Court Opinion

ID: 2699042
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 17:59:05.296488+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:18.649796
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Blackshear, 2013-Ohio-77.]

                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                       STARK COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                       JUDGES:
STATE OF OHIO                                  :       Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, P.J.
                                               :       Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J.
                         Plaintiff-Appellee    :       Hon. John W. Wise, J.
                                               :
-vs-                                           :
                                               :       Case No. 2012-CA-84
CRAIG BLACKSHEAR                               :
                                               :
                     Defendant-Appellant       :       OPINION

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                           Criminal appeal from the Stark County
                                                   Court of Common Pleas, Case No.
                                                   2012CR0122

JUDGMENT:                                          Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY:                            January 14, 2013

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                             For Defendant-Appellant

JOHN FERRERO
By: RONALD MARK CALDWELL                           DEREK LOWRY
Stark County Prosecutor’s Office                   Crawford, Lowry & Associates
110 Central Plaza South, Ste. 510                  116 Cleveland Avenue N.W.
Canton, OH 44702                                   Suite 800
                                                   Canton, OH 44702-1732
[Cite as State v. Blackshear, 2013-Ohio-77.]

Gwin, J.,

        {¶1}     Appellant Craig Blackshear (“Blackshear”) appeals from the April 18, 2012

judgment entry of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas convicting him of Domestic

Violence, a felony of the third degree.

                                     Facts and Procedural Background

        {¶2}     In 2012, the Stark County Grand Jury returned an indictment that charged

Blackshear with one count of felony domestic violence. This charge arose from

Blackshear assaulting his live-in girlfriend, M.S., which included choking her and holding

a knife to her face. Blackshear pleaded not guilty to this charge, and the case

proceeded to trial by jury in the Stark County Court of Common Pleas.

                                                The Trial

        {¶3}     During voir dire, the state exercised only two of their four possible

peremptory challenges. Both of the challenges were used to remove African-American

members of the venire. In response to defense counsel's challenges to the removal of

these jurors pursuant to Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d

69(1986), the state claimed its race neutral basis for removing the first individual was

the fact that the potential juror had a felony conviction from 1971, and had been

charged with domestic violence although the charge was later dismissed. The race

neutral basis for striking the second individual was that he also had felony convictions

from 1964 and 1972. The state noted that, despite its removal of two African-Americans

from the venire, one African-American was seated on the jury.
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                     3

                                         The Testimony

       {¶4}   On January 14, 2012, shortly after midnight, M.S. called 9-1-1 claiming

Blackshear, her live-in boyfriend, had assaulted her. M.S. stated Blackshear had

pushed her to the ground, choked her, and put a knife to her face. She then waited for

Blackshear to fall asleep and left the house to call 9-1-1. She claimed Blackshear had

assaulted her at different locations throughout the evening as they were drinking and

smoking marijuana with friends. Prior to Blackshear falling asleep near midnight, M.S.

did not attempt to get away from him or summons help, even though the violence

allegedly lasted approximately four hours during which there were several occasions

when she was separated from Blackshear.

       {¶5}   During the cross examination of M.S., defense counsel attempted to

questioned her about why their argument escalated. M.S. stated that she called

Blackshear an alcoholic and he responded by mentioning her abortion. The state

objected to this line of questioning. Defense counsel reasoned that Blackshear's use of

this sensitive subject would provide a possible motive for M.S. to lie about her

allegations. The court sustained the objection and instructed the jury to disregard any

mention of an abortion. Prior to closing arguments, defense counsel proffered that the

purpose of this line of questioning was to establish that Blackshear’s reference to the

abortion precipitated M.S.’s call to 9-1-1, rather than the alleged assault.

       {¶6}   Canton Police Officer Michael Roberts responded to the 9-1-1 call. Officer

Roberts met M.S. coming out of her car. The officer talked to her briefly so that

paramedics could treat her. M.S. told Officer Roberts that Blackshear had assaulted her

throughout the day, and that he was inside the house sleeping. M.S. let the officer into
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                         4

the house, who then went to the bedroom and awakened Blackshear. Blackshear

appeared drunk, according to Officer Roberts, but was cooperative. The knife that

Blackshear used on M.S. was retrieved by Officer Roberts in the bedroom between a

wall and the dresser, within eight feet from where Blackshear was sleeping. Officer

Roberts noticed that M.S. was upset and timid. He also noticed marks on her arms, her

neck area, as well as scratches and red marks on her upper chest area. Photographs of

these marks were taken.

