Court Opinion

ID: 9927026
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-25 22:35:58.424458+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:00.015623
License: Public Domain

IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                   Fall 2023 Term
                                                                           FILED
                              _____________________               December 8, 2023
                                                                       released at 3:00 p.m.
                                  No. 22-ICA-74                    EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

                              _____________________              INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        OF WEST VIRGINIA

                               DD OIL COMPANY,
                             Appellant Below, Petitioner,

                                          v.

      STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA, EX REL., HAROLD D. WARD, CABINET
     SECRETARY, WEST VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
                            PROTECTION,
                      Defendant Below, Respondent.

       ___________________________________________________________

               Appeal from West Virginia Environmental Quality Board

                       REVERSED AND REMANDED
       ___________________________________________________________

                              Submitted: May 16, 2023
                              Filed: December 8, 2023

J. Morgan Leach                                  Charles Scott Driver
Vienna, West Virginia                            West Virginia Department of
                                                 Environmental Protection, Office of
                                                 Legal Services
Ryan J. Umina                                    Charleston, West Virginia
Umina Legal                                      Counsel for Respondent
Morgantown, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioner

JUDGE SCARR delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUDGE LORENSEN dissents and reserves the right to file a separate opinion.
SCARR, JUDGE:

              Petitioner DD Oil Company (“DD Oil”) appeals from the Final Order of the

West Virginia Environmental Quality Board (“EQB”) which dismissed its appeal from

Order 2022-6 of the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection (“WVDEP”).

Order 2022-6 had declined to annul several Notices of Violations (“NOVs”) for various

wells owned by DD Oil.

              EQB dismissed DD Oil’s appeal on the ground that it lacked subject matter

jurisdiction because the contested Notices of Violation had been annulled and Order 2022-

6 had been vacated shortly before the hearing on the appeal, allegedly making the matter

moot. 1 First, as discussed below, we hold that the appeal was not moot because EQB could

grant relief other than annulling the NOVs. For example, it had authority to modify DD

Oil’s permits so as to extend their duration. Moreover, even if DD Oil’s appeal was

technically moot, the EQB had jurisdiction to review the actions of the WVDEP because

they presented issues of great public interest, and because they were “capable of repetition

yet evading review.”

       1
        During oral argument, counsel informed the Court that DD Oil had obtained new
permits for the wells in question. This presents an additional issue pertaining to mootness
which we will also address below.

                                             1
                I.    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

                DD Oil owns and operates a number of oil and gas wells in Ritchie County,

West Virginia, including three wells designated API #47-085-10399, API #47-085-10400,

and API #47-085-10401. On March 26, 2020, DD Oil obtained work permits from the

WVDEP to conduct drilling at these wells. Under W. Va. Code R. § 35-4-5.2.g, work must

commence on a drilling site within two years from the date of issuance of the permit or the

permit will expire. In this case, that meant that drilling would have to commence by March

26, 2022. There is no question that DD Oil commenced drilling within two years of when

the permits were issued.

                A question arose, however, as to whether DD Oil ceased operations at the

well sites for a period of thirty continuous days. This is important because once drilling

stops for thirty days, 2 the operator has six months to complete reclamation. 3 At the end of

that period, the permit expires. Whether these permits expired has been disputed by the

parties, with WVDEP taking the position that the permits expired, and new ones were

needed, and DD Oil arguing that the permits did not expire. According to WVDEP, drilling

at the sites stopped on September 25, 2020, and the permits therefore expired on April 25,

2021. DD Oil, on the other hand, contends that their operations were ongoing until WVDEP

       2
        W. Va. Code R. § 35-5-2.6 (“’Completion of the drilling process’ shall mean the
date on which a drilling rig ceases operation on the drilling site for more than thirty (30)
consecutive days.”)
       3
           W. Va. Code § 22-6A-14(a) (3) (2017).

                                             2
stopped them, and, consequently, they should have had additional time to complete their

work.

              On May 17, 2021, WVDEP informed DD Oil that it did not have valid

permits to perform hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) on the wells at issue. On June 14,

2021, WVDEP inspectors visited the well sites and observed equipment indicating that DD

Oil was preparing to frack the wells. On July 16, 2021, WVDEP inspectors conducted an

inspection of the well sites and concluded that DD Oil was engaging in fracking activities

at API #47-085-10399 without a permit and intended to frack the other two wells. That

same day, the WVDEP issued a Finding of Imminent Danger and Cease Operations Order

to DD Oil.

              Thereafter, the parties would spend more than a year litigating the validity of

their permits in administrative proceedings and a civil action in the Circuit Court of Ritchie

County, with DD Oil unable to continue operations at the subject properties. DD Oil

contends that WVDEP deliberately dragged out these proceedings and then attempted to

moot the dispute, mere days before a scheduled hearing with the EQB, by unilaterally

annulling the NOVs and the contested order, to prevent DD Oil from obtaining a definitive

resolution of the issue which might be unfavorable to WVDEP.

