Court Opinion

ID: 4015508
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-13 21:09:17.694141+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:30:50.808986
License: Public Domain

J-S43010-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                        PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

SHAKOOR R. TRAPP

                            Appellant                  No. 1493 MDA 2015

              Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence April 8, 2015
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Lycoming County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-41-CR-0000866-2011

BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., PANELLA, J., and JENKINS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY GANTMAN, P.J.:                             FILED JULY 13, 2016

       Appellant, Shakoor R. Trapp, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Lycoming County Court of Common Pleas, following his jury

trial convictions of attempted homicide, aggravated assault, burglary,

criminal trespass, possessing an instrument of crime, recklessly endangering

another person, and simple assault.1 We affirm.

       In its opinions, the trial court fully and correctly set forth the relevant

facts and procedural history of this case. Therefore, we have no reason to

restate them.

       Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

____________________________________________

1
   18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 901, 2702, 3502, 3503, 907, 2705, and 2701,
respectively.
J-S43010-16

         WHETHER THE WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE WAS
         SUFFICIENT TO SUSTAIN CONVICTIONS ON ALL
         CHARGES?

         WHETHER THE EVIDENCE WAS INSUFFICIENT TO SUSTAIN
         A VERDICT OF GUILTY AS TO ALL CHARGES?

         WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING THE
         COMMONWEALTH’S MOTION IN LIMINE TO PRECLUDE THE
         INTRODUCTION OF APPELLANT’S EXPERT WITNESS
         REGARDING WITNESS’ IDENTIFICATION OF APPELLANT?

         WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THAT
         THE SENTENCE IMPOSED UPON [APPELLANT] WAS NOT
         EXCESSIVE IN NATURE?

         WHETHER THE SENTENCE MUST BE VACATED BECAUSE
         THE TRIAL COURT RELIED UPON IMPERMISSIBLE
         FACTORS IN IMPOSING SENTENCE?

(Appellant’s Brief at 8).

      After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the

applicable law, and the well-reasoned opinions of the Honorable Marc F.

Lovecchio, we conclude Appellant’s issues on appeal merit no relief.          The

trial court opinions comprehensively discuss and properly dispose of the

questions presented. (See Trial Court Opinion, filed January 14, 2016, at 3-

19; see also Trial Court Opinions, filed August 21, 2015 and September 5,

2014) (finding: (1)-(2) jury’s guilty verdicts were consistent with evidence

and far from shocking; following attack, Victim positively identified Appellant

as assailant; Victim’s identification reliably established Appellant’s culpability

for crimes at issue; court properly determined Appellant’s convictions were

supported by weight of evidence; Appellant broke into and attacked Victim

                                      -2-
J-S43010-16

as she slept in her home; Victim sustained multiple stab wounds to her

chest; Victim sustained gunshot wounds in her temple, cheek, and knee

areas; Victim had ample opportunity to view her attacker during attack,

given surrounding circumstances; neighbor’s testimony placed Appellant

near crime scene around time of attack; neighbor observed Appellant in

possession of handgun, days before attack, that was similar to weapon

Victim described; Victim positively identified Appellant as her attacker

through Facebook pictures and non-suggestive photo array; Victim’s in-court

identification was certain; police apprehended Appellant at nearby residence

hiding   between   ceiling    joists   in    hot   and   uncomfortable    area,   thus

demonstrating Appellant’s consciousness of guilt, where Appellant did not

hide before this incident, despite his other outstanding warrants; police

recovered bloody sock from Appellant’s residence, which contained both

Appellant’s and Victim’s DNA; Commonwealth presented sufficient evidence

to sustain Appellant’s convictions; (3) Commonwealth v. Walker, 625 Pa.
450, 92 A.3d 766 (2014), allows for expert testimony regarding eyewitness

accounts where Commonwealth’s case is solely or primarily reliant on

eyewitness evidence, but Walker is distinguishable; here, Victim knew

Appellant   and    Victim’s   identification       was   not   cross-racial;   Victim’s

identification was made under non-suggestive photo-array; testimony from

neighbor, physical evidence from bloody sock, videotaped admission that

Appellant’s sock was “probably his,” and circumstances of Appellant’s

                                            -3-
J-S43010-16

apprehension show that Commonwealth’s case was not solely reliant on

eyewitness testimony; court did not err in granting Commonwealth’s Motion

in limine to exclude Appellant’s proposed eyewitness expert witness; (4)

court   had     benefit    of   pre-sentence     investigation   report,   considered

Appellant’s prior record and troubled family history, heard from Victim,

reflected on nature and circumstances of Appellant’s crimes and their impact

on community; court imposed sentence that was not excessive given

circumstances; (5) deadly-weapon-used sentencing guidelines matrix is

merely advisory and outside purview of Alleyne v. United States, ___ U.S.

___, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013);2 deadly-weapon-used matrix

was evidently applicable in this case; court retained sentencing discretion

after it determined proper sentencing guideline range under deadly-weapon-

used matrix; likewise, prevailing law has already rejected Appellant’s

constitutional challenges to deadly-weapon-used matrix).            Accordingly, we

affirm on the basis of the trial court’s opinions.

____________________________________________

2
  See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Buterbaugh, 91 A.3d 1247, 1270 n. 10
(Pa.Super. 2014) (en banc) (explaining that if sentencing enhancement
applies, court is required to raise standard guideline range; however, court
retains discretion to sentence outside guideline ranges; therefore,
application of sentencing enhancements do not violate Alleyne). See also
Commonwealth v. Ali, 112 A.3d 1210, 1226 (Pa.Super. 2015) (stating
sentence enhancements do not bind court to impose particular sentence or
compel court to sentence within specified guideline range; guidelines are
advisory only, even though they contain word “shall”; enhanced guidelines
do not fall under Alleyne holding).

                                           -4-
J-S43010-16

     Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/13/2016

                                 -5-
                                                                    Circulated 06/22/2016 02:24 PM

        IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF LYCOMING             COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

COMMONWEALTH                                    No. CR-866-2011 ,/
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     Appellant                                  1925(a) Opinion
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                        OPINION IN SUPPORT OF ORDER IN
                                                                                    ~.   '    v,        ',

                       COMPLIANCE WITH RULE 1925(a) OF
                      THERULESOFAPPELLATEPROCEDURE

               This opinion is written in support of this court's judgment of sentence dated

April 8, 2015, which became final when the court denied Appellant Shakoor Trapp's post

sentence motion on August 21, 2015. The relevant facts follow.

               On May 29, 2011, an individual entered a residence at 606 Maple Street in

Williamsport, Pennsylvania and assaulted a 23-year old African American female in an

upstairs bedroom by stabbing, choking, and shooting her. Fortunately, she survived the attack

and sought help at a neighbor's residence.   After receiving medical treatment for her injuries,

the victim identified Trapp as her attacker through photographs shown to her by family

members and a photo array conducted by the police. The police obtained a warrant for

Trapp's arrest, as well as a warrant to search his residence. When the police executed the

search warrant, they found a pair of bloody socks near a couch in Trapp's living room.

               Trapp was arrested and charged with attempted homicide, two counts of

aggravated assault, burglary, criminal trespass, persons not to possess a firearm, possessing

                                                                                                             1
instruments of crime, recklessly endangering another person and simple assault. Upon

motion of the defense, the person not to possess charge was severed for trial purposes.

                The parties stipulated that the severed firearm charge would proceed at the

same proceeding to a non-jury trial and the other charges would proceed to a jury trial. The

trial was held June 5-7, 2012. The jury trial ended in a mistrial, but the court convicted Trapp

of the firearm charge.

                Trapp filed an appeal, claiming that re-trial of the remaining charges was

barred by double jeopardy. This claim, however, was rejected by the appellate courts, and the

case was placed back on the trial list.

                Jury selection was scheduled for August 27, 2014. The day before jury

selection defense counsel requested a continuance to seek leave to hire an expert witness

regarding eyewitness identification. The court denied the continuance request and a jury was

selected.

                Following a jury trial held September 10-12, 2014, Trapp was found guilty of

attempted homicide, aggravated assault, burglary, criminal trespass, possession of instrument

of a crime, recklessly endangering another person and simple assault.

                On April 8, 2015, Trapp was sentenced to an aggregate period of state

incarceration, the minimum of which was 32 Y2 years and the maximum of which was 65

years. The aggregate sentence consisted of 20 to 40 years for attempted homicide, a felony of

the first degree; 6 Y2 to 13 years for Count 4, burglary, a felony of the first degree; 5 to 10

years for Count 6, persons not to possess, a felony of the second degree; and l to 2 years for

Count 7, possessing instruments of a crime, a misdemeanor of the first degree. The sentence

                                                                                                  2
was effective April 8, 2015 although Trapp had credit for time served from June 1, 2011 to

April 7, 2015.

                 Trapp filed a post-sentence motion on April 17, 2015, which was argued

before the court on May 26, 2015. The court issued an opinion and order denying

Appellant's post sentence motion on August 21, 2015.

                 On September 2, 2015, Trapp filed his appeal. The court ordered Trapp to file

a concise statement of matters complained of on appeal but neither he nor his counsel

received a copy of the order. Upon motion ofTrapp's counsel, the court granted an extension

to file the concise statement in light of those circumstances. The statement was filed on

October 15, 2015.

                 Trapp has raised five issues on appeal. First, Trapp contends that the evidence

submitted at his trial was insufficient to meet the Commonwealth's burden of proving that

Appellant was the actor for each offense charged in the information beyond a reasonable

doubt. The court cannot agree.

                 In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, the court considers whether the

evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that evidence, viewed in a

light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, would permit the jury to

have found every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v.

Davido, 582 Pa. 52, 868 A.2d 431, 435 (2005); Commonwealth v. Murphy, 577 Pa. 275, 844
A.2d 1228, 1233 (2004).

                 Moreover, the Commonwealth may sustain its burden by only circumstantial

evidence and need not preclude every possibility of innocence. Commonwealth v. Orr, 38

                                                                                                 3
A.3d 868, 872 (Pa. 2011), quoting Commonwealth v. Hansley, 24 A.3d 410, 416 (Pa. Super.

2011). "Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt may be resolved by the factfinder unless the

evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law, no probability of fact may be

drawn from the combined circumstances." Id.

               As the court noted in its opinion and order denying Trapp's post sentence

motion, the court found that there was an abundance of evidence upon which to identify

Trapp as the perpetrator of the incident, which formed the basis for his convictions.

                Tiffany Nixon testified that, on May 29, 2011, she was awoken in the early

morning hours believing that she was being "punched" in her chest. In fact, she was being

stabbed by a person that she described during the trial as being African American, wearing a

white or cream colored hoodie and who looked familiar. She testified that she had seen the

individual previously around the neighborhood.

                The perpetrator of the offense ended up not only stabbing Ms. Nixon but also

choking her and eventually shooting her in her cheek, temple and knee areas. She testified

that she had an ample opportunity to identify the individual who shot her and during the trial

positively identified Trapp as her assailant.

                When Ms. Nixon first spoke with the police and immediately following her

attack, she testified that she was not thinking clearly. She was confused, scared and in pain.

Furthermore, she worried about her physical condition and most of all about her children. As

a result, she was unable to provide any specifics regarding her assailant to the police.

                Ms. Nixon was transported by ambulance to the Williamsport Hospital

Emergency Room where she was assessed and life-flighted by helicopter to Geisinger

                                                                                                 4
Medical Center. She underwent emergency treatment, was admitted to the Intensive Care

Unit and was intubated.

               She started writing notes as her recollection of what occurred became clearer

and as she testified "her memory got better." Among other things, she recalled that the

attacker wore a white or cream-colored hoodie and shot her with a small silver gun.

               Her sister visited her in the hospital and based upon information her sister had

received from others, she showed Ms. Nixon three photographs obtained from Facebook of

three individuals. One of the photographs was of Trapp. According to Ms. Nixon, the photos

jogged her memory and she recognized Trapp as her attacker.

               Subsequently, Ms. Nixon identified Trapp from a photo array that had been

presented to her by the Williamsport Police. Without any suggestions being made to her, she

quickly picked out Trapp and identified him as her attacker. The photo array picture of Trapp

was not the same Facebook photograph she had previously recognized.

               According to Ms. Nixon, there was no doubt in her mind that Trapp was the

individual who attacked her. She had previously seen Trapp "quite often" outside of where.·

she resided smoking cigarettes.

               During her testimony, Ms. Nixon positively identified Trapp as her attacker.

               Officer Levan of the Williamsport Bureau of Police confirmed that when he

first contacted Ms. Nixon immediately following the attack, she was hysterical, crying

obsessively, frantic, absolutely upset, unsteady and suffering from a gross amount of blood

loss.

               Agent Eric Delker of the Williamsport Bureau of Police confirmed the

                                                                                                  5
victim's testimony with respect to the photo array. He indicated that when he presented the

array to Ms. Nixon, there was nothing suggestive about it and he asked that she look at it

closely to determine if there was anyone who she recognized. Ms. Nixon identified Trapp and

indicated that she was absolutely sure that he was the individual who had stabbed her and

shot her.

               A neighbor, Shana Saunders, testified that a few nights before the attack, she

had an encounter with Trapp. She heard that Trapp fired a handgun and saw him with a small

silver gun similar to that testified to by the victim. Trapp asked Ms. Saunders not to tell

anyone what she observed. Ms. Saunders also saw Trapp in front of his apartment, a few

doors from the victim's apartment, only a few hours prior to the attack.

               Agent Leonard Dincher of the Williamsport Bureau of Police indicated that

following Ms. Nixon's identification of Trapp and further investigation, a warrant was issued

for Trapp's arrest. He obtained information that Trapp was at 523 High Street. He and other

police officers searched the residence and eventually found Trapp hiding from the police by

lying between ceiling joists in the rafters below the roof. Trapp was attempting to evade

apprehension by hiding in an area of the home that was very inaccessible and in an area that

was extremely hot with no ventilation whatsoever.

       As well, a pair of bloody socks was located at Trapp's residence. The blood on the

socks was tested and a DNA expert testified that the DNA in the blood was consistent with

that of Ms. Nixon. The expert opined that the chances of the blood being similar to the DNA

of another person were extremely small.

               The court concludes that there was sufficient evidence for which the jury

                                                                                                6
could identify Trapp as the perpetrator     of the offenses.

                 Ms. Nixon positively     identified Trapp as her attacker to her sister while at

Geisinger, to Agent Delker at a non-suggestive       photo array while at Geisinger, and in court.

All of these identifications   were immediate    and sure. There was no hesitancy whatsoever.

Ms. Nixon's failure to provide specifics immediately           following   the attack and during the few

days after the attack does not cause the court to doubt her identification.         Indeed, given the

vicious nature of the attack, the injuries suffered by the victim and the victim's stated

concerns, is entirely logical that her recall of the event and the identity of her attacker became

clearer in the days immediately     following the incident. Furthermore,        there is nothing at all

suggestive   about the identifications.   The cell phone "Facebook"        identification   was one out of

three separate pictures with no testimony whatsoever           that any suggestiveness      was present.

The photo of Trapp     in the photo array was one out of eight pictures that included a different

picture of Trapp than what was presented to her by her sister. The victim was familiar with

Trapp through his presence in the area on previous occasions. Furthermore, the victim

clearly had an opportunity to observe her attacker during the incident.

                 Second, Ms. Saunders' testimony places Trapp near the scene at the time of

the incident and immediately prior to it. She also observed Trapp in possession of a similar

handgun at that time.

                 Third, Trapp hiding from the police between ceiling joists of an attic lying in

insulation in a dark and hot area is certainly consciousness of guilt. The suggestion that he

was hiding as a result of a prior warrant was not accepted by the jury. Incidentally, prior to

the attack on the victim, Trapp was not evading the police and in fact openly walked around

                                                                                                           7
in public until the incident.

                Finally, the bloody socks in Trapp's residence which contained Ms. Nixon's

DNA also strongly support Trapp's guilt. Trapp wore socks with grey toes and grey heels,

similar to the socks found in his residence. Viewing the socks, there were areas of blood that

had spattered and/or dropped on the socks and perhaps other areas in which the perpetrator,

while wearing the socks, stepped in blood. As well, there were photographs of the crime

scene, which showed blood spatters and even some pools of blood.

                 Trapp also asserts that the verdict was against the weight of the evidence. A

weight of an evidence claim enables a judge to reverse the verdict only when it is so contrary

to the evidence as to shock one's sense of justice and the reward of a new trial is imperative

so that right may be given another opportunity to prevail. Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 614
Pa. 1, 36 A.3d 24, 39 (2011), citing Commonwealth v. Blakeney, 596 Pa. 510, 946 A.2d 645,

652-53 (2008). "The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder of fact who is free

to believe all, part or none of the evidence and to determine the credibility of the witnesses."

Commonwealth v. Small, 559 Pa. 423, 435, 741 A.2d 666, 672 (1999), cert. denied, 531 U.S.
829, 121 S. Ct. 80 (2000).

                Clearly in light of the above evidence, the jury's verdict did not shock the

court's conscious. In fact, the jury's conclusion was similar to that as set forth by the court in

its opinion, verdict and order filed on June 14, 2012 finding Trapp guilty of persons not to

possess a firearm.

                Next, Trapp claims the court erred in granting the Commonwealth's motion in

limine to preclude the introduction of Trapp' s expert witness regarding the witness's

                                                                                                   8
identification of Trapp.

                On August 27, 2014, defense counsel contacted Dr. Jonathan Vallano about

providing expert testimony on eyewitness identification in this case. On September I, 2014,

Dr. Vallano submitted a letter to defense counsel that described his prospective testimony

regarding eyewitness memory issues. As September I was Labor Day and the courthouse was

closed, defense counsel reviewed the letter and provided a copy to the prosecuting attorney

via email on September 2, 2014. The Commonwealth immediately filed a motion to preclude

the expert testimony, because its case was neither solely nor primarily dependent on

eyewitness identification, a~      hearing had not been held to determine the admissibility of

the proposed expert testimony in this case, and the Commonwealth did not have sufficient

time before trial commenced to secure the services of its own expert.

                The court held an argument on the motion on September 4, 2014. The

argument focused on the reasons for defense counsel's delay in seeking and obtaining the

expert testimony and whether this case is one in which expert testimony regarding eyewitness

identification is admissible.

                Prior to May 28, 2014, expert testimony on the subject of eyewitness

identification was per se inadmissible in Pennsylvania. On May 28, 2014, in the case of

Commonwealth v. Walker, 92 A.3d 766 (Pa. 2014), however, the Pennsylvania Supreme

Court held that the admission of expert testimony regarding eyewitness identification is no

longer per se inadmissible; rather, the admissibility of such evidence is left to the discretion

of the trial court. This does not mean that such testimony would be admissible in every case,

though. The Court stated:

                                                                                                   9
               Initially, we envision that allowing such expert testimony would be
       limited to certain cases. As discussed below, such testimony would only be
       permitted where relevant. Pa.RE. 40 I. While we need not precisely
       define such situations, generally speaking, it would be where the
       Commonwealth's case is solely or primarily dependent upon eyewitness
       testimony.
92 A.3d at 787.

               Trapp argued that expert testimony is admissible in this case because the case

is based primarily on eyewitness testimony. He asserted that the bloody socks found in his

residence were not enough to render the proposed expert testimony inadmissible because, but

for the eyewitness identification of Trapp, his residence would not have been searched and

the socks would never have been found. Furthermore, the socks were "in question" because

his door had been kicked in sometime before the police arrived, which supported his

argument that the real perpetrator planted the socks in his residence.

               The Commonwealth argued that Walker was distinguishable because the sole

evidence was the eyewitness identification and the perpetrator was a stranger of a race

different than the person who was assaulted. The Commonwealth also noted that its case was

not based only on the eyewitness testimony of the victim. The Commonwealth pointed out

that it also had two pieces of DNA evidence, the testimony of a neighbor that tended to

corroborate the victim's identification, a videotaped statement in which Trapp admitted that

the sock was probably his, and the fact that the police found Trapp hiding in an attic for no

good reason.

                  The court agreed with the Commonwealth that the facts of Walker were

distinguishable. This case did not involve a complete stranger or a cross-racial identification.

                                                                                                10
Although the victim did not know Trapp by name, she had seen him previously around the

neighborhood. More importantly, this case was not solely or primarily dependent on

eyewitness identification testimony.

                 At the previous trial, the victim testified that on May 29, 2011, she was

awoken in the early morning hours believing that she was being "punched" in her chest. In

fact, she was being stabbed by a person who she described during the trial as being African

American, wearing a white or cream colored hoodie and who looked familiar. She testified

that she had seen the individual previously around the neighborhood.

                 The perpetrator of the offense ended up not only stabbing Ms. Nixon but also

choking her and eventually shooting her in her cheek, temple area and knee.

                 The victim testified that she had an ample opportunity to identify the

individual who shot her and during the trial positively identified the Trapp as her assailant.

                 When the victim first spoke with the police immediately following her attack,

she testified that she was not thinking clearly. She was confused, scared and in pain.

Furthermore, she was worried about her physical condition and most of all about her

children. As a result, she was unable to provide any specifics regarding her assailant to the

police.

                 The victim was transported by ambulance to the Williamsport Emergency

Room where she was assessed and then life-flighted by helicopter to Geisinger Medical

Center. She underwent emergency treatment, was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit and

was intubated.

                 The victim started writing notes as her recollection of what occurred became

                                                                                                 11
clearer and as she testified her "memory got better." Among other things, she recalled that the

attacker wore a white or cream colored hoodie and shot her with a small silver gun.

                   Her sister visited her in the hospital and, based upon information her sister had

received from others, she showed Ms. Nixon three photographs obtained from Facebook of

three different individuals. One of the photographs depicted Trapp. According to the victim,

the photos jogged her memory and she recognized Trapp as her attacker.

                   Subsequently, the victim identified Trapp from a photo array that had been

presented to her by the Williamsport Police. Without any suggestions being made to her, she

quickly picked out Trapp and identified him as her attacker. The photo array picture of Trapp

was not the same Facebook photograph she had previously recognized.

                   According to the victim, there was no doubt in her mind that Trapp was the

individual who attacked her. She had previously seen Trapp "quite often" outside of where

she resided smoking cigarettes. During her testimony, the victim positively identified Trapp

as her attacker.

                   Officer Levan of the Williamsport Bureau of Police confirmed that when he

first contacted the victim immediately following the attack, she was hysterical, crying

obsessively, frantic, "absolutely" upset, unsteady and suffering from a "gross amount" of

blood loss.

                   Agent Eric Delker of the Williamsport Bureau of Police confirmed the

victim's testimony with respect to the photo array. He indicated that when he presented the

array to her, there was nothing suggestive about it and he asked that she look at it closely to

determine if there was anyone who she recognized. She identified Trapp and indicated that

                                                                                                 12
she was absolutely sure that he was the individual who attacked her and shot her.

                A neighbor, Shana Saunders, testified that a few nights before the attack she

had an encounter with Trapp. She heard Trapp fire a handgun and saw him with a small silver

gun. Trapp asked Ms. Saunders not to tell anyone what she observed. Ms. Saunders also saw

Trapp in front of his apartment, a few doors from the victim's apartment, only a few hours

prior to the attack.

                Agent Leonard Dincher of the Williamsport Bureau of Police indicated that

following the victim's identification of Trapp and further investigation, a warrant was issued

for Trapp's arrest. He obtained information that Trapp was at 523 High Street. He and other

police officers searched the residence and eventually found Trapp lying between ceiling joists

in the rafters below the roof hiding from the police. Trapp was attempting to evade

apprehension by hiding in an area of the home that was very inaccessible and in an area that

was extremely hot with no ventilation whatsoever.

                A search warrant was obtained for Trapp's residence and a pair of bloody

socks was found in the living room. The blood stain was tested and a DNA expert testified

that the DNA in the blood was consistent with that of the victim. The expert opined that the

chances of the blood being similar to the DNA of another person were extremely small.

                There were hairs and other material on the sock which initially were not

submitted for DNA analysis. This evidence subsequently was submitted for DNA analysis

and Trapp's DNA was discovered on the sock.

                It was clear from the Pennsylvania Supreme Court opinion in Walker that the

Court did not envision expert testimony regarding eyewitness identification would be

                                                                                                13
admissible in every case or even in thousands of cases. The court found that the notes from

the victim referencing a white or cream colored hoodie and a small silver gun, the supporting

testimony from the neighbor, the bloody sock with both the victim's and Trapp's DNA on it,

Trapp's videotaped statement that the sock was probably his and the evidence of Trapp's

consciousness of guilt, were sufficient to show that the Commonwealth's case was not

primarily dependent upon eyewitness testimony.

               Trapp also avers that the court's sentence was excessive. "Sentencing is a

matter vested in the sound discretion of the sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be

disturbed on appeal absent a manifest abuse of discretion." Commonwealth v. Bricker, 41
A.3d 872, 875 (Pa. Super. 2012), quoting Commonwealth v. Cunningham, 805 A.2d 566,

575 (Pa. Super. 2002). "[A]n abuse of discretion is more than a mere error of judgement;

thus, a sentencing court will not have abused its discretion unless 'the record discloses that

the judgment exercised was manifestly unreasonable, or the result of partiality, prejudice,

bias, or ill-will."' Commonwealth v. Walls, 592 Pa. 557, 926 A.2d 957, 961 (2007), quoting

Commonwealth v. Smith, 543 Pa. 566, 673 A.2d 893, 895 (1996).

               "In determining whether a sentence is manifestly excessive, the appellate court

must give great weight to the sentencing court's discretion, as he or she is in the best position

to measure factors such as the nature of the crime, the defendant's character, and the

defendant's display of remorse, defiance, or indifference. Commonwealth v. Colon, 102
A.3d 1033, 1043 (Pa. Super. 2014), quoting Commonwealth v. Mouzon, 828 A.2d 1126,

1128 (Pa. Super. 2003).

                Trapp has not alleged that the judgment exercised by the court was manifestly

                                                                                                 14
unreasonable or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will. Trapp has only alleged that

the court did not accept his arguments as to why the sentence should be less than what was

imposed.

                The court had the benefit of a presentence investigation and discussed it at the

sentencing hearing. The court noted that Trapp was 27 years old and had a ninth grade

education. He was married and had three children. He maintained his innocence and claimed

that he was assaulted in prison by one of the victim's family members, who allegedly said

that he knew Trapp did not do it but that Trapp knew who did.

                The court discussed Trapp's extensive prior juvenile and adult record,

including adjudications of delinquency for simple assault, criminal mischief, terroristic

threats, a felony one robbery and possession of instruments of crime. Trapp also had adult

convictions for possession of a small amount of marijuana and aggravated harassment by a

prisoner. There was some confusion over indecent assault and unlawful restraint convictions

where the offense occurred when Trapp was a juvenile but the convictions were reflected as

adult convictions in 2009, so the court did not consider those offenses when sentencing

Trapp.

               Trapp's prior record score was a five based on his four-point felony one

robbery adjudication as a juvenile and his conviction for aggravated harassment by a prison,

which was graded as a felony of the third degree. Trapp's misdemeanor adjudications of

delinquency did not count toward his prior record score, but they did shed light on Trapp's

character and prior attempts at rehabilitation. Four ofTrapp's sentences or dispositions of

probation were revoked and he was resentenced.

                                                                                                15
               The court also noted Trapp's family history and troubled upbringing. Trapp

indicated to the writer of the pre-sentence investigation that his parents were crack addicts

and he bounced from house-to-house, living with his paternal grandmother, then his maternal

grandmother, then an uncle, and then juvenile facilities and foster care. He had no stability or

structure.

               Trapp also reported that he had a diagnosis of bipolar and depression as an

eight year old. He was prescribed all sorts of medications, but stopped taking them when he

was 17 years old because they made him feel sluggish and hungry.

               The court heard from the victim, Ms. Nixon, at the sentencing hearing. She

indicated the following: Trapp tried to take her away from her kids, family and friends, but he

failed; the past four years had been rough, with many sleepless nights; Trapp hurt not only

her, but her kids as well; and Trapp deserved every single day to sit and rot in prison.

               The court considered the nature and circumstances of the crimes. The crimes

were nightmarish and horrific. A young woman, asleep in her residence, was awoken by

someone trying to kill her. She initially thought someone was punching her, but then she

realized that she was being stabbed in the chest. She also was choked and shot in her face

and in her knee. Ms. Nixon's two children were in the house, and one of them saw the

incident. A family was traumatized by a random, senseless act of violence that was planned,

purposeful and heinous.

                The crime also had an impact on the community. Random acts of violence

such as this make people worried and scared. They do not feel safe in their own homes. No

civilized society condones or approves of this type of behavior. Even Vikings, who were

                                                                                                16
considered barbarians, did not do these types of things to each other, but only their enemies.

Merely because the courtroom was not jammed with clamoring members of the public does

not mean that the crime had no impact on the community. Furthermore, as noted by Trapp in

his post sentence motion, the media was present and reported about this crime.

                 The court considered Trapp's history and characteristics. The court

acknowledged that to a significant degree Trapp was a product of his environment, but that

did not excuse or justify what he did. He was a product of his choices as well. He didn't

commit this offense in a drug induced rage or steal to survive living on the streets. Instead,

this was a choice to try to kill this woman and to be her and her children's nightmare for the

rest of their lives.

                 In addition to his prior criminal history, Trapp had a history of misconducts

while he was incarcerated on these offenses. Trapp's prior record and history of misconducts

showed the court a man who couldn't abide by the rules as a juvenile, couldn't abide by the

rules as a free adult, and couldn't abide by the rules in prison either. The court also noted

that this incident didn't happen when Trapp was 18 or 19 years old.

                 The court considered the gravity of the offense with respect to the impact on

the victim and the community. Although the victim's physical injuries have healed and are

now scars that will eventually fade, the victim is lucky to be alive. The psychological impact

of this trauma on her and her children likely will be with them for the rest of their lives.

                 After considering all of these things, the court concluded that Ms. Nixon and

her family needed peace, the community needed protection from this type of conduct, and

Trapp needed incarceration and supervision for a long, long time. Therefore, the court

                                                                                                 17
imposed an aggregate sentence of 32 Y2 to 65 years of incarceration.

                   Trapp's final issue on appeal is the sentence must be vacated because the court

relied upon impermissible factors in imposing sentence. Trapp does not specify the

impermissible factors in his concise statement. The court, however, assumes that Trapp is

making the same arguments that he made in his post sentence motion. Inthat motion, Trapp

asserted that the deadly weapon used matrix as set forth in the guidelines was

unconstitutional in light of the Alleyne decision' or, in the alternative, the deadly weapon

enhancement was vague and overbroad.

                    There was no basis whatsoever in law to support Trapp's arguments. The

sentencing guidelines are advisory only and clearly outside the purview of Alleyne.

Commonwealth v. Ali, 112 A.3d 1210, 1226 (Pa. Super. 2015); Commonwealth v.

Buterbaugh, 91 A.3d 1247, 1269 n.10 (Pa. Super. 2014). As well, the vague and overbroad

argument has been previously addressed and rejected. See Commonwealth v. McKeithan,

350 Pa. Super. 160, 504 A.2d 294, 300-301 (1986).

                    While the court had no discretion as to whether it would apply § 303.4 and

add at least twelve (12) months and up to twenty-four (24) months to the standard sentencing

guideline range since Trapp possessed a deadly weapon during the commission of an offense,

it did have the discretion in imposing a sentence after it had determined the proper sentencing

guideline range. Commonwealth v. Bowen, 417 Pa. Super. 340, 612 A.2d 512 (1992),

quoting Commonwealth v. Dotzman, 558 A.2d 1312, 1317 (Pa. Super. 1991). The facts and

circumstances of this case, however, clearly warranted the imposition of a deadly weapon

I
    Alleyne v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2151 (U.S. 2013).
                                                                                                 18
enhancement. Trapp not only shot Ms. Nixon, he stabbed her as well. Certainly, if any case

deserved imposition of the deadly weapon enhancement, this one did.

DATE:       I-- i 4 -- ~/~                         By The Court,
        ------

                                                   Marc F. Lovecchio, Judge

cc:     Melissa Kalaus, Esquire (ADA)
        Grata Davis, Esquire (APD)
      »/Work file
        Gary Weber, Esquire (Lycoming Reporter)
        Superior Court (original & 1)

                                                                                         19
                                                                       Circulated 06/22/2016 02:24 PM
                                                              ,..v

       IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF LYCOMING COUNTY, PENNS,YLVANIA, ,
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SHAKOOR TRAPP,                                                                     j
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         Defendant                        Post - Sentence Motion                                                :2::

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

                By Information filed on July 21, 2011, Defendant was charged with numerous

criminal offenses, the most serious of which were criminal attempt - homicide and

aggravated assault. Following a lengthy jury trial, Defendant was found guilty of attempted

murder, aggravated assault, burglary, criminal trespass, possession of instrument of a crime,

recklessly endangering another person and simple assault. On April 8, 2015, Defendant was

sentenced to an aggregate period of state incarceration, the minimum of which was 32 ~

years and the maximum of which was 65 years.

                The aggregate sentence consisted of 20 to 40 years for attempted homicide, a

felony of the first degree; 6 Y2 to 13 years for Count 4, burglary, a felony of the first degree; 5

to 10 years for Count 6, persons not to possess, a felony of the second degree; and 1 to 2

years for Count 7, possessing instruments of a crime, a misdemeanor of the first degree. The

sentence was effective April 8, 2015 although Defendant had credit for time served from June

1, 2011 to April 7, 2015. Defendant filed a post-sentence motion on April 17, 2015, which

was argued before the court on May 26, 2015.

                Defendant raises several issues in his post-sentence motion. First, Defendant

                                                 1

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claims that the evidence was insufficient to meet the Commonwealth's burden of proof for all

of the offenses charged. Second, Defendant argues that the verdict was against the weight of

the evidence with respect to all of the charges. Third, Defendant argues that the Court erred in

granting the Commonwealth's Motion in Limine to preclude the introduction of Defendant's

expert witness regarding the witness's identification of Defendant. Next, Defendant asserts

that the sentence was excessive and, in conjunction with such, Defendant also argues that the

court relied upon impermissible factors in imposing its sentence.

               In connection with both the sufficiency of evidence and weight arguments,

Defendant contends that the testimony and other evidence produced by the Commonwealth

failed to meet the appropriate legal standard to identify Defendant as the perpetrator of the

offenses. The parties obviously concede that in order for Defendant to be found guilty there

must be sufficient evidence to establish his identity as the perpetrator of the crime. Identity

may be established by both direct and circumstantial evidence.

               In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, the court considers whether the

evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from that evidence, viewed in a

light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner, would permit the jury to

have found every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v.

Davido, 582 Pa. 52, 868 A.2d 431, 435 (2005); Commonwealth v. Murphy, 577 Pa. 275, 844
A.2d 1228, 1233 (2004).

               Moreover, the Commonwealth may sustain its burden by only circumstantial

evidence and need not preclude every possibility of innocence. Commonwealth v. Orr, 38
                                                2
A.3d 868, 872 (Pa. 2011), quoting Commonwealth v. Hansley, 24 A.3d 410, 416 (Pa. Super.

2011). "Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt may be resolved by the factfinder unless the

evidence is so weak and inconclusive that as a matter of law, no probability of fact may be

drawn from the combined circumstances." Id.

               The court finds that there was an abundance of evidence upon which to

identify the Defendant as the perpetrator of the incident, which formed the basis for

Defendant's convictions.

               Tiffany Nixon testified that, on May 29, 2011, she was awoken in the early

morning hours believing that she was being "punched" in her chest. In fact, she was being

stabbed by a person that she described during the trial as being African American, wearing a

white or cream colored hoodie and who looked familiar. She testified that she had seen the

individual previously around the neighborhood.

               The perpetrator of the offense ended up not only stabbing Ms. Nixon but also

choking her and eventually shooting her in her cheek, temple and knee areas. She testified

that she had an ample opportunity to identify the individual who shot her and during the trial

positively identifiedDefendant   as her assailant.

               When Ms. Nixon first spoke with the police and immediately following her

attack, she testified that she was not thinking clearly. She was confused, scared and in pain.

Furthermore, she worried about her physical condition and most of all about her children. As

a result, she was unable to provide any specifics regarding her assailant to the police.

               Ms. Nixon was transported by ambulance to the Williamsport Emergency
                                                 3
Room where she was assessed and life-flighted by helicopter to Geisinger Medical Center.

She underwent emergency treatment, was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit and was

intubated.

               She started writing notes as her recollection of what occurred became clearer

and as she testified "her memory got better." Among other things, she.recalled that the

attacker wore a white or cream-colored hoodie and shot her with a small silver gun.

               Her sister visited her in the hospital and based upon information her sister had

received from others, she showed Ms. Nixon three photographs obtained from Facebook of

three individuals. One of the photographs was of Defendant. According to Ms. Nixon, the

photos jogged her memory and she recognized Defendant as her attacker.

               Subsequently, Ms. Nixon identified Defendant from a photo array that had

been presented to her by the Williamsport Police. Without any suggestions being made to her,

she quickly picked out Defendant and identified him as her attacker. The photo array picture

of Defendant was not the same Facebook photograph she had previously recognized.

               According to Ms. Nixon, there was no doubt in her mind that Defendant was

the individual who attacked her. She had previously seen Defendant "quite often" outside of

where she resided, among other things, smoking cigarettes.

               During her testimony, Ms. Nixon positively identified Defendant as her

attacker.

               Officer Levan of the Williamsport Bureau of Police confirmed that when he

first contacted Ms. Nixon immediately following the attack, she was hysterical, crying
                                               4
obsessively, frantic, absolutely upset, unsteady and suffering from a gross amount of blood

loss.

               Agent Eric Delker of the Williamsport Bureau of Police confirmed the

victim's testimony with respect to the photo array. He indicated that when he presented the

array to Ms. Nixon, there was nothing suggestive about it and he asked that she look at it

closely to determine if there was anyone who she recognized. Ms. Nixon identified

Defendant and indicated that she was absolutely sure that he was the individual who had

stabbed her and shot her.

               A neighbor, Shana Saunders, testified that a few nights before the attack, she

had an encounter with Defendant. She heard that Defendant fired a handgun and saw him

with a small silver gun similar to that testified to by the victim. Defendant asked Ms.

Saunders not to tell anyone what she observed. Ms. Saunders also saw Defendant in front of

his apartment, a few doors from the victim's apartment, only a few hours prior to the attack.

               Agent Leonard Dincher of the Williamsport Bureau of Police indicated that

following Ms. Nixon's identification of Defendant and further investigation, a warrant was

issued for Defendant's arrest. He obtained information that Defendant was at 523 High

Street. He and other police officers searched the residence and eventually found Defendant

hiding from the police by lying between ceiling joists in the rafters below the roof. Defendant

was attempting to evade apprehension by hiding in an area of the home that was very

inaccessible and in an area that was extremely hot with no ventilation whatsoever.

        As well, a pair of bloody socks was located at Defendant's residence. The blood on
                                               5
the socks was tested and a DNA expert testified that the DNA in the blood was consistent

with that of Ms. Nixon. The expert opined that the chances of the blood being similar to the

DNA of another person were extremely small.

               The court concludes that there was sufficient evidence for which the jury

could identify the Defendant as the perpetrator of the offenses.

               Ms. Nixon positively identified Defendant as her attacker to her sister while at

Geisinger, to Agent Delker at a non-suggestive photo array while at Geisinger, and in court.

All of these identifications were immediate and sure. There was no hesitancy whatsoever.

Ms. Nixon's failure to provide specifics immediately following the attack and during the few

days after the attack does not cause the court to doubt her identification. Indeed, given the

vicious nature of the attack, the injuries suffered by the victim and the victim's stated

concerns, is entirely logical that her recall of the event and the identity of her attacker became

clearer in the days immediately following the incident. Furthermore, there is nothing at all

suggestive about the identifications. The cell phone "Facebook" identification was one out of

three separate pictures with no testimony whatsoever that any suggestiveness was present.

The photo of Defendant in the photo array was one out of eight pictures that included a

different picture of Defendant than what was presented to her by her sister. The victim was

familiar with Defendant through his presence in the area on previous occasions.

Furthermore, the victim clearly had an opportunity to observe her attacker during the

incident.

                Second, Ms. Saunders' testimony places Defendant near the scene at the time
                                                 6
of the incident and immediately prior to it. She also observed Defendant in possession of a

similar handgun at that time.

               Third, Defendant hiding from the police between ceiling joists of an attic lying

in insulation in a dark and hot area is certainly consciousness of guilt. The suggestion that he

was hiding as a result of a prior warrant was not accepted by the jury. Incidentally, prior to

the attack on the victim, Defendant was not evading the police and in fact openly walked

around in public until the incident.

               Finally, the bloody socks in Defendant's residence which contained Ms.

Nixon's DNA also strongly support the Defendant's guilt. Defendant wore socks with grey

toes and grey heels, similar to the sock found in his residence, on him when he was arrested.

Viewing the socks, there were areas of blood that had spattered and/or dropped on the socks

and perhaps other areas in which the perpetrator while wearing the socks stepped in blood.

As well, there were photographs of the crime scene, which showed blood spatters and even

some pools of blood.

               A weight of an evidence claim enables a judge to reverse the verdict only

when it is contrary to the evidence as to shock one's sense of justice and the reward of a new

trial is imperative so that right may be given another opportunity to prevail. Commonwealth

v. Sanchez, 614 Pa. 1, 36 A.3d 24, 39 (2011), citing Commonwealth v. Blakeny, 596 Pa.
510, 946 A.2d 645, 652-53 (2008). "The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder

of fact who is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence and to determine the credibility

of the witnesses." Commonwealth v. Small, 559 Pa. 423, 435, 741 A.2d 666, 672 (1999),
                                                7
cert. denied, 531 U.S. 829, 121 S. Ct. 80 (2000).

                Clearly in light of the above evidence, the jury's verdict did not shock the

court's conscious. In fact, the jury's conclusion was similar to that as set forth by the court in

its opinion, verdict and order filed on June 14, 2012 finding Defendant guilty of persons not

to possess a firearm.

                At trial, the defense sought to admit the expert testimony of Jonathan P.

Vallano, Ph. D, a legal psychologist and assistant professor of psychology at the University of

Pittsburgh at Greensburg. The Commonwealth filed a motion in limine to preclude the

introduction of Dr. Vallano's testimony and the court granted the Commonwealth's motion

pursuant to an opinion and order dated September 4, 2014. The defense concludes that the

court erred in that opinion.

                The court disagrees with Defendant and incorporates its opinion and order that

was dated September 4, 2014 but filed on September 5, 2014.

                As the court noted, it is clear from the Pennsylvania Supreme Court decision

in Commonwealth v. Walker, 92 A.3d 766 (Pa. 2014), that the Supreme Court did not

envision that expert testimony regarding eyewitness identification would be admissible in

every case. The court finds that the notes from the victim referencing a white or cream-

colored hoodie and a small silver gun, the supporting testimony from the neighbor, the

bloody sock with both the victim's and Defendant's DNA on it, Defendant's videotaped

statement that the sock was probably his and the evidence of Defendant's consciousness of

guilt are sufficient to show the Commonwealth's case was not primarily dependent upon
                                                 8
eyewitness testimony.

               Defendant avers next that the sentence of 32 'h years to 65 years of state

incarceration was excessive. It is unclear as to why Defendant claims the sentence was

excessive other than that the Court did not agree with defense argument that the sentence

should be low in light of the Defendant's age, his alleged likelihood of becoming

rehabilitated, his initial involvement in treatment, that there was no evidence as to impact on

the community and that it was inconsistent with "like and similar cases in Lycoming

County."

               "Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the Sentencing Judge,

and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal absent a manifest abuse of discretion."

Commonwealth v. Bricker, 41 A.3d 872, 875 (Pa. Super. 2012), quoting Commonwealth v.

Cunningham, 805 A.2d 566, 575 (Pa. Super. 2002). "[A]n abuse of discretion is more than

a mere error of judgement; thus, a sentencing court will not have abused its discretion unless

'the record discloses that the judgment exercised was manifestly unreasonable, or the result

of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will."' Commonwealth v. Walls, 592 Pa. 557, 926 A.2d
957, 961 (2007), quoting Commonwealth v. Smith, 543 Pa. 566, 673 A.2d 893, 895 (1996).

               "In determining whether a sentence is manifestly excessive, the appellate court

must give great weight to the sentencing court's discretion, as he or she is in the best position

to measure factors such as the nature of the crime, the defendant's character, and the

defendant's display of remorse, defiance, or indifference. Commonwealth v. Colon, 102
A.3d 1033, 1043 (Pa. Super. 2014), quoting Commonwealth v. Mouzon, 828 A.2d 1126,
                                                9
1128 (Pa. Super. 2003).

               Defendant has not alleged that the judgment exercised by the court was

manifestly unreasonable or the result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will. Defendant has

only alleged that the court did not accept his arguments as to why the sentence should be less

than what was imposed.

               The court considered all of the relevant factors as required and imposed a

sentence that was consistent with the protection of the public, reflected the rehabilitative

needs of Defendant, reflected the impact of the crime on the victim which was substantial and

reflected the impact of the crime on the community.

                Defendant's final argument is that the court relied upon impermissible factors

in imposing the sentence. Specifically, Defendant contends that the court employed the

deadly weapon used matrix as set forth in the guidelines and that said matrix is

unconstitutional in light of the Alleyne decision. In the alternative, Defendant argues that the

deadly weapon enhancements are vague and overbroad.

                Defendant's arguments are specious at best. There is no basis whatsoever in

law to support Defendant's arguments. The sentencing guidelines are advisory only and

clearly outside the purview of Alleyne. Commonwealth v. Ali, 112 A.3d 1210, 1226 (Pa.

Super. 2015). As well, the vague and overbroad argument has been previously addressed by

the Court and rejected. See Commonwealth v. McKeithan, 350 Pa. Super. 160, 504 A.2d
294, 300-301 (1986).

                While the trial court has no discretion as to whether it will apply§ 303.4 and
                                                10
add at least twelve (12) months and up to twenty-four (24) months to the standard sentencing

guideline range when a defendant possesses a deadly weapon during the commission of an

offense, it does have the discretion in imposing a sentence after it has determined the proper

sentencing guideline range. Commonwealth v. Bowen, 417 Pa. Super. 340, 612 A.2d 512

(1992), quoting Commonwealth v. Dotzman, 558 A.2d 1312, 1317 (Pa. Super. 1991).

                                           ORDER

                AND NOW, this ~       day of August 2015, for the reasons set forth above,

Defendant's post-sentence motion is denied.

                                              Marc F. Lovecchio, Judge

cc:   ,Alissa      Kalaus, Esquire (ADA)
      ~bert      Cronin, Esquire (APD)
         ~ary Weber, Esquire (Lycoming Reporter)
      . ./ Work file

                                               11
                                                                          Circulated 06/22/2016 02:24 PM

       IN THE COURT OF COMMON         PLEAS OF LYCOMING      COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

                                                                ·n-,.,:J'.2                              ~
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SHAKOOR TRAPP,                                                                                           )>
         Defendant
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                                                                                                         U1
                                  OPINION AND ORDER                                                      w

               Before the court is the Commonwealth's motion to preclude the defense from

presenting expert testimony regarding eyewitness identification. The relevant facts follow.

               On May 29, 2011, an individual entered a residence at 606 Maple Street in

Williamsport Pennsylvania and assaulted a 23-year old African American female in an

upstairs bedroom by stabbing, choking, and shooting her. Fortunately, she survived the attack

and sought help at a neighbor's residence.   After receiving medical treatment for her injuries,

the victim identified the Defendant as her attacker through photographs shown to her by

family members and a photo array conducted by the police. The police obtained a warrant for

the Defendant's arrest as well as a warrant to search his residence. When the police executed

the search warrant, they found a bloody sock near a couch in Defendant's living room.

               Defendant was arrested and charged with attempted homicide, two counts of

aggravated assault, burglary, criminal trespass, person not to possess a firearm, possessing

instruments of crime, recklessly endangering another person and simple assault. Upon

motion of the defense, the person not to possess charge was severed for trial purposes.

               The parties stipulated that the severed firearm charge would proceed to a non-

                                               1
jury trial and the other charges would proceed to a jury trial. The trial was held June 5-7,

2012. The jury trial ended in a mistrial, but the court convicted Defendant of the firearm

charge. Defendant filed an appeal, claiming that re-trial of the remaining charges was barred

by double jeopardy. This claim, however, was rejected by the appellate courts, and the case

was placed back on the trial list.

                Jury selection was scheduled for August 27, 2014. The day before jury

selection defense counsel requested a continuance to seek leave to hire an expert witness

regarding eyewitness identification. The court denied the continuance request and a jury was

selected. The trial is scheduled for September 10-12, 2014.

                On August 27, 2014, defense counsel contacted Dr. Jonathan Vallano about

providing expert testimony on eyewitness identification in this case. On September 1, 2014,

Dr. Vallano submitted a letter to defense counsel that described his prospective testimony

regarding eyewitness memory issues. As September 1 was Labor Day and the courthouse was

closed, defense counsel reviewed the letter and provided a copy to the prosecuting attorney

via email on September 2, 2014. The Commonwealth immediately filed a motion to preclude

the expert testimony, because its case is neither solely nor primarily dependent on eyewitness

identification, a Frye hearing has not been held to determine the admissibility of the proposed

expert testimony in this case, and the Commonwealth does not have sufficient time before

trial commences to secure the services of its own expert.

             · The court held an argument on the motion on September 4, 2014. The

argument focused on the reasons for defense counsel's delay in seeking and obtaining the
                                               2
expert testimony and whether this case is one in which expert testimony regarding eyewitness

identification is admissible.

                Prior to May 28, 2014, expert testimony on the subject of eyewitness

identification was per se inadmissible in Pennsylvania. On May 28, 2014, in the case of

Commonwealth v. Walker, 92 A.3d 766 (Pa. 2014), however, the Pennsylvania Supreme

Court held that the admission of expert testimony regarding eyewitness identification is no

longer per se inadmissible; rather, the admissibility of such evidence is left to the discretion

of the trial court. This does not mean that such testimony would be admissible in every case,

though. The Court stated:

                Initially, we envision that allowing such expert testimony would be
        limited to certain cases. As discussed below, such testimony would only be
        permitted where relevant. Pa.R.E. 401. While we need not precisely
        define such situations, generally speaking, it would be where the
        Commonwealth's case is solely or primarily dependent upon eyewitness
        testimony.
92 A.3d at 787.

                Defense counsel argued that expert testimony is admissible in this case

because the case is based primarily on eyewitness testimony. He asserted that the bloody

sock found in Defendant's residence is not enough to render the proposed expert testimony

inadmissible because, but for the eyewitness identification of Defendant, Defendant's

residence would not have been searched and the sock would never have been found.

Furthermore, the sock is "in question" because Defendant's door had been kicked in

sometime before the police arrived, which supports the defense argument that the real

                                                 3
perpetrator planted the sock in his residence.

               The Commonwealth argued that Walker is distinguishable because the sole

evidence was the eyewitness identification and the perpetrator was a stranger of a race

different than the person who was assaulted. The Commonwealth also noted that its case is

not based only on the eyewitness testimony of the victim. The Commonwealth pointed out

that it also has two pieces of DNA evidence, the testimony of a neighbor that tended to

corroborate the victim's identification, a videotaped statement in which the Defendant admits

that the sock was probably his, and the fact that the police found the Defendant hiding in an

attic for no good reason.

                The court agrees with the Commonwealth that the facts of Walker are

distinguishable. This case does not involve a complete stranger or a cross-racial

identification. Although the victim did not know Defendant by name, she had seen him

previously around the neighborhood. More importantly, this case is not solely or primarily

dependent on eyewitness identification testimony.

                At the previous trial, the victim testified that on May 29, 2011, she was

awoken in the early morning hours believing that she was being "punched" in her chest. In

fact, she was being stabbed by a person who she described during the trial as being African

American, wearing a white or cream colored hoodie and who looked familiar. She testified

that she had seen the individual previously around the neighborhood.

                The perpetrator of the offense ended up not only stabbing Ms. Nixon but also

choking her and eventually shooting her in her cheek, temple area and knee.
                                                 4
                 The victim testified that she had an ample opportunity to identify the

individual who shot her and during the trial positively identified the Defendant as her

assailant.

                 When the victim first spoke with the police immediately following her attack,

she testified that she was not thinking clearly. She was confused, scared and in pain.

Furthermore, she was worried about her physical condition and most of all about her

children. As a result, she was unable to provide any specifics regarding her assailant to the

police.

                 The victim was transported by ambulance to the Williamsport Emergency

Room where she was assessed and then lifeflighted by helicopter to Geisinger Medical

Center. She underwent emergency treatment, was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit and

was intubated.

                 The victim started writing notes as her recollection of what occurred became

clearer and as she testified her "memory got better." Among other things, she recalled that the

attacker won; a white or cream colored hoodie and shot her with a small silver gun.

                 Her sister visited her in the hospital and based upon information her sister had

received from others, showed Ms. Nixon three photographs obtained from Facebook of three

different individuals. One of the photographs depicted Defendant. According to the victim,

the photos jogged her memory and she recognized Defendant as her attacker.

                 Subsequently, the victim identified Defendant from a photo array that had

been presented to her by the Williamsport Police. Without any suggestions being made to her,
                                                 5
she quickly picked out Defendant and identified him as her attacker. The photo array picture

of Defendant was not the same Facebook photograph she had previously recognized.

               According to the victim, there was no doubt in her mind that Defendant was

the individual that attacked her. She had previously seen Defendant "quite often" outside of

where she resided, among other things, smoking cigarettes. During her testimony, the victim

positively identified Defendant as her attacker.

               Officer Levan of the Williamsport Bureau of Police confirmed that when he

first contacted the victim immediately following the attack, she was hysterical, crying

obsessively, frantic, "absolutely" upset, unsteady and suffering from a "gross amount" of

blood loss.

                Agent Eric Delker of the Williamsport Bureau of Police confirmed the

victim's testimony with respect to the photo array. He indicated that when he presented the

array to her, there was nothing suggestive about it and he asked that she look at it closely to

determine if there was anyone who she recognized. She identified Defendant and indicated

that she was absolutely sure that he was the individual who attacked her and shot her.

                A neighbor, Shana Saunders, testified that a few nights before the attack she

had an encounter with Defendant. She heard Defendant fire a handgun and saw him with a

small silver gun. Defendant asked Ms. Saunders not to tell anyone what she observed. Ms.

Saunders also saw Defendant in front of his apartment, a few doors from the victim's

apartment, only a few hours prior to the attack.

                Agent Leonard Dincher of the Williamsport Bureau of Police indicated that
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following the victim's identification of Defendant and further investigation, a warrant was

issued for Defendant's arrest. He obtained information that Defendant was at 523 High

Street. He and other police officers searched the residence and eventually found Defendant

lying between ceiling joists in the rafters below the roof hiding from the police. Defendant

was attempting to evade apprehension by hiding in an area of the home that was very

inaccessible and in an area that was extremely hot with no ventilation whatsoever.

               A search warrant was obtained for Defendant's residence and a pair of bloody

socks was found in the living room. The blood stain was tested and a DNA expert testified

that the DNA in the blood was consistent with that of the victim. The expert opined that the

chances of the blood being similar to the DNA of another person were extremely small.

               There were hairs and other material on the sock which initially were not

submitted for DNA analysis. This evidence subsequently was submitted for DNA analysis

and Defendant's DNA was discovered on the sock.

                It is clear from the Pennsylvania Supreme Court opinion in Walker that the

Court did not envision that expert testimony regarding eyewitness identification would be

admissible in every case or even in thousands of cases. The court finds that the notes from

the victim referencing a white or cream colored hoodie and a small silver gun, the supporting

testimony from the neighbor, the bloody sock with both the victim's and Defendant's DNA

on it, Defendant's videotaped statement that the sock was probably his and the evidence of

Defendant's consciousness of guilt, are sufficient to show that the Commonwealth's case is

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not primarily dependent upon eyewitness testimony.                 Therefore, the court will grant the

Commonwealth's motion.

                                                   ORDER

                 AND NOW, this           ;;;--- day of September 2014, the court GRANTS the

Commonwealth's motion to preclude the defense from offering expert testimony regarding

eyewitness identification in this case.

                                                      Marc F. Lovecchio, Judge

cc: /Melissa Kalaus, Esquire (ADA)
     vRobert Cronin, Esquire (APD)
    ~ Gary Weber, Esquire (Lycoming Reporter)
       Work file

1
  The court was surprised and somewhat dismayed by counsel's statement that he was unaware of the Walker
decision until sometime in July and the fact that he did not seek a continuance to consult with an expert until
August 26, the eve of jury selection. The court, however, did not decide this issue based on counsel's delay, but
solely on the fact that the Commonwealth's case is neither solely nor primarily based on eyewitness testimony.
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