Court Opinion

ID: 3145894
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 18:11:40.226829+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:55:09.796022
License: Public Domain

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                          Appellate Court

                           In re Estate of Walsh, 2012 IL App (2d) 110938

Appellate Court              In re ESTATE OF WILLIAM E. WALSH, Deceased (Paul Kowsikoff,
Caption                      Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Estate of William E. Walsh, Defendant-Appellee).

District & No.               Second District
                             Docket No. 2-11-0938

Filed                        June 25, 2012
Rehearing denied             July 24, 2012

Held                         A finding was properly directed against plaintiff on his claim against
(Note: This syllabus         decedent’s estate, where plaintiff failed to rebut the presumption that the
constitutes no part of       services he performed for decedent and decedent’s business were
the opinion of the court     performed gratuitously, notwithstanding the existence of a near-familial
but has been prepared        relationship between plaintiff and decedent.
by the Reporter of
Decisions for the
convenience of the
reader.)

Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of McHenry County; No. 08-PR-193; the
Review                       Hon. Michael J. Sullivan, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                     Affirmed.
Counsel on                 Robert P. Smyth, of Grayslake, for appellant.
Appeal
                           David M. Lutrey and Jeffrey P. O’Kelley, both of Lesser, Lutrey &
                           McGlynn, LLP, of Lake Forest, for appellee.

Panel                      JUSTICE SCHOSTOK delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                           Presiding Justice Jorgensen concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                           Justice McLaren dissented, with opinion.

                                             OPINION

¶1          This case involves a claim against the estate of the decedent, William E. Walsh. The
        claimant, Paul Kowsikoff, alleged that he performed upholstering services while in the
        decedent’s employ and also provided caretaking services to the decedent, and that he was
        never paid for any of these services. After Paul presented his evidence at trial, two of the
        heirs moved for a directed finding in favor of the estate. The trial court granted the motion,
        and Paul appeals. For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶2                                          BACKGROUND
¶3           The facts set out below are taken from the record and the evidence that was introduced
        at trial. Except as noted, they are uncontradicted. The decedent worked as an upholsterer and
        had his own shop. He and his first wife, Ann, divorced in the 1970s. Four children were born
        of that marriage: Kathleen, William, Jr., John, and Tammy. The decedent later married his
        second wife, Naomi (known as “Kelly”). No children were born of that marriage. Kelly died
        in 1999.
¶4           The decedent died on June 24, 2008. His estate was opened a few weeks later. No will
        was submitted and the only heirs recognized were the decedent’s four children. The estate
        included, among other things, several pieces of real property, valued at a total of $2,667,000
        and subject to mortgages totaling $716,537.66; about $132,000 in cash; and personal
        property including cars, furnishings, and jewelry. On January 23, 2009, Paul filed a claim
        against the estate, seeking $387,832.50 as payment for upholstery services performed for the
        decedent’s upholstery business during the previous five years (from January 25, 2004,
        through the date of the claim) and $7,840 for caretaking services rendered to the decedent
        shortly before his death. Other claims filed against the estate included a bank’s claim for
        money owing on the loans secured by the mortgages, and two claims filed by David Clark
        and the decedent’s son John for unpaid building repair and rehabilitation services.
¶5           Paul testified that in 1981 he came to the United States from Germany, where he had
        been an ironworker. Looking for work, he walked into the decedent’s upholstery shop in
        Chicago and asked him for work. Kelly was present and urged the decedent to give Paul a

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     chance, although Paul knew nothing about upholstery at the time. The decedent and Kelly
     taught Paul how to disassemble and reassemble furniture. Paul’s testimony that he was
     employed by or performed services for the decedent was objected to on the ground of the
     Dead-Man’s Act (735 ILCS 5/8-201 (West 2010)) and was stricken, as was his testimony
     that he did not receive any payment in return for his labor. However, Paul was able to testify
     that no one other than the decedent ever paid him for his upholstery work. He also testified
     that, outside of the decedent’s presence, he refinished furniture, answered the phone, and
     upholstered furniture in the decedent’s Chicago shop for the next two years.
¶6        At the end of those two years, Paul moved in with the decedent and Kelly at 1591 West
     Dundee Road in Palatine, a building that housed a workspace as well as a home. The
     decedent also had a shop in Palatine. Paul upholstered chairs and sofas, refinished antiques,
     and answered the business phone daily from 8 a.m. to midnight. From the decedent, Kelly,
     and the decedent’s son John, Paul learned the craft of upholstery to the point that he was no
     longer an apprentice but became a “craftsman” who could work independently. Beginning
     in about 1989, when the decedent was not at the shop Paul collected payments from
     customers, always in check form. He gave these payments to the decedent and never kept any
     of them. According to Paul’s answers to interrogatories, the decedent gave him gifts on his
     birthdays and on holidays, and gave him a gold ring with what appeared to be a diamond in
     1984. Paul continued to live with the decedent and Kelly and work for the decedent’s
     upholstery business, American Upholstery and Refinishing, for the next 15 or 16 years.
¶7        After Kelly died in 1999, Paul became the decedent’s “right-hand person.” About that
     time, the decedent sold the shop and the home in Palatine and bought a house at 8512 Route
     120 in Wonder Lake. As before, Paul lived with the decedent. The decedent and Paul set up
     a workshop in the basement and stored fabrics and other supplies there. Paul worked out of
     the basement daily from early in the morning until late at night.
¶8        In 2004, the decedent bought a store at 4611 Elm Street in McHenry. He and Paul moved
     all of the fabric and supplies from the basement of the Wonder Lake house to the McHenry
     store. Paul continued to work for the decedent in the McHenry store. Paul did not have a car
     or a driver’s license; he was driven to and from work by the decedent or John (who also
     worked out of the McHenry store for his own upholstery business). Paul was usually alone
     in the store all day, as the decedent would drop him off and go elsewhere. He worked
     approximately 14 hours per day, 7 days a week, and on holidays. He wrote out orders for
     upholstery jobs, ordered supplies, paid for them with checks written by the decedent, signed
     for deliveries, did the upholstering, and answered the phone. However, he did not keep the
     books for the business.
¶9        Paul introduced into evidence several bills and invoices that reflected deliveries to
     American Upholstery at the addresses Paul had identified as addresses where the decedent
     and he had operated their upholstery business. Several of the invoices from Metro, an
     upholstery supply business, listed “American Upholstery, Bill and Paul Walsh” as the
     business and persons to which the orders would be billed and shipped. Paul testified that this
     listing was not correct; Bill Walsh (the decedent) owned the business, and he (Paul
     Kowsikoff) managed it. The evidence also included handwritten customer orders for
     upholstery services, with “American Upholstery” and the business phone number written

