Court Opinion

ID: 3063379
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-14 21:07:13.093033+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:07:44.145785
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE                                             NEWS RELEASE #050

FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

The Opinions handed down on the 14th day of October, 2015, are as follows:

BY JOHNSON, C.J.:

2015-C -0477        PATRICIA ANN THOMPSON   v.   WINN-DIXIE   MONTGOMERY,   INC.,   ET   AL.
                    (Parish of Iberia)

                    For the above reasons, we reverse the judgment of the court of
                    appeal as to apportionment of liability and reinstate the
                    district court’s judgment on the jury’s allocation of fault. We
                    likewise reverse the court of appeal’s judgment assessing 100% of
                    the costs to Winn-Dixie and reinstate the district court’s order
                    taxing Winn-Dixie and Ms. Thompson each with 50% of the costs.
                    REVERSED AND RENDERED.
10/14/15

                      SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                                 NO. 2015-C-0477

                         PATRICIA ANN THOMPSON

                                     VERSUS

                WINN-DIXIE MONTGOMERY, INC., ET AL.

       ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
               THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF IBERIA

JOHNSON, Chief Justice

      Plaintiff, Patricia Ann Thompson, was injured when she slipped and fell in a

puddle of water while shopping at a Winn-Dixie store. Plaintiff filed suit against

Winn-Dixie, which in turn filed a third party demand against Southern Cleaning

Services, Inc. (“SCSI”) which was contracted to provide floor care and janitorial

services to Winn-Dixie. SCSI filed a third party claim against its subcontractor for

those services, KAP Cleaning Services, Inc. (“KAP”). Following a jury trial, the jury

returned a verdict in favor of Ms. Thompson, finding KAP 70% at fault and Winn-

Dixie 30% at fault. On appeal, the court amended the district court’s judgment

holding that Winn-Dixie was statutorily 100% at fault. We granted Winn-Dixie’s writ

application to determine the correctness of the court of appeal’s ruling.

                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      On July 21, 2008, at approximately 10:00 p.m., Patricia Thompson was

shopping at the Winn-Dixie store in New Iberia, Louisiana, with her 8 year-old son.

Ms. Thompson was pushing a shopping cart and stopped at one of the meat cases to

take an item. After she placed the item in her cart, she proceeded to step forward and

slipped on a puddle of water in front of the case. After speaking with the store

manager, Michael Kimble, about the incident, Ms. Thompson completed her purchase

                                          1
and filled out an incident form. The “Customer Accident Investigation Form,”

completed by Mr. Kimble, provides the following description of the accident:

         The Floor Cleaning crew picked up the rug in front of the meat case and
         it was wet under it. Pat was walking down the meat case and slipped in
         the wet spot where the rug was rolled up. She said she just had back
         surgery. She said that her legs was hurting. She finished her shopping.

         Floor care janitorial services at the store were provided for pursuant to a

contract between Winn-Dixie and SCSI. SCSI, in turn, sub-contracted the work to a

cleaning service owned by Mildred Caldwell, d/b/a KAP Cleaning Service. KAP’s

employee, Veronica Hausner, was assigned to work at the New Iberia Winn-Dixie

store.

         Winn-Dixie routinely placed rubber-backed floor mats in front of the meat

cases to catch any drippings when loading or unloading items. However, it is

undisputed there was no floor mat placed down in front of the meat case at the time

of Ms. Thompson’s fall. Instead, the mat had been rolled up and pushed underneath

the front of the meat case by Ms. Hausner. As part of KAP’s routine duties, floor mats

were cleaned and rolled up to prepare for the mopping process. According to the

collective testimony, the size of the water puddle was approximately 4' x 2-3' and

would have been covered by the floor mat, had it not been rolled up.

         KAP personally trained its employees, and KAP safety procedures dictated that

if an employee found a spill or other condition on the premises that could be

considered hazardous, the employee was required to remain in the area of the hazard

until it was cleared. KAP employees were also trained regarding putting out “wet

floor” markers. Ms. Hausner was not in the area of the water puddle at the time Ms.

Thompson fell, nor were “wet floor” signs placed out in the area.

         Mr. Kimble testified he did not see any spills that night in front of the meat

cases which would have warranted a clean-up or directive to the cleaning service. The

meat department of the store closed at 8:00 p.m. and was not staffed by Winn-Dixie

                                            2
employees at the time of the accident. Mr. Kimble also conceded he did not routinely

walk the aisles of the store every thirty minutes, as required by Winn-Dixie’s policies.

      Evidence was presented at trial regarding the source of the water on the floor.

The evidence indicates the water likely “leaked” from the meat case, but the parties

disputed whether Winn-Dixie had actual or constructive notice of the water. Ms.

Thompson presented evidence demonstrating a history of lingering “leak” problems

with the cases, including a May 28, 2008, service ticket stating the frozen food and

meat cases “are all leaking water,” with no record of a repair to that particular meat

case prior to her accident. Winn-Dixie asserted there was no evidence of a “leak”

problem with that particular meat case. Additionally, Winn-Dixie presented testimony

from its refrigeration maintenance technician, Raymond Daigle. Mr. Daigle explained

that although all meat cases were reported to be “leaking,” the meat cases do not

“leak” because these units do not circulate water. However, he testified that

condensation would develop on the cases and accumulate on the floor around them

depending on temperature and humidity levels in the store. He further testified he was

in the store on the day of Ms. Thompson’s accident to fix a temperature problem in

the seafood cases, located in the same vicinity as the meat cases. He also checked

Freon levels in all refrigeration units requiring him to walk around most of the store.

Mr. Daigle did not observe any problem with a leaking case in the meat department

that day, nor was any leak reported to him.

      Prior to trial, Ms. Thompson settled with SCSI and KAP. However, because

Winn-Dixie pled the affirmative defense of third-party fault, the fault of KAP

remained an issue for trial. The jury returned a verdict in favor of Ms. Thompson,

finding KAP 70% at fault, Winn-Dixie 30% at fault, Ms. Thompson 0% at fault, and

awarding Ms. Thompson damages. The district court denied both parties’ Motions for

Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict and entered judgment on the jury verdict.

                                           3
       Both parties appealed.1 The court of appeal amended the judgment of the

district court, casting Winn-Dixie with 100% liability and increasing the amount of

damages awarded to Ms. Thompson. Thompson v. Winn-Dixie Montgomery, Inc.,

13-1063 (La. App. 3 Cir. 12/10/14), 158 So. 3d 41. In so doing, the court of appeal

found the jury erred as a matter of law in concluding that Winn-Dixie was only 30%

at fault:

       We find the law statutorily imposes liability on Winn-Dixie, “the
       merchant,” in a slip-and-fall accident that occurred on its premises. The
       law does not make any provision allowing Winn-Dixie to delegate its
       statutorily imposed duties by contracting with third-parties. Were this
       not so, every grocery store in the state could seek to avoid their statutory
       duties to shoppers to provide a safe place to shop by contractually
       assigning its responsibilities to third-party contractors such as the small,
       financially impecunious sub-contractor, KAP, in this case. Winn-Dixie
       is statutorily liable to Plaintiff for one-hundred percent of the damages
       occasioned by its negligence when, as here, its breach of duty caused
       Plaintiff injury. Thus, we find the jury erred as a matter of law in
       concluding that Winn-Dixie is only thirty percent at fault for this
       accident.

Thompson, 158 So. 3d at 45.

       The court additionally found Winn-Dixie was not shielded from its statutory

liability to Ms. Thompson because Winn-Dixie “clearly maintained the right to

control and supervise the work of the KAP employee.” The court explained that while

a principal is generally not liable for the acts of its independent contractor, an

exception to that rule applies when the principle reserves the right to supervise or

control the work of the independent contractor or gives express or implied

authorization to an unsafe practice. In finding this exception applicable to Winn-

Dixie, the court stated:

       Here, Winn-Dixie reserved the right to supervise and control the work
       of the independent contractor [SCSI] and it, in turn, made this

       1
         Subsequent to filing its Motion for Suspensive Appeal, Winn-Dixie’s appeal was dismissed
for abandonment under the provisions of La.Code Civ.P. art. 2126. The judgment dismissing
Winn-Dixie’s suspensive appeal reserved Winn-Dixie’s right to “seek modification, revision, or
reversal of the final judgment by answer to the Plaintiff’s appeal.” Winn-Dixie timely filed an
answer to Plaintiff’s appeal.

