Court Opinion

ID: 5177745
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-06 01:13:33.645734+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:26:25.422798
License: Public Domain

JUSTICE COATS
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
1 Upper Black Squirrel appealed from an order of the water court interpreting an earlier stipulated decree, to which it and Cherokee Metropolitan .were parties, concerning the latter's rights to ground water in the Upper Black Squirrel Basin and, particularly, its right to export water for use outside the basin. Upper Black Squirrel sought a declaration that a provision of the stipulation, which required Cherokee to deliver wastewa-ter returns back into the basin for recharge of the aquifer, barred Cherokee and Meridian, another metropolitan district with which *411Cherokee had entered into an intergovernmental agreement, from claiming eredit for these wastewater returns as replacement water, for purposes of acquiring the right to additional pumping from Cherokee's wells in the basin. The water court ruled instead that nothing in the stipulation, and particularly not its use of the word "recharge," implied abandonment or forfeiture of any right Cherokee might otherwise have to claim future credits with the Ground Water Commission.
T2 Although the water court found that Meridian, as a nonparty, was not bound by the stipulation in any event, it assessed costs and attorney fees against Meridian for pursuing frivolous defenses. Meridian eross-ap-pealed the water court's order imposing costs and attorney fees.
1 3 Because the water court properly interpreted the stipulation, and because it did not abuse its discretion in ordering costs and fees, its orders as to which error has been assigned on appeal and cross-appeal respectively are affirmed.
I.
14 In 2009, Upper Black Squirrel Creek Ground Water Management District ("UBS"), a governmental body statutorily charged with managing ground water in the Upper Black Squirrel Creek Ground Water Basin, filed a pleading with the water court styled "Motion for Declaratory Judgment Regarding Previous Stipulation of the Parties Entered in this Case No. 98CW80." Case No. 98CWS8O0 began with the filing of an "Application for Sextennial Finding of Reasonable Diligence" by Cherokee Metropolitan District, a statutorily formed and operated special district, with regard to certain of its conditional water rights known as "the Sweetwater wells" A number of disputes concerning Cherokee's ground water rights in the Upper Black Squirrel Creck Basin were resolved by a 1999 stipulation, entered into by Cherokee, UBS, the State and Division Engineers, and the Colorado Ground Water Commission. See Cherokee Metro. Dist. v. Meridian Serv. Metro. Dist. (Cherokee III), 266 P.3d 401, 403-04 (Colo.2011) (recapping tortured history of the proceedings up to that point); see also Cherokee Metro. Dist. v. Upper Black Squirrel Designated Ground Water Mgmt. Dist. (Cherokee II), 247 P.3d 567 (Colo.2011); Cherokee Metro. Dist. v. Simpson (Cherokee I), 148 P.3d 142 (Colo.2006).
15 More particularly, the 2009 motion by UBS referenced an application for replacement plan filed with the Colorado Ground Water Commission by Cherokee and Meridian Service Metropolitan District, another statutory district with which Cherokee had entered into an intergovernmental agreement concerning a new wastewater treatment plant to process wastewater from both service areas. UBS opposed this application before the Commission; moved for a declaration by the water court to the effect that the terms of the 1999 stipulation prohibited Cherokee and Meridian from claiming credit for the wastewater returns Cherokee was obligated to deliver back into the basin; and sought to enjoin Cherokee from asserting such a claim in an application for replacement plan before the Commission. The water court granted a preliminary injunction as requested; denied Meridian's motion to intervene; and declared that the stipulation prohibited Cherokee or any other persons from claiming a credit in Cherokee's replacement plan application for the wastewater returns it delivered back into the basin.
T6 Cherokee appealed the declaration to this court, and after determining that the water court erred in denying Meridian's motion to intervene, we vacated the water court's declaration and ordered it to permit Meridian to participate in any further proceedings. See Cherokee III, 266 P.3d at 408. Upon remand, UBS filed an amended motion for declaratory judgment, and the parties and intervenor were permitted to rebrief the issue. Following the retirement of the water judge who made the initial rulings, a different water judge ruled on the basis of the new briefs, disagreeing in significant part with the earlier ruling by concluding that the 1999 stipulation does not preclude Cherokee from making a claim for return flow credits as part of its replacement plan pending before the Ground Water Commission.
