Court Opinion

ID: 3032126
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:47:16.228718+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:48:15.952954
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 02-3445
                                   ___________

United States of America,            *
                                     *
      Plaintiff - Appellee,          *
                                     * Appeal from the United States
      v.                             * District Court for the
                                     * District of Nebraska.
Anthony Steven Wright, also known    *
as Tony Zappa,                       *
                                     *
      Defendant - Appellant.         *
                                ___________

                             Submitted: March 13, 2003

                                 Filed: August 26, 2003
                                  ___________

Before HANSEN,1 Chief Judge, JOHN R. GIBSON, and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.
                               ___________

JOHN R. GIBSON, Circuit Judge.

      After a two-week trial, a jury found Anthony Steven Wright guilty of two
federal offenses. He was convicted on Count I of kidnaping in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1201 (2000) and on Count II of knowingly brandishing a firearm in furtherance of
a crime of violence in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (2000). The district

      1
       The Honorable David R. Hansen stepped down as Chief Judge of the United
States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit at the close of business on March 31,
2003. He has been succeeded by the Honorable James B. Loken.
court2 sentenced Wright to a term of life imprisonment on the kidnaping count and
a term of seven years on the firearms count, with the two sentences to be served
consecutively. On appeal, Wright argues that the evidence is insufficient to support
his two convictions, that the district court erred by allowing inadmissible hearsay
evidence, that the district court erred in failing to impanel a fair and impartial jury,
and that the district court erred by sentencing him as a career offender. We affirm
both Wright's conviction and sentence.

        We recite the facts in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict. At
approximately 7 p.m. on April 6, 2001, Wright approached seventeen-year-old Anne
Sluti in the parking lot of the Hilltop Mall in Kearney, Nebraska. He pointed a gun
at her and ordered her into his blue Suburban, which was parked next to her car. He
grabbed her and pushed her into the driver's side of the Suburban. She slid across the
seat and got out of the car on the passenger side, but Wright caught her and
repeatedly hit her with his fists. As he pushed her back into the Suburban, she
screamed for help, but he kept hitting her until she blacked out.3 A number of people
in the parking lot heard Sluti screaming and saw Wright beating her. Two of the
witnesses called 911 on their cell phones. One of the callers, Janet Hadwiger,
testified that she saw that "the front passenger door was open and that the girl was
bracing herself to not go into that vehicle," that Wright hit Sluti "really hard," that he
"just kept hitting her," maybe a "dozen" times. The other caller, Carrie Bran, stated
that she heard "frightful" screaming and that when she turned to look, she saw a man

      2
       The Honorable Warren K. Urbom, United States Senior District Judge for the
Eastern District of Nebraska.
      3
        Wright stands six feet tall and weighs two hundred forty-seven pounds, and
at one time was an aspiring boxer and the Minnesota State Golden Gloves champion.

                                           -2-
hitting a girl and that he kept hitting her until he finally pushed her into the car and
drove off.4

       Upon receiving these emergency calls, Kearney police officer Michael Bogard
arrived at the mall parking lot and found Sluti's belongings lying on the ground,
including mittens, music CDs, and her purse, which contained her identification.
Bogard contacted Sluti's parents and told them about the assault in the parking lot;
Sluti's mother, Elaine Sluti, was able to confirm that the belongings left behind were
in fact Anne's.

       With Sluti lying on the floorboard, Wright traveled north from Kearney,
Nebraska. At some point, Sluti came to and sat up in the seat. They arrived at a gas
station in Ainsworth, Nebraska at approximately 10:15 p.m. Wright made Sluti get
back on the floor of the Suburban. He used one chain to bind Sluti's hands behind her
back and another chain to bind her feet and ordered her to remain on the floor and to
be quiet. Wright went into the station and asked for directions. Brandon Doke, a
customer at the station, spoke with Wright and looked outside and saw the Suburban
but was unable to see anyone in the vehicle.

