Court Opinion

ID: 4562965
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-04 09:06:03.167353+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:25:01.679924
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

KLINGLER AUTOMATIC INDUSTRIES, INC,                                  UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     September 3, 2020
               Plaintiff/Counterdefendant-
               Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 347525
                                                                     St. Clair Circuit Court
CHRISTOPHER SMITH and STEPHANIE                                      LC No. 18-001817-CH
SMITH,

               Defendants/Counterplaintiffs-
               Appellants.

Before: RONAYNE KRAUSE, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and TUKEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       In this property dispute, defendants appeal as of right the trial court’s order denying their
motion for summary disposition and granting summary disposition in favor of plaintiff by
concluding that a prescriptive easement was established for the benefit of plaintiff over an access
road on defendants’ property. We affirm.

                      I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       The facts of this case are not in dispute. Plaintiff maintains and operates a salt water
disposal well—called the Smith EO-1 well—on land owned by Cottrellville Township in
Michigan. Defendants own an adjacent piece of property that contains an access road leading
from a public right-of-way to the Smith EO-1 well. Before 1985, the two parcels of land were
owned by Lee C. Smith and Ocie V. Smith as one unified parcel.

        In 1961, Lee and Ocie granted Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Company, the predecessor-
in-interest to plaintiff, a right-of-way on their property for the construction and maintenance of
oil pipelines leading to the Smith EO-1 well which, at the time, was used as a reef gas well.
Panhandle assigned its interest in the right-of-way to Consumers Power Company in 1963.

       By 1968, the Smith EO-1 well had been abandoned as a reef gas well and was converted
into a salt water disposal well. In December 1968, Lee, as lessor, entered into a salt water

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disposal lease with Consumers Power, as lessee, “for the purpose of operating, and maintaining a
water input or disposal well, including any abandoned or dry well drilled for oil and gas . . . for
salt water disposal purposes . . . .” Since the execution of the lease through present day, the
Smith EO-1 well has been used as a salt water disposal well.1

        Lee and Ocie’s property was divided into two parcels in 1985: one parcel containing the
access road was retained by them; the other parcel containing the Smith EO-1 well was conveyed
to Cottrellville Township. In 1995, Consumers Power released its rights under the 1968 salt
water disposal lease.

        In February 2000, defendants acquired title to the parcel retained by Lee and Ocie. In
August 2000, plaintiff acquired all rights to operate the Smith EO-1 well and rights under the
right-of-way from Jupiter Oil Company, successor in interest to Consumers Power. The events
giving rise to this current dispute occurred in 2018 when defendants began piling dirt across the
access road leading to the Smith EO-1 well, blocking plaintiff’s access to the well.

        Shortly after the dirt appeared on the access road, plaintiff filed a complaint seeking a
prescriptive easement, an easement by implication, and an injunction related to the then-blocked
access road on defendants’ property. Plaintiff also sought a restraining order and preliminary
injunction to enjoin defendants from blocking access to the Smith EO-1 well. After a testimonial
hearing, the trial court entered a preliminary injunction.

        Defendants filed a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). As
relevant to this appeal, defendants argued that plaintiff could not establish a prescriptive
easement because plaintiff could not prove the element of adverse use as a result of the
permissive nature of plaintiff’s use of the access road. In response, plaintiff opposed defendants’
motion and moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(I)(2), submitting that its use
of the road was hostile—not permissive—because under the terms of the right-of-way, it had no
right to use the access road for the purpose of using the Smith EO-1 well.

        The trial court denied defendants’ motion for summary disposition and granted summary
disposition in plaintiff’s favor with respect to its claim for a prescriptive easement in a written
opinion. The trial court entered an order: (1) granting summary disposition to plaintiff, (2)
establishing a prescriptive easement over an access road on defendants’ property, and (3) issuing
a permanent injunction to bar defendants from restricting access to plaintiff’s salt water disposal
well. This appeal followed.

                                        II. DISCUSSION

1
  Plaintiff’s president Robert Klingler testified at the preliminary injunction hearing that salt
water is a byproduct that is produced when developing oil and gas. The salt water is injected
into the ground through wells such as the Smith EO-1 well for safe disposal. These activities are
highly regulated and require that the wells undergo routine maintenance and testing. The well
initially was a gas reef well, but after its depletion in 1968, Consumers Energy began to dispose
of the brine by putting it back where it came from.

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                                 A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “An action for a prescriptive easement is equitable in nature.” Mulcahy v Verhines, 276
Mich App 693, 698; 742 NW2d 393 (2007). “This Court reviews de novo the trial court’s
holdings in equitable actions.” Id.

        A trial court’s decision to grant or deny summary disposition is reviewed de novo. Ter
Beek v City of Wyoming, 495 Mich 1, 8; 846 NW2d 531 (2014). Summary disposition is
appropriate pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) where there is “no genuine issue as to any material
fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment or partial judgment as a matter of law.” MCR
2.116(C)(10). When reviewing a motion for summary disposition challenged under MCR
2.116(C)(10), the court considers the affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other
admissible documentary evidence then filed in the action or submitted by the parties. MCR
2.116(G)(4), (G)(5); Puetz v Spectrum Health Hosps, 324 Mich App 51, 68; 919 NW2d 439
(2018).

                                         B. ANALYSIS

        Defendants claim that plaintiff’s use of the access road leading to the Smith EO-1 well
was permissive, and therefore, plaintiff cannot establish that it obtained a prescriptive easement
over the road. Thus, defendants argue that the trial court erred when it granted summary
disposition in plaintiff’s favor. We disagree.

        “An easement represents the right to use another’s land for a specified purpose.”
Plymouth Canton Community Crier, Inc v Prose, 242 Mich App 676, 678; 619 NW2d 725
(2000). “The burden is on the party claiming a prescriptive easement to show by satisfactory
proof that the use of the defendant’s property was of such a character and continued for such a
length of time that it ripened into a prescriptive easement.” Mulcahy, 276 Mich App at 699.
“An easement by prescription results from use of another’s property that is open, notorious,
adverse, and continuous for a period of fifteen years.” Plymouth Canton at 679, citing MCL
600.5801. “Adverse or hostile use is use that is inconsistent with the right of the owner, without
permission asked or given, that would entitle the owner to a cause of action against the intruder
for trespassing.” Mulcahy, 276 Mich App at 702. In other words, “[u]se of another’s property
qualifies as adverse when made under a claim of right when no right exists.” Plymouth Canton,
242 Mich App at 681. “Mere permissive use of another’s property, however, will not create a
prescriptive easement.” Id. at 679. The parties all agree that plaintiff can establish that its use
of the access road was open, notorious, and continuous for 15 years. Thus, the resolution of this
case is contingent on whether plaintiff’s use was also adverse or hostile.

        Plaintiff and its predecessors-in-interest used the access road for the purpose of accessing
and maintaining the Smith EO-1 well as a salt water disposal well since the late 1960’s. The use
of the access road in this manner has been without legal right since at least 1995, when
Consumers Power released the 1968 salt water disposal lease. That the parties may have been
mistaken about the scope of the right-of-way is immaterial; the right-of-way did not cover
plaintiff’s current use of the property, and there is no evidence that the right-of-way was ever
intended to cover such use.

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        This case is, in many ways, similar to this Court’s case in Killips v Mannisto, 244 Mich
App 256; 624 NW2d 224 (2001).2 There, a dispute arose over the plaintiffs’ use of a driveway
that was on the defendant’s property. Killips, 244 Mich App at 258. The plaintiffs apparently
had the mistaken belief that an express easement existed that permitted their use of the driveway
on the defendant’s property. Id. at 262 (HOEKSTRA, J., dissenting). We concluded that because
the “[d]efendant was aware that the driveway was on her property throughout the entire course of
its use,” it was not error for the trial court to conclude that plaintiffs established a prescriptive
easement over the driveway. Id. at 259-260 (opinion of the Court). Thus, we did not find it
relevant that plaintiffs mistakenly believed that there was an easement that covered their use of
the driveway.

        Defendants had the opportunity, when they acquired the property in 2000, to review the
terms of the right-of-way to determine if plaintiff and its predecessors were lawfully accessing
the Smith EO-1 well. Defendants did not do so until well after the statutory period in 2018. See
Falk v State Bar of Mich, 411 Mich 63, 113 n 27; 305 NW2d 201 (1981) (“[E]quity aids the
vigilant, not those who sleep on their rights.” (quotation marks and citations omitted)).
Plaintiff’s use of the access road was hostile and adverse because it had no legal right to use the
access road for the purpose of maintaining and operating a salt disposal well; therefore, the trial
court did not err when it granted summary disposition in its favor.

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                              /s/ Jonathan Tukel

2
  We do not find Cook v Grand River Hydroelectric Power Co, 131 Mich App 821; 346 NW2d
881 (1984) or Plymouth Canton, cases upon which plaintiff and defendants rely, persuasive or
binding for purposes of resolving this case.

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