Court Opinion

ID: 9401322
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-12 19:09:38.909818+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:52.092431
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Walker, 2023-Ohio-1949.]

                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  LAKE COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                                      CASE NOS. 2022-L-077
                                                              2022-L-078
                   Plaintiff-Appellee,

          - vs -                                    Criminal Appeals from the
                                                    Court of Common Pleas
PARIS D. WALKER,

                   Defendant-Appellant.             Trial Court Nos. 2021 CR 001234
                                                                     2021 CR 001101

                                              OPINION

                                         Decided: June 12, 2023
                                           Judgment: Affirmed

Charles E. Coulson, Lake County Prosecutor, and Jennifer A. McGee, Assistant
Prosecutor, Lake County Administration Building, 105 Main Street, P.O. Box 490,
Painesville, OH 44077 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Brian A. Smith, Brian A. Smith Law Firm, LLC, 123 South Miller Road, Suite 250,
Fairlawn, OH 44333 (For Defendant-Appellant).

EUGENE A. LUCCI, J.

          {¶1}     Walker appeals his sentencing entries issued in two separate cases. We

affirm.

          {¶2}     The first case, Case No. 2021 CR 001101, stems from a traffic stop of

Walker in June 2021. At that time, Walker was driving a 2004 Dodge Stratus registered

in his name. During the stop, Walker was searched, and officers located a pill bottle

containing suspected crack cocaine and four small baggies containing suspected powder
cocaine in his pockets. Officers arrested Walker, and, upon booking him into jail, located

$165 in cash on his person.

        {¶3}      Walker was charged with trafficking in cocaine, in an amount exceeding 20

grams but less than 27 grams, a second-degree felony, in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2),

with attendant forfeiture specifications for the cocaine, pill bottle, plastic baggies, Dodge

Stratus, and $165 in cash; and possession of cocaine in an amount equaling 20 grams

but less than 27 grams, a second-degree felony, in violation of R.C. 2925.11.1

        {¶4}      Walker pleaded not guilty, and the case was scheduled for jury trial. On the

date first set for jury trial, Walker appeared at the court and, prior to commencement of

trial, requested a continuance because he was unhappy with his current representation

and had obtained new counsel, who was not then present.                       The court denied the

continuance and informed Walker that the jury trial would proceed on that date as

scheduled. Thereafter, the court held an off-record discussion with counsel in chambers.

When the court returned on the record, it stated that Walker had left the courthouse, and,

when defense counsel contacted him by telephone, Walker advised counsel that he would

not be returning for trial that day. The court revoked Walker’s bond and issued a warrant

for his arrest.

        {¶5}      Thereafter, Walker was arrested and detained, and the case proceeded to

jury trial. The jury found Walker guilty on both counts and found that the vehicle was

subject to forfeiture, but not the cash. The court referred the case for a presentence

1. The indictment included forfeiture specifications attendant to the possession count as well. However,
these specifications were dismissed on motion of the state prior to trial.
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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
report and investigation (“PSI”) and indicated that a proportionality hearing regarding the

vehicle would be held at the same time as sentencing.

       {¶6}   The second case, Case No. 2021 CR 001234, stems from a traffic stop of

Walker in September 2021, while he was initially on bond in the first case. At that time,

a police officer was investigating an animal complaint and observed Walker drive a

vehicle into the driveway of a house that was under investigation for suspected drug

activity. Walker remained there for one to two minutes, during which time a resident came

out to the car, leaned into Walker’s window, and then returned to the residence. Walker

then pulled out of the driveway. As Walker drove by the officer, the officer ran Walker’s

plates and determined that the vehicle was registered to Walker, and his license was

suspended. The officer further observed that neither Walker nor a passenger in his car

were wearing safety belts. The officer initiated a traffic stop and ultimately searched the

vehicle, Walker, and his passenger. In the passenger’s pocket, the officer located a pill

bottle bearing Walker’s name containing crack cocaine. Walker informed the officer that

he had been handed crack cocaine at the residence he had just left, and Walker put the

drugs in his pill bottle. The search of the vehicle revealed baggies of powder cocaine

between the driver’s seat and center console and loose crack cocaine rocks inside the

center console and underneath the floor mats.

       {¶7}   Thereafter, Walker was charged with three counts of possession of cocaine

in an amount less than five grams, fifth-degree felonies, in violation of R.C. 2925.11, with

forfeiture specifications attendant to each count for the cocaine, prescription bottle, and

plastic baggie. After initially pleading not guilty, Walker changed his plea to guilty on all

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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
three counts. The court accepted the pleas and deferred sentencing for a PSI to be

completed in conjunction with Case No. 2021 CR 001101.

       {¶8}   The cases proceeded to sentencing at the same hearing. In Case No. 2021

CR 001101, the court ordered merger of the two counts as allied offenses of similar

import, and the state elected to proceed to sentencing on the trafficking count. The court

sentenced Walker to an indefinite prison term of five to seven and one-half years, to be

served consecutively to the sentence imposed in Case No. 2021 CR 001234. The court

further found that the value of the Dodge Stratus was proportionate to the severity of the

offense, and ordered the Dodge, cocaine, pill bottle, and plastic baggies forfeited. In Case

No. 2021 CR 001234, the court merged the first and third counts of possession of cocaine

as allied offenses of similar import. The state elected to proceed to sentencing on the

first count. The court sentenced Walker to nine months of imprisonment on each of the

first and second counts of possession of cocaine to be served concurrently with each

other but consecutively to the sentence imposed in Case No. 2021 CR 001101. The court

further ordered the cocaine, prescription bottle, and plastic baggie forfeited.

       {¶9}   In his first assigned error, Walker argues:

       {¶10} “Appellant's convictions in case number 2021 CR 001101 were against the

manifest weight of the evidence.”

       {¶11} The “[w]eight of the evidence concerns ‘the inclination of the greater amount

of credible evidence * * * to support one side of the issue rather than the other.’”

(Emphasis sic.) State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997),

quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1594 (6th Ed.1990). When considering challenges to the

weight of the evidence, the appellate court reviews “‘the entire record, weighs the

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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and

determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and

created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and

a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172,

175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). “When a court of appeals reverses a judgment of a

trial court on the basis that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, the appellate

court sits as a ‘“‘thirteenth juror’”’ and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the

conflicting testimony.” Thompkins at 387, quoting Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42, 72

L.Ed.2d 652, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 2218 (1982). “The discretionary power to grant a new trial

should be exercised only in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily

against the conviction.” Thompkins at 387, quoting Martin at 175.

       {¶12} Here, Walker maintains that the “convictions” for trafficking in cocaine and

possession of cocaine are against the manifest weight of the evidence. However, as set

forth in our recitation of the procedural history above, the trial court merged these counts

in this case, and the state elected to proceed to sentencing on the trafficking charge.

Because the possession count merged into the trafficking count, no sentence was

imposed on the possession charge, and “therefore there is no conviction on that charge[,]”

and any error with regard to the possession charge in this case “is not relevant.” State

v. Whetstone, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2015-L-114, 2016 WL 5637253, ¶ 26, citing In re J.C.,

11th Dist. Lake No. 2012-L-083, 2013-Ohio-1292, ¶ 22.

       {¶13} Accordingly, we proceed to review the weight of the evidence regarding the

trafficking charge only. Walker was convicted of trafficking in cocaine in an amount

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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
exceeding 20 grams but less than 27 grams, in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2). R.C.

2925.03(A)(2) provides:

              No person shall knowingly * * * [p]repare for shipment, ship,
              transport, deliver, prepare for distribution, or distribute a
              controlled substance or a controlled substance analog, when
              the offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe that
              the controlled substance or a controlled substance analog is
              intended for sale or resale by the offender or another person.

       {¶14} Pursuant to R.C. 2901.22(B):

              A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the
              person is aware that the person’s conduct will probably cause
              a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature. A
              person has knowledge of circumstances when the person is
              aware that such circumstances probably exist.           When
              knowledge of the existence of a particular fact is an element
              of an offense, such knowledge is established if a person
              subjectively believes that there is a high probability of its
              existence and fails to make inquiry or acts with a conscious
              purpose to avoid learning the fact.

       {¶15} In support of the trafficking charge, at trial, the state first elicited testimony

from the officers involved in the stop and search of Walker and his vehicle. The testimony

indicated that, at approximately 3:39 p.m. on the afternoon of June 28, 2021, an officer

stopped Walker after he turned left at a red light in a residential neighborhood in Eastlake.

After determining that Walker had a suspended license, another officer came to the scene

per the police department’s protocol.         Walker informed the officers that he had

occupational driving privileges. Although no driving privileges were indicated in the

officers’ system, they assisted Walker in looking for the paperwork granting the privileges,

as Walker attempted to obtain the documentation on his cell phone. When Walker was

unable to produce proof of driving privileges, an officer asked him to exit the vehicle so

that it could be towed pursuant to department policy. Upon exiting the vehicle, an

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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
unlabeled pill bottle fell out of Walker’s right shorts’ pocket. On closer inspection of the

pill bottle, the officers observed a rock substance in the bottle. The officers placed Walker

under arrest and then conducted a search of his person, locating four baggies of

suspected narcotics in his left pocket. When booking Walker into jail, $165 in cash was

located on his person.

       {¶16} On cross-examination of the officers, they each confirmed that they did not

witness Walker prepare or package any of the narcotics, nor did they see him engage in

any transaction with any other person.

       {¶17} In addition, over the objection of defense counsel, one of the officers

testified that he was previously subpoenaed for a jury trial in this case that was to be held

on a prior date. The officer did observe Walker at the court on that date, but, when trial

was to commence, Walker was no longer present. On cross-examination on this issue,

the officer recalled that Walker requested a continuance on the previously scheduled jury

trial date due to an issue with his then attorney. However, the officer maintained that,

after a break in the proceedings, the officer returned to the courtroom for the trial to

commence, and Walker was no longer present. On redirect-examination, the officer

confirmed that, on the previously scheduled trial date, the judge informed Walker that they

would be proceeding to trial on that day prior to Walker leaving the courthouse.

       {¶18} The state then elicited testimony from a forensic analyst employed by the

Lake County Crime Laboratory (“the Crime Lab”). The analyst testified that she tested

the substances submitted in this case. She concluded that the small bags of white

powder, without considering the weight of the bags, contained cocaine in the following

net weights: 3.12 grams, 3.36 grams, 3.23 grams, and 3.37 grams. The unmarked pill

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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
bottle contained 7.17 net grams of cocaine. The total net weight of cocaine submitted in

this case was 20.25 net grams.

       {¶19} Last, the state elicited the testimony of Lieutenant Brad Kemp of the Lake

County Narcotics Agency.       Kemp testified that he has worked for the Lake County

Narcotics Agency for 27 years, starting first as an agent, then serving about 20 years as

a sergeant, and then working in the capacity of a lieutenant for the last year. Prior to his

employment at the Lake County Narcotics Agency, Kemp worked for a law enforcement

drug unit on the east side of Cleveland for two years. Early in his career he worked

undercover conducting drug buys with information provided by informants. He had also

been involved with thousands of controlled buys wherein the informant purchased the

drugs under the direction of law enforcement. Kemp has spent the entirety of his career

specifically dealing with narcotics.

       {¶20} With respect to his training, Kemp testified that, along with completing the

police academy, he has received thousands of hours of specialized training specifically

related to drug investigations through the Ohio Peace Officer Training Academy, the FBI,

and other law enforcement agencies.

       {¶21} Kemp maintained that, through his work, he has personally observed street

drugs and is familiar with how different drugs are packaged for sale. Kemp maintained

that most drugs, particularly powder drugs, are sold by weight. With respect to cocaine,

Kemp indicated that, when sold in powder form, it is often packaged in plastic baggies or

paper bindles. Kemp stated that powder cocaine is typically sold in terms of ounces or

grams. One eighth of an ounce is generally referred to as an “eight ball,” and weighs

approximately 3.5 grams. However, Kemp testified that he has never experienced a drug

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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
buy where he obtained the exact weight, and it is typically lighter than what it should be.

Thus, for an eight ball, he would expect it to weigh approximately 3 grams. Kemp

indicated that crack cocaine is typically sold by the rock, with the rock size usually

weighing .15 to .20 grams. Kemp further stated that the higher weight of drugs purchased

results in a lower price per ounce/gram.

       {¶22} The state inquired if Kemp had ever testified as an expert, to which he

responded in the affirmative, stating that he had testified as an expert 19 times in Lake

County courts on the subject of weights, prices, and packaging of drugs. Although the

state did not request the court to qualify Kemp as an expert in this case, Kemp indicated

that he was asked to review information regarding this case. In doing so, Kemp reviewed

the police report, the Crime Lab report, and a photograph of the evidence. Kemp testified

that, from his analysis, it appeared that the evidence contained four eight balls of cocaine,

with a street value of $150 to $200 per eight ball, and he opined the packaging and

amount was indicative of trafficking. Further, he opined that the amount of cash located

on Walker’s person, $165, is consistent with the value of an eight ball. Kemp further

testified that the 7.17 grams of crack cocaine was also indicative of trafficking because of

the quantity of drugs in the pill bottle. On cross-examination, Kemp affirmed that he had

no involvement in this case prior to his review of the evidence and reports.

       {¶23} After Kemp’s testimony, the state rested. The defense then moved for

acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29, which the trial court overruled. Thereafter, the defense

rested without presenting evidence.

       {¶24} In his first assigned error, Walker argues that “the State’s evidence failed to

show that Walker had either ‘sold or offered to sell’ a controlled substance, or that he had

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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
knowingly prepared the substance for shipment, shipped it, transported it, delivered it,

prepared it for distribution, or distributed it,” as there was no evidence of intent. 2

        {¶25} However, Kemp indicated that an “eight ball” is a common quantity in which

to purchase powdered cocaine, and crack cocaine is purchased by the rock. Walker had

four separately packaged baggies of cocaine in roughly the weight of an “eight ball.” In

addition, he had 7.17 grams of crack cocaine in a pill bottle. He was carrying these drugs

on his person while driving in a residential area in Eastlake in the middle of the afternoon.

From the evidence presented, the jury could reasonably infer Walker’s intent to transport

the cocaine for sale. This is not the extraordinary case where the evidence weighs heavily

against the conviction.

        {¶26} Accordingly, Walker’s first assigned error is without merit.

        {¶27} In his second and third assigned errors, Walker maintains:

        {¶28} “[2.] The trial court committed plain error, in case number 2021 CR 001101,

in allowing Brad Kemp to testify as an expert regarding the purpose of the evidence seized

from Appellant.”

        {¶29} “[3.] The failure of Appellant’s trial counsel to object, in case number 2021

CR 001101, to Brad Kemp’s testimony regarding the purpose of the evidence seized from

Appellant, constituted ineffective assistance of counsel and a violation of Appellant’s right

to counsel under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution

and Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution.”

2. In his appellate brief, Walker further states that he “denied any intent to sell the drugs and insisted that
any substances found were for personal use.” In support of this statement, Walker cites the PSI. A
challenge to the manifest weight of the evidence supporting a conviction involves a review of the evidence
admitted at trial. Walker did not testify at trial, and the statements he made during the presentence
investigation are not properly considered in this review.
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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
       {¶30} Walker’s second and third assigned errors pertain to the testimony of Brad

Kemp, which we discussed in our review of Walker’s first assigned error.            Walker

recognizes that defense counsel did not object to Kemp’s testimony, and thus his second

assigned error challenges Kemp’s testimony on this issue under a plain error standard,

and his third assigned error alleges ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to object

to Kemp’s testimony.

       {¶31} With respect to plain error, “Crim.R. 52(B) affords appellate courts discretion

to correct ‘[p]lain errors or defects affecting substantial rights notwithstanding the

accused’s failure to meet his obligation to bring those errors to the attention of the trial

court.” State v. Rogers, 143 Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22.

“However, the accused bears the burden of proof to demonstrate plain error on the record,

* * * and must show ‘an error, i.e., a deviation from a legal rule’ that constitutes ‘an

“obvious” defect in the trial proceedings[.]’” Id., quoting State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d

21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002). “[E]ven if the error is obvious, it must have affected

substantial rights,” meaning “‘that the trial court’s error must have affected the outcome

of the trial.’” Rogers at ¶ 22, quoting Barnes at 27.

       {¶32} With respect to ineffective assistance of counsel, to prevail on such a claim,

“a defendant must prove that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the defendant

was prejudiced by counsel’s deficient performance.” State v. Davis, 159 Ohio St.3d 31,

2020-Ohio-309, 146 N.E.3d 560, ¶ 10, citing State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 141-

142, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989); and Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct.

2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). “Thus, the defendant must demonstrate that counsel’s

performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that there exists a

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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s error, the result of the proceeding would

have been different.”   Davis at ¶ 10, citing Bradley at paragraphs two and three of the

syllabus.

       {¶33} Accordingly, both plain error and ineffective assistance of counsel claims

require a showing of an error and that there exists a reasonable probability that the error

affected the outcome of trial. See Rogers at ¶ 22.

       {¶34} Here, Walker premises his second and third assigned errors on his

proposition that Kemp was unqualified to testify as an expert under the criteria set forth

in Evid.R. 702. However, as set forth in our discussion of Walker’s first assigned error,

although the state asked Kemp if he had ever testified as an expert, and Kemp responded

affirmatively, the state never requested the trial court qualify Kemp as an expert in this

case. Despite Walker’s recognition that the state did not request Kemp to be qualified as

an expert here, both Walker’s and the state’s arguments on appeal focus on whether

Kemp properly testified as an expert.