       Wright continued to travel north from Ainsworth to Springview, Nebraska,
which is thirteen miles from the South Dakota border. While driving down the road,
he accidentally rolled the Suburban into a ditch. Wright wrapped a chain around one
of Sluti's wrists, and they walked from the Suburban to a nearby farmhouse, where
he cut the phone line and stole a pickup truck parked out front. He was not able to
pull the Suburban out of the ditch with the pickup truck, so he drove into town with
Sluti in the passenger seat of the pickup truck and stole a front-end loader, which

      4
       Three other people confirmed the account of these two callers, testifying that
they heard a girl's screams and saw a man deliver a number of blows to the girl until
he finally forced her into the vehicle.

                                          -3-
Wright used to get the Suburban out of the ditch. While Wright was busy with the
Suburban, Sluti was able to remove the chain on her wrist and throw it in a ditch. The
chain was later discovered by a neighbor who turned it over to the local sheriff.

       Wright took Sluti and left Nebraska, passed through South Dakota, and the
next day, stopped the Suburban in a field. Sluti testified that she believed the field
was in Wyoming. He used duct tape to bind Sluti's hands tightly behind her back and
duct-taped her legs together in several places and then blindfolded her. Wright told
Sluti, "Well, I'll make you a deal. If you can get the tape off, I'll let you go." Sluti
hopped over to a barbed-wire fence where she attempted to cut the duct tape off her
wrists with the barbed wire. Instead, in the process, she cut her wrist and hand. She
told him that her shoulders hurt from being bound so tightly and asked him to take the
tape off. He responded, "No, you whine too much." After watching her struggle,
Wright removed the duct tape from around her legs. He tried to remove the duct tape
from her wrists first with a key, then a glass shard, and then a razor blade, but still
was unable to get the tape off, so he tried to burn it off with a lighter. In the process,
he burned her arm.

       Later that evening, between 9:50 and 10:00 p.m., Wright told Sluti to call one
of her friends but not her parents and tell the friend that she had gone on vacation.
Wright held his ear closely to the phone, so he could monitor the conversation. Sluti
called home and asked for "Elaine." Unbeknownst to Wright, Elaine is Anne's
mother. A friend of the family answered the phone and spoke to Anne briefly. When
Anne made no mention of being on vacation, Wright became angry and made her
hang up. He then told her to call another friend. Anne called Jenessa Caha. When
Caha asked where she was, Anne was forced to hang up the phone again.

       The next morning, on April 8, 2001, Wright duct-taped Anne Sluti's legs and
wrists and placed duct tape across her eyes. He then drove her to a remote location,
near Livingston, Montana, and cut off her clothes with a knife. She pleaded with him

                                           -4-
not to rape her and told him she was a virgin. He raped her. He told her afterwards
he was going to take her to the mountains and rape her four times a day.

       Later that morning, Wright took Sluti and they entered Mark Wesen's cabin,
just west of Livingston. Wright stole Wesen's Remington model 721 rifle from the
cabin. They then went inside a nearby cabin. While Wright was upstairs, Sluti found
a telephone. She turned on the water and turned up the radio and then dialed 911 and
asked for help. Sluti told the 911 dispatcher that she was from Nebraska and that she
had been kidnaped. Wright discovered Sluti on the phone and started yelling at her.
Wright immediately took items from the cabin, loaded up the Suburban, and ordered
Sluti to get in and lie down on the seat. As they drove away, he started yelling at her,
asking her why she called the police, and saying something like "I might as well shoot
you in the head now" and "It's all over for you." By the time the sheriff and SWAT
team arrived at the cabin, Wright and Sluti were gone.

       After leaving Livingston, Wright took Sluti to Belgrade, Montana. He broke
into Anita Fuhrman's house, ransacked the house, and then raped Sluti a second time.
He then brought Sluti next door to John Koon's house; Koon opened the door and saw
a large man standing next to a young woman with a big black eye. Koon later
identified the man as Anthony Wright and the woman as Anne Sluti. Upon being
seen by Koon, Wright immediately took Sluti next door to Shawn Swidecki's house,
where he kicked in the front door and removed a piggy bank, foodstuffs, and lingerie.
He then took the Swideckis' blue Toyota Tercel and abandoned the Suburban. Wright
took Sluti in the Tercel and drove until he came upon a group of summer cabins at
Salmon Lake, Montana. He forced his way into a red cabin where they stayed for two
days. Wright removed the phone from the wall, smashed it, placed it in the stove, and
burned it. He also burned the clothing that he had previously cut off of Sluti. He
raped her for a third time in the master bedroom during these two days. Knowing that
Wright was trying to destroy evidence of what had occurred, Sluti hid the semen-
stained underwear in a kitchen trash can in the hope that it would be found and used

