Court Opinion

ID: 4452531
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-11-01 21:09:21.346847+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:22.783004
License: Public Domain

11/01/2019
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                         AT NASHVILLE
                              November 15, 2018 Session

                STATE OF TENNESSEE v. KYLE ALEX BATIZ

              Appeal from the Circuit Court for Montgomery County
             No. 63CC1-2014-CR-817 William R. Goodman, III, Judge
                    ___________________________________

                           No. M2017-02065-CCA-R3-CD
                       ___________________________________

The Defendant, Kyle Alex Batiz, was convicted of aggravated child abuse and reckless
homicide and was sentenced, respectively, to concurrent sentences of 21 years at 100%
and 3 years at 30 percent. On appeal, he argues that the evidence was insufficient to
sustain the conviction for aggravated child abuse; the trial court erred by not suppressing
his text messages and statement to police; the trial court erred by allowing a forensic
pathologist to testify regarding matters not within her expertise; he should have been
sentenced as an especially mitigated offender; and the conviction for aggravated child
abuse should be reversed because of cumulative errors that occurred during the trial. We
have reviewed the record in this matter and conclude that the issues raised by the
Defendant are without merit. Accordingly, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Affirmed

ALAN E. GLENN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN EVERETT
WILLIAMS, P.J., and NORMA MCGEE OGLE, J., joined.

Kevin McGee, Nashville, Tennessee, and William D. Massey, Memphis, Tennessee, for
the appellant, Kyle Alex Batiz.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Jeffrey D. Zentner, Assistant
Attorney General; John W. Carney, Jr., District Attorney General; and Kimberly Lund,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                       OPINION

                                         FACTS
        On May 15, 2014, while in the sole care of the Defendant, her stepfather, the one-
year-old victim was fatally injured. The Defendant called 911 and ultimately was
charged with the death of the victim. According to the Defendant, the injuries resulted
from the victim’s falling from a two-foot ottoman onto a toy. The State’s witnesses
testified that the injuries to the victim were so devastating that they could not have
resulted from such a fall. We will set out the proof in this matter.

                                   Suppression Hearing

       The trial court heard the Defendant’s motions to suppress on February 10, 2016.
The Defendant sought to suppress his statements made to police and text messages
obtained from his phone. He asserted these statements were elicited in violation of the
Fourth and Fifth Amendments, and the text messages were obtained in violation of the
Fourth Amendment.

       Officer Arthur Bing, a patrol officer with the Clarksville Police Department
(“CPD”), testified at the hearing that his supervisor called him to the Defendant’s
apartment on May 16, 2014, because there was “an individual who needed transportation
voluntarily down to a different office, at Special Operations.” Officer Bing affirmed that
the Defendant was not restrained “in any way” when he arrived at the apartment, and it
was Officer Bing’s understanding that “this individual was not in police custody[.]”
Officer Bing transported the Defendant to the Special Operations Unit (“SOU”) office,
and the Defendant rode unrestrained in the backseat because Officer Bing “ha[d] two
loaded weapons as part of [his] patrol unit[,]” and not allowing individuals to ride in the
front seat “keeps people from getting access to those.” As a matter of general practice,
Officer Bing kept the Defendant’s “wallet, phone, and a vaporizer” in the front seat of the
patrol car during the trip to the SOU. Officer Bing explained that whenever he transports
an individual, he “collect[s] their personal belongings and hold[s] them until [they] get to
the location, and then [he] will give them back to them[,] and they agree to it.” The
Defendant’s personal items were not placed in an evidence envelope. He stated that he
normally placed personal items “on [his] front patrol bag . . . right on top of there . . . in
the passenger seat area.”

        When Officer Bing and the Defendant arrived at the SOU, the building had closed
for the day. Detective Michael Ulrey had to open the building because Officer Bing did
not have a key. Officer Bing “had to open the door [of the patrol car] for [the
Defendant]” because there were no handles on the inside of the backseat. Officer Bing
walked behind the Defendant into the SOU, without touching him or placing him in
restraints. Detective Ulrey took the Defendant to an interview room, and Officer Bing
waited at the SOU because the Defendant “would need a ride back to his home” and
affirmed that he was “sort of like a chauffeur[.]” On cross-examination, Officer Bing
                                            -2-
explained that a key was not needed to exit the SOU building. He affirmed that a person
in the backseat of a patrol vehicle could not exit the vehicle unless someone opened the
backseat door from the outside. Officer Bing agreed that the Defendant had voluntarily
gone to the SOU and voluntarily walked from Officer Bing’s patrol car into the building.

        Detective Ulrey testified that he worked as a death investigator in the CPD’s SOU
division. He was assigned to investigate the victim’s death and arrived at the
Defendant’s apartment shortly after the victim was transported to the hospital. He
encountered the Defendant inside the apartment and described the Defendant’s demeanor
as “visibly upset” but “very cooperative.” Detective Ulrey explained that the Defendant
“answered all [his] questions” and “agreed to assist [Detective Ulrey] in . . . anything that
[he] thought needed to happen.” The Defendant signed a consent form for Detective
Ulrey to bring in a team to search and process the apartment. Detective Ulrey explained
to the Defendant that he would need to “come back to [Detective Ulrey’s] office to sit
down so [Detective Ulrey] could take a formal statement[.]” The Defendant agreed to do
so without hesitation. When asked why Detective Ulrey did not take the Defendant’s
statement in the apartment, he explained that the team processing the apartment was
“very meticulous on what they do[,] and his apartment was going to get crowded[,] and
it’s standard practice when documenting statements from people[] for [police] to take
them back to our office.” He further explained that his office had audio/video recording
capabilities, unlike the Defendant’s apartment.

       Detective Ulrey affirmed that the Defendant was not in custody while he was in
Officer Bing’s patrol car, and he even told other officers that the Defendant “was going
down voluntarily.” Detective Ulrey affirmed that “there had been no decision at that
point to arrest [the Defendant.]” While driving from the Defendant’s apartment to the
SOU, Detective Ulrey received a phone call from Detective Ewing, who was at the
hospital with the victim. Detective Ewing “explained to [Detective Ulrey] the bruising
and placements of the bruising on [the victim]’s body.”

       Upon arriving at the SOU, Detective Ulrey had to let Officer Bing and the
Defendant into the building because it was locked. Detective Ulrey explained that during
business hours, the SOU has a receptionist who controls “traffic coming in and out [] via
the front door into the lobby[,]” and he affirmed that “people can come into [the SOU]
lobby from the outside” during business hours. However, the receptionist always locked
the exterior door when she left at the end of the work day, and if “investigators have
someone coming in, [they] are responsible for meeting them and bringing them to the
door.” Officer Ulrey agreed that a key was not needed to exit the SOU when the doors
were locked. The Defendant was led to an interview room with two unlocked doors and
remained unrestrained and not in custody. Detective Ulrey affirmed that if “you are in
the [interview] room and the doors are unlocked,” there is nothing “keeping you from
                                            -3-
opening the door and going out[.]” The Defendant “never asked to leave” and did not
“express any reservation about going into that [interview] room and talking to [Detective
Ulrey.]” The interview was both audio and video recorded.

        Upon entering the interview room, Detective Ulrey explained to the Defendant the
requisite forms that needed to be addressed, specifically the interview sheet, the Miranda
waiver, and the Sudden Unexplained Infant Death Investigation (“SUIDI”) form.
Detective Ulrey filled out the interview sheet with the Defendant, which is filled out “in
all cases” and “documents who [police] are talking to and just general information about”
that person. Although the Defendant was not in custody and Detective Ulrey had not
made the decision to arrest him, Detective Ulrey read the Defendant his Miranda rights
because “there were enough questions with this case[] that I was afraid [the Defendant]
may make some incriminating statement to me during our conversation[,] and I wanted
him to fully understand his rights that were reduced to writing.” After Detective Ulrey
explained his Miranda rights to the Defendant, the following exchange occurred:

      [The Defendant]: . . . [i]s there anyway way I could—‘cuz my—my dad’s,
      uh, girlfriend is a lawyer; is there any way I—I’d be able to talk to her first?

      Detective Ulrey: Before you talk to me at all?

      [The Defendant]: . . . [A]bout anything.

      Detective Ulrey: . . . [If] you are asking to talk to an attorney, that is
      absolutely shutting me down.

      [The Defendant]: Okay. Then no—

      Detective Ulrey: That—

      [The Defendant]: No.

      Detective Ulrey: . . . I’m just—I want you to understand I’m trying to
      figure out what happened.

      [The Defendant]: Okay.

      Detective Ulrey: If you are telling me that you want to talk—you—you
      understand your rights; if you’re telling me you wanna [sic] talk to an
      attorney before you talk to me, then I can’t talk to you anymore.

                                           -4-
       [The Defendant]: Okay.

       Detective Ulrey: Okay. Um . . .

       [The Defendant]: I don’t have any problem—

       Detective Ulrey: But it—

       [The Defendant]: I don’t have a problem with you talking to me.

       Detective Ulrey: Okay. All right.

       [The Defendant]: I don’t.

       Detective Ulrey: I just don’t—wanna [sic] make that clear.

       [The Defendant]: Okay.

       Detective Ulrey: All right. All right. Um if you would, just sign here.

       [The Defendant]: Okay.

Based on this exchange, Detective Ulrey did not believe that the Defendant was asking
for an attorney. If the Defendant had, Detective Ulrey testified that he would have “shut
down the interview and walked out.” After this exchange, Detective Ulrey started going
over the SUIDI form, which “is a standard form given to [police] by the State [that] . . .
the medical examiner uses . . . in their investigation, during the autopsy.” Detective
Ulrey acknowledged that the Defendant did not finish filling out the SUIDI form but
explained that Ms. Denny, as the victim’s primary caretaker, completed a SUIDI form
with Detective Ewing.

        The Defendant was given water and a restroom break during the interview at the
SOU. Detective Ulrey walked the Defendant to the restroom because it was “a secure
area . . . they require us to just escort [the public] at least to the bathroom.” He did not
enter the restroom with the Defendant but waited outside. Detective Ulrey agreed that he
“had a fair amount of information about the death of the [victim]” even prior to the
Defendant’s restroom break, and Detective Ulrey did not “think there had been any other
adults present” at the Defendant’s apartment based on the information he had. After
Detective Ulrey walked the Defendant back to the interview room, he went and spoke
with Detective Ewing, who had just returned to the SOU from the hospital. Detective
Ewing showed Detective Ulrey photographs of the victim at the hospital, including the
                                           -5-
bruising on her body. Detective Ulrey returned to the interview room after speaking with
Detective Ewing. The Defendant “was still being very cooperative, so . . . we just still
had [a] conversation during the course of the investigation.”

       Detective Ulrey affirmed that “at some point” during the interview, the Defendant
explained that he had sent Ms. Denny test messages “to explain what had happened.”
The Defendant gave his consent for Detective Ulrey to look at the text messages on his
cell phone, and the Defendant “even gave [Detective Ulrey] his unlock code for the
phone.” Detective Ulrey stated that he was also able to view the text messages on Ms.
Denny’s cell phone.

       After speaking with the Defendant, Detective Ulrey “made the decision that [he]
had enough probable cause to arrest [the Defendant.]” Detective Ulrey stated that he
made the decision to arrest the Defendant after he “demonstrated striking his child and
the force that he hit [the interview room] table and then also the way he described
squeezing his child and the relevance of the bruises . . . from his hands onto that child[.]”
Detective Ulrey testified that the entire length of his interview with the Defendant was
“maybe an hour, an hour and a half,” including the restroom break and the discussion
about the Miranda waiver and other forms. Following the interview, Detective Ulrey
spoke with the Defendant’s wife, Rebecca Denny, who had been speaking with Detective
Ewing. Detective Ulrey allowed Ms. Denny to go into the interview room to speak with
the Defendant.

