Court Opinion

ID: 7805639
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-01 15:02:09.167538+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:30:03.451772
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court of Florida
                            ____________

                           No. SC20-284
                            ____________

                      MICHAEL A. GORDON,
                          Appellant,

                                 vs.

                       STATE OF FLORIDA,
                           Appellee.

                        September 1, 2022

COURIEL, J.

     Michael A. Gordon appeals his convictions and sentences of

death for the January 15, 2015, first-degree murders of Patricia

Moran and Deborah Royal. We have jurisdiction. Art. V, § 3(b)(1),

Fla. Const. We affirm Gordon’s convictions and sentences.

                                  I

     The victims in this case were murdered at home, seemingly at

random, having had no connection to the pawnshop robbery that

unfolded earlier on the day they died.
                                 A

     Shortly after 5:30 p.m. on January 15, 2015, Chad O’Brien,

the manager of a Cash America Pawnshop in Auburndale, in Polk

County, and Richie Soto, one of his pawnbrokers, were talking in

the store’s office when three armed men rushed into the store,

demanding at gunpoint that O’Brien and Soto get down. Gordon,

one of those armed men, pointed a rifle at O’Brien; another pointed

a handgun at Soto.

     After noticing O’Brien’s keys, Gordon threatened to kill O’Brien

if he did not immediately unlock the case. O’Brien complied.

Gordon and an accomplice with a crowbar began stuffing jewelry

into a bag. When the robber with the handgun yelled that they

were out of time, the three men grabbed their loot and bolted from

the store. They loaded into a red SUV idling outside and fled in the

direction of Haines City.

     Back at the pawnshop, Soto called 911 and reported the

robbery, which the store’s security cameras had captured. Some of

the stolen jewelry contained GPS tracking devices that had been

activated when the items were removed. The Polk County Sheriff’s

                                -2-
Office had access to the devices’ tracking system and officers were

immediately sent to follow the items’ GPS signals.

     Three Haines City Police Department officers responded to

radio calls that the fleeing SUV was headed their way. As the

officers closed in on it, someone in the SUV opened fire on them,

with one shot striking a patrol car. The SUV continued to race

toward Haines City, its occupants continually firing at the pursuing

officers. When two more officers joined the chase, another patrol

car was hit. The SUV was speeding and evasively weaving in and

out of traffic. At last, it made a sharp left turn, nearly tipping over

in the process, drove through a grass median, and pulled into the

Chanler Ridge subdivision in Haines City.

     Officers followed the SUV into the neighborhood, where it had

foundered in a field. Its occupants fled in several directions. One

man was tracked down by a police dog. Two men had better luck

and avoided detection at the scene but were arrested the following

morning.

     Meanwhile, one block away, three Chanler Ridge residents had

stepped outside to see what was going on and spotted a man

running. He identified himself as a neighbor and said that he was

                                  -3-
fleeing people who were trying to shoot him. The residents were

suspicious; they did not recognize him. One ran to flag down the

police officers who were swarming the subdivision. Seeing this, the

unrecognized man fled toward Astor Drive. Hearing the sirens,

additional neighborhood residents gathered and noticed clothes

strewn across multiple yards. One of the residents who had earlier

encountered the stranger found a rifle in their yard and called 911.

An officer’s police dog tracked the scent from the items to 618 Astor

Drive.

     While the residents who had encountered the stranger were

calling 911, a different resident called the authorities to report that

she heard screaming from her neighbors’ house—at 618 Astor

Drive. Officers formed a perimeter around the house. It was then

dark enough that the police had started using their flashlights.

While searching the fenced-in backyard of the house, two officers

pointed their lights through a window to see inside the house. Two

unclothed women with serious lacerations lay motionless on a

bloody floor. The officers yelled out what they saw to nearby

colleagues and their discovery was soon broadcast over the radio to

all officers on the scene.

                                 -4-
     Deputy Jonathan Quintana-Rivera was standing in the

driveway guarding the front of the house. Officer Eric Nickels was

in the street, about 35 feet from the garage door, near the curb.