              The Finding of Imminent Danger and Cease Operations Order stated that DD

Oil was in violation of the state code and regulations for: “Fracking outside of allotted

                                              3
completion time. Fracking without a permit.” DD Oil was “ordered to cease further

operations until [it was] determined that the imminent danger [had] been abated.” DD Oil

was warned that it could be subject to civil penalties, misdemeanor charges, and injunctive

relief. 4 The Finding of Imminent Danger informed DD Oil that it had a right to apply for a

formal hearing to contest the Finding of Imminent Danger within fifteen days.

              Prior to the expiration of the fifteen days, however, on July 20, 2021, the

WVDEP issued an NOV against DD Oil for unpermitted work on the subject wells. This

NOV gave DD Oil seven days to abate the alleged violations. The NOV warned that:

“Failure to abate the violation by that date will result in bond forfeiture and may result in

assessment of civil penalties, filing of misdemeanor charges, and/or an action for injunctive

relief.”

              On July 23, 2021, even before the time for abatement had passed, WVDEP

filed its Application for Injunctive Relief against DD Oil in the Circuit Court of Ritchie

County. On August 2, 2021, WVDEP filed a Motion for Temporary Restraining Order in

that matter. By Order dated August 4, 2021, the circuit court entered an order granting the

       4
         W. Va. Code § 22-6-6(a) (1994) provides in pertinent part that it shall be “unlawful
for any person to commence any well work, including site preparation which involves any
disturbance of land, without first securing from the director a well work permit.”
Subsection (i) provides that: “Any person who violates any provision of this section shall
be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than five
thousand dollars, or be imprisoned in the county jail not more than twelve months, or both
fined and imprisoned.”

                                             4
temporary restraining order and ordering DD Oil to comply with the Finding of Imminent

Danger and Cease Operations Order. The order also scheduled an evidentiary hearing on

the WVDEP’s preliminary injunction which was heard on August 11, 2021.

              Following this hearing, the circuit court entered an order on August 27, 2021,

denying the preliminary injunction and dissolving the temporary restraining order. The

circuit court found that WVDEP did not establish that the work at the subject wells created

a risk of irreparable harm that would justify an injunction. The circuit court declined to

address the issue of whether the permits were valid, holding that the question of validity

had to be resolved through the administrative process. 5 The circuit court’s order did not set

aside the Finding of Imminent Danger and Cease Operations Order or the NOV.

              In August of 2021, WVDEP reached out to DD Oil’s well service providers

and informed them that DD Oil did not have valid permits for the subject wells. As a result,

the well service providers refused to perform work on the subject wells. 6 In one instance,

       5
         In the words of the circuit court, “[a]s to the question of the expiration of the
permits issued, that matter must first be administered through the administrative process.”
Order at 5, Designated Record (“D.R.”) at 50.
       6
        Working on the well sites when the operator did not have a valid permit could
expose the service providers to liability. W. Va. Code R. § 35-4-5.6 provides: “Parties
Responsible. All contractors and drillers, including all service companies carrying on
business or doing work in oil and gas fields in West Virginia, as well as lease holders and
operators generally, shall take notice of and are hereby directed to observe and apply the
provisions of W. Va. Code § 22-6 and this rule; and all contractors, drillers, service
companies and operators shall be held responsible for violations thereof.”

                                              5
WVDEP contacted a service provider, Reliance Well Services, and told them not to frack

after the circuit court had already ruled from the bench that it was going to deny the

preliminary injunction and dissolve the temporary restraining order. This caused the

service provider’s counsel (who also represented DD Oil) some concern. In an e-mail dated

August 24, 2021, he informed WVDEP that he had been contacted by his client, Reliance

Well Services, and they told him that they were scheduled to conduct fracking operations

the next day, but WVDEP had instructed them not to do so. He went on to say:

              Frankly, I think this is not at all what Judge Sweeney
              contemplated, and I think it gives DD Oil Company a
              successful claim against WVDEP. … My current thinking is
              that WVDEP is in contempt of court and liable for punitive
              damages. Please call me. I need WVDEP to tell Reliance Well
              Services to go ahead with the frac tomorrow.

D.R. 52-3. Despite this e-mail, WVDEP did not tell the service providers that they could

proceed with well related projects.

              On September 9, 2021, the WVDEP issued a letter to DD Oil stating that

certain forms, including Form WR-35, were outstanding on several wells, including the

subject wells. Form WR-35, titled “Well Operator’s Report of Drilling, Fracturing and/or

Stimulating or Physical Change,” must be filed within ninety days after drilling has ceased

for more than thirty days and the reclamation period of six months has expired. DD Oil

asserted that Form WR-35s on the subject wells were not due and the WVDEP’s request

was premature as well work had not been completed.

