Court Opinion

ID: 4774993
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-18 13:02:06.138245+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:09:30.249864
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                      No. 21-1053 C 1
                                    Filed: July 30, 2021
                                Re-issued: August 17, 2021 2
    ________________________________________
                                                    )
    BLUE TECH INC.,                                 )
                                                    )
                         Plaintiff,                 )
                                                    )
       v.                                           )
                                                    )
    THE UNITED STATES,                              )
                                                    )
                         Defendant,                 )
                                                    )
       and                                          )
                                                    )
    TELOS CORPORATION, and                          )
    RED RIVER TECHNOLOGY LLC,                       )
                                                    )
                         Defendant-Intervenors. )
    ________________________________________ )

Paul F. Khoury, Wiley Rein LLP, Washington, D.C., for Plaintiff Blue Tech Inc. Brian G.
Walsh, Cara L. Lasley, Sarah B. Hansen, and Adam R. Briscoe, of counsel.

Reta E. Bezak, Trial Attorney, United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington,
D.C., with whom were Brian M. Boynton, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director, Catharine Parnell and Bret
Vallacher, Trial Attorneys, and Jaron E. Chriss, General Services Administration, Office of the
General Counsel, of counsel.

1
 This bid protest was originally one of four related protests consolidated under the lead case,
Sirius Federal, LLC (f/k/a Force 3, LLC) v. United States, No. 21-1030C. Case No. 21-1030C,
ECF No. 27. Following the Court’s denial of two of the plaintiffs’ preliminary injunction
motions, see Sirius Federal LLC v. United States, 153 Fed. Cl. 410 (2021), three of the plaintiffs
voluntarily dismissed their actions, Case No. 21-1030C, ECF Nos. 79-81. The Court then
deconsolidated the cases. Id. at ECF No. 82. Only the current bid protest remains.
2
 The Court initially filed this opinion under seal so that the Parties could propose redactions.
Redactions are indicated by bracketed ellipses (“[ … ]”) below.
C. Peter Dungan, Miles & Stockbridge P.C., Washington, D.C., for Defendant-Intervenor Telos
Corporation. Roger V. Abbott and Jarrod R. Carman, of counsel.

Gregory R. Hallmark, Holland & Knight LLP, Tysons, VA, for Defendant-Intervenor Red River
Technology LLC. Amy L. Fuentes and Kelsey M. Hayes, of counsel.

                                   OPINION AND ORDER

MEYERS, Judge.

        While this post-award bid protest has an administrative record spanning nearly 250,000
pages, its resolution turns on the meaning of just three words: “capable of supporting.” In this
sprawling procurement, the United States General Services Administration (“GSA” or “the
Agency”) required offerors to provide quotes for various devices that met certain minimum
specifications. For the Advanced Secure Web Gateway Device (“ASWGD”) at issue here, the
GSA required that any quoted device be “capable of supporting” 6TB of disk storage and 32GB
of random-access memory, among other requirements. And the GSA further specified that it
sought quotes for the “***DEVICE ONLY***.” Following discussions in which the GSA told
Plaintiff Blue Tech, Inc. (“Blue Tech”) that its quote exceeded minimum requirements for
several unspecified devices, Blue Tech proposed a device that was capable of supporting 6TB of
disc storage and 32GB of memory but had less of each installed as quoted. The GSA then
rejected Blue Tech’s proposal solely because it purportedly failed to comply with the minimum
requirements for the ASWGD. Blue Tech challenges its exclusion from competition because its
quoted device is “capable of supporting” the stated requirements. The Government and
Intervenor 3 oppose, arguing that the device as quoted must include at least 6TB of disk storage
and 32GB of memory. In other words, the opposition to Blue Tech contends that “capable of
supporting” means “minimum.” Because Blue Tech’s quoted device is “capable of supporting”
the stated minimum requirements, the GSA’s exclusion of Blue Tech’s proposal from
consideration is arbitrary and capricious.

I.     Background

       A.      The Solicitation

        In March 2019, the United States (“the Government”), acting through the GSA, issued
Request for Quotation No. 47QTCA-19-Q-0009 (the “Solicitation” or “RFQ”) for the “2nd
Generation Information Technology Blanket Purchase Agreement” (“2GIT Procurement”). AR
Tab 201a at 110669. The GSA anticipated that the 2GIT Procurement would result in nine
Multiple Award Blanket Purchase Agreement (“BPA”) awards. Id. at 110671. These BPAs
serve as “a total solution one-stop-shop in the Information Technology market to meet the needs
of the Air Force, Department of Defense (DoD) agencies, and other federal, state, local, regional,
and tribal governments.” Id. at 110676. Each BPA runs for five years and there are no option

3
  For purposes of this Opinion, “Intervenor” refers to Defendant-Intervenor Red River
Technology LLC (“Red River”) and not Defendant-Intervenor Telos Corporation because only
Red River submitted briefing regarding judgment on the administrative record and permanent
injunctive relief.

                                                2
periods. Id. at 110685. The Government estimated that it would spend $5.5 billion over the life
of these contracts. Id. at 110687.

        According to the Solicitation, offerors could submit quotes in one of three, non-exclusive
ways. First, they could submit quotes on their own. See id., e.g., at 110688. Second, they could
submit quotes as the lead of a contractor teaming arrangement (“CTA”) team with other vendors.
Id. at 110688-89. Third, they could submit quotes as a member of a CTA team. Id. at 110689.
There is no limitation to how many CTA teams a vendor could join as a member. Id. at 110691.

        In November 2019, the Government awarded nine BPAs. AR Tab 302 at 246420.
Multiple disappointed Quoters protested the awards before the Government Accountability
Office. Id. at 246420-21. As a result of these protests, corrective action, and additional protests,
the GSA amended the Solicitation with Amendment 0018 in August 2020. Id. at 246423.
Before Amendment 0018, the Solicitation provided for awards to the highest rated Quoters
whose prices were fair and reasonable. Id. Amendment 0018 changed the evaluation to a best-
value tradeoff between non-price factors and price. AR Tab 201a at 110720. The non-price
factors included: (1) Breadth of Original Equipment Manufacturers (“OEM”); (2) Relevant
Experience; (3) Socioeconomic Factors; and (4) Supply Chain Risk Management. Id. at 110722.

       Amendment 0018 also changed the price factor by implementing a “market basket
evaluation approach.” Id. at 110721. The new market basket lists the products that the
Government anticipated purchasing most frequently and Quoters had to quote prices for devices
meeting each item’s minimum characteristics (also specified in the RFQ). Id. The purpose of
the market basket approach was to “[c]onduct a comparative assessment of market basket pricing
received based on the total market basket price” and “[c]onduct a comparative analysis of each
item quoted in the market basket.” Id.

         Quoters submitted their market basket quotes in “Attachment E – Market Basket - AMD
18” (“Attachment E”). Id. Attachment E is an Excel spreadsheet with various tabs listing all the
market basket items in column J and corresponding minimum salient characteristics in column
K. Id. at 110723; AR Tab 200b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab. To be clear, the RFQ includes
types of devices, e.g., a firewall, not a specific brand or model of the devices to be quoted. See,
e.g., id. at Cell J10. Quoters had to include a quote for a device meeting the RFQ’s minimum
characteristics for each market basket item. AR Tab 201a at 110723. In addition, Quoters had to
submit “spec sheets” documenting that each quoted product met the RFQ’s minimum salient
characteristics for the item. Id. at 110723-24. A spec sheet “summarizes the performance and
other characteristics of a product in sufficient detail that allows the evaluation team to understand
what the product is and if the item meets or exceeds the . . . minimum salient characteristics of
the item requested.” Id. at 110724-25. According to Amendment 0018, “[f]ailure to quote on
each market basket item may result in a Quoter’s quote being rejected as being non-responsive to
solicitation requirements.” Id. at 110723. Similarly, “[f]ailure to quote products that either meet
or exceed the minimum salient characteristics may result in disqualification for award
consideration.” Id.

