Court Opinion

ID: 2969941
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 16:00:56.329648+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:27.147685
License: Public Domain

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
                3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH 

        (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU
                    )LOH 1DPH DS

81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
                   )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
                     BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

 81,7(' 67$7(6 2) $0(5,&$       ;
           3ODLQWLII$SSHOOHH    
                                  
                                    1R
           Y                     
                                   !
                                  
 0$5. $ s,/(6                   
         'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW 
                                 1
      $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
   IRUWKH:HVWHUQ'LVWULFWRI7HQQHVVHHDW0HPSKLV
   1Rn%HUQLFH%'RQDOG'LVWULFWsXGJH
                    6XEPLWWHG$SULO
                'HFLGHGDQG)LOHGsXO\
  %HIRUH6,/(5DQG0225(&LUFXLWsXGJHV67$**
                    'LVWULFWsXGJH
                       BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
                             &2816(/
21 %5,()  . sD\DUDPDQ 0HPSKLV 7HQQHVVHH IRU
$SSHOODQW  9LYLDQ 5 'RQHOVRQ $66,67$17 81,7('
67$7(6$77251(<0HPSKLV7HQQHVVHHIRU$SSHOOHH

    
     7KH +RQRUDEOH 7RP 6WDJJ 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 'LVWULFW sXGJH IRU WKH
:HVWHUQ 'LVWULFW RI /RXLVLDQD VLWWLQJ E\ GHVLJQDWLRQ

                                   
     8QLWHG6WDWHVYsLOHV                        1R       1R                           8QLWHG6WDWHVYsLOHV        

                     BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                                6 7$7(6 6 (17(1&,1* & 200 j 1  $ &&(37$1&( 2)
                                                                      5(63216,%,/,7< :25.,1* *5283QRWLQJ
                         23,1,21                                      WKDWmµGHIHQGDQWVFRQYLFWHGRIPRUHVHULRXVRIIHQVHVWHQGHG
                     BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                                WRSOHDGJXLOW\OHVVRIWHQWKDQWKRVHFRQYLFWHGRIOHVVVHULRXV
                                                                      RIIHQVHVjlDQGWKDWmRQHRIWKHIRXUDUHDVRIFRQFHUQIRU>WKH
   .$5(11(/6210225(&LUFXLWsXGJH2QsXQH                     6HQWHQFLQJ &RPPLVVLRQjV $FFHSWDQFH RI 5HVSRQVLELOLW\@
 'HIHQGDQW$SSHOODQW 0DUN $ sLOHV msLOHVl ZDV         ZRUNLQJ JURXS ZDV µZKHWKHU WKH JXLGHOLQH SURYLGHV D
LQGLFWHGE\DIHGHUDOJUDQGMXU\IRUFRQVSLULQJWRFRPPLWWKH         VLJQLILFDQW HQRXJK RIIHQVH OHYHO UHGXFWLRQ HVSHFLDOO\ IRU
WKHIWRIDIRUHLJQVKLSPHQWDLGLQJDQGDEHWWLQJLQWKHWKHIWRI      GHIHQGDQWV ZKRVH RIIHQVH OHYHOV DUH UHODWLYHO\ KLJKjl
D IRUHLJQ VKLSPHQW WKHIW RI D IRUHLJQ VKLSPHQW DQG          /LNHZLVHEHFDXVHWKHDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHOVRIGHIHQGDQWV
SRVVHVVLRQRIVWROHQSURSHUW\IURPDIRUHLJQVKLSPHQW$IWHU         DUHRIWHQOLQNHGWRWKHVHULRXVQHVVRIWKHGHIHQGDQWVjFULPHV
DFFHSWLQJsLOHVjVSOHDDJUHHPHQWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWVHQWHQFHG        DQG WKH OHQJWK DQG FRPSOH[LW\ RI WKHLU WULDOV LW ZDV DOVR
sLOHVWRDWHUPRIIRXUPRQWKVjLPSULVRQPHQWDQGWKUHH\HDUV          UDWLRQDOIRUWKH6HQWHQFLQJ&RPPLVVLRQWRSURYLGHDJUHDWHU
RIVXSHUYLVHGUHOHDVHZLWKDFRQGLWLRQRIIRXUPRQWKVjKRPH          LQFHQWLYH IRU WKHVH GHIHQGDQWV WR SOHDG JXLOW\ VR WKDW WKH
GHWHQWLRQ  7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW DOVR RUGHUHG sLOHV WR SD\     *RYHUQPHQW FRXOG EH VSDUHG WKH WURXEOH DQG H[SHQVH RI
UHVWLWXWLRQLQWKHDPRXQWRIDQGDVSHFLDODVVHVVPHQW         XQQHFHVVDU\OHQJWK\WULDOV6HHHJ8QLWHG6WDWHVY&DUWHU
RI                                                              1R:/DW
WK&LU'HF
                                                                      XQSXEOLVKHGGHFLVLRQ8QLWHG6WDWHVY:HKU)G
  sLOHVQRZDSSHDOVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVMXGJPHQWDUJXLQJWKDW       WK&LU,QVXPZHFRQFOXGHWKDW(LV
KLVFRQVWLWXWLRQDOULJKWVWRHTXDOSURWHFWLRQDQGGXHSURFHVV         UDWLRQDOO\ UHODWHG WR D OHJLWLPDWH JRYHUQPHQWDO SXUSRVH
ZHUHYLRODWHGZKHQKHZDVGHQLHGDWKUHHOHYHOUHGXFWLRQIRU          7KHUHIRUHZHMRLQWKHRQO\WZRFLUFXLWVWRKDYHDGGUHVVHGWKLV
DFFHSWDQFHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\SXUVXDQWWR(RIWKH8QLWHG        LVVXH LQ KROGLQJ WKDW WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQV LQ  ( DUH QRW
6WDWHV6HQWHQFLQJ*XLGHOLQHVm866*lZKLFKDOORZVD             XQFRQVWLWXWLRQDO6HHHJ&DUWHU:/DW

WKUHHOHYHO UHGXFWLRQ IRU DFFHSWDQFH RI UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU D   :HKU)GDW
FULPLQDO GHIHQGDQW ZLWK DQ DGMXVWHG RIIHQVH OHYHO RI  RU
JUHDWHU EXW RQO\ D WZROHYHO UHGXFWLRQ IRU DFFHSWDQFH RI                            ,,,&21&/86,21
UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU D FULPLQDO GHIHQGDQW ZLWK DQ DGMXVWHG
RIIHQVHOHYHORIRUORZHU)RUWKHUHDVRQVWKDWIROORZZH          )RUWKHIRUHJRLQJUHDVRQVZH$)),50WKHMXGJPHQWRI
$)),50WKHMXGJPHQWRIWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW                            WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
                     ,%$&.*5281'
  'XULQJWKHLUZRUNVKLIWRQ'HFHPEHUDWWKH)HGHUDO
([SUHVV,QWHUQDWLRQDO+XEsLOHVDQG7LIIDQ\%XWOHUZKRZHUH
WKHQHPSOR\HHVGLYHUWHGDQGRSHQHGDSDFNDJHRIMHZHOU\HQ
URXWH IURP sDSDQ WR 'XEDL  $IWHU UHPRYLQJ PRUH WKDQ
ZRUWKRIMHZHOU\IURPWKHSDFNDJHsLOHVDQG%XWOHU
WKHQGHYHORSHGDQGH[HFXWHGDVFKHPHWRPRYHWKHMHZHOU\
RXWRIWKHLUZRUNSODFHZLWKRXWGHWHFWLRQDQGVSOLWWKHMHZHOU\
EHWZHHQWKHPVHOYHV
     8QLWHG6WDWHVYsLOHV                        1R      1R                          8QLWHG6WDWHVYsLOHV       

