Court Opinion

ID: 4410987
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-27 19:05:34.456809+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:27:46.555034
License: Public Domain

ConAgra Foods RDM, Inc. v. Comptroller of the Treasury, No. 1940, September Term,
2015. Opinion by Woodward, J.

TAXATION – INCOME TAX – CORPORATION INCOME TAX – TAXATION OF
NON-DOMICILIARY CORPORATION – CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

For a state to tax a non-domiciliary corporation, such taxation must withstand constitutional
scrutiny under both the Due Process and Commerce Clauses of the United States
Constitution. Although these clauses have different purposes and requirements, they have
significant parallels. The Due Process Clause requires that (1) there be a minimal
connection between the interstate activities of the non-domiciliary corporation and the
taxing state, and (2) there be a rational relationship between the income attributed to the
taxing state and the intrastate values of the enterprise being taxed. The Commerce Clause
requires that the tax in question (1) apply to an activity with a substantial nexus with the
taxing state, (2) be fairly apportioned, (3) not discriminate against interstate commerce,
and (4) be fairly related to the services the taxing state provides.

TAXATION – INCOME TAX – CORPORATION INCOME TAX – TAXATION OF
NON-DOMICILIARY CORPORATION – CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
– LACK OF ECONOMIC SUBSTANCE AS A SEPARATE ENTITY

In Gore Enter. Holdings, Inc. v. Comptroller, 437 Md. 492 (2014), the Court of Appeals
held that the constitutional requirements for taxation of out-of-state wholly owned
subsidiary corporations are satisfied where the subsidiaries “ha[ve] no real economic
substance as separate business entities” from their parent corporations that do business in
Maryland. (quoting Comptroller v. SYL, Inc., 375 Md. 78, 106, cert. denied, 540 U.S. 984
and cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1090 (2003)). After reviewing the Court of Appeals’ opinions
in Gore and SYL, the Court articulated the four factors that courts should look to in
determining whether a foreign wholly owned subsidiary lacks economic substance as a
business entity separate and apart from its parent corporation that does business in
Maryland. First, a court should consider how dependent the subsidiary is on its parent
company for income. Second, a court should consider whether there is a circular flow of
money from the parent company to the subsidiary and then back to the parent. Third, a
court should consider how much the subsidiary relies on the parent for its core functions
and services. Fourth, a court should consider whether the subsidiary engages in substantive
activity that is in any meaningful way separate from the parent.

Applying these factors to the instant case, which involved a foreign wholly owned
subsidiary, Brands, and Brands’s parent corporation, ConAgra, the Court held that there
was substantial evidence to support the Tax Court’s findings of (1) Brands’s dependence
on ConAgra and its other subsidiaries for the “vast majority” of its income, (2) the circular
flow of money from ConAgra and its subsidiaries to Brands and back to ConAgra, (3)
Brands’s reliance on ConAgra for its core functions, and (4) Brands’s lack of any
meaningful substantive activity separate from ConAgra.

The Court rejected Brands’s argument that third-party income received by Brands gave it
economic substance as a separate entity, noting that Brands received the vast majority of
its income from ConAgra and the latter’s subsidiaries. The Court also rejected Brands’s
argument that, because Brands did not pay dividends or make loans to ConAgra, there was
no circular flow of money between them, emphasizing that the cash management system
utilized by ConAgra and its subsidiaries achieved the same functional result. The Court
additionally rejected Brands’s argument that the Tax Court, in affirming the Comptroller’s
assessment against it, should have given more weight to the non-tax business reasons for
the establishment of Brands. The Court noted that the motivation behind creating Brands
was not dispositive.

TAXATION – INCOME TAX – CORPORATION INCOME TAX –
APPORTIONMENT OF MARYLAND MODIFIED INCOME – 3-FACTOR
FORMULA – MODIFICATION BY COMPTROLLER – USE OF BLENDED
APPORTIONMENT FORMULA

The Tax General Article provides that, where a corporation does business both within and
outside of the state, the corporation shall allocate to Maryland the part of the corporation’s
Maryland modified income that is derived from or reasonably attributable to the part of its
trade or business carried on in Maryland. TG § 10-402(a)(2) (now §10-402(b)(2)).
Although the Tax General Article lays out a 3-factor apportionment formula, the Article
also empowers the Comptroller to modify elements of the formula “[t]o reflect clearly the
income allocable to Maryland[.]” TG § 10-402(e). The Court held that, because utilizing
the traditional 3-factor formula would have resulted in an apportionment factor of zero for
Brands’s payroll, property, and sales in Maryland, the Comptroller had adequately
demonstrated the need to alter the 3-factor formula. The Court further held that the
Comptroller did not err or abuse its discretion in utilizing a “blended apportionment factor”
that was derived from the apportionment factors used by ConAgra and its subsidiaries.

TAXATION – INCOME TAX – INTEREST – WAIVER OF INTEREST AND
PENALTIES BY THE TAX COURT

The authority to abate interest owed on unpaid taxes vests both in the tax collector and the
Tax Court. When reviewing the Comptroller’s decision not to abate interest, the Tax Court
must consider whether the taxpayer has demonstrated with affirmative evidence that
reasonable cause exists for abatement or that the tax Comptroller’s decision was an obvious
error. Noting that “reasonable cause” is not defined in the Tax General Article, and that
courts give great weight to the legal conclusions of administrative agencies regarding the
statutes that they administer, the Court held that the Tax Court may properly find that
reasonable cause exists for abatement of interest where there is uncertainty in the state of
the caselaw when applied to the circumstances of a particular taxpayer.
Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County
Case No. C-02-CV-15-000993
                                                                                                    REPORTED

                                                                                     IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                                                                  OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                      No. 1940

                                                                                             September Term, 2015
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                          CONAGRA FOODS RDM, INC.

                                                                                                          v.

                                                                                      COMPTROLLER OF THE TREASURY
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                         Arthur,
                                                                                         Leahy,
                                                                                        *Woodward,

                                                                                                     JJ.
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                            Opinion by Woodward, J.
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                           Filed: June 27, 2019

                                                                                   *Woodward, Patrick L., J., now retired,
                                                                                   participated in the hearing of this case while an
                                                                                   active member of this Court; after being recalled
                                                                                   pursuant to the Constitution, Article IV, Section
                                                                                   3A, he also participated in the decision and the
                                                                                   preparation of this opinion.
 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.   **Fader, C.J. and Kehoe, J., did not participate
                      2019-06-27 14:04-04:00
                                                                                   in the Court’s decision to designate this opinion
                                                                                   for publication pursuant to Md. Rule 8-605.1.

Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
        Appellant, ConAgra Foods RDM, Inc., formerly known as ConAgra Brands, Inc.

(“Brands”),1 is an intellectual property holding company and a direct and indirect wholly

owned subsidiary of ConAgra Foods, Inc., formerly known as ConAgra, Inc. (“ConAgra”).

Brands was incorporated in 1996 in Nebraska and has a principal office in Omaha,

Nebraska. During the time period of 1996 through 2003, ConAgra conducted business

operations in Maryland and filed corporation income tax returns in Maryland. For the same

time period, Brands did not file any Maryland corporation income tax returns. Because

Brands received royalties from ConAgra,2 appellee, the Comptroller of the Treasury

(“Comptroller”), on August 30, 2007, assessed Brands $2,768,588 in back taxes, interest,

and penalties for the tax years of 1996 through 2003. Brands appealed this assessment,

and the Comptroller affirmed by issuing a Notice of Final Determination on January 23,

2009.

        On February 23, 2009, Brands appealed to the Tax Court. After a hearing, the Tax

Court ruled, in a Memorandum of Grounds for Decision dated February 24, 2015, that

Brands lacked economic substance as a business entity separate from ConAgra and thus

allowed the Comptroller to impose the tax assessment. The Tax Court, however, abated

the interest accrued from the date of the appeal to that court to the date of its decision, and

all penalties. Brands and the Comptroller filed petitions for judicial review in the Circuit

        1
        Throughout this opinion, we will refer to ConAgra Foods RDM, Inc. as Brands. It
is undisputed that ConAgra Brands, Inc., a Nebraska corporation, and ConAgra Foods
RDM, Inc., a Delaware corporation, merged in 2007.
        2
        Brands also received royalties from other wholly owned subsidiaries of ConAgra
who filed corporation income tax returns in Maryland.
Court for Anne Arundel County, which resulted in the court affirming the Tax Court’s

decision, except for the latter’s abatement of interest accruing from March 24, 2014 to

February 24, 2015. Brands then filed this timely appeal.

      Brands presents eight questions for our review, which we have rephrased and

condensed into three:3

      3
          Brands’s questions, as set forth in its brief, are as follows:

      1. Did the Tax Court commit error when it confirmed the Comptroller’s
         assessment against Brands even though Brands had economic substance
         as a separate business entity?
      2. Did the Tax Court commit error when it failed to find that the
         Comptroller’s assessment against Brands violated the Due Process
         Clause of the United States Constitution because Brands did not
         purposefully avail itself of the Maryland marketplace and had no other
         contacts with the state?
      3. Did the Tax Court commit error when it failed to confirm that the
         Comptroller’s assessment against Brands violated the Commerce Clause
         of the United States Constitution because Brands lacked a substantial
         nexus with the state?
      4. Did the Tax Court commit error when it confirmed the Comptroller’s
         assessment against Brands even though the Comptroller failed to follow
         the Sec. 10-402(c) standard statutory apportionment formula?
      5. Did the Tax Court commit error when it confirmed the Comptroller’s
         assessment against Brands even though the Comptroller, in adopting an
         apportionment methodology[,] failed to establish that the statutory
         apportionment formula did not fairly represent the extent of Brands’[s]
         business activities in the state?
      6. Did the Tax Court commit error when, in violation of the Due Process
         and Commerce Clauses of the United States Constitution, it confirmed
         the Comptroller’s adoption of an alternative apportionment formula that
         failed to reasonably reflect Brands’[s] business activities in the state?
      7. Did the Tax Court commit error by confirming the Comptroller’s
         assessment against Brands in finding that Brands lacked economic
         substance and, as a result, essentially did not, for tax purposes, exist as a
         separate legal entity?
      8. Did the Tax Court abuse its discretion when it partially waived interest
         on the tax assessment against Brands?

                                                2
           1.     Was there substantial evidence to support the Tax Court’s
                  ruling that Brands lacked economic substance as a business
                  entity separate from ConAgra and thus had the
                  constitutionally required nexus and minimum contacts with
                  Maryland to subject Brands to income taxation by Maryland
                  for the royalties received by Brands from ConAgra and its
                  subsidiaries arising out of the latters’ business activities in
                  Maryland?

           2.     Was there substantial evidence to support the Tax Court’s
                  ruling that the Comptroller had the statutory authority to use
                  a blended apportionment formula to determine Brands’s
                  Maryland income and that the blended apportionment
                  formula clearly reflected Brands’s income allocable to
                  Maryland?

           3.     Did the Tax Court properly interpret the tax statute when it
                  waived interest on the income tax due from Brands that
                  accrued from the date of the filing of its appeal to the Tax
                  Court (February 23, 2009) to the date of the issuance of that
                  court’s decision (February 24, 2015)?

