Court Opinion

ID: 803069
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-06-26 01:49:58+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:06.529290
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                    June 25, 2012
                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                    Clerk of Court

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,
 v.                                                      No. 09-5022
                                              (D.C. No. 4:07-CR-00076-TCK-1)
 CHRISTOPHER ADAM DAYTON,                                (N.D. Okla.)

          Defendant-Appellant.

                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, HOLLOWAY and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

      Defendant-Appellant Christopher Adam Dayton has brought two challenges

on appeal. First, he argues that the government did not provide sufficient

evidence to meet its burden on the jurisdictional-nexus element of his crimes of

conviction: distributing and possessing child pornography. See 18 U.S.C. §

2252(a)(2), (a)(4)(B) (2006). 1 Second, he argues that the district court improperly

      *
             This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and Tenth Circuit Rule 32.1.
      1
             “Our analysis is limited to the version of the statute in effect at the
time of [Mr. Dayton’s] conduct.” United States v. Sturm [Dayton], 672 F.3d 891,
897 n.5 (10th Cir. 2012) (en banc). Subsequently, Congress amended the statute
“to expand the jurisdictional coverage.” United States v. Lewis, 554 F.3d 208,
                                                                        (continued...)
instructed the jury on the distribution element of the offense of distributing child

pornography. See 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2).

      After initial consideration by this panel, the en banc court definitively

resolved Mr. Dayton’s sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge. Specifically, on

February 24, 2012, the en banc court held that the government satisfied the

jurisdictional element of Mr. Dayton’s child-pornography crimes because “it

present[ed] evidence that the substantive content of the images ha[d], at some

point, traveled in interstate or foreign commerce.” Sturm, 672 F.3d at 892; see id.

at 901–02. However, the en banc court did not address Mr. Dayton’s second

challenge—viz., that the district court improperly instructed the jury on the

distribution element of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2). Exercising jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1291, we reject that challenge and affirm the district court’s judgment.

                                   I. Background

      Our en banc court thoroughly explicated the factual background of this case

in its February 24 opinion. See Sturm, 672 F.3d at 892–96. We therefore

summarize the relevant facts briefly here.

      In March 2007, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, FBI Special Agent Joseph Cecchini

accessed the peer-to-peer program “LimeWire” through the Internet as part of an

undercover investigation into child pornography. LimeWire is a free-access file-

      1
       (...continued)
216 (1st Cir. 2009).

                                         -2-
sharing program that allows users to make files available to all other LimeWire

users by placing them in a shared file folder; any LimeWire user may access that

shared file folder to download files. 2 LimeWire provides users with a search

function, involving the use of keywords, that allows them to search for particular

types of files. When a LimeWire user locates a file that he wishes to download,

LimeWire automatically will find all of the users who possess that file in their

shared folders and will download parts of the file from all of them, thereby

increasing the download speed. The FBI, however, has a specialized version of

LimeWire that circumvents the usual downloading process and allows agents to

download the file from only one person “so that [it] can definitively say that this

one person, this one [Internet Protocol (“IP”)] address[,] offered that file.” R.,

Vol. II, at 110 (Tr. of Jury Trial Proceedings, dated June 4, 2008).

      Using LimeWire, Agent Cecchini ran a keyword search for “8yo [girl],” a

term associated with child pornography that refers to an eight-year-old child. Id.

at 110–11. The search revealed files matching that description, and Agent

Cecchini downloaded three complete video files and one partial one that appeared

to contain child pornography. The files originated from Mr. Dayton’s IP address

in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and were accessed from his Cox Communications Internet

account.

      2
            Other LimeWire users may not add to another user’s shared folder;
they may only access that folder for downloads.

                                        -3-
        In April 2007, the FBI executed a search warrant at Mr. Dayton’s

residence. Mr. Dayton admitted that the Cox Communications account and the

associated IP address were his, and that “he’d been downloading child

pornography and using LimeWire for about three months.” Id. at 135. Mr.

Dayton also wrote a statement, confessing, “[A]bout 3-4 months ago I started to

use [L]ime[W]ire and axedentle [sic] saw child porn and started to download it. I

hated myself for it and deleted it[,] but I download[ed] it agen [sic] and I’m sory

[sic]. And [I] burned it to 3 cds.” R., Vol. I, at 90 (Attach. to Mot. Suppress,

filed Mar. 21, 2008). Agents seized a computer and two hard drives from Mr.

Dayton’s home, along with 169 CDs and DVDs. The FBI later discovered

pictures and video files containing child pornography on the hard drives and CDs.

        On May 9, 2007, Mr. Dayton was charged in a two-count indictment with

knowingly distributing or attempting to distribute visual depictions of minors

engaged in sexually explicit conduct, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2), and

knowingly possessing or attempting to possess visual depictions of minors

engaged in sexually explicit conduct, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B).

Mr. Dayton filed a motion to dismiss the indictment for the government’s alleged

failure to establish the jurisdictional element of his charges, which the district

court denied. Mr. Dayton was then tried before a jury over the course of three

days.

                                         -4-
      The court held a preliminary jury-instruction conference. At that

conference, Mr. Dayton objected to the proposed instruction on the definition of

“distribute” relating to the charge under 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(2). Generally, that

instruction provided that a person distributes child pornography when he places it

in a shared folder, thereby making it available to others to search out and

download in a peer-to-peer network. This instruction was intended to reflect this

court’s holding in United States v. Shaffer, 472 F.3d 1219, 1223–25 (10th Cir.

2007). However, Mr. Dayton argued that the district court should incorporate

into the jury instructions this court’s reasoning in United States v. Schaefer, 501
F.3d 1197 (10th Cir. 2007). But, Mr. Dayton did not articulate the specific

language that the court should use to accomplish this. And the district court

declined to alter the instruction regarding distribution.

      The jury ultimately convicted Mr. Dayton on both the possession and

distribution counts based on seven images of child pornography. Thereafter, the

district court sentenced Mr. Dayton to sixty-three months’ imprisonment, to be

followed by ten years of supervised release.

      Mr. Dayton appealed his convictions, arguing that the government failed to

meet its burden of proving the jurisdictional element of the charged offenses and

the district court’s jury instruction on the meaning of distribution was fatally

flawed. Over a dissent, this panel accepted Mr. Dayton’s jurisdictional argument.

The panel concluded that the government was required to present evidence that

                                         -5-
the particular images charged in the indictment crossed state lines and it failed to

do so. See United States v. Dayton, 426 F. App’x 582, 598–99 (10th Cir. 2011).

The en banc court then sua sponte granted rehearing and vacated this panel’s

decision. See United States v. Sturm [and Dayton], Nos. 09–1386, 09–5022, 2011
WL 6261657, at *1 (10th Cir. Apr. 4, 2011) (en banc) (unpublished). Following

the en banc court’s resolution of Mr. Dayton’s challenge to the jurisdictional

element of his crimes, it remanded the case to this panel for further consideration

of Mr. Dayton’s appeal. Sturm, 672 F.3d at 902.

                                   II. Discussion

      Our standard of review is well-settled and is succinctly stated in United

States v. Smith:

             The appropriate standard of review for challenges to jury
             instructions is whether the jury, considering the instructions as
             a whole, was misled. Only where the reviewing court has
             “substantial doubt that the jury was fairly guided” will the
             judgment be disturbed. We apply a de novo standard of review
             to determine the propriety of an individual jury instruction to
             which objection was made at trial.

13 F.3d 1421, 1424 (10th Cir. 1994) (citations omitted) (quoting United States v.

Mullins, 4 F.3d 898, 900 (10th Cir. 1993)); see, e.g., United States v. Durham,

139 F.3d 1325, 1331 (10th Cir. 1998) (“We review jury instructions as a whole

and apply a de novo standard of review to determine the propriety of an

individual jury instruction to which objection was made at the time of trial.”);

                                         -6-
United States v. Scarborough, 128 F.3d 1373, 1377 (10th Cir. 1997) (same); see

also United States v. Allen, 603 F.3d 1202, 1213 (10th Cir. 2010) (“When

reviewing claims of error in regard to jury instructions, we review the instructions

as a whole de novo to ensure that the applicable law was correctly stated . . . .”).

