Court Opinion

ID: 2718676
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-18 21:03:29.510118+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:56:03.652743
License: Public Domain

This opinion will be unpublished and
                         may not be cited except as provided by
                         Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).

                              STATE OF MINNESOTA
                              IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                    A14-0336
                                    A14-0385

         In the Matter of the Welfare of the Children of: J. J. and C. F., Parents

                                 Filed August 18, 2014
                                       Affirmed
                                    Connolly, Judge

                            St. Louis County District Court
              File Nos. 69DU-JV-13-227, 69DU-FA-11-910, 69DU-JV-13-851

Amy E. Lukasavitz, Duluth, Minnesota (for appellant-mother J.J.)

Terri Port Wright, Cloquet, Minnesota; and

Keith Shaw, Duluth, Minnesota (for appellant-father C.F.)

Mark Rubin, St. Louis County Attorney, Benjamin M. Stromberg, Assistant County
Attorney, Duluth, Minnesota; and

Laura Vedder, Sara Marie Westrum, Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe, Cass Lake, Minnesota
(for respondent Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe)

Susan Love, Duluth, Minnesota (guardian ad litem)

      Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Johnson, Judge; and

Hooten, Judge.
                         UNPUBLISHED OPINION

CONNOLLY, Judge

       In these consolidated appeals, appellants challenge the district court’s termination

of their parental rights.   Appellant-mother argues that the district court abused its

discretion in finding that respondent county made active efforts to prevent the breakup of

their Indian family and in concluding that termination of her parental rights was in the

children’s best interests. Appellant-father argues that his court-appointed attorney did not

adequately represent him. Because we see no abuse of discretion and no ineffective

assistance of counsel, we affirm.

                                         FACTS

       C., born July 19, 2007, and D., born July 25, 2008 are the biological children of

appellant-mother, J.J., and appellant-father, C.F. C. and D. are members of, or are

eligible for membership in, an American Indian Tribe, namely the Leech Lake Band of

Ojibwe.

       On February 25, 2013, respondent St. Louis County received a report that, on

February 22, C. and D. had been dropped off at a relative’s home without clothing or

other basic provisions. At that time, C.F. was incarcerated and J.J.’s whereabouts were

unknown. The report stated that both C.F. and J.J. were homeless and had a history of

dropping the children off with anyone who would take them.

       On February 28, 2013, the county petitioned for C. and D. to be found children in

need of protection or services (CHIPS).          At an emergency protective-care hearing,

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custody of C. and D. was granted to the county for continued out-of-home placement.

Neither C.F. nor J.J. attended the hearing.

       On May 29, 2013, the children were adjudicated CHIPS and a case plan was

ordered. J.J. attended only two of approximately 11 hearings during the year that the case

was pending before the district court, and she did not appear until nearly eight months

after C. and D. were removed from her care. The social worker explained to J.J. what she

needed to do to get started on the case plan, but J.J. did not follow the instructions or

attempt to visit the children. Although C.F., at first, participated in visitation, and he and

the children enjoyed their time together, he did not work on any other part of the case

plan; as of October 2013, his progress on the plan had regressed.

       On October 16, 2013, J.J. appeared for the first time at a hearing and asked to

voluntarily terminate her parental rights. The district court wanted her to consult with

counsel before terminating her rights, and J.J. applied for counsel. After J.J. failed to

appear at subsequent hearings, or to work on any part of the case plan, the district court

terminated J.J.’s parental rights by default.

       On February 4, 2014, C.F. appeared for trial on the termination-of-parental-rights

(TPR) petition with his attorney. C.F. requested that the trial be continued because he

had recently entered chemical-dependency treatment following a probation violation and

wanted a continuance in order to prove his sobriety. The district court denied the request,

noting that the CHIPS matter had been before the court for nearly a year and that a

continuance was not consistent with achieving permanency for the children. C.F. then

asked to voluntarily terminate his parental rights rather than proceed to trial, in part

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because C.F.’s girlfriend was then pregnant and he did not want to jeopardize his parental

rights to her unborn child.1

       Both J.J. and C.F. appealed; their appeals were consolidated. J.J. challenges the

district court’s finding that the county made active efforts to reunite the family and the

conclusion that terminating her parental rights was in her children’s best interests; C.F.

challenges the adequacy of his legal representation.

