Court Opinion

ID: 4210999
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-10-12 09:15:48.035067+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:02.651225
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                         13-17-00309-CV
                                                          THIRTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                 CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS
                                                                      10/5/2017 10:54 AM
                                                                        Dorian E. Ramirez
                                                                                   CLERK

                   No. 13-17-00309-CV

                                           FILED IN
                                    13th COURT OF APPEALS
                       IN THE    CORPUS CHRISTI/EDINBURG, TEXAS
                  COURT OF APPEALS 10/5/2017 10:54:26 AM
                      FOR THE         DORIAN E. RAMIREZ
                                            Clerk
          THIRTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
               AT CORPUS CHRISTI

              WILLIAM ROBERT SCHRADER
                      Appellant,
                         v.
           TEXAS FARM BUREAU UNDERWRITERS
                      Appellee.

      On appeal from the 130th Judicial District Court,
      Matagorda County, Texas, Cause No. 15-E-0320

APPELLEE TEXAS FARM BUREAU UNDERWRITER’S BRIEF

                          JORDAN LYNCH & CANCIENNE PLLC
                             Michael Cancienne
                             State Bar No. 24055256
                             mcancienne@jlcfirm.com
                             Caroline Carter
                             State Bar No. 24078318
                             ccarter@jlcfirm.com
                             1330 Post Oak Boulevard, Suite 2575
                             Houston, Texas 77056-2995
                             713.955.4025
                             713.955.9644 (facsimile)

                              ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
                              TEXAS FARM BUREAU UNDERWRITERS
                           TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….. ii
Index of Authorities………………………………………………………………..iv
Statement of the Case………………………………………………………………vi
Statement Regarding Oral Argument…………………………………………...…vii
Issues Presented…………………………………………………………………..viii
Introduction………………………………………………………………………... 1
Statement of Facts…………………………………………………………………. 3
    I.     Schrader fails to renew his insurance policy………………………… 3

    II.    Schrader discovers the Tractors are missing and makes a
           claim…………………………………………………….…………… 5

    III.   Schrader filed a lawsuit, and his claims are dismissed on summary
           judgment……………………………………………………………... 5

Summary of Argument……………………………………………………………...7
Legal Standard…………………………………………………………………….. 8
Argument……………………………………………………………………….…10
    I.     The Tractors were not covered by a Texas Farm Bureau insurance
           policy at the time of loss…………………………………………… 10
           A.   Texas Farm Bureau’s offer of a renewal policy did not create a
                binding insurance agreement without Schrader’s acceptance…11
                 1. Schrader’s new arguments against summary judgment on
                      appeal are improper and do not create a fact issue…… 14

                      a.    Schrader cannot raise new arguments against
                            summary judgment on appeal ………………… 16

                      b.    The role of John Hendrick, a Texas Farm Bureau
                            insurance agent, is irrelevant……………………17
                      c.    The “mailbox rule” is inapposite under the facts of
                            this case…………………………………………19

                 2.   There was no insurance policy covering the Tractors
                      between November 20, 2013 and December 5, 2013….21
                                     ii
         B.    There is no dispute that the Tractors disappeared sometime after
               November 20, 2013 and before December 16, 2013…………..23
   II.   The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on all of
         Schrader’s claims……………………………………………………24

         A.    Texas Farm Bureau did not breach a contract by denying
               coverage, when none existed at the time of loss……………….24
         B.    Schrader’s request for a declaratory judgment was properly
               dismissed for the same reasons as his breach of contract claim
               ……………………………………………………………….. 25
         C.    Texas Farm Bureau did not violate the DTPA or commit fraud
               by denying coverage, and Schrader does not challenge the
               dismissal of these claims……………………………………...26
Prayer…………………………………………………………………………...…26
Certificate of Compliance…………………………………………………………28
Certificate of Service…………………………………………………………….. 29

                                    iii
                                INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
                                                                                   Page(s)

CASES

American Casualty Company of Reading, Pa. v. Conn, 741 S.W.2d 536 (Tex. App.—Austin
1987, no writ)……………………………………………………………………………….........20

Binur v. Jacobo, 135 S.W.3d 646 (Tex. 2004)…………………………..……………..................9

Burns v. Canales, No. 14-04-00786-CV, 2006 WL 461518 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
Feb. 28, 2006, pet. denied)……………………………………………………………...………..15

City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671 (Tex. 1979)………..………..16, 17

Cox v. Gulf Ins. Co., 858 S.W.2d 615 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1993, no writ)…………………20

De Pino v. Jefferson-Pilot Life Ins. Co., No. 13-07-00367-CV, 2009 WL 866797 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi Apr. 2, 2009, no pet.)………………………………………………………….9, 26

ERA Realty Grp., Inc. v. Advocates For Children & Families, Inc., 267 S.W.3d 114 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2008, pet. denied)………………………………………………………....9

First Union Nat. Bank v. Richmont Capital Partners I, L.P., 168 S.W.3d 917 (Tex. App.—Dallas
2005, no pet.) ……………………………………………………………………………………23

Hartland v. Progressive Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co., 290 S.W.3d 318 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2009, no pet.)………………………………………………………………………………...12, 14

Heritage Gulf Coast Props., Ltd. v. Sandalwood Apartments, Inc., 416 S.W.3d 642 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.)………………………………………………………………10

Kottke v. Scott, 03-10-00071-CV, 2011 WL 1467194 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 14, 2011, no
pet.)………………………………………………………………………………………………13

Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc., 407 S.W.3d 244 (Tex. 2013)…………………………………..23

Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211 (Tex. 2003)…………………………...9

RSUI Indem. Co. v. The Lynd Co., 466 S.W.3d 113 (Tex. 2015)……………………………11, 21

Sci. Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910 (Tex. 1997)……………………………………9

Texas Dep't of Transp. v. Crockett, 257 S.W.3d 412 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2008, pet.
denied)……………………………………………………………………………………………25

