Court Opinion

ID: 4995708
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-29 19:18:32.281957+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:16:53.470043
License: Public Domain

09/29/2021
                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                               AT NASHVILLE
                               Assigned on Briefs August 2, 2021

                                     IN RE ISABELLA M., ET AL.1

                     Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Macon County
                          No. 2020-JV-69     Ken Witcher, Judge
                         ___________________________________

                                No. M2020-01616-COA-R3-PT
                            ___________________________________

This action involves the termination of a mother’s parental rights to her minor children.
Following a bench trial, the trial court found that clear and convincing evidence existed to
establish the following statutory grounds of termination: (1) substantial noncompliance
with the permanency plan; (2) the persistence of conditions which led to removal; and (3)
failure to manifest an ability and willingness to care for the children. The court also found
that termination was in the best interest of the children. We affirm the trial court.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court
                             Affirmed; Case Remanded

JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ANDY D. BENNETT,
J. and J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., joined.

Kara Bellar, Carthage, Tennessee, for the appellant, Brittany R.

Herbert H. Slatery, III, Attorney General & Reporter, and Kristen Kyle-Castelli, Assistant
Attorney General, for the appellee, Tennessee Department of Children’s Services.

G. Scott Binkley, Westmoreland, Tennessee, guardian ad litem for the minor children.

        1
           This court has a policy of protecting the identity of children in parental rights termination cases
by initializing the last name of the parties.
                                                 OPINION

                                    I.      BACKGROUND

       Joseph M., Isabella M., and Wyatt M. (collectively “the Children”) were born to
Brittany R. (“Mother”) and Jonathan M. (“Father”) in June 2014, February 2017, and June
2019, respectively. The parents and the Children lived with the maternal grandmother,
Angela J. (“Grandmother”), and Grandmother’s husband (“Step-Grandfather”). In 2018,
the Tennessee Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”) substantiated allegations of the
sexual abuse of Joseph by his paternal uncle, Michael M. (“Uncle”). DCS prohibited
contact between Uncle and Joseph. In 2019, DCS substantiated allegations of the physical
abuse of Joseph by Grandmother. DCS has been providing services since that time.

       The current custodial episode began on July 16, 2019, when the Children were
removed based on allegations of drug exposure, nutritional neglect, and physical abuse.
DCS alleged that Father and Uncle, who was still prohibited from contact with Joseph, shot
fireworks at Joseph and Isabella, causing injury. DCS provided that neighbors further
reported that the Children are often outside unsupervised, that the parents pushed the
Children, that the Children often appear hungry and ask for food, that Joseph was seen
eating wild mushrooms and rotten vegetables, and that Grandmother was selling drugs
from the home. At the time of removal, DCS confirmed that Isabella and Joseph had visible
burns and that the home did not contain adequate food for the Children. The parents
stipulated the allegations of dependency and neglect contained in the petition, namely a
lack of supervision, environmental issues, and improper guardianship due to ongoing
concerns in the home. The Children were adjudicated as dependent and neglected and
placed in a pre-adoptive foster home together.

        Jessica Carter, the Children’s family service worker, developed an initial
permanency plan in August 2019 for Mother2 with the following requirements: (1) refrain
from using illegal drugs or non-prescribed medications; (2) submit to random drug screens;
(3) complete an alcohol and drug assessment and follow all recommendations; (4) sign
releases for DCS to monitor progress; (5) obtain a mental health assessment with a
parenting component and follow all recommendations; (6) maintain safe and stable
housing; (7) notify DCS if anyone moves in or out of the home; (8) obtain sufficient
income, including public welfare benefits; (9) pay child support; (10) arrive sober and
refrain from physical punishment during visitation; and (11) schedule visitation in advance.
The permanency plan was amended in January 2020 to include the following
recommendations from Mother’s mental health assessment: attend individual counseling,
parenting education, parenting counseling group, and home making services. Both plans
required all individuals living in the home to submit to random drug screens and pill counts.

       2
           Father voluntarily surrendered his parental rights and is not a party to this appeal.
                                                     -2-
The plans were ratified by the trial court. Mother signed a Criteria and Procedures of
Termination of Parental Rights in March 2020.

