Court Opinion

ID: 9916470
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-10 01:07:23.26938+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:25:29.399782
License: Public Domain

Gray v Vogel
               2024 NY Slip Op 30035(U)
                     January 4, 2024
             Supreme Court, Kings County
         Docket Number: Index No. 511364/14
               Judge: Genine D. Edwards
Cases posted with a "30000" identifier, i.e., 2013 NY Slip
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 State and local government sources, including the New
  York State Unified Court System's eCourts Service.
 This opinion is uncorrected and not selected for official
                       publication.
 [FILED: KINGS COUNTY CLERK 01/04/2024 04:26 P~                                                                     INDEX NO. 511364/2014
  NYSCEF DOC. NO. 266                                                                                      RECEIVED NYSCEF: 01/04/2024

                                                                                        At an IAS Term, Part 80 of the Supreme
                                                                                        Court of the State ofNew York, held in and
                                                                                        for the County of Kings, at the Courthouse,
                                                                                        at Civic Center, Brooklyn, New York, on the
                                                                                        4th day of January 2024.

        PRES ENT:

        HON. GENJNE D. EDWARDS,

                                                Justice.
        - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -X
        ANN MARIE GRAY as Administratrix of the Estate of
        MICHAEL BRYAN, and ANN MARIE GRAY, Individually,

                                                Plaintiffs,                                    DECISION AND ORDER

                            - against -                                                        Index No. 511364/14

        SARAH VOGEL, M.O.,                                                                     Mot. Seq. Nos. 4-7
        JESSICA LAROSSA, P.A.,
        STEPHEN HUGHES, M.D., and
        ALBANY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL,

                                                 Defendants.
        - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -X

        The following e-filed papers read herein:                                              NYSCEF Doc No.:

        Notice of Motion/Cross Motion, Affirmations,
         and Exhibits ........................................ 158-173; 174-192; 193-217; 228-245
        Affirmations in Opposition and Exhibits .................. 246-24 7; 248-249; 250-251; 253-256
        Reply Affirmations and Exhibits ........................ 257-260; 261; 262; 264-265

                    In this action to recover damages for (among other things) medical malpractice and

          wrongful death, defendants Sarah Vogel, M.D. ("Dr. Vogel") and Jessica LaRossa, P.A.

           ("PA LaRossa''), jointly, and defendants Stephen Hughes, M.D. ("Dr. Hughes") and Albany

          Memorial Hospital ("AMH") separately, move for summary judgment dismissing a11 claims

           as against each such defendant, whereas plaintiff Ann Marie Gray, individually and as the

           administratrix of the estate of her late son, Michael Bryan (collectively, "plaintiff''), cross-

           moves for partial summary judgment on the issue of liability as against defendants

          Dr. Hughes and AMH (motion sequence numbers 5, 4, 6, and 7, respectively).

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                                                                 Background

                      In the early afternoon of Sunday, February 10, 2013, 1 Michael Bryan (the "patient'"),

          an uninsured (or ··self-pay") dishwasher, age 25, presented to AMH's emergency room

          (""ER") with the complaint of "ankle pain and right calf pain [and swelling] for several

          weeks" (AMH's records at 088). 2 The patient reported at triage that: (1) ..he [hadl injured

          [his right ankle] a couple of years ago .. ;3 (2) ··he ha[d] a job where he [was] on his teet all

          the time"; (3) "[h]e's had increased pain [in his right ankle] for the past couple of days"; and

          (4) ··[h]e also ha[d] some pain in his right proximal caiflaterally"" (Id. at 087, 092) (italics

          added; capitalization omitted). The patient reported that his pain level was 10 ( on the scale

          of 1 to 10, with 10 being the highest) (Id. at 094, 096).                    His medical history was significant

          for asthma for which he visited AMH's ER one month prior on January 15 and for which he

          was prescribed an Albuterol inhaler by PA LaRossa (Id. at 115, 117, 119-120).

