Court Opinion

ID: 8210803
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-30 16:04:01.557697+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:56.755876
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (1st) 210043
                                             No. 1-21--0043
                                    Opinion filed September 30, 2022

                                                                              SIXTH DIVISION

                                                 IN THE

                                  APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                            FIRST DISTRICT

     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF                        )       Appeal from the Circuit Court
     ILLINOIS,                                         )       of Cook County.
                                                       )
           Plaintiff-Appellee,                         )
                                                       )
           v.                                          )       No. 00 CR 17515(02)
                                                       )
     JOHN SEARLES,                                     )       The Honorable
                                                       )       William G. Gamboney,
           Defendant-Appellant.                        )       Judge, presiding.

                    JUSTICE ODEN JOHNSON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                    Presiding Justice Mikva specially concurred with opinion.
                    Justice Mitchell dissented with opinion.

                                              OPINION

¶1              Defendant John Searles was convicted after a jury trial of the first degree murder and

      attempted armed robbery of Anthony Leyva. Defendant, who was 20 years old at the time of

      the offense, was sentenced to consecutive sentences of 60 years for the first degree murder and

      15 years for the attempted armed robbery, for a total of 75 years. This court affirmed his

      conviction on direct appeal and affirmed the summary dismissal of his initial pro se

      postconviction petition. In the instant appeal, he appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion

      for leave to file his first successive postconviction petition.
     No. 1-21-0043

¶2             Defendant argues that his pro se petition made a prima facie showing that his 75-year

        sentence, without the possibility of either good-time credit or parole, for an offense he

        committed in 2000 when he was 20 years old. violates the Illinois Constitution’s proportionate

        penalties clause as applied to him, in light of his age, his history of mental health issues, and

        his exposure to physical abuse and drug use at an early age.

¶3             For the following reasons, we reverse and remand for second-stage proceedings

        consistent with this opinion.

¶4                                           BACKGROUND

¶5             The instant appeal concerns the proportionality of defendant’s sentence. Prior to this

        offense, the 20-year old defendant had only one adult conviction, for the relatively minor

        offense of defacement to property, and no juvenile record. In pronouncing a lengthy sentence,

        the trial court mentioned in particular, “the nature of the offense” which the court found “to be

        particularly aggravating,” in that “it was premeditated” and “done pursuant to a plan to rob the

        victim” and defendant “armed himself with a particularly gruesome and deadly weapon.”

        Although the appellate record does not contain a photo of the knife, it was described at trial as

        having a curved blade with spikes on the handle and measuring 12 inches in overall length.

        The trial court relied heavily on the age of the victim, who was 72 years old, as a particularly

        aggravating factor; but it did not discuss defendant’s young age or any attributes or

        characteristics relating to under 21-year olds.

¶6             Since the nature of the offense was the primary reason given for the long sentence, we

        describe the evidence at trial in detail below. In short, the evidence established that the 72-year

        old victim was married and was also dating Evelyn Rivera who he had met on a phone chat

        line. Rivera’s best friend was 19-year old Vanessa Padin, and Rivera’s boyfriend was 20-year

                                                      2
       No. 1-21-0043

          old defendant. The three friends talked about scaring Leyva with a knife, so that they could

          grab a money pouch that Leyva always carried with him. They talked of using the money to

          throw a “hotel” party for their friends. Rivera was the one who spoke to Leyva on the phone

          and arranged for his visit to Rivera’s home, in the West Lawn neighborhood of Chicago. Rivera

          also retrieved a knife from her room and handed it to defendant. When the three friends were

          in Leyva’s car, defendant, who was sitting behind the driver, pulled out the knife. The two

          girls immediately jumped out of the car and ran, leaving defendant as the only witness as to

          what happened next in the car. Defendant testified that things went awry, when the car

          suddenly jerked back and the knife that defendant was holding cut Leyva’s neck. After the cut

          to Leyva’s neck, the car crashed into a gas station and defendant escaped out of the door where

          Padin had previously sat. Padin testified that stabbing was not part of their plan.

¶7                                                  I Trial

¶8                                            A. Marian Leyva

¶9               Marian Leyva, the wife of the victim, testified that they had been married for 40 years.

          On June 24, 2000, the day of the offense, she went to babysit for her cousins’ children, and her

          husband said he was going to have dinner with some friends but would join her later. While

          babysitting, she received a call from her daughter that her husband had been taken to the

          hospital, due to what she initially believed was a car accident. After calling the hospital, she

          learned from a hospital chaplain that her husband had died.

¶ 10                                          B. Peter Karlovics

¶ 11             Peter Karlovics testified that, he was working a shift as an assistant State’s attorney

          (ASA) in the felony review unit, when he received an assignment at 3 a.m. on June 25, 2000,

          to go to Area One Police Headquarters on the south side of Chicago. There, he met with

                                                       3
       No. 1-21-0043

          Detective Halloran, who informed him that three suspects were in custody: Evelyn Rivera,

          Vanessa Padin, and defendant. Karlovics spoke first with Rivera and then with defendant.

¶ 12              Karlovics testified that he read defendant his Miranda rights at 4:15 a.m. in the presence

          of Detective Halloran. During the ensuing interview, defendant stated that he had attempted

          to rob and “car-jack” Leyva with the assistance of Rivera and Padin. During the attempt,

          defendant stabbed the victim twice and then jumped out of the car and ran away. After making

          this statement, defendant agreed to record it on videotape. Karlovics next spoke with Padin for

          an hour. At 6:30 a.m., Karlovics called for the delivery of video equipment and a videographer

          who arrived more than an hour later. All three suspects had agreed to provide videotaped

          statements. Karlovics’ videotaped interview of defendant began at 8:47 a.m. on June 25, 2000,

          and the videotape was admitted into evidence and played for the jury.

¶ 13              Neither the transcript nor the tape appears in the appellate record, although both were

          admitted into evidence and impounded. In the appellate court order denying defendant’s direct

          appeal, this court provided the following brief description of the taped statement:

                  “In defendant’s videotaped statement of June 25, 2000, he acknowledged that he told

                  assistant State’s Attorney Peter Karlovics that he had stabbed Leyva while trying to rob

                  him inside his car. He further said that on the way to the CTA he told Leyva to pull

                  the car over, Leyva cooperated, defendant pulled the knife out and ‘held it up and told

                  him to get out.’ Leyva refused, put the car in motion, and the two struggled over the

                  knife. Defendant said that he ‘was just trying to cut him in the neck and get him to ***

                  let go of the knife and let [him] 1 go already.’ ” (Ellipses and brackets in original.)

              1
                The brackets around “him” are in the Rule 23 order. It appears as though defendant was saying
       that he wanted Leyva to let “him” (defendant) go.
                                                         4
       No. 1-21-0043

                 People v. Searles, No. 1-02-2598, slip op. at 5 (Mar. 31, 2004) (unpublished order

                 pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 23).

¶ 14             During cross examination, Karlovics provided the following details from the taped

          interview. Defendant stated that he used to date Rivera but that Rivera had been dating Leyva

          for a few months. Rivera and Leyva generally went out once or twice a week. Rivera was

          supposed to leave for Puerto Rico on June 25. Rivera told defendant that Leyva carried money

          in a black pouch, and she talked about trying to rob Leyva with a knife that she had. Rivera

          said that Leyva’s car doors might be unlocked. After observing Leyva parked in front of

          Rivera’s house, defendant tried the car doors and discovered the doors were not unlocked. In

          response, Leyva rolled down his window and defendant told him that Rivera would be right

          down. Defendant then went back upstairs to Rivera.