Texas Farm Bureau Underwriters v. Rasmussen, 410 S.W.3d 335 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2013, pet. denied)……………………………………………………………...11, 12, 18, 21

                                             iv
Ulico Cas. Co. v. Allied Pilots Ass'n, 262 S.W.3d 773 (Tex. 2008)……………………………..22

Wakefield v. Ayers, No. 01-14-00648-CV, 2016 WL 4536454 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Aug.
30, 2016, no pet.)...………………………………………………………………………………16

Walker v. Fed. Kemper Life Assurance Co., 828 S.W.2d 442 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1992,
writ denied)………………………………………………………………………………………12

Zuniga v. Allstate Ins. Co., 693 S.W.2d 735 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1985, no writ)…...........11

STATUTES
TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a….…………………………………………………………………………8, 9

                                               v
                            STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Nature of the case:      Dispute over whether Texas Farm Bureau Underwriters
                         breached an insurance policy, violated the Texas
                         Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“DTPA”), and committed
                         fraud by denying coverage of Appellant’s claim of loss.

Course of proceedings: On July 15, 2015, Appellant William Robert Schrader
                       filed a lawsuit against Texas Farm Bureau after Texas
                       Farm Bureau denied coverage for Schrader’s claim of loss
                       of two tractors. CR 4–10. Schrader alleged claims for
                       breach of contract, violations of the DTPA, and fraud, and
                       sought a declaratory judgment stating that the insurance
                       policy between Schrader and Texas Farm Bureau was in
                       effect and covered the loss of Schrader’s tractors. CR 6–
                       9. On July 26, 2016, Texas Farm Bureau filed a traditional
                       and no-evidence motion for summary judgment. 2 Supp.
                       CR 6.

Trial court:             Honorable Craig Estlinbaum, 130th Judicial District
                         Court, Matagorda County, Texas

Trial court’s disposition: On December 15, 2016, the trial court granted Texas Farm
                           Bureau’s traditional and no-evidence motion for summary
                           judgment. CR 141. On February 3, 2017, the trial court
                           denied Schrader’s motion for new trial. CR 177.

                                        vi
                  STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

      Oral argument is not necessary because the Court can summarily affirm the

judgment based on the appellate record. If, however, the Court grants Schrader’s

request for oral argument, Texas Farm Bureau requests the opportunity to present

oral argument.

                                      vii
                   ISSUES PRESENTED

                 Responsive Issue One

Did the trial court properly grant summary judgment in
favor of Texas Farm Bureau on all of Schrader’s claims?

                 Responsive Issue Two
Can Schrader raise arguments that were not presented to
the trial court in an attempt to overturn the trial court’s
decision to grant summary judgment?

                            viii
                                  INTRODUCTION

      This case arises out of a dispute over insurance coverage for two tractors (the

“Tractors”) allegedly stolen in late 2013. Schrader owned the Tractors and had

previously insured them with Texas Farm Bureau. The insurance policy protecting

against the risk of loss associated with the theft of the Tractors expired on November

20, 2013. Texas Farm Bureau sent a renewal notice that provided Schrader with the

opportunity to renew his policy for an additional year, from November 20, 2013 to

November 20, 2014. Like all insurance policies, this renewal notice was an offer

that must be accepted by the insured for coverage to go into effect. The offer

required Schrader to timely submit a premium payment as a necessary condition of

the policy becoming effective. Without the premium payment, the renewal policy

could not go into effect and no insurance contract would exist.

      Schrader did not submit the payment by November 20, 2013, as required by

the policy. Texas Farm Bureau then sent Schrader a past due notice, giving Schrader

until December 5, 2013 to make the payment. With the notice, Texas Farm Bureau

was providing Schrader fifteen extra days to accept the renewal policy by paying his

premium. If Texas Farm Bureau had received the premium payment by December

5, 2013, as required by the past due notice, Texas Farm Bureau would have issued

the renewed policy with a retroactive start date of November 20, 2013, so that there

would be no gap in coverage. Texas Farm Bureau, however, did not receive the

                                          1
premium payment by December 5, 2013. Texas Farm Bureau’s offer to renew the

policy for the November 20, 2013 to November 20, 2014 term therefore expired.

        On December 13, 2013, Schrader discovered his Tractors missing and made

a report to the Brazoria County Sheriff’s Office. He did not report the loss to Texas

Farm Bureau at that time. Instead, three days after Schrader reported the loss to the

sheriff’s office, Texas Farm Bureau received a premium check from Schrader.

Texas Farm Bureau immediately accepted what was effectively Schrader’s offer to

Texas Farm Bureau to provide him with insurance coverage for his farm equipment,

and issued a policy of insurance effective December 16, 2013 to cover Schrader’s

farm equipment. A month later, in January 2014, Schrader reported to Texas Farm

Bureau that his Tractors had been stolen and attempted to make a claim for the loss

with Texas Farm Bureau. Texas Farm Bureau investigated the loss and denied

coverage because there was no insurance policy covering the Tractors at the time of

loss.

        There is no dispute that the loss occurred sometime after November 20, 2013,

when the previous policy expired, and before December 16, 2013, when Texas Farm

Bureau issued a new policy upon receiving a premium payment. Because the loss

occurred during this time period when no coverage was in effect, Texas Farm Bureau

properly denied coverage as a matter of law. The trial court correctly granted Texas

                                          2
Farm Bureau’s traditional and no-evidence summary judgment motion, finding that

Schrader should take nothing on his claims.

                               STATEMENT OF FACTS

    I.   Schrader fails to renew his insurance policy.

         Appellant William Robert Schrader owns numerous tractors and farm

equipment for farm and ranch operations. 2 Supp. CR 6, 29. For several years,

Schrader insured his farming equipment, including tractors, with Texas Farm

Bureau. 2 Supp. CR 6, 33. Included among the insured items were the Tractors—

John Deere Farm Tractor Model 5410, Serial Number LV54105240341, and a

Landini Farm Tractor Power Ram 75, Serial Number IMDLW03123. 2 Supp. CR

6–7, 33–34, 107 (TFB-Schrader000145). 1

         On November 20, 2013, the term of Schrader’s previous insurance policy

expired, and Schrader needed to renew the policy to continue to have coverage on

the Tractors. 2 Supp. CR 7, 107 (TFB-Schrader000145). Texas Farm Bureau sent

Schrader a request that Schrader pay premiums to renew his policy to continue

coverage for his farming equipment, including the Tractors, for the period from

1
       For certain pages, the Second Supplemental Record page numbers are
imprinted on top of bates numbers and therefore are difficult to read. For ease of
reference, where the page number is unclear in the record, Texas Farm Bureau will
provide the bates number that corresponds with the relevant page, in addition to the
official page number in the record.
                                          3
November 20, 2013 to November 20, 2014.           2 Supp. CR 7, 107–116 (TFB-

Schrader000145–54). Under the terms of the insuring agreement, Schrader was

required to pay an annual premium of $1,774 by November 20, 2013 to renew the

policy. 2 Supp. CR 7, 108 (TFB-Schrader000146).

      Schrader presented no evidence to the trial court that he sent the check to

renew the policy before November 20, 2013.           CR 20–24. In fact, Schrader

acknowledged that he had no evidence that he wrote or mailed the premium payment

before November 20 and recognized that Texas Farm Bureau did not receive the

payment before November 20. 2 Supp. CR 7, 38–39, 42. On November 25, 2013,

Texas Farm Bureau sent Schrader a past due notice, providing Schrader with

additional time to renew his policy. 2 Supp. CR 8, 117 (TFB-Schrader000144). The

notice stated that if Texas Farm Bureau did not receive the premium payment by

December 5, 2013, “ALL COVERAGE AFFORDED BY THIS POLICY WILL BE

CANCELLED EFFECTIVE 12:01 A.M., 12-05-13.” 2 Supp. CR 8, 117 (TFB-

Schrader000144) (emphasis in original). Texas Farm Bureau expressly stated in the

notice that Schrader must “SEND THE PAYMENT SO THAT IT WILL REACH

OUR OFFICE BY 12-05-13.” 2 Supp. CR 117 (TFB-Schrader000144) (emphasis

in original). Schrader presented no evidence to the trial court that he submitted the

payment to Texas Farm Bureau by December 5, 2013. CR 20–24.

                                         4
 II.   Schrader discovers the Tractors are missing and makes a claim.

       On Friday, December 13, 2013, Schrader called the Brazoria County Sheriff’s

Office to report the Tractors missing. 2 Supp. CR 8, 55–56. An officer met Schrader

at the field where Schrader had been keeping the Tractors and completed an Incident

Report regarding the alleged theft. 2 Supp. CR 8, 56, 118 (TFB-Schrader000185).

The Incident Report states that the Tractors were last seen over a week earlier, on

December 5, 2013 at 9:00 a.m. 2 Supp. CR 8–9, 118 (TFB-Schrader000185).

       The following Monday, December 16, 2013, Texas Farm Bureau received a

premium payment check from Schrader and issued a policy effective December 16,

2013 to December 16, 2014. 2 Supp. CR 9, 122 (TFB-Schrader000181).

       Five weeks after reporting the Tractors missing to the sheriff’s office,

Schrader reported the thefts to Texas Farm Bureau and made a claim for the loss. 2

Supp. CR 9, 61. Texas Farm Bureau investigated the claim and because Schrader

had no coverage at the time of the loss, Texas Farm Bureau denied the claim. 2

Supp. CR 9, 134 (TFB-Schrader000143).

III.   Schrader filed a lawsuit, and his claims are dismissed on summary
       judgment.

       Schrader sued Texas Farm Bureau on July 15, 2015 alleging claims for breach

of contract, DTPA violations, and fraud, and seeking a declaratory judgment that the

Tractors were covered at the time of their disappearance. CR 4–10. On July 26,

2016, after discovery established that the loss occurred between November 20, 2013
                                         5
and December 16, 2013, Texas Farm Bureau filed a traditional and no-evidence

summary judgment motion on all of Schrader’s claims. 2 Supp. CR 6. Schrader

responded to the motion on November 28, 2016. CR 20. Schrader did not argue

that he timely paid the premium to renew his policy, nor did he argue that the loss

occurred on or before November 20, 2013, when the previous policy was in effect.

CR 20–24. Instead, Schrader argued that the Tractors were covered through at least

December 5, 2013 at 12:01 a.m., regardless of whether he sent in his premium

payment, and that the Texas Farm Bureau insurance agent had orally promised

Schrader that he would be covered even if payment was received after December 5,

2013. CR 22–23. Schrader also asserted objections to Texas Farm Bureau’s

summary judgment evidence on the grounds that it was not properly authenticated

and that Schrader’s deposition transcript did not contain the errata sheet submitted

months after it was due and well after the motion for summary judgment was filed.

CR 124–26, 137.

      The trial court granted Texas Farm Bureau’s motion for summary judgment

on December 15, 2016, finding that Schrader “take nothing in his claims against

Defendant Texas Farm Bureau Underwriters.” CR 141. The trial court did not state

the reasons for its decision but held that “[h]aving considered the motion, the

applicable law, the arguments of counsel, if any, and all other supporting and

opposing papers, the Court is of the opinion that the motion should be GRANTED.”

                                         6
CR 141. The court also overruled all of Schrader’s evidentiary objections to Texas

Farm Bureau’s summary judgment evidence. CR 142. Schrader filed a motion for

new trial on January 17, 2017. CR 160. On February 3, 2017, the trial court denied

the motion. CR 177.