                      A physical examination of the patient by Dr. Vogel. an emergency room physician

          then overseeing the triage. found that he was suffering from a ·'mild diffuse tenderness to

          palpation around the right ankle joint,'' together with a .. [m]ild tenderness on his right

          lateral calf proximally'' (Id. at 087) (italics added). An X-ray of the patient"s right ankle

          was ordered by Dr. Vogel to confirm an "acute exacerbation of an old injury of his right

           1
               All references are to calendar year 2013, unless otherwise indicated.
          2
            The patient's complaint was alternatively described as "increasing pain for the past several weeks"'; "pain in the knee
          and his ankle[,] and ... pain in his calf'; and "pain when he walks on [his right] leg"' (AMH's records at page 088)
          (emphasis added) .
          .1Approximately three years prior. on April 16, 20 l 0, the patient presented to AMH, complaining of a right-ankle injury
          and explaining that he "slipped and fell down l O [steps of] stairs this [morning;] denie[d] loss of consciousness or other
          injury" (AMH's records at 028 [abbreviations spelled out]). No fracture or dislocation was found on the X-ray
          examination (id. at 035). On discharge later the same day (April 16, 2010), the patient was given a right-ankle brace,
          crutches, and two tablets of(together with a prescription for) Hydrocodone/APAP 5/325 (id. at 027, 030, and 031).

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          ankle'· (Id. at 087). This was consistent with the triage nurse's prior assessment of the

          patient as suffering from an "ankle injury·· or ·'ankle sprain" (Id. at 080 and 084 ). The

          right-ankle X-ray found --no evidence of acute fracture. dislocation or focal soft tissue

          swelling'· (Id. at 089).

                   After the X-ray was performed, the patient was transferred to the low risk, "Fast

          Track" section of the ER, which was then overseen by PA LaRossa. A physical

          examination ofthe patient by PA LaRossa was significant for '"[t]enderness to palpation

          over the anterior [right] ankle" and was"+ [positive for] [right] calf tenderness" (AMH's

          records at 089). Following her examination of the patient, PA LaRossa ordered an

          ultrasound study of the patient's right leg to rule out DVT (Id. at 099).

                   Later, on the afternoon of February 10 th , the patient underwent a diagnostic

          ultrasound study of his right leg starting at his right groin and ending at his right ankle, with

          the relevant medical history of"'[ right] leg swelling.. (the "sonogram ··) (AMH' s records at

          076 and 102). The sonogram was performed by nonparty Registered Diagnostic Medical

          Sonographer/Registered Vascular Technologist Justine Levesque. 4 The resulting sonogram

          films (as static images) were interpreted by radiologist Dr. Hughes. 5 Dr. Hughes's

          ultrasonographic findings were that: (1) the patient's ·'deep venous system of [his] right leg

          was visualized from the level of the common femoral vein ["CFV"] to the pop Ii teal vein'": 6

          (2) '·[t]he vessels demonstrated anechoic [echo-free] lumen and normal compressibility,

          4 See Affidavit of Justine Levesque, dated June 17, 2022 (NYSCEF Doc No. 104), -,i 4.

          5 See Dr. Hughes' deposition tr at page 22, lines 2---4.

          r. The common femoral vein (or "CFV" for short) is anatomically located at the groin level (see Dr. Hughes' deposition tr at
          page 27, lines I 0-11 ).

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          with no evidence of [DVTJ'; and (3) "[d]uplex evaluation demonstrates intact venous flow"

          (Id. at 102) (italics added). Dr. Hughes' impression ofthe sonogram as a diagnostic

          radiologist was: "'[n}o sonographic evidence of DVT, right leg,from the level of the [CFVJ

          through the popliteal trifurcation" (Id. at 102) (italics added).

                  Following Dr. Hughes' negative interpretation of the sonogram, the patient received,

          in the ER, an ankle splint, an ice/cold pack, a set of crutches, and a prescription for three-

          times-daily Ibuprofen (AMH's records at 083, 085, 089, 091, and 103). In the late

          afternoon of the same day, he was sent home on a "routine discharge·· in "stable condition·•

          with the written instructions of "Rest, Ice, Compress, Elevate, Us[e] Crutches. Joint Pain"

          (Id. at 086, 090, and 09 I). The patient was orally advised (according to PA LaRossa's

          note) "to follow up with orthopedics for [a] further evaluation" or to return to AMH's

          emergency room (id. at 089). 7 He did not follow up either with orthopedics nor a primary

          care physician because he did not have health insurance. 8 Nor did he return to AMH's

          emergency room.

