Court Opinion

ID: 2806532
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-09 18:01:00.471803+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:07:48.309728
License: Public Domain

Case: 14-50928      Document: 00513071917        Page: 1    Date Filed: 06/09/2015

          IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                   FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT    United States Court of Appeals
                                                     Fifth Circuit

                                                                              FILED
                                                                            June 9, 2015
                                     No. 14-50928
                                                                           Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                Clerk
WHOLE WOMAN’S HEALTH; AUSTIN WOMEN’S HEALTH CENTER;
KILLEEN WOMEN’S HEALTH CENTER; NOVA HEALTH SYSTEMS, doing
business as Reproductive Services; SHERWOOD C. LYNN, JR., M.D., on
behalf of themselves and their patients; PAMELA J. RICHTER, D.O., on behalf
of themselves and their patients; LENDOL L. DAVIS, M.D., on behalf of
themselves and their patients,

                                  Plaintiffs-Appellees – Cross-Appellants

v.

KIRK COLE, M.D., Commissioner of the Texas Department of State Health
Services, in his Official Capacity; MARI ROBINSON, Executive Director of the
Texas Medical Board, in her Official Capacity,

                                  Defendants-Appellants – Cross-Appellees

                  Appeals from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Texas

Before PRADO, ELROD, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
      Plaintiffs, Texas abortion providers, sued State of Texas officials (“the
State”) 1 seeking declaratory and injunctive relief against the enforcement of

      1  The Plaintiffs include Whole Woman’s Health; Austin Women’s Health Center;
Killeen Women’s Health Center; Nova Health Systems d/b/a Reproductive Services; and
Sherwood C. Lynn, Jr., M.D., Pamela J. Richter, D.O., and Lendol L. Davis, M.D., on behalf
of themselves and their patients. The Defendants are Kirk Cole, M.D., Commissioner of the
Texas Department of State Health Services, and Mari Robinson, Executive Director of the
Texas Medical Board, in their official capacities.
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recent amendments to Texas’s law regulating abortions. See 2013 Texas House
Bill No. 2 (“H.B. 2”). 2        Plaintiffs challenge H.B. 2’s physician admitting
privileges requirement as applied to a McAllen and an El Paso abortion facility.
Plaintiffs also challenge H.B. 2’s requirement that abortion facilities satisfy
the standards set for ambulatory surgical centers facially and as applied to the
McAllen and El Paso abortion facilities.                   The district court enjoined
enforcement of both requirements “as applied to all women seeking a
previability abortion,” and as applied to the McAllen and El Paso abortion
facilities. Whole Woman’s Health v. Lakey, 46 F. Supp. 3d 673, 676 (W.D. Tex.
2014) (emphasis added).          The State appeals the entry of declaratory and
injunctive relief. 3    Plaintiffs cross-appeal the dismissal of their additional
equal-protection and unlawful-delegation claims.
       After carefully considering the record in light of the parties’ extensive
written and oral arguments, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of the
Plaintiffs’ equal-protection and unlawful-delegation claims, AFFIRM in part
and MODIFY in part the district court’s injunction of the admitting privileges
and ASC requirements as applied to McAllen, VACATE the district court’s
injunction of the admitting privileges requirement as applied to “all women
seeking a previability abortion,” and REVERSE the district court’s facial
injunction of the ASC requirement, injunction of the ASC requirement in the
context of medication abortion, and injunction of the admitting privileges and

       2Act of July 12, 2013, 83rd Leg., 2d C.S., ch. 1, §§ 1–12, 2013 Tex. Sess. Law Serv.
4795–802 (West) (codified at TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 171.0031, 171.041–.048,
171.061–.064, & amending §§ 245.010–.011; amending TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. §§ 164.052 &
164.055).
       3 As discussed more fully below, upon the State’s motion, a panel of this court partially
stayed the district court’s judgment pending appeal. See Whole Woman’s Health v. Lakey,
769 F.3d 285 (5th Cir. 2014). Upon Plaintiffs’ application, the Supreme Court vacated the
stay in part. See Whole Woman’s Health v. Lakey, 135 S. Ct. 399 (2014).

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ASC requirements as applied to El Paso.
        In plain terms, H.B. 2 and its provisions may be applied throughout
Texas, except that Supreme Court precedent requires us to partially uphold
the district court’s injunction of the ASC requirement as applied to the Whole
Woman’s Health abortion facility in McAllen, Texas, and to uphold the district
court’s injunction of the admitting privileges requirement as applied to Dr.
Lynn when he is working at the McAllen facility.
                         I. Jurisprudential Background
        So that our decision may benefit from a full understanding of the
pertinent historical and jurisprudential context, we begin by reviewing the
regulation of abortion and related Supreme Court cases.
A. Roe v. Wade
        The Supreme Court’s modern abortion jurisprudence began in 1973 with
the landmark case Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). As with the case before
us, Roe dealt with a challenge to Texas’s regulation of abortion. Texas’s penal
code made it a crime punishable by imprisonment to procure or attempt to
procure an abortion unless medically necessary to save the life of the mother.
Id. at 117–18 & n.1. Unlike the law presently challenged, the Texas law was
not of recent vintage. First enacted in 1854 with few substantial modifications,
it was a century old at the time of Roe. See id. at 116, 119. Nor was Texas’s
law unique; a majority of the states had similar laws. See id. at 116, 118 &
n.2.
        Reviewing Texas’s statute against a backdrop of varying state
regulations of abortion, Roe assessed the states’ interests in regulating
abortion, acknowledging a legitimate interest in women’s health:
        The State has a legitimate interest in seeing to it that abortion,
        like any other medical procedure, is performed under

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      circumstances that insure maximum safety for the patient. This
      interest obviously extends at least to the performing physician and
      his staff, to the facilities involved, to the availability of after-care,
      and to adequate provision for any complication or emergency that
      might arise.
Id. at 150. The Court likewise credited an interest in protecting potential life:
“as long as at least potential life is involved, the State may assert interests
beyond the protection of the pregnant woman alone.” Id.
      Most significantly, however, the Court recognized a constitutional right
of privacy “broad enough to encompass a woman’s decision whether or not to
terminate her pregnancy.” Id. at 153. While “[t]he Constitution does not
explicitly mention any right of privacy,” id. at 152, the Court relied on its cases
recognizing a right of personal privacy in other contexts, which it found to be
rooted in the “Fourteenth Amendment’s concept of personal liberty and
restrictions upon state action,” id. at 153.
      Considering these competing concepts, the Court “conclude[d] that the
right of personal privacy includes the abortion decision, but that this right is
not unqualified and must be considered against important state interests in
regulation.” Id. at 154. It thus fashioned a constitutional framework that
conditioned the states’ ability to regulate abortion on a fetus’s viability. It held
that states may not proscribe abortion prior to viability—the point at which
“the fetus then presumably has the capability of meaningful life outside the
mother’s womb.” Id. at 163. After viability, generally at the end of the second
trimester, states could proscribe or regulate abortion except when an abortion
was necessary to preserve the life or health of the mother. Id. at 163–64. The
Court drew this line because it believed the interest in potential life to be
compelling only after viability. See id. at 163.

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      The Court drew a second line at the end of the first trimester of
pregnancy. During the first trimester, states were precluded from interfering
with a woman’s choice to obtain an abortion. Id. From the beginning of the
second trimester onward, Roe held that “a State may regulate the abortion
procedure to the extent that the regulation reasonably relates to the
preservation and protection of maternal health.” Id. “Examples of permissible
state regulation in this area are requirements as to the qualifications of the
person who is to perform the abortion; as to the licensure of that person; as to
the facility in which the procedure is to be performed, that is, whether it must
be a hospital or may be a clinic or some other place of less-than-hospital status;
as to the licensing of the facility; and the like.” Id. The Court drew this line
because it believed the interest in the health of the mother became compelling
only after the first trimester. See id. (crediting evidence “that until the end of
the first trimester mortality in abortion may be less than mortality in normal
childbirth”).   Measured against Roe’s framework, Texas’s law proscribing
abortion at all stages of pregnancy was held unconstitutional. Id. at 166.
B. The Supreme Court’s Review of Abortion Regulations Following Roe
      In the approximately twenty-year period following Roe, it became a
regular practice of the Supreme Court to consider the constitutionality of state
abortion regulations. Roe was explicitly reaffirmed twice during this period,
see Thornburgh v. Am. Coll. of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747, 759
(1986); Akron v. Akron Ctr. for Reprod. Health, Inc. (Akron I), 462 U.S. 416,
420 (1983), before its framework was modified in Planned Parenthood of
Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992). Because Roe allowed
regulations during the second trimester that were “reasonably related to
maternal health,” 410 U.S. at 164, the Court had to determine the
reasonableness of various health regulations. Some health-based regulations

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extended into the first trimester, some regulations were based on an interest
in potential life but extended into the first or second trimester, and other
regulations were said to be justified by interests not recognized in Roe. As the
Supreme Court reviewed these regulations, two considerations often played a
part in the analysis: (1) whether the regulation placed a substantial obstacle
in the path of a woman’s choice to obtain an abortion; 4 and (2) whether the
regulation was reasonably related to a legitimate government interest. 5
       Relevant here, the Supreme Court addressed various state laws
regulating the facilities in which abortions are performed. 6 In Doe v. Bolton,

       4 See, e.g., Thornburgh v. Am. Coll. of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747,
828 (1986) (O’Connor, J., dissenting); Simopoulos v. Virginia, 462 U.S. 506, 520 (1983)
(O’Connor, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment); Akron v. Akron Ctr. for
Reprod. Health, Inc. (Akron I), 462 U.S. 416, 434–35, 445 (1983), overruled in part by Planned
Parenthood of Se. Penn. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992); id. at 453 (O’Connor, J., dissenting);
Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297, 315 (1980); Bellotti v. Baird (Bellotti II), 443 U.S. 622, 647
(1979) (Powell, J., plurality opinion); Maher v. Roe, 432 U.S. 464, 473–74 (1977); Bellotti v.
Baird (Bellotti I), 428 U.S. 132, 147 (1976).
       5  See, e.g., Hodgson v. Minnesota, 497 U.S. 417, 436 (1990) (Stevens, J., plurality
opinion); Thornburgh, 476 U.S. at 828 (O’Connor, J., dissenting); Simopoulos, 462 U.S. at
519; Akron I, 462 U.S. at 453 (O’Connor, J., dissenting); McRae, 448 U.S. at 324; Doe v.
Bolton, 410 U.S. 179, 194 (1973); see also Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 164 (1973) (allowing
regulations during the second trimester that were “reasonably related to maternal health”).
       6  While not as pertinent to this case, the Supreme Court has addressed various other
abortion regulations. The Court has interpreted the Constitution to permit states and the
federal government to allocate resources so as to fund childbirth, but not fund abortion or the
providing of information about abortion—thus encouraging childbirth over abortion. See,
e.g., Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173, 201–03 (1991); Webster v. Reprod. Health Servs., 492 U.S.
490, 507–10 (1989); McRae, 448 U.S. at 318; Maher, 432 U.S. at 474. The Supreme Court
also upheld general informed consent provisions that required a woman to certify in writing
that she consented to an abortion. See Planned Parenthood of Cent. Mo. v. Danforth, 428
U.S. 52, 65–67 (1976). On the other hand, the Court struck down “abortion regulations
designed to influence the woman’s informed choice between abortion or childbirth” by
requiring the giving of information that goes “far beyond merely describing the general
subject matter relevant to informed consent.” Akron I, 462 U.S. at 444–45, overruled by
Casey, 505 U.S. at 881–83; see also Thornburgh, 476 U.S. at 760, 763, overruled by Casey,
505 U.S. at 881–83. The Court also struck down requirements that the information necessary
for informed consent be provided by a physician twenty-four hours prior to the abortion, see
Akron I, 462 U.S. at 448–51, overruled by Casey, 505 U.S. at 884–87, and that a woman obtain

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410 U.S. 179 (1973), the Court considered a requirement that all abortions be
performed “in a hospital licensed by the State Board of Health and also
accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals” (“JCAH”).
Id. at 184.       The Court held that the requirement did not withstand
constitutional scrutiny because it was “not based on differences that are
reasonably related to the purposes of the Act in which it is found.” Id. at 194
(internal quotation marks omitted). In so concluding, the Court explained that
the JCAH standards were general hospital standards not specific to abortion
and the state did not require that the performance of non-abortion surgeries
be constrained to JCAH-accredited hospitals. See id. at 193. The Court further
found the regulation unconstitutional under Roe because it applied to
abortions performed during the first trimester. Id. at 195.
       In Akron I, 462 U.S. 416, overruled in part by Casey, 505 U.S. 833, the
Court parsed how stringently states could regulate abortion to protect a
mother’s health at different stages of pregnancy. It explained that even during
the first trimester, “[c]ertain regulations that have no significant impact on the
woman’s exercise of her right may be permissible where justified by important
state health objectives.” Id. at 430. The Court required these regulations to
“not interfere” with the doctor-patient consultation or the woman’s choice to
obtain an abortion. Id. During the second trimester, it allowed states to
“regulate the abortion procedure to the extent that the regulation reasonably

consent from her spouse to obtain an abortion, see Danforth, 428 U.S. at 69. Furthermore,
the Court declared unconstitutional laws that “impose a blanket provision . . . requiring the
consent of a parent or person in loco parentis as a condition for abortion of an unmarried
minor . . . . [I]f the State decides to require a pregnant minor to obtain one or both parents’
consent to an abortion, it also must provide an alternative procedure whereby authorization
for the abortion can be obtained.” Bellotti II, 443 U.S. at 643 (internal quotation marks
omitted).

