Court Opinion

ID: 5134121
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-10 20:01:15.913389+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:41.959598
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 ROSSVILLE CONVENIENCE & GAS,
 INC., et al.
        Plaintiffs,
          v.                                               Civil Action No. 20-2218 (JDB)

 MERRICK GARLAND, Attorney General
 of the United States, et al.
         Defendants.

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       In this case, plaintiffs Rossville Convenience & Gas, Inc. (“Rossville”) and Mansoor

Charaniya challenge a decision by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services

(“USCIS”) denying Rossville’s petition for an employment visa on behalf of Mr. Charaniya. The

parties have filed cross-motions for summary judgment, and the Court also requested and received

supplemental briefing regarding Rossville’s capacity to sue and Mr. Charaniya’s ability to proceed

as the sole plaintiff. Briefing is now complete and the cross-motions—as well as the threshold

questions identified by the Court—are ripe for decision.

       For the reasons explained below, the Court concludes that Rossville lacks capacity to sue

and will accordingly drop it as a party to this action. The Court nevertheless determines that Mr.

Charaniya possesses both constitutional standing and a statutory cause of action to challenge the

agency’s denial of Rossville’s petition on his behalf. That challenge, however, ultimately fails:

USCIS did not abuse its discretion in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5

U.S.C. § 706, by denying Rossville’s petition. The Court will thus grant defendants’ motion for

summary judgment and deny plaintiffs’ cross-motion.

                                                1
                                                  Background

  I.    Statutory Scheme

        The Immigration and Nationality Act, codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq., provides that a

certain number of “[v]isas shall be made available” to “skilled workers,” defined as “[q]ualified

immigrants who are capable . . . of performing skilled labor . . . not of a temporary or seasonal

nature, for which qualified workers are not available in the United States.” Id. § 1153(b)(3)(A)(i).

Visas issued under this provision, known as “EB-3 visas,” are permanent work visas, and a non-

citizen who receives an EB-3 visa is also eligible to become a lawful permanent resident of the

United States. See id. § 1255(a); Khedkar v. USCIS, Civ. A. No. 20-1510 (RC), 2021 WL

3418818, at *1 (D.D.C. Aug. 5, 2021).

        To go from visa hopeful to lawful permanent resident, the non-citizen and his American

employer must follow a “three-step process.” 1 E.g., Patel v. USCIS, 732 F.3d 633, 634 (6th Cir.

2013). First, the non-citizen’s employer must apply for and receive a certificate from the

Department of Labor (“DOL”). See 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(3)(C) (“An immigrant visa may not be

issued to an immigrant under subparagraph (A) until the consular officer is in receipt of a

determination made by the Secretary of Labor pursuant to the provisions of section 1182(a)(5)(A)

of this title.”); see also 20 C.F.R. §§ 656.10, 656.17 (instructions for applying for a certification).

The employer’s application must, among other things, describe “the job opportunity’s

requirements” and the duties to be performed. 20 C.F.R. § 656.17(h)–(i); see also Joint App’x

[ECF Nos. 25-1 & 25-2] (“AR”) at 379–81 (Rossville’s application for a DOL certification in this

        1
          The process described here applies both to non-citizens living outside the U.S. and to those already in the
country. Although the paradigmatic case would be a non-resident alien seeking to enter the country for a job
opportunity, Mr. Charaniya, who currently resides in Chattanooga, TN, see Compl. at 1, may also avail himself of this
procedure.

                                                         2
case). 2 DOL must then approve the employer’s description of the job and certify (1) that “there

are not sufficient workers who are able, willing, qualified . . . and available at the time of

application . . . and at the place where the alien is to perform such . . . labor,” and (2) that “the

employment of such alien will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of workers

in the United States similarly employed.” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(5)(A)(i); see also 20 C.F.R.

§ 656.24(b)(2)–(3). The description of the job’s duties and requirements on the approved DOL

certification then becomes the relevant measure of whether the prospective employee is qualified

for the job (and therefore eligible for a visa). See id. § 204.5(l)(3)(ii)(B).

         Second, after receiving a DOL certification, the employer must file a Form I-140

Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker (“I-140 petition”) with USCIS, 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(a), attaching

its DOL certification, id. § 204.5(l)(3)(i), and requesting a visa for its prospective non-citizen

employee as a “skilled worker,” id. § 204.5(c). Before the agency, the employer is considered the

“petitioner” and is the party in whose name the I-140 petition is filed and processed, see id.

§ 204.5(l)(1); the non-citizen worker, by contrast, is referred to as the “beneficiary” of the petition

and has little to no formal role in the adjudication of the petition, id. § 103.3(a)(1)(iii)(B)

(excluding a beneficiary from the category of “affected party . . . with legal standing in a

proceeding); see also Pai v. USCIS, 810 F. Supp. 2d 102, 105 & n.2 (D.D.C 2011) (noting that

“the employer . . . is the only party with standing in the agency to challenge [a] decision with

respect to [a] petition”).

         2
           In citing the administrative record, the Court will use the administrative record page numbers using the
form “AR ###.” The parties’ Joint Appendix does not arrange the record materials sequentially by their AR page
number, with the result that, for example, “AR 10” does not fall on page 10 of the Joint Appendix. Cf. Certified List
of the Contents of the Administrative Record [ECF No. 12]. To avoid any confusion, then, the Court will disregard
any internal pagination as well as the order of materials in the Joint Appendix.

                                                         3
         For an I-140 petition to be approvable (i.e., for the beneficiary to be eligible for a visa), the

beneficiary must “meet[] the educational, training or experience, and any other requirements of

the [DOL] certification.” 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(l)(3)(ii)(B); accord Vemuri v. Napolitano, 845 F. Supp.

2d 125, 127 (D.D.C. 2012). For “skilled workers,” the beneficiary must have at least “two years

[of] training or experience.” 8 U.S.C. § 1153(b)(3)(A)(i); accord 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(l)(3)(ii)(B).

The petitioning employer is responsible for providing evidence that the beneficiary satisfies these

requirements, 3 8 C.F.R. § 204.5(l)(3)(ii)(B), and that evidence must be “in the form of letter(s)

from current or former employer(s) or trainer(s) [that] include the name, address, and title of the

writer, and a specific description of the duties performed by the alien or of the training received.”

Id. § 204.5(g)(1). If the initial evidence submitted by a petitioner is deficient, USCIS may issue a

Notice of Intent to Deny (“NOID”), explaining any deficiency and requesting clarification and/or

additional evidence. Id. § 103.2(b)(8)(iv). If the employer’s I-140 petition is approved, the

beneficiary “is eligible to stand in line for an immigrant visa number to be issued by the

Department of State.” Pai, 810 F. Supp. 2d at 104.

         Upon receiving a visa number, the beneficiary may embark on the third stage of the three-

step process, becoming eligible to “adjust[] [his] status . . . to that of an alien lawfully admitted for

permanent residence.” 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a); accord Vemuri, 845 F. Supp. 2d at 127. To do so, the

beneficiary must file an I-485 Application for Adjustment of Status with USCIS. See 8 C.F.R.

§ 245.2(a)(3)(ii); Khedkar, 2021 WL 3418818, at *1. Although an approved I-140 petition is a

prerequisite for obtaining permanent resident status, “an immigrant can sometimes file his I-485

application at the same time his employer files the I-140 petition.” Khedkar, 2021 WL 3418818,

         3
          The petitioning employer must also demonstrate that it “has the ability to pay the proffered wage.” 8 C.F.R.
§ 204.5(g)(2). This requirement is not at issue in this case, which focuses solely on whether Rossville established that
Mr. Charaniya met the experience requirement.

                                                           4
at *1. The I-485 adjustment application then sits in limbo while the I-140 visa petition is

adjudicated, to be approved or denied contingent on the outcome of the visa petition.

        Originally, “[t]he petitioner of the I-140 had to remain the alien’s employer until the alien’s

adjustment of status application was decided . . . le[aving] employees essentially tethered to

particular jobs for the duration of USCIS processing, which were marked by long delays.”

Mantena v. Johnson, 809 F.3d 721, 733 (2d Cir. 2015). In 2000, however, Congress enacted the

“portability provision,” codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1154(j), which provides that “an I-140 petition ‘shall

remain valid’ to support an immigrant’s I-485 application for permanent residency even when the

immigrant changes jobs” so long as “the immigrant’s I-485 application has been pending for 180

days or more and . . . the new job is ‘in the same or a similar occupational classification’ as the

one for which the immigrant’s original employer filed the petition.” Khedkar, 2021 WL 3418818,

at *1 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1154(j)). This provision thus allows many I-140 beneficiaries the

flexibility to “port” their I-485 application to a new prospective employer without having to re-

start the whole process. In order for a porting request to be approved, however, the original I-140

petition must be “valid,” i.e., it must have been approvable at the time it was filed. 4 E.g., Khedkar,

2021 WL 3418818, at *6; Ravulapalli v. Napolitano, 773 F. Supp. 2d 41, 47 (D.D.C. 2011); George

v. Napolitano, 693 F. Supp. 2d 125, 131 (D.D.C. 2010); Matter of al Wazzan, 25 I. & N. Dec. 359,

365–67, 2010 WL 4566196, at *6–7 (A.A.O. 2010).

        4
           This is why the instant cross-motions for summary judgment—and the Court’s decision—focus on the
validity of Rossville’s I-140 petition, even though Mr. Charaniya has since sought to port to a new employer. Only
after determining that Rossville’s original petition was “valid” can USCIS process Mr. Charaniya’s porting request.

                                                        5
 II.   Factual Background

           A. Rossville’s Petition

       In this case, plaintiffs attempted to follow the three-step process outlined above. First,

Rossville applied for a DOL certification for Mr. Charaniya’s prospective position, “Store

Manager” of a “Convenience Store and Gas Station” located in Chattanooga, TN. AR 379. The

application was received for processing on July 29, 2002, and was approved on May 2, 2003. AR

378–79; Compl. Ex. A [ECF No. 1-2]. The approved certification gave the following description

of Mr. Charaniya’s proposed job duties:

       Manage operations of store; order food and gas supplies. Monitor inventory.
       Supervise and train employees, assign job duties, work schedules and evaluate
       performance. Perform daily accounting of funds and prepare banking transactions;
       reconcile cash with receipts. Maintain payroll and tax accounts.
AR 379; accord Pls.’ Resp. to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. & Pls.’ Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. & Br. in

Supp. [ECF No. 19] (“Pls.’ Cross-Mot.”) at 12.

       In November 2003, Rossville filed an I-140 petition on behalf of Mr. Charaniya, see

Compl. Ex. B [ECF No. 1-3]; AR 317–21, and Mr. Charaniya contemporaneously filed an I-485

Application for Adjustment of Status, see AR 265–71, 384. Attached to its petition, Rossville

submitted its approved DOL certification, AR 385, and a letter from its corporate secretary

attesting to Mr. Charaniya’s job offer, AR 399. It also submitted two “experience letters” from

Mr. Charaniya’s previous employers discussing his tenure and responsibilities in each job: one

letter, dated April 5, 2001, was from 4 B’s Food Mart (“4 B’s”) in Oklahoma City, OK (“the 4 B’s

Letter”), AR 387; the other letter, dated July 4, 2002, was from Maharashtra Refrigeration

(“Maharashtra”), located in Ahmednagar, India (“the 2002 Maharashtra Letter”), AR 386.

       On April 22, 2009, USCIS issued a NOID with respect to Rossville’s I-140 petition (“the

2009 NOID”), AR 256, explaining that, due to “numerous inconsistencies” in the experience letters

                                                 6
and other documentation, the agency intended to deny the petition “with [a] finding of fraud.” AR

257. For instance, the 4 B’s Letter and the 2002 Maharashtra Letter—dated fifteen months apart

and allegedly sent from different countries—were identical, “contain[ing] the exact same wording”

with the only difference being the “name of the company and the [signing] official and the number

of personnel supervised,” AR 256; see also AR 386–87 (the letters in question). In addition, both

letters contained numerous demonstrable errors. The letterhead of the 2002 Maharashtra Letter

provided an incorrect phone number, misspelled the business’s address, and misspelled the

company’s own name by including an errant “n” (“Maharashtra Refrigernation”). AR 257; see

AR 386.      Similarly, the letterhead of the 4 B’s letter included a phone number that was

disconnected and an address that did not exist, AR 256–57, and, despite being dated April 5, 2001,

the body of the letter stated that Mr. Charaniya “worked in our company from June[]2000–July

2001,” i.e., it listed an end date three months after the letter was supposedly written, AR 387. 5

Finally, Mr. Charaniya’s G-325A Biographic Information form—submitted alongside his I-485

application—stated that he lived in San Antonio, TX, from June to October of 2000 but also

claimed, roughly consistent with the 4 B’s Letter, that he worked as the store manager at 4 B’s

from May 2000 through June 2001—that is, his workplace was nearly five hundred miles away

from his residence for five months in 2000. See AR 272 (Mr. Charaniya’s G-325A form).

        Rossville timely responded to the 2009 NOID, explaining that the inconsistencies and

errors identified by the agency were “the result of typos made in the beneficiary’s experiential

letters and clerical errors made by a paralegal in the preparation of the referenced application

forms.” AR 160. It further explained that 4 B’s Food Mart was actually a sole proprietorship

owned by Mr. Charaniya and that he had owned and managed it for only five months, from

        5
          The NOID also noted that “4 B’s Food Mart” did not appear in a search of the Oklahoma Secretary of State
online database of corporation names.

                                                        7
December 2000 through April of 2001—the contrary dates in the 4 B’s Letter were, again, the

result of typographical errors. See AR 161–62, 231. Rossville then submitted, in its words, “a

mountain of additional evidence” confirming the correct names, addresses, and telephone numbers

of the businesses and corroborating Mr. Charaniya’s employment by both Maharashtra and 4 B’s.

Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 3; see AR 160–63 (describing the additional evidence); AR 164–255 (the

additional evidence). Finally, Mr. Charaniya filed an amended G-325A that provided corrected

dates for his residences and employment. AR 248–52.

           B. The Agency’s Decisions

       Eight years later, on March 15, 2017, the Director of the USCIS Texas Service Center

(“TSC”) denied Rossville’s I-140 petition (“the 2017 Denial”), AR 324–30, and accordingly

denied Mr. Charaniya’s I-485 application as well, since he was not “the beneficiary of an approved

immigrant visa petition,” AR 129–30.        The Director reiterated the many “inconsistencies”

identified in the 2009 NOID and concluded that the evidence submitted by Rossville was not

credible, specifically highlighting the identical language in the experience letters, the numerous

errors in the letterhead of the 2002 Maharashtra Letter, and the fact that the 4 B’s Letter gave a

future end date for Mr. Charaniya’s tenure. AR 325–26. In addition, the Director found that “none

of the experience letters shows that the beneficiary had performed most or all of the job duties

required on the approved labor certification,” AR 326, and that “[a] review of the additional

evidence suggests that the beneficiary had worked . . . as a refrigerator repair mechanic but not as

                                                 8
a manager who performed duties claimed by the petitioner,” AR 327. Accordingly, the Director

denied the petition. 6

         Rossville appealed the 2017 Denial to the agency’s highest appellate authority, the

Administrative Appeals Office (“the AAO”). See AR 18–29 (notice of appeal); see generally

AAO Practice Manual §§ 1.4, 3.2(e), uscis.gov/administrative-appeals/aao-practice-manual (last

accessed Dec. 10, 2021). Rossville submitted a brief setting out its objections to the 2017 Denial,

AR 40–53, attaching as exhibits much of the evidence submitted in response to the 2009 NOID,

see AR 54, as well as a new letter, dated May 2017, from the “Proprietor” of Maharashtra

Refrigeration (“the 2017 Maharashtra Letter”), AR 80. This letter reiterated that Mr. Charaniya

served as the business’s manager from 1991 to 2000, confirmed his job duties, and stated that the

errors in the 2002 Maharashtra Letter were typos by his secretary. Id.

         The AAO affirmed the denial of Rossville’s petition (“the AAO Decision”), see AR 1–12,7

agreeing with the Director’s “determination that the evidence submitted to the record regarding

the Beneficiary’s prior work experience is not credible,” AR 6. The AAO, like the TSC Director,

relied on the fact that the initial experience letters were largely identical and that the 4 B’s Letter

         6
           The Director also gave two additional “independent and alternative bas[e]s for denial.” AR 329. Because
Mr. Charaniya had “formed or created two companies in 2004 . . . [one of which] [wa]s still in operation,” the Director
found that Rossville’s job offer to Mr. Charaniya was not for “full time employment.” AR 327–28. The Director also
determined that Rossville had willfully made false representations of material facts to the agency and accordingly
entered a finding of fraud, AR 328–30, a determination which not only justified denying the petition but would have
rendered Rossville—and perhaps Mr. Charaniya—ineligible to ever receive a visa in the future, see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1182(a)(6)(C)(i). On appeal, however, USCIS’s Administrative Appeals Office disagreed with and formally
withdrew both of these findings. AR 7, 10. As such, these findings—and indeed the entire 2017 denial—are irrelevant
to the validity of the subsequent decision by the AAO. See, e.g., Herrera v. USCIS, 571 F.3d 881, 885 (9th Cir. 2009)
(“Because the AAO’s decision was the agency’s final decision, we review the AAO’s decision.” (citing Aguilera–
Montero v. Mukasey, 548 F.3d 1248, 1250 (9th Cir. 2008))); cf. Amponsah v. Barr, No. 20 C 4639, 2020 WL 7327699,
at *2 (N.D. Ill. Dec. 11, 2020) (holding that service center denial was not “final agency action” when agency had
reopened the matter and vacated the prior decision, as the initial denial “no longer mark[ed] ‘the consummation of the
agency’s decisionmaking process,’ and no legal consequences will flow from [it]” (quoting U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs
v. Hawkes Co., 578 U.S. 590, 597 (2016))).
         7
           The Court will cite the version of the AAO Decision in the administrative record of this case, but the
decision is also publicly available via a commercial electronic database. See Matter of R-C-&-G, Inc., 2018 WL
4069923 (Aug. 16, 2018).

                                                          9
“was issued before the Beneficiary ended his employment,” AR 5, and it also noted various other

inconsistencies calling into question the reliability of petitioner’s evidence, see AR 5–6. The AAO

also determined that Rossville’s “mountain” of supporting evidence failed to demonstrate that Mr.

Charaniya had the requisite two years of experience. AR 6–8. While the documentation regarding

Maharashtra Refrigeration—including phone book advertisements for the company, business

registration certificates, and pictures of the storefront—demonstrated that the company existed,

the AAO noted that they did not attest to Mr. Charaniya’s role in the company or to his job

responsibilities. 8 See AR 7. Likewise, the AAO explained that the provided documentation

regarding 4 B’s only showed that Mr. Charaniya “was the owner of 4 B’s Food Mart for a short

period of time between the end of 2000 and the beginning of 2001” and did not “establish that he

also served as manager of the business.” AR 7.

         Between the incredibility of the experience letters and the inconclusivity of the other

evidence, the AAO found that Rossville “ha[d] not established that [Mr. Charaniya] possessed the

experience required,” AR 8, and it affirmed the Director’s decision to deny its I-140 petition. 9 AR

11–12. Accordingly, it also rejected Rossville’s request that Mr. Charaniya be permitted to “port”

to another employer under 8 U.S.C. § 1154(j), explaining that, since “the initial [I-140] petition

was not approvable because the Petitioner did not establish that the Beneficiary possessed the

experience required[,] . . . . the Beneficiary is not eligible to port to another employer under

[§ 1154(j)].” AR 11.

         8
           In addition, much of the additional evidence was written in Marathi but lacked a certified translation, such
that USCIS could not “meaningfully determine whether the translated material is accurate and thus supported the
Petitioner’s claims.” AR 4 n.5; see 8 C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(3) (“Any document containing foreign language submitted to
USCIS shall be accompanied by a full English language translation which the translator has certified as complete and
accurate, and by the translator’s certification that he or she is competent to translate from the foreign language into
English.”).
         9
          As noted supra note 6, the AAO also considered and withdrew the Director’s two other reasons for denying
Rossville’s petition. See AR 7–10.

                                                         10
           C. APA Litigation

       Rossville and Mr. Charaniya first brought suit on November 15, 2018, challenging

USCIS’s denial of the I-140 petition. Compl. at 9 [ECF No. 1], Rossville Convenience & Gas,

Inc. v. Barr, 453 F. Supp. 3d 380 (D.D.C. 2020) (Civ. A. No. 18-2630-ABJ). The government

moved to transfer or dismiss the case, and on April 8, 2020, Judge Amy Berman Jackson dismissed

plaintiffs’ complaint without prejudice under Rule 12(b)(6). See Rossville Convenience & Gas,

453 F. Supp. 3d at 389–91. Plaintiffs then filed the instant suit on August 12, 2020, Compl. [ECF

No. 1], and the government again moved to transfer the case to either the Northern or Southern

District of Texas, see Defs.’ Mot. to Transfer [ECF No. 6]. This Court, agreeing with Judge

Jackson’s previous analysis, denied the motion on February 23, 2021. See Mem. Op. & Order

[ECF No. 9]. The parties then submitted cross-motions for summary judgment.

       Plaintiffs attack the AAO’s decision as arbitrary and capricious, heavily emphasizing that

a petitioner must establish visa eligibility only by a preponderance of the evidence, see Pls. Cross-

Mot. at 5–8, while accusing the agency of “assuming facts not in evidence,” id. at 5; see id. at 10–

11, and of ignoring or improperly weighing the evidence submitted by Rossville, id. at 13–18.

Plaintiffs accordingly ask the Court to grant summary judgment in their favor and issue a

declaratory judgment stating that Mr. Charaniya satisfied the relevant experience requirements and

that Rossville’s I-140 petition is approvable. Id. at 20; Compl. [ECF No. 1] at 13–14. Defendants,

naturally, disagree, see generally Defs. Mot. for Summ. J. [ECF 15] (“Defs.’ Mot.”), defending

the AAO’s decision and arguing that the “contradictions” in plaintiffs’ supporting evidence “along

                                                 11
with missing and incorrect information did not establish that Mr. Charaniya had the requisite two

years’ experience as a manager,” Defs.’ Mot. at 17. 10

         After reviewing the parties’ submissions and the administrative record in this case, the

Court noticed that Rossville appears to be “administratively dissolved” under the law of

Tennessee. Accordingly, the Court sua sponte ordered both parties to address whether “Rossville

possess[es] capacity to sue” and, if not, “whether this action may proceed without Rossville as a

plaintiff.” See Order to Show Cause [ECF No. 26] at 2. Both parties timely submitted responses

to the Court’s Order. Briefing—on both the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment as well

as the threshold questions raised by the Court—is now complete, and the matter is ripe for decision.

                                                       Analysis

  I.     Rossville’s Capacity to Sue

         Rossville Convenience & Gas, Inc., the lead plaintiff in this case and the petitioner before

the agency, is a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Tennessee. See Business

Entity     Detail:      Rossville       Convenience          &      Gas,      Inc.,    Tenn.       Sec.      of    State,

https://tnbear.tn.gov/Ecommerce/FilingDetail.aspx?CN=13321013508722502310919517707306

8201040217244181 (last visited Dec. 3, 2021). Since August 9, 2012, however, Rossville has

been “administratively dissolved.” See id.; accord AR 8 n.7 (“The Petitioner was administratively

dissolved on August 9, 2012, in Tennessee.”). In their response to the Court’s Oct. 4 Order,

plaintiffs essentially acknowledge this fact: “Plaintiff Rossville currently only exists on an

administrative level for purposes of tax filings and other financial matters, [and] since 2012, the

         10
            Defendants also argue that Attorney General Merrick Garland is not a proper party in this lawsuit and ask
the Court to grant judgment as a matter of law at least with respect to him. In support, defendants note that plaintiff
does not allege that the Attorney General “played any role in the adjudication of the underlying petition” or “took any
actions[] that could be described as arbitrary, capricious, or contrary to law.” See Def.’s Mot. at 7; but see Pls.’ Cross-
Mot. at 8–9. The Court is inclined to agree with the defendants, but, because the Court will grant judgment as a matter
of law with respect to all parties, it will not specifically decide this question.

                                                           12
company has not been actively conducting business.” Pls.’ Mem. of L. in Resp. to Order to Show

Cause [ECF No. 27] (“Pls.’ Resp.”) at 2.

       An entity’s capacity to sue and be sued in federal court is governed by Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 17. “[F]or a corporation,” capacity to sue is determined “by the law under which

[the corporation] was organized.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(b)(2). Under Tennessee law, “[a] corporation

administratively dissolved continues its corporate existence but may not carry on any business

except that necessary to wind up and liquidate its business and affairs under § 48-24-105.” Tenn.

Code Ann. § 48-24-202(c). Section 48-24-105(a) then provides a list of qualifying winding-up

actions, including “collecting its assets,” “discharging . . . its liabilities,” and generally “doing

every other act necessary to wind up and liquidate its business and affairs.” Under Tennessee law,

then, an administratively dissolved corporation may bring a lawsuit only if doing so is “necessary

to wind up and liquidate its business and affairs.” Id. §§ 48-24-105(a), 48-24-202(c); see also Gas

Pump, Inc. v. Gen. Cinema Beverages of N. Fla., Inc., Civ. A. No. 491-100, 2011 WL 13248863,

at *2–3 (S.D. Ga. Feb. 22, 2011) (stating this rule under an identical Georgia statute); 817 P’ship

v. James Goins & Carpenter, P.C., No. E2014-01521-COA-R3-CV, 2015 WL 5609993, at *8

(Tenn. Ct. App. Sept. 24, 2015) (holding that dissolved corporation “had no standing to assert a

counterclaim” six months after its dissolution).

       Plaintiffs offer no argument—nor could they reasonably do so—that the present lawsuit is

“necessary” for Rossville to wind up its affairs. To the contrary, they concede that Rossville “does

not appear to be a proper party to this action.” Pls.’ Resp. at 2. Accordingly, because Rossville

does not have capacity to sue in this matter, the Court will exercise its power under Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 21 to “drop” Rossville as a party from this action on its own motion. See Fed.

R. Civ. P. 21 (“On motion or on its own, the court may at any time, on just terms, add or drop a

                                                   13
party.”); cf. Paul Johnson Drywall Inc. v. Sterling Grp. LP, No. CV-21-01408-PHX-DWL, 2021

WL 3709851, at *3 (D. Ariz. Aug. 20, 2021) (noting that, if certain plaintiffs lack capacity to sue,

dropping them under Rule 21 is the appropriate outcome).

 II.   Mr. Charaniya’s Ability to Proceed as the Sole Plaintiff

       Dropping Rossville as a party leaves Mansoor Charaniya as the sole plaintiff in this case,

but, as he himself acknowledges, “[n]ormally, the plaintiff in a suit challenging the denial of an

employment-based visa petition in federal court is the petitioning employer.” Pls.’ Resp. at 3.

Indeed, several courts, including two in this District, have held that the beneficiary of an I-140

petition may not sue to challenge the agency’s denial of that petition. See Pls.’ Resp. at 4–5; Defs.

Reply to Pls.’ Resp. [ECF No. 28] (“Defs.’ Reply”) at 4–6. It is therefore necessary to determine

whether Mr. Charaniya may proceed as the sole plaintiff or whether dropping Rossville as a party

is fatal to the action. Following the lead of the parties’ supplemental briefing and of other courts

confronting similar situations, the Court will assess whether Mr. Charaniya (a) possesses Article

III standing in this matter and (b) possesses a statutory cause of action to challenge the agency’s

denial of Rossville’s I-140 petition, i.e., whether his injury falls “arguably within the zone of

interests protected or regulated by the statute,” Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi

Indians v. Patchak, 567 U.S. 209, 224 (2012) (quoting Ass’n of Data Processing Serv. Orgs., Inc.

v. Camp, 397 U.S. 150, 153 (1970)).

           A. Article III Standing

       Although the government concedes that Mr. Charaniya “sufficiently alleges a redressable

injury as required for constitutional standing,” Defs.’ Reply at 3, the Court “has an independent

obligation to assure that standing exists, regardless of whether it is challenged by any of the

parties,” Summers v. Earth Island Inst., 555 U.S. 488, 499 (2009). In order for a lawsuit to

constitute a “Case[]” or “Controvers[y]” over which federal courts have jurisdiction, U.S. Const.
                                                 14
art. III, § 2, “[t]he plaintiff must have (1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to

the challenged conduct of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial

decision.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338 (2016).

         In the present suit, Mr. Charaniya contends that USCIS unlawfully denied Rossville’s visa

petition on his behalf, a decision that prevented him not only from receiving the visa but also from

applying to become a lawful permanent resident of this country. This is a sufficient injury-in-fact:

“[L]os[ing] a significant opportunity to receive an immigrant visa . . . . is itself a concrete injury”

cognizable by the federal courts. Patel, 732 F.3d at 638 (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). Moreover, this injury is directly traceable to allegedly unlawful conduct by the agency

(the AAO Decision), and the relief Mr. Charaniya seeks—a declaration compelling defendants to

reopen and adjudicate the petition, see Compl. at 13–14—would redress the allegedly unlawful

deprivation of his opportunity to receive a visa. See, e.g., Khedkar, 2021 WL 3418818, at *4;

Shalom Pentecostal Church v. Acting Sec’y U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 783 F.3d 156, 161–63

(3d Cir. 2015); Patel, 732 F.3d at 638. Mr. Charaniya thus satisfies the familiar tripartite test for

Article III standing.

              B. Statutory Cause of Action

         In addition to constitutional standing, the Court must also determine whether Mr.

Charaniya possesses a statutory cause of action in this matter. In order to challenge agency action

under the APA, a plaintiff must assert an interest that falls “arguably within the zone of interests

protected or regulated by the statute.” 11 Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band, 567 U.S. at 224

(quoting Data Processing, 397 U.S. at 153). As the inclusion of the word “arguably” suggests, this

         11
            Formerly understood as a “prudential standing” inquiry, the Supreme Court has since clarified that the
zone-of-interests test “asks the statutory question of whether ‘a legislatively conferred cause of action encompasses a
particular plaintiff’s claim.’” Mendoza v. Perez, 754 F.3d 1002, 1016 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Lexmark Int’l, Inc.
v. Static Control Components, Inc., 572 U.S. 118, 127 (2014)).

                                                         15
test “is not meant to be especially demanding,” and “the benefit of any doubt goes to the plaintiff.”

Id. (citation omitted). Indeed, “[a] would-be plaintiff is outside the statute’s ‘zone of interests’

only if ‘the plaintiff’s “interests are so marginally related to or inconsistent with the purposes

implicit in the statute that it cannot reasonably be assumed that Congress intended to permit the

suit.”’” Myersville Citizens for a Rural Cmty., Inc. v. F.E.R.C., 783 F.3d 1301, 1316 (D.C. Cir.

2015) (quoting Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band, 567 U.S. at 225).

       Since the APA provides only a generic cause of action, a plaintiff seeking review under 5

U.S.C. § 702 must fall within the zone of interests of the statute providing the ultimate rule of

decision—here, the INA. See, e.g., Vemuri, 845 F. Supp. 2d at 130 (“[R]eference to the APA

generally is inadequate because the APA incorporates the zone of interests protected by the

‘relevant statute,’ in this case, the INA.”). Courts must toe a fine line when determining what

interests are protected by a given statute. On the one hand, courts must “identify the relevant

provisions with some particularity” and may not adopt a “kitchen-sink approach.” Id. at 130–31

(quoting Programmers Guild, Inc. v. Chertoff, 338 F. App’x 239, 242 (3d Cir. 2009)); see also Air

Courier Conf. of Am. v. Am. Postal Workers Union, 498 U.S. 517, 529–30 (1991). On the other

hand, courts must “not look at the specific provision said to have been violated in complete

isolation.” Indian River Cnty. v. U.S. Dep’t of Transportation, 945 F.3d 515, 530 (D.C. Cir. 2019)

(quoting Nat’l Petrochemical & Refiners Ass’n v. EPA, 287 F.3d 1130, 1147 (D.C. Cir. 2002)).

Instead, they must also consider both “the ‘context and purpose’ of the relevant statutory

provisions and regulations at issue” as well as “other provisions to which [the principal provision]

bears an ‘integral relationship.’” Id. (first quoting Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band, 567 U.S. at

226; then quoting Nat’l Petrochemical & Refiners Ass’n, 287 F.3d at 1147).

                                                 16
       Whether the beneficiary of an I-140 petition may sue to challenge the agency’s denial of

that petition is a question that has produced a serious split of authority, not only among courts

around the country but also among different judges in this District. On the one hand, three cases

from this District—George, 693 F. Supp. 2d at 130; Pai, 810 F. Supp. 2d at 108–12; and Vemuri,

845 F. Supp. 2d at 130–34—have squarely held that the beneficiary of a denied I-140 petition may

not sue to challenge the agency’s decision. Several cases from other Districts have reached the

same conclusion (though often without much analysis). See Ibraimi v. Chertoff, Civ. A. No. 07-

CV-3644 (DMC), 2008 WL 3821678, at *3 (D.N.J. Aug. 12, 2008); S & J Roofing Contractors v.

Patterson, No. 10-60964-CIV, 2011 WL 1045643, at *2–3 (S.D. Fla. Mar. 17, 2011); see also

Blacher v. Ridge, 436 F. Supp. 2d 602, 606 n.3 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (temporary work visa); Morris

v. Gonzales, Civ. A. No. 06-4383, 2007 WL 2740438, at *6 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 19, 2007) (same); Li

v. Renaud, 709 F. Supp. 2d 230, 236 n.3 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (I–130 petition); Yan Won Liao v.

Holder, 691 F. Supp. 2d 344, 350 n.6 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) (same).

       On the other hand, two courts in this District have concluded that a beneficiary of an I-140

petition may sue in his own right to challenge a denial of that petition, see Maramjaya v. USCIS,

Civ. A. No. 06-2158 (RCL), 2008 WL 9398947, at *4–5 (D.D.C. Mar. 26, 2008); Khedkar, 2021

WL 3418818, at *5, and three courts of appeals have reached that same conclusion in the years

since Vemuri, see Patel, 732 F.3d at 636–37; Kurapati v. USCIS, 775 F.3d 1255, 1260–61 (11th

Cir. 2014) (per curiam); Mantena, 809 F.3d at 732–33; see also Musunuru v. Holder, 81 F. Supp.