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       across the top. Paul testified that throughout the five-year claim period the decedent paid for
       Paul’s Nextel cell phone, which was the business phone, and also Paul’s health insurance.
       The phone bills admitted into evidence showed that the decedent was billed under his own
       name for the phone. The insurance bills were directed to Paul individually and bore
       handwritten notations that they had been paid by “business checks.”
¶ 10       Paul was familiar with the corporation Honora Woods, which he described as a
       woodworking company formed by the decedent during a period when the upholstery business
       was slow. Paul stated that he was not employed by Honora Woods, however. He worked for
       the decedent and American Upholstery.
¶ 11       Paul also performed other services for the decedent. At the Wonder Lake house, Paul
       cooked, cleaned, and did the laundry and yard work. According to his answers to
       interrogatories, he provided these services in exchange for room and board. He accompanied
       the decedent grocery shopping. The decedent would pay for the groceries and Paul would
       cook the dinners, which were “a lot of pizza” and “small dinners.” Paul also made coffee and
       breakfast for the decedent in the morning; Paul generally did not eat lunch. Paul did not go
       shopping by himself; according to him, he had no money, because he never got paid.
¶ 12       When Paul and the decedent first moved into the Wonder Lake house, the decedent
       wanted to clear a portion of the property, and Paul cut down approximately 200 trees with
       trunks ranging in size from three feet in diameter (about 10 of these) to young trees no bigger
       than sticks. A neighbor, Richard Buchert, described the Wonder Lake property as being
       about 14 or 15 acres, with a “very large” house having four or five bedrooms and an indoor
       swimming pool. Buchert had been inside the house. Paul had his own bedroom, with a
       television. Buchert stated that Paul did “all the work around the house” and confirmed that
       Paul cut down 200 trees over the course of about one year; Buchert used his tractor to help
       stack the wood, and in exchange Paul reupholstered the seats on Buchert’s Jeep and did some
       other work in his home. Buchert, who stated that he and Paul “got to be good friends,” also
       confirmed that he had seen Paul working in the McHenry store before 8 a.m. and after
       midnight, and stated that Paul “did all the upholstering.” He saw Paul dealing with
       customers, and saw him take both cash and checks from customers paying for upholstery
       jobs. He did not see what Paul did with the cash.
¶ 13       Paul also worked in other ways as directed by the decedent. For instance, he worked on
       property the decedent owned in Union, as did John and David Clark. He painted some of the
       rooms in Tammy’s house in St. Charles. Tammy did not pay him for this.
¶ 14       In January 2008, the decedent became ill with what first appeared to be a bad cold and
       he began coughing up blood. Eventually, it was learned that the decedent had cancer, and he
       died from it in June 2008. In May 2008, Paul began providing personal care to the decedent,
       cleaning his bed and otherwise taking care of him.
¶ 15       The day after the decedent died, Tammy came to the house and went from room to room
       looking around. Two days later, Kathleen called Paul while he was at work and told him that
       she and Tammy were at the house. He called John, who advised him to return home. Paul got
       a ride to the house from a neighbor. When he got there, Tammy and Kathleen were in his
       bedroom with a locksmith. They were working on opening the safe that was located in the

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       closet of the bedroom. The safe had belonged to the decedent; it was moved into Paul’s
       closet in 2000 or so. Paul did not know the combination and had thought it was empty. Paul
       called the police. When he was allowed back into the house, the safe was open and empty.
       Afterward, Paul called a locksmith and had the locks to the house changed. At some point
       after the decedent’s death, Tammy went to the McHenry store with the administrator of the
       estate and took a folder of documents, including invoices, receipts, and business records,
       from the desk there.
¶ 16        Paul then attempted to introduce, as evidence that the decedent intended him to receive
       something for his upholstery work, a document with the heading “Last Will and Testament
       of William E. Walsh and Naomi A. Walsh.” The document was handwritten and bore the
       date January 17, 1996. Paul first saw it in 1996. Paul’s testimony that the decedent gave him
       the document was stricken under the Dead-Man’s Act. Paul testified that the writing on the
       document was Kelly’s; he had seen her handwriting and signature, as well as those of the
       decedent, on work orders and insurance forms. Paul attempted to testify that he recognized
       the decedent’s and Kelly’s signatures on the document, but the trial court sustained an
       objection to this testimony (which presumably was proffered to lay a foundation for
       admission of the document) as hearsay, and told Paul’s attorney to move on. The document
       was not admitted into evidence. However, a copy of it was attached as an exhibit to certain
       interrogatory answers that were filed in connection with a motion, and thus it is part of the
       record on appeal. The document stated, among other things, that the home and property at
       1591 West Dundee Road in Palatine were to be given to Paul after the decedent’s death,
       along with $150,000.
¶ 17        John testified on behalf of Paul. He was experienced in the upholstery business and
       considered himself a master upholsterer. In the last 20 years, he had known three other
       master upholsterers: his brother Bill (William), his “brother” Ray (not otherwise identified
       in the record), and Paul. He formed the opinion that Paul was a master upholsterer in the late
       1980s. He was aware of the hourly rates charged by master upholsterers in Chicago and the
       northern suburbs. In 2004, a master upholsterer would have been paid $22.50 to $23.25 per
       hour. In 2008, a master upholsterer could command $25 per hour. John had lived with the
       decedent through 1986, and he stated that he and Paul had worked late on many nights. Paul
       typically worked on weekends and holidays. For instance, Paul was in the basement of the
       Wonder Lake house working on New Year’s Eve of 2004. John gave repeated examples of
       Paul working on various holidays and weekends and late at night.
¶ 18       Tammy testified as an adverse witness. Beginning in 1999, she would help the decedent
       with the books for his business from time to time, whenever he asked for such help. The
       decedent paid her for the time she spent doing this, although he never gave her a W-2 form
       for filing taxes. She would write checks for the business and pay bills. She never wrote any
       checks to Paul. Tammy was asked to recall her deposition testimony to the effect that Paul
       had been paid for all the work he had done and to explain how she believed that had
       occurred. Tammy repeatedly refused to answer the question, stating that she did not
       understand it or did not know or could not answer.
¶ 19        When Tammy and Kathleen went to the decedent’s house after his death and opened the
       safe, there was more than $80,000 in cash in it, and jewelry. Tammy did not see any papers

