Court Opinion

ID: 4708019
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-30 16:12:40.473808+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:47.811076
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Calac v. Calac, 2021-Ohio-2618.]

                                       COURT OF APPEALS
                                      STARK COUNTY, OHIO
                                   FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 KAREN RUSH fka CALAC                          JUDGES:
                                               Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
         Plaintiff-Appellant                   Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.
                                               Hon. John W. Wise, J.
 -vs-
                                               Case No. 2020CA00167
 PETER R. CALAC, et al.,

        Defendants-Appellees                   OPINION

 CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                     Appeal from the Stark County Court of
                                               Common Pleas, Family Court Division,
                                               Case No. 2019DR00300

 JUDGMENT:                                     Affirmed

 DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                       July 28, 2021

 APPEARANCES:

 For Plaintiff-Appellant                       For Defendants-Appellees

 PAUL HERVEY                                   CHRISTOPHER COLERIDGE
 4700 Dressler Avenue, N.W.                    Coleridge Law Office, LLC
 Canton, Ohio 44718                            122 Market Avenue, North
                                               Canton, Ohio 44702
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167                                                         2

Hoffman, J.
       {¶1}     Plaintiff-appellant Karen Rush, fka Calac (hereinafter “Mother”), appeals the

judgment entered by the Stark County Common Pleas Court, Family Court Division,

granting her a divorce from Defendant-appellee Peter Calac (hereinafter “Father”).

                            STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE

       {¶2}     Mother and Father were married in 2006, and had one child, born in 2008.

Father is a member of the Rincon Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Rincon

Reservation. Father receives three types of payments from the Rincon tribe generated

by revenues from a casino operated on tribal lands. The first is a “true-up distribution”

which he receives once a year. The true-up distribution is an equal division among all

tribe members of the money remaining each year in the tribe’s gaming account. In 2019,

he received around $13,000. The second payment is a monthly per capita payment of

$5,250, or $63,000 annually. The third payment is a “general welfare” payment of $3,250

a month, or $39,000 annually. The true-up distribution and per capita distribution are

taxable income under federal law, but the general welfare payment is not taxable income.

       {¶3}     In July of 2018, Father went to prison. Father gave his mother (hereinafter

“Grandmother”) financial power of attorney, and Grandmother began paying the bills for

both parties.

       {¶4}     Mother filed the instant divorce action on April 3, 2019. During the pendency

of the divorce, Grandmother paid all of Mother’s bills, while Mother received

approximately $45,000 in temporary spousal and child support.

       {¶5}     The case proceeded to trial before a magistrate. In a detailed decision, the

magistrate included Father’s true-up and per capita distributions as income for purposes

of spousal and child support, but excluded the general welfare payments. The magistrate
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167                                                      3

considered Father’s receipt of general welfare payments in dividing the marital assets,

and thus awarded Mother $16,292 in assets and Father $7,831 in debt. The magistrate

recommended Father pay spousal support in the amount of $2,000 per month and child

support in the amount of $515 per month.

      {¶6}   Mother filed objections to the magistrate’s decision, but did not provide the

trial court with a copy of the transcript. The trial court considered the objections based

only on the decision of the magistrate, the attachments to the decision of the magistrate

(child support worksheet and parenting plan), and the arguments of counsel. The court

overruled Mother’s objections and entered judgment in accordance with the magistrate’s

decision.

      {¶7}   It is from the October 27, 2020 judgment of the trial court Mother prosecutes

her appeal, assigning as error:

             I.     THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN EXCLUDING APPELLEE’S

      GENERAL WELFARE PAYMENTS FROM COMPUTING HIS INCOME

      FOR PURPOSES OF SPOUSAL SUPPORT.

             II.    THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN EXCLUDING APPELLEE’S

      GENERAL WELFARE PAYMENTS FROM COMPUTING HIS INCOME

      FOR PURPOSES OF CHILD SUPPORT.

             III.    THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN CALCULATING CHILD

      SUPPORT BY USING AN INCORRECT DEDUCTION FOR APPELLEE’S

      HEALTH INSURANCE EXPENSE.
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167                                                           4

       {¶8}   At the outset, we note Father has filed a “Motion to Partially Strike

Appellant’s Reply Brief,” arguing the supplemental statement of the case and facts

includes facts not supported by the record, as Mother has not provided this Court with a

transcript of the proceedings in the trial court, and many of the facts set forth relate to the

proceedings on remand to resolve a pending Civ. R. 60(B) motion, which are not a part

of this appeal. Father’s motion is granted, and the “supplemental statement of the case

and facts” set forth on pages one and two of Mother’s reply brief is stricken.

                                                  I.