                                     DECISION

       “[Appellate courts] review the termination of parental rights to determine whether

the district court’s findings address the statutory criteria and . . . are supported by

substantial evidence and . . . not clearly erroneous.” In re Welfare of Children of S.E.P.,

744 N.W.2d 381, 385 (Minn. 2008). “[O]n appeal from a district court’s decision to

terminate parental rights, we will review the district court’s findings of the underlying or

basic facts for clear error, but we review its determination of whether a particular

statutory basis for involuntarily terminating parental rights is present for an abuse of

discretion.” In re Welfare of Children of J.R.B., 805 N.W.2d 895, 901 (Minn. App.

2011), review denied (Minn. Jan. 6, 2012). “Pursuant to the Indian Child Welfare Act, 25

U.S.C. § 1912(f), in a termination of parental rights matter involving an Indian child, the

standard of proof is beyond a reasonable doubt.” Minn. R. Juv. Prot. P. 39.04, subd. 2(b).

1
  See Minn. Stat. § 260C.503 subd. 2(4) (2012) (noting that the social services agency
must ask the county attorney to immediately file a petition for termination of parental
rights when a parent has lost parental rights to another child through an order
involuntarily terminating that parent’s rights).

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I.    Active Efforts to Reunite the Family

      The Indian Child Welfare Act (the ICWA) requires the petitioning party in a

proceeding to terminate parental rights to an Indian child to show beyond a reasonable

doubt that “active efforts” were made to provide remedial services and rehabilitative

programs designed to prevent the breakup of the Indian family and that those efforts were

unsuccessful. 25 U.S.C. § 1912(d) (2012) (requiring active efforts); In re Welfare of

M.S.S., 465 N.W.2d 412, 418 (Minn. App. 1991) (requiring proof of active efforts beyond

reasonable doubt).    The ICWA does not define active efforts, but the Minnesota

Tribal/State Agreement defines active efforts as

              a rigorous and concerted level of case work that uses the
              prevailing social and cultural values, conditions and way of
              life of the Indian child’s tribe to preserve the child’s family
              and to prevent placement of an Indian child and, if placement
              occurs, to return the child to the child’s family at the earliest
              time possible.

Minn. Dep’t of Human Serv’s, 2007 Tribal/State Agreement 9 (2007), available at

http://edocs.dhs.state.mn.us/lfserver/Legacy/DHS-5022-ENG. Active efforts have been

found where a parent refused to participate in the proceedings in a timely fashion and

placed unreasonable restrictions on his receipt of services. See, e.g., In re Welfare of

Children of J.B., 698 N.W.2d 160, 170 (Minn. App. 2005).

      J.J. argues that there was no evidence beyond a reasonable doubt showing that

active and reasonable efforts had been provided to prevent the children’s out-of-home

placement; specifically, she argues that no evidence indicates that she was given a written

copy of the reunification plan or that anyone explained it to her. But the record shows

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that: (1) J.J. was given proper notice of the proceedings, (2) she attended only two of

approximately 11 hearings, (3) she did not visit the children while they were out of her

care, and (4) she did not follow through with the social worker’s instructions on how to

start the case plan. Thus, J.J. refused to avail herself of any rehabilitative services; this

does not equate to such services not being provided to her.

II.    The Best Interests of the Children

       An appellate court reviews “a district court’s ultimate determination that

termination is in a child’s best interest for an abuse of discretion.” J.R.B., 805 N.W.2d at

905. The law leaves “scant if any room for an appellate court to question the [district]

court’s best-interests considerations.” In re Child of Evenson, 729 N.W.2d 632, 635

(Minn. App. 2007), review denied (Minn. June 19, 2007).

