Court Opinion

ID: 9965612
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-05-02 21:00:58.501282+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:25:17.799636
License: Public Domain

USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 1 of 39

                                          UNPUBLISHED

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                            No. 23-1595

        TOMMY WHITE,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
        ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
        AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
        JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
        WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
        BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
        BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
        CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
        CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
        O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
        CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
        CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
        RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
        DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
        DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
        RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
        DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
        SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
        DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
        DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
        MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
        WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
        GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
        HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
        NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
        JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
        JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
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        BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
        JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
        JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
        SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
        JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
        GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
        KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
        STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
        EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
        KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
        LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
        LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
        BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
        CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
        LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
        ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
        MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
        MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
        MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
        KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
        NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
        NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY
        CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
        WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
        PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
        RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
        YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
        RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
        KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
        SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
        DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
        ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
        SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
        DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
        STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA
        MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE;
        TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK;
        TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH

                                           2
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        MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN;
        TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
        MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
        TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
        WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
        WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                          Defendant.

                                            No. 23-1599

        MARGIE WEAVIL,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
        ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
        AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
        JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
        WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
        BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
        BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
        CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
        CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
        O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;

                                                  3
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        CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
        CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
        RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
        DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
        DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
        RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
        DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
        SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
        DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
        DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
        MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
        WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
        GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
        HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
        NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
        JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
        JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
        BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
        JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
        JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
        SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
        JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
        GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
        KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
        STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
        EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
        KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
        LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
        LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
        BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
        CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
        LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
        ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
        LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH
        SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.;
        MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE
        KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS;
        NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS;

                                           4
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        PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA
        MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN;
        RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN
        WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY
        TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS;
        REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN;
        ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT
        TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA
        CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS;
        RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY
        HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA
        WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS;
        SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA
        LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM
        RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP;
        TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS;
        DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
        ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;
        TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
        MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
        TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
        WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
        WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                          Defendant.

                                           No. 23-1600

                                                 5
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        STEPHANIE JONES,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
        ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
        AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
        JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
        WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
        BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
        BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
        CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
        CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
        O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
        CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
        CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
        RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
        DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
        DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
        RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
        DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
        SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
        DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
        DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
        MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
        WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
        GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
        HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
        NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
        JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
        JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
        BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
        JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
        JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
        SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
        JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
        GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
        KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
        STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
        EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;

                                                  6
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        KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
        LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
        LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
        BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
        CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
        LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
        ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
        MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
        MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
        MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
        KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
        NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
        NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY
        CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
        WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
        PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
        RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
        YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
        RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
        KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
        SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
        DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
        ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
        SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
        DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
        TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM
        RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP;
        TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS;
        DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
        ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;
        TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
        MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
        TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
        WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
        WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

                         Plaintiffs,

                                                7
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                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                          Defendant.

                                            No. 23-1601

        LORRAINE SLIGH,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
        ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
        AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
        JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
        WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
        BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
        BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
        CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
        CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
        O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
        CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
        CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
        RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
        DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
        DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
        RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
        DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
        SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
        DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;

                                                  8
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        DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
        MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
        WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
        GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
        HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
        NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
        JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
        JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
        BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
        JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
        JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
        SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
        JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
        GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
        KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
        STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
        EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
        KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
        LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
        LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
        BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
        CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
        LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
        ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
        MARGIE WEAVIL; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH
        SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.;
        MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE
        KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS;
        NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS;
        PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA
        MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN;
        RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN
        WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY
        TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS;
        REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN;
        ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT
        TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA
        CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS;

                                           9
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 10 of 39

        RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY
        HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA
        WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS;
        SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA
        LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM
        RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP;
        TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS;
        DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
        ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;
        TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
        MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
        TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
        WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
        WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                          Defendant.

