Court Opinion

ID: 4399868
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-05-23 15:52:36.524446+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:32:19.141695
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                         MAY 23, 2019
                                                                 In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                                WA State Court of Appeals, Division III

               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                                  DIVISION THREE

 DUANE YOUNG, an individual, and                 )
 all those similarly situated,                   )        No. 35842-9-III
                                                 )
                          Appellant,             )
                                                 )
              v.                                 )        PUBLISHED OPINION
                                                 )
 TOYOTA MOTOR SALES, U.S.A.,                     )
 a California corporation,                       )
                                                 )
                          Respondent.            )

          SIDDOWAY, J. — Duane Young’s negligent misrepresentation and Consumer

Protection Act1 (CPA) claims against Toyota Motor Sales were dismissed following a

bench trial. He appeals dismissal of the CPA claim, challenging the trial court’s legal

conclusions. Because the trial court’s factual findings support its conclusion that Mr.

Young failed to carry his burden of proof on at least two elements of his claim, we

affirm.

          1
              Washington’s Consumer Protection Act is codified at chapter 19.86 RCW.
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       In December 2013, several months after purchasing a 2014 model year Toyota

Tacoma truck from a dealer in Burlington, Washington, Duane Young received a letter

from Toyota. The letter stated it had recently come to Toyota’s attention that the

Monroney label2 on the vehicle he purchased might have indicated that an outside

temperature gauge was included in the vehicle’s rearview mirror. As the letter disclosed,

that feature was not available on any 2014 model Tacoma. The letter apologized for the

mistake and any confusion it might have caused. It offered to compensate Mr. Young

with a cash reimbursement of $100.

       In January 2014, Mr. Young communicated with a customer service representative

for Toyota named Jeffrey Moore, expressing his dissatisfaction with the reimbursement

offer. By the end of January, Mr. Moore had offered to install a rearview mirror with an

outside temperature gauge as an aftermarket part, but because it would not be factory-

installed, the three-year 36,000 mile warranty on many of the truck’s other parts would

not apply. Still dissatisfied, Mr. Young contacted an attorney, after which Toyota offered

to pay him $500 to resolve his complaints. He declined the offer.

       2
        “A Monroney label, or a window sticker . . . is a label that is required in the
United States to be displayed on all new vehicles, and it includes certain official
information; for example, standard equipment, optional equipment, crash test ratings,
fuel economy info., and a manufacturer’s suggested retail price.” Report of Proceedings
at 251.

                                            2
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

       Arbitration proceedings with Toyota led to an award of a buyback by Toyota for

over $27,000. Mr. Young rejected the buyback because he thought he could sell the truck

for more. He was right; he eventually sold the truck for $30,500.

       In May 2015, Mr. Young filed the lawsuit below. He sought to pursue it as a class

action and asserted claims of common law fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and for

violation of the CPA. The trial court denied class certification.

       Toyota moved for summary judgment on all of Mr. Young’s claims; he responded

with a cross motion for summary judgment on his CPA claim. In ruling on the motions,

the trial court dismissed the fraud claim but declined to grant either party’s motions on

the negligent misrepresentation and CPA claims, which proceeded to a bench trial.

                                               Trial

       At the bench trial, Mr. Young testified that the outdoor temperature gauge was an

important feature to him and he was misled into believing it would be included in the

limited package by a Monroney label and by the “Build-a-Tacoma” feature on Toyota’s

website. The “Build-a-Tacoma” feature enables a consumer to select the features of the

truck he or she is interested in purchasing.

       In the defense case, Toyota called as a witness its distribution pricing

administrator, who testified that in early September 2013, an audit of the Monroney label

for the 2014 model Tacoma with the limited package revealed that it erroneously

                                                3
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

identified the truck’s rearview mirror as including an outside temperature gauge.3 The

2013 model Tacoma had included such a temperature gauge, but it had been removed

from the limited package for the 2014 model. Toyota presented evidence that in pricing

the 2014 limited package the cost of that feature was removed, so purchasers of the

limited package never paid for it. It also presented evidence that the cost of the feature

was $10.