For the reasons set forth below, we uphold the decision of the Tax Court in all respects and

thus affirm in part and reverse in part the judgment of the circuit court.

                                     BACKGROUND

       ConAgra is a conglomerate known for its agricultural products and products in the

processed food industry including, but not limited to, Hunts, Orville Redenbacher,

Butterball Turkey, and ACT II. In the late 1990s, ConAgra had multiple wholly owned

subsidiaries (also known as independent operating companies), including Swift-Eckrich,

Inc., Hunt-Wesson, Inc., and Beatrice Cheese, Inc. The multitude of ConAgra’s wholly

owned subsidiaries began to present management problems for ConAgra, and in 1996,

ConAgra began a program focused on corporate centralization.

       One such centralization initiative occurred in April 1996 when ConAgra decided to

                                              3
centralize management of the intellectual property owned by it and its subsidiaries. To

effectuate this goal, ConAgra incorporated Brands in Nebraska. Brands issued 2,207

shares of common stock, distributing 1,000 shares to ConAgra, 594 shares to Swift-

Eckrich, Inc, 560 shares to Hunt-Wesson, Inc., and 53 shares to Beatrice Cheese, Inc. In

exchange, Brands acquired forty-six initial trademark groups and subsequently acquired

numerous other trademark groups from these entities. Brands then entered into license

agreements for the trademark groups with ConAgra and the three subsidiaries, under which

ConAgra and these subsidiaries paid Brands royalties.4

        From 1996 to 2003, Brands did not file Maryland tax returns, but ConAgra and some

of its subsidiaries did file Maryland tax returns. After an audit, the Comptroller sent Brands

a “Notice and Demand to File Maryland Corporation Income Tax Returns” in 2007. When

Brands did not respond to the Comptroller’s notice and demand, the Comptroller issued a

“Notice of Assessment” for the tax years of 1996 to 2003 for a total of $2,768,588 in back

taxes, interest, and penalties as of August 30, 2007.          Upon Brands’s request, an

administrative appeal was held on December 4, 2007, concerning the Comptroller’s

assessment.     On January 23, 2009, the Comptroller issued a “Notice of Final

Determination[,]” concluding that Brands then owed $3,053,222 in back taxes, interest,

and penalties. Brands filed a timely Petition of Appeal to the Tax Court on February 23,

2009.

        4
         Although not clear from the record, it appears that during the tax years in question,
royalties were paid to Brands by ConAgra and either the three subsidiaries or their
respective successors.

                                              4
       After a two-day hearing concluding on October 7, 2010, the Tax Court issued its

opinion upholding the Comptroller’s assessment on February 24, 2015. The Tax Court

stated that the “initial inquiry [was] to determine whether [Brands] had real economic

substance as a business separate from ConAgra.” Citing to Comptroller v. SYL, Inc., 375
Md. 78, cert. denied, 540 U.S. 984 and cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1090 (2003) and Gore Enter.

Holdings, Inc. v. Comptroller, 437 Md. 492 (2014), the Tax Court observed that, under the

economic substance doctrine set forth in those cases, an out-of-state subsidiary “must have

economic substance as a separate entity from its parent to avoid nexus and taxation.” After

a review of the evidence before it, the court concluded that Brands lacked any economic

substance separate from ConAgra. Because a portion of Brands’s income was produced

from the business of ConAgra and its subsidiaries in Maryland, the court held that there

was sufficient nexus to support the income taxation of Brands.

       The Tax Court then considered whether the Comptroller applied an appropriate

apportionment formula in calculating the income tax that Brands owed to Maryland. The

Tax Court determined that the Comptroller’s blended apportionment formula was

permissible, because “the Comptroller effectively utilized ConAgra’s own apportionment

figures in constructing the blended apportionment factor used in this case.”5 Finally, the

Tax Court abated the interest accruing after the date of filing the appeal to the Tax Court

(February 23, 2009) to the date of the Tax Court’s decision (February 24, 2015), and all

       5
          The record revealed that the apportionment factor was calculated using the
apportionment factors of ConAgra and its subsidiaries that filed corporation income tax
returns in Maryland.

                                            5
penalties.6

       On March 17, 2015, Brands filed a petition for judicial review in the circuit court

challenging the Tax Court’s ruling that it was subject to Maryland tax, as well as the

Comptroller’s apportionment formula. The Comptroller filed a cross-petition for judicial

review challenging the Tax Court’s decision to abate all interest accruing from the date of

filing the appeal with the Tax Court to the issuance of that court’s decision. After a hearing

on September 21, 2015, the circuit court issued an opinion and order on October 30, 2015,

affirming the Tax Court in all respects, except for the latter’s abatement of interest accruing

from March 24, 2014 to February 24, 2015.7

       Brands filed this timely appeal. Additional facts will be set forth below as they

become necessary to the resolution of the questions presented in this appeal.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The Tax Court is an adjudicatory administrative agency; “our review looks through

the circuit court’s . . . decision[ ] . . . and evaluates the decision of the agency.” Gore, 437

       6
         The Tax Court also concluded that the assessment, which was issued in 2007, was
not barred by the statute of limitations, because the “three-year statute of limitations for
assessments does not apply when a taxpayer does not file a required return,” and Brands
did not file a return for any of the tax years at issue. That ruling is not at issue before this
Court.
       7
         The circuit court viewed the instant case “to be substantially similar to the factual
situation in Gore, and as such, the [c]ourt finds that the interest in the instant case should
be treated in the same way as it was treated in Gore.” In Gore, the Court of Appeals did
not disturb the Comptroller’s assessment of interest. Gore, 437 Md. at 503. The circuit
court held that the Tax Court abused its discretion by abating the interest “collected after
the date of issuance of the Gore decision on March 24, 2014.”
6
Md. at 503 (some alterations in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Court of

Appeals has further explained our review of a decision of the Tax Court as follows:

               An administrative agency’s findings of fact must meet the
           substantial evidence standard. Frey [v. Comptroller,] 422 Md. [111,]
           [ ] 137, 29 A.3d [475,] [ ] 490 (citations omitted). Thus, we
           determine “‘whether a reasoning mind reasonably could have
           reached the factual conclusion the agency reached.’” Frey, 422 Md.
           at 137, 29 A.3d at 490 (quoting State Ins. Comm’r v. Nat’l Bureau
           of Cas. Underwriters, 248 Md. 292, 309, 236 A.2d 282, 292 (1967)).
           It is not our place to “make an independent original estimate of our
           decision on the evidence.... [or determine for ourselves], as a matter
           of first instance, the weight to be accorded to the evidence before the
           agency.” In Ramsay Scarlett & Co., Inc. v. Comptroller of the
           Treasury, 302 Md. 825, 838, 490 A.2d 1296, 1303 (1985) (citations
           omitted), we cautioned:

                [T]hat a reviewing court may not substitute its judgment
                for the expertise of the agency; that we must review the
                agency’s decision in the light most favorable to it; that
                the agency’s decision is prima facie correct and presumed
                valid; and that it is the agency’s province to resolve
                conflicting evidence and where inconsistent inferences
                can be drawn from the same evidence it is for the agency
                to draw the inferences.

           Ramsay, 302 Md. at 834–35, 490 A.2d at 1301 (citations omitted).

              “[T]he interpretation of the tax law can be a mixed question of
           fact and law, the resolution of which requires agency expertise.”
           Comptroller of the Treasury v. Citicorp Int’l Commc’ns, Inc., 389
Md. 156, 164, 884 A.2d 112, 116–17 (2005) (citing NCR Corp. v.
           Comptroller, 313 Md. 118, 133–34, 544 A.2d 764, 771 (1988)). In
           reviewing mixed questions of law and fact, “we apply ‘the
           substantial evidence test, that is, the same standard of review [we]
           would apply to an agency factual finding.’” Comptroller of the
           Treasury v. Science Applications Intern. Corp., 405 Md. 185, 193,
           950 A.2d 766, 770 (2008) (quoting Longshore v. State, 399 Md. 486,
           522 n. 8, 924 A.2d 1129, 1149 n. 8 (2007)).

                                             7
               The legal conclusions of an administrative agency that are
           “premised upon an interpretation of the statutes that the agency
           administers” are afforded “great weight.” Frey, 422 Md. at 138, 29
           A.3d at 490 (citations omitted). Agency decisions premised upon
           case law, however, are not entitled to deference. Frey, 422 Md. at
           138, 29 A.3d at 490 (“When an agency’s decision is necessarily
           premised upon the ‘application and analysis of caselaw,’ that
           decision rests upon ‘a purely legal issue uniquely within the ken of
           a reviewing court.’” (quoting [People’s Counsel for Baltimore Cty.
           v.] Loyola College [in Md.], 406 Md. [54,] [ ] 67–68, 956 A.2d [166,]
           [ ] 174 [2008])).

Id. at 504-05 (some alterations in original).

                                       DISCUSSION

                    I.    Taxation and the United States Constitution

       For a state to tax a non-domiciliary company, like Brands, such taxation must

withstand constitutional scrutiny under the Due Process and Commerce Clauses of the

United States Constitution.     Gore, 437 Md. at 506-07.        The satisfaction of these

constitutional restrictions on government action have different purposes and requirements,

but these clauses also have “significant parallels.” South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., 138 S.

Ct. 2080, 2093 (2018).

       The Due Process Clause imposes restrictions on the government to act in a fair

manner and provide “fair warning.” Gore, 437 Md. at 507. Under the Due Process Clause,

there are “two requirements: [1] a ‘minimal connection’ between the interstate activities

and the taxing State, and [2] a rational relationship between the income attributed to the

State and the intrastate values of the enterprise.” Mobil Oil Corp. v. Comm’r of Taxes of

Vermont, 445 U.S. 425, 436-37 (1980).

                                                8
       The Commerce Clause, on the other hand,

           was designed to prevent States from engaging in economic
           discrimination so they would not divide into isolated, separable
           units. See Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S. 617, 623, 98 S. Ct.
2531, 57 L. Ed. 2d 475 (1978). But it is “not the purpose of the
           [C]ommerce [C]lause to relieve those engaged in interstate
           commerce from their just share of state tax burden.” Complete Auto
           [Transit, Inc. v. Brady, 430 U.S. 274, 288 (1977)] (internal quotation
           marks omitted).

Wayfair, 138 S. Ct. at 2093-94 (alterations in original). The Commerce Clause requires

that a tax “(1) appl[y] to an activity with a substantial nexus with the taxing State, (2) [be]

fairly apportioned, (3) [ ] not discriminate against interstate commerce, and (4) [be] fairly

related to the services the State provides.” Id. at 2091. The first prong of the Commerce

Clause “test simply asks whether the tax applies to an activity with a substantial nexus with

the taxing State. [S]uch a nexus is established when the taxpayer [or collector] avails itself

of the substantial privilege of carrying on business in that jurisdiction.” Id. at 2099

(alterations in original) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). In holding that

such nexus can be satisfied through “economic and virtual contacts,” the Court overturned

its previous precedent of requiring that a company have physical presence within the State

imposing taxation, and in so doing, moved the nexus requirement in the Commerce Clause

and the Due Process Clause requirement of minimal contacts into closer alignment. See

id. at 2092-93 (“This nexus requirement is closely related to the due process requirement

that there be some definite link, some minimum connection, between a state and the person,

property or transaction it seeks to tax.” (internal citation and quotation marks omitted)).

