Court Opinion

ID: 3156507
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-20 18:03:41.689058+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:03:20.637293
License: Public Domain

FIRST DIVISION
                             DOYLE, C. J.,
                      PHIPPS, P. J., and BOGGS, J.

                NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                            http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                              November 20, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A15A1157. PLIVA, INC. v. DEMENT.
A15A1158. GOLD STANDARD, INC. v. DEMENT.
A15A1159. WOLTERS KLUWER HEALTH, INC. v. DEMENT.
A15A1160. TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC. v.
    DEMENT.
A15A1161. DEMENT v. PLIVA, INC. et al.
A15A1162. DEMENT v. ALAVEN PHARMACEUTICAL, LLC et
    al.
A15A1163. PLIVA, INC. v. TANNER.
A15A1164. TANNER v. WYETH LLC et al.
A15A1165. TANNER v. PLIVA, INC. et al.
A15A1349. WOLTERS KLUWER HEALTH, INC. v. TANNER.
A15A1404. GENERICS BIDCO I, LLC v. DEMENT.

    PHIPPS, Presiding Judge.
      These cases, which we have consolidated for the purposes of deciding the

appeals, concern claims related to the prescription drug metoclopramide (brand name

“Reglan”). Angela Dement and Dorothy Tanner allegedly developed a neurological

condition, tardive dyskinesia, after taking generic versions of the drug; Dement used

the drug from February 2008 to June 2009, and Tanner used it from August 2004 to

December 2004.

      Each of the plaintiffs filed an action against multiple defendants, including

three companies that manufactured a generic version of the drug (PLIVA, Inc.,

Generics Bidco I, LLC, and Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., hereinafter collectively

referred to as the “generic drug manufacturers”), four companies that manufactured

the name brand version of the drug (Alaven Pharmaceutical, LLC, Wyeth LLC,

Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Schwarz Pharma, Inc., hereinafter collectively

referred to as the “name brand drug manufacturers”), and two companies that

authored patient education materials pertaining to the drug (Wolters Kluwer Health,

Inc. and Gold Standard, Inc.).

      In the complaints, the plaintiffs asserted claims against the defendants in

connection with allegedly inadequate warnings based on, inter alia, negligence,

misrepresentation, and breach of warranty. The plaintiffs sought damages for injuries

                                         2
resulting from alleged violations of federal law and breaches of common law duties;

the plaintiffs’ allegations included the following: the generic drug manufacturers

failed to include in their package labeling warnings that the drug should not be taken

for more than 12 weeks, failed to timely update the labeling to include such warnings,

and failed to communicate warning label change information to the healthcare

community; the name brand drug manufacturers distributed the drug without

disclosing warnings or accurate information about the risks of long-term use; and the

authors of patient education materials provided misleading drug information to the

plaintiffs’ pharmacies (for patient use). Various defendants filed motions to dismiss,

for summary judgment, and for judgment on the pleadings, which, as detailed below,

the trial court granted in part and denied in part. These appeals are from the trial

court’s rulings on those motions.1

      1
        We granted the applications for interlocutory review in Case Nos. A15A1157
and A15A1158. We accepted the remaining appeals as permissible cross-appeals. See
generally Executive Jet Sales v. Jet America, 242 Ga. 307 (248 SE2d 676) (1978).
       In Case Nos. A15A1161 and A15A1165, the plaintiffs appeal the grant of the
generic drug manufacturers’ joint motion to dismiss their claims that were based on
Georgia law. In Case Nos. A15A1157, A15A1160, A15A1163 and A15A1404, the
generic drug manufacturers appeal the denial of their joint motion to dismiss the
plaintiffs’ claims for failure to warn based on their alleged failure to update their
labels. In Case Nos. A15A1162 and A15A1164, the plaintiffs appeal the grant of
summary judgment to the name brand drug manufacturers. In Case Nos. A15A1159
and A15A1349, Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. appeals the denial of its motion to

                                          3
      A. GRANT OF GENERIC DRUG MANUFACTURERS’ MOTIONS TO

DISMISS

                    Case No. A15A1161. DEMENT v. PLIVA et al.

      1. The generic drug manufacturers moved to dismiss the plaintiffs’ claims

against them, asserting that all of the claims were barred by the principle of federal

preemption, as stated by the United States Supreme Court in PLIVA v. Mensing.2 The

trial court agreed in part, and granted the motions to dismiss (as preempted by federal

law) those claims that were based on a “failure to warn arising under Georgia law,”

failure to withdraw or suspend sales, and failure to communicate warning label

change information to the healthcare community. (The court denied the motions to

dismiss as to the claims for “failure to update” the labels.3) Dement appeals the ruling

to the extent the motions to dismiss were granted, contending that Mensing is

distinguishable and does not require dismissal.

      It is well established that a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim
      upon which relief may be granted should not be sustained unless (1) the

dismiss as to each plaintiff. In Case No. A15A1158, Gold Standard, Inc. appeals the
denial of its motion for judgment on the pleadings as to Dement.
      2
          _ U. S. _ (131 SCt 2567, 180 LE2d 580) (2011).
      3
          This ruling is discussed in Division 3, infra.

                                            4
      allegations of the complaint disclose with certainty that the claimant
      would not be entitled to relief under any state of provable facts asserted
      in support thereof; and (2) the movant establishes that the claimant
      could not possibly introduce evidence within the framework of the
      complaint sufficient to warrant a grant of the relief sought. In deciding
      a motion to dismiss, all pleadings are to be construed most favorably to
      the party who filed them, and all doubts regarding such pleadings must
      be resolved in the filing party’s favor.

      [A] plaintiff is not required to plead in the complaint facts sufficient to
      set out each element of a cause of action so long as it puts the opposing
      party on reasonable notice of the issues that must be defended against.
      If within the framework of the complaint, evidence may be introduced
      which will sustain a grant of relief to the plaintiff, the complaint is
      sufficient. We review the trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for
      failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under the de
      novo standard of review.4

      In Mensing, the plaintiffs brought actions asserting against generic drug

manufacturers state-law tort claims based on the defendants’ alleged failure to

provide adequate warning labels for the generic drug metoclopramide.5 Under state

      4
       TechBios, Inc. v. Champagne, 301 Ga. App. 592-593 (688 SE2d 378) (2009)
(footnote omitted).
      5
          Mensing, 131 SCt at 2572.

                                          5
laws applicable to the actions brought in Mensing, all drug manufacturers had a duty

to adequately warn consumers and safely label their products.6 It was undisputed in

Mensing that, accepting the plaintiffs’ allegations as true, state law required generic

drug manufacturers to use a “different, safer” label than the brand-name

manufacturers’ label.7 But, the Court pointed out, federal regulations require that the

labels on generic drugs match the label on the brand-name counterparts, thus

preventing generic drug manufacturers from independently changing their drugs’

safety labels.8 “[F]ederal law would permit the [generic drug manufacturers] to

comply with the state labeling requirements if, and only if, the FDA and the brand-

name manufacturer changed the brand-name label to do so.”9 Thus, the Mensing

Court held, the state-law claims were barred because it was impossible for generic

drug manufacturers to comply with both state-law duties to adequately warn

consumers and safely label their products and federal requirements that generic drug

      6
          Id. at 2577 (II) (C).
      7
          Id. at 2573-2574 (II) (A).
      8
          Id. at 2474 (II) (B).
      9
          Id. at 2578 (III) (B).

                                          6
labels be the same as federally-approved labels for the brand-name drug (the federal

“sameness” requirement).10

      The generic drug manufacturers, as defendants, bear the burden of establishing

a preemption defense.11

      (a) Contrary to the assertion of the generic drug manufacturers in their motions

to dismiss, the Mensing Court did not “[find] unequivocally that claims against

generic drug companies are preempted under the Supremacy Clause of the United

States Constitution.”12 The Mensing decision is not so broad. As the Supreme Court

explained in Mutual Pharmaceutical Co. v. Bartlett,13 under Mensing, state-law

failure to warn claims were preempted by federal law because “it was impossible for

the [generic drug manufacturers] to comply with both their state-law duty to change

the label and their federal law duty to keep the label the same” as the federally-

approved label.14 Thus, under Mensing, the impossibility preemption applies to those

      10
           Id. at 2574-2575 (II) (B), 2577 (II) (C); 2577-2578 (III) (A).
      11
           Wyeth v. Levine, 555 U.S. 555, 569 (III) (129 SCt 1187, 173 LE2d 51)
(2009).
      12
           (Emphasis supplied.)
      13
           _ U. S. _ (133 SCt 2466, 186 LE2d 607) (2013).
      14
           Id. at 133 S. Ct. 2478-2479 (IV-V).