       The pricing administrator testified that the date on which Toyota first started

wholesaling 2014 model Tacomas to dealers was September 4, 2013, so catching the

error in the early September audit enabled it to substitute correct labels on most of the

2014 limited package models before they were shipped to dealers. In mid-October 2013,

however, Toyota employees realized there might be vehicles in the field that had been

shipped with incorrect Monroney labels. The pricing administrator testified that on

October 22, 2013, she notified field offices of the possibility of incorrect labels, and that

corrected labels would be available to print at their field offices the next day. The e-mail

directed the field office to send the corrected Monroney labels to dealers in their region.

       3
        Employees also discovered that the limited package had been described as
having a postage-stamp size monitor for its backup camera in the rearview mirror. The
monitor had been moved to the dashboard and enlarged. Mr. Young concedes that this
was an improvement.

                                              4
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

      The general manager for Toyota’s Customer Experience Center testified that she

learned in late October 2013 that incorrect information about the temperature gauge had

been entered into the “Build-a-Tacoma” program on Toyota’s website. She testified that

the “Build-a-Tacoma” website information was corrected in early November 2013.

      Toyota presented evidence that a total of 59 2014 model Tacomas with the limited

package were sold in the state of Washington, and only three were sold before Toyota

realized there was a mistake with the Monroney label. Of the remaining 56 trucks, 41

were sold after January 30, 2014 (roughly three months after the mistake had been

corrected) and 31 were sold after May 1, 2014 (roughly six months after the mistake had

been corrected).

      Toyota’s witnesses testified that letters like the one Mr. Young received in

December 2013 were sent to 147 individuals that it identified as the only consumers who

possibly purchased the limited package after seeing misleading information. There was

no evidence presented that anyone other than Mr. Young claimed to have been misled.

      At the conclusion of the bench trial, the court took the matter under advisement,

issuing a lengthy and detailed memorandum decision three months later. It found “at

least seven areas” where it “question[ed] Mr. Young’s credibility.” Clerk’s Papers (CP)

at 411. It concluded that Mr. Young had not proved either of his two remaining claims

and directed Toyota’s counsel to prepare formal findings and conclusions.

                                            5
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

       The findings and conclusions thereafter presented and entered incorporated all of

the factual findings articulated in the court’s memorandum decision. They concluded

that Mr. Young failed to carry his burden of proving multiple elements of both of his

claims. Mr. Young appeals.

                                        ANALYSIS

       Following a bench trial, appellate review is limited to determining whether

substantial evidence supports the trial court’s findings of fact and, if so, whether the

findings support the conclusions of law. State v. Stevenson, 128 Wash. App. 179, 193, 114
P.3d 699 (2005). “Substantial evidence” is evidence sufficient to persuade a fair-minded

person of the truth of the asserted premise. Id. We defer to the trial court’s

determinations of the weight and credibility of the evidence. Mueller v. Wells, 185
Wash. 2d 1, 9, 367 P.3d 580 (2016).

       Unchallenged findings are verities on appeal, see id., and Mr. Young does not

dispute the trial court’s extensive findings. “Thus, the only question is if the

unchallenged facts support the trial court’s conclusions of law.” Id. Mr. Young’s appeal

challenges only the trial court’s dismissal of his CPA claim.4

       4
         We recognize that Mr. Young’s request for relief in his briefing to this court is
for an unqualified reversal. His assignments of error and legal argument fail to address
his negligent misrepresentation claim, however. We will not review its dismissal. See
RAP 10.3(a)(4) and (6) (required content of an opening brief).

