Court Opinion

ID: 4502986
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-01-30 16:05:32.07276+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:54:20.788619
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                             Jan 30 2020, 9:20 am

                                                                                 CLERK
                                                                             Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                                Court of Appeals
                                                                                  and Tax Court

      ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                      ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
      Mark K. Leeman                                              Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
      Logansport, Indiana                                         Attorney General of Indiana
                                                                  Benjamin J. Shoptaw
                                                                  Deputy Attorney General
                                                                  Indianapolis, Indiana

                                                   IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      In the Matter of B.B., A Child                              January 30, 2020
      Alleged to be a Delinquent,                                 Court of Appeals Case No.
      Appellant-Defendant,                                        19A-JV-1803
                                                                  Appeal from the Fulton Circuit
              v.                                                  Court
                                                                  The Honorable Arthur Christopher
      State of Indiana,                                           Lee, Judge
      Appellee-Plaintiff.                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                                  25C01-1804-JD-79

      Tavitas, Judge.

                                                 Case Summary

[1]   B.B., a minor, appeals his adjudication as a delinquent for an act that would be

      considered intimidation if committed by an adult, a Level 6 felony. We affirm.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020                           Page 1 of 13
                                                           Issue

[2]   B.B. raises one issue on appeal, which we restate as whether there was sufficient

      evidence to adjudicate B.B. as a delinquent for an act that would be considered

      intimidation if committed by an adult, a Level 6 felony.

                                                           Facts

[3]   B.B. spent a significant amount of time with his friend R.A., who was a tenth

      grader at Rochester High School (the “high school”) in 2018. The pair had

      been close friends for a long time, and R.A. was practically a member of B.B.’s

      family. In 2018, B.B. communicated with R.A.—in person, on the phone, and

      over Snapchat—about B.B.’s desire to shoot students at the high school. B.B.

      did not attend the high school; he was homeschooled.1

[4]   Initially, R.A. believed B.B. was joking about the shooting; however, in March

      2018, R.A. began taking the statements seriously after B.B. made repeated

      statements about his plan to shoot students, B.B.’s tone became more serious,

      and B.B. had access to an assault rifle in his house. R.A. knew this assault rifle

      was in B.B.’s home because B.B. and R.A. previously shot the assault rifle in

      B.B.’s yard. 2 Additionally, one weekend, B.B. sent R.A. a picture of the assault

      rifle and said: “[d]on’t come to school tomorrow.” Tr. Vol. II p. 44. One day

      at B.B.’s house, B.B. showed R.A. a section of notes on B.B.’s phone that B.B.

      1
       According to B.B.’s mother, B.B. was homeschooled because B.B. has “anxiety issues” and has “thrived
      much better at homeschool than he did in the large environment.” Tr. Vol. II p. 29.
      2
          At an earlier hearing, B.B.’s mother disputed that B.B. had access to this weapon.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020                        Page 2 of 13
      described as a “manifesto,” which described B.B.’s plan to shoot students at the

      high school. Id. R.A. never read the “manifesto” and never kept any of the

      messages B.B. sent to him over Snapchat or to R.A.’s phone.

[5]   R.A. suspected the shooting would occur on April 20, 2018, which was the

      anniversary of the Columbine High School shooting. According to R.A., B.B.

      planned to get on the school bus, enter the high school, hide in a bathroom until

      classes began, and then begin shooting. Out of fear that B.B. may actually go

      through with the attack, R.A. told other students at the high school about B.B.’s

      threats; however, he did not notify school administrators or the police.

      Subsequently, the high school administrators became aware of the threats and

      contacted local law enforcement. Beginning April 20, 2018, the high school

      rerouted the school bus stops to prevent the bus from passing B.B.’s residence,

      limited the high school entrance to one entry point, and implemented

      additional security as a result of B.B.’s threats. Many students did not attend

      the high school for several days.

[6]   Officer Matt Campbell, with the Rochester City Police Department, led the

      investigation into B.B.’s statements and actions. B.B. was interviewed with his

      mother present, and Officer Campbell obtained consent to search B.B.’s cell

      phone. Officer Campbell obtained assistance from Detective Travis Heishman,

      with the Fulton County Sheriff’s Office, to extract information from the phone.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020       Page 3 of 13
      Officers located the “manifesto” that R.A. described 3 and the notes that

      contained ingredients required for a “flash powder,” which is an explosive,

      along with photographs, and reference to writings attributed to the shooters in

      the Columbine High School attack. Id. at 64, 66. The references to the

      Columbine High School shooters were transmitted to another person via text

      message from B.B.’s phone; however, the recipient of the text message was

      never identified during the proceedings.

