieber (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 458, 476.)
“But where there is an issue as to whether the trial court
misunderstood the elements of the applicable offense, the case
presents a question of law which we review independently.”
(People v. Reyes, supra, 14 Cal.5th at p. 988.)

      B.    The Superior Court Erred in Finding Devine Directly
            Aided and Abetted Murder
      Devine argues the superior court misapplied the law in
finding Devine aided and abetted the murder without finding he
intended to kill. Devine is correct.

             1.    Applicable Law
      “A person who aids and abets the commission of a crime is
culpable as a principal in that crime.” (People v. Gentile, supra,
10 Cal.5th at p. 843; see People v. Powell (2021) 63 Cal.App.5th
689, 712.) “‘[U]nder direct aiding and abetting principles, an
accomplice is guilty of an offense perpetrated by another [e.g.,

                                 9
murder] if the accomplice aids the commission of that offense
with “knowledge of the direct perpetrator’s unlawful intent and
[with] an intent to assist in achieving those unlawful ends.”’”
(People v. Curiel (Nov. 27, 2023, S272238) ___ Cal.5th ___, ___
[2023 WL 8178140, p. 15]; Gentile, at p. 843.) Thus, a direct
aider and abettor’s guilt is “‘based on a combination of the direct
perpetrator’s acts and the aider and abettor’s own acts and own
mental state.’” (Powell, at p. 710; see People v. McCoy (2001)
25 Cal.4th 1111, 1117.) “‘[P]roof of aider and abettor liability
requires proof in three distinct areas: (a) the direct perpetrator’s
actus reus—a crime committed by the direct perpetrator, (b) the
aider and abettor’s mens rea—knowledge of the direct
perpetrator’s unlawful intent and an intent to assist in achieving
those unlawful ends, and (c) the aider and abettor’s actus reus—
conduct by the aider and abettor that in fact assists the
achievement of the crime.’” (People v. Vargas (2022)
84 Cal.App.5th 943, 953-954; see Curiel, at p. ___ [p. 18].)

            2.     The Superior Court Did Not Find Devine Acted
                   with the Intent To Kill
       Focusing on the actus reus element, the superior court
found Devine engaged in several acts that assisted Castro in
killing James. The court found Devine was involved “in the
planning details of the home invasion robbery,” was “at the
location with his own weapon,” and helped Castro “physically
overcome” James by punching him “in the face and the eye.” On
the mens rea element, the court found Devine’s statement to

                                 10
sheriff’s deputies showed “intent . . . to directly aid and abet.”6
That was insufficient. To find Devine directly aided and abetted
murder with express malice, the court had to find that Devine
knew Castro intended to kill James and that Devine shared that
intent. (See People v. Maciel (2013) 57 Cal.4th 482, 518 [an
“‘aider and abettor’s mental state must be at least that required
of the direct perpetrator,’ and when the crime is murder, the
‘aider and abettor must know and share the murderous intent of
the actual perpetrator’”]; People v. Offley (2020) 48 Cal.App.5th
588, 596 [same]; see also People v. Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at
p. 848 [a “direct aider and abettor to murder must possess malice
aforethought”].) Because the superior court did not find Devine
intended to kill, the court erred in finding he directly aided and
abetted James’s murder.

            3.    The Superior Court Did Not Find Devine Aided
                  and Abetted Implied Malice Murder
      The People do not challenge Devine’s contention the
superior court did not find he intended to kill. Instead, the
People argue the court properly denied Devine’s petition because
under current law he can be guilty of second degree murder for
directly aiding and abetting implied malice murder, which does
not require the intent to kill.
      Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with
malice aforethought. (§ 187, subd. (a).) Malice “may be express

6      Although the court did not specify what portion of Devine’s
interview it was referring to, the court may have had in mind
Devine’s statement he “probably” told Castro something to the
effect that he was going to take the pocketknife with him and use
it.