                                               4
       requirement part of its contract with KAP. The “Agreement for Floor
       Care Janitorial Services” provided that Winn-Dixie reserved the right to
       determine the color and type of uniform the cleaning personnel were
       required to wear when working in its stores; the right to set the
       schedules for all employees of the contractor [SCSI] or sub-contractor,
       KAP, working in its stores; the right to change the days/hours of
       cleaning services; the right to conduct un-announced inspections...of any
       contracted cleaning agents, assistants, employees, laborers, or
       subcontractors and his or her property. This includes, but is not limited
       to personal property, lunch pails, knapsacks, outerwear, boxes, brief
       cases, pails, scrubbers, etc. These inspections will be un-announced and
       may be conducted by [Winn-Dixie’s] loss prevention, security or Store
       Location personnel.

The court also pointed to a document entitled “Specific Janitorial Services,” attached

to the Agreement, setting forth each and every item of work to be performed, along

with the frequency of each detailed item of work to be performed. Id. at 45-46.

       Finally, the court of appeal found the evidence in the record supported a

finding that Ms. Thompson’s injuries resulted from Winn-Dixie’s failure to provide

a safe place to shop:

       Winn-Dixie’s manager on duty on the evening of Plaintiff’s fall
       confirmed there was a wet area on the floor at the time that Plaintiff fell.
       He further confirmed that the mats placed on the floor to avoid a
       customer slipping on water leaking from the display cases were smaller
       in size than the area of water on the floor where Plaintiff fell. This is not
       consistent with Winn-Dixie’s own safety-mat program designed for the
       safety of patrons shopping in its stores. Documents entered into
       evidence show Winn-Dixie knew its display cases were leaking months
       before this incident and that its attempts to rectify the problem were not
       working. Despite these facts, Winn-Dixie failed to offer evidence to
       show that the independent cleaning contractor, working under its
       supervision and control, was informed of the leaking problem.
       Additionally, the record shows Winn-Dixie’s procedures for maintaining
       this area were not followed on the evening Plaintiff slipped and fell, and
       Winn-Dixie’s manager on duty that evening did not perform the
       required policy of walking the store every thirty minutes to guard
       against such hazards. This was especially important given Winn-Dixie’s
       knowledge of the persistent problem with water leakage on the floor in
       front of its display cases. Plaintiff met her burden to prove that
       Winn-Dixie failed to meet its statutory duty to her to provide a safe
       place to shop. Plaintiff proved the elements necessary to recover
       damages from Winn-Dixie. No evidence forms any basis to assign any
       negligence to Plaintiff.

Id. at 47.

                                            5
       Winn-Dixie filed a writ application in this court, asserting the court of appeal

erred in casting it with 100% fault and in increasing Ms. Thompson’s damages award.

We granted Winn-Dixie’s writ application in part, solely to review the issue of

apportionment of liability.2

                                          DISCUSSION

       The relevant duty and burden of proof in a negligence case against a merchant

is set forth in La. R.S. 9:2800.6:

       A. A merchant owes a duty to persons who use his premises to exercise
       reasonable care to keep his aisles, passageways, and floors in a
       reasonably safe condition. This duty includes a reasonable effort to keep
       the premises free of any hazardous conditions which reasonably might
       give rise to damage.

       B. In a negligence claim brought against a merchant by a person
       lawfully on the merchant’s premises for damages as a result of an injury,
       death, or loss sustained because of a fall due to a condition existing in
       or on a merchant’s premises, the claimant shall have the burden of
       proving, in addition to all other elements of his cause of action, all of the
       following:

       (1) The condition presented an unreasonable risk of harm to the claimant
       and that risk of harm was reasonably foreseeable.

       (2) The merchant either created or had actual or constructive notice of
       the condition which caused the damage, prior to the occurrence.

       (3) The merchant failed to exercise reasonable care. In determining
       reasonable care, the absence of a written or verbal uniform cleanup or
       safety procedure is insufficient, alone, to prove failure to exercise
       reasonable care.

       C. Definitions:

       (1) “Constructive notice” means the claimant has proven that the
       condition existed for such a period of time that it would have been
       discovered if the merchant had exercised reasonable care. The presence
       of an employee of the merchant in the vicinity in which the condition
       exists does not, alone, constitute constructive notice, unless it is shown
       that the employee knew, or in the exercise of reasonable care should
       have known, of the condition.

       2
         Thompson v. Winn-Dixie, 15-477 (La. 6/5/15), — So. 3d —. Because we granted the writ
application in part, the court of appeal’s ruling on damages is final and not affected by our decision.

                                                  6
        (2) “Merchant” means one whose business is to sell goods, foods, wares,
        or merchandise at a fixed place of business. For purposes of this Section,
        a merchant includes an innkeeper with respect to those areas or aspects
        of the premises which are similar to those of a merchant, including but
        not limited to shops, restaurants, and lobby areas of or within the hotel,
        motel, or inn.

        D. Nothing herein shall affect any liability which a merchant may have
        under Civil Code Arts. 660, 667, 669, 2317, 2322, or 2695.

Thus, generally, Winn-Dixie owed a duty to Ms. Thompson to exercise reasonable

care to keep its floors in a reasonably safe condition and to keep the store free of

hazardous conditions. To prove her fall was caused by Winn-Dixie’s breach of this

duty, Ms. Thompson had the burden to prove the water on the floor presented an

unreasonable risk of harm, that Winn-Dixie either created or had actual or

constructive notice of the water, and that Winn-Dixie failed to exercise reasonable

care.

        Winn-Dixie argues the court of appeal legally erred in failing to apply

comparative fault and interpreting La. R.S. 9:2800.6 to require imposition of solidary

liability on Winn-Dixie for the fault of a joint tortfeasor, KAP. By contrast, Ms.

Thompson argues the court of appeal did consider comparative fault to find the jury

was manifestly erroneous in apportioning fault to KAP. We find Ms. Thompson’s

argument to be without merit. Our reading of the court of appeal’s opinion reveals

nothing to support a conclusion that the court reviewed the record for manifest error

and made a specific finding that KAP should be cast with 0% fault. Rather, based on

Winn-Dixie’s statutory duties under La. R.S. 9:2800.6, the court of appeal

specifically held the jury legally erred in concluding that Winn-Dixie was only 30%

at fault. The court did not conduct an analysis of comparative fault between Winn-

Dixie and KAP, nor did the court discuss KAP’s negligence, or lack thereof. The only

reference to comparative fault is a single sentence wherein the court of appeal stated

“no evidence forms any basis to assign any negligence to Plaintiff.” Thus, while it

                                            7
could be argued the court of appeal reviewed the record for manifest error regarding

Ms. Thompson’s comparative fault, the same argument cannot be made relative to

comparative fault on the part of KAP. Therefore, because our resolution of this

particular issue involves the correct interpretation of a statute, it is a question of law,

and reviewed by this court under a de novo standard of review. Red Stick Studio Dev.,

L.L.C. v. State ex rel. Dep’t of Econ. Dev., 10-0193 (La. 1/19/11), 56 So. 3d 181, 187.

       The court of appeal suggests that because Winn-Dixie owed a statutory duty

to Ms. Thompson under La. R.S. 9:2800.6, it was impossible for a third-party such

as KAP to be found even partly at fault. The opinion, in effect, creates a strict liability

situation wherein merchants are 100% responsible for slip and fall accidents on their

premises despite the fault of a third party. Although La. R.S. 9:2800.6 does place a

duty on a merchant to “to exercise reasonable care to keep his aisles, passageways,

and floors in a reasonably safe condition,” nothing in the statute precludes application

of comparative fault laws to third parties who may have contributed to a plaintiff’s

injuries. The court of appeal essentially imposed solidary liability on Winn-Dixie

without making any finding regarding KAP’s liability, thereby rejecting the mandates

of Code of Civil Procedure Articles 2323 and 2324.

       La. C.C. art. 2323 provides, in pertinent part:

       A. In any action for damages where a person suffers injury, death, or
       loss, the degree or percentage of fault of all persons causing or
       contributing to the injury, death, or loss shall be determined, regardless
       of whether the person is a party to the action or a nonparty, and
       regardless of the person’s insolvency, ability to pay, immunity by
       statute, … or that the other person’s identity is not known or reasonably
       ascertainable….

       B. The provisions of Paragraph A shall apply to any claim for recovery
       of damages for injury, death, or loss asserted under any law or legal
       doctrine or theory of liability, regardless of the basis of liability.

Further, La. C.C. art. 2324 provides, in pertinent part:

       A. He who conspires with another person to commit an intentional or
       willful act is answerable, in solido, with that person, for the damage

                                            8
       caused by such act.

       B. If liability is not solidary pursuant to Paragraph A, then liability for
       damages caused by two or more persons shall be a joint and divisible
       obligation. A joint tortfeasor shall not be liable for more than his degree
       of fault and shall not be solidarily liable with any other person for
       damages attributable to the fault of such other person, including the
       person suffering injury, death, or loss, regardless of such other person’s
       insolvency, ability to pay, degree of fault, immunity by statute or
       otherwise, including but not limited to immunity as provided in R.S.
       23:1032, or that the other person’s identity is not known or reasonably
       ascertainable.

When a law is clear and unambiguous and its application does not lead to absurd

consequences, the law shall be applied as written and no further interpretation may

be made in search of the intent of the legislature. La. C.C. art. 9. Accordingly, the

starting point for the interpretation of any statute is the language of the statute itself.

Dumas v. State ex rel. Dept. of Culture, Recreation & Tourism, 02-0563 (La.

10/15/02), 828 So. 2d 530, 536. These Civil Code articles do not eliminate or make

an exception for liability based on merchant fault under La. R.S. 9:2800.6. On the

contrary, the language of Articles 2323 and 2324 clearly and unambiguously provides

that comparative fault principles apply in “any action for damages” and apply to “any

claim” asserted under “any law or legal doctrine or theory of liability.” It is

indisputable that under the express provisions of La. C.C. art. 2323, 100% of the

causative fault for a harm must be allocated in actions for an injury under any theory

of liability. See H. Alston Johnson, 12 La. Civ. L. Treatise, Tort Law §§ 8.5 & 16.29

(2d ed.). As this court squarely held in Dumas, 828 So. 2d at 537-39, Articles 2323

and 2324 require that each actor be assigned an appropriate percentage of fault

regardless of the legal theory of liability asserted against each person, and that each

joint tortfeasor is only liable for his degree of fault. Further, there is no conflict

between either Articles 2323 or 2324 and La. R.S. 9:2800.6 that could be classified

as “absurd.” “The fundamental purpose of Louisiana’s comparative fault scheme is

to ensure that each tortfeasor is responsible only for the portion of the damage he has

                                            9
caused.” Miller v. LAMMICO, 07-1352 (La. 1/16/08), 973 So. 2d 693, 706. Statutory

duties imposed on one tortfeasor do not excuse joint tortfeasors from the

consequences of their own negligent acts.

       Further, contrary to the court of appeal’s finding, a merchant such as Winn-

Dixie does not “escape its statutorily imposed duty to its patrons” by contracting with

a third party for floor cleaning services. The contract does not eliminate Winn-Dixie’s

statutory duties owed to its patrons under La. R.S. 9:2800.6. But the existence of

these statutory duties does not abrogate the duty of care owed by KAP pursuant to La.

C.C. art. 23153 in performing the floor cleaning work. See, e.g., Boudreaux v. Farmer,

604 So. 2d 641, 650-52 (La. App. 1st Cir. 1992), writ denied, 605 So. 2d 1373 (1992).

Moreover, existence of these statutory duties does not mandate a finding of fault on

the part of the merchant. Apportionment of liability to the merchant still requires a

plaintiff to prove a breach of the duties set forth in La. R.S. 9: 2800.6. See, e.g.,

Thomas v. Albertsons, Inc., 28,950 (La. App. 2 Cir. 12/11/96), 685 So. 2d 1134

(wherein a third party floor cleaning contractor was found 100% liable for plaintiff’s

slip and fall because the plaintiff failed to prove the merchant had notice of the wet

floor caused by the contractor’s mopping).

       We must also reject the court of appeal’s suggestion that Winn-Dixie is 100%

statutorily liable because Winn-Dixie should not be allowed to contractually assign

its responsibilities to a small, “financially impecunious sub-contractor.” To the extent

the court of appeal finds Winn-Dixie is responsible for KAP’s fault because of the

disparity in their sizes and wealth, we note such a consideration is prohibited by La.

C.C. art. 2324(B), which mandates that a tortfeasor shall not be solidarily liable for

the negligence of a joint tortfeasor, regardless of that person’s insolvency or ability

       3
         La. C.C. art. 2315 (A) states: “Every act whatever of man that causes damage to another
obliges him by whose fault it happened to repair it.”

                                              10
to pay.

      For the above reasons we find the court of appeal legally erred in its

interpretation of La. R.S. 9:2800.6. Civil Code articles 2323 and 2324 are applicable

to claims falling under La. R.S. 9:2800.6. Thus, Winn-Dixie cannot be held

statutorily liable for KAP’s fault.

      Even after finding Winn-Dixie to be 100% statutorily liable, the court of appeal

alternatively justified its holding by finding Winn-Dixie was not shielded from its

statutory liability to Ms. Thompson because it exercised control over KAP’s work.

We disagree. Although the issue of “operational control” was not pled, briefed or

argued by any party, it was raised sua sponte by the court of appeal in its opinion. La.

C.C.P. art. 2124 gives an appellate court authority to “render any judgment which is

just, legal, and proper upon the record on appeal.” Further, Rule 1.3 of the Uniform

Rules of the Courts of Appeal provides the court of appeal “will review only those

issues which were submitted to the trial court and which are contained in

specification or assignments of error, unless the interest of justice clearly requires

otherwise.” (Emphasis added). However, once a court of appeal decides to review an

issue, the better practice is to invite additional briefing from the parties prior to

rendering judgment. The court of appeal’s failure to give the parties notice of its sua

sponte determination or to provide them with an opportunity to be heard on the issue

of operational control was legal error. Merrill v. Greyhound Lines, Inc. 10-2827 (La.

4/29/11), 60 So. 3d 600, 602; Wooley v. Lucksinger, 09-0571 (La. 4/1/11), 61 So. 3d

507, 564.

      Yet, even without the benefit of opposing argument or evidence from Winn-

Dixie, we find the evidence in the record insufficient to establish that Winn-Dixie

exercised operational control over KAP. The court of appeal correctly noted that,

generally, a principal is not liable for the offenses committed by an independent

                                          11
contractor while performing its contractual duties. Ellerbe v. Albertsons, Inc., 43,452

(La. App. 2 Cir. 8/13/08), 989 So. 2d 303, 305; Sys. Contractors Corp. v. Williams

& Associates Architects, 99-1221 (La. App. 5 Cir. 9/26/00), 769 So. 2d 777, 781;

Thomas v. Albertsons, Inc., 28,950 (La. App. 2 Cir. 12/11/96), 685 So. 2d 1134, writ

denied, 97-0391 (La. 3/27/97), 692 So. 2d 395; Morales v. Davis Brothers

Construction Company, Inc., 94-0902 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/15/94), 647 So. 2d 1302,

writ denied, 95-0139 (La. 3/17/95), 651 So. 2d 271. Two exceptions to this general

rule exist: where the work is ultra-hazardous; or if the principal reserves the right to

supervise or control the work of the independent contractor. Sys. Contractors Corp.,

769 So. 2d at 781; Ledent v. Guar. Nat. Ins. Co., 31,346 (La. App. 2 Cir. 12/28/98),

723 So. 2d 531, 537. The court of appeal relied on the “Agreement for Floor Care

Janitorial Services” between Winn-Dixie and SCSI (made part of the contract

between SCSI and KAP) to find Winn-Dixie maintained the right to control and

supervise the work of KAP’s employee. Contrary to the court of appeal’s findings,

our review of the contracts, in conjunction with the testimony presented at trial,

establishes that KAP was an independent contractor and Winn-Dixie did not exercise

operational control over KAP’s employees. The court of appeal placed undue

emphasis on the fact that Winn-Dixie contractually dictated the hours for cleaning,

the staff’s attire, the equipment used, terms of inspections, and detailed descriptions

of the work to be performed. These factors are indicative of supervisory control a

merchant is permitted over a cleaning service that enters a commercial operation

during business hours where patrons are present. Here, the employee was hired,

trained and supervised by KAP, and was permitted to move about the store freely to

complete her tasks without any supervision or accompaniment by Winn-Dixie. The

employee was assigned to the store by KAP, not chosen by Winn-Dixie. In the event

the KAP employee did not show up or there was a problem with work performance,

                                          12
the Winn-Dixie store manager contacted KAP’s local manager, not the employee

directly. Winn-Dixie did not directly pay the employee or provide any benefits. The

employee’s time sheet information was provided by Winn-Dixie to SCSI. In turn,

SCSI payed KAP, which subsequently issued a paycheck to its employee. KAP was

required to provide all necessary equipment and materials. And, KAP was required

to maintain a regular, systematic inspection of the Winn-Dixie premises by a manager

or supervisor to ensure the work was performed in a good and workmanlike manner.

      Notably, while relying on the contracts to find operational control, the court of

appeal ignored contractual language which directly contravenes that finding. The

“Agreement for Floor Care Janitorial Services” executed between Winn-Dixie and

SCSI specifically provided that “[SCSI] is responsible for the direct control and

supervision of contractors, agents, assistants, employees, laborers, subcontractors and

supplies in the performance of the services.” Moreover, the contract with KAP

designated KAP as an independent contractor and provided KAP with sole authority

to direct and control its personnel: “[KAP] shall employ and direct such personnel,

as it requires performing the services herein contemplated, and shall exercise full and

complete authority over its personnel.”

      Because we find no legal basis to impose 100% liability on Winn-Dixie, we

proceed to review the record for manifest error on the jury’s allocation of fault. The

allocation of fault is a factual determination which is reviewed under the clearly

wrong standard. Clement v. Frey, 95-1119 (La. 1/16/96), 666 So. 2d 607, 611. The

standard of review we must apply to a trial court’s or a jury’s findings of fact is well

settled. A reviewing court may not set aside a trial court’s or a jury’s finding of fact

in the absence of “manifest error” or unless it is “clearly wrong.” This court has stated

a two-part test for the reversal of a factfinder’s determinations: 1) the appellate court

must find from the record that a reasonable factual basis does not exist for the finding

                                           13
of the trial court, and 2) the appellate court must further determine that the record

establishes that the finding is clearly wrong or manifestly erroneous. We are

cognizant of the fact that we must do more than merely review the record for some

evidence that supports the lower court’s finding. Rather, the reviewing court must

review the entire record before it and determine whether the jury’s finding was

clearly wrong or manifestly erroneous. Read v. Willwoods Cmty., 14-1475 (La.

3/17/15), 165 So. 3d 883, 888.

      Fault is evaluated under factors enumerated by this court in Watson v. State

Farm Fire and Casualty Insurance Co., 469 So. 2d 967 (La. 1985): (1) whether the

conduct resulted from inadvertence or involved an awareness of the danger; (2) how

great a risk was created by the conduct; (3) the significance of what was sought by

the conduct; (4) the capacities of the actor, whether superior or inferior, and, (5) any

extenuating circumstances which might require the actor to proceed in haste without

proper thought.

      With the foregoing legal standards in mind, we have reviewed the entire record

and find it contains sufficient evidence from which a rational trier of fact could find

KAP 70% at fault and Winn-Dixie 30% at fault. The record evidence demonstrates

that Ms. Hausner, as part of her regular cleaning duties for KAP, rolled up the mat in

front of the meat case and placed it under the case to prepare to mop the floor. Once

the mat was rolled up, the puddle of water was exposed. There is no evidence that

Winn-Dixie was aware of the water puddle prior to Ms. Thompson’s fall. After the

mat was rolled up exposing the water, Ms. Hausner left the area unprotected and

failed to place “wet floor” signs in the area, contrary to KAP’s safety policies.

Moreover, based on the size of the water puddle, it would have been completely

covered by the mat had it not been rolled up. Although Ms. Thompson presented

evidence that the mats used were smaller than those required by Winn-Dixie’s safety

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mat policies (3 ft. x 10 ft.), Mr. Kimble clarified that the mats were the same width

but approximately half the length of the size stated in the safety mat policy. Thus, the

shorter mat was still sufficient in size to cover the water puddle. Further, Winn-

Dixie’s “Safety Mat Program” does not mandate the 3 ft. x. 10 ft. size in the “Market”

area of the store, which encompasses the meat department.

      The jury also heard disputed evidence regarding the source of the water. The

evidence indicated the water came from the meat case, but the jury was presented

with disputed evidence regarding whether the cases actually “leaked,” the frequency

of such leaks, and whether Winn-Dixie was aware of a problem with that particular

meat case. The jury’s allocation of fault is consistent with evidence in the record. It

is reasonable that the jury attributed some fault to Winn-Dixie as being responsible

for keeping its floors clear and free of any hazardous conditions given the possibility

of condensation developing on the meat cases and causing wet spots on the floor . It

is also reasonable to assume the jury placed a greater percentage of fault on KAP

because its employee was the only person with first hand knowledge of the water and

was in the best position to prevent the accident had she not violated KAP’s safety

policies. Further, although the jury heard evidence related to Winn Dixie’s failure to

conduct inspections every thirty minutes as required by its safety policies, we can

reasonably assume the jury found this insignificant because the hazard (water puddle)

would have been fully concealed by the floor mat even if Winn-Dixie had conducted

such inspections.

      Applying the Watson factors to these facts, we find KAP was in a superior

position to Winn-Dixie to be aware of and warn Ms. Thompson of the hazard.

Further, the conduct of KAP’s employee in rolling up the mat, exposing the hazard

and abandoning the scene, created a greater risk to Ms. Thompson than any conduct

attributed to Winn-Dixie. And although KAP was directly responsible for Ms.

                                          15
Thompson’s slip and fall, Winn-Dixie remained ultimately responsible for

maintaining its floors in a safe condition. The jury properly applied the provisions of

La. R.S. 9:2800.6, along with Articles 2323 and 2324, to allocate fault. A reasonable

interpretation of the facts supports a finding that KAP bore the majority of fault both

as to the nature of the conduct as well as the relationship to the damage. For the

above reasons, we find no manifest error in the jury’s allocation of 70% fault to KAP

and 30% fault to Winn-Dixie.

       Winn-Dixie also seeks an equitable apportionment of costs pursuant to La.

C.C.P. art. 2164.4 Following a rule to show cause on cross-motions to tax costs, the

district court entered judgment granting all costs requested, but ordering the parties

to share equally in the payment. The court found 50/50 division of costs equitable

because KAP was found 70% at fault and plaintiff received a pre-trial settlement from

KAP. On appeal, the court ordered all costs assessed against Winn-Dixie after finding

it 100% liable. Because we are reinstating the district court’s judgment on allocation

of fault and liability, we also reinstate the district court’s taxing of costs, finding no

abuse of discretion.

                                        CONCLUSION

       After a review of the law and record, we find the court of appeal committed

legal error in amending the trial court’s judgment to assign 100% fault to Winn-

Dixie. We find the jury’s allocation of 30% fault to Winn-Dixie and 70% fault to

KAP is supported by the record. For the above reasons, we reverse the judgment of

the court of appeal as to apportionment of liability and reinstate the district court’s

judgment on the jury’s allocation of fault. We likewise reverse the court of appeal’s

judgment assessing 100% of the costs to Winn-Dixie and reinstate the district court’s

       4
         La. C.C.P. art. 2164 provides: “The appellate court shall render any judgment which is just,
legal, and proper upon the record on appeal. The court may award damages, including attorney fees,
for frivolous appeal or application for writs, and may tax the costs of the lower or appellate court,
or any part thereof, against any party to the suit, as in its judgment may be considered equitable.”

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order taxing Winn-Dixie and Ms. Thompson each with 50% of the costs.

                                 DECREE

     Reversed and rendered.

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