Court Opinion

ID: 9881069
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-29 17:01:35.485805+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:59:01.780616
License: Public Domain

This opinion is subject to revision before publication.

       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE ARMED FORCES
                      _______________

                    UNITED STATES
                        Appellee

                              v.

             Ashraf S. WARDA, Sergeant
             United States Army, Appellant

                      No. 22-0282
                Crim. App. No. 20200644

Argued February 21, 2023—Decided September 29, 2023

Military Judges: Teresa L. Raymond and Troy A. Smith

  For Appellant: Mr. William E. Cassara, Esq. (ar-
  gued); Captain Tumentugs D. Armstrong (on brief).

  For Appellee: Captain Andrew M. Hopkins (argued);
  Colonel Christopher B. Burgess, Lieutenant Colonel
  Jaqueline J. DeGaine, and Major Pamela L. Jones
  (on brief).

  Amicus Curiae for Appellant: Donald G. Rehkopf Jr.,
  Esq., and Barbara E. Bergman, Esq. (on behalf of the
  National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers)
  (on brief).

  Judge JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the Court,
  in which Chief Judge OHLSON, Judge SPARKS,
  and Judge HARDY joined. Chief Judge OHLSON
  filed a separate concurring opinion, in which Judge
  HARDY joined. Judge MAGGS filed a separate dis-
  senting opinion.
                    _______________
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

   Judge JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the Court.
    This case involves Appellant’s multiple requests for dis-
covery and production of records which went awry primar-
ily because of the subject matter of the records. Appellant
was requesting the immigration records of the sole com-
plaining witness.
    At the outset, we note that early in the case, the mili-
tary judge denied defense counsel’s request for an immi-
gration law expert. 1 This case illustrates the importance of
heeding the cautionary words of the United States Court of
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit: “With only a small degree of
hyperbole, the immigration laws have been termed ‘second
only to the Internal Revenue Code in complexity.’ A lawyer
is often the only person who could thread the labyrinth.”
Castro-O’Ryan v. U.S. Dep’t of Immigr. and Naturalization,
847 F.2d 1307, 1312 (9th Cir. 1987) (quoting E. Hull, With-
out Justice For All, 107 (1985)); see also Padilla v. Ken-
tucky, 559 U.S. 356, 369 (2010) (“Immigration law can be
complex, and it is a legal specialty of its own. Some mem-
bers of the bar who represent clients facing criminal
charges, in either state or federal court or both, may not be
well versed in it.”). All parties, including the military judge,
would have benefitted from said expert. The denial set off
a series of events culminating in the findings and rulings
at issue on this appeal.
   A panel with enlisted representation sitting as a gen-
eral court-martial convicted Appellant, contrary to his
pleas, of one specification of rape in violation of Article 120,
Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920
(2012). 2 The panel sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable

   1 The defense moved to compel production of an immigration
law attorney as an expert consultant and potential expert wit-
ness on immigration law and policy. The military judge denied
the motion, finding it “highly irregular” to request an attorney
as an expert and unclear why trial defense counsel were unable
to research the law themselves.
   2 Appellant was acquitted of an additional specification of vi-
olating Article 120, UCMJ (sexual assault), and one specification
of communicating a threat in violation of Article 134, UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 934 (2012).

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            United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                     Opinion of the Court

discharge, confinement for seven years, forfeiture of all pay
and allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. The
United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals (ACCA) af-
firmed the findings and sentence, United States v. Warda,
No. ARMY 20200644, 2022 CCA LEXIS 438, at *9, 2022
WL 2951949, at *4 (A. Ct. Crim. App. July 21, 2022) (un-
published), and Appellant filed a timely appeal with this
Court.
   We granted review in this case to determine two issues:
       I. Whether the military judge abused his discre-
       tion in denying the motion to dismiss or abate the
       proceedings where the unavailable evidence was
       of such central importance that it was essential to
       a fair trial, there was no adequate substitute for
       the unavailable evidence, the unavailable evi-
       dence was not Appellant’s fault, and the military
       judge varied from the prescribed remedy under
       [Rule for Courts-Martial] 703(f)(2).
       II. Whether Appellant was deprived of his right to
       a unanimous verdict as guaranteed by the Sixth
       Amendment, the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process
       Clause, and the Fifth Amendment’s right to equal
       protection.
United States v. Warda, 83 M.J. 86, 87 (C.A.A.F. 2022)
(order granting review).
   We hold that the military judge abused his discretion in
denying Appellant’s motion to dismiss or abate the pro-
ceedings pursuant to Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.)
703(f)(2) (2016 ed.). Accordingly, we reverse the decision of
the ACCA. 3
                         I. Background
                             A. Facts
  Appellant and MB met on Facebook in 2012. After com-
municating over various platforms for a few years, they
met in person for the first time in December 2015, when
Appellant and his family traveled to MB’s home in Amman,

   3 Issue II was not argued or briefed, as it was held as a trailer
to United States v. Anderson, 83 M.J. 291 (C.A.A.F. 2023). Based
upon the decision in Anderson, we hold that Appellant was not
deprived of the right to a unanimous verdict.

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            United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                     Opinion of the Court

Jordan, to ask her family for permission to marry MB. They
were married in a Sharia Court in Jordan on December 15,
2015. Afterwards, MB remained in Jordan while Appellant
returned to the United States.
    In the spring of 2017, Appellant and MB argued over
the phone and Appellant orally divorced her by talak, the
Islamic term for “divorce.” 4 MB testified that after three
oral talaks, a divorce is final and cannot be revoked. Appel-
lant’s brother AF elaborated:
       The way that you execute that divorce is orally, so
       you just say, “I renounce you.” It could be over text
       message, over the phone, it could be in person, and
       if you do it three times that’s the final divorce. Af-
       terwards, you could [sic] that administrative pa-
       perwork, but once you say the word it’s an effec-
       tive divorce.
  Appellant revoked the first talak, and in May 2017, MB
went to New York to obtain a Green Card. 5 Later that sum-
mer, she moved to New York to live with Appellant.
   Over the next couple of months, Appellant announced
two more talaks. AF testified that when he spoke to MB
after the third and final talak in September 2017, MB told
him that she wanted citizenship and the dowry she had
been promised. AF testified that when he told her he could

   4 See Merriam Webster’s Online Dictionary, https://www.mer-
riam-webster.com/dictionary/talak (last visited Sept. 26, 2023)
(defining “talak” as “a Muslim divorce that is effected by the sim-
ple act of the husband’s rejecting the wife”).
   5 A Permanent Resident Card, commonly known as a Green
Card, provides proof of permanent resident status in the United
States and is valid for up to ten years. A conditional resident’s
Green Card is valid for two years. A conditional resident must
petition to remove the conditions before the two-year term ex-
pires; failure to petition before the Green Card expires may re-
sult in loss of permanent resident status. U.S. Citizenship
and Immigration Services, Tools, How Do I Guides, Perma-
nent Residents, https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/docu-
ment/guides/B2en.pdf (last visited Sept. 26, 2023). MB acknowl-
edged that she came to the United States in 2017 on a
conditional Green Card, which expired two years later, in 2019.