                                11
or implied.” (§ 188, subd. (a).) “It is express when there is a
manifest intent to kill.” (People v. Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at
p. 844; see § 189, subd. (a)(1).) “Murder is committed with
implied malice when ‘the killing is proximately caused by
“‘an act, the natural consequences of which are dangerous to life,
which act was deliberately performed by a person who knows
that his conduct endangers the life of another and who acts with
conscious disregard for life.’”’” (People v. Reyes, supra, 14 Cal.5th
at p. 988; see People v. Pittman, supra, 96 Cal.App.5th at p. 414.)
“In short, implied malice requires a defendant’s awareness of
engaging in conduct that endangers the life of another—no more,
and no less.” (People v. Knoller (2007) 41 Cal.4th 139, 143;
accord, People v. Cravens (2012) 53 Cal.4th 500, 507; People v.
Palomar (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 969, 974.)
       Aiding and abetting implied malice murder remains a valid
theory of liability for second degree murder, even after the
Legislature eliminated natural and probable consequences
liability for murder. (See People v. Reyes, supra, 14 Cal.5th at
p. 990; People v. Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 850; People v.
Glukhoy (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 576, 588.) “‘[T]o be liable for an
implied malice murder, the direct aider and abettor must, by
words or conduct, aid the commission of the life-endangering act,
not the result of that act. The mens rea, which must be
personally harbored by the direct aider and abettor, is knowledge
that the perpetrator intended to commit the act, intent to aid the
perpetrator in the commission of the act, knowledge that the act
is dangerous to human life, and acting in conscious disregard for
human life.’” (Reyes, at p. 991; see People v. Curiel, supra, ___
Cal.5th at p. ___ [p. 15]; People v. Pittman, supra, 96 Cal.App.5th
at p. 415.) An “‘aider and abettor who does not expressly intend

                                 12
to aid a killing can still be convicted of second degree murder if
the person knows that his or her conduct endangers the life of
another and acts with conscious disregard for life.’” (Reyes, at
p. 990; see Gentile, at p. 850.) “The requisite intent is a
subjective one—the defendant must have ‘“actually appreciated
the risk involved.”’” (People v. Superior Court (Valenzuela) (2021)
73 Cal.App.5th 485, 501; see, e.g., People v. Guillen (2014)
227 Cal.App.4th 934, 991 [the defendant’s conduct and
statements demonstrated he was subjectively aware his conduct
was dangerous to the victim’s life].)
       The problem with the People’s argument is that, at the
evidentiary hearing, the prosecutor never argued Devine was
guilty of second degree murder for aiding and abetting implied
malice murder. Nor did the superior court find Devine guilty
under that theory. To find Devine guilty of aiding and abetting
implied malice murder, the superior court would have had to find
that Devine knew Castro intended to attack James, that Devine
intended to aid Castro in attacking James, that Devine knew the
attack was dangerous to human life, and that Devine acted in
conscious disregard for human life. (See People v. Reyes, supra,
14 Cal.5th at p. 991; People v. Pittman, supra, 96 Cal.App.5th at
p. 414.) The People argue Devine’s statement to Castro that he
was prepared to use the pocketknife “reflected a willingness to
use lethal violence, which in turn demonstrated a conscious
disregard for life.”7 But that is an argument properly directed to

7     Devine correctly points out that, although at the
evidentiary hearing the People relied heavily on the statement
about the pocketknife as evidence Devine acted with malice and
reckless indifference to human life (which the People continue to

                                13
the superior court and should have been made at the evidentiary
hearing. Because neither the parties nor the court addressed
Devine’s potential liability under an implied malice theory, we
cannot say the court made an implied finding Devine acted in
conscious disregard for human life.
       The cases on which the People rely are distinguishable
because in those cases the superior court at the evidentiary
hearing found the defendant guilty of aiding and abetting implied
malice murder. For example, in People v. Didyavong (2023)
90 Cal.App.5th 85, a jury convicted the defendant of first degree
murder. (Id. at p. 92.) At the evidentiary hearing on the
defendant’s petition under section 1172.6, the prosecutor argued
the defendant could be guilty as an aider and abettor of either
first degree murder or second degree implied malice murder.
(Id. at p. 93.) The superior court in Didyavong ruled “the People
proved beyond a reasonable doubt that [the defendant] was guilty
of murder as an aider and abettor under an implied malice
theory.” (Ibid.) In People v. Vizcarra (2022) 84 Cal.App.5th 377,

argue on appeal), Devine’s statement was not an unqualified
admission he intended to stab someone. Sheriff’s deputies asked
Devine several times about the pocketknife. Devine said that he
did not show the pocketknife to Castro and that he did not take it
out of his pocket until after he fled the Popps’ apartment. The
fourth time the deputies returned to the topic of the pocketknife,
they asked Devine, “Did you ever tell [Castro] that this—you
were going to use this knife—take it with you and use it. This is
what you were going to take with you? Something to that effect?”
Devine answered, “I probably did.” Moreover, as Devine argues,
it is not clear he understood “using” the knife meant anything
more than “carry[ing] something for protection,” which is how the
deputies had previously referred to the knife.

