Court Opinion

ID: 5122626
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-02 15:00:49.714053+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:29.217877
License: Public Domain

20-3587-cv
Busher v. Barry

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                   SUMMARY ORDER

Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order
filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a
document filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an
electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order
must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
City of New York, on the 2nd day of November, two thousand twenty-one.

       PRESENT:         Dennis Jacobs,
                        Steven J. Menashi,
                                 Circuit Judges
                        Lewis A. Kaplan,
                                 District Judge. *
____________________________________________

MEREDITH            BUSHER,          as     Co-Personal
Representative of the Estate of Eugene L. Busher,
ELLEN BUSHER, as Co-Personal Representative
of the Estate of Eugene L. Busher, NANCY
TUMPOSKY,

                  Plaintiffs-Appellants,

*Judge Lewis A. Kaplan of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York, sitting by designation.
EUGENE L. BUSHER,

               Plaintiff,

         v.                                               No. 20-3587-cv

DESMOND T. BARRY, JR., THOMAS T. EGAN,
JOHN P. HEANUE, WILLIAM M. KELLY,
FRANCIS P. BARRON, WINGED FOOT GOLF
CLUB, INC.,

               Defendants-Appellees,

WINGED FOOT HOLDING CORPORATION,

               Nominal Defendant-Appellee.

____________________________________________

For Plaintiffs-Appellants:             JOHN HALEBIAN, Lovell Stewart Halebian
                                       Jacobson LLP (Adam C. Mayes, Lovell
                                       Stewart Halebian Jacobson LLP, Sanford F.
                                       Young, Law Offices of Sanford F. Young,
                                       P.C., on the brief), New York, NY.

For Defendants-Appellees:              MAEVE O’CONNOR (David Sarratt, Susan
                                       Reagan Gittes, Laura J. Samuels, Morgan A.
                                       Davis, Aasiya F.M. Glover, on the brief),
                                       Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, New York, NY.

      Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York (Román, J.).

                                         2
      Upon due consideration, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and

DECREED that the appeal of the denial of partial summary judgment is

DISMISSED, and the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

      The district court dismissed this shareholder derivative action brought on

behalf of nominal defendant Winged Foot Holding Corporation (“WFHC”), a New

York business corporation that owns the 280-acre property operated by the

Winged Foot Golf Club (the “Club”), a nonprofit membership corporation. The

plaintiffs asserted claims on behalf of WFHC against certain current and former

WFHC directors as well as against the Club, which is WFHC’s majority and

controlling shareholder. The plaintiffs alleged that the Club, in concert with the

defendant directors, contrived to create a “sweetheart” long-term lease under

which the Club and its members enjoyed the exclusive use of WFHC’s property

for a nominal rent that wasted and misappropriated WFHC’s sole asset for the

benefit of the Club and its members—and to the detriment of WFHC and its

shareholders. The district court dismissed the majority of the plaintiffs’ claims,

concluding that the plaintiffs failed to establish a basis for tolling the statute of

limitations on their otherwise untimely claims and that the fraud discovery rule

did not apply. The district court further concluded that questions of material fact

                                         3
remained on the plaintiffs’ only timely claims, which challenged a 2013 lease

extension. However, the plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed those claims before trial.

      This diversity case is governed by settled principles of New York law. We

assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of

the case, and the issues on appeal.

                                         I

      In 1921, members of the New York Athletic Club started organizing a golf

club. The organizers incorporated two separate entities. WFHC was incorporated

under New York’s Business Corporation Law; the Club was incorporated under

New York’s Membership Corporations Law. WFHC’s certificate of incorporation

authorized issuance of 600 shares of stock, and the Club’s bylaws established a

membership of 600 and required each member to acquire one of WFHC’s 600

shares. After the formation of these entities, the organizers filed the respective

certificates of incorporation with the New York Secretary of State.

      WFHC used the proceeds from the sale of its 600 shares to purchase 280

acres of land and to build two golf courses and a clubhouse. WFHC and the Club

then executed a long-term lease in 1924. The lease did not require the Club to pay

any fixed rent. Instead, the Club was to invest its earnings in improvements to the

                                         4
land and to turn over any remaining profits after expenses to WFHC. Under the

lease, the Club received an initial term of 21 years with the option to renew on the

same terms for another two 21-year terms.

      In 1947, the original lease was amended. Instead of a variable rent

obligation, the 1947 lease established a fixed annual rent of $30,000. The parties

then renewed the lease under the same terms as the 1947 lease in 1974 (for a lease

that would run from 1987 to 2008), 1984 (for 2008 to 2029), 2002 (for 2029 to 2050),

and, most recently, 2013 (for 2050 to 2071).