                                            6
              On February 1, 2022, WVDEP issued Notices of Violation (NOVs) 11778,

11779, 11780, and 11781 for violations of W. Va. Code R. § 35-4-12.2a., the regulation

which requires certain forms, including Form WR-35, to be filed within ninety days after

the completion of permitted well work. 7 On February 14, 2022, WVDEP issued an Order

to Cease Operations for Failure to Abate Violation.

              On February 18, 2022, and February 25, 2022, DD Oil applied for an

annulment of the NOVs, asserting that it had not “completed well work that would trigger

the ninety (90)-day period for submitting form WR-35.” On March 9, 2022, the WVDEP

issued Order 2022-6 denying DD Oil’s application to annul the NOVs on the basis that the

NOVs had been properly issued.

              On March 23, 2022, DD Oil filed its appeal of Order 2022-6 to the EQB,

asserting both procedural and substantive reasons for reversing the WVDEP. Among other

things, its Appeal From Order and Annulment Review contested the findings in the order

that it had ceased operations for a period of thirty days, contending that it had “engaged in

continuous drilling operations from September 25, 2020 to July 16, 2021.” It also asserted

that WVDEP had failed to do a site inspection during its annulment review as required by

       7
         These NOVs warned that failure to abate the alleged violation within seven days,
i.e., by February 8, 2022, would result in bond forfeiture, and could also result in civil
penalties and misdemeanor charges.

                                             7
statute. The Questions of Fact listed in this notice of appeal included “[w]hether or not

drilling was complete on the Subject Wells.” The relief requested specifically included the

extension of its permits “to allow completion of the permitted well work” and a declaratory

ruling as to whether the permits were still valid.

               The appeal hearing was scheduled for July 14, 2022. On July 8, 2022, six

days before the hearing, WVDEP filed its Motion to Dismiss DD Oil’s appeal on the basis

that it was vacating Order 2022-6 and annulling the NOVs. DD Oil opposed this motion,

arguing that its appeal was not moot because EQP could grant relief other than the

annulment of the NOVs, such as extending the permits by the amount of time spent in

litigation with WVDEP so as to allow completion of the necessary well work.

               On July 13, 2022, one day before the hearing, the WVDEP entered Order

2022-9. In that order the WVDEP vacated its earlier order (2022-6) and annulled the NOVs

on the basis that a “special inspection” was not performed in relation to the NOVs as

required by W. Va. Code § 22-6-4 (1994). Although WVDEP acknowledged that the NOVs

were procedurally deficient because a site inspection was not done, it never admitted that

the permits were still valid, that WR-35 Forms were not yet required, or that the well sites

had not been inactive for a thirty-day period before NOVs and orders to cease operation

were issued.

                                              8
              During the hearing on July 14, 2022, DD Oil’s attorneys asked EQB to

modify the permits so as to extend them by a year to make up for the time lost in litigating

with WVDEP. Basically, they were asking the EQB to reset the clock to the time when

WVDEP issued its first Finding of Imminent Danger and Cease Operations Order. 8

Although everyone agreed that EQB has some authority to modify permits, EQB was

unwilling to conclude that it could extend the permits to make up for the time lost during

litigation with WVDEP. 9

       8
         The situation with DD Oil’s permits was similar to the situation where an oil and
gas lease requires drilling or production within the primary term of the lease in order to
avoid forfeiture and termination of the lease, but the lessor hinders the lessee’s
performance. In such a scenario, where the lessee has used due diligence, “equitable
estoppel effectively extends the lease for the reasonable time that justice may require for
the lessee to begin production unhindered and avoid the special limitation.” Syl. Pt. 1,
Wilson v. Xander, 182 W. Va. 342, 387 S.E. 2d 89 (1989). Similarly, W. Va. Code § 36-4-
9a (1985) creates a rebuttable presumption of intention to abandon when a property has not
been developed within twenty-four months but this presumption does not apply “where the
failure to produce and sell is the direct result of the interference or action of the owner of
such oil and/or gas or his subsequent lessee or assignee [.]”
       9
        During the hearing, the following colloquy occurred between one of DD Oil’s
counsel and a member of EQB:

              Mr. Umina: “…this is kind of a case of first impressions [sic]
              before this Board in terms of what is its ability to modify
              permits?

                           …it would be an absurd result to think…the only
              time the Board can modify a permit is at the time it’s issued or
              denied. And the DEP can do whatever it wants during your
              permit period, but if you are aggrieved and it interferes with
              you utilizing your permit, then the Board cannot modify it.
              That is a completely absurd interpretation.

                          Plain language reading of that statute clearly gives
              this Board the ability to modify, and equity demands it.”

                                              9
               Members of the EQB were clearly troubled by the fact that WVDEP had

waited until shortly before the hearing to change its position and annul the NOVs and

vacate Order 2022-6 after persistently opposing DD Oil’s efforts to develop its sites for

over a year.

