Court Opinion

ID: 6557368
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 19:00:33.790862+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:31:38.779286
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 20-10132     Date Filed: 07/20/2022    Page: 1 of 17

                                                   [PUBLISH]
                            In the
         United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Eleventh Circuit

                   ____________________

                         No. 20-10132
                   ____________________

LALITHA E. JACOB,
MD,
                                              Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
MENTOR WORLDWIDE, LLC,

                                            Defendant-Appellee.

                   ____________________

          Appeal from the United States District Court
               for the Middle District of Florida
           D.C. Docket No. 8:19-cv-00229-MSS-SPF
                   ____________________
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2                        Opinion of the Court                   20-10132

Before LAGOA, BRASHER, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.
BRASHER, Circuit Judge:
       The question in this appeal is whether a federal medical-de-
vice statute preempts state-law manufacturing defect claims.
Lalitha Jacob received MemoryGel Silicone Gel Breast Implants
made by Mentor Worldwide, LLC. After one of her implants rup-
tured, she sued Mentor pro se, alleging negligence and negligence
per se, strict liability failure to warn, and strict liability manufactur-
ing defect. The district court dismissed her complaint without prej-
udice and later dismissed her amended complaint with prejudice as
preempted and foreclosed by Florida law. Jacob appealed. After
careful review and with the benefit of oral argument, we conclude
that Jacob’s manufacturing defect claims are sufficiently pleaded to
survive a motion to dismiss. We therefore reverse and remand.
                       I.      BACKGROUND

       Congress enacted the Medical Device Amendments to the
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to “provide for the safety
and effectiveness of medical devices intended for human use.”
Medtronic, Inc. v. Lohr, 518 U.S. 470, 474 (1996) (quoting Medical
Device Amendments of 1976, Pub. L. No. 94-295, 90 Stat. 539); see
also 21 U.S.C. § 301 et seq. The Amendments establish three classes
of medical devices—Class I, Class II, and Class III—based on the
level of oversight required to ensure their safety. See 21 U.S.C. §
360c(a)(1). Classification is based on the level of risk posed by the
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20-10132               Opinion of the Court                       3

device. Lohr, 518 U.S. at 476– 77. Class I devices involve the least
risk and require only general regulatory controls. Id. Class II de-
vices involve more risk and require both general and special regu-
latory controls. Id. Class III devices involve the most risk and re-
quire general regulatory controls and pre-market approval before
being sold to consumers. Id.
       Mentor’s MemoryGel Silicone Gel Breast Implant is a Class
III medical device that has been deemed safe and effective via the
FDA’s pre-market approval process. Once approved, the Amend-
ments forbid unauthorized changes to “design specifications, man-
ufacturing processes, labeling, or any other attribute, that would
affect safety or effectiveness.” Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc., 552 U.S.
312, 319 (2008) (citing 21 U.S.C. § 360e(d)(6)(A)(i)). Makers of ap-
proved devices are also subject to ongoing reporting requirements
related to device safety. See id. For example, a manufacturer must
inform the FDA of studies of its devices and incidents of the device
injuring consumers. Id. The FDA retains authority to withdraw its
approval based on this information. Id.
       In January 2007, Jacob was surgically implanted with Men-
tor’s MemoryGel implants. Jacob alleges that after she received her
implants she developed “severely disabling and life-threatening
medical problems related to lupus-like syndrome. . . .” Twelve
years later, Jacob underwent surgery to remove her implants. At
that point she discovered that her left implant had ruptured, creat-
ing “a severe systemic[-]chemical and heavy metal toxicity ad-
versely affecting [her] entire body.”
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4                       Opinion of the Court                 20-10132

