Court Opinion

ID: 4394901
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-05-08 16:46:24.673186+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:23:57.014770
License: Public Domain

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    ROGER J. WOO                               :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1181 WDA 2018

                   Appeal from the Order Dated July 24, 2018
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Westmoreland County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-65-CR-0003290-1994

BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., OTT, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.:                                      FILED MAY 8, 2019

        Roger J. Woo appeals, pro se, from the order entered July 24, 2018, in

the Westmoreland County Court of Common Pleas, dismissing his petition for

writ of habeas corpus, which the trial court construed to be an untimely, serial

PCRA1 petition.      Woo seeks relief from the judgment of sentence of life

imprisonment imposed on March 27, 1996, following his jury conviction of

first-degree murder2 for the shooting death of his paramour. On appeal, Woo

argues the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his petition for relief

without first conducting a hearing on his claims concerning (1) the ineffective

assistance of trial and appellate counsel, (2) the trial court’s inaccurate jury

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   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1   See Post Conviction Relief Act, 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-9546.

2   See 18 Pa.C.S. § 2502(a).
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instructions, and (3) the Commonwealth’s use of racially discriminatory

preemptory challenges in choosing his jury.       In addition, Woo asserts his

sentence is illegal. For the reasons below, we affirm.

        The facts underlying Woo’s arrest and conviction are well-known to the

parties, and we need not reiterate them in detail herein. In summary, Woo

was charged with first-degree murder after he shot and killed his paramour in

September of 1994. A jury found him guilty on March 27, 1996, the trial court

sentenced him to a term of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole

that same day.3 Woo filed a direct appeal. A panel of this Court affirmed the

judgment of sentence, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied Woo’s petition

for allowance of appeal, and on May 18, 1998, the United States Supreme

Court denied his petition for certiorari. See Commonwealth v. Woo, 698

A2d 673 (Pa. Super. 1997) (unpublished memorandum), appeal denied, 705

A.2d 1309 (Pa. 1997), cert. denied, 523 U.S. 1121 (1998).

        Woo filed his first PCRA petition on May 14, 1999, in which he asserted

the ineffectiveness of trial counsel for failing to present a diminished capacity

or involuntary intoxication defense. The court denied relief, and a panel of

this Court affirmed on appeal. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court later denied

Woo’s petition for allowance of appeal. See Commonwealth v. Woo, 863

A.2d 1234 (Pa. Super. 2004) (unpublished memorandum), appeal denied, 880

A.2d 1239 (Pa. 2005).         Woo subsequently filed two more PCRA petitions,
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3   The Commonwealth did not seek the death penalty.

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which were dismissed by the PCRA court. He did not appeal those rulings. On

March 7, 2016, Woo filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus, which the PCRA

court construed to be an untimely, fourth PCRA petition. The court denied

relief, and, once again, a panel of this Court affirmed the order on appeal, and

the Supreme Court denied Woo’s petition for allowance of appeal.            See

Commonwealth v. Woo, 178 A.3d 154 (Pa. Super. 2017) (unpublished

memorandum), appeal denied, 182 A.3d 993 (Pa. 2018).

       Thereafter, on May 7, 2018, Woo filed the present petition for writ of

habeas corpus, followed by a supplemental amended petition. The PCRA court

determined Woo’s petition was, in fact, his fifth request for PCRA relief, and

denied it as untimely filed on July 24, 2018.4 This timely appeal follows.5

       “In reviewing the denial of PCRA relief, we examine whether the PCRA

court’s determination is supported by the record and free of legal error.”
____________________________________________

4 We note the PCRA court did not issue Woo notice of its intent to dismiss his
petition without first conducting an evidentiary hearing as required by
Pa.R.Crim.P. 907. However, because Woo has not challenged that defect on
appeal, he waived any objection to the court’s omission. See
Commonwealth v. Taylor, 65 A.3d 462, 468 (Pa. Super. 2013). Moreover,
this Court has held the “failure to issue Rule 907 notice is not reversible error
where the record is clear that the petition is untimely.” Commonwealth v.
Zeigler, 148 A.3d 849, 852 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2016). As will be discussed infra,
we agree with the PCRA court’s conclusion that Woo’s petition is manifestly
untimely.
5 The PCRA court did not direct Woo to file a concise statement of errors
complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).             Rather, on
September 6, 2018, the court issued a “decree” pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a), stating “the reasons for its decision appear in the Opinion and Order
dated July 24, 2018[.]” Decree, 9/6/2018.

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Commonwealth v. Mitchell, 141 A.3d 1277, 1283–1284 (Pa. 2016)

(internal punctuation and citation omitted).

        To the extent Woo disputes the PCRA court’s determination that his

petition for habeas corpus relief should be construed as a PCRA petition,6 we

find the court’s decision was proper. It is well-settled the PCRA is “the sole

means of obtaining collateral relief,”7 and “if the underlying substantive claim

is one that could potentially be remedied under the PCRA, that claim is

exclusive to the PCRA.” Commonwealth v. Pagan, 864 A.2d 1231, 1233

(Pa. Super. 2004), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 909 (2005) (emphasis in original).

Moreover, “[i]ssues that are cognizable under the PCRA must be raised in a

timely PCRA petition and cannot be raised in a habeas corpus petition.”

Commonwealth v. Taylor, 65 A.3d 462, 466 (Pa. Super. 2013).

        Woo’s claims concerning (1) the ineffectiveness of trial and appellate

counsel for failing to present a diminished capacity defense, (2) the court’s

failure to suppress his statements to police, (3) the court’s erroneous jury

instructions, and (4) the Commonwealth’s discriminatory use of preemptory

challenges during jury selection are all issues that could be remedied under

the PCRA.8 Woo does not contend otherwise in his brief. However, he argues

that the challenge to the legality of his sentence constitutes a claim that he is

____________________________________________

6   See Woo’s Brief at 19-22.

7   42 Pa.C.S. § 9542.

8   See Woo’s Brief at 7-19.

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“illegally confined,” which falls outside the ambit of the PCRA. Woo’s Brief at

21. We disagree.

       The PCRA provides an avenue for relief to rectify illegal sentences. See

42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2)(vii). Here, Woo argues he was denied due process

when the trial court imposed a sentence of life imprisonment without the

possibility of parole absent “the mandatory jury deliberation.” Woo’s Brief at

19. He concedes 18 Pa.C.S. § 1102(a)(1) mandates that a person convicted

of first-degree murder may be sentenced only to death or life imprisonment.

See id. at 20. However, the statute refers to the sentencing procedures set

forth in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9711. Those procedures calls for a “separate sentencing

hearing in which the jury shall determine whether the defendant shall be

sentenced to death or life imprisonment.”         42 Pa.C.S. § 9711(a)(1).

Accordingly, Woo contends that because he was never afforded a separate

sentencing hearing with “the mandatory jury deliberations,” the proceedings

violated his due process rights. Woo’s Brief at 21.

       While the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has concluded that certain illegal

sentencing claims fall outside the ambit of the PCRA,9 we find the particular

claim raised herein is cognizable under the PCRA.      In Commonwealth v.

Smith, 194 A.3d 126 (Pa. 2018), the Supreme Court held the petitioner’s

“void for vagueness” challenge to Section 1102 was not the type of illegal

sentencing claim which could be addressed by the PCRA. See id. at 137-138.

____________________________________________

9   See Commonwealth v. Smith, 194 A.3d 126 (Pa. 2018).

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The petitioner argued Section 1102 “ostensibly does not provide adequate

notice that the penalty of ‘life imprisonment’ means life imprisonment without

the possibility of parole.” Id. at 135. After discussing the types of sentencing

claims cognizable under the PCRA,10 the Supreme Court opined:

       [Petitioner’s] void-for-vagueness claim is a sentencing issue that
       presents a legal question that is qualitatively distinct from the
       categories of illegal sentences recognized by our courts. It does
       not challenge the sentencing court’s authority or actions insomuch
       as it challenges the legislature’s alleged failure to provide
       adequate notice of the penalty for first-degree murder.

Id. at 138. Conversely, the claim raised by Woo here attacks the trial court’s

authority to impose a sentence of life without parole, and, accordingly, falls

under the illegal sentencing provision in the PCRA.         See 42 Pa.C.S. §

9543(a)(2)(vii) (providing PCRA relief when petitioner demonstrates the court

imposed a sentence “greater than the lawful maximum”).          Accordingly, we

find the PCRA court did not err in construing Woo’s self-styled petition for writ

of habeas corpus to be his fifth PCRA petition.

       Next, we must consider whether Woo’s petition was timely filed. The

requirement that a PCRA petition must be filed within one year of the date the

underlying judgment becomes final “is mandatory and jurisdictional in

nature.” Commonwealth v. Taylor, 67 A.3d 1245, 1248 (Pa. 2013), cert.
____________________________________________

10 The Court categorized these illegal sentencing claims as those that (1) “fell
outside the legal parameters prescribed by the applicable statute”; (2)
involved merger or double jeopardy issues; (3) implicated the rule in
Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000) or Alleyne v. United States,
570 U.S. 99 (2013); and (4) “claims pertaining to the Eighth Amendment’s
Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause[.]” Smith, supra, 194 A.3d at 137
(citations and some punctuation omitted).

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denied, 134 S.Ct. 2695 (U.S. 2014).            See also 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1).

“The court cannot ignore a petition’s untimeliness and reach the merits of the

petition.” Id.

       In the present case, Woo’s judgment of sentence was final on May 18,

1998, the date the United States Supreme Court denied his petition for

certiorari.   Therefore, Woo had until May 19, 1999, to file a timely PCRA

petition, 11 and the one before us was not filed until nearly 20 years later, May

7, 2018. Therefore, his petition is manifestly untimely.

       Nevertheless, an untimely petition may still be considered if “the petition

alleges and the petitioner proves” one of the time-for-filing exceptions set

forth in Section 9545(b)(1). See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(i)-(iii). Woo did

not address the applicability of a timing exception in any meaningful manner

in either his petition or his appellate brief.12 Therefore, we agree with the

PCRA court’s assessment that Woo’s petition is manifestly untimely, and Woo

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11 We recognize the 1995 amendments to the PCRA provided a one-year grace
period for a petitioner to file a first petition when his judgment of sentence
was final before the effective date of the amendment, that is, January 16,
1996. See Commonwealth v. Albrecht, 994 A.2d 1091, 1093 n.2 (Pa.
2010). The present petition, however, is Woo’s fifth, and, in any event, was
filed nearly 20 years later.

12We note that in the Statement of the Case section of his petition, Woo avers:
“Petitioner also believes that he is making a showing under the newly
discovered facts of Law which his petitioner is acting with Due Diligence that
bars the timeline under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9545(b)(1)(2)(ii) from being imposed.”
Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus, 5/7/2018, at 4. He provides, however, no
further explanation of how or why that timeliness exception applies, and, in
fact, never mentions it again in his petition.

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has failed to prove the applicability of one of the time-for-filing exceptions.

Accordingly, Woo is entitled to no relief.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 5/8/2019

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