Court Opinion

ID: 2824887
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-11 05:35:40.03641+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:11:38.442830
License: Public Domain

Filed 8/10/15

      IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA

HARTFORD CASUALTY INSURANCE         )
COMPANY,                            )
                                    )
           Cross-complainant        )
           and Appellant,           )
                                    )                              S211645
           v.                       )
                                    )                        Ct.App. 1/3 A133750
J.R. MARKETING, L.L.C., et al.,     )
                                    )                       San Francisco County
           Cross-defendants         )                Super. Ct. No. CGC-06-449220
           and Respondents.         )
____________________________________)

        This court has long maintained that if any claims in a third party complaint
against a person or entity protected by a commercial general liability (CGL)
insurance policy are even potentially covered by the policy, the insurer must
provide its insured with a defense to all the claims. (E.g., Horace Mann Ins. Co. v.
Barbara B. (1993) 4 Cal.4th 1076, 1081.) The insurer’s provision of an
immediate, complete defense in such a “mixed” action, we have explained, is
“prophylactically” necessary, even if outside of the policy’s strict terms, to protect
the insured’s litigation rights with respect to the potentially covered claims.
(Buss v. Superior Court (1997) 16 Cal.4th 35, 49 (Buss).) Nevertheless, we
concluded in Buss that the insured would be unjustly enriched at the insurer’s
expense if not ultimately required to bear the cost of litigating those claims for

                                          1
which the insured had never purchased defense or indemnity protection.
Accordingly, we held in Buss that the insurer may seek reimbursement from the
insured of defense fees and expenses solely attributable to the claims that were
clearly outside policy coverage. (Ibid.)
       We had no occasion in Buss to consider the related question presented here.
From whom may a CGL insurer seek reimbursement when: (1) the insurer
initially refused to defend its insured against a third-party lawsuit; (2) compelled
by a court order, the insurer subsequently provided independent counsel under a
reservation of rights — so-called Cumis counsel (see San Diego Federal Credit
Union v. Cumis Ins. Society, Inc. (1984) 162 Cal.App.3d 358 (Cumis);1 see also
Civ. Code, § 28602) — to defend its insured in the third party suit; (3) the court
order required the insurer to pay all “reasonable and necessary defense costs,” but
expressly preserved the insurer’s right to later challenge and recover payments for
“unreasonable and unnecessary” charges by counsel; and (4) the insurer now
alleges that independent counsel “padded” their bills by charging fees that were, in
part, excessive, unreasonable, and unnecessary?
       The insurer urges that it may recoup the overbilled amounts directly from
Cumis counsel themselves. Cumis counsel respond that, if the insurer has any
right at all under the facts of this case to recover overbilled amounts, the insurer’s

1       The Cumis decision held that where the insurer provides a defense, but
reserves the right to contest indemnity liability under circumstances suggesting
that the insurer’s interest may diverge from that of its insured, a conflict arises
between insured and insurer. In such circumstances, a single counsel cannot
represent both the insurer and the insured unless the insured gives informed
consent. Absent the insured’s consent to joint representation, the insurer must pay
the insured’s “reasonable cost” for hiring independent counsel to represent the
insured’s litigation interests under the insured’s control. (Cumis, supra, 162
Cal.App.3d at p. 375.)
2      Subsequent unlabeled statutory references are to the Civil Code.

                                           2
right runs solely against its insureds. Cumis counsel’s erstwhile clients might then
have a right of indemnity from these counsel.
       We conclude that under the circumstances of this case, the insurer may seek
reimbursement directly from Cumis counsel. If Cumis counsel, operating under a
court order that expressly provided that the insurer would be able to recover
payments of excessive fees, sought and received from the insurer payment for time
and costs that were fraudulent, or were otherwise manifestly and objectively
useless and wasteful when incurred, Cumis counsel have been unjustly enriched at
the insurer’s expense. Cumis counsel provide no convincing reason why they
should be absolutely immune from liability for enriching themselves in this
fashion. Alternatively, Cumis counsel fail to persuade that any financial
responsibility for their excessive billing should fall first on their own clients —
insureds who paid to receive a defense of potentially covered claims, not to face
additional rounds of litigation and possible monetary exposure for the acts of their
lawyers. For these reasons, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeal
insofar as it concluded that in this case, reimbursement cannot be obtained directly
from Cumis counsel.
                                  I. BACKGROUND
       In the summer of 2005, appellant Hartford Casualty Insurance Company
(Hartford) issued one CGL insurance policy to Noble Locks Enterprises, Inc.
(Noble Locks), effective from July 28, 2005, to July 28, 2006, and a second CGL
policy to J.R. Marketing, L.L.C. (J.R. Marketing), effective August 18, 2005, to
August 18, 2006. In these policies, Hartford promised to defend and indemnify
the named insureds, and their members and employees, against certain claims for
business-related defamation and disparagement.
       In September 2005, an action was filed in Marin County Superior Court
against J.R. Marketing, Noble Locks, and several of their employees (the Marin

                                          3
County action). The complaint stated claims for intentional misrepresentation,
breach of fiduciary duty, unfair competition, restraint of trade, defamation,
interference with business relationships, mismanagement, and conspiracy. Around
the same time, related actions were filed against many of the same parties in
Nevada (the Nevada action) and Virginia (the Virginia action). In the Marin
County action, certain defendants, apparently represented by the law firm of
Squire Sanders (US) LLP (Squire Sanders),3 filed cross-complaints.
       On September 26, 2005, defense of the Marin County action was tendered
to Hartford under the J.R. Marketing and Noble Locks policies. In early January
2006, Hartford disclaimed a duty to defend or indemnify the defendants in the
Marin County action on the grounds that the acts complained of appeared to have
occurred before the policies’ inception dates, and that certain of the defendants
appeared not to be covered insureds. The Marin County defendants, represented
by Squire Sanders, thereupon filed the instant coverage action against Hartford
(the coverage action). Hartford subsequently agreed to defend J.R. Marketing,
Noble Locks, and several of the individual defendants in the Marin County action
as of January 19, 2006, subject to a reservation of rights. However, Hartford
declined to pay defense costs incurred before that date, and also declined to
provide independent counsel in place of its panel counsel.
       In July 2006, the trial court in the coverage action entered a summary
adjudication order, finding that Hartford had a duty to defend the Marin County
action effective on the date the defense was originally tendered. The order also
provided that, because of Hartford’s reservation of rights, Hartford must fund

3     The name of this firm has recently been changed to Squire Patton Boggs
(US) LLP. To avoid confusion, this opinion refers to the firm by its former name,
which was in use throughout the bulk of the litigation.

                                          4
Cumis counsel to represent its insureds in the Marin County action. The insureds
retained Squire Sanders as Cumis counsel.
       On September 26, 2006, the trial court in the coverage action issued an
enforcement order directing Hartford to promptly pay all defense invoices
submitted to it as of August 1, 2006, and to pay all future defense costs in the
Marin County action within 30 days of receipt. The order, which was drafted by
Squire Sanders and adopted by the court, further stated that Hartford had breached
its defense obligations by refusing to provide Cumis counsel until ordered to do so
and by thereafter failing to pay counsel’s submitted bills in a timely fashion. The
order also declared that although Squire Sanders’s bills “still [had to] be
reasonable and necessary,” as a result of its breach, Hartford would be precluded
from “invok[ing] the rate provisions of Section 2860.”4 Finally, the order
provided that, “[t]o the extent Hartford seeks to challenge fees and costs as
unreasonable or unnecessary, it may do so by way of reimbursement after
resolution of the [Marin County action].” The Court of Appeal subsequently
affirmed both the summary adjudication and enforcement orders.
       In October 2009, the Marin County action was resolved. The coverage
action, stayed during the pendency of the Marin County action, resumed. Hartford
thereafter filed a cross-complaint, and then a first amended cross-complaint,
against (1) various persons for whom it had allegedly paid defense fees and

4       In section 2860, the Legislature sought to codify and flesh out the
independent counsel requirements of the Cumis decision. The statute provides,
among other things, that the insurer’s obligation to pay fees to Cumis counsel “is
limited to the rates which are actually paid by the insurer to attorneys retained by
it in the ordinary course of business in the defense of similar actions in the
community where the claim arose or is being defended.” (§ 2860, subd. (c).) The
statute specifies that any dispute concerning attorney’s fees “shall be resolved by
final and binding arbitration by a single neutral arbitrator selected by the parties to
the dispute.” (Ibid.)