Other officers were preparing to enter the house. From inside a

closed garage they heard loud noises followed by the revving of a car

engine, then the sound of squealing tires. Gordon, at the wheel of

the victims’ car, burst through the closed garage door. The garage

door collapsed on top of the car, staying on its roof while the car

careened down the driveway. 1

     To avoid being hit by the car, Deputy Quintana-Rivera dove

from the driveway onto the lawn. The garage door on top of the car

blocked Deputy Quintana-Rivera’s view of the driver. Officer

Nickels, trying to get out of the car’s path, scrambled toward the

lawn but fell down in the road. Before he could get up, the car

made a hard left out of the driveway and began accelerating

towards him. Officers began firing at the car. Even though Officer

     1. While the officers’ testimonies disagreed about whether the
car came out headlights or taillights first, their testimonies were
consistent that it rapidly accelerated to about 35 to 40 miles per
hour.

                                 -5-
Nickels could not see who was driving, he aimed for the car’s

windshield, trying to hit the driver. The car sped down Astor Drive

past Officer Nickels, made a sharp right turn, and crashed to a halt

in a nearby field.

     An officer and his police dog apprehended Gordon about 60 to

75 feet from the crashed vehicle. Gordon was handcuffed, placed in

a patrol car, and read his rights. Following Miranda 2 warnings,

Gordon told officers that a man named Tony Wright, as well as two

of Wright’s family members, were still in the house at 618 Astor

Drive.

     While Gordon was being arrested, a SWAT team was clearing

the house. They found no other suspects, but they did find the

remains of 72-year-old Patricia Moran and her 51-year-old

daughter, Deborah Royal. Their throats had been slashed, their

      2. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 467-71 (1966) (“At the
outset, if a person in custody is to be subjected to interrogation, he
must first be informed in clear and unequivocal terms that he has
the right to remain silent. . . . The warning of the right to remain
silent must be accompanied by the explanation that anything said
can and will be used against the individual in court. . . . [A]n
individual held for interrogation must be clearly informed that he
has the right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer with
him during interrogation . . . .”).

                                 -6-
bodies repeatedly stabbed. Several knives were scattered near the

bodies. There was blood throughout the house; two T-shirts in the

washing machine were covered in blood that was later identified as

Gordon’s. Medical examiners later concluded that neither woman

died immediately. Each had defensive wounds indicating she

attempted to defend herself before she died from the attack.

                                  B

     The State charged Gordon in a 15-count indictment for the

events of January 15. The offenses included: two counts of first-

degree murder, burglary with assault or battery, conspiracy to

commit armed robbery, robbery with a firearm, grand theft, fleeing

or attempting to elude, three counts of attempted first-degree

murder with a firearm, three counts of attempted first-degree

murder with a vehicle, grand theft of a vehicle, and possession of a

firearm by a convicted felon. 3

     During jury selection, the assistant state attorney asked

members of the venire to raise their hands if someone close to them

had ever been charged with a crime. Kimberly James was among

     3. This final charge, possession of a firearm by a convicted
felon, was severed before trial and is not before us on appeal.

                                  -7-
the potential jurors who did. She explained that her first cousin

had been sentenced to 25 years in prison, “[b]ut it didn’t affect me.”

When asked if there was “anything about that incident that would

impact [her] ability to be fair and impartial as it relates to this

case,” she answered “[d]efinitely not.”

     At a different point in voir dire, the State asked James whether

she ever had any casual conversations with anyone about the death

penalty. “No,” she said. Asked whether her jury service at this trial

had been the first time she had ever really thought about death

penalty, James said that she had considered the subject “thinking

to myself,” perhaps while watching crime-related news. Asked what

her thoughts about the death penalty were when she saw news

about it, she said, “sometimes it’s merited and sometimes it’s not

. . . I’m not there to look like at evidence to see whether the person

should die, you know. I’m not God.”

