Court Opinion

ID: 9957015
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-03 15:05:10.526618+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:02.119429
License: Public Domain

Third District Court of Appeal
                               State of Florida

                          Opinion filed April 3, 2024.
       Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

                            ________________

                      Nos. 3D23-0695 & 3D23-0824
                      Lower Tribunal No. 16-32842
                           ________________

                  Lemano Investments, LLC, etc.,
                                  Appellant,

                                     vs.

                        RGF Athena, LLC, etc.,
                                  Appellee.

     Appeals from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Alan Fine and
Lisa Walsh, Judges.

    Marko & Magolnick, P.A., and Joel S. Magolnick and Lawrence B.
Lambert, for appellant.

     Lauri Waldman Ross, P.A., and Lauri Waldman Ross; Simon,
Schindler & Sandberg LLP, and Neal L. Sandberg and Sherryll Martens
Dunaj, for appellee.

Before LOGUE, C.J., and EMAS and MILLER, JJ.

     LOGUE, C.J.
      Lemano Investments, LLC appeals the trial court’s summary final

judgment in favor of RGF Athena, LLC in RGF Athena’s action for rescission,

quiet title, and declaratory relief. Because the trial court properly concluded

there were no disputed issues of material fact and, as a matter of law, RGF

Athena had a superior claim to title of the properties at issue, we affirm.

                               BACKGROUND

      The underlying action seeks to determine the rightful ownership of two

properties located in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Two Florida limited liability

companies, RGF Athena and Lemano Investments, each claim superior title

to the properties. The source of the parties’ conflict is Frederic Henry (“F.

Henry”), who served as a manager for both companies and whose conduct

both parties refer to as fraudulent.

      During the relevant time period, F. Henry was a manager and part

owner of RGF Athena, a manager of Lemano Investments, and a 50% owner

and manager of a third company, Minvest USA, LLC. These three companies

engaged in the business of real estate investment. Both RGF Athena and

Lemano Investments ultimately claim to be victims of F. Henry. To untangle

the facts surrounding the transfer of the properties at issue, some

background on RGF Athena, Lemano Investments, and Minvest USA, as

well as their business dealings is necessary.

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   A. RGF Athena, LLC

      RGF Athena was formed in furtherance of a Joint Venture Agreement

between Pauliflo, LLC, Geoffroy Lecat, and F. Henry. The purpose of the

Joint Venture was to purchase real property for renovation and resale.

Pauliflo owned 50% of RGF Athena and provided the capital for acquisition

of the properties purchased by the company. Lecat and F. Henry, in turn,

each owned 25% of RGF Athena and served as managers.

      The Joint Venture Agreement expressly provided that: (1) “All

decisions with respect to the management and control of the Joint Venture

shall require approval by Pauliflo.”; (2) “[N]o Party shall have the right to

legally bind the Joint Venture or [RGF Athena] to commitments or contractual

arrangements with any third party on behalf of the Venture or [RGF Athena]

with regard to the Property without the express written consent and signature

of Pauliflo.”; and (3) “No act shall be taken, sum expended, or obligation

incurred by the Joint Venture or any of the venturers with respect to a matter

within the scope of the activity of [RGF Athena] unless such decisions are

first approved by Pauliflo in writing.” The Joint Venture Agreement listed the

acts and duties the managers were responsible for but required “the approval

nevertheless of Pauliflo.”

                                      3
        RGF Athena’s Operating Agreement placed similar restrictions on the

managers’ powers, requiring Pauliflo’s approval for the sale, transfer, or

disposition of company property.

        On March 29, 2016, RGF Athena purchased real property located at

1842 N.W. 74th Street, Miami, FL 33147 (the “1842 Property”). RGF Athena

paid the closing agent the full purchase price of $105,992.60 for the property

and received a warranty deed after closing, which was recorded on April 4,

2016.