                                            No. 23-1603

        MICHELLE KEELING,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
        ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY

                                                  10
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603   Doc: 22   Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 11 of 39

        AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
        JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
        WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
        BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
        BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
        CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
        CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
        O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
        CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
        CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
        RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
        DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
        DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
        RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
        DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
        SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
        DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
        DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
        MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
        WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
        GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
        HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
        NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
        JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
        JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
        BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
        JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
        JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
        SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
        JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
        GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
        KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
        STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
        EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
        KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
        LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
        LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
        BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA

                                          11
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 12 of 39

        CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
        LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
        ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
        MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
        MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
        MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
        KEE; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH
        JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY
        BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS;
        PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH
        CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR
        HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY;
        PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS;
        REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN;
        ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT
        TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA
        CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS;
        RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY
        HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA
        WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS;
        SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA
        LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM
        RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP;
        TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS;
        DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
        ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;
        TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
        MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
        TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
        WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
        WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendant - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                                                12
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 13 of 39

                          Defendant.

                                            No. 23-1606

        MELISSA HOLDER,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
        ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
        AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
        JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
        WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
        BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
        BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
        CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
        CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
        O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
        CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
        CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
        RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
        DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
        DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
        RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
        DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
        SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
        DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
        DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
        MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
        WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
        GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
        HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
        NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
        JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
        JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
        BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;

                                                  13
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603   Doc: 22   Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 14 of 39

        JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
        JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
        SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
        JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
        GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
        KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
        STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
        EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
        KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
        LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
        LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
        BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
        CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
        LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
        ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
        MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH
        SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.;
        MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE
        KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS;
        NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS;
        PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA
        MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN;
        RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN
        WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY
        TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS;
        REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN;
        ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT
        TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA
        CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS;
        RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY
        HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA
        WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS;
        SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA
        LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM
        RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP;
        TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS;
        DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
        ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;

                                          14
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 15 of 39

        TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
        MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
        TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
        WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
        WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.

                          Defendant.

                                            No. 23-1609

        RODNEY HICKMAN,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
        ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
        AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
        JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
        WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
        BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
        BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
        CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
        CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
        O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
        CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;

                                                  15
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603   Doc: 22   Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 16 of 39

        CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
        RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
        DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
        DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
        RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
        DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
        SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
        DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
        DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
        MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
        WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
        GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
        HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
        NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
        JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
        JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
        BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
        JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
        JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
        SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
        JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
        GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
        KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
        STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
        EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
        KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
        LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
        LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
        BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
        CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
        LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
        ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
        MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
        MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
        MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
        KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
        NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
        NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY

                                          16
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 17 of 39

        CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
        WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
        PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
        RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
        YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
        RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
        KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
        SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
        DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
        ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; SAMANTHA MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS;
        SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY
        EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES; STEPHANIE JONES;
        TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM
        RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP;
        TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS;
        DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
        ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;
        TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
        MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
        TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
        WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
        WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                          Defendant.

                                           No. 23-1610

        DAWN HOUSETON,

                                                17
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 18 of 39

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
        ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
        AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
        JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
        WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
        BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
        BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
        CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
        CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
        O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
        CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
        CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
        RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
        DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
        DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
        RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
        DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH;
        DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION
        LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM;
        ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY
        RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY
        BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON;
        HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS;
        INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK;
        GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA
        BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS
        SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY
        BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN;
        JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE
        MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA
        STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;
        JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY
        HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON;
        KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY
        BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS;
        KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE
        MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY;

                                                  18
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603   Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 19 of 39

        KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
        LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
        BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
        CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
        LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
        ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
        MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
        MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
        MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
        KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
        NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
        NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY
        CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
        WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
        PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
        RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
        YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
        RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
        KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
        SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
        DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
        ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
        SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
        DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
        STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA
        MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE;
        TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK;
        TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH
        MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN;
        TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON;
        WALTER MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
        TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
        WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
        WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

                         Plaintiffs,

                   v.

                                               19
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 20 of 39

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                          Defendant.

                                            No. 23-1612

        TARI HARRIS,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
        ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
        AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
        JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
        WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
        BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
        BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
        CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
        CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
        O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
        CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
        CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
        RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
        DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
        DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
        RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
        DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
        SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
        DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
        DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS

                                                  20
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603   Doc: 22   Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 21 of 39

        MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
        WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
        GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
        HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
        NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
        JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
        JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
        BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS;
        JENNIE JONES GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH;
        JAVON MACK; JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER
        SERGEANT; JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY;
        JENELLE TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE
        GARBER; JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON;
        KALISA JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN
        STINSON; KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY
        EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON;
        KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA
        LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
        LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
        BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
        CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
        LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
        ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
        MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER;         MARY
        MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
        MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
        KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
        NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
        NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY
        CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
        WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
        PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
        RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
        YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
        RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
        KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
        SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
        DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA

                                          21
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 22 of 39

        ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
        SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
        DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
        STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA
        MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE;
        TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK;
        DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA
        ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE;
        TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER
        MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
        TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
        WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
        WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                          Defendant.

