Court Opinion

ID: 6128372
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-04 20:46:38.056662+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:43:11.075362
License: Public Domain

HaediN, J.:
■ The learned referee is correct when he states in his opinion, viz.: “ It is necessary, in order to take a case out of the statute of frauds on the ground of part performance of the contract; that the existence of the contract should be made out by clear and satisfactory proof, and that the aot of perfordinance is of the identical contract f and, also, in saying: “ The general language of the books is that part performance will not take a parol agreement out of the statute unless the terms of the agreement.distinctly appear or are made out to the satisfaction of the court.” (Parkhurst v. Van Cortlandt, 1 Johns. Ch., 284; Swartwout v. Burr, 1 Barb., 497; Purcell v. Miner, 4 Wall., 517.) And he might with great propriety have added, viz.: “ Contracts claimed to have been entered into with aged or infirm persons, to be enforced after death to the detriment and the disinheriting of lawful heirs, who otherwise would be enti*501tied to tbeir estates, are properly regarded with grave suspicion by courts of justice, and should be closely scrutinized and only allowed to stand when established by the strongest evidence. More especially should this rule prevail when the contract is not in writing, rests enti/rely upon parol testimony, which is not very precise and somewhat uncertain, and is directly i/n conflict with the will of the deceased, * * * and which remained-unrevoked at the time of his decease. (Opinion of Miller, J., in Shakespeare v. Markham, 72 N. Y., 403, affirming the opinion of this court in S. 0., 10 Hun, 322.) Talcott, J., speaking for this court, says: “ Such contracts have a tendency to subvert the statute of wills and to do away with all those safeguards in respect to the posthumous disposition of property with which the law surrounds such instruments.” And he adds: “ But in the cases in which such contracts are set up, and especially where they are attempted to be established by parol testimony, the temptation and opportunity for fraud is such that they are looked upon with suspicion, and the courts require the clearest evidence that a contract founded on a valuable consideration, and certain and definite in all its parts, should be shown to have been deliberately made by the decedent.” (See Robinson v. Raynor, 28 N. Y., 494; Lisk v. Sherman, 25 Barb., 433; Bunton v. Smith, 40 N. H., 352; Smith v. Crandall, 20 Md., 482; Foot v. Webb, 59 Barb., 38; Ackerman v. Ackerman, Exr., 24 N. J. Eq., 315; Twiss v. George, 33 Mich., 253.)
In Purcell v. Miner (4 Wall., 513, supra), Greer, J., says, “ a mere breach of a parol promise will not make a case for the interference of a chancellor,” and that proof of the contract which will take the case out of the statute “ must be clear, definite and conclusive, and must show a contract leaving no jus deliberandi or locus pomitentice. It cannot be made out by mere hearsay, or evidence of the declarations of a party to mere strangers to the trans-ad on, in chance conversation which the witness had no reason to recollect from interest in the subject matter, which may have been imperfectly heard or inaccurately remembered, perverted, or altogether fabricated; testimony, therefore, impossible to be contradicted. That a consideration has been paid or tendered;” and again, viz.: “Such a part performance of the contract that its rescission would be a fraud on the other party, and could not be *502fully compensated for by recoveiy of damages in a court of law.” Tbis doctrine is substantially the same as prevails in the courts of this State, and was asserted in Ryan v. Dox (34 N. Y., 307). (See, also, Redfield v. Holland P. Ins. Co., 56 N. Y., 357; Morrill v. Cooper, 65 Barb., 519; Wheeler v. Reynolds, 66 N. Y., 277.)
The appellant argues that the widow Almira Brown was not competent as a witness in behalf of the plaintiff to establish the alleged parol agreement made between her son and husband in March, 1871. We think the argument is unsound. First, although she may be said to be a person interested in the event within the provisions of section 829 of the Code of Civil Procedure, it cannot be said, while testifying in favor of the plaintiff in this action in support of his complaint, that she was testifying in her own behalf or interest. On the contrary, she was testifying against her interest. She had suffered a default in the action. The necessary effect of a judgment as against her was to pare down her rights from a life estate in the whole of the property to simply a life interest as doweress in one-third. By the terms of the will she was given the use of the real estate for life. If her son succeeds in this action, she, as well as the other defendants, is required to release and convey whatever interest she derived by the terms of the will as a life tenant to her son. We, therefore, think the referee committed no error in overruling the objection to her testimony, in so far as it supported the averments of the complaint, and in so far as it supports the findings made by the referee.
The case of Hunter v. Herrick (26 Hun, 272), cited by the appellant, is unlike this one. There it was held that the surviving members of a partnership were not competent to testify to personal transactions had with the deceased “ which tended to show that deceased was a member of the firm.” If their testimony had been received it would have brought in another person to share the losses and liabilities of the firm which otherwise they must sustain, and in that regard their testimony would directly inure to their own benefit.
On the other hand, if the agreement was that the son should support and take care of her during her life, in the event that she should survive her husband, then it is obvious that to allow her to testify to such an agreement would be to allow her to testify in her *503“ own bebalf or interest.” While she states in one part of her testimony that that was a part of the agreement, she finally apparently repudiates it, and limits the agreement to a requirement to support and take care of the father during his life. The testimony, therefore, was properly received, and there is no objection to it, or any portion of it, which presents to us any error of which the appellant can avail. Her testimony was very essential to the plaintiff’s case. Without it one of the requirements of the rule to which we have adverted would npt be answered by any legitimate evidence found in the case, as she is the only competent witness who speaks from a personal knowledge of the alleged contract between her deceased husband and the plaintiff. The plaintiff himself was not a competent witness to testify in his own behalf or interest to the alleged contract of March, 1871, between himself and his father, as it would involve a personal transaction or communication with the deceased. (Code, § 829.)
The plaintiff was sworn in his own behalf, with a view of establishing that his acts and doings after March, 1871, were under the alleged agreement with his father, and had reference to it, and were in fulfillment of it. In endeavoring to support this branch of his case, he was allowed to testify to the manner in which the business was conducted between March, 1871, aud June, 1879, the work which was done on the farm, the repairs, the additions to the buildings, the exchange of works with his neighbors, the purchase of groceries for the use of the -family, which consisted of the father and mother and son, until within about three years of the death, when the son married and took his wife to live with his parents also; and after such facts had been detailed by him, from which it was asked that the referee should infer that there had been a change in the mode and manner of carrying on the farm and of transacting the business, and the details thereof had been stated at large, with a view of giving rise to the inference that the son had been fulfilling a contract, rather than continuing the relations theretofore existing between him and his father. After the defendant had, to a considerable extent, cross-examined in respect to the specific acts and doings of the son, the counsel for the defendant propounded the following question, viz.: “ Q. Had you, prior to the 1st of March, 1871, gone right on and done this work, and fur *504nisbed moneys and paid hired help, and generally what you have stated you did since 1871?” There was a general objection to this question, and the objection was sustained, and an exception taken by the defendants. It is now urged before us that this question was not material. We do not think so. The very facts which the plaintiff had testified to in respect to the management of the farm, from 1871 on, were the facts relied upon to show that he had partly performed on his part the oral arrangement between himself and his father; that he had so far on his part consummated the contract in reliance upon it that the statute of frauds was silenced by those acts, and that the court should help the agreement out of the statute of frauds by reason of those several acts relied upon by him as indicative of a part performance. It was therefore competent for the defendants to shake and overthrow, if they could, out of the mouth of this witness, the position taken in behalf of his' case in .one of its essential parts. If the same acts and the same doings took place by and between him and his father before the alleged agreement as'he alleges took place after it, the conclusion might not have been reached by the referee that the acts and doings after March, 1871, were in consequence of and in reliance upon the alleged parol agreement, we think the testimony called for by the question was proper and ought to have been received: We cannot say that its rejection worked no harm to the appellants. We can see that the testimony which the plaintiff gave as a witness himself was very vital to the issues. It is true some of his testimony, upon proper objection, we must assume would have been rejected as being in violation of section 829; but after the testimony was received it was entirely competent for the defendants to show by him that he, years before he was twenty-one, years before the alleged agreement of March, 1871, had “gone right on and done this work, and furnished moneys and paid hired help,” the same as he stated he did after March, 1871.
There is no force in the objection taken on the motion for a non-suit' that the executor should have 'been made a party defendant, as there was no such defense in the answer. (Farwell v. Importers and Traders' Bank, 27 Alb. Law Jour., 173; Code, sec. 148; Fosgate v. Herkimer etc., Co., 12 N. Y., 580.) Besides, it is not apparent that this action would interfere with the rights of cred*505itors or of tbe executor in the settlement of the estate. We think the referee was correct in overruling that as a ground on the motion for a nonsuit.
For the error which we have pointed out we think a new trial should be granted.
Judgment reversed and new trial ordered before another referee, costs of this appeal to abide the final award of costs in the action.
Smith, P. J., and Barrer, J., concurred.
So ordered.