       {¶35} As the parties focused their arguments on Kemp’s qualifications as an

expert, but the court did not specifically qualify Kemp as an expert, we will review the

propriety of Kemp’s testimony under the evidentiary rules applying to both lay and expert

opinion testimony. See State v. Nabinger, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 94APA07-981, 1995

WL 360301, *10 (June 13, 1995) (reviewing officer’s testimony as a lay witness where no

threshold determination that officer was qualified as an expert was made by or requested

in trial court), and State v. Drummond, 111 Ohio St.3d 14, 2006-Ohio-5084, 854 N.E.2d

1038, ¶ 115-116 (reviewing propriety of officer’s testimony as an expert although state

did not formally tender officer as an expert).

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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
       {¶36} Evid.R. 701, which applies to opinion testimony by lay witnesses, provides

that “[i]f the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’ testimony in the form of

opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are (1) rationally

based on the perception of the witness and (2) helpful to a clear understanding of the

witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.”

       {¶37} Evid.R. 702 governs expert testimony, and provides:

              A witness may testify as an expert if all of the following apply:

              (A) The witness’ testimony either relates to matters beyond
              the knowledge or experience possessed by lay persons or
              dispels a misconception common among lay persons;

              (B) The witness is qualified as an expert by specialized
              knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education regarding
              the subject matter of the testimony;

              (C) The witness’ testimony is based on reliable scientific,
              technical, or other specialized information. To the extent that
              the testimony reports the result of a procedure, test, or
              experiment, the testimony is reliable only if all of the following
              apply:

              (1) The theory upon which the procedure, test, or experiment
              is based is objectively verifiable or is validly derived from
              widely accepted knowledge, facts, or principles;

              (2) The design of the procedure, test, or experiment reliably
              implements the theory;

              (3) The particular procedure, test, or experiment was
              conducted in a way that will yield an accurate result.

       {¶38} Moreover, Evid.R. 704 provides that “[t]estimony in the form of an opinion

or inference otherwise admissible is not objectionable solely because it embraces an

ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.”

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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
       {¶39} Here, Kemp’s testimony was based upon his review of the evidence and his

knowledge and experience investigating drug trafficking. Law enforcement officers may

testify as to their opinions as lay witnesses if their testimony otherwise meets the

requirements of Evid.R. 701, i.e. when the testimony is based on their own perceptions,

and their training and experience have provided them with knowledge that would assist

the trier of fact in resolving an issue. See State v. Garrett, Supreme Court Slip Opinion

No. 2022-Ohio-4218, reconsideration denied, 168 Ohio St.3d 1478, 2022-Ohio-4652, 200

N.E.3d 254, (detectives with experience in processing crime scenes and homicide were

qualified to provide lay opinion testimony that the offender in a stabbing incident may

suffer cuts to his own hand due to the offender’s hand slipping onto the blade), citing

State v. Coit, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-475, 2002-Ohio-7356, ¶ 40 (“experience as a

police officer and familiarity with blunt-force trauma and past observation of wounds

permitted detective’s testimony that cuts on victim’s leg were consistent with being hit by

a brick”).

       {¶40} Thus, an officer sufficiently experienced in narcotics transactions may offer

opinions as to whether the evidence was consistent with trafficking under Evid.R. 701.

State v. Crenshaw, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 60671, 1992 WL 126037, *2 (June 4, 1992);

State v. Gale, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94872, 2011-Ohio-1236, ¶ 14; State v. McClain,

6th Dist. Lucas No. L-10-1088, 2012-Ohio-5264, ¶ 13 (detective’s “testimony that the

quantity of drugs was consistent with intent to sell the drugs was based on his perception

and experience as a police officer, a permissible basis for opinion under Rule 701”). See

also State v. Slade, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 16 MA 0177, 2018-Ohio-2767, ¶ 19-30 (where

counsel failed to object to state’s failure to disclose officer as expert and failed to object

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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
to officer’s qualifications, officer’s testimony that large amount of cash in various

denominations found on defendant indicated drug trafficking would likely have been

permitted as lay opinion testimony).

       {¶41} Here, Kemp testified as to his extensive training and experience in law

enforcement investigations of drug trafficking. His opinions regarding the evidence being

consistent with trafficking were based upon his own perceptions and were helpful to

determination of a fact in issue. Therefore, Kemp’s testimony was properly admitted as

lay opinion testimony under Evid.R. 701.

       {¶42} Further, Kemp’s testimony was also admissible as expert testimony

pursuant to Evid.R. 702. In a decision addressing whether the admission of an officer’s

gang-related testimony amounted to plain error, the Supreme Court of Ohio explained:

              [The officer] had worked in the gang unit for the Youngstown
              Police Department since 1999 and at the time of his testimony
              was in charge of the unit. [The officer] gained his knowledge
              and experience about Youngstown gangs through
              investigating gang activities in the Youngstown area. [The
              officer’s] testimony showed that he possessed specialized
              knowledge about gang symbols, cultures, and traditions
              beyond that of the trier of fact. See State v. Jefferson[, 9th
              Dist. Summit No. 20156, 2001 WL 276343, *5 (Mar. 21,
              2001)]; State v. Lewis[, 2d Dist. Greene No. 96 CA 12, 1997
              WL 156596, *6-7 (Apr. 4, 1997)]. Thus, [the officer] was
              qualified to testify as an expert about gang-related matters.

Drummond, 2006-Ohio-5084, at ¶ 115-116. Similarly, here, Kemp’s extensive experience

and training in narcotics qualified him to testify as an expert in drug trafficking matters,

and his testimony demonstrated he possessed specialized knowledge about the

packaging and sale of drugs beyond that of the trier of fact. See also State v. Freshwater,

11th Dist. Lake No. 2018-L-117, 2019-Ohio-2968, ¶ 21 (also involving Kemp’s testimony

as an expert, and concluding that without his testimony, “the jury would not necessarily
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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
know how marijuana is typically packaged or weighed for sale or resale, as opposed to

personal use”).