ZRXOGEHIRUDGHIHQGDQWZKRKDVDQDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHORI           $IWHUEHLQJDSSURDFKHGDQGTXHVWLRQHGE\WKHDXWKRULWLHV
RUJUHDWHUEHFDXVHRIWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH6HQWHQFLQJ7DEOH      RQWZRVHSDUDWHRFFDVLRQVsLOHVFRQIHVVHGWRKLVFULPHVDQG
                                                                     ODWHU HQWHUHG LQWR D SOHD DJUHHPHQW ZLWK WKH *RYHUQPHQW
   7KHIDFWWKDWXQGHUVRPHFLUFXPVWDQFHV(PD\SODFH        7KHUHDIWHU D SUHVHQWHQFH LQYHVWLJDWLRQ UHSRUW m365l IRU
D GHIHQGDQW ZKR KDV DQ DGMXVWHG RIIHQVH OHYHO RI  DQG    sLOHV ZDV RUGHUHG  7KH 365 ZKLFK LQFOXGHG D WZROHYHO
UHFHLYHV D WKUHHOHYHO UHGXFWLRQ LQ WKH VDPH VHQWHQFLQJ       LQFUHDVHXQGHU%EIRUPRUHWKDQPLQLPDOSODQQLQJ
JXLGHOLQHUDQJHDVDGHIHQGDQWZKRKDVDQDGMXVWHGRIIHQVH           OLVWHG sLOHVjV DGMXVWHG RIIHQVH OHYHO DV   7KH 365 DOVR
OHYHORIDQGUHFHLYHVDWZROHYHOUHGXFWLRQGRHVQRWPDNH         UHFRPPHQGHG D WKUHHOHYHO UHGXFWLRQ IRU DFFHSWDQFH RI
(DUELWUDU\RULUUDWLRQDO6HH&KDSPDQ86DW       UHVSRQVLELOLW\XQGHU(PDNLQJsLOHVjVUHFRPPHQGHG
m7KDWGLVWULEXWRUVRIYDU\LQJGHJUHHVRIFXOSDELOLW\PLJKWEH       WRWDORIIHQVHOHYHOLQWKH365DOHYHORI
VXEMHFWWRWKHVDPHVHQWHQFHGRHVQRWPHDQWKDWWKHSHQDOW\
V\VWHP IRU /6' GLVWULEXWLRQ LV XQFRQVWLWXWLRQDOl  7KLV        $WVHQWHQFLQJsLOHVFRQWHVWHGVHYHUDOUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVLQ
DQRPDORXVUHVXOWZRXOGRFFXUDWDQ\SRLQWZKHUHWKHOLQHZDV         WKH 365 LQFOXGLQJ WKH WZROHYHO LQFUHDVH IRU PRUH WKDQ
GUDZQXQGHU(                                                 PLQLPDOSODQQLQJXQGHU%EDQGPRYHGIRUDWKUHH
                                                                     OHYHOUHGXFWLRQXQGHU%GXHWRKLVDOOHJHGPLWLJDWLQJ
   0RUHRYHU WKLV UHVXOW LV FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH 6HQWHQFLQJ    UROHLQWKHRIIHQVHsLOHVDOVRUHTXHVWHGWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW
&RPPLVVLRQjVUDWLRQDOHIRUGLIIHUHQWLDWLQJEHWZHHQDFULPLQDO        GHSDUWGRZQZDUGDQGVHQWHQFHKLPWRSUREDWLRQEHFDXVHKH
GHIHQGDQWZKRKDVDQDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHORIRUJUHDWHU         KDG QR SUHYLRXV FULPLQDO UHFRUG HYHQ DV D MXYHQLOH ZDV
DQGRQHZKRKDVDQDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHORIRUORZHU            JDLQIXOO\ HPSOR\HG ZRXOG ORVH KLV MRE DV D UHVXOW RI
$OWKRXJKWKH6HQWHQFLQJ&RPPLVVLRQZLVKHGWRKDYHRIIHQVH            LQFDUFHUDWLRQ KDG PDQLIHVWHG H[WUDRUGLQDU\ UHKDELOLWDWLYH
mOHYHOV ZRUN WR LQFUHDVH D VHQWHQFH SURSRUWLRQDWHO\l DQG      WUDLWV DQG ZDV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU ILQDQFLDOO\ VXSSRUWLQJ WZR