     The State followed up by asking whether her use of the

phrase, “I’m not God,” was a reference to a religious belief. James

replied, “It has nothing to do with religion. It’s just how I am as a

person. I want to see the evidence. If it warrants death, so be it. If

it warrants life, life.” Asked if she would like to serve on the jury,

                                  -8-
James said she would. Counsel for the State and for Gordon went

on to conduct an extensive colloquy with members of the panel,

including James, on a number of topics.

     The State ultimately exercised one of its peremptory strikes to

remove James—who, like Gordon, is black—from the panel.

Gordon’s counsel asked the State to supply a race-neutral reason

for the strike. The State replied that James’s statement, “I’m not

God,” caused concern about whether she could be fair and

impartial in determining whether the death penalty was appropriate

in this case. At that point, Gordon’s counsel stated that the State’s

reason for striking James was not sufficiently race-neutral.

     Applying a version of the procedure required under the

circumstances in a Melbourne 4 and Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79

     4. Melbourne v. State, 679 So. 2d 759, 764 (Fla. 1996) (“A
party objecting to the other side’s use of a peremptory challenge on
racial grounds must: a) make a timely objection on that basis, b)
show that the venireperson is a member of a distinct racial group,
and c) request that the court ask the striking party its reason for
the strike. If these initial requirements are met (step 1), the court
must ask the proponent of the strike to explain the reason for the
strike. At this point, the burden of production shifts to the
proponent of the strike to come forward with a race-neutral
explanation (step 2). If the explanation is facially race-neutral and
the court believes that, given all the circumstances surrounding the

                                -9-
(1986), challenge, the trial court found that Gordon was black; that

the venire member in question, James, was black, and that an

already-seated juror appeared to be black. Next, the trial court

considered the State’s explanation for striking James. It said, “the

Court is not persuaded that the comments taken, all the answers

and responses given by Ms. James to the questions both by the

State and defense, I do not find that what she said and the reason

articulated by the State is sufficient to allow the cause[ 5] challenge.”

strike, the explanation is not a pretext, the strike will be sustained
(step 3). The court’s focus in step 3 is not on the reasonableness of
the explanation but rather its genuineness.”) (footnotes omitted).

      5. Moments later, the trial court correctly referred to the
strike as a “peremptory challenge” rather than a cause challenge.
Notably, at the time of the initial peremptory challenge, the trial
court only ruled on “whether the neutral explanation is facially
valid,” not exactly what we have held to be required—that is,
whether the proffered reason is pretextual. Melbourne, 679 So. 2d
at 764 (“If the explanation is facially race-neutral and the court
believes that, given all the circumstances surrounding the strike,
the explanation is not a pretext, the strike will be sustained.”);
Batson, 476 U.S. at 98 (“The prosecutor therefore must articulate a
neutral explanation related to the particular case to be tried.”);
United States v. Houston, 456 F.3d 1328, 1338 (11th Cir. 2006)
(“Once the prosecution has offered a legitimate, non-discriminatory
reason for exercising its strikes, . . . the party contesting the strike
[bears the burden] to demonstrate that the prosecution’s stated
reasons are pretextual.”).

                                 - 10 -
     When a panel of 12 jurors had been assembled, the State

again moved to strike James. The trial court asked whether the

State had any additional grounds. The State answered that James

had also indicated during voir dire that her first cousin had been

sentenced to 25 years in prison. The State reasserted its initial

reason for striking James, arguing that only James among the

potential jurors earlier said, “I’m not God,” which to the State

“indicate[d] that she’s saying to us, ‘Who am I to judge somebody or

be a part of a process that the death would be imposed? That’s

God’s job, not anybody else’s.’ ” Gordon’s counsel renewed its

argument that the State’s proffered reasons for the strike were not

race-neutral. The trial court deferred ruling on the matter, stating

it would review its notes in addition to what was being presented by

the State and the defense.

     After seating the other jurors, the trial court stated it had

“considered the totality of the circumstances . . . and particularly

the second reason for the peremptory strike to Ms. James,” and

granted the State’s request to strike Ms. James over the defense’s

objection.

