Court Opinion

ID: 4639136
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-03 14:24:33.107608+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:54.000629
License: Public Domain

PRESENT: All the Justices

ANDREA GAIL JONES
                                                                    OPINION BY
v. Record No. 190643                                         JUSTICE D. ARTHUR KELSEY
                                                                 DECEMBER 3, 2020
TERRY M. PHILLIPS, ET AL.

                  FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF POWHATAN COUNTY
                                Paul W. Cella, Judge

       In this appeal, we address two questions of first impression in Virginia. The first is

whether an insurer’s payments on a fire insurance policy were immune from garnishment as

“proceeds of the sale or disposition” of property held in trust under former Code § 55-20.2(C),

recently recodified as Code § 55.1-136(C). 1 The second is whether the contractual right under

the insurance policy to receive fire-loss payments was intangible personal property held by the

named insured and his wife as a tenancy by the entirety. Reversing the circuit court, we answer

both questions in the negative.

                                                I.

       Terry and Cathy Phillips owned their marital residence as tenants by the entirety until

2010 when they retitled the property in the names of separate, revocable trusts as tenants in

common. Cathy Phillips’s trust owns a 99% undivided interest in the property, and Terry

Phillips’s trust owns a 1% undivided interest. In February 2018, the residence was severely

damaged by a fire. The residence was covered by an insurance policy issued by Chubb & Son,

Inc. (“Chubb”), which named “Terry M. Phillips” as the policyholder. See J.A. at 20-95. Cathy

Phillips was not specifically named in the policy. One provision in the policy defined “[y]ou” to

       1
         In October 2019, Code § 55-20.2 was amended, renumbered, and recodified as Code
§ 55.1-136, which contains near-identical language as former Code § 55-20.2. See 2019 Acts ch.
712, at 1339. We refer throughout this opinion to the current codification of statutes and have
noted any technical changes in the statutes when relevant.
include Terry Phillips and any “spouse who lives with [him],” id. at 40, and another provision

stated that “[i]n case of death” Chubb would “cover your spouse, your legal representative or any

person having proper temporary custody of your property until a legal representative is appointed

and qualified,” and “any member of your household who is a covered person at the time of

death.” Id. at 83.

       Seeking satisfaction of a civil judgment that she had obtained against Terry Phillips,

Andrea Jones filed this action to garnish insurance payments from Chubb arising out of the fire

damage to the home owned by the reciprocal trusts. Terry and Cathy Phillips filed a motion to

quash the garnishment, arguing that the insurance payments were immune from garnishment

under Code § 55.1-136(C). That statute protects “proceeds of the sale or disposition” of property

that was formerly held as a tenancy by the entirety and then conveyed to separate revocable or

irrevocable trusts. See Code § 55.1-136(C). Terry and Cathy Phillips further argued that

irrespective of any statutory immunity protecting the reciprocal trusts’ ownership of the property

subject to a “sale or disposition,” id., the contractual right to the insurance payments constituted

intangible personal property owned by Terry and Cathy Phillips as tenants by the entirety, and

thus, these payments could not be seized by a judgment creditor of only one of them.

       Jones argued in response that the insurance payments were not statutorily immune from

garnishment as “proceeds of the sale or disposition” of trust property under Code § 55.1-136(C)

because no “sale” or “disposition” had ever occurred. Jones also contested the alternative

argument by Terry and Cathy Phillips that they had acquired as tenants by the entirety the

contractual right under the insurance policy to the fire-damage payments. 2

       2
         “[I]t is not uncommon for married couples,” Jones observed, “to designate investment
or other asset accounts as ‘tenants by the entirety.’” J.A. at 140. “Here, however, there is not
such [a] designation in the insurance contract between Mr. Phillips and Chubb.” Id. Jones also

                                                  2
       Accepting the primary argument by Terry and Cathy Phillips, the circuit court granted the

motion to quash and dismissed the garnishment proceeding on the ground that Code § 55.1-

136(C) protected the insurance payments from garnishment as “proceeds of the sale or

disposition” of property owned by the reciprocal trusts. The court did not address the alternative

argument asserted by Terry and Cathy Phillips.

                                                  II.

       On appeal, Jones argues that the circuit court erroneously held that Code § 55.1-136(C)

immunized the insurance payments from garnishment on the ground that they were “proceeds of

the sale or disposition” of the property held in trust. For the following reasons, we agree.

                                                  A.

       “In Virginia, garnishment is regarded . . . as an independent suit by the judgment-debtor

in the name of the judgment-creditor against the garnishee.” Butler v. Butler, 219 Va. 164, 165-

66 (1978); see also Levine’s Loan Off. v. Starke, 140 Va. 712, 714 (1924) (“Garnishment is a

statutory proceeding to enforce the lien of a writ of fieri facias on a liability of any other person

than the judgment debtor . . . .”). Garnishment is “substantially an action at law.” Lynch v.

Johnson, 196 Va. 516, 521 (1954). While “[o]rdinarily, the only adjudicable issue is whether the

garnishee is liable to the judgment-debtor, and if so, the amount due,” an additional issue may be

whether the garnishee has immunity from garnishment. See Butler, 219 Va. at 166.

       Absent an applicable common-law or statutory exemption, see, e.g., Code §§ 8.01-512.4

and 38.2-3339, insurance payments are not exempt from garnishment. “An insurance contract to

cover risks like liability or fire insurance builds no cash value and is payable only upon the

happening of the named contingency. If the insurance company’s obligation to distribute the

asserted that Cathy Phillips was not a “named insured,” and the insurance policy covered “many
relatives, spouses among them, as covered or insured individuals.” See id. at 138.
                                                  3
proceeds becomes fixed and definite, then the company could be summoned as garnishee prior to

payment to the insured.” Doug Rendleman, Enforcement of Judgments and Liens in Virginia

§ 4.8[B], at 4-51 (3d ed. 2014); see also Kent Sinclair & Leigh B. Middleditch, Jr., Virginia Civil

Procedure § 15.7[C], at 1265 (6th ed. 2014) (observing that “insurance proceeds[] may be

garnished”).

                                                  B.

       Under the common law, “where a tenancy by the entirety in the fee simple is once created

the property is completely immune from the claims of creditors against either husband or wife

alone.” Vasilion v. Vasilion, 192 Va. 735, 740 (1951). In 2000, the General Assembly “broke

new ground” by authorizing “a husband and wife to convey certain tenancy by the entirety real

estate to ‘their joint revocable or irrevocable trust, or in equal shares to their separate revocable

or irrevocable trusts’ without losing its tenancy by the entirety status.” J. Rodney Johnson, Wills,

Trusts, and Estates, 34 U. Rich. L. Rev. 1069, 1076 (2000) (quoting Code § 55-20.1 (2000)). 3

       Recently recodified as Code § 55.1-136(C), the statute extends that immunity to “any

proceeds of the sale or disposition” of tenancy-by-the-entirety property conveyed to trusts, thus

granting those proceeds immunity as if they were tenancy-by-the-entirety property. In this case,

the parties concede that the residence was not sold. The only remaining question is whether the

insurance payments were proceeds of a disposition of the residence.

       In the vocabulary of law, a “disposition” is defined as “[t]he act of transferring

something to another’s care or possession” or “the relinquishing of property,” Black’s Law

       3
         This provision was originally codified in 2000 as Code § 55-20.1, but it was amended
and moved to Code § 55-20.2 in 2001. See 2001 Acts ch. 718, at 968-69. In 2019, former Code
§ 55-20.2 was recodified as Code § 55.1-136. See supra note 1.
                                                   4
Dictionary 592 (11th ed. 2019) (emphasis added), 4 and the “[a]ct of disposing; transferring to

the care or possession of another” or “[t]he parting with, alienation of, or giving up property,”

Black’s Law Dictionary 471 (6th ed. 1990) (emphasis added). 5 By including “disposition” in

Code § 55.1-136(C), the legislature expanded the immunity from creditors to all forms of

transferring property outside the context of a voluntary sale. Such dispositions could include

foreclosures, judicial sales, condemnations, and any other voluntary or involuntary transfers of

property.

       Virginia law has never considered an insurance payment for property loss to be an

implied transfer of anything to the insurer. As we have said in other contexts, an insurance

policy is a “personal contract” that “inures to the benefit of the party with whom it is made, and

indemnifies him against loss; and . . . the amount paid by the company ‘is in no proper or just

sense the proceeds of the property.’” Thompson v. Gearheart, 137 Va. 427, 434 (1923)

(emphasis added) (citation omitted); see also Lynch, 196 Va. at 522; Clements v. Clements, 167
Va. 223, 233 (1936). We see no reason to take a different conceptual course in this case.

       That said, we acknowledge that “disposition” is sometimes used in another sense — to

describe a person’s “temperament or character” or “personal makeup,” Black’s Law Dictionary

593 (11th ed. 2019). For example, one might say that an emotionally damaged man has a hot-

headed disposition. But we would hardly say that a fire-damaged house has a smoldering

disposition or, for that matter, any “disposition” at all. A house, in common vernacular, does not

       4
        See also Black’s Law Dictionary 572 (10th ed. 2014); Black’s Law Dictionary 539 (9th
ed. 2009); Black’s Law Dictionary 505 (8th ed. 2004); Black’s Law Dictionary 484 (7th ed.
1999).
       5
         See also Black’s Law Dictionary 423 (5th ed. 1979); Black’s Law Dictionary 558 (rev.
4th ed. 1968).
                                                 5
have a good or a bad disposition. Such an anthropomorphic understanding of “disposition”

cannot be fairly attributed to the carefully worded text of Code § 55.1-136(C).

        Employing the established legal meaning of “disposition,” we conclude that the

garnishment immunity provided by Code § 55.1-136(C) does not apply to Chubb’s insurance

payments. The reciprocal trusts, as property owners, did not sell or otherwise dispose of the

property. Chubb did not acquire any ownership interest (or any legal or equitable interest at all)

in the fire-damaged house. No disposition of the house — according to the word’s most

common legal usage — ever occurred because the fire was not an “act of transferring” the

property to the insurer or to anyone else. See Black’s Law Dictionary 592 (11th ed. 2019).

                                                  C.

        Our dissenting colleagues offer several procedural and substantive rejoinders that warrant

a brief response.

                                                   1.

        The dissent’s procedural objections begin with the contention that Jones does not argue

the transfer definition that we embrace. See post at 29. We disagree. On appeal, Jones contends

that “insurance proceeds are not a disposition under § 55-20.2” because “the property has been

neither sold, nor devised, nor given away.” See Appellant’s Br. at 22 (altering capitalization).

These are all actions that involve a property transfer of some kind. Jones adds, “No disposition

occurred in the instant case; the Phillips[es] retain all the sticks in the [p]roperty’s bundle.” Id. at

22. Her reference to “sticks in the property’s bundle,” of course, refers to individual property

rights. See United States v. Craft, 535 U.S. 274, 278 (2002) (noting that “bundle of sticks” is a

“common idiom describ[ing] property” and refers to “a collection of individual rights”); Cygnus

Newport-Phase 1B, LLC v. City of Portsmouth, 292 Va. 573, 586 (2016) (referring to the

“property rights ‘bundle of sticks’” and stating that “no stick was taken out of that bundle”).

                                                   6
Equally clear, her reference to the Phillipses “retain[ing] all the sticks,” Appellant’s Br. at 22,

refers to the fact that Terry and Cathy Phillips did not transfer any of their property rights. There

is no basis, therefore, for the dissent’s view that Jones waived the argument that the proper

definition of “disposition” under Code § 55.1-136(C) involves some form of property transfer.

       The dissent also contends that Jones “implicitly asserts” on brief “that the meaning of

disposition” is ambiguous. See post at 33. There is no such implication. Read most fairly,

Jones’s argument, see Appellant’s Br. at 16-18, suggests only that Code § 55.1-136 was an

explicit legislative response to an ambiguous public policy issue concerning how far, if at all, to

extend the reach of tenancy-by-the-entirety protections. Conspicuously absent from the explicit

statutory language, Jones points out, is any reference to the highly ambiguous question whether

those protections should apply to insurance proceeds. Counsel for Jones made the same

assertion in oral argument. See Oral Argument Audio at 2:05 to 2:18 (“As it properly did in the

Pitts decision, this Court should defer this question to the legislature to weigh the competing

public policy issues connected therewith and pass the law best suited to address those different

interests.”). We thus do not interpret Jones’s discussion of caselaw as a waiver of her arguments

that the legislature did not intend to protect insurance payments under Code § 55.1-136, as

evidenced “through the words used,” see Oral Argument Audio at 13:54 to 14:09, and that the

term “disposition” requires some type of transfer of “the sticks in the [p]roperty’s bundle,” see

Appellant’s Br. at 22.

                                                  2.

       Turning to the merits of this dispute, the dissent rejects the act-of-transferring definition

as overly simplistic, see post at 28 (noting that things should be “as simple as possible, but not

simpler”), and criticizes our focus on the “vocabulary of law,” see post at 31-33, 40-41.

Apparently backing the analysis down from “simpler” to merely “simple” and then expanding

                                                  7
the linguistic search beyond the vocabulary of law, the dissent contends that the house fire

constituted a “disposition” defined as a “final settlement or determination.” See post at 31-32,

39. This particular usage of “disposition,” however, has a specific denotation unique to legal

terms, such as a “court’s disposition of the case,” a judicial “judgment or sentence,” or a

“termination of a case.” See Black’s Law Dictionary 592 (11th ed. 2019). This meaning of the

term can be found in dozens of Virginia statutes. Decisionmakers, most notably courts, 6 make

these kinds of “dispositions.” Burnt houses do not.

        What the dissent appears to be saying is that the insurer settled an insurance claim after

determining that coverage existed and thus made a “final settlement or determination” — ergo, a

disposition. See post at 39. That interpretation, however, alters the syntax of Code § 55.1-

136(C), which refers to a “disposition of such property,” not a coverage disposition of an

insurance company. The insurer did not dispose “of such” fire-damaged house. Nor did anyone

else.

                                                  3.

        In a single sentence, the dissent suggests that it is “worth considering” that an early

edition of Black’s Law Dictionary included “destruction of property” as an alternative definition

of “disposition.” See post at 32. That enticing understatement, however, relies upon the 4th

edition of Black’s Law Dictionary published in 1957. After repeating the traditional act-of-

transferring definition, the 4th edition added “destruction of property” as an alternative

definition. See Black’s Law Dictionary 558 (rev. 4th ed. 1968). The only basis identified in

Black’s Law Dictionary for this alternative definition, however, was Pioneer Cooperage Co. v.

Commissioner, 53 F.2d 43 (8th Cir. 1931), a tax case addressing whether insect damage to

        6
            See, e.g., Code §§ 16.1-69.58, 16.1-305.1, 17.1-403, 19.2-303.6, and 19.2-360.
                                                  8
timber qualified for a tax deduction. No court since 1931 has cited Pioneer Cooperage Co. as an

exemplar use of the term “disposition,” and it must be observed that few legal jurists or scholars

find the Byzantine use of English words in the Internal Revenue Code to be a reliable guide for

discovering their plain and ordinary meaning outside of that unique context.

       The dissent’s implicit reliance upon Pioneer Cooperage Co., see post at 32 (quoting the

4th edition of Black’s Law Dictionary with the citation to Pioneer Cooperage Co. omitted),

suffers from a more serious weakness. The editors of the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, and 11th

editions of Black’s Law Dictionary removed the alternative definition of “destruction of

property” that had been included in the 4th edition. The fairest inference from this conspicuous

retraction is that for 40 years, linguistic experts entrusted with the most widely read legal

dictionary in American law have considered the traditional act-of-transferring definition to be the

plain meaning of disposition and the destruction-of-property definition to be a curious, narrow,

or strained meaning of that word. If so, we agree with them.

                                                 4.

       The dissent places a guarded emphasis on our decision in Pitts v. United States, 242 Va.
254 (1991), in support of its interpretation of disposition in Code § 55.1-136(C). See post at 35-

38. Pitts, however, did not attempt to define disposition. Nor did Pitts mention Code § 55.1-

136(C), which had not yet been enacted. A single sentence in Pitts merely notes that “some

courts” outside of Virginia have applied tenancy-by-the-entirety protection to various

circumstances, including “payments of insurance claims,” Pitts, 242 Va. at 262. Pitts cites none

of these foreign cases. The only citation is to an American Law Reports annotation. See id.

(citing Michael A. DiSabatino, Annotation, Proceeds or Derivatives of Real Property Held by

Entirety as Themselves Held by Entirety, 22 A.L.R. 4th 459 (1983)). That annotation includes

“some” cases going one way on the subject and “some” cases going the other way. Compare

                                                  9
DiSabatino, supra, § 14[a], at 518 (“§ 14[a] Insurance payments for injury to realty — Held to be

owned by entirety”), with id. § 14[b], at 519 (“§ 14[b] Insurance payments for injury to realty —

Held not to be owned by entirety”). 7

       The very next sentence in Pitts, moreover, expressly disclaims the some-courts dictum:

“We confine the reach of our decision to our answer to the question as certified, based upon the

facts detailed in the order of certification,” Pitts, 242 Va. at 262. The import of this statement is

unmistakable. The precedential “reach of our decision” in Pitts does not extend to any issue

other than the specific “answer to the question” posed by the federal court’s certification order in

that case and does not attempt to resolve future cases involving facts not “detailed” in that

certification order. See id.

       Pitts addressed what happens to a married couple’s real property held as a tenancy by the

entirety when they sell it to someone else. Under Virginia law, Pitts held, the answer was easy:

Whatever the buyer gives the married couple in return for the transfer of such property (whether

cash, a check, or a promissory note) retains its character as property held as a tenancy by the

entirety. See id. at 261-62. This holding deserves the protection of stare decisis. “[W]hen a

court of last resort has established a precedent, after full deliberation upon the issue by the court,

       7
         None of the out-of-state cases cited by the dissent address a statutory “sale or
disposition” provision similar to Code § 55.1-136(C). Nor do any of these courts mention, much
less hold, that a “disposition” of property (the sole issue before us on this point) includes
insurance payments. See post at 38 (citing Cooper v. Cooper, 284 S.W.2d 617, 620 (Ark. 1955)
(applying a common law rule in Arkansas applicable to “derivatives of real property”); Regnante
v. Baldassare, 448 N.E.2d 775, 777-78 (Mass. App. Ct. 1983) (applying a common law rule in
Massachusetts to proceeds arising from a “destruction” of property); Gaunt v. Shelter Mut. Ins.,
808 S.W.2d 401, 404-05 (Mo. Ct. App. 1991) (applying a common law rule in Missouri to
proceeds arising out of “damage” to property)). The dissent also cites McDivitt v. Pymatuning
Mutual Fire Insurance, 449 A.2d 612, 615-16 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1982), but that case undermines the
dissent’s position by holding that “the fact that the property owned by the [married couple] was
held by the entireties [is] of no real significance to the resolution of the issue whether [one
spouse] may be entitled to one-half of the proceeds from the fire insurance, payable as a result of
the destruction of the entireties’ property.”
                                                 10
the precedent will not be treated lightly or ignored, in the absence of flagrant error or mistake.”

Selected Risks Ins. v. Dean, 233 Va. 260, 265 (1987) (emphasis added). The some-courts

dictum, however, is just that — a mere dictum undeserving of any stare decisis weight.

       The dissent seeks to reinforce its use of the Pitts some-courts dictum by suggesting that

the General Assembly, by enacting the predecessor to Code § 55.1-136(C), “perhaps” codified

the dictum by “accepting this Court’s invitation to do so.” See post at 36. After all, we presume

that the legislature is “aware of this Court’s precedents” and writes laws “with knowledge of our

previous decisions in this area of the law.” See post at 38 (citation omitted). By taking this

view, the dissent seems to be applying the legislative-acquiescence doctrine without expressly

mentioning it by name. If so, it is being misapplied.

       The legislative-acquiescence doctrine presumes that unless a newly enacted statute

suggests otherwise, the legislature intends the statute to be interpreted consistent with prior

binding precedent addressing the point being codified. Even when properly applied, however,

the presumption is weak. See United States v. Wells, 519 U.S. 482, 495-96 (1997) (commenting

that “it is at best treacherous to find in congressional silence alone the adoption of a controlling

rule of law” (alteration and citation omitted)). And the doctrine provides no presumption at all

when improperly applied.

       The legislative-acquiescence doctrine presumes acquiescence to judicial “precedents,”

Lambert v. Sea Oats Condo. Ass’n, 293 Va. 245, 254 (2017), not obiter dicta. As noted earlier,

the some-courts dictum in Pitts is a single sentence citing an annotation that surveys the split of

authority on the issue of insurance proceeds. That non-precedential remark is immediately

followed by a disclaimer “confin[ing] the reach of [the Pitts] decision” to the specific question

presented, which had nothing to do with insurance payments. See Pitts, 242 Va. at 262.

Insisting that the legislature has silently agreed with the Pitts some-courts dictum and implicitly

                                                 11
codified it in Code § 55.1-136(C) “merely piles one interpretative inference upon another,”

Loudoun Cnty. v. Richardson, 298 Va. 528, ___, 841 S.E.2d 629, 641 (2020) (Kelsey, J.,

dissenting).

                                                  III.

        Offering an alternative argument in support of the circuit court’s judgment, Terry and

Cathy Phillips contend that the contractual right under the insurance policy to the fire-damage

payments constitutes intangible personal property owned by them as tenants by the entirety.

Thus, even if Code § 55.1-136(C) provides no statutory “disposition” immunity from creditors,

the common-law doctrine of tenancy by the entirety (extended by statutes and caselaw to

personal property) protects the insurance payments from garnishment by a judgment creditor of

Terry Phillips. We disagree.

                                                  A.

        The common law has recognized the tenancy by the entirety for centuries. See 2 William

Blackstone, Commentaries *182; 7 Michael Allan Wolf, Powell on Real Property § 52.01[1], at

52-3 (2020). 8 In a long line of cases, we have synthesized this estate’s five essential

characteristics and defined it as a property interest in which the co-owners hold (i) unity of title,

(ii) unity of estate, (iii) unity of time, (iv) unity of possession, and (v) unity of marriage. See

Evans v. Evans, 290 Va. 176, 183 (2015); Rogers v. Rogers, 257 Va. 323, 326 (1999); Pitts, 242
Va. at 258-59; Gant v. Gant, 237 Va. 588, 591 (1989); Jones v. Conwell, 227 Va. 176, 181

(1984). These unities reflect the unities of a joint tenancy “modified by the common law

        8
        See also 2 James Kent, Commentaries on American Law 132 (2d ed. 1832); 1 John
Tayloe Lomax, Digest of the Laws Respecting Real Property 616 (2d ed. 1855). See generally
John V. Orth, Tenancy by the Entirety: The Strange Career of the Common-Law Marital Estate,
1997 BYU L. Rev. 35, 35-40 (1997).
                                                  12
principle that husband and wife are but one person.” 1 Raleigh C. Minor & Frederick D.G.

Ribble, The Law of Real Property § 852, at 1096 (2d ed. 1928); see Jones, 227 Va. at 181.

        The “grand incident” of a joint tenancy, which is also shared by a tenancy by the entirety,

is the right of survivorship. See 1 Minor & Ribble, supra, §§ 847, 855, at 1092, 1099. In the

context of a tenancy by the entirety, the right of survivorship means that “[u]pon the death of

either spouse, the whole of the estate by the entireties remains in the survivor.” Vasilion, 192
Va. at 740. The common law presumed that a conveyance to more than one grantee created a

joint tenancy, except for conveyances to a husband and wife, which created a tenancy by the

entirety if all of the required unities were present. See id. at 739; American Nat’l Bank of Wash.,

D.C. v. Taylor, 112 Va. 1, 4 (1911); American Law of Property § 6.6, at 24 (A. James Casner

ed., 1952); 7 Wolf, supra, § 52.01[2], at 52-3; see also Charles Alfred Graves, Notes on the Law

of Real Property § 145, at 176 (1912); 4 Kent, supra note 8, at 361; Paul H. Melnick, Forms of

Holding Title, in 2 Real Estate Transactions in Virginia §§ 8.202, 8.3, at 1066, 1070 (Neil S.

Kessler & Paul H. Melnick eds., 5th ed. 2019); 1 Minor & Ribble, supra, § 838, at 1085-86.

Most scholars agree that the early common law required little, if any, express manifestation of

intent to create a tenancy by the entirety with the right of survivorship when the five unities were

present. 9

        9
          See Joseph L. Lyle, Jr., Virginia Extends Entireties Doctrine, 20 Wash. & Lee L. Rev.
260, 261-62 (1963) (“Thus it developed [at common law] that virtually any estate created
between husband and wife, where the four unities were present, resulted in a tenancy by the
entirety.”); Robert A. Ryland, Tenancy by the Entirety in Virginia, 24 Va. L. Rev. 689, 689
(1938) (“At common law no expressed intention in a deed or will was necessary to create either
joint tenancy or tenancy by the entirety.”); Emerson G. Spies, Some Considerations in Conveying
to Husband and Wife, 34 Va. L. Rev. 480, 482 (1948) (“At common law joint tenancies were
most favored by the courts and arose presumptively whenever the grantees were not husband and
wife and the four unities of time, title, interest, and possession were present . . . .”).
                                                13
       A long series of legislative enactments, however, have superseded the common law

presumption favoring the right of survivorship. “[B]y statute enacted as early as 1787,

survivorship between joint tenants was abolished.” Vasilion, 192 Va. at 741 (citation omitted);

see Pitts, 242 Va. at 259; Allen v. Parkey, 154 Va. 739, 744-45 (1929), adhered to on reh’g, 154
Va. 739 (1930). 10 This statute, however, did not “abolish survivorship between tenants by the

entirety,” Vasilion, 192 Va. At 741 (citation omitted), because a tenancy by the entirety “is

conceptually different from a joint tenancy,” Melnick, supra, § 8.3, at 1070. In a tenancy by the

entirety, the husband and wife own “a sole, and not a joint-tenancy. They have no moieties.

Each holds the entirety. They are one in law, and their estate one and indivisible.” Thornton v.

Thornton, 24 Va. (3 Rand.) 179, 183 (1825) (emphases in original). A “moiety” in common law

is a separate interest. See Black’s Law Dictionary 1024 (11th ed. 2019). The defining feature of

a tenancy by the entirety was that, as between husband and wife, there were no moieties. See

Thornton, 24 Va. at 183-87. 11

       In the mid to late 1800s, the General Assembly enacted several statutes specifically

addressing tenancies by the entirety. See Pitts, 242 Va. at 259; Vasilion, 192 Va. at 741-42;

       10
          With respect to joint tenancies, the abolition of survivorship was modified by a
statutory exception allowing the right of survivorship when the intent to create it was explicitly
stated. See Code 1849, ch. 116, § 19, at 502-03 (current version at Code § 55.1-134); see also 1
Minor & Ribble, supra, § 848, at 1093.
       11
          See also 2 Blackstone, supra, at *182 (“[F]or husband and wife being considered as
one person in law, they cannot take the estate by moieties, but both are seised of the entirety.”); 2
Kent, supra note 8, at 132 (“If an estate in land be given to the husband and wife, or a joint
purchase by them during coverture, they are not properly joint tenants, nor tenants in common,
for they are but one person in law, and cannot take by moieties.”); 1 Lomax, supra note 8, at 616
(“As there can be no moieties between husband and wife, they cannot be joint tenants; therefore,
where an estate is conveyed to a man and his wife, and their heirs, it is not a joint tenancy; for
joint tenants take by moieties, and are each seised of an undivided moiety of the whole.”).
                                                 14
Allen, 154 Va. at 744-45; American Nat’l Bank of Wash., D.C., 112 Va. at 4. 12 The statutes

applied to conveyances to a husband and wife “as to estates of inheritance in 1850, and as to all

estates, real or personal, by the Code of 1887.” 1 Minor & Ribble, supra, § 855, at 1100. 13

These statutes reversed the common-law presumption that a husband and wife took property as

one person without separate moieties, as stated in the Code of 1887: “[I]f hereafter any estate,

real or personal, be conveyed or devised to a husband and his wife, they shall take and hold the

same by moieties in like manner as if a distinct moiety had been given to each by a separate

conveyance,” unless “it manifestly appears from the tenor of the instrument that it was intended

the part of the one dying should then belong to the other[],” see Code 1887, ch. 107, §§ 2430-

2431, at 593.

       At this point in the statutory evolution of these concepts, “tenancy by entireties [was]

itself abolished, except where the deed or will manifests an intent that it shall continue.” Allen,
154 Va. at 745 (quoting Graves, supra, § 152, at 182). “That is, after 1888 a tenancy by the

entirety could not be created in any estate [real or personal] unless survivorship was expressly

provided for in the instrument of transfer.” Ritchie, supra note 12, at 615. The “practical effect

of the statute” was “to convert the tenancy by entireties into a tenancy in common, destroying

survivorship.” 1 Minor & Ribble, supra, § 857, at 1102 (emphases in original); see Allen, 154

       12
          See also Graves, supra, § 152, at 181-82; 1 Minor & Ribble, supra, § 855, at 1100;
John Ritchie 3d, Tenancies by the Entirety in Real Property with Particular Reference to the Law
of Virginia, 28 Va. L. Rev. 608, 613-14 (1942); Spies, supra note 9, at 485-86.
       13
           Compare Code 1849, ch. 116, § 18, at 502 (“And if hereafter an estate of inheritance
be conveyed or devised to a husband and his wife, one moiety of such estate shall, on the death
of either, descend to his or her heirs, subject to debts, curtesy or dower, as the case may be.”
(emphasis added)), with Code 1887, ch. 107, § 2430, at 593 (“And if hereafter any estate, real or
personal, be conveyed or devised to a husband and his wife, they shall take and hold the same by
moieties in like manner as if a distinct moiety had been given to each by a separate conveyance.”
(emphasis added)).
15
Va. at 745. “In other words, [the statute] reversed the common law presumption that one

transferring an estate by deed or will to a husband and wife intended them to be tenants by the

entirety unless the language of the instrument clearly disclosed a contrary intent.” Ritchie, supra

note 12, at 615.

       Later enactments have expanded, reorganized, and recodified these statutes. The

statutory presumption against the right of survivorship, however, remains securely intact. At the

time of the circuit court’s judgment in this case, former Code §§ 55-20 to 55-21 addressed these

issues. As noted earlier, see supra note 1, in 2019 the General Assembly amended, renumbered,

and recodified these provisions as Code §§ 55.1-134, -135, and -136. See 2019 Acts ch. 712, at

1339. The changes were intended, in relevant part, to “improve the structure and clarity of

statutes pertaining to real and personal property in the Commonwealth,” see Virginia Code

Commission, Report on the Revision of Title 55 of the Code of Virginia, S. Doc. No. 5, at v

(2018). With respect to the provisions at issue in this case, the Virginia Code Commission made

only “[t]echnical changes,” see id. at 10-12, for the purpose of making the language “clear,

consistent, and modern,” see id. at x-xi. No substantive changes were intended. For the purpose

of deciding the present case, therefore, we see no interpretative differences between the statutes

as they exist today and as they existed at the time the circuit court decided this case.

       Under Code § 55.1-135, a joint tenancy in real or personal property, including “any

written memorial of a chose in action,” is presumed to be without the right of survivorship unless

“the expression ‘with survivorship,’ or any equivalent language, is employed in such titling.”

Unlike a tenancy by the entirety, however, a mere joint tenancy (even one with the right of

survivorship) does not protect the jointly held property from the creditors of one of the co-

owners. Any such separate interest can be attached, garnished, and partitioned. See Jones, 227
Va. at 181-82; 1 Minor & Ribble, supra, § 854, at 1097-98; see also Timothy H. Guare, Mapping

                                                 16
the Plan, in 1 Estate Planning in Virginia § 3.203, at 144 (Marie McKenney Tavernini ed., 5th

ed. 2016); Melnick, supra, § 8.203, at 1069.

       The language regarding conveyances to a husband and wife, originally enacted in the

Code of 1887, is now found in Code § 55.1-135. The statutory presumption against the right of

survivorship still applies to property that is conveyed jointly in the names of both spouses:

               If any real or personal property is conveyed or devised to spouses,
               they shall take and hold such property by moieties in the same
               manner as if a distinct moiety had been given to each spouse by a
               separate conveyance, unless language as provided in this section or
               in § 55.1-136 is used that designates the tenancy as a joint tenancy
               or a tenancy by the entirety and all requirements for holding
               property by such tenancy are met.

Code § 55.1-135. 14 The “language as provided . . . in § 55.1-136,” id., which is deemed

sufficient to establish the right-of-survivorship prerequisite to a tenancy by the entirety, is stated

       14
          The Virginia Code Commission noted that this sentence was relocated to Code § 55.1-
135 “because it is more logically located with other provisions regarding joint ownership.” See
Virginia Code Commission, Report on the Revision of Title 55 of the Code of Virginia, S. Doc.
No. 5, at 11 (2018). Prior to its relocation in 2019, this provision was found in Code §§ 55-20
and -21. The first statute provided:
               When any joint tenant dies, before or after the vesting of the estate,
               whether the estate is real or personal, or whether partition could
               have been compelled or not, his part shall descend to his heirs, or
               pass by devise, or go to his personal representative, subject to
               debts or distribution, as if he had been a tenant in common. And if
               hereafter any estate, real or personal, is conveyed or devised to a
               husband and his wife, they shall take and hold the same by
               moieties in like manner as if a distinct moiety had been given to
               each by a separate conveyance.
Code § 55-20 (2018) (emphases added). The second statute provided:
               Section 55-20 [abolishing any presumption of survivorship] shall
               not apply to any estate which joint tenants have as fiduciaries, nor
               to any real or personal property transferred to persons in their own
               right when it manifestly appears from the tenor of the instrument
               transferring such property or memorializing the existence of a
               chose in action, that it was intended the part of the one dying

                                                  17
in Code § 55.1-136(A): “An intent that the part of the one dying should belong to the other shall

be manifest from a designation of the spouses as ‘tenants by the entireties’ or ‘tenants by the

entirety.’”

        When property is conveyed to spouses, therefore, Virginia law presumes against a

tenancy by the entirety unless all required common-law unities exist, and the instrument uses (i)

the language in Code § 55.1-136 designating the spouses as “tenants by the entireties” or

“tenants by the entirety” or (ii) the language in Code § 55.1-135, expressly stating “the

expression ‘with survivorship,’ or similar language” in the instrument. See Code § 55.1-135. No

tenancy by the entirety can be created by an instrument that does not manifestly identify the

property interest in this manner. See Allen, 154 Va. at 745 (stating, in explanation of the

predecessor statute to Code § 55.1-136, that “tenancy by entireties is itself abolished, except

where the deed or will manifests an intent that it shall continue” (quoting Graves, supra, § 152,

at 182)). 15 See generally Nancy Newton Rogers, Transferring Assets Outside of Probate, in 2

Estate Planning in Virginia, supra, § 10.402, at 836 (“If no survivorship is specified, a tenancy in

common results.”).

        The right of survivorship must be manifest because it dramatically changes the ordinary

succession of property upon an owner’s death. “Upon the death of either spouse the whole of the

estate by the entireties remains in the survivor,” and thus, “[t]he heirs of the deceased spouse

inherit no part of the property so held. The entire estate remains exclusively in the surviving

               should then belong to the others.
Code § 55-21 (2018) (emphases added).
        15
          See also 9 Dale M. Cecka, Lawrence D. Diehl, & James R. Cottrell, Virginia Practice
Series: Family Law § 4.3, at 96 (2020 ed.) (“When property is acquired by a husband and wife, a
deed or other like instrument must specify that a tenancy by the entirety is intended, or otherwise
a tenancy in common will be established . . . .”).
                                                 18
spouse.” Vasilion, 192 Va. at 740 (emphasis added); see Johnson v. McCarty, 202 Va. 49, 55-56

(1960); Smith v. Smith, 200 Va. 77, 81 (1958) (explaining that in a tenancy by the entirety, each

spouse is “seized with the entire estate, and upon the death of one the survivor takes the whole”);

Guare, supra, § 3.204, at 144; Melnick, supra, § 8.203, at 1068; 1 Minor & Ribble, supra,

§§ 847, 854, at 1092, 1098.

       A tenancy by the entirety also has an impact on each spouse’s rights while both are alive.

Unlike a mere joint tenancy with a right of survivorship, a tenancy by the entirety “may be

severed only by mutual consent of the spouses or by divorce,” In re Bunker, 312 F.3d 145, 151

(4th Cir. 2002). “Although husband and wife acting together may alienate or encumber the

entireties property, ‘neither spouse can convey [or encumber] any part of the property by his or

her sole act.’” Id. (quoting Hausman v. Hausman, 233 Va. 1, 3 (1987)). And, most importantly

for the purposes of our case, this unique form of co-ownership provides each spouse with

protection against the judgment creditors of the other spouse. Under the common law, “property

held as tenants by the entireties is exempt from the claims of creditors who do not have joint

judgments against the husband and wife.” Rogers, 257 Va. at 326; see also Evans, 290 Va. at

184; Jones, 227 Va. at 181; Vasilion, 192 Va. at 740; In re Bunker, 312 F.3d at 151-52; Reid v.

Richardson, 304 F.2d 351, 353 (4th Cir. 1962). 16

                                                B.

       Under the early common law, a tenancy by the entirety protected only real property. See

2 American Law of Property, supra, § 6.6, at 30. In Oliver v. Givens, as a matter of first

       16
           This case does not present an opportunity to address the efficacy of “an attempt to
convey property to spouses as joint tenants with the right of survivorship,” Melnick, supra, § 8.3,
at 1072-73 (suggesting that “[t]he interplay between section 55.1-134(B), allowing survivorship
estates, and the common law notion of the ‘oneness’ of a married couple would appear to convert
the tenancy automatically (in Virginia) to a tenancy by the entirety” and noting “[a]n old and
brief line of cases indicat[ing] this result”).
                                                19
impression, we held that “personal property as well as realty may be held by a husband and wife

as tenants by the entireties.” 204 Va. 123, 126 (1963). We applied this principle to “proceeds

derived from a voluntary sale of real estate held by the entireties,” holding that these proceeds

“are likewise held by the entireties.” See id. at 126-27. We affirmed this holding in Pitts by

holding that a promissory note given in exchange for the sale of real property also retained the

tenancy-by-the-entirety status of the underlying property as proceeds of the sale. See 242 Va. at

260-61.

       In 1999, the General Assembly enacted a statute confirming that personal property could

be held as a tenancy by the entirety. See J. Rodney Johnson, Wills, Trusts, and Estates, 33 U.

Rich. L. Rev 1075, 1081-82 (1999) (commenting on the enactment of former Code § 55-20.1).

Personal property can include tangible and intangible property. In Virginia, “[a] chose in action

is intangible personal property.” Huaman v. Aquino, 272 Va. 170, 175 (2006); see also First

Nat’l Bank of Richmond v. Holland, 99 Va. 495, 503 (1901). “Any right which has not been

reduced to possession is a chose in action.” Holland, 99 Va. at 503. A contractual right,

including a right to insurance payments, is a classic example of a chose in action. See 17 Samuel

Williston & Richard A. Lord, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts § 49:119, at 106-07 (4th ed.

2015) (“A contract of insurance is a chose in action. That is to say, it confers a right to bring a

legal action to recover a sum of money ex contractu, or from or out of the contract . . . .”). 17

       17
          Pitts held that former Code §§ 55-20 and -21 “were intended to apply to joint tenancies
and to tenancies by the entireties created by an ‘instrument’ of conveyance or devise” and not by
promissory notes, which are mere “memorials of a chose in action,” and consequently, “[t]he fact
that those notes and the deed of trust securing the debt they represent contain no language
evincing a survivorship intent is wholly immaterial to the question before us.” Pitts, 242 Va. at
260. In 2001, however, the General Assembly amended former Code § 55-21, clarifying that the
statute applied to “the instrument transferring such property or memorializing the existence of a
chose in action.” Code § 55-21 (2001); see J. Rodney Johnson, Wills, Trusts, & Estates, 35 U.
Rich. L. Rev. 845, 850-51 & n.26 (2001). The General Assembly similarly clarified former

                                                  20
                                                C.

       In this case, Terry and Cathy Phillips argue that the insurance policy confirms that they

collectively owned a contractual right to the insurance payments as tenants by the entirety with

the common-law right of survivorship. We disagree.

                                                1.

       In Virginia, the “‘named insured’ is the policyholder. An ‘insured’ is simply a party who

may be covered under the policy. Not all ‘insureds’ are ‘named insureds.’” Atkinson v. Penske

Logistics, LLC, 268 Va. 129, 135 (2004); see also 7A Steven Plitt et al., Couch on Insurance 3d

§ 110:1, at 110-5 (2013 rev. ed.). We do not accept the simplistic assertion that “the term

‘named insured’ [should] be read as though the word ‘named’ is simply an adjective modifying

the noun ‘insured.’” Atkinson, 268 Va. at 135. In property- and casualty-insurance policies, only

the “present named insured” is the legally recognized “[p]olicyholder.” See Code § 38.2-602.

       Terry Phillips was the sole policyholder on the Chubb policy and the only named insured.

On 21 separate occasions, the insurance policy and riders specifically identified him alone as the

named insured. See J.A. at 20-23, 26-28, 31-39, 91-95. The policy and riders nowhere

mentioned Cathy Phillips by name. 18 Cathy Phillips merely appeared, at best, to be an unnamed

insured “spouse” included in the definition of “[y]ou” in the general provisions of the policy.

See id. at 40. While this provision no doubt gave Cathy Phillips a contractual interest in the

insurance payments, we are skeptical of her claim that this provision, standing alone, created the

Code § 55-20.1, current Code § 55.1-135, by adding the language “written memorial of a chose
in action.” See Johnson, supra, at 850-51 & n.26 (2001). That language has survived in the
2019 recodifications of Code §§ 55.1-134 and -135.
       18
           This fact implicates a question that we need not resolve in this case: Can an instrument
create a tenancy by the entirety while wholly omitting the name of one of the spouses? See, e.g.,
W.W. Allen, Annotation, Estates by Entirety in Personal Property, 64 A.L.R. 2d 8, § 27 (1959)
(discussing whether personal property held in one name only is sufficient to create a tenancy by
the entirety).
                                                21
requisite common-law unities to form a tenancy by the entirety, which involves taking “one and

the same interest or estate, arising by one and the same conveyance, commencing at one and the

same time, and held by one and the same undivided possession.” 1 Minor & Ribble, supra,

§ 839, at 1086 (defining the four unities); see 41 C.J.S. Husband and Wife § 22 (2020) (stating

that tenants by the entirety take “identical interests simultaneously by the same instrument and

with the same right of possession”).

       We need not answer that difficult and nuanced question, however, because a more

fundamental flaw defeats the tenancy by the entirety claimed in this case. A tenancy by the

entirety cannot exist unless the parties manifest some intent to create it. Disputing this premise,

Terry and Cathy Phillips argue that Oliver and Pitts stand for the proposition that a manifestation

of intent is not required for personal property to be held as a tenancy by the entirety. We

disagree. Oliver and Pitts addressed the sale of real property held as a tenancy by the entirety.

We merely held that the proceeds from the sale of that property retain the preexisting tenancy-

by-the-entirety status of the property sold. See Pitts, 242 Va. at 261-62; Oliver, 204 Va. at 126-

27. It did not matter to us in Pitts that the buyer’s promissory notes “contain[ed] no language

indicating a right of survivorship.” Pitts, 242 Va. at 256. The title to the property clearly did —

it had been conveyed to George and Ellen Pitts “as tenants by the entirety with the right of

survivorship as at common law.” Id. at 257 (citation omitted). We have never held that right-of-

survivorship or tenancy-by-the-entirety language is unnecessary for personal property generally.

To be sure, doing so would violate the admonition in Pitts to “leave the choice between

competing public-policy interests to the General Assembly,” id. at 262.

                                                 22
                                                 2.

       Terry and Cathy Phillips contend that even if some manifestation of intent is required, the

Chubb insurance policy created a tenancy by the entirety by expressly providing for the right of

survivorship. We again disagree.

       The right of survivorship is not simply the right of a surviving joint tenant to retain his or

her proportionate share after the death of the other tenant. That truism would be true of

“survivorship” in a mere tenancy in common. The “right of survivorship” of a tenancy by the

entirety means that “[u]pon the death of either spouse the whole of the estate by the entireties

remains in the survivor.” Vasilion, 192 Va. at 740; see supra at 18-19. “This is so not because

he or she is vested with any new interest therein, but because in the first instance he or she took

the entirety which, under the common law, was to remain in the survivor.” Vasilion, 192 Va. at

740. This powerful attribute of a tenancy by the entirety means that upon the death of one

spouse, the other spouse receives everything. See Guare, supra, § 3.204, at 144; Melnick, supra,

§ 8.203, at 1068. The decedent’s estate, his heirs, his children, his creditors — they receive

nothing because property held in a tenancy by the entirety is a non-probate asset. See 2 Frank O.

Brown, Virginia Practice Series: Probate Handbook §§ 1.1, 3.5, at 7, 96 (2019-2020 ed.); Rogers,

supra, § 10.402, at 835. “[T]he surviving spouse owns all of the property by operation of law

and nothing passes to the deceased spouse’s heirs, distributees, or beneficiaries.” Guare, supra,

§ 3.204, at 144.

       No provision in the Chubb insurance policy used the expression “tenants by the

entireties” or “tenants by the entirety,” Code § 55.1-136(A); see Code § 55.1-135. Nor did any

provision state that Terry and Cathy Phillips hold whatever interest they may have with the

“right of survivorship” as at common law. See Code § 55.1-135. In other words, no provision of

this policy can be construed to say that upon the death of the policyholder, the entire insurance

                                                 23
payout would go not to the decedent’s estate but solely to his spouse, a mere additional insured.

The policy implied just the opposite. It stated:

               In the event of your death, we cover your spouse, your legal
               representative or any person having proper temporary custody of
               your property until a legal representative is appointed and
               qualified, but only with respect to your premises and other
               property covered under the policy at the time of death. We will
               also cover any member of your household who is a covered person
               at the time of death.

J.A. at 83.

        This event-of-death provision said nothing more than the insurer’s contractual coverage

obligations survive the death of one of the contracting parties. It “is a standard clause in many, if

not most, contractual instruments used in a host of transactions.” See Wood v. Martin, 299 Va.

___, ___, Record No. 190738, slip op. at 12 (October 22, 2020). In this context, it simply meant

that the insurer’s contractual duties will continue to inure to the benefit of (i) the decedent’s

“spouse,” and (ii) any “legal representative . . . appointed and qualified” to represent his estate,

and (iii) any other “covered person” under the policy. See J.A. at 83.

        A true right-of-survivorship provision would not (and could not) have said any of this. It

would have said either, “upon your death, any payments under this policy shall be paid

exclusively to your spouse and to no one else,” or “all contractual rights and proceeds belonging

to you under this policy, upon your death, shall belong exclusively to your spouse.” Only then

would “the whole of the estate,” Vasilion, 192 Va. at 740, go exclusively to Cathy Phillips upon

the death of Terry Phillips. In short, saying to the named insured, “we cover your spouse if you

die” is not the same thing as saying “your spouse (and no one else) receives your rights under the

contract upon your death.” The Chubb policy contains no language describing a common-law

right of survivorship.

                                                   24
       The event-of-death provision, moreover, appeared in the “General Provisions” section of

the policy, J.A. at 83, and governed all aspects of the policy’s coverage. It provided contractual

rights to all “covered person[s],” id., under the policy — which included persons other than

Terry and Cathy Phillips. The policy’s “Personal Liability Coverage,” for example, protected the

named insured, as well as any “family member,” any permitted users of vehicles or watercraft,

and “any person or organization with respect to their legal responsibility for covered acts or

omissions” of the named insured or a “family member.” Id. at 70. These other “covered”

persons shared in the non-exclusive contractual rights owed by the insurer separately to all

insureds, not just Terry and Cathy Phillips. Nothing in the Chubb insurance policy, therefore,

attempted to satisfy the common-law unities sufficient to silo within it a tenancy by the entirety

for Terry and Cathy Phillips.

                                                IV.

       In sum, the circuit court erred in dismissing the garnishment under Code § 55.1-136(C).

A disposition involves an “act of transferring something to another’s care or possession” or “the

relinquishing of property,” Black’s Law Dictionary 592 (11th ed. 2019) (emphasis added). The

property in this case was not transferred to the insurer or to anyone else. There being no

disposition of the property, Code § 55.1-136(C)’s statutory immunity does not apply. We also

reject the alternative argument raised by Terry and Cathy Phillips that they held the contractual

right to the insurance payments as tenants by the entirety. Even if they did have the requisite

common-law unities (a question that we do not resolve), the insurance policy nowhere created a

contractual right held by them with the common-law right of survivorship, an essential attribute

of a tenancy by the entirety. For these reasons, we reverse the judgment dismissing the

garnishment action and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                                          Reversed and remanded.

                                                25
JUSTICE GOODWYN, with whom JUSTICE MIMS and JUSTICE POWELL join, dissenting.

       My colleagues in the majority hold that insurance payments, owed to a husband and wife

because of the fire loss of property entitled to immunity under Code § 55.1-136(C) 1, are not

exempt from garnishment by a separate creditor of one of the spouses. I respectfully disagree.

                                                     I.

       Terry Marshall Phillips (Mr. Phillips) and his wife, Cathy Sue Phillips (Mrs. Phillips),

originally owned their home and its contents (the Residence) as tenants by the entireties. In

2010, they retitled the Residence to their trusts, the Terry Marshall Phillips Revocable Trust and

the Cathy Sue Phillips Revocable Trust. Code § 55.1-136(C) gives such trust property the same

immunity from the claims of the spouses’ separate creditors as the property would have had if it

continued to be held as tenants by the entireties.

       The Residence was covered by a homeowners insurance policy (the policy) issued by

Chubb. The policy states that “[t]his policy is a contract between you and us.” The policy

defines “you” as “the person named in the [c]overage [s]ummary, and a spouse who lives with

that person.” Mr. Phillips is the person named in the policy’s coverage summary. It is

undisputed that at all times relevant to this case, Mrs. Phillips was Mr. Phillips’ spouse and she

lived with Mr. Phillips. Thus, “you” is Mr. and Mrs. Phillips. The policy defines “us” as Chubb.

The policy requires Chubb to pay Mr. and Mrs. Phillips in the event of physical loss of the

Residence. In February 2018, the Residence was lost to fire, and a claim was filed with Chubb.

       1
         In October 2019, Code § 55-20.2 was amended and reenacted as Code § 55.1-136,
which contains near-identical language as the former Code § 55-20.2. 2019 Acts ch. 712. To be
consistent with the majority, we will also refer to the current statute.
                                                 26
       Chubb proceeded to pay Mr. and Mrs. Phillips for the damage, destruction, and loss of

their property. It sent two checks as partial payment of the Phillipses’ claim. The checks were

made payable to Mr. Phillips and Mrs. Phillips.2 Chubb made additional payments on the claim

by wiring the payments to an account that Mr. and Mrs. Phillips owned as tenants by the

entireties. Additional amounts were owed on the claim when, on March 2, 2018, Andrea Gail

Jones (Ms. Jones), who has a judgment against Mr. Phillips, but not Mrs. Phillips, instituted a

garnishment action in the Circuit Court of Powhatan County, seeking to garnish any subsequent

homeowners insurance proceeds Chubb owes to Mr. Phillips.3

       Mr. Phillips and Mrs. Phillips each filed motions to quash and dismiss the garnishment.

They argued that the homeowners insurance payments were exempt from garnishment because

Ms. Jones’ judgment lien could not attach to the Residence, and it should follow that it cannot

attach to any proceeds resulting from the damage, destruction, or loss of the Residence, pursuant

to Code § 55.1-136(C). The Phillipses also argued that, regardless of the applicability of Code

§ 55.1-136(C), the proceeds from the policy are personal property owned by them as tenants by

the entireties, and as such, are exempt from Ms. Jones’ garnishment for a debt owed solely by

Mr. Phillips.

       The circuit court entered an order granting the Phillipses’ motions to quash, ruling that

the insurance payments were proceeds of a disposition and thus exempted from garnishment

under Code § 55.1-136(C). It noted that its ruling was consistent with that of other jurisdictions

that had examined the issue, stating that “cases in other jurisdictions have held that insurance

       2
         The checks also listed Goodman-Gable Gould Adjusters International as a payee. The
Phillipses hired these adjusters to assist them with filing their insurance claim.
       3
          In 2013, Ms. Jones prevailed in an unlawful termination claim. As part of that
litigation, a federal district court entered a judgment award against Mr. Phillips, who had served
as chairman and majority shareholder of a corporation that formerly employed Ms. Jones.
                                                27
proceeds that derive from property that was held as tenants by the entirety are likewise deemed

to be owned as tenants by the entirety.” See J.A. at 324 (citing Cooper v. Cooper, 284 S.W.2d
617 (Ark. 1955)).

       This appeal followed.

                                                  II.

       The issue of whether the circuit court erred in its application of Code § 55.1-136(C) is a

question of statutory interpretation, which is a pure question of law that we review de novo. JSR

Mech., Inc. v. Aireco Supply, Inc., 291 Va. 377, 383 (2016). Although the satisfaction of the

other requirements of Code § 55.1-136(C) is not disputed, the parties disagree as to whether the

insurance payments from Chubb are the “proceeds of [a] sale or disposition.” Code

§ 55.1-136(C) states, in relevant part:

       [A]ny property of spouses that is held by them as tenants by the entirety and
       conveyed to their joint revocable or irrevocable trusts, or to their separate
       revocable or irrevocable trusts, and any proceeds of the sale or disposition of such
       property, shall have the same immunity from the claims of their separate creditors
       as it would if it had remained a tenancy by the entirety, so long as (i) they remain
       married to each other, (ii) it continues to be held in the trust or trusts, and (iii) it
       continues to be their property, including where both spouses are current
       beneficiaries of one trust that holds the entire property or each spouse is a current
       beneficiary of a separate trust and the two separate trusts together hold the entire
       property, whether or not other persons are also current or future beneficiaries of
       the trust or trusts.

       The majority concludes that the homeowners insurance payments were not the proceeds

of a disposition because a disposition of property requires the act of transferring property. See

ante at 5-6. I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that property can only be disposed of by

transferring its ownership or possession.

       Quoting an aphorism attributed to Albert Einstein, our Court has previously stated

“everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.” Levick v. MacDougall, 294
Va. 283, 291 (2017). In reaching its conclusion regarding the plain meaning of “disposition,” as

                                                 28
the word is used in Code § 55.1-136(C), the majority fails to consider all of the definitions for

disposition in Black’s Law Dictionary, and it also fails to consider meanings of the word not

found in the “vocabulary of law.” Unfortunately, the problematic result of this shortcoming is

further compounded because consideration of the varying definitions of the word “disposition”

leads to an understanding of the term’s ambiguity, which needs to be addressed in interpreting its

meaning in the context of Code § 55.1-136(C).

       The majority appears to resolve this case on the basis of a Black’s Law Dictionary

definition of disposition that was not argued before the circuit court or this Court, and to reverse

the circuit court based upon an argument that the circuit court did not have the opportunity to

consider. The parties and the circuit court failed to discern any jurisprudential rationale for

choosing the particular sub-definition from Black’s Law Dictionary found by the majority to be

definitive. Perhaps it is because the circuit court and the parties considered other sources in

addition to Black’s Law Dictionary in their attempts to interpret the meaning of the statutory

language, but no party to this action has asserted that the resolution of the issue of the meaning

of disposition as used in Code § 55.1-136(C) was as simple as deferring to a particular Black’s

Law Dictionary definition– not Ms. Jones, not the Phillipses, and not the circuit court. In fact,

the Black’s Law Dictionary definition of disposition is not mentioned at all in any briefing or

arguments before the circuit court or this Court.

       Regarding Ms. Jones’ argument concerning why the insurance proceeds are not a

disposition under Code § 55.1-136(C), I believe it is best to directly quote from her brief:

               The trial court’s holding that the proceeds of the Policy was a disposition
       under [the statute] is incorrect. First, such a finding contradicts the statement of
       [the] Pitts Court, which explicitly chose not to extend [tenancy by the entirety]
       protections to proceeds from a homeowner’s insurance policy. Second, since the
       holding in Pitts, the Legislature has taken no affirmative action to extend
       protections to homeowner’s insurance contracts.

                                                 29
               Still, if forced to categorize the payment of proceeds from an insurance
       contract under the current framework, the proceeds are at most a partial
       disposition of the underlying property. As is the case here, the owners of the real
       property retain it, even when catastrophe strikes.
               As stated above, the Legislature adopted the rule from Oliver extending
       the protection to proceeds from the voluntary sale or disposition. No disposition
       occurred in the instant case; the Phillips[es] retain all the sticks in the Property’s
       bundle. They retain ownership of the Property, remain seized of the land, and
       retain the requisite unities, continuing to own the Property as tenants by the
       entireties. The Property has been neither sold, nor devised, nor given away.
       Given the long history of [tenancy by the entirety], “sale or disposition” could be
       interpreted to apply only to the sale, gift, or devise of the property by the spouses.
               It logically follows that personalty protection could extend to those
       situations in which the entire bundle of sticks was exchanged. It also follows
       logically that an owner may sell their land and that an author needs a legal-catch-
       all phrase for which “disposition” covers the gamut. Still, [the statute] speaks
       only to the total disposition of the marital asset, which the receipt of proceeds
       from an insurance contract are not.

Brief for Appellant at 22-23.

       As noted by Ms. Jones, “sale or disposition” could be interpreted to apply only to the

sale, gift, or devise of property. However, we must determine if it should be interpreted that

way.

       In interpreting a statute, we “apply the plain language of a statute unless the terms are

ambiguous or applying the plain language would lead to an absurd result.” Boynton v. Kilgore,

271 Va. 220, 227 (2006) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). Statutory language is

ambiguous if it is subject to more than one reasonable interpretation, “lacks clarity and

precision,” or is “difficult to comprehend.” Herndon v. St. Mary’s Hosp. Inc., 266 Va. 472, 475

(2003). We also presume that every part of a statute has “some effect and no part will be

considered meaningless unless absolutely necessary.” City of Richmond v. Virginia Elec. &

Power Co., 292 Va. 70, 75 (2016) (quoting Lynchburg Div. of Soc. Servs. v. Cook, 276 Va. 465,

483 (2008)).

                                                 30
       Proceeds are defined as “what is produced by or derived from something (as a sale,

investment, levy, business) by way of total revenue; the total amount brought in” or “the net sum

received (as for a check, a negotiable note, an insurance policy) after deduction of any discount

or charges.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1807 (1993). It is “the value of land,

goods or investments when converted into money.” Black’s Law Dictionary 1458 (11th ed.

2019). It is undisputed that the insurance payments are not proceeds of a sale; at issue in this

case is whether the insurance payments are the proceeds of a disposition.

       The majority uses what it terms as a “vocabulary of law” definition of disposition as the

word’s plain meaning in the statute. See ante at 4-5. It indicates that disposition is required to

be interpreted according to one of its definitions in Black’s Law Dictionary, and only considers

definitions from that source. There is no Virginia authority that supports doing so.

       In Black’s Law Dictionary, disposition is defined as:

       1. The act of transferring something to another’s care or possession, esp[ecially]
       by deed or will; the relinquishing of property.
       2. A final settlement or determination.
       3. Temperament or character; personal makeup.

Black’s Law Dictionary 592 (11th ed. 2019). The majority examines the definitions from

Black’s Law Dictionary and correctly determines that the Residence, which was destroyed by

fire, did not have a person’s “temperament or character,” so the third definition was inapplicable

in this instance. See ante at 5-6. I agree. However, it did not cite or consider the second

definition of disposition, which may have some bearing on the meaning of disposition as used in

the relevant statute. Instead, the majority concludes that, in the “vocabulary of law,” disposition

as used in Code § 55.1-136(C) should be defined, essentially, as it is described in the first

definition in the most current edition of Black’s Law Dictionary, as “[t]he act of transferring

something to another’s care or possession [especially by deed or will]” or “the relinquishing of

                                                 31
property.” See ante at 4-5 (citing Black’s Law Dictionary 592 (11th ed. 2019), adding emphasis

on transferring). Putting aside the majority’s failure to consider the second definition of

disposition in Black’s Law Dictionary and its unexplained emphasis on the word “transferring”

in reaching its conclusion concerning the meaning of disposition as used in Code § 55.1-136(C),

the majority’s analysis also suffers from the fact that Black’s Law Dictionary is but one source to

consider in attempting to determine the meaning of statutory language used by the General

Assembly, and needless to say, the law dictionary is not always the best source for determining

plain meaning.

       Consideration of the definition of a word as found in a common usage dictionary is often

a worthwhile endeavor in the search for the word’s plain meaning. In such a dictionary,

disposition is defined as: “the act or the power of disposing or disposing of or the state of being

disposed or disposed of; as a: administration, control, management; b: a placing elsewhere, a

giving over to the care and possession of another or the relinquishing” and “c: an ordering or

arranging or a state of being ordered or arranged usu[ally] systematically or in an orderly way

and esp[ecially] as part of a whole.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 654 (1993).

       The majority properly acknowledges that in the past, disposition has also been defined as

the “[a]ct of disposing; transferring to the care or possession of another” or “[t]he parting with,

alienation of, or giving up of property.” See ante at 5 (citing Black’s Law Dictionary 471 (6th

ed. 1990), adding emphasis to transferring). It is also worth considering that in an even earlier

edition of Black’s Law Dictionary, disposition was also defined as “[a] destruction of property.”

Black’s Law Dictionary 558 (4th ed. 1957) (citations omitted).

       Given the broadly varying definitions of “disposition,” which are discerned upon

considering various sources and definitions, as did the parties and the circuit court, I believe that

the meaning of disposition as used in Code § 55.1-136(C) is ambiguous. As there is no

                                                 32
precedent for the adoption of a “vocabulary of law” definition, which is but one of several

meanings which could be ascribed to the word “disposition,” I disagree with the majority’s

conclusion that a disposition of property cannot occur without the property being transferred.

          When we find a term to be ambiguous, we resort to rules of statutory construction, which

can include an analysis of legislative and jurisprudential history. See Virginia-American Water

Co. v. Prince William Cty. Serv. Auth., 246 Va. 509, 514 (1993); see also Newberry Station

Homeowners Ass’n v. Board of Supervisors, 285 Va. 604, 614 (2013) (“When the language of an

enactment is free from ambiguity, resort to legislative history and extrinsic facts is not

permitted.”). Ultimately, “we must apply the interpretation that will carry out the legislative

intent behind the statute.” Conyers v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104

(2007).

          In her brief, Ms. Jones implicitly asserts that the meaning of disposition as used in Code

§ 55.1-136(C) is ambiguous. As noted above, in her attempt to discern the meaning of

disposition as used in the statute, Ms. Jones looks to the historical development of the tenancy by

the entirety doctrine in Virginia, and concludes that “sale and disposition” as used in Code

§ 55.1-136(C) “could be interpreted” to apply only to the total voluntary disposition of marital

assets through the sale, gift, or devise of property by the spouses. She asserts that the use of the

word is limited to the total disposition of marital assets because of related tenants by the

entireties precedent, specifically Oliver v. Givens, 204 Va. 123 (1963) and Pitts v. United States,

242 Va. 254 (1991).

          Ms. Jones notes that Oliver, in which this Court first recognized that personal property

could be held as tenants by the entireties, and Pitts, which followed the ruling in Oliver, both

involved a voluntary, complete exchange of the real property for personalty. In both cases, our

Court ruled that the proceeds from the voluntary sale of property owned by spouses as tenants by

                                                  33
the entireties are likewise owned and held by them as tenants by the entireties. See Oliver, 204
Va. at 126-27; Pitts, 242 Va. at 262. Ms. Jones claims that when the General Assembly acts, it

must be presumed to do so with the full knowledge of this Court’s previous decisions, and that

the General Assembly’s decision not to include the word “partial” or another modifier before

disposition in Code § 55.1-136(C) means that disposition is limited to voluntary and complete

dispositions because the voluntary sales of real estate approved by this Court in Pitts and Oliver,

as producing personal property proceeds held as tenants by the entireties, were voluntary and

complete dispositions.

       According to Ms. Jones, in this case, no disposition occurred as the term is used in Code

§ 55.1-136 because the admittedly catastrophic fire was presumably not voluntary, and the

conceded resulting disposition of the property by fire was only partial, because the Phillipses

retained some rights in the Residence after the fire. Ms. Jones avers that because the disposition

of the Residence was not voluntary or complete, the circuit court erred in ruling that the

insurance payments were the proceeds of a disposition and that Code § 55.1-136(C) exempted

the proceeds from garnishment. I disagree.

       As noted by the majority, tenancy by the entirety is one of the co-tenancies that existed at

common-law that has survived to modern times. 48A C.J.S. Joint Tenancy § 1 (March 2020

update). Because a tenancy by the entirety is “[b]ased on the [common-law] fiction of the unity

of husband and wife,” property owned by this tenancy is “immune from the claims of creditors

against either husband or wife alone.” Vasilion v. Vasilion, 192 Va. 735, 740, 742 (1951).

       Historically, this tenancy, and therefore the protection from separate creditors, only

applied to real property. See 2 Raleigh C. Minor, The Law of Real Property §§ 837, 852

(Frederick D.G. Ribble ed. 1928) (explaining that an estate in joint tenancy exists in land or

tenements and stating that a tenancy by the entirety is governed by nearly identical principles as

                                                34
joint tenancies); see also Vasilion, 192 Va. at 740 (discussing how the right of a creditor to attach

land is of no use where the realty is subject to a tenancy by the entirety). However, decisions of

this Court and acts by the General Assembly have expanded the application of this form of

tenancy to include personal property as well.

       In Oliver we determined, as an issue of first impression, that Virginia law allows personal

property, not just real property, to be held by the entirety. 204 Va. at 126. We then stated that

“[i]n those jurisdictions which recognize a tenancy by the entirety in personal property it is

almost universally held that, in the absence of an agreement or understanding to the contrary, the

proceeds derived from a voluntary sale of real estate held by the entireties are likewise held by

the entireties.” Id. at 126-27. The Court then ruled in accordance with those referenced cases

from other jurisdictions and held, as a matter of first impression in Virginia, that the personal

property proceeds, from the voluntary sale of real property held as tenants by the entireties, are

also held as tenants by the entireties, absent an agreement or understanding otherwise. Id. at 127.

       Later, in Pitts, we were asked to determine whether our holding in Oliver applied to

another type of personal property, payments received on promissory notes exchanged as part of a

voluntary sale of real estate that was held by the entirety. 242 Va. at 256-57. We reiterated the

rule adopted in Oliver, and ruled that the promissory notes were proceeds of the voluntary sale of

the real estate held by the entirety, and as such, pursuant to our decision in Oliver, the notes and

the payments on the notes were personal property proceeds held by the entirety. Id. at 261-62.

Although the Court acknowledged that other jurisdictions, which recognized that personalty

could be owned as tenants by the entireties, had extended the Oliver rule to proceeds from other

types of disposals and conversions of property, including “payments of insurance claims and

judgments resulting from injury to realty,” the Court declined to extend the rule beyond the facts

                                                 35
articulated in Oliver. Pitts, 242 Va. at 262. We stated “[w]e leave the choice [of further

extending the entireties doctrine to other types of proceeds] to the General Assembly.” Id.

       Perhaps accepting this Court’s invitation to do so, the General Assembly has clearly acted

to extend the benefits of the entireties doctrine. The General Assembly has specifically provided

that “[p]ersonal property may be owned as tenants by the entirety, whether or not the personal

property represents the proceeds of the sale of real property.” Code § 55-20.2(B) (2001). Thus,

it eliminated the assertion that personal property must be the proceeds of a transfer of real

property in order to be owned as tenants by the entireties. The General Assembly also expanded

the instances in which certain real and personal property, originally held by a husband and wife

as tenants by the entireties, would retain the same immunity from the claims of separate creditors

as if it continued to be held by tenancy by the entirety, although it was no longer held as such.
Id. Specifically, the General Assembly provided that

       [t]he principal family residence of a husband and wife that [was] held by
       them as tenants by the entireties and conveyed to their joint revocable or
       irrevocable trust, or in equal shares to their separate revocable or
       irrevocable trusts, shall have the same immunity from the claims of their
       separate creditors as it would if it had remained a tenancy by the entirety,
       so long as (i) they remain husband and wife, (ii) it continues to be held in
       the trust or trusts, and (iii) it continues to be their principal family
       residence.
Id. (emphasis added).

       In 2006, the General Assembly amended that statute to extend the protection afforded by

Code § 55-20.2(B) to any property formerly owned by a husband and wife as tenants by the

entireties, instead of just to property that continued to be their principal family residence. Code

§ 55-20.2(B) (2006).

       In 2015, the General Assembly amended Code § 55-20.2(B) again, expanding its

application further by adding the language that is at issue in this case. See Code § 55-20.2(B)

                                                 36
(2015). 4 The amendment provided that not only is property held in the trust protected from the

claims of separate creditors as it would have been if it had remained a tenancy by the entirety,

but “any proceeds of the sale or disposition of such property” are also entitled to the same

protection. Id. The General Assembly, through this amendment, expressly expanded the type of

proceeds that are afforded the same protection from creditors as the property from which it is

derived, beyond the parameters of the rule this Court recognized in Oliver and Pitts, which

restricted such protection to the proceeds derived from the voluntary sale of real estate.

       In Pitts, we stated

       We are aware that, in several jurisdictions which recognize that personalty
       can be owned as a tenancy by the entirety, the rule that we applied to the
       proceeds of voluntary sales of realty owned by the entireties in Oliver has
       been extended to the proceeds of other kinds of disposal or conversion of
       real estate. For example, some courts have applied the rule to the
       proceeds of judicial sales, condemnations, and mortgages; to the surplus
       remaining after foreclosure; to payments of insurance claims and damage
       judgments resulting from injury to realty; and to the derivatives of
       proceeds of voluntary sales.

Pitts, 242 Va. at 262 (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). We stated that we left the

choice to the General Assembly to extend the rule articulated in Oliver and Pitts. Id.

       Through Code § 55.1-136(C), 5 the General Assembly expressly extends the rule stated in

Oliver to “any proceeds of the sale or disposition of such property.” Note that in Code

§ 55.1-136(C), unlike in the rule expressed in Oliver, the proceeds immunized from the claims of

separate creditors of the spouses are not limited to the proceeds which are derived from the

voluntary sale of real property. The immunity applies to all proceeds, including those from

       4
        In 2017, the General Assembly amended the statute to its most recent form before its
2019 amendment and reenactment as Code § 55.1-136, inserting a new subsection (B) and
moving the existing subsection (B) to subsection (C). Code § 55-20.2 (2017).
       5
           See supra note 4.
                                                 37
personal property, as well as real property and it includes proceeds from involuntary sales as well

as voluntary sales; it also applies to proceeds from any other type of disposition of real or

personal property.

       As noted by the circuit court, and alluded to in dicta by our Court in Pitts, other

jurisdictions which recognize that personal property may be owned by tenants by the entireties,

have afforded tenants by the entireties protection to insurance proceeds paid to replace or repair

such property, absent an agreement otherwise. See Cooper v. Cooper, 284 S.W.2d 617, 620

(Ark. 1955); Regnante v. Baldassare, 448 N.E.2d 775, 777-78 (Mass. App. Ct. 1983); Gaunt v.

Shelter Mut. Ins., 808 S.W.2d 401, 404-05 (Mo. Ct. App. 1991); cf. McDivitt v. Pymatuning Mut.

Fire Ins., 449 A.2d 612, 615-16 (Pa. Super. 1982) (finding based on the facts of the case that

there was an agreement otherwise).

       “We presume that when the General Assembly enacts legislation, it is aware of this

Court’s precedents.” Lambert v. Sea Oats Condo. Ass’n, 293 Va. 245, 254 (2017); Philip Morris

USA Inc. v. Chesapeake Bay Found., Inc., 273 Va. 564, 576 (2007). Further, we presume “that

the legislature has purposefully chosen the precise statutory language, ‘and we are bound by

those words when we apply the statute.’” David v. David, 287 Va. 231, 240 (2014) (quoting

Halifax Corp. v. First Union Nat’l Bank, 262 Va. 91, 100 (2001)).

       The General Assembly’s choice of the word “disposition” as used in Code § 55.1-136(C),

to extend the application of tenants by the entireties protection against creditors to additional

types of proceeds from property owned by spouses, was purposeful, deliberate, and with

knowledge of our previous decisions in this area of the law, and the various meanings of the

word. Disposition was used in addition to the word “sale.” Recognizing that the meaning of

disposition as used in the statute should not be duplicative of the term “sale,” which in the statute

is not limited to voluntary sales, indicates that disposition has to mean something other than the

                                                 38
transfer of property for a price. Disposition’s meaning may include a gift of property, as

mentioned by Ms. Jones, but that is not relevant to the analysis of the present statute because that

type of disposition would not provide proceeds. Disposition as used in Code § 55.1-136(C) must

have been intended to have a broader meaning than that articulated by the majority or Ms. Jones.

       Disposition is a broad term, and it is used in the statute without qualification. Review of

the language in Code § 55.1-136, this Court’s relevant precedent, and the numerous legislative

amendments and enactments passed by the General Assembly on these topics, leads to the

conclusion that the meaning of disposition as used in Code § 55.1-136(C) is purposefully broad

and the word is intended to be interpreted as having a broad meaning, the act or power of

disposing; a disposition concerns the disposal of property. See Black’s Law Dictionary 592

(11th ed. 2019); Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 654 (1993). It can concern a

final settlement or determination regarding property rights. See Black’s Law Dictionary 592

(11th ed. 2019). It can mean to treat or to handle something with the result of finishing with it.

See Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 654 (1993). It can be a transfer or loss of

property. In other words, a disposition may take many different forms as it relates to the

property rights to realty and to personalty; it is a catch-all phrase which covers the gamut.

       Property can be disposed of without it being transferred, such as by being discarded or

destroyed. See Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 654 (1993). A disposal or

conversion can be accomplished voluntarily, as through sale, gift, devise, or abandonment of

property; but it can also be accomplished involuntarily through foreclosure, condemnation,

destruction, or other means. A disposition can be of the full disposition of rights to property, but

it can also be a partial disposition of property or property rights, as through granting a lease on

the property or an easement, or by conversion, partition, damages, or other means of partial loss

                                                 39
or relinquishment of property or its value. Code § 55.1-136(C) does not limit the type of

disposition considered for purposes of the statute.

       Through the use of the term “disposition,” Code § 55.1-136(C) protects proceeds derived

from the disposal of property against the claims of the spouses’ separate creditors, no matter the

manner in which such disposal results in proceeds that replace the property or value of the

property which was entitled to immunity from creditors. Just as creditors are not prejudiced by a

gift of property that is exempt from their claim, there is no prejudice to creditors in allowing

proceeds that replace property or loss in value of property that was immune from the claims of a

spouse’s separate creditors to be immune also. See Oliver, 204 Va. at 127 (citing Vasilion, 192
Va. at 740; 1 Garrard Glenn, Fraudulent Conveyances § 172, at 313 (2d ed. 1931); 24 Am. Jur.,

Fraudulent Conveyances, § 109 (1983); 37 C.J.S., Fraudulent Conveyances, §§ 29-a, 30).

       There are no indicia that the General Assembly intended to limit the meaning of

disposition to instances in which property rights are transferred, as the majority has ruled.

Nothing in our prior cases or the language of the relevant statute supports limiting the meaning

of disposition to the particular Black’s Law Dictionary definition that the majority has concluded

is the proper interpretation of the word. The majority has adopted an overly restrictive definition

of the word “disposition.” See, e.g., Brown v. Commonwealth, 284 Va. 538, 542 (2012)

(observing that the Court “will not apply an unreasonably restrictive interpretation of [a] statute”

and that “[t]he plain, obvious, and rational meaning of a statute is to be preferred over any

curious, narrow, or strained construction” thereof) (citations and internal quotation marks

omitted).

       The majority’s particularized “vocabulary of law” definition of disposition conflicts with

the obligation to give the language of the statute its plain meaning, and it is also contrary to the

apparent intent of the General Assembly. It is clear from the legislative history of the statutes

                                                 40
discussed above that the General Assembly has purposefully decided to expand the protection

provided to tenancies by the entireties properties to certain trust property, and to all dispositions

of such properties which result in proceeds. The majority’s holding, which restricts the

definition of dispositions to only those dispositions which concern transfers of property is at odds

with that intent. The interpretation put forth by the majority allows a married couple protection

from individual creditors for proceeds from the sale of property held by them under the

provisions of Code § 55.1-136(C), but allows creditors to attach the proceeds paid to replace the

property if compensation is paid because of the property’s loss by negligence, calamity, or any

other manner which is not a transfer. I do not believe that was the intent of the General

Assembly.

       According to the majority, the General Assembly by using the word “disposition,”

intended to protect the proceeds from the transfer of property from a separate creditor, but allow

that separate creditor to garnish proceeds paid to the spouses for loss of property in instances

when the property is disposed of, but neither the ownership or the possession of the property is

transferred. Under the majority’s view, if a married couple has a piece of expensive equipment,

that they own as tenants by the entireties and place in a trust pursuant to Code § 55.1-136(C), and

they subsequently sell that equipment to a neighbor, the proceeds of a sale would be protected

from garnishment by a creditor of only one of the spouses, because there was a transfer of the

property from the couple to the neighbor. However, if that same neighbor destroyed the couple’s

equipment through an act of negligence, and was required to pay the couple for that property, the

payments from the neighbor would be subject to a garnishment by a separate creditor of one of

the spouses because there was no transfer of the property. The same is true when insurance

payments are made to the spouses because of loss or damage to trust property subject to

Code § 55.1-136(C). I do not believe that such disparate treatment is consistent with the intent

                                                  41
expressed by the General Assembly in extending the protections from separate creditors of the

spouses to all proceeds from the dispositions of such property.

        Considering the statute and the context in which it is used, the meaning of disposition is

broad and “proceeds of a disposition” includes proceeds of any type of disposition, including the

proceeds from all of the examples of disposals and conversions mentioned by our Court in Pitts.

One of those examples was “payments of insurance claims and damage judgments resulting from

[damage to property].” See Pitts, 242 Va. at 262 (citing 22 A.L.R. 4th 459 (1983)).

        The payments owed to Mr. and Mrs. Phillips by Chubb were the proceeds of a

disposition. In this instance, the Residence was literally disposed of when it was consumed by

fire; Mr. and Mrs. Phillips lost the Residence due to the fire; the Residence no longer exists.

Because of a contract of insurance, Chubb was required to pay Mr. Phillips and Mrs. Phillips for

the value of the property lost to the fire. The insurance payments by Chubb were contractually

required proceeds paid because of the involuntary disposition of the Residence. The checks

made in payment of the homeowners insurance claim were made payable to both Mr. Phillips

and Mrs. Phillips and prior insurance payments were wired to an account held by them as tenants

by the entireties.

        The circuit court did not err in holding that the insurance payments owed to the Phillipses

were proceeds of a disposition of property they had previously owned as tenants by the entireties

and that Code § 55.1-136(C) exempted those proceeds from Ms. Jones’ garnishment action.

Therefore, I would affirm the circuit court’s judgment.

        Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

                                                 42