                                              9
                 II.   Lack of Economic Substance as a Separate Entity

      In the instant case, Brands is an out-of-state direct and indirect wholly owned

subsidiary of ConAgra. During the tax years in question, Brands received royalties under

the trademark license agreements from ConAgra and its subsidiaries, a portion of which

was derived from the business activities of ConAgra and its subsidiaries in Maryland. In

SYL and Gore, the Court of Appeals held that the constitutional requirements for state

taxation of out-of-state wholly owned subsidiary corporations are satisfied where the

subsidiaries “‘had no real economic substance as separate business entities.’” Gore, 437
Md. at 513-14 (quoting SYL, 375 Md. at 106) (bold emphasis in Gore). In other words, the

Due Process Clause requirement of “minimum contacts” and the Commerce Clause

requirement of “nexus” are satisfied for such subsidiaries “‘based upon their parent

corporations’ Maryland business[.]’” Gore, 437 Md. at 514 (alteration in original) (quoting

SYL, 375 Md. at 109). Therefore, the central issue raised in the instant case is whether

Brands had real economic substance as a business entity separate from ConAgra. To

resolve this issue, we must begin with a close examination of SYL and Gore.

                                         A. SYL

      In SYL, the Court of Appeals consolidated two cases in which the Comptroller

assessed Maryland taxes against foreign intellectual property holding companies that were

wholly owned subsidiaries of parent companies doing business in Maryland. 375 Md. at

80-81, 92.

      The first case involved the clothing company Syms, Inc. (“Syms”). Id. at 81. Syms

created a wholly owned subsidiary, SYL, Inc. (“SYL”), and incorporated this subsidiary in

                                            10
Delaware. Id. Syms then transferred all of its intellectual property to SYL, and “SYL

granted to Syms a license to manufacture, use and sell the products covered by the trade

names and trademarks in [Syms]’s business[.]” Id. SYL received royalties pursuant to its

license agreement with Syms, and SYL, in turn, would issue dividends to Syms — the

owner of all of SYL’s stock. Id. at 81, 86. Although Syms filed Maryland corporation

income tax returns, SYL did not, and in 1996, the Comptroller issued an assessment against

SYL “for the years 1986 through 1993 [in the] amount of $637,362 in corporate income

taxes, including interest and penalties.” Id. at 81.

       The companion case involved Crown Cork & Seal Company (Delaware) (“Crown

Delaware”). Id. at 92. Crown Delaware was a wholly owned subsidiary of Crown Cork &

Seal Company, Inc. (“Crown Parent”), which was “a corporation engaged in the

manufacturing and sale of metal cans, crowns, and closures for bottles, can-filling

machines, and plastic bottles and containers, world-wide, including in the State of

Maryland.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Crown Delaware was a Delaware

corporation created by Crown Parent to manage its intellectual property, and Crown

Delaware acquired “thirteen domestic patents and sixteen trademarks” from Crown Parent.

Id. “Crown Delaware then granted to Crown Parent an exclusive license . . . [and] Crown

Parent agreed to pay Crown Delaware a royalty based on Crown Parent’s sales.” Id. at 94.

Then, Crown Delaware would provide Crown Parent with loans, sometimes the same day

as it received royalties from Crown Parent. Id. at 96. Like SYL and Syms, Crown

Delaware did not file corporation income tax returns in Maryland, but Crown Parent did.

                                              11
Id. at 92. The Comptroller issued an assessment against Crown Delaware for $1,421,034

in back taxes including interest and penalties, for the years 1989 through 1993. Id.

       SYL and Crown Delaware took separate appeals to the Tax Court. Id. at 84, 93. In

separate decisions, the Tax Court concluded that Maryland did not have the authority to

tax SYL and Crown Delaware, because both companies were not completely shell

corporations and neither had a sufficient nexus with Maryland. Id. at 88-90, 98-99. The

Comptroller appealed both cases, and the circuit court upheld the Tax Court in separate

rulings. Id. at 91, 99. Again, the Comptroller appealed, but before the appeals were heard

by this Court, the Court of Appeals granted the petitions for a writ of certiorari. Id.

       On appeal, the Court of Appeals examined this Court’s opinion in Comptroller v.

Armco Exp. Sales Corp., 82 Md. App. 429, cert. denied, 320 Md. 634 (1990), and cert.

denied, 498 U.S. 1088 (1991). SYL, 375 Md. at 103-05. In that case, this Court considered

whether Maryland had the authority to tax three subsidiaries created by Armco, Inc.,

General Motors, and Thiokol. Id. at 103. These subsidiaries were known as “Domestic

International Sales Corporation[s] or DISC[s,]” and their sole purpose was to buy goods

from their respective parents and then resell the goods to overseas customers, incurring for

the parent a federal tax benefit. Id. at 103-04. This Court held that Maryland could tax the

income of the DISCs. Id. at 105. We noted that the parent companies conducted business

in Maryland. Id. at 104. We also noted that the DISCs relied completely on their respective

parent corporations, because each DISC had “no tangible property or employees and

c[ould] only conduct its activity and do business through branches of its unitary affiliated

parent.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                             12
      The Court of Appeals adopted our Armco reasoning and applied it to SYL and

Crown Delaware. Id. at 106. The Court noted that SYL and Crown Delaware resembled

the DISC corporations in Armco, “except that SYL and Crown Delaware had a touch of

‘window dressing’ designed to create an illusion of substance.” Id. The Court continued:

           Neither subsidiary had a full time employee, and the ostensible part
          time “employees” of each subsidiary were in reality officers or
          employees of independent “nexus-service” companies. The annual
          wages paid to these “employees” by the subsidiaries were
          minuscule. The so-called offices in Delaware were little more than
          mail drops. The subsidiary corporations did virtually nothing;
          whatever was done was performed by officers, employees, or
          counsel of the parent corporations. The testimony indicated that,
          with respect to the operations of the parents and the protections
          of the trademarks, nothing changed after the creation of the
          subsidiaries. Although officers of the parent corporations may have
          stated that tax avoidance was not the sole reason for the creation of
          the subsidiaries, the record demonstrates that sheltering income from
          state taxation was the predominant reason for the creation of SYL
          and Crown Delaware.

Id. (Emphasis added).

      Indeed, the undisputed record revealed that SYL was completely dependent on

Syms for income, and all income was returned to Syms in the form of dividends. Id. at 84,

86. SYL’s Board of Directors were all officers of Syms, except that one Board member,

Edward Jones, was an accountant employed by the firm Gunnip and Company — a firm

SYL hired to provide services, such as a mailing address, and to establish a presence in

Delaware. Id. at 86-87. Daily expenses at SYL were minimal, the record indicating that

SYL only spent $2,400 a year for services provided by Gunnip and Company, which

included $1,200 a year for the “salary” of Jones, SYL’s sole employee. Id. at 87. No

expenses were for the protection of any trademarks, and SYL’s license agreement with

                                           13
Syms provided Syms with full control over the trademarks and the protection of the marks.

Id. at 87-88.

       As to Crown Delaware, the undisputed record revealed that Crown Parent held the

exclusive license to Crown Delaware’s intellectual property. Id. at 94. Crown Delaware

and Crown Parent’s circular flow of money was evidenced by Crown Parent paying Crown

Delaware royalties and Crown Delaware loaning money back to Crown Parent, sometimes

on the same day. Id. at 96. The day to day operations of Crown Delaware were handled

by Organization Services, Inc. (“OSI”). Id. at 94-95. For $100 a month, OSI provided

office space, a mailing address, and nine part-time employees who were paid a total of

$843.66 in wages for 1993. Id. at 95-96. In short, Crown Delaware’s revenues “averaged

around thirty-seven million dollars annually” but only spent on average just over two

thousand dollars annually in expenses — none of which were for legal fees. Id. at 97. The

record was devoid of any indication that Crown Delaware performed any function to

promote or preserve the intellectual property it had acquired from Crown Parent. Id. at 97-

98.

       The Court of Appeals concluded that “SYL and Crown Delaware had no real

economic substance as separate business entities.” Id. at 106. Accordingly, the Court held

“that a portion of SYL’s and Crown Delaware’s income, based upon their parent

corporations’ Maryland business, is subject to Maryland income tax.” Id. at 109.

                                          B. Gore

       Gore is the most recent case involving the taxation of a foreign intellectual property

holding company that is a wholly owned subsidiary of a corporation doing business in

                                             14
Maryland. 437 Md. 492. In Gore, W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. (“Gore”) was a

manufacturing company of “fabrics, medical devices, electronics, and industrial products”

that operated factories in several states, including Maryland. Id. at 499-500. In 1983, Gore

incorporated Gore Enterprise Holdings, Inc. (“GEH”) in Delaware to manage its patents.

Id. at 500. Gore assigned to GEH all of its patents and certain other assets in exchange for

GEH’s entire stock. Id. GEH then licensed the patents back to Gore for a royalty fee on

all products sold by Gore. Id. GEH also entered into a licensing agreement with Gore that

allowed Gore’s attorneys to control the legal defense to patent infringement, licensing

activities, and patent applications. Id. In addition, GEH did not have any employees until

1995, when it hired one employee to manage the patent portfolio. Id. at 500-01.

       In 1996, Gore incorporated Future Value, Inc. (“FVI”)

           in Delaware to manage Gore’s excess capital. A Gore-employed
           attorney incorporated it, and two members of the Gore Board, along
           with GEH’s Vice President, comprised the FVI Board. Upon FVI’s
           formation, GEH transferred all of its investment securities to FVI, in
           exchange for all of the shares of FVI. GEH then declared a dividend
           to its sole shareholder, Gore, in the form of the FVI stock. This made
           Gore the sole owner of FVI. FVI was founded primarily to perform
           investment management functions, but has also extended Gore a line
           of credit when Gore experienced negative cash flow. As of 2008,
           FVI had three employees that handled, monitored, and recorded the
           various activities performed by FVI.

Id. at 501 (footnote omitted).

       In 2006, the Comptroller assessed back income taxes, interest, and penalties in the

amount of $26,436,315 against GEH for the years 1983 through 2003. Id. Concurrently,

the Comptroller assessed FVI $2,608,895 in back income taxes, interest, and penalties for

the years 1996 through 2003. Id. The Tax Court upheld the Comptroller’s tax assessment,

                                            15
ruling that GEH and FVI lacked economic substance separate from Gore, but the circuit

court reversed. Id. at 501-02. The Comptroller appealed to this Court, and we upheld the

Tax Court’s ruling that GEH and FVI were subject to Maryland tax. Id. at 502. GEH and

FVI petitioned the Court of Appeals for a writ of certiorari, which was granted. Id.