                                - 11 -
     After the jury had been selected, defense counsel accepted the

jury, but renewed all race- and gender-related challenges it had

made during the voir dire process. Gordon himself was sworn and

stated that, other than the objections made on his behalf by his

counsel, he had no objections to the panel as selected.

     Trial proceeded, and at the conclusion of the State’s evidence,

Gordon moved for judgment of acquittal. The trial court granted

the motion as to one count of attempted murder with a vehicle

because the officer that the count concerned had previously died

from unrelated causes.

     Gordon’s counsel did not concede that Gordon participated in

any of the charged offenses. For the murders of Moran and Royal,

Gordon’s counsel argued that Tony Wright, or a different man from

the fleeing SUV who was not arrested until the next day, could have

killed the two women. The two neighbors who encountered a

suspicious man outside their houses identified Tony Wright when

shown photo packs and testified to that effect later at trial. This

identification was confirmed by the officer who showed both

neighbors the photo packs. Gordon’s counsel also contended that

numerous gaps existed in the police perimeter around 618 Astor

                                - 12 -
Drive. These gaps, Gordon’s lawyers argued, could have allowed

somebody to escape. They also hypothesized that the murders may

have occurred before officers surrounded the house.

     Following closing arguments, the trial court instructed the

jury. Guilty as charged, came the verdict, as to the thirteen counts

against Gordon that had not been dismissed or severed.

     At the penalty phase, the State sought the death penalty

arguing that four aggravating factors applied: (1) Gordon’s

conviction of a prior capital felony or other felony involving the use

or threat of violence to a person; (2) the first-degree murders were

committed while Gordon was engaged in burglary or flight after the

commission of robbery with a firearm; (3) Gordon murdered both

Moran and Royal to avoid or prevent a lawful arrest; and (4) the

murders were committed in an especially heinous, atrocious, or

cruel (HAC) manner. The State presented the testimony of an

expert witness regarding the pain each victim suffered as a result of

the injuries Gordon inflicted by repeatedly stabbing and cutting her

with a knife while she remained alive, as well as victim impact

statements, including photos, from family members and close

family friends of the victims.

                                 - 13 -
     Gordon presented the testimony of six expert witnesses—a

former prison warden, a neuropsychologist, a neurocognitive

imaging specialist, a neurologist, a clinical pharmacologist, and a

clinical and forensic psychologist—and that of Gordon’s sister,

Theresa Gordon. Several of the experts concluded that Gordon

might have brain damage from the extensive abuse he endured as a

child. The jury heard evidence that Gordon’s IQ as measured when

he was in the second grade was 80, and that a more recent adult IQ

test had returned a score of 70. 6 Gordon’s records showed a variety

of mental health diagnoses, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective

disorder depressive type, bipolar disorder, psychosis not otherwise

specified (NOA), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Gordon’s sister testified to extensive emotional, verbal, physical,

and sexual abuse and neglect that she and her brother endured at

the hands of their father with the tacit consent of their mother. On

      6. No specific IQ score automatically establishes that an
individual is intellectually disabled. Hall v. Florida, 572 U.S. 701,
723 (2014). To be barred from receiving the death penalty due to
intellectual disability, a defendant must exhibit (1) significantly
subaverage general intellectual functioning, and (2) concurrent
deficits in adaptive behavior, (3) that shall have manifested before
age 18. § 921.137(1) Fla. Stat. (2013).

                                - 14 -
rebuttal, the State called Gordon’s father David Michael Gordon,

who denied that he had ever abused his children.

     The jury unanimously found beyond a reasonable doubt that

the four aggravating factors asserted by the State existed and that

those aggravating factors outweighed the mitigating circumstances

and recommended that Gordon receive the death penalty.