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relates to the preservation and protection of maternal health” and does not
“depart from accepted medical practice.” Id. at 430–31 (internal quotation
marks omitted).      The Court applied these principles to invalidate a city
ordinance that only allowed abortions in facilities that were part of a full-
service hospital. See id. at 432–33. The Court held the ordinance “place[d] a
significant obstacle in the path of women seeking an abortion” in the form of
higher costs to obtain an abortion, increased travel distances, and additional
health risks due to increased travel. Id. at 434–35. Further, the Court found
the health justification for the requirement undercut by “present medical
knowledge” that abortions during the second trimester could safely be
performed in a physician’s office. Id. at 437.
      In contrast, in Simopoulos v. Virginia, 462 U.S. 506, the Supreme Court
upheld a state requirement that all second-trimester abortions be performed
in a state-licensed “outpatient surgical hospital.”    Id. at 515.    The Court
explained that the law differed materially from that in Akron I:
      The requirements at issue [in Akron I] mandated that all second-
      trimester abortions must be performed in general, acute-care
      facilities. In contrast, the Virginia statutes and regulations do not
      require that second-trimester abortions be performed exclusively
      in full-service hospitals.        Under Virginia’s hospitalization
      requirement, outpatient surgical hospitals may qualify for
      licensing as “hospitals” in which second-trimester abortions
      lawfully may be performed.
Id. at 516 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Virginia’s law
required outpatient surgical hospitals to meet standards in the following
categories: (1) “organization, management, policies, procedures, and staffing”;
(2) “construction standards,” including for “public areas, clinical areas,
laboratory and radiology services, and general building”; and (3) “patient care
services,” including anesthesia, laboratory, pathology, sanitation, laundry,

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physical plant, medical records, emergency services, and evacuation planning.
Id. at 515–16 (internal quotation marks omitted).
       The Court held that Virginia’s outpatient-surgical-hospital requirement
was “not an unreasonable means of furthering the State’s compelling interest
in protecting the woman’s own health and safety.” Id. at 519 (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted). The Court explained that, “[i]n view of its
interest in protecting the health of its citizens, the State necessarily has
considerable discretion in determining standards for the licensing of medical
facilities.” Id. at 516. Unlike in Akron I, the Court concluded “[o]n their face,
the Virginia regulations appear to be generally compatible with accepted
medical standards governing outpatient second-trimester abortions.” Id. at
517. The Court also saw “no reason to doubt that an adequately equipped clinic
could, upon proper application, obtain an outpatient hospital license
permitting the performance of second-trimester abortions.” Id. at 518–19.
C. Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey
       Nineteen years after Roe, in Planned Parenthood of Southeastern
Pennsylvania v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992), a divided Court revisited Roe. In
a joint opinion, Justices O’Connor, Kennedy, and Souter announced the
judgment of the Court and delivered the opinion of the Court as to some parts.
Id. at 843–44. Although parts of the joint opinion were a plurality not joined
by a majority of the Court, the joint opinion is nonetheless considered the
holding of the Court under Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188, 193 (1977),
as the narrowest position supporting the judgment. 7

       7  See Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914, 952 (2000) (Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting)
(“Despite my disagreement with the opinion, under the rule laid down in [Marks], the Casey
joint opinion represents the holding of the Court in that case.”); K.P. v. LeBlanc, 729 F.3d
427, 442 n.93 (5th Cir. 2013); see, e.g., Stenberg, 530 U.S. at 921 (majority opinion) (applying
Casey’s joint opinion).

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      The Court first reaffirmed Roe’s “essential holding” that before viability
a woman has a constitutional right to choose to terminate her pregnancy. 8 See
505 U.S. at 870–71. The Court went on, however, to modify the jurisprudence,
reasoning that the legitimate interests of the states as recognized in Roe were
“given too little acknowledgment and implementation by the Court in its
subsequent cases,” which decided that “any regulation touching upon the
abortion decision must survive strict scrutiny, to be sustained only if drawn in
narrow terms to further a compelling state interest.” Id. at 871 (citing by
example Akron I, 462 U.S. at 427). The Court found it “an overstatement to
describe [the abortion right] as a right to decide whether to have an abortion
‘without interference from the State.’” Id. at 875 (quoting Danforth, 428 U.S.
at 61). Those cases that struck down an abortion regulation, “which in no real
sense deprived women of the ultimate decision. . . . went too far.” Id. Thus,
the Court concluded that, in practice, Roe’s trimester framework had not given
proper effect to the states’ legitimate interests, which the Court found exist
throughout pregnancy. See id. at 872–73, 875–76.
      Accordingly, the Court held that a law, to infringe the right recognized
in Roe, must do more than simply make the right more difficult to exercise. It
must impose an undue burden on the exercise of that right:
      Numerous forms of state regulation might have the incidental
      effect of increasing the cost or decreasing the availability of
      medical care, whether for abortion or any other medical procedure.
      The fact that a law which serves a valid purpose, one not designed
      to strike at the right itself, has the incidental effect of making it
      more difficult or more expensive to procure an abortion cannot be

      8  The Court recognized that “time has overtaken some of Roe’s factual assumptions,”
because modern science and “advances in neonatal care have advanced viability to a point
somewhat earlier.” Casey, 505 U.S. at 860 (comparing Roe, 410 U.S. at 160, with Webster,
492 U.S. at 515–16).

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      enough to invalidate it. Only where state regulation imposes an
      undue burden on a woman’s ability to make this decision does the
      power of the State reach into the heart of the liberty protected by
      the Due Process Clause.
Id. at 874. “A finding of an undue burden is a shorthand for the conclusion
that a state regulation has the purpose or effect of placing a substantial
obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus.” Id.
at 877. The Court also indicated that if a law does not impose an undue burden
on a woman’s right to choose an abortion, the law is constitutional so long as it
is reasonably related to, or designed to further, a legitimate state interest:
      Unless it [imposes an undue burden] on her right of choice, a state
      measure designed to persuade her to choose childbirth over
      abortion will be upheld if reasonably related to that goal.
      Regulations designed to foster the health of a woman seeking an
      abortion are valid if they do not constitute an undue burden.
Id. at 878 (emphasis added). Stated more simply, Casey held that a law
regulating previability abortion is constitutional if: (1) it does not have the
purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman
seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus; and (2) it is reasonably related to (or
designed to further) a legitimate state interest. See id.
      Overruling precedent, the Court applied this test to uphold the state’s
requirement that a physician provide the woman information on the risks of
abortion, the gestational age of the child, alternatives to abortion, and
available assistance if the woman chose to proceed to natural birth. See id. at
881–83 (overruling Akron I, 462 U.S. at 444, and Thornburgh, 476 U.S. at 762).
It found the requirement was “a reasonable measure to ensure an informed
choice, one which might cause the woman to choose childbirth over abortion,”
serving the state’s “legitimate goal of protecting the life of the unborn.” Id. at
883. The Court concluded that “[t]his requirement cannot be considered a

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substantial obstacle to obtaining an abortion, and, it follows, there is no undue
burden.” Id. 9
      The Court separately upheld a 24-hour waiting period requirement. It
found it reasonable to conclude that “important decisions will be more informed
and deliberate if they follow some period of reflection,” and held that “[i]n
theory, at least, the waiting period is a reasonable measure to implement the
State’s interest in protecting the life of the unborn.” Id. at 885 (overruling
Akron I, 462 U.S. at 450). The Court addressed the district court’s finding that
the 24-hour waiting period, combined with the driving distances to abortion
providers, would often produce delays of more than one day, and “for those
women who have the fewest financial resources, those who must travel long
distances, and those who have difficulty explaining their whereabouts to
husbands, employers, or others, the 24-hour waiting period will be particularly
burdensome.”       Id. at 886 (internal quotation marks omitted).                Despite
acknowledging that “the waiting period ha[d] the effect of increasing the cost
and risk of delay of abortions,” the Court held that the findings did not
demonstrate an undue burden. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The
Court reasoned that, although the district court found the requirement
imposed a heavier burden on some women, “[a] particular burden is not of
necessity a substantial obstacle. Whether a burden falls on a particular group
is a distinct inquiry from whether it is a substantial obstacle even as to the
women in that group.” Id. at 887.
      The Supreme Court also facially invalidated Pennsylvania’s requirement
that, prior to obtaining an abortion, a married woman state that she notified

      9 The Court also upheld a requirement that a physician must provide the information.
See 505 U.S. at 884–85 (overruling Akron I, 462 U.S. at 448).

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her spouse that she planned to obtain an abortion. See id. at 887–98. In light
of the domestic abuse that might result from some women notifying their
spouses, the Court held that the requirement had the effect of placing a
substantial obstacle in the path of a woman’s choice to obtain an abortion:
       The spousal notification requirement is thus likely to prevent a
       significant number of women from obtaining an abortion. It does
       not merely make abortions a little more difficult or expensive to
       obtain; for many women, it will impose a substantial obstacle. We
       must not blind ourselves to the fact that the significant number of
       women who fear for their safety and the safety of their children are
       likely to be deterred from procuring an abortion as surely as if the
       Commonwealth had outlawed abortion in all cases.
Id. at 893–94. Pennsylvania argued that, even given this conclusion, the
statute should not be facially invalidated because only 20% of women who
obtained an abortion were married and 95% of those women voluntarily
notified their spouses, resulting in the requirement affecting less than 1% of
women seeking an abortion in Pennsylvania. See id. at 894. The Court rejected
this argument and facially invalidated the requirement because “in a large
fraction of the cases in which [it] is relevant, it [would] operate as a substantial
obstacle to a woman’s choice to undergo an abortion.” Id. at 895. 10
D. Application of Casey
       Since Casey, the Court has applied the undue burden test three times.
In Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968 (1997) (per curiam), the Court reversed
an injunction of Montana’s requirement that only physicians perform

       10 The Court reasoned:
        The analysis does not end with the one percent of women upon whom the
        statute operates; it begins there. Legislation is measured for consistency with
        the Constitution by its impact on those whose conduct it affects. . . . The proper
        focus of constitutional inquiry is the group for whom the law is a restriction,
        not the group for whom the law is irrelevant.
Id. at 894.

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abortions. The Court concluded that the law did not create a substantial
obstacle to abortion. See id. at 973–74. The Court also rejected the argument
that an invalid purpose was proven by a lack of medical evidence:
      Respondents claim in this Court that the Montana law must have
      had an invalid purpose because all health evidence contradicts the
      claim that there is any health basis for the law. . . . But this line
      of argument is squarely foreclosed by Casey itself. In the course of
      upholding the physician-only requirement at issue in that case, we
      emphasized that “[o]ur cases reflect the fact that the Constitution
      gives the States broad latitude to decide that particular functions
      may be performed only by licensed professionals, even if an
      objective assessment might suggest that those same tasks could be
      performed by others.”
Id. at 973 (alteration in original) (quoting Casey, 505 U.S. at 885).
      The two other post-Casey cases dealt with prohibitions on what has been
termed partial-birth abortion, and the cases resulted in divergent conclusions.
Stenberg v. Carhart involved a Nebraska law making it a felony to perform a
partial-birth abortion unless necessary to save the life of the mother. 530 U.S.
914, 921–22 (2000).     The Supreme Court held that the law was facially
unconstitutional for two reasons. First, the Court found impermissible the lack
of a health exception to allow for the partial-birth abortion procedure if
necessary to preserve the life or health of the mother (as opposed to an
exception solely to save the life of the mother, which the statute did contain).
Id. at 930.     Although Nebraska argued that a health exception was
unnecessary because other abortion procedures could be safely used, the Court
found this argument contradicted by evidence presented in the district court.
Id. at 931–37. The Court explained that division of medical opinion on the
subject favored a health exception. Id. at 937. Second, the Court held the law
unconstitutional because it had the “effect of placing a substantial obstacle in
the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus” by encompassing

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within its statutory definition not only partial-birth abortion, but also the
abortion procedure most commonly used during the second trimester of
pregnancy—dilation and evacuation (“D&E”). Id. at 938 (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted).
      Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124 (2007), upheld as facially
constitutional the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 (“the Act”), 18 U.S.C.
§ 1531, which Congress drafted in response to Stenberg. See 550 U.S. at 132–
33, 141. Congress made factual findings that “[a] moral, medical, and ethical
consensus exists that the practice of performing a partial-birth abortion . . . is
a gruesome and inhumane procedure that is never medically necessary.” Id.
at 141 (alteration      in   original)   (internal     quotation   marks    omitted).
Significantly, the Supreme Court interpreted the language of the Act to be
more specific and precise than the language of the statute in Stenberg, such
that it prohibited only partial-birth abortion and did not encompass the
commonly used D&E procedure. See id. at 133, 150–56. The Act contained an
exception if the procedure was necessary “to save the life of a mother,” which
tracked the Nebraska exception struck down in Stenberg. Compare id. at 141,
with Stenberg, 530 U.S. at 921–22.
       The Supreme Court applied Casey’s undue burden test, “assum[ing its]
principles for the purpose of th[e] opinion.” 550 U.S. at 146. The Court found,
based on Congress’s stated reasons for the Act and a “description of the
prohibited abortion procedure,” that the purpose of the Act was to: (1)
“express[] respect for the dignity of human life”; and (2) “protect[] the integrity
and ethics of the medical profession.” Id. at 156–57 (internal quotation marks
omitted). Referencing Casey, the Court held that the Act was grounded in a
legitimate purpose because “government may use its voice and its regulatory
authority to show its profound respect for the life within the woman.” Id. at

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157.   In explaining why Casey’s purpose prong was satisfied, the Court
described a rational basis test:
       Where it has a rational basis to act, and it does not impose an
       undue burden, the State may use its regulatory power to bar
       certain procedures and substitute others, all in furtherance of its
       legitimate interests in regulating the medical profession in order
       to promote respect for life, including life of the unborn.
Id. at 158.
       The Court then applied Casey’s “effect” prong, asking whether the Act
had the effect of imposing an undue burden by barring partial-birth abortion
while not including a health exception. See id. at 161–67. The Court explained
that “the Act would be unconstitutional, under precedents we here assume to
be controlling, if it subject[ed] [women] to significant health risks.” Id. at 161
(alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, the Court
noted “documented medical disagreement whether the Act’s prohibition would
ever impose significant health risks,” id. at 162, and held that this medical
uncertainty foreclosed facially invalidating the act based on an undue burden:
              The question becomes whether the Act can stand when this
       medical uncertainty persists. The Court’s precedents instruct that
       the Act can survive this facial attack. The Court has given state
       and federal legislatures wide discretion to pass legislation in areas
       where there is medical and scientific uncertainty.
              . . . Physicians are not entitled to ignore regulations that
       direct them to use reasonable alternative procedures. The law
       need not give abortion doctors unfettered choice in the course of
       their medical practice, nor should it elevate their status above
       other physicians in the medical community. . . .
              Medical uncertainty does not foreclose the exercise of
       legislative power in the abortion context any more than it does in
       other contexts. The medical uncertainty over whether the Act’s
       prohibition creates significant health risks provides a sufficient
       basis to conclude in this facial attack that the Act does not impose
       an undue burden.

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Id. at 163–64 (citations omitted).
       Accordingly, having concluded that the Act did not have the purpose or
effect of imposing an undue burden on a woman’s right to choose an abortion
in a large fraction of relevant cases, 11 the Court upheld the Act against facial
challenge. Id. at 167–68.
E. This Court’s Decision in Abbott II
       With this history in mind, in Planned Parenthood of Greater Texas
Surgical Health Services v. Abbott (Abbott II)—an earlier case in which we
addressed the constitutionality of the admitting privileges requirement in
H.B. 2—we summarized those standards that are also applicable to this case:
              A trio of widely-known Supreme Court decisions provides
       the framework for ruling on the constitutionality of H.B. 2. In Roe
       v. Wade, the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment’s concept
       of personal liberty encompasses a woman’s right to end a
       pregnancy by abortion. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 153 (1973). In
       Casey, the Court reaffirmed what it regarded as Roe’s “essential
       holding,” the right to abort before viability, the point at which the
       unborn life can survive outside of the womb. Casey, 505 U.S. at
       870, 878. Before viability, the State may not impose an “undue
       burden,” defined as any regulation that has the purpose or effect
       of creating a “substantial obstacle” to a woman’s choice. Id. at 874,
       878. In Gonzales, the Court added that abortion restrictions must
       also pass rational basis review. Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 158 (holding
       that the State may ban certain abortion procedures and substitute
       others provided that “it has a rational basis to act, and it does not
       impose an undue burden” (emphasis added)).
748 F.3d 583, 589–90 (5th Cir.), reh’g en banc denied, 769 F.3d 330 (5th Cir.
2014).

       11 The Court acknowledged without deciding the issue of whether a facial challenge
required showing that the law is unconstitutional in all circumstances or, as described in
Casey, only in a large fraction of the cases in which the law is relevant. See id. at 167–68.

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               II. Factual and Procedural Background of this Case
       Having set the stage, we now turn to the matters at issue in this case.
In 2013, the State of Texas passed H.B. 2, which contained various provisions
relating to abortions.       H.B. 2 has four primary provisions, of which the
Plaintiffs challenge two. The first challenged provision requires a physician
performing an abortion to have admitting privileges at a hospital within thirty
miles of the location where the abortion is performed (the “admitting privileges
requirement”). See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 171.0031(a)(1) (West
Supp. 2014). We addressed an earlier facial challenge to this provision in
Abbott II, 748 F.3d 583. 12 The second provision requires all abortion clinics to
comply with standards set for ambulatory surgical centers (the “ASC
requirement”). 13 See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 245.010(a) (West
Supp. 2014). Clinics had until September 2014, nearly fourteen months after
H.B. 2 was passed, to comply with the ASC requirement. Id. The Texas
Legislature’s stated purpose for enacting these provisions was to raise the
standard and quality of care for women seeking abortions and to protect the
health and welfare of women seeking abortions. See Senate Comm. on Health
& Human Servs., Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 2, 83d Leg., 2d C.S. 1 (2013). H.B. 2
contains a “comprehensive and careful severability provision,” Abbott II, 748
F.3d at 589, as do the implementing regulations. See H.B. 2 § 10(b); 25 TEX.
ADMIN. CODE § 139.9.

       12  The admitting privileges requirement went into effect on October 31, 2013. The
district court enjoined the provision, but we stayed the injunction on October 31, 2013,
Planned Parenthood of Greater Tex. Surgical Health Servs. v. Abbott (Abbott I), 734 F.3d 406,
419 (5th Cir. 2013), and thereafter vacated the injunction, see Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 605.
       13  An ambulatory surgical center is “a facility that operates primarily to provide
surgical services to patients who do not require overnight hospital care.” TEX. HEALTH &
SAFETY CODE ANN. § 243.002(1) (West 2010).

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       Adopted in December 2013, the regulations implementing the ASC
requirement mandate that abortion facilities satisfy the standards applicable
to ASCs in addition to any standards specifically applicable to abortion
facilities. See 25 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 139.40; 38 Tex. Reg. 9577 (Dec. 27, 2013).
The regulatory standards for ASCs fall into three categories: (1) operating
requirements, including requirements for records systems, patient rights,
quality assurance, staffing, and cleanliness, 25 TEX. ADMIN. CODE §§ 135.4–
.17, 135.26–.27; (2) fire prevention and general safety requirements, id.
§§ 135.41–.43; and (3) physical plant requirements, which include location,
physical construction, electrical, plumbing, and HVAC requirements, id.
§§ 135.51–.56.
       Shortly after H.B. 2 was passed, some of the same parties named in this
case 14 sued the State of Texas seeking to invalidate certain provisions of H.B. 2,
specifically, the admitting privileges requirement and the provision requiring
compliance with the FDA protocol for what is known as “medication abortions”
(the use of drugs to induce an abortion rather than performing a surgical
procedure) (the “medication abortion provision”). In that case, the district

       14  Planned Parenthood, the largest provider of abortion services in Texas, is not a
party to this lawsuit, although it was a named plaintiff in Abbott II. Lamar Robinson, M.D.
was a named plaintiff in Abbott II and was originally a named plaintiff in this case. However,
on June 3, 2014, he filed a Notice of Voluntary Dismissal because he obtained admitting
privileges at a hospital within thirty miles of the clinic at which he provided abortions.
        Otherwise, Plaintiffs largely overlap with the plaintiffs in Abbott II. Whole Woman’s
Health, Austin Women’s Health Center, Killeen Women’s Health Center, and Dr. Richter
were plaintiffs in Abbott II. 748 F.3d 583 Doctors Lynn and Davis were not parties in Abbott
II, but Whole Woman’s Health and Austin Women’s Health Center, respectively, sued on
their behalf. See Complaint, Doc. No. 1, ¶¶ 13–14, Planned Parenthood of Greater Tex.
Surgical Health Servs. v. Abbott, No. 1:13-CV-862-LY (W.D. Tex.) (stating that clinics were
suing “on behalf of” their “physicians”). Reproductive Services was not a plaintiff in Abbott
II, but Dr. Richter, its medical director and sole abortion-performing physician, was a
plaintiff. See id. ¶ 21.

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court granted relief to the plaintiffs in part, see Planned Parenthood of Greater
Tex. Surgical Health Servs. v. Abbott, 951 F. Supp. 2d 891, 909 (W.D. Tex.
2013), and we first granted a stay, see Planned Parenthood of Greater Tex.
Surgical Health Servs. v. Abbott (Abbott I), 734 F.3d 406, 419 (5th Cir. 2013),
and later affirmed in part and reversed in part, see Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 605.
The time for seeking certiorari from the United States Supreme Court passed,
and no petition was filed. In that earlier challenge to H.B. 2, the Plaintiffs did
not raise any issues regarding the ASC requirement.
      Instead, they waited until April of 2014, one week after the adverse
decision in Abbott II, to file this lawsuit challenging Texas’s requirement that
abortion facilities satisfy the standards set for ASCs. Together with a facial
challenge to the ASC requirement, they also challenged the admitting
privileges requirement and the ASC requirement as applied to Whole Woman’s
Health’s abortion facility in McAllen and Reproductive Services’ abortion
facility in El Paso. In addition, the Plaintiffs challenged H.B. 2 on several other
grounds, including that it denies equal protection, unlawfully delegates
lawmaking authority, and constitutes arbitrary and unreasonable state action.
Before trial, the district court granted the State’s motion to dismiss claims
based on these other grounds.
      After a four-day bench trial employing a highly-abbreviated format for
the presentation of evidence, the district court enjoined enforcement of the
admitting privileges requirement and ASC requirement “as applied to all
women seeking a previability abortion,” and as applied to the McAllen and El
Paso abortion facilities. Lakey, 46 F. Supp. 3d at 676, 687 (emphasis added).
The district court also enjoined the ASC requirement as applied to medication
abortions. Id.
      At trial, the parties stipulated to the following facts. Seven ASCs in five

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major Texas cities (Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, and San Antonio)
were licensed to perform abortions and would be able to continue providing
abortions after the ASC requirement went into effect. No other facility in
Texas licensed to perform abortions satisfied the ASC requirement, and, thus,
these other facilities would be prohibited from performing abortions after the
ASC requirement went into effect on September 1, 2014. The parties further
stipulated that Planned Parenthood of South Texas planned to open an ASC
in San Antonio in September 2014. The district court accepted these stipulated
facts, stating that the ASC requirement would “reduce the number of licensed
abortion-providing facilities to, at most, eight.” Id. at 681. 15 The district court
also found that Texas had over forty abortion clinics prior to H.B. 2, but the
district court did not discuss whether some of these clinics may have closed for
reasons unrelated to H.B. 2. 16 See id. Both parties offered expert testimony at
trial as to the increased travel distances that women would face to obtain an
abortion due to H.B. 2.           The district court credited the testimony of the

       15  The State points out that it did not stipulate that only eight abortion facilities would
remain in Texas, arguing that currently licensed abortion facilities that do not comply with
the ASC requirement might buy, build, or lease a licensed ASC. The parties stipulated that
there were “433 licensed ambulatory surgical centers in Texas.” There was testimony at trial
that Dr. Davis and Austin Woman’s Health Center purchased land in Austin with plans to
open an ASC in the future and that Reproductive Services hoped to open an ASC in San
Antonio. The fact that there are currently licensed ASCs in Texas where abortions are
performed and that abortion providers have plans to open more attests that it is indeed
possible for abortion providers to comply with the ASC requirement. Conversely, the
Plaintiffs offered testimony that their efforts to lease an existing ASC failed primarily due to
hostility to abortion. The evidence thus showed that there will be at least eight licensed ASCs
in Texas where abortions are performed.
       16 For example, we noted in Abbott I and II that abortion facilities had difficulty
recruiting physicians with admitting privileges because a large proportion of physicians
performing abortions were over the age of 60 and had already retired or were planning to
retire. Abbott I, 734 F.3d at 415; Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 591. In addition, we noted that some
physicians felt deterred by the terms of their existing employment or were concerned about
private discrimination. Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 591, 599.