      The Court of Appeals began its analysis by agreeing with the Tax Court that the

threshold issue on appeal was whether GEH and FVI lacked economic substance as

business entities separate from Gore. The Court observed that the Tax Court

           marshaled numerous factual findings, supported by substantial
           record evidence. These included the following:

             • There were no outside Directors of GEH or FVI and prior to
             1996 the W.L. Gore family dominated the Officer list.

             • FVI was simply an intentional depository for assets built up
             through royalties paid to the patent company, GEH.

             • In effect, GEH does not create, invent or make anything and
             must rely on W.L. Gore employees to invent the new process or
             product. Thus, an idea generated by a technologist with W.L.
             Gore is prepared by GEH through an application for filing with
             the patent office. In most cases, the employees of W.L. Gore
             review the patent application and determine whether it should be
             pursued.

             • The testimony in the case suggests that GEH relied on W.L.
             Gore for a continuing stream of inventions and discoveries as set
             forth in the materials that make up the patent application.

             • The manufacture or sale of the product by W.L. Gore obligates
             the payment of royalties to GEH under the License Agreement.

             • GEH as licensor to W.L. Gore, Inc., licensee, is dependent on
             the licensee’s activities to obtain consideration for grants of the
             license. Although GEH has separate corporate status, the inter-
             dependence reflected in the third party License Agreements

                                            16
                suggests that the patent committee of GEH strongly considers the
                interest of W.L. Gore in making its decisions.

                • One witness for GEH who described herself as a Patent
                Administrator confirmed that W.L. Gore employees would
                prepare patent applications at no cost to GEH and that payments
                were made for GEH in accordance with the Service Agreement
                with W.L. Gore.

                • [An economist for Petitioners] agreed that W.L. Gore and GEH
                had globally integrated goals and that a synergy existed between
                W.L. Gore and GEH due to the relationship between patents and
                products.

                • Testimony from [ ] Petitioners’ witnesses consistently suggested
                that nearly all of the third-party licenses came about in order to
                produce benefits for W.L. Gore or for the “W.L. Gore family of
                companies.”

                • In 1996, W.L. Gore was experiencing some negative cash flow
                when W.L. Gore asked FVI for a line of credit to meet current
                operating needs which continued through 1999. The inter-
                company loans reflected the intercompany dependence of FVI.

                • The audits reflected through the inter-corporate transactions and
                Service Agreement that the Delaware Holding Companies relied
                on W.L. Gore for revenues and services.

Id. at 516-17 (alterations in original) (footnote omitted).

       The Court then summarized the four primary factual conclusions that led the Tax

Court to properly rule that GEH and FVI lacked economic substance as business entities

separate from Gore:

              [1] the subsidiaries’ dependence on Gore for their income, [2] the
              circular flow of money between the subsidiaries and Gore, [3] the
              subsidiaries’ reliance on Gore for core functions and services, and
              [4] the general absence of substantive activity from either subsidiary
              that was in any meaningful way separate from Gore.

Id. at 517.

                                               17
       According to GEH and FVI, however, SYL was distinguishable, because GEH and

FVI “engaged in more substantive activities than those in SYL.” Id. at 519. Specifically,

“GEH acquired patents from third parties, licensed patents to third parties, and paid

substantial fees for outside legal counsel and other services.” Id. The Court characterized

these activities as “more ‘window dressing’ than the SYL subsidiaries,” but concluded that

“these additional trappings do not imbue GEH and FVI with substance as separate

entities.” Id. (Emphasis in original). The Court elaborated: “Indeed, Gore permeates the

substantive activities of both GEH and FVI. Petitioners’ employees and operations are so

intertwined with Gore as to be almost inseparable, as the ‘Legal Services Consulting

Agreement,’ and reliance on Gore—for everything from professional services, to things

like office space—so indicate.” Id. at 519-20.

                               C. Synopsis of SYL and Gore

       As previously stated, under SYL and Gore a nexus or minimal contacts with the

State of Maryland that satisfies the constitutional requirements for income taxation by

Maryland can be established when a foreign wholly owned subsidiary lacks economic

substance as a business entity separate and apart from its parent company that does business

in Maryland. See Gore, 437 Md. at 517-18; SYL, 375 Md. at 106. Whether a subsidiary

lacks economic substance as a separate business entity is to be determined on a case by

case basis, by considering four general factors.8 Gore, 437 Md. at 517.

       8
       The Court of Appeals did not indicate in Gore that these factors were exhaustive.
See Gore, 437 Md. at 517.

                                            18
      First, a court should consider how dependent a subsidiary is on its parent company

for income. Id. at 519. Gore and SYL instruct that a court should consider the amount of

income a subsidiary receives from its parent company or other companies owned by the

parent company. Id. at 515, 517; SYL, 375 Md. at 84, 86, 94. A court also should consider

how much income is generated from third parties and how that income may compare with

other sources of the subsidiary’s income. See Gore, 437 Md. at 517.

      Second, a court should consider whether there is a circular flow of money from the

parent company to the subsidiary and then back to the parent. Id. at 515; SYL, 375 Md. at

84, 86, 96. SYL and Gore teach us that the flow of money back to the parent can be

evidenced in several different ways, such as dividends and loans. See Gore, 437 Md. at

515. At its core, this inquiry is whether the parent is the one who controls the flow of

money and ultimately receives back the money paid to the subsidiary, subject to any

expenses incurred by the subsidiary.

      Third, a court should consider how much the subsidiary relies on the parent for its

core functions and services. Included in the core functions utilized by the subsidiary are

office space and equipment, personnel, and corporate services. Id.; SYL, 375 Md. at 86-

88, 96. The corporate services provided by the parent can include cash management,

marketing, purchasing, accounting, payroll, tax services, research and development, and

human resources. Gore, 437 Md. at 515; SYL, 375 Md. at 95-96.

      The last factor is a “catch all” to the rest—whether the subsidiary has substantive

activity that is “in any meaningful way separate from” its parent. Gore, 437 Md. at 517

(emphasis added). Here, a court should consider whether the subsidiary creates, invents,

                                           19
or makes anything that is independent of the parent company. Id. at 516; SYL, 375 Md. at

106. Also important is whether there exists functional integration and control by the parent

through stock ownership, as well as common officers, directors, and employees. See Gore,
437 Md. at 515; SYL, 375 Md. at 98. In sum, a court should consider the subsidiary’s

overall dependence on the parent in the former’s structure and operations. See Gore, 437
Md. at 521; SYL, 375 Md. at 106.

                        D. Tax Court’s Ruling in the Instant Case

       After a two-day hearing that consisted of factual stipulations, testimony, and

thousands of pages of exhibits, the Tax Court issued a Memorandum of Grounds for

Decision. In considering whether Brands had economic substance as a business entity

separate from ConAgra, the court made the following factual findings:

           In April, 1996, ConAgra incorporated Brands to hold and enforce
           trademarks, conduct central advertising for corporate brands, and
           achieve other corporate efficiencies, including tax savings. Brands
           was capitalized by ConAgra[ ], which also provided its board of
           directors and officers from among the corporate executive corps. In
           late 1996, the parent and three ConAgra subsidiaries – Beatrice
           Foods, Inc., Hunt-Wesson, and Swift-Eckrich contributed 46
           trademark groups to Brands in exchange for 2,207 shares of
           [Brands’s] common stock. Thereafter, Brands held the 46 initial
           trademark groups and subsequently acquired numerous others from
           these entities.

               Brands was physically housed on the ConAgra corporate
          campus in Omaha. It rented space and equipment from the corporate
          parent. Brands had its own officers, who were actually paid by
          Brands, although their payroll was serviced by corporate. Brands
          gradually acquired several employees, and had as many as 23
          employees in the latter part of the period in question.

               Brands licensed the ConAgra trademarks back to the ConAgra
           subsidiaries from which they had been acquired, although in a few

                                            20
cases, Brands also licensed ConAgra trademarks to third-party
corporations. Brands[’s] most significant activity was conducting
national advertising campaigns for the trademark brands. Brands’[s]
employees performed quality control for the licensed brands, and
monitored trademark infringements over the time periods in
question. In exchange for the licensed trademarks, the licensees paid
annual royalties to Brands, which was the primary source of
Brands’[s] income, all of which was paid back to the ConAgra parent
in the form of inter-company payments of various types.

    Brands was organized in part to obtain a reduction in taxes. One
of the advantages of organizing and using [Brands] to own and
manage trademarks for the ConAgra family of companies was a
potential royalty deduction from income taxes that would be claimed
by ConAgra companies in those states that did not require combined
income tax reporting.

     Brands was entirely owned, directly and indirectly, by ConAgra
[ ], the parent corporation. ConAgra itself held 1,000 shares of
Brands (45%), while the remaining 1,207 shares were owned by
three of ConAgra’s wholly owned subsidiaries, Swift-Eckrich, Inc.,
Hunt-Wesson, Inc., and Beatrice Cheese, Inc. In its fiscal year
ending May, 1997 through May, 2004, [Brands] received millions of
dollars of royalty income from ConAgra companies doing business
and filing tax returns in Maryland.

     The evidence suggests during the entire period at issue,
ConAgra utilized centralized legal services, tax services, human
resources (including payroll), treasury functions, cash management,
marketing, corporate relations, information services, research &
development, purchasing, accounting, and general corporate
management. In fact, Brands itself was organized for the purpose of
centralizing control over trademarks and conducting centralized
national advertising ConAgra-wide.

     ConAgra corporate executives were routinely assigned to
interlocking directors’ boards of the several subsidiary corporations;
officers were assigned to various subsidiaries from an existing
central pool of executives; and many corporate officers were
assigned as special portfolio officers to numerous subsidiaries.

    ConAgra [ ] had a vice-president for taxes. That officer was
simply assigned as the vice president for taxes to Brands and to many

                                 21
          other subsidiaries. Likewise, ConAgra[ ]’s corporate secretary was
          cross-assigned as the corporate secretary for Brands, Hunt-Wesson,
          Swift-Eckrich, and Beatrice Foods. Kenneth DiFonzo testified by
          deposition that he was assigned as an officer and director to so many
          different subsidiaries that he could only recall the names of a few of
          the subsidiaries to which he was assigned. The annual assignment
          of officers to subsidiaries [was] effectively carried out by the
          ConAgra [ ] corporate secretariat, which circulated “consents in lieu
          of” annual meetings and boards of the various entities signed the
          consents.

              From a revenue standpoint, Brands depended for the vast
          majority of its annual revenue on royalty payments from
          ConAgra and its subsidiaries. All profits from its operation were
          transferred back to ConAgra in annual payments called “cost of
          capital” payments and through other internal financial
          arrangements. The payments to and from ConAgra and its subs,
          and to and from Brands in particular, were entirely circular.

              Brands could not have functioned as a corporate entity
          without the support services its received from “corporate.” All
          of Brands’[s] everyday support services – ranging from its
          physical housing to payroll, accounting, cash management, tax
          services, funding of legal services, capital requirements,
          financing, executive staffing, and information services – were
          supplied by its corporate parent.

              The facts indicate functional integration and control
          through stock ownership, as well as common employees,
          directors and officers. The functional source of Brands[’s]
          income is derived from the ideas and discoveries generated by
          ConAgra Corporate. The circular flow of money is traced by
          and through the valuable trademarks.