      Schrader filed the present appeal on February 27, 2017. CR 179. The sole

issue presented in Schrader’s appeal is whether the trial court abused its discretion

in granting summary judgment “since there was a genuine issue of material fact as

to whether Schrader’s loss occurred while the insurance policy was in effect.” Br.

at x, 12. Schrader does not challenge the trial court’s ruling on his evidentiary

objections to Texas Farm Bureau’s summary judgment evidence. Schrader also does

not challenge the alternative grounds for granting summary judgment in favor of

Texas Farm Bureau on Schrader’s DTPA and fraud claims.

                             SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
      The trial court’s decision to grant Texas Farm Bureau’s traditional and no-

evidence summary judgment motion should be affirmed. Schrader presented no

evidence to show that there was an insurance policy covering the Tractors at the time

of their loss, and the summary judgment evidence established that there was no such

insurance policy in place at that time. Schrader needed to timely submit his premium

payment to renew his insurance policy. He did not, and the result is that the Tractors

were not covered by a Texas Farm Bureau insurance policy from November 20,
                                          7
2013, when the previous policy ended, to December 16, 2013, when the new policy

was issued upon receipt of a premium payment. There is no dispute that the Tractors

went missing during this gap in coverage.          Accordingly, Texas Farm Bureau

properly denied Schrader’s claim for coverage, and did so in good faith.

      Schrader attempts to salvage his case on appeal by raising new arguments not

made before the trial court. This is improper, and a de novo renew does not entitle

Schrader to a second bite at the apple in responding to the summary judgment

motion. The Court should disregard these new arguments. Moreover, Schrader’s

newly constructed bases for defeating summary judgment still do not raise a fact

issue that would make the trial court’s decision improper.

      Finally, Schrader does not address his extra-contractual DTPA and fraud

claims on appeal, and does not challenge the trial court’s dismissal of those claims.

In its summary judgment motion, Texas Farm Bureau established that it denied

coverage in good faith, and Schrader presented no evidence to support these extra-

contractual claims in its summary judgment response. The Court therefore should

affirm the trial court’s ruling on those claims.

                                  LEGAL STANDARD
      Summary judgment is required in the trial court if there is no genuine issue as

to any material fact, and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX.

R. CIV. P. 166a(c). A defendant that conclusively negates at least one of the essential

                                           8
elements of a cause of action is entitled to summary judgment. Sci. Spectrum, Inc.

v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911 (Tex. 1997).

      Under the no-evidence standard of Rule 166a(i), a defendant may move for

summary judgment after adequate time for discovery, if there is no evidence

supporting one or more of the essential elements of a claim on which the plaintiff

would have the burden of proof at trial. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). A party may present

both traditional and no-evidence summary judgment grounds in a single motion.

Binur v. Jacobo, 135 S.W.3d 646, 650–51 (Tex. 2004).

      An appellate court reviews an order granting summary judgment de novo.

Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 215–16 (Tex. 2003).

“When, as here, the trial court does not specify the grounds on which the judgment

is based, [the court of appeals] will affirm the judgment if it is correct on any legal

theory expressly placed at issue and supported by the evidence.” ERA Realty Grp.,

Inc. v. Advocates For Children & Families, Inc., 267 S.W.3d 114, 118 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi 2008, pet. denied) (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Dow Chem. Co. v.

Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex. 2001) (per curiam)). “If the appellant fails to

negate each ground on which the judgment may have been granted, the appellate

court must uphold the summary judgment.” De Pino v. Jefferson-Pilot Life Ins. Co.,

No. 13-07-00367-CV, 2009 WL 866797, at *2 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Apr. 2,

2009, no pet.) (quoting Haas v. George, 71 S.W.3d 904, 912 (Tex. App.—Texarkana

                                          9
2002, no pet.).    See also Heritage Gulf Coast Props., Ltd. v. Sandalwood

Apartments, Inc., 416 S.W.3d 642, 653 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no

pet.) (“If the appellant fails to challenge all grounds on which the judgment may

have been granted, the appellate court must uphold the summary judgment.”).

                                   ARGUMENT
 I.   The Tractors were not covered by a Texas Farm Bureau insurance policy
      at the time of loss.

      The foundation of Schrader’s case is his argument that an insurance policy

covered his Tractors at the time they disappeared. No insurance policy was in effect

at the time of the Tractors’ disappearance because Schrader failed to accept Texas

Farm Bureau’s offer to renew his insurance policy by timely submitting his premium

payment, a clear condition of the insuring agreement. There is no dispute that the

loss occurred sometime after the previous year’s policy expired on November 20,

2013, and sometime before Texas Farm Bureau issued a policy covering the Tractors

on December 16, 2013. Because the renewal policy that Texas Farm Bureau offered

in November 2013 never went into effect, and because there is no dispute the loss

occurred between November 20 and December 16, 2013, there is no fact issue

precluding summary judgment.

                                        10
      A.     Texas Farm Bureau’s offer of a renewal policy did not create a
             binding insuring agreement without Schrader’s acceptance.

      “An insurance policy is a contract.” RSUI Indem. Co. v. The Lynd Co., 466
S.W.3d 113, 118 (Tex. 2015). As such, it requires both an offer on the part of the

insurer and acceptance by the insured. See Texas Farm Bureau Underwriters v.

Rasmussen, 410 S.W.3d 335, 338 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet.

denied) (“An insurance policy constitutes a contract for a period of time covered by

the contract. To renew a contract, the offer by the insurer to renew must be accepted

by the insured completely and unequivocally.”). The mere fact that the insurer may

be offering to renew a policy does not change this fundamental fact. See Zuniga v.

Allstate Ins. Co., 693 S.W.2d 735, 738 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1985, no writ) (“It

is the general rule that a renewal of a policy constitutes a separate and distinct

contract for the period of time covered by the renewal.”).