                                            No. 23-1613

        FRANCES GADDY,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
        ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
        AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE

                                                  22
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603   Doc: 22   Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 23 of 39

        JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
        WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
        BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
        BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
        CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
        CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
        O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
        CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
        CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
        RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
        DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
        DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
        RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
        DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
        SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
        DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
        DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
        MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
        WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL
        GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA
        LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK;
        GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA
        BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS
        SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY
        BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN;
        JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE
        MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA
        STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;
        JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY
        HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON;
        KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY
        BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS;
        KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE
        MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY;
        KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
        LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
        BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
        CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA

                                          23
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 24 of 39

        LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
        ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
        MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
        MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
        MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
        KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
        NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
        NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY
        CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
        WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
        PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
        RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
        YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
        RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
        KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
        SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
        DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
        ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
        SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
        DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
        STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA
        MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE;
        TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK;
        TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH
        MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN;
        TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON;
        WALTER MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
        TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
        WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
        WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                                                24
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 25 of 39

                          Defendant.

                                            No. 23-1614

        JARRAD COXE,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS; ANDREA SELLS; ANDREW JOHNSON; ANESHA MCGLOCKING;
        ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY
        AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE
        JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES; AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN
        WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK;
        BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON;
        BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS;
        CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER;
        CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA
        O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS; CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON;
        CHERICIA STALLWORTH; CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH;
        CHRISTOPHER BASS; COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL
        RORIE; CURTIS BOYD; CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER;
        DARLENE WATSON; DAVID ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES;
        DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE
        RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE; DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD;
        DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND
        SMITH; DIANA SMITH; DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS;
        DOMINICK HINSON; DION LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES;
        DWAYNE COCKERHAM; ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS
        MCKOY; DOROTHY RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD
        WILSON; HOLLY BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY;
        GLENDA GIBSON; HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES
        HOPKINS; ETHEL JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY
        NICHOLSON; FRANK QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH;
        JAMES BRADSHAW; LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES
        JACKSON; JAMORRIS SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF
        BLACKWELL; JEREMY BRADSHAW; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES
        GREEN; JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK;

                                                  25
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        JASMINE MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT;
        JESSICA STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE
        TOLER; JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER;
        JEFFREY HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA
        JOHNSON; KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON;
        KATHY BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS;
        KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE
        MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY;
        KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY CURRIE;
        LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK; MARILYN
        BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN; MARTHA
        CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE; MARSHA
        LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS; LINQUEAL
        ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR; MACEO TURNER;
        MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA HOLDER; MARY
        MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA ALEXANDER;
        MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL JONES; MICHAEL
        KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON; PAMELA BULLS;
        NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS; NEKA SWANN;
        NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY; PERRY
        CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON; PAMELA
        WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM;
        PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD;
        RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA
        YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT;
        RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD
        KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN;
        SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
        DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
        ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
        SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
        DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
        STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON; SHENITA
        MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON; TEWLEE BOONE;
        TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY FUNDERBURK;
        TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY MATTHEWS; TIKEISH
        MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN;
        TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS; WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON;

                                          26
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        WALTER MACKEY; WANDA MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY
        TEASTER; YATERIA THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH;
        WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE
        WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                          Defendant.

