Court Opinion

ID: 9742090
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 21:06:38.909182+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:24:28.481836
License: Public Domain

OPINION
KIRSCH, Judge.
Linda S. Barga appeals the trial court’s determination that she is not entitled to insurance coverage under a policy of insurance issued by appellee-garnishee-defendant, Indiana Farmers Mutual Insurance Group, Inc. (“Indiana Farmers”). The issue presented is whether an insurance policy provision excluding coverage for “bodily injury ... arising out of auto business operations” insulates the automobile liability insurer from liability for damages caused by the employee of an auto business while using the insured car as a personal conveyance to extensively “road test” it.
We reverse.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On April 7, 1988, Barga was seriously injured when a pickup truck driven by Gerald D. Siler crossed the highway center line and collided head-on with Barga’s vehicle. The truck was owned by Harold Starr, a customer of Siler’s employer, Fuqua Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc. (“Fuqua”). Starr had delivered the truck to Fuqua several days earlier for repairs, and Siler, a Fuqua mechanic, was assigned responsibility for repairing it. Siler could find nothing wrong with the truck, so he and Fuqua’s service manager decided that Siler should drive the truck as his own personal transportation, on the theory that such extensive use would flush out any problems that might be present.
Siler drove the truck to and from work for a period of five or six days and used it as his personal vehicle, including picking up his child from the babysitter and taking the child to the doctor. On the evening of the accident, Siler punched out on the Fuqua time clock and gave his boss a ride home in the truck. Siler planned to take the truck out of town the next day on a personal errand.
Barga brought suit to recover for her injuries against Siler and Fuqua. On August 31, 1990, after a bench trial, the trial court entered judgment against the defendants for $425,000. After the limits of insurance available to the defendants were exhausted, Bar-ga sought recovery of the outstanding balance of the judgment, $175,000, from Indiana Farmers under an automobile liability insurance policy it had issued to Starr. Indiana Farmers filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing that coverage was precluded under a clause in the policy excluding liability for “bodily injury and property damage arising out of auto business operations.” Record at 28. Barga agreed that there was no genuine issue of material fact and also moved for summary judgment. The trial court granted Indiana Farmers’ motion, and Barga now appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
When reviewing a decision on a summary judgment motion, this court applies the same standard as the trial court. Goldsberry v. Grubbs, 672 N.E.2d 475, 477 (Ind.Ct.App.1996). Summary judgment shall be granted if the designated evidentiary matter demonstrates that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Ind.Trial Rule 56(C); Wickey v. Sparks, 642 N.E.2d 262, 265 (Ind.Ct.App.1994), trans. de*577nied (1995). Cross motions for summary judgment invoke the same inquiry: whether a genuine issue of material fact exists to preclude the entry of judgment as a matter of law. L.E. Services, Inc. v. State Lottery Comm’n, 646 N.E.2d 334, 339 (Ind.Ct.App.1995), trans. denied. The parties here do not dispute the material facts. Accordingly, we must determine whether the trial court correctly applied the law to the undisputed facts. Id.
The portion of the insurance policy at issue in this case provides:
“EXCLUSIONS
(5) Bodily injury or property damage arising out of auto business operations. But, coverage does apply to the ownership, maintenance, or use of your insured car in auto business operations by you, a relative, or anyone associated with or employed by you or a relative in the business.”
Record at 28 (emphasis in original). Barga argues that her damages did not arise out of auto business operations because Siler was using the vehicle as a personal conveyance at the time of the accident. Indiana Farmers responds that Barga is judicially estopped from making this argument because it is based upon a position that is different than the one she took in the principal litigation against Siler and Fuqua and contends that the exclusion set out above bars recovery.
“Judicial estoppel prevents a party from assuming a position in a legal proceeding inconsistent with one previously asserted.”1 Shewmaker v. Etter, 644 N.E.2d 922, 931 (Ind.Ct.App.1994), adopted on trans., Hammes v. Brumley, 659 N.E.2d 1021 (Ind.1995). When the subsequent position is not inconsistent with the previous position, the doctrine cannot be invoked. See Russell v. Moore, 130 Ind.App. 351, 356, 164 N.E.2d 670, 673 (1960); 12 I.L.E. Estoppel § 44 (1959).
In the principal litigation, Barga argued that Fuqua was liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior for Siler’s negligence oe-curring “in the course of his employment.” Record at 6 (Complaint). Indiana Farmers asserts that Barga took this position in order to recover from Fuqua under its insurance policy and may not now argue precisely the opposite position in order to also recover under Starr’s insurance policy.