                                              6
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

       In a private cause of action, the CPA requires a plaintiff to prove five elements:

“(1) an unfair or deceptive act or practice, (2) occurring in trade or commerce, (3)

affecting the public interest, (4) injury to a person’s business or property, and (5)

causation.” Panag v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Wash., 166 Wash. 2d 27, 37, 204 P.3d 885

(2009); see also Hangman Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 105
Wash. 2d 778, 780, 719 P.2d 531 (1986). “Failure to satisfy even one of the elements is

fatal to a CPA claim.” Sorrel v. Eagle Healthcenter, Inc., 110 Wash. App. 290, 298, 38
P.3d 1024 (2002). The trial court concluded that Mr. Young’s proof of the CPA claim

fell short of his burden in five respects. It is sufficient on appeal for us to address

whether he proved the first and fifth elements of the claim.

                    Element One: An unfair or deceptive act or practice

       The CPA does not define “unfair or deceptive act or practice.” “To show a party

has engaged in an unfair or deceptive act or practice a ‘plaintiff need not show that the

act in question was intended to deceive, but that the alleged act had the capacity to

deceive a substantial portion of the public.’” Sing v. John L. Scott, Inc., 134 Wash. 2d 24,

30, 948 P.2d 816, (1997) (quoting Hangman Ridge, 105 Wash. 2d at 785). “Implicit in the

definition of ‘deceptive’ is the understanding that the actor misrepresented something of

material importance.” Hiner v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 91 Wash. App. 722, 730, 959
P.2d 1158 (1998) (emphasis omitted), rev’d in part on other grounds, 138 Wash. 2d 248,

978 P.2d 505 (1999). “Deception exists, ‘if there is a representation, omission or practice

                                               7
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

that is likely to mislead’ a reasonable consumer.” Panag, 166 Wash. 2d at 50 (quoting Sw.

Sunsites, Inc. v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 785 F.2d 1431, 1435 (9th Cir. 1986)).

       The “material importance” and “reasonable consumer” standards are consistent

with decisions of federal courts and final orders of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

interpreting provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act dealing with the same or

similar matters, as intended by the Washington Legislature. See RCW 19.86.920.5 In a

1983 report to a congressional committee on the FTC’s enforcement policy against

deceptive acts or practices, the FTC provided its view of the meaning of “deceptive acts

or practices” under both sections 5 and 12 of the FTC Act.6 See Cliffdale Assocs., 103

F.T.C. 110, app. at 174-84 (1984) (Letter from James C. Miller III, FTC Chairman, to the

Honorable John D. Dingell, Chairman, U.S. House Comm. on Energy & Commerce

(October 14, 1983)). Courts have summarized the Commission’s view as prohibiting

practices that are “likely to mislead consumers acting reasonably under the circumstances

. . . in a way that is material.” Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Cyberspace.com LLC, 453 F.3d
1196, 1199 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Gill, 265 F.3d 944, 950 (9th

       5
          RCW 19.86.920 declares that the purpose of the CPA “is to complement the
body of federal law governing restraints of trade, unfair competition and unfair,
deceptive, and fraudulent acts or practices in order to protect the public and foster fair
and honest competition” and declares “the intent of the legislature that, in construing this
act, the courts be guided by final decisions of the federal courts and final orders of the
federal trade commission interpreting the various federal statutes dealing with the same
or similar matters.”
        6
          15 U.S.C. §§ 45, 52.

                                             8
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

Cir. 2001) (citing, in turn, Fed. Trade Comm’n v. Pantron I Corp., 33 F.3d 1088, 1095

(9th Cir. 1994)); Corder v. Ford Motor Co., 285 F. App’x 226, 228 (6th Cir. 2008); and

see Kraft, Inc. v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 970 F.2d 311, 314 (7th Cir. 1992); Cliffdale

Assocs., 103 F.T.C. 110, at 164-66.

       The FTC has summarized its approach to the requirement of materiality as

follows:

       The basic question is whether the act or practice is likely to affect the
       consumer’s conduct or decision with regard to a product or service. If so,
       the practice is material, and consumer injury is likely, because consumers
       are likely to have chosen differently but for the deception. In many
       instances, materiality, and hence injury, can be presumed from the nature of
       the practice. In other instances, evidence of materiality may be necessary.

Cliffdale Assocs., 103 F.T.C. 110, app. at 175-76.

