Court Opinion

ID: 3031079
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:45:21.936766+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:52:49.324018
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 02-2127
                                   ___________

United States of America,               *
                                        *
             Appellee,                  * Appeal from the United States
                                        * District Court for the
      v.                                * District of Minnesota.
                                        *
George E. Kline,                        * [UNPUBLISHED]
                                        *
             Appellant.                 *
                                   ___________

                             Submitted: December 10, 2002

                                  Filed: March 12, 2003
                                   ___________

Before McMILLIAN, FAGG, and BYE, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

PER CURIAM.

      George Kline appeals the district court's sua sponte application of a two-level
enhancement for use of sophisticated means in a securities fraud case, pursuant to
United States Sentencing Guideline (U.S.S.G.) § 2F1.1(b)(6)(C) (now § 2B1.1(b)(8)).
Because the district court failed to make specific findings of fact in support of the
enhancement, meaningful appellate review is not possible. We therefore reverse and
remand for resentencing.
                                           I

       On July 3, 2001, George Kline pleaded guilty to six counts of a 58-count
indictment charging him with various mail and securities fraud violations. Kline also
pleaded guilty to a one-count information charging him with money laundering
related to his mail and securities fraud violations. The indictment charged a
conspiracy dating from October 1995 until March 2001.

       Kline's fraudulent conduct consisted of making more than 150 illegal securities
transactions through his company, Protective Mouthguards, Inc. (PMI). Kline made
certain stock acquisitions based on insider information he obtained while sitting on
the boards of several prominent companies. He also received insider information
from two friends, Robert Hibbs and Bruce Le Duc. Kline shared this information
with his sons, Erich and Chris, as well as Hibbs and Le Duc. Kline failed to report
his PMI trades as insider transactions with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC). In sum, the conspiracy between the five participants garnered more than $11
million in illegal profit, with at least $2.5 million attributable to Kline.

       After Kline pleaded guilty, a presentence report (PSR) was prepared calculating
the offense level under the sentencing guidelines as follows: a base offense level of
8 under § 2F1.21 for insider trading, plus 13 additional levels under § 2F1.1(b)(1)(N)
for a loss of between $2.5 million and $5 million, plus 4 additional levels under §
3B1.1 for Kline's leadership role in the offense, plus another 2 levels under § 3B1.3
for abuse of a position of special trust, less 3 levels under § 3E1.1 for acceptance of
responsibility. Significantly, ¶ 64 of the PSR stated "[i]t was determined that
sophisticated means were not involved to execute this scheme; therefore, a 2-level
increase is not recommended. § 2F1.1(b)(6)." Absent application of the sophisticated

      1
       All guideline references are to those in effect prior to November 2001. The
fraud guidelines have since been amended and are now found at Part 2B.

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means enhancement, Kline's final offense level was 24, which called for a sentencing
range of 51 to 63 months under criminal history category I.

       At the sentencing hearing held on April 17, 2002, the prosecutor agreed with
the recommendation made in the PSR, stating "[w]e understand the Guideline range
to be 51 to 63 months, Your Honor." App. 27-8. Nonetheless, the district court
announced during the sentencing hearing it was adding two levels under 2F1.1(b)(6)
for use of sophisticated means, resulting in a final offense level of 26 and a
sentencing range of 63-78 months. The district court justified the enhancement by
stating:

      The defendant's mechanisms and methods were highly sophisticated. He
      did so using skills that he'd acquired over a long period of time, and
      under those circumstances, notwithstanding the fact that it was not
      recited in the [presentence report], I felt it appropriate to . . . place those
      within the . . . Guideline calculus.

App. 31.

      Kline's attorney was given the opportunity to object to the district court's sua
sponte application of the enhancement, but did not. Id. The district court ultimately
imposed a sentence of 78 months, at the high end of the enhanced sentencing range.

       On appeal, Kline raises two issues, acknowledging both issues are subject to
plain error review due to his failure to object to the enhancement at the time of
sentencing. First, Kline argues the district court was required to give notice of its
intent to add the enhancement, and that his due process rights were violated because
he was deprived of a meaningful opportunity to mount a legal or factual challenge to
the application of the enhancement. Second, Kline argues the lack of specific
findings to support the application of the sophisticated means enhancement deprives
this court of the opportunity to review the district court's determination. Kline argues

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this is particularly significant because the sophisticated means enhancement was not
incorporated into the guidelines until November 1, 1998. Kline was charged with
fraudulent conduct dating back to October 1995. Thus, Kline argues the district court
violated the ex post facto clause by considering conduct that occurred prior to
November 1, 1998.

                                            II

       Kline concedes, and we agree, that his failure to object to the district court's sua
sponte application of the sophisticated means enhancement, or request more time to
contest the enhancement, subjects his appeal to the plain error standard of review.
United States v. Day, 998 F.2d 622, 624 (8th Cir. 1993). Under the plain error
standard, we will reverse only when the error is obvious, affects a defendant's
substantial rights, and seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of
judicial proceedings. United States v. Evans, 272 F.3d 1069, 1080 (8th Cir. 2001).

       Three principles guide our conclusion that Kline has satisfied the plain error
standard of review. First, it is clear Kline's fraudulent conduct straddled the effective
date of the sophisticated means enhancement. The ex post facto clause prohibits the
use of a guideline not in effect when the defendant's conduct occurred if it produces
a sentence harsher than one permitted under the guidelines in effect at the time the
crime occurred. United States v. Zimmer, 299 F.3d 710, 717 (8th Cir. 2002). Second,
a violation of the ex post facto clause satisfies the plain error standard because a
defendant is sentenced to more time than he might have served absent the error.
United States v. Comstock, 154 F.3d 845, 850 (8th Cir. 1998). Finally, a "district
court must make sentencing findings sufficient to permit meaningful appellate
review." United States v. Alaniz, 148 F.3d 929, 936 (8th Cir. 1998) (citing United
States v. Fetlow, 21 F.3d 243, 248 (8th Cir. 1994)).

                                           -4-
        The district court failed to make findings sufficient for us to determine whether
it relied upon conduct which occurred prior to the effective date of the sophisticated
means enhancement. To the extent the district court made findings of fact, they
indicate the district court relied upon pre-November 1, 1998, conduct in violation of
the ex post facto clause. The district court found that Kline acquired his
"sophisticated" fraudulent skills "over a long period of time." This finding suggests
the district relied upon the entire period of Kline's fraudulent conduct (October 1995
to March 2001) to support the application of the enhancement. In addition, the
district court adopted the findings of the PSR as its findings of fact. App. 27. The
PSR includes many references to conduct that occurred prior to November 1, 1998,
which also indicates the district court considered conduct that occurred prior to the
effective date of the enhancement.

      Nothing in the record indicates the district court limited itself to consideration
of post-November 1, 1998, conduct when applying the sophisticated means
enhancement. Therefore, a remand is appropriate for the district court to reconsider
the application of the enhancement based solely upon conduct that occurred after
November 1, 1998.

      In light of our remand, we need not address Kline's separate claim that his due
process rights were violated by the district court's sua sponte application of the
enhancement.

BYE, Circuit Judge, concurring.

      The district court's limited comments in support of the sophisticated means
enhancement provide no guidance to us in reviewing the propriety of the
enhancement. Other than the conclusory statement that Kline's "mechanisms and
methods were highly sophisticated," the only finding the district court made was that
Kline acquired his fraudulent skills "over a long period of time." But the "long period

                                          -5-
of time" at issue included more time prior to the effective date of the sophisticated
means enhancement than after. The district court's inadequate fact findings are our
only barrier to determining whether application of the enhancement violated the ex
post facto clause. Under these circumstances, I agree the interests of justice require
a remand. I write separately to add that I do not believe a sophisticated means
enhancement is justified based on my review of the record. I agree with the probation
officer who prepared the PSR, as well as the prosecuting attorney who initially agreed
that sophisticated means were not involved.

       First, the fact that Kline's fraud occurred over a long period of time is not
enough to apply the enhancement. Extensive fraud is not necessarily sophisticated
fraud. The guidelines already account for the extent of Kline's fraud by adding 13
levels to his base offense level under § 2F1.1(b)(1)(N).

       On appeal, the government argues there is "no dispute about Kline's long-
standing use of PMI and other corporate shells to perpetrate his fraud scheme and
avoid detection." Although the comments to the guidelines suggest the sophisticated
means enhancement "ordinarily" applies when a defendant hides assets or
transactions, or both, through the use of fictitious entities, corporate shells, or
offshore financial accounts, U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 comment. n. 6 (C), I find no evidence
in the record to support the government's claim that PMI was a "corporate shell."

       Kline's plea agreement merely describes PMI as "an investment company solely
owned and controlled by defendant." Plea Agreement at 4. A solely-owned
investment company is not necessarily a corporate shell. The PSR likewise refers to
PMI as a "personal holding company" owned solely by Kline. PSR at ¶ 15. A solely-
owned personal holding company does not equate to a corporate shell either. I found
no information within the record which indicates PMI was anything other than a
legitimate holding company, used in an illegitimate manner by Kline.

                                         -6-
        Furthermore, because the district court made inadequate fact findings, we do
not know whether Kline's use of PMI was even the basis for applying the
enhancement, or whether the district court based the enhancement on some other
aspect of Kline's conduct. As an appellate court, we should not be left guessing
whether this, or that, was the reason for taking away twelve to twenty-seven months
of a person's liberty. The district court has an obligation to specifically indicate why
it believes the enhancement applies, so that we can engage in a meaningful review of
the issue.

       The government also alleges Kline used "other corporate shells" to perpetrate
his fraud. I found references in the record to three other entities Kline used to engage
in fraudulent conduct. Kline admitted using "a brokerage account in the name of Etre
Corporation to secretly purchase 26,000 shares of Advance Circuits stock" and that
he was "the founder and President of Etre Corporation." Plea Agreement at 2-3. But
there is no evidence Etre Corporation was a corporate shell. More significantly, this
conduct took place in "the late summer of 1989," id. at 2, and therefore before the
sophisticated means enhancement took effect and prior to the conspiracy charged in
the indictment.

       Kline also admitted "in late August 1989, he utilized a brokerage account
registered in the name of CK Investments, Inc. to secretly purchase approximately
45,000 shares of Advance Circuits stock." Id. at 3. Once again, there is no evidence
in the record that CK Investments, Inc. was a corporate shell. This conduct also
occurred well before the effective date of the sophisticated means enhancement, and
prior to the conspiracy charged in the indictment.

       Finally, Kline admitted that "on September 23, 1998, [he made] a purchase of
10,000 shares of Tower stock . . . in his wife's brokerage account." Id. at 6. Once
again, there is no evidence in the record that Kline's wife's brokerage account was a

                                          -7-
corporate shell, and this conduct also took place prior to the effective date of the
sophisticated means enhancement.

       The PSR also refers to the fact that Kline forged signatures of a former
business associate to open PMI brokerage accounts and to help avoid certain SEC
reporting requirements in relation to insider transactions. PSR at ¶ 25. The
indictment indicates, however, this conduct occurred in November 1989, February
1991, and August 1994. Indictment at 4. Thus, the forgery also took place before the
sophisticated means enhancement took effect, and prior to the conspiracy charged in
the indictment.

       It is realized Kline hid his transactions by failing to report them to the SEC,
but such does not convince me that conduct alone justifies application of the
sophisticated means enhancement. It does not require a great deal of sophistication
to neglect to file a report with the SEC. That type of conduct would be involved in
many insider trading cases. So, unless application of the enhancement for
sophisticated means is to be a foregone conclusion in every insider trading case where
the defendant fails to report a transaction to the SEC, some other sophisticated means
should be required to justify the enhancement.

       In sum, this case appears to me to be a run-of-the-mill insider trading case.
Kline's fraudulent conduct was certainly extensive, both as to the length of time
during which it was conducted, and the amount of illegitimate funds garnered. But
the fraud involved does not appear to me to be any more sophisticated than five
individuals sharing inside information, and failing to report the resulting transactions

                                          -8-
to the SEC. I therefore do not believe the sophisticated means enhancement should
apply.

      A true copy.

            Attest:

               CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

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