Court Opinion

ID: 8294816
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-17 11:00:56.506384+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:43:59.663096
License: Public Domain

HUFF, J.,
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. While I agree with Chief Judge Few that there is evidence of Wal-Mart’s negligence in this matter that was foreseeable, I do not agree that the jury’s finding that Hancock was 65% negligent renders Hancock 65% negligent as a matter of law, and that this jury finding is binding on Roddey as to his cause of action against Wal-Mart, considering that Wal-Mart’s negligence was not factored into the jury’s determination. Further, I disagree with Judge Short’s determination that Wal-Mart was entitled to a directed verdict because there was no proximate cause as a matter of law. Accordingly, I would reverse and remand for a new trial against Wal-Mart.
Travis A. Roddey, as the Personal Representative of the Estate of Alice Monique Beckham Hancock, brought this tort action against Wal-Mart Stores East, LP (Wal-Mart), U.S. Security Associates, Inc. (USSA), and Derrick L. Jones, stemming from Hancock’s death following an alleged vehicular pursuit by private security guard Jones, an employee of USSA who was stationed at the Lancaster Wal-Mart. From an order of the trial court granting Wal-Mart a directed verdict, Roddey appeals.
I. FACTUAL/PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The following facts are undisputed. On the night of June 20, 2006, Alice Monique Beckham Hancock and her sister, Donna Beckham, entered the Lancaster Wal-Mart together, but at some point Hancock returned to her car in the parking *72lot, while Beckham remained inside the store. After Hancock left, Beckham selected some clothing with the intent to remove the items from the store without paying for them. One of Wal-Mart’s Customer Service Managers, Hope Rawlings, observed Beckham placing items in a bag at a register where there was no cashier. Rawlings radioed Shaun Cox, another Customer Service manager on duty that night, asked Cox to come to the front of the store, and informed Cox about what she had observed.5 Rawlings then approached both door greeters to instruct them to ask Beckham for a receipt, while Cox continued to observe Beckham. Cox pointed to Beckham for the store greeter, who then asked Beckham for her receipt. Beckham lied to the greeter, stating her sister had the receipt. Beckham then put the bag on the ground and walked out the door. During this time, as Rawlings reached the grocery door, she saw Derrick Jones in the security guard truck outside the door and walked outside to tell Jones about the shoplifter. As she did this, Cox radioed that Beckham was walking out the general merchandise door. There is varying witness testimony in regard to other matters, in particular between Jones and the two Wal-Mart employees, Rawlings and Cox, and between Jones and Beckham.

Jones’ Testimony

Jones testified that he received a call over the walkie-talkie that a shoplifter was leaving through the general merchandise door. Jones responded by asking what they wanted him to do, as he was a security officer, not a police officer, and he could not detain an individual. He was then instructed to delay the shoplifter, talking to her until someone could get out there. As the shoplifter walked in front of his truck, he asked how she was doing, and requested to talk to her. The woman responded that she first had to throw her bag in her car, but would be right back. When Jones told her she did not need to do that, and their conversation would only take a minute, the woman “took off running.” The woman got in a car, and those in the car were trying to leave the parking lot, but Jones used his truck to intentionally block their exit, at which point they backed up their car. Jones stated he blocked the car because *73he had been instructed by Rawlings and Cox that he had to get the license plate tag number. He maintained “the way they [Wal-Mart employees] were coming off,” if he did not get the tag number he could be fired. Jones stated that both Rawlings and Cox were asking him to get the tag number, and he felt a sense of urgency in the request. As the suspects fled in their car, Jones observed that they almost had an accident in the Wal-Mart parking lot, causing him to slow down, which in turn allowed cars to get between them. Jones stated it was not a “chase,” and he was just trying to get the tag number. Jones acknowledged he knew he was not supposed to follow them out of the parking lot, but all he was being told was, “Look, you got to get this license plate tag number.” He therefore felt he had to get the tag number, even if he had to leave the parking lot to do it, because “that’s the way they came across.” Jones testified it was like “we can care less whether you leave the parking lot or not. You need to get that license plate tag number.” Jones again acknowledged that he should not have followed them out of the parking lot because he was not a policeman and he was not able to detain individuals, but he felt it was urgent that he obtain the tag number because of the way the Wal-Mart employees were “coming across.” Jones testified, “And I’m on the walkietalkie, telling them, I can’t see this license plate tag number, and they’re about to leave the parking lot. Man, well, you got to do what you got to do. You need to get that license plate number.”
Once Hancock and Beckham left the parking lot, Jones observed a second near-accident between them and another car. According to Jones, he lost track of the women after they left the parking lot, but he continued to search for them in hopes of getting their tag number. Once he thought he had lost them, he turned his truck around. Thereafter, he saw headlights or hazard lights flashing and heard someone screaming for help. As he reached the car, he found the screaming passenger pinned by a chair, and the driver faintly breathing. Unable to get the passenger door open, Jones went to the road and stopped a passing motorist, who then called for help.
Jones again recognized he was wrong for leaving the parking lot and stated, “That was my mistake,” indicating he made *74that mistake due to the fact that he was being told, “Oh, you need that license plate tag number,” and “Go get it.” Jones agreed that Wal-Mart’s instructions to him caused him to not think about “safety first,” explaining that it happened so fast that he did not think clearly and stating as follows: “ — when they’re telling you, ‘Look, man. You got to get that license plate tag. Yo — get that license plate tag.’ And I’m telling them, Well, they leaving the parking lot’ — Well, get that license plate tag number.’ And that’s all I’m hearing.” Jones agreed Cox and Rawlings never instructed him to leave the parking lot to get the tag number, but he testified as follows: “[TJhey did stress that I needed to get the license plate tag number after I told them, Well, look we’re — we’re leaving the parking lot now. You — well, you — you need to get that license plate number.” (emphasis added). Jones testified the last communication he had with someone from Wal-Mart was as he was on a ramp heading toward a highway, less than a mile from Wal-Mart, with communication starting to break up then. The last clear conversation he had with them was as he was following behind Hancock and Beckham once they left the Wal-Mart parking lot.