              In addition, the facts also indicate Brands’[s] reliance on
          ConAgra corporate personnel, office space and corporate
          services. The tax returns and other financial data reflect the
          lack of separate substantial activity of Brands.

(Emphasis added).

                                           22
       From the above facts, the Tax Court concluded that Brands was sufficiently similar

to the subsidiary companies in SYL and Gore, and thus “lacked any economic substance

separate from its parent(s).” (Emphasis in original). Accordingly, the Tax Court held that

Brands was subject to income taxation by Maryland.

                    E. Challenges to the Tax Court’s Factual Findings

       Unlike the subsidiaries in SYL and Gore, Brands begins its attack on the Tax Court’s

decision by challenging several of the court’s factual findings. First, Brands argues that

there is not substantial evidence to support the following findings by the Tax Court: 1)

“[I]n exchange for the licensed trademarks, the licensees paid annual royalties to Brands,

which was the primary source of Brands’[s] income, all of which were paid back to the

ConAgra parent in the form of inter-company payments of various types[;]” and 2) “[A]ll

profits from its operation were transferred back to ConAgra in annual payments called ‘cost

of capital’ payments and through other internal financial arrangements. The payments to

and from ConAgra and its subs, and to and from Brands in particular, were entirely

circular.” (Some alterations in original) (emphasis omitted). Brands contends that “the

record clearly reflects that Brands neither paid dividends to its shareholders nor made any

loans to ConAgra or any of its affiliates.” According to Brands, the record “clearly reflects

that Brands made no payments for ‘cost of capital.’” In short, Brands’s first argument

appears to challenge the Tax Court’s ultimate factual finding that Brands and ConAgra had

a circular flow of money.

       At the outset, we observe that the Tax Court did not make any factual findings

pertaining to dividends or loans from Brands to ConAgra, and therefore, conclude that

                                             23
there is no merit to Brands’s assertion that the court made any such findings. We agree

with Brands that the record does not reflect that there were any “cost of capital” payments

made by Brands. Nevertheless, there is substantial evidence to support the Tax Court’s

ultimate factual finding that there was a circular flow of money between Brands and

ConAgra.

       The Tax Court found that the royalties paid to Brands by ConAgra and its

subsidiaries were paid back to ConAgra “in the form of inter-company payments of various

types” and “through other internal financial arrangements.” (Emphasis added). These

“inter-company payments” and “other internal financial arrangements[,]” in our view, refer

to the cash management system that ConAgra and its subsidiaries, including Brands,

employed. Eric Johnson, the “Senior Director in the Corporate Tax Department for

ConAgra[,]” testified at the Tax Court hearing about the cash management system,

explaining in relevant part:

           [BRANDS’S COUNSEL]: Could you explain to us what a cash
           management system is and how it works?

           [JOHNSON]: In a multi-entity organization like ConAgra, we
           utilize a central cash management system to manage cash. And so,
           in our structure, ConAgra [ ] basically serves as the bank.

           [BRANDS’S COUNSEL]: Is ConAgra [ ] the parent?

           [JOHNSON]: I’m sorry. ConAgra [ ], the parent company, serves
           as the bank, if you will. And to the extent a subsidiary either
           earns revenue or cash, that cash is swept up to ConAgra [ ]. To
           the extent a subsidiary needs to use cash, the cash comes down
           from ConAgra [ ]. ConAgra [ ] takes, if we’re lucky, excess cash,
           invests that, or it’s the ultimate entity that goes out and get[s]
           loans to the extent we need loans from third parties to operate.

                                            24
          [BRANDS’S COUNSEL]: Is [ ] Brands a cash user or a cash
          generator?

          [JOHNSON]: [ ] Brands is a cash generator.

          [BRANDS’S COUNSEL]: So their cash would be swept by
          ConAgra [ ] into a central bank?

          [JOHNSON]: That’s correct.

          [BRANDS’S COUNSEL]: And how is that reflected on [ ]
          Brands’[s] accounting records?

          [JOHNSON]: It’s through what we call an inter-company account.
          And so if you look at…[ ] Brands’[s] balance sheet, you will see, I
          believe it’s categorized in the other current assets, an inter-company
          account that basically accumulates all those cash sweeps or cash
          receipts going either way through those accounts.

          [BRANDS’S COUNSEL]: So if we were to look at a balance sheet
          for [ ] Brands, we would find an asset there that reflects the cash?

          [JOHNSON]: Yes.

(Emphasis added).

      Johnson further explained the relationship of the cash management system and

Brands’s net royalty income as reflected on Brands’s balance sheet:

          [BRANDS’S COUNSEL]: So if I were to look at the balance sheets
          that are attached to these federal returns, would I see a continual
          growth in retained earnings which reflects the net income that
          Brands has earned in each year?

          [JOHNSON]: Yes.

          [BRANDS’S COUNSEL]: Okay. And then, as far as the cash is
          concerned, that might be reflective of the royalty income that’s
          swept pursuant to the centralized cash management system?

                                           25
                                         ***
          [JOHNSON]: That’s true.

          [BRANDS’S COUNSEL]: Okay.

          [JOHNSON]: So retained earnings is basically increased by net
          income and would be decreased by net losses. It could be from our
          returns, it could also be decreased by a distribution.

          [BRANDS’S COUNSEL]: But I believe you indicated there were
          no distributions, that everything’s swept.

          [JOHNSON]: Yes. For [ ] Brands there are no distributions.

          [BRANDS’S COUNSEL]: And then is there an asset on the balance
          sheet that reflects the cash sweep?

          [JOHNSON]: There’s an asset on the balance sheet that reflects the
          cash, basically, any cash movements. So cash sweeps, any payment
          of expenses that [ ] Brands had that cash came down from [ConAgra]
          called the inter-company account.

      Kenneth DiFonzo, ConAgra’s Vice President, also testified about the cash

management system in his deposition, portions of which were admitted into evidence by

stipulation. DiFonzo explained that ConAgra subsidiaries did not pay dividends, because

it would have “created additional accounting where none was needed,” and the cash

management system produced the same result. DiFonzo confirmed the operation of the

cash management system: “Every single dollar that flowed into the cash coffers of [the

subsidiaries] and thereby into the company, they were given interest credit for. Every

single dollar that they expended they were charged for.” (Emphasis added).

      Taking the testimonies of Johnson and DiFonzo together, the evidence showed that

the royalties paid to Brands by ConAgra and its subsidiaries were immediately “swept up

                                          26
to ConAgra,” and except for the cash needed to pay Brands’s expenses and the “interest

credit” given to Brands, there was no expectation of a repayment to Brands nor any

limitations on ConAgra’s use of the cash. As a result, the cash management system allowed

ConAgra to use all of Brands’s net royalty income from the date of the latter’s

incorporation, which amounted to over $1.2 billion as of May 2004, according to the

retained earnings listed on Brands’s balance sheet.

       As stated previously, we review the Tax Court’s factual findings by determining

whether they are supported by substantial evidence.9 Gore, 437 Md. at 504. We conclude

that based on this record, “a reasoning mind could have reached the factual conclusion” of

the Tax Court that there was a circular flow of money, i.e., royalties, from ConAgra and its

subsidiaries to Brands and back to ConAgra.

       Second, Brands contends that there is “nothing in the record supporting” the Tax

Court’s finding that “Brands could not have functioned as a corporate entity without the

support services it received from ‘corporate’ and that among other things, physical housing,

payroll and funding of legal services were ‘supplied by its corporate parent.’” According

to Brands, the record demonstrates that Brands paid ConAgra for all of the services that

ConAgra provided.

       9
         Although both parties agree that Brands’s challenges pertain to the Tax Court’s
factual findings, we note that, even if Brands’s challenges could be considered challenges
concerning a mixed question of law and fact, our conclusion would not be altered, because
we also review mixed questions of law and fact under a substantial evidence standard. See
Gore, 437 Md. at 504-05.

                                            27
       Based on Brands’s citation to the record, Brands is challenging the following factual

finding of the Tax Court:

           Brands could not have functioned as a corporate entity without the
           support of services it received from “corporate.” All of Brands[’s]
           everyday support services – ranging from its physical housing, to
           payroll, accounting, cash management, tax services, funding of legal
           services, capital requirements, financing, executive staffing, and
           information services – were supplied by its corporate parent.

       The above finding of the Tax Court did not address whether Brands paid for the

services supplied by ConAgra. It simply stated that ConAgra “supplied” certain services.

In a stipulation filed in the Tax Court, Brands agreed to the following facts: “ConAgra [ ]

was a parent company with corporate functions, including tax services, human resources

services, treasury functions, cash management, marketing, corporate relations, information

services, and general management. These services were supplied to the parent company’s

subsidiaries.” Brands further stipulated that ConAgra supplied additional services to

Brands from 1996 to 2005, including “central purchasing[,]” “centralized advertising[,]”

“centralized accounting[,]” “reviewed significant contracts[,]” “centralized corporate

research and development[,]” and “supplied human resources services … includ[ing]

payroll services.” Accordingly, there was substantial evidence for the Tax Court to find

that ConAgra supplied Brands with the above-referenced services.

       Lastly, Brands argues there is not substantial evidence to support the Tax Court’s

finding that “Brands’[s] tax returns and other financial data reflect the lack of separate

substantial activity of Brands.” Brands contends that its tax returns and financial records

reflect that it paid employees, paid rent, accrued expenses, and owned assets.

                                            28
       Consistent with Brands’s assertion, the Tax Court did make factual findings that

Brands had expenses for rent and employees. Such findings, however, do not undermine

the court’s factual conclusion that Brands lacked substantive activity separate from

ConAgra and its wholly owned subsidiaries. For example, the court found that “[t]he

functional source of Brands[’s] income is derived from the ideas and discoveries generated

by ConAgra”— not the ideas and discoveries of Brands. Indeed, Brands stipulated that

ConAgra conducted centralized research and development. Moreover, even though Brands

had license agreements with third parties, these revenues generated less than one percent

of Brands[’s] revenue, except for 1997 when third party royalties generated just under four

percent of Brands’s revenue. As the Court of Appeals has instructed, “[i]t is not our place

to make an independent original estimate of or decision on the evidence[,]” and we decline

to do so here, especially when Brands has failed to direct this Court to any specific

reference to the record, other than the broad statement that Brands incurred expenses, in its

attempt to undermine the Tax Court’s factual conclusion that Brands lacked substantive

activity separate from ConAgra. See Gore, 437 Md. at 504 (some alterations in original)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

                                      F. Analysis

       Brands argues that the Tax Court erred in relying on SYL and Gore to conclude that

Brands lacked economic substance as a business entity separate from ConAgra.

Specifically, Brands contends that, unlike the subsidiaries in Gore and SYL, (1) Brands’s

income was not solely from ConAgra but from ConAgra’s subsidiaries and third parties;

(2) Brands did not issue dividends or loans; (3) Brands promoted, marketed, and defended

                                             29
its intellectual property; (4) Brands incurred operating expenses relative to its income; (5)

the motivation behind forming Brands extended beyond taxation; and (6) Brands had

twenty-three employees.10 Brands further contends that the Tax Court placed too much

emphasis on the fact that ConAgra provided Brands with many administrative functions,

because “it is common in today’s corporate world that administrative functions are

centralized to provide efficiencies for the entire group.” We are not persuaded.