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           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

not deliver either of those things, she replied, “You will see
what I am going to do and you will regret it.”
    In October 2017, MB reported to civilian law enforce-
ment that Appellant had forced her to have sex on more
than one occasion, including in August 2017, which is the
incident at issue in this case. She sought a temporary pro-
tective order against him, and in February 2018, she ob-
tained a long-term protective order. Their divorce was fi-
nalized in April 2018. MB’s Green Card expired in May
2019, but she remained in the United States. In March
2020, she took a job as an administrative assistant with a
nonprofit organization that provides immigration services.
By the time she testified in September 2020, she had been
living in the United States for three years, where she
worked and attended college, and she had made several
trips to Jordan to visit her family.
                B. Procedural Background
  On May 17, 2019, the defense submitted a supple-
mental discovery request for:
       documentation of [MB’s] immigration status in
      the United States, including any requests, peti-
      tions, affidavits, applications, or other paperwork
      pending or submitted by her, or on her behalf by a
      third party, to the U.S. Customs and Immigration
      Service (USCIS), National Visa Center (NVC),
      Consular Electronic Application Center (CEAC),
      U.S. State Department, or other government en-
      tity, for a visa (non-immigrant or immigrant), per-
      manent resident card (Green [C]ard), or other
      class of authorization to enter or remain in the
      United States.
Four days later, on May 21, 2019, the defense submitted
another supplemental discovery request asking whether
MB had ever requested an I-918 Supplement B certifica-
tion, and if so, requesting a copy of the relevant documents.
An I-918 Supplement B certification affords temporary im-
migration benefits to an alien who is a victim of qualifying
criminal activity, such as sexual assault. 6 In a subsequent

  6 See U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, I-918, Peti-
tion for U Nonimmigrant Status, https://www.uscis.gov/I-918
(last visited Sept. 26, 2023).

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            United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                     Opinion of the Court

motion to compel the requested records, the defense argued
that in a case that would likely turn on the credibility of
the complaining witness, evidence concerning the timing
and nature of any changes to her immigration status, in-
cluding her ability to remain in the United States without
Appellant’s sponsorship, “presents a possible motive to fab-
ricate that the Defense must explore.”
   In June 2019, the Government sent a subpoena to the
United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
seeking the documentation requested by the defense.
USCIS responded to the subpoena, refusing to produce the
documents or to confirm the existence of any such records
pertaining to MB. USCIS stated that if the requested rec-
ords exist, they would be maintained in the subject’s DHS
Alien File (A-File). 7 However, any such records relating to
a lawful permanent resident or United States citizen are
protected from disclosure under the Privacy Act of 1974, as
amended, 5 U.S.C. § 552a, absent the subject’s consent or
unless authorized by one of the Privacy Act’s exceptions.
    With respect to the request for documentation related
to an I-918 Supplement B certification, USCIS stated that
disclosure is specifically prohibited by 8 U.S.C.
§ 1367(a)(2), which prohibits disclosure of information re-
lating to any noncitizen who is seeking or has been ap-
proved for immigrant status as, inter alia, a battered
spouse under the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), 8
U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(A)(iii). 8 In response to further inquiry,

   7 “The government creates an A-File, short for Alien File, for
every non-citizen who comes into contact with a U.S. immigra-
tion agency. A-Files contain documents relating to any and all
interactions which the non-citizen has had with immigration
agencies.” Am. Civil Liberties Union Immigrants’ Rts. Project v.
U.S. Immigr. & Customs Enforcement, 58 F.4th 643, 647 n.2 (2d
Cir. 2023) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United
States v. Noria, 945 F.3d. 847, 850 n.5 (5th Cir. 2019)).
   8 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) of 1994, Pub. L. No.
103-322, § 40001, 108 Stat. 1796, 1902 (enacted as Title IV of the
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994); Vio-
lence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthoriza-
tion Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-162, § 817, 119 Stat. 2960, 3060
(2006); Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013,
Pub. L. No. 113-4, § 810, 127 Stat. 54, 117. VAWA was

                                6
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

USCIS stated that it would not comply with the subpoena
even if so ordered by a military judge and even if the mili-
tary judge issued an order limiting access to the records,
expressing doubt that a limiting order could adequately
protect the confidentiality of the records.
   In April 2020, the defense submitted a supplemental
discovery request asking the Government to seek a waiver
from MB to permit USCIS to disclose the requested rec-
ords. MB declined to waive confidentiality. Without her
waiver and in light of USCIS’s response to the subpoena,
the Government responded that it could not disclose the
requested documentation, which was not in military cus-
tody or control.
    In June 2020, the defense moved to dismiss the charges
or prohibit the Government from calling MB as a witness
or offering any of her hearsay statements into evidence due
to the Government’s refusal to disclose the records in vio-
lation of R.C.M. 701. In the alternative, if the records were
not subject to compulsory process under R.C.M 701, the de-
fense moved to abate the proceedings pursuant to R.C.M.
703 until MB waived confidentiality. The Government con-
ceded the relevance of the records and requested that the
military judge order USCIS to release the records, review
them, and issue a limiting order preventing the defense
from sharing the records or the information they contained
with Appellant.
   The military judge issued an order to USCIS in June
2020 to produce the requested documents relating to MB’s
immigration status for in camera review. The order pro-
vided that MB’s address and phone number would be re-
dacted; Appellant would be prohibited from possessing the
documents; and copying and distribution of the documents
would be restricted to one copy each to trial counsel, de-
fense counsel, and future appellate defense counsel in the
case. USCIS responded in a letter to the court reiterating

subsequently reauthorized by the Violence Against Women Act
Reauthorization Act of 2022, Pub. L. No. 117-103, div. W, 136
Stat. 49, 840.

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           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

its position: without conceding the existence of the records,
USCIS was statutorily precluded from disclosing them by
the Privacy Act and the Violence Against Women Act, 8
U.S.C. § 1367.
   After briefing by the parties and an Article 39(a),
UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 839(a) (2012), session, the military
judge in September 2020 denied the defense motion to dis-
miss for failure to provide discovery under R.C.M. 701. The
military judge found that “the Government conceded the
relevance and necessity of the requested Discovery”; that
USCIS “advised that it would not comply with the sub-
poena even if the Military Judge issued a Non-Disclosure
Order”; and that Appellant “testified that he took no ac-
tions to affect the alleged victim’s immigration status.”
However, the military judge found “[n]o evidence . . . that
the alleged victim had completed an I-918, Supplement B
certification.”
   The military judge concluded:
           The Defense has not established by a prepon-
      derance of the evidence that the requested records
      exist. The USCIS did not confirm that there are
      any responsive records. But even if the records ex-
      ist, they are not in the control of military authori-
      ties. Further, the Government went to considera-
      ble efforts to attempt to obtain these records for
      the defense that are not in its own control.
      . . . Accordingly, the Defense Motion to Dismiss is
      denied.
    The defense moved for reconsideration of the ruling,
emphasizing that Appellant sought not only records relat-
ing to claims of abuse, but also records relating to MB’s im-
migration status. And the defense reiterated the argument
that if such records were unavailable the court should
grant a continuance or abate the proceedings in accordance
with R.C.M. 703. After questioning the defense about why
the evidence was of central importance and why “strenuous
cross-examination” of MB would not be an adequate sub-
stitute, the military judge denied the motion from the
bench, adding that that the court would grant the defense
“substantial leeway on cross-examination” of MB.

                               8
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

    During the findings portion of the court-martial, the
Government called MB as its first witness. At the end of
her direct examination, trial counsel asked MB, “[I]f you
did not get married to Sergeant Warda would you have
come to the United States?” She responded, “Well, I had a
great life in Jordan, I had a good job, all my family, my
friends, so no.”
   After MB’s direct examination, the defense moved “un-
der R.C.M. 914 and the Jen[c]ks Act for any statements in
the possession of the United States relating to the wit-
nesses [sic] testimony, this being [MB], and specifically ref-
erencing the immigration records that we requested under
701 and 703.” The defense argued:
      [MB] obviously has stayed here in the United
      States for some period of time after her marriage
      to Sergeant Warda. So, she either has a legal sta-
      tus unrelated to Sergeant Warda, which would
      tend to cut against this notion that she has only
      came to the United States and left her great life in
      Jordan because of Sergeant Warda, or she’s here
      because she filed, as we believe she did, some
      claim for relief based on the fact that she was a
      battered spouse, which would be directly related
      to the core of these issues, and directly related to
      our 701 and 703 prior production request.
    The military judge denied the motion, finding that
“[t]here has been no meaningful testimony regarding her
immigration status that would require these records be
turned over.”
   On cross-examination, MB testified that she was willing
to allow the prosecution and the military judge to see her
immigration records. However, “some people from immi-
gration” had advised her that Appellant would have unfet-
tered access to her records if she consented to their disclo-
sure. Based on this advice, she refused to provide access
“because it’s all documented, my new address and my new
information,” and she did not want Appellant to have that
information.
   The defense attempted to cross-examine MB about why
she did not want Appellant to see her immigration records,
asking her several times, in different ways, whether she

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           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

was aware of “[a]n immigration rule that allows you to ap-
ply for a [G]reen [C]ard without your husband . . . . if you’re
the victim of abuse.” She repeatedly thwarted the ques-
tions, insisting, “I’m not an expert on this, I don’t know.”
And when asked, “So, your testimony is that you don’t
know? Because you’re not experienced at this?,” she re-
plied, “No.” After the defense rested, the military judge’s
order to USCIS to produce the records was admitted into
evidence.
                   C. The ACCA Decision
    On appeal, the ACCA held that the military judge did
not abuse his discretion by denying the defense motion to
dismiss or abate the proceedings. Warda, 2022 CCA LEXIS
438, at *9, 2022 WL 2951949, at *4. The ACCA noted that
the Government “dutifully conceded at the outset that
MB’s immigration records were relevant and necessary and
acted to secure them by issuing a subpoena to the Depart-
ment of Homeland Security.” Id. at *6-7, 2022 WL 2951949,
at *3. While neither the subpoena nor the subsequent court
order successfully produced the records, the ACCA “com-
mend[ed] the trial judge for adhering to the procedures of
R.C.M. 703(f)(2) and endors[ed] his approach to this diffi-
cult scenario.” Id. at *7, 2022 WL 2951949, at *3. According
to the ACCA:
         The military judge, in a three-page written rul-
      ing, correctly made the required and sequential
      findings. First, he found that [A]ppellant had not
      met his burden to show that the records sought,
      records of a claim of abuse, existed. . . .
         Second, the judge correctly found that the rec-
      ords, if they existed, were not in control of the mil-
      itary authorities but were instead in the control of
      the USCIS. Next, he found that they were not sub-
      ject to compulsory process . . . .
         [And finally,] the judge found that the records
      were not of such central importance to a fair trial
      that, absent an adequate substitute for the evi-
      dence, a continuance or abatement was necessary.
Id. at *7-8, 2022 WL 2951949, at *3. The ACCA concluded:
      [T]his is a case where the government upheld its
      production obligations and the judge crafted an

                               10
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

      appropriate solution to a difficult problem. His
      factual findings were supported by the record and
      were not clearly erroneous. He applied the provi-
      sions of R.C.M. 703(f)(2) and articulated his anal-
      ysis in a written ruling, and his decision not to
      continue or abate the proceedings was not an
      abuse of discretion.
Id. at *9, 2022 WL 2951949, at *4. As set forth below, we
disagree.
                       II. Discussion
   The military judge’s three-page written ruling was lim-
ited to an analysis under R.C.M. 701 of the defense request
for records of any I-918 Supplement B certification. The
military judge did not make any findings of fact with re-
spect to the broader defense request for documentation con-
cerning MB’s immigration status. Moreover, although the
military judge questioned the defense about elements of
the R.C.M. 703 analysis before denying reconsideration of
the ruling, he did not make findings of fact and did not ar-
ticulate, on the record or in writing, his analysis or conclu-
sions with respect to the defense’s alternative request to
abate the proceedings under R.C.M. 703. We hold that un-
der the circumstances of this case, the military judge
abused his discretion in failing to abate proceedings under
R.C.M. 703. Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the
ACCA.
                  A. Standard of Review
    “A military judge’s failure to abate proceedings is re-
viewed for an abuse of discretion.” United States v. Sim-
mermacher, 74 M.J. 196, 199 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (citing United
States v. Ivey, 55 M.J. 251, 256 (C.A.A.F. 2001)). “The abuse
of discretion standard calls for more than a mere difference
of opinion,” but instead occurs when the military judge’s
“findings of fact are clearly erroneous, the court’s decision
is influenced by an erroneous view of the law, or the mili-
tary judge’s decision on the issue at hand is outside the
range of choices reasonably arising from the applicable
facts and the law.” United States v. Stellato, 74 M.J. 473,
480 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (citations omitted) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Absent clear error, we are bound by the
military judge’s findings of fact. Id.

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            United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                     Opinion of the Court

                      B. Applicable Law
    Article 46(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 846(a) (2012 & Supp.
II 2013-2015), provides that, “[t]he counsel for the Govern-
ment, the counsel for the accused, and the court-martial
shall have equal opportunity to obtain witnesses and other
evidence in accordance with such regulations as the Presi-
dent may prescribe.” Article 46, UCMJ, has been primarily
implemented through R.C.M. 701, governing discovery,
and R.C.M. 703, governing production of witnesses and ev-
idence. These two rules form the basis for the defense mo-
tion to dismiss or abate proceedings that is at issue here.
                         1. R.C.M. 701
    R.C.M. 701(a)(2) (2016 ed.) provides, in pertinent part,
that trial counsel shall, upon defense request, permit the
defense to inspect documents “within the possession, cus-
tody, or control of military authorities . . . which are mate-
rial to the preparation of the defense.” The military judge
found no evidence that MB filed an I-918 Supplement B
certification, concluded that the requested records do not
exist, 9 and added that “even if the records exist, they are
not in the control of military authorities.”
   The parties do not dispute the military judge’s finding
that the requested records are not in the control of military
authorities and do not challenge his conclusion that the
records are, therefore, not subject to discovery under
R.C.M. 701. Therefore, we assume without deciding that
the military judge did not err to the extent he denied the

   9 In concluding that Appellant “has not established by a pre-

ponderance of the evidence that the requested records exist,” the
military judge conflated the two supplemental discovery re-
quests, one of which requested documentation of MB’s immigra-
tion status and the other which sought documentation of any re-
quest for an I-918 Supplement B certification. Although he found
no evidence of the latter, he made no findings as to whether
there existed any documentation concerning her immigration
status—the subject of the first supplemental discovery request.
As we discuss below, there was substantial evidence indicating
the existence of documentation concerning her immigration sta-
tus. Therefore, we reject the military judge’s conclusion that Ap-
pellant failed to meet his burden to establish by a preponderance
of the evidence that the requested records exist.

