Court Opinion

ID: 9912420
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-22 14:06:43.39205+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:59:16.054924
License: Public Domain

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as State
v. Swazey, Slip Opinion No. 2023-Ohio-4627.]

                                           NOTICE
      This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
      advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
      promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
      South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
      formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
      the opinion is published.

                          SLIP OPINION NO. 2023-OHIO-4627
             THE STATE OF OHIO, APPELLANT, v. SWAZEY, APPELLEE.
  [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
      may be cited as State v. Swazey, Slip Opinion No. 2023-Ohio-4627.]
Criminal law—Crim.R. 12(C)(2)—A trial court may consider facts beyond four
        corners of indictment to rule on merits of a defendant’s pretrial motion to
        dismiss under Crim.R. 12(C)(2) when motion challenges whether law set
        forth in indictment applies to defendant—Defendant who pleaded guilty did
        not waive constitutional right to challenge on appeal trial court’s dismissal
        of his Crim.R. 12(C)(2) motion to dismiss challenging state’s ability to
        prosecute—Court of appeals’ judgment affirmed and cause remanded to
        trial court.
  (No. 2022-0382—Submitted March 22, 2023—Decided December 22, 2023.)
                APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Medina County,
                           No. 21CA0031-M, 2022-Ohio-993.
                                   __________________
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

          BRUNNER, J.
          {¶ 1} Appellee, Michael Swazey Jr., was indicted for failing to pay child
support. He filed a motion to dismiss the indictment under Crim.R. 12(C)(2), which
addresses pretrial motions. Swazey asserted that the statutes he allegedly violated
did not apply to him. The trial court declined to consider Swazey’s motion on the
merits, holding that the arguments he raised were not permitted under Crim.R.
12(C)(2) but should instead be presented at the close of the state’s case at trial.
Swazey subsequently pleaded guilty to all counts.
          {¶ 2} The Ninth District Court of Appeals held that Swazey’s Crim.R.
12(C)(2) motion was proper and should have been considered on the merits. It also
held that by entering a guilty plea, Swazey did not waive his right to raise a
constitutional challenge on appeal. We agree with the court of appeals on both
points. We therefore affirm its judgment and remand this cause to the trial court to
consider Swazey’s motion.
                                   I. Background
          {¶ 3} In December 2019, Swazey was indicted on three felony counts of
nonsupport of a dependent, in violation of R.C. 2919.21(B). The indictment alleged
that Swazey had violated court orders to support his child, K.S., during three
separate 26-week periods out of 104 consecutive weeks. Count 1 alleged that he
had failed to provide support between November 1, 2013, and October 31, 2015;
Count 2 alleged nonpayment of support between November 1, 2015, and October
31, 2017; and Count 3 alleged nonpayment of support between November 1, 2017,
and October 31, 2019. The indictment also alleged that Swazey had previously
been convicted of violating R.C. 2919.21(B). Swazey pleaded not guilty to all
counts.
          {¶ 4} On March 2, 2020, Swazey moved to dismiss the indictment. He
argued that his obligation to provide support for K.S. had terminated on June 8,
2014, and that after that date he owed only arrearages. In support of his motion, he

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provided a copy of a court order stating that his support obligation “[was]
terminated effective 6-8-2014” because K.S. “[had] reached the age of eighteen
(18) and [had] graduated from high school.” The order also states, “Any arrearage
that exists shall be paid at a rate of $208.86 per month plus 2% processing charge
until further order of [the] court or until the arrearage is paid in full.”
        {¶ 5} Swazey argued that his owing only arrearages required dismissal of
the indictment. He noted that R.C. 2919.21(B) was materially amended in 2019,
but he argued that he could not be held criminally liable for failing to pay arrearages
under either the pre-amended or amended version of that statute.
        {¶ 6} In 2013, the first relevant date in the indictment, R.C. 2919.21(B)
provided, “No person shall abandon, or fail to provide support as established by a
court order to, another person whom, by court order or decree, the person is legally
obligated to support.” (Emphasis added.) 2011 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 86. In 2016, we
considered “whether, pursuant to R.C. 2919.21(B), the state may prosecute a person
who failed to make the payments set forth in an arrearage-only order issued after
the date of his children’s emancipation.” State v. Pittman, 150 Ohio St.3d 113,
2016-Ohio-8314, 79 N.E.3d 531, ¶ 16. We held that it may not, stating:

                R.C. 2919.21(B) is unambiguous. It criminalizes a person’s
        failure to support—in the manner established by a court order—
        another person whom he is legally obligated to support. Because
        the statute uses the present tense in the phrase “is legally obligated
        to support,” a person charged with a violation must be under a
        current obligation to provide support.

Id. at ¶ 18. Swazey claims that his position is similar to the defendant’s in Pittman
because Swazey’s dependent was emancipated in 2014 and his indictment charged

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him with failure to make payments on an arrearages-only order. Therefore, he says,
he cannot be held criminally liable for violating the earlier version of the statute.
        {¶ 7} The General Assembly has since amended R.C. 2919.21(B). As of
the February 11, 2019 amendment, that statutory division provides as follows:

                (1) No person shall abandon, or fail to provide support as
        established by a court order to, another person whom, by court order
        or decree, the person:
                (a) Is legally obligated to support; or
                (b) Was legally obligated to support, and an amount for
        support:
                (i) Was due and owing prior to the date the person’s duty to
        pay current support terminated; and
                (ii) Remains unpaid.

(Emphasis added.) 2018 Sub.S.B. No. 70. While the statute now permits the
prosecution of a person who fails to make payments on an arrearages-only order,
Swazey argues that the amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B) applies only
prospectively and that applying the amended version to him would violate the
Retroactivity Clause of the Ohio Constitution and the Ex Post Facto Clause of the
United States Constitution. See Ohio Constitution, Article II, Section 28; U.S.
Constitution, Article I, Section 10, cl. 1.
        {¶ 8} The trial court denied Swazey’s motion to dismiss. It held that the
matter “[was] not appropriate for resolution through the use of a motion to dismiss,”
because a motion to dismiss “tests the sufficiency of the indictment” and the court
“may determine only whether the indictment is valid on its face.” The court
explained that Swazey’s motion was “based on factual assertions and evidentiary

