Court Opinion

ID: 4416209
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-12 13:45:34.350216+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:21.928274
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Starks, 2019-Ohio-2842.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                 SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                     MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                     :
                                                   :
          Plaintiff-Appellee                       :   Appellate Case No. 28158
                                                   :
 v.                                                :   Trial Court Case No. 2017-CR-3331
                                                   :
 MICHAEL A. STARKS                                 :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                   :    Common Pleas Court)
          Defendant-Appellant                      :
                                                   :

                                              ...........

                                             OPINION

                               Rendered on the 12th day of July, 2019.

                                              ...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by MICHAEL P. ALLEN, Atty. Reg. No. 0095826, Montgomery
County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, Montgomery County Courts Building, 301
West Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422
      Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

BRIAN A. MUENCHENBACH, Atty. Reg. No. 0088722, 309 North Barron Street, Eaton,
Ohio 45320
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                             .............

HALL, J.
                                                                                        -2-

      {¶ 1} Michael A. Starks appeals from his conviction and sentence following a no-

contest plea to charges of improper handling of a firearm in a motor vehicle (F4),

aggravated drug possession (F1), and possession of drug paraphernalia (M4).

      {¶ 2} Starks advances four assignments of error. First, he challenges the trial

court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence seized during a traffic stop. He argues

that the stop for a single marked-lane violation was unlawful and, therefore, that evidence

discovered after an officer approached the car and smelled marijuana was subject to

suppression. Second, he contends the trial court erred in denying his motion for a hearing

under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 57 L. Ed. 2d 667 (1978), to

challenge a search-warrant affidavit for a motel room he was renting. He also contends

the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence found in the motel room.

Third, he claims the trial court erred in denying his motion for a continuance after he

retained new counsel. Fourth, he alleges ineffective assistance of counsel based on

counsel’s handling of the motion to suppress related to the traffic stop and the motion for

a Franks hearing regarding the affidavit for a warrant to search his motel room.

      {¶ 3} The charges against Starks stemmed from a traffic stop of a car he was

driving around 1:00 a.m. on October 19, 2017. Suppression-hearing testimony from

Miamisburg police officer Nicholas Bell reflects that Bell and his partner saw Starks cross

the line dividing two southbound lanes of Byers Road in Miamisburg. Starks crossed the

dividing line while going around a curve and stayed in that position through the curve

before going back in the right-hand lane. The officers followed Starks into the parking lot

of a Knights Inn motel. They initiated a traffic stop based on a marked-lane violation of
                                                                                        -3-

R.C. 4511.33. As the cruiser came to a stop with its overhead lights activated, Starks’

front-seat passenger, Cheree Alexander, exited Starks’ car. Bell got out of the cruiser and

ordered her back into Starks’ car. Bell then approached the stopped vehicle and detected

an odor of raw marijuana. As he got closer, he determined that the odor was coming from

inside Starks’ car. Bell asked for the passenger’s identification, and she retrieved her

purse from behind the driver’s seat. She then placed the purse on her lap and opened it,

exposing the contents to Bell, who saw a baggie of suspected marijuana. Bell seized the

purse, and Starks’ car was searched. A loaded handgun was found under the driver’s

seat. Police also found jewelry and collectible coins in the vehicle. A detective

subsequently submitted a search-warrant affidavit and obtained a warrant to search a

Knights Inn motel room that Starks had rented. After obtaining the warrant, police

searched the room and found a large quantity of methamphetamine.

       {¶ 4} Following his indictment, Starks moved to suppress evidence obtained as a

result of the traffic stop. He argued that police had no basis for the stop. (Doc. #12.) He

also separately moved to suppress evidence found inside the motel room on the grounds

that the search warrant was issued without probable cause. (Doc. # 26.) Additionally,

Starks moved for a Franks hearing. He argued that the search warrant affidavit omitted

Cheree Alexander’s statement to officers that the she was in the process of moving and

that the jewelry and collectible coins in Starks’ car, as well as other items, belonged to

her. (Doc. # 39.) The trial court denied both suppression motions after a hearing and

declined to hold a Franks hearing. (Doc. # 29, 42.)

       {¶ 5} Just days before Starks’ scheduled August 20, 2018 trial date, newly retained

counsel filed a “Limited Notice of Substitution of Counsel and Motion to Continue Trial.”
                                                                                             -4-

(Doc. # 57.) Prior to this filing, Starks had been represented solely by appointed counsel.

In the filing, retained counsel entered an appearance as Starks’ attorney of record

“contingent upon the granting of a continuance.” (Doc. # 57.) Retained counsel explained

that he had just been retained and that he needed more time to prepare. (Id.) The

following day, Starks’ appointed counsel moved to withdraw, citing “a breakdown in

attorney client communication[.]” (Doc. # 58.) That same day, retained counsel filed a

notice of “appearance as co-counsel for Defendant[.]” (Doc. # 59.) On August 23, 2018,

the trial court filed an order formally continuing the trial date until August 27, 2018. It also

overruled appointed counsel’s motion to withdraw. (Doc. #65.) Less than an hour after

this ruling, retained counsel moved to continue the scheduled August 27, 2018 trial date.

(Doc. #66.) The parties then discussed the issue with the trial court on the record on

August 24, 2018. At that time, the trial court noted the existence of retained counsel’s

renewed motion to continue filed the prior day. (August 24, 2018 Hearing Tr. at 54.) The

trial court noted that it already had granted a one-week continuance for retained counsel

to explore whether “there may be issues that would ultimately lead to a resolution of the

case.” (Id. at 55-56.) Retained counsel responded: “That’s correct, Your Honor. And it’s

my understanding at this time we are prepared to withdraw our prior plea of not guilty and

enter a plea today.” (Id. at 56.)

       {¶ 6} Starks then entered a negotiated no-contest plea to the charges against him

in exchange for an agreed four-year mandatory sentence. The trial court accepted the

plea and made findings of guilt. (Id. at 71.) At the conclusion of the plea hearing, appointed

counsel sought to withdraw from further representation, and the trial court granted the

request. (Id. at 72.) Starks subsequently appeared for sentencing with retained counsel,
                                                                                             -5-

and the trial court imposed the agreed aggregate four-year prison sentence. (Id. at 75.)

On October 1, 2018, the trial court filed an amended termination entry journalizing Starks’

conviction and sentence. (Doc. # 82.) This appeal followed.

       {¶ 7} In his first assignment of error, Starks challenges the trial court’s denial of his

motion to suppress evidence found during the traffic stop in the Knights Inn parking lot.

He argues that a single “lane departure” did not justify a traffic stop, as a matter of law.

Therefore, he claims that the stop was illegal and that officer Bell would not have smelled

marijuana or seen it in Alexander’s purse but for the unlawful stop. Because the marijuana

provided the basis to search Starks’ vehicle, he reasons that the search itself was illegal

and all evidence obtained as a result of the stop should have been suppressed.

       {¶ 8} Upon review, we find Starks’ argument to be without merit. The Ohio

Supreme Court has held that “a traffic stop is constitutionally valid when a law-

enforcement officer witnesses a motorist drift over the lane markings in violation of R.C.

4511.33, even without further evidence of erratic or unsafe driving.” State v. Mays, 119
Ohio St. 3d 406, 2008-Ohio-4539, 894 N.E.2d 1204, ¶ 25. Here Bell presented

uncontroverted testimony that Starks crossed over the dividing line between two lanes

while going around a curve and stayed in that position through the curve before going

back in the right-hand lane. (January 19, 2018 Tr. at 11-12.) Bell made a traffic stop

because he believed Starks’ act of failing to maintain a single lane of travel constituted a

marked-lane violation under R.C. 4511.33. (Id. at 14-15.) Bell was correct. Under R.C.

4511.33(A)(1), a vehicle “shall be driven, as nearly as is practicable, entirely within a

single lane[.]” At a minimum, Bell’s observation of Starks crossing over the dividing line

between two lanes while going around a curve provided reasonable, articulable suspicion
                                                                                            -6-

justifying a stop for a marked-lane violation. Compare State v. Andrews, 2017-Ohio-1383,

89 N.E.3d 157, ¶ 53 (2d Dist.) (holding that even a de minimis violation of the marked-

lane statute by driving into an adjacent lane by half a tire width provided reasonable,

articulable suspicion for a traffic stop).

       {¶ 9} In opposition to our conclusion, Starks cites State v. Grenoble, 12th Dist.

