Court Opinion

ID: 899605
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-06-11 00:00:30.147822+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:25:14.108203
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/10/13 P. v. Butler CA2/2
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,                                                          B236056

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. TA110580)
         v.

DONYELL LADALE BUTLER,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from judgments of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Laura R.
Walton, Judge; Paul A. Bacigalupo, Judge. Affirmed with modifications.

         Deborah L. Hawkins, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.

         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Linda C. Johnson and Theresa A.
Patterson, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                                       ******
       Two juries convicted defendant and appellant Donyell Ladale Butler of attempted
murder, assault with a firearm, and possession of an assault weapon.
       He appeals from the judgments and contends that (1) the prosecution committed
prejudicial misconduct, (2) the trial court erred by refusing to dismiss two jurors, (3) the
trial court erred by refusing defense counsel‘s request to instruct the jury on attempted
voluntary manslaughter, (4) the trial court erred when it instructed the jury with
CALCRIM No. 361 (failure to explain or deny adverse testimony), (5) the trial court
erred when it overruled a defense objection to a hypothetical question posed to the gang
expert, (6) the trial court erred in calculating the length of the sentence for the gang
enhancement on the count for possession of an assault weapon, (7) the trial court erred in
failing to award presentence custody credits, (8) there was insufficient evidence that
defendant was the shooter, (9) the abstract of judgment should be corrected to reflect the
proper sentence on the count for possession of an assault weapon, and (10) the case
should be remanded because the abstract of judgment does not accurately reflect the oral
pronouncement of the court.
       We agree that the trial court imposed an incorrect sentence for the gang
enhancement on the count for possession of an assault weapon and modify the judgment.
We also find defendant was entitled to presentence conduct credit. In all other respects,
we affirm the judgment.
                                     BACKGROUND
       1.     Procedural History
       The underlying proceeding involved three trials. In the first trial, the Los Angeles
County District Attorney charged defendant with: attempted murder (count 1, Pen. Code,
§§ 664/187, subd. (a));1 assault with a firearm (count 2, § 245, subd. (a)(2)); possession
of an assault weapon (count 3, § 12280, subd. (b)); and kidnapping (count 4, § 207,
subd. (a)). The amended information alleged that the attempted murder was committed
willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation, in violation of section 664,

1      All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.

                                              2
subdivision (a). As to count 1, it was alleged that defendant personally inflicted great
bodily injury and used a firearm (§§ 12022.7, subd. (a), 12022.53, subds. (b)–(d)). As to
counts 2 and 4, it was alleged that defendant personally used a firearm (§ 12022.5,
subd. (a)). With respect to all counts and pursuant to section 186.22,
subdivision (b)(1)(C), it was alleged that the offenses were committed for the benefit of a
street gang. Finally, it was alleged that defendant had served two prior prison terms
within the meaning of section 667.5, subdivision (b), and had suffered one prior serious
or violent felony conviction within the meaning of the ―Three Strikes‖ law (§§ 667,
subds. (b)–(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)–(d)).
       The first jury found defendant guilty of possession of an assault weapon in count 3
and found the gang enhancement to be true. Defendant was found not guilty of
kidnapping in count 4. The jury was unable to reach a verdict on counts 1 and 2, and a
mistrial was declared as to those counts.2
       The second trial resulted in another deadlocked jury on counts 1 and 2, and a
mistrial was again declared.3 Following a third jury trial, defendant was found guilty on
counts 1 and 2, and all firearm and gang allegations were found to be true. The court
conducted a bifurcated jury trial on the prior conviction allegations, and the jury found
the allegations true–that defendant had served two prior prison terms, and suffered one
prior serious or violent felony conviction.
       The trial court sentenced defendant to a term of 44 years to life in state prison,
calculated as follows: on count 1 for attempted murder, life with the possibility of parole
after a minimum term of 14 years, plus a consecutive term of 25 years for the firearm
enhancement, and two consecutive one-year terms for the prior prison terms pursuant to
section 667.5, subdivision (b), and on count 3, a consecutive term of one year and
four months (one-third of the mid-term doubled pursuant to the ―Three Strikes‖ law) and
a consecutive term of one year and eight months for the gang enhancement (one-third of

2      The jury was deadlocked at nine for guilty and three for not guilty on both counts.

3      The jury was deadlocked at eight for guilty and four for not guilty on both counts.

                                              3
the five-year term).4 The court imposed a three-year sentence on count 2 which was
stayed pursuant to section 654.
       Defendant was ordered to pay a $2,000 restitution fine (§ 1202.4, subd. (b)) and a
parole revocation fine (§ 1202.45) in the same amount was imposed and stayed.
Defendant was ordered to pay a $60 court security fee (§ 1465.8) and a $40 criminal
conviction assessment (Gov. Code, § 70373).5
       2.     Statement of Facts
              a.     Prosecution Evidence
       On January 21, 2010, defendant and his friends were in the bar area of T.G.I.
Friday‘s restaurant in Compton. It was karaoke night and the bar was crowded.
Defendant, who wore dark pants, a long-sleeved blue shirt, and a blue beanie, was at a
booth near the back wall. A group of people seated at tables close to the bar wore red
baseball caps with the letter ―W‖ on them. The group reacted to a song on the jukebox
and flashed gang signs and shouted ―Westside Piru.‖ They also shouted ―Saaawoop,‖
which was a battle cry used by gang members to indicate that they are members of a
Blood or Piru gang. Defendant flashed different gang signs in reaction to the song.
       Defendant walked over and confronted the group of Westside Pirus. He
challenged them to ―go out to the parking lot‖ and told them to ―stop being a little bitch.‖
Gang signs were flashed again and somebody yelled out ―Southside Compton Crips.‖
People started running when the confrontation began and security escorted people out of
the bar area. The sound of gunshots from outside was heard and people ran back inside
the bar. Paul Shepherd, a documented member of the Westside Pirus, who was dressed in
red, ran into the bar and fell to the ground. He suffered a gunshot wound to the upper
abdomen and lower chest area, and was hospitalized for three weeks.

4      The abstract of judgment reflects an unauthorized sentence and is discussed in
section VI, infra.

5      The abstract of judgment reflects otherwise and is discussed in section IX, infra.

                                             4
       The restaurant was equipped with four different surveillance cameras, one was
located outside the front door, another in the foyer, and two in the bar area. Portions of
the surveillance videos taken from the different camera angles were played for the jury.
They were also shown still photographs taken from the videos.6
       Richard Andrew Vasquez, a bartender at T.G.I. Friday‘s saw defendant in a corner
of the bar area throwing up gang signs. He watched defendant move towards the middle
of the bar area and get into an altercation with a group of people. Shortly afterwards he
saw ―the guy in the red shirt [Shepherd] comes in the bar, flops down, and he‘s shot.‖
About a week after the shooting, Vasquez circled defendant‘s photo in a six-pack photo
lineup. He identified defendant as the man he saw in the bar that night, and wrote,
―Nose, lips looks exactly like the guy that was throwing up gang signs in the bar.‖ He
also identified defendant in surveillance clips showing defendant entering the bar,
confronting the Westside Pirus, exiting the bar, and shooting Shepherd. Vasquez
identified defendant in court and was ―really sure‖ he was the man wearing a blue beanie
and blue jacket that was throwing up gang signs in the bar on January 21, 2010.
       Keny Quijano was an employee of T.G.I. Friday‘s. He wore a T-shirt marked
―Security‖ and kept track of the number of people in the bar on karoke night by handing
out wristbands. On the night of the shooting he stood by the back wall of the bar close to
defendant. Defendant kept ―running into [Quijano] the majority of the times‖ and had to
―go through [Quijano] to get to the tables.‖ Sometimes, Quijano had to ―move a little bit,
like, to the side for him to go through.‖ Quijano saw the group of Westside Pirus
throwing up gang signs and saw defendant approach them. On January 23, 2010, ―within
a matter of seconds‖ he identified defendant from a six-pack photo lineup and wrote,
―This was the guy that was standing next to me.‖ When shown a still photograph of the
shooting taken from the surveillance video, Quijano identified defendant as the shooter.

6      People‘s exhibits 9 through 12 were CD‘s entitled ―Entrance,‖ ―Confrontation,‖
―Exit,‖ and ―Shooting.‖ People‘s exhibits 14 through 17 were still photographs taken
from the surveillance videos identifying defendant. People‘s exhibit 19 was a still
photograph taken from the surveillance videos identifying Shepherd.

                                             5
Quijano was able to recognize defendant because of the blue shirt and beanie and because
Quijano stood next to him in the bar. Quijano was sure of his identification of defendant
in court.
       Latisha Doxie was working as a waitress in the bar that evening. She testified she
saw a large African-American male approach another group in the bar. It appeared ―as if
something was bothering him‖ and then she heard ―voices rising and an argument
starting.‖ When shown a still photograph taken from a surveillance video she identified
an individual who was wearing a beanie as the person who approached the Westside
Pirus. Phillip Wills, was the general manager of T.G.I. Friday‘s and became aware of an
altercation in the bar area that evening. From a still photograph taken from a surveillance
video he identified a large individual who was wearing a beanie and appeared to be
African-American as someone involved in the confrontation. Neither Doxie nor Wills
identified defendant at trial.
       Shepherd testified that he grew up in a Westside Piru neighborhood but denied
being a member of the gang. He had a cousin who was a member and Shepherd had a
tattoo on his back that said ―Piru Nation‖ with the number ―82‖ in the middle, in honor of
his cousin who died in 2006. He had been in the lock-up with defendant and was
uncomfortable identifying anyone in court. He had no memory of the night of the
shooting and did not want to testify.
       Los Angeles County Sheriff‘s Department (LASD) Deputy Gabriela Hernandez
responded to the scene and found two expended bullet casings in front of the restaurant.
There was a bullet strike on the entrance near the door frame and a bullet hole inside the
lobby. LASD Detective Eric Arias interviewed some of the witnesses at T.G.I. Friday‘s
on the night of the shooting. Vasquez told Detective Arias that ―a male Black in his mid
to early 30‘s . . . wearing a dark blue or black beanie cap‖ stood next to Quijano. The
man had a hard stance and Vasquez described him as ―a hard-core O.G. gangster‖
because he was throwing up different gang hand signs while the Westside Pirus were
throwing up their gang signs. Quijano told police that defendant was the one who said

                                             6
―Southside Compton Crips.‖7 The day after the shooting Doxie told Detective Arias that
she knew the large group of people she served in the bar were Westside Pirus because
they wore red baseball caps with a white ―W‖ and she heard them yelling out ―Westside
Piru.‖ She saw the ―O.G. type‖ individual confront the Westside Piru group. He was
acting ―extremely hostile‖ and she heard him repeatedly say ―Fuck Piru‖ and ―This is
Southside.‖ Two days after the shooting Shepherd told Detective Arias he was at T.G.I.
Friday‘s celebrating a friend‘s birthday when an African-American male approached one
of Shepherd‘s friends and challenged him to go outside. Shepherd decided to go outside
anticipating a fist fight and was shot as he was about to exit T.G.I. Friday‘s. He stumbled
back inside the bar area and collapsed.
       Long Beach Police Department provided the investigating officers with
information that an individual named ―H.K.‖ from the 10-Deuce Budlong Gangster Crips
was responsible for the shooting at T.G.I. Friday‘s. Detective Arias was able to identify
defendant from that particular gang. On January 25, 2010, LASD Deputy Michael
Jimenez saw defendant in the front passenger seat of a 2002 Lexus, in the area of
Compton Boulevard and Willowbrook Avenue in the City of Compton. The Lexus,
which was driven by a female, pulled into a supermarket parking lot and stopped.
Deputy Jimenez and his partner, Deputy Sakavu, who were both in uniform, activated the
take-down red light of their marked black and white patrol car, and exited their vehicle.
The Lexus drove through the parking lot and back onto the street, driving against traffic.
Deputies Jimenez and Sakavu, along with other police vehicles and a helicopter, pursued
the Lexus. The Lexus made a number of turns before slowing down as it came to a three-
way intersection. Defendant jumped out of the Lexus while it was moving at a speed of
five to ten miles per hour and ran towards a parking lot. Deputies Jimenez and Sakavu
chased him on foot. Defendant tried to climb a fence but fell to the ground. He refused

7        Quijano also testified at a prior proceeding that defendant made the statement but
at trial testified that he heard someone say ―Southside Compton Crips‖ but was not
certain it was defendant.

                                             7
to comply with the deputies‘ orders to stay down and show his hands. Deputy Sakavu
shot defendant with a Taser and he was taken into custody.
       Deputy Jimenez found a loaded pistol in the Lexus on the right front passenger
floorboard. There was a live bullet in the chamber, and an additional 16 live bullets in
the magazine. The gun was a Tech-9 assault weapon. Detective Arias was present at the
end of the pursuit. He testified defendant looked ―essentially the same‖ at trial as he did
the day he was arrested. Defendant appeared to have gained a little bit of weight and his
hair appeared a little longer but otherwise looked the same.
       Detective Arias, a sworn peace officer for 16 years and assigned to the gang unit
referred to as Operation Safe Streets Bureau in Compton, testified as a gang expert. He
received general gang training at the academy. He worked in a custody facility for two
years after graduating from the academy, where he interacted, talked, and interviewed
hundreds of gang members. He talked to them about their membership in gangs, how
they got their monikers, and the types of crimes they committed for the benefit of the
gang. After leaving the custody assignment, Detective Arias worked patrol for four
years, where he came in contact with hundreds of gang members, and got to view their
tattoos and again interviewed them regarding their gang involvement.
       In 2002, Detective Arias transferred to the gang unit where he was currently
assigned. His gang assignment at the Compton Station, where he only investigated gang
crimes, was with a goal of acquiring intelligence on gang members, building a rapport
with them, finding out what was going on in their neighborhoods, and monitoring crime
trends. He attended conferences put on by the California Gang Investigators Association
of which he is a member. He has authored in excess of 100 search warrants relating to
gang crimes and assisted in service of a well over 500 search warrants of gang members‘
residences enabling him to study gang paraphernalia, and view their tattoos. Detective
Arias testified as a gang expert in Los Angeles, Orange, and San Bernardino Counties.
       Detective Arias was familiar with the Westside Piru gang and was responsible for
investigating crimes committed by them. Westside Piru was a Compton based Bloods
gang and historical enemies to Crips gang members. They associated with the color red

                                             8
and typically wore a red baseball cap with a white ―W‖ which stands for Westside.
Detective Arias opined that Paul Shepherd was a member of the Westside Pirus based on
several factors: Detective Arias had several contacts with Shepherd in the previous two
to three years, during which Shepherd admitted being a member of the Westside Pirus
and had the moniker ―Two P‘s‖ which stood for ―Piru Paul‖; field interview cards dated
June 7, 2003, February 1, 2006, and February 21, 2009, indicated that Shepherd self-
identified with Westside Pirus on each of these occasions; and Shepherd had tattoos
consistent with being a Westside Piru gang member, i.e., a large tattoo on his back said
―Piru Nation.‖
       Detective Arias defined the term ―snitching‖ and its significance in gang culture.
Cooperating with a police investigation in any way is considered snitching. Testifying in
court and identifying somebody would be considered the ultimate form of snitching.
Gang members typically abide by the street code and avoid snitching because it is never
forgiven and ―ultimately, you‘re retaliated against and killed for snitching on a gang
member.‖ It is not uncommon for a gang member to give truthful statements the day of
an incident but change their story at trial because of fear of retaliation.
       The 10-Deuce Budlong Gangster Crips (10-Deuce) was a South Los Angeles gang
with whom Detective Arias was also familiar having had his patrol training at the Lennox
Station in Inglewood. The boundaries of 10-Deuce territory included 102nd Street to the
north, and Budlong Avenue to the east, and was the source of many of their signs and
symbols, e.g., the numbers 102nd, or 10-Deuce, the number 10 with the number two, and
the letters B.L.G.C. for Budlong Gangster Crips. They associated with the color blue,
traditionally used by Crip gangs, and wore baseball caps with the ―B‖ logo. Their biggest
rival for the territory they claimed was the Hoover Crips. Their traditional rivals
included Bloods and Pirus.
       When asked about the primary activities of the gang, Detective Arias answered,
―Vandalism, graffiti, possession of narcotics for sales, possession of weapons, possession
of assault weapons, burglary, robbery, assault with a deadly weapon, and murder.‖ The
detective testified to the commission of three predicate crimes committed by 10-Deuce

                                               9
gang members. Andrew Dennell Arthur was convicted of assault with a deadly weapon
in 2008, Lamar Anthony James was convicted of robbery in 2009, and David Travon
Andrew was convicted of possession of a firearm in 2009.
        Detective Arias opined that defendant was a member of 10-Deuce based on
several factors. First, Detective Arias reviewed field identification cards and spoke with
detectives familiar with 10-Deuce and who had personal contacts with defendant.
Defendant admitted his 10-Deuce membership to those detectives. Furthermore, in a
recorded telephone call defendant made while in custody he said ―I‘m H.K. from
Budlong Gangster Crips.‖8
        Second, during the course of the investigation Detective Arias became more
familiar with defendant after reviewing photographs and letters seized pursuant to a
search warrant.9 One letter which was addressed to defendant appeared to be from a
fellow Crips gang member because of the style of writing. When writing, Crips members
typically replace a ―B‖ with a ―C‖ and avoid using ―ck‖ because it is used by Bloods to
signify ―Crip Killer.‖ The letter examined by Detective Arias contained these
distinguishing characteristics. A second letter was addressed to Penda Lee, defendant‘s
former girlfriend, with defendant‘s name and address listed on the return area of the
envelope. The letter stated ―Missing you always‖ and contained a drawing of an
individual wearing a Brooklyn Dodgers baseball cap favored by members of 10-Deuce,
with a tattoo of ―Budlong‖ on the forearm. One photograph showed defendant dressed in
blue wearing a blue baseball cap with the letters ―H.K.,‖ which Detective Arias opined
stood for ―Hoover Killer‖ because the Hoover Crips were the main rival of 10-Deuce.
Another photograph showed defendant throwing up the gang sign associated with

8       An audio recording of the jailhouse call made by defendant was played for the
jury.

9     The warrant was executed at 1217 East Glencoe Street, in the City of Compton,
which defendant testified was his home and was also connected to the Southside
Compton Crips.

                                            10
10-Deuce and wearing a baseball cap with the numbers ―10‖ on it which Detective Arias
opined stood for 10-Deuce.
       Third, defendant was heavily tattooed with an assortment of images and references
indicative of his gang membership. On one arm defendant had a tattoo which said
―Snuva K.‖ Snuva is a derogatory term for the Hoover Crips, and when followed by a
―K‖ signifies Hoover Killer. Another tattoo was ―BLGC‖ which Detective Arias opined
stood for Budlong Gangster Crips. Underneath was a tattoo which said ―H Kay‖ a
reference to defendant‘s moniker ―H.K.‖ or ―Hoover Killer.‖ A tattoo, ―RB,‖ stood for
―Regal Boys‖ which was a club that eventually evolved into the criminal street gang
known as 10-Deuce. Defendant had ―102‖ tattooed between his index finger and thumb,
and ―102 percent‖ tattooed on his chest. A cartoon figure wearing a Brooklyn Dodgers
baseball cap with the letter B underneath was on the other arm, and a large tattoo of the
letter ―B‖ was on defendant‘s back.
       Detective Arias was responsible for investigating crimes committed by the
Southside Compton Crips gang and was familiar with them. The residence at 1217 East
Glencoe Street, was in the geographical area claimed by the Southside Compton Crips.
Defendant‘s former girlfriend, Penda Lee, and her son, a known member of Southside
Compton Crips lived at the residence. A field identification card from April 2006
indicated that defendant was contacted at the Glencoe address in the company of two
known members of Southside Compton Crips. Detective Arias was shown a still
photograph taken from a video depicting the shooting at T.G.I. Friday‘s. He identified
the individual standing next to the shooter as Darryl Bradford, a member of the Southside
Compton Crips gang. Initially, Bradford was cooperative with Detective Arias and told
what he knew about the incident. Bradford failed to respond to a subpoena to appear as a
witness and a surveillance team from the gang unit attempted to locate him. His
telephone was disconnected and he could not be found.
       Responding to a hypothetical question based on the facts of this case, Detective
Arias opined that the shooting would benefit the 10-Deuce Budlong Gangster Crips, and
possibly also benefit the Southside Compton Crips. The gang culture involves respect

                                            11
and gangs achieve their power through fear and intimidation. The gang with the most
violent members willing to commit the most serious crimes is the most feared and
intimidating. The presence of a Blood gang, the Westside Pirus, openly wearing their red
colors, throwing up gang signs, and yelling their battle cry was a direct challenge to
defendant who was clearly dressed in his Crips gang color of blue. As an original
gangster with status within the gang, defendant had to respond. Defendant‘s propensity
and willingness to commit a violent crime in a public place with video cameras and
potential witnesses benefits the gang because ―the crime itself is going to instill fear and
intimidation in not only members of the Westside Piru, but also the general community,
the civilian witnesses in there, who witnessed the shooting.‖
       The Southside Compton Crips and the 10-Deuce, being Crip gangs, were natural
enemies of any Blood or Piru gangs. By shouting the name ―Southside Compton Crips‖
the shooting would benefit that gang by making people in the bar believe that it was
committed by a member of that gang. Detective Arias opined that the Westside Pirus
would be more familiar with the Southside Compton Crips because the smaller 10-Deuce
were not generally recognized outside of their limited territory. If an individual is in an
area where his gang is not known, he may yell the name of the local gang he is with to
instill more fear.
               b.    Defense Evidence
       Defendant testified in his own behalf and stated he was not at T.G.I. Friday‘s on
the night of the shooting. He was at his home located at 1217 East Glencoe Street, in
Compton with his ex-girlfriend, Penda Lee Williams. He was ―hanging out‖ with Felicia
Simmons, a female he knew, on the day he was arrested. As they were driving to the
store she told him the ―gang police‖ were behind them. Defendant looked in the mirror
and saw the police follow them into the parking lot. Simmons, who was driving, ―just
took off‖ and ―didn‘t say nothing.‖ Defendant jumped out of the car when Simmons
turned a corner. He ran to the parking lot of a post office but when he saw there was
nowhere to go he turned around and gave up. The Tech-9 assault weapon did not belong
to him, he did not place it in the car, and he never touched it.

                                              12
       Defendant was six feet two inches tall and weighed 283 pounds, and was about the
same weight at the time of his arrest. He was not the large African-American man in the
videos wearing a beanie because he only wore fitted baseball caps, not beanies. He
explained that his tattoos were for personal reasons. His ―H.K.‖ tattoo represented the
mother of his child, whose name was Honey K., and his ―BLGC‖ tattoo stood for
―bitches love gangster crew.‖ Some members of his car club became gangsters but he
denied any affiliation with gangs. He would never shout ―Southside‖ because he was
from Los Angeles.
       Defendant had a sustained juvenile petition for assault with a deadly weapon, a
conviction for possession of a controlled substance while in possession of a Tech-9
weapon, and a conviction for possession for sale of a controlled substance.
                                      DISCUSSION
I.     Prosecutorial Misconduct
       A.     Contention
       Defendant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct during opening and
closing arguments by superimposing defendant‘s image over a photograph taken from the
surveillance video that showed the shooter holding the gun. Specifically, defendant
contends the misconduct occurred because the prosecutor altered existing evidence in a
way that was unfairly suggestive and unduly prejudicial, and created evidence that did
not exist to encourage the jury to prejudge the case.
       B.     Waiver
       The People assert that defendant waived or forfeited any claim of prosecutorial
misconduct. A defendant alleging prosecutorial misconduct is required to make a timely
objection, state his reason for the objection, and request the jury be admonished. (People
v. Brown (2003) 31 Cal.4th 518, 553.) The admonishment requirement is subject to an
exception for futility. (People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1201.) ―[F]ailure to
request the jury be admonished does not forfeit the issue for appeal if ‗―an admonition
would not have cured the harm caused by the misconduct.‖‘ [Citations.]‖ (People v. Hill
(1998) 17 Cal.4th 800, 820.)

                                             13
       Defendant acknowledges his trial attorney did not request an admonition but
argues it would have been disrespectful to the court to seek one. He contends his
objections should be deemed preserved and addressed on the merits.
       We agree that defense counsel should have sought a curative admonition, and
therefore forfeited the objections on appeal. (People v. Stanley (2006) 39 Cal.4th 913,
952.) Nevertheless, we address the contention and conclude that defendant‘s
prosecutorial misconduct claim fails on the merits.
       C.     Proceedings Below
       Prior to opening statements, defense counsel objected to the prosecutor‘s proposed
―juxtaposition‖ of defendant‘s booking photograph with a ―surveillance photo still of the
shooting.‖ The prosecutor explained that she was ―inserting the booking photo, the
profile booking photo, into the surveillance still image‖ and stated that she would lay a
foundation for every photograph that was in her PowerPoint presentation and would mark
them as exhibits. The court asked the prosecutor if the image consisting of the booking
photograph superimposed over the still photograph of the shooting would be an exhibit.
Referring to the previous trials the prosecutor responded, ―It wasn‘t in the past. It might
be in time. We‘ll see.‖ Defense counsel reiterated his objection that the People were
distorting the evidence because they represented that the booking photograph and the
surveillance photograph were not altered in any way but now superimposing ―one upon
the other alters the physical, tangible evidence the People are offering.‖ The court stated
that it could ―see a scenario where you have the original video, and you could create a
production where you then superimpose [the booking photograph], the jury sees that, and
you would withdraw it, simply to show as an illustration that you believe that‘s—in
argument that that‘s an image of the defendant.‖ The court concluded it would be
prejudicial to the defendant to create an exhibit that did not exist.
       During the prosecutor‘s opening statement, defense counsel objected and a sidebar
exchange took place. Defense counsel moved for a mistrial based on the prosecutor
showing ―the image of the shooting on the video surveillance superimposing
[defendant‘s] booking photo,‖ which he argued was not authorized by the court. The

                                              14
prosecutor sought clarification of the earlier ruling and the court explained that he did not
―watch exactly how the image came up, but if you then put in the original still photo and
then you inserted as a new image to superimpose it on top of it, that would be
acceptable.‖ The prosecutor confirmed she did it that way, the objection was overruled,
and the prosecutor continued with her opening statement.
       During a break in testimony the prosecutor sought further clarification on the issue
and asked if the court required her ―to create an exhibit that has both of those photos on
one piece of paper?‖ The court explained that the way the prosecutor presented it was
appropriate because she ―first showed the image . . . from the video, and then . . . the next
step was the image of the booking photo that you were imposing into it.‖ They were both
separate exhibits and an image was created using the two separate images. Defendant
objected to a similar slide the prosecutor intended to use in closing argument and the trial
court overruled the objection.
       D.     Relevant Authority
       ―The applicable federal and state standards regarding prosecutorial misconduct are
well established. ‗―A prosecutor‘s . . . intemperate behavior violates the federal
Constitution when it comprises a pattern of conduct ‗so egregious that it infects the trial
with such unfairness as to make the conviction a denial of due process.‘‖‘ [Citations.]
Conduct by a prosecutor that does not render a criminal trial fundamentally unfair is
prosecutorial misconduct under state law only if it involves ――the use of deceptive or
reprehensible methods to attempt to persuade either the court or the jury.‖‖ [Citation.]‖
(People v. Samayoa (1997) 15 Cal.4th 795, 841.)
       Prosecutors have ―‗―broad discretion to state [their] views as to what the evidence
shows . . . .‖‖‘ (People v. Welch (1999) 20 Cal.4th 701, 752.) A defendant‘s conviction
will not be reversed for prosecutorial misconduct that violates state law unless it is
reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the defendant would have been
reached without the misconduct. (People v. Wallace (2008) 44 Cal.4th 1032, 1071.)

                                             15
       E.     Analysis
       The purpose of the opening statement is to prepare ――‗the minds of the jury to
follow the evidence and to more readily discern its materiality, force and effect‖
[citation]. . . .‘ [Citation.]‖ (People v. Fauber (1992) 2 Cal.4th 792, 827.) The
prosecutor‘s PowerPoint presentation did not mislead the jury into believing that
defendant‘s image could clearly be identified from the surveillance video because of the
manner in which the slides were presented. The prosecutor told the jury that they were
―going to see the surveillance video from the night of the shooting‖ and that Vasquez and
Quijano were going to identify defendant ―as being the shooter in that video.‖ The
prosecutor did not create evidence as defendant contends by presenting a slide showing
defendant‘s image in a photograph of the shooting from the surveillance video. Instead, a
still photograph taken from the surveillance video, which was later admitted as evidence,
was first shown to the jury. Defendant‘s booking photograph, which was also later
admitted as evidence, was then superimposed over the photograph taken from the
surveillance video. The use of the two photographs to create the superimposed image
was merely a visual aid to assist the jury in following the testimony of Vasquez and
Quijano. ―The use of photographs . . . intended later to be admitted in evidence, as visual
or auditory aids is appropriate.‖ (Ibid.)
       Defendant‘s contentions that the prosecutor altered existing evidence and created
new evidence are without merit. The still photograph taken from the surveillance video
and defendant‘s booking photographs were properly admitted into evidence.10 The
challenged slide comprised of the combined images was not shown to the jury outside of
the prosecutor‘s opening and closing statements. Nor did the prosecutor intend to
mislead the jury. In closing argument, the prosecutor acknowledged the surveillance
video by itself was inconclusive for purposes of identifying defendant. The prosecutor

10    Still photograph of shooter from surveillance video (People‘s exhibit 16), booking
photographs of defendant (People‘s exhibits 35 & 36).

                                            16
stated, ―The defendant‘s image on that video, it‘s not crystal clear, like I said, but it fits
the description that [Quijano] gave perfectly.‖
       Citing People v. Katzenberger (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 1260 (Katzenberger),
defendant contends the use of the superimposed image subverted the deliberative process
and invited the jury to jump to the conclusion that defendant was the person on the
surveillance video.
       In Katzenberger, the prosecutor‘s closing argument included a PowerPoint
presentation in which six of eight puzzle pieces created a picture immediately and easily
recognizable as the Statue of Liberty, although a portion of the statue‘s face and torch
were not visible. (Katzenberger, supra, 178 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1264–1265.) Over
defense objection, the prosecutor argued that even without the missing pieces, one would
know beyond a reasonable doubt that the puzzle depicted the Statue of Liberty. (Ibid.)
The appellate court concluded that the presentation was misleading, leaving the ―distinct
impression that the reasonable doubt standard may be met by a few pieces of evidence‖
and ―invit[ing] the jury to guess or jump to a conclusion, a process completely at odds
with the jury‘s serious task of assessing whether the prosecution has submitted proof
beyond a reasonable doubt.‖ (Id. at p. 1267.) The presentation had also suggested,
erroneously, that proof beyond a reasonable doubt could be measured quantitatively at
75 percent (six of eight puzzle pieces). (Id. at pp. 1267–1268.) Though the prosecutor‘s
actions were harmless in light of the jury instructions correctly defining reasonable doubt
and the overwhelming evidence of the defendant‘s guilt, the presentation did amount to
misconduct. (Id. at pp. 1268–1269, applying standard of prejudice articulated in
Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24.)
       Here, the prosecutor did not suggest that the reasonable doubt standard may be
met by only a few pieces of evidence. Nor did the prosecutor attempt to quantify the
concept of reasonable doubt as the Katzenberger court concluded the prosecutor did in
that case. The prosecutor argued that while the video corroborated the witnesses‘
testimony, the jury should not make their decision ―based on the video alone‖ because
there was ―enough evidence [to find defendant guilty] beyond a reasonable doubt without

                                               17
the video.‖ The prosecutor did not mention the standard of proof in connection with her
presentation of the slide at issue here and we cannot infer that its use was egregious or
reprehensible conduct by the prosecutor that rose to the level of misconduct.
       Finally, no harm could have resulted. Prior to opening statements and also before
closing argument and the commencement of deliberations, the trial court instructed the
jury that what the attorneys said in their arguments was not evidence. We presume the
jury followed this instruction. (People v. Waidla (2000) 22 Cal.4th 690, 725 [―The
presumption is that limiting instructions are followed by the jury‖]; People v. Mickey
(1991) 54 Cal.3d 612, 689, fn. 17 [―The crucial assumption underlying our constitutional
system of trial by jury is that jurors generally understand and faithfully follow
instructions‖].)
II.    Defense Motions to Dismiss Jurors
       A.     Contentions
       Defendant contends the trial court erred in denying defense motions to dismiss
Juror Nos. 2 and 11. He contends that because Juror No. 2 expressed fear of a witness
and also saw defendant in restraints during a break in trial, the totality of the
circumstances indicated bias. Defendant also contends Juror No. 11 did not understand
the burden of proof, disregarded the trial court‘s instructions not to talk to witnesses, and
identified with the prosecution‘s gang expert demonstrating his bias. We find no merit to
these contentions.
       B.     Juror No. 2
              1.      Factual Background
       During a break in Shepherd‘s testimony, Juror No. 2 contacted the bailiff and
asked to speak with the court in private. Juror No. 2 stated she lived in the same
neighborhood as Shepherd and frequently saw him on the street. She covered her face
during his testimony because she was scared and did not want him to see her. In response
to questioning by the court, Juror No. 2 said her fear would not affect her ability to be
impartial and would not influence her verdict. After Juror No. 2 left the courtroom,
defense counsel had a ―separate objection.‖ Based on defendant‘s misconduct in the

                                              18
courtroom during the previous trials and while in custody, the court ruled that defendant
would be placed in a ―restraint chair‖ during trial. Counsel stated that when they broke
for lunch, Juror No. 2 walked back into the courtroom as the deputy was removing
defendant from the courtroom. Counsel stated ―It looked like she could see him being
brought in because [the bailiff] asked her ‗Can you wait outside, please?‘‖ Counsel was
concerned it would lead to speculation as to ―why we bring him out of the courtroom
without the jury present‖ and asked that Juror No. 2 be excused ―for that reason.‖ The
court denied defense counsel‘s request stating the bailiff was very conscientious and that
even if Juror No. 2 did see something ―she‘s just expressed her commitment to fairness
just a moment ago as it relates to both sides, so I don‘t think, even if she did see
something like that, it‘s going to interfere or affect her as an impartial juror.‖
              2.      Applicable Legal Principles
       Section 1089 authorizes the trial court to discharge a juror at any time before or
after the final submission of the case to the jury if, upon good cause, the juror is ―found to
be unable to perform his or her duty.‖ A trial court ―has broad discretion to investigate
and remove a juror in the midst of trial where it finds that, for any reason, the juror is no
longer able or qualified to serve.‖ (People v. Millwee (1998) 18 Cal.4th 96, 142, fn. 19.)
A juror‘s inability to perform ―‗must appear in the record as a ―demonstrable reality‖ and
bias may not be presumed.‘ [Citations.]‖ (People v. Beeler (1995) 9 Cal.4th 953, 975.)
We review the trial court‘ determination for abuse of discretion and uphold its decision if
it is supported by substantial evidence. (People v. Boyette (2002) 29 Cal.4th 381, 462.)
              3.      Analysis
       The record does not support defendant‘s claim that Juror No. 2‘s ability to serve
was compromised because she may have observed defendant on a single occasion in
some form of restraints during a break in the proceedings. Juror No. 2‘s removal was not
warranted and substantial evidence supports the trial court‘s conclusion that she was not
biased. The court questioned Juror No. 2 in the presence of counsel regarding her fear of
Shepherd. She assured the court that her fear would not affect the way she decided the
case. She stated she could be fair to both sides in response to a question from the

                                              19
prosecutor. Defense counsel had ―no questions‖ when asked for his input. The court
found Juror No. 2‘s assurances credible, despite her fear of Shepherd.
       Secondly, it is not clear from the record that Juror No. 2 actually saw defendant in
restraints because defense counsel‘s claim was based on the bailiff‘s request that Juror
No 2 wait outside. Defense counsel stated ―it looked like [Juror No. 2] could see‖
defendant.
       In any event, any brief observation by a juror that defendant was in restraints
would not support a conclusion that bias existed. The California Supreme Court has
repeatedly held that a juror‘s brief observation of a defendant in restraints for the purpose
of transporting the defendant outside the courtroom does not constitute prejudicial error.
(People v. Cunningham (2001) 25 Cal.4th 926, 988; People v. Tuilaepa (1992) 4 Cal.4th
569, 584; People v. Duran (1976) 16 Cal.3d 282, 287, fn. 2.) Sometimes, and as
occurred here, ―a jury inevitably will learn a defendant is in custody for the current
charged offense.‖ (People v. Bradford (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1229, 1336.) Here,
immediately prior to defense counsel‘s concern that Juror No. 2 may have observed
defendant‘s restraints and become aware of his custody status, Shepherd testified that
while he was in custody and traveling back and forth to court on the custody bus, he
observed defendant. That afternoon immediately after the discussion regarding Juror
No. 2‘s possible bias, defense counsel asked Shepherd ―How many times did you see
[defendant] in custody?‖ Shepherd responded he had seen defendant a number of times,
and in response to defense counsel‘s further questions clarified that he was referring to
defendant being in custody for this particular case. Defendant himself testified regarding
―the tank downstairs‖ and how custodial prisoners ―come up to this tank up here.‖
       ―The customary practice of utilizing physical restraints while transporting a
prisoner from place to place, e.g., from jail to courtroom and back, is a matter of common
knowledge and generally acknowledged as acceptable for the protection of both the
public and defendant.‖ (People v. Jacobs (1989) 210 Cal.App.3d 1135, 1141.) Given
Juror No. 2‘s assurances that she could be fair to both sides, her brief observation of

                                             20
defendant during transportation to and from the courtroom, did not establish good cause
for her removal.
        C.    Juror No. 11
              1.     Factual Background
        The morning after Detective Arias testified, the prosecutor informed the court that
Jurors Nos. 1, 7 and 11 greeted Detective Arias as they walked into the courtroom.
Detective Arias informed the court that one of the jurors told him ―You did a really good
job,‖ to which he replied, ―Thank you.‖ Defense counsel moved for a mistrial on the
grounds that the jurors had already started to form opinions, and asked that all three
jurors be removed. The prosecutor suggested it could have been a benign comment
meaning Detective Arias looked at them while testifying and spoke well, and did not
mean they had formed an opinion about the evidence.
        The court questioned Juror No. 11 in the presence of counsel. Juror No. 11 said he
greeted Detective Arias and said ―You did a good job, and I hope it‘s not going to take
much longer than the case should be.‖ The court reminded Juror No. 11 that he had been
admonished not to speak to anybody regarding the case, and asked him why he spoke to
the detective. Juror No. 11 stated ―Just I seen him come through and testify so many
times and I‘m here too, and I just feel that we have been—be here and we going to sit
through the same procedures for many, many days, just expressed that we doing the right
thing for a long time.‖ The court asked Juror No. 11 if he had made up his mind already,
or had begun to make up his mind, as to whether the prosecution had proved their case.
He responded that he had not made up his mind and would not do so until the case ended.
The court invited counsel to question the juror:
        ―[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Sir, just briefly, who has the burden of proof in the
case?
        ―[JUROR No. 11]: Burden to prove the case?
        ―[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Right.
        ―[JUROR No. 11]: The juror, and you are too.

                                             21
         ―[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay. So I have the same burden as [the prosecutor];
right?
         ―[JUROR No. 11]: Yes.
         ―[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay. Thank you.
         ―[THE COURT]: Okay.
         ―[THE PROSECUTOR]: Sir, you understand that I have to prove the case to you;
right?
         ―[JUROR No. 11]: Yes.
         ―[THE PROSECUTOR]: Okay. Nobody else has to prove anything; right?
         ―[JUROR No. 11]: Yes.
         ―[THE PROSECUTOR]: Okay. You‘re going to wait until you hear everything
before you make a decision; right?
         ―[JUROR No. 11]: Yes. Yes.‖
         The court briefly questioned Jurors Nos. 1 and 7. Juror No. 1 denied making any
comment to Detective Arias and did not hear Juror No. 11 make any comment. Juror
No. 7 also stated that he did not speak to Detective Arias. He did not know what Juror
No. 11 said to Detective Arias but thought it was ―a hello—it was just a two-second
interchange.‖
         Defense counsel requested that Juror No. 11 be removed because the juror was
unclear about the burden of proof and had spoken to a witness. The prosecutor argued
that Juror No. 11 did understand who had the burden of proof and thought he was
confused about ―who has to approve the case.‖ The court noted that Juror No. 11 was
Cambodian and worked at a Cambodian community organization and presumed that was
his first language. The court also noted that during jury selection he was articulate and
open-minded. The court agreed with defense counsel‘s view that Juror No. 11 tended to
agree with whoever asked the question. The court reporter read back Juror No. 11‘s
answers to defense counsel‘s questions. The court stated that Juror No. 11 may not have
heard the question correctly and confused the terms ―prove‖ and ―approve.‖ The court
found no legal cause to remove Juror No. 11 stating: ―My recollection during voir dire is

                                            22
there was a lot of discussion about who has the burden of proof, what the standards are,
and questions about if the defendant does not testify and exercises his right not to do so,
as well as a whole range of other subjects, and there was not any misunderstanding at that
phase.‖
               2.    Applicable Legal Principles
       ―Before an appellate court will find error in failing to excuse a seated juror, the
juror‘s inability to perform a juror‘s functions must be shown by the record to be a
‗demonstrable reality.‘ The court will not presume bias, and will uphold the trial court‘s
exercise of discretion on whether a seated juror should be discharged for good cause
under section 1089 if supported by substantial evidence. [Citation.]‖ (People v. Holt
(1997) 15 Cal.4th 619, 659; see also People v. Williams (1997) 16 Cal.4th 153, 232.)
               3.    Analysis
       Here, the trial court questioned Juror No. 11 at length about the comments he
made to Detective Arias when the matter was brought to the court‘s attention. The court
needed to be satisfied that Juror No. 11 was not biased and that he understood the
prosecution carried the burden of proof in order to perform his function as a juror. Juror
No. 11 admitted speaking to Detective Arias and his recollection of the comments was
corroborated by Detective Arias. He assured the court that he had not formed any
opinion about the case and would not do so until all the evidence was presented. The
court was also convinced that Juror No. 11 would follow the law and apply the correct
standard with respect to the burden of proof. Having considered the juror‘s responses
and demeanor, the trial court was in the best position to observe his demeanor and assess
his credibility.
       However, assuming arguendo that in talking to Detective Arias Juror No. 11
violated section 112211 and committed misconduct, we find that upon review the full

11     Section 1122, subdivision (a)(1) provides in pertinent part: ―That the jurors shall
not converse among themselves, or with anyone else . . . .‖

                                             23
record does not show a reasonable probability that defendant‘s case was actually harmed
by such misconduct.
       First, in view of the ample evidence of defendant‘s guilt, it is highly improbable
that defendant‘s case was actually harmed. (See People v. Ryner (1985) 164 Cal.App.3d
1075, 1082–1083; see People v. Cochran (1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 826, 831 [court may
consider strength of prosecution‘s case to determine prejudice].) The shooting which was
committed by a large African-American male wearing a blue beanie was captured on
surveillance videotape. The victim, a member of a ―Blood‖ gang was wearing red, while
defendant a member of a ―Crips‖ gang was wearing blue. Long Beach Police
Department provided Detective Arias with information that an individual named ―H.K.‖
from the 10-Deuce Budlong Gangster Crips was responsible for the shooting at T.G.I.
Friday‘s. Defendant was identified by a number of witnesses as the large African-
American male wearing the blue beanie who had initiated a confrontation with the victim
and his friends moments before the shooting.
       Second, Juror No. 11‘s statement to Detective Arias was innocuous and
considering the trial was entering its third week probably nothing more than a comment
about the efficient nature of the testimony. The fact that the juror made the comment is at
worst a trivial violation of section 1122‘s admonition against discussing the case with
others. (See People v. Ryner, supra, 164 Cal.App.3d 1075, 1083 [record on full review
revealed that juror‘s contact with another was insignificant and did not result in actual
harm].)
       Finally, jurors are presumed to follow jury instructions. (People v. Frank (1990)
51 Cal.3d 718, 728.) When the trial court called Juror No. 11 before it and reapprised the
juror of his oath not to prejudge defendant and not to talk to anyone about the trial, it is
presumed that Juror No. 11 did, in fact, follow the court‘s instructions. Accordingly, we
find no substantial likelihood that Juror No. 11 was biased against defendant.
       In light of the full record, we find no reasonable probability that defendant
suffered actual harm as a result of Juror No. 11‘s comment to Detective Arias, and

                                              24
therefore the presumption of prejudice is successfully rebutted. The trial court did not err
in choosing not to dismiss Juror No. 11.
III.   Trial Court’s Refusal to Instruct on Voluntary Manslaughter
       A.     Contention
       Defendant contends the trial court prejudicially erred by failing to instruct the jury
on attempted voluntary manslaughter upon sudden quarrel or in the heat of passion as a
lesser included offense of murder. Defendant maintains that the record contains
sufficient evidence that he acted in response to adequate provocation.
       B.     Proceedings Below
       During the discussion on jury instructions among counsel and the trial court,
defense counsel asked that the jury be instructed on attempted voluntary manslaughter.
The trial court denied the request stating there was no evidence in the record ―that shows
any objectively reasonable provocation to substantiate the instruction on attempted
voluntary manslaughter based on a theory of heat of passion or sudden quarrel.‖
       C.     Relevant Authority
       ―The trial court is charged with instructing upon every theory of the case
supported by substantial evidence . . . .‖ (People v. Montoya (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1027,
1047.) Substantial evidence is evidence that is ―reasonable, credible and of solid value.‖
(People v. Quintero (2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 1152, 1165; People v. Crew (2003) 31
Cal.4th 822, 835.) Pure speculation does not constitute the requisite substantial evidence
sufficient to support a lesser included offense instruction. (People v. Wilson (1992) 3
Cal.4th 926, 942.) The failure to instruct on a lesser included offense is reviewed
de novo. (People v. Licas (2007) 41 Cal.4th 362, 366 [‗―We apply the independent or
de novo standard of review to the failure by the trial court to instruct on an assertedly
lesser included offense‘‖].)
       ―A heat of passion theory of manslaughter has both an objective and a subjective
component. [Citations.]‖ (People v. Moye (2009) 47 Cal.4th 537, 549.) To satisfy the
objective, or reasonable person, element of heat of passion voluntary manslaughter, the
defendant‘s heat of passion must be attributable to sufficient provocation. (Ibid.) ―To

                                             25
satisfy the subjective element of this form of voluntary manslaughter, the accused must
be shown to have killed while under ‗the actual influence of a strong passion‘ induced by
such provocation. [Citation.]‖ (Id. at p. 550.) ―Heat of passion arises when ‗at the time
of the killing, the reason of the accused was obscured or disturbed by passion to such an
extent as would cause the ordinarily reasonable person of average disposition to act
rashly and without deliberation and reflection, and from such passion rather than from
judgment.‘ [Citations.]‖ (People v. Barton (1995) 12 Cal.4th 186, 201.)
       The circumstances giving rise to the heat of passion are also viewed objectively.
(People v. Oropeza (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 73, 82–83.) A defendant may not set up his
own standard of conduct and justify or excuse his acts because his passions were aroused,
unless the facts and circumstances were sufficient to arouse the passions of the ordinarily
reasonable person. (People v. Manriquez (2005) 37 Cal.4th 547, 584; People v. Oropeza,
supra, at pp. 82–83.) ―The claim of provocation cannot be based on events for which the
defendant is culpably responsible.‖ (People v. Oropeza, supra, at p. 83.)
       If the trial court fails in its duty to instruct on a lesser included offense supported
by the evidence, the error is one of state law alone. (People v. Breverman (1998) 19
Cal.4th 142, 165.) It does not require reversal unless an examination of the entire record
establishes a reasonable probability that the error affected the outcome. (Id. at p. 178;
People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.)
       D.     No Evidence Justified a Voluntary Manslaughter Instruction
       Here, there was no evidence from which the jury could conclude that defendant
shot Shepherd in the heat of passion or sudden quarrel. There was no direct evidence
concerning defendant‘s subjective mental state at the time of the shooting because he
testified at trial and denied being present at T.G.I. Friday‘s on the night of the shooting.12
Although the shooting was captured on surveillance video no witness testified that

12    We note the defense was that defendant was not the person who shot Shepherd,
―Donyell Butler did not shoot Paul Shepherd. He wasn‘t there‖ effectively rejected any
attempted voluntary manslaughter theory.

                                              26
defendant was provoked in any way by Shepherd, and Shepherd testified that he was shot
as he exited the establishment.
          The incident could not be characterized as a ―sudden quarrel‖ because the
evidence showed that defendant was standing some distance away when he saw rival
gang signs being flashed. He walked over and confronted the group of Westside Pirus
and challenged them to ―go out to the parking lot‖ and told them to ―stop being a little
bitch.‖
          The sequence of events was simply not one that would cause an ordinary person of
average disposition to act in the heat of passion. Defendant contends that a jury could
have found provocation from the verbal altercation in the bar. But there was no
testimony that Shepherd flashed gang signs or shouted the Bloods gang name or ―battle
cry.‖ This claim is without merit because the yardstick is not how defendant or an active
gang member would react. Defendant is not entitled to set up his own standard of
conduct. (People v. Manriquez, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 584 [defendant cannot create an
unreasonably heightened sense of injustice in order to justify his conduct].)
IV.       Jury Instruction—Failure to Explain or Deny Adverse Testimony
          Defendant contends it was error for the trial court to instruct the jury with
CALCRIM No. 361 (failure to explain or deny adverse testimony).
          We review a claim of instructional error de novo. (People v. Alvarez (1996) 14
Cal.4th 155, 217; People v. Burch (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 862, 870 [validity and impact
of jury instructions reviewed independently because ―question is one of law and the
application of legal principles‖]; see also People v. Smith (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 7, 13
[propriety of jury instructions determined from the entire charge from the court and not
from consideration of specific instructions in isolation].)
          As used at this trial, CALCRIM No. 361 provided: ―If the defendant failed in his
testimony to explain or deny evidence against him, and if he could reasonably be
expected to have done so based on what he knew, you may consider his failure to explain
or deny in evaluating that evidence. Any such failure is not enough by itself to prove
guilt. The People must still prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [¶] If

                                                27
the defendant failed to explain or deny, it is up to you to decide the meaning and
importance of that failure.‖
       CALCRIM No. 361 should not be given when a defendant testifies and ―explains
or denies matters within his or her knowledge, no matter how improbable that
explanation may appear.‖ (People v. Kondor (1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 52, 57 [addressing
CALJIC No. 2.62, the precursor to CALCRIM No. 361].) CALCRIM No. 361 is
properly given when the defendant testifies ―but fails to deny or explain inculpatory
evidence.‖ (People v. Sanchez (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 1012, 1029 [also addressing
CALJIC No. 2.62].) Contrary to defendant‘s assertions, the cases he cites do not support
the rule that a defendant‘s testimony precludes the use of CALCRIM No. 361 even when
his or her testimony explains or denies only some matters within his or her knowledge,
but not other matters. Instead, CALCRIM No. 361 is improper only when a defendant
has explained ―all the facts within his knowledge.‖ (People v. Kondor, supra, at p. 57;
People v. Saddler (1979) 24 Cal.3d 671, 683 [―Since there were no facts or evidence
. . . which defendant failed to explain that were in his particular knowledge to explain,‖ it
was error to instruct with CALJIC No. 2.62].)
       Defendant provided ―personal reasons‖ for only some of his tattoos but for
purposes of this discussion we will accept his argument that he explained all the ones he
was specifically asked to explain. Defendant also points out that he denied gang
membership, denied being present at the scene of the crime, and presented an alibi
defense. We depart from defendant when he argues this made instruction with
CALCRIM No. 361 improper because we find he did fail to explain inculpatory evidence
within his knowledge.
       Defendant denied gang membership and when asked, ―Well, don‘t you actually go
by the name of H.K.?‖ responded, ―No.‖ When defendant was asked if he heard the
recorded jail telephone call in which he described himself as ―H.K. from Budlong
Gangster Crips,‖ he simply responded, ―Yes,‖ and did not offer any further explanation.
In light of his previous denials, and assuming defendant had knowledge of why he would
refer to himself by a gang moniker and claim affiliation with a gang, it reasonably could

                                             28
be expected that he would explain the significance of the statement. Defendant was also
asked by defense counsel to describe the events surrounding the end of the vehicle pursuit
on the day he was arrested. Defendant testified that as Simmons turned a corner he
―jumped out and ran.‖ He added ―When I got in the parking lot, I noticed there was
nowhere to go. I ran and there was a big, old gate with barbed wire, so I turned around
and gave up.‖ Defendant offered no explanation as to why he ran from the police and
since it can reasonably be assumed he knew the reason for his flight, his failure to explain
his conduct supported the prosecutor‘s theory that the flight evidenced consciousness of
guilt.
         Moreover, assuming instruction with CALCRIM No. 361 was an error, we would
not reverse. Under Supreme Court precedent, we review the CALCRIM No. 361 error
under the harmless error standard articulated in People v. Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at
page 836. (See People v. Saddler, supra, 24 Cal.3d at p. 683.) Under this standard, our
task is to determine whether it is ―reasonably probable that a result more favorable to
[defendant] would have been reached in the absence of the error.‖ (People v. Watson,
supra, at p. 836.) We find CALCRIM No. 361 did not affect the result in defendant‘s
trial.
         To the extent defendant contends the instructional error resulted in constitutional
error because it may have lowered the prosecution‘s burden of proof in the eyes of the
jury, we are certain beyond all doubt that the result of defendant‘s trial would have been
the same had the trial court not instructed with CALCRIM No. 361. (Chapman v.
California, supra, 386 U.S. at p. 24.)
V.       Defense Objection to Hypothetical Question
         Defendant contends the trial court erred in overruling a defense objection to a
hypothetical question posed to the prosecution‘s gang expert, Detective Arias, because it
included facts not admitted as evidence.
         In discussing the breadth of a trial court‘s discretion in applying the principles
governing hypothetical questions, the California Supreme Court noted that ―[i]t is not
essential . . . that the facts assumed should be undisputed.‖ (Guardianship of Jacobson

                                               29
(1947) 30 Cal.2d 312, 324 (Jacobson).) Rather, hypothetical questions are proper as long
as they are based on ―facts within the possible or probable range of the evidence‖ and are
―not unfair or misleading.‖ (Ibid.) The trial court has ―large discretion relating to the
form of the question.‖ (Ibid.)
       Because a trial court hears all the evidence, that court is in the best position to
decide if a hypothesis is within the ―possible or probable range‖ of that evidence
(Jacobson, supra, 30 Cal.2d at p. 324), and it therefore deserves a measure of latitude in
doing so. The trial court can also best determine whether, ultimately, the testimony will
help the trier of fact evaluate the issues it must decide. (People v. Richardson (2008) 43
Cal.4th 959, 1008.) This court reviews a trial court‘s rulings on hypothetical questions
for abuse of discretion. (See, e.g., id. at p. 1009.)
       Defendant identifies the following inaccuracies in the prosecution‘s lengthy
hypothetical: (1) defendant was the aggressor; (2) only one witness heard defendant
invite the Westside Pirus to take their disagreement outside and therefore the use of the
plural ―witnesses‖ was misleading; (3) there was no evidence defendant went outside of
his own volition so the use of the phrase ―H.K. goes outside‖ was misleading; (4) there
was no evidence that Paul Shepherd‘s moniker was ―Two P‘s‖; and (5) there was no
evidence that defendant was accompanied by a ―known documented member of the
Southside Compton Crips.‖
       Defendant‘s claim is meritless as the hypothesized facts were within the ―possible
or probable range‖ of the evidence, and were not ―unfair or misleading.‖ (Jacobson,
supra, 30 Cal.2d at p. 324.) First, defendant was the aggressor. Quijano and Vasquez
testified that the fight broke out soon after defendant walked over and confronted the
Westside Pirus. Second, the use of the term ―witnesses‖ was appropriate because more
than one person heard defendant challenge the Westside Pirus to go outside. Quijano
testified that he heard defendant say so, and Shepherd told Detective Arias that the
individual at the bar that confronted his friends challenged them to go outside. ―[D]irect
testimony is not required‖ to support a hypothesized fact as long as the fact is ―fairly
inferable from the circumstances proved.‖ (1 McCormick on Evidence (6th ed. 2006)

                                              30
Requirement of Firsthand Knowledge, § 14, p. 89, fn. omitted.) Third, the phrase ―H.K.
goes outside‖ was not misleading. Defendant was identified on surveillance video inside
the bar during the initial confrontation and at some point exited the bar prior to the
shooting outside. The statement ―H.K. goes outside‖ did not specify how he went outside
and was merely a neutral statement in the sequence of events. Fourth, there was evidence
that Paul Shepherd‘s moniker was ―Two P‘s.‖ Detective Arias testified that Paul
Shepherd was known to him and ―Mr. Shepherd has admitted to me to being a member of
the Westside Piru gang with a moniker or gang name of Two P‘s.‖ Finally, the evidence
that defendant was accompanied by a ―known documented member of the Southside
Compton Crips‖ was presented by Detective Arias. He testified that when shown a
photograph from the surveillance camera of the shooting he identified Darryl Bradford, a
member of the Southside Compton Crips, standing just above the shooter.
VI.    Gang Enhancement on Count 3 for Possession of an Assault Weapon
       Defendant contends, and the People agree, that the trial court imposed an incorrect
sentence on the gang enhancement on count 3 for possession of an assault weapon.
       The trial court sentenced defendant to a term of one year and four months for the
substantive offense (one-third the mid term of two years, doubled pursuant to the Three
Strikes law). Based on the true finding on the gang allegation, the court sentenced
defendant to an additional term of one year and eight months (calculated as one-third of
the five-year term set forth in section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(B)).
       Section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(A), provides that: ―Except as provided in
subparagraphs (B) and (C), the person shall be punished by an additional term of two,
three, or four years at the court‘s discretion.‖ Subparagraphs (B) and (C) apply to serious
felonies (§ 1192.7, subd. (c)) and violent felonies (§ 667.5, subd. (c)), and they authorize
imposition of five- and 10-year enhancements, respectively.
       Possession of an assault weapon is not a serious felony and a calculation based on
a five-year enhancement was unauthorized. An unauthorized sentence may be corrected
at any time. (People v. Dotson (1997) 16 Cal.4th 547, 554, fn. 6.) Therefore, the gang

                                             31
enhancement must be modified to a term of one year, calculated as one-third the midterm
of three years.
VII.   Presentence Custody Credits
       Defendant contends the trial court erred in failing to award him presentence
custody credits. The People agree, and so do we.13
       Section 2933.1 provides, in pertinent part: ―(a) . . . [A]ny person who is convicted
of a felony offense listed in subdivision (c) of Section 667.5 shall accrue no more than
15 percent of worktime credit . . . . [¶] . . . [¶] (c) Notwithstanding Section 4019 [which
authorizes presentence conduct credit] or any other provision of law, the maximum credit
that may be earned against a period of confinement in . . . a county jail, . . . following
arrest and prior to placement in the custody of the Director of Corrections, shall not
exceed 15 percent of the actual period of confinement for any person specified in
subdivision (a).‖
       Defendant was convicted of attempted willful premeditated murder, in violation of
sections 664, 187, subdivision (a). Thus, defendant committed an offense that is a violent
felony within the meaning of section 667.5, subdivision (c). Section 667.5,
subdivision (c)(12), provides that a ―violent felony‖ includes ―(12) Attempted murder.‖
Accordingly, defendant is entitled to the following custody credits: 603 days of actual
custody credit and 90 days of conduct credit (603 days x 15 percent=90.45 days) for a
total of 693 days (603 days+90 days).
VIII. Sufficiency of Evidence That Defendant Was the Shooter
       Defendant contends there was insufficient evidence that he was the individual that
shot Shepherd, and his convictions in counts 1 and 2 must be reversed.
       ―When the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction is challenged on
appeal, we review the entire record in the light most favorable to the judgment to

13    At the sentencing hearing the trial court did not disagree when defense counsel
claimed that defendant was entitled to 90 days of conduct credit. However, both the
minute order for the date of sentencing and the abstract of judgment reflect that defendant
was awarded 603 days of actual custody, and zero days conduct credit.

                                              32
determine whether it contains evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value
from which a reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt. [Citation.] ‗Conflicts and even testimony which is subject to justifiable suspicion
do not justify the reversal of a judgment, for it is the exclusive province of the trial judge
or jury to determine the credibility of a witness and the truth or falsity of the facts upon
which a determination depends.‘ [Citation.] Unless it describes facts or events that are
physically impossible or inherently improbable, the testimony of a single witness is
sufficient to support a conviction. [Citation.]‖ (People v. Elliott (2012) 53 Cal.4th 535,
585.)
        Quijano described a large African-American man, wearing a blue shirt and blue
beanie that had been standing close to him in the bar on the night of the shooting. He saw
the man flash gang signs and approach a group of people wearing red that had flashed
different gang signs and shouted out the name Westside Piru. He saw an argument
develop and everybody run. At trial, Quijano identified the man in the blue beanie as
defendant. He also identified defendant from a six-pack photo lineup and wrote, ―This
was the guy that was standing next to me.‖ Quijano identified defendant from a still
photograph taken from the surveillance video which depicted the shooter, noting that
defendant was wearing the same clothing and beanie as the person he had seen inside the
bar. When questioned further regarding the identification, Quijano stated, ―He was next
to me that night. I mean, I cannot forget that he was next to me.‖
        Vasquez was working as a bartender at T.G.I. Friday‘s on the night of the shooting
and saw a large African-American male in the corner of the bar area throwing up gang
signs. The individual was wearing a blue shirt and blue beanie and he saw him move
towards the middle of the bar area where the Westside Piru group were gathered. He saw
a pushing match develop and a chair thrown on top of a table. At trial, Vasquez
identified the man in the blue beanie as defendant. He also selected defendant‘s photo
from a six-pack photo lineup and identified defendant in various surveillance clips
showing defendant entering the bar, confronting the Westside Pirus, exiting the bar, and
shooting Shepherd.

                                              33
       Other evidence corroborated the witness identifications made by Quijano and
Vasquez. Defendant was a documented member of a Crips gang (10-Deuce) and had
numerous ties to another larger Crips gang (Southside Compton Crips) that were better
known in the geographical area where T.G.I. Friday‘s was located. Defendant‘s
residence was in Southside Compton Crips territory, his girlfriend had a son who was a
member of Southside Compton Crips, and Darryl Bradford, a known member of the
Southside Compton Crips was standing next to the shooter in the surveillance video
photograph of the shooting. Quijano told police, and testified at a prior proceeding that
he heard defendant say ―Southside Compton Crips,‖ and Doxie, the waitress at the bar,
told Detective Arias that she heard the individual who confronted the Westside Pirus say,
―This is Southside.‖
       Defendant raises the unreliability of eyewitness identifications in general and
points to Quijano‘s inability to identify defendant at the preliminary hearing. Quijano
explained that he was confused when he was asked at the preliminary hearing if he
recognized anyone in court. He thought he was being asked if he recognized anyone in
the audience and after looking around replied ―Not really.‖ He did not understand that he
was being asked if he recognized the person standing next to him in the bar on the night
of the shooting.
       Defendant also contends that (1) there were no facts to support the state‘s theory
that defendant‘s moniker was ―H.K.‖; and (2) Detective Arias did not cite any specific
instance of a conflict between defendant‘s Crips affiliated gang, and the Bloods affiliated
Westside Piru gang. This ignores the extensive testimony by Detective Arias regarding
defendant‘s gang related tattoos and specifically one which said ―H Kay‖ and also
overlooks the recorded telephone call defendant made while in custody, in which he said
―I‘m H.K. from Budlong Gangster Crips.‖ Furthermore, Detective Arias testified that
defendant‘s gang similar to most Crip gangs are traditional rivals of Blood gangs.
       It is defendant‘s burden to ―affirmatively demonstrate that the evidence is
insufficient.‖ (People v. Sanghera (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 1567, 1573.) We do not
reweigh the evidence or resolve conflicts in the evidence. (People v. Young (2005) 34

                                            34
Cal.4th 1149, 1181.) Reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment,
we are satisfied that substantial evidence supports defendant‘s convictions.
IX.    Abstract of Judgment
       A.     Sentence on Count 3
       The abstract of judgment contains clerical errors with respect to the sentence on
count 3 which must be corrected to accurately reflect the trial court‘s pronouncement of
sentence.
       The trial court sentenced defendant to a term of one year and four months for the
substantive offense (one-third the mid term of two years, doubled pursuant to the Three
Strikes law). The abstract of judgment reflects that defendant was sentenced to a term of
one year with an additional one-year sentence pursuant to the Three Strikes law.
       Furthermore, the abstract of judgment reflects that defendant was sentenced to a
term of three years and four months for the gang enhancement pursuant to section 186.22,
subdivision (b)(1)(C). As discussed in section VI., ante, that sentence must be modified
to reflect a sentence of one year, and the abstract of judgment must be corrected to reflect
the sentence is pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(A).
       B.     Mandatory Fees to be Modified
       In its oral pronouncement of judgment the court imposed the following mandatory
fees: ―. . . a court security fee of $60 and a court construction fund assessment of $40.‖
The abstract of judgment reflects a court security fee (§ 1465.8) in the amount of $120,
and a criminal conviction assessment (Gov. Code, § 70373) in the amount of $30.
Defendant contends the cases should be remanded to the trial court to clarify the conflict
between the oral pronouncement of judgment and the abstract of judgment.
       It is generally true that the oral pronouncement of judgment controls. (People v.
Mesa (1975) 14 Cal.3d 466, 471.) However, when an assessment is mandatory, its
―omission may be corrected for the first time on appeal.‖ (People v. Castellanos (2009)
175 Cal.App.4th 1524, 1530, citing People v. Smith (2001) 24 Cal.4th 849, 852
[sentencing errors ―correctable without referring to factual findings in the record or

                                             35
remanding for further findings are not waivable‖].) This is true even if the prosecutor
failed to object in the trial court. (People v. Talibdeen (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1151, 1157.)
       The court security fee and the criminal conviction assessment are mandatory fees
and fines and therefore remand is not required. Instead, the judgment will be modified to
impose the mandatory fees and fines and the abstract will be corrected to reflect the
modified judgment.
       Under section 1465.8, subdivision (a), a $40 court assessment ―shall be imposed‖
on every felony criminal conviction. One fee of $40 should be imposed for each
conviction. (People v. Roa (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1175, 1181.) Defendant was
convicted of three offenses and the trial court was required to impose a $40 fee for each
conviction, for a total of $120.
       Under Government Code section 70373, subdivision (a), a $30 court assessment
―shall be imposed‖ on every felony criminal conviction. One fee of $30 should be
imposed for each conviction. (People v. Lopez (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 474, 480.)
Defendant was convicted of three offenses and the trial court was required to impose a
$30 fee for each conviction, for a total of $90.

                                             36
                                     DISPOSITION
       The judgments are modified as follows: the gang enhancement term of one year
and eight months imposed under section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(B) on count 3 is
stricken, and a one-year term pursuant to section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1)(A) is
imposed; a $40 court security fee pursuant to section 1465.8 should be imposed on each
count, for a total of $120; a $30 court construction assessment pursuant to Government
Code section 70373, subdivision (a) should be imposed on each count, for a total of $90;
and defendant is awarded 693 days presentence credit consisting of 603 days actual
custody credit and 90 days of conduct credit.
       The abstracts of judgment should also be corrected to reflect that defendant was
sentenced to a term of one year and four months for the substantive offense in count 3.
       The trial court is directed to prepare new abstracts of judgment reflecting the
modified judgments and to forward a copy of each to the Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation. In all other respects, the judgments are affirmed.
       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.

                                          __________________________, J.
                                                 CHAVEZ
We concur:

____________________________, P. J.
       BOREN

____________________________, J.
       ASHMANN-GERST

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