                                            7
claims involving a generic drug manufacturer’s failure to unilaterally alter its labeling

to comply with state-law warning duties; Mensing does not provide generic drug

manufacturers with blanket immunity against all state-law warning claims.

      Dement asserted claims other than those regarding the generic drug

manufacturers’ federal “sameness” duties. She alleged that the generic drug

defendants also had duties under Georgia law, including the following duties: “the

manufacturer of a product which, to its actual or constructive knowledge, involves

danger to users, has a duty to give warning of such danger”;15 and “[a] manufacturer’s

failure to warn of the dangers in using a product may constitute a defect in the

product for purposes of strict liability.”16 Dement alleged that the generic drug

manufacturers violated those duties, inter alia, by failing to provide adequate

warnings (which, she added, the generic drug manufacturers could have provided

after the name-brand manufacturers changed their label, without violating federal

“sameness” rules). Thus, the impossibility principle was not implicated as to

      15
         Chrysler Corp. v. Batten, 264 Ga. 723, 724 (1) (450 SE2d 208) (1994)
(citations and punctuation omitted).
      16
        Pepper v. Selig Chemical Inds., 161 Ga. App. 548, 550 (3) (288 SE2d 693)
(1982); OCGA § 51-1-11 (b) (1) (pertinently providing that a manufacturer is strictly
liable when a consumer suffers injuries due to a product that was not merchantable
and reasonably suited to the use intended).

                                           8
Dement’s claims, and preemption, as set out in Mensing, does not apply. Accordingly,

the trial court erred by dismissing the claims as preempted. Notably, although

Georgia’s appellate courts have not decided whether state-law failure to warn claims

such as those asserted by Dement are precluded under Mensing, several courts in

other jurisdictions have (as we do here) declined to dismiss state-law failure to warn

claims asserted against generic drug manufacturers.17

      (b) Similarly, Mensing does not require dismissal of Dement’s claims based on

the generic drug manufacturers’ failure to suspend or withdraw sales of a

“misbranded” drug. Dement alleged that the generic drug was misbranded because

      17
         See, e.g., Couick v. Wyeth, Inc., 2012 U. S. Dist. LEXIS 3699, *6, 11, 14 (A);
16-19 (B) (WDNC 2012) (denying motion to dismiss state law failure to warn and
breach of warranty claims against generic drug manufacturers; holding that a state
law claim for failure to include warnings was not preempted by federal law where the
federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) would have permitted or even
required such changes); Franzman v. Wyeth, Inc., 451 S.W.3d 676, 688-689 (c) (Mo.
App. 2014) (while the alleged failure to update generic drug labels may also
constitute a violation of federal law, the plaintiff’s claim was based on an independent
state law duty and was not preempted). See also Fisher v. Pelstring, 817 FSupp2d
791, 832 (a) (DSC 2012) (breach of implied warranty of merchantability under state
law is not created by labeling content, and claims alleging its breach by generic drug
manufacturers remain viable post-Mensing); Metz v. Wyeth, 872 FSupp2d 1335,
1341-1342 (MD Fla. 2012) (implied warranty claim against generic drug
manufacturers may survive preemption based on a showing that defendant knew the
drug was likely to be used more than 12 weeks and implicitly warranted that it was
safe and effective for such use).

                                           9
the generic drug manufacturers failed to, inter alia, include information that they were

required to include, namely the 2004 update. She alleged that Georgia law prohibits

drug manufacturers from selling misbranded drugs,18 and that state law parallels

federal law in that regard.19 As Dement contends, it was thus not impossible for the

generic drug manufacturers to simultaneously comply with both state and federal law.

Accordingly, these state-law claims asserted by Dement do not run afoul of Mensing

or the cases cited in the trial court’s order (Mutual Pharmaceutical v. Bartlett20 and

Morris v. PLIVA),21 and dismissal was not warranted.

      18
           See OCGA §§ 26-3-3, 26-3-8.
      19
           See 21 USC §§ 331 (a), 352 (a) (c) (f).
      20
         133 SCt at 2476 (explaining that “preemption cases presume that an actor
seeking to satisfy both his federal- and state-law obligations is not required to cease
acting altogether in order to avoid liability”; rejecting argument that state law claims
are protected from preemption because a defendant faced with a conflict between
federal and state law could have opted to suspend sales of its product; a “failure to
stop selling” theory of liability is incompatible with preemption jurisprudence).
      21
          713 F3d 774, 778 (II) (“failure to stop selling claim” was preempted by
federal law because “[a]ny state law-based holding that the generic [drug]
manufacturers should have acted differently with respect to warnings or should have
ceased manufacturing these products because of insufficient warnings not only
violates the duty of sameness but conflicts with FDA’s exclusive authority to approve
drugs and drug labels”). See Lyman v. Pfizer, Inc., 2012 U. S. Dist. LEXIS 13185,
*18-19 (D. Vt. 2012) (“[T]he Mensing holding does not prevent plaintiffs from
asserting liability against the [defendants] for distributing a drug that is misbranded”;

                                           10
      (c) However, the trial court properly dismissed Dement’s claims based on

“failure to communicate” warning label change information to the healthcare

community, as those claims are preempted by federal law.22

      Construing the pleadings most favorably to Dement, we hold that the generic

drug manufacturers failed to establish that Dement could not possibly introduce

evidence within the framework of the complaint sufficient to warrant a grant of the

relief sought as to her claims for failure to warn and failure to suspend or withdraw

sales.23 The trial court’s judgment is reversed to the extent it holds otherwise. With

regard to the claim based on an alleged failure to communicate warning label change

information to the healthcare community, the judgment is affirmed.

“[f]ederal law prohibits a manufacturer from introducing into commerce a misbranded
drug.”).
      22
         Mensing, supra at 131 SCt 2576 (federal law did not permit manufacturers
to issue additional warnings through letters to physicians); Guarino v. Wyeth, LLC,
719 F3d 1245, 1249 (11th Cir. 2013) (generic drug manufacturers could not be
compelled by state law to mail warnings directly to physicians); Morris, 713 F3d at
776-777 (I) (citing Mensing, holding that “duty of sameness” prohibits generic drug
manufacturers from sending warning letters communicating a label change if name
brand manufacturers did not also send such a warning).
      23
           See TechBios, Inc., supra.

                                         11
                     Case No. A15A1165. TANNER v. PLIVA et al.

      2. Tanner appeals the grant of the generic drug manufacturers’ motion to

dismiss, making substantively the same contentions Dement makes in Case No.

A15A1161. For the reasons set out in Division 1 above, the trial court erred by

granting the generic drug manufacturers’ motion to dismiss the failure to warn and

failure to withdraw sales claims, but properly denied the motion as to the failure to

communicate claim. The judgment is reversed as to the former two claims, and

affirmed as to the latter claim.

      B. DENIAL OF GENERIC DRUG MANUFACTURERS’ MOTIONS TO

DISMISS

                       Case No. A15A1157. PLIVA v. DEMENT

      3. In denying the generic drug manufacturers’ motions to dismiss claims based

on alleged failure to update labeling to include the 2004 warning that the drug should

not be taken for more than 12 weeks, the trial court found that Dement’s complaint

had set forth sufficient allegations to state a claim for relief. PLIVA appeals the

ruling. We affirm.

      As stated above, Dement alleged that in 2004 the name brand drug

manufacturers updated the labeling of their drug to include a warning that the drug

                                         12
should not be used for longer than 12 weeks. PLIVA concedes that federal law

requires generic drug manufacturers to duplicate verbatim the brand-name drug’s

label, that PLIVA was obligated to update its packaging in 2004 to include the new

warning when the name brand drug manufacturers did, and that PLIVA failed to do

so.

      Nonetheless, PLIVA moved to dismiss Dement’s “failure to update” claim,

arguing that it is an impermissible attempt to enforce the FDCA’s “sameness”

requirement, and that the federal duty of sameness is not enforceable by private

litigants.24 The trial court properly denied PLIVA’s motions to dismiss.

      (a) First, Dement alleged in her complaint that PLIVA had a duty under

Georgia common law to provide adequate warnings about its product, which PLIVA

could have done by updating its labeling in 2004 (to conform to the FDA-approved

and mandated revisions). Such an update was not rendered impossible by federal

law.25 Accordingly, federal law does not preempt the claim.26

      24
       See Friedlander v. Hms-Pep Prods., 226 Ga. App. 123, 125-126 (2) (485
SE2d 240) (1997) (the FDCA does not provide a private right of enforcement).
      25
           Compare Mensing, supra.
      26
         See, e.g., Fulgenzi v. PLIVA, Inc., 711 F3d 578, 584 (III) (A) (6th Cir. 2013)
(plaintiffs were not preempted under Mensing from bringing state tort claims against

                                          13
      (b) Second, Dement does not seek to enforce the FDCA or recover for a

violation thereunder, but seeks to recover damages based on Georgia law.27 Thus,

PLIVA’s contention presents no basis for reversal.

      The trial court did not err by refusing to dismiss Dement’s failure to update

claims.

generic drug manufacturer for failing to update its metoclopramide label to include
the 2004 warning; plaintiff could base her claim on argument that drug
manufacturer’s warning was inadequate to the extent that it did not include language
contained in the name-brand manufacturer’s updated label); Phelps v. Wyeth, Inc.,
938 FSupp2d 1055, 23 (D. Ore. 2013) (allowing claims arising from PLIVA’s alleged
failure to update warning label, as not arising from violations of FDCA
requirements).
      27
         See generally Chrysler Corp., supra at 724 (1) (under Georgia negligence
law, a product manufacturer has a duty to exercise reasonable care in manufacturing
its products so as to make products that are reasonably safe for intended or
foreseeable uses); Banks v. ICI Americas, 264 Ga. 732, 733 (1) (450 SE2d 671)
(1994) (with respect to product manufacturers, Georgia law recognizes causes of
action based on three general categories of product defect: manufacturing defects,
design defects, and warning defects); McLain v. Mariner Health Care, 279 Ga. App.
410, (2) n.10 (631 SE2d 435) (2006) (considering federal laws and regulations when
determining the appropriate standard of care for purposes of a common law
negligence claim).

                                        14
    Case No. A15A1160. TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC. v. DEMENT

      4. To the extent Teva raises the same arguments here that PLIVA raised in Case

No. A15A1157, its arguments are likewise without merit.28 Insofar as Teva contends

that Dement’s claim should have been dismissed because Dement took Teva’s drug

only after its label had been updated, the contention presents no basis for reversal.

      On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the court must accept the

plaintiff’s claims as true and determine whether the complaint states a cause of

action.29 If, within the framework of the complaint, evidence may be introduced

which will sustain a grant of relief to the plaintiff, the complaint is sufficient.30

Because it cannot be said with certainty that within the framework of the complaint

no evidence could be introduced that would support Dement’s claims for relief, the

motion to dismiss was properly denied.31

      28
           Division 3, supra.
      29
        Simmons v. Brady, 251 Ga. App. 717, 718 (1) (555 SE2d 94) (2001); see
Ikomoni v. Bank of America, 330 Ga. App. 776 (769 SE2d 527) (2015).
      30
           Ikomoni, supra.
      31
           See id. at 778.

                                         15
                    Case No. A15A1163. PLIVA, INC. v. TANNER

      5. PLIVA appeals the denial of its motion to dismiss Tanner’s claim based on

failure to update. The order appealed is substantively the same as the one PLIVA

appeals in Case No. A15A1157,32 and PLIVA makes substantively the same

arguments. This appeal is without merit for the reasons described in Division 3.33

             Case No. A15A1404. GENERICS BIDCO I, LLC. v. DEMENT

      6. Generics Bidco I, LLC appeals the trial court’s denial of its motion to

dismiss, asserting the same contentions PLIVA makes in Case No. A15A1157. Those

contentions are without merit, for the reasons discussed in Division 3.34

      Generics Bidco I asserts additionally that Dement’s claim that the generic drug

manufacturers failed to timely update their labels must be dismissed as to Generics

Bidco I because it did not exist as an entity until 2007, and when it entered the market

its drug had updated labeling. However, that assertion goes beyond the framework of

the complaint. Because it cannot be said with certainty that, within the framework of

      32
           Division 3, supra.
      33
           Supra.
      34
           Supra.

                                          16
the complaint, no evidence could be introduced that would support Dement’s claims

for relief, the motion to dismiss was properly denied.35

      C. GRANT OF SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF NAME BRAND

DRUG MANUFACTURERS

   Case No. A15A1162. DEMENT v. ALAVEN PHARMACEUTICAL, LLC et al.

      7. This court reviews the grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.36 “The judgment sought shall

be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and

admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine

issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a

matter of law.”37

      In granting summary judgment to the name brand drug manufacturers, the trial

court held that those defendants could not be held liable because the plaintiffs had not

been exposed to their products. In her challenge to the ruling, Dement contends that

the name brand drug manufacturers are strictly liable because they controlled the

      35
           See generally id.
      36
           Godwin v. Mizpah Farms, LLLP, 330 Ga. App. 31 (766 SE2d 497) (2014).
      37
           OCGA § 9-11-56 (C).

                                          17
design and labeling of the generic drugs, or, alternatively, common law negligence

claims are available; further, public policy supports such claims. There was no error.

      Under Georgia law, Dement, proceeding under a theory of negligence or strict

liability, must prove that the defendants manufactured or distributed the product that

caused her harm, or that she was exposed to the defendants’ product.38 Regarding

liability of a name brand drug manufacturer to a consumer who used only a generic

drug, “the overwhelming national consensus . . . is that a brand-name manufacturer

cannot be liable for injuries caused by the ingestion of the generic form of a

product.”39 Because the name brand drug manufacturers owed no duty of care to

      38
         See Hoffman v. AC&S, 248 Ga. App. 608, 610-611 (548 SE2d 379) (2001);
Chapman v. American Cyanamid Co., 861 F2d 1515, 1519-1520 (I) (11th Cir. 1988);
Germain v. Teva Pharmaceuticals, USA, 756 F3d 917, 943 (4) (6th Cir. 2014) (noting
that federal courts in Georgia have rejected misrepresentation claims against name
brand drug manufacturers where the plaintiffs had ingested only generic drugs, and
that name brand drug manufacturers do not owe generic drug consumers a duty that
could give rise to liability under Georgia law for alleged misrepresentations);
Guarino, supra at 1252-1253; Smith v. Wyeth, Inc., 657 F3d 420, 423-424 (6th Cir.
2011) (“As have the majority of courts to address the question, we reject the argument
that a name brand drug manufacturer owes a duty of care to individuals who have
never taken the drug actually manufactured by that company.”).
      39
           Guarino, supra at 1252.

                                         18
Dement,40 who never used their product, those defendants were entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.41 There was no error.

                 Case No. A15A1164. TANNER v. WYETH LLC et al.

      8. Tanner makes the same challenges as Dement to the grant of the name brand

drug manufacturers’ summary judgment motion. Tanner’s challenge fails for the

reasons set out in Division 7.

      D. DENIAL OF PATIENT EDUCATION MATERIALS AUTHOR’S

MOTION TO DISMISS

     Case No. A15A1159. WOLTERS KLUWER HEALTH, INC. v. DEMENT

      9. Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., contends that the trial court erred by denying

its amended motion to dismiss claims asserted against it. In its motion to dismiss,

Wolters Kluwer Health asserted that it owed Dement no legal duty, that the First

Amendment to the Constitution barred her claim, and that no privity existed between

Dement and Wolters Kluwer Health. The court found the motion to be premature,

stating that the motion required the court to consider matters outside the parties’

      40
       See generally Marquis Towers v. Highland Group, 265 Ga. App. 343, 345-
346 (593 SE2d 903) (2004); Chrysler Corp., supra (manufacturer had the duty to
warn consumers of the risks of its products).
      41
           See generally Godwin, supra.

                                            19
pleadings, and noted that it would consider the issues upon completion of discovery

pursuant to a properly filed motion for summary judgment. There was no error.

      Our Supreme Court has recently reiterated that a motion to dismiss should not

be granted unless the allegations of the complaint disclose with certainty that the

claimant would not be entitled to relief under any state of provable facts asserted in

support thereof.42 “Therefore, the movant must establish that the plaintiff cannot

possibly introduce evidence within the allegations of the complaint entitling him to

the relief sought.”43

       Dement’s complaint includes the following pertinent allegations: Wolters

Kluwer Health authored patient education materials, which pharmacists then provided

to their patients; the materials included information about prescription drugs,

including the drug at issue here; the drug information was typically given to patients

(stapled to their prescription package) when the prescription was picked up, as it was

here; Wolters Kluwer Health undertook to provide accurate drug information in the

materials it authored and made available to pharmacies for their customers; Wolters

      42
           Austin v. Clark, 294 Ga. 773, 774-775 (755 SE2d 796) (2014).
      43
          Thomas v. Gregory, 332 Ga. App. 286, 290 (3) (772 SE2d 382) (2015)
(citation omitted).

                                         20
Kluwer Health had knowledge that those using the drug would rely upon the

information in the materials; Dement read and relied upon misstatements about the

drug in the materials; and, as a result of Wolters Kluwer Health’s wrongful conduct,

Dement was injured.

      Inasmuch as Wolters Kluwer Health has not established that Dement cannot

possibly introduce evidence within the allegations of the complaint entitling her to

any of the relief sought,44 the court properly denied its motion to dismiss.

      44
         See, e.g., Lyons v. Wyeth, Inc., 2011 U. S. Dist. LEXIS 64377, *13-14 (ED
Mo. 2011) (claims against patient education material authors were colorable under
common law theory that a defendant who undertakes to act owes a duty to act
carefully); Nicely v. Wyeth, Inc., 2011 U. S. Dist. LEXIS 64380, *9 (ED Mo. 2011)
(same); Bailey v. Pfizer, Inc., 2014 U. S. Dist. LEXIS 73671,*14 (ED Pa. 2014)
(“[This] Court agrees with other courts that have held that the question of the
applicability of the First Amendment as a defense to Plaintiffs’ claims [against
Wolters Kluwer Health as authors of patient education materials plaintiffs received
from their pharmacists with their prescriptions] cannot be appropriately determined
in the context of a motion to remand, in the absence of any developed factual
record.”) (footnote omitted, emphasis supplied); Neeley v. Wolters Kluwer Health,
Inc., 2013 U. S. Dist. LEXIS 106191, *44 (ED Mo. 2013) (First Amendment case law
does not require dismissal of claims against authors of patient education materials);
see generally Atlanta Affordable Housing Fund, L.P. v. Brown, 253 Ga. App. 286,
292 (3) (558 SE2d 827) (2002) (“It is ancient learning that one who assumes to act,
even though gratuitously, may thereby become subject to the duty of acting carefully,
if he acts at all.”).

                                         21
      Case No. A15A1349. WOLTERS KLUWER HEALTH, INC. v. TANNER

      10. Wolters Kluwer Health makes substantively the same contentions as to

Tanner in this case that it made in Case No. A15A1159 as to Dement.45 The

contentions made herein likewise present no basis for reversal.

      E. DENIAL OF PATIENT EDUCATION MATERIALS AUTHOR’S

MOTION FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS

             Case No. A15A1158. GOLD STANDARD, INC. v. DEMENT

      11. Gold Standard, Inc., contends that the trial court erred by denying its

motion for judgment on the pleadings when Dement failed to state a claim upon

which relief could be granted. Specifically, Gold Standard asserts that it owed

Dement no duty of care, that there was no privity between Dement and Gold

Standard, and that its right to distribute the information was protected by the First

Amendment. There was no error.

               A motion for judgment on the pleadings is proper where the
      undisputed facts that appear from the pleadings establish that the movant
      is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. All well-pleaded facts are to
      be accepted as true. . . .[T]he granting of a motion for judgment on the

      45
           Division 9, supra.

                                         22
      pleadings under OCGA § 9-11-12 (c) is proper only where there is a
      complete failure to state a cause of action[.]46

Our review of the trial court’s ruling is de novo.47

      Accepting Dement’s well-pleaded facts as true,48 the complaint shows the

following pertinent facts: Gold Standard authored patient education materials, which

pharmacists provided to their patients; the materials included information about

prescription drugs, including the drug at issue here; the drug information was

typically given to patients (stapled to their prescription package) when the

prescription was picked up, as it was here; Gold Standard undertook to provide

accurate drug information in the materials it authored and made available to

pharmacies for their customers; Gold Standard had knowledge that those using the

drug would rely upon the information in the materials; Dement read and relied upon

misstatements about the drug in the materials; and, as a result of Gold Standard’s

      46
       Holland Ins. Group, LLC v. Senior Life Ins. Co., 329 Ga. App. 834, 836 (1)
(766 SE2d 187) (2014); see Frady v. Irwin, 245 Ga. 307 (264 SE2d 866) (1980).
      47
       See Ga. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v. Croft, 322 Ga. App. 816, 817 (746
SE2d 285) (2013).
      48
           See id.

                                          23
wrongful conduct, Dement was injured. There is no “complete failure to state a cause

of action,”49 and the court did not err in denying the motion.

      Judgments affirmed in Case Nos. A15A1157, A15A1158, A15A1159,

A15A1160, A15A1162, A15A1163, A15A1164, A15A1349 and A15A1404. Judgments

in Case Nos. A15A1161 and A15A1165 affirmed in part and reversed in part. Doyle,

C. J., and Boggs, J., concur.

      49
         See Holland Ins. Group, supra. See also authority set forth in n. 44, supra,
of this opinion.

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