      The Club also made changes to the rules governing members’ ownership of

WFHC stock. Club membership fell during the Great Depression, putting financial

pressure on the Club. To increase income, the Club authorized “yearly”

memberships that did not require purchase of WHFC stock sometime in the 1930s.

In 1949, the Club eliminated individual stockholding as a requirement for any

category of membership. Throughout the 1940s, the Club intermittently purchased

shares from former members or their heirs for nominal amounts. By 1983, the Club

had acquired a majority of WFHC shares (302), a fact that was disclosed in

WFHC’s and the Club’s consolidated financial statements.

                                         5
                                          II

      On June 16, 2014, Plaintiff Eugene Busher brought this derivative action

against WFHC’s current board of directors, the Club, and WFHC itself as a

nominal defendant. The complaint asserted claims for damages for the allegedly

wasteful leases and for the Club’s alleged scheme to entrench its control of WFHC

by buying WFHC shares. The complaint alleged that WFHC had been formed as

an investment vehicle to pursue shareholder profits, and therefore the below-

market lease agreements with the Club breached the directors’ fiduciary duties.

The Club was implicated because, according to the complaint, it facilitated these

wasteful deals by gaining control over WFHC.

      The defendants answered the original complaint and then moved for

summary judgment on the grounds of laches, acquiescence, and estoppel. The

district court ruled that summary judgment was inappropriate because, among

other things, there were issues of fact about whether the defendants breached a

fiduciary duty to Busher. See Busher v. Barry (Busher I), No. 14-CV-4322, 2016 WL

1249612 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 28, 2016). The defendants filed a motion for

reconsideration, which the district court denied. See Busher v. Barry (Busher II), No.

14-CV-4322, 2016 WL 2742428 (S.D.N.Y. May 10, 2016).

                                          6
      After fact and expert discovery, Plaintiffs Meredith and Ellen Busher—who

were substituted as representatives of their late father’s estate—and Nancy

Tumposky, who inherited an interest in a share, filed an amended complaint. The

amended complaint alleged claims for breach of fiduciary duty against the

directors under New York law, common law breach of fiduciary for waste and

misappropriation against both the directors and the Club, unjust enrichment

against the Club, and aiding and abetting the breach of fiduciary duty against the

Club. The amended complaint also sought common law dissolution of WFHC.

Based on allegations that the defendants had fraudulently concealed the for-profit

purpose of WFHC, the amended complaint asserted that the defendants were

equitably estopped from raising the statute of limitations as an affirmative

defense.

      The plaintiffs moved for partial summary judgment on liability for their

breach of fiduciary duty claims. The defendants cross-moved for summary

judgment, arguing that (1) the claims that had accrued before June 16, 2008, were

barred by the applicable statute of limitations and (2) claims that accrued after that

date were barred by the doctrines of waiver, acquiescence, and estoppel.

                                          7
      The district court granted the defendants’ cross-motion on the issue of the

statute of limitations, holding that the plaintiffs had failed to meet their burden of

creating a question of material fact sufficient to toll the statute of limitations under

either the doctrine of equitable estoppel or New York’s fraud discovery rule. The

district court found that there was “no genuine dispute that there were storm

warnings” that would have put shareholders on inquiry notice of the facts

underlying the plaintiffs’ claims decades before the suit was filed. Special App’x

11. Because the claims were subject to a six-year statute of limitations, the district

court held that “claims arising from conduct before June 16, 2008 are barred by the

statute of limitations,” and the only conduct left to consider on the merits was “the

2013 lease extension.” Id. at 13.

      The district court denied the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary

judgment, concluding that there was a genuine dispute of material fact about the

purpose of WFHC at the time of the 2013 lease extension.

      Before trial began, however, the plaintiffs moved to voluntarily dismiss

their remaining claims—those related to the 2013 lease renewal—with prejudice.

After notice and a hearing at which no shareholder objected to the dismissal, the

district court entered final judgment.

                                           8
      The plaintiffs now appeal the district court’s order granting the defendants’

cross motion for summary judgment on the statute of limitations issue. They argue

that the district court erred because it dismissed claims that accrued within the

statute of limitations period and failed to toll their untimely claims. The plaintiffs

also purport to appeal the district court’s denial of their motion for partial

summary judgment.

                                         III

      “We review grants of summary judgment de novo, viewing the evidence in

the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Higgins v. Metro-N. R. Co., 318

F.3d 422, 425 (2d Cir. 2003). “Summary judgment is warranted only upon a

showing ‘that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” MacKenzie-Childs Ltd. v. MacKenzie-

Childs, 477 F. App’x 836, 839 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)). In

determining whether there are genuine issues of material fact, “we are required to

resolve all ambiguities and draw all permissible factual inferences in favor of the

party against whom summary judgment is sought.” Terry v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 128,

137 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                          9
                                         A

      The district court did not erroneously dismiss any timely claims. It correctly

held that—other than claims related to the 2013 lease extension—the plaintiffs’

claims were barred by the statute of limitations.

      On appeal, the plaintiffs recharacterize some of the claims as arising from

events within the limitations period. We need not reach the merits of these

arguments because the arguments were not raised before the district court.

Because the plaintiffs failed to “raise this argument in [their] opposition to

summary judgement,” the “argument has been waived.” Palmieri v. Lynch, 392

F.3d 73, 87 (2d Cir. 2004).

      Even if the arguments had not been waived, the plaintiffs would not prevail.

First, the plaintiffs claim to have a timely unjust enrichment claim against the Club

related to the 2029-2050 lease renewal option. Although WFHC granted this lease

renewal option to the Club in 2002, the plaintiffs argue that the claim accrued only

when the Club exercised the option in 2013. But “a claim for unjust enrichment

accrues upon the occurrence of the alleged wrongful act giving rise to restitution.”

Kaufman v. Cohen, 760 N.Y.S.2d 157, 171 (2003). The wrongful act identified in the

amended complaint occurred—at the latest—in 2002, when, allegedly acting for

                                         10
the benefit of the Club and to the detriment of the shareholders, WFHC granted

another lease extension option to the Club.

      Next, the plaintiffs claim to have timely claims based on the directors’

failure to rescind the allegedly wasteful leases. The plaintiffs identify no authority

for the proposition that a claim for breach of fiduciary duty may arise from a

director’s failure to rescind a contract that was executed outside the limitations

period. If such a claim were allowed, there would effectively be no statute of

limitations for directors’ actions. We do not think the New York Court of Appeals

would recognize such a claim. See In re Elm Ridge Assocs., 234 F.3d 114, 121 (2d Cir.

2000) (noting that we must “predict how the highest court of the state would

resolve” an issue) (alteration omitted).

      The plaintiffs also claim to have timely claims that arose from the

defendants’ alleged breaches of fiduciary duty relating to the Club’s acquisition of

WFHC shares. The amended complaint suggests that the acquisitions were part of

scheme to take control of WFHC. Any claims based on this purported scheme,

however, would have accrued by 1983, when the Club acquired a majority of

WFHC shares.

                                           11
      Finally, the plaintiffs argue that their claim seeking a declaration that the

1947 lease amendment and subsequent lease options are void is not subject to a

statute of limitations defense. But “[a]n action for a declaratory judgment is

generally governed by a six-year limitations period.” Town of Hempstead v. AJM

Capital II, LLC, 13 N.Y.S.3d 199, 201 (2d Dep’t 2015). This rule extends to actions

seeking a declaration that a corporate transaction is void. In Kassab v. Kassab, for

example, the Appellate Division held that a claim seeking a judgment declaring

an option agreement void was governed by a six-year limitations period. 29

N.Y.S.3d 39, 41-42 (2d Dep’t 2016). 1

      In sum, the district court properly held that the only claims that fell within

the limitations period were those related to the 2013 lease extension.

                                            B

      We find no error in the district court’s holding that the plaintiffs’ untimely

claims are not saved by equitable estoppel.

1 The plaintiffs’ reliance on Faison v. Lewis, 25 N.Y.3d 220 (2015), is misplaced. Faison
stands for the limited proposition that “a claim against a forged deed is not subject to a
statute of limitations defense.” Id. at 224.

                                           12
      We distinguish between the federal doctrine of equitable tolling, which “is

not available in state causes of action in New York,” Jang Ho Choi v. Beautri Realty

Corp., 135 A.D.3d 451, 452 (1st Dep’t 2016), and the New York doctrine of equitable

estoppel. We have “used ‘equitable tolling’ to mean fraudulent concealment of a

cause of action that has ‘in some sense accrued earlier,’ and to mean fraudulent

concealment that postpones the accrual of a cause of action.” Pearl v. City of Long

Beach, 296 F.3d 76, 82 (2d Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). New York, in contrast,

“appears to use the label ‘equitable estoppel’ to cover both the circumstances

‘where the defendant conceals from the plaintiff the fact that he has a cause of

action and where the plaintiff is aware of his cause of action, but the defendant

induces him to forego suit until after the period of limitations has expired.’” Id.

(alteration omitted). Equitable estoppel “applies where it would be unjust to allow

a defendant to assert a statute of limitations defense” because “the defendant’s

affirmative wrongdoing … produced [a] long delay between the accrual of the

cause of action and the institution of the legal proceeding.” Zumpano v. Quinn, 6

N.Y.3d 666, 673 (2006). In particular, equitable estoppel prevents a defendant from

asserting a statute-of-limitations defense under New York law “where [a] plaintiff

was induced by fraud, misrepresentations or deception to refrain from filing a

                                        13
timely action” and the plaintiff demonstrates “reasonable reliance on the

defendant’s misrepresentations.” Id. at 674.

