Court Opinion

ID: 7233669
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-25 04:35:25.241087+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:39:58.049785
License: Public Domain

ORDER
PHILIP A. BRIMMER, United States District Judge
This matter is before the Court on the motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c) [Docket No. 32] filed by defendant AmeriTrak Fleet Solutions, LLC (“AmeriTrak”). The basis of AmeriTrak’s motion is that the patents-in-suit, which involve relaying weather and road data to and from snow plows, are drawn to ineligible subject matter. See Docket No. 32. The Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
I. BACKGROUND1
Plaintiff Concaten, Inc. (“Concaten”) owns all right, title, and-interest to U.S. Patent Nos. 7,355,509 (the “ ’509 Patent”), 7,714,705 (the “’705 Patent”), 8,120,473 (the “’473' Patent”), 8,284,037 (the “’037‘ Patent”), and 8,497,769 (the “769 Patent”) (collectively, the “patents-in-suit” and, excluding the ’509 Patent, the “continuation patents”). Docket No. 7 at 1-2,. ¶ 1. Generally, the,patents-in-suit describe a “maintenance decision support system” (“MDSS”), which Concaten describes as a “computer-based system that.. .provides State transportation departments’ winter maintenance personnel with specific weather forecast information and treatment recommendations.” Docket No. 7 at 5-6, ¶ 11. The MDSS incorporates various- technological components, including automated vehicle location (also known as global positioning satellite, or “GPS”), and mobile data collection. Id.. The patents-in-suit, according to, Concaten, “allow transportation departments’ managers, vehicle... operators and other personnel to monitor current/real-time data from vehicles in the field.” Id. at 6, ¶ 12. Concaten alleges that AmeriTrak infringes one or more claims of the patents-in-suit by making, using, offering, providing, offering to sell, and/or selling “an array of MDSS related products and/or services... to its customers that embody the patented-systems and/or substantially rely upon the information and data collected and transmitted via the patented systems.” Id. at 6-7, ¶ 13.2
The ’509 Patent, which is the parent application of the other patents-in-suit, is titled “Smart Modem Device for Vehicular and Roadside Applications.” Docket No. 7-1 at 1. Claim 1 of the ’509 Patent3 reads:
1. A data collection and transmission system, comprising:
*1170at least one of a sensor and user interface operable to collect information regarding vehicle state and/or vehicle occupants;
at least one slot operable to receive a selected network card, the at least one slot being configured to receive cards of multiple private and/or public networks;
a plurality of sets of connection manag- ’ ers and monitors corresponding to different types and/or origins of network cards, each set comprising at least one connection manager to interact with the corresponding network card in establishing a connection with the corresponding wireless network and connection monitor to monitor a state of the connection and at least one of the connection manager and monitor of a first set being different than a corresponding at least one of the connection manager and monitor of a second set; and
a system manager operable to determine a type and/or origin of network card and select and cause execution of the corresponding connection manager and monitor set to set up a connection with the network corresponding to the determined type and/or origin of network card.
Id, at 23.
The ’705 Patent is titled “Maintenance Decision Support System and Method.” Docket No. 7-2 at 1. Claim 1 of the ’705 Patent reads:
1. A method, comprising:
(a)receiving over a wireless cellular network, from a plurality of snow maintenance vehicles and by a server, a plurality of sets of collected information, each of the collected sets of information comprising a snow maintenance vehicle physical location and at least one of weather and road conditions in an area of the respective snow maintenance vehicle;
(b) processing, by the server, the received collected information to (i) provide a map associated with a physical location of a selected snow maintenance vehicle and (ii) determine an instruction for an operator of the selected snow maintenance vehicle; and
(c) providing, over the wireless cellular network, the map and an operator instruction to the selected snow maintenance vehicle of the plurality of snow maintenance vehicles, wherein the map is visually displayed, by a touch screen monitor, to the operator and wherein the operator instruction to the selected snow maintenance vehicle operator comprises one or more of a dispatch command, an alarm based on a temporal trend in weather conditions, an alarm based on a difference in weather conditions, an alarm based on a temporal trend in road conditions, an alarm based on a difference in road conditions, a snow plow setting, a mixture of materials being applied to a road surface, and an amount of materials being applied to the road surface.
Docket No. 7-2 at 30.