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matters outside the face of the indictment” and that such issues are “better suited”
for a motion for acquittal at the close of the state’s case.
        {¶ 9} Swazey then changed his plea to guilty on all three counts. The trial
court sentenced him to 180 days in jail and two years of community control.
        {¶ 10} The court of appeals reversed. 2022-Ohio-993, ¶ 17. It concluded
that Crim.R. 12(C)(2) allows Swazey’s issue to be resolved on a motion to dismiss
the indictment. Id. at ¶ 12.
        {¶ 11} Crim.R. 12(C) provides, “Prior to trial, any party may raise by
motion any defense, objection, evidentiary issue, or request that is capable of
determination without the trial of the general issue.” The rule then lists several
issues that “must be raised before trial,” including “[d]efenses and objections based
on defects in the indictment, information, or complaint.” Crim.R. 12(C)(2).
        {¶ 12} The appellate court concluded that the argument Swazey presented
in his motion to dismiss would not require the trial court to determine the “general
issue to be determined at trial.” 2022-Ohio-993 at ¶ 11. It noted that this court had
addressed a similar issue in State v. Palmer, 131 Ohio St.3d 278, 2012-Ohio-580,
964 N.E.2d 406, ¶ 24 (“Palmer”). In that case, the defendant had been convicted
of sexual battery in 1995 and completed his prison sentence on March 15, 1997.
State v. Palmer, 10th Dist. Franklin Nos. 09AP-956 and 09AP-957, 2010-Ohio-
2421, ¶ 2, 14. The General Assembly enacted the Adam Walsh Act in 2007. That
act imposed sweeping sex-offender-registration requirements, regardless of the
date of the offenses. 2007 Am.Sub.S.B. No. 10; Palmer, 2012-Ohio-580 at ¶ 7. In
2009, a grand jury indicted Palmer for failing to comply with certain registration
requirements under the Adam Walsh Act. Id. at ¶ 9. The defendant moved to
dismiss the indictment, and the trial court granted the motion, finding that the act
did not apply to him. Id. at ¶ 10. The appellate court concluded that the motion
was improper under Crim.R. 12(C), but we reversed. Id. at ¶ 11, 28. We held that
“an indictment is defective if it alleges violations of [a statutory provision] by a

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person who is not subject to that [provision],” especially when the “indictment
depends on the unconstitutional application of law.” Id. at ¶ 23. And making that
determination does not mean that the trial court would be deciding the “general
issue” in the case—namely, “whether the accused violated the law as set forth in
the indictment.” Id. at ¶ 24. We concluded that the trial court in Palmer acted
properly when it dismissed the indictment before trial. Id. at ¶ 28.
       {¶ 13} In this case, the Ninth District viewed the argument Swazey
presented in his motion to dismiss as similar to the argument made by the defendant
in Palmer. It held that to decide Swazey’s motion, “the trial court would only need
to determine when Mr. Swazey’s support order terminated.” 2022-Ohio-993 at
¶ 11. It explained that the general issues for trial, by contrast, would be “the
existence of a support order” and whether Swazey had “failed to pay his court
ordered support” and that neither of those issues would need to be addressed for the
trial court to rule on Swazey’s motion to dismiss the indictment under Crim.R.
12(C)(2). Id. at ¶ 11.
       {¶ 14} The appellate court also rejected the state’s argument that Swazey’s
guilty plea barred him from challenging on appeal the denial of his motion to
dismiss. Id. at ¶ 14. We previously held, “ ‘A guilty plea * * * renders irrelevant
those constitutional violations not logically inconsistent with the valid
establishment of factual guilt and which do not stand in the way of conviction if
factual guilt is validly established.’ ” (Ellipsis added in Fitzpatrick.) State v.
Fitzpatrick, 102 Ohio St.3d 321, 2004-Ohio-3167, 810 N.E.2d 927, ¶ 78, quoting
Menna v. New York, 423 U.S. 61, 62, 96 S.Ct. 241, 46 L.Ed.2d 195 (1975), fn. 2.
The appellate court concluded that Swazey’s retroactivity argument was not
included within this rule. 2022-Ohio-993 at ¶ 14. It explained that even if the state
proved the relevant facts—that Swazey failed to make child-support payments
during the times identified in each count—Swazey’s argument was that applying
the amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B) to him would violate the Ohio and United

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                                January Term, 2023

States Constitutions. His guilty pleas therefore did not bar him from raising the
constitutional issue on appeal. The appellate court remanded the case to the trial
court to resolve the issues raised in Swazey’s motion to dismiss. The state sought
our jurisdiction, and we accepted the state’s two propositions of law for review:

               [I.] A motion to dismiss an indictment may only be decided
       in a defendant’s favor if it can be determined from the face of the
       indictment that the indictment is legally defective.
               [II.] A guilty plea bars a defendant from appealing a trial
       court’s denial of a motion to dismiss the indictment where the issue
       raised by the motion is whether a statute is retroactive, which is an
       issue of statutory interpretation.

See 167 Ohio St.3d 1467, 2022-Ohio-2490, 191 N.E.3d 437.
                                    II. Analysis
                            A. Proposition of Law No. I
       {¶ 15} The state argues that a court may grant a motion to dismiss under
Crim.R. 12(C)(2) only when the alleged defect in the indictment can be determined
from its face. It contends that a motion to dismiss that requires the court to look at
facts outside the indictment necessarily seeks summary judgment and as the Ninth
District has observed, “[t]he Ohio Rules of Criminal Procedure * * * do not allow
for ‘summary judgment’ on an indictment prior to trial,” State v. Roman, 9th Dist.
Lorain No. 06CA009025, 2007-Ohio-4341, ¶ 4. The state therefore seeks to have
this court hold as the Eighth District Court of Appeals has held: that a motion to
dismiss tests only the sufficiency of the indictment or complaint “without regard to
the quantity or quality of evidence that may be produced by either the state or the
defendant,” and a trial court considering such a motion should ask only “whether
the allegations contained in the indictment or complaint make out offenses under

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Ohio criminal law,” State v. Eppinger, 162 Ohio App.3d 795, 2005-Ohio-4155, 835
N.E.2d 746, ¶ 37 (8th Dist.). The state posits that any argument requiring the court
to consider facts outside the face of the indictment may be presented only in a
motion for acquittal after the state has presented its case.
       {¶ 16} The state points out that Swazey’s motion to dismiss included factual
assertions and a document beyond the face of the indictment—specifically, the
June 8, 2014 order terminating his child-support obligation. Thus, according to the
state, Swazey did not present an argument that could be considered in a motion to
dismiss under Crim.R. 12(C)(2) and therefore the trial court properly denied the
motion.
       {¶ 17} The state also contends that the appellate court’s holding would
allow the trial court to decide the “general issue” of the case—Swazey’s guilt—in
violation of Crim.R. 12(C). Under the state’s view, whether the amended version
of R.C. 2919.21(B) applies retroactively and, if so, whether its retroactive
application is a constitutional violation are questions that “go to the ultimate issue
in the case.”
       {¶ 18} Swazey, on the other hand, argues that the trial court should have
considered his motion to dismiss on the merits. He contends that his motion to
dismiss presents the exclusively legal issue whether the statute applies to him,
rather than the factual “general issue” whether he is guilty as charged.           He
emphasizes that the plain text of Crim.R. 12(C) refers only to whether the issue is
capable of being determined without ruling on the “general issue,” which must be
reserved for trial. He also notes the similarity of his situation to that presented in
Palmer, in which we considered a Crim.R. 12(C)(2) motion to dismiss and held that
“[a] trial court may dismiss an indictment * * * when it determines that the [laws]
do not apply to the accused,” Palmer, 131 Ohio St.3d 278, 2012-Ohio-580, 964
N.E.2d 406, at paragraph two of the syllabus.

