Court Opinion

ID: 9891984
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-20 05:07:33.309823+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:16:42.079212
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                  UNPUBLISHED
                                                                  October 19, 2023
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                 No. 363458
                                                                  Wayne Circuit Court
MARCUS J. LYNN,                                                   LC No. 19-005415-01-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and RIORDAN and PATEL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of carrying a concealed weapon
(CCW), MCL 750.227; assault with a dangerous weapon (felonious assault), MCL 750.82; and
assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder (AWIGBH), MCL 750.84.1 Defendant
was sentenced to 40 months to 5 years’ imprisonment for the CCW conviction, 2 ½ to 4 years’
imprisonment for the felonious assault conviction, and 6 to 10 years’ imprisonment for the
AWIGBH conviction. We affirm.

                                          I. FACTS

        This case arises from an incident at a gas station between defendant and Leonard Scott
(Scott). Scott walked into the gas station store and stood in line behind defendant, whom he
identified in the courtroom, and walked up to the clerk window after defendant stepped away.
According to Scott, defendant became vocally belligerent toward him and put his “dukes up,” so
Scott put his “dukes up” in response. Scott saw defendant pull from behind his back what he
described as a “hunting knife.” He testified about being frightened.

       Scott threw a pop can at defendant and ran down a store aisle. Scott testified that while
being chased, he heard defendant say: “I swear on my mother Imma kill you.” Scott ran to the

1
 Defendant was charged with assault with intent to murder (AWIM), MCL 750.83, but the jury
convicted him of the lesser included offense of AWIGBH.

                                              -1-
door with defendant right behind and tried to pull the door closed. Defendant caught up to Scott
at one of the gas station pumps and, according to Scott, began stabbing him in the top of the head
with the hunting knife. When Scott was able to get away from defendant, he walked home. A
bicyclist saw him bleeding and called emergency medical services (EMS), which took him to the
hospital where he received four staples in his head.

        On cross-examination, defense counsel pressed Scott regarding whether he actually saw
the knife in defendant’s hand during the altercation outside near the gas pump, in response to which
Scott testified he did not see anything in defendant’s hand, but he saw the knife go up and come
down into his head. He further stated: “I—at first I saw him coming with a knife and then I felt
my head being struck. And then after that, I tried to shield myself so I really wasn’t looking for
the knife after that.” Defense counsel confronted Scott with his statement at the preliminary
examination (PE) that while outside, he never saw the knife in defendant’s hand. Scott said he did
not remember making that statement, but he must have if the transcript said he did. Further,
defense counsel elicited some confusion regarding Scott’s hospital visit on the day of the incident.
When defense counsel asked if he did not in fact receive staples that day, Scott stated he may not
have, but he received them at some point because he remembered having the staples removed.

        The trial court admitted into evidence surveillance videos from inside the gas station store,
and outside at the gas pumps. In the videos, events transpired as described in the store. In the
video showing outside the store, Scott is seen running to the gas pumps with defendant close
behind. While it is difficult to tell whether defendant is still holding the knife, defendant can be
seen striking and kicking Scott. When Scott goes to the ground, defendant strikes down on his
head, with some force. Eventually, defendant backs off and leaves the view of the camera. After
defendant walks back into the view of the camera in what looks to be an attempt to further
intimidate Scott, Scott runs away and defendant walks off in the other direction.

        Detroit Police Department (DPD) Officer Keith Astrauckas was dispatched to the scene
and observed a blood stain on one of the gas pumps. Officer Astrauckas saw wounds on Scott’s
head. DPD Officer Daniel Sharkey arrived at the gas station and began canvassing the area for a
potential stabbing suspect. He came across defendant who was walking in the vicinity, and located
a knife on his person, which the court admitted into evidence.

       The trial court denied defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. The court orally instructed
the jury regarding the elements necessary for conviction of AWIM and the lesser charge of
AWIGBH, as well as felonious assault, but provided no oral instruction on the CCW charge.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                            A. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

        Defendant argues that insufficient evidence existed for his felonious assault conviction,
asserting there was insufficient evidence defendant attacked Scott with a knife. We disagree.