       {¶9}   In her first assignment of error, Mother argues the trial court erred in failing

to include the general welfare payment of $39,000 per year which Father receives from

the Rincon tribe in determining spousal support.

       {¶10} A trial court's decision concerning spousal support may be altered only if it

constitutes an abuse of discretion. Kunkle v. Kunkle, 51 Ohio St.3d 64, 67, 554 N.E.2d

83 (1990). An abuse of discretion connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it

implies the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v.

Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

       {¶11} R.C. 3105.18(C)(1) provides the factors a trial court is to review in

determining whether spousal support is appropriate and reasonable and in determining

the nature, amount, terms of payment, and duration of spousal support:

              (C)(1) In determining whether spousal support is appropriate and

       reasonable, and in determining the nature, amount, and terms of payment,
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167                                                         5

     and duration of spousal support, which is payable either in gross or in

     installments, the court shall consider all of the following factors:

            (a) The income of the parties, from all sources, including, but not

     limited to, income derived from property divided, disbursed, or distributed

     under section 3105.171 of the Revised Code;

            (b) The relative earning abilities of the parties;

            (c) The ages and the physical, mental, and emotional conditions of

     the parties;

            (d) The retirement benefits of the parties;

            (e) The duration of the marriage;

            (f) The extent to which it would be inappropriate for a party, because

     that party will be custodian of a minor child of the marriage, to seek

     employment outside the home;

            (g) The standard of living of the parties established during the

     marriage;

            (h) The relative extent of education of the parties;

            (i) The relative assets and liabilities of the parties, including but not

     limited to any court-ordered payments by the parties;

            (j) The contribution of each party to the education, training, or earning

     ability of the other party, including, but not limited to, any party's contribution

     to the acquisition of a professional degree of the other party;

            (k) The time and expense necessary for the spouse who is seeking

     spousal support to acquire education, training, or job experience so that the
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167                                                     6

       spouse will be qualified to obtain appropriate employment, provided the

       education, training, or job experience, and employment is, in fact, sought;

              (l) The tax consequences, for each party, of an award of spousal

       support;

              (m) The lost income production capacity of either party that resulted

       from that party's marital responsibilities;

              (n) Any other factor that the court expressly finds to be relevant and

       equitable.

       {¶12} The goal of spousal support is to reach an equitable result. Kaechele v.

Kaechele, 35 Ohio St.3d 93, 96, 518 N.E.2d 1197 (1988). Although there is no set

mathematical formula to reach this goal, the Ohio Supreme Court requires the trial court

to consider all fourteen factors of R.C. 3105.18(C) and “not base its determination upon

any one of those factors taken in isolation.” Id.

       {¶13} Ohio law does not provide a precise definition of “income” for purposes of

spousal support. In concluding the trial court did not err by excluding mother’s income

from bonuses for purposes of spousal support, but did err in excluding the same income

for purposes of child support, the Eighth District Court of Appeals held:

              To the contrary, in determining the amount and duration of spousal

       support, the trial court need only consider the “[t]he income of the parties,

       from all sources,” as one of several factors. (Emphasis added.) R.C.

       3105.18(C)(1)(a). Therefore, the determination of spousal support is not
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167                                                          7

        limited by the definition of gross income used for child support

        determinations, and John's sole argument relying on such is misplaced. The

        trial court need only consider all sources of income for spousal support

        determinations, whereas the definition of gross income for the child support

        determination requires the inclusion of bonuses in calculating the gross

        income.

        {¶14} MacDonald v. MacDonald, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96099, 2011-Ohio-5389,

¶ 32.

        {¶15} We find Mother has not demonstrated an abuse of discretion in the amount

of spousal support. Mother focuses strictly on Father’s income as determinative of the

amount of spousal support, yet income is only one factor to be considered in fashioning

an award of spousal support. The magistrate’s decision, which was adopted by the trial

court, includes a discussion of all of the factors set forth in the statute, none of which are

challenged by Mother except for the income of the parties, and a single factor is not to be

considered in isolation. Kaechle, supra. The trial court also considered evidence Mother

had received $32,000 in temporary spousal support and $12,513 in temporary child

support during the pendency of the divorce, yet by her own testimony had not paid any

bills in two years from support payments, as Father both directly and via Grandmother

continued to pay all marital bills. While the trial court erred in not considering Father’s

income from general welfare payments in fashioning its spousal support order, the trial

court considered such payments in its property division, awarding to mother assets in the

amount of $16,292 and assigning to Father debts in the amount of $7,831, noting Father
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167                                                         8

had money available from his general welfare payments. Unlike child support, which

requires all income to be specifically and separately be listed on the child support

worksheet, income for setting spousal support does not. As such, income for child

support purposes directly affects the amount of child support awarded, while spousal

support is not similarly calculated using a formula, but income is merely a factor to be

considered. Considering all the factors, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in its spousal support order.