       Parental rights may be terminated for any one of nine statutory reasons. Minn.

Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b) (2012).       The paramount consideration in determining

whether parental rights will be terminated is the best interests of the child. Minn. Stat.

§ 260C.301, subd. 7 (2012); In re Tanghe, 672 N.W.2d 623, 625 (Minn. App. 2003).

“Where the interests of the parent and the child conflict, the interests of the child are

paramount.” Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 7.

       The district court found that five of the nine criteria existed here: (1) J.J.

abandoned C. and D. (Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(1)); (2) J.J. refused or

neglected to comply with her parental duties to provide for the children’s basic needs;

active and reasonable efforts have failed; and further efforts would be futile (Minn. Stat.

§ 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(2)); (3) J.J. is palpably unfit to be a party to the parent-child

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relationship (Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(4)); (4) following the out-of-home

placement, reasonable and active efforts have failed to correct the conditions that led to

placement (Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(5)); and (5) the children are neglected and

in foster care (Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b)(8)). The district court also found:

              Given the fact that [J.J.] has not had any recent contact nor
              shown any interest in the children, any interests in preserving
              the [parent-child] relationships are nominal at best. By
              contrast, the children are currently placed with siblings in the
              home of a relative who is committed to being an adoptive
              resource. Based on this, termination of parental rights is
              clearly in the children’s best interests.

       J.J. argues that the district court failed to make adequate findings that there was

proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the children’s best interests would be served by

terminating the parent-child relationship. See Matter of Welfare of D.T.J., 554 N.W.2d

104, 110 (Minn. App. 1996) (“An order for the termination of parental rights must

explain the district court’s rationale for concluding why the termination is in the best

interests of the children.”)

       But the district court describes the “best interest” factors throughout the TPR

order, noting that: (1) J.J. did not cooperate with her case plan, (2) her living

arrangements and whereabouts were unknown, (3) she willfully failed to visit her

children and abandoned them, (4) she had multiple warrants out for her arrest, and (5) she

had been incarcerated. An expert witness stated in an affidavit that J.J.’s and C.F.’s

custody of their children was likely to result in serious physical and/or emotional damage

to the children and that termination of their parents’ rights was in their best interests.

Because the finding that termination of J.J.’s parental rights is in the children’s best

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interests is supported by the record, any of the five statutory criteria would be a sufficient

basis for the termination of J.J.’s parental rights. Minn. Stat. § 260C.301, subd. 1(b).

         J.J. relies upon Tanghe to argue that the district court did not sufficiently address

the “best interest” factors. But Tanghe is distinguishable: in that case, the district court

made no findings about the children’s best interests. 672 N.W.2d at 625. Here, the

district court made specific findings on the best-interests factors, and its findings are

reflected throughout the order.

         The district court did not abuse its discretion by terminating J.J.’s parental rights.

III.     Adequacy of C.F.’s Representation

         C.F. argues that his trial counsel was ineffective. The standard for ineffective

assistance of counsel is well established. A complainant must show that “trial counsel

was not reasonably effective and that ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’”

In re the Welfare of L.B., 404 N.W.2d 341, 345 (Minn. App. 1987) (quoting Strickland v.

Washington, 566 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984)). There is a strong presumption that

counsel’s representation was reasonable. State v. Pearson, 775 N.W.2d 155, 165 (Minn.

2009).

         C.F. argues first that his counsel was ineffective because the attorney was not yet

registered on the Minnesota CHIPS Parent Attorney Registry (the registry) as required by

Minn. Stat. § 260C.163, subd. 3 (f), (g) (2012) (providing that counsel appointed by the

district court to represent parents in juvenile court proceedings must either (1) have at

least two years of experience in handling child-protection cases or (2) have taken an

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approved course in handling child-protection cases or (3) be supervised by an attorney

who meets either (1) or (2)).2 However, if a district court cannot access an attorney who

meets these qualifications and finds none is available, it may appoint another attorney

whom it determines to be otherwise competent. Minn. Stat. § 260C.163 subd. 3; see also

Minnesota Judicial Branch Policy 604, “Qualifications for Attorneys Appointed by the

Court to Represent Parents, Guardians, and Legal Custodians in Juvenile Protection

Matters,” (Minn. Judicial Council, June 1, 2013).