                   Nineteen days later, on the evening of March 1si, the patient, while relaxing at a

          friend's home, suffered a series of cardiac arrests known as "pulseless electrical activity"

          ("PEA'"). Prior to experiencing those arrests, the patient "had been complaining [for]

          approximately two weeks of respiratory symptoms, cough. and difficulty breathing," and on

          February 28 th (the day before the PEAs), "he [had] developed right leg pain, which

          7
            Whereas the patient's medical chart included a referral to "Northeast Orthopedics" for the "First Available
          Appoint[ment]" (at page 099). it stated elsewhere that the patient was to follow up with his primary care physician,
          rather than with an orthopedist (at page 097).
          8 See Shaquanna Woods' deposition tr at page 22, lines 2-5; page 24, line 8 to 18; page 25, lines 7-19.

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          continued overnight and worsened throughout the course of the day." 9 Following the

          PEAs, he was immediately taken to nonparty Albany Medical Center Hospital where he was

          diagnosed with pulmonary embolism ( ..PE"). 10 He died there on March 12th • leaving his

          mother and brother as the surviving next of kin. The immediate cause of his death was the

          "anoxic brain injury'' due to (or as a consequence of) the ·'pulmonary embolus [i.e .. the

          PE]."11

                     On December 2. 2014, the patient's mother (acting individually and as the

          administratrix of his estate) commenced the instant action asserting claims sounding in

          medical malpractice, wrongful death, loss of services, vicarious liability. and lack of

           informed consent as against all defendants, and an additional, separate cause of action for

          negligent retention and credentialing as against AMH. Each defendant joined issue. After

          discovery was completed. an amended note of issue/certificate of readiness was filed on

          November 4. 2022. Thereafter, the time to move for summary judgment was extended via

          so-ordered stipulation. dated December 13. 2022 (Graham. J.) (NYSCEF Doc No. 181 ).

          The instant motions and cross-motion were each timely served in accordance with the terms

          of the aforementioned stipulation. On September 22, 2023. the motions and cross-motion

          were deemed fullv submitted. with the Court reserving..., decision.
                                  ~             ,

                     Dismissal of certain groups of plaintiffs claims was unopposed. First, plaintiff

           failed to oppose the entirety of the joint motion of Dr. Vogel and PA LaRossa for dismissal

          9 See Albany Medical Center Hospital, March     I'' ER physician's note (NYSCEF Doc No. 50).
          10
             With the exception of the March 1'1 ER physician's note and the March 12 th Certificate of Death, the patient's chart
          with Albany Medical Center Hospital is not part of the court record. Albany Medical Center Hospital is not the same
          as AMH. See Lasherv. Albany Mem. Hosp., 161 A.D.3d 1326, 77 N.Y.S.3d 544 (3d Dept., 2018).
           11
                See Certificate of Death (NYCEF Doc No. 243).
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            of all her claims as against them. Second, plaintiff failed to oppose the branches of

            Dr. Hughes' and AMH' s separate motions for dismissal of her infonned-consent claim.

            Third and finally, plaintiff failed to oppose the branch of AMH's motion for dismissal of her

            claim for negligent retention and credentialing as against AMH. Accordingly. all such

            claims are dismissed without further discussion. as more fully set forth in the decretal

            paragraphs below. The balance of this Decision and Order addresses the merits of

            plaintiffs remaining claims as against Dr. Hughes and AMH, which are comprised of:

            ( 1) the medical malpractice, wrongful death, and loss of services claims as against

            Dr. Hughes, as predicated on his alleged failure to properly read and interpret the patient's

            sonogram, 12 and (2) the vicarious liability claim as against AMI-I for such alleged failure.

                                                                  Discussion

                     Dr. Hughes (and, by extension, AMH) established. prima facie, that he discharged his

            duty to the patient in accordance with accepted practice for radiologists. See Mann v.