     In its sentencing order the trial court found that all four

aggravating factors applied to both murders. Additionally, the trial

court found that Gordon established the following mitigating

circumstances and assigned them the following weight: he was

under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance

(little weight); he suffered from mental illness (little weight); he

suffered from toxic stress syndrome (moderate weight); he was not

receiving proper treatment (little weight); he was abused and

abandoned by his family (little weight); and he was smoking

synthetic cannabinoids7 on the date of the murders (little weight).

     7. Specifically, the trial court found that Gordon was
smoking K2 or “spice” the day of the murders, both of which are
street names for synthetic cannabinoids. This drug is ingested by
smoking plant material that has been sprayed with additives or by
using a liquid in an e-cigarette. Synthetic Cannabinoids (K2/Spice)

                                  - 15 -
     Next, the trial court found that Gordon failed to establish the

following mitigating circumstances: his capacity to appreciate the

criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the

requirement of law was substantially impaired; he was an

accomplice in the murders and his participation was relatively

minor; and there were other factors in his background or life or the

circumstances of the offense that should mitigate his sentence.

     Based on the trial court’s review of the evidence, its weighing

of the aggravating factors and mitigating circumstances, its

consideration of the jury’s sentencing recommendation, and noting

that it would reach the same conclusion even in the absence of the

aggravator of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest, the trial court

sentenced Gordon to death for each murder on February 7, 2020.

Gordon appealed his convictions and sentences on February 24,

2020. We denied Gordon’s motion to reconstruct the record to

reflect the races of certain venire members who later served on the

jury. This appeal followed.

DrugFacts, Nat. Inst. on Drug Abuse (July 2020),
https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/synthetic-
cannabinoids-k2spice.

                                - 16 -
                                   II

     Gordon raises seven issues on appeal and the State raises one.

Two issues raised by Gordon—the State’s strike of juror Kimberly

James and the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his

convictions for attempted first-degree murder of Deputy Sheriff

Quintana-Rivera and Officer Nickels—merit individualized

discussion.

                                   A

     Gordon argues that the State was impermissibly motivated by

race when it struck venireperson Kimberly James from the jury,

and that its proffered reasons for the strike were pretextual. We

reject this argument as improperly preserved.

     In State v. Johnson, we said, “[T]he party opposing a

peremptory strike must make a specific objection to the proponent's

proffered race-neutral reason for the strike, if contested, to preserve

the claim that the trial court erred in concluding that the proffered

reason was genuine.” 295 So. 3d 710, 716 (Fla. 2020). A trial

court’s decision will only be reversed if it is clearly erroneous.

Rimmer v. State, 825 So. 2d 304, 320 (Fla. 2002) (“[T]he trial court’s

decision turns primarily on an assessment of credibility and will be

                                 - 17 -
affirmed on appeal unless clearly erroneous.” (quoting Melbourne,

679 So. 2d 759, 764-65 (Fla. 1996))). Therefore, the defendant

must create a record containing the legal grounds for his or her

objection. See Johnson, 295 So. 3d at 714-15 (“If the opponent of a

peremptory strike fails to challenge as pretext a proffered reason

found to be race-neutral, then the trial court is usually left with

nothing other than the legal presumption that the proponent

exercised the strike for a genuine reason.”).

     Here, Gordon objected that the State’s proffered reasons for its

strike—first, James’s “I’m not God” comment, and second, her

statement during voir dire that her first cousin had been sentenced

to 25 years in prison—were “insufficiently race-neutral.” But the

State’s proffered reasons were facially race-neutral, and Gordon’s

objection did not put the trial court on notice of the argument he

advances here—that the State’s facially race-neutral reasons were

pretextual, and why. “[P]roper preservation requires the following

three steps from a party: (1) a timely, contemporaneous objection;

(2) a legal ground for the objection; and (3) ‘[i]n order for an

argument to be cognizable on appeal, it must be the specific

contention asserted as legal ground for the objection, exception, or

                                 - 18 -
motion below.’” Fleitas v. State, 3 So. 3d 351, 355 (Fla. 3d DCA

2008) (quoting Harrell v. State, 894 So. 2d 935, 940 (Fla. 2005)).

