Court Opinion

ID: 9895865
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-08 20:10:41.449931+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:14.052528
License: Public Domain

J-S39012-23

                                   2023 PA Super 231

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  SUSAN KRANKOWSKI                             :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 361 MDA 2023

     Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 16, 2022
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Snyder County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-55-CR-0000424-2021

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and McCAFFERY, J.

OPINION BY DUBOW, J.:                               FILED NOVEMBER 08, 2023

       Appellant, Susan Krankowski, appeals from the November 16, 2022

judgment of sentence of two years’ probation entered in the Snyder County

Court of Common Pleas following her conviction for False Reports of Child

Abuse.1 Upon review, we affirm.

       On January 15, 2021, Appellant sent an email to Paul Roman, then-vice-

principal of Selinsgrove High School, and Matt Conrad, then-principal of

Selinsgrove High School with the subject line “Child abuse CYS.” The email

contained a link to one of Appellant’s Facebook posts. The Facebook post

stated: “Brian Shambaugh is a child abuser. Brian Shambaugh under color of

law misused his authority as a caseworker and without proper jurisdiction

subjected my son to physical and sexual abuse of his person and

giggled/laughed about it. Later, Shambaugh was elevated to supervisor at
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1 18 Pa.C.S. § 4906.1.
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Children and Youth.” The Facebook post also contained a screenshot of the

Snyder County Children and Youth Services (“the Agency”) staff directory. At

the time that Appellant sent the email, Appellant’s son was a student at

Selinsgrove High School.     Mr. Roman and Mr. Conrad are both mandated

reporters, who proceeded to make a report of suspected child abuse to the

Agency pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S. § 6313 (“Childline Report”).

      Also in January 2022, Appellant called the Agency, identified herself,

spoke with Lauren Brandt, an administrative assistant, and informed Ms.

Brandt that Mr. Shambaugh sexually assaulted her son in 2011. Appellant

asked to speak to the director of the Agency but hung up the phone when Ms.

Brandt put her on hold to fulfill Appellant’s request. Appellant’s phone call

prompted the director of the Agency to launch an internal investigation, which

revealed that Mr. Shambaugh had never even met Appellant’s son, let alone

perpetrated abuse against him.

      On April 26, 2021, police charged Appellant with False Reports of Child

Abuse. The trial court held a bench trial on October 18, 2022, where the court

heard testimony from Pennsylvania State Trooper Cameron Wolfberg, Mr.

Roman, Mr. Conrad, Ms. Brandt, Appellant’s ex-husband, Appellant’s son, Mr.

Shambaugh, and Agency director Jennifer Evans, who testified in accordance

with the above stated recitation of facts. Additionally, Appellant’s son testified

that he was never physically or sexually abused by Mr. Stambaugh and never

informed anyone that he was abused by Mr. Stambaugh.

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      At the conclusion of the trial, the court found Appellant guilty.      On

November 16, 2022, the trial court sentenced Appellant to two years’

probation and, as a condition of probation, ordered Appellant to submit to a

mental health evaluation and follow all recommendations.

      Appellant timely appealed. Appellant and the trial court both complied

with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      Appellant raises a sole issue for our review: “Whether the trial court

erred/abused its discretion when it determined that [Appellant]’s actions

constituted a ‘report of child abuse’ under [18 Pa.C.S.] § 4906.1.” Appellant’s

Br. at 14.

      Appellant concedes that she contacted school officials and the Agency

administrator and knowingly made false and defamatory statements regarding

child abuse. Id. at 17-18. However, Appellant avers that her actions did not

constitute a “report” because she did not contact police and did not proceed

past making false statements. Id. at 17. Appellant argues that there is no

language in Section 4906.1 that would indicate a statement made to a

mandated reporter would be considered a “report” of child abuse under the

statute.     Id.   Finally, Appellant asserts that because her actions did not

constitute a “report,” the Commonwealth presented insufficient evidence to

convict her of False Reports of Child Abuse.     Id.   Essentially, Appellant is

requesting that this Court interpret what constitutes a “report” under Section

4906.1 of the Pennsylvania Crimes Code.

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      This case presents a question of statutory interpretation and, therefore,

our standard of review is de novo. Commonwealth v. Fant, 146 A.3d 1254,

1260 (Pa. 2016).     When interpreting a statute, this Court must apply the

Statutory Construction Act of 1972. See 1 Pa.C.S. §§ 1501–1991. The object

of all statutory interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the

legislature and give effect to all the provisions of the statute. Id. at § 1921(a).

“When the words of a statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter

of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.” Id. at

§ 1921(b). Generally, a statute's plain language provides the best indication

of legislative intent. Commonwealth v. Shiffler, 879 A.2d 185, 189 (Pa.

2005). In reading a statute's plain language, “words and phrases shall be

construed according to rules of grammar and according to their common and

approved usage, while any words or phrases that have acquired a peculiar and

appropriate meaning must be construed according to that meaning.” Id. at

189 (citing 1 Pa.C.S. § 1903(a)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      However, when the words of the statute are not explicit, the intention

of the legislature may be ascertained by considering, inter alia, the occasion

and necessity for the statute; the mischief to be remedied; the object to be

attained; the consequences of a particular interpretation; the legislative

history, and the legislative and administrative interpretations of such statute.

1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(c).       Importantly, “while statutes generally should be

construed liberally, penal statutes are always to be construed strictly, 1

Pa.C.S. § 1928(b)(1), and any ambiguity in a penal statute should be

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interpreted in favor of the defendant.” Shiffler, 879 A.2d at 189. Finally,

when ascertaining the intention of the legislature, we presume that the

legislature “does not intend a result that is absurd, impossible of execution or

unreasonable” and “intends the entire statute to be effective and certain.” 1

Pa.C.S. § 1922(1), (2).

      Pursuant to the Pennsylvania Crimes Code, a person commits the crime

of False Reports of Child Abuse “if the person intentionally or knowingly makes

a false report of child abuse under 23 Pa.C.S. Ch. 63 (relating to child

protective services).” 18 Pa.C.S. § 4906.1.

      Neither the Pennsylvania Crimes Code nor the Child Protective Services

Law (“CPSL”) specifically define the term “report” and there is a dearth of case

law defining the term.      Nevertheless, certain sections of the CPSL are

particularly instructive. Section 6302 emphasizes that “[a]bused children are

in urgent need of an effective child protective service to prevent them from

suffering further injury and impairment.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 6302(a). Section 6302

further explains that the purpose of the CPSL is to encourage more complete

reporting of child abuse:

      It is the purpose of this chapter to encourage more complete
      reporting of child abuse; to the extent permitted by this
      chapter, to involve law enforcement agencies in responding to
      child abuse; and to establish in each county protective services
      for the purpose of investigating the reports swiftly and
      competently, providing protection for children from further abuse
      and providing rehabilitative services for children and parents
      involved so as to ensure the child’s well-being and to preserve,
      stabilize and protect the integrity of family life wherever

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      appropriate or to provide another alternative permanent family
      when the unity of the family cannot be maintained.

Id. at § 6302(b) (emphasis added).

      Section 6312 sets forth the individuals who are encouraged to report

suspected child abuse and how those individuals should report child abuse:

“[a]ny person may make an oral or written report of suspected child abuse,

which may be submitted electronically, or cause a report of suspected

child abuse to be made to the department, county agency or law

enforcement, if that person has reasonable cause to suspect that a child is a

victim of child abuse.” Id. at § 6312 (emphasis added). Notably, Section

6312 states that a person may either make a report or “cause a report of

suspected child abuse to be made,” using the two scenarios interchangeably.

See id.

      Section 6311 provides that mandated reporters are required to report

suspected child abuse if they have reasonable cause to suspect that a child is

a victim of abuse.   Id. at § 6311(a).      Relevant to this appeal, mandated

reporters include school employees and employees of a social services agency

who have direct contact with children in the course of employment. Id. at §

6311(a)(4), (8). A mandated reporter is required to report suspected child

abuse in numerous circumstances, including when “a person makes a specific

disclosure to the mandated reporter than an identifiable child is the victim of

child abuse.”   Id. at § 6311(b)(1)(iii).   Finally, a mandated reporter must

comply with specific reporting requirements when making a Childline Report,

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including making “an oral report to the department via the Statewide toll-free

telephone number” and/or “a written report using electronic technologies[.]”

Id. at § 6313(a)(1).

      Since the purpose of the CPSL is to encourage more complete reporting

of child abuse and Section 6312 includes both a person making a report and

a person causing a report of child abuse “to be made,” we are guided by

legislative intent to embrace a common-sense interpretation of the word

“report” in 18 Pa.C.S. § 4906.1. We disagree with Appellant’s argument that

the term “report” in Section 4906.1 only includes making a report directly to

law enforcement.

      Rather, we hold that the term “report” in Section 4906.1 of the Crimes

Code includes 1) making a disclosure to a mandated reporter, who is required

by law to make a Childline Report and 2) making a disclosure directly to a

child protective services agency employee and consequently prompting an

investigation. As explained above, once an individual “gets the ball rolling”

by disclosing false allegations of child abuse to a mandated reporter, the

mandated reporter is required to make a Childline report, and the child

protective services agency is required to investigate the allegation. Thus, the

reporting of false allegations of child abuse to any mandated reporter has the

same effect as making a direct disclosure to Childline or law enforcement.

Likewise, if an individual discloses false allegations of child abuse to a child

protective services agency employee and an investigation ensues, it has the

same effect as making a direct disclosure to Childline or law enforcement. To

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hold otherwise would mean that an individual could contact a mandated

reporter or a child protective services agency, make false allegations of child

abuse which trigger an investigation, and suffer no consequence. This is an

absurd and unreasonable result.

      Here, Appellant contacted Mr. Roman and Mr. Conrad, who were both

school employees and, thus, mandated reporters, and sent them false

information that Mr. Shambaugh was abusing her son.           Once Appellant

informed the mandated reporters about the suspected, albeit in this case false,

child abuse they had no choice under Section 6311 but to report it. Appellant

likewise contacted the Agency and spoke to Ms. Brandt to falsely disclose the

abuse, which prompted an investigation. Accordingly, the trial court did not

err when it convicted Appellant of False Reports of Child Abuse pursuant to 18

Pa.C.S. § 4906.1.

      In sum, we hold that the term “report” in 18 Pa.C.S. § 4906.1 includes

1) making a disclosure to a mandated reporter, who is required by law to

make a Childline Report and 2) making a disclosure directly to a child

protective services agency employee and consequently prompting an

investigation.   Therefore, we find that the trial court did not err when it

convicted Appellant of False Reports of Child Abuse.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/8/2023

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