3d 721, 726–27 (E.D. Wis. 2015), rev’d on other grounds, 831 F.3d 880 (7th Cir. 2016); Shalom

Pentecostal Church, 783 F.3d at 164 (finding that prospective special immigrant religious workers

under § 1153(b)(4) had a statutory cause of action to challenge a denial of their petition).

                                                 17
        Having closely reviewed the analysis put forth in all of these cases and, of course, the

statute in question, the Court agrees with the Second, Sixth, and Eleventh Circuits and with the

decisions in Maramjaya and Khedkar: the interest asserted by Mr. Charaniya as the beneficiary of

Rossville’s I-140 petition is arguably within the zone of interests to be protected or regulated by

the statute.

        The principal statutory provision at issue here, as every court agrees, is 8 U.S.C.

§ 1153(b)(3)(A)(i), which provides that “[v]isas shall be made available . . . to . . . [q]ualified

immigrants who are capable, at the time of petitioning for classification under this paragraph, of

performing skilled labor (requiring at least 2 years training or experience), not of a temporary or

seasonal nature, for which qualified workers are not available in the United States.” Yet, as

described supra, many other provisions of the INA bear an “integral relationship” with this

provision. Section 1153(b)(3)(A) works hand-in-hand with 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(5)(A), which

requires DOL to certify that “there are not sufficient workers who are able, willing, qualified . . .

and available” to fill a given job opportunity and that “the employment of such alien will not

adversely affect the wages and working conditions of workers in the United States similarly

employed” before a petition will be approved.          See also id. § 1153(b)(3)(C) (requiring a

“determination . . . pursuant to the provisions of section 1182(a)(5)(A)” before issuing a visa under

subparagraph A); Pai, 810 F. Supp. 2d at 109 (treating § 1182 as integrally related to § 1153 in

assessing the relevant zone of interests). Likewise, 8 U.S.C. § 1255, which permits the recipient

of a permanent employment visa to “adjust” his status to that of permanent resident, is also an

integral component of the INA’s employment-based immigration scheme—indeed, adjustment of

status has been a part of this system since Congress first enacted the INA in 1952, see Immigration

and Nationality Act of 1952, Pub. L. 82-414, § 245, 66 Stat. 163, 217 (1952). Also relevant is the

                                                 18
more recent “portability provision,” 8 U.S.C. § 1154(j), which had wide-ranging effects on how I-

140 beneficiaries apply for adjustment of status. See Patel, 732 F.3d at 635–36 (citing the “integral

relationship” rule and considering sections 1154 and 1255); Khedkar, 2021 WL 3418818, at *5

(considering sections 1154 and 1255). Together, these statutory provisions comprise the INA’s

employment-based immigration scheme.

         Having considered the text and purpose of this scheme, the Court is convinced that the non-

citizen beneficiary of an I-140 petition falls at least arguably within the interests protected by the

statute. 12 The first clue is the text of § 1153(b)(3)(A) itself: “Visas shall be made available . . . to

the following classes of aliens,” including “[q]ualified immigrants who are capable . . . of

performing skilled labor.” It is the “aliens” or “qualified immigrants” who are the object of this

provision, both grammatically and conceptually. Although an immigrant’s potential employer

petitions for a visa, § 1153 “ma[kes] it available” to the immigrant himself, and “it is the immigrant

who receives the visa and who applies for adjustment of status” if his employer’s I-140 petition is

approved, Kurapati, 775 F.3d at 1261; accord Khedkar, 2021 WL 3418818, at *5 (“The INA grants

visas not to [petitioning employers] but to the beneficiaries themselves.”).

         The availability of permanent work visas and the possibility of adjusting to permanent

resident status also indicates that the INA protects the interests of beneficiaries of I-140 petitions.

“If § 1153(b)(3) provided employment visas only for the benefit of U.S. employers . . . a visa that

         12
            Several other courts—and defendants in this case, Defs.’ Reply at 2–3—argue that a beneficiary may not
sue in federal court because USCIS’s internal regulations state that only the petitioner (and not the beneficiary) is an
“affected party” with “legal standing in a proceeding.” 8 C.F.R. § 103.3(a)(1)(iii)(B); see, e.g., Pai, 810 F. Supp. 2d
at 105 & n.2; Ibraimi, 2008 WL 3821678, at *3; S & J Roofing Contractors, 2011 WL 1045643, at *3. But the Court
considers the agency’s regulations to be irrelevant to the question of whether a party has a statutory cause of action
under the zone-of-interests test. USCIS is well within its rights to establish procedures governing its own internal
proceedings, but “standing” before the agency “do[es] not affect the beneficiary’s access to federal court,” Khedkar,
2021 WL 3418818, at *4; accord, e.g., Mantena, 809 F.3d at 732 (“[T]he fact that [plaintiff] may not have satisfied
USCIS’s definition of ‘legal standing’ before the agency does not mean she does not have standing to bring this lawsuit
in federal court.”).

                                                          19
lasted as long as the employer needed the alien’s services would do. That Congress rejected that

approach in § 1153(b)(3) suggests that the provision protects the interests of aliens as well as

employers.” Patel, 732 F.3d at 636; accord Khedkar, 2021 WL 3418818, at *5. And § 1154(j)’s

portability provision makes it even clearer that the employment-based immigration scheme

protects the interests of beneficiaries as well as petitioning employers. “Congress passed the

portability provision to give I-140 beneficiaries the flexibility to change jobs without risking their

shot at permanent residency.” Khedkar, 2021 WL 3418818, at *5; accord Ravulapalli, 773 F.

Supp. 2d at 45. Even USCIS has acknowledged that “beneficiaries who . . . properly request to

port . . . are within [§ 1154(j)’s] zone of interests,” Matter of V-S-G-Inc., Adopted Decision 2017-

06, 2017 WL 5625783, at *11 (A.A.O. Nov. 11, 2017), in part because “the legislative history . . .

only evidences Congressional concern with beneficiaries who were enduring lengthy processing

delays [and] no one else,” id. at *11. These features of the statute’s text and implementation

support the conclusion that the interest of a noncitizen seeking a permanent employment visa falls

within the zone of interests protected by the Act.

       In reaching the contrary conclusion, the Pai and Vemuri courts focused instead on the DOL

certification provision, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(5)(A), and, more generally, on their understanding of

the purpose of the INA’s employment-based immigration scheme: “to protect U.S. workers from

the adverse effects of noncitizens emigrating for employment purposes.” Vemuri, 845 F. Supp.

2d at 132; accord Pai, 810 F. Supp. 2d at 111. As a consequence, both courts concluded that an I-

140 beneficiary’s “interests run contrary to the purpose of the relevant statutory provisions” and

thus fall outside the relevant zone of interests. Vemuri, 845 F. Supp. 2d at 134; accord Pai, 810 F.

Supp. 2d at 111 (“[Beneficiaries’] interests are seemingly inconsistent with the interests of

                                                 20
American workers. . . . This Court is therefore compelled to conclude that [the beneficiary lacks

prudential standing].”).

         The Court respectfully disagrees with this narrow understanding of the purpose of the

INA’s employment-based immigration scheme: rather than one exclusionary, protectionist

purpose, the statute “reflects a compromise between multiple purposes.” Patel, 732 F.3d at 636.

To be sure, the INA protects many interests, including the interest of American employers in

finding and hiring qualified non-citizens, see Pai, 810 F. Supp. 2d at 111, and the interest of

American workers in avoiding an influx of low-wage foreign workers, see, Fed’n for Am. Immigr.

Reform, Inc. v. Reno, 93 F.3d 897, 903 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (listing § 1153(b)(3)(A) as a “clear

example” of an immigration provision “reflect[ing] a clear concern about protecting the job

opportunities of United States citizens”). And the INA does indeed contain “safeguards for

American labor,” in the form of the DOL certification requirement. Pai, 810 F. Supp. 2d at 110–

11 (quoting H.R. Rep. No. 82-1365, at 50–51 (1952), as reprinted in 1952 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1653,

1705).

         But Congress declined to pursue any one of those interests to the exclusion of the others.

Instead of banning all foreign workers or opening the borders, the INA struck a balance between

admitting needed non-citizen workers on the one hand and protecting domestic labor interests on

the other. Under the INA’s system, a non-citizen skilled worker may receive a visa, immigrate,

and eventually become a permanent resident, but only if the government first ensures, through

DOL certification, that his admission will not harm American labor interests. This process

reconciles the competing interests of American workers and of prospective immigrants, and, in the

judgment of the House Judiciary Committee, it “adequately provide[s] for the protection of

American labor against an influx of aliens entering the United States for the purpose of performing

                                                 21
skilled or unskilled labor.”    H.R. Rep. No. 82-1365, at 51 (1952), as reprinted in 1952

U.S.C.C.A.N. 1653, 1705.