       In its opinion, the Tax Court found that “Brands depended for the vast majority of

its annual revenue on royalty payments from ConAgra and its subsidiaries.” Royalty

payments were generated solely because (1) ConAgra and three subsidiaries assigned

Brands their trademarks in exchange for Brands’s stock, and (2) Brands licensed the same

trademarks back to ConAgra and those subsidiaries. The fact that the subsidiaries, or their

successors, paid royalties to Brands does not call into question the Tax Court’s finding,

because the subsidiaries were wholly owned by ConAgra and the royalty payments flowed

from the subsidiaries to Brands and then back to ConAgra. The court did consider third

party revenues, but again found that the “vast majority” of Brands’s revenue came from

ConAgra and its subsidiaries. In Gore, the Tax Court acknowledged that there were royalty

payments to GEH from third parties but determined that the payment of royalties from third

       10
          In its Brief, Brands broadly asserts several other “facts” that it contends are
supported by the record, and that the Tax Court should have considered in its ruling.
Brands, however, does not provide any argument as to why the court should have made
those factual findings. As previously stated, “it is the agency’s province to resolve
conflicting evidence and where inconsistent inferences can be drawn from the same
evidence it is for the agency to draw the inferences.” Gore, 437 Md. at 504. We will,
therefore, review the court’s ruling based on its “findings and reasons set forth” in its
opinion. Id. at 503.

                                             30
parties did not negate GEH’s “dependence on Gore for [its] income.” Gore, 437 Md. at

517. Similarly, the Tax Court had substantial evidence to conclude that Brands was

dependent on ConAgra and its subsidiaries for Brands’s income; Brands’s third party

revenue never exceeded four percent in any tax year.

       As described in detail above, the Tax Court found that there was a circular flow of

money from ConAgra and its subsidiaries to Brands and back to ConAgra. We concluded

that there was substantial evidence for the Tax Court to make such a finding. Brands is

correct that it did not pay dividends or make loans, as was the case with the subsidiaries in

SYL and Gore. See SYL, 375 Md. at 85-86, 96; Gore, 437 Md. at 515. In the instant case,

however, paying dividends or making loans was not necessary to create the circular flow

of money, because the cash management system produced the same result. All of the cash

received by Brands was “swept up to ConAgra,” and only the cash needed for expenses

was returned to Brands. Therefore, Brands was similar to the subsidiaries in SYL and Gore

with regard to the circular flow of money between the parent and subsidiary.

       The Tax Court acknowledged that “Brands[’s] most significant activity was

conducting national advertising campaigns for the trademark brands.               Brands[’s]

employees performed quality control for the licensed brands, and monitored trademark

infringements over the time periods in question.” Nevertheless, the court found that there

was “functional integration and control [by ConAgra] through stock ownership, as well as

common employees, directors and officers.” The court elaborated: “ConAgra corporate

executives were routinely assigned to interlocking directors’ boards of the several

subsidiary corporations; officers were assigned to various subsidiaries from an existing

                                             31
central pool of executives; and many corporate officers were assigned as special portfolio

officers to numerous subsidiaries.” Specifically, the vice president of tax for ConAgra was

also assigned to be the vice president of tax for Brands. The secretary for ConAgra was

also assigned to be the secretary for Brands, Hunt-Wesson, Swift-Eckrich, and Beatrice

Foods. Moreover, DiFonzo, the ConAgra vice president and member of the board of

directors for Brands, testified that “he was assigned as an officer and director to so many

different subsidiaries that he could only recall the names of a few of the subsidiaries to

which he was assigned.” The court also found that “[t]he functional source of Brands[’s]

income [was] derived from the ideas and discoveries generated by ConAgra[.]” Like Gore,

ConAgra “permeates the substantive activities” of Brands. Gore, 437 Md. at 519-20.

       Although Brands was organized to centralize control over the trademarks used by

ConAgra and its subsidiaries, the Tax Court found that “Brands was [also] organized in

part to obtain a reduction in taxes.” Brands appears to argue that the Tax Court should

have given more weight to the “non-tax business reasons for establishing Brands.” The

Court of Appeals, however, explained in Gore that “the motivation behind creating the

entities…is not dispositive.” Id. at 519. In our view, the court properly considered the

motives behind Brands’s creation.11

       11
          Brands also appears to argue that it is distinguishable from the subsidiaries in
Gore because Brands paid state income taxes while the subsidiaries in Gore and SYL did
not pay any state income taxes. Brands does not elaborate further, but to the extent that it
is arguing that paying taxes lessens tax avoidance as a motive for Brands’s formation, we
reject that argument because, as stated above, the motivations behind Brands’s formation
are not dispositive. Gore, 437 Md. 519.

                                            32
       The Tax Court further acknowledged that Brands had twenty-three employees in the

latter part of the tax period in question. Brands argues that its twenty-three employees is

an important factor in determining economic substance, but Brands fails to direct this Court

to, and did not adduce before the Tax Court, any evidence demonstrating the nature of these

employees’ duties or the compensation of each employee. See id. at 520-21 (determining

that the Tax Court did not err in addressing only certain aspects of third party activity

because of the lack of “specificity and comprehensiveness” of the record). The mere

number of employees, without more, does not convince us that Brands is sufficiently

distinguishable from the subsidiaries in SYL and Gore.

       Finally, the Tax Court found that Brands relied on ConAgra for most, if not all, of

its administrative functions. Brands argues that the court placed too much emphasis on

this factor, but we disagree with this interpretation of the court’s opinion. As outlined

above, the court took into consideration many factors other than the administrative

functions that ConAgra provided Brands in arriving at its conclusion that Brands lacked

economic substance as a separate business entity.

       Therefore, we hold that there was substantial evidence to support the Tax Court’s

findings of (1) Brands’s dependence on ConAgra and its subsidiaries for the “vast

majority” of its income, (2) the circular flow of money from ConAgra and its subsidiaries

to Brands and back to ConAgra, (3) Brands’s reliance on ConAgra for its core functions,

and (4) Brands’s lack of any meaningful substantive activity separate from ConAgra. From

those factual findings, the court properly applied the teachings of SYL and Gore to conclude

that Brands lacked economic substance as a business entity separate from ConAgra.

                                            33
Because a portion of Brands’s income was produced from the business activity of ConAgra

and its subsidiaries in Maryland, the court correctly held that there was a sufficient nexus

and minimum contacts to justify Maryland’s taxation of that portion of Brands’s income.

       Nevertheless, Brands makes two additional challenges to the Tax Court’s ruling that

we must address. The first challenge is that the court applied the unitary business principle

in determining that Brands lacked economic substance as a separate entity. According to

Brands, the court focused solely on the relationship between Brands and ConAgra and its

subsidiaries and not enough on whether Brands had substantial economic activity. We

disagree.

       The Court of Appeals explained in Gore that “[t]he unitary business principle

enables taxation by apportionment when the characteristics of functional integration,

centralized management, and economies of scale are present.” Id. at 508 (emphasis added)

(internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he principle does not confer nexus to allow a state

to directly tax a subsidiary based on the fact that the parent company is taxable and that

the parent and subsidiary are unitary.” Id. at 509 (emphasis in original). In other words,

the unitary business principle is not sufficient to satisfy the “minimum contacts” and

“nexus” requirements of the Due Process Clause and the Commerce Clause. Id. The Court

did, however, hold in Gore that,

            [a]though the unitary business principle and economic substance
            inquiry under SYL are distinct inquires with distinct purposes, there
            is no reason—based either in case law or logic—for holding that the
            factors that indicate a unitary business cannot also be relevant in
            determining whether subsidiaries have no real economic substance
            as separate business entities.

                                             34
Id. at 518.

         We do not read the Tax Court’s opinion as using factors that are only applicable to

the unitary business principle. The court expressly stated that “the unitary business

principle does not confer nexus to allow a state to directly tax a subsidiary[.]” It is this

Court’s view that the Tax Court properly considered those factors set forth in SYL and Gore

and did not apply the unitary business principle in its analysis of Brands’s economic

substance as a separate business entity.

         Brands’s last attempt to distinguish Gore and SYL is to attack the nexus of ConAgra

and its subsidiaries with Maryland. Brands argues that, unlike the companies at issue in

SYL and Gore, “neither ConAgra, nor any of its affiliates, operated retail stores or

manufacturing plants in Maryland.” Brands continues: “Because none of Brands[’s]

licensees operated retail stores or manufacturing plants in Maryland, they did not use the

Intangible Assets in Maryland.” In essence, Brands argues that without ConAgra or its

subsidiaries having a physical presence in Maryland, Brands does not have a sufficient

nexus or minimal contacts with the State and Brands did not earn income from the business

operations of ConAgra and its subsidiaries in Maryland. Brands’s argument is without

merit.

         We acknowledge that in Gore, Gore operated factories in Maryland and presumably,

although not explicitly stated, filed Maryland tax returns. Id. at 500. In SYL, Crown Parent

had Maryland manufacturing plants, and Syms operated retail stores in Maryland. SYL,
375 Md. at 81, 92. The Court of Appeals, however, noted in SYL that both parent

companies filed Maryland taxes for the years in question. Id. The United States Supreme

                                             35
Court made clear in Wayfair that there is no physical presence requirement for a state to

tax a corporation under the Due Process Clause or the Commerce Clause. 138 S. Ct. at

2094 (“Rejecting the physical presence rule is necessary to ensure that artificial

competitive advantages are not created by this Court’s precedents. This Court should not

prevent States from collecting lawful taxes through a physical presence rule that can be

satisfied only if there is an employee or a building in the State.”). In the instant case, the

parties stipulated that ConAgra “conducted operations in Maryland” and filed corporation

income tax returns in Maryland. The parties also stipulated that certain subsidiaries of

ConAgra filed Maryland corporation income tax returns. In our view, the “operations” of

ConAgra in Maryland and the filing of Maryland corporation income tax returns by

ConAgra and its subsidiaries in Maryland are sufficient to establish that those companies

conducted income generating activities within the State, and their lack of a physical

presence in Maryland does not sever the nexus between Brands and Maryland. See

Classics Chicago, Inc. v. Comptroller, 189 Md. App. 695, 715-16 (2010) (“[T]he basis of

a nexus sufficient to justify taxation . . . was the economic reality of the fact that the parent’s

business in the taxing state was what produced the income of the subsidiary.”)

Accordingly, we find no error in the Tax Court’s ruling.

                               III.   Apportionment Formula

                     A. A Brief Background on Income Tax Apportionment

       To understand the Comptroller’s assessment, we find it useful to summarize in

general terms the mechanics of how Maryland corporate income tax is calculated when a

                                                36
corporation conducts business both in and outside of the State.12 And more specifically,

what an apportionment formula is under Maryland law. In doing so, we will review the

statutory and regulatory landscape applicable to the taxing years of 1996 to 2003.13

       Generally, in calculating the taxable income of a corporation, one begins with the

corporation’s federal taxable income. Md. Code (1988, 1996 Supp.), § 10-304(1) of the

Tax General Article (“TG”). From the federal taxable income, adjustments, if applicable,

are made to either increase or decrease the Maryland taxable income. TG §§ 10-304-310.

