Court Opinion

ID: 4701947
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-07 20:03:01.926992+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:21.153376
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 21a0319n.06

                                          No. 20-6307

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

 CHARLEY BARBER; GLENDEL “BUDDY”                        )                        FILED
                                                        )                    Jul 07, 2021
 HARDISON; BRIAN KEITH CASEBIER; STEVE
                                                        )               DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
 DEMOSS; JOHN ELLIS SCOTT; DWIGHT
                                                        )
 FULKERSON,
                                                        )
                                                        )      ON APPEAL FROM THE
        Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                                                        )      UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                        )      COURT FOR THE WESTERN
                v.
                                                        )      DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
                                                        )
 ARCH INSURANCE COMPANY,
                                                        )
                                                        )
        Defendant-Appellee.
                                                        )

BEFORE: SUTTON, Chief Judge; DAUGHTREY and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

       The Department of Justice has indicted several former employees of Armstrong Coal

Company for conspiring to submit fraudulent coal-dust samples to federal regulators. The merits

of those charges are not before us. Instead, we must decide only who will pay the defense costs

of that proceeding: the employees or Armstrong’s insurer, Arch Insurance Company.          The

employees sought defense from Arch, the insurer denied their claims, and the employees sued to

compel coverage. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Arch. Because we

agree that a pollution exclusion bars coverage of the employees’ claims, we affirm.
No. 20-6307, Barber, et al. v. Arch Ins. Co.

                                                   I.

       Mining coal creates coal dust, and inhaling coal dust causes “black lung.” To prevent

miners from contracting black lung, the Department of Labor’s Mine Safety and Health

Administration (“MSHA”) limits the concentration of coal dust that can be in the air in a mine and

requires coal companies to monitor and report their dust levels. See, e.g., 30 C.F.R. §§ 70.100,

70.201–212. If a mine is too dusty or the coal company fails to follow the MSHA’s regulations,

the agency can halt production and assess fines.

       Armstrong Coal Company was subject to these monitor-and-report requirements but had a

checkered history of compliance. And according to the Department of Justice, Armstrong’s coal-

dust violations were intentional. In 2018, a federal grand jury indicted eight Armstrong employees

on one count of conspiracy to defraud the United States, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. Plaintiffs

in this case are among those charged.

       According to the superseding indictment, the employees conspired together to falsify coal-

dust samples. Members of the conspiracy then certified these fraudulent samples and submitted

them to the MSHA. The criminal case against the employees is pending in the Western District

of Kentucky, United States v. Barber, Case No. 4:18-cr-00015 (W.D. Ky. filed July 11, 2018), and

a jury trial is scheduled for August 2021.

       Throughout the criminal proceedings, the employees have sought defense against their

charges from Armstrong’s insurer, Arch Insurance Company, under the coal company’s directors,

officers, and organization liability insurance policy (the “D&O Coverage”). Generally, the policy

provided that Arch would pay any Armstrong employee’s defense costs related to a criminal

proceeding that resulted from the employee’s wrongful act.

                                                -2-
No. 20-6307, Barber, et al. v. Arch Ins. Co.

       Arch denied the employees’ claims, concluding that a pollution exclusion barred coverage.

As explained in detail below, this exclusion provided that Arch would not be liable for any claim

“arising from, based upon, or attributable to” any discharge (or threat of discharge) of any

“pollutant” or any “direction, request or voluntary decision” to test for or monitor any “pollutant.”

Arch determined that coal dust was a “pollutant” and that the criminal proceedings arose from a

direction to monitor and test for coal dust. Arch therefore applied the exclusion to deny coverage.

       The employees then filed this lawsuit against Arch in Kentucky state court, alleging claims

for breach-of-contract, violation of Kentucky’s Unfair Settlement Practices Act, and bad-faith

denial of insurance coverage. Arch removed the lawsuit to federal court based on the parties’

diversity of citizenship, and the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The district

court held that the pollution exclusion precluded coverage of the criminal action. The court also

concluded that, absent a contractual obligation to provide coverage, plaintiffs could not proceed

on their claim of bad faith. Accordingly, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of

Arch. Plaintiffs filed this timely appeal.

                                                 II.

       This Court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo, Wilmington Tr. Co. v. AEP

Generating Co., 859 F.3d 365, 370 (6th Cir. 2017), and applies Kentucky law in this diversity

action, Armisted v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 675 F.3d 989, 995 (6th Cir. 2012). Because

no facts are disputed, this case turns on the “[i]nterpretation and construction of an insurance

contract,” which is a “matter of law for the court.” Kemper Nat. Ins. Cos. v. Heaven Hill

Distilleries, Inc., 82 S.W.3d 869, 871 (Ky. 2002). “When the terms of an insurance contract are

unambiguous and not unreasonable, they will be enforced.” Ky. Ass’n of Ctys. All Lines Fund Tr.

v. McClendon, 157 S.W.3d 626, 630 (Ky. 2005).

                                                -3-
No. 20-6307, Barber, et al. v. Arch Ins. Co.

       But if a policy provision is ambiguous either on its face or as applied to a particular claim,

St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Powell-Walton-Milward, Inc., 870 S.W.2d 223, 227 (Ky. 1994),

two “cardinal principles” guide our inquiry: “(1) the contract should be liberally construed and all

doubts resolved in favor of the insureds; and (2) exceptions and exclusions should be strictly

construed to make insurance effective.” Ky. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. McKinney, 831 S.W.2d

164, 166 (Ky. 1992). This second principle means that “[w]here an exclusion is susceptible to two

reasonable interpretations, the interpretation favorable to the insured is adopted.” St. Paul Fire &

Marine Ins. Co., 870 S.W.2d at 226. That said, Kentucky’s preference for liberal construction of

ambiguous insurance policies “does not mean that every doubt must be resolved against [the

insurer] and does not interfere with the rule that the policy must receive a reasonable interpretation

consistent with the parties’ object and intent or narrowly expressed in the plain meaning and/or

language of the contract.”

                                                 III.

       Armstrong’s D&O coverage required Arch to “pay Non-Indemnifiable Loss on behalf of

the Insured Persons resulting from a Claim first made against the Insured Persons during the Policy

Period or Extended Reporting Period, if applicable, for a Wrongful Act by the Insured Persons.”

Many of the terms used in this grant of coverage are defined in the policy. “‘Loss’ means the

amount that the Insureds are legally obligated to pay resulting from a Claim, including . . . Defense

Costs[.]” “Insured Person” includes any Armstrong employee. The definition of Claim includes

any “criminal proceeding commenced by the return of an indictment, information or similar

pleading.” And “Wrongful Act” means “any actual or alleged act, error, omission, misstatement,

misleading statement, neglect or breach of duty by Insured Persons in their capacity as such[.]”

Putting these pieces together, the D&O coverage seems to apply here because plaintiffs are

                                                 -4-
No. 20-6307, Barber, et al. v. Arch Ins. Co.

Armstrong employees who are seeking coverage for the defense costs resulting from a criminal

proceeding that is premised on alleged fraudulent acts performed in their capacity as employees.

       Despite this seemingly broad initial grant of coverage, the policy provided that Arch “shall

not pay Loss for any claim against an Insured” “arising from, based upon, or attributable to any:

               a. discharge, dispersal, release, escape, seepage, migration or disposal of
                  Pollutants, nuclear material or nuclear waste or any threat of such
                  discharge, dispersal, release, escape, seepage migration or disposal; or

               b. direction, request or voluntary decision to test for, abate, monitor, clean
                  up, remove, contain, treat, detoxify or neutralize Pollutants, nuclear
                  material or nuclear waste[.]”

Arch and the district court concluded that this pollution exclusion applied to the employees’

claims, so they were not entitled to coverage. Plaintiffs resist this conclusion for two reasons.

First, they argue that coal dust is not a “pollutant” as that term is defined in the policy. Second,

they argue that the criminal proceeding is not “arising from, based upon, or attributable to” any of

the excluded categories of claims. We address each argument in turn.

                                                 A.

       The policy defines “Pollutant[]” as

       any solid, liquid, gaseous, biological, radiological or thermal contaminant or
       irritant, including, without limitation, smoke, vapor, soot, fumes, acids, alkalis,
       chemicals, mold, fungi, odors, noise, lead, oil or oil products, radiation, asbestos or
       asbestos containing products, waste or any electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic
       field of any frequency. “Waste” includes, without limitation, material to be
       recycled, reconditioned, or reclaimed.

       The employees first argue that “[t]he mere presence of coal dust in a coal mine, where it is

supposed to be, does not and should not bar coverage under the Policies.” According to the

employees, substances are not pollutants if they are “used for their intended purposes, used in an

appropriate confined space, or when they are disposed of properly.” To support this argument,

employees rely on a Delaware trial court case, Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. AIU Ins. Co., N10C-

                                                -5-
No. 20-6307, Barber, et al. v. Arch Ins. Co.

07-241 MMJ, 2016 WL 498848 (Del. Super. Ct. Jan. 22, 2016). There, the court noted that a

pollutant could be “virtually any substance, including many useful and necessary products” such

as “radiation used in medical x-rays, chlorine bleach used for cleaning, petroleum products used

for lubrication in automobiles, and acid used in tanning leather.” The Delaware court determined

that a substance becomes a “pollutant” “upon discharge, dispersal, release or escape.” Id. Because

the coal dust here never left the mine, the employees argue that it cannot be considered a pollutant.

In their view, “coal dust will not qualify as a pollutant when it remains confined to the space in

which it belongs.”

       There is, however, an important distinction between Mine Safety Appliances Co. and this

case. Here, the parties have already agreed on how to define “pollutant,” so the context-based

definition crafted by the Delaware court does not apply. The question before us is not really

whether coal dust is generally a pollutant, but rather whether coal dust is a “contaminant or

irritant,” terms that do not fit the employees’ proposed wrong-place test. We reject the employees’

attempt to narrow the policy’s definition of pollutant beyond what the contractual language allows.

       Next, the employees concede that “coal dust may be considered a contaminant or irritant,

especially when released into an environment where it does not belong,” but argue that “it should

not automatically be considered one under Kentucky law.” This point is well-taken; the Kentucky

Court of Appeals has endorsed a “case-by-case” approach to determining whether coal dust falls

within a pollution exclusion. See Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v. RSJ, Inc., 926 S.W.2d 679, 681 (Ky.

Ct. App. 1996); Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London v. Abundance Coal, Inc., 352 S.W.3d

594, 598 (Ky. Ct. App. 2011).

       This approach encompasses three factors. First, we ask whether “other judges have held

alternative interpretations of the same language to be reasonable[.]” Abundance Coal, 352 S.W.3d

                                                -6-
No. 20-6307, Barber, et al. v. Arch Ins. Co.

at 598 (quoting RSJ, 926 S.W.2d at 681). Second, we apply “the basic premise that terms used in

insurance contracts should be given their ordinary meaning as persons with the ordinary and usual

understanding would construe them.” And third, we consider the “practical consequences of the

way in which we apply a provision.”

        For the first factor, the employees rely heavily on RSJ and Abundance Coal, asserting that

“[t]he contracts at issue in [those cases] both utilized similar language for pollutants and for the

pollution exclusion here.” But this policy is substantially different from those contracts, so those

courts’ ambiguity findings do not extend to this case. Whereas those pollution exclusions applied

only to circumstances involving the actual or threatened discharge of pollutants, see RSJ, 926

S.W.2d at 680; Abundance Coal, 352 S.W.3d at 597, the exclusion here also applies to regulatory

activities involving pollutants. In fact, the RSJ and Abundance Coal courts stressed that the

exclusions at issue there used “environmental terms of art” (such as “discharge,” “dispersal,”

“seepage,” “migration,” “release,” and “escape”), which “reflected the exclusion’s historical

objective—avoidance of liability for environmental catastrophes related to intentional industrial

pollution.” Abundance Coal, 352 S.W.3d at 598. Here though, the exclusion applies to claims

beyond that historical objective—those that arise from a “direction, request or voluntary decision

to test for, abate, monitor, clean up, remove, contain, treat, detoxify or neutralize Pollutants.” The

presence of an additional exclusionary category indicates that “pollutant” means something

different here; it is not only a substance that actively pollutes, but also a substance that is regulated

because of its potential to pollute. Given the strict monitor-and-report requirements imposed by

the MSHA, coal dust falls within the scope of this term.

        Similarly, we conclude that an ordinary person would consider coal dust to be a

contaminant or irritant under these circumstances.            “Contaminant” means “[t]hat which

                                                  -7-
No. 20-6307, Barber, et al. v. Arch Ins. Co.

contaminates,” Contaminant, Oxford English Dictionary (2d ed. 1989), and “contaminates” means

“[t]o render impure by contact or mixture; to corrupt, defile, pollute, sully, taint, infect,”

Contaminate, Oxford English Dictionary (2d ed. 1989). Coal dust renders the air in the mine

impure, which is why the miners’ inhalation of that air must be monitored. Likewise, the relevant

definition of “irritant” is “a poison, etc. which produces irritation,” Irritant, Oxford English

Dictionary (2d ed. 1989), and an “irritation” is an “[e]xcitement of a bodily part or organ to

excessive sensitiveness or morbid action.” Irritation, Oxford English Dictionary (2d ed. 1989).

Coal dust irritates miners’ lungs, causing a morbid condition—black lung.

        Moreover, as the district court noted, other authority supports the conclusion that an

ordinary person would consider coal dust to be a contaminant or irritant under these circumstances.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has classified coal dust as an “air

contaminant.” See 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1000. The employees argue that this regulation does not

matter because it “deals specifically with exposure limits.” But exposure limits exist because coal

dust is harmful to inhale (i.e., it contaminates and irritates lungs).

        For Congress’s part, it has “recognized that coal dust inhalation causes permanent

damage.” Plesh v. Director, OWCP, 71 F.3d 103, 108 (3d Cir. 1995) (referring to enactment of

the Black Lung Benefits Reform Act of 1977). And courts have often classified coal dust and

similar material as a contaminant or irritant for the purposes of a pollution exclusion. See Certain

Underwriters at Lloyd’s of London v. NFC Mining, Inc., 427 F. App’x 404, 405 (6th Cir. 2011)

(holding that coal dust was a “solid irritant” and therefore included in a pollution clause that

“exclude[d] injuries or damages caused by ‘any solid, liquid, gaseous, or thermal irritant or

contaminant’”); U.S. Fidelity & Guar. Co. v. Star Fire Coals, Inc., 856 F.2d 31, 33 (6th Cir. 1988)

(“The pollution exclusion at issue here provides that the policy does not apply to injuries or damage

                                                  -8-
No. 20-6307, Barber, et al. v. Arch Ins. Co.

arising from the discharge or release of pollutants. It is clear that this . . . clause calls off any

obligations to provide coverage in cases . . . where the damages are caused by the discharge of

coal dust.”); see also RLI Ins. Co. v. Gonzalez, 411 F. App’x 696, 698 (5th Cir. 2011) (concluding

that silica dust is “unambiguously” an irritant or contaminant under the language of a pollution

exclusion); Grizzly Processing, LLC v. Wausau Underwriters Ins. Co., No. 7:08-226-KKC, 2010

WL 934250, at *5 (E.D. Ky. Mar. 11, 2010) (“There can be no doubt that ‘coal dust’ is an irritant

or contaminant”). Thus, under these circumstances, the ordinary and common understanding of

contaminant and irritant includes coal dust.

       As to the third factor, which goes to the practicality of an interpretation, the employees

argue that classifying coal dust as a pollutant would “render the insurance policy illusory,” and

mean that many hazardous-material businesses “have purchased insurance coverage that will be

ineffective and will not protect them.” Kentucky courts have indeed warned of the “absurd

consequences that would result from a blind application of the literal terms of the pollution

exclusion.” Abundance Coal, 352 S.W.3d at 599 (quoting RSJ, 926 S.W.2d at 682). This is

because “[t]he terms ‘irritant’ and ‘contaminant,’ when viewed in isolation, are virtually

boundless, for there is virtually no substance or chemical in existence that would not irritate or

damage some person or property.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).

       No absurdity results from concluding that coal dust is a contaminant or irritant under the

terms of these policies and the circumstances of these claims. The scope of this pollution exclusion

is broader than usual because it includes claims arising from Armstrong’s regulation of

contaminants and irritants. Because coal dust contaminates and irritates, and because it is

regulated by Armstrong, it fits comfortably within the exclusion’s intended scope. Even if

Armstrong or its employees did not expect the exclusion to apply to a necessary byproduct of its

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No. 20-6307, Barber, et al. v. Arch Ins. Co.

sole commercial activity, “the language of an insurance policy, not an insured’s expectations,

controls disputes over the meaning of a policy.” NFC Mining, 427 F. App’x at 405 (citing

Woodson v. Manhattan Life Ins. Co. of N.Y., 743 S.W.2d 835, 839 (Ky. 1987)).

        We also note that the absurd situations warned of by Kentucky courts are not comparable

to the facts of this case. The RSJ court offered two hypotheticals for when a literal interpretation

of a pollution exclusion would cause a result outside the clause’s intended scope:

        Take but two simple examples, reading the clause broadly would bar coverage for
        bodily injuries suffered by one who slips and falls on the spilled contents of a bottle
        of Drano, and for bodily injury caused by an allergic reaction to chlorine in a public
        pool. Although Drano and chlorine are both irritants and contaminants that cause,
        under certain conditions, bodily injury or property damage, one would not
        ordinarily characterize these events as pollution . . . .

RSJ, 926 S.W.2d at 682 (quoting Sullins v. Allstate Ins. Co., 667 A.2d 617, 621–22 (Md. 1995)).

Here, we do not have a substance that has caused damage outside its noxious capacity or a situation

where the substance’s intended use caused an unusual reaction. Instead, we are dealing with a

byproduct that has no intended purpose and that is regulated precisely because of its inherent

ability to pollute, contaminate, and irritate. Put simply, this is not a situation where courts hesitate

to apply the literal terms of a pollution exclusion.

                                                   B.

        The employees next argue that their criminal charges are not “arising from, based upon, or

attributable to any . . . direction, request or voluntary decision to test for, abate, monitor, clean up,

remove, contain, treat, detoxify or neutralize Pollutants[.]” They focus on the phrase “arising

from,” and argue that this language requires causality. In their view, the filing of criminal charges

was not caused by Armstrong’s duty to regulate coal dust; the prosecution was instead caused by

a “conspiracy to commit fraud.”

                                                  -10-
No. 20-6307, Barber, et al. v. Arch Ins. Co.

       Kentucky courts recognize the phrase “arising out of” as requiring a causal connection.

See Hugenberg v. W. Am. Ins. Co./Ohio Cas. Grp., 249 S.W.3d 174, 186 (Ky. Ct. App. 2006).

However, this phrase is “broad, general,” and “construed expansively.” Id. (citing Ins. Co. of N.

Am. v. Royal Indem. Co., 429 F.2d 1014, 1017–18 (6th Cir. 1970)). And “arising from” “does not

require a direct proximate causal connection but instead merely requires some causal relation or

connection.” Steven Plitt et al., Couch on Insurance § 101:52 (3d ed. 2020).

       There is a causal connection between the criminal proceedings and a direction to test for

and monitor coal dust. The MSHA, through its regulations, directed Armstrong and its employees

to test for and monitor the level of atmospheric coal dust in the mines. See, e.g., 30 C.F.R.

§§ 70.100, 70.201–212. Because Armstrong had to adhere to MSHA regulations (or face a

shutdown or fines), the employees “conspired to commit dust fraud by knowingly and willfully

altering the company’s required dust-sampling procedures, by circumventing the dust-sampling

regulations, submitting false samples, and by making false statements on dust certification cards.”

       To be sure, there are likely other causes that also contributed to the criminal charges, such

as the conspiracy itself and the unsatisfactory conditions in the mines. After all, if the employees

had submitted honest samples of a dusty mine or if the mine had been clean enough to pass muster

without resorting to fraud, prosecutors likely would not have pressed charges. But for a claim to

arise from a direction to test for or monitor coal dust, it need only have some causal connection to

those regulatory requirements. Absent the MSHA’s regulations, the employees would not have

had to monitor or submit samples at all, and therefore would not have conspired to commit fraud

against the United States. Accordingly, the criminal proceedings arose from a direction to test for

or monitor a pollutant, and the pollution exclusion bars coverage for the criminal proceedings.

                                               -11-
No. 20-6307, Barber, et al. v. Arch Ins. Co.

                                                IV.

       Our conclusion that the employees are not entitled to coverage under the policies disposes

of the employees’ ancillary arguments. They argue that even if Arch does not have a duty to

indemnify, it has a duty to defend. But as explained above, the pollution exclusion relieves Arch

of any duty related to the employees’ claims. And the Kentucky Supreme Court has squarely

rejected the employees’ other argument that they can proceed on a bad-faith denial claim even if

they are not entitled to coverage. See Travelers Indem. Co. v. Armstrong, 565 S.W.3d 550, 568

(Ky. 2018) (“Without that obligation [to provide coverage], the bad faith claim must fail as a matter

of law.”).

                                                  V.

       We affirm the district court’s judgment.

                                                -12-