Court Opinion

ID: 9393699
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-10 20:05:03.514856+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:54.838068
License: Public Domain

FIRST CIRCUIT

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                                    2022 CA 0946

                                   0611241welm

                                           JUDGMENT RENDERED:

                                   Appealed from the
                         Twenty -Second Judicial District Court
                       Parish of St. Tammany - State of Louisiana
                         Docket Number 2018- 10569 - Division J

                     The Honorable Ellen M. Creel, Presiding Judge

       Anthony S. Maska                                COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT
       Hammond, Louisiana                              DEFENDANT— Roselle Jones
        and

       Joseph Raymond McMahon
       Metairie, Louisiana

       David L. Browne                                 COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE
       Cynthia M. Cimino                               PLAINTIFF— Carr & Associates, Inc.
       Metairie, Louisiana

                 BEFORE: WELCH, PENZATO, AND LANIER, JJ.

            16
NYZ
WELCH, J.

       In this suit to recover remuneration due for appraisal and expert services

performed in connection with a homeowner' s fire -loss insurance claim,              the

homeowner appeals the trial court' s judgment rendered after a bench trial in favor

of the expert. For the following reasons, we maintain the appeal; we affirm in part,

       The parties have a history of transacting business with one another. Roselle

Jones was the owner of immovable property located at 1817 Napoleon Avenue in

New Orleans, Louisiana. Ms. Jones hired Earl Carr,             Jr.' s company,   Carr &

Associates, Inc. ( collectively " Carr"),   to perform appraisal and estimating services

in connection with a hurricane claim filed with her homeowner' s insurer, Chubb &

Son Inc./Chubb Group of Insurance Companies/Federal Insurance Compara

collectively " Chubb"),   dating back to Hurricane Katrina. Carr successfully helped

Ms. Jones obtain insurance proceeds in excess of one million dollars from Chubb on

her hurricane claim.

       Shortly after settling the hurricane claim, Ms. Jones' property was extensively

same insurer, Chubb.      In January 2009, Chubb made an initial,         unconditional

payment of $622, 777. 00 to Ms. Jones on the fire -loss claim. Thereafter, Ms. Jones

hired Carr as her appraiser regarding the remaining open items on her fire -loss claim.

Carr was charged with identifying and appraising the scope and value of the repairs

to restore the property to its pre -fire condition. The parties memorialized the contract

n writing on October 6, 2009. The contract, titled " Agreement and Authonizatioz

fees, court costs, and collection fees in the event of Ms. Jones' nonpayment. Ms.

                                              N
Jones also signed an October 6, 2009 addendum, stating she understood there were

fire -loss claim. The parties do not dispute that Carr has never been registered or

licensed as an appraiser in Louisiana. Chubb appointed Richard Huss as its appraiser.

Carr and Huss agreed to the appointment of retired Judge Charles Hanemann as

umpire to resolve any differences during the appraisal process.

       Acting under the October 2009 agreement, Carr performed appraisal services

for Ms. Jones through July 2012, on the remaining open items on her fire -loss claim.

the amount of $477,426.00. Carr alleged, however, that Ms. Jones provided little to

no cooperation in producing documentation on her fire -loss claim during the

       In 2012, the Legislature enacted La. R.S. 22: 1807. 0 Effective August 1,

2012, La. R.S. 22: 1807. 1        requires appraisers for fire and extended insuranc4

coverage to register and pay an applicant fee to the Commissioner of Insurance iM

order to engage in appraisal services. Prior to the enactment of La. R. S. 22: 1807. 1,

Carr informed Ms. Jones that this legislation was being considered in an email dated

March 30, 2012:

               Are you back from your trip? If          so[,] we need to move
               forward with the production of documentation requested.
               The insurance commissioner has a bill in the legislature
               that will most likely prohibit me from being an appraiser.
               If this passes[,] most bills go into effect in August. So we

               need to get this resolved ASAP. Please call me to set up a
               date and time to provide the documentation. I think this
               can be resolved quickly if you provide the documentation
               requested.

       Between the August 1, 2012 effective date of La. R.S. 22; 1807. 1, and through

March 2013, Carr communicated with Chubb, at Ms. Jones' request, in attempts to

1 See 2012 La. Acts No. 96, § I ( eff. Aug. 1, 2012).

                                                 I
prevent Chubb from terminating the remaining open items on Ms. Jones' fire -loss

claim. Other than those communications with Chubb, Carr performed no appraiser

work on Ms. Jones'         fire -loss claim. Carr informed Ms. Jones via email dated

September 9, 2012, that he intended to withdraw as the appraiser if she failed to

         Six months later, in March 2013, Ms. Jones decided to terminate her fire -loss

claim and move forward with a federal lawsuit that she had previously filed against

Chubb .2 MS. Jones asked Carr to serve as an expert on her fire -loss claim in

anticipation of trial. In a March 6, 2013 email, Ms. Jones gave Carr permission to

speak to her attorney, Anthony S. Maska, regarding the litigation of her fire -loss

claim.   Thereafter, Carr worked as an "                                   expert"     on Ms. Jones'                    fire -loss claim

litigation, helping to establish the extent of her damages. Carr generated an expel,

that the rate of Carr' s expert services—                                  for inspection, generating a report,                         and

through April 20, 2014 ( approximately one year), when she requested a final bill

                                                                                              il 1
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Jones. The final invoice showed an account billing statement for the appraiser work
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2 MS. Jones filed suit against Chubb & Son, Inc. and Federal Insurance Company in 2009 for
defendants' alleged failure to timely and fully compensate her for her various losses (covered under
her homeowners' insurance policy), after an October 24, 2008 fire caused extensive damage to her
home. After defendants removed the case to federal court, the case was closed for three years for
an attempted appraisal process, then reopened and set for a bench trial on May 18, 2014. Prior to
that trial, however, Ms. Jones filed an ex partelconsent motion to dismiss her lawsuit. The federal
district court granted her motion to dismiss in an order signed on April 28, 2014, which dismissed
the case with prejudice, each party to bear their own costs. See Jones v. Chubb &                                           Son, Inc. et at.,
Docket No. 2: 09 -CV -07516 ( E.D. La.).