       {¶43} Walker maintains that Kemp improperly testified as an expert in that the

scope of his expertise cannot be as broad as “drugs” or “drug trafficking” because of “the

variety of controlled substances that exist and the widely varying methods by which they

are produced, distributed, and consumed.” Walker appears to argue that an expert in

drug trafficking must focus on one particular narcotic. However, we are aware of no

authority requiring expertise to be so limited.

       {¶44} Further, Walker argues that, if defense counsel had requested a Daubert

hearing, it is unclear how the state could have produced evidence to show that Kemp’s

testimony was “scientifically reliable.” See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,

509 U.S. 579, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). A similar argument was raised

with regard to the testimony of the officer in Drummond. However, the Supreme Court of

Ohio explained:

              In Daubert, the United States Supreme Court held that under
              Fed.R.Evid. 702, the trial judge has a special obligation to
              ensure that scientific testimony is not only relevant but
              reliable. Daubert, * * * at 589-590, 597 * * *. In Kumho Tire
              Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael[,526 U.S. 137, 147, 119 S.Ct. 1167,
              143 L.Ed.2d 238 (1999)], the United States Supreme Court
              extended this gate-keeping obligation to include all expert
              testimony—i.e., testimony based on technical and other
              specialized knowledge. The court added that in assessing
              reliability, the trial court may, at its discretion, consider the
              Daubert factors to the extent relevant. Id. at 148, 119 S.Ct.
              1167, 143 L.Ed.2d 238.

              Without a defense objection, the trial court was not required
              to conduct a hearing to determine the relevance and reliability
              of [the officer’s] testimony on gangs. In a similar case
              involving testimony by a police gang expert, the Ninth Circuit
              Court of Appeals held that the Daubert factors (peer review,
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Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
              publication, potential error rate, etc.) do not apply to this kind
              of testimony. The court recognized that unlike scientific
              testimony, expert testimony about gangs depends heavily on
              the expert’s knowledge and experience rather than on the
              expert’s methodology and theory. United States v. Hankey[,
              203 F.3d 1160, 1169 (9th Cir.2000)].

              Nothing in [the officer’s] testimony about gangs raises any
              reliability question.     His testimony was based on his
              knowledge and experience with the Lincoln Knolls Crips and
              its members. Thus, the trial court committed no plain error by
              admitting [the officer’s] testimony.

(Emphasis added.) Drummond at ¶ 118-119.
       {¶45} Likewise, here, nothing in Kemp’s testimony raises a reliability question.

Kemp’s testimony was based on knowledge and experience in the field of narcotics, and,

thus, the Daubert factors do not apply to this kind of testimony.

       {¶46} Lastly, we note that Walker presents a limited argument that Kemp’s

testimony was improper because it was unnecessarily cumulative. However, he has not

advanced an argument demonstrating the requisite prejudice to establish plain error or

ineffective assistance of counsel on this issue.

       {¶47} Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Walker has failed to demonstrate

plain error or ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to Kemp’s testimony.

Accordingly, Walker’s second and third assigned errors lack merit.

       {¶48} In his fourth assigned error, Walker argues:

       {¶49} “The trial court abused its discretion, in case number 2021 CR 001101, in

giving a jury instruction on consciousness of guilt.”

       {¶50} “Requested jury instructions should be given if they are (1) correct

statements of the applicable law, (2) relevant to the facts of the case, and (3) not included

in the general charge to the jury.” State v. Kessler Scott, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2022-L-018,
                                             17

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
2022-Ohio-4054, ¶ 43, citing State v. McEndree, 2020-Ohio-4526, 159 N.E.3d 311, ¶ 63

(11th Dist.). “This court generally reviews jury instructions under an abuse of discretion

standard .so long as the instruction is a correct statement of law.” Kessler Scott at ¶ 43.

       {¶51} Here, the state requested an instruction on consciousness of guilt based

upon the evidence that Walker left the courthouse on the date that the jury trial had

previously been scheduled to commence, as set forth in our discussion of Walker’s first

assigned error.     Over Walker’s objection, the trial court instructed the jury on

consciousness of guilt as follows:

              Now, in this case, testimony has been admitted indicating that
              in April of twenty-twenty-two, the Defendant left the
              courthouse prior to the commencement of a previously-
              scheduled jury trial in this case, and thus, the trial could not
              go forward. Now in regards to this evidence, you are
              instructed that the Defendant leaving the courthouse and not
              being present for the commencement of the previously-
              scheduled jury trial does not alone raise a presumption of
              guilt, but it may tend to indicate the Defendant’s
              consciousness of guilt. If you find that the facts do not support
              that the Defendant left the courthouse and was not present for
              the commencement of the previously-scheduled trial in this
              case, or if you find that some other motive prompted the
              Defendant’s conduct, or if you are unable to decide what the
              Defendant’s motivation was, then you should not consider this
              evidence for any purpose.

              However, if you find that the facts support that the Defendant
              left the courthouse prior to the commencement of a
              previously-scheduled jury trial in this case, and if you decide
              the Defendant was motivated by a consciousness of guilt, you
              may, but are not required to, consider that evidence in
              determining whether the Defendant is guilty of the crimes
              charged. You alone will determine what weight, if any, to give
              to this evidence.

       {¶52} On appeal, Walker does not argue that the instruction incorrectly states the

law. Instead, he contends that the trial court abused its discretion in instructing the jury

                                             18

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
on consciousness of guilt because Walker’s reason for leaving was based on his desire

to obtain the counsel of his choice.3

        {¶53} However, the consciousness of guilt instruction itself informs the jury that, if

it finds that some other motive prompted the conduct, or if the jury cannot decide what

motivated the conduct, then the jury is not to consider the evidence for any purpose.