¶ 15             Vanessa Padin, age 19 at the time of the offense, testified that she lived with her

          boyfriend and baby daughter in the basement of the same house where Rivera occupied the

          second floor. Padin’s boyfriend’s father lived on the first floor, in between them. Rivera lived

          with Rivera’s mother and sister, and Padin and Rivera had been friends for two years. Padin

          first met defendant when Rivera “hooked up with him on a date service.” On June 24, 2000,

          Leyva was Rivera’s boyfriend, and defendant was an ex-boyfriend of Rivera’s. On June 24,

          at around noon, defendant came to Rivera’s home. In addition to Padin and Rivera, Rivera’s

          younger sister and brothers were at Rivera’s home. Rivera was planning on going to Puerto

          Rico on Sunday, June 25, 2000, and Rivera, Padin and defendant were planning on throwing

          Rivera a party. Defendant had a cousin who was going “to throw a hotel party.” However,

          Rivera, Padin, and defendant had no money for a party. Rivera said that she was seeing a guy

          who had money and she wanted to rob him. The plan was that, when Leyva came to Rivera’s

                                                       5
       No. 1-21-0043

          house, defendant would go into Leyva’s car, scare him “with the knife,” and run off with the

          car. Rivera said that Leyva carried money with him in a purse by his side. Rivera provided

          defendant with a knife that had spikes, and Rivera received a call from Leyva. Defendant went

          downstairs ten minutes before Leyva arrived. Watching from an upstairs window, Padin saw

          that, after Leyva pulled up in front of the house in a four-door car, defendant tried to open the

          passenger door but it did not open. Defendant then walked to the driver’s side and came back

          upstairs. Defendant stated, “that plan didn’t work.”

¶ 16             Padin testified that they had discussed other plans before defendant tried to open

          Leyva’s door. Rivera had suggested that Padin could go in the car with Rivera, that Rivera

          could make out with Leyva in the front seat, and that Rivera could throw Leyva’s purse in the

          back seat. However, Rivera stated the make-out plan would not work because Leyva would

          not kiss Rivera in front of Padin. That is when Rivera said she would just throw the purse out

          the window. However, defendant thought that was a bad idea. Padin suggested that they could

          give Padin a ride to “the Orange Line,” and “by both of us being in the car with each other,

          [defendant] could—by me being a female and him being in the car with me, we could both get

          in the car.” Padin believed that Leyva would only drive defendant somewhere if Padin also

          entered the car.

¶ 17             Padin testified that, after defendant came back upstairs, the three of them went

          downstairs together and entered Leyva’s car, with Rivera sitting in the front passenger seat,

          Padin sitting behind Rivera, and defendant sitting behind the driver. Rivera asked Leyva to

          drive Padin and defendant to the Orange Line which he agreed to do. After a couple of blocks,

          defendant told Leyva to stop at a stop sign, and Leyva said, “ ‘I thought you wanted me to drop

          you off at the Orange Line.” But Leyva stopped the car, and defendant pulled out the knife

                                                       6
       No. 1-21-0043

          and said: “Give me your money or I’m gone to kill you.” Defendant held the knife near

          Leyva’s neck while Leyva kept saying no. Padin tried to open the back door but could not

          because it had a child safety lock. Rivera exited the front seat, opened the back door for Padin,

          and the two of them ran from the car. When Padin last saw defendant in the car, defendant’s

          arm was no longer near Leyva’s neck but down near his midsection. As they ran, Padin looked

          back and observed the car pulling away.

¶ 18              Padin testified that the two girls ran initially but then walked back to their house. As

          Rivera and Padin were heading to the back stairs, Rivera mentioned that she had observed

          defendant in the garage. When Rivera mentioned seeing defendant, Padin said that they should

          go in the front of the house instead. As Rivera and Padin walked down the gangway toward

          the front of the house, defendant followed behind them and into the house. In the house,

          defendant stated “that he stabbed him six times in his side, and he stabbed him in his neck so

          he wouldn’t talk.” Rivera kept asking defendant about the money but defendant did not say

          anything about it. Defendant said that the car had crashed into a gas station, so Rivera and

          Padin walked toward the gas station to see if defendant was lying about the stabbing. Rivera

          left Padin at a taco shop a couple of doors down from the gas station, and Rivera continued

          walking toward the gas station. Padin waited ten minutes and then went back to the house.

          When Padin returned to the house, defendant was wearing different clothes. Defendant said

          that he took off his hoodie because it had blood on it. Rivera returned to the house later that

          evening with police. Padin answered the door and a policeman asked for Rivera’s mom who

          Padin went to get. Rivera’s mother came down to talk to the police, and the police then went

          up to Rivera’s apartment. Padin was in Rivera’s apartment, as was defendant, when the police

          entered it.

                                                       7
       No. 1-21-0043

¶ 19             Padin testified that, after the police left with defendant, she spoke with Detective John

          Halloran and showed him where Rivera kept the knives and where Rivera and defendant’s wet

          clothing was. Padin later went to the police station where she gave a videotaped statement and

          she was charged with first degree murder and attempt armed robbery. Padin’s attorney and the

          State reached a plea agreement whereby, in exchange for her testimony, the State would

          dismiss the murder charge against her, but proceed with the attempt armed robbery charge,

          which had a possible sentence of 4 to 15 years. Padin understood that the State was going to

          recommend a 14-year sentence that was eligible for 50% good-time credit, such that it was

          possible for her to serve only 7 years in jail. Padin identified the knife and its sheath and

          testified that, when defendant received the knife, it was in the sheath.

¶ 20             On cross examination, Padin testified that Rivera met Leyva on a “party line service,”

          which Padin described as a 900 number where people could call and chat. Padin and Rivera

          did not do any drugs while waiting for Leyva and she did not think defendant did either. Padin

          testified that Rivera collected knives. Padin said it surprised her when defendant pulled out

          the knife; Padin was scared and wanted out of the car. However, she could not open the door

          because it seemed as though a child safety lock was on. Rivera had to exit the front passenger-

          side door and open Padin’s door from the outside. Padin did not remember telling Detective

          Halloran that defendant kept telling Leyva to stop the car. On redirect, Padin testified that she

          became scared when defendant pulled out the knife because she had not thought defendant was

          “going to do it.” Stabbing was not part of the plan.

¶ 21             Peter Larcher, a Chicago police officer, testified that he was an evidence technician

          who helped process the crime scene and he identified photos showing where the knife was

                                                        8
       No. 1-21-0043

          recovered in the car; where a gym shoe was recovered near the car, and where a sheath for the

          knife was found in a nearby alley.

¶ 22               Sergeant James Bland testified that, in the evening of June 24, 2000, he was working

          as a patrolman on the southwest side of Chicago with his partner Officer Margaret Burke. They

          were in uniform and in a marked police car. It was “pouring rain” when they received a call to

          assist at a nearby vehicle crash. When they arrived, paramedics were trying to remove the

          driver from the vehicle. After Bland exited his car and walked over, he observed the victim on

          a stretcher and the paramedics loading him into an ambulance. The victim was bleeding

          profusely and was unresponsive. After Bland had been on the scene for ten or fifteen minutes,

          Evelyn Rivera arrived and tried to get past the yellow accident-scene tape. When Bland

          stopped her, she stated “that’s my boyfriend’s car.”

