Court Opinion

ID: 6322427
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-11 18:01:22.008307+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:20:49.770851
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 21-2346C
                                              22-5C
                                      Filed: March 11, 2022*

 CERES ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES,
 INC.,

                     Plaintiff,

 and

 D&J ENTERPRISES, INC.,

                    Consolidated Plaintiff,

 v.

 UNITED STATES,

                    Defendant,

 and

 DRC EMERGENCY SERVICES LLC,

                     Defendant–Intervenor.

Lochlin B. Samples, Smith Currie & Hancock, LLP, Atlanta, GA, for the plaintiff, with Parker A.
Lewton, of counsel.

Carl A. Gebo, Gebo Law LLC, Atlanta, GA, for the consolidated plaintiff.

      *
     Pursuant to the protective order in this case, the Court initially filed this opinion under seal
on February 18, 2022 and directed the parties to propose redactions of confidential or proprietary
information by March 4, 2022. (ECF 49.) The parties disputed which information to redact.
(ECF 60, 61.) The defendant proposed very limited redactions. The defendant–intervenor, with
the support of the plaintiff, proposed more extensive redactions. The Court circulated a version
of the opinion redacting some, but not all, of the defendant–intervenor and plaintiff’s proposed
redactions and invited the parties to provide comments. The defendant accepted the Court’s
redactions, and no other party commented on or objected to them. Accordingly, the Court
releases publicly that version of the redacted opinion. Redactions are denoted with three
asterisks in square brackets, [* * *].
Borislav Kushnir, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice,
Washington, DC, for the defendant, with Tarrah M. Beavin, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, of
counsel.

Kyle R. Jefcoat, Latham & Watkins LLP, Washington, DC, for the defendant–intervenor, with
David R. Hazelton, Julia A.C. Lippman, and Joshua J. Craddock, of counsel.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

HERTLING, Judge

       In this post-award bid protest, the plaintiffs, Ceres Environmental Services, Inc.
(“Ceres”) and D&J Enterprises, Inc. (“D&J”), challenge the award by the United States Army
Corps of Engineers (“Corps”) of a sole-source contract issued without competitive bidding to
DRC Emergency Services, LLC (“DRC”) for debris removal in Graves County, Kentucky,
following a tornado that struck on December 10, 2021.

        The plaintiffs move for judgment on the administrative record and request injunctive
relief on the grounds that the award was arbitrary and capricious and violated federal law and
procurement regulations. The plaintiffs focus their argument particularly on an alleged violation
by the Corps of Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”) 6.302-2, which authorizes the award of
emergency contracts without full and open competition when an agency’s need for the service
acquired is “of such an unusual and compelling urgency that the Government would be seriously
injured unless the agency is permitted to limit the number of sources from which it solicits bids
or proposals . . . .”

        The Court finds that the Corps has complied with FAR 6.302-2 and other federal laws,
and that the award of the contract to DRC was not arbitrary and capricious. Because the
plaintiffs’ claims fail on the merits, injunctive relief is inappropriate. Accordingly, the Court
denies the plaintiffs’ motions for judgment on the administrative record and grants the defendant
and defendant–intervenor’s motions for judgment on the administrative record.

I.       BACKGROUND

         A.    The Advanced Contract Initiative

          In May 2019, the Corps issued Solicitation No. W912EK-18-R-022 as part of its
Advanced Contract Initiative (“ACI”). (AR 1.1) The solicitation divided the United States and
its territories into 20 regions and solicited proposals for a separate firm-fixed-price single award
task-order contract for debris-removal services for each of those regions. The 20 awardees
would “provide all labor, transportation, equipment, materials, supervision, and required internal

     1
    Citations to the administrative record (ECF 29-1, supplemented by ECF 37-1) are cited as
“AR” with the pagination reflected in that record as filed with the court.

                                                 2
logistics support to remove debris in response to natural or man-made disasters and
emergencies” in the United States and its territories. (Id.) Kentucky is encompassed in the
regional division called the Great Lakes and Ohio River Division (“LRD”). (AR 2.)

        Five offerors, including Ceres, D&J, and DRC, submitted proposals for the ACI contract
for the LRD in January 2021. (AR 4.) The Source Selection Authority (“SSA”) evaluated the
proposals based on four factors: management/technical approach, past performance, small
business participation plan, and price. (Id.) Price was the most important factor,
management/technical approach and past performance ranked equally as the next most important
factors, and small business participation plan was the least important factor. (Id.) Price was
equal in importance to the other three factors combined. (Id.)

         The SSA ultimately selected DRC’s proposal because it was determined to provide “the
best overall value to the Government.” (AR 28.) DRC’s management/technical approach was
rated as outstanding because its “approach [* * *].” (AR 20.) DRC had a satisfactory rating for
its past performance, based on its experiences with [* * *]. (Id.) DRC’s small-business
participation was rated as outstanding. (AR 21.) DRC’s proposed price was [* * *] than D&J’s
proposed price [* * *] than Ceres’s proposed price. (AR 19.) Although the SSA acknowledged
that D&J and Ceres had relevant experience with [* * *], the SSA did not note that DRC had
similar experience with [* * *]. (AR 21, 23, 24.)

        The SSA determined that Ceres’s management/technical approach was good, its past
performance was substantial, and its small-business participation was outstanding. (AR 21.)
The SSA praised [* * *]. (Id.) Although Ceres and DRC “were considered equally rated in the
non-price factors,” Ceres’s proposed [* * *] was [* * *] than DRC’s proposed [* * *]. (AR 26.)
The SSA analyzed and compared in detail the underlying merits of both proposals and ultimately
found that [* * *] was not justified. (AR 27-28.) The SSA found that DRC’s proposal presented
a better value to the government. (AR 28.)

        The SSA found D&J’s management/technical approach acceptable, its past performance
satisfactory, and its small-business participation outstanding. (AR 23.) Comparatively, DRC’s
proposal received higher ratings [* * *] priced [* * *] than D&J’s proposed price. (AR 24.) In
its analysis of the proposal tradeoffs, the SSA determined that DRC’s proposal was superior and
that [* * *] was justified.2 (AR 25-26.)

       The Corps awarded the contract for debris-removal services for the LRD region (“LRD
contract” or “ACI contract”) to DRC on November 9, 2021. (AR 34.) D&J filed a protest of the
LRD contract at the Government Accountability Office (“GAO”) on December 17, 2021. (AR

   2
     D&J argues that the SSA determined that DRC’s experience was more valuable primarily
because of its experience with [* * *]. (ECF 34-1 at 6.) Although the SSA analyzed the
offerors’ experience with [* * *], the SSA also found DRC’s proposal superior to D&J’s
proposal for several reasons, including [* * *]. (AR 23-26.)

                                                3
229.) The protest triggered an automatic stay of performance under the Competition in
Contracting Act (“CICA”). See 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3).

       B.      The Tornado

        On December 10, 2021, an EF-4 level tornado struck Graves County, Kentucky, in the
western part of the State. (AR 179.) This natural disaster resulted in dozens of deaths and
significant damage to communities in Graves County and across Kentucky. The Corps estimated
that the natural disaster scattered more than 1.5 million cubic yards of debris, including
“vegetative debris (trees, limbs, shrubs, tree root balls), municipal solid waste (common
household garbage, personal belongings), construction and demolition debris including entire
residential and commercial structures and their contents, vehicles, food waste, ‘white goods’
(refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners) and household hazardous waste (cleaning agents,
pesticides, pool chemicals).” (AR 178.)

        As of December 28, more than 700 residents of Graves County remained without power,
in part because the debris inhibited the local electric utility’s ability to restore power. (AR 183.)
The tornado also adversely affected the water supply by destroying a 500,000-gallon water
storage tank. (Id.) The debris hindered the ability of emergency responders, including fire
fighters and medical services, to respond quickly to emergency calls. (Id.) The debris placed
residents at risk of exposure to asbestos, mold, mildew, and insect and rodent infestations. (Id.)
The potential for severe winter weather also further exacerbated the hazards posed by the debris.
(Id.)