                               14
a jury found the defendant guilty of second degree murder. At
the evidentiary hearing on the defendant’s petition under
section 1172.6, the superior court found the defendant “directly
aided and abetted an implied malice murder.” (Id. at p. 382; see
People v. Vargas, supra, 84 Cal.App.5th at p. 954 [superior court
did not err in denying a section 1172.6 petition after finding the
defendant, who had been convicted of second degree murder,
acted with implied malice in aiding and abetting the murder].)
In contrast, the superior court here did not find the People proved
beyond a reasonable doubt (or at all) the elements of aiding and
abetting implied malice murder, and thus the court could not
have denied Devine’s petition on that theory. (See § 1172.6,
subd. (d)(3) [at the evidentiary hearing “the burden of proof shall
be on the prosecution to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that
the petitioner is guilty of murder”]; People v. Strong, supra,
13 Cal.5th at p. 709.)

      C.    The Superior Court’s Findings Were Insufficient
            To Convict Devine of Felony Murder Under Current
            Law

            1.    Factors for Determining Whether a Defendant
                  Was a Major Participant and Acted with
                  Reckless Indifference to Human Life
      As discussed, section 189, subdivision (e)(3), provides that a
participant in one of the felonies listed in section 189,
subdivision (a) (which include robbery, burglary, and their
attempts), may be liable for murder if the prosecution proves he
or she “was a major participant in the underlying felony and
acted with reckless indifference to human life,” within the

                                15
meaning of section 190.2, subdivision (d). (See People v. Strong,
supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 708; People v. Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at
pp. 842-843.) The Supreme Court in People v. Banks (2015)
61 Cal.4th 788 (Banks) and People v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th 522
(Clark) “clarified the meaning of the special circumstances
statute.” (In re Scoggins (2020) 9 Cal.5th 667, 676; see People v.
Ramirez (2021) 71 Cal.App.5th 970, 987.)
       Among the factors that “may play a role in determining
whether a defendant’s culpability is sufficient” for a finding he or
she was a major participant under section 190.2, subdivision (d),
are: “What role did the defendant have in planning the criminal
enterprise that led to one or more deaths? What role did the
defendant have in supplying or using lethal weapons? What
awareness did the defendant have of particular dangers posed by
the nature of the crime, weapons used, or past experience or
conduct of the other participants? Was the defendant present at
the scene of the killing, in a position to facilitate or prevent the
actual murder, and did his or her own actions or inaction play a
particular role in the death? What did the defendant do after
lethal force was used?” (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 803,
fn. omitted; see People v. Mitchell (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 575, 591;
People v. Ramirez, supra, 71 Cal.App.5th at p. 986, fn. 10.)
       “Reckless indifference to human life has a subjective and
an objective element. [Citation.] As to the subjective element,
‘[t]he defendant must be aware of and willingly involved in the
violent manner in which the particular offense is committed,’ and
he or she must consciously disregard ‘the significant risk of death
his or her actions create.’ [Citations.] As to the objective
element, ‘“[t]he risk [of death] must be of such a nature and
degree that, considering the nature and purpose of the actor’s

                                16
conduct and the circumstances known to him [or her], its
disregard involves a gross deviation from the standard of conduct
that a law-abiding person would observe in the actor’s
situation.”’” (In re Scoggins, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 677; see People
v. Keel (2022) 84 Cal.App.5th 546, 557.) “Awareness of no more
than the foreseeable risk of death inherent in any armed crime is
insufficient; only knowingly creating a ‘grave risk of death’
satisfies the constitutional minimum.” (Banks, supra, 61 Cal.4th
at p. 808.)
       To determine whether a defendant acted with reckless
indifference to human life under section 190.2, subdivision (d),
courts consider, among other factors, the following: “Did the
defendant use or know that a gun would be used during the
felony? How many weapons were ultimately used? Was the
defendant physically present at the crime? Did he or she have
the opportunity to restrain the crime or aid the victim? What
was the duration of the interaction between the perpetrators of
the felony and the victims? What was the defendant’s knowledge
of his or her confederate’s propensity for violence or likelihood of
using lethal force? What efforts did the defendant make to
minimize the risks of violence during the felony?” (In re
Scoggins, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 677; see Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th
at pp. 618-623.) In addition, “a defendant’s youth at the time of
the offense should be a factor in determining whether that
defendant acted with reckless indifference to human life.” (In re
Moore (2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 434, 439; see People v. Mitchell,
supra, 81 Cal.App.5th at p. 595 [“[y]outh can distort risk
calculations”]; People v. Ramirez, supra, 71 Cal.App.5th at p. 990
[a defendant’s youth “greatly diminishes any inference he acted
with reckless disregard for human life”].)