                                           5
expenses in the Marin County, Nevada, and Virginia actions, and (2) Squire
Sanders. The cross-complaint asserted that Hartford was entitled to recoup from
the cross-defendants a significant portion of some $15 million in defense fees and
expenses, including some $13.5 million Hartford paid to Squire Sanders pursuant
to the enforcement order.
       The first amended cross-complaint stated causes of action for
reimbursement pursuant to the enforcement order, unjust enrichment,
accounting/money had and received, and rescission. It asserted that Hartford was
entitled to reimbursement for payment of defense legal services rendered beyond
the scope of the enforcement order: (1) to individuals and entities who were not
insureds under the J.R. Marketing and Noble Locks policies; (2) prior to any
proper tender by any individual or entity; (3) for any individual or entity in the
Nevada and Virginia actions; and (4) for any individual or entity to the extent the
services, and the costs thereof, were “abusive, excessive, unreasonable or
unnecessary.”
       Represented by Squire Sanders, the cross-defendants — including Squire
Sanders itself — demurred to the first amended cross-complaint. The demurrer
stated multiple grounds applicable to all the cross-defendants. Also included,
however, was a separate contention that Hartford could assert no legal or equitable
claim against “non-insureds, including an insured’s independent counsel.” In this
regard, the demurrer asserted that an insurer’s right to reimbursement depends on
the contractual relationship between insured and insurer, and that “recognizing a
reimbursement cause of action against a law firm would result in undesirable
consequences.”
       On September 27, 2011, the trial court sustained, without leave to amend,
the demurrer to the reimbursement and rescission causes of action as to the “non-
insured” cross-defendants (identified as Scott Harrington, one of the Marin County

                                          6
defendants, and Squire Sanders).5 In sustaining the demurrer as to Squire Sanders,
the court concluded that Hartford’s right to reimbursement, if any, was from its
insureds, not directly from Cumis counsel. The court indicated that it reached this
conclusion based on Buss and Jackson v. Rogers & Wells (1989) 210 Cal.App.3d
336, a decision explaining the public policy against the assignment of legal
malpractice actions. The court subsequently entered a judgment dismissing
Harrington and Squire Sanders from Hartford’s cross-action.
       Hartford appealed, contending that it was entitled to recover directly from
Cumis counsel for “unreasonable” and “excessive” fees and costs. In essence,
Hartford asserted that counsel, not the insureds, had been unjustly enriched by
overcharging Hartford for the insureds’ defense. The Court of Appeal affirmed
the dismissal of both Harrington and Squire Sanders from Hartford’s cross-action.
       The bulk of the Court of Appeal’s analysis focused on Hartford’s direct
claim against Squire Sanders. The court stressed that restitution is not required
merely because one person has benefited another. Instead, the court reasoned,
restitution is available only where it would be unjust to allow the person receiving
the benefit to retain it, and where restitution would not frustrate public policy. The
court noted that Hartford initially breached its duty to defend the Marin County
action, thus forcing its insureds to retain their own counsel and negotiate a fee
arrangement. Thereafter, Hartford, having reserved its right to contest coverage,
was ordered to provide and compensate Cumis counsel.
       Under these circumstances, the Court of Appeal concluded, allowing
Hartford to sue Squire Sanders directly for reimbursement of defense fees and

5      The trial court also (1) sustained the demurrer to the unjust enrichment and
accounting causes of action as to all the cross-defendants, and (2) overruled the
demurrer to the reimbursement and rescission causes of action as to the remaining
cross-defendants.

                                          7
costs would frustrate the policies underlying section 2860 and the Cumis scheme
generally. The case law already establishes, the Court of Appeal reasoned, that
when Cumis counsel is provided following an insurer’s breach of its duty to
defend, “the insurer loses all right to control the defense.” It cannot thereafter
“impose[ ] on [them] its own choice of defense counsel, fee arrangement or
strategy.” Instead, counsel chosen by the insureds answer solely to their clients in
regard to the clients’ litigation interests, free from any insurer involvement in
counsel’s approach to the insureds’ defense. Applying these principles, the court
stated that it would “now take[ ] the law one slight step further by holding
Hartford likewise barred from later maintaining a direct suit against independent
counsel for reimbursement of fees and costs charged by such counsel for crafting
and mounting the insureds’ defense where Hartford considers those fees
unreasonable or unnecessary.”
       The Court of Appeal reasoned as well that it would be anomalous if
Hartford, having “waived” the right to arbitrate fee disputes under section 2860 by
breaching its duty to defend, could now place itself in a better position by bringing
its claims to court. Finally, the Court of Appeal observed that Squire Sanders had
conferred a “benefit” not on Hartford, but on its clients. Accordingly, the court
ruled, it is the insured cross-defendants, rather than Squire Sanders, to whom
Hartford must look “if it believes the fees were incurred to defend claims that were
not covered by the insurer’s policies or that the insured[s] agreed to pay Squire
[Sanders] more than was reasonable for the services that Squire [Sanders]
performed.”
       We granted Hartford’s petition for review, which raised a narrow question:
May an insurer seek reimbursement directly from counsel when, in satisfaction of
its duty to fund its insureds’ defense in a third party action against them, the
insurer paid bills submitted by the insureds’ independent counsel for the fees and

                                           8
costs of mounting this defense, and has done so in compliance with a court order
expressly preserving the insurer’s post-litigation right to recover “unreasonable
and unnecessary” amounts billed by counsel?6 We conclude that, given the facts
of this case and within the limits discussed below, such a right of reimbursement
should run directly against Cumis counsel. We therefore reverse the Court of
Appeal’s judgment insofar as it addressed Hartford’s rights against Squire
Sanders, and otherwise affirm.7

6     Hartford did not seek review of the dismissal of Harrington as a cross-
defendant.
7       In addressing this narrow “direct right” question, we note, but do not
decide, three questions suggested by the procedural posture of this case. As
indicated above, the trial court’s 2006 enforcement order, requiring Hartford to
promptly pay Cumis counsel’s bills, specified that Hartford “is [] not permitted to
take advantage of Section 2860.” Nevertheless, the order stated that counsel’s
bills “still must be necessary and reasonable” and that, “[t]o the extent Hartford
seeks to challenge fees and costs as unreasonable or unnecessary, it may do so by
way of reimbursement after resolution of the [Marin County action].” (Italics
added.) In light of the 2006 enforcement order’s express provision authorizing
Hartford to seek reimbursement for excessive fees, we need not and do not decide
here whether, absent such an order, an insurer that breaches its defense obligations
has any right to recover excessive fees it paid Cumis counsel.
        Next, section 2860 specifies that disputes concerning the fees charged by
Cumis counsel are to be resolved by final and binding arbitration. (§ 2860,
subd. (c).) In contrast, the 2006 enforcement order provided that any dispute over
allegedly excessive fees would be addressed in a court action. Because the 2006
enforcement order is final and not subject to our review, and because Squire
Sanders has raised no issue about the effect of section 2860’s arbitration provision
on the current litigation, we do not decide whether, in general, a dispute over
allegedly excessive fees is more appropriately decided through a court action or an
arbitration.
       Finally, because the 2006 enforcement order expressly stated that resolution
of any fee dispute would take place after the underlying litigation concluded, we
do not decide when such fee disputes generally ought to be decided relative to the
underlying litigation.