¶ 23               Bland testified that he “put” Rivera in the back seat of his police car in order to “get

          her out of the rain.” Bland and his partner, Burke, spoke to Rivera, and she provided them

          with the description of a suspect. Bland and Burke were driving Rivera to the police station,

          but they stopped first at Rivera’s house so they could inform her mother where she was going.

          After arriving at Rivera’s house, Bland exited the car leaving his partner with Rivera in the car.

          Another police car pulled up and an officer 2 from the other car accompanied Bland as he

          walked toward Rivera’s home. They knocked on a door on the first floor and were informed

          that Rivera lived upstairs. After they headed upstairs, Vanessa Padin opened the door. When

          Bland asked for Rivera’s mother, Padin invited them inside. Bland entered and was walking

          down a hallway with doors off of it, when Bland observed defendant standing “right inside”

             2
                 On cross, Bland testified that this officer’s last name was Rybolt.
                                                         9
       No. 1-21-0043

          the first doorway. Bland reached out and grabbed him because he matched the physical

          description provided by Rivera. Bland noticed that defendant was shoeless.

¶ 24             Bland testified that he asked defendant who he was, and he replied that he was a friend

          of Rivera’s. When Bland asked about defendant’s shoes, he said they were in another room.

          After placing defendant in handcuffs, Bland called for back-up. Rivera’s mother agreed to a

          search of the house during which Bland found two piles of “sopping wet” clothes. One pile

          matched Rivera’s description of the offender’s clothing, and the other pile contained Rivera’s

          clothes.

¶ 25             On cross examination, Bland testified that, after arriving at the scene, he looked inside

          the victim’s car and observed a black bag and a knife inside the car. The knife was “on the

          console,” when he first saw it. Bland testified that the two piles of wet clothes were in a

          bedroom off the kitchen, on the floor. A staircase led from that bedroom to the outside.

¶ 26             Detective John Halloran testified that, on June 24, 2000, at 8:30 p.m. he and his partner,

          Detective Frank Valadez arrived at the crime scene with Detective John Murray. It was raining

          heavily. Inside the victim’s car, he observed smears and pools of blood and “a large curved

          bladed knife,” which measured 12 inches in overall length, including a five-inch long blade.

          The knife rested in a pool of blood “on the center console.” Near the car, he observed a gym

          shoe. While Halloran was at the scene, Rivera approached and he spoke with her while she

          was seated in the backseat of Bland’s police car. Before leaving the scene at 10 p.m., he

          directed Bland to transport Rivera to Halloran’s office. After departing the scene, Halloran

          went to the hospital to observe the body and he noted a large gaping stab wound to the victim’s

          neck, approximately six puncture wounds by the victim’s right shoulder, and lacerations on

          the right side of the victim’s stomach and on his hand.

                                                      10
       No. 1-21-0043

¶ 27               Halloran testified that, before leaving the hospital, he was notified of activity at

          Rivera’s house and so he drove there. Rivera’s house was five to six blocks from the offense

          scene. When Halloran arrived at Rivera’s house, he observed Rivera seated in one police car

          and defendant seated in another, and Padin “moving about in and out” of Rivera’s house.

          Defendant did not have shoes on. The police located a sheath cover for the knife in an alley

          near the offense scene. After searching, the officers and the three suspects went to the police

          station, where Halloran spoke to all three suspects. After the interviews, Halloran called ASA

          Karlovics who came to the station, arriving at 3 a.m. on June 25. Karlovics also interviewed

          the three suspects and then called for a videographer who arrived at 8 a.m. on June 25.

          Videotaped statements were recorded from all three suspects and all three suspects were

          charged. While at Rivera’s house, Halloran did not observe any evidence of narcotics or drugs

          in the house. From Leyva’s car, Halloran removed a black pouch containing a wallet with

          identification belonging to Leyva and $420 in cash in a rubber band. On cross examination 3,

          Halloran testified that Padin told him that defendant ordered Leyva to stop the car.

¶ 28               The State introduced and the court admitted a certified copy of the victim’s birth

          certificate, showing that the victim was 72 years old. The State then called Dr. James Filkins,

          who had been an assistant medical examiner back in June 2000, with the Cook County Medical

          Examiner’s Office. Filkins had performed the autopsy on the victim. The court found, without

          objection, that Dr. Filkins was qualified to testify as an expert in forensic pathology. Dr.

          Filkins testified that the victim had a number of injuries on his body, including: a “slicing or

          incised wound” on the right side of the neck that severed the carotid artery and the jugular vein,

          a scraping cluster of abrasions on his right shoulder, a puncture wound on his right shoulder, a

             3
                 A page of Halloran’s cross examination is missing from the appellate record.
                                                          11
       No. 1-21-0043

          scraping abrasion on the right side of his back, a puncture wound on the right side of his back,

          an abrasion near his belly, and two abrasions on the front of his right thigh. The victim also

          had a number of injuries on his hands, including: a slicing wound on his right index finger, a

          slicing wound on the back of his right hand, and two puncture wounds on the left ring finger.

          The injuries on the victim’s hands were consistent with being defensive wounds. The victim’s

          injuries were consistent with being caused by the knife in evidence. The incised or slicing

          injuries would have been caused by the blade portion of the knife, while the puncture wounds

          would have been produced by the “pointed barbs on the handle portion of the knife.” The

          lacerations could have been caused by either the blade or the barbs. The doctor would expect

          to see a lot of bleeding from the cuts to the carotid artery and the jugular vein, since the carotid

          artery is the main artery carrying blood from the heart to the brain and the jugular vein is the

          main vein carrying blood back from the brain to the heart. The doctor performed toxicology

          tests for alcohol, cocaine and opiates and each of the test results was negative. On cross, he

          testified that, while one wound was more serious than the others, the multiple wounds all

          contributed to the victim’s death.

¶ 29              After the State rested and the court denied defendant’s motion for a directed verdict,

          the defense called defendant as a witness on his own behalf. Prior to his testimony, the trial

          court informed the jury that “due to an injury *** [defendant] has his jaw *** wired shut and

          so he may have some difficulty speaking to you but I’m sure he’s going to do the best he can.”

          The trial court instructed: “Let me know if there is anything you don’t understand[;] just raise

          your hand.”

                                                        12
       No. 1-21-0043

¶ 30               Defendant testified that he was 22 years old at the time of the trial. Prior to the offense,

           he had lived with his mother and worked in a Chicago public school as a janitor. 4 Defendant

           met Rivera through defendant’s brother and had known her for four months. During this time,

           defendant and Rivera became engaged to be married. Defendant later found out that Rivera

           had another boyfriend, namely, Leyva. Two months before the offense, Rivera told defendant

           about Leyva. However, defendant had not met or seen Leyva prior to the day of the offense.

¶ 31               Defendant testified that, on June 24, 2000, defendant woke up at Rivera’s house at 9

           a.m. and they were “getting the kids together” and Rivera’s mother had already left for work.

           During the morning, defendant and Rivera were planning a party and smoking “P.C.P.” At

           “about noontime,” Padin was at Rivera’s house and Padin started smoking P.C.P. at about 2

           p.m. Leyva called and Rivera spoke to him. After the phone call, Rivera said that they should

           rob him “to get some money together to have” a party because Leyva had between $200 and

           $500 in traveler’s checks on him. Padin and Rivera discussed Rivera fooling around with

           Leyva in his car, so that Rivera could toss Leyva’s wallet out the window. Then Padin came

           up with the idea that Rivera could toss “the pouch” in the back seat. Leyva called twice more,

           and defendant said that they “should just rob him.”

¶ 32               Defendant testified that Rivera called Leyva at 6:30 p.m. to come pick her up. Rivera

           went into her room, got the knife in question, gave it to defendant and stated that Leyva would

           be there at 8 p.m. When Leyva called to say he was close by, defendant went downstairs and

           out the front of the house. Rivera had mentioned that Leyva’s car doors were always unlocked,

           so defendant tried to open a door but found it locked. Defendant walked around to the driver’s

               4
                Later, on cross examination, defendant testified that, on the day of the offense, he was living
       with Rivera, not his mother, and that he had not worked in months.
                                                           13
       No. 1-21-0043

          side and Leyva rolled down his window, and defendant told him that “it would be just a

          minute.” Defendant then went back upstairs to Rivera’s home and told Rivera that we “can’t

          rob him he knows what is going on.” Rivera got mad and said that they would just drop

          defendant off at the train station. After Rivera, defendant, and Padin went outside, Rivera told

          Leyva to drop defendant and Padin at the train station. At that point, defendant’s intent was to

          go to the train station and he “wanted to get away from the whole scene.”

¶ 33             Defendant testified that, after Rivera, defendant, and Padin entered Leyva’s car, Leyva

          drove a couple of blocks and defendant pulled out the knife. Defendant testified that he pulled

          out the knife because he “wanted it out of the car.” Defendant told Leyva several times to stop

          the car. Instead, Leyva grabbed the knife. Defendant “just wanted out of the car.” Defendant

          was becoming angry because Rivera was sitting in the front seat with Leyva, holding hands.

          When defendant pulled out the knife, the knife was between the seats. When Leyva grabbed

          the knife, defendant told him: “no, give me the knife and let me out of the car.” Defendant

          did not ask Leyva for money and did not have the knife around Leyva’s neck. When Leyva

          stopped the car, both girls jumped out and defendant tried to take back the knife so he could

          jump out too, but Leyva “took off, hit the gas.”

¶ 34             Defendant testified that he was trying to reach over the seat, “the console for the gears

          to try put it in park,” so he could exit. During this time, defendant and Leyva were struggling

          back and forth over the knife. Defendant finally reached the gears with his left hand and Leyva

          accelerated. Defendant thought the car was parked but it “jerked” and then kept going. When

          the car jerked, defendant “came back with the knife and it cut [Leyva] in the neck.” When the

          car jerked, it went into neutral, and defendant went backwards and cut Leyva. Then the car

          went “back up to 30” miles per hour. Defendant thought that, prior to the neck cut, defendant

                                                      14
       No. 1-21-0043

          may have cut Leyva “on the side because [Leyva] pulled the knife down and [defendant] pulled

          it back up.” After the neck cut, the wheel turned and the car crashed into a gas station.

          Defendant was able to open the door that Padin had exited from and he jumped out of the car.

          Defendant never demanded money from Leyva and did not intend to rob or hurt him.

¶ 35             Defendant identified photos taken at the police station showing injuries to defendant’s

          right and left hands, as a result of the altercation. After exiting Leyva’s car, defendant went to

          Rivera’s house. When Rivera returned, defendant went upstairs and changed his clothes.

          Eventually defendant went to the police station and gave a couple of statements regarding the

          incident.

¶ 36             On cross examination, defendant testified that he had dated Rivera for four months and

          had been engaged for three weeks, prior to the offense. Defendant was not happy that Rivera

          was also dating Leyva, who she had been dating for three months. When defendant saw Leyva

          for the first time, which was the night of the offense, defendant was surprised how old he was.

          At that time, defendant had not worked for two months. Defendant was not living with his

          mother but with Rivera; he slept at Rivera’s house every night. Leyva took Rivera out to dinner

          and to restaurants, but she never said they had sex. Rivera mentioned more than once that

          Leyva carried a wad of bills with hundreds of dollars in a bag which he always had with him

          in his car. The night of the offense, a party had been planned for Rivera but it had to be

          cancelled. They had planned to do drugs and drink at the party, with defendant expected to buy

          drugs and alcohol for it. Rivera wanted a party because she was leaving the next day for Puerto

          Rico. Since Rivera wanted a party, defendant wanted to help throw it, and so he needed money

          for it. The three of them talked about robbing Leyva. Defendant testified: “I said I would rob

          him.” While it was Rivera and Padin’s idea to rob Leyva, it was defendant’s idea to try to

                                                       15
       No. 1-21-0043

          “carjack” him. When he received the knife, which he identified by exhibit number, it was

          sheathed in a leather case, and defendant hid it in his pants.

¶ 37             Defendant testified that, after he went outside, spoke to Leyva and returned to Rivera’s

          home, defendant just wanted a ride to “the el” to go to a friend’s house. At that point, the

          intended carjacking had not worked. Defendant called a friend using Rivera’s phone and said

          he was coming over. Defendant was upset and had no intent of going to a party. When the

          three entered Leyva’s car, Rivera asked Leyva to drive both Padin and defendant to the el.

          Defendant assumed that Padin, who lived in the same building as Rivera, was also going to

          defendant’s friend’s house. In Leyva’s car, defendant sat in the back seat, behind the driver.

          When defendant told Leyva to stop the car, defendant already had the knife out, between the

          headrests of the front seats. In order to pull out the knife, defendant had to pull it out from

          inside his pants and pull it out from its leather sheath. The sheath had a buckle which defendant

          had to unbuckle. When Leyva stopped the car and the two girls exited, defendant stayed in the

          car, in order to get the knife back from Leyva. Leyva had grabbed for the knife with his right

          hand, and Leyva’s hand was mostly over defendant’s right hand, which was on the knife

          handle. After the car crashed, defendant left the knife in the car and ran, leaving a shoe behind.

          As he was running to Rivera’s house, defendant threw away both the other shoe and his hooded

          sweatshirt. At Rivera’s house, defendant changed clothes, as did Rivera and Padin, since the

          clothes were soaking wet. Rivera asked defendant about the money, but he did not want to talk

          about it. Rivera left and defendant watched a movie for a few minutes. At some point, the

          police arrived and transported defendant to the police station, where defendant told Detective

          Halloran that this was a terrible accident. Detective Halloran told defendant that “everybody

          was cooperating and [defendant] tried robbing” Leyva. At one point, defendant had told

                                                       16
       No. 1-21-0043

          Detective Halloran that another man, who was defendant’s cousin, had entered Leyva’s car

          and stabbed him, but that was not true. At the end of his testimony, defendant admitted that

          he killed Leyva, but asserted that he was only aware of stabbing him once.

¶ 38             After defendant’s testimony, the defense rested. During jury instructions, the jury was

          instructed on, among other things, felony murder, or that it could find defendant guilty of first

          degree murder if, in performing the acts which caused death, he was attempting to commit the

          offense of armed robbery. After listening to closing arguments and jury instructions, the jury

          retired to deliberate at 7:06 p.m. and returned at 8:58 p.m. with a verdict finding defendant

          guilty of first degree murder and attempt armed robbery.

¶ 39                                            II. Sentencing

¶ 40             On August 5, 2022, the trial court denied defendant’s posttrial motion for a new trial

          and proceeded to sentencing. The sentencing range for first degree murder was 20 to 60 years

          (730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(a) (West 2000)), and the sentencing range for attempted armed

          robbery was 4 to 15 years (720 ILCS 5/8-4(c)(2), 18-2(b) (West 2000), 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(4)

          (West 2000)). In addition, the trial court had the authority to impose an extended-term sentence

          (730 IlCS 5/5-8-2 (West 2000)) for the murder, since the victim was over 60 years old (730

          ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(b)(4)(ii) (West 2000)). The minimum extended term sentence for first degree

          murder was 60 years, with a maximum of 100 years. As explained below, the trial court

          declined to impose an extended term sentence and chose, instead, to consider the victim’s age

          as an aggravating factor within the original 20-to-60-year sentencing range for murder.

¶ 41             In aggravation, the State asked the trial court to consider the victim impact statements

          from the victim’s wife and daughter and noted that defendant had agreed to stipulate to a

          pending matter. In an unrelated matter, defendant had been charged with possession of

                                                       17
       No. 1-21-0043

          marijuana in a penal institution. The State agreed that defendant’s prior criminal history was

          “not extensive.” Defendant had only one prior adult conviction for criminal defacement to

          property, and a computer search revealed no juvenile records.

¶ 42                In the presentence investigation report, defendant reported that his father was abusive

          and, as a result, defendant slept at night with a knife. His father had a heroin addiction and

          physically abused his mother for several years prior to their separation. Defendant reported

          that he had been hospitalized for a month at age twelve and again for a month at age 14 in a

          mental hospital. With respect to the second hospitalization, defendant reported that his mother

          thought he was suicidal because he had lost his best friend. Defendant reported that he started

          smoking marijuana when he was eleven and that he had used cocaine, acid, PCP and ecstasy.

          Prior to his incarceration, defendant used PCP every few days and was under its influence

          when arrested. He had never received drug treatment. Defendant described his physical

          condition as “fair,” reporting that he suffered from asthma since birth and used an asthma pump

          on a daily basis. In mitigation, defendant submitted letters from his grandmother, mother,

          sister and brother, and noted that he had received his GED while in Cook County Jail.

          Defendant also expressed remorse for the victim and his family.

¶ 43                The letters that defendant submitted from his family are not in the appellate record.

          Other than to state that he had read the letters, the trial court did not describe the letters, so the

          record does not reveal their length, level of detail, or what they said. Unlike the letters in

          mitigation, the victim impact statements from Leyva’s wife and daughter are present in the

          record.

¶ 44                Pronouncing sentence, the trial court found:

                                                         18
No. 1-21-0043

                “I am acutely aware of the nature of the offense as I presided over this trial. And I

         have taken into consideration the history and character of defendant.

                It is clear and has been proven actually by the jury’s determination that the victim

         in this case was over the age of 60. In fact, he was significantly older than that. I find

         that obviously to be aggravating.         It’s an aggravating factor under the statutory

         aggravating factors. In addition, it is a fact that can be used to impose an extended term

         sentence with regard to [defendant].

                The nature of the offense I also find to be particularly aggravating. I find that it

         was premeditated. That it was done pursuant to a plan to rob [the victim]. [Defendant

         armed himself with a particularly gruesome and deadly weapon. ***

                On the other hand, I have taken into consideration the matters that were brought to

         my attention in the letters that I have received from [defendant’s] family and what is

         included in the pre-sentence investigation. I also take into account the fact that

         [defendant] does not have any significant prior criminal history.

                As the result of that, the court has concluded that although it will be within my

         authority at this time to impose an extended term sentence with regard to the offense

         of first degree murder, I am going to decline to do so.

                I will utilize in my considerations, however, the age of the victim as an aggravating

         factor within the original range of sentencing for the offense of first degree murder

         I am going to sentence [defendant] to the maximum that I can sentence him for in the

         original range for first degree murder.

                [Defendant] will be sentenced to 60 years ***.”

                                                 19
       No. 1-21-0043

¶ 45         The court noted that defendant “will serve 100 percent” of the 60-year sentence, and the

          court imposed an additional 15-year consecutive sentence for the attempt armed robbery.

          Defense counsel immediately tendered a motion to reconsider sentence which alleged that

          defendant’s sentence was excessive and disparate when compared to the sentences of his co-

          defendants Rivera and Padin who received 38 years and 14 years, respectively. The trial court

          denied the motion and the State moved to nolle pros the marijuana possession charge, which

          the court granted.

¶ 46                                            III. Direct Appeal

¶ 47             On direct appeal, defendant argued that the trial court erred by refusing to instruct the

          jury regarding involuntary manslaughter and by not instructing the jury sua sponte on the lesser

          included offense of conspiracy to commit attempted armed robbery.

          Additionally, defendant claimed that his sentences were excessive and that the trial court failed

          to take into account his age, his lack of criminal background and his completion of his G.E.D.

          in jail. In an order issued on March 31, 2004, the appellate court did not find these claims

          persuasive.     People v. Searles, No. 1-02-2598, at 8-9 (Mar. 31, 2004) (unpublished order

          issued pursuant to Rule 23). Finding no abuse of discretion, the appellate court found:

                        “Prior to sentencing, the trial court considered the letters submitted by defendant’s

                 family, acknowledged that he did not have any significant prior criminal history, and

                 reviewed the presentence investigation report which mentioned that he had obtained a

                 G.E.D. Defendant was also allowed to address the court. During his allocution, he

                 stated that he was sorry and he felt remorse for the victim and his family. However,

                 the trial court determined that defendant’s sentences were appropriate after noting that

                 the victim was significantly over the age of 60, that the crime was premediated and

                                                         20
       No. 1-21-0043

                 done pursuant to a plan to rob the victim, and that defendant armed himself with a

                 particularly gruesome weapon. Given the considerable discretion accorded to the trial

                 court in determining the appropriate sentence, and recognizing that defendant was

                 eligible for a maximum term of 100 years on the murder count, we find no abuse of

                 discretion.” Searles, No. 1-02-2598, at 11.

          In support, the appellate court cited People v. Peacock, 324 Ill. App. 3d 749 (2001), in which

          the court found no abuse of discretion in sentencing a 17-year old with no criminal background

          to 110 years for the murder and car-jacking of a 60-year old victim. Searles, No. 1-02-2598, at

          11.

¶ 48                                  IV. Initial Postconviction Petition

¶ 49             In defendant’s initial pro se postconviction petition, filed on March 9, 2005, defendant

          raised a number of claims, including that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to raise

          the issue of defendant’s mental health and that the trial court erred when it forced defendant to

          go to trial even though defendant had a broken jaw. The trial judge, who was the same trial

          judge who had presided over defendant’s original trial, dismissed the petition as frivolous and

          patently without merit on March 18, 2005.

