Court Opinion

ID: 9368651
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-06 16:00:54.328991+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:09.594282
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
          v.
                                                       Criminal Action No. 21-244-2 (CKK)
    ANTHONY ALFRED GRIFFITH, SR.,
               Defendant.

                            OMNIBUS MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                    (February 6, 2023)

         This criminal case is one of approximately one thousand arising from the insurrection at

the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021. For his actions at the Capitol on January 6,

Defendant Anthony Alfred Griffith (“Defendant” or “Griffith”) is charged by indictment with four

misdemeanor counts. Before the Court is Defendant’s [88] and [89] motions to dismiss the

indictment, in part or in whole, and [90] Motion to Transfer Venue. Upon consideration of the

briefing, 1 the relevant legal authorities, and the entire record, the Court shall DENY each Motion.

1
    The Court’s consideration has focused on:

     •   The Government’s Statement of Facts in Support of its Sealed Complaint, ECF No. 1-1
         (“Aff.”); and
     •   the Indictment, ECF No. 12;
     •   Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Counts Two and Three of the Indictment, ECF No. 88;
     •   Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss 2-5 as Multiplicitous, ECF No. 89;
     •   Defendant’s Motion to Transfer Venue, ECF No. 90;
     •   The Government’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Counts 2-5 as
         Multiplicitous, ECF No. 103;
     •   The Government’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Transfer Venue, ECF No. 104;
     •   The Government’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismissing Counts Two and
         Three, ECF No. 105; and
     •   Defendant’s Reply to the Government’s Response to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss
         Counts Two and Three of the Indictment, ECF No. 107.

In an exercise of its discretion, the Court has concluded that oral argument would not be helpful
in the resolution of the Motions.
                                                 1
                                    I.      BACKGROUND

       Defendant is charged by indictment with: (1) Entering and Remaining in a Restricted

Building, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1752(a)(1); (2) Disorderly and Disruptive Conduct in a

Restricted Building or Grounds, in violation 18 U.S.C. § 1752(a)(2); (3) Disorderly Conduct in a

Capitol Building, in violation of 40 U.S.C. § 5104(e)(2)(D); and (4) Parading, Demonstrating, or

Picketing in a Capitol Building, in violation of 40 U.S.C. § 5104(e)(2)(G). Indictment, ECF No.

12.

       A. Certification of the 2020 Presidential Election and Capitol Riot

       The Twelfth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that, after the members

of the Electoral College “meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-

President,” they “shall sign and certify [their votes], and transmit [them] sealed to the seat of

government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate.” U.S. Const. amend. XII.

The Vice President of the United States, as President of the Senate, must then, “in the presence of

the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates[,], and the votes shall then be

counted.” Id. To count the votes and “declar[e] the result” of the Electoral College, federal law

mandates that “Congress shall be in session on the sixth day of January succeeding every meeting

of the electors” and that “[t]he Senate and House of Representatives shall meet in the Hall of the

House at the hour of 1 o’clock in the afternoon on that day.” 3 U.S.C. §§ 15-16.

       Pursuant to the Constitution and federal law, Congress convened in a joint session at 1:00

PM on January 6, 2021, to count the votes of the Electoral College and certify the results of the

2020 Presidential Election, which had taken place on November 3, 2020. See Compl., Stmt. of

Facts (“SOF”) at 1, ECF No. 1-1. With then-Vice President Michael R. Pence presiding,

proceedings began and continued until 1:30 PM, when the United States House of Representatives

                                                 2
and the United States Senate adjourned to separate chambers within the Capitol to debate and

consider an objection to the Electoral College vote from the State of Arizona. Id. Vice President

Pence continued to preside in the Senate chamber. Id.

       Shortly before noon, then-President Donald J. Trump took the stage at a rally of his

supporters staged just south of the White House. Trump v. Thompson, 20 F.4th 10, 17 (D.C. Cir.

