Court Opinion

ID: 9399326
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-02 17:01:55.84598+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:04.814795
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                          FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUN 2 2023
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MARIA ELENA REIMERS, USCIS A# 097 No. 22-35248
            107 629,
                                   D.C. No. 2:20-cv-00459-RMP
              Plaintiff-Appellant,

                       v.                       MEMORANDUM*

  UNITED STATES CITIZENSHIP AND
   IMMIGRATION SERVICES; et al.,

                   Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Eastern District of Washington
                Rosanna Malouf Peterson, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted April 12, 2023
                               Seattle, Washington

Before: McKEOWN, BYBEE, and DESAI, Circuit Judges.

      Maria Reimers, a lawful permanent resident, appeals the district court’s grant

of summary judgment in favor of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

(“USCIS”), several of its employees, and the U.S. Attorney General (collectively,

“Defendants”) in Ms. Reimers’s action under 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c) challenging

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
USCIS’s denial of her application for naturalization. We have jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291 and review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment.

See Park v. Barr, 946 F.3d 1096, 1097 (9th Cir. 2020). We affirm.

      1.     Ms. Reimers first challenges the district court’s holding that she is

ineligible for naturalization. To qualify for naturalization, an applicant must

establish that “during the five years immediately preceding the date of filing [the]

application,” she “has been and still is a person of good moral character.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1427(a). But an applicant is precluded from establishing good moral character if

she violated the Controlled Substances Act (“CSA”). 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(f)(3),

1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II); 8 C.F.R. § 316.10(b)(2)(iv). A violation of the CSA is “a per

se bar to naturalization.” Hussein v. Barrett, 820 F.3d 1083, 1088 (9th Cir. 2016).

      Ms. Reimers admitted to operating a marijuana business. Even though Ms.

Reimers’s business is licensed under Washington law, it nevertheless constitutes a

violation of the CSA. See 21 U.S.C. § 812, Schedule I(c)(10) (designating marijuana

as a controlled substance). And, even though Ms. Reimers may otherwise be eligible

to naturalize, her operation of a licensed marijuana business categorically precludes

her from qualifying for naturalization.

      We therefore affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment.1

1
     Ms. Reimers also argues that the district court erred by granting summary
judgment because she was entitled to a full evidentiary hearing under 8 U.S.C. §

                                          2                                   22-35248
      2.     Ms. Reimers also challenges the constitutionality of the “good moral

character” statutory bar. Her Commerce Clause, Supremacy Clause, and Tenth

Amendment arguments are foreclosed by Supreme Court precedent. In Gonzales v.

Raich, 545 U.S. 1 (2005), the Supreme Court held that the CSA’s criminalization of

purely intrastate manufacture, distribution, or possession of marijuana was a proper

exercise of Congress’ Commerce Clause authority. Id. at 25–26. And Gonzales held

that the CSA preempts state marijuana laws. Id. at 29. The Court has also held that

when Congress acts under one of its enumerated powers, there is no Tenth

Amendment violation. New York v. United States, 505 U.S. 144, 156–57 (1992);

United States v. Mikhel, 889 F.3d 1003, 1024 (9th Cir. 2018) (“‘[I]f Congress acts

under one of its enumerated powers’ . . . then ‘there can be no violation of the Tenth

Amendment.’”) (quoting United States v. Jones, 231 F.3d 508, 515 (9th Cir. 2000)).

      Ms. Reimers’s equal protection claim also fails. She contends that she is

treated differently than citizen marijuana business owners, but Ms. Reimers is not a

citizen and, moreover, the naturalization statutes do not apply to citizens. Ms.

Reimers has not shown that Defendants treated similarly situated individuals—other

1421(c). Even if we assume—without deciding—that § 1421(c) entitled Ms.
Reimers to a full hearing, she cross-moved for summary judgment, and thus
relinquished any right to a full hearing. Cf. In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d
376, 386 (9th Cir. 2010); Johnson v. I.N.S., 971 F.2d 340, 343–44 (9th Cir. 1992)
(holding that the invited error doctrine precluded a litigant from challenging the
admissibility of a document on appeal when her own lawyer introduced the
document below).

                                          3                                   22-35248
non-citizen marijuana business owners—differently under the naturalization

statutes. See United States v. Quintero, 995 F.3d 1044, 1057 (9th Cir. 2021)

(rejecting equal protection claim because two groups were “not comparable for equal

protection purposes” and the government had “different interests” related to each

group).

      We thus affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in Defendants’

favor on Ms. Reimers’s constitutional challenges.

      AFFIRMED.

                                        4                                   22-35248