Court Opinion

ID: 2495154
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-30 09:55:57.128235+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:16:13.139106
License: Public Domain

629 F.Supp.2d 979 (2009)
RAMBUS INC., Plaintiff,
v.
HYNIX SEMICONDUCTOR INC., et al., Defendants.
Rambus Inc., Plaintiff,
v.
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., et al., Defendants.
Case Nos. C 05-00334 RMW, C 05-02298 RMW.
United States District Court, N.D. California, San Jose Division.
April 27, 2009.
*981 Andrea Jill Weiss Jeffries, Andrew Winston Song, David C. Yang, Donald Ward, Gregory P. Stone, Jeffrey Y. Wu, Keith Rhoderic Dhu Hamilton, II, Sean Eskovitz, Steven McCall Perry, Munger Tolles & Olson LLP, Los Angeles, CA, Matthew Thomas Powers, Rollin Andrew Ransom, Sidley Austin LLP, Burton Alexander Gross, Esq., Carolyn Hoecker Luedtke, Erin C. Dougherty, Jennifer Lynn Polse, Miriam Kim, Peter A. Detre, Rosemarie Theresa Ring, Esq., Munger Tolles & Olson LLP, San Francisco, CA, Craig N. Tolliver, Douglas C. Edwards, Kevin L. Burgess, Pierre J. Hubert, Ramzi R. Khazen, Seth R. Hasenour, McKool Smith, Kevin S. Kudlac, Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, Austin, TX, for Plaintiff.
Matthew Douglas Powers, Claire Elise Goldstein, Edward Robert Reines, Dana K. Powers, Jared Bobrow, John D. Beynon, Steven S. Cherensky, Weil Gotshal & Manges, Redwood Shores, CA, Brian C. Riopelle, McGuire Woods, LLP, Riochmond, VA, Carmen E. Bremer, Weil Gotshal & Manges LLP, Dallas, TX, David C. Radulescu, Matthew J. Antonelli, Robert *982 S. Berezin, Weil Gotshal & Manges LLP, New York, NY, Julie Jinsook Han, Townsend and Townsend and Crew LLP, Palo Alto, CA, Rene A. Trevino, Weil Gotshal & Manges LLP, Austin, TX, Stacy Beth Margolies, Theresa E. Norton, Vickie L. Feeman, Jason Sheffield Angell, Kristin Sarah Cornuelle, Orrick Herrington & Sutcliffe, Menlo Park, CA, for Defendants.

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW WITH RESPECT TO SAMSUNG'S COUNTS I-III AND ESTOPPEL DEFENSE
RONALD M. WHYTE, District Judge.
These Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law concern the court trial of that portion of the dispute between Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Samsung Electronics America, Inc., Samsung Semiconductor, Inc. and Samsung Austin Semiconductor, L.P. (collectively "Samsung") and Rambus Inc. ("Rambus") based upon the allegations set forth in Counts I-III of Samsung's Counterclaims against Rambus in Action Nos. C-05-00334 RMW and C-05-02298 RMW. Samsung alleges that: (1) Rambus breached § 3.8 of the SDR/DDR IC and SDR/DDR Memory Module Patent License Agreement Between Rambus, Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. ("2000 SDR/DDR License," "License" or "Agreement") by failing to notify Samsung of the more favorable license rate it gave to Infineon and by refusing to provide that rate to Samsung (Count I); (2) Rambus breached § 8.5 by failing to negotiate in good faith an extension of the License (Count II); and (3) Rambus breached the covenant of duty of good faith and fair dealing implied in the License by failing to adjust the royalty rate paid by Samsung under the License to match the lower effective royalty rate provided for in the Rambus/Infineon License and by failing to negotiate an extension in good faith (Count III).
These Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law also cover Samsung's affirmative defense of equitable estoppel whereby Samsung asserts that Rambus is equitably estopped from taking actions against Samsung that are inconsistent with the Rambus/Infineon license.
The evidentiary portion of the trial was conducted by the court beginning on September 22, 2008 and concluding on October 1, 2008. These Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law are based on the evidence received during that trial which included, by stipulation, the relevant evidence admitted in the prior jury trial of monopolization and related claims brought by the Hynix, Micron, and Nanya entities against Rambus. Hynix Semiconductor Inc. v. Rambus Inc.; Rambus Inc. v. Hynix et al.; Rambus Inc. v. Micron Technology et al., Nos. C-00-20905 RMW, C-05-00334 RMW, C-06-00244 RMW ("Coordinated Jury Trial"). The jury verdict was rendered on March 26, 2008.

FINDINGS OF FACT

A. Chronology
1. Rambus was founded in 1990 by two professors, Dr. Michael Farmwald and Dr. Mark Horowitz, who had been working together to address the increasing gap between microprocessor performance and DRAM performance. Jury Tr. at 4079:8-4081:24, 4091:9-4095:10, 5489:23-5490:3.[1]
2. On April 18, 1990, Drs. Farmwald and Horowitz filed a patent application, serial number 07/510,898 ("the '898 application"), *983 containing numerous claims relating to their efforts to solve this performance gap problem. Exh. 5131.
3. On April 16, 1991, Rambus filed an international patent application pursuant to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (the "PCT application"). Exh. 3583. The PCT application was published on October 31, 1991. The specification contained in the PCT application was identical to that contained in the '898 application and described, according to Rambus, the inventions that are at issue in Rambus's infringement claims against Samsung in the above-captioned actions. id.
4. On April 7, 1992, Geoff Tate, Rambus's Chief Executive Officer, provided Dr. Yong Park, Samsung's Senior Vice President of Business Development and Product Planning, with a copy of the PCT application. Exh. 10667.
5. Rambus received its first issued U.S. patent resulting from the '898 application in September 1993. Exh. 3219. The '898 application resulted in the filing over time of numerous continuation and divisional applications. Exh. 8888. Some of the patents that resulted from this process are at issue in the above-captioned cases but the first of those patents did not issue until January 30, 2001 (U.S. Patent 6,182,184).
6. On November 7, 1994, Rambus and Samsung began a business alliance when they entered into an agreement entitled the Semiconductor Technology License Agreement ("RDRAM Agreement"). Exh. 6110. This agreement covered certain intellectual property used in the manufacture and sale of RDRAM devices and required Samsung to pay license fees and several different percentage-of-net-sales royalties. Id. § 4.2(a).
7. In 1996, Intel announced that it planned to endorse "Rambus-2," a next generation version of Rambus's proprietary DRAM technology (later known as Direct RDRAM). Jury Tr. at 3000:18-3003:11.
8. In 1996 and early 1997, Rambus and Samsung renegotiated the 1994 RDRAM Agreement resulting on February 7, 1997 in the execution of Addendum No. 1 to Semiconductor Technology License Agreement to cover Rambus's next-generation memory technology, Direct RDRAM. Trial Ex. 4201.
9. As of 2000, Rambus described its goal to establish Rambus DRAM as the dominant memory in the industry as "[o]ur # 1 priority." Trial Ex. 4009 (Hitachi Settlement Q & A) at 6; Trial Tr. at 740:1-6 ("We wanted RDRAM to be as successful as possible in 2000" . . . .), 740:19-741:1 (". . . that would make it the most dominant memory if it were to be the most successful. . . ."), 741:2-24 (". . . we continued to work hard to make RDRAM successful.").
10. At that time, Samsung was the top supplier of RDRAM memory devices and accounted for more total RDRAM sales than the next three suppliers combined. Trial Tr. at 195:2-15, 739:15-25, 740:11-18; Trial Ex. 3209 (Summary of Worldwide DRAM Sales, 1996-2006).
11. On July 25, 2000 representatives of Rambus and Samsung first met to discuss a potential license covering SDR and DDR products. Exh. 4204.
12. On August 8, 2000 Rambus initiated patent infringement litigation against Infineon Technologies, Inc. ("Infineon") in which Infineon's defenses included unclean hands for alleged spoliation of documents. Exh. 4264.
13. On October 27 and October 31, 2000, Rambus and Samsung respectively signed the 2000 SDR/DDR License. Exh. 4226. The SDR/DDR License had an effective date of July 1, 2000 and a five-year term extending through June 30, 2005. *984 Id. §§ 1.1, 8.1. It included a most favored licensee provision, a provision for the audit of Samsung's sales for royalty payment verification purposes, and an agreement to negotiate an extension or new agreement in good faith. Id. §§ 3.8, 4.1 and 8.5. In an On October 27 and October 31, 2000, Rambus and Samsung respectively signed the 2000 SDR/DDR License. Exh. 4226. The SDR/DDR License had an effective date of July 1, 2000 and a five-year term extending through June 30, 2005. Id. §§ 1.1, 8.1. It included a most favored licensee provision, a provision for the audit of Samsung's sales for royalty payment verification purposes, and an agreement to negotiate an extension or new agreement in good faith. Id. §§ 3.8, 4.1 and 8.5. In an e-mail dated October 31, 2000 from Jay Shim, Samsung's chief negotiator, to Neil Steinberg, Rambus's chief negotiator, Mr. Shim advised that Samsung had executed the Agreement but that he was working on a post-execution amendment, as they had discussed, to revise the wording of Section 8.5 to address a most favorable royalty condition in an extension or new agreement. Exh. 4227.
14. On November 7, 2000, Mr. Shim sent an "amendment proposal" to Steinberg via email. Exh. 4230 at 1. On November 21, 2000, Mr. Steinberg sent an email responding to Mr. Shim's proposed Amendment. Exh. 4232 at 1. Neither of these proposed amendments to the 2000 SDR/DDR License was ever signed or assented to by the parties. Trial Tr. at 248 (testimony of J. Shim).
15. In July 2001 the parties did negotiate and execute an amendment regarding renewal of their Agreement. Exh. 4240 (Amendment No. 1). As executed, this amendment imposed an obligation on Rambus to negotiate a renewal agreement "solely and exclusively" with respect to "Licensed Products," as that term was defined under the SDR/DDR License. Exh. 4240 ¶ 1 ("This Amendment No. 1 relates solely and exclusively to SDR SDRAM, SDR SGRAM, DDR SDRAM and DDR SGRAM as defined in the Agreement. . . ."). Rambus signed Amendment No. 1 on July 10, 2001, and Samsung signed on July 18, 2001. Exh. 4240. Amendment No. 1 provided, among other things, that if Rambus licensed Infineon, it could terminate the Amendment on 10 days notice. Id.
16. In December 2003, Rambus notified Samsung that Rambus would be conducting a royalty audit pursuant to Section 4.1 of the SDR/DDR License. Trial Tr. at 256:6-14.
17. By at least July 2004, Rambus pressed Samsung to begin renewal negotiations for a license that would replace or follow the expiration of the SDR/DDR License.
18. Samsung and Rambus representatives met on July 9, 2004 in Korea (Trial Tr. at 259:3-17, 945:22-946:6) but Mr. Shim's position on behalf of Samsung was that there was "no need to rush." Id. at 951:13-952:21.
19. On January 25, 2005, Rambus sued Hynix, Infineon, Nanya, and Inotera Memories, Inc. for infringement of certain Rambus patents. Case No. 05-00334 RMW ("'334 case").
20. On February 20, 2005, Mr. Blumberg, Vice President of Licensing for Rambus and Rambus's chief negotiator at the time, sent an offer for renewal to Mr. Shim. Trial Tr. at 950:13-22; Exh. 4263 (hereinafter the "February 20 Renewal Offer").
21. On March 21, 2005, Rambus and Infineon executed a Settlement and License Agreement resolving the litigation between them. Exh. 4264 (Infineon Settlement and License Agreement). The settlement was favorable to Infineon because *985 the judge presiding over the case had announced his intent to dismiss it based upon Rambus's alleged unclean hands (spoliation of documents).
22. Samsung requested that Rambus make the Infineon royalty rate effective for Samsung under Section 3.8 of the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement, but Rambus refused. 1014:12-18 ("Mr. Shim said he wanted the Infineon deal and you said no; isn't that true? At that time, that is true.").
23. On March 22, 2005 Rambus notified Samsung that it was terminating Amendment No. 1. Exh. 4265 (Letter from I. Blumberg to Samsung re: Notice of termination of Amendment No. 1 to the SDR/DDR IC and SDR/DDR Memory Patent License Agreement ("Amendment"), dated Mar. 22, 2005) ("I am sending this notice of termination pursuant to Section 7 of the Amendment. This letter is that notice of termination and the Amendment shall terminate automatically ten days after this notice."). Ten days thereafter, the relationship between Samsung and Rambus with respect to SDRAM and DDR SDRAM memory devices was again governed by the 2000 SDR/DDR License.
24. On April 1, 2005 Mr. Blumberg wrote to Mr. Shim and withdrew Rambus's February 20 Renewal Offer. Exh. 4268.
25. On May 18, 2005, Mr. Blumberg sent a further proposal to Mr. Shim. In this proposal, Blumberg suggested the parties workout a one year standstill agreement. Exh. 4271. He advised that "[c]onclusion of such an agreement before July 1 remains a top priority for Rambus." Id. Blumberg set forth a series of specific terms for a one year standstill.
26. On June 3, 2005, Mr. Shim responded with Samsung's standstill offer. Exh. 4273; Trial Tr. at 968:10-13. No standstill or other agreement was ever successfully negotiated.
27. On June 6, 2005 Rambus terminated the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement citing Samsung's "failure to comply with the auditing provisions of Section 4[.]" Trial Tr. at 304:5-14; 305:5-8; Trial Ex. 4276 (Letter from J. Danforth to J. Shim, dated June 6, 2005) ("[d]espite having ample opportunity to cure since receiving written notice, Samsung still has not complied with these auditing provisions. This letter is to inform you that in view of Samsung's continued breach and failure to cure . . . Rambus hereby immediately terminates the SDR/DDR License Agreement."). Rambus filed its First Amended Complaint in the '334 case on June 6, 2005, asserting the same patents as in the original complaint but adding Samsung as a defendant. On June 6, 2005, Rambus also sued Samsung in a separate suit alleging infringement of certain Rambus patents. Case No. 05-02298 RMW ("'2298 case").

B. Factual Findings on Specific Claims

1. Section 3.8 of the SDR/DDR License Was Triggered by the Rambus/Infineon Settlement Agreement
The parties dispute whether Section 3.8 of the SDR/DDR License was triggered by the Rambus/Infineon Settlement Agreement obligating Rambus to give Samsung the benefit of a royalty rate calculated in accordance with the Rambus/Infineon Settlement Agreement which provided for Rambus to receive a lump-sum payment in installments. The court makes the following factual findings relevant to that issue.
a. Rambus represented in the 2000 SDR/DDR License its intent with respect to licensing manufacturers then in litigation with Rambus:
WHEREAS, Rambus represents that, after November 1, 2000, the royalty rates offered to any semiconductor memory manufacturer which is currently *986 in litigation with Rambus for infringement of any Rambus Patent, as defined herein, shall be the standard royalty rates and such standard royalty rates are higher than the royalty rates set forth in Section 3.1(b) of this Agreement; and
WHEREAS, Rambus further represents that royalty rates offered after January 1, 2001 to all prospective licensees shall be such standard royalty rates.
Exh. 4226 (2000 SDR/DDR Agreement) p. 2.
b. Rambus specifically extended most favored licensee protection to Samsung in the SDR/DDR License:
3.8 If at any time during this Agreement, the royalty rate agreed to be paid or ordered to be paid by a Third Party, whether by settlement or by court or agency order, for products corresponding to SDR SDRAM, SDR SGRAM, DDR SDRAM, or DDR SGRAM is lower than that specified in Section 3.1(b) of this Agreement, Rambus shall notify Samsung, in writing, within ten (10) days of the effective date of such lower royalty rate and such lower royalty rate shall be effective for this Agreement the first day of the royalty reporting period in which written notice by Rambus is made. If the lower royalty rate is limited geographically due to a court or agency order, then Samsung's lower royalty rate shall be similarly limited to sales in the same geographic area. Should, by agreement, subsequent order, or amendment, modification, or reversal of the court or agency order (whether on appeal or otherwise), the lower royalty rate of any litigant change, then the royalty for Samsung shall change correspondingly, but not to exceed the rates specified in Section 3.1(b).
Id. § 3.8 (Emphasis added).
c. The negotiation of the parties leading up to the execution of the SDR/DDR License shows the importance to Rambus of the License and Rambus's unconditional assurance to Samsung of most favored licensee status.
i. During the course of the negotiations, Mr. Shim, representing Samsung, and Mr. Steinberg, representing Rambus, served as the primary negotiators of the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement. Trial Tr. at 211:12-20, 383:14-385:5.
ii. At the parties' July 25, 2000 meeting, Rambus told Samsung that it was "a valuable and very good partner," and that Samsung was "in an excellent position to secure the most favorable terms" if it signed the SDR/DDR License quickly. Trial Ex. 4024 at 2-3; Trial Tr. at 205:22-206:15, 703:25-704:18.
iii. Mr. Steinberg stressed the importance of the Samsung/Rambus relationship, and he emphasized that Rambus wished to continue that relationship and grow and prosper with Samsung. Trial Tr. at 205:22-206:3.
iv. On August 10, 2000, Mr. Steinberg sent Rambus's first draft of the License to Mr. Shim. Trial Ex. 4208 (Email from N. Steinberg to J. Shim, dated Aug. 10, 2000); Trial Tr. at 206:24-207:14.
v. The August 10, 2000 draft agreement did not contain a most favored licensee provision or recitals stating that future licensees would be offered standard royalty rates that would be higher than Samsung's royalty rates. Trial Ex. 4209 (Draft-SDR/DDR Patent License Agreement between Samsung and Rambus); Trial Tr. at 208:3-16.
vi. On September 13, 2000, Geoff Tate, Rambus's Chief Executive Officer, sent an updated negotiation schedule to Samsung's Y.W. Lee and assured him that entering the agreement "will give Samsung the best possible terms and will result in Samsung having a competitive advantage over those *987 who have sued us rather than negotiate." Exh. 4212 (Email from G. Tate to Y.W. Lee, dated Sept. 14, 2000).
vii. On October 6, 2000, Mr. Shim sent Samsung's Term Sheet Proposal to Rambus, which contained proposals for, inter alia: (1) "[a] provision specifying that in the event the Rambus Patents are held to be unenforceable against any third party, it is agreed that they (Rambus Patents) are unenforceable against Samsung"; (2) "[a] provision specifying that in the event the Rambus Patents are held to be expressly or impliedly licensed based on Rambus's activities as a member of JEDEC, it is agreed that Samsung's royalty rates shall be the lower of that agreed to in the Agreement or that ordered by a court or an agency"; and (3) "[a] Most Favorable Nations Clause in which Samsung is guaranteed to (i) the lowest possible royalty rates and fees among all licensees, and (ii) a right to amend the royalty terms of the Agreement in the event a court decision or an out-of-court settlement renders, after the execution of the Agreement, lower royalty terms than agreed to, wherein such new lower royalty terms shall apply to Samsung retroactively and Rambus shall refund the difference therein." Exh. 4214. The Term Sheet Proposal also included a recital stating that following the execution of the Agreement with Samsung higher royalty terms would take effect for any future third party licensees. Id.; see Trial Tr. at 215:5-19 (the MFL provision was an "essential condition" to Samsung).
viii. On October 11, 2000, Rambus revised the draft agreement, adding, inter alia, most favored licensee protections and a representation that the royalty rates offered to future licensees then in litigation with Rambus would be standard royalty rates higher than those in the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement. Exh. 4217 (Redline comparing Oct. 11th and Oct. 16th drafts of the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement); Trial Tr. at 428:22-429:1.
ix. On October 16, 2000, Mr. Shim requested revisions to the October 11 draft agreement, including an elaboration of the draft most favored licensee language to be in a new section 3.8 with subparts (a) through (e) that specifically addressed, inter alia: a lower "royalty paid by a Third Party, whether by settlement or by court or agency order"; either "no royalty or a royalty based on a lower royalty rate" "[s]hould a court or agency of competent jurisdiction make a determination that the Rambus Patents in suit are not enforceable or are invalid"; and a method for adjusting royalty terms "should any Third Party be granted a license on the basis of consideration other than a running royalty (for example, a lump sum)." Exh. 4215 at 4-5. Mr. Shim's proposal did not expressly address flat royalty payments payable on a quarterly basis.
x. Later the same day, Mr. Steinberg responded without addressing the issue of "a lump-sum" royalty and stated that he had amended the most favored licensee provisions "to provide language expressing the fundamental intent of Section 3.9 that Samsung not be put at a competitive disadvantage as a result of entering into the Agreement." Exh. 4216 at 2.
xi. Along with his e-mail, Mr. Steinberg enclosed a draft that, among other things: (a) contained a most favored licensee provision that did not explicitly cover licenses granted in settlements or pursuant to court or agency order; and (b) contained limited most favored licensee protection related to Rambus's participation in JEDEC. Exh. 4408 (Draft  SDR/DDR Patent License Agreement between Samsung and Rambus, dated Oct. 16, 2000); Exh. 4217 (RedlineSDR/DDR Patent License Agreement between Samsung and Rambus, dated Oct. 16, 2000).
*988 xii. The October 16, 2000 draft agreement amended Section 3.9 to include: "If at any time during the term of this Agreement, the parties desire to discuss the royalty rate to be applied . . . pursuant to this Section 3.9, the parties shall meet to negotiate in good faith with a view to determining a mutually satisfactory prospective royalty rate so that Samsung is not at a competitive disadvantage relative to any Third Party." Exh. 4217 (RedlineSDR/DDR Patent License Agreement between Samsung and Rambus, dated Oct. 16, 2000) (emphasis added) at 19.
xiii. The October 16, 2000 draft agreement also included an additional WHEREAS clause representation that higher standard royalty rates would be offered "to all prospective licensees" after January 1, 2001. Id. at 2.
xiv. On October 17, 2000, Mr. Tate sent an email to Mr. Y.W. Lee urging Samsung to "sign now" and stating that he believed Rambus had met most of Samsung's requests, including "most favored royalty rate" and a "commitment that Samsung won't be at a competitive disadvantage as a result of the outcome of pending litigation." Exh. 4218.
xv. In his October 17 email to Samsung, Mr. Tate wrote "[a]s you know we are in court with [Hynix], Micron and Infineon. We expect to win our legal battles with them although we don't control the schedule of the courts. When these companies choose to negotiate license terms with us we will charge them substantially higher license fees and royalty rates." Id.
xvi. Mr. Tate also wrote to Mr. Y.W. Lee, in the October 17 email, "Samsung and Rambus have enjoyed a very positive relationship the last several years, especially since you have become directly involved with us. I know I have a high degree of personal trust in you; and I hope you as well feel that during our relationship that my actions have followed up on my commitments." Id.
xvii. On October 21, 2000, Mr. Steinberg sent Mr. Shim a revised agreement, executed by Rambus and dated October 20, 2000, and urged Samsung to "take[] this opportunity to gain a long term competitive advantage over several of its fiercest competitors!" Exh. 4222.
xviii. The October 20 draft agreement removed the prior most favored licensee language in Sections 3.8-3.10, and substituted broader language similar to Mr. Shim's proposed 3.8(a) and 3.8(b). Exh. 4221 (RedlineSDR/DDR Patent License Agreement between Samsung and Rambus, dated Oct. 20, 2000) at 18-19.
xix. On October 27, 2000, Mr. Steinberg sent an executed copy of the final agreement to Mr. Shim. Exh. 4224.
xx. On October 31, 2000, the Agreement was fully executed by Jon Kang, Vice President of Samsung Electronics, Co., Ltd. Exh. 4226.
xxi. On November 2, 2000 Mr. Tate assured Samsung that it "now has the best deals on both RDRAM and SDRAM/DDR SDRAM." Exh. 4229.
xxii. The negotiating history of the final contract language in Section 3.8 demonstrates that the parties intended to cover different types of royalty rates, including a flat, periodic royalty (e.g., an amount per calendar quarter). This is evident from, among other things, the parties' discussion that Samsung would not suffer competitive harm if it accepted a license, that all licensees would receive standard "royalty rates," and that the most favored licensee provisions would also cover any "royalty rate," even if it arose from a litigation settlement. Trial Tr. at 228:14-229:23.
d. Rambus's argues that the terms of Amendment No. 1 executed in July 2001 *989 supports its argument that the parties only intended section 3.8 to cover "running royalties" and did not intend to cover "a lump sum" as provided in the Rambus/Infineon settlement because the parties expressly addressed "a lump sum" in the context of Amendment No. 1's provision regarding a duty to negotiate a license renewal. Exh. 4240. The argument is not persuasive. The 2001 Amendment was negotiated under different circumstances and at a different time, and it does not address the meaning of "royalty rate" (including in the context of the most favored licensee provision) or its application to flat payments, each one of which is payable on a quarterly basis. More importantly, the extrinsic evidence unequivocally shows that Rambus assured Samsung that no third party would get a better deal on the use of Rambus's DDR/SDR technology than Samsung as Rambus desperately wanted and needed a deal with Samsung.
e. Other extrinsic evidence supports Rambus's intent to provide broad most favored licensee protection to Samsung.
i. The customary meaning of the term "royalty rate" in patent licenses includes various types of royalty payment structures, including a percentage of net sales, a periodic, flat payment or variable flat payment per unit of time [REDACTED]..
ii. When comparing licensing terms, it is common in a wide variety of industries, including with respect to patent licensing, to compare a running royalty with a periodic, lump-sum royalty by calculating an effective royalty rate or by simply comparing the lump sum amounts due on a quarterly basis for various types of royalty structures. Trial Tr. at 193:21-194:7, 614:3-616:3.
iii. [REDACTED]
iv. [REDACTED]
v. [REDACTED]
vi. In their joint press release created pursuant to the terms of the Infineon Settlement and License Agreement, the parties described the quarterly payments agreed to be paid by Infineon as the consideration granted "in exchange" for the license grant to Infineon, and described the various dismissals and releases as "in addition to" these payments. Id.
vii. Rambus admitted in various filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission that the Infineon Settlement and License Agreement contained a royalty rate in the form of Infineon's quarterly payment obligation. Exh. 4450 (Rambus Inc. S.E.C. Form S-3/A, dated May 11, 2005) at 7 ("[A]ll licenses provide that Infineon will be treated as a `most-favored customer' of ours which could result in Infineon's U.S. $5.85 million quarterly payment being reduced if future Rambus licensees receive a lower royalty rate."); id. at 11 ("Failure to achieve positive results in litigation will also result in a failure to trigger certain contractual provisions which would convert certain flat rate royalty arrangements to per unit royalties. Any or all of these adverse results could cause a substantial decline in our revenues."); id. at 13 ("... require Infineon to pay us up to an additional $100 Million in royalty payments."); Exh. 4451 (Rambus Inc. S.E.C. Form 10-Q, dated May 9, 2006) at 39 ("Our license with Infineon, which was part of our settlement, provides for the extension of certain benefits under that license to a successor in interest that, under certain conditions, acquires all of Infineon's DRAM operations. If such an acquisition were to occur, such successor would be entitled to the extension of such benefits, including the ability to pay a royalty calculated by multiplying the Infineon rate by the percentage increase in DRAM volume represented by the successor company's combined operations. Such an extension of benefits could also make it more difficult *990 for us to obtain the royalty rates we believe are appropriate from the market as a whole. Such an extension of benefits would, in addition, also operate to extend a release of claims to such successor, thus reducing the number of companies to which we believe we are entitled to look for compensation for the antitrust injury alleged by us in our pending San Francisco antitrust action."); id. at 46 (". . . require Infineon to pay us up to an additional $100 Million in royalty payments.") and 47 (". . . Infineon will be required to make additional royalty payments to us which may aggregate up to $100.0 million.").
g. Samsung's initial royalty rates, which were expressly subject to section 3.8 of the SDR/DDR License, were calculated by multiplying Samsung's net sales of Licensed Products by certain percentages (which ranged from .75% to 3.5% for SDR or DDR SDRAM). Exh. 4226 at § 3.1. Notably, Samsung's royalty payments were due on a calendar quarter basis and therefore could be readily compared to different types of royalty structures that were likewise due on a quarterly basis. Id. at § 4.2; Trial Tr. at 614:3-616:3. [REDACTED]
h. [REDACTED]
i. [REDACTED]
j. [REDACTED]
k. Samsung requested that Rambus make the Infineon royalty rate effective under Section 3.8 of the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement, but Rambus refused. Exh. 4268 (Letter from I. Blumberg to J. Shim, dated Apr. 1, 2005) at 2; Trial Tr. at 961:2-6 ("I told Mr. Shim that the Infineon Agreement involved a lump sum payment and that there was no royalty rate that would be comparable in any way or that would trigger Section 3.8 of that 2000 Agreement"), 1014:12-18 ("Mr. Shim said he wanted the Infineon deal and you said no; isn't that true? At that time, that is true."), 1021:2-8 ("I explained that there weren't any rates involved.").
l. Rambus informed Samsung that the Infineon Settlement and License Agreement did not contain a "royalty rate" because Infineon had agreed to pay a flat, quarterly payment as opposed to a variable payment based on a percentage of net sales. Trial Tr. at 961:2-6, 1021:2-8.
m. The evidence clearly establishes by more than a preponderance of the evidence that Section 3.8 of the SDR/DDR License was triggered by the Rambus/Infineon Settlement Agreement and that Rambus failed to fulfill its obligations to Samsung under Section 3.8.

2. The 2000 SDR/DDR License Did Not Cover DDR2 SDRAM and Subsequent Product Generations
Rambus and Samsung dispute whether the SDR/DDR License granted Samsung a license under certain Rambus patent claims to make and sell DDR2 SDRAM, GDDR3 SDRAM, and subsequent generations of products. The court finds as follows with respect to that dispute.
a. The SDR/DDR License granted Samsung a license under certain Rambus patent claims to make and sell a specifically defined set of "Licensed Products." Exh. 4226, § 1.2. The term "Licensed Product" is defined under the License:
1.7 "DDR SDRAM(s)" means the following current double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory devices of Samsung, part numbers
   K4H280438B,       K4H280838B,
   K4H281638B,       K4H560438B,
   K4H560838B,       K4H561638B,
K4D62323HA, and K4D26328M. A copy of Samsung's data sheet for each of the above-identified part numbers will be provided by Samsung no later than November 24, 2000, made Exhibit 3 to this Agreement, and hereinafter referred to *991 as "DDR SDRAM Data Sheets." "DDR SDRAM" further includes any double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory device having (1) the primary function of information storage and (2) a specification (as set forth in the data sheet for the device) identical to any specification found in any one of the DDR SDRAM Data Sheets. "DDR SDRAM" additionally includes any future double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory device which is identical to any device identified by the above part numbers but may have [1] a different package type, [2] different die size, [3] different burst type, [4] different clock frequency, [5] different programmable latency, [6] different programmable burst length, [7] different memory storage capacity, [8] different number of input/output pins, [9] different timing values for existing parameters (for example, set-up/hold times and propagation delays), [10] different power consumption, and/or [11] different number of banks (as those terms are used in the attached DDR SDRAM Data Sheets) from those set forth in the DDR SDRAM Data Sheets. The parties agree that, if, at the discretion of the customer, a given device has the capability to operate as a (1) SDR SDRAM or SDR SGRAM and (2) DDR SDRAM or DDR SGRAM, that device, for purposes of this agreement, shall be deemed to be DDR SDRAM. The parties agree that each device of the aboveidentified part numbers is defined exclusively by its attached DDR SDRAM Data Sheet.
1.8 "DDR SGRAM(s)" means the following current double data rate synchronous graphics random access memory devices of Samsung, part number K4D623237M. A copy of Samsung's data sheet for the above-identified part number will be provided by Samsung no later than November 24, 2000, made Exhibit 4 to this Agreement, and hereinafter referred to as "DDR SGRAM Data sheet." "DDR SGRAM" further includes any future double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory device having (1) the primary function of information storage and (2) a specification (as set forth in the data sheet for the device) identical to any specification found in the DDR SGRAM Data Sheet. "DDR SGRAM" additionally includes any future double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory device which is identical to any device identified by the above part numbers but may have [1] a different package type, [2] different die size, [3] different burst type, [4] different clock frequency, [5] different programmable latency, [6] different programmable burst length, [7] different memory storage capacity, [8] different number of input/output pins, [9] different timing values for existing timing parameters (for example, set-up/hold times and propagation delays), [10] different power consumption, and/or [11] different number of banks (as those terms are used in the attached DDR SGRAM Data Sheet) from those set forth in the DDR SGRAM Data Sheet. The parties agree that the device of the above-identified part number is defined exclusively by its attached DDR SGRAM Data Sheet.
Id. §§ 1.7, 1.8.
b. Section 1.7 of the SDR/DDR License defines the term "DDR SDRAM." Exh. 4226 § 1.7. DDR SDRAM is defined to include eight specific Samsung products, which are identified by their part numbers,
  "K4H280438B,   K4H280838B,
  K4H2281638B,   K4H560438B,
K4H560838B, K4H561638B, K4D62323HA, and K4D263238M." Id.

c. The definition of DDR SDRAM also includes:

*992 any future double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory device which is identical to any device identified by the above part numbers but may have a different package type, different die size, different burst type, different clock frequency, different programmable latency, different programmable burst length, different memory storage capacity, different number of input/output pins, different timing values for existing timing parameters (for example, set-up/hold times and propagation delays), different power consumption, and/or different number of banks (as those terms are used in the attached DDR SDRAM Data Sheets) from those set forth in the DDR SDRAM Data Sheets.
Id.
d. Thus, the term "Licensed Products" in the SDR/DDR License encompasses future DDR memory devices only if they are identical to the specific Samsung parts identified by part number in Section 1.7 or differ only in a way described in the eleven allowed differences enumerated in Section 1.7.
e. During negotiation of the SDR/DDR License Rambus's proposals only covered narrow sets of specifically identified products. V103 (5/14/2008 Depo. of Charles Donohoe at 75:16-20); V102 (2/6/2001 Depo. of Charles Donohoe at 37:8-12, 99:16-100:9) (noting that Rambus "wanted only certain specifically identifiable products to be covered by the agreement").
f. Rambus created the initial draft of the SDR/DDR License and sent it to Samsung on August 10, 2000. Exhs. 4208, 4209. Section 1.7 was included in this original draft of the SDR/DDR License in essentially the same form in which it appeared in the final executed SDR/DDR License. Exh. 4209 at 4-5.
g. Samsung wanted the license agreement to cover "all products" and to obtain a "complete peace accord with Rambus" so that it did not require "a continuing series of negotiations as new products [came] on the market." V102 (2/6/2001 Depo. of Charles Donohoe at 99:16-100:9); V103 (5/14/2008 Depo. of Charles Donohoe at 75:21-76:9). Rambus would not give Samsung a total "peace accord." Instead, Rambus told Samsung that it did not want the license "to cover future DRAM generations." V103 (5/14/2008 Depo. of Charles Donohoe at 75:16-20). Samsung's negotiators knew that DDR2 devices were not commercially available at the time the SDR/DDR License was negotiated. Trial Tr. at 222-23 (testimony of J. Shim). In fact, Samsung did not begin manufacturing DDR2 devices until two to three years after the SDR/DDR License was executed. Id. at 223 (testimony of J. Shim).
h. Even though Samsung's attorneys knew that the company was developing what would later become DDR2 devices at the time they negotiated the SDR/DDR License in 2000, and even though they knew that Rambus "did not want [the agreement] to cover future DRAM generations," they never discussed "technical details" with Rambus during the course of the negotiations. Trial Tr. at 357, 361 (testimony of J. Shim).
i. During the negotiations, Samsung tried to obtain broader language in Section 1.7. On October 16, 2000, Mr. Shim requested a revision of Section 1.7 and other clauses defining the products licensed under the SDR/DDR License. Exh. 4215. With respect to the licensing of future DDR SDRAM devices, Mr. Shim asked for the license to include products "substantially similar" to the devices that were identified by specific Samsung part numbers, and to substitute this broader phrase in place of the existing language, which licensed only future products "identical" to the specific products identified by part *993 number, except for eleven allowed and enumerated differences. Exh. 4215 at 3.
j. Rambus did "not budge" on its proposed definition of the products that would be covered under the SDR/DDR License and did not want the Agreement to cover future products if Samsung "changed the products down the road." V102 (2/6/2001 Depo. of Charles Donohoe at 100:3-9).
k. On October 16, 2000, Mr. Steinberg sent an email stating Rambus's position that it was unwilling to amend the language of Section 1.7's limitation on future DDR memory devices. Exh. 4216. His email explained that the existing provisions, including Section 1.7, "adequately cover devices which may have evolutionary (as opposed to revolutionary) differences from the devices specified by part number." Exh. 4216 at 1. Mr. Steinberg noted that any coverage of evolutionary devices was limited to the eleven allowed differences in Section 1.7, as drafted, i.e. if they were "identical to an identified device except for different package type, different die size, etc." Id.
l. On October 27, 2000, Mr. Steinberg executed the SDR/DDR License on behalf of Rambus. On October 31, 2000, Jon Kang executed the SDR/DDR License on behalf of Samsung. Exh. 4226 at 28.
m. Section 1.7 of the final executed agreement was unchanged in all material terms from the draft originally circulated by Mr. Steinberg on August 10, 2000. Compare Exh. 4209 at 4-5, with Exh. 4226 at 5-6. Trial Tr. at 363 (testimony of J. Shim) (agreeing that the substantive language of Section 1.7 "was never modified from the original draft").
n. Although Mr. Steinberg told Mr. Shim that the language of Section 1.7 should "adequately cover devices which may have evolutionary (as opposed to revolutionary) differences from the devices specified by part number," the parties did not change the definition of the products covered or even discuss what either meant by "evolutionary."
o. The SDR/DDR License defines licensed memory devices and their various features by reference to "Samsung Data Sheets." Exh. 4226, §§ 1.5-1.8, 1.11. Thus, for purposes of determining whether a "future double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory device" constitutes one of the "Licensed Products" within the meaning of the agreement, the differences between the devices listed by part number and any such future memory devices are appropriately determined by reference to their respective data sheets. Id. § 1.7; Trial Tr. at 854 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee) (noting that "you have to read all these [eleven] categories in the context of the earlier sentence, which is the specifications of the DDR data sheet").
p. DDR2 memory devices are not "identical" to any DDR memory devices. Trial Tr. at 529 (testimony of Carl Sechen); id. at 811-12 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee).
q. Samsung's data sheets for its DDR2 memory devices are not "identical" to the Samsung data sheets for any of the DDR memory devices listed by part number in Section 1.7. Compare Exh. 4310 (64MB DDR), Exh. 4306 (256MB DDR) and Exh. 10265 (512MB DDR), with Exh. 10248 (512MB DDR2), Exh. 4351 (512MB DDR2), and Exh. 10316 (1GB DDR2). Trial Tr. at 529, 539-40 (testimony of Carl Sechen); id. at 821-22, 832-33, 836-37, 842-44, 846 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee).
r. DDR2 is an "enhancement" over DDR memory devices, and DDR2 memory devices contain a number of features, some of which are discussed in greater detail below, that make them "substantially different" from the previous generation of DDR memory devices. Trial Tr. at 468 (testimony of Carl Sechen); id. at 812-13 *994 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). The various enhancements included in DDR2 allowed memory devices to achieve a significantly higher speed. Trial Tr. at 468 (testimony of Carl Sechen); id. at 812-13 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee).
s. DDR2 memory devices include features, including several features identified as "key features" in Samsung's data sheets, that do not exist in DDR memory devices. Such "key features" that are in DDR2 but are not in DDR include: (1) ondie termination, (2) off-chip driver calibration, (3) differential data strobe; (4) posted CAS; and (5) programmable write latency. E.g., Exh. 4351 at 3; Exh. 10248 at 3; Exh. 10316 at 4.
t. All five of these features identified as "key features" appear in Samsung's DDR2 data sheets; none of these five features appears in Samsung's DDR data sheets. Compare Exh. 10265 at 4(DDR), with Exh. 10248 at 3 (DDR2); Trial Tr. at 529 (testimony of Carl Sechen). At least three, ondie termination, off-chip driver calibration and differential data strobe do not qualify as allowed differences under the definitions of "DDR SDRAM" or "DDR SGRAM" under Sections 1.7 and 1.8 of the 2000 SDR/DDR License.
i. Ondie termination is a new feature in DDR2. Trial Tr. at 479 (testimony of Carl Sechen); id. at 812-18, 821-22 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). This difference between DDR2 and DDR is reflected in the Samsung Data Sheets. Compare Exh. 10265 at 4(DDR), with Exh. 10248 at 3 (DDR2). Exh. 10248 at 9 (DDR2 data sheet reflects addition of ODT pin), Exh. 10248 at 20-21 (DDR2 data sheet reflects addition of new ODT-related timing parameters); Exh. 10004 at 12-15; Trial Tr. at 821-24, 828 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). Ondie termination reduces the "signal reflections" that are created when data is transmitted along the bus at very high rates. Exh. 4293 at 1. Without ondie termination, these signal reflections create "electrical discontinuities" that interfere with "signal integrity" and make processing information accurately difficult for the memory device. Id. at 1. With ondie termination, however, "[e]nhanced signal performance allows for higher data rates." Id. at 6. In other words, because on-die termination makes the signal transmitting the data clearer and therefore easier to read, it allows the system to process the data more quickly. Id. Although ondie termination enables or allows a memory device to operate more quickly, it does not necessarily require it to do so. Trial Tr. at 514-15 (testimony of Carl Sechen); id. at 817 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). The addition of ondie termination requires changes in the circuitry and is more involved than simply changing the clock frequency. Id. at 514-15, 525 (testimony of Carl Sechen). Either with or without ondie termination, a memory device can operate with a clock frequency of 200 megahertz (corresponding to a data rate of 400 megahertz). Compare Exh. 10265 at 4 (DDR device operating with clock frequency of 200 megahertz) with Exh. 10248 at 3 (DDR2 device operating with clock frequency of 200 megahertz). Trial Tr. at 514-15 (testimony of Carl Sechen). Conversely, the clock frequency of a memory device can change without the addition of ondie termination. Exh. 4310 at 1 (64 MB DDR at 100, 125, 143, and 166 megahertz); Exh. 10265 at (512MB DDR at 333 and 400 megahertz); Trial Tr. at 807 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). Ondie termination requires new timing parameters, improves the integrity of the signal, and reduces the number of errors in reading data. Trial Tr. at 818 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). Because ondie termination is a change from DDR technology that goes beyond a mere difference in clock frequencyand beyond any other variation permitted under Section 1.7any device containing ondie *995 termination, such as DDR2, is not a "Licensed Product" under the SDR/DDR License. Exh. 4226 § 1.7.
ii. Off-chip driver calibration is a new feature in DDR2. Trial Tr. at 479 (testimony of Carl Sechen); id. at 829-34 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). This difference between DDR2 and DDR is reflected in the Samsung data sheets. Compare Exh. 10265 at 4, with Exh. 10248 at 3; Exh. 10248 at 14 (DDR2 data sheet reflects addition of OCD and default characteristics); id. at 21 (DDR2 data sheet reflects addition of new OCD-related timing parameter); Exh. 10004 at 9-11; Trial Tr. at 832-33 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). Off-chip driver calibration increases the size of the "data eye" in a memory device, i.e. the time window during which a data bit can be read accurately (as either 0 or 1). Exh. 4295 at 1. Without off-chip driver calibration, variations in process, voltage, and temperature can narrow the window during which the data is valid. Id. at 1. This narrowing of the data eye can "impact signal integrity," making it difficult for the data to be read correctly. Id. at 2. Off-chip driver calibration helps to keep the data eye "wide" and "tall" and thereby maintain the "quality of the signaling environment." Id. at 1. It also helps to compensate for "variations" caused by the "manufacturing and assembly processes." Id. at 3. Because the signal is clearer and the data eye more stable, the system can operate at "higher communication speeds." Id. Off-chip driver calibration does enable or allow a memory device to operate more quickly but does not require it to do so. Trial Tr. at 514-15 (testimony of Carl Sechen); id. at 831 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). The addition of off-chip driver calibration necessitates a change in the memory device's circuitry. Id. at 514-15, 525 (testimony of Carl Sechen). The addition of off-chip driver calibration is more than just a change in frequency. In fact, either with or without off-chip driver calibration, a memory device can operate with a clock frequency of 200 megahertz (corresponding to a data rate of 400 megahertz). Compare Exh. 10265 at 4 (DDR device operating with clock frequency of 200 megahertz) with Exh. 10248 at 3 (DDR2 device operating with clock frequency of 200 megahertz). Trial Tr. at 514-15 (testimony of Carl Sechen). Conversely, the clock frequency of a memory device can change without the addition of off-chip driver calibration. Exh. 4310 at 1 (64 MB DDR at 100, 125, 143, and 166 megahertz); Exh. 10265 at (512MB DDR at 333 and 400 megahertz); Trial Tr. at 807 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). The addition of off-chip driver calibration requires new timing parameters, creates a more "robust" signal, and as a result "produces fewer errors in the data." Id. at 831-33 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). Exh. 10248 at 14 (DDR2 data sheet reflects addition of OCD and default characteristics); id. at 21 (DDR2 data sheet reflects addition of new OCD-related timing parameter); Exh. 10004 at 9-11. Because off-chip driver calibration is a change from DDR technology that goes beyond a mere difference in clock frequencyand beyond any other variation identified in Section 1.7any device containing off-chip driver calibration, such as DDR2, is not a "Licensed Product" under the SDR/DDR License.
iii. A differential data strobe is a new feature in DDR2. Trial Tr. at 479 (testimony of Carl Sechen); id. at 834-37 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). This difference between DDR2 and DDR is reflected in the Samsung data sheets. Compare Exh. 10265 at 4, with Exh. 10248 at 3; Exh. 10248 at 23; Trial Tr. at 836-37 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). A differential data strobe allows the memory device to read data bits (as either 0 or 1) at a "precise instance of time." Id. at 834. Without a differential data strobe, the memory device must rely on only a "single data strobe" *996 and a timing reference (provided by the crossings of that data strobe with a voltage reference) which could "vary in the time domain." Id. This sort of variance gives rise to a problem known as "timing skew," meaning that there is uncertainty about when to "read in or write the data." Id. at 834-35. By contrast, with a differential data strobe, there are two "intersecting voltage wave forms." Id. at 835. The crossing points of these wave forms are less subject to timing skew and, therefore, provide a more exact "triggering" mechanism for the memory device to read or write the data. Id. at 835-36. The benefit of a differential data strobe is a wider "data eye" and greater accuracy. Id. at 836. A differential data strobe enables or allows a memory device to operate more quickly but does not require it to do so. Trial Tr. at 514-15 (testimony of Carl Sechen); id. at 835 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). It is not possible to add a differential data strobe simply by changing the clock frequency. Id. (testimony of Carl Sechen). Cf. id. at 525 (testimony of Carl Sechen). Either with or without a differential data strobe, a memory device can operate with a clock frequency of 200 megahertz (corresponding to a data rate of 400 megahertz). Compare Exh. 10265 at 4 (DDR device operating with clock frequency of 200 megahertz) with Exh. 10248 at 3 (DDR2 device operating with clock frequency of 200 megahertz). Trial Tr. at 514-15 (testimony of Carl Sechen). On the other hand, the clock frequency of a memory device can change without the addition of a differential data strobe. Exh. 4310 at 1 (64 MB DDR at 100, 125, 143, and 166 megahertz); Exh. 10265 at (512MB DDR at 333 and 400 megahertz); Trial Tr. at 807 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). Furthermore, a differential data strobe gives rise to differences other than a potential change in clock frequency. In addition to enabling a potential increase in speed, the addition of a differential data strobe creates a more "certain" timing mechanism, creates a larger "data eye," a more "robust" signal, and as a result creates a more accurate process for "reading and writing data." Trial Tr. at 835-36 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). Because a differential data strobe is a change from DDR technology that goes beyond a mere difference in clock frequencyand beyond any other variation identified in Section 1.7any device containing a differential data strobe, such as DDR2, is not a "Licensed Product" under the SDR/DDR License.
u. Two of the new features in Samsung's DDR2 products, posted CAS and programmable write latency, do appear to fall within the allowed category of a device with "different programmable latency."
i. The Posted CAS enhancement in Samsung's DDR2, DDR3, and GDDR2 products is characterized by the inclusion of an additive latency to the CAS delay to make the command and data bus efficient for sustainable bandwidths. Trial Tr. at 502:12-503:11, 837:9-23. Using this approach, commands are issued externally but are held internally by the device prior to execution, for the duration of the additive latency, in order to improve system scheduling. Specifically, this method helps avoid collision on the command bus and gaps in data input/output bursts, which improves delays. Additive latency is variable and is programmable. Trial Tr. at 503:19-504:7, 837:24-838:14. Posted CAS appears to fit into the allowed difference of "different programmable latency." Trial Tr. at 504:24-505:10.
ii. Programmable write latency is a new feature in DDR2. Trial Tr. at 479 (testimony of Carl Sechen); id. at 844-46 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). Programmable write latency permits programmable adjustments to the amount of time between when the memory device receives a write command and when it *997 receives the data to be written. Trial Tr. at 844 (testimony of Sanjay Banerjee). In particular, programmable write latency was an improvement on the "inflexible" DDR device, which fixed the write latency at "one clock cycle." Id. The extra flexibility provided by programmable write latency helps the memory device avoid "collisions or gaps" in the data to be written to the memory. Id. at 845-46. Among other things, programmable write latency enables a memory device to operate more quickly but does not require it to do so. Id. at 531 (testimony of Carl Sechen). Although a close question, programmable write latency appears to fall into the allowed difference category of a "different programmable latency" within the meaning of § 1.7. Rambus's argument that in the context of the license agreement "different programmable latency" refers to different values for CAS latency, a parameter that was already programmable in DDR, has some appeal. However, the parties did not limit the difference of "programmable latency" to parameters already programmable in DDR.
u. Ondie termination, off-chip calibration and differential strobe are not unrelated to clock frequency. As with many improvements to DRAM technology, the "overriding objective" of these new features is to enable or allow the memory device to go faster. Trial Tr. 523-24; 812-13. However, as noted above, a DDR SDRAM with one or more of these enhancements is more than merely a DDR SDRAM which may have a different clock frequency. The DDR2 products are not within the scope of the SDR/DDR License.

3. Rambus Was Not Entitled to Terminate the 2000 SDR/DDR License on the Purported Basis that Samsung Breached its Audit Obligation
The parties dispute whether Rambus properly terminated the 2000 SDR/DDR License on the basis that Samsung failed to comply with the audit requirements of the 2000 SDR/DDR License. The court makes the following findings of fact relevant to that issue.
a. The 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement contains an audit provision which permits Rambus, through its designated independent accounting or licensing audit firm, to audit Samsung's records and information bearing upon the amount of royalties payable to Rambus under the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement. Exh. 4226 (2000 SDR/DDR Agreement) § 4.1.
b. Specifically, Section 4.1 of the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement reads:
With respect to the royalties set forth herein, Samsung shall keep complete and accurate records. These records shall be retained for a period of at least three (3) years from the date of payment, notwithstanding the expiration or other termination of this Agreement. Rambus, through its designated independent accounting or licensing audit firm, shall have the right to examine and audit, not more than once a year unless the preceding audit revealed an underpayment exceeding five percent (5%) of the total royalties due for the period under audit, and during normal business hours, all such records and such other records and accounts as may contain, under recognized accounting practices, information bearing upon the amount of royalties payable to Rambus under this Agreement. In no event will Rambus audit any given reporting period more than once. Prompt adjustment shall be made by Samsung to compensate for any errors and/or omissions disclosed by such examination or audit which result in an underpayment of royalties hereunder, together with interest thereon, from the date the payment was due at the 1 year U.S. Treasury bill (hereinafter "T-bill") *998 rate, as published in the Wall Street Journal (Western Edition) on the date on which the royalty was due, plus five percent (5%) per annum (or the maximum allowed by applicable law, if less). Should the amount of any such error and/or omission exceed five percent (5%) of the total royalties due for the period under audit, then upon request by Rambus, Samsung shall pay for the cost of the audit. If any three (3) consecutive audits reveal underpayments of royalties in excess of five percent (5%), Rambus shall be entitled to immediately terminate this Agreement on notice to Samsung at any time within ninety (90) days after such third such audit. Should such audit disclose an overpayment of royalties hereunder, such overpayment shall be taken as a credit against future royalties, and in the event that there are no future royalties, Rambus shall issue a refund thereof.
Exh. 4226 (2000 SDR/DDR Agreement) at 19 (emphasis added).
c. In December 2003 Rambus requested an audit of Samsung under both Section 4.1 of the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement and Section 4.3(a) of the 1994 RDRAM Agreement. Trial Tr. at 256:8-14.
d. Rambus selected Ernst & Young to perform the Samsung audit. Trial Tr. at 857:22-24. Nigel Shepherd of Ernst & Young's San Jose, California offices led the Samsung audit. Trial Tr. at 857:19-21.
e. Because the inspection of Samsung's records took place in Korea, and because Mr. Shepherd does not read or speak Korean, Mr. Shepherd did not personally participate in performing the Samsung audit. Trial Tr. at 877:20-878:5, 878:16-879:17, 881:12-25, 882:1-7, 882:24-25.
f. Mr. Shepherd had a Korean team consisting of Simon Yoo and In-Sang Yoo from Ernst & Young's Korean affiliate, Younghwa Accounting Firm, who performed the actual audit work done at Samsung's Korean offices. Trial Tr. at 256:25-257:10, 878:6-12, 888:11-889:12.
g. During the audit, Samsung's primary contact was Ernst & Young's Korean affiliate, Younghwa Accounting Firm. Trial Tr. at 257:10-15. Mr. Shepherd learned about the on-site audit visits and communications between Younghwa Accounting Firm and Samsung through his telephone and e-mail communications with Simon Yoo and In-Sang Yoo of Younghwa Accounting Firm. Mr. Shepherd communicated his understanding regarding the progress of the audit to William Deley, his primary contact at Rambus. Trial Tr. at 858:12-13, 883:7-10.
h. On July 9, 2004, Rambus made a presentation to Samsung in which it claimed that "[l]ack of data has now delayed this audit 7+ months" and that "[s]uch delay is a breach of our RDRAM, SDRAM, and DDR licenses." Exh. 4251 (Samsung-Rambus Legal Update Presentation, dated July 9, 2004). In this presentation, as part of the "Proposed Next StepsClosure," Rambus requested that Samsung provide audit data from October 1, 2000 through March 31, 2004. Exh. 4251 (Samsung-Rambus Legal Update Presentation, dated July 9, 2004) at 14.
i. Mr. Shepard participated in two conference calls with Samsung and Rambus in July 2004. Trial Tr. at 905:13-15. These conference calls took place after the July 9, 2004 meeting between Samsung and Rambus. Exh. 10228 (Memorandum from N. Shepherd to File re: Samsung Rambus Conference Call, dated Nov. 23, 2004) (the "Background" provided in N. Shepherd's November 23, 2004 memorandum to file states, "[t]he purpose of the call was to follow up on the four issues raised at the July 15, 2004 conference call and subsequently documented in the memorandum dated 7_28_04."). Mr. Shepherd's November *999 23, 2004 Memorandum to File states, "[c]urrently, the audit period has covered 1/1/2001 through to 12/31/2003 following discussions with E & Y and Samsung." Exh. 10228 (Memorandum from N. Shepherd to File re: Samsung Rambus Conference Call, dated Nov. 23, 2004).
j. The Amendment No. 1 to the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement dictated the royalties that Samsung owed to Rambus from January 1, 2001 through April 1, 2005. Exh. 4240 (2001 Amendment); Trial Tr. at 249:22-250:2. Under Amendment No. 1, Samsung paid Rambus a "lump sum royalty" of $3,800,000 in satisfaction of all of its royalty obligations for the first quarter of 2001 for both memory and memory controller sales. Exh. 4240 (Amendment No. 1) § 2. Samsung thereafter paid a "fixed, lump sum royalty" of $2,000,000 every quarter "in lieu of the royalty" required by the 2000 Agreement "for the Memory Products." Id. §§ 3, 5; Trial Tr. at 251:3-15,252:1-7.
k. Because the only royalties paid on a per-unit basis under the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2003 were memory controllers, the audit concerned RDRAM Products and SDR/DDR Controllers. Trial Tr. at 251:3-15, 252:1-7, 259:21-260:1.
l. During the audit, Younghwa Accounting Firm visited Samsung several times between the spring of 2004 and the early part of 2005. Trial Tr. at 258:4-7.
m. During 2004, there were several occasions when Mr. Deley at Rambus instructed Mr. Shepherd not to pursue further information from Samsung, and not to contact Samsung. Trial Tr. at 860:15-20, 883:11-13. When Mr. Deley at Rambus asked Mr. Shepherd not to contact Samsung, Mr. Shepard would inform his Korean team at Younghwa Accounting Firm that they, too, should not initiate contact with Samsung. Trial Tr. at 885:9-16. During the times when Rambus asked Mr. Shepherd not to contact Samsung, nothing was being done to proceed with the audit. Trial Tr. at 885:5-21.
n. One of the occasions that Mr. Deley instructed Mr. Shepherd not to contact Samsung was in September of 2004. V100 (Video Testimony of W. Deley) at 71:17-72:2. On October 4, 2004 Mr. Shepherd sent Mr. Deley an email inquiring whether Ernst & Young was "supposed to hold off on any follow-up with Samsung." Trial Exhibit 4252 (Email from N. Shepherd to W. Deley, dated Oct. 4, 2004) ("are we [Ernst & Young] still supposed to hold off on any follow-up with Samsung?"); Trial Tr. at 884:22-25, 886:2-7; V100 (Video Testimony of W. Deley) at 69:22-70:2. Between October 4, 2004 and November 13, 2004 neither Ernst & Young nor Younghwa Accounting Firm had made any effort to "move the [Samsung] audit forward" due to instruction from Rambus not to initiate contact with Samsung. Trial Tr. at 885:1-21, 886:2-7.
o. On November 13, 2004, Rambus instructed Mr. Shepherd to set up a conference call with Samsung about the audit. Trial Tr. at 888:2-6. Around the middle of December 2004, In-Sang Yoo of Younghwa Accounting Firm conducted a site visit of Samsung's offices in Korea. Trial Tr. at 888:11-18, 889:3-7. Mr. Shepherd was not personally present at this site visit, but he learned about it from an email sent by Simon Yoo who similarly was not present. Trial Tr. at 888:21-889:12.
p. After In-Sang Yoo's mid-December 2004 site visit, Mr. Shepherd reported to Rambus that Samsung was not going to deal with Ernst & Young again. Trial Tr. at 889:13-25.
q. As of January 18, 2005, Mr. Shim understood that Samsung had provided all the documents necessary to complete the audit and further understood that Younghwa Accounting Firm expressed that that *1000 there were no more outstanding issues with respect to the audit. Trial Tr. at 285:8-15 (admissible only to show Mr. Shim's understanding). Mr. Shim understood that Younghwa Accounting Firm would contact Samsung's accounting department if the firm had a need for further documents. Trial Tr. at 285:16-19.
r. During a February 2, 2005 meeting between the parties, Mr. Shim remarked that the Ernst & Young Korean auditors confirmed with Samsung that they had what they needed for the audit and did not require further information. Trial Tr. at 286:12-22; Exh. 4260 (Jared Smith's handwritten notes from a February 2, 2005 Samsung-Rambus meeting) ("Heard from local audit team that things were okay").
s. After Younghwa Accounting Firm visited Samsung on January 18, 2005, neither it nor Ernst & Young made any further requests of Samsung for materials, information or assistance. Trial Tr. at 286:8-16.
t. Rambus made a proposal to Samsung for a renewal of the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement on February 20, 2005. Exh. 4263 (Email from I. Blumberg to J. Shim re: DRAM).
u. In February 2005, Rambus continued to accept royalty reports and payments from Samsung. Trial Tr. at 255-256; Exh. 4429 (Samsung 4Q 2004 Royalty Statement, dated Feb. 17, 2005).
v. Between January of 2005 and March of 2005, Rambus did not ask Ernst & Young to contact Samsung. Trial Tr. at 891:21-24. Then, on March 18, 2005, the day Rambus settled with Infineon, Mr. Deley sent Mr. Shepherd an email requesting that he "confirm that there has been zero continued cooperation by Samsung relative to the royalty audit." Trial Tr. at 890:1-6; Exh. 4264 (Settlement and License Agreement between Rambus and Infineon, effective March 18, 2005).
x. Mr. Deley's Infineon-Settlement-Day email informed Mr. Shepherd that Samsung has "been saying that they have been fully cooperating on the audit. Please confirm the facts, i.e., update your status." Trial Tr. at 890:16-891:12. After Mr. Deley's March 18, 2005 request that Mr. Shepherd "confirm that there has been zero continued cooperation by Samsung relative to the royalty audit," Mr. Blumberg sent a letter to Mr. Shim on April 1, 2005 stating:
since the royalty rate per the terms of the Agreement are based on per unit calculations, please advise your accounting group as soon as possible that it will need to track sales of all licensed DRAMs in order to provide timely the quarterly reports required by section 4.2 of the Agreement and to pay the corresponding royalties. This report is likely to be complex due to the itemized data required. As you recall, there are ongoing accounting issues that we have notified you constitute an uncured breach of the Agreement and we would like to avoid any additional problems.
Exh. 4268 (Letter from I. Blumberg to J. Shim, dated Apr. 1, 2005) at 2. Notably, in the same April 1 letter, Mr. Blumberg told Mr. Shim: "I believe it would be in the best interest of both our companies to initiate substantive discussions regarding renewal and expansion of license coverage as soon as possible. As you know, renewal discussions are also required by § 8.5 of the Agreement." Id.
y. After Mr. Blumberg sent this April 1, 2005 letter, he sent an email to Mr. Deley explaining he "desperately need[s]" a detailed summary of the status of Rambus's royalty audit with Samsung due to an unexpected meeting with Mr. Shim of Samsung. Exh. 10260 (Email from N. Shepherd to W. Deley re: Samsung Audit Issues, dated Apr. 6, 2005) ("Jared and I *1001 are meeting Jay Shim of Samsung rather unexpectedly in about 36 hours. I need a detailed summary of the status of our royalty audit with Samsung .... Sorry for the short notice, but I desperately need this information no later than 24 hours from now. Thanks for your help, Ira."). Mr. Deley forwarded Mr. Blumberg's email to Mr. Shepherd on April 5, 2005, stating: "Nigel, this is an important issue. We need a basic update on the issues." Trial Tr. at 893:13-15; Exh. 10260 (Email from N. Shepherd to W. Deley, dated Apr. 6, 2005)
z. In response to Rambus's March 18th and April 5th requests, Mr. Shepherd sent Rambus an email update on the audit on April 6, 2005. Trial Tr. at 894:21-24; Exh. 10260 (Email from Nigel Shepherd to William Deley, dated April 6, 2005). That email did not include any information about the January 18, 2005 visit by Younghwa Accounting Firm. Exh. 10260 (Email from N. Shepherd to W. Deley, dated Apr. 6, 2005). Most of the information contained in Mr. Shepherd's April 6, 2005 email is derived from "updates from his field team" which include conversations Mr. Shepherd had with Simon Yoo and In Sang Yoo of the Younghwa Accounting Firm, or Excel tracking spreadsheets sent to him by email and, last updated "sometime" in September of 2004. Trial Tr. at 906:5-907:1, 907:11-908:2. It had been at least three months since Mr. Shepherd had spoken with anyone from Samsung. Trial Tr. at 891:18-24; Ex. 10260 (Email from N. Shepard to W. Deley dated April 6, 2005).
aa. Rambus never told Samsung that there was any basis for it not to negotiate in good faith for a mutually satisfactory patent license until June 3, 2005. Trial Tr. at 1041:1-8.
bb. Rambus accepted Samsung's royalty payments for Q1 2005 on May 24, 2005. Trial Tr. at 255-256; Exh. 4430 (Samsung's Royalty Statement for 1Q, 2005, dated May 23, 2005).
cc. On June 6, 2005 Rambus purported to terminate the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement citing Samsung's "failure to comply with the auditing provisions of Section 4[.]" Trial Tr. at 304:5-14; 305:5-8; Exh. 4276 (Letter from J. Danforth to J. Shim, dated June 6, 2005) ("[d]espite having ample opportunity to cure since receiving written notice, Samsung still has not complied with these auditing provisions. This letter is to inform you that in view of Samsung's continued breach and failure to cure ... Rambus hereby immediately terminates the SDR/DDR License Agreement.").
dd. Rambus did not offer in evidence any exhibits that were delivered to Samsung before Rambus terminated the 2000 SDR/DDR License that revealed the underpayment by Samsung of royalties in excess of five percent for three consecutive audits nor did Rambus introduce any audit papers prepared by the Younghwa Accounting Firm. Rambus's purported termination of the 2000 SDR/DDR License for Samsung's alleged failure to comply with its audit obligations appears to have been for strategic purposes and the failure to comply was a pretextual reason given for the termination..

4. The Failure of the Parties to Negotiate an Extension to the SDR/DDR Agreement or a Mutually Satisfactory New License Agreement Was Not Caused by Any Lack of Good Faith
The parties dispute (1) whether Rambus breached its duty to negotiate in good faith an extension of the SDR/DDR License or a new patent license agreement to replace the SDR/DDR License, (2) whether the good faith provision is definite enough to be enforced and (3) what the appropriate remedy is, if Rambus did breach an enforceable *1002 duty. The court makes the following factual findings with respect to these issues.
a. Section 8.5 of the 2000 SDR/DDR License provides:
8.5 Assuming that this Agreement has not been terminated and that Samsung is not in breach hereof, the parties shall meet, six (6) months before the expiration of this Agreement, to negotiate in good faith with a view to achieving a mutually satisfactory patent license agreement under the Rambus Patents with respect to the Licensed Products, including, without limitation, an extension hereof or a new agreement.
Id. § 8.5. 186.
b. The negotiation history of the 2000 SDR/DDR License shows that the parties never agreed that any extension or renewal would be one that gave Samsung some form of most favored licensee status. On August 10, 2000, Mr. Steinberg sent a draft license agreement to Mr. Shim. That draft did not contain any obligation to negotiate a renewal or extension in good faith, or any provision that contained language resembling what was eventually adopted as Section 8.5. Exhs. 4208, 4209.
c. On October 6, 2000, Mr. Shim sent a proposed term sheet to Mr. Steinberg that requested that Mr. Steinberg add a provision in which Rambus would agree that the parties would negotiate in good faith any extension or renewal terms to the present Agreement, and that the royalty terms of such extension or renewal terms would not exceed the present royalty terms. Under such a provision, the parties could further negotiate in good faith terms relating to any additional patents or licensed products. Exh. 4214 at ¶ 9 (emphasis added).
d. A few days later, on October 11, 2000, Mr. Steinberg incorporated some but not all of Samsung's suggested provisions for what became Section 8.5 in the draft agreement. Exh. 4217 (red-lines within for October 11, 2000 draft). Specifically, the language in the October 11, 2000 draft said nothing about royalty terms for an extension or renewal not exceeding "the present royalty terms" in Section 3.1 of the license under discussion. Id.
e. On October 16, 2000, Mr. Shim responded with suggested revisions to the October 11, 2000 draft. Mr. Shim copied Charles Donohoe, Samsung's counsel, on those communications. Before sending the October 16 proposed revisions, Mr. Shim consulted with Mr. Donohoe. V105 (6/9/2008 Depo. of Jay Shim at 205:21-206:6). Mr. Shim asked that Section 3.8, the most favored licensee provision in the draft agreement, be included in the list of provisions that would survive termination or expiration of the agreement. Exh. 4215 at ¶ 17.
f. That same day, Mr. Steinberg responded and did not include Section 3.8 in the list of provisions that would survive termination or expiration of the agreement. Exh. 4216, ¶ 17; Exh. 4217, § 8.6 (no revision to include 3.8).
g. On October 21, 2000, Mr. Steinberg sent an executed SDR/DDR License to Mr. Shim. Exh. 4222.
h. On October 26, 2000, Mr. Shim sent an email to Mr. Steinberg, in which Mr. Shim requested four changes. Specifically, Mr. Shim requested (1) that the arbitration procedure be removed from the agreement, (2) a "representation" from Mr. Steinberg "that `Rambus Patents' in Section 1.12(i) are intended to cover all Licensed Products and their future parametrically improved versions," (3) "8.5 to reflect that in the `extension' or `new agreement,' Samsung is guaranteed to the most favorable royalty condition in the manner afforded in the present agreement," and (4) that the termination period in Section 8.4 change to thirty days from *1003 sixty days for both parties. Exh. 4223 (Emphasis added).
i. The next day, on October 27, 2000, Mr. Steinberg sent a revised, signed SDR/DDR License. Mr. Steinberg stated in his letter that "to the extent possible, we have incorporated your latest requests into the enclosed Agreement." Exh. 4224 at 2. Mr. Steinberg incorporated two of Mr. Shim's four suggested revisions. First, the arbitration procedure in Section 9.3 was removed. Compare Exh. 4222, § 9.3 with Exh. 4224 at 26-27. Second, the termination period in Section 8.4 was changed to thirty days from sixty days. Compare Exh. 4222, § 8.4 with Exh. 4224, § 8.4. The revised, signed October 27, 2000 document did not incorporate Mr. Shim's requested changes for Section 1.12(i) or Section 8.5. Specifically, it made no change to Section 8.5 to provide that in any extension or new agreement, Samsung would be guaranteed any most favorable royalty conditions.
j. On October 31, 2000, Mr. Shim called Mr. Steinberg. Exh. 4227. Mr. Shim followed up that phone call with an email to Mr. Steinberg at 1:48 a.m. on October 31, 2000 that said Jon Kang had executed the SDR/DDR License. Id. Moreover, it said: "I'm now working on Section 8.5 (i.e., the most favorable royalty condition in the extension or in new agmt.) wording and will have that for you soon. As you indicated we'll attach a post-execution amendment to resolve this." Id.
k. The SDR/DDR License was signed by Jon Kang of Samsung on October 31, 2000 without modification of Section 8.5. Exh. 4226. The language in Section 8.5 in the final SDR/DDR License is the same as the language proposed by Rambus on October 11, 2000. Compare Exh. 4217, § 8.5 (no red-line indicates language is same as October 11, 2000 draft) with Exh. 4226 § 8.5.
l. On November 7, 2000, Mr. Shim sent Mr. Steinberg a draft Amendment A to the SDR/DDR License. Exh. 4230. Samsung's draft Amendment A provided that Section 8.5 would be amended to add the following language: "Rambus agrees that in such an extension or a new agreement, the royalty rates, such as the ones specified in Section 3.1 herein, or effective royalty rates shall in no event be greater than those agreed to by any other then current or prospective licensees of Rambus for substantially similar categories of licensed products." Exh. 4231.
m. On November 21, 2000, Mr. Steinberg replied to Mr. Shim's November 7, 2000 email and said "[a]ttached please find a revised amendment to the Patent License Agreement." Exh. 4232. In the attached revised amendment, Mr. Steinberg proposed different language to be added to Section 8.5: "Rambus agrees that in such an extension or a new agreement, the royalty rates for any category of products corresponding to SDR SDRAM, SDR SGRAM, DDR SDRAM and DDR SGRAM shall not be greater than the royalty rates paid by other current or prospective licensees under the Rambus Patents for any category of products corresponding to SDR SDRAM, SDR SGRAM, DDR SDRAM, and DDR SGRAM." Exh. 4233.
n. Neither of the proposed amendments to Section 8.5 reflected in Exhibits 4231 or 4233 was ever signed by either party. Trial Tr. at 248:19-22. Therefore, those proposed provisions were not incorporated into the SDR/DDR License either expressly or impliedly because Section 10.9 requires any "alteration, amendment, waiver, cancellation or any other change in any term or condition of [the] Agreement... [to] have been mutually assented to in writing by both parties." Exh. 4226, § 10.9.
*1004 o. Samsung never agreed to any amendment to Section 8.5 because, as Mr. Shim related, Samsung believed "about this time, and for the period of many months that followed, there were some serious concerns as to Rambus's I.P., and we were reviewing many different aspects of lawsuits that were going on." Trial Tr. at 248:28-249:3. Not signing the amendment because of uncertainty on Samsung's side suggests that Samsung made a conscious decision not to sign any amendment due to its uncertainty as to a future relationship with Rambus and thus not wanting to commit itself further. Although Mr. Shim claimed at trial that the amendment was important to Samsung, his testimony before trial that he had no recollection whatsoever of any effort by him or anyone at Samsung to change Section 8.5 from October 27 through the end of 2000 makes suspect his trial testimony of its importance. V105 (6/9/2008 Depo. of J. Shim at 143:20-144:13, 239:5-10).
p. Mr. Shim acknowledged in an August 2005 evidentiary hearing that Samsung did not have any most favored licensee protection for any extension of the SDR/DDR License or in any new agreement that replaced or followed it, but rather that the most favored licensee provisions of Section 3.8 were limited to the five-year term of the SDR/DDR License. Specifically, Mr. Shim testified that the SDR/DDR License "provided a most favored nations clause while it was in effect, but it did not provide any commitment on Rambus's part that Samsung would be given a most favored nation clause in a renewal agreement." He further elaborated that the SDR/DDR License "provided most favored nation during those terms. Obviously, we did not talk about terms of the renewal." Trial Tr. at 928:21-929:16.
q. Mr. Donohoe testified that Samsung "would not have wanted an exact extension of the agreement" but rather would have "wanted to be able to renegotiate the economic terms of the agreement." He further explained: "So I don't think [Samsung] asked for an out and out extension of the agreement." V103 (5/14/08 Depo. of Charles Donohoe at 133:1-11).
r. In May 2001, after the initial verdict adverse to Rambus in the Infineon litigation, Samsung told Rambus it intended to withhold its first quarter 2001 royalty payments while it evaluated the litigation. Trial Tr. at 735:15-22; Exhs. 9109, 9112.
s. In the following weeks, the parties negotiated Amendment No. 1 to the SDR/DDR License, effective July 11, 2001. Exh. 4240. In Paragraph 8 of Amendment No. 1, Rambus and Samsung agreed as follows:
Assuming that the Agreement, as revised herein, has not been terminated and that Samsung is not in breach thereof, the parties shall meet six (6) months before the expiration of the Agreement, to negotiate in good faith with a view to achieving a mutually satisfactory patent license agreement under the Rambus Patents with respect to the Licensed Products, including, without limitation, an extension of the Agreement or a new agreement. Rambus agrees that in such an extension or a new agreement, the royalty rates for SDR/DDR IC's and/or SDR/DDR memory modules shall not be greater than the royalty rates paid by other current or prospective licensees and further shall not be greater than the royalty rate as specified under Section 3.1 of the Agreement, in the event that Rambus receives a lump sum payment, in lieu of royalties calculated based on a percentage of Net Sales, on Licensed Products from another licensee prior to termination or expiration of the Agreement, then the parties agree to negotiate in *1005 good faith to modify the payment terms of the Agreement.
Exh. 4240, ¶ 8 (emphasis added). The italicized language was added to Paragraph 8 of the 2001 Amendment, and is not present in Section 8.5 of the SDR/DDR License. Compare Exh. 4226, § 8.5, with Exh. 4240, ¶ 8. The addition of this language in Amendment No. 1 suggests that an obligation to agree to most favored licensee rates is not implicit in the duty to negotiate in good faith or else the additional language would be mere surplusage.
t. Amendment No. 1 also provided that "[i]n the event that Rambus licenses ... Infineon AG, then anytime after March 31, 2002, Rambus may terminate this Amendment No. 1 upon (10) days written notice from Rambus to Samsung of the license... and the terms of the Agreement shall resume in force thereafter." Id. at ¶ 7.
u. By at least July 2004, Rambus pressed Samsung to begin renewal negotiations for a license that would replace or follow the expiration of the SDR/DDR License.
v. Samsung and Rambus met on July 9, 2004 in Korea. Rambus's attendees included Mr. Blumberg, Jared Smith, John Danforth, and Joe Moniz. Samsung's attendees included Mr. Shim and some of his associates. Trial Tr. at 259:3-17, 945:22-946:6.240.
x. Rambus made a PowerPoint presentation to Mr. Shim and the other Samsung attendees at this July 9, 2004 meeting. Trial Tr. at 258:15-18; Exh. 4251. Rambus presented its position on why the SDR/DDR License did not cover DDR2. Trial Tr. at 946:7-16. Rambus set forth its explanation of the contractual language in Sections 1.7 and 1.12 of the SDR/DDR License and why the language did not cover DDR2 and subsequent generation products. Exh. 4251 at 46-49. Mr. Blumberg, invited Samsung to respond at the meeting with its position on DDR2. Id. at 45; Trial Tr. at 946:17-20, 950:11-12. However, Mr. Shim did not offer any explanation based on the contractual language or any other documents to show why DDR2 and subsequent generation products were covered by the agreement. Trial Tr. at 947:1-14. Mr. Blumberg encouraged Mr. Shim to begin renewal negotiations because the SDR/DDR License and its Amendment No. 1 were set to expire in 2005. Mr. Blumberg testified that "as early as that July 9th 2004 meeting," he "mentioned to Mr. Shim my concern that renewal negotiations for agreements of this complexity typically took a significant amount of time and suggested that we begin discussions of that renewal as quickly as possible to ensure that we didn't run out of time to renew the agreement before the 2000 agreement expired." Trial Tr. at 950:25-953:6. In response to Mr. Blumberg's desire to get the renewal negotiations started in 2004, Mr. Shim's position was that there was "no need to rush." Mr. Shim told Mr. Blumberg that it was premature to begin negotiations because those negotiations were not required until six months before the expiration of the agreement, and Mr. Shim's interpretation of Amendment No. 1 was that it did not expire until October 2005. Trial Tr. at 951:13-952:21. In response, Mr. Blumberg tried to encourage Mr. Shim to negotiate because Mr. Blumberg "[felt] strongly that it was going to take more than six months to negotiate a renewal." Id. at 953:1-4.
y. From July 9, 2004 to February 20, 2005, Mr. Blumberg continued to press Mr. Shim to begin renewal negotiations. Trial Tr. at 950:25-953:6.
z. On February 20, 2005, Mr. Blumberg sent an offer for renewal to Mr. Shim. Trial Tr. at 950:13-22; Exh. 4263 (the "February 20 Renewal Offer"). Rambus's February 20 Renewal Offer to Samsung *1006 proposed that Samsung make fixed quarterly payments of $12 million in return for a license covering "all forms of DRAM, current and future." The offer contained a trigger that would move the fixed quarterly payments to a "market rate once at least one other major DRAM manufacturer is paying such market rates." Exh. 4263.
aa. Mr. Shim testified that he did not "have a chance" to respond to the February 20 Renewal Offer. Trial Tr. at 289:21-24 ("I did not get a chance to address this proposal"), 320:2-4 ("I don't think I ever had a chance to respond to this proposal"), 333:21-23 ("We never got a chance to respond to that."). However, Mr. Shim had more than two weeks to consider the February 20 Renewal Offer before he met in person with Mr. Blumberg, Mr. Danforth, and Mr. Smith on March 8, 2008 at Rambus's offices in Los Altos, California. Trial Tr. at 953:14-22. Then, at the March 8 meeting, Mr. Shim had further opportunity to discuss, consider, and evaluate the February 20 Renewal Offer. At this March 8 meeting, Rambus orally presented the Offer. Trial Tr. at 953:23-954:3. In response, Mr. Shim said "it was too early to get into hard core renewal negotiations as we were still well beyond the six-month period before the end of October." Id. at 954:6-10. Mr. Blumberg explained to Mr. Shim that it was a "sweetheart deal" compared to the amount that Samsung would owe going forward under the running royalty rates in Section 3.1 of the SDR/DDR License, and Mr. Blumberg explained to Mr. Shim that the February 20 Renewal process information accurately Offer was time-sensitive and would be withdrawn if Rambus settled the ongoing litigation with Infineon. Id. at 954:17-956:1. Specifically, Mr. Blumberg testified that "I made it clear that this offer was only good until such time as the Infineon settlement occurred." Id. at 955:24-956:1. Mr. Blumberg explained that Rambus was in a trial with Infineon that was expected to finish at the end of March, that there was a possibility Rambus would lose its trial with Infineon, and Rambus would be willing to appeal the Infineon loss if it had an agreement in place with Samsung. Trial Tr. at 955:7-956:1. However, Mr. Blumberg told Mr. Shim that if the Samsung agreement was not in place, then Rambus was likely to settle with Infineon, "in which case Rambus would no longer see a value to offering a sweetheart deal to Samsung." Id. at 955:19-23. Mr. Blumberg explained to Mr. Shim: "... I believe it would be in the best interest of both our companies to initiate substantive discussions regarding renewal and expansion of license coverage as soon as possible." Exh. 4268 at 2. Further, Mr. Blumberg told Mr. Shim that he would be in Tokyo the week of April 5-9 and if "you are available in Tokyo during that time, I would be happy to arrange my schedule to meet with you." Exh. 4268 at 2.
bb. On March 21, 2005, Rambus and Infineon signed a settlement agreement. Exh. 4264. On March 22, 2005, Mr. Blumberg sent a facsimile to Mr. Shim informing him of the settlement and attaching a copy of a press release containing certain information. Exh. 4265. Mr. Blumberg's March 22, 2005 letter also gave notice that Rambus was terminating the 2001 Amendment per the terms of the Amendment. Id. Ten days after notice, the governing agreement was again the 2000 SDR/DDR License.
cc. On March 24, 2005, Mr. Shim wrote to Mr. Blumberg and requested a copy of the Infineon Settlement Agreement. Exh. 4267.
dd. Mr. Blumberg declined to provide Mr. Shim a copy of the Infineon Settlement Agreement based upon Rambus's confidentiality obligations to Infineon. Trial Tr. at 957:7-10; Exh. 4264 (Infineon *1007 Settlement Agreement ¶ 12.3). Mr. Blumberg explained to Mr. Shim this restriction on his ability to share the agreement. Trial Tr. at 957:7-10; Exh. 4268 at 1 ("Since these agreements are confidential, I cannot disclose any such agreement to you as you have requested."). However, in addition to sending Mr. Shim the press release describing the Infineon settlement, Mr. Blumberg did later answer Mr. Shim's questions about the Infineon Settlement Agreement after the agreement was signed. Trial Tr. at 957:11-17. In addition, Mr. Shim had a copy of the redacted Infineon Settlement Agreement that was publicly available through Rambus's Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") filing in 2005. Trial Tr. at 312:20-23 (Mr. Shim's testimony that he saw the redacted copy of the Infineon agreement filed with the SEC); Trial Tr. at 957:18-958:18 (Mr. Blumberg's testimony identifying Exhibit 10324A as the redacted agreement in the SEC filing); Exh. 10324A. The publicly available information about the Infineon settlement disclosed the term of Infineon's license, the fact that neither party could terminate the license for any reason prior to its expiration, the dismissal of litigation between the parties, the amount of the three payment caps, the amount of the quarterly payments, the scope of the patents covered, the scope of the products licensed, and the confidentiality obligations under the agreement. Exh. 10324A.
ee. On April 1, 2005, Mr. Blumberg wrote to Mr. Shim and withdrew Rambus's February 20 Renewal Offer. Exh. 4268.
ff. Mr. Blumberg and Mr. Smith met with Mr. Shim on April 7, 2005 at a coffee shop at the Grand Hyatt in Tokyo. The "primary focus of Mr. Shim's interest in the meeting" was "discussing and getting more details about the Infineon agreement." Trial Tr. at 960:8-12. During that meeting, Mr. Blumberg told Mr. Shim that "the Infineon agreement involved a lump sum payment and that there was no royalty rate that would be comparable in any way or that would trigger Section 3.8 of that 2000 agreement." At the April 7, 2005 meeting, Mr. Shim, according to Mr. Blumberg, did not make any proposal of any kind. Trial Tr. at 961:15-16. On direct examination on September 23, 2005, Mr. Shim first testified that he did not recall any specific terms being discussed at the April 2005 meeting in Tokyo. Trial Tr. at 330:15-24. The next day, on redirect, he testified that at the April 2005 meeting in Tokyo, Samsung made a renewal proposal with terms "consistent with what was in place for Infineon" including coverage of all patents and all DRAM products, a five year capture period, and "some scale version of Infineon royalty rate." Id. at 447:4-448:17. However, he could not recall specific terms of a Samsung proposal.
gg. On May 11, 2005, the parties met in Tokyo at Samsung's offices. Trial Tr. at 961:17-21. Mr. Blumberg and Mr. Smith attended on behalf of Rambus. Id. at 962:19-21. At this meeting, Mr. Shim suggested some "high-level terms" that Samsung thought "would have to be included in a renewal." Id. at 962:22-963:12. Mr. Shim did not propose any specific price terms other than to say that price needed to be "in line with the Infineon deal." Id. at 963:13-21. Mr. Shim did not "go into any details about what in line meant or in that neighborhood might have been." Id. Mr. Shim did not mention any numbers. Id. at 963:22-23. In response to these high level terms from Mr. Shim, Mr. Blumberg explained that a broad license such as that requested by Mr. Shim would be difficult for Rambus, but that "it was a possibility if we could agree on a reasonable price for such a license." Id. at 963:24-964:6.
*1008 hh. At the April 7, 2005 or the May 11, 2005 meeting, Mr. Blumberg told Mr. Shim that Rambus would be happy to continue with the terms of the original SDR/DDR License in a renewal. Trial Tr. at 1012:25-1013:11. He does not recall whether coverage for DDR2 was discussed. Id. at 1013:12-14.
ii. On May 18, 2005, Mr. Blumberg sent a further proposal to Mr. Shim. In this proposal, Mr. Blumberg explained that based on recent events related to the DOJ investigation of Samsung for price-fixing, the parties' discussions to date, and the "very short time available to us to conclude a deal," Rambus had "determined that we cannot reach, on agreeable terms, the five year patent license renewal deal you desire." Exh. 4271. Instead, Mr. Blumberg proposed that "we focus on one of the options we have already discussed, namely, a one year standstill agreement between the parties." Id. He reiterated that "[c]onclusion of such an agreement before July 1 remains a top priority for Rambus." Id. Then, Mr. Blumberg set forth a series of specific terms for a one year standstill, with price terms that would provide Samsung "the prorated amount paid for such quarter by Infineon ... multiplied by the ratio of Samsung's DRAM revenue for such quarter compared to Infineon's DRAM revenue for such quarter." Id. This amount paid under the standstill was to be a credit against royalties owed for Samsung's DRAM sales during the standstill period once the parties had negotiated a new license. Id. According to Mr. Blumberg, at the time he sent the May 18, 2005 standstill proposal, the parties had been discussing the possibility of (a) doing a renewal based on the 2000 SDR/DDR License, (b) doing a renewal based on the terms that Samsung had requested, provided that the price was mutually agreeable, or (c) entering into a standstill. He testified that any one of those three options would have been acceptable to Rambus. Trial Tr. at 1045:21-1046:5.
jj. In the May 18, 2005 standstill proposal, Mr. Blumberg stated that he was looking forward to discussing the proposal with Mr. Shim on May 24, 2005. Exh. 4271.
kk. On May 24, 2005, Mr. Blumberg, Mr. Smith, and Mr. Danforth met with Mr. Shim and his team at Rambus's offices in Los Altos, California. Trial Tr. at 964:19-965:3. The purpose of the meeting was to get Samsung's feedback on the May 18 proposal and to "move forward on renegotiating a standstill agreement." Trial Tr. at 965:6-9. Mr. Blumberg told Mr. Shim why he proposed a standstill rather than a renewal. Trial Tr. at 965:10-966:17 (explaining that because Samsung had uncertainty about the enforceability of Rambus's patents and because Samsung appeared unwilling to pay a significant amount of money for a renewal, a standstill made sense because it allowed the parties more time to assess the uncertainties and "more time to negotiate comfortably a full renewal agreement"). In response, Mr. Shim agreed that the parties "did not seem to be converging on a renewal deal" and was "open to the discussion of the standstill." Id. at 966:18-22. However, he did not tell Rambus what price Samsung would be willing to pay for a standstill or a renewal. Trial Tr. at 966:23-967:9.
ll. During both the May 11, 2005 and May 24, 2005 meetings, there was discussion of Rambus's concern about Samsung's potential involvement in antitrust violations. Trial Tr. at 967:10-13. This issue was also mentioned in Mr. Blumberg's May 18 standstill offer. Exh. 4271. Mr. Blumberg explained that the antitrust issues came up because "Samsung had indicated [in the renewal negotiations] that it would require a full release of all past liability, including all antitrust liability in *1009 the renewal agreement." Trial Tr. at 967:16-20. Mr. Shim acknowledged this. Trial Tr. at 331:19-332:6. Mr. Blumberg elaborated that "in order to evaluate and properly value the antitrust release, [Rambus] needed to discuss this [antitrust] evidence and those issues with Samsung." Trial Tr. at 968:4-6.
mm. Throughout the negotiations, Mr. Blumberg "kept telling Mr. Shim I wanted to engage in negotiations to get that deal done. I thought the relationship between the companies was an important one for both companies and I didn't want the lack of this agreement to be an impediment to that relationship." Trial Tr. at 1044:10-22. Further, Mr. Blumberg testified that "at every opportunity, I encouraged Mr. Shim to engage with me in negotiations for a renewal because, among other things, that was one of the main focuses of my job." Id. at 1044:23-1045:1.
nn. On June 3, 2005, Mr. Shim sent Mr. Blumberg Samsung's standstill offer. Exh. 4273; Trial Tr. at 968:10-13. Samsung's June 3 standstill offer proposed a $3.5 million payment for the second quarter of 2005, and $3.5 million per quarter payments for the one-year standstill. Exh. 4273, §§ 4, 7. It proposed that the parties would negotiate a five-year renewal in good faith no later than the start of the fourth quarter of 2005. Id. at § 5. For that renewal agreement to be negotiated, the term would be no less than five years with the royalty paid in unspecified "fixed quarterly payments," the covered products would include all DRAM, including DDR2+ and XDR, all Rambus patents would be covered, and there would be a $200 million cap on any payments. Id. at §§ 8-8.4. Samsung's June 3 proposal had a most favored licensee provision that provided Samsung's royalty "under the Renewal Agreement will be effectively less than that of any other future Rambus licensees" and Samsung will get "the right to audit future third party license agreements and replace financial terms of the Renewal Agreement with those provided in any future third party license." Id. at § 9. The June 3 proposal also suggested that if any one Rambus patent was ruled unenforceable by any court, regardless of whether the ruling was final or later overturned on appeal, Samsung would have the option to terminate the renewal agreement and all sales of Licensed Products prior to termination would be deemed licensed and paid in full. Id. at § 10. Mr. Blumberg testified that the proposal "shocked" him and was "particularly troubling" because it seemed "incredibly one-sided." Trial Tr. at 1050:15-1051:9.
oo. The parties met again on June 6, 2005 in Santa Clara, California. Trial Tr. at 968:16-23. Mr. Blumberg, Mr. Danforth, and Mr. Smith attended on behalf of Rambus and Mr. Shim and some of his associates attended on behalf of Samsung. Id. at 968:24-969:3. At that meeting, Mr. Shim explained his June 3 proposal, but never provided calculations or numbers to explain how he derived the $3.5 million per quarter payment proposal or the $3.5 million proposal for the second quarter of 2005. Trial Tr. at 969:9-971:18. Instead, Mr. Shim spoke only in high level terms, stating that "due to the uncertainty of the value of Rambus's patents, Samsung was not comfortable paying more than that amount." Id. In response, Mr. Blumberg explained that Rambus was "extremely concerned and worried that this was a low ball offer that Samsung was throwing on the table as if throwing down the gauntlet to say either take this offer or there will be other results." Id. at 971:19-972:2. Specifically, Rambus's representatives told Mr. Shim that "we were concerned that if we did not accept this offer, it was his and Samsung's intention to file suit against Rambus." Id. at 972:3-6. During the June 6, 2005 meeting, Rambus reiterated *1010 its willingness to negotiate a deal "along the lines of" Rambus's May 18 proposal. Trial Tr. at 972:7-15. Samsung did not accept Rambus's May 18 proposal. Id. at 972:16-21. Then, Rambus offered another proposalthis time a 30-day standstill proposal that addressed some of Rambus's concerns about Samsung initiating litigation. Trial Tr. at 972:22-973:8; Exh. 4275. Mr. Shim and his colleagues took a break from the negotiations to privately confer for approximately an hour about the 30-day standstill proposal. Trial Tr. at 973:9-20. When they returned, they rejected Rambus's offer. Id. at 973:21-24. At no point during the renewal negotiations did Samsung make an offer for renewal that included a price. Trial Tr. at 974:13-16. During these renewal negotiations, no one from Samsung ever told Mr. Blumberg that Section 8.5 of the SDR/DDR License required Rambus to give Samsung the Infineon settlement deal. Trial Tr. at 973:25-974:6 (Mr. Blumberg's testimony that the first time he had heard that theory from Samsung was during trial).
pp. Samsung's 30(b)(6) corporate designee on the 2005 license negotiations, Seung Bum Ko, testified that "Rambus, as well as Samsung also, made its best good faith [effort] to cooperate for a renewal negotiation." V109 (7/25/08 Depo. of S.B. Ko at 199:24:200:1). Exhibit 9270 (30(b)(6) notice, topic 15).
qq. Rambus brought two pre-prepared letters to the June 6, 2005 meeting. Trial Tr. at 1030:22-24. One letter contained a 30-day standstill that gave Rambus the unilateral right to initiate any future litigation between the parties in the forum of its choice, and the other letter terminated the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement due to Samsung's alleged failure to comply with the auditing provisions of the license. Trial Ex. 4275 (Unexecuted 30-day Standstill Agreement, dated June 6, 2005); Trial Ex. 4276 (Letter from J. Danforth to J. Shim re: terminating 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement, dated June 6, 2005); Trial Tr. at 304:5-14, 1030:25-1031:2, 1032:1-5. Any bad faith by Rambus in connection with its purported termination of the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement was not a substantial factor in the parties' failure to reach an extension or renewal agreement as the parties' had irreconcilable differences on the value of Rambus's technology.
rr. Rambus filed patent infringement lawsuits against Samsung on June 6, 2005 in the Northern District of California. (Complaint for Patent Infringement and Jury Demand, Case No. C-05-02298, dated June 6, 2005; First Amended Complaint for Patent Infringement and Jury Demand, Case No. C-05-00334, dated June 6, 2005).

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

A. Rambus Breached the SDR/DDR License By Failing to Give Samsung the Benefit of the Royalty Rate Obtained By Infineon in its Settlement with Rambus

1. "Royalty Rate" Includes the Quarterly Installment Payments in the Rambus/Infineon License Agreement
The parties dispute whether the Rambus/Infineon Settlement Agreement involved a "royalty rate" as that term is used in Section 3.8 (most favored licensee provision) in the 2000 SDR/DDR License between Rambus and Samsung. Rambus was required to extend to Samsung any "royalty rate agreed to be paid ... by a Third Party ... for products corresponding to SDR SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, SDR SGRAM, DDR SGRAM [that] is lower than that specified in Section 3.1(b)" of the SDR/DDR License. Exh. 4226 § 3.8 (emphasis added). The issue presented is one of contract interpretation. California's *1011 rules of contract interpretation apply. Id. at § 9.1.
"The fundamental goal of contractual interpretation is to give effect to the mutual intention of the parties." Powerine Oil Co. v. Superior Court, 37 Cal.4th 377, 390, 33 Cal.Rptr.3d 562, 118 P.3d 589 (2005). The mutual intent of the parties is to be inferred, if possible, from the written provisions of the contract. Cal. Civ.Code § 1639. Samsung contends that the term "royalty rate" in the 2000 SDR/DDR License applies to the $5.85 million quarterly payments under the Infineon Settlement and License Agreement. Rambus argues that "royalty rate" refers to "running royalty rates" computed as a percentage of sales and does not include the quarterly installment payments agreed to by Infineon. Rambus further argues that what the parties contemplated by Section 3.8 was the identification of a "lower royalty rate" from a third-party agreement that could be applied to Samsung in a straight forward manner and "be subject to automatic application" with no negotiation between the parties necessary to effectuate its provisions.
The plain language of Section 3.8 supports Samsung's interpretation. It reflects an intent to protect Samsung from competitive disadvantage. See, e.g., Cardinal of Adrian, Inc. v. Amerock Corp., 208 U.S.P.Q. 822, 823 (E.D.Mich. 1979) ("The most favored nation clause is intended to guarantee ... that no licensee will be given the opportunity to use this patent at a more favorable rate."). This intent is reinforced by the "Whereas" clauses which state that Rambus intends to charge future licensees more than that paid by Samsung.
The term "royalty rate" is understood to include lump sum payments for the use of technology. "Technical words are to be interpreted as usually understood by persons in the profession or business to which they relate, unless clearly used in a different sense." Cal. Civ.Code § 1645; see Denver D. Darling, Inc. v. Controlled Env'ts Const., Inc., 89 Cal. App.4th 1221, 1236, 108 Cal.Rptr.2d 213 (2001). Courts have noted that the term "royalty rate" or "rate of royalty" within the field of patent licensing is generally understood to include lump-sum payments of various types. See, e.g., Hazeltine Corp. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 100 F.2d 10, 16 (7th Cir.1938) (noting that the court could not "escape the conclusion that a provision in a patent-license contract which provides for the payment of fixed sum of money per fixed period of time for the use of a patented invention states a rate of royalty within the generally understood and recognized meaning of that phrase"); Cardinal of Adrian, Inc., 208 U.S.P.Q. at 823. Samsung's economic expert, Dr. Keith Ugone, gave essentially unrebutted expert testimony that the term "royalty rate" in licensing agreements can refer to a number of different royalty structures, including the variable royalty rate found in the Infineon Settlement and License Agreement.
Rambus itself used "royalty rate" to refer to the installment payments by Infineon under its settlement agreement with Rambus. In its SEC filings, Rambus used the terms "royalty," "rate" and "royalty rate" to describe the payment terms in the Infineon Settlement and License Agreement, including specifically the $5.85 million quarterly rate.
Interpretation of the term "royalty rate" to not include quarterly lump sum payments would fly in the face of what the parties intended to accomplish by Section 3.8. Although the mutual intent of the parties is to be determined, if possible, from the written provisions of the contract, the court must consider extrinsic evidence that is "relevant to prove a meaning to which the language of the instrument is *1012 reasonably susceptible." Pac. Gas & Elec. v. Thomas Drayage & Rigging Co., 69 Cal.2d 33, 37, 69 Cal.Rptr. 561, 442 P.2d 641 (1968). The negotiations leading up to the execution of the 2000 SDR/DDR License clearly show that the intent of the parties was to ensure that Samsung would not be at a competitive disadvantage with third parties specifically including Infineon. Geoff Tate, Rambus's Chief Executive Officer, assured Samsung that Rambus would charge Infineon, Hynix, and Micron "substantially higher license fees and royalty rates." Exh. 4218. Neil Steinberg reassured Samsung during negotiation of the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement that he had modified the language in a related section of the agreement to "provide language expressing the fundamental intent of Section 3.9 that Samsung not be put at a competitive disadvantage as a result of entering into the Agreement." Exh. 4216. Rambus at the time the SDR/DDR License was signed desperately needed an alliance with Samsung and, therefore, was willing to assure Samsung of favored treatment.
The mutual intent of Rambus and Samsung as determined by the words used in the SDR/DDR License and the extrinsic evidence detailing the surrounding circumstances in which they negotiated the contract supports Samsung's interpretation of "royalty." A review of the parol evidence shows that Section 3.8 is reasonably susceptible, in fact only susceptible, to the interpretation urged by Samsung.

2. The Rambus/Infineon Settlement Triggered Rambus's Obligation to Samsung Under Section 3.8 of the 2000 SDR/DDR License
The Infineon Settlement and License Agreement (i.e., the variable royalty rate as set forth in Article 6) contains a "royalty rate" agreed to be paid by Infineon for, among other things, the products that were specified in Section 3.8 of the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement. Specifically, the royalty rate agreed of $5.85 million per quarter that Infineon agreed to pay for, among other things, the relevant products subject to Samsung's most favored licensee rights was clearly "lower than [Samsung's royalty rate as] specified in Section 3.1(b)" for the second quarter of 2005. Pursuant to Section 3.8 of the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement, Rambus was obligated to make that rate effective for Samsung as of April 1, 2005, "the first day of the royalty reporting period in which written notice" was required by the reinstatement of Section 3.8 following Rambus's termination of the 2001 Amendment. "It is likely to be generally true that a licensor's grant of more favorable terms is supported by a sound business reason, but the benefit of more favorable terms is exactly what the person whose license includes an MFL clause has bargained for and to which he is entitled." Studiengesellschaft Kohle m.b.H. v. Novamont Corp., 704 F.2d 48, 53 (2d Cir.1983); see Cardinal of Adrian, 208 U.S.P.Q. at 823 ("[W]here a patent licensor has later granted a paid up license for a sum certain, a licensee who has a most favored nation clause is entitled to a paid-up license for the same sum.").

3. Rambus Breached Section 3.8 of the 2000 SDR/DDR License Agreement
The elements of a claim for breach of contract are: "(1) the contract; (2) plaintiff's performance or excuse for nonperformance; (3) defendant's breach; and (4) the resulting damages to plaintiff." See, e.g., Reichert v. Gen. Ins. Co. of Am., 68 Cal.2d 822, 830, 69 Cal.Rptr. 321, 442 P.2d 377 (1968). There is no dispute that the parties entered into a contract (2000 SDR/DDR License). Samsung performed. (Rambus's claim that Samsung failed to comply under the audit provision was not proved). Samsung was damaged when *1013 Rambus refused to make the $5.85 million per quarter royalty rate paid by Infineon effective for Samsung on April 1, 2005.[2] Samsung has established by a preponderance of evidence that Rambus breached the 2000 SDR/DDR License by such refusal.

4. Rambus Failed to Prove that Samsung Breached the Audit Provision of the SDR/DDR Agreement
Rambus claims it properly terminated the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement on the basis that Samsung breached its audit obligations under Section 4.1 of that agreement. However, Rambus did not establish such a breach by a preponderance of the evidence. Rambus did not offer any exhibits that were delivered to Samsung that revealed the alleged underpayment and Rambus accepted Samsung's royalty payment for the first quarter of 2005 without objection. In addition, the timing and circumstances existing at the time Rambus purportedly terminated the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement suggest that Rambus's purported termination for the alleged audit breach was pretextual and the real reason was the advantage it sought it could achieve by instituting a lawsuit for patent infringement.

B. Rambus Did Not Breach the SDR/DDR License By Failing to Negotiate in Good Faith An Extension or Renewal

1. Section 8.5 Did Not Require Rambus to Offer an Extension or Renewal that Covered DDR2 SDRAM and Subsequent Product Generations
Under Section 8.5 of the 2000 SDR/DDR License the parties agreed "to negotiate in good faith with a view to achieving a mutually satisfactory patent license agreement under the Rambus Patents with respect to Licensed Products, including, without limitation, an extension hereof or a new agreement." (Emphasis added). Samsung contends that Section 1.7's definition of "DDR/SDRAM(s)" includes DDR2 SDRAM and subsequent product generations and, therefore as "Licensed Products" were required to be included in the parties' attempt to achieve a "mutually satisfactory patent license agreement." Rambus maintains that Samsung's DDR2 and subsequent product generations are beyond the scope of DDR SDRAM as defined in Section 1.7.
*1014 As previously discussed, under California law "[t]he fundamental goal of contractual interpretation is to give effect to the mutual intention of the parties" (Powerine Oil Co., 37 Cal.4th at 390, 33 Cal. Rptr.3d 562, 118 P.3d 589) and the mutual intent of the parties is to be inferred, if possible, from the written provisions of the contract. Cal. Civ.Code § 1639. Nevertheless, the court must consider extrinsic evidence that is "relevant to prove a meaning to which the language of the instrument is reasonably susceptible." Pac. Gas & Elec., 69 Cal.2d at 37, 69 Cal.Rptr. 561, 442 P.2d 641. The plain language of Section 1.7 supports Rambus's position that Samsung's DDR2 products are not covered because they are not identical to the eight specific Samsung products identified in Section 1.7, nor do they merely add one of the approved differences set forth in Section 1.7. Further, during negotiation of the 2000 SDR/DDR License Rambus, as acknowledged by Samsung, did not want the Agreement to cover future DRAM generations and did not budge from its originally proposed definition of "Licensed Products."
Samsung argues that Mr. Steinberg represented to Mr. Shim during the negotiations that the Agreement as proposed covered evolutionary changes and that all of the differences between Samsung's DDR and DDR2 products are evolutionary changes. What Mr. Steinberg did say in an email was that he felt that Section 1.7 "adequately covers devices which may have evolutionary (as opposed to revolutionary) differences from the devices specified by part number." Exh. 4216 at 1. Mr. Steinberg did not represent that all evolutionary changes would be covered, nor did the parties ever discuss what each understood "evolutionary" to mean. Most importantly, the Agreement did not use the term "evolutionary" or "revolutionary." The language of the SDR/DDR License is not reasonably susceptible to an interpretation that any change that is "evolutionary" is covered by the approved listed differences in Section 1.7. Therefore, Rambus had no good faith obligation under Section 8.5 to include Samsung's DDR2 and subsequent product generations in the parties' attempt to achieve a "mutually satisfactory patent license agreement."

2. The Parties Never Agreed Expressly or Impliedly that Samsung Would Receive Most Favored Licensee Protection in a Renewal of the SDR/DDR License or in a New Patent License Agreement
Samsung sought during negotiation of the SDR/DDR Agreement assurance that it would continue to have most favored licensee status following the expiration of the Agreement. When Samsung signed the SDR/DDR Agreement, there was no provision promising a most favored royalty condition in any extension or new patent license. However, Mr. Shim and Mr. Steinberg had agreed to negotiate an amendment to the SDR/DDR Agreement to address this concern. Mr. Shim sent Mr. Steinberg a proposal shortly after the SDR/DDR Agreement was executed and Mr. Steinberg shortly thereafter sent a proposed revised amendment. Mr. Shim did not respond and neither proposed amendment was ever signed. Samsung did not respond to Mr. Steinberg's proposal because Samsung believed "about this time, and for the period of many months that followed, there were some serious concerns as to Rambus's I.P., and we were reviewing many different aspects of lawsuits that were going on." Trial Tr. at 248:19-22. Therefore, no most favored royalty or licensee provision can be incorporated into the SDR/DDR License either expressly or impliedly because (1) one was never agreed to and (2) Section 10.9 of the SDR/DDR Agreement required any "alteration, amendment, waiver, cancellation or *1015 any other change in any term or condition of [the] Agreement ... [to] have been mutually assented to in writing by both parties." Exh. 4226, § 10.9.
Samsung's contends that the covenant of good faith and fair dealing implied in the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement required Rambus to offer an extension or a new patent license agreement that recognized most favored licensee status for Samsung. The implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing that exists in all contracts is limited to assuring compliance with the express terms of the contract, and cannot be extended to create obligations not contemplated in the contract. Racine & Laramie, Ltd. v. Department of Parks & Recreation, 11 Cal.App.4th 1026, 1032, 14 Cal.Rptr.2d 335 (1993). No express term of the 2000 SDR/DDR License required Samsung to be given most favored licensee status on renewal of the License or in a new patent license agreement. The parties had an obligation to negotiate in good faith, but despite discussing the inclusion of a most favored licensee provision in Section 8.5 of the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement, the parties for whatever reason, knowingly did not do so and thus their good faith obligation did not include negotiation of most favored licensee protection.

3. The Failure of the Parties to Negotiate an Extension to the SDR/DDR Agreement or a Mutually Satisfactory New License Agreement Was Not Caused by Any Lack of Good Faith
Rambus initiated renewal negotiations in July 2004, which was well before the six month deadline required by Section 8.5 of the 2000 SDR/DDR License for the commencement of negotiations. Rambus made an offer for renewal on February 20, 2005. Samsung never accepted Rambus's February 20, 2005 Renewal Offer. Samsung's assertion that this offer was withdrawn in bad faith before Samsung had a chance to respond to it is not supported by the evidence. To the contrary, the evidence demonstrates that Samsung had nearly six weeks to consider that renewal offer, was informed that the offer was time sensitive and was warned that it would be withdrawn in the event that Rambus settled with Infineon. Rambus met with Samsung representatives on March 8 to discuss the renewal offer nearly a month before it was ultimately withdrawn.
After Rambus settled with Infineon and withdrew its February 20 Renewal Offer, Rambus continued to make efforts to negotiate with Samsung. Rambus presented several options for renewal and for a standstill agreement between April 1, 2005 and June 6, 2005. The May 18 standstill offer from Rambus was not in bad faith even though it did not offer a full renewal or extension. The evidence demonstrated that both parties thought it made sense to switch to a standstill given the uncertainties about a renewal expressed by both sides. Moreover, Mr. Blumberg testified that the goal of a standstill agreement was to reach resolution of the dispute before the expiration of the SDR/DDR License in such a way that it allowed more time for the parties to negotiate and come to agreement on a renewal or extension.
Rambus considered Samsung's June 3 offer to be a low-ball offer with one-sided terms, and as a result, was worried Samsung was not taking the negotiation seriously. However, the pretextual termination of the SDR/DDR License and filing suit against Samsung at the end of their negotiation session on June 6, 2005, the date that turned out to be their last day of negotiation, was not part of a good faith negotiation but rather a tactic designed to gain a litigation advantage if Rambus decided that the parties were not going to reach agreement. However, that tactic did not cause the parties' failure to reach *1016 agreement. As of June 6, 2005 the parties clearly had irreconcilable differences about the value of a license of Rambus's patents.
"Good faith [does] not require [a party] to accede to ... one-sided modifications." Auerbach v. Great Western Bank, 74 Cal.App.4th 1172, 1191-92, 88 Cal. Rptr.2d 718 (1999). See also Phoenix Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Shady Grove Plaza Ltd. Partnership, 734 F.Supp. 1181, 1190 (D.Md.1990) ("The duty [to bargain in] good faith ... does not prohibit a party from bargaining to its own economic advantage...."). As stated by the Seventh Circuit in A/S Apothekernes Laboratorium for Specialpraeparater v. I.M.C. Chem. Group, 873 F.2d 155, 159 (7th Cir.1989):
In a business transaction both sides presumably try to get the best of the deal. That is the essence of bargaining and the free market. And in the context of this case, no legal rule bounds the run of business interest. So one cannot characterize self-interest as bad faith. No particular demand in negotiations could be termed dishonest, even if it seemed outrageous to the other party. The proper recourse is to walk away from the bargaining table, not to sue for "bad faith" in negotiations.
The failure of the parties to agree did not result from the breach of the duty to negotiate in good faith.

4. Even If Rambus Breached an Obligation to Negotiate in Good Faith, Samsung Has Not Proved an Entitlement to Damages
In Copeland v. Baskin Robbins U.S.A. the California court of appeals recognized that a cause of action exists under California law for breach of a contract to negotiate. 96 Cal.App.4th 1251, 1255-60, 117 Cal.Rptr.2d 875 (2002). The court, however, cautioned that the "uncertain concept" of "bad faith" should not permit an aggrieved party to claim the benefit of a contract that was never consummated and restricted the damages available to a plaintiff in duty-to-negotiate cases: "the appropriate remedy for breach of a contract to negotiate is not damages for the injured party's lost expectations under the prospective contract but damages caused by the injured party's reliance on the agreement to negotiate." Id. at 1260-61, 117 Cal.Rptr.2d 875. The court further explained:
For obvious reasons, damages for breach of a contract to negotiate an agreement are measured by the injury the plaintiff suffered in relying on the defendant to negotiate in good faith. This measure encompasses the plaintiff's out-of-pocket costs in conducting the negotiations and may or may not include lost opportunity costs. The plaintiff cannot recover for lost expectations (profits) because there is no way of knowing what the ultimate terms of the agreement would have been or even if there would have been an ultimate agreement.
Id. at 1262-63, 117 Cal.Rptr.2d 875.
Here, Samsung did not seek nor offer evidence of any damages sustained in reliance upon Rambus's commitment to negotiate a renewal agreement in good faith. Samsung seeks only expectation damagesthat is, the value of a renewal or new agreement that the parties never made. For this reason, even if it had been able to prove that Rambus breached its duty to negotiate in good faith for a renewal agreement, Samsung would not be entitled to expectation damages.

C. Samsung's Affirmative Defense of Equitable Estoppel
Samsung argues that Rambus should be equitably estopped from seeking patent infringement damages beyond the royalties paid by Infineon for the products that would have been covered by the renewal license Samsung contends that *1017 Rambus was obligated to enter. Samsung bases its argument on the assurances Rambus made to Samsung during the negotiation of the 2000 SDR/DDR License that Samsung would have a competitive advantage over those who chose to litigate with Rambus, by fulfilling its obligations under the 2000 SDR/DDR Agreement and by its willingness to negotiate in good faith under Section 8.5 of the 2000 SDR/DDR License.
To establish an estoppel defense, Samsung had the burden to prove: "(a) a representation or concealment of material facts (b) made with knowledge, actual or virtual, of the facts (c) to a party ignorant, actually and permissibly, of the truth (d) with the intention, actual or virtual, that the ignorant party act on it, and (e) that party [relied] on it [to his injury]." 13 Witkin, Summary 10th (2005) Equity, § 191 at 527-28; Wood v. Blaney, 107 Cal. 291, 295, 40 P. 428 (1895); Wells Fargo Bank v. Bank of America, 32 Cal.App.4th 424, 438, 38 Cal.Rptr.2d 521 (1995). Moreover, in order to meet the reliance requirement, the party seeking an estoppel must demonstrate that the reliance was reasonable. Martinez v. Scott Specialty Gases, Inc., 83 Cal.App.4th 1236, 1248, 100 Cal. Rptr.2d 403 (2000) (holding that "[e]stoppel requires, among other things, reasonable reliance on the other party's actions" and rejecting estoppel where "plaintiffs could not reasonably have been misled") (emphasis in original). Samsung did not establish that it could reasonably have relied on Rambus's alleged promises that Samsung would be granted protections vis-à-vis its competitors in litigation with Rambus beyond those set forth in the language of the 2000 SDR/DDR License itself. Samsung is a sophisticated company that was represented by experienced lawyers in the 2000 licensing negotiations with Rambus. The parties, through their lawyers, established a fully-integrated written agreement that expressly established California law as the applicable state law. In California, the Supreme Court had long held that, under the parol evidence rule, evidence of prior or contemporaneous agreements or understandings between the contract negotiators cannot be used to "add to, detract from, or vary the terms" of the parties' written agreement. Pacific Gas & Elec. Co., 69 Cal.2d at 37, 69 Cal. Rptr. 561, 442 P.2d 641. To the extent Samsung purports to have relied upon its own interpretation of Section 3.8 based on extra-contractual statements made by Rambus's negotiators that were not incorporated into the terms of the 2000 SDR/DDR License, such reliance was inherently unreasonable. Samsung also could not reasonably have relied on the alleged promise that Rambus would offer the "Infineon deal" in any renewal or extension of the SDR/DDR License because such reliance would have added a promise to Section 8.5 which is not an automatic renewal provision and expressly states that the parties agree only to negotiate in good faith "with a view to achieving a mutually satisfactory" agreement Exh. 4226 at § 8.5. Section 8.5 identifies no terms that were to be carried over into any new licensing agreement.

D. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
The disposition of Counts I-III and the affirmative defense of equitable estoppel required by these Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law will be incorporated into any judgment that is later entered in either of the captioned cases. An unredacted copy of this order will be publicly filed within seven (7) days of the date of this order, absent a meritorious request by a party that certain portions of the order be redacted from the publicly filed copy.
NOTES
[1]  References herein to "Jury Trial Tr." refer to the transcript of the Coordinated Jury Trial. References to "Trial Tr." refer to the transcript of the September 22, 2008 trial. References to "Exh." refer to admitted trial exhibits in either the Coordinated Jury Trial or the September 22, 2008 trial.
[2]  Rambus has not sought to recover royalties that otherwise would be due under the license for the second quarter of 2005. Rambus purportedly terminated the license based on the alleged audit breach on June 6, 2005, which was before both the end of the license term (June 30, 2005) and the date when Samsung's payment obligation for the second quarter of 2005 otherwise would have come due. (Exh. 4226 at § 4.2). Rambus did not have a right to terminate the license based on the audit breach. As a result, Rambus's decision to terminate the license in favor of suing Samsung before the end of the license term constituted a repudiation of the license and hence a material breach of it. See, e.g., Sackett v. Spindler, 248 Cal.App.2d 220, 229, 56 Cal. Rptr. 435 (Cal.App. 1st Dist.1967) (noting that a party that terminates a contract based on anything less than a material breach by its counterparty unlawfully repudiates the agreement and places it "in total breach" of the contract); 13-68 Corbin on Contracts § 68.3 ("If under the circumstances, however, a party's breach is a total breach, the injured party's duty of performance is discharged, including the obligation to compensate, on the contract, for any part performance."). As a result, Rambus cannot enforce the license to recover royalties that otherwise would have been due for the second quarter of 2005. See Cox v. Ocean View Hotel Corp., 533 F.3d 1114, 1121 (9th Cir.2008); De Burgh v. De Burgh, 39 Cal.2d 858, 863, 250 P.2d 598 (Cal. 1952); Kaiser Trading Co. v. Associated Metals & Minerals, 321 F.Supp. 923, 929 (N.D.Cal. 1970)