                                            No. 23-1615

        PHILLIP BROWN,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS;   ANDREA    SELLS;  ANDREW     JOHNSON;   ANESHA
        MCGLOCKING; ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE
        RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY
        STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES;
        AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY
        CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY
        CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY
        OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE
        EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA
        GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS;
        CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; CHERICIA STALLWORTH;
        CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; CHRISTOPHER BASS;

                                                  27
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603   Doc: 22   Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 28 of 39

        COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL RORIE; CURTIS BOYD;
        CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; DARLENE WATSON; DAVID
        ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN
        GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE;
        DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE
        JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH;
        DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION
        LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM;
        ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY
        RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY
        BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON;
        HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL
        JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK
        QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW;
        LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS
        SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY
        BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN;
        JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE
        MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA
        STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;
        JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY
        HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON;
        KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY
        BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS;
        KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE
        MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY;
        KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY
        CURRIE; LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK;
        MARILYN BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN;
        MARTHA CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE;
        MARSHA LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS;
        LINQUEAL ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR;
        MACEO TURNER; MARGIE WEAVER; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA
        HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA
        ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL
        JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON;
        PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS;
        NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY;

                                          28
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 29 of 39

        PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON;
        PAMELA WORTHY; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP
        GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL
        ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER;
        RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA;
        RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE
        SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL
        BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
        DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
        ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
        SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
        DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
        STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON;
        SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON;
        TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY
        FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY
        MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA
        STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS;
        WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER MACKEY; WANDA
        MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY TEASTER; YATERIA
        THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; WILLIAM GIBSON;
        WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE WARREN; WILLIE
        WILKERSON,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                          Defendant.

                                           No. 23-1616

                                                29
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 30 of 39

        WILLIE BRADFIELD,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS;     ANDREA     SELLS; ANDREW    JOHNSON;   ANESHA
        MCGLOCKING; ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE
        RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY
        STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES;
        AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY
        CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY
        CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY
        OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE
        EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA
        GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS;
        CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; CHERICIA STALLWORTH;
        CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; CHRISTOPHER BASS;
        COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL RORIE; CURTIS BOYD;
        CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; DARLENE WATSON; DAVID
        ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN
        GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE;
        DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE
        JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH;
        DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION
        LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM;
        ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY
        RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY
        BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON;
        HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL
        JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK
        QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW;
        LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS
        SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY
        BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN;
        JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE
        MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA
        STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;
        JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY
        HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON;
        KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY
        BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS;

                                                  30
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603   Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 31 of 39

        KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE
        MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY;
        KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE
        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY
        CURRIE; LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK;
        MARILYN BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN;
        MARTHA CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE;
        MARSHA LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS;
        LINQUEAL ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR;
        MACEO TURNER; MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA
        HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA
        ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL
        JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON;
        PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS;
        NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY;
        PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON;
        PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE
        CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD
        PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER;
        PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA
        BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES;
        RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA
        ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA;
        SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING;
        SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA
        MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS;
        TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA
        JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON;
        SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON;
        TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY
        FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY
        MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA
        STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TONY WHITE; TONYA WOODS;
        WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER MACKEY; WANDA
        MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY TEASTER; YATERIA
        THOMAS; WILLIAM BUNCH; WILLIAM GIBSON; WILLIAM PEARSALL;
        WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE WARREN; WILLIE WILKERSON,

                         Plaintiffs,

                                               31
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 32 of 39

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                          Defendant.

                                            No. 23-1617

        KATRINA CAMPBELL,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS;    ANDREA    SELLS; ANDREW     JOHNSON;    ANESHA
        MCGLOCKING; ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE
        RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY
        STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES;
        AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY
        CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY
        CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY
        OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE
        EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA
        GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS;
        CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; CHERICIA STALLWORTH;
        CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; CHRISTOPHER BASS;
        COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL RORIE; CURTIS BOYD;
        CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; DARLENE WATSON; DAVID
        ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN
        GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE;
        DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE
        JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH;

                                                  32
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        DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION
        LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM;
        ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY
        RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY
        BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON;
        HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL
        JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK
        QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW;
        LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS
        SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY
        BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN;
        JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE
        MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA
        STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;
        JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY
        HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON;
        KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY
        BRATTON-HARBISON; KELLY EDWARDS; KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN
        HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR
        SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY; KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY
        MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW; LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD;
        LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA
        HAIRE; LATONYA HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA
        LEARY; LESLIE MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN;
        LASHONDA RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY;
        LINDSAY CURRIE; LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA
        HEDRICK; MARILYN BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON
        BROWN; MARTHA CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE
        GAUSE; MARSHA LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS;
        LINQUEAL ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR;
        MACEO TURNER; MARGIE WEAVIL; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA
        HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA
        ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL
        JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON;
        PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS;
        NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY;
        PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAULETTE SHANNON;
        PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE
        CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN; RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD
        PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS; RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER;
        PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA
        BRYANT; RITA CERNA; RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES;
        RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA

                                          33
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603    Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 34 of 39

        ALLEN; SANDELL BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA;
        SANDRA DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING;
        SABRINA ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA
        MOUZON; SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS;
        TAMERA DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA
        JONES; STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON;
        SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON;
        TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY
        FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY
        MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA
        STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS;
        WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER MACKEY; WANDA
        MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY TEASTER; YATERIA
        THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; WILLIAM GIBSON;
        WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE WARREN; WILLIE
        WILKERSON,

                          Plaintiffs,

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                          Defendants - Appellants,

                   and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                          Defendant.

                                            No. 23-1618

        PAULETTE SHANNON,

                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                   and

                                                  34
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603   Doc: 22   Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 35 of 39

        AARON GOINES; ALICIA ADAMS; AMANDA ALCOCK; AMANDA
        GROOMS;     ANDREA     SELLS; ANDREW    JOHNSON;   ANESHA
        MCGLOCKING; ANGELO CUMMINGS; ANNA SHAW; ANNETTE
        RIDGEWAY; ANTHONY AMES; ANTHONY ROSADO; ANTHONY
        STURDIVANT; ANTOINETTE JACKSON; APRIL ALLEN; AREEBA LILES;
        AVI WILLIAMS; BENJAMIN WHERRY; BETTY MAKARIMI; BRADLEY
        CALDWELL; BRIDGET CLARK; BRIELLE COWAN; BRITTANY
        CALLAHAN; BRITTANY MASON; BRITTANY WILLIAMS; BRITTNEY
        OLIPHANT; CANDICE PERKINS; CAROLYN WALLACE; CARRIE
        EDWARDS; CASANDRA MILLER; CASSANDRA BROOKS; CASSANDRA
        GAINES; CEDRIC MOSES; CHARITA O’NEAL; CHARLENE HARRIS;
        CHARMAINE REID; CHARMAINE WILSON; CHERICIA STALLWORTH;
        CHIMAOBI MADUBUIKE; CHRISTINA SMITH; CHRISTOPHER BASS;
        COREY MCDUFFIE; CRYSTAL OWENS; CRYSTAL RORIE; CURTIS BOYD;
        CYNIA ANDERSON; DAPHNE CARPENTER; DARLENE WATSON; DAVID
        ELLISON; DAVID GILLUM; DAVEDA HINES; DAVIE DAWKINS; DAWN
        GRAY; DAVID REYNOLDS; DAVIE RICHARDSON; DEREK COLE;
        DERRICK GREEN; DEPRIES HAYWOOD; DAWN HOUSETON; DESIREE
        JEFFREY; DIMITRI SHAW; DESMOND SMITH; DIANA SMITH;
        DOMAUNIA CLARK; DOMINIQUE HARRIS; DOMINICK HINSON; DION
        LUKER; DONZA SLADE; DONTA SYKES; DWAYNE COCKERHAM;
        ELAINE T. JOHNSON; ELA MANNS; DOUGLAS MCKOY; DOROTHY
        RANSOM; EDNA TAYLOR; ERICA TURNER; EDWARD WILSON; HOLLY
        BOSTIC; GLORIA CALHOUN; FRANCES GADDY; GLENDA GIBSON;
        HAZEL GILLIAM; GLORIA HARDY; FRANCES HOPKINS; ETHEL
        JENKINS; INDIA LEAK; GARY MALLOY; GREGORY NICHOLSON; FRANK
        QUICK; GREGORY SLOAN; HOWARD J. WELCH; JAMES BRADSHAW;
        LINDA BRADSHAW; JADA EASTERLING; JAMES JACKSON; JAMORRIS
        SINGLETON; JAMES WILSON, JR.; JEFF BLACKWELL; JEREMY
        BRADSHAW; JARRAD COXE; JENNIFER HICKS; JENNIE JONES GREEN;
        JERMALE KEYS; JASON LANE; JAN LYNCH; JAVON MACK; JASMINE
        MAYHEM; JEANETTE MORGAN; JENNIFER SERGEANT; JESSICA
        STEWART; JENNIFER TAYLOR; JASON TILLEY; JENELLE TOLER;
        JONATHAN BENNETT; JOSEPH DIXON; JOZELLE GARBER; JEFFREY
        HANKINS; JOHNNY HARDISON; JOHN JOHNSON; KALISA JOHNSON;
        KAJUANE RORIE; JONATHAN SHIPMAN; JOCELYN STINSON; KATHY
        BRATTON-HARBISON; KATRINA CAMPBELL; KELLY EDWARDS;
        KATHERINE GARCIA; KEVIN HORTON; KALISA JONSON; KATHERINE
        MCDONALD; KEVIN LAMAR SMITH; KELLY WALL; KIESHA LEARY;
        KRYSTAL MCCREE; KIMBERLY MORROW; LAQUITTA OUTLAW;
        LAKEESHA REDD; LATONIA BOYD; LASHALL BURNS; LESLIE
        FONVILLE; LAUREN GRIMSLEY; LATISA HAIRE; LATONYA
        HILDERBRAND; LASHAURA HUDSON; LAWANDA LEARY; LESLIE