       This Court reviews de novo a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence. People v Smith,
336 Mich App 297, 302-303; 970 NW2d 450 (2021). “ ‘We review the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution and determine whether the jury could have found each element of the
charged crime proved beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” Id. at 303, quoting People v Savage, 327

                                                -2-
Mich App 604, 613; 935 NW2d 69 (2019). The standard of review is deferential. People v Oros,
502 Mich 229, 239; 917 NW2d 559 (2018). In other words:
       [A] reviewing court is required to draw all reasonable inferences and make
       credibility choices in support of the jury verdict. The scope of review is the same
       whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial. Circumstantial evidence and
       reasonable inferences arising from that evidence can constitute satisfactory proof
       of the elements of a crime. It is for the trier of fact, not the appellate court, to
       determine what inferences may be fairly drawn from the evidence and to determine
       the weight to be accorded those inferences. [Id. (quotation marks and citations
       omitted).]

        “To perpetrate a felonious assault, a defendant must commit ‘(1) an assault, (2) with a
dangerous weapon, and (3) with the intent to injure or place the victim in reasonable apprehension
of an immediate battery.’ ” People v Nix, 301 Mich App 195, 205; 836 NW2d 224 (2013), quoting
People v Avant, 235 Mich App 499, 505; 597 NW2d 864 (1999). See also MCL 750.82(1)
(“Except as provided in subsection (2), a person who assaults another person with a gun, revolver,
pistol, knife, iron bar, club, brass knuckles, or other dangerous weapon without intending to
commit murder or to inflict great bodily harm less than murder is guilty of a felony . . . .”). “A
defendant commits an assault when he or she takes some ‘unlawful act that places another in
reasonable apprehension of receiving an immediate battery.’ ” Nix, 301 Mich App at 205, quoting
People v Starks, 473 Mich 227, 234; 701 NW2d 136 (2005). “Battery has been defined as an
intentional, unconsented and harmful or offensive touching of the person of another, or of
something closely connected with the person.” Starks, 473 Mich at 234 (quotation marks and
citations omitted).

        Sufficient evidence existed to establish defendant committed assault, and did so using a
dangerous weapon. Defendant focuses on the portion of the incident which occurred outside at
the gas pump, asserting that Scott’s injuries were inconsistent with a stabbing, especially
considering the ferocity of the blows inflicted, and highlighting the lack of medical evidence
establishing knife wounds. While defendant is correct that the prosecution did not introduce
medical evidence of Scott’s injuries, a review of the surveillance video of the gas pumps confirms
the force with which defendant assaulted Scott and, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable
to the prosecution, a reasonable juror could find that defendant used a knife in the attack. Although
the surveillance video taken outside is not clear as to whether defendant used a knife to hit or stab
Scott, surveillance video from inside the gas station store confirms defendant’s possession, and
display of a knife. And Scott testified that defendant stabbed him with that knife when the two
were outside by the gas pump. On cross-examination, Scott testified that he saw defendant coming
outside with a knife and then felt his head being struck. He was trying to shield himself so he was
not looking for the knife in defendant’s hand. It is the province of the jury, not this Court, to
“determine the credibility of a witness or the weight to be afforded any evidence . . . .” People v
Baskerville, 333 Mich App 276, 283; 963 NW2d 620 (2020).

        Despite confusion regarding where and when Scott received medical attention for his
injuries, Scott testified he received staples in his head as a result of the assault, and Officer
Astrauckas observed wounds on Scott’s head. Further, Officer Sharkey recovered a knife on
defendant’s person when he was searching the area near the gas station. From this evidence, a

                                                -3-
reasonable jury could find defendant stabbed and assaulted Scott, with a knife. See Nix, 301 Mich
App at 205.

        Moreover, even assuming the prosecution failed to present sufficient evidence defendant
stabbed Scott with a knife outside, sufficient evidence existed that defendant feloniously assaulted
Scott inside the gas station store. Surveillance video shows defendant draw a knife and display it
toward Scott in a threatening manner. Scott testified that defendant would say every now and then
“I swear on my mother Imma kill you,” and that he was frightened and worried defendant would
charge at him with the knife. On appeal, defendant asserts Scott testified on cross-examination he
did not see the knife in the gas station store, but a review of the transcript reveals the inaccuracy
of that assertion. From this evidence, a reasonable jury could infer defendant assaulted Scott with
the intent to place Scott in reasonable apprehension of an immediate battery. See Nix, 301 Mich
App at 205; see also People v Terry, 217 Mich App 660, 662-663; 553 NW2d 23 (1996) (actual
injury not required).

                                B. INCONSISTENT VERDICTS

         Defendant next argues the Court should set aside his felonious assault conviction because
it is inconsistent with his conviction of AWIGBH. He asserts AWIGBH requires the intent to do
great bodily harm less than murder, while, under MCL 750.82, felonious assault specifically
requires the lack of intent to do great bodily harm. Defendant’s argument fails.

       We review de novo questions regarding inconsistent verdicts. People v Russell, 297 Mich
App 707, 722; 825 NW2d 623 (2012). The elements of AWIGBH are: “ ‘(1) an attempt or threat
with force or violence to do corporal harm to another (an assault), and (2) an intent to do great
bodily harm less than murder.’ ” People v Blevins, 314 Mich App 339, 357; 886 NW2d 456
(2016), quoting People v Parcha, 227 Mich App 236, 239; 575 NW2d 316 (1997). Again, to prove
felonious assault, the prosecution must demonstrate defendant committed: “(1) an assault, (2) with
a dangerous weapon, and (3) with the intent to injure or place the victim in reasonable
apprehension of an immediate battery.” Nix, 301 Mich App at 205 (quotation marks and citation
omitted). However, the felonious assault statute specifically states, in pertinent part: “[A] person
who assaults another person with a gun, revolver, pistol, knife, iron bar, club, brass knuckles, or
other dangerous weapon without intending to commit murder or to inflict great bodily harm less
than murder is guilty of a felony.” MCL 750.82(1) (emphasis added).

        Defendant relies on this language in MCL 750.82(1), and this Court’s decision in People v
McKewen, 326 Mich App 342; 926 NW2d 888 (2018), to support his argument. In McKewen, this
Court held the defendant’s convictions of both felonious assault and AWIGBH arising from a
single assault were inconsistent, stating:
       In People v Davis, 320 Mich App 484, 494-496; 905 NW2d 482 (2017) [vacated in
       relevant part 503 Mich 984 (2019)], we held that in a case involving a single assault,
       a judgment of conviction for both AWIGBH and aggravated domestic assault is
       inconsistent because the crimes are mutually exclusive. As we stated in Davis:

               Clearly, these two offenses are mutually exclusive from a legislative
               standpoint. One requires the defendant to act with the specific intent
               to do great bodily harm less than murder; the other is committed

                                                -4-
               without intent to do great bodily harm less than murder. We must
               give effect to the plain and unambiguous language selected by the
               Legislature. And the plain language of the statutes reveals that a
               defendant cannot violate both statutes with one act as he or she
               cannot both intend and yet not intend to do great bodily harm less
               than murder. [Davis, 320 Mich App at 490 (citations omitted).]

       In this case, the trial court did not instruct the jury “regarding the lack of intent to
       do great bodily harm necessary to meet the statutory definition of [felonious
       assault]” because it is a “negative element” that need not be found by a jury.
       However, the trial court specifically instructed the jury that in order to convict
       defendant of AWIGBH, it had to find that he “intended to do great bodily harm.”
       By convicting defendant on that charge, they made a finding—one we may not
       disturb—that defendant acted with the intent to do great bodily harm. [McKewen,
       326 Mich App at 352-353 (footnote and citation omitted).]