                                         9
                                  II. DISCUSSION8
       A. Restitution and the Duty to Defend
       When an insured under a standard CGL policy is sued by a third party, the
insurer’s contractual duty to defend the insured extends to all claims that are even
potentially subject to the policy’s indemnity coverage. (E.g., Montrose Chemical
Corp. v. Superior Court (1993) 6 Cal.4th 287, 295-296; Gray v. Zurich Ins. Co.
(1966) 65 Cal.2d 263, 276-277.) Moreover, when the third party suit includes
some claims that are potentially covered, and some that are clearly outside the
policy’s coverage, the law nonetheless implies the insurer’s duty to defend the
entire action. (Buss, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 48.) And unless the insured agrees
otherwise, in a case where — because of the insurer’s reservation of rights based
on possible noncoverage under the policy — the interests of the insurer and the
insured diverge, the insurer must pay reasonable costs for retaining independent
counsel by the insured. (Cumis, supra, 162 Cal.App.3d at p. 375; see § 2860,
subds. (a), (b).)
       This was such a case. Hartford reserved its right to dispute coverage for
some or all of the defendants or claims in the Marin County, Nevada, and Virginia
actions. Accordingly, Squire Sanders acted as the insureds’ independent counsel
in those suits. It did so pursuant to a court order specifying that Hartford must
promptly pay Squire Sanders’s bills as and when submitted, but that the firm’s

8      Amicus curiae briefs generally supporting Hartford’s right to recover
excessive billings directly from Squire Sanders in this proceeding have been filed
by (1) Complex Insurance Claims Litigation Association and American Insurance
Association; and (2) J.R. Marketing, Jane Ratto, and Robert Ratto. Amicus curiae
briefs generally opposing Hartford’s right to recover excessive billings directly
from Squire Sanders in this proceeding have been filed by (1) Centex Homes, a
Nevada partnership; (2) Attorney Steven W. Murray; (3) California Building
Industry Association; (4) California Insureds Counsel; and (5) Montrose Chemical
Corporation.

                                         10
charges must be “reasonable and necessary,” and that, after conclusion of the
underlying litigation, Hartford could seek reimbursement of amounts it deemed
excessive by this standard. The order did not specify from whom Hartford might
obtain any such reimbursement.
       Hartford now seeks reimbursement from Squire Sanders based on equitable
principles of restitution and unjust enrichment. By charging Hartford for fees and
expenses that were unreasonable and unnecessary for the insureds’ defense,
Hartford asserts, Squire Sanders unjustly enriched itself at Hartford’s expense and
thus owes Hartford restitution for the overbilled amounts.
       An individual who has been unjustly enriched at the expense of another
may be required to make restitution. (See Ghirardo v. Antonioli (1996) 14 Cal.4th
39, 51; see Rest.3d Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, § 1; 1 Witkin, Summary of
Cal. Law (10th ed. 2005) Contracts, § 1013, p. 1102.) Where the doctrine applies,
the law implies a restitutionary obligation, even if no contract between the parties
itself expresses or implies such a duty. (See Buss, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 51.)
Though this restitutionary obligation is often described as quasi-contractual, a
privity of relationship between the parties is not necessarily required. (Ibid.; see
CTC Real Estate Services v. Lepe (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 856, 860-861.)
       Restitution is not mandated merely because one person has realized a gain
at another’s expense. Rather, the obligation arises when the enrichment obtained
lacks any adequate legal basis and thus “cannot conscientiously be retained.”
(Rest.3d Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, supra, § 1, com. b, p. 6.)
       We addressed whether such an obligation arises for the insured to pay
restitution in Buss. When the issuer of a CGL policy has met its obligation to
completely defend a “mixed” action against its insured, we held that the insurer is
entitled to restitution from the insured for those fees and costs that were solely
attributable to defending claims that clearly were not covered by the policy. We

                                          11
explained that the insurer never bargained to bear the costs of defending those
claims that were manifestly outside the policy’s coverage, and that the insured
never paid premiums, or reasonably expected, to receive a defense of clearly
noncovered claims. Under these circumstances, we concluded, it would be unjust
for the insured to retain the benefit of the insurer paying for defense costs that are
beyond the scope of the insurance contract. (Buss, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 51.)
       As we concluded in Buss, if an insurer were required to absorb the costs of
defending claims it clearly never agreed to defend, it is the insured who would
gain a direct and unjust enrichment at the insurer’s expense. But in Buss, we did
not confront the question presented here — i.e., who is “unjustly” enriched if
independent counsel representing the insured, but compensated by the insurer, are
allowed to retain payments that were unreasonable and unnecessary for the
insureds’ defense against any claim. In the present situation, Hartford alleges that
it is counsel who are the unjust beneficiaries of the insurer’s overpayments. Thus,
the question in this instance is premised on the assumption that counsel’s fees
were excessive and unnecessary and were not incurred for the benefit of the
insured. In such a case, it is counsel who should owe restitution of the excess
payments received. As applied here, accepting for the sake of argument that
Squire Sanders’s bills were objectively unreasonable and unnecessary to the
insured’s defense in the underlying litigation and that they were not incurred for
the benefit of the insured, principles of restitution and unjust enrichment dictate
that Squire Sanders should be directly responsible for reimbursing Hartford for
counsel’s excessive legal bills.
       We emphasize that our conclusion hinges on the particular facts and
procedural history of this litigation. As noted, the trial court’s September 2006
enforcement order foreclosed Hartford from “invok[ing] the rate provisions of
[s]ection 2860,” but nevertheless admonished that counsel’s bills must be

                                          12
“reasonable and necessary,” and, citing cases that allow reimbursement actions
based on restitution principles, expressly provided that Hartford could challenge
Squire Sanders’s bills in a subsequent reimbursement action. This enforcement
order was upheld on appeal and is now final. We thus assume its propriety for
purposes of the question presented here. Our task is to determine only whether,
taking as given that Hartford is entitled to challenge the reasonableness and
necessity of counsel’s fees in a reimbursement action, Hartford may seek
reimbursement directly from Squire Sanders. We conclude that it may, but
express no view as to what rights an insurer that breaches its defense obligations
might have to seek reimbursement directly from Cumis counsel in situations other
than the rather unusual one before us in this case.
       B. Objections
       Squire Sanders and its amici curiae raise numerous objections to the
proposition that a direct action by the insurer for unjust enrichment can lie against
Cumis counsel. None of these arguments compels the conclusion that such a claim
is absolutely foreclosed.
          1. Objections based on principles of contract law
       First, Squire Sanders invokes the principle that one need not make quasi-
contractual restitution for a benefit “incidentally” conferred by another while the
other was performing a pre-existing duty or protecting his own interests. (E.g.,
California Medical Assn. v. Aetna U.S. Healthcare of California, Inc. (2001)
94 Cal.App.4th 151, 174 [health care service plan provider was not “unjustly”
enriched when physicians, who had service contracts with “middlemen” and not
with plan provider itself, furnished medical services at discounted rates to plan
provider’s enrollees, thus incidentally relieving provider of duty to pay for such
services from noncontract physicians at undiscounted rates]; Major-Blakeney
Corp. v. Jenkins (1953) 121 Cal.App.2d 325, 340-341 [absent agreement for