            Okere. 195 A.D.3d 910, 150 N.Y.S.3d 306 (2d Dept., 2021): Meade v. Yland, 140 A.D.3d

            931, 33 N.Y.S.3d 444 (2d Dept.. 2016). Jonathan Luchs, M.D .. the radiology expert for Dr.

            Hughes (as well as for AMH 13 ) (the "radiology defense expert"), concluded (in ,i,i 16 and

             22-23 of his opening aflirmation at NYSCEF Doc No. 173) that: (1) Dr. Hughes'

             12
               Plaintiff effectively abandoned the remaining predicates for her medical malpractice. wrongful death, and loss of
            services c ]aims as against Dr. Hughes (and vicariously as against AM H), by failing to address them in the affinnation of
            her expert radiologist. The remaining predicates consisted of the alleged failure to timely and properly pertorm: (I) a
            sonogram of the patient's veins below his right knee; (2) a VQ scan of his veins below his right knee; (3) a CT
            angiogram; and (4) an MRI. See Garbawski v. Hudson Val. Hosp. Ctr., 85 A.D.3d 724, 924 N.Y.S.2d 567 (2d Dept.,
            2011).
             13
               See AMH's Affinnation in Support, dated May 2, 2023 (NYSCEF Doc No. 194). 15 ("[AMH] hereby adopts and
             incorporates by reference the opinions set forth in the affinnations of Board-Certified radiologist Dr. Jonathan Luchs").

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          interpretation of the sonogram was in conformity with accepted practices; (2) the ""[i]maging

          of the lower [right] calf was demonstrated on the [sonogram] and did not show any clots";

          and (3) he agreed with Dr. Hughes' opinion of "[n]o sonographic evidence of DVT, right

          leg, from the level of the [CFVJ' (italics added). 14 The radiology defense expert further

          opined (in 128 of his opening affirmation) that ··the progression of [the patient's] [PE] and

          his subsequent death on March 12 ... [could not] be attributed in any way to the care

          provided by Dr. Hughes on February 10."

                                                                      (1)

                    In opposition to Dr. Hughes' prima facie showing, plaintiff raised triable issues of

          fact- by way of the affirmations of radiologist Jordan Haber. M.D., at NYSCEF Doc No.

          242 (the "'plaintiffs radiology expert"), and her emergency-medicine physician David Mark

          Nidort: M.D., at NYSCEF Doc No. 244 (the ··plaintiffs emergency-physician expert) - as

          to whether Dr. Hughes departed from good and accepted radiological practice in failing to

           properly read and interpret the patient's sonogram, and whether such departure caused the

           14
              The aforecited italicized language represented only a portion of Dr. Hughes' impression of"{n]o sonographic
           evidence of DVT, right leg, from the level of the {C FV] through the popliteal trifurcation." Significantly. however, the
           radiology defense expert did not opine in ,i,i 22-23 of his opening affirmation that he agreed with the entirety of
           Dr. Hughes' impression which, in addition to the italicized language above, included the underlined language which the
           radiology defense expert omitted in his opening affirmation. Rather. the radiology defense expert finessed the
           remainder of Dr. Hughes· impression by focusing on the vein compressibility which (as explained more fully in the text
           below) was only one, but not the only, criterion for ruling out the presence of a clot. See Radiology Defense Expert's
           Opening Affinnation. ,i 23 ('"All relevant portions of the leg, including the lower extremity[,} [were] compressed [with
           the probe] during the ultrasound to identify an acute clot. Each image showed a clear view of the ... vein before and
           after rnmpression [with the probe]. In each of these views[,] the vein flattened out and demonstrated full compression
           of the vein indicating no clot" [italics added]).

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          patient's PE and his subsequent death. See Ivey v. Mbaidjol, 202 A.D.3d 1070, 163

          N.Y.S.3d 589 (2d Dept.. 2022). It is hornbook law that .. [s]ummary judgment is not

          appropriate in a medical malpractice action where the parties adduce conflicting medical

          expert opinions ... [because] [s]uch credibility issues can only be resolved by a jury."

          Feinberg v. Feit, 23 A.D.3d 517, 806 N.Y.S.2d 661 (2d Dept., 2005).