               Mr. Weiler put it this way before the EQB withdrew to deliberate:

                      … I know that DEP put you…in a difficult position
               because all of a sudden out of nowhere the day before the
               hearing, they wipe their hands of everything like nothing ever
               happened.
                     … if they’re wiping out the notice of violations, then if
               you go back to the time when those were issued, and then work
               your way forward, look at all the stuff that happened to DD Oil
               and what they had to go through at the time. That’s what’s
               concerning.
                      I went to the University of Tennessee, and they used to
               have a saying, “the big orange screw” is when the school
               screwed you, whether it would be registering for classes or
               whatever, … that’s what they called it, “the big orange screw.”
               This looks like the DEP screw.

Hearing Transcript at 43, D.R. 437.

               Mr. Weiler: “ …I don’t think you’re going to see the Board
               making cases of first impression. We leave that to Circuit
               Courts and Supreme Courts and the Legislature to change regs
               or statutes, but it’s an interesting thought.”

Hearing Transcript at 45, D.R. 439.

                                             10
                  After deliberating, the EQB announced its decision that it did not have the

authority to extend the permits because the matter had been mooted by the annulment of

the NOVs and the vacation of Order 2022-6. Nonetheless, the members felt that DD Oil

had been poorly treated, and that the parties should try to work something out. In the words

of Chairman Snyder:

                  It does seem that by dropping the NOVs, it would almost seem
                  appropriate to restart the clock for DD Oil, but we do not have
                  the authority to cause that to occur, but that was—in our
                  discussions, it seemed to be a poor way to deal.
Id. at 46-7. 10

                  Mr. Weiler concurred, saying:

                        …the Board has unanimously voted to dismiss this
                  appeal, the issue being moot. The Board does not have the
                  authority to modify the permit under the circumstances
                  presented.
                         But I note, all the Board felt that the DEP should
                  work with DD Oil to extend permits and… try to make up
                  for the havoc that’s been caused in this matter, … some due
                  to no fault of DD Oil, but it seems like you’d want to work
                  something out.

        10
             Chairman Snyder also said that:

                  —I would think of it as a fair and appropriate thing if there
                  could be dialogue between DEP and DD Oil to see if there
                  could be some sort of fair resolution, considering that there
                  were probably issues on both sides, but it would be nice to see
                  something appropriate worked out.

Hearing transcript at 48, D.R. 442.

                                                11
                     …we just don’t feel—the Board doesn’t feel it has the
              authority to grant the relief that you’re requesting, and that the
              fact that all NOVS have been withdrawn, … that’s what we’re
              here for in the first place, understanding all the circumstances
              and procedural history in this matter.
Id. at 47, D.R. 441 (emphasis added).

              On July 25, 2022, the EQB entered its Final Order dismissing DD Oil’s

appeal as moot because Order 2022-6 had been vacated and the NOVs had been annulled,

thereby allegedly depriving it of subject matter jurisdiction. DD Oil timely appealed from

this order. 11 Following oral argument, pursuant to this Court’s request, the parties

subsequently provided supplemental briefing concerning the relief requested by DD Oil in

the proceedings below, including modification of DD Oil’s permits, injunctive relief, and

declaratory ruling, and the respective positions of the parties regarding the scope and extent

of EQB’s authority.

                            II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

              Our review of agency decisions in contested cases is governed by West

Virginia Code § 29A-5-4(g) (2021) which provides that:

              (g) The court may affirm the order or decision of the agency or
              remand the case for further proceedings. It shall reverse,
              vacate, or modify the order or decision of the agency if the
              substantial rights of the petitioner or petitioners have been

       11
          After this appeal was filed, DD Oil sued WVDEP in federal court seeking
damages for violation of its due process rights. The Court understands that this federal
action has been settled and dismissed. The terms of the settlement are unknown and
irrelevant to our decision. During oral argument, the Court was also informed that DD Oil
had obtained new permits for its wells.

                                             12
             prejudiced because the administrative findings, inferences,
             conclusions, decision, or order are:
             (1) In violation of constitutional or statutory provisions;
             (2) In excess of the statutory authority or jurisdiction of the
             agency;
             (3) Made upon unlawful procedures;
             (4) Affected by other error of law;
             (5) Clearly wrong in view of the reliable, probative, and
             substantial evidence on the whole record; or
             (6) Arbitrary or capricious or characterized by abuse of
             discretion or clearly unwarranted exercise of discretion.
             (h) The judgment of the circuit court or the Intermediate Court
             of Appeals, whichever is applicable, shall be final unless
             reversed, vacated, or modified on appeal to the Supreme Court
             of Appeals of this state in accordance with the provisions of §
             29A-6-1 of this code.

Syl. Pt. 1, W. Va. Land Res., Inc. v. American Bituminous Power Partners, LP, 248 W. Va.