                                         13
compensation, defendant landowner was not liable in restitution to developer of
adjacent property insofar as developer’s improvements to neighborhood streets
and utilities resulted in “incidental” enhancement of value of defendant’s
property]; see 1 Witkin, Summary of Cal. Law, supra, Contracts, § 1020, p. 1109.)
Here, Squire Sanders posits, Hartford contracted with its insureds to pay the cost
of defending potentially covered third party claims against them, and Squire
Sanders is merely the “incidental” beneficiary of Hartford’s performance of this
obligation.
       We are not persuaded that the incidental benefits principle applies to the
facts Hartford has alleged. The logic underlying this principle is straightforward:
equity does not create a duty to pay for a benefit one neither sought nor had the
opportunity to decline, and over which one had no control. (See Rest.3d
Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, supra, § 30, com. b, pp. 465-466.) When a
person acts simply as she would have done in any event, out of duty or self-
interest, she cannot equitably claim compensation from anyone who merely
happens to benefit as a result. (Ibid.)
       Neither duty nor self-interest of the kind implicated in the incidental
benefits principle accurately explains Hartford’s payments to Squire Sanders.
Hartford’s obligation to pay for independent Cumis counsel was not unlimited.
Pursuant to the 2006 enforcement order — as well as under the ethical rules that
govern attorney conduct generally (see Rules Prof. Conduct, rule 4-200(A)) — its
obligation to finance its insureds’ defense in the Marin County, Nevada, and
Virginia actions did not ultimately extend beyond the duty to pay the reasonable
costs of the defense. Nor did Hartford voluntarily pay the alleged “unreasonable
and unnecessary” overcharges submitted by Squire Sanders out of some self-
interest extraneous to the benefit conferred on those counsel. Moreover, any such
overpayments were not merely an “incidental” benefit to Squire Sanders,

                                          14
fortuitously received by the firm and beyond its power to refuse. On the contrary,
Squire Sanders, under the terms of a court order it obtained (and indeed, drafted),
submitted bills to Hartford and obtained payment subject to the express provision
that counsel’s bills must be reasonable, and that Hartford could later obtain
reimbursement of excessive charges. Under these circumstances, there is no basis
for the conclusion that Squire Sanders merely received an incidental benefit it has
no equitable obligation to repay.
       Squire Sanders next suggests that relief for unjust enrichment is unavailable
here because Hartford’s claim is already addressed by an on-point, express
contract between Hartford and its insureds. (See, e.g., Hedging Concepts, Inc. v.
First Alliance Mortgage Co. (1996) 41 Cal.App.4th 1410, 1419; Lance Camper
Manufacturing Corp. v. Republic Indemnity Co. (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 194, 203.)
We disagree. Hartford did not accept a bargain binding it to absorb whatever
defense fees and expenses the insureds’ independent counsel might choose to bill,
no matter how excessive. As such, Hartford’s claim against Squire Sanders for
reimbursement of alleged overcharges does not contravene or alter any term of the
contracts between Hartford and its insureds.
          2. Objections based on public policy and procedure
       Like the Court of Appeal, Squire Sanders and its amici curiae invoke the
premise that restitution on a theory of unjust enrichment is not available when it
would frustrate public policy. (E.g., Peterson v. Cellco Partnership (2008)
164 Cal.App.4th 1583, 1595; California Emergency Physicians Medical Group v.
PacifiCare of California (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 1127, 1136.) They urge, on
various grounds, that to allow a “breaching insurer” such as Hartford to assert a
direct right of action against its insureds’ independent counsel would contravene
the purposes of the Cumis rule and section 2860. They further assert that such a
direct claim would interfere unduly with the insureds’ attorney-client privilege and

                                         15
with their absolute right to dictate and control the defense presented by
independent counsel. We are unpersuaded that public policy precludes a direct
action against Squire Sanders in this case.
       Squire Sanders points to the general principle that when an insured is
entitled to Cumis counsel, that counsel must be “ ‘ “complete[ly]
independen[t].” ’ ” (Musser v. Provencher (2002) 28 Cal.4th 274, 283 (Musser).)
Squire Sanders asserts that Cumis counsel are answerable to “ ‘ “solely the
insured” ’ ” (ibid.) and have no attorney-client relationship with the insurer
(Assurance Co. of America v. Haven (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 78, 87-88, 90). Squire
Sanders further avers that where, as here, the insurer wrongfully refused to defend
the insured or to afford Cumis counsel, the insured may proceed as he or she
deems appropriate, and the insurer forfeits all right to control the insured’s
defense, including the right to determine litigation strategy. (See, e.g., Stalberg v.
Western Title Ins. Co. (1991) 230 Cal.App.3d 1223, 1233; cf. James 3 Corp. v.
Truck Ins. Exch. (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 1093, 1103, fn. 3 [holding, in inadequate
defense suit by insured against insurer, that insurer’s right to control non-Cumis
defense “necessarily encompasses the right to determine what measures are cost
effective”].) Squire Sanders insists that Cumis counsel’s independence, zeal, and
undivided loyalty to the insureds would be unduly compromised if, while
conducting their clients’ defense, counsel faced the chilling prospect of the
insurer’s lawsuit challenging, in hindsight, the reasonableness of counsel’s efforts.
       This argument is not convincing. Although Cumis counsel must indeed
retain the necessary independence to make reasonable choices when representing
their clients, such independence is not inconsistent with an obligation of counsel to
justify their fees. In numerous settings in our legal system, the attorneys
representing their clients know they will later have to justify their fees to a third
party — including cases brought under fee-shifting statutes, class action

                                          16
settlements, probate, and bankruptcy. (Chavez v. City of Los Angeles (2010)
47 Cal.4th 970, 975-976 (Chavez); Concepcion v. Amscan Holdings, Inc. (2014)
223 Cal.App.4th 1309, 1314-1315 (Concepcion); Estate of Trynin (1989) 49
Cal.3d 868, 873; 11 U.S.C. § 330, subd. (a).) Squire Sanders offers no convincing
explanation for why attorney independence is possible in these settings, but not
here.
        What is more, the very statute codifying the Cumis doctrine already
contemplates that counsel will be called upon to justify their fees. Section 2860
specifically addresses the possibility of disputes about Cumis counsel’s fees and
provides for resolution of those disputes. By its terms, the statute limits neither
the potential “parties to the dispute” (§ 2860, subd. (c)) nor the billing issues that
may be raised. Because counsel are billing the insurer, and the insurer is sending
its checks to counsel, such a dispute may well arise directly between the insurer
and counsel. (See Croskey et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Insurance Litigation (The
Rutter Group 2013) ¶ 7:809, p. 7B-106.11 [“ ‘Parties to the dispute’ presumably
includes the Cumis counsel, in addition to the insurer and insured”].) Thus, under
the Cumis statutory scheme itself, counsel face the prospect that insurers may
question and resist their bills, and insurers are not precluded from doing so in a
proceeding directly against counsel.
        Squire Sanders counters by suggesting that fee disputes under section 2860
“usually” stand in stark contrast to the circumstances of this case. Those disputes,
Squire Sanders claims, tend to involve insureds’ attempts to secure payment by
their insurers of Cumis counsel’s bills. And disputes are limited to the hourly fee
rate cap set forth in the statute. But nothing in the statute itself limits the parties or
the issues in a section 2860 fee dispute in this manner. Indeed, cases involving
arbitration under section 2860 suggest both that Cumis counsel are sometimes a
party to the arbitration and that the issues to be arbitrated sometimes include

