Court Opinion

ID: 4176531
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-09 20:05:19.693022+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:21.349876
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

                United States Court of Appeals
                                  For the Seventh Circuit
                                  Chicago, Illinois 60604

                                  Submitted May 4, 2017*
                                   Decided June 9, 2017

                                          Before

                            MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge

                            DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

                            DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge

No. 16-3943

SHARIF HAMZAH,                                 Appeal from the United States District
     Plaintiff-Appellant,                      Court for the Western District of Wisconsin.

      v.                                       No. 13-cv-491-wmc

WOODMAN’S FOOD MARKET, INC.,                   William M. Conley,
    Defendant-Appellee.                        Judge.

                                        ORDER

       Sharif Hamzah brought this action in 2013 alleging that managers at a Woodman’s
Food Market harassed and eventually fired him because he is heterosexual, over 40, and
non-white. The district court, relying on long-standing circuit precedent, told Hamzah
that he could not base a claim of employment discrimination on sexual orientation but
otherwise allowed his suit to proceed. Later the court granted summary judgment for
Woodman’s on all but Hamzah’s allegations of race discrimination, which a jury then

      *
         We have agreed to decide this case without oral argument because the briefs and
record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not
significantly aid the court. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 16-3943                                                                            Page 2

rejected. In this appeal Hamzah challenges the jury’s verdict and the judge’s pretrial
rulings dismissing the rest of his claims. We affirm the judgment in favor of Woodman’s.
         Hamzah is African-American and partly of Cherokee ancestry. In 2011 he was
46 years old and worked as a utility clerk for Woodman’s, a regional grocer based in
Janesville, Wisconsin. His job duties at one of the Woodman’s stores in Madison included
helping customers load groceries into their cars and retrieving shopping carts from the
parking lot. Before he was fired, Hamzah already had been warned about
insubordination, and when he moved a line of carts after supervisor Jacob Bemis told him
not to, he was fired by store manager Dale Martinson.
        Hamzah then filed suit under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C.
§§ 2000e to 2000e-17, and the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 29 U.S.C.
§§ 621 to 634. He alleged that immediately before he was fired, Bemis had told him “this
is a gay thing” and that, at their Woodman’s store, “non gays or bisexuals aren’t welcome
for long.” Bemis also had said, according to the complaint, that Hamzah did not “belong
to the right ethnic group.” Hamzah added that Bemis and another supervisor,
Gabe Oruruo, had been harassing him for some time because he had complained about
them to the Woodman’s corporate office, and that Oruruo also had made comments
about his age and heterosexual orientation.
        Hamzah was pro se and proceeding in forma pauperis, so the district court
screened his complaint. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); Rowe v. Shake, 196 F.3d 778, 783
(7th Cir. 1999) (“[D]istrict courts have the power to screen complaints filed by all litigants,
prisoners and non-prisoners alike[.]”). The court ruled that discrimination “based solely
upon a person’s sexual preference or orientation (and not on one’s sex) is not an unlawful
employment practice under Title VII.” Hamzah v. Woodman’s Food Market, Inc., No. 13-cv-
491-wmc, 2014 WL 1207428, at *2 (W.D. Wis. March 24, 2014), quoting Hamner v. St.
Vincent Hosp. & Health Care Ctr., Inc., 224 F.3d 701, 704 (7th Cir. 2000). The court also
informed Hamzah that his allegations were too sparse even to satisfy Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 8(a); the case could proceed on his remaining allegations, the court said,
only if Hamzah amended his complaint.
       Hamzah did so, omitting his allegations concerning sexual orientation and adding
more detail about his other theories. On the day he was fired, Hamzah said, Bemis had
told him that “blacks don’t work with whites,” while minutes later Oruruo had chimed
in that Hamzah did not “belong to the right ethnic group.” Bemis also had told him,
Hamzah alleged, that he was “too old to work on parcel and carts.” Hamzah added that
he had sent complaints to the corporate office “asking for help in remedying the abusive
No. 16-3943                                                                              Page 3

and hostile environment,” which prompted a warning from store manager Martinson to
stop complaining or be fired.
       The district court screened this second complaint and allowed Hamzah to proceed
on his allegations that Woodman’s had created an environment hostile to his age and
race, had fired him because of his race, and had retaliated for his complaining to the
corporate office. But the court reasoned that Hamzah had not said enough to allege a
causal connection between his age and his discharge. For that reason the court did not
allow him to proceed on his claim that age was another motivating factor for his
discharge.
        After discovery on the surviving allegations, Woodman’s moved for summary
judgment. Hamzah had been deposed and had complied with the defendant’s discovery
requests, though he had not engaged in discovery himself. In opposing the defendant’s
motion, Hamzah called attention to the complaints he had sent to the corporate office but
otherwise did not introduce or rely upon admissible evidence. Yet Woodman’s had
introduced Hamzah’s deposition, which echoes the allegations in his complaints about
racist remarks by supervisors Bemis and Oruruo. A jury could infer, the district court
reasoned, that their prejudice influenced store manager Martinson to fire Hamzah, and
thus that Woodman’s was responsible for racial discrimination under a “cat’s paw”
theory of liability. See Woods v. City of Berwyn, 803 F.3d 865, 869 (7th Cir. 2015). In contrast,
the court granted summary judgment for Woodman’s on Hamzah’s allegations of
harassment based on his age and race, reasoning that Hamzah’s deposition testimony
had recounted only isolated comments that did not raise an inference of a hostile work
environment. The court also concluded that Hamzah could not proceed to trial on a
theory of retaliation, because his written complaints to the corporate office described
disagreements with supervisors about routine discipline without mentioning age or race
and thus did not constitute protected activity.
      The district court recruited counsel to represent Hamzah at trial. The lawyer
wanted to add a claim for breach of contract, but the district court refused to allow
amendment on the ground that Hamzah’s employment had been at will so a contract
claim would have been futile. A jury then found for Woodman’s on the only claim
presented, that Hamzah was fired because of his race. After the trial, Hamzah’s lawyer
withdrew.
        As we understand his appellate brief, Hamzah makes four arguments: (1) the
district court should have allowed him to proceed with a claim of discrimination based
on sexual orientation, (2) the court erred in granting summary judgment on his
allegations of retaliation and a work environment hostile to his age, (3) the court abused
No. 16-3943                                                                           Page 4