       However, the Michigan Supreme Court subsequently vacated the portion of this Court’s
Davis decision on which the McKewen Court relied, and remanded the case. People v Davis, 503
Mich 984; 923 NW2d 891 (2019). In so doing, our Supreme Court determined this Court erred
when it vacated the defendant’s conviction of aggravated domestic assault on the basis that it was
inconsistent with his conviction of AWIGBH, reasoning:
                Regardless of whether this state’s jurisprudence recognizes the principle of
       mutually exclusive verdicts, this case does not present that issue. In this case, the
       jury was instructed that to convict defendant of AWIGBH, it must find that
       defendant acted “with intent to do great bodily harm, less than the crime of murder.”
       See MCL 750.84(1)(a). However, with respect to aggravated domestic assault, the
       jury was not instructed that it must find that defendant acted without the intent to
       inflict great bodily harm. See MCL 750.81a(3); People v Doss, 406 Mich 90, 99;
       276 NW2d 9 (1979) (“While the absence of malice is fundamental to manslaughter
       in a general definitional sense, it is not an actual element of the crime itself which
       the people must establish beyond a reasonable doubt.”). Since, with respect to the
       aggravated domestic assault conviction, the jury never found that defendant acted
       without the intent to inflict great bodily harm, a guilty verdict for that offense was
       not mutually exclusive to defendant’s guilty verdict for AWIGBH, where the jury
       affirmatively found that defendant acted with intent to do great bodily harm.
       [Davis, 923 NW2d at 892.]

        Similarly, in this case, the trial court instructed the jury that the offense of AWIGBH
required a finding that defendant intended to cause great bodily harm, but did not instruct the jury
that felonious assault required action without the intent to do great bodily harm. Instead, the court
instructed that to prove the charge, the prosecution needed to establish defendant “intended either
to injure Leonard Scott or make Leonard Scott reasonably fear an immediate battery.” Therefore,
here, just as in Davis, 923 NW2d at 892, defendant’s convictions of AWIGBH and felonious
assault are not inconsistent.

                                                 -5-
        However, we need not even apply the Davis analysis to make the same determination. In
contrast to McKewen and Davis, defendant committed two acts of assault—the first inside the gas
station store, and the second outside at the gas pumps—as stated by the trial court when it rejected
defense counsel’s argument that felonious assault should have been an alternative charge to
AWIM. Accordingly, the jury could have convicted defendant of felonious assault for his actions
inside the gas station store, and AWIGBH for his actions outside at the gas pumps.

                                 C. SENTENCING ERROR–OV 1

       Defendant argues that the trial court erred by assessing 25 points for OV 1 because the
evidence does not establish that he assaulted Scott with a knife. We disagree.

         “This Court reviews for clear error a trial court’s findings in support of a particular score
under the sentencing guidelines but reviews de novo whether the trial court properly interpreted
and applied the sentencing guidelines to the findings.” People v Haynes, 338 Mich App 392, 435;
980 NW2d 66 (2021) (quotation marks and citation omitted). While a jury must find facts
supporting the elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt, a sentencing court’s factual
determinations need only be supported by a preponderance of the evidence. People v Hardy, 494
Mich 430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013). “When calculating the sentencing guidelines, a court may
consider all record evidence, including the contents of a PSIR, plea admissions, and testimony
presented at a preliminary examination.” People v McChester, 310 Mich App 354, 358; 873 NW2d
646 (2015). The trial court assessed 25 points for OV 1. A court should assess 25 points for OV
1 if “[a] firearm was discharged at or toward a human being or a victim was cut or stabbed with a
knife or other cutting or stabbing weapon[.]” MCL 777.31(1)(a); People v Hutcheson, 308 Mich
App 10, 13-14; 865 NW2d 44 (2014).

        As discussed earlier, the prosecution introduced sufficient evidence that defendant stabbed
Scott with a knife during the assault outside near the gas pumps. Scott testified defendant stabbed
him and he received four staples in his head as a result of his injuries. While it was difficult to see
if defendant was holding and utilizing the knife in the surveillance video depicting the assault
outside near the gas pumps, the video from inside the gas station store shows defendant wielding
a knife. And Officer Sharkey found a knife on defendant’s person after the incident. Further,
Officer Astrauckas testified that he saw wounds on Scott’s head when he spoke with Scott at his
home after the incident. Accordingly, the trial court properly assessed 25 points for OV 1.

     D. INSTRUCTIONAL ERROR AND INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

                                  1. INSTRUCTIONAL ERROR

       Finally, defendant argues that he was denied a fair trial, and his CCW conviction should
be vacated, because the trial court failed to orally instruct the jury regarding the elements necessary
to prove CCW. In the alternative, defendant asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for
waiving any objection to the jury instructions, as given. We affirm defendant’s conviction of
CCW.

