Court Opinion

ID: 2666440
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-04 08:56:43.48753+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:24:08.111765
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 JACQUELINE T. ROBINSON-REEDER,

           Plaintiff,
                  v.                                       Civil Action No. 08-1577 (JDB)
 AMERICAN COUNCIL ON
 EDUCATION,

           Defendant.

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION and ORDER

       Jacqueline Robinson-Reeder seeks reconsideration of the Court's December 4, 2009

Memorandum Opinion and Order granting summary judgment to the American Council on

Education ("ACE"). See Pl.'s Mot. for Reconsideration ("Pl.'s Mot.") [Docket Entry 112];1 see

also Robinson-Reeder v. Am. Council on Educ., --- F. Supp. 2d ---, 2009 WL 4456819 (D.D.C.

2009). Robinson-Reeder insists that justice requires the Court to revisit its decision because the

Memorandum Opinion contains several "massive errors." Robinson-Reeder also asks the Court

not to consider her September 9, 2009 deposition testimony in this action. See Pl.'s Mot. to

Strike [Docket Entry 118]. The Court will resolve that motion here as well.

       1
          Robinson-Reeder has filed several motions for reconsideration and replies in support, all
of which the Court has considered here. See Pl.'s Am. Mot. for Reconsideration ("Pl.'s Am.
Mot.") [Docket Entry 114]; Pl.'s Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Reconsideration [Docket Entry 116];
Pl.'s Reply in Supp. of Am. Mot. for Reconsideration ("Pl.'s Am. Reply") [Docket Entry 117]. In
addition, she has filed two motions for judgment as a matter of law under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 50. See Pl.'s Mot. for J. as a Matter of Law [Docket Entry 119]; Pl.'s Am. Mot. for J.
as a Matter of Law ("Pl.'s Am. Mot. for J.") [Docket Entry 123]. Because a motion under Rule
50 is unavailable at this stage in the litigation, and because her motions duplicate the grounds for
relief asserted in her motions for reconsideration, the Court will deny the motions. Nevertheless,
the Court will consider the arguments in the motions for judgment as a matter of law when
resolving Robinson-Reeder's motions for reconsideration.
                                             ANALYSIS

I.      Motion for Reconsideration

        Although there is no Federal Rule of Civil Procedure that expressly addresses motions for

reconsideration, see Lance v. United Mine Workers of Am. 1974 Pension Trust, 400 F. Supp. 2d

29, 31 (D.D.C. 2005), Robinson-Reeder's allegation that the Court's December 4, 2009

Memorandum Opinion is replete with "massive errors" is properly characterized as a motion

under Rule 60(b)(6). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)(6) (a court may "relieve a party . . . from a final

judgment" for "any . . . reason that justifies relief"). "[A] district court enjoys significant

discretion in deciding whether to grant or deny a Rule 60(b) motion." Computer Prof'ls for Soc.

Responsibility v. United States Secret Serv., 72 F.3d 897, 903 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Nevertheless,

Rule 60(b)(6) "relief should be only sparingly used" in "extraordinary circumstances." Id.

        Robinson-Reeder cites several purported "massive errors" that the Court made in its

Memorandum Opinion, which the Court will take in turn. It is noteworthy, however, that despite

her numerous filings, Robinson-Reeder has not presented any new grounds either to defeat ACE's

motion for summary judgment or in support of her own motions for summary judgment.

Accordingly, for the reasons stated below, the Court denies Robinson-Reeder's motion for

reconsideration.2

        2
         Robinson-Reeder also styles her motions for reconsideration pursuant to Rule 59. The
Federal Rules give a party twenty-eight days to file a motion to alter or amend a judgment under
Rule 59(e). The Court granted summary judgment to ACE on December 4, 2009. See December
4, 2009 Order [Docket Entry 110]. Robinson-Reeder filed her earliest motion for reconsideration
on January 6, 2010, more than twenty-eight days after the Court entered its order. See Pl.'s Mot.
at 1. Although she asserts that that motion is timely under Rule 59(e) because she does not have
to count the intervening legal holidays, the Federal Rules require a party to include legal holidays
when computing time. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a)(1)(B). Therefore, a Rule 59(e) motion is
untimely. Nevertheless, "[a]n untimely motion under Rule 59(e) may be considered as a motion

                                                  -2-
       A.      Brady v. Office of the Sergeant at Arms

       Robinson-Reeder first contends that the Court misapplied the D.C. Circuit's decision in

Brady v. Office of the Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490 (D.C. Cir. 2008). She opines that Brady

"stops the McDonnell Douglas burden shift under the assumption the employer has already

offered their non-discriminatory reasons before Summary Judgment and thus the prima facie case

is irrelevant." Pl.'s Mem. at 18. Therefore, she insists that it was incorrect for the Court to stop

its analysis of Robinson-Reeder's retaliation claim at the prima facie case. See id. at 18-19.

Although Robinson-Reeder's description of Brady is correct, her application of it to this case is

not. Brady relieves the district court of the obligation to analyze a plaintiff's prima facie case of

discrimination or retaliation where the employer asserts a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason

for the challenged action. See Brady, 520 F.3d at 493. Here, however, ACE never offered a

legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for its actions. Rather, it denied that any of the purported

adverse actions actually occurred. Accordingly, the Court's analysis necessarily began with the

question whether Robinson-Reeder presented a prima facie case of discrimination. And it

properly ended there as well, for the Court found that there was no admissible evidence in the

record to support Robinson-Reeder's allegation that she suffered an adverse action.

       B.      No Evidence in the Record to Support Robinson-Reeder's Retaliation Claim

       Robinson-Reeder next argues that the Court erred when it concluded that she failed to

point to any evidence in the record corroborating her allegation that she suffered an adverse

action. She advances two arguments in support of reconsideration

under Rule 60(b) if it states grounds for relief under the latter rule." Computer Prof'ls, 72 F.3d at
903. Under either approach, the Court reaches the same disposition of Robinson-Reeder's
motions.

                                                 -3-
       First, she contends that there is admissible evidence supporting her allegation that she had

been denied job references on three occasions.3 See, e.g., Pl.'s Mot. at 2; Pl.'s Am. Reply at 2. In

support of this assertion, Robinson-Reeder cites the written deposition testimony of Coleen

Collins, the Assistant Vice President of Human Resources at ACE. In that deposition, Collins

stated the following:

       While I provided a favorable reference over the phone for Ms. Robinson-Reeder, I
       am aware of the ACE policy that states that no reference, other than confirmation
       of an employee's dates of employment and title(s) held, are given unless the
       employee signs a written authorization. For that reason, we are unable to provide
       anything beyond a neutral, written reference. In addition, when I was asked to put
       a favorable reference in writing, litigation in this and other related actions was
       already pending.

Def.'s Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. [Docket Entry 96], Exhibit A (Defendant's Amended

Responses to Plaintiff's Revised Request for Written Examination of Coleen Collins), 9.

According to Robinson-Reeder, Collins's answer proves her prima facie case: "[d]efendants

admit denying the neutral written reference, because they litigation and [sic] already started."

Pl.'s Mot. at 2. But Collins does not state that she denied Robinson-Reeder a neutral, written

reference. In fact, Collins suggests that she will provide the standard, neutral reference to

employers. At most, Collins asserts only that she could not put a favorable reference in writing,

due to a standard policy of ACE. Accordingly, the passage provides no evidence that ACE

denied Robinson-Reeder a standard, neutral job reference in retaliation for her Equal

Employment Opportunity complaints.

       3
        In its Memorandum Opinion, the Court focused on Robinson-Reeder's allegation that
ACE had denied potential employers job references regarding Robinson-Reeder. She now
contends that she herself has been unable to obtain job references from ACE as well. The Court
considers both allegations here.

                                                 -4-
       Furthermore, several pieces of evidence that Robinson-Reeder marshals in support of her

allegation that she was denied a job reference also support ACE's position's that it never denied

her a reference. For example, Robinson-Reeder points to an email from Coleen Collins as

evidence that ACE denied her a standard job reference. See Pl.'s Mot., Exhibit 2 (Jan. 9, 2007

email from Collins to Robinson-Reeder). But in that email Collins stated that "[w]e will provide

prospective employers with your dates of employment and your job title," id. -- in other words,

the information on a standard job reference. Moreover, Robinson-Reeder alleges that she faxed a

letter to ACE's counsel on June 26, 2007, "stating she needed more than a job reference." Pl.'s

Am. Reply at 2 (emphasis omitted). Seeking "more than a job reference," however, suggests that

Robinson-Reeder had already obtained a job reference from ACE. These pieces of evidence

provide no support for Robinson-Reeder's allegations, and in fact support ACE's position that

Robinson-Reeder suffered no adverse action.4

       Second, Robinson-Reeder challenges the Court's conclusion that she offered no evidence

in support of her allegation that ACE gave negative and defamatory job references to potential

employers. See Pl.'s Am. Reply at 5; Robinson-Reeder, 2009 WL 4456819 at *4-5. In her

litigation papers, Robinson-Reeder recounted several conversations she allegedly had with

individuals at potential employers and placement agencies regarding references ACE provided.

She asserted that these individuals told her that ACE provided them with negative references,

and restated the conversations in her own sworn affidavits. See Pl.'s Am. Reply at 5; see also

       4
          Robinson-Reeder also alleges that in a motion ACE filed on June 1, 2009, ACE "firmly
state[d] that Robinson-Reeder is not qualified to receive a job reference." Pl.'s Am. Reply at 2.
The Court has read ACE's June 1, 2009 filing, and there is no statement to that effect in the
motion. See Def.'s Resp. to Pl.'s Mot. to End Mediation [Docket Entry 39], at 1. ACE's motion
simply consents to "Robinson-Reeder's request to end the Court-ordered mediation." Id.

                                                -5-
Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. [Docket Entry 68], Exhibits B, C, D. As the Court concluded in its

Memorandum Opinion, however, this evidence is hearsay. "In retelling her conversations with

potential employers and employment agencies, Robinson-Reeder is offering a statement made by

an out-of-court declarant to prove the truth of the matter asserted." Robinson-Reeder, 2009 WL

4456819 at *5. Such statements "are precluded from consideration by the Court" on summary

judgment. Riggsbee v. Diversity Servs., Inc., 637 F.Supp.2d 39, 46 (D.D.C. 2009); see also

Greer v. Paulson, 505 F.3d 1306, 1315 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (where plaintiff's statement is "'sheer

hearsay,' it 'counts for nothing' on summary judgment" (quoting Gleklen v. Democratic Cong.

Campaign Comm., 199 F.3d 1365, 1369 (D.C. Cir. 2000))).

       Although Robinson-Reeder opines that these individuals would be able to corroborate her

affidavits at trial, there is simply no admissible evidence in the record from which a jury could

reasonably conclude that these conversations took place. Robinson-Reeder had every

opportunity to obtain sworn statements from these potential witnesses. She did not do so. And

her own sworn affidavits cannot sustain her assertion that ACE provided negative or defamatory

job references. See Dist. Intown Props. Ltd P'ships v. Dist. of Columbia, 198 F.3d 874, 878

(D.C. Cir. 1999) ("[T]he court must assume the truth of all statements proffered by the non-

movant except for conclusory allegations lacking any factual basis in the record.").5

       5
           In her amended motion for judgment as a matter of law, Robinson-Reeder also suggests
that summary judgment is inappropriate because she was denied discovery. See Pl.'s Am. Mot.
for J. at 1. In support of this allegation, she states that in its written deposition responses, ACE
improperly objected to questions on the basis of relevance. See id. The Court cured this defect,
however, by ordering ACE either to respond to these questions or to support any relevancy
objections by detailed explanations. See October 26, 2009 Memorandum Opinion [Docket Entry
93], at 6-7. Furthermore, Robinson-Reeder seems to object to the fact that although the Court
permitted some additional discovery after the end of discovery on August 28, 2009, it did not
permit all of the additional discovery she sought. See Pl.'s Am. Mot. for J. at 3. The Court

                                                -6-
       Robinson-Reeder also contends that ACE has not provided any evidence that the alleged

"favorable reference" Collins gave to a potential employer about Robinson-Reeder was actually

favorable. Hence, she argues that Collins must have provided a negative reference, therefore

proving that Robinson-Reeder suffered an adverse action. See Pl.'s Mot. at 2. Not so. There is

no admissible evidence to corroborate Robinson-Reeder's belief that Collins provided a negative

reference. And the Court may consider Collins's statement as evidence on a motion for summary

judgment. At the least, then, the alleged "favorable reference" is neutral evidence that weighs in

favor of neither party. Neutral evidence, however, cannot support Robinson-Reeder's allegation

that ACE gave potential employers negative references. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.

317, 322 (1986) (summary judgment appropriate where non-moving party has not proffered

admissible evidence in support of claims).6

allowed this limited, out-of-time discovery in response to the parties' requests at the September 9,
2009 status conference, and Robinson-Reeder cannot covert this grant into a general right to
ignore the Court's discovery deadline. Finally, Robinson-Reeder's request for additional
discovery is inconsistent with the multiple motions for summary judgment she has filed in this
action.
       6
          Robinson-Reeder insists that the Court did not discuss, let alone resolve, her claim for
retaliation based on constructive discharge. See Pl.'s Mot. at 20; see also Pl.'s Mot. for Summ J.
on Constructive Discharge Claim [Docket Entry 105]. But Robinson-Reeder's complaint never
asserted a claim for retaliation based on constructive discharge. And her Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission complaints for retaliation fail to allege constructive discharge as well.
Moreover, the facts simply do not support a retaliation claim based on constructive discharge.
Robinson-Reeder alleges that she first was subject to retaliation for filing a charge with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission in December 2006. See Pl.'s Response to Def.'s Mot. for
Summ. J. [Docket Entry 91], Exhibit 2 (Employment Opportunity Commission Charge of
Discrimination). Yet, she alleges that she was constructively discharged from her employment at
ACE in November 2006 -- before she engaged in the protected conduct of filing complaints with
the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. See Pl.'s Mot. at 20-21.

                                                -7-
       C.       Robinson-Reeder's COBRA Claim

       Robinson-Reeder also challenges the Court's conclusion that she is not entitled to

penalties under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act ("COBRA") because ACE

allegedly mailed a required COBRA form to an incorrect address. See Pl.'s Am. Mot. at 12.

COBRA requires that plan sponsors of group health plans -- here ACE -- provide continuing

coverage to qualified beneficiaries after certain qualifying events. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1161 et seq.

To do so, an employer must notify its health plan administrator within thirty days of the

occurrence of a qualifying event, such as an employee's resignation. See id. at § 1166(a)(2).

COBRA then requires that the administrator notify the qualified beneficiary and her dependents

about the possibility of continuing coverage within fourteen days of itself being notified. See id.

at § 1166(c).

       Robinson-Reeder alleged that ACE did not provide her correct address to its plan

administrator, thereby denying her continuing benefits. The Court found, however, that "[t]he

COBRA notice forms that ACE's plan administrator mailed to Robinson-Reeder and her husband

bear the same address that appears on Robinson-Reeder's health insurance enrollment form,"

which she filled out herself. Robinson-Reeder, 2009 WL 4456819 at *6. Nevertheless,

Robinson-Reeder alleged that "ACE elided her apartment number from her address after she

completed the form." Id. at *7. The Court was unpersuaded, as there was no admissible

evidence to support this allegation. See id. Robinson-Reeder now offers several arguments in

support of reconsideration.

       First, she argues that the Court improperly relied on a copy of her original health

insurance form to reach its conclusion that ACE mailed the COBRA notice to the address

                                                -8-
Robinson-Reeder provided. See Pl.'s Am. Mot. at 12. The Court, however, viewed the original

health insurance form in camera -- that is "in chambers." See Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed.

2004); see also November 23, 2009 Minute Order; Pl.'s Notice [Docket Entry 97] (Robinson-

Reeder states that she has viewed the original health insurance form). And it concluded on the

basis of this in chambers review of the original document that Robinson-Reeder's address had not

been altered in any way. See Robinson-Reeder, 2009 WL 4456819 at *7.7

       Second, Robinson-Reeder asserts that ACE did not comply with its COBRA notice

obligations because her son, a qualified beneficiary of her health plan, did not receive the

required notice. See Pl.'s Am. Reply at 7-8. The Court rejected this claim because the plan

administrator provided notice to her husband, which was sufficient under the COBRA statute to

provide notice to her son as well. See Robinson-Reeder, 2009 WL 4456819 at *7 n.9. She now

contends that Robert Reeder was not a qualified beneficiary of her health plan, and thus notice to

him could not be sufficient to provide notice to her son. See Pl.'s Am. Reply at 7-8. But this

argument contradicts her earlier statement that ACE "failed to provide continuation of coverage

to the ex-employee [sic] husband and son." Pl.'s Mot. for Summ. J. on the COBRA Claim

[Docket Entry 51], at 6 (emphasis added). That is, in her motion for summary judgment she

       7
         Robinson-Reeder also objects to the Court's reliance on an Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission intake questionnaire to conclude that "she has provided her address as
it appears on her health insurance form" -- that is, without her apartment number. Robinson-
Reeder, 2009 WL 4456819 at *7. She opines that the Court should not have done so because an
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission representative completed the intake questionnaire,
and therefore any error in the questionnaire is not Robinson-Reeder's fault. Although this may be
so, the Court did not resolve her COBRA notice claim on the basis of the intake questionnaire.
The Court's conclusion that there is no admissible evidence indicating that ACE eliminated
Robinson-Reeder's apartment number from her health insurance form stands even without the
evidence from the intake questionnaire. See id.

                                                -9-
indicated that her husband was a qualified beneficiary of her health insurance. On the basis of

that record, the Court concluded ACE had fully complied with its COBRA notice obligations.

Robinson-Reeder has provided no explanation for the switch in her position, nor has she

explained why she could not have previously raised the argument she now makes in her motions

for reconsideration. See Pioneer Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs. Ltd. P'Ship, 507 U.S. 380,

393 (1993) (under Rule 60(b)(6) "a party must show 'extraordinary circumstances' suggesting that

the party is faultless in the delay" of not timely raising the fact or argument); cf. New York v.

United States, 880 F. Supp. 37, 38 (D.D.C. 1995) ("A Rule 59(e) motion to reconsider is not

simply an opportunity to reargue facts and theories upon which a court has already ruled.").

Accordingly, the Court will not revisit its resolution of Robinson-Reeder's COBRA notice claim.

II.    Motion to Strike

       Robinson-Reeder also asks the Court not to consider her September 9, 2009 deposition

testimony in this action. See Pl.'s Mot. to Strike at 2. She asserts that the Court was "legally

wrong using the Deposition taken on September 9, 2009, against the plaintiff on a State Claim of

Defamation." Pl.'s Am. Reply at 4. The September 9, 2009 deposition, however, was taken in

this action. See Def.'s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. [Docket Entry 89], Exhibit C

(September 9, 2009 Deposition of Jacqueline Robinson-Reeder), 1. Robinson-Reeder also insists

that her deposition testimony regarding whether Christine Morfit gave potential employers

negative references is irrelevant to this action. See Pl.'s Am. Reply at 6. She insists that she did

not "personally accuse" only Morfit of giving negative references, but rather accused all of ACE.

See id. But Robinson-Reeder specifically alleges that ACE employees gave negative references

about her. Compl. at p. 3. Accordingly, her deposition testimony regarding whether Christine

                                                -10-
Morfit -- her supervisor at ACE -- did so is quite relevant. For these reasons, Robinson-Reeder's

motion to strike is without merit.

                                        CONCLUSION

       Upon consideration of Robinson-Reeder's various motions, the parties' several

memoranda, and the entire record herein, and for the reasons stated above, it is hereby

       ORDERED that [112, 114] Robinson-Reeder's motions for reconsideration are

DENIED; it is further

       ORDERED that [118] Robinson-Reeder's motion to strike her September 9, 2009

deposition from the Court's consideration is DENIED; and it is further

       ORDERED that [119, 123] Robinson-Reeder's motions for judgment as a matter of law

are DENIED.

       SO ORDERED.

                                                             /s/
                                                    JOHN D. BATES
                                                United States District Judge

Dated: February 22, 2010

                                               -11-