       Of relevance to this bid protest, one of the market basket items listed in Attachment E
was the ASWGD with the following minimum salient characteristics:

                                                 3
         ***DEVICE ONLY***
         Physical: Disk Drives= capable of supporting 6TB SAS; Boot Device= capable of
         supporting 16GB SSD (redundant); RAM= capable of supporting 32GB;
         Onboard Ports= capable of supporting (2) 10/100/1000Base-T capable w/bypass,
         (2) 10/100/1000Base-T (non-bypass); 10/100Base-T, BMC Management Port
         Optional NICs= capable of supporting 1GbE Fiber, 10Gb Base-T, or 10Gb Fiber;
         Chassis=1 RU
         Available slots= 1 Full height; (2) Power supplies= min 350W, redundant, hot
         swappable
         Integrated Threat Protection

AR Tab 200b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell K16 (emphasis in original).

      In conducting the best value tradeoff, “[a]ll evaluation factors other than cost or price,
when combined, are significantly more important than cost or price. The Government will not
make an award to a significantly lower rated Quoter with a significantly lower price. The
Government will not make an award to a Quoter with a significantly higher price to achieve
marginally superior rating.” AR Tab 201a at 110720.

         B.      Blue Tech’s Quotes

        Blue Tech submitted a quote as a CTA team lead. AR Tab 38 at 2571-72. And Blue
Tech joined three other CTA teams as a member. AR Tab 302 at 246523. In its initial quote, 4
Blue Tech proposed the [ … ] as its ASWGD. AR Tab 205, Attachment E, “Network (Connect)”
tab, at Cell E16. The [ … ] exceeded the ASWGD’s minimum salient characteristics because it
had 8TB of disk drive storage and 32GB of RAM already installed. AR Tab 205 at 119275.

       Pursuant to the RFQ, the GSA sent Blue Tech a Confer Session Notice (the “Notice”)
informing Blue Tech that its “BPA offered price is too high.” AR Tab 245 at 238401. The
Notice further stated that Blue Tech’s “quote contains items that exceed the minimum salient
characteristics” and that its quote “would be more competitive if the excesses were removed,
items quoted meet but do not exceed the minimum salient characteristics, [and] the offered prices
are decreased.” Id. The Government did not inform Blue Tech which items it found exceeded
minimum salient characteristics. See id.

        In response to the Notice, Blue Tech revised its quote and noted that it made two product
substitutions to lower its total price to a more competitive level. AR Tab 272 at 239135. Blue
Tech substituted the [ … ] as its ASWGD in place of the [ … ]. Id. at 239136. The [ … ] costs
$[ … ] per unit, AR Tab 205, Attachment E, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell N16, whereas the
[ … ] only cost $[ … ] per unit, AR Tab 272, Attachment E, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell
N16. The two [ … ] device numbers refer to the identical device; the only difference is the
amount of hard disk storage and RAM installed in each device. AR Tab 272 at 239148. Instead
of 8TB of disk storage and 32GB of RAM, the [ … ] comes with 3TB of disk storage and 24GB

4
    Blue Tech only submitted quotes as the team leader of its proposed CTA team.

                                                4
of RAM installed. Id. And the [ … ] could be upgraded with more disk storage and RAM. Id. at
239150-51.

      During its evaluation, the GSA reached out to the OEM to ask whether the [ … ] met its
minimum requirements, asking:

              Does [ … ] part number [ … ] meet the below salient
              characteristics?

              Physical: Disk Drives= capable of supporting 6TB SAS; Boot
              Device= capable of supporting 16GB SSD (redundant); RAM=
              capable of supporting 32GB; Onboard Ports= capable of
              supporting (2) 10/100/1000Base-T capable w/bypass, (2)
              10/100/1000Base-T (non-bypass); 10/100Base-T, BMC
              Management Port Optional NICs= capable of supporting 1GbE
              Fiber, 10Gb Base-T, or 10Gb Fiber; Chassis= 1 RU

              Available slots= 1 Full height/1 half height; (2) Power supplies=
              min 350W, redundant, hot swappable

              Integrated Threat Protection

              More specifically does it have a minimum of 6TB SAS and 32GB
              RAM?

AR Tab 301 at 246203. A representative from the OEM responded:

              The [ … ] does not meet the requirements below. However, [ … ]
              offers the [ … ] and it does meet the requirements.

              If there are any other questions[,] please let us know.

              Also, would you be able to supply a bit of information related to
              this request?

Id.

        As a result, the GSA concluded that “Blue Tech is hereby disqualified from award
consideration based upon their failure to quote products that either meet or exceed the minimum
salient characteristics for the . . . Advanced Secure Web Gateway Device.” Id. at 246204.
According to the GSA:

              The quoted part [ … ] does not meet the above stated minimum
              requirements for “Disk Drives= capable of supporting 6TB SAS”.
              The quoted part only has 3TB of Disk Capacity. Also, the quoted
              part does not meet the above stated minimum requirements for
              “RAM= capable of supporting 32GB. The quoted part is only
              capable of 24GB RAM.

                                                5
Id. at 246202.

      Almost all of the Quoters quoted a [ … ] device and [ … ] quoted a [ … ] device. AR
Tab 238 at 237903. The Government also recognized that:

                 [ … ] of the team have quoted for a [ … ] configuration meaning
                 cold stand-by. A cold stand-by means integrated software/firmware
                 with no active license and works with swapping the license with
                 the appliance that this stand-by is replacing.

                 The specification requirement was for Device only and this part
                 suits that part of the requirement as license was not a part of the
                 requirement.

Id.

       In the end, the Government awarded nine BPAs to CTA teams, including contracts to
three CTA teams on which Blue Tech was a member. AR Tab 302 at 246523.

II.    Legal Standard

        This Court has jurisdiction over bid protests pursuant to the Tucker Act, which requires
the Court to review the Government’s action under the standards of the Administrative
Procedure Act (“APA”). 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1) & (4); Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States,
365 F.3d 1345, 1350 (Fed. Cir. 2004). Under the APA, the Court determines whether the
Government’s actions were “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); Banknote, 365 F.3d at 1350 (citation omitted). In
other words, “a bid award may be set aside if either: (1) the procurement official’s decision
lacked a rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or
procedure.” Id. at 1351 (quoting Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United
States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001)). “When a challenge is brought on the first ground,
the courts have recognized that contracting officers are ‘entitled to exercise discretion upon a
broad range of issues confronting them’ in the procurement process.” Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1332
(quoting Latecoere Int’l, Inc. v. United States Dep’t of Navy, 19 F.3d 1342, 1356 (11th Cir.
1994)). “Accordingly, the test for reviewing courts is to determine whether ‘the contracting
agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion,’” id.
(quoting Latecoere, 19 F.3d at 1356), “and the ‘disappointed bidder bears a heavy burden of
showing that the award decision had no rational basis,’” id. (quoting Saratoga Dev. Corp. v.
United States, 21 F.3d 445, 456 (D.C. Cir. 1994)). “When a challenge is brought on the second
ground, the disappointed bidder must show ‘a clear and prejudicial violation of applicable
statutes or regulations.’” Id. (quoting Kentron Hawaii, Ltd. v. Warner, 480 F.2d 1166, 1169
(D.C. Cir. 1973)).