Beckham’s Testimony

Beckham testified that as she walked out of Wal-Mart, Jones was in the security truck and screamed at her stating, “Hey, I need to talk to you.” Beckham told him, “No, you don’t,” and started jogging to her sister’s car. Jones “zoomed in on” them in his truck, and Beckham got in the back seat of Hancock’s car. Jones pulled in front of them. As they went through the parking lot, Jones was “on [them].” Beckham was crouched down in the back seat, but periodically “popped up” to look, and observed Jones “flashing his high beams with the light on top,” staying on them as if she had gone into WalMart “with a gun.” They left the parking lot, and drove a couple of miles before the accident occurred, during which time Jones was on their bumper. Right before the crash, Beckham heard and felt a bump, and they shot off the road to the left. Just before they ran off the road, she heard Hancock say, “He’s still on our ass,” and Beckham saw the high beams still flashing. According to Beckham, Hancock had no idea she was going to attempt to shoplift from the store.

*75
Rawlings’ Testimony

Rawlings testified that her purpose in going to Jones and telling him about the shoplifter was for security for the door greeters who stopped the suspected person until management could arrive. Rawlings stated, before Cox came over the radio, she only told Jones that they had a shoplifter and she had seen the person putting items in a bag. She did not intend for her, or Jones, to stop or detain Beckham in any way, and denied that she asked Jones to approach or delay Beckham or even talk to Beckham. After Cox came over the radio, Jones went toward the general merchandise door, and Rawlings went back inside Wal-Mart from the grocery entrance and headed to the general merchandise door. As she reached the general merchandise door, she observed both Hancock and Jones run a stop sign and then run through a traffic light. Rawlings testified that she was “stunned” by this, and could not believe they left the parking lot. She did not expect Jones to leave the parking lot and continue to follow the car, nor did she ever tell Jones to pursue Hancock and Beckham. When asked if she could have radioed Jones and told him to stop, Rawlings stated, “It just all happened so fast and [Cox] was on the walkie trying to get Chuck up there and only one person can talk at a time on a walkie,” such that someone would not be able to make use of it if another had the receiver pressed. Rawlings denied asking Jones to stop or delay the suspected shoplifter. As to the assertion Cox told Jones to obtain the license plate number of Hancock’s car, Rawlings stated she remembered Cox stating, “Just get the tag number.”

Testimony of Cox

Cox testified that after the greeter spoke to Beckham, Beckham put down the bag, looked in her purse, said something to the greeter and then walked out the door. She and the door greeter did not chase or attempt to detain Beckham, and Cox did not ask Jones to stop or detain Beckham, to approach Beckham, to delay Beckham, or to even talk to Beckham. Cox walked toward the door after speaking to the greeter because she was curious to see what was going to happen. When Cox walked outside, she saw that Jones had pulled into the aisle, Beckham’s ear had come out in reverse, and the chase began. Beckham’s car hit a median in the *76parking lot, went backwards, she “flipped her car around” to face the proper direction, and they exited the parking lot. As soon as Cox saw Hancock’s car turn to go the other direction, Cox stated, “Get her tag number.” Cox testified she did not instruct Jones to get the tag number when his truck was in front of the other car, but only after the pursuit had begun. She also stated she only instructed Jones to get the tag number one time, and she did so because she did not know why Jones was chasing her and what had happened in the parking lot prior to that, and thought if he got the tag number when they left that the matter could be handled at a different time. Cox did not think Jones would leave the parking lot and was very surprised when he did. When asked if she could have told Jones to stop, Cox stated she could have, but it happened so fast that it did not occur to her, because she had never encountered such a situation, and she was “shocked and scared” and did not know what to do. She later clarified that she or Rawlings could have called Jones off of the pursuit if no one else was speaking on the radio at the time and if she was aware that Jones could still hear them over the radio by the time he reached the back of the building. Cox did not intend for Jones to follow the women out of the parking lot, but meant for Jones to stop, instructing Jones to “get her tag number.”