       Jacob then sued Mentor in the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida, asserting claims for (1) negligence
and negligence per se, including negligent failure to warn and neg-
ligent manufacturing (Count I); (2) strict products liability—failure
to warn (Count II); and (3) strict products liability—manufacturing
defect (Count III).
       Mentor moved to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Proce-
dure 12(b)(6). Mentor argued that Jacob’s claims were both ex-
pressly and impliedly preempted by federal law. Jacob filed a two-
page response stating that she “strongly fe[lt] [her] case should not
be dismissed” and that her medical issues “were very severe, life-
threatening and totally different from the similar cases usually en-
countered in the courts across the country.” She also filed an “ad-
dendum” to that response, stating that Mentor’s product “failed”
to “meet very basic standards of safety” because “the shell of the
implants in question were porous.” She later filed another adden-
dum stating that she was “personally aware of a case similar to
[hers] that [had] passed ‘preemption’ in another state,” and that
“[t]he factors surrounding [her] case [were] equally strong, if not
more.”
       The district court granted Mentor’s motion to dismiss. It
held that Jacob’s failure to warn claims were preempted by federal
law, explaining that “claims based upon failure to provide warning
are preempted by federal law” and thus “cannot be sustained . . . .”
It added that although Jacob’s manufacturing defect claims pur-
ported to allege “parallel” violations of state and federal law and
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20-10132                Opinion of the Court                         5

“may theoretically be sustainable,” they were nonetheless dis-
missed because they suffered from procedural defects under Fed-
eral Rules of Civil Procedure 8 and 10. Though Jacob attached a
supplement to her five-page complaint, the court held that the sup-
plement did not meet Rule 8’s requirement that a complaint con-
tain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to “state a claim to
relief that is plausible on its face.” The court also held that because
the operative allegations in the complaint were not in numbered
paragraphs, the complaint violated Rule 10(b).
       The district court ordered that “to the extent” Jacob sought
recovery for claims that were preempted, those claims were dis-
missed with prejudice. And to the extent that she sought recovery
for claims that survived preemption, those claims were dismissed
without prejudice under Rules 8 and 10 and should be realleged
with greater clarity in an amended complaint. The court’s dismissal
order granted Jacob leave to amend.
       Jacob then filed an amended complaint. In it, she alleged
three new claims: violation of the FDA’s pre-market approval
(Count I), breach of implied warranty (Count II), and lack of in-
formed consent—failure to warn (Count III). Mentor again moved
to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), and the district court again granted
Mentor’s motion. As to Count I, violation of pre-market approval,
the district court dismissed on preemption grounds. As to Count II,
breach of implied warranty, the district court dismissed because a
warranty claim requires privity of contract under Florida law, and
Jacob did not allege that she bought her implants directly from
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6                       Opinion of the Court                   20-10132

Mentor. As to Count III, lack of informed consent/failure to warn,
the district court held that “under the learned intermediary doc-
trine, a manufacturer’s duty to warn runs only to the prescribing
physician, not to the patient.” And to the extent Jacob argued that
Mentor had a duty to provide warnings broader than those ap-
proved by the FDA, any such claim was preempted. Jacob timely
appealed.
                 II.     STANDARD OF REVIEW

        We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a complaint
for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). EEOC v. STME,
LLC, 938 F.3d 1305, 1313 (11th Cir. 2019). Dismissal under Rule
12(b)(6) is appropriate when a plaintiff fails to allege facts sufficient
“to raise a right to relief above the speculative level” or fails to
“state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp.
v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555–56, 570 (2007).
       Because Jacob is a pro se litigant, we liberally construe her
pleadings, holding them “to a less stringent standard than pleadings
drafted by attorneys.” Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d
1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998).
                         III.    DISCUSSION

       Jacob appeals the district court’s dismissal of the manufac-
turing defect claims in Counts I and III of her initial complaint. We
divide our discussion of her appeal into two parts. First, we address
Mentor’s argument that Jacob waived the “theoretically
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20-10132               Opinion of the Court                        7

sustainable” manufacturing defect claims in her initial complaint
by failing to replead them in her amended complaint. We conclude
that she did not. Second, we address whether Jacob’s pleadings
stated a plausible claim against Mentor. We conclude that they do.
               A.     Jacob’s Claims are not Waived

       Jacob appeals the dismissal of the manufacturing defect
claims in her initial complaint. Mentor argues that Jacob waived
those claims when she omitted them from her amended complaint.
Jacob replies that she did not waive the claims because, under our
precedent, she was not required to replead claims that the district
court held were meritless simply to preserve them for appeal. We
agree.
       Ordinarily, an amended pleading supersedes the former
pleading. “[T]he original pleading is abandoned by the amend-
ment, and is no longer a part of the pleader’s averments against his
adversary.” Dresdner Bank AG v. M/V Olympia Voy-
ager, 463 F.3d 1210, 1215 (11th Cir. 2006) (citation and quotation
omitted). But we have also held that “a plaintiff does not waive his
right to appeal the dismissal of a claim in the original complaint by
amending the complaint and omitting the dismissed claim,” pro-
vided that repleading the dismissed claim would have been futile.
Reynolds v. Behrman Cap. IV L.P., 988 F.3d 1314, 1319 (11th Cir.
2021); see also Dunn v. Air Line Pilots Ass’n, 193 F.3d 1185, 1191
n.5 (11th Cir. 1999) (“[W]e do not require a party to replead a claim
following a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) to preserve objections to
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8                      Opinion of the Court                 20-10132

the dismissal on appeal” where “repleading would have been fu-
tile.”).
        Under our caselaw, we conclude that Jacob did not waive
her right to appeal the district court’s dismissal of her manufactur-
ing defect claims by omitting them from her amended complaint.
See Reynolds, 988 F.3d at 1319 (quoting Dunn, 193 F.3d at 1191
n.5). Whether on preemption grounds or procedural grounds, the
district court rejected as insufficient Jacob’s claims alleging that
Mentor committed parallel violations of state and federal law. To
be sure, the district court said that some of Jacob’s claims “may the-
oretically be sustainable” and granted her leave to amend. But the
district court did not identify which claims, if any, it thought could
“theoretically” survive a motion to dismiss or how. See U.S. ex rel.
Atkinson v. Pa. Shipbuilding Co., 473 F.3d 506, 517 (3d Cir. 2007)
(“[Where] there is uncertainty as to whether a dismissal is on the
merits, doubts should be resolved against the party asserting
waiver.”). Because Jacob apparently had no additional facts to al-
lege in support of her allegations, she reasonably concluded that
repleading her claims in the same way would have been futile. Un-
der these circumstances, Jacob did not waive her right to appeal the
district court's dismissal of her manufacturing defect claims.
    B.   The District Court Erred in Dismissing Jacob’s Claims on
                       Preemption Grounds

      We turn now to whether Jacob has stated a plausible claim
under Rule 12(b)(6). We divide this portion of our discussion into
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20-10132               Opinion of the Court                         9

two parts. First, we briefly explain preemption under the Act and
the Amendments. Second, we apply that framework to Jacob’s
case, concluding that she has plausibly pleaded parallel violations
of state and federal requirements that survive Mentor’s motion to
dismiss.
            1.     Preemption Under the Amendments
        To ensure that FDA oversight is not undermined by state
law, Congress included an express preemption provision in the
Medical Device Amendments. That provision says that state law
may not impose requirements that (1) are “different from, or in ad-
dition to” a federal requirement, and (2) “relate[] to the safety or
effectiveness of the device.” 21 U.S.C. § 360k(a). The Supreme
Court has laid out a two-step process for analyzing the Amend-
ments’ express preemption provision. Riegel, 552 U.S. at 321–23.
First, a court must decide whether the FDA has established “re-
quirements” specific to the device at issue. Id. at 321–22. If so, the
court must then determine whether the state-law claim would im-
pose any requirement that “relates to the safety or effectiveness of
the device” and is “different from, or in addition to” the federal re-
quirement. Id. at 323 (quoting 21 U.S.C. § 360k(a)). If the court an-
swers “yes” at both steps, the claim is expressly preempted. See id.
       Because the pre-market approval process imposes device-
specific requirements, and because state-law tort claims often im-
pose requirements “different from, or in addition to” those require-
ments, many state-law claims involving devices subject to pre-mar-
ket approval are preempted. See id. at 322–25. But Section 360k
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10                      Opinion of the Court                  20-10132

“does not prevent a State from providing a damages remedy for
claims premised on a violation of FDA regulations” provided that
“the state duties in such a case ‘parallel,’ rather than add to, federal
requirements.” Id. at 330 (quoting Lohr, 518 U.S. at 495). For a state
requirement to “parallel” a federal requirement and avoid express
preemption under Section 360k(a), the requirements must be “gen-
uinely equivalent.” Wolicki-Gables v. Arrow Int’l, Inc., 634 F.3d
1296, 1300 (11th Cir. 2011) (quoting McMullen v. Medtronic, Inc.,
421 F.3d 482, 489 (7th Cir. 2005)); see also Lohr, 518 U.S. at 495
(holding that acceptable additional elements “make the state re-
quirements narrower, not broader, than the federal requirement”).
Ordinarily, state and federal requirements are not equivalent if a
manufacturer could be held liable under state law without having
violated federal law. See Bates v. Dow Agrosciences LLC, 544 U.S.
431, 454 (2005).
       The Amendments also contain an implied preemption pro-
vision. That provision states that all actions to enforce FDA re-
quirements for medical devices “shall be by and in the name of the
United States.” 21 U.S.C. § 337(a). Put another way: a plaintiff can-
not seek to privately enforce a duty that is owed to the FDA. See
Mink v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., 860 F.3d 1319, 1327 (11th Cir.
2017). So, even if a plaintiff’s claim is not expressly preempted, it is
impliedly preempted if it is cognizable only because of duties owed
to the FDA. See Buckman Co. v. Plaintiffs’ Legal Comm., 531 U.S.
341, 353 (2001) (“fraud-on-the-FDA” claims are impliedly
preempted because they “exist solely by virtue of the [Food, Drug,
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20-10132                Opinion of the Court                        11

and Cosmetic Act’s] disclosure requirements”). State-law claims
based on conduct that violates the Act can escape implied preemp-
tion only if the alleged wrongdoing would give rise to liability un-
der state law even if the Act did not exist. Mink, 860 F.3d at 1330;
Godelia v. Doe 1, 881 F.3d 1309, 1320 (11th Cir. 2018).
       We have explained that express and implied preemption
leave a “narrow gap” through which a plaintiff’s claim must pass to
survive: “a plaintiff has to sue for conduct that violates a federal
requirement (avoiding express preemption) but cannot sue only
because the conduct violated that federal requirement (avoiding
implied preemption).” Mink, 860 F.3d at 1327 (citing In re Med-
tronic, Inc., Sprint Fidelis Leads Prods. Liab. Litig., 623 F.3d 1200,
1204 (8th Cir. 2010)). In other words, when a plaintiff’s claim impli-
cates the safety or effectiveness of a federally regulated medical de-
vice, her claim survives preemption “so long as she claims the
‘breach of a well-recognized duty owed to her under state law’ and
so ‘long as she can show that she was harmed by a violation of ap-
plicable federal law.’” Godelia, 881 F.3d at 1317 (quoting Mink , 860
F.3d at 1327)).
  2.       Jacob has Stated a Plausible Claim Under Rule 12(b)(6)
       Turning now to whether Jacob’s claims pass through the
“narrow gap” between express and implied preemption, Jacob ar-
gues that the district court erred in dismissing the manufacturing
defect claims in her initial complaint. Mentor responds that Jacob
is barred from making arguments supporting her manufacturing
defect claims because she failed to make them in district court.
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12                      Opinion of the Court                 20-10132

Mentor also argues that Jacob’s manufacturing defect claims are
preempted because she failed to sufficiently allege that Mentor vi-
olated parallel state and federal duties. Jacob replies that she plau-
sibly alleged that Mentor violated parallel state and federal duties—
which is enough for her pro se pleading to survive a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion—and developed those arguments in later filings. We agree
with Jacob.
       As an initial matter, Jacob preserved the arguments support-
ing her manufacturing defect claims in the district court. Jacob was
a pro se litigant. Nonetheless, Jacob opposed Mentor’s motion to
dismiss her initial complaint, arguing that Mentor’s product
“failed” to “meet very basic standards of safety” because “the shell
of the implants in question were porous.” She also specifically op-
posed Mentor’s preemption argument, contending that she was
“personally aware of a case similar to mine that has passed
‘preemption’ in another state” and that “[t]he factors surrounding
my case are equally strong, if not more.” Furthermore, we have
held that, though litigants can “waive positions and issues on ap-
peal,” they cannot waive “individual arguments” in support of
those positions. Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of Labor v. Preston, 873 F.3d 877,
883 n.5 (11th Cir. 2017). Thus, even if a plaintiff fails to respond to
individual arguments in a defendant’s motion to dismiss, that fail-
ure does not amount to a waiver of her position that her complaint
stated a plausible claim, provided that the district court “considered
the merits” of those arguments and “relied on them in granting the
motion to dismiss.” Hi-Tech Pharms., Inc. v. HBS Int’l Corp., 910
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20-10132               Opinion of the Court                        13

F.3d 1186, 1194 (11th Cir. 2018). Because the district court adopted
Mentor’s preemption argument in dismissing Jacob’s complaint, Ja-
cob may challenge the district court’s ruling accepting those argu-
ments on appeal.
       Turning to the merits of whether Jacob has stated a plausible
claim, we begin by acknowledging that Jacob has plausibly pleaded
viable state-law claims. Florida law recognizes common law negli-
gence claims based on a manufacturing defect theory of liability.
See Mink, 860 F.3d at 1329 (citing Ford Motor Co. v. Evancho, 327
So.2d 201, 202 (Fla. 1976) (holding that manufacturers may be lia-
ble for a manufacturing defect that causes or enhances injury)). Ja-
cob’s initial complaint alleges that Mentor owed her a duty, that it
breached that duty, and that the breach caused her injury. Florida
law also recognizes that a manufacturer “may be held strictly liable
for an injury to the user of its product.” Id. at 1331 (citing West v.
Caterpillar Tractor Co., 336 So.2d 80, 86–87 (Fla. 1976)). Jacob al-
leges that Mentor manufactured the implants using “improper and
non-conforming component parts and materials, in violation of
Florida law” and that the design was also “inconsistent with [the]
specifications and conditions of the FDA’s Quality System Regula-
tions and design control requirements.” She also alleges that these
defects created a “porous or weak containment in the [i]mplant
shell” which led to “rupture, leakage, and bleeding of silicone” into
her body.
      We next apply the Amendments’ preemption framework,
beginning with express preemption. Again, if a state-law claim is
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14                      Opinion of the Court                  20-10132

based on a violation of federal law, “it survives [an express preemp-
tion challenge] if it does not impose new requirements on the med-
ical device.” Id. at 1330–31. Here, “Florida law allows the violation
of a federal requirement to serve as prima facie evidence of negli-
gence.” Id. at 1330 (citing Fla. Dep’t of Corr. v. Abril, 969 So. 2d
201, 205 (Fla. 2007)). Such a claim does not subject an approved
medical device to any other safety requirements beyond those set
by federal law. Id.
        As currently pleaded, Jacob’s manufacturing defect claims
plausibly allege violations of “parallel” state and federal require-
ments. Jacob specifically alleges that Mentor violated “a duty under
Federal law, and a parallel duty under Florida law, to exercise rea-
sonable care . . . to ensure that [the implant] was safe and further
that it was made in conformity with the manufacturing and design
specifications mandated by the FDA as part of Mentor’s [pre-mar-
ket approval].” Her state-law claims are based on allegations that
Mentor: (1) manufactured implants “that differed from the specifi-
cations agreed to by the FDA”; (2) “fail[ed] to properly meet the
applicable standard of care by not complying with applicable fed-
eral regulations and failing to adhere to the manufacturing proto-
cols approved by the FDA”; and (3) “fail[ed] to use the components
and/or materials approved by the FDA[.]” The heart of her claim
is that “[b]ecause Mentor failed to follow specifications . . . required
by the FDA,” her implants “were defective and were further vul-
nerable to degradation, deterioration, rupture and leakage.” Be-
cause Jacob relies on Mentor’s violation of federal requirements as
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20-10132                Opinion of the Court                        15

evidence that it violated state law, her claims do not impose new
requirements on the federally regulated implants.
        Mentor argues that Jacob’s claims fail because they are not
pleaded with sufficient detail, relying heavily on our decision in
Wolicki-Gables. There, we held that a product liability claim was
expressly preempted because a plaintiff failed to “set forth any spe-
cific problem, or failure to comply with any FDA regulation that
[could] be linked to the injury alleged.” Wolicki-Gables, 634 F.3d at
1301–02 (quoting Ilarraza v. Medtronic, Inc., 677 F. Supp. 2d 582,
589 (E.D.N.Y. 2009)). But Wolicki-Gables is distinguishable in sev-
eral respects. First, Wolicki-Gables was an appeal from summary
judgment, whereas Jacob has not advanced beyond the pleading
stage. Second, Jacob’s manufacturing defect claims are pleaded
with much greater detail than the claims in Wolicki-Gables, which
alleged simply that the defendant “fail[ed] to reasonably design the
[approved device] in a manner which would have prevented in-
jury,” and “fail[ed] to reasonably manufacture the [approved de-
vice] in a reasonable manner.” Id. at 1301. As described above, Ja-
cob alleges that Mentor violated FDA-approved controls regulating
both Mentor’s manufacturing process and the materials used in
making the implants. And she explains a theory of how those vio-
lations injured her. Third, unlike the plaintiff in Wolicki-Gables, Ja-
cob is a pro se litigant whose pleadings are “held to a less stringent
standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be
liberally construed.” Tannenbaum, 148 F.3d at 1263.
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16                       Opinion of the Court                   20-10132

        Mentor similarly argues that Jacob’s claims fail because she
“has not pointed to any device-specific federal requirements” that
Mentor allegedly violated. But Jacob was not required to do so at
this stage. Section 360k makes express preemption a defense if state
law imposes on a device “any requirement . . . which is different
from, or in addition to, any requirement applicable under this chap-
ter to the device[.]” 21 U.S.C. § 360k(a). In other words, preemp-
tion does not depend on state law imposing a requirement that dif-
fers from the device-specific requirements approved by the FDA.
Instead, state law is preempted where it imposes a requirement
that differs from any federal requirement. See Mink, 860 F.3d at
1331 n.3 (“To the extent [the defendant] argues that some of the
federal regulations cited by [the plaintiff] are not sufficiently device-
specific, we reject its argument . . . . [T]he plain text of § 360k refers
to ‘any requirement.’” (quoting Bausch v. Stryker Corp., 630 F.3d
546, 560 (7th Cir. 2010))); Godelia, 881 F.3d at 1320 (same). Accord-
ingly, it is enough that Jacob plausibly alleges that Mentor commit-
ted parallel violations of state and federal law—the federal require-
ments at issue need not be device specific.
       Jacob’s state-law claims also avoid implied preemption. We
have held that a Florida state-law negligence claim based on a man-
ufacturing defect theory “falls into the category of traditional state
tort law that is not impliedly preempted.” Mink, 860 F.3d at 1330.
We explained in Mink that the duty of a manufacturer to use due
care in manufacturing a medical device predates the Amendments
and is a duty that a manufacturer owes the consumer, not the FDA.
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20-10132               Opinion of the Court                      17

Id. Similarly, a Florida state-law strict liability claim based on a
manufacturing defect theory enforces “the traditional state tort
duty of a manufacturer to use care in manufacturing the medical
device. No duty is owed to the FDA.” Id. at 1331.
       In sum, construing her pro se pleadings liberally, Jacob’s
manufacturing defect claims are sufficiently pleaded to survive
Mentor’s motion to dismiss. She plausibly alleges that Mentor vio-
lated a duty it owed to her, not the government. Specifically, she
alleges that the implants’ manufacturing process differed from the
specifications agreed to by the FDA and that Mentor used materials
that differed from those approved by the FDA, violating both state
law and the device-specific regulatory controls the FDA approved
under 21 C.F.R. § 820.30. These allegations are enough to state a
plausible claim against Mentor under Rule 12(b)(6), and the district
court erred by holding otherwise.
                      IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we REVERSE the district
court’s dismissal of Jacob’s complaint and REMAND for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.