Court Opinion

ID: 4709794
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-06 20:27:41.685878+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:59.380317
License: Public Domain

08/06/2021
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT KNOXVILLE
                                  June 1, 2021 Session

            JONATHAN FINLEY v. WETTERMARK KEITH, LLC

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hamilton County
                    No. 19C1198        L. Marie Williams, Judge
                     ___________________________________

                           No. E2020-01081-COA-R3-CV
                       ___________________________________

In this legal malpractice action, the trial court determined that any duty owed by the
defendant law firm to the plaintiff ceased when the law firm undisputedly terminated its
representation of the plaintiff more than five months prior to expiration of the statute of
limitations applicable to the plaintiff’s underlying claim. The court found that the
plaintiff had ample time within which to hire new counsel before the statute of limitations
would have run on his personal injury claim. The court also found that the plaintiff had
failed, within that timeframe, to obtain new counsel or inquire about the status of his
claim such that any damages he suffered were due to his own inaction. The court
accordingly granted summary judgment in favor of the defendant law firm. The plaintiff
has appealed. Discerning no reversible error, we affirm.

       Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                            Affirmed; Case Remanded

THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J, and KRISTI M. DAVIS, J., joined.

Jonathan Finley, Chattanooga, Tennessee, Pro Se.

Donald K. Vowell, Knoxville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Wettermark Keith, LLC.

                                       OPINION

                         I. Factual and Procedural Background

       On October 29, 2019, Jonathan Finley, proceeding self-represented, filed a
complaint against Wettermark Keith, LLC (“Wettermark”), in the Hamilton County
Circuit Court (“trial court”), alleging that he had hired Wettermark on August 24, 2018,
to represent him with regard to “an accident where the plaintiff sustained 2nd degree
burns to the arm cause[d] by an air bag.” Mr. Finley asserted that Wettermark had failed
to file suit against General Motors Company (“General Motors”) within the applicable
statute of limitations such that his claim was now time-barred. Mr. Finley accordingly
claimed that Wettermark should be held liable for failing to provide competent
representation. Concomitant with his complaint, Mr. Finley filed a uniform civil affidavit
of indigency. The trial court allowed Mr. Finley to proceed with his filings as an indigent
person.

        On December 10, 2019, Wettermark filed a motion to dismiss Mr. Finley’s
complaint, pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 12.02(6), asserting that Mr.
Finley had failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Wettermark
acknowledged that Mr. Finley had sought legal representation from Wettermark in
August 2018 and averred that in February 2019, Mr. Finley had agreed to settle his
personal injury claim related to an automobile accident for $1,800.00. According to
Wettermark, Mr. Finley then refused to sign the release it had sent to him. Wettermark
stated that it had subsequently terminated its representation of Mr. Finley in March 2019
following Mr. Finley’s failure to execute the release required for him to receive his
settlement proceeds. Mr. Finley filed a response in opposition to the motion to dismiss.

       On January 27, 2020, Mr. Finley filed a motion seeking to amend his complaint to
add a claim for damages in the amount of eight million dollars. Wettermark subsequently
filed an answer, admitting that Mr. Finley had hired Wettermark in August 2018 with
regard to a recent automobile accident. Wettermark further admitted that Mr. Finley and
Wettermark had entered into a contingency-fee contract for legal services. Wettermark
denied that Mr. Finley’s potential claims were related to a faulty airbag or that its
representation of Mr. Finley concerned such a claim. Wettermark therefore admitted that
it had never filed suit on Mr. Finley’s behalf against General Motors, stating that the
parties’ contract did not concern a products liability action. Wettermark also averred that
the parties’ relationship was dissolved on March 22, 2019. Wettermark further pled
various affirmative defenses, including unclean hands and lack of contract formation.

       On April 13, 2020, Mr. Finley filed a motion for summary judgment. Wettermark
likewise filed a motion for summary judgment on the following day. Wettermark
attached an affidavit from attorney Steven Nicewonder, who stated that he was the intake
manager for Wettermark and that Mr. Finley had signed a standard, motor-vehicle-
accident contract. Mr. Nicewonder stated that Wettermark did not maintain any “Takata
Airbag” cases.