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       Ms. Jones did not pay Carr' s final invoice. The parties discussed payment of

the final invoice via email. On May 7, 2014, Ms. Jones offered to settle Carr' s final

invoice for $ 30,000. 00,    which Carr rejected. On May 21, 2014, Carr made a fina

       Thereafter, on June 30, 2014, Carr filed suit against Ms. Jones in the Civil

District Court for the Parish of Orleans (" CDC"). Carr' s petition alleged that "[ fln

accordance      with   the   remuneration          agreed   upon     between   the         parties,   the

compensation due to petitioner ...          is $   50, 335. 00."   Carr' s suit was subsequentli

dismissed via a dilatory exception of improper service of citation upon Ms. Jones;

thereafter, Carr properly served Ms. Jones. In response, Ms. Jones filed a declinatory

exception raising the objection of improper venue. After the CDC signed a consent
judgment3
             sustaining Ms.      Jones'   exception of improper venue, the matter was

transferred to the Twenty -Second Judicial District Court (" 22nd           JD")           for the Parish

       Ms.    Jones then filed a peremptory exception raising the objection of

prescription, arguing that suit was filed in an improper venue ( the CDC) and did not

interrupt prescription. The trial court sustained her exception. Carr' s former counsel,

The Law Offices of Robert C. Lehman, LLC, who had intervened in the lawsuit

seeking attorney' s fees and advanced litigation costs,               appealed the trial court' s

2019- 0550 ( La. App. I' t Cir. 12/ 27/ 19), 292 So. 3d 577, 584, this Court was tasked

with determining whether the consent judgment constituted a legal barrier

precluding consideration of whether the matter was timely filed in a court of proper

3 In the consent judgment, the parties consented to the transfer only.

                                                   5
venue in the context of Ms. Jones' exception of prescription. This Court held that

the consent judgment on the exception of improper venue was not a legal barrier that

precluded consideration of venue as an element of prescription; thus, the trial court

was required to make an independent determination regarding whether suit was

originally filed in the proper venue before ruling on Ms.         Jones'   exception   of

prescription. Upon remand, the trial court denied Ms. Jones' re -urged exception of

prescription.

      The matter was set for bench trial on February 10, 2022. The parties prepared

2 joint pre-trial order, appeared for an in -chambers pre-trial conference, and attendeE
a settlement conference three days prior to trial.     The day after the settlement

conference, Ms. Jones moved to continue the bench trial due to an "        unavoidable,

work-related    absence,"   alleging that she had FAA -mandated " multi -day pilot

continuance.

      The matter proceeded to a one -day bench trial on February 10, 2022. At the

outset of trial, the trial court orally denied Ms. Jones' motion for continuance. After

counsel for Carr rested his case -in -chief, counsel for Ms. Jones moved for a partial

directed verdict regarding: 1)   the scope of Carr' s work under the parties' October

2009 contract after August 1,      2012; and 2)    Carr' s alleged failure to providS

corroborating circumstances proving his entitlement to payment under a purported

oral contract. Counsel for Ms. Jones argued that as of August 1, 2012, Carr could no

longer legally engage in appraiser work for Ms. Jones; thus, any appraiser work he

completed after that date was in breach of, or beyond the scope of, the parties'

October 2009 contract. Counsel for Ms. Jones further argued that Carr failed to

provide corroborating circumstances to prove he and Ms. Jones orally contracted for

his expert services after August 1, 2012.

                                            9
        The trial court denied Ms. Jones'             motion for partial directed verdict,

reasoning:

               Whether [ Carr] was doing appraisal work or expert work,
               the question the Court has[:] was there a thing, was there
               a price, was there ... consent; his services, $ 300 an hour.

               Consent is shown not just by his testimony, not just by his
               bill,
                   but by the defendant' s behavior, the defendant' s
               emails, which came into evidence without objection.

                       So the Motion for Partial Directed Verdict is denied.

       At the conclusion of the bench trial, the trial court took the matter under

advisement. On March 21, 2022, the trial court rendered judgment in favor of Carr,

and against Ms. Jones, awarding Carr $ 49,810. 00 for services Carr provided to MI

Jones under the October 2009 contract; awarding Carr reasonable attorney' s fees

under the contract in the amount of $19, 924. 00, through conclusion of the trial on

the merits; awarding Carr court costs paid thus far through ultimate collection of the

full sum owed; and awarding judicial interest under the contract from April 29, 2014,

until paid. The trial court issued written reasons for its judgment. Ms. Jones now

appealS4 the trial court' s March 21, 2022 judgment.

       Appellate jurisdiction extends to final judgments. See La. C. C. P. arts. 1841,

0171, 2016- 0172 ( La. App. 1s Cir. 4/ 12/ 17),        218 So. 3d 1045, 1053. A valid final

judgment must be precise, definite, and certain. See Laird v. St. Tammany Par.

must name the party in favor of whom the ruling is ordered, the party against wholm

the ruling is ordered, and the relief that is granted or denied. Advanced Leveling &

4 MS. Jones timely filed a petition for suspensive appeal on May 3, 2022. The trial court signed an
order of appeal on May 5, 2022, notice of which was transmitted by the clerk of court to the parties
on May 12, 2022.

