Court Opinion

ID: 4047919
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 00:31:13.293449+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:27:23.235613
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                                        05-14-01451-CV
                                                                              FIFTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                       DALLAS, TEXAS
                                                                                   4/10/2015 6:10:08 PM
                                                                                             LISA MATZ
                                                                                                 CLERK

                               No. 05-14-01451-CV

                                                                       FILED IN
                                                                5th COURT OF APPEALS
                                      In the                        DALLAS, TEXAS
                                Court of Appeals                4/10/2015 6:10:08 PM
                              for the Fifth District                  LISA MATZ
                                  Dallas, Texas                         Clerk

                                 KHANH DAO,
                                                                Appellant

                                        v.

     ELISSA GARCIA, ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF ROJELIO
             SALINAS, JR., AND ROJELIO SALINAS, SR.
                                                 Appellee

   APPELLEES ELISSA GARCIA, ON BEHALF OF THE ESTATE OF
    ROJELIO SALINAS, JR., AND ROJELIO SALINAS, SR.’S BRIEF

Lorien Whyte                                     Dan McDonald
State Bar No. 24042440                           State Bar No. 13539300
lwhyte@brinandbrin.com                           dan@mcdonaldlawfirm.com
Brin & Brin, P.C.                                Preston J. Dugas III
6223 IH 10 West                                  State Bar No. 24050189
San Antonio, Texas 78201                         preston@mcdonaldlawfirm.com
Tel: (210) 341-9711                              McDonald Law Firm, P.C.
Fax: (210) 341-1854                              One Museum Place
                                                 3100 W. 7th Street, Suite 230
                                                 Fort Worth, Texas 76107
                                                 Tel: (817) 717-5081
                                                 Fax: (817) 717-5082

 Attorneys for Appellees Elissa Garcia, on Behalf of the Estate of Rojelio Salinas,
                            Jr., and Rojelio Salinas, Sr.

                   ORAL ARGUMENT NOT REQUESTED
                IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

Appellant/Defendant: Khanh Dao   Appellees/Plaintiffs: Elissa Garcia, on
                                 Behalf of The Estate Of Rojelio Salinas,
                                 Jr., and Rojelio Salinas, Sr.

Trial and Appellate Counsel:     Trial and Appellate Counsel:
Chris Colby                      Lorien Whyte
State Bar No. 24031962           State Bar No. 24042440
Stacy Thompson                   lwhyte@brinandbrin.com
State Bar No. 24046971           Brin & Brin, P.C.
sthompson@mperrylaw.com          6223 IH 10 West
Meloney Perry                    San Antonio, Texas 78201
State Bar No. 00790424           Tel: (210) 341-9711
mperry@mperrylaw.com             Fax: (210) 341-1854
Tiffany Au
State Bar No. 24075842           Dan McDonald
tau@mperrylaw.com                State Bar No. 13539300
Perry Law P.C.                   dan@mcdonaldlawfirm.com
10440 North Central Expressway   Preston J. Dugas III
Suite 1120                       State Bar No. 24050189
Dallas, Texas 75231              preston@mcdonaldlawfirm.com
Tel: (214) 265-6201              Connie Squiers
Fax: (214) 265-6226              State Bar No. 18978515
                                 csquiers@mcdonaldlawfirm.com
                                 McDonald Law Firm, P.C.
                                 One Museum Place
                                 3100 W. 7th Street, Suite 230
                                 Fort Worth, Texas 76107
                                 Tel: (817) 717-5081
                                 Fax: (817) 717-5082

                                 ii
Defendant: Komali Restaurant, L.L.C.

Trial Attorneys:
Jerry L. Ewing, Jr.
State Bar No. 06755470
jerry.ewing@wbclawfirm.com
Nathan R. Cash
State Bar No. 24072026
Walters, Balido & Crain, LLP
Meadow Park Tower, 15th Floor
10440 N. Central Expressway
Dallas, Texas 75231
Tel: (214) 749-4850
Fax: (214) 760-1670

Defendant: Tim Parks

Trial Attorneys:
Richard E. Harrison
State Bar No. 24087837
rharrison@hlaw.us
Harrison & Hull, L.L.P.
112 W. Virginia St.
McKinney, Texas 75069
Tel: (214) 585-0094
Fax: (214) 585-0942

                                       iii
                                              TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL ...................................................................... ii

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .............................................................................................. vi

STATEMENT CONCERNING ORAL ARGUMENT ..................................................... ix

FACTS ................................................................................................................................. 1

   A. Parks was drinking all day and during the time that Dao was with him at his house 1

   B. Dao did not object to the jury charge, and her proposed submission included her
      name in the apportionment of liability question ......................................................... 2

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT .................................................................................. 5

ARGUMENT....................................................................................................................... 7

   I.       The evidence was legally sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Dao
            negligently entrusted her vehicle to Parks .............................................................. 7

         A. Standard of Review ................................................................................................ 7

         B. The evidence adduced at trial was sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Dao
              negligently entrusted her vehicle to Parks .......................................................... 9

            1. There was more than a scintilla of evidence that Dao entrusted her vehicle to
               Parks ................................................................................................................ 10

            2. There was more than a scintilla of evidence that Dao knew or should have
               known that Parks was unlicensed, incompetent, or reckless ........................... 17

   II.      The trial court did not abuse its discretion in submitting Dao in the apportionment
            of liability question, and the alleged error did not cause the rendition of an
            improper judgment ................................................................................................ 20

         A. Dao waived her complaint about her name being submitted in the apportionment
             of liability question ........................................................................................... 20

         B. Dao invited any alleged error by submitting her own proposed apportionment of
              liability question with her name included in it ................................................. 22
                                                                   iv
       C. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by submitting Dao in the
            apportionment of liability question ................................................................... 26

           1. Standard of Review ........................................................................................... 26

           2. Dao in no way established the trial court abused its discretion......................... 27

       D. Dao did not even attempt to establish any alleged error probably caused the
          rendition of an improper judgment ....................................................................... 31

   III. The trial court properly held Dao jointly and severally liable ................................ 32

PRAYER ........................................................................................................................... 37

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ................................................................................ 39

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE .......................................................................................... 39

                                                                 v
                                           TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Cases
Atl. Indus., Inc. v. Blair,
  No. 08-12-00093-CV, 2014 WL 4250540 (Tex. App.—El Paso Aug. 28, 2014, pet.
  filed)............................................................................................................................... 34
Bedford v. Moore,
  166 S.W.3d 454 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) .................................. 29, 33, 34
Bowie v. Broussard,
  No. 01-04-00941-CV, 2006 WL 727718 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] March 23,
  2006, no pet.) (mem. op.) .............................................................................................. 14
City of Keller v. Wilson,
  168 S.W.3d 802 (Tex. 2005) ........................................................................... 7, 8, 16, 20
Croucher v. Croucher,
  660 S.W.2d 55 (Tex. 1983) ....................................................................................... 7, 16
Demler v. Demler,
  836 S.W.2d 696 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, no writ) ..................................................... 21
Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis,
  46 S.W.3d 237 (Tex. 2001) ................................................................................. 8, 11, 16
Drooker v. Saeilo Motors,
  756 S.W.2d 394 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, writ denied).................... 12, 14
Edwards v. Mid–Continent Office Distribs., L.P.,
  252 S.W.3d 833 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, pet. denied) ................................................ 7
European Crossroads’ Shopping Ctr., Ltd. v. Criswell,
  910 S.W.2d 45 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, writ denied) ................................................ 26
F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P v. Duenez,
  237 S.W.3d 680 (Tex. 2007) ................................................................................... 33, 34
Fid. & Guar. Ins. Underwriters Inc. v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat. Ass'n,
  No. CIV.A. H-04-2833, 2006 WL 870683 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 31, 2006) ......................... 29
Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway,
  135 S.W.3d 598 (Tex. 2004) ........................................................................................... 8
Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson,
  116 S.W.3d 757 (Tex. 2003) ............................................................................... 8, 11, 16
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mayes,
  236 S.W.3d 754 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam) ................................................................ 9, 17
Haler v. Boyington Capital Grp., Inc.,
  411 S.W.3d 631 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied) .............................................. 25
Hoffmann v. Dandurand,
  143 S.W.3d 555 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.) ....................................................... 9
Holubec v. Brandenberger,
  111 S.W.3d 32 (Tex. 2003) ........................................................................................... 21