      On appeal, Mr. Dayton argues that the district court improperly instructed

the jury on the distribution element of § 2252(a)(2). In his view, Shaffer’s

holding that a person distributes child pornography by making it available to

others on a network is potentially irreconcilable with Schaefer’s admonition that

more than the mere use of the Internet is required to prove an interstate nexus.

He seeks “guidance and [a] ruling on what a proper instruction would be given

the[se] holdings.” Aplt. Br. at 63. The government maintains that the district

court did not err in instructing the jury regarding distribution because Schaefer

“addressed only the sufficiency of evidence to meet the interstate commerce

element of the distribution statute, and did not affect the continuing validity of

Shaffer’s definition of distribution.” Aplee. Br. at 15.

      In its jury instructions, the district court defined the term “distribute” as

follows:

             In this case, to distribute means to deliver, transfer, disperse, or
             dispense to another person. You are instructed that if a person
             knowingly makes images available on a peer-to-peer file sharing
             network, such as Lime[W]ire, this is considered “distribution” of
             the images. In other words, the Government may meet its burden

                                             -7-
             of proof on this element by showing that Defendant knowingly
             allowed others access to his Lime[W]ire shared folder.

R., Vol. I, at 240 (Instructions to the Jury, filed June 5, 2008).

      In fashioning this instruction, the district court relied on our Shaffer

decision. It was correct to do so. Shaffer is controlling on the question of how

the word “distribute” should be defined in § 2252(a)(2) when a defendant uses a

peer-to-peer network. In Shaffer, the defendant was charged with distributing

child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2) 3 by “download[ing]

images and videos from a peer-to-peer computer network and stor[ing] them in a

shared folder on his computer accessible by other users of the network.” 472 F.3d

at 1220–21. We rejected the defendant’s argument that to “distribute” requires a

defendant to “actively transfer possession to another.” Id. at 1223. We held

instead that the defendant “distributed” child pornography by allowing others

access to download the child pornography files from his peer-to-peer program’s

shared folder. Id. (“We have little difficulty in concluding that Mr. Shaffer

distributed child pornography . . . . [H]e freely allowed [others] access to his

computerized stash of images and videos and openly invited them to take, or

download, those items.”). Like the defendant in Shaffer, the evidence presented

      3
             For purposes of our instructional inquiry here, there is no material
difference between the distribution component of § 2252A(a)(2) and that element
of Mr. Dayton’s statute of conviction—§ 2252(a)(2).

                                          -8-
at Mr. Dayton’s trial demonstrated that he, too, knowingly stored video files of

child pornography in a folder used by a peer-to-peer network.

      Nevertheless, Mr. Dayton contends the district court erred by instructing

the jury in a manner consistent with Shaffer and that a correct instruction would

have relied instead on Schaefer. We disagree. Our decision in Schaefer focused

solely on the question of how the government could prove the jurisdictional nexus

(i.e, the interstate-commerce element) for charges of receiving and possessing

child pornography. See Schaefer, 501 F.3d at 1198. 4 That case did not discuss,

nor implicate, the definition of “distribution” in cases involving peer-to-peer

programs. Thus, Schaefer has no applicability to an instruction on the

distribution element of § 2252(a)(2).

                                 III. Conclusion

      4
              Mr. Dayton’s suggestion that the government was required to prove
that he distributed the files in interstate or foreign commerce is without merit
because that is not what the plain terms of the statute require. See United States
v. Lamirand, 669 F.3d 1091, 1094 (10th Cir. 2012) (noting that the court should
first consult the plain text of any statute which it interprets). Section 2252(a)(2)
prohibits “knowingly . . . distribut[ing] . . . any visual depiction that has been
mailed, or has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce . . .
.” (emphasis added). On its face, the statute simply does not require that Mr.
Dayton’s distribution itself be in interstate or foreign commerce. Further, Mr.
Dayton’s argument that the jury instruction “permitted a less stringent evidentiary
foundation to prove the interstate commerce nexus,” Aplt. Br. at 62, also fails.
Distribution and jurisdiction are independent elements. The district court
separately and clearly instructed the jury on both of those elements, and its
distribution instruction did not lighten the government’s burden of proof on the
distinct jurisdictional element.

                                        -9-
     For the reasons discussed above, we AFFIRM the district court’s

judgment.

                                   ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                   Jerome A. Holmes
                                   Circuit Judge

                                    - 10 -