        A defendant reserves a claim of instructional error by challenging that “aspect of the jury
instructions in the trial court.” People v Czuprynski, 325 Mich App 449, 466; 926 NW2d 282
(2018). Defendant did not challenge below the trial court’s failure to orally instruct the jury

                                                 -6-
regarding the elements of CCW. In fact, defense counsel expressed satisfaction with the trial
court’s instructions. Accordingly, this issue has not been preserved for appellate review.

       Generally, unpreserved claims of instructional error are reviewed for plain error affecting
substantial rights. People v Spaulding, 332 Mich App 638, 652-653; 957 NW2d 843 (2020), citing
People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 764-765; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).
       To avoid forfeiture under the plain error rule, three requirements must be met: 1)
       error must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the
       plain error affected substantial rights. The third requirement generally requires a
       showing of prejudice, i.e., that the error affected the outcome of the lower court
       proceedings. Reversal is warranted only when the plain, forfeited error resulted in
       the conviction of an actually innocent defendant or when an error seriously
       affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings
       independent of the defendant's innocence. [People v Stokes, 333 Mich App 304,
       307; 963 NW2d 643 (2020) (quotation marks and citation omitted; alteration in
       original).]

However, structural constitutional error requires automatic reversal. People v Duncan, 462 Mich
47, 51; 610 NW2d 551 (2000).

        “A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to have a jury determine his or her guilt
from its consideration of every essential element of the charged offense.” People v Kowalski, 489
Mich 488, 501; 803 NW2d 200 (2011). “ ‘A court must properly instruct the jury so that [the jury]
may correctly and intelligently decide the case.’ ” People v Traver, 502 Mich 23, 31; 917 NW2d
260 (2018) (Traver II), quoting People v Clark, 453 Mich 572, 583; 556 NW2d 820 (1996)
(opinion by MALLET, J.). “The instruction to the jury must include all elements of the crime
charged, and must not exclude from the jury consideration material issues, defenses or theories if
there is evidence to support them.” Traver II, 502 Mich at 31 (quotation marks and citation
omitted).

       After closing arguments, the trial court began its instructions to the jury. Although it
provided oral instructions regarding the elements necessary to prove AWIM, AWIGBH, and
felonious assault, the trial court failed to orally provide the elements necessary to prove CCW,
before excusing the jury for deliberation. Ultimately, the jury convicted defendant of AWIGBH,
felonious assault, and CCW.

        In People v Duncan, 462 Mich 47, 48; 610 NW2d 551 (2000), the Michigan Supreme Court
held, “It is structural error requiring automatic reversal to allow a jury to deliberate a criminal
charge where there is a complete failure to instruct the jury regarding any of the elements necessary
to determine if the prosecution has proven the charge beyond a reasonable doubt.” However, in
Traver II, our Supreme Court considered a situation in which the trial court failed to orally instruct
the jury regarding the elements of the charges, but did provide the jury written instructions. Traver
II, 502 Mich at 28-30. Ultimately, it examined MCR 2.512 and MCR 2.513, and read them to
“require that jury instructions be provided orally,” id. at 43, but determined the defendant had
waived his claim of instructional error. Id. at 34-43. Accordingly, our Supreme Court affirmed
the judgment of this Court to the extent it held oral jury instructions are required, but reversed to

                                                 -7-
the extent it held the instructional error required reversal, and remanded for this Court to review
the defendant’s associated ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Id. at 43. See also People v
Traver, 316 Mich App 588, 598-600; 894 NW2d 89 (2016) (Traver I), aff’d in part, rev’d in part
by Traver II, 502 Mich 23 (2018).

       MCR 2.512 states, in relevant part:
       (B) Instructing the Jury.

               (1) At any time during the trial, the court may, with or without request,
               instruct the jury on a point of law if the instruction will materially aid the
               jury in understanding the proceedings and arriving at a just verdict.