AmeriTrak argues that the claims describe subject matter that is not eligible for patent protection because they merely recite the abstract idea of data collection and transmission performed using generic computer components. The Court held a Markman hearing on August 13, 2015, see *1171Docket No. 69, but has not issued a claim construction ruling.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The Court reviews a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) much as it would a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Park Univ. Enters,, 442 F.3d at 1244 (“We review a district court’s grant of a motion for judgment on the pleadings de novo, using the same standard that applies to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.”). Accordingly, the- Court “accept[s] all facts pleaded by the non-moving party as true and grant[s] all reasonable inferences from the pleadings in favor'of the same.” Id. “Judgment on the pleadings is appropriate only when ‘the moving party has clearly established that no material issue of fact remains to. be resolved and the party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’ ” Sanders v. Mountain Am. Fed. Credit Union, 689 F.3d 1138, 1141 (10th Cir.2012) (quoting Park Univ., 442 F-3d at 1244).
In ruling on whether a patent or patents claim eligible' subject matter pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 101, the Court need not first engage in claim construction. Cybetfone Sys., L.L:C. v. CNN Interactive Grp., 558 FedAppx; 988, 991 n. 1 (Fed.Cir. 2014) (unpublished) (“There is no requirement that the district court engage in claim construction before deciding § 101 eligibility”). Here, the Court finds that the subject matter of the patents-in-suit is “readily ascertainable from the face of the patent” and the Court'can decide the instant motion without first issuing a detailed claim construction order. MicroStrategy Inc. v. Apttus Corp., 118 F.Supp.3d 888, 890-92, 2015 WL 4425828, at *1 n. 4 (E.D.Va. July 17, 2015) (proceeding with § 101 inquiry without having construed claims of the patent-in-suit).
III. ANALYSIS
■ AmeriTrak argues that the patents-in-suit are drawn to ineligible subject matter. Section 101 of the Patent Act defines patentable subject, matter: “Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of ;this title.” 35 U.S.C. § 101. Supreme Court precedent carves out three specific exceptipns to Section 101’s broad patentability principles: laws of nature, physical phenomena, and abstract ideas. Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593, 601, 130 S.CL 3218, 177 L.Ed.2d 792,(2010). These exceptions represent “the basic tools of scientific and technological work.” Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int.’l, — U.S. --, 134 S.Ct. 2347, 2354,189 L.Ed.2d 296 (2014) (quoting Ass’n for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 2107, 2116,186 L.Ed.2d 124 (2013)). “Monopolization of those tools through the grant of a patent’ might tend to impede innovation more than it would tend tp promote it, thereby thwarting the primary object of the patent laws.” Id. (citation and quotation omitted). Accordingly, courts must distinguish between patents that claim the “building - blocks of human ingenuity and .those that integrate the building blocks into something more.” Id. (citation and quotation omitted). In Alice Corp., the Supreme Court clarified that “[wjholly generic computer implementation is not generally the sort of ‘additional feature’ that'provides any ‘practical assurance that the process is more than a drafting effort designed to monopolize the abstract idea itself.” 134 S.Ct. at 2350-51 (quoting *1172Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., Inc., — U.S. —, 132 S.Ct. 1289, 1297, 182 L.Ed.2d 321 (2012) (alteration marks omitted).
To determine whether a patent is drawn to patent-eligible subject matter, the Supreme Court has devised a two-step inquiry. See Alice Corp., 134 S.Ct. at 2355; see also Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1296-97. First, the court determines “whether [the] claim is ‘directed to’ a patent-ineligible abstract idea.” Content Extraction and Transmission LLC v. Wells Fargo Bank, Natl Ass’n, 776 F.3d 1343, 1346-47 (Fed.Cir. 2014) (citing Alice Corp., 134 S.Ct. at 2355). If so, the court “then consider[s] the elements of the claim — both individually and as an ordered combination — to assess whether the additional eléinerits transform the nature of the claim into a patent-eligible application of the abstract idea. This is the search for an ‘inventive concept’ — something sufficient to ensure that the claim amounts to ‘significantly more’ than the abstract idea itself.” Id. (citation omitted).
