Court Opinion

ID: 2975549
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:36:20.965283+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:37:42.137603
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 07a0567n.06
                            Filed: August 9, 2007

                                           No. 06-6489

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

RICHARD W. PHELPS, D.D.S.,                       )
                                                 )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                      )
                                                 )
v.                                               )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                 )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
UNUM PROVIDENT CORP. AND UNUM                    )    WESTERN DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY
LIFE INSURANCE CO. OF AMERICA,                   )
                                                 )
       Defendant-Appellee.                       )

       Before: GIBBONS and SUTTON, Circuit Judges; BECKWITH, District Judge.*

       SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Richard Phelps contends that the district court erred in granting

summary judgment to his insurer on his bad-faith, denial-of-coverage claim and in awarding

prejudgment interest on his successful contract claim at the rate of 8% (rather than 12%) per annum.

We affirm.

                                                 I.

       After graduating from dental school in 1977 at the age of 32, Richard Phelps purchased an

individual “own occupation” disability policy from an insurance company now known as Unum Life

       *
        The Honorable Sandra S. Beckwith, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the
Southern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 06-6489
Phelps v. Unum Provident

Insurance Co. of America, a subsidiary of Unum Provident Corp (collectively, Unum). The policy

provided $1,000 per month in the event he suffered a “total disability,” JA 49, which the policy

defined as being unable “to perform the duties of his regular occupation.” JA 57.

        As a solo practitioner, Phelps offered comprehensive dental care and referred patients to

specialists for certain procedures. He operated his office independently, did not employ a hygienist

or other technical staff and worked four days per week.

        In 1999, Phelps was diagnosed with osteoarthritis in both of his thumbs. He underwent his

first surgery—an arthroplasty on his right thumb—in December 1999. Phelps submitted a total-

disability claim in March 2000, and one month later he began receiving monthly benefits from

Unum.

        In October 2000, Phelps hired an independent contractor, Dr. Herrick, to perform dental work

on a part-time basis. Despite the first surgery and at least one course of physical therapy, Phelps

continued to experience symptoms of pain, swelling and stiffness, and he underwent a second

surgery in April 2001. He returned to the office on a part-time basis later that year.

        In March 2002, after two years of paying benefits, Unum notified Phelps that it would make

future disability payments under a reservation of rights. In a personal interview with the insurance

company that month, Phelps reported that he typically saw four patients two days per week. Dr.

Herrick, he added, worked three and a half days per week and saw patients that Phelps could not treat

due to his disability. Phelps’ hand surgeon noted in June that Phelps was “unable to sustain [a] pinch

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Phelps v. Unum Provident

grip and work full time dentistry.” JA 99.

        By August 2002, Phelps worked three and a half days per week.                     He performed

administrative duties and clinical work such as dental cleanings, fillings and extractions, as well

diagnostic work such as examining teeth, reading x-rays and recommending treatment plans. In

September, Unum terminated the monthly benefits, reasoning that because Phelps had returned to

dentistry work after his surgeries, he was only “partially disabled” and therefore failed to qualify for

“total disability” benefits. JA 113, 395. After some unsuccessful attempts to sell his business,

Phelps closed his practice on March 1, 2005.

        Phelps filed claims against Unum in state court for breach of contract and for bad faith failure

to honor the insurance contract, seeking compensatory damages, punitive damages, prejudgment

interest and attorney’s fees. Unum removed the case to federal court on diversity grounds.

        Both sides moved for partial summary judgment—Unum on the bad-faith claims and Phelps

on the contract claim and the first two elements of his bad-faith claims. The district court granted

Phelps’ motion on the contract claim, reasoning that “total disability” under the contract includes an

insured’s inability “to perform at least one . . . essential dut[y] of his regular occupation.” D. Ct. Op.

at 8. The court ordered Unum to pay Phelps past benefits plus prejudgment interest at the rate of 8%.

The district court granted Unum’s motion on the bad-faith claims, concluding that the insurance

company had a reasonable legal basis (even if an erroneous one) for denying Phelps’s claim of “total

disability.”

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No. 06-6489
Phelps v. Unum Provident

                                                  II.