411, 888 S.E.2d 911 (2023). “While the court must give deference to the administrative

agency’s factual findings and review those findings under a clearly wrong standard, the

court applies a de novo standard of review to the agency’s conclusions of law.” Comm’r of

W. Va. Div. of Motor Vehicles v. Brewer, No. 13-0501, 2014 WL 127540, at *3 (W. Va.

March 28, 2014); accord Syl. Pt. 1, Muscatell v. Cline, 196 W. Va. 588, 474 S.E. 2d 518

(1996).

                                 III.   DISCUSSION

      A. EQB Had Authority to Extend DD Oil’s Permits

             DD Oil asserts that EQB has authority to issue rulings that modify an order,

permit, or official action of the WVDEP or enter an order modifying the terms and

                                           13
conditions of any permit pursuant to W. Va. Code § 22B-1-7(g)(1) (2023), which states in

relevant part:

                 (g) After such hearing and consideration of all the testimony,
                 evidence, and record in the case:
                 (1) The environmental quality board or the air quality board as
                 the case may be shall make and enter a written order affirming,
                 modifying, or vacating the order, permit, or official action of
                 the chief or secretary, or shall make and enter such order as the
                 chief or secretary should have entered, or shall make and enter
                 an order approving or modifying the terms and conditions of
                 any permit issued;

We agree.

                 As the court recognized in W. Va. Land Res., Inc. v. American Bituminous

Power Partners, Ltd., 248 W. Va. 411, ___, 888 S.E.2d 911, 920 (2023), “The Legislature

plainly authorized the EQB to modify permits issued by the DEP.” Under this statute, the

EQB could have extended the DD Oil permits by the roughly twelve months (at the time

of the hearing) that WVDEP had prevented it from developing and operating its wells.

                 WVDEP argues that even if the Board had authority to modify the permits

as requested, a request to do so should have been made within thirty days of when the

permits were issued. This argument ignores the fact that there was no need to modify the

permits by extending them until WVDEP spent more than a year preventing DD Oil from

developing its well sites pursuant to those permits.

                                                14
     B. EQB Had Authority to Determine Whether the Permits Were Still Valid

              In addition to an extension of its permit, DD Oil requested declaratory relief

in the proceedings below. Among other things, DD Oil’s Appeal from Order and

Annulment Review requested:

              1. The entry of an Order declaring that the WVDEP’s request
              for form WR-35 is premature for the Subject Wells; 2. The
              entry of an Order declaring that the DD Oil’s permits for the
              Subject Wells are still valid; … 5. The entry of an Order
              declaring that the DD Oil’s permits for the Subject Wells were
              valid at all times mentioned herein; …

              EQB is an administrative agency for purposes of the Administrative

Procedures Act (“APA”), see Monongahela Power Co. v. Chief, Office of Water Res., Div.

of Env’t Prot., 211 W. Va. 619, 627-28, 567 S.E. 2d 629, 637-38 (2002); Cookman Realty

Group, Inc. v. Taylor, 211 W. Va. 407, 566 S.E. 2d 294 (2001) (Albright, J., concurring);

see generally W. Va. Code § 29A-1-2 (2015) (“For the purposes of this chapter: (a)

‘Agency’ means any state board, commission, department, office or officer authorized by

law to make rules or adjudicate contested cases, except those in the legislative or judicial

branches.”), and that Act authorizes agencies to issue declaratory rulings. Hicks v. Mani,

230 W. Va. 9, 16, 736 S.E. 2d 9, 16 (2012).

              W. Va. Code § 29A-4-1 (1964) provides that: “On petition of any interested

person, an agency may issue a declaratory ruling with respect to the applicability to any

person, property or state of facts of any rule or statute enforceable by it.” In the case at bar,

                                               15
there appears to have been a serious disagreement concerning the application of various

statutes pertaining to oil and gas permits, as demonstrated by an August 13, 2021, e-mail

from Rodeheaver to Martin, et al, which reads in part as follows:

              Is “drilling process” defined anywhere? Mr. Dale says his
              drilling process is ongoing and continuous and there has not
              been a stoppage of 7 months or more. It includes fracking.

              Plus “Completion of the drilling process” mentions a drilling
              rig. I do not see where a drilling rig is defined. … [Mr. Dale]
              also could not define what drilling was. It was too complicated
              and included too many things, not to mention upstream,
              midstream and downstream. …

              Doug indicated Mr. Dale had a service rig –not a drilling rig—
              sitting there at least some of the time.

              Plus Mr. Patterson insisted DEP’s interpretation of 35-4-5.2.g
              and 5.2.j and 22-6-30 were flat out wrong or irrelevant.

Appendix at 194. Thus, the EQB erred as a matter of law in concluding that DD Oil’s

appeal was moot because it could have granted relief in the form of a declaratory ruling.