                  On the subject of proximate cause, her emergency-physician expert elaborated (in

          ,r 11 of his affirmation) that:   (1) "[t]he available treatment for a DVT ... include[d]

          anticoagulation therapy, [the placement of] a [G]reenfield filter, or an embolectomy";

          (2) ''[h]ad the diagnosis been made on February 10 ... , the [patient] would have been

           treated using one or more of the above[-]reference[d] methods": and (3) with timely

          treatment. the patient ·'would not have suffered [PE], ... an anoxic brain injury, and ...

           death ... that occurred as a result of the [missed] DVT." To raise a triable issue of fact.

           "a plaintiff need not establish that. but for a defendant doctor's failure to diagnose, the

           patient ,vould have been cured." Neyman v. Doshi Diagnostic Imaging Serv., P. C.,

           153 A.D.3d 538, 59 N.Y.S.3d 456 (2d Dept., 2017). ;,Whether a diagnostic delay affected

           a patient's prognosis is typically an issue that should be presented to a jury:· Id. (internal

           quotation marks omitted).

                  Contrary to AMH's contention, the patient's non-compliance with the discharge

           instructions in failing to follow up with an orthopedist or a primary care physician (or to

           return to the ER) did not constitute an intervening cause that, as a matter of law, severed the

           causal nexus between the missed DVT and the patient's injuries/death. "When a question
                                                             8

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          of proximate cause involves an intervening act, liability turns upon whether the intervening

          act is a normal or foreseeable consequence of the situation created by the defendant's

          negligence."' Hain v. Jamison, 28 N.Y.3d 524, 46 N.Y.S.3d 502 (2016) (internal quotation

          marks and italics omitted). Nothing in the radiology defense expert's affirmations (at

          NYSCEF Doc Nos. 173 and 256) supported (much less established as a matter of law) that

          the patient's failure to follow up was "extraordinary under the circumstances, not

          foreseeable in the normal course of events, or independent of or far removed from

          [Dr. Hughes' l conduct. that it [might] possibly break the causal nexus." Romanelli v.

          Jones, 179 A.DJd 851, 117 N.Y.SJd 90 (2d Dept., 2020) (internal quotation marks

          omitted).

                                                            (2)

                  The radiology defense expert's contention, in his separate affirmation in opposition

          to plaintiffs motion (at NYSCEF Doc No. 256). that the plaintiffs radiology expert relied

          (in essence) on falsehoods and manufactured evidence in rendering an opinion, was

          unsupportable, both medically and legally. The plaintiffs radiology expert's opinions were

           grounded in the medical evidence on both the macro and micro levels.

                  On the macro level of analysis of the medical evidence. the plaintiffs expert

           radiologist opined (in ,r,r 8 and 15 of his affirmation) that:

                  (1) The sonogram ··demonstrate[d] the presence of a clot in the patient's right [CFV],

          which was missed by [Dr.] Hughes";

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                 (2) .. [Dr.] Hughes should have diagnosed the DVT on the patient"s ... sonogram, and

          that [his] failure to diagnose the DVT [was] a violation of the standard of care''; and

                 (3) "Had [Dr.] Hughes made the diagnosis of a DVT on February 10 .... a number

          of procedures were available to treat the patient's condition that would have prevented the

          DVT from dislodging, ... traveling to the patient's lungs, and causing the [PE], the patient's

          anoxia and [PEA episodes] on March 1 ... and death on March 12."

                 Turning to the micro level of analysis of the medical evidence, the plaintiffs expert

          radiologist further opined (in ,i,i 8-13 of his affirmation) that:

                 (1) The DVT was present in the patient's right leg, and could be seen (or visualized),

          "on at least three ... separate sonographic images identified as:     2/29, 24/2[9] and 25/29";

                 (2) "Image 2 of 29 [ showed] ... that [the lumen of] the [patient's] right [CFV] did

          not compress [with the probe] during the [sonographic] examination'';

                 (3) Images of the right CFV ··demonstrate[ ct] the presence of echogenic material

          which, in fact. represent[ ed] a DVT (blood clot) in the patient[']s right [leg]"; and

                 (4) The ··DVT [was] also present on [each of] additional [I]mages 24/29 and 25/29."