                                 17
           2.        The Superior Court Failed To Make Findings
                     on Whether Devine Acted with Reckless
                     Indifference to Human Life
       At the evidentiary hearing the prosecutor argued that,
under the Banks factors, Devine was a major participant in the
robbery. The prosecutor argued that Devine planned a “home
invasion”; that he went to the Popps’ apartment with Castro, “a
violent gang member”; that he brought a pocketknife; and that he
saw Castro choking James. The prosecutor further argued that
Devine helped subdue James by punching and kicking him, that
Devine did nothing to help James, and that, after Castro stabbed
James, Devine fled and got rid of the pocketknife. Counsel for
Devine argued Devine was not a major participant because
Devine and Castro spontaneously came up with the idea to rob
the Popps, Devine played no role in supplying the murder
weapon, and Devine did not know Castro was violent. Counsel
further argued that, once Devine realized Castro was using lethal
force, he ran away without helping Castro.
       The prosecutor also argued Devine exhibited reckless
indifference to human life under the Clark factors. The
prosecutor argued that Devine brought a pocketknife and said he
was ready to use it, that Devine saw Castro get a knife from the
kitchen, and that Devine was present when Castro stabbed
James. The prosecutor further argued that the attack was not a
quick drive-by shooting, but was “protracted” and lasted between
10 and 30 minutes, which gave Devine “time to reflect.” Finally,
the prosecutor argued Devine did nothing to minimize the
violence, even though he knew Castro was a gang member and
likely to kill, they were planning to steal drugs, and they knew

                               18
someone was home. Counsel for Devine did not directly address
the Clark factors, but argued Devine’s youth affected his “ability
to gauge consequences in terms of reckless indifference and his
ability to determine outcome and consequences.”
       The court focused on whether under Banks Devine was a
major participant in the robbery. During the hearing, the court
asked counsel for Devine to address the Banks factors for major
participation. And when ruling on the petition, the court
discussed the evidence regarding each of the Banks factors. The
court stated that Devine was involved in planning the details of
the robbery, that he brought a weapon (“albeit it was not one that
was used”) to the scene, that Devine was actively involved in
taking the video game system, and that he hit James. The court
also found Devine’s statement to sheriff’s deputies showed “he
acted as a major participant.” The court added that Devine was
“present” and “continued his conduct” during the entire stabbing,
which was “more personal” and “takes longer than a shooting.”
The court concluded “the Banks factors for a major participant
are met in this case.”
       In contrast to its careful analysis of the factors supporting
its finding Devine was a major participant in the underlying
felony, the court made no finding Devine acted with reckless
indifference to human life. Although the “major participant” and
“reckless indifference” requirements overlap to some extent, they
are separate, and the People must prove both beyond a
reasonable doubt. (Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 615; see Banks,
supra, 61 Cal.4th at p. 810, fn. 9 [a major participant in an armed
robbery that results in a death does not necessarily exhibit
reckless indifference to human life].) In the absence of such a

                                19
finding, the superior court erred in finding Devine guilty of felony
murder under current law.
       The People argue that the court did not have to “expressly”
find Devine acted with reckless indifference to human life and
that during the evidentiary hearing both sides “heavily
addressed” the reckless indifference requirement and the Banks
and Clark factors. It is true the parties (and the court) addressed
the Banks factors for determining whether Devine was a major
participant in the robbery. But that is not true for the Clark
factors for determining whether Devine acted with reckless
indifference to human life. Although the prosecutor discussed the
Clark factors, counsel for Devine did not, other than to mention
Devine’s youth. More important, the court did not mention the
reckless indifference requirement or analyze Devine’s conduct in
light of the Clark factors. Thus, we cannot conclude the superior
court impliedly found Devine acted with reckless indifference to
human life. Nor, given the evidence to the contrary, can we
presume the superior court knew and applied “the correct
statutory and case law.” (People v. Ramirez (2021) 10 Cal.5th
983, 1042.)

       D.   The Superior Court’s Errors Were Not Harmless
       The People argue any error was harmless because
“compelling evidence demonstrated that [Devine] acted with
conscious disregard for life under an implied malice theory, and
that he acted with reckless indifference to life under a felony
murder theory.” In evaluating whether error in ruling on a
petition under section 1172.6 is harmless, the reviewing court
considers whether under the standard in People v. Watson (1956)
46 Cal.2d 818, 836 (Watson) it is reasonably probable the superior

                                20
court would have granted Devine’s petition in the absence of
error.8 “‘A “reasonable probability” “does not mean more likely
than not, but merely a reasonable chance, more than an abstract
possibility.”’” (People v. Pittman, supra, 96 Cal.App.5th at p. 418;
see People v. Hardy (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 312, 329.)