      The renewal policy that Texas Farm Bureau offered Schrader never went into

effect because Schrader did not accept the policy by timely submitting a premium

payment, a clear condition of the insuring agreement. The renewal certificate that

Texas Farm Bureau sent Schrader, offering to renew the policy covering the Tractors

for the November 20, 2013 to November 20, 2014 term, expressly states that the

policy makes payment of the premium a condition of the renewal. 2 Supp. CR 107–

108 (TFB-Schrader000145–46) (“In consideration of the payment of premium

specified, the policy designated hereon is renewed . . . ”). That the renewal of the
                                         11
policy was conditioned on the payment of a premium is clear and unambiguous. See

Rasmussen, 410 S.W.3d at 338 (“If, after applying the pertinent rules of

construction, [an insurance] policy has a definite legal meaning, then it is

unambiguous, and [courts] construe it as a matter of law.”).

      This condition in the renewal policy, requiring the payment of the premium

in order for the policy to go into effect, is typical of insurance policies. See id.

(“[T]he payment of the insurance premium in accordance with the provisions of the

insurance policy is generally a condition precedent to establish liability against the

insurer.”) When a potential insured party fails to timely pay the renewal premium,

the condition for acceptance of the renewal policy is not met, and the policy does

not go into effect. Hartland v. Progressive Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co., 290 S.W.3d 318,

322 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (holding that late payment

“[left] appellant without insurance coverage when the accident occurred”); see also

Walker v. Fed. Kemper Life Assurance Co., 828 S.W.2d 442, 447 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 1992, writ denied) (“As a general rule, the failure to pay premiums when

due causes the insurance policy to lapse and become ineffective.”).

      The renewal certificate required Schrader to pay for the renewal of his policy

by November 20, 2013.        2 Supp. CR 108 (TFB-Schrader000146).           Schrader

presented no evidence that he paid for the renewal of his insurance policy by that

date. CR 20–24. In fact, no such evidence exists. See 2 Supp. CR 38–39, 42. When

                                         12
Texas Farm Bureau did not receive the premium payment from Schrader, Texas

Farm Bureau sent Schrader a past due notice, giving him additional time to make the

payment on the policy that it was offering for the November 20, 2013 to November

20, 2014 term. 2 Supp. CR 117. The past due notice specifically requires Schrader

to “SEND THE PAYMENT SO THAT IT WILL REACH OUR OFFICE BY 12-

05-13.” 2 Supp. CR 117 (TFB-Schrader000144) (emphasis in original). Schrader

acknowledged receiving the past due notice. 2 Supp. CR 62. Once again, Schrader

presented no evidence to show that he complied with the past due notice, CR 20–24.

Because Schrader did not timely submit payment, the renewal policy for the term of

November 20, 2013 to November 20, 2014, never went into effect. 2 Supp. CR 107–

108 (TFB-Schrader000145–46).

      Instead, Texas Farm Bureau received payment for the insurance premium on

December 16, 2013. The payment was received well after the renewal offer expired,

and could not constitute acceptance under the terms of the renewal policy. Kottke v.

Scott, 03-10-00071-CV, 2011 WL 1467194, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Apr. 14,

2011, no pet.) (holding that where offer must have been accepted during a certain

period of time, acceptance after that time period lapsed did not create a binding

contract).   The premium check Texas Farm Bureau received on December 16

essentially constituted an offer by Schrader to have his farm equipment insured by

Texas Farm Bureau; an offer that Texas Farm Bureau immediately accepted by

                                        13
issuing a policy covering the Tractors with effective dates from December 16, 2013

to December 16, 2014. 2 Supp. CR 119, 122 (TFB-Schrader000178, 81). See, e.g.,

Hartland, 290 S.W.3d at 323 (finding that when insured belatedly sent in premium

payment for policy after time for renewing had lapsed, “there was no policy in

existence” and the insurance company properly issued a “new policy effective on

the date of payment”). Therefore, no Texas Farm Bureau insurance policy ever

existed that covered the Tractors from November 20, 2013, when the previous

insurance policy’s term ended, to December 16, 2013, when the new policy was

issued.

            1. Schrader’s new arguments against summary judgment on
               appeal are improper and do not create a fact issue.

      On appeal, Schrader argues that there is a fact issue regarding whether

Schrader complied with the renewal policy in submitting payment. Br. at 13–21.

Throughout the brief’s discussion of John Hendrick 2 and Mr. Hendrick’s role as an

agent of Texas Farm Bureau and the history of the mailbox rule, Schrader does not

specifically identify what fact question makes the trial court’s order granting

summary judgment in error. Br. at 13–21.

2
       Schrader incorrectly refers to Mr. Hendrick as John Hendrix. The correct
spelling of Mr. Hendrick’s name is not relevant to this appeal.
                                       14
      Equally important as this failure to identify a fact question meriting reversal,

these are new arguments raised for the first time on appeal. Schrader made two

arguments to the trial court in opposing summary judgment. First, he argued that

his Tractors were covered through at least December 5, 2013 at 12:01 a.m.,

regardless of whether he sent in his premium payment. CR 22. And second,

Schrader argued that Mr. Hendrick orally promised that Schrader would be covered

even if payment was received after December 5, 2013. CR 23. These arguments are

both factually and legally incorrect. See infra at pp. 18, 21–22. 3 Schrader now

argues additional reasons for reversing the trial court’s decision, namely a fact

3
       Texas Farm Bureau argued in the trial court that Schrader could not defeat a
no-evidence summary judgment motion simply by attaching documents to its
summary judgment response, without citation or reference to them in the response.
CR 133–34. “Under the Rules of Civil Procedure, the party seeking to avoid the
effects of a well-pleaded no-evidence motion for summary judgment bears the
burden to file a written response that raises issues preventing summary judgment,
and that points to evidence supporting those issues.” Burns v. Canales, No. 14-04-
00786-CV, 2006 WL 461518, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Feb. 28, 2006,
pet. denied). Schrader does not challenge this argument on appeal. Both Texas Farm
Bureau and the trial court were entitled to rely on the arguments of the parties in the
summary judgment record to determine the issues before the court. Schrader has not
contended on appeal, and cannot argue, that he preserved any of the following
arguments simply by attaching documents to his summary judgment response,
without specific reference to those documents in his response. See id. (finding that
the trial court is not required to “search through all of the non-movant’s evidence to
determine if a fact issue exists without any guidance concerning what evidence
creates an issue on a particular element”). To the extent such argument is made, it
should be rejected.
                                          15
question about Mr. Hendrick’s role as an agent of Texas Farm Bureau and the

applicability of the mailbox rule.