                                                 N
Concrete Solutions v.            Lathan Company,                    Inc., 2017- 1250 ( La.         App.   Is' Cir.

12/ 20/ 18), 268 So3d 1044, 1046 ( en banc),                      citin    Laird, 836 So. 2d at 365; Carter

v. Williamson Eye Center, 2001- 2016 ( La. App.                            11t Cir. 11/ 27/ 02),   837 So.2d 4.1
14. In the absence of proper decretal language, a judgment is defective, and th,;

appellate court lacks jurisdiction to review the merits. Boyd Louisiana Racing, Inc.

v. Bridges, 2015- 0393, 2015- 0394, 2015- 0395 (                          La. App.   lst Cir. 12/ 23/ 15), 2015

WL 9435285 at * 4 ( unpublished).

         Except as otherwise provided by law, the court may render judgment for costs,

or any part thereof, against any party, as it may consider equitable pursuant to L11

C. C.P. art. 1920, which has been liberally interpreted as granting broad discretion to

the trial court. Gauthier v. Wilson, 2004- 2527 ( La. App. l'                        Cir. 11/ 4/ 05), 927 So. 2d

costs which can be taxed against a litigant are those specifically provided for by

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193 So. 2d 252, 253 ( 1966);        Town of Walker v. Stafford, 2001- 2188 ( La. App. I"

                                            111111rgi 1111

costs"
          means that the litigant is to pay costs provided for by statute, sometimes

termed "   legal costs"   or "   costs of the proceedings."                 See St. Tammany Par. Hosd

Vwrv. Dist. No. 2 v. Schneider-, 2000- 0247 ( La. App. I' t Cir. 5111101),                            808 So. 2d

576      588. See also Locke v.        MADCON Corp.,                        2022- 0630 (    La. App.      Ist Cir.

                  So3d                 2022 WL 17845489 at * 2.

         Louisiana Revised Statutes 13: 4533 provides, " The costs of the clerk, sheriff,

witness' fees, costs of taking depositions and copies of acts used on the trial, and all

other costs allowed by the court, shall be taxed as costs."                        Fees for expert witnesses

are addressed in La. R.S. 13: 3666( A), which mandates that such witnesses "                                shall

receive additional compensation, to be fixed by the court, with reference to the value

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of time employed and the degree of leaming or skill required."                                                    Under La. R.S.

13: 3666 and 13- 4533, as well as La. C. C.P. art.                 1920, the trial court has greeB

discretion in awarding costs, including expert witness fees, deposition costs, exhibit

costs, and related expenses. Suprun v. Louisiana Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Col

        The trial court retains jurisdiction to set and tax court costs, expert witness

fees, and attorney fees pursuant to La. C.C.P. art. 2088( A)( 10),                                    since the amount of

court costs cannot be determined with certainty until after trial. Denton v. State
                                                                                                      WOR

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a judgment that awards a sum to which must be added the costs of additiona

expenses that are yet to be calculated is not a final judgment over which this court

can exercise appellate jurisdiction. U.S. Bank Nat' l Ass' n as Tr. for RFMS1

       In the instant matter, the trial court' s March 21, 2022 judgment provided:

                         IT IS HEREBY ORDERED ADJUDGED AND
               ONECREED that there be judgment in favor of Plaintiff
               Carr &  Associates, Inc. and against Defendant Roselle
               Jones as follows -

                         3. Awarding Plaintiff Carr &           Associates, Inc. all of
               Plaintiffs court costs paid in this matter thus far and
               through ultimate collection of the full sum owed.

       It is not determinable from the judgment' s language—"                                         court costs paid ...

through ultimate collection of the full sum owed"— whether the trial court' s order to

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by statute, i.e., "   legal costs" or " costs of the proceedings." See La. C. C. P. art. 1920;

                                  KLIML

So. 2d at 588; Locke, _          So3d at              2022 WL 17845489 at * 2. It appears from

the language of the judgment that the trial court awarded costs " that are yet to be

                                                      0
calculated,"                  which is not a final judgment over which this court can exercise

appellate jurisdiction. See U.S. Bank Nat' l Ass' n as Tr. for RYMSI 2005S7, 340

                This Court issued an interim order on March 21, 2023, remanding the matter

in accordance with La. C. C. P. art. 2088( A)( 12)          for the limited purpose of instructing

the trial court to sign an amended judgment. Carr &                    Associates, Inc. v. Jonea

2022- 0946 (La. App. I' t Cir. 3/ 21/ 23) ( unpublished action).          Thereafter, the Clerk of

Court for the Twenty -Second Judicial District Court for the Parish of St. Tammany

2023, which cured the apparent defect. We therefore maintain the appeal.

                In her first assignment of error, Ms. Jones asserts that the trial court erred in

denying her motion to continue the bench trial. Continuances may be granted on

either peremptory or discretionary grounds. La. C. C.P. arts. 1601 antl 1602. A

peremptory grounds for a continuance are when " the party applying for the

continuance shows that he has been unable, with the exercise of due diligence, to

obtain evidence material to his case; or that a material witness has absented himself

without the contrivance of the party applying for the continuance." La. C. C. P. art.

therefor."             La. C.C. P. art. 1601. The trial court has wide discretion in ruling on a

motion for continuance, and absent a clear showing of an abuse of that discretion,

the appellate court will not disturb the trial court' s ruling on appeal. Newsome v.