                                          -5-
as evidence. She also hid two notes in case the owners of the cabin came back. She
wrote inside a paperback book, "Anne Sluti 4-10-01 HELP! I [love] my mom, dad
and brother," and placed it on a shelf in the bookcase, where it was later found. She
left the other note which said, "Anne Sluti was here April 2001" behind the kitchen
window sill where it was also found.

       After leaving Salmon Lake, Wright took Sluti and continued to travel further
northwest in Montana. He stopped twice during this time; once to fill up the car with
gas and a second time to purchase ammunition. Before entering the second store, he
chained Sluti's wrists and feet, taped her mouth shut and placed her in the trunk of the
car. On April 10, 2001, Wright arrived at Flathead Lake near Rollins, Montana and
broke into another cabin by kicking in the door. That evening, while Wright was in
the bathroom, Sluti turned on the television and learned that the police knew of her
kidnaping and were searching for the Suburban and the Toyota Tercel. The next day,
Wright saw the news and became very upset. He remarked, "Oh, if we're going to get
caught, we might as well have some fun" and told her to take her clothes off. When
she refused, he took them off and raped her for a fourth time.

       On April 11, 2001, a neighbor observed the Toyota Tercel backed up to the
cabin at 835 Lake Shore Drive and notified the Sheriff's Office a little after 5 p.m.
Detective Andrew Cannon arrived at approximately 5:40 p.m., and met with several
other Sheriff's Office employees who were blocking off the roads leading to the
cabin. Before the officers arrived at the cabin, Wright was able to retrieve the car,
drive it to a neighboring cabin at 901 Lake Shore Drive, kick in the door, and conceal
the Tercel in the garage. He then barricaded the doors with furniture. The officers
eventually discovered the second cabin and surrounded it. Wright refused to
surrender and an eight-hour standoff ensued. During the standoff, Wright threatened
to torture or kill Sluti if she made any noises. He also told her to make multiple
phone calls to 911, to her family, and to Wright's mother and wife, and he urged Sluti

                                          -6-
to tell them all that she had not been kidnaped. Wright finally surrendered at 3:15
a.m. on April 12, 2001.

       Following Wright's surrender, Sluti was taken to the emergency room of a local
hospital where she was treated by Dr. Lynne Holz. Dr. Holz observed and treated
Sluti's black eye which included a conjunctival hemorrhage, or bruising of the white
part of the eyeball. She also observed and treated the burn mark to Sluti's right
forearm and lacerations near her left thumb. Dr. Holz observed considerable bruising
around Sluti's arm, wrists, and legs, in a band-like pattern consistent with a history
of being restricted and bound by tape and chains. Based on a physical examination,
she confirmed that Sluti had been a virgin prior to the sexual assaults.

       After searching the cabin at Salmon Lake, law enforcement recovered the
evidence that Sluti had hidden, including the two notes and the underwear.
Fingerprint analysis confirmed that Wright's prints had been found on the driver's side
front quarter panel of the Suburban, on a revolver removed from the linen closet in
the cabin at 901 Lake Shore Drive, and on a rifle recovered from the same cabin.
Sluti's fingerprints were found on the phone from the cabin near Livingston,
Montana, where she had attempted to make a 911 call. Her prints were also found on
the back window of the Suburban, and on the book recovered from the cabin at
Salmon Lake. Hair was taken from a piece of duct tape recovered from the floor of
the Suburban and was confirmed to be Sluti's through Mitochondrial DNA
examination. Nuclear DNA examination of semen taken from the panties recovered
from the cabin matched Wright's DNA. Other matter taken from the panties matched
Sluti's DNA. In addition, vaginal swabs taken from Sluti in the emergency room
indicated that Wright was the male contributor.