       If an error is found in the procurement, the APA further instructs that “due account shall
be taken of the rule of prejudicial error.” 5 U.S.C. § 706; see also Data Gen. Corp. v. Johnson,
78 F.3d 1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (citations omitted) (“[T]o prevail in a protest the protester
must show not only a significant error in the procurement process, but also that the error
prejudiced it.”). The bid protester was prejudiced if “there was a substantial chance it would

                                                   6
have received the contract award but for the” challenged action. Glenn Defense Marine (ASIA),
PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d 901, 912 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing Bannum, Inc. v. United
States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2005)). To what extent a showing of prejudice is
necessary, however, depends on the procurement error. Specifically, “when an irrational or
arbitrary and capricious agency action has occurred, prejudice is presumed, but when a violation
of statute or regulation has occurred, there must be a separate showing of prejudice.” Caddell
Constr. Co. v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl. 30, 50 (2016) (citing generally Centech Grp., Inc. v.
United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir.2009)); Banknote, 365 F.3d at 1351; see also, e.g.,
Textron, Inc. v. United States, 74 Fed. Cl. 277, 329 (2006) (“This prejudice analysis, however,
should be reached only when the protestor has shown violation of an applicable procurement
regulation. If the court finds that the Government has acted arbitrarily and capriciously, the
analysis stops at that finding.”), appeal dismissed sub nom. Textron, Inc. v. Ocean Tech. Servs.,
Inc., 222 F. App’x 996 (Fed. Cir. 2007), and dismissed per stipulation, 223 F. App’x 974 (Fed.
Cir. 2007).

         Lastly, this bid protest is before the Court pursuant to Rule 52.1 of the Rules of the Court
of Federal Claims (“RCFC”), which provides for judgment on the administrative record. See
RCFC 52.1. Judgment on the administrative record under RCFC 52.1 “is properly understood as
intending to provide for an expedited trial on the record.” Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1356. The rule
requires the Court “to make factual findings from the record evidence as if it were conducting a
trial on the record.” Id. at 1354.

III.   Judgment on the Administrative Record

         The Parties disagree on the proper interpretation of the phrase “capable of supporting” as
it pertains to the minimum salient characteristics of the ASWGD. See ECF No. 10-2 at 15-16;
ECF No. 11 at 9-10; ECF No. 12 at 6-7. Specifically, the Parties dispute the meaning of the
RFQ’s requirements regarding the ASWGD: “Disk Drives= capable of supporting 6TB SAS”
and “RAM= capable of supporting 32GB.” AR Tab 200.b5, Attachment E, “Network
(Connect)” tab, Cell K16.

       A.      Solicitation Interpretation

        The interpretation of a solicitation is a question of law, Banknote, 365 F.3d at 1353
(citing Grumman Data Sys. Corp. v. Dalton, 88 F.3d 990, 997 (Fed. Cir. 1999)), and follows the
same principles governing the interpretation of a contract, id. at n.4 (citing Grumman Data Sys.,
88 F.3d at 997-98). Thus, the Court first looks to the plain language of the solicitation. Id. at
1353 (citing Coast Fed. Bank, FSB v. United States, 323 F.3d 1035, 1038 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (en
banc)). In doing so, the Court also “must consider the solicitation as a whole, interpreting it in a
manner that harmonizes and gives reasonable meaning to all of its provisions.” Id. (citing Coast
Fed. Bank, 323 F.3d at 1038). “An interpretation that gives meaning to all parts of the contract is
to be preferred over one that leaves a portion of the contract useless, inexplicable, void, or
superfluous.” NVT Techs., Inc. v. United States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing
Gould, Inc. v. United States, 935 F.2d 1271, 1274 (Fed. Cir. 1991)). “If the provisions of the
solicitation are clear and unambiguous, they must be given their plain and ordinary meaning . . .
.” Banknote, 365 F.3d at 1353 (citing Coast Fed. Bank, 323 F.3d at 1038).

                                                  7
        If a solicitation is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, however, it
contains an ambiguity. Id. (citing Grumman Data Sys., 88 F.3d at 997). “To show an
ambiguity[,] it is not enough that the parties differ in their respective interpretations . . . .” NVT
Techs., 370 F.3d at 1159 (quoting Metric Constructors, Inc. v. Nat’l Aeronautics and Space
Admin., 169 F.3d 747, 751 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). “Rather, both interpretations must fall within a
‘zone of reasonableness.’” Id. (citing Metric Constructors, Inc., 169 F.3d at 751). If the Court
finds the solicitation ambiguous, it next determines whether the ambiguity is patent or latent. Id.
at 1162. “A patent ambiguity is one that is ‘obvious, gross, [or] glaring, so that plaintiff
contractor had a duty to inquire about it at the start.’” Id. (quoting H & M Moving, Inc. v. United
States, 499 F.2d 660, 671 (1974)) (alteration in original).

         For example, “[a] patent ambiguity is present when the contract contains facially
inconsistent provisions . . . .” K-Con, Inc. v. Sec’y of Army, 908 F.3d 719, 722 (Fed. Cir. 2018)
(quoting Stratos Mobile Networks USA, LLC v. United States, 213 F.3d 1375, 1381 (Fed. Cir.
2000)). “This is distinct from a latent ambiguity, which exists when the ambiguity is ‘neither
glaring nor substantial nor patently obvious.’” Id. (quoting Cmty. Heating & Plumbing Co. v.
Kelso, 987 F.2d 1575, 1579 (Fed. Cir. 1993)). “If an ambiguity is obvious and a bidder fails to
inquire with regard to the provision, his interpretation will fail.” NVT Techs., 370 F.3d at 1162
(citing Triax Pac., Inc. v. West, 130 F.3d 1469, 1475 (Fed. Cir. 1997)); see also Blue & Gold
Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (holding that “a party who has
the opportunity to object to the terms of a government solicitation containing a patent error and
fails to do so prior to the close of the bidding process waives its ability to raise the same
objection subsequently in a bid protest action in the Court of Federal Claims.”). Alternatively, if
the ambiguity “was not obvious on the face of the solicitation and reliance is shown,” the
ambiguity will be construed against the Government as the drafter. NVT Techs., 370 F.3d at
1162 (citing Edward R. Marden Corp. v. United States, 803 F.2d 701, 705 (Fed. Cir. 1986)).

       B.      Blue Tech’s Interpretation of the Solicitation is Reasonable.

       According to Blue Tech, “capable of supporting” requires that the proposed device can
have 6TB of disk storage and 32GB of RAM (or more) installed in it, not that the quoted device
have that much disk storage or RAM installed in it as quoted. ECF No. 10-2 at 15-16. The
Government and Intervenor disagree, arguing that the phrase “capable of supporting” means
“minimum” and the device must have at least 6TB of disk storage and 32GB of RAM installed
as quoted. ECF No. 11 at 9-10; ECF No. 12 at 6-7. As explained below, the Court agrees with
Blue Tech’s interpretation and concludes that the Government arbitrarily and capriciously
excluded Blue Tech from the competition.