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            United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                     Opinion of the Court

motion to dismiss pursuant to R.C.M. 701. Compare Stel-
lato, 74 M.J. at 485 (holding that dismissal is an appropri-
ate remedy for a R.C.M. 701 violation where the prosecu-
tion failed to provide evidence within its control to the
defense), with id. at 493 (Stucky, J., concurring in the re-
sult) (concluding that “[m]ilitary authorities did not have
possession, custody, or control over [the evidence] and,
therefore, did not commit a discovery violation by failing to
provide it to the defense”). We turn next to the defense’s
alternative motion to abate proceedings pursuant to
R.C.M. 703.
                          2. R.C.M. 703
    At the time of Appellant’s court-martial, R.C.M.
703(f)(1) (2016 ed.) provided that “[e]ach party is entitled
to the production of evidence which is relevant and neces-
sary.” R.C.M. 703(f)(2) (2016 ed.) provided:
       Notwithstanding subsection (f)(1) of this rule, a
       party is not entitled to the production of evidence,
       which is destroyed, lost, or otherwise not subject
       to compulsory process. However, if such evidence
       is of such central importance to an issue that is
       essential to a fair trial, and if there is no adequate
       substitute for such evidence, the military judge
       shall grant a continuance or other relief in order
       to attempt to produce the evidence or shall abate
       the proceedings, unless the unavailability of the
       evidence is the fault of or could have been pre-
       vented by the requesting party. 10
   The parties agree that MB’s immigration records are
relevant and necessary. And they agree, at least for pur-
poses of this appeal, that MB’s immigration records are not
subject to compulsory process. 11 And finally, the parties

   10 R.C.M. 703(f) has since been moved to R.C.M. 703(e) in the
2019 edition of the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States; see
also Exec. Order No. 13,825, Annex 2 § 2, 83 Fed. Reg. 9889,
9959 (Mar. 8, 2018).
   11 We note that the military judge never attempted to enforce
his court order. Arguably, the requested records are subject to
compulsory process. 8 U.S.C. § 1367(b) sets forth multiple excep-
tions for permissive disclosure. This provision was implemented
in Dep’t of Homeland Security, Instr. 002-02-001, Revision 00.1,
Implementation of Section 1367 Information Provisions para.

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           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

agree that the unavailability of the evidence is not the fault
of and could not have been prevented by Appellant. We
therefore focus on the two remaining criteria for relief un-
der R.C.M. 703: whether the evidence is of central im-
portance to an issue that is essential to a fair trial and
whether there is an adequate substitute for such evidence.
                         III. Analysis
    As an initial matter, the moving party under R.C.M.
703 must show that what is being requested actually ex-
ists. See United States v. Rodriguez, 60 M.J. 239, 246
(C.A.A.F. 2004). The military judge concluded that Appel-
lant failed to meet his burden to establish by a preponder-
ance of the evidence that the requested records exist. We
disagree.
    During discovery and multiple times during the trial,
the defense requested documentation of MB’s immigration
status. 12 The first supplemental discovery request broadly
requested “documentation of [MB’s] immigration status in
the United States”—in other words, her entire A-File. See
supra note 7. The second supplemental discovery request
for documentation of any I-918 Supplement B Certification
sought a narrower subset of documents in the A-File spe-
cifically related to any claim of abuse.
   In its letter responses to the subpoena and to the mili-
tary judge’s production order, USCIS advised that the

VI.A.1. (issued Nov. 7, 2013, and incorporating change 1 on May
28, 2019), which recognizes statutory exceptions under 8 U.S.C.
§ 1367 that “allow[] for disclosure of protected information in
limited circumstances” and acknowledges nonstatutory excep-
tions in “instances in which disclosure of protected information
is mandated by court order or constitutional requirements.” In-
deed, the Government conceded in response to the defense mo-
tion to dismiss or abate proceedings that disclosure may have
been authorized under one of the statutory exceptions enumer-
ated in 8 U.S.C. § 1367(b).
   12 The defense made these requests in a May 17, 2019, email
discovery request; June 10, 2019, motion to compel; April 27,
2020, discovery request; July 16, 2020, argument on the motion
to dismiss or abate proceedings; September 29, 2020, argument
on reconsideration; and September 30, 2020, request under
R.C.M. 914 and the Jencks Act.

                              14
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

requested records, if they exist, would be maintained in an
A-File and cited 82 Fed. Reg. 43,556, which provides that
“[t]he purpose of the A-File is to document and maintain
the official record of an individual’s immigration applica-
tions, petitions, and requests, as well as enforcement trans-
actions as he or she passes through the U.S. immigration
process.” 82 Fed. Reg. 43,556, 43,559 (Sept. 18, 2017).
   During argument on the motion and request for recon-
sideration, the Government focused on immigration rec-
ords involving claims of abuse—the VAWA or I-918 rec-
ords. However, the defense consistently argued that it also
sought the broader category of immigration records—the
A-File—and repeatedly asked the military judge to abate
the proceedings if he determined that the records were not
subject to compulsory process.
    Notwithstanding USCIS’s refusal to admit or deny its
existence, there is ample evidence in the record of MB’s
contact with U.S. immigration agencies, which supports
the conclusion that an A-File for MB existed: (1) MB and
AF testified that MB travelled to New York from Jordan in
May 2017 to obtain a Green Card; (2) after obtaining her
Green Card, MB came to the United States to live with Ap-
pellant, her husband; (3) this Green Card expired in May
2019, two years from the date of issuance; (4) MB testified
that Appellant threatened to have her Green Card canceled
and have her deported; (5) MB continued to reside in the
United States after her Green Card expired; (6) at the time
of trial, MB was a college student and was employed by a
nonprofit organization that provides immigration services;
(7) MB made multiple trips to Jordan to visit her family;
and (8) MB did not object to the military judge and prose-
cution seeing her file, but she would not consent to disclose
it because “some people from immigration” advised her
that Appellant would then have access to information it
contained. These facts demonstrate that MB came into con-
tact with immigration services and generated an A-File no
later than 2017, and she would have had further contacts
in 2019 to adjust her status after her Green Card expired
in order to legally remain in the United States.
  Despite the defense’s repeated requests for any docu-
mentation concerning MB’s immigration status—whether

                             15
            United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                     Opinion of the Court

it reflected a claim of abuse or not—to challenge her credi-
bility, the military judge failed to distinguish the two sup-
plemental discovery requests. His finding that there was
no evidence that the I-918 records existed was not clearly
erroneous. 13 But the military judge did not make any find-
ings as to whether an A-File for MB existed. In light of the
evidence of MB’s contacts with United States immigration
services, the military judge’s conclusion that the defense
failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that
any “documentation of [MB’s] immigration status in the
United States” existed is “outside the range of choices rea-
sonably arising from the applicable facts and the law.” Stel-
lato, 74 M.J. at 482. And this error, coupled with the mili-
tary judge’s conclusion that any such records, if they exist,
are not in control of military authorities for purposes of
R.C.M. 701, dovetailed into a failure to conduct a complete
R.C.M. 703 analysis on the defense’s alternative request to
abate proceedings under R.C.M. 703.
                    A. Central Importance
    A party seeking relief under R.C.M.703(f)(2) (2016 ed.)
must show that the unavailable evidence is essential to a
fair trial. Simmermacher, 74 M.J. at 199. In
Simmermacher, the seminal case interpreting R.C.M.

   13 “A finding of fact is clearly erroneous when there is no evi-
dence to support the finding, or when, although there is evidence
to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left
with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
committed.” United States v. Criswell, 78 M.J. 136, 141 (C.A.A.F.
2018) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). In
this case, the evidence permits a reasonable inference that MB
filed an I-918 Supplement B certification: AF testified that MB
threatened to take unspecified action if AF and Appellant did
not provide citizenship; she subsequently reported that Appel-
lant sexually assaulted her during the marriage; and MB testi-
fied that she obtained temporary and permanent protective or-
ders against Appellant after she accused him of sexually
assaulting her and threatening to hurt her, kick her out of the
house, and have her deported. However, there was no direct ev-
idence that she filed an I-918 Supplement B certification. Under
those circumstances, we conclude that the military judge’s find-
ing that there was no evidence that such records exist was not
clearly erroneous.