                                                                   vi
In re Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs.,
   273 S.W.3d 637 (Tex. 2009) ......................................................................................... 25
Jamar v. Patterson,
   910 S.W.2d 118 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, writ denied) ................ 10, 12
Loom Craft Carpet Mills, Inc. v. Gorrell,
   823 S.W.2d 431 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1992, no writ) .............................................. 34
MRT, Inc. v. Vounckx,
   299 S.W.3d 500 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.) ..................................................... 26
North American Van Lines, Inc. v. Emmons,
   50 S.W.3d 103 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2001, pet. denied) .......................................... 35
Reinhart v. Young,
   906 S.W.2d 471 (Tex. 1995) ................................................................................... 31, 32
Religious of Sacred Heart v. City of Houston,
   836 S.W.2d 606 (Tex. 1992) ......................................................................................... 21
Romero v. KPH Consol., Inc.,
   166 S.W.3d 212 (Tex. 2005) ......................................................................................... 31
Rosell v. Cent. W. Motor Stages, Inc.,
   89 S.W.3d 643 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2002, pet. denied) ......................................... passim
Royal Indem. Co. v. H.E. Abbott & Sons, Inc.,
   399 S.W.2d 343 (Tex. 1966) .................................................................................. passim
Russell v. Ramirez,
   949 S.W.2d 480 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no writ) .............................. 19
Russell v. Russell,
   865 S.W.2d 929 (Tex. 1993) ........................................................................................... 9
Sanders v. Total Heat & Air, Inc.,
   248 S.W.3d 907 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) ....................................................... 7
Soodeen v. Rychel,
   802 S.W.2d 361 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, writ denied).................... 13, 14
Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. E.B.,
   802 S.W.2d 647 (Tex. 1990) ......................................................................................... 26
Thota v. Young,
   366 S.W.3d 678 (Tex. 2012) ......................................................................................... 21
Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp.,
   171 S.W.3d 857 (Tex. 2005) ......................................................................................... 25
Transp. Ins. Co. v. Moriel,
   879 S.W.2d 10 (Tex. 1994) ............................................................................................. 7
Vaughn v. Watkins.
   344 S.W.2d 9022 (Tex. Civ. App.—Eastland 1961, writ ref’d n.r.e.) .................... 14, 15
Walker v. Cotter Props., Inc.,
   181 S.W.3d 895 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.) ................................................. 8, 16
Walker v. Packer,
   827 S.W.2d 833 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding) ........................................................... 26

                                                            vii
Statutes
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 33.003 .......................................................... 6, 27, 28, 35
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 33.003(a) ...................................................................... 27
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 33.003(b) ...................................................................... 32
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 33.013........................................................................... 36
Other Authorities
PJC 10.12 ........................................................................................................................... 30
PJC 4.3 ............................................................................................................................... 30
William D. Underwood & Michael D. Morrison, Apportioning Responsibility in Cases
  Involving Claims of Vicarious Derivative, or Statutory Liability for Harm Directly
  Caused by the Conduct of Another, 55 BAYLOR L. REV. 617, 647–48 (2003) ......... 34
Rules
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1........................................................................................................... 21
TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a)(1).................................................................................................. 31
TEX. R. CIV. P. 272 ............................................................................................................ 21
TEX. R. CIV. P. 274 ............................................................................................................ 21

                                                                  viii
             STATEMENT CONCERNING ORAL ARGUMENT

      Appellees have not requested oral argument because they believe that oral

argument is not necessary since the issues before this court can be determined

based on the briefing and the record before this Court. However, if this Court

determines oral argument will be helpful to its determination, appellees do not

wish to waive their right to participate in oral argument.

                                          ix
TO THE HONORABLE FIFTH COURT OF APPEALS:

      Appellees, Elissa Garcia, on Behalf of The Estate of Rojelio Salinas, Jr., and

Rojelio Salinas, Sr., respectfully file Appellees’ Brief, and in support of which

submit the following:

                                       FACTS

A. Parks was drinking all day and during the time that Dao was with him at
   his house.

      Dao’s Statement of Facts contains many misstatements. First, Dao attempts

to paint the picture that Dao had no idea that Parks had been drinking before he got

in her vehicle and took the life of Rojelio Salinas. However, the evidence was not

only clear that Parks had been drinking alcohol throughout the day leading up to

his dinner with Dao and prior to the accident, but there was also evidence that

Parks had been drinking while with Dao. 3 RR 218-19, 222. In the police video

played at trial, Parks told the officer he had a glass of wine at 8:00 p.m. and at 9:00

p.m. 3 RR 41. This is the same time period he was at his apartment cooking and

eating dinner with Dao.

      Dao testified she got to Parks’ apartment around 8:00 or 8:30 p.m. on the

night of the accident, and Parks cooked her dinner. 4 RR 81. Parks left the

apartment in Dao’s vehicle around 10:00 p.m., and arrived at Komali’s around

10:10 p.m. 3 RR 220-21. Parks testified that once at Komali’s he was only served

about a half of a glass of wine by Leann, which he did not finish. 3 RR 231, 33.
                                          1
Dickey’s testimony confirmed Parks only had a half glass of wine while at

Komali’s. 3 RR 90. According to both Parks’ and Dickey’s testimony, he was

only at Komali’s for about 10 minutes. 3 RR 273; 3 RR 89.

       Dao testified that she hadn’t been asleep for very long when her phone rang

and Parks told her he had been in an accident in her vehicle and he needed the

insurance information. 4 RR 84. The accident occurred at approximately 11:05

p.m. 7 RR Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 10C. The toxicologist testified that Parks had a blood

alcohol content of .22, which was almost three times over the legal limit. 3 RR

138-39. The toxicologist also testified that in his opinion, at the point Parks was at

Komali’s he would have been showing signs of intoxication. 3 RR 146.

      B. Dao did not object to the jury charge, and her proposed submission
         included her name in the apportionment of liability question.
      A primary complaint of Dao’s in this appeal is that her name should not

have been included in the apportionment of liability question. As a precursor to

that argument, in her statement of facts Dao completely misrepresents to the Court

that she “submitted her proposed jury instructions which followed this court’s

reasoning in Rosell and did not include Ms. Dao in the negligence or

apportionment questions. (CR 126).” Appellant’s Brief at 4. The record before this

Court clearly indicates that this is untrue:

                                           2
CR 121.

CR 126.

          3
      The proposed submission of Dao clearly included her name in the

negligence and the apportionment of liability questions. Her representation to this

Court to the contrary is completely without support. As is her contention that,

“The trial court overruled Ms. Dao’s objection to including her name in the

apportionment question, electing to include the Plaintiffs’ proposed version of the

apportionment question in the final charge. (CR 186-87).” Appellant’s Brief at 4.

Dao fails to direct this Court to anywhere in the record that would indicate she

objected to her name being included in the apportionment question. Id. In fact, a

review of both the reporter’s record and the clerk’s record indicates that no such

objection was ever made. RR 146-49 (formal jury charge conference); CR 126

(Dao’s submission of Question 2).

                                        4
                        SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

      The tragedy of Mr. Salinas’ death was the result of a series of negligent acts

by a number of people—namely the driver, Tim Parks, and Khanh Dao, whose

vehicle Parks was driving while he was almost three times over the legal limit.

The jury agreed and found Parks 85% liable and Dao 10% liable.

      The evidence established Parks and Dao had a close relationship and he had,

on almost a weekly basis, driven Dao’s vehicle with her permission. Parks had

been drinking most of the day leading up to the accident, and then he had

continued that downward spiral with wine during the time period he was with Dao.

While Dao testified Parks did not drink nor appear intoxicated when she was with

him, the jury was free to determine her credibility. The jury found that Dao had

negligently entrusted her vehicle to Parks.       There is evidence in the record

supporting the jury’s finding, and, therefore, the jury’s verdict must stand.

      As for Dao’s complaint that she was improperly included in the

apportionment of liability question in the jury charge, Dao invited any such

complaint by providing the Court with a proposed jury charge that actually listed

her own name in the question. Further, she waived the complaint because she

never objected to the question being submitted, even though she represents to this

Court that she did in fact object to it.

                                           5
      Even assuming Dao did not invite error or waive her complaint, which this

Court cannot ignore, Dao failed to establish the trial court abused its discretion in

submitting her name in the apportionment of liability question. Section 33.003 of

the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code mandates the submission and case

law supports the trial court including her name in the apportionment of liability

question. As such, this Court cannot find the trial court abused its discretion.

Likewise, Dao in no way argues to this Court that any alleged error probably

caused the rendition of an improper judgment, which is a prerequisite to reversing

the judgment.

      Finally, Dao’s complaint that she cannot be held jointly and severally liable

for 95% of the judgment (Parks’ 85% liability and Dao’s 10% liability) is

unavailing. A finding that Dao negligently entrusted her vehicle to Parks made her

liable for her and Parks’ liability. The case law clearly establishes that. Dao’s

attempt to only be held 10% liable is even contradicted by her own statements in

her brief that she had derivative liability exposure for the negligent entrustment of

her vehicle to Parks’. The jury’s verdict and the trial court’s judgment must stand.

                                         6
                                     ARGUMENT

I.    The evidence was legally sufficient to support the jury’s finding that
      Dao negligently entrusted her vehicle to Parks.

      A. Standard of Review.

      When, as here, Dao attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an

issue for which they did not have the burden of proof, they must demonstrate there

is no evidence to support the adverse finding. See Croucher v. Croucher, 660
S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex. 1983). When conducting a legal sufficiency review, this

Court must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the finding, crediting

favorable evidence if a reasonable fact-finder could and disregarding contrary

evidence unless a reasonable fact-finder could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168
S.W.3d 802, 807, 822 (Tex. 2005); Sanders v. Total Heat & Air, Inc., 248 S.W.3d
907, 912 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.). This Court must determine whether

the evidence as a whole rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-

minded people to differ in their conclusions. Transp. Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879
S.W.2d 10, 25 (Tex. 1994); Edwards v. Mid–Continent Office Distribs., L.P.,252
S.W.3d 833, 836 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, pet. denied).

      Evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s finding unless: (1) the

record discloses a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is

barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence

offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no
                                        7
more than a mere scintilla; or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the

opposite of the vital fact. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 810. Evidence does not

exceed a scintilla if it is “so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or

suspicion” that the fact exists. Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 601

(Tex. 2004). Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is legally sufficient to

support a challenged finding. Walker v. Cotter Props., Inc., 181 S.W.3d 895, 899

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.).

      This Court must indulge every reasonable inference in support of that

finding. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822. “Jurors are the sole judges of the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight to give their testimony. They may

choose to believe one witness and disbelieve another. Reviewing courts cannot

impose their own opinions to the contrary.” Id. at 819. “Courts reviewing all the

evidence in a light favorable to the verdict thus assume that jurors credited

testimony favorable to the verdict and disbelieved testimony contrary to it.” Id.

This Court must defer to the jury as the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility.

Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex. 2001); see Golden Eagle

Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003). The jury may choose

to believe one witness over another, and a reviewing court may not impose its own

opinion to the contrary. Golden Eagle Archery, 116 S.W.3d at 761.

                                        8
      Further, any ultimate fact may be proved by circumstantial evidence. Russell

v. Russell, 865 S.W.2d 929, 933 (Tex.             1993); see also Hoffmann v.

Dandurand, 143 S.W.3d 555, 559 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.) (ultimate fact

is one that is essential to cause of action and would have direct effect on

judgment). An ultimate fact is established by circumstantial evidence when the

fact may be fairly and reasonably inferred from other facts proved in the

case. Russell, 865 S.W.2d at 933.

      B. The evidence adduced at trial was sufficient to support the jury’s
         finding that Dao negligently entrusted her vehicle to Parks.
      To establish liability under a negligent entrustment theory, plaintiffs were

required to establish that (1) Dao entrusted her vehicle to Parks; (2) Parks was

unlicensed, incompetent, or reckless driver; (3) that Dao knew or should have

known at the time of entrustment to be unlicensed, incompetent, or reckless; (4)

Parks was negligent on the occasion in question; and (5) Park’s negligence

proximately caused the accident. See Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236
S.W.3d 754, 758 (Tex. 2007) (per curiam).

      Dao only challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to establish (1)

Dao entrusted her vehicle to Parks, and (3) that Dao knew or should have known at

the time of entrustment to be unlicensed, incompetent, or reckless.

                                         9
           1. There was more than a scintilla of evidence that Dao entrusted
              her vehicle to Parks.

      The Texas Supreme Court has been clear that a party can establish the owner

entrusted their vehicle from either express or implied permission.        See Royal

Indem. Co. v. H.E. Abbott & Sons, Inc., 399 S.W.2d 343, 345 (Tex. 1966); see also

Jamar v. Patterson, 910 S.W.2d 118, 119 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995,

writ denied). “[I]mplied permission may be inferred from a course of conduct or

relationship between the parties in which there is mutual acquiescence or lack of

objection signifying consent.” Id. “It is usually shown by usage and practice of

the parties over a period of time preceding the occasion on which the automobile

was being used.” Id.

      Dao relies on her own testimony by contending Parks only drove her car on

a “handful of occasions” and for “specific business purposes.” Appellant’s Brief at

14 (citing 4 RR 51-52).      However, a review of Dao’s testimony in no way

establishes that she testified that Parks only used her vehicle a “handful of times.”

See 4 RR 51-52.

      Further, the evidence presented to the jury established a very close

relationship between Dao and Parks and a pattern of Dao lending her vehicle to

Parks. First, Jeffrey Dickey, someone who had no interest in this proceeding,

testified that for the longest time Parks did not drive a car, and then toward “the

most recent occurrence” he drove Dao’s car “maybe once a week.” 3 RR 111-112.
                                         10
Dickey himself had even seen Parks drive Dao’s vehicle. 3 RR 122. Further, both

Parks and Dao acknowledged that Parks had driven Dao’s vehicle on a number of

occasions in the past. 4 RR 51. Parks testified that although he didn’t remember

specifically why he had driven Dao’s vehicle, he would drive it when “I would

need a car.” 3 RR 214. Further, he acknowledged that when he needed Dao’s

vehicle she would let him use it. 3 RR 215. Finally, Parks testified Dao’s keys

were on the dining room table. 3 RR 230.

      The jury is the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility, and the jury could

choose to believe one witness over another. Dow Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 242; see

Golden Eagle Archery, Inc., 116 S.W.3d at 761. The jury was free to presume that

Dao frequently let Parks drive the vehicle for more than just business related

purposes, and instead for his personal use.

      Further, the evidence presented at trial established Parks and Dao had a very

close relationship. Parks testified he met Dao in the 1990’s, he generally saw Dao

on a daily basis, and he was roommates with her for two years. 3 RR 209, 212-13.

Dickey confirmed Dao and Parks’ close relationship when testified that Dao and

Parks were close friends and had lived together. 3 RR 112. Dickey even went so

far as to say that Dao was at Parks’ house so frequently that she “had some form of

belonging there. It appeared always to be a secondary residence.” Id.

      The evidence establishing Dao and Parks’ close relationship and that Dao

                                         11
frequently lent Parks her vehicle was sufficient to support the jury’s finding. In

Drooker v. Saeilo Motors, the Court found that the driver’s use of the vehicles on

many occasions with knowledge and consent of the owner presented some

evidence that the driver was authorized to drive the owner’s vehicles in general.

756 S.W.2d 394, 399 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, writ denied). The

Court found that if the driver was authorized to drive the vehicles, the fact that the

owner did not know that the driver would drive the car on that day would not

preclude as a matter of law a finding that the owner entrusted the driver with their

vehicles. Id.

        Likewise, in Jamar v. Patterson, the owner challenged the sufficiency of the

evidence after the jury found him liable for negligent entrustment. 910 S.W.2d at

119. At trial, the driver testified that the owner had given her permission to drive

the dune buggy the night before the accident, and had impliedly given her

permission to do so by seeing her drive, saying she was doing fine, and not telling

her not to drive. Id. at 121. Relying on Royal Indemnity, the Court noted that,

“Express permission is that which is affirmatively stated, while implied permission

may be inferred from conduct between the parties in which there is acquiescence or

lack of objection signifying consent.” Id. (citing Royal Indem. Co., 399 S.W.2d at

345).    The Court found, “Thus, depending on the jury’s assessment of the

credibility of the witnesses, there was conflicting evidence of both express and

                                         12
implied permission, and, therefore, entrustment.”       Id. at 123.      The Court

concluded, “Although the evidence was disputed, we cannot conclude that the

verdict was so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be

clearly wrong and unjust.” Id. Such is the case here.

      Dao appears to argue that Parks’ prior use of the vehicle with the express

permission of Dao was insufficient to establish implied permission. In support of

which, Dao dedicates a large part of her analysis to Soodeen v. Rychel. 802 S.W.2d
361 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, writ denied). But even Dao’s own

analysis indicates the facts in Soodeen were entirely different than those here.

Appellant’s Brief at 14-17. In Soodeen, there was no evidence the owner had ever

lent his vehicle to the driver; therefore, there was no evidence of prior use.

Soodeen, 802 S.W.2d at 363-64. The only evidence presented was that: (1) the

owner socialized with the driver during the year before the accident and visited her

apartment on an estimated 20 occasions; (2) he let her sit in his car to wait for him

to return and unlocked the car door so that she could do so; (3) he had earlier left

an extra ignition key hidden in the car and admitted that the key was found in the

car’s ignition after the accident; and (4) he did not file theft charges against the

driver. Id. at 363.

      The facts in Soodeen are so distinguishable from the case at hand that it

lends no support for this Court’s analysis of the issue. In fact, the Court in

                                         13
Soodeen acknowledged that “[a] person’s consent for another to operate his

automobile can be proved by circumstantial evidence.” Id. at 364. The Court went

on to distinguish the case from those like Drooker, relied on earlier in Appellee’s

Brief, because in Drooker there was evidence of past use of the vehicle by the

driver but that was present in Soodeen. Id.

      Further, Dao’s reliance on Bowie v. Broussard is unavailing. No. 01-04-

00941-CV, 2006 WL 727718, at *2-3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] March 23,

2006, no pet.) (mem. op.). Dao contends that in Bowie there was more evidence

than was presented in the present case, yet the Court still held the evidence was not

sufficient. Appellant’s Brief at 17. Specifically, Dao contends that in Bowie the

driver had “express permission to drive the car on other occasions.” Id. (emphasis

added). This completely misrepresents the facts of Bowie. In Bowie, the driver

had only driven the vehicle on one occasion, and that was when the owner of the

vehicle was too sick to drive herself and the driver had to take the owner to the

doctor. Bowie, 2006 WL 727718, at * 2-3. This is a far cry from the current case

where there was evidence that Parks drove Dao’s car on a regular basis with her

permission. 3 RR 111-112, 122.

      Next, Dao relies on Vaughn v. Watkins. 344 S.W.2d 902, 902 (Tex. Civ.

App.—Eastland 1961, writ ref’d n.r.e.). The Court in Vaughn considered whether

to reverse the jury finding that the owner had not negligently entrusted the vehicle,

                                         14
which a different review than the present case. Vaughn, 344 S.W.2d at 902-03.

Further, the Court specifically found that the “controlling question is whether he

was entrusted with the vehicle at the time of the collision.” Id. at 902. However,

Vaughn was issued five years prior to Royal Indemnity, which modified the

standard and held that implied permission can be inferred from prior usage of the

vehicle or the relationship between the parties. See Royal, 399 S.W.2d at 345.

      Finally, Dao relies on Royal Indemnity. Royal, 399 S.W.2d at 344. Again,

in Royal Indemnity the Supreme Court recognized that “implied permission may be

inferred from a course of conduct or relationship between the parties in which there

is mutual acquiescence or lack of objection signifying consent.”          Id. at 345.

However, the Court concluded that under the facts of the case, the evidence

established “neither a relationship nor a prior course of conduct from which

implied permission might fairly be inferred.” Id. at 347. Specifically, the Court

relied on the following in making its finding:

             Landers was employed as a ranch hand. He had never
             driven one of the vehicles off the ranch except when
             specifically instructed to do so, and had never used any
             of them for a personal errand. His employer had always
             driven him to town whenever he wanted to go, and had
             no reason to believe that he intended or might need to use
             one of the vehicles on the evening of the accident. In
             view of these undisputed facts, the limited privileges
             Landers was allowed in the Herring house, his occasional
             pleasure trips with Herring, the availability of the
             vehicles, his use of the same on the ranch, Herring's
             inquiry about his driver's license, and the absence of any
                                         15
             prior instruction not to take the vehicles off the ranch,
             afford no basis for concluding that Landers had implied
             permission to use the truck for a trip to San Angelo on a
             personal mission. We hold that there is no evidence to
             support a finding that the vehicle was being operated
             with the implied permission of the named insured.

Id.

      Royal Indemnity is wholly distinguishable from the case at hand where the

relationship between Dao and Parks was undisputed and there was evidence that

Dao lent her vehicle to Parks on a regular basis and it was not limited to just

business purposes as Dao argues. 3 RR 213-15 (Parks’ Testimony); 3 RR 111-12,

122 (Dickey’s Testimony); 4 RR 51 (Dao’s Testimony).

      Dao has in no way discharged her burden to demonstrate there was no

evidence that Dao impliedly entrusted her vehicle to Parks. See Croucher, 660
S.W.2d at 58. Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is legally sufficient to

support a challenged finding, and at a minimum there was more than a scintilla of

evidence. See Walker, 181 S.W.3d at 899. This Court must assume the jurors

credited testimony favorable to the verdict and disbelieved testimony contrary to it,

and must defer to the jury as the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility.

City of Keller , 168 S.W.3d at 819. Dow Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 242; see Golden

Eagle Archery, Inc., 116 S.W.3d at 761. Indulging every reasonable inference in

support of that finding, the evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s

finding. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 807, 822.

                                         16
      2. There was more than a scintilla of evidence that Dao knew or should
         have known that Parks was unlicensed, incompetent, or reckless.

      Dao also contends the evidence presented at trial conclusively established

Dao did not know and had no reason to know that Parks was an unlicensed or

intoxicated driver at the time he took her vehicle. Appellant’s Brief at 20. First, it

is important to note that the standard is not just whether she knew Parks was

unlicensed or intoxicated, but whether she also knew or should have known that

unlicensed, intoxicated, incompetent or reckless. See Goodyear, 236 S.W.3d at

758 (holding that one of the elements of negligent entrustment is that the owner

knew or should have known at the time of entrustment to be unlicensed,

incompetent, or reckless).

      Dao relies on the testimony of witnesses that Parks did not appear

intoxicated. Appellant’s Brief at 21. Those witnesses include the employee of

Komali Restaurant, Leann Barry. Id. Komali was also a defendant in the suit for

their role in serving Parks. CR 8 (Plaintiffs’ Original Petition). As such, the

witness had an interest in testifying that Parks did not appear to be intoxicated, and

the jury could judge her credibility.

      Parks testified that he had consumed two to three glasses of wine while he

was at Peckers for an hour or an hour and half earlier in the day. 3 RR 218-19.

Parks further testified that once he arrived home from Peckers at about 2:00 or

2:30 p.m., he consumed “a few more glasses of wine.” 3 RR 222. Dao testified
                                         17
she got to Parks’ apartment around 8:00 or 8:30 p.m. on the night of the accident,

and Parks cooked her dinner. 4 RR 81. In the police video played at trial, Parks

told the officer he had a glass of wine at 8:00 p.m. and at 9:00 p.m., which is the

same time period he was at his apartment cooking and eating dinner with Dao.

Id.; 3 RR 41.

      Parks left the apartment in Dao’s vehicle around 10:00 p.m., and arrived at

Komali’s around 10:10 p.m. 3 RR 220-21. Once at Komali’s, Parks testified he

was only served about a half of a glass of wine by Leann, which he did not finish.

3 RR 231, 33. Dickey’s testimony confirmed Parks only had a half glass of wine

while at Komali’s. 3 RR 90. According to both Parks’ and Dickey’s testimony, he

was only at Komali’s for about 10 minutes. 3 RR 273; 3 RR 89.

       Dao testified that she hadn’t been asleep for very long when her phone rang

and Parks told her he had been in an accident in her vehicle and he needed the

insurance information. 4 RR 84. The accident occurred at approximately 11:05

p.m. 7 RR Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 10C. Further, the toxicologist testified that Parks had

a blood alcohol content of .22, which was almost three times over the legal limit. 3

RR 138-39. The toxicologist also testified that in his opinion at the point Parks

was at Komali’s he would have been showing signs of intoxication. 3 RR 146. He

was only at the bar for 10 minutes, so the jury could have determined that Parks

would have been also showing signs of intoxication at his apartment with Dao also.

                                         18
The jury could have believed based on all of the evidence presented that Parks was

indeed intoxicated when he left in Dao’s vehicle and Dao knew he was intoxicated.

      Additionally, Dao testified that she was Parks’ employer. 3 CR 209-10. It is

undisputed that Parks did not have a driver’s license. 3 RR 213. The jury could

have believed that as Parks’ employer she knew he did not have a driver’s license.

      Further, in a written statement introduced as Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 20 at trial,

Dao admitted she knew Parks was “not good at driving a big car.” 7 RR Plaintiffs’

Exhibit 20. This is sufficient to provide some evidence that Dao knew Parks was

incompetent or reckless. In Russell v. Ramirez, the Court found the evidence

sufficient to uphold the jury finding of negligent entrustment when the father and

mother (owners of the vehicle) allowed their son to drive their vehicle. 949
S.W.2d 480, 490 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, no writ). The evidence

at trial showed that although the father did not know of his son’s bad driving

record, four years prior to the accident at issue he had commented to his son about

his bad driving habits. Id. The Court found this sufficient to uphold the jury’s

finding of negligent entrustment. Id. The Court also held that the jury could have

found that a reasonable owner should have inquired into his son’s driving record

and that failure to do so constituted negligence. Id.

       Again, after viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict,

crediting favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could and disregarding contrary

                                         19
evidence unless reasonable jurors could not, this Court must hold that Dao failed to

demonstrate that there is no evidence to support the jury’s finding that Dao knew

or had reason to know that Parks was unlicensed, intoxicated, incompetent, and/or

reckless. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 810. This Court should conclude that

the evidence at trial is legally sufficient to enable reasonable and fair-minded

people to reach the verdict under review here. Id.

II.   The trial court did not abuse its discretion in submitting Dao in the
      apportionment of liability question, and Dao failed to establish the
      alleged error caused the rendition of an improper judgment.

      A. Dao waived her complaint about her name being submitted in the
          apportionment of liability question.

      Dao contends, “Prior to trial, Ms. Dao submitted her proposed jury

instructions which followed this Court’s reasoning in Rosell and did not include

Ms. Dao in the apportionment question.” Appellant’s Brief at 23. Dao goes on to

argue that, “The trial court overruled Ms. Dao’s objection and allowed

Plaintiffs[sic] requested submission of the apportionment question in the jury

charge.” Id. This is a complete misstatement of the facts. In fact, there is nothing

in the record indicating Dao ever objected to the submission of her name in the

apportionment question. RR 146-49 (formal jury charge conference); CR 126

(Dao’s submission of Question 2). Even Dao fails to give this Court any reference

to the record supporting her contention that she objected to the apportionment of

                                         20
liability question in anyway. Dao’s Brief at 23. Further, as more fully addressed

below, Dao’s own submission of Question 2 included her name in the

apportionment question. CR 126.

      The Texas procedural rules “govern the preservation requirements for

raising a jury charge complaint on appeal and require the complaining party to

make an objection before the trial court.” Thota v. Young, 366 S.W.3d 678, 689

(Tex. 2012); see TEX. R. CIV. P. 272; TEX. R. CIV. P. 274; TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.

Dao had to object to an erroneous question being included in the Court’s charge.

See Holubec v. Brandenberger, 111 S.W.3d 32, 39 (Tex. 2003); Holu See

Religious of Sacred Heart v. City of Houston, 836 S.W.2d 606, 613–14 (Tex. 1992)

(objection is proper method of preserving complaint about defective issue

submission regardless of who has burden of proof). In the absence of an indication

in the record that the issue was presented to the trial court and refused, no error can

be shown. Demler v. Demler, 836 S.W.2d 696, 698-99 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992,

no writ).

      In order to complain about the submission of her name in the apportionment

of liability question, Dao had to object to her name being included in that question.

The record clearly reflects that Dao never did that. RR 146-49 (formal jury charge

conference); CR 126 (Dao’s submission of Question 2). Further, she could have

submitted her own Question 2 with only Salinas, Parks, and the Komali Restaurant

                                          21
(omitting her name altogether). But she did not, even though she represents to this

Court that she did. CR 126. As such, a complaint was never made to the trial

court that it was improperly submitting Dao in the apportionment of liability

question.   As such, Dao has waived any complaint on appeal regarding this

submission.

      B. Dao invited any alleged error by submitting her own proposed
         apportionment of liability question with her name included in it.
      In fact, even though Dao argues to this Court that she should not have been

listed in the apportionment of liability question, her own proposed submission of

the jury charge actually included her name. CR 121, 126. This is completely

contrary to Dao’s representation she makes to this Court that she “submitted her

proposed jury instructions which followed this court’s reasoning in Rosell and did

not include Ms. Dao in the negligence or apportionment questions. (CR 126).”

Appellant’s Brief at 4. Dao’s proposed Questions 1 and 2 were as follows:

                                        22
CR 121.

CR 126.

          23
       Questions 1 and 2 as submitted to the jury were as follows:

CR 186. 1

1
  The only difference between Dao’s proposed jury charge and the actual jury charge was Dao’s
instruction that “Answer the question as to Khanh Dao only if you have answered “Yes” as to
Tim William Parks.” CR 121, 186. However, as the charge indicates, Parks stipulated that he
was negligent; therefore, the proposed instruction was unnecessary and Dao does not complain
about the lack of the instruction in this appeal. CR 186.

                                             24
CR 187.

      The jury question was specifically requested by Dao in her charge. As this

Court has made clear, “A party cannot ask something of the trial court and then

complain that the court erred by granting [her] request.” Haler v. Boyington

Capital Grp., Inc., 411 S.W.3d 631, 637 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied)

(citing Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d 857, 861 (Tex. 2005)). Even if

this Court were to assume, which it should not, that the charge was erroneous, “the

doctrine of invited error provides that a party may not complain of an error which

the party invited.” Id. (citing In re Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 273
S.W.3d 637, 646 (Tex. 2009)).

      Not only did Dao not object to the submission (contrary to what she

represents to this Court), but she actually submitted a question that included her

name in the question. Dao cannot submit her own name in the apportionment of

liability question and then later complain that the trial court erred in doing so.

Because Dao requested the submission that she now complains about, this Court

should not consider the merits of the alleged error. See Haler, 411 S.W.3d at 637

(holding that the Court will not consider the merits of an alleged error that resulted

from language in the charge requested by the party complaining of it on appeal).

                                         25
      C. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by submitting Dao in the
         apportionment of liability question.
      Dao presents the issue of whether it was proper to apportion responsibility to

Dao under direct as well as derivative liability theories. Dao’s Brief at 1. Even if

this Court were to assume Dao did not waive her complaint nor did she invite

error, which this Court should not, Dao has not provided this Court with anything

that establishes the trial court abused its discretion in submitting Dao in the

apportionment question.

             1. Standard of Review.

      A trial court has wide discretion in submitting instructions and jury

questions. European Crossroads’ Shopping Ctr., Ltd. v. Criswell, 910 S.W.2d 45,

54 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, writ denied). Dao’s allegation of jury charge error is

reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. E.B., 802
S.W.2d 647, 649 (Tex. 1990); MRT, Inc. v. Vounckx, 299 S.W.3d 500, 505 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.). To satisfy the clear abuse of discretion standard, Dao

must show “that the trial court could reasonably have reached only one decision.”

Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 840 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding). With

regard to the resolution of matters committed to the trial court’s discretion, “a

reviewing court may not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court.” Only “a

clear failure by the trial court to analyze or apply the law correctly will constitute

an abuse of discretion.” Id. “Even if the reviewing court would have reached the

                                         26
issue differently, it cannot disturb the trial court’s decision unless it is shown to be

arbitrary and unreasonable.” Id.

             2. Dao in no way established the trial court abused its discretion.

      Dao has a high burden to overcome regarding her complaint about the jury

charge. Dao outright ignores this burden in her Brief. Instead, Dao analyzes this

Court’s holding in Rosell v. Central W. Motor Stages, Inc., 89 S.W.3d 643, 657

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2002, pet. denied).           And, as previously discussed, Dao

misrepresents to this Court that her proposed jury instruction followed this Court’s

reasoning in Rosell and “did not include Ms. Dao in the apportionment question.”

Appellant’s Brief at 23.

      Dao claims, “Since any negligence assigned to Mr. Parks by the jury would

be passed on to Ms. Dao, her inclusion in the apportionment question resulted in

the jury assigning a percentage of individual negligence to a party with only

derivative liability exposure.” Id. Dao’s analysis on this issue ends there. At no

point does Dao even attempt to establish the trial court abused its discretion.

      Section 33.003 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code mandates that the

following be submitted in the jury charge when determining the percentage of

responsibility: (1) each claimant; (2) each defendant; (3) each settling person; and

(4) each responsible third party. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 33.003(a).

                                          27
Therefore, on its face section 33.003 required the trial court to include Dao in the

jury charge when determining the percentage of responsibility of each defendant.

      Rosell in no way forbids the trial court from including Dao in the

apportionment of liability question. Rosell, 89 S.W.3d at 657. In Rosell, this

Court considered whether the trial court abused its discretion in failing to allow the

jury to consider the negligence of the owner of the bus in the apportionment

question. Id. at 656. The plaintiffs argued that the failure to include the owner in

the apportionment question violated section 33.003 of the Texas Civil Practice and

Remedies Code. Id. This Court held there was no abuse of discretion in not

including the owner in the apportionment question because the driver’s negligence

would be passed on to the owner. Id. at 657.

      Rosell was the opposite situation that we have here. Here, Dao had to

establish “that the trial court could reasonably have reached only one decision”—

that the trial court could have only submitted a charge without Dao in the

apportionment of liability question. See Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840. Because the

standard of review requires that Dao establish the trial court abused its discretion in

submitting her in the apportionment question, Rosell cannot be used to hold that

such an abuse occurred.       Rosell simply stands for the proposition that it is

permissible to submit only the driver and not the entrustor in the negligence

question, and in no way mandates it.

                                          28
      And, in fact, there appears to be a split of authority as to whether an owner

should be submitted in the apportionment question in a negligent entrustment case.

See Rosell, 89 S.W.3d at 657; compare with Bedford v. Moore, 166 S.W.3d 454,

462-63; see also Fid. & Guar. Ins. Underwriters Inc. v. Wells Fargo Bank, Nat.

Ass’n, No. CIV. A. H-04-2833, 2006 WL 870683, at *5 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 31, 2006)

(noting the difficulty courts have faced in reconciling the Proportionate

Responsibility Statute and vicarious and/or derivative liability claims such as

negligent entrustment).

       In Bedford, the Court of Appeals found it was error (although later

determined it to be harmless) for the trial court to not submit the entrustor in the

jury charge questions. Id. The Court found that like the Dram Shop Act, “if the

…entrusting employer is negligent, his liability for the acts of the driver is

established, but by submitting both the driver’s and the hiring or entrusting

employer’s negligence to the jury, allowance is made for recovery by the hiring or

entrusting employer from the driver, based on the percentages of responsibility

assessed by the jury. Id. at 462. The Court concluded, “the proper submission in a

simple negligent entrustment or hiring claim, based upon sufficient evidence to

warrant the submission, is to include the alleged negligent hiring or entrusting

employer in an initial liability question and in the comparative negligence

questions.” Id.

                                        29
      Further, the Pattern Jury Charge 4.3 (Proportionate Responsibility) suggests

that each person found to have caused or contributed to cause the occurrence or

injury be listed in the apportionment of responsibility question and makes no

exception for an owner/defendant sued for negligent entrustment. PJC 4.3 (2014).

In fact, the comments to PJC 4.3 specifically reference the “entrustor” and directs

us to PJC 10.12. See PJC 4.3 and comments. PJC 10.12 (Negligent Entrustment)

specifically includes both the driver and the owner of the vehicle in the negligence

question. PJC 10.12. Further, the comments to PJC 10.12 note that “[w]hether the

entrustor should be submitted in the comparative causation question is uncertain.”

Id.

      Even if this Court would have reached the issue differently, “it cannot

disturb the trial court’s decision unless it is shown to be arbitrary and

unreasonable.” Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840.         There was nothing arbitrary or

unreasonable about the trial court’s submission of the jury charge.       Both the

plaintiffs and Dao submitted drafts of question 1 and 2 that included Dao in both

questions. Dao’s failure to object or request a question that would put the trial

court on notice of the complaint she now appears to make on appeal cannot lead to

the finding the trial court abused its discretion. The jury charge was submitted to

the jury in compliance with both proposed charges and in compliance with the

PJC. There was absolutely nothing that mandated the trial court to remove Dao

                                        30
from the apportionment of liability question. And, in fact there was case law to

support the trial court’s submission. As such, Dao cannot and did not even attempt

to meet her high burden that the trial court abused its discretion.

      D.     Dao did not even attempt to establish any alleged error probably
             caused the rendition of an improper judgment.

      Even assuming there was error in the charge that was not waived nor invited,

which plaintiffs strenuously assert there was not, a trial court only commits

reversible error if, in light of the whole record, the error probably caused the

rendition of an improper judgment. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a)(1); Romero v. KPH

Consol., Inc., 166 S.W.3d 212, 225 (Tex. 2005); Reinhart v. Young, 906 S.W.2d
471, 473 (Tex. 1995). Nowhere in Dao’s Brief does she provide record citations or

arguments addressing harm and that the complained of submission “probably

caused the rendition of an improper judgment.” Instead, she simply states “[s]ince

any negligence assigned to Mr. Parks by the jury would be passed on to Ms. Dao,

her inclusion in the apportionment question resulted in the jury assigning a

percentage of individual negligence to a party with only derivative liability

exposure.” Appellant’s Brief at 23. This is not sufficient to establish for this Court

that the jury charge error complained of probably resulted in the rendition of an

improper judgment.

      Further, even in Dao’s prayer she only asks for a reversal of “the jury’s

findings” and that judgment be rendered in her favor. Id. at 27. Alternatively, she
                                          31
asks that the Court render judgment and only hold Dao responsible for 10% of the

damages. Id. She asks for no relief with regard to her apparent complaint that she

should not have been listed in the apportionment of liability question. Id.

      All the while, any alleged error is harmless because the jury found Dao

negligent for negligent entrustment. CR 184 (negligent entrustment instruction as

to Dao), 186 (jury question regarding Dao’s negligence). As such, even if Dao had

not been assigned a percentage of responsibility, she would have still been liable

for Park’s negligence (more fully addressed below). Even Dao agrees with this in

her Brief. Appellant’s Brief at 23.

III. The trial court properly held Dao jointly and severally liable.

      Finally, Dao presents the issue of whether it is proper for a defendant to be

held jointly and severally liable when she was assigned only 10% of the

negligence. Appellant’s Brief at 1. Dao relies on Section 33.013(b) of the Texas

Civil Practice and Remedies Code for the proposition that under the plain language

of the statute Dao cannot be found jointly and severally liable because she was not

assessed 50% or more liability. Id. However, the effect of Dao’s argument is that

even though Dao submitted a jury question to the trial court with her name listed

with the other defendants, and the jury apportioned liability among all of the

defendants, that the judgment had to then strictly adhere to those percentages.

However, such a strict adherence, while appropriate in a traditional negligence

                                         32
action, is not appropriate when the submitted theories involve negligent

entrustment claims.

      The Restatement provides that:

             A person whose liability is imputed based on the tortious
             acts of another is liable for the entire share of
             comparative responsibility assigned to the other,
             regardless of whether joint and several liability or several
             liability is the governing rule for independent tortfeasors
             who cause an indivisible injury.

RESTATEMENT (THIRD)     OF   TORTS: APPORTIONMENT LIABILITY § 13 (2000). The

Restatement makes it clear that a party to whom liability is imputed and who is

also independently liable “is responsible for the share of the verdict assigned to

[the party whose liability is imputed] and is also responsible for the share of the

verdict assigned to its own negligence.” Id. § 7 cmt. j (2000).

      The Supreme Court, courts and commentators have recognized the difficulty

in reconciling the language of the Proportionate Responsibility Statute with

vicarious and derivative liability actions. See, e.g., F.F.P. Operating Partners, L.P

v. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d 680, 686-87 (Tex. 2007) (considering the apparent conflict

between the proportionate responsibility statute and the vicarious liability imposed

by the Dram Shop Act); Bedford, 166 S.W.3d at 466 (analyzing the impact of the

proportionate responsibility statute on vicarious and derivative liability causes of

action);   see     generally William      D.    Underwood         &    Michael    D.

Morrison, Apportioning Responsibility in Cases Involving Claims of Vicarious

                                         33
Derivative, or Statutory Liability for Harm Directly Caused by the Conduct of

Another, 55 BAYLOR        L.   REV. 617,       647–48   (2003) (proposing    that   the

Legislature, in enacting the original and present versions of section 33.003, did not

consider derivative or vicarious liability cases).

      Courts have consistently found that in a negligent entrustment situation the

driver’s liability is imputed to the owner of the vehicle. Duenez, 237 S.W.3d at

686 (noting that negligent entrustment is form of vicarious liability); Atl. Indus.,

Inc. v. Blair, No. 08-12-00093-CV, 2014 WL 4250540, at *3 (Tex. App.—El Paso

Aug. 28, 2014, pet. filed)(holding negligent entrustment serves as a manner of

establishing vicarious liability); Bedford, 166 S.W.3d at 462 (holding that, “if the

hiring or entrusting employer is negligent, his liability for the acts of the driver is

established, but by submitting both the driver’s and the hiring or entrusting

employer’s negligence to the jury, allowance is made for recovery by the hiring or

entrusting employer from the driver, based on the percentages of responsibility

assessed by the jury.”); Rosell, 89 S.W.3d at 657 (“Once negligent …entrustment

is established, the owner/employer is liable for the acts of the driver.”); Loom Craft

Carpet Mills, Inc. v. Gorrell, 823 S.W.2d 431, 432 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1992,

no writ)(indicating that negligent entrustment vests the owner with liability for the

driver’s wrong).

                                          34
         Dao provides an analysis of North American Van Lines, Inc. v. Emmons,

but misconstrues the holding. 50 S.W.3d 103 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2001, pet.

denied). There, the Court considered whether any of the plaintiffs’ theories of

recovery could support the judgment that held the driver, the moving company

who owned the van, and the interstate motor carriers jointly and severally liable for

the entire judgment. Id. at 116-22. The Court analyzed each of the jury’s findings

on conspiracy, joint enterprise, the lease, alter ego, and single business enterprise,

and, after setting aside the jury findings on conspiracy and joint enterprise,

concluded there was no basis to support the trial court’s judgment imposing joint

and several liability. Id. at 122. In no way did the Court address whether an owner

of a vehicle could be held jointly and severally liable for her and the driver’s

percentage of liability under a negligent entrustment theory. Id. In fact the Court’s

analysis of each theory of liability indicates that it considered each theory and jury

finding to determine whether there was sufficient evidence and/or whether the

theory itself subjected the parties to joint and several liability even in light of

Section 33.013. See id.

      Further, Dao’s argument is somewhat perplexing because while Dao appears

to argue she cannot be held jointly and severally liable for Park’s share of the

judgment, immediately before this argument she specifically states that she had

derivative liability exposure.   Appellant’s Brief at 23 (“Since any negligence

                                         35
assigned to Mr. Parks by the jury would be passed on to Ms. Dao, her inclusion in

the apportionment question resulted in the jury assigning a percentage of individual

negligence to a party with only derivative liability exposure.”).

      The trial court held Dao jointly and severally liable for 95% of the judgment

(Parks’ 85% and Dao’s 10%). CR 347. Because she was derivatively liable for

Parks’ portion of the judgment, it follows that she is jointly and severally liable for

the entire 95% (their combined portion of the judgment). Further, under Dao’s

theory, had Dao not been submitted in the apportionment of liability question and

only Komali Restaurant and Parks had been submitted, then when the trial court

went to enter the judgment if it strictly followed section 33.013 there would be no

way to hold Dao responsible for Parks’ negligence—even though Dao

acknowledges she was derivatively liable.

      The import of the trial court’s judgment is that because Dao was submitted

in the proportionate responsibility question, without objection and as agreed to by

all parties, and she was derivatively liable for Parks’ share and her own share

assessed by the jury, she is jointly and severally liable for 95% of the judgment.

Dao would like this Court to only assign her 10% liability when she herself admits

she was derivatively liable for Parks’ 85% portion because of her negligent

entrustment of the vehicle. Appellant’s Brief at 23. Again, there is nothing to

establish the judgment as rendered was improper.

                                          36
                                  CONCLUSION

      The jury rendered a proper verdict finding Dao negligently entrusted her

vehicle to Parks. There is evidence in the record to support that finding. As such,

there are absolutely no grounds to overturn the jury’s verdict.

      Additionally, Dao failed to properly preserved and raise charge error and

actually invited the error she now complains of by submitting her own name in the

apportionment of liability question. Also, Dao failed to meet her burden to show

the trial court abused its discretion. The trial court had case law to support its

submission and in no way was there anything that mandated that Dao left off of the

jury question. But even beyond finding an abuse of discretion in the charge, which

has not been established, this Court must also find the error probably caused the

rendition of an improper judgment. Dao made no attempt to establish this, and it is

clear that there was no improper judgment rendered here. The outcome would

have been the same even if Dao had not been apportioned liability.

      Finally, the trial court was well within its discretion to hold Dao jointly and

severally liable. The jury’s finding that Dao negligently entrusted her vehicle to

Park made her liable for Park’s negligence.           That is what the judgment

accomplishes by finding Dao jointly and severally liable.

                                     PRAYER

      For the foregoing reasons, Appellees Elissa Garcia, on behalf of the Estate

                                         37
of Rojelio Salinas, Jr., and Rojelio Salinas, Sr. respectfully request that this Court

affirm the judgment of the 14th Judicial District Court, Dallas County, Texas, the

Honorable Eric V. Moye presiding. Appellees further pray for such relief to which

they may be entitled at law and in equity, including their costs of this appeal.

                                        Respectfully submitted,

                                        By:    /s/ Lorien Whyte
                                               Lorien Whyte
                                               State Bar No. 24042440
                                               Brin & Brin, P.C.
                                               6223 IH 10 West
                                               San Antonio, Texas 78201
                                               Tel: (210) 341-9711
                                               Fax: (210) 341-1854
                                               lwhyte@brinandbrin.com

                                               Dan McDonald
                                               State Bar No. 13539300
                                               dan@mcdonaldlawfirm.com
                                               Preston J. Dugas III
                                               State Bar No. 24050189
                                               preston@mcdonaldlawfirm.com
                                               Connie Squiers
                                               State Bar No. 18978515
                                               csquiers@mcdonaldlawfirm.com
                                               McDonald Law Firm, P.C.
                                               One Museum Place
                                               3100 W. 7th Street, Suite 230
                                               Fort Worth, Texas 76107
                                               Tel: (817) 717-5081
                                               Fax: (817) 717-5082

                                        ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
                                        ELISSA GARCIA, ON BEHALF OF
                                        THE ESTATE OF ROJELIO SALINAS,
                                        JR., AND ROJELIO SALINAS, SR.
                                          38
                     CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

       Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4, I certify that there are
8,407 words in this document, excepting those portions of the brief listed in Rule
9.4(i)(1), as calculated by the word count feature of Microsoft Word 2010, which
was used to prepare this document.

                                     /s/ Lorien Whyte

                        CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      I hereby certify that on the 10th day of April, 2015, in accordance with the
Texas Rules of Civil Procedure and the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure, a true
and correct copy of the foregoing document has been forwarded to the following:

Stacy Thompson                           Preston J. Dugas III
Meloney Perry                            Dan McDonald
Tiffany Au                               McDonald Law Firm, P.C.
Christopher T. Colby                     One Museum Place
Perry Law P.C.                           3100 W. 7th Street, Suite 230
10440 North Central Expressway           Fort Worth, Texas 76107
Suite 1120                               Counsel for Appellee
Dallas, Texas 75231
Counsel for Appellant

Jerry L. Ewing, Jr.                      Richard E. Harrison
Nathan R. Cash                           Harrison & Hull, L.L.P.
Walters, Balido & Crain, LLP             112 W. Virginia St.
Meadow Park Tower, 15th Floor            McKinney, Texas 75069
10440 N. Central Expressway              Counsel for Tim Parks
Dallas, Texas 75231
Counsel for Komali Restaurant, L.L.C.

                                     /s/ Lorien Whyte
                                     Lorien Whyte

                                        39