              1.   Implied Malice Murder
      Was it reasonably probable the superior court would have
granted Devine’s petition had it considered and made express
findings on whether Devine acted with implied malice in aiding
and abetting murder? Yes.
      To be sure, there was evidence to support an inference
Devine acted with implied malice. Devine saw Castro get the
knife from the kitchen and point it at James. When Castro asked
Devine to help subdue James, Devine complied with force.
Devine told sheriff’s deputies that he heard James ask Castro
whether he was going to kill him (i.e., James) and that he
thought Castro was going to choke James to death. Devine also
told sheriff’s deputies he “probably” told Castro he was going to
bring and use the pocketknife. This evidence could support
findings that Devine knew Castro’s actions endangered James’s

8      Although Devine contends we should apply the federal
harmless error standard in Chapman v. California (1967)
386 U.S. 18, 24, it is the state law standard in Watson that
applies. (See People v. Oliver (2023) 90 Cal.App.5th 466, 489,
fn. 8 [Watson harmless error standard applies to the superior
court’s failure to consider evidence in deciding whether the
defendant was a major participant who acted with reckless
indifference to human life]; People v. Myles (2021) 69 Cal.App.5th
688, 706 [Watson harmless error standard applies to evidentiary
errors at an evidentiary hearing under section 1172.6].)

                                21
life, that Devine intended to aid Castro in a dangerous attack,
and that Devine acted in conscious disregard for human life.
        But there was also evidence to support an inference Devine
did not act with implied malice. Devine and Castro planned to
commit an unarmed robbery. Devine told investigators Castro
suggested to him, “Let’s drink with them and smoke weed with
them, and then when they get all faded, and, uh, we’ll just take
their stuff when they’re not even looking.” Castro went to the
Popps’ apartment without a weapon, and though Devine had a
pocketknife with him, he never took it out. Nor was there
evidence Devine knew the unarmed Castro, whom Devine did not
know very well, was likely to be violent. Although Devine knew
Castro was a gang member, there was no evidence Devine knew
Castro had a reputation for violence. From this evidence it is
reasonably probable the superior court could have found that
Devine did not know Castro intended to attack James with a
knife and that Devine did not intend to aid a dangerous attack.
The whole idea was to steal things from the apartment when the
Popps were drunk, high, or inattentive (or all three).
        Devine’s youth at the time of the crime was also relevant to
whether he acted with implied malice. (See People v. Pittman,
supra, 96 Cal.App.5th at pp. 417-418 [remanding for the superior
court “to consider how, if at all,” the 21-year-old defendant’s
“youth impacted his ability to form the requisite mental state for
second degree murder”].) Devine was 16 years old at the time of
the crime. Devine’s mother told the probation officer that Devine
had severe attention deficit hyperactive disorder and dyslexia
and that he was “mentally five years behind his chronological
age” (which would have given him a mental age of about 11). The

                                22
probation officer who interviewed Devine described him as “mild-
mannered” and “rather slow-witted.”
       The “‘hallmark features’” of youth include “‘immaturity,
impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences.’”
(People v. Gutierrez (2014) 58 Cal.4th 1354, 1377; accord, People
v. Keel, supra, 84 Cal.App.5th at p. 562.) “The cases discussing
the role of youth in relation to criminal culpability ‘stress two
areas’: youthful offenders’ ‘relative impulsivity’ and ‘their
vulnerability to peer pressure.’” (People v. Pittman, supra,
96 Cal.App.5th at p. 418; see People v. Oliver, supra,
90 Cal.App.5th at p. 489.) There was evidence Devine may have
been influenced by all of these hallmark features of youth. He
may not have subjectively appreciated the risk involved in the
plan to steal from the Popps or the risk, once Castro picked up
the kitchen knife, Castro would use it, not only to intimidate
James, but to kill him. (See People v. Superior Court
(Valenzuela), supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at p. 501 [to act with implied
malice, the defendant must have subjectively appreciated the risk
involved].) In addition, Devine acted impulsively when he and
Castro spontaneously decided to go to the Popps’ apartment to
steal marijuana and a video game console from Mark. Once in
the Popps’ apartment, Devine’s actions reflected his immaturity:
He focused on stealing the video game console, not on attacking
James. As for vulnerability to peer pressure, there was evidence
Devine, who had stolen things from unoccupied cars but had no
record of violence, was influenced by the 22-year-old Castro, a
gang member who had recently been released from jail, to go to
the Popps’ apartment to steal from Mark. It is also reasonable to
infer that Devine’s vulnerability to peer pressure influenced his
decision to join in the attack on James when Castro asked him to.