The result of these adjustments is called the corporation’s “Maryland modified income.”

TG § 10-301, 304.

       In the relevant tax years, the Tax General Article provided that, when a corporation

conducts “business in and out of the State, the corporation shall allocate to the State the

part of the corporation’s Maryland modified income that is derived from or reasonably

attributable to the part of its trade or business carried on in the State[.]” TG § 10-402(a)(2),

       12
           As one might imagine, the calculation of the ultimate tax levied against a
corporation can be very complicated, from the adjustments to the tax credits to the
exemptions. And of course, depending on what type of business the corporation engages
in, there could be different methods of calculating Maryland income tax.
       13
         From 1996 to 2000, the relevant, applicable statutes in this case were not changed.
In 2001, however, the General Assembly adopted 2001 Md. Laws Ch. 633, which amended
Maryland Code (1988, 1994 Repl. Vol., Supp. 2000), § 10-402 of the Tax General Article
(“TG”). Most notable was the addition of “or the single sales factor formula method” to
Section 10-402(d)(2). See 2001 Md. Laws Ch. 633. These amendments and their
applicability to the apportionment of income were not argued in this appeal and thus such
amendments do not alter our conclusion.

                                              37
amended by 2018 Md. Laws Ch. 341-42.14 There are three methods of apportionment. The

first is called “separate accounting[,]” which is applied if “[i]t is practical[] and [t]he

activity of the corporation within this State is nonunitary.” TG § 10-402(b), amended by

2018 Md. Laws Ch. 341-42;15 COMAR 03.04.03.08(F)(3). Given the unitary business of

Brands, ConAgra, and the latter’s subsidiaries in Maryland, separate accounting is not

used.

        The second formula is called the “three-factor apportionment formula.” TG § 10-

402(c), amended by 2018 Md. Laws Ch. 341-42.16 As explained by the Court of Appeals

in NCR Corp. v. Comptroller, the three-factor apportionment formula is determined

                 by using [ ] three-factor[s] (sales, property and payroll) .
                 . . each “factor” being a fraction. The numerator of the
                 sales factor, for example, is the amount of a corporation’s
                 in-state sales; the denominator of the sales factor is the
                 total amount of a corporation’s in-state and out-of-state
                 sales. The property and payroll factors are computed in
                 the same manner.

        14
          In 2018, the General Assembly made amendments to TG § 10-402. The
amendments made only stylistic changes to TG § 10-402(a)(2) and recodified it as TG §
10-402(b)(2). See 2018 Md. Laws Ch. 341 at 1604. In this opinion, we will refer to the
statutory provisions as they were codified during the relevant tax years.
        15
        This provision was unchanged by the 2018 amendments and is now codified as
TG § 10-402(c)(1). See 2018 Md. Laws Ch. 341 at 1604.
        16
         Although the 2018 amendments did not change the basic structure of the 3-factor
formula, they did change the amount by which the sales factor is multiplied, as well as the
total denominator. Because the Comptroller, in its discretion, chose not to use the 3-factor
formula in the instant case, and we uphold that choice, see Section III.C, infra, these
changes do not affect our analysis herein. See 2018 Md. Laws Ch. 342 at 1615-16.

                                             38
313 Md. 118, 141 (1988); see also TG § 10-402(c), amended by 2018 Md. Laws Ch. 341-

42; COMAR 03.04.03.08(C). To calculate the apportionment factor, one must average the

property factor, payroll factor and “twice the sales factor.” TG § 10-402(c), amended by

2018 Md. Laws Ch. 341-42. In other words, the apportionment factor is calculated as

follows:

            (( 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑  𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
                  𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
                               X 2) +
                                      𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
                                         𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦
                                                        + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑦𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙
                                                            𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙
                                                                           )÷4

See NCR, 313 Md. at 141 (expressing the three-factor formula in place at the time prior to

the 1992 amendments in a similar manner). This apportionment factor is then multiplied

by the Maryland modified income. Id. at 142; TG § 10-301.

       The third apportionment formula is an altered formula that is created by the

Comptroller in his or her discretion, as provided for in TG § 10-402(d):17

            (d) Determination — by Comptroller. — To reflect clearly the
            income allocable to Maryland, the Comptroller may alter, if
            circumstances warrant, the methods under subsections (b) and (c) of
            this section, including:
               (1) the use of the separate accounting method;
               (2) the use of the 3-factor double weighted sales factor formula
            method or the single sales factor formula method;
               (3) the weight of any factor in the 3-factor formula;
               (4) the valuation of rented property included in the property
            factor; and
               (5) the determination of the extent to which tangible personal
            property is located in the State.

       17
        The 2018 amendments made no changes to this provision, but recodified it as TG
§ 10-402(e). See 2018 Md. Laws Ch. 341 at 1611.

                                            39
       Once one of these formulas is applied, the result is the corporation’s Maryland

taxable income. TG § 10-301. The applicable corporate tax rate (seven percent from 1996

to 2003) is then applied to a corporation’s Maryland taxable income resulting in the tax

owed to the State. TG § 10-105(b), amended by 2007 (Special Session) Md. Laws Ch. 3.18

                  B. The Assessment and the Tax Court’s Ruling in Brands

       Before the Tax Court, it was stipulated that, on August 30, 2007, the Comptroller

assessed Brands the following taxes, interest, and penalties:

       It was further stipulated that after the above assessment was affirmed by the

Comptroller in 2009, the following was the assessment:

       18
         In 2007, the General Assembly amended the Tax General article to increase the
corporate tax rate to 8.25%. 2007 (Special Session) Md. Laws Ch. 3 at 82. Because this
change only applies to tax years beginning after December 31, 2007, it does not affect the
amount of tax due in the instant case.

                                            40
          In considering the Comptroller’s assessment, the Tax Court made the following

ruling:

                  Where nexus is satisfied as in the present case, the Maryland tax
             on a multi-state corporation engaged in interstate business is
             governed by Md. Code Ann., Tax-Gen. [(“TG”)] § 10-402 ([1988,]
             2010 Repl. Vol.). In TG § 10-402, Maryland provides for both
             separate accounting and formulaic apportionment as methods for
             allocating the income of a foreign corporation doing business in the
             State. See TG § 10-402(b) & (c). Formulaic apportionment, unlike
             separate accounting, does not purport to identify the precise
             geographical source of a corporation’s profits; rather, it is employed
             to approximate a corporation’s income that is reasonably related to
             the activities conducted within the taxing State. TG § 10-402(d)
             requires that net income be apportioned to this state on the basis of
             a formula that clearly reflects the income allocable to Maryland. The
             Comptroller may alter, if circumstances warrant, the methods of
             allocating income to Maryland. TG § 10-402(d); COMAR §
             03.04.03.08F.

                  The Comptroller’s auditors found that with respect to Brands,
             there were no recorded Maryland sales, no recorded Maryland
             payroll, and no recorded Maryland property. As a result,
             application of the statutory “3-factor apportionment formula”
             provided by TG § 10-402(c) would have yielded an
             apportionment factor of zero. Since a zero apportionment factor

                                              41
           would not have “reflect[ed] clearly the income allocable to
           Maryland,” the Comptroller’s agents formulated a blended
           apportionment factor. The blended apportionment factor
           utilized by the Comptroller in allocating Brands’[s] income was
           derived directly from the income tax returns of the five ConAgra
           entities that filed in Maryland. The Court finds that the
           Comptroller effectively utilized ConAgra’s own apportionment
           figures in constructing the blended apportionment factor used
           in this case. There is no clear and convincing evidence that the
           Comptroller’s blended apportionment factor is unfair.

(Some alterations in original) (Emphasis added).

                  C. Brands’s Challenges to the Apportionment Formula

       Brands first contends that the Comptroller’s apportionment formula was not

permitted under TG § 10-402(d). Brands acknowledges that TG § 10-402(d) permits the

Comptroller to deviate from the three-factor formula set forth in § 10-402(c), but argues

that the Comptroller failed to demonstrate that the use of the three-factor formula did not

clearly reflect Brands’s Maryland income.

       The Comptroller responds that “TG § 10-402(d) requires that net income be

apportioned to this State on the basis of a formula that clearly reflects the income allocable

to Maryland. The Comptroller may alter, if circumstances warrant, the methods of

allocating income to Maryland.” The Comptroller explains that the use of the three-factor

apportionment formula for Brands would have yielded zeros for payroll, property, and sales

in Maryland, “thus yielding an apportionment factor of zero.”             According to the

Comptroller, an apportionment factor of zero would not have reflected clearly Brands’s

income allocable to Maryland. The Comptroller concludes that a blended apportionment

                                             42
factor derived from the Maryland income tax returns of ConAgra and its subsidiaries was

appropriate. We agree with the Comptroller.

      In Gore, GEH and FVI argued that the Comptroller improperly borrowed an

apportionment formula from Gore to create GEH and FVI’s apportionment formula. 437
Md. at 528-29. Like Brands, GEH and FVI advocated an apportionment based upon their

property and payroll in Maryland, which would have produced an apportionment factor of

zero. Id. GEH and FVI claimed that the Comptroller’s apportionment formula ignored the

binding regulation of COMAR 03.04.03.08(C)(3)(d). Id.

      The Court of Appeals rejected the argument of GEH and FVI:

           Both TG § 10–402 and COMAR 03.04.03.08 are provisions with
           exceptions. TG § 10–402(d) allows the Comptroller to “alter, if
           circumstances warrant, the methods under subsections (b) and (c) of
           this section[.]” COMAR 03.04.03.08(F)(1) allows the Comptroller
           to alter both a formula or its components where an apportionment
           formula “does not fairly represent the extent of a corporation's
           activity in [the] State[.]” As Respondent correctly points out, the
           three-factor formula . . . would have yielded an apportionment
           factor of zero, which did not fairly represent the subsidiaries’
           activity in Maryland. Thus, a plain reading of either the statute
           or regulation empowers the Comptroller to do precisely that to
           which Petitioners object.

Id. at 529 (some alterations in original) (emphasis added). Here, too, the Comptroller had

the discretion to deviate from the three-factor apportionment formula, because an

apportionment factor of zero did not accurately represent Brands’s activity in Maryland.

      Brands counters that, even if the Comptroller demonstrated the need to deviate from

the three-factor formula, the Comptroller did not use a method permitted under TG § 10-

402(d). The Comptroller responds that the Court of Appeals ruled in Gore that it was

                                           43
permissible to use a parent company’s apportionment factor in calculating a subsidiary’s

income tax when the three-factor formula produced a zero apportionment factor for the

subsidiary.