       C. The Annulment of the NOVs Did Not Moot DD Oil’s Appeal Because EQB
          Could Still Grant Some Relief in the Form of Extending DD Oil’s Permits
          and/or Determining Whether the Permits Were Still Valid

              In its Notice of Appeal to the EQB, DD Oil requested various kinds of relief,

including annulment of the NOVs and an extension of its permits to allow completion of

the permitted well work. Annulment of the NOVs did not prevent EQB from providing

additional relief clearly requested in the form of extending the permits and/or determining

                                            16
whether they had expired. 12 A case only “becomes moot when it is impossible for a court

to grant any effectual relief whatever to the prevailing party; as long as the parties have a

concrete interest, however small, in the outcome of the litigation, the case is not moot.”

James Buchwalter, Annotation, Supreme Court Jurisprudence on Mootness Doctrine of

United States Constitution, article III, 52 A.L.R. 3d Art 5 (originally published in 2020);

accord Chafin v. Chafin, 568 U.S. 165 (2013); Knox v. Serv. Employees, 567 U.S. 298

(2012); see Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski, 592 U.S. ___, 141 S.Ct. 792 (2021) (case was not

moot even though the defendant college had changed its free speech policies and the

plaintiff was no longer a student there because the plaintiff could still recover nominal

damages of one dollar); Bolyard v. Bd. of Educ. of Grant Cnty, 214 W. Va. 381, 383 n.1,

589 S.E. 2d 523, 525 n.1 (2003) (case was not moot where plaintiff sought damages for

lost days of employment and retirement benefits as well as declaratory relief and

mandamus). Thus, the EQB erred as a matter of law in concluding that DD Oil’s appeal

was moot because it could have granted relief in the form of extending DD Oil’s permits

and/or issuing a declaratory ruling.

       12
         WVDEP also argues that the vacation of Order 2022-6 left nothing to appeal from,
but Order 2022-6 was still in force when DD Oil’s Notice of Appeal was filed. Once an
appeal was filed, the question then became whether WVDEP’s actions, including the
vacation of Order 2022-6, rendered the appeal moot.

                                             17
       D. Even if DD Oil’s Appeal Was Technically Moot, It Was Still Capable of
          Review Under One or More Exceptions to Mootness

              “Simply stated, a case is moot when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’

or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome.” State ex rel. Bluestone

Coal Corp. v. Mazzone, 226 W. Va. 148, 155, 697 S.E.2d 740, 747 (2010). Mootness is a

jurisdictional question, and moot questions are usually not proper for appellate review.

State ex rel. W. Va. Secondary School Activities Comm’n v. Cuomo, ___ W. Va. ___, ___,

880 S.E.2d 46, 53 (2022). Courts, however, have recognized various exceptions to this rule.

              In Syllabus Point 1 of State ex rel. M.C.H. v. Kinder, 173 W. Va. 387, 317

S.E.2d 150 (1984), the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia recognized a well-

established exception to the mootness doctrine for issues that were capable of repetition

but evading review: 13

              A case is not rendered moot even though a party to the
              litigation has had a change in status such that he no longer has
              a legally cognizable interest in the litigation or the issues have
              lost their adversarial vitality, if such issues are capable of
              repetition and yet will evade review.

              The Court subsequently expanded the analysis for determining whether a

technically moot issue could be addressed:

       13
        This mootness exception was first recognized in S. Pac. Terminal Co. v. ICC, 219
U.S. 498 (1911). That case, like the present one, involved agency proceedings, to-wit, an
ICC order that would expire in two years.

                                             18
              Three factors to be considered in deciding whether to address
              technically moot issues are as follows: first, the court will
              determine whether sufficient collateral consequences will
              result from determination of the questions presented so as to
              justify relief; second, while technically moot in the immediate
              context, questions of great public interest may nevertheless be
              addressed for the future guidance of the bar and of the public;
              and third, issues which may be repeatedly presented to the trial
              court, yet escape review at the appellate level because of their
              fleeting and determinate nature, may appropriately be decided.

Syl. Pt. 1, Israel v. W. Va. Secondary Schs. Activities Comm’n, 182 W. Va. 454, 388 S.E.2d

480 (1989). It is not necessary for all three factors to be present for a court to find that it

has jurisdiction to hear a technically moot case. Just one factor, if compelling, can be

sufficient for a court to exercise its discretion to hear an appeal. See Syl. Pt. 4, Loyal Order

of Moose v. State Tax Comm’r, 219 W. Va. 119, 632 S.E.2d 59 (2006) (“Even though an

issue may be technically moot, it still may be deserving of judicial resolution by meeting

one or more of the following criteria…”); Syl Pt. 6, W. Va. Educ. Ass’n v. Consol. Pub.