      The plaintiffs here argue that the defendants prevented them from

discovering their claims for breach of fiduciary duty by failing to disclose

generally that “WFHC had a for-profit business purpose inconsistent with

subordination to the Club” and by asserting the contrary at various times.

Plaintiffs-Appellants’ Br. 40-43. Even assuming that the defendants did so,

however, the defendants’ actions did not prevent the plaintiffs’ predecessors in

interest from knowing of WFHC’s for-profit business purpose and from bringing

a timely suit. On the plaintiffs’ own theory of the case, WFHC’s certificate of

incorporation—which was filed publicly in 1921—established “as a matter of law

that WFHC had a for-profit business purpose.” Id. at 45. Meanwhile, the 1947 lease

amendment—which changed the Club’s rent from its entire net income to a fixed

annual payment of $30,000—conflicts with any such for-profit purpose. Even if the

1947 lease amendment itself was not publicly accessible, board minutes taken at

that time stated that “it was always contemplated” that WFHC’s holding of the

land “would be at all time[s] for the benefit of the Golf Club.” And the notes to the

consolidated financial statements for 1983 communicated that the Club “now

                                         14
owns more than 50% of the outstanding stock of [WFHC].” These materials,

among others in the record, make obvious the possibility that WFHC was not

being operated at arms’ length from the Club or to generate profits for

shareholders, regardless of the defendants’ purported misrepresentations about

WFHC’s corporate purpose. On the plaintiffs’ theory, then, the alleged breaches of

duty by the WFHC directors have been apparent for 74 years.

      It would not have been reasonable for the plaintiffs’ predecessors in interest

to rely on the defendants’ purported concealment of WFHC’s for-profit purpose

in failing to bring their action because relevant facts that, according to the

plaintiffs, establish their claims were publicly available. The district court

accordingly did not err in holding that the defendants are not equitably estopped

from asserting the statute of limitations. 2

2 Similarly, the district court held that the fraud discovery rule, N.Y.C.P.L.R. § 213(8)—
which is not at issue on this appeal—did not apply to the plaintiffs’ claims because “there
is no genuine dispute that” the plaintiffs were on inquiry notice of those claims. Special
App’x 10-13. In so holding, the district court concluded that “there is no genuine dispute
that there were storm warnings that would have caused a reasonable person to
investigate” the facts underlying the untimely claims. Id. at 11.

                                            15
                                          C

      The plaintiffs ask us to review the district court’s order denying their motion

for partial summary judgment, which held that there were triable issues of fact

regarding WFHC’s purpose. We dismiss this part of the appeal for lack of

jurisdiction.

      We generally will not review an order denying summary judgment. See

DiStiso v. Cook, 691 F.3d 226, 239 (2d Cir. 2012) (“[T]he denial of a motion for

summary judgment is generally not appealable.”). “That order ‘retains its

interlocutory character,’ and therefore we lack jurisdiction to review it on appeal.”

Omega SA v. 375 Canal, LLC, 984 F.3d 244, 251 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Ortiz v. Jordan,

562 U.S. 180, 184 (2011)).

      Here, however, the plaintiffs argue that we have appellate jurisdiction

because they followed a “well settled” path to appeal: there was an adverse

decision that dismissed some of their claims and they voluntarily dismissed their

remaining claims. Plaintiffs-Appellants’ Reply Br. 21. To be sure, “a party who

loses on a dispositive issue that affects only a portion of his claims may elect to

abandon the unaffected claims, invite a final judgment, and thereby secure review

of the adverse ruling.” Ali v. Fed. Ins. Co., 719 F.3d 83, 89-90 (2d Cir. 2013)

                                         16
(alteration omitted). But in such a scenario, we have jurisdiction to review claims

that the district court dismissed, not the claims that the party voluntarily

abandons. Here, the district court denied summary judgment as to claims related

to the 2013 lease extension because it determined there was a genuine dispute of

material fact as to whether WFHC’s primary purpose was to pursue profits or to

support the Club. The plaintiffs then voluntarily dismissed these remaining claims

with prejudice. In this situation, we lack jurisdiction to review the voluntarily

dismissed claims, including matters that the district court would have addressed

at trial. See Empire Volkswagen, Inc. v. World-Wide Volkswagen Corp., 814 F.2d 90, 94

(2d Cir. 1987) (“[A]n appeal from a judgment entered upon a voluntary dismissal

with prejudice does not bring up for review any matters that were voluntarily

dismissed.”).

                                   *      *     *

      We have considered the plaintiffs’ remaining arguments, which we

conclude are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we DISMISS the appeal of

                                         17
the district court’s order denying the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary

judgment and otherwise AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                    FOR THE COURT:
                                    Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

                                     18