      Schrader cannot come up with new grounds to challenge the trial court’s

summary judgment ruling on appeal when he did not present these arguments to the

trial court. It is contrary to Texas law, and fundamentally unfair, to claim that the

trial judge acted in error for reasons that were not presented for his consideration.

Even if such arguments are considered, summary judgment in favor of Texas Farm

Bureau is still appropriate.

                    a. Schrader cannot raise new arguments against summary
                       judgment on appeal.
      Schrader’s attempt to challenge the trial court’s summary judgment ruling

with new arguments on appeal is improper, and these new arguments should be

disregarded.    “[I]n the context of summary judgments, a non-movant must

‘expressly’ present, in his written response or answer to a summary-judgment

motion, any issues that would defeat the movants’ entitlement to summary

judgment.” Wakefield v. Ayers, No. 01-14-00648-CV, 2016 WL 4536454, at *9

(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 30, 2016, no pet.) (quoting McConnell v.

Southside Indep. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d 337, 341, 343 (Tex. 1993)). “To ‘expressly’

present an issue, the written answer or response to the summary-judgment motion

must fairly apprise the movants and the trial court of any issue that the non-movant

contends should defeat summary judgment.” Id. “[T]he non-movant may not urge
                                         16
on appeal as reason for reversal of the summary judgment any and every new ground

that he can think of . . . .” City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d
671, 678 (Tex. 1979) (emphasis in original). “[T]he non-movant must now, in a

written answer or response to the motion, expressly present to the trial court those

issues that would defeat the movant’s right to a summary judgment and failing to do

so, may not later assign them as error on appeal.” Id. at 678–79. Schrader’s newly

created arguments on appeal are improper and should not be considered. Moreover,

as set forth below, they do not create fact issue that would make the court’s order in

error.

                     b. The role of John Hendrick, a Texas Farm Bureau
                        insurance agent, is irrelevant.

         Schrader’s discussion of Texas Farm Bureau agent John Hendrick and his role

in this action does not create new grounds for reversal of the trial court’s order.

Texas Farm Bureau never argued in the trial court that John Hendrick was not its

agent, and Schrader never engaged in any argument in the trial court regarding

whether Hendrick was or was not an agent of Texas Farm Bureau. See Br. at 18.

Neither party argued that the issue of whether Schrader should have sent the

premium payment to Texas Farm Bureau’s home office in Waco or to John Hendrick

was in any way relevant to the summary judgment proceedings. See Br. at 18–19.

The past due notice required that Schrader ensure that the payment reach Texas Farm

Bureau by December 5, 2013. 2 Supp. CR 117 (TFB-Schrader000144). It did not.
                                          17
Schrader sets forth no argument on appeal as to why Mr. Hendrick’s role is relevant

to any issue.

      In the trial court, Schrader argued that Mr. Hendrick promised Schrader that

if he mailed his check in, Schrader would have insurance coverage even if the

payment was received after December 5, 2013. CR 23 This argument is abandoned

on appeal. In any event, it was incorrect as a matter of law and unsupported by any

facts. Schrader cited no evidence that Mr. Hendrick ever made such an assertion.

CR 131. Moreover, an employee’s statements cannot create insurance coverage by

estoppel when it does not exist under the terms of the policy. See Rasmussen, 410
S.W.3d at 340 (rejecting the argument that “employees’ statements created insurance

coverage by estoppel” and noting that “[t]he Texas Supreme Court has long held,

however, that the ‘doctrine of estoppel cannot be used to create insurance coverage

when none exists by the terms of the policy.’”) (quoting Utica Nat. Ins. Co. of Tex.

v. Am. Indem. Co., 141 S.W.3d 198, 203 (Tex. 2004)). The policy itself confirms

that Mr. Hendrick could not orally amend or waive any terms of the policy. 2 Supp.

CR 115 (TFB-Schrader000153). Mr. Hendrick’s role at Texas Farm Bureau and

connection to Schrader simply did not create a fact issue precluding summary

judgment.

                                        18
                    c. The “mailbox rule” is inapposite under the facts of this
                       case.

      Schrader next argues, for the first time on appeal, that “the ‘mailbox rule’ can

come into play” in a case such as this one. Br. at 17. Notably, Schrader does not

expressly argue that the mailbox rule applies, but instead suggests that it could be

applicable in this type of case. As detailed above, this argument is not properly

before this Court because it was not raised in the trial court. Moreover, it is incorrect

as a matter of fact and law, and Schrader himself fails to explain exactly how and

why it should apply in this case.

      In any event, the “mailbox rule” does not preclude summary judgment in this

case. The past due notice from Texas Farm Bureau makes expressly clear that it is

the date of receipt by Texas Farm Bureau, not the date of mailing by Schrader, that

is relevant to effectuating renewal of the policy. The notice requires Schrader to

“SEND THE PAYMENT SO THAT IT WILL REACH OUR OFFICE BY 12-05-

13.” 2 CR 117 (TFB-Schrader000144). This language is clear and unambiguous

that Texas Farm Bureau requires receipt by December 5, 2013, not simply putting a

check in the mail on that date. Schrader never argued in his summary judgment

response that he mailed the premium check before December 5, 2013. CR 20–24.

