Court Opinion

ID: 8266433
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-16 16:02:07.524443+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:43:11.903385
License: Public Domain

ALLEN, J.
This is an action for personal injuries sustained by plaintiff while in the employ of defendants as their servant. The trial court, at the close of plaintiff’s case, gave a peremptory instruction, at defendants ’ request, directing a verdict for defendants. Pursuant to such instruction a verdict was returned accordingly, and after unsuccessfully moving for a new trial, the plaintiff appealed to this court.
Defendants are engaged in the “junk” business in the city of Cape Girardeau. At the time here in question their business was conducted in a large shed, where parts of old machinery were separated, old iron cut up, etc., in preparing the same for shipping. In prosecuting this work, defendants, among other things, had three “clipping stands,” each consisting of a large *550piece of metal used as an anvil, at which, two men worked, one holding a chisel to which was attached a handle, and the other wielding a large sledge hammer. The evidence shows that in the process of thus cutting up pieces of iron, with chisel and sledge, chips or pieces of such metal would frequently fly into various parts of the shed.
Plaintiff, it seems, had been in defendant’s employ, working in and about this shed, for some weeks; and had worked there before, “off and on,” for perhaps five or six months in all. Sometimes he worked at a clipping stand, and sometimes he did other work. When injured he was engaged in carrying scrap iron to a machine called the “cutting machine,” and passing back and forth through the shed. At the time, two other employees of defendants were working at a clipping stand, cutting a shaft of some kind, with chisel and sledge, in the manner above described. While plaintiff was. thus passing through the shed, some considerable distance from the clipping stand,' a piece of iron flew from the latter striking him and cutting a gash in his head. The wound appears not to have been in itself an extremely serious one, but it seems that it became infected thereafter, with serious consequences.
Plaintiff’s cause of action proceeds upon the theory of negligence on the part of the defendants in failing to furnish plaintiff with a reasonably safe place to work. The alleged negligence of defendants upon which the action is founded consists in maintaining clipping stands in close proximity to employees engaged in other work in the shed, and in failing to erect “guards, fenders or barriers to arrest and keep said pieces, parts; chunks or slugs of iron from flying' about and striking anywhere and everywhere among the employees, which should have been and could have been done, and said place thereby rendered reasonably safe.” The answer is a general denial.
*551In conducting defendants’ business it was necessary to cut up or break old pieces of machinery, shafts, etc., and in doing this with chisel and sledge, chips or pieces of iron would necessarily fly from the clipping stands. In this connection it may be further said that there was testimony to the effect that in doing this work the manner of holding or placing the chisel had something to do with the direction in which the chips would fly. The latter, it seems, could be controlled, to some extent, by the men working at the clipping stand.
The piece of iron which flew and struck plaintiff was a portion.of a band, or collar, which was being cut from about a shaft. It appears that the blow which severed it caused.one part of it to fly; that the latter struck plaintiff, cutting his head, and, glancing off, continued on its way and struck the wall just above the cutting machine, cutting a deep gash in the wall. That the flying piece first struck plaintiff and then the wall, is to be inferred from the testimony of the witnesses Hersinger and Davie, the men working at the clipping stand. The latter said: “I remember just about when the particular band came off; part of that piece of iron went whistling away across the shed, somewhere the .way Mr. Curtright was walking; I did not see it to be sure; but I heard it strike; and it sounded to me like it struck something first; it struck the wall right over the machine, and we looked after he got hurt, and heard the report of the iron hit the wall. We went and looked and it cut a deep gash in the wall.” Her-singer said: “I heard it strike, ... I don’t remember that I heard it hit him but I heard it strike something. I don’t know whether I heard it strike the partition wall of the motor shed after the first strike —I heard it strike something but I don’t know whether it was the wall or his head. I do not remember seeing the piece that flew.”
*552I. It would seem that the use of clipping stands, in the shed in question, in the prosecution of defendants ’ business, would not of itself constitute negligence on defendants ’ part; and that the only actionable negligence, if any, with which defendants can be here chargeable, must consist in their failure to provide screens or guards in connection with such clipping stands, or to in some manner isolate them from the workmen engaged in performing other work, for the purpose of preventing injury to employees by flying chips or pieces of metal. On this question a witness for plaintiff, who was working at the clipping stand when plaintiff was injured, testified that screens or barriers could have been erected about two sides of the clipping stand in question, without interfering with the prosecution of the work; that such a protection was all that was necessary, because the chips or pieces of iron “hardly ever flew far from the striker, toward the one that held the chisel or toward the striker. They mostly flew sideways. ’ ’
II. Bespondents excepted to the action of the court in admitting the testimony of this witness, and now urge that the same was wholly incompetent, for the reason that the witness was not an expert. And in support of this contention we are referred to McAnany v. Henrici, 238 Mo. 103, 141 S. W. 633. But we think that case is not authority for respondent’s position. There the well established rule was reiterated that expert testimony is not admissible unless it is clear that the jurors themselves, for want of experience or knowledge of the subject, are incompetent to draw correct conclusions from the facts proved. And this was with reference to the testimony of experts who had been permitted to testify, from an examination thereof subsequently made by them, that a molding which fell and injured the plaintiff must have been in a loose and unsafe condition for some months or years prior *553to its fall, and that there must have been a crack or opening between such molding and the building to which it was attached, of such dimensions that the same could have been seen by the defendants, by the exercise of ordinary care. The testimony here objected to was not of such character. And it appears to fall within the exception to the general rule that nonexpert witnesses must state facts and not give their opinions. [See Standley v. Railroad, 121 Mo. App. l. c. 543, 97 S. W. 244; McGinnis v. Printing Co., 122 Mo. l. c. 236, 99 S. W. 4; Miniea v. Cooperage Co., 175 Mo. App. 91, 157 S. W. 1006.]
III. Respondents rely in great measure upon the proposition that they cannot be charged with negligence in conducting their business in the usual and customary manner. [See Chrismer v. Bell Tel. Co., 194 Mo. 189, 92 S. W. 378; Brands v. St. Louis Car Co., 213 Mo. 698; 112 S. W. 511; Sager v. Mining Co., — Mo. App. — , 162 S. W. 762.] And’though there was no evidence that they were in fact so conducting their business, respondents urge that such must be the presumption, for they are presumed to have been exercising ordinary care and to have discharged their duty toward plaintiff, in the absence of a showing to the contrary.
But we are not persuaded that any presumption obtains to the effect that defendants were conducting their business in the manner in whi'ch such business is usually and ordinarily prosecuted by others, under like circumstances. It is true that the master is entitled to the benefit of the general presumption that he has performed his duty, until the contrary appears. And the burden is upon the servant to establish the nonfulfillment or nonperformance of some duty or obligation owing to him by the master. [See Eliot v. Railroad, 204 Mo. l. c. 14, 102 S. W. 532; Glasscock v. Dry Goods Co., 106 Mo. App. l. c. 663, 80 S. W. 364; Yarnell v. *554Railway Company, 113 Mo. 570, 21 S. W. 1; Dowell v. Guthrie, 116 Mo. 646, 22 S. W. 893.] That such presumption is indulged there can be no doubt. But it is, in truth, nothing more than the usual presumption which obtains, in the absence of any showing to the contrary, that one is exercising ordinary care. Its office is merely to cast the aforesaid burden upon the plaintiff, the onus of which he must necessarily bear.
It devolves upon plaintiff, as a matter of course, to establish some act of negligence on the part of defendants. But if he adduces proof of some negligence on their part with respect to furnishing him a reasonably safe place to work, or facts reasonably justifying an inference of neglect on defendants’ part in this respect, he thereby overcomes the general presumption obtaining in defendants’ favor. The real question in this connection, we take it, is whether there was here shown any evidence of negligence on the part of the defendants with respect to furnishing plaintiff a reasonably safe place to work. Plaintiff must show, prima facie, the non-fulfillment of some duty on the part of defendants; but it is not incumbent upon him to prove the negative proposition,, to-wit, that the manner of conducting defendants ’ business was not in accordance with the usual and established custom. [See Sager v. Mining Co., — Mo. App. — , 162 S. W. l. c. 767.]
Touching this question it is said: “The qualification of the doctrine, viz., that common usage is a defense, as a matter of law, only where the evidence that there is such a usage is clear and undisputed, and that if the evidence tending to establish the master’s claim in this regard is conflicting, or of such a nature that more than one deduction from it may be reasonably drawn, the case is for the jury, has been recognized by one of the group of courts whose decisions have been collected (Shadford v. Street Railway Co., 121 Mich. 224) and is assumed as a rule of procedure by all the others.” [Labatt on Master and Servant (2d Ed.), *555sec. 940, p. 2534, et seq.] In other words, whatever may be the effect of this doctrine, in a proper case for its application, and where the evidence is clear and undisputed with respect to the custom and usage, it seems quite clear that it cannot be invoked here, where the question before us pertains to the ruling of the trial court on a demurrer to plaintiff’s evidence at the close of his case, when nothing developed in plaintiff’s case to show what was the custom and usage with respect to the conduct of such a business.
IY. Respecting the alleged negligence of defendants upon which plaintiff’s case must rest, it is true that the testimony as to the'practicability of placing screens or barriers about these clipping stands is quite meager. And it was not shown just how the same might be erected or maintained. And in this connection we may say that there was testimony to the effect that the workmen at the clipping stands “often had to handle long shafts, something like twenty-five or thirty feet in length, and work them up at those clipping stands.” It was doubtless for such reasons as this that the witness said that screens or barriers could be erected on two sides of such clipping stands. However, all of the facts and circumstances adduced in evidence and before the jury, together with the testimony of this witness who had been employed for some time in defendants’ business at these very clipping stands, we think was of sufficient probative force to show, prima facie, that some protection could have been afforded to plaintiff and other like workmen, from chips or pieces of metal flying out from these clipping stands, by the exercise by defendants of ordinary care to that end, and without unreasonably interfering with the prosecution of defendants’ business. It would seem that such a clipping stand could readily have been so located as to be screened off, in a simple manner, from that portion of defendants ’ premises where others *556worked, sufficiently at least to afford the latter reasonable protection from flying objects^
The master is of course not an insurer against danger to the servant, but his liability arises, if at all, from negligence on his part. He is bound to use ordinary care to furnish a reasonably safe place to work. Nevertheless, he is not required to take unusual and extraordinary precautions with respect to the place in which the servant is required to work. The standard of ordinary cafe on his part is the conduct of ordinary prudent persons under like circumstances. But So far as concerns the duty of the defendants to exercise ordinary care to make and keep their premises reasonably safe, it would appear that plaintiff’s evidence was sufficient to make a prima facie showing of negligence. It would seem, at least, that it was sufficient from which the jury might well infer that the defendants had breached their duty toward plaintiff in this regard. The master is not bound to adopt the safest and best method of prosecuting the work in hand, but he is bound to adopt a method that is reasonably safe. And we think there is here evidence to support the inference that the method pursued in the.present instance was not a reasonably safe one; and that this question then became one for the jury.
And in this connection we must not lose sight of the fact.that the question before us pertains purely to the ruling of the lower court on a demurrer to the evidence; and that in such case the evidence is to be viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, giving him the benefit of every reasonable inference that may be drawn in his favor. Viewing the evidence in this light, we think that we would not be justified in saying, as a matter of law, that there was no evidence of negligence on defendants’ part.
It would seem, from the evidence adduced, that reasonably prudent men would have anticipated that some injury would be likely to befall their employees, *557by reason of the manner in which the work was conducted at these clipping stands. In view of the fact that the evidence tends to show that pieces of iron, of considerable size, were, at times, hurled with no inconsiderable force into various parts of this building, it would appear that men of ordinary prudence would have anticipated that their servants engaged therein would be likely to be injured by reason of this species of bombardment of the premises where such servants were required to work. It was not essential that they could anticipate that plaintiff would be injured precisely as he was injured. It was sufficient if, under all the circumstances, they should have anticipated that some injury was likely to occur by reason of thus conducting their business, provided the danger was one. which could have been avoided by the exercise of ordinary care. "We think that the evidence was sufficient to indicate that reasonably prudent men would have foreseen that injuries of this character were likely to happen, and that there was sufficient evidence from which it may be inferred that the same could have been prevented by the exercise of ordinary care.
It would serve no useful purpose to review at length the cases to which we are referred by counsel. Respondents appear to place much reliance upon Wilkinson v. Bottling Co., 154 Mo. App. 563, 136 S. W. 720. But in that case a guard was provided by the defendant to prevent injuries from flying glass in case a bottle should explode. It appears that this guard was such as was customarily used in such establishments ; and the defendant was held not to be liable for. failing to procure andi install a better or safer one. In the instant case no effort whatsoever appears to have been made to furnish any protection to employees from the flying objects in question.
In Thein v. Supply Co., 116 Mo. App. 1, 91 S. W., 953, the master was held to have been guilty of a breach of duty owing to the servant in failing to guard *558a machine, in any, manner, to prevent pieces of wire from flying therefrom, where it appeared that a very simple guard would have been effectual for that purpose. It is true that the plaintiff was there an inexperienced youth, which affected the question of his contributory negligence and that of the defendant’s duty to warn him of the danger, but nevertheless the case distinctly recognizes the master’s liability for failure to guard against such flying objects, and proceeds upon the theory that such failure was negligence on his part. Other cases to like effect might be cited.
“If the plant itself, or the things handled or manufactured, are of such a nature . . . as to create a risk of injury from flying or falling bodies, a duty arises to protect the servants either by altering the plant, or by devising some safeguard which will minimize the perils of the employment as far as is reasonably possible.'’’ [See 3 Labatt on Master and Servant, sec. 998, pp. 2673, 2674, and authorities there cited.]
V. If the place can be said to have been rendered unsafe by defendants’ negligence, plaintiff cannot be held to have assumed the risk, as one of the natural hazards of the service. It would be impossible to reconcile the many cases in this State pertaining to this question, but the more recent decisions reflect the view that risks which do not inhere in the business of the master, when conducted by the latter with reasonable care, are not to be regarded as natural risks of such employment, and that such risks, being caused by the negligence of the master, are not assumed by the servant. In other words, the rule appears to be firmly established in this State that the servant assumes only those perils and hazards incident to the business after the complete performance by the master of the duty cast upon him. [See Jewell v. Bolt & Nut Co., 231 Mo. 176, 132 S. W. 703; Jarrell v. Coal *559Co., 154 Mo. App. 552, 136 S. W. 754; Bradley v. Coal Co., 167 Mo. App. 177, 151 S. W. 180; Dales v. Railroad, 169 Mo. App. 183, 152 S. W. 401; Bliesner v. Distilling Co., 174 Mo. App. 139, 157 S. W. 980, and cases cited.] This doctrine goes to the effect that where the risk is •created hy the negligence of the master, there is no room for the assumption of such risk by the servant. And the question is whether or not the servant was guilty of contributory negligence in the premises.
VI. The answer does not contain any plea of contributory negligence, and we think that plaintiff’s evidence was not such as to justify us in saying that he was guilty of negligence as a matter of law. The mere knowledge that some danger from flying missiles inhered in the place in which he was required to work, would not necessarily defeat plaintiff’s action. Unless the danger was so obvious and glaring, and so far threatened immediate injury, that a man of ordinary prudence would not have encountered it, plaintiff cannot be declared guilty of negligence as a matter of law. [See Jewell v. Bolt & Nut Co., Jawell v. Goal Co., supra, and authorities cited.] The case just cited quotes approvingly from George v. Railroad, 225 Mo. 364, 125 S. W. 196, where it is said “But if the servant incurs the risk of place or machinery, which, though dangerous, are not so much so as to threaten immediate injury, or where it is reasonable to suppose that they may be safely used or occupied with great skill and care, the mere knowledge of the defects on the •servant’s part will not defeat a recovery. Negligence un the part of the servant in such cases does not necessarily arise from his knowledge of the defect, but is a question of fact to be determined by the jury from such knowledge and all other facts and circumstances shown in evidence.” [See, also, Brands v. Car Co., supra; Mathis v. Stock Yards Co., 185 Mo. l. c. 447, 84 S. W. 66.] “Unless the only conclusion that can *560be drawn from the facts is that there was contributory negligence, the question is one for the jury.” [Jewell v. Bolt & Nut Co., supra; Campbell v. Railroad, 175 Mo. 175, 75 S. W. 86,]
Under the evidence adduced we cannot say, as a conclusion of law, that the danger was such that no prudent man would have incurred the risk. We cannot say that it was unreasonable for plaintiff to suppose that he could perform the services required of him and escape injury, by the exercise of care and caution. And it became a question for the jury to say whether or not he was guilty of such negligence as to preclude his recovery.
VII. Respondents also insist that the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury was the negligence of the workmen engaged in doing the “clipping” — fellow servants of plaintiff — in causing the piece of metal in question to fly toward plaintiff. This is said to be so because of the testimony to the effect that the direction in which the- chips or pieces were hurled depended considerably upon the way in which the chisel was placed and held. But we are of the opinion that plaintiff’s injury cannot he said to have proximately resulted from the negligence of such fellow servants. Plaintiff was moving about, carrying scrap iron from one place to another; and it is unreasonable to suppose that the men working at the clipping stand, in the prosecution of such work, would be able to perform the duties required of them and at the same time keep a lookout for the location of other employees moving about from place to place within the shed — even if they could have controlled the direction of the flying pieces with any such exactness, which the evidence falls short of showing. Furthermore, there is no evidence whatsoever that these men were charged with any duty to take heed for the safety of other employees by. endeavoring to control the direction of pieces of. *561iron that might fly about, but it appears that this work was conducted by defendants without regard to how or where such missiles might be hurled.
Under the evidence adduced we think that we could not say as a matter of law that the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury was not defendants’ negligence in failing to provide reasonable protection from the flying objects. It is not within our province to perform the functions of a jury; and where the facts are such that reasonable minds may differ as to the inferences to be drawn therefrom, and which must determine whether an injury proximately resulted from the negligence of the defendants or from some other cause, the question is one to be passed upon by the triers of the fact.
“Whether the facts are disputed or undisputed, if different minds might honestly draw different conclusions from them, the case should properly be left to the jury, and, in order to withdraw such a case from the jury, the facts should not only be undisputed but the inferences, in respect of the defendant’s failure of duty which arises from these facts, should be indisputable.” [Baird v. Railway Co., 146 Mo. l. c. 281, 48 S. W. 78; See also Murrell v. Smith, 152 Mo. App. l. c. 116, 133 S. W. 76.]
“In considering a demurrer to evidence, care must always be taken not to infringe upon the constitutional right of trial by jury; and, when the undisputed evidence in the record is susceptible of two inferences, one consistent with ordinary care and the Qther tending to show negligence, leaving a ground for difference between fair-minded men as to whether or not negligence existed ... the question is one of fact for the jury. ’ ’ [See Hegberg v. Railroad, 164 Mo. App. 514, 147 S. W. 192.]
*562"We are of the opinion that the case made was one for the jury, and that the trial court erred in giving defendant’s peremptory instruction.
The judgment should therefore he reversed and the cause remanded, to be proceeded with accordingly. It is so ordered.
Nortoni, J., concurs.
Reynolds, P. J., dissents in a separate opinion; and as he deems the decision herein contrary to that of the Supreme Court in Curtis v. McNair, 173 Mo. 270, 73 S. W. 167, and Kane v. Missouri Pacific R. Co., he asks that the case be certified to the Supreme Court for final determination, which is accordingly done.