Here, the second two requirements were lacking. The trial court

must be presented with a reason to doubt the genuineness of the

State’s proffered race-neutral reason for a strike, for it is the

genuineness of the reason upon which the trial court must rule.

For this Court to meaningfully review a trial court’s decision to

allow a strike, the objecting party must specify its objection by

giving some reasoning as to why the proffered reason for the strike

is pretextual. Was it, for example, a consideration that would have

applied to other members of the venire, some of whom were seated?

Or was it a consideration that would not bear on the juror’s ability

to weigh the evidence as required? That cannot be said of Gordon’s

counsel’s objection here, which did not put the trial court on notice

as to the reason the challenged strike was allegedly a pretext for

racial animus, and therefore did not contain a proper legal ground

for the objection or a specific contention for us to review.

     Next, Gordon compares James’s voir dire responses with the

responses of allegedly similarly situated venire members who

ultimately served on the jury. But he makes this comparison for

                                 - 19 -
the first time before us; Gordon failed to preserve for review a

comparative analysis of venire members’ responses to voir dire.

     We have said that, for this Court to compare voir dire

responses in a Melbourne appeal, the party must have raised the

issue to the trial court. In Hoskins v. State, we found that, because

“at trial Hoskins did not mention [the similarly situated] jurors . . .

his [Melbourne] claim is waived as to these jurors.” 965 So. 2d 1,

10 (Fla. 2007). Likewise, in King v. State, we said that, “[a]lthough

King now contends that there were other jurors on the panel who

[were similarly situated], defense counsel did not raise that

challenge before the trial court. Accordingly, that challenge has

also been waived.” 89 So. 3d 209, 230 (Fla. 2012).

     It was Gordon’s burden to preserve a comparison of venire

members’ responses for our review. Despite multiple opportunities

during jury selection, he failed to make that comparison, or to

provide, in a manner amenable to our review, an explanation for

why the State’s proffered reasons for striking James were

pretextual. For example, when the State accepted without objection

each of the venire members who gave similar voir dire responses to

James, Gordon could have noted that the State did not strike

                                 - 20 -
people who had similar, or closer, relationships with incarcerated

people than James. Or, when the trial court asked Gordon to

accept the final jury panel, he could have analyzed any comparable

responses from other members of the panel. Instead, Gordon made

a blanket statement purporting to preserve all race- and gender-

based challenges made during voir dire.

     On this record, which contains no reasoned, preserved

objection regarding the genuineness of the State’s proffered race-

neutral reason for a peremptory strike, we have no basis upon

which to revisit the trial court’s decision to seat the contested juror.

                                   B

     Gordon’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence fails

because competent, substantial evidence supports the jury’s verdict

finding him guilty of two counts of attempted first-degree murder

with a vehicle. To sustain a conviction on appeal, there must be

“substantial, competent evidence to support the verdict” with all

evidence viewed “in the light most favorable to the State.” Bush v.

State, 295 So. 3d 179, 200-01 (Fla. 2020). Evidence is competent if

it is “sufficiently relevant and material”; evidence is substantial if

there is enough that “a reasonable mind would accept [the evidence]

                                 - 21 -
as adequate to support a conclusion.” De Groot v. Sheffield, 95 So.

2d 912, 916 (Fla. 1957), cited with approval in Bush, 295 So. 3d at

201. If “a rational trier of fact could have found the existence of the

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt,” then the

conviction must be upheld. Bush, 295 So. 3d at 201 (quoting

Rogers v. State, 285 So. 3d 872, 891 (Fla. 2019)).