Schrader has presented no facts or evidence that suggest that Texas Farm Bureau has

ever had a practice of accepting late payments after it has issued a past due notice

                                           19
expressly stating that the premium must be received by Texas Farm Bureau by a

certain date.

      Although Schrader cites two cases suggesting that the mailbox rule could still

possibly apply even if the notice states that payment must be received by a certain

date and time, these cases are inapposite. In American Casualty Company of

Reading, Pa. v. Conn, 741 S.W.2d 536, 540 (Tex. App.—Austin 1987, no writ),

there was a fact question regarding whether the insured ever received the past due

notice. Therefore, the court’s comments on the potential applicability of the mailbox

rule were not based on the language in that notice but rather the parties’ general

practice of renewing policies. Id. The only case that has extended Conn to apply

the mailbox rule even in the face of a past due notice is Cox v. Gulf Ins. Co., 858
S.W.2d 615, 617 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1993, no writ). 4 The language in the

notice in Cox was different than under the facts of this case and expressly requested

that the premium payment be sent by “return mail.” Id. at 616. The court in Cox

focused on this specific “return mail” language in applying the mailbox rule. Id.

Cox is distinguishable because the notice in this case does not expressly request the

4
        Conn has been cited in eleven opinions since it was published in 1987. The
only opinion that cites Conn for the proposition that the mailbox rule could possibly
still apply to a past due notice is Cox, the other case relied on by Schrader. Cox has
only been cited in two opinions since it was published in 1993; neither opinion cites
Cox or Conn for this point, or otherwise addresses the application of the mailbox
rule to this specific context.
                                         20
payment by “return mail” and could not more clearly state that payment must be

received by Texas Farm Bureau by December 5, 2013. 2 Supp. CR 117 (TFB-

Schrader000144). The mailbox rule does not apply under the facts of this case, and

Cox and Conn are distinguishable and inapposite.

             2. There was no insurance policy covering the Tractors between
                November 20, 2013 and December 5, 2013.
      On appeal, Schrader assumes that the renewed insurance policy was in effect

from November 20 until December 5, 2013, the date identified in the past due notice,

but presents no facts or argument in support of this assertion. Br. at 23–24. 5

      Although the past due notice provided Schrader additional time to submit

payment, it did not create a unilaterally binding contract on Texas Farm Bureau to

provide insurance coverage from November 20 to December 5, 2013. As noted

above, see supra at p. 11, an insurance policy is a contract that requires both offer

and acceptance. RSUI Indem. Co., 466 S.W.3d at 118; Rasmussen, 410 S.W.3d at

338. In the past due notice, Texas Farm Bureau offered Schrader an opportunity to

renew his policy with a retroactive start date of November 20, 2013, if he submitted

his premium payment so that it was received by Texas Farm Bureau by December

5, 2013. The notice did not, and could not, create a binding contract for insurance

5
       In the trial court, Schrader argued that the renewed insurance policy was in
effect until December 5, 2013, regardless of whether Schrader ever made a premium
payment. CR 22. Schrader has abandoned this argument on appeal.
                                          21
without Schrader’s acceptance.       Because Schrader did not timely submit his

premium payment, and thereby indicate his acceptance of the renewed policy, the

policy never went into effect.

      The question of whether the Tractors were stolen on November 30, 2013 or

December 5, 2013 is therefore irrelevant, and does not create a fact issue, because

there was no insurance policy covering the loss under either scenario.6 Moreover,

Schrader does not explain how a jury would be required to find for Schrader if the

sole issue is whether the Tractors were stolen sometime between November 30 and

December 5 at 12:01 a.m. or sometime between December 5 and December 13. Br.

at 25–28. In fact, as Schrader acknowledges, he would have the burden of proof on

that issue. Br. at 24. See also Ulico Cas. Co. v. Allied Pilots Ass'n, 262 S.W.3d 773,

781–82 (Tex. 2008) (“the insurer does not bear the burden of showing that it does

not have a policy in place to cover a particular risk; the insured bears the burden to

show that a policy is in force and that the risk comes within the policy's coverage”).

Schrader admits to having no evidence to support the argument that it is more likely

than not that the tractors were stolen in the first window. Br. at 27.

6
       The incident report from the Brazoria County Sheriff’s Office states that the
Tractors were last seen on December 5, 2013 at 9:00 a.m. 2 Supp. CR 118 (TFB-
Schrader000185). Schrader later claimed that this was not a precise date, and that
he last saw the Tractors ten days to two weeks before December 13, 2013. 2 Supp.
CR 57–58.
                                          22
      If there were an insurance policy in effect until December 5, 2013, which there

was not, and the question about the date of loss were the sole issue, summary

judgment would still be appropriate because Schrader has done nothing more than

make the improbable inference that the Tractors could have been stolen before

December 5, 2013. He must do more to survive summary judgment. See, e.g., First

Union Nat. Bank v. Richmont Capital Partners I, L.P., 168 S.W.3d 917, 930 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2005, no pet.) (“To survive summary judgment, [plaintiff] must come

forward with more than mere intuition, conclusory allegations, improbable

inferences, and unsupported speculation.”). As noted in Schrader’s brief, “[n]o-

evidence summary judgments are reviewed under the same legal sufficiency

standard as directed verdicts. . . . [and] evidence is considered in the light most

favorable to the nonmovant, crediting evidence a reasonable jury could credit and

disregarding contrary evidence and inferences unless a reasonable jury could not.”

Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc., 407 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex. 2013) (emphasis added).

A reasonable jury could not disregard the inference that it is more likely than not

that the theft of the Tractors occurred on or after December 5, 2013, where Schrader

has no evidence to suggest that it occurred before then.