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on July 12, 2021 with the trial court, and that this matter was set for bench trial on

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February 10, 2022 by a scheduling order dated July 12, 2021. Thus, Ms. Jones had

notice as early as July 2021 that this matter was set for trial on February 10, 2022.

The record further shows that •           s        prepared   a •    pre- trial order arCe

submitted it to the trial court on January 5, 2022. The minutes reflect that the parties

also appeared for an in -chambers pre-trial conference with the trial court on January

M 2022. The parties also attended a settlement conference on February 7, 2022,

three days prior to trial. The day after the settlement conference, February 8, 2022,

Ms. Jones moved to continue the bench trial due to an "        unavoidable, work-related

absence,"   alleging that she had a " multi -day pilot training in Phoenix, Arizona"   set

      At the beginning of the bench trial on February 10, 2022, the trial court heard

argument from counsel regarding Ms. Jones' motion to continue. Counsel for Ms.

Jones stated that she would miss the trial because she was in FAA -mandated flight

training in Phoenix, Arizona. Counsel noted that Ms. Jones was aware it was possible

her training could conflict with the bench trial, and that she " made various efforts to

try to confirm whether or not she would be able to get out of it, reschedule it. She

was unable to do • ."        Counsel argued that Ms. Jones " had to •           a •

between losing her job and appearing in court today" and that there was " no way tM

reschedule" the flight training. Ms. Jones' counsel offered no evidence in support of

her motion to continue.

      Counsel for Carr argued that Ms. Jones knew in advance of trial that it was

possible she would be unavailable to appear in court on February 10, 2022, and that

her motion to continue was " an eleventh -hour motion." Counsel further argued that

Ms. Jones presented no evidence of "good cause" for a continuance, such as an

affidavit or letter from her or a controlling government authority indicating that the

Jones made no mention that flight training could potentially conflict with the trial

                                              11
date during the January 10, 2022 pre-trial conference, a month prior to trial. Counsel

for Carr further argued the impossibility of her employment being prejudiced by

missing the flight training, when at the February 7, 2022 settlement conference,

counsel for Ms. Jones represented that she was unemployed.'

       After hearing the parties'      arguments on Ms. Jones' motion to continue, the

trial court orally denied the motion, reasoning:

                       The Court is going to note that the lawsuit has been
               pending since 2014, so it' s been seven -and -a -half years, at
               least, pushing eight. We' ve known about this trial date
               since July of 2021. We had a pretrial conference January
                10th, and it wasn' t until February 7th that we first learned
               that she had a mandatory training starting February 8th,
               the next day.

                       At our pretrial, we did discuss that it was going back
               to January 4th that she was advised that there was an
               updated schedule for her training. I do realize, as counsel
               has shared with us at the pretrial conference, that January
               10th, January I I th, January 14th, those [ training] dates
               may not have been set in stone. They had been assigned to
               her. She was following up to be sure they were set in stone.
               I don' t expect somebody to hope the guy ahead of them
               gets Covid in order for them to make a trial date, but at the
               same time, there was an email January 20th telling her that
                training] starts February 8th, and that [ training] was
               going. [ D]espite her having knowledge of that January
               20th, there was no communication with the Court for
               another 18 days at least requesting a continuance. Having
               discussed it with the Court three days before the trial and
               then filing the Motion to Continue is very much at the
               eleventh hour, particularly considering the age ofthis case.
               The Court' s schedule, we have our cases stacked up like
               planes waiting to land, not with just the volume, but the
               litigation in the ordinary course of business. Had we
               known     earlier,   we    probably       could   have   scheduled

               something else for an economic use of the Court' s time.

       We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court' s decision to deny Ms. Jones'

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for eight years, and the parties had already incurred expenses preparing for trial. As

shown by the transcript, the timeliness of the motion for continuance was of concern

 The record shows that in a September 12, 2012 email to Carr, Ms. Jones stated: " For the record,
I retired from flying to be with my family."

                                                 12
to the trial court. Although Ms. Jones was allegedly mandated by the FAA to

participate in flight training, the record reveals that she had knowledge of the need

for the continuance as early as the pre-trial conference held in January 2022.

However, Ms. Jones did not file a motion to continue until two days prior to trial.

The transcript of the hearing contains no explanation for this delay. Further, counsel

for Ms. Jones offered no evidence in support of her motion to continue. Given these

circumstances, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court' s denial of Ms. Jones'

motion for continuance.

       Ms. Jones has raised seven assignments of error all relating to the trial court' s

findings that Carr presented sufficient testimony and corroborating evidence to show

that the terms of the parties'   October 2009 contract ( and Carr' s standard billing

practices thereunder)   continued beyond August 1, 2012; and, that Carr presented

       An appellate court' s review of factual findings is governed by the manifest
                                                                                    Pt
error or clearly wrong standard. Lewis v. Fowler, 2018- 0365 ( La. App.                    C113

finding is: ( 1) whether there is a reasonable factual basis in the record for the finding

of the trial court; and ( 2) whether the record further establishes that the finding is not

manifestly erroneous. Mart v. Hill, 505 So. 2d 1120, 1127 ( La. 1987);       Marietta Tr.

v. J.R. Logging Inc., 2016- 1136 ( La. App. I st   Cir. 5/ 11/ 17), 225   o. 3d 1144, 1147,

writ denied, 2017- 1751 ( La. 12/ 5/ 17), 231 So. 3d 631. Thus, if there is no reasonable

factual basis in the record for the trial court' s finding, no additional inquiry is

necessary to            there was manifest error. Stobart v. State through i•         e;    of

