Court Opinion

ID: 9959666
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-12 14:07:43.945235+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:43.277250
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: APRIL 5, 2024; 10:00 A.M.
                          NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                 Commonwealth of Kentucky
                            Court of Appeals
                               NO. 2023-CA-0745-MR

ANNA INSKO                                                               APPELLANT

               APPEAL FROM BOURBON CIRCUIT COURT
v.           HONORABLE JEREMY MICHAEL MATTOX, JUDGE
                       ACTION NO. 21-CI-00194

JEREMIAH PERRAUT                                                           APPELLEE

                                      OPINION
                                     AFFIRMING

                                    ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; ACREE AND CALDWELL, JUDGES.

THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE: Anna Insko appeals from an order which granted

summary judgment to Jeremiah Perraut. Appellant argues that the trial court

erroneously interpreted Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 258.235, Kentucky’s

strict liability dog bite statute, and erred in dismissing her premises liability cause

of action. We find no error and affirm.
                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

             On October 4, 2020, Appellee and his wife, Audra Perraut, invited

Appellant and her children over to their home for a social gathering. At one point

in the evening, Appellant, Appellee, and Ms. Perraut were gathered around a firepit

located in the Perraut’s back yard. Appellee and Ms. Perraut were facing

Appellant and the three of them were conversing. At some point, the Perraut’s dog

approached the firepit and lay down behind Appellant. As Appellant was talking,

she took a small step backward, without looking, and tripped over the dog. She

fell and broke her wrist. Appellee testified during a deposition that he did not see

the dog behind Appellant. Ms. Perraut was not deposed.

             Appellant then filed the underlying lawsuit. She claimed that

Appellant negligently kept the premises in an unsafe condition by not warning her

of the dog’s position behind her and by not properly supervising the dog. She also

claimed that he was strictly liable due to KRS 258.235(4), which states, “[a]ny

owner whose dog is found to have caused damage to a person, livestock, or other

property shall be responsible for that damage.”

             After some discovery, Appellee filed a motion for summary judgment,

which the court granted. The trial court held that KRS 258.235(4) did not apply to

this situation because the dog did not bite or attack Appellant. The court also held

that, as a social guest, Appellant was a licensee on Appellee’s property. The court

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found that Appellant did not act negligently in this instance. Appellant then filed a

motion to alter, amend, or vacate the summary judgment order. That motion was

denied and this appeal followed.

                            STANDARD OF REVIEW

                     The standard of review on appeal of a summary
             judgment is whether the trial court correctly found that
             there were no genuine issues as to any material fact and
             that the moving party was entitled to judgment as a
             matter of law. . . . “The record must be viewed in a light
             most favorable to the party opposing the motion for
             summary judgment and all doubts are to be resolved in
             his favor.” Summary “judgment is only proper where the
             movant shows that the adverse party could not prevail
             under any circumstances.” Consequently, summary
             judgment must be granted “[o]nly when it appears
             impossible for the nonmoving party to produce evidence
             at trial warranting a judgment in his favor[.]”

Scifres v. Kraft, 916 S.W.2d 779, 781 (Ky. App. 1996) (citations omitted).

“Because summary judgment involves only legal questions and the existence of

any disputed material issues of fact, an appellate court need not defer to the trial

court’s decision and will review the issue de novo.” Lewis v. B & R Corporation,

56 S.W.3d 432, 436 (Ky. App. 2001).

                                     ANALYSIS

             Appellant’s first argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in its

interpretation of KRS 258.235(4). The trial court held that it did not apply in this

matter because Appellant was not bitten or attacked by the dog. Appellant argues

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that this interpretation is incorrect because the statute does not require a bite or

attack from a dog, only that the dog cause damage.

              In concluding that the statute did not apply in this case, the trial court

relied on Spalding v. Own Your Home, LLC, No. 2017-CA-001647-MR, 2019 WL

4733072 (Ky. App. Sep. 27, 2019). In Spalding, David Spalding slipped on dog

excrement outside of a home owned by Own Your Home, LLC, and injured

himself. The home was being leased by John Segevan and Mr. Segevan was the

owner of the dog. Mr. Spalding sued Own Your Home and Mr. Segevan.1

              The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Own Your

Home by concluding that this type of injury was not one contemplated by the

statute. The Court of Appeals affirmed and held the following:

              Own Your Home persuasively argues that the overall
              tenor of KRS 258.235 provides that it was intended to
              encompass only damage stemming from dog bites or
              attacks. Indeed, the statute is frequently referred to as the
              “dog bite” statute. This interpretation is consistent with
              other subsections of the statute that explicitly address
              vicious, attacking dogs. The Kentucky Supreme Court
              explained in [Benningfield ex rel. Benningfield v.
              Zinsmeister, 367 S.W.3d 561, 562 (Ky. 2012)] that KRS
              258.235 was part of a legislative “scheme to displace or
              abrogate the common law rule on dog-bite liability . . .
              presumably to create incentives for various actors to take
              steps to reduce the chances of dog bites. And, more
              recently, our Supreme Court referred to KRS 258.235(4)
              as governing “dog bite law” and being “the progeny of

1
  At the time, landlords could be considered “owners” under KRS 258.235(4). The relevant
statutes have since been revised to remove landlords from the definition of owner.