       {¶16} The first assignment of error is overruled.

                                                 II.

       {¶17} In her second assignment of error, Mother argues the trial court erred in

failing to consider the general welfare payment of $39,000 which Father receives annually

as income when calculating child support.

       {¶18} R.C. 3119.01(b)(12) defines gross income for purposes of computing child

support as follows:

              (12) “Gross income” means, except as excluded in division (C)(12)

       of this section, the total of all earned and unearned income from all sources

       during a calendar year, whether or not the income is taxable, and includes

       income from salaries, wages, overtime pay, and bonuses to the extent

       described in division (D) of section 3119.05 of the Revised Code;

       commissions; royalties; tips; rents; dividends; severance pay; pensions;

       interest; trust income; annuities; social security benefits, including

       retirement, disability, and survivor benefits that are not means-tested;
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167                                                                  9

      workers' compensation benefits; unemployment insurance benefits;

      disability insurance benefits; benefits that are not means-tested and that are

      received by and in the possession of the veteran who is the beneficiary for

      any service-connected disability under a program or law administered by

      the   United    States     department     of      veterans'   affairs     or   veterans'

      administration; spousal support actually received; and all other sources of

      income. “Gross income” includes income of members of any branch of the

      United States armed services or national guard, including, amounts

      representing base pay, basic allowance for quarters, basic allowance for

      subsistence,     supplemental     subsistence           allowance,    cost     of    living

      adjustment, specialty pay, variable housing allowance, and pay for training

      or other types of required drills; self-generated income; and potential cash

      flow from any source.

             “Gross income” does not include any of the following:

             (a) Benefits received from means-tested government administered

      programs,      including   Ohio   works        first;   prevention,     retention,    and

      contingency; means-tested veterans' benefits; supplemental security

      income; supplemental nutrition assistance program; disability financial

      assistance; or other assistance for which eligibility is determined on the

      basis of income or assets[.]

      {¶19} The trial court found as follows concerning the $39,000 Father receives

annually in general welfare payments from the Rincon tribe:
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167                                                                     10

                The IRS (in Section 139E above) treats Native American Indian

        general welfare payments in a similar way that TANF and SSI/other social

        service benefits that are not considered taxable income.1                    Likewise,

        general welfare payments would fall under section (a) above under the

        Ohio Revised Code and are considered a type of public assistance

        which is not includable in gross income in Ohio for purposes of

        computing child support.

        {¶20} Decision of the Magistrate, August 25, 2020, page 28, adopted by the trial

court October 16, 2020, emphasis added.

        {¶21} The trial court inferentially found the general welfare payments Father

receives are means-tested income and thus excluded from gross income for purposes of

child support under the Ohio Revised Code. Mother argues there is “no mention” of

means-testing or needs-based tests in federal and tribal statutes establishing the general

welfare payments. However, the Rincon Tribal Code attached to the brief of Mother is

not a part of the record before this Court on appeal, and does not appear to have been

considered by the trial court. Further, assuming arguendo the tribal code is properly

before this court, it does not affirmatively establish general welfare payments are not

means-tested. In the absence of a transcript demonstrating the general welfare payments

were not means-tested income as found by the trial court, we must presume the validity

1 We recognize R.C. 3119.01(b)(12) specifically states gross income for purposes of computing child
support includes unearned income, whether taxable or not. As such, we find the trial court’s reference to
the federal tax code irrelevant.
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167                                                      11

of the proceedings below and affirm. Knapp v. Edwards Laboratories, 61 Ohio St.2d 197,

199, 400 N.E.2d 384, 385 (1980).

      {¶22} The second assignment of error is overruled.

                                           III.

      {¶23} In her third assignment of error, Mother argues the trial court erred in giving

Father a deduction on the child support worksheet for out-of-pocket insurance costs for

himself and the child of $19,982. She argues this amount is based on his pre-divorce

costs when he covered himself, Mother, and the child, and now he only has to pay

insurance costs for the child because his premiums are paid by the Rincon Tribe.

      {¶24} Mother bases her argument on Exhibit 28, which is a letter from the Rincon

Tribe dated December 15, 2017, detailing Father’s insurance costs for 2018. In the

absence of a transcript, we cannot determine if Father’s premiums continue to be paid by

the tribe, nor can we find the insurance costs as set forth by the trial court are not

supported by the record. We therefore must presume the validity of the proceedings

below and affirm. Knapp, supra.

      {¶25} The third assignment of error is overruled.
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167                                         12

       {¶26} The judgment of the Stark County Common Pleas Court, Family Court

Division is affirmed.

By: Hoffman, J.
Gwin, P.J. and
Wise, John, J. concur