       On June 19, 2002, the jury returned its verdict finding Wright guilty on both
counts. On September 16, 2002, Wright was sentenced by the district court to a term
of life imprisonment on the kidnaping conviction and a term of seven years, to be

                                         -7-
served consecutively, for knowingly brandishing a firearm in furtherance of this
crime.

                                         I.

      Wright first argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to
support his convictions for kidnaping and for knowingly brandishing a firearm in
furtherance of a crime of violence.

       In reviewing a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge to a conviction, we view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, resolving evidentiary
conflicts in favor of the government and accepting all reasonable inferences which
may be drawn from the evidence which support the jury's verdict. United States v.
Crossland, 301 F.3d 907, 913 (8th Cir. 2002). A conviction may be based on
circumstantial or direct evidence or both. United States v. Erdman, 953 F.2d 387, 389
(8th Cir. 1992); United States v. Sadler, 234 F.3d 368, 372 (8th Cir. 2000). We will
reverse a conviction only "if we can conclude that a reasonable fact finder must have
entertained a reasonable doubt about the government's proof concerning one of the
essential elements of the crime." United States v. McCarthy, 97 F.3d 1562, 1568 (8th
Cir. 1996).

       In order to convict a defendant under the federal kidnaping statute, the
government must prove that the victim was involuntarily transported in interstate
commerce. See United States v. Toledo, 985 F.2d 1462, 1467 (10th Cir. 1993).
Because lack of consent is an element of 18 U.S.C. § 1201, the individual charged
may raise a valid defense that the victim consented to accompany him in interstate
travel. Id. However, we have observed, "[T]he testimony of a kidnapping victim that
he or she was transported involuntarily is . . . normally sufficient to support a jury
finding that the victim was in fact transported involuntarily." United States v.

                                         -8-
Hernandez-Orozco, 151 F.3d 866, 869 (8th Cir. 1998). During trial, Anne Sluti
testified that Wright abducted her by force and against her will.

        Wright argues that Sluti's conduct during the six-day period demonstrates a
pattern of consent to being transported. He relies upon the Eleventh Circuit decision
in United States v. Chancey, 715 F.2d 543 (11th Cir. 1983), where the defendant's
conviction was overturned because the government failed to prove that the victim was
transported involuntarily. However, the circumstances in Chancey were vastly
different from the present case. In Chancey, there were no third party witnesses to
the abduction. Id. at 544. Five people heard Anne Sluti screaming and saw Wright
trying to push her into the car as he brutally beat her with his fists, leaving a black eye
and facial bruises which were still apparent a week later. In Chancey, the victim
testified that she consented to having sex with the defendant on several occasions.
Id. at 545, 547. Anne Sluti testified that Wright raped her four times. A medical
examination done immediately after her rescue verified that she was subject to
intercourse by force. In Chancey, the victim made no effort to alert others while she
was in public with the defendant, and she actually drove the car used to transport her
out-of-state. Id. at 545. Anne Sluti was bound and tied up on multiple occasions,
which left physical marks on her wrists and legs and patterns of bruises which were
visible days later. The few times she was left alone, she made efforts to alert the
authorities, including her 911 call from Livingston, Montana and the notes she left
behind in the cabin in Salmon Lake, Montana. Finally, Sluti was freed only after
Wright engaged in an eight-hour standoff with the police. We conclude that the
evidence is sufficient to support Wright's conviction on Count I.