ZDQWHGWRSUHVHUYHVRPHGLVFUHWLRQIRUWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWLQ         \RXQJFKLOGUHQ
VHQWHQFLQJ LW DOVR ZLVKHG WR mGLVFRXUDJH XQQHFHVVDU\
OLWLJDWLRQl DQG WR FRQVHUYH MXGLFLDO UHVRXUFHV  81,7('         $OWKRXJK WKH GLVWULFW FRXUW GHQLHG sLOHVjV UHTXHVW IRU D
67$7(6 6(17(1&,1* &200,66,21 *8,'(/,1(6 0$18$/                   WKUHHOHYHO UHGXFWLRQ XQGHU  % DQG UHIXVHG WR GHSDUW
 m%\ RYHUODSSLQJ WKH UDQJHV WKH >VHQWHQFLQJ@ WDEOH    GRZQZDUGEDVHGXSRQsLOHVjVHPSOR\PHQWSRVWUHKDELOLWDWLRQ
VKRXOGGLVFRXUDJHXQQHFHVVDU\OLWLJDWLRQ%RWKSURVHFXWLRQ          FRQGXFWDQGIDPLO\VLWXDWLRQLWVXVWDLQHGsLOHVjVFKDOOHQJHWR
DQGGHIHQVHZLOOUHDOL]HWKDWWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQRQHOHYHO       WKHWZROHYHOLQFUHDVHIRUPRUHWKDQPLQLPDOSODQQLQJDQG
DQG DQRWKHU ZLOO QRW QHFHVVDULO\ PDNH D GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH   GHSDUWHGGRZQZDUGRQHOHYHOEHFDXVHLWIRXQGsLOHVjVFULPLQDO
VHQWHQFH WKH FRXUW LPSRVHVl  %HFDXVH D FULPLQDO            EHKDYLRU WR EH DQ DEHUUDWLRQ  )ROORZLQJ WKHVH UXOLQJV WKH
GHIHQGDQWjVSRWHQWLDOWHUPRILPSULVRQPHQWLQFUHDVHVDVKLV          GLVWULFWFRXUWFRPSXWHGsLOHVjVDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHOWREH
DGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHOLQFUHDVHVLWZDVFOHDUO\UDWLRQDOIRUWKH    DQGWKHQUHGXFHGsLOHVjVRIIHQVHOHYHOE\DQDGGLWLRQDOWZR
6HQWHQFLQJ&RPPLVVLRQWRXVHDKLJKHUSRWHQWLDOUHGXFWLRQ            OHYHOVIRUDFFHSWDQFHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\PDNLQJsLOHVjVWRWDO
IRUDFFHSWDQFHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\DVDPHDQVRIHQFRXUDJLQJ           RIIHQVH OHYHO   7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW WKHQ VHQWHQFHG sLOHV
FULPLQDOGHIHQGDQWVZLWKKLJKDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHOVWRSOHDG       DFFRUGLQJO\
JXLOW\LQVWHDGRISXUVXLQJQHHGOHVVOLWLJDWLRQ6HH0LFKDHO0
2j+HDU 5HPRUVH &RRSHUDWLRQ DQG m$FFHSWDQFH RI                  %HIRUHDGMRXUQPHQWRIWKHVHQWHQFLQJKHDULQJEXWDIWHUWKH
5HVSRQVLELOLW\l7KH6WUXFWXUH,PSOHPHQWDWLRQDQG5HIRUP          VHQWHQFH ZDV LPSRVHG sLOHV UDLVHG IRU WKH ILUVW WLPH D
RI 6HFWLRQ ( RI WKH )HGHUDO 6HQWHQFLQJ *XLGHOLQHV     FRQVWLWXWLRQDOFKDOOHQJHWRWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVJUDQWRIDWZR
1: 8 / 5(9   Q  FLWLQJ 81,7('           OHYHOUHGXFWLRQIRUDFFHSWDQFHRIUHVSRQVLELOLW\sLOHVDUJXHG
     8QLWHG6WDWHVYsLOHV                          1R       1R                         8QLWHG6WDWHVYsLOHV       

WKDWWKHGLVSDULW\XQGHUWKHVHQWHQFLQJJXLGHOLQHVEHWZHHQWKH          RUJUHDWHUDQGRQHZKRKDVDQDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHORIRU
WKUHHOHYHOUHGXFWLRQDYDLODEOHIRUDFULPLQDOGHIHQGDQWZLWK           ORZHU6HFWLRQ(H[SODLQV
DQDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHORIRUJUHDWHUDQGWKHWZROHYHO
UHGXFWLRQDYDLODEOHIRUDFULPLQDOGHIHQGDQWZLWKDQDGMXVWHG             6XEVHFWLRQ D SURYLGHV D OHYHO GHFUHDVH LQ RIIHQVH
RIIHQVH OHYHO RU  RU ORZHU YLRODWHG KLV ULJKWV WR HTXDO       OHYHO  6XEVHFWLRQ E SURYLGHV DQ DGGLWLRQDO OHYHO
SURWHFWLRQDQGGXHSURFHVV%DVHGRQWKLVFKDOOHQJHsLOHV               GHFUHDVHIRUDGHIHQGDQWDWRIIHQVHOHYHORUJUHDWHU
UHTXHVWHG D WKUHHOHYHO UHGXFWLRQ IRU DFFHSWDQFH RI                 SULRUWRRSHUDWLRQRIVXEVHFWLRQDZKRERWKTXDOLILHVIRU
UHVSRQVLELOLW\7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWGHQLHGWKHUHTXHVWQRWLQJ            D GHFUHDVH XQGHU VXEVHFWLRQ D DQG KDV DVVLVWHG
WKDW WKH VHQWHQFLQJ JXLGHOLQHV GLG QRW SHUPLW D WKUHHOHYHO       DXWKRULWLHVLQWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRUSURVHFXWLRQRIKLVRZQ
UHGXFWLRQIRUGHIHQGDQWVZLWKsLOHVjVDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHO             PLVFRQGXFWE\WDNLQJRQHRUPRUHRIWKHVWHSVVSHFLILHG
                                                                          LQ VXEVHFWLRQ E  6XFK D GHIHQGDQW KDV DFFHSWHG
                         ,,$1$/<6,6                                    UHVSRQVLELOLW\LQDZD\WKDWHQVXUHVWKHFHUWDLQW\RIKLV
                                                                          MXVW SXQLVKPHQW LQ D WLPHO\ PDQQHU WKHUHE\
   sLOHVDUJXHVWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWYLRODWHGKLVFRQVWLWXWLRQDO       DSSURSULDWHO\ PHULWLQJ DQ DGGLWLRQDO UHGXFWLRQ
ULJKWV WR HTXDO SURWHFWLRQ DQG GXH SURFHVV E\ GHQ\LQJ KLV        6XEVHFWLRQEGRHVQRWDSSO\KRZHYHUWRDGHIHQGDQW
PRWLRQ IRU D WKUHHOHYHO UHGXFWLRQ IRU DFFHSWDQFH RI               ZKRVHRIIHQVHOHYHOLVRUORZHUSULRUWRDSSOLFDWLRQRI
UHVSRQVLELOLW\ SXUVXDQW WR  (  :H UHYLHZ GH QRYR D        VXEVHFWLRQ D  $W RIIHQVH OHYHO  RU ORZHU WKH
GLVWULFWFRXUWjVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQDQGDSSOLFDWLRQRIDVWDWXWHRU           UHGXFWLRQLQWKHJXLGHOLQHUDQJHSURYLGHGE\DOHYHO
JXLGHOLQHSURYLVLRQ8QLWHG6WDWHVY%DUWRQ)G            GHFUHDVHLQRIIHQVHOHYHOXQGHUVXEVHFWLRQDZKLFKLV