its discretion in not allowing him to amend his complaint, and (4) the court and his lawyer
committed procedural errors at trial. The last of these is too undeveloped to merit
discussion, so we say no more about it. Woodman’s insists, though, that Hamzah’s entire
brief violates Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(a)(8), which requires that a brief
contain an argument and reasons to support it. As Woodman’s points out, Hamzah’s
brief is cursory and lacks citations to legal authority. But we construe pro se filings
liberally and “will address any cogent arguments we are able to discern in a pro se
appellate brief.” Parker v. Four Seasons Hotels, Ltd., 845 F.3d 807, 811 (7th Cir. 2017);
see Anderson v. Hardman, 241 F.3d 544, 545 (7th Cir. 2001). Hamzah’s brief articulates his
positions and cites relevant parts of the record. We can “identify an articulable basis for
error in his brief,” see Haxhiu v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 685, 691–92 (7th Cir. 2008), and
apparently so can Woodman’s, as it has responded thoroughly to each of Hamzah’s
contentions. We see no reason to dismiss the appeal on this ground.
       Hamzah’s brief raises one issue on which we recently reversed course—the
treatment of sexual orientation under Title VII. Contrary to our position expressed in
Hamner, upon which the district court relied, we recently held that Title VII does prohibit
discrimination based on sexual orientation. Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana,
853 F.3d 339 (7th Cir. 2017) (en banc). Under Hively, Hamzah’s allegations about being
discharged based on his sexual orientation likely state a claim. Woodman’s responds,
however, that such a claim is barred because Hamzah did not raise it with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission before filing suit. See Huri v. Office of the Chief
Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, 804 F.3d 826, 831 (7th Cir. 2015) (explaining that
filing administrative charge with EEOC is precondition for Title VII suit). Hamzah
submitted to the district court a copy of his administrative charge, which was filed with
the Wisconsin Equal Rights Division and the EEOC. In that charge, Hamzah marked the
check-boxes for discrimination on the basis of race, retaliation, and age, but not sex. In
the narrative section of the charge, he did not include any factual allegations related to
his sexual orientation. To sue under Title VII in federal court, “the relevant claim and the
EEOC charge must, at a minimum, describe the same conduct and implicate the same
individuals.” Huri, 804 F.3d at 831–32. Hamzah’s sexual-orientation claim is not
reasonably related to his EEOC charge, and thus he could not raise it for the first time in
federal court. See Alam v. Miller Brewing Co., 709 F.3d 662, 666–67 (7th Cir. 2013)
(upholding dismissal based on plaintiff’s failure to rebut Title VII defense of failure to
exhaust administrative remedies).
     That leaves Hamzah’s challenges to the district court’s other rulings. First,
Hamzah contends that the district court should not have granted summary judgment for
Woodman’s on his theory that the company discriminated against him by creating a work
No. 16-3943                                                                         Page 5

environment hostile to his age. We agree with the district court that Hamzah presented
insufficient evidence of a hostile work environment based on a single comment that he
was “too old to work on parcel and carts.” An isolated comment like this was neither
severe enough nor pervasive enough to create an objectively hostile work environment.
See Racicot v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 414 F.3d 675, 676–78 (7th Cir. 2005) (concluding that
claim of hostile work environment could not rest on supervisor’s single comment that if
plaintiff “were younger, [she] could pick up the boxes”).
       We also agree with the district court that Woodman’s was entitled to summary
judgment on Hamzah’s retaliation claim. To succeed on a retaliation claim, a plaintiff
must have engaged in activity protected by Title VII or other anti-discrimination laws,
such as complaining about discrimination to management. Cole v. Board of Trustees of
Northern Illinois Univ., 838 F.3d 888, 901 (7th Cir. 2016). Hamzah’s letters to Woodman’s
challenged the bases for several disciplinary actions, but he did not complain explicitly
or implicitly about discrimination. Such general complaints are not protected under Title
VII or the ADEA. See id.
       Hamzah’s challenge to the district court’s decision not to allow him to amend his
complaint fares no better. Regardless whether Hamzah’s contract claim had conceivable
merit, the district court did not abuse its discretion by declining to allow the new claim
to be added after discovery had closed, the defendant’s motion for summary judgment
had been resolved, and trial had been scheduled. See Johnson v. Cypress Hill, 641 F.3d 867,
871–73 (7th Cir. 2011) (no abuse discretion in denying leave to amend complaint after
discovery closed and substantive motions were filed); Cleveland v. Porca Co., 38 F.3d 289,
297–98 (7th Cir. 1994) (same).
      Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.