      Wright next contends that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of
brandishing a firearm while committing a crime of violence. Sluti testified that
Wright held a gun to her as he told her to get out of her car; that she grabbed her
compact discs and purse while he was holding the gun; that he then grabbed her and
pushed her into the Suburban; and that when she tried to escape he began hitting her

                                           -9-
severely with his fists. While the witnesses in the parking lot testified that they only
saw the beating and did not see the revolver, several of the witnesses had their views
of the scene blocked by Wright himself. All of the witnesses were between seventy-
five and two hundred yards away when they heard the screams and turned to look,
and none saw the initial confrontation. At trial, Sluti testified that shortly before
Wright surrendered, she saw him hide the handgun used during her abduction behind
a linen closet. She told the FBI agents where they could find the gun, and they later
discovered it in a crevice behind the linen closet. Sluti testified that she believed that
the firearm recovered by the FBI agents was the same firearm used by Wright during
her abduction. In addition, an FBI fingerprint specialist testified that the latent print
taken from the revolver matched a print on Wright's fingerprint card. A reasonable
juror could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that Wright brandished a
firearm while kidnaping Sluti. We therefore affirm Wright's conviction on Count II.

                                           II.

       Second, Wright argues that the district court erred by allowing Dr. Lynne Holz
to testify about statements Anne Sluti made to her. Wright claims that these
statements were not reasonably pertinent to medical diagnosis or treatment and were
therefore not admissible under the hearsay exception of Federal Rule of Evidence
803(4). Wright contends that Holz's recounting of Sluti's statements had the
impermissible effect of bolstering Sluti's testimony and should have been excluded.

       We normally review the district court's decision to admit evidence under Rule
803(4) for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Sumner, 204 F.3d 1182, 1185
(8th Cir. 2000). However, because Wright did not object to the medical history
testimony at trial, we review for plain error. United States v. Campa-Fabela, 210 F.3d
837, 840 (8th Cir. 2000). Under Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b), we may notice an error not
raised below where the error is plain, affects the defendant's substantial rights, and

                                          -10-
seriously affects the fairness of the proceeding. United States v. Francis, 327 F.3d
729, 737 (8th Cir. 2003) (citing United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993)).

      To be admissible under Rule 803(4), a statement must meet two criteria. First,
the declarant's motive in making the statement must be for "purposes of medical
diagnosis or treatment." United States v. Gabe, 237 F.3d 954, 957-58 (8th Cir.
2001).5 Second, the content of the statement must be "pertinent" such that it is the
kind of statement reasonably relied upon by health care providers in treatment or
diagnosis. See Lovejoy v. United States, 92 F.3d 628, 632 (8th Cir. 1996).

       Holz testified that she introduced herself to Anne Sluti as the emergency room
doctor who would be attending to Sluti's medical needs and that Sluti provided
written consent to medical treatment. In addition, Dr. Holz stated that she took a
history from Sluti of the incidents of the previous seven days in order to treat her
injuries and make a diagnosis. There was sufficient foundation for the district court
to conclude that statements Sluti made to Dr. Holz were for the purposes of medical
diagnosis or treatment.

       In addition, we must examine whether or not Sluti's statements, as recounted
by Dr. Holz in her testimony, were "pertinent," or the kind of statement reasonably
relied on by health care providers in treatment or diagnosis. There were indeed
several statements by Sluti to Dr. Holz which only peripherally related to medical
diagnosis and treatment, if at all. In particular, Dr. Holz testified that Sluti stated that
a man Sluti did not know or had not met before had a gun and forced her into his

       5
        Statements made by a patient for the purposes of medical diagnosis or
treatment are an established exception to the hearsay rule because a "statement made
in the course of procuring medical services, where the declarant knows that a false
statement may cause misdiagnosis or mistreatment, carries special guarantees of
credibility that a trier of fact may not think replicated by courtroom testimony."
White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346, 356 (1992).

                                           -11-
vehicle and that she was later threatened with a knife. Because Wright did not object
to these two statements, the district court was unable to rule on this objection.6 Most
of Dr. Holz's interview with Sluti, as recounted in Holz's testimony, was made up of
hearsay statements which were reasonably pertinent to medical diagnosis and
treatment. The two questionable statements that Holz attested to simply repeated
allegations which were elaborated upon more fully during Sluti's own testimony.
Sluti testified in detail about Wright's use of a handgun during her abduction in the
parking lot, and she also stated that he used a knife to cut off her clothes when he first
raped her. She was subject to cross-examination by defense counsel regarding this
testimony.7

       Even if the two statements to Dr. Holz now challenged by Wright might have
been excluded at trial upon proper objection, they did not substantially affect his
rights or the fairness of the proceeding because Holz's testimony as to these
statements was cumulative of Sluti's testimony; therefore, we hold that the district
court's admission of this testimony did not constitute plain error.

