Court Opinion

ID: 4103672
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-01 16:06:30.414334+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:10:33.550536
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court of Florida
                                   ____________

                                   No. SC15-957
                                   ____________

                             ROGER LEE CHERRY,
                                 Petitioner,

                                         vs.

                              JULIE L. JONES, etc.,
                                  Respondent.

                                [December 1, 2016]

PER CURIAM.

      This case is before the Court on the petition of Roger Lee Cherry for a writ

of habeas corpus. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(9), Fla. Const. For the

following reasons, we grant Cherry’s petition and remand to the circuit court for an

evidentiary hearing on Cherry’s claim of intellectual disability.

      Roger Lee Cherry was convicted of two counts of first-degree murder, after

which a jury recommended the sentence of death by a vote of seven to five for the

first count and nine to three for the second count. We affirmed the convictions and

one of the death sentences but vacated the other sentence with instructions to enter

a life sentence. Cherry v. State, 544 So. 2d 184 (Fla. 1989).
      In a 2005 evidentiary hearing, Drs. Gregory Prichard and Peter Bursten

testified that Cherry met the criteria for intellectual disability. The experts testified

that Cherry received a full scale IQ score of 72. The experts also found that Cherry

met the other two prongs for establishing that he is intellectually disabled.

Nevertheless, the circuit court denied relief, finding that Cherry did not meet the

statutory definition of intellectual disability. We affirmed in Cherry v. State, 959
So. 2d 702 (Fla. 2007).

      Cherry asserts that we should revisit our prior decision in which the Court

found that Cherry was not intellectually disabled under the first prong of Cherry,

thereby precluding consideration of the remaining Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304

(2002), factors. Similar to the defendant in Hall v. Florida, 134 S. Ct. 1986 (2012),

Cherry took multiple IQ tests over the course of thirty-seven years. Cherry, 959
So. 2d at 712 n.6. Based on the new standard imposed by Hall and taking into

account the standard error of measurement of IQ tests, we find that Cherry is

entitled to an evidentiary hearing on the remaining prongs to establish whether he

has an intellectual disability. See Hall, 134 S. Ct. at 1993, 2000, 2001 (stating that

a determination of intellectual disability requires a court to “take into account the

standard error of measurement” of IQ tests rather than implement a “rigid rule”

characterizing intellectual disability as an IQ of 70 or below.) We therefore grant

Cherry’s petition and remand this case to the circuit court for an evidentiary

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hearing in accordance with Hall. See Walls v. State, 41 Fla. L. Weekly S466 (Fla.

Oct. 20, 2016).

      It is so ordered.

LABARGA, C.J., and PARIENTE, LEWIS, QUINCE, and PERRY, JJ., concur.
PARIENTE, J., concurs with an opinion.
CANADY, J., dissents with an opinion, in which POLSTON, J., concurs.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION, AND
IF FILED, DETERMINED.

PARIENTE, J., concurring.

      In 2007, this Court unanimously denied Roger Lee Cherry relief on his claim

of intellectual disability because Cherry had a full scale IQ score of 72. Cherry v.

State, 959 So. 2d 702 (Fla. 2007). The Court was wrong, as we have now been

told by the United States Supreme Court in Hall v. Florida, 134 S. Ct. 1986 (2014),

and the error is of such constitutional magnitude that the Eighth Amendment

demands that the error be corrected. I was part of the Court in Cherry that made a

legal error—one that could literally mean the difference between life and death.

      Yet Justice Canady, in his dissent in this case, which he elaborates on in his

dissent in Walls v. State, 41 Fla. L. Weekly S466, 2016 WL 6137287 (Fla. Oct. 20,

2016), states that Cherry should not get the benefit of Hall—even though the

United States Supreme Court specifically disapproved of the bright-line IQ cutoff

set forth in the very case involving Roger Lee Cherry:

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             In summary, every state legislature to have considered the issue
      after Atkins—save Virginia’s—and whose law has been interpreted
      by its courts has taken a position contrary to that of Florida. Indeed,
      the Florida Legislature, which passed the relevant legislation prior to
      Atkins, might well have believed that its law would not create a fixed
      cutoff at 70. The staff analysis accompanying the 2001 bill states that
      it “does not contain a set IQ level. . . . Two standard deviations from
      these tests is approximately a 70 IQ, although it can be extended up to
      75.” Fla. Senate Staff Analysis and Economic Impact Statement,
      CS/SB 238, p. 11 (Feb. 14, 2001). But the Florida Supreme Court
      interpreted the law to require a bright-line cutoff at 70, see Cherry,
959 So. 2d, at 712-713, and the Court is bound by that interpretation.

Hall, 134 S. Ct. at 1998 (emphasis supplied).

      Justice Kennedy, writing for the majority in Hall, also explained the flaw in

looking only at IQ as conclusive evidence of intellectual disability:

             It is not sound to view a single factor as dispositive of a
      conjunctive and interrelated assessment. See DSM–5, at 37 (“[A]
      person with an IQ score above 70 may have such severe adaptive
      behavior problems . . . that the person’s actual functioning is
      comparable to that of individuals with a lower IQ score”). The
      Florida statute, as interpreted by its courts, misuses IQ score on its
      own terms; and this, in turn, bars consideration of evidence that must
      be considered in determining whether a defendant in a capital case has
      intellectual disability. Florida’s rule is invalid under the
      Constitution’s Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause.
Id. at 2001 (emphasis supplied).

      And further directing that intellectual disability could not be determined by a

number but by a consideration of all factors, including adaptive functioning, the

Supreme Court warned:

             Intellectual disability is a condition, not a number. See DSM–
      5, at 37. Courts must recognize, as does the medical community, that

                                        -4-
      the IQ test is imprecise. This is not to say that an IQ test score is
      unhelpful. It is of considerable significance, as the medical
      community recognizes. But in using these scores to assess a
      defendant’s eligibility for the death penalty, a State must afford these
      test scores the same studied skepticism that those who design and use
      the tests do, and understand that an IQ test score represents a range
      rather than a fixed number. A State that ignores the inherent
      imprecision of these tests risks executing a person who suffers from
      intellectual disability. See APA Brief 17 (“Under the universally
      accepted clinical standards for diagnosing intellectual disability, the
      court’s determination that Mr. Hall is not intellectually disabled
      cannot be considered valid”).

Id. (emphasis supplied).

      As this Court recognized in Oats v. State, Hall changed the manner in which

courts must consider evidence of intellectual disability. We stated that: “courts

must consider all three prongs in determining an intellectual disability, as opposed

to relying on just one factor as dispositive . . . [t]hese factors are interdependent, if

one of the prongs is relatively less strong, a finding of intellectual disability may

still be warranted based on the strength of other prongs.” Oats, 181 So. 3d 457,

467-68 (Fla. 2015).

      Justice demands that Roger Lee Cherry have an opportunity to establish that

he is intellectually disabled under the standards established by the United States

Supreme Court under the Eighth Amendment, which prohibits the execution of

those who are, in fact, intellectually disabled. As we stated in Thompson v. State,

SC15-1752, 2016 WL 6649950, at *1 (Fla. Nov. 10, 2016), “to fail to give [the

defendant] the benefit of Hall, which disapproved of Cherry, would result in a

                                          -5-
manifest injustice, which is an exception to the law of the case doctrine.” More

than fundamental fairness, the risk of executing a person who is not

constitutionally eligible for the death penalty surpasses any other considerations

that this Court looks to in attempting to ensure the even-handed administration of

the death penalty. This principle could not be better expressed than in the words of

Justice Kennedy writing for the majority in Hall:

             The death penalty is the gravest sentence our society may
      impose. Persons facing that most severe sanction must have a fair
      opportunity to show that the Constitution prohibits their execution.
      Florida’s law contravenes our Nation’s commitment to dignity and its
      duty to teach human decency as the mark of a civilized world. The
      States are laboratories for experimentation, but those experiments may
      not deny the basic dignity the Constitution protects.
Hall, 134 S. Ct. at 2001. I concur with the majority that Cherry is entitled to a new

evidentiary hearing pursuant to the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Hall

and our decision in Oats.

CANADY, J., dissenting.

      For the reasons I have explained in my dissent in Walls v. State, 41 Fla. L.

Weekly S466, 2016 WL 6137287 (Fla. Oct. 20, 2016) (Canady, J., dissenting), I

have concluded that Hall v. Florida, 134 S. Ct. 1986 (2014), should not be given

retroactive effect. I would therefore deny Cherry relief.

POLSTON, J., concurs.

                                        -6-
Original Proceeding – Habeas Corpus

Linda McDermott of McClain & McDermott, P.A., Estero, Florida,

      for Petitioner

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida; and Stacey E. Kircher,
Assistant Attorney General, Daytona Beach, Florida,

      for Respondent

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