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             years of evolution in the law of dog attacks.” Maupin v.
             Tankersley, 540 S.W.3d 357, 359-60 (Ky. 2018). Dog
             excrement is plainly neither a bite nor an attack. Thus,
             we agree with the trial court that Spalding’s ankle injury,
             caused by slipping on dog excrement, is not the type of
             “damage” that the legislature intended to address in KRS
             258.235(4). Accordingly, we cannot extend liability to a
             landlord under the facts of this case.

Spalding, 2019 WL 4733072, at *2 (emphasis in original) (citation omitted).

             When engaging in statutory interpretation,

             our main goal is “to give effect to the intent of the
             General Assembly.” The clearest indicator of that intent
             is the “language the General Assembly chose, either as
             defined by the General Assembly or as generally
             understood in the context of the matter under
             consideration.” And “[w]here the words used in a statute
             are clear and unambiguous and express the legislative
             intent, there is no room for construction and the statute
             must be accepted as written.”

Bell v. Bell, 423 S.W.3d 219, 223 (Ky. 2014) (footnotes and citations omitted).

“Generally, [t]he statute must be read as a whole and in context with other parts of

the law.” Kentucky Department of Corrections v. Dixon, 572 S.W.3d 46, 49 (Ky.

2019) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

             However, [n]o rule of statutory construction has been
             more definitely stated or more often repeated than the
             cardinal rule that significance and effect shall, if possible,
             be accorded to every part of the Act. Additionally, [a]ll
             statutes of this state shall be liberally construed with a
             view to promote their objects and carry out the intent of
             the legislature[.] And, it is axiomatic that, when
             interpreting a provision of a statute, a court should not, if
             possible, adopt a construction that renders a provision

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            meaningless or ineffectual or interpret a provision in a
            manner that brings about an absurd or unreasonable
            result.

Schoenbachler v. Minyard, 110 S.W.3d 776, 783 (Ky. 2003) (footnotes, internal

quotation marks, and citations omitted).

            We agree with the trial court that KRS 258.235(4) does not apply to

Appellant’s injury. First, let us examine KRS 258.235 as a whole. KRS 258.235

states:

            (1) Any person, without liability, may kill or seize any
            dog which is observed attacking any person.

            (2) Any livestock owner or his agent, without liability,
            may kill any dog trespassing on that owner’s property
            and observed in the act of pursuing or wounding his
            livestock.

            (3) Any dog determined to be vicious by a court and
            allowed to be returned to an owner shall be confined in a
            locked enclosure at least seven (7) feet high or a locked
            kennel run with a secured top. The dog may leave the
            enclosure only to visit the veterinarian or to be turned in
            to an animal shelter. The dog shall be muzzled if leaving
            the enclosure for either of these purposes.

            (4) Any owner whose dog is found to have caused
            damage to a person, livestock, or other property shall be
            responsible for that damage.

            (5) (a) Any person who has been attacked by a dog, or
            anyone acting on behalf of that person, may make a
            complaint before the district court, charging the owner or
            keeper of the dog with harboring a vicious dog. A copy
            of the complaint shall be served upon the person so
            charged in the same manner and subject to the laws

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             regulating the service of summons in civil actions
             directing him to appear for a hearing of the complaint at a
             time fixed in the complaint. If the person fails to appear
             at the time fixed, or if upon a hearing of the parties and
             their witnesses, the court finds the person so charged is
             the owner or keeper of the dog in question, and that the
             dog has viciously and without cause, attacked a human
             being when off the premises of the owner or keeper, the
             person shall be subject to the penalties set forth in KRS
             258.990(3)(b), and the court shall further order the owner
             or keeper to keep the dog securely confined as provided
             by subsection (3) of this section, or the court may order
             the dog to be destroyed.

             (b) The animal control officer shall act as an officer of
             the court for the enforcement of any orders of the court in
             his jurisdiction pertaining to this subsection.

             (6) For his services in the proceedings, a peace officer
             shall be entitled to the same fees to which he is entitled
             for performing similar services in civil cases. In all
             proceedings under this section, the court shall place the
             costs upon either party as it may determine.

             (7) It shall be unlawful for the owner or keeper of any
             vicious dog, after receiving an order under subsection (5)
             of this section, to permit the dog to run at large, or to
             appear in public except as provided in subsection (3) of
             this section. Any vicious dog found running at large may
             be killed by any animal control officer or peace officer
             without liability for damages for the killing.

             Based on our reading of the statute as a whole, and the perceived

legislative intent, we believe KRS 258.235(4) requires some kind of act by a dog

for strict liability to apply. Here, the dog was lying on the ground and did not act

upon Appellant. The dog did not bite, attack, jump on, or even nudge Appellant.