       “A claim under the Washington CPA may be predicated upon a per se violation of

statute, an act or practice that has the capacity to deceive substantial portions of the

public, or an unfair or deceptive act or practice not regulated by statute but in violation of

public interest.” Klem v. Wash. Mut. Bank, 176 Wash. 2d 771, 787, 295 P.3d 1179 (2013).

Mr. Young primarily contends that Toyota’s “false advertising” had the capacity to

deceive a substantial portion of the public. Appellant’s Br. at 3. He argues alternatively

that it was per se unfair or deceptive conduct under chapter 46.70 RCW, which regulates

automobile manufacturers and dealers. Id.

                                              9
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

          Capacity to deceive substantial portions of the public. The court found that “there

is no question that there was a mistake both in Toyota’s online Build-a-Tacoma feature,

and possibly in as many as 147 Monroney labels for 2014 Tacomas with a limited

package that were shipped around the United States.” CP at 408. But it found that Mr.

Young failed to demonstrate that Toyota’s mistake was a matter of material importance

and therefore deceptive, or that it had the capacity to deceive a substantial portion of the

public.

          We need address only materiality to affirm the court’s conclusion that Mr. Young

failed to prove a deceptive act or practice. The trial court’s unchallenged finding was that

the temperature gauge represented $10 in value, as compared to the $7,525 cost of the

2014 model limited package. It also made the unchallenged finding that because the

temperature gauge was never intended to be a feature of the limited package, it was not

included in pricing the package, so no purchaser of the package ever paid for it. This

unchallenged evidence establishes that Toyota’s error was financially immaterial.

          Mr. Young did not present credible evidence that Toyota’s error was material for

any nonfinancial reason. Having weighed Mr. Young’s credibility, the court rejected his

assertion that he, personally, was induced by the mistake to buy the limited package. Mr.

Young presented no evidence that the mistake would have been material to others.

          A similar failure to present evidence caused this court to affirm summary

judgment dismissal of a CPA claim in Brummett v. Wash.’s Lottery, 171 Wash. App. 664,

                                               10
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

676, 288 P.3d 48 (2012). Mr. Brummett sued the Washington Lottery and its outside

advertising agency, contending (among other claims) that the agency’s false

advertisement that tickets being offered in a special raffle were “going fast” violated the

CPA. Id. at 672. He alleged that the advertisements would have induced the public to

purchase tickets, but as this court observed, “[H]e did not, however, support this assertion

with evidence that he would produce if he defeated summary judgment and went to trial.”

Id. at 676.7 In affirming dismissal of his CPA claim, this court stated that the agency’s

“‘going fast’ statements could not be categorized as misrepresenting something of

material importance.” Id. at 678.

       The trial court’s findings support its conclusion that Mr. Young failed to prove

Toyota’s error was of material importance, and thereby failed to prove it was deceptive.

       Per se unfair or deceptive conduct. Alternatively, Mr. Young argues that the trial

court erred in concluding that he failed to prove a per se violation, based on Toyota’s

alleged violation of chapter 46.70 RCW. Shortly after Hangman Ridge was decided, the

legislature declared that “[a]ny violation of [chapter 46.70] is deemed to affect the public

interest and constitutes a violation of chapter 19.86 RCW.” LAWS OF 1986, ch. 241, § 23,

       7
        Materiality was relevant to two of Mr. Brummett’s claims: a fraud claim and the
CPA claim. The immateriality of the “going fast” statements was discussed first in
connection with his fraud claim, see Brummett, 171 Wash. App. at 675-76, with a reference
back when the court held that for CPA purposes, the statements did not misrepresent
something of material importance.

                                             11
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

codified at RCW 46.70.310. Demonstration of a violation of the chapter therefore

satisfies the first two elements of a CPA claim.

       Mr. Young relies specifically on RCW 46.70.180(1). It provides that it is

unlawful to disseminate in any manner “any statement or representation with regard to

the sale, lease, or financing of a vehicle which is false, deceptive, or misleading,”

“including” a list of five actionable statements or misrepresentations, all of which deal

with sale, lease, or financing terms. The trial court construed the language “with regard

to the sale, lease, or financing of a vehicle” as language of limitation and concluded that

Toyota’s temperature gauge error was not a statement or representation dealing with sale,

lease, or financing terms. Mr. Young argues that this construes the provision too

narrowly.8

       The language relied on by the court and the maxim of ejusdem generis as applied

to the five nonexclusive examples provide support for the trial court’s construction of

RCW 46.70.180(1). But we need not construe the statute because we hold that a

materiality requirement inheres in the provision, just as it inheres in the CPA and in

       8
         The trial court also relied on the fact that a claim under RCW 46.70.180(1)—
which has a one-year statute of limitations—would be time-barred, and on a couple of
federal district court decisions holding that it therefore could not be the basis of a per se
CPA claim. The only precedential Washington decision addressing the issue came to the
opposite conclusion. Walker v. Wenatchee Valley Truck & Auto Outlet, Inc., 155 Wn.
App. 199, 209-10, 229 P.3d 871 (2010) (a per se CPA claim is governed by the CPA’s
own four-year statute of limitations).

                                             12
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

sections 5 and 12 of the FTC Act. We can affirm a trial court judgment on any basis

within the pleadings and proof. Gosney v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 3 Wash. App. 2d 828,

877, 419 P.3d 447, review denied, 191Wn.2d 1017 (2018) (citing Wendle v. Farrow, 102
Wash. 2d 380, 382, 686 P.2d 480 (1984)).

       Provisions of chapter 46.70 RCW support this construction. Its declaration of

purpose states that the chapter was enacted “in order to prevent frauds, impositions, and

other abuses upon its citizens and to protect and preserve the investments and properties

of the citizens of this state.” RCW 46.70.005. Immaterial errors are not frauds,

impositions, or abuses. And RCW 46.70.220 provides that the chapter “shall be

considered in conjunction with chapter[ ] . . . 19.86,” with the powers and duties of the

State as they may appear in that chapter “shall apply against all persons subject to this

chapter.”

       As earlier discussed, Toyota’s mistake was found to be financially immaterial

because purchasers of the limited package were never charged for the $10 temperature

gauge. We will not presume that a $10 part for which the consumer was not charged was

material to purchase of the $7,525 model 2014 limited package. The trial court found

that Mr. Young presented no credible evidence that the temperature gauge error was

material to him, and no evidence whatsoever that it was material to other consumers.

       Here again, because Mr. Young failed to prove Toyota’s error was of material

importance, he failed to prove that it constituted a violation of RCW 46.70.180(1).

                                             13
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

                                 Element Five: Causation

       A CPA plaintiff may only recover for injury to his or her business or property that

was proximately caused by a defendant’s unfair or deceptive practices. Panag, 166
Wash. 2d at 63-64. The injury “need not be great” and no monetary damages need be

proven. Mason v. Mortg. America, Inc., 114 Wash. 2d 842, 854, 792 P.2d 142 (1990).

       The causation element is satisfied if the plaintiff demonstrates that a

misrepresentation of fact led him to choose the defendant’s product. Mayer v. Sto

Industries, Inc., 123 Wash. App. 443, 458, 98 P.3d 116 (2004), aff’d in part, rev’d in part

on other grounds, 156 Wash. 2d 677, 132 P.3d 115 (2006). In his reply brief, Mr. Young

argues that this was the nature of his injury. But after weighing the evidence, the court

“c[ould] not conclude, more probably than not, that Mr. Young’s reliance on a mistaken

website is the proximate cause of his decision to purchase the Toyota Tacoma Limited

Package, and, therefore, caused him damages.” CP at 419. Factual findings of the trial

court that support this conclusion are unchallenged. We do not reweigh the evidence or

determine credibility.

       During the bench trial, Mr. Young argued that investigative expenses he incurred

also qualify as recoverable injury. Expenses incurred to pursue a CPA claim do not

                                             14
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

constitute injury, although an injury to business or property that is proximately caused by

the deceptive act itself is compensable. Panag, 166 Wash. 2d at 62 (comparing Demopolis

v. Galvin, 57 Wash. App. 47, 786 P.2d 804 (1990) (litigation expenses incurred to institute

CPA counterclaim does not constitute injury), with Sign–O–Lite Signs, Inc. v. DeLaurenti

Florists, 64 Wash. App. 553, 825 P.2d 714 (1992) (loss of business profits resulting from

time spent embroiled in disputing improper payment demand constitutes injury)).

       The trial court made an unchallenged finding that Mr. Young did not do anything

about the missing temperature gauge until he received the December 2013 letter from

Toyota notifying him of its mistake and offering a $100 cash reimbursement. A further

unchallenged finding was that the conduct the court found credible “[was] much more

consistent with someone who learned that Toyota had made a mistake and wanted to take

advantage of it, than someone who relied upon that item in good faith.” CP at 415.

Based on the trial court’s findings, which are supported by the evidence, the investigation

performed by Mr. Young was proximately caused by his receipt of Toyota’s truthful

December 2013 letter, not by its earlier mistake.

       Mr. Young’s failure to prove any injury to business or property proximately

caused by Toyota’s mistake provided an additional basis for the trial court’s dismissal of

his CPA claim.

                                            15
No. 35842-9-111
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

      Affirmed.

I CONCUR:

                              .~.

                                    16
                                       No. 35842-9-111

       FEARING,   J. (concurring) -   I write separately to express some disagreement with

the majority opinion.

       The majority attaches a requirement of materiality to element one of a Consumer

Protection Act claim, chapter 19.86 RCW, the element of an unfair or deceptive act or

practice. I question the validity of appending an element of materiality to this first

component of a Consumer Protection Act suit. Nevertheless, I assume, consistent with

the majority opinion, that the Washington Supreme Court, based on federal law, will add

the materiality component to the unfair or deceptive act or practice element, at least to a

claim not involving a per se violation of the act.

       The majority adds a materiality requirement to the unfair or deceptive act or

practice element based on this court's decisions in Brummett v. Washington's Lottery,

171 Wash. App. 664,676,288 P.3d 48 (2012) and Hiner v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 91
Wash. App. 722,730,959 P.2d 1158 (1998), rev'd in part on other grounds, 138 Wash. 2d
248, 978 P.2d 505 (1999). The Brummett court cited Stephens v. Omni Insurance Co.,

138 Wash. App. 151, 166, 159 P.3d 10 (2007), aff'd, sub nom. Panag v. Farmers Insurance

                                                     1
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

Co. of Washington, 166 Wash. 2d 27, 204 P.3d 885 (2009) for the proposition that implicit

in whether an act is "deceptive" is the understanding that the actor misrepresented

something of material importance. James Brummett asserted a Consumer Protection Act

claim against the advertising firm Cole & Weber, not against the government agency

administering the state lottery. This court summarily dismissed one allegation based on

the Consumer Protection Act against the advertising agency not because of any

misrepresentation lacking materiality but because Cole & Weber did not create the

alleged false advertisement aired by the lottery. Without any analysis, this court

summarily affirmed the second allegation of a false advertisement because of lack of

materiality. Stephens v. Omni Insurance Co., 138 Wash. App. at 166 cited Hiner v.

Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 91 Wash. App. at 730, for the rule that implicit in the term

"deceptive" is the understanding that the actor misrepresented something of material

importance. Nevertheless, the Stephens court did not base its decision on a lack of

materiality.

       Hiner v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 91 Wash. App. at 730 cites Potter v. Wilbur-

Ellis, 62 Wn. App. 318,327,814 P.2d 670 (1991) for the proposition that implicit in the

definition of "deceptive" is the understanding that the actor misrepresented something of

material importance. The Hiner court did not base its decision on the lack of materiality.

       In Potter v. Wilbur-Ellis, this court held that a seller of goods may commit an

unfair or deceptive act or practice when failing to disclose a material fact that renders the

                                              2
No. 35842-9-111
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

goods less desirable. Potter involved the nondisclosure of a feature of the product, not an

affirmative representation. A nondisclosure of information creates significantly different

concerns and questions than an affirmative misrepresentation, since the seller of a

product has no obligation to disclose numerous features or facts concerning the product.

       I agree with the majority that Washington State often looks to federal law when

construing the Consumer Protection Act. RCW 19.86.290. I further agree with the

majority that federal law consistently and materially imposes the concept of materiality to

the notion of an unfair or deceptive act or practice. Federal Trade Commission v.

Cyberspace.com LLC, 453 F.3d 1196, 1199 (9th Cir. 2006); Kraft, Inc. v. Federal Trade

Commission, 970 F.2d 311,314 (7th Cir. 1992); Cliffdale Associates, 103 F.T.C. 110,

164-66 ( 1984 ). Thus, I would expect our state Supreme Court to follow the federal

courts and add materiality to either the first element of a Consumer Protection Act action

or add a sixth element to the consumer's claim.

       I question whether the courts should graft a constituent of materiality to the

element of unfair or deceptive act or practice. The words "unfair" or "deceptive" do not

necessarily connote important, relevant, or material statements or conduct. Some people

cannot help themselves from repeatedly acting and speaking deceptively even when their

conduct and speech lacks materiality.

      As noted by the majority, in addition to showing a material unfair or deceptive act

or practice to establish the first element of the Consumer Protection Act action, the

                                             3
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

claimant may fulfill the first element by showing per se unfair or deceptive conduct.

Hangman Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Insurance Co., 105 Wash. 2d 778,

780, 719 P.2d 531 (1986). The claimant may establish a per se act by proving a violation

of a statutory scheme declared by the legislature to affect the public interest. Hangman

Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Insurance Co., 105 Wash. 2d at 780. One such

legislative enactment is the auto dealers practices act, chapter 46.70 RCW. RCW

46.70.310.

      RCW 46.70.180, a portion of the auto dealers practices act, reads in relevant part:

              Each of the following acts or practices is unlawful:
              (1) To cause or permit to be advertised, printed, displayed,
      published, distributed, broadcasted, televised, or disseminated in any
      manner whatsoever, any statement or representation with regard to the sale,
      lease, or financing of a vehicle which is false, deceptive, or misleading,
      including but not limited to the following:

              (2)(a)(i) To incorporate within the terms of any purchase and sale or
      lease agreement any statement or representation with regard to the sale,
      lease, or financing of a vehicle which is false, deceptive, or misleading,
      including but not limited to terms that include as an added cost to the
      selling price or capitalized cost of a vehicle an amount for licensing or
      transfer of title of that vehicle which is not actually due to the state, unless
      such amount has in fact been paid by the dealer prior to such sale.

None of the language in RCW 46.70.180 requires that a false statement by an auto dealer

be material to be actionable. I compliment Toyota Motor Sales for its conduct after

misrepresenting the presence of a temperature gauge on the rearview mirror.

Nevertheless, I conclude that Toyota Motor Sales violated the statute and committed a

                                             4
No. 35842-9-III
Young v. Toyota Motor Sales

per se violation of the Consumer Protection Act by placing the false statement in its

Monroney label and its website.

       A lack of materiality will generally preclude recovery under the Consumer

Protection Act because of the act's fourth and fifth elements of injury and causation. If

the absence of materiality always prevents a finding of injury or causation, my

concurrence lacks any practical importance. But then adding materiality as an element

also serves no function.

       Although I cannot fathom any occasion, there may be an occasion or two when

immateriality will not otherwise preclude fulfillment of causation and damages. Thus, I

disagree with creating an aftermarket "materiality" accessory to the unfair or deceptive

act or practice element. In Duane Young's appeal, I would affirm the trial court's

dismissal of Young's Consumer Protection Act cause of action based on findings

supported by substantial evidence that any misrepresentation and, in turn, any unfair or

deceptive act or practice by Toyota Motor Sales did not cause Young any damage.

      I CONCUR:

                                             Fearing, J.

                                            5