Court Opinion

ID: 9621430
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 05:57:41.378007+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:05:03.473642
License: Public Domain

RICHARD H. EDELMAN, Senior Justice,
dissenting.
For the following reasons, I disagree with the Majority Opinion’s decision to adopt an inherent risk limitation on the liability of sports injury defendants and to affirm on that basis the summary judgment against the Chrismons’ claims for vicarious liability against Registered Teams.
First, because neither party asserted adoption (or non-adoption) of the inherent risk standard in the trial court, no decision on that issue is before us for review, and it is not a ground on which the summary judgment can be affirmed.1 Although Registered Teams’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment (the “motion”) stated that the Chrismons had no evidence of “a legal duty owed by one person to another,” it then proceeded to not only acknowledge the existence of a duty, but also to identify it and assert there was no evidence of a breach of that duty:
The plaintiff must establish both the existence of a duty and the violation of that duty by the defendant.
More importantly, the duty that the Plaintiffs must prove to have been breached is the duty to act as a reasonable person under the specific circumstances in question. In the present context, Brown was a volunteer softball coach. Plaintiffs have failed to show that his actions ... were unreasonable in light of his role or the common activity in which both he and Robin Chrismon were engaged.
*118(citations omitted) (emphasis added).2 On appeal, the Majority retroactively adopts a new and higher inherent risk negligence duty standard that the record does not reflect was ever mentioned in the trial court, and then affirms on the basis that Robin produced no evidence to create a fact issue on the “existence” of a duty under that newly raised standard.
Importantly, however, there is no question on the existence3 of a legal duty in this case, but only on the standard of liability that applies to that duty. Everyone, including the Majority, agrees that Registered Teams owed Robin a legal duty, and the Majority even acknowledges that the inherent risk duty that Registered Teams owed to Robin is a negligence duty. There is thus only a dispute as to whether the applicable standard of liability for that negligence duty should be ordinary negligence or inherent risk. Accordingly, the only real question is whether the Chris-mons produced evidence to raise a fact issue on a breach of a negligence duty, and the summary judgment cannot be affirmed on a no-duty ground in any respect.
Regarding the breach of duty, an assertion of no evidence of a breach of the ordinary negligence duty, as asserted in the motion, is distinct from a contention that there is no evidence of breach under a higher (inherent risk) negligence standard, and the former does not put the nonmov-ant or trial court on notice that the latter is being asserted (which it was not in this case). Therefore, by affirming the summary judgment on a different ground than was presented in the motion, the Majority’s decision defeats the objectives of: (1) putting the nonmovant on notice of the actual grounds for the summary judgment so they may have a fair chance to respond;4 and (2) reviewing a summary judgment based on an issue that was actually before the trial court. Rather than using the no-evidence summary judgment procedure to fairly refrain from holding trials on claims for which evidence is lacking, this allows that procedure to be used as a disguised method of defeating claims on purely legal grounds that are raised for the first time on appeal and then applied to the case retroactively.5 It thus serves no useful purpose, but merely creates a mechanism for summary judgment by ambush.
Similarly, by affirming the summary judgment on a different legal standard than was either pleaded or asserted in the summary judgment materials, or was existing under prevailing law, the Majority allows a no-evidence summary judgment to *119be granted and affirmed for what it has essentially turned into an after-the-fact failure to state a cause of action (by pleading a now inapplicable standard for the negligence duty that it concedes was owed) without requiring special exceptions to be filed or allowing the plaintiff an opportunity to replead.6
Second, although this may be an issue of first impression in this court, at least seven opinions from five other Texas appeals courts have addressed the duty standard applicable to sports injuries, and all seven applied or recognized the reckless or intentional conduct standard.7 The Texas Supreme Court denied review in five of the six of those cases in which a writ application was filed, and reversed on other grounds in the sixth.8 More importantly, however, in two of the five cases in which review was denied, three justices dissented specifically on the ground that the inherent risk standard should be adopted, but a majority of the Court nevertheless declined to do so. See Phi Delta Theta Co. v. Moore, 10 S.W.3d 658, 658-62 (Tex.1999) (Enoch, J., dissenting); Davis v. Greer, 940 S.W.2d 582, 582-88 (Tex.1996) (Gonzalez, J., dissenting). In this case, by adopting a standard that the Texas Supreme Court has twice affirmatively declined to adopt, does the Majority Opinion presume to tacitly overrule those decisions or to just extend the Court another opportunity and invitation to finally “get it right?”
Third, contrary to the simplistic manner in which the Majority casts this issue, it involves important, wide-ranging, and competing policy considerations with which courts in Texas and elsewhere have had considerable difficulty, not only in selecting among the alternative standards, but, more importantly, in finding a uniform or coherent basis on which to apply any of them.9 Any decision on whether to adopt *120a completely different liability standard than any other Texas appeals court has applied should be made by the Texas Supreme Court after the issue has been properly developed in the lower courts and adequately briefed and analyzed, none of which has occurred in this case.10
SUPPLEMENTAL MAJORITY OPINION
KEM THOMPSON FROST, Justice.
In their motion for rehearing, appellants Robin Chrismon and Lonnie Chrismon assert arguments grounded on the proposition that appellee Registered Teams of the Amateur Softball Association of America, in its motion for summary judgment, did not assert any no-evidence grounds against the vicarious-liability claims. The Chrismons urge that, even though Registered Teams asserted in its motion that there is no evidence of duty, it asserted a traditional ground rather than a no-evidence ground because, among other things, (1) the words “no evidence” do not appear in the title of the motion or in any heading in the motion; (2) the motion does not contain a citation to Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a(i) or the standard of review for no-evidence summary-judgment motions; (3) Registered Teams attached evidence to its motion and quoted from that evidence; and (4) other grounds asserted in the motion are traditional grounds for summary judgment.1
The Texas Supreme Court has held that attaching evidence to a motion or including other traditional summary-judgment grounds in the motion does not foreclose the movant from asserting no-evidence grounds in the motion. See Binur v. Jaco-lo, 135 S.W.3d 646, 650-51 (Tex.2004). Likewise, our high court has concluded that, while it would be helpful for the movant to use headings to clearly delineate which summary-judgment grounds are based on Rule 166a(i), such clarity is not required for the assertion of a no-evidence ground. See id. According to the Texas Supreme Court, if the movant clearly sets *121forth its no-evidence grounds and meets Rule 166a(i)’s requirements, then the mov-ant has asserted these no-evidence grounds. See id. Disagreeing with the court of appeals’s conclusion that the mov-ant in Binur had asserted only traditional summary-judgment grounds, the Texas Supreme Court held that the movant sufficiently asserted a no-evidence ground attacking the essential element of proximate cause because “[movant’s] motion for summary judgment asserted that there was no evidence of proximate cause.” Id. at 651. Registered Teams satisfied Rule 166a(i) and asserted a no-evidence ground in which it attacked the essential element of duty. See id. (concluding movant satisfied Rule 166a(i) and asserted no-evidence ground by stating in motion that there was no evidence of an essential element of plaintiffs claim); Alaniz v. Rebello Food & Beverage, L.L.C., 165 S.W.3d 7, 11-12 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (holding movant satisfied Rule 166a(i) and asserted no-evidence grounds by stating two essential elements of the plaintiffs’ claims and asserting that there was no evidence of these elements). Thus, we find no merit in the Chrismons’ rehearing arguments premised on Registered Teams’s purported failure to assert a no-evidence ground attacking duty.2 The Chrismons’ motion for rehearing is denied.
EDELMAN, J., dissents without opinion on rehearing.

. See, e.g., Haase v. Glazner, 62 S.W.3d 795, 800 (Tex.2001) (reiterating that summary judgment cannot be affirmed on an argument not expressly presented in the motion for summary judgment); Science Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911-12 (Tex. 1997) (holding that a traditional motion for summary judgment based on the no-duty ground of no exercise of control over the adjacent premises did not allow affirmance based on the no-duty ground of not having creating the dangerous condition); Sysco Food Servs., Inc. v. Trapnell, 890 S.W.2d 796, 805 (Tex.1994).

. Although inconsistent positions can be asserted in the alternative, Registered Teams's motion contained no language indicating any such intent.

. A true no-duty case is where, for example, a property owner asserts that it owes no legal duty of any kind to a plaintiff for an injury caused by a premise defect because the property owner retained no right of control over the property. See, e.g., Science Spectrum, 941 S.W.2d at 911-12. The Majority actually rules that there is no evidence of a breach of the inherent risk negligence duty that it acknowledges was owed, but attempts to label that ruling as no evidence of a duty.

. Was Robin also required to raise a fact issue under each of the other two alternative liability standards identified in the Majority Opinion in case it might have chosen to adopt one of those instead?

. Court decisions should not be applied retroactively where, as is likely here: (1) the decision establishes a new principle of law by either overruling clear past precedent on which litigants may have relied or by deciding an issue of first impression whose resolution was not clearly foreshadowed; or (2) retroactive application could produce substantial inequitable results. See, e.g., Baker Hughes, Inc. v. Keco R. & D. Inc., 12 S.W.3d 1, 4-5 (Tex. 1999).

. See, e.g., Friesenhahn v. Ryan, 960 S.W.2d 656, 658-59 (Tex.1998) (reversing summary judgment, claiming that pleadings failed to state a cause of action by not alleging a legal duty owed by the defendants, because plaintiffs had not been put on notice that their pleadings were deficient and given an opportunity to amend); Peek v. Equip. Serv. Co. of San Antonio, 779 S.W.2d 802, 805 (Tex.1989) (reiterating that unless the petition affirmatively demonstrates that no cause of action exists or that the plaintiff's recovery is barred, a trial court must give a plaintiff an opportunity to amend before granting a summary judgment on the plaintiff’s failure to plead facts that state a cause of action).

. See Southwest Key Program, Inc. v. Gil-Perez, 79 S.W.3d 571, 575-76 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2000), rev'd on other grounds, 81 S.W.3d 269, 274-75 (Tex.2002); Monk v. Phillips, 983 S.W.2d 323, 324-26 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1998, pet. denied); Moore v. Phi Delta Theta, 976 S.W.2d 738, 741-42 (Tex.App.Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. denied); Greer v. Davis, 921 S.W.2d 325, 328-29 (Tex.App.Corpus Christi 1996, writ denied); Allen v. Donath, 875 S.W.2d 438, 440 (Tex.App.-Waco 1994, writ denied); Hathaway v. Tascosa Country Club, Inc., 846 S.W.2d 614, 616-17 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1993, no writ); Connell v. Payne, 814 S.W.2d 486, 489 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1991, writ denied). Because Registered Teams did not seek summary judgment based on the intentional-reckless duty standard, the summary judgment could not have been affirmed on the Chrismons’ failure to present evidence to satisfy that standard.

. See supra, note 7.

. See, e.g., Matthew G. Cole, No Blood No Foul: The Standard of Care in Texas Owed by Participants to One Another in Athletic Contests, 59 Baylor L.Rev. 435 (2007). Similarly, although aware of the inherent risk standard, the Legislature has seen fit to impose it in only one very limited context, that being injury or damage occurring in an equine activity or livestock show. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 87.003 (Vernon 2005). Moreover, although former Justice Enoch has argued that the inherent risk doctrine is somehow distinct from the former implied assumption of the risk doctrine that has, with exceptions not applicable here, been subsumed into comparative responsibility, it is not apparent to me how the two are concep*120tually different. See Phi Delta Theta, 10 S.W.3d at 659-62 (Enoch, J., dissenting).

. Even Justice Enoch’s dissent recognizes that the policy justifying a heightened sports liability standard is to prevent tort liability from curtailing the competitive fervor with which sports should be played. See Phi Delta Theta, 10 S.W.3d at 660-61. However, contrary to the Majority’s treatment of Robin as a participant in this case, she was not a player, and her injury did not result from any competitive activity by a player. A heightened standard is thus no more justified in this context than if Brown had inadvertently jammed Robin’s hand in the dugout gate or dropped the equipment bag on her foot.

. The Chrismons also state that Registered Teams admitted the existence of duty in its motion; however, we addressed this issue on original submission. See Chrismon v. Brown, 246 S.W.3d 102, 114, (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet. h.). The Chrismons also state that Sterner v. Marathon Oil Co. would provide the standard of review as to any traditional summary-judgment ground that Registered Teams asserted against the essential elements of the Chrismons' claims. See 767 S.W.2d 686, 690 (Tex. 1989). This is incorrect; rather, Sterner deals with a legal-sufficiency challenge to an adverse fact finding as to which the appellant had the burden of proof at trial. See id. The Texas Supreme Court has stated that, in reviewing a summary-judgment de novo, appellate courts must consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if reasonable jurors could and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not. Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572, 582 (Tex.2006). The evidence raises a genuine issue of fact if reasonable and fair-minded jurors could differ in their conclusions in light of all of the summary-judgment evidence. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Mayes, 236 S.W.3d 754, 756 (Tex.2007).

. In their final argument on rehearing, the Chrismons assert that, even if Registered Teams asserted a no-evidence ground as to duty, this court has affirmed that motion on a ground not asserted in Registered Teams’s motion — the inherent-risk doctrine. We addressed this argument on original submission. See Chrismon, 246 S.W.3d at 113-15. We stand by this analysis.