Plaintiffs Experts’ Testimony

1. Jeff Gross
Jeff Gross, Roddey’s expert witness in parking lot security, guard force management, and loss prevention, testified concerning Wal-Mart’s policies and guidelines, and the breach of some of those in this situation. Specifically, Gross noted WalMart’s Guidelines for Private Security Contractors provide that it is the primary function of the private security contractor to provide customers with a safe shopping experience, and the basic security method consists of two parts: “The first, protection, enables the security contractor to protect persons and property by acting as a deterrent in order to prevent thefts, damages, or accidents. The second, communications, enables the security contractor to be a source of information to Wal-Mart management.” The guidelines further provide that the security guard’s “patrol vehicle should not leave Wal*77Mart property except for gas or maintenance,” and it was Gross’s opinion that provision was “clearly” violated in this case.6 Gross also noted Wal-Mart’s Investigation and Detention of Shoplifters Policy includes the following:
NEVER pursue a fleeing Suspect more than approximately 10 feet beyond the point you are located when the Suspect begins to run to avoid detention. Ten feet is about three long steps. This limitation applies both inside and outside the facility.
NEVER pursue a Suspect who is in a moving vehicle.
NEVER pursue a Suspect off the Facility’s property.
NEVER use a moving vehicle to pursue a Suspect.
TERMINATE the pursuit of a Suspect, if the Suspect begins to enter a vehicle.7
Gross testified that in his opinion, to a reasonable degree of certainty, these policies were violated. When asked who broke these rules, he replied that USSA, Jones, and “through tacit approval Wal-Mart,” as Wal-Mart did not “do anything to stop [Jones],” but instructed him to get the license plate number, giving him no other direction or guidance. When asked whether he had an opinion to a reasonable degree of certainty about whether Wal-Mart’s failure to ask Jones to stop the chase was a breach of safety rules, Gross opined that it “increased the risks dramatically,” noting if Jones had not *78gone after them, they would not have sped away. Gross stated, “the very headwaters of this problem starts (sic) with them not following their own policies ... asking [Jones] to do something that Wal-Mart specifically says they won’t do themselves and they don’t want their contractors to do.” Asked if he had an opinion whether Wal-Mart, as a major retailer, knew about what could happen if something escalated, Gross opined Wal-Mart would have known based upon WalMart’s policies regarding “not chasing,” and “about merchandise not being worth an employee being injured.” Gross noted Wal-Mart had identified the results of doing certain things to the point that Wal-Mart was specific about not wanting those things to be done. Asked if he had an opinion about whether Wal-Mart violated its own policy by escalating the situation he stated, “They caused it to escalate ... by telling [Jones] to do something their policy says you don’t do. They won’t allow their own people to do this but they instructed him to do it.”
On cross-examination, Gross agreed he had no problem with anything Wal-Mart did within the store that evening relating to this matter, but only questioned Wal-Mart’s (1) decision to ask Jones to get the license tag and (2) failure to call Jones back once he pursued Hancock off the premises. Gross further agreed that it was okay to ask a security officer in the parking lot to observe and report a license tag if it could be done without extraordinary effort, and he had no problem with Jones getting the tag number in the parking lot had he not pursued the vehicle, if it was done in a safe fashion. However, it was not reasonable when done the way Jones did it. When asked about the Wal-Mart employees’ failure to call Jones back and the fact that the parking lot incident lasted about thirty to forty seconds, Gross maintained they could have used the radio to communicate with Jones and the employee had enough time to process the information when she watched Jones leave the property, but she did nothing. He further noted that there was testimony indicating the range of the walkie-talkies was sufficient for communication off of the property.
2. Jeffrey Albert
Roddey also presented the testimony of Jeffrey Albert, who was qualified as an expert in the field of pursuit and the *79behavior of people being pursued. Albert was of the opinion that the pursuit started in the Wal-Mart parking lot once Jones “continued to follow, continued to go after Beckham,” and lasted until the crash. He characterized Jones’ actions as reckless, raising the risks beyond what was reasonably necessary. Albert also testified that he had performed studies on the actions of people being pursued and found there is a pattern where fleeing drivers tend to look behind them in order to observe what the pursuing person is doing, and a fleeing driver, who is going faster, may also be distracted by flashing lights. Albert opined that Jones “clearly ... violated every rule in the book ... by leaving the parking lot and going after the car against policy, against common sense, against training, against what he was told and raising the risk ... to ... certainly the driver and passenger in the car.” When asked his opinion of whether these improper actions contributed to the crash, Albert testified, “In the sense that had he done what he should have done, stayed in the parking lot, not gone after her it’s highly unlikely that that crash would have taken place.” Albert agreed he had no problem with Wal-Mart trying to obtain the license tag number of the vehicle while in the parking lot, assuming there was no pursuit involved. He also acknowledged there was conflicting evidence of whether there was a continued pursuit until the accident.