       The day after the tornado, Kentucky Governor Andy Beshear requested that President
Biden issue an emergency declaration and federal assistance. (AR 109-10.) President Biden
declared an emergency later that day and authorized the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (“FEMA”) to render assistance to Kentucky. (AR 111.) On December 12, 2021,
President Biden increased the federal funding available for disaster relief in Kentucky. (AR
114.)

       C.      Award of the Emergency Contract

       On December 16, the Deputy Contracting Chief for the Corps’ Louisville District called a
representative of DRC to ask about DRC’s availability to provide debris-removal services under
the ACI contract if FEMA were to assign debris-removal responsibilities to the Corps. (AR
229.) DRC responded that it had personnel in the area assessing the disaster and could mobilize
to provide relief immediately. (Id.)

       The next day, December 17, however, D&J filed its protest of the LRD ACI contract
award to DRC with the GAO, triggering the CICA stay of the award.

       On December 18, the Louisville District’s Deputy Contracting Chief confirmed that DRC
could mobilize to the area under a separate sole-source contract and honor its pricing under its
ACI proposal. (AR 229.)

                                                  4
        On December 20, FEMA tasked the Corps with debris removal and disposal in Kentucky.
(AR 115-16.) Later that same day, the Corps awarded a sole-source, undefinitized contract
action (“UCA”) and letter contract to DRC for debris removal (“emergency contract”).3 (AR
117-23.) FEMA issued the formal mission assignment to the Corps on December 21. (AR 163-
65.)

       The Corps noted that “[u]tilizing a UCA allow[ed] the Louisville District to immediately
authorize contractor performance for the urgently required debris removal services.” (AR 117.4)
The Corps invoked FAR 6.302-2 in determining that the need for debris-removal work was of
“unusual and compelling urgency” warranting the procurement of services without full and open
competition. (Id.) The Corps explained its reasoning:

               The Government’s best interests demand immediate action by a
               contractor, and as such, pursuing competition or negotiation at this
               time is not in the government’s best interests. Without issuing a
               letter contract, the Government would be unable to undertake
               emergency debris removal services quickly enough to meet the
               immediate need to lessen or eliminate current threats to public health
               and safety, and to restore access to critical access routes, roads,
               bridges, waterways, and rights-of-way for emergency vehicles and
               public access.
               For the requirement covered by this UCA, DRC Emergency
               Services was the selected contractor to perform the project based on
               the fact that the Government has already conducted an assessment
               of the firm’s capabilities and tentative pricing as part of a separate
               acquisition for a larger Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity
               contract for debris removal services that is currently under protest
               before the [GAO], and that the contractor has already mobilized to
               the area and is ready to immediately begin work upon issuance of a
               contract.

   3
     An “undefinitized contract action means any contract action for which the contract terms,
specifications, or price are not agreed upon before performance is begun under the action.”
FAR 217.7401. One example of an undefinitized contract action is a letter contract, which is
defined as “a written preliminary contractual instrument that authorizes the contractor to begin
immediately manufacturing supplies or performing services.” FAR 16.603-1.
   4
     This page of the administrative record contains what appears to be a typo. The Corps
estimated that “200 million cubic yards of debris” would need to be removed. The actual
number was closer to 1.5-2 million cubic yards of debris. (See AR 178.)

                                                 5
(AR 118.) DRC commenced debris removal on December 23, 2021.5 (AR 167.)

       On January 6, 2022, The Corps issued an after-the-fact justification and approval
(“J&A”) for its use of procedures other than full and open competition.6 (AR 178-87.) The J&A
was written after the award because the Corps had determined that providing it in advance would
have unreasonably delayed the acquisition under FAR 6.302-2(c)(1). (AR 178.)

         The Corps explained in the J&A that the “Government’s best interests demanded
immediate and uninterrupted action by a contractor to address the imminent threats to public
health and safety. For this reason, there was not sufficient time to pursue even a limited
competition.” (AR 179.) The Corps had “examined several alternatives” and “determined that it
was not possible to procure any portion of debris removal services using an acquisition strategy
that allowed for a competitive selection.” (AR 180.) Additionally, “[b]ecause the scope of work
was not fully defined at the time of award, it was not possible to issue a defined solicitation for
competition from multiple contractors.” (Id.) The Corps selected DRC for award “to ensure the
selection of a highly qualified and technically capable contractor who could commence
performance immediately upon receipt of the mission assignment . . . .” (Id.)

      The Corps considered several alternatives, including conducting a full and open
competition:

               Negotiations and award of a full and open, best value contract action
               of this magnitude, without any limitation to competition, could take
               6 to 9 months to conduct market research; develop a scope of work;
               draft and issue a solicitation with a reasonable proposal due date for
               contractor submissions; review and evaluate past performance,
               technical and price proposals of all offerors; make a source selection
               decision; and award a contract. The duration is based on traditional
               acquisition requirements that would not be waived . . . .

   5
     The administrative record contains a discrepancy regarding when DRC mobilized to Graves
County. The J&A notes that DRC “had already begun mobilizing to the area in anticipation of
receiving a task order under [the ACI contract].” (AR 184.) Elsewhere in the administrative
record, the Deputy Chief of the Corps Contracting Office noted that DRC would “mobilize with
receipt of the task order . . . .” (AR 229.) The exact date on which DRC mobilized is not as
relevant as the date on which DRC began removing debris.
   6
     Multiple members of the Corps prepared and certified the J&A. The J&A was reviewed
and signed by the Resident Engineer, the Deputy Chief of Planning Programs and Project
Management, the Contracting Officer, the Senior District Council, and the Senior Procurement
Counsel of the HQ Office of Counsel. (AR 186-87.) The Head of Contracting Activity
approved the J&A. (AR 187.)

                                                 6
(AR 180.) The Corps concluded that “this duration would clearly not allow for immediate
commencement of debris removal activities, nor completion of the project within the required
timeframe.” (Id.)

       The Corps also considered the potential approach of pursuing a streamlined acquisition
process with limited competition:

               Even under a streamlined approach, employing limited competition
               among offerors that participated in the [ACI] competition or
               otherwise expressed interest in the project would take no less than
               30 days and would take between an estimated 30-45 days, for
               adequate solicitation and proposal preparation, evaluation of
               proposals, and contract award. The solicitation preparation process
               would require a definitized scope of work to be developed in order
               to allow a fair competition among multiple offerors. Evaluation of
               proposals would necessarily require evaluation of past performance
               and technical capabilities of all offerors, as well as price. Finally,
               prior to award, a best-value trade-off decision would need to be
               made considering the respective advantages provided by each
               offerors’ technical and price proposals. This timeframe does not
               account for discussions if necessary.

(AR 181.) Further, even after award was made, a contractor could require two additional weeks
to mobilize and become fully operational.7 (Id.) Mobilizing prior to receiving award would
present contractors with a high level of risk. (Id.) The Corps concluded that the streamlined
approach would be “challenging and difficult to achieve for both contractors and the
Government,” and that a 45-day extension was an unnecessary enlargement of time for the
people of Graves County to face high public-health and safety risks.

       Finally, the Corps considered awarding a short-term sole-source contract to DRC while
pursuing a second acquisition:

               This acquisition strategy was also deemed infeasible because there
               was not sufficient time in this short Mission Assignment to complete
               a second acquisition, and because transitioning the work from one
               contractor to another would result in slowed or stopped debris
               removal work. A period of time to allow for demobilization of one
               contractor’s resources and staging sites would need to occur prior to

   7
       Ceres argues that the two-week estimate for mobilization contradicts the contractual
requirement that DRC mobilize within 24-96 hours of the task order. (ECF 42 at 13.) This
argument misstates the provision. The contract provides that “the contractor must also organize
[its] team in the first 24 to 96 hours of the notice to proceed.” (AR 185-86.) Organization of the
team is only one step in the mobilization process.