¶ 50             On August 15, 2006, the appellate court affirmed the dismissal. People v. Searles, No.

          1-05-2203 (Aug. 15, 2006) (unpublished order pursuant to Rule 23). In the order affirming the

          dismissal, the court noted that defendant claimed that he had informed his trial counsel that he

          had been placed on a number of different medications due to mental disorders, but his counsel

          told him not to worry about it and avoid the medication if possible. Defendant claimed that

          his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the issue of defendant’s competence to stand

          trial and to move for a competency hearing and that his appellate counsel was ineffective for

                                                        21
       No. 1-21-0043

          failing to raise on direct appeal his fitness to stand trial. Defendant’s petition claimed that his

          allegations were supported by evidence of his “ ‘long history of mental illness as evinced by

          his frequent hospitalizations beginning in childhood.’ ” Searles, No. 1-05-2203, at 2-3.

¶ 51              The appellate court found that defendant’s psychological problems as detailed in the

          presentence report “related solely to his childhood problems,” and that there was no indication

          that these problems had continued into adulthood. Searles, No. 1-05-2203, at 6. Although

          defendant claimed that he was on different medications due to different mental disorders, the

          appellate court found that he did not provide “specificity” or evidence that it affected his ability

          to understand the proceedings against him or participate in his defense. Searles, No. 1-05-2203,

          at 6. As a result, the court did not find this claim persuasive.

¶ 52                                         V. The Instant Petition

¶ 53              On October 23, 2019, defendant filed pro se: (1) a motion for appointment of counsel;

          (2) a petition for leave to file a successive postconviction petition; (3) a postconviction petition;

          and (4) a supporting memo. Defendant alleged that, although he was 20 years old at the time

          of the offense, he had the mental capacity of an adolescent, in light of his documented history

          of mental illness and drug abuse. Defendant alleged that the trial court imposed sentence

          without any consideration of his age, impetuosity, level of maturity, susceptibility to peer

          pressure or potential for rehabilitation. Defendant alleged that, without any eligibility for

          parole or good-time credit, his earliest possible release date was at age 87, if he lived that long.

          Defendant claimed that his sentence, in light of the truth-in-sentencing laws requiring him to

          serve his entire sentence, violated both the proportionality clause of the Illinois Constitution

          and the eighth amendment of the United States Constitution, as applied to him.

                                                         22
       No. 1-21-0043

¶ 54               In support, he cited precedent and statute decided or enacted only a few months earlier,

           including: (1) People v. Othman, 2019 IL App (1st) 150823, ¶ 90, 5 where this court found that

           the Truth in Sentencing Act (735 ILCS 5/3-6-3(a)(2)(i) (West 2006)) was unconstitutional as

           applied to juvenile defendants; (2) People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 41, where the Illinois

           Supreme Court found that a prison sentence of more than 40 years imposed on a juvenile

           constituted a de facto life sentence; and (3) an under-21 parole statute which provided, in

           relevant part, that “[a] person under 21 years of age at the time of the commission of first

           degree murder who is sentenced on or after June 1, 2019 (the effective date of Public Act 100-

           1182) shall be eligible for parole review by the Prison Review Board after serving 20 years or

           more of his or her sentence or sentences, except for those subject to a term of natural life

           imprisonment.” 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115(b) (West 2020).

¶ 55               Defendant sought “some meaningful opportunity to obtain release based on

           demonstrated maturity and rehabilitation” and a “hearing in accordance with new case/and

           state laws.”

¶ 56               The first hearing on his petition, for which we have a transcript, occurred on February

           21, 2020. An ASA appeared on behalf of the State, and the transcript notes that “[n]one

           appeared on behalf of the Defendant.” The trial judge stated that he had no idea why the matter

           was here and asked the State if it knew, and the ASA offered to order the “State file.” On April

           3, 2020, an ASA was again present when the matter was continued. On October 30, 2020,

           over a year after defendant’s motion was filed, the trial court indicated in a Zoom proceeding,

               5
               The appellate court issued a new opinion after a remand and supervisory order from the Illinois
       Supreme Court. People v. Othman, 2020 IL App (1st) 150823-B.
                                                         23
       No. 1-21-0043

          with an ASA present, that it was denying defendant’s motion for leave, for reasons indicated

          in a written order.

¶ 57             In its written order, dated October 30, 2020, the trial court observed:

                 “[Defendant] merely reports his age, his lack of a prior criminal background, and that

                 he ‘suffered through parental neglect and physical abuse as a child’ and ‘grew up in a

                 crime and gang infested neighborhood.’ [Defendant] makes a conclusory statement that

                 he ‘had the mental and maturity level of a child.’ ”

          The trial court found defendant’s sentencing claims unpersuasive.

¶ 58             On March 18, 2021, this court granted defendant’s motion for leave to file a late notice

          of appeal from the trial court’s October 30, 2020, order and appointed the State Appellate

          Defender to represent defendant.

¶ 59                                             ANALYSIS

¶ 60             In the case at bar, defendant seeks leave to file a successive petition pursuant to the

          Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2018)). The Act provides

          a statutory remedy for criminal defendants who claim that their constitutional rights were

          violated at trial or at sentencing. People v. House, 2021 IL 125124, ¶ 15 (the Act permits

          inquiry into constitutional issues relating to conviction or sentence). Although our supreme

          court has made clear that the Act contemplates only one postconviction proceeding,

          “[n]evertheless, [the supreme] court has, in its case law, provided two bases upon which the

          bar against successive proceedings will be relaxed.” People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 22.

          To file a successive petition, a defendant must establish either (1) cause for not filing earlier

          and prejudice or (2) actual innocence. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶¶ 22-23. In the instant case,

          defendant alleges only cause and prejudice.

                                                        24
       No. 1-21-0043

¶ 61              Prior to commencing a successive proceeding, a defendant must obtain leave of court

          to file his or her petition. People v. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 43. At this threshold stage,

          when a defendant seeks leave to file, he or she is required to demonstrate only “a prima facie

          showing of cause and prejudice.” People v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 24. If leave to file is

          granted, the petition will be docketed for second-stage proceedings. People v. Sanders, 2016

          IL 118123, ¶ 28. Thus, at this early leave-to-file stage, the petition does not have to make the

          “substantial showing” that will later be required at a second-stage hearing after counsel is

          appointed. Robinson, 2020 IL 123849, ¶ 58. “[L]eave of court to file a successive

          postconviction petition should be denied only where it is clear from a review of the petition

          and attached documentation that, as a matter of law, the petitioner cannot set forth a colorable

          claim ***.” Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 24.

¶ 62              We find it troubling that the State was present at hearings at which the trial court

          considered and ultimately denied defendant’s motion for leave to file, and that, when the trial

          court expressed confusion about what the case was about, the State offered to provide its own

          file—and may have in fact provided it, for all we know. Our supreme court has found it

          “improper for the State to provide input to the court before the court has granted a defendant’s

          motion for leave to file a successive petition.” People v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 20. The

          motion for leave to file is directed to the court alone, and it is the court alone who should decide

          the preliminary legal question of whether the defendant made the required cause-and-prejudice

          showing. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 25. Although input or participation by the State, if any,

          prior to the trial court’s denial was improper, “the relief” remains the same whether or not this

          error occurred. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 41. As a court of review, and “[i]n the interest of

                                                        25
       No. 1-21-0043

           judicial economy,” we review the motion “ourselves” to determine whether there is “need for

           remand.” Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 42.

¶ 63               It is also troubling that key parts of the record, such as defendant’s videotaped

           statement, are missing, leaving both this court and the trial court to rely on a one-paragraph

           summary in an unpublished order that contains confusing ellipses and brackets. The letters

           from defendant’s family, which were submitted by him in mitigation at sentencing, are also

           not in the appellate record. As a result, almost the entire case that defendant made for mitigation

           at sentencing is simply not before us. One advantage of a remand for second-stage proceedings

           is the appointment of an attorney in the trial court who can, hopefully, provide a more complete

           record before the next step in the process. 6

¶ 64               To determine whether a defendant has made a prima facie showing, we apply a de novo

           standard of review. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 13. De novo consideration means that a

           reviewing court performs the same analysis that a trial judge would perform in reviewing

           defendant’s motion for leave to file his petition. People v. Meneses, 2022 IL App (1st) 191247-

           B, ¶ 16.

¶ 65               Under the cause-and-prejudice test, a defendant must show both (1) cause for his or her

           failure to raise the claim in an earlier proceeding and (2) prejudice stemming from his or her

           failure to do so. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 22 (citing People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d

           444, 459 (2002)). In the case at bar, we find defendant has established both.

               6
                 There was no index to most of the appellate record, which was also out of chronological order.
       Illinois Supreme Court Rule 342 requires the appellant to provide an index to the record that states the
       nature of each document and “the names of all witnesses and the pages on which their direct examination,
       cross examination, and redirect examination begins.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 342 (eff. Oct. 1, 2019). “Illinois
       Supreme Court Rules *** are mandatory, not optional.” Denton v. Univeral Am-Can, Ltd., 2019 IL App
       (1st) 181525, ¶ 23.
                                                           26
       No. 1-21-0043

¶ 66             First, as to cause, defendant could not have argued that his sentence was

          disproportionate, in light of the new parole law for under-21-year-olds, prior to its passage into

          law in 2019. The law provides that “[a] person under 21 years of age at the time of the

          commission of first degree murder who is sentenced on or after June 1, 2019 *** shall be

          eligible for parole review by the Prisoner Review Board after serving 20 years or more of his

          or her sentence or sentences.” 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115(b) (West 2020). Even if he had been

          sentenced on or after the effective date, defendant would not have been eligible for earlier

          consideration under the new law, since he had not served 20 years or more of his sentence until

          sometime in 2020. Thus, defendant has made a prima facie showing as to cause.

¶ 67             Second, as to prejudice, the sentencing transcript establishes that, while the sentencing

          court focused on the age of the victim, it did not consider any characteristics or attributes of

          under-21-year-olds, such as their lack of maturity or susceptibility to peer pressure. The trial

          transcript itself provides evidence of peer pressure and juvenile thinking. The three youthful

          offenders wanted to scare an adult into giving them money so they could throw a party. As

          Padin, the government witness, testified, a stabbing was never part of their plan. Without the

          prodding and pressure by the “girlfriend,” the plan would not have been hatched. It was her

          knife; she gave it to him; she wanted the party; and she arranged the visit and ride by Leyva.

          When Rivera initially jumped out of the car, both defendant and Padin were trapped in the back

          seat as the result of child safety locks, but Rivera opened the door for only Padin. Defendant

          had no juvenile record and one adult conviction for the relatively minor offense of defacing

          property. His case for mitigation was supported by a number of letters, which neither the court

          below that ruled on his motion nor this court has had the opportunity to read.

                                                       27
       No. 1-21-0043

¶ 68             The sentencing transcript establishes that the sentencing court did not consider

          defendant’s potential for rehabilitation. The proportionate penalties clause of our constitution

          provides that “[a]ll penalties shall be determined both according to the seriousness of the

          offense and with the objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship.” Ill. Const. 1970,

          art I, § 11. This constitutional provision requires the balancing of the twin goals of retribution

          and rehabilitation, which requires a careful consideration of all the factors in aggravation and

          mitigation, including defendant’s age and mental health. People v. Quintana, 332 Ill. App. 3d

          96, 109 (2002). Like the eighth amendment, the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois

          constitution embodies our evolving standard of decency. People v. Miller, 202 Ill. 2d 328, 339

          (2002) (“as our society evolves, so too do our concepts of elemental decency and fairness

          which shape the ‘moral sense’ of the community” underlying both the proportionate penalties

          clause and the eighth amendment). People v. Savage, 2020 IL App (1st) 173135, ¶ 64; People

          v. Minniefield, 2020 IL App (1st) 170541, ¶ 35.

¶ 69             However, “[t]he purpose of the proportionate penalties clause is to add a limitation on

          penalties beyond those provided by the eighth amendment and to add the objective of restoring

          the offender to useful citizenship.” Minniefield, 2020 IL App (1st) 170541, ¶ 35. Thus, the

          proportionate penalties clause goes further than the eighth amendment in offering protection

          against both oppressive penalties and disproportionality in the law. Minniefield, 2020 IL App

          (1st) 170541, ¶ 35; Savage, 2020 IL App (1st) 173135, ¶ 65; see also People v. Clemons, 2012

          IL 107821, ¶ 39; People v. Fernandez, 2014 IL App (1st) 120508, ¶ 63 (“the Illinois

          Constitution places greater restrictions on criminal sentencing than the eighth amendment’s

          prohibition”). Under the broader protection provided by our state’s own clause, defendant has

          made a prima facie showing that, as applied to him, denying him some meaningful opportunity

                                                       28
       No. 1-21-0043

          to demonstrate his potential for rehabilitation, while granting that same opportunity to other

          similarly situated under-21-year-olds who committed the same exact offense at a later date,

          may run afoul of our proportionate penalties clause.

¶ 70             In addition, and as further support for our reversal and remand at this early stage, we

          note both (1) the troubling aspects of these proceedings that we discussed above in paragraphs

          62 and 63, and (2) the fact that defendant’s petition makes a prima facie showing for an as-

          applied challenge under People v. Harris, 2018 IL 121932. As defendant argues, in Harris,

          the Illinois Supreme court opened the door for an offender aged 18 and older to seek Miller-

          type protections under our state’s proportionate penalties clause, as applied specifically to him.

          Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶¶ 45-48. Harris permits a defendant to argue that “the evolving

          science on juvenile maturity and brain development” (Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 46) as applied

          to “his particular circumstances” (Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 45) and “the specific facts” of his

          case (Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 45) may state a claim under the proportionate penalties clause

          of our own state constitution. In this case. defendant’s initial postconviction petition was filed

          in 2005, which is about seven years prior to Miller and 13 years prior to Harris, thereby

          establishing cause. As for prejudice, defendant’ pro se pleading alleged that he had “the mental

          and maturity level of a child, who suffered from [sic] through parental neglect and physical

          abuse as a child.” Thus, we find that defendant’s Harris claim and the troubling aspects of the

          claim noted above (supra ¶¶ 62-63) further support our decision that a dismissal at this early

          stage was premature.

¶ 71                                           CONCLUSION

¶ 72             For all the foregoing reasons, we reverse and remand for second-stage proceedings

          consistent with this opinion.

                                                       29
       No. 1-21-0043

¶ 73             Reversed and remanded.