Preble No. CA2010-09-011, 2011-Ohio-2343. But his reliance on Grenoble is misplaced.

In that case, the Twelfth District rejected the defendant’s assertion “that one marked lane

violation is an insufficient basis for an officer to stop a motorist.” Id. at ¶ 16. The Twelfth

District characterized this argument as “misguided” in light of the Ohio Supreme Court’s

holding in Mays. Id. The fact that the defendant in Grenoble drove outside of his marked

lane multiple times while also driving too slowly does not mean that a defendant cannot

be stopped for a single marked-lane violation. Mays makes clear that the traffic stop in

Starks’ case was lawful.

       {¶ 10} Because the traffic stop was proper, Bell lawfully approached Starks’

vehicle and detected the smell of raw marijuana. According to Bell, he had smelled

marijuana in its raw and burnt forms approximately 1,000 times over his nearly 15-year

career. (January 19, 2018 Tr. at 16-17.) Bell determined the smell was emanating from

Starks’ vehicle. (Id. at 17.) When he asked for passenger Alexander’s identification, she

opened her purse and he saw a suspected baggie of marijuana on top. (Id. at 18.) Bell’s

detection of the odor of marijuana and his observation of marijuana in Alexander’s

possession gave him probable cause to search the vehicle. State v. Moore, 90 Ohio St. 3d
47, 48, 734 N.E.2d 804 (2000) (holding that “the smell of marijuana, alone, by a person

qualified to recognize the odor, is sufficient to establish probable cause to search a motor
                                                                                            -7-

vehicle”). Accordingly, the first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 11} In his second assignment of error, Starks contends the trial court erred in

denying his motion for a Franks hearing and his motion to suppress evidence found in his

motel room, citing Franks, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 57 L. Ed. 2d 667.

       {¶ 12} “Pursuant to Franks, a search violates the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition

on unreasonable searches if it is conducted pursuant to a warrant that is based upon an

affidavit   containing   one    or   more     material   misrepresentations,      and    these

misrepresentations were made knowingly or in reckless disregard for the truth.” (Citations

omitted.) State v. Miser, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25105, 2013-Ohio-1583, ¶ 12.

“ ‘Reckless disregard’ means that the affiant had serious doubts of an allegation’s truth.

* * * Omissions count as false statements if ‘designed to mislead, or * * * made in reckless

disregard of whether they would mislead, the magistrate.’ ” (Citations omitted.) Id.

“ ‘[E]xcept in the very rare case where the defendant makes a strong preliminary showing

that the affiant with an intention to mislead excluded critical information from the affidavit,

and the omission is critical to the finding of probable cause, Franks is inapplicable to the

omission of disputed facts.’ ” (Citation omitted.) State v. Blaylock, 2d Dist. Montgomery

No. 24475, 2011-Ohio-4865, ¶ 15.

       {¶ 13} “[W]here the defendant makes a substantial preliminary showing that a false

statement knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was

included by the affiant in the warrant affidavit, and if the allegedly false statement is

necessary to the finding of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment requires that a hearing

be held at the defendant’s request.” Franks at 155-156. “In the event that at that hearing

the allegation of perjury or reckless disregard is established by the defendant by a
                                                                                          -8-

preponderance of the evidence, and, with the affidavit’s false material set to one side, the

affidavit’s remaining content is insufficient to establish probable cause, the search warrant

must be voided and the fruits of the search excluded to the same extent as if probable

cause was lacking on the face of the affidavit.” Id. at 156.

       {¶ 14} When assessing the sufficiency of probable cause in a search warrant

affidavit, the issuing judge must determine whether there is a fair probability that

contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place. State v. Hale, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 23582, 2010-Ohio-2389, ¶ 16. The duty of a reviewing court is

simply to assure that the issuing judge had a “substantial basis” for finding probable

cause. Id. at ¶ 18.

       {¶ 15} In the present case, Detective M.S. Aiken provided an affidavit for a warrant

to search Starks’ motel room. (State’s Exhibit 1.) After setting forth his qualifications and

experience, Aiken detailed the circumstances of the traffic stop and officer Bell’s

observation of marijuana in Alexander’s purse. Aiken averred that Starks had rented room

231 for two weeks. He also averred that Starks had a cell phone and two “wads” of cash

in his pocket at the time of the traffic stop. One “wad” contained $3,967 and the other

contained $3,660. Aiken further stated that a loaded, nine-millimeter handgun was found

under Starks’ car seat. The handgun previously had been reported stolen in a burglary.