        On March 30, 2016, RGF Athena purchased real property located at

5600 N.E. 1st Court, Miami, FL 33137 (the “5600 Property”). RGF Athena

paid the closing agent the full purchase price of $165,407.37 for the property

and received a warranty deed after closing, which was recorded on April 7,

2016.

   B. Lemano Investments, LLC

        The electronic articles of organization filed with Florida’s Secretary of

State for Lemano Investments listed F. Henry as the managing member and

manager. No valid operating agreement was ever produced for the relevant

time period. Lemano Investments denied that F. Henry ever owned or held

any membership interest in the company. Lemano Investments did

acknowledge, however, that it appointed F. Henry as its manager and gave

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him control over its funds and activities. Lemano Investments also

acknowledged F. Henry was “the person solely responsible for the

operations of Lemano in the United States.”

      Lemano Investment’s corporate representative, Richard Henry (F.

Henry’s brother), testified that, ultimately, F. Henry “was using Lemano for

his own personal purposes, and had the ability to do so because he had full

control over the bank accounts.” Richard Henry stated he did not check

Lemano Investments’ books and records because, in large part, he trusted

his brother to act honestly.

   C. Lemano Investments’ Dealings with Minvest USA

      Minvest USA was a Florida limited liability company owned by F. Henry

and Lecat, to which Lemano Investments would provide investment funds for

the purchase of real estate in Florida. Minvest USA was supposed to assist

Lemano Investments in locating investment properties, administering the

purchase of properties, rehabilitating properties as necessary, leasing

properties, collecting rents, and selling properties.

      Richard Henry attested to the informality of Lemano Investments and

Minvest USA’s arrangement. He stated there were no real estate purchase

agreements, no written management agreement between Minvest USA and

                                       5
Lemano Investments, no warranty deeds, no title insurance, no legal

opinions, and no executed closing statements.

       Instead, Richard Henry explained that the funds Lemano Investments

provided Minvest USA were “not tied to any specific property, but properties

in general.” F. Henry would advise of available investment properties and the

approximate average amount necessary to purchase the properties and then

would transfer money from Lemano Investments’ bank account to Minvest

USA’s bank account. F. Henry had sole authority to make these transfers

and acted on behalf of Lemano Investments in disbursing funds to Minvest

USA.

       After that, a particular property might find its way to Lemano

Investments, almost always through one or more intermediate transfers. The

properties rarely came to Lemano Investments directly from Minvest USA.

Instead, the deeds Lemano Investments would receive would come from

other entities in which F. Henry and Lecat had interests.

  D. Transfers at Issue

       F. Henry created two quit-claim deeds purporting to transfer the 1842

Property and the 5600 Property from RGF Athena to Lemano Investments.

Both quit-claim deeds stated in the top left-hand corner: “Prepared by and

return to: Attn: Mr. Frederic Henry Lemano Investments LLC.” Both quit-

                                      6
claim deeds listed RGF Athena as the Grantor and Lemano Investments as

the Grantee. Both deeds were executed by F. Henry as “Manager” of RGF

Athena.

         Both quit-claim deeds bore the following language in bold, capitalized

print:

              NOTICE    TO     RECORDER:      MINIMAL
              DOCUMENTARY STAMPS ARE BEING PAID
              UNDER THIS QUITCLAIM DEED BECAUSE
              MINIMAL CONSIDERATION IS BEING PAID
              BETWEEN GRANTEE AND GRANTOR FOR THE
              TRANSFER     OF      THE     PROPERTY.
              DOCUMENTARY STAMPS WAS PAID UNDER
              THE WARRANTY DEED RECORDED IN OFFICIAL
              RECORDS BOOK 30028, AT PAGE 1426, IN THE
              PUBLIC RECORDS OF MIAMI DADE COUNTY,
              FLORIDA. THIS QUIT CLAIM DEED IS
              TRANFERRING SUBSTANTIALLY ALL OF THE
              GRANTOR’S ASSETS.

