Court Opinion

ID: 4645923
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-23 14:09:52.416272+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:55.176917
License: Public Domain

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as
Lingle v. State, Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-6788.]

                                        NOTICE
     This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
     advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
     promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
     South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
     formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
     the opinion is published.

                         SLIP OPINION NO. 2020-OHIO-6788
    LINGLE ET AL., APPELLANTS, v. THE STATE OF OHIO ET AL., APPELLEES.
  [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
      may be cited as Lingle v. State, Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-6788.]
Former R.C. 2950.09—Out-of-state sex offenders challenging their automatic
        designation as a sexual predator in Ohio—In making a determination under
        former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2), a trial court is to examine why the out-of-state
        offender was required to register for life and whether that reason is
        substantially similar to a classification as a sexual predator in Ohio under
        former R.C. Chapter 2950—Former R.C. 2950.09(F) does not allow for a
        recidivism hearing.
       (Nos. 2019-1247 and 2019-1309—Submitted July 8, 2020—Decided
                                 December 23, 2020.)
    APPEAL from and CERTIFIED by the Court of Appeals for Franklin County,
                  Nos. 17AP-251 and 17AP-252, 2019-Ohio-2928.
                             _______________________
        KENNEDY, J.
                                SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 1} This is a discretionary appeal and certified conflict from the Tenth
District Court of Appeals. It requires this court to determine what a sex offender
whose offenses were committed in another state must prove pursuant to former R.C.
2950.09(F)(2) in order to successfully have the automatic sexual-predator
classification under former R.C. 2950.09(A) removed.
       {¶ 2} In this case, the trial court incorrectly determined that out-of-state
offenders who are automatically required to register as sexual predators in Ohio
pursuant to former R.C. 2950.09(A) must prove that they are not likely to commit
another sexually oriented offense to successfully challenge the sexual-predator
classification. We hold that the court of appeals was correct to reverse the trial
court’s judgment and remand the cause for further proceedings. However, we reject
the court of appeals’ holding that a sex offender who is subject to lifetime
registration in another state must be permanently classified as a sexual predator in
Ohio if the other state’s lifetime registration requirements (such as the frequency of
reporting) are substantially similar to Ohio’s registration requirements for a person
classified as a sexual predator.
       {¶ 3} Based on the plain language of former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2) and the
statutory scheme as a whole, we hold that an out-of-state offender challenging his
or her automatic designation as a sexual predator under former R.C. 2950.09(A)
must prove by clear and convincing evidence first, the reason for the imposition of
the lifetime registration requirement in the other state and second, that the reason
for the lifetime registration requirement is not substantially similar to a
classification as a sexual predator under former R.C. Chapter 2950.
       {¶ 4} We therefore affirm in part and reverse in part the judgment of the
court of appeals, and we remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.

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                                  BACKGROUND
                          Facts and procedural history
       {¶ 5} Appellant Harmon Lingle pleaded guilty to committing a lewd and
lascivious act in Florida and was classified as a sex offender. When he moved to
Ohio in 2008 after serving his prison sentence, he was initially classified as a sex
offender before being reclassified as a sexual predator based on his lifetime
registration requirement in Florida.
       {¶ 6} Appellant Mark Grosser pleaded no contest in Florida to solicitation
of a minor over the Internet and transmitting material harmful to a juvenile; he was
classified as a sex offender in Florida and sentenced to jail and probation. In 2008,
his probation was transferred to Ohio, where he was classified as a Tier I sex
offender before being reclassified as a sexual predator, also because of his lifetime
registration requirement in Florida.
       {¶ 7} In separate actions brought against the Ohio Attorney General and the
Franklin County sheriff, Lingle and Grosser sought a declaratory judgment that
they had been incorrectly classified as sexual predators and subject to mandatory
lifetime registration requirements.     They argued that they should have been
classified as sexually oriented offenders in 2008.
       {¶ 8} Lingle also sought a declaration that because he had already registered
for the ten-year period required for sexually oriented offenders, the Ohio Attorney
General must remove him from Ohio’s sex-offender database, while Grosser sought
a declaration that his registration requirement would terminate in 2018. The trial
court consolidated the actions.
       {¶ 9} Lingle and Grosser moved for judgment on the pleadings, which the
trial court granted in part and denied in part. The trial court determined that former
R.C. 2950.09(A), 2006 Am.Sub.S.B. No. 260, is the version of Ohio’s sex-
offender-registration statute that applies in this case and found that under that
statute, Lingle and Grosser were properly classified as sexual predators in Ohio

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based on their convictions in Florida. However, the trial court determined that
under former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2), Lingle and Grosser are entitled to an evidentiary
hearing at which they would have the opportunity to prove that they had been
convicted in Florida of offenses that are substantially similar to violations of Ohio
laws that would result in classifications as sexually oriented offenders and therefore
should have their sexual-predator classifications removed. At that hearing, the trial
court explained, Lingle and Grosser would have the burden to prove by clear and
convincing evidence that they are not likely to commit another sexually oriented
offense.
       {¶ 10} The Tenth District Court of Appeals reversed, holding that former
R.C. 2950.09(F)(2) does not require a hearing to determine whether an out-of-state
sex offender automatically classified as a sexual predator is likely to reoffend and
does not require the trial court to determine whether the sex offender would have
been classified as a sexual predator if the conviction had occurred in Ohio. 2019-
Ohio-2928, 140 N.E.3d 1031, ¶ 23-24, 28. Instead, the court interpreted former
R.C. 2950.09(F)(2) as requiring the trial court to determine whether Lingle and
Grosser “presented clear and convincing evidence demonstrating that the
registration requirements for Florida sexual offenders are not substantially similar
to Ohio’s applicable sexual predator classification.” Id. at ¶ 32. The appellate court
remanded the case to the trial court to make that determination in the first instance.
       {¶ 11} We accepted Lingle’s and Grosser’s appeal on the following
proposition of law:

               A person with an out-of-state sex offense conviction cannot
       be required to register in Ohio as a “sexual predator” if they can
       show that their home-state registration requirement is not
       substantially similar to Ohio law because the person is not likely to

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                                January Term, 2020

       reoffend, and therefore does not fit the statutory definition of
       “sexual predator” in R.C. 2950.01(E).

See 157 Ohio St.3d 1502, 2019-Ohio-4768, 134 N.E.3d 1226.
                                  Conflict cases
       {¶ 12} The Tenth District also certified that its judgment conflicted with
judgments of the First and Fifth District Courts of Appeals, which held that if an
out-of-state sex offender petitions a court pursuant to former R.C. 2950.09(F)(1)
challenging his or her automatic classification as a sexual predator under former
R.C. 2950.09(A), then the trial court must apply a two-step analysis. See State v.
Pasqua, 157 Ohio App.3d 427, 2004-Ohio-2992, 811 N.E.2d 601 (1st Dist.); State
v. Forsythe, 2013-Ohio-3301, 996 N.E.2d 996 (5th Dist.). Under that two-step
analysis, the trial court must first determine whether the sexually oriented offense
in the other state is substantially similar to a sexual-predator classification under
Ohio law; if so, then the out-of-state offender is entitled to a hearing to prove by
clear and convincing evidence that he or she is not likely to commit another
sexually oriented offense. Pasqua at ¶ 22; Forsythe at ¶ 20.
       {¶ 13} We agreed that a conflict exists, consolidated the conflict case with
the jurisdictional appeal, and ordered the parties to brief the following conflict
question:

       “Does R.C. 2950.09(F) provide out-of-state offenders challenging
       their R.C. 2950.09(A) automatic sexual predator classification with
       a right to an evidentiary hearing whereby the offender must prove
       by clear and convincing evidence that he or she is not likely to
       commit a sexually-oriented offense in the future?”

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157 Ohio St.3d 1501, 2019-Ohio-4768, 134 N.E.3d 1228, quoting the court of
appeals’ journal entry.
                                      ANALYSIS
                                Statutory construction
        {¶ 14} This case returns us to a familiar place: statutory construction. In
construing a statute, we do not ask “what did the general assembly intend to enact,
but what is the meaning of that which it did enact.” Slingluff v. Weaver, 66 Ohio
St. 621, 64 N.E. 574 (1902), paragraph two of the syllabus. “When the language
of a statute is plain and unambiguous and conveys a clear and definite meaning,
there is no need for this court to apply the rules of statutory interpretation.” Symmes
Twp. Bd. of Trustees v. Smyth, 87 Ohio St.3d 549, 553, 721 N.E.2d 1057 (2000).
        {¶ 15} To determine the plain meaning of a statute, a court relies on the
definitions provided by the legislative body. See Fox v. Std. Oil Co. of New Jersey,
294 U.S. 87, 96, 55 S.Ct. 333, 79 L.Ed. 780 (1935). When a term is not defined in
the statute, we give the term its plain and ordinary meaning. Brecksville v. Cook,
75 Ohio St.3d 53, 56, 661 N.E.2d 706 (1996). And “[i]n ascertaining the plain
meaning of the statute, the court must look to the particular statutory language at
issue, as well as the language and design of the statute as a whole.” Kmart Corp.
v. Cartier, Inc., 486 U.S. 281, 291, 108 S.Ct. 1811, 100 L.Ed.2d 313 (1988).
                 Former R.C. 2950.09 and out-of-state offenders
        {¶ 16} Under Ohio’s version of Megan’s Law, if a person has committed a
sexually oriented offense in another state and is required “as a result of [a]
conviction” for that offense to register as a sex offender for life in the other state,
“that conviction * * * automatically classifies the person as a sexual predator” in
Ohio. Former R.C. 2950.09(A). Under former R.C. 2950.09(A), the automatic
sexual-predator classification of certain sex offenders entering Ohio is based
mainly on one factor—the length of the registration requirement in the other state.
If the offender has to register for life in the other state, then the offender is classified

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                               January Term, 2020

as the type of offender who must register for life in Ohio, i.e., a sexual predator.
But that classification is not necessarily permanent—Ohio offers such an offender
the opportunity to challenge the classification as a sexual predator by petitioning
the court through the process set forth in former R.C. 2950.09(F) (“the Removal
Provision”). The key portion of the Removal Provision reads:

               The court may enter a determination that the offender * * *
       filing the petition described in division (F)(1) of this section is not
       an adjudicated sexual predator in this state for purposes of the
       registration and other requirements of this chapter * * * only if the
       offender * * * proves by clear and convincing evidence that the
       requirement of the other jurisdiction that the offender * * * register
       as a sex offender until the offender’s * * * death is not substantially
       similar to a classification as a sexual predator for purposes of this
       chapter. If the court enters a determination that the offender * * *
       is not an adjudicated sexual predator in this state for those purposes,
       the court shall include in the determination a statement of the reason
       or reasons why it so determined.

(Emphasis added.) Former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2).
       {¶ 17} This provision ensures that even though former R.C. 2950.09(A)
requires that an automatic sexual-predator classification be imposed on out-of-state
sex offenders based on the other state’s lifetime registration sanctions, there
remains an opportunity to rebut the automatic classification. Under the Removal
Provision, the out-of-state offender is evaluated in a manner that corresponds with
how an Ohio offender is evaluated. Under former R.C. 2950.09, sex offenders who
committed their offenses in Ohio were classified based on the nature of the offense,
see former R.C. 2950.09(A), or on the trial court’s determination after a hearing

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following a conviction for a sexually oriented offense, see former R.C.
2950.09(B)(1)(a), and the registration requirement follows from the classification,
see former R.C. 2950.07(B)(1), Am.Sub.S.B. No. 5, 150 Ohio Laws, Part IV, 6558,
6681. In Ohio, a sexual predator is not defined as someone who has to register for
life; the sexual predator has to register for life because he has been classified as a
sexual predator. That is, the classification comes first, followed by the registration
requirement. The Removal Provision allows for the out-of-state sex offender to be
evaluated based on what caused the offender to be required to register as a sex
offender for life rather than based on the sanctions that followed the conviction. As
explained below, the plain language of the statute reflects this purpose.
Former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2) is unambiguous, and a trial court must ascertain
   what caused the requirement that an out-of-state offender register until
death and whether that is substantially similar or is not substantially similar
   to a classification as a sexual predator under former R.C. Chapter 2950
       {¶ 18} Before we focus on the word “requirement” in former R.C.
2950.09(F)(2), we look to what the other language of the statutory provision tells
us. The opening clause of the statutory provision tells us that an Ohio trial court
may determine that an out-of-state offender “is not an adjudicated sexual
predator,” and the concluding sentence reiterates that point with a proviso that if
the trial court makes the determination that an out-of-state offender is not a sexual
predator, then the court must issue a statement stating its reasons for making such
a finding. The language of the provision also tells us that whatever the trial court
must consider from the other state is compared to Ohio’s sexual-predator
classification as determined under former R.C. 2950.09.
       {¶ 19} The General Assembly in former R.C. 2950.09(A) provided that
certain categories of sexually oriented convictions subject the offender to automatic
classification as a sexual predator. First, former R.C. 2950.09(A) identifies several
crimes that automatically classify an offender as a sexual predator in Ohio:

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                                January Term, 2020

                [1] If a person is convicted of or pleads guilty to committing
       * * * a sexually oriented offense that is not a registration-exempt
       sexually oriented offense, and if the sexually oriented offense is a
       violent sex offense or a designated homicide, assault, or kidnapping
       offense and the offender is adjudicated a sexually violent predator
       in relation to that offense, the conviction of or plea of guilty to the
       offense and the adjudication as a sexually violent predator
       automatically classifies the offender as a sexual predator for
       purposes of this chapter. [2] If a person is convicted of or pleads
       guilty to committing * * * a sexually oriented offense that is a
       violation of division (A)(1)(b) of section 2907.02 of the Revised
       Code and if either the person is sentenced under section 2971.03 of
       the Revised Code, or the court imposes upon the offender a sentence
       of life without parole under division (B) of section 2907.02 of the
       Revised Code, the conviction of or plea of guilty to the offense
       automatically classifies the offender as a sexual predator for
       purposes of this chapter. [3] If a person is convicted of or pleads
       guilty to committing * * * attempted rape and also is convicted of
       * * * a specification of the type described in section 2941.1418,
       2941.1419, or 2941.1420 of the Revised Code, the conviction of * *
       * the offense and the specification automatically classify the
       offender as a sexual predator for purposes of this chapter.

(Emphasis added.) These three categories of convictions lead to the automatic
classification of the offender as a sexual predator.
       {¶ 20} For sexually oriented convictions that do not lead to automatic
sexual-predator classification, former R.C. 2950.09(B)(1)(a) commands the trial

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court responsible for sentencing the offender to conduct a hearing to determine
whether the offender is a sexual predator, including a consideration of factors listed
in former R.C. 2050.09(B)(3).
        {¶ 21} Former R.C. 2950.09(A) also discusses out-of-state convictions that
lead to an automatic sexual-predator classification if the other state has a
requirement associated with those convictions that the offender register as a sex
offender for life:

        If a person is convicted * * * in a court in another state * * * for
        committing a sexually oriented offense that is not a registration-
        exempt sexually oriented offense and if, as a result of that conviction
        * * * the person is required, under the law of the jurisdiction in
        which the person was convicted, * * * to register as a sex offender
        until the person’s death, that conviction * * * automatically
        classifies the person as a sexual predator for the purposes of this
        chapter, but the person may challenge that classification pursuant to
        division (F) of this section.

(Emphasis added.)
        {¶ 22} The language of former R.C. 2950.09(A) reveals that if the out-of-
state conviction results in a requirement of lifetime registration, then the sexual-
predator classification under Ohio law is automatic but may be challenged under
former R.C. 2950.09(F). With this understanding, we return to former R.C.
2950.09(F) for consideration of what an out-of-state offender is required to prove
to overcome the automatic sexual-predator classification.
        {¶ 23} The grammatical structure of former R.C. 2950.09 leads to the
conclusion that the reason the out-of-state offender must register as a sex offender
for life—rather than the specifics of the other state’s reporting obligations—is the

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focus of the trial court’s inquiry under former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2). The term
“requirement” in former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2) is not modified by the term
“registration”—the statute does not speak of registration requirements. The term
“requirement of the other jurisdiction” is modified by an adjectival clause: “that the
offender * * * register as a sex offender until * * * death.” Id. The adjectival clause
provides a description of the requirement. And that clause contains only a single
attribute describing the requirement. Therefore, former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2) relates
to only one requirement of the other jurisdiction: that the offender must register
until death. It does not relate to the entire bundle of responsibilities that come with
sex-offender registration.
       {¶ 24} “Requirement” in former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2) refers to—and is a
nominalization of—the word “required” in former R.C. 2950.09(A) and
2950.09(F)(1)(b). In addressing out-of-state offenders, former R.C. 2950.09(A)
subjects to the sexual-predator classification offenders who are “required, under
the law of the jurisdiction in which the person was convicted, * * * to register as a
sex offender until the person’s death.” (Emphasis added.) The word “required”
appears again in former R.C. 2950.09(F)(1)(b). There, the statute includes an
offender as eligible to challenge a sexual-predator classification only if “[a]s a
result of the conviction * * * described in division (F)(1)(a) of this section, the
offender * * * is required under the law of the jurisdiction under which the offender
* * * was convicted * * * to register as a sex offender until the offender’s * * *
death.” (Emphasis added.)
       {¶ 25} Therefore, the word “requirement” in former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2)
refers to the law of the other jurisdiction that requires lifetime registration. The
requirement for lifetime registration might spring directly from the conviction for
a particular offense, it might result from an adjudicative process following the
conviction, it might be the default registration for all sexually oriented offenses, or
it might result for another reason. The General Assembly did not use specific

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language other than that the “requirement” of the other state should be compared to
the classification of a sexual predator in Ohio.
        {¶ 26} The difficulty with former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2) is the seeming
incongruity of comparing a requirement with a classification. Although we know
that a sexual-predator assignment is called a “classification” in Ohio, the General
Assembly would not have known what other states called such an assignment; the
General Assembly would have known only that other states require some offenders
to register until death, as Ohio requires offenders classified as sexual predators to
do. The General Assembly took the central requirement of sexual-predator status—
lifetime registration—and automatically classified as sexual predators offenders
with lifetime registration requirements from other states. However, it gave out-of-
state offenders the opportunity to overcome that automatic classification.
        {¶ 27} While former R.C. 2950.09(A) is not concerned with the reason
behind the requirement to register as a sex offender for life in the other state, former
R.C. 2950.09(F)(2) addresses the issue of why the offender was ordered to register
as a sex offender until his or her death. In Ohio, sexual-predator classification starts
with the conviction. Former R.C. 2950.09(A) lists three categories of convictions
that automatically classify an offender as a sexual predator, and former R.C.
2950.09(B)(1)(a) sets forth a process for the judge who is to sentence the person
convicted of a sexually oriented offense to conduct a hearing to determine whether
the offender is a sexual predator, including a consideration of factors listed in
former R.C. 2050.09(B)(3).        Whether automatic or through a hearing, the
classification of an offender as a sexual predator flows from the conviction. Under
former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2), Ohio’s classification is compared with the other state’s
requirement of lifetime registration resulting from the conviction to determine
whether the reasons behind each are substantially similar.
        {¶ 28} The legislature could have brought more clarity had it chosen to use
the word “reason” instead of the catchall term “requirement” in former R.C.

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2950.09(F)(2), but the absence of that word does not affect the plain meaning of
the statute. The statute states that the offender petitioning under former R.C.
2950.09(F) must prove “by clear and convincing evidence that the requirement of
the other jurisdiction that the offender * * * register as a sex offender until the
offender’s * * * death is not substantially similar to a classification as a sexual
predator for purposes of this chapter.” Former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2). (Emphasis
added.) In short, the offender must prove first, the reason for the imposition of the
lifetime registration requirement in the other state and second, that the reason for
the lifetime registration requirement is not substantially similar to a classification
as a sexual predator under former R.C. Chapter 2950.
       Former R.C. 2950.09(F) does not allow for a recidivism hearing
       {¶ 29} The conflict question for which we ordered briefing concerns
whether former R.C. 2950.09(F) provides an out-of-state sex offender challenging
his or her former R.C. 2950.09(A) automatic sexual-predator classification with a
right to an evidentiary hearing at which the offender has the opportunity to prove
by clear and convincing evidence that he or she is not likely to commit a sexually
oriented offense in the future. Lingle and Grosser argue that they are entitled to
hearings at which they may present evidence demonstrating that they are unlikely
to reoffend and therefore should not be adjudicated sexual predators. They tie this
argument to the definition of sexual predator in former R.C. 2950.01(E)(1), 2006
Am.Sub.S.B. No. 260: “The person has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to
committing a sexually oriented offense * * * and is likely to engage in the future in
one or more sexually oriented offenses.” But there is nothing in former R.C.
2950.09(F) that suggests that an out-of-state offender’s challenge of a sexual-
predator classification requires an individualized hearing about the likelihood of
recidivism or that to be classified as a sexual predator for offenses that occur in
another state, the offender must meet Ohio’s statutory definition of a sexual
predator. When a hearing is required under former R.C. 2950.09, the General

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Assembly explicitly said so, see, e.g., former R.C. 2950.09(B)(1), and there is no
recidivism-hearing process set forth in former R.C. 2950.09(F). The intent of
former R.C. 2950.09(F) is not to give offenders from other states a do-over of the
classification they received in another state; it is to allow the offender who is
required to register as a sex offender for life in another state to prove that the reasons
for that requirement are sufficiently different from a sexual-predator classification
in Ohio that the out-of-state offender should not be classified as a sexual predator
in Ohio. The potential for recidivism plays no part in the process set forth in former
R.C. 2950.09(F). We therefore answer the conflict question in the negative.
          The dissent’s reading of the Removal Provision is untenable
        {¶ 30} It is apparent from the statutory language in former R.C. 2950.09(F)
that the General Assembly trusts Ohio’s trial judges to be able to determine whether
another state’s requirement that a sex offender register for life is substantially
similar to an Ohio sex offender’s classification as a sexual predator. There are at
least three factors that demonstrate that the dissent’s interpretation of the relevant
statutory language—“the requirement of the other jurisdiction that the offender
* * * register as a sex offender until the offender’s * * * death is not substantially
similar to a classification as a sexual predator”—as requiring courts to compare the
registration requirements of Ohio with the other state’s registration requirements is
untenable. First, former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2) speaks of “the requirement of the other
jurisdiction”; the word “requirement” is singular, whereas there are multiple
registration requirements for sex offenders in Ohio, including where the offender
must register (R.C. 2950.04), with whom the offender must register (R.C. 2950.04),
how often the offender must register (R.C. 2950.06), and the information the
offender must provide (R.C. 2950.04 and 2950.05), among other things. Further,
regarding Ohio, the statute refers to a classification, not a series of requirements.
Second, if the other state’s registration requirements were to be compared to Ohio’s
registration requirements, it is likely that the General Assembly would have

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included references to the statutes that contain Ohio’s registration requirements; in
dozens of instances, former R.C. 2950.09 refers to other statutes for other purposes.
Finally, requiring trial courts to match up the procedural details of the reporting
requirements between jurisdictions would not aid the court in determining whether
the out-of-state offender’s obligation to register as a sex offender for life is
substantially similar to the classification of a sexual predator under Ohio law. The
duty to register for life flows from an offender’s being classified a sexual predator.
And the only thing that can inform the trial court whether the out-of-state offender’s
obligation to register as a sex offender for life is substantially similar to that
classification is why the out-of-state offender was required to register for life.
        {¶ 31} Therefore, in making its determination under R.C. 2950.09(F)(2),
the trial court is to examine why the out-of-state offender was required to register
for life and whether that reason is substantially similar to a classification as a sexual
predator in Ohio under former R.C. Chapter 2950.
                                   CONCLUSION
        {¶ 32} For these reasons, we affirm in part and reverse in part the judgment
of the court of appeals, and we remand this matter to the trial court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                                                            Judgment affirmed in part
                                                                  and reversed in part,
                                                                  and cause remanded.
        BERGERON and STEWART, JJ., concur.
        DONNELLY, J., concurs, with an opinion.
        DEWINE, J., concurs in part and dissents in part, with an opinion joined by
O’CONNOR, C.J., and FISCHER, J.
        PIERRE BERGERON, J., of the First District Court of Appeals, sitting for
FRENCH, J.
                                 _________________

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       DONNELLY, J., concurring.
       {¶ 33} I concur in the court’s judgment and fully join the majority opinion.
I write separately only to note that in imposing registration and community-
notification requirements under R.C. Chapter 2950, the General Assembly intended
to identify those offenders who pose a risk of reoffending. See former R.C.
2950.02(A)(2) and (B). Laws governing sex offenders were enacted with the lofty
aspiration of protecting children. See generally Taurean J. Shattuck, Note, Pushing
the Limits: Reining in Ohio’s Residency Restrictions for Sex Offenders, 65
Cleve.St.L.Rev. 591, 594 (2017).
       {¶ 34} But overinclusive registration requirements that indiscriminately
lump lower-risk offenders in with the highest-risk offenders can paradoxically
diminish the ability to protect the public from the highest-risk offenders. If all out-
of-state offenders are summarily classified as sexual predators, the pool of
registrants may become diluted and those who do pose the highest risk to the public
may get lost in the crowd—while those who do not pose the highest risk still face
serious adverse collateral consequences. See generally Katherine Godin, The New
Scarlet Letter: Are We Taking the Sex Offender Label Too Far?, 60-Dec. R.I.B.J.
17, 19-20 (2011); Abigail E. Horn, Wrongful Collateral Consequences, 87
Geo.Wash.L.Rev. 315, 333-334 (2019). Overpopulation of the sexual-predator
registration group may overwhelm the system and force government agencies to
make difficult financial choices. See Godin at 19. In some cases, excessively
stringent registration requirements could actually encourage sex offenders to
reoffend because they are left with little to no incentive to rehabilitate. Id.
       {¶ 35} Against that backdrop, former R.C. 2950.09(F) established that Ohio
would not just “rubber stamp” another jurisdiction’s lifetime registration
requirement without providing some legal mechanism to ascertain whether the
adjudication in the foreign state that required lifetime sex-offender registration was
substantially similar to the sexual-predator adjudication that would be necessary to

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                                 January Term, 2020

require lifetime registration in Ohio. Today’s decision confirms that former R.C.
2950.09(F) served as a necessary check by recognizing that just because a foreign
jurisdiction required an offender to register for life did not necessarily mean that
the offender would remain classified as a sexual predator with lifetime registration
duties in Ohio.
                                _________________
       DEWINE, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
       {¶ 36} I agree with the majority that the review contemplated by former
R.C. 2950.09(F)(2) does not include an individualized determination of an
offender’s risk to reoffend. But I think the Tenth District Court of Appeals correctly
interpreted the provision.      The relevant inquiry is whether the registration
requirements of the two jurisdictions are substantially similar.
       {¶ 37} Under Megan’s Law, Ohio’s former sex-offender-registration
scheme, an offender who was convicted of a sexually oriented offense in another
state and who is required to register until death in that other state is automatically
classified as a sexual predator in Ohio. Former R.C. 2950.09(A). Out-of-state
offenders may seek to have their sexual-predator classification removed by utilizing
the process outlined in former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2). That provision removes the
sexual-predator classification if an offender proves “by clear and convincing
evidence that the requirement of the other jurisdiction that the offender * * *
register as a sex offender until the offender’s * * * death is not substantially similar
to a classification as a sexual predator” under Ohio law.                Former R.C.
2950.09(F)(2), 2006 Am.Sub.S.B. No. 260 (“the Removal Provision”).
       {¶ 38} By its terms, the provision asks whether two things are substantially
similar: (1) the other jurisdiction’s requirement of lifetime registration and (2)
Ohio’s classification as a sexual predator. Although the statute refers to the other
state’s lifetime registration “requirement” in the singular, the reference to Ohio’s
sexual-predator “classification” encompasses the registration duties attendant to

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that classification. By connecting the other state’s lifetime registration requirement
to Ohio’s sexual-predator classification, the provision’s focus on the lifetime
registration requirement necessarily includes the duties that are part of that
requirement. Applying the Removal Provision in this case, the court must decide
whether the obligations imposed on Harmon Lingle and Mark Grosser pursuant to
a lifetime registration requirement in Florida are functionally the same as those in
Ohio. In other words, do both states impose substantially similar requirements for
things like the frequency, place, and manner of registration and reporting?
       {¶ 39} Under this plain reading, the other state’s determination is
essentially carried over into Ohio. An offender who is obligated to register for life
in his former state cannot free himself of that requirement simply by moving to
Ohio. As long as the other state’s registration duties are “substantially similar” to
those imposed under Ohio’s sexual-predator classification, the lifetime registration
requirement follows the offender to Ohio.
       {¶ 40} The majority says that it, too, is applying the plain language of the
statute. But it reaches a result that has little connection to the statutory language.
It says that what the statute really requires is that a court compare the reason for
lifetime registration in the foreign state to a sexual-predator classification in Ohio.
One is at a loss to figure out what this means or where it comes from. It certainly
doesn’t come from the text. Indeed, a side-by-side comparison shows how far the
majority strays from the statutory language:
                                                What the majority says former R.C.
 What former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2) says:
                                                       2950.09(F)(2) means:
 The offender must prove that “the             The trial court should “examine why
 requirement of the other jurisdiction that    the out-of-state offender was required
 the offender * * * register as a sex          to register for life and whether that
 offender until the offender’s * * * death     reason is substantially similar to a
 is not substantially similar to a             classification as a sexual predator in
 classification as a sexual predator.”         Ohio under former R.C. Chapter
                                               2950.”

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                                  January Term, 2020

Majority opinion at ¶ 31.
          {¶ 41} The majority’s reading of the statute is certainly novel. It has not
been advanced by any of the parties. And it is not one that any of the Ohio courts
that have looked at this issue has ever thought of.
          {¶ 42} It’s hard to follow how the majority gets to where it does. It points
out that the Removal Provision’s reference to “the requirement of the other
jurisdiction that the offender * * * register as a sex offender until the offender’s
* * * death,” former R.C. 2950.09(F)(2), is similar to the language authorizing
automatic classification as a sexual predator of a person who is “required, under the
law of the jurisdiction in which the person was convicted, * * * to register as a sex
offender until the person’s death,” former R.C. 2950.09(A). But that doesn’t
explain why statutory references to being “required” to register until death mean
anything more than just that.
          {¶ 43} The majority speculates that the General Assembly chose to use the
word “requirement” because it did not know what other states called their
classification “assignment[s].” See majority opinion at ¶ 26. But, again, that does
little to explain why the General Assembly would write the statute in the manner
that it did if what it really wanted was some kind of comparison between the Ohio
classification and why the out-of-state offender was required to register for life.
          {¶ 44} One wonders what lower courts will do with the majority’s charge.
What exactly does a court compare when it looks at the whys of registration?
Presumably, someone is required to register for life because a legislature passed a
law providing for lifetime registration, the person committed some crime making
them eligible for lifetime registration, and there was some process—automatic or
otherwise—by which the person was ordered to register. So which of these should
a court compare: the law, the crime, the process, or all three? The majority refuses
to say.

                                           19
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 45} Common sense would tell us that the comparison cannot involve the
underlying crime. This is because offenders under Megan’s Law are, with limited
exception, classified as sexual predators based not on their crimes but as a result of
an individualized determination by the trial court that they pose a risk to reoffend.
See former R.C. 2950.09(B)(1) through (3). There would be no relief under a
provision requiring a court to compare an out-of-state offense to offenses that
qualify for a sexual-predator classification in Ohio because any sexually oriented
offense that qualifies for registration can lead to a sexual-predator classification in
Ohio. See former R.C. 2950.01(E)(1) and (G)(2).
       {¶ 46} Another possible take on how a court might “examine why the out-
of-state offender was required to register for life,” majority opinion at ¶ 31, would
be for it to look to the other state’s classification process. The majority suggests
some processes through which a person might be required to register for life: “The
requirement for lifetime registration might spring directly from the conviction for
a particular offense, it might result from an adjudicative process following the
conviction, it might be the default registration for all sexually oriented offenses, or
it might result for another reason.” Id. at ¶ 25.
       {¶ 47} Let’s try to compare some of the possible “whys” the majority has
provided. Suppose that in one state a person convicted of committing a rape at
gunpoint is classified through an adjudicative process but in Ohio that person would
be classified automatically as a sexual predator. Could that offender avoid lifetime
registration in Ohio simply because Ohio’s classification process was different than
the other state’s? Such a result would seem ridiculous since that person would have
been a lifetime registrant if the crime were committed in Ohio. But under the
majority’s view, if what it characterizes as the reasons for classification are not
substantially similar, the offender could have the sexual-predator classification
removed.

                                          20
                                January Term, 2020

       {¶ 48} Or take someone who has been convicted of 15 sex offenses in a
state that has decided that any repeat sex offender must register for life. Under
Megan’s Law, most repeat offenders were entitled to a hearing before being
classified as a sexual predator.        See former R.C. 2950.01(B); former R.C.
2950.09(A). Could that person avoid lifetime registration because his home state
made his classification automatic? Under the majority’s holding today, it would
seem that he could.
       {¶ 49} What if another state classifies an offender in a civil process based
on a psychological evaluation?       Is the fact that a judge does not make the
determination a substantial difference in the reason for classification? Or consider
a state that permits offenders to petition to have their lifetime registration
requirement lifted if after a certain time they have not committed any more sex
offenses. Is that a substantial difference from Ohio, since Ohio does not permit its
sexual predators to seek to have their classifications removed? Who can say.
       {¶ 50} The majority places great emphasis on the fact that the Removal
Provision “refers to the law of the other jurisdiction that requires lifetime
registration” (emphasis deleted), majority opinion at ¶ 25, but under its view, if the
reason why the other state has ordered an offender to register for life is different
than Ohio’s, all other attributes of that state’s laws are of no consequence. The fact
that the other state ordered an offender to register for life doesn’t matter; all that
matters is whether the other state did things the same way we do. If it didn’t, then
to get out from under the other state’s lifetime registration requirement, all the
offender need do is relocate to Ohio.
       {¶ 51} In the end, the majority leaves courts with no explanation about what
it means for a court to compare the reason for lifetime registration in another state
to a classification in Ohio. And the majority’s lack of guidance is particularly
troubling because once a determination is made that a state arrived at the lifetime
registration requirement for a reason different than Ohio’s (whatever that means),

                                          21
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

there is no opportunity to evaluate whether that person should be required to register
for life.   There is nothing in the statute that would allow an Ohio court to
independently evaluate whether lifetime registration is appropriate. There is no
ability to evaluate whether an offender poses a risk to reoffend. All we do is
indiscriminately wipe out the other state’s determination that the offender should
be required to register for life without replacing it with our own.
        {¶ 52} I see no basis for remanding this case for the trial court to conduct
the ill-defined and illogical comparison required by the majority. The Removal
Provision simply provides that the other state’s order will be carried over into Ohio,
unless the offender shows that the obligations imposed by the out-of-state order are
not substantially similar to those imposed pursuant to an Ohio sexual-predator
classification. I would therefore remand the cause to the trial court for it to conduct
that evaluation. Because the majority takes a contrary view, I respectfully dissent
from that portion of its judgment.
        O’CONNOR, C.J., and FISCHER, J., concur in the foregoing opinion.
                                _________________
        Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, and Stephen P. Hardwick, Assistant
Public Defender, for appellants.
        Dave Yost, Attorney General, Benjamin M. Flowers, State Solicitor, and
Michael J. Hendershot, Chief Deputy Solicitor, for appellee state of Ohio.
        Barbara E. Wright, in support of neither party for amici curiae, Ohio
Rational Sexual Offense Laws and National Association for Rational Sexual
Offense Laws.
                                _________________

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