               (2) Before or after arguments or at both times, as the court elects, the court
               shall instruct the jury on the applicable law, the issues presented by the case,
               and, if a party requests as provided in subrule (A)(2), that party’s theory of
               the case.

        MCR 2.513, amended after our Supreme Court’s decision in Traver II and applicable to
this case, now states, in pertinent part:

       (N) Final Instructions to the Jury.

       (1) Before closing arguments, the court must give the parties a reasonable
             opportunity to submit written requests for jury instructions. Each party
             must serve a copy of the written requests on all other parties. The court
             must inform the parties of its proposed action on the requests before their
             closing arguments. After closing arguments are made or waived, the court
             must orally instruct the jury as required and appropriate, but at the discretion
             of the court, and on notice to the parties, the court may orally instruct the
             jury before the parties make closing arguments. After jury deliberations
             begin, the court may give additional instructions that are appropriate.

               (2) Solicit Questions about Final Instructions. As part of the final jury
               instructions, the court shall advise the jury that it may submit in a sealed
               envelope given to the bailiff any written questions about the jury
               instructions that arise during deliberations. After orally delivering the final
               jury instructions, the court shall invite the jurors to ask any questions in
               order to clarify the instructions before they retire to deliberate.

               If questions arise, the court and the parties shall convene, in the courtroom
               or by other agreed-upon means. The question shall be read into the
               record, and the attorneys shall offer comments on an appropriate response.
               The court may, in its discretion, provide the jury with a specific response to
               the jury's question, but the court shall respond to all questions asked, even
               if the response consists of a directive for the jury to continue its
               deliberations.

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                (3) Copies of Final Instructions. The court shall provide a written copy of
                the final jury instructions to take into the jury room for deliberation.
                Upon request by any juror, the court may provide additional copies as
                necessary. The court, in its discretion, also may provide the jury with a
                copy of electronically recorded instructions.

                (4) Clarifying or Amplifying Final Instructions. When it appears that a
                deliberating jury has reached an impasse, or is otherwise in need of
                assistance, the court may invite the jurors to list the issues that divide or
                confuse them in the event that the judge can be of assistance in clarifying or
                amplifying the final instructions.

        It is clear from the record that the trial court failed to orally instruct the jury regarding the
elements necessary to prove CCW, after closing arguments, or solicit any questions from the jury
regarding those instructions. Nevertheless, like the defendant in Traver II, defendant here waived
his claim of instructional error. As stated by the Michigan Supreme Court in Kowalski, 489 Mich
at 503:
        [A] jury instruction that improperly omits an element of a crime amounts to a
        constitutional error. However, because defense counsel here explicitly and
        repeatedly approved the instruction, defendant has waived the error. This Court
        has defined “waiver” as “the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known
        right.” “One who waives his rights under a rule may not then seek appellate review
        of a claimed deprivation of those rights, for his waiver has extinguished any error.”
        When defense counsel clearly expresses satisfaction with a trial court’s decision,
        counsel’s action will be deemed to constitute a waiver. [(Citations omitted). See
        also Traver II, 502 Mich at 40-41.]

       The trial court read its instructions to the jury, and released the jury for deliberation.
Outside the presence of the jury, the court asked counsel if they were satisfied with the instructions
and form of the verdict, to which both responded yes. Thus, counsel for both parties approved and
expressed satisfaction with the instructions, as given, thereby waiving any challenge on appeal.
Defendant admits as much in his brief on appeal, stating: “No objection was made. In fact defense
counsel voiced no objection to the final oral instructions as given.”

                         2. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

        We must then turn to defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim. First, defendant
abandoned the claim by failing to meaningfully argue the merits, or include it in his statement of
the issues presented. He states only at the end of his claim of instructional error, “In the alternative
Mr. Lynn claims ineffective assistance of counsel under Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668;
104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984) due to his counsel’s waiver of any objections to the
instructions as given.”