          TG § 10-402(d) provides that the Comptroller may alter an apportionment formula

to “reflect clearly the income allocable to Maryland.” In Gore, the Court of Appeals

permitted the Comptroller to apply Gore’s apportionment factor to calculate the Maryland

taxable income for both GEH and FVI. 437 Md. at 533. In that case, the Court, quoting

the Tax Court, explained the Comptroller’s assessment as follows:

              The tax calculation utilized by the Comptroller was intended to
              apportion to Maryland only the Delaware Holding Company income
              connected to the operating transactions of W.L. Gore. Expenses
              were deducted from the income if the Delaware Holding Company
              made an affirmative demonstration that the expenses were directly
              related to the income. GEH made no attempt to allocate Delaware
              Holding Company expenses to the W.L. Gore connected income.
              Consequently, GEH’s tax liability was calculated by multiplying
              royalties paid by W.L. Gore times the W.L. Gore apportionment
              formula. For FVI, the tax is calculated by multiplying interest
              paid by W.L. Gore times the W.L. Gore apportionment formula.

Id. at 529-30 (emphasis added).

          Like in Gore, the Comptroller used the apportionment factor of Brands’s parent

company, ConAgra. See id. In the instant case, however, the Comptroller used what it

terms a “blended apportionment factor,” which was derived from the apportionment factors

of ConAgra and its subsidiaries doing business in Maryland and paying Brands royalties.

In her testimony before the Tax Court, Mary Wood, the Manager of Corporation Income

Tax for the Comptroller, explained the origin and effect of the blended apportionment

factor:

                                             44
           [WOOD]: This is the blended factor apportionment worksheet that
           I was talking about earlier where it lists on the left side where it
           shows all the parent affiliate companies, those are all of the
           Maryland filers that made payments to [ ] Brands [ ]. And, as I said,
           they’re all blended together to come up with a factor that, again, it
           basically accounts for the same, it’s the same tax due as if you took
           each company separately, but it’s just combining them so it comes
           out to the same tax effect.

                                           ***
           [COMPTROLLER’S COUNSEL]: Okay.                 And where did the
           factors come from that were blended?

           [WOOD]: It’s, as I said, basically, it’s the same as taking each
           company by itself using that company’s Maryland
           apportionment factor, just as we did in SYL, Crown Delaware,
           Talbotts, Nordstrom, all of the cases that we’ve settled on. So
           it’s taking their Maryland factor and, again, it’s just a blending of
           each company.

           [COMPTROLLER’S COUNSEL]: Okay. And what was the
           objective of the Auditors in making this blended factor? What
           were they trying to do?

           [WOOD]: They were trying to get back the tax that we lost by
           the Maryland filer taking a deduction for the royalty expenses,
           just as we had in all those other cases.

           [COMPTROLLER’S COUNSEL]: Okay. Did this blended factor
           achieve that end?

           [WOOD]: Absolutely.

(Emphasis added).

      In our view, TG § 10-402(d) and the teachings of Gore permit the Comptroller to

use the Maryland apportionment factor of ConAgra and its subsidiaries to determine a

blended apportionment factor. Accordingly, the Comptroller did not err or abuse its

discretion in utilizing a blended apportionment factor to calculate the income tax owed by

                                            45
Brands to Maryland on royalty payments received from ConAgra and its subsidiaries

arising out of their business in Maryland.

       Lastly, Brands argues that the Comptroller’s assessment is unfair and violative of

the U.S. Constitution because it does not reflect how income was generated for Brands,

and the Comptroller “imposes tax on Brands based [solely] on its affiliates’ activities in

Maryland.” Brands also contends that, even if Maryland allowed a blended apportionment

factor to be used, as in this case, “the requirement of the United States Constitution that the

apportionment factors used ‘actually reflect a reasonable sense of how income is generated’

would not allow such result.” The Comptroller responds that it is Brands’s burden to

demonstrate that the apportionment formula is unfair, and Brands has failed to cite anything

in the record demonstrating that the apportionment formula used by the Comptroller is

unfair. We agree with the Comptroller.

       When a company is engaging in a unitary business, as in the case sub judice, the

company “bears the burden of demonstrating that the income it seeks to exclude from

taxation was derived from unrelated business activity that constituted a discre[te] business

enterprise.” NCR, 313 Md. at 132; see also Gore, 437 Md. at 531. Brands has failed to

direct this Court to any evidence demonstrating that the Comptroller’s assessment is unfair.

Thus there was substantial evidence to support the Tax Court’s decision upholding the

Comptroller’s income tax assessment against Brands.

                                              46
                                IV.    Waiver of Interest19

                                      A. Background

       Under TG § 13-606, “[f]or reasonable cause, a tax collector may waive interest on

unpaid tax.” In Frey v. Comptroller, 422 Md. 111, 184-85 (2011), cert. denied, 566 U.S.
905 (2012), the Court of Appeals stated that the authority to abate interest vests not just in

the Comptroller, but in the Tax Court, too. The Court explained that, when the Tax Court

reviews the Comptroller’s decision declining to abate interest in an assessment, the court’s

review “is deferential to the tax collector’s discretion[,]” and the court must consider

whether “the [complaining] party has demonstrated with affirmative evidence that

reasonable cause exists or that the tax collector’s decision was an obvious error.” Id. at

187.   Because the Tax Court in Frey did not consider whether Frey demonstrated

reasonable cause to abate interest, the Court left open the question of what evidence was

sufficient to demonstrate reasonable cause to waive interest. Id.

                                   B. Tax Court’s Ruling

       Before the Tax Court, Brands requested that the court abate interest on the tax

assessments. In its opinion, the court ruled:

               The final question for the [c]ourt’s determination is whether
            interest and penalties should be waived under Tax-General Article
            Sections 13-606 (waiver of interest) and 13-714 (waiver of
            penalties). In Frey v. Comptroller of the Treasury, 184 Md. App.
315, 421 (2009), the Court of Special Appeals referred to the
            reasonable cause exception set forth in the applicable statutes. The

       19
          When the Comptroller filed its cross-petition for judicial review in the circuit
court, the Comptroller did not challenge the Tax Court’s ruling abating penalties assessed
against Brands. Accordingly, the Tax Court’s abatement of penalties is not before us in
this appeal.

                                             47
            [c]ourt finds that [Brands] has a reasonable basis for challenging
            the law and acted in good faith. There was no intention on the part
            of [Brands] to cause delay in the collecting of taxes and this [c]ourt
            notes that numerous taxpayers have challenged the Comptroller’s
            arguments. The [c]ourt disagrees with the Comptroller that the
            state of the law was clear to the taxpayer at the time of the
            assessments. To the contrary, the state of the law has evolved
            through various court decisions in SYL, Crown Cork & Seal[,] The
            Classic Chicago, Inc. v. Comptroller of the Treasury, 189 Md. App.
695 (2010), Nordstrom, Inc. v. Comptroller of the Treasury, (Md.
            Tax Ct. Oct. 24, 2008) and Gore Enterprise Holdings.

(Emphasis added). The court then ordered the abatement of all “interest after the date of

filing this appeal in the Maryland Tax Court (February 23, 2009) until the date of this Order

[February 24, 2015.]”

       The Comptroller filed a cross-petition for judicial review in the circuit court. The

Comptroller argued that the Tax Court did not use the proper standard for abating interest

and that at the very least, the court should not have abated interested accruing after the

issuance of the Gore opinion, which was on March 24, 2014. Brands contended that the

Tax Court properly abated all interest until the date of that court’s decision. The circuit

court reversed the Tax Court’s abatement of interest from the date of the issuance of the

Gore opinion, March 24, 2014, until the date of the Tax Court’s opinion in the instant case,

February 24, 2015, a period of eleven months.20

       20
           In considering the abatement of interest, the circuit court wrote in its
Memorandum Opinion: “Brands shall be responsible for any and all interest collected after
the date of the issuance of the Gore decision on March 24, 2014.” The court’s Order,
however, stated that “[f]or the reasons stated in the foregoing opinion, . . . ORDERED,
that the decision of the Maryland Tax Court, regarding the abatement of interest, is hereby
REVERSED.” (Emphasis in original). The Memorandum Opinion and the Order,
therefore, appear to be inconsistent, but because we review the holding of the Tax Court,
we need not resolve this uncertainty. See Gore, 437 Md. at 503.

                                             48
                          C. Challenges to the Waiver of Interest

       Brands argues that the Tax Court properly ruled that Brands had demonstrated

reasonable cause to waive interest because “Brands had a reasonable basis to challenge the

law and acted in good faith.” Brands points out that “[t]here is no question that the

assessments turned on the application and analysis of case law,” and that the state of the

case law was unclear during the tax years at issue “and even at the time of the assessment.”

Brands also contends that it “presented ample evidence, including two days of testimony

and thousands of pages of exhibits, supporting that it had [a] reasonable basis to challenge

the law, and the assessment of interest.” Brands concludes that, given the broad discretion

accorded to the Tax Court in determining “reasonable cause”, as well as a lack of clarity in

the case law, “the Tax Court properly exercised its discretion in waiving interest.”

       The Comptroller counters that “[b]oth the language of TG § 13-606 and the

exposition of that language in Frey require that abatement of interest be based on

‘reasonable cause’ supported by ‘affirmative evidence.’” The Comptroller argues that

Brands failed to produce any affirmative evidence of reasonable cause, and that the Tax

Court did not make any factual findings based on such evidence. The Comptroller further

characterizes the Tax Court’s standard for “reasonable cause” as “an absence of bad faith

in filing the petition of appeal.” According to the Comptroller, if abatement of interest can

be satisfied by merely demonstrating good faith in the pursuit of litigation, then the

“survival of statutory interest assessments will become the exception rather than the rule.”

We disagree with the Comptroller.

                                             49
       In its opinion, the Tax Court expressly found that Brands had “a reasonable basis

for challenging the law and acted in good faith.” Such finding clearly came from the

extensive evidence adduced by Brands during the two-day trial before the Tax Court,

coupled with the court’s accurate description of the state of the case law as an evolution

“though various court decisions” over the period of 2003 to 2014. We disagree with the

Comptroller’s characterization of the Tax Court’s “reasonable cause” standard as merely

the absence of bad faith in pursuing the appeal to the Tax Court. Given that the legality of

the tax assessments at issue turned on the application of case law, the Tax Court properly

focused its “reasonable cause” analysis on the state of that case law and its applicability to

Brands.

       The Tax General Article does not define reasonable cause, and as explained supra,

we give “great weight” to “[t]he legal conclusions of an administrative agency that are

premised upon an interpretation of the statutes that the agency administers.” Gore, 437
Md. at 505 (internal quotation marks omitted). In our view, there is nothing in the statute

or case law that precludes the Tax Court from finding reasonable cause for abatement of

interest from the uncertainty in the state of the case law when applied to the circumstances

of a particular taxpayer. Accordingly, we shall uphold the Tax Court’s ruling to abate the

interest accrued from the date of the filing of the appeal to the Tax Court, February 23,

2009, to the date of the court’s Memorandum of Grounds for Decision, February 24, 2015.

                                             50
JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR
ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY AFFIRMED IN
PART AND REVERSED IN PART; CASE
REMANDED TO THAT COURT FOR ENTRY
OF A JUDGMENT AFFIRMING THE TAX
COURT; APPELLANT TO PAY THREE-
FOURTHS OF COSTS AND APPELLEE TO
PAY ONE-FOURTH OF COSTS.

   51