       {¶7}   M.S. also claimed that Blackshear told her he was going to rape her;

however, he fell asleep before carrying out his threat. Although Officer Roberts stated

that M.S. told him Blackshear threatened to rape her, there is no reference to this in the

Officer's narrative police report. The Officer explained that M.S. did not want to file rape

charges. M.S. did not seek medical care because of this incident. In letters she sent to

Blackshear while he was in jail awaiting trial, M.S. expressed a desire to continue their

relationship after this case concluded.

                                     Verdict and Sentence

       {¶8}   The jury found Blackshear guilty as charged in the indictment. The trial

court, upon accepting the jury's verdict and convicting Blackshear of the charged

offense, imposed a 36-month prison sentence.

                                     Assignments of Error

       {¶9}   Blackshear raises three assignments of error,

       {¶10} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN PERMITTING THE STATE TO USE A

PEREMPTORY CHALLENGE IN A RACIALLY DISCRIMINATORY FASHION.
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                     5

      {¶11} “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN IMPAIRING APPELLANT'S RIGHT TO

CROSS EXAMINE THE ALLEGED VICTIM.

      {¶12} “III. THE TRIAL COURT'S FINDING OF GUILTY WAS AGAINST THE

MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE AND WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY

SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE.”

                                              I.

      {¶13} A defendant is denied equal protection of the law guaranteed to him by the

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 10 of the

Ohio Constitution when the state places the defendant on trial before a jury from which

members of the defendant's race have been purposely excluded. Strauder v. W.

Virginia, 100 U.S. 303, 305, 25 L.Ed. 664(1880); State v. Hernandez, 63 Ohio St.3d

577, 589 N.E.2d 1310(1992); State v. Bryant, 104 Ohio App.3d 512, 516, 662 N.E.2d

846(6th Dist. 1995). The “equal protection clause forbids a prosecutor from challenging

potential jurors solely on account of their race or on the assumption that jurors of the

same race as the defendant will be unable to impartially consider the state's case

against the defendant.” State v. Bryant, 104 Ohio App.3d 516; Batson v. Kentucky, 476

U.S. 79, 89, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69(1986).

      {¶14} In his first assignment of error, Blackshear maintains that the trial court

failed to conduct a proper constitutional analysis as outlined in Batson v. Kentucky, in

determining that the state was not racially motivated in excluding two African-Americans

from the jury through the use of peremptory challenges. See, Hicks v. Westinghouse

Materials Co., 78 Ohio St.3d 95, 98, 676 N.E. 2d 872(1997); State v. Toland, 5th Dist.

No. 2006-CA-0162, 2007-Ohio-644.
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                        6

      {¶15} Whenever a party opposes a peremptory challenge by claiming racial

discrimination “[a] judge should make clear, on the record, that he or she understands

and has applied the precise Batson test * * *.” Hicks v. Westinghouse Materials Co., 78

Ohio St.3d at 99, 676 N.E. 2d 872.

      {¶16} In Hicks, the Ohio Supreme Court set forth the Batson test as follows:

              The United States Supreme Court set forth in Batson the test to be

      used in determining whether a peremptory strike is racially motivated.

      First, a party opposing a peremptory challenge must demonstrate a prima-

      facie case of racial discrimination in the use of the strike. Id. at 96, 106

      S.Ct. at 1723, 90 L.Ed.2d at 87. To establish a prima-facie case, a litigant

      must show he or she is a member of a cognizable racial group and that

      the peremptory challenge will remove a member of the litigant's race from

      the venire. The peremptory-challenge opponent is entitled to rely on the

      fact that the strike is an inherently ‘discriminating’ device, permitting ‘those

      to discriminate who are of a mind to discriminate’. State v. Hernandez

      (1992), 63 Ohio St.3d 577, 582, 589 N.E.2d 1310, 1313, certiorari denied

      (1992), 506 U.S. 898, 113 S.Ct. 279, 121 L.Ed.2d 206. The litigant must

      then show an inference of racial discrimination by the striking party. The

      trial court should consider all relevant circumstances in determining

      whether a prima-facie case exists, including all statements by counsel

      exercising the peremptory challenge, counsel's questions during voir dire,

      and whether a pattern of strikes against minority venire members is

      present. See, Batson at 96-97, 106 S.Ct. at 1723, 90 L.Ed.2d at 88.
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                         7