                                                 7
               mobilization of another contractor to the area. Furthermore, it
               would be challenging to establish a logical stopping point for the
               existing debris removal contract, and a logical starting point for a
               new contractor.

(Id.) This approach also presented many of the same drawbacks as the streamlined-acquisition
approach: 30-45 days to carry out the procurement process, additional necessary mobilization
time, and a high risk to contractors mobilizing ahead of time. (AR 182.) “This strategy would
also involve substantial duplication of costs as a second contractor would be required to
complete mobilization and preparation costs already completed by the existing contractor.” (Id.)
There was also a risk that this strategy would prevent the completion of the work by the deadline
FEMA’s mission assignment required. (Id.) Finally, “the urgent and compelling nature of the
works necessitates that the work continue without interruption to ensure the immediate threats to
health and safety are addressed without delay.” (Id.)

       The Corps also considered a streamlined acquisition approach with a local area set-aside
but deemed that strategy also “not feasible or practicable.” (Id.)

       In reaching its conclusion to make a sole-source award to DRC, the Corps reiterated that
there was an “overwhelming volume of debris” within the affected area, and that the debris
posed numerous health and safety risks to residents. (AR 183-84.) The Corps asserted that
pursuing a sole-source contract was “truly necessary to address the immediate, urgent and
compelling requirement in response to the current Major Disaster in Kentucky” and preserved
competition “to the greatest extent possible while still providing relief as quickly as possible to
the impacted people.” (AR 184.)

         The J&A noted that the Corps was “mindful” of the requirement of FAR 6.302-2 to
“request offers from as many potential sources as practicable under the circumstances,” but the
Corps determined that “it was not practicable to request an offer from more than one source” and
still take immediate action. (AR 185.) “Any delay in immediate action to begin moving debris
could have resulted in increased health hazards and loss of life, an unnecessary extension of the
period of time in which the people of Graves County experience hazardous conditions, and a
delay in restoring power and other critical infrastructure.” (Id.) The Corps stated that it would
continue to seek more permanent contracts under the ACI process. (Id.)

        On January 6, 2021, in conjunction with the J&A, the Corps definitized its contract with
DRC, increasing the price to a total award amount of over $37 million. (AR 189.) The period of
performance was also shortened from the initial estimate of April 30, 2022; DRC is to conclude
its work under the contract by March 31, 2022. (AR 190.)

        On February 7, 2022, the Corps modified the contract to procure the “removal and
disposal of all eligible hanging limbs, leaning trees, and stumps located on the right of ways
within Graves County, KY resulting from the tornadic event on December 10, 2021.” (ECF 47-1
at 1.) The modification decreased the total cost of the contract by $8.91. (Id. at 5.) The period
of performance was unaltered.

                                                 8
       D.      Procedural History

       As noted, D&J protested the ACI contract for the LRD with the GAO on December 17,
2021. (AR 229.) D&J also protested this emergency contract at the GAO on December 23,
2021. That latter protest triggered another CICA stay, this time for this emergency contract.
(AR 166-75.) The Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army (Procurement) approved
overriding the CICA stay on December 24, 2021. (AR 176.)

       Ceres filed a protest in this court on December 29, 2021. (ECF 1.8) On January 4, 2021,
D&J filed a protest in this court to challenge the override of the CICA stay. (Case No. 22-5,
ECF 1.) This filing caused the GAO to dismiss D&J’s protest. See 4 C.F.R. § 21.11(b). The
Court consolidated D&J’s and Ceres’s protests. (Case No. 22-5, ECF 13.) D&J then amended
its complaint to protest the award of the emergency contract to DRC. (ECF 22.)

       Ceres filed its motion for a temporary restraining order and permanent injunction on
December 30, 2021. (ECF 6.) The defendant responded to Ceres’s motion on January 3, 2022
(ECF 10); the defendant–intervenor responded on January 4, 2022 (ECF 14). Ceres filed a reply
on January 6. (ECF 24.)

       D&J filed a motion for a temporary restraining order and permanent injunction on
January 7, 2022. (ECF 7.)

        The Court held oral argument on both plaintiffs’ motions on January 11, 2022. At the
conclusion of oral argument, the Court denied the plaintiffs’ motions and later entered an order
in accordance with its oral ruling. (ECF 28.) The Court also directed the parties to submit a
revised schedule for expedited briefing because the definitization of the contract had shortened
the period of performance. (Id.)

        On January 11, 2022, D&J also filed a bid protest challenging award of the ACI contract
for the LRD to DRC with this court. (See Case No. 22-38C.) That case is currently before Judge
Meyers.

        The plaintiffs filed motions for judgment on the administrative record on January 24,
2022. (ECF 34, 36.) The defendant and defendant–intervenor responded to the plaintiffs’
motions and cross-moved for judgment on the administrative record on February 4, 2022. (ECF
37, 38.) The plaintiffs filed reply briefs on February 9, 2022 (ECF 41, 42, 43, 44) and the
defendant and defendant–intervenor filed their reply briefs on February 14, 2022 (ECF 46, 47).
The Court heard oral argument on February 15, 2022.

      Additionally, the government filed a motion to supplement the administrative record
(ECF 33), and the Court granted that motion as unopposed. (ECF 45.) The plaintiff D&J also

   8
     Except as otherwise noted, all electronic case filings are docketed in the lead case, Case No.
21-2346C.

                                                9
filed a motion to supplement the administrative record (ECF 35), which the Court denied.
(ECF 48.)

II.    JURISDICTION AND STANDING

        Under this court’s bid-protest jurisdiction, the court may hear actions “by an interested
party objecting to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or proposals for a proposed contract
or to a proposed award or the award of a contract or any alleged violation of statute or regulation
in connection with a procurement or a proposed procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1).

        To establish standing under this court’s bid-protest jurisdiction, a protestor must be an
“interested party.” Id. To be an interested party, a protestor must allege facts, which if true,
“establish that it (1) is an actual or prospective bidder, and (2) possesses the requisite direct
economic interest.” Rex Serv. Corp. v. United States, 448 F.3d 1305, 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2006). In a
post-award bid protest, the protestor’s complaint must “show that there was a ‘substantial
chance’ it would have received the contract award but for the alleged error in the procurement
process.” Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir.
2003) (quoting Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v. United States, 175 F.3d 1365, 1367 (Fed. Cir.
1999) (citation omitted)).

        The defendant challenges neither the Court’s jurisdiction nor the plaintiffs’ standing.
(See ECF 37.) Jurisdiction over this dispute exists because the plaintiffs allege that the Corps’
award of a contract to DRC violated federal law. The plaintiffs also have standing. Although
they were not actual bidders on the emergency contract, they were prospective bidders because
they allege that they would have submitted proposals had the Corps competed the emergency
contract. Both plaintiffs submitted offers for the ACI contract in the LRD region. They have
also demonstrated that they had a “substantial chance” of award had the Corps competed the
contract; both plaintiffs were deemed capable of performing debris-removal work in the LRD
region during the ACI procurement process. Accordingly, the plaintiffs have standing to sue.