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Plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Grossman, and found that, due to H.B. 2, “a significant
number of the reproductive-age female population of Texas will need to travel
considerably [farther] in order to” obtain an abortion. Id. at 681–82.
       Regarding the ASC requirement, the Plaintiffs offered expert testimony
that “abortions can be safely performed in office-based settings, such as
doctors’ offices and specialized clinics,” and that “there is no medical basis for
requiring facilities in which abortions are performed to meet ASC standards.” 17
Despite H.B. 2’s severability clause and the fact that many of the ASC
standards seem benign and inexpensive, see, e.g., 25 TEX. ADMIN. CODE
§ 135.52(e)(1)(F) (“A liquid or foam soap dispenser shall be located at each hand
washing facility.”), Plaintiffs conceded at oral argument that they made no
effort to narrow their challenge to any particular standards of the ASC
provision of H.B. 2 or its accompanying regulations. Instead, they ask us to
invalidate the entire ASC requirement.
       In opposition, the State offered expert testimony that the sterile
environment of an ASC was medically beneficial because surgical abortion
involves invasive entry into the uterus, which is sterile. Accordingly, the
State’s expert opined that abortion procedures should “be performed in an ASC
where the higher standard of care is required so as to better protect the
patient’s health and safety.” 18

       17  Plaintiffs offered expert testimony that the ASC requirement’s construction
standards were “largely aimed at maintaining a sterile operating environment,” which is not
necessary for surgical abortion because “it entails insertion of instruments into the uterus
through the vagina, which is naturally colonized by bacteria.” Plaintiffs also offered expert
testimony that abortion procedures do not necessitate large operating rooms or scrub nurses
and circulating nurses, as are required for ASCs. The Plaintiffs’ expert also explained that
medication abortions do not involve surgery but entail the oral administration of medications;
accordingly, the expert concluded that there is “no medical basis for requiring medical
abortion to be provided in an ASC.”
       18 The State’s expert explained that other procedures requiring entry into the uterus,

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       Like the Plaintiffs, the district court made no effort to write narrowly,
finding that the entirety of the ASC requirement was not medically necessary
and that its burdens outweighed any benefits, including that: (1) “women will
not obtain better care or experience more frequent positive outcomes at an
[ASC] as compared to a previously licensed facility”; (2) “it is unlikely that the
stated goal of the requirement—improving women’s health—will actually come
to pass”; and (3) “the severity of the burden imposed by both requirements is
not balanced by the weight of the interests underlying them.” Lakey, 46 F.
Supp. 3d at 684.
       Regarding the as-applied challenge to the admitting privileges
requirement, the State offered expert testimony that this requirement leads to
greater continuity of care and “assures peer-review of abortion providers by
requiring them to be credentialed and hold admitting privileges at a local
hospital, thereby protecting patients from less than qualified providers.” 19
Conversely, the Plaintiffs offered testimony that abortion physicians were
being denied admitting privileges, not because of their level of competence, but
for various other reasons, including: outright denial of admitting privileges
with no explanation other than that it “was not based on clinical competence,”

such as dilation and curettage, are traditionally performed in an ASC or hospital settings for
that reason. The State’s expert further explained that ASC requirements as to accountability
and monitoring mechanisms ensure patient safety and that other requirements regarding
follow up and continuity of care result in patients receiving a higher quality of care.
       19 The State’s expert opined that the physician performing the abortion “is the most
knowledgeable about the procedure and the patient,” whereas an emergency room “physician
has no prior relationship with the abortion patient and is unfamiliar with her medical history
and personal preferences.” Thus, it was the State’s expert’s opinion that the admitting
privileges requirement would lead to greater continuity of care, increased quality of care, and
fewer risks from complications. See also Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 595 (“Requiring abortion
providers to have admitting privileges would also promote the continuity of care in all cases,
reducing the risk of injury caused by miscommunication and misdiagnosis when a patient is
transferred from one health care provider to another.”).

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and having not completed a medical residency even though the bylaws of the
hospital did not require such. As with the ASC requirement, the district court
ultimately found the admitting privileges requirement was not medically
justifiable and that the burdens it imposed were not outweighed by any
potential health benefits. See id. at 684–85.
       The State appeals the entry of declaratory and injunctive relief.
Plaintiffs cross-appeal the dismissal of their equal-protection and unlawful-
delegation claims and the district court’s failure to hold the ASC requirement
unconstitutional as applied to future abortion providers. As part of its appeal,
the State sought a stay of the district court’s order pending resolution of the
appeal, and a motions panel of this court stayed in part the district court’s
injunction. See Whole Woman’s Health v. Lakey, 769 F.3d 285, 305 (5th Cir.),
vacated in part, 135 S. Ct. 399 (2014). In turn, the Supreme Court modified
this court’s order pending full consideration of the appeal and maintained the
status quo by continuing the district court’s injunction of the ASC requirement
as well as the district court’s injunction of the admitting privileges requirement
as applied to the McAllen and El Paso facilities. See Whole Woman’s Health v.
Lakey, 135 S. Ct. 399 (2014). 20

       20  In its reply brief, the State argues for the first time that there is no longer an Article
III case or controversy concerning the El Paso clinic because it has not yet reopened in light
of the district court’s injunction and the Supreme Court continuing that injunction pending
appeal. We conclude that this issue is not moot as the State suggests. The El Paso abortion
facility was no longer able to provide abortions after April 2014 because its physician, Dr.
Richter, no longer had admitting privileges at a local hospital. The Plaintiffs returned the
facility’s license because they could not afford to pay its annual assessment fees while it was
not generating revenue. The facility has not immediately resumed providing services
because, during the four months that it was closed, it had to close its doors, lay off its staff,
move its records and equipment into storage, cancel its contracts with vendors, and give up
its lease and its license. The president of the organization that ran the facility testified that
if it was successful in this lawsuit, it would “seek to reestablish a licensed abortion facility in
El Paso.” Because the admitting privileges requirement arguably contributed to the closure
of the El Paso facility and there is uncontested testimony that the facility will seek to reopen

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                                III. Standard of Review
       We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error, its legal
conclusions de novo, and its ultimate decision to enjoin enforcement of H.B. 2
for abuse of discretion. See Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 589. In so doing, we are not
bound by the determinations of the motions panel, which considered during an
abbreviated proceeding whether an emergency stay should be granted. See
Lakey, 769 F.3d at 305; Abbott I, 734 F.3d at 419 (citing Mattern v. Eastman
Kodak Co., 104 F.3d 702, 704 (5th Cir. 1997)). Further, no guidance can be
gleaned from the Supreme Court’s vacating portions of the stay without
explanation, as we cannot discern the underlying reasoning from the one-
paragraph order.
           IV. Admitting Privileges Requirement – Facial Challenge
       By facially invalidating the admitting privileges requirement, the
district court granted more relief than anyone requested or briefed. See Lakey,
46 F. Supp. 3d at 677 (“[T]he two portions of Texas Health and Safety Code,
Sections 245.010(a) and 171.0031(a)(1), create an impermissible obstacle as
applied to all women seeking a previability abortion.” (emphasis added)). Not
only was it inappropriate for the district court to grant unrequested relief in a
constitutional challenge to a state law, see Jackson Women’s Health Org. v.
Currier, 760 F.3d 448, 458 (5th Cir. 2014) (narrowing a district court’s
apparent facial relief, which the court held “was an overly broad remedy in an
as-applied challenge”), petition for cert. filed, S. Ct. No. 14-997 (Feb. 18, 2015),
but in so doing, the district court also ran directly afoul of the holding and

upon a favorable resolution of this case, the parties still have a concrete interest in this
controversy such that it is not moot. See Chafin v. Chafin, 133 S. Ct. 1017, 1023 (2013) (“As
long as the parties have a concrete interest, however small, in the outcome of the litigation,
the case is not moot.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

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mandate of Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 598–600, and the principle of res judicata.
See Lakey, 769 F.3d at 293.            By granting a broad injunction against the
admitting privileges requirement “as applied to all women seeking a
previability abortion,” the district court resurrected the facial challenge put to
rest in Abbott II. 21 However much a district court may disagree with an
appellate court, a district court is not free to disregard the mandate or directly
applicable holding of the appellate court. See United States v. Teel, 691 F.3d
578, 582–83 (5th Cir. 2012) (describing the law-of-the-case doctrine and
mandate rule). We need not spend more time on this well-settled proposition—
which plaintiffs do not dispute—and, instead, VACATE this portion of the
district court’s order.
                      V. ASC Requirement – Facial Challenge
A. Res Judicata
       The State of Texas argues that these Plaintiffs previously challenged
H.B. 2 in Abbott II without addressing the ASC requirement and, therefore,
res judicata bars the current facial challenge. 22 For their part, the Plaintiffs
argue that they could not have brought a challenge sooner because they did
not know how the statute would be implemented until the implementing
regulations went into effect. The district court agreed with Plaintiffs and
rejected the State’s res judicata defense at the motion to dismiss stage. It also
concluded that challenges to the admitting privileges requirement and the ASC
requirement represent different claims and causes of action. We reverse.

       21  The only exception to our disallowing the facial challenge in Abbott II was that we
did not reverse the district court’s injunction with respect to physicians whose application for
admitting privileges was still pending at the time H.B. 2 went into effect. See Abbott II, 748
F.3d at 605.
       22Although the State did not raise this argument in its briefing on the emergency stay
motion, it did raise the issue in its motion to dismiss before the district court.

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      Res judicata bars any claims for which: (1) the parties are identical to or
in privity with the parties in a previous lawsuit; (2) the previous lawsuit has
concluded with a final judgment on the merits; (3) the final judgment was
rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction; and (4) the same claim or cause
of action was involved in both lawsuits. Petro-Hunt, L.L.C. v. United States,
365 F.3d 385, 395 (5th Cir. 2004). The Plaintiffs do not contest the first three
elements of the State’s res judicata defense, but contend that the “claims” are
different. However, res judicata bars even unfiled claims if they arise out of
the same transaction and “could have been raised” in the prior litigation. Allen
v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 94 (1980).
      Contrary to the district court’s conclusion, the present facial challenge to
the ASC requirement and the prior facial challenge to the admitting privileges
requirement in Abbott II arise from the same “transaction[] or series of
connected transactions.”       Petro-Hunt, 365 F.3d at 395–96 (quoting
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF JUDGMENTS § 24(1) (1982)). The challenges involve
the same parties and abortion facilities; the challenges are governed by the
same legal standards; the provisions at issue were enacted at the same time as
part of the same act; the provisions were motivated by a common purpose; the
provisions are administered by the same state officials; and the challenges
form a convenient trial unit because they rely on a common nucleus of
operative facts. See id. at 396 (describing the relevant considerations for the
fourth prong of the res judicata analysis).
      The Plaintiffs’ assertion that they could not have previously challenged
the ASC requirement because they did not know how it would be implemented
until the regulations were set forth is disingenuous, particularly in this
litigation. As Plaintiffs admitted at oral argument, they challenge H.B. 2
broadly, with no effort whatsoever to parse out specific aspects of the ASC

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                                      No. 14-50928
requirement that they find onerous or otherwise infirm. H.B. 2 very clearly
required facilities that perform abortions to meet the existing requirements for
ASCs, which were spelled out well before the effective date of this provision
and, more importantly, well before the date of the Abbott II lawsuit: “On and
after September 1, 2014, the minimum standards for an abortion facility must
be equivalent to the minimum standards adopted under Section 243.010 for
ambulatory surgical centers.” TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 245.010(a)
(emphasis added). The law does not allow several bites at the same apple, even
if from a different quadrant of the apple. See Southmark Corp. v. Coopers &
Lybrand (In re Southmark), 163 F.3d 925, 934 (5th Cir. 1999) (“[R]es judicata[]
bars the litigation of claims that either have been litigated or should have been
raised in an earlier suit.”); David P. Currie, Res Judicata: The Neglected
Defense, 45 U. CHI. L. REV. 317, 325 (1978) (“[T]o allow a party to advance
arguments in a second proceeding that he could have made in a prior
proceeding . . . imposes unnecessary costs on both opposing parties and the
judicial system.”). We do not suggest here that future lawsuits against this
provision based upon specific facts arising in the future would be barred (i.e.,
as-applied challenges). 23 However, given the broad nature of this litigation,
we discern nothing material that evolved between the time H.B. 2 was passed
and Abbott II was filed, on the one hand, and the time this lawsuit was filed,
on the other, that justified dividing the litigation. 24

       23   Similarly, we conclude, infra, that the district court correctly ruled that res
judicata does not bar the as-applied challenges here.
       24   Plaintiffs argue that they did not know whether existing facilities would be
“grandfathered.” Nothing in the language of the legislation allows “grandfathering” of
existing abortion facilities. Existing ASC facilities were already “grandfathered.” In any
event, this argument would at most support only a challenge to the lack of “grandfathering,”
not the broad-based challenge actually filed and the broad relief granted.

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      Although rather obliquely presented, Plaintiffs may be arguing that the
challenge to the ASC requirement would not have been ripe at the time Abbott
II was filed in the district court. “[T]he ripeness inquiry focuses on whether an
injury that has not yet occurred is sufficiently likely to happen to justify
judicial intervention.” Pearson v. Holder, 624 F.3d 682, 684 (5th Cir. 2010)
(alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). “To determine if a
case is ripe for adjudication, a court must evaluate (1) the fitness of the issues
for judicial decision, and (2) the hardship to the parties of withholding court
consideration. The fitness and hardship prongs must be balanced . . . .” Texas
v. United States, 497 F.3d 491, 498 (5th Cir. 2007) (citing Abbott Labs. v.
Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 149 (1967)). “A court should dismiss a case for lack of
‘ripeness’ when the case is abstract or hypothetical. . . . A case is generally ripe
if any remaining questions are purely legal ones; conversely, a case is not ripe
if further factual development is required.” Orix Credit Alliance, Inc. v. Wolfe,
212 F.3d 891, 895 (5th Cir. 2000).
      Resolution of whether the ASC requirement is facially unconstitutional
did not need to await promulgation of regulations that simply carried out the
unambiguous mandate of H.B. 2. Cf. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co. v. State Energy Res.
Conservation & Dev. Comm’n, 461 U.S. 190, 201 (1983) (“The question of pre-
emption is predominantly legal, and although it would be useful to have the
benefit of California’s interpretation . . . , resolution of the pre-emption issue
need not await that development.”). This is especially true because H.B. 2’s
precise and mandatory language did not leave the Department of State Health
Services discretion as to the standards that would apply to abortion facilities.
Cf. Sch. Dist. of Pontiac v. Sec’y of U.S. Dep’t of Educ., 584 F.3d 253, 262 (6th
Cir. 2009) (en banc) (reasoning that the action did not depend on decisions
made by state authorities, who did not have the discretion to change the impact

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of the law at issue). Instead, it is abundantly clear from H.B. 2 that all abortion
facilities must meet the standards already promulgated for ASCs.              This
inevitable application of the ASC standards to abortion facilities supports
deciding its constitutionality prior to the promulgation of implementing
regulations. See Pearson, 624 F.3d at 684 (“‘Where the inevitability of the
operation of a statute against certain individuals is patent, it is irrelevant to
the existence of a justiciable controversy that there will be a time delay before
the disputed provisions will come into effect.’” (quoting Reg’l Rail
Reorganization Act Cases, 419 U.S. 102, 143 (1974))); Fla. State Conference of
NAACP v. Browning, 522 F.3d 1153, 1164 (11th Cir. 2008). Indeed, for these
reasons, at the time of Abbott II, a facial challenge to the ASC requirement
would not have been “abstract or hypothetical.” Orix, 212 F.3d at 895 (citation
omitted). Importantly, Plaintiffs made no effort to parse the regulations or
otherwise assert anything material in the district court or on appeal with
respect to the facial challenge that was not known the day H.B. 2 passed. The
district court’s broad-brush striking of the entire statute also reflects nothing
that needed to await further developments following H.B. 2’s enactment.
      In addition to the fitness prong, the hardship-to-the-parties analysis
supports the conclusion that this issue should have been resolved at the time
of Abbott II. It would have been in the interest of the non-ASC abortion
facilities to know at the earliest possible time whether H.B. 2 was
unconstitutional or whether they were required to begin making modifications
or buying or renting space to comply with the ASC requirement. See Pac. Gas
& Elec. Co, 461 U.S. at 201–02. It would have imposed a hardship on abortion
facilities to require them to bring this challenge only after final agency
regulations were promulgated, forcing them to either begin compliance
measures or risk facing only a brief period to comply if the ASC requirement

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was ultimately upheld upon later challenge. See id. Furthermore, trying this
facial challenge separately from the two facial challenges brought in Abbott II
imposed a hardship on the State by requiring it to defend H.B. 2 against
constitutional challenge in a piecemeal and duplicative fashion. Accordingly,
we conclude that the district court erred in its ruling on the res judicata defense
to this facial challenge to the ASC requirement.
B. Merits
       Even if our conclusion as to res judicata is incorrect, the facial challenge
to the ASC requirement fails on the merits as well. Thus, for the purpose of
completeness, we address the facial challenge, assuming arguendo that res
judicata does not bar the challenge.
1. Rational Basis
       The stated purpose of H.B. 2 was to raise the standard and quality of
care for women seeking abortions and to protect the health and welfare of
women seeking abortions. See Senate Comm. on Health & Human Servs., Bill
Analysis, Tex. H.B. 2, 83d Leg., 2d C.S. 1, 2 (2013). Relying on Abbott II, the
district court concluded that both the admitting privileges and ASC
requirements were rationally related to a legitimate state interest. We agree:
Abbott II held that the admitting privileges requirement is supported by a
rational basis, 748 F.3d at 593–96, and in this case, the State supported the
medical basis for both requirements with evidence at trial. See Lakey, 769 F.3d
at 294. 25 Plaintiffs do not argue differently and, instead, focus their attack on

       25   See also Simopoulos, 462 U.S. at 519 (concluding that Virginia’s outpatient-
surgical-hospital requirement for second trimester abortion was “not an unreasonable means
of furthering the State’s compelling interest in ‘protecting the woman’s own health and
safety’” (quoting Roe, 410 U.S. at 150)); Roe, 410 U.S. at 163 (“Examples of permissible state
[health regulations] are requirements as to the qualifications of the person who is to perform
the abortion; as to the licensure of that person; as to the facility in which the procedure is to

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whether the challenged provision has “the purpose or effect of placing a
substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable
fetus.” Casey, 505 U.S. at 877.
2. Purpose Prong
       Texas’s stated purpose for enacting H.B. 2 was to provide the highest
quality of care to women seeking abortions and to protect the health and
welfare of women seeking abortions. 26 There is no question that this is a
legitimate purpose that supports regulating physicians and the facilities in
which they perform abortions. 27 The district court found that this was not the
real purpose of the law and instead concluded “that the ambulatory-surgical-
center requirement was intended to close existing licensed abortion clinics.”
Lakey, 46 F. Supp. 3d at 685.
       The district court first found an impermissible purpose from the fact that
the implementing regulations did not provide licensed abortion facilities a
grandfathering exception to the standards applicable to ASCs, even though a
grandfathering provision applied to existing ASCs—what it described as
“disparate and arbitrary treatment.” Id. The State argues that the district
court misunderstood the application of the ASC grandfathering provision

be performed, that is, whether it must be a hospital or may be a clinic or some other place of
less-than-hospital status; as to the licensing of the facility; and the like.”).
       26 See Senate Comm. on Health & Human Servs., Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 2, 83d Leg.,
2d C.S. 1 (2013) (“H.B. 2 seeks to increase the health and safety of a woman who chooses to
have an abortion by requiring a physician performing or inducing an abortion to have
admitting privileges at a hospital and to provide certain information to the woman.”); id. at
2 (“Moving abortion clinics under the guidelines for ambulatory surgical centers will provide
Texas women choosing abortion the highest standard of health care.”).
       27 See Roe, 410 U.S. at 150 (“The State has a legitimate interest in seeing to it that
abortion, like any other medical procedure, is performed under circumstances that insure
maximum safety for the patient. This interest obviously extends at least to the performing
physician and his staff, to the facilities involved, to the availability of after-care, and to
adequate provision for any complication or emergency that might arise.”).

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because it applies to all ASCs—including ASCs that currently provide
abortions—such that they do not have to comply with new construction
requirements as the ASC standards are modified. See 25 TEX. ADMIN. CODE
§ 135.51(a). In this regard, the State correctly points out that ASCs that
provide abortions are treated no differently than any other ASC. See Lakey,
769 F.3d at 294. Even assuming arguendo there is some “disparate treatment,”
the lack of a grandfathering provision is simply evidence that the State truly
intends that women only receive an abortion in facilities that can provide the
highest quality of care and safety—the stated legitimate purpose of H.B. 2.
Another consideration is that the impact of a lack of grandfathering is lessened
by the legislature allowing nearly fourteen months for existing abortion
facilities to comply.      See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 245.010(a)
(September 1, 2014, effective date). 28 In addition, because there are 433 ASCs
in Texas, the legislature logically could have inferred that abortion providers
could easily rent space at existing ASCs. The district court’s inferences from
the mere fact of the law itself are thus not supported.
       The district court further found an impermissible purpose likely due to
“the dearth of credible evidence supporting the proposition that abortions
performed in ambulatory surgical centers have better patient health outcomes
compared to clinics licensed under the previous regime.” Lakey, 46 F. Supp.
3d at 685. 29    The district court erred in its conclusion.             In Mazurek, the

       28Further, the Plaintiffs do not argue that it is impossible for abortion providers to
comply with the ASC requirement, only costly and difficult.
       29 The district court also inferred an impermissible purpose from the State’s attorneys
arguing that women in El Paso would not face an undue burden because they could simply
travel to New Mexico, a state without a requirement that abortions be performed in an ASC.
We agree with the State that an improper legislative purpose cannot be inferred from an
argument raised by its lawyers more than a year after H.B. 2 was enacted.

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Supreme Court rejected the argument that the law at issue “must have had an
invalid purpose because all health evidence contradicts the claim that there is
any health basis for the law.” 520 U.S. at 973 (internal quotation marks
omitted). Likewise, in Gonzales, the Court explained that legislatures have
“wide discretion to pass legislation in areas where there is medical and
scientific uncertainty” and that medical uncertainty, as the record
demonstrates is present here, does not lead to the conclusion that a law is
unconstitutional. 550 U.S. at 163.
      The Plaintiffs also argue that an impermissible purpose can be inferred
from the effect of the law—the closure of a majority of abortion facilities in
Texas. This argument is foreclosed by Mazurek, in which the Supreme Court
explained that courts “do not assume unconstitutional legislative intent even
when statutes produce harmful results.” 520 U.S. at 972; see Lakey, 769 F.3d
at 295 (citing Mazurek, 520 U.S. at 972); cf. Casey, 505 U.S. at 874 (“The fact
that a law which serves a valid purpose, one not designed to strike at the right
itself, has the incidental effect of making it more difficult or more expensive to
procure an abortion cannot be enough to invalidate it.”).
      Plaintiffs bore the burden of proving that H.B. 2 was enacted with an
improper purpose. See Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 597. They failed to proffer
competent evidence contradicting the legislature’s statement of a legitimate
purpose for H.B. 2. See Mazurek, 520 U.S. at 972 (noting that there must be
“some evidence” of improper purpose); see also Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 597;
Lakey, 769 F.3d at 294–95 (stating that the district court cited no record
evidence of improper purpose). All of the evidence referred to by the district
court is purely anecdotal and does little to impugn the State’s legitimate
reasons for the Act. Plaintiffs failed to prove that H.B. 2 “serve[s] no purpose
other than to make abortions more difficult.” Casey, 505 U.S. at 901.

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3. Effect Prong
        Facial challenges relying on the effects of a law “impose a heavy burden
upon the parties maintaining the suit.” Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 167 (internal
quotation marks omitted). In the abortion context, it is unclear whether a
facial challenge requires showing that the law is invalid in all applications (the
general test applied in other circumstances) or only in a large fraction of the
cases in which the law is relevant (the test applied in Casey). See id.; Abbott
II, 748 F.3d at 588–89.           In both Gonzales and Abbott II, the challenged
provisions were upheld because even the less deferential, large-fraction test
was not satisfied. See Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 167–68; Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 600.
Here, the district court facially invalidated both the admitting privileges and
ASC requirements without so much as mentioning either test. Instead, it
based its holding on a finding that the two requirements worked together,
along with other state requirements, to “effectively reduce or eliminate
meaningful access to safe abortion care for a significant, but ultimately
unknowable, number of women throughout Texas.” Lakey, 46 F. Supp. 3d at
686 (emphasis added). This analysis runs afoul of Casey, Gonzales, and Abbott
II, which require, at a minimum, a “large fraction.” Lakey, 769 F.3d at 296
(quoting Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 600); see also Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 167–68;
Casey, 505 U.S. at 895. 30
       As support for its holding that H.B. 2’s admitting privileges and ASC
requirements constituted an undue burden, the district court also weighed the

       30  Plaintiffs cite the use of the phrase “significant number” in Casey as support for the
district court’s approach. See, e.g., 505 U.S. at 893–94 (“The spousal notification requirement
is thus likely to prevent a significant number of women from obtaining an abortion.”).
However, in Casey, unlike here, the Court went on to find that this significant number
amounted to “a large fraction.” Id. at 895.

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burdens and medical efficacy of these two requirements. Lakey, 46 F. Supp.
3d at 684 (“[T]he severity of the burden imposed by both requirements is not
balanced by the weight of the interests underlying them.”). In so doing, the
district court concluded that H.B. 2 would not further the State’s interests in
maternal health and increased quality of care. 31 In defense of this approach,
Plaintiffs argue that the two requirements at issue are unconstitutional unless
they are shown to actually further the State’s legitimate interests.                       We
disagree with the Plaintiffs and the district court’s approach.
        In Abbott II, the district court similarly held that the admitting
privileges requirement “does nothing to further” the State’s interest in
maternal health, although it performed this analysis as part of the rational
basis inquiry. Planned Parenthood of Greater Tex. Surgical Health Servs. v.
Abbott, 951 F. Supp. 2d 891, 900 (W.D. Tex. 2013). In Abbott II, we held that
the inquiry was “wrong on several grounds” and explained that “the
fundamental question is whether Planned Parenthood has met its burden to
prove that the admitting privileges regulation imposes an undue burden on a
woman’s ability to choose an abortion.” 748 F.3d at 590. Abbott II thus
disavowed the inquiry employed by the district court:
       It is not the courts’ duty to second guess legislative factfinding,
       improve on, or cleanse the legislative process by allowing
       relitigation of the facts that led to the passage of a law. Under
       rational basis review, courts must presume that the law in
       question is valid and sustain it so long as the law is rationally
       related to a legitimate state interest. As the Supreme Court has

       31  See Lakey, 46 F. Supp. 3d at 684 (“[W]omen will not obtain better care or experience
more frequent positive outcomes at an [ASC] as compared to a previously licensed facility.”);
id. (“[I]t is unlikely that the stated goal of the [ASC] requirement—improving women’s
health—will actually come to pass.”); id. (“The court finds no particularized health risks
arising from abortions performed in nonambulatory-surgical-center clinics which
countenance the imposition of the [ASC] requirement . . . .”).

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       often stressed, the rational basis test seeks only to determine
       whether any conceivable rationale exists for an enactment.
       Because the determination does not lend itself to an evidentiary
       inquiry in court, the state is not required to prove that the objective
       of the law would be fulfilled.
748 F.3d at 594 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). 32                         In
addition, in Gonzales, in the course of applying the effect portion of the undue-
burden inquiry, the Court made clear that medical uncertainty underlying a
statute is for resolution by legislatures, not the courts. See 550 U.S. at 163
(“The Court has given state and federal legislatures wide discretion to pass
legislation in areas where there is medical and scientific uncertainty.”); id. at
164 (“Medical uncertainty does not foreclose the exercise of legislative power
in the abortion context any more than it does in other contexts.”); id. at 166
(“Considerations of marginal safety, including the balance of risks, are within
the legislative competence when the regulation is rational and in pursuit of
legitimate ends.”).       Thus, we conclude that the district court erred by
substituting its own judgment for that of the legislature, albeit this time in the
name of the undue burden inquiry. See Lakey, 769 F.3d at 297 (“Under our
precedent, we have no authority by which to turn rational basis into strict

       32    As they did in Abbott II, Plaintiffs again argue that Akron I and Barnes require
the more demanding approach employed by the district court. Compare Pls.’ Br. 35–38
(citing, inter alia, Akron I, 462 U.S. at 430–31, and Barnes v. Mississippi, 992 F.2d 1335, 1339
(5th Cir. 1993)), with Brief of Plaintiffs-Appellees at 15–17, Abbott II, 748 F.3d 583 (No. 13-
51008) (same). As we explained in Abbott II, Casey overruled major portions of Akron I and
replaced Akron’s strict scrutiny test with the undue burden analysis. See 748 F.3d at 590
(citing Casey, 505 U.S. at 871). In Barnes, we described Casey as holding that “the
constitutionality of an abortion regulation . . . turns on an examination of the importance of
the state’s interests in the regulation and the severity of the burden that regulation imposes
on a woman’s right to seek an abortion.” 992 F.2d at 1339 (emphasis added). Barnes
nevertheless examined the state’s interest without considering the extent to which the
challenged law furthered that interest and without conducting a balancing test. See id. at
1339–40; Lakey, 769 F.3d at 298.

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scrutiny under the guise of the undue burden inquiry.”). 33
       Turning to the direct application of the large fraction test to the facts of
this case, the parties’ arguments focused on the number of women who faced
increased travel distances due to the closure of abortion facilities.                        In
particular, the arguments centered around those women who would face travel
distances (one-way) of over 150 miles in light of Abbott II’s holding that “an
increase of travel of less than 150 miles for some women is not an undue burden
under Casey.” 748 F.3d at 598. The district court credited the testimony of the
Plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Grossman, and found that: (1) after the admitting
privileges requirement went into effect, approximately 400,000 women of
reproductive age would face travel distances of more than 150 miles; and (2)
once both the admitting privileges and ASC requirements went into effect,

       33  Plaintiffs filed a Rule 28(j) letter referencing the recent district court opinion in
Planned Parenthood of Wis., Inc. v. Van Hollen, No. 3:13-cv-465, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 35389
(W.D. Wis. Mar. 20, 2015). This case follows the standards announced in Planned Parenthood
of Wis., Inc. v. Van Hollen, 738 F.3d 786 (7th Cir. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 2841 (2014),
which requires balancing the burdens imposed by a law against its medical benefits, and
which we distinguished in Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 596. “In our circuit, we do not balance the
wisdom or effectiveness of a law against the burdens the law imposes.” Lakey, 769 F.3d at
297 (citing Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 593–94); accord Women’s Med. Prof’l Corp. v. Baird, 438
F.3d 595, 604–09 (6th Cir. 2006); Greenville Women’s Clinic v. Bryant, 222 F.3d 157, 170–72
(4th Cir. 2000); Women’s Health Center of W. Cnty., Inc. v. Webster, 871 F.2d 1377, 1380–81
(8th Cir. 1989). Even if some balancing were appropriate, we are unsure that the Seventh
Circuit’s balancing test—pursuant to which even a slight or de minimis burden could be
“undue”—is faithful to Casey, which requires a substantial obstacle. See Planned Parenthood
of Wis. v. Doyle, 162 F.3d 463, 478 (7th Cir. 1998) (Manion, J., dissenting) (“To fail the undue
burden test, the alternatives to the [outlawed procedure] must . . . present a substantial
obstacle to a woman obtaining an abortion . . . [but] [t]here is no suggestion in the court’s
opinion that the risks are more than “de minimis.”); see also Casey, 505 U.S. at 926
(Blackmun, J., dissenting in part) (“Our precedents and the joint opinion’s principles require
us to subject all non-de-minimis abortion regulations to strict scrutiny.”); cf. Goss v. Lopez,
419 U.S. 565, 576 (1975) (noting that procedural due process analysis only applies when a
deprivation is more than de minimis). In any event, and although we do not reach the issue
here, we note that applying any balancing test would be difficult on this record because
plaintiffs have not introduced evidence from which we could discern the number or fraction
of reproductive-age women who would be burdened, unduly or otherwise.

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approximately 900,000 women of reproductive age would face travel distances
of more than 150 miles. See Lakey, 46 F. Supp. 3d at 681–82.
      Although Dr. Grossman and the district court did not mention
percentages or fractions, using the district court’s finding that there were
approximately 5.4 million women of reproductive age in Texas, see id. at 681,
the following percentages and fractions are derived: (1) 7.4% or 1/13 of women
of reproductive age faced travel distances of 150 miles or more after the
admitting privileges requirement went into effect; and (2) 16.7% or 1/6 of
women of reproductive age would face travel distances of 150 miles or more
after both requirements went into effect.
      The motions panel majority found that these numbers did not satisfy the
large fraction test:
      Even assuming, arguendo, that 150 miles is the relevant cut-off,
      this is nowhere near a “large fraction.” See Abbott II, 748 F.3d at
      600. As discussed above, the Casey plurality, in using the “large
      fraction” nomenclature, departed from the general standard for
      facial challenges. The general standard for facial challenges
      allows courts to facially invalidate a statute only if “no possible
      application of the challenged law would be constitutional.” Abbott
      II, 748 F.3d at 588.        In other words, the law must be
      unconstitutional in 100% of its applications. We decline to
      interpret Casey as changing the threshold for facial challenges
      from 100% to 17%.
769 F.3d at 298; see also Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 598 (holding that 10% did not
amount to a large fraction). We agree and adopt this reasoning.
      In defense of the district court’s judgment, the Plaintiffs hardly argue
that these numbers amount to a large fraction. Instead, they try to shift the
discussion to making the denominator not all women of reproductive age in
Texas, but “the population of women for whom the law imposes a meaningful
burden.” They fail to specify what that number would be or how it might be

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derived. In addition, the Plaintiffs’ approach would appear to “make the large
fraction test merely a tautology, always resulting in a large fraction. The
denominator would be women that Plaintiffs claim are unduly burdened by the
statute, and the numerator would be the same.” Lakey, 769 F.3d at 299. In
Casey, the Court explained that the denominator was the group of women to
whom the law was “relevant” or a “restriction.” 505 U.S. at 894–95. Because
H.B. 2 applies to all abortion providers and facilities in Texas, and the
Plaintiffs argued that abortion clinics all across the state would likely be
required to close, we used all women of reproductive age or women who might
seek an abortion as the denominator in Lakey, Abbott II, and Abbott I. See
Lakey, 769 F.3d at 299 (“Here, the ambulatory surgical center requirement
applies to every abortion clinic in the State, limiting the options for all women
in Texas who seek an abortion. The appropriate denominator thus includes all
women affected by these limited options.”); Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 598, 600;
Abbott I, 734 F.3d at 414. Plaintiff’s new denominator is inconsistent with our
binding decision in Abbott II.
      In reaching its conclusion that H.B. 2’s requirements imposed an undue
burden on a significant number of women, the district court also found that
travel distances combined with the following practical concerns to create a de
facto barrier to abortion for some women: “lack of availability of child care,
unreliability of transportation, unavailability of appointments at abortion
facilities, unavailability of time off from work, immigration status and inability
to pass border checkpoints, poverty level, the time and expense involved in
traveling long distances, and other, inarticulable psychological obstacles.”
Lakey, 46 F. Supp. 3d at 683. On this point, we agree with the motions panel
majority: “We do not doubt that women in poverty face greater difficulties.
However, to sustain a facial challenge, the Supreme Court and this circuit

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require Plaintiffs to establish that the law itself imposes an undue burden on
at least a large fraction of women. Plaintiffs have not done so here.” Lakey,
769 F.3d at 299; see Abbott I, 734 F.3d at 415 (holding that “obstacle[s]” that
are “unrelated to the hospital-admitting-privileges requirement” are irrelevant
to the undue-burden inquiry in a facial challenge); cf. McRae, 448 U.S. at 316
(“The financial constraints that restrict an indigent woman’s ability to enjoy
the full range of constitutionally protected freedom of choice are the product
not of governmental restrictions on access to abortions, but rather of her
indigency.”); Maher, 432 U.S. at 474 (reasoning that “[t]he indigency that may
make it difficult—and in some cases, perhaps, impossible—for some women to
have abortions is neither created nor in any way affected by the” state’s
regulation). Moreover, even accepting the district court’s finding on this point,
it is not clear from the record what fraction of women face an undue burden
due to this combination of practical concerns and the effects of H.B. 2. Cf.
Casey, 505 U.S. at 887 (noting, based on similar factual findings, that “[a]
particular burden is not of necessity a substantial obstacle”).
       Finally, in reaching its holding, the district court also accepted the
finding of Dr. Grossman that the ASCs providing abortions in Texas “will not
be able to go from providing approximately 14,000 abortions annually, as they
currently are, to providing the 60,000 to 70,000 abortions that are done each
year in Texas once all of the non-ASC clinics are forced to close.” As the
motions panel majority observed, Dr. Grossman’s opinion “is ipse dixit and the
record lacks any actual evidence regarding the current or future capacity of the
eight clinics.” Lakey, 769 F.3d at 300. 34 Further, as the motions panel majority

       34Dr. Grossman based his opinion on a chain of unsupported inferences. See Lakey,
769 F.3d at 300. First, he found that in cities with both ASC and non-ASC abortion facilities,
some non-ASC facilities provided more abortions while some ASCs provided fewer abortions.

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recognized, there does not appear to be any evidence in the record that the
current ASCs are operating at full capacity or that they cannot increase
capacity. See id. Thus, the district court’s determination on this point is
unsupported by evidence and, therefore, is clearly erroneous. See id.
       Because the Plaintiffs failed to prove that the ASC requirement imposes
an undue burden on a large fraction of women for whom it is relevant, we
conclude that the district court erred in striking down the ASC requirement as
a whole as facially invalid. See Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 167–68; Abbott II, 748
F.3d at 588–89, 598–600. 35
C. ASC Requirement and the Provision of Medication Abortion
       In   addition     to   challenging      the   ASC     requirement       as    facially
unconstitutional,       Plaintiffs     challenged      the     ASC      requirement        as

From the increased amount of abortions at some of the non-ASC facilities, Dr. Grossman
concluded that there was an increased demand for abortions in that city. Conversely, Dr.
Grossman found the decrease in the amount of abortions at some ASCs to be “likely indicative
of their inability to increase capacity in the face of growing demand.” Dr. Grossman
ultimately concluded that this purported inability to increase capacity at ASCs “may be a
result of the admitting privileges requirement.”
        There were similar problems with Plaintiffs’ evidence in Abbott II. As we noted in
Lakey:
        [A]n expert who was part of the same research team as Dr. Grossman offered
        similarly unsupported conjecture [in Abbott II] when predicting that, as a
        result of the admitting privileges requirement, approximately 22,000 women in
        Texas would be unable to obtain abortions. On cross-examination in [Lakey],
        Dr. Grossman admitted that his colleague’s earlier predictions proved to be
        inaccurate. Dr. Grossman testified in [Lakey] that there had been a decrease
        of only 9,200 abortions and that the decrease could not be wholly ascribed to
        the admitting privileges requirement. Indeed, Dr. Grossman acknowledged on
        cross-examination that in his team’s published, peer-reviewed article, the
        researchers qualified their findings by noting that they “cannot prove causality
        between the State restrictions and falling abortion rate.”
769 F.3d at 300 n.16.
       35  Given our holding, we also reject the Plaintiffs’ argument on cross-appeal that the
district court erred by excepting from its facial injunction of the ASC requirement “abortion
providers that seek to become licensed in the future.”

