Court Opinion

ID: 9898320
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:29:55.834116+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:15.199306
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                AUGUST 8, 2023
                                                          In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                         WA State Court of Appeals, Division III

            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                               DIVISION THREE

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                           )
                                               )         No. 38637-6-III
                     Respondent,               )
                                               )
       v.                                      )
                                               )
FERNANDO SANTACRUZ,                            )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                               )
                     Appellant.                )

       SIDDOWAY, J.P.T.⁎ — Fernando Santacruz appeals his conviction of rape in the

third degree of his then-wife. He contends that an off-the-record, unmemorialized

sidebar taking place during trial was a public trial violation, and evidentiary error

occurred when a detective was permitted to testify about the “general response” of people

accused of sexual assault. He also challenges terms of the sexual assault protection order

(SAPO) entered by the court, which the State concedes will unduly interfere with Mr.

Santacruz’s contact with his three minor children.

       ⁎
        Judge Laurel H. Siddoway was a member of the Court of Appeals at the time
argument was held on this matter. She is now serving as a judge pro tempore of the court
pursuant to RCW 2.06.150.
No. 38637-6-III
State v. Santacruz

       We deemed the record insufficient for us to determine whether the sidebar

implicated Mr. Santacruz’s public trial right and remanded for fact-finding by the trial

court. Based on the facts found by the court, the sidebar addressed only a mundane

scheduling matter, so no constitutional violation occurred. We agree with Mr. Santacruz

that the objected-to testimony by the detective was irrelevant, but find its admission

harmless. We accept the State’s concession that the SAPO requires modification and

remand for resentencing for that purpose. At resentencing, the trial court shall also make

changes from section 4.3a of the prior judgment and sentence and condition (a)(5) of

Appendix H to take into account intervening changes in the law.

                     FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       In October 2020, Fernando Santacruz was charged with having committed third

degree rape of his then-wife in November 2019. His wife did not report the crime until

five months after it occurred, although evidence established that she spoke with family

members about it early on. The charge was later amended to allege domestic violence.

Key among the evidence against Mr. Santacruz was the testimony of his aunt, Jeanie

Wynhoff, who he had requested mediate issues between the couple. She said that after

hearing about the rape from the wife, Mr. Santacruz admitted to her that “he made her

and she didn’t want to and he did it anyways.” Rep. of Proc. (RP) at 702. According to

Mr. Santacruz, the only wrongdoing he recalled discussing with Ms. Wynhoff was having

been unfaithful to his wife.

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No. 38637-6-III
State v. Santacruz

       Errors assigned on appeal are to events taking place at Mr. Santacruz’s jury trial,

during which the State called four witnesses: the victim, Ms. Wynhoff, Detective Stephen

Evitt, and a domestic violence expert. When trial commenced, the defense anticipated

calling three witnesses: Natasha and Elaina Santacruz, both sisters-in-law of Mr.

Santacruz and his wife, and a defense investigator.

       The first error alleged by Mr. Santacruz occurred during the examination of

Detective Evitt, the State’s third witness. Detective Evitt testified to his background and

his investigation of Mr. Santacruz’s wife’s complaint. His investigation included an

interview of Mr. Santacruz, which had been recorded, and was played for the jury.

       During a brief cross-examination of the detective, defense counsel confirmed that

when interviewed, Mr. Santacruz never admitted to any wrongdoing:

       Q.     Okay. And during that interview, would it be fair to say that you
              asked him repeatedly about what happened with [his wife], what he
              talked about with Jeanie Wynhoff, in the—in mid November of
              2020?
       A.     Yes. I spoke with him a couple different times, yes.
       Q.     Okay. Did—did he ever admit that he raped [his wife]?
       A.     No.
       Q.     Did he ever admit that he forced [his wife] to have sex with him?
       A.     No.

RP at 766.

       On redirect and recross, both lawyers asked the detective about Mr. Santacruz’s

response when asked if he had told Ms. Wynhoff about having had nonconsensual sex

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No. 38637-6-III
State v. Santacruz

with his wife. Detective Evitt agreed that Mr. Santacruz’s response was that he did not

recall discussing anything like that with his aunt. The prosecutor’s further redirect drew

an objection and ruling at issue on appeal:

       Q.       . . . [H]ow many interviews would you say that you’ve done with
                individuals who have been accused of sexual assault?
       A.       Probably a couple hundred.
       Q.       And in your experience, if you confront somebody with an
                accusation, what is their general response?
                [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, I’m going to object to this
                     just on relevance grounds.
                [PROSECUTOR]: He opened the door to it, your Honor.
                THE COURT: I’ve overruled the objection.
                THE WITNESS: Could you repeat?
       Q.       (By [the prosecutor]) When you confront somebody with a sexual
                assault allegation, generally what is their response to you?
       A.       Denial or minimization.

RP at 768-69.

       Throughout trial, defense counsel repeatedly said they intended to call Elaina

Santacruz as a witness. Whether she would testify was called into doubt only once, when

she was noticed in the courtroom during testimony of another witness and the State asked

that her testimony not be permitted. The State soon relented, acknowledging that there

had been confusion about when a subpoena had required her appearance.

       After the State rested its case, the defense called Natasha Santacruz as its first

witness. When she completed her testimony and was excused, defense counsel again

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No. 38637-6-III
State v. Santacruz

indicated it would be calling Elaina Santacruz and even announced her as its next

witness. Defense counsel quickly corrected, however, stating that it would call its

defense investigator next. After his questioning was completed and the investigator was

excused, the sidebar was conducted that Mr. Santacruz assigns as his second error.

Events are recounted in the transcript as follows:

              [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, could we discuss one thing
       outside the presence of the jury?
              THE COURT: Would a sidebar work?
              [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes. Yes.
                     (A SIDEBAR WITH THE COURT AND COUNSEL WAS HELD.)
              [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, we’re not going to call
       Elaina Santacruz, your Honor.
              THE COURT: Okay. Okay. So does the defense wish to call any
       further witnesses?
              [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No, your Honor. Actually, hold on a
       second.
                        (A DISCUSSION WAS HELD BY DEFENSE COUNSEL.)
              [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, the defense rests.

RP at 841.

       The jury found Mr. Santacruz guilty. The court imposed a standard range

sentence of 48 months total confinement, with 12 months of community custody. As a

condition of community custody, the court prohibited Mr. Santacruz from having “any

direct or indirect contact, including but not limited to, personal, telephonic, written, or

verbal with the victim.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 108. To facilitate this condition, the

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No. 38637-6-III
State v. Santacruz

court entered a SAPO that restricted Mr. Santacruz from coming within 300 feet of his

ex-wife for five years.

       Mr. Santacruz appealed. Following the completion of briefing and the effective

date of 2023 legislation that affected Mr. Santacruz’s liability for the penalty assessment

provided by RCW 7.68.035(1), we granted him leave to file a supplemental brief to

address changes of law affecting section 4.3a of his judgment and sentence and condition

(a)(5) of its Appendix H.

                                         ANALYSIS

I.     THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE OFF-THE-RECORD, UNMEMORIALIZED SIDEBAR DID
       NOT IMPLICATE MR. SANTACRUZ’S PUBLIC TRIAL RIGHT

       Mr. Santacruz’s first assignment of error is to the off-the-record, unmemorialized

sidebar conducted after defense counsel called his last witness. He contends that the

sidebar violated his federal and state constitutional rights to a public trial and requires

reversal. While he acknowledges that our Supreme Court held in State v. Smith, 181

Wn.2d 508, 511, 334 P.3d 1049 (2014), that traditional sidebar conferences do not

implicate the public trial right, he argues that the lack of a record in his case makes it

impossible to know the sidebar’s subject matter or duration, and it is thereby impossible

to know if it was a “proper sidebar” as that term is used in Smith and in State v. Whitlock,

188 Wn.2d 511, 396 P.3d 310 (2017). “Proper sidebars” as defined by the Supreme

Court are “proceedings that ‘deal with the mundane issues implicating little public

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No. 38637-6-III
State v. Santacruz

interest[, are] . . . done only to avoid disrupting the flow of trial, and . . . [are] either . . .

on the record or . . . promptly memorialized in the record.’” Whitlock, 188 Wn.2d at 522

(alterations in original) (quoting Smith, 181 Wn.2d at 516 & n.10).

       One of the State’s responses to this contention was that since it was the

“unknowns” about the sidebar that were the problem, the proper remedy was to remand

for fact-finding by the trial court. That is the course we followed. In response to our

order for fact-finding, the trial court conducted a hearing at which it heard testimony

from the prosecutor and one of Mr. Santacruz’s defense lawyers, both of whom were

present at the time of the sidebar. Mr. Santacruz also testified. The court entered the

following findings of fact:

       1.      [Jesse] Collins[, one of Mr. Santacruz’s trial lawyers,] asked the
               Court to discuss a topic outside the presence of the jury. The Court
               suggested a sidebar, and Mr. Collins agreed.
       2.      The length of time of the sidebar was less than one minute.
       3.      The Court did not issue any ruling or guidance during the sidebar.
       4.      Neither party made any objections during the sidebar.
       5.      At the sidebar, the defense counsel indicated they were not going to
               call Ms. Elaina Santacruz as a witness and that the defense would
               rest.
       6.      The subject matter of the sidebar was subsequently indicated on the
               record, by defense counsel indicating they were not going to call Ms.
               Elaina Santacruz as a witness and the Defense was resting.