Other Testimony and Evidence

1. Samuel Plyler
Samuel Plyler, a volunteer firefighter who lived close to the scene of the accident and arrived at the accident site within minutes of dispatch, testified he observed a gentleman in a security officer uniform at the scene. This person was saying “they need help and I got myself in a situation.” Notably, when Plyler turned around, he observed this person writing down the tag number of the car.
2. Chris Tipton
Chris Tipton8 testified that Wal-Mart contracted with an independent company to provide security services to the store, *80and that company was responsible for those security services. However, he acknowledged that, while on Wal-Mart premises, Wal-Mart had a limited right to have the security company employee perform some tasks, and Wal-Mart policy provided that the security company employee could “assist as requested.” Tipton agreed that under Wal-Mart’s loss prevention policy, because Beckham did not take any merchandise out of the store, Wal-Mart would not pursue a shoplifting prosecution against her, even though the law would have allowed such. Tipton explained the reason behind the policy to be that WalMart wanted to give the customer the benefit of the doubt and did not want to “cause any risk for anybody,” and acknowledged consideration of the balance between the store not losing any merchandise in such a situation versus the risk attendant to apprehending a shoplifter. Tipton felt there was nothing wrong with Cox asking Jones to obtain the tag number of Hancock’s vehicle as she was attempting to leave the parking lot, if Jones could have done so while in the parking lot. He further testified he saw no evidence that any Wal-Mart employee did anything in violation of Wal-Mart policies, and found no fault in the failure of Wal-Mart employees to tell Jones to stop and come back, stating he did not believe the walkie-talkies range would have enabled them to do so, as they often had problems with the walkie-talkies inside the store. Additionally, he noted that the walkie-talkies only allowed one person to speak over them at a time.
II. MOTION FOR DIRECTED VERDICT
At the conclusion of Roddey’s case, Wal-Mart moved for a directed verdict asserting, among other things, that there was no negligence on the part of Wal-Mart and there was no evidence any negligence on the part of Wal-Mart was the proximate cause of the accident. The trial court agreed, finding there was “insufficient evidence that Wal-Mart was negligent, or even if there were, there [was a] lack of proximate cause [in] that the events were not foreseeable.” The court therefore granted Wal-Mart’s motion for directed verdict and dismissed Wal-Mart from the lawsuit. The case proceeded against USSA and Jones, and the jury returned a *81special verdict form finding defendants USSA and Jones negligent and that their negligence proximately caused the injury, but likewise found Hancock negligent and that her negligence was a proximate cause of the injury. Taking the combined negligence that proximately caused the injury as one hundred percent, the jury determined the defendants, USSA and Jones, were thirty-five percent negligent, while Hancock was sixty-five percent negligent. The jury also determined USSA was negligent in hiring, training, supervision and retention, but found this negligence was not the proximate cause of the injury. Because the jury found Hancock’s percentage on negligence to be greater than fifty percent, the jury did not make a determination as to the amount of damages.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“When upon a trial the case presents only questions of law the judge may direct a verdict.” Rule 50(a), SCRCP. In ruling on a motion for directed verdict, a trial court must view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. S.C. Fed. Credit Union v. Higgins, 394 S.C. 189, 193-94, 714 S.E.2d 550, 552 (2011). A trial court must deny a motion for directed verdict where either the evidence yields more than one inference or its inference is in doubt. Law v. S.C. Dep’t of Corr., 368 S.C. 424, 434, 629 S.E.2d 642, 648 (2006). “A motion for a directed verdict goes to the entire case and may be granted only when the evidence raises no issue for the jury as to liability.” Hartfield v. Getaway Lounge & Grill, Inc., 388 S.C. 407, 415, 697 S.E.2d 558, 562 (2010). The trial court should be concerned only with the existence or nonexistence of evidence, and not with the credibility or weight of the evidence. Higgins, 394 S.C. at 194, 714 S.E.2d at 552. Our standard of review likewise requires this court to view the evidence in a light most favorable to the non-moving party. Id.
Additionally, “[t]he question of proximate cause ordinarily is one of fact for the jury, and it may be resolved either by direct or circumstantial evidence.” Madison ex rel. Bryant v. Babcock Center, Inc., 371 S.C. 123, 147, 638 S.E.2d 650, 662 (2006). “The trial judge’s sole function regarding the issue is to *82inquire whether particular conclusions are the only reasonable inferences that can be drawn from the evidence.” Id.
IV. RODDEY’S APPELLATE ARGUMENTS
Roddey contends the trial court erred in granting Wal-Mart a directed verdict on the issue of both negligence and proximate cause. He asserts there was evidence presented that Wal-Mart employees were negligent in bringing Jones into the encounter, instructing Jones to delay the women and obtain their license tag number, and instructing Jones to get the tag number after Jones warned the Wal-Mart employees about their exit from the parking lot. Roddey further maintains that a reasonable jury could find from the evidence presented that the accident would not have occurred had WalMart not given Jones those instructions, and that a serious injury was a foreseeable consequence of Wal-Mart’s request that Jones engage in this task. Specifically, Roddey notes there is evidence Wal-Mart breached its duty of care by violating its own policies regarding who could pursue a suspected shoplifter and under what circumstances the pursuit could begin and those under which pursuit must be terminated. Additionally, Roddey notes there was evidence of WalMart’s negligence in instructing Jones to continue to get the vehicle tag number even though it meant a vehicular pursuit on a public street.
Roddey also argues there is evidence presented from which a reasonable jury could determine that Hancock’s injury would not have occurred “but for” Wal-Mart’s conduct in instructing and encouraging Jones in the pursuit. Further, Roddey contends, given the evidence that Wal-Mart violated its restrictive policy and engaged Jones in the situation, Wal-Mart should have reasonably foreseen that instructing Jones as it did would result in injury to a shoplifter or customer. He points to evidence that (1) Wal-Mart gave Jones instructions causing him to drive through the Wal-Mart parking lot after someone who was running to get into a moving vehicle, (2) Wal-Mart employees saw this unfold, instructed Jones to interact with the women and failed to stop him, and (3) WalMart instructed Jones to continue to get the tag number even though it meant a vehicular pursuit on the public street. Roddey also notes this case is not one involving an indepen*83dent, intervening act of a third party that broke the causal chain, and asserts the law provides that if the acts of the intervening agency are a probable consequence of the primary wrongdoer’s actions, the primary wrongdoer is liable.
Lastly, Roddey asserts the trial court’s error in granting Wal-Mart a directed verdict requires a new trial, not just as to Wal-Mart, but as to USSA and Jones as well. He argues, under South Carolina’s comparative negligence law, a plaintiff may only recover damages in a negligence action if his or her negligence is not greater than that of the defendant or the combined defendants, and the amount of a plaintiffs recovery is reduced in proportion to his or her negligence. Because the jury only had the opportunity to compare the negligence of Hancock to that of USSA and Jones, Roddey argues the comparative negligence of Hancock may have been less than that of the three defendants had Wal-Mart’s negligence been considered, in which case recovery of damages would have been possible.
V. ANALYSIS

