Court Opinion

ID: 3196417
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-04-21 15:03:35.580221+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:13.769678
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
                                                                             FILED
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                   Apr 21 2016, 7:59 am

this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                        CLERK
regarded as precedent or cited before any                                Indiana Supreme Court
                                                                            Court of Appeals
                                                                              and Tax Court
court except for the purpose of establishing
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Marielena Duerring                                        Gregory F. Zoeller
South Bend, Indiana                                       Attorney General of Indiana
                                                          Eric P. Babbs
                                                          Deputy Attorney General
                                                          Indianapolis, Indiana

                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Eric A. Bail,                                             April 21, 2016
Appellant-Defendant,                                      Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                          20A05-1503-CR-94
        v.                                                Appeal from the Elkhart Circuit
                                                          Court
State of Indiana,                                         The Honorable Terry C.
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                       Shewmaker, Judge
                                                          Trial Court Cause No.
                                                          20C01-1307-CM-1109

Pyle, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016              Page 1 of 15
                                        Statement of the Case
[1]   Eric A. Bail (“Bail”) appeals, following a bench trial, his conviction for Class A

      misdemeanor operating a vehicle while intoxicated (“OVWI”).1 Bail was also

      charged with and found guilty of Class A misdemeanor operating a vehicle with

      an alcohol concentration equivalent to at least 0.15 grams of alcohol per 210

      liters of breath,2 but the trial court did not enter judgment of conviction on this

      charge. Bail argues that: (1) the trial court abused its discretion by admitting

      evidence that had been obtained following his arrest (including the results of his

      field sobriety tests and chemical tests and an officer’s post-arrest observations of

      him); and (2) the remaining evidence was insufficient to support his OVWI

      conviction. We conclude that: (1) Bail’s first argument is waived because he

      did not make a contemporaneous objection to the admission of the challenged

      evidence and that, waiver notwithstanding, his argument is moot because the

      trial court specified that it did not use this challenged evidence to support his

      OVWI conviction; and (2) the evidence is sufficient to support his OVWI

      conviction. Accordingly, we affirm.

[2]   We affirm.

                                                     Issues
                  1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion by admitting
                     evidence that had been obtained following Bail’s arrest.

      1
          IND. CODE § 9-30-5-2(b).
      2
          I.C. § 9-30-5-1(b)(2).

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016   Page 2 of 15
              2. Whether sufficient evidence supports Bail’s OVWI conviction.

                                                      Facts
[3]   On September 23, 2011, around 10:45 p.m., Elkhart City Police Department

      officers—Sergeant Carl Miller (“Sergeant Miller”), Corporal Christopher Faigh

      (“Corporal Faigh”), and Corporal Jim Wrathell (“Corporal Wrathell”)—were

      dispatched to the Between the Buns restaurant in Elkhart County. These

      officers, who were working in the anti-crime unit, were not wearing police

      uniforms and were driving in unmarked cars. They did, however, have their

      police badges hanging on lanyards outside their shirts. After arriving at the

      restaurant, Sergeant Miller talked to an employee, who informed him that two

      groups of people had been arguing in the restaurant and that she had asked one

      of the groups to leave. This group, which included Bail, Eric Walker

      (“Walker”), Nicole Smith (“Smith”), and Paige Johnson (“Johnson”), was

      standing in the parking lot.

[4]   When Sergeant Miller approached Bail, he noticed that Bail was talking “very

      loudly” and that he had bloodshot, glassy eyes, an unsteady balance, and a

      “strong odor of alcohol emitting from his breath.” (Tr. 154). The officers also

      observed the three other individuals had these same or similar signs of

      intoxication. Sergeant Miller felt that “none of the four were able to drive in a

      safe manner[,]” and he instructed them to call a sober driver to pick them up.

      (Tr. 155). Bail and the three others “agreed to that” and did not dispute the

      officer’s determination that they were too intoxicated to drive. (Tr. 156). Bail

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016   Page 3 of 15
      and Johnson then went to wait in Bail’s car while Walker and Smith went to

      wait in Walker’s truck.

[5]   Meanwhile, Sergeant Miller and Corporal Faigh returned to their car and

      parked in a nearby parking lot to make sure that Bail and Walker did not drive

      away from the scene. Corporal Wrathell, who was in another vehicle, then saw

      Walker’s truck, and what he believed to be Bail’s car, drive away from the

      restaurant parking lot. Sergeant Miller began to follow Bail’s and Walker’s

      vehicles and called dispatch to “advise[] them to send a marked squad car to

      [his] location for a traffic stop.” (Tr. 160). Thereafter, Sergeant Miller observed

      Bail strike the curb when making a turn, and he saw that Bail failed to signal

      within 200 feet of making the turn. The sergeant also saw Walker make the

      same turn and drive over the curb. Bail turned into a Red Lobster parking lot,

      and Walker turned into the adjacent Texas Roadhouse parking lot.

[6]   Bail stopped his car near one of the entrances of the Red Lobster parking lot,

      and Sergeant Miller drove his car into that entrance and stopped his car by

      Bail’s car. The sergeant then got out of his car, walked toward Bail’s car to talk

      to him through his open window, and told Bail to turn off and exit his car.

      Sergeant Miller then “placed [Bail] in handcuffs and advised him that he was

      not supposed to be driving[.]” (Tr. 164). Around that time, Corporal Jason

      Tripp (“Corporal Tripp”), who was responding to the dispatch for a uniformed

      police officer, arrived at the scene. Sergeant Miller and Corporal Faigh waived

      Corporal Tripp on to the adjacent Texas Roadhouse parking lot where Corporal

      Wrathell had stopped with Walker. Thereafter, Sergeant Miller removed the

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016   Page 4 of 15
      handcuffs from Bail and administered several field sobriety tests, which Bail

      failed. The sergeant then advised Bail of the Implied Consent Law, and Bail

      agreed to take a chemical test. Corporal Tripp transported Bail to the police

      station where Officer Greg Szabo (“Officer Szabo”) administered the chemical

      test to Bail. The results of the chemical test revealed that Bail had a BAC of

      0.16.

[7]   The State charged Bail with Class A misdemeanor OVWI in the Elkhart City

      Court (“City Court”). On April 18, 2013, the City Court held a trial, found Bail

      guilty, entered judgment, and imposed a 365-day suspended sentence. Bail then

      filed a request for a trial de novo, and the case was transferred to the Elkhart

      Circuit Court (“Circuit Court”). Shortly thereafter, in August 2013, the State

      filed a charging information in Circuit Court and charged Bail with: Count I,

      Class A misdemeanor OVWI; and Count II, Class A misdemeanor operating a

      vehicle with an alcohol concentration equivalent to at least 0.15 grams of

      alcohol per 210 liters of breath.

[8]   In October 2013, Bail filed a motion to suppress, apparently seeking to suppress

      the results of his field sobriety tests and chemical test and arguing that his arrest

      violated INDIANA CODE § 9-30-2-2 because Sergeant Miller had not been in

      either a police uniform or a marked police vehicle when he arrested him.3

      3
          Bail did not include a copy of his motion to suppress in his Appellant’s Appendix.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016      Page 5 of 15
      Following a hearing, the trial court issued a four-page written order and denied

      Bail’s motion to suppress. The trial court reasoned, in part, that:

               The police officers properly contacted defendant Bail in person
               on police business minutes before he apparently committed an
               offense of operating a vehicle while intoxicated. The officers
               formed an opinion that Bail was intoxicated based on this initial
               and permissible contact. The act of driving a short time later, by
               the language of the statute and decided case law, brings the
               limitation of IC [§] 9-30-2-2 into question. The action of [O]fficer
               Miller in commanding Bail to shut of[f] his vehicle effected an
               arrest of Bail . . . The only alleged offenses are defined under
               Title 9. However, Officer Miller had clear evidence that Bail was
               intoxicated, then personally observed Bail commit acts
               presenting danger to himself, his passenger, and others on the
               roadway. These acts may have been charged as public
               intoxication and criminal recklessness, not governed by Title 9 of
               the Indiana Code. The officers responded to a criminal call[] and
               arrested Bail for criminal acts committed in their presence” and
               that IC [§] 9-30-2-2 d[id] not prohibit the arrest[.]”

      (App. 46-47).

[9]   The trial court held a bench trial on December 11, 2014. During Sergeant

      Miller’s direct examination, he testified that Bail had failed the various field

      sobriety tests that he had administered. Thereafter, Bail objected to this

      evidence, arguing that his arrest was not legal under INDIANA CODE § 9-30-2-2.4

      The State responded that Bail had waived his objection because it was

      4
       Bail also generally argued that his “Indiana rights through the constitution were violated as well as the U.S.
      Constitution[.]” (Tr. 178).

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016                Page 6 of 15
       untimely. The State also argued that the trial court’s ruling from the motion to

       suppress was applicable. The trial court did not comment at that time on the

       State’s waiver response and merely overruled the objection. Bail later cross-

       examined Sergeant Miller about Bail’s field sobriety test results and the

       reliability of such tests.

[10]   When the State asked Sergeant Miller if he was aware of the results of Bail’s

       chemical test, Bail objected based on hearsay and not based on INDIANA CODE

       § 9-30-2-2. The State withdrew the question and asked the sergeant what he did

       after Bail had completed the chemical test. Sergeant Miller then testified that

       he saw that the printed ticket from the Datamaster machine indicated that Bail

       had a 0.16 BAC and that he then took Bail to the booking center. Bail did not

       object to this testimony, nor did he move to strike it from the record.

[11]   Next, during Corporal Faigh’s direct examination, he testified that when the

       officers were in the Red Lobster parking lot with Bail, he was watching Bail’s

       passenger and that he did not really observe anything about Bail. Nevertheless,

       the State asked the corporal if he had made any observations of Bail after Bail

       had completed his field sobriety tests. Bail objected to the corporal’s potential

       testimony, asserting that it should be excluded because Bail’s arrest did not

       comply with INDIANA CODE § 9-30-2-2. Before ruling on Bail’s objection to the

       question posed to Corporal Faigh, the trial court “not[ed]” and discussed the

       State’s previous argument about Bail waiving his objection to Sergeant Miller’s

       testimony. Specifically, the trial court stated that “the State’s got a nice

       procedural point on the waiver” because there were a “goodly handful of

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016   Page 7 of 15
       questions asked and answered prior to the objection being interposed[.]” (Tr.

       240, 241). The trial court stated that the waiver argument was “correct” as to

       the sergeant’s testimony that occurred before Bail’s objection. (Tr. 242). The

       trial court then overruled Bail’s objection to the question posed to Corporal

       Faigh, and the corporal testified that he did not make any observations of Bail

       during the investigation in the Red Lobster parking lot.

[12]   During Officer Szabo’s direct examination, he testified that Bail’s BAC was

       0.16, and Bail did not object to this testimony. When the State moved to

       introduce State’s Exhibit 5, the printout ticket from the chemical test, Bail

       objected based on hearsay and the best evidence rule and not based on INDIANA

       CODE § 9-30-2-2. The trial court overruled the objection and admitted the

       evidence.

[13]   The trial court found Bail guilty of both charges. The trial court entered the

       following order, specifying what evidence it had used to find Bail guilty of each

       offense:

               The defendant is found guilty on operating a vehicle while
               intoxicated in a manner that endangered a person. The finding is
               based on all the evidence, but specifically is proven beyond a
               reasonable doubt up to the point in the evidence where the
               defendant had driven to the parking lot of Red Lobster, but
               before the officer stepped out of his vehicle to continue the
               transaction.

               The defendant is found guilty on operating a vehicle with breath-
               alcohol content of .15 percent or more. This evidence necessarily
               includes evidence after the point of arrest at the Red Lobster

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016   Page 8 of 15
               parking lot. It remains the view of this court that the evidence
               developed after the moment the defendant was told to turn off
               the car and step out, should not be excluded pursuant to IC [§] 9-
               30-2-2. The ruling on the motion to suppress is unchanged.

       (App. 34). The trial court, however, did not enter a judgment of conviction on

       Count II. For Bail’s Class A misdemeanor OVWI conviction, the trial court

       imposed a 365 day sentence with 363 days suspended to probation. Bail now

       appeals.

[14]   After Bail filed his Appellant’s Brief, the State filed a motion to dismiss the

       appeal. Specifically, the State argued that the only appellate error raised by Bail

       pertained to the Count II charge that did not result in a judgment of conviction

       and that, therefore, Bail’s claim of error was moot. The State’s motion was

       held in abeyance for a decision by this writing panel. Because Bail’s appeal also

       involves a challenge to his OVWI conviction in Count I, we deny the State’s

       motion to dismiss and issue a separate order contemporaneously with this

       opinion.

                                                    Decision
[15]   Bail argues that: (1) the trial court abused its discretion by admitting evidence

       that had been obtained after his arrest; and (2) the remaining evidence was

       insufficient to support his OVWI conviction. We will address each argument in

       turn.

       1. Admission of Evidence

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016   Page 9 of 15
[16]   Before addressing Bail’s evidentiary argument, we note that the admission and

       exclusion of evidence falls within the sound discretion of the trial court, and we

       review the admission of evidence only for an abuse of discretion. Wilson v.

       State, 765 N.E.2d 1265, 1272 (Ind. 2002). An abuse of discretion occurs when

       the trial court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and

       circumstances before it. Conley v. State, 972 N.E.2d 864, 871 (Ind. 2012), reh’g

       denied.

[17]   Bail argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting evidence that

       followed his arrest, including evidence of the results of his field sobriety tests

       and chemical tests and Sergeant Miller’s post-arrest observations of him because

       his arrest did not comply with INDIANA CODE § 9-30-2-2. The State, on the

       other hand, renews its mootness argument raised in its prior motion to dismiss.

       Specifically, the State asserts that “[b]ecause Bail’s claim of evidentiary error

       does not relate to his conviction, but only affects an additionally charged count

       for which there was no conviction or sentence, this appeal is moot.” (State’s

       Br. 12). Alternatively, the State argues that the trial court’s evidentiary ruling

       was not erroneous and that the admission of the challenged evidence was

       harmless error.

[18]   While the parties have presented specific arguments regarding whether or not

       there was any error in the admission of the evidence based on the application of

       INDIANA CODE § 9-30-2-2, we need not address these arguments because Bail

       did not make a contemporaneous objection when the now-challenged evidence

       was offered and admitted at trial.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016   Page 10 of 15
[19]   The record reveals that Sergeant Miller testified that Bail had failed the field

       sobriety tests, but Bail did not object to this specific testimony until after the

       testimony had already been given. The State argued that he waived the

       objection based on his untimely objection, and the trial court ultimately agreed

       with that argument. Furthermore, in regard to Bail’s chemical test results, Bail

       either did not object to the relevant evidence or did not object based on the

       same basis of INDIANA CODE § 9-30-2-2 that he now attempts raises on appeal.

       Specifically, he did not object when the State presented testimony from Officer

       Szabo regarding his chemical test results, and he objected to State’s Exhibit 5

       (the chemical test results ticket) based on hearsay and the best evidence rule.

       Accordingly, Bail has waived review of this evidentiary issue on appeal. See

       Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204, 207 (Ind. 2010) (holding that a defendant’s

       failure to lodge a contemporaneous objection at the time evidence is introduced

       at trial results in waiver of the error on appeal), reh’g denied; Hart v. State, 578
N.E.2d 336, 337 (Ind. 1991) (holding that “a party may not object to the

       admission of evidence on one basis at trial and for a different reason on appeal).

       See also Stephenson v. State, 29 N.E.3d 111, 118 (Ind. 2015) (explaining that the

       failure to timely object to the admission of evidence will “procedurally

       foreclose” the error on appeal); Jackson v. State, 735 N.E.2d 1146, 1152 (Ind.

       2000) (“The failure to make a contemporaneous objection to the admission of

       evidence at trial results in waiver of the error on appeal.”); Tinnin v. State, 416
N.E.2d 116, 118 (Ind. 1981) (explaining that a defendant “must make his

       objection to a question before the answer is given in order to preserve the issue

       for appeal”).
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016   Page 11 of 15
[20]   Waiver notwithstanding, we agree with the State’s argument that Bail’s

       evidentiary challenge is moot. “The long-standing rule in Indiana has been that

       a case is deemed moot when no effective relief can be rendered to the parties

       before the court.” Matter of Lawrance, 579 N.E.2d 32, 37 (Ind. 1991). When a

       dispositive issue in a case has been resolved in such a way as to “‘render it

       unnecessary to decide the question involved,’ the case will be dismissed.” Id.

       (quoting Dunn v. State ex rel. Eakin, 163 Ind. 317, 321, 71 N.E. 890, 894 (1904)).

       “The existence of an actual controversy is an essential requisite to appellate

       jurisdiction.” DeSalle v. Gentry, 818 N.E.2d 40, 49 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).

[21]   Even if Bail had made a contemporaneous objection to the challenged evidence

       that mirrored his appellate challenge and we were to consider his argument that

       the trial court erred by admitting evidence that was obtained after he had been

       arrested, such an argument would have been rendered moot by the trial court’s

       order and specific finding that explained that it did not consider the challenged

       evidence when finding Bail guilty of the OVWI charge in Count I. Because the

       challenged evidence was considered only in regard to the Count II charge for

       which no judgment of conviction was entered, his evidentiary challenge is

       moot. Furthermore, because Bail’s argument does not meet the public interest

       exception to mootness, we will not address his waived appellate claim.5

       5
         “[A]lthough moot cases are usually dismissed, Indiana courts have long recognized that a case may be
       decided on its merits . . . when the case involves questions of ‘great public interest.’” Matter of Lawrance, 579
N.E.2d at 37. “Cases found to fall within the public interest exception typically contain issues likely to
       recur.” Id. Additionally, we need not address Bail’s waived and moot evidentiary challenge because any

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016                 Page 12 of 15
       2. Sufficiency of the Evidence

[22]   Bail argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his Class A

       misdemeanor OVWI conviction.

               When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
               conviction, appellate courts must consider only the probative
               evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the verdict. It is
               the fact-finder’s role, not that of appellate courts, to assess
               witness credibility and weigh the evidence to determine whether
               it is sufficient to support a conviction. To preserve this structure,
               when appellate courts are confronted with conflicting evidence,
               they must consider it most favorably to the [jury’s verdict].
               Appellate courts affirm the conviction unless no reasonable fact-
               finder could find the elements of the crime proven beyond a
               reasonable doubt. It is therefore not necessary that the evidence
               overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. The
               evidence is sufficient if an inference may reasonably be drawn
               from it to support the verdict.

       Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146-47 (Ind. 2007) (internal quotation marks and

       citations omitted) (emphasis in original).

[23]   To convict Bail of Class A misdemeanor OVWI as charged, the State was

       required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Bail operated a vehicle while

       intoxicated in a manner that endangered a person. See I.C. § 9-30-5-2(b).

       error that may have possibly occurred in the admission of the challenged evidence would constitute harmless
       error. See Ind. Appellate Rule 66(A) (addressing harmless error).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016           Page 13 of 15
       “Intoxicated” means being “under the influence of . . . alcohol. . . so that there

       is an impaired condition of thought and action and the loss of normal control of

       a person’s faculties.” I.C. § 9-13-2-86(1). “‘Impairment can be established by

       evidence of: (1) the consumption of a significant amount of alcohol; (2)

       impaired attention and reflexes; (3) watery or bloodshot eyes; (4) the odor of

       alcohol on the breath; (5) unsteady balance; (6) failure of field sobriety tests;

       and (7) slurred speech.’” Matlock v. State, 944 N.E.2d 936, 941 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2011) (quoting Vanderlinden v. State, 918 N.E.2d 642, 644 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009),

       trans. denied). “Proof of a person’s blood alcohol content is not required to

       establish intoxication.” Id.

[24]   Bail argues that the evidence was insufficient to show that he was “impaired”

       when operating his vehicle. (Bail’s Br. 7). Bail does not argue that there was

       insufficient evidence of endangerment caused by his intoxication.

[25]   Here, there is no dispute that Bail was driving a vehicle. Indeed, Bail testified

       on his own behalf and admitted that he drove that night. There was also

       sufficient evidence that Bail was intoxicated when he drove his car. Sergeant

       Miller and Corporal Faigh testified about their observations of Bail made at the

       restaurant where they were dispatched and first encountered Bail. Specifically,

       they testified that Bail had bloodshot eyes, unsteady balance, and an odor of

       alcohol coming from his breath and that these signs were consistent with signs

       of intoxication. Additionally, Bail’s passenger testified that Bail had consumed

       at least one alcoholic drink that night. The officers also testified that, within

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016   Page 14 of 15
       minutes of observing Bail and instructing him to get a rider from a sober driver,

       Bail drove car and struck a curb when trying to make a turn.

[26]   Bail’s argument is nothing more than an invitation for this Court to reweigh the

       evidence and judge the credibility of the witness, which we decline to do. See

       Drane, 867 N.E.2d at 146. Because there is probative evidence from which the

       trial court, as trier of fact, could have found Bail guilty beyond a reasonable

       doubt of Class A misdemeanor OVWI, we affirm his conviction.

[27]   Affirmed.

       Baker, J., and Bradford, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 20A05-1503-CR-94 | April 21, 2016   Page 15 of 15