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                                January Term, 2023

          {¶ 19} We agree with Swazey.        As we have previously recognized,
“Crim.R. 12 permits a court to consider evidence beyond the face of an indictment
when ruling on a pretrial motion to dismiss an indictment if the matter is capable
of determination without trial of the general issue.” State v. Brady, 119 Ohio St.3d
375, 2008-Ohio-4493, 894 N.E.2d 671, ¶ 3; see also Palmer at ¶ 24, citing Brady
at ¶ 18 (when considering a motion under Crim.R. 12(C)(2), a trial court “may look
beyond the four corners of the indictment”). This conclusion is drawn from the rule
itself.
          {¶ 20} Nothing in Crim.R. 12(C) expressly prohibits a court from
dismissing an indictment based on material outside the indictment. The first
sentence in the rule is permissive: “Prior to trial, any party may raise by motion any
defense, objection, evidentiary issue, or request that is capable of determination
without the trial of the general issue.” Id. The rule then identifies issues that “must
be raised before trial,” such as “[d]efenses and objections based on defects in the
indictment, information, or complaint.” Crim.R. 12(C)(2). Other issues that must
be raised in a Crim.R. 12(C) pretrial motion include defects in the institution of the
prosecution, suppression of evidence, requests for discovery, requests to sever
charges or trials of multiple defendants, and requests to appoint expert witnesses or
investigators. Crim.R. 12(C)(1) and (3) through (7). The rule contains no language
restricting the arguments raised in a motion to dismiss to the content within the four
corners of the indictment.
          {¶ 21} Crim.R. 12(F) also supports Swazey’s position: “The court may
adjudicate a motion based upon briefs, affidavits, the proffer of testimony and
exhibits, a hearing, or other appropriate means.” Thus, the criminal rules expressly
permit the trial court to consider factual material outside the record, and motions
filed under Crim.R. 12(C) commonly contain such material. By way of example, a
trial court considering a motion to suppress may accept affidavits or hold a hearing
at which witnesses testify. Crim.R. 12(F). A motion challenging the institution of

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the prosecution or requesting the severance of multiple charges or the trial of
multiple defendants often also involves factual material relevant to the motion that
is outside the record. Id. And nothing in the text of either Crim.R. 12(C) or (F)
suggests that Crim.R. 12(F) does not apply to Crim.R. 12(C)(2) motions to dismiss.
       {¶ 22} Given this, we decline to hold that a motion to dismiss an indictment
under Crim.R. 12(C) prohibits a trial court from considering material beyond the
four corners of the indictment. Holding otherwise would impose an arbitrary
restriction on the trial court’s consideration of motions to dismiss that is not
supported by Crim.R. 12. The rule as written promotes judicial economy and
preserves the resources of courts, attorneys, and litigants by streamlining trials. The
rule was written to further these objectives without preempting litigation when the
facts are in dispute. This is why Crim.R. 12(C) prohibits courts from entertaining
motions that decide “the trial of the general issue.” The fact that Swazey’s motion
to dismiss called for the trial court to consider material outside the four corners of
the indictment—namely, the 2014 order terminating his child-support obligation—
does not change the fact that it is the type of motion contemplated by Crim.R. 12(C).
       {¶ 23} Crim.R. 12(C)(2) requires parties to file pretrial motions “based on
defects in the indictment, information, or complaint.” (Emphasis added.) Our
holding here reaffirms our holding in Palmer:

               Under Crim.R. 12(C)(2), trial courts may judge before trial
       whether an indictment is defective. Without a doubt, an indictment
       is defective if it alleges violations of R.C. Chapter 2950 [sex-
       offender classification and registration] by a person who is not
       subject to that chapter. There is no set of circumstances under which
       such a person can violate the law’s requirements. This is especially
       so where, as in [this] case, an indictment depends on the

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        unconstitutional application of law.        Therefore, dismissal is
        appropriate.

Id., 131 Ohio St.3d 278, 2012-Ohio-580, 964 N.E.2d 406, at ¶ 23. In Palmer, we
recognized that determining whether an indictment is defective “does not embrace
the general issue for trial” when the issue is the applicability of the statute to the
defendant’s conduct. Id. at ¶ 24. When the general issue for trial is “whether the
accused violated the law as set forth in the indictment,” then when “the law simply
does not apply, the trial court is well within its authority to dismiss the indictment
before trial.” Id.
        {¶ 24} Swazey set forth three arguments in his motion: (1) the amended
version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) applies only prospectively; (2) applying the
amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) to him would constitute an unconstitutional
retroactive application of the law; and (3) the 2013 version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1)
does not apply to a person under an arrearages-only order. Each argument focuses
on an alleged defect in the indictment.
        {¶ 25} The first two arguments are properly raised in a Crim.R. 12(C)(2)
motion based on the analysis contained in Palmer. Notably, Swazey’s second
argument is the same argument made in Palmer, and the first is not materially
different. Both arguments are that the indictment is defective because it alleges that
illegal conduct was committed when the amended version of the statute either did
not apply or could not apply to Swazey. In neither argument does Swazey ask the
trial court to decide the general issue for trial, which is whether Swazey violated
the amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1).
        {¶ 26} Swazey’s third argument—concerning the 2013 version of
R.C. 2919.21(B)(1)—also befits a motion to dismiss under Crim.R. 12(C)(2).
Swazey, in referring to the 2014 order terminating his child-support obligation,
pointed to an alleged legal defect in the indictment, which was not limited to

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arrearages. He argues that the 2014 order terminated his child-support obligation
except for the payment of arrearages that had accumulated through June 8, 2014.
He argues that this court has interpreted the 2013 version of R.C. 2919.21(B) as not
applying to a person under an arrearages-only order.1 His argument that there is no
set of circumstances under which a person in his position can violate the 2013
version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1)’s requirements was posited fairly within the bounds
of Crim.R. 12(C). Nothing in the third argument presented in Swazey’s motion
seeks to have the trial court decide the general issue whether he violated the 2013
version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) as set out in the indictment.
         {¶ 27} In short, Swazey’s arguments made in his Crim.R. 12(C)(2) motion
to dismiss should have been considered before trial. In reaching this conclusion,
we express no opinion on the merits of any of the arguments that Swazey raised in
his motion. Nor do we express any opinion regarding whether the arguments, if
found to have merit, would require dismissal of the indictment in whole or in part.
We simply hold that the trial court erred in declining to decide Swazey’s motion
based on its conclusion that the arguments Swazey made could not be presented in
a Crim.R. 12(C)(2) motion. On remand, the trial court is to consider the motion.
                                B. Proposition of Law No. II
         {¶ 28} In its second proposition of law, the state argues that it has long been
the law that a defendant who voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently enters a
guilty plea “waives all nonjurisdictional defects in prior stages of the proceedings,”
Ross v. Auglaize Cty. Common Pleas Court, 30 Ohio St.2d 323, 323-324, 285