                                16
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

703(f)(2), the accused moved to suppress urinalysis results
for a urine sample that was destroyed prior to referral of
charges including wrongful use of cocaine, thereby denying
the defense the opportunity to retest the evidence. 74 M.J.
at 198. This Court found that the destroyed evidence was
of central importance to the case because it was the sole
evidence of the accused’s drug use, she denied using
cocaine and had no explanation for the positive test result,
and the level of metabolites in the sample was close to the
legal cutoff. Id. at 201-02. After finding that there was no
adequate substitute for the evidence, its unavailability was
not the fault of the accused, and a continuance or other
relief would not produce the missing evidence, this Court
held that the military judge abused his discretion by failing
to abate the proceedings under R.C.M.703(f)(2). Id.
   In this case, the evidence in question is not the “sole ev-
idence” of the offense, id. at 201, but rather, it relates to
the credibility of the complaining witness. In the motion to
dismiss or abate proceedings, the defense argued that be-
cause MB was the sole Government witness: 14
       [T]he Government’s case rises and falls on the
       credibility of [MB]. Her credibility is really the
       only matter at issue in this case. There were no
       eye witnesses to the events, the only witness that
       can establish the fact necessary to sustain a con-
       viction would be [MB], if she is to be believed.
       [MB]’s participation in the immigration system is
       a significant motive for her to fabricate these alle-
       gations and is one that the fact-finder would need
       to consider when deciding whether they believe
       [MB]’s testimony or whether they believe there is
       a reasonable doubt based on cross[-]examination
       and/or any case put on by the Defense illustrating
       [MB]’s motive to fabricate. [MB]’s credibility is the
       matter of central importance in this case and fail-
       ing to produce this information prevents the De-
       fense from effectively attacking [MB]’s credibility

   14 After MB testified, the Government called MB’s victim ad-
vocate to testify to prior consistent statements MB made in a law
enforcement interview in 2017, arguing that the defense opened
the door by questioning her motive to fabricate.

                                17
            United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                     Opinion of the Court

       and would result in the fact[-]finder receiving an
       incomplete picture of the evidence.
    According to the defense, the requested immigration
records could reveal one of two outcomes relevant to this
case: either MB continued her resident status by claiming
she was battered or she did not. If she claimed abuse, the
evidence would support her motive to fabricate because
claiming she was a victim of a sexual assault would provide
a way to continue her legal residency in the United States
without assistance from Appellant after her divorce. If she
did not claim abuse, the evidence would undermine the
credibility of her sexual assault allegations in this case,
and the defense could cross-examine her on the prior incon-
sistent statement. Furthermore, if she sought resident sta-
tus on some other ground, the evidence would undermine
the credibility of her assertion that the sole reason she im-
migrated to the United States was to be with her husband,
when she was otherwise happy to remain in Jordan. In
sum, as the defense argued, “[T]his evidence is of central
importance because it is [MB]’s motive to fabricate in this
case. Her immigration status is the central [tenet] of the
defense theme in this case . . . .”
    To the military judge’s suggestion that that evidence of
a battered spouse claim could “cut[] both ways,” the defense
responded by acknowledging, “[p]otentially,” but contends
to this Court that “that does not negate the materiality of
the evidence.” In other words, the defense theory was that
the evidence in question would be exculpatory regardless
of what it revealed, even if the evidence could also provide
the Government with useful, prior consistent statements. 15
The military judge made no findings of fact and drew no
conclusions—beyond the erroneous conclusion that Appel-
lant failed to meet his burden to establish that such records

   15 Unavailable evidence is of central importance to impeach-
ing a witness if it is clearly exculpatory. See United States v.
Baas, No. NMCCA 201700318, 2019 CCA LEXIS 173, at *25,
2019 WL 1601912, at *9 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. Apr. 15, 2019)
(unpublished) (“Military courts have long recognized that evi-
dence that is ‘clearly exculpatory’ is of central importance to an
issue that is essential to a fair trial.”).

                               18
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

exist—to undermine the defense’s theory that this evidence
was exculpatory.
   In this case, MB alleged that she was the victim of do-
mestic violence when she was present in the United States
on a conditional Green Card. The Government’s case rested
almost entirely on her testimony: there were no eyewit-
nesses, no medical evidence, no law enforcement reports or
testimony admitted into evidence, and no forensic evi-
dence. Appellant asserted that she fabricated the allega-
tions in order to be able to remain in the United States af-
ter he divorced her. During the court-martial, MB denied
knowing that if she claimed spousal abuse she could re-
main in the United States. When the defense motion to
compel failed to produce even an acknowledgment of the
existence of her immigration records, Appellant had no rea-
sonable means to verify or refute her testimony.
    In cases such as this one, where there is no substantial
evidence supporting the complaining witness’s allegation
of domestic abuse, the credibility of the complaining wit-
ness is of central importance. See United States v. Jasper,
72 M.J. 276, 281 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (concluding where the vic-
tim’s testimony was critical to the government’s case and
the defense theory was that she fabricated at least some
allegations against the accused, that “the credibility of the
putative victim [wa]s of paramount importance” and evi-
dence of her motive to fabricate “might cause members to
have a significantly different view of her credibility”).
Thus, the accused in such a case has a vital interest in be-
ing able to obtain evidence that could be used to impeach
the complaining witness’s testimony at trial, thereby un-
dermining her overall credibility.
    We conclude that the defense established that evidence
concerning MB’s immigration status was of central im-
portance to her credibility, the central issue in this case. By
repeatedly denying knowledge that she could claim spousal
abuse and thereby extend her Green Card, MB implicitly
denied having done exactly that—while also preventing the
defense from obtaining the records, thereby thwarting ef-
fective cross-examination as to her motive to fabricate the
allegations.

                              19
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

                  B. Adequate Substitute
   Next, we must determine whether “substantial leeway”
on cross-examination was an adequate substitute for MB’s
immigration records. In determining whether there is an
adequate substitute for unavailable evidence, courts have
looked to whether there is a “comparable substitute[],”
United States v. Jones, No. NMCCA 201700018, 2018 CCA
LEXIS 60, at *7, 2018 WL 773909, at *3 (N-M. Ct. Crim.
App. Feb. 8, 2018) (unpublished), or “substantially similar
information,” United States v. Rothe, No. ACM 39817, 2021
CCA LEXIS 117, at *18, 2021 WL 1115869, at *6 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. Mar. 24, 2021) (unpublished). The military
judge in this case provided neither.
    “Whether an adequate substitute exists for lost or de-
stroyed evidence depends upon the purpose of the evi-
dence.” Rothe, 2021 CCA LEXIS 117, at *17, 2021 WL
1115869, at *6; see, e.g., Simmermacher, 74 M.J. at 202 (ex-
plaining that the lab report offered as a substitute for a
missing urine sample was insufficient where the defense
sought the urine sample for retesting; the report, unlike
the sample, could not be retested to challenge the accuracy
of the urinalysis test result).
    The defense purpose in requesting MB’s A-File was to
impeach her credibility and show a motive to fabricate. See
Warda, 2022 CCA LEXIS 438, at *5-6, 2022 WL 2951949,
at *3 (noting that the defense sought the records to bolster
“[t]he defense theory relevant to the motive to fabricate . . .
that MB alleged she was a victim of violence by [A]ppellant
to secure continued immigration benefits”). The military
judge did not make any findings concerning the availability
or adequacy of alternatives to producing the A-File.
    We conclude that affording the defense substantial lee-
way in cross-examination was an inadequate substitute for
the A-File because—just as they anticipated—the defense
was unable to impeach MB’s testimony that she only came
to the United States to be with her husband, and she did
not know that she could extend her stay if she alleged do-
mestic abuse. Not only were they “stuck” with her answers,
but also, the defense could not introduce evidence of her
motive to fabricate—specifically, evidence of the basis for