       On June 15, 2020, DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights based
upon the statutory grounds of (1) abandonment by failure to establish a suitable home; (2)
substantial noncompliance with the permanency plans; (3) the persistence of conditions
which led to removal; and (4) failure to manifest an ability and willingness to care for the
Children. DCS later removed the statutory ground of abandonment.

        The case proceeded to a hearing on September 21, 2020, at which several witnesses
testified. John Crody, an expert in mental health counseling and diagnosis, testified that
he assessed Mother, beginning on August 7, 2019. He created a comprehensive mental
health profile, including a personality profile with an assessment of her parenting skills and
her risk of future physical abuse of the Children.

        Mr. Crody testified that following his assessment, he believed that Mother would
need to show “considerable improvement and resolution of problems in therapy before
she’s eligible for reunification.” He explained that the most “outstanding risk factor” was
her child abuse potential score. He provided that this score measures risk of physical harm
against a child in her care, with a cutoff score of 215. Her score was 286. He further
opined that Mother presented with “impaired cognitive function.” He stated that Mother’s
Intelligence Quotient score was calculated at 58, with a variance of 7 points higher or
lower. Mother also exhibited a “high probability” of substance abuse dependence disorder.
He suspected that Mother attended parenting classes while compromised by a substance;
however, he conceded that her observed impairment could have been a result of her limited
cognitive functioning and not an illegal substance. His overall diagnoses were as follows:
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, psychoactive, substance dependence, low
cognitive functioning, and avoidant personality disorder. He stated that due to Mother’s
impairments, he approached therapy differently and made sure to provide simple, concise,
and clear objectives that he reiterated and adjusted as needed.

       Mr. Crody testified that he also provided mental health services to Mother after she
completed the assessment. He stated that she participated in the treatment plan and that
together they initially decided to address appropriate associations with people around her,
parenting skills, anger management, and child protection. He explained that he had some
concern with whether Mother could identify signs of potential abuse and protect the
Children from further abuse and neglect. He was unable to adequately address the issue of
child protection because Mother later expressed that she was too overwhelmed to address
the issue in addition to her other obligations. He recalled that she participated in weekly
parenting classes but that her attendance was “spotty.” She also did not participate in the
weekly parenting support group due to transportation issues. However, she showed
improved participation following the filing of the termination petition.

                                            -3-
       Despite Mother’s limitations, Mr. Crody agreed that Mother showed some
improvement and a greater ability to manage her anger and to relate to the Children as a
parent; however, he still could not recommend unsupervised visitation at the time of the
hearing. He explained that Mother had not completed his recommendations from the initial
evaluation and that she would need to complete another child abuse assessment before he
could reconsider his recommendations. He estimated that Mother would need an additional
one or two years to fully enable herself to parent without supervision. He opined that
reunification in the absence of an appropriate support system would pose a risk of
substantial harm to the Children’s physical or psychological welfare. He provided that
Mother could not parent the Children without a key support person in her life given her
limited cognitive functioning.

       Debbie Thomas testified that she facilitated Mother’s alcohol and drug assessment
in March 2020. She stated that Mother reported a history of prescription and non-
prescription opiate use and a history of methamphetamine use. Mother admitted
Oxycodone use for pain without a prescription three days prior to the assessment. Mother
advised that she does not receive care from a doctor due to a lack of insurance. She further
reported Oxycodone use from the age of 17 due to ongoing pain. Mother did not view her
repeated use as an addiction and scored an 11 on Recognition, placing her in the lowest
score range which indicated she had “no acknowledgement of having problems related to
drug use and little desire for change.” Based upon the overall results of the assessments,
Ms. Thomas issued the following recommendations:

       1.     [Mother] is recommended to successfully complete Substance Abuse
       Intensive Outpatient Therapy (IOP) for her self-reported unprescribed
       Oxycodone use.
       2.     [Mother] is recommended to continue her Outpatient Therapy and to
       follow through with recommendations from this therapy to help develop
       adaptive coping skills.
       3.     [Mother] is recommended to attend parenting education to work on
       child supervision, coping skills and flexibility within the family dynamic.

