Court Opinion

ID: 9946840
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-01 16:05:16.751303+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:25:41.366277
License: Public Domain

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                             No. 124,794

              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                         STATE OF KANSAS,
                                             Appellee,

                                                   v.

                                    LONNIE ALONZO HOLMES,
                                           Appellant.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Appeal from Leavenworth District Court; GERALD R. KUCKELMAN, judge. Oral argument held
September 20, 2023. Opinion filed March 1, 2024. Affirmed.

       Kasper Schirer, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.

       Natalie Chalmers, assistant solicitor general, and Kris W. Kobach, attorney general, for appellee.

Before ATCHESON, P.J., ISHERWOOD and HURST, JJ.

       ISHERWOOD, J.: A jury convicted Lonnie Alonzo Holmes of aggravated
kidnapping, aggravated robbery, and aggravated battery for the role he played in the
exceptionally violent beating inflicted upon Major Blango. Holmes brings this appeal to
assert that a Brady violation and prosecutorial error undermine the integrity of the jury's
verdict. The Brady claim necessarily fails because Holmes failed to establish any
resulting prejudice, and therefore, no error requiring relief. We further conclude that
while the State's closing argument fell short of a comprehensive account of the DNA
evidence admitted at trial, its manner of summation did not give rise to prejudice that
demands reversal of the jury's verdict. As to Holmes' second claim of prosecutorial error,

                                                   1
that the State impermissibly commented on his credibility, we reject his contention that
the challenged remarks constitute error. Accordingly, Holmes' convictions are affirmed.

                       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       One morning in late August 2019, Stephanie Rollison contacted her brother, Brent,
and told him that a man by the name of Major Blango was severely beaten and left tied
up in the home she shared with her then boyfriend, Antonio Garcia. She told Brent that
she feared Blango might be dead. Garcia later contacted Brent separately to convey
similar facts and urged him to go to the residence to see what occurred. Brent agreed to
investigate and took his friends, James Ruch and Arlando Dangerfield, along.

       Once inside the residence, Brent found Blango hogtied, bloody, and incoherent but
conscious. A considerable amount of blood and hair littered the room where Blango was
attacked. Brent and his friends transported Blango to the hospital but told the security
guard they found him alongside the road.

       Sometime later, law enforcement officers contacted Brent and he acknowledged
that he actually found Blango at his sister's home. Stephanie also spoke with the officers
and provided a recorded statement. She informed them that she saw Lonnie Holmes,
William Dickerson, and Cory Walker together at the home of a mutual friend and while
they were there, Garcia arrived, and an argument ensued between him and Holmes.
Garcia decided to leave, but before he could do so, someone threw a brick or rock at his
vehicle. Several hours later, Stephanie overheard Holmes say that when he found Garcia,
he intended to cut off his hair. Additional time passed and she picked up on a remark
uttered by one of the men that someone needed to check on Blango to see whether he was
still alive. It was that comment which prompted her to seek out her brother's help.

                                             2
       Holmes was eventually arrested and charged with aggravated kidnapping,
aggravated robbery, and aggravated battery. The case proceeded to a jury trial and the
State called Blango to recount the assault he endured. Blango testified that he and Garcia
were together on the evening preceding the early morning attack, and an altercation broke
out between Garcia and Holmes due to an incident involving a brick or a rock. Garcia and
Blango then went to Garcia's house where they remained for a few hours until Garcia left
in the early morning hours under the guise of going to pick up his children. Once Garcia
was gone, Blango reached out to Holmes, via Facebook messenger, and told him he did
not have anything to do with the issues between him and Garcia. Holmes responded and
assured Blango he had nothing to worry about and everything would be just fine.

       Holmes' assertions rang hollow. A few hours after Holmes attempted to put
Blango's mind at ease, he and Dickerson banged on the door of Garcia's house. When
Blango opened the door, Holmes pointed a gun at him, and the two men forced their way
inside. While Holmes held Blango at gunpoint, Dickerson went through his phone to
ascertain whether Blango had anything to do with a different brick-throwing incident.

       Dickerson came upon something that prompted him to inform Holmes, "Yeah, he
had something to do with it." At that point, a fight ensued, and while Blango struggled
with Dickerson, Holmes repeatedly struck Blango with a crowbar. The two intruders
eventually overpowered Blango and forced him to a back room of the house where they
cut his finger, cut his hair off, continued to beat him, and tied him up. The next thing
Blango remembered was being taken to the hospital and eventually waking up there.

       Rachel Hunt, a forensic scientist for the Kansas Bureau of Investigation, also
testified as a witness for the State. According to Hunt, she received several items from
the scene which possibly contained DNA evidence and she tested those items for both
blood and touch DNA. Hunt explained that touch DNA refers to trace amounts of DNA

                                              3
that may remain after someone touches an item, whereas blood DNA is found in blood
remnants and typically provides a much better source for DNA testing.