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       in the safe. When Kathleen testified, she confirmed that there was cash (more than $100,000)
       and jewelry in the safe, and maybe some keys, but no papers. Kathleen gave the cash to the
       administrator, although she withheld $5,000 to hire an attorney. She later repaid this money
       to the estate.
¶ 20        Kathleen testified that she first met Paul in 1983, at her grandmother’s funeral. She
       recalled Paul living with the decedent and Kelly on Dundee Road in Palatine. The decedent
       and Paul were doing upholstery work out of the home. She also saw Paul working out of the
       shop in Palatine, and also out of the McHenry store. She had been inside the Wonder Lake
       house, although never when the decedent was absent. She thought Paul’s bedroom was about
       12 feet by 12 feet. (Paul testified that his bedroom was 20 feet by 20 feet.) When asked
       whether it was her position that Paul “had gotten paid everything he’s going to get paid” for
       the work he had done during the claim period, Kathleen stated, “Well, I think it just defies
       logic that anybody would work for nothing.”
¶ 21        Timothy Janisch, a boat salesman, testified that he had known Paul since about 2004,
       because the used boats his employer sometimes sold often required reupholstery. From 2004
       to 2008, he encountered only Paul in the McHenry store; he did not get to know the decedent
       until 2008. He would see Paul in the store early and “very very late.” Janisch always paid for
       the upholstering jobs for the boats with checks made payable to American Upholstery.
¶ 22        Robert Kerbs, Jr., met the decedent in 1994, when Kerbs and his family had just started
       his current business, Metro Upholstery Supply. Kerbs testified about his own process of
       learning upholstery through an apprenticeship with his father. He worked as an upholsterer
       full-time from 1989 through 1993, and part-time from 1994 to 1996. At the end of that time,
       he was a journeyman upholsterer, not a master upholsterer. However, in his job providing
       supplies to upholsterers, he had become familiar with dozens of local upholsterers. Kerbs
       was accepted by the trial court as an expert on the quality of upholstery work and the
       prevailing wages in the upholstery business in McHenry. Kerbs opined that Paul was a
       competent upholsterer with happy customers and repeat business. From 2005 through 2008,
       upholsterers like Paul were paid $15 to $18 per hour, both in McHenry and in Chicago.
       During this period, Paul was the only one doing upholstery work in the McHenry store.
¶ 23        David Clark testified that he had met the decedent about 15 years earlier, through John.
       He met Paul at the same time because Paul and the decedent “were inseparable” and “were
       always together.” In his testimony, Clark frequently referred to the decedent as Paul’s
       “father” or “dad” rather than “Mr. Walsh,” and he testified that “they” (Clark and either Paul
       or John, it is unclear) often referred to the decedent in this way when talking about him.
       Clark assisted in rehabilitating some houses for the decedent, billing him $15 per hour. Paul
       helped Clark on occasion, when directed to do so by the decedent. Paul worked with Clark
       on the house in Union for some portion of 2004, and he probably was not working 14 hours
       per day in the McHenry shop when he was working on the house. However, Paul worked 14
       hours per day on whatever the decedent wanted him to do. Clark had filed a claim for about
       $8,500 against the estate for work he had done for the decedent that he had not been paid for.
       He settled the claim for $4,000. At one point, Clark had tried to get the decedent to sign a
       written agreement for the work Clark was doing. The decedent refused and said he did not
       sign any agreements.

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¶ 24        James Ketchmark, an accountant, testified that he prepared individual and corporate tax
       returns for the decedent in 2004 and 2005. In doing so, he relied on information provided by
       the decedent; he did not conduct an audit of the decedent’s business. The corporation was
       Honora Woods, which Ketchmark understood to be the name of the decedent’s upholstery
       business. The corporation reported gross income of $133,657 in 2004 and $126,184 in 2005.
       The corporation listed expenses for medical insurance and a Sprint cell phone on its returns.
       Ketchmark did not recall any expenses for salaries on either the individual or the corporate
       tax returns, or any other reflection of any compensation paid to Paul. Around the time
       Ketchmark initially started handling the decedent’s returns, he had a conversation with the
       decedent in which Ketchmark asked about the lack of payroll expenses and the decedent said
       “that was being taken care of.” Ketchmark understood this to mean that the employees were
       being paid in cash, although the decedent did not actually say that. Ketchmark believed that
       any bills for the upholstery business were being paid out of Honora Woods.
¶ 25        Gerald Helt worked at the Harvey State Bank, which was the original administrator of
       the decedent’s estate. He arranged for tax returns to be filed by the estate. He was familiar
       with the 1041 return form, which he had filed many times on behalf of clients, but was less
       familiar with the 706 form, which he had seen only a handful of times before. The estate
       initially filed a 706 return in September 2009 that did not list any of the claims against the
       estate except for the bank’s claim based on the loans secured by mortgages. Helt was then
       contacted by the bank’s attorney and its accountant, who told him that the other claims
       should be listed. In October 2009, the estate filed a supplemental 706 form that listed Paul’s
       claim, as well as the claims filed by John and Clark. The form had three columns in which
       claims could be listed. All of the claims, including Paul’s, were listed as deductions from the
       estate rather than being listed in either the “unpaid” column or the “amount in contest”
       column. As a result, the net value of the estate was decreased, and the estate received a
       refund of much of the tax that had been paid. Helt signed both of the 706 returns.
¶ 26        Helt testified that he “probably” intended the inclusion of Paul’s claim on the
       supplemental 706 form to have the same impact as allowing the claim, but he was not sure
       and primarily relied on the advice of the bank’s attorney and accountant. He was not sure
       whether, if he thought the claim was invalid, he would have listed the claim in the
       “contested” column. He personally thought the claim might have some validity, but he was
       not sure. He viewed the administrator’s role as being neutral in disputes among the heirs,
       whom he characterized as “very contentious.” (The record reflects that the administrator did
       not file either an objection to or an allowance of the claim. The only objections to Paul’s
       claim were filed by Tammy and Kathleen.) Helt confirmed that he went to the McHenry store
       with Tammy after the decedent’s death, where they went through some records that were in
       a two- or three-drawer file cabinet. He did not know if Tammy had taken any papers from
       the store.
¶ 27        Paul rested his case after presenting the testimony above, which extended over five
       afternoons between November 30, 2010, and February 2, 2011. Tammy filed a motion for
       a directed finding pursuant to section 2-1110 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735
       ILCS 5/2-1110 (West 2010)), arguing that Paul had not proved the existence of an express
       contract, a contract implied in fact, or a contract implied in law. Kathleen joined in the