WK&LU8QLWHG6WDWHVY$GX)GWK              DJUHDWHUSURSRUWLRQDOUHGXFWLRQLQWKHJXLGHOLQHUDQJH
&LU                                                               WKDQDWKLJKHURIIHQVHOHYHOVGXHWRWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKH
                                                                          6HQWHQFLQJ7DEOHLVDGHTXDWHIRUWKHFRXUWWRWDNHLQWR
   ,QUHYLHZLQJsLOHVjVFODLPVZHFRQFOXGHWKDWsLOHVIDLOHGWR          DFFRXQWWKHIDFWRUVVHWIRUWKLQVXEVHFWLRQEZLWKLQWKH
VKRZWKDWWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVDSSOLFDWLRQRI(YLRODWHG            DSSOLFDEOHJXLGHOLQHUDQJH
KLVULJKWVWRHTXDOSURWHFWLRQDQGGXHSURFHVV,Q&KDSPDQY
8QLWHG 6WDWHV  86   WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW           866*(EDFNJURXQGFPWHPSKDVLVDGGHG
H[SODLQHG WKDW HTXDO SURWHFWLRQ FKDOOHQJHV WR VHQWHQFLQJ
VFKHPHVDUHHVVHQWLDOO\WKHVDPHDVFKDOOHQJHVEDVHGXSRQ                 ,QRXUYLHZWKH6HQWHQFLQJ&RPPLVVLRQjVUDWLRQDOHIRULWV
GXH SURFHVV DQG QRWHG WKDW FKDOOHQJHG VHQWHQFLQJ VFKHPHV         FODVVLILFDWLRQV LQ VXEVHFWLRQ D DQG E RI  (
PXVWEHXSKHOGVRORQJDVWKH\DUHQRWEDVHGRQDUELWUDU\RU            SURSRUWLRQDOLW\LVQHLWKHULQYLRODWLRQRIWKH&RQVWLWXWLRQQRU
LUUDWLRQDOGLVWLQFWLRQVWKDWYLRODWHWKH'XH3URFHVV&ODXVHRI          LQFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHSXUSRVHVRI(7KLVFLUFXLWKDV
WKH)LIWK$PHQGPHQW,GDW7KH6XSUHPH&RXUWKDV                FRQVLVWHQWO\ UHFRJQL]HG DOWKRXJK LQ GLIIHUHQW FRQWH[WV WKH
DOVRH[SODLQHGWKDWFRPPHQWDU\VWDWHPHQWVLQWKH*XLGHOLQHV             6HQWHQFLQJ&RPPLVVLRQjVJRDORIDFKLHYLQJmSURSRUWLRQDOLW\
WKDWLQWHUSUHWRUH[SODLQDJXLGHOLQHDUHDXWKRULWDWLYHXQOHVV          LQ VHQWHQFLQJ WKURXJK D V\VWHP WKDW LPSRVHV DSSURSULDWHO\
WKH\ YLRODWH WKH &RQVWLWXWLRQ RU DUH LQFRQVLVWHQW ZLWK RU D   GLIIHUHQWVHQWHQFHVIRUFULPLQDOFRQGXFWRIGLIIHULQJVHYHULW\l
SODLQO\HUURQHRXVUHDGLQJRIWKHJXLGHOLQH6WLQVRQY8QLWHG          VHHHJ8QLWHG6WDWHVY)DUURZ)GWK&LU
6WDWHV  86     ,Q WKLV FDVH  ( LV   TXRWDWLRQRPLWWHG,WLVXQGHQLDEOHWKDWDWZROHYHO
DFFRPSDQLHGE\EDFNJURXQGFRPPHQWDU\WKDWSURYLGHVWKH                  UHGXFWLRQIRUDGHIHQGDQWZKRKDVDQDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHORI
6HQWHQFLQJ&RPPLVVLRQjVUHDVRQIRUGLIIHUHQWLDWLQJEHWZHHQ              RUORZHULVJUHDWHUSURSRUWLRQDOO\WKDQDVLPLODUUHGXFWLRQ
DFULPLQDOGHIHQGDQWZKRKDVDQDGMXVWHGRIIHQVHOHYHORI