Court Opinion

ID: 9556245
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-16 17:01:00.621446+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:42:27.844035
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                                FILED
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                             AUG 16 2023
                                                                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                           U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

BRYAN MADEIRA, an individual, and on               No.    22-55161
behalf of others similarly situated,
                                                   D.C. No.
                 Plaintiff-Appellant,              5:19-cv-00154-CJC-SP

  v.
                                                   MEMORANDUM*
CONVERSE, INC., a Delaware corporation;
DOES, 1-50, inclusive,

                 Defendants-Appellees.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                    Cormac J. Carney, District Judge, Presiding

                         Argued and Submitted July 11, 2023
                                Pasadena, California

Before: SANCHEZ and MENDOZA, Circuit Judges, and DONATO,** District
Judge.

       Bryan Madeira, on behalf of himself and others similarly situated, appeals

two decisions of the district court: (1) the district court’s denial of class

       *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
       **
            The Honorable James Donato, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of California, sitting by designation.
certification, and (2) the district court’s grant of summary judgment for Converse.

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm in part and reverse in

part.

                                            I.

        Madeira appeals the denials of class certification for the “regular rate of

pay” and “rounding” subclasses. “A district court’s class certification ruling is

reviewed for abuse of discretion.” Pulaski & Middleman, LLC v. Google, Inc., 802

F.3d 979, 984 (9th Cir. 2015).

        1. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying class

certification for the “regular rate of pay” subclass because Madeira failed to

establish predominance of common issues under Rule 23(b)(3). “To ensure that

common questions predominate over individual ones, the court must ‘ensure that

the class is not defined so broadly as to include a great number of members who

for some reason could not have been harmed by the defendant’s allegedly unlawful

conduct.’” Castillo v. Bank of Am., NA, 980 F.3d 723, 730 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting

Torres v. Mercer Canyons Inc., 835 F.3d 1125, 1138 (9th Cir. 2016)). In his

motion for class certification, Madeira alleged that Converse “maintained a

common policy of failing to pay adjusted overtime and meal and rest break

premiums based on the increase in employees’ regular rate of pay based on non-

discretionary bonuses earned and paid once a year.” He sought to certify a class

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comprising “all persons employed by Defendant as non-exempt employees at the

Converse Distribution Center at any time on or after November 21, 2014.” But in

support, he only offered evidence of his own bonuses and overtime rates and failed

to include evidence of the overtime rates of, or bonuses received by, any other

employee. Because Madeira offered insufficient evidence to support his position

that Converse maintained a common bonus policy that applied uniformly to all

putative class members, the district court correctly held that “individual questions

predominate.” Madeira failed to carry his burden, and we affirm the district court.

Comcast Corp. v. Behrend, 569 U.S. 27, 33 (2013) (“[A] party seeking to maintain

a class action must affirmatively demonstrate his compliance with Rule 23.”

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

      2. We reverse the district court’s denial of class certification for the

rounding subclass. At this stage of the proceeding, the “district court is limited to

resolving whether the evidence establishes that a common question is capable of

class-wide resolution, not whether the evidence in fact establishes that plaintiffs

would win at trial.” Olean Wholesale Grocery Coop., Inc. v. Bumble Bee Foods

LLC, 31 F.4th 651, 667 (9th Cir. 2022) (en banc).

      Whether Converse had a policy or practice that restricted its employees “in a

manner that amounted to employer control during the period between their clock-in

and clock-out times and their rounded shift-start and shift-end times,” is a common

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question, capable of class-wide resolution. Sali v. Corona Reg’l Med. Ctr., 909

F.3d 996, 1010–11 (9th Cir. 2018). Under California law, predominating common

questions can derive from a company policy. Brinker Rest. Corp. v. Superior Ct.,

53 Cal. 4th 1004, 1033 (2012) (“Claims alleging that a uniform policy consistently

applied to a group of employees is in violation of the wage and hour laws are of the

sort routinely, and properly, found suitable for class treatment.”). Madeira

produced evidence of Converse’s written company policy that required employees

to record only compensable worktime. The district court erred when it relied upon

declarations of certain employees’ activities after they were clocked in but not

working to show that the employees were not under Converse’s control. “The

types of activities [the employees] generally engaged in during this period are

certainly relevant, but the activities of any particular [employee] are not dispositive

of whether he or she was under [the employer’s] control.” Sali, 909 F.3d at 1010–

11.

      In denying certification, the district court also relied on See’s Candy Shops,

Inc. v. Superior Ct., 210 Cal. App. 4th 889, 907 (2012), for the proposition that an

employer’s rounding policy is legal if it is “fair and neutral on its face and ‘it is

used in such a manner that it will not result, over a period of time, in failure to

compensate the employees properly for all the time they have actually worked.’”