III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

       A.      Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record

       Review of a motion for judgment on the administrative record pursuant to Rule 52.1 of
the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims requires the court to make factual findings based on the
administrative record. Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2005).
Genuine issues of material fact do not preclude judgment. Id. Rather, the court holds a trial on

                                                10
the administrative record and must determine whether a party has met its burden of proof based
solely on the evidence contained in that record. Id. at 1355.
       B.      Bid Protests

       The Federal Circuit has held that the same standard of review applies to challenges of
sole-source awards as to other bid protests. Emery Worldwide Airlines, Inc. v. United States,
264 F.3d 1071, 1086 (Fed. Cir. 2001).
        Bid protests require a two-step analysis. See Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1351. First, the court
must determine whether the government’s conduct is “arbitrary and capricious” or “not in
accordance with law” under 5 U.S.C. § 706. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4); 5 U.S.C. § 706; Glenn
Def. Marine (Asia) PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d 901, 907 (Fed. Cir. 2013); Bannum,
404 F.3d at 1351. Section 706 directs courts to set aside agency actions that are “arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” Agency decisions
are “‘entitled to a presumption of regularity.’” Palantir USG, Inc. v. United States, 904 F.3d
980, 995 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United
States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2001)). “‘Because of that presumption of regularity, the
agency should not be required to provide an explanation unless that presumption has been
rebutted by record evidence suggesting that the agency decision is arbitrary and capricious.’” Id.
(quoting Domenico Garufi, 238 F.3d at 1338).
        “‘[A] bid award may be set aside if either (1) the procurement official’s decision lacked a
rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or
procedure.’” See Banknote Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d 1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir.
2004) (quoting Domenico Garufi, 238 F.3d at 1332). When a plaintiff alleges that the
procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis, “the test is ‘whether the contracting
agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion, and the
disappointed bidder bears a heavy burden of showing that the award decision had no rational
basis.’” Id. (quoting Domenico Garufi, 238 F.3d at 1333). When a plaintiff alleges that the
agency violated federal procurement law, the plaintiff must show that the violation was both
clear and prejudicial. Id. The violation of a regulation is prejudicial when the plaintiff had a
“substantial chance” of receiving the contract but for the alleged error. Id.
        Second, if the government’s conduct was “arbitrary and capricious” or “not in accordance
with law,” the court must then “determine, as a factual matter, if the bid protester was prejudiced
by that conduct.” Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1351.
        A court’s review of the procurement decision made by the procuring agency in a bid
protest is “highly deferential.” Advanced Data Concepts v. United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1058
(Fed. Cir. 2000). A court will not disturb an agency’s determination so long as there is a
reasonable basis for it, even if the court “might have reached a different conclusion as to the
proper administration and application of the procurement regulations” in the first instance.
Honeywell, Inc. v. United States, 870 F.2d 644, 648 (Fed. Cir. 1989). A court must take care not

                                                11
to substitute its judgment for that of the agency, even if reasonable minds could reach different
conclusions. Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Ark.-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285-86 (1974).
IV.        DISCUSSION

       The plaintiffs allege that the award of the emergency contract to DRC violated three
procurement regulations (FAR 6.302-2, FAR 12.207, and FAR 1.102(c)), violated 10 U.S.C.
§ 2304(f)(3), and was arbitrary and capricious.9

           A.   FAR 6.302-2

        Section 2304(c)(2) of Title 10 permitted the head of an agency to procure services using
procedures other than competitive procedures when “the agency’s need for the property or
services is of such an unusual and compelling urgency that the United States would be seriously
injured unless the agency is permitted to limit the number of sources from which it solicits bids
or proposals.”10 FAR 6.302-2(a)(2) implements that statutory provision:

                When the agency’s need for the supplies or services is of such an
                unusual and compelling urgency that the Government would be
                seriously injured unless the agency is permitted to limit the number
                of sources from which it solicits bids or proposals, full and open
                competition need not be provided for.
        The Court analyzes five issues raised by the parties in its analysis of the Corps’
compliance with FAR 6.302-2: (1) whether there was an unusual and compelling urgency for
debris-removal services; (2) whether there was a risk that the government would be seriously
injured; (3) whether the Corps solicited offers from as many sources as was practicable;
(4) whether the period of performance complies with the limitations of FAR 6.302-2; and
(5) how this case compares to precedents cited by the parties.

      9
      The parties also dispute whether the plaintiffs can establish prejudice on the merits.
Because the Court holds that the Corps acted rationally and consistently with the law, the Court
does not reach the parties’ arguments regarding prejudice. See Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1351
(describing the issue of whether the bid protestor was prejudiced by agency conduct as a second
step in the analysis).
      10
       This statutory provision was effective as 10 U.S.C. § 2304(c) at the time that the Corps
awarded the contract to DRC on December 20, 2021. Effective January 1, 2022, the same
language has been transferred to 10 U.S.C. § 3204(a). See William M. (Mac) Thornberry
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, Pub. L. No. 116-283, 134 Stat. 3388,
4165 (2021). The applicable language of the statute has not changed. The Court refers to the
statutory citation as it was when the challenged contract was awarded.

                                                12
               1.     Unusual and Compelling Urgency

       The plaintiffs argue that the Corps inappropriately invoked FAR 6.302-2 because the
work of debris removal and disaster cleanup services is not unusual.

        The Court disagrees and finds that the situation in Graves County following the tornado
did present the government with an “unusual and compelling urgency” under 10 U.S.C.
§ 2304(c)(2) and FAR 6.302-2. Although, as the plaintiffs argue, natural disasters occur
regularly, and the Corps can plan for them and the commensurate cleanup of the debris they
generate, this disaster was both “unusual” and “compelling.” The plaintiffs misstate the test for
FAR 6.302-2 (emphasis added): the question is whether “the agency’s need for the supplies or
services is of such an unusual and compelling urgency,” not whether debris removal following a
natural disaster is an unusual service.

         The tornado was unusual in that it was a level EF-4, the second most severe level of
tornado on the Enhanced Fujita scale used to measure the severity of tornadoes. (See AR 229.)
It also struck in December, a time when tornadic activity is rare and when subsequent winter
weather poses extraordinary risks to the affected population. This tornado was also unusual in
the breadth of destruction it caused. The tornado “traversed over 200 miles in Kentucky” and
was “recognized by the National Weather Service to be one of the longest in history.” (AR 109.)

        Not only was the tornado itself unusually severe, but the emergency conditions it created
were themselves “compelling” and required “urgency” in the government’s response. More than
1.5 million cubic yards of debris littered Graves County, impeding travel and access on roads
and other rights-of-way. Many people were “unable to access general roadways to obtain food
and supplies.” (AR 183.) The debris slowed and prevented the transportation of food and
necessary supplies to Graves County. (Id.) In addition, the power was out for hundreds of
residents of Graves County, and repair crews were being hindered by the debris. (Id.) During
winter, the absence of heat posed an urgent threat to safety and security. The tornado also
destroyed a 500,000-gallon water storage tank and damaged the local water facilities. (Id.)
Removing the remnants of the destroyed water tank was “critical to enable reconstruction of this
essential utility infrastructure.” (Id.) The debris also risked exposing residents to asbestos,
mold, mildew, and infestations of insects and rodents. (AR 184.)

       Accordingly, the Corps properly invoked 10 U.S.C. § 2304(c) and FAR 6.302-2 to
respond to the emergency.

               2.     Injury to the Government

      Ceres argues that the government “has alleged potential harm to citizens and residents of
Kentucky but has not articulated any harm to the government as required to apply the unusual
and compelling urgency exception.” (ECF 42 at 16.)

        The Court finds that the Corps acted to prevent “serious injury, financial or other, to the
Government.” FAR 6.302-2(b)(2). The court has interpreted this requirement of FAR 6.302-
2(b)(2) to encompass situations in which the public at large could be harmed. In PMTech, Inc. v.

                                                13
United States, 95 Fed. Cl. 330, 346 (2010), the court reasoned that “a threat of immediate harm
to health, welfare or safety would create a situation where the ‘unusual and compelling urgency’
of agency needs permits a sole-source procurement.” The court found harm to the government
when, without a CICA-stay override, there was a risk that radioactive materials would leak and
contaminate surrounding buildings and the environment. Id. at 349.

       The Court agrees with the rationale of PMTech. “Serious injury . . . to the [g]overnment”
includes serious risk to the health and safety of the public the government serves. Ceres’s
reading of FAR 6.302-2(b)(2), which limits the use of the provision to instances in which the
government itself would be harmed, is too crimped, and the Court rejects it. The provision
enables the government to respond with the necessary urgency and flexibility to address the
needs of the citizenry and not simply to attend to its own bureaucratic interests.