       Wettermark also filed a copy of the parties’ contract, which reflects that
Wettermark had agreed to handle all claims against “all responsible parties” arising out of
an accident that occurred on or about August 24, 2018, on behalf of Mr. Finley, for a
contingency fee. In addition, Wettermark attached a copy of a letter that one of its
employees sent to Mr. Finley on March 25, 2019, stating that Wettermark was declining
                                         -2-
further representation of him but encouraging him to seek the advice of another attorney
concerning his case before expiration of the applicable time limitation.

       Wettermark further attached the affidavit of William Hassinger, who stated that he
was the Wettermark attorney assigned to handle Mr. Finley’s automobile accident claim.
According to Mr. Hassinger, Mr. Finley’s only damages consisted of one visit to
Physicians Care at an expense of $95.00. Mr. Hassinger stated that he had procured a
settlement offer from Progressive Insurance in the amount of $1,800.00 and that Mr.
Finley had authorized acceptance of this offer. Notwithstanding, when Mr. Hassinger
sent Mr. Finley the requisite release, Mr. Finley returned it with “significant alterations.”
Mr. Hassinger further stated that he advised Mr. Finley via telephone that he could no
longer represent him on March 22, 2019, and sent a letter confirming termination of the
representation on March 25, 2019. Mr. Hassinger indicated that Mr. Finley had no
further contact with him.

       The trial court entered an order on June 8, 2020, determining that neither party’s
motion for summary judgment was compliant with the requirements of Tennessee Rule of
Civil Procedure 56. The trial court allowed both parties an additional seven days’ time
within which to file their respective statements of undisputed material facts as required
by Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56.03. Mr. Finley subsequently filed his
“statement of fact,” stating that the parties executed a contract on August 24, 2018,
wherein Wettermark agreed to represent Mr. Finley against all responsible parties
concerning his injuries. Mr. Finley asserted that General Motors was one of the
responsible parties for his injuries because his automobile was manufactured by General
Motors and the airbag was faulty, causing second degree burns to his arm when it
deployed. Mr. Finley stated that Wettermark’s failure to file a lawsuit against General
Motors was a violation of the parties’ contract.

       On June 15, 2020, Wettermark likewise filed a statement of undisputed material
facts. Wettermark stated that the parties did not have a contract concerning
representation with regard to “faulty airbags” or filing suit against General Motors.
Wettermark also indicated that it did not represent litigants with “faulty airbag” claims.
According to Wettermark, its representation of Mr. Finley was limited to pursuing an
award of damages from the driver of the other vehicle regarding his automobile accident.
Wettermark added that although Mr. Finley agreed to accept a settlement offer from the
tortfeasor’s insurance company in the amount of $1,800.00, he refused to sign the
associated release to receive the settlement proceeds. Wettermark stated that it had
terminated its representation of Mr. Finley in March 2019 and that no further contact
between the parties occurred. Mr. Finley subsequently filed a “Disputation of Facts,”
asserting that his contract with Wettermark provided that Wettermark would handle all
claims against “all responsible parties” arising out of the accident.

                                            -3-
        The trial court entered an order concerning the countervailing motions for
summary judgment on August 11, 2020. The court noted that Mr. Finley had not
disputed Wettermark’s assertion of fact, supported by Mr. Hassinger’s affidavit, that
Wettermark had terminated its representation of Mr. Finley in March 2019 while warning
him of “strict time limits that could bar his claim if not timely filed.” The court thus
determined that any duty owed by Wettermark to Mr. Finley ceased as of March 22 or 25,
2019, when the representation was undisputedly terminated. The court further found that
after that date, Mr. Finley still had over five months within which to hire new counsel or
take other action to protect his interests before the statute of limitations would have run
on his personal injury claims. The court accordingly determined that any damages Mr.
Finley suffered were due to his own failure to act. The court therefore granted summary
judgment in favor of Wettermark and denied Mr. Finley’s summary judgment motion.
Mr. Finley timely appealed.

                                          II. Issue Presented

        Inasmuch as Mr. Finley’s appellate brief does not contain a statement of issues, it
is difficult to discern the specific errors he alleges were made by the trial court.1 Mr.
Finley clearly asserts in his brief, however, that he is dissatisfied with the trial court’s
grant of summary judgment in favor of Wettermark.                  Moreover, Wettermark
acknowledges in its appellate brief that the following constitutes the overarching,
dispositive issue on appeal:

        Whether the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in
        Wettermark’s favor.

                                       III. Standard of Review

       The grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment is a matter of law;
therefore, our standard of review is de novo with no presumption of correctness. See Rye
v. Women’s Care Ctr. of Memphis, MPLLC, 477 S.W.3d 235, 250 (Tenn. 2015); Dick
Broad. Co. of Tenn. v. Oak Ridge FM, Inc., 395 S.W.3d 653, 671 (Tenn. 2013) (citing

1
  Although a party’s failure to comply with Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 27 can be deemed a
waiver of that party’s issues on appeal, see Hodge v. Craig, 382 S.W.3d 325, 334 (Tenn. 2012), this Court
may exercise its discretion to “suspend or relax the procedural rules in a given case for good cause,” City
of La Vergne v. LeQuire, No. M2016-00028-COA-R3-CV, 2016 WL 6124117, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct.
19, 2016) (citing Tenn. R. App. P. 2). In addition, “[t]he Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure should
be construed to afford all parties a hearing on the merits.” Paehler v. Union Planters Nat’l Bank, 971
S.W.2d 393, 397 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997) (citing Tenn. R. App. P. 1 (“These rules shall be construed to
secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every proceeding on its merits.”)). Due to Mr.
Finley’s pro se status and because Wettermark has not asked that we deem Mr. Finley’s issue on appeal
waived, we will exercise our discretion and consider the appeal on the merits.

                                                   -4-
Kinsler v. Berkline, LLC, 320 S.W.3d 796, 799 (Tenn. 2010)). As such, this Court must
“make a fresh determination of whether the requirements of Rule 56 of the Tennessee
Rules of Civil Procedure have been satisfied.” Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 250. As our Supreme
Court has explained concerning the requirements for a movant to prevail on a motion for
summary judgment pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56:

      [W]hen the moving party does not bear the burden of proof at trial, the
      moving party may satisfy its burden of production either (1) by
      affirmatively negating an essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim
      or (2) by demonstrating that the nonmoving party’s evidence at the
      summary judgment stage is insufficient to establish the nonmoving party’s
      claim or defense. We reiterate that a moving party seeking summary
      judgment by attacking the nonmoving party’s evidence must do more than
      make a conclusory assertion that summary judgment is appropriate on this
      basis. Rather, Tennessee Rule 56.03 requires the moving party to support
      its motion with “a separate concise statement of material facts as to which
      the moving party contends there is no genuine issue for trial.” Tenn. R.
      Civ. P. 56.03. “Each fact is to be set forth in a separate, numbered
      paragraph and supported by a specific citation to the record.” Id. When
      such a motion is made, any party opposing summary judgment must file a
      response to each fact set forth by the movant in the manner provided in
      Tennessee Rule 56.03. “[W]hen a motion for summary judgment is made
      [and] . . . supported as provided in [Tennessee Rule 56],” to survive
      summary judgment, the nonmoving party “may not rest upon the mere
      allegations or denials of [its] pleading,” but must respond, and by affidavits
      or one of the other means provided in Tennessee Rule 56, “set forth specific
      facts” at the summary judgment stage “showing that there is a genuine issue
      for trial.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.06. The nonmoving party “must do more
      than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material
      facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., 475 U.S. [574,] 586, 106 S. Ct. 1348,
      [89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)]. The nonmoving party must demonstrate the
      existence of specific facts in the record which could lead a rational trier of
      fact to find in favor of the nonmoving party. If a summary judgment
      motion is filed before adequate time for discovery has been provided, the
      nonmoving party may seek a continuance to engage in additional discovery
      as provided in Tennessee Rule 56.07. However, after adequate time for
      discovery has been provided, summary judgment should be granted if the
      nonmoving party’s evidence at the summary judgment stage is insufficient
      to establish the existence of a genuine issue of material fact for trial. Tenn.
      R. Civ. P. 56.04, 56.06. The focus is on the evidence the nonmoving party
      comes forward with at the summary judgment stage, not on hypothetical
      evidence that theoretically could be adduced, despite the passage of
      discovery deadlines, at a future trial.
                                            -5-
Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 264-65. “Whether the nonmoving party is a plaintiff or a
defendant—and whether or not the nonmoving party bears the burden of proof at trial on
the challenged claim or defense—at the summary judgment stage, ‘[t]he nonmoving party
must demonstrate the existence of specific facts in the record which could lead a rational
trier of fact to find in favor of the nonmoving party.’” TWB Architects, Inc. v. The
Braxton, LLC, 578 S.W.3d 879, 889 (Tenn. 2019) (quoting Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 265).
Pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56.04, the trial court must “state the legal
grounds upon which the court denies or grants the motion” for summary judgment, and
our Supreme Court has instructed that the trial court must state these grounds “before it
invites or requests the prevailing party to draft a proposed order.” See Smith v. UHS of
Lakeside, Inc., 439 S.W.3d 303, 316 (Tenn. 2014).

       We recognize that Mr. Finley is a pro se litigant and respect his decision to
proceed self-represented. With regard to self-represented litigants, this Court has
explained:

               Pro se litigants who invoke the complex and sometimes technical
       procedures of the courts assume a very heavy burden. Gray v. Stillman
       White Co., 522 A.2d 737, 741 (R. I. 1987). Conducting a trial with a pro se
       litigant who is unschooled in the intricacies of evidence and trial practice
       can be difficult. Oko v. Rogers, 125 Ill. App.3d 720, 81 Ill. Dec. 72, 75,
       466 N.E.2d 658, 661 (1984). Nonetheless, trial courts are expected to
       appreciate and be understanding of the difficulties encountered by a party
       who is embarking into the maze of the judicial process with no experience
       or formal training.

Irvin v. City of Clarksville, 767 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988). Although
parties proceeding without benefit of counsel are “entitled to fair and equal treatment by
the courts,” we “must not excuse pro se litigants from complying with the same
substantive and procedural rules that represented parties are expected to observe.”
Hessmer v. Hessmer, 138 S.W.3d 901, 903 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). In addition, this Court
must “be mindful of the boundary between fairness to a pro se litigant and unfairness to
the pro se litigant’s adversary.” Id. Moreover, “[p]ro se litigants are not . . . entitled to
shift the burden of litigating their case to the courts.” See Chiozza v. Chiozza, 315
S.W.3d 482, 487 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009) (quoting Whitaker v. Whirlpool Corp., 32 S.W.3d
222, 227 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000)).

                                 IV. Summary Judgment

      Mr. Finley asserts that the trial court erred in its grant of summary judgment in
favor of Wettermark based on the court’s determination that any duty owed by
Wettermark to Mr. Finley ceased as of March 22 or 25, 2019, when the parties’
                                          -6-
agreement concerning legal representation was terminated. Wettermark contends that the
trial court’s grant of summary judgment in its favor was correct because it owed no duty
to Mr. Finley after having terminated its representation of him.

       Concerning a motion for summary judgment, Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure
56.03 provides in pertinent part:

              In order to assist the Court in ascertaining whether there are any
      material facts in dispute, any motion for summary judgment made pursuant
      to Rule 56 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure shall be accompanied
      by a separate concise statement of the material facts as to which the moving
      party contends there is no genuine issue for trial. Each fact shall be set
      forth in a separate, numbered paragraph. Each fact shall be supported by a
      specific citation to the record.

              Any party opposing the motion for summary judgment must, not
      later than five days before the hearing, serve and file a response to each fact
      set forth by the movant either (i) agreeing that the fact is undisputed, (ii)
      agreeing that the fact is undisputed for purposes of ruling on the motion for
      summary judgment only, or (iii) demonstrating that the fact is disputed.
      Each disputed fact must be supported by specific citation to the record.
      Such response shall be filed with the papers in opposition to the motion for
      summary judgment.

        In the case at bar, Wettermark filed a motion for summary judgment and properly
supported such motion with a statement of undisputed material facts. In its statement,
Wettermark asserted: “Mr. Hassinger, on behalf of Wettermark Keith, informed Mr.
Finley via telephone on March 22, 2019 and by letter on March 25th, 2019 that further
representation was declined on his case.” Although Mr. Finley subsequently filed a
“Disputation of Facts,” he did not dispute the above-quoted assertion. Rather, Mr. Finley
simply stated that his contract with Wettermark provided that Wettermark would handle
all claims against “all responsible parties” arising out of the accident.

      As our Supreme Court has instructed:

      “[W]hen a motion for summary judgment is made [and] . . . supported as
      provided in [Tennessee Rule 56],” to survive summary judgment, the
      nonmoving party “may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of [its]
      pleading,” but must respond, and by affidavits or one of the other means
      provided in Tennessee Rule 56, “set forth specific facts” at the summary
      judgment stage “showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Tenn. R.
      Civ. P. 56.06. The nonmoving party “must do more than simply show that
      there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita
                                        -7-
      Elec. Indus. Co., 475 U.S. [574,] 586, 106 S. Ct. 1348, [89 L.Ed.2d 538
      (1986)]. The nonmoving party must demonstrate the existence of specific
      facts in the record which could lead a rational trier of fact to find in favor of
      the nonmoving party.

Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 265. Mr. Finley has failed to show such facts here.

        The gravamen of Mr. Finley’s complaint was that Wettermark had committed
legal malpractice by failing to file suit against General Motors on Mr. Finley’s behalf
before expiration of the statute of limitations. As such, we must review the trial court’s
grant of summary judgment within the framework of a legal malpractice claim. To
establish a prima facie cause of action for legal malpractice, the plaintiff has the burden
of proving each of the following elements: (1) a duty owed by the lawyer; (2) breach of
that duty; (3) damages suffered by the plaintiff; (4) the attorney’s breach as the cause in
fact of those damages; and (5) the attorney’s breach as the proximate, or legal, cause of
the plaintiff’s damages. See Gibson v. Trant, 58 S.W.3d 103, 108 (Tenn. 2001). Mr.
Finley’s legal malpractice claim fails because Wettermark has negated the first element
of a legal malpractice claim—Wettermark has shown that it no longer owed a duty to Mr.
Finley, having terminated its representation of him in March 2019. Again, this is a fact
that Mr. Finley has not disputed. Moreover, because no continuing duty was owed to Mr.
Finley, there could likewise be no breach of that duty.

        In addition, Mr. Finley would be required to demonstrate a causal connection
between Wettermark’s alleged negligence and his injury. See Lazy Seven Coal Sales, Inc.
v. Stone & Hinds, P.C., 813 S.W.2d 400, 407 (Tenn. 1991). Wettermark has similarly
negated this element by demonstrating that it had terminated its representation of Mr.
Finley over five months prior to expiration of the one-year statute of limitations
applicable to his claim, see Tennessee Code Annotated § 28-3-104 (2017), and
Wettermark further demonstrated that its employee had advised Mr. Finley by letter to
seek other counsel and to be mindful of the time limitation applicable to his claim. As
such, Wettermark did not cause Mr. Finley to suffer the loss of a viable claim or any
damages. See Jones v. Allman, 588 S.W.3d 649, 658-59 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2019), perm.
app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 19, 2019) (“Because this avenue for relief still exists, [the
plaintiff] has not demonstrated that he was damaged by [the attorney’s] failure to pursue
this remedy before discontinuing his representation of [the plaintiff] because [the
plaintiff] ultimately did not suffer “the loss of a legal right, remedy or interest, or the
imposition of a liability.” (quoting John Kohl & Co. P.C. v. Dearborn & Ewing, 977
S.W.2d 528, 532 (Tenn. 1998))).

       Instead, Mr. Finley’s failure to seek other counsel or otherwise pursue his claim
within the applicable time limitation was the cause of his damages. Mr. Finley’s inaction
following the termination of Wettermark’s representation is the sole cause of any
damages he may have experienced because his accident claim became time-barred. For
                                           -8-
all of the above reasons, we conclude that Mr. Finley has failed to “demonstrate the
existence of specific facts in the record which could lead a rational trier of fact to find” in
his favor. See Rye, 477 S.W.3d at 265. The trial court properly granted summary
judgment in Wettermark’s favor.

                                       V. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment
in favor of Wettermark. We remand this matter to the trial court for collection of costs
assessed below. Costs on appeal are assessed to the appellant, Jonathan Finley.

                                                   s/Thomas R. Frierson, II
                                                   _________________________________
                                                   THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, JUDGE

                                             -9-