Barga claims that she is not judicially es-topped from asserting that Siler was using the insured automobile as a personal conveyance because such a position is not inconsistent with her position in the primary litigation. She distinguishes the phrases “in the course of’ (meaning “the circumstances under which”) and “arising out of’ (meaning “caused by”). She claims that her injuries occurred in the course of Siler’s' employment, but did not arise out of auto business operations.
We agree with Barga. To distinguish the meaning of the phrases “in the course of’ and “arising out of,” it is appropriate to look to workers’ compensation statutes and cases where such a distinction is frequently made. In order to recover workers’ compensation benefits, a claimant is statutorily required to demonstrate that his or her injury arose out of and in the course of his or her employment. IC 22-3-2-2. This court has repeatedly emphasized that these are two separate requirements. See, e.g., Olinger Constr. Co. v. Mosbey, 427 N.E.2d 910, 912 (Ind.Ct.App.1981). As this court explained,
“The statutory term[s] ‘arising out of and ‘in the course of are not synonymous. They are conjunctive terms. The term ‘arising out of refers to the origin and the cause of the ‘accident.’ The term ‘in the course of refers to the time, place and circumstances under which the ‘accident’ occurred.”
Lincoln v. Whirlpool Corp., 151 Ind.App. 190, 195, 279 N.E.2d 596, 599 (1972). Based upon these definitions, Barga is correct in stating that her accident with Siler occurred “in the course of’ Siler’s employment, as the trial court found, but did not “arise out of’ his employment, so the auto business exclu*578sion would not apply. Accordingly, Barga has not taken inconsistent positions in this litigation, and she is not estopped from pursuing her claim against Indiana Farmers.
The dispositive question, then, is what meaning should be given to the phrase “arising out of.” Insurance contracts are subject to the same rules of construction as are other contracts; construction of a written contract is a question of law for which summary judgment is particularly appropriate. Terre Haute First Nat’l Bank v. Pacific Employers Ins. Co., 634 N.E.2d 1336, 1337 (Ind.Ct.App.1993). An unambiguous insurance policy must be enforced according to its terms, even those terms that limit an insurer’s liability. Selleck v. Westfield Ins. Co., 617 N.E.2d 968, 970 (Ind.Ct.App.1993), trans. denied. An insurance contract will be deemed ambiguous only if reasonable people upon reading the contract would differ as to the meaning of its terms. Meridian Mut. Ins. Co. v. Cox, 541 N.E.2d 959, 961 (Ind.Ct.App.1989), trans. denied (1990). An ambiguity is not established by the mere existence of a controversy or by the parties’ differing interpretations of the contract terms. Id.
The insurance policy at issue here is ambiguous because the phrase “arising out of business operations” is unclear. It could be construed to mean “any connection, however slight” to such operations; or “used exclusively” in such operations; or something in between.
When an ambiguity exists, the policy is generally construed in favor of the insured. USA Life One Ins. Co. v. Nuckolls, 682 N.E.2d 534 (Ind.1997). When, as here, however, the injured party is not the named insured, the policy is construed from a neutral stance. Indiana Lumbermens Mut. Ins. Co. v. Statesman Ins. Co., 260 Ind. 32, 34, 291 N.E.2d 897, 899 (1973).
There are no Indiana eases defining the phrase “arising out of’ in the context of an auto business exclusion.2 Nonetheless, Indiana courts have had occasion to interpret the phrase in a somewhat different context. In Indiana Lumbermens, a delivery truck driver was injured while delivering a water softener to a homeowner when the homeowner’s basement stairs collapsed. The homeowner’s liability insurer paid the claim and then sought subrogation from the insurer of the delivery truck. The automobile liability policy covered accidents “arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use” of the delivery truck. The supreme court agreed with the trial court that the “efficient and predominating cause” of the accident must arise out of the use of the vehicle in order for an accident to be covered under a policy using this language. Id. at 34, 291 N.E.2d at 899.
While we recognize that the present ease, unlike Lumbermens, involves a policy exclusion, the phrase “arising out of’ must have the same meaning3 as it did with the cover*579age provision at issue in Lumbermens.4 That is, the “efficient and predominating cause” of the accident must have been an auto business operation in order for coverage to be excluded.5
It is undisputed that Siler was using Starr’s vehicle for mixed purposes. He was test driving the vehicle to determine the nature of any mechanical problems, but was also using the vehicle for his personal business. When such a combined usage exists, a question of material fact is presented concerning what was the predominant use of the vehicle at the time the accident occurred and, thus, the efficient and predominating cause of the accident. The existence of a question of material fact makes the entry of summary judgment inappropriate.
The trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Indiana Farmers is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings.
SULLIVAN, J., concurs with separate opinion.
GARRARD, J., dissents with separate opinion.

. The doctrine of judicial estoppel, rather than collateral estoppel, applies in this case because there has been only one lawsuit, one trial, and one judgment. See Nation v. State, 445 N.E.2d 565, 570 (Ind.1983).

. Two Indiana cases, American Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. National Ins. Ass'n, 577 N.E.2d 969 (Ind.Ct.App.1991) and Redar v. Allstate Ins. Co., 497 N.E.2d 566 (Ind.Ct.App.1985), involved the interpretation of automobile business exclusions. These cases do not control here, however, because neither exclusion included the "arising out of” language.

. In his dissent, Judge Garrard quotes Justice Cardozo’s statement, "When things are called by the same name, it is easy for the mind to slide into the assumption that the verbal identity is accompanied in all its sequence by the identity of meaning.” Dissenting opinion at 580.
With all due respect both to our learned colleague and to the eloquent observations of the esteemed Justice, we note that arbitrarily ascribing different meanings to the same word or phrase without adequate justification for the differentiation would lead to both linguistic and legal chaos. Take, for example, Alice’s predicament:
"I don't know what you mean by ‘glory’ ” Alice said.
Humpty Dumpty smiled contemptuously. "Of course you don’t—till I tell you. I meant 'there’s a nice knock-down argument for you!' ”
"But 'glory' doesn’t mean ‘a nice knockdown argument,'" Alice objected.
“When I use a word,” Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less.”
Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass and What Alice Found There 124 (1872) (also quoted in Eads v. J & J Sales Corp., 269 N.E.2d 888, 892 n. 1 (Ind.Ct.App.1971), in which Judge Sullivan discussed distinction between the word "record” and the word "indication,” and declared that meanings of words may not be changed to accommodate a particular interpretation of a statute).

. In Shelter Mut. Ins. Co. v. Barron, 615 N.E.2d 503, 506 (Ind.Ct.App.1993), trans. denied, the phrase "arising out of” contained in an insurance policy exclusion was given the same “narrow construction” as it was given in Lumber-mens.

. The dissent contends that the issue of Indiana Farmers’ liability turns upon the nature of the permission Starr granted Siler regarding the use of Starr’s truck. We disagree with the dissent’s contention that such permission "was solely to repair [Starr’s] truck.” Dissenting opinion at 581. Starr’s affidavit states that Fuqua representatives "advised me that one of their mechanics would be driving my truck to his home in the hopes that the problem with my truck could be identified, and subsequently repaired. I did not object to this idea.” Record at 52. •