Findings of Fact for Fact Finding Proc., State v. Santacruz, No. 20-1-00555-04, at 4-5

(Chelan County Sup. Ct. May 15, 2023).

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No. 38637-6-III
State v. Santacruz

       Whether an accused’s public trial right has been violated is a question of law we

review de novo. State v. Karas, 6 Wn. App. 2d 610, 617, 431 P.3d 1006 (2018) (citing

State v. Easterling, 157 Wn.2d 167, 173-74, 137 P.3d 825 (2006)). We examine first,

whether the public trial right is implicated at all; second, if it is implicated, whether there

was a closure of the courtroom that was not de minimis; and third, if there was a closure,

whether it was justified. Id.

       The experience and logic test is used to determine whether the proceeding at issue

implicates the public trial right. Smith, 181 Wn.2d at 514. Smith found that the

“experience” prong of the test is not satisfied by a traditional sidebar because “[s]idebar

conferences have historically occurred outside the view of the public.” Id. at 515. The

logic prong asks whether public access plays a significant positive role in the functioning

of the particular process in question. Id. at 518. Smith observed that proper sidebars deal

with mundane issues implicating little public interest. Id. at 516. Our Supreme Court has

observed that typical examples of mundane issues that do not implicate public interest are

“scheduling, housekeeping, and decorum.” Whitlock, 188 Wn.2d at 514. The unrecorded

sidebar in Mr. Santacruz’s case was less than one minute long and dealt with only a

scheduling matter.

       Mr. Santacruz nevertheless argues that because the sidebar was not “on the record

or . . . promptly memorialized in the record,” it failed to satisfy that part of Smith’s

definition of a “proper sidebar.” See Smith, 181 Wn.2d at 516 & n.10. We have

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No. 38637-6-III
State v. Santacruz

previously held, however, that the characteristics included in the Supreme Court’s

definition of a “proper sidebar” is not a litmus test for applying the public trial right.

Karas, 6 Wn. App. 2d at 620. “We still examine experience and logic in determining

whether the public trial right applies.” Id. No violation of Mr. Santacruz’s public trial

right is shown.

II.    THE TRIAL COURT SHOULD HAVE SUSTAINED THE RELEVANCE OBJECTION TO THE
       STATE’S QUESTION ABOUT OTHER INTERVIEWEES’ RESPONSES TO SEXUAL ASSAULT
       ALLEGATIONS, BUT THE ERROR WAS HARMLESS

       Mr. Santacruz’s next assignment of error is that the trial court abused its discretion

by overruling his relevance objection when Detective Evitt was asked about other

interviewees’ general response when confronted with an accusation of sexual assault.

The prosecutor first elicited the detective’s testimony that he had interviewed a “couple

hundred” individuals accused of sexual assault. RP at 768. The detective was not asked

how many of his interviewees had been found guilty.

       On appeal, Mr. Santacruz argues that the detective’s response (“Denial or

minimization”) was not only irrelevant, it was also an impermissible opinion on Mr.

Santacruz’s guilt. The State continues to defend the prosecutor’s question as relevant and

supportable where the defense had “opened the door” by obtaining Detective Evitt’s

agreement that Mr. Santacruz repeatedly denied the accusation.

       Only relevant evidence is admissible. ER 402. “‘Relevant evidence’ means

evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to

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No. 38637-6-III
State v. Santacruz

the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without

the evidence.” ER 401. The “fact of consequence” implicated by the prosecutor’s

objected-to question is whether the fact that Mr. Santacruz denied the accusation should

be viewed as reliable evidence of his innocence. Before turning to a relevance analysis,

we point out that this could have been a matter of argument by the prosecutor even

without the detective’s testimony.

       Turning to relevance, we agree that the question was objectionable. This was

unlike testimony by an expert witness discussing social science on a witness issue like

battered woman’s syndrome, or eyewitness identification, or the effect of controlled

substances on the ability to form intent. The detective was testifying about his personal

experience with a couple hundred individuals investigated by the Wenatchee Police

Department, an unknown number of whom were innocent. Common sense would

suggest that the reliability Mr. Santacruz’s denials when interviewed were open to doubt.

But the general response of a couple hundred suspects we have no basis for believing are

representative of all suspects, an unknown number of whom were never proved guilty, is

not evidence that makes it more or less probable that Mr. Santacruz’s denials were

unreliable.

       As for Mr. Santacruz’s argument that the detective was providing opinion

testimony on his guilt, we disagree. The gist of Detective Evitt’s answer was not that Mr.

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No. 38637-6-III
State v. Santacruz

Santacruz had committed rape as charged, it was only that Mr. Santacruz’s denial when

interviewed was not particularly reliable evidence that he had not.

