Court Opinion

ID: 9396608
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-23 13:06:57.736908+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:17.970628
License: Public Domain

State of New York                                                      OPINION
Court of Appeals                                        This opinion is uncorrected and subject to revision
                                                          before publication in the New York Reports.

 No. 43
 In the Matter of St. Lawrence
 County et al.,
          Appellants,
       v.
 City of Ogdensburg et al.,
          Respondents,
 et al.,
          Respondents.

 Alan J. Pierce, for appellants.
 Nicholas S. Cortese, for respondents City of Ogdensburg et al.
 New York State Association of Counties, amicus curiae.

 CANNATARO, J.:

       On this appeal, we are asked to determine whether Local Law No. 2-2021 of City

 of Ogdensburg (Local Law No. 2), which repealed a prior local law validly opting out of

 the application of Real Property Tax Law (RPTL) article 11 (see RPTL 1104 [2]), is

 inconsistent with RPTL 1150 or otherwise unconstitutional under the home rule article of

 the New York State Constitution (see NY Const art IX). Because petitioners have not

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demonstrated that Local Law No. 2 is either inconsistent with section 1150 or

unconstitutional, we affirm.

                                              I.

        Real Property Tax Law article 11 outlines a process for the enforcement and

collection of delinquent real property taxes at the local level (see RPTL 1100 et. seq.). The

provisions of RPTL article 11 generally apply to all counties and cities and “supersede any

inconsistent general, special or local law” (RPTL 1104 [1]). However, a city that was

enforcing the collection of delinquent taxes pursuant to its charter prior to 1993 could opt

out by adoption, no later than July 1, 1994, of a local law “providing that the collection of

taxes in such . . . city . . . shall continue to be enforced pursuant to such charter, code or

special law, as such charter, code or special law may from time to time be amended” (RPTL

1104 [2]). If a city opted out, RPTL 1106 (1) allows it to opt back in by repealing the local

law without referendum. “Upon such repeal, the provisions of [RPTL article 11] shall be

applicable to the enforcement by such . . . city . . . of all taxes which shall have become

liens on or after the date on which such repeal shall have become effective” (RPTL 1106

[1]).

        Respondent City of Ogdensburg timely opted out of RPTL article 11 (see Local Law

No. 3-1994 of City of Ogdensburg), and subsequently collected delinquent taxes on behalf

of itself, petitioner St. Lawrence County, and the Ogdensburg City School District.

Pursuant to RPTL 1106, the City sought to opt back into article 11 by the enactment of

Local Law No. 2, which effectively repealed the 1994 Local Law opting out by amending

the City Charter to “relinquish the City’s tax foreclosure responsibility with the intent of

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all foreclosure responsibility defaulting to” the County. Local Law No. 2 also provided

that “the County shall be responsible for the enforcement of delinquent City taxes in

accordance with [RPTL article 11]” and that “[t]he County Treasurer shall, if satisfied that”

the City’s account of unpaid taxes “is correct, credit the City with the amount of such

unpaid delinquent taxes.” The County alleges that the annual amount of the warrant,

including delinquent School District taxes, is approximately $1.6 million.

       Shortly after the enactment of Local Law No. 2, the County commenced this

combined CPLR article 78 proceeding and declaratory judgment action seeking, among

other things, a declaratory judgment that Local Law No. 2 was not in accord with state law

and “impairs the rights of the County of St. Lawrence and the County Treasurer.” Although

the County did not dispute that the City may relieve itself of the obligation to collect

delinquent County taxes, the County alleged that Local Law No. 2 unlawfully shifted the

burden of enforcing and collecting delinquent City and School District taxes from the City

to the County in a manner that both was inconsistent with RPTL article 11 and impaired

the power of the County to regulate its own property and affairs in violation of article IX

(§ 2 [d]) of the New York Constitution and Municipal Home Rule Law § 10 (5). In

answering the City’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action, the County

argued that, absent a specific state statute providing for such an arrangement, a tax district

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may assume the responsibilities of real property tax collection and enforcement for another

only through an agreement between the districts under RPTL 1150.1

       Supreme Court denied the petition as against the City and declared Local Law No.

2 §§ 2, 3 and 6 “to be valid and enforceable,” holding that the local law did not impair, but

increased the County’s tax enforcement powers with respect to delinquent City taxes. The

court further concluded that RPTL 1102 (6) (b) implicitly sanctions a city charter that calls

for enforcement of delinquent taxes by a county and, thus, Local Law No. 2 did not conflict

with the RPTL. The Appellate Division affirmed, with two Justices dissenting on the

grounds that Local Law No. 2 is inconsistent with RPTL 1150 and impairs the powers of

the County (208 AD3d 929 [3d Dept 2022]).2

                                             II.

       Article IX of the New York Constitution, the home rule article, “‘empower[s]

municipalities to legislate in a wide range of matters relating to local concern’” (Matter of

Baldwin Union Free Sch. Dist. v County of Nassau, 22 NY3d 606, 620 [2014], quoting

Albany Area Bldrs. Assn. v Town of Guilderland, 74 NY2d 372, 376 [1989]). “‘[S]o long

as local legislation is not inconsistent with the State Constitution or any general law,’”

1
  The County did not preserve any claim that, in repealing Local Law No. 3-1994 of City
of Ogdensburg, the City failed to comply with the specific procedures expressly set forth
in RPTL 1106—as opposed to RPTL 1150—and we do not address the potential merits of
any such claim under section 1106.
2
  While the appeal was pending, the City passed a clarifying amendment to the City Charter
that expressly affirmed the City’s obligation to enforce delinquent taxes on behalf of the
school district, rendering a cross claim asserted by the School District moot (208 AD3d
929, 930 n [2022]). No issues regarding the collection or enforcement of the School
District’s taxes are before us on this appeal.