               1.     Blue Tech’s interpretation gives meaning to all the Solicitation’s related
               terms.

        Blue Tech’s interpretation of the Solicitation is reasonable because it gives meaning to all
relevant terms of the RFQ. When interpreting a solicitation, like a contract, “[a]n interpretation
that gives meaning to all parts of the contract is to be preferred over one that leaves a portion of
the contract useless, inexplicable, void, or superfluous.” NVT Techs., 370 F.3d at 1159 (citation
omitted); see also First Nationwide Bank v. United States, 431 F.3d 1342, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2005)

                                                  8
(citation omitted) (same). And the Court presumes that different terms imply different meanings.
States Roofing Corp. v. Winter, 587 F.3d 1364, 1370-72 (Fed. Cir. 2009).

        As Blue Tech argues, ECF No. 10-2 at 16, when the Solicitation called for a minimum
amount of something in a device’s requirements, the Government used the term “minimum,” and
when it wanted a specific amount of something, it called for a specific amount (e.g., with the
equal sign):

           •   The Firewall Security Appliance’s requirements include “minimum storage = 120
               GB.” AR Tab 200b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab at Cell K10 (emphasis added).

           •   The Integrated Services Router (Small-Med Branch Network)’s requirements
               include “Minimum Aggregate Throughput= 100Mbps (default) or 300 Mbps
               (License); . . . minimum (3) Onboard WAN/LAN 10/100/1000 ports; minimum (2)
               RJ45 ports; minimum (2) SFP ports’ minimum (2) Network Interface Modules; . . .
               DDR3 DRAM= minimum 4GB; Flash Memory= minimum 4GB; . . . Power
               Supply Options= Internal AC, DC, PoE supported; Form Factor= 1RU.” Id. at
               Cell K12 (emphasis added).

           •   The Aggregation Services Router (Enterprise Network or Internet Edge)’s
               requirements include “External USB Flash Memory= 1GB.” Id. at Cell K11.

Yet, for the ASWGD, the RFQ calls for a device that is “capable of supporting” specified
amounts of disk storage and RAM. Id. at Cell K16. When the RFQ requires a device that is
“capable of supporting” something, under States Roofing it presumably means something other
than “minimum” or equal to. Had the Government wanted the ASWGD to have a minimum
amount of disk storage or RAM, it presumably would have stated these requirements as
“minimums” or equal to, like it did for many other devices. And at times the RFQ uses the
phrase “capable of supporting” and “minimum” or equals when describing various
characteristics of the same device. See AR Tab 200b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab at Cells K10,
K11, K12, & K16. The clear indication is that these terms bear different meanings, and Blue
Tech’s interpretation of the phrase “capable of supporting” gives distinct meaning to all of them.
Therefore, Blue Tech’s interpretation is reasonable.

         The Government and Intervenor offer several arguments why Blue Tech’s interpretation
is not reasonable, but each of them fails. First, the Government argues that the phrase “capable
of supporting” is equivalent to the term “minimum” because the phrase describes what are called
minimum salient characteristics in the Solicitation. ECF No. 11 at 10 (citing, e.g., AR Tab
200b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell K4). But the title “minimum salient characteristics”
refers to the market basket items’ requisite characteristics, not the characteristics of their
subparts. In other words, the specifications in Column K apply to the devices listed in Column J,
not characteristics identified in Column K. See AR Tab 200b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab. Thus,
“Quoters must quote products that meet or exceed the minimum salient characteristics specified
for each item listed in the market basket.” See AR 201a at 110723. And here, the Quoters only
provided a quote for the ASWGD, not the hard drives installed in it.

                                                9
        Second, the Government argues that Blue Tech’s interpretation “produces an absurd
result” because “there is no reason it (or other quoters) could not have proposed a device with no
RAM and no harddrive, as long as the device was capable of accepting RAM up to 32 GB and a
hard drive up to 6GB.” ECF No. 11 at 11 (emphasis in original). According to the Government,
“[s]uch a device would not be functional, and as a result, would serve no purpose.” Id. While
the Government may not have intended it, no provision in the Solicitation precludes proposing
an ASWGD without RAM or hard drives pre-installed. Indeed, interpreting the Solicitation to
allow for such proposals would be reasonable, as the Solicitation clearly states that the minimum
salient characteristics for the ASWGD are for the “***DEVICE ONLY***.” AR Tab 200b.5,
“Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell K16. While the Government insists that the Agency added the
“device only” language solely to clarify that licenses were not required, it conceded that the
language only infers this understanding, and the Record does not reflect that the Agency ever
provided this explanation to the Quoters. Tr. at 32:7-14, 36:17-37:13. And the Record is clear
that many Quoters did not get the message, as only [ … ] Quoters quoted cold standby devices
without licenses. See AR Tab 238 at 237903.

        The Court is somewhat surprised to see the Government arguing that the proposed
ASWGD must be “functional” as quoted. Tr. at 30:22-31:5 (arguing that the ASWGD without
drives couldn’t be used “as-is”); see also ECF No. 11 at 15 (repeating that the device quoted
must be functional). In the preliminary injunction stage, the Government argued that the market
basket was not intended to provide for working installations. See Case No. 21-1030C, ECF No.
53 at 22 (arguing that former plaintiff Countertrade “misunderstands the purpose of the market
basket, which was not to offer solutions for specific client needs, but rather to compile a
sampling of products in order for GSA to evaluate quoters’ prices objectively”). The Court
agreed with the Government in ruling against former Plaintiff Countertrade Products, Inc.’s
arguments that the cold standby devices that a number of CTA teams quoted failed to meet the
Solicitation’s criteria because such a device would not function as quoted. Sirius Federal LLC v.
United States, 153 Fed. Cl. 410, 427 (2021). The Government cannot have it both ways. If the
Solicitation truly requires Quoters to quote only functional devices in their proposals, the
Government must exclude each of the offerors that proposed the cold standby version of the
ASWGD that are not functional as quoted. See AR Tab 238 at 237903. But the RFQ’s text does
not support the Government’s argument.

        Third, the Government argues that Blue Tech’s interpretation undermines the
Solicitation’s market basket approach, which aims to provide a sample of products to objectively
compare Quoters’ prices. ECF No. 11 at 12 (citing AR Tab 200a at 108736). According to the
Government, an accurate comparison of prices requires Quoters to include only “similar”
products, which the Government sought through the minimum salient characteristics. Id. Thus,
the Government argues that Blue Tech’s interpretation opens the doors to Quoters proposing
“disparate items that result in artificial under- or over-pricing of the market basket.” Id. at 12-13.
But the Government misconstrues the Solicitation, which does not require Quoters to quote
similar products; it requires them to quote compliant products. If the Government wanted
“similar” products, it could have crafted the minimum salient characteristics more narrowly. But
the final characteristics for the ASWGD resulted in a wide range of quotes, ranging from $[ … ]
to $[ … ]. See AR Tab 238 at 237903. One could understandably wonder how this range
reflects the quotation of only “similar” products. And Blue Tech’s proposed [ … ] price fell at
the [ … ] of that range at $[ … ]. See AR Tab 272, Attachment E, “Network (Connect)” tab, at

                                                 10
Cell N16. Therefore, Blue Tech’s interpretation hardly undermines the Solicitation’s market
basket approach.

        Fourth, the Government argues that Blue Tech’s interpretation conflicts with the
dictionary definition of the term “capable” as “having attributes . . . required for performance or
accomplishment.” ECF No. 11 at 11 (quoting MERRIAM-WEBSTER, https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/capable (last visited July 21, 2021)). But it is hard to see how this helps
the Government’s argument. As explained above, Blue Tech’s quoted device has the attributes
necessary (i.e., is capable) to support 6TB of disk storage and 32GB of RAM. And, as Blue
Tech counters, the same dictionary definition of “capable” also includes “having traits conducive
to or features permitting something.” See ECF No. 13 at 3 (quoting MERRIAM-WEBSTER,
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/capable (last visited July 21, 2021)). Given that
Blue Tech’s quoted device has “features permitting something” (the ability to support 6TB of
disk storage and 32GB of RAM), its interpretation is consistent with the dictionary definition as
well.