         Two months after the quit-claim deeds were issued, RGF Athena’s

legal counsel advised F. Henry that the company’s other members had

removed him as manager due to his actions that had adversely and severely

affected the company, including “the fraudulent and unauthorized transfer . .

. of two properties belonging to [RGF Athena] without consideration” to

Lemano Investments. Two months after that, Lemano Investments also

dismissed F. Henry.

                                        7
   E. Course of Proceedings Below

      RGF Athena thereafter filed suit against Lemano Investments, alleging

claims for quiet title, rescission, declaratory relief, accounting, and,

alternatively, for imposition of equitable liens or constructive trusts on the

1842 Property and the 5600 Property. RGF Athena alleged F. Henry

fraudulently transferred the 1842 Property and the 5600 Property to Lemano

Investments, without authority or consideration, in violation of RGF Athena’s

Operating Agreement and Joint Venture Agreement. RGF Athena further

alleged that F. Henry’s knowledge of the fraud was “imputed to Lemano,

which knew and had notice that the [quit-claim] conveyances were

fraudulent, unauthorized, without RGF’s knowledge, and for no consideration

to Lemano.”

      Lemano Investments generally denied the allegations and claimed it

“lawfully acquired and holds title” to the 1842 Property and the 5600

Property. It also alleged various affirmative defenses, including that it was an

innocent purchaser, that RGF Athena’s recovery was barred by unclean

hands, unconscionability, and equitable estoppel, and that F. Henry was

acting adversely to Lemano Investments’ interests when he transferred the

properties. RGF Athena filed a reply to the affirmative defenses.

                                       8
     RGF Athena filed a motion for summary judgment seeking a

determination that it owned the 1842 Property and the 5600 Property. It

asserted the following facts were undisputed: (1) RGF Athena paid money

to acquire the 1842 Property and the 5600 Property; (2) F. Henry transferred

title of the 1842 Property and the 5600 Property from RGF Athena to Lemano

Investments without RGF Athena’s knowledge and consent; (3) Lemano

Investments never paid anything to RGF Athena for these properties; (4)

Lemano Investments did not pay any consideration to RGF Athena for the

quit claim deeds to the 1842 Property and the 5600 Property; (5) F. Henry’s

transfer of the properties to Lemano Investments violated RGF Athena’s

Operating Agreement and Joint Venture Agreement and was adverse to

RGF Athena’s interest; (6) Lemano Investments was not a bona fide

purchaser of the properties; and (7) F. Henry was solely in charge of Lemano

Investments and was allowed to operate as its sole actor with no oversight.

     Lemano Investments filed a response in opposition, contending they

originally paid Minvest USA the sum of $170,310.00 for the purported

purchase of a property located at 2539 N.W. 103rd Street, Miami, FL 33147.

When they began inquiring regarding the status of the property, however, F.

Henry stated the property was unavailable and persuaded Lemano

Investments to accept the 1842 Property as a replacement for the price

                                     9
already paid. They made similar allegations regarding the 5600 Property,

contending it was offered as a replacement for another property for which

Lemano Investments had already paid Minvest USA $319,000 that was no

longer available. Thereafter, they received the quit-claim deeds to the 1842

Property and the 5600 Property from RGF Athena.

     Lemano Investments argued F. Henry was a manager and member of

RGF Athena and acted unilaterally on behalf of the company at all relevant

times. Lemano Investments further argued it did not benefit from F. Henry’s

fraud because it paid approximately $490,000 total for the 1842 Property and

the 5600 Property. Lemano Investments noted that the funds were

transferred to Minvest USA while F. Henry served as RGF Athena’s manager

and while, it alleged, RGF Athena was entirely under his control. Lemano

Investments contended, therefore, that any fraud or damage RGF Athena

allegedly incurred arose, not from any act or omission of Lemano

Investments, but rather form the failure of RGF Athena’s own manager and

owner to transfer the money to it that Lemano Investments paid for the

properties.