       At most, the DOL certification requirement evinces Congress’s desire that some limits be

placed on employment-based immigration and that those limits be calibrated to the needs of the

American labor market. It does not demonstrate that the entire employment-based immigration

scheme is concerned only with the protection of American workers. Thus, while the Pai and

Vemuri courts—and indeed Congress—may be correct that the interests of visa beneficiaries run

contrary to the interests of American workers, e.g., Pai, 810 F. Supp. 2d at 111, that does not mean

that a beneficiary’s interest is inconsistent with the interests protected by the INA, see Kurapati,

775 F.3d at 1261 (“Even assuming that Congress intended to benefit American employers and

protect jobs for American citizens in creating the framework for employment visas, that does not

rule out that Congress acted with the intent to regulate or protect immigrants’ interests.”). On the

contrary, I-140 beneficiaries have, by definition, already been certified as immigrants whose

admission would not harm American labor interests—they are thus precisely the group for whom

“[v]isas shall be made available” under § 1153(b)(3)(A). If, as he claims, Mr. Charaniya is eligible

for an EB-3 visa under the statute, then he is exactly who Congress designed the employment-

based immigration scheme to admit.

       This understanding of the statutory scheme, on top of the fact that “[t]he text of the INA

leaves no doubt that the interests of employment-based visa petition applicants . . . are directly

related to the purposes of the INA,” Mantena, 809 F.3d at 733 (quoting Shalom Pentecostal

Church, 783 F.3d at 164), means that Mr. Charaniya clears the zone-of-interests test’s low bar.

Especially after giving Mr. Charaniya “the benefit of any doubt,” Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish

Band, 567 U.S. at 225, this Court, agreeing with the three courts of appeals that have most recently

                                                22
considered this question, concludes that Mr. Charaniya’s interest in the lawful adjudication of

Rossville’s I-140 petition falls at least arguably within the zone of interests protected by the INA.

This action may therefore proceed with Mr. Charaniya as the sole plaintiff.

III.   The Parties’ Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment

           A. Legal Standard

       “When a party seeks review of agency action under the APA, the district judge sits as an

appellate tribunal.” Waterkeeper All., Inc. v. Wheeler, Civ. A. No. 18-2230 (JDB), 2020 WL

1873564, at *3 (D.D.C. Apr. 15, 2020) (cleaned up) (quoting Am. Bioscience, Inc. v. Thompson,

269 F.3d 1077, 1083 (D.C. Cir. 2001)). Although “summary judgment is the proper mechanism

for review” of agency action, Young v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., Civ. A. No. 17-2428

(JDB), 2021 WL 3472656, at *8 (D.D.C. Aug. 6, 2021), “the typical Federal Rule 56 summary-

judgment standard does not apply,” and the court instead “decid[es], as a matter of law, whether

an agency action is supported by the administrative record and is otherwise consistent with the

APA standard of review,” Conservation L. Found. v. Ross, 422 F. Supp. 3d 12, 27 (D.D.C. 2019).

       The APA provides that a federal court reviewing agency action “shall . . . hold unlawful

and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be . . . arbitrary, capricious, an

abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). “The bar for

arbitrary and capricious action is high: ‘[i]t is not enough . . . that the court would have come to a

different conclusion from the agency,’ nor can the court ‘substitute its own judgment for that of

the agency.” Young, 2021 WL 3472656, at *8 (alteration in original) (quoting Conservation L.

Found., 422 F. Supp. 3d at 27–28).         Rather, the court must uphold an agency’s “factual

determinations if on the record as a whole, there is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind

might accept as adequate to support [the] conclusion.” Verizon v. FCC, 740 F.3d 623, 643 (D.C.

                                                 23
Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). In short, the agency’s decision will survive APA review so long as

it “contain[s] a rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.” McKinney v.

Wormuth, 5 F.4th 42, 47 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (quoting Dickson v. Sec’y of Def., 68 F.3d 1396, 1404

(D.C. Cir. 1995)).

              B. Analysis

         In the AAO Decision, USCIS denied Rossville’s I-140 petition on the basis that it had

failed to show by a preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Charaniya had two years of experience

as a store manager, as required by the statute, regulations, and the DOL certification. AR 3. The

AAO reached this conclusion in two steps. First, it determined that the two experience letters

initially submitted with the petition did not constitute “relevant, probative, and credible” evidence,

AR 6 n.9 (emphasis added) (citing Matter of Chawathe, 25 I. & N. Dec. 369, 376 (A.A.O. 2010)),

and hence disregarded them, citing various inconsistencies and errors that called the letters’

reliability into question. Then, the agency assessed the remainder of the evidence and concluded

that those materials failed adequately to address Mr. Charaniya’s previous job responsibilities or

managerial experience. 13

         Plaintiff challenges both of these conclusions, arguing that it was wrong for the agency to

disregard the experience letters, see Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 12–15, and that the other evidence did in

fact prove that Mr. Charaniya had the requisite experience, see id. at 13–18. The Court will take

each of these steps in turn, and it concludes that neither the agency’s treatment of the experience

letters nor its judgment as to the sufficiency of the remaining evidence was arbitrary, capricious,

or an abuse of discretion.

         13
           In fairness to plaintiff, the AAO Decision did not make this structure explicit. But upon review, the Court
concludes that the foregoing summary is an accurate account of the AAO’s reasoning, despite the decision’s less-than-
pellucid organization.

                                                         24
                       i. Credibility of the Experience Letters

         In its final decision, USCIS concluded that “the evidence submitted to the record regarding

the Beneficiary’s prior work experience is not credible,” AR 6, and specifically highlighted the

identical wording of the initial experience letters, AR 6; the fact that the 4 B’s Letter listed an end

date for Mr. Charaniya’s tenure three months in the future, AR 6; and the fact that the 4 B’s letter

was signed by the entity’s “President” despite Rossville’s claim that 4 B’s was a sole proprietorship

owned by Mr. Charaniya, AR 5 n.6. Plaintiff contends that “[t]he assumption [based on the

identical language] that the experience letters were written by the same individual [is] pure

speculation by the Defendants,” Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 15, and that USCIS’s decision to “discredit[]

the two letters because it ‘believed’ (exact language) without any evidence, that they had been

prepared by the same person” was improper because it lacked “proof,” id. at 12.

         USCIS possesses full fact-finding authority related to visa petitions, and the agency may

reject a petitioner’s factual assertions if it does not believe that they are true. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1154(b) (“After an investigation of the facts in each case, . . . the Attorney General shall, if he

determines that the facts stated in the petition are true and that the alien . . . is eligible for

preference under [§ 1153(a) or (b)], approve the petition.”); 14 accord Systronics Corp. v. I.N.S.,

153 F. Supp. 2d 7, 15 (D.D.C. 2001). Especially in light of this congressional delegation of fact-

finding power, the Court will defer to the agency’s factual determinations and only set them aside

         14
            Although the statute refers to the Attorney General, Congress transferred the power to grant visa petitions
to USCIS in the Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, § 451(b), 116 Stat. 2135, 2196 (2002) (codified
at 6 U.S.C. § 271(b)), and further provided that “reference in any other Federal law to . . . any officer or office the
functions of which are so transferred shall be deemed to refer to the . . . component of the Department to which such
function is so transferred,” id. § 1517 (codified at 6 U.S.C. § 557). Thus, this reference to the Attorney General in 8
U.S.C. § 1154 should be understood to refer to USCIS. See, e.g., Poursina v. USCIS, 936 F.3d 868, 869 n.1 (9th Cir.
2019).

                                                         25
if they are unsupported by substantial evidence or represent an abuse of discretion. 15 See 5 U.S.C.

§ 706.

         The AAO’s determination that the experience letters are not credible was not an abuse of

discretion.     The fact that the letters were exactly the same, including providing verbatim

descriptions of different jobs and featuring the same idiosyncratic usages, see AR 386–87 (using

the phrase “employees working under supervision of Mr. Mansoor Charaniya” (emphasis added)),

is strong circumstantial evidence that the letters were not written when or by whom Rossville

claimed. Tellingly, before neither the agency nor this Court has Rossville offered any explanation

for this remarkable coincidence. Plaintiff suggests that USCIS was required to have “proof” of

the letters’ authorship and could not base its credibility determination on “pure speculation.” Pls.’

Cross-Mot. at 12, 15. But USCIS was not required to “prove” anything—it is, after all, the

petitioner who carries the burden of proving visa eligibility—and in any event, the letters’ identical

language is evidence justifying the agency’s determination. It was neither “speculation” nor an

abuse of discretion to conclude that the two initial experience letters were not credible.

         But of course, the letters’ identical language was not the AAO’s only basis for concluding

that they are not credible. Rossville has offered no explanation for the fact that the 4 B’s Letter,

dated from during Mr. Charaniya’s tenure as sole proprietor of the business, see AR 231 (affidavit

from Mr. Charaniya stating that he “served as the Owner/Manager of [4 B’s] from December 2000

through April 2001”), was signed by the “President” of that entity. 16 And both experience letters

         15
            As the D.C. Circuit has repeatedly noted, these are really two ways to say the same thing: “abuse of
discretion” under § 706(2)(A) “does not substantively differ from the substantial evidence test” under § 706(2)(E).
Phoenix Herpetological Soc’y, Inc. v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., 998 F.3d 999, 1005 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (citing Ass’n
of Data Processing Serv. Orgs., Inc. v. Bd. of Governors of Fed. Rsrv. Sys., 745 F.2d 677, 683 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (Scalia,
J.)).
          As the AAO noted, sole proprietorships “generally [do not] have officers such as a president.” AR 5 n.6.
         16

Moreover, if anyone were to be in a position to sign a letter as “President” of 4 B’s in April 2001, it would have been
Mr. Charaniya himself.

                                                          26
(as well as Mr. Charaniya’s G-325A form) were riddled with erroneous information, including

misspelled corporate names, incorrect phone numbers, non-existent addresses, and, most seriously,

the inclusion of dates which plaintiff now claims were months away from the truth. See AR 160–

62 (acknowledging all of these errors).

        Plaintiff explains most of these inaccuracies by asserting a remarkable concatenation of

severe typographical and clerical errors in the independent preparation of all three documents. Id.

Rossville submitted some evidence to the agency in support of this claim: the 2017 Maharashtra

Letter pinned the errors in its previous letter on the proprietor’s secretary, AR 80, while an affidavit

by Rossville’s former attorney called out by name a paralegal for making “several mistakes and

typographical errors” when preparing the G-325A, AR 86–88. But such evidence is far from

incontrovertible proof of plaintiff’s story. To borrow a line from Carl Sagan, extraordinary claims

require extraordinary evidence, and the agency’s rejection of Rossville’s extraordinary story was

not an abuse of discretion. Between the letters’ acknowledged factual errors and their identical

texts, disregarding the experience letters as unreliable was neither arbitrary, capricious, nor an

abuse of discretion.

                   ii. Other Evidence Before the AAO

        Having determined that the experience letters were not credible, the AAO then considered

the remaining evidence submitted by Rossville and concluded that none of it demonstrated that

Mr. Charaniya had two years of experience in a managerial position. See AR 7 (“[T]he materials

submitted by the Petitioner do not provide independent, objective evidence of the Beneficiary’s

experience as a manager of Maharashtra Refrigeration. . . . [and the materials regarding 4 B’s] do

not establish that he also served as manager of the business from May 2000 to June 2001.”).

Plaintiff challenges this conclusion, arguing that the “plethora of evidence” Rossville submitted

                                                  27
had “reconcile[ed] any . . . inconsistencies,” Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 13, and established by a

preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Charaniya meets the experience requirements, id. at 18.

        First, the Court addresses the evidence regarding Mr. Charaniya’s employment at

Maharashtra. Rossville submitted a substantial number of documents supporting the existence of

Maharashtra Refrigeration and Mr. Charaniya’s employment there, including a business card from

Maharashtra with Mr. Charaniya’s name on it; corporate income statements and tax returns for

Maharashtra from the 1990s; Mr. Charaniya’s tax returns for the same period; a phone book

advertisement for Maharashtra; pictures of Maharashtra’s storefront; multiple documents attesting

to Maharashtra’s relationship with Carrier, a global manufacturer of air conditioners; and the 2017

Maharashtra Letter. See Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 13; AR 74–81, 90–91, 165–229.

        Setting the 2017 Maharashtra Letter momentarily to the side, the Court agrees with the

agency’s conclusion that the other evidence does not “provide independent, objective evidence of

the Beneficiary’s experience as a manager of Maharashtra Refrigeration.” AR 7. Mr. Charaniya’s

business card (which, the AAO noted, spelled his surname “Charania”) does not list a job title or

give any indication of his role with Maharashtra, see AR 166; the phone book advertisement does

not mention Mr. Charaniya nor does he appear in the photos submitted, AR 224, 227–29; and Mr.

Charaniya’s income statements only refer to his employment at a “workshop & reseller,” failing

even to identify Maharashtra as his employer, see AR 174–203. 17 Although this evidence is

        17
            In addition, many of the records that appear to be tax or income records for Mr. Charaniya or Maharashtra
are not legible and/or are not accompanied by a certified English translation. See AR 204–22. As a result, the AAO
did not consider them. AR 4 n.5.

                                                        28
consistent with Mr. Charaniya’s employment at Maharashtra, none of these materials offer any

proof that Mr. Charaniya held a qualifying managerial position. 18

         This leaves the 2017 Maharashtra Letter, which Rossville submitted as Exhibit H to its

appeal to the AAO. See AR 79–80. Alone among the additional evidence submitted by Rossville,

this letter does indicate on its face that Mr. Charaniya served as a store manager for Maharashtra

for at least two years, see AR 80, and plaintiff draws particular attention to it, attacking the AAO’s

decision for “disbelieving” it without a “valid reason,” Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 14; see also id. at 16–

17. Frankly, plaintiff has a point: the agency’s treatment of this letter is far from clear. It appears

from the Court’s review, however, that the AAO disregarded the 2017 Maharashtra Letter as not

credible due to inconsistencies between it and other evidence submitted by Rossville. See AR 6–

7. 19 The 2017 Maharashtra Letter stated that Mr. Charaniya’s tenure at the company commenced

in 1991, AR 80, but the AAO noted that other evidence in the record suggested that Maharashtra

“began in 1993,” AR 7. In particular, the AAO pointed to a letter from a manager with Carrier

stating that “[Maharashtra] ha[s] been our channel partner since 1993,” AR 90, and to a translation

of a “registration certificate” for Maharashtra which listed Mr. Charaniya as the “Owner” and

stated that “this institution has been registered as a shop under Mumbai Shops and Establishment

Act 1948 on 4/7/1993,” AR 74. Inferring from these documents that Maharashtra did not exist

before 1993, the AAO commented: “It is not clear how the Beneficiary started working for

Maharashtra Refrigeration in 1991 when the business began in 1993.” AR 7.

         18
           In his cross-motion, plaintiff objects that “[t]he fact that Plaintiff Charaniya had a misspelling on his
business card or failed to list a job title for Maharashtra does not mean that he did not have a managerial job.” Pls.’
Cross-Mot. at 16. Absolutely true—but Mr. Charaniya has gotten the burdens backwards: it was Rossville’s burden
to show that Mr. Charaniya did hold a managerial position, and a business card without a job title or description does
not do so.
         19
           Although its reasoning was not explicitly spelled out, it “may reasonably be discerned” from the agency’s
decision and is thus properly before the Court. See Dickson, 68 F.3d at 1404 (quoting Bowman Transp., Inc. v.
Arkansas-Best Motor Freight Sys., 419 U.S. 281, 286 (1974)).

                                                         29
       Plaintiff counters that this apparent contradiction stemmed from the AAO’s misreading of

the documents: neither the registration statement nor the letter from Carrier conclusively state

when Maharashtra “opened its doors,” plaintiff argues, and the company’s existence prior to 1993

is supported by its tax records dating back to 1991 as well as a “certificate of enrollment” dated to

1989. See Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 15. But this response is unavailing: in footnote 5 of its decision, the

AAO explained that many of the documents Rossville submitted were either “illegible” or were

“not properly translated,” as they failed to include a certified English translation as required by 8

C.F.R. § 103.2(b)(3). As such, the AAO could not “meaningfully determine whether the translated

material is accurate and thus supports the Petitioner’s claims” and therefore did not consider them.

AR 4 n.5. From the Court’s review of the administrative record, both the certificate of enrollment,

AR 167, and the corporate tax records referenced by plaintiff, AR 169–74, are indeed either

illegible and/or untranslated.

       It was neither contrary to law nor an abuse of discretion for the agency to refuse to consider

these documents. The agency accurately cited and correctly applied the regulation requiring a

certified translation of any document containing material in a foreign language, 8 C.F.R.

§ 103.2(b)(3), and many courts have upheld similar applications of regulations requiring certified

translations, see, e.g., Abdul-Karim v. Ashcroft, 102 F. App’x 613, 614–15 (9th Cir. 2004)

(upholding immigration judge’s conclusion that certain newspaper clippings submitted by the

petitioner were unreliable in part because they did not include certified translations); Bleta v.

Gonzales, 174 F. App’x 287, 291 (6th Cir. 2006) (upholding decision of immigration judge to

exclude documents which lacked translation certificates as required by a regulation identical to the

one applied here); see also Millian-Zamora v. Ashcroft, 228 F. Supp. 2d 272, 276–77 (E.D.N.Y.

2002) (rejecting constitutional challenge to immigration judge’s decision not to accept untranslated

                                                 30
Spanish-language documents and citing § 103.2(b)(3)). 20 This is not a mere technicality: the

requirement of a certified translation is, as the AAO indicated, designed to ensure that the agency

considers only accurate and reliable evidence, see AR 4 n.5, and it is consistent with the agency’s

insistence on basing its decisions on “independent, objective evidence,” see AR 7 (citing Matter

of Ho, 19 I. & N. Dec. 582, 591–92 (B.I.A. 1988)). Especially where a petitioner has, by its own

admission, previously submitted multiple documents containing errors and inaccuracies, USCIS

did not act arbitrarily by insisting that evidence comply with a regulation designed to ensure the

submission of accurate, reliable documents.

         In light of the documents properly before it, the agency’s determination that the 2017

Maharashtra Letter was not credible based on the conflicting dates was not an abuse of discretion.

Although not incontrovertible proof that Maharashtra was not in business in 1991 (an

unnecessarily high bar—the agency did not need to “prove” this negative in order to make its

credibility determination), the 1993 registration certificate in particular certainly suggests that

Maharashtra opened in 1993. 21 This inconsistency, combined with Rossville’s extensive history

of submitting incredible and/or erroneous documents in connection with this petition (and indeed

in connection with Mr. Charaniya’s tenure at this particular employer), constitutes sufficient

“relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support [USCIS’s]

conclusion.” Verizon v. FCC, 740 F.3d at 643 (citation omitted).

         20
            In the same vein, the Second Circuit has held that the agency itself may not rely on foreign-language
documents which lack a certified translation—in Zhong v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 480 F.3d 104 (2d Cir. 2007), the court
reversed the decision of an immigration judge who based his decision in part on his own interpretation of an
untranslated Arabic document. Id. at 130 (“[I]t is patently improper to draw conclusions from a document written in
a foreign language in the absence of a certified translation.” (citing Augustin v. Sava, 735 F.2d 32, 37 (2d Cir. 1984))).
          21
             Although not mentioned explicitly in the AAO’s decision, the registration certificate also includes a box
at the bottom for renewals of the certification, and the instant certificate notes renewals in 2000 and 2002. AR 74. This
supports the inference drawn by the AAO that Maharashtra was first registered in 1993; if it had been registered, say,
in 1989 and had then renewed its registration in 1993, said renewal would have been marked on the 1989 certificate
rather than necessitating a new 1993 certification.

                                                           31
       It is a similar story with respect to Mr. Charaniya’s employment at (and ownership of)

4 B’s. In support of its contention that Mr. Charaniya was the sole proprietor and store manager

of 4 B’s from December 2000 through April 2001, Rossville submitted: a sworn affidavit from

Mr. Charaniya stating that he bought and managed “4-B’s Food & Grocery” from December 2000

through April 2001; a handwritten contract evidencing his purchase of the store; a void check

listing “Mansoor N. Charaniya DBA 4-B’s Food” as the account holder; evidence of a bank

account in the name of “Mansoor Charaniya DBA 4-B’s Grocery”; a tax document, cigarette

license, and beverage permit issued to either “4-B’s Food” or “4-B’s Food and Grocery”; utility

bills for the premises; Mr. Charaniya’s Sam’s Club card; and email correspondence with a

representative of AT&T confirming that the phone number previously provided for 4 B’s was in

service until 2006. See AR 231–46.

       At the outset, the AAO refused to consider Mr. Charaniya’s affidavit since it did not

constitute “independent, objective evidence,” and it also raised concerns about the credibility of

other pieces of evidence. For instance, the sworn affidavit submitted by Mr. Charaniya stated that

he purchased the store in December, AR 231, while the contract of sale lists the date as November

28, AR 232. Then, considering the remaining evidence, the AAO concluded that, although the

documents did “indicate that the Beneficiary was the owner of 4 B’s Food Mart for a short period

of time between the end of 2000 and the beginning of 2001,” they did “not establish that he also

served as manager of the business.” AR 7.

       Plaintiff, unsurprisingly, disagrees, arguing that the mere existence of the municipal

permits, the void check, and the bank statement is “prima facie and direct evidence of Plaintiff

Charaniya’s managerial role,” as they support the conclusion that he was involved with

“prepar[ing] banking transactions, reconciling cash with receipts, and maintaining payroll and tax

                                               32
accounts.” Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 17; see also AR 379 (DOL certification listing these among the

proposed job duties). This argument goes too far—although the cited evidence is not inconsistent

with Charaniya working as a manager, it is not “direct evidence” that Charaniya held a qualifying

managerial position at 4 B’s. And the Court agrees with the agency’s conclusions as to the rest of

the evidence, which, at best, established that the business existed and that it was Mr. Charaniya’s

sole proprietorship. It was not arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion for the agency to

find that these documents failed to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that Mr.

Charaniya was a qualifying manager for the five months he owned 4 B’s.

         In sum, every step in the AAO’s decision was supported by the evidence and was neither

arbitrary, capricious, nor an abuse of discretion. The agency reasonably concluded that the 4 B’s

Letter and the 2002 Maharashtra Letter were not credible; it did not abuse its discretion in

disregarding the 2017 Maharashtra Letter due to contradictions between it and other evidence; and

it rationally concluded that the remaining evidence submitted by Rossville failed to demonstrate

that Mr. Charaniya satisfied the eligibility requirements of the petition. The Court thus will not

set aside the agency’s decision to deny Rossville’s I-140 petition.

                      iii. Portability Provision

         Finally, Mr. Charaniya contends that defendants erred in denying him permission to port

his I-485 application to a new employer. See Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 18–19. 22 The Court disagrees.

During the pendency of Rossville’s I-140 petition, Mr. Charaniya twice sought to port his I-485

application, first to Shivkrupa, LLC, AR 134–37, and then to Anusha Investments, Inc, AR 93,

each of which submitted documentation attesting that they had offered Mr. Charaniya a position

         22
           As best the Court can tell, this is a challenge not to the agency’s denial of Mr. Charaniya’s I-485 application
in 2017, see AR 129–30, but instead to the AAO’s comment in its decision that “the Beneficiary is not eligible to port
to another employer under [the portability provision]” because “the [I-140] petition is not approvable,” AR 11.

                                                           33
as a store manager. Because Mr. Charaniya is actually eligible for the predicate employment visa,

he argues, the agency must now process his porting requests.

       As explained above, however, a beneficiary’s I-140 petition must be “valid,” i.e.,

approvable at the time it was filed, before he may port to a new employer. See Khedkar, 2021 WL

3418818, at *6; Ravulapalli, 773 F. Supp. 2d at 47; George, 693 F. Supp. 2d at 131. This is

precisely what the AAO told Rossville in its decision, AR 10–11, and it was correct. Indeed,

plaintiff seems to acknowledge that his portability argument is contingent on the Court ruling in

his favor with respect to the underlying I-140 petition. See Pls.’ Cross-Mot. at 19; Pls.’ Reply

[ECF No. 23] at 7. Since the Court concludes that USCIS did not abuse its discretion in denying

Rossville’s I-140 petition on behalf of Mr. Charaniya, it likewise concludes that the AAO was

correct in denying Mr. Charaniya’s request to port his I-485 application.

                                            Conclusion

         In sum, although Rossville lacks capacity to sue as an administratively dissolved

corporation, that incapacity is not fatal to this action, as Mr. Charaniya possesses both

constitutional standing and a statutory cause of action to challenge the agency’s denial of

Rossville’s petition on his behalf. That challenge, however, ultimately fails: USCIS did not abuse

its discretion in concluding that Rossville failed to demonstrate that Mr. Charaniya met the relevant

experience requirements. Therefore, the denial of Rossville’s I-140 petition was neither arbitrary

nor capricious. Likewise, the AAO correctly applied the law governing the portability of I-485

petitions, properly denying Mr. Charaniya’s request to port in light of the denial of the predicate

I-140 petition. For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant defendants’ motion for summary

                                                 34
judgment and deny plaintiff’s cross-motion for summary judgment. An Order to this effect will

issue on this date.

                                                                             /s/
                                                                      JOHN D. BATES
                                                                  United States District Judge
Dated: December 10, 2021

                                             35