                               23
Thus, it is reasonably probable the superior court, had it
considered the evidence on the issue of implied malice, would
have found Devine did not subjectively appreciate that his
conduct endangered James’s life or that Devine acted in conscious
disregard for human life.

             2.     Reckless Indifference
       Was it reasonably probable the superior court would have
granted Devine’s petition had it made express findings on
whether, under the felony-murder rule, Devine acted with
reckless indifference to human life? Again, yes.
       As discussed, under Clark the superior court should have
considered whether Devine knew weapons would be used in the
crime, as well as their actual use and number; Devine’s proximity
to the crime and opportunity to stop the killing or aid James; the
duration of the crime; whether Devine knew of Castro’s
propensity to kill; and Devine’s efforts to minimize the possibility
of violence during the crime. (Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at pp. 618-
623; see In re Scoggins, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 677.) There was
some evidence Devine acted with reckless indifference to human
life. While Castro was stabbing James, Devine was only 12 to 15
feet away, trying to disconnect the video game console from the
entertainment center. Rather than trying to stop Castro or aid
James, Devine assaulted James when Castro asked for help. It is
not clear Devine could have convinced Castro to stop attacking
James, but there is no evidence he tried. As for the duration of
the crime, it was not like a robbery where a confederate suddenly
pulls out a gun and shoots the victim; Castro inflicted multiple
knife wounds on James. The attack unfolded slowly enough for
Devine to observe Castro holding James at knifepoint and

                                24
stabbing him, which meant Devine had at least a brief
opportunity to intervene.
       But there was also evidence Devine did not act with
reckless indifference to human life. As discussed, the plan was to
get Mark and James drunk and steal from them without using
any force. There was only one weapon, the kitchen knife, and
Castro, not Devine, used it. There was no evidence Devine knew
Castro was violent or would use a knife during the robbery, nor
was there evidence Devine encouraged Castro to get the knife
from the kitchen. In addition, a “juvenile’s immaturity and
failure to appreciate the risks and consequences of his or her
actions bear directly on the question whether the juvenile is
subjectively ‘“aware of and willingly involved in the violent
manner in which the particular offense is committed”’ and has
‘consciously disregard[ed] “the significant risk of death his or her
actions create.”’” (People v. Ramirez, supra, 71 Cal.App.5th at
p. 991; see People v. Jones (2022) 86 Cal.App.5th 1076, 1088, fn. 7
[“In addition to the Banks and Clark factors, a defendant’s
youthful age must be considered.”].) As discussed, Devine’s youth
may have affected his ability to appreciate the risk involved in
the plan to steal from the Popps and the risk Castro would use
the knife to kill James. (See Ramirez, at p. 991 [15-year-old
defendant’s age may have affected “his calculation of the risk of
death posed by using the firearm in the carjacking, as well as his
willingness to abandon the crime”]; In re Moore, supra,
68 Cal.App.5th at p. 453 [even if the evidence supported
“a finding of reckless indifference for an adult, it is not sufficient
to establish that [the defendant], who was 16 at the time of the
shooting, had the requisite mental state”]; People v. Harris (2021)
60 Cal.App.5th 939, 960 [it was “far from clear” the 17-year-old

                                 25
defendant “was actually aware ‘of particular dangers posed by
the nature of the crime, weapons used, or past experience or
conduct of the other participants’”].)
       Thus, it is reasonably probable that, had the superior court
considered and weighed the evidence in light of the Clark factors,
the court would have found Devine did not act with reckless
indifference to human life. Therefore, we cannot conclude the
court’s error was harmless.

                         DISPOSITION

      The order denying Devine’s petition under section 1172.6 is
reversed. The superior court is directed to conduct a new
evidentiary hearing and make findings on, among other things,
whether Devine had the mens rea required for aiding and
abetting murder and whether the People met their burden to
show beyond a reasonable doubt that Devine is still guilty of
felony murder under section 189, subdivision (e)(3).

                                             SEGAL, Acting P. J.

We concur:

                  FEUER, J.

                  MARTINEZ, J.

                                26