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       motion. The motion was fully briefed and was orally argued before the trial court.
¶ 28        On August 19, 2011, the trial court issued a 10-page typewritten order granting the
       motion and entering a directed finding denying the claim. The trial court began by noting
       that, under section 2-1110, a court must follow a two-step process. In re Estate of Etherton,
       284 Ill. App. 3d 64, 67 (1996). The court first determines whether the plaintiff has made out
       a prima facie case on his claim–that is, whether he has produced at least some evidence
       regarding each element of his claims. Id. If not, then the defendant is entitled to judgment as
       a matter of law. If, however, the plaintiff has made out a prima facie case on his claim, then
       the court must proceed to the second step in which it weighs the evidence. Id. at 67-68. In
       weighing the evidence, the court must consider “the credibility of the witnesses and the
       weight and quality of the evidence.” 735 ILCS 5/2-1110 (West 2010). The court then may
       either enter judgment for the defendant (if it finds the evidence insufficient to establish the
       claim) or deny the motion and proceed with the defendant’s case. Etherton, 284 Ill. App. 3d
       at 68.
¶ 29        In its order, the trial court applied this two-step process. It first determined that, although
       Paul had not put forth a prima facie case regarding either an express contract or a contract
       implied in fact, Paul had presented sufficient evidence to make out a prima facie case on a
       claim sounding in quantum meruit, also described as unjust enrichment or a contract implied
       in law. In determining that there was a prima facie case on the quantum meruit claim, the
       trial court gave Paul the benefit of the following presumption: “The law presumes [that]
       services knowingly and voluntarily accepted by a decedent during the decedent’s lifetime
       from nonfamily claimants [were] performed with an expectation of receiving compensatory
       payment.” Id.
¶ 30        In proceeding to the second step, the trial court found that three of the four elements of
       a quantum meruit claim had been established: Paul provided services to the decedent; the
       decedent accepted those services; and there was no evidence of any payment to Paul. The
       case turned upon whether Paul had established the final element: that he did not perform the
       services gratuitously. The trial court noted that, at this second stage, it would have to weigh
       the evidence, which might result in the negation of the presumption applied during the first
       stage.
¶ 31        Weighing the evidence, the trial court ruled that the presumption of nongratuitous service
       was burst by the evidence of a lengthy and close relationship between Paul and the decedent,
       in which Paul lived with the decedent for over 25 years. The trial court found that this
       relationship was sufficiently similar to a familial relationship that it raised the contrary
       presumption: that services rendered to a decedent by a family member were gratuitous. See
       In re Estate of Milborn, 122 Ill. App. 3d 688, 692 (1984). In light of this presumption of
       gratuitous service, Paul could “ ‘only recover by showing an express contract for wages or
       proving such circumstances as [would] reasonably imply such [a] contract.’ ” In re Estate
       of White, 15 Ill. App. 3d 200, 202 (1973) (quoting Collar v. Patterson, 137 Ill. 403, 407
       (1891)). Paul could not show this, and therefore his claim was denied. Paul filed a timely
       notice of appeal.

                                                   -8-
¶ 32                                        ANALYSIS
¶ 33       On appeal, Paul does not dispute the trial court’s findings that he did not make out a
       prima facie case of express contract or contract implied in fact. He challenges only the trial
       court’s determination that, although he made out a prima facie case of quantum meruit, he
       ultimately did not establish the claim’s element of nongratuitous service. Paul also asserts
       that the trial court wrongly held that the heirs had not waived the application of the Dead-
       Man’s Act. Because this latter assertion affects the evidence that may be considered in
       weighing the claim, we address it first.

¶ 34                                    The Dead-Man’s Act
¶ 35        Section 8-201 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/8-201 (West 2010)), known as the Dead-Man’s
       Act (Act), among other things limits the evidence that may be introduced at trial when one
       of the parties is a decedent’s estate. In that situation, the Act bars anyone directly interested
       in the action from testifying on his own behalf regarding any conversation with the decedent
       or other event that took place in the decedent’s presence. 735 ILCS 5/8-201(a) (West 2010).
       The statute provides that its protections may be waived if anyone testifying on behalf of the
       estate testifies, or introduces other evidence, regarding a conversation or event covered by
       the Act. In that case, the door has been opened, and any interested person may testify about
       the same conversation or event. Id.
¶ 36       Paul argues that the estate and the heirs waived the right to object on the basis of the Act
       to his testimony about his conversations with the decedent and events that took place in the
       decedent’s presence. Paul contends that this occurred when Kathleen brought a motion to bar
       one of Paul’s witnesses and attached, as an exhibit to the motion, Paul’s answers and
       amended answers to Tammy’s interrogatories. These interrogatory answers contained Paul’s
       verified statements about conversations he had with the decedent and actions that took place
       in the decedent’s presence. In addition, the handwritten document purported to be the 1996
       will of the decedent and Kelly was included as an attachment to these interrogatory answers
       and was thereby included in the exhibit to Kathleen’s motion to bar. (Prior to Kathleen’s
       inclusion of them with her motion, these answers to Tammy’s interrogatories had not been
       filed with the court.) Kathleen attached the answers and amended answers to her motion
       because she was arguing that Paul had not disclosed a particular witness until after trial had
       commenced, when Paul filed his final set of amended answers. Kathleen did not assert that
       Paul’s statements in his interrogatory answers were true or otherwise adopt them.
¶ 37        We are not aware of any case in which a claimant’s own statements, merely attached as
       an exhibit to a motion, have been held to be the equivalent of testimony or other evidence
       propounded by a representative of the estate, as would be required for a waiver of the Act.
       Nor has Paul directed us to any case law holding that the protections of the Act are waived
       under these circumstances. Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h)(7) requires parties to cite
       relevant authority in support of their arguments, and when a party does not offer meaningful
       authority in support of his argument, that argument is forfeited. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff.
       Sept. 1, 2006); Mikolajczyk v. Ford Motor Co., 374 Ill. App. 3d 646, 677 (2007). Moreover,
       the estate asserts that this argument is forfeited because it was not raised before the trial

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       court. Paul has not responded to this assertion. A reviewing court will not consider
       arguments that were not presented to the trial court. Hytel Group, Inc. v. Butler, 405 Ill. App.
3d 113, 127 (2010). For both of these reasons, we find that this argument has been forfeited.

