Court Opinion

ID: 9406105
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-29 20:05:28.635366+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:26.691745
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (5th) 220382-U
            NOTICE
                                                                                       NOTICE
 Decision filed 06/29/23. The
                                                                            This order was filed under
 text of this decision may be               NO. 5-22-0382
                                                                            Supreme Court Rule 23 and is
 changed or corrected prior to
 the filing of a Peti ion for                                               not precedent except in the
                                               IN THE                       limited circumstances allowed
 Rehearing or the disposition of
 the same.                                                                  under Rule 23(e)(1).
                                   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                               FIFTH DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

CHRISTINE AMBROSE,                              )     Appeal from the
                                                )     Circuit Court of
       Petitioner-Appellee,                     )     Coles County.
                                                )
v.                                              )     No. 22-MR-09
                                                )
CONSOLIDATED COMMUNICATIONS                     )
ENTERPRISE SERVICES, INC.,                      )
                                                )
       Respondent                               )     Honorable
                                                )     Mark E. Bovard,
(Jamie Doe, Intervenor-Appellant).              )     Judge, presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

         JUSTICE CATES delivered the judgment of the court.
         Justices Moore and Vaughan concurred in the judgment.

                                             ORDER

¶1       Held: The orders of the circuit court granting petitioner’s Rule 224 petition and denying
               intervenor’s motion to dismiss are reversed and the corresponding discovery order
               is vacated where the Rule 224 petition was filed after the petitioner commenced a
               civil action for defamation and was therefore procedurally improper. The orders of
               the circuit court denying intervenor’s motion to quash and compelling respondent
               to comply with the subpoena duces tecum, as modified, are affirmed.

¶2       Intervenor, Jamie Doe, appeals from the circuit court’s order granting a petition under

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 224 (eff. Jan. 1, 2018), filed by petitioner, Christine Ambrose, to

compel respondent, Consolidated Communications Enterprise Services, Inc. (Consolidated

Communications), to provide the name, address, and email addresses of a subscriber who posted

                                                  1
allegedly fictitious and defamatory reviews about Ambrose’s professional services on Ambrose’s

internet business page. We affirm in part and reverse in part.

¶3                                    I. BACKGROUND

¶4     A summary of the pertinent facts and the procedural background taken from the pleadings

and exhibits on file follows. In 2017, Christine Ambrose, a licensed naturopathic medicine

practitioner, established a naturopathic practice called Ambrose Integrative Medicine, PLLC in

Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Ambrose also created business pages for her practice on several

business websites, including one hosted by Google, Inc.

¶5     In August 2020, an unidentified individual, using the fictitious name or alias, “Stef Eanes,”

posted a one-star review on Ambrose’s Google business page, with the following comment:

       “Absolutely horrid experience! Took my daughter to her and felt so disrespected. It’ll take
       a while to recover from her negligence. Go elsewhere!!”

¶6     In September 2020, an unidentified individual, using the fictious name or alias, “Deb J.,”

posted a one-star review on Ambrose’s Google business page, with the following comment:

       “Overpriced and rushed experience. I can’t believe she charged me over 400 dollars for
       one visit! I guess you have to overcharge if you only work 2½ days a week. Must be nice!
       She calls herself a doctor but she’s not even a real MD or DO. Look for a real physician
       that actually provides a real service.”

¶7     Ambrose had no records indicating that she ever treated “Deb J.,” “Stef Eanes” or the

daughter of “Stef Eanes,” and efforts to reach out to those individuals through her Google business

page failed. Using a geolocator tool, Ambrose discovered that the Google accounts of “Stef Eanes”

and “Deb J.” had been created in August 2020 and originated from internet protocol (IP) addresses

107.77.225.58 and 107.77.226.53 (collectively, the IP addresses). In response to a subpoena issued

by Ambrose, Google confirmed that the Google accounts of “Stef Eanes” and “Deb J.” were

created in August 2020. Google also identified two IP addresses associated with the Google

                                                 2
accounts of “Stef Eanes” and “Deb J.” The first IP address was traced to FairPoint

Communications, a telecommunications company that is now part of Consolidated

Communications. The geographic location of the computing or mobile device associated with the

first IP address was Derry, New Hampshire. The second IP address was traced to New England

Telehealth Consortium, and the geographic location of the computing or mobile device associated

with that IP address was Dover, New Hampshire.

¶8     On July 26, 2021, Ambrose filed a defamation claim in Rockingham County Superior

Court, New Hampshire, against the unknown person who posted the allegedly defamatory reviews.

Ambrose referred to the unknown defendant by the pseudonym, “Jane Doe.” On October 14, 2021,

Ambrose presented a subpoena issued in the New Hampshire lawsuit to the circuit clerk of Coles

County, Illinois. Pursuant to Ambrose’s request, the Coles County circuit clerk issued an Illinois

subpoena that incorporated the terms of the foreign subpoena. The Illinois subpoena was directed

to the respondent, Consolidated Communications, a Delaware corporation with a principal place

of business in Coles County, Illinois. It directed Consolidated Communications to produce

documents which were associated with two IP addresses, 70.105.239.22 and 70.20.59.154, and

would lead to the identity of the defendant in the New Hampshire lawsuit.

¶9     On December 1, 2021, Consolidated Communications, through counsel, notified Ambrose

that it contacted the subscriber associated with the IP addresses specified in the subpoena and that

the subscriber would not permit Consolidated Communications to disclose the subscriber’s

identity. Consolidated Communications further indicated that it had preserved the identifying

information and would produce it to Ambrose upon receipt of a court order compelling it to do so.

¶ 10   On February 23, 2022, Ambrose filed a verified Rule 224 petition in the circuit court of

Coles County, seeking an order compelling Consolidated Communications to provide the name,

                                                 3
address, and email addresses of the subscriber who posted the allegedly defamatory online reviews.

In the petition, Ambrose alleged that in 2020, her professional reputation and high Google ratings

were harmed as a result of multiple fictitious reviews posted on her Google business page.

Ambrose further alleged that the posted reviews accused her of professional negligence in the

treatment of a patient, a poor bedside manner, and charging excessive fees for inferior services,

and that the reviews were false or made with reckless disregard for the truth. She claimed that the

online publication of the fictitious reviews constituted defamation per se.

¶ 11     In the Rule 224 petition, Ambrose also noted that she filed a lawsuit in New Hampshire on

July 26, 2021, against “Jane Doe,” the unknown individual who posted the defamatory reviews.

In addition, Ambrose asserted that she “properly domesticated” a foreign subpoena which she

served    on   Consolidated   Communications,        that   the subpoena directed     Consolidated

Communications to produce information regarding the identity of the defendant in the New

Hampshire lawsuit, and that Consolidated Communications indicated it would provide the

information if a court ordered it to do so. Ambrose attached copies of the complaint filed in the

New Hampshire lawsuit and the Illinois subpoena served on Consolidated Communications as

exhibits in support of her Rule 224 petition.

¶ 12     On March 28, 2022, Jamie Doe (Doe) filed a petition to intervene in the Coles County

action, along with a motion to dismiss the Rule 224 petition under section 2-615 of the Code of

Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2020)), and a motion to quash the subpoena

issued to Consolidated Communications under section 2-1101 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-1101

(West 2020)). In the motion to dismiss, Doe argued that Rule 224 permits a person to compel

limited discovery before filing a lawsuit, and that Ambrose filed her Rule 224 petition months after

she filed her defamation suit in New Hampshire. Additionally, Doe argued that the Rule 224

                                                 4
petition was facially deficient because Ambrose failed to adequately allege a claim for defamation

per se. In the motion to quash the subpoena, Doe argued that the Rule 224 petition should be

dismissed because of irreparable procedural defects and insufficient allegations, and therefore, any

related subpoena should be quashed. Doe also argued the subpoena served on Consolidated

Communications was not limited to information regarding Doe’s identity, and instead, directed

Consolidated Communications to produce information that excessively intruded on Doe’s privacy

interests.

¶ 13    During a hearing on June 2, 2022, the circuit court granted Doe’s motion to intervene,

without objection. The court then heard arguments on Doe’s other motions and took them under

advisement. In an order issued June 13, 2022, the court denied Doe’s motion to dismiss the Rule

224 petition. The court noted that while the title of Rule 224 was “Discovery Before Suit to Identify

Responsible Persons and Entities,” the rule itself did not state that the Rule 224 petition must be

filed before a lawsuit is filed. The court found that the Rule 224 petition was “likely the sole

mechanism” by which Ambrose could learn Doe’s identity, and that dismissal of the petition would

be inconsistent with the purpose of Rule 224 and too harsh of a sanction. The court then granted

the 224 petition and ordered Consolidated Communications to produce information that would

permit Ambrose to identify Doe, including the subscriber information associated with the two

pertinent IP addresses. The court denied Doe’s motion to quash the subpoena. The court directed

Consolidated Communications to comply with the subpoena, but limited its scope to information

that would permit Ambrose to identify Doe. On June 16, 2022, the court issued an “Order of

Discovery” compelling Consolidated Communications to provide Ambrose with identifying

information for the person associated with the pertinent IP addresses, including the name, and

address, and the email addresses used to set up the account. Doe appealed.

                                                 5
¶ 14                                    II. ANALYSIS

¶ 15   On appeal, Doe claims that the circuit court erred in granting Ambrose’s Rule 224 petition,

denying Doe’s motion to dismiss, and entering the order of discovery. Doe argues that the Rule

224 petition should have been dismissed because it was filed after Ambrose filed her defamation

action against Jane Doe in New Hampshire, and was, therefore, procedurally improper, and

because it did not set forth facts necessary to demonstrate a claim for defamation per se.

¶ 16   Illinois Supreme Court Rule 224 provides that “[a] person or entity who wishes to engage

in discovery for the sole purpose of ascertaining the identity of one who may be responsible in

damages may file an independent action for such discovery.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 224(a)(1)(i) (eff. Jan. 1,

2018). The Committee Comments addressing Rule 224 note that “[t]his rule provides a tool by

which a person or entity may, with leave of court, compel limited discovery before filing a lawsuit

in an effort to determine the identity of one who may be liable in damages,” and that the petition

may seek identification of potential defendants through any of the discovery tools set forth in Rules

201 through 214. Ill. S. Ct. R. 224, Committee Comments (adopted Aug. 1, 1989).

¶ 17   In Hadley v. Doe, 2015 IL 118000, the Illinois Supreme Court shed light on the purpose

and scope of Rule 224. In that case, the plaintiff, Bill Hadley, filed a defamation action in

Stephenson County, Illinois, against “Subscriber Doe, a.k.a. Fuboy.” Hadley alleged that the

unknown individual, using the name “Fuboy,” posted defamatory statements in the comments

section of a local newspaper’s website in response to an online article discussing Hadley’s decision

to run for a seat on the county board. Hadley, 2015 IL 118000, ¶ 2. After filing the defamation

suit, Hadley served a subpoena on Fuboy’s ISP, Comcast Cable Communications, requesting

information concerning the name of the subscriber associated with Fuboy’s IP address. Hadley

also filed a motion for entry of an order directing Comcast to turn over the subscriber information.

                                                 6
The circuit court entered an order directing Comcast to comply with the subpoena, with a provision

requiring Comcast to notify the subscriber, Fuboy, that he had 21 days to challenge the subpoena.

Fuboy, through counsel, filed a motion to quash the subpoena. During a subsequent hearing, the

circuit court advised the parties that Rule 224 provided a better procedure for discovery of Fuboy’s

identity. Hadley was given leave to file an amended complaint with an additional count for relief

under Rule 224. Hadley, 2015 IL 118000, ¶ 9. Hadley filed the amended complaint pursuant to the

court’s instruction. Following additional briefing, the court determined that Hadley was entitled to

Rule 224 relief and ordered Comcast to provide the name and last known address of Fuboy.

Hadley, 2015 IL 118000, ¶ 11.

¶ 18   The appellate court affirmed the judgment. Subsequently, the Illinois Supreme Court

granted Fuboy’s petition for leave to appeal. The supreme court found that the circuit court

erroneously instructed Hadley to proceed under Rule 224 after the underlying suit had begun, but

there was no showing that Fuboy was prejudiced by the procedural irregularities. Under those

unique circumstances, the supreme concluded that the dismissal of Hadley’s suit would be too

harsh a sanction, and that the procedural irregularities did not render the request for relief under

Rule 224 invalid. Hadley, 2015 IL 118000, ¶ 22. That said, the supreme court emphasized that

“the proper way to invoke Rule 224 is before suit commences,” and the court cautioned that its

holding “should not be read as expressing approval of the actions taken by the circuit court.”

Hadley, 2015 IL 118000, ¶ 23.

¶ 19   In this case, Ambrose initiated a defamation action against “Jane Doe” in New Hampshire

before she filed the Rule 224 petition in the circuit court of Coles County, Illinois. That was

procedurally improper. See Hadley, 2015 IL 118000, ¶¶ 22-23. Supreme Rule 224 provides a

plaintiff with a procedural tool to obtain limited discovery for the purpose of identifying proper

                                                 7
defendants who may be liable to the plaintiff before a civil suit is filed. From our review of the

record, this case did not involve the type of unique circumstances or procedural irregularities

present in Hadley. Accordingly, we find that the Rule 224 petition was improperly filed after the

petitioner commenced her defamation action, and that the circuit court erred in denying Doe’s

motion to dismiss the Rule 224 petition on that basis. Consequently, we will not address Doe’s

other contention as to the sufficiency of the allegations of defamation in the petition.

¶ 20   In ruling on the motion to dismiss, the circuit court reasoned that a dismissal of the petition

would essentially leave Ambrose without recourse to discover Doe’s identity. We disagree. In her

pleadings, Ambrose indicated that she obtained a subpoena directed to Consolidated

Communications as a tool of discovery in the New Hampshire lawsuit. Ambrose then presented

the foreign subpoena to the circuit clerk of Coles County, requesting the issuance of an Illinois

subpoena. Under Illinois statutory and procedural rules, when a party presents a foreign subpoena

to the clerk of the court, the clerk, in accordance with the court’s procedure, shall promptly issue

a subpoena for service upon the person or entity to which the foreign subpoena is directed. See

735 ILCS 35/3 (West 2020); Ill. S. Ct. R. 204(b) (eff. July 1, 2014). Once a subpoena is served, an

application may be made to the court for a protective order or an order to enforce, quash, or modify

the subpoena. See 735 ILCS 35/6 (West 2020); 735 ILCS 5/2-1101 (West 2020).

¶ 21   Here, the circuit clerk of Coles County issued an Illinois subpoena duces tecum, directed

to Consolidated Communications. After being served with the Illinois subpoena, Consolidated

Communications informed Ambrose that it would comply with the subpoena if ordered to do so

by a court. At that point, Doe filed a motion to quash the subpoena under section 2-1101 of the

Code (735 ILCS 5/2-1101 (West 2020)). Section 2-1101 of the Code provides that upon motion

and for good cause shown, the circuit court may quash or modify any subpoena. In this case, the

                                                  8
circuit court denied Doe’s motion to quash. The court, however, in its discretion, modified the

subpoena and limited its scope. The court compelled Consolidated Communications to provide

Ambrose with the name, address, and the email addresses of the subscriber associated with two

specific IP addresses set forth in the subpoena.

¶ 22    On appeal, Doe did not challenge the circuit court’s order denying the motion to quash the

subpoena and compelling Consolidated Communications to comply with the subpoena as

modified. 1 Issues that are not raised on appeal or argued in the opening brief are forfeited. Ill. S.

Ct. R. 341(h) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020); Vancura v. Katris, 238 Ill. 2d 352, 369-70 (2010).

¶ 23                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 24    For the reasons stated, the orders of the circuit court denying the intervenor’s motion to

dismiss and granting the Rule 224 petition are reversed and the order of discovery is vacated. The

orders of the circuit court denying the motion to quash the subpoena and compelling Consolidated

Communication to comply with the subpoena, as modified by the order of June 13, 2022, are

affirmed. The cause is remanded to the circuit court with instructions to retain jurisdiction to

enforce the subpoena, as modified.

¶ 25    Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded with instructions.

        1
          Case law has established that under some circumstances, an order denying a motion to quash a
subpoena duces tecum is a final and appealable order. See People v. Doe, 211 Ill. App. 3d 962, 965 (1991);
Laurent v. Brelji, 74 Ill. App. 3d 214, 216 (1979). In this case, the subpoena duces tecum was issued in
relation to a separate civil proceeding filed by the petitioner in New Hampshire. In the motion to quash,
Doe claimed that Doe’s privacy interests would be harmed if Consolidated Communications complied with
the subpoena. The court’s order denying Doe’s motion to quash and directing Consolidated
Communications to comply with the subpoena effectively terminated the proceedings in Coles County,
Illinois.
                                                    9