       During the testing process, Hunt uncovered Blango's DNA as part of a mixed
profile found on two pieces of electrical cord recovered from the scene. Blango was the
major profile—the person contributing the most DNA—on both pieces of evidence.

       On cross-examination, Hunt testified that some additional DNA profiles were
found but they were not consistent with any of the known DNA samples provided to her.
She explained that she was never provided with known DNA samples from Holmes or
Dickerson, but if she had received additional known samples, she could have performed
additional testing. Thus, because she did not have such a sample from Holmes, she could
not make any statements regarding his possible contribution to any of the DNA profiles.

       Leavenworth Police Detective Tesh St. John testified concerning the meeting he
had with Blango the day that he was admitted to the hospital. According to St. John,
Blango was difficult to communicate with, struggled to recall specifics about the incident,
and was not very cooperative. The State inquired whether it was fair to say that the
detective tried to speak with Blango but was "not able to talk to him much," and St. John
agreed that was fair. St. John further testified that a few days after that first meeting, he
received a call from Blango's girlfriend, Lindsay Hanson, who told him that Blango was
prepared to provide a formal statement. St. John met Blango and Hanson at a hotel where
they were hiding.

       According to St. John, Blango's version of events was that he was with Garcia in
Garcia's minivan, and they stopped to talk to someone. Holmes and Dickerson were
nearby, and when Garcia and Holmes spotted one another a verbal altercation erupted, so
Blango and Garcia left. Later, they returned to the same location, and Holmes threw a
brick at the van as they drove by. Garcia and Blango left and went to the home Garcia

                                               4
and Stephanie shared. While they were there, Garcia expressed a desire to retaliate but
Blango declined to participate. Blango told the detective that Holmes and Dickerson later
showed up at the back door of Garcia's home looking for Garcia. The men told Blango
that if he wanted to prove he did not have anything to do with the situation then he should
let them in so they could look for Garcia. Blango allowed the men to come inside.

       Blango told St. John that once Holmes and Dickerson realized Garcia was not in
the house, Holmes directed his ire at Blango and struck him with a crowbar. At one point,
Holmes complained that Blango's hair was impeding the beating he was attempting to
deliver, so Dickerson passed a large kitchen knife to Holmes who then used it to cut
Blango's hair. Once a portion of Blango's hair was removed, Holmes resumed battering
him about the head with the crowbar. Frustrated that Blango continued to resist, Holmes
cut Blango's finger with the knife. Once satisfied with the extent of the beating they
inflicted, Holmes and Dickerson tied Blango's arms and legs behind his back, gagged
him, and left. Blango was alone in the residence until Brent arrived and took him to the
hospital.

       During cross-examination, St. John clarified that the hospital interview was about
45 minutes long and that as they were talking, Blango "seemed to kind of start
remembering some things." Defense counsel then learned there was an audio recording of
the interview that was not provided to him. On redirect, St. John testified that Blango told
him, during the interview, that Holmes and Dickerson were the ones who attacked him.

       The following day, the third day of trial, the State provided defense counsel with a
copy of the recorded hospital interview, as well as a letter addressed to a different
prosecutor from David Kelly, one of Holmes' witnesses. Defense counsel asserted that
the new evidence raised potential Brady concerns. The court asked defense counsel to
review the new evidence and determine whether "it matters to the case or not, and
perhaps you can file an appropriate motion before the day is out so that we could take

                                              5
that up." No further proceedings occurred in Holmes' case that day due to a juror's
medical emergency.

       The parties reconvened the next morning and the court asked defense counsel if he
had any issues he wanted to raise. Defense counsel responded, "I mean, I did receive
some evidence from the State after they closed their case. Not sure if now is the
appropriate time to make any motions or if it was until after . . . ." The district court told
counsel that if he was not ready to litigate the matter, they could take it up at the
appropriate time.

       Holmes commenced his case-in-chief by calling Detective St. John as a witness.
The detective explained that when he interviewed Blango at the hospital, Blango's
girlfriend, Hanson, was present, and she was the first person to mention Holmes' name.
St. John agreed that Hanson frequently interjected and actively questioned Blango
throughout the detective's time with them. He also acknowledged that he remarked to
Blango and Hanson, during the interview, that the attack was the type of thing Holmes
would normally do, but it seemed out of character for Dickerson.

       Holmes opted to testify on his own behalf and denied any involvement in the acts
perpetrated against Blango. He told the jury that he did not see Garcia or Blango on the
day of the attack and never went to the residence where it happened.