She stated that Mother began Intensive Outpatient Therapy (“IOP”) as requested in May
2020. She recalled that Mother signed into the virtual class but was often lying down and
would not engage or participate in a meaningful manner. She stated that the program was
six weeks, which would have allowed her to complete the program by the end of June or
July 2020. Mother tested positive for opiates on May 29, 2020, which added an additional
12 sessions of IOP to her program. She acknowledged that Mother finally completed the
program on September 7, 2020, approximately two and half months after the filing of the
termination petition. Mother still lacked some ongoing requirements, namely regular
attendance at Narcotics Anonymous and 10 weeks of aftercare. She stated that Mother
exhibited a lack of willingness throughout the entirety of the program.

                                           -4-
       Ms. Thomas testified that she also provided child and family therapy services for
Joseph as a result of behavioral issues at home and in school. She provided that he was
ultimately diagnosed with trauma-related Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
(“ADHD”). She could not recommend Joseph’s placement with Mother as a result of her
assessment and her ongoing work with him. She claimed that Joseph is thriving in his
current environment now that he has consistency, security, and safety. She believed a
change in caretakers would present an added trauma and would have a negative effect on
his emotional and psychological welfare. She explained that Joseph disclosed a history of
abuse and neglect of himself and the other children in the home, specifically Isabella.

        Ms. Carter, the family services worker, testified she received the case in August
2019 and has worked with the family since that time. She confirmed that DCS has received
several referrals concerning this family in the past and that the final referral involved, inter
alia, physical abuse and drug exposure. She provided that Mother participated in the
development of the permanency plans and that she worked with Mother to ensure she
understood the requirements of the plans, despite her limited cognitive functioning. She
agreed that Mother completed her alcohol and drug assessment and her mental health
assessment. Mother did not follow the recommendations from the assessments and still
lacks suitable housing. She explained that Mother still lives with Grandmother and Step-
Grandfather, who are both known drug users and have refused involvement with DCS as
evidenced by their shutting themselves in their room when she arrives at the home. Further,
Grandmother’s physical abuse of Joseph was substantiated. She advised Mother that the
home would not be suitable for the Children. She was further concerned that others were
also living in the home that were not approved by DCS, namely a man who came out of a
back bedroom and failed to identify himself.

        Ms. Carter asserted that Mother showed an initial willingness to complete the
requirements of the permanency plan but that her enthusiasm has since “tapered off.” She
stated that Mother appeared at her last hair follicle screen with recently dyed hair, despite
having been advised to refrain from dying her hair prior to a screen. Mother tested positive
on a urine screen for opiates on May 29 and July 1, 2020. Mother also refused help on a
number of occasions and asserted that she would secure services herself. She agreed that
Mother secured seasonal employment from November 2019 to January 2020. Mother has
since secured new employment, beginning in July 2020, following the filing of the
termination petition.

       Relative to the Children, Ms. Carter testified that Mother attended visitation but
generally focused on one child to the exclusion of the others. She provided that Mother
was not ready to reunify with the Children. She explained that Mother has failed to fully
address her drug use, still denies Joseph’s claims of sexual abuse, and has failed to
complete her parenting education courses, a necessary component due to her physical abuse
of Joseph. She explained that Mother was observed smacking Joseph across the face prior
to removal. She stated that the Children have remained in the same pre-adoptive home
                                           -5-
since the time of removal, are receiving the services they need, and have shown
improvement and a bond with the foster family.

      Foster Mother testified that she observed concerning behaviors with Isabella and
Joseph when they initially arrived at her home. She provided,

       Both children were cussing when they came in, they were hitting, kicking,
       biting. [Joseph] had pretty bad anger. He would throw things, he would
       throw his body in the floor, kicking, screaming, when he didn’t get his way.
       They didn’t seem to know right from wrong.

She asserted that Joseph was also caught stealing at school. She recalled that Joseph
described instances of abuse and neglect while in Mother’s care and that Joseph exhibited
inappropriate sexual behaviors upon his arrival in the home. She asserted that Isabella
expressed fear toward males in the home and took some time to establish a healthy bond
with Foster Father and other males in the family.

