Court Opinion

ID: 4631889
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 03:10:36.314777+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:57:48.144908
License: Public Domain

William L. E. O'Bryan, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentO'Bryan v. CommissionerDocket No. 110430United States Tax Court1 T.C. 1137; 1943 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 164; May 18, 1943, Promulgated *164 Decision will be entered for the respondent.  1. Petitioner, domiciled in California, entered into an agreement with his wife, from whom he was separated, providing that each might conduct, carry on, and engage in any employment, business, or trade for his or her own, sole or separate use and benefit, free from any control, restraint, or interference, direct or indirect, by the other, in all respects as if each were unmarried. Held that the income derived by petitioner after the execution of the agreement constituted his separate income.2. In petitioner's returns of income for 1936 and 1937 he reported 50 per centum of his gross income. Returns were filed by him in the name of his wife reporting the other half of his income.  The Commissioner had no knowledge of the fact that the spouses had entered into an agreement making the income derived by petitioner his separate income.  When this was ascertained, more than three years but less than five years after the returns were filed, deficiencies in tax were determined.  Held that petitioner omitted from gross income for each year an amount properly includible therein in excess of 25 per centum of the gross income stated*165  in the return and the assessment of additional tax may be made under section 275 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code.  Estate of T. C. Hale, 121">1 T. C. 121, followed.  Arthur H. Kent, Esq., and C. Wm. Wittman, Jr., C. P. A., for the petitioner.Harry R. Horrow, Esq., for the respondent.  Mellott, Judge.  Harron, J., dissenting.  MELLOTT*1137  The Commissioner made several adjustments to the net income disclosed by petitioner's returns for the years 1936 to 1939, inclusive, and, by notice of deficiency mailed on February 5, 1942, determined the following deficiencies in tax:1936$ 952.091937945.831938752.1019391,493.15Total4,143.17Some of the adjustments are not questioned.  The principal question is: Did respondent err in including in petitioner's net income for each of the years all of the income actually received by him (less deductions), or did petitioner correctly report one-half as his income and one-half as the income of his wife?  A second issue, applicable only to the years 1936 and 1937, is whether the five-year period of limitations prescribed by section 275 (c) of the Revenue Act of 1936 and of*166  the Internal Revenue Code is applicable, or whether the assessment of additional taxes for those years is barred by the provisions of section 275 (a) of the same acts.*1138  FINDINGS OF FACT.Petitioner is an individual, residing at Woodacre, Marin County, California.  His books were kept and his returns were filed with the collector of internal revenue for the first district of California on the cash basis.Petitioner was married in 1919 and the relation of husband and wife existed until the 10th day of October 1942, when he was granted an interlocutory decree of divorce by the Superior Court of California in and for the County of Marin.  His wife was Olivine (Fortier) O'Bryan.Petitioner and his wife separated in 1924.  At that time they were living in Brooklyn, New York.  In the year 1932 petitioner became domiciled in and a resident of the State of California, where he has since resided.  The wife never became a resident of California and petitioner never requested her to live with him in that state.  No action for divorce or for separate maintenance was instituted by either of the parties at any time prior to the end of the calendar year 1939.In 1935 or 1936 petitioner's*167  wife caused a document to be prepared entitled "Separation Agreement." Two copies were sent to petitioner, one of which he signed (at an undisclosed date) and returned to his wife, retaining the other.  The agreement recited that the parties were living separate and apart and that the husband desired to make provision for the maintenance and support of the wife.  It provided:Now, Therefore, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements herein, the parties agree:1. The parties shall live separate and apart and each be free from interference, authority and control by the other as fully as if he or she were sole and unmarried, and each may conduct, carry on and engage in any employment, business or trade which to him or her shall seem advisable for his or her own, sole or separate use and benefit without and free from any control, restraint or interference, direct or indirect, by the other party in all respects as if each were unmarried.Petitioner agreed that the wife should own certain enumerated personal property (household furniture, wearing apparel, etc.), that he, during their joint lives, would pay to her "for her separate maintenance and support, and for her separate*168  use and benefit, $ 150 per month," and that he would pay all charges, taxes, interest, or assessments levied against the payments or against the wife "on account thereof by any present or future law, regulation or act of the United States, or of any state, territory, municipality or other taxing authority * * *." He also agreed to pay all debts contracted by the wife prior to July 1, 1935, and she agreed to contract no more for which he should become liable or answerable.  A policy of life *1139  insurance in the amount of $ 5,000 on petitioner's life was assigned to the wife and petitioner agreed to maintain the insurance in full force and effect in her favor.  The concluding paragraphs of the agreement were as follows:9. The parties hereto covenant and consent that in the event a temporary or final judgment or decree shall be rendered in any action or proceeding between the parties hereto in which provision for the maintenance and support of the wife may be appropriate, such judgment or decree shall provide for the maintenance and support of the wife according to the terms of this agreement, and this agreement shall be embodied in and made a part of such judgment or decree. *169  This agreement shall nevertheless continue in full force and effect.10. The foregoing contains the entire agreement between the parties, and there are no other understandings or agreements between them.After the separation of the parties the wife, during most of the time, lived with her parents in Massachusetts.  The father was an invalid and the mother was a semiinvalid.  The other members of the household, in addition to petitioner's wife and parents, were an invalid sister of the wife and a young nephew.  A portion of the amounts paid by petitioner to his wife was expended in making repairs to the parent's home and in purchasing medical attention and supplies for her relatives.For each of the four years in issue herein petitioner filed two returns of income, one in his name and one in the name of his wife.  Petitioner's returns indicated that a separate return reporting the same amount of gross income as that reported by him was being filed on behalf of his wife.  The return for 1936 showed total salary, wages, commissions, fees, etc., of $ 20,500.  One-half of this amount, or $ 10,250, less one-half of the expenses ($ 1,029.50) or $ 9,220.50 was shown as petitioner's income. *170  Tax in the amount of $ 349.96 was shown to be due and was paid.  The same amount was reported as the income of the wife.  In petitioner's return for 1937, in answer to the question: "Are items of income or deductions of both husband and wife included in this return" it is stated: "Community Return." This return indicated that a separate return had been made and filed in the same collector's office in the name of the wife.  The net income shown by each of these returns was $ 8,280.88 and the tax shown to be due under each was paid.Petitioner did not inform his wife that he was filing income tax returns in her name nor did he advise her as to the amount of income which he received.  His wife never formally asserted any claim to a community property interest in petitioner's earnings during the four years in issue.  In the negotiations preceding the execution of an agreement of October 5, 1942, hereinafter referred to, the wife claimed a community interest in the property.*1140  Under date of July 9, 1941, there was received in the office of the internal revenue agent in charge at San Francisco, California, a letter from an accountant employed by petitioner, advising that a "Separation*171  Agreement" had been "entered into by * * * [petitioner and his wife] on or about October 1, 1935." The quoted sentence was relied upon by the revenue agent as proof of the fact that the agreement had been signed prior to 1936.  He construed it (copy having been transmitted with the letter) as transforming the community income into the separate income of petitioner.Attached to the interlocutory decree of divorce granted to petitioner on October 10, 1942, and incorporated therein is a "Property Settlement Agreement" entered into by petitioner and his wife under date of October 5, 1942.  The agreement is incorporated herein by reference.In the inducement clause it is stated that an action for divorce had been instituted by petitioner and that it was the intention and desire of the parties "to settle and adjust forever all of their community and property rights * * * and all questions and rights relating to the separate property of each * * * and all property rights, claims and demands of every kind, character, nature or description whatever * * *." It was agreed that petitioner should pay to his wife the sum of $ 13,500; that real estate described therein should henceforth be his sole*172  and separate property; that real or personal property possessed or controlled by the wife should be and become her separate property; that a policy of life insurance upon petitioner's life should become the sole and separate property of the wife, future payment of premiums to be made by the husband; and that each of the parties should have an immediate right to dispose of or bequeath by will the property so set apart, as well as property acquired in the future.The agreement was stated to be "in full settlement of all property rights past, present and future as husband and wife * * *" and the wife agreed to accept the provisions of the contract in full satisfaction of her right to support and maintenance.  She expressly waived all of her rights in and to alimony, support, and maintenance, and the right to a family allowance and to share and participate in the estate of petitioner.  The agreement stated that it was "distinctly understood that any and all propery acquired by either of the parties hereto from and after the date hereof shall be the sole and separate property of the one so acquiring the same * * *." The "Separation Agreement" was "supplanted" by this agreement and it was*173  stated to be "entire and complete in itself * * * and not a part of any other contract or agreement."*1141  In determining the deficiencies respondent held that the income received and the deductions claimed were the separate income and deductions of petitioner and not divisible between him and his wife.OPINION.The precise date that the "Separation Agreement" was entered into is important only in connection with the deficiency for 1936.  Respondent, relying primarily upon the statement in writing made by petitioner's representative, determined that it had been signed in 1935 and hence was operative throughout the year 1936.  Petitioner undertook to show that it was not signed until sometime between March and September 1936.  The evidence, as petitioner admits upon brief, is scanty.  Petitioner, testifying as a witness, stated he "couldn't say positively" when he signed the agreement, adding that, to the best of his recollection, it was "between February and the fall of 1936." The document furnishes no clue as to when it was signed and the only other evidence on the subject was hearsay.  Under the circumstances, therefore, we have felt impelled to limit our finding to the bare*174  fact that the agreement was signed at some time in 1935 or 1936.  Since petitioner has not proved it was in effect for only part of the year 1936, respondent's determination that it was in effect throughout the year is approved.The effect of the separation agreement presents a more important and difficult question.  Respondent insists that although it did not transform the community property of the spouses into separate property it did operate to convert the income thereafter earned into separate income.  As to the portion of the income derived from property -- dividends, rents, and royalties -- he points out that the record does not show what part, if any, of it had been acquired by the husband after July 29, 1927.  1 He contends that in the absence of such showing his determination that the income was taxable to the husband should not be disturbed.  Hirsch v. United States, 62 Fed. (2d) 128. Petitioner denies that the agreement had any such effect.  He argues that it would be unreasonable to conclude that the wife had made a definitive surrender of her marital property rights, including her vested right to one-half of her husband's future earnings, *175  unless specific and unambiguous language to that effect were used; that the language of the contract is not definite, specific, and unambiguous; that the wife continued to claim a community property interest until settlement just preceding *1142  the entering of the interlocutory decree of divorce; that even if the original intent of the agreement had been to eliminate community property for the future -- which he denies -- it had been tacitly rescinded by the conduct of the parties, the wife demanding and the husband paying more than the specified amounts; and, finally, that the parties subsequently dealt with each other upon the basis that the great bulk of petitioner's estate still consisted of community property, as evidenced by the fact that just before the interlocutory decree was entered petitioner agreed to pay his wife $ 13,500, an amount representing the value of approximately one-half of all property in which he had an interest.*176 The parties do not disagree upon fundamentals.  Generally a husband, domiciled in California, is required to include in his separate return only one-half of his earnings, the other half being taxable to his wife even though she was not, and never had been, a resident of that state and regardless of the fact that she had never lived with him in that state or been requested by him to do so.  Herbert Marshall, 41 B. T. A. 1064; Paul Cavanaugh, 42 B. T. A. 1037; affd., Commissioner v. Cavanaugh, 125 Fed. (2d) 366. A husband and wife may contract with each other; and they have the power to enter into an agreement the effect of which will be to transform previously acquired property into community (United States v. Goodyear, 99 Fed. (2d) 523), or into the separate property of one or the other (Woodall v. Commissioner, 105 Fed. (2d) 474), or to convert future earnings of either from the status of community property to that of separate property. (Sec. 158, Civil Code of California, Deering.) No particular form of agreement *177  is necessary, Estate of Joe Crail, 46 B. T. A. 658, and cases cited, and, if one is made, it will be effective to change the incidence of Federal income tax liability (Helvering v. Hickman, 70 Fed. (2d) 985; Somerville v. Commissioner, 123 Fed. (2d) 975), provided its terms are such as to indicate an intention to effectuate a change in status. Sherman v. Commissioner, 76 Fed. (2d) 810. Cf. Boland v. Commissioner, 118 Fed. (2d) 622, affirming 41 B. T. A. 930.Did the separation agreement have the effect of transforming petitioner's future earnings from community to separate property? The contentions of the parties have heretofore been outlined.  Both discuss upon brief Sherman v. Commissioner and the other cases cited supra.  The Sherman case exemplifies and applies well established principles of contract law.  Two agreements had been executed by a husband and wife providing that the husband should make certain payments monthly for the support of the wife and children.  *178  Neither contract dealt specifically with the subject of the future earnings of the husband; but the wife testified that when she entered into them she intended thereby to make a complete division of her property rights *1143  with her husband, terminating her community interest in his earnings and salary thereafter.  It was stipulated that the husband would testify to the same effect.  The court held that the testimony must be disregarded and, since there was nothing in the agreements directly or indirectly dealing with the subject of the future earnings of the husband or wife, that their rights were fixed by the law of their domicile.  It therefore concluded that since the wife had a vested interest in the husband's earnings one-half was subject to tax as her income.  Cf. Van Every v. Commissioner, 108 Fed. (2d) 650.Respondent recognizes that the separation agreement did not effect a division of all the property, which petitioner then owned, between him and his wife.  He insists, however, that the agreement did have the effect of transforming petitioner's future earnings from community to separate property. If the agreement did have such effect, *179  then the respondent did not err in treating all of the income as belonging to petitioner.The first paragraph of the operating portion of the agreement provided that the parties should "be free from interference, authority and control by the other as fully as if he or she were sole and unmarried." Considered in its context and especially in conjunction with the inducement clauses, it might be reasonable to conclude that the wife, in return for her "maintenance and support * * * during life," was willing to consent to petitioner's earnings being as free from her interference and authority as if he "were sole and unmarried." It need not be decided, however, that this language was sufficient to change petitioner's earnings from community to separate property. The remaining portion of the clause likewise has some bearing.  Under it the wife specifically agreed that petitioner in the future should "conduct, carry on and engage in any employment, business or trade which to him * * * [should] seem advisable for his * * * own, sole or separate use and benefit without and free from any control, restraint or interference, direct or indirect, by [her] * * * in all respects as if * * * [he] *180  were unmarried." Any lingering doubt as to the intentions of the parties is therefore dispelled.  The conclusion that they intended to transform the husband's future earnings from community to separate property, the wife being content to accept, in lieu of a community interest in his future earnings, an assured income of $ 150 per month, plus any taxes levied upon it by the Federal or local governments, is inescapable.  We are therefore of the opinion and hold that the earnings of petitioner during the taxable years were his separate property.In reaching the above conclusion, we have not overlooked the other contentions of petitioner, heretofore alluded to but not discussed *1144  in detail.  His suggestion that the agreement had been tacitly rescinded by the parties, even if the original intent had been to eliminate community property for the future, is neither sound in principle nor supported by evidence.  The mere fact that he sent his wife more than he had agreed to send her, even if it be assumed that she had "demanded" more, does not abrogate the contract or indicate it had been rescinded. Moreover the implication from his own testimony is that the extra amounts were sent*181  to enable her to support her relatives, to buy medicines for them, and to make needed repairs upon their home.  In other words, if his own statements be relied upon, he was animated by altruistic impulses rather than a feeling that the contract had been rescinded. Nor does the fact that he chose to convey additional property to his wife in 1942, just prior to the entering of the interlocutory decree of divorce, aid in determining the force and effect of the prior separation agreement. Indeed the fact that the parties incorporated in their later agreement a provision "supplanting" the earlier agreement is a strong circumstance indicating they felt it had not been rescinded.What has been said is dispositive of the sole issue arising in connection with the deficiencies for 1938 and 1939.  Conclusion has been reached and it is now held that respondent committed no error in determining the deficiencies for those years.  The remaining issue, applicable only to the years 1936 and 1937, will now be considered.The deficiencies for 1936 and 1937 were determined more than three years but less than five years after the returns were filed.  They were not timely under section 275 (a) of the*182  Internal Revenue Code2 and may be upheld only if the facts justify application of section 275 (c).  3The legislative history of section 275 (c) is set out in Estate of C. P. Hale, 121">1 T. C. 121, and need not be repeated.  Stated generally, it was enacted*183  for the protection of the revenue, giving the Commissioner five years in which to determine a deficiency where a taxpayer omitted from gross income an amount properly includible therein which is in excess of 25 per centum of the amount of the gross income stated in the return.  The question therefore is: Was such omission made by petitioner?*1145  The returns for 1936 and 1937 are in evidence.  The first-mentioned forms the better basis for petitioner's argument.  It reports, under the general heading of "Income," item I, salaries, wages, commissions, fees, etc., as follows:AmountExpensesReceivedPaidO'Bryan Bros., Inc$ 10,250$ 1,029.5020,5002,059.00In the column opposite item I the difference between the amount received and the expenses paid, or $ 9,220.50, is shown.  The "Total Income in Items 1 to 11" is shown as $ 9,591.50.Petitioner argues that he reported the entire amount of his earnings qua earnings and deducted the one-half reported in the returns filed for his wife; that he was not negligent and the Commissioner was not misled; that the section was not intended to apply where a full disclosure of the receipt of income is made in the*184  return; and that the broad interpretation placed upon section 275 (c) by the Commissioner "would go far beyond protection against failure to disclose receipt of doubtful items and would penalize the taxpayer because of an honest and reasonable mistake of law or of fact, with respect to which his return put the Commissioner on notice." He also urges that the Hale case supra, was incorrectly decided and that the conclusion reached is contrary to the legislative intent disclosed in the Committee reports.The last contention has been given serious consideration, but is believed to be unsound.  The statute, as petitioner correctly points out, speaks in terms of omission from gross income. We were of the opinion that the taxpayer in the Hale case had omitted from gross income two amounts aggregating $ 2,176.70, although they had been shown in a dividend schedule attached to the return and erroneously designated capital.  That view is adhered to.  We therefore respectfully decline to overrule the Hale case or to suggest that it should be limited in its application.  Decision in the instant proceeding might well rest upon it and American Liberty Oil Co., 1 T. C. 386,*185  since petitioner obviously included in his gross income but 50 per centum of his earnings; but his other contentions will be considered.Whether petitioner was negligent or respondent was misled seems to be immaterial under the statute.  The criterion is omission from gross income. Nor may respondent be denied the benefit of the five-year statute merely because of an honest mistake of law or of fact by the taxpayer.  The statute makes no such exception.  The legislative history indicates that Congress intended the statute to apply "in the case of a taxpayer who makes an honest mistake." The report of the *1146  Senate Finance Committee 4*186  states that as to such a taxpayer "it would be unfair to keep the statute open indefinitely," which would have been done under the bill passed by the House.  The Senate version was accepted in conference.  5 If the legislative history is to be considered (and in this connection it may be pointed out that the section does not seem to be ambiguous), it appears to be immaterial whether the income was, or was not, omitted because of an honest mistake of law or of fact.Petitioner suggests that the section should not be applied when a taxpayer has made "a full disclosure" in his returns.  That question need not be decided in this case; for in our judgment no full disclosure was made.  No information was given in the returns showing that petitioner and his wife had been separated for years, that he was signing and filing returns for her though not specifically authorized to do so, or that the agreement making the earnings his separate income had been executed.  When these facts were ascertained by the respondent, more than three years but less than five years after the returns were filed, he promptly determined the deficiencies in tax.  In our judgment section 275 (c) is applicable.  We therefore conclude and hold that respondent committed no error in determining the deficiencies in tax for the years 1936 and 1937.Decision will be entered for the respondent.  HARRON Harron, J., dissenting: I respectfully dissent from the majority view under the first issue.  The separation agreement which*187  the parties executed in 1935 or 1936 was a separation agreement by its terms and did not purport to accomplish an ending of the community property of the parties then.  It appears to me to be unsound to construe the agreement as an expression of intention of both parties to terminate the community interests of the spouses in a part of that which ordinarily constitutes community property, namely, future earnings. That there was no such intention at the time the separation agreement was executed is demonstrated by the execution on October 5, 1942, of the "Property Settlement Agreement" which stated that it was the intention of the parties to settle and adjust their community and property rights. That agreement purported to adjust the interests in all property.  The statement in the 1942 agreement that it was "in full settlement of all property rights past, present and future," and that all property acquired by either party from and after the date thereof should be the separate property of each, negates the theory that at some time prior to October 5, 1942, the parties had effected a *1147  separation of property interests, to wit, in 1935 or 1936.  I believe it is incorrect to*188  hold that petitioner's earnings were his separate property after the execution of the separation agreement under facts which indicate that other kinds of property were not to be the separate property of the spouses. Footnotes1. The effective date of the amendment to the California Civil Code which became section 161 (a) Civil Code Deering and which defines the interests of the husband and wife in community property during the continuance of the marriage relation as "present, existing and equal." Since petitioner first became domiciled in California in 1932, the date seems to have no pertinence here.↩2. SEC. 275. PERIOD OF LIMITATION UPON ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION.Except as provided in section 276 --(a) General Rule.  -- The amount of income taxes imposed by this chapter shall be assessed within three years after the return was filed, and no proceeding in court without assessment for the collection of such taxes shall be begun after the expiration of such period.↩3. (c) Omission From Gross Income. -- If the taxpayer omits from gross income an amount properly includible therein which is in excess of 25 per centum of the amount of gross income stated in the return, the tax may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for the collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, at any time within 5 years after the return was filed.↩4. Pp. 43-44, S. Rept. 558, 73d Cong., 2d sess.↩5. Report of Conference Committee, H. Rept. 1385, 73d Cong., 2d sess.↩