A. Step One
At step one, AmeriTrak argues that the ’509 Patent is directed to the abstract idea of “collecting information from a vehicle and transmitting it,” Docket No. 32 at 8, and that the other patents-in-suit are directed to the abstract idea of sending a map or instructions to a snow plow over a wireless network. Id. at 10-11. Concaten responds, first, that the patents-in-suit do not fall into one of the categories of ineligible concepts identified in Alice Corp. and, second, that the patents-in-suit are concerned with “the dynamic optimizar tion of the allocation of snowplow resources in view of real time conditions,” which is not an, abstract idea. See Docket No. 37 at 6-8.
,As a preliminary matter, the Court is not persuaded by Concaten’s argument that, to contest eligibility under Section 101, an alleged infringer must demonstrate that a patent falls into one of four categories of ineligible subject matter.4 This narrow reading of Alice Corp. is foreclosed by the opinion itself, which specified that the Court’s opinion did not “delimit the precise contours of the ‘abstract ideas’ category.” Alice Corp., 134 S.Ct. at 2357. Moreover, the Federal Circuit has applied Alice Corp. on multiple occasions to invalidate patents without assigning the patents to a broader category of ineligible abstract ideas. See, e.g., Ultramercial, Inc. v. Hulu, LLC, 772 F.3d 709, 714-(Fed.Cir.2014) (holding that a patent that described the process of displaying advertisements to-end users in exchange for access to copyrighted media described an abstract idea); see also Content Extraction, 776 F.3d at 1347.
Turning to the representative claims of the patents-in-suit, the Court finds that the ’509 Patent is directed to an abstract idea: namely, collecting information from a vehicle and transmitting that information over a network. The Federal Circuit’s decision in Ultramercial is instructive.- In that case, the court considered a patented method of
(1) receiving copyrighted media from a content provider; (2) selecting an ad after consulting an activity log to determine whether the ad has been played *1173less than a certain number of times; (3) offering the media for sale on the Internet; (4) restricting public access to the media; (5) offering the media to the consumer in exchange for watching the selected ad; (6)'receiving a request to view the ad from the consumer; (7) facilitating display of the ad; (8) allowing the consumer access to the media; (9) allowing the consumer access to the media if the ad is interactive; (10) updating the activity log; and (11) receiving payment from the sponsor of the ad.
Ultramerdal, 772 F.3d at 714-15. The Federal Circuit held that the method merely described the abstract idea of using advertising as an exchange or currency and was “devoid of a concrete or tangible application.” Id. at 715- Likewise, in Content Extraction, the Federal Circuit held that patents that recited a method of (1) extracting data from hard copy documents using a scanner, (2) recognizing specific information from that data, and (3) storing that information in memory recited a well-known abstract idea.. 776 F.3d at 1347. The Content Extraction court further- -noted that “humans have always performed” the functions of collecting, recognizing, and storing data, and that, notwithstanding the requirement that the functions be performed on á scanner, the" claims were “drawn to the basic concept of data recognition and storage.” Id.
In OIP Techs., Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.,, 188 F.3d 1359. (Fed.Cir.2015), the Federal Circuit considered a patented price-optimization method with the following limitations: “(1) testing a plurality of prices; (2) gathering statistics generated about how customers reacted to the > offers testing the prices; (3) using that data to estimate outcomes (i,e. mapping the demand curve over time for a given product); and (4) automatically selecting and offering a new price based on the estimated outcome.” Id. at 1361. The court found that the “concept of offer-based price optimization” was an abstract economic concept and that “the claims merely recite - well-understood, routine conventional activities, either by requiring conventional computer activities or routine data-gathering steps.” Id. at 1363 (citation, quotation, and alteration omitted).
The ’509 patent describes an abstract idea: namely, collecting information and transmitting it over a network — or, in the language of the ’509 Patent, “collecting selected types of information in vehicular and roadside applications and transmitting at least some of the collected information to a remote server.” Docket No. 7-1 at 14, Col. 2, ' 11 34-37. Although the ’509 Patent describes itself as a “smart modem” device, the specific claims are limited to collecting and transmitting information “regarding vehicle state and/or vehicle occupants.” Docket No. 7-1 at 23. The patent does not describe a new device or improvement in any specific device that would convert the scope of its claims from abstract idea to patent-eligible innovation.
