Court Opinion

ID: 199383
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-02-07 04:29:40+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:27:00.195643
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                      For the First Circuit

No. 00-1093

LUTGARDO ACEVEDO LÓPEZ; MIGDALIA FUENTES-CABÁN; CONJUGAL PARTNERSHIP
                          ACEVEDO-FUENTES,

                     Plaintiffs, Appellants,

                                 v.

POLICE DEPARTMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO; HÉCTOR QUILES,
IN HIS PERSONAL AND OFFICIAL CAPACITY; PEDRO TOLEDO, IN HIS PERSONAL
 AND OFFICIAL CAPACITY; JOHN DOE, IN HIS PERSONAL AND OFFICIAL
                             CAPACITY,

                      Defendants, Appellees.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

      [Hon. Jaime Pieras, Jr., Senior U.S.District Judge]

                               Before

                     Torruella, Chief Judge,
                      Lipez, Circuit Judge,
              and García-Gregory,* District Judge.

           Antonio Bauzá Torres, for appellants.
           Leticia Casalduc-Rabell, Assistant Solicitor General, with
whom Gustavo A. Gelpí, Solicitor General, Department of Justice, and
Rosa N. Russe-García, Deputy Solicitor General, were on brief for
appellees.
                        April 26, 2001

* Of the District of Puerto Rico, sitting by designation.

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          LIPEZ, Circuit Judge.      After resigning because of his

employer's failure to accommodate his back condition, Lutgardo Acevedo

López sued the Police Department of Puerto Rico, alleging disability

discrimination under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42

U.S.C. §§ 12101-12771, and Puerto Rico law, 31 P.R. Laws Ann. § 1541.

Specifically, Acevedo sued under Title I of the ADA, which authorizes

money damages for illegal employment actions.1 The statute prohibits

discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities who can

perform the essential functions of a job, with or without reasonable

accommodation. See 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). The protection covers the

hiring, promotion, or discharge of employees, as well as employee

compensation, occupational training, and other terms, conditions and

privileges of employment.     See id.

          On December 6, 1999, the district court granted summary

judgment against Acevedo, dismissing the ADA claim with prejudice, and

the pendant Puerto Rico law claims without prejudice. See Acevedo-

López v. Police Dep't of Puerto Rico, 81 F. Supp. 2d 293, 297 (D.P.R.

1999). The court found that Acevedo had failed to establish a prima

facie case of disability discrimination, concluding that he did not

     1  The statute prohibits discrimination against qualified
individuals with disabilities who can perform the essential functions
of a job, with or without reasonable accommodation. See 42 U.S.C. §
12112(a). The protection covers the hiring, promotion, or discharge of
employees, as well as employee compensation, occupational training, and
other terms, conditions and privileges of employment. See id.

                                 -3-
have a disability within the meaning of the Act, see Bragdon v. Abbott,

524 U.S. 624 (1998), because the alleged major life activity that was

impaired, driving, "is simply not on par with those basic, essential

human functions that are within the contemplation of the ADA."

Acevedo-López, 81 F. Supp. 2d at 297. We affirm the district court's

summary judgment ruling on a different ground -- Puerto Rico's Eleventh

Amendment immunity from suit for money damages under the ADA.

                                  I.

          Acevedo López commenced service in the Puerto Rico police

department in April 1993. In October 1994, Acevedo hurt his back while

making an arrest, which resulted in a diagnosis of spondylolysis, a

condition causing pain, inflammation, spasms and stiffness in the lower

back. Although he was treated for his injury and returned to work, he

relapsed in 1997 and sought medical treatment. Acevedo stopped working

from November 13, 1997 to June 10, 1998, when a state insurance fund

physician found him to be in good condition once again.

          When Acevedo reported back to work, he notified the police

department that his disability prevented him from traveling long

distances by car. Acevedo requested transfer to a precinct closer to

his home near Moca (a similar reassignment request had been granted in

1994). Nonetheless, the police department assigned Acevedo to Arecibo,

which is about one hour by car from his home. Because Acevedo felt he

could not make this commute without discomfort, he submitted his

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resignation on June 12, 1998. Six months after Acevedo's resignation,

the state insurance fund issued a certificate stating that Acevedo

should avoid long trips due to his back condition.      He filed this

lawsuit on March 26, 1999.

                                 II.

          Eleventh Amendment immunity can be raised at any time because

of its jurisdictional implications. See Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp.

v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 99 n.8 (1984). In the appeal to this court,

the Police Department of Puerto Rico raised the Eleventh Amendment

immunity issue for the first time. See U.S. Const. Amend. XI. The

police department is an entity of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

"Puerto Rico, despite the lack of formal statehood, enjoys the shelter

of the Eleventh Amendment in all respects." Ramírez v. Puerto Rico

Fire Service, 715 F. 2d 694, 697 (1st Cir. 1983); see also Figueroa-

Rodriguez v. Aquino, 863 F.2d 1037, 1044 (1st Cir. 1988). Recognizing

that the issue of whether a state could be sued by an individual for

damages under the ADA was before the Supreme Court, we issued an order

on December 18, 2000, following oral arguments, staying the case until

a decision was rendered.

          The Supreme Court decided University of Alabama Board of

Trustees v. Garrett, 121 S.Ct. 955 (2001), on February 21, 2001,

holding that suits in federal court by state employees to recover money

damages for a state's non-compliance with Title I of the ADA are barred

                                 -5-
by the Eleventh Amendment. It reached this conclusion by invalidating

the abrogation of the states' immunity by Congress pursuant to § 5 of

the Fourteenth Amendment.     See id. at 967-68.

          In the wake of Garrett, we directed the parties to submit

supplemental briefs assessing its impact on this case. The police

department asserts that the Supreme Court's ruling bars "[p]laintiff-

appellant's claim that the Puerto Rico Police Department did not

accommodate his alleged disability" under Title I of the ADA and that

the district court's dismissal of the suit must be affirmed. Acevedo

argues that his suit survives because, based on the Commonwealth's own

disability discrimination law, Law 44, Puerto Rico has waived its

immunity from suit under the ADA.

          "The Court has held that, absent waiver by the State or valid

congressional override, the Eleventh Amendment bars a damages action

against a State in federal court." Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159,

169 (1985). The test for finding that a state has waived its Eleventh

Amendment immunity is a stringent one. See Atascadero State Hosp. v.

Scanlon, 473 U.S. 234, 241 (1985). A state's consent to suit in the

federal courts must be "unequivocally expressed." Pennhurst, 465 U.S.

at 99. It must be "stated by the most express language or by such

overwhelming implications from the text as [will] leave no room for any

other reasonable construction." Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 673

(1974) (quotations omitted).     Furthermore, "in order for a state

                                 -6-
statute or constitutional provision to constitute a waiver of Eleventh

Amendment immunity, it must specify the state's intention to subject

itself to suit in federal court."      Atascadero, 473 U.S. at 241.

          Given these rigid requirements, we are not remotely persuaded

that Law 44 of Puerto Rico, codified at 1 P.R. Laws Ann. § 501, et.

seq., constitutes a waiver of Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit

under the ADA.     While the Commonwealth prohibits employment

discrimination on the basis of disability in a similar fashion as the

ADA, there is no specific language indicating that Puerto Rico intends

to make itself subject to damages suits in federal court for

disability-based employment discrimination. Because Congress did not

have valid authority to abrogate the states' immunity and because

Puerto Rico has not waived its claim to Eleventh Amendment immunity,

the Title I ADA claim for employment discrimination against the Police

Department of Puerto Rico cannot survive.

                                III.

          This suit included actions against three officers of the

Puerto Rico Police Department in their personal, as well as official,

capacities. However, the basis for this personal capacity claim was

never articulated in the plaintiff's briefs, at oral argument, or in

his supplemental brief filed after Garrett. Because this personal

capacity claim is completely undeveloped, we will not consider it. See

United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990) ("[I]ssues

                                 -7-
adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at

developed argumentation, are deemed waived.") We simply note that we

have not resolved the question of whether personal capacity suits can

be sustained under the ADA. However, several other circuit courts and

three district courts within this circuit have held "that individuals

are not subject to suit under [] the ADA." See Quiron v. L.N. Violette

Co., Inc., 897 F. Supp. 18, 19 (D. Me. 1995); Vicenty Martell v. Estado

Libre Asociado de P.R., 48 F. Supp. 2d 81, 87 (D.P.R. 1999); Miller v.

CBC Companies, Inc., 908 F. Supp. 1054, 1065 (D.N.H. 1995); see also

Butler v. City of Prairie Village, 172 F.3d 736, 744 (10th Cir. 1999);

EEOC v. AIC Security Investigations, 55 F.3d 1276, 1282 (7th Cir.

1995).

                                 IV.

          For the reasons stated, we affirm the district court's grant

of summary judgment and its dismissal of Acevedo's ADA claim against

the Police Department of Puerto Rico.

     Affirmed.

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