2021). Then-President Trump declared that the election was “rigged” and “stolen” and urged the

crowd to “demand that Congress do the right thing and only count the electors who have been

lawfully slated.” Id. at 18 (cleaned up). During and after then-President Trump’s speech, a mass

of attendees marched on the Capitol. See id.

       As they gathered outside the Capitol, the crowd faced temporary and permanent barricades

and Capitol Police positioned to prevent unauthorized entry to the Capitol. Aff. ¶ 6. Shortly after

2:00 p.m., “crowd members forced entry into the Capitol building, including by breaking

windows and assaulting Capitol Police officers, while others in the crowd encouraged and assisted

those acts.” Id. These violent acts caused members of the Senate and House of Representatives

to evacuate the chambers of the Capitol and suspend the certification process of the presidential

election results. Id. ¶ 7. The violent riot “desecrated [the Capitol], blood was shed, and several

individuals lost their lives.” Thompson, 20 F.4th at 19. All told, “[t]he events of January 6, 2021

marked the most significant assault on the Capitol since the War of 1812.” Id. at 18-19 (footnote

omitted).

       As this Court has found as both a factual and legal matter, the Capitol building and grounds

on January 6, 2021 were a “restricted area” within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 1752. United States

v. MacAndrew, Crim. A. No. 21-730 (CKK), 2023 WL 196132, at *2 (D.D.C. Jan. 17, 2023);

United States v. Grider, --- F. Supp. 3d ---, 2022 WL 17829149, at *12 (D.D.C. Dec. 21, 2022)

                                                3
(“Grider II”); United States v. Grider, --- F. Supp. 3d ---, 2022 WL 17829149, at *7 (D.D.C. July

29, 2022) (“Grider I”). In part, the Court concluded (after considering trial evidence) that it was

a “restricted area” based on testimony by Secret Service and Capitol Police leadership, who were

coordinating the designation of the area as “restricted.” Rivera, at *7. Although it may be the case

that other documents formally effected that designation, the Court implicitly credited, among other

things, an “Order” by the Capitol Police Board, which restricted access to the West Front of the

Capitol. See Ex. A (trial exhibit from Rivera). As a result, the Court further found in all of

MacAndrew, Grider, and Rivera that the defendants remained in a “restricted area” well after the

fall of the first police lines at approximately 1:15 PM.

       B. Events Specific to Defendant

       Defendant is one nearly of one thousand individuals charged with federal crimes for his

conduct on January 6th. According to the allegations in the Indictment and the Affidavit in Support

of Criminal Complaint, ECF No. 1-1, 2 Defendant traveled from Oklahoma to the District of

Columbia for then-President Trump’s “Stop the Steal” rally. See Aff. at 4. After the rally, Griffith,

with co-Defendant Jerry Ryals, made his way to the Capitol and entered the building with the

crowd. Id. at 4-5. Griffith also took photos of armored police battling with insurrectionists on the

West Front of the Capitol. Id. at 5 (figure 4). 3

2
   “It is appropriate if not necessary to rely on other official documents for the specific factual
allegations underlying the [] Indictment, as the indictment itself contains few, if any, details about
[Defendant’s] alleged conduct.” United States v. McHugh, --- F Supp. 3d ---, 2022 WL 296304 at
*2 n.2 (D.D.C. Feb. 1, 2022) (JDB); accord United States v. Mostofsky, Crim. Action No. 21-138,
2021 WL 6049891 at *1 (D.D.C. Dec. 21, 2021) (JEB).
3
  Defendant’s motion to suppress those inculpatory statements remains pending. At the time of
his arrest, Defendant made a number of inculpatory admissions to law enforcement confessing
his conduct, although he maintains that he did not know it was unlawful for him to enter the
Capitol. See id.; ECF No. 106-5 (recorded interview of Defendant conducted by FBI agents).
The Court’s analysis here does not rest in any substantial part on these alleged statements.
                                                    4
                                  II.      LEGAL STANDARD

       Pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 12(b)(3), a criminal defendant may, before

trial, move to dismiss a count of the indictment based on a “defect in the indictment.” As relevant

here, defects include “failure to state an offense.” Id. “Failure to state an offense” may be due to

a question of statutory interpretation or a constitutional issue. See United States v. Stone, 394 F.