*412T7 More particularly, the water court emphasized the narrowness and formality of its ruling. In its written order on remand, it made clear that the only question before it involved the interpretation of paragraph 5 of the stipulation, which was entitled, "RECHARGE," and consisted of two sentences:
Cherokee will use its best efforts to deliver wastewater returns from Sunset, Paintbrush, and Woodman Hills subdivision, Falcon Air Force Base and any other subdivisions it services back into the Upper Black Squirrel Creek Designated Basin for recharge of the aquifer. Cherokee shall recharge any wastewater returns from the Sunset Plant in the aquifer.
While the water court agreed that paragraph 5 clearly requires the return by Cherokee of certain recycled wastewater to the basin, rather than putting it to successive uses or permitting its return to the stream in the receiving basin, it found nothing in the language of the stipulation precluding Cherokee from making a claim for return flow credits with the Commission. however, it specified that its order implied nothing about the merits of the application of Cherokee/Meridian, and that the Ground Water Commission remained completely free to determine whether the proposed replacement plan would meet the burden imposed on applicants to replace the amount of designated ground water withdrawn. By the same token, -
18 In addition, the court concluded that Meridian was not a party to the 1999 stipulation, and accordingly, it could not, in any event, preclude Meridian from claiming replacement credit. In a subsequent order, however, the water court did grant attorney fees and costs to UBS in the amount of $7,600, as the result of what it found to be substantially frivolous and groundless arguments advanced by Meridian concerning the jurisdiction of the court.
19 UBS appealed from the water court's order denying its motion for declaratory judgment, and Meridian cross-appealed concerning the court's award of costs and fees.
II.
110 Although the question before us is ostensibly, as it was in the water court, one of interpreting the 1999 stipulation, there is surprising agreement among the parties about not only the applicable principles of interpretation but even the meaning of the relevant terms and provisions of the stipulation. Rather, the dispute among the parties in this court centers largely around the precise meaning and extent of the water court's order, its effect on proceedings before the Ground Water Commission, and the law governing both the appropriation of ground water and allowable usage of foreign water.
{11 There is no dispute that the 1999 stipulation should be interpreted according to the principles governing the interpretation of contracts or that the stipulation must be given meaning according to the intent of the parties as expressed in the instrument. See USI Prop. E., Inc. v. Simpson, 938 P.2d 168, 173 (Colo.1997). Similarly, unless the terms used in the stipulation have been given specific meaning, as terms of art, they are to be interpreted according to their common understanding, in context and according to their relative placement and function, as dictated by accepted rules of grammar and syntax. See generally 2 E. Allan Farnsworth, Farnsworth on Contracts § TAl (8d ed. 2004). The parties appear to agree that, in © context, the term "recharge" refers to replenishment of the aquifer. See Black Squirrel Creek Ground Water Mgmt. Dist. v. Goss, 993 P.2d 1177, 1183 (Colo.2000). They disagree only about the effect of the requirement for Cherokee to deliver wastewater returns back into the basin for recharge, or replenishment, of the aquifer on Cherokee's position with regard to its application for new and additional appropriative rights in the basin.
112 Unlike the "waters of any natural stream," Colo. Const. art XVI, § 6, the management of designated ground water is governed by the Colorado Ground Water Management Act. §§ 87-90-101 to -141, C.R.S. (2014). The allocation of rights to the use of ground water, which has been characterized as a modified prior appropriation regime, § 37-90-102(1); Goss, 998 P.2d at 1183, is determined by application to the Ground Water Commission, which is charged *413with, among other things, ensuring that designated ground water aquifers are not unreasonably depleted. § 37-90-111(1)(b); (Goss, 993 P.2d at 1184. Withdrawals of designated ground water can be made under this system through the issuance of well permits pursuant to regulations of the Commission and the local ground water district for the maintenance of reasonable ground water pumping levels. See Colo. Ground Water Comm'n v. Dreiling, 198 Colo. 560, 606 P.2d 836, 839 (1979); Gregory J. Hobbs Jr., Colorado's 1969 Adjudication and Administration Act: Settling in, 3 U. Denv. Water L.Rev. 1, 12 (1999).
113 In addition, it is significant for the context of the stipulation's recharge requirement that this requirement is expressly directed to water lawfully exported from the designated ground water basin. Unlike water native to a public stream, as to which appropriators have no automatic right to recapture and reuse, and which, after an initial application to beneficial use, must therefore be permitted to return to the stream for the benefit of junior appropriators, the reuse of foreign water-water lawfully exported from another basin, including nontributary ground water, see § 37-82-106, C.R.S. (2014)-is governed by different return flow considerations altogether. See City of Thornton v. Bijou Irrigation Co., 926 P.2d 1, 66 (Colo.1996). Until foreign water is released from the "dominion" of the exporter, it is distinguishable from water to which the junior appropriators of the receiving basin are entitled; and an appropriator who has lawfully introduced foreign water into a stream system from an unconnected stream system may make a succession of uses of that water. § 37-82-106.
T14 Against this backdrop, UBS characterizes the water court's order throughout as interpreting the stipulation to permit, or implicitly grant a right to, the recapture and reuse of the exported water described in paragraph 5. UBS accuses the water court of reasoning that the stipulation's failure to expressly restrict Cherokee from using its return flows for replacement purposes amounts to an affirmative authorization for it to do precisely that and, therefore, to claim this wastewater as replacement credit. We reject this understanding of the lower court's ruling for at least two important reasons.
115 First, it fails to appreciate the expressly limited nature of the ruling, which on its face emphasizes the distinction between the question whether a right has been stipulated away and the question whether such a right ever existed in the first place. The water court's ruling is expressly and appropriately limited to a determination that the stipulation is silent with regard to, and therefore fails to evidence, any agreement to relinquish benefits Cherokee might seek to claim in applying to the Commission for a new appropriation. It implies absolutely nothing about the merits of such a claim and expressly finds those merits to be entirely a matter for the Ground Water Commission, according to the rules and regulations by which it fulfills its statutory mission.
116 Second, UBS attributes to the term "reuse" a meaning that is not only unsupported by the authorities upon which it relies, but is in fact one that stands customary usage on its head. The reuse of water consistently refers, in the case law of this jurisdiction, to putting that water to some additional beneficial use after its having already been put to the beneficial use for which it was decreed, see, e.g., City & Cnty. of Denver v. Fulton Irrigating Ditch Co., 179 Colo. 47, 506 P.2d 144, 147 (1972) (holding that Denver had the right to reuse sewage effluent because Denver had authority pursuant to statute and prior case law to "re-use, successive use and disposition of foreign water"), as distinguished from allowing the unused portion of the decreed diversion to return to the stream for the benefit of junior appropriators, see Bijou Irrigation Co., 926 P.2d at 66. By contrast, in its criticism of the water court's order, UBS employs the term in reference to receiving credit for making the water available for further appropriation by returning it to the stream or, in this case, the aquifer. Returning unused water to the aquifer is the very opposite of "reusing" it. In no meaningful sense can receiving credit for relinquishing dominion over return flows by delivering them back to the *414basin for recharge of the aquifer, in lieu of making successive uses of them, be characterized as reuse.
{17 The water court's order makes clear, and we agree, that the stipulation bars Cherokee from reusing the exported water, regardless of any right to reuse foreign water that it might otherwise have had and, instead, requires Cherokee to make its best efforts to recapture the specified wastewater returns and upon recapture to deliver them back into the Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin for recharge of the aquifer. Whether or not Cherokee may yet derive some benefit from stipulating away its right to reuse the foreign water it has developed and agreeing instead to pump the unused portion of that water back into the basin, is a matter that is simply beyond the seope of the stipulation. Recharging, or replenishing, an aquifer clearly serves to prevent or at least mitigate its being mined; but the determination whether the resultant state of the aquifer is such that water is available for further appropriation, and if so, who should be granted such an appropriation, and on what terms, are all questions governed by a different authority, ° according to rules and regulations promulgated for that purpose.
$18 UBS offers extrinsic evidence to demonstrate that the recharge provision of paragraph 5 was integral to its agreement to the export of any of the Sweetwater rights whatsoever. While this is undoubtedly the case, that fact alone offers little assistance in resolving the question before the court. The stipulation clearly mandates that Cherokee forego its right to reuse the exported water or even to permit the wastewater to return to the natural streams of the basin of service. Instead the stipulation mandates that Cherokee use its best efforts to recapture the return flows and pump them back into the Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin. Whether any more than this was intended by UBS is not evidenced by the correspondence to which it refers, and that correspondence most certainly does not suggest any reason to believe Cherokee should have known, much less agreed to, any such further limitation.
119 UBS also asserts that it would have no reason to agree to a provision that did not foreclose Cherokee's right to assert a benefit for returning the specified water to the basin. Without such further limitation, it asserts, the provision could have no benefit for the basin. But this is clearly not the case. Without the redelivery and recharge provision of paragraph 5, the return flows of the exported water would return to the natural stream of the service area and, whether first reused by Cherokee or used by some junior appropriator in that basin, would be entirely lost to the Upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin. The export and recharge provisions of the stipulation provide costs and benefits for both UBS and Cherokee. Nothing in either the terms of the stipulation itself or any extrinsic evidence of purpose evidences the extent to which UBS, much less Cherokee, was willing to compromise to gain some of what it considered beneficial.