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article IX authorizes “localities [to] adopt local laws both with respect to their property,

affairs or government, and with respect to other enumerated subjects, except to the extent

that the legislature shall restrict the adoption of such a local law’” (id., quoting Albany Area

Bldrs., 74 NY2d at 376; see NY Const, art IX, § 2 [c] [i]). Notwithstanding that

authorization, article IX further mandates that “a local government shall not have power to

adopt local laws which impair the powers of any other local government” (NY Const, art

IX, § 2 [d]; see Municipal Home Rule Law § 10 [5] [“a local government shall not have

the power to adopt local laws which impair the powers of any other public corporation”]).

       Here, upon the repeal of its 1994 opt-out law, the City became subject to RPTL

article 11 with respect to its enforcement of “all taxes which shall have become liens on or

after the date on which such repeal shall have become effective” (RPTL 1106 [1]). RPTL

1102 (6) (b) provides that a city is a tax district unless it is a city “for which the county

enforces delinquent taxes pursuant to the city charter.” Unlike other subsections of that

provision, RPTL 1102 (6) (b) does not lay out a special procedure by which a city would

make a county the responsible tax district (cf. RPTL 1102 [6] [c] [incorporating by

reference RPTL 1442 for villages])—it simply references the city charter, supporting the

inference that there is no special procedure.

       In general, a city may revise and amend its charter by local laws that are not

inconsistent with the constitution or general law (see Municipal Home Rule Law §§ 10 [1]

[ii] [c] [1]). By repealing Local Law No. 2 and providing for the County to enforce the

City’s delinquent taxes in its charter, the City ceased to be a tax district with respect to

future liens, absolving itself of the ability and responsibility to appoint an enforcing officer

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and enforce the tax law (see RPTL 1102 [3]; RPTL 1160 [1]).3 Instead, under RPTL 1102

(6) (b), the County is responsible—going forward—for tax enforcement and the benefits

or burdens attendant thereto.

       The County responds that the City’s amendment of its charter via the enactment of

Local Law No. 2 circumvented a purported mandate that it negotiate an agreement with the

County regarding tax enforcement processes under RPTL 1150 and, thus, the local law is

inconsistent with RPTL article 11. However, because section 1150 does not require that

localities reach an agreement or follow a particular procedure, Local Law No. 2 is not

inconsistent with that provision. Section 1150 (1) governs “[a]greements with other tax

districts” and provides as relevant that “[a]ll tax districts are hereby authorized to make

agreements with one another with respect to any parcel of real property upon which they

respectively own tax liens in regard to the disposition of such liens (emphasis added).”

Inasmuch as RPTL 1150 (1) merely permits such agreements and does not require them,

section 1150 does not prevent the City from seeking simply to employ the RPTL article 11

procedures, without the benefit of an agreement.

        The County further contends that Local Law No. 2 violated the mandates in the

New York Constitution and Municipal Home Rule Law that “a local government shall not

3
  The City is correct that, under the plain terms of section 1102 (6) (b), the City was no
longer a tax district with respect to enforcement of “taxes which shall have become liens
on or after the date on which . . . repeal [of Local Law No. 3-1994 of City of Ogdensburg]
shall have become effective” (RPTL 1106 [1]). However, the City was concededly a “tax
district” prior to repeal of its 1994 opt-out law and it has not established that it did not
retain that status with respect to pre-existing liens (see RPTL 1106 [2]).

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have power to adopt local laws which impair the powers of” a local government (NY Const,

art IX, § 2 [d]) or public corporation (Municipal Home Rule Law § 10 [5]). Specifically,

the County argues that the Local Law essentially prevented it from entering into the type

of agreements contemplated by RPTL 1150 and impaired its power by burdening it with

the financial liability for the City’s delinquent tax obligations. Both the City and County

agree that Local Law No. 2 imposes a new obligation on the County for which it must now

change the manner in which it allocates County funds. However, as noted, the legislature

expressly permitted the City to repeal its local law, resulting in the County becoming

responsible for the enforcement of taxes that become liens after the repeal is effective (see

RPTL 1102 [6] [b]; 1106 [1]).

       That the repeal of the opt-out law permitted by RPTL 1106 and charter amendment

may impose additional obligations on the County is, as the Appellate Division put it,

“neither an expansion nor impairment of the County's powers but simply a consequence of

the statutory structure outlined in [the] RPTL” (208 AD3d at 932). Although the County

may have the authority to enter into a RPTL 1150 (1) agreement, the County has not shown

that the legislature has given it the power to demand that a City enter into such an

agreement. Indeed, the supersession provision outlined in RPTL 1104 (1) demonstrates

that the legislature delegated power here to the City and superseded any conflicting laws

or interests of the County. Inasmuch as the County has no powers with respect to taxation

that are not “unambiguously delegated” to it by the legislature or the Constitution (Matter

of Baldwin Union, 22 NY3d at 619) and the legislature has chosen to limit a county’s ability

to enter into RPTL 1150 (1) agreements by making such agreement permissive rather than

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mandatory, it cannot be said that the City impaired the County’s power by doing as the

legislature permits it to do under RPTL article 11. Therefore, we conclude that Local Law

No. 2 does not violate the statutory and constitutional protections at issue, but effectuates

a power the legislature granted to cities wishing to revoke their initial opt-out from article

11.

       The County’s remaining argument is academic.

       Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division insofar as appealed from should

be affirmed, with costs.

Order insofar as appealed from affirmed, with costs. Opinion by Judge Cannataro.
Chief Judge Wilson and Judges Rivera, Garcia, Singas and Troutman concur. Judge
Halligan took no part.

Decided May 23, 2023

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