Supp. 3d 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2019). When considering a challenge to the indictment, “a district court is

limited to reviewing the face of the indictment;” the Court must “presume the allegations [in the]

indictment to be true.” United States v. Sunia, 643 F. Supp. 2d 51, 60 (D.D.C. 2009) (internal

quotation marks removed). “The operative question is whether [those] allegations, if proven,

would be sufficient to permit a jury to find that the crimes charged were committed.” United States

v. Sanford Ltd., 859 F. Supp. 2d 102, 107 (D.D.C. 2012). Additionally, pursuant to Rule

12(b)(3)(B)(ii), a Defendant may, before trial, move to dismiss a charging instrument in whole or

in part based on the instrument “charging the same offense in more than one count (multiplicity).”

                                        III.   DISCUSSION

       Defendant’s challenges to the Indictment are multitudinous. He challenges the reach of

the 18 U.S.C. § 1752, in addition to insisting that the statute is void for vagueness. Defendant

further that, were the Court to rule against him, doing so would effect an ex post facto law in

violation of the Fifth Amendment. Next, Defendant argues that the charges in the Indictment are

unconstitutionally multiplicative of each other. Finally, he asks the Court to transfer venue to the

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia or the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Oklahoma. All these challenges fail.

                                                 5
   A. Section 1752

          First, Defendant argues that the Indictment does not state a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1752

because only the United States Secret Service can designate an area “restricted.” This challenge

has been exhaustively litigated in this jurisdiction, and every court to consider the argument has

rejected it, including this Court. Grider I, 2022 WL 17829149, at *12; see also United States v.

Oliveras, Crim. A. No. 21-738 (BAH), 2023 WL 196746, at *3 (D.D.C. Jan. 17, 2023) (collecting

cases).

          Next, Defendant argues that reading section 1752 to permit any law enforcement agency

to designate an area “restricted” should render the law void for vagueness. The Court rejected this

argument in Grider I as well. Grider I, 2022 WL 17829149, at *12; see also Oliveras, 2023 WL

196746, at *3 (again, collecting cases). The Court restates and incorporates the entirety of its

analysis in Grider I herein. As explained in Grider I, vagueness challenges are difficult to mount

because “statutes are not automatically invalidated as vague simply because difficulty is found in

determining whether certain marginal offenses fall within their language.” United States v. Nat’l

Dairy Prods. Corp., 372 U.S. 29, 32 (1963). A law is unconstitutionally vague when it “fails to

give ordinary people fair notice of the conduct it punishes, or [is] so standardless that it invites

arbitrary enforcement.” Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. 591, 595 (2015). This is a “‘stringent

standard.’” Sandlin, 2021 WL 5865006 at *10 (quoting United States v. Harmon, No. 19-cr-395

(BAH), 2021 WL 1518344 at *4 (D.D.C. Apr. 16, 2021)). The vagueness determination “must be

made on the basis of the statute itself and other pertinent law, rather than on the basis of an ad hoc

appraisal of the subjective expectations of particular defendants.” Bouie v. City of Columbia, 378

U.S. 347, 355 n.5 (1964).

                                                  6
       Simply put, there is no statutory language susceptible of multiple meanings here. The

relevant provision means what it says: it is unlawful to knowingly enter or remain in “any posted,

cordoned off, or otherwise restricted area of a building or grounds where the President or other

person protected by the Secret Service is or will be temporarily visiting.” 18 U.S.C. § 1752(a)(1),

(c)(1)(B). As Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell recently explained, the legislative history clarifies that

Congress intended that other law enforcement agencies could designate “restricted areas” by

“remov[ing] the authority (and responsibility) of the Secretary of the Treasury, the USS, or anyone

else to ‘designate’” a restricted area when it amended the statute in 2006. Oliveras, 2023 WL

196746, at *1; see also United States v. Griffin, 549 F. Supp. 3d 49, 55-56 (D.D.C. 2021)

(discussing statutory history). 4 “Congress chose to delineate the outer boundary of this statute not

by who does the restricting but to who is being protected.” United States v. Puma, 596 F. Supp.

3d 90, 109 (D.D.C. 2022) (PLF). As such, assuming the Capitol Police designated the Capitol

Grounds restricted, it works no unfair surprise on Defendant to convict him for knowingly entering

or remaining in that area.

       Acknowledging the Court’s prior holdings in reply, Defendant pivots to arguing that the

Capitol Police “un”-designated Capitol grounds at some point during the insurrection. Defendant’s

argument lacks merit. If anyone can designate an area “restricted,” Defendant insists, then anyone

else can “un”-designate it as well. Based on this textual premise, Defendant maintains that

individual Capitol Police officers “un”-designated various portions of the Capitol building and

grounds by retreated from various lines, thereby “allowing” those lines to be breached. That

4
  Defendant also argues that section 1752(a)(2) is unconstitutionally vague because it
criminalizes conduct “within such proximity to” a restricted area, not just “in” the restricted area.
ECF No. 88 at 17-19. Whatever the merits of such an argument, the Government seeks to
convict Defendant for being within a restricted area (the Capitol building and grounds), not being
near it. See Aff. at 4.
                                                 7
argument, however, ultimately depends on how an area came to be restricted and whether there

are factual circumstances supporting the legal argument that such restriction was removed. See

United States v. Bursey, 416 F.3d 301, 307 (4th Cir. 2005). Because a Court may not assume facts

outside of the charging document to resolve a Rule 12(b) motion, Sunia, 643 F. Supp. 2d at 60,

Defendant’s argument that Counts Two and Three should be dismissed because the Capitol

building and grounds became in fact unrestricted fails. Alternatively, in the first instance, it was

the mob that removed the barriers, not law enforcement.

   B. Ex Post Facto

       Next, Defendant insists that reading section 1752 to apply to the conduct charged would

effect an ex post facto law in violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Judicial

interpretation of a criminal statute may not apply retroactively if the interpretation is “unexpected

and indefensible by reference to the law which had been expressed prior to the conduct in issue.”

Bouie v. City of Columbia, 378 U.S. 347, 354 (1964). Generally, to prevail on an ex post facto

challenge, a defendant must show some break with precedent. See, e.g., Williams v. Filson, 908

F.3d 546, 577 (9th Cir. 2018); accord Griffin, 549 F. Supp. 3d at 58. Here, Defendant has

identified no precedent adopting his reading. Indeed, it is Defendant’s reading of these statutes

that appears to be novel. As the Court has concluded above, neither section 231 nor section 1752

are, for present purposes, susceptible of more than one meaning. The fact that Defendant “has

allegedly violated a rarely charged statute,” or that the Government has only recently applied the

challenged provisions to conduct at the United States Capitol, “does not mean that the construction

of the[se] statute[s] unfairly blindsided him.” See Griffin, 549 F. Supp. 3d at 58; see also

Mostofsky, 2021 WL 6049891 at *11. Accordingly, Defendant’s ex post facto challenge fails.

                                                 8
   C. Multiplicity

       Next, Defendant argues that each of these charges in the Indictment are multiplicative, i.e.,

that to be convicted of more than one of them would violate the Double Jeopardy Clause. The

Court recently addressed this issue in United States v. MacAndrew, Crim. A. No. 21-730, 2022

WL 17983533 (D.D.C. Dec. 27, 2022), and shall repeat that analysis here.