      B.     There is no dispute that the Tractors disappeared sometime after
             November 20, 2013 and before December 16, 2013.

      There is no dispute among the parties that the disappearance of the Tractors

occurred sometime after November 20, 2013 and before December 16, 2013. The
                                         23
incident report from the Brazoria County Sheriff’s Office is dated December 13,

2013, the date Schrader reported the loss to the sheriff’s office. 2 Supp. CR 118

(TFB-Schrader000185). The report states that the Tractors were last seen on

December 5, 2013 at 9:00 a.m. 2 Supp. CR 118 (TFB-Schrader000185). Schrader

later claimed that this was not a precise date, and that he last saw the Tractors ten

days to two weeks before December 13, 2013. 2 Supp. CR 57–58. Accepting this

statement as true, the earliest possible date that the Tractors could have been stolen

is November 30, 2013. Schrader makes no argument to the contrary.

II.   The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on all of
      Schrader’s claims.

      Because there was no insurance policy in effect at the time the Tractors

disappeared, the trial court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Texas

Farm Bureau on all of Schrader’s claims. Moreover, because Texas Farm Bureau

acted in good faith and complied with its statutory obligations in communicating

with Schrader regarding the claim, the trial court also properly granted summary

judgment in favor of Texas Farm Bureau on Schrader’s extra-contractual claims.

      A.     Texas Farm Bureau did not breach a contract by denying coverage,
             when none existed at the time of loss.

      Schrader’s breach of contract claim failed because his claim was based

entirely on Texas Farm Bureau’s denial of coverage for the alleged theft of the

Tractors. CR 6. In order to establish a breach of contract claim, Schrader must prove

                                         24
(1) the existence of a valid contract; (2) performance or tendered performance by the

plaintiff; (3) breach of the contract by the defendant; and (4) damages sustained by

the plaintiff as a result of the breach. Texas Dep't of Transp. v. Crockett, 257 S.W.3d
412, 416 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2008, pet. denied). Because there was no

contract providing insurance coverage for the Tractors at the time they disappeared,

see supra at pp. 10–24, Schrader cannot establish any of the elements of a breach of

contract claim. The trial court did not commit error in granting summary judgment

in favor of Texas Farm Bureau on Schrader’s breach of contract claim, and the ruling

should be affirmed.

      B.     Schrader’s request for a declaratory judgment was properly
             dismissed for the same reasons as his breach of contract claim.

      Schrader’s request for a declaratory judgment that “the insurance policy

agreement between Plaintiffs and Defendant is in full effect and does cover the

property loss suffered by [Schrader],” CR 8–9, was properly dismissed on summary

judgment for the same reasons as the breach of contract claim. 2 Supp. CR 11–12.

Because there was no insurance coverage for the Tractors at the time that they were

allegedly stolen, “the insurance policy agreement between Plaintiffs and

Defendants”—regardless of how that is construed—did not cover the alleged theft

of the Tractors. See supra at pp. 10–24. The trial court properly found that Texas

Farm Bureau was entitled to summary judgment on this claim, CR 141, and this

Court should affirm that holding.
                                          25
      C.     Texas Farm Bureau did not violate the DTPA or commit fraud by
             denying coverage, and Schrader does not challenge the dismissal of
             these claims.
      Schrader’s appeal focuses solely on the question of whether there was a fact

issue regarding coverage of the Tractors at the time of loss. Br. at x, 12. Schrader

does not raise his DTPA or fraud claims, much less identify any error in the trial

court’s decision to grant summary judgment in favor of Texas Farm Bureau on these

claims. Texas Farm Bureau moved for summary judgment on Schrader’s DTPA and

fraud claims on multiple grounds, not solely on the lack of coverage at the time of

loss. 2 Supp. CR 12–15. Schrader has abandoned these claims on appeal, and this

Court should affirm the trial court’s disposition of these claims. See, e.g., De Pino

v. Jefferson-Pilot Life Ins. Co., No. 13-07-00367-CV, 2009 WL 866797, at *2 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi Apr. 2, 2009, no pet.) (“If the appellant fails to negate each

ground on which the judgment may have been granted, the appellate court must

uphold the summary judgment.”) (quoting Haas v. George, 71 S.W.3d 904, 912

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, no pet.)).

                                      PRAYER

      For these reasons, Texas Farm Bureau respectfully requests that the Court

affirm the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of Texas Farm

Bureau on all claims. Texas Farm Bureau requests any such further and other relief

to which it may be entitled.

                                         26
Respectfully submitted,

JORDAN, LYNCH & CANCIENNE PLLC

    /s/ Michael Cancienne
   Michael Cancienne
   State Bar No. 24055256
   Caroline Carter
   State Bar No. 24078318
   1330 Post Oak Blvd., Suite 2575
   Houston, Texas 77056
   Telephone: 713.955.4025
   Facsimile: 713.955.9644
   mcancienne@jlcfirm.com
   ccarter@jlcfirm.com

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
TEXAS FARM BUREAU
UNDERWRITERS

  27
                          CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      Pursuant to Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(3), I hereby certify that,
according to the word count of the computer program used to prepare this document,
the document contains 6,608 words.

                                              /s/ Caroline Carter
                                              Caroline Carter

                                         28
                            CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

     I certify that on October 5, 2017 a true and correct copy of Appellee’s
Response Brief was served via electronic service on the following counsel of record:

      Counsel for Appellant William Robert Schrader:
      Walter James Kronzer
      wkronzer@kronzer.com
      Walter James Kronzer, III, P.C.
      3000 Weslayan, Suite 247
      Houston, Texas 77027-5753

      Howard H. Singleton
      singletonlaw@sbcglobal.net
      Singleton Law Firm
      109 East Milam
      Wharton, Texas 77488

                                             /s/ Caroline Carter
                                             Caroline Carter

                                        29