120 Depending upbn the specific context or designated purposes for which the recharge of an aquifer were required, the term "recharge" could have additional implications, but standing alone it simply refers to the physical act of replenishing the aquifer. As the state engineer later put it in advising UBS concerning the need to clarify its rules, "'Recharge' could mean the physical act of recharging water into an aquifer with loss of dominion and control, or the physical act of recharge in a recharge/storage/recovery plan approved by the Commission under Designated Basin Rule 5.8, or the physical act of recharging replacement water under a replacement plan."1 (Emphasis added). We agree with the water court that nothing in paragraph 5's requirement for Cherokee to deliver wastewater back into the basin for recharge of the aquifer implies that it either must or must not be entitled to credit in a subsequent application to the Ground Water Commission for further appropriation.
*415II.
121 On cross-appeal Meridian assigns error to the water court's award of costs and attorney fees for its repeated challenges to the court's jurisdiction to either interpret the 1999 stipulation or grant UBS's motion for preliminary injunction.
122 A party in proceedings before the water court may move for the award of attorney fees pursuant to section 18-17-102, C.R.S. (2014). Cherokee II, 247 P.3d at 575. The statute obligates a court to award attorney fees against an attorney or party it determines has asserted a claim or defense that lacks "substantial justification." § 13-17-1022), (4); In re Marriage of Aldrich, 945 P.2d 1370, 1378 (Colo.1997). By statute, "lacks substantial justification" means "substantially frivolous, substantially groundless, or substantially vexatious." § 18-17-1024). In the past, we have indicated that a defense is substantially frivolous if the proponent can present no rational argument based on the evidence or law in support of that defense. See Application of Talco, Ltd., 769 P.2d 468, 476 (Colo.1989). Similarly, a defense is substantially groundless if it is not supported by any credible evidence. Id. We have further observed that the rationale for awarding fees is strengthened if an action was defended in a manner that was stubbornly litigious. Id.
123 The water court found that Meridian's motions were without foundation, were substantially groundless, and were substantially frivolous in light of the clear history of the litigation. As the water court noted, not only had it previously ruled, on a number of occasions, that it had the jurisdiction to interpret the 1999 stipulation, but the El Paso County District Court had similarly done so, and this court had expressly done so as well. See, eg., Cherokee II, 247 P.3d at 570 ("Although these are groundwater rights in a designated groundwater basin, the water court has continuing jurisdiction pursuant to our decision in Sweetwater Development Corp. v. Schubert Ranches, Inc., 188 Colo. 379, 535 P.2d 215, 218-19 (1975)."); accord Cherokee I, 148 P.8d at 144. The water court further found not only that Meridian inexplicably exhorted it to overturn the rulings of this court, but also distorted the water court's own rulings by characterizing them as enjoining the Ground Water Commission and as adjudicating the replacement plan pending before that commission, both of which those rulings declined to do. Finally, the water court noted that Meridian itself was not even the subject of the court's preliminary injunction, which enjoined only Cherokee.
124 While the water court may have inferred too much from this court's discretionary decision not to entertain Meridian's petition for a writ of prohibition, which raised substantially identical challenges, that inference was clearly incidental to the abundance of evidence in the record to support its determination that Meridian stubbornly advanced defenses that lacked substantial justification. Meridian repeatedly made the same jurisdictional argument to the water court and continued to make that argument, without offering any rational distinction or change in the law, long after it had been ruled on by both the water court and this court.
25 The water court's order of costs and attorney fees did not lack evidentiary support in the record.
IV.
26 Because the water court properly interpreted the stipulation, and because it did not abuse its discretion in ordering costs and fees, its orders as to which error has been assigned on both appeal and cross-appeal are affirmed.
JUSTICE HOBBS concurs in part and dissents in part, and CHIEF JUSTICE RICE joins in the concurrence in part and dissent in part.
JUSTICE BOATRIGHT does not participate.

. Letter from Dick Wolfe, Ground Water Commission engineer, to Lisa Thompson, Black Squirrel's counsel, dated Oct. 14, 2010 and attached by Cherokee as an exhibit to its brief in opposition of Black Squirrel's motion for declaratory judgment in Casé No. I8CW80..