Ret. Bd., 194 W. Va. 501, 460 S.E.2d 747 (1995) (same). 14 As discussed below, the second

       14
          In a number of cases, the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia has found
one or two factors alone to be sufficient to justify appellate review despite technical
mootness. See, e.g., T.W.J. v. L.S.A., no. 15-0817, 2016 WL 5846616, at *2 (W. Va. Oct.
6, 2016) (sufficient collateral consequences alone justify consideration of the appeal in this
Court); Kasserman and Bowman, PLLC v. Cline, 223 W. Va. 414, 416 n.5, 275 S.E. 2d
890, 892 n. 5 (2009) (issue of great public importance which was capable of repetition yet
evading review justified review); State ex rel. Crist v. Cline, 219 W. Va. 202, 632 S.E.2d
358 (2006) (issues of great public interest and subject to repetition but evading review
justify consideration by the Court); Affiliated Const. Trades Found. v. Univ. of West
Virginia Bd. of Trs., 210 W. Va. 456, 557 S.E. 2d 863, 872 (2001) (public interest in
whether state funds were expended in violation of state prevailing wage laws allowed court
to hear technically moot case); State ex rel. Davis v. Vieweg, 207 W. Va. 83, 86-7, 529
S.E. 2d 103, 106-07 (2000) (question of great public interest and capable of repetition);

                                              19
and third factors would have justified exercising jurisdiction in this case. 15 Unfortunately,

the EQB apparently believed that it had no power to consider DD Oil’s appeal. 16

              In addition, many courts recognize an exception for “voluntary cessation” 17

where a party withdraws a claim, ceases a course of conduct, or amends or repeals a law

before it can be addressed by pending litigation. See, e.g., U.S. v. W. T. Grant, 345 U.S.

629 (1953); Snell v. Walz, 985 N.W.2d 277 (Minn. 2023); Slade v. State, Dept. of Transp.

State ex rel. W. Va. Secondary Sch. Activities Comm'n v. Cuomo, No. 22-0261, 2022 WL
16570555, at *5 (W. Va. Nov. 1, 2022) (satisfaction of the second and third Israel factors
suffice to grant the Court jurisdiction over a technically moot case).
       15
           In J.F. v. G.R., 2022 WL 17592199 (W. Va. Dec. 13, 2022) (memorandum
decision), the court declined to exercise jurisdiction even though the issue was capable of
repetition yet avoiding review. Although this opinion might be read as requiring that all
three factors must be established, we do not find it likely that the court would have
overruled its prior cases without expressly saying so, especially in a short memorandum
decision. It is more likely that the court merely found the capable of repetition factor to be
unpersuasive in that particular case. This conclusion is supported by language in the recent
case of Gray v. State, No. 22-0367, 2023 WL 6862171, at *2 (W. Va. Oct. 18, 2023)
(memorandum decision) where the court stated “that technically moot cases that present
‘questions of great public interest’ or issues that ‘may be repeatedly presented to the trial
court, yet escape review at the appellate level,’ may be addressed.” (Emphasis supplied).
In that case, review was denied because the issue did not meet “either criterion.”
Furthermore, in W. Va. Secondary Schs Activities Comm’n v. J.G., 2023 WL 6863416, at
*1 n.3 (W. Va. Oct. 18, 2023) (memorandum decision), the court reviewed an appeal
because “[t]he second and third Israel considerations favor[ed] resolving the question
before [it].”
       16
         This is not a case where EQB recognized that exceptions to the mootness doctrine
might apply and chose in the exercise of its discretion not to apply them. It is clear from
the record that it erroneously believed that it had no authority to review WVDEP’s actions
even though it found them to be patently unfair.
       17
          “Voluntary cessation” is sometimes referred to as “unilateral mootness.” See
Scott T. MacGuidwin, Mooting Unilateral Mootness, 121 Mich. L. Rev. 641 (Feb. 2023).

                                             20
& Pub. Facilities, 336 P.2d 699 (Alas. 2014); WMW, Inc. v. American Honda Motor Co.,

Inc., 733 S.E.2d 269 (Ga. 2012); Stano v. Pryor, 372 P.3d 427 (Kan. Ct. App. 2016); Wilkie

v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co., 494 P.2d 892 (Mont. 2021); see generally 16 C.J.S.

Constitutional Law §225, Westlaw (database updated August 2023). The availability of

this exception to technical mootness appears to be a question of first impression in this

state. 18 Given our holding that the “capable of repetition yet evading review” and “question

of great public interest” exceptions apply in this matter, we need not decide whether the

“voluntary cessation” exception should be recognized in West Virginia.

            1. DD Oil’s Appeal Was Reviewable Because It Involved a Question of
               Great Public Interest

              This matter presented the question of whether EQB could modify permits so

as to extend them when WVDEP’s litigious actions had prevented an operator from

developing duly permitted well sites.

       18
          In State Farm Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schatken, 230 W. Va. 201, 737 S.E.2d 229 (2012),
the court was urged to adopt the voluntary cessation exception, in addition to applying the
already recognized exceptions for issues that were “capable of repetition and yet will evade
review” and issues of “great public interest.” The court did not take up this invitation,
concluding that “the mootness doctrine and its exceptions [were] inapplicable” because the
case had never been “ripe” for decision to begin with. Id. at 211 n.6, 737 S.E. 2d at 238 n.
6. Thus, it could not have become moot, and there was no need to address possible
exceptions to mootness.