                                           17
whether Cumis counsel’s fees are reasonable and necessary. (Cf., e.g.,
Janopaul + Block Companies, LLC v. Superior Court (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th
1239, 1244 [upholding, on unrelated grounds, denial of insurer’s motion to compel
insured and Cumis counsel to arbitrate insurer’s claims that insurer was entitled to
reimbursement of fees above those “reasonable and necessary” for insured’s
defense]; Long v. Century Indemnity Co. (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1460, 1465-1466
[finding arbitrable a fee dispute between Cumis counsel and insurer regarding
counsel’s right to receive a higher fee than that provided for in § 2860, subd. (c)].)
       Squire Sanders also suggests that the process in place when Cumis
counsel’s representation is governed by section 2860 is preferable to a rule
allowing the insurer to obtain reimbursement of unreasonable fees under principles
of restitution. The “more collaborative” system established by section 2860,
Squire Sanders contends, mitigates the risk that an insurer’s questioning of
counsel’s fees will undermine counsel’s independence. But it is far from self-
evident that section 2860 codifies a “more collaborative process” among the
insurer, insured, and counsel. By its terms, section 2860 comes into play only
when the interests of the insurer and the insured are so at odds that “the outcome
of [a disputed] coverage issue can be controlled by counsel first retained by the
insurer for the defense of the claim.” (§ 2860, subd. (b).) Section 2860 is not
triggered simply because an insurer defends under a reservation of rights, the
underlying litigation alleges facts under which the insurer would deny coverage, or
the litigation includes claims for punitive damages or damages in excess of policy
limits. (Ibid.; see also Gafcon, Inc. v. Ponsor & Associates (2002) 98 Cal.App.4th
1388, 1421 [“[C]ourts of appeal, including ours, repeatedly recognize a conflict of
interest does not arise every time the insurer proposes to provide a defense under a
reservation of rights. There must also be evidence that ‘the outcome of [the]
coverage issue can be controlled by counsel first retained by the insurer for the

                                          18
defense of the [underlying] claim’ ”].) Given that section 2860 comes into play
only when there exists a real and significant disjuncture between the interests of an
insurer and its insured, we fail to see how the degree of tension in the relationship
between Hartford and the insureds in this case — even if purportedly higher than
in cases where section 2860 is triggered — meaningfully heightens any threat to
Cumis counsel’s independence.
       Section 2860 is preferable as well, Squire Sanders claims, because it
provides for contemporaneous resolution of fee disputes as they arise during the
course of the underlying lawsuit against the insureds. Squire Sanders asserts that
contemporaneous proceedings intrude less on counsel’s independence than after-
the-fact litigation, because a contemporaneous proceeding provides “real-time
guidance to counsel about which activities [they] may undertake,” without raising
the concern that counsel will “hav[e] the rug pulled out from under [them] years
after the fact by the insurer.”
       These concerns about timing are speculative at best. For one thing,
although nothing in the language of section 2860 forecloses the contemporaneous
resolution of fee disputes, nothing requires it. In any event, there is no obvious
reason why, if Cumis counsel can be required to defend their bills while
simultaneously representing their clients, counsel should not equally be able to
defend their bills after the third party litigation has concluded. Indeed, Cumis
counsel might even prefer to defend their bills only after the third party litigation
has ended insofar as this would allow counsel to devote their full attention to the
insureds’ defense while the third party suit is in progress, rather than becoming
embroiled in side arguments with the insurer over fees.
       But we need express no final views on the relative merits of
contemporaneous versus after-the-fact resolution of fee disputes. As noted
previously, the 2006 enforcement order, drafted by Squire Sanders, upheld on

                                          19
appeal, and now final, specifically reserved Hartford’s right to seek reimbursement
of unreasonable legal charges after the third party litigation had concluded. This
final order is dispositive, for purposes of the instant case, of the timing of
Hartford’s claim for reimbursement.9
       Squire Sanders next argues that, because of the exclusive attorney-client
relationship between Cumis counsel and the insureds, the insureds alone have the
authority and responsibility to monitor and control counsel’s expenditures on their
behalf. Thus, if the insureds fail to prevent Cumis counsel from submitting
unreasonable and excessive bills to the insurer, Squire Sanders reasons that the
insureds should bear the consequences of this failure — subject to a right of cross-
indemnity against counsel.
       This argument all but ignores the realities of cases like the one before us.
Squire Sanders acknowledges that the insureds in this case were not sophisticated,
frequent litigators accustomed to monitoring their counsel’s day-to-day litigation
decisions. Having contracted with Hartford, and having paid premiums, to be
spared the fees and expenses of their defense, there is no indication that the
insureds had reasonable cause to expect that they would nonetheless face exposure

9       Squire Sanders makes a related argument that allowing Hartford’s suit will
create a perverse incentive for insurers to breach their duties to defend their
insureds. Squire Sanders reasons that, having forfeited, as a “breaching insurer,”
the protections of section 2860, Hartford would now be placed in a better position
than under the statute by a rule permitting it to evaluate the worth of counsel’s
efforts in hindsight. Hartford responds that it would not be tempted to deliberately
breach its obligations, expose itself to claims of tortious bad faith, and forfeit the
protections of section 2860 merely to gain an opportunity to contest counsel’s bills
in an after-the-fact reimbursement action. As explained above (see ante p. 13 &
fn. 7), we are not here deciding when, and in what forum, a breaching insurer may
challenge the legal bills presented by Cumis counsel. The sole issue before us is
whether, assuming the insurer may seek reimbursement of allegedly excessive,
unreasonable, and unnecessary charges from a court after the underlying litigation
has concluded, the insurer may seek such reimbursement directly from counsel.

                                          20
if Squire Sanders submitted unreasonable and excessive bills to Hartford. Nor is
there any indication the insureds expected that they would have to mount and
finance a separate litigation against their own counsel in order to have any hope of
recovering the funds they were ordered to pay to the insurer as a result of
counsel’s unreasonable billing. Such a circuitous, complex, and expensive
procedure serves neither fairness nor any other policy interest. We see no
persuasive ground to hold that any direct liability to Hartford for bill padding by
Squire Sanders must fall solely on the insureds.
       Also unavailing is Squire Sanders’s contention that its due process rights
would be affected by allowing Hartford to recover directly from Cumis counsel.
Such rights would be violated, Squire Sanders asserts, if the insureds’ refusal to
waive attorney-client privilege prevents counsel from effectively defending
against an insurer’s claims for reimbursement. This concern appears to be
hypothetical, as Squire Sanders does not contend that the defense of its bills in this
litigation hinges on any issue that implicates attorney-client privilege.10 In any
case, an objective assessment of the litigation as a whole to determine whether
counsel’s bills appear fundamentally reasonable is unlikely to involve an
examination of individual attorney-client communications or the minute details of
every litigation decision. If privileged information on these subjects is included in
counsel’s billing records, it can be redacted for purposes of assessing whether
counsel’s bills are reasonable. (See, e.g., Concepcion, supra, 223 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1327 [party’s claim of attorney-client privilege with respect to billing records

10     On a related front, Squire Sanders does not argue, and the record does not
suggest, that any of the allegedly excessive fees it incurred in defending the Marin
County, Nevada, and Virginia actions were incurred on the insureds’ explicit
direction or undertaken in order to benefit the insured in some way unrelated to
avoiding or minimizing liability in the underlying litigation.

                                         21
did not justify failing to provide records to defendant in dispute over attorney’s
fees; bills could simply be redacted to delete confidential information]; Banning v.
Newdow (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 438, 454 [rejecting father’s claim in child
custody dispute that bills submitted by mother’s counsel, redacted to protect
attorney-client and work product privileges, “left him unable to challenge the
reasonableness of the fees”].) Trial courts are accustomed to dealing with claims
of attorney-client privilege in a manner that balances the competing interests of the
parties, and can thus presumably address any privilege issues that arise on a case-
by-case basis.
        Finally, Squire Sanders insists that allowing an insurer to seek direct
reimbursement from Cumis counsel would contravene California’s established
prohibition on the assignment of legal malpractice claims. (See generally, e.g.,
Musser, supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 287.) This prohibition “ ‘protect[s] the integrity of
the uniquely personal and confidential attorney-client relationship.’ ” (Ibid.) It
also guards against the unseemly and burdensome commercialization of claims
arising from professional duties owed by an attorney exclusively to his or her
client. (See Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. McDonald, Hecht & Solberg (1994)
30 Cal.App.4th 1373, 1379; Kracht v. Perrin, Gartland & Doyle (1990)
219 Cal.App.3d 1019, 1023-1024.)
        As Hartford points out, however, this case is quite different. Hartford does
not seek to stand in the insureds’ shoes in order to assert a claim that counsel
violated a duty to the insureds by performing deficiently on their behalf. Nor does
Hartford seek commercial gain by trading in a claim that, by its nature, belongs
uniquely and personally to the insureds. On the contrary, Hartford is attempting to
recover legal charges it paid, under court order, to counsel for their services to the
insureds — fees Hartford now contends were excessive for the work that was
done.

