Court Opinion

ID: 4244749
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-02-13 23:00:25.264935+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:26.376225
License: Public Domain

FOR PUBLICATION                               FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                           FEB 13 2018
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                        U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

PIETER A. FOLKENS, DBA A Higher                  No.   16-15882
Porpoise Design Group,
                                                 D.C. No.
                Plaintiff-Appellant,             2:14-cv-02197-JAM-CKD
                                                 Eastern District of California,
 v.                                              Sacramento

WYLAND WORLDWIDE, LLC, a                         ORDER
California Corporation; WYLAND
GALLERIES, INC., a California
Corporation; SIGNATURE GALLERY
GROUP, INC., DBA Wyland Galleries, a
Nevada Corporation; (NFN) WYLAND,
AKA Robert Thomas Wyland

                Defendants-Appellees.

Before: GOULD and MURGUIA, Circuit Judges, and GRITZNER,* District
Judge.

      The opinion disposition filed February 2, 2018, is withdrawn and a new

opinion disposition is filed concurrently with this order. The time for filing a

petition for rehearing or petition for rehearing en banc is calculated from the date

of the filing of this new opinion.

      *
            The Honorable James E. Gritzner, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Iowa, sitting by designation.
                             FOR PUBLICATION                          FILED
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      FEB 13 2018
                                                                   MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                    U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

PIETER A. FOLKENS, DBA A Higher               No.   16-15882
Porpoise Design Group,
                                              D.C. No.
               Plaintiff-Appellant,           2:14-cv-02197-JAM-CKD

 v.
                                              OPINION
WYLAND WORLDWIDE, LLC, a
California Corporation; WYLAND
GALLERIES, INC., a California
Corporation; SIGNATURE GALLERY
GROUP, INC., DBA Wyland Galleries, a
Nevada Corporation; (NFN) WYLAND,
AKA Robert Thomas Wyland

               Defendants-Appellees.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of California
                   John A. Mendez, District Judge, Presiding

                   Argued and Submitted November 14, 2017
                           San Francisco, California

Before: Ronald M. Gould and Mary H. Murguia, Circuit Judges, and James E.
Gritzner,* District Judge.

                            Opinion by Judge Gould

      *
            The Honorable James E. Gritzner, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of Iowa, sitting by designation.
GOULD, Circuit Judge:

      Plaintiff Peter A. Folkens (“Folkens”) alleges that Defendant Robert T.

Wyland (“Wyland”) infringed on his pen and ink depiction of two dolphins

crossing underwater. Folkens contends that Wyland’s depiction of an underwater

scene infringes on his drawing by copying the crossing dolphins, and that the

similar element of two dolphins crossing underwater is protectable under copyright

law, entitling him to proceed to trial on the issue of whether Wyland’s painting

violates his copyright. We consider whether two dolphins crossing underwater is a

protectable element under the objective standard of this Court’s extrinsic test for

substantial similarity. We hold that the depiction of two dolphins crossing

underwater in this case is an idea that is found first in nature and is not a

protectable element. We note, as we did in Satava v. Lowry, 323 F.3d 805 (9th

Cir. 2003), that a collection of unprotectable elements—pose, attitude, gesture,

muscle structure, facial expression, coat, and texture—may earn “thin copyright”

protection that extends to situations where many parts of the work are present in

another work. But when, as here, the only areas of commonality are elements first

found in nature, expressing ideas that nature has already expressed for all, a court

need not permit the case to go to a trier of fact. We affirm the district court.

                                           I

                                           A

                                           2
      Folkens states he is a “world-renowned wildlife artist, illustrator,

photographer, researcher, and author best known for his work in the field of marine

mammals.” He is the author and copyright owner of a pen and ink illustration

titled “Two Tursiops Truncatus” also known as “Two Dolphins,” which he created

in 1979. Two Dolphins is a black and white depiction of two dolphins crossing

each other, one swimming vertically and the other swimming horizontally. No

other subjects appear in the pen and ink illustration. The illustration has at least

one copyright registration, VA 31-890.

                                           3
Folkens’s Two Dolphins

          4
      Folkens alleges that in 2011 Wyland created an unauthorized copy of Two

Dolphins in a painting titled “Life in the Living Sea.”1 Wyland’s Life in the Living

Sea painting is a color depiction of an underwater scene consisting of three

dolphins, two of which are crossing, various fish, and aquatic plants.

1
 Folkens also filed a claim for infringement based on Defendants’ sculpture
known as the Wyland Dolphin, but the grant of summary judgment in favor of
Defendants on that claim is not at issue on this appeal.