Transp. and Dev.,     617 So. 2d 880, 882 ( La. 1993); Lewis, 259 So. 3d •         366. 113

however, a reasonable factual basis exists, an appellate court may set aside a trial

court' s factual finding only if,after reviewing the record in its entirety, it determines

                                            IN
the trial court' s finding was clearly wrong. Stobart, 617 So.2d at 882; Marietta,

225   o. 3d at 1147- 48. The manifest error standard of review obligates an appellate

court to give great deference to the trial court' s findings of fact. We will not reverse

                        O•R •I I I NONE III F Now

regarding the credibility of witnesses, the trier of fact' s findings demand great

deference and are virtually never manifestly erroneous or clearly wrong. Secret

court may feel that its own evaluations and inferences are more reasonable than the

factfinder' s, reasonable evaluations of credibility and reasonable inferences of fact

should not be disturbed upon review where conflict exists in the testimony.        osell,

      The trial court made these factual findings, as expressed in its reasons for

             Ms. Jones again hired Mr. Carr in October, 2009, for
             assistance with a fire insurance claim.... The contract was
             clear that Nft. Carr would provide his services at $ 300. 00
             per hour. At the time the contract was entered, the claim
             was   in   an   appraisal   process.   The   appraisal   process
             eventually broke down... .     Ms. Jones expressed her desire
             to pursue litigation against the insurer in April, 2013, and
             requested and specifically authorized Mr. Carr to continue
             his efforts to procure insurance proceeds via the litigation
             process with an attorney she had retained for that purpose.
             While that litigation was pending, changes in the law in
             regards to licensing/registration of appraisers became
             effective.
                        After that point and not having a license or
             registration, Mr. Carr ceased his actions as an " appraiser,"
             and continued working as part of Ms. Jones' litigation
             team as an expert based on his construction background
             and prior experience working both for and in opposition to
             insurance companies.

      Contracts have the effect of law for the parties, and the interpretation of a

contract is the determination of the parties' common intent. La. C. C. arts. 1983 and

                                            14
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                                                                                                   I

3/ 19/ 13),   112 So. 3d 187, 192 { citing Marin v. Exxon Mobil Corp.,                           09- 2368 ( La.

10/ 19/ 10), 48 So. 3d 234, 258). However, La. C. C. art. 1968 states, "[ t]he cause of

an obligation is unlawful when the enforcement of the obligation would produce a

result prohibited by law or against public policy."                            To enforce the parties' October

                                                    plir           i       I
                                                           iqp

produce a result prohibited by law, since La. R.S. 22: 1807. 1 is a rule of public order

requiring appraisers to be properly registered and pay an applicant fee to 44

Commissioner of Insurance in order to engage in appraisal services on fire insurance

contracts. See 2012 La. Acts No. 96, §           1 ( effective Aug. 1, 2012).

        Accordingly, the October 2009 written contract governed the parties from the

R.S. 22: 1807. 1. Upon the effective date of the statute, the parties' written contract

was terminated since Carr was now prohibited by law from serving as Ms. Jones' s

appraiser, as evidenced by his March 30, 2012 email to her. Thereafter, the trial court

made a factual finding that Ms. Jones expressly authorized Carr in April 2013 to

perform work as an " expert"      in coordination with her attorney, Mr. Maska, during

the litigation against her insurer, Chubb. The trial court did not, however, make an

express factual finding that the parties executed an oral contract for Carr' s expeM

services, agreed to a rate of payment for his work, or agreed to the payment of

attorney' s fees. However, regardless of whether the parties orally contracted for

Carr' s expert services, we readily apply the equitable doctrine of unjust enrichment

to support recovery in Carr' s favor for his expert services.

        The root principle of unjust enrichment is that the plaintiff suffers an

economic detriment for which he should not be responsible, while the defendant

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i. nvestigations, LLC v. Phillips, 2018- 1543 ( La. App. I' t Cir. 11/ 19/ 20), 316 So.3.0

                                                   15
EIEI                    Mlltl Ilium E

Safety &     Health Assocs., Inc., 510 So. 2d 1345, 1349 (           La. App. 3'    Cir.),     writ

denied, 513 So. 2d 824 ( La. 1987) ( where an economic benefit is incurred to the

economic detriment of another, even if the court is unable to find a contract in regard

to payment for services, the court would readily apply the equitable doctrine of

unjust enrichment.).        Louisiana Civil Code article 2298, titled " Enrichment without

cause; compensation," provides:

                 A person who has been enriched without cause at the
                 expense of another person is bound to compensate that
                 person. The term " without cause" is used in this context to
                 exclude cases in which the enrichment results from_a valid
                 juridical act or the law.  The remedy declared here is
                 subsidiary and shall not be available if the law provides
                 another remedy for the impoverishment or declares a
                 contrary rule.

                 The amount of compensation due is measured by the
                 extent to which one has been enriched or the other has
                 been impoverished, whichever is less.

                 The    extent of the enrichment or impoverishment             is
                 measured as of the time the suit is brought or, according to
                 the circumstances, as of the time the judgment is rendered.

To     prevail   on    an   unjust   enrichment    claim,   the plaintiff must prove by a

preponderance of the evidence all five elements: ( 1)                an   enrichment; (   2)    an

impoverishment; ( 3)         a connection between the enrichment and the resulting

impoverishment; ( 4) an absence of justification or cause for the enrichment and

impoverishment; and ( 5) the lack of another remedy at law. Quaternary, 316 So. 3d

         The evidence presented at trial showed that during the appraisal process, Carr

maintained time and billing records for his services and submitted those records to

Aatement to Ms. Jones showing that he spent 82.25 hours working as an appraisffl

on her fire -loss claim through that date. Carr billed in quarter- hour increments ( his

 tandard billing practice),          at the rate of $ 300.00 per •        for a total due of

                                                  Ir.,
 24, 675. 00. Carr testified that Ms. Jones made no complaints about Carr' s invoice

or his quarter-hour billing practices. There is no evidence in the record that Ms. Jones

taid the February 18, 2011 invoice. Ms. Jones " did not recall receiving" the February

2011 account billing statement, which Carr later resent to her. In May 2012, Carr
                                                    11

for his time spent traveling, conducting site inspections, engaging in research,

preparing reports,     reviewing files, and preparing for deposition and trial.        He

the " Fee Schedule."

       The evidence presented at trial showed that during the litigation process, Ms.

Jones hired Carr to work as an expert on her fire -loss claim. The evidence shows

that Ms. Jones expressly authorized Carr, in an email dated March 6, 2013, to speak

to her attorney, Mr. Maska, about her fire -loss claim lawsuit against Chubb. In an

email dated March 7, 2013, Carr responded, " Yes,        I will be happy to cooperate with

Mr. Maska and per your instructions[,] I will contact him." In an email dated April

14, 2013, Ms. Jones confirmed that Carr would be present at Mr. Maska' s office the

next day for a meeting regarding her lawsuit. The record shows that in anticipation

2014, which included his Curriculum Vitae. In fact, the record shows that Carr and

Mr.   Maska communicated frequently regarding Ms.             Jones'   lawsuit, with Carr

providing Mr. Maska with extensive documentation generated during the appraisal

process on Ms. Jones' fire -loss claim. Carr reviewed Chubb' s expert documentation

and participated in mediation. Further,        Chubb planned on deposing Carr iM

connection with this lawsuit, for which Carr prepared with Mr. Maska.

       Immediately prior to the federal district court' s dismissal of her lawsuit

against Chubb on April 28, 2014, Ms. Jones telephoned Carr and requested a fin.1

bill. Carr submitted his final invoice on April 22, 2014, showing a balance owed to

                                          17
him of $50, 335. 00 for his services. Ms. Jones did not pay Carr' s final invoice. She

stated that she was " in disagreement with the times." The parties discussed payment

of the invoice via email. On May 7, 2014, Ms. Jones offered to settle Carr' s invoice

                                                            1   1                       ffITWo
                                                                                            - 01
                                                                                               - 1" ' ! M14

fix=

       After reviewing the record in its entirety, we find that the trial court did not

                                        1111       RINI I           I
                            M

for his appraiser and expert services performed for Ms. Jones. The record clearla

shows that Ms. Jones obligated herself to pay Carr' s fees, billed                      f

increments, at the rate of $300. 00 per hour, for his work performed as her appraiser

under the parties' October 2009 contract. Ms. Jones presented no evidence at trial

showing she ever disagreed with Carr' s rate or his standard billing practices; in fact,

the record shows that Carr provided Ms. Jones with interim accounting billing

statements, which she did not dispute. Based on our review of the record in its

entirety, we hold that the trial court did not manifestly err in finding that Carr

presented sufficient testimony and corroborating evidence at trial to prove he

performed the billed appraisal services and was entitled to payment.

       Furthermore, under La. C.C. art. 2298, we find that Carr is entitled to payment

for his work performed as an expert during the litigation ofMs. Jones' fire -loss claim

through the equitable doctrine of unjust enrichment. The uncontroverted testimony
                                                                        miiiiiiir   I
                         PRIN!   Ram   lvwlis

lawsuit. Ms. Jones expressly authorized Carr to speak with her attorney. The record

shows that during the litigation, Carr met with Ms. Jones at Mr. Maska' s office to

discuss the lawsuit. Carr communicated via email and telephone with Mr. Maska

and Ms. Jones. Carr provided Mr. Maska with all the documentation he generatel

report and reviewed     Chubb' s expert documentation.                        Carr prepared for and

                                               K
participated in a mediation that was also attended by Ms. Jones. Carr prepared for a

deposition, which ultimately did not occur, since Ms. Jones dismissed her lawsuit.
                                               ill
                                               Bonn

submitted a final invoice, including detailed account billing statements, to Ms. Jones.

There is no controverting evidence that Ms.                              Jones disputed Carr' s rate of

 300. 00/hour or his standard quarter-hour standard practice at any time during the

performance of Carr' s expert services, nor did Ms. Jones ever indicate that she would

economic benefit by having Carr serve as an expert on her lawsuit; that economic

1XIMEMM

          In her ninth and final assignment of error, Ms. Jones argues that the trial court

parties' contract after August 1, 2012.

          Attorney' s fees are not allowed except where authorized by contract or statute.

                                                           I II!= -
                                                                  1 =.   il        11111
                                                                                    11113MDMUU

1070 (    La. App.   Pt Cir. 2/ 17/ 17), 215         o.3d 446, 451. The parties' October 2009

contract provided for attorney' s fees. As expressed in its reasons for judgment, the

trial court stated, "   The uncontroverted testimony at trial was that Mr. Carr would

                                                                                           131MMEMM

costs."    We find that Carr is entitled to an award of attorney' s fees on 40%                  of his

6, 2009 through July 31, 2012, at the rate of $300.00 per hour.

          The final invoice shows that Carr billed 118. 29 hours from October 6, 2009

through July 31, 2012. The trial court deducted 1. 75 hours from Carr' s final invoice

for seven line items where Carr testified that he billed 0. 25 hours, but did not actually
work 0.25 hours. The trial transcript reveals that those seven line items were billed

during the duration of the parties' contract. Like the trial court, we deduct 1. 75 from
                                                   11101111   I I
                           MEET!     HIM    AN

July 31, 2012. At the rate of $300.00 per hour, those billed hours total $ 34, 962. 00.

Forty percent of $ 34, 962. 00 is $ 13, 984. 80.              Thus,   we amend the trial courtz

attorney' s fee award to award Carr $ 13, 984. 80 in attorney' s fees pursuant to tia

        We affirm the portion of the trial court' s March 21, 2022 amended judgment,

in favor of Carr &       Associates, Inc. and against Roselle Jones, awarding Carr &

litigation of Roselle Jones' fire -loss claim.

        We amend the portion of the trial court' s March 21, 2022 amended judgment,

in favor of Carr &     Associates, Inc. and against Roselle Jones, awarding attorneyl

6, 2009 through July 31, 2012, pursuant to the parties' October 2009 contract. We

in favor of Carr &       Associates, Inc. and against Roselle Jones, awarding Carr J,'

Associates, Inc. all costs of the proceedingsl

       We amend the portion of the trial court' s March 21, 2022 amended judgment,

interest. We award Carr & Associates, Inc. judicial interest from the date of Carr' s

6 The trial court has great discretion in awarding costs, and on appeal, the trial court' s assessment
of costs will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. Reynolds v. Louisiana Dept of
Transp., 2015- 1304 ( La. App. Is' Cir. 4/ 13/ 16), 194 So. 3d 56, 59. We find no abuse of the trial
court' s discretion in awarding Carr costs of the trial court proceedings.

                                                 RE
final demand for payment, May 21, 2014, until paid in accordance with La. C. C. art.

2000, La. R.S. 9:3'500, and La. R. S. 13: 4202. We affirm the award ofj udicial interest

mr-
  moreml

      We assess all appellate court costs to the appellant, Roselle Jone,3

APPEAL MAINTAINED; AFFIRMED IN PART, AMENDED IN PART, AND
AFFIRMED AS AMENDED.

                                          21
                                                     101011%
                                                               7111' • .

                                                             VERSUS

                                JCU
                                                          ROSELLE JONES

                                           1rmnrI   Irl                111 111111
                                I1IqIrr;

11 1   li
            A1,

                                                                                    IIA

 avor of Carr and against Jones in the amount of $49,810.00                               and would affirrZ

                                           W

that the nature of his contractual relationship with Jones was an open account

pursuant La. R.S. 9.-278 1. 1

                  A. When any person fails to pay an open account within thirty days
                  after the claimant sends written demand therefor correctly setting forth
                  the amount owed,             that person shall be liable to the claimant for
                  reasonable attorney fees for the prosecution and collection of such

                  D. For the purposes of this Section and Code of Civil Procedure Articles
                  1702 and 4916, "         open account"
                                                               includes any account for which a part
                  or all of the balance is past due, whether or not the account reflects one
                  or more transactions and whether or not at the time of contracting the
                  parties expected future transactions. " Open account" shall include debts
                  incurred for * rofessional services,. inclu in g-bu-not
                                                                     t    limite—to-legal
                                                                                     aw-
                  medical services. For the purposes of this Section only, attorney fees
                  shall be paid on open accounts owed to the state.

1 In his petition, Carr alleged that he was due compensation from Jones on open account, and the
parties addressed this issue in the joint pre- trial order submitted to the trial court. Thus, the issue
was properly before the trial court.
2 The evidence at trial established that Carr made written demand upon Jones, who failed to pay.
See La. R.S. 9: 2781( A).

                                                                 I
      E. As used in this Section the following terms shall have the following
      meanings:

               2) "    Reasonable attorney fees" means attorney fees incurred
      before     M•'       and after •+         if the judgment creditor is required
      to enforce the judgment through a writ of fieri facias, writ of seizure
      and sale, judgment debtor examination, garnishment, or other post-
      judgment •            process.

services are recurrently granted over a period of time.        Signlite, Inc. v. Northshol
Service Center, Inc., 2005- 2444 (     La. App.   Ist Cir. 2/ 9/ 07),   959 SO. 2d 904, 901

 Any account" as used in La. R.S. 9:2781 means literally any account and

                                                 RI16= 41" PTIM

      It is undisputed that a written contract existed between Jones and Carr

that Carr satisfied his burden of proving the existence of an oral agreement with

Jones for services rendered by Carr from August 2012 through April 2014. WheM

existence and ternis •       the contract by at least one credible witness and :•

corroborating circumstances.       Barges Unlimited Inc. v. Morgan City Stevedores,

                                            W
LLC,            1!• (    La. App. lst Cir. 2/ 2/ 23),           So. 3d                      2023 WL 1463263, "          1

To meet this burden of proof, a party to the contract may be his own witness and

only general corroboration is required from another source. It is not necessary tha

the plaintiff offer independent proof of every detail. Suire v. Lafayette City -Parish

01837 ( La. 1/ 14/ 20), 291 So. 3d 682.              Text messages and emails generated by the
                          1                                                                           46
  I "Il'   i                                            i   i                                    1          1   11

                                 1   T #,'

circumstances"          sufficient to establish an oral contract between the parties. Id.

Additionally, prior contracts between the parties may corroborate the testimony of

one of them concerning the making of another contract by the same parties.                                           Price

valid contract may exist between the parties,                        although there was no                      express

agreement as to price.               Tallulah Construction, -Inc. v. Northeast Louisiana Delta

225, 233.

receiving emails to/ from Jones and other individuals associated with the pending fire

insurance      appraisal      process.        Carr testified that after Au9ust 2012, he tried to

                                                                q: 111111 1   1111111 r 1

Carr 's testimony that he continued to provide services to Jones for this purpose, with

with particular individuals.                 Jones also asked Carr to meet on several occasions

during this time to discuss various issues related to the appraisal.                                 It is evident that
                         11111111piliqIIIIII   1

                                                                 11111   1111111111 111 111 11 111   jpiii   jq v
                                                             1
                                                             1
                                                                          11 ! 1! 1!        IN•      M       iii   I   I:       I I       ii I

       Carr testd that in early 2013, Jones terminated the appraisal process and

asked him to transition his services from being an appraiser to something elsQ

zpeak to her attorney, Anthony Maska, concerning the Chubb claim. Jones' s Apr2

EIRWIGIRMSM.

agreement existed between the parties and demonstrates that Jones intende(l

understood,     and agreed that Carr would continue to provide services,                                                                          in son B-

Notably, on appeal, Jones " does not dispute that [ Carr] provided expert opinion

      I also find that the parties' October 2009 contract, as well as their prior

working relationship concerning Jones' s claim against Chubb for damage to h(M

home following Hurricane Katrina, bolsters the finding that an oral agreement

existed between the parties. See Price Farms, Inc., 42 So. 3 d at 1105.

       Since Carr successfully established that written and oral agreements existed

with Jones, it must next be determined whether the facts support a finding that Carr' s

to determine if a contract falls under the open account statute: ( 1) whether the total

between the parties existed, ( 3)                  whether one party extended a line of credit tM

another, (
             4) whether there are running or current dealingsl and (5) whether there ail                                    I         I

expectations of future dealings. However, the open account statute does not requiml,
multiple transactions or for parties to anticipate future transactions.                                                                          Louisiana

                                                         M
         A majority of these considerations are satisfied here.    When the parties first

entered the written contract in October 2009, they agreed to Carr' s hourly rate of

4300.00, but they never set a total price for the work • services to be performed b:

Carr.    The total amount was undetermined.        Over the next several years, Carr

continuously provided services to Jones in connection with her fire insurance claim

and kept contemporaneous time and billing records. Carr provided Jones with aM

invoice in February 2011, which reflected charges from October 2009 ( mistakenla

logged by Carr as September 2009) through February 2011.          Although Jones did not

submit payment, Carr continued to perform work and rendered services for Jones' s

                                                                       miff1.
                                                                            -2 =    4

Jamtiff purchased materials and         ixed the defendant' s roof while keeping a

tabulation of what was      owed.    Thus, the plaintiff performed the work while

                        3Mi

while keeping a tabulation of the time spent and amounts owed by Jones. Finall:,J

as previously noted, the parties engaged in other, on-going business transactions

claim.

         A reasonable price for services rendered by Carr to Jones from August 2012

to April 2014 is the final determination to be made in Carr' s suit on open accourfl

interpretation, shall supply the missing price.    The technique or measure used to

                                            W
establish the price varies according to the circumstances of each case. The methcI

                                          v. amounts to the fair market value for the goods

or reasonable value for the services that were the object of the contract. Tallulag

                              II   111 1 SUNNI M

prior agreement to a price of $48. 00          per square foot to determine that $ 38. 83 arUmc

 42.03 per square foot were fair and reasonable prices for the oral constructiom

                            300. 00 per hour and in one- tenth of an hour increments-,

however, she offered no evidence at trial to support her assertions.                    Instead, the

  ctober 2009 contract signed by Jones, agreeing to pay Carr $ 300.00 per hour fci

 ppraisal work in connection with her fire insurance claim was the only evidencE-

and the nature of his work shifted from appraiser to expert during the course of tl!

determination that $ 300.00 per hour was a reasonable rate for the services rendered

by Carr to Jones through April 2014.'

is penal in nature and must strictly construed. A claimant must strictly comply with

the requirements of subsection ( A) to recover attorney fees by, among other things,

making written demand " correctly setting forth the amount owed."                           La. R.1

  2871( A); FrankL, fro rRadio, Inc. v. Black GoldMarine, Inc., 449 So. 2d 1014,

3 Carr testified that his billing account records were kept in the course of his business, and he
testified as to the bill' s accuracy, which the trial court found credible. Once this prima facie case
was established, the burden shifted to Jones to prove the inaccuracy of the account or to prove that
she was entitled to certain credits. Tri -Parish Electrical Supply, Inc., 105 So. 3d at 1039. The trial
court concluded that Carr overbilled Jones by 1. 75 hours and reduced his damages accordingly.

                                                   R
ITO off" IIIHU60.11 IWI, -1$

9.-2781 because the written demand included interest charges, which the court of

appeal found were not owed).   See Cook v. O' Pry, 448 So.2d 891, 892 ( La. App. 3d
                                    31111111111;
rofMUG MIS %TO                                     Mgma                                                111111   M.WOMMM

the demand letter included the amount due on an invoice,, which the court of appeiM

demand to Jones stated that $ 50, 335. 00 was the amount due-,however, the trial court

with the majority' s modification of the trial court' s judgment to limit the award of

Miss Bee' s Snoworld, LLC v. Guidry, 2020- 0946 ( La. App. I st Cir. 6/ 18/ 21),                                    328

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                                                       Iv   I       L-

                                                   7