Court Opinion

ID: 4417937
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-18 15:51:01.96812+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:35:12.925379
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Dacres v. Setjo, L.L.C., 2019-Ohio-2914.]

                               COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

EWAN DACRES,                                         :

                 Plaintiff-Appellant,                :
                                                              No. 107638
                 v.                                  :

SETJO, L.L.C., ET AL.,                               :

                 Defendants-Appellees.               :

                                JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: July 18, 2019

             Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                 Case No. CV-18-894592

                                             Appearances:

                 Joanne Brown, for appellant.

                 Zashin & Rich Co., L.P.A., Stephen S. Zashin, and David P.
                 Frantz, for appellees.

ANITA LASTER MAYS, J.:

                   Plaintiff-appellant Ewan Dacres (“Dacres”) filed suit against his

employer, defendant-appellee Setjo, L.L.C. d.b.a. KIA of Bedford (“KIA”) advancing

multiple counts relating to the employment relationship including discrimination
and wrongful termination. The trial court granted KIA’s motion to stay the

proceedings pending arbitration. Dacres appeals the determination.1

I.   Background and Facts

               Dacres filed a complaint for damages and injunctive relief against KIA

on March 15, 2018. Jamaican-born Dacres was the only African-American manager

employed by KIA. Dacres states that he joined KIA in 2010 and that he performed

well and exhibited tireless work ethics but was terminated without warning on

August 17, 2017.

               Dacres was one of three employees whose signatures were required

to approve payments for employee participation in the unit bonus program. Dacres

as the sales manager, the general manager, and a KIA owner were each responsible

for independently verifying that the employee in question met the program

requirements to provide a check-and-balance system. Dacres was summoned to a

meeting with KIA management in August 2017 and informed that an employee had

been improperly approved and paid for program participation. Dacres, the sole

minority, was the only person terminated for the error. His conduct was deemed to

be theft but not the conduct of the other signers.

      1  A motion granting or denying a stay pending arbitration “is a final order and a
trial court lacks authority to reconsider such orders absent a jurisdictional basis.”
Tedeschi v. Atrium Ctrs., L.L.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97647, 2012-Ohio-2929, ¶ 9. See
also Russell v. RAC Natl. Prod. Serv., L.L.C., 4th Dist. Washington No. 14CA17, 2014-
Ohio-3392, ¶ 14 (the proceedings set forth in R.C. 2711.02 and 2711.03 are special
proceedings under R.C. 2505.01(A)(1), and thus are final appealable orders).
               Dacres also asserted that he was consistently harassed about his race

and national origin by managers and coworkers during his employment and was

routinely referred to as “boy.” According to the complaint, Dacres refused to

respond to the moniker “boy” by a named coworker who approached Dacres in front

of customers and staff, “violently shoved [Dacres] to the ground while screaming

‘f**king boy you work for me.’” Complaint, p. 73. Dacres said there was no adverse

action taken against the employee.

               KIA also condoned similar behavior by other employees. The director

of finance would, in front of staff and customers, “say [to Dacres] in a loud voice ‘boy

don’t you hear me talking to you.’” Id. at p. 77. Coworkers made other stinging

comments such as Dacres could accompany them to the golf course to carry their

bags, comment “there goes the neighborhood” when he entered a meeting, or called

him “Kunte Kinte” because he was required to work 12 to 14 hours per day, six days

per week for 16 months while the white managers worked five days per week.

               Dacres cited numerous occasions where African-American employees

were called fat and black, hood rats, and ni**ers. There were also comments about

Dacres’s Jamaican heritage such as whether Jamaicans lived in trees, dirt huts, or

speak English.

               In spite of the submission of multiple verbal, written, and email

complaints to the owners and general manager, Dacres claimed nothing was done

to address the issue. Dacres asserted that his termination was based on his race.
              Dacres claimed discrimination, hostile work environment, and

wrongful termination based on race and national origin. R.C. 4112.02(A). Dacres

also made claims of intentional infliction of emotional distress and defamation of

character based on KIA telling coworkers and potential employers that Dacres stole

and misappropriated funds.

              Dacres also charged KIA with fraud.          Managers were paid a

percentage of a stated line item known as line 6395. Dacres argued that the line item

amount used to determine his pay was intentionally misrepresented in order to pay

him less than the other managers.

              Finally, Dacres charged KIA with tortious interference of a business

relationship. Dacres argued that he had an independent business relationship with

KIA Motors because of his membership in the KIA Motor’s KIA Sales Elite group.

Members received quarterly payments for sales made the prior year except where

the individual retires. Dacres said KIA’s practice was not to retire managers until

their Elite payments had been issued but changed that practice and retired Dacres

so he could not collect the payments.

              KIA responded to the complaint on May 18, 2018, and effectively

denied the allegations of the complaint. KIA advanced multiple affirmative defenses

including that the claims were subject to an enforceable arbitration agreement that

could not be pursued in court, and that R.C. 4113.71 applied to provide immunity to

an employer for job performance information disclosures.
              Also, on May 18, 2018, KIA moved to stay the proceedings pending

arbitration and requested costs and sanctions. KIA argued that all claims of the

complaint relate to Dacres’s employment and are therefore covered by the

arbitration agreement executed by Dacres on November 28, 2016.

              On June 11, 2018, Dacres filed a response to the motion. Dacres

argued that the arbitration agreement is unenforceable because there was no

meeting of the minds, that the arbitration agreement is procedurally and

substantively unconscionable, and that the arbitration agreement is void due to

duress. Dacres averred in an affidavit supporting his response that his office

manager presented the arbitration agreement to him on November 28, 2016 at 8:00

p.m., refused to give him a copy to have it reviewed by his attorney, informed him

that signing was not negotiable, refused to allow him to read the agreement and

directed that he sign it or he would not get paid for remuneration already earned.

Two weeks later, Dacres was provided with an unsigned copy of the arbitration

agreement.

              KIA filed a reply refuting Dacres’s claims.    KIA added that all

employees received handbooks and a copy of the arbitration agreement in

November 2016. KIA attached a document signed by Dacres on November 28, 2016

that states Dacres received a handbook, and argued that Dacres received the

arbitration agreement prior to November 28, 2016 to review. KIA also provided an

affidavit from the office manager averring that employees were provided copies of
the arbitration agreement prior to signing and that employees were not forced to

sign. KIA also denied that there was a threat to withhold Dacres’s pay.

              No hearing was requested or conducted regarding the motion. The

trial court determined that, “even if true,” the threat to withhold Dacres’s earned

wages was “not so extreme as to deprive” Dacres “of his unfettered will, and did not

create a situation in which the circumstances permitted no other alternative but to

sign the arbitration agreement.” Journal Entry Order and Opinion (Aug. 9, 2018),

p. 2. “Dacres could have resigned” and sued later if he was not paid. The journal

entry also claims that Dacres never complained about his treatment at work. Id.

               The trial court determined that procedural unconscionability was

lacking because he wrote his name2 on the first page of the five-page agreement and

signed the last page. The court also found that evidence was lacking to show that

the “‘bargaining process was so oppressive as to remove meaningful choice.’” Id. at

p. 3, citing McCaskey v. Sanford-Brown College, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97261,

2012-Ohio-1543, ¶ 29. The trial court further determined that there was no need to

address substantive unconscionability because procedural unconscionability had

not been established.

              Finally, the trial court disagreed that there was no meeting of the

minds. Based on Ohio case law, simply signing the arbitration agreement assumes

that the signer read and understood the arbitration agreement and the other party

      2 Dacres’s name is hand-printed on the blank line preceding “‘Employee’” in the
introductory paragraph of the arbitration agreement.
should be able to rely on that. Id. at p. 4, citing Butcher v. Bally Total Fitness Corp.,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81593, 2003-Ohio-1734, ¶ 16.

II. Assigned Error

                Dacres presents a single assigned error on appeal.

      The court erred in finding as a matter of law that when an employer
      who is obligated to pay an employee wages due and earned under an
      employment contract, threatens not to pay the employee unless he or
      she signs a [second] separate agreement that he or she does not want
      to sign, the employee has not been coerced and did not sign the second
      agreement under duress.