[7]   The photos on B.B.’s phone included photographs of the assault rifle and of

      B.B. holding the assault rifle. The “manifesto” on B.B.’s phone included

      statements indicating that B.B. planned to harm others, such as: “I’m not doing

      this because I’m mad at anyone, it’s just that suicide is overrated, if you want to

      die take others with you,” and “[s]ometimes I wonder why I want to shoot up

      the school but then I remember all of the hatred and loneliness I feel everyday,

      knowing nobody.” State’s Ex. 2.

[8]   On April 20, 2018, the State filed a petition alleging that B.B. was a delinquent

      child for committing an act that would be considered intimidation if committed

      by an adult, a Level 6 felony. The specific allegations in the petition for

      delinquency were as follows:

              Between January 2018 and April 18, 2018, [B.B.] did
              communicate a threat to [R.A.] with the intent of interfering with

      3
       On B.B.’s phone, the notes were kept under the heading, “[J]ournal.” Tr. Vol. II p. 71. This document also
      described B.B.’s depression, for which he was prescribed medication.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020                           Page 4 of 13
               the occupancy of Rochester High School, to wit: by sending a
               threat about bringing guns to school and shooting people, which
               act constitutes the Level 6 Felony of Intimidation if committed
               by an adult, pursuant to IC 35-45-2-1(a)(3)(B)([i]) and (b)(1)(A).

       Appellant’s App. Vol. II p. 11.

[9]    The juvenile court held a fact finding hearing on June 6, 2019. Witnesses

       testified to the foregoing facts. Jana Vance, superintendent of Rochester

       Community Schools, testified that B.B.’s threats interfered with school

       attendance. On June 17, 2019, the trial court entered an order adjudicating

       B.B. a delinquent for committing an act that would be intimidation if

       committed by an adult, a Level 6 felony. On July 22, 2019, the juvenile court

       proceeded to disposition and ordered B.B. to serve sixty days, suspended, in

       secure detention at Kinsey Youth Center. B.B. was placed on probation until

       January 12, 2020. B.B. now appeals his adjudication.

                                                      Analysis

[10]   B.B. argues the evidence was insufficient to support his adjudication as a

       delinquent for an act that would be considered intimidation, a Level 6 felony,

       because the State failed to prove that B.B. knew or had reason to know that his

       statements regarding the planned shootings would be communicated to any

       victims. When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence in a juvenile

       adjudication, “we do not reweigh the evidence or judge witness credibility.”

       B.T.E. v. State, 108 N.E.3d 322, 326 (Ind. 2018) (citing K.S. v. State, 849 N.E.2d
538, 543 (Ind. 2006)). “We consider only the evidence favorable to the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020         Page 5 of 13
       judgment and the reasonable inferences supporting it.” Id. “We will not

       disturb the adjudication if there exists substantive evidence of probative value to

       establish every material element of an offense beyond a reasonable doubt.”

       E.H. v. State, 764 N.E.2d 681, 683 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied (citations

       omitted).

[11]   Indiana’s intimidation statute includes, in relevant part:

               (a) A person who communicates a threat with the intent:

                        (1) that another person engage in conduct against the other
                        person’s will; [(“Subsection 1”)]

                        (2) that another person be placed in fear of retaliation for a
                        prior lawful act; [(“Subsection 2”)]

                        (3) of:

                                  (A) causing:

                                          (i) a dwelling, a building, or other structure;
                                          or

                                          (ii) a vehicle;

                                  to be evacuated; or

                                  (B) interfering with the occupancy of:

                                          (i) a dwelling, building, or other structure; or

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020                  Page 6 of 13
                                          (ii) a vehicle; or [(“Subsection 3”)]

                        (4) that another person be placed in fear that the threat will
                        be carried out, if the threat is a threat described in:

                                 (A) subsection (d)(1) through (d)(5); or

                                 (B) subsection (d)(7) through (d)(8); [(“Subsection
                                 4”)]

                        commits intimidation, a Class A misdemeanor.

       Ind. Code § 35-45-2-1(a).

[12]   B.B. was alleged to be a delinquent child pursuant to Subsection 3, and

       specifically, that B.B. interfered with the occupancy of the high school. See Ind.

       Code § 35-45-2-1(a)(3)(B)(i). B.B.’s case was elevated to a Level 6 felony

       because B.B.’s threat was “to commit a forcible felony.” Ind. Code § 35-45-2-

       1(b)(1)(A).

[13]   The statute defines “threat” as follows:

               “Threat” means an expression, by words or action, of an
               intention to:

                        (1) unlawfully injure the person threatened or another
                        person, or damage property;

                        (2) unlawfully subject a person to physical confinement or
                        restraint;

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020            Page 7 of 13
                        (3) commit a crime;

                        (4) unlawfully withhold official action, or cause such
                        withholding;

                        (5) unlawfully withhold testimony or information with
                        respect to another person’s legal claim or defense, except
                        for a reasonable claim or witness fees or expenses;

                        (6) expose the person threatened to hatred, contempt,
                        disgrace, or ridicule;

                        (7) falsely harm the credit or business reputation of the
                        person threatened; or

                        (8) cause the evacuation of a dwelling, a building, another
                        structure, or a vehicle.

       Ind. Code § 35-45-2-1(d).

[14]   “Whether a statement is a threat is an objective question for the trier of fact.”

       Newell v. State, 7 N.E.3d 367, 369 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied. “A

       defendant’s intent may be proven by circumstantial evidence alone, and

       knowledge and intent may be inferred from the facts and circumstances of each

       case.” Chastain v. State, 58 N.E.3d 235, 240 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), trans. denied

       (citations omitted).

[15]   B.B.’s specific argument is that the evidence was insufficient because the State

       failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that B.B. knew or reasonably should

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020          Page 8 of 13
       have known his plans to shoot students at the high school would be

       communicated to the potential victims. B.B.’s argument is essentially that B.B.

       did not intend his message to be repeated to anyone except R.A., and because

       there is no evidence or indication that B.B. sought to shoot R.A., B.B. did not

       threaten victims as B.B. claims the statute requires. See Appellant’s Br. p. 15.

[16]   In support of his argument, B.B. cites J.T. v. State, 718 N.E.2d 1119 (Ind. Ct.

       App. 1999). In J.T., a fifteen-year-old high school student typed a document,

       which included statements that “someone shall choose to die” on a particular

       day and identified a specific student at J.T.’s high school in the threat. J.T., 718
N.E.2d at 1121. J.T. printed the document on a printer at the school library,

       and J.T. intended a second student, who was not the student targeted in the

       document, to pick up the document and deliver it to J.T.; instead, the document

       was intercepted by the school librarian. The librarian turned the document in

       to the assistant principal, who notified law enforcement. After an investigation,

       J.T. was accused of being a delinquent, and the charging information alleged

       that J.T. “did communicate a threat to commit a forcible felony to [the student],

       with the intent that [the student] be placed in fear of retaliation for a prior

       lawful act. . . .” Id. at 1122. Accordingly, J.T. was alleged to be a delinquent

       child under Subsection 2.

[17]   In vacating J.T.’s adjudication, our Court found that J.T. did not know or have

       good reason to know the document would reach the specific student identified

       in the document. In doing so, our Court distinguished J.T.’s case from Ajabu v.

       State, 677 N.E.2d 1035 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997), trans. denied, as follows:

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020        Page 9 of 13
                In [Ajabu], this court construed the phrase “communicates a
                threat to another person” in the intimidation statute. There, the
                defendant had made threats through the print, radio and
                television media. The defendant sought reversal of his
                convictions for intimidation and argued that the person alleged to
                be threatened must be present for the threat to be communicated
                under the statute. We recognized that the definition of
                “communicate” requires that a person make a thing known or
                transmit information to another, and that the text of the
                intimidation statute does not limit the phrase “communicates a
                threat to another person” to only those threats made directly to
                or in the presence of the threatened party. Thus, we decided that
                communication can be indirect, and we affirmed the conviction
                because the defendant had used means of communication that he
                “knew or had good reason to believe would reach” the victims.

       J.T., 718 N.E.2d at 1123 (citations omitted).

[18]   The State argues J.T. is distinguishable because J.T. was alleged to be a

       delinquent child for committing an act that would be considered intimidation if

       committed by an adult under Subsection 2; the threat in B.B.’s case, however,

       was charged under Subsection 3. We agree with the State on this point.

