Court Opinion

ID: 9396623
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-23 13:12:15.448927+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:18.435402
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
UNPUBLISHED

              Present: Judges Ortiz, Chaney and Senior Judge Haley
              Argued at Richmond, Virginia

              HERBERT WILLIAM JONES, JR.
                                                                             MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0712-22-2                                      JUDGE DANIEL E. ORTIZ
                                                                                   MAY 23, 2023
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                  FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF NOTTOWAY COUNTY
                                                   Paul W. Cella, Judge

                               (David G. Moss; The Law Office of David G. Moss, PLLC, on
                               brief), for appellant. Appellant submitting on brief.

                               Robert Bauer, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares,
                               Attorney General; Leanna C. Minix, Assistant Attorney General, on
                               brief), for appellee.

                     Following a bench trial, Herbert William Jones, Jr. was convicted of one count of breaking

              and entering and two counts of petit larceny.1 The trial court imposed a total sentence of twenty

              years and thirty-three months with fourteen years and forty-four months suspended, for an active

              period of incarceration of five years and one month. On appeal, Jones argues that the trial court

              erred in excluding testimony from his expert witness regarding the accuracy of his GPS ankle

              monitor. Jones further contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions,

              arguing that the Commonwealth failed to prove he was the perpetrator. Because the trial court did

              not abuse its discretion in excluding the testimony of one of Jones’s expert witnesses and because

              there was sufficient evidence that Jones committed all three offenses, we affirm the trial court.

                     *
                         This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413.
                     1
                         Jones did not appeal his conviction for a good behavior violation.
                                         BACKGROUND2

       On May 9, 2020, Qadira Stewart’s husband mowed his lawn before stowing the lawnmower

near his house. The next morning, Stewart noticed the lawnmower was missing. After hearing the

Stewarts’ lawnmower was missing, the Stewarts’ neighbor, Michael Lee Cole, reviewed

surveillance videos captured by his eight security cameras. The videos showed an individual enter

Cole’s carport at 11:49 p.m. for a matter of seconds, and then leave while covering his face. As he

reviewed the videos, Cole visually tracked the individual’s movements to the Stewarts’ house,

where he saw the shadow of an individual carrying away a lawnmower. The individual took the

lawnmower from the Stewarts’ house, crossed the street, and placed it near a tree in the yard of the

house to the left of Cole’s house. Cole was unable to identify the individual in the video. Cole

captured several screenshots of the activity near his house but did not preserve the actual videos.

       In the early morning hours of Sunday, May 31, 2020, several members of the Smith

family—Anne Smith, Peter Smith, and two of their daughters—were asleep in their house. The day

before, Anne Smith had placed her pocketbook containing her zippered wallet on her dining room

table. In the early hours of that Sunday morning, R.S., a minor child of Anne and Peter Smith,

heard the back door next to her ground level bedroom open, and for approximately ten minutes she

heard footsteps walking up and down the stairs leading to the dining room. R.S. alerted her parents

as to what she heard. At 3:00 or 3:30 a.m., Peter and Anne Smith went downstairs to investigate.

Peter saw that the wooden back door was unlocked and the adjoining storm door was

uncharacteristically cracked open. Peter and Anne searched the house for signs of any disturbance

       2
          “In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in
the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Gerald v.
Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018) (quoting Scott v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 381
(2016)). In doing so, we discard any of Jones’s conflicting evidence, and regard as true all
credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all inferences that may reasonably be
drawn from that evidence. Id. at 473.
                                                -2-
but did not see any other than the open and unlocked doors. Neither Anne nor Peter noticed that

anything was missing but did not check Anne’s pocketbook at that time. When the Smiths awoke

later that morning, nothing appeared to be out of place. Anne took her pocketbook containing her

wallet with her to church that day but did not open it. In the afternoon of Sunday, May 31, 2020,

Anne noticed the wallet in her pocketbook was open and about $400 or $500 was missing. The last

time she had seen that money had been one or two days earlier. Neither R.S. nor Peter had taken the

money from Anne’s pocketbook.

       Jones’s terms of probation from a prior conviction required him to wear a GPS ankle

monitoring system. In accordance with federal standards, Jones’s GPS device reports his position

within thirty feet with ninety percent accuracy. The GPS device transmits its location once per

minute when in motion. When the GPS device has not moved for more than ten minutes, the GPS

device transmits its location once per hour. On May 9, 2020, GPS location data from Jones’s

monitor placed him within the area of the Stewarts’ lawnmower at 11:51 p.m. The data from May

31, 2020, showed Jones in and around the Smiths’ home at 3:38 a.m. Six data points indicated

Jones’s presence inside the house.

       In addition to the two counts of petit larceny and one count of breaking and entering, Jones

was tried on two counts of spying into a dwelling—a house belonging to Troy and Glenda Ford—

with offense dates in June 2020. Jones’s GPS data from the dates and times for the June offenses

were consistent with Jones being inside the Fords’ house. However, the Fords testified that Jones

was never inside their house. At the close of the Commonwealth’s evidence, the trial court granted

Jones’s motion to strike both spying-into-a-dwelling charges. Jones subsequently called

Christopher Elke, who testified as a GPS expert. During Elke’s direct examination, Jones attempted

to elicit testimony about the GPS data from the June offense dates. The Commonwealth objected to

the relevance of the June GPS data, as the June charges were no longer before the court. Jones

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proffered that the June GPS data was relevant to show inaccuracies with the GPS data, notably that

the GPS data indicating that Jones was inside the dwelling was contradicted by witness testimony.