       Assuming a prima-facie case exists, the striking party must then articulate

       a race-neutral explanation ‘related to the particular case to be tried.’ Id. at

       95, 106 S.Ct. at 1724, 90 L.Ed.2d at 88. A simple affirmation of general

       good faith will not suffice. However, the explanation ‘need not rise to the

       level justifying exercise of a challenge for cause.’ Id. at 97, 106 S.Ct. at

       723, 90 L.Ed.2d at 88. The critical issue is whether a discriminatory intent

       is inherent in counsel's explanation for use of the strike; intent is present if

       the explanation is merely pretext for exclusion based on race. Hernandez

       v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 363, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 1868, 114 L.Ed.2d 395,

       409(1991).

Hick, 78 Ohio St.3d. at 98-99, 676 N.E.2d 872.

       {¶17} Although the prosecutor must present a comprehensible reason, “[t]he

second step of this process does not demand an explanation that is persuasive or even

plausible”; so long as the reason is not inherently discriminatory, it suffices. Purkett v.

Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 767-768, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 131 L.Ed.2d 834(1995) (per curiam);

Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 126 S.Ct. 969, 163 L.Ed.2d 824(2006).

       {¶18} Last, the trial court must determine whether the party opposing the

peremptory strike has proved purposeful discrimination. Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. at

766-767, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 131 L.Ed.2d 834. It is at this stage that the persuasiveness,

and credibility, of the justification offered by the striking party becomes relevant. Id. at

768, 115 S.Ct. at 1771, 131 L.Ed.2d 834. The critical question, which the trial judge

must resolve, is whether counsel's race-neutral explanation should be believed.

Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. at 365, 111 S.Ct. 1859,114 L.Ed.2d 395; State v.
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                           8

Nash, 5th Dist. No. 1995 CA 00024, 1995 WL 767987(August 14, 1995). This final step

involves evaluating “the persuasiveness of the justification” proffered by the prosecutor,

but “the ultimate burden of persuasion regarding racial motivation rests with, and never

shifts from, the opponent of the strike.” Purkett, 514 U.S. at 768, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 131

L.Ed.2d 834; Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. at 338, 126 S.Ct. 969, 163 L.Ed.2d 824.

       {¶19} On direct appeal in federal court, the credibility findings a trial court makes

in a Batson inquiry are reviewed for clear error. Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. at

364-366, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395. (Holding that evaluation of a prosecutor's

credibility “lies ‘peculiarly within a trial judge's province’”). Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. at

338, 126 S.Ct. 969, 163 L.Ed.2d 824.

       {¶20} It is irrelevant how many minority jurors remain on the panel if even one is

excluded because of race. State v. Bryant, 104 Ohio App.3d 512, 662 N.E.2d 846; State

v. Tuck 80 Ohio App.3d 721, 724, 610 N.E.2d 591(10th Dist. 1992) (Batson, applicable

even if there is only one African-American juror on the panel); Jones v. Ryan, 987 F.2d

960, 972( 3rd Cir. 1993); United States v. David, 803 F.2d 1567(11th Dist. 1986).

       {¶21} In the case at bar, the prosecutor voluntarily explained her reasons for the

peremptory strikes. Hicks v. Westinghouse, 78 Ohio St.3d at 100, 676 N.E. 2d 872;

State v. Hernandez, 63 Ohio St.3d at 583, 589 N.E.2d 1310; Hernandez v. New York,

supra; State v. Nash, supra. The state claimed its race neutral basis for the first

individual was the fact that the potential juror had a felony conviction from 1971, and

had been charged with domestic violence although the charge was later dismissed. The

race neutral basis for striking the second individual was that he also had felony

convictions from 1964 and 1972. Blackshear’s attorney responded that each of the
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                       9

jurors was African-American; her client was African-American; and that each juror

indicated he or she could be fair and impartial. Trial counsel did not offer any further

explanation to make her prima facie case as required in the first step of the Batson test.

She did not refer to any statements made by the prosecutor that would indicate that the

challenge was discriminatory, did not point to a pattern of discrimination and did not

point to specific questions in voir dire that would indicate a discriminatory motive.

Moreover, even if Blackshear had met his prima facie burden to go forward on the

challenge, the prosecutor gave a race neutral reason for using a peremptory challenge

against each juror.

       {¶22} We do not find that the dismissals of juror 32 and juror 52 were in error

and we find that the prosecutor's reason for using a peremptory challenge on juror 32

and juror 52 was racially neutral.

       {¶23} Blackshear’s first assignment of error is overruled.

                                               II.

       {¶24} In his second assignment of error, Blackshear maintains that the trial court

should have permitted him to present evidence that he had insulted M.S. about a prior

abortion, and that these insults gave her motivation to fabricate the domestic violence

allegations.

       {¶25} The admission or exclusion of evidence rests in the sound discretion of

the trial court. State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 180, 510 N.E.2d 343(1987). Our task is

to look at the totality of the circumstances in the particular case under appeal, and

determine whether the trial court acted unreasonably, arbitrarily or unconscionably in

allowing or excluding the disputed evidence. State v. Oman, 5th Dist. No.1999CA00027,
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                     10

2000 WL 222190(Feb. 14, 2000). Generally, all relevant evidence is admissible. Evid.R.

402.

       {¶26} Every criminal defendant has a constitutional right to present a meaningful

defense. Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690, 106 S.Ct. 2142, 90 L.Ed.2d 636(1986).

However, this right does not engender an unfettered entitlement to the admission of all

evidence. U.S. v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303, 308, 118 S.Ct. 1261, 140 L.Ed.2d 413(1998).

       {¶27} The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees the

right of an accused in a criminal prosecution "to be confronted with the witnesses

against him.” Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 353, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 39 L.Ed.2d 347(1974).

That right, incorporated in the Fourteenth Amendment and therefore available in state

proceedings under Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 85 S.Ct. 1065, 13 L.Ed.2d

923(1965) includes the right to conduct reasonable cross-examination. Davis, 415 U.S.

at 315-316, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 39 L.Ed.2d 347.

       {¶28} Reasonable cross-examination includes not only the opportunity to

impeach a witness,

             Cross-examination is the principal means by which the believability

       of a witness and the truth of his testimony are tested. Subject always to

       the broad discretion of a trial judge to preclude repetitive and unduly

       harassing interrogation, the cross-examiner is not only permitted to delve

       into the witness' story to test the witness' perceptions and memory, but the

       cross-examiner has traditionally been allowed to impeach, i.e., discredit,

       the witness* * *A more particular attack on the witness' credibility is

       effected by means of cross-examination directed toward revealing
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                      11

      possible biases, prejudices, or ulterior motives of the witness as they may

      relate directly to issues or personalities in the case at hand. The partiality

      of a witness is subject to exploration at trial, and is ‘always relevant as

      discrediting the witness and affecting the weight of his testimony.’ 3A J.

      Wigmore Evidence Section 940, p. 775 (Chadbourn rev. 1970). We have

      recognized that the exposure of a witness' motivation in testifying is a

      proper and important function of the constitutionally protected right of

      cross-examination. [415 U.S. 317]”. Greene v. McElroy, (1959), 360 U.S.

      474, 496, 3 L.Ed. 2d 1377, 79 S.Ct. 1400.

Davis, 415 U.S. at 316-317, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 39 L.Ed.2d 347. Accord, Olden v. Kentucky,

488 U.S. 227, 109 S.Ct. 480, 102 L.Ed.2d 513(1988); Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S.

673, 678-679, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 89 L.Ed.2d 674(1986). A trial court can impose

reasonable limits upon cross-examination,

             It does not follow, of course, that the Confrontation Clause of the

      Sixth Amendment prevents a trial judge from imposing any limits on

      defense counsel's inquiry into the potential bias of a prosecution witness.

      On the contrary, trial judges retain wide latitude insofar as the

      Confrontation Clause is concerned to impose reasonable limits on such

      cross-examination based on concerns about, among other things,

      harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness' safety, or

      interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant. And as we

      observed earlier this Term, ‘the Confrontation Clause guarantees an

      opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination that is
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                       12

       effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might

       wish.’ Delaware v. Fensterer (1985), 474 U.S. 15, 20, 106 S.Ct. 292 (per

       curiam). (Emphasis in original).

Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 679, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 89 L.Ed.2d 674.

       {¶29} In determining whether the confrontation clause has been violated, the

focus of the prejudice inquiry "must be on the particular witness, not on the outcome of

the entire trial.” Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 680, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 89 L.Ed.2d 674. In Van

Arsdall, the United States Supreme Court held,

               We think that a criminal defendant states a violation of the

       Confrontation Clause by showing that he was prohibited from engaging in

       otherwise appropriate cross-examination designed to show a prototypical

       form of bias on the part of the witness, and thereby “to expose to the jury

       the facts from which jurors . . . could appropriately draw inferences relating

       to the reliability of the witness”. David v. Alaska, supra, at 318, 94 S.Ct.

       1105.

Van Arsdall, at 475 U.S. 680, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 89 L.Ed.2d 674; See, also, Olden. In Van

Arsdall, the Court further explained,

               The correct inquiry is whether, assuming that the damaging

       potential of the cross-examination were fully realized, a reviewing court

       might nonetheless say that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable

       doubt. Whether such an error is harmless in a particular case depends

       upon a host of factors, all readily accessible to reviewing courts. These

       factors include the importance of the witness' testimony in the
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                       13

      prosecution's case, whether the testimony was cumulative, the presence

      or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the

      witness on material points, the extent of cross-examination otherwise

      permitted, and, of course, the overall strength of the prosecution's case.

      Cf. Harrington, 395 U.S., at 254, 23 L.Ed. 2d 284, 89 S.Ct. 1726;

      Schneble v. Florida, 405 U.S. at 432, 31 L.Ed. 2d 340, 92 S.Ct. 1056.

Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. at 685, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 89 L.Ed.2d 674.

      {¶30} Without a doubt, M.S.’s testimony was of great importance to the state’s

case. The testimony was not cumulative; M.S. was the only eyewitness to the events

other than Blackshear. In the case at bar, the discovery of the knife in the bedroom

where Blackshear was sleeping and the photographs of M.S.’s injuries lend credence to

her claim that Blackshear had assaulted her, choked her and held a knife to her throat.

In addition, Blackshear’s counsel was permitted wide latitude in its cross-examination of

M.S., including questioning her about her drinking and drug use the night in question

and her opportunity to summon help from friends, neighbors and alleged witnesses at

various points during the night. Counsel also cross-examined M.S. about her contact

with Blackshear while he was in jail awaiting trial, including introducing letters M.S. had

written to Blackshear during that time and questioning her about the contents of those

letters. Counsel was permitted to show the circumstances surrounding the

confrontation, including the substance of the argument between the two that eventually

led to Blackshear resorting to violence.
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                        14

       {¶31} Upon review of the entire record, it is clear that there was ample testimony

for the jury to consider M.S.’s credibility and motivation to fabricate the allegations. Any

violation of Blackshear's confrontation rights was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

       {¶32} Accordingly, Blackshear's right to confront his accuser pursuant to the

Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article I,

Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution were not violated.

       {¶33} Blackshear’s second assignment of error is overruled.

                                                III.

       {¶34} In his third assignment of error, Blackshear maintains that his conviction is

against the manifest weight and the sufficiency of the evidence.

       {¶35} Our review of the constitutional sufficiency of evidence to support a

criminal conviction is governed by Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct.

2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), which requires a court of appeals to determine whether

“after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.” Id.; see also McDaniel v. Brown, 558 U.S. 120, 130 S.Ct. 665, 673, 175 L.Ed.2d

582(2010) (reaffirming this standard); State v. Fry, 125 Ohio St.3d 163, 2010-Ohio-

1017, 926 N.E.2d 1239, ¶146; State v. Clay, 187 Ohio App.3d 633, 2010-Ohio-2720,

933 N.E.2d 296, ¶68.

       {¶36} Weight of the evidence addresses the evidence's effect of inducing belief.

State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386-387, 678 N.E.2d 541(1997), superseded by

constitutional amendment on other grounds as stated by State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d

89,1997-Ohio-355, 684 N.E.2d 668. Weight of the evidence concerns,
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                          15

              The inclination of the greater amount of credible evidence, offered

       in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other. It indicates

       clearly to the jury that the party having the burden of proof will be entitled

       to their verdict, if, on weighing the evidence in their minds, they shall find

       the greater amount of credible evidence sustains the issue which is to be

       established before them. Weight is not a question of mathematics, but

       depends on its effect in inducing belief.” (Emphasis sic.)

Id. at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting Black's Law Dictionary (6th Ed. 1990) at 1594.

       {¶37} When a court of appeals reverses a judgment of a trial court on the basis

that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, the appellate court sits as a

“‘thirteenth juror’” and disagrees with the fact finder’s resolution of the conflicting

testimony. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, quoting Tibbs v. Florida,

457 U.S. 31, 42, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652(1982). However, an appellate court

may not merely substitute its view for that of the jury, but must find that “‘the jury clearly

lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must

be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387,

quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717, 720–721(1st Dist.

1983). Accordingly, reversal on manifest weight grounds is reserved for “‘the

exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Id.

              “[I]n determining whether the judgment below is manifestly against

       the weight of the evidence, every reasonable intendment and every

       reasonable presumption must be made in favor of the judgment and the

       finding of facts. * * *
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                       16

             “If the evidence is susceptible of more than one construction, the

      reviewing court is bound to give it that interpretation which is consistent

      with the verdict and judgment, most favorable to sustaining the verdict and

      judgment.”

Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984), fn.

3, quoting 5 Ohio Jurisprudence 3d, Appellate Review, Section 60, at 191–192 (1978).

      {¶38} To find Blackshear guilty of Domestic Violence the trier of fact would have

to find that he knowingly caused or attempt to cause physical harm to a family or

household member. R.C. 2919.25(A). Physical harm to persons is defined as “any

injury, illness, or other physiological impairment, regardless of its gravity or duration.”

R.C. 2901.01(A) (3). R.C. 2901.22 defines “knowingly” as follows,

             (B) A person acts knowingly, regardless of his purpose, when he is

      aware that his conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably

      be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge of circumstances when he

      is aware that such circumstances probably exist.

      {¶39} “Whether a person acts knowingly can only be determined, absent a

defendant's admission, from all the surrounding facts and circumstances, including the

doing of the act itself.” State v. Huff, 145 Ohio App.3d 555, 563, 763 N.E.2d 695(2001).

(Footnote omitted.) Thus, “[t]he test for whether a defendant acted knowingly is a

subjective one, but it is decided on objective criteria.” State v. McDaniel, 2nd Dist. No.

16221, 1998 WL 214606 (May 1, 1998), citing State v. Elliott, 104 Ohio App.3d 812, 663

N.E.2d 412(1995).
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                             17

       {¶40} Blackshear does not dispute that M.S. was a ““family or household

member.” Further, M.S. and Officer Roberts Johnson each testified to the injuries visible

on M.S. after the incident. Photographs of the injuries were submitted to the jury.

       {¶41} We hold, therefore, that the state met its burden of production regarding

each element of the crime of Domestic Violence and, accordingly, there was sufficient

evidence to submit the charge to the jury and to support Blackshear's conviction.

       {¶42} Ultimately, “the reviewing court must determine whether the appellant or

the appellee provided the more believable evidence, but must not completely substitute

its judgment for that of the original trier of fact ‘unless it is patently apparent that the fact

finder lost its way.’” State v. Pallai, 7th Dist. No. 07 MA 198, 2008-Ohio-6635, ¶31,

quoting State v. Woullard, 158 Ohio App.3d 31, 2004-Ohio-3395, 813 N.E.2d 964, ¶ 81.

In other words, “[w]hen there exist two fairly reasonable views of the evidence or two

conflicting versions of events, neither of which is unbelievable, it is not our province to

choose which one we believe.” State v. Dyke, 7th Dist. No. 99 CA 149, 2002-Ohio-1152,

at ¶ 13, citing State v. Gore (1999), 131 Ohio App.3d 197, 201, 722 N.E.2d 125.

       {¶43} The weight to be given to the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses

are issues for the trier of fact. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d

212(1967), paragraph one of the syllabus; State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-

Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶118. Accord, Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80,

62 S.Ct. 457, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942); Marshall v. Lonberger, 459 U.S. 422, 434, 103 S.Ct.

843, 74 L.Ed.2d 646 (1983). The jury was free to accept or reject any and all of the

evidence offered by the parties and assess the witness’s credibility. "While the jury may

take note of the inconsistencies and resolve or discount them accordingly * * * such
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                       18

inconsistencies do not render defendant's conviction against the manifest weight or

sufficiency of the evidence". State v. Craig, 10th Dist. No. 99AP-739, 1999 WL 29752

(Mar 23, 2000) citing State v. Nivens, 10th Dist. No. 95APA09-1236, 1996 WL 284714

(May 28, 1996). Indeed, the jury need not believe all of a witness' testimony, but may

accept only portions of it as true. State v. Raver, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-604, 2003- Ohio-

958, ¶ 21, citing State v. Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 67, 197 N.E.2d 548 (1964); State v.

Burke, 10th Dist. No. 02AP-1238, 2003-Ohio-2889, citing State v. Caldwell (1992), 79

Ohio App.3d 667, 607 N.E.2d 1096 (4th Dist. 1992). Although the evidence may have

been circumstantial, we note that circumstantial evidence has the same probative value

as direct evidence. State v. Jenks, supra.

             In Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 477, 120 N.E. 2d 118 (1954),

      the Supreme Court further cautioned,

             The mere number of witnesses, who may support a claim of one or

      the other of the parties to an action, is not to be taken as a basis for

      resolving disputed facts. The degree of proof required is determined by

      the impression which the testimony of the witnesses makes upon the trier

      of facts, and the character of the testimony itself. Credibility, intelligence,

      freedom from bias or prejudice, opportunity to be informed, the disposition

      to tell the truth or otherwise, and the probability or improbability of the

      statements made, are all tests of testimonial value. Where the evidence is

      in conflict, the trier of facts may determine what should be accepted as the

      truth and what should be rejected as false. See Rice v. City of Cleveland,

      114 Ohio St. 299, 58 N.E.2d 768.
Stark County, Case No. 2012-CA-84                                                    19

161 Ohio St. at 477-478. (Emphasis added).

      {¶44} We find that this is not an “‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs

heavily against the conviction.’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541,

quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175, 485 N.E.2d 717. The jury as the trier of fact was

in the best position to evaluate this competent, credible evidence, and we will not

substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact. The jury neither lost its way nor

created a miscarriage of justice in convicting Blackshear of Domestic Violence.

      {¶45} Viewing the evidence in the case at bar in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, we conclude that a reasonable person could have found beyond a

reasonable doubt that Blackshear had committed the crime of Domestic Violence.

      {¶46} Blackshear’s third assignment of error is overruled.

      {¶47} The judgment of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

By Gwin, J.,

Delaney, P.J., and

Wise, J., concur

                                             _________________________________
                                             HON. W. SCOTT GWIN

                                             _________________________________
                                             HON. PATRICIA A. DELANEY

                                             _________________________________
                                             HON. JOHN W. WISE
WSG:clw 1204
[Cite as State v. Blackshear, 2013-Ohio-77.]

                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR STARK COUNTY, OHIO

                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO                                     :
                                                  :
                             Plaintiff-Appellee   :
                                                  :
                                                  :
-vs-                                              :       JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                                  :
CRAIG BLACKSHEAR                                  :
                                                  :
                                                  :
                        Defendant-Appellant       :       CASE NO. 2012-CA-84

       For the reasons stated in our accompanying Memorandum-Opinion, the judgment of

the Stark County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

                                                      _________________________________
                                                      HON. W. SCOTT GWIN

                                                      _________________________________
                                                      HON. PATRICIA A. DELANEY

                                                      _________________________________
                                                      HON. JOHN W. WISE