        In addition, the J&A explains why awarding a very short-term contract for immediate
debris removal and then a contract for a longer term would harm the government. Because of the
potential need for a follow-on contractor to mobilize, the government would have faced
“substantial duplication of costs” to respond to the same event. (AR 182.) The strategy would
also present “high risk” to the government because the condensed timeframe would allow no
room for error and could “prevent the work required by the FEMA mission from being
completed by the date the mission assignment expires.” (Id.) Those prospects satisfy the
requirement that the government show serious financial harm.

               3.     Solicitation from as Many Sources as Practicable

       Under FAR 6.302-2(c)(2) (emphasis added), “agencies shall request offers from as many
potential sources as is practicable under the circumstances.”

        The plaintiffs argue that the Corps did not solicit proposals from as many sources as
“practicable” and violated FAR 6.302-2(c)(2). Ceres points out that the Corps did not contact
other potential offerors, like Ceres, despite knowing that multiple contractors had submitted
offers for the LRD contract and that employees of Ceres were preparing to make an offer for the
emergency contract.11 (ECF 36-1 at 11.) D&J also underscores that it was capable of
performance of the services the Corps required, and that the LRD contract was under protest and
stayed as a result. (ECF 34-1 at 18.)

   11
       In support of its argument, Ceres has appended several exhibits to its brief that allegedly
demonstrate its ability to mobilize quickly and the Corps’ knowledge in advance of Ceres’s
capabilities. Ceres has not moved to supplement the administrative record with these materials.
Accordingly, on this motion for judgment on the administrative record, the Court does not
consider these documents. See Axiom, 564 F.3d at 1379-80 (“‘The task of the reviewing court is
to apply the appropriate [Administrative Procedure Act] standard of review, 5 U.S.C. § 706, to
the agency decision based on the record the agency presents to the reviewing court.’” (Emphasis
in original) (quoting Fla. Power & Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729, 743-44 (1985))).

                                               14
      The Corps explained in the J&A why the only “practicable” option was to pursue a UCA
with DRC:

               The Government’s best interests demanded immediate and
               uninterrupted action by a contractor to address the imminent threats
               to public health and safety. For this reason, there was not sufficient
               time to pursue even a limited competition. Additionally, the scope
               of the effort was not sufficiently defined to request a proposal from
               one or more contractors. Without issuing a Letter Contract/UCA on
               a sole-source basis, the Government would be unable to undertake
               emergency debris removal services quickly enough to meet the
               immediate need to lessen or eliminate current threats to public health
               and safety, including allowing for restoration of access to critical
               access routes, roads, bridges, waterways, and rights-of-way for
               emergency vehicles and public access.

(AR 179-80.)

        D&J argues that none of the proposed alternatives the Corps identified in the J&A
included “requesting offers from other vetted providers using the same terms as those given to
DRC—unit pricing to remove approximately 1.5 Million to 2.0 Million cubic yards of debris.”
(ECF 34-1 at 11.) Although the emergency contract was initially undefinitized, D&J highlights
that the Corps already knew the geographic scope and approximate volume of debris that needed
to be removed at the time that the Corps awarded the emergency contract to DRC. Ceres adds to
this argument that contracts for post-disaster debris removal are predicated on unit pricing that
would have allowed the Corps to receive and quickly evaluate other offers.

       The defendant counters that “requesting proposals from multiple sources would have
amounted to a competition, which, by statute, has to include all the essential ingredients of a
competitive process: a solicitation with detailed specifications and a defined scope, 10 U.S.C.
§ 2305(a); a thorough evaluation process, id. at § 2305(b)(1); and a formal award decision, id. at
§ 2306(b)(4).” (ECF 47 at 6.)

       During oral argument, both plaintiffs disagreed with the defendant’s contention that the
requirements of 10 U.S.C. § 2305 applied in the context of procurements under the authority of
10 U.S.C. § 2304.

        The Court agrees with the plaintiffs that procurements pursued under the authority of
10 U.S.C. § 2304 and FAR 6.302-2 need not use all full and open competitive procedures
prescribed by 10 U.S.C. § 2305. FAR 6.302-2(a)(2) itself expressly provides that “full and open
competition need not be provided for.”

       Nonetheless, the plaintiffs propose that the Corps should have engaged in some level of
competitive procedure. Even a basic competition like the one proposed by D&J would require
the Corps to draft a barebones solicitation against which it could evaluate contractors’ proposals.
The Corps would then need to give contractors some amount of time to respond. The Corps also
                                                15
would need to engage in a minimal evaluation process. In short, the Corps would need to engage
in a streamlined acquisition process.

       As explained in the J&A, the Corps considered engaging in a streamlined acquisition
process and found it not practicable:

               Even under a streamlined approach, employing limited competition
               among offerors that participated in the [ACI] competition or
               otherwise expressed interest in the project would take no less than
               30 days and would take between an estimated 30-45 days, for
               adequate solicitation and proposal preparation, evaluation of
               proposals, and contract award. The solicitation preparation process
               would require a definitized scope of work to be developed in order
               to allow a fair competition among multiple offerors. Evaluation of
               proposals would necessarily require evaluation of past performance
               and technical capabilities of all offerors, as well as price. Finally,
               prior to award, a best-value trade-off decision would need to be
               made considering the respective advantages provided by each
               offerors’ technical and price proposals. This timeframe does not
               account for discussions if necessary. In order to pursue this process,
               approval would be required through a determination and findings
               for other than full and open competition based on an urgent and
               compelling justification. Further, after award, we could anticipate
               mobilization and preparation efforts to take approximately two
               additional weeks to be fully operational . . . . Furthermore, a
               duration of 45 days to commence work would result in an
               unnecessary extension of the period of time in which the people of
               Graves County experience hazardous conditions, and a delay in
               restoring power and other critical infrastructure. Therefore, this
               acquisition strategy was deemed not to satisfy the requirements for
               immediate mobilization to quickly begin addressing the existing
               threats to public safety.

(AR 181.) The Corps’ explanation is rational and reasonable.

         No other meaningful option was available to the Corps, and the plaintiffs are vague on
what else the Corps could have done. It appears they are proposing that the Corps should have
obtained offers from LRD ACI offerors and then not conduct any kind of competition. There is
no support in the law for such a hybrid procurement model. The Corps had four options: full
competition, limited competition, a sole-source award combined with a limited competition, and
a sole-source award. It considered and rejected the first three as too time-consuming and high-
risk; it went with the fourth option. There is no fifth option the Corps could have pursued.

        The plaintiffs highlight that under the process that led to the award of the ACI contract
for the LRD, the Corps had determined that both Ceres and D&J were able to perform the LRD
contract. The Corps determined that there were [* * *] between the qualitative aspects of
                                                16
Ceres’s and DRC’s proposals. (AR 28.) D&J’s proposal was [* * *] than DRC’s proposal. (AR
23.) The plaintiffs argue that the Corps should have revisited its evaluations under the ACI
contract by soliciting offers for the emergency contract from the plaintiffs because the more
limited geographic scope of the disaster and concomitant debris removal would have led to
different pricing models than what each offered for the ACI competition.

        Had the Corps proceeded in the manner the plaintiffs propose, it would necessarily have
required some form of competition. There was not sufficient time to undertake even such a
limited competition, or so the Corps found. And that finding is not, under the circumstances,
unreasonable. The plaintiffs argue that the Corps could have otherwise relied on the ACI offers
and requested that those offerors provide new pricing for the more limited emergency contract.
If the Corps had invited offerors for the LRD ACI contract to submit only revised pricing for the
emergency contract on an urgent basis, those offerors would almost certainly have had to rely on
their proposed pricing for the ACI contract. It is not realistic to believe the ACI offerors could
have presented meaningfully different unit pricing within 24 hours of a request from the Corps
for such pricing. In the end, the Corps would then have had to re-review all aspects of the ACI
offers, not simply the new pricing, as the plaintiffs propose. DRC having been found once to
have provided the best value to the government likely would have fared as well again. And such
a review would have taken time, which the Corps did not have.