     Lemano Investments also disputed the applicability of the sole actor

doctrine and argued RGF Athena had not produced any admissible evidence

to show that F. Henry and Lemano Investments were alter egos or that the

                                    10
distinction between them was indiscernible. Finally, Lemano Investments

argued RGF Athena failed to address its affirmative defenses. Lemano

Investments argued the foregoing set forth disputed issues of material fact

that precluded summary judgment.

     On October 27, 2022, the trial court conducted a hearing on RGF

Athena’s motion for summary judgment. Following the hearing, the trial court

issued a detailed 16-page Order Granting RGF Athena’s Motion for

Summary Judgment. This appeal followed.

                            LEGAL ANALYSIS

     This Court reviews a trial court’s order on a motion for summary

judgment de novo. Volusia Cnty. v. Aberdeen at Ormond Beach, L.P., 760

So. 2d 126, 130 (Fla. 2000).

     Lemano Investments contends the trial court erred in entering

summary judgment in favor of RGF Athena in several respects. Each of

Lemano Investments’ arguments, however, fails to set forth reversible error.

Lemano Investments fails to demonstrate that any material facts are in

dispute. Lemano Investments’ contention that RGF Athena failed to address

its affirmative defenses, moreover, is both factually incorrect and

demonstrates a fundamental misunderstanding of the parties’ burdens under

the new summary judgment standard. Finally, Lemano Investments’

                                    11
contention that the trial court misapplied the sole actor doctrine is without

merit based on the undisputed facts presented.

   A. RGF Athena Presented Undisputed Evidence Establishing Its Claims
      for Quiet Title and Rescission.

      It is undisputed that RGF Athena paid the purchase price for the 1842

Property and the 5600 Property and received title to each. It is also

undisputed that RGF Athena’s Joint Venture and Operating Agreements

provided that F. Henry could not transfer the properties without the express

approval of Pauliflo, which was not obtained. It is further undisputed that

Lemano Investments did not provide RGF Athena with any compensation or

consideration for the quit claim deeds to the 1842 Property and the 5600

Property.

      As such, RGF Athena established that the quit-claim deeds from RGF

Athena to Lemano Investments for the 1842 Property and the 5600 Property

were executed by F. Henry without authority and fraudulently transferred the

properties to Lemano Investments without consideration. Such deeds

procured by fraud are voidable in equity. McCoy v. Love, 382 So. 2d 647,

649 (Fla. 1979). Accordingly, the trial court correctly concluded RGF Athena

sufficiently met its burden to establish its claims.

                                       12
   B. Lemano Investments’ Affirmative Defenses Did Not Preclude Entry of
      Summary Judgment.

      Lemano Investments’ defenses to RGF Athena’s claims did not

preclude entry of summary judgment because Lemano Investments failed to

put forth sufficient evidence demonstrating that its defenses were applicable

and created disputed issues of material fact.

      A plaintiff need not disprove all affirmative defenses. Johnson v. Bd. of

Regents of Univ. of Ga., 263 F.3d 1234, 1264 (11th Cir. 2001) (noting

“burden is on defendant to adduce evidence supporting affirmative defense,

not upon movant to negate its existence” (citing Harper v. Del. Valley

Broads., Inc., 743 F. Supp. 1076, 1090–91 (D. Del. 1990)).

      Lemano Investments’ defenses centered on its contention that it was

an innocent or bona fide purchaser of the 1842 Property and the 5600

Property because it paid money to Minvest USA for two properties that it

ultimately did not receive, and it was told the 1842 Property and the 5600

Property would be transferred to it as replacements for the properties it

originally paid for.

      “A party is a bona fide purchaser for value when: ‘(1) the purchaser

obtained legal title to the challenged property, (2) the purchaser paid the

value of the challenged property, and (3) the purchaser had no knowledge

of the claimed interest against the challenged property at the time of the

                                      13
transaction.’” 2000 Presidential Way, LLC v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon, 326 So.

3d 64, 68 (Fla. 4th DCA 2021) (quoting Harkless v. Laubhan, 278 So. 3d

728, 733 (Fla. 2d DCA 2019)).

     Here, the problem with Lemano Investments’ position is severalfold.

First, Lemano Investments did not produce any evidence that Minvest USA

ever owned or held title to the properties and thus there was no evidence

that Minvest USA had the legal ability to transfer the properties to Lemano

Investments as replacements for the properties previously offered. Second,

Lemano Investments could not produce any evidence that it paid any money

to RGF Athena to purchase the properties so that it might then transfer the

properties to Lemano Investments. Finally, even if it could be said that

Lemano Investments paid value for the properties, it cannot establish that it

had no knowledge of RGF Athena’s interest in the properties. This is

because at the time of the transaction F. Henry was manager of both RGF

Athena and Lemano Investments. As such, knowledge of his misconduct is

imputed to Lemano Investments based on the sole actor exception but is not

imputed to RGF Athena based on the adverse interest exception.

     Generally, a corporation may be liable for the acts of an agent taken in

the course and scope of his employment, except where the agent acts

adversely to the corporation’s interest. In such instances, the agent’s

                                     14
knowledge and misconduct are not imputed to the corporation. See Seidman

& Seidman v. Gee, 625 So. 2d 1, 3 (Fla. 3d DCA 1992). However, there is

an exception to the exception.

     The adverse interest exception to the imputation rule has been held

inapplicable “where the transaction on behalf of the principal is entrusted

solely to the officer or agent having the knowledge.” Nerbonne, N.V. v. Lake

Bryan Int’l Props., 685 So. 2d 1029, 1031 (Fla. 5th DCA 1997). See also

O'Halloran v. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 969 So. 2d 1039, 1045 (Fla. 2d

DCA 2007). The “sole actor doctrine” may be invoked by an innocent third

party against the corporation because in such circumstances it “make[s]

sense to impute the agent's knowledge to the corporation, so that the

corporation, rather than the third party, should suffer at the hands of the

corporate agent.” Nerbonne, N.V., 685 So. 2d at 1032. By wholly entrusting

a matter to its agent, the corporation bears the risk that such an

unaccountable agent will act adversely to the corporation's interest.

     Here, F. Henry executed the quit-claim deeds transferring the 1842

Property and the 5600 Property on behalf of RGF Athena to Lemano

Investments without the prior approval of Pauliflo, thus violating RGF

Athena’s Joint Venture and Operating Agreements. Under the adverse

interest doctrine, F. Henry’s misconduct and knowledge of the fraud could

                                     15
not be imputed to RGF Athena because his actions were adverse to the

company’s interests, and Pauliflo was an innocent decisionmaker. See

O'Halloran, 969 So. 2d at 1045 (stating that “the presence of any innocent

decision-maker in the management of a corporation can provide the basis

for invoking the adverse interest exception, preventing the imputation of

wrongdoing”).

      In contrast, Lemano Investments’ corporate representative Richard

Henry testified that F. Henry was solely responsible for transacting the

company’s business. Lemano Investments acknowledged that it appointed

F. Henry as its manager and gave him full control over its funds and activities.

By wholly entrusting the running of the company to F. Henry, Lemano

Investments bore the risk that F. Henry’s misconduct would be imputed to

the company. Under the circumstances, the trial court properly applied the

sole actor doctrine to impute F. Henry’s knowledge of his misconduct to

Lemano Investments,        rendering   its   bona fide    purchaser    defense

inapplicable.

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                                 CONCLUSION

      Because the trial court properly concluded there were no disputed

issues of material fact and, as a matter of law, RGF Athena had a superior

claim to title of the properties at issue, we affirm.1

1
 Lemano Investments also appeals a subsequent cost judgment in favor of
RGF Athena as the prevailing party and argues only that the cost judgment
should be reversed if the summary final judgment is reversed. Because we
affirm the underlying judgment, we also affirm the cost judgment.

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