1. As noted above, Swazey’s argument on this point is based on this court’s holding in Pittman, 150
Ohio St.3d 113, 2016-Ohio-8314, 79 N.E.3d 531. In his motion to dismiss, however, Swazey notes
that we had agreed to consider another case involving the application of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) after a
support order had terminated. See State v. Brown, 156 Ohio St.3d 1491, 2019-Ohio-3263, 129
N.E.3d 475. We issued a decision in State v. Brown, 161 Ohio St.3d 276, 2020-Ohio-4623, 162
N.E.3d 769, on September 30, 2020, holding that a defendant may be prosecuted for nonpayment
under the pre-2019 version of R.C. 2919.21(B) “when the conduct underlying the charge occurred
while a support order was in effect, even if the child of the defendant [was] emancipated at the time
the charge is brought,” id. at ¶ 15.

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N.E.2d 25 (1972). As a result, the state contends, a defendant who pleads guilty
“ ‘may not thereafter raise independent claims relating to the deprivation of
constitutional rights that occurred prior to the entry of the guilty plea,’ ” Fitzpatrick,
102 Ohio St.3d 321, 2004-Ohio-3167, 810 N.E.2d 927, at ¶ 78, quoting Tollet v.
Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267, 93 S.Ct. 1602, 36 L.Ed.2d 235 (1975).
        {¶ 29} The state asserts that the appellate court misread Fitzpatrick and
created a “massive, game-changing exception” to this rule. The appellate court
relied on the following statement in Fitzpatrick: “ ‘A guilty plea * * * renders
irrelevant those constitutional violations not logically inconsistent with the valid
establishment of factual guilt and which do not stand in the way of conviction if
factual guilt is validly established,’ ” (ellipsis added.) id., quoting Menna, 423 U.S.
at 62, 96 S.Ct. 241, 46 L.Ed.2d 195, fn. 2. The state argues that the exception noted
in Fitzpatrick is unclear and cannot be applied to Swazey’s plea or else the inverse
of the statement would have to be true: that constitutional violations logically
inconsistent with establishing factual guilt are relevant after a defendant pleads
guilty. This is in fact correct and a necessary implication of Fitzpatrick and this
court’s earlier case, State v. Wilson, 58 Ohio St.2d 52, 388 N.E.2d 745 (1979). In
Wilson, this court held that on appeal, a defendant may challenge the
constitutionality of the statute he was convicted under, even if he had pleaded
guilty. Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus. This court held that most appellate
issues are waived when a defendant pleads guilty because a guilty plea is a reliable
admission of factual guilt. Id. at 54. However, when a constitutional challenge
alleges that the state may not convict the defendant no matter how thoroughly his
factual guilt is established, the defendant may bring that challenge despite having
pleaded guilty. Id. at 54-55. Constitutional violations that go to the ability of the
state to prosecute, regardless of factual guilt, may be raised on appeal from a guilty
plea. Id. at 55.

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       {¶ 30} It is also the clear holding of the United States Supreme Court in
Menna and Class v. United States, 583 U.S.___, 138 S.Ct. 798, 200 L.Ed.2d 37
(2018). See Menna at 62-63 (defendant’s guilty plea did not waive his right to
argue that the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss the indictment on
double-jeopardy grounds). In Class, the Supreme Court held that a guilty plea does
not bar a defendant from challenging the constitutionality of the statute of
conviction. Id. at __, 138 S.Ct. at 806-807. The Supreme Court said that its holding
reflects the nature of guilty pleas, which are confessions of the facts charged in an
indictment. Id. at __, 138 S.Ct. at 805. The Supreme Court held that the guilty plea
did not waive the defendant’s right to challenge the constitutionality of the statute,
because his guilty plea amounted to an admission that he had engaged in the alleged
conduct but his constitutional claims were “consistent with [his] knowing,
voluntary, and intelligent admission that he did what the indictment alleged.” Id.
at __, 138 S.Ct. at 804.
       {¶ 31} Finally, the state argues that even if a defendant may challenge
constitutional violations on appeal after entering a guilty plea, Swazey’s argument
here does not primarily involve a constitutional issue. Specifically, the state
contends that Swazey’s argument that amended R.C. 2919.21(B) does not apply
retroactively is one of statutory interpretation. On this basis, the state argues, the
Fitzpatrick exception does not apply and Swazey has thus waived his retroactivity
argument even though he has consistently challenged the constitutionality of
applying the amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) to him. This is exactly the
sort of argument that fits within the exception noted in Fitzpatrick and Wilson: that
the amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) would not permit a finding of guilt even
if Swazey is found to not have made his arrearage payments.
       {¶ 32} The state further argues that the trial court would first have to draw
factual and legal conclusions, triggering waiver, before it could reach Swazey’s
constitutional question. That is, the trial court, according to the state, would have

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to conclude that the amended version of R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) applies retroactively
before it reaches the constitutional question, and on that basis, waiver cuts off
reaching the constitutional question in this case.
       {¶ 33} We see no appreciable difference between interpreting a statute as
retroactive and concluding that because it is retroactive, it is unconstitutional. Were
we to treat Swazey’s constitutional argument piecemeal, not only would we elevate
form over substance but we would also be denying him any remedy to which he
might be entitled under the Ohio and United States Constitutions.
       {¶ 34} We therefore conclude that Swazey’s guilty plea did not constitute a
waiver of his ability to challenge on appeal the denial of his motion to dismiss.
                             C. The Dissenting Opinion
       {¶ 35} The dissenting opinion focuses on one of the arguments raised by
the state in response to Swazey’s motion to dismiss: that even if Swazey were
correct about the retrospective application of the amended statute, he still would
not be entitled to have Counts One and Three dismissed, because those counts
covered periods that would permit the state to obtain convictions at trial without
violating the Ohio or United States Constitutions. Dissenting opinion, ¶ 54-60. But
the dissent falls short in its analysis because it fails to recognize that the state’s
argument simply provided the trial court with a reason to conclude that the
indictment was not defective as to Counts One and Three, negating any need to
dismiss those counts. If the trial court had agreed with the state’s argument, it
would not have needed to decide whether Swazey had actually failed to make any
particular payment during the periods covered by Counts One and Three. It simply
would have had to deny Swazey’s motion as to those counts and allow the case to
move forward. At trial, the parties would have then presented their evidence to a
jury, and the jury would have been left to decide the general issue whether Swazey