                                          22
       And as Hartford asserts in response to the concerns Squire Sanders raises
about a direct action against Cumis counsel, after-the-fact scrutiny of Cumis
counsel’s charges should indeed be quite limited. Hartford agrees that counsel
must be “free to represent the insured as [they] see[ ] fit, subject only to generally
applicable legal provisions and professional standards.” (Buss, supra, 16 Cal.4th
at p. 58.) Hence, Hartford argues, the proper test for any hindsight claim of
excessive billing is the same as for a contemporaneous challenge — i.e., whether
the charges were objectively reasonable at the time they were incurred, under the
circumstances then known to counsel. (Cf., e.g., Chavez, supra, 47 Cal.4th at
pp. 990-991 [in determining if fee award is unduly inflated, court may consider
whether, viewing the scope of the litigation as a whole, the award exceeds “the
time an attorney might reasonably [have been] expect[ed] to spend” thereon];
Aerojet-General Corp. v. Transport Indemnity Co. (1997) 17 Cal.4th 38, 62-63
[insured’s investigation costs are payable by insurer as part of insurer’s duty to
defend if, “assessed under an objective standard,” the investigation would have
been conducted, and the expenses incurred, by a “reasonable insured under the
same circumstances” in an effort to avoid or minimize liability].) We agree that
Hartford sets forth the appropriate standard for fee disputes of the kind at issue
here. We add that the burden to prove that Cumis counsel’s fees were in fact
unreasonable and unnecessary falls entirely on the insurer.
       When the insurer seeks to carry that burden in a case such as this one,
however, the insurer may proceed directly against Cumis counsel in its
reimbursement action. We emphasize that this conclusion is a limited one, and a
particularly apposite one given the history of this litigation. The trial court’s 2006
enforcement order plainly permits Hartford to pursue someone for reimbursement
of allegedly excessive legal charges. The clarity and finality of this order removes
from our consideration the question whether Hartford, as a “breaching” insurer

                                          23
that was arguably caught shirking its defense duties, ought to be able to pursue
anyone for alleged overpayments. Similarly off the table is the question of
whether the trial court ought to have cut Hartford off from section 2860’s
arbitration provisions, even as a sanction for its breach. Thus, to the extent Squire
Sanders or its amici curiae perceive unfairness in the conclusion that a breaching
insurer cut off from the protections of section 2860 should nevertheless retain the
right to recoup allegedly excessive legal charges in a later court proceeding, any
such unfairness stems from the 2006 enforcement order and not from our holding
here. Taking the 2006 enforcement order as we find it, we conclude that equitable
principles of restitution and unjust enrichment dictate that Hartford may seek
reimbursement for the allegedly unreasonable and unnecessary defense fees
directly from Squire Sanders.
       Squire Sanders’s own conduct in the course of this litigation further
supports our conclusion that it is not unjust to allow Hartford to pursue its
reimbursement action directly against Squire Sanders. Squire Sanders drafted the
very order that expressly preserved Hartford’s right to pursue reimbursement for
excessive fees and grounded that reimbursement right in principles of restitution
and unjust enrichment. Our holding that Hartford may pursue its claim for
reimbursement against Squire Sanders stems directly from — and is wholly
consistent with — that order. Squire Sanders now attempts to avoid the effects of
this order by encouraging us to foist all responsibility for reimbursement onto its
erstwhile clients, but we see no reason to accept that invitation. Under the
circumstances, allowing Hartford to pursue a narrow claim for reimbursement
against Squire Sanders under the terms of the 2006 enforcement order neither
rewards an undeserving insurer nor penalizes unsuspecting Cumis counsel.

                                         24
                                 III. DISPOSITION
      The judgment of the Court of Appeal is reversed insofar as it upheld the
dismissal of Squire Sanders from Hartford’s cross-suit, and is otherwise affirmed.
                                                CUÉLLAR, J.

WE CONCUR:

CANTIL-SAKAUYE, C. J.
WERDEGAR, J.
CHIN, J.
CORRIGAN, J.
KRUGER, J.

                                        25
                     CONCURRING OPINION BY LIU, J.

       “From the very nature of equity, a wide play is left to the conscience of the
chancellor in formulating his decrees, that justice may be effectually carried out.”
(Bechtel v. Wier (1907) 152 Cal. 443, 446.) Carrying out justice in this fee dispute
is perhaps easier said than done, since no party appears blameless here. Today’s
opinion foregrounds Squire Sanders’s behavior, casting the law firm as the
undeserving recipient of millions of dollars in unreasonable legal fees and thus an
appropriate target for Hartford’s unjust enrichment action. But there are other
parts to the story. Hartford spent years attempting to avoid its duty to defend, and
as Squire Sanders was racking up the disputed fees, J.R. Marketing was not
exactly a helpless bystander.
       Hartford issued J.R. Marketing a general commercial liability policy in the
summer of 2005. Pursuant to the policy, Hartford promised to defend and
indemnify J.R. Marketing against claims for various business-related damages. In
September 2005, J.R. Marketing found itself a defendant in a third party lawsuit in
Marin County. Hartford refused to defend J.R. Marketing on the ground that the
claims at issue were not covered by the policy.
       Thus began what the Court of Appeal later described as “Hartford’s
ongoing failure to immediately and fully defend.” In February 2006, J.R.
Marketing — now represented by Squire Sanders — brought a coverage action
against Hartford. In March 2006, Hartford agreed to defend J.R. Marketing

                                          1
subject to a reservation of rights but refused to pay any defense costs incurred
prior to January 19, 2006. In addition, Hartford insisted on using its usual panel
counsel rather than providing independent Cumis counsel. (See San Diego Navy
Federal Credit Union v. Cumis Ins. Society, Inc. (1984) 162 Cal.App.3d 358
(Cumis).) Unimpressed with this offer, J.R. Marketing moved for summary
adjudication of the coverage action. The trial court agreed, concluding in July
2006 that “Hartford owed a duty to defend that arose on September 26, 2005” —
the date J.R. Marketing tendered defense to Hartford — and that Hartford’s
reservation of rights “triggered the need for independent counsel.”
       Hartford then failed to comply with the trial court’s July 2006 summary
adjudication order, prompting J.R. Marketing to move for enforcement. In
response, Hartford moved to disqualify Squire Sanders, arguing that because the
law firm was simultaneously serving as Cumis counsel to another Hartford
policyholder in a separate third party lawsuit, it could not represent J.R. Marketing
in its coverage action against Hartford.
       On September 27, 2006, the trial court denied Hartford’s disqualification
motion, explaining that Squire Sanders’s role as Cumis counsel in the separate
third party lawsuit did not give rise to an attorney-client relationship between
Squire Sanders and Hartford. On the same day, the trial court issued an
enforcement order finding that Hartford “has breached and continues to breach its
defense obligations by (1) failing to pay all reasonable and necessary defense costs
incurred by the insured and by (2) failing to provide Cumis counsel.” Hartford
“had paid some defense bills but not others, and had unilaterally deducted certain
portions of the costs contained in still others.” The trial court ordered Hartford to
pay Squire Sanders’s outstanding invoices within 15 days and pay future invoices
within 30 days.