Negligence and Proximate Cause

As to Judge Short’s concurring opinion, I believe the issues of Wal-Mart’s negligence and proximate cause should have been submitted to the jury. Though there is admittedly evidence from which a jury could find that Wal-Mart was not negligent, or if it was, Wal-Mart’s negligence was not reasonably foreseeable, I find there is evidence from which a reasonable jury could determine that Wal-Mart was negligent and that negligence proximately caused the injuries incurred. Thus, viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to Roddey, the evidence yields more than one inference, or its inferences are in doubt, and both matters should have been submitted to the jury.
In order to prove a cause of action for negligence, a plaintiff must show that (1) the defendant owes a duty of care to the plaintiff, (2) the defendant breached that duty by a negligent act or omission, (3) the defendant’s breach was the actual and proximate cause of the plaintiffs injury, and (4) the plaintiff suffered an injury or damages. Madison, 371 S.C. at 135, 638 S.E.2d at 656. In the case at hand, the trial court directed a *84verdict based upon its determination that there was insufficient evidence of negligence on the part of Wal-Mart, and even if there were sufficient evidence of negligence, there was insufficient evidence that any such negligence was the proximate cause of the accident, as the events were not foreseeable.
1. Negligence
In regard to negligence, our law provides that “[t]he factfinder may consider relevant standards of care from various sources in determining whether a defendant breached a duty owed to an injured person in a negligence case.” Id. at 140, 638 S.E.2d at 659. “The standard of care in a given case may be established and defined by the common law, statutes, administrative regulations, industry standards, or a defendant’s own policies and guidelines.” Id. Evidence of a company’s deviation from their own internal policies is relevant to show the company deviated from that standard of care, and is properly admitted to show the element of breach. Peterson v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 365 S.C. 391, 397, 618 S.E.2d 903, 906 (2005). See also Caldwell v. K-Mart Corp., 306 S.C. 27, 31, 410 S.E.2d 21, 24 (Ct.App.1991) (holding K-Mart’s loss prevention manual was relevant on the material issue of the reasonableness of K-Mart’s actions, noting, in negligence cases, internal policies or self-imposed rules are often admissible as relevant on the issue of failure to exercise due care). Relevant rules promulgated by a defendant company are admissible in evidence in a personal injury action, regardless of whether the rules were intended primarily for employee guidance, public safety, or both, because violation of such rules may constitute evidence of a breach of the duty of care and the proximate cause of injury. Madison, 371 at 141, 638 S.E.2d at 659 (citing Tidwell v. Columbia Ry., Gas & Elec. Co., 109 S.C. 34, 95 S.E. 109 (1918)).
Here, viewed in the light most favorable to Roddey, there is evidence from which the jury could determine that Wal-Mart employees violated their own policies by instructing Jones to engage in actions prohibited by both their Guidelines for Private Security Contractors, as well as Wal-Mart’s Investigation and Detention of Shoplifters Policy for employees. While a jury could very well conclude, based upon the evidence presented, that Wal-Mart employees merely requested Jones *85speak with Beckham and simply made a singular request for Jones to obtain the tag number of Hancock’s vehicle while he was safely in a position to do so, and these actions were permitted by Wal-Mart’s guidelines and policies,9 there was evidence presented from which a jury could also reasonably conclude Wal-Mart was negligent in deviating from its guidelines and policies in this instance. Specifically, Guidelines for Private Security Contractors prohibit the use of contracted security guards as a policing force, and note it is the responsibility of Wal-Mart management to enforce Wal-Mart policies and procedures. Further, these guidelines provide that security contractors are precluded from pursuing suspects, prohibit security contractors from using their vehicle in an attempt to apprehend any suspects, and only allow the patrol vehicle to leave Wal-Mart property for obtaining gas or maintenance for the vehicle. Additionally, the Investigation and Detention of Shoplifters Policy provides employees themselves are, at all times, prohibited from pursuing a fleeing suspect more than approximately 10 feet both inside and outside the facility, pursuing a suspect who is in a moving vehicle, pursuing a suspect off Wal-Mart’s property, and using a moving vehicle to pursue a suspect. Further, employees are directed to terminate the pursuit of a suspect if the suspect begins to enter a vehicle. There is evidence from which a jury could reasonably conclude that Wal-Mart employees directed Jones, on more than one occasion, to obtain Hancock’s tag number, that they did so while observing Jones pursue Beckham and Hancock in his patrol vehicle, and they observed the reckless driving of Hancock and Jones in the parking lot, yet they continued to instruct Jones to obtain the tag number after Jones warned, not just that the women were leaving the parking lot, but that he and the women were leaving the parking lot. Thus, there is evidence from which a jury could reasonably conclude that Wal-Mart employees acquiesced in, and possibly instructed, Jones’ improper pursuit of the women in violation of the Private Security Contractors guidelines. Additionally, as noted by Roddey’s expert witness, Gross, there is evidence from which a jury could find Wal-Mart *86employees instructed Jones to do something their policy strictly prohibited the employees themselves from doing. Accordingly, there is sufficient evidence of Wal-Mart’s negligence such that the matter was a question for the jury.
2. Proximate Cause
In order to prove proximate cause, a plaintiff is required to show both causation in fact and legal cause. Madison, 371 S.C. at 146, 638 S.E.2d at 662. Causation in fact is proved by establishing the injury would not have occurred “but for” the defendant’s negligence, while legal cause is proved by establishing foreseeability. Id. at 147, 638 S.E.2d at 662. “Foreseeability is determined by looking to the natural and probable consequences of the complained of act, although it is not necessary to prove that a particular event or injury was foreseeable.” Id. Further, “[t]he defendant’s negligence does not have to be the sole proximate cause of the plaintiffs injury; instead, the plaintiff must prove the defendant’s negligence was at least one of the proximate causes of the injury.” Id.
Instead, it is sufficient if the evidence establishes that the defendant’s negligence is a concurring or a contributing proximate cause. Concurring causes operate contemporaneously to produce the injury, so that it would not have happened in the absence of either. In other words, if the actor’s conduct is a substantial factor in the harm to another, the fact that he neither foresaw nor should have foreseen the extent of harm or the manner in which it occurred does not negative his liability.
J.T. Baggerly v. CSX Transp., Inc., 370 S.C. 362, 369, 635 S.E.2d 97, 101 (2006) (citations, quotations, and emphasis in original omitted). An injury is considered foreseeable “if it is the natural and probable consequence of a breach of duty.” Hurd v. Williamsburg Cnty., 363 S.C. 421, 428, 611 S.E.2d 488, 492 (2005).
A primary wrongdoer’s action “is a legal cause of an injury if either the intervening act or the injury itself was foreseeable as a natural and probable consequence of that action.” Bramlette v. Charter-Med.-Cohombia, 302 S.C. 68, 73, 393 S.E.2d 914, 917 (1990). Though an intervening force may be a su*87perseding cause that relieves an actor from liability, in order for there to be relief from liability on this basis, that intervening cause must be one that could not have been reasonably foreseen or anticipated. Rife v. Hitachi Const. Mach. Co., Ltd., 363 S.C. 209, 217, 609 S.E.2d 565, 569 (Ct.App.2005). “For an intervening act to break the causal link and insulate the tortfeasor from further liability, the intervening act must be unforeseeable.” Dixon v. Besco Eng’g, Inc., 320 S.C. 174, 180, 463 S.E.2d 636, 640 (Ct.App.1995). “The intervening negligence of a third person will not excuse the first wrongdoer if such intervention ought to have been foreseen in the exercise of due care. In such case, the original negligence still remains active, and a contributing cause of the injury.” Bishop v. S.C. Dep’t of Mental Health, 331 S.C. 79, 89, 502 S.E.2d 78, 83 (1998). The test for determining if the negligent conduct of the original wrongdoer is to be insulated, as a matter of law, “by the independent negligent conduct of another is whether the intervening act and the injury resulting therefrom are of such character that the author of the primary negligence should have reasonably foreseen and anticipated them in light of the attendant circumstances.” Id. One is not charged with foreseeing that which is unpredictable or which could not be expected to happen, and, thus, when it appears the negligence merely “brought about a condition of affairs, or a situation in which another and entirely independent and efficient agency intervenes to cause the injury, the latter is to be deemed the direct or proximate cause, and the former only the indirect or remote cause.” Stone v. Bethea, 251 S.C. 157, 161-62, 161 S.E.2d 171, 173 (1968) (emphasis added). The final result of a wrongful act, as well as every intermediate cause, will be considered to be the proximate result of the first wrongful cause if intervening acts are set in motion by the original wrongful act and are normal and foreseeable results of the original act. Wallace v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., 300 S.C. 518, 521, 389 S.E.2d 155, 157 (Ct.App.1989).
Here, there was evidence presented that, despite WalMart’s knowledge of the aggressive and reckless driving manners of Hancock and Jones and in spite of being advised both vehicles were leaving the property, Wal-Mart continued to instruct Jones to obtain the tag number. Notably, Roddey’s expert witness in the area of pursuit, Albert, testified concern*88ing the effects of vehicular pursuit on those being pursued, and specifically opined that had Jones stayed in the parking lot and not pursued Hancock’s vehicle, it was highly unlikely the crash would have taken place. Thus, there is evidence that “but for” these actions by Wal-Mart, the accident would not have occurred.
With respect to foreseeability, there was evidence presented that the accident was a foreseeable consequence of WalMart’s instructions to Jones, which were in violation of WalMart’s established policies and guidelines, such that the matter should have been submitted to the jury. As noted, there was evidence presented that (1) Wal-Mart gave Jones instructions causing him to drive through the Wal-Mart parking lot after Beckham, who then got into a moving vehicle, and Jones then pursued Hancock’s moving vehicle in his patrol car, (2) Wal-Mart employees directed Jones, on more than one occasion, to obtain Hancock’s tag number, while observing Jones pursue Beckham and Hancock in his patrol vehicle, with both vehicles being operated in aggressive and/or reckless manners, and (3) Wal-Mart continued to instruct Jones to get the tag number even after Jones informed them that he and the women were leaving the parking lot, thus encouraging a vehicular pursuit on the public street. Additionally, WalMart’s Shoplifters Policy specifically indicates that only certain authorized associates are allowed to investigate or detain a suspected shoplifter and may do so only in the presence of another associate, and their policy emphasizes and reiterates that the authorized associate must let the suspect go rather than continue a pursuit that is “likely to injure or cause harm to someone.” Additionally, Roddey provided evidence, through expert testimony, that Wal-Mart had identified the results of “doing certain things,” knew what could happen in such a situation, and as a result, adopted policies against them. Accordingly, there is evidence that the accident was a natural and probable consequence of Wal-Mart’s negligent actions and therefore was reasonably foreseeable.
Additionally, I do not believe, considered in a light most favorable to Roddey, that as a matter of law Jones’ actions were independent intervening acts which could not have been foreseen by Wal-Mart, or that Wal-Mart’s acts were only a remote cause that did nothing more than furnish the condition *89or give rise to the occasion by which the injury was made possible, as there is evidence from which a jury could reasonably conclude Jones’ acts were not “an entirely independent and efficient agency” and were not “a distinct, successive, unrelated and efficient cause of the injury.” See Stone, 251 S.C. at 162, 161 S.E.2d at 173 (noting, when it appears one’s negligence merely brought about a condition of affairs, or a situation in which another and entirely independent and efficient agency intervenes to cause the injury, the latter is to be deemed the direct or proximate cause, and the former only the indirect or remote cause); Driggers v. City of Florence, 190 S.C. 309, 313, 2 S.E.2d 790, 791 (1939) (“A prior and remote cause cannot be made the basis of an action if such remote cause did nothing more than furnish the condition or give rise to the occasion by which the injury was made possible, if there intervened between such prior or remote cause and the injury a distinct, successive, unrelated and efficient cause of the injury, even though such injury would not have happened but for such condition or occasion.”). Clearly, there is evidence that any intervening acts of Jones were set in motion by the original wrongful acts of Wal-Mart and were the normal and foreseeable results of the original act. Wallace, 300 S.C. at 521, 389 S.E.2d at 157

Jury finding as to Hancock’s negligence

As to Chief Judge Few’s majority opinion, I do not believe that Wal-Mart’s liability in this matter is strictly derivative of Jones’ and/or USSA’s liability such that the jury’s finding that Jones was only 35% at fault foreclosed any additional liability on the part of Wal-Mart. While this may very well be true in regard to allegations of vicarious liability, as noted by Chief Judge Few, Roddey also alleged Wal-Mart was liable based upon its failure to properly supervise Jones, and Wal-Mart’s improper advice or instruction to Jones to follow Hancock and obtain her license tag information. Thus, while a jury could very well find Hancock was still 65% negligent after considering Wal-Mart’s potential liability, it could conceivably find, after factoring in any negligence by Wal-Mart, that Hancock was less than 50% at fault. I believe this is a question for the jury, and do not believe this court should invade such province of the jury. Accordingly, I would reverse the directed verdict *90in favor of Wal-Mart and remand for a new trial as to WalMart alone.10

. Besides Jones, Rawlings, Cox, and Wal-Mart employee Chuck Campbell had walkie-talkies on them that night.

. The Guidelines themselves are in the record and include the following provisions, "At no time should you try to apprehend, or use your vehicle to apprehend any suspects; ... Security Contractors are not a policing force and should not be used as one. It's Wal-Mart management’s responsibility to enforce Wal-Mart policies and procedures; ... In the event of a shoplifter situation, the security contractor should act as a witness, and only assist when directed to by a member of Wal-Mart management or Loss Prevention, or when you see the Wal-Mart associate in trouble or danger; ... Remember, Security Contractors are precluded from searching or pursuing suspects, etc.”

. Wal-Mart’s Shoplifters Policy further specifically indicates that only certain authorized associates are allowed to surveil, investigate or detain a suspected shoplifter and may do so only in the presence of another Associate. This policy also emphasizes, reiterating often, that the authorized associate must let the suspect go rather than continue a pursuit that is "likely to injure or cause harm to someone,” and that the authorized associate should terminate the pursuit of a suspect if the suspect begins to enter a vehicle.

. It is not clear from the record who Tipton is and what his relationship is to this matter, but it appears he is a higher-level representative for *80Wal-Mart, with knowledge of employment matters and Wal-Mart policy

. In particular, we note the guidelines provide the security contractor may act as a witness, and is allowed to assist when directed to do so by a member of Wal-Mart management or Loss Prevention.

. As to Roddey's assertion on appeal that the trial court's error in granting Wal-Mart a directed verdict requires a new trial as to all of the respondents, I would find Roddey has abandoned this issue on appeal and, additionally, we need not consider the argument based on Roddey's failure to set forth the argument in his statement of the issues on appeal. Though he cites law concerning the effect of a jury finding of comparative negligence on a plaintiff's ultimate ability to collect damages, he provides no supporting authority for his assertion that a court may require a new trial against defendants against whom a verdict has already been found and who are not then held responsible for damages based upon the jury's finding as to the relative percentages of negligence assigned to the various parties. Because Roddey fails to cite law that would allow this court to grant a new trial against a defendant who has not received any type of favorable ruling that was in error, I believe the argument is abandoned. See First Sav. Bank v. McLean, 314 S.C. 361, 363, 444 S.E.2d 513, 514 (1994) (noting when a party fails to cite authority or when the argument is simply a conclusory statement, the party is deemed to have abandoned the issue on appeal); Eaddy v. Smurfit-Stone Container Corp., 355 S.C. 154, 164, 584 S.E.2d 390, 396 (Ct.App.2003) ("[S]hort, conclusory statements made without supporting authority are deemed abandoned on appeal and therefore not preserved for our review.”). Additionally, Roddey failed to set forth the argument in his statement of the issues on appeal. Therefore, the court need not consider it. See Rule 208(b)(1)(B), SCACR ("Ordinarily, no point will be considered which is not set forth in the statement of the issues on appeal.”).