                                          15
                                 SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

failed to make payments for at least 26 weeks under each count. Swazey’s motion,
therefore, did not require the trial court to consider the general issue for trial.2
        {¶ 36} The dissenting opinion also takes the position that by pleading
guilty, Swazey waived his ability to challenge on appeal the trial court’s denial of
his motion to dismiss. The dissenting opinion’s primary argument depends on a
recasting of the trial court’s decision on Swazey’s motion to dismiss as a mere
“procedural case-management decision.” Dissenting opinion at ¶ 68. As we
explained above, the trial court did not simply defer consideration of the motion
under its power to manage the progression of the case before it. The trial court
denied the motion as improper under Crim.R. 12(C)(2)—a decision that we hold
was legally erroneous. Contrary to the decision of the trial court, we hold that
Swazey’s motion to dismiss was permitted under Crim.R. 12(C)(2). In fact, filing
it before trial was required by that rule. See Crim.R. 12(C)(2) (motions based on
defects in the indictment “must be raised before trial” [emphasis added]). And as
we also explained above, Swazey presented a constitutional challenge in his
motion, alleging that the state could not constitutionally convict him no matter how
thoroughly his factual guilt might be established. The argument Swazey made was
therefore the caliber of argument that binding precedent instructs is not waived by
a guilty plea.
        {¶ 37} Finally, the dissenting opinion’s insistence that the exception to the
guilty-plea waiver rule does not apply here misses the foundational problem that
Swazey’s motion did not call for the trial court to consider evidence that was then
or is now part of the record regarding required payments. Regardless of how the
dissenting opinion attempts to recast it, Swazey’s motion to dismiss did not require
the trial court to decide general issues for trial.

2. As noted above, we express no opinion on the merits of the arguments Swazey raised in his
motion. Nor do we express any opinion whether his arguments, if found to have merit, would require
dismissal of the indictment in whole or in part.

                                               16
                                January Term, 2023

                                  III. Conclusion
       {¶ 38} For these reasons, we conclude that Swazey’s motion to dismiss was
proper under Crim.R. 12(C)(2) and that by entering a guilty plea, he did not waive
his right to raise on appeal his constitutional challenge to the indictment. We
therefore affirm the Ninth District Court of Appeals’ judgment and remand the
cause to the trial court to consider Swazey’s pretrial motion. In the event the trial
court denies Swazey’s motion as to any of the counts charged in the indictment, his
convictions shall be reinstated as to those counts.
                                                                 Judgment affirmed
                                              and cause remanded to the trial court.
       FISCHER, DONNELLY, and STEWART, JJ., concur.
       DEWINE, J., dissents, with an opinion joined by KENNEDY, C.J., and
DETERS, J.
                               _________________
       DEWINE, J., dissenting.
       {¶ 39} The majority upholds the determination of the court of appeals that
the trial court erred by denying Michael Swazey Jr.’s pretrial motion to dismiss the
indictment and instead deferring consideration of his arguments until the close of
the state’s case. As a remedy for this error, it concludes that notwithstanding
Swazey’s plea of guilty to each of the three counts charged, the case should be
remanded to the trial court for consideration of Swazey’s pretrial motion to dismiss.
I disagree.
       {¶ 40} The majority tells us that under Crim.R. 12(C)(2), the trial court was
required to consider the merits of Swazey’s motion to dismiss prior to trial because
the motion could have been decided without consideration of the “general issue” in
the case. Majority opinion, ¶ 26. Unfortunately, the majority opinion leaves critical
facts out of its analysis. When these facts are considered, it is evident that a full
adjudication of Swazey’s motion to dismiss required consideration of the evidence

                                         17
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

that would be introduced at trial. Thus, it would have been impossible to grant
Swazey’s motion to dismiss the indictment without consideration of the general
issue in the case. Consequently, the trial court did not err in deferring consideration
of the arguments presented in the motion to dismiss until the close of the state’s
evidence.
        {¶ 41} On this basis alone, the decision of the court of appeals should be
reversed and Swazey’s conviction reinstated. There is also a second, independent
reason that the decision of the court of appeals should be reversed. The error that
Swazey advanced on appeal and that is the basis of the majority’s judgment—the
trial court’s deferment of its decision on the merits of the motion to dismiss until
the close of evidence—was waived by Swazey through his voluntary entry of a
guilty plea.
        {¶ 42} Because I do not believe the trial court erred in deferring its decision
on the motion to dismiss and because I disagree with the majority’s analysis of the
effect of Swazey’s guilty plea, I dissent from the majority’s judgment.
               I. Swazey Pleads Guilty to the Three-Count Indictment
        {¶ 43} Swazey was indicted on three felony counts of nonsupport of a
dependent in violation of R.C. 2919.21(B). Count One of the indictment charged
the following:

                  Michael Swazey, Jr. on or about the 1st day of November,
        2013 through the 31st day of October, 2015, at the county of Medina
        aforesaid, did abandon, or fail to provide support for a total
        accumulated period of twenty-six weeks out of one hundred four
        consecutive weeks, whether or not the twenty-six weeks were
        consecutive as established by a court order to * * *, whom, by court
        order or decree, Michael Swazey, Jr. was legally obligated to

                                          18
                                January Term, 2023

       support in violation of [R.C.] 2919.21(B), Nonsupport of
       Defendants, a felony of the fourth degree.

       {¶ 44} Counts Two and Three of the indictment were identical to Count One
except they covered different periods. Count Two covered November 1, 2015,
through October 31, 2017. Count Three covered November 1, 2017, through
October 31, 2019. Each count also alleged that Swazey had previously been
convicted of failing to pay child support in violation of R.C. 2919.21(B), a fact that
elevated the nonsupport crime to a fourth-degree felony. See R.C. 2919.21(G)(1).
       {¶ 45} Swazey filed a motion to dismiss the indictment, alleging that the
current version of R.C. 2919.21(B) does not apply to his conduct. Swazey noted
that the nonsupport statute had been amended in 2019. See 2018 Sub.S.B. No. 70
(effective Feb. 11, 2019). Prior to the amendment, the statute criminalized only a
person’s failure to support someone whom the “the person is legally obligated to
support.” (Emphasis added.) 2011 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 86. In support of his motion,
Swazey presented a court order that stated his support obligation had terminated on
June 8, 2014, because his dependent had reached her 18th birthday and had
graduated from high school. The order also provided that any arrearages shall be
paid at $208.86 per month.
       {¶ 46} Citing this court’s decision in State v. Pittman, 150 Ohio St.3d 113,
2016-Ohio-8314, 79 N.E.3d 531, Swazey argued that because he only owed
arrearages after his daughter was emancipated, she was not someone that he was
legally obligated to support under the prior version of R.C. 2919.21(B). The state
responded by arguing that the current version of the nonsupport statute applies
retroactively to the entirety of Swazey’s conduct. Pursuant to the February 11,
2019 amendment, R.C. 2919.21(B) criminalizes both a person’s failure to pay
support to someone the person “is legally obligated to support” and a person’s

                                         19
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

failure to pay support to someone the person “was legally obligated to support.”
(Emphasis added.)
       {¶ 47} Importantly, the state also pointed out that even if the trial court
adopted Swazey’s position, prosecution would be precluded for only one count of
the indictment. Regarding Count One, it explained that even accepting Swazey’s
evidence that his daughter was emancipated on June 8, 2014, there still remained
more than 26 weeks for which Swazey had failed to pay support prior to her
emancipation. As to Count Three, the state explained that the period set forth in
the indictment included more than 26 weeks after the effective date of the amended
version of the nonsupport statute during which Swazey had failed to make
payments under the arrearages order. Thus, even if the court accepted Swazey’s
argument about the applicability of the amended statute, he still could be found
guilty of two counts in the indictment.
       {¶ 48} Following a hearing on the motion to dismiss, the trial court
determined that the matter was not appropriate for resolution through a motion to
dismiss. In doing so, the court noted that the motion to dismiss depended on
“factual assertions and evidentiary matters outside of the indictment.” The court
held instead that Swazey’s arguments were “better suited for a motion for acquittal
at the close of” the state’s evidence and therefore denied Swazey’s motion.
       {¶ 49} Rather than raise his retroactivity argument at the close of evidence,
Swazey chose to enter a guilty plea to each of the three counts. He signed a written
plea of guilty, which was also signed by the state and the trial court. The written
plea stated: “I have been informed that by pleading guilty I waive my right to appeal
any issues that might have been raised had I gone to trial and been convicted, and I
understand that right of appeal and it is my intention to waive it.” Prior to accepting
Swazey’s plea, the trial court conducted a Crim.R. 11 plea colloquy. Among other
things, Swazey acknowledged that “a plea of guilty is a complete admission of [his]
guilt to the charges set forth in the indictment.” He also acknowledged that he

                                          20
                                January Term, 2023

understood that by pleading guilty he was giving up his “right to appeal [his]
conviction in this matter.”
       {¶ 50} In the context of this case, Swazey’s decision to plead guilty made
sense. Because Swazey had previously been convicted of nonsupport, he faced up
to 18 months in prison for each of the three counts in the indictment. See R.C.
2929.14(A)(4). And even if the court had accepted his retroactivity argument, he
still could have been convicted and sentenced to prison on two counts. Further, by
pleading guilty, Swazey could anticipate that the court would consider his
acceptance of responsibility at sentencing. See State v. Rahab, 150 Ohio St.3d 152,
2017-Ohio-1401, 80 N.E.3d 431, ¶ 17 (“Acceptance of responsibility is an
appropriate sentencing consideration”). The court ultimately sentenced Swazey at
the lower end of the sentencing range: it chose not to impose prison time and
ordered instead that Swazey serve 180 days in the county jail and two years of
community control.
       {¶ 51} Swazey appealed, presenting a single assignment of error that
asserted that the trial court had erred in overruling his motion to dismiss the
indictment. Within that assignment of error, Swazey argued that the court should
have reached the merits of the motion to dismiss, rather than defer consideration
until the close of the state’s evidence, because amended R.C. 2919.21(B) could not
be applied retroactively to his conduct.
       {¶ 52} The court of appeals reversed Swazey’s convictions. 2022-Ohio-
993, ¶ 17. It held that the trial court had erred by declining to consider the merits
of Swazey’s motion to dismiss prior to trial because the motion could have been
decided without consideration of the general issue in the case. Id. at ¶ 11-12. It
further held that Swazey did not waive the right to raise this error on appeal by
pleading guilty. Id. at ¶ 14. The appellate court remanded the matter to the trial
court to “resolve the issues set forth in * * * Swazey’s motion to dismiss.” Id. at
¶ 15. The majority affirms the decision of the court of appeals. I would not.

                                           21
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

   II. The Trial Court Did Not Err in Deferring Decision on the Merits of
            Swazey’s Motion to Dismiss Until the Close of Evidence
       {¶ 53} The majority correctly determines that nothing in Crim.R. 12(C)(2)
precludes a trial court from considering matters “beyond the four corners of the
indictment” in ruling on a motion to dismiss. Majority opinion at ¶ 22. The
majority also correctly notes that by its terms, Crim.R. 12(C)(2) prohibits a trial-
court judge from considering the general issue for trial when ruling on a pretrial
motion to dismiss. Majority opinion at ¶ 22.
       {¶ 54} But after correctly stating the rule, the majority proceeds to misapply
it in this case. The majority states that Swazey argued in his motion to dismiss that
amended R.C. 2919.21(B)(1) could not be applied to his conduct, because the
statute only applies prospectively and applying the statute retroactively would be
unconstitutional. See majority opinion at ¶ 24. But the majority leaves out critical
facts—specifically, the state’s response to Swazey’s argument and the trial court’s
inquiries at the motion-to-dismiss hearing.
       {¶ 55} In response to the motion to dismiss, the state argued that the
indictment was valid on its face and that the trial court could not consider evidence
outside the indictment in adjudicating Swazey’s motion. It also argued that the
amended statute applied to Swazey’s conduct. But in addition, the state argued that
even if the court accepted Swazey’s argument, there would still not be a basis to
dismiss the indictment:

               Even if the February 11, 2019 R.C. 2919.21(B) amendment
       is taken to be prospective in operation (or retroactive but an
       unconstitutional Ex Post Facto law), which it is not, Counts I and III
       of the indictment would still survive. Count I is for the period from
       November 1, 2013 through October 31, 2015. The child support
       order in this case was terminated effective June 8, 2014 when the

                                         22
                                  January Term, 2023

       child was emancipated. Therefore, there was an active child support
       order in place from November 1, 2013 through June 8, 2014 in
       which Swazey paid no child support. This period was longer than
       the 26 weeks required for a felony non-support charge. Count III is
       for the period from November 1, 2017 through October 31, 2019.
       From February 11, 2019 when R.C. 2919.21(B) was amended
       through October 31, 2019, Swazey again paid no child support for
       well over the required 26 weeks and therefore could be charged with
       an additional count of felony non-support.