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210 Cal. App. 4th 889, 907 (2012) (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 785.48).1 Since the

district court’s ruling, a different district of the California Court of Appeal

questioned See’s Candy’s validity in light of intervening caselaw from the

California Supreme Court. See Camp v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 84 Cal. App.

5th 638, 657–660 (2022). In Camp, the Court of Appeal held that “if an employer

. . . can capture and has captured the exact amount of time an employee has worked

during a shift, the employer must pay the employee for ‘all the time’ worked.” Id.

at 660 (quoting Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, § 11070, subd. 2(G)). The Camp court

“invit[ed] the [California Supreme Court] to ‘decide[] the validity of the rounding

standard articulated in See’s Candy.’” Id. at 661 (quoting Donohue v. AMN Servs.,

LLC, 11 Cal. 5th 58, 71 (2021)). The California Supreme Court accepted the

invitation, granting review. Camp v. Home Depot U.S.A., 523 P.3d 391 (Cal.

2023). Because of this development, the district court shall delay its ruling on the

remanded rounding subclass certification issue pending the California Supreme

Court’s decision in Camp.

                                           II.

      We turn to Madeira’s challenges to the district court’s order granting

Converse summary judgment on his individual claims. “We review a grant of

1
  To the extent the district court relied on See’s Candy for the proposition that
individualized inquiries predominate over classwide claims, we note that See’s
Candy involved an appeal of summary judgment, not class certification.

                                           5
summary judgment de novo.” Pavoni v. Chrysler Grp., LLC, 789 F.3d 1095, 1098

(9th Cir. 2015). “Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party, we must determine whether there are any genuine issues of

material fact and whether the district court correctly applied the relevant

substantive law.” Oliver v. Keller, 289 F.3d 623, 626 (9th Cir. 2002).

      1. On appeal, Madeira contends the district court applied the incorrect law

in granting Converse’s motion for summary judgment on his minimum wage and

overtime claim. We disagree. The district court did not err in applying FLSA’s

“percentage of total earnings” exception to Madeira’s claims because “California

law adheres to the standards adopted by the U.S. Department of Labor to the extent

that those standards are consistent with California law.” California Division of

Labor Standards Enforcement (DLSE) Enforcement Policies and Interpretation

Manual § 49.1.2. The pertinent federal standard is found in 29 C.F.R. § 778.210:

“a bonus paid as a predetermined percentage of an employee’s straight-time and

overtime compensation increases the straight-time and overtime earnings by the

same percentage, and thereby includes proper overtime-premium compensation

without need for additional computation.” Wage-Hour Opinion Letters No. FLSA

2018-9 (discussing 29 C.F.R. § 778.210). California law is not inconsistent; an

employer is not required to incorporate a “percentage of total earnings” bonus into

the regular rate of pay calculation. Lemm v. Ecolab Inc., 87 Cal. App. 5th 159, 173

                                          6
(2023) (holding that employer’s calculation of overtime that excludes percentage-

based bonus “is proper under federal and California authorities”).

      2. However, on the rounding claim, the district court erred in granting

summary judgment to Converse. Contrary to the district court’s finding, Madeira

did not waive his rounding claim theory because he put Converse on sufficient

notice of it when he moved for class certification of the related subclass before the

close of discovery. Cf. Sw. Fair Hous. Council, Inc. v. Maricopa Domestic Water

Improvement Dist., 17 F.4th 950, 973 (9th Cir. 2021) (acknowledging that

“[n]otice in the complaint is preferred” however, when documents identifying an

additional legal theory were submitted to the district court prior to discovery, the

defendant “had notice and was not prejudiced by Appellants’ [additional] claim”).

Here, Converse had notice of the rounding theory in February 2020, by virtue of

the class certification motion, and discovery did not close until November 12,

2021. In its opposition to class certification, Converse argued the merits of the

rounding class, pointing to statistics, expert opinions, and relevant caselaw. In the

21 months between notice and the close of discovery, Converse had ample time to

gather additional information on this claim, including re-deposing Madeira. Even

though the operative complaint did not contain the word rounding, we find that

Converse had notice of the theory and was not prejudiced.

      On the merits, the district court relied upon See’s Candy’s statement of the

                                          7
“rounding policy” law in California. However, the California Supreme Court’s

pending decision in Camp could potentially alter the analysis of a “rounding”

claim. If so, that decision would be retroactive on all cases not final. See Newman

v. Emerson Radio Corp., 48 Cal. 3d 973, 978 (1989) (“The general rule that

judicial decisions are given retroactive effect is basic in our legal tradition.”). For

this reason, the district court shall defer ruling on Converse’s motion for summary

judgment on this claim until Camp is decided.

      Appellant’s Request for Judicial Notice, Dkt. No. 43, is GRANTED.

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part.

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