        Fifth, both the Government and Intervenor argue that Blue Tech’s interpretation
“effectively reads out” and “renders . . . meaningless” the ASWGD’s minimum salient
characteristics because Quoters would not be required to quote devices with at least the stated
amount of disk storage and RAM. ECF No. 11 at 11; ECF No. 12 at 7. Blue Tech’s
interpretation does no such thing. There are clearly devices that cannot have 6TB of disk storage
and 32GB of RAM installed in them, which Blue Tech’s interpretation renders non-compliant.
For example, the [ … ] family of the ASWGD can have a maximum of 1TB of disk storage
installed, which is SATA rather than the required SAS, 5 and a maximum of 16GB of RAM. AR
Tab 301 at 246202. Further, the [ … ] can only be configured with a single boot drive rather
than the required two under the RFQ’s requirements. Id. By excluding devices that cannot meet
RFQ requirements in any configuration, Blue Tech’s interpretation does not render the minimum
salient characteristics meaningless.

        Finally, the Government places great weight on the correspondence between the GSA
and the OEM regarding Blue Tech’s proposed ASWGD. ECF No. 11 at 9; ECF No. 15 at 2.
Specifically, the Government notes that the OEM did not consider the proposed device to meet
the minimum salient characteristics at issue, i.e., that it was not capable of supporting 6TB SAS
and 32GB of RAM. ECF No. 15 at 2 (citing AR Tab 301 at 246203). But this evidence is
unpersuasive because the Government did not ask the question the Solicitation calls for. In its
email, the Government asked two questions. AR Tab 301 at 246203. First, the Government
asked: “Does [ … ] meet the below salient characteristics?” Id. The Government then listed all
the minimum salient characteristics for the ASWGD. Id. Had the Government stopped there,
the OEM’s answer would be more meaningful. But it didn’t. Instead, the Government ended its
email with: “More specifically does it have a minimum of 6TB SAS and 32GB RAM?” Id.
These are two different questions, reflecting the difference between “minimum” and “capable of
supporting” in the minimum salient characteristics, as explained above. The OEM’s response
was, “The [ … ] does not meet the requirements below. However, [ … ] offers the [ … ] and it

5
 SATA stands for “Serial Advanced Technology Attachment” and SAS stands for “Serial
Attached SCSI.” These are different technologies for transferring data to and from hard drives.

                                                11
does meet the requirements.” Id. In other words, the quoted device doesn’t have the specified
disk storage or RAM installed but can have that much disk storage and RAM installed. Nobody
disputes either point. The OEM’s view of this provision, seen only in isolation and with the
Government asking about minimums installed rather than what can be configured, does not help
the Court interpret the RFQ. Particularly when the OEM asked for more context, see id., and
apparently never got it.

       Contrary to the Government’s and Intervenor’s arguments, Blue Tech’s interpretation
gives meaning to all the related terms in the Solicitation and is reasonable.

               2.     Blue Tech adhered to its interpretation throughout the 2GIT Procurement.

        In a further attempt to cast Blue Tech’s interpretation as unreasonable, the Government
points to several market basket items with purportedly similar minimum salient characteristics
for which Blue Tech proposed items meeting those characteristics as quoted. ECF No. 11 at 11-
12. According to the Government, Blue Tech thus knew at the time of its proposal that the
Solicitation required the AWSGD to be configured with 6TB of disk storage and 32GB of RAM
preinstalled, undermining Blue Tech’s “current” interpretation. Id.; see NVT Techs., 370 F.3d at
1162 (indicating that protester must have relied on its interpretation of the solicitation when it
prepared its proposal). While this could be a reason to discard Blue Tech’s interpretation, Blue
Tech’s proposal does not reflect a different understanding than it asserts here. As Blue Tech
points out, the Government only assumes that there are other devices Blue Tech could have
quoted that could meet RFQ requirements via upgrade. ECF No. 13 at 6. Based on the Record,
none of the Government’s examples even hint at a different understanding by Blue Tech in
preparing its proposals than the one it advances here. For this reason, the Government’s
argument fails.

        The first market basket item the Government cites is the Multi-User Wireless Access
Point Controller. ECF No. 11 at 12 (citing AR Tab 200b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell
J6). Here, one of the minimum salient characteristics requires the “capacity to support” specified
throughput and concurrent users. AR Tab 200b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell K6. Blue
Tech’s proposed device for this item—the [ … ], AR Tab 205 at 118897 6—meets all these
specifications, see AR Tab 205 at 118897-900, 1188902-03. There are also [ … ] and [ … ] that
do not meet the minimum requirements. See id. And [ … ] offers multiple configurations of
each. See id. at 118899-900. But there is no indication that any of these configurations bring
either the [ … ] or [ … ] up to the Solicitation’s minimum salient characteristics. In fact, the
Record indicates that they cannot. For example, the Solicitation requires that quoted Multi-User
Wireless Access Point Controllers have the “capacity to support 20[,]000” concurrent
users/devices. AR Tab 200b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell J6. According to the device’s
spec sheet, however, the [ … ] and [ … ] “maximum concurrent users/devices” are 8,192 and
16,384, respectively. See AR Tab 205 at 118897. Because the Record indicates that Blue Tech’s
proposed Multi-User Wireless Access Point Controller is the [ … ] device meeting the RFQ’s

6
 On Attachment E, Blue Tech quoted a [ … ]. AR Tab 205, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell
E6). The [ … ] is the [ … ]. AR Tab 205 at 118868. The specifications for the [ … ] series
appear at AR Tab 205 at 118895-904.

                                                12
requirements, Blue Tech’s Quote does not undermine its interpretation of the minimum salient
characteristics in dispute here.

         The Government next cites the Firewall Security Appliance. ECF No. 11 at 12 (citing
AR Tab 200b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell J10). The minimum salient characteristics for
the device include “Integrated I/O [Input/Output]” that is “capable of supporting (12)
10M/100M/1Gbase-T Ethernet interface (RJ-45) [and] capable of supporting (4) 10 Gb (SFP+)
ethernet interfaces.” AR Tab 200.b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell K10. In addition to the
integrated—i.e., built-in—network ports, the characteristics also require the device to be
“capable of supporting (8) 10 Gb Ethernet Enh Small Form Factor Pluggable (SFP+) network
module.” Id. In layman’s terms, the quoted device must be capable of supporting at least 24
network ports of varying types. Blue Tech quoted the [ … ], AR Tab 205, Attachment E,
Network (Connect) tab, at Cell E10, which meets these requirements, id. at Cell F10; AR Tab
205 at 118976-77. The Government argues that Blue Tech could have proposed the [ … ]. ECF
No. 11 at 12. But this argument is puzzling because the [ … ] supports a maximum of 16 ports.
AR Tab 205 at 118976-77. Had Blue Tech quoted the [ … ], as the Government now suggests it
could have, it would not have met the minimum salient characteristics for the device, i.e., the
ability to support 24 network ports. That Blue Tech quoted the [ … ], therefore, does not
undermine its interpretation of the RFQ that it advances here.