       {¶ 56} At the hearing on the motion to dismiss, the trial court immediately
focused on this last issue. As soon as defense counsel began oral argument, the
trial-court judge interrupted and asked, “[C]an you give me a timeline that helps
me understand what you mean in this particular situation with prospective and
retrospective?” After counsel recounted the dates set forth in the indictment, the
court interjected, “So there would be some portion of this time period that would
* * * be after the statute became effective * * *?” Not satisfied with counsel’s
response, the court continued to drill down on the issue:

               THE COURT: My question to you was, there’s a portion of
       the period that falls under the statute. It may not be two years but
       there’s a portion there.
               [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes, Your Honor, from February
       2019 to October 31st, 2019, yes, Your Honor.

Later, the judge commented to defense counsel, “[Y]ou’re asking me to look at
evidence that is not yet before me in making a ruling.”

                                          23
                               SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 57} Following the hearing, the court took the matter under advisement
and subsequently issued a short order explaining that because Swazey’s motion
depended on “factual assertions and evidentiary matters” outside the indictment,
“[Swazey’s] arguments are better suited for a motion for acquittal at the close of
the State’s [case].”
       {¶ 58} I don’t see how this was error. The period of nonpayment set forth
in Count One of the indictment included over 31 weeks before the child was
emancipated—a period in which it is undisputed that Swazey had a legal obligation
to pay support.        Count Three of the indictment included over 37 weeks of
nonpayment after the amended statute went into effect—a period in which it was
undisputed that Swazey had a legal obligation to pay support under the arrearages
order. The state needed to show only that Swazey had failed to make payments for
26 weeks of the relevant periods to obtain a conviction on each of those counts. See
R.C. 2919.21(G)(1). Thus, even if Swazey were correct in his arguments about the
retrospective application of the amended statute, the state could still obtain a
conviction on Counts One and Three if it put on evidence establishing that Swazey
had failed to provide support for at least 26 weeks during the indictment period
before the child was emancipated (Count One) and for at least 26 weeks after the
statute was amended (Count Three).
       {¶ 59} Whether Swazey failed to make payments that he was legally
obligated to make is “the general issue” in the case. See Crim.R. 12(C). Thus, the
issue that Swazey raised by motion—a request to dismiss the indictment—was not
one that was “capable of determination without the trial of the general issue,” id.
       {¶ 60} (The majority—unwittingly, it seems—confirms the truth of this
proposition. It says that if the court had accepted Swazey’s arguments, it could
have denied the motion to dismiss and “the jury would have been left to decide the
general issue whether Swazey failed to make payments for at least 26 weeks under
each count” (emphasis added), majority opinion at ¶ 35. But that’s precisely the

                                         24
                                January Term, 2023

point. The court did deny the motion to dismiss, allowing Swazey to renew his
arguments after the close of evidence. And it was correct in doing so, because there
was no way to grant the motion to dismiss as to Counts One and Three without
resolution of the “general issue” of whether (and when) Swazey failed to make
payments.)
       {¶ 61} Of course, if the trial court accepted Swazey’s legal arguments, it
could have opted to simply dismiss Count Two in response to Swazey’s motion to
dismiss and leave the remainder of the counts for trial. And doing so might have
made sense from a case-management standpoint. But that was not the relief that
Swazey sought in his motion to dismiss.
       {¶ 62} Because the trial court did not err in deferring consideration of
Swazey’s motion to dismiss, the judgment of the court of appeals should be
reversed. The majority errs in doing otherwise. The majority also errs in its
treatment of Swazey’s guilty pleas.
                     III. The Effect of Swazey’s Guilty Pleas
       {¶ 63} Swazey raised only one assignment of error in the court of appeals—
that the trial court erred in overruling his motion to dismiss the indictment. As I
have explained above, there was no error: the trial court was well within its
discretion to defer ruling on the motion to dismiss until the close of evidence.
Because Swazey did not raise any other error in the court of appeals, the court of
appeals should have simply affirmed the trial court’s judgment. And because the
court of appeals did not, we should reverse the court of appeals’ judgment.
       {¶ 64} The majority, however, concludes that the trial court erred in
deferring consideration of the merits of Swazey’s motion to dismiss and then rejects
the state’s argument that by entering a guilty plea to each of the three counts in the
indictment, Swazey waived his right to challenge any error committed by the trial
court. Here, again, its analysis is lacking.

                                          25
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

   A. Swazey’s Guilty Pleas Preclude Him from Challenging the Trial Court’s
                            Purported Procedural Error
       {¶ 65} Under Ohio law, a defendant may enter a guilty plea, which “is a
complete admission of the defendant’s guilt.” Crim.R. 11(B)(1). Alternatively,
with the permission of the court, a defendant may enter a no-contest plea, which “is
not an admission of the defendant’s guilt, but is an admission of the truth of the
facts alleged in the indictment.” Crim.R. 11(B)(2). There is no indication in the
record that Swazey sought to enter a no-contest plea, which would have required
him to admit only the facts in the indictment. Instead, Swazey voluntarily elected
to enter a plea of guilty to each of the three counts.
       {¶ 66} “A valid guilty plea by a counseled defendant * * * generally waives
the right to appeal all prior nonjurisdictional defects * * *.” State v. Beasley, 152
Ohio St.3d 470, 2018-Ohio-16, 97 N.E.3d 474, ¶ 15. This is consistent with the
distinction that Crim.R. 11(B)(1) makes between guilty pleas and no-contest pleas.
       {¶ 67} Nonetheless, a narrow exception has been developed in the caselaw
that encompasses situations in which “on the face of the record the court had no
power to enter the conviction or impose the sentence.” United States v. Broce, 488
U.S. 563, 569, 109 S.Ct. 757, 102 L.Ed.2d 927 (1989). This exception has been
held to include situations where the statute of conviction violates the Constitution.
See Class v. United States, 583 U.S. __, __, 138 S.Ct. 798, 804-805, 200 L.Ed.2d
37 (2018); see also State v. Wilson, 58 Ohio St.2d 52, 55, 388 N.E.2d 745 (1979).
The majority holds that this exception applies to allow Swazey to appeal his
convictions notwithstanding his guilty pleas.
       {¶ 68} The problem is that the only error that Swazey raised on appeal was
the trial court’s failure to grant his pretrial motion to dismiss and instead to defer
consideration of his legal arguments until the close of evidence. This was not an
allegation of error that went to the state’s power to prosecute Swazey but simply
one about a procedural case-management decision of the trial court. There is no