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unconstitutional statewide in the context of the provision of medication
abortion (in which drugs, as opposed to surgical procedures, are used to induce
an abortion).   On this claim, the district court concluded that the ASC
requirement was invalid “specifically as applied to the provision of medication
abortions,” with the entirety of the district court’s analysis being that in this
context “any medical justification for the requirement is at its absolute weakest
in comparison with the heavy burden it imposes.” Lakey, 46 F. Supp. 3d at
686. The State appeals this portion of the district court’s judgment, pointing
out that the district court’s conclusion is improperly based solely on its belief
that the law is medically unjustified.
      The Plaintiffs do not respond with any arguments on appeal in support
of this portion of the judgment. For the same reasons that we hold the district
court erred in facially invalidating the ASC requirement, we conclude that the
record and district court’s opinion do not justify statewide invalidation of the
ASC requirement in the context of medication abortions: (1) res judicata bars
this claim, as it arises out of the same transaction as the claims in Abbott II
and it “could have been raised” in Abbott II, Allen, 449 U.S. at 94; and (2) the
ASC requirement in the context of medication abortion is rationally related to
a legitimate state interest and has not been shown to have an improper
purpose or impose an undue burden on a large fraction of women for whom it
is relevant, Gonzales, 550 U.S. at 167–68.
                          VI. As-Applied Challenges
      In Abbott II, we rejected the facial challenge to the admitting privileges
requirement but noted that an as-applied challenge to the Rio Grande Valley
(which is comprised of Starr, Hidalgo, Willacy, and Cameron County,

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hereinafter collectively, “Rio Grande Valley”) 36 may be appropriate based upon
the evidence presented in that case. See Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 589 (“Later as-
applied challenges can always deal with subsequent, concrete constitutional
issues.”). Plaintiffs have thus asserted such an as-applied challenge related to
a facility in McAllen, as well to a facility in El Paso that was not previously
discussed.
A. Res Judicata for As-Applied Challenges
       The State makes the same res judicata arguments as to these challenges
as it does for the facial challenge.           The res judicata analysis is different,
however, when we address the as-applied challenges because, as we suggested
in Abbott II, the actual factual development may be different than anticipated
in a facial challenge setting. We now know with certainty that the non-ASC
abortion facilities have actually closed and physicians have been unable to
obtain admitting privileges after diligent effort. Thus, the actual impact of the
combined effect of the admitting privileges and ASC requirements on abortion
facilities, abortion physicians, and women in Texas can be more concretely
understood and measured. See Hernandez v. City of Lafayette, 699 F.2d 734,
737 (5th Cir. 1983) (addressing whether the changes are “significant” and
create “new legal conditions” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
       Our sister circuits have confronted the issue of how the ripeness analysis
(a subsidiary consideration in the res judicata analysis discussed above) differs
between a facial challenge and an as-applied challenge. The Eleventh Circuit
has explained:

       36Plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Grossman, used the term “Lower Rio Grande Valley” to
describe the area comprising the following four counties: Starr, Hidalgo, Willacy, and
Cameron. See also Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 597 (“The Rio Grande Valley . . . has four counties.”).

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            Because the question of ripeness depends on the timing of
      the adjudication of a particular issue, it applies differently to facial
      and as-applied challenges. A facial challenge asserts that a law
      always operates unconstitutionally . . . . In the context of a facial
      challenge, a purely legal claim is presumptively ripe for judicial
      review because it does not require a developed factual record. An
      as-applied challenge, by contrast, addresses whether a statute is
      unconstitutional on the facts of a particular case or to a particular
      party. Because such a challenge asserts that a statute cannot be
      constitutionally applied in particular circumstances, it necessarily
      requires the development of a factual record for the court to
      consider.
Harris v. Mexican Specialty Foods, Inc., 564 F.3d 1301, 1308 (11th Cir. 2009)
(citations and internal quotation marks omitted).            The First Circuit has
explained this approach as well:
      [A] challenge to a rule or statute may be ripe for adjudication on
      the question of facial constitutionality and yet not be ripe for
      adjudication on the question of constitutionality as applied. See,
      e.g., Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 121 & n.50 (1972)
      (upholding noise control ordinance but reserving decision on
      constitutionality of possible applications); Times Film Corp. v. City
      of Chicago, 365 U.S. 43 (1961) (upholding ordinance requiring
      licensing of films prior to public exhibition) and Teitel Film Corp.
      v. Cusack, 390 U.S. 139 (1968) (invalidating same ordinance as
      applied); Adler v. Board of Education, 342 U.S. 485 (1952)
      (upholding New York statutory scheme for identifying and
      removing subversive school teachers) and Keyishian v. Board of
      Regents, 385 U.S. 589 (1967) (invalidating portions of same
      statutory scheme as applied).
Kines v. Day, 754 F.2d 28, 31 (1st Cir. 1985). Other courts have concluded that
an as-applied challenge was not ripe although a facial challenge was ripe. See
13B CHARLES A. WRIGHT ET AL., FEDERAL PRACTICE & PROCEDURE § 3532.3 (3d
ed. 1998) (“A number of other cases in more general settings reflect similar
distinctions between the ripeness of broad attacks on the legitimacy of any
regulation and the nonripeness of more particular attacks on more specific

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applications.”); see, e.g., Richmond Med. Ctr. for Women v. Herring, 570 F.3d
165, 180 (4th Cir. 2009) (en banc); Sam & Ali, Inc. v. Ohio Dep’t of Liquor
Control, 158 F.3d 397, 398–400 (6th Cir. 1998); Hotel Emps. & Rest. Emps. Int’l
Union v. Nev. Gaming Comm’n, 984 F.2d 1507, 1512–13 (9th Cir. 1993).
      Although we agree with the State that some aspects of the as-applied
challenge were extant at the time the Abbott II litigation was filed, some
important facts occurred later, such as the actual closure of abortion facilities
in Corpus Christi and El Paso and the physicians ultimately being denied
admitting privileges after diligent effort. Cf. Orix, 212 F.3d at 895 (“[A] case
is not ripe if further factual development is required.” (citation omitted)). We
disclaimed reliance on such facts in Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 589 (“Later as-
applied challenges can always deal with subsequent, concrete constitutional
issues.”); id. at 599 n.14 (“To the extent that the State and Planned Parenthood
rely on developments since the conclusion of the bench trial and during this
appeal, we do not consider any arguments based on those facts . . . .”). Although
Plaintiffs could have foreseen (and did foresee) some of these closures and
admitting privilege rejections, the State suggested that we could not know
these matters with certainty at the time, and we deferred consideration of
these facts to a time when they were more concretely presented. That time
arrived, and the district court correctly held it was not precluded from
addressing the actual facts in the as-applied context. Thus, although it is a
close question, we conclude that the district court did not err in denying relief
to the State on this defense as to the McAllen and El Paso as-applied
challenges.
B. McAllen
      Whole Woman’s Health operates a licensed abortion facility in McAllen
that is not an ASC and which resides on a lot that the Plaintiffs’ expert, George

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W. Johannes, testified would not allow for expansion to meet the ASC
construction standards. Testimony showed that four physicians 37 of Whole
Woman’s Health unsuccessfully sought admitting privileges from hospitals
within thirty miles of the clinic, with one of the hospitals notifying them that
the denial of admitting privileges “was not based on clinical competence.”
Whole Woman’s Health has been unsuccessful in recruiting physicians with
admitting privileges to work at the McAllen facility. It contends, then, that
the ASC and admitting privileges requirements will prevent it from providing
abortions. The McAllen clinic ceased providing abortions on November 1, 2013.
       While women in the Rio Grande Valley could previously travel 150 miles
or less to Corpus Christi to obtain an abortion, see Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 597–
98, the abortion facility in Corpus Christi has now closed. The State argues
that women in the Rio Grande Valley continue to be able to obtain abortions in
San Antonio and Houston, where the abortion facilities now nearest to them
are located. Indeed, Plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Grossman, concluded that fifty
percent of the women from the Rio Grande Valley were previously obtaining
abortions somewhere other than Corpus Christi, even before that clinic closed.
Nonetheless, the closure of the Corpus Christi clinic means that all women in
the Rio Grande Valley will have to travel approximately 235 miles 38 to San
Antonio or farther to obtain an abortion. In addition, the president and CEO
of Whole Woman’s Health, Amy Hagstrom Miller, and a certified community
health worker, Lucila Ceballos Felix, testified regarding the difficulties that

       37 Of those four, only Dr. Lynn is a party to the case. The other three were neither
named as parties nor identified in the district court; their names were redacted from exhibits.
       38 The record reflects that the distance between McAllen, which is located near the

center of the Rio Grande Valley, and the center of San Antonio is approximately 235 miles.
The distance between McAllen and the ASC-compliant clinic in San Antonio, based on the
address information in the parties’ Joint Stipulation to Facts, is 234 miles.

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women in the Rio Grande Valley faced after the McAllen facility ceased
performing abortions, including that the clinic saw an increase in self-
attempted abortion and some women indicated they would be unable to make
the trip from McAllen to San Antonio or Houston to obtain an abortion. 39
       In Abbott II, relying on Casey, we held that having to travel 150 miles
from the Rio Grande Valley to Corpus Christi to obtain an abortion was not an
undue burden for purposes of the facial challenge raised there and that “Casey
counsels against striking down a statute solely because women may have to
travel long distances to obtain abortions.” 748 F.3d at 598. Casey permitted
even farther distances than 150 miles because it involved a 24-hour waiting
period and women in 62 of Pennsylvania’s 67 counties were required to travel
for one to more than three hours one way to obtain an abortion. See Lakey, 769
F.3d at 303 (citing Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 598). 40
       We recognize that any statement of “how far is too far” will involve some
imprecision. Casey suggested that three hours (one way) was not too far. 41

       39  While some of Hagstrom Miller’s testimony, and that of Ceballos Felix, appears to
be hearsay (or even double hearsay in the case of the interviews by other employees of the
clinic), the record is unclear whether the State objected on these grounds. Moreover, the
district court relied on Hagstrom Miller’s and Ceballos Felix’s entire testimony for its findings
that women in the Rio Grande Valley faced “practical concerns” and the State did not
challenge these findings as clear error. We conclude that the district court’s findings are not
clearly erroneous. See Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 589 (noting the standard); Reich v. Lancaster,
55 F.3d 1034, 1045 (5th Cir. 1995) (“The trial judge’s unique perspective to evaluate the
witnesses and to consider the entire context of the evidence must be respected.” (internal
quotation marks omitted)).
       40 Texas has a 24-hour waiting period, but the waiting period is reduced to 2 hours
for women who certify that they live “100 miles or more from the nearest [licensed] abortion
provider.” See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 171.012(a)(4) (West Supp. 2014).
       41 Casey even suggested that doubling what amounted to a six-hour round trip was
not an undue burden. 505 U.S. at 887 (“[T]he District Court did not conclude that the waiting
period is [a substantial] obstacle even for the women who are most burdened by it. Hence,
on the record before us . . . we are not convinced that the 24-hour waiting period constitutes
an undue burden.”). The district court in Casey noted that the waiting period doubled travel

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Abbott II held that 150 miles is not too far and concluded that Casey suggested
that no distance, standing alone, could be too far. 748 F.3d at 598. We hold
that, in the specific context of this as-applied challenge as to the McAllen
facility, the 235-mile distance presented, combined with the district court’s
findings, 42 are sufficient to show that H.B. 2 has the “effect of placing a
substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion.” Casey, 505
U.S. at 877. Therefore, we hold that the district court did not err in enjoining
the ASC requirement “as applied” to the McAllen facility.                        However, we
conclude that the injunction was overbroad as it fails to recognize that the
Corpus Christi facility (or one like it) could reopen in the future. Thus, we
modify the injunction to apply to the McAllen facility until such time as
another licensed abortion facility becomes available to provide abortions at a
location nearer to the Rio Grande Valley than San Antonio.
       “We also must consider the proper place of H.B. 2’s comprehensive and
careful severability provision . . . .” Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 589 (citing Leavitt v.
Jane L., 518 U.S. 137, 138–39 (1996)). H.B. 2’s severability provision directs
that “every provision, section, subsection, sentence, clause, phrase, or word” is
severable and that it is the intention of the legislature that only those portions

distances for some women who were more than three hours (one-way) from the nearest clinic.
Planned Parenthood of Se. Pa. v. Casey, 744 F. Supp. 1323, 1352 (E.D. Pa. 1990), aff’d in part,
rev’d in part, 947 F.2d 682 (3d Cir. 1991), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 505 U.S. 833 (1992). See
also Abbott II, 748 F.3d at 598, which cited the district court’s opinion in Casey and noted the
distances involved.
       42 See supra note 39 and accompanying text. We note that our resolution of this as-
applied challenge does not depend on the testimony of Plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Grossman (or
any related findings by the district court), as to the percentage of women in Texas driving
more than 150 miles or the capacity of abortion facilities to handle any changes in, or
reallocation of, demand. As we noted earlier, Dr. Grossman’s testimony on the capacity of
remaining ASC abortion facilities is ipse dixit, and the record lacks evidence on this subject.
See supra note 34 and accompanying text.

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of the act or regulations that impose an undue burden be invalidated, with all
others left in place. H.B. 2, § 10(b). The implementing regulations include
similar language. See 25 TEX. ADMIN. CODE § 139.9. It is thus necessary to
“sever [H.B. 2 and the implementing regulations’] problematic portions while
leaving the remainder intact.” Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of N. New Eng.,
546 U.S. 320, 329 (2006). The Plaintiffs have been careful to avoid identifying
which specific portions of the ASC standards contribute to the closure of
abortion facilities, and the district court did not sever out only the problematic
portions. We are thus forced to perform this analysis without the benefit of
their input.
       The regulatory standards for ASCs fall into three categories: (1)
operating requirements, 25 TEX. ADMIN. CODE §§ 135.4–.17, 135.26–.27; (2)
requirements related to fire prevention, general safety, and handling of
hazardous materials, id. §§ 135.41–.43; and (3) physical-plant requirements,
id. §§ 135.51–.56. The Plaintiffs put forth expert testimony that abortion
facilities could not meet the ASC standards because they would be required to
modify their existing buildings to meet the physical-plant requirements,
corresponding to §§ 135.51–.56, and the fire-prevention requirements,
corresponding to § 135.41. 43 In the same manner, the district court’s findings

       43  The parties stipulated that the McAllen clinic did not comply with the ASC
requirement, but did not stipulate as to the feasibility of Whole Woman’s Health operating
an ASC-compliant facility in the future. The parties also did not stipulate whether other
ASC-compliant clinics might open in the Rio Grande Valley.
        The parties offered conflicting expert testimony regarding whether Whole Woman’s
Health could renovate its current facility. Plaintiffs’ expert, George W. Johannes, inspected
several of Plaintiffs’ facilities to determine how the ASC requirement would affect their
operations. He testified that none of Plaintiffs’ clinics, including the one in McAllen, were
built on a large enough footprint to accommodate an ASC-compliant facility. Moreover, he
testified that only three of the clinics had sufficient land to expand their footprints. McAllen
was not one of those three. Johannes estimated that the cost of expanding these clinics
ranged from $1.7 million to $2.6 million. He testified that to build a new ASC-compliant

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with respect to the prohibitive effects of the ASC requirement focused on the
structural modifications or new buildings that would be required by these
standards. While the Plaintiffs also complained of the nursing requirements
at § 135.15(a), we are not aware of any record evidence that complying with
the nursing requirements would cause the closure of abortion facilities. The
Plaintiffs admitted that the remaining operational requirements were
comparable to the standards with which abortion facilities were already
required to comply. Therefore, we conclude that the district court erred by not
constraining its injunction to only those regulations that create an undue
burden, namely, § 135.51–.56 (physical plant) and § 135.41 (fire prevention).
See Lakey, 769 F.3d at 304. We modify the injunction as to McAllen to enjoin
only the enforcement of the ASC physical-plant and fire-prevention standards,
as described more fully below. See §§ 135.41, 135.51–.56.
        With respect to the admitting privileges requirement, Whole Woman’s

facility would cost $3.4 million, not including the price of land. His testimony reflects that
Whole Woman’s Health could not expand the McAllen facility, but would have to relocate
either by obtaining new land and constructing a $3.4 million dollar facility, or leasing an
existing ASC-compliant facility at a different location. Hagstrom Miller similarly testified
that Whole Woman’s Health in McAllen could not comply with the ASC requirement.
         The state agreed that it would be expensive for Whole Woman’s Health to acquire or
build an ASC-compliant facility, but nevertheless argued that doing so would be feasible. The
State’s expert, Deborah Kitz, testified that the McAllen clinic could reduce its costs by
running more efficiently and reducing the management fee it pays to Whole Woman’s Health,
which she testified was significantly above the average rate. The State’s expert also
disagreed with Plaintiffs’ expert, testifying that the McAllen facility already had sufficient
space to renovate into an ASC-compliant facility and would not even need to relocate.
         The district court determined that the Plaintiffs’ expert was more credible, finding
that the cost of complying with the ASC requirement was upwards of $1.5 million for clinics
that could renovate their existing facilities, and over $3 million for those that had to acquire
land and construct a new facility. It determined that the McAllen clinic was an “[e]xisting
clinic[], unable to meet the financial burdens imposed by the new regulatory regime, and
w[ould] close as a result.” On appeal, the State did not challenge these findings as clear error.
Accordingly, we accept the district court’s findings with respect to the prohibitive costs of
upgrading or relocating the McAllen clinic.

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Health presented considerable evidence that Plaintiff Dr. Lynn and three
unidentified physicians working at the McAllen facility were unable to obtain
admitting privileges at local hospitals for reasons other than their competence.
Plaintiffs also presented evidence that they were unsuccessful in recruiting
physicians to work at the McAllen facility who had admitting privileges at a
local hospital. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court’s injunction of
the admitting privileges requirement as applied to the McAllen facility when
utilizing Dr. Lynn at that specific facility should be upheld, as described more
fully below.
      To sum up, we affirm in part and modify in part the district court’s
injunction of the admitting privileges and ASC requirements as applied to
McAllen, as follows: (1) The State of Texas is enjoined from enforcing § 135.51–
.56 and § 135.41 of the ASC regulations against the Whole Woman’s Health
abortion facility located at 802 South Main Street, McAllen, Texas, when that
facility is used to provide abortions to women residing in the Rio Grande Valley
(as defined above), until such time as another licensed abortion facility
becomes available to provide abortions at a location nearer to the Rio Grande
Valley than San Antonio; (2) The State of Texas is enjoined from enforcing the
admitting privileges requirement against Dr. Lynn when he provides abortions
at the Whole Woman’s Health abortion facility located at 802 South Main
Street, McAllen, Texas, to women residing in the Rio Grande Valley. The
remainder of the injunction as to the McAllen facility is vacated.
C. El Paso Abortion Facility
      Reproductive Services operates a licensed abortion facility in El Paso
that is not an ASC. The physician at this facility, Dr. Richter, applied for
admitting privileges at three hospitals but was only able to obtain temporary

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privileges at one hospital. These privileges were later revoked. 44 Reproductive
Services has been unsuccessful in recruiting physicians with admitting
privileges to work at the El Paso facility.             After Dr. Richter’s temporary
admitting privileges were revoked in April 2014, the El Paso facility stopped
providing abortions and eventually closed. The closest Texas abortion facility
that will remain open is in San Antonio, over 550 miles away. There is an
abortion facility approximately twelve miles away in Santa Teresa, New
Mexico. Prior to H.B. 2, more than half of the women who obtained abortions
at the Santa Teresa facility were from El Paso.
       The State argues the closure of the El Paso abortion facility will not
impose an undue burden because women in this area can travel to the Santa
Teresa facility. The Plaintiffs contend that this argument is precluded by
Jackson Women’s Health Organization v. Currier, 760 F.3d 448, 457–58 (5th
Cir. 2014), petition for cert. filed, S. Ct. No. 14-997 (Feb. 18, 2015), where we
held that a statute that would have the effect of closing the only abortion
facility in the state could not be upheld based upon evidence of facilities in
other states.      In that case, although Mississippi’s admitting privileges
requirement for abortion physicians was shown to cause the closure of the only
abortion clinic in the state, women could travel to abortion facilities outside
the state. Id. at 451, 455. The State argues that Jackson is distinguishable

       44 Plaintiffs state that the hospital denied Dr. Richter admitting privileges because
she was an abortion provider. As emphasized in Abbott II, Texas and federal law prohibit
discrimination on this basis and Texas provides a private cause of action to challenge such
discrimination. See 748 F.3d at 598 & n.13 (citing TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. §§ 103.002(b),
103.003, and 42 U.S.C. § 300a-7(c)). This undermines the argument that the admitting
privileges requirement is the cause of the closure of the facility since the suggestion is that
the cause is actually unlawful discrimination for which state law provides Dr. Richter a
remedy. However, because we conclude that the closure of the El Paso facility, whatever its
cause, does not create an undue burden on a woman’s right to choose an abortion, we need
not address this issue further.

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because, unlike in Mississippi, H.B. 2 will not cause the closure of all abortion
facilities in Texas. The Plaintiffs did not respond to this argument in their
merits briefs. The motions panel acknowledged Jackson and noted that “the
situation in Texas is markedly different from that in Mississippi” because
H.B. 2 would not close the last clinic in the state. Lakey, 769 F.3d at 304.
However, the motions panel declined “to construe [Jackson’s] broad language
so narrowly in [an] emergency stay proceeding.” Id. As discussed above, a
motions panel proceeding is an abbreviated one; having now considered the
matter in full, we conclude that Jackson is distinguishable.
       In Jackson, we relied on State of Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 305
U.S. 337 (1938), an equal protection case in which the University of Missouri
denied admission to Gaines because he was African-American and offered him
a stipend to attend school in an adjacent state. We explained that “Gaines
simply and plainly holds that a state cannot lean on its sovereign neighbors to
provide protection of its citizens’ federal constitutional rights.” 760 F.3d at
457. In this case, unlike in Gaines and Jackson, the State has not completely
shunted its responsibility onto other states. H.B. 2 does not result in the
closure of all abortion providers in the state: at least eight ASCs will continue
to provide abortions in Texas. See Lakey, 769 F.3d at 304 (“Given the panel’s
reliance on Gaines, the panel may have meant to apply its limitation only to
states where all the abortion clinics would close.”). In addition, the principle
relied on by Jackson has little traction in this as-applied challenge because
prior to H.B. 2, half of the patients at the Santa Teresa clinic came from El
Paso, which is in the same cross-border metropolitan area as Santa Teresa. 45

       45   We note that this analysis would likely be different in the context of an
international border, and we disclaim any suggestion that the analysis here applies to a city
across an international border from a United States city in question.

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This demonstrates that Texas women regularly choose to have an abortion in
New Mexico independent of the actions of the State.            Given these facts
particular and peculiar to El Paso, it would ignore reality in this as-applied
challenge to “focus[] solely on the effects within the regulating state,” as we did
in Jackson. 760 F.3d at 457.
      Unlike the city of Jackson, Mississippi, which is 175–200 miles from the
borders of Tennessee and Louisiana, the evidence in this case shows that El
Paso and Santa Teresa are part of the same metropolitan area, though
separated by a state line, and that people regularly go between the two cities
for commerce, work, and medical care. No such situation was presented by the
evidence or considered by the panel in Jackson. Taking the Plaintiffs’ version
of Jackson, a clinic just over the line in Texarkana, Arkansas, would not be a
fact that could be considered by a court in Texarkana, Texas. An injunction is
an equitable remedy, and it would be wholly inequitable to ignore the reality
of metropolitan areas that straddle state lines and in which people regularly
travel back and forth in commerce. See Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456
U.S. 305, 311–12 (1982) (explaining that “an injunction is an equitable
remedy,” which does not “issue[] as of course or to restrain an act the injurious
consequences of which are merely trifling” (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted)). To the extent that Jackson can be read to so provide, it is
dicta as that situation was simply not presented in that case.
      Therefore, although the nearest abortion facility in Texas is 550 miles
away from El Paso, there is evidence that women in El Paso can travel the
short distance to Santa Teresa to obtain an abortion and, indeed, the evidence
is that many did just that before H.B. 2. Accordingly, because H.B. 2 does not
place a substantial obstacle in path of those women seeking an abortion in the
El Paso area, we hold that the district court erred in sustaining Plaintiffs’ as-

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   Case: 14-50928    Document: 00513071917        Page: 56   Date Filed: 06/09/2015

                                 No. 14-50928
applied challenge in El Paso.
                         VII. Plaintiffs’ Cross-Appeal
      The Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s dismissal of their equal
protection and unlawful delegation claims. For substantially the same reasons
as the district court stated in its order dismissing these claims, we affirm the
judgment of the district court on these claims.
      Accordingly, the district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED in part,
MODIFIED in part, VACATED in part, and REVERSED in part.

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