       The questioning was addressed to the credibility of defendants, though, which can

itself be objectionable opinion testimony. “Generally, no witness may offer testimony in

the form of an opinion regarding the veracity of the defendant. Such testimony is

unfairly prejudicial to the defendant because it invades the exclusive province of the

jury.” State v. Kirkman, 159 Wn.2d 918, 927, 155 P.3d 125 (2007); and see State v.

Lang, 12 Wn. App. 2d 481, 487-88, 458 P.3d 791 (2020).

       For Mr. Santacruz to be entitled to raise this issue for the first time on appeal, it

must be manifest constitutional error. RAP 2.5(a)(3). The Supreme Court explained in

Kirkman that no manifest error infringing on a constitutional right necessarily exists

when a witness expresses an opinion that the defendant perceives to be an opinion on his

guilt or credibility. 159 Wn.2d at 935. It held that “‘[m]anifest error’ requires a nearly

explicit statement by the witness” on the ultimate issue. Id. at 936. Detective Evitt’s was

not such a statement. The implication of the detective’s testimony was that as a general

matter, an accused person’s denial of guilt to a police officer is not particularly

credible—not that Mr. Santacruz was not credible or that he was guilty.

       Accordingly, the only error demonstrated by Mr. Santacruz is that the trial court

abused its discretion in overruling the objection on relevance grounds. This is

nonconstitutional error. The nonconstitutional harmless error test asks if there is a

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No. 38637-6-III
State v. Santacruz

reasonable probability that without the error the outcome of the trial would have been

materially affected. State v. Rocha, 21 Wn. App. 2d 26, 34, 504 P.3d 233 (2022)

(quoting State v. Gower, 179 Wn.2d 851, 854, 321 P.3d 1178 (2014)). Unsurprisingly,

the detective’s testimony about the general response of people accused of sexual assault

was not mentioned during either side’s closing arguments to the jury. The prosecutor

evidently saw no need to point out to jurors that Mr. Santacruz would likely deny guilt

even if he was guilty. Detective Evitt’s three-word answer, while erroneously admitted,

was harmless.1

       1
         For the same reason, we would find admission of the evidence harmless even
under the constitutional harmless error test. That test requires the State to demonstrate by
clear and convincing evidence that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Lang, 12 Wn. App. 2d at 489.
        Constitutional harmless error can be found not only where the State’s evidence is
overwhelming, but also where the objectionable evidence is inconsequential. E.g., id.
(expert’s testimony challenging defendant’s credibility was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt where defendant’s testimony “was patently not credible”); State v. Wilcoxon, 185
Wn.2d 324, 336, 373 P.3d 224 (2016) (plurality opinion) (erroneously admitted
testimony was “unimportant to the State’s overall case”); State v. Myrick, 102 Wn.2d
506, 515, 688 P.2d 151 (1984) (evidence of marijuana seized in warrantless search should
not have been admitted but “was inconsequential” and harmless error); State v. Gocken,
71 Wn. App. 267, 279 n.10, 857 P.2d 1074 (1993) (even if improperly seized,
photographs of a taped door “added very little to the State’s case” and “was
inconsequential”).
        That persons interviewed by Detective Evitt generally tended to deny accusations
that they had committed sexual assault was inconsequential information.

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No. 38637-6-III
State v. Santacruz

III.     RESENTENCING IS REQUIRED TO ADDRESS MODIFICATION OF A NO-CONTACT
         PROVISION

         Mr. Santacruz’s final assignment of error is that the no-contact provision of his

community custody conditions, which bars him from “any direct or indirect contact” with

his ex-wife, with whom he shares three children, interferes with this fundamental right to

parent. He contends modification is required to allow for contact through the court or

counsel. The State agrees the case should be remanded for resentencing to address this

issue.

         When sentencing conditions interfere with fundamental rights, including the right

to a parent-child relationship, such conditions must be justified in the record and

“‘reasonably necessary to accomplish the essential needs of the State and public order.’”

In re Pers. Restraint of Rainey, 168 Wn.2d 367, 374, 229 P.3d 686 (2010) (quoting State

v. Warren, 165 Wn.2d 17, 32, 195 P.3d 940 (2008)); see State v. Torres, 198 Wn. App.

685, 689-91, 393 P.3d 894 (2017). We accept the State’s concession.

         Mr. Santacruz’s conviction is affirmed. We remand for a resentencing at

which the court can consider modification of the no-contact provision and shall

make changes from section 4.3a of the prior judgment and sentence and condition (a)(5)

of Appendix H, to take into consideration changes in the law relieving indigent

defendants from liability for the penalty assessment provided by RCW 7.68.035(1)

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No. 38637-6-111
State v. Santacruz

(see RCW 7.68.035(4), effective July 1, 2023) and costs of supervision. See State v.

Wemhoff, 24 Wn. App. 2d 198, 201-02, 519 P.3d 297 (2022).

      A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to

RCW 2.06.040.

                                             Siddoway, J.P.T.        '

WE CONCUR:

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