Court Opinion

ID: 4670613
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-23 18:00:44.869796+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:04.226542
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           March 23, 2021
                        _________________________________
                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                             Clerk of Court
 GARY HEIDEL, individually; MICHELE
 ASCHBACHER, individually; CAMILLE
 ROWELL, individually; KERSTEN
 HEIDEL, individually; MICHAEL
 ROWELL, individually and as the personal
 representative of the Estate of Catherine
 Rowell,

       Plaintiffs - Appellants,

 v.                                                         No. 20-1067
                                                (D.C. No. 1:18-CV-00378-REB-GPG)
 SHERIFF ANTHONY MAZZOLA, in his                             (D. Colo.)
 individual and official capacity;
 SERGEANT JEREMY MUXLOW, in his
 individual capacity; DEPUTY KIM
 COOK, in his individual capacity;
 DEPUTY CLINTON KILDUFF, in his
 individual capacity; DEPUTY JOHNNY
 MURRAY, in his individual capacity,

       Defendants - Appellees.
                      _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, KELLY, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.**
                 _________________________________

      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
       **
          After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
ordered submitted without oral argument.
      Plaintiffs-Appellants Gary Heidel, Michele Aschbacher, Camille Rowell,

Kersten Heidel, and Michael Rowell (collectively, “the Estate”), appeal from the

district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Defendants-Appellees in their

civil rights action. Plaintiffs’ decedent, Catherine Rowell, committed suicide while a

pretrial detainee at the Rio Blanco County Detention Center. On appeal, the Estate

argues there is ample evidence showing the jail officials’ deliberate indifference, in

violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, toward Ms. Rowell’s risk of suicide.

Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

                                     Background1

      On February 12, 2016, Ms. Rowell was arrested in Rangely, Colorado, and

booked into the Rio Blanco County Detention Center (“the jail”). Ms. Rowell had

also been confined at the jail a few days earlier as well as in February and August of

2015. Ms. Rowell spent most of her time sleeping and refused to go outside during

recreation time. Although she ate some of her meals, Ms. Rowell showed signs of a

loss of appetite by either refusing to eat or not finishing her meals. Officers believed

this behavior was consistent with their previous interactions with Ms. Rowell. On

February 15, an officer checked on Ms. Rowell around 1:55 p.m. and discovered her

in the day room with a 33-inch armored telephone cord wrapped around her neck.

They were unable to revive her.

      1
         Because the parties are familiar with the case, we provide only a limited
factual recitation.
                                           2
      Sheriff Mazzola was in charge of the jail. For its part, the jail’s suicide policy

largely consisted of moving suicidal inmates for more frequent observation and

contacting a mental health organization that provided services. Jail officers received

on-the-job suicide training but nothing more formal than that. The policy manual

also instructed officers to conduct cell checks every hour, but the evidence shows

they occasionally waited longer. In fact, the parties contest whether officers checked

on Ms. Rowell at 1:00 p.m. — an hour before her suicide — and the district court

appeared to accept that they did not check on her for the purpose of its analysis. See

5 Aplt. App. 1295.

      The Estate brought this action against the sheriff in his individual and official

capacities and the other officers in their individual capacities, raising federal and

state-law claims. The district court granted Defendants’ motion for summary

judgment on the federal claims concluding, inter alia, that the Estate failed to

establish an underlying constitutional violation or deliberate indifference by Sheriff

Mazzola.2 The district court dismissed the supplemental state law claims without

prejudice.

      2
        After Defendants filed their motion for summary judgment, the Estate
voluntarily withdrew all of its claims except the official-capacity claim against
Sheriff Mazzola and the individual-capacity claim against Sergeant Jeremy Muxlow.
5 Aplt. App. 1283. In its order, the district court also granted summary judgment in
favor of Sergeant Muxlow. Id. at 1299. The Estate did not appeal that decision.
                                            3
                                      Discussion

      We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, “drawing

all reasonable inferences and resolving all factual disputes in favor of [the Estate].”

Murphy v. City of Tulsa, 950 F.3d 641, 643 (10th Cir. 2019) (citation omitted). The

Estate’s claim against Sheriff Mazzola in his official capacity is equivalent to a suit

against a governmental entity; thus, our municipal-liability cases apply. See Cox v.

Glanz, 800 F.3d 1231, 1254 (10th Cir. 2015). For the Estate to succeed against

Sheriff Mazzola, it must show (1) an official government policy or custom, (2) that

caused a constitutional injury, and (3) requisite state of mind. Schneider v. City of

Grand Junction Police Dep’t, 717 F.3d 760, 769 (10th Cir. 2013).

      Claims based on a jail suicide usually implicate an alleged “failure of jail

officials to provide medical care for those in their custody.” Cox, 800 F.3d at 1248

(citation omitted). Therefore, recovery requires a showing of deliberate indifference,

id., which requires establishing an objective and subjective component. Strain v.

Regalado, 977 F.3d 984, 989 (10th Cir. 2020).3 Suicide satisfies the objective

component. Collins v. Seeman, 462 F.3d 757, 760 (7th Cir. 2006); see Martinez v.

Beggs, 563 F.3d 1082, 1088 (10th Cir. 2009). For the subjective component, the

Estate must show that jail officials “knew [Ms. Rowell] faced a substantial risk of

harm and disregarded that risk, by failing to take reasonable measures to abate it.”

      3
         The Estate argued that only the objective component needs to be established
under Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389 (2015). Aplt. Br. at 31–35. As the
parties recognize in their supplemental authority letters, this argument has been
foreclosed by our recent decision in Strain. See 977 F.3d at 989–91.
                                            4
Quintana v. Santa Fe Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 973 F.3d 1022, 1029 (10th Cir. 2020)

(citation omitted).

      On appeal, the Estate argues that various jail officers were deliberately

indifferent because they failed to inquire about Ms. Rowell’s suicidal tendencies, and

they failed to regularly check on her despite the risk of suicide. The Estate also

contends that, when viewed collectively, the officers’ actions and other deficiencies

at the jail are enough to establish its deliberate-indifference claim. We disagree.

      To start, the Estate cannot establish an underlying constitutional violation by

any of the jail’s officers because they did not have subjective awareness of Ms.

Rowell’s risk of suicide. Although excessive sleeping, signs of diminished appetite,

and refusing to go outside for recreation time can arguably be viewed as suicidal

characteristics, they can be “susceptible to a number of interpretations.” See Cox,

800 F.3d at 1253. Officers viewed this behavior as common among inmates and

consistent with Ms. Rowell’s previous time at the jail. No evidence suggests that Ms.

Rowell mentioned her suicidal thoughts to an officer. Although the Estate argues

that the subjective component can be shown by a risk of harm to the inmate

population as a whole, our cases have typically required knowledge about a specific

inmate’s risk of suicide. Id. at 1249–51.

      Moreover, the officers’ failure to follow jail procedures does not equate with a

constitutional violation. The Estate alleges that the booking questionnaire was not

properly administered and that officers failed to conduct hourly cell checks.

However, an officer’s failure to follow internal jail policies does not automatically

                                            5
mean he or she acted with deliberate indifference. See Hovater v. Robinson, 1 F.3d

1063, 1068 n.4 (10th Cir. 1993). Especially when considering the lack of evidence

regarding the officers’ subjective awareness, the alleged deviations from timely cell

checks and proper booking do not amount to deliberate indifference in these

circumstances.

      The Estate’s comparison of the officers in this case to the defendants in Lemire

v. Cal. Dep’t of Corrs. and Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062 (9th Cir. 2013), is not persuasive

because Lemire is readily distinguishable. In that case, defendants violated jail

policy by pulling all floor staff from a unit to attend a staff meeting. Id. at 1070–71.

The unit — which housed mentally-ill patients taking psychotropic medication —

was left unmonitored for three-and-a-half hours, which resulted in an inmate’s

suicide. Id. There was a triable issue on deliberate indifference because the

defendants knew the specific risks posed to the inmates and they knew it was the

“primary” duty of floor staff to prevent suicide attempts. Id. at 1078–79. Thus, the

Lemire defendants had far more specific knowledge about the risks posed by

inadequate supervision of inmates.

      The Estate next attempts to show a cognizable injury by aggregating every

officers’ conduct with various other shortcomings at the jail to show a systemic

failure. Even recognizing that combined actions or omissions pursuant to a

governmental policy or custom may violate constitutional rights, see Garcia v. Salt

Lake Cnty., 768 F.2d 303, 310 (10th Cir. 1985), the fact remains that the officers

lacked knowledge of Ms. Rowell’s risk of suicide. As for any deficiencies in the

                                            6
jail’s training and policies, we do not think that they amount to a systemic failure

given the reasonable efforts to “protect the prisoners’ safety and bodily integrity.”

Cox, 800 F.3d at 1248 (citation omitted). The Estate’s arguments about the jail’s

facilities “all sound remarkably like the tort of negligent design, a state remedy, not a

constitutional violation.” Bame v. Iron Cnty., 566 F. App’x 731, 740 (10th Cir.

2014); see Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 835 (1994) (“[D]eliberate indifference

entails something more than mere negligence . . . .”).

      The Seventh Circuit decision relied upon by the Estate is readily

distinguishable. See Woodward v. Corr. Med. Servs. of Ill., Inc., 368 F.3d 917 (7th

Cir. 2004). In Woodward, the court upheld a jury verdict that a defendant was

deliberately indifferent to an inmate’s risk of suicide. Id. at 919. But there, the

defendant failed to train staff, condoned violating policies meant to help suicidal

inmates, and ignored the inmate’s explicit warnings about his mental health and

thoughts of suicide. Id. at 927–29.

      We also note that the Estate cannot show state of mind, an essential element of

a municipal-liability claim. See Schneider, 717 F.3d at 770–71. In the context of an

official-capacity claim, a plaintiff must show:

      the municipality has actual or constructive notice that its action or failure
      to act is substantially certain to result in a constitutional violation, and it
      consciously or deliberately chooses to disregard the risk of harm. In most
      instances, notice can be established by proving the existence of a pattern
      of tortious conduct. In a narrow range of circumstances, however,
      deliberate indifference may be found absent a pattern of unconstitutional
      behavior if a violation of federal rights is a highly predictable or plainly
      obvious consequence of a municipality’s action or inaction[.]

                                            7
Id. at 771 (quoting Barney v. Pulsipher, 143 F.3d 1299, 1307 (10th Cir. 1998)).

      Here, the jail has had one suicide-by-hanging from decades ago and one recent

attempted suicide-by-drowning. While tragic, this is not a pattern of conduct that

would establish actual notice of a substantially high risk of suicide. Nor is this one

of those rare circumstances where the jail’s operating procedures were so deficient,

or the risk of the telephone cord was so obvious, that it would “be liable under § 1983

without proof of a pre-existing pattern of violations.” Connick v. Thompson, 563

U.S. 51, 64 (2011).

      AFFIRMED.

                                            Entered for the Court

                                            Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                            Circuit Judge

                                           8