        On appeal, Phelps challenges the district court’s summary-judgment decision in favor of

Unum on the bad-faith claims as well as its decision to award him 8% rather than 12% prejudgment

under Kentucky law. See Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 304.12-235. Unum does not appeal the court’s

judgment for Phelps on the contract claim. We give fresh review to a summary-judgment decision,

Alpert v. United States, 481 F.3d 404, 407 (6th Cir. 2007), and will affirm a grant of summary

judgment if “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to

a judgment as a matter of law,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Alpert, 481 F.3d at 407.

                                                  A.

        Kentucky applies a “single test” for measuring “the merits of bad-faith claims, whether

brought . . . under common law or statute.” Rawe v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 462 F.3d 521, 527

(6th Cir. 2006). The test requires an insured to show three things to prevail: (1) that the policy terms

obligate the insurer to pay the claim; (2) that the insurer’s denial lacks a reasonable basis in law or

fact; and (3) that the insurer knowingly or recklessly acted without a reasonable basis for denying

the claim. See id. at 527; Wittmer v. Jones, 864 S.W.2d 885, 890 (Ky. 1993).

        At this stage in the litigation, Unum concedes that the total-disability policy covers Phelps’

claim. The salient question is whether Phelps can satisfy the second element of the test—whether

he can show that Unum lacked a reasonable basis in law or fact for denying his claim. To prevail

on this point, the insurer need not show that its interpretation of the policy language was the best

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No. 06-6489
Phelps v. Unum Provident

interpretation, only that it was a reasonable one. See Rawe, 462 F.3d at 527. The insured’s claim

to benefits need be only “fairly debatable as to either the law or the facts.” Empire Fire & Marine

Ins. Co. v. Simpsonville Wrecker Serv., Inc., 880 S.W.2d 886, 890 (Ky. Ct. App. 1994); see also

Bluegrass Marine, Inc. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 87 F. App’x 493, 498 (6th Cir. Dec. 23, 2003);

Cowan v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 30 F. App’x 384, 388 (6th Cir. Feb. 11, 2002). “If a genuine

dispute does exist as to the status of the law governing the coverage question, the insured’s claim

is fairly debatable and the tort claim for bad faith based upon the insurer’s refusal to pay the claim

may not be maintained.” Empire Fire, 880 S.W.2d at 890.

        The meaning of “total disability” was “fairly debatable” when Phelps filed this claim. The

policy’s definition of “total disability,” as an initial matter, was not a model of clarity. To establish

eligibility for benefits, the policy required the insured to show that he could not “perform the duties

of his regular occupation.” JA 57. This definition raises more questions than it answers: Does it

require the insured to show he cannot perform every material duty of his job? Most duties of his

job? Just some duties of his job? Unum paid benefits under the policy for the first two years, but

it viewed Phelps’ eventual capacity to return to work three and a half days a week (he had worked

four days a week before his injury) and to perform many functions of a dentist as disqualifying. That

was not an unreasonable interpretation of this definition because, when the company denied

coverage, Phelps could perform many “duties of his regular occupation.”

        The context in which Phelps obtained this policy also gave the insurance company a

reasonable basis for denying coverage. At the time Phelps purchased this policy, Unum offered a

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No. 06-6489
Phelps v. Unum Provident

“residual disability” rider. It defined “residual disability” to mean the “inability of the Insured to

perform one or more but not all of the material and substantial duties of his regular occupation” or

“loss by the Insured of at least 25% of the time usually required for the performance of the material

and substantial daily duties of his regular occupation.” JA 137. The existence of this additional

coverage option—defining eligibility based on an inability to perform “one or more” material duties

or based on an inability to work a certain amount of time—and Phelps’ decision not to purchase this

rider also support the reasonableness of Unum’s position that “total disability” required an insured

to show something more than an inability to perform certain material duties of a dentist.

        Case law also supports the existence of “a genuine dispute” over the meaning of this policy.

Empire Fire, 880 S.W.2d at 890. The most pertinent Sixth Circuit case is Ginsburg v. Insurance Co.

of North America, 427 F.2d 1318 (6th Cir. 1970), which arose under Kentucky law. Construing a

policy that defined “total disability” as “the Insured’s complete inability . . . to perform every duty

of his occupation,” Ginsburg held that the inability of the insured, a nurse anesthetist, to perform “at

least one essential task” (intubating patients) satisfied the definition. Id. at 1320. While Phelps

relies heavily on Ginsburg and while the court’s favorable construction offers some support for his

argument, the fact remains that the Ginsburg policy and the Unum policy define “total disability”

differently.

        Kentucky cases, moreover, generally have not followed the “one essential task” approach of

Ginsburg—both before our court decided Ginsburg (without, incidentally, citing any Kentucky case

law) and after that decision. While the cases tend to involve different policy definitions of “total

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No. 06-6489
Phelps v. Unum Provident

disability” and thus make it difficult to generalize across cases, Kentucky courts have historically

considered the insured’s ability to perform material acts in the usual and customary duties of his

occupation, looking to the quantitative and qualitative effects of the disability on the insured’s

performance. See, e.g., Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Rains, 136 S.W.2d 792, 795 (Ky. 1940)

(holding that under Kentucky case law, total disability—defined in the policy as being so

incapacitated as to be “rendered wholly and permanently unable to engage in any occupation or

perform any work”—means whether an insured is “unable to perform all material acts in the

discharge of the usual and customary duties connected with his occupation”); John Hancock Mut.

Life Ins. Co. v. Cave, 40 S.W.2d 1004, 1005 (Ky. 1931) (holding that total disability—defined in the

policy as being “continuously prevented . . . from performing any and every duty pertaining to

[one’s] occupation”—means the inability to “transact[] all kinds of business or work pertaining to

his occupation or employment” and looking to whether there is “such physical impairment as

disabled the insured from performing all material acts in the discharge of the usual and customary

duties connected with his occupation or employment”); Travelers’ Ins. Co. v. Turner, 39 S.W.2d
216, 217 (Ky. 1931) (holding that total disability—defined in the contract as “wholly disabled by

bodily injuries or disease” such that one “will be permanently, continuously and wholly prevented

thereby for life from engaging in any occupation or employment for wage or profits”—should be

analyzed from the “two angles” of “quantity and quality” to determine whether one is unable “to do

substantially or practically all material acts in the transaction of the insured’s business in his

customary and usual manner”); see also Ky. L. of Damages § 27:12 (explaining that total disability

generally “means unable to do those things customarily done”); cf. Murphy v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas.

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No. 06-6489
Phelps v. Unum Provident

Co., 580 S.W.2d 502, 504 (Ky. Ct. App. 1979) (holding that an orthopedic surgeon who could no

longer perform surgery and who was “unable to continue even a limited practice” was entitled to

benefits under a policy providing coverage when an insured is “wholly and continuously” unable to

perform “all the duties of his profession”).

        In view of the tension between Ginsburg’s “one essential task” approach and the quantitative

and qualitative approaches of the state court cases applying Kentucky law, in view of the fact that

none of these cases involved the same policy definition of “total disability” as Unum’s policy and

in view of the definition of “total disability” in this policy, it was not unreasonable for Unum to take

the position that total disability must account for changes in the quality and quantity of the insured’s

duties. Total disability under the policy, in contrast to residual disability under a separate policy

option, required Phelps to show that he could not “perform the duties of his regular occupation.”

JA 57 (emphasis added). Inability to perform “the duties” of the job could be construed to mean an

inability to perform just one material duty, several material duties or all material duties. Faced with

this ambiguity and faced with the existence of a policy option that covered partial or “residual”

disability, Unum did not act unreasonably in pulling the plug on coverage when Phelps returned to

working three and one-half days a week, a mere one-half day less than he worked before the onset

of osteoarthritis. That the insurance company initially paid coverage under the policy for the first

two years after Phelps’ injury and denied coverage only after he returned to work for nearly the same

number of hours he had worked before his injury bolsters this conclusion.

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No. 06-6489
Phelps v. Unum Provident

       Phelps argues that a “fairly debatable” claim under Kentucky law requires something

more—namely, a legal question of first impression. See Empire Fire, 880 S.W.2d at 891 (holding

that a claim involving a legal question of first impression was fairly debatable). While Kentucky law

makes an issue of first impression a sufficient condition for establishing a “fairly debatable” claim,

it does not make it a necessary one, and it accordingly does not rule out the possibility that

competing strands of the law (as here) and difficult questions of fact (as here) will make the claim

a fairly debatable one. What is more, this argument fails even on its own terms. Phelps never points

to a Kentucky case involving the same definition of “total disability” as this one and never explains

why this definition indeed did not present a question of first impression.

       Phelps next points out that the early Kentucky cases interpreting “total disability” involve

“any occupation” disability policies, as opposed to the occupation-specific policy at issue here. But

as the highest court of Kentucky has noted, Kentucky courts have not always distinguished between

policies in terms of “occupational” type. See Cont’l Cas. Co. v. Johnson, 234 S.W.2d 190, 191 (Ky.

1950) (“For some time this court made no distinction in construing . . . the ‘occupational type.’ It

was held that the insured was entitled to the disability benefits of his policy if he showed physical

inability to follow his usual occupation.”). These cases remain the best Kentucky-law guidance on

the issue, and they discuss the policies in terms of the individual’s specific occupation just as

occupation-specific policies require us to do today. See Travelers’ Ins., 39 S.W.2d at 217; John

Hancock Mut., 40 S.W.2d at 1005.

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No. 06-6489
Phelps v. Unum Provident

       Phelps next suggests that a ruling for Unum on the bad-faith claim would be irreconcilable

with the district court’s (unappealed) grant of summary judgment to Phelps on the contract claim.

Not so. As a matter of logic, the two claims are distinct: One asks what the policy means; the other

asks what it “reasonably” could be construed to mean. As a matter of precedent, we have found at

least twice before—on summary judgment—that an insurer is not liable for bad faith under Kentucky

law even when it owes the insured benefits under the contract. See Bluegrass Marine, 87 F. App’x

at 498 (applying Kentucky law); Cowan, 30 F. App’x at 387–88 (applying Kentucky law). To

survive a bad-faith claim on summary judgment, “[a]n insurer’s position must only be ‘fairly

debatable’[;] it need not be correct as a matter of law.” Id. at 388.

       Phelps next contends that the district court failed to address two of his claims. See Ky. Rev.

Stat. Ann. § 367.170 (prohibiting unfair acts “in the conduct of any trade”); id. § 304.12-010

(prohibiting unfair acts in the business of insurance). But both of these claims are statutory bad-faith

claims, and Kentucky law provides a “single test . . . for the merits of bad-faith claims,

whether . . . brought under common law or statute.” Rawe, 462 F.3d at 527.

                                                  B.

       State law governs an award of prejudgment interest in a diversity case. Conte v. Gen.

Housewares Corp., 215 F.3d 628, 633 (6th Cir. 2000). Under Kentucky law, “[t]he determination

as to whether or not to award prejudgment interest” is an equitable decision of the trial court that we

review only for abuse of discretion. See Church & Mullins Corp. v. Bethlehem Minerals Co., 887

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No. 06-6489
Phelps v. Unum Provident

S.W.2d 321, 325 (Ky. 1992). Generally speaking, the interest rate should not exceed the legal rate

of 8% per annum unless authorized by statute. See Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 360.010(1); Fields v.

Fields, 58 S.W.3d 464, 467 (Ky. 2001). One statute providing a higher rate is § 304.12-235, which

says that 12% “shall” apply “[i]f an insurer fails to make a good faith attempt to settle a claim”

within 30 days of notice and proof of claim. Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 304.12-235.

        In arguing that the 12% rate should apply, Phelps faces a problem similar to the one that

defeats his bad-faith claim. A district court does not abuse its discretion in failing to apply a statute

that requires a lack of good faith when we have already held that there is a lack of bad faith as a

matter of law. The only evidence that Phelps presents regarding Unum’s offer to settle the claim is

that the company expressed its willingness “to consider [granting] benefits based upon the

percentage of loss your practice has realized when compared to your income prior to disability.” JA

205. In light of our decision that Unum’s denial of benefits was not in bad faith, we cannot hold that

Unum’s offer to pay out some of the benefits was not in good faith. As we have made clear in

affirming the district court’s grant of summary judgment for Unum on the bad-faith claims, liability

in this case was fairly debatable. Cf. Coomer v. Phelps, 172 S.W.3d 389, 395 (Ky. 2005)

(interpreting a similar good-faith provision to require “an insurer [to] make a good faith attempt to

settle any claim[] for which liability is beyond dispute”).

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Phelps v. Unum Provident

                                       III.

      For these reasons, we affirm.

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