                                           2
       Although the trial court recognized that Squire Sanders’s fees had to be
reasonable, it also explained that by breaching its duty to defend, Hartford had
forfeited the protections afforded to insurers in Civil Code section 2860 (hereafter
section 2860), including the statutory limitation on Cumis counsel’s rates. As the
trial court explained, affording Harford the benefit of section 2860 “would work
an injustice, since Hartford has already forced its policyholders to transfer the
defense of the [Marin County] matter from [Squire Sanders] to Hartford’s panel
counsel, only to have it come back again.”
       Hartford appealed the trial court’s summary adjudication order,
enforcement order, and denial of its motion to disqualify Squire Sanders. The
Court of Appeal affirmed in a pair of unpublished opinions filed in October and
November 2007. Only then — more than two years after J.R. Marketing tendered
defense of the Marin County action to Hartford — did Hartford finally accept that
it had to pay Squire Sanders for its work on the matter.
       Meanwhile, in defending the Marin County action, Squire Sanders incurred
the legal fees now at issue in this case. J.R. Marketing lacked extensive litigation
experience, but it nonetheless played a role in its own defense. As the Court of
Appeal observed, J.R. Marketing’s officers “hired Squire as independent counsel
to represent their interests in the defense, negotiated the relevant fee arrangement
with Squire, and oversaw all matters of defense strategy including, presumably,
deciding with Squire the cost/benefit of various litigation pursuits.” The Court of
Appeal further noted that according to Hartford’s own complaint, J.R. Marketing’s
officers and other individual defendants in the Marin County action “authorized
and ratified each act of legal service rendered by Squire on their behalf as counsel
in those actions.”
       This narrative shows that the relationship among Hartford, J.R. Marketing,
and Squire Sanders was fraught in a way that fundamentally differs from the usual

                                          3
Cumis scenario in which an insurer agrees to defend its insured subject to a
reservation of rights. By breaching its duty to defend, Hartford forfeited its right
under section 2860 to retain oversight of Squire Sanders’s defense of the Marin
County action. Further, J.R. Marketing allegedly “authorized and ratified” Squire
Sanders’s work. Given this background, it is not surprising that Squire Sanders’s
fees led to a further dispute with Hartford, but it is not clear who, as between J.R.
Marketing and Squire Sanders, should be directly accountable to Hartford for any
alleged overbilling.
       Today’s opinion grounds its analysis in the September 2006 enforcement
order, which said that despite Hartford’s recalcitrance, Squire Sanders’s bills “still
[had to] be reasonable and necessary.” The order further provided that “[t]o the
extent Hartford seeks to challenge fees and costs as unreasonable or unnecessary,
it may do so by way of reimbursement after resolution of the [Marin County
action].” The court correctly reasons that because this order establishes Hartford’s
right to seek reimbursement from someone, and because Hartford alleges that the
fees at issue were not incurred for the benefit of J.R. Marketing, it follows that
Hartford should be able to recover directly from Squire Sanders, “who are the
unjust beneficiaries of the insurer’s overpayments.” (Maj. opn., ante, at p. 12.)
       Crucially, though, the court leaves open the possibility that some portion of
Squire Sanders’s allegedly unreasonable fees were incurred for the benefit of J.R.
Marketing. To the extent this is true of any of the fees Hartford seeks to recover,
such fees necessarily fall outside the scope of today’s holding. For that holding is
premised on the dual assumptions “that Squire Sanders’s bills were objectively
unreasonable and unnecessary to the insured’s defense in the underlying litigation
and that they were not incurred for the benefit of the insured.” (Maj. opn., ante, at
p. 12.) On remand, it will be Hartford’s burden to show not only that the fees it
seeks to recover from Squire Sanders were not “objectively reasonable at the time

                                          4
they were incurred, under the circumstances then known to counsel” (id. at p. 23),
but also that the fees were not incurred for J.R. Marketing’s benefit. If Squire
Sanders’s fees were unreasonable but incurred primarily for J.R. Marketing’s
benefit, Hartford’s reimbursement action should lie against J.R. Marketing, not
Squire Sanders. (See Buss v. Superior Court (1997) 16 Cal.4th 35, 51 [when
Cumis counsel’s representation includes defense of claims not even potentially
covered by the policy, the insured “benefits from ‘unjust enrichment’ ” and may
be sued by the insurer].)
       Today’s narrow decision does not address how the trial court should
determine which entity benefited from the allegedly unreasonable fees. That
question will have to be decided on remand. In the circumstances here, I believe
Hartford should have to overcome a presumption that any fees billed by Squire
Sanders — even fees later found to be unreasonable — were incurred primarily for
the benefit of J.R. Marketing. Such an approach would accord with the purposes
behind the Cumis scheme as well as our usual understanding of the attorney-client
relationship.
       We have long recognized that “ ‘[t]he Cumis doctrine requires “complete
independence of counsel” [citation], who represents “solely the insured.” ’ ”
(Musser v. Provencher (2002) 28 Cal.4th 274, 283.) In other words, “Cumis
counsel represents the insured independently of the insurer,” and its attorney-client
relationship exists with the insured, not the insurer. (Assurance Co. of America v.
Haven (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 78, 90, italics omitted.) Thus, when it comes to
defending the third party action, the insured retains ultimate decision-making
authority. (See id. at p. 87 [“An important corollary of the Cumis doctrine is that
if the insured is entitled to Cumis counsel, the insured is entitled to control the
defense of the case.”]; Cumis, supra, 162 Cal.App.3d at p. 369.)

                                           5
       More generally, we understand the client’s right of control in terms of
agency. The attorney acts as the agent of his or her client, and “the client as
principal is bound by the attorney’s acts within the scope of the attorney’s actual
(express or implied) or apparent or ostensible authority, or by unauthorized acts
ratified by the client.” (1 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th ed. 2008) Attorneys, § 235,
p. 309; see Link v. Wabash Railroad Co. (1962) 370 U.S. 626, 633–634.) This is
so even though some insureds are “not sophisticated, frequent litigators
accustomed to monitoring their counsel’s day-to-day litigation decisions.” (Maj.
opn., ante, at p. 20.) The general rule, in both civil and criminal matters, is that an
attorney is the client’s agent and the client is responsible for the attorney’s actions,
regardless of the client’s sophistication. I see no reason to make an exception
here. (Cf. Link, at p. 634, fn. 10 [“[I]f an attorney’s conduct falls substantially
below what is reasonable under the circumstances, the client’s remedy is against
the attorney in a suit for malpractice.”].)
       In concluding that Hartford may seek reimbursement directly from Squire
Sanders, the court sees no threat to Cumis counsel’s independence that differs
appreciably from what section 2860 contemplates. “Given that section 2860
comes into play only when there exists a real and significant disjuncture between
the interests of an insurer and its insured,” the court says, “we fail to see how the
degree of tension in the relationship between Hartford and the insureds in this case
— even if purportedly higher than in cases where section 2860 is triggered —
meaningfully heightens any threat to Cumis counsel’s independence.” (Maj. opn.,
ante, at p. 19; see id. at p. 18 [rejecting Squire Sanders’s contention that section
2860 envisions a “ ‘more collaborative’ ” relationship among insurer, insured, and
Cumis counsel].) But the court understates the degree to which this case differs
from the typical Cumis scenario.