¶ 74             PRESIDING JUSTICE MIKVA, specially concurring:

¶ 75             I concur on the basis that, as outlined in paragraph 70, supra, Mr. Searles’s petition

          makes a prima facie showing for an as-applied challenge under People v. Harris, 2018 IL

          121932. A number of panels of this court have concluded that Harris provides cause for a

          young adult to make a successive postconviction claim that, at the time the crime was

          committed, he or she was the equivalent of a juvenile. See, e.g., People v. Horshaw, 2021 IL

          App (1st) 182047, ¶ 89, pet. for leave to appeal granted (No. 127787, Oct. 26, 2021) and cases

          cited therein. Those same cases have found prejudice where, as in this case, there is some

          evidence to support the defendant’s claim that he is the equivalent of a juvenile. Id.

¶ 76             We have rejected the argument, made by the State in this case, that language from our

          supreme court’s decision in People v. Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, eliminated such claims. See

          People v. Vega, 2022 IL App (1st) 200663-U (rejecting this argument); see also Horshaw,

          2021 IL App (1st) 182047, ¶128 (rejecting the argument that Dorsey overruled the court’s prior

          holding in People v. Holman, 2017 IL 120655, ¶ 40, that discretionary as well as mandatory

          life sentences may run afoul of youth-based constitutional protections).

¶ 77             In my view, Dorsey, which involved an eighth-amendment claim brought by a juvenile,

          rather than a young adult like Mr. Searles, has nothing to do with this case. Our supreme court

          held in Dorsey that, under Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), and the eighth amendment,

          day-for-day credit must be considered in determining what qualifies as a de facto life sentence.

          Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶ 50. The court rejected the defendant’s proportionate penalties claim

          based on both forfeiture and res judicata before going on to state: “Moreover, we find

          that Miller’s announcement of a new substantive rule under the eighth amendment does not

                                                       30
       No. 1-21-0043

          provide cause for a defendant to raise a claim under the proportionate penalties clause.” 2021

          IL 123010, ¶ 74. But the trigger for a claim of the sort advanced here by Mr. Searles was not

          the Supreme Court’s decision in Miller. Rather, it was our own supreme court’s statements

          years later in People v. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶ 44 and Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 48. In

          those cases, our supreme court announced for the first time that young adults are “not

          necessarily foreclosed” from raising youth-based proportionate penalties claims on an as-

          applied basis; this is what opened the door for individuals like Mr. Searles to make such claims.

          The dicta in Dorsey really does not address this issue.

¶ 78             JUSTICE MITCHELL, dissenting:

¶ 79             What constitutes “cause” sufficient to excuse a petitioner’s failure to raise a claim in

          an earlier post-conviction petition? A petitioner “shows cause by identifying an objective

          factor that impeded his or her ability to raise a specific claim during his or her initial post-

          conviction proceedings.” 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2018). Here the majority finds “cause”

          in a 2019 statute providing for parole review for persons who committed first degree murder

          while under 21, 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115 (b) (West 2020). Accordingly, the majority permits John

          Searles’ successive collateral attack on his 75-year sentence to proceed based on a putative

          violation of the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution. See Ill. Const. 1970

          art. I, § 11 (“All penalties shall be determined both according to the seriousness of the offense

          and with the objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship.”). Because I conclude

          that Searles has failed to demonstrate cause, I respectfully dissent.

¶ 80             Under our cases, cause may include a subsequent change in law of constitutional

          dimension so significant that the substantive theory would have been effectively unavailable

          at the earlier date. See, e.g., People v. Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶¶ 41-42 (a “new substantive

                                                       31
       No. 1-21-0043

          rule” of constitutional law “constitutes ‘cause’ because it was not available to counsel earlier”);

          People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 461 (2002) (“[W]here a constitutional claim is so novel

          that its legal basis is not reasonably available to counsel, a defendant has cause for failure to

          raise the claim ***.”); accord People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 380 (1998) (“[P]ost-

          conviction relief is limited to constitutional deprivations which occurred at the original trial.”).

          “Cause-and-prejudice” sets a deliberately high bar that reflects a legislative judgment that

          strikes a balance between the need for finality and the need to vindicate constitutional rights.

          Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶¶ 13-14.

¶ 81              The 2019 parole review statute does not create any new constitutional theory: it merely

          provides that “a person under 21 years of age at the time of the commission of first degree

          murder *** shall be eligible for parole review by the Prisoner Review Board after serving 20

          years or more of his or her sentence or sentences.” 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-115(b). Significantly, the

          2019 parole review statute is prospective only and applies to defendants sentenced “on or after

          June 1, 2019.” Id. The General Assembly actually considered a proposed bill that would have

          applied retroactively, but the bill enacted is prospective. Compare 100th Gen. Assemb., Senate

          Bill 2073, 2017 Sess., with Pub. Act 100-1182 (eff. Jun. 1, 2019). By its terms, the 2019 parole

          review statute has no application to Searles.

¶ 82              There was no impediment to Searles raising a proportionate penalties challenge before

          now. The proportionate penalties clause was then very much in existence, and Searles’ age was

          a known fact. For over a century, Illinois courts have recognized that a defendant’s youth is a

          relevant factor in sentencing: “[T]he habits and characters” of minors “are presumably, to a

          large extent, as yet unformed and unsettled.” People ex rel. Bradley v. Illinois State

          Reformatory, 148 Ill. 413, 423 (1894).

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       No. 1-21-0043

¶ 83               Further, Searles actually did raise a proportionate penalties argument in the trial court

           at his sentencing:

                         “[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: [W]hat we have is a young man who made a terrible

                   mistake basically ending someone’s life; that’s a tragedy. But, the question I guess

                   becomes is *** there *** hope for rehabilitation. Under the Illinois Constitution, that

                   is something your Honor has to consider. I think there is.

                   ***

                         On the other hand, judge, a hundred or 75 or an extended term sentence to a 22-

                   year-old man may be throwing away the key on him and *** I think there is some

                   rehabilitative potential.”

¶ 84               On direct appeal, Searles challenged his sentence as excessive and “that the trial court

           failed to take into account his age, lack of extensive criminal background, and that he had

           completed his G.E.D. in jail.” People v. Searles, 346 Ill. App. 3d 1178 (2004) (Table)

           (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). We rejected these contentions and affirmed

           Searles’s sentence. Id. As a consequence, much if not all of Searles’ current challenge appears

           barred by res judicata. See People v. Dorsey, 2021 IL 123010, ¶ 70; People v. Adams, 338 Ill.

           App. 3d 471, 476 (2003) (all issues decided on direct appeal are res judicata). Therefore, I

           would affirm the trial court’s order denying Searles leave to file a successive postconviction

           petition. 7

               7
                 A final point: assistant state’s attorneys are always present in criminal courtrooms when court is
       in session. See 55 ILCS 5/3-9005 (West 2020). There is nothing “troubling” about that. Ours are public
       courtrooms open to everyone—even prosecutors. Further, while the State has no role to play in deciding
       whether a petitioner should be granted leave to file a successive petition, People v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450,
       ¶¶ 24-25, there is nothing to suggest that it had any input here. The record is completely devoid of any
       argument offered by the State. The able trial judge issued an 11-page scholarly order that carefully reviewed
       the relevant authorities.
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