Court Opinion

ID: 9408716
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-13 15:10:13.39513+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:46.488324
License: Public Domain

#29902-a-SRJ
2023 S.D. 32

                          IN THE SUPREME COURT
                                  OF THE
                         STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA

                                 ****

STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA,                    Plaintiff and Appellee,

      v.

RAMON DERON SMITH,
a/k/a RAMON A. SMITH,
a/k/a RAMON SADDLER,                      Defendant and Appellant.

                                 ****

                  APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
                     THE SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
                  MINNEHAHA COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA

                                 ****

                    THE HONORABLE BRADLEY G. ZELL
                             Retired Judge

                                 ****

MANUEL J. DE CASTRO JR.
Sioux Falls, South Dakota                 Attorney for defendant
                                          and appellant.

MARTY J. JACKLEY
Attorney General

STEPHEN G. GEMAR
Assistant Attorney General
Pierre, South Dakota                      Attorneys for plaintiff
                                          and appellee.

                                 ****

                                          ARGUED
                                          MARCH 23, 2023
                                          OPINION FILED 07/12/23
#29902

JENSEN, Chief Justice

[¶1.]        A Facebook feud involving Ramon Smith’s (Smith) sister, her

girlfriend, and another family led to a series of altercations that culminated in

Smith firing a weapon, killing a bystander and wounding two others. Smith claims

he acted in self-defense. Following a jury trial, he was convicted and sentenced for

second-degree murder and three counts of aggravated assault. Smith appeals,

arguing that he was entitled to a pretrial determination of statutory immunity

under SDCL 22-18-4.8, a statute which became effective during the pendency of his

case. He also argues that the circuit court abused its discretion by receiving

evidence that he could not legally possess a firearm, erred by not granting a

judgment of acquittal, and abused its discretion by not granting a mistrial. We

affirm.

                                    Background

[¶2.]        In the early morning hours of June 8, 2019, Smith, a resident of

Minneapolis, arrived in Sioux Falls with his sister, Martece Saddler (Martece), and

her girlfriend, Christina Haney (Christina). Smith did not know the area or have

social connections beyond Martece. He planned to visit them for a few days, help

them assemble some new furniture, and purchase their old Buick since they had

purchased a newer vehicle. Smith, Martece, and Christina went to the parking lot

of the Pave bar around closing time, hoping to find an afterparty. There they

exchanged words with the Williams sisters, Darneisha and Deidra, regarding an

ongoing Facebook feud. Martece and Christina had been arguing on social media

with Jasmine Allen (Jasmine) and Paris McAbee (Paris), daughter and mother,

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respectively, who formerly had been close mutual friends of Martece, Christina,

Darneisha, and Deidra but remained on good terms with Darneisha only. Smith,

Martece, Christina, and Deidra found a party, but they did not stay long and soon

returned to Christina’s apartment at 120 North Cliff Avenue.

[¶3.]        Later that morning, Jasmine came to Christina’s apartment complex

and was shouting in the parking lot. Christina’s mother, Tenessa Carr (Tenessa),

lived in another apartment in the same complex with her husband, Larry Carr Jr.

When Tenessa heard Jasmine yelling Christina’s name, she called Christina to tell

her that a woman was yelling her name. Christina knew Tenessa was talking about

Jasmine based on the physical description Tenessa provided and the interaction

Christina had had with Darneisha the night before, but Christina did not seem

concerned.

[¶4.]        A short while later, Christina, Martece, and Deidra drove to Jasmine

and Paris’s apartment. Smith accompanied them but drove separately. The women

went inside the building, found that Jasmine and Paris were not there, and argued

with Jasmine’s brother Joseph Allen (Joseph). He shut the door on them. Once

back outside the building, Martece kicked in a window fan and continued shouting

at Joseph.

[¶5.]        Martece, Christina, and Smith returned to Christina’s apartment, and

Christina’s brother, Larry Carr III (LJ), joined them. Christina testified that she

received a Snapchat video from Joshua Allen (Josh), a brother of Jasmine and

Joseph, that depicted Joseph holding a gun and making threats. She also claimed

to have received messages that said, “No, b****. Answer my calls. Come outside[.]”

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She showed these to Martece, Smith, and LJ, but they did not initially take them as

a serious threat. 1

[¶6.]         Meanwhile, a group of young men that included Jasmine’s brothers

Joseph, Josh, Jevon Allen (Jevon), and Zykey Richardson, along with Devejuan

Brown-Norris (Devejuan) and others, met up at a fast-food restaurant. At about

1:00 p.m., the group proceeded to Christina’s apartment complex in reaction to

Christina, Martece, Deidra, and Smith having been at Jasmine’s. They left their

cell phones behind, parked their vehicles around the block, and approached on foot.

LJ testified that Smith grabbed a gun that was tucked in the futon cushions and

put it in his pants when they observed the young men enter the parking lot. Josh

and Joseph entered the building and began kicking and pounding on Christina’s

apartment door, yelling for those inside to come out. They left the building and

returned to the parking lot in under a minute. 2 LJ testified that Smith said that “if

he went outside he was going to start shooting.”

[¶7.]         Looking out at the parking lot from his apartment, Larry recognized

Devejuan, a coworker, and went out to speak with him. LJ saw Larry outside and

1.      LJ testified that he did not recall the Snapchat video or messages. They are
        not in the record. See State v. Bariteau, 2016 S.D. 57, ¶ 8 n.1, 884 N.W.2d
        169, 172 n.1 (“Snapchat is an image messaging mobile phone application in
        which a user can send a photograph or text message with a set time to expire.
        The receiving user can only view the text message or photograph for one to
        ten seconds before the image or text message expires and is automatically
        deleted from the mobile phone.”).

2.      Daquan Holmes also entered the building after them but quickly exited. In
        an interview, Smith told law enforcement that those in the apartment were
        scared and hid in the bedrooms. Christina testified that LJ and Smith were
        scared and got down on the ground when they heard the banging on the door.
        However, LJ testified that no one called the police or hid in the bedrooms.
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left Christina’s apartment to try and get him to go back inside. LJ initially told law

enforcement he was concerned about his father being with the group outside but

testified at trial he was afraid of what Smith might do. LJ testified that Josh was

mad and shouting Christina’s name and yelling for her to come outside. LJ did not

see anyone with a weapon, and no one threatened him while he was in the parking

lot.

[¶8.]         Before LJ could get Larry to return to his apartment, Smith exited the

building. Josh moved toward Smith and began yelling. Christina testified that she

observed from her apartment window that Smith’s hands were up and that he said

he just wanted to talk when Josh rushed him. 3 In his interview with law

enforcement, Smith also claimed his hands were up. Others testified that Smith’s

hands were not up. 4 A surveillance video from a nearby business does not show a

clear image of Smith’s hands before the shooting. The video shows some of the

young men who had been on a retaining wall at the edge of the parking lot stood

when the shouting between Smith and Josh began. It also shows Josh adjusting the

waistband of his shorts, which Smith claims to have perceived as Josh reaching for

3.      When the State called Tenessa back to the stand to impeach Christina’s
        testimony, she testified that Christina had changed her story. According to
        Tenessa, Christina had previously said that she sent LJ out to bring Larry
        back in “because [Smith] had said that he was going to shoot everybody out
        there if he had to go out there” and that she tried to hold Smith back when he
        went out. Notably, while testifying, Christina referred to Martece, Smith’s
        sister, as her fiancée and indicated that she was still in a relationship with
        her at the time of trial.

4.      Accounts also differed as to whether Smith was yelling about why so many
        men showed up because of a “girl fight[,]” if Josh or others were yelling about
        having guns, or if they were yelling about Smith being identified as someone
        who was at Paris’s apartment earlier.
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a weapon. Smith opened fire when Josh was approximately nineteen feet away.

Smith shot Jevon in the head, Josh in the shoulder, and Larry in the abdomen. For

the most part, the young men took off running and scattered. Devejuan did not

turn his back to Smith or run.

[¶9.]        There were several third-party witnesses. A landscaper working in a

neighboring yard noticed the people gathering in the parking lot. When he was in

his skid loader and starting it, he heard a loud noise that he initially thought was

the skid loader backfiring but soon realized was shooting. He observed Smith

“coming out of the apartment building just shooting all around us and everybody

scrambling.” He hid behind his skid loader, but made eye contact with Smith,

whom he then saw fire the gun “across Cliff Avenue as a few of the guys were like

scrambling” out of the parking lot. He watched Smith jump into his car and take off

and then called 911. Another neighbor who had been looking out the window and

washing dishes when the shooting began also called 911. He reported seeing the

dark car Smith was driving as he left the scene.

[¶10.]       Tenessa saw from the window that her husband was in pain and that

he had been shot. She told her younger son to call 911. Then she went outside to

ask Devejuan to drive Larry to the hospital. She encountered Smith before he left

the scene and told him he had shot her husband. He replied to the effect that he did

not know he had done this.

[¶11.]       Smith left the gun in the parking lot and drove away in the dark-

colored Buick. Martece retrieved the gun, put it in a backpack, and gave it to LJ to

hide. Christina found her keys before Tenessa found her keys to give to Devejuan.

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Christina drove Larry to the hospital and then returned to her apartment. Larry

died two days later. The other two men were hospitalized but survived their

injuries.

[¶12.]         When law enforcement arrived to secure the apartment, Martece and

Christina refused to cooperate. Law enforcement collected evidence from the scene

of the shooting, including an unloaded weapon in a closed satchel that Jevon had

been wearing. They also recovered casings from the parking lot and projectiles from

a neighbor’s yard. Police did not initially recover the gun used in the shooting.

[¶13.]         When Martece and Christina were allowed to leave, they drove to

Minneapolis, meeting Smith along the way. Martece and Christina were later

apprehended in Idaho on material witness warrants. Smith was arrested in

Minneapolis twelve days after the shooting. He had cut his long hair in the

meantime. Smith told law enforcement that he did not call the police when the

group gathered outside the apartment complex because he was scared and that he

went outside to diffuse the situation. He said he opened fire because an individual

rushed toward him and appeared to reach for a weapon.

[¶14.]         Weeks later, Christina contacted law enforcement and told them about

the murder weapon. LJ and Tenessa brought the weapon, a .40 caliber

semiautomatic handgun, to the police station. 5 After comparing test fires from this

handgun with a bullet recovered from the neighbor’s yard and the bullet recovered

5.       LJ testified that he did not realize the gun was the one used to shoot his
         father when he hid it and that he was trying to save Christina from getting
         into trouble.
                                             -6-
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from Larry’s abdomen during the autopsy, a forensic firearms examiner determined

that both bullets had been fired from this gun.

[¶15.]       Smith was arraigned on a 19-count grand jury indictment charging

various crimes, including second-degree murder, first-degree manslaughter,

attempted first-degree murder, aggravated assault, reckless discharge of a firearm,

possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and committing or attempting to

commit a felony with a firearm. The State also filed a part II information alleging

Smith had been convicted of three prior felonies. He entered a plea of not guilty.

Smith never disputed that he fired the shots that killed Larry and injured Josh and

Jevon, but he consistently claimed that his actions were justified because he was

acting in self-defense. After SDCL 22-18-4.8 took effect on July 1, 2021, Smith

moved to dismiss the indictment based on statutory immunity. The circuit court

denied his motion, and this Court declined Smith’s petition for intermediate appeal.

[¶16.]       Prior to the start of trial, the circuit court severed the possession of a

firearm by a convicted felon count for trial. The State subsequently dismissed the

count without prejudice. The State also dismissed the attempted first-degree

murder counts, some of the aggravated assault counts, the reckless discharge count,

and the counts of committing or attempting to commit a felony with a firearm. The

State filed a notice of intent to offer Smith’s felony status relative to his self-defense

and moved to preclude Smith’s self-defense claim, arguing he was unlawfully in

possession of the firearm at the time of the shooting. The circuit court denied the

State’s motion seeking to preclude Smith’s self-defense claim but allowed the State

to present testimony that Smith was statutorily prohibited from possessing a

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firearm. The court granted Smith’s motion in limine to exclude reference to or

evidence of Smith’s incarceration or recent release from prison.

[¶17.]       Consistent with the court’s ruling, Detective Harris testified that

Smith was statutorily prohibited from possessing a firearm under South Dakota

law. The court instructed the jury immediately prior to this testimony that it could

only consider this evidence as to the reasonableness of Smith’s self-defense claim.

As a part of the court’s self-defense instructions, the jury was also told that an

individual “prohibited from possessing a firearm can possess a firearm to defend

himself if it is justified under the circumstances.” Both the limiting instruction and

the self-defense instructions indicated that the State would offer or had offered

evidence that Smith had a prior felony conviction, which was the reason he was

statutorily prohibited from possessing a firearm.

[¶18.]       During the State’s examination of Christina, the prosecutor asked

“[a]nd did something happen up in Minneapolis for [Smith] to come back with you?”

She began to respond “[w]hen he had gotten out of prison --” when the prosecutor

stopped her. After a bench conference, the court admonished the jury: “Ladies and

gentlemen, you shall disregard the last comment of the witness in this matter.

Remove it from your mind. It’s not to be considered in any manner as it relates to

the testimony of this witness for consideration in this matter.” Smith moved for a

mistrial at the next break. The court denied his motion, reasoning that the State

did not intentionally elicit the testimony and the court had stricken the testimony

and instructed the jury to disregard it. The court concluded it had no reason to

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believe, despite this testimony, that the jury would be unable to consider the

evidence according to the court’s instructions.

[¶19.]       Smith moved for a judgment of acquittal at the close of the State’s

case, which the court denied, explaining that the State had made a prima facie case

for each count. The court also denied Smith’s renewed motion at the close of his

evidence. The jury returned a guilty verdict on all the remaining counts of the

indictment. After the trial, Smith moved to set aside the verdict on sufficiency of

the evidence grounds, which the court denied.

[¶20.]       Smith admitted to three prior felony convictions in an amended part II

information habitual offender charge. The court sentenced Smith to life in prison

without the possibility of parole for the second-degree murder count and to three

consecutive 25-year sentences for the aggravated assault (dangerous weapon)

counts. The court did not impose sentences for the first-degree manslaughter count

or the other aggravated assault counts.

[¶21.]       Smith raises four issues on appeal, which we restate as follows:

             1.     Whether the circuit court erred in denying Smith’s
                    request for a statutory immunity hearing and in denying
                    his motion to dismiss based on statutory immunity under
                    SDCL 22-18-4.8.

             2.     Whether the circuit court abused its discretion by
                    allowing the State to introduce evidence that Smith could
                    not legally possess a firearm.

             3.     Whether the circuit court erred by denying the motions
                    for judgment of acquittal.

             4.     Whether the circuit court abused its discretion by denying
                    the motion for a mistrial.

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                                          Analysis

               1.      Statutory immunity

[¶22.]         “Issues of statutory . . . interpretation are questions of law. We review

the interpretation and application of each de novo. In conducting statutory

interpretation, ‘we give words their plain meaning and effect, and read statutes as a

whole.’” State v. Bowers, 2018 S.D. 50, ¶ 16, 915 N.W.2d 161, 166 (internal citations

and quotation marks omitted) (quoting Expungement of Oliver, 2012 S.D. 9, ¶¶ 5–6,

810 N.W.2d 350, 351–52).

[¶23.]         On March 21, 2021, HB 1212 was signed into law, creating SDCL 22-

18-4.8. 6 After the statute became effective on July 1, 2021, Smith requested a

statutory immunity hearing and moved for his case to be dismissed. The circuit

court denied his request, determining that the statute did not apply retroactively

because it was substantive in nature and the Legislature did not explicitly provide

that it was to be applied retroactively. Smith filed an unsuccessful motion for

reconsideration after another South Dakota circuit court resolved the question

regarding the retroactivity of SDCL 22-18-4.8 differently. Smith also filed a

petition with this Court for a discretionary appeal from the intermediate order,

which we denied. Whether SDCL 22-18-4.8 applies retroactively presents an issue

of first impression.

               a.      Retroactivity of statute

[¶24.]         The full text of SDCL 22-18-4.8 reads as follows:

6.       SDCL 22-18-4.8 was amended in 2022 to clarify the burden of proof for a
         claim of immunity. The amendment also added a definition of criminal
         prosecution to include “arresting, detaining in custody, and charging or
         prosecuting the defendant.”
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             A person who uses or threatens to use force, as permitted in §§
             22-18-4 to 22-18-4.7, inclusive, is justified in such conduct and is
             immune from criminal prosecution and from civil liability for the
             use or threatened use of such force brought by the person
             against whom force was used or threatened, or by any personal
             representative or heir of the person against whom force was
             used or threatened, unless:

                    (1)(a) The person against whom force was used or
                    threatened is a law enforcement officer, who was acting in
                    the performance of official duties; and

                      (b) The officer identified himself or herself; or

                    (2) The person using or threatening to use force knew or
                    reasonably should have known that the person was a law
                    enforcement officer who was acting in the performance of
                    official duties.

             The court shall award reasonable attorney’s fees, court costs,
             compensation for loss of income, and all expenses incurred by a
             defendant in the defense of any civil action brought by a
             plaintiff, if the court finds that the defendant is immune from
             prosecution in accordance with this section.

             In a criminal prosecution, once a prima facie claim of self-
             defense immunity has been raised by the defendant, the burden
             of proof, by clear and convincing evidence, is on the party
             seeking to overcome the immunity from criminal prosecution
             provided for in this section.

             As used in this section, the term, criminal prosecution, includes
             arresting, detaining in custody, and charging or prosecuting the
             defendant.

[¶25.]       In South Dakota, “[n]o part of the code of laws . . . shall be construed as

retroactive unless such intention plainly appears.” SDCL 2-14-21. “‘[A] statute will

not operate retroactively unless the act clearly expresses an intent to do so’ or the

change is merely procedural and not substantive.” State v. Krause, 2017 S.D. 16,

¶ 16 n.7, 894 N.W.2d 382, 387 n.7 (alteration in original) (quoting West v. John

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Morrell & Co., 460 N.W.2d 745, 747 (S.D. 1990)). See also 73 Am. Jur. 2d Statutes

§ 229 (2023) (“A statute dealing with substantive rights should presumptively be

given prospective application.”). Since there is nothing in the statutory language

about retroactive application, we must determine whether SDCL 22-18-4.8 was a

procedural or substantive legislative change.

[¶26.]       “As related to criminal law and procedure, substantive law is that

which declares what acts are crimes and prescribes the punishment therefor;

whereas procedural law is that which provides or regulates the steps by which one

who violates a criminal statute is punished.” Krause, 2017 S.D. 16, ¶ 16 n.7, 894

N.W.2d at 387 n.7 (quoting State v. Sylva, 804 P.2d 967, 969 (Kan. 1991)). See also

22 C.J.S. Criminal Law: Substantive Principles § 25 (2023) (citing Kansas authority

to explain that retroactive application of a change to the criminal code is

permissible only if it “merely alters the procedural aspects of the trial”); Substantive

Law, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (categorizing as substantive “[t]he part

of the law that creates, defines, and regulates the rights, duties, and powers of

parties”).

[¶27.]       Smith argues that if the Legislature did not intend retroactive

application, it would have said so because it “knows how to include and exclude

specific items in its statutes.” Sanford v. Sanford, 2005 S.D. 34, ¶ 19, 694 N.W.2d

283, 289. He contends that even in the absence of clear language applying the

statute retroactively, it applies retroactively because the statutory change is

procedural rather than substantive. In support of his claim that the statute is not

substantive, he highlights that SDCL 22-18-4.8 did not create a new affirmative

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defense because South Dakota already recognized that individuals acting in self-

defense need not retreat and that homicide may be justified when acting in defense

of self or others. See SDCL 22-16-34 (repealed in 2021 by House Bill 1212); SDCL

22-16-35 (same); 2021 S.D. Sess. Laws ch. 93, § 15. His position is that “SDCL 22-

18-4.8 leaves unchanged the current murder and affirmative defense statutes [and]

only affects the procedure by which a State is able to seek a conviction.”

[¶28.]       For support, Smith cites Rodgers v. Commonwealth, 285 S.W.3d 740

(Ky. 2009). In Rodgers, the events at issue occurred in 2004, and the relevant

Kentucky law became effective in 2006, just before the defendant’s trial. Id. at 749.

Kentucky determined the immunity provision of its statute was procedural and

therefore applied retroactively. Id. at 752-53. Smith also cites Love v. State, 286

So.3d 177 (Fla. 2019), which concluded that an amendment to Florida’s Stand Your

Ground Law that shifted the burden of proof was procedural and applied to all

immunity hearings conducted after the effective date. Id. at 190. Smith asks for

the verdict to be vacated and the case to be remanded for further proceedings to

determine immunity under the statute.

[¶29.]       The State responds that Smith’s reliance on the absence of language

indicating intent that SDCL 22-18-4.8 apply prospectively is misplaced because

“[t]he general rule is that newly enacted statutes will not be given a retroactive

effect unless such an intention is plainly expressed by the legislature.” Schultz v.

Jibben, 513 N.W.2d 923, 925 (S.D. 1994) (citing Dahl v. Sittner, 474 N.W.2d 897,

901 (S.D. 1991)). The State distinguishes Love because it dealt with a procedural

amendment to the Florida Stand Your Ground law clarifying the burden of proof at

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a hearing on immunity and did not “create any new substantive right.” 286 So. 3d

at 186. The State also contends that the Kentucky case Smith cites is inapposite

because the underlying Kentucky caselaw distinguishing between substantive and

procedural changes does not align with South Dakota’s definitions of these terms.

Finally, the State argues that any error by the circuit court in denying a pretrial

immunity hearing was harmless because the jury ultimately rejected Smith’s self-

defense claim when it convicted him of second-degree murder.

[¶30.]         SDCL 22-18-4.8 provides that “[a] person who uses or threatens to use

force, as permitted in 22-18-4 to 22-18-4.7, 7 . . . is justified in such conduct and is

immune from criminal prosecution and civil liability for the use or threatened use of

such force . . . .” SDCL 22-18-4.8 is more than just an affirmative defense to a

crime; the immunity afforded by the statute is a legislative determination that

justifiable homicide is not a crime subject to prosecution. The 2022 amendment

further reflects the legislative intent to create a substantive right to be free from

criminal culpability, including “arresting, detaining in custody, and charging or

prosecuting the defendant[]” when a homicide is justifiable. Id. The statute also

creates a cause of action in favor of an immune actor to be awarded “attorney’s fees,

court costs, compensation for loss of income, and all expenses incurred” arising from

the successful defense of a civil action. Id.

[¶31.]         As the Florida Supreme Court explained under its similar immunity

statute, “[w]hile Florida law has long recognized that a defendant may argue as an

7.       It is unnecessary to our decision to determine whether these statutes
         modified the existing law in South Dakota relative to justification for the use
         or threatened use of force.
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affirmative defense at trial that his or her use of force was legally justified, [the

immunity statute] contemplates that a defendant who establishes entitlement to

the statutory immunity will not be subjected to trial.” Dennis v. State, 51 So. 3d

456, 462 (Fla. 2010). The Florida immunity statute “expressly grants defendants a

substantive right to not be arrested, detained, charged or prosecuted as a result of

the use of legally justified force. The statute does not merely provide that a

defendant cannot be convicted as a result of legally justified force.” Id. Love

contrasted the Florida Supreme Court’s view of “[t]he ‘substantive right to assert

immunity’ [that] was established in 2005[]” with its view that a more recent change

to the burden of proof under the immunity statute was merely procedural. 286 So.

3d at 186 (quoting Dennis, 51 So.3d at 462). Unlike the substantive nature of the

statutory grant of immunity, Love explained that the change to the burden of proof

“does not alter the elements of self-defense, justifiable force, or any crime, nor does

it alter the punishment for any crime. Instead, it alters the law ‘which provides or

regulates the steps by which[]’ immunity determinations are made.” Id. at 185

(internal citation omitted).

[¶32.]       Smith’s reliance on Rodgers to support his claim that the self-defense

immunity statute was procedural is misplaced. Despite the acknowledgment that

the Kentucky “General Assembly has made unmistakably clear its intent to create a

true immunity, not simply a defense to criminal charges[,]” Rodgers, 285 S.W.3d at

753, the Kentucky court nonetheless concluded that the immunity statute merely

“created a new procedural bar to prosecution[]” that could be applied retroactively.

Id.

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[¶33.]        Rodgers’ treatment of a legislative grant of immunity as procedural

rather than substantive is inconsistent with our decisional law in other contexts

recognizing that a legislative grant of immunity is substantive in nature. For

instance, in discussing the difference between a statute of limitations and a statute

of repose, we have recognized that statutes of limitations are merely procedural

bars to pursuing an action. Statutes of limitations “do not restrict or destroy the

right to bring a cause of action . . . but rather, only establish the period of time in

which a [party] must assert this right. ‘A statute of limitations does not create or

extinguish a right, but only places a limitation on a remedy which may be tolled or

waived.’” Green v. Siegel, Barnett & Schutz, 1996 S.D. 146, ¶ 33, 557 N.W.2d 396,

405 (citation omitted). In contrast, we have held that statutes of repose “are based

on considerations of the economic best interests of the public as a whole and are

substantive grants of immunity based on a legislative balance of the respective

rights of potential plaintiffs and defendants struck by determining a time limit

beyond which liability no longer exists.” Pitt-Hart v. Sanford USD Med. Ctr., 2016

S.D. 33, ¶ 21, 878 N.W.2d 406, 414 (quoting First United Methodist Church of

Hyattsville v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 882 F.2d 862, 866 (4th Cir. 1989)). “[S]tatutes of

repose effect a legislative judgment that a defendant should ‘be free from liability

after the legislatively determined period of time.’” Id. (quoting CTS Corp. v.

Waldburger, 573 U.S. 1, 9, 134 S. Ct. 2175, 2183, 189 L. Ed. 2d 62 (2014)). We

explained that this legislative grant of immunity in “‘a statute of repose creates

a substantive right to be free from liability . . . .’ In other words, a statute of repose

establishes a ‘right not to be sued[.]’” Clark Cnty. v. Sioux Equip. Corp., 2008 S.D.

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#29902

60, ¶ 27, 753 N.W.2d 406, 416 (quoting Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Poole

Chem. Co., 419 F.3d 355, 363 (5th Cir. 2005)).

[¶34.]       Similarly, if not even more so, the legislatively created immunity in

the context of self-defense provides a substantive right to be free from civil or

criminal culpability. Unlike a statute of repose, which provides immunity after the

passage of a legislatively determined amount of time, the self-defense immunity

statute creates a presumptive right of immunity that precludes the State from

arresting or commencing a criminal prosecution against a person who claims

immunity. The statute does not merely “regulate the steps” of prosecution. Rather,

it presumptively forecloses criminal culpability “once a prima facie claim of self-

defense immunity has been raised by the defendant” unless the State establishes,

“by clear and convincing evidence,” that the defendant did not act in self-defense to

overcome this immunity. The circuit court did not err by denying Smith’s motion

because the statute is substantive and not retroactive by its own terms.

             b.     Prejudice

[¶35.]       In view of this Court’s determination that the statute did not apply

retroactively, no question remains whether the circuit court erred in denying

Smith’s request for a hearing. Even if the statute had applied retroactively,

however, any error in denying Smith’s request was not prejudicial.

[¶36.]       At trial, Smith presented evidence that his use of force was justified,

and the circuit court instructed the jury on his self-defense claim. The State

ultimately met its burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that Smith is guilty

and that the homicide was not justified, as the jury returned a verdict of guilty on

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the charges for second-degree murder and aggravated assault. The State’s proof of

Smith’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt exceeded the “clear and convincing” burden

that would have been on the State at a pretrial hearing to rebut the statutory

immunity created by SDCL 22-18-4.8. Smith has not shown or identified any

prejudice resulting from being denied an immunity hearing. See SDCL 23A-44-14

(“Any error, defect, irregularity, or variance which does not affect substantial rights

shall be disregarded.”).

             2.     Evidence that Smith could not legally possess a
                    firearm

[¶37.]       “We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.” State v.

Shelton, 2021 S.D. 22, ¶ 16, 958 N.W.2d 721, 727 (quoting State v. Bausch, 2017

S.D. 1, ¶ 12, 889 N.W.2d 404, 408). “An abuse of discretion is a fundamental error

of judgment, a choice outside the range of permissible choices, a decision, which, on

full consideration, is arbitrary or unreasonable.” Id. (quoting State v. Rodriguez,

2020 S.D. 68, ¶ 41, 952 N.W.2d 244, 256). “To warrant reversal, ‘not only must

error be demonstrated, but it must also be shown to be prejudicial.’” Id. (quoting

State v. Stone, 2019 S.D. 18, ¶ 22, 925 N.W.2d 488, 497). Error is prejudicial when

it “in all probability . . . produced some effect upon the jury’s verdict and is harmful

to the substantial rights of the party assigning it.” State v. Hankins, 2022 S.D. 67,

¶ 21, 982 N.W.2d 21, 30 (quoting State v. Reeves, 2021 S.D. 64, ¶ 11, 967 N.W.2d

144, 147).

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#29902

[¶38.]         Smith argues that the court erred because the phrase “lawful defense”

in SDCL 22-16-35 8 is another way of saying “justifiable” rather than a requirement

that he be in compliance with all laws at the time he used force. He argues that the

term refers to the lawful use of force rather than to whether he was breaking the

law by being a felon in possession of a firearm that he was using to defend himself.

In support, he distinguishes cases where the defendant raised an excusable

homicide defense rather than a justifiable homicide defense. 9 See State v. Andrews,

2001 S.D. 31, 623 N.W.2d 78 (evidence of defendant’s illegal activities admissible on

excusable homicide claim); State v. Randle, 2018 S.D. 61, 916 N.W.2d 461 (court’s

refusal to give jury instruction on excusable homicide defense prejudiced

defendant). Smith does not, however, explain how he was prejudiced by the limited

testimony that he was prohibited by statute from possessing a firearm.

[¶39.]         The State responds that the testimony went to Smith’s state of mind

because he knew he was prohibited from possessing a firearm and that this was

relevant to his self-defense claim. The State notes that Smith was allowed to raise

self-defense and have the jury instructed accordingly and that “[w]hether, under the

particular facts of each case, homicide was justified is for the jury to decide.” State

8.       SDCL 22-16-35 provided at the time of the offense that “[h]omicide is
         justifiable if committed by any person in the lawful defense of such person, or
         [another] . . . .”

9.       In comparison to the reference in SDCL 22-16-35 to a person acting “in the
         lawful defense of such person, or [another],” SDCL 22-16-30 provides that
         “[h]omicide is excusable if committed by accident and misfortune in doing any
         lawful act, with usual and ordinary caution.” (Emphasis added.)
                                            -19-
#29902

v. Frias, 2021 S.D. 26, ¶ 29, 959 N.W.2d 62, 70 (quoting State v. Pellegrino, 1998

S.D. 39, ¶ 18, 577 N.W.2d 590, 598).

[¶40.]       “Evidence is relevant if: (a) [i]t has any tendency to make a fact more

or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) [t]he fact is of

consequence in determining the action.” SDCL 19-19-401. “When evidence has

been deemed relevant, ‘the balance tips emphatically in favor of admission unless

the dangers set out in Rule 403 “substantially” outweigh probative value.’” Shelton,

2021 S.D. 22, ¶ 17, 958 N.W.2d at 727 (quoting State v. Janklow, 2005 S.D. 25, ¶ 38,

693 N.W.2d 685, 698). “The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative

value is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair

prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or

needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” SDCL 19-19-403. “Prejudice ‘refers to

the unfair advantage that results from the capacity of the evidence to persuade by

illegitimate means.’” Shelton, 2021 S.D. 22, ¶ 17, 958 N.W.2d at 727 (quoting State

v. Birdshead, 2015 S.D. 77, ¶ 63, 871 N.W.2d 62, 83).

[¶41.]       The evidence that Smith could not lawfully possess a weapon

undoubtedly would have been relevant to the status offense that was severed and

later dismissed. Generally, a felon may not lawfully possess a firearm. See SDCL

22-14-15 (“No person who has been convicted in this state or elsewhere of a crime of

violence or a felony pursuant to § 22-42-2, 22-42-3, 22-42-4, 22-42-7, 22-42-8, 22-42-

9, 22-42-10 or 22-42-19, may possess or have control of a firearm.”). However, “[t]he

right of the citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the State shall not be

denied.” S.D. Const. art. VI, § 24. “Simply because a defendant is not permitted to

                                          -20-
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be in possession of a firearm does not mean he is necessarily guilty of violating a

statute prohibiting possession of a firearm if he should come into control of the

firearm for purposes of self-defense.” Conaty v. Solem, 422 N.W.2d 102, 104 (S.D.

1988) (citing United States v. Panter, 688 F.2d 268 (5th Cir. 1982)). “This is

especially true if the statute does not expressly demonstrate a legislative attempt to

supersede the self-defense statutes by precluding such a person from claiming self-

defense.” Id. (citing State v. Crawford, 521 A.2d 1193 (Md. 1987)). “Under the

appropriate factual setting, this defense is available.” Id. (citing United States v.

Nolan, 700 F.2d 479 (9th Cir. 1983); United States v. Gant, 691 F.2d 1159 (5th Cir.

1982)).

[¶42.]       Although the felon in possession of a firearm charge was not at issue at

trial, the circuit court determined that the evidence that Smith was statutorily

prohibited from possessing a firearm was relevant to, but did not preclude, his claim

of self-defense. The court concluded this evidence went to the reasonableness of

Smith’s decision to arm himself before leaving the apartment, to his state of mind

during this time, and to whether he reasonably apprehended he was in danger. The

circuit court stated the evidence “would aid the jury in making a determination

under the circumstances of the reasonableness of your conduct, Mr. Smith, and as to

whether or not it was justifiable and because it’s just one of those factors, like I

mentioned, in all the other factors.” Considering Rule 403, the court acknowledged

                                          -21-
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the evidence was prejudicial, but not unduly so, and that any prejudice did not

substantially outweigh the probative value of the evidence. 10

[¶43.]         In considering the relevance of this evidence to Smith’s self-defense

claim, we note that the jury was instructed to consider whether Smith had an

honest and reasonable belief that that he would be killed or seriously injured. If

such danger existed, the jury was instructed that Smith “may act to defend himself

in such manner and with such means as may seem to him reasonably necessary in

view of the circumstances.” The fact that Smith was prohibited from possessing a

firearm because of his status as a felon, but chose to arm himself before leaving the

apartment, was at best tangential to the question of whether Smith acted

reasonably for the purpose of self-defense. Under the instructions, the proper focal

point of the reasonableness analysis for self-defense was not whether, as a convicted

felon, Smith illegally armed himself before any need to defend himself arose. It was

whether—at the moment Smith brandished and proceeded to fire the gun—he had a

reasonable belief concerning the danger he faced and acted reasonably and

proportionately in response. Further, under Rule 403, the minimal, if any,

probative value of this evidence seems to be substantially outweighed by the danger

of unfair prejudice resulting from the jury learning Smith was prohibited from

possessing a firearm because he was a convicted felon.

10.      Smith does not directly challenge the court’s balancing of the evidence under
         Rule 403. Rather, he argues that there was simply no relevance to the
         evidence since the felon in possession of a firearm and the “lawful defense”
         language in the justifiable homicide statute relate solely to whether he acted
         reasonably in using the firearm, not whether he was in lawful possession of
         the weapon at the time.
                                            -22-
#29902

[¶44.]         Nonetheless, even if the circuit court abused its discretion in admitting

this evidence, we must determine whether the error warrants reversal. Error is

prejudicial when it “in all probability . . . produced some effect upon the jury’s

verdict and is harmful to the substantial rights of the party assigning it.” Hankins,

2022 S.D. 67, ¶ 21, 982 N.W.2d at 30 (quoting Reeves, 2021 S.D. 64, ¶ 11, 967

N.W.2d at 147). The evidence at issue was testimony from the detective that Smith

was prohibited by statute from possessing a firearm, and there was no elaboration

on the nature of the underlying felony conviction. 11 In contrast, the State presented

overwhelming evidence that Smith’s actions before and during the shooting were

not for his self-defense. The State presented evidence that Smith opted to arm

himself before there was any immediate threat to Smith or others, made statements

about shooting others if he stepped outside, chose to go outside rather than stay in

the apartment and call 911, and continued to pursue and shoot toward the young

men as they attempted to flee the parking lot. We cannot say that the error in all

probability produced an effect upon the verdict. Therefore, the erroneous admission

of this testimony was not prejudicial.

               3.     Sufficiency of the evidence to sustain verdict

[¶45.]         The circuit court determined there was sufficient evidence to support

the jury’s verdict. “Denial of a motion for acquittal is reviewed de novo.” Stone,

2019 S.D. 18, ¶ 38, 925 N.W.2d at 500; see also State v. Podzimek, 2019 S.D. 43,

¶¶ 28–30, 932 N.W.2d 141, 149 (applying same de novo review to denial of motion to

11.      The fact that Smith had previously been convicted of a felony was mentioned
         as part of the limiting instruction, without objection, but there was no further
         elaboration on this conviction in the instruction or the evidence.
                                            -23-
#29902

set aside verdict). “When conducting our review, we ‘determine whether the

evidence was sufficient to sustain the conviction.’” Stone, 2019 S.D. 18, ¶ 38, 925

N.W.2d at 500 (quoting State v. Quist, 2018 S.D. 30, ¶ 13, 910 N.W.2d 900, 904).

“To do so, we ask ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of

the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id. (quoting Quist, 2018 S.D. 30, ¶ 13, 910

N.W.2d at 904). “If the evidence, including circumstantial evidence and reasonable

inferences drawn therefrom sustains a reasonable theory of guilt, a guilty verdict

will not be set aside.” Id. (quoting State v. Martin, 2017 S.D. 65, ¶ 6, 903 N.W.2d

749, 751). “[W]e ‘will not resolve conflicts in the evidence, assess the credibility of

witnesses, or evaluate the weight of the evidence.’” State v. Manning, 2023 S.D. 7,

¶ 27, 985 N.W.2d 743, 752 (quoting State v. Seidel, 2020 S.D. 73, ¶ 32, 953 N.W.2d

301, 313). “[T]he jury is . . . the exclusive judge of the credibility of the witnesses

and the weight of the evidence.” Id. ¶ 27, 985 N.W.2d at 753 (quoting Seidel, 2020

S.D. 73, ¶ 32, 953 N.W.2d at 313).

[¶46.]       Smith argues that the evidence “can only reasonably be interpreted to

show” he feared for his own life and those of Christina and Martece starting from

Christina’s receipt of the Snapchat and continuing throughout the time “the angry

mob showed up and started trying to kick in the door of the [Christina/Martece]

apartment. Smith’s fear of imminent death or severe bodily injury only ceased

when the angry mob had [dispersed] from the parking lot.” He points to Christina’s

testimony as evidence that he reasonably believed he could be killed or seriously

injured and acted reasonably in light of the circumstances.

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#29902

[¶47.]       The State argues that the evidence supports the jury’s verdict because

it establishes the elements of the offenses. The State cites State v. Satter to support

its assertion that Smith evinced a depraved mind when he shot into a crowd. 1996

S.D. 9, ¶ 21, 543 N.W.2d 249, 253. The State also argues that the evidence shows

the shooting was not justified as Smith did not act reasonably when he armed

himself and left the apartment instead of staying inside and calling the police. The

State notes he was not “in the midst of an attack[.]” See State v. Burtzlaff, 493

N.W.2d 1, 8 (S.D. 1992). The State argues that Smith’s statement about going

outside to shoot and his decision to shoot multiple times as others were running

away also demonstrated the shooting was not justified. The State further contends

that Smith’s return to Minneapolis and his decision to cut his hair provide

circumstantial evidence of his consciousness of guilt. See State v. Falkenberg, 2021

S.D. 59, ¶ 43, 965 N.W.2d 580, 592; State v. Owens, 2002 S.D. 42, ¶ 82, 643 N.W.2d

735, 756.

[¶48.]       The elements of second-degree murder require a showing of “any act

imminently dangerous to others and evincing a depraved mind, without regard for

human life, although without any premeditated design to effect the death of any

particular person[.]” SDCL 22-16-7. “Homicide is manslaughter in the first degree

if perpetrated . . . [w]ithout any design to effect death . . . but by means of a

dangerous weapon[.]” SDCL 22-16-15(3). “When a homicide defendant raises self-

defense or justification, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the

killing was without authority of law.” Pellegrino, 1998 S.D. 39, ¶ 19, 577 N.W.2d at

598.

                                           -25-
#29902

[¶49.]       Smith did not deny that he caused Larry’s death. In his interview with

law enforcement, his account of the events was that he began shooting because of

the actions of one of the men coming toward him and that he had no design to shoot

Larry in particular. It is clear from the verdict that the jury rejected Smith’s

version of the facts, including Christina’s testimony concerning Smith’s actions.

The State presented evidence that Smith did not act in self-defense. This included

evidence that neither he nor the others in the apartment were fearful of the crowd

gathering in the parking lot, that they did not attempt to contact law enforcement,

that Smith already planned to start shooting before he went outside the locked

apartment, and that Smith continued pursuing and shooting toward the group that

was scattering from the parking lot. In addition to testimony, the video from the

nearby business shows Smith exiting the apartment and walking toward the men

who had gathered in the parking lot. Josh was still at a distance when Smith began

to fire, and Smith continued to fire the weapon even as the men ran away. The

video also shows him point the gun toward a busy street. The State also put on

evidence that the only weapon recovered from the men in the parking lot was an

unloaded gun in a closed satchel.

[¶50.]        Our cases support that shooting into a crowd shows a lack of regard

for human life. See Satter, 1996 S.D. 9, ¶ 21, 543 N.W.2d at 253. Further, “[w]hen

a defendant claims justifiable homicide because he was threatened with serious

bodily injury, the responding ‘force becomes limited to that which is reasonable in

the circumstances, and, as the threat of harm dissipates, so does the reasonableness

of the force used.’” State v. Cottier, 2008 S.D. 79, ¶ 13, 755 N.W.2d 120, 127

                                         -26-
#29902

(quoting State v. Jaques, 428 N.W.2d 260, 265–66 (S.D. 1988)). It is for the jury to

decide if homicide was justified. Frias, 2021 S.D. 26, ¶ 29, 959 N.W.2d at 70. The

jury had the opportunity to consider all the evidence, including conflicting witness

testimony, to weigh the credibility of the witnesses, and to make its determinations

as to whether Smith was acting reasonably in self-defense. The evidence supports

the jury’s determination that Smith committed second-degree murder. 12

[¶51.]         Finally, Smith was convicted of aggravated assault under SDCL 22-18-

1.1(2). The statute provides “[a]ny person who . . . [a]ttempts to cause, or knowingly

causes, bodily injury to another with a dangerous weapon . . . is guilty of aggravated

assault.” Id. One who “[a]ttempts by physical menace with a dangerous weapon to

put another in fear of imminent serious bodily harm” is also guilty of aggravated

assault. SDCL 22-18-1.1(5). The jury determined that Smith was guilty of

aggravated assault toward Josh, Jevon, and Joseph under both theories. Smith

does not dispute that he used deadly force and injured Josh and Jevon by shooting

them. The same evidence that supported the jury’s finding that Smith evinced a

depraved mind supported the jury’s conclusion that Smith was attempting to cause

or knowingly caused bodily injury with a firearm or attempting to put Josh, Jevon,

12.      While there is no sentence imposed, the evidence is also sufficient to support
         the manslaughter conviction. We once again begin with Smith’s admission
         that he caused Larry’s death. The other element the State needed to prove to
         establish this crime was that Smith effected Larry’s death by means of a
         dangerous weapon. Test fires from the weapon that Christina told law
         enforcement about and that LJ and Tenessa brought to the police station
         matched the bullet recovered from Larry at his autopsy and a bullet found at
         the scene. Although LJ did not know at the time that he was helping to hide
         the gun that killed his father, witnesses testified that Smith used it when he
         shot Josh, Jevon, and Larry. Larry died as a result of the gunshot wound to
         his abdomen.
                                            -27-
#29902

and Joseph in fear of imminent serious bodily harm by physical menace with a

deadly weapon and that these actions were without justification.

[¶52.]       The evidence was sufficient to support the elements of second-degree

murder and of aggravated assault. The evidence was also sufficient to support the

jury’s verdict that Smith was not justified in killing Larry or in assaulting Josh,

Jevon, and Joseph with a dangerous weapon. The court properly denied Smith’s

motions for judgment of acquittal.

             4.     Mistrial

[¶53.]       “[T]his Court reviews the trial court’s ‘denial of a motion for mistrial

under the abuse of discretion standard.’” Stone, 2019 S.D. 18, ¶ 34, 925 N.W.2d at

499 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Kvasnicka, 2013 S.D. 25, ¶ 17, 829

N.W.2d 123, 127). “An abuse of discretion is a fundamental error of judgment, a

choice outside the range of permissible choices, a decision, which, on full

consideration, is arbitrary or unreasonable.” Shelton, 2021 S.D. 22, ¶ 16, 958

N.W.2d at 727 (quoting Rodriguez, 2020 S.D. 68, ¶ 41, 952 N.W.2d at 256). “To

warrant reversal, ‘not only must error be demonstrated, but it must also be shown

to be prejudicial.’” Id. (quoting Stone, 2019 S.D. 18, ¶ 22, 925 N.W.2d at 497). Error

is prejudicial when it “in all probability . . . produced some effect upon the jury’s

verdict and is harmful to the substantial rights of the party assigning it.” Hankins,

2022 S.D. 67, ¶ 21, 982 N.W.2d at 30 (quoting Reeves, 2021 S.D. 64, ¶ 11, 967

N.W.2d at 147).

[¶54.]       Smith claims that because he was being tried for, among other

charges, second-degree murder and first-degree manslaughter and claimed self-

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#29902

defense, “the testimony of a witness that he was just released from prison no doubt

had an effect on the jury even though the trial court had admonished the jury.

Coupled with the fact that the jury was instructed that Smith couldn’t lawfully

possess a gun and further that he was just released from prison, prejudice is

presumed[.]”

[¶55.]         Smith does not claim that the State intentionally elicited the forbidden

testimony, or that the jury did not abide by the curative instruction. Beyond his

conclusory remarks regarding prejudice, Smith fails to show how the single

inadvertent reference to his incarceration produced an effect upon the final result.

We “presume that juries understand and abide by curative instructions.” State v.

Dillon, 2010 S.D. 72, ¶ 28, 788 N.W.2d 360, 369. Further, the circuit court had the

opportunity to observe the momentary testimony that was elicited and any impact

of that testimony on the jury. See State v. Kryger, 2018 S.D. 13, ¶¶ 32–37, 907

N.W.2d 800, 812–13 (holding no abuse of discretion in denying motions for mistrial

when the court gave limiting instructions and considered the impact of the errors,

including that the jury heard that the defendant had a parole officer and was

incarcerated and that the jury had an accidental encounter with the defendant

while under escort). Given the brief nature of this testimony and the court’s

immediate remedial action to address the issue, we cannot say the circuit court

abused its discretion in denying Smith’s motion for mistrial.

[¶56.]         Affirmed.

[¶57.]         KERN, SALTER, DEVANEY, and MYREN, Justices, concur.

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