The Court now turns to the continuation patents,' treating claim 1 of the ’705 Patent as representative. AmeriTrak argues that claim 1 of the ’705 Patent only recites the abstract idea of providing a map or instructions to a snow plow over wireless cellular networks. Docket No. 32 at 10. AmeriTrak argues that the Court’s consideration of the continuation patent should be limited to the final step of providing a map or instructions to the snow maintenance, truck operator -because, during a 2011 reexamination of the ’705 Patent (conducted on a “petition to review *1174refusal' to order inter partes reexamination”), the examiner found that the prior art described the steps of sending sensor data from a snow plow truck over a wireless communications network to a central server and found that the only new concept in the ’705 Patent was the transmission of information back from the server to the snow plow truck. Docket No. 32 at 10-11, see also Docket No. 33-1 at 7. AmeriTrak cites McRO, Inc. v. Activision Publ’g, Inc., 2014 WL 4759953 (CJD.Cal. Sept. 22, 2014), for the principle that a patent that appears on its face to recite tangible steps can be invalid if the only step not found in the prior art is an abstract idea. Docket No. 32 at 10-11. The Court rejects AmeriTrak’s attempt to limit the scope of the Continuation Patents as premature. In McRO, the court compared the claims of the relevant patents to the “prior art recited in the patents” themselves. 2014 WL 4759953, at *10. Here, in contrast, AmeriTrak asks, the Court to consider evidence outside the pleadings, namely, the 2011 decision of the United States Patent and Trademark Office denying a request to conduct an inter partes reexamination. The Court cannot consider this evidence without converting AmeriTrak’s motion into a motion for summary judgment. See Lowe v. Town of F'airland, OK, 143 F.3d 1378, 1381 (10th Cir.1998). The Court declines to do so.
Considering the entire scope.of claim 1 of the ’705 Patent, the Court finds that the claim is drawn to the concept of receiving, processing, and transmitting data. This, like the process of collecting, recognizing, and storing data in Content Extraction, is an abstract idea. See 776 Fi3d at 1347. And, like the method patents in Ultramercial, the claim here merely recites' known steps and offers no “concrete or tangible application.” 772 F.3d at 715.
Concaten characterizes the ’705 patent as directed to the tangible concept of “dynamic optimization of the allocation of snowplow resources in view of real time conditions.” Docket No. 37 at 8. The Court disagrees. The ’705 patent'-does not claim any previously-unknown method of optimization. The patent describes only the idea of receiving information from snow plows, processing the information, and sending an “operator instruction” and a map back to the snow plow operator.'See Docket No. 7-2 at 30. While the ’705 Patent provides.an extensive list of possible operating instructions (e.g., a “dispatch command, an alarm based on a temporal trend in weather conditions,” etc...), it does not describe any new method for using the collected data to determine an optimal instruction for a given set of circumstances. See id. It merely provides for “processing” the received information to determine the appropriate instruction. As demonstrated by OIP, a claim does not satisfy Section 101’s eligible subject matter requirement by reciting generic computer implementation to “optimize” an already-understood process. OIP, 788 F.3d at 1361,1363.
The ’705 Patent’s claim is similar to the method claim in SmartGene, Inc. v. Advanced Biological Labs, SA, 555 Fed. Appx. 950 (Fed.Cir.2014) (unpublished), which the Federal Circuit found was directed to an abstract idea. In SmartGene, the patent described a computerized “method for guiding the selection of a therapeutic treatment regimen for a patient with a known disease or medical-condition.” Id. at 954;- The steps of the patent were “(1) ‘provid[ing]' patient information to a computing device’ having routine input, memory, look-up, comparison, and output capabilities and that' (2) ‘generates a ranked listing of available therapeutic treatment regimens’ and (3) ‘generates ad*1175visory information for one or more therapeutic treatment regimens in said ranked listing.’ ” Id. -at 954-55. The patent further specified that the computing device'would contain a set of “expert rules for evaluating and selecting” from a stored “plurality of different therapeutic treatment regimens” as well as “advisory information useful for the treatment of a patient with different constituents of said different therapeutic treatment regimens.” Id. at 955. The court held that the method merely described a computerized version of the mental process that doctors “routinely and consciously perform,” and the patent was therefore directed to an abstract mental process. Id.
