Court Opinion

ID: 3040068
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 23:02:11.860582+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:35.053892
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 02-2856
                                   ___________

International Paper Company,             *
                                         *
             Appellant,                  *
                                         *   Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 *   District Court for the
                                         *   Western District of Arkansas.
MCI WorldCom Network Services,           *
Inc.,                                    *          [PUBLISHED]

                                        *
             Appellee.                  *
                                  ____________

                             Submitted: December 15, 2005
                                Filed: March 6, 2006
                                 ___________

Before COLLOTON, McMILLIAN,1 and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                         ___________

PER CURIAM.

       Pending before this court is a motion by MCI WorldCom Network Services,
Inc. (“MCI”), to dismiss the appeal of International Paper Co. (“IP”) from a judgment
of the District Court for the Western District of Arkansas2 granting summary judgment

      1
        The Honorable Theodore McMillian died on January 18, 2006. This opinion
is filed by the remaining judges of the panel pursuant to Eighth Circuit Rule 47E.
      2
        The Honorable Robert T. Dawson, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Arkansas.
in favor of MCI on IP's complaint alleging state law claims of trespass, slander of title,
and unjust enrichment. Int’l Paper Co. v. MCI WorldCom Network Servs., Inc., 202
F. Supp. 2d 895 (W.D. Ark. 2002). While the appeal was pending, MCI filed for
bankruptcy, and the appeal was stayed. After MCI’s reorganization plan was
confirmed, MCI moved to dismiss the appeal on the ground that any claims that IP
may have had were discharged in bankruptcy. We grant MCI’s motion and dismiss
the appeal.

                                            I.

       MCI owns and operates a nation-wide fiber optic cable network that provides
telecommunications services to its customers. Missouri Pacific Railroad (“MoPac”
or “the railroad”) has a right-of-way on land in Arkansas owned by IP. In 1985 and
1987, MCI and MoPac entered into agreements that granted MCI an easement to lay,
maintain and use fiber optic cable within the railroad’s right-of-way. In 1987 and
1988, MCI laid fiber optic cable in the right-of-way, marking the route with
conspicuous posts and signs to indicate the presence of buried cable. Pursuant to the
agreements, MoPac uses a portion of the fiber optic cable for its own
telecommunications purposes.

       In November 2000, IP filed a diversity action in district court, alleging trespass,
slander of title, and unjust enrichment and seeking compensatory and punitive
damages and declaratory and injunctive relief. IP argued that MCI’s installation,
maintenance, and use of the fiber optic cable constituted a trespass because MoPac
lacked the authority to grant MCI an easement to lay, maintain, and use the fiber optic
cable for commercial telecommunications purposes. MCI moved for summary
judgment, asserting that MoPac had the right to grant MCI an easement, and, in any
event, any claims IP may have had were barred by the applicable statute of limitations.

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       In May 2002, the district court granted MCI’s motion for summary judgment.
The district court held that MoPac had the authority to grant MCI an easement. Id. at
903. Alternatively, the district court held that any claims IP may have had accrued in
1987 and 1988 when MCI installed the fiber optic cable and marked its presence with
conspicuous posts and signs, and were thus barred by the two-year statute of
limitations in Arkansas Code Annotated section 23-17-237. Int’l Paper, 202 F. Supp.
2d. at 905.

       After IP filed a timely notice of appeal, MCI filed for bankruptcy, and we
stayed the appeal. Effective April 20, 2004, the bankruptcy court confirmed MCI’s
reorganization plan. In re WorldCom, No. 02-13533, 2003 WL 23861928 (Bankr.
S.D.N.Y. Oct. 31, 2003) (unpublished).3 MCI moves to dismiss the appeal and,
alternatively, argues that the district court correctly granted its motion for summary
judgment.

                                          II.

       Under 11 U.S.C. § 1141(d)(1)(A), confirmation of a reorganization plan
“discharges the debtor from any debt that arose before the date of such confirmation.”
“‘Debt’ means liability on a claim,” id. § 101(12), and claim includes “[a] right to
payment, whether or not such right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated,
fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured,
or unsecured.” Id. § 101(5)(A). IP concedes that its claims concerning MCI’s
installation, maintenance, and use of the fiber optic cable before the plan confirmation
date were discharged in bankruptcy, but argues it has post-confirmation claims based
on a continuing trespass theory.

      3
    With the confirmation of its reorganization plan, MCI became MCI WorldCom
Communications, Inc.
                                          -3-
        MCI argues that IP’s continuing trespass argument is without merit, relying on
In re WorldCom, Inc., 320 B.R. 772 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2005) (WorldCom I), and In re
WorldCom, Inc., 328 B.R. 35 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2005) (WorldCom II). In WorldCom
I, 320 B.R. at 782-83, and WorldCom II, 328 B.R. at 54, the bankruptcy court held
that trespass and unjust enrichment claims concerning MCI’s fiber optic cable buried
in railroad right-of-ways were discharged in bankruptcy. The court rejected
claimants’ arguments that they had post-confirmation claims, concluding that light
signals sent through the cable did not constitute a continuing trespass under the laws
of Kansas, Alabama, and Georgia. MCI also notes that in an unpublished order,
Bockelman v. MCI WorldCom Network Services, Inc., No. 02-2075, Order (8th Cir.
June 1, 2004), this court granted MCI’s motion to dismiss an appeal concerning an
alleged trespass by MCI’s fiber optic cable in a railroad right-of-way, rejecting a
plaintiff’s argument that he had post-confirmation claims under a continuing trespass
theory under Missouri law.

       IP argues that WorldCom I, World Com II and Bockelman are not relevant
because those courts rejected claims of continuing trespass based on the transmission
of light signals through the fiber optic cable, while its continuing trespass claim is
based on MCI’s continued use of an easement that exceeds legal limits, which, IP
asserts, constitutes a continuing trespass under Arkansas law. See Quality Excelsior
Coal Co. v. Reeves, 177 S.W.2d 728, 732-33 (Ark. 1944) (defendant’s unauthorized
use of tunnel at same time as authorized use constituted continuing trespass). IP
argues that although MoPac had the right to grant MCI an easement to use the fiber
optic cable for railroad uses, it did not have the right to grant MCI an easement to use
the cable for commercial telecommunications uses.

       We believe IP’s argument is based on a distinction without a difference. As
MCI notes, if transmission of light signals cannot constitute a trespass under Arkansas
law, then transmission of light signals for a particular purpose cannot constitute a
trespass. We see no reason to believe that Arkansas would recognize a claim for

                                          -4-
damages from an intangible trespass of light signals. See W. Page Keeton et al.,
Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 13, at 71 (5th ed. 1984) (“While it is
generally assumed and held that a personal entry is unnecessary for a trespass, the
defendant’s act must result in an invasion of tangible matter. Otherwise, there would
be no use or interference with possession.” (footnote omitted)); see also Patton v. TPI
Petroleum, Inc., 356 F. Supp. 2d 921, 930 (E.D. Ark. 2005) (describing trespass as a
direct invasion by physical forces). Thus, MCI’s additional use could not constitute
a new or continuing trespass, even if it was beyond the scope of its easement.

       This court has held that when “[u]nder the applicable non-bankruptcy law” a
claim accrued before confirmation, that claim was discharged in bankruptcy.
McSherry v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 81 F.3d 739, 741 (8th Cir. 1996) (per curiam).
In the present case, as the district court held, assuming IP had a trespass claim under
Arkansas law, the claim accrued in 1987 and 1988 when MCI installed the fiber optic
cable and marked its route with conspicuous posts and signs that gave MCI notice of
the cable’s presence. Int’l Paper, 202 F. Supp. 2d at 905 (citing Core v. Southwestern
Bell Tel. Co., 847 F.2d 497, 498 (8th Cir. 1988) (per curiam) (finding that a trespass
claim under Arkansas law accrued upon notice of the location of the cable);
Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Poindexter, 433 S.W.2d 833, 835 (Ark. 1968) (holding
cause of action accrued when the telephone company marked presence of cable “by
posting conspicuous signs at intervals along the easement”)). Like the New York
bankruptcy court in the WorldCom cases, we conclude that any trespass claim IP may
have had was therefore discharged in bankruptcy.

      Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal.
                    _________________________________

                                          -5-