Court Opinion

ID: 9372729
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-22 14:00:56.031335+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:36.974946
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                                 )
 MARIO A. MANAGO,                                )
                                                 )
                        Plaintiff,               )
                                                 )     No. 22-629C
        v.                                       )
                                                 )     (Filed: February 21, 2023)
 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                   )
                                                 )
                        Defendant.               )
                                                 )

Carol Anne Thompson, The Federal Practice Group, Washington, D.C., for Plaintiff.

Patrick Angulo, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States
Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., with whom were William J. Grimaldi, Assistant
Director, Patricia M. McCarthy, Director, and Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant
Attorney General, for Defendant. Maj. Scott W. Medlyn, Military Personnel Litigation Branch,
Civil Law and Litigation Domain, United States Air Force, Joint Base Andrews, MD, Of
Counsel.

                                     OPINION AND ORDER
KAPLAN, Chief Judge.

         This military pay case is before the Court on the government’s motion to dismiss and the
parties’ cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record. The Plaintiff, Mario A.
Manago, was administratively separated from the Air Force in 2017 as a consequence of a
demotion that reduced him in rank from an E-5 Non-commissioned Officer to an E-4 Senior
Airman. The Air Force based his demotion on a series of letters of reprimand (“LORs”) and a
letter of counseling (“LOC”). Mr. Manago, who is African American, characterizes the LOC,
LORs, and administrative demotion as unjustified and motivated by racial animus.

       Mr. Manago’s appeal of his demotion to the Air Force Board for the Correction of
Military Records (“AFBCMR” or “the Board”) was unsuccessful. The Board concluded that the
administrative actions were justified in light of his conduct, and that he had not proven by
preponderant evidence that he was a victim of racial discrimination.

        In this action, Mr. Manago contends that the Board’s decision upholding his
administrative demotion was arbitrary, capricious, and unsupported by substantial evidence. He
alleges that the discipline imposed on him was unduly harsh, and that, in considering his race
discrimination allegations, the Board gave insufficient weight to certain public reports
identifying racial disparities in the military justice system. Mr. Manago has also filed a motion to
supplement the administrative record with two additional reports authored by the Air Force’s
Inspector General (“IG”) and the transcript of a congressional hearing that discussed racial
disparities in the administration of discipline in the military services.

        The government, for its part, has moved to dismiss the case pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) or,
in the alternative, Rule 12(b)(6) of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). It
contends that the Court lacks jurisdiction to consider claims of racial discrimination in the
imposition of discipline by the Air Force and/or that Mr. Manago’s claims that the letters of
reprimand and letter of counseling he received were unwarranted are not justiciable.

        Oral argument was heard on the pending motions on February 9, 2023. For the reasons
set forth below, the government’s motion to dismiss and Plaintiff’s motion to correct and/or
supplement the record are DENIED. Plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the administrative
record is DENIED, and the government’s cross-motion for judgment on the administrative
record is GRANTED.

                                         BACKGROUND

I.     Facts

        Plaintiff Mario A. Manago enlisted in the Air Force in June 2004 and served as an active-
duty member until he was involuntarily discharged on June 24, 2017. Admin. R. (“AR”) 41, ECF
No. 6. He obtained the rank of Staff Sergeant in 2009, AR 5, and in 2011, Mr. Manago was
transferred to McGuire Air Force Base, where he served in three different commands: (1) the
817th Global Mobility Squadron from September 2011 to January 2015; (2) the 621st
Contingency Response Squadron from January 2015 to February 2016; and (3) the 305th Aerial
Port Squadron (“305th APS” or “305th”) from February 2016 until June 2017, AR 43.

         A month after he transferred to the 305th, Mr. Manago received the first in a series of
disciplinary letters that ultimately formed the basis for his reduction in rank which led to his
involuntary separation. First, on March 16, 2016, his superior officer, Senior Master Sergeant
(“SMSgt”) Ahlstrom, issued him an LOC because Mr. Manago had allowed the balance on his
Government Travel Card to become more than thirty days past due. AR 271–72 (Mar. 16, 2016
LOC). In the LOC, SMSgt Ahlstrom advised that the overdue balance violated Air Force
regulations, that as a non-commissioned officer he was expected to “set the standard” for the
Airmen in his charge, and that his “failure to take care of the delinquent bill is in direct violation
of the responsibilities that have been placed before [him] and will not be tolerated.” AR 271 ¶ 2.

        On May 24, 2016, SMSgt Ahlstrom issued Mr. Manago an LOR that arose out of an
investigation finding that, on May 19, 2016, Mr. Manago “acted in a disrespectful manner to a
retired Senior Non-Commissioned Officer” in violation of Air Force standards. AR 262 ¶ 1.
Specifically, according to the retired Senior Officer, while preparing for the boarding of a plane
at the 305th Passenger Terminal, he told Mr. Manago that he did not want to get in the line until
it became shorter. AR 265 ¶ 4. Mr. Manago allegedly responded with words to the effect that the
Senior Officer would “get in line because I told you to.” Id. The Senior Officer filed an official
complaint regarding his treatment. Id. ¶ 5.

      No one on the scene heard the interaction between Mr. Manago and the Senior Non-
commissioned Officer because, in SMSgt Ahlstrom’s assessment, the other passengers were

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gathered at the customer service counter away from the alleged conversation. AR 80–81
(Ahlstrom Test. at 7:15–16, 7:25–8:5). SMSgt Ahlstrom nonetheless upheld the LOR over Mr.
Manago’s protests. AR 263. He credited the Officer’s allegations regarding Mr. Manago’s
remarks, because the Officer had “stayed back to address this issue even though he could have
gotten onto a different flight to his destination.” AR 80 (Ahlstrom Test. at 7:19–22).