       Foster Mother expressed her love for the Children and her willingness to adopt
should they become available for adoption. She provided that the Children were doing
well and had bonded with her husband and a fourth child in the home.

       Following the hearing, the trial court granted the termination petition on the three
remaining grounds alleged by DCS. The court also found that termination was in the best
interest of the Children. This timely appeal followed.

                                  II.    ISSUES

       We consolidate and restate the issues pertinent to this appeal as follows:

       A.     Whether clear and convincing evidence supports the trial court’s
       finding of statutory grounds for termination.

       B.     Whether clear and convincing evidence supports the trial court’s
       finding that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interest
       of the Children.

                        III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Parents have a fundamental right to the care, custody, and control of their children.
Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 651 (1972); In re Drinnon, 776 S.W.2d 96, 97 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1988). This right “is among the oldest of the judicially recognized liberty interests
                                            -6-
protected by the Due Process Clauses of the federal and state constitutions.” In re M.J.B.,
140 S.W.3d 643, 652-53 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). “Termination of a person’s rights as a
parent is a grave and final decision, irrevocably altering the lives of the parent and child
involved and ‘severing forever all legal rights and obligations’ of the parent.” Means v.
Ashby, 130 S.W.3d 48, 54 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(I)(1)). “‘[F]ew consequences of judicial action are so grave as the severance of natural
family ties.’” M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 119 (1996) (quoting Santosky v. Kramer, 455
U.S. 745, 787 (1982)).

       Although parental rights are superior to the claims of other persons and the
government, they are not absolute and may be terminated upon appropriate statutory
grounds. See In Re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d 240, 250 (Tenn. 2010); Blair v. Badenhope, 77
S.W.3d 137, 141 (Tenn. 2002). Due process requires clear and convincing evidence of the
existence of the grounds for termination. In re Drinnon, 776 S.W.2d at 97. A parent’s
rights may be terminated only upon

       (1) [a] finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that the grounds
       for termination of parental or guardianship rights have been established; and
       (2) [t]hat termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the best
       interest[ ] of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c). “[A] court must determine that clear and convincing
evidence proves not only that statutory grounds exist [for the termination] but also that
termination is in the child’s best interest.” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn.
2002). The existence of at least one statutory basis for termination of parental rights will
support the trial court’s decision to terminate those rights. In re C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d 467,
473 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000), abrogated on other grounds by In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d
838 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).

       The heightened burden of proof in parental termination cases minimizes the risk of
erroneous decisions. In re C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d at 474; In re M.W.A., Jr., 980 S.W.2d 620,
622 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). “Evidence satisfying the clear and convincing evidence
standard establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable and eliminates
any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the
evidence.” In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d at 861 (citations omitted). It produces in a fact-
finder’s mind a firm belief or conviction regarding the truth of the facts sought to be
established. In re A.D.A., 84 S.W.3d 592, 596 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002); Ray v. Ray, 83
S.W.3d 726, 733 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001); In re C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d at 474.

       In 2016, the Tennessee Supreme Court provided guidance to this court in reviewing
cases involving the termination of parental rights:

       An appellate court reviews a trial court’s findings of fact in termination
                                          -7-
       proceedings using the standard of review in Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). Under
       Rule 13(d), appellate courts review factual findings de novo on the record
       and accord these findings a presumption of correctness unless the evidence
       preponderates otherwise. In light of the heightened burden of proof in
       termination proceedings, however, the reviewing court must make its own
       determination as to whether the facts, either as found by the trial court or as
       supported by a preponderance of the evidence, amount to clear and
       convincing evidence of the elements necessary to terminate parental rights.
       The trial court’s ruling that the evidence sufficiently supports termination of
       parental rights is a conclusion of law, which appellate courts review de novo
       with no presumption of correctness. Additionally, all other questions of law
       in parental termination appeals, as in other appeals, are reviewed de novo
       with no presumption of correctness.