        On cross-examination, Detective Ulrey affirmed that when he arrived at the
Defendant’s apartment, he did not have “reasonable suspicion to detain” the Defendant
and “would have had no reason to stop him” if he decided to leave his apartment.
Detective Ulrey acknowledged that he was carrying his weapon and that the Defendant
knew that he was an investigator when the Defendant agreed to go to the SOU to give a
statement. He also thought that the Defendant learned of the victim’s death before
Detective Ulrey arrived at his apartment. Detective Ulrey testified that after receiving the
call from Detective Ewing regarding the victim’s bruises, he had “reasonable suspicion to
detain [the Defendant,]” and the Defendant was therefore not free to leave during the
minutes between the Defendant sitting in the interview room alone and the start of the
interview. Detective Ulrey rejected the assertion that he interviewed the Defendant “with
the intention of getting a confession[.]”

       Regarding the discussion about the Miranda waiver, Detective Ulrey testified on
cross-examination that he “wanted to clarify whether [the Defendant] was actually asking
for an attorney” after the Defendant mentioned his father’s girlfriend. He further
explained that “as [he] was trying to clarify with [the Defendant], [the Defendant]
actually interrupt[ed] [Detective Ulrey] and sa[id] no, no, no, I want to continue.”
                                            -6-
Detective Ulrey testified that after hearing the Defendant’s first explanation of what had
happened, he did not believe the Defendant’s assertion that the bruising on the victim’s
body had occurred when she fell on her toys, and he agreed that he did not have probable
cause to arrest the Defendant at that point. The decision that there was probable cause to
arrest the Defendant came from “a conglomeration” of the Defendant “slam[ing] [the
interview room] table demonstrating he hit her or hitting [her] twice in the abdomen,” or
when the Defendant “did some type of crazy Heimlich maneuver by compressing her
insides or when we figured out that bruis[es] on her back were consistent with where his
fingers would be while he was squeezing her.” Detective Ulrey reiterated that he did not
believe that the Defendant was asking for a lawyer.

       Following the suppression hearing, the trial court denied the Defendant’s motions
to suppress. The trial court found that police placing the Defendant in the backseat of
Officer Bing’s patrol car constituted a detention. However, the trial court went on to
explain it was “appropriate that there be a brief investigatory detention, which would be
supported by reasonable suspicion[,]” given that “the Defendant was the only other
individual present in the apartment at the time that the [victim] sustained a fatal injury.”
The trial court further found that even if the detention was not justified, “the taint of the
unlawful seizure had been sufficiently attenuated from the subsequent voluntary consent
of the Defendant.” The trial court additionally noted that Ms. Denny had also given
consent to search the apartment. With respect to the Miranda waiver, the trial court
reviewed the exchange between Detective Ulrey and the Defendant and found that the
Defendant’s signing the Miranda waiver form “serve[d] as a knowing voluntar[]y waiver
of the Defendant’s right to counsel for purposes of the interview.”

                                           Trial

       Shane Givens, Deputy Director of Montgomery County 911, testified that two 911
telephone calls were received on May 15, 2014, from the address where the Defendant
and the victim were located. A recording of these telephone calls was played for the jury.

        Marjorie Crist testified that she was a paramedic employed by Montgomery
County Emergency Medical Services. On May 15, 2014, she responded to a “CPR in
Progress” call at the address where the victim and the Defendant were located. At the
scene, she observed a “one-year-old female on the floor with a male subject doing CPR
on her.” Paramedic Crist immediately picked up the victim and began chest
compressions while carrying her to the ambulance. The victim did not have a pulse and
was “very pail [sic]” with “dark bruising on her abdomen.” Paramedic Crist continued to
try to resuscitate the victim during transport to the hospital, but she was not breathing and
did not have “any sort of electrical activity.”

                                            -7-
        Richard McKee testified that he was employed by Clarksville Fire and Rescue and
had responded to the call regarding the victim. The rescue truck he was riding in arrived
after the police officers and the ambulance. He stated that “[e]verybody was just getting
supplies to the upstairs” when he arrived. Upon seeing Paramedic Crist carrying the
victim to the ambulance, Mr. McKee followed her to the ambulance and eventually took
over chest compressions. He noticed that the victim did not have a pulse and had
bruising on “the top of her forehead and her torso.”
        CPD Officer Michael Hackney testified that he and his partner answered a call to
the Defendant’s apartment on May 15, 2014. After the Defendant answered Officer
Hackney’s knock on the door, he followed the Defendant into a bedroom, where he saw
the Defendant performing CPR on the victim. The victim was not breathing, and she
“was pale, almost a yellowish jaundice color. [S]he had thrown up[,] and it was still on
her face.” The Defendant was performing “very fast and very shallow” CPR, like “he
wasn’t really doing anything for the child.” Officer Hackney observed multiple bruises
on the victim’s chest and abdomen. After Paramedic Crist carried the victim to the
ambulance, Officer Hackney began “to log everyone that came” to the scene.

        At the apartment, the Defendant told Officer Hackney that the victim had fallen
off an ottoman and hit her head on some toys, despite the Defendant’s “grabb[ing] her by
the ankle” as she fell. The Defendant said he put her to bed with a bottle and soon saw
that she had not drunk from it. When she subsequently vomited, he called 911. When
the Defendant was told that the victim had died, he vomited and became upset, yelling
profanities and tearing a towel rack from the wall. This behavior lasted “roughly
ten[]minutes[.]” Officer Hackney recalled that the Defendant called his father and asked
him to come to Clarksville because “something had happened.” The Defendant next
telephoned Ms. Denny and told her he had “failed her.” The Defendant also called the
hospital, which informed him that the victim had died, and his mother. At one point,
Officer Hackney “had to like pull [the Defendant] off the balcony” because he was afraid
that the Defendant “was going to try and jump or do something crazy.”

       CPD Officer Jeffrey Derico testified that he was part of the crime scene team that
was called to the Defendant’s apartment on May 15, 2014. Officer Derico identified
photographs that he had taken at the Defendant’s apartment, including photographs of the
ottoman that the Defendant said the victim fell from and the toys that were beside it.
CPD Detective Scott Beaubien testified that he was also part of the crime scene team that
was called to the Defendant’s apartment on May 15, 2014. He collected multiple pieces
of evidence from the apartment, including one of the toys that were beside the ottoman.
CPD Sergeant Terry Minton testified that he was the CPD evidence department
coordinator. He affirmed that the toy collected from the Defendant’s apartment had
remained in the evidence room from the time Detective Beaubien collected it until it was
brought in to the trial court.
                                          -8-
        Kathy Denny, the victim’s grandmother and the Defendant’s mother-in-law,
testified that the Defendant called her on May 15, 2014. Kathy1 said that the Defendant
said, “I’m so sorry” during the call and sounded “[r]eally very calm.” The Defendant
told Kathy that the victim “fell off the ottoman; she hit her stomach on a toy, and [he]
tried to grab her[,] and her head hit the floor.” Kathy did not know that the victim had
died at the time of the telephone call.

       Dr. Rachel Root testified as an expert in emergency medicine and stated that she
was an emergency room physician at the hospital where the victim was taken on May 15,
2014. The victim was not breathing and her heart had stopped when she arrived at the
emergency room. Electrical activity never restarted in the victim’s heart, and Dr. Root
eventually decided to terminate the resuscitation efforts when “her pupils were fixed and
dilated,” which indicated significant brain damage, and it was clear that electrical activity
was not going to restart. Dr. Root testified that the victim was pale and had numerous
bruises on her chest, abdomen, back, hairline, and left temple, and her abdomen was
distended. These markings were not caused by resuscitation attempts in the emergency
room.

        The victim’s mother, Rebecca Denny, testified that she married the Defendant
when the victim was five months old. Although he seemed genuinely to care for the
victim, he was stricter with her than was Ms. Denny. On May 15, 2014, Ms. Denny gave
the victim a bath before leaving for work, and she testified that the victim did not have
any bruises or markings at that time. Ms. Denny stated that the victim “had fallen on
some [toy] blocks” earlier in the day, and the blocks left small nonvisible bumps on the
victim’s lower back but no bruising. The victim had also hit her head on the bathtub
faucet the day before, leaving “a small bump in the center of her forehead.” Ms. Denny
affirmed that the victim was learning to walk and had previously “bumped her head on
the wall.” She also affirmed that several weeks prior, she heard the victim “grasp [sic]
for air[,] and her face went blank.” The victim “bruised like a peach” but was otherwise
healthy. The aforementioned markings were not visible in the victim’s postmortem
photographs. After giving the victim a bath, Ms. Denny arranged for a friend to drive the
victim to her babysitter’s house because Ms. Denny’s car was not working, and the
Defendant later picked the victim up from the babysitter’s house.

       Ms. Denny testified that she received a text message at work from the Defendant
several hours after she had arrived, stating that the Defendant “snapped on [the victim]
accidentally for moving around on the ottoman and knocking over” the Defendant’s

1
  Because Kathy Denny and Rebecca Denny share the same last name, we refer to Kathy Denny by her
first name only for clarity. We mean no disrespect by this practice.
                                             -9-
electronic cigarette. He specifically told Ms. Denny that he “snapped and hit her
stomach[,] and it left a mark.” Ms. Denny asked “how bad it [was,]” and the Defendant
told her it was “[n]ot bad[,] you can just see a lil [sic] print[.]” The Defendant then sent
Ms. Denny another text message, explaining that the victim’s “toys were on the ground[,]
she fell right on them[.] And I had her dressed[,] she threw up[.]” Ms. Denny asked if
the victim had bruises from the incident, and the Defendant told her that the victim’s
“face [wa]s fine[,]” but she had bruises on “[h]er sternum and her stomach.” At this time,
Ms. Denny did not leave work to return to their residence because she “didn’t think [the
Defendant] was capable of anything close to this.”
       The Defendant thereafter called Ms. Denny and told her that the victim was not
breathing and asked what he should do. Ms. Denny told him to call an ambulance, and a
friend drove her back to the apartment. She arrived at their apartment as the ambulance
was leaving with the victim, and Ms. Denny followed behind in “an EMT first responder
truck” but did not know any details about the victim’s condition. When she arrived at the
hospital, hospital staff had Ms. Denny sit outside the exam room while they tried to
resuscitate the victim.

        On cross-examination, Ms. Denny rejected the assertion that the victim was
anemic. She explained that although anemia “was suspected when [the victim] was a
newborn, [they] had her hematocrit under control.” Ms. Denny explained the details of
the victim’s “gasping for air” several weeks earlier, stating that the Defendant “picked
[the victim] up by her shoulders and patted her on the stomach[,]” causing her to “cough
really hard” and “spit up” before breathing normally again. On redirect examination, Ms.
Denny affirmed that she had “minimized things” in her police statement immediately
after the victim’s death because she “just didn’t believe [her] husband could do that to
[her] daughter.”

       Jasiman Dykes testified that she picked the victim up and transported her to her
babysitter’s house on May 15, 2014. Ms. Dykes arrived at the Defendant and Ms.
Denny’s apartment an hour early so that the victim and Ms. Dykes’ daughter could play
together. The victim was “real playful” at the apartment but was “whiney and a little
upset” during the car ride to the babysitter’s house. However, once the babysitter took
the victim out of her car seat and “love[d] on her[,]” the victim “stopped whining and
crying all together.” Ms. Dykes did not notice any marks or bruises on the victim. On
cross-examination, Ms. Dykes affirmed that the victim typically did not “fuss” during car
rides. On redirect examination, Ms. Dykes conceded that she did not know whether the
victim had taken a nap, been fed, or had her diaper changed before Ms. Dykes arrived at
the apartment.

     Tara Nagel testified that she babysat the victim for approximately two hours on
May 15, 2014. Ms. Nagel stated that the victim was “really whiney” that day. When the
                                           - 10 -
Defendant arrived to take her home, the victim was asleep and “got upset when she was
leaving” Ms. Nagel’s house. Ms. Nagel affirmed that she had seen other babies “get
fussy before when [she] w[o]ke [them] up[.]” Ms. Nagel did not observe any bruises on
the victim. On cross-examination, Ms. Nagel conceded that although she did not see any
bruises on the victim, she was fully-clothed during her time with Ms. Nagel. Ms. Nagel
stated that she sent a text message to Ms. Denny while she was babysitting the victim to
tell her that the victim was “really fussy[.]” Ms. Nagel explained that she “always said
something” to parents if she noticed something different with their children.

         Detective Ulrey’s trial testimony largely reflected that of his suppression hearing
testimony. Detective Ulrey reaffirmed that the Defendant had voluntarily given consent
to search and process his apartment and voluntarily gone to the SOU office to speak with
Detective Ulrey. The audio/video recording of Detective Ulrey’s interview with the
Defendant was published for the jury. During the interview, the Defendant explained that
after returning home from the babysitter’s house, he gave the victim a bath and noticed
bruises on her spine. He sent a text message to his wife about the bruises. As he was
trying to dry off the victim, she was “crying profusely” and “screaming.” He then “gave
her [his] phone to calm her down[,]” and she “thr[ew] it on the ground.” As he picked up
his phone from the floor, the victim “kick[ed] up” and “flip[ped] over” off the ottoman,
hitting the side of the Defendant’s head and “land[ing] perfectly” on a toy that was beside
the ottoman. He grabbed her foot, but her head hit the wooden floor. The victim “got the
wind knocked out of her” and “started crying.” In response to the victim falling, the
Defendant was “kind of mad” and “smacked [the victim] on her stomach” because he
“told her to stay there[.]” The Defendant stated that he knew he “shouldn’ta [sic] freaked
out . . . as bad as [he] did[.]” The Defendant “calmed her down” and put a diaper on the
victim before putting her in her crib with a bottle.

       The Defendant explained that ten or fifteen minutes later, he checked on the victim
and saw that she was not sucking on the bottle but was gasping for air. When he returned
from taking her bottle to the refrigerator, he saw she had vomit on her shirt. The
Defendant picked her up from the crib, and her head started “to fall back a little bit”
while she was “slowly blinking” and “look[ing] at the ceiling.” The victim “was still
throwing up” and then began “dry heaving,” so the Defendant held her over the bathroom
sink. The Defendant then “put her on the ground” and noticed she was breathing “really
slow[,]” and “her heart slowly stopped beating.” He then called Ms. Denny and then
called 911, who instructed him how to perform CPR on the victim. During the interview,
the Defendant affirmed that he “may have” hit the victim in the stomach “harder than
what [he] thought [he] did[.]” He also told Detective Ulrey that he “may have hit her
twice.” The Defendant also admitted that he twice performed an “altered Heimlich
maneuver” on the victim, which he described as “hold[ing] her against [his] body” and
doing “a slight inward motion until when you can tell it hurts her, ‘cuz she’ll start
                                           - 11 -
screaming.” The Defendant stated that he “bruised her sternum” while performing CPR
on the victim.

       Later in the interview, the Defendant went on to expand on what had happened
with the victim:

      I may have picked her up aggressively, you know, I probably did, because I
      was freaked out and I was mad that she – she you know, kick flipped like
      that, ‘cuz she’s never done that.

      ....

      [T]here was a couple [bruises] on . . . her spinal cord and there was . . . one
      . . . by her right butt cheek. . . . I probably gave her those bruises; there’s
      no way – there’s no way else. How – how can she fall like on her spinal
      cord like that? I have to have done that.

      ....

      I believe I harmed her. I believe that I freaked out in a certain way that I
      shouldn’t have. I don’t think . . . I don’t think I helped the situation for her
      to still be alive today.

The Defendant then affirmed that he called 911 after calling Ms. Denny. Detective Ulrey
asked, “Do you mind if I look in your phone?” and the Defendant responded, “You can.”
The Defendant then gave Detective Ulrey the passcode to unlock his cell phone.
Detective Ulrey then left the interview room for approximately an hour and a half. When
he returned to the room, Detective Ulrey said, “[Y]ou know that the actions that you took
tonight were the direct cause of your child’s death.” The Defendant responded, “Yes,
sir.” The Defendant asked Detective Ulrey to tell his parents what was going on, stating
that “[t]hey’re gonna find – just tell ‘em everything, sir.” Detective Ulrey then allowed
Ms. Denny into the interview room to see the Defendant. He told Ms. Denny, “I’m sorry.
. . . You know I only wanted what would be best for us.” After Ms. Denny and
Detective Ulrey left the interview, the Defendant said aloud to himself, “Oh, f**k. What
the f**k did I do?”

       After the recorded interview was published to the jury, Detective Ulrey testified
that the ottoman that the victim allegedly fell from was “approximately two-f[ee]t high.”
He stated that he did not find “any vomit, any . . . wet wipes[,] or any appearance of
something having cleaned up vomit” in the victim’s bathroom. He stated that the

                                           - 12 -
Defendant was the only person present when the victim’s fatal injuries occurred, and
there were “no other suspects in this case.”

        On cross-examination, Detective Ulrey affirmed that previously in his career, he
had received an evaluation that encouraged him to “remain aware of alternate theories in
his cases.” Detective Ulrey rejected defense counsel’s assertion that he initially went to
the Defendant’s apartment to “investigat[e] a homicide.” He explained that “[a]nytime
somebody died in the city of Clarksville and they’re out of the direct care of a doctor[,]
then . . . my office is notified. . . . More times than not, a drastically different more times
than not, they’re not homicides.” Detective Ulrey testified that it was standard practice to
keep a “crime scene log” during investigations and to keep “consent to search forms” in
his portfolio. On redirect examination, Detective Ulrey explained the evaluation that was
brought up by defense counsel was written when he was “brand new to the homicide
unit.” He stated that “[i]f you actually sit down and review[] the entire document . . . it
was a very good evaluation, and . . . [the lieutenant] kind of got to the point well, I need
to put something down; what can he build on now that he’s here in homicide?”

       Dr. Adele Lewis testified as an expert in forensic pathology medicine. She stated
that she had performed around 4,000 autopsies in her career, including “at least 100”
child autopsies. Dr. Lewis performed the victim’s autopsy, which revealed “multiple
bruises on both sides of her head, the top and back of her head. [T]oo many to count.”
The victim also had a healing injury to the inside of her lower lip and some bleeding deep
into her scalp, indicating that a significant amount of force had been applied to her head.
Over defense counsel’s objection, Dr. Lewis testified that based on her education and
experience, the type of bruises observed on the victim “would raise some concern in [her]
mind at the time of autopsy.” During the autopsy, “the bruising to her head was so severe
and there were so many of them” that Dr. Lewis had to shave the victim’s hair in order to
document all of her injures. Dr. Lewis stated that a person “wouldn’t get all of these too
many to count bruises from just a single fall from two feet. You probably wouldn’t get
any injury from that.”

        There were “at least eight separate areas” of deep bruising “all the way through
[the victim’s] scalp” that were sustained at or around the time of death, and Dr. Lewis
reiterated that such injuries could only be consistent with falling from two feet if the
victim “hit her head eight times all over the sides of her head” during the fall. Over
defense counsel’s objections, Dr. Lewis opined that she did not think “a child of this age
[would] have either the strength or the coordination to inflict this kind of injury on
herself.” Dr. Lewis also noted fingerprint bruises on the victim’s back that were “thought
to be sustained when a person grasps a child very firmly” and were “suspicious for
inflicted trauma.” These fingerprint bruises were likewise sustained at or around the
victim’s time of death.
                                            - 13 -
        The victim had “a complex of bruises on the left side of her chest, near the
middle” that was sustained at or around the time of death. Dr. Lewis further noted that
the victim had “small round bruises over the right side of her chest” and “round or oval
bruises” on both the right and left side of her abdomen. Dr. Lewis explained that
“usually when a child is slapped very hard[,] you can really sort of see an outline of the
hand or the fingers on them, and . . . I don’t see that here.” She elaborated that “it could
be possible” that such bruising on the victim’s abdomen resulted from being slapped, but
“given the severity of the injuries that [she] saw inside of her, that would have to be a
very hard slap to the abdomen[,]” and she would “expect to see a handprint.” Dr. Lewis
testified that she had “never seen a child sustain injuries like that from CPR” and opined
with a “reasonable degree of medical certainty” that the 18-pound victim could not “exert
enough force to do this to herself.”

       With respect to internal injuries, Dr. Lewis testified that the victim had bruising to
the surfaces of both lungs; bleeding into the muscles between the ribs; multiple bruises on
the small and large intestines; bruising on the diaphragm; bruising and injuries to the
pancreas; bleeding in the abdomen; and her liver was almost cut in half. It would take “a
great deal of force to cause an injury like that” to the liver, and her liver would have to be
“pressed up against the spine and that’s how it split” for a slap to be capable of causing
such an injury. The victim’s internal injuries were sustained around the time of her death
and were not consistent with CPR. The injuries would have caused the victim to be
“bleeding internally” and “have abdominal pain[.]” The victim’s crying and vomiting
were “consistent with the internal injuries” she sustained. Dr. Lewis opined that the
victim “could have survived maybe a period of a few hours” after sustaining such
injuries. There was a “remote chance” that the victim might have survived with
immediate medical attention.

        The victim’s cause of death was multiple blunt force injures, and the injuries to
her liver and pancreas “were the most severe and led to her death[.]” Dr. Lewis
explained that in addition to the victim’s liver being “nearly split in half,” her injured
pancreas was leaking digestive enzymes “into [her] abdomen and sort of start[ed]
digesting itself.” Abusive trauma was the “only medical disease or process that [Dr.
Lewis] kn[e]w of that causes multiple bruises in multiple areas of the body and multiple
injuries in the abdomen[.]” Neither an “event where [the victim] was gasping for air” nor
the victim being “anemic at birth” would “have affected [Dr. Lewis’] determination in
this autopsy at all,” though anemia could have caused the victim to “die[] more
quickly[.]” Dr. Lewis stated that the victim’s manner of death was homicide. The victim
falling two feet or being slapped in the abdomen would not be “a severe enough trauma”
for the victim’s death to be considered accidental.

                                            - 14 -
       On cross-examination, Dr. Lewis conceded that she did not recall whether the
victim’s previous “gasping for air” incident or possible anemia were relayed to her before
the victim’s autopsy. However, Dr. Lewis repeatedly emphasized that these details
“would not have [a]ffected [her] determination of cause and manner of death.” She
agreed that she also did not think that the Defendant’s “altered Heimlich maneuver” was
relayed to her. Dr. Lewis also agreed that “a bleeding disorder” could cause “excessive
bleeding,” but she specified that such a disorder “would not result in the trauma” that the
victim sustained, specifically the “demonstrable visible injuries to the pancreas, the lungs,
the liver.” She noted that she “take[s] everything into account when [she] make[s] these
judgments at autopsy, and there were many injuries that could not possibly be explained
by a bleeding disorder.” Dr. Lewis affirmed that she did not find any broken or
previously broken bones during the victim’s autopsy.

`       On redirect examination, Dr. Lewis stated that falling onto a toy would not cause
the victim’s injuries unless she “had fallen from a two or three story building onto the
toy.” She agreed that “a punch with a fist” rather than a slap could have caused the
injuries to the victim’s abdomen, again noting that the small oval bruises were not in a
“slap pattern,” and the “blow had to be powerful enough to crush her liver and her
pancreas against her spine.” She testified that the knuckles from a closed fist could have
caused the small oval bruises on the victim’s abdomen. Dr. Lewis reaffirmed that the
victim “could have lived a matter of hours” with the severe injury to her liver. She did
not find “any evidence at all” that the victim had a bleeding disorder or clotting disorder
and would have been “more willing to entertain the idea of an underlying unidentified
blood disorder if there were no evidence of significant trauma to the internal organs.”
The victim’s injuries were not consistent with the Defendant’s performing “an altered
Heimlich maneuver” on the victim, and her internal injuries were “more likely” caused
by “a strike” than “squeezing.” On recross-examination, Dr. Lewis explained that the
victim did not sustain broken bones in relation to her abdominal injuries because “the
fatal injuries were in the soft organs of the abdomen where you don’t have bones in
front.”

                                               ANALYSIS

       The Defendant argues on appeal that that the evidence is insufficient to support his
aggravated child abuse conviction; the trial court erred in denying his motions to suppress
his recorded interrogation statement and text messages in violation of his Fourth and
Fifth Amendment rights; that the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Lewis to testify “about
matters outside of her area of expertise”; that the trial court erred in not sentencing him as
an especially mitigated offender; and that cumulative error entitles him to a new trial.2

2
    We have reordered the Defendant’s arguments for the sake of clarity.
                                                   - 15 -
                               I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The Defendant argues that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his aggravated
child abuse conviction, specifically asserting that the evidence supported that he acted
recklessly and therefore “does not support the mens rea required to convict” him. In
support of this argument, he states that “testimony in this case established that [the
victim] may have had a pre-existing bleeding disorder” and that the State “offered no
explanation or motive” for the Defendant to kill the victim or “any evidence that there
had ever been any sort of abuse in the past” of the victim by the Defendant. The State
responds that the evidence is sufficient to sustain the aggravated child abuse conviction,
citing, among other things, the testimony of Dr. Lewis that the injuries were non-
accidental and noting that the State was not required to prove a motive. We agree with
the State.

        When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged, the relevant question of the
reviewing court is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see also
Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e) (“Findings of guilt in criminal actions whether by the trial court or
jury shall be set aside if the evidence is insufficient to support the findings by the trier of
fact of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”); State v. Evans, 838 S.W.2d 185, 190-92
(Tenn. 1992); State v. Anderson, 835 S.W.2d 600, 604 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992). All
questions involving the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given the
evidence, and all factual issues are resolved by the trier of fact. See State v. Pappas, 754
S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by
the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the witnesses for the State and resolves all
conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn.
1973). Our supreme court has stated the rationale for this rule:

       This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the
       jury see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their
       demeanor on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary
       instrumentality of justice to determine the weight and credibility to be
       given to the testimony of witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human
       atmosphere and the totality of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a
       written record in this Court.

Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d
523 (1963)). “A jury conviction removes the presumption of innocence with which a
defendant is initially cloaked and replaces it with one of guilt, so that on appeal a

                                            - 16 -
convicted defendant has the burden of demonstrating that the evidence is insufficient.”
State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982).

       A criminal offense may be established entirely by circumstantial evidence. State
v. Majors, 318 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tenn. 2010). In addition, the State does not have the
duty to exclude every other reasonable hypothesis except that of the defendant’s guilt in
order to obtain a conviction based solely on circumstantial evidence. See State v.
Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 380-81 (Tenn. 2011) (adopting the federal standard of review
for cases in which the evidence is entirely circumstantial). The jury as the trier of fact
must evaluate the credibility of the witnesses, determine the weight given to witnesses’
testimony, and reconcile all conflicts in the evidence. State v. Campbell, 245 S.W.3d
331, 335 (Tenn. 2008) (citing Byrge v. State, 575 S.W.2d 292, 295 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1978)). Moreover, the jury determines the weight to be given to circumstantial evidence,
the inferences to be drawn from such evidence, and the extent to which the circumstances
are consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence are questions primarily for the
jury. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d at 379 (citing State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn.
2006)). This court, when considering the sufficiency of the evidence, shall not reweigh
the evidence or substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact. Id.

        In relevant part, “[a] person commits the offense of aggravated child abuse . . .
who commits the offense of child abuse, as defined in § 39-15-401(a) . . . and . . . [t]he
act of abuse . . . results in serious bodily injury to the child.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-
402(a)(1). Generally, the offense is a Class B felony, but the offense is a Class A felony
if the abused child is eight years of age or less. Id. § 39-15-402(b). A person commits a
form of child abuse “who knowingly, other than by accidental means, treats a child under
eighteen (18) years of age in such a manner as to inflict injury.” Id. § 39-15-401(a). A
person acts “knowingly”

       with respect to the conduct or to circumstances surrounding the conduct
       when the person is aware of the nature of the conduct or that the
       circumstances exist. A person acts knowingly with respect to a result of the
       person’s conduct when the person is aware that the conduct is reasonably
       certain to cause the result.

Id. § 39-11-106(a)(20). Further,

       “Serious bodily injury to the child” includes, but is not limited to, second-
       or third-degree burns, a fracture of any bone, a concussion, subdural or
       subarachnoid bleeding, retinal hemorrhage, cerebral edema, brain
       contusion, injuries to the skin that involve severe bruising or the likelihood

                                           - 17 -
       of permanent or protracted disfigurement, including those sustained by
       whipping children with objects.

Id. § 39-15-402(d).

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence was sufficient for a
rational trier of fact to find the Defendant guilty of aggravated child abuse beyond a
reasonable doubt. According to Dr. Lewis, the victim died from multiple blunt force
injuries, with the injuries to her liver and pancreas being “the most severe and led to her
death[.]” The victim specifically had bruising to the surfaces of both lungs; bleeding into
the muscles between the ribs; multiple bruises on the small and large intestines; bruising
on the diaphragm; bruising and injuries to the pancreas; bleeding in the abdomen; and her
liver was almost cut in half. All of the victim’s injuries occurred at or around the time of
her death, during which the victim was in the sole care of the Defendant. The Defendant
asserts that the victim had “a pre-existing bleeding disorder” in support of his argument
that he only acted recklessly, despite the fact that there was no actual evidence that the
victim had such a disorder. Although the Defendant does not cite to anything in the
record to support his assertion that trial testimony “established that [the victim] may have
had” such a disorder, we note that the victim’s mother testified that although the victim
was suspected of being anemic when she was a newborn, they had “her hematocrit under
control” at the time of her death, and she was never diagnosed with anemia. Further, Dr.
Lewis stated that even if the victim did have anemia, it would not have affected her
findings about the victim’s death in any way and could not have caused her injuries,
though it could have made her die more quickly from her injuries. Dr. Lewis was
adamant that the victim’s injuries were non-accidental and were not consistent with the
Defendant’s explanation of events.

        The Defendant also argues that he did not knowingly injure the victim and that the
evidence does not support the requisite mens rea for an aggravated child abuse
conviction. He further asserts that evidence at trial “established that whatever happened
to [the victim] on May 15, 2014[,] was an accident.” Such arguments are misplaced.
Relative to the required mental state, “child abuse is a ‘nature-of-conduct’ offense,” and
the State is not required to “prove that the defendant intended to cause injury to the
child.” State v. Toliver, 117 S.W.3d 216, 230 (Tenn. 2003) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted). The defendant need not have known or intended that his conduct
would inflict the resulting serious bodily injury. Id. The State is required to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that the Defendant knowingly treated the victim in an abusive
manner and that the treatment resulted in serious bodily injury. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-
11-106(a)(20).

                                           - 18 -
       The jury heard the Defendant make statements during his police interview,
including “I probably gave her those bruises[,]” “I believe I harmed her. I believe I
freaked out in a certain way that I shouldn’t have[,]” and “I may have picked her up
aggressively, you know, I probably did, because I was freaked out[,] and I was mad[.]”
The Defendant also told Ms. Denny that he had “snapped on” the victim and “hit her
stomach[.]” The jury saw photographs of the victim’s injuries and heard Dr. Lewis’
testimony about the nature of those injuries and her rejection of the idea that the victim
had a bleeding disorder. It was also undisputed that the victim was in the sole care of the
Defendant at the time of her injuries and death. Dr. Lewis stated multiple times during
her testimony that the victim’s injuries were completely inconsistent with the
Defendant’s version of events. Despite the Defendant’s arguments to the contrary, it was
reasonable for the jury to conclude that the Defendant knowingly inflicted the victim’s
extensive injuries other than by accidental means while the victim was in his sole care.
See, e.g., State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 278 (Tenn. 2009).

        Finally, although the Defendant argues that the State failed to prove his motive for
killing the victim, the State was not required to do so. State v. Dequevion Lamar Lee,
No. W2017-01449-CCA-R3-CD, 2018 WL 2277808, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 18,
2018) (“Motive is not an element of the crime; therefore, the State is not required to
prove the defendant’s motive for committing the crime.”). We affirm the Defendant’s
conviction for aggravated child abuse.

                                 II. Motion to Suppress

       As to this issue, the Defendant argues on appeal that he was unlawfully detained
and that he did not waive his right to counsel. In reviewing this claim, we first note that
as the evidence was presented in this matter, the Defendant’s statement to police officers
was largely exculpatory, meaning that it sought to explain how the victim sustained fatal
injuries while alone with the Defendant. It appears that that the jury accredited at least
part of the statement, for the Defendant was convicted of a lesser charge rather than the
second degree murder for which he had been indicted.

       The Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motions to suppress
his recorded statement to officers in violation of his rights under the Fourth Amendment
and Fifth Amendments to the United States Constitution and article I, sections 7 and 9 of
the Tennessee Constitution. Further, he asserts that his Fourth Amendment rights were
violated by the trial court’s denying the motion to suppress his text messages. More
specifically, he argues that he was unlawfully detained by being placed in a locked room,
and he argues that his statement was the fruit of this illegal detention, as was his consent
for officers to search his cell phone. The State responds that the trial court correctly
denied the motions to suppress as to the Defendant’s statement because he had been
                                           - 19 -
lawfully detained, and, as to the text messages, he had voluntarily consented to these
being obtained by officers.

        When this court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence,
“[q]uestions as to the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value of the evidence,
and resolution of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted to the trial judge as the
trier of fact.” State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996). The factual findings
made by the trial court at a motion to suppress hearing are binding on the appellate court
unless the evidence preponderates against them. State v. Ross, 49 S.W.3d 833, 839
(Tenn. 2001). Moreover, the party prevailing at the suppression hearing is afforded the
“strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable and legitimate inferences
that may be drawn from that evidence.” State v. Keith, 978 S.W.2d 861, 864 (Tenn.
1998). The application of the law to the facts found by the trial court is a question of law
and is reviewed de novo. State v. Walton, 41 S.W.3d 75, 81 (Tenn. 2001); State v.
Crutcher, 989 S.W.2d 295, 299 (Tenn. 1999). In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a
motion to suppress, an appellate court may consider the evidence presented both at the
suppression hearing and at the subsequent trial. State v. Henning, 975 S.W.2d 290, 299
(Tenn. 1998).

                         A. Fourth Amendment Jurisprudence

       Both the United States and Tennessee Constitutions protect citizens from
unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Tenn. Const. Art. I, § 7. A
warrantless search or seizure is presumed unreasonable, and the “evidence discovered as
a result thereof is subject to suppression unless the State demonstrates that the search or
seizure was conducted pursuant to one of the narrowly defined exceptions to the warrant
requirement.” State v. Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d 626, 629 (Tenn. 1997) (citing Coolidge v.
New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 454-55 (1971)). Exceptions to the warrant requirement
include consent to search, search incident to a lawful arrest, evidence in plain view,
searches and seizures conducted in “hot pursuit” of a fleeing criminal, a “stop and frisk”
based on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, and probable cause to search with
exigent circumstances. State v. Bartram, 925 S.W.2d 227, 230 & n.2 (Tenn. 1992).

       A seizure or detention occurs when, “‘in view of all of the circumstances
surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to
leave.’” State v. Williams, 185 S.W.3d 311, 316 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting United States v.
Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 554 (1980)). However, an arrest

       is more specifically defined as the “taking, seizing, or detaining of the
       person of another, either by touching or putting hands on him, or by any act
       which indicates an intention to take him into custody and subjects the
                                           - 20 -
       person arrested to the actual control and will of the person making the
       arrest.” An arrest may be affected without formal words or a station house
       booking. However, there must be actual restraint on the arrestee’s freedom
       of movement under legal authority of the arresting officer.

State v. Crutcher, 989 S.W.2d 295, 301-02 (Tenn. 1999) (citations omitted). Handcuffing
and placing a person in the back of a patrol car does not automatically transform a brief
detention for investigative purposes into an arrest. See State v. Marvin Roscoe, No.
W2013-01714-CCA-R9-CD, 2014 WL 3511041, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 11, 2014).
However, a detention must not last longer than needed to effectuate the reason underlying
the stop, with the officer “diligently pursu[ing] a means of investigation that [is] likely to
confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly.” State v. Simpson, 968 S.W.2d 776, 783
(Tenn. 1998).

        A warrant is not required for an investigatory stop “when the officer has a
reasonable suspicion, supported by specific and articulable facts, that a criminal offense
has been or is about to be committed.” State v. Bridges, 963 S.W.2d 487, 492 (Tenn.
1997); see also Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21 (1968); State v. Binette, 33 S.W.3d, 215
218 (Tenn. 2000); Yeargan, 958 S.W.2d at 630. Reasonable suspicion is a lower
standard of proof than probable cause but must be more than the officer’s “inchoate and
unparticularized suspicion or hunch.’” State v. Hanning, 296 S.W.3d 44, 49 (Tenn. 2009)
(quoting State v. Day, 263 S.W.3d 891, 902 (Tenn. 2008)). Our supreme court has
explained that reasonable suspicion is “a particularized and objective basis for suspecting
the subject of a stop of criminal activity.” Binette, 33 S.W.3d at 218. Reasonable
suspicion exists when “‘specific and articulable facts . . . taken together with rational
inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.’” Id. (quoting Terry, 392
U.S. at 21). “The specific and articulable facts must be judged by an objective standard,
not the subjective beliefs of the officer making the stop.” State v. Norword, 938 S.W.2d
23, 25 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996) (citing United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417-18
(1981)). Accordingly, in evaluating the validity of an investigatory stop, a court must
consider the totality of the circumstances. United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 8
(1989); State v. Watkins, 827 S.W.2d 293, 294 (Tenn. 1992). In an investigative stop, an
officer’s actions “must be ‘reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which
justified the interference in the first place,’” State v. Troxell, 78 S.W.3d 866, 871 (Tenn.
2002) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 20, 88), and “the detention ‘must be temporary and last
no longer than necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop[.]’” Troxell, 78 S.W.3d at
871 (quoting Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 500 (1983)).

      Whether a person voluntarily consents to a search is a question of fact that is to be
determined from the totality of the circumstances. State v. Berrios, 235 S.W.3d 99, 109
(Tenn. 2007). In order for consent to be voluntary, it must be “unequivocal, specific,
                                            - 21 -
intelligently given, and uncontaminated by duress or coercion.” Id. (quoting Simpson,
968 S.W.2d at 784) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The pertinent question is this:
whether the [individual’s] act of consenting is the product of an essentially free and
unconstrained choice. If the [individual’s] will was overborne and his or her capacity for
self-determination critically impaired, due process is offended.” State v. Cox, 171
S.W.3d 174, 185 (Tenn. 2005) (citing Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 225-26
(1973). When determining the voluntariness of consent, factors to consider include: (1)
“[t]ime and place of the encounter”; (2) “[w]hether the encounter was in a public or
secluded place”; (3) “[t]he number of officers present”; (4) “[t]he degree of hostility”; (5)
“[w]hether weapons were displayed”; (6) “[w]hether consent was requested”; and (7)
“[w]hether the individual initiated contact with the police.” Id. (citation omitted).

       Additionally, “a consent to search that is preceded by an illegal seizure is not ‘fruit
of the poisonous tree’ if the consent is both: 1) voluntary, and 2) not an exploitation of
the prior illegality.” State v. Garcia, 123 S.W.3d 335, 346 (Tenn. 2003) (citing Wayne
LaFave, 3 Search and Seizure § 8.2(d) at 656 (3d ed. 1996)). To determine whether the
prior illegality was sufficiently attenuated from consent to search, courts look to the
following factors: (1) “the temporal proximity of the illegal seizure and consent”; (2) “the
presence of intervening circumstances”; and (3) “the purpose and flagrancy of the official
misconduct.” Id. (citing Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 603-04 (1975)). Attenuation
issues are highly factual, and the burden of proving attenuation lies with the State. Id.

        The Defendant asserts that being transported to the police station in a patrol car
was an unlawful detention, and his statement to Detective Ulrey and his consent to search
his phone should therefore have been suppressed by the trial court. Following the
evidentiary hearing on the Defendant’s motions to suppress his statement to Detective
Ulrey and text messages, the trial court entered an order denying the Defendant’s
argument that he had been unlawfully detained in the police vehicle. The court noted that
the Defendant was “unable to drive himself, a result of his emotional state.” While the
trial court concluded that transporting the Defendant in the backset of the police vehicle
amounted to an investigatory detention, the court noted that the Defendant had been the
only person in the apartment, other than the victim, when she sustained a fatal injury.
Accordingly, the court concluded that “it seems appropriate that there be a brief
investigatory detention, which would be supported by reasonable suspicion.” Further, the
court found that, even if the detention were not justified, “the taint of the unlawful seizure
had been sufficiently attenuated from the subsequent voluntary consent of the
Defendant.”

      We agree with the trial court that an investigatory detention of the Defendant was
warranted in the instant case. When police arrived at the Defendant’s apartment, they
only knew that the one-year-old victim had been badly injured while in the Defendant’s
                                            - 22 -
care and had subsequently died. A detective was sent to the hospital to learn more about
the victim’s injuries. While the Defendant was still at his apartment with police, police
heard him make phone calls to his mother-in-law to say “I’m so sorry,” and to Ms. Denny
to say that he had “failed her.” The Defendant appeared upset at the apartment; police
witnessed him vomiting, pulling a towel rack from the wall, and yelling profanities to the
extent that they worried about him potentially harming himself. As we explained above,
reasonable suspicion exists when “‘specific and articulable facts . . . taken together with
rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.’” Binette, 33
S.W.3d at 218 (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 21). Objectively, under the totality of the
circumstances, the observations made by police at the crime scene undoubtedly equated
reasonable suspicion and warranted an investigatory detention of the Defendant to
determine what had happened to the victim while she was in the Defendant’s sole care.3

        With respect to Detective Ulrey’s decision to conduct the investigation at the
police station rather than the crime scene, Detective Ulrey testified that he chose to do so
because a police team was processing the Defendant’s apartment following the
Defendant’s consent to do so, and the police station had audio and video recording
capabilities, unlike the crime scene. As noted by the State, defendants have contended
that a lack of video and audio recording of their statements warranted their suppression.
See, e.g., State v. Godsey, 60 S.W.3d 759, 771 (Tenn. 2001). Further, the record reflects
that the Defendant showed no hesitation in accompanying Detective Ulrey to the police
station after Detective Ulrey asked to speak with him. Though he was transported in the
backseat of a patrol car because there were two loaded weapons stored in the front seat,
the Defendant was not handcuffed inside of the car pursuant to Detective Ulrey’s
instructions and was driven by a single officer, Officer Bing. Though Officer Bing
collected the Defendant’s wallet, phone, and vaporizer and kept them in the front seat, he
testified that this was his standard protocol and not because the Defendant was under
arrest. Upon arriving at the police station, the Defendant remained unrestrained both
during the walk into the station and while in the interview room. Officer Bing remained
at the SOU in order to give the Defendant a ride home. The Defendant did not ask to
leave the interview, and nothing prevented him from doing so if he wished. The
Defendant was given a restroom break and offered refreshment. Nothing in the record
suggests that Detective Ulrey or any other officer was coercive or threatening at any point
while interacting with the Defendant. The Defendant was even allowed to see and speak
with Ms. Denny. Finally, there is likewise nothing in the record to suggest that police

3
  We note that although Detective Ulrey testified that he did not believe he had reasonable
suspicion to detain the Defendant at his apartment, the test for whether reasonable suspicion
exists is objective, rather than subjective, as stated above. See Norwood, 938 S.W.2d at 25
(noting that the “specific and articulable facts must be judged by an objective standard, not the
subjective beliefs of the officer making the stop.”).
                                             - 23 -
prolonged the investigatory detention of the Defendant or that they did not diligently
pursue the means of investigation that would be able to dispel their suspicions as quickly
as possible; a detective went to the hospital to learn about the victim’s injuries, and the
Defendant was the only other person who could explain to police what had occurred in
the apartment. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that an
investigatory detention of the Defendant was justified and therefore denying his motions
to suppress.

       Even if the Defendant’s detention were illegal, despite his arguments, his
statement to Detective Ulrey and his consent to search his cell phone were not “fruits of
the poisonous tree.” In analyzing the aforementioned Brown factors, the record does not
reflect any police misconduct whatsoever. Though the Defendant’s statement and
consent to search his phone were given shortly after his detention, he voluntarily waived
his Miranda rights and desired to speak with Detective Ulrey, which he reiterated during
the interview, though Detective Ulrey told him that if he wanted to consult counsel, the
interview would end. Detective Ulrey was the only officer present during the interview.
The Defendant also gave Detective Ulrey the password to his cell phone so that he could
look through it.4 See Brown, 422 U.S. at 603-04. We agree with the trial court that even
if the Defendant’s detention were illegal, his consent to search and his statement to
Detective Ulrey were sufficiently attenuated from the detention that they were not fruit of
the poisonous tree. The Defendant is not entitled to relief.

                           B. Fifth Amendment Jurisprudence

         The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “[n]o person
. . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.” U.S. Const.
amend. V. The corresponding provision of the Tennessee Constitution states “[t]hat in all
criminal prosecutions, the accused . . . shall not be compelled to give evidence against
himself.” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9. Thus, to be admissible at trial, a confession made
while under custodial interrogation must be shown to have been freely and voluntarily
given, after the defendant’s knowing waiver of his constitutional right to remain silent
and to have an attorney present during questioning. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S.
436, 444 (1966).

        A waiver of constitutional rights must be made “voluntarily, knowingly, and
intelligently” to be valid. Id. at 475. The State has the burden of showing voluntariness
by a preponderance of the evidence. State v. Kelly, 603 S.W.2d 726, 728 (Tenn. 1980).
The totality of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation must reveal both an

4
 We note that the record also reflects that Ms. Denny had copies of the text messages obtained
by Detective Ulrey on her cell phone, which she allowed police to view.
                                            - 24 -
uncoerced choice and the required level of comprehension. State v. Stephenson, 878
S.W.2d 530, 544-45 (Tenn. 1994). Certain factors apply in the determination of whether
a waiver of Miranda rights qualifies as voluntary, knowing, and intelligent: the age and
background of a defendant; their education and intelligence level; their reading and
writing skills; their demeanor and responsiveness to questions; their prior experience with
the police; any mental disease or disorder; any intoxication at the time of the waiver; and
the manner, detail, and language in which the Miranda rights were explained. State v.
Echols, 382 S.W.3d 266, 280-81 (Tenn. 2012) (citing State v. Blackstock, 19 S.W.3d
200, 208 (Tenn. 2000); State v. Callahan, 979 S.W.2d 577, 583 (Tenn. 1998)).

       “When a suspect invokes the right to counsel, police must cease questioning until
counsel is present” or the suspect initiates further conversation with the police. State v.
Saylor, 117 S.W.3d 239, 246 (Tenn. 2003) (citing Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444-45; Edwards
v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981); State v. Stephenson, 878 S.W.2d 530, 548 (Tenn.
1994)). However, an invocation of the right to counsel “requires, at a minimum, some
statement that can reasonably be construed to be an expression of a desire for the
assistance of an attorney.” Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452, 459 (1994) (quoting
McNeil v. Wisconsin, 501 U.S. 171, 178 (1991)). In other words, the suspect’s request
for an attorney must be stated “sufficiently clearly that a reasonable police officer in the
circumstances would understand the statement to be a request for an attorney.” Id. “[I]f a
suspect makes a reference to an attorney that is ambiguous or equivocal in that a
reasonable officer in light of the circumstances would have understood only that the
suspect might be invoking the right to counsel,” questioning need not cease nor must an
officer clarify the suspect’s intention regarding invocation of the right to counsel. Id.
Once the suspect invokes his right to counsel, any later statement made by a defendant as
a consequence of interrogation by police must be suppressed. Edwards, 451 U.S. at 487.
On the other hand, “[v]olunteered statements of any kind are not barred by the Fifth
Amendment and their admissibility is not affected by our holding today.” Miranda, 384
U.S. at 478. “‘Miranda does not protect an accused from a spontaneous admission made
under circumstances not induced by the investigating officers or during a conversation
not initiated by the officers.’” Butzin v. Wood, 886 F.2d 1016, 1018 (8th Cir. 1989)
(quoting United States v. Rhodes, 779 F.2d 1019, 1032 (4th Cir. 1985)).

        The issue of whether a suspect’s request for an attorney was unequivocal is a
mixed question of law and fact that is subject to de novo review. State v. Climer, 400
S.W.3d 537, 556 (Tenn. 2013) (citing State v. Turner, 305 S.W.3d 508, 514-15 (Tenn.
2010)). In Davis, the Supreme Court stated that, although it is a good policy for law
enforcement to clarify whether a suspect has actually asked for an attorney when the
suspect’s request is ambiguous, it “decline[d] to adopt a rule requiring officers to ask
clarifying questions.” Davis, 512 U.S. at 461. The Court explained, “If the suspect’s
statement is not an unambiguous or unequivocal request for counsel, the officers have no
                                           - 25 -
obligation to stop questioning him.” Id. at 461-62. Accord Saylor, 117 S.W.3d at 246
(“The standard for a valid invocation of the right to counsel is the same under both
[a]rticle I, [s]ection 9 [of the Tennessee Constitution] and the Fifth Amendment.”).

       Our supreme court previously explained, “[W]hen determining whether a suspect
has invoked the right to counsel . . . , Tennessee courts must apply the Davis standard,
regardless of the timing of the suspect’s alleged invocation of the right. The pre-
[Miranda] waiver/post-[Miranda]waiver distinction drawn in Turner has been abrogated
by Berghuis [v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370 (2010)].” Id. at 562 (footnote omitted). Our
supreme court went on to hold that the Climer defendant’s questions to detectives, like
“You mean I can have an uh an uh appointed lawyer right now?” were not an
unequivocal invocation of the right to counsel and noted that such statements were
similar to those in other cases that were decidedly ambiguous:

      Defendant’s statements are also very similar to other statements the Court
      of Criminal Appeals has found to be equivocal or ambiguous. See, e.g.,
      State v. Bell, No. E2008-01499-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 3612751, at *24
      (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 17, 2010) (“I think I need to talk to a lawyer.”);
      State v. Mitchell, 137 S.W.3d 630, 636-37 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003) (“Do
      you think I need a lawyer?”); State v. Sanders, No. M2005-02185-CCA-
      R3-CD, 2006 WL 3516210, at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 6, 2006) (“I
      guess I need a lawyer, don’t I?”); State v. Ledford, No. E1999-00917-CCA-
      R3-CD, 2000 WL 1211312, at *9 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 28, 2000)
      (“Don’t I need to talk to a lawyer?”); State v. Young, No. 01C01-9605-CC-
      00208, 1998 WL 258466, at *12 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 22, 1998) (“I’m
      sorry, I’m just wondering if I should have a lawyer.”); State v. Ake, No.
      01C01-9603-CC-00094, 1997 WL 311908, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 6,
      1997) (“I probably need to get a lawyer, don’t I?”).

      Defendant’s equivocal statements, like those in the decisions cited above,
      communicated merely a potential desire to consult with counsel and lacked
      the clarity and definitiveness characteristic of statements deemed
      unequivocal invocations of the right to counsel. See, e.g., Edwards, 451
U.S. at 479, 101 S. Ct. 1880 (“I want an attorney before making a deal.”);
      Turner, 305 S.W.3d at 522 (“Get me a lawyer.”); State v. Koffman, 207
S.W.3d 309, 319 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2006) (“I want to call [a judge] and [a
      federal public defender].”); State v. McCormick, No. E2003-02689-CCA-
      R9-DD, 2004 WL 2583903, at *11 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 15, 2004) (“I’d
      be willing to [cooperate], I’d like to have a lawyer at this point.”); State v.
      Tidwell, 775 S.W.2d 379, 387 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1989) (“I’d like to call a
      lawyer before I discuss that.”).
                                          - 26 -
Climer, 400 S.W.3d at 563-64.

       First, we note that the proof was that the Defendant was alone with the victim
when she sustained the injuries resulting in her death and that his statement to police
officers as to how she sustained these injuries was largely exculpatory. In denying the
Defendant’s motions to suppress, the trial court found that the Defendant had voluntarily
signed the Miranda warning, which served “as a knowing waiver of the Defendant’s right
to counsel for purposes of the interview.” As we will explain, we agree with this
determination by the trial court.

       As we have laid out, the following exchange occurred between Detective Ulrey
and the Defendant during his interview:

      [The Defendant]: . . . [i]s there anyway way I could—‘cuz my—my dad’s,
      uh, girlfriend is a lawyer; is there any way I—I’d be able to talk to her first?

      Detective Ulrey: Before you talk to me at all?

      [The Defendant]: . . . [A]bout anything.

      Detective Ulrey: . . . [If] you are asking to talk to an attorney, that is
      absolutely shutting me down.

      [The Defendant]: Okay. Then no—

      Detective Ulrey: That—

      [The Defendant]: No.

      Detective Ulrey: . . . I’m just—I want you to understand I’m trying to
      figure out what happened.

      [The Defendant]: Okay.

      Detective Ulrey: If you are telling me that you want to talk—you—you
      understand your rights; if you’re telling me you wanna [sic] talk to an
      attorney before you talk to me, then I can’t talk to you anymore.

      [The Defendant]: Okay.

                                           - 27 -
      Detective Ulrey: Okay. Um . . .

      [The Defendant]: I don’t have any problem—

      Detective Ulrey: But it—

      [The Defendant]: I don’t have a problem with you talking to me.

      Detective Ulrey: Okay. All right.

      [The Defendant]: I don’t.

        Detective Ulrey testified that after the Defendant mentioned a lawyer, he did not
believe that the Defendant was unambiguously invoking his right to have an attorney
present. Detective Ulrey thus asked qualifying questions to determine if the Defendant
actually wanted to speak to an attorney, which Detective Ulrey was not required to do.
See Davis, 512 U.S. at 461 (declining to adopt a rule requiring police officers to ask
qualifying questions following an ambiguous reference to an attorney but stating that it
was good policy for police officers to do as such). Once the Defendant understood that
Detective Ulrey could not continue to speak to him if he was in fact asking for a lawyer,
the Defendant very clearly responded that he did not “have a problem with [Detective
Ulrey] talking to [him],” and reiterated his desire to speak with Detective Ulrey by again
stating, “I don’t.” Like the defendant in Climer, we agree with the trial court that the
Defendant did not make an unequivocal request for an attorney. Instead, his question
regarding his father’s girlfriend, who was an attorney, “communicated merely a potential
desire to consult with counsel and lacked the clarity and definitiveness characteristic of
statements deemed unequivocal invocations of the right to counsel.” Climer, 400 S.W.3d
at 564. Because there was never an unequivocal invocation by the Defendant of his right
to counsel, Detective Ulrey was under no obligation to end the interview immediately. In
fact, Detective Ulrey sought to clarify exactly what the Defendant meant by such a
statement, which he was not required to do. In response, the Defendant repeatedly
relayed his desire to speak with Detective Ulrey. Therefore, the Defendant’s statement
was not elicited in violation of his right to counsel.

        With respect to the Defendant’s Miranda waiver, the record reflects that the
Defendant was 21 years old at the time of the victim’s death and had graduated from high
school and attended some community college. He had served in the United States Army
and seemed to have no trouble communicating with Detective Ulrey. He spoke
intelligently and was able to recall and give details about his life to Detective Ulrey.
Detective Ulrey read the Defendant a clearly-worded Miranda warning and waiver, which
the Defendant signed after reiterating that he wanted to speak to Detective Ulrey.
                                          - 28 -
Though the Defendant argues that he was “crying hysterically, vomiting, and
hyperventilating” at home and therefore incapable of waiving his Miranda rights, the
recorded interview does not suggest that he was under distress while speaking with
Detective Ulrey. He was offered restroom breaks and water and was allowed to speak to
Ms. Denny inside the interview room. Nothing in the record suggests that the Defendant
was coerced into signing the Miranda waiver. Further, although the Defendant
inferentially argues that because Detective Ulrey did not inform him that he was
“engaged in trained interrogation tactics to try to obtain a confession[,]” the Defendant’s
Miranda waiver was not knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently given, the Supreme
Court has held that the Constitution does not “require that the police supply a suspect
with a flow of information to help him calibrate his self-interest in deciding whether to
speak or stand by his rights.” Colorado v. Spring, 479 U.S. 564, 576-77 (1987); see also
State v. Ronallen Hardy, No. M2008-00381-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 2733821, at *8
(Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 31, 2009) (noting that detective’s failure to “explicitly inform the
appellant that he would be questioned” about murder and robbery did not affect his
decision to waive his Miranda rights). Despite the Defendant’s arguments to the
contrary, Detective Ulrey was not required to tell the Defendant about interrogation
tactics or even that he would be questioned about the victim’s death. The Defendant
reviewed and signed the Miranda waiver after reviewing it with Detective Ulrey. He
never invoked his right to remain silent or unambiguously invoked his right to an
attorney. In fact, he repeatedly communicated to Detective Ulrey that he wanted to
continue speaking with him. Nothing in the recorded interview suggests any police
coercion. Therefore, we agree with the trial court that the Defendant gave a knowing,
voluntary waiver of his Miranda rights. The trial court did not abuse its discretion, and
the Defendant is not entitled to relief.

                      III. Opinion Testimony of Dr. Adele Lewis

       Dr. Lewis, who performed the victim’s autopsy, testified as an expert in forensic
pathology. The Defendant argues that the trial court allowed her to testify as to matters
outside her expertise, specifically that the bruises on the victim’s body were not
medically consistent with normal injuries for a one-year-old child, the force required to
cause such injuries, and whether the victim’s injuries could have been caused by the
Defendant’s performing CPR. The State responds that the testimony of Dr. Lewis in
these issues was well within her area of expertise. We agree with the State.

       The admissibility of expert testimony is governed by Rule 702 of the Tennessee
Rules of Evidence. “If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will
substantially assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in
issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise.” Tenn. R. Evid. 702. Our
                                          - 29 -
supreme court has further defined the role of the trial court in assessing the propriety of
expert testimony:

       Trial courts act as gatekeepers when it comes to the admissibility of expert
       testimony. Their role is to ensure that an expert, whether basing testimony
       upon professional studies or personal experience, employs in the courtroom
       the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes the practice of an
       expert in the relevant field. A court must assure itself that the expert’s
       opinions are based on relevant scientific methods, processes, and data, and
       not upon an expert’s mere speculation. The court’s reliability analysis has
       four general inter-related components: (1) qualifications assessment, (2)
       analytical cohesion, (3) methodological reliability, and (4) foundational
       reliability.

State v. Scott, 275 S.W.3d 395, 401-02 (Tenn. 2009) (internal citations and quotation
marks omitted).

Rule 703 of the Tennessee Rule of Evidence provides that:

       The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an
       opinion or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the
       expert at or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by
       experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the
       subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence. The court shall
       disallow testimony in the form of an opinion or inference if the underlying
       facts or data indicate lack of trustworthiness.

Trial courts are vested with broad discretion in resolving questions regarding the
admissibility of expert testimony. State v. Copeland, 226 S.W.3d 287, 301 (Tenn. 2007).
On appellate review, we will not disturb a trial court’s decision regarding the admission
or exclusion of expert testimony absent an abuse of discretion. Scott, 275 S.W.3d at 404.
A trial court abuses its discretion when it applies incorrect legal standards, reaches an
illogical conclusion, bases its decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence,
or employs reasoning that causes an injustice to the complaining party. State v. Ruiz, 204
S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tenn. 2006) (citing Howell v. State, 185 S.W.3d 319, 337 (Tenn.
2006)). At trial, the burden rests on the party proffering the expert witness to establish
that the evidence “rests upon ‘good grounds.’” Scott, 275 S.W.3d at 404.

       The Defendant specifically asserts that Dr. Lewis should not have been allowed to
opine that the victim’s injuries were inconsistent with her simply being a one-year-old
child; that Dr. Lewis should not have been allowed to testify that the victim could not
                                           - 30 -
have not have inflicted these injuries upon herself; and that the trial court erred in
allowing Dr. Lewis to testify regarding the amount of force necessary to split the victim’s
liver. The State responds that Dr. Lewis was more than qualified to give such testimony,
given her education, training, and experience as a forensic pathologist.

        As to the Defendant’s assertion that “[b]y her own testimony, Dr. Lewis was not
qualified to testify as an expert” regarding the “medical consistency of bruises on a
twelve-month-old child,” he argues that she did not testify as to the ages of children or
the causes of death as to her “[a]t least 100” autopsies on children or why she was an
expert on what was normal bruising for a child of that age. In response to the
Defendant’s objection to the testimony at trial, the trial court stated that such an objection
spoke to the weight to be given to Dr. Lewis’ testimony, not its admissibility, and that the
Defendant could cross-examine Dr. Lewis about such details. The Defendant chose not
to cross-examine Dr. Lewis with such questions. In fact, as noted by the State, Dr. Lewis
testified without objection on cross-examination that the victim’s injuries were not
located in “the usual places where children accidentally get injured. Children fall down
and they get bruises on their knees, or their shins, or their elbows, and she did not have
those.” The trial court is given broad discretion in resolving questions concerning the
admissibility of expert testimony, and we will not overturn its ruling absent a finding that
it abused its discretion. See State v. Stevens, 78 S.W.3d 817, 832 (Tenn. 2002). We
agree that the specific details about the child autopsies Dr. Lewis had performed during
her career spoke to the weight, rather than admissibility, of her testimony. The
Defendant chose not to ask Dr. Lewis for such details, despite his objection on appeal to
the lack of such details. In light of Dr. Lewis’ training and experience as a forensic
pathologist, including her performance of “[a]t least 100” child autopsies, we conclude
that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing her to testify regarding the
victim’s bruising with respect to her age.

        The Defendant also asserts that the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Lewis to
testify that the victim would not have had the strength to inflict her injuries upon herself.
However, as noted by the State, medical experts “routinely offer testimony ruling out
possibilities for who had the physical ability to cause a victim’s injuries.” See, e.g., State
v. Tyrail Jermaine Cooke, No. E2017-00781-CCA-R3-CD, 2018 WL 3532126, at *2
(Tenn. Crim. App. July 23, 2018) (“Doctor Perales testified that she could fathom no
scenario under which the [five-year-old] victim could have caused the injuries to
himself[.]”), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 5, 2018); State v. Savannah Humphrey, No.
M2016-02183-CCA-R3-CD, 2017 WL4158692, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Sept. 19, 2017)
(“Dr. Brown testified that a child under four years of age would not be able to create the
force necessary to inflict the array of injuries sustained by the victim[.]” ), perm. app.
denied (Tenn. Jan. 18, 2018); State v. Demarkus Montreal Taylor, No. M2016-00255-
CCA-R3-CD, 2017 WL 781733, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 28, 2017) (“Dr. Lewis
                                            - 31 -
claimed that a four-year-old would not have the necessary strength to inflict such injuries
herself.”), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 18, 2017). The trial court did not abuse its
discretion in permitting Dr. Lewis to testify that the “a child of this age” would not “have
either the strength or the coordination to inflict this kind of injury on herself.” Dr. Lewis’
experience included at least 100 child autopsies, and she was undoubtedly qualified to
opine that a one-year-old child was not capable of causing injuries that would split her
own liver almost in half.

        The Defendant finally argues that Dr. Lewis was permitted to “testify over
objection and give expert opinion in the field of physics that the amount of force
necessary to cause” the victim’s liver to be almost split in half, which was “far outside of
her area of expertise.” The Defendant further asserts that by allowing such testimony, the
trial court “completely failed in its obligation as the gatekeeper to relevant and reliable
scientific testimony” and “violated [the Defendant]’s right to a fair trial[.]” As noted by
the State, Dr. Lewis was not attempting to testify as a physicist or to quantify the exact
mathematical force needed to cause such an injury. We agree with the Defendant that Dr.
Lewis would not be qualified to testify about the exact physics and numerical forces
needed to cause a liver to split. However, Dr. Lewis’ testimony was undoubtedly
relevant regarding whether the victim’s injuries were consistent with an accident. Given
the Defendant’s defense theory that the victim’s injuries resulted from a two-foot fall
from an ottoman, Dr. Lewis’ testimony was extremely relevant. See Tenn. R. Evid. 401.
Regarding the reliability of Dr. Lewis’ testimony, Dr. Lewis testified that she had
performed 4,000 autopsies in her career at the time of trial. Dr. Lewis was therefore
familiar with various injuries and what potentially could or could not have caused them.

        Further, despite the Defendant’s assertions to the contrary, this is the kind of
mechanism of injury testimony that medical experts, including forensic pathologists,
routinely offer without objection. See, e.g., Tyral Jermaine Cooke, 2018 WL 3532126, at
*2 (“Doctor Perales testified that . . . the force required for the [five-year-old victim’s]
injuries would be similar to ‘a car accident, forces equal to falling from a great height like
skydiving; a lot of force.’”); Savannah Humphrey, 2017 WL 4158692, at *6 (“Dr. Brown
testified that . . . aside from a ‘horrible car accident,’ there was no explanation for the
[four-year-old] victim’s injuries consistent with an accident.”) (footnote omitted); State v.
Rawney Jean Taylor, No. M2015-02142-CCA-R3-CD, 2017 WL 2179952, at *5 (Tenn.
Crim. App. May 16, 2017) (“Dr. Lewis also said the [four-year-old] victim’s head
injuries were ‘[what] I would expect to see in someone who has been in a major car crash
or who had fallen two or three stories out of a building.’”), perm. app. denied (Tenn.
Sept. 21, 2017); State v. Sherry Dewitt, No. M2015-00816-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL
6638857, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 10, 2016) (noting that Dr. Lowen testified that
three-month-old victim’s two-and-a-half-year-old brother could not have caused victim’s
injures “in the course of typical childhood play” or even had the strength to inflict the
                                            - 32 -
victim’s injuries and noted that injuries could not have been caused by an accidental
mechanism “except for in maybe a major car accident with an unrestrained baby who
maybe had multiple blows during a car accident.”); State v. Randall T. Beaty, No.
M2014-00130-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 6600148, at *26 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 8, 2016)
(noting that Dr. Eutenier, who performed the nine-month-old victim’s autopsy, testified
that “the victim’s injuries were consistent with a fall from a third floor window[.]”),
perm. app. denied (Tenn. Mar. 9, 2017); State v. David William Lowery, No. E2015-
00924-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 1253642, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Mar. 30, 2016) (“[Dr.
Perales] stated that this fracture required a lot of force and was typically seen in things
like car wrecks or motorcycle or airplane accidents.”), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Aug. 18,
2016); State v. Joshua R. Starner and Caitlyn Metz, No. M2014-01690-CCA-R3-CD,
2016 WL 1620778, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 20, 2016) (“Dr. Lewis noted that it
would take a ‘significant’ amount of force to cause the [23-month-old] victim’s injuries,
force equivalent to a ‘major car wreck’ or a ‘two or three story fall.’”), perm. app. denied
(Tenn. Aug. 18, 2016). The trial court also instructed the jury that it was to decide
whether Dr. Lewis’ opinions “were based on sound reasons, judgment, and information”
and the “weight and value” to be afforded to her testimony.

        Ultimately, the jury heard testimony regarding Dr. Lewis’ qualifications, and the
trial court appropriately instructed that it was in the discretion of the jury as to the weight
and credibility to assign to her expert testimony. See State v. Ayers, 200 S.W.3d 618,
223 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2005) (reiterating that the weight to be given expert testimony is a
question for the jury under careful instruction of the trial court). We therefore discern no
error regarding Dr. Lewis’ qualifications or the opinions she provided at trial. The
Defendant is not entitled to relief.

                                       IV. Sentencing

       The Defendant argues that he should have been sentenced as an especially
mitigated offender, specifically asserting that the trial court erred in “finding that only
one mitigating factor” but “several enhancement factors” applied in this case. The State
responds that the trial court’s finding several applicable enhancement factors precludes
sentencing as an especially mitigated offender and that such a classification is
nevertheless within the trial court’s discretion. We agree with the State.

       Under the 2005 amendments to the Sentencing Act, a trial court is to consider the
following when determining a defendant’s sentence and the appropriate combination of
sentencing alternatives:

       (1) The evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing;

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      (2) The presentence report;

      (3) The principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing
      alternatives;

      (4) The nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved;

      (5) Evidence and information offered by the parties on the mitigating and
      enhancement factors set out in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114;

      (6) Any statistical information provided by the administrative office of the
      courts as to sentencing practices for similar offenses in Tennessee; and

      (7) Any statement the defendant wishes to make in the defendant’s own
      behalf about sentencing.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b).

       The trial court is granted broad discretion to impose a sentence anywhere within
the applicable range, regardless of the presence or absence of enhancement or mitigating
factors, and the sentencing decision of the trial court will be upheld “so long as it is
within the appropriate range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in
compliance with the purposes and principles listed by statute.” State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d
682, 709-10 (Tenn. 2012). Although the trial court should consider enhancement and
mitigating factors, the statutory enhancement factors are advisory only. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-114; see also Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 701. Moreover, a trial court’s
“misapplication of an enhancement or mitigating factor does not invalidate the sentence
imposed unless the trial court wholly departed from the 1989 Act, as amended in 2005.”
Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706. Accordingly, we review the length of the sentences ordered by
the trial court under an abuse of discretion standard, “granting a presumption of
reasonableness to within-range sentencing decisions that reflect a proper application of
the purposes and principles of our Sentencing Act.” Id. at 707.

       When a defendant has no prior felony convictions and the trial court finds
mitigating but no enhancement factors, it “may” sentence the defendant as an especially
mitigated offender. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-109(a)(1), (2). Sentencing a defendant as
an especially mitigated offender allows the court to reduce the Range I minimum
sentence by ten percent, to reduce the release eligibility date to twenty percent, or both.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-109(b). The trial court’s decision to sentence an offender as an
especially mitigated offender is discretionary. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-109, Sentencing
Comm’n Cmt; see State v. Braden, 867 S.W.2d 750, 762 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).
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       Following a sentencing hearing, the trial court found one mitigating factor and
three enhancement factors to be applicable. In deciding to classify the Defendant as a
Range I, standard offender, the trial court examined the applicable mitigating and
enhancement factors as follows:

             Pursuant to TCA section 40-35-113 the Court is to consider
      mitigating factors. And the Defendant has submitted and argued a list of
      mitigating factors. In looking at the statute the Defendant cites under TCA
      40-35-114, under subsection 11, that the Defendant although guilty of the
      crime com[m]itted the offense under such unusual circumstances that it is
      unlikely that a sustained intent to violent the law motivated criminal
      conduct.

             I find that this factor does not apply. The testimony at trial indicated
      that there was at times frustration. And while sustained intent is not
      necessarily defined there was -- this involved an intentional act. The
      autopsy report reflected various bruises on the child’s body, which would
      indicate[] that this, perhaps, was not the first time that an incident like this
      occurred. Therefore, the Court finds that mitigating factor 11 does not
      apply.

             Defense next cites as the -- under the, what’s referred to as the
      catchall provision under 13, [the Defendant] tried to save [the victim]’s life.
      The indication is that [the victim’s] life was gone by the time he
      commenced the efforts at CPR.

             Under subsection ten the Defense presents the Defendant assisted the
      authorities locating or recovering any property or person involved in any --
      the crime. I do not find that his mere sitting for an extended interview that
      was videoed, that the story changed as we went through it, was necessarily
      of assistance to the authorities, therefore, I do find that subsection ten
      applies.

             Military service . . . as under the catchall. The presentence report,
      which we do not have the discharge papers from [the Defendant], but by his
      own statement he received a discharge under general conditions, which is
      less than an honorable discharge. His letters indicate that he was unable to
      find a -- had difficulty finding his place, and he -- one of the letters made
      reference to the fact that he stated that he could not get in the Navy or some
      other branch of service and he got in the Army. So I’m not going to -- the

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Court finds that his effort at reliance upon military service does not serve as
a mitigating factor.

       The Defense cites to lack of criminal history, and that is correct.
And I find that his lack of criminal history does qualify under [code section
40-35-113] subsection 13 as a mitigating factor.

      Community involvement. His community involvement, apparently,
ceased upon his leaving high school. And I find that that does not apply.

      I understand the testimony and concern expressed by his parents,
which is understandable, but I do not find that to be a mitigating factor.

       Subsection -- under subsection six, the Defendant, because of youth
or old age lacked substantial judgement in committing the offense. I
recognize, and the letters submitted on behalf of [the Defendant] reflects,
that he perhaps reads at a middle school level; nevertheless, he was able to
function, he graduated from high school, he was inducted in the United
States Army. The presentence report reflects that he obtained the rank of
E3. So I do not find that he lacks substantial judgment, and even though he
was 21-years of old [sic], there’s a lot of parents at that age and, therefore, I
do not find that subsection six applies.

      I’m not going to apply the potential for rehabilitation, nor the
remorse. Therefore, there is -- Court finds one mitigating factor under
subsection 13, his lack of criminal history.

       As [it] relates to the enhancement factors, this relates also as to
whether [the Defendant] is to be an especially mitigated offender. He
cannot have any enhancement factors. Enhancement factors are listed
under TCA 45-35-114. Subsection four: A victim of the offense was
particularly vulnerable because of age or physical or mental disability.
[Defense counsel] is correct, it’s got to be a factor that’s not involved as
part of one of the elements of the offense for which the Defendant is
convicted, in this instance, aggravated child abuse, but under aggravated
child abuse: This child under the age of eight. The Court finds a distinction
between a child that’s age one and age eight. That the case law is such -- or
in this instance a one-year-old does not have the same options as a five-
year-old, six-years-old on up to eight-year-old of being an effort of trying
to run away, trying to escape or trying to scream; therefore, I find that in

                                     - 36 -
       this instance [the victim], by virtue of being a one-year-old, was
       particularly venerable because of her age.

              Subsection five: That the Defendant treated or allowed a victim to be
       treated with exceptional cruelty during the commission of the offense.
       Medical proof in this case indicated that the victim’s liver had been split,
       there was significant damage or injury to internal organs, therefore I find
       that subsection five applies.

               Subsection 14: That the Defendant abused a position of public or
       private trust, used a professional license in a manner that significantly
       facilitated the commission or fulfilment of the offense. Under the case
       cited by the State[, State v. Kissinger, 922 S.W.2d 482 (Tenn. 1996),] it is
       correct that stepparent is a position a public trust, but there also has to be a
       relationship between that position, for lack of better description, the
       opportunity afforded to the accused, or in this instance, the accused -- or the
       convicted, for the perpetration of the offense.

              As a stepparent he exercised his position to place himself of being a
       caretaker for this child that would not have occurred had he not been a
       stepparent who wanted to be the new adopted father for this child;
       therefore, I -- the Court finds that subsection 14 applies.

        We initially note, as previously laid out, that the trial court’s decision to sentence
an offender as an especially mitigated offender is discretionary. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-
35-109, Sentencing Comm’n Cmt; see Braden, 867 S.W.2d at 762. Therefore, regardless
of whether the trial court did or did not misapply any of the discussed enhancement or
mitigating factors, it was within the trial court’s discretion not to sentence the Defendant
as an especially mitigated offender, even if he were eligible. See, e.g., State v. Thomas
Fancher Greenwood, No. M2013-01924-CCA-R3-CD, 2014 WL 6609308, at *41 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Nov. 21, 2014), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Apr. 10, 2015) (explaining that
even though defendant was eligible to be sentenced as an especially mitigated offender,
“no authority mandates this classification; to the contrary, this decision is discretionary
with the trial court.”). However, we find each of the enhancement factors discussed by
the trial court to be applicable.

        With respect to enhancement factor four, that a victim of the offense was
particularly vulnerable because of age, the Defendant argues that “[t]he record does not
support the [t]rial [c]ourt’s finding that [the victim’s age] had anything to do with her
death.” This court has stated that “merely establishing the youth of the victim at the time
of the crime’s perpetration is an insufficient basis for applying this fourth enhancement
                                            - 37 -
factor” and that “[t]here must be evidence, in addition to the victim’s age, to warrant
application of this . . . factor.” State v. Mark Summers, No. 03C01-9606-CR-00235,
1997 WL 785677, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 4, 1997), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept.
21, 1998). For example, the trial court should consider whether the evidence in the
record demonstrates that due to the victim’s age, the victim was unable to resist the
crime, summon help, or testify at a later date. State v. Poole, 945 S.W.2d 93, 96 (Tenn.
1997). The State is required to proffer evidence in addition to the victim’s age to
establish particular vulnerability; however, that evidence “need not be extensive.” Id. at
97. Also, a court may consider the natural vulnerabilities attendant to the extreme ends
of the aging spectrum by giving “additional weight . . . to the age of the victim in those
cases where a victim is extremely young or old.” Id. In the instant case, the trial court
specifically stated that “in this instance[,] a one-year-old does not have the same options .
. . of trying to run away, trying to escape or trying to scream[.]” The record reflects that
the victim suffered extensive injuries while in the sole care of the Defendant at their
apartment, and as noted by the trial court, was unable to escape or seek out help because
she was a one-year-old child who could not yet walk or talk. We affirm the application
of this factor.

        With respect to enhancement factor five, exceptional cruelty, this court upheld the
application of this factor in State v. Hodges, 7 S.W.3d 609, 631 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998),
an aggravated child abuse case. The Hodges court relied upon our supreme court’s
conclusion that “the element of ‘serious bodily injury,’ as included in the offense of
especially aggravated robbery, does not necessarily constitute ‘exceptional cruelty.’” Id.
(quoting Poole, 945 S.W.2d at 98). This enhancement factor requires a finding of cruelty
over and above that inherently attendant to the crime. See State v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d
250, 258 (Tenn. 2001); see also State v. Embry, 915 S.W.2d 451, 456 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1995) (citation omitted) (holding that this factor was not applicable because there was no
evidence that rape victim suffered greater injury than that ordinarily involved in the
offense), overruled on other grounds by State v. Winfield, 23 S.W.3d 279, 283 (Tenn.
2000). The Poole court explained that “the facts in a case may support a finding of
‘exceptional cruelty’ that ‘demonstrates a culpability distinct from and appreciably
greater than that incident to’” the charged offense. 945 S.W.2d at 98. In applying this
factor, the trial court should state what actions, apart from the elements of the offense,
constitute “exceptional cruelty.” State v. Goodwin, 909 S.W.2d 35, 45-46 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1995).

       In the instant case, the victim had bruising to the surfaces of both lungs; bleeding
into the muscles between the ribs; multiple bruises on the small and large intestines;
bruising on the diaphragm; bruising and injuries to the pancreas; bleeding in the
abdomen; and her liver was almost cut in half. The Defendant also did not immediately
call 911 when he noticed that the victim was having trouble breathing. Instead, he took
                                           - 38 -
the time to place the bottle he had given her back inside the refrigerator and hold her over
the sink while she was dry-heaving. He then called Ms. Denny, who encouraged him to
call 911. See, e.g., State v. Eric Cathey, No. 2008-01446-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL
2836632, at *20 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 20, 2010) (stating that enhancement factor five
applied where defendant noticed the victim was having trouble breathing and did not
immediately call 911, and victim had extensive injuries). In contemplating whether
enhancement factor five was applicable, the trial court specifically noted that the victim’s
liver had nearly been split in half. The victim’s injuries far exceed the requisite level of
“serious bodily injury,” which could have been satisfied by the victim’s extensive
bruising alone. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-15-402(d). We affirm the application of this
factor.

        With respect to enhancement factor fourteen, the defendant abused a position of
trust, our supreme court has stated that an adult “occupies a position of ‘presumptive
private trust’ with respect to the minor” when the adult and child are members of the
same household. State v. Gutierrez, 5 S.W.3d 641, 645 (Tenn. 1999) (citing State v.
Kissinger, 922 S.W.2d 482, 488 (Tenn. 1996)). The Defendant was married to the
victim’s mother, lived with the victim and her mother, and took care of the victim while
her mother was at work. We affirm the application of this factor.

        The Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in finding his proposed
mitigating factors, except for his lack of criminal history, to be applicable. He asserts
that the trial court should have applied the mitigating factor (11), which provides that the
offense was committed “under such unusual circumstances that it is unlikely that a
sustained intent to violate the law motived” the crime, and mitigating factor (13), the
“catch-all” factor. The Defendant specifically argues that under factor (13), the trial
court should have found his military service, remorse, potential for rehabilitation, and
that he performed CPR on the victim. The record reflects that the trial court considered
all of the Defendant’s proposed mitigating factors and found only one, his lack of
criminal history, to be applicable. As we noted, the trial court is guided by, but not
bound by, any applicable enhancement or mitigating factors when imposing a sentence,
and we will not disturb a trial court’s sentence unless the court wholly departed from the
purposes and principles of the Sentencing Act. See Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 706. The trial
court carefully considered the Defendant’s proposed mitigating factors and enhancement
factors and chose not to sentence the Defendant as an especially mitigated offender, as is
its province. The Defendant is not entitled to relief.

                                  V. Cumulative Error

      The Defendant finally argues that the cumulative effect of the errors at trial
warrants reversal, even if none of the errors do so individually. However, having found
                                           - 39 -
no errors, we respectfully disagree and conclude that the Defendant is not entitled to
relief on the basis of cumulative error. See State v. Hester, 324 S.W.3d 1, 77 (Tenn.
2010) (“To warrant assessment under the cumulative error doctrine, there must have been
more than one actual error committed in the trial proceedings.”).

                                   CONCLUSION

        Based upon the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we affirm the judgments of
the trial court.

                                           ____________________________________
                                           ALAN E. GLENN, JUDGE

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