                 Moreover, the plaintifTs expert radiologist (in ,i~ 10-12 of his affirmation) proffered

          a medical illustration as a representation of a visible clot (i.e .. the patient"s right-sided DVT)

          on each of the Images 2/29, 24/29, and 25/29. See Medical Illustration, pages 1-2, at

          NYSCEF Doc No. 235.

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                                                                         (3)

                     The radiology defense expert's disagreement with the plaintiff's expert radiologist on

          the interpretation of the sonogram films was at odds with several radiological principles.

          First, a blood clot could be both complete and occlusive or. alternatively. partial and

          obstructive; meaning that the patient could still have had a blood clot in the lumen of his

          right CFV (or in the lumen of any other deep vein in his right leg), notwithstanding the

          presence of blood flow in his right leg. 15 Second. the echogenicity of the patient's deep

          veins in his right leg must be separately (and ultrasonographically) assessed, in addition to

          (and aside from) the blood flow therein. 16 Third. the ultrasound technologist's compression

          with her probe 17 of the patient's deep veins in his right leg was not equivalent (in terms of

          the assessment of the patient's blood flow) to her augmentation of his blood flow by her

          squeezing of his right calf.

                                                                         (4)

                     Finally and fundamentally (and apart from the foregoing), the radiology defense

          expert's disagreement ,vith plaintiffs expert radiologist on the sonogram interpretation

          15
               See Dr. Hughes' deposition tr at page 47, lines 3-8 (testifying that clots or '"thrombosis" can vary in size).
          16
              See Dr. Hughes' deposition tr at page 22, line 14 to page 23, line 3 ("There are different components to the Doppler
          ultrasound exam. . . . The transducer is placed over the blood vessels and those images are displayed in black and
          white and then they [the performing technologist] physically interrogate the blood vessel, so they look at it and they see
          if they can compress it, And then . .. the Doppler portion of the examination is actuallr where you use the sound
          waves to look at the hloodjlow and that's in L'Oior.... In the first portion[,] you'd see ... materials. some echo[e]s.
          Generally the inside ofa blood vessel is black and there would be some echo[e]s inside ... And then the blood vessel
          itself is not compressible. the vein cannot be compressed because there is something occupying the blood vessel.");
          page 42, lines 2-3 ("[W]hen you 're using the Doppler, you're literally listening to the blood flow.") (italics added in
          each instance).
          17
               See Dr. Hughes' deposition tr at page n, line 19; page 43, line 3; page 50, line 4.
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          presented an issue of fact for the jury to resolve. As Dr. Hughes noted (at page 23, line 18

          of his deposition), "[i]t ... takes a skilled person to see [the abnormalities on the

          sonogram].'' It was not the Court's function on summary judgment to interpret

          ultrasonographic images. particularly where (as more fully set forth in the margin), the

          parties' respective experts disagreed as to whether every image on the sonogram was

          properly taken. 18 See Ivey v. Mbaidjol, 202 A.D.3d 1070. 163 N.Y.S.3d 589 (2d Dept.,

          2022); Matos v. Khan, 119 A.D.3d 909, 991 N. Y .S.2d 83 (2d Dept., 2014 ). 19

                   "Additionally, because the cause[s] of action alleging wrongful death [and loss of

          services] [were] premised on the defendant's alleged medical malpractice, the same

          conclusions apply as to [such] cause[s] of action." Matos v. Khan, 119 A.D.3d 909,991

          N.Y.S.2d 83 (2d Dept., 2014).

                   Next, by establishing the existence of triable issues of fact regarding the liability of
          Dr. Hughes (as predicated on his alleged failure to properly read and interpret the patient's
          sonogram ), plaintiff also raised triable issues of fact regarding the vicarious liability of
          AMH in that regard. See Vichlenski v. Schwartz, 20 l A.D.3d 773. 161 N.Y.S.3d 293
          (2d Dept.. 2022); Goffredo v. St. Luke's Cornwall Hosp., 194 A.D.3d 699. 143 N.Y.S.3d
          597 (2d Dept., 2021 ). Finally. the existence of triable issues of fact as to Dr. Hughes'