        “The defendant has the burden of establishing the factual predicate of his ineffective
assistance claim.” People v Douglas, 496 Mich 557, 592; 852 NW2d 587 (2014). “The failure to
brief the merits of an allegation of error constitutes an abandonment of the issue.” People v

                                                  -9-
McPherson, 263 Mich App 124, 136; 687 NW2d 370 (2004). And “[a]n appellant may not merely
announce his position and leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims,
nor may he give only cursory treatment with little or no citation of supporting authority.” People
v Kelly, 231 Mich App 627, 640-641; 588 NW2d 480 (1998). Further, “[t]o the extent that these
statements might be interpreted as additional claims of error, defendant has abandoned them by
failing to identify them in his statement of the questions presented . . . .” People v Haynes, 338
Mich App 392, 435 n 5; 980 NW2d 66 (2021).

        Regardless, defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim fails. To preserve a claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must move in the trial court for a new trial or
evidentiary hearing. People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 80; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). Defendant did
not do so, and has therefore failed to preserve this issue for appellate review.

        Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are mixed questions of law and fact. People v
Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 47; 826 NW2d 136 (2012). We review a trial court’s findings of fact
for clear error, and questions of constitutional law de novo. Id. However, when a defendant has
failed to seek a new trial or Ginther2 hearing, “this Court’s review is . . . limited to errors apparent
on the record.” Haynes, 338 Mich App at 429.

        To evaluate a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, this Court uses the standard
established in Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 687; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984).
See People v Hoag, 460 Mich 1, 5-6; 594 NW2d 57 (1999), citing People v Pickens, 446 Mich
298; 521 NW2d 797 (1994). To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
must show: “(1) counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2)
but for counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome would
have been different.” Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich at 51. Counsel is presumed effective. People v
Roscoe, 303 Mich App 633, 644; 846 NW2d 402 (2014). “[T]his Court will not second-guess
counsel regarding matters of trial strategy, and even if defense counsel was ultimately mistaken,
this Court will not assess counsel’s competence with the benefit of hindsight.” People v Rice (On
Remand), 235 Mich App 429, 445; 597 NW2d 843 (1999).

        The lower court record shows that the trial court provided the jury with written instructions
regarding the elements of each crime charged, including CCW. In its preliminary instructions to
the jury, the trial court read the elements necessary to prove CCW.3 During closing argument, the
prosecutor discussed the elements necessary to prove CCW, stating: “Complete invisibility is not
required. The Judge is going to instruct you on this.” And while instructing the jury, the trial court
stated, “When you go to the jury room you will be provided a written copy of the final
instructions.” It further stated: “Again, you will have a written copy of these instructions. Think
about all of my instructions together as the law you are to follow. These instructions—the written
instructions will be accompanied by a verdict form.” Assuming counsel for both parties
participated in compiling the written instructions, from the foregoing, it appears that the jury

2
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
3
  Orally providing the elements in the preliminary instructions does not cure any error in failing to
read them at the close of trial. See Duncan, 462 Mich at 50 n 8.

                                                 -10-
received a written copy of the jury instructions which included the elements necessary to prove
CCW. This conclusion is supported by a review of the lower court record, which includes various
loose written instructions, presumably those approved by the parties and provided to the jury,
including M Crim JI 11.2, which defendant cites as the appropriate instruction for the elements of
CCW. Again, this Court “must consider the instructions as a whole, rather than piecemeal, to
determine whether any error occurred.” Kowalski, 489 Mich at 501. Finally, defendant focuses
entirely on the trial court’s failure to provide oral instruction on the elements of CCW. He does
not assert that the jury additionally lacked written instructions. Accordingly, although the trial
court erred by failing to orally instruct the jury regarding the elements necessary for a conviction
of CCW, but did provide written instructions regarding the elements of that charge, on the record
before us, we conclude that defendant suffered no prejudicial error. Therefore, his claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel lacks merit.4

       Affirmed.

                                                             /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                             /s/ Michael J. Riordan
                                                             /s/ Sima G. Patel

4
 This is the same conclusion reached by this Court on remand in People v Traver (On Remand),
328 Mich App 418, 423; 937 NW2d 398 (2019) (Traver III). Specifically, this Court adopted the
analysis in Judge Sawyer’s dissent in Traver I, which rejected the defendant’s claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, as it related to his claims of instructional error. Traver I, 316 Mich App at
608-609 (SAWYER, J., dissenting).

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