The trial court sustained the Commonwealth’s objection on the ground that the charges from June

were no longer before the court. Jones was subsequently convicted of petit larceny of the Stewarts’

lawnmower, the petit larceny of Anne’s cash, and breaking and entering into the Smiths’ house.

This appeal followed.

                                              ANALYSIS

  I. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion When It Excluded Certain Expert Testimony

        Jones first asserts that the trial court erred in excluding Elke’s testimony concerning the

accuracy of the GPS monitor. Jones argues that testimony referencing two specific instances of

inaccuracy were relevant to show that “[t]he margin of error is clearly true and not just some

statistic.” The trial court acted within its discretion in excluding this testimony because,

although relevant, it was cumulative.

        “It is well-settled that ‘[d]ecisions regarding the admissibility of evidence “lie within the

trial court’s sound discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of

discretion.”’” Nottingham v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 221, 231 (2021) (quoting Blankenship

v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 692, 697 (2019)). “A court has abused its discretion if its

decision was affected by an error of law or was one with which no reasonable jurist could agree.”

Tomlin v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 392, 409 (2022). “In evaluating whether a trial court

abused its discretion, . . . we do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court. Rather, we

consider only whether the record fairly supports the trial court’s action.” Kenner v. Commonwealth,

299 Va. 414, 423 (2021) (quoting Carter v. Commonwealth, 293 Va. 537, 543 (2017)).

        Jones attempted to elicit Elke’s expert opinion about the accuracy of GPS data from June

offense dates. The June GPS data was consistent with Jones’s presence inside the Fords’ house,

                                                  -4-
but the testimony indicated that he never entered the home, but rather was on the front porch.

Jones conceded that he was in this general area on the dates and times in question and does not

dispute that he was within thirty feet of the Fords’ house.

       “‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any

fact in issue more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Va. R. Evid.

2:401. “Relevant evidence may be excluded if . . . the evidence is needlessly cumulative.” Va.

R. Evid. 2:403(b). The GPS’s accuracy in placing Jones inside the home is a fact at issue and

therefore relevant. However, the record is replete with recitations that the accuracy of the GPS

device is limited and is only expected to accurately determine position within thirty feet, ninety

percent of the time. When the trial court excluded testimony interpreting two specific instances

in which Jones’s GPS system reported positions inside a house when Jones was actually outside,

the record included ample evidence that GPS data points inside a house but less than thirty feet

from the exterior of the house may be inaccurate because it is within the margin of error for the

GPS monitor. Therefore, the evidence Jones sought to introduce provided no new evidence for

the court to consider; it was cumulative evidence about the limitations of the GPS monitor’s

accuracy. We therefore conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding this

testimony.

                                 II. Sufficiency of Proof of Identity

       This Court also finds no merit in Jones’s contention that the trial court erred in finding

the evidence sufficient to prove that he was the individual who committed the crimes of petit

larceny and breaking and entering. The evidence sufficiently supports Jones’s convictions and is

not plainly wrong. “When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial

court is presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to

support it.’” McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (alteration in original)

                                                 -5-
(quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not

ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018)).

“The question on appeal, is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Ingram v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 59,

76 (2021) (quoting Yoder v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 180, 182 (2019)). “If there is evidentiary

support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even

if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’”

McGowan, 72 Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)).

                                           A. Petit Larceny

        “Any person who . . . [c]ommits simple larceny not from the person of another of goods

and chattels of the value of less than $500 . . . shall be deemed guilty of petit larceny.” Code

§ 18.2-96 (Repl. Vol. 2018).3 Jones argues the evidence failed to establish that he was the

person who took the lawnmower and cash. “At trial, the Commonwealth bears the burden of

proving the identity of the accused as the perpetrator beyond a reasonable doubt.” Cuffee v.

Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 353, 364 (2013) (quoting Blevins v. Commonwealth, 40 Va. App.

412, 423 (2003)). On appeal, we review the trier of fact’s determination regarding the identity of

the criminal actor in the context of “the totality of the circumstances.” Brown v. Commonwealth,

37 Va. App. 507, 523 (2002) (quoting Satcher v. Commonwealth, 244 Va. 220, 249 (1992)).

        As with any element of an offense, identity may be proved by direct or circumstantial

evidence. Crawley v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 372, 375 (1999). “Circumstantial evidence

is as competent and is entitled to as much weight as direct evidence, provided it is sufficiently

        3
         The threshold for elevating petit larceny to grand larceny was $500 at the time of the
offense and was increased to $1000 effective July 1, 2020. See 2020 Va. Acts cc. 89, 401.
                                                -6-
convincing to exclude every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.” Holloway v.

Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 658, 665 (2011) (en banc) (quoting Coleman v. Commonwealth,

226 Va. 31, 53 (1983)). “[C]ircumstantial evidence is not viewed in isolation.” Id. (quoting

Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 514 (2003)). “While no single piece of evidence may

be sufficient, the combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances, each insufficient

in itself, may lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion.” Pick v. Commonwealth, 72

Va. App. 651, 668 (2021) (quoting Finney v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 83, 89 (2009)). The fact

that “[a] defendant’s theory of the case differs from that taken by the Commonwealth does not

mean that every reasonable hypothesis consistent with his innocence has not been excluded.

What weight should be given evidence is a matter for the [factfinder] to decide.” Edwards v.

Commonwealth, 68 Va. App. 284, 301 (2017) (alterations in original) (quoting Haskins v.

Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 9 (2004)).

       Jones argues that “no other circumstantial evidence was presented to further identify

[Jones] as the perpetrator” of the larceny of the lawnmower. The evidence, however, established

that Jones was at the Stewarts’ house at the same time that the video surveillance indicated that a

person removed the lawnmower from the area. Additionally, Jones conceded his presence in the

general area and the GPS data placed Jones at the Stewarts’ house. Screenshots from the video

surveillance recording showed an individual whose movements were tracked to the Stewarts’

house. Cole testified that while viewing the surveillance video he was able to track the

individual’s movements from his house to the Stewarts’ house, and back to his neighbor’s house

where the individual placed a lawnmower against his neighbor’s tree. The court had the

opportunity to view both Jones and the stills from the surveillance video and make a visual

comparison. The record supports that a rational trier of fact could find that Jones was the

individual who took the Stewarts’ lawnmower.

                                               -7-
       The record also supports the finding that Jones was the individual who broke into the

Smiths’ home and took money from Anne’s wallet. Although there was no eyewitness

testimony, there is sufficient circumstantial evidence such that a rational trier of fact could

conclude that Jones unlawfully entered the home and took the money. The GPS monitoring

evidence establishes Jones’s presence in or around the Smiths’ house at the time the Smiths’

daughter heard an intruder. The record shows that R.S. heard a person inside the family home

opening the back door and climbing the stairs several times. A reasonable factfinder could infer

that Jones was the individual that R.S. heard.

       The evidence establishes that Anne discovered the money in her pocketbook to be

missing after the break-in and that the last time she saw the money in her pocketbook was the

day prior. The record also shows that neither her husband nor her daughter, R.S., took the

money. At the time of the break-in, the pocketbook was located on the dining room table and

would have been immediately visible upon climbing the stairs from the ground level after

entering the back door. Upon searching the house after hearing the intruder, the Smiths did not

notice that anything else was displaced or missing. A reasonable factfinder could infer that Jones

broke into the Smiths’ home looking for valuables, found the cash in Anne’s pocketbook, and

took the cash before leaving the premises.

                                     B. Breaking and Entering

       Finally, Jones argues that the trial court erred by finding that he was the individual who

unlawfully entered the Smiths’ house. “[T]he Commonwealth was required to establish that

[Jones] committed a breaking and entering of a dwelling of another with intent to commit” a

                                                 -8-
larceny.4 Pooler v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 214, 220 (2019); see Code § 18.2-91. We

disagree with Jones’s assertion.

       The record supports a finding that Jones’s entry into the house was not lawful, as three

members of the Smith family testified that Jones did not have permission to be in their house.

“[W]hen an unlawful entry is made into a dwelling of another, the presumption is that the entry

was made for an unlawful purpose, and the specific intent with which such entry was made may

be inferred from the surrounding facts and circumstances.” Vincent v. Commonwealth, 276 Va.

648, 653 (2008) (quoting Ridley v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 834, 836 (1979)). “In a prosecution

for statutory burglary under Code § 18.2-91, proof that the accused unlawfully entered another’s

dwelling supports an inference that the entry was made for an unlawful purpose.” Breeden v.

Commonwealth, 43 Va. App. 169, 181 (2004) (quoting Robertson v. Commonwealth, 31

Va. App. 814, 822 (2000)).

       As with the previous two charges, there is sufficient evidence in the record to support the

finding that Jones was the perpetrator. The GPS data shows Jones was present in or around the

Smiths’ house at approximately the same time that an unknown person was heard entering the

ground level back door of the Smiths’ home and moving throughout the house. The record

shows that R.S. heard the back door open and subsequently heard footsteps walking up and down

the stairs. Upon investigating, Peter discovered the back door to the house was unlocked and the

adjoining screen door was cracked open. Although this evidence is circumstantial, it is sufficient

for a rational trier of fact to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Jones was the individual who

committed a breaking and entering of the Smiths’ house. Holloway, 57 Va. App. at 665.

       4
        Appellant does not raise issue with sufficiency of the evidence in showing a breaking or
unlawful entering of the Smiths’ home, but takes issue with the sufficiency of the evidence in
showing that Jones was the individual who broke into the home and took the money.
                                              -9-
                                          CONCLUSION

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding expert testimony that was

cumulative, and a rational trier of fact could reasonably conclude that Jones is guilty of all three

offenses. For these reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                                             Affirmed.

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