¶ 38         Near-Familial Relationship and the Presumption of Gratuitous Services
¶ 39       We turn to the issue of the differing presumptions that apply to claims for services
       rendered to a decedent. As the trial court noted, when the claimant is not related to the
       decedent, the law presumes that the services were provided with the expectation that they
       would be paid for by the decedent. Etherton, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 68. However, when the
       services were provided to the decedent by a family member, the presumption is that the
       family member provided the services gratuitously, without expectation of payment. Id. at 68-
       69; see also Milborn, 122 Ill. App. 3d at 692. As explained in Milborn, “[b]lood kinship is
       not necessary in order to raise” the presumption of gratuitous service: it “rests upon the idea
       of mutual dependence” and can arise when distant kin or unrelated persons “live together as
       members of one family” or otherwise demonstrate a relationship resembling that of
       immediate family members. Milborn, 122 Ill. App. 3d at 692; White, 15 Ill. App. 3d at 202.
       The trial court’s determination that Paul and the decedent shared a near-familial relationship
       was a factual one, made at the second step of the section 2-1110 process after weighing the
       evidence. Accordingly, we will not overturn that determination on review unless it is contrary
       to the manifest weight of the evidence. Etherton, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 68.
¶ 40       The trial court here relied primarily on White in concluding that Paul and the decedent
       shared a relationship of mutual dependence that was familial in nature, even though Paul was
       not related to the decedent. In White, 15 Ill. App. 3d at 201, the claimant’s husband Harry
       was the brother of the decedent’s wife. The claimant (Eva) and Harry lived with the decedent
       following the death of the decedent’s wife. Eva provided housekeeping services, cleaning,
       cooking, and doing laundry for everyone in the household. Id. Four years after Eva and Harry
       began living with the decedent, Harry died. Eva continued to live with the decedent, keeping
       house for the two of them, until the decedent’s death 11 years later. Eva then filed a claim
       with the decedent’s estate, seeking payment for the previous five years of housekeeping
       services. Id. After a bench trial, the trial court allowed the claim but awarded Eva less than
       she sought. Eva and the estate filed cross-appeals.
¶ 41       The appellate court in White reversed on the ground that the evidence established that
       Eva and the decedent shared a near-familial relationship despite the fact that they were not
       blood kin to each other. Id. at 202. Accordingly, Eva’s claim was subject to the same
       presumption of gratuity that arose between family members. Id. That presumption could be
       overcome only by “ ‘showing an express contract for wages or proving such circumstances
       as reasonably imply such [a] contract.’ ” Id. (quoting Collar, 137 Ill. at 407). The appellate
       court explained that “ ‘[s]uch circumstances as reasonably imply such a contract’ ” meant
       evidence that “the services were rendered upon the expectation of receiving pay therefor[ ]
       on the one side, and under the expectation of paying therefor on the other side, all at the time
       services were rendered.” Id. The White court then noted that “[t]here are many factors which
       will rebut or corroborate the presumption of gratuity” and listed several such factors. Id. In

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       White, Eva had not produced any evidence that would rebut the presumption. Id. at 203.
       Thus, she could not recover on her claim for housekeeping services.
¶ 42        In In re Estate of Sewart, 274 Ill. App. 3d 298 (1995), the court also applied the
       presumption of gratuity to a claimant who was not related to the decedent. In Sewart, 274 Ill.
       App. 3d at 300, the claimant and her husband were very close friends with the decedent.
       They visited the decedent weekly and would do laundry, clean the house, and perform other
       chores. The claimant’s daughter testified that the decedent was often invited to family events
       and was “ ‘family to us.’ ” Id. at 310. Witnesses testified that the decedent was grateful for
       the things that the claimant and her husband did for the decedent, and in 1976 the decedent
       spoke with his attorney about drafting his will to leave the bulk of his estate to the claimant’s
       husband (although the decedent apparently did not want to leave anything to the claimant in
       the event that her husband predeceased the decedent, which in fact occurred). However, the
       claimant testified in deposition that the services that she and her husband performed for the
       decedent were not done with the expectation of payment nor was there any agreement that
       the decedent would make a will in their favor; rather, the services were provided out of
       friendship and close feelings. This deposition testimony was used to impeach her trial
       testimony to the contrary.
¶ 43        The trial court disallowed the claim, and the appellate court affirmed. The appellate court
       noted the near-familial relationship between the claimant’s family and the decedent.
       Although it did not mention the presumption of gratuity that applies to services provided by
       family members, the court held that the “extended familial relationship” between the parties
       took the case outside of the ordinary presumption of nongratuity that applied where there was
       no family relationship. Id. For this reason, as well as because of the claimant’s own
       statements denying that she or her husband expected reward for their services to the
       decedent, the claimant could not recover.
¶ 44        With these cases in mind, we believe that the trial court did not err in finding that Paul
       and the decedent shared a near-familial relationship that raised the presumption of gratuity.
       Just as in White, Paul and the decedent shared a household for many years, and Paul’s
       performance of home maintenance while the decedent paid for the home and their food
       showed the “mutual dependence” that is the essence of a familial relationship. Moreover, as
       in Sewart, there was ample testimony that the decedent and Paul had a close relationship.
       Clark testified that they were always together and that he regarded the decedent as Paul’s
       “father.” Paul attended some of the decedent’s family events, such as Kathleen’s
       grandmother’s funeral. John testified that Paul and the decedent were both invited to his
       house on holidays. According to Paul, the decedent gave him a gold ring early in their
       relationship as well as gifts on birthdays and holidays. This evidence supported the trial
       court’s determination that there was a near-familial relationship between the decedent and
       Paul, and that the presumption of gratuity therefore arose.
¶ 45        Paul has cited to case law from other states to support his argument that the presumption
       of gratuity should not apply but, as the estate correctly notes, Illinois courts do not look to
       the law of other states when there is relevant Illinois case law available. McGill v. Garza, 378
Ill. App. 3d 73, 76-77 (2007). Considering White, Sewart, and the testimony about the
       relationship between Paul and the decedent, the trial court’s finding that there was a near-

                                                 -11-
       familial relationship was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. This finding gave
       rise to the presumption that Paul’s services were gratuitous.