       A multiplicity challenge faces a particularly high bar. As the Supreme Court explains, a

“single act may be an offense against two statutes; and if each statute requires proof of an

additional fact which the other does not, an acquittal or conviction under either statute does not

exempt the defendant from prosecution and punishment under the other.” Blockburger v. United

States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932); see also United States v. Ballenger, Crim. A. No. 21-719 (JEB),

2022 WL 14807767, at *2 (D.D.C. Oct. 26, 2022).

       To illustrate how each charge contains elements distinct from the others, consider the

following chart of the offenses charged in the Superseding Information:

      Counts           Proscribed Conduct     Mental State                   Additional Facts
                                                Required                         Required
 1. 18 U.S.C. §      Entering or remaining Knowingly                    To do so in a “restricted
 1752(a)(1)          without lawful                                     building” or area, i.e., an
                     authority                                          area that is “posted,
                                                                        cordoned off, or
                                                                        otherwise restricted” and
                                                                        is (1) the White House
                                                                        grounds or buildings or
                                                                        Vice President’s
                                                                        residence or grounds; (2)
                                                                        an area where a person
                                                                        protected by the Secret
                                                                        Service is or will be
                                                                        temporarily visiting; or
                                                                        (3) an area restricted in
                                                                        conjunction with an
                                                                        event designated as a
                                                                        special event of national

                                                9
                                                                         significance 5
    2. 18 U.S.C. §     Engaging in             Knowingly, and with       To do so in or near a
    1752(a)(2)         disorderly or           the specific intent to    restricted building or area
                       disruptive conduct      impede or disrupt         The conduct in fact
                                               Government business       impedes or disrupts
                                                                         Government business
    3. 40 U.S.C. §     Uttering loud,          Willfully, knowingly,     To do so in any Capitol
    5104(e)(2)(D)      threatening, or         and with the specific     building or on Capitol
                       abusive language, or    intent to impede,         grounds
                       engaging in             disrupt, or disturb
                       disorderly or           Congressional
                       disruptive conduct      proceedings
    4. 40 U.S.C. §     Parading,               Willfully and             To do so in any Capitol
    5104(e)(2)(G)      demonstrating, or       knowingly                 building.
                       picketing

          The differences between these charges are myriad, but the Court will note a few. Only

Count 4 criminalizes parading, demonstrating, or picketing, so it is distinct from the rest. Accord

Ballenger, 2022 WL 14807767, at *2. Counts 3 and 4 are distinct from Counts 1 and 2 because

they require a showing of willfulness. Counts 3 and 4 also differ from Counts 1 and 2 because

the latter criminalize conduct in a Capitol building or area no matter whether it is also a

“restricted area” when the prohibited conduct occurred. Count 2 is distinct from Count 1

because it requires a showing of specific intent where Count 1 does not, and because Count 2

criminalizes different conduct from Count 1. Accord id. As such, no one count in the

Superseding Information is multiplicative of the other. Defendant’s multiplicity challenge

therefore fails.

      D. Venue

          Defendant also moves pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 21(a) to transfer

venue to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia or the United States

District Court for the Eastern District of Oklahoma. In brief, Defendant insists that no fair jury

5
    18 U.S.C. § 1752(c)(1).
                                                 10
can be impaneled in this District, and therefore to try him in this district would violate Defendant’s

rights under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. Like every other court of this jurisdiction to

confront this argument, the Court rejected it in United States v. Eicher, 2022 WL 1173926, at *7

(D.D.C. Oct. 20, 2022). See also United States v. Oliveras, Crim. A. No. 21-728 (BAH), 2023

WL 196679, at *3 (D.D.C. Jan. 17, 2023) (collecting cases). Rather than repeating that analysis

here, it suffices to note that Defendant makes no effort to distinguish this case from these myriad

others, despite the Court directing Defendant to do so in reply, which Defendant never filed and

therefore did not address the issue. Accordingly, for the reasons stated in Eicher, incorporated in

its entirety herein, the Court rejects Defendant’s arguments in favor of transfer.

                                      IV.     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s [88] Motion to Dismiss Counts Two and Three of

the Indictment, [89] Motion to Dismiss 2-5 as Multiplicitous, and [90] Motion to Transfer Venue

are DENIED. Appropriate orders accompany this memorandum opinion.

Dated: February 6, 2023                                    /s/
                                                      COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                      United States District Judge

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