           18Whereas the radiology defense expert opined (in ,r 5 of his affirmation in opposition) that Image 25/29 was "a poor
          image of the Doppler being applied at a bad angle" and that "the angle of the probe was improper," Dr. Hughes testified
          (at page 25, lines 15-16 of his deposition) that .. the images were all done very weir (italics added).
           19
              See also Carrollv. Nia?,ara Falls Mem. Med Ctr., 218 A.D.3d 1373, 193 N.Y.S.3d 579 (4th Dept., 2023) ("Contrary
          to the Perry defendants· contention, we conclude that the affidavit of plaintiffs expert raised triable issues of fact with
          respect to plaintiffs theory that Dr. Perry's failure to identify a DVT on the ultrasound constituted medical malpractice.
          In contrast to the opinion <>([defendant} Dr. PenJ' that the ultrasound images showed no evidence ofa DVT. plaint[f]'s
          expert opined that the hlack lentiform area on at least one image showed 'a classic sign of DVT!blood clot. · Thus. the
          affidavit of'plaintiffs expert squarely comradicted Dr. Perry ·s affidavit and created a classic battle of the experts on
          the element of deviation that is properly leji to a jury for resollllion.") (italics added).

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          alleged failure to properly read and interpret the patient's sonogram precluded the grant of
          partial summary judgment on the issue of liability in plaintiffs favor.

                                                    Conclusion

                 Accordingly, it is

                 ORDERED that in motion Seq. No. 5, Dr. Vogel and PA LaRossa's joint motion for
          summary judgment dismissing all claims as against them is granted without opposition; the
          complaint is dismissed as against Dr. Vogel and PA LaRossa without costs or
          disbursements; and the action is severed and continued as against the remaining defendants,
          Dr. Hughes and AMH, and it is further

                 ORDERED that in motion Seq. No. 4, Dr. Hughes' motion is granted to the extent
          that: ( l) plaintiff's medical malpractice. wrongful death, and loss of services claims,
          insofar as not predicated, in each instance, on his alleged failure to properly read and
          interpret the patient's sonogram, are dismissed as against him; and (2) her informed-consent
          claim is dismissed as against him; and the remainder of his motion is denied, and it is further

                 ORDERED that in motion Seq. No. 6, AMH"s motion is granted to the extent that:
          (1) plaintiff's vicarious liability claim. as predicated on the alleged acts/omissions of
          Dr. Vogel and Pa LaRossa, are dismissed as against it; (2) her vicarious liability claim,
          insofar as not predicated on Dr. Hughes' alleged failure to properly read and interpret the
          patient's sonogram, is dismissed as against it; (3) her informed-consent claim is dismissed
          as against it; and (4) her negligent retention and credentialing claim is dismissed as against
          it; and the remainder of its motion is denied. and it is further

                 ORDERED that in motion Seq. No. 7. plaintiffs motion for partial summary
          judgment on the issue of liability as against Dr. Hughes and AMH is denied in its entirety,
          and it is further

                 ORDERED that, for the avoidance of doubt, the action shall proceed on plaintiff's
          medical malpractice, wrongful death, and loss of services claims as against Dr. Hughes, and

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          on her vicarious liability claim as against AMH, insofar as predicated, in each instance, on
          Dr. Hughes' alleged failure to properly read and interpret the patient's sonogram. and it is
          further

                    ORDERED that to reflect the dismissal of Dr. Vogel and PA LaRossa from this
          action, the caption is amended to read as follows:

          - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -X
          ANN MARIE GRAY as Administratrix of the Estate of
          MICHAEL BRYAN, and ANN MARIE GRAY, Individually,

                                                  Plaintiffs,

                              - against -                                                        Index No. 511364/14

          STEPHEN HUGHES, M.D., and
          ALBANY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL,

                                                  Defendants.
          - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -X
                    and it is further
                    ORDERED that plaintiffs counsel is directed to electronically serve a copy of this
          Decision and Order with notice of entry on defendants' respective counsel and to
          electronically file an affidavit of service with the Kings County Clerk.
                    This constitutes the Decision and Order of the Court.

                                                                                 Genine D. Edwards
                                                                                      J. S. C.

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