Court Opinion

ID: 4542935
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-20 00:01:10.225989+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:09.415283
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                              JUN 19 2020
                          NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                         SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                                            U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

             UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                       OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:                                               BAP Nos. NV-19-1121-BGL
                                                              NV-19-1122-BGL
MOUNTAIN AIR ENTERPRISES, LLC                                (Related Appeals)

                    Debtor.                          Bk. No. 3:17-bk-51391-BTB

STEVEN SCARPA,

                    Appellant,

v.                                                          MEMORANDUM*

ALEXANDER KENDALL, Administrator
of the Estate of Bijan Madjlessi,

                    Appellee.

                      Argued and Submitted on May 21, 2020

                                 Filed – June 19, 2020

                Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                          for the District of Nevada

         *
         This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited
 for whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no
 precedential value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
           Honorable Bruce T. Beesley, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

Appearances:      Amy N. Tirre argued for appellant Steven Scarpa; Joe R.
                  Abramson argued for appellee Alexander Kendall,
                  Administrator of the Estate of Bijan Madjlessi.

Before:     BRAND, GAN, and LAFFERTY, Bankruptcy Judges.

                               INTRODUCTION

      Appellee Alexander Kendall, Administrator of Estate of Bijan Madjlessi

("Madjlessi Estate"), filed a proof of claim ("Claim No. 2") for attorney's fees as

prevailing party in prior litigation with the debtor. Appellant Steven Scarpa

objected to Claim No. 2 as to the amount and on the grounds that attorney's

fees were awarded to all three prevailing parties in the case, not just the

Madjlessi Estate, and therefore the fees should be awarded to all three. As an

assignee of the fee award, Scarpa filed a proof of claim ("Claim No. 4")

asserting his entitlement to a portion of the fees awarded in Claim No. 2. The

Madjlessi Estate objected to Claim No. 4. The bankruptcy court sustained in

part and overruled in part Scarpa's objection to Claim No. 2 and sustained the

Madjlessi Estate's objection to Claim No. 4. Scarpa appeals both orders.

      Because the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in

determining the amount of the fee award, we AFFIRM that portion of the

order for Claim No. 2. The bankruptcy court erred, however, in determining

that only the Madjlessi Estate was entitled to it. Therefore, we REVERSE the

                                         2
portion of the order for Claim No. 2 awarding fees only to the Madjlessi

Estate and REMAND with instructions for the bankruptcy court to enter an

order awarding fees to all prevailing parties, without apportionment as

between them. The apportionment of fees is a dispute among nondebtor

parties and should be resolved by the parties or in state court. We also

REVERSE the order on Claim No. 4 and REMAND with instructions for the

bankruptcy court to enter an order sustaining the objection as to the request

to apportion the fee award between the prevailing parties.

      I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

A.    Prepetition events

      1.    Background of the parties

      Scarpa is an experienced real estate investor and developer. He is the

sole member and manager of the debtor, Mountain Air Enterprises, LLC

("Mountain Air"). Bijan Madjlessi, now deceased, was an experienced licensed

contractor and real estate developer. Scarpa and Madjlessi met in

approximately 1988 and engaged in many business deals over the years.

      In 2004, Madjlessi brought in Glenn Larsen as a business partner in the

real estate deal that resulted in the litigation leading to the subject attorney's

fee award. The details of that deal are not terribly important for our purposes

here. Suffice it to say, in 2005 and 2006, Scarpa, Madjlessi, Larsen, and

Sundowner Towers, LLC ("Sundowner"), an LLC co-owned equally by

Madjlessi and Larsen, entered into a series of agreements related to the

                                         3
acquisition and development of the former Sundowner Hotel & Casino in

Reno, Nevada. Scarpa formed Mountain Air to hold his interest in the

property.

     Through a series of complicated transactions involving multiple

agreements, title to what is known as the South Tower portion of the property

was transferred to Mountain Air, subject to a Repurchase Agreement and an

Option Agreement held by Sundowner. Madjlessi and Larsen personally

guaranteed Sundowner's obligations under both agreements. David Santi, an

attorney who did legal work for both Scarpa and Madjlessi, drafted these

agreements for the parties.

     2.     The state court litigation

            a.   California trial court

     In 2008, Mountain Air filed suit in the California state court against

Madjlessi, Larsen, and Sundowner (collectively, "Defendants") asserting two

causes of action: (1) breach of contract against Sundowner, alleging that

Sundowner breached the Repurchase Agreement by refusing to buy back the

South Tower; and (2) breach of the written guarantees against Madjlessi and

Larsen, based on the same alleged default under the Repurchase Agreement

("State Court Action"). In their defense, Defendants argued that: (1) the

Repurchase Agreement was illegal and therefore void and unenforceable; and

(2) even if it was valid, the later-executed Option Agreement was a novation

that extinguished all rights and obligations under the Repurchase Agreement.

                                         4
      Defendants were represented by two attorneys before the trial court.

One was Joe Abramson. Per the terms of his engagement letter, Defendants

were "jointly and severally liable" for payment of fees, but invoices were to be

sent directly to Madjlessi and Madjlessi and Larsen would work out between

them how the invoices would be paid. Historically, all fees paid to Abramson

were paid by Madjlessi (and later by his estate). Abramson's engagement

letter also provided for an attorney lien on any recovery obtained by

Defendants. The second attorney representing Defendants was David Lonich.

Lonich agreed that he would be paid only if Defendants prevailed and

recovered a fee award from Mountain Air. No engagement letter or attorney

lien for Lonich was submitted in the record.

      The California trial court held an 18-day bench trial. The first five days

were spent on an Evidence Code § 402 hearing ("402 Hearing"). The issue

there was whether Santi represented Scarpa or Madjlessi or both, and if Santi

jointly represented them, whether the communications between Scarpa and

Santi and Madjlessi and Santi were protected from disclosure by the attorney-

client privilege. Defendants contended that Santi represented both Scarpa

and Madjlessi; thus, no attorney-client privilege applied. Defendants

prevailed. Santi was ordered to produce otherwise protected correspondence

and was examined extensively at trial regarding the drafting of the

Repurchase Agreement and the Option Agreement and his communications

with Scarpa.

                                        5
     Following another 13 days of trial, the trial court entered a 40-page final

decision in October 2012, ruling for Defendants. It found that the Repurchase

Agreement was "void, illegal and unenforceable." It also concluded that the

Option Agreement was a novation and extinguished the Repurchase

Agreement and any obligation Defendants had under it. Defendants

prevailed on their affirmative defenses of illegality and novation. Mountain

Air was awarded nothing.

     Defendants, as prevailing parties, moved for attorney's fees under the

attorney fee provisions in both the Repurchase Agreement and the Option

Agreement.1 Defendants requested fees of $640,998.50, or enhanced fees of

$774,141. Defendants conceded that, if the court had to allocate fees between

the illegality defense (which may not be compensable given the illegal

Repurchase Agreement) and the novation defense (which was based on the

valid Option Agreement), an appropriate reduction for the illegality defense

would be $59,997.50. In other words, approximately 10% of the fees were

incurred for that defense.

     The trial court denied the fee motion, reasoning that fees were not

       1
           As relevant here, the attorney fee clause in the Option Agreement provides:

       If any legal action or any other proceeding . . . is brought for the enforcement
       of this Agreement or because of an alleged dispute, breach, default, or
       misrepresentation in connection with any provision of this Agreement, the
       prevailing party shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorney fees, expert
       fees and other costs incurred in that action or proceeding . . . .

                                              6
available under either the illegal and void Repurchase Agreement or the

Option Agreement. Defendants appealed the fee order.2

             b.     The appeals

      The California Court of Appeal reversed the fee order. It determined

that Defendants were entitled to fees under the Option Agreement, reasoning

that the novation defense fell within the meaning of the subject fee provision.

Accordingly, the appellate court ruled:

      Because we have already determined that the form in which the
      issue was raised — an affirmative defense — is within the
      boundaries of litigation covered by the attorney fees clause of the
      option agreement, defendants are entitled to an award of attorney
      fees, at least to the extent the litigation involved defendants'
      affirmative defense of novation.

(Emphasis added). In a footnote following this sentence, the appellate court

noted:

      We leave to the trial court, on remand, whether an apportionment
      of fees is appropriate in light of the litigation of issues extraneous
      to the novation defense.

Thus, it was up to the trial court whether it would award fees for litigation

not directly related to the novation defense — i.e., the illegality defense and

other issues.

         2
         While the appeal of the fee order was pending, Madjlessi was killed in a car
 accident. Alexander Kendall was appointed as the Administrator of the Madjlessi
 Estate.

                                            7
      The California Supreme Court granted Mountain Air's petition for

review. The Madjlessi Estate retained appellate attorney, Katharine Galston,

to defend that appeal. Galston's fee was contingent upon a successful

outcome for Defendants' fee award. Her engagement letter contained an

attorney lien on any fees recovered by the Madjlessi Estate.

      The California Supreme Court issued a published decision affirming the

appellate court's award of attorney's fees to Defendants. Its ruling was silent

as to whether or not Defendants could be awarded fees for matters unrelated

to the novation defense.

      While the appeal was pending, Scarpa and Larsen executed an

assignment whereby, in exchange for $10,000 Larsen assigned to Scarpa his

rights to any proceeds resulting from the State Court Action. The assignment

was later amended to include Larsen's share of Sundowner's rights in any

such proceeds. Effectively, Scarpa, principal of the losing plaintiff in the case,

was now standing in the shoes of defendants Larsen and Sundowner (in part)

for any fee award resulting from the State Court Action.

      After the California Supreme Court issued its remittitur, counsel for

Mountain Air and counsel for Defendants stipulated to extend the deadline

for Defendants to file their fee motion in the trial court until December 15,

2017. One week later, Abramson withdrew as counsel for Larsen and

Sundowner but continued to represent the Madjlessi Estate.

      Represented by Abramson, the Madjlessi Estate filed a renewed motion

                                         8
for attorney's fees on behalf of "Defendants" on December 15, 2017,

requesting fees of $937,431.00, or enhanced fees of $1,344,726.20. This amount

included fees for Abramson, Lonich, and Galston. While the motion

contained all three Defendants' names in the caption and argued that

"Defendants" were entitled to fees, the Madjlessi Estate argued that it should

receive 100% of the fees awarded because Madjlessi paid the fees that were

paid to Abramson, and Abramson waived any claim against Larsen or

Sundowner for his outstanding fees of $61,819.88. The motion was never

reviewed by the trial court, because Mountain Air filed its chapter 73

bankruptcy case the day before on December 14, 2017.

B.    Postpetition events

      1.     Madjlessi Estate's Claim No. 2

      After being denied stay relief to proceed with the renewed fee motion

in the California trial court, the Madjlessi Estate filed its 492-page Claim No. 2

for attorney's fees of $975,492.50, or enhanced fees of $1,386,735.84, associated

with the State Court Action. This amount included fees for Abramson,

Lonich, Galston, and the Madjlessi Estate's bankruptcy attorney, Stefanie

Sharp.

      Scarpa objected to Claim No. 2. In short, he argued that: (1) only fees

incurred for the novation defense were recoverable; and (2) the Madjlessi

         3
          Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the
 Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and all "Rule" references are to the Federal
 Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.

                                            9
Estate was only one of three prevailing defendant parties, and thus it was

entitled to recover only one third of any fees awarded. Scarpa argued,

without any real support, that the fees should be reduced by 75%, and later

argued in favor of a 50% reduction.

     Scarpa argued that fees incurred for the illegality defense were not

recoverable based on the rulings by the California appellate courts and, in

any case, a reduction in fees of only 10% for that defense was "arbitrary" and

insufficient because more time was spent on that defense than contended. In

addition, Scarpa argued that time spent on other non-novation defense

matters was not recoverable, including 12 hours spent on other affirmative

defenses, the 402 Hearing, the potential waiver of Madjlessi's Fifth

Amendment rights, and opposing a petition for writ of mandate — all of

which had nothing to do with the novation defense.

     Scarpa also disputed the Madjlessi Estate's asserted entitlement to the

entire fee award. Abramson represented all three Defendants, all three

Defendants were liable under the engagement letter for payment of fees, and

the California Supreme Court awarded fees to all three Defendants. Even

though Madjlessi had paid Abramson's fees, argued Scarpa, that did not

nullify Larsen's and Sundowner's ownership rights for their share of any fee

award. Scarpa argued that he was entitled to 50% of the award because he

was the owner of Larsen's one-third share (33%) and the owner of half of

Sundowner's one-third interest (17%).

                                        10
      The Madjlessi Estate opposed Scarpa's objection to Claim No. 2. It

argued that the California Supreme Court did not order the allocation of fees

between time spent on one defense or the other. Thus, all fees were

recoverable, not just those incurred for the novation defense. However, even

if the fees had to be allocated, the Madjlessi Estate argued that a 10%

reduction for fees related to the illegality defense — a total of $59,997.50 —

was proper and supported by Abramson's and Lonich's declarations and

invoices.

      The Madjlessi Estate argued that attorney's fees incurred for the 402

Hearing, the potential waiver of Madjlessi's Fifth Amendment rights, and

opposing the petition for writ of mandate were recoverable. The outcome of

the 402 Hearing was critical to Defendants' establishment of the novation

defense. Further, Madjlessi's testimony was vital to Defendants' success in the

lawsuit, including the novation defense. As explained by the Madjlessi Estate,

during a break in the trial of the State Court Action, Madjlessi was charged

with a criminal offense related to the development of the subject property.

Decisions needed to be made regarding whether his testimony in the State

Court Action would constitute a waiver of his Fifth Amendment rights.

Ultimately, it was decided that Madjlessi could provide certain testimony that

would not waive his rights against self-incrimination but would benefit

Defendants. Lastly, argued the Madjlessi Estate, the opposition to the petition

for writ of mandate was another win for Defendants. The writ petition

                                       11
ultimately resulted in Scarpa being removed from the case as co-plaintiff and

the dismissal of his cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty against

Madjlessi and Larsen.

      As for Scarpa's second objection — who was entitled to receive the

recoverable fees — the Madjlessi Estate argued that a prevailing party who

has actually incurred attorney's fees can recover fees, but attorney's fees are

not recoverable by a prevailing party who has not actually paid the fees.

Here, Larsen and Sundowner had neither incurred nor paid any attorney's

fees for the State Court Action.

      2.     Scarpa's Claim No. 4

      Scarpa filed Claim No. 4 requesting 50% of the (enhanced) attorney's

fees the Madjlessi Estate was seeking in Claim No. 2, or $693,367.92. The

Madjlessi Estate objected to Claim No. 4, arguing that it should be disallowed

in its entirety. The Madjlessi Estate argued that the assignment by Larsen of

his interest, and purportedly that of Sundowner, in any proceeds from the

State Court Action did not transfer to Scarpa any rights in the attorney's fee

award requested in Claim No. 2, because Larsen and Sundowner had not

incurred and paid any fees and therefore had no right to receive any portion

of those fees.4

        4
          Scarpa opposed the Madjlessi Estate's objection to Claim No. 4, raising the same
 arguments as he did in his objection to Claim No. 2. The Madjlessi Estate acknowledged
 that the outcome of the two claims would not impact the administration of Mountain
 Air's essentially insolvent estate, but that it would have a "profound and far-reaching
                                                                                (continued...)

                                             12
       3.     Rulings on Claim No. 2 and Claim No. 4

      The bankruptcy court entered an oral ruling on both claims. As for the

amount of attorney's fees to be awarded, the court rejected Scarpa's proposed

50% reduction and reasoned that a 10% reduction for the fees incurred for the

illegality defense was appropriate. However, the 10% reduction applied only

to Abramson and Lonich, since Galston and Sharp were not involved with the

underlying trial where legality was litigated. The court did not award the

enhanced fee amount requested.

      As for who was entitled to the award of attorney's fees, the court ruled

that Scarpa, by way of his assignment, was not entitled to a ratable share of

the fees, because: (1) Larsen and Sundowner never paid any of Abramson's

attorney's fees and Abramson made no demand on them to pay any unpaid

fees; and (2) Larsen and Sundowner were never entitled to any fees for

Lonich, Galston, or Sharp, because (a) those attorneys were not retained by

Larsen and Sundowner and (b) in any case, Larsen and Sundowner never

paid of any their fees.

      Thereafter, the bankruptcy court entered two orders: an order

sustaining in part and overruling in part Scarpa's objection to Claim No. 2;

and an order sustaining the Madjlessi Estate's objection to Claim No. 4. Claim

No. 2 was allowed in the amount of $906,899.75. Claim No. 4 was disallowed

      4
        (...continued)
 effect" on the future alter ego litigation to be asserted against Scarpa in the state court.

                                               13
in its entirety. Scarpa timely appealed both orders.

                                II. JURISDICTION

      The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and

157(b)(2)(B). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.

                                    III. ISSUES

1.    Did the bankruptcy court err in its ruling on Claim No. 2?

2.    Did the bankruptcy court err in its ruling on Claim No. 4?

                         IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      In the claim objection context, we review the bankruptcy court's legal

conclusions de novo and its findings of fact for clear error. Lundell v. Anchor

Constr. Specialists, Inc. (In re Lundell), 223 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2000).

      We review the bankruptcy court's award of attorney's fees under state

law for an abuse of discretion. Muniz v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 738 F.3d 214,

218-19 (9th Cir. 2013). A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it applies

the wrong legal standard, or misapplies the correct legal standard, or makes

factual findings that are illogical, implausible, or without support in

inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record. United States v.

Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc)).

                                 V. DISCUSSION

A.    Proofs of claim in bankruptcy

      A creditor asserts a claim in bankruptcy by filing a proof of claim.

§ 501(a); Rules 3001 & 3002. A claim is "deemed allowed, unless a party in

                                          14
interest . . . objects." § 502(a). If an interested party objects, the bankruptcy

court, "after notice and a hearing, shall determine the amount of such claim . .

. and shall allow such claim in such amount . . . ." § 502(b).

      A properly filed proof of claim "shall constitute prima facie evidence of

the validity and amount of the claim." Rule 3001(f). To overcome this

presumption of validity, the objector must do more than formally object.

Lundell, 223 F.3d at 1039. Instead, "[t]o defeat the claim, the objector must

come forward with sufficient evidence and show facts tending to defeat the

claim by probative force equal to that of the allegations of the proofs of claim

themselves." Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). "'If the

objector produces sufficient evidence to negate one or more of the sworn facts

in the proof of claim, the burden reverts to the claimant to prove the validity

of the claim by a preponderance of the evidence.'" Id. (quoting Ashford v.

Consol. Pioneer Mortg. (In re Consol. Pioneer Mortg.), 178 B.R. 222, 226 (9th Cir.

BAP 1995), aff'd, 91 F.3d 151 (9th Cir. 1996) (quoting In re Allegheny Int'l, Inc.,

954 F.2d 167, 174 (3d Cir. 1992)). The ultimate burden of persuasion, thus,

remains with the claimant. Id.

B.    The bankruptcy court erred in part in its ruling on Claim No. 2, and it
      erred entirely in its ruling on Claim No. 4.

      The focus of Claim No. 2 was the amount of attorney's fees to be

awarded against Mountain Air as the losing party in the State Court Action.

In his objection to Claim No. 2, Scarpa maintained that all three Defendants,

                                         15
as the prevailing parties, were entitled to whatever the bankruptcy court

awarded. To preserve his right to share in that award, which he obtained by

assignment from Larsen and Sundowner, Scarpa filed Claim No. 4, wherein

he asserted a claim to half of the fees requested by the Madjlessi Estate. The

filing of these competing claims certainly confused the issue. It would have

been better practice for Scarpa not to have filed Claim No. 4 and simply

asserted his rights to the fee award in Claim No. 2. In any case, we do not

discern an abuse of discretion by the bankruptcy court in allowing a claim for

attorney's fees against Mountain Air for $906,899.75. However, the court

erred when it awarded the entire amount of fees to the Madjlessi Estate.

      1.       Amount of attorney's fees allowed was proper.

      Defendants were the "prevailing party" in the State Court Action and

were entitled to an award of attorney's fees to be determined by the

California trial court or, in this case, the bankruptcy court. California Civil

Code § 17175 provides that "[r]easonable attorney's fees shall be fixed by the

court." The fee-setting inquiry in California ordinarily begins with the

"lodestar," i.e., the number of hours reasonably expended multiplied by the

       5
           Cal. Civ. Code § 1717(a) provides:

       In any action on a contract, where the contract specifically provides that
       attorney’s fees and costs, which are incurred to enforce that contract, shall be
       awarded either to one of the parties or to the prevailing party, then the party
       who is determined to be the party prevailing on the contract, whether he or
       she is the party specified in the contract or not, shall be entitled to reasonable
       attorney’s fees in addition to other costs.

                                                16
reasonable hourly rate. "California courts have consistently held that a

computation of time spent on a case and the reasonable value of that time is

fundamental to a determination of an appropriate attorneys' fee award."

Margolin v. Reg'l Planning Comm'n, 134 Cal. App. 3d 999, 1004 (1982). "It is

well established that the determination of what constitutes reasonable

attorney fees is committed to the discretion of the trial court[.]" PLCM Grp. v.

Drexler, 22 Cal. 4th 1084, 1096 (2000).

      Scarpa raises several arguments here, but his overall argument is that

the fees requested were excessive and that the bankruptcy court abused its

discretion in reducing them only by an "arbitrary" amount of 10%.6 First,

Scarpa argues that Defendants could not recover fees for time spent on

affirmative defenses not related to the novation defense, and more time was

spent on the illegality defense than contended. According to Scarpa, only a

10% reduction for time spent on all of these non-recoverable defenses was

arbitrary under the circumstances. We disagree. Even if one interprets the

state court decisions as narrowly as Scarpa contends, the California Court of

Appeal made clear that it was up to the trial court whether to apportion fees

for time spent on issues extraneous to the novation defense; the California

Supreme Court's decision was silent on the matter. In any case, the 10%

       6
          We find it difficult to give credence to Scarpa's arguments that the fee award
 should have been less, while at the same time claiming to be one of the recipients of the
 fees. Of course, his real interest is in reducing the fee award because he may be the
 party having to pay it.

                                            17
reduction was not "arbitrary" and was supported by the record. The

bankruptcy court apparently gave more weight to the Madjlessi Estate's

evidence that approximately 10% of Abramson's and Lonich's time was spent

on the illegality defense, as opposed to Scarpa's "argument" that 75%, then

50%, was a better number. Notably, that same 10% figure has been asserted

since Defendants filed their first fee motion in 2012 after the California trial

court entered its final decision. Counsel for Scarpa even conceded that, given

the nature of the case and volume of invoices, it was "really hard" to

determine what a proper reduction should be.

      Scarpa next argues that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by

awarding fees for the 402 Hearing, the Fifth Amendment waiver issue, and

the writ of mandate — all of which Scarpa argues had nothing to do with the

novation defense. The Madjlessi Estate presented evidence that the 402

Hearing and Fifth Amendment waiver issue were critical not only to the

success of the novation defense but to Defendants' success overall. Thus, we

discern no abuse by the bankruptcy court in awarding fees related to these

two matters. As for the writ petition, Scarpa argues that the Madjlessi Estate

conceded that it had nothing to do with the novation defense. Again, as

stated by the California Court of Appeal, the trial court had discretion to

award fees for time spent on issues extraneous to the novation defense. But

even if not, Scarpa notes that Abramson spent only approximately 12.6 hours

on the writ petition. Given this relatively small amount of time in light of the

                                        18
nearly 2300 hours of attorney time spent on this case, the bankruptcy court's

decision to award fees for the writ petition does not constitute an abuse of

discretion.

      Scarpa also argues that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by

awarding fees for duplicative work. However, Scarpa did not identify in the

record any specific duplicate entries or how much time was spent by

attorneys doing the same task. And he does not do so on appeal. Accordingly,

the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion by not deducting fees for the

alleged duplicative work.

      Lastly, Scarpa argues that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in

not reducing the amount of fees requested for Galston, which he claims are

excessive and unreasonable. The only objection Scarpa raised before the

bankruptcy court as to Galston's fees was that her "high" rate of $625.00 per

hour had already factored in the contingent nature of her fees, and so it

would be inappropriate to enhance her fees by a 2.0 multiplier. The

bankruptcy court did not apply an enhanced multiplier to Galston's or

anyone else's fees. Scarpa's new arguments on appeal about Galston's fees are

not well-taken.

      On this record, the amount of attorney's fees claimed in Claim No. 2

was prima facie valid. Scarpa did not come forward with sufficient evidence

to rebut the presumption of validity and shift the burden to the Madjlessi

Estate to prove the validity of that amount. Accordingly, the bankruptcy

                                       19
court did not abuse its discretion by allowing Claim No. 2 in the amount of

$906,899.75.

      2.    Awarding the fees only to the Madjlessi Estate was error.

      Without citing any authority, the bankruptcy court held that Scarpa, by

way of his assignment from Larsen and Sundowner, was not entitled to any

of the attorney's fee award because (1) Larsen and Sundowner never paid any

of the attorney's fees at issue in Claim No. 2, and (2) Larsen and Sundowner

were never liable for fees for Lonich, Galston, or Sharp because they did not

retain these attorneys. As we explain below, the bankruptcy court failed to

apply the correct California law.

      All three Defendants were parties to the Abramson engagement letter.

Under its express terms, all three were "jointly and severally liable" for

payment of Abramson's fees and costs. Relying on Trope v. Katz, 11 Cal. 4th

274 (1995), Scarpa argued that, because all three Defendants had incurred

fees and thus had become liable for and obligated to pay them, all three were

entitled to the award of fees, regardless of who actually paid them. Also

relying on Trope, the Madjlessi Estate argued that, for a prevailing party to

receive an award of attorney's fees, the prevailing party must also have

actually incurred and paid the fees.

      In Trope, the California Supreme Court considered the "narrow issue" of

whether an attorney who chooses to litigate pro se in an action to enforce a

contract containing an attorney's fee provision can recover fees under

                                        20
California Civil Code § 1717. 11 Cal. 4th at 280. The court construed the term

"incur" as used in the statute to mean generally "become liable" for a fee, i.e.,

to "become obligated to pay it." Id. It further defined "attorney's fees" as the

sum a litigant "actually pays or becomes liable to pay" for legal

representation. Id. The court reasoned that an attorney representing himself is

not entitled to fees, because he does not become liable to pay fees to another,

and therefore does not "incur" fees within the meaning of the statute. "Thus,

the key to the analysis of [California Civil Code] § 1717 under Trope is the

incurring of fees." Farmers Ins. Exch. v. Law Offices of Conrado Joe Sayas, Jr., 250

F.3d 1234, 1237 (9th Cir. 2001).

      While Trope perhaps lends support to Scarpa's argument, the California

Supreme Court has expressly rejected the Madjlessi Estate's argument that a

prevailing party can only receive an award of attorney's fees if the party

actually paid or became liable to pay the fees. See Lolley v. Campbell, 28 Cal.

4th 367, 373 (2002) (observing that "attorney's fees are incurred by a litigant if

they are incurred in his behalf, even though he does not pay them."). In any

event, we located a case neither party has cited that compels a ruling in

Scarpa's favor.

      In International Billing Services, Inc. v. Emigh, 84 Cal. App. 4th 1175

(2000), a group of engineers were sued by their former employer for breach of

contract. The engineers' legal fees were paid for by their new employer. After

the engineers prevailed at trial, they sought attorney's fees under California

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Civil Code § 1717. The losing plaintiff argued that the engineers were not

entitled to attorney's fees because they had not "incurred" any such fees. The

court rejected this argument. Even though the engineers had not actually paid

attorney's fees, the written retainer agreement between the engineers and

their counsel made the engineers "jointly and severally liable for legal

services" rendered. Thus, the engineers became "liable to pay" the fee even if

they were not the source of payment the attorney agreed to look to first. Had

the new employer not paid the fees, the engineers were responsible for doing

so. Therefore, they had "incurred" fees and, by virtue of the reciprocity

provision of California Civil Code § 1717, were entitled to an award of fees.

Id. at 1192.

      Here, because all three Defendants were "jointly and severally liable"

for payment of Abramson's fee and therefore "liable to pay" it, all three were

entitled to an award of his fee, even if Madjlessi was the one Abramson

looked to first for payment and Madjlessi footed the bills. That Abramson has

waived any claim against Larsen or Sundowner for the amount of his unpaid

fees matters not. See Rosenaur v. Scherer, 88 Cal. App. 4th 260, 283 (2001)

(waived attorney's fees are still "incurred").

      All three Defendants were also entitled to an award of fees for Lonich,

Galston, and Sharp. No retainer agreement was produced for Lonich, but it

seems undisputed that Larsen and Sundowner did not retain him.

Nonetheless, Lonich represented all three Defendants at the underlying trial.

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As for Galston, the Madjlessi Estate and Galston maintained that she

represented only the Madjlessi Estate in the appeal to the California Supreme

Court and not Larsen or Sundowner. However, all three Defendants were

named as parties in that appeal, and the California Supreme Court held that

"Defendants" (plural) were entitled to an award of attorney's fees, not just the

Madjlessi Estate. Similarly, by filing Claim No. 2, Sharp is trying to recover

the same fee that was awarded to all three Defendants. Thus, regardless of

how the Madjlessi Estate wishes to characterize things, counsels' post-trial

efforts were solely for the purpose of recovering a fee award for the

prevailing parties — here, all three Defendants. The Madjlessi Estate has not

cited any authority that the party who pursues a successful appeal titled in

the names of multiple co-parties is the only one who gets the award.

      The Madjlessi Estate argued before the bankruptcy court that Larsen

and Sundowner were not entitled to fees for Lonich, Galston, and Sharp,

because Larsen and Sundowner did not retain these attorneys. Put simply,

Larsen and Sundowner never "incurred" any fees for these attorneys because

of the lack of an engagement letter with them. The bankruptcy court agreed.

This same argument was expressly rejected in International Billing Services.

The losing plaintiff argued that the trial court erred by awarding fees charged

by patent attorneys who also defended the engineers in the litigation but

were not retained by the engineers. The appellate court reasoned:

      We fail to see why the absence of an engagement letter changes the
      result as to the West firm. Not all contracts for legal services are in

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      writing, nor do they need to be in writing. Further, the Engineers
      were liable, based on a quantum meruit theory, for services
      rendered on their behalf, even if there was no legal services
      contract. The trial court was entitled to credit counsel's statement
      all defendants were obliged to pay West's fees, even though NAC
      actually paid them. Therefore, the West firm fees are procedurally
      in the same posture as the Boutin firm fees, at least insofar as IBS's
      "incur" argument.

Int'l Billing Servs., Inc., 84 Cal. App. 4th at 1195.

      Because all three Defendants had "incurred" attorney's fees, they were

all entitled to an award of fees from Mountain Air. Accordingly, the

bankruptcy court erred when it ruled that only the Madjlessi Estate was

entitled to the fee award. The court further erred to the extent it held that

Scarpa received nothing by the assignment because Larsen and Sundowner

were never entitled to fees and had nothing to assign.

      Our decision here does not dictate "how" the fees will or should be

divided between the prevailing parties. It is undisputed that Madjlessi or his

estate paid the lion's share of the fees owed to Abramson. Obviously, his

estate is entitled to reimbursement for the amount paid. The other attorneys

have not been paid by anyone. There is evidence in the record of an attorney

lien for Galston, but not for Lonich or Sharp. However, how the prevailing

parties divide these fees and pay their attorneys is of no concern to the

bankruptcy court or the chapter 7 trustee, because that issue has no effect

whatsoever on the administration of Mountain Air's estate. In the bankruptcy

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claims context, the only concerns are whether the claim is valid and, if so,

how much of it will be allowed. Should the parties be unable to resolve any

potential dispute about how the fees will be divided or paid, the state court

may be the better forum for resolving it.

                              VI. CONCLUSION

     As to the order on Claim No. 2, we AFFIRM the order, in part, with

respect to the amount of prevailing parties attorney's fees awarded against

the bankruptcy estate. We REVERSE and REMAND the order on Claim No. 2

in part and REVERSE and REMAND the order on Claim No. 4 with respect to

the dispute over the identity of the holder of the prevailing attorney's fee

claim and its potential apportionment among competing prevailing parties,

an issue addressed in the resolution of both claim objections. The bankruptcy

court erred when it determined that the Madjlessi Estate was the sole holder

of the fee claim and that Scarpa was not entitled to any share of the fees. On

remand, the bankruptcy court shall enter an order allowing the claim for

attorney's fees, as quantified in its order resolving the objection to Claim

No. 2, to all prevailing parties and shall enter an order on Claim No. 4 that

the fee award is made as to all prevailing parties without apportionment.

Any apportionment dispute among the non-debtor prevailing parties shall be

resolved outside of the bankruptcy court.

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