       David Kelly was Holmes' next witness and testified that he was in custody with
Blango while the charges were pending against Holmes in this case. Kelly claimed that
Blango told him that he did not actually know who attacked him and the idea to blame
Holmes was originally proposed by Detective St. John, who was friends with Blango's
girlfriend's father. Kelly also asserted that Blango pointed an accusatory finger at Holmes
because he believed Holmes was sleeping with the mother of his children. Finally,
according to Kelly, Blango also expressed feeling conflicted because Holmes allegedly

                                               6
would pay him to not testify, but if he declined to testify against Holmes, he would get
his probation revoked and sent to prison.

         Kelly explained that he wanted to use the information he acquired from Blango for
his own benefit. So, he wrote a letter to the prosecutor assigned to his own case and
offered to not testify in Holmes' defense in this case in exchange for benefits in his own
cases.

         Holmes rested his case, the parties made their closing arguments, and the jury
found Holmes guilty on all charges. Holmes timely moved for a new trial and argued that
the State violated the Brady doctrine when it failed to disclose the recording of the
hospital interview until the middle of the trial and after the witness testified and was
released from his subpoena. Several days later, Holmes amended his motion and argued
that the late disclosure of Kelly's letter compounded the Brady violation. The State
countered that the prosecutor did not receive the recording of the interview or discover
the letter until shortly before the items were turned over to defense counsel. Following a
hearing, the district court agreed that Brady issues present serious cause for concern, but
in this case, Holmes was not prejudiced by the manner of disclosure. The district court
then sentenced Holmes to a controlling term of 290 months' imprisonment.

         Holmes now brings his case to this court with a request to analyze his claims that
Brady violations and prosecutorial error compromised his right to a fair trial and warrant
reversal of his convictions.

                                              7
                                     LEGAL ANALYSIS

The district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Holmes' motion for a new
trial.

       Holmes' first claim of error is that the State violated his due process rights under
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 10 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1963), by failing to
timely disclose a recording Detective St. John made of his interview with Blango at the
hospital and a letter Kelly sent to the prosecutor assigned to his own case.

       To recap, it was during defense counsel's cross-examination of the case detective
that Holmes' counsel, and apparently the State, became aware there was a recording of
the detective's interview with Blango that was not turned over as part of discovery. The
following day, the third day of trial, the State provided Holmes' attorney with a copy of
the recorded interview, along with a recently discovered letter that David Kelly, one of
Holmes' witnesses, wrote to the prosecutor assigned to his own case.

       Holmes took no initiative to have the evidence excluded at that time. Rather, he
proceeded with his case-in-chief and called Detective St. John as his first witness at
which time he played the recording for the jury and questioned St. John about its
contents. Holmes' attorney also called Kelly as a witness and took the opportunity to
question him about the letter and the statements Blango made during their time together
in custody.

       Holmes was convicted and defense counsel filed a motion for new trial relying on
a purported Brady violation as its foundation. The district court agreed that the State's
conduct was problematic but concluded that Holmes suffered no prejudice as a result
given that he was able to make use of the evidence during his case-in-chief.

                                              8
Holmes argues that the incident amounted to a Brady violation that demands reversal of
his convictions for a new trial.

       Standard of Review

       Review of Holmes' claim of error requires a dual pronged analysis as it involves
the denial of a motion for new trial grounded in a Brady violation. "A trial court's
determination as to the existence of a Brady violation is reviewed de novo with deference
to the trial court's findings of fact, but the trial court's denial of the defendant's motion for
new trial is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard." State v. Warrior, 294 Kan.
484, Syl. ¶ 13, 277 P.3d 1111 (2012); see also State v. Williams, 303 Kan. 585, 595, 363
P.3d 1101 (2016). A judicial action constitutes an abuse of discretion if it is (1) arbitrary,
fanciful, or unreasonable; (2) based on an error of law; or (3) based on an error of fact.
State v. Levy, 313 Kan. 232, 237, 485 P.3d 605 (2021). The party asserting the district
court abused its discretion bears the burden of showing such abuse occurred. State v.
Keys, 315 Kan. 690, 708, 510 P.3d 706 (2022).

       Preservation

       Before proceeding with an analysis of the merits that Holmes relies on to support
his claim, we must first resolve the parties' competing arguments concerning whether this
issue is even properly before us for review. First, as a general rule, a party may not raise a
constitutional claim, like a Brady violation, for the first time on appeal. See State v.
Godfrey, 301 Kan. 1041, 1043, 350 P.3d 1068 (2015); State v. Anderson, No. 114,447,
2016 WL 3961436, at *3 (Kan. App. 2016) (unpublished opinion). There are exceptions
to this rule, which include: (1) The newly asserted theory involves only a question of law
arising on proved or admitted facts and is finally determinative of the case, (2)
consideration of the theory is necessary to serve the ends of justice or to prevent denial of
fundamental rights, and (3) the district court was right for the wrong reason. State v.
Johnson, 309 Kan. 992, 995, 441 P.3d 1036 (2019). "But just because an exception may

                                                9
permit review of an unpreserved issue, this alone does not obligate an appellate court to
exercise its discretion and review the issue." State v. Parry, 305 Kan. 1189, 1192, 390
P.3d 879 (2017). The decision to review an unpreserved claim under an exception is a
prudential one. Even if an exception would support a decision to review a new claim, this
court has no obligation to do so. State v. Gray, 311 Kan. 164, Syl. ¶ 1, 459 P.3d 165
(2020).