      6
        Earlier in Dr. Holz's testimony, Wright did object when Dr. Holz testified that
Sluti had "revealed that she had made statements that were untrue in talking on the
telephone with the law enforcement officers when she was negotiating the release
from her kidnapper" on the grounds that this statement did not fit under the Rule
803(4) hearsay exception. The district court questioned the admissibility of this
testimony under Rule 803(4) but held that the statement was consistent with Sluti's
testimony and could be offered to rebut an express or implied charge against Sluti of
recent fabrication or improper influence or motive and thus could be admitted under
Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(1)(B).
      7
        Because Sluti testified about these allegations and then was cross-examined
regarding the truthfulness of her account, it is possible that these statements made to
Dr. Holz would have been admissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(1)(B)
as prior consistent statements offered to rebut an express or implied charge against
Sluti of recent fabrication or improper influence or motive.

                                          -12-
                                          III.

      Third, Wright argues that the district court abused its discretion by not striking
Vivian Bianchi for cause during voir dire and by failing to remove juror Nancy
Kramer from the jury panel after it was alleged that she made improper comments.

       The district court has substantial discretion in conducting voir dire, so most
rulings on juror challenges are reviewed for abuse of discretion. United States v.
Blom, 242 F.3d 799, 805 (8th Cir. 2001). We will not interfere with the district
court's discretion to strike jurors for cause "absent a showing of actual prejudice."
United States v. Johnson, 906 F.3d 1285, 1288 (8th Cir. 1990).

       The Sixth Amendment guarantees the defendant the right to trial "by an
impartial jury." Impartiality is presumed "so long as the jurors can conscientiously
and properly carry out their sworn duty to apply the law to the facts of the particular
case." United States v. Evans, 272 F.3d 1069, 1078 (8th Cir. 2001) (quoting Lockhart
v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 184 (1986)), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 1029 (2002). The test
for assessing impartiality asks whether the prospective juror "can lay aside his
impression or opinion and render a verdict based on the evidence presented in court."
Johnson, 906 F.3d at 1288 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Wright argues that Bianchi should have been stricken for cause because her
statements during voir dire suggested an assumption of guilt. During voir dire, she
admitted that she had learned about the kidnaping on television, that she "couldn't
believe it," was "amazed" that it happened, and was angry that "somebody would do
something to a child like that." However, when asked specifically about her ability
to hear the evidence impartially, Bianchi stated that if she were in Wright's position,
she would want somebody in her frame of mind to sit on the jury in this case and that
she could put her anger aside if she heard all of the evidence. She also said that she
understood that Wright was innocent as he sat right now and entitled to a presumption

                                         -13-
of innocence. When defense counsel asked her whether she could follow the court's
instructions as to the presumption of innocence, Bianchi replied "I hope I could."
When counsel asked whether she could give Wright the presumption of innocence
which he deserves in this case, she changed her response to "I think I could" and then
to "I can't say yes or no." However, after these equivocal responses, Bianchi stated
that she would not have to overcome any personal feelings to find Wright innocent
and that her anger would not affect her ability to be fair and impartial. The court
denied Wright's motion to strike Bianchi for cause. Wright then used a peremptory
challenge to remove Bianchi. Wright now claims that the decision not to strike
Bianchi for cause was error because it prevented him from exercising one of his
peremptory challenges to remove juror Nancy Kramer.

       The district court explained its decision in the following way: "It is true that
she [Bianchi] expressed anger at the nature of the crime, but not aimed at the
defendant. She said that she would want somebody of her frame of mind on the jury
if she were in [Wright's] shoes. I could find no justification for removing her for
cause." The district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to strike Bianchi for
cause on these grounds. Bianchi's statements showed anger at the crime in response
to reports she had seen on television, but she also expressed a willingness to listen to
the evidence and the ability to find Wright innocent. In any case, because Bianchi
was removed by means of a peremptory challenge and did not sit as a juror, Wright
has the burden of showing that the jury which actually heard the evidence was not
impartial. See United States v. Horsman, 114 F.3d 822, 825 (8th Cir. 1997) ("[F]or
this Court to reverse the district court, [defendant] has the burden of showing that the
jury which did sit was biased."). The only sitting juror that Wright alleges was biased
is Nancy Kramer, but as we explain below, the dispute over Kramer's alleged
statements at a birthday party did not require that she be removed from the jury.8

      8
       We note in passing that Kramer's alleged statements occurred after voir dire,
so even if the district court had granted Wright's motion to strike Bianchi for cause,
                                          -14-
Hence, the district court did not abuse its discretion in holding that Wright failed to
meet his burden of showing that the jury which sat in his case was not impartial.

       Wright's second challenge concerns the district court's denial of his motion to
strike Juror Nancy Kramer for cause. On the second day of testimony, defense
counsel asked the court to conduct an inquiry out of presence of the jury with Kramer
to see if she had formed any opinions about the defendant or had spoken about the
case. Defense counsel stated that his paralegal had been at a birthday party in Lincoln
and had overheard Kramer tell her sister that Wright and his attorney looked scary.
The court asked Kramer if she had expressed her thoughts or feelings about the
defendant to her sister. Kramer responded that she had not shared her thoughts about
Wright, and that the only thing she told her sister-in-law was that "you're innocent
until proven guilty." She stated, "[I]f it were one of my kids on there, that's the way
I would want it to be too." Again the court asked her if she made any comments
about the defendant's appearance. Kramer replied, "Not him per se. I said all the
attorneys and everybody were looking at the jurors. That's all I said." Finally, the
court asked her if there was anything else which led her to form some opinion about
Wright's guilt or innocence in this case. Kramer stated that she had not changed her
mind since filling out the questionnaire, that she still believed that a person is
innocent until proven guilty. Following this interview, the court denied defendant's
motion to remove Kramer for cause.

      Based on its inquiry, the district court concluded that Juror Kramer had an open
mind when she was selected and continued to maintain an open mind through the
second day of testimony. There was no evidence, aside from the memorandum
submitted by defense counsel, that Kramer made improper comments or was unable

there is no indication that Wright would have used his peremptory challenge on
Kramer since there was no evidence of her possible bias during voir dire.
                                         -15-
to hear evidence impartially. Accordingly, the court did not abuse its discretion in
denying Wright's motion to strike Kramer from the jury panel.

                                          IV.

      Finally, the district court sentenced Wright under the career offender
enhancement of Sentencing Guideline § 4B1.1 because Wright was older than 18
when he committed the instant offense, the instant offense is a felony crime of
violence, and he has at least two prior felony convictions for crimes of violence.
Wright argues that his two prior burglary convictions should not automatically be
considered "crimes of violence" for the purposes of the career offender enhancement
because burglary can be committed without the victim present and therefore does not
necessarily involve violence.

       We review the district court's factual findings for clear error and its application
of the sentencing guidelines de novo. United States v. Sun Bear, 307 F.3d 747, 750
(8th Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 123 S.Ct. 2275 (2003).

        Sentencing Guideline § 4B1.2(a) defines a "crime of violence" as "any offense
under federal or state law, punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,
that-- . . . (2) is burglary of a dwelling . . ." In classifying burglary of a dwelling as
a crime of violence, the Guidelines do not distinguish between dwellings that are
occupied versus those that are unoccupied; thus, burglary of a dwelling is a crime of
violence regardless of whether there was anyone present in the dwelling during the
burglary. United States v. McClenton, 53 F.3d 584, 588 (3d Cir. 1995). Both of
Wright's second degree burglary convictions were for burglarizing a residence--one
in Anoka County, Minnesota and the other in Charles City, Iowa. There is no merit
to his legal argument that these burglaries were not "crimes of violence" as defined
by the Sentencing Guidelines.

                                          -16-
      Having considered and rejected any possible errors by the district court, we
affirm the conviction and sentence of Anthony S. Wright.

      A true copy.

            Attest:

               CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

                                      -17-