     Of the three elements of attempted first-degree murder, 8

Gordon says that the State failed to produce enough evidence to

prove one: that his actions were premeditated. Gordon is correct in

describing the scene of the crime as chaotic, especially after he

burst through the garage door. Both the officers he was later

convicted of attempting to kill testified that they could not see who

was driving the car—implying that Gordon could not see them

either. Gordon argues that the evidence adduced at trial supports

      8. The three elements of attempted first-degree murder are:
“(1) an act intending to cause death that went beyond just thinking
or talking about it; (2) premeditated design to kill; and (3)
commission of an act which would have resulted in the death of the
victim except that someone prevented the defendant from killing the
victim or the defendant failed to do so.” Gordon v. State, 780 So. 2d
17, 21 (Fla. 2001), receded from on other grounds in Valdes v. State,
3 So. 3d 1067, 1077 (Fla. 2009); Fla. Std. Jury Instr. (Crim.) 6.2; §§
777.04, 782.04, Fla. Stat. (2015).

                                 - 22 -
his claim, that he was trying to escape, just as readily as it

supports the State’s claim, that he purposefully attempted to hit the

officers as he drove.

     But this argument ultimately fails because it rests on a

misunderstanding of what constitutes and what establishes

premeditation. Premeditation is “understood as requiring proof that

the defendant was aware of the consequences of the actions that

caused death, and that the defendant had the opportunity for

reflection prior to committing the fatal act.” Sparre v. State, 164 So.

3d 1183, 1200 (Fla. 2015). Premeditation does not require lengthy

deliberation on the part of the actor; the intent to commit

potentially fatal acts “may be formed a moment before the act but

must exist for a sufficient length of time to permit reflection as to

the nature of the act to be committed and the probable result of

that act.” Brown v. State, 126 So. 3d 211, 221 (Fla. 2013) (quoting

Bradley v. State, 787 So. 2d 732, 738 (Fla. 2001)). While Gordon’s

arguments center around his state of mind as he drove the car,

there is competent, substantial evidence to support the jury’s

conclusion that Gordon had already formed the requisite intent

before he left the garage.

                                 - 23 -
     Specifically, the State presented ample evidence to support the

jury’s finding that Gordon had sufficient time to reflect upon his

plan to flee and realize the danger to others inherent in his plan.

Gordon had been part of a high-speed police chase in the hours

before the murders, so he knew officers were actively pursuing him.

The jury heard that officers had shone flashlights through the

windows of 618 Astor Drive onto the women’s bodies, then shouted

to one another outside of the house upon discovering the victims’

bodies. From this evidence, the jury could permissibly infer that

Gordon knew officers had tracked him down and surrounded the

house. See Walker v. State, 957 So. 2d 560, 578 (Fla. 2007)

(discussing evidence the jury could have relied on to make the

inference that the killing was premeditated); Bargesser v. State, 116

So. 11, 12 (Fla. 1928) (“The jury are the judges of the

reasonableness, probability, and credibility of the explanation

offered by the defendant.”); Cnty. Court of Ulster Cnty. v. Allen, 442

U.S. 140, 156 (1979) (“Inferences and presumptions are a staple of

our adversary system of factfinding. It is often necessary for the

trier of fact to determine the existence of an element of the crime—

that is, an ‘ultimate’ or ‘elemental’ fact—from the existence of one or

                                - 24 -
more ‘evidentiary’ or ‘basic’ facts.”). Still, in an attempt to escape,

Gordon plowed the victims’ car through the closed garage door with

no warning. On this record, we cannot say that the jury lacked

competent, substantial evidence to support its conclusion as to

premeditation.

                                   C

     We briefly address the other issues raised by the parties.

     We reaffirm our decision in Lawrence v. State that the Eighth

Amendment does not require comparative proportionality review of

death sentences. 308 So. 3d 544 (Fla. 2020).

     The trial court did not abuse its discretion when weighing the

mitigating evidence in this case. A trial judge need not mention

every relevant piece of evidence in mitigation to properly weigh

aggravating and mitigating factors under our laws and the Eighth

Amendment. See Kansas v. Marsh, 548 U.S. 163, 175 (2006) (“In

aggregate, our precedents confer upon defendants the right to

present sentencers with information relevant to the sentencing

decision and oblige sentencers to consider that information in

determining the appropriate sentence. The thrust of our mitigation

jurisprudence ends here.”) A sentencing order is valid when the

                                 - 25 -
sentencing judge “expressly evaluate[d] . . . each statutory and non-

statutory mitigating circumstance proposed by the defendant.”