Accordingly, “‘the flight instruction is all but innocuous.’” Kessler Scott, 2022-Ohio-4054,

at ¶ 49, quoting State v. White, 2015-Ohio-3512, 37 N.E.3d 1271 (2d Dist.). Given the

nature of the instruction and the evidence presented regarding Walker’s departure from

the courthouse, we conclude that the trial court did not error in giving the instruction.

        {¶54} Accordingly, Walker’s fourth assigned error lacks merit.

        {¶55} In his fifth assigned error, Walker maintains:

        {¶56} “The trial court erred in ordering, in case number 2021 CR 001101, that the

2004 Dodge Stratus was subject to forfeiture.”

        {¶57} More specifically, Walker contends that the trial court erred in determining

that the state met its burden of establishing that the value of the 2004 Dodge Stratus was

proportionate to the severity of the offense.

        {¶58} R.C. 2981.09 provides:

                (A) Property may not be forfeited as an instrumentality under
                this chapter to the extent that the amount or value of the
                property is disproportionate to the severity of the offense. The
                state or political subdivision shall have the burden of going
                forward with the evidence and the burden to prove by clear
                and convincing evidence that the amount or value of the

3. Walker also maintains that the trial court improperly denied his motion to continue. However, Walker
does not fully develop an argument in support of this contention, nor does he separately assign this as error
in his brief. See App.R. 16(A)(7). Accordingly, this court will not address the propriety of the denial of the
continuance.
                                                     19

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
             property subject to forfeiture is proportionate to the severity of
             the offense.

             ***

             (C) In determining the severity of the offense for purposes of
             forfeiture of an instrumentality, the court shall consider all
             relevant factors including, but not limited to, the following:

             (1) The seriousness of the offense and its impact on the
             community, including the duration of the activity and the harm
             caused or intended by the person whose property is subject
             to forfeiture;

             (2) The extent to which the person whose property is subject
             to forfeiture participated in the offense;

             (3) Whether the offense was completed or attempted;

             (4) The extent to which the property was used in committing
             the offense;

             (5) The sentence imposed for committing the offense that is
             the basis of the forfeiture, if applicable.

             (D) In determining the value of the property that is an
             instrumentality and that is subject to forfeiture, the court shall
             consider relevant factors including, but not limited to, the
             following:

             (1) The fair market value of the property;

             (2) The value of the property to the person whose property is
             subject to forfeiture, including hardship to the person or to
             innocent persons if the property were forfeited. The burden
             shall be on the person whose property is subject to forfeiture
             to show the value of the property to that person and any
             hardship to that person.

      {¶59} Here, during the proportionality hearing, the state again provided the

testimony of the officer who stopped Walker in Eastlake. The officer testified that he has

experience in drug investigations and arrests.        The officer indicated that he has

encountered situations where the drugs risked the health or safety of citizens, primarily
                                            20

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
through overdoses. The officer stated that drugs have a “pretty serious” impact on the

Eastlake community, which could affect all residents, as even those not directly involved

in drug activity could have safety concerns through knowledge of drug activity in the city.

The officer maintained that he has assisted in police investigations of drug-related

shootings in the city.

       {¶60} With respect to this specific case, the officer explained that he conducted

the traffic stop on Walker after observing him make a red-light violation while driving his

2004 Dodge Stratus. Walker had the drugs on his person when he exited the vehicle—

the powder cocaine in baggies in one pocket, and the crack cocaine in a pill bottle in the

other pocket. In all, Walker was transporting 20.25 grams of cocaine. The four baggies

of cocaine had a value of approximately $150 per bag, and the pill bottle contained

approximately 30-40 rocks, with a total value of approximately $300 to $425. Nothing

else was found in the vehicle. The officer maintained that Walker lives in South Euclid,

which is an approximate 20- to 25-minute drive from Eastlake. The state asked the officer

to identify an exhibit, which the officer recognized as a certified copy of the title to the

Dodge Stratus. The mileage noted on the title is 93,887 miles. The title indicates that

the title was signed over to Walker on July 9, 2021, and it was a gift. The officer

maintained that the mileage on the vehicle is currently 98,887, which would have been

approximately the same mileage of the vehicle when it was stopped on July 28, 2021.

The officer indicated that through the LEADS system, he learned that Walker has four

additional vehicles registered to him. The officer opined that the Dodge Stratus was in

poor condition, as it was rusting. The officer recognized another exhibit as an appraisal

                                            21

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
of what the vehicle would be worth based on its condition and mileage. The exhibit

indicates a trade-in value of $700, a loan value of $1,575, and a resale value of $3,300.

       {¶61} On cross-examination, the officer affirmed that he had not witnessed Walker

conduct any type of drug transaction in this case, and the charges arose only from the

drugs that Walker had on him after the traffic stop. The officer affirmed that there were

no guns or other weapons found in the car. Further, the officer opined it was not unusual

for an individual to drive 20 to 25 minutes from his home. In addition, the officer indicated

that there is a lot of shopping in Eastlake. The officer affirmed that he has no knowledge

regarding the condition of the other cars that are registered in Walker’s name. The officer

further indicated that he checked the odometer reading of the Dodge Stratus in impound

on the state’s request, and he could have taken a picture of the odometer but did not do

so. The officer also confirmed that he does not work for the title bureau and based his

reading of the title from the physical copy combined with his own basic knowledge of titles

gained from his purchase of personal vehicles. With respect to the exhibit regarding the

value of the vehicle, the officer confirmed that he did not print or create this document,

and instead was given this exhibit by the prosecutor’s office. His testimony regarding

value was based on what the document stated.

       {¶62} On redirect examination, the officer stated he has basic common knowledge

of how a car title is completed, which was consistent with the method with which the title

was completed for the Dodge Stratus. With respect to the valuation exhibit, the officer

stated that it was printed at Willoughby Chrysler Jeep Dodge and Ram, and the valuation

is accessible to the public.