                                          35
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603   Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024   Pg: 36 of 39

        MCSWAIN; LENNIE MOORE; LATEESHA MUNGIN; LASHONDA
        RICHARDS; LEKITTA ROBINSON; LINITA BLAKENEY; LINDSAY
        CURRIE; LETITA FRONE MILLER; LETITA GRANT; LINDA HEDRICK;
        MARILYN BLACKWELL; MARSHELL BOYKIN; MARLON BROWN;
        MARTHA CALDWELL; MARILYN DOSS; MARIA CELESTE GAUSE;
        MARSHA LEATH; LISA LEWIS; MARVA PRINCE; LUCY ROGERS;
        LINQUEAL ROUNDS; MARCUS SPELLMAN; MARQUITA TAYLOR;
        MACEO TURNER; MARGIE WEAVER; LORRAINE SLIGH; MELISSA
        HOLDER; MARY MCBRIDE; MELISSAH SCALES; MARY WOOD; MONICA
        ALEXANDER; MICHAEL FOSTER, JR.; MICHAEL JENKINS; MICHAEL
        JONES; MICHAEL KEE; MICHELLE KEELING; MARICA NELSON;
        PAMELA BULLS; NATASHA DAVIS; NAIMAH JONES; NELLIE KNOTTS;
        NEKA SWANN; NICOLE THOMAS; PERRY BOSTIC; PATRICK CANTEY;
        PERRY CUTHRELL, JR.; PAMELA MCINNIS; PAMELA WORTHY; PHILLIP
        BROWN; RALPH CHILDRESS; PRINCE CHISHOLM; PHILLIP GREEN;
        RAVEN WILMAR HOOKER; RASHAD PETTIFORD; RACHEL ROLLINS;
        RANDY TERRY; PRINCE TROLLINGER; PRISCILLA YOUNGER; RICKEY
        ADAMS; REGINALD BROWN; REMEKA BRYANT; RITA CERNA;
        RICHARD DELAIN; ROBERT GONZALES; RAYFORD KIMBLE; REGGIE
        SMITH; ROBERT TILLMAN; SAMANTHA ALLEN; SANDELL
        BLACKWELL; SANDRA CARMON; RODNEY COBIA; SANDRA
        DARRISAW; SARAH DOUGLAS; RODNEY EASTERLING; SABRINA
        ELLIOT; ROGER HAMLETT; RODNEY HICKMAN; SAMANTHA MOUZON;
        SHANNON THOMAS; SHAMICA WALL; ROMAN WATROUS; TAMERA
        DAVIS; STANLEY EWINGS; SHELDON JOHNSON; SHONDA JONES;
        STEPHANIE JONES; TALISHA LOWERY; TAMECIA MCKINNON;
        SHENITA MELTON; TAHEIM RAGLAND; TAKEALLA ROBINSON;
        TEWLEE BOONE; TERESKA CHRISP; TERRY COE; TERESA DIXON; TONY
        FUNDERBURK; TARI HARRIS; DAMION JOHNSON; TIFFANY
        MATTHEWS; TIKEISH MCNEILL; TERRAYA ROYSTER; TEALA
        STANTON; TRESHAUN WARREN; TOMMY WHITE; TONYA WOODS;
        WANDA EVANS; VINCENT HAIRSTON; WALTER MACKEY; WANDA
        MCKOY; VALERIE MCLAUGHLIN; WHITLEY TEASTER; YATERIA
        THOMAS; WILLIE BRADFIELD; WILLIAM BUNCH; WILLIAM GIBSON;
        WILLIAM PEARSALL; WILLIE THOMAS; WILLIE WARREN; WILLIE
        WILKERSON,