III. Discussion.

      A. Standards of Review

                 “Generally, absent an abuse of discretion, a reviewing court should

not disturb a trial court’s decision regarding a motion to stay proceedings pending

arbitration.”   K.M.P., Inc. v. Ohio Historical Soc., 4th Dist. Jackson No. 03CA2,

2003-Ohio-4443, ¶ 14, citing Maclin v. Greens Nursing, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 101085, 2014-Ohio-2538, ¶ 7. An abuse of discretion standard “‘connotes more

than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable,

arbitrary or unconscionable.’” Id., quoting Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d

217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

                The question of whether a party has agreed to submit a specific issue

to arbitration is reviewed under a de novo standard. Hedeen v. Autos Direct Online,

Inc., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100582, 2014-Ohio-4200, 19 N.E.3d 957, ¶ 9, citing

McCaskey v. Sanford-Brown College, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97261, 2012-Ohio-

1543, ¶ 7; and Taylor Bldg. Corp. of Am. v. Benfield, 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-
938, 884 N.E.2d 12. Under a de novo standard of review, we give no deference to a

trial court’s decision. Hedeen at ¶ 9, citing Brownlee v. Cleveland Clinic Found., 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97707, 2012-Ohio-2212, ¶ 9; Akron v. Frazier, 142 Ohio App.3d

718, 721, 756 N.E.2d 1258 (9th Dist.2001).

       B. Analysis

               In general, Ohio’s public policy encourages arbitration as a method to

settle disputes. Schaefer v. Allstate Ins. Co., 63 Ohio St.3d 708, 711-712, 590 N.E.2d

1242 (1992); and the Ohio Arbitration Act, R.C. Chapter 2711 (a trial court, “shall on

application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action until the arbitration of the

issue has been had in accordance with the agreement.” R.C. 2711.02).

               R.C. 2711.01(A) provides:

        (A) A provision in any written contract, except as provided in division
       (B) of this section, to settle by arbitration a controversy that
       subsequently arises out of the contract, or out of the refusal to perform
       the whole or any part of the contract, or any agreement in writing
       between two or more persons to submit to arbitration any controversy
       existing between them at the time of the agreement to submit, or
       arising after the agreement to submit, from a relationship then existing
       between them or that they simultaneously create, shall be valid,
       irrevocable, and enforceable, except upon grounds that exist at law or
       in equity for the revocation of any contract.

               R.C. 2711.02 specifically addresses the trial court’s authority to stay a

trial pending arbitration:

        As a result of Ohio’s pro-arbitration stance, courts indulge a strong
       presumption in favor of arbitration when the disputed issue falls within
       the scope of the arbitration agreement. Williams v. Aetna Fin. Co., 83
       Ohio St.3d 464, 471, 700 N.E.2d 859 (1998); Taylor Bldg., 117 Ohio
       St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, at ¶ 27. Ohio also holds that
       arbitration agreements are, “‘valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, except
      upon grounds that exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any
      contract.’” Taylor Bldg. at ¶ 33, quoting R.C. 2711.01(A).

               The Ohio Supreme Court has steadfastly maintained that,

“‘arbitration is a matter of contract and a party cannot be required to submit to

arbitration any dispute which [it] has not agreed so to submit.’” Taylor v. Ernst &

Young, L.L.P., 130 Ohio St.3d 411, 2011-Ohio-5262, 958 N.E.2d 1203, ¶ 20, quoting

AT&T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 648-

649, 106 S.Ct. 1415, 89 L.Ed.2d 648 (1986). See also Academy of Med. v. Aetna

Health, Inc., 108 Ohio St.3d 185, 2006-Ohio-657, 842 N.E.2d 488, ¶ 11-14 (in order

for an arbitration agreement to be enforceable, the agreement must apply to the

disputed issue), and Ghanem v. Am. Greetings Corp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 82316, 2003-Ohio-5935, ¶ 12.

              The Taylor court explained:

      Accordingly, when deciding motions to compel arbitration, the proper
      focus is whether the parties actually agreed to arbitrate the issue, i.e.,
      the scope of the arbitration clause, not the general policies of the
      arbitration statutes. [EEOC v.] Waffle House[, Inc.], 534 U.S. [279] at
      294[, 122 S.Ct. 754, 151 L.Ed.2d 755 (2002)]. It follows that although
      any ambiguities in the language of a contract containing an arbitration
      provision should be resolved in favor of arbitration, the courts must not
      “override the clear intent of the parties, or reach a result inconsistent
      with the plain text of the contract, simply because the policy favoring
      arbitration is implicated.” Id.

Taylor at ¶ 20; Marks v. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Commercial Fin. Servs., 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88948, 2008-Ohio-1820, ¶ 15 (“parties cannot be compelled to

arbitrate a dispute in which they have not agreed to submit to arbitration”).
               In determining arbitrability, a court must be guided by the following

analysis:

      “(1) that ‘arbitration is a matter of contract and a party cannot be
      required to so submit to arbitration any dispute which he has not
      agreed to so submit’”; (2) that the question whether a particular claim
      is arbitrable is one of law for the court to decide; (3) that when deciding
      whether the parties have agreed to submit a particular claim to
      arbitration, a court may not rule on the potential merits of the
      underlying claim; and (4) that when a “contract contains an arbitration
      provision, there is a presumption of arbitrability in the sense that ‘[a]n
      order to arbitrate the particular grievance should not be denied unless
      it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clause is not
      susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute.’””
      [Academy of Med. of Cincinnati v. Aetna Health, Inc.], 155 Ohio
      App.3d 310, 2003-Ohio-6194, 800 N.E.2d 1185, ¶ 12, quoting Cohen v.
      PaineWebber, Inc., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-010312, 2002-Ohio-196,
      quoting Council of Smaller Enters., 80 Ohio St.3d at 665-666, 687
      N.E.2d 1352, quoting AT&T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications
      Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 650, 106 S.Ct. 1415, 89 L.Ed.2d 648
      (1986).

Academy of Med. at ¶ 5.

               Dacres argues the arbitration agreement is not enforceable because

he signed the arbitration agreement under economic duress and that the arbitration

agreement is procedurally and substantively unconscionable.

      1. Duress

              It is axiomatic that arbitration is a matter of contract and requires a

“voluntary offer, acceptance of the offer, and consideration.” (Citations omitted.)

Robinson v. Mayfield Auto Group, L.L.C., 2017-Ohio-8739, 100 N.E.3d 978, ¶ 13

(8th Dist.). The presence of duress renders the act involuntary. Blodgett v.

Blodgett, 49 Ohio St.3d 243, 245, 551 N.E.2d 1249 (1990).
              The trial court relied on Blodgett to find that Dacres failed to

demonstrate duress:

      “A person who claims to have been a victim of economic duress must
      show that he or she was subjected to * * * a wrongful or unlawful act or
      threat, * * * and that it * * * deprive[d] the victim of his unfettered will.
      Further, * * * merely taking advantage of another’s financial difficulty
      is not duress. Rather, the person alleging financial difficulty must allege
      that it was contributed to or caused by the one accused of coercion * * *
      three elements are common to all situations where duress has been
      found to exist. These are: (1) that one side involuntarily accepted the
      terms of another; (2) that circumstances permitted no other
      alternative; and (3) that said circumstances were the result of coercive
      acts of the opposite party. * * * The assertion of duress must be proven
      to have been the result of the defendant’s conduct and not by the
      plaintiff’s necessities.”

Journal entry order and opinion (Aug. 9, 2018), p. 2, quoting Blodgett at 246

(internal citations and quotations omitted.)

              Dacres provided an affidavit in support of his objections to KIA’s

motion to stay filed in the trial court. Dacres alleged that in November 2016, Office

Manager Paula Richter (“Richter”) informed employees that they would be required

to sign the agreement for arbitration. Dacres asked Richter for a copy of the

arbitration agreement to have it reviewed by an attorney but did not receive one.

              On November 28, 2016, at approximately 8:00 p.m., Richter

reportedly appeared at Dacres’s desk and instructed him to sign the arbitration

agreement. Dacres said he reminded Richter of his request for a copy of the

arbitration agreement for attorney review, but Richter told him that he would not

receive a copy for review, his signature was mandatory, and that if he did not sign

the arbitration agreement at that time, he would not receive payment for wages
earned and owed. Dacres’s pay was to be electronically deposited into his account

on Thursday of that week. Because Richter “repeatedly stated” that he had to sign

the arbitration agreement to receive his earned pay, Dacres signed the arbitration

agreement.

              Dacres stated that the first opportunity that he had to review the

arbitration agreement was two weeks later when he was provided with an unsigned

copy by Richter. The first time that Dacres saw an executed and dated copy of the

arbitration agreement was after the instant lawsuit ensued. The signature of

Stephen Shane (“Shane”), the chief operating officer for KIA, is dated November 28,

2016. Dacres averred that Shane’s signature was not on the document at the time

that Dacres signed it and Shane was not at the office when the arbitration agreement

was signed. The remainder of the affidavit addresses the ongoing discrimination

issues that Dacres encountered at KIA.

              KIA offered the affidavits of Shane and Richter in support of the

request for a stay. According to the argument and affidavits, Richter is a petite 69-

year-old woman who did not “tower over” and physically intimidate Dacres.

Richter’s time sheet indicated that her workday ended at 5:00 p.m. on November 28,

2016. According to Shane, the chief operating officer of Setjo, L.L.C., which operates

KIA, all KIA employees received a copy of a new employee handbook and the

arbitration agreement in November 2016. Shane attached an acknowledgement

form signed by Dacres on November 28, 2016, the date the arbitration agreement
was signed, that he received a copy of the employee handbook, but the form does

not mention the arbitration agreement.

              KIA counters that the three elements of coercion are absent:

(1) involuntary acceptance; (2) no alternative under the circumstances; (3) the

coercion was caused by KIA. Blodgett, 49 Ohio St.3d 243, 246, 551 N.E.2d 1249,

citing Urban Plumbing & Heating Co. v. United States, 187 Ct.Cl. 15, 28-29, 408

F.2d 382 (1969), citing Fruhauf Southwest Garment Co. v. United States, 126 Ct.Cl.

51, 62, 111 F.Supp. 945 (1953). KIA asserts that Dacres “presented no evidence that

the financial consequences of the potential withholding [of] a single paycheck were

so extreme that he had no alternative but to involuntarily sign” the arbitration

agreement.

              KIA states that it is “demonstrably false” that Dacres was forced to

sign the arbitration agreement under threat of withholding earned wages and that,

even if true, withholding earned pay did not constitute duress. In addition, KIA

points out that Dacres continued to work at KIA after executing the arbitration

agreement until his termination less than one year afterward.

              KIA correctly states that Ohio employers may condition employment

on the agreement of an employee to arbitrate disputes. Butcher v. Bally Total

Fitness Corp., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 81593, 2003-Ohio-1734 and Jones v. U-Haul

Co. of Massachusetts & Ohio, 16 F. Supp.3d 922 (S.D. Ohio 2014).

              “The ‘mutuality of obligation’ doctrine requires only a quid pro quo

for consideration.” Robinson v. Mayfield Auto Group, L.L.C., 2017-Ohio-8739, 100
N.E.3d 978, ¶ 13 (8th Dist.), quoting Frick v. Univ. Hosps. of Cleveland, 133 Ohio

App.3d 224, 228, 727 N.E.2d 600 (8th Dist.1999). “Generally, the court does not

inquire into the adequacy of consideration to support the contract.” Butcher at ¶ 31.

                Immediately above the signature lines, the arbitration agreement

contains a statement in bold language that states the signor understands that he or

she is giving up the right to a jury trial. It also states, “I understand that I should

consult a lawyer of my choice before signing this agreement.” Dacres’s signature

appears underneath the bold language.

       “The parties to an agreement should be able to rely on the fact that
       affixing a signature which acknowledges one has read, understood, and
       agrees to be bound by the terms of an agreement means what it
       purports to mean.

Id. at ¶ 35.

                Like the employees in Butcher and Jones, Dacres was an at-will

employee.      Dacres has provided no evidence, other than his own affidavit,

supporting his claims of duress or rebutting the evidence provided by KIA. As for

the presence of economic duress, Ohio has determined that

       [A] person who claims to have been a victim of economic duress must
       show that he or she was subjected to “* * * a wrongful or unlawful act
       or threat, * * *” and that it “* * * deprive[d] the victim of his unfettered
       will.” 13 Williston on Contracts (3 Ed. 1970) 704, Section 1617.
       Further, “* * * [m]erely taking advantage of another’s financial
       difficulty is not duress. Rather, the person alleging financial difficulty
       must allege that it was contributed to or caused by the one accused of
       coercion.” Id. at 708.

Blodgett v. Blodgett, 49 Ohio St.3d 243, 246, 551 N.E.2d 1249 (1990).

                We affirm the trial court’s judgment on the issue of duress.
      2. Procedural and Substantive Unconscionability

              Unconscionability embodies two separate concepts: (1) unfair and

unreasonable contract terms, i.e., substantive unconscionability; and (2) an absence

of meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties, i.e., procedural

unconscionability. Taylor Bldg., 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d

12, at ¶ 34. A party asserting the unconscionability of a contract must prove a

quantum of both substantive and procedural unconscionability. Hayes v. Oakridge

Home, 122 Ohio St.3d 63, 2009-Ohio-2054, 908 N.E.2d 408, ¶ 30; Taylor Bldg. at

¶ 34. These two concepts create a two-prong conjunctive test for unconscionability.

Gates v. Ohio Sav. Assn, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2009-G-2881, 2009-Ohio-6230,

¶ 47; Strack v. Pelton, 70 Ohio St.3d 172, 637 N.E.2d 914 (1994).

              “Procedural unconscionability concerns the formation of the

agreement and occurs when no voluntary meeting of the minds is possible.”

Bayes v. Merle’s Metro Builders/Blvd. Constr., 11th Dist. Lake No. 2007-L-067,

2007-Ohio-7125, ¶ 11.

      Procedural      unconscionability     considers    the    circumstances
      surrounding the contracting parties’ bargaining, such as the parties’
      “‘age, education, intelligence, business acumen and experience, * * *
      who drafted the contract, * * * whether alterations in the printed terms
      were possible, [and] whether there were alternative sources of supply
      for the goods in question.’” [Collins v.] Click Camera [& Video], 86
      Ohio App.3d at 834, 621 N.E.2d 1294 [(2d Dist.1993)]. “Factors which
      may contribute to a finding of unconscionability in the bargaining
      process [i.e., procedural unconscionability] include the following:
      belief by the stronger party that there is no reasonable probability that
      the weaker party will fully perform the contract; knowledge of the
      stronger party that the weaker party will be unable to receive
      substantial benefits from the contract; knowledge of the stronger party
      that the weaker party is unable reasonably to protect his interests by
      reason of physical or mental infirmities, ignorance, illiteracy or
      inability to understand the language of the agreement, or similar
      factors.” Restatement of the Law 2d, Contracts (1981), Section 208,
      Comment d.

Taylor Bldg., 117 Ohio St.3d 352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12, at ¶ 44.

              “[A] determination of unconscionability is a fact-sensitive question

that requires a case-by-case review of the surrounding circumstances.” Brunke v.

Ohio State Home Servs., Inc., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 08CA009320, 2008-Ohio-5394,

¶ 8. Wallace v. Ganley Auto Group, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95081, 2011-Ohio-

2909, ¶ 44.

              Dacres argues that signing the Agreement under duress constitutes

procedural unconscionability that would satisfy the first prong of the test. However,

Ohio case law requires the presence of both procedural and substantive

unconscionability.

      “The party asserting unconscionability of a contract bears the burden
      of proving that the agreement is both procedurally and substantively
      unconscionable.” (Emphasis added.) Taylor Bldg., [117 Ohio St.3d
      352, 2008-Ohio-938, 884 N.E.2d 12], at ¶ 34, citing Collins v. Click
      Camera & Video, Inc., 86 Ohio App.3d 826, 834, 621 N.E.2d 1294 (2d
      Dist.1993). (“One must allege and prove a ‘quantum’ of both prongs in
      order to establish that a particular contract is unconscionable.”).

McGlumphy v. Richard T. Kiko Agency, Inc., 9th Dist. Summit No. 27043, 2014-

Ohio-3479, ¶ 10.

              Based on our finding that duress is lacking in this case, the procedural

prong of the test has not been met and Dacres’s unconscionability argument fails.

Therefore, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by staying the

proceedings pending arbitration.
              The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment

into execution.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to

Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

                                              __
ANITA LASTER MAYS, JUDGE

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCUR