Court Opinion

ID: 4639478
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-04 09:15:54.300951+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:56.967576
License: Public Domain

IN THE
                          TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

                                 No. 10-18-00243-CR

WILLIAM FREDERICK PETTY, III,
                                                            Appellant
v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,
                                                            Appellee

                           From the 18th District Court
                              Johnson County, Texas
                          Trial Court No. DC-F201700241

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      William Petty, III appeals from four convictions for sexual assault of a child and

two convictions for indecency with a child by contact. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. 22.021,

21.11. Petty complains that the trial court erred by admitting the audio portion of a video

recording of a forensic interview of the victim, erred by refusing to instruct the jury to

disregard testimony after a sustained objection, erred by refusing to instruct the jury to

disregard improper jury argument by the State after a sustained objection, and that the
evidence was insufficient. Because we find no reversible error, we affirm the judgment

of the trial court.

ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE

         In his first issue, Petty complains that the trial court erred by admitting the audio

portion of the recording of the forensic interview of the alleged victim. The video

recording without audio had been admitted previously without objection. During the re-

cross examination of the forensic examiner, Petty asked the examiner several questions

about whether the alleged victim had made an allegation of physical or sexual abuse of

any siblings or whether her mother had also touched her “coochie”. During redirect, the

State then sought to introduce the audio portion of the recording. Petty objected on the

basis of hearsay. The State argued that the recording was admissible in its entirety

because Petty opened the door by asking questions about extraneous matters that were

not included in the examiner’s testimony and therefore the entire interview should be

admitted.

         Generally, hearsay statements are not admissible unless the statement falls within

a recognized exception to the hearsay rule. Pena v. State, 353 S.W.3d 797, 814 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2011). Texas Rule of Evidence 107, known as the rule of optional completeness, is

such an exception:

         When part of an act, declaration, conversation, writing or recorded
         statement is given in evidence by one party, the whole on the same subject
         may be inquired into by the other, and any other act, declaration, writing
         or recorded statement which is necessary to make it fully understood or to
Petty, III v. State                                                                     Page 2
         explain the same may also be given in evidence, as when a letter is read, all
         letters on the same subject between the same parties may be given.

TEX. R. EVID. 107; Id. This evidentiary rule is one of admissibility and permits the

introduction of otherwise inadmissible evidence when that evidence is necessary to fully

and fairly explain a matter "opened up" by the adverse party. Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d
204, 218 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). It is designed to reduce the possibility of the jury

receiving a false impression from hearing only a part of some act, conversation, or

writing. Id.

         Rule 107 does not permit the introduction of other similar, but inadmissible,

evidence unless it is necessary to explain properly admitted evidence. Id. It is not invoked

by the mere reference to a document, statement, or act. Id. Additionally, to be admitted

under the rule, "the omitted portion of the statement must be 'on the same subject' and

must be 'necessary to make it fully understood.'" Sauceda v. State, 129 S.W.3d 116, 123

(Tex. Crim. App. 2004).

         Petty attempted to attack the victim’s credibility and the mother’s character

throughout the trial. The questions asked by Petty to the examiner were of such a nature

so as to create a potentially false impression that negatively impacted the victim’s

credibility overall and sought to show that the alleged victim had also claimed that the

mother had also touched the alleged victim in the same manner as Petty asserted that he

had to check the alleged victim for urinary accidents. Thus, the State was entitled to offer

any other evidence necessary to make the interview "fully understood." See Credille v.
Petty, III v. State                                                                      Page 3
State, 925 S.W.2d 112, 117 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1996, pet. ref'd) (because

appellant inquired into the videotaped conversation, the State was entitled to offer any

other evidence that was necessary to make the conversation fully understood). See also

Holman v. State, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 10872 at *5 (Tex. App.—Waco Oct. 22, 2015, no

pet.)(mem. op.)( not designated for publication); Mick v. State, 256 S.W.3d 828, 832 (Tex.

App.—Texarkana 2008, no pet.) (same). 1 We overrule issue one.

FAILURE TO GIVE INSTRUCTIONS TO DISREGARD

         In issues two and three, Petty complains of two instances where the trial court

sustained an objection but refused to give an instruction to disregard.

ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE

         In issue two, Petty complains of the trial court’s refusal to give an instruction to

the jury to disregard after the trial court had sustained his non-specific objection to an

answer given by the alleged victim’s mother to Petty’s question of why her children,

including the alleged victim, were not placed with her by the Department of Family and

Protective Services after Petty’s arrest. During cross examination, Petty asked the mother

several times why her children were not returned to her, presumably in an attempt to get

her to admit that it was due to her neglectful supervision of her children. The first time,

the mother answered that she was “afraid for their life and for mine.” The second time,

1 Petty did not argue that the admission of the audio portion of the video should have been limited to the
issues raised on his re-cross examination at trial or in this appeal and therefore, we will not address it. See
Holman, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS at fn.2.
Petty, III v. State                                                                                     Page 4
the mother answered that she was “afraid for my life and life of my children.” The third

time, the mother answered that she took the children to the police because she was “afraid

for my life and for my children and they said they will take care of them until he’ll be

caught because he ran away.” The mother had previously testified that Petty had run

away with two boys after the offenses were reported to law enforcement. Counsel for

Petty then pointed out that Petty was arrested the day after the warrant was issued for

these offenses. The mother then testified that Petty was in Oklahoma when he was

arrested. Petty then asked again why the children were not placed with her by the

Department, asking if it was “because of what you said, neglectful supervision?” The

mother then answered that “I was afraid for their life. I couldn’t protect them from him.

He’s ex-military. He’s a killer. He killed people. He can kill my daughter and not go to

jail. He can kill me not to go to jail. I brought my kids there and told them that.” After

this answer, Petty objected but did not assert a basis for his objection. The trial court

sustained the general, non-specific objection. Petty asked for an instruction to the jury to

disregard, but the trial court refused to give an instruction.

         In his brief, Petty complains that the trial court erred by denying his request for an

instruction to disregard because the evidence was inadmissible pursuant to Rule 404 of

the Texas Rules of Evidence and because the statement was calculated to inflame the jury.

The State argues that Petty did not preserve his complaint because the same or similar

testimony was introduced without objection during the rest of the trial.

Petty, III v. State                                                                      Page 5
         "An error [if any] in the admission of evidence is cured where the same evidence

comes in elsewhere without objection." Lane v. State, 151 S.W.3d 188, 193 (Tex. Crim. App.

2004). Here, the mother testified several times that she was fearful for the lives of her and

her children and had expressed that fear was because of Petty. Because substantially

similar evidence was admitted without objection, error, if any, relating to the mother’s

fear of Petty killing her or her children was cured. 2 See Estrada v. State, 313 S.W.3d 274,

302 n.29 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (noting any error was harmless when "very similar"

evidence admitted without objection). Further, Petty testified later in the trial that he was

a decorated combat veteran who had served in Operation Iraqi Freedom.

         To the degree that there was no other evidence regarding the answer given by the

mother, however, we will assume that the failure to instruct the jury was erroneous.

Because the error is non-constitutional error, in our harm analysis we are required to

disregard any error that does not affect an appellant's substantial rights. TEX. R. APP. P.

44.2(b). An error that has a "substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining

the jury's verdict" affects a substantial right. Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d 510, 518 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2005). Conversely, an error does not affect a substantial right if we have "fair

assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect." Solomon v.

State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (citation and internal quotation marks

2Sorting out the various inconsistent descriptions used by the Court of Criminal Appeals as to whether the
error is “cured,” “waived,” or “harmless” is unnecessary to the disposition of this issue.
Petty, III v. State                                                                                Page 6
omitted). In determining the likelihood that a nonconstitutional error adversely affected

the jury's decision, we review the record as a whole, including any testimony or physical

evidence admitted for the jury's consideration, the nature of the evidence supporting the

verdict, and the character of the alleged error and how it might be considered in

connection with other evidence in the case. Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2002). We may also consider the jury instructions, the State's theory and any

defensive theories, whether the State emphasized the error, closing arguments, and even

voir dire, if applicable. Haley, 173 S.W.3d at 518-19. When an error that occurs in the guilt-

innocence phase of a trial does not likely move the jury from a state of nonpersuasion to

a state of persuasion concerning the defendant's guilt, the error is harmless. Murkledove

v. State, 437 S.W.3d 17, 29 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2014, pet. ref'd).

         The key issue in the trial was the credibility of the alleged victim and Petty. Petty

attempted to show that the alleged victim was autistic, had been coached by her mother

and grandmother, and that the alleged victim’s mother also checked the alleged victim

in the same way that Petty alleged that he did in order to look for urinary accidents. We

have reviewed the entire record, including voir dire, opening statements, the evidence,

arguments, and the jury charge, and based on that review, we conclude that any error

“did not influence the jury, or had but a slight effect.” Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d at 365.

We overrule issue two.

Petty, III v. State                                                                     Page 7
JURY ARGUMENT

         In issue three, Petty complains that the trial court erred by refusing to give an

instruction to disregard statements presented by the State because they were outside of

the record in its argument during the guilt-innocence phase of the trial. The entire

segment of the argument to which Petty complains was:

         We know when a 10, 11-year-old child wets the bed it’s a puddle. It’s not a
         little spot on the underwear. We know that. That’s ridiculous. Talked
         about – and he talks about the misunderstanding, she just misunderstands
         daddy-[A.G.] time. She misunderstands an act of love. I was showing her
         love by sticking my penis in her mouth, in her vagina, in her anus, sticking
         my fingers inside of her and licking on her breasts. As I said, the system
         failed [A.G.] but now you’re going to have the opportunity to tell us what
         you think. You’re going to have the opportunity to protect society, you’re
         going to have the opportunity to protect [A.G.], and you’re going to have
         the opportunity to protect the children of wives nine, ten, 11, however
         many more there are. There are a lot more—

Petty then objected that the State was arguing outside the record and the trial court

sustained the objection. Petty did not specify what part of the State’s argument was

outside of the record. Petty then asked the trial court for an instruction to disregard, but

the trial court refused to give an instruction.

          In determining whether Petty was entitled to an instruction to disregard, we must

first decide whether the prosecutor's jury argument was improper. The purpose of

closing argument is to inform and educate the jury on how to properly analyze the

evidence presented at trial so that it may reach a reasonable and just conclusion based

upon the evidence alone, and not upon a fact not admitted into evidence. See Milton v.

Petty, III v. State                                                                     Page 8
State, 572 S.W.3d 234, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019). There are four proper areas of jury

argument: "(1) summation of the evidence, (2) reasonable deductions from the evidence,

(3) answer to an argument of opposing counsel, and (4) plea for law enforcement." See id.

Counsel is generally given wide latitude to draw inferences from evidence, so long as

they are reasonable, fair, legitimate, and offered in good faith. Gaddis v. State, 753 S.W.2d
396, 398 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).

         In his brief to this Court, Petty’s sole complaint regarding this issue is that the

statement by the State inferred that there were other victims of sexual abuse that he had

perpetrated or that needed to be protected from him, “specifically children of the former

wives of the Appellant,” which was outside of the evidence. However, our reading of the

argument does not establish the error of which Petty complains. In the statements at

issue, the State did not argue that there were other current victims of Petty but that by

finding him guilty, the jury could prevent Petty from remarrying, having other children

with those wives, and sexually abusing those children. Petty had been married eight

times as of the trial, and the belief that Petty was likely to marry again more than once in

the future based on his history is a reasonable deduction from the evidence. Protection

of future victims of crime is a proper plea for law enforcement. See, e.g., Rocha v. State, 16
S.W.3d 1, 21-22 (holding State's argument "us[ing] colorful speech to convey the idea that

the defendant would kill again and that the jury had a responsibility to prevent that

occurrence through its verdict" was a proper plea for law enforcement). We find that

Petty, III v. State                                                                     Page 9
Petty’s complaint was not properly sustained by the trial court. Because the State’s

argument was not improper and the trial court should not have sustained the objection,

there was no error in refusing to give a limiting instruction. We overrule issue three.

SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

         In his fourth issue, Petty complains that the evidence was insufficient for the jury

to have found that he committed the offenses. The Court of Criminal Appeals has

expressed our standard of review of a sufficiency issue as follows:

         When addressing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider
         whether, after viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the
         verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of
         the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319,
         99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Villa v. State, 514 S.W.3d 227, 232 (Tex.
         Crim. App. 2017). This standard requires the appellate court to defer "to the
         responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the testimony,
         to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts
         to ultimate facts." Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. We may not re-weigh the evidence
         or substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder. Williams v. State, 235
S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The court conducting a sufficiency
         review must not engage in a "divide and conquer" strategy but must
         consider the cumulative force of all the evidence. Villa, 514 S.W.3d at 232.
         Although juries may not speculate about the meaning of facts or evidence,
         juries are permitted to draw any reasonable inferences from the facts so
         long as each inference is supported by the evidence presented at trial. Cary
         v. State, 507 S.W.3d 750, 757 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S.
         at 319); see also Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16-17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
         We presume that the factfinder resolved any conflicting inferences from the
         evidence in favor of the verdict, and we defer to that resolution. Merritt v.
         State, 368 S.W.3d 516, 525 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). This is because the jurors
         are the exclusive judges of the facts, the credibility of the witnesses, and the
         weight to be given to the testimony. Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex.
         Crim. App. 2010). Direct evidence and circumstantial evidence are equally
         probative, and circumstantial evidence alone may be sufficient to uphold a
         conviction so long as the cumulative force of all the incriminating
Petty, III v. State                                                                           Page 10
         circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction. Ramsey v. State, 473
S.W.3d 805, 809 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13.

         We measure whether the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to
         support a conviction by comparing it to "the elements of the offense as
         defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge for the case." Malik v. State,
         953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The hypothetically correct jury
         charge is one that "accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the
         indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State's burden of proof or
         unnecessarily restrict the State's theories of liability, and adequately
         describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried." Id.; see
         also Daugherty v. State, 387 S.W.3d 654, 665 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The "law
         as authorized by the indictment" includes the statutory elements of the
         offense and those elements as modified by the indictment. Daugherty, 387
S.W.3d at 665.

Zuniga v. State, 551 S.W.3d 729, 732-33 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018).

         At its essence, Petty is complaining that the evidence was insufficient because the

alleged victim’s testimony was not credible and should not be believed in the absence of

physical evidence. The alleged victim was autistic and had significant physical and

mental difficulties and was taking multiple medications. There was no physical evidence

to support her contentions and Petty contends that she was coached by her grandparents.

Petty argues that the only evidence against him was that of the alleged victim and the

hearsay statements of the alleged victim introduced through the other witnesses which

he contends were inconsistent and contradictory.

         The uncorroborated testimony of a child victim can be sufficient to support a

conviction. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.07; see also Garcia v. State, 563 S.W.2d 925,

928 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978) (holding victim's testimony of penetration by defendant,

Petty, III v. State                                                                         Page 11
standing alone, was sufficient). Furthermore, the State has no burden to produce physical,

medical, or other corroborating evidence. See Jones v. State, 428 S.W.3d 163, 169 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.). To the extent the lack of this or other evidence

could serve to undermine the alleged victim’s or any other witness's credibility, it was

the jury's duty as the sole factfinder to assess the alleged victim’s credibility and to resolve

any conflicts in the evidence or testimony. See Zuniga, 551 S.W.3d at 729. We presume

that the jury resolved any conflicting inferences in favor of the verdict and defer to that

resolution. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326. The jury determines the credibility of the witnesses

and may believe all, some, or none of the testimony. Sharp v. State, 707 S.W.2d 611, 614

(Tex. Crim. App. 1986).

         Based on its verdict, the jury was not persuaded by Petty's arguments, and

apparently found the alleged victim’s testimony to be credible. The alleged victim

testified about Petty committing each of the offenses in the manners alleged, and Petty

does not argue that she did not as to any one specific offense. The nurse who performed

the sexual assault examination and the two individuals who performed forensic

interviews of the victim testified that the victim told them how Petty committed each of

the offenses alleged, that during the time frame the offenses were committed Petty called

the victim “sexy” and that she should not tell what happened because they would both

get in trouble. After reviewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's

verdict, and giving due deference to the jury's weight and credibility determinations, we

Petty, III v. State                                                                     Page 12
conclude that, on the evidence presented, a rational trier of fact could have found the

essential elements of each of the offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S.

at 318-19. We overrule issue four.

CONCLUSION

         Having found no reversible error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                      TOM GRAY
                                                      Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,
       Justice Davis, and
       Senior Justice Al Scoggins 3
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed December 2, 2020
Do not publish
CRPM

3The Honorable Al Scoggins, Senior Justice of the Tenth Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment of the
Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. §§ 74.003, 75.002, 75.003.
Petty, III v. State                                                                           Page 13