                                          5
                        Wyland’s Life in the Living Sea2

2
  Appellant and Appellees submitted black and white copies of Wyland’s Life in
the Living Sea to this court in their excerpts of records. Both parties agree,
however, that Life in the Living Sea is a color painting. We retrieved the color
depiction of the painting reproduced above from the district court’s docket as the
exhibit submitted to the district court on summary judgment was in color. See
Folkens v. Wyland Worldwide, et al., 2:14-cv-02197-JAM-CKD, Docket 33-13,
Ex. J at 2.

                                         6
      Folkens alleges that in total Defendants3 created enough prints to make

$4,195,250 from sales of Life in the Living Sea. Folkens further alleges that

Defendants have created other unauthorized copies of Two Dolphins for use in

advertising on the internet. Folkens alleges that Defendants currently display the

infringing works at galleries around the country. Folkens states that he found out

about the infringement in October 2013, and that he informed Defendants about

their infringing works on or about September 18, 2014. This lawsuit followed.

                                               B

      The district court granted summary judgment for Defendants after applying

the Ninth Circuit’s extrinsic test of substantial similarity to assess whether the

Defendants’ work infringed Folkens’s copyright. Copyright protection only

extends to original works and the district court had to first dissect the works, Two

Dolphins and Life in the Living Sea, to determine what elements were original and

protectable, and what elements were unprotectable. Then, under the extrinsic test,

the district court properly only compared the works’ protectable elements to

determine if the works were substantially similar as measured by external,

objective criteria.

3
 Wyland, Wyland Worldwide, LLC, Wyland Galleries, Inc, and Signature Gallery
Group, Inc., d/b/a Wyland Galleries are collectively referred to as Defendants.

                                           7
      The district court found that “the main similarity between Wyland’s ‘Life in

the Living Sea’ and Folkens’s ‘Two Dolphins’ is two dolphins swimming

underwater, with one swimming upright and the other crossing horizontally.” The

district court concluded that “this idea of a dolphin swimming underwater is not a

protectable element” because natural positioning and physiology are not

protectable under Ninth Circuit precedent, citing Satava. The district court

commented that “the cross-dolphin pose featured in both works results from

dolphin physiology and behavior since dolphins are social animals, they live and

travel in groups, and for these reasons, [dolphins] are commonly depicted

swimming close together.” The district court further found that Folkens had not

identified any elements of his work that are not commonplace or dictated by the

idea of two swimming dolphins. The district court concluded that no reasonable

juror could find substantial similarity between the two works because the element

of similarity between Two Dolphins and Life in the Living Sea was not a

protectable element.

                                         II

      We review a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo.

L.A. Printex Indus., Inc. v. Aeropostale, Inc., 676 F.3d 841, 846 (9th Cir. 2012), as

amended on denial of reh’g and reh’g en banc (June 13, 2012). Summary

judgment is appropriate if “there is no genuine dispute of material fact” viewing

                                          8
the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. (citing Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(a)). A genuine dispute of a material fact is “one that could reasonably

be resolved in favor of either party.” Ellison v. Robertson, 357 F.3d 1072, 1075

(9th Cir. 2004).

                                         III

      Folkens concedes that the idea of dolphins swimming underwater is not

protected, but argues that his unique expression of that idea is protected. Folkens

contends that the dolphins here do not exhibit behavior shown in nature because

the dolphins in the photos that Two Dolphins was based upon were posed by

professional animal trainers in an enclosed environment. Folkens contends that

Defendants offered no evidence that the crossing of two dolphins in this way

occurs in nature, and that fact alone should have precluded summary judgment.4

      Defendants argue that the district court correctly concluded that scenes

found in nature, such as dolphins crossing in the wild, are not protected by

copyright laws and that there were no protectable elements that were similar based

on the shared subject matter. Defendants further argue that Folkens’s reliance on

4
 Both parties offer other arguments that are not relevant to the main issue and this
Court’s decision in this case. Folkens contends that Life in the Living Sea is a
mere enlargement of Two Dolphins, and Defendants contend that Wyland drew
dolphins crossing prior to when Folkens created Two Dolphins.

                                          9
the fact that the dolphins were posed is a red herring because animal trainers can

pose animals to capture positions that naturally occur in the wild.

      To prove copyright infringement, a plaintiff must show: “(1) ownership of a

valid copyright and (2) copying of constituent elements of the work that are

original.” Feist Publ’ns, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Serv. Co., 499 U.S. 340, 361 (1991).

The parties do not dispute that Folkens owns a valid copyright, but instead focus

on element two—whether Wyland copied constituent elements of the work that are

original.

      Because direct evidence of copying is often not available, a plaintiff can

establish copying by showing (1) that the defendant had access to the plaintiff’s

work and (2) that the two works are substantially similar. L.A. Printex Indus., Inc.,
676 F.3d at 846. Defendants do not contest access to the works, but argue, among

other things, that “as a matter of law, there is no substantial similarity” between

Two Dolphins and Life in the Living Sea. We must determine whether the two

works are substantially similar.

      Summary judgment is “not highly favored” on questions of substantial

similarity, but it is appropriate if we can conclude that “no reasonable juror could

find substantial similarity of ideas and expression.” Shaw v. Lindheim, 919 F.2d
1353, 1355 (9th Cir. 1990). To determine whether works are substantially similar,

we apply a two-part test: an extrinsic test and an intrinsic test. L.A. Printex, Indus.

                                          10
Inc., 676 F.3d at 848. On summary judgment, we consider only the extrinsic test—

an objective comparison of specific expressive elements focusing on articulable

similarities between the two works. Smith v. Jackson, 84 F.3d 1213, 1218 (9th Cir.

1996). Analytic dissection of a work and expert testimony are appropriate for the

extrinsic test. Id. “Where a high degree of access is shown, we require a lower

standard of proof of substantial similarity.” Swirsky v. Carey, 376 F.3d 841, 844

(9th Cir. 2004), as amended on denial of reh’g (Aug. 24, 2004). However,

“[b]ecause the requirement is one of substantial similarity to protected elements of

the copyrighted work, it is essential to distinguish between the protected and

unprotected material in a plaintiff’s work.” Id. at 845. “The key question always

is: Are the works substantially similar beyond the fact that they depict the same

idea?” Mattel, Inc. v. MGA Entm’t, Inc., 616 F.3d 904, 917 (9th Cir. 2010), as

amended on denial of reh’g (Oct. 21, 2010).

      The parties agree that the element of similarity is the two dolphins crossing.

The key inquiry is whether the crossing dolphins are a protectable element.

Swirsky, 376 F.3d at 845. Folkens contends that his expression of two dolphins

crossing is a protectable element, while Defendants argue, and the district court

concluded, that it was a naturally occurring element and therefore not protectable

under copyright law.

                                         11
      First, we observe that the fact that a pose can be achieved with the assistance

of animal trainers does not in itself dictate whether the pose can be found in nature.

For example, an animal trainer may be used to get a dog to sit still while a

photograph is taken or a painting is done, but no one would argue that the position

of a dog sitting was not an idea first expressed in nature. In that case, the trainer’s

purpose was not to create a novel pose, but to induce the dog to hold that pose for a

period of time. Similarly, here, the dolphin trainer got one dolphin to swim

upwards while its photo was taken, and got another to swim horizontally while its

picture was taken. Neither of these swimming postures was novel. The

positioning of the dolphins by a trainer does not entitle Folkens to survive

summary judgment.

      Further, we have held that ideas, “first expressed in nature, are the common

heritage of humankind, and no artist may use copyright law to prevent others from

depicting them.” Satava, 323 F.3d at 813. We reaffirm that basic principle. An

artist may obtain a copyright by varying the background, lighting, perspective,

animal pose, animal attitude, and animal coat and texture, but that will earn the

artist only a narrow degree of copyright protection. Id. There is no question that

the other aspects of Two Dolphins and Life in the Living Sea, beyond the two

dolphins crossing, are different—Life in the Living Sea is in color, includes a third

                                          12
dolphin, has different lighting, and includes several species of fish and marine

plants.

      In Satava, we considered a case where a plaintiff attempted to assert a

copyright infringement claim for glass-in-glass sculptures of jellyfish rising in the

ocean. Id. at 807. The sculpture was described as a “vertically oriented, colorful,

fanciful jellyfish with tendril-like tentacles and a rounded bell encased in an outer

layer of rounded clear glass that is bulbous at the top and tapering toward the

bottom to form a roughly bullet shape;” the jellyfish appeared “lifelike.” Id. We

were asked to determine whether the district court erred in enjoining the defendant

from making sculptures similar to the plaintiff’s jellyfish. Id. at 809–10. We

reasoned that the plaintiff could not prevent others from depicting jellyfish within a

clear outer layer of glass because that was an appropriate setting for an aquatic

animal and he could not prevent others from depicting jellyfish with tendril-like

tentacles or rounded bells because many jellyfish possess those parts. Id. at 811.