       For its part, the State argues that Holmes failed to fulfill the preservation
obligation because he did not pursue a Brady claim in any formal way until after the trial
concluded and he was convicted. As the State puts it, Holmes had the chance to address
any possible issues during the remainder of the trial but opted to forego that opportunity.
Holmes asserts that even if he failed to properly preserve the issue for appeal, this court
should address the claim because it implicates his fundamental constitutional rights and
involves a pure question of law. We are satisfied that Holmes has sufficiently invoked
two exceptions to the general rule and will exercise our discretion to move forward with a
resolution of his claim on its merits.

       In Brady, the United States Supreme Court held that prosecutors have a duty to
disclose evidence favorable to the accused when "the evidence is material either to guilt
or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution." 373 U.S.
at 87. Further, "because law enforcement's knowledge of evidence is imputed to the State,
a Brady violation can occur when the prosecutor withholds material evidence that is not
known to the prosecutor but is known to law enforcement." Warrior, 294 Kan. at 506.
Brady defines the Government's minimum duty under the Due Process Clause to ensure a
fair trial. See United States v. Campagnuolo, 592 F.2d 852, 860 (5th Cir. 1979).

       There are three essential elements to a Brady violation claim. First, the evidence at
issue must be favorable to the accused, either because it is exculpatory, or because it can
be used as impeachment evidence. Second, the evidence must have been suppressed by

                                              10
the State. And third, the "evidence must be material so as to establish prejudice."
Warrior, 294 Kan. at 506. "[E]vidence is material only if there is a reasonable probability
that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. A 'reasonable probability' is a probability sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome." United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682, 105 S. Ct. 3375,
87 L. Ed. 2d 481 (1985). A determination of the materiality of withheld evidence must be
made "collectively, not item by item." Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 436, 115 S. Ct.
1555, 131 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1995). In Warrior, our Supreme Court concluded that the
reasonable probability test essentially asks: "[D]oes the evidence put the whole case in
such a different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict?" 294 Kan. at 511. In
Holmes' case, it is unnecessary to devote analytical resources to the first two prongs
because Holmes is unable to establish prejudice under the third prong.

       Holmes takes the position that because the evidence was belatedly disclosed, he
lost the ability to confront Blango with the evidence. That is, he was effectively stripped
of his right to confront the complaining witness and, as such, he was unarguably
prejudiced. In support of this contention, he directs our attention to Crawford v.
Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 62, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004), where the
United States Supreme Court held that "[d]ispensing with confrontation because
testimony is obviously reliable is akin to dispensing with jury trial because a defendant is
obviously guilty" which is "not what the Sixth Amendment prescribes." Holmes argues
that the district court similarly ran afoul of the Sixth Amendment by finding that his
ability to question St. John and Kelly alleviated any prejudice he suffered by not being
able to cross-examine Blango with the recorded statement and letter. Holmes essentially
argues that his inability to cross-examine Blango with the belatedly disclosed evidence
amounts to structural error, but he fails to tether his argument to any supporting authority
that is directly on point.

                                             11
       The type of disclosure that occurred here does not amount to structural error.
Rather, Holmes is bound by the long-standing Brady elements test which requires him to
establish the materiality of the evidence at issue. See State v. Hirsh, 310 Kan. 321, 337,
446 P.3d 472 (2019). Holmes' efforts to fulfill this obligation fall short. He attempts to
gird his claim with several speculative and hypothetical questions that the jury "likely"
had about Stephanie and her brother, Brent, and other inquiries they "likely" had about
Garcia and Dickerson. But the list of potential questions he conjures are largely unrelated
to the recorded interview between the detective and Blango or Kelly's letter. Holmes also
contends that he "should have been able to impeach" Blango's testimony with the
recorded interview and Kelly's letter, but we find this argument unpersuasive given that
he failed to take any affirmative steps to even attempt to have Blango brought back to
trial once he learned of the evidence.

       Holmes' claim of prejudice is also undermined by the fact that he used the
evidence during his case-in-chief as soon as it was made available to him. As a result, the
jury had the opportunity to hear the entire recorded interview as well as the detective's
testimony about the recording. The jury then also had the benefit of receiving Kelly's
testimony which covered the statements Blango allegedly made to him while they were in
custody together and the contents of the letter he penned to the prosecutor in his case.

       The question at this step is not "whether the defendant would more likely than not
have received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received
a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence." Kyles, 514
U.S. at 434. In sum, Holmes fails to establish that the trial he received fell short of the
fair one to which he is entitled nor do his contentions lead us to question the integrity of
the jury's verdict. Accordingly, his claimed Brady violation does not demand reversal of
his convictions.

                                              12
The prosecutor committed a single error during closing arguments, but that error was
harmless and did not compromise Holmes' right to a fair trial.

       Holmes presents a two-fold claim of prosecutorial error that requires reversal of
his convictions. First, he contends that, during closing argument, the prosecutor misstated
an aspect of the testimony related to DNA evidence. Next, he challenges a portion of the
prosecutor's remarks as impermissible comments on Holmes' credibility.

       Standard of Review

       Reviewing courts employ a two-step process to evaluate claims of prosecutorial
error: error and prejudice. State v. Sieg, 315 Kan. 526, 535, 509 P.3d 535 (2022).

       "To determine whether prosecutorial error has occurred, the appellate court must decide
       whether the prosecutorial acts complained of fall outside the wide latitude afforded
       prosecutors to conduct the State's case and attempt to obtain a conviction in a manner that
       does not offend the defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial. If error is found, the
       appellate court must next determine whether the error prejudiced the defendant's due
       process rights to a fair trial. In evaluating prejudice, we simply adopt the traditional
       constitutional harmlessness inquiry demanded by Chapman [v. California, 386 U.S. 18,
       87 S. Ct. 824, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705 (1967)]. In other words, prosecutorial error is harmless if
       the State can demonstrate 'beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of will
       not or did not affect the outcome of the trial in light of the entire record, i.e., where there
       is no reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the verdict.' [Citation omitted.]"
       State v. Sherman, 305 Kan. 88, 109, 378 P.3d 1060 (2016).

       Discussion

       It is incumbent upon the State to ensure its closing arguments "'accurately reflect
the evidence.'" State v. Longoria, 301 Kan. 489, 524, 343 P.3d 1128 (2015) (quoting
State v. Raskie, 293 Kan. 906, 917, 269 P.3d 1268 [2012]). In addition, a prosecutor
commits error "'by making arguments that dilute the State's burden of proof.'" State v.

                                                     13
Thomas, 307 Kan. 733, 743, 415 P.3d 430 (2018). Appellate courts "may consider the
presence or absence of a contemporaneous objection in analyzing an instance of alleged
prosecutorial error." State v. Blevins, 313 Kan. 413, 428, 485 P.3d 1175 (2021).

       Statements on DNA Evidence

       Holmes' first claim of error arises from the State's discussion of the DNA evidence
in a portion of its closing argument. During summation, Holmes' counsel highlighted the
fact that the State neglected to collect a sample of Holmes' DNA for testing. During its
rebuttal, the State endeavored to counter those remarks by virtue of the following
statements:

               "Now, the defense talks about the DNA and that they didn't get the DNA from
       the defendant. But what they did do—and look at the DNA evidence that you heard from
       Rachel Hunt. Rachel Hunt tells you that blood is going to be the primary source of the
       DNA, like, through what they get there, and touch DNA will a lot of times be drowned
       out by that.

               "Remember, touch DNA is just . . . did I just leave DNA on the table? That's it.
       Blood soaked in that room is going to be overwhelming on that. And what you look at
       with that as well is with the DNA, was there ever any injuries to Holmes or Dickerson?
       No one ever said there was. The only thing you would have back there would be touch
       DNA if they have it.

               "And what did they take with them? Well, the items they took from Major
       Blango they took with them. The crowbar they took with them, 'cause that wasn't found
       on the scene. The phone, that wasn't found on scene. They took that with them. The gun,
       that wasn't found on scene. They took that with them. So anything they brought with
       them that was theirs, their possessions, they took with them."

                                                   14
       Breaking these statements down, the State first asserted that Hunt's testimony
included the comment that "a lot of times" touch DNA will be drowned out by blood
DNA. The prosecutor then went on to say that only touch DNA would exist with respect
to Holmes or Dickerson because there was no evidence either of those two men suffered
any injuries during the attack. Finally, the State explained that the crowbar, phone, and
gun were not recovered from the scene and that the attackers took their possessions with
them. A fair review of the record verifies the accuracy of each of those statements.

       But, returning to Hunt's testimony, she also stated there was an unknown
individual whose DNA profile was collected on swabs from the bathroom sink handles
and soap bottles in the residence, and one who contributed DNA to a sample recovered
from a piece of electrical cord that was taken into evidence at the scene of the attack. She
described the DNA evidence from the electrical cord as a mixed profile, from which
Blango could not be excluded as the major contributor. The profile for the minor
contributor, however, was not consistent with any of the known DNA profiles provided
to her. Hunt testified that if she had received additional profiles to use for comparisons,
she could have done so.

       This aspect of Hunt's testimony somehow did not make it into the State's
summation of the DNA evidence and, even though defense counsel voiced no objection
or sought to flesh out the record, we find that void deprived the jury of a complete and
transparent accounting of that evidence. As a result, it amounts to error on the part of the
State. But as indicated by our standard of review, our analysis does not end there. The
next question we must resolve is whether the argument was harmless. To be characterized
as such, the State must be able to demonstrate that the error complained of did not affect
the outcome of the trial in light of the entire record, or in other words, that there is no
reasonable possibility that the error contributed to the verdict. Sherman, 305 Kan. at 109.

                                              15
       To satisfy its burden, the State argues that Holmes' testimony that he was neither
present for nor involved in the attack on Blango was undermined by other evidence
introduced at trial. In support of that assertion, it highlights Blango's identification of
Holmes as one of his attackers and Stephanie's first statement to law enforcement
officers, close in time to the incident, which placed Holmes and Dickerson together and
included Holmes' statement that he intended to cut off Garcia's hair once he found him.
The State then buttresses this evidence with the statement Ariel Cheatham provided to
officers which essentially corroborates Stephanie's claim that Holmes and Dickerson
were together the night of the incident. Finally, the State points out the contradiction
between Holmes' testimony that there was no damage to the vehicle and that of the two
officers who saw the damaged car in front of Holmes' girlfriend's house and testified to
the same.

       The fleeting nature of the prosecutor's erroneous argument, the several witnesses
who contradicted Holmes' general denials, either at trial or through earlier police
interviews, the lack of a contemporaneous objection, and the instructions given to the
jury directing it to resolve the case on the evidence introduced at trial and that arguments
of the parties do not constitute evidence, leads us to conclude the error was harmless
under the circumstances. See Sherman, 305 Kan. at 109.

       Argument Regarding Holmes' Credibility

       In his next claim of error Holmes essentially contends that the prosecutor
impermissibly commented on his credibility in the following portion of its closing
statements:

               "Now, why is he testifying? What's his motive? Well, 'cause he's here. He's
       sitting in front of you. He's trying not to get in trouble. That's it.

                                                      16
               "So when you look at the credibility of the defense, that's what you look at. Why
       is he testifying? Why is he denying just everything? Not knowing people. Not talking to
       anybody. That's not what all of them said two years ago."

       It is a long-standing rule that when reviewing courts engage in an assessment of
whether a particular statement falls outside of the wide latitude given to prosecutors, they
consider the context in which the statement was made, rather than analyzing it in
isolation. State v. Ross, 310 Kan. 216, 221, 445 P.3d 726 (2019); see State v. Stone, 291
Kan. 13, 19-20, 237 P.3d 1229 (2010). This case offers a good illustration of why that
directive exists. The portion of the prosecutor's closing from which the challenged
remarks are excised was quite lengthy and specifically devoted to helping the jurors
understand Jury Instruction Number 5, regarding the credibility of witnesses. In
explaining that responsibility, the prosecutor suggested an internal checklist they might
work through to accomplish that task. Such as, considering what the witnesses testified to
and their demeanor while on the stand, why they are testifying, or their motivation for
doing so, and how their statements compare to the evidence and testimonies offered by
other witnesses.

       With that as their backdrop, the prosecutor walked them through each of the
witnesses called at trial, the content of their testimonies, their respective motivations in
testifying, and various behaviors they exhibited—Stephanie, Brent, Blango, law
enforcement officers, David Kelly, and finally, Holmes. The record reflects that the
statements Holmes brings to us to analyze were made as part of a greater narrative
focused on the concept of credibility, rather than a coordinated attack on Holmes in
isolation.

       Additionally, K.S.A. 60-420, which allows a party to attack or support the
credibility of a witness, states:

                                                  17
               "Subject to K.S.A. 60-421 and 60-422, for the purpose of impairing or supporting
       the credibility of a witness, any party including the party calling the witness may examine
       the witness and introduce extrinsic evidence concerning any conduct by him or her and
       any other matter relevant upon the issues of credibility."

       One of the methods or techniques for attacking the credibility of a witness is to
show partiality, including bias, motive, and interest in the outcome. See 3 Barbara,
Kansas Law and Practice: Lawyer's Guide to Kansas Evidence § 3.1, p. 59 (5th ed.
2007). Our Supreme Court has held: "Bias, interest, or improper motives of a witness
may always be shown in order to place the witness' testimony in proper perspective."
State v. Bowman, 252 Kan. 883, Syl. ¶ 1, 850 P.2d 236 (1993). "[E]vidence of bias or
prejudice of a witness is relevant and may be shown on cross-examination or in rebuttal
or by other witnesses or evidence." Lindquist v. Ayerst Laboratories, Inc., 227 Kan. 308,
Syl. ¶ 2, 607 P.2d 1339 (1980). Holmes is not insulated from the application of this
principle simply because he was the criminal defendant in this case. A defendant who
testifies on his or her own behalf does not enjoy unlimited protection. State v. Massey,
247 Kan. 79, 82, 795 P.2d 344 (1990). Rather, the State has the right to point out possible
biases a witness may have had for testifying. State v. Hill, 28 Kan. App. 2d 28, 38, 11
P.3d 506 (2000). As the fact-finders, a jury must necessarily resolve conflicting evidence
and by extension, who to believe. "It is not error to tell the jury—even colloquially—that
it must weigh the evidence and make any necessary credibility determinations to resolve
conflicting evidence." Williams, 303 Kan. at 603. In Williams, the final statement the
prosecutor left the jury to consider was to "[t]est [Williams'] story and the motivation to
telling you something other than what is accurate." 303 Kan. at 602. On review, our
Supreme Court rejected Williams' claim of prosecutorial error, finding that the statement
"simply asks the jury to weigh Williams' testimony against the other evidence presented.
This kind of argument is permissible and is not error." 303 Kan. at 604. We believe
Holmes' case warrants a similar finding.

                                                   18
       Prosecutors are given wide latitude to craft arguments that include reasonable
inferences based on the evidence. When a case turns on which version of two conflicting
stories is true, it may be reasonable to argue that certain testimony is not believable, so
long as the ultimate conclusion on credibility is left to the jury. State v. Williams, 46 Kan.
App. 2d 36, 46-47, 257 P.3d 849 (2011). For example, it is "not improper" for a
prosecutor to offer "comments during closing arguments regarding the witness'
motivations to be untruthful." State v. King, 288 Kan. 333, 353, 204 P.3d 585 (2009). He
or she must simply do so without stating their own opinion of a particular witness'
credibility. State v. Pribble, 304 Kan. 824, 835, 375 P.3d 966 (2016). The prosecutor did
not violate that prohibition here.

       Holmes' version of events offered a significantly different account from that of the
State's witnesses, thus, the case obviously turned in some measure on the jury's
assessment of witness credibility. When reunited with their surrounding context it
becomes clear that the challenged remarks were not improper. Rather, the greater goal of
the scrutinized portion of the State's closing, in its entirety, was simply to outfit the jurors
with tools they could use to determine which explanation was the most plausible.

       Holmes presented two claims of prosecutorial error for our consideration. We only
share his conclusion with respect to one of those allegations, the manner in which the
prosecutor summarized the DNA evidence. Even so, that error was harmless and does not
demand reversal of Holmes' convictions.

The cumulative error doctrine does not apply in Holmes' case.

       For his final argument on appeal, Holmes contends that if any one error did not
warrant reversal of his convictions, then the cumulative effect of multiple errors should.

                                              19
       Under the cumulative error doctrine, we may reverse a case when the totality of
the circumstances demonstrate that a defendant was substantially prejudiced by
cumulative errors and denied a fair trial. State v. Holt, 300 Kan. 985, 1007, 336 P.3d 312
(2014). A single error cannot support reversal under this theory because there simply is
nothing for us to aggregate. See State v. Gonzalez, 307 Kan. 575, 598, 412 P.3d 968
(2018). Because we have only identified a single harmless error in Holmes' case, the
cumulative error doctrine does not apply.

       Affirmed.

                                                ***

       ATCHESON, J., concurring: We properly affirm the convictions of Defendant
Lonnie Alonzo Holmes in a jury trial in Leavenworth County District Court for the
kidnapping and savage beating of Major Blango and the resulting sentences he received.
While I concur fully with that outcome, the lead opinion takes too narrow a view in
analyzing Holmes' claim of cumulative error. We should consider any prejudice flowing
from both the prosecutorial error in closing argument and the putative Brady claim.
Having done so, I see no basis for reversing the jury's verdicts.

       Appellate courts will weigh the aggregated impact of trial errors and may reverse a
conviction if the "cumulative error" has deprived the defendant of a fair hearing even
when the errors considered individually would not necessarily require relief. State v.
Couch, 317 Kan. 566, 597, 533 P.3d 630 (2023); State v. Smith-Parker, 301 Kan. 132,
167-68, 340 P.3d 485 (2014). An appellate court examines the entire trial record to assess
the effect of multiple trial errors. 301 Kan. at 167-68. The assessment takes account of
"how the trial judge dealt with the errors as they arose; the nature and number of errors
and their interrelationship, if any; and the overall strength of the evidence." State v.
Miller, 308 Kan. 1119, 1176, 427 P.3d 907 (2018).

                                              20
       When the heightened review for constitutional error applies to one of the errors—
as it does for the prosecutor's misstatement in closing argument—that standard also
governs the cumulative error analysis. State v. Thomas, 311 Kan. 905, 914, 468 P.3d 323
(2020). As the party benefiting from the errors, the State must persuade us beyond a
reasonable doubt the jurors would have come to the same result without the miscues.
Couch, 317 Kan. at 597; Thomas, 311 Kan. at 914.

       As a matter of analytical consistency, we ought to consider the claimed Brady
violation in our cumulative error assessment even though we declined to determine if
there was, in fact, a violation. Whether the State's revelation of exculpatory evidence in
the midst of a jury trial amounts to a Brady violation or merely to an unfortunately late
disclosure can be a difficult determination bound up in particular circumstances. See
State v. Breitenbach, 313 Kan. 73, 98, 483 P.3d 448 (2021). Rather than undertaking that
task, we have simply looked at any possible prejudice to Holmes from the untimely
disclosures of a detective's taped interview with Blango and a letter from David Kelly, a
defense witness, to another prosecutor seeking a benefit in his own case if he were to
conveniently be unable to testify in Holmes' trial. Kelly did testify and told the jurors
Blango had said he falsely accused Holmes. We found minimal, if any, prejudice to
Holmes under the circumstances and denied relief on his Brady claim because a violation
would have amounted to harmless error.

       But having deferred on the predicate determination, we ought to consider any
resulting prejudice in our cumulative error analysis. Cf. Couch, 317 Kan. at 597-98 (court
considered unpreserved instructional error in cumulative error analysis). The exercise,
however, does not materially advance Holmes' cause.

       Although Blango testified and had been released from his subpoena before the
recorded interview was disclosed during trial, Holmes can show no resulting prejudice.
The jurors saw Blango testify and heard the recorded interview. They could weigh the

                                             21
two accounts in assessing Blango's credibility and, in turn, in measuring his credibility
against Holmes'. Moreover, Holmes' lawyer did not attempt to recall Blango as a witness
at trial—an appearance that would have allowed Blango to explain any real or imagined
discrepancies between his testimony and the interview and in doing so to recount at least
some of the horrific aspects of the beating inflicted on him. In sum, there was no
demonstrable prejudice to Holmes, given how the disclosure of the recorded interview
with Blango unfolded.

       Just how the untimely disclosure of the letter from Kelly to the prosecutor's office
prejudiced Holmes is a mystery to me. Holmes' lawyer identified Kelly in a court filing
four days before the trial as a likely defense witness, so there was no surprise in that
respect. During the trial, Holmes' lawyer could not have impeached Blango with the letter
as a prior inconsistent statement because Blango did not write it. After the letter came to
light, Holmes' lawyer called Kelly to testify to Blango's purported false accusation—
consistent with the content of the letter. The jurors plainly found Kelly and his claim less
than credible.

       The other error rests on a portion of the prosecutor's closing argument that
materially mischaracterized why there was no DNA evidence implicating Holmes. The
prosecutor implied there was no DNA evidence found at the scene suitable for
comparison. But the forensic analyst testified that a recovered DNA sample could have
been compared had she been provided with a known DNA profile for Holmes. The jurors,
therefore, knew why there had been no DNA comparison. As it was, the DNA evidence
presented at trial proved neither inculpatory nor exculpatory. And we have no reason to
assume the jurors treated it any other way. So the State's closing argument, though
prosecutorial error, was not functionally prejudicial to Holmes.

       Neither of the cumulative errors I consider—the untimely disclosure of evidence
and the prosecutor's closing argument—prejudiced Holmes' right to a fair trial in any

                                             22
material way. Moreover, they were not interlocking errors that would have had a catalytic
effect exponentially or even substantially increasing their prejudice when considered
together. See Couch, 317 Kan. at 598; State v. Conaway, No. 121,848, 2021 WL
4704029, at *7 (Kan. App. 2021) (unpublished opinion). They were neither prejudicial
alone nor cumulatively, so I am persuaded beyond a reasonable doubt they did not
deprive Holmes of a fair trial. If I had reached the opposite conclusion, I would then have
to decide whether the untimely production of the evidence constituted a Brady
violation—a necessary determination for there to have been a trial error in the first place.
But I am spared that exercise.

       For the reasons I have outlined, I agree with the broad proposition Holmes has not
presented a claim for cumulative error that warrants relief.

                                               ***

       HURST, J., concurring: While I join with the majority in affirming Lonnie Alonzo
Holmes' convictions, I also join Judge Atcheson's concurrence addressing the claim of
cumulative error to include Holmes' Brady violation allegation.

                                             23