Woodel v. State, 804 So. 2d 316, 326 (Fla. 2001) (quoting Ferrell v.

State, 653 So. 2d 367, 371 (Fla. 1995)). While judges cannot merely

list out the mitigators with no analysis, neither must they

individually discuss each and every piece of evidence submitted for

each mitigator. See Woodel, 804 So. 2d at 327 (rejecting a list-like

sentencing order that engaged in no analysis and failed to assign

weight to aggravators or mitigators).

     In Lowe v. State, we upheld the trial court’s weighing of

mitigators where “it [was] apparent that the trial court considered

each of the mitigating circumstances proposed by [the defendant]

and determined that such circumstances hardly distinguished [the

defendant] from other members of society, were supported by

‘underwhelming’ evidence, or were in fact not mitigating.” 259 So.

3d 23, 64 (Fla. 2018). Here, too, the trial court identified the

evidence that supported its conclusion regarding the assigned

weight of each mitigator. It balanced that weight against that of the

aggravating factors in the prescribed manner. On this record, we

                                - 26 -
find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s evaluation of

aggravation and mitigation.

     We have previously held that the Eighth Amendment’s

prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment does not require a

categorical bar against the execution of persons who suffer from

any form of mental illness or brain damage. McCoy v. State, 132

So. 3d 756, 775 (Fla. 2013). The Eighth Amendment broadly

protects two classes from execution: people who are intellectually

disabled and minors. Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002)

(intellectual disabilities); Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005)

(minors). Gordon’s argument that the Eighth Amendment prohibits

his execution because he is mentally ill and brain damaged is

without merit. At trial, the testifying expert diagnosed Gordon with

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), PTSD from severe

childhood abuse, and schizoaffective disorder depressive type. The

trial court heard evidence that Gordon tested to an IQ of 70,

borderline to the threshold for an intellectual disability. It also

heard testimony from experts that brain imaging showed Gordon

had suffered extensive traumatic brain injury earlier in life, and

that he likely suffers from chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which

                                 - 27 -
is caused by repeated head trauma and leads to neurological

deterioration.

      Yet we have held that, for the purposes of the Eighth

Amendment, the existence of a traumatic brain injury does not

reduce an individual’s culpability to the extent they become

immune from capital punishment. Johnston v. State, 27 So. 3d 11,

26-27 (Fla. 2010) (emphasizing this Court has repeatedly rejected

the argument “that defendants with mental illness must be treated

similarly to those with mental retardation because both conditions

result in reduced culpability”); Connor v. State, 979 So. 2d 852, 867

(Fla. 2007) (“To the extent that Connor is arguing that he cannot be

executed because of mental conditions that are not insanity or

mental retardation, the issue has been resolved adversely to his

position.”). 9

     9. See also Carroll v. State, 114 So. 3d 883, 887 (Fla. 2013)
(“Additionally, in [Carroll’s] habeas corpus proceeding in federal
court, Carroll claimed that he is mentally ill and, under the
rationale of Atkins, persons who are unable to control their conduct
due to mental illness act with lesser moral culpability and should
be exempt from execution. The Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals
refused to extend Atkins to mentally ill persons absent a decision
from the United States Supreme Court barring execution of the
mentally ill. Thus, Carroll’s claim in this proceeding that he is less

                                - 28 -
     The evidence that Gordon committed the murders of both

Patricia Moran and Deborah Royal is sufficient to sustain his

convictions. In appeals contesting a death penalty sentence,

Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.142(a)(5) and our precedent

create “a mandatory obligation to determine the sufficiency of the

evidence to sustain [a] homicide conviction.” Truehill v. State, 211

So. 3d 930, 951 (Fla. 2017) (quoting Jones v. State, 963 So. 2d 180,

184 (Fla. 2007)). In conducting a sufficiency review, