Court Opinion

ID: 8417127
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-03 17:08:38.176249+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:48:17.772368
License: Public Domain

OPINION
MOORE, Circuit Judge.
The plaintiff, James Broska, appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment against him. In his complaint, Broska alleged that the defendants, Cynthia Turner, Gwen Campbell, and their employer, the Postmaster General, retaliated against him for complaining about their acts of racial discrimination, thereby violating the Title VII retaliation provision and Ohio law prohibiting the intentional infliction of emotional distress. At issue on this appeal is whether the district court erred in granting summary judgment to the defendants on Broska’s Title VII retaliation claim. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
James Broska, a white male, began working as a letter carrier for the United States Postal Service in August of 1986. He is currently still employed there. In October of 1995, Cynthia Turner, a black female, became his supervisor. In May of 1996, Broska filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC alleging that Turner discriminated against him because of his race. This charge was resolved on January 7, 1997, when the parties agreed to settle the matter by having the government remove an earlier warning letter from Broska’s file and by having Broska continue working under Turner as before.
Broska alleges that Turner then retaliated against him for filing the complaint. First, according to Broska, Turner did not promptly remove the warning letter from his file as required by the parties’ settlement. Second, she deliberately delayed giving him a cash advance of $86. Third, *264while Turner allowed other employees to take their lunch and other breaks together, she wrote Broska a written reprimand for so doing. In response to these retaliatory acts, Broska filed an EEO complaint of discrimination on February 27, 1998.
The filing of this EEO complaint allegedly sparked a second wave of retaliatory harassment. Broska claims that Turner and Campbell (who had joined the post office in September 1997 as a supervisor) began supervising his work far more intensely and critically than they supervised the work of other employees. Broska claims that they stood directly behind him while he was sorting mail and followed him on his route far more often than they did for other letter carriers.
The defendants deny that Turner and Campbell retaliated against Broska. They argue that Turner did not know to destroy the warning letter because she was never told about the resolution of Broska’s initial complaint. The defendants point out that Turner destroyed the letter as soon as Broska brought it to her attention. The defendants claim that the delay in the $86 cash advance was not retaliatory, but merely due to the fact that Turner did not have the necessary forms. As for Broska’s claim that the defendants retaliated against him by writing him a reprimand for combining his breaks, the defendants claim (and Broska admits) that the employees had been repeatedly warned as a group that lunch breaks could not be combined with other breaks. Lastly, the defendants deny that Broska was supervised more harshly than other employees. They point out that it was Turner’s and Campbell’s job to supervise employees and that they stood on the floor where they could see many clerks and carriers. The defendants also note that Campbell and Turner stood five feet behind Broska, preventing him from always being able to tell where their attention was directed.
Broska’s chief evidence in this case is his own affidavit. This affidavit states that Turner and Campbell overly scrutinized and criticized his work, and that they diminished his work responsibilities, apparently decreasing the amount of overtime he could earn. It also claims that Broska had not violated the post office rule forbidding amalgamation of breaks. Broska’s affidavit does not mention Turner’s delay of the cash advance or her failure to destroy the earlier warning letter in his affidavit. These allegations appear only in Broska’s complaint and motion opposing summary judgment.
Broska also relies on the affidavits of six other mail carriers. These affidavits all claim that Broska’s work was scrutinized more than that of the other workers and that Turner and Campbell would stand behind Broska and focus their attention on him. Two of these carriers stated that Broska was verbally criticized more than the other carriers. As a result of this retaliation, Broska claims to have suffered substantial emotional harm and monetary damages in the form of prescription expenses, lost overtime, and lost sick and vacation time.
Broska filed suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio on July 28, 1999, claiming that his supervisors had retaliated against him in violation of Title VII and including a state-law claim for the intentional infliction of emotional distress. The defendants moved for summary judgment. The district court granted their motion in two orders, one dated December 27, 2000, and the other dated July 25, 2001. In the December 2000 order, the district court took two actions. First, it dismissed Broska’s state-law damage claim. Broska had originally sued Turner and Campbell as individuals, but the United States had certified that *265they were acting in the scope of their employment and so was substituted as a defendant in their place. Since the United States was presumptively cloaked with its inherent sovereign immunity, Broska could therefore not recover a money judgment under the state-law claim unless the United States waived that immunity. As a jurisdictional prerequisite to the waiver of immunity, however, the Westfall Act requires that Broska initially present his claim to the Postal Service for redress. See 28 U.S.C. § 2675(a). Since there was no presentment of this claim to the Postal Service, the district court held that it did not have jurisdiction to hear the damage aspect of the state-law claim. The district court then addressed Broska’s Title VII retaliation claim and found that Broska had not put forth evidence of an adverse action. The district court therefore granted the defendants summary judgment on that claim.
Later, in the July 2001 order, the district court disposed of the remaining issues in the case by dismissing the injunctive part of Broska’s state-law claim; the parties evidently agreed that a federal court could not issue an injunction ordering federal officials to comply with state law.
On appeal, Broska only challenges the district court’s grant of summary judgment on the Title VII claim. Broska does not challenge the parts of the district court’s orders involving the state-law claim. The only point of contention between the parties here is whether Broska has made a sufficient showing in order to avoid summary judgment on his Title VII retaliation claim, and, within that issue, whether Broska has shown acts significant enough to constitute retaliation.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Jurisdiction
The district court below had jurisdiction over the plaintiffs claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 and 42 U.S.C. § 2000e. This court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
B. Standards of Review
We review de novo a district court’s order granting summary judgment. New Par v. City of Saginaw, 301 F.3d 390, 393 (6th Cir.2002). This court can only affirm a grant of summary judgment if the evidence shows “that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). A dispute over a material fact cannot be “genuine” unless a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party; a mere scintilla of evidence supporting the plaintiffs claim is insufficient. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248-52, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
C. The Retaliation Claim
In order to establish a prima facie case of Title VII retaliation in our circuit, a plaintiff must make a showing of four elements:
(1) she engaged in activity protected by Title VII; (2) this exercise of protected rights was known to defendant; (3) defendant thereafter took adverse employment action against the plaintiff, or the plaintiff was subjected to severe or pervasive retaliatory harassment by a supervisor; and (4) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse employment action or harassment.
Morris v. Oldham County Fiscal Court, 201 F.3d 784, 792 (6th Cir.2000) (emphases removed). We have stressed that “at the prima facie stage the [plaintiffs] burden is minimal,” and that “[t]he amount of evi*266dence in the prima fade context is not the same amount necessary to win a judgment.” EEOC v. Avery Dennison Corp., 104 F.3d 858, 861 (6th Cir.1997) (emphases removed).
At issue here is the third element of the Morris test, the existence of an adverse employment action or severe or pervasive retaliatory harassment.1 Broska claims that he has alleged facts sufficient to show both that he suffered an adverse employment action and that he endured severe or pervasive harassment by his supervisors. We address each claim in turn.2
1. Adverse Employment Action
“An adverse employment action is a ‘materially adverse change in the terms or *267conditions of ... employment because of [the] employer’s conduct.’” Policastro v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 297 F.3d 535, 539 (6th Cir.2002) (citation omitted). “ ‘A materially adverse change might be indicated by a termination of employment, a demotion evidenced by a decrease in wage or salary, a less distinguished title, a material loss of benefits, significantly diminished material responsibilities, or other indices that might be unique to a particular situation.’” Ford v. Gen. Motors Corp., 305 F.3d 545, 553 (6th Cir.2002) (citation omitted); see also Kocsis v. Multi-Care Mgmt., Inc., 97 F.3d 876, 886 (6th Cir.1996). “A change in employment conditions ‘must be more disruptive than a mere inconvenience or an alteration of job responsibilities,’ ” Kocsis, 97 F.3d at 886 (citation omitted), and so we have held that de minimis employment actions, such as “[r]eassignments without changes in salary, benefits, title, or work hours usually do not constitute adverse employment actions,” Policastro, 297 F.3d at 539.
Broska’s allegations of an adverse employment action are of two sorts. In his complaint, Broska lists four claims of retaliation that he says constitute an adverse employment action: his supervisors failed promptly to remove a performance letter from his file, failed to give him a timely cash advance, gave him a warning letter about his use of break time, and singled him out for intense supervision and criticism. In his motion for summary judgment, Broska adds an additional argument; he there states that Turner and Campbell changed his work duties thereby lowering the amount of overtime he could work.
The allegations in Broska’s complaint do not constitute an adverse employment action. They do not satisfy any of the criteria this court outlined in Kocsis; Broska has not been terminated or demoted, or had his pay rate reduced, benefits lessened, or responsibilities diminished. This court has held that job changes that do not change one’s salary, benefits, title, or work hours usually do not constitute adverse employment actions, even if one’s job becomes significantly more difficult. See Policastro, 297 F.3d at 539 (holding that a sales representative who was reassigned to cover territory 80 to 100 miles from her home could not make out an adverse employment action); Kocsis, 97 F.3d at 885 (holding that a nurse’s reassignment to a more physically demanding job was not an adverse employment action). Here, the plaintiff does not even have a change in duties-the increase in supervision that Broska alleges is a de minimis action that is simply not materially adverse. See Bowman v. Shawnee State Univ., 220 F.3d 456, 462 (6th Cir.2000) (giving examples of de minimis employment actions that do not, as a matter of law, constitute adverse employment actions).
Perhaps recognizing that we might find these claims lacking, Broska has, on appeal, raised only the reduction in overtime as an adverse employment action. The government urges us not to consider this claim as it was not included in Broska’s complaint. This claim, however, was mentioned in Broska’s memorandum opposing summary judgment. Though he gives it somewhat cursory treatment, we find it properly raised and will address it on the merits. See Strouss v. Mich. Dep’t of Corr., 250 F.3d 336, 345 (6th Cir.2001) (holding that a claim that was not in the plaintiffs complaint but was raised in the plaintiffs motion opposing summary judgment was properly presented and therefore must be reviewed).
We agree with Broska that the denial of overtime can constitute an adverse employment action. See Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 762, 118 S.Ct. *2682257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998) (associating “tangible employment action[s]” with “direct economic harm”). Some courts have already so held. See Bass v. Bd. of County Comm’rs, 256 F.3d 1095, 1118 (11th Cir.2001) (holding that the denials of overtime pay and other discretionary pay “deprived Bass of compensation which he otherwise would have earned [and therefore constituted] adverse employment actions for purposes of Title VII”); see also Sinopoli v. Regula, No. 97-7229, 1997 WL 624987, at *3 (2d Cir. Oct.9, 1997) (stating that a “reduction in overtime could constitute [an] adverse employment action” although “it does not in this case”). This circuit, in an unpublished opinion, has intimated a similar view. In Montgomery v. Honda of Am. Mfg., Inc., 47 Fed. Appx. 342, 2002 WL 31119689 (6th Cir. Sept.24, 2002), this court considered whether a denial of overtime could be an adverse employment action in a Title VII case. Montgomery, a black worker, contended that Honda had discriminated against him in several ways, including denying him overtime. After dismissing his other contentions, we addressed his overtime argument. We considered the denial of overtime to qualify conceptually as an adverse employment action, but we ultimately concluded that “Montgomery has not produced evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact as to whether he was denied overtime opportunities, or whether similarly situated White associates were given overtime opportunities that Montgomery was denied.” Id. at 349.
While we again stress that allegations of a denial of overtime, properly supported, could constitute an adverse employment action, Broska has put forth virtually no evidence on the overtime issue. In fact, we find this case to be very similar to Montgomery in that regard. Like the plaintiff in Montgomery, Broska has not presented evidence showing that he has been denied overtime opportunities that others have received. Broska has not even stated how much overtime he lost due to the retaliation. The only evidence that Broska has adduced is his own terse statement in his affidavit that the Post Office diminished “my work responsibilities in the sorting of my business mail,” which caused him to lose overtime “in excess of $16,000.” J.A. at 42, 44 (Aff. of Samuel Broska). We find this insufficient to withstand the defendants’ motion for summary judgment.
2. Severe or Pervasive Retaliatory Harassment
Broska has an alternative to showing an adverse employment action, however. Broska can make out a prima facie case in the absence of an adverse employment action by showing that he “was subjected to severe or pervasive retaliatory harassment by a supervisor.” Morris, 201 F.3d at 792.
This alternative route first arose in the Title VII sexual harassment context. See Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB, v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 67-68, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986) (holding that a hostile work environment can be actionable under the Title VII sexual harassment provision even if there was no adverse employment action). In two later cases, the Supreme Court addressed the extent to which an employer is vicariously liable for the sexually harassing actions of its supervising employees. See Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998); Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998).
In Morris, we applied these cases to the Title VII retaliation context. Analyzing the statutory language, we unified the meanings of the word “discrimination” that appear in both 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l) *269(the Title VII sexual and racial discrimination subsection) and 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a) (the Title VII retaliatory discrimination subsection). See Morris, 201 F.3d at 791-92. Since the Supreme Court in Ellerth and Faragher found it proper to base Title VII relief on severe or pervasive supervisory harassment in the sexual harassment context, in Morris we found it similarly proper to allow plaintiffs to proceed on a retaliation claim by showing severe or pervasive retaliatory harassment. As a result, the standard for actionable harassment is the same in the retaliation context as in the sexual and racial discrimination contexts.