                              20
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                    Opinion of the Court

her continued residence in the United States after her
Green Card expired.
    We are unpersuaded by the ACCA’s assertion that the
remedy of a strenuous cross-examination was strength-
ened by the admission into evidence of the military judge’s
order to USCIS to produce the requested documents, to cor-
roborate the defense theory. Warda, 2022 CCA LEXIS 438,
at *9, 2022 WL 2951949, at *3. The defense cross-examined
MB at length about her knowledge of the military judge’s
order, including measures protecting her personal infor-
mation such as her address and phone number. She stead-
fastly denied having read or understood the protective
measures, despite having a Special Victims’ Counsel who
explained them to her, insisting, “I don’t know about this.”
    A military judge has broad discretion in determining
whether an adequate substitute exists. Simmermacher, 74
M.J. at 202. However, the military judge in this case did
not grapple with the defense request for MB’s entire A-File
or acknowledge that MB placed it squarely in issue by
denying that she knew she could claim spousal abuse in
order to extend her legal residency in the United States.
We conclude, in the context of this case resting almost en-
tirely on the complaining witness’s testimony, where she
effectively denied having claimed spousal abuse to adjust
her immigration status, that wide latitude on cross-exami-
nation was insufficient to remedy the unavailability of im-
migration records that would have allowed the defense to
test her credibility.
                        C. Remedy
    “If a continuance or other relief cannot produce the
missing evidence, the remaining remedy for a violation of
R.C.M. 703 (f)(2) is abatement of the proceedings.” Simmer-
macher, 74 M.J. at 201; see also R.C.M. 703(f)(2) (2016 ed.).
We conclude that Appellant has satisfied the criteria set
forth in R.C.M. 703(f)(2) (2016 ed.) and therefore hold that
the military judge abused his discretion when he failed to
abate the proceedings.
                      IV. Conclusion
   The decision of the United States Army Court of Crimi-
nal Appeals is reversed. The findings and sentence are set

                             21
          United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                   Opinion of the Court

aside, and the Charge and Specification are dismissed
without prejudice. The record is returned to the Judge Ad-
vocate General of the Army. A rehearing is authorized.

                           22
              United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282
               Chief Judge OHLSON, concurring
   Chief Judge OHLSON, with whom Judge HARDY joins,
concurring.
   I join the Court’s well-reasoned opinion in full. I write
separately simply to explore some practical aspects of this
issue because of the high probability that similar cases will
arise in the future.
   In cases such as this one, a trial court is confronted with
the need to delicately balance competing interests. On the
one hand, victims of domestic violence have a vital interest
in ensuring that their abusers do not gain access to their
personal information—such as their current home ad-
dress—which may be contained in government files. On the
other hand, servicemembers who are accused of domestic
violence have a vital interest in ensuring that they have
access to information in government files that may signifi-
cantly undermine the credibility of the complaining wit-
ness in the eyes of the trier of fact. As reflected below, I
believe it is possible for a military judge to protect both of
these interests simultaneously.
    To be clear at the outset, only a limited subset of domes-
tic violence cases is at issue here. Specifically, this opinion
pertains solely to those cases where: (1) a servicemember
is accused of committing sexual assault or other crimes of
domestic violence against a spouse who is not a United
States citizen and who is present in this country on a con-
ditional resident Green Card; (2) the accused servicemem-
ber asserts that the complaining witness fabricated the
charges in order to be able to remain in this country on the
grounds that he or she is an abused spouse; (3) the com-
plaining witness testifies during court-martial proceedings
that he or she did not file with United States Citizenship
and Immigration Services (USCIS) to remain in this coun-
try on the grounds that he or she was an abused spouse; (4)
the accused has no reasonable means of verifying or refut-
ing the complaining witness’s testimony on this point other
than by obtaining relevant information from USCIS; and
(5) the accused files a timely motion with the trial court to
obtain that information.
   Particularly in those instances where there is no sub-
stantial independent evidence supporting the domestic
             United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
               Chief Judge OHLSON, concurring

violence allegations other than the complaining witness’s
testimony, the credibility of the complaining witness is of
central importance to the case. Therefore, I suggest that
the military judge order USCIS to file with the trial court—
for in camera review under a protective order—the least
intrusive document in the complaining witness’s Alien File
that would be responsive to the limited, binary question of
whether or not the complaining witness sought to continue
his or her presence in this country by claiming to be an
abused spouse (i.e., by filing a Form I-918, Petition for U
Nonimmigrant Status). If necessary, the military judge
could then continue the proceedings to provide time for
USCIS to respond, and thereafter if USCIS indicates that
it is unable or unwilling to comply, abate the proceedings
in accordance with Rule for Courts-Martial 703 until
USCIS complies with the court order. 1 (In the alternative,
the complaining witness and his or her special victim’s
counsel or victim’s legal counsel could obtain the infor-
mation from USCIS—preferably well in advance of trial to
avoid unnecessary delay—and then provide the documen-
tation to the military judge for in camera review. See 8
U.S.C. § 1367(b)(4) (2018).)
    If the documentation obtained from USCIS supports the
complaining witness’s assertion that he or she did not file
to remain in this country as an abused spouse, the military
judge should simply inform the parties of this response and
then seal the responsive documentation.
    If, however, the documentation obtained from USCIS
contradicts the complaining witness’s sworn testimony on
this important point, the military judge should then dis-
close to the parties only that limited portion of the submis-
sion that would permit the defense to sufficiently

   1 In my view, USCIS is obligated to comply with such an or-
der because of the limited nature of the disclosure, the beneficial
effect of the military judge’s protective order, and most im-
portantly, because of the provision in the applicable statute spe-
cifically authorizing USCIS to disclose information “for a legiti-
mate law enforcement purpose.” 8 U.S.C. § 1367(b)(2) (2018).
Further, I believe that if USCIS fails to comply with such an or-
der then this matter should be raised by military officials at high
levels within the executive branch.

                                  2
            United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
              Chief Judge OHLSON, concurring

demonstrate to the trier of fact that the complaining wit-
ness has testified falsely. (In the alternative, the govern-
ment could simply stipulate to the fact that USCIS has rec-
ords indicating that, contrary to the complaining witness’s
testimony, the alleged victim filed a Form I-918, Petition
for U Nonimmigrant Status.)
   I believe that the approach outlined above could serve
as an effective means of protecting the privacy rights of vic-
tims of domestic violence while at the same time protecting
the constitutional rights of accused servicemembers.

                                3
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR

   Judge MAGGS, dissenting.
   When the Government was unable to produce immigra-
tion records that might contain evidence relevant to his de-
fense, Appellant asked the military judge either to dismiss
the charges with prejudice or to abate the proceedings un-
der Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 703(f)(2) (2016). 1 The
military judge denied this request. The Court and I agree
that the principal question in this appeal is whether the
military judge abused his discretion in concluding that
there was an “adequate substitute” for the evidence that
the immigration records might have contained. The Court
answers this question in the affirmative. I reach a different
conclusion. In my view, the military judge did not abuse his
discretion because the remedies that the military judge
provided to Appellant reasonably addressed each of the
concerns that Appellant presented to the military judge. I
therefore respectfully dissent and would affirm the deci-
sion of the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals
(ACCA).
                       I. Background
    As the Court recounts, Appellant was charged with rap-
ing MB, sexually assaulting MB, and communicating a
threat to MB in violation of Articles 120 and 134, Uniform
Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. §§ 920, 934
(2012). Prior to trial, Appellant sought discovery of MB’s
immigration records. His theory was that MB might have
filed a petition with the United States Citizenship and Im-
migration Services (USCIS) in which she sought to remain
in the country after their divorce based on immigration law
extending immigration benefits to battered spouses or vic-
tims of domestic abuse. According to Appellant, the exist-
ence of such a petition might support an inference that MB
had alternative motives for accusing Appellant of rape and
assault—namely, such allegations might help MB to re-
main in the United States. 2

   1 R.C.M. 703(f) has since been moved to R.C.M. 703(e). See

Exec. Order No. 13,825, Annex 2, § 2, 83 Fed. Reg. 9889, 9959
(Mar. 8, 2018).
   2 Appellant did not argue before the military judge, and does

not argue on appeal, that the absence of a petition for battered
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                 Judge MAGGS, dissenting

    When Appellant’s efforts to obtain the records from im-
migration authorities proved unsuccessful, he moved for
dismissal of the charges or abatement of the proceedings
under R.C.M. 703(f)(1), which provides that “[e]ach party
is entitled to the production of evidence which is relevant
and necessary.” But if relevant and necessary evidence is
unavailable, R.C.M. 703(f)(2) provides:
          (2) Unavailable evidence. Notwithstanding
      subsection (f)(1) of this rule, a party is not entitled
      to the production of evidence which is destroyed,
      lost, or otherwise not subject to compulsory pro-
      cess. However, if such evidence is of such central
      importance to an issue that it is essential to a fair
      trial, and if there is no adequate substitute for
      such evidence, the military judge shall grant a
      continuance or other relief in order to attempt to
      produce the evidence or shall abate the proceed-
      ings, unless the unavailability of the evidence is
      the fault of or could have been prevented by the
      requesting party.
    If R.C.M. 703(f)(1) and (f)(2) are read together and care-
fully parsed, they authorize a military judge to abate the
proceedings when evidence is unavailable only if seven re-
quirements are satisfied:
   (1) “relevant and necessary” evidence at one time
   existed;
   (2) such evidence is now “destroyed, lost, or otherwise
   not subject to compulsory process”; 3
   (3) such evidence is “of such central importance to an
   issue that it is essential to a fair trial”;
   (4) “there is no adequate substitute for such
   evidence”;

spouse immigration benefits would also be material and relevant
for impeaching MB.
   3 Appellant’s position in this appeal is that MB’s immigration
records were not subject to compulsory process. In the absence
of any contrary argument by the Government, I will assume that
this position is correct.

                                2
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                 Judge MAGGS, dissenting

   (5) “grant[ing] a continuance or other relief in order
   to attempt to produce the evidence” is not a sufficient
   measure;
   (6) the “unavailability of the evidence is [not] the
   fault of . . . the requesting party”; and
   (7) “the unavailability of the evidence . . . could [not]
   have been prevented by the requesting party.”
If all seven requirements are satisfied, then the party seek-
ing the evidence has a right to an abatement under R.C.M.
703(f)(2). But if one or more of these requirements is not
satisfied, then the party has no right to an abatement.
   The military judge denied Appellant’s motion based on
the first and fourth requirements listed above. Addressing
the first element, the military judge concluded that Appel-
lant had not shown by a preponderance of the evidence that
the immigration records existed because the USCIS would
not confirm that it existed. With respect to the fourth ele-
ment, Appellant took the position that there was no ade-
quate substitute for the evidence sought because no other
evidence could convey MB’s motive to fabricate her allega-
tions. The military judge, however, was not convinced. Dur-
ing argument on the motion, the following exchange oc-
curred between the military judge and defense counsel:
      MJ: Why wouldn’t . . . strenuous cross-examina-
      tion in these areas that she’s not—that she’s re-
      fused to turn over these records, why is that not
      an adequate substitute?
      DC: It’s not an adequate substitute, Your Honor,
      because we don’t have a way of impeaching her.
      She’s now come up to the government and said, “I
      just didn’t want to give [my immigration records]
      over because I didn’t want him to have my per-
      sonal information.” And very likely a panel mem-
      ber may go, “Well sure I wouldn’t want him to
      have my personal information either, I get that, I
      understand it.” So, then we’re stuck with what-
      ever she says without the ability to impeach her
      and impeach the falseness that she is going to talk
      about.

                              3
             United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                   Judge MAGGS, dissenting

      MJ: . . . The Court intends to give you great lati-
      tude in the scope of cross-examination, to include
      the fact there was a court order that indicated
      that information would be redacted.
      DC: Yes, Your Honor.
      And the problem with that . . . is we start to get
      into some tricky situation[s.] I cross her on that,
      and let’s say there was a court order and she
      claims that she was unaware of the court order.
      And I say, “Well your SVC was on the email line.”
      And she says, “Well he didn’t tell me.”
      MJ: Well we’ll take that up as we get to it, I guess.
      DC: We get into privilege issues, Your Honor. So,
      there is no adequate substitute at this point in
      time.
      ....
      MJ: . . . The Court will grant defense counsel sub-
      stantial leeway on cross-examination of Ms. [MB,]
      the alleged victim.
    At trial, trial defense counsel rigorously cross-examined
MB, seeking to show that her allegations of abuse and
domestic violence were motivated by her desire to stay in
the country. Trial defense counsel’s questions included the
following:
      If you’re an alleged victim of battery, domestic vi-
      olence, cruelty[,] that’s a potential way for you to
      stay in the country, right?
      ....
      [Y]ou were made aware that in this case the de-
      fense, we, had asked for your immigration records,
      correct?
      ....
      And you were aware too that the government
      agreed that those records should be produced,
      right?
      ....
      And that we actually got an order for the military
      judge, correct?

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             United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                   Judge MAGGS, dissenting

      ....
      Now, you told the government a few days ago that
      you did not allow them to get the records because
      you were afraid about Sergeant Warda getting
      your personal information, right?
   In response, MB asserted that she refused to consent to
the production of her records because she “had understood
that [Appellant] will get a copy forever and know every-
thing about me where I live, where I work, everything.” At
that point, trial defense counsel moved for admission of the
military judge’s protective order. The military judge did not
immediately admit the order but allowed trial defense
counsel to show it to MB and read from it. In response to
further questioning, MB did not deny having seen the court
order, but she denied having read the military judge’s order
or having understood it.
                   II. Standards of Review
   A military judge’s decision not to abate proceedings is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Sim-
mermacher, 74 M.J. 196, 199 (C.A.A.F. 2015) (citing United
States v. Ivey, 55 M.J. 251, 256 (C.A.A.F. 2001)).
                         III. Analysis
    As explained above, the military judge denied Appel-
lant’s motion to dismiss the charges or abate the proceed-
ings on the grounds that two requirements of R.C.M. 703(f)
were not met: Appellant had not proven that the immigra-
tion records existed, and there was an adequate substitute
for the evidence. I address each point in turn.
         A. Existence of the Immigration Records
   In concluding that Appellant had not established by a
preponderance of the evidence that the immigration rec-
ords existed, the military judge cited the refusal of the
USCIS to confirm the existence of immigration records for
MB. The ACCA determined that the military judge’s find-
ing of fact was not clearly erroneous. If the records do not
exist, then the Government has no duty to provide them to
Appellant under R.C.M. 703(f), and Appellant is not

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           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                 Judge MAGGS, dissenting

entitled to abatement. I am reluctant, however, to rely on
this reasoning in deciding this case.
   In the absence of contrary evidence, “a presumption of
regularity attaches to the actions of Government agencies.”
United States Postal Serv. v. Gregory, 534 U.S. 1, 10 (2001).
Accordingly, if immigration law required the USCIS to cre-
ate and maintain immigration records for MB, then the
military judge should have presumed that the records did
exist even if the USCIS would not confirm their existence.
See United States v. Engle, 3 C.M.A. 41, 46, 11 C.M.R. 41,
46 (C.M.A. 1953). But in this case neither the military
judge nor the ACCA addressed the requirements of immi-
gration law in any depth, and the parties have not ade-
quately addressed it in their briefs. Nor did the military
judge explain whether his findings on “requested records”
meant all of MB’s immigration records or only records re-
garding a petition for immigration status as a battered
spouse or victim of domestic violence. Under these circum-
stances, I will assume that the relevant immigration rec-
ords did exist, and I will focus my analysis on the question
of whether there were adequate substitutes for the re-
quested immigration records.
  B. Adequate Substitutes for the Immigration Records
    If the trial is not abated when evidence that may be ex-
culpatory is unavailable, “the trial judge may fashion such
remedies as are appropriate to protect the fundamental
rights of the accused,” with the “[d]etermination of an ap-
propriate remedy . . . left to the sound discretion of the trial
judge.” United States v. Kern, 22 M.J. 49, 52 (C.M.A. 1986)
(citing United States v. Loud Hawk, 628 F.2d 1139, 1151
(9th Cir. 1979) (Kennedy, J., concurring)).
   A military judge does not abuse his discretion in craft-
ing a remedy for missing evidence if the military judge ad-
equately addresses the legitimate concerns of the accused.
In Kern, the government charged the accused with stealing
military property worth $2,647.72. Id. at 50. The accused
sought a dismissal of the charge because the government
was unable to produce the property but instead could

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             United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                   Judge MAGGS, dissenting

produce only photographs of it. Id. at 50, 52. The military
judge reasoned that “the Government’s inability to produce
the property did not affect appellant’s ability to present a
defense to the theft but it did affect his ability to defend
regarding the value of the property.” Id. at 50. To address
this concern, the judge amended the charge sheet by chang-
ing the value of the property from “$2,647.72” to “some
value.” Id. This Court concluded that the military judge’s
action was not an abuse of discretion, explaining:
       Although there might have been some benefit in
       having the property in question at the trial in or-
       der to clearly establish its condition and value, the
       military judge did reduce the alleged value of the
       property, a remedy which certainly protected the
       rights of the accused; thus, appellant was not
       harmed by the Government’s inability to produce
       that property.
Id. at 52.
    In the present case, as shown in the portions of the rec-
ord quoted above, trial defense counsel raised several spe-
cific concerns during oral argument on Appellant’s motion
to abate the proceedings. In my view, the military judge
recognized the validity of Appellant’s stated concerns and
addressed each of them with reasonable measures.
    Appellant’s first concern was that MB would explain
away her reluctance to turn over the immigration records
on the ground that she did not want Appellant to see her
personal information—a concern that the panel members
might see as reasonable under the circumstances. The mil-
itary judge reasonably addressed this concern by allowing
trial defense counsel to confront MB with the protective or-
der that required MB’s personal information to be re-
dacted. At trial, when MB did in fact testify that she was
afraid Appellant would receive all of her personal infor-
mation, the military judge allowed trial counsel to confront
her with the order.
   Appellant’s second concern was that MB would deny
that she was aware of the court order. As shown above, the
military judge promised to “take that up as we get to it.”

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           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                 Judge MAGGS, dissenting

But there was ultimately no need to address this concern
because MB confirmed that she was aware of the order.
   Appellant’s third concern was that MB would claim at-
torney-client privilege or some other privilege, which would
thwart effective cross-examination by precluding Appel-
lant from effectively undermining MB’s credibility. The
military judge responded that he would allow extensive
cross-examination to address this concern. In the end, MB
did not claim any privilege.
    On appeal, Appellant argues that “substantial leeway
on cross-examination” at trial turned out not to be an ade-
quate substitute for the immigration records because Ap-
pellant could not “impeach [MB’s] repeated denials regard-
ing her knowledge of the victim-based application process”
for immigration benefits “[w]ithout the actual records.”
However, as a plurality of the Supreme Court has ex-
plained—though in a different context—“[t]he ability to
question adverse witnesses . . . does not include the power
to require the pretrial disclosure of any and all information
that might be useful in contradicting unfavorable testi-
mony.” Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 53 (1987) (plu-
rality opinion). “Normally the right to confront one’s accus-
ers is satisfied if defense counsel receives wide latitude at
trial to question witnesses.” Id.
    Trial defense counsel’s cross-examination of MB re-
sulted in testimony bearing on her credibility and her al-
leged motive to testify falsely. For example, when con-
fronted with a restraining order, which stated that she
might be killed if she returned to Jordan, MB acknowl-
edged the restraining order but denied ever making that
specific claim. She also denied that being “an alleged victim
of battery, domestic violence, [or] cruelty” was “a potential
way for [her] to stay in the country,” even though she tes-
tified that she worked for a nonprofit that provided “legal
consultations for immigration services.” And MB never
provided an explanation for how she had remained in the
United States despite acknowledging that she had origi-
nally immigrated with “a conditional green card” that
“would have expired in 2019.” Finally, when questioned

                             8
           United States v. Warda, No. 22-0282/AR
                 Judge MAGGS, dissenting

about her refusal to allow the USCIS to release her immi-
gration records to trial defense counsel, even after the mil-
itary judge had issued the protective order, MB claimed she
had been advised that, if she released the file, Appellant
“will know everything and he will [have] the file forever,
even if [she] changed [her] address.” She further claimed
that she did not understand or did not know that the mili-
tary judge’s order required her personal information to be
redacted and that the military judge would first review her
records to ensure confidentiality. Trial defense counsel was
then able to confront her with the military judge’s protec-
tive order, which stated that: “The Accused will not have
physical or constructive possession of any protected infor-
mation and the Court will redact out any information re-
lating to [MB’s] current address, city and state of residence,
and/or current telephone number.”
    MB’s testimony shows that it was reasonable for the
military judge to conclude that “substantial leeway on
cross-examination” was an adequate substitute for MB’s
immigration records. Trial defense counsel was able to use
MB’s answers on cross-examination to impugn her credi-
bility and motives during closing argument.
    Accordingly, the military judge reasonably addressed
all of Appellant’s concerns at trial. In these circumstances,
the military judge did not abuse his discretion in denying
the motion for abatement under R.C.M. 703(f). In the apt
words of the ACCA, “the judge crafted an appropriate solu-
tion to a difficult problem.” United States v. Warda, No.
ARMY 20200644, 2022 CCA LEXIS 438, at *9, 2022 WL
2951949, at *4 (A. Ct. Crim. App. July 21, 2022) (un-
published).
                      IV. Conclusion
  For these reasons, I would affirm the decision of the
United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals.

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