In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d 507, 523-24 (Tenn. 2016) (citations omitted); see also In
re Gabriella D., 531 S.W.3d 662, 680 (Tenn. 2017).

       Lastly, in the event that the “resolution of an issue in a case depends upon the
truthfulness of witnesses, the trial judge, who has had the opportunity to observe the
witnesses and their manner and demeanor while testifying, is in a far better position than
this Court to decide those issues.” In re Navada N., 498 S.W.3d 579, 591 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2016) (citing McCaleb v. Saturn Corp., 910 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tenn. 1995); Whitaker v.
Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d 834, 837 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997)). “Thus, this court gives great
weight to the credibility accorded to a particular witness by the trial court.” In re
Christopher J., No. W2016-02149-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 5992359 at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Dec. 4, 2017) (citing Whitaker, 957 S.W.2d at 837).

                                  IV.     DISCUSSION

                                                A.

       As indicated above, the court granted the termination petition based upon the
following statutory grounds: (1) substantial noncompliance with the permanency plan; (2)
the persistence of conditions which led to removal; and (3) failure to manifest an ability
and willingness to care for the Child. We will discuss each ground in turn.

                             1.         Substantial noncompliance

       Tennessee law requires the development of a plan of care for each foster child and
further requires that the plan include parental responsibilities that are reasonably related to
the plan’s goal. Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-2-403(a)(2)(A). A ground for termination of
parental rights exists when a petitioner proves by clear and convincing evidence that
                                             -8-
“[t]here has been substantial noncompliance by the parent or guardian with the statement
of responsibilities in a permanency plan.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(2). To establish
noncompliance, the trial court must initially find “that the requirements of the permanency
plans are reasonable and related to remedying the conditions that caused the child to be
removed from the parent’s custody in the first place.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d at 656; see
In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 547. When the trial court does not make such findings, the
appellate court should review the issue de novo. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 547.
Second, the court must find that the parent’s noncompliance is substantial, In re M.J.B.,
140 S.W.3d at 656, meaning that the parent must be in “noncompliance with requirements
in a permanency plan that are reasonable and related to remedying the conditions that
warranted removing the child from the parent’s custody.” In re Z.J.S., No. M2002-02235-
COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL 21266854, at *12 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 3, 2003). To assess a
parent’s substantial noncompliance with a permanency plan, the court must weigh “both
the degree of noncompliance and the weight assigned to that particular requirement.” Id.
Conversely, “[t]erms which are not reasonable and related are irrelevant, and substantial
noncompliance with such terms is irrelevant.” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548-49.
“Substantial” is defined as “of real worth and importance,” Black’s Law Dictionary (11th
ed. 2019), and “the real worth and importance of noncompliance should be measured by
both the degree of noncompliance and the weight assigned to that requirement.” In re
Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 548.

        This ground for termination does not require that DCS “expend reasonable efforts
to assist a parent in complying with the permanency plan requirements.” In re Skylar P.,
No. E2016-02023-COA-R3-PT, 2017 WL 2684608, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 21, 2017);
see also In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d 533, 555 (Tenn. 2015) (“[I]n a termination
proceeding, the extent of [the Department’s] efforts to reunify the family is weighed in the
court’s best-interest analysis, but proof of reasonable efforts is not a precondition to
termination of the parental rights of the respondent parent.”).

        We, like the trial court, hold that the requirements of the plan were reasonably
related to the grounds for removal but that Mother has failed to substantially comply with
said requirements. We acknowledge that Mother fulfilled some requirements, namely her
completion of assessments and securing employment, albeit after the termination petition
was filed. However, she failed to address the most important aspects of her plan, namely
refraining from illegal drug use and following the recommendations from her assessments.
Both Mr. Crody and Ms. Thomas provided that Mother had not fully followed the
recommendations. Ms. Thomas further asserted that Mother exhibited a lack of willingness
to address her drug abuse, while Mr. Crody stated that Mother only showed a greater sense
of willingness once the termination petition had been filed. Mother further tested positive
for opiates in May and July 2020, after she had completed her drug use assessment but
while she was still in the program. She had also not secured a safe and stable home away
from Grandmother, whose physical abuse of Joseph was substantiated. Accordingly, we
conclude that there is clear and convincing evidence to support the trial court’s
                                            -9-
determination that Mother’s parental rights should be terminated on the ground of
substantial noncompliance with the permanency plan.

                   2.      Persistence of conditions which led to removal

       Under Tennessee law, a trial court may terminate parental rights when:

       (3)(A) The child has been removed from the home or the physical or legal
       custody of a parent or guardian for a period of six (6) months by a court order
       entered at any stage of proceedings in which a petition has been filed in the
       juvenile court alleging that a child is a dependent and neglected child, and:

       (i)     The conditions that led to the child’s removal still persist, preventing
       the child’s safe return to the care of the parent or guardian, or other conditions
       exist that, in all reasonable probability, would cause the child to be subjected
       to further abuse or neglect, preventing the child’s safe return to the care of
       the parent or guardian;

       (ii)   There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at an
       early date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent or guardian in
       the near future; and

       (iii) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship
       greatly diminishes the child’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable,
       and permanent home[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3) (emphasis added). Termination of parental rights
requires clear and convincing evidence of all three factors. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at
550. The statute does not require that only the original conditions leading to removal be
used to establish grounds for termination. On the contrary, the statute specifically includes
both “[t]he conditions that led to the child’s removal . . . or other conditions [ ] that, in all
reasonable probability, would cause the child to be subjected to further abuse or neglect[.]”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(3)(A)(i).

        The record reflects that the stipulated conditions which led to removal in this case
persist, namely a lack of a safe and stable home and child safety concerns. Other conditions
also exist that would cause the Child further neglect, including Mother’s failure to remedy
her illegal drug use as evidenced by her positive drug screens. Mr. Crody estimated that
Mother needed an additional one or two years to ready herself for reunification. Likewise,
Ms. Thomas provided that Mother had not yet completed her after care requirements and
showed a lack of willingness and participation in the program itself. Following our review,
                                             - 10 -
we conclude that there is little likelihood that the conditions which led to removal and other
conditions now found will be remedied at an early date so that the Children can be safely
returned in the near future and that the continuation of the relationship greatly diminishes
the Children’s chances of early integration into a safe, stable and permanent home.
Accordingly, we also affirm the trial court on this ground of termination.

         3.      Failure to manifest an ability and willingness to assume custody

       The trial court found that DCS had proven by clear and convincing evidence that
Mother’s parental rights should be terminated pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated
section 36-1-113(g)(14), which provides as follows:

       A legal parent or guardian has failed to manifest, by act or omission, an
       ability and willingness to personally assume legal and physical custody or
       financial responsibility of the child, and placing the child in the person’s legal
       and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm to the physical or
       psychological welfare of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14). This ground requires the petitioner to prove two
elements by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(1), (g)(14).
First, a petitioner must prove that the parent failed to manifest “an ability and willingness
to personally assume legal and physical custody or financial responsibility of the child.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14). Second, a petitioner must prove that placing the
children in the parent’s “legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial harm
to the physical or psychological welfare of the child.” Id.

       As to the first element, our Supreme Court instructed as follows:

       [S]ection 36-1-113(g)(14) places a conjunctive obligation on a parent or
       guardian to manifest both an ability and willingness to personally assume
       legal and physical custody or financial responsibility for the child. If a person
       seeking to terminate parental rights proves by clear and convincing proof that
       a parent or guardian has failed to manifest either ability or willingness, then
       the first prong of the statute is satisfied.

In re Neveah M., 614 S.W.3d 659, 677 (Tenn. 2020) (citation omitted) (resolving the split
in authority regarding whether parental rights can be terminated if a parent has manifested
a willingness, but not an ability to personally assume legal and physical custody or financial
responsibility for the child).

       As to the second element, whether placing the child in the parent’s custody “would
pose a risk of substantial harm to the physical or psychological welfare of the child,” we
                                          - 11 -
have explained:

       The courts have not undertaken to define the circumstances that pose a risk
       of substantial harm to a child. These circumstances are not amenable to
       precise definition because of the variability of human conduct. However, the
       use of the modifier “substantial” indicates two things. First, it connotes a
       real hazard or danger that is not minor, trivial, or insignificant. Second, it
       indicates that the harm must be more than a theoretical possibility. While
       the harm need not be inevitable, it must be sufficiently probable to prompt a
       reasonable person to believe that the harm will occur more likely than not.

In re Virgil W., No. E2018-00091-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 4931470, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Oct. 11, 2018) (quoting Ray, 83 S.W.3d at 732).

        Mother did not testify at the hearing. The record reflects that Mother showed an
overall lack of willingness to ready herself for the Children’s return, with some
improvement once the termination petition had been filed. She has further evidenced her
inability to assume responsibility of them as evidenced by Mr. Crody’s testimony.
Specifically, Mother lacked an adequate support system to enable her to care for the
Children without DCS involvement and would need additional time to ready herself for
reunification. The record supports a finding that placing the Children with her would pose
a risk of substantial harm to their welfare given her failure to adequately address her illegal
drug use and her inability to provide a safe home free from a known abuser. We affirm the
court’s finding on this issue.

                                                 B.

        Having concluded that there was clear and convincing evidence supporting at least
one statutory ground of termination, we must consider whether termination was in the best
interest of the Children. In making this determination, we are guided by the following non-
exhaustive list of factors:

       (i)     In determining whether termination of parental or guardianship rights
       is in the best interest of the child . . . the court shall consider, but is not limited
       to, the following:

          (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
          circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s
          best interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;

          (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting
          adjustment after reasonable efforts by available social services agencies
                                          - 12 -
            for such duration of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably
            appear possible;3

            (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or
            other contact with the child;

            (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established
            between the parent or guardian and the child;

            (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely
            to have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical condition;

            (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the
            parent or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or
            psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult
            in the family or household;

            (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s home
            is healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or
            whether there is such use of alcohol or controlled substances as may
            render the parent or guardian consistently unable to care for the child in
            a safe and stable manner;

            (8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status
            would be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian from
            effectively providing safe and stable care and supervision for the child;
            or

            (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with
            the child support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to
            [section] 36-5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i). “This list is not exhaustive, and the statute does not require
a trial court to find the existence of each enumerated factor before it may conclude that
terminating a parent’s parental rights is in the best interest of a child.” In re M.A.R., 183
S.W.3d 652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). The General Assembly has also stated that “when
the best interest[] of the child and those of the adults are in conflict, such conflict shall
always be resolved to favor the rights and the best interest[] of the child, which interests
are hereby recognized as constitutionally protected.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-101(d); see

        3
          In re Kaliyah S., 455 S.W.3d at 555 (“[I]n a termination proceeding, the extent of DCS’s efforts
to reunify the family is weighed in the court’s best-interest analysis, but proof of reasonable efforts is not a
precondition to termination of the parental rights of the respondent parent.”).
                                                    - 13 -
also White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004) (holding that when
considering a child’s best interest, the court must take the child’s perspective, rather than
the parent’s).

       Mother has failed to ready herself for the Children’s return. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-
1-113(i)(1), (2). Meanwhile, the Children have found a family in their foster home with
parents who wish to adopt them as their own. A change of caretakers at this point would
be detrimental to their emotional condition. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(5). Questions
remain as to Mother’s ability to provide a safe and stable home for the Children as
evidenced by her failure to adequately address her illegal drug use, to secure a home free
from a known abuser, and to improve her ability to identify signs of potential abuse. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(6), (7). Mother’s mental and emotional state is also of concern
given her listed diagnoses and Mr. Crody’s estimation that Mother would need an
additional one to two years to ready herself for parenting. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(i)(8). With all of the above considerations in mind, we conclude that there was clear
and convincing evidence to establish that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in
the best interest of the Children. We affirm the trial court.

                              V.     CONCLUSION

      The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. The case is remanded for such further
proceedings as may be necessary. Costs of the appeal are taxed to the appellant, Brittany
R.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    JOHN W. McCLARTY, JUDGE

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