                                             22

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
       {¶63} Based on the information presented as well as the evidence presented at

trial and the factors set forth in R.C. 2981.09, the court found that the value of the property

subject to forfeiture was proportionate to the severity of the offense.

       {¶64} On appeal, Walker maintains that the officer’s testimony did not

demonstrate an “impact” on the community, because the officer’s testimony related more

to other drugs, such as fentanyl, and not specifically on cocaine. Further, the officer

waivered on whether the community was impacted by the offense here, stating that “there

could be” a risk to the health and safety of those in the community from cocaine. In

addition, Walker argues that the state failed to prove that the offense was completed,

rather than attempted. Moreover, Walker maintains that the state attempted to “downplay

the value of the vehicle” because the officer admitted he did not have special training in

vehicle resale values and was simply reading numbers from the state’s printout pertaining

to value. Further, Walker maintains that the officer’s testimony regarding the information

contained on the title was not corroborated by a witness from the Title Bureau or the BMV.

Additionally, Walker argues that the trial court did not take into account an inflationary

environment influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic or the possible financial impact to

others who may use the vehicle, such as Walker’s family or coworkers, and who may

place a higher value on the vehicle based upon their needs. Last, Walker maintains that

the “gift” notation on the title may indicate some level of sentimental value in the vehicle

to Walker.

       {¶65} However, Walker’s latter arguments are speculative, and Walker did not

provide evidence of the value of the vehicle to him. See R.C. 2981.09(D)(2) (“The burden

shall be on the person whose property is subject to forfeiture to show the value of the

                                              23

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
property to that person * * *.”). Further, our review of the record indicates that the state

presented evidence pertaining to the proportionality factors, and the trial court properly

considered the factors in ordering forfeiture, stating:

              The seriousness of the offense, its impact on the community
              is significant. Drugs are preying on our society, creating the
              risks to health and safety of all citizens in the community
              whether they know about it or not. Just because someone
              may not know what’s going on, the drug trafficking is taking
              place outside their home, they’re at risk for what could happen
              if a drug deals (sic.) goes bad. Police chases take place
              perhaps throughout the community because of this type of
              conduct.

              The fact of the matter is, this drug offense is a felony of the
              second degree which is very serious. We don’t get very many
              felonies of the second degree drug offenses. It’s mandatory
              prison. At a minimum two to three years, maximum of eight
              to twelve years. There’s a mandatory fine which must be
              imposed of at least $7500.00. So it’s a significant, serious
              offense. Not just an F-5 low-level felony drug offense. It’s a
              felony of the second degree.

              To the extent to which the Defendant is the owner of the
              property and participated in the offense, he was the sole
              person involved with the offense in this particular matter. The
              car was used to commit the offense. This wasn’t just him
              possessing the drug. It was him using the vehicle to transport
              or ship these drugs so that they could be resold. That’s what
              the jury found the Defendant guilty of and the car was used to
              do that.

              In determining any type of hardship, that burden is on the
              Defendant. But nonetheless, there isn’t much of a hardship
              here. The Defendant put his car in his name on, I think it was
              July 9th from my notes if I remember. He had it for nineteen
              days is all he had it for before the offense. He received it on
              July 9th. This offense occurred on July 28th. He didn’t pay
              anything for it. So there’s no hardship to him losing any type
              of money as a result of this.

              The car at the time it was seized had ninety-eight thousand
              miles on it. It was in poor condition. The value of the car was
              very comparable to the value of the drugs that were seized
                                             24

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
               from the Defendant. So again, the value of this vehicle being
               minimal, quite frankly, is proportionate to the seriousness of
               the conduct involved. It doesn’t create any type of hardship
               for the Defendant here.

               So I’m going to find that it is proportionate and thus is subject
               to forfeiture.

       {¶66}    Based upon the foregoing, we cannot say that the trial court erred in

ordering forfeiture of the 2004 Dodge Stratus.

       {¶67} Consequently, Walker’s fifth assigned error lacks merit.

       {¶68} In his sixth assigned error, Walker contends:

       {¶69} “The trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences, in case numbers

2021 CR 001101 and 2021 CR 001234, was not supported by the record.”

       {¶70} This court reviews consecutive felony sentences pursuant to R.C.

2953.08(G)(2). That subsection provides, in pertinent part:

               The court hearing an appeal under division (A), (B), or (C) of
               this section shall review the record, including the findings
               underlying the sentence or modification given by the
               sentencing court.

               The appellate court may increase, reduce, or otherwise
               modify a sentence that is appealed under this section or may
               vacate the sentence and remand the matter to the sentencing
               court for resentencing. The appellate court’s standard of
               review is not whether the sentencing court abused its
               discretion.     The appellate court may take any action
               authorized by this division if it clearly and convincingly finds
               either of the following:

               (a) That the record does not support the sentencing court’s
               findings under division * * * (C)(4) of section 2929.14 * * *;

               (b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.

       {¶71} Pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(C)(4), separate prison terms for multiple offenses

may be ordered to be served consecutively if the court finds it is necessary to protect the
                                              25

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
public from future crime or to punish the offender; that consecutive sentences are not

disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender’s conduct and to the danger the

offender poses to the public; and if the court also finds any of the factors in R.C.

2929.14(C)(4)(a)-(c) are present. Those factors include the following:

              (a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple
              offenses while the offender was awaiting trial or sentencing,
              was under a sanction imposed pursuant to section 2929.16,
              2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised Code, or was under post-
              release control for a prior offense.

              (b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as
              part of one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused
              by two or more of the multiple offenses so committed was so
              great or unusual that no single prison term for any of the
              offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct
              adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct.

              (c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates
              that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the
              public from future crime by the offender.

       {¶72} To impose consecutive terms of imprisonment “a trial court is required to

make the findings mandated by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at the sentencing hearing and

incorporate its findings into its sentencing entry[.]” State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209,

2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, ¶ 37.

       {¶73} Here, at sentencing, the trial court stated:

              The Court does find that in regards to running these prison
              terms consecutive in each case, that consecutive service is
              necessary to protect the public from future crime by the
              offender, punish the offender and is not disproportionate to
              the seriousness of his conduct and to the danger he poses to
              the public and the offenses he committed in 21CR1234 were
              committed while he was on bond in Case 21CR1101, as well
              as the fact that just his history of criminal conduct
              demonstrates that consecutive sentence is necessary to
              protect the public from future crime committed by the
              defendant.
                                            26

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
      {¶74} These findings were incorporated in the sentencing entry as follows:

             Pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) and R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(b),
             the Court finds for the reasons stated on the record that
             consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public
             from future crime or to punish the Defendant and are not
             disproportionate to the Defendant’s conduct and the danger
             the Defendant poses to the public; and the Defendant’s
             history of criminal conduct demonstrates that consecutive
             sentences are necessary to protect the public from future
             crime by the Defendant.

      {¶75} Walker argues that because the PSI contained an “ORAS” score of 32,

which indicates only a “moderate” risk for reoffending, consecutive sentences were not

warranted.   Walker further maintains that his education (high school graduate),

employment history, and substance abuse treatment weigh against a determination that

his criminal history demonstrated a need to protect the public from his future crime and

this consecutive sentencing factor was not supported by the record.

      {¶76} However, there is no dispute that Walker has a lengthy criminal history,

including several juvenile delinquency adjudications, and numerous felony and

misdemeanor convictions as an adult, resulting in imprisonment on five previous

occasions. We do not clearly and convincingly find that the record does not support the

trial court’s finding that Walker’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that

consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from his future crime.

      {¶77} Accordingly, Walker’s sixth assigned error lacks merit.

      {¶78} In his seventh assigned error, Walker argues:

      {¶79} “The trial court's sentence of Appellant in case number 2021 CR 001101

was contrary to law because R.C. 2967.271 (the “Reagan Tokes Act”) is unconstitutional

under the United States and Ohio Constitutions, both on its face and as applied.”
                                           27

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
        {¶80} After the jury trial, Walker filed a motion in which he argued that indefinite

sentencing imposed pursuant to the Reagan Tokes Law was unconstitutional. The trial

court overruled the motion. On appeal, Walker argues that the Reagan Tokes Law

violates separation of powers as well as Walker’s rights to due process and to a trial by

jury.

        {¶81} Initially, we note that in the stated assignment of error, Walker contends that

the Reagan Tokes Law is unconstitutional both on its face and as applied. However,

although facial challenges to the Reagan Tokes Law are ripe for review, this court has

concluded that as-applied challenges are not ripe until application of the Reagan Tokes

Law in actuality impacts the offender causing some specific harm. State v. Tornstrom,

2023-Ohio-763, --- N.E.3d ----, ¶ 17-19 (11th Dist.). We limit our discussion accordingly.

        {¶82} As we have previously noted, the issue of the facial constitutionality of the

Reagan Tokes Law is currently pending before the Supreme Court of Ohio. See, e.g.,

State v. Hacker, Sup. Ct. Case No. 2020-1496; and State v. Simmons, Sup. Ct. Case No.

2021-0532. This court has addressed the constitutional challenges that Walker advances

in State v. Moran, 2022-Ohio-3610, 198 N.E.3d 922 (11th Dist.) and State v. Taylor, 2022-

Ohio-3611, 198 N.E.3d 956 (11th Dist.). Therein, we “determined that the Reagan Tokes

Law does not violate the doctrine of separation of powers, an appellant’s constitutional

rights to due process, fair trial, or trial by jury, and, further, that it is not void for

vagueness.”4 State v. Stearns, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2021-L-091, 2022-Ohio-4245, ¶ 29,

4. Further, “the constitutionality of the Reagan Tokes Law has been addressed by other Ohio appellate
courts, each of which has declared that the sentencing scheme does not facially violate an inmate’s
constitutional rights.” Moran at ¶ 4, citing State v. Barnes; 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28613, 2020-Ohio-
4150, State v. Hacker, 2020-Ohio-5048, 161 N.E.3d 112 (3d Dist.), appeal allowed in part, 161 Ohio St.3d
1449, 2021-Ohio-534, 163 N.E.3d 585; State v. Bontrager, 2022-Ohio-1367, 188 N.E.3d 607 (4th Dist.);
State v. Ratliff, 2022-Ohio-1372, 190 N.E.3d 684 (5th Dist.), appeal allowed, 167 Ohio St.3d 1481, 2022-
                                                  28

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078
appeal allowed, 2023-Ohio-554.             Walker recognizes that this court has previously

addressed these issues, and he raises them to preserve them for review.

        {¶83} For the reasons stated in Moran and Taylor, Walker’s seventh assigned

errors are without merit.

        {¶84} Accordingly, the judgments are affirmed.

JOHN J. EKLUND, P.J.,

MARY JANE TRAPP, J.,

concur.

Ohio-2765, 192 N.E.3d 516; State v. Maddox, 2022-Ohio-1350, 188 N.E.3d 682 (6th Dist.); State v.
Delvallie, 2022-Ohio-470, 185 N.E.3d 536 (8th Dist.) (en banc), appeal allowed, 166 Ohio St.3d 1496, 2022-
Ohio-1485, 186 N.E.3d 830; and State v. Guyton, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2019-12-203, 2020-Ohio-38.37.
See also State v. Guyton, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190657, 2022-Ohio-2962, appeal allowed, 168 Ohio
St.3d 1418, 2022-Ohio-3752, 196 N.E.3d 850, ¶ 1; and State v. Runner, 2022-Ohio-4756, 204 N.E.3d 162
(7th Dist.).

                                                   29

Case Nos. 2022-L-077 and 2022-L-078