        The third market basket item the Government cites is the Aggregation Services Router
(Enterprise Network or Enterprise Edge). ECF No. 11 at 12 (citing AR Tab 200.b.5, “Network
(Connect)” tab, at Cell J11). According to its minimum salient characteristics, the device must
include hardware-based encryption that is “capable of supporting 6Gbps throughput,” as well as
a “minimum (1) Network Interface Module.” AR Tab 200.b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell
K11. Of the [ … ] offerings, it appears that only two have a Network Interface Module that can
handle 6Gbps throughput of hardware-based encrypted data: the [ … ] and [ … ]. See AR Tab
205 at 118944, 118947. Blue Tech offered the [ … ], AR Tab 205, Attachment E, Network
(Connect) tab, at Cell E11, which has the least amount of hardware that is capable of supporting
6Gbps throughput, see AR Tab 205 at 118947 (supporting 8Gbps throughput). Contrary to its
assertion, the Government does not identify any device that Blue Tech could have quoted that
would only meet its specifications with an upgrade like the ASWGD. Thus, Blue Tech’s
proposed [ … ] does not run counter to its interpretation of the minimum salient characteristics at
issue.

        Lastly, the Government cites the Integrated Services Router (Small-Med Branch
Network). ECF No. 11 at 12 (citing AR Tab 200.b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell J12).
The device’s minimum salient characteristics require a “Minimum Aggregate Throughput=
100Mbps (default) or 300 Mbps (License)” and “minimum (3) Onboard WAN/LAN
10/100/1000 ports.” AR Tab 200.b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab, at Cell K12. Blue Tech quoted
the [ … ], AR Tab 205, Attachment E, Network (Connect) tab, at Cell E12, and like its proposed
Aggregation Services Router, the quoted device was the least equipped version of the Integrated
Services Router to satisfy the minimum salient characteristics for throughput and total onboard
ports, see AR Tab 205 at 119002. Once again, the Government fails to identify any device like
the ASWGD that Blue Tech could have quoted that would have satisfied these requirements with
an upgrade. Nothing about Blue Tech’s quoting this item undermines its argument here.

                                                13
       Accordingly, Blue Tech adhered to its interpretation of the ASWGD throughout the 2GIT
Procurement, and its interpretation of the RFQ is reasonable.

       C.      The Government and Intervenor’s Interpretation is Unreasonable.

        As discussed above, the Government and Intervenor disagree with Blue Tech on the
meaning of the phrase “capable of supporting” as it pertains to the two minimum salient
characteristics at issue for the ASWGD: “Disk Drives= capable of supporting 6TB SAS” and
“RAM= capable of supporting 32GB.” AR Tab 200.b5, Attachment E, “Network (Connect)”
tab, Cell K16. According to the Government and Intervenor, the phrase “capable of supporting”
means “minimum” and the device must have at least 6TB of disk storage and 32GB of RAM
installed as quoted. ECF No. 11 at 9-10; ECF No. 12 at 6-7. The Court finds this interpretation
unreasonable for at least two reasons.

        First, in contrast to Blue Tech’s interpretation, the Government and Intervenor’s
interpretation does not give meaning to all the terms in the RFQ. E.g., NVT Techs., 370 F.3d at
1159 (citation omitted) (“An interpretation that gives meaning to all parts of the contract is to be
preferred over one that leaves a portion of the contract useless, inexplicable, void, or
superfluous.”); First Nationwide Bank, 431 F.3d at 1347 (citation omitted) (same). Under their
interpretation, “capable of supporting” means the same as “minimum.” ECF No. 11 at 9-10; ECF
No. 12 at 6-7. As explained above, however, when the RFQ requires that a device be “capable of
supporting” something, it presumably means something other than “minimum.” See States
Roofing, 587 F.3d at 1370-72 (finding it reasonable that different terms in a contract imply
different meanings). Had the Government wanted the ASWGD to have a minimum amount of
disk storage or RAM, it presumably would have stated these requirements as “minimums,” like it
did for many other devices. See AR Tab 200b.5, “Network (Connect)” tab at Cells K10, K11, &
K12. And the GSA’s use of “capable of supporting” and “minimum” when describing
characteristics of the same device further reinforces the conclusions that these terms have
different meanings. See id. The clear indication is that these terms bear different meanings, but
the Government and Intervenor’s interpretation would render them equivalent. Therefore, the
Government and Intervenor’s interpretation does not give meaning to all the terms in the RFQ.

        Second, the Government and Intervenor’s interpretation assumes that the RFQ requires
that the proposed ASWGD’s disk drives and memory, not the device itself, be capable of
supporting 6TB of data and 32GB of data, respectively. ECF No. 11 at 9; ECF No. 12 at 6-7.
This is because the Government and Intervenor understand that the market basket items’
minimum salient characteristics refer to the hard drives and the memory of the device, and not
the device itself. See Tr. at 33:1-17; ECF No. 12 at 6; see also ECF No. 15 at 1-2; ECF No. 16 at
1-2. But the Government and Intervenor’s position is inconsistent with the very structure of
Attachment E, as Column K containing minimum salient characteristics clearly amends Column
J with the characteristics’ corresponding market basket items. See AR Tab 200.b.5, “Network
(Connect)” tab. In addition, the Government and Intervenor’s position does not fit with one of
the ASWGD’s minimum salient characteristic, “Boot Device= capable of supporting 16GB SSD
(redundant).” Id. at Cell K16. It is, of course, impossible for a “Boot Device” (singular) to be
redundant hard drives. But it is clearly possible, and apparently common, for an ASWGD to
support redundant hard drives as its “Boot Device.” See AR Tab 272 at 239148. Thus, it
appears more reasonable that the ASWGD is what must be capable of supporting 6TB of disk

                                                14
storage and 32GB of RAM, not the physical disk drives or memory, contrary to the Government
and Intervenor’s contention.

         For these reasons, the Court finds the Government and Intervenor’s interpretation
unreasonable. And while it is true that nearly all the Quoters proposed devices configured with
at least 6TB of disk storage and 32GB of RAM as quoted, AR Tab 205 at 119275, that fact alone
does not make the Government and Intervenor’s interpretation reasonable.