                                             21
            2. DD Oil’s Appeal Was Reviewable Because the Dispute Was Capable of
               Repetition Yet Evading Review

              Although WVDEP annulled its NOVs on a procedural ground (that a site

inspection was not done during the annulment review), it continued to assert that the

permits were no longer valid. It never abandoned its position that the permits had expired

because drilling operations had ceased for thirty continuous days, even though this was

hotly contested by DD Oil. Nor did it change its position that WR-35 Forms should have

been filed. Moreover, WVDEP did not take heed when counsel for Reliance Well

Services/DD Oil warned that telling service providers that they should not work on the site

because DD Oil allegedly did not have valid permits might constitute contempt and expose

it to liability for punitive damages in litigation. Furthermore, DD Oil has alleged that

WVDEP engages in a practice of contesting the validity of permits so that oil well operators

will be forced to obtain new permits and pay additional permit fees. 19 When WVDEP was

faced with a hearing, it finally annulled its NOVs and vacated its 2022-6 order on

procedural grounds, arguably in order to avoid review on the merits. Nor should we lose

sight of the fact that WVDEP had already issued two sets of NOVs and two orders to cease

operations for the subject wells.

       19
         DD Oil points out that on August 13, 2021, Scott Rodeheaver, the assistant chief
of inspection and enforcement of the Office of Oil and Gas, sent an internal email
discussing the Ritchie County litigation with DD Oil and noting that “a number of people
had to find other jobs in the past year because permit fees were down. If a permit is not
needed neither is the Office of Oil and Gas.” D.R. 194.

                                            22
              Given this history, there was a sufficient likelihood that WVDEP would issue

additional NOVs if DD Oil attempted to develop its well sites without obtaining new

permits to justify appellate review under the capable of repetition exception. See generally

Minn-Dak Farmers Co-op. v. Espy, 851 F. Supp. 1423, 1426 (D. N.D. 1994) (“When an

administrative agency withdraws the offending order and yet continues to maintain its

action was legal, ‘repetition is likely’ and the claim should not be considered moot.”);

Natural Resources Defense Council. Inc. v. EPA, 595 F. Supp. 1255, 1263 (S. D. N.Y.

1984) (“…when an administrative agency withdraws an order while still maintaining that

the legal position is justified, repetition is likely and the claim should not be considered

moot.”); Doe v. Harris, 696 F.2d 109, 113 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (“when a complaint identifies

official conduct as wrongful and the legality of that conduct is vigorously asserted by the

officers in question, the complainant may justifiably project repetition.”).

               Under the capable of repetition yet evading review exception, the EQB could

have addressed DD Oil’s appeal even if the matter became technically moot while the

appeal was pending. See Kasserman and Bowman, PLLC v. Cline, 223 W. Va. 414, 416 n.

5, 675 S.E. 2d 890, 892 n. 5 (2009) (technically moot petition for declaratory relief could

be addressed on appeal because matter involved an issue of great importance that was

capable of repetition yet evading review). The fact that the order in question was vacated

by WVDEP on the eve of hearing did not preclude appellate review where the issues were

capable of repetition. See Anderson v. Cryovac, 805 F.2d 1, 4-5 (1st Cir. 1986) (holding

that an appeal involving a pretrial protective order limiting disclosure of discovery

                                             23
information before a jury was selected did not become moot when the order was vacated

because the issue was capable of repetition).

       E. Our Review Was Not Mooted by DD Oil’s Obtaining New Permits

              Although the parties have not addressed this point in their briefs or oral

argument, we conclude that our review is not precluded by DD Oil obtaining new permits. 20

Even if the issues presented are now technically moot, this appeal involved issues of great

public interest, and were also capable of repetition yet avoiding review. We note in this

regard that DD Oil is a major developer of oil and gas wells, having drilled more than fifty

wells and operated as many as two hundred wells. It operates, and likely will continue to

operate, many wells in addition to the ones directly at issue in the appeal, and the same

issues may arise again. Given the record on appeal, we are unable to determine whether

there might be any collateral consequences flowing from actions of WVDEP regarding the

original permits, or any further relief that the EQB might be able to furnish in this particular

case. These are issues which the parties may develop on remand.

       20
         Regardless of whether the issue is raised by the parties, this court has a duty to
consider whether it has subject matter jurisdiction. Syl. Pt. 2, James M.B. v. Carolyn M.,
193 W. Va. 289, 456 S.E. 2d 16 (1995).

                                              24
                                 IV.    CONCLUSION

               The ruling of the EQB is reversed and remanded for such further proceedings

as may be necessary and appropriate, consistent with our rulings, to evaluate and correct

its prior rulings.

                                                                Reversed and Remanded.

                                            25