Here, as in SmartGene, the “optimization” in the ’705 Patent is nothing more than taking steps routinely performed by humans — determining an instruction for a snow plow based on road conditions and vehicle locations — and applying them on a computer through unexplained “processing” of data.5
Moreover, the notion of “dynamic optimization” of resources in view of “real time conditions” appears to describe the concept of logistics, which is used across a wide spectrum of fields. As AmeriTrak persuasively argues, the concept embodied in the ’705 Patent is similar to the operations of fleet dispatchers who direct shipments via the use of CB radios. See Docket No. 40 at 5. Thus, even if the Court accepted Concaten’s characterization of claim 1 of the ’705 Patent, the patent would still be directed to the abstract idea of “optimization of resources in view of real-time data.”
B. Step Two
Having determined that the patents-in-suit are directed at abstract ideas, the Court must determine whether the patents include “additional features to ensure that the claimfs are] more than a drafting effort designed to monopolize the abstract idea.” Alice Corp., 134 S.Ct. at 2357 (citation omitted). AmeriTrak argues that the patents-in-suit merely recite generic computer implementation. Docket No. 32 at 11. Concaten responds that AmeriTrak failed to consider the claims of the patents-in-suit as ■ an “ordered combination,” and that the claims in the patents-in-suit are analogous to claims that the Supreme Court found to be patentable in Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 101 S.Ct. 1048, 67 L.Ed.2d 155 (1981). Docket No. 37 at 10-11.
The Court agrees with AmeriTrak that the claims of the patents-in-suit do not add any additional feature's that transform the claimed abstract idea into a patentable invention.6 With respect to the ’509 Patent, the only elements added to the well-known *1176practice of collecting information and transmitting it over a network are (1) limiting the information collected to information regarding vehicle state and/or vehicle occupants, and (2) the use of generic computer and/or wireless network components such as a “sensor,” a “slot,” “sets of connection managers and monitors,” and a “system manager.” See Docket No. 7-1 at 23. Neither the recitation of these components nor limiting the scope of the patent to collecting information “regarding vehicle state and/or vehicle occupants” alters the nature of the idea itself. Alice Corp., 134 S.Ct. at 2358 (neither “limiting the use of an abstract idea to a particular technological environment” nor stating an abstract idea while adding “wholly generic computer implementation” can transform an abstract idea into a patentable invention). The ’509 Patent does not claim any improvement in the technology required to implement its steps of data collection and transmission. In fact, the ’509 Patent itself demonstrates that it relies on existing technology or anticipated technological developments to implement its abstract idea. The ¡‘detailed description” in the *509 Patent states that the patent “utilizes advances from the programming and computing component industries to create a modular modem that.its users.can much more easily program and .integrate into new or existing networks, and which can be used interchangeably in fixed and mobile applications with a variety of data and communication alternatives.” Docket No. 7-1 at 17, col. 7,11 8-13.
Likewise, the Court finds that claim 1 of the ’705 Patent does not add any material to the abstract idea of receiving, processing, and transmitting data. The claim simply recites known, generic components such as a “wireless cellular network,” a. “server,” and a, “touch screen monitor,” and applies the generic term “processing” without further specification to determine a resulting instruction. See Docket No. 7-2 at 30. See Alice Corp., 134 S.Ct. at 2351 (a claim that “recite[s] a handful of generic computer components configured to implement the [abstract] idea” is insufficient to transform an abstract idea into a patentable invention at step two); see also buySAFE, Inc. v. Google, Inc., 765 F.3d 1350, 1355 (Fed.Cir. 2014) (“[t]hat a computer receives and sends the information over a network— with no further specification — is not even arguably inventive”).
The Court is not persuaded by Concaten’s attempt to analogize its patents to the patents in Diehr or its argument that its patents “improve[ ] the existing technological process of allocating snow plow resources.” See Docket No. 37 at 11-13. In Diehr, the Supreme Court considered- the Section 101 eligibility of a claimed process for curing molded rubber articles that,involved installing rubber in a press, closing a mold, constantly monitoring the temperature of the moíd, constantly recalculating the appropriate cure time through the use of a well-known mathematical formula performed on a digital computer, and opening the press at the proper time. 450 U.S. at 187, 101 S.Ct. 1048. The Court noted that, prior to the claimed invention, the temperature inside the mold was an unknown variable which meant that the industry was not able to achieve uniformly accurate cures. Id. at 178, h. 4, 101 S.Ct." 1048. The Court held that the process did not seek patent protection of the mathematical formula, but rather of an inventive process of curing rubber. Id. at 187, 101 S.Ct. 1048. *1177The Court in Alice Corp. noted that, because the patent in Diehr “improved an existing technological process,” it was not directed to ineligible subject matter. 134 S.Ct. at 2358.