Detective Aiken averred as follows about a search of Starks’ car:

       11. Officers located a black book bag in the backseat of the vehicle. Inside

       the book bag were two containers of sandwich baggies. One of the plastic

       baggie containers was a 150 count and the other container was 100, and

       both were opened. Paperwork for Cheree [Alexander] was inside the book
                                                                                         -9-

       bag, along with a cell phone, and there was the odor of Marijuana. The

       sandwich baggies located in the book bag were the same style of baggy

       that contained the Marijuana in Cheree’s purse.

       12. Officers located a small amount of loose Marijuana shake in the front

       passenger floorboard.

       13. Officers searched the trunk of the vehicle and located a cardboard tube

       which contained numerous collectable coins and bills. They also located a

       Pandora bag which contained several jewelry boxes with Pandora jewelry

       and one Helzberg Diamond box containing a pair of diamond earrings.

       There was also a gun lock located in the trunk.

(Aiken affidavit at ¶ 11-13.)

       {¶ 16} Aiken further stated that he had spoken with Alexander, who told him Starks

lacked “a steady job” but did perform “odd jobs.” Alexander also told him she had been

living with Starks in room 231. According to the affidavit, the handgun found in Starks’ car

was one of several weapons stolen from a home in Clermont County, and the brother of

the victim of that crime was a drug addict who was attempting to sell the firearms on

Facebook. Detective Aiken then averred:

       17. It has been my experience that those addicted to drugs will often trade

       guns and stolen property for drugs and/or cash to purchase drugs. Based

       on the above information, it is believed that Michael [Starks] and Cheree

       [Alexander] are possibly selling drugs. It is believed that they are possibly

       involved in illegal drug activity because there was a stolen firearm in the

       vehicle, Michael had two large amounts of cash on his person and he was
                                                                                           -10-

       reported not to have a stable job, and there was a cell phone along with a

       number of plastic sandwich baggies in a book bag that smelled of

       marijuana. There were also collectible coins and jewelry in the trunk of the

       vehicle, which, in my experience, is often stolen and used to trade for drugs

       and/or cash to purchase drugs. It is also common for those involved in the

       illegal drug trade to stay at the Knights Inn or the Red Roof Inn, in

       Miamisburg for several consecutive days.

       18. Based on the above information, I am requesting a search warrant for

       room 231 of the Knights Inn in an attempt to locate any of the other stolen

       firearms[.] * * * I am also requesting to search the room for any drugs, drug

       paraphernalia, and/or evidence of drug trafficking based on the above

       information.

(Id. at ¶ 17-18.)

       {¶ 17} On appeal, Starks contends Aiken omitted from his affidavit a statement by

Alexander to investigating officers that the personal property in the vehicle belonged to

her. Starks supported this argument below with an affidavit from Alexander. In that

affidavit, which accompanied the motion for a Franks hearing, Alexander averred in

relevant part:

       3. Later, during the investigation about the contents of the car, I told a police

       officer that I was in the process of moving out of my mother’s home and the

       cardboard tube which contained numerous collectable coins and bills, the

       Pandora Bag which contained several jewelry boxes with Pandora jewelry

       and the Helzberg Diamond Box containing diamond earrings was hers was
                                                                                         -11-

       mine [sic]. Also in the car were my clothes, shoes, birth certificate, personal

       files, school transcripts, her tablet, medical records and work uniforms.

(Affidavit, Doc. # 40.)

       {¶ 18} Starks claims Aiken’s omission from his affidavit of Alexander owning the

property in the car was reckless and warranted a Franks hearing. Starks reasons that if

the issuing judge had known the personal property in the car belonged to Alexander, then

there would have been “no nexus to Room 231.” Absent such a nexus, Starks argues that

police were left with nothing more than a suspicion of criminal activity based on the

Knights Inn generally being known for drug activity.

       {¶ 19} Upon review, we see no error in the trial court’s refusal to hold a Franks

hearing or in its decision to overrule the suppression motion related to the motel room.

As set forth above, omissions from an affidavit count as false statements under Franks if

they are designed to mislead or made with reckless disregard as to whether they would

mislead the issuing judge. Miser, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25105, 2013-Ohio-1583, at

¶ 12. Moreover, “Franks is inapplicable to the omission of disputed facts” unless the

omission is crucial to the probable cause determination and the defendant makes a strong

preliminary showing that the affiant acted with the intent to mislead. Blaylock, 2d Dist.

Montgomery No. 24475, 2011-Ohio-4865, at ¶ 15.

       {¶ 20} Here the trial court correctly recognized that investigating officers were not

required to believe Alexander’s claim that all of the personal property in Starks’ car was

hers. (June 8, 2018 Tr. at 48.) Starks argues on appeal that Alexander’s claimed

ownership has not been contradicted or challenged. The fact remains, however, that at

the time of the vehicle search and the application for a warrant, the officers were not
                                                                                         -12-

required to accept Alexander’s statement at face value. Given the totality of the

circumstances—including the presence of a stolen handgun, marijuana, baggies, large

quantities of currency, and Starks’ extended stay at a motel known for drug activity—the

officers reasonably could have doubted Alexander’s story and believed that the

collectable coins and jewelry in the trunk may have been stolen. Because the officers

were not required to believe Alexander’s claim of ownership, we are unpersuaded that

the omission of that clam from Aiken’s affidavit was designed to mislead or made with

reckless disregard for whether it would mislead the issuing judge.

       {¶ 21} The omission of Alexander’s claim also was not critical to a finding of

probable cause. We reach this conclusion for at least two reasons. First, even if Aiken

had included Alexander’s claim of ownership in his affidavit, the issuing judge would not

have been required to believe the claim either. For purposes of the probable cause

calculation, the issuing judge very well may have doubted Alexander’s story too. Second,

even accepting, arguendo, that Alexander did own the collectable coins and jewelry,

Aiken’s affidavit established probable cause for a search warrant without regard to those

items. At the time of the traffic stop, Starks was in possession of more than $7,600 cash.

A stolen and loaded handgun was under his seat. He lacked steady employment. Open

containers of sandwich baggies were found in his car along with marijuana inside one

such baggie. Starks had rented a room for two weeks at the Knights Inn, which was known

to police for its drug activity. Without consideration of the collectable coins and jewelry,

these facts established probable cause to believe evidence of drug activity would be

found inside Starks’ motel room. Therefore, the trial court did not err in denying Starks’

request for a Franks hearing or in overruling his motion to suppress the evidence found
                                                                                       -13-

in the motel room. The second assignment of error is overruled.

      {¶ 22} In his third assignment of error, Starks contends the trial court erred in

denying his motion for a continuance. Specifically, he claims the trial court should have

given his newly retained counsel more than one week to prepare. He argues that his

previously appointed counsel had moved to withdraw, forcing retained counsel to proceed

without appointed counsel, who was familiar with the case. Other than the one-week

continuance the trial court granted newly retained counsel, Starks asserts that no lengthy

continuances had been granted. He further argues that no significant inconvenience

would have occurred if a continuance beyond one week had been granted. Finally, Starks

claims he was prejudiced because the trial court’s denial of a continuance beyond one

week forced him to accept a plea deal rather than proceed to trial with an unprepared

attorney.

      {¶ 23} Upon review we find Starks’ assignment of error to be unpersuasive. The

record reflects that trial had been set for the week of August 20, 2018. During a final

pretrial conference on August 7, 2018, Starks’ appointed counsel said nothing about any

breakdown in communication with his client. (Tr. at 53.) Thereafter, respective counsel

appeared before the trial court on the record on August 24, 2018. The trial court noted

that Starks recently had retained counsel and a one-week continuance had been granted

until the week of August 27, 2018. (Id. at 54.) The trial court also noted that appointed

counsel remained in the case as co-counsel. (Id.) The trial court further noted that it

previously had denied a continuance beyond the one week and that retained counsel had

renewed his motion for another continuance. (Id.) Newly retained counsel then addressed

the trial court and stated that Starks’ relationship with his appointed counsel had
                                                                                           -14-

deteriorated “to the point that effective assistance could no longer be rendered.” (Id. at

55.) Retained counsel proceeded to explain:

             * * * As such, we were hired in. Mr. Starks indicated to us again that

      he wanted us retained, so we entered the case.

             At that point, we tried to review all discovery to the best of our ability,

      to either one, reach a resolution or two, to supplement any motions that

      were previously filed, or ask the Court for leave to supplement those

      motions.

             Additionally, we were asking for additional time to prepare for trial,

      but we couldn’t possibly be prepared within one week. As such, we feel that

      Mr. Starks’ due process rights would be violated if a continuance were not

      granted.

(Emphasis added.) (Id.)

      {¶ 24} The trial court responded as follows:

             All right. Thank you. In reviewing that and I’ll note that your motion to

      continue and your retention was almost 11th hour at that trial date. And at

      that time the Court denied that continuance as Mr. Starks has been

      represented by a very, very competent counsel * * * this entire time and that

      was the first the Court had ever heard of a potential breakdown in

      communication. That so we did continue it for the one week period here in

      order to get you on board to see if there were issues, as he indicated that

      there may be issues that would ultimately lead to a resolution of the case or

      review of them and that’s where we’re at today.
                                                                                         -15-

(Emphasis added.) (Id. at 55-56.)

       {¶ 25} Retained counsel then replied: “That’s correct, Your Honor. And it’s my

understanding at this time we are prepared to withdraw our prior plea of not guilty and

enter a plea today.” (Emphasis added.) (Id. at 56.) As set forth above, Starks proceeded

to enter a no-contest plea pursuant to a negotiated plea agreement that included an

aggregate four-year prison sentence, which the trial court later imposed.

       {¶ 26} Having reviewed the record, we see no basis for Starks’ claim that the trial

court’s denial of a longer continuance compelled him to plead no contest. To the contrary,

the transcript indicates that Starks retained counsel and obtained a one-week

continuance largely to explore the possibility of settling the case through a plea deal. As

quoted above, when the trial court made that observation, retained counsel responded

affirmatively and advised that an agreement in fact had been reached and that Starks

wanted to enter a plea. Because Starks apparently desired a plea deal and nothing in the

record suggests that the trial court’s resolution of the continuance issue caused him to

plead no contest, Starks has failed to show how he was prejudiced by the trial court’s

ruling. On the record before us, then, it matters not whether the trial court abused its

discretion in denying a longer continuance. In this case, we simply see no connection

between the trial court’s denial of a longer continuance and Starks’ decision to accept a

plea deal. Absent such a connection, the trial court’s resolution of the continuance issue

could not be anything other than harmless error, assuming, arguendo, that it was error at

all. Accordingly, the third assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 27} In his fourth assignment of error, Starks alleges ineffective assistance of

counsel. In particular, he contends his attorney provided deficient representation by failing
                                                                                          -16-

to make good arguments in support of the motion to suppress evidence found in his car

and the motion for a Franks hearing. With regard to the car, Starks claims his attorney

allowed the trial court to reach an incorrect conclusion that the smell of marijuana justified

a search of his car. With regard to the Franks issue, he argues that counsel allowed the

trial court to reach an incorrect conclusion that a nexus existed between his motel room

and evidence found in his car. In particular, he contends his attorney “merely mentioned

the found stolen gun, and allowed opposing counsel to somewhat explain that the gun

was stolen by another attempting to sell firearms stolen from his brother.” (Appellant’s

brief at 22.)

       {¶ 28} We see no ineffective assistance of counsel in either of the foregoing

issues. As we explained above, the traffic stop of Starks’ car was lawful, and the officer’s

detection of the odor of marijuana and his observation of marijuana in Alexander’s

possession gave him probable cause to search the vehicle. As for the Franks issue, the

record made clear that the stolen gun under Starks’ car seat had been stolen by someone

else before he obtained it. We see nothing about that issue that defense counsel failed to

explain. The fourth assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 29} The judgment of the Montgomery County Common Pleas Court is affirmed.

                                      .............

FROELICH, J. and TUCKER, J., concur.

Copies sent to:

Mathias H. Heck, Jr.
Michael P. Allen
Brian A. Muenchenbach
                             -17-

Hon. E. Gerald Parker, Jr.