                                          26
                                      January Term, 2023

question that a defendant who enters a guilty plea waives the right to raise such
challenges on appeal.3 See, e.g., State v. Fitzpatrick, 102 Ohio St.3d 321, 2004-
Ohio-3167, 810 N.E.2d 927, ¶ 77-78 (defendant who pleads guilty may not
challenge disposition of pretrial motions). Indeed, the exception to the guilty-plea
waiver rule on which the majority relies applies only to “constitutional
determinations,” Class at ___, 138 S.Ct. at 803.
     B. Even If Swazey Had Challenged the Constitutionality of the Statute of
   Conviction, His Pleas Would Have Barred His Challenge to Counts One and
 Three Because His Challenge Depends on Evidence Outside the Existing Record
         {¶ 69} Furthermore, even if Swazey had challenged the constitutionality of
the statute of his conviction, his challenge, at least to Counts One and Three, would
be barred by his guilty pleas.
         {¶ 70} The cases that the majority relies on all dealt with claims that could
be decided without venturing beyond the existing record. In Class, the United
States Supreme Court explained that the exception to the guilty-plea waiver rule
only applies to constitutional claims that “do not contradict the terms of the
indictment or the written plea agreement,” id., __ U.S. at __, 138 S.Ct. at 804, 200

3. It is also worth noting that Swazey signed a written plea waiver in which he waived the right to
“appeal any issues that might have been raised had [he] gone to trial and been convicted.” There is
no indication that there was any such waiver in any of the cases on which the majority relies. Indeed,
in Class, the United States Supreme Court specifically noted that the defendant had signed only a
limited appellate waiver, which did not waive his right to argue that the statute at issue was
unconstitutional. Id. at __, 138 S.Ct. at 802. Importantly, in cases decided since Class, federal
courts have continued to find express written waivers of appellate rights to be enforceable. See,
e.g., United States v. Lloyd, 901 F.3d 111, 124 (2d Cir.2018), fn. 11 (Class is inapplicable because
defendant signed an “express appeal waiver far broader than did the plea agreement at issue in
Class”); United States v. Mejia-Quintanilla, 9th Cir. No. 17-15899, 2022 U.S. App. LEXIS 22344,
*2-3 (Aug. 11, 2022) (rejecting argument that Class precluded court from giving effect to an express
written waiver of right to appeal); Khan v. United States, D.N.M. Nos. CR 12-2901 RB/CG and CV
17-0744 RB, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 92934, *33 (May 31, 2018) (because defendant “waived his
right to appeal his conviction as well as his right to collaterally attack his conviction on any issue
other than ineffective assistance of counsel[, t]he holding in Class is * * * inapplicable”). The state
in this case, however, neglected to make any argument to this court and to the court of appeals about
the express waiver. Thus, at least arguably, the issue has been forfeited. See State v. Wintermeyer,
158 Ohio St.3d 513, 2019-Ohio-5156, 145 N.E.3d 278, ¶ 25.

                                                  27
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

L.Ed.2d 37—that is, claims that can be “resolved ‘on the basis of the existing
record,’ ” id. at __, 138 S.Ct. at 801, quoting Broce, 488 U.S. at 575, 109 S.Ct. 757,
102 L.Ed.2d 927. Wilson involved a facial challenge to a statute on equal-
protection and due-process grounds and was resolved simply based on a
comparison of the elements of two statutes. Id., 58 Ohio St.2d at 55-60, 388 N.E.2d
745. And “[i]n Menna [v. New York, 423 U.S. 61, 96 S.Ct. 241, 46 L.Ed.2d 195
(1975)], the indictment was facially duplicative of the earlier offense of which the
defendant had been convicted and sentenced so that the admissions made by
Menna’s guilty plea could not conceivably be construed to extend beyond a
redundant confession to the earlier offense.” Broce at 575-576.
       {¶ 71} Here, in contrast, on remand the trial court will necessarily need to
consider new evidence that is not currently part of the record to rule in Swazey’s
favor. By pleading guilty, Swazey admitted that for each count, he had failed to
provide support for 26 weeks out of a 104-week period to a person whom he “[w]as
legally obligated to support,” R.C. 2919.21(B)(1)(b). On its face, there is nothing
incompatible about these pleas and Swazey’s retroactivity argument. Even if the
trial court accepts Swazey’s retroactivity argument, the conduct that Swazey
admitted to in the indictment—failing to pay support for 26 of 104 weeks to
someone he was legally obligated to support—is still legally sufficient for the state
to convict Swazey on Counts One and Three. Thus, the only way that Swazey could
be acquitted on these counts would be for the trial court to consider new evidence
that is inconsistent with his pleas. But the authority on which Swazey relies bars
the trial court from considering evidence outside the existing record. See Class at
__, 138 S.Ct. at 804-805.
      C. There Is No Precedent That Supports a Remand to the Trial Court
       {¶ 72} Until now, the exception to the guilty-plea waiver rule for challenges
based on the constitutionality of the statute of conviction has been used only to
allow an appellate court to review the constitutionality of a statute. In Wilson, this

                                         28
                                     January Term, 2023

court determined that the statute at issue did not violate the Constitution. Id. at 55-
60. In Menna, the United States Supreme Court remanded the matter to the court
of appeals for the constitutional determination. Menna at 63. I have not found—
and the majority does not identify—a single reported appellate case in which the
exception to the guilty-plea appellate-waiver rule has been used to reopen a
proceeding in the trial court.4
         {¶ 73} Neither the court of appeals nor the majority provide any guidance
to the trial court for this novel procedure. The court of appeals did not vacate
Swazey’s guilty plea, so it is unclear the extent to which Swazey is bound by “his
complete admission of [his] guilt,” Crim.R. 11(B)(1), in the proceedings that are to
be conducted below. And the scope of the trial court’s review is unclear. Can
Swazey introduce new evidence in support of the motion to dismiss or is he bound
by the existing record? What if the trial court adopts Swazey’s retroactivity
argument? Does the state then need to put on additional evidence about Swazey’s
payments during the period set forth in Counts One and Three? If the state puts on
additional evidence, do Swazey’s guilty pleas prevent him from challenging the
state’s evidence? What if the trial court grants Swazey’s motion only as to Count
Two and determines it cannot decide the motion as to the other counts without
hearing evidence—do the remaining counts go to trial or is Swazey bound by his
guilty pleas?
         {¶ 74} The majority provides no answers. If the majority is going to
dramatically expand the guilty-plea waiver rule, it should at least provide better
guidance to the trial court about what comes next.

4. Indeed, the best the majority can do is vaguely assert that Swazey presents the same “caliber of
argument” as defendants in cases where an exception to the guilty-plea waiver rule has been found
to apply. Majority opinion at ¶ 36.

                                                29
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

                                  III. Conclusion
       {¶ 75} The majority makes two mistakes. It errs in concluding that the trial
court committed a procedural error in deferring consideration of Swazey’s motion
to dismiss until the close of trial. And it errs by allowing Swazey to raise this
procedural error on appeal despite his guilty pleas. I respectfully dissent.
       KENNEDY, C.J., and DETERS, J., concur in the foregoing opinion.
                                 _________________
       S. Forrest Thompson, Medina County Prosecuting Attorney, and Vincent
Vigluicci, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellant.
       Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, and Addison M. Spriggs, Assistant
Public Defender, for appellee.
                                 _________________

                                         30