Court Opinion

ID: 4997241
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-30 16:15:59.58716+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:16:58.344329
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Patterson v. Am. Family Ins. Co., 2021-Ohio-3449.]

STATE OF OHIO                     )                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                  )ss:                        NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF MEDINA                  )

LAURA L. PATTERSON, et al.                                    C.A. No.   20CA0075-M
                                                                         20CA0078-M
        Appellees/Cross-Appellants

        v.
                                                              APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
AMERICAN FAMILY INSURANCE                                     ENTERED IN THE
COMPANY, et al.                                               COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                              COUNTY OF MEDINA, OHIO
        Appellant/Cross-Appellee                              CASE No.   2017-CV-0585

                                 DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: September 30, 2021

        HENSAL, Presiding Judge.

        {¶1}     Swagelok Associates Welfare Benefit Plan (“Swagelok”) has appealed a

judgment of the Medina County Court of Common Pleas that granted summary judgment to Eric

and Laura Patterson on their declaratory judgment claim and declared that Swagelok does not

have a right to subrogation. The Pattersons have cross-appealed the denial of their motion for

sanctions. For the following reasons, this Court affirms.

                                                      I.

        {¶2}     The underlying facts of this case are not in material dispute. Mr. Patterson

enrolled in a health benefits plan that was offered by his employer, the Swagelok Company.

Following his enrollment, Mrs. Patterson was injured in a motor vehicle collision, which she

alleges was caused by another driver.             Swagelok paid benefits towards Mrs. Patterson’s

treatment and believes it is entitled to be reimbursed from any sums the Pattersons recover from

the other driver. The Pattersons filed a complaint against the other driver and included a claim
                                                2

against Swagelok, seeking a declaration that Swagelok has no right to subrogation. Swagelok

counterclaimed, seeking subrogation.      After the Pattersons amended their complaint and

discovery ended, both parties moved for summary judgment. The trial court granted judgment to

the Pattersons and declared that Swagelok does not have a contractual right to subrogation. The

court, however, denied the Pattersons’ motion for attorney fees. Swagelok has appealed the

court’s judgment, assigning four errors. The Pattersons have cross-appealed the denial of their

motion for attorney fees, assigning two errors.       We will address Swagelok’s first three

assignments of error together because they each concern the trial court’s jurisdiction over the

Pattersons’ claims against Swagelok.

                                               II.

                                 ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY FINDING SWAGELOK PLAN WAIVED
       ERISA PREEMPTION OF OHIO’S DECLARATORY JUDGMENT STATUTE
       AS SUCH CLAIM IS “COMPLETELY PREEMPTED” BY 29 U.S.C. §1132.

                                ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT FINDING THE PATTERSONS’
       ACTION SEEKING TO “ENJOIN”, “BAR” OR “PREVENT” AN ERISA
       PLAN’S PRACTICE OF SEEKING REPAYMENT AS AN ERISA CLAIM
       UNDER 29 U.S.C. §1132(a)(3) FOR WHICH OHIO STATE LAW COURTS
       LACK SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION.

                                ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR III

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THE PATTERSONS’
       COMPLAINT WAS AN ACTION UNDER 29 U.S.C. §1132(a)(1)(B) WHERE
       NO PROVISION OF THE ERISA PLAN WAS SOUGHT TO BE ENFORCED
       AS A REMEDY BUT SOUGHT TO “ENJOIN”, “BAR” OR “PREVENT” THE
       PLAN’S PRACTICE OF SEEKING RECOVERY.

       {¶3}   In each of its first three assignments of error, Swagelok argues that the trial court

did not have jurisdiction to consider the Pattersons’ declaratory judgment claim because such
                                                 3

claims have been pre-empted by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974,

commonly known as ERISA. Under Civil Rule 56(C), summary judgment is appropriate if:

       [n]o genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated; (2) the moving
       party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and (3) it appears from the
       evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing such
       evidence most strongly in favor of the party against whom the motion for
       summary judgment is made, that conclusion is adverse to that party.

Temple v. Wean United, Inc., 50 Ohio St.2d 317, 327 (1977). To succeed on a motion for

summary judgment, the party moving for summary judgment must first be able to point to

evidentiary materials that demonstrate there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and that it

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292 (1996). If the

movant satisfies this burden, the nonmoving party “must set forth specific facts showing that

there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 293, quoting Civ.R. 56(E). This Court reviews an award

of summary judgment de novo. Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105 (1996).

       {¶4}    In its first assignment of error, Swagelok focuses on the trial court’s

determination that it waived its preemption argument by not raising it as an affirmative defense

in its answer to the Pattersons’ amended complaint. According to Swagelok, its preemption

defense directly challenged the subject-matter jurisdiction of the trial court, which was not

subject to waiver.

       {¶5}    Civil Rule 8(C) provides that a party shall “set forth affirmatively” “any * * *

matter constituting an avoidance or affirmative defense.” Rule 12(B) provides that “[e]very

defense * * * to a claim for relief * * * shall be asserted in the responsive pleading thereto if one

is required,” but allows certain defenses to be made by motion instead, such as “lack of

jurisdiction over the subject matter” under Rule 12(B)(1). “Affirmative defenses other than

those listed in Civ.R. 12(B) are waived if not raised in the pleadings or in an amendment to the
                                                 4

pleadings.” Jim’s Steak House, Inc. v. City of Cleveland, 81 Ohio St.3d 18, 20 (1998). Rule

12(H)(3), however, provides that, “[w]henever it appears by suggestion of the parties or

otherwise that the court lacks jurisdiction on the subject matter, the court shall dismiss the

action.”

       {¶6}      The Ohio Supreme Court has recognized that “[t]he controlling language of

Sections 1132(e)(1) and (a)(1)(B), Title 29, U.S. Code, expressly limits the types of actions that

may be brought against benefit plans in state courts” and that “[a]ny action that is not included in

subsection (a)(1)(B) falls within the exclusive subject matter jurisdiction of federal courts.”

Richland Hosp., Inc. v. Raylon, 33 Ohio St.3d 87, 90 (1987). Thus, Swagelok’s argument that

the Pattersons’ claim was preempted under ERISA concerned the subject matter jurisdiction of

the trial court. It, therefore, may be raised by Swagelok at any time. Civ.R. 12(H)(3); Pratts v.

Hurley, 102 Ohio St.3d 81, 2004-Ohio-1980, ¶ 11. Accordingly, we must conclude that the trial

court incorrectly determined that Swagelok waived its preemption defense. The error may have

been harmless, however, because the trial court also determined that the Pattersons’ claim was

not preempted.

       {¶7}      Regarding whether the Pattersons’ claim was preempted, Swagelok argues in its

second assignment of error that the Pattersons’ declaratory judgment claim must be characterized

as a claim under Section 1132(a)(3) that can only be brought in federal court. In its third

assignment of error, Swagelok argues that the trial court incorrectly determined that, even if the

Pattersons’ claim is an ERISA claim under Section 1132(a)(3), it is also a claim under Section

1132(a)(1)(B), which may be filed in state court.

       {¶8}      In relevant part, Section 1144(a) of Title 29 of the United States Code provides

that “the provisions of this subchapter * * * shall supersede any and all State laws insofar as they
                                                  5

may now or hereafter relate to any employee benefit plan[.]” Section 1132(e)(1) provides that,

“[e]xcept for actions under subsection (a)(1)(B) of this section, the district courts of the United

States shall have exclusive jurisdiction of civil actions under this subchapter brought by * * * a

participant[.]” “State courts of competent jurisdiction and district courts of the United States

shall have concurrent jurisdiction of actions under paragraphs (1)(B) * * * of subsection (a) of

this section.” Id. Accordingly, if a claim is brought under Section 1132(a)(1)(B), a state court

has concurrent jurisdiction. If it is not, federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

       {¶9}    “In determining the scope of its jurisdiction under a federal statute, a state court of

general subject-matter jurisdiction possesses a ‘deeply rooted presumption in favor of

concurrent’ state and federal jurisdiction.” Girard v. Youngstown Belt Ry. Co., 134 Ohio St.3d

79, 2012-Ohio-5370, ¶ 16, quoting Mims v. Arrow Fin. Servs., L.L.C., 565 U.S. 368, 378 (2012).

Section 1132(a)(1)(B) provides that a civil action may be brought by a participant or beneficiary

“to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his rights under the terms

of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan[.]” Section

1132(a)(3) provides that a civil action may be brought by a participant or beneficiary “(A) to

enjoin any act or practice which violates any provision of this subchapter or the terms of the

plan, or (B) to obtain other appropriate equitable relief (i) to redress such violations or (ii) to

enforce any provisions of this subchapter or the terms of the plan[.]”

       {¶10} In their amended complaint, the Pattersons demanded that the trial court “issue a

judgment declaring that [Swagelok] does not have a contractual right to be subrogated * * * or

reimbursement by [Mrs. Patterson] for any benefits paid on [her] behalf[.]” They also demanded

a judgment “declaring that [Swagelok] does not have a contractual subrogation or reimbursement
                                                  6

interest for any benefits paid on behalf of [Mrs. Patterson], and barring any exercise of any

claimed subrogation/reimbursement interest for benefits paid on [her] behalf.”

       {¶11} Multiple courts have held that a declaratory judgment action seeking a declaration

of rights, status, or other legal relations is an action “to enforce his rights under the terms of the

plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan” under Section

1132(a)(1)(B). 29 U.S.C. 1132(a)(1)(B); Edgefield Holdings, LLC v. Gilbert, No. 02-17-00359-

CV, 2018 WL 4495566, *6 (Tex.App. Sept. 20, 2018). Like in this case, in Bradburn v.

Merman, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA99-02-11, 1998 WL 1145402 (Oct. 25, 1999), the

Bradburns were participants in an employee benefit plan at the time they were injured in an

automobile collision. After the plan paid benefits to them, the Bradburns filed for a declaratory

judgment that the plan had no right to subrogation. Id. at *1. The Twelfth District Court of

Appeals determined that the trial court correctly denied the plan’s motion to dismiss the

Bradburns’ declaratory judgment claim on preemption grounds because the claim was “a request

by plan participants for the court to enforce their rights under the terms of the plan.” Id. at *2.

That meant the court “had concurrent jurisdiction * * * under the exception set forth in Section

1132(e)(1)[.]” Id. Likewise, in Beasecker v. State Auto Ins. Co., 2d Dist. Darke No. 1530, 2001

WL 85782 (Feb. 2, 2001), the Second District Court of Appeals determined that a claim by plan

participants regarding whether their benefit plan was entitled to subrogation was a request to

enforce their rights under the plan and, therefore, fell under the concurrent-jurisdiction exception

to preemption. Id. at *5.

       {¶12} The Pattersons’ claim against Swagelok sought a declaration that Swagelok does

not have a contractual right to subrogation and, relatedly, sought to bar Swagelok from

exercising any claimed right to subrogation. Although their request can be construed as a civil
                                               7

action to enforce the terms of the plan under Section 1132(a)(3), it can also be construed as a

civil action “to enforce [their] rights under the terms of the plan” under Section 1132(a)(1)(B).

“[T]he fact that [a] complaint has attributes of a claim under section 1132(a)(3) does not mean

that it is not also a claim for benefits under the plan” under Section 1132(a)(1)(B). Langston v.

Wilson McShane Corp, 776 N.W.2d 684, 692 (Minn.2009).           Upon review of the record, we

conclude that the trial court did not err when it determined that the Pattersons’ declaratory

judgment claim against Swagelok was not preempted. Swagelok’s first, second, and third

assignments of error are overruled.

                                ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR IV

       THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR BY HOLDING
       ERISA LAW PROHIBITS ENFORCEMENT OF THE SPD AS PART OF THE
       ACTUAL “PLAN”.

       {¶13} In its fourth assignment of error, Swagelok argues that the trial court incorrectly

determined that it is not entitled to subrogation under the terms of the plan. According to

Swagelok, the subrogation term is contained within the health benefits Summary Plan

Description (“SPD”) that is incorporated by reference into the “wrap” plan document that

concerns all of its various employee welfare benefits. “Courts construe ERISA plans, as they do

other contracts, by ‘looking to the terms of the plan’ as well as to ‘other manifestations of the

parties’ intent.’” US Airways, Inc. v. McCutchen, 569 U.S. 88, 102 (2013), quoting Firestone

Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 113 (1989).

       {¶14} As Swagelok notes, its benefits program contains different documents. One is

titled “Plan Document” and describes all the various benefits available to employees, including

health care, dependent care and flexible spending accounts, life insurance, long-term disability,

dental care, vision, accidental death, and others.    See 29 U.S.C. 1102 (providing for the
                                                8

establishment of employee benefit plans pursuant to a written instrument and outlining required

and optional requirements). Regarding health benefits, the Plan Document provides that “[t]he

Health Care Program shall be provided through a Benefits Contract with the insurance carrier

noted in Appendix A or shall be self-funded by the Employer.” The Plan Document does not

contain any provisions that give Swagelok the right of reimbursement or subrogation. Regarding

its interpretation, the Plan Document provides that the plan administrator shall use its discretion

to interpret its terms and purpose to resolve any conflicts. In the event the administrator “is

unable to resolve any conflict between the provisions of this Plan and the Governing Documents,

the provisions of the Governing Documents will prevail * * *.” “‘Governing Documents’ means

the documents that contain the substantive provisions governing benefits provided by each of the

Welfare Programs listed in the attached Appendices.” The Plan Document also contains a

“Notice of Coverage” section that provides that, “[w]ithin any time limits required by * * *

ERISA, Employer shall issue to each Associate a Summary Plan Description, which shall outline

the Associate’s benefits under this Plan. In the case of any discrepancy between the terms

contained in this Plan document and the Summary Plan Description, this Plan document shall

control.” In Appendix A, the Plan Document identifies the companies that will be administering

the medical benefit program and instructs anyone seeking a full description of the benefits to

“please read the Governing Documents.”

       {¶15} The Plan Document thus refers to two other documents:                 the Governing

Documents and the SPD. It clarifies that language in the Governing Documents controls over

the Plan Document, but the language of the Plan Document controls over the SPD.

       {¶16} The Governing Documents for the medical benefits program were not provided to

the trial court. The SPD for the program, however, was provided. The SPD indicates that it
                                                 9

describes the health benefits available to employees and their families and includes summaries of

who is eligible, what services are covered and not covered, how benefits are paid, and the

employee’s rights and responsibilities. See 29 U.S.C. 1022 (providing that a summary plan

description must be furnished to participants and outlining its required contents). Going through

different categories of health care services, the SPD indicates what percentage of expenses is

Swagelok’s responsibility and what percentage is the employee’s responsibility. For many of the

categories, it also contains more extensive sections that detail exactly what services are or are not

covered and any additional limitations on such coverage. The SPD also contains a section on

subrogation and reimbursement that provides that Swagelok has a right to both. Regarding the

interpretation of benefits, the SPD provides that Swagelok has sole and exclusive discretion to

interpret benefits and any other terms, conditions, limitations, and exclusions under the plan.

The SPD also provides, however, that, “[i]f the language, terms or meaning of the actual text of

the Swagelok Company Welfare Plan Document differs from language, text or meaning of this

Summary, the Swagelok Welfare Plan Document will control.” Thus, the SPD, like the Plan

Document, indicates that the language of the Plan Document controls over any language in the

SPD.

       {¶17} Swagelok argues that the Plan Document and SPD are the only two documents

that detail the parameters of the health benefits program and that there are no separate

“Governing Documents.” According to Swagelok, the SPD is the “Governing Documents” and

its terms are incorporated into the Plan Document, supplementing that document and adding the

subrogation provision. The trial court rejected Swagelok’s arguments, noting that the SPD

indicates that it is only providing summaries and that the Plan Document does not contain source

information about the particulars of the health benefit program. The court reasoned that the
                                                 10

Governing Documents must therefore be the benefits contracts that Swagelok has entered with

the companies administering the health benefits program. It noted that the Plan Document’s

definition of benefit contracts provides that the terms of those contracts are incorporated into the

Plan Document, supplementing its provisions.           The court also noted that a Swagelok

representative testified that Swagelok has a contract with an insurance company that indicates

what specific health benefits will be covered.

       {¶18} Addressing the relationship between a benefit plan and its summary, the United

States Supreme Court has been clear that “summary documents, important as they are, provide

communication with beneficiaries about the plan, but * * * their statements do not themselves

constitute the terms of the plan * * *.” CIGNA Corp. v. Amara, 563 U.S. 421, 438 (2011);

McCutchen, 569 U.S. at 92, fn.1. In Amara, the Supreme Court noted that a plan is developed by

its sponsor, who creates the basic terms and conditions, including a procedure for amending the

plan. Amara at 437. The summary, on the other hand, is provided by the plan’s administrator.

Id.; 29 U.S.C. 1024(b)(1). Noting its prior finding that ERISA carefully distinguishes between

the role of the plan sponsor and administrator, the Supreme Court concluded that there was “no

reason to believe that the statute intends to mix the responsibilities by giving the administrator

the power to set plan terms indirectly by including them in the summary plan descriptions.”

Amara at 437.

       {¶19} Swagelok argues that, in some circumstances, a summary document has been

deemed part of the plan, such as in Board of Trustees v. Moore, 800 F.3d 214 (6th Cir.2015). In

Moore, however, there was a trust document that authorized the Board to develop a welfare

benefits plan, administer the plan, and act as fiduciary to the plan. Instead of drafting a welfare

benefits plan, the Board “went straight to [the] creation of a summary plan description[.]” Id. at
                                               11

219. Under those circumstances, because there was no separate plan document and the summary

was specifically approved by the Board, the Sixth Circuit construed the summary as the

controlling ERISA plan. Id. at 220; see also, e.g., Alday v. Container Corp. of America, 906

F.2d 660, 665 (11th Cir.1990) (explaining that the summary document “clearly functioned as the

plan document required by ERISA.”); Rhea v. Alan Ritchey, Incorporated Welfare Benefit Plan,

858 F.3d 340, 344 (5th Cir.2017) (explaining that “SPD was functioning as both an SPD and

written instrument.”).

       {¶20} In this case, the Plan Document contains all the features required of an employee

benefit plan. 29 U.S.C. 1102(b) (specifying that a plan must include a procedure for funding the

plan, a procedure for administering the plan, a procedure for amending the plan, and the basis on

which payments are made to and from the plan). It also incorporates by reference the terms of

any benefits contract that Swagelok enters to specify the nature and amount of benefits provided

by any of its employee-welfare programs. Unlike in the cases cited by Swagelok, the SPD does

not function as both the summary under Section 1022 and the “written instrument” under Section

1102(a)(1). There is also no language in the Plan Document that provides the administrator of

the benefit plan authority to amend the Plan Document by including additional terms in the SPD.

       {¶21} Upon review of the record, we conclude that the trial court correctly determined

that the SPD could not add a subrogation and reimbursement provision to the Plan Document.

Because the Plan Document does not contain such provisions and Swagelok did not produce any

evidence that the Governing Documents include such provisions, we conclude that the trial court

also correctly determined that Swagelok does not have a contractual right to subrogation or

reimbursement.    Accordingly, the trial court correctly granted summary judgment to the

Pattersons. Swagelok’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.
                                                12

                        CROSS-APPEAL ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I

       THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY FINDING THAT
       SWAGELOK AND/OR ITS COUNSEL DID NOT VIOLATE R.C. 2323.51 FOR
       FAILING TO PRODUCE THE PLAN DOCUMENT REQUESTED AND
       MAKING FALSE STATEMENTS REGARDING ITS EXISTENCE AND THE
       NATURE OF THE SPDS RELIED ON.

       {¶22} In their first assignment of error, the Pattersons argue that the trial court should

have sanctioned Swagelok under Revised Code Section 2323.51 because of its delay in

producing the Plan Document and for making false statements regarding the SPD. Section

2323.51 provides that “any party adversely affected by frivolous conduct may file a motion for

an award of court costs, reasonable attorney’s fees, and other reasonable expenses incurred in

connection with the civil action or appeal.” R.C. 2323.51(B)(1). The definition of frivolous

conduct includes conduct that “obviously serves merely to harass or maliciously injure another

party to the civil action or appeal or is for another improper purpose, including * * * causing

unnecessary delay * * *[,]” “a needless increase in the cost of litigation[,]” “is not warranted

under existing law,” “consists of allegations or other factual contentions that have no evidentiary

support[,]” or “consists of denials or factual contentions that are not warranted by the

evidence[.]” R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a). “[A]nalysis of a claim under [R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)] boils

down to a determination of (1) whether an action taken by the party to be sanctioned constitutes

‘frivolous conduct,’ and (2) what amount, if any, of reasonable attorney fees necessitated by the

frivolous conduct is to be awarded to the aggrieved party.” (Alterations sic.) P.N. Gilcrest Ltd.

Partnership v. Doylestown Family Practice, Inc., 9th Dist. Wayne No. 10CA0035, 2011-Ohio-

2990, ¶ 32, quoting Ceol v. Zion Industries, Inc., 81 Ohio App.3d 286, 291 (9th Dist.1992).

       {¶23} This Court’s standard of review depends on the part of the analysis at issue. A

trial court’s factual findings will not be overturned if they are supported by competent, credible
                                                13

evidence. S & S Computer Sys., Inc. v. Peng, 9th Dist. Summit No. 20889, 2002-Ohio-2905, ¶ 9.

We review questions of law, such as whether a claim is warranted under existing law, de novo.

Jefferson v. Creveling, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24206, 2009-Ohio-1214, ¶ 16; City of Lorain v.

Elbert, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 97CA006747, 1998 WL 195724, *2-3 (Apr. 22, 1998). Finally, we

review the decision whether to impose sanctions for improper conduct under an abuse of

discretion standard. Gilcrest at ¶ 29. An abuse of discretion occurs if the court’s decision is

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219

(1983).

          {¶24} Following a hearing on the Pattersons’ motion for sanctions, a magistrate found

that the Pattersons sent Swagelok initial discovery requests that sought the Plan Document

required by 29 U.S.C. 1102, the SPD required by 29 U.S.C. 1022, any administrative services

contracts, any modification statements, and any contracts between Swagelok and any plan

administrators. In October 2017, Swagelok responded and produced the SPD but not the Plan

Document.      In January 2018, the Pattersons scheduled the deposition of Swagelok’s plan

representative, but Swagelok sought a protective order.      On February 28, 2018, Swagelok

supplemented its discovery response and provided the Plan Document. The deposition occurred

on April 2, 2018.

          {¶25} The magistrate found that Swagelok considered the SPD to be both the controlling

plan document and the summary document required by ERISA. Because there is conflicting

case law about that issue, he found that Swagelok’s failure to produce the Plan Document in

October 2017 was not conclusively frivolous conduct. He also found that Swagelok provided the

Plan Document voluntarily in February 2018, which was still a month before the deposition of

the plan administrator. The magistrate also found that the Pattersons failed to prove that they
                                               14

were adversely affected by the delay in receiving the Plan Document, noting that they did not

identify what specific additional expenses they incurred from the delay. The magistrate also

noted that one of Swagelok’s primary defenses was whether the Pattersons could even file their

action in state court, which was unrelated to the language of the Plan Document or SPD. He

found that Swagelok’s defense that the court did not have jurisdiction was also not frivolous

considering the conflicting case law on the issue. The Pattersons objected to the magistrate’s

decision, but the trial court overruled their objections. The court determined that Swagelok’s

initial failure to disclose the Plan Document did not rise to the level of frivolous conduct under

the specific facts of this case. It also determined that the legal arguments Swagelok made

throughout the case and in its motion for sanctions did not violate Section 2323.51(A)(2)(a). It,

therefore, adopted the decision of the magistrate in full and denied the Pattersons’ motion for

attorney fees.

       {¶26} The Pattersons argue that the trial court incorrectly found that they did not request

the Plan Document in their initial discovery requests. They also argue that it was not reasonable

for Swagelok to believe that it complied with their discovery requests by producing only the

SPD. Notably, the Pattersons argue that it was unreasonable for Swagelok’s counsel to accept

Swagelok’s representation that the SPD was the only document pertaining to the health benefits

plan. The Pattersons also argue that the court incorrectly determined that they were required to

file a motion to compel before seeking sanctions against Swagelok. According to the Pattersons,

they could not have filed a motion to compel even if it was required because Swagelok had

specifically told them that the Plan Document did not exist. The Pattersons also argue that the

eventual production of the Plan Document did not alleviate Swagelok’s prior violations and that

they did suffer harm from the delay. According to the Pattersons, they explained in various
                                                 15

pleadings that they had to seek additional discovery to address the inconsistencies in the

documents Swagelok had produced, resulting in substantial delays and attorney fees.           The

Pattersons further argue that, under Section 2323.51(B)(1), they were not required to separate out

the attorney fees they incurred specifically from the frivolous conduct.

       {¶27} Although arguing that Swagelok’s conduct was frivolous, the Pattersons do not

explain which part of the definition of Section 2323.51(A)(2) the conduct met. We agree that

some of the findings made by the magistrate and adopted by the trial court may not be accurate.

They are tangential, however, to the primary issue of whether Swagelok’s failure to produce the

Plan Document with its initial discovery response constituted frivolous conduct.

       {¶28} According to Swagelok’s benefit program manager, she understood that the SPD

was part of a larger and greater document that they referred to as “the Wrap plan.” She

described the Wrap plan as something that consolidated all of Swagelok’s various benefit plans,

but she also asserted that amendments to each individual plan might be in the SPD for health

benefits, the SPD for vision benefits, and so forth.

       {¶29} The trial court found credible that Swagelok considered the SPD to be the

controlling document regarding Swagelok’s subrogation and reimbursement rights. In support of

its finding, the court noted the case law that holds that a SPD can be the controlling plan

document under ERISA. The court also noted that the Pattersons did not ask the benefit program

manager why Swagelok did not provide the Plan Document with its initial discovery response.

       {¶30} Upon review of the record, we conclude that the Pattersons have not established

that Swagelok’s failure to produce the Plan Document initially “obviously serve[d] merely to

harass or maliciously injure” the Pattersons. R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(i). We also conclude that the

trial court correctly determined that Swagelok’s position was warranted under existing law
                                               16

because there is case law holding that a SPD can also be a company’s plan document under

ERISA. R.C. 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(ii). We further conclude that the Pattersons did not demonstrate

that Swagelok’s conduct “consist[ed] of allegations or other factual contentions that have no

evidentiary support” or “consist[ed] of denials or factual contentions that are not warranted by

the evidence” under Sections 2323.51(A)(2)(a)(iii) and (iv).

       {¶31} Any misstatements in the magistrate’s decision that were adopted by the trial

court were harmless.      Because the Pattersons did not establish that Swagelok engaged in

frivolous conduct, any incorrect statements by the trial court regarding the amount that the

Pattersons may recover for such conduct were also harmless. We conclude that the trial court

did not err when it determined that Swagelok did not violate Section 2323.51. The Pattersons’

first assignment of error is overruled.

                        CROSS-APPEAL ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II

       THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY FAILING TO
       ADDRESS WHETHER SWAGELOK AND ITS COUNSEL VIOLATED R.C.
       2323.51 FOR FILING THEIR MOTION FOR SANCTIONS.

       {¶32} In their second assignment of error, the Pattersons argue that the trial court failed

to address whether the motion for sanctions that Swagelok filed against them was frivolous. The

Pattersons note that Swagelok requested that the trial court award it attorney fees because they

allegedly continued seeking contracts, financial records, and depositions even though it had

provided all the documentation it possessed concerning its right to subrogation. Swagelok

argued that the Pattersons were needlessly attempting to drive up the cost of the litigation by

continuing to seek copious amounts of discovery. According to the Pattersons, Swagelok’s

motion was frivolous because all their requests were within the bounds of discovery and

Swagelok only ever produced the Plan Document because of their additional discovery requests.
                                                17

       {¶33} In its ruling on the Pattersons’ motion for attorney fees, the court first considered

whether Swagelok engaged in frivolous conduct when it initially failed to disclose the Plan

Document. It determined that Swagelok’s conduct did not rise to the level of frivolous conduct.

The court then wrote: “[n]or can the Court find the legal arguments made by Swagelok during

the case or Swagelok’s motion for sanctions against the Plaintiffs violates R.C.

2323.51(A)(2)(a).” The trial court, therefore, did consider whether Swagelok’s motion for

sanctions constituted frivolous conduct. The Pattersons’ second assignment of error is overruled.

                                                III.

       {¶34} Swagelok’s assignments of error are overruled. The Pattersons’ assignments of

error are also overruled. The judgment of the Medina County Court of Common Pleas is

affirmed.

                                                                              Judgment affirmed.

       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Medina, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
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      Costs taxed equally to both parties.

                                                  JENNIFER HENSAL
                                                  FOR THE COURT

CARR, J.
TEODOSIO, J.
CONCUR.

APPEARANCES:

SHAUN D. BYROADS and DARAN KIEFER, Attorneys at Law, for Appellant/Cross-Appellee.

BENJAMIN P. PFOUTS, Attorney at Law, for Appellees/Cross-Appellants.