       Reading the plain language of the statute, it is clear that the legislature intended

       that threats under Subsections 1 and 2 must be communicated 4 to a specific

       victim, while Subsection 3 does not require the communication of the threat to

       a specific victim. See Ind. Code § 35-45-2-1(a)(1) (Subsection 1) (requiring that

       a person communicate a threat with the intent “that the other person engage in

       4
         As our cases have held, communication of a threat may be made directly to the victim, or indirectly, such as
       through a news reporter. See Ajabu, 677 N.E.2d at 1043.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020                            Page 10 of 13
       conduct against the other person’s will”); see also Ind. Code § 35-45-2-1(a)(2)

       (Subsection 2) (requiring that a person communicate a threat with the intent

       “that another person be placed in fear of retaliation for a prior lawful act”).

[19]   B.B.’s case is more similar to some of the facts in E.B. v. State, 89 N.E.3d 1087

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2017). E.B., a high school student, who was displeased with

       recent discipline he received at school, sent a text message to another student

       warning the second student to wear red the following Tuesday because E.B.

       “intended to shoot anybody who wasn’t wearing red.” E.B., 89 N.E.3d at 1089

       (internal quotations omitted). E.B. also communicated to a third student a

       similar warning and told the third student to “tell the ones that he cares about.”

       Id. (citations omitted). E.B.’s sister overheard E.B. speaking on the phone

       regarding E.B.’s plan to shoot the assistant principal based on E.B.’s displeasure

       with his recent discipline. Students shared this information with the school

       administrators, and law enforcement was notified.

[20]   After an investigation, the State alleged that E.B. was a delinquent child for

       committing two separate intimidation offenses: Count I related to E.B.’s

       specific threat against the assistant principal, pursuant to Subsection 1; and

       Count II related to E.B.’s communication for “interfering with the occupancy

       of the school” by sending a text message to a student that he would shoot

       anyone not wearing red, pursuant to Subsection 3. Id. at 1090. Our Court

       found that, as to the threats against the assistant principal, no evidence existed

       of the communicated threat to the assistant principal and, thus, the State could

       not prove intimidation under Subsection 1 because E.B. did not place the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020      Page 11 of 13
       assistant principal “in fear of retaliation for a prior lawful act.” Id. at 1091. On

       the other hand, as to the second count under Subsection 3, our Court found

       ample evidence that E.B. intended to interfere with the occupancy of the school

       when E.B. told students to wear red and told others to share these instructions.

       Our Court found that “it should have been foreseeable to E.B. that news of

       E.B.’s plan would spread throughout the school. Word did spread, and after

       the school informed parents about the incident, absenteeism more than doubled

       the following day.” Id. at 1093.

[21]   As in E.B., B.B.’s communication to R.A. evidenced B.B.’s threat to interfere

       with the occupancy of the school pursuant to Subsection 3. 5 B.B. argues that

       R.A. was not an intended victim, and accordingly, no threat was

       communicated. At a minimum, B.B.’s intent was that R.A. would not attend

       school to avoid the shooting, and thus, B.B. intended to interfere with the

       occupancy of the school. R.A. ultimately shared B.B.’s threats, which resulted

       in significant absences from school.

[22]   Regardless, the State argues, and we agree, that B.B. should have known or had

       good reason to know that his threats to shoot the students at the high school

       would be communicated to others and the high school administration. B.B.

       was not discreet in his plans to kill persons at the high school, evidenced by:

       B.B.’s repeated statements to R.A., B.B.’s snapchats to R.A. regarding the

       5
           B.B. does not challenge any other element of the offense.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020      Page 12 of 13
       same, and B.B. showing the manifesto to R.A. Unless R.A. was a co-

       conspirator in the attack, and no such argument has been made, a reasonable

       fact finder could conclude that B.B. knew or should have known that R.A.

       would report a plan of mass murder to other students at the high school. R.A.

       behaved in a predictable way when he exposed B.B.’s plans.

[23]   The State presented sufficient evidence from which a trier of fact could

       conclude B.B. committed intimidation to interfere with the occupancy of the

       high school.

                                                    Conclusion

[24]   The evidence was sufficient to adjudicate B.B. a delinquent child for an act that

       would be considered intimidation if committed by an adult, a Level 6 felony.

       We affirm.

[25]   Affirmed.

       Najam, J., and Vaidik, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-JV-1803 | January 30, 2020   Page 13 of 13