¶ 46                          Whether the Presumption Was Rebutted
¶ 47       Of course, the fact that a presumption arises is not the end of the story; the court must
       then consider whether the evidence rebuts the presumption. Heffron v. Brown, 155 Ill. 322,
       326 (1895); In re Estate of Shea, 364 Ill. App. 3d 963, 968 (2006) (after determining that a
       presumption arises, a court must determine whether it has been overcome by the evidence
       put forward by the opposing party). In addressing this question, Paul first asserts that the
       presumption of gratuity “diminishes in direct proportion to the remoteness of the degree and
       character of the family relationship and the character of the duties performed.” In re Estate
       of Dal Paos, 118 Ill. App. 2d 235, 240 (1969). Paul argues that, because he was at first a
       stranger to the decedent, his relationship with the decedent was necessarily “remote” and the
       presumption therefore loses force. We reject both the factual and the legal aspects of this
       argument. Factually, regardless of the lack of any initial relationship between Paul and the
       decedent, the evidence showed that Paul and the decedent developed a close, mutually
       dependent relationship that was akin to a familial relationship, living and working together
       for over 25 years. Legally, we note that the only support for this “diminished presumption”
       statement in Dal Paos is Quigly v. Harold, 22 Ill. App. 269, 271 (1886), a case that (a) did
       not itself cite any legal support for the statement, and (b) has no precedential value. See
       Bryson v. News America Publications, Inc., 174 Ill. 2d 77, 95 (1996). Accordingly, we reject
       Paul’s argument that the presumption of gratuity has limited force because he was at first a
       stranger to the decedent. Instead, we are guided by the principles of Illinois law below.
¶ 48       Here, the trial court’s determination that the presumption of gratuity was not rebutted
       rested on its finding that Paul “did not present any evidence *** to establish a contract.”
       However, the trial court erred in reducing the issue of whether Paul rebutted the presumption
       to the question of whether Paul established the existence of a contract. As the court in White
       noted, the presumption of gratuity also may be rebutted by “ ‘[s]uch circumstances as
       reasonably imply such a contract,’ ” and there are a variety of factors that may be considered
       in evaluating whether this standard is met. White, 15 Ill. App. 3d at 202. Among the factors
       that are relevant in determining whether the presumption of gratuity has been rebutted are:
       an express contract for the services; an “[o]ral promise to leave property by will or an invalid
       or ineffective instrument showing intention to pay”; the circumstances under which the
       claimant first began to provide the services; the decedent’s “[f]ailure or inability to make
       return” either in kind or monetarily, “for there ordinarily must be reciprocity in services”;
       whether the decedent’s estate was enhanced by the work performed; whether the claimant
       performed services that went beyond an express agreement or “[e]xtraordinary services ***
       not incident to any normal domestic relationship”; and the financial condition of the parties.
       Id. at 202-03.
¶ 49       The evidence here did not establish any express contract between Paul and the decedent
       relating to Paul’s upholstering services. Thus, the first factor does not apply. The second
       factor potentially could have applied, as Paul attempted to produce evidence of an invalid

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       will (the 1996 will) reflecting the intent of the decedent and Kelly that Paul receive
       something from their estates. However, there are several difficulties with assigning any
       probative value to the invalid will. The chief difficulty is that the trial court did not permit
       Paul to lay a foundation for the admission of the invalid will, and in this appeal Paul has not
       raised any argument that the trial court’s rulings on this point were erroneous. Accordingly,
       he has forfeited any claim that the trial court should have considered the invalid will in
       determining whether he rebutted the presumption of gratuity. In addition, even if the invalid
       will had been admitted into evidence, its probative value would be lessened by the fact that
       it evidently was made in 1996, before Kelly died and a dozen years before the decedent died.
       Thus, it is possible that in the interim the decedent and Paul reached some other
       understanding about whether and how Paul should be compensated for his upholstery work.
       As the invalid will is not in evidence, however, we leave these ruminations aside and find
       that the second factor was not applicable here.
¶ 50        The third factor, the circumstances under which the claimant first began to provide the
       services, favors the estate. It is undisputed that, when Paul first began to provide the services,
       he knew nothing about upholstery and in essence was an apprentice in the decedent’s trade.
       At that time, the training he was receiving in upholstering, when added to the decedent’s
       provision of his room and board, was likely a fair reward for his services. Paul argues that
       his skills grew to the point that this exchange would no longer have been fair, and indeed he
       produced evidence to that effect (for instance, John’s opinion that, by the late 1980s, Paul
       was a “master upholsterer,” and his own testimony that, after 1999, he became the decedent’s
       “right-hand person” and largely managed the business for the decedent). One of the cases
       cited by Paul is Morton v. Rainey, 82 Ill. 215 (1876), in which the Illinois Supreme Court
       affirmed the payment of a claim by a nephew of the deceased. The court noted that, although
       the nephew initially lived with the deceased as if he were the deceased’s child, with the
       deceased providing his room, board, clothing, and medical services, after the nephew came
       of age he paid his own expenses and farmed on his own behalf. Id. at 216. Thus, it held, the
       presumption that the nephew was acting gratuitously when he farmed the deceased’s land for
       him one year was overcome. Id. at 217. Here, by contrast, the evidence showed that Paul
       remained dependent on the decedent in some respects, receiving his room, board, and
       medical insurance through the decedent. Moreover, Paul was unable to produce evidence
       regarding the terms of any new understanding between himself and the decedent, if in fact
       there was one. Because the initial arrangement between the decedent and Paul was equitable,
       and there was no evidence regarding any new understanding, this factor favors the estate.
¶ 51        The fourth factor likewise favors the estate. That factor–whether the recipient of the
       services chose or was able to “make return” either in kind or monetarily–looks at whether
       the circumstances were such that the recipient could not pay the claimant immediately in
       some fashion, raising the likelihood that the parties contemplated that the claimant would be
       paid from the recipient’s estate after the recipient’s death. Here, the evidence that the
       decedent continued to acquire real property over the years, including the large home in
       Wonder Lake, shows that the decedent was well able during his lifetime to pay Paul for his
       upholstering work. If the decedent did not do so, it is reasonable to infer that he did not wish
       to.