        A little more than a month later, on June 28, 2016, Mr. Manago was again reprimanded.
This time, the reprimand was for being late to appear at his place of duty on both June 2 and June
3, 2016. AR 254–55. On this occasion, Mr. Manago admitted to committing the infractions and
apologized for his “lack of leadership and time management.” AR 256 ¶ 4; see also id. ¶ 2
(Manago’s July 1, 2016 Mem. stating, “I was wrong and I accept responsibility for my actions”).
Apparently, however, at a meeting between Mr. Manago and Lieutenant Colonel (“Lt. Col.”)
Flack held the day the reprimand was issued, Lt. Col. Flack informed him that he was
considering creating a Control Roster/Unfavorable Information File (“UIF”) regarding Mr.
Manago’s infractions. AR 95 ¶ 2. 1 In his response to the LOR, Mr. Manago expressed concern
about the effect of a UIF on his career and advised that it was not necessary to take this
additional step to get him to comply with governing standards and directives. AR 256–57.

        Notwithstanding his request, within a few days a UIF file was established, and Mr.
Manago was placed on a control roster. AR 480 (“[Mr. Manago] received a[n] LOR, dated 28
June 2016[,] and this item was used to establish [a UIF].”). In response, on July 22, 2016, Mr.
Manago submitted a memorandum to the 305th APS, complaining about the administrative
actions taken against him. AR 95–96 (July 22, 2016 Mem. for 305th APS). With a subject line of
“Progressive Discipline,” Mr. Manago expressed concerns “about the level of adverse
administrative action . . . issued . . . due to the lack of progressive discipline imposed,” as well as
an allegedly improper use against him of a “Personal Information File” compiled during a
previous assignment. Id.

        Unable to secure a satisfactory response from his superiors, Mr. Manago scheduled a
meeting with Lt. Col. Eric Quidley, Commander of the 305th, at 10 a.m. on August 12, 2016. AR
108 ¶ 8 (Nov. 22, 2016 Manago Mem.). On the day of the scheduled meeting, however, the Staff
Sergeant supervising Mr. Manago’s duty station was concerned about being short-staffed. AR
106 (Aug. 12, 2016 Mem. for Rec. by SSgt Markis McCollum). At morning stand up that day, he
advised the service members on the shift that the day would be “tight” and that they should not
attend any personal meetings. Id. At 9:10 a.m., Mr. Manago’s civilian supervisor told him of the
busy day ahead, id., and, ten minutes later, told him that he would have to reschedule his 10 a.m.
meeting with Lt. Col. Quidley, AR 105 ¶ 1 (Aug. 16, 2016 Mem. by John Yesensky, Foreman,
Ramp Service).

       At 9:30 a.m., Mr. Manago contacted Chief Master Sergeant (“CMSgt”) Mitchell Pykosz,
requesting to postpone the 10 a.m. meeting with Lt. Col. Quidley. AR 104 ¶ 1 (Aug. 18, 2016

1
 A UIF is “an official record of unfavorable information about an individual.” Air Force
Instruction (“AFI”) 36-2907, ch. 1.1.2 (updated Oct. 14, 2022), https://static.e-
publishing.af.mil/production/1/af_a1/publication/dafi36-2907/dafi36-2907.pdf. It tracks
“administrative, judicial, and non-judicial actions” taken against a service member. Id.

                                                   3
Pykosz Mem.). CMSgt Pykosz advised Mr. Manago that he would not do so, that the meeting
was mandatory, and that he needed to be there at 10 a.m. Id. Notwithstanding these instructions,
Mr. Manago arrived at the meeting six minutes late, i.e., 10:06 a.m. AR 108 ¶ 10 (Nov. 22, 2016
Manago Mem.).

        On August 23, Lt. Col. Quidley told Mr. Manago that he was considering imposing an
Article 15 non-judicial punishment on him based on his late arrival at the August 12, 2016
meeting. Id. Mr. Manago declined Article 15 non-judicial punishment and instead demanded trial
by court-martial. AR 108 ¶ 11, 393. 2 Accordingly, the charges arising out of his failure to arrive
at the August 12, 2016 meeting on time were referred to a special court-martial on October 13,
2016. AR 38–39 (Court-Martial Charge Sheet). Ultimately, on May 2, 2017, Mr. Manago was
convicted for his late arrival at the August 12 meeting, and a reprimand was imposed. AR 392–
93.

         In the meantime, on September 15, 2016, an incident occurred that resulted in the
issuance of another LOR. According to a Memorandum for the Record that Mr. Manago
prepared that day, he had experienced a conflict with a “Mr. Jones,” who was apparently a
coworker. AR 111–12 (Sept. 15, 2016 Manago Mem. for Rec.). In the memorandum, Mr.
Manago stated that Mr. Jones had berated him for continuing to operate his forklift while the
national anthem was playing. AR 111 ¶ 2. Mr. Manago stated that he did not hear the anthem
because of the noise from the forklift and the ear plugs he was wearing. Id. ¶¶ 1–2. Then, Mr.
Manago noted, “in a very loud and judgmental manner [Mr. Jones] began to question [Mr.
Manago’s] experience about safe forklift operations.” Id. ¶ 3. Apparently, Mr. Jones challenged
Mr. Manago’s understanding of safety regulations because he had failed to turn the engine of his
forklift off when he left his seat to move some dunnage that was in front of his tire. Id.

        Mr. Manago reported the incident to his command, registering his concern about “the
lack of respect and professional courtesy displayed,” which he said was his “second negative,
disrespectful, and unprofessional interaction with Mr. Jones.” AR 111–12 ¶ 4. The
memorandum, however, did not have its intended effect. Instead, it led to an investigation which

2
 Article 15 non-judicial punishment is a statutorily established non-criminal penalty. Moore v.
United States, 956 F.2d 1172, 1172 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (unpublished table decision) (citing 10
U.S.C. § 815). It “is the least formalized method of military discipline, conducted personally by
an accused’s commanding officer,” instead of before a military court. Id. (citing Dumas v.
United States, 620 F.2d 247, 251 (Ct. Cl. 1980)). As such, it is “an informal proceeding in which
only limited penalties may be imposed upon a finding of guilt,” Martinez v. United States, 333
F.3d 1295, 1299 (Fed. Cir. 2003), for “minor offenses,” 10 U.S.C. § 815(b) (listing potential
disciplinary punishments for Article 15).

A service member can, however, “demand[] trial by court-martial in lieu of [an Article 15 non-
judicial] punishment,” like Mr. Manago did here. 10 U.S.C. § 815(a); see also Dumas, 620 F.2d
at 251 (noting that failure to demand trial by court-martial “is not a plea of guilty to the described
offense(s)” (quoting Air Force Regulation 111-9(6)(h) (July 24, 1974))). This, in essence, gives
the commanding officer three options: to proceed with the court-martial, drop the issue entirely,
or give a lesser punishment, such as a Letter of Reprimand.

                                                  4
disclosed that Mr. Manago had indeed violated Air Force safety rules, as Mr. Jones had
suggested. AR 318 ¶ 1. Mr. Manago then received an LOR for failing to double chock one of the
forklift’s tires while it was unattended. AR 318–19 (Sept. 28, 2016 LOR).

        Finally, in December 2016, Mr. Manago received yet another LOR for two more
instances of tardiness, both of which occurred in November 2016. AR 249–50 (Dec. 21, 2016
LOR). The first occurred on November 25, 2016, when he reported late for a shift that was
originally supposed to begin at 6:30 a.m. AR 249 ¶ 1. The LOR states that he reported that day at
8 a.m. Id. In his response to this LOR, Mr. Manago stated that others on the shift had received
text messages from their supervisor to report at 7:30 a.m. that day. AR 251 ¶ 2 (Dec. 29, 2016
Manago Mem.). According to Mr. Manago, he texted the supervisor at 5:54 a.m. to alert her that
he would be arriving after 6:30 a.m. Id. Mr. Manago then claims he arrived at 7:00 a.m. at which
time his superior “notified [him that] she had authorized late reporting by an hour” (i.e., at 7:30
a.m.). Id. Nonetheless, Mr. Manago did not deny that he did not arrive until 8 a.m., as the LOR
stated. See generally AR 251–52.

        The second incident described in the December 2016 LOR occurred five days later, on
November 30, when Mr. Manago arrived at 7:00 a.m. instead of 6:30 a.m. as scheduled. AR 249
¶ 1; see also AR 251 ¶ 3. Mr. Manago did not dispute that he arrived at 7:00 a.m. but claimed
that he had received authority to “flex” his hours and schedule so long as he reached twelve
hours per day. AR 251 ¶ 3.

        In the December 2016 LOR, Lt. Col. Quidley noted that the two infractions appeared to
be “the fourth and fifth times since [June 2, 2016] in which [Mr. Manago] absented . . . from
[his] place of duty without authority or failed to go to [his] appointed place of duty at the time
prescribed.” AR 249 ¶ 2. He advised Mr. Manago that “[b]y reporting late to duty on multiple
occasions, [he] ha[d] failed to comply with one of the most basic Noncommissioned Officer
responsibilities; that is[,] to ‘epitomize excellence and lead by example through exhibiting
professional behavior.’” Id. His behavior, according to Lt. Col. Quidley, “set a poor example for
subordinates and peers alike.” Id.

        On January 11, 2017, Lt. Col Quidley recommended that Staff Sergeant Manago receive
an administrative reduction to the rank of Senior Airman. AR 114–16 (Admin. Demotion of
Airmen Mem.). He based the recommendation on the LORs issued on December 21, 2016,
September 28, 2016, June 28, 2016, and May 24, 2016, as well as the March 16, 2016 LOC. AR
116. He did not cite the incident in August 2016 where Mr. Manago was six minutes late to a
meeting; charges arising out of that incident were still pending in the court-martial proceedings.
See id.; AR 392–93.

        Mr. Manago was reduced in rank effective February 24, 2017. AR 241. On March 6,
2017, he appealed the demotion, AR 350–53 (Admin. Demotion Appeal), and was unsuccessful,
AR 8 (noting that Mr. Manago appealed the administrative demotion, and “the appellate
authority denied [his] appeal” on March 17, 2017). On June 24, 2017, Mr. Manago was
involuntarily separated from the Air Force. AR 41–42 (Certificate of Release or Discharge From
Active Duty). The separation was mandatory because Mr. Manago reached his High Year of

                                                 5
Tenure (“HYT”) for the rank of Senior Airman, the position to which he had been demoted. See
AR 4–5, 698. 3

II.    Petition to the AFBCMR

        On June 21, 2020, some three years after his involuntary separation, Mr. Manago
petitioned the AFBCMR to challenge his administrative demotion. AR 19–29 (AFBCMR
Petition). In his petition he argued: (1) that his demotion circumvented the Uniform Code of
Military Justice in violation of AFI 36-2502; (2) that the demotion was the result of “erroneous
uses of LORs, retaliation, and apparent discrimination”; (3) that his treatment at the 305th APS
was consistent with reports of racial discrimination in the Air Force; and (4) that he was qualified
to serve as a Staff Sergeant, his pre-demotion position. AR 25–28.

        The Air Force Personnel Center (“AFPC/JA”) provided the Board with an advisory
opinion regarding Mr. Manago’s petition. AR 397–401. It opined that the demotion did not
violate AFI 36-2502, AR 398, and that Mr. Manago’s petition and record did not “provide
sufficient evidence to indicate [that his] demotion was unjust due to racial discrimination,” AR
401. The AFPC/JA noted that the “findings of racial discrimination” upon which Mr. Manago
relied, which were prepared by Protect Our Defenders (“POD”), an advocacy group, and by the
Government Accountability Office (“GAO”), had revealed disparities among Black and white
service members with respect to the number who were investigated and tried at courts-martial,
but that neither POD nor GAO determined that the disparities were the result of discrimination.
Id. The AFPC/JA observed that the record contained “no evidence other than the GAO . . . and
POD report[s], which [made] no causal findings,” to indicate that Mr. Manago’s demotion was
motivated by racial animus. Id. It therefore recommended that the Board deny the petition. AR
398–401.

        The Board concurred with the AFPC/JA and denied Mr. Manago’s petition. AR 4–13. It
explained that “the reasons for the LORs issued by [Mr. Manago’s] superintendent and flight
commander were valid” and they were “issued in an attempt to correct [Mr. Manago’s]
behavior.” AR 12 ¶ 3. The Board also concurred “with [the] AFPC/JA’s assessment that [Mr.
Manago] ha[d] provided no evidence [of racial discrimination] other than the GAO . . . and POD
report[s], which ma[de] no causal findings even for the service-level disparities, to indicate racial
discrimination contributed to his demotion.” Id.

III.   The Present Action

       On June 7, 2022, Mr. Manago filed his complaint with this court, invoking jurisdiction
under the Tucker Act and Military Pay Act for wrongful discharge. Compl. ¶ 6 (citing 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491(a) and 37 U.S.C. § 204), ECF No. 1. He alleges that “[t]he AFBCMR’s determination

3
  HYT refers to the maximum number of years a person can serve in the Air Force at any given
rank. See AFI 36-3203, Attach. 1 (updated Feb. 23, 2021), https://static.e-
publishing.af.mil/production/1/af_a1/publication/afi36-3203/afi36-3203.pdf (defining HYT as
“[a] year point at which the Air Force determines an enlisted Airman is ineligible for
reenlistment and extension of enlistment due to grade and length of service”).

                                                 6
that there was insufficient evidence to suggest that Plaintiff’s administrative reduction was a
result of racial discrimination was arbitrary, capricious, and unsupported by evidence.” Id. ¶ 25.
The LORs issued against him, he argues, “should have been handled through counseling or other
progressive forms of discipline.” Id. ¶ 26. Further, Mr. Manago alleges, “[t]he repeated use of
disproportionate punishments was a direct result of racial bias against Plaintiff, an African
American service member.” Id. He contends that “[s]ubstantial evidence existed to suggest that
Plaintiff’s reduction in rank was the direct result of racial bias against African Americans within
the military” and that “[t]he AFBCMR’s decision to ignore the weight of this evidence and
ultimately deny Plaintiff’s application was arbitrary, capricious, and unsupported by evidence.”
Id. ¶ 30.

        On October 21, 2022, Mr. Manago filed a motion for judgment on the administrative
record (“MJAR”) and to supplement the administrative record. See Pl.’s Mot. for J. on the AR
and Mot. to Suppl. [hereinafter “Pl.’s Mot.”], ECF No. 10. The government filed its motion to
dismiss pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) or, in the alternative, cross-MJAR on December
20, 2022. See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss and Cross-MJAR [hereinafter “Def.’s Mot.”], ECF No. 11.
Mr. Manago filed his reply on January 20, 2023. See Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 14. The Court held
oral argument on February 9, 2023. See Order Setting Oral Arg., ECF No. 15.

                                          DISCUSSION

I.     Subject-Matter Jurisdiction

        As noted, the government has filed a motion to dismiss Mr. Manago’s complaint. It
contends that the Court lacks jurisdiction to review whether Mr. Manago’s involuntary
separation from the Air Force was the result of racial discrimination, just as it lacks jurisdiction
over claims of racial discrimination arising under Title VII or other civil rights statutes. Def.’s
Mot. at 15–16 (citing Baker v. United States, 642 F. App’x 989, 991 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (affirming
dismissal of Title VII claims); Cottrell v. United States, 42 Fed. Cl. 144, 149–50 (1998)
(dismissing claims under Title VII, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and other civil
rights laws)). The government’s argument lacks merit.

        The Tucker Act empowers this court to hear “any claim against the United States founded
either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive
department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United States, or for liquidated or
unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). While the Tucker
Act waives the sovereign immunity of the United States to allow a suit for money damages,
United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 212 (1983), it does not confer any substantive rights on
a plaintiff, United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976). Therefore, a plaintiff seeking to
invoke the court’s Tucker Act jurisdiction must identify an independent source of a substantive
right to money damages from the United States arising out of a contract, statute, regulation, or
constitutional provision. Jan’s Helicopter Serv., Inc. v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 525 F.3d 1299,
1306 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

        The Military Pay Act, 37 U.S.C. § 204, is such an independent source of a substantive
right to money damages. It “confers on an officer the right to the pay of the rank he was
appointed to up until he is properly separated from the service.” Holley v. United States, 124

                                                  7
F.3d 1462, 1465 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (quoting Sanders v. United States, 594 F.2d 804, 810 (Ct. Cl.
1979) (en banc)). Accordingly, the Military Pay Act “provides for suit in [the Court of Federal
Claims] when the military, in violation of the Constitution, a statute, or a regulation, has denied
military pay.” Antonellis v. United States, 723 F.3d 1328, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (quoting Dysart
v. United States, 369 F.3d 1303, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2004)).

        Mr. Manago contends that he was wrongfully demoted and then separated from the Air
Force as a result of race discrimination and that, as a result, he was denied the pay to which he
was entitled under the Military Pay Act. See Compl. ¶¶ 26–30. Further, his allegation that his
demotion and separation were based on racial discrimination asserts a violation of a provision of
the Constitution—i.e., the equal protection guarantee of the Fifth Amendment. See U.S. Const.
amend. V; Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200, 229–30 (1995) (“[W]henever the
government treats any person unequally because of his or her race, that person has suffered an
injury that falls squarely within the language and spirit of the Constitution’s guarantee of equal
protection.”). His race discrimination claims are therefore within this Court’s jurisdiction under
the Tucker Act. See Berkley v. United States, 287 F.3d 1076, 1083 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (suit under
Military Pay Act challenging involuntary separations from the Air Force as violative of equal
protection because race and gender were allegedly considered when selecting those who would
be separated); see also Woodward v. United States, 871 F.2d 1068, 1070, 1073 (Fed. Cir. 1989)
(Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction under the Tucker Act to consider claim of whether the
Navy’s discharge of Plaintiff based on sexual orientation violated the First and Fifth
Amendments). The government’s motion to dismiss Mr. Manago’s claims based on lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction is therefore denied.

II.    Justiciability

        The government next argues that Mr. Manago’s claims are non-justiciable because they
involve military discipline. Def.’s Mot. at 17–20. According to the government, a challenge to
whether the LORs or LOC Mr. Manago received were warranted, or to the Air Force’s
“subsequent decision to recommend an administrative reduction in rank,” present non-justiciable
issues because “a military decision-maker was faced with having to make a discretionary
personnel decision.” Id. at 18.

        The Court agrees with the government that challenges to the propriety of the military’s
disciplinary decisions are generally not justiciable. But that general rule does not prevent the
Court from reviewing a disciplinary decision for conformance with the Fifth Amendment’s
guarantee of equal protection under the law.

        It is well established that “[i]n the military arena, because of the admonition against court
interference with military matters . . . justiciability is an especially appropriate inquiry.” Roth v.
United States, 378 F.3d 1371, 1385 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing Orloff v. Willoughby, 345 U.S. 83,
94 (1953)). As the Supreme Court has observed, “judges are not given the task of running the
Army.” Orloff, 345 U.S. at 93. To the contrary, “[t]he military constitutes a specialized
community governed by a separate discipline from that of the civilian.” Id. at 94. “Orderly
government requires that the judiciary be as scrupulous not to interfere with legitimate Army
matters as the Army must be scrupulous not to intervene in judicial matters.” Id.

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        In light of these principles, “there are ‘thousands of [ ] routine personnel decisions
regularly made by the services which are variously held nonjusticiable or beyond the competence
or the jurisdiction of courts to wrestle with.’” Murphy v. United States, 993 F.2d 871, 873 (Fed.
Cir. 1993) (alteration in original) (quoting Voge v. United States, 844 F.2d 776, 780 (Fed. Cir.
1988)). In the Court’s view, among these decisions that are beyond its competence is the
selection of the appropriate response to instances of tardiness or other infractions and violations
of military standards of conduct. See Woodward, 871 F.2d at 1077 (noting that special deference
is afforded to the military for matters of “discipline, morale, composition and the like”).

         The Court’s deference to the military with respect to such decisions, however, does not
prevent it from reviewing the decisions of the military in response to constitutional equal
protection claims. Berkley, 287 F.3d at 1091. “Review of compliance with statute, regulation,
and the Constitution is the judicial responsibility.” Holley, 124 F.3d at 1468; see also Weiss v.
United States, 510 U.S. 163, 194 (1994) (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (“[M]en and women in the
Armed Forces do not leave constitutional safeguards and judicial protection behind when they
enter military service.”). Further, in reviewing Mr. Manago’s discrimination claim, the Court
will not be weighing in on whether, in its view, the LORs and/or demotion action were
reasonable responses to Mr. Manago’s tardiness or other alleged misconduct. Rather, the Court
will be reviewing the Board’s determination regarding whether Mr. Manago showed by
preponderant evidence that—were it not for his race—the Air Force would not have taken the
same actions. Because the resolution of that issue is within the Court’s competence, the Court
rejects the government’s motion to dismiss based on justiciability.

III.   Standard of Review

        The scope of review of a military correction board’s decision is a narrow and deferential
one. The Court is “limited to determining whether a decision of the Correction Board is arbitrary,
capricious, unsupported by substantial evidence, or contrary to applicable statutes and
regulations.” Melendez Camilo v. United States, 642 F.3d 1040, 1044 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (quoting
Heisig v. United States, 719 F.2d 1153, 1156 (Fed. Cir. 1983)); see also Chappell v. Wallace,
462 U.S. 296, 303 (1983) (decision of the Board for the Correction of Naval Records is “subject
to judicial review” and may be set aside if it is “arbitrary, capricious or not based on substantial
evidence”).

       Application of the arbitrary and capricious standard of review “does not require a
reweighing of the evidence, but a determination whether the conclusion being reviewed is
supported by substantial evidence.” Heisig, 719 F.2d at 1157. And substantial evidence is
defined as “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.” Strand v. United States, 951 F.3d 1347, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (internal quotation
omitted). The Court may not “substitute [its] judgment for that of the military departments when
reasonable minds could reach differing conclusions on the same evidence.” Heisig, 719 F.2d at
1156.

IV.    Merits

      Before the Board, Mr. Manago presented several challenges to his administrative
demotion. Included among these was his claim that the demotion “was a culmination of

                                                 9
erroneous uses of LORs, retaliation, and apparent discrimination,” AR 26, and that “[t]he manner
in which [he] was treated at the 305th is in line with the findings of racial discrimination by the
Air Force in 2017,” AR 27. He advised the Board that—although he had never previously
attributed his alleged mistreatment to race discrimination—there was now what he called
“verified data, by the Air Force none-the-less, that at the time he was encountering the issues
with the LORs and facing court-martial, the Air Force was disproportionately sending African-
American Airmen to courts-martial and punishing them.” Id.

        The Board concluded that Mr. Manago had not provided preponderant evidence to
substantiate his allegations of race discrimination. See AR 12. Specifically, it stated that “the
adverse actions and progressive discipline utilized by the applicant’s leadership do not appear
excessively severe to suggest reprisal, as the applicant had displayed a pattern of failing to report
to appointments and an inability to meet standards as evidenced by several different types of
infractions.” Id. ¶ 3. And based on what it called a “pattern of misconduct,” the Board concluded
that “the commander had sufficient reason to demote the applicant when he failed to meet the
minimum standards expected of a noncommissioned officer, which by regulations is a reason for
administrative demotion.” Id. The Board then turned to Mr. Manago’s allegation of racial
discrimination, and as noted above, the Board stated that it agreed with the “AFPC/JA’s
assessment that the applicant has provided no evidence other than the GAO testimony and POD
report, which make no causal findings even for the service-level disparities, to indicate racial
discrimination contributed to his demotion.” Id.

        In his MJAR, Mr. Manago takes issue with the Board’s disposition of his claim of racial
discrimination. First, he contends that he “repeatedly received disproportional punishment for
minor incidents of ‘misconduct’ during his time with the 305th APS.” Pl.’s Mot. at 2. The
Board’s disposition of this contention is supported by substantial evidence. Over a ten-month
period that began in March 2016, Mr. Manago accumulated four LORs and one LOC. These
actions were based on repeated instances of tardiness, the disrespectful treatment of a senior
officer, a safety violation, and a failure to timely pay off a government credit card. The Board
concluded that the disciplinary actions were not disproportionate to the offenses committed, and
this Court has no authority to second-guess that judgment call.

        Mr. Manago further contends that the Board did not give adequate weight to certain
reports concerning racial disparities in some aspects of the military services’ disciplinary
practices. See Pl.’s Mot. at 22–25; Pl.’s Reply at 12–14. These include the POD and GAO
reports, which he provided to the Board, and certain reports by the Air Force Inspector General,
which he did not. The Board, Mr. Manago argues, erred by not recognizing the “causal
connection between” his treatment and what he characterizes as the “systemic racism” in
disciplinary actions across the Air Force. Pl.’s Mot. at 23.

        But neither the POD nor GAO reports purported to identify “systemic racism” as Mr.
Manago casually suggests. Rather, they revealed racial disparities in certain aspects of the
military justice system, including at the Air Force.

        The May 2020 POD report, AR 136–60, is entitled “Federal Lawsuit Reveals Air Force
Cover Up: Racial Disparities in Military Justice, Part II.” The report contains no data of its own
but references a 2017 POD analysis that was based on data that POD secured through FOIA

                                                 10
requests. See AR 140 (“Executive Summary”). According to the 2020 report, the 2017 report
revealed that between 2006 and 2015, “Black servicemembers were more likely than White
servicemembers to face military justice or disciplinary action.” AR 142.

        After the 2017 POD report was issued, Congress directed the GAO to conduct a review
of data collection and racial disparities in the military. H.R. Rep. No. 115-200, at 126–27 (2017)
(“Comptroller General Report on Race Data in the Military Justice System”). The GAO report
that followed, which Mr. Manago relied upon before the Board, is entitled “Military Justice:
DOD and the Coast Guard Need to Improve Their Capabilities to Assess Racial Disparities.” AR
161–93. This report states that data covering fiscal years 2013 through 2017 revealed that Black
service members were more likely than white service members to be the subject of recorded
investigations and to be tried in general and special courts-martial. AR 176–77.

        The GAO report does not address racial disparities in the imposition of administrative
discipline. But more importantly, as GAO itself cautioned, the disparities it identified, “taken
alone, do not establish whether unlawful discrimination has occurred, as that is a legal
determination that would involve other corroborating information and supporting statistics.” AR
162; see also AR 165 (observing that GAO “did not identify the causes of any racial disparities”
and that “the results of our work alone should not be used to make conclusions about the military
justice process”).

        Consequently, GAO made several recommendations designed to sharpen the analysis of
racial disparities and develop plans to address them, including that the military services collect
better demographic information about military justice actions. See, e.g., AR 174 (advising
“military services to include data about race and ethnicity in annual reports about military justice
actions”). It suggested that criteria be established to determine when racial and ethnic disparities
should be subject to further review. AR 175. And it recommended that the military conduct
further evaluations to identify the causes of any disparities in the military justice system and then
take steps to address them as appropriate. AR 190.

        The Board concluded that—other than the POD and GAO reports of gross statistical
disparities at the service-wide level—Mr. Manago had provided no evidence, direct or
circumstantial, to show that racial discrimination contributed to his demotion. He produced no
evidence to show, for example, that similarly situated white colleagues in the 305th APS
received more favorable treatment at the hands of their superiors when they committed
infractions similar to those he committed. Nor did he identify even one white non-commissioned
officer with a similar disciplinary history who was not administratively demoted. The Board’s
decision rejecting his race discrimination allegations was therefore neither arbitrary and
capricious, nor contrary to law, but was instead supported by substantial evidence in the record
as a whole.

                                                 11
V.     Request to Supplement/Correct the Administrative Record or, in the Alternative,
       for a Remand

       A.      Motion to Supplement the Administrative Record

        Along with his motion for judgment on the administrative record, Mr. Manago requested
leave to supplement the administrative record with several additional documents that he filed as
exhibits to his MJAR. Pl.’s Mot. at 20–22. These consist of: (1) the transcript of a June 16, 2020
congressional hearing that concerned racial disparities in the military justice system (Ex. A); (2)
a one-page email exchange between Mr. Manago’s counsel and Lieutenant General (“Lt. Gen.”)
Rockwell, the Air Force’s Judge Advocate General (Ex. B); and (3) two reports by the Air Force
IG concerning a racial disparity review his office conducted (Exs. C and D). 4 Pl.’s Mot. at 21–
22.

        The Court finds that it would be improper to supplement the administrative record with
these documents. As noted above, in military pay cases, the Court’s job is to “apply the
appropriate APA standard of review to the agency decision based on the record the agency
presents to the reviewing court.” Walls v. United States, 582 F.3d 1358, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2009)
(citation omitted). Because the Court’s review is based on APA standards, its “focal point” is
“the administrative record already in existence, not some new record made initially in the
reviewing court.” Id. (quoting Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729, 743 (1985)).
Permitting parties to add new evidence to the administrative record for the court’s consideration
risks “convert[ing] the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard into effectively de novo review.”
Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2009)
(quoting Murakami v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 731, 735 (2000)).

        To avoid these consequences and keep the focus on the administrative record in
existence, supplementation is permitted only in cases in which “the omission of extra-record
evidence precludes effective judicial review.” Id. (quoting Murakami, 46 Fed. Cl. at 735). For
example, the Court might approve supplementation of the record where a party challenges the
legitimacy of an agency’s decision-making process. In that circumstance, documents that were
not part of the administrative record may be pertinent to whether the proceedings were conducted
properly. See Naval Sys., Inc. v. United States, 153 Fed. Cl. 166, 178 (2021) (supplementation of
the administrative record may be appropriate “if the agency deliberately or negligently excluded
documents that may have been adverse to its decision” (quoting Nat’l Mining Ass’n v. Jackson,
856 F. Supp. 2d 150, 156 (D.D.C. 2012))).

4
  Because the Board’s decision is not dated, see AR 4–13, Mr. Manago has also requested that
the Court include in the administrative record a copy of the email transmitting the Board’s
decision to him, which shows the date that the decision was issued, Pl.’s Mot. Ex. E, ECF No.
10-5. The Court concludes that the motion to supplement the record to add this document is
unnecessary. The email should be considered part of the record before the Court. Cf. Fed. R.
App. P. 16(a) (making agency decision part of the record on review before the court).

                                                12
        The documents that Mr. Manago has asked the Court to add to the administrative record
do not concern the Board’s decision-making process. They are intended to provide further
support for Mr. Manago’s claim that he was a victim of discrimination. The principle that
judicial review of agency action is confined to the administrative record “exerts its maximum
force when the substantive soundness of the agency’s decision is under scrutiny.” Esch v.
Yeutter, 876 F.2d 976, 991 (D.C. Cir. 1989). Mr. Manago’s request to supplement the
administrative record is therefore denied.

       B.      Motion to Complete the Administrative Record

        In his reply, Mr. Manago for the first time argues that the Court should treat his Motion
to Supplement the Record with respect to two reports issued by the Air Force IG (Pl.’s Mot. Exs.
C and D) as a motion to correct or complete the record. Pl.’s Reply at 4 n.2 (requesting that “the
Court consider both completion and supplementation” as to Exhibits C and D). Such a motion
“seeks to add documents relevant to the challenged agency decision that were considered by the
relevant agency decisionmakers but were not included in the record” provided to the court.
Poplar Point RBBR, LLC v. United States, 145 Fed. Cl. 489, 494 (2019). Mr. Manago contends
that the IG reports should be treated as though they were already part of the administrative record
because they were prepared at the request of the Secretary of the Air Force and published before
the Board issued its final decision. Pl.’s Reply at 4.

         This argument lacks merit. The administrative record “includes all materials ‘compiled’
by the agency that were ‘before the agency at the time the decision was made.’” James Madison
Ltd. v. Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085, 1095 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted). It encompasses “all documents and materials that the agency ‘directly or indirectly
considered’ . . . [and nothing] more nor less.” Pac. Shores Subdivision, Cal. Water Dist. v. U.S.
Army Corps of Eng’rs, 448 F. Supp. 2d 1, 4 (D.D.C. 2006) (alterations in original) (quoting
Maritel, Inc. v. Collins, 422 F. Supp. 2d 188, 196 (D.D.C. 2006)); see also Animal Legal Def.
Fund, Inc. v. Perdue, 872 F.3d 602, 611 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (observing that “typically” included in
the administrative record are “the order involved; any findings or reports on which it is based;
and the pleadings, evidence, and other parts of the proceedings before the agency” (quoting Fed.
R. App. P. 16(a))).

        The Court is unaware of any precedent to support Mr. Manago’s novel argument that
documents become part of the administrative record before an appeals board simply by virtue of
being generated by other components of the agency (such as the Inspector General). If Mr.
Manago wanted the Board to consider the IG’s reports, he had the opportunity to bring them to
the Board’s attention and try to persuade the Board that they were relevant to, and supportive of,
his race discrimination claims. He did not do so and, as a result, the Board did not consider them.
Therefore, his request that the reports now be admitted to “complete” the administrative record is
denied.

VI.    Remand

       Finally, in his reply brief, Mr. Manago suggests for the first time that—if the Court
denies his motion to supplement the administrative record—it consider remanding the case to the

                                                13
Board with instructions that it consider the additional documents. Pl.’s Reply at 9–10. The Court
declines to remand the case for two reasons.

       First, the documents that are the subject of the motion to supplement were available to
Mr. Manago before the Board issued its decision, and yet he failed to introduce them into
evidence. “[W]here evidence could have been submitted to a corrections board and was not, the
evidence is properly excluded by the Court of Federal Claims.” Barnick v. United States, 591
F.3d 1372, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (citing Walls, 582 F.3d at 1368).

       Second and in any event, the documents have little, if any, relevance to the resolution of
Mr. Manago’s discrimination claim for much the same reasons set forth above with respect to the
POD and GAO reports. For example, Mr. Manago cites the transcript of a hearing before the
Subcommittee on Military Personnel of the House Committee on Armed Services entitled
“Racial Disparity in the Military Justice System—How to Fix the Culture.” Pl.’s Mot. Ex. A at 1,
ECF No. 10-1. Mr. Manago identifies several passages in the hearing transcript that he believes
the Board should be permitted to consider: (1) testimony by retired USAF Col. Don M.
Christensen, the POD President, alleging racial disparities in the imposition of discipline in the
Air Force, and criticizing the failure of the Air Force to address the issue; (2) remarks by Col.
Christensen that—without using Mr. Manago’s name—specifically reference and criticize the
decision of the Commander of the 305th APS to refer to a special court-martial charges that Mr.
Manago had arrived six minutes late to the August 12, 2016 meeting; and (3) a brief colloquy
between Representative Speier and a panel of Judge Advocates General from all of the military
services during which she asked if “any of you think that someone should be court martialed for
being 6 minutes late to a formation meeting,” to which Lt. Gen. Rockwell responded, “No
ma’am.” Pl.’s Mot. at 13–14.

        Mr. Manago also offers a one-page email exchange between his counsel and Lt. Gen.
Rockwell. In it, counsel noted that since the hearing she had been contacted by “multiple
members of the media to broadcast Mr. Manago’s story.” Pl.’s Mot. Ex. B at 1, ECF No. 10-2.
She stated that Mr. Manago wanted to “proceed through the administrative channels outside the
media, and would like an opportunity to personally discuss the requested relief with Air Force
leadership.” Id. She decided to enlist his help, she said, because he had been present at the
hearing “in which the JAGs for each service acknowledged that the court-martialing of an
Airman for being 6 minutes late to a meeting was likely improper.” Id. In his response, Lt. Gen.
Rockwell thanked Mr. Manago’s counsel for her email, but explained that because the “petition
is addressed in the [AF]BCMR process, [he] ultimately will have to advise the Secretary or final
decision authority” as the Judge Advocate General. Id. He offered, however, to answer any
questions she had about the process. Id.

        Neither of these documents sheds any light on whether Mr. Manago’s administrative
demotion was racially motivated. Col. Christensen’s testimony concerned the gross racial
disparities identified in the 2017 POD report discussed above and criticisms of the Air Force’s
alleged lack of transparency and failure to take remedial action to study and address the
disparities. The disparities identified did not involve administrative discipline and, in any event,
do not establish disparate treatment even as to the types of actions studied.

                                                 14
         The hearing transcript also includes Col. Christensen’s observations that the decision “2
years ago . . . to prosecute a Black [non-commissioned officer] for being 6 minutes late to work,
literally 6 minutes late to a meeting,” resulting in “a court-martial conviction” was “a decision
that truly should not have been made.” Pl.’s Mot. Ex. A at 14. This testimony is also of limited
relevance, if any. Mr. Manago’s court-martial is not at issue here and, in any event, Col.
Christensen did not suggest that the decision to refer him to a court-martial was based on racial
discrimination. His concern was about “the optics” of the referral. Id. Indeed, he recognized that
such referral was mandatory because Mr. Manago had declined to accept a non-judicial
punishment. Id. (“I don’t care if it was an Article 15 turndown or not[.]”). Further, Lt. Col.
Rockwell’s response that it would never be proper to refer a service member to a court-martial
based on being six minutes late to a meeting does not reflect any appreciation of the
individualized circumstances of Mr. Manago’s case.

         The Court also does not understand why Exhibit B, the email between Mr. Manago’s
counsel and Lt. Col. Rockwell, has any relevance at all. The email reflects that Lt. Col. Rockwell
thought it improper to have a discussion with Mr. Manago’s counsel because it would ultimately
be his job to advise the Secretary of the Air Force whether to accept the Board’s decision on Mr.
Manago’s petition. See Pl.’s Mot. Ex. B at 1. Although Mr. Manago suggests that this shows
some sinister motive on the part of Lt. Col. Rockwell, see Pl.’s Reply at 6 (describing
“Rockwell’s assurance that he would appropriately advise the final decision authority” as “bad
faith”), in the Court’s view, his response to counsel was entirely professional and appropriate.

        The third document is a December 2020 Report by the Air Force IG entitled “Report of
Inquiry (S8918P) Independent Racial Disparity Review.” Pl.’s Mot. Ex. C at 1, ECF No. 10-3;
see also id. at 6 (listing disparities between Black and white service members). The fourth
document, issued in September 2021, is similarly entitled “Report of Inquiry (S8918P) Disparity
Review.” Pl.’s Mot. Ex. D at 1, ECF No. 10-4. It was intended to build on the December 2020
report by addressing disparities affecting women, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Pacific
Islanders, and Hispanic/Latino racial and ethnic minorities. Id. at 5 (describing the report as
“addressing disparities in discipline and opportunities” amongst the aforementioned groups).

        The purpose of the December 2020 report was “to assess racial disparity in military
discipline processes[,] personnel development[,] and career opportunity.” Pl.’s Mot. Ex. C at 4. It
concludes that disparities affecting Black service members exist in a number of areas, including
“law enforcement apprehensions, criminal investigations, military justice, administrative
separations, placement into occupational career fields, certain promotion rates, professional
military educational development, and leadership opportunities.” Id. at 6.

         With respect to administrative disciplinary actions and demotions in particular, the IG
found that “young [B]lack enlisted members are almost twice as likely as white enlisted
members to be involuntarily discharged based on misconduct.” Id. The IG further observed that
because such discharges are largely based on letters of reprimand, admonishment, or counseling,
the disparity suggested that “young [B]lack service members as a whole may be receiving more
administrative disciplinary actions than their peers.” Id. at 19. Nonetheless, like the GAO before
it, the IG cautioned that “[w]hile the data show racial disparity, it does not indicate causality.” Id.
at 6; see also id. at 134. “Data alone,” the IG explained, “do not address why racial disparity
exists in these areas.” Id. at 6.

                                                  15
        Moreover, at the time of his demotion, Mr. Manago was not a “young . . . enlisted
member[].” See id. He was a non-commissioned officer at the E-5 level. The IG expressly stated
in his report that the findings of disparities in administrative discharges covered members in the
E-1 to E-4 category. Id. at 21. Although the review “also looked at administrative discharges for
misconduct involving non-commissioned and senior non-commissioned officers . . . there were
not enough cases to provide statistical analysis.” Id. n.8.

                                        CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, Mr. Manago’s motion to supplement or complete the
administrative record, ECF No. 10, is DENIED. His MJAR, ECF No. 10, is also DENIED, and
the government’s cross-MJAR, ECF No. 11, is GRANTED. The Clerk is directed to enter
judgment accordingly.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                     s/ Elaine D. Kaplan
                                                     ELAINE D. KAPLAN
                                                     Chief Judge

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