Concaten argues that, like the Diehr patent,, its claims improve “the existing technological process of allocating snow plow resources.” Docket No. 37 at 13. Concaten, however, has not pointed to any problem in the existing process that the industry'had been unable to solve. Concaten points to a document titled “Design and Implementation of Automated Vehicle Location and Maintenance Decision Support System ■ for the Minnesota Department of Transportation” that credits Concatené system with improving its existing system of deploying snow plow resources. See Docket No. 37 at, 12-13. But the fact that the patents-in-suit may have a useful implementation does not mean that they do not claim an abstract idea. If mere usefulness in an established field were the determining factor, the purpose of Section 101 would be eviscerated. Instead, the question to be resolved at Step Two is whether the patents-in-suit add anything to the abstract ideas of data collection and transmission. The Court finds that they do not, as any improvement to the process stems merely from taking a known abstract idea and applying it in the context of snow plow maintenance using generic, existing computer and networking technology-
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, it is
ORDERED that defendant AmeriTrak Fleet Solutions, LLC’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings [Docket No. 32] is GRANTED. It is further
ORDERED that plaintiff . Concaten, Inc.’s first, second, and third claims for relief are dismissed with, prejudice oh the ground that U.S. Patent Nos. 7,355,509, 7,714,705, 8,120,473, 8,284,037, and 8,497,-769 describe ineligible subject matter. Plaintiffs' fourth claim for relief remains pending. It is further
ORDERED that defendant AmeriTrak Fleet Solutions, LLC’s Motion for a Claim Construction Hearing [Docket No. 51] is DENIED as moot.

. For the purposes of resolving this motion, the Court accepts all of the complaint's well-pleaded allegations as true. Park Univ. Enters., Inc. v. Am. Cas. Co. of Reading, PA, 442 F.3d 1239, 1244 (10th Cir.2006), abrogated on other grounds by Magnus, Inc. v. Diamond State Ins. Co., 545 Fed.Appx. 750, 753 (10th Cir. 2013).

. Concaten also brings claims for violation of the Lanham Act, see Docket No. 7 at 13-16, but those claims are not relevant to the instant motion.

., AmeriTrak states that claim 1 .of the '509 Patent and claim 1 of the '705 Patent are representative of all of the claims of the patents-in-suit, See Docket No. 32 at 3-5. Concaten does not dispute that these claims are representative, and the Court has reviewéd all claims of the patents-in-suit to satisfy itself that it may treat these claims as representative for the purpose of resolving AmeriTrak’s ’ motion for' judgment on the pleadings. See Mayo Collaborative Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., Inc.,-U.S,-, 132 S.Ct. 1289, 1295, 182 L.Ed.2d 321 (2012) (for the purposes of decid*1170ing whether a patent is directed to an ineligible abstract idea, the court "may assume that the other claims in the patents do not differ significantly from [a representative claim].”).

. Concaten claims that these four categories are: fundamental economic practices, methods of organizing human activities, "an idea of itself,” and mathematical relationships and formulas. See Docket No. 37 at 6.

. It is not clear whether "processing" the information to return an operator instruction refers to an automated system of determining such an instruction or to generating a report so that a 'human decisionmaker can determine and then transmit the instruction. In its discussion concerning step two of the Section 101 analysis, Concaten refers to a document titled "Design and Implementation of Automated Vehicle.Location and Maintenance Decision Support System for the Minnesota Department of Transportation” that suggests that Concaten's patented system is used to generate reports that "are useful for supervisors to optimize service level and coach snow plow drivers on proper chemical types and application rates.” Docket No. 37 at 12 (emphasis added). Whether the instruction is determined using an automated process or via a human decisionmaker, however, the result is the same, as either option would claim a mental process.

. The Court’s conclusion is the same whether it considers the elements of the claims of the *1176patents-in-suit individually or as an ordered combination.