Pursuant to this standard, the harassment must be “sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working environment.’ ” Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993) (citation omitted). This test has both an objective and a subjective component: the conduct must be severe or pervasive enough to create an environment that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive, and the victim must subjectively regard that environment as hostile or abusive. Id. at 21-22, 114 S.Ct. 367. In determining whether the conduct is severe or pervasive enough to constitute a hostile work environment, this court must consider the totality of the circumstances an employee faces, including “the frequency of the ... conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Id. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367. In considering the totality of the circumstances, we are not to disaggregate the various retaliatory incidents that the plaintiff claims; this would inappropriately rob them of their cumulative effect. See Williams v. Gen. Motors Corp., 187 F.3d 553, 562 (6th Cir.1999).
There are a number of cases that give content to our “severe or pervasive harassment” standard. In Morris, the plaintiff, Judy Morris, had filed a complaint against her supervisor, Brent Likins, for sexual harassment. See Morris, 201 F.3d at 787. In retaliation, Likins began calling Morris and visiting her workplace to harass her. He drove to her building on several occasions and sat in his truck looking in her work window, “making faces at her.” Id. at 793. He once followed her home from work, drove up to her mailbox, and gave her “the finger.” Id. He destroyed the television Morris watched at work, and threw roofing nails on her home driveway several times. In light of those facts, we held that “a reasonable juror could conclude that Likins’s behavior after the lodging of Morris’s complaint constituted severe or pervasive retaliatory harassment.” Id.
We must, however, distinguish between cognizable harassment and mere annoyance, as Title VII was not meant to become a “ ‘general civility code.’ ” Williams, 187 F.3d at 564 (citing Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998)). We have repeatedly stated that minor irritations do not amount to severe or pervasive harassment. See, e.g., Lindsay v. Pizza Hut of Am., 57 Fed.Appx. 648, 650, 2003 WL 244826, at *3 (6th Cir. Jan.29, 2003) (holding that a plaintiff could not show severe or pervasive harassment by demonstrating that “a supervisor rolled her eyes at [the plaintiff], allowed another employee to ‘curse’ him, and offered to wager $50 that [he] would never be a manager”); Willey v. Slater, 20 Fed. Appx. 404, 406, 2001 WL 1176419, at *3 (6th Cir. Sept.25, 2001) (holding that an employee could not make out severe or pervasive *270harassment when his supervisors simply treated him coldly or with hostility but without some inflammatory incident); Downs v. Postmaster Gen., 31 Fed. Appx. 848, 851, 2002 WL 373719, at *2 (6th Cir. Mar.7, 2002) (finding it not severe or pervasive that “a supervisor followed, stared at or stalked [the plaintiff! on one occasion”), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 882, 123 S.Ct. 103, 154 L.Ed.2d 139 (2002).
Reflecting on these cases, we believe that Broska’s allegations can only be conceptualized as claims of minor annoyance, not severe or pervasive harassment. Broska’s chief claim is that his supervisors continually monitored him and subjected his work to criticism. Broska does not allege that his supervisors physically intimidated him or subjected him to verbal abuse. Broska does not claim that he was bothered away from work (like the plaintiff in Moms) or on his breaks. Moreover, Broska does not deny that it was the job of his supervisors to physically inspect his manual work. On these facts, we cannot conclude that Broska’s allegations are sufficient to support a claim of retaliation here. Taking all factual disputes in Broska’s favor, an objective person simply would not find this environment so hostile and abusive that it effectively “‘alter[ed] the conditions of [his] employment and [constituted] an abusive working environment.’ ” Harris, 510 U.S. at 21, 114 S.Ct. 367 (citation omitted).3 His allegations of severe or pervasive harassment all fail, and with them his Title VII retaliation claim does as well.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge, concurring.

. The district court did not consider whether Broska could show severe or pervasive retaliatory harassment by a supervisor, focusing only on whether there was an adverse employment action in the case. We believe that Broska did adequately (if somewhat inartfully) raise the claim of retaliatory harassment in the trial court. In his complaint, for example, Broska states that he was a victim of "a pattern and practice of further retaliation, harassment and intimidation.” Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 10 (Compl.H 15). In his affidavit, he argues that the defendants engaged in "an intense campaign of harassment and intimidation under the guise of supervision.” J.A. at 42 (Broska Aff. H 13). In his memorandum opposing summary judgment, he describes the defendants’ intense supervision and monitoring of him as constituting "repeated harassment.” J.A. at 32 (Mem. in Opp. to Summ. J.). After reviewing the material Broska submitted in the trial court, we hold that his claim of severe or pervasive harassment was properly raised there.