                                         -7-
The dog was simply peacefully existing. Allowing KRS 258.235(4) to apply to all

actions in which an injury is somehow tangentially related to a dog would bring

about an absurd and unreasonable result. We find no error with the trial court’s

conclusion that the statute does not apply in this case. Appellee was entitled to

summary judgment as a matter of law.

             Appellant also argues on appeal that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment on her negligence claim. She claims that the court erred in

deeming her a licensee as opposed to an invitee. She also argues that there were

factual issues that needed to be decided by a jury.

             [A] negligence case . . . requires proof that (1) the
             defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care, (2) the
             defendant breached the standard by which his or her duty
             is measured, and (3) consequent injury. “Consequent
             injury” consists of what hornbooks separate into two
             distinct elements: actual injury or harm to the plaintiff
             and legal causation between the defendant’s breach and
             the plaintiff’s injury. Duty, the first element, presents a
             question of law. Breach and injury, are questions of fact
             for the jury to decide. The last element, legal causation,
             presents a mixed question of law and fact.

Pathways, Inc. v. Hammons, 113 S.W.3d 85, 88-89 (Ky. 2003) (citations omitted).

             The first step in proving negligence is determining what
             duty, if any, the defendant owed the plaintiff. In the
             Commonwealth, under the doctrine of premises liability,
             “a landowner has a general duty to maintain the premises
             in a reasonably safe manner; and the scope of that duty is
             outlined according to the status of the plaintiff.”

                                         -8-
Smith v. Smith, 563 S.W.3d 14, 16 (Ky. 2018) (emphasis in original) (citation

omitted). The injured party can fall into one of three categories: invitee, licensee,

or trespasser. Id. at 17. In this case, we only have to consider invitee and licensee.

             [A] licensee is defined as a “person who is privileged to
             enter or remain on land only by virtue of the possessor’s
             consent.” A possessor of land owes a licensee a duty to
             “not knowingly let[ ] her come upon a hidden peril or
             willfully or wantonly caus[e] her harm.”

                    On the other hand, an invitee is “either a public
             invitee or a business visitor.” In contrast to a licensee, an
             invitee is owed a duty of “reasonable care,” such that an
             invitee “enters the premises with the implied assurance of
             preparation and reasonable care for his protection and
             safety while he is there.” This duty extends beyond the
             protection owed a licensee and protects the invitee from
             “the risk of harm from activities of which the invitee
             knows or has reason to know, where it may reasonably be
             expected that he will fail to protect himself
             notwithstanding such knowledge.”

Id. at 17-18 (footnotes and citations omitted).

             Kentucky case law holds that a social guest in someone’s home is a

licensee. Shipp v. Johnson, 452 S.W.2d 828, 829 (Ky. 1969); Terry v. Timberlake,

348 S.W.2d 919, 920 (Ky. 1961); Lawson v. Smith, 652 S.W.3d 643, 647 (Ky.

App. 2022). As a licensee, Appellant

             was expected to take the premises as the [owners] used
             them and was not entitled to expect that they would be
             prepared for her reception or that precautions would be
             taken for her safety in any manner in which [the owners]
             did not prepare or take precautions for their own safety or
             that of members of their family. No duty was owed to

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             the [social guest] other than that of not knowingly letting
             her come upon a hidden peril or willfully or wantonly
             causing her harm.

Terry, 348 S.W.2d at 920 (citations omitted).

             In the case sub judice, the trial court held that there was no evidence

that Appellee breached his duty to keep his premises safe for a licensee. While the

issue of breach is usually a fact question for the jury to decide, “summary

judgment . . . will be appropriate only when, under all the circumstances of the

given case, reasonable minds cannot differ . . . or when only one reasonable

conclusion [as to that question] can be reached.” Grubb v. Smith, 523 S.W.3d 409,

421 (Ky. 2017) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

             Here, Appellant presented no evidence that Appellee or his wife saw

the dog lying behind her. “‘Belief’ is not evidence and does not create an issue of

material fact. A plaintiff must present affirmative evidence in order to defeat a

properly supported motion for summary judgment.” Humana of Kentucky, Inc. v.

Seitz, 796 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Ky. 1990) (citation omitted). If Appellee did not see the

dog, then there was no dangerous condition known by him to warn about. In

addition, we do not believe the dog was a “hidden peril.” The dog was not

obscured or hidden by anything, and had Appellant looked where she was

stepping, she likely would have seen the dog.

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            We also note that there was no allegation that Appellee “willfully or

wantonly” caused her harm; therefore, we will not discuss that aspect of negligence

toward a licensee.

                                 CONCLUSION

            Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

KRS 258.235(4) did not apply in this case and Appellant failed to provide evidence

that Appellee breached his duty to protect her from known hidden perils on his

property.

            ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                    BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Thomas K. Herren                         Luke A. Wingfield
Lexington, Kentucky                      Cassidy L. Sorrells
                                         Lexington, Kentucky

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