       C.F. provides no legal authority for his implied view that legal assistance provided

by any attorney not on the registry is ineffective. This court does not address allegations

unsupported by legal analysis or citation. Ganguli v. Univ. of Minnesota, 512 N.W.2d

918, 919 n.1 (Minn. App. 1994).         Therefore, the issue is not properly before us.

Moreover, nothing in the record supports C.F.’s assertion that his counsel was not on the

registry, and “[a]n appellate court may not base its decision on matters outside the record

on appeal.” Thiele v. Stich, 425 N.W.2d 580, 582-83 (Minn. 1988).

       C.F. also asserts ineffective assistance because he was inadequately informed of

his trial rights. Again, he cites no authority to support his contention that the waiver of

his trial rights was uninformed, nor does he give any explanation of how he was

prejudiced by this error. See L.B., 404 N.W.2d at 345 (one criterion of ineffective-

assistance claim is showing that “but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the

proceeding would have been different”).

2
 C.F. acknowledges that “in late April, 2014” his attorney was added to the roster of
qualified attorneys.

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         Finally, C.F. argues that his counsel was ineffective because he failed to raise

issues with various provisions of the ICWA, 25 U.S.C. §§ 1901-1963, and to inform C.F.

of the correct standard of proof.      While C.F.’s counsel misspoke at the voluntary

termination hearing and referred to both the proof-beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard

and the clear-and-convincing standard when questioning C.F. on his waiver of trial rights,

there was no prejudice to C.F. because counsel for the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe

clarified that the burden of proof standard is beyond-a-reasonable-doubt, not clear-and-

convincing. The district court commented, “I know I heard beyond a reasonable doubt,

so if I misspoke or somebody else misspoke, I think everybody is on the same page for

that.”    Any misstatement of the evidentiary standard did not constitute ineffective

assistance of counsel.

         C.F. also argues that his counsel was ineffective because the ICWA requires

testimony of a qualified expert witness that “continued custody of the child by the parent

… is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child,” see 25 U.S.C.

§ 1912(f), and no such testimony was provided. This argument fails for two reasons.

First, 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f) does not apply because C.F. was a noncustodial parent and is

therefore not protected by the provisions of 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f). Adoptive Couple v.

Baby Girl,      U.S. , 133 S. Ct. 2552, 2559-2562 (2013) (holding that ICWA’s

requirement that qualified expert testimony be provided that continued custody by the

parent will be damaging to the child does not apply to a parent who has never had

custody). Second, the appropriate testimony was provided by affidavit prior to the trial

and is referenced in the court’s TPR order, and the ICWA does not require qualified

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expert-witness testimony at each hearing but rather before the court orders termination of

parental rights. See 25 U.S.C. § 1912(f).

       C.F. also argues that his counsel was ineffective because the ICWA requires the

court to certify that the parent understands the terms and consequences of the consent in

English or that the consent be interpreted into a language the parent understands, see 25

U.S.C. § 1913(a), and C.F.’s attorney did not confirm that C.F. understands the English

language. But C.F. testified by affidavit that he understands the English language, so this

argument lacks merit.

       Finally, C.F. argues that counsel was ineffective by not informing C.F. of his right

to withdraw his consent to the voluntary termination of his parental rights prior to the

entry of the final order for termination. See 25 U.S.C. § 1913(c). Again, this argument is

defeated by C.F.’s affidavit, which states that he understood this provision of the ICWA.

Because there were no violations of the provisions of the ICWA and C.F. was informed

of his trial rights and his rights under the ICWA, he does not have a claim for ineffective

assistance of counsel.

       Affirmed.

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