                         Plaintiffs,

                   v.

        TITLEMAX OF VIRGINIA, INC.; TITLEMAX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, INC.,

                                               36
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603       Doc: 22        Filed: 05/01/2024     Pg: 37 of 39

                             Defendants - Appellants,

                      and

        TMX FINANCE OF VIRGINIA, INC.,

                             Defendant.

        Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, at
        Greensboro. Loretta C. Biggs, District Judge. (1:19-cv-00489-LCB-JLW)

        Submitted: April 25, 2024                                          Decided: May 1, 2024

        Before KING, THACKER, and HARRIS, Circuit Judges.

        Vacated and remanded by unpublished per curiam opinion.

        ON BRIEF: Anthony J. Durone, Lauren Tallent, BERKOWITZ OLIVER LLP, Kansas
        City, Missouri, for Appellants. Andrew H. Brown, James R. Faucher, BROWN,
        FAUCHER, PERALDO & BENSON, PLLC, Greensboro, North Carolina, for Appellees.

        Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

                                                    37
USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603       Doc: 22          Filed: 05/01/2024      Pg: 38 of 39

        PER CURIAM:

               Appellants TitleMax of Virginia, Inc., and TitleMax of South Carolina, Inc.

        (“TitleMax”), appeal the district court’s orders granting Appellees’ applications under

        Section 9 of the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16 (FAA), to confirm arbitration

        awards. On appeal, TitleMax argues the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to

        enter the judgments confirming Appellees’ arbitration awards because Appellees’ Section

        9 applications did not identify an independent basis for the court’s jurisdiction. We agree.

               In Badgerow v. Walters, 596 U.S. 1 (2022), the Supreme Court held that, in contrast

        to the method for determining a district court’s jurisdiction over a motion to compel

        arbitration under Section 4 of the FAA, there must be “an independent jurisdictional basis”

        for a district court to confirm or vacate an arbitration award under Section 9 or 10, id. at 4

        (internal quotation marks omitted), that is apparent from “the application actually

        submitted to” the court, id. at 5. As we recently explained, this is true regardless of whether

        the relevant application was a “freestanding application[]” or was “filed after arbitration in

        a previously stayed action.” SmartSky Networks, LLC v. DAG Wireless, LTD., 93 F.4th

        175, 184 (4th Cir. 2024). 1 Rather, “all Section 9 and 10 applications must have an

        independent jurisdictional basis clear on the face of the application.” Id.

               The Section 9 applications at issue in this case did not identify a basis for the district

        court’s jurisdiction. The applications did not identify a non-FAA basis for federal question

               1
                The district court did not have the benefit of our opinion in SmartSky at the time it
        ruled on Appellees’ Section 9 motions.

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USCA4 Appeal: 23-1603      Doc: 22         Filed: 05/01/2024      Pg: 39 of 39

        jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. They did not suggest that the amount in controversy

        was above the $75,000 threshold necessary for the district court to have diversity

        jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332.       And they did not invoke the district court’s

        supplemental jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367 2 or identify any other basis for the

        court’s jurisdiction. Because “a court may look only to the application actually submitted

        to it in assessing its jurisdiction,” Badgerow, 596 U.S. at 5 (emphasis added), the district

        court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to grant Appellees’ Section 9 applications.

               Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s judgments and remand to the district

        court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We dispense with oral argument

        because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this

        court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

                                                                     VACATED AND REMANDED

               2
                We express no opinion as to whether a Section 9 or 10 applicant could properly
        invoke § 1367 as a basis for the district court’s jurisdiction over such an application.

                                                     39