        In sum, the Corps explained and justified its reasons for soliciting an offer only from
DRC. The explanation is coherent and reasonable, and the plaintiffs have not demonstrated that
this explanation lacks a rational basis.12 See Banknote, 365 F.3d at 1351 (placing on the plaintiff
the burden of showing that an award decision has no rational basis). The Court declines to
substitute its judgment for that of the agency. See Bowman, 419 U.S. at 285-86.

       12
           During consideration of the plaintiffs’ motions for a temporary restraining order and
preliminary injunction, the plaintiffs sought to undercut the defendant’s justification by arguing
that other counties and municipalities in Kentucky affected by the same line of tornadoes were
able to procure their own debris-cleanup services through competitive bidding. The Court
assumes that factual claim to be accurate, but it does not undermine the reasonableness of the
decision made by the Corps to proceed as it did. The plaintiffs make no effort to explain the
requirements of competitive bidding for the local governments and how they may differ from the
requirements that federal law imposes on the Corps. The plaintiffs’ argument also focuses on the
wrong question. The Court reviews and evaluates the action the Corps took and the process it
used, not the process the plaintiffs wish the Corps had employed. So long as the Corps
reasonably explains and supports its decisions, the Court must sustain those decisions.

                                                17
               4.      The Period of Performance

      The plaintiffs argue that the period of performance of the emergency contract does not
comply with the limitations in FAR 6.302-2(d). (See ECF 36-1 at 11; ECF 44 at 8.)

        FAR 6.302-2 imposes three limits on the period of performance. First, the total period of
performance of a contract awarded under FAR 6.302-2 cannot exceed the time necessary “[t]o
meet the unusual compelling requirements of the work to be performed under the contract.”
FAR 6.302-2(d)(1)(i)(A). Second, the period of performance cannot exceed the time necessary
“[f]or the agency to enter into another contract for the required goods and services through the
use of competitive procedures.” FAR 6.302-2(d)(1)(i)(B). Third, the period of performance
“[m]ay not exceed one year, including all options, unless the head of the agency determines that
exceptional circumstances apply.” FAR 6.302-2(d)(1)(ii).

        The period of performance meets all three requirements of FAR 6.302-2(d). First, the
period of performance does not exceed the time it will take DRC to remove the debris. As
previously discussed, removal of all the debris is necessary “[t]o meet the unusual compelling
requirements of the work to be performed under the contract,” as any debris poses health and
safety risks to the citizens of Graves County. FAR 6.302-2(d)(1)(i)(A). Second, the period of
performance does not exceed the time necessary “[f]or the agency to enter into another contract
for the required goods and services through the use of competitive procedures.” FAR 6.302-
2(d)(1)(i)(B). The Corps considered alternatively using a bridge contract while undertaking
competitive procedures, but it determined that that alternative was “infeasible” because of the
time it would take to transition the contract, the lack of a logical transitioning point, duplication
of costs, risks to contractors from mobilizing early, and the unnecessary delays that would result.
(AR 181.) Full competitive procedures were estimated to require between six and nine months,
which far exceeds the period of performance under the emergency contract. (AR 180.) Finally,
the period of performance, which is now 100 days, is shorter than one year. (AR 178.) The
award therefore complies with FAR 6.302-2(d)(ii).

       D&J argues that the definitization of the contract to shorten the timeframe for debris
removal “indicated that the original time frame in the J&A was unnecessarily long and therefore
exceeded the contract duration limits of the statute.” (ECF 44 at 5.)

        The plaintiffs rely on AGMA Security Service, Inc. v. United States, 152 Fed. Cl. 706
(2021), in support of their argument. In AGMA, Judge Horn found that when an agency
shortened a period of performance from 150 days to 60 days, the initial award “exceeded the
time necessary ‘to meet the unusual and compelling requirements of the work to be performed
under the contract.’” 152 Fed. Cl. at 731 (quoting 41 U.S.C. § 3304(c)). The J&A gave “no
indication why the period of 150 days was chosen (although the court notes that the maximum
period in FAR 3006.302-270, unless the Head of Contracting approved of a longer time than the
150 days) and the government provide[d] no indication as to why the period of performance
could be more than cut in half only ten days after the Sole Source Justification & Approval was
signed.” Id.

                                                 18
        This emergency contract differs from the contract at issue in AGMA. The emergency
contract here was undefinitized at first because the Corps did not know the full scope of the work
required. (See AR 167 (“[T]he scope of work was not fully defined at the time of award . . . .”).)
The period of performance was shortened by merely one month. The original period of
performance was far less than the year permissible under FAR 6.302-2(d)(ii). The Court finds
that by definitizing the contract to shorten the period of performance, the defendant complied
with FAR 6.302-2(d).

               5.     Analogy to Other Cases

       The plaintiffs analogize this case to AGMA. The defendant instead analogizes this case to
SSI Technology, Inc. v. United States, 148 Fed. Cl. 147, 161-62 (2020), and the defendant–
intervenor analogizes this case to GAO precedent.

         This case has some similarities to SSI Technology. See 148 Fed. Cl. at 161-62. In that
case, Judge Holte determined that an agency awarding a sole-source contract had solicited from
as many sources as was “practicable” under FAR 6.302-2 when the agency explained in the J&A
that it had conducted market research, published a request for information at FedBizOpps.gov,
and considered suppliers from whom the agency had procured similar goods in the past. Id.
Analogously, in this case, the Corps had recently conducted an extensive review of proposals for
contractors seeking to provide debris-removal services in the region that included Kentucky.
(See AR 1-34.) That ACI contract for the LRD region was competed, and the SSA had recently
considered and evaluated offerors’ detailed proposals, including their technical approaches, their
past experiences, and their proposed pricing. As in SSI Technology, the government had done its
research. Although it is true that the ACI award was stayed due to the GAO protest, that stay
does not require the Corps to wipe the slate of knowledge clean and pretend it had not recently
evaluated the most likely offerors for this emergency contract.

        The plaintiffs attempt to distinguish SSI Technology. Ceres points out that the request for
information was posted publicly in SSI Technology; in this case, in contrast, the government did
not issue a request for information for the emergency contract. (ECF 42 at 9.) This argument
ignores the fact that the Corps had taken steps under the ACI procurement process to evaluate
debris-removal contractors.

        D&J argues that the Corps “selectively and prejudicially disregarded the procurement
history of the ACI . . . procurement . . . .” (ECF 44 at 6.) This argument is unsupported by the
administrative record. The J&A notes that DRC “was the selected contractor to perform the
project based on the fact that the Government ha[d] already conducted an assessment of the
firm’s capabilities and tentative pricing as part of the separate ACI . . . acquisition that is
currently under protest before the GAO . . . .” (AR 184.) The record otherwise supports that
determination.

        The plaintiffs have not demonstrated that SSI Technology materially differs from this
case, and the rationale of that decision is compelling.

                                                19
        In Innotion Enterprises, Inc., B-419907, 2021 CPD ¶ 315 (Comp. Gen. 2021), the GAO
upheld award of a sole-source contract to the incumbent contractor after the solicitation for a
new contract was protested and stayed.13 The GAO explained that the agency had properly acted
quickly to avoid a lapse in service. In this case, because of the protest of the LRD contract, the
Corps could not implement the new ACI contract for Kentucky and, hence, was experiencing a
lapse in service at the time it received the tasking from FEMA for debris cleanup. The Corps
thus acted quickly to mitigate the negative consequences of this lapse. The Court follows the
ruling in Innotion here and concludes the Corps’ effort to address the lapse in service to respond
to an urgent and dangerous event was not arbitrary and capricious.

        This contract award is also distinct from the award in AGMA beyond the distinction
addressed above. In AGMA, Judge Horn found that “the Sole Source Justification & Approval
was not fully developed and explained . . . .” 152 Fed. Cl. at 729. The J&A there had focused
“on the urgency of a quick award, rather than the merits of why the sole source decision was
proper.” Id. The defendant conceded during oral argument that the J&A “might be thin.” Id. In
a section of the J&A where the agency officials were asked to provide additional facts supporting
the use of procedures other than full and open competition, the agency had written “NONE.” Id.
at 736. In contrast, the Corps in this case has elaborated in detail why every alternative was
inadequate logistically, financially, and from a health and safety perspective. (See AR 179-86.)
The focus of the J&A in this case avoids the shortcomings identified in AGMA that led the court
to enjoin that award.

        In sum, the Corps properly invoked FAR 6.302-2 and adhered to its requirements. The
plaintiffs have not established a clear violation of FAR 6.302-2. See Banknote, 365 F.3d at 1351.

        B.     FAR 12.207

        Ceres argues that the Corps violated FAR Part 12, which governs the procurement of
commercial services. FAR 12.207(a) provides that “agencies shall use firm-fixed-price contracts
or fixed-price contracts with economic price adjustment for the acquisition of commercial
products or commercial services.” Ceres argues that the Corps’ award of the emergency contract
to DRC violates this provision because FAR Part 12 governs contracts for debris-removal
services, and the emergency contract to DRC was not a firm-fixed-price contract. (ECF 36-1 at
14.)

        The defendant agrees with Ceres that debris-removal services are commercial services
subject to FAR Part 12. (ECF 37 at 21.) The defendant disputes, however, Ceres’s assumption
that the emergency contract was not a fixed-price contract.

   13
      Although the Court is not bound by GAO precedent, the Court may consider it as
persuasive authority. See Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1038 n.4 (Fed. Cir.
2009).

                                               20
        In general, “[a] wide selection of contract types is available to the Government and
contractors in order to provide flexibility in acquiring the large variety and volume of supplies
and services required by agencies.” FAR 16.101(a). There are two “broad” categories of types
of contracts: fixed-price contracts and cost-reimbursement contracts. FAR 16.101(b). FAR
16.201(a) provides: “Fixed-price contracts provide for a firm price or, in appropriate cases, an
adjustable price. Fixed-price contracts providing for an adjustable price may include a ceiling
price, a target price (including target cost), or both.” Additionally, “[a] fixed-price contract with
economic price adjustment provides for upward and downward revision of the stated contract
price upon the occurrence of specified contingencies,” including adjustments based on
established prices of specific items, adjustments based on actual costs of labor or material, and
adjustments based on cost indexes of labor or material. FAR 16.203-1. Accordingly, the
category of fixed-price contracts encompasses a variety of types of contracts, including contracts
that have adjustable prices, ceiling prices, or target prices.

         An agency may award a letter contract when “the Government’s interests demand that the
contractor be given a binding commitment so that work can start immediately
and . . . negotiating a definitive contract is not possible in sufficient time to meet the
requirement.” FAR 16.603-2. The FAR contemplates that letter contracts should be definitized
“within 180 days after the date of the letter contract or before completion of 40 percent of the
work to be performed, whichever occurs first.” FAR 16.603-2(c).

         The letter contract in this case was a fixed-price contract. The initial award provides: “A
firm-fixed-price contract is contemplated.” (AR 124.) The award expressly established a ceiling
price for initial services and noted that the government “may obligate additional funds to the
letter contract upon receipt of a qualifying proposal.” (AR 125.) The FAR designates contracts
with ceiling prices and contracts permitting economic readjustment as fixed-price contracts. See
FAR 16.201, FAR 16.203-1. The letter contract therefore qualified as a fixed-price contract and
did not violate FAR 12.207(a).

        When the contract was definitized, the contract was designated as “FFP” or a “Firm-
Fixed Price” contract. (AR 190, 192.) Ceres does not dispute that the definitized contract is a
firm-fixed-price contract.

        Accepting Ceres’s argument in this case could lead to far-reaching and unintended
consequences. If Ceres’s narrow definition of a fixed-price contract were correct, an agency
would never be able to lawfully issue a letter contract for commercial service to respond to a
situation involving “unusual and compelling urgency” under FAR 6.302-2. This outcome would
render FAR 6.302-2 toothless and handicap agencies’ ability to respond to emergencies, and the
plaintiffs have not pointed to any indication that Congress intended such a result in enacting
10 U.S.C. § 2304(c).

        In sum, the Court finds no violation of FAR Part 12. The letter contract awarded to DRC
was a fixed-price contract and complied with FAR 12.207(a).

                                                 21
        C.     FAR 1.102-2(c)

        D&J argues that the government violated FAR 1.102-2(c), which provides the standard
that the government should “[c]onduct business with integrity, fairness, and openness.” D&J
points to various parts of the administrative record listing a solicitation number for a solicitation
that never existed.14 D&J argues that the Corps engaged in “gamesmanship to the point of
misrepresentation in its efforts to avoid review.” (ECF 34-1 at 21.)

        The defendant cites Federal Circuit precedent holding that “cautionary and informative
regulations and directives provide only internal governmental direction.” Am. Tel. & Tel. Co. v.
United States, 307 F.3d 1374, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2002). Such provisions, the Federal Circuit
determined, “supply no remedy for private parties in a judicial forum.” Id.

         In line with this reasoning, judges of this court have held that FAR 1.102-2 is not
judicially enforceable. See Harmonia Holdings Grp. v. United States, 145 Fed. Cl. 84, 91 (2019)
(“[I]t is well established that FAR 1.102-2(c) is not a source of any judicially enforceable right”);
Castle-Rose, Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 517, 532 (2011) (providing that FAR 1.102-2 has
“no binding legal force” and is “directory, not mandatory”); Info. Sciences Corp. v. United
States, 85 Fed. Cl. 195, 202 (2008) (holding that FAR 1.102-2 “imposes no specific substantive
obligations on the Government, and therefore is not judicially enforceable”). Other judges of
this court have held to the contrary, reviewing agency action for compliance with violations of
FAR 1.102-2. See, e.g., SAGAM Securite Senegal v. United States, 154 Fed. Cl. 653, 664 (2021).

        D&J relies primarily on California Industrial Facilities Resources, Inc. v. United States,
100 Fed. Cl. 404 (2011). (ECF 34-1 at 20-21.) In that case, evidence in the administrative
record supported the plaintiff’s argument that the government’s contracting officials
“intentionally waited until they knew the contract was almost fully performed before posting”
the J&A for the sole-source contract. 100 Fed. Cl. at 411. The court held that “the application of
FAR 1.102-2(c) to sustain a bid protest may be debatable.” Id. at 412. Nonetheless, the Court
held the government’s conduct arbitrary and capricious. Id.

        If FAR 1.102-2(c) is judicially enforceable, the parties dispute which burden of proof
applies to a court’s evaluation of claims under the provision. D&J argues that, as the court did in
California Industrial, a court should review the claim under the arbitrary and capricious standard
subject to the usual preponderance of the evidence standard. The defendant argues that because
the claim is effectively a bad-faith claim, as the court found in BayFirst Solutions, LLC v. United
States, 104 Fed. Cl. 493, 509 (2012), the plaintiff must produce “clear and convincing evidence”
that the agency had “specific intent to injure the plaintiff.” See Am-Pro Protective Agency, Inc.
v. United States, 281 F.3d 1234, 1240 (Fed. Cir. 2004).

   14
     D&J also sought to supplement the record with a press release, affidavit, and
announcement on SAM.gov. (ECF 35.) The Court denied D&J’s motion. (ECF 48.)

                                                 22
       The Court declines to resolve whether FAR 1.102-2(c) is judicially enforceable, because
D&J cannot satisfy either standard to prevail even if the provision is subject to judicial
enforcement.

        Under the defendant’s proposed test, D&J presents no evidence in the administrative
record suggesting that the Corps had any intent whatsoever to injure D&J specifically.

         Even under the standard that D&J proposes, however, it cannot prevail. The Corps
included a solicitation number on certain documents related to the award, but it in fact did not
solicit offers. D&J has not demonstrated, however, that the Corps’ inclusion of the solicitation
number is misleading to the level of being arbitrary and capricious. California Industrial, the
case upon which D&J relies, is distinct. In that case, the administrative record contained an
email chain in which one agency official explicitly directed another to “beef up” the J&A to
avoid a bid protest. 100 Fed. Cl. at 406. Another email revealed that the agency official had
purposefully avoided competitive-procurement procedures because of past experiences with bid
protests. Id. at 407. A third email showed that one agency official internally rebuked another for
publicly announcing the sole-source award prior to the last day possible under federal
regulations. Id. Furthermore, the agency had waited 26 days between obtaining a quote and
ordering the products under the challenged contract. Id. at 411. Given these circumstances,
Judge Wheeler granted the plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the administrative record.

        The administrative record here, in contrast, contains no evidence that the government
manipulated the procurement process to avoid competition or judicial review. Moreover, the
Corps acted virtually without delay. It awarded DRC the sole-source contract on the same day it
received the tasking from FEMA. (See AR 229.) There is no evidence in the administrative
record that the Corps deliberately listed a solicitation number in the contract to confuse or
mislead any third parties. Under these facts, California Industrial is distinguishable.

        On the record before the Court, D&J has not demonstrated that the Corps either acted
arbitrarily and capriciously or acted in bad faith. Thus, even if the Court were to conclude that
FAR 1.102-2(c) were judicially enforceable, D&J would not prevail on the claim.

       D.      10 U.S.C. § 2304(f)(3)

        D&J contends that the government violated 10 U.S.C. § 2304(f)(3)(C). (ECF 34-1 at 22-
23.) That provision requires an agency using procedures other than competitive procedures to
articulate in the J&A that it has made “a determination that the anticipated cost will be fair and
reasonable.” D&J argues that the Corps could not have made such a determination because it
knew that under their respective ACI proposals, DRC had proposed a [* * *] than D&J.

        First, the Court notes that D&J’s protest regarding its evaluation under the LRD contract
is not at issue in this case and is the subject of a separate protest. Accordingly, the Court does
not engage in any review of the Corps’ initial determination that DRC’s pricing under the LRD
contract was fair and reasonable.

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        Second, the administrative record belies D&J’s claim. In the J&A, the contracting officer
“determine[d] that the anticipated cost or price to the Government for this contract action will be
fair and reasonable.” (AR 186.) The Corps negotiated with DRC so that DRC would honor its
pricing under the LRD contract (AR 229), which the Corps had already determined to be fair and
reasonable. (AR 28.)

        Within the J&A, the Corps’ justification regarding the cost is, admittedly, terse. The
government appears to have accidentally retained some boilerplate language instructing
contracting officers to “[p]rovide the basis for this determination” and “indicate whether certified
cost or pricing data will be required . . . .” (AR 186.) Nonetheless, the J&A includes a
certification that DRC’s price is “fair and reasonable” (id.), and the administrative record
contains other evidence that the Corps examined whether DRC’s price for the emergency
contract met the statutory requirement that it be fair and reasonable and found that it was. (See
AR 28 (finding DRC’s pricing “fair and reasonable” under the LRD contract); AR 229
(confirming that DRC used the same pricing in the LRD contract as it did in the UCA).)

        D&J posits that the pricing offered for the ACI contract is not comparable to pricing that
offerors could have proposed for a more geographically limited contract for a specific disaster,
and that reliance on the pricing proposed for the ACI contract as the basis for determining that
DRC’s pricing is “fair and reasonable” is arbitrary and capricious.

        D&J may well be correct that offerors could have presented different pricing. The
problem with D&J’s argument is that the contractors would have needed additional time to
propose reliable alternative pricing. And had the Corps sought other pricing, it would have had
to conduct a time-consuming limited competition. This claim has already effectively been
rejected. In effect, under the time constraint imposed on the Corps by the urgency of the need to
respond, the Corps had few meaningful options. Had the Corps not recently conducted and
concluded the evaluation of offers for the ACI contract in the LRD, the terse assertion that
DRC’s pricing was “fair and reasonable” may not have been sufficient to support the award of a
sole-source emergency contract. In the wake of the recently concluded ACI evaluation by the
Corps, however, that assertion is enough, under these circumstances, to support the award.

       The Corps therefore did not violate 10 U.S.C. § 2304(f)(3)(C). It rationally determined
that DRC’s pricing was fair and reasonable and certified that determination in its J&A for the
contract.

       E.      Arbitrary and Capricious Conduct

        Ceres argues that the contract award had no rational basis because it was an “end-run
around the CICA stay.” (ECF 36-1 at 10-11.) Ceres analogizes this case to Innovation
Development Enterprises of America, Inc. v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 711 (2013). D&J argues
that the Corps’ award of the contract was arbitrary and capricious because it “did not give D&J a
chance.” (ECF 34-1 at 26.)

     As already discussed, the Corps justified its decision to award a sole-source contract to
DRC pursuant to FAR 6.302-2. The Corps reasoned: “Any delay in immediate action to begin
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moving debris could have resulted in increased health hazards and loss of life, an unnecessary
extension of the period of time in which the people of Graves County experience hazardous
conditions, and a delay in restoring power and other critical infrastructure.” (AR 185.)

         Of all the alternatives it considered, the Corps determined that none would allow the
Corps to avoid delays that would result in unnecessary risks to public health and safety. (AR
180-85.) Full competition would have taken between six and nine months, a period that exceeds
the period of performance of DRC’s contract. (AR 180.) Even a streamlined acquisition process
would, the J&A estimated, have taken at least 30 days, present higher risk to the government and
contractors, and unnecessarily delay the cleanup efforts. (AR 181.) Transitioning the contract
after a streamlined acquisition would also unnecessarily extend the period of performance,
potentially lead to a duplication of costs, and interrupt the work.15 (AR 182.)

        The facts of this case are distinct from those in Innovation Development Enterprises. In
that case, the court found an agency’s award of a contract to be arbitrary and capricious when the
“circumstances justifying the award were due to the agency’s own lack of advanced planning,”
and the agency had performed no market research. 108 Fed. Cl. at 727-28. In this case, the
Corps did not fail to plan for the occurrence of natural disasters; indeed, the ACI process was
intended to have in place the necessary contractor infrastructure around the country to respond to
disasters. The contract it had awarded to respond to disasters in Kentucky was the subject of a
GAO protest filed just three days before FEMA tasked the Corps with the Graves County
cleanup. As previously discussed, the Corps had already conducted extensive evaluations of the
offers for the ACI contract in the LRD region. These facts set this case apart from the
circumstances that confronted the court in Innovation Development Enterprises.

        In sum, the rationale for the decision by the Corps to make a sole-source award without
competitive bidding to respond to FEMA’s request for debris removal in the wake of the tornado
in Graves County was well-explained and reasonable. The Court holds that the Corps’ award to
DRC was not “arbitrary and capricious” under 5 U.S.C. § 706. Because the plaintiffs have not
prevailed on the merits, injunctive relief is not appropriate.

   15
       Ceres argues that the Court should “reject the argument related to duplicated costs as it has
no relevance under the exemption allowed for unusual and compelling urgency.” (ECF 42 at
13.) The Court disagrees. FAR 6.302-2(b)(7) provides that in its justification for contracting
under FAR 6.302-2, an agency should determine that the cost to the government would be “fair
and reasonable.” The Corps correctly considered the relative costs of alternative procurement
strategies in determining which alternatives had a “fair and reasonable” cost and were
“practicable.” See FAR 6.302-2. This point is also relevant to the question of a potential
financial injury to the government, another element of the provision. FAR 6.302-2(c)(2).

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V.     CONCLUSION

        In its sole-source award of a debris-removal contract to DRC, the Corps did not violate
FAR 6.302-2 or any other relevant provision of federal procurement law. The award of the
contract also was not “arbitrary and capricious” under 5 U.S.C. § 706. The Court denies the
plaintiffs’ motions for judgment on the administrative record and grants the defendant’s and
defendant–intervenor’s motions for judgment on the administrative record.

       The Court will enter an order in accordance with this memorandum opinion.

                                                                   s/ Richard A. Hertling
                                                                   Richard A. Hertling
                                                                   Judge

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