More generally, we held that no artist may use copyright law to prevent others

from depicting ideas first expressed by nature, but cautioned that this did not mean

that no realistic depiction of live animals can be protected by copyright. Id. at

812–13. We indicated that an artist can protect the “original expression he or she

contributes to these ideas” and “may earn copyright protection,” but that “the scope

of [his or her] copyright is narrow.” Id. at 813.

                                          13
      We make a similar distinction today. We conclude that a depiction of two

dolphins crossing under sea, one in a vertical posture and the other in a horizontal

posture, is an idea first expressed in nature and as such is within the common

heritage of humankind. See id. No artist may use copyright law to prevent others

from depicting this ecological idea. See id.; see also George S. Chen Corp. v.

Cadona Intern., Inc., 266 F. App’x 523, 524 (9th Cir. 2008) (holding that an

ornament of a dolphin with “an open mouth and an uplifted, twisted tail” follows

from the idea of a swimming dolphin and is not protectable). Folkens’s Two

Dolphins arises from the fact that dolphins are social animals, often depicted

swimming in groups—as they are found in nature. Two Dolphins also represents

dolphins swimming vertically and horizontally, ideas requiring no stretch of the

average person’s imagination because dolphins do this in nature. Nature provides

us with numerous iconic depictions of animals: ants marching in a straight line;

geese flying in a “V” as they migrate; a mother duck being followed by her

ducklings out of a pond; a hummingbird hovering as it sucks nectar from a flower;

and bats hanging upside down from a cave ceiling, to name a few illustrative

examples. As a general rule, under our copyright law, an artist may not use

copyright law to prevent others from depicting such ideas first expressed by nature.

See Satava, 323 F.3d at 813. The basic idea of copyright law is to protect unique

expression, and thereby to encourage expression; it is not to give to the first artist

                                          14
showing what has been depicted by nature a monopoly power to bar others from

depicting such a natural scene.

      Folkens holds a thin copyright in his expression of the two dolphins in dark

water, with ripples of light on one dolphin, in black and white, but that copyright is

narrow. See id. The protectable elements that form Folkens’s thin copyright in

Two Dolphins are not substantially similar to Wyland’s crossing dolphins in Life

in the Living Sea. Wyland’s dolphins are in color, do not show light ripples off the

body of a dolphin, and the dolphins cross at different angles. Based on our careful

consideration of the total circumstances presented, we conclude that Folkens’s thin

copyright is not infringed by Wyland’s picture.

      While Folkens tries to make the argument that Wyland copied his expression

of two dolphins swimming, it is clear from precedent that protectable expression

must be more specific than just the natural element of crossing dolphins; here, it

necessarily includes their exact positioning, the stippled light, the black and white

depiction, and other specific and unique elements of expression. See id.

(recognizing that an artist “may, however, protect the original expression he or she

contributes to these ideas” including “the pose, attitude, gesture, muscle structure,

facial expression, coat, or texture of [the] animal . . . and the background, lighting,

or perspective”); cf. Mattel, Inc., 616 F.3d at 915–16 (concluding that that the

concept of depicting a young, fashionable female with exaggerated features is

                                          15
unoriginal and an unprotectable idea while particular expressions including hair,

eye, and skin color, outfit, and shoes may be protectable).

      We hold that under the circumstance of this case, the district court did not

err by granting summary judgment for Defendants because the similar element of

Two Dolphins and Life in the Living Sea, two dolphins crossing one another, one

vertical and the other horizontal, is not protectable and the other particularities of

the scene depicted are not the same.

                                          IV

      When determining whether a copyright infringement claim will survive

summary judgment, the court must analyze whether there is substantial similarity

between the works under the extrinsic test. The extrinsic test considers only the

protectable elements of a work. In Satava, we made clear that those protectable

elements could not be ideas expressed in nature subject to a thin copyright that

may extend only to the pose, attitude, gesture, muscle structure, facial expression,

coat, or texture of the animal. Because the depictions of two dolphins crossing

here share no similarities other than in their non-protectable elements of the

dolphins crossing, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

AFFIRMED.

                                          16
                              Counsel listing

Geoffrey Wm. Steele (argued), Karl Folkens, Scott D. Reep, and Stephen Gizzi,
Gizzi Reep Foley, Benicia, California, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Marc Dale Risman (argued), Henderson, Nevada, for Defendants-Appellees.

                                      17