       D.      At Most, the Government and Intervenor Identify a Latent Ambiguity.

        Even if the Government and Intervenor’s interpretation that “capable of supporting”
means “minimum” (despite the RFQ using the term “minimum” when it requires a minimum)
was reasonable, all this interpretation would establish is that the RFQ contains a latent
ambiguity. As discussed at length above, Blue Tech’s interpretation is reasonable because it
gives meaning and effect to each RFQ requirement. If the Government and Intervenor’s
interpretation was also within the “zone of reasonableness,” that would mean there is an
ambiguity in the RFQ. See Banknote, 365 F.3d at 1353 (citing Grumman Data Sys., 88 F.3d at
997). The question then would be whether it is a patent or latent ambiguity. See NVT Techs.,
370 F.3d at 1162. “A patent ambiguity is one that is ‘obvious, gross, [or] glaring, so that
plaintiff contractor had a duty to inquire about it at the start.’” Id. (quoting H & M Moving, 499
F.2d at 671) (alteration in original). For example, “[a] patent ambiguity is present when the
contract contains facially inconsistent provisions . . . .” K-Con, 908 F.3d at 722 (quoting Stratos
Mobile Networks USA, 213 F.3d at 1381). Conversely, a latent ambiguity is “neither glaring nor
substantial nor patently obvious.” Id. (quoting Cmty. Heating & Plumbing, 987 F.2d at 1579).
“If an ambiguity is obvious and a bidder fails to inquire with regard to the provision, his
interpretation will fail.” Id. (citing Triax Pac., 130 F.3d at 1475); see also Blue & Gold, 492
F.3d at 1313 (holding that “a party who has the opportunity to object to the terms of a
government solicitation containing a patent error and fails to do so prior to the close of the
bidding process waives its ability to raise the same objection subsequently in a bid protest action
in the Court of Federal Claims.”). Alternatively, if the ambiguity “was not obvious on the face
of the solicitation,” the ambiguity will be construed against the Government as the drafter. NVT
Techs., 370 F.3d at 1162 (citing Edward R. Marden, 803 F.2d at 705).

         Here there is nothing that is glaring or obvious about the RFQ’s requirements that
triggered a duty to inquire. As explained at length above, the RFQ sought quotes for a
“***DEVICE ONLY***.” Thus, when it states that the device’s minimum characteristics are
that it be “capable of supporting” 6TB of disk storage and 32GB of RAM, there is no indication
that the Agency really required a device with specific amounts of disk storage and RAM already
installed. Therefore, if there were an ambiguity, it would be “neither glaring nor substantial nor
patently obvious.” See K-Con, 908 F.3d at 722 (quoting Cmty. Heating & Plumbing, 987 F.2d at
1579).

        The Government’s and Intervenor’s arguments that the ambiguity would be patent are
unpersuasive. The Government argues that the ambiguity would be patent because Blue Tech
originally quoted an ASWGD that came pre-installed with more disk storage and RAM than
required and proposed other devices that met other similarly phrased minimum salient
characteristics. ECF No. 11 at 13-14. Thus, the Government argues that “Blue Tech was

                                                15
confused about what it could propose in order to meet the ‘capable of supporting’ minimum
salient characteristics.” Id. at 14. But this argument is unavailing. As Blue Tech explained, it
changed the ASWGD it quoted after the Government’s Confer Session Notice stated that it
quoted several devices that exceeded minimum requirements and could lower its price by
quoting devices meeting only the minimum requirements. See AR Tab 272 at 239135. The
Record reflects that Blue Tech found only two items, including the ASWGD, that could
plausibly be viewed as exceeding minimum configurations. See AR Tab 272 at 239135. As a
result, Blue Tech lowered those prices based on the Government’s communication, not confusion
about what it could offer. And the Government has not identified what other devices exceeded
the RFQ’s minimum requirements. Logic dictates that if Blue Tech’s quoted ASWGD did not
exceed minimum requirements, there must be at least two other devices that did. But the
Government has pointed to none. Thus, the Court sees no basis to conclude that Blue Tech was
confused in any way regarding what the RFQ required.

        As for Intervenor, it argues that the ambiguity is patent because “every other quoter
whose quotation described the salient characteristics of their Advanced Secure Gateways quoted
a device that comes with at least 6 TB disk capacity and 32 GB RAM, without further upgrades.”
ECF No. 12 at 8 (emphasis in original). According to Intervenor, “Blue Tech plainly had reason
to know that another reasonable interpretation existed . . . and did nothing to inquire about what
‘capable of supporting’ means prior to submitting its quotation.” Id. As a result, Intervenor
concludes that Blue Tech “waived any such patent ambiguity by not protesting it prior to the
deadline for quotation submission.” Id. at 8-9 (citing, e.g., Veterans Eval. Servs., Inc. v. United
States, 134 Fed. Cl. 1, 4-5 (2017) (rejecting as waived under Blue & Gold a protest ground of “a
patent ambiguity that would place a reasonable contractor on notice to inquire about the
inconsistency”)). In making this argument, however, Intervenor has not provided the Court with
any evidence that Blue Tech knew what others quoted. Without that evidence, the Court finds
that what others quoted has no relevance to what Blue Tech contemplated when preparing its
proposal. Indeed, parties were free to quote devices that exceeded the RFQ’s minimum
requirements.

        Accordingly, even if there was an ambiguity regarding the ASWGD’s minimum salient
characteristics, it would be latent. Therefore, Blue Tech has not waived any claim and the RFQ
should be construed against the Government as the Solicitation’s drafter. As a result, the Court
finds that the Government did not assess Blue Tech’s proposal in accordance with the
Solicitation.

       E.     Blue Tech was Prejudiced by the Government’s Irrational Exclusion of Blue
       Tech’s Proposal.

        Because the Government excluded Blue Tech’s proposal due to of its quoted ASWGD,
the Court proceeds to consider whether Blue Tech was prejudiced as a result. 5 U.S.C. § 706;
see also Data Gen., 78 F.3d at 1562 (citations omitted) (“[T]o prevail in a protest the protester
must show not only a significant error in the procurement process, but also that the error
prejudiced it.”). As discussed above, the Court can presume that the Government’s action
prejudiced Blue Tech given that the Government irrationally failed to follow its own Solicitation.
See, e.g., Caddell Constr., 125 Fed. Cl. at 50 (citations omitted) (“Thus, when an irrational or
arbitrary and capricious agency action has occurred, prejudice is presumed . . . .”). Indeed,

                                                16
neither the Government nor Intervenor significantly combats this presumption. But even if they
had, the Court finds that Blue Tech was prejudiced because the Record indicates that the
Government would have awarded Blue Tech a BPA based on its proposal had the Government
not rejected it because of the conclusion that its quoted ASWGD failed to meet the RFQ’s
minimum requirements. See Glenn Defense Marine, 720 F.3d at 912 (citations omitted) (“To
establish prejudice, [the protestor] must show that there was a substantial chance it would have
received the contract award but for the [Government’s . . . error].”). The Record clearly
establishes this point. Blue Tech’s proposal was ranked [ … ] for price and [ … ] for non-price
factors. See AR Tab 302 at 246459. In conducting its best value tradeoff, the Agency first
identified four Quoters that were ranked within the top nine for both price and non-price factors.
See Sirius Federal, 153 Fed. Cl. at 423. Given that Blue Tech’s proposal was lower-priced than
[ … ] of these four proposals and had a higher non-price score than [ … ] of them, Blue Tech
clearly had a substantial chance of an award had the Agency not unreasonably excluded it from
the procurement. And this is just looking at the four proposals the Agency moved ahead with
before engaging in any tradeoff. See id. at 423-25. Had the Agency compared Blue Tech to the
remaining contenders, there is a substantial chance that Blue Tech’s low price and high non-price
scores would have resulted in an award. There is no argument or reason to believe that any other
factor (e.g., the go/no go Supply Chain Management Factor) would eliminate Blue Tech.

       Blue Tech was prejudiced by the Government’s actions, therefore, and judgment on the
administrative record is granted in Blue Tech’s favor.

IV.    Injunctive Relief.

        In determining whether to issue a permanent injunction, the Court evaluates four factors.
These are “whether (1) the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits, (2) the plaintiff will suffer
irreparable harm if the court withholds injunctive relief, (3) the balance of hardships to the
respective parties favors the grant of injunctive relief, and (4) the public interest is served by a
grant of injunctive relief.” Centech Grp., 554 F.3d at 1037 (citing PGBA, LLC v. United States,
389 F.3d 1219, 1228-29 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). As explained above, Blue Tech has succeeded on the
merits of its claim, as is required, and this factor weighs in favor of granting injunctive relief.
The Court addresses the remaining factors in turn.

       A.      Irreparable Harm

        The focus of the irreparable harm inquiry is whether Blue Tech has “an adequate remedy
at law absent an injunction.” Std. Commc’ns, Inc. v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 723, 744 (2011)
(citation omitted); see Magellan Corp. v. United States, 27 Fed. Cl. 446, 447 (1993) (same).
Here, Blue Tech argues that it will suffer irreparable harm because it was “improperly deprived”
of its CTA team BPA because of the Government’s improper evaluation of its proposal and has
no other remedy other than an injunction requiring the Government to reevaluate its proposal
based on the proper reading of the RFQ. ECF No. 13 at 8. The Government counters that Blue
Tech faces no harm because it is a member of other CTA teams that allow it to “freely compete
for any task orders that it has the capability to fulfill.” ECF No. 11 at 18.

         Here, the Record shows that Blue Tech may not bid freely on any task order that it can
fulfill. Rather, as Blue Tech established, it may currently freely bid on only those task orders

                                                 17
that its team leads allow it to. Blue Tech provides its teaming agreements with two of these
teams that make the point clearly. For example, Blue Tech “may respond, with Team Leader
consent, to Ordering Authority to requests for quotes (RFQs) at the task order level when only
[Blue Tech’s] GSA Schedule is being utilized.” Case No. 21-1030, ECF No. 57-1 at 3.
Similarly, for another of Blue Tech’s teams, the “Team Lead shall make all bid/no bid decisions
for the Team . . . .” Case No. 21-1030, ECF No. 57-2 § 1.03. Blue Tech has no remedy to its
inability to bid on RFQs that its team leads do not approve. Therefore, this factor weighs in
favor of an injunction.

       B.      Balance of the Hardships

        When considering the balance of the harms, the Court considers whether the harm to the
Plaintiff outweighs the harm to the Government and third parties. Reilly’s Wholesale Produce v.
United States, 73 Fed. Cl. 705, 715-16 (2006); see also Akal Sec., Inc. v. United States, 87 Fed.
Cl. 311, 320 (2009) (same). In evaluating this factor, the Tucker Act requires the Court to “give
due regard to the interests of national defense and national security.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(3).
And “the fact that a delay in the conduct of this procurement would raise national defense
concerns clearly places the weight of the balance-of-harms factor on the defendant’s side of the
scale.” Aero Corp., S.A. v. United States, 38 Fed. Cl. 237, 241-42 (1997).

        Here, the Court is mindful of the Government’s national security concerns. See ECF No.
11 at 19; Sirius Federal, 153 Fed. Cl. at 429. But several aspects of the relief Blue Tech seeks
largely minimize this concern. First, as clearly stated in the hearing, Blue Tech is not seeking to
enjoin any task orders that the Government has already issued. Tr. at 66:25-67:10. As the Court
stated in the hearing, it will do nothing to interfere with or interrupt these task orders.

        Second, Blue Tech is seeking to enjoin additional task order awards pending a re-
evaluation of proposals. Id. But during the hearing Blue Tech stated that if the Government will
be re-evaluating proposals promptly, which it appears it will be able to do, it may not be
necessary to enjoin further awards so long as the evaluation is completed promptly. Id. at 67:11-
16. Blue Tech expects the necessary re-evaluation can be done quickly because the Record
clearly shows Blue Tech would get an award when evaluated, and the Government could then
add it as a tenth awardee or replace one of the current awardees. ECF No. 13 at 8-9. The
Government disagrees, contending that it cannot commit to any timeline until it knows the
Court’s rationale and can determine what it needs to do to comply with its Order. ECF No. 15 at
9-10. But the Government fears that an injunction could upset the 2GIT Procurement for months
if it must re-solicit proposals and start the proposal anew. ECF No. 11 at 18-20. And Intervenor
complains that enjoining all awardees is not necessary because only one of them, presumably the
ninth awardee, could be impacted by the re-evaluation. ECF No. 12 at 11-12.

        At this stage, it appears that the harm to the Government and Intervenor can be mitigated,
potentially entirely, by limiting the scope of the injunction. Without any relief, though, Blue
Tech will be relegated to being a team member only despite offering one of the highest-rated
CTA team lead proposals. And as the Court explained, there are differences between being a
team lead and team member. This favors a tailored injunction, preferably one that the Parties can
agree to based on their review of this Opinion.

                                                18
       C.      Public Interest

        The final factor is the public interest factor, which considers impact of an injunction on
the public interest. And it is well-settled that “the public interest in honest, open, and fair
competition in the procurement process is compromised whenever an agency abuses its
discretion in evaluating a contractor’s bid.” Torres Advanced Enter. Sols., LLC v. United States,
133 Fed. Cl. 496, 534, redacted opinion issued, 135 Fed. Cl. 1 (2017) (citation omitted). That
said, “there is a countervailing public interest in minimizing disruption” to the Government.
Akal Sec., Inc., 87 Fed. Cl. at 321 (quoting Heritage of Am., LLC v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 66,
80 (2007)); see also Aero Corp., 38 Fed. Cl. at 242 (“[A] procuring agency should be able to
conduct procurements without excessive judicial infringement upon the agency’s discretion.”).
Here, there is clearly an interest in ensuring a fair competition weighing in favor of injunctive
relief. And here too there is an ability to minimize the disruption to the Government through a
tailored injunction. This factor weighs in favor of injunctive relief.

V.     Conclusion

        For the reasons stated herein, the Court holds that Plaintiff Blue Tech has prevailed on
the merits and shown that injunctive relief will be appropriate. Therefore, the Court GRANTS
Plaintiff Blue Tech’s motion for judgment on the administrative record, ECF No. 10, and
DENIES the Government’s and Intervenor’s cross motions, ECF Nos. 11, 12.

         In light of the Court’s findings and conclusions above, the Court orders the Government
to propose the terms of a permanent injunction that will adequately address the Court’s
conclusions on the merits, as enumerated supra. The Government shall file such proposed terms
in a status report on or before August 10, 2021 and shall meet-and-confer with Blue Tech and
Intervenor (Red River) to determine whether either party will oppose the Government’s proposed
specific terms of injunctive relief. Should either party oppose the Government’s proposed terms,
such party will have one week to file any responsive brief, which shall not exceed five (5) pages.
The Government’s submission of proposed terms of injunctive relief (pursuant to this Opinion
and Order) shall not, of course, constitute any waiver of its appellate rights.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                            s/ Edward H. Meyers
                                                            Edward H. Meyers,
                                                            Judge

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