Court Opinion

ID: 4857736
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-25 15:03:15.382596+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:11:54.385178
License: Public Domain

20-4252
     Vanderveer v. Zoning Board of Appeals Town of East Hampton

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                         SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF
APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER
IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN
ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY
ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

 1                 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
 2   held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of
 3   New York, on the 25th day of August, two thousand twenty-one.
 4
 5   PRESENT:
 6               RENNA RAGGI,
 7               DENNY CHIN,
 8               MICHAEL H. PARK,
 9                     Circuit Judges.
10   __________________________________________
11
12   DONALD A. VANDERVEER,
13
14                              Plaintiff-Appellant,
15
16                     v.                                                  20-4252
17
18   ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS TOWN OF
19   EAST HAMPTON, JOHN P. WHELAN, Zoning
20   Board of Appeals Chairperson, SAMUEL
21   KRAMER, Zoning Board of Appeals
22   Chairperson, ROY DALENE, Member of The
23   Town of East Hampton Zoning Board of
24   Appeals, THERESA BERGER, Member of The
25   Town of East Hampton Zoning Board of
26   Appeals, TIM BRENNEMAN, Member of The
27   Town of East Hampton Zoning Board of
28   Appeals, ANN M. GLENNON, Town of East
29   Hampton Principal Building Inspector,
30   ELIZABETH L. BALDWIN, Assistant East
31   Hampton Town Attorney, TOWN OF EAST
32   HAMPTON,
33
34                          Defendants-Appellees.
35
36   __________________________________________
37
38
39   FOR PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT:                             PATRICIA WEISS, Law Office of Patricia
40                                                        Weiss, Esq., Sag Harbor, NY.
41
42   FOR DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES:                            SCOTT J. KREPPEIN, Devitt Spellman Barrett,
43                                                        LLP, Smithtown, NY.
44

45          Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Block,

46   J.).

47          UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

48   DECREED that the judgment of the district court entered on December 2, 2020, is AFFIRMED.

49          This case concerns a land-use dispute in the Town of East Hampton, N.Y. (the “Town”),

50   where plaintiff-appellant Donald Vanderveer owns a four-acre lot with a barn. In 2012—over

51   fifty years after the Town enacted its first zoning ordinance and designated Vanderveer’s property

52   as residential—Vanderveer started leasing space on his property to a landscaping company. After

53   the Town prosecuted Vanderveer for misdemeanor violations of its zoning ordinance, convictions

54   eventually vacated, Vanderveer applied to the Town’s building inspector for recognition of a pre-

55   existing nonconforming use. See People v. Vanderveer, No. 2016-256 S CR, 2021 WL 1618053,

56   at *2 (N.Y. App. Term Apr. 22, 2021). The building inspector ruled against Vanderveer, and the

57   Town’s Zoning Board of Appeals (the “ZBA”) and the Suffolk County Supreme Court affirmed.

58   Vanderveer then sued in federal court, alleging that the Town, the ZBA, and several of its officials

59   (together, “Defendants”) violated the Takings, Equal Protection, and Due Process Clauses. See

60   U.S. Const. amends. V, XIV. The district court granted Defendants’ motion to dismiss for failure

61   to state a claim, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), and denied Vanderveer’s cross-motion for a
 1   preliminary injunction. On appeal, Vanderveer argues that the district court erred in dismissing

 2   each of his claims and requests that we grant him a preliminary injunction and certify questions to

 3   the New York Court of Appeals. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts,

 4   procedural history, and issues on appeal.

 5          “We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6).”

 6   Mayor of Balt. v. Citigroup, Inc., 709 F.3d 129, 135 (2d Cir. 2013). In so doing, “we accept all

 7   factual allegations as true and draw every reasonable inference from those facts in the plaintiff’s

 8   favor.” Id.

 9          1.      Takings Clause

10          First, Vanderveer contends that the Town’s zoning regulations violated his rights under the

11   Takings Clause. Where, as here, the government “imposes regulations that restrict an owner’s

12   ability to use his own property,” we “generally appl[y] the flexible test developed in Penn Central,

13   balancing factors such as [1] the economic impact of the regulation, [2] its interference with

14   reasonable investment-backed expectations, and [3] the character of the government action.”

15   Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid, 141 S. Ct. 2063, 2071–72 (2021) (citing Penn Cent. Transp. Co.

16   v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104, 124 (1978)).

17          Vanderveer’s claim fails under this framework. As an initial matter, he is prohibited from

18   using his property for commercial use, and so the ordinance likely carries at least some economic

19   impact. Nevertheless, Vanderveer is permitted to develop the lot residentially, and it maintains

20   significant value.   See Murr v. Wisconsin, 137 S. Ct. 1933, 1949 (2017) (finding that “the

21   economic impact of the regulation is [not] severe” because, inter alia, the plaintiffs “can use the

22   property for residential purposes”). Further, Vanderveer's $12,000 annual earnings from his

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 1   commercial use are just a fraction of the value of the property, which is listed for tax purposes as

 2   exceeding $300,000 in every year he has rented it. And the Supreme Court has concluded that

 3   where regulations diminish a property’s value by less than 10%, the economic impact felt by

 4   plaintiff is not sufficiently severe to constitute a taking. Id. at 1942 (“The expert appraisal relied

 5   upon by the state courts [which found the value of the property would be reduced by less than

 6   10%] refutes any claim that the economic impact of the regulation is severe.”). Accordingly,

 7   Vanderveer failed to plausibly allege that the economic impact of Defendants’ actions could

 8   support a Takings Clause claim. Vanderveer also failed to plausibly allege that Defendants

 9   interfered with Vanderveer’s reasonable, investment-backed expectations. Vanderveer submits

10   that his “payment of taxes, and clearing growth for vehicle turn around routes, and cleared storage

11   areas, adequately demonstrates an investment backed expectation.” Appellant’s Br. at 27. But

12   the cost of clearing growth is de minimis, and tax payments are not an “investment.” Moreover,

13   even if they could be considered substantial investments, they would not be “reasonable” ones in

14   light of the zoning ordinance, which went into effect long before Vanderveer inherited the

15   property. The third Penn Central factor—the character of the Town’s action—likewise favors

16   Defendants because the ordinance at issue is merely a “public program adjusting the benefits and

17   burdens of economic life to promote the common good.”              Penn Central, 438 U.S. at 124.

18   Accordingly, Vanderveer has failed to state a Takings Clause claim.

19          2.      Equal Protection Clause

20          Second, Vanderveer claims that the district court erred in dismissing his equal protection

21   claim. To plausibly state that an otherwise valid law was applied in a manner that violated the

22   Equal Protection Clause, Vanderveer must allege “that []he has been intentionally treated

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 1   differently from others similarly situated” and either (1) “there is no rational basis for the

 2   difference in treatment,” Analytical Diagnostic Labs, Inc. v. Kusel, 626 F.3d 135, 140 (2d Cir.

 3   2010) (quoting Vill. of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 (2000)) (describing a “class of

 4   one” claim), or (2) “that such differential treatment was based on impermissible considerations

 5   such as race, religion, intent to inhibit or punish the exercise of constitutional rights, or malicious

 6   or bad faith intent to injure a person,” Wandering Dago, Inc. v. Destito, 879 F.3d 20, 40 (2d Cir.

 7   2018) (internal quotation marks omitted) (describing a “selective-enforcement” claim).

 8   Vanderveer’s claim fails under either standard because he has not identified any reasonably similar

 9   comparators. Vanderveer focuses on 38 School Street, but that property is distinguishable. It

10   runs adjacent to commonly owned parcels for which the owners obtained a certificate for a pre-

11   existing “residence and tool shed” over fifty years before Vanderveer applied for his permit.

12   App’x at 256.

13          Vanderveer also avers that the district court erred by dismissing his equal protection claim

14   without granting him leave to amend. He submits that he could be more “specific in describing

15   the [property located at 38 School Street] as [a] ‘roughly equivalent’” comparator. Appellant’s

16   Br. at 34. But the lack of detail is not why that property is an inadequate comparator. Vanderveer

17   has not “identified [any] additional facts or legal theories—either on appeal or to the District

18   Court—[that he] might assert if given leave to amend,” and so the district court did not err in

19   dismissing his suit without granting him leave to amend.           City of Pontiac Policemen’s &

20   Firemen’s Ret. Sys. v. UBS AG, 752 F.3d 173, 188 (2d Cir. 2014); see also, e.g., Hayden v. County

21   of Nassau, 180 F.3d 42, 53 (2d Cir. 1999) (“[W]here the plaintiff is unable to demonstrate that he

22   would be able to amend his complaint in a manner which would survive dismissal, opportunity to

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1    replead is rightfully denied.”).

2           3.      Due Process Clause

3           Finally, Vanderveer raises two Due Process Clause claims, neither of which is availing.

4    First, Vanderveer contends that the Town violated his due process rights by “fail[ing] to afford

5    [him] an opportunity for cross-examination of adverse witnesses” at the ZBA’s administrative

6    hearing. Appellant’s Br. at 41. In evaluating whether a procedure violates due process, we

 7   consider: (1) “the private interest that will be affected by the official action;” (2) “the risk of an

 8   erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any,

 9   of additional or substitute procedural safeguards;” and (3) “the Government’s interest, including

10   the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute

11   procedural requirement would entail.” Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335 (1976).

12          Here, even construing the facts in Vanderveer’s favor, the second and third factors weigh

13   against Vanderveer and outweigh his private interest. Vanderveer’s application was subject to

14   three levels of review: (1) submission of a written application and evidence to the Town Building

15   Inspector, (2) administrative review by the ZBA, which held a hearing at which Vanderveer and

16   others were permitted to speak and present evidence, and (3) judicial review under Article 78 in

17   the Suffolk County Supreme Court. These procedures greatly reduced the likelihood of erroneous

18   deprivation. See, e.g., Bens BBQ, Inc. v. County of Suffolk, No. 20-3254, 2021 WL 1748480, at

19   *3 (2d Cir. May 4, 2021) (“In the circumstances of this case, the written appeal process in addition

20   to the availability of the Article 78 proceeding reduces the risk of erroneous deprivation such that

21   the Mathews test does not require additional procedures.”). In any event, Vanderveer’s complaint

22   about the lack of cross-examination at the ZBA’s administrative hearing is unwarranted. The

                                                       6
 1   ZBA did not rely on a credibility determination, and there is no reason to believe that cross-

 2   examination would have affected its result. To the contrary, the ZBA based its decision on

 3   “extremely compelling” evidence that Vanderveer did not clear his property or use it for outdoor

 4   storage (or any nonconforming use) until 2013, including aerial photographs of the property. See

 5   App’x at 81.

 6          Second, Vanderveer argues that the lack of defined terms for “‘Commercial’ &

 7   ‘Abandonment’” renders the Town Code unconstitutionally vague. Appellant’s Br. at 35. We

 8   disagree that the Code “fails to provide people of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity

 9   to understand what conduct it prohibits.” Cunney v. Bd. of Trs., 660 F.3d 612, 621 (2d Cir. 2011)

10   (quoting Hill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 703, 732 (2000)). The Town Code provides a clear definition

11   for “abandonment.” See East Hampton Town Code § 255-1-40(d). And the term “commercial”

12   is commonly used and sufficiently definite in this context. Cf. Cunney, 660 F.3d at 620 (“The

13   relevant inquiry . . . is whether the language conveys sufficiently definite warning as to the

14   proscribed conduct when measured by common understanding and practices.” (internal quotation

15   marks omitted)). Moreover, it is obvious that leasing property to a landscaping company to store

16   its lawn mowers, trucks, and trailers is a “commercial” use. See App’x at 501-02.

17          Thus, we conclude that the district court correctly dismissed Vanderveer’s claims and did

18   not abuse its discretion in denying him a preliminary injunction. Further, because he has not

19   raised any unsettled issues of state law, we deny his motion to certify questions to the New York

20   Court of Appeals.

21          We have considered Vanderveer’s remaining arguments and conclude that they are without

22   merit. For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Vanderveer’s motion for certification to the New

                                                    7
1   York Court of Appeals and AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

2                                             FOR THE COURT:
3                                             Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

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