                                                 -13-
¶ 52        The fifth factor, whether the claimant’s work enhanced the value of the estate, clearly
       favors Paul. The testimony was undisputed that, by 2004, Paul was the only one performing
       upholstery for the decedent’s business. The tax returns from 2004 and 2005 showed that the
       decedent’s corporation Honora Woods had gross income of between $125,000 and $130,000
       in those years, and Ketchmark testified that these figures represented income from the
       decedent’s upholstery business. Accordingly, it is evident that Paul’s work enhanced the
       value of the estate. See In re Estate of Clausen, 51 Ill. App. 3d 18, 21 (1977) (the
       presumption of gratuity was rebutted where, among other things, the decedent benefitted
       financially by living with his sister).
¶ 53        The sixth factor, whether the claimant performed services of a kind “not incident to any
       normal domestic relationship” (White, 15 Ill. App. 3d at 202-03), also favors Paul. It is
       uncontested that the professional upholstering services that Paul provided 14 hours per day,
       7 days per week, were far beyond the kind of services–e.g., cooking and cleaning–that would
       be incident to a normal domestic relationship. See Clausen, 51 Ill. App. 3d at 22.
¶ 54        As for the final factor listed in White, the financial condition of the parties, on balance
       it favors Paul. The decedent was clearly well off. By contrast, Paul testified that he never had
       money to go shopping on his own, because he was not paid. On the other hand, the evidence
       does not indicate that any of Paul’s daily living needs went unmet or that he had any
       significant debts. The parties were not in the same financial condition–the decedent held the
       purse strings and appears to have made all of the decisions regarding the income from the
       business. Moreover, Paul testified that he did not obtain a driver’s license until after the
       decedent’s death, because the decedent “never let” him have a license. Nevertheless, the
       evidence does not suggest that Paul was in a position of involuntary servitude or that he
       served the decedent under financial duress.
¶ 55        Assessing the totality of the White factors, we conclude that Paul adequately rebutted the
       presumption that, because of the near-familial relationship between himself and the decedent,
       he provided upholstery services to the decedent gratuitously. In this case, the nature of the
       services was entitled to particular weight, as those services were skilled professional services
       of the type normally provided by an employee rather than the personal or household services
       commonly provided by a family member. We note that, when Tammy provided professional
       bookkeeping services to the decedent, she was paid for them. We can think of no reason to
       presume that the services rendered by Tammy–someone who indisputably shared a family
       relationship with the decedent–were not gratuitous, but that other professional services
       rendered by someone outside the family, over a far greater length of time, were provided
       gratuitously.
¶ 56        In addition, none of the case law cited by the estate, in support of its position that the
       near-familial relationship controls here, involved a claimant who provided professional
       services for a decedent’s business. See White, 15 Ill. App. 3d at 201 (housekeeping services);
       In re Foster’s Estate, 46 Ill. App. 2d at 321 (housekeeping and nursing). Although these
       cases support the argument that Paul could not recover for the personal services he provided
       to the decedent immediately before his death, they apply with much less force to Paul’s claim
       for upholstery services. By contrast, Etherton, 284 Ill. App. 3d 64, and In re Estate of
       Brumshagen, 27 Ill. App. 2d 14 (1960), the cases on which Paul relies, are more similar to

                                                -14-
       our case in this regard. Both of those cases involved claimant farmers who provided farming
       services to the decedents, their neighbors. We think that the nonpersonal nature of the
       services provided in those cases is one reason that the trial court in each case found that the
       presumption of gratuity did not apply.
¶ 57       After considering the evidence in this case and the case law described above, we hold that
       the trial court erred in focusing narrowly on the lack of an express contract in finding that
       Paul had not rebutted the presumption of gratuity. Nevertheless, as we may uphold a
       judgment on any ground appearing in the record (Ultsch v. Illinois Municipal Retirement
       Fund, 226 Ill. 2d 169, 192 (2007)), we examine whether the trial court’s directed finding in
       favor of the estate was justified on other grounds.

¶ 58                  Presumptions Aside, Did the Claimant Carry His Burden?
¶ 59        Illinois case law follows the “bursting bubble” theory of presumptions: once sufficient
       evidence has been produced to rebut a presumption, the presumption vanishes from the case
       and the evidence must be weighed without taking the presumption into account. Franciscan
       Sisters Health Care Corp. v. Dean, 95 Ill. 2d 452, 466 (1983). At that point, the court must
       consider whether the party having the burden of proof has shown by a preponderance of the
       evidence that he is entitled to prevail. Shea, 364 Ill. App. 3d at 968. Here Paul, as a claimant,
       bore the burden of establishing his right to recover in quantum meruit for the services he
       provided to the decedent. See Etherton, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 68 (trial court may enter a
       directed finding on the facts where the petitioner fails to carry the ultimate burden of proof).
¶ 60        As the trial court noted in its decision, four elements must be shown to establish a right
       to recover in quantum meruit: (1) that the claimant provided services to the decedent; (2) that
       the services were not performed gratuitously; (3) that the decedent accepted the services; and
       (4) that the claimant was not paid for the services. See Installco, Inc. v. Whiting Corp., 336
Ill. App. 3d 776, 781 (2002). The trial court found that the first, third, and fourth of these
       elements had been proven, and we have no reason to question those findings. The sole
       remaining question is whether Paul proved, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he did
       not provide his upholstery services gratuitously. Nongratuitous intent can be shown where
       the conduct of the claimant demonstrates that he performed the services in exchange for
       payment and that he expected to receive such payment. Milborn, 122 Ill. App. 3d at 691-92.
¶ 61        Here, that evidence is lacking. There is no evidence in the record establishing Paul’s own
       understanding of the arrangement between the parties, or what his expectations were with
       regard to payment for his upholstery services. Although the Act prevented Paul from
       introducing certain evidence, the Act would not have barred testimony about his own beliefs
       and understandings: they were not conversations or events taking place in the presence of the
       decedent. Nevertheless, no such evidence was presented. Nor did John, or any of Paul’s other
       witnesses, testify that Paul expected payment, or testify about any intent by the decedent to
       pay Paul. There simply is no evidence in the record that Paul expected to receive anything
       from the decedent for his upholstery services beyond his room and board.
¶ 62        Although it could be argued that it is common sense that no one would labor for decades
       in the services of another without expecting payment, the length of time during which the

                                                 -15-
       services were provided can cut the other way as well. As noted above, once Paul became
       skilled at upholstering, he was free to take his skills elsewhere if he wished. The fact that he
       did not do so, continuing to work for the decedent for over 25 years, gives rise to a
       reasonable inference that Paul did not object to the decedent’s apparent failure to pay him.
¶ 63       We find one of the cases cited by the estate apposite in this regard. In McRoberts v.
       Estate of Kennelly, 52 Ill. App. 2d 34 (1964), a doctor filed a claim against the estate of one
       of his patients for services he provided to the patient during the five years before the patient’s
       death. McRoberts, 52 Ill. App. 2d at 35. The doctor was not related to the decedent, and there
       was no suggestion that the presumption of gratuitous service by family members should
       apply. Instead, the ordinary presumption applied: that the services were nongratuitous. Id.
       at 37. However, the trial court found, and the appellate court affirmed, that this presumption
       was rebutted by evidence that the doctor had never intended to charge the decedent for his
       services. The doctor had treated the decedent without charge throughout the years, never sent
       him a bill, and did not list the decedent among his accounts receivable, although he listed his
       other patients’ charges and payments in his accounts. Id. at 37-38. Instead, the doctor kept
       the decedent’s records separately, as the doctor also did for priests, nuns, and
       ministers–others whom the doctor also did not charge for his services. Id. at 38. In denying
       the doctor’s claim against the estate, the court cited with approval a Rhode Island case,
       Wright v. Sheldon, 53 A. 59 (R.I. 1902) (per curiam), in which the court refused to allow a
       claimant to recover for minor services rendered to the decedent over a 30-year period,
       stating:
           “When relations of this character have been so long continued without any contract for
           payment, *** the natural presumption is that the service was rendered as a friendly act,
           and it is too late to bring in a charge for such service after it has ended.” Id. at 59.
       Here, Paul provided his upholstery services to the decedent for decades without any contract
       for payment (or at least, Paul did not provide any evidence of such a contract or its terms).
       Nor was there any evidence that Paul billed the decedent for his services, or even kept
       contemporaneous records of his labor on behalf of the decedent’s business. Although Paul’s
       services were by no means minor (as were the services at issue in Wright), there was no
       evidence of any circumstances that would have prevented Paul from leaving the decedent’s
       employ if the arrangement between them was not to Paul’s liking. Viewing the record as a
       whole, we find that the trial court did not err in finding that Paul failed to carry his burden
       of proving that his services were not provided gratuitously.
¶ 64       The estate raises several other arguments for why we should uphold the judgment in its
       favor, but given our holding we need not address them. For all of the foregoing reasons, we
       affirm the judgment of the circuit court of McHenry County.

¶ 65       Affirmed.

¶ 66       JUSTICE McLAREN, dissenting:
¶ 67       I submit that the trial court’s rationale for granting the motion for a directed finding at
       the close of Paul’s case is inconsistent and contradictory; simply put, it is an oxymoron.

                                                 -16-
¶ 68       The trial court began its rationale on the quantum meruit claim by giving Paul “the
       benefit of the following presumption: ‘The law presumes [that] services knowingly and
       voluntarily accepted by a decedent during the decedent’s lifetime from nonfamily claimants
       [were] performed with an expectation of receiving compensatory payment.’ ” Supra ¶ 29.
       However, later in its rationale, the trial court found that Paul was essentially a family
       member such that it applied the presumption that family members provide services
       gratuitously. To my knowledge, there was no explanation of why the first presumption was
       overcome by evidence that Paul was a family member. Indeed, the majority fails to explain
       or analyze how the first presumption was overcome. Paul never claimed that he was a family
       member, and it was not his burden to establish that he was not a family member. The
       majority is silent as to how the first presumption is overcome and supplanted by the
       presumption that family members provide services gratuitously when the latter presumption
       does not appear to relate to claims for compensation for labor outside the domestic realm.
       I submit that the trial court and the majority are enlarging the presumption of gratuitous
       provision of services by “family members” beyond the bounds of domestic caretaking. The
       provided services at issue in both White and Sewart were strictly domestic in nature. See
       White, 15 Ill. App. 3d at 201; Sewart, 274 Ill. App. 3d at 310. Here, while Paul sought
       approximately $7,800 for caretaking services provided, he sought almost $388,000 for
       upholstery services provided. The majority makes no distinction between these different
       types of services in concluding that “there was a near-familial relationship between the
       decedent and Paul, and that the presumption of gratuity therefore arose.” Supra ¶ 44. It is
       only later, in analyzing whether this presumption of familial gratuity had been rebutted, that
       the majority notes the fact that the upholstering services that Paul provided “were far beyond
       the kind of services–e.g., cooking and cleaning–that would be incident to a normal domestic
       relationship” and that such a fact “favors Paul.” Supra ¶ 53. The different types of services
       provided require separate analyses regarding the existence of a “family” relationship,
       especially given the nearly 50-to-1 disparity in the values of the services provided.
¶ 69       Further, considering the lack of evidence indicating that Paul was actually paid for his
       labor as a master upholsterer when at least one family member, Tammy, was paid for the
       services that she provided to the decedent’s business, the majority creates an anomaly where
       the perception is that the unrelated plaintiff is treated as a more intimate family member by
       the decedent than related family members were. That is a contradiction based upon the
       evidence as opposed to the enigmatic application of conflicting presumptions. Based upon
       the present posture of the case, I believe that this element of the quantum meruit claim (that
       he did not perform the services gratuitously) was established by the application of the first
       presumption by the trial court and that the evidence presented did not alter the validity of that
       presumption. I believe that the cause should be remanded and that the estate should be
       required to establish that either or both of Paul’s services (as an upholsterer and as a
       domestic helper) was done gratuitously. Considering the evidence regarding how the
       decedent treated his own family, it would at least appear that consistency should rebut the
       conclusion that an unrelated person alleged to be a near-family member should be treated no
       differently than related family members, if the second presumption is to be applied. Since
       Tammy was paid for labor outside the residence, so should Paul.

                                                 -17-
¶ 70       Paul was not a family member, either by affinity or consanguinity. Moreover, the
       decedent, in matters relating to nondomestic assistance, paid his family members for their
       assistance. The fact that Paul lived with the decedent does not in any manner establish a
       familial relationship for purposes of inferring that his nondomestic labor was gratuitous.

                                              -18-