The district court, therefore, did not apply the correct legal standard to Broska’s claims. By considering only whether Broska had alleged an adverse employment action, the district court was applying the former retaliation standard of Canitia v. Yellow Freight Sys., Inc., 903 F.2d 1064 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 984, 111 S.Ct. 516, 112 L.Ed.2d 528 (1990), to this case, which was decided after this court’s modification of that standard in Morris. Morris unmistakably states that a plaintiff can succeed in a Title VII retaliation suit by showing either an adverse employment action or severe or pervasive harassment by a supervisor.
Judge Gibbons, in her concurrence, argues that Broska did not raise the harassment issue properly. Of course, she acknowledges that Broska repeatedly "uses the word ‘harassment’ ” in describing the retaliatory acts that constitute the basis of his claim. Concurring Op. at 1. Yet, she argues that Broska should be deemed not to have raised a Title VII retaliation claim based on harassment because he did not explain how Morris changed retaliation law to permit a Title VII retaliation claim based solely on harassment (without an adverse employment action). It is the role of the district court (not the parties) to apply the law properly. As it was clear both that the Title VII retaliation provision made supervisory harassment actionable and that Broska alleged supervisory harassment in his Title VII retaliation claim, we hold that Broska did properly raise the harassment claim in the district court.
Despite the fact that the district court did not apply the appropriate legal standard, we do not feel that a remand is necessary. Both parties have briefed this issue, and the facts and governing law of this case are relatively clear. We therefore believe that a remand would entail a needless waste of judicial resources. See Fair Hous. Advocates Ass’n v. City of Richmond Heights, 209 F.3d 626, 635-36 (6th Cir.2000) (holding that, although the trial court imposed the burden of proof on the incorrect party, there was "ample evidence presented in the record” that resolved the legal questions in the case, "thereby rendering a remand unnecessary”).

. In his reply brief, Broska claims that the harassment he suffered amounted to constructive discharge and was therefore an adverse employment action. Broska cannot show constructive discharge, however, because he still works for the Post Office. See Moore v. KUKA Welding Sys. & Robot Corp., 171 F.3d 1073, 1080 (6th Cir.1999) ("To constitute a constructive discharge, the employer must deliberately create intolerable working conditions, as perceived by a reasonable person, with the intention of forcing the employee to quit and the employee must actually quit.’’) (emphasis added).

. Broska points to cases like Allen v. Michigan Dep't of Corr., 165 F.3d 405 (6th Cir.1999), and Moore, 171 F.3d at 1073, to support his claim, pointing out that we found severe and pervasive harassment in situations involving supervisors who overly monitored and criticized their employees. Broska distorts these cases, however, as they both involve far more than mere monitoring and criticism. In Allen, the plaintiff (like Broska) was "constantly observed and followed” by his supervisors and they "monitored his work more closely than that of white officers.” Allen, 165 F.3d at 411. The plaintiff in Allen, however, also "was subjected to racial epithets and insults by supervisory personnel^] ... received a threatening note signed by the ‘KKK,’ ” had his lock cut off his locker, and found his log book with altered notations. Id. at 410. A fair reading of Allen does not support Broska’s claim that monitoring and verbal work-related criticism in itself amounts to severe or pervasive harassment. Similarly, in Moore, an African-American friction welder Gerald Moore had filed a racial discrimination complaint with the EEOC after several episodes of race-related harassment. In response, Moore’s supervisor stopped talking to him and moved other employees from the back of the shop away from Moore, so that they too would not talk to him. The company's janitor was told not to clean Moore's area. Moore, 171 F.3d at 1079. Eventually, Moore was left "as the only employee in that department." Id. at 1078. In addition, Moore was subjected to "more frequent disciplinary writeups ... for trivial matters and unwarranted criticism [of his] work.” Id. at 1080. Though Moore is superficially similar to this case, the supervisor in Moore not only harassed the plaintiff, but subjected him to unjustified disciplinary proceedings and had him ostracized by all other working personnel. Ultimately, these cases do not support Broska’s contention that the harassment he suffered was severe or pervasive. The facts that Broska alleges are simply not nearly as egregious as those present there.