                                              6
          In the ordinary situation that requires appointment of Cumis counsel, the
insurer acknowledges that some or all of the third party claims are at least
potentially covered under the policy and on that basis agrees to defend its insured.
If the “insurer reserves its rights on a given issue and the outcome of that coverage
issue can be controlled by counsel first retained by the insurer for the defense of
the claim, a conflict of interest may exist” that gives rise to the need for Cumis
counsel. (§ 2860, subd. (b).) But the existence of that conflict does not mean the
insurer and insured are entirely at odds. Their interests remain aligned as to third
party claims unaffected by the coverage dispute. And even as to the claims
implicating that dispute, “[b]oth the insured and the insurer, of course, share a
common interest in defeating the claims.” (Long v. Century Indemnity Co. (2008)
163 Cal.App.4th 1460, 1471.) The conflict exists only to the extent that “if
liability is found, their interests diverge in establishing the basis for that liability.”
(Ibid.)
          Having accepted that this conflict of interest requires appointment of Cumis
counsel, the insurer then plays an integral role in establishing and managing the
tripartite relationship. At the appointment stage, it may “exercise its right to
require that the counsel selected by the insured possess certain minimum
qualifications.” (§ 2860, subd. (c).) Once Cumis counsel begins representing the
insured, “it shall be the duty of [Cumis] counsel and the insured to disclose to the
insurer all information concerning the [third party] action except privileged
materials relevant to coverage disputes, and timely to inform and consult with the
insurer on all matters relating to the action.” (§ 2860, subd. (d).) In addition,
“both the counsel provided by the insurer and independent counsel selected by the
insured shall be allowed to participate in all aspects of the litigation,” and
“[c]ounsel shall cooperate fully in the exchange of information that is consistent
with each counsel’s ethical and legal obligation to the insured.” (§ 2860,

                                            7
subd. (f).) This statutory scheme, like its counterparts in other jurisdictions,
contemplates that “an insurer can reasonably insist that independent counsel fully
inform it of factual and legal developments related to the defense, consult with it
on defense strategy and tactics, and consult with it before incurring major
expenses in the course of the defense.” (Richmond, Independent Counsel in
Insurance (2011) 48 San Diego L.Rev. 857, 890, fns. omitted.) Indeed, “[t]he
insurer’s advice, insight, or suggestions may prove valuable to the insured.”
(Ibid.)
          These statutory mechanisms promote transparency and collaboration
among the insurer, insured, and Cumis counsel. Because the insurer is in the dark
only as to matters pertaining to the coverage dispute, section 2860 narrows the fee
issues about which these entities might disagree. The avenues of participation and
information sharing built into the usual Cumis scenario reduce the risk that a fee
dispute will serve as a mechanism by which the insurer seeks to influence the
judgments of Cumis counsel.
          Here, unlike the usual Cumis scenario, Hartford breached its duty to defend
J.R. Marketing. After the trial court found Hartford in breach, Hartford refused to
provide J.R. Marketing with independent counsel retained at the insurer’s expense.
And after the trial court found that J.R. Marketing was entitled to independent
counsel, Hartford did not timely pay Squire Sanders’s invoices until the trial court
issued its September 2006 enforcement order. By the terms of the enforcement
order, Hartford lost its statutory protections, including the insurer’s usual oversight
role over matters outside the scope of the coverage dispute. (§ 2860, subds. (d),
(f).) Once Hartford was shut out of Squire Sanders’s defense of the Marin County
action, it is little wonder that Hartford, which fought to prevent counsel’s
appointment in the first place, has alleged flaws in the way Squire Sanders
conducted the defense. When an insurer breaches its duty to defend, seeks to

                                           8
prevent appointment of Cumis counsel, refuses to timely pay counsel until ordered
to do so, and forfeits its statutory right to participate in the defense, I think it is
evident that the availability of a reimbursement action directly against counsel
“meaningfully heightens [the] threat to Cumis counsel’s independence” (maj. opn.,
ante, at p. 19) beyond what occurs in the usual Cumis scenario.
       In recognition of Cumis counsel’s independence and the well-established
agency relationship between client and attorney, the trial court on remand should
apply a presumption that Squire Sanders’s fees were incurred primarily for the
insured’s benefit. Without such a presumption in this kind of case, where the
insurer and insured are bitterly divided and the insurer has forfeited its statutory
oversight authority, counsel will face a conflict between its duty of loyalty to the
insured and its understandable desire to avoid liability in a subsequent
reimbursement action by the insurer. An insurer seeking reimbursement from
Cumis counsel for unreasonable fees should have to demonstrate that counsel
misled the insured in the representation, acted without the insured’s express or
implied authorization, contravened the insured’s instructions, or otherwise acted in
a manner with little or no benefit to the insured.
       It may be difficult to determine whether or how much the insured benefited
simply by looking at the services provided. Assigning two associates to write the
same research memo might be duplicative, but what if the work was meant to
ensure that no stone goes unturned in researching a difficult area of the law?
Taking seven depositions instead of three might result in significant fees, but if
counsel seeks to probe all angles that might help its client, can it be said, without
careful inquiry, that the fifth (or sixth or seventh) deposition yielded little or no
benefit to the insured? Such practices may, upon inspection, turn out to be
unjustifiable bill-padding by counsel. But absent evidence to the contrary, we
should presume that the insured, as the client controlling Cumis counsel’s defense

                                             9
of the third party action, was the entity that primarily benefited from any fees
incurred.
       To be clear, Squire Sanders is probably not blameless in this matter. When
its invoices are carefully scrutinized on remand, it may have to reimburse Hartford
for some or all of the disputed fees. But in our effort to achieve an equitable
result, we should give due consideration to the integrity of the attorney-client
relationship. The history of this contentious case should cause us to be alert to
basic norms of attorney loyalty and independence as well as client control and
accountability.
                                                  LIU, J.

                                         10
See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.

Name of Opinion Hartford Casualty Insurance Company v. J.R. Marketing, L.L.C.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Unpublished Opinion
Original Appeal
Original Proceeding
Review Granted XXX 216 Cal.App.4th 1444
Rehearing Granted

__________________________________________________________________________________

Opinion No. S211645
Date Filed: August 10, 2015
__________________________________________________________________________________

Court: Superior
County: San Francisco
Judge: Loretta M. Giorgi

__________________________________________________________________________________

Counsel:

Horvitz & Levy, David M. Axelrad, Emily V. Cuatto, Andrea A. Ambrose; Mendes & Mount, Dean B.
Herman, Catherine L. Rivard; Edwards Wildman Palmer, Ira G. Greenberg; Wiggin and Dana and Jonathan
M. Freiman for Cross-complainant and Appellant.

Aguilera Law Group, A. Eric Aguilera, Raymond E. Brown and Lindsee Falcone for Complex Insurance
Claims Litigation Association and American Insurance Association as Amici Curiae on behalf of Cross-
complainant and Appellant.

Squire Sanders (US), Squire Patton Boggs (US), Mark C. Dosker, Ethan A. Miller, Barry D. Brown, Jr.,
Michelle M. Full, Pierre H. Bergeron; Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Theodore J. Boutrous, Jr., and Julian W.
Poon for Cross-defendants and Respondents.

Newmeyer & Dillion, Thomas F. Newmeyer, Joseph A. Ferrentino and Rondi J. Walsh for California
Building Industry Association as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Cross-defendants and Respondents.

Payne & Fears, J. Kelby Van Patten and Jeffery M. Hayes for Centex Homes as Amicus Curiae on behalf
of Cross-defendants and Respondents.

Latham & Watkins, Brook B. Roberts and John M. Wilson for Montrose Chemical Corporation of
California as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Cross-defendants and Respondents.

Diamond McCarthy, Christopher D. Sullivan, Kenneth A. Brunetti, Matthew S. Sepuya; California
Appellate Law Group, Myron Moskovitz, William N. Hancock and Ben Feuer as Amici Curiae on behalf of
Cross-defendants and Respondents.

Thomas & Elliott, Stephen L. Thomas, Jay J. Elliott; Benedon & Serlin, Gerald M. Serlin; Ford & Serviss,
William H. Ford III; Irell & Manella, Marc S. Maister, Brian Bark; Dickstein Shapiro and Kirk A. Pasich
for California Insureds Counsel as Amici Curiae.

Steven W. Murray as Amicus Curiae.

                                                   1
Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):

Jonathan M. Freiman
Wiggin and Dana
One Century Tower
265 Church Street
New Haven, CT 06510-7013
(203) 498-4400

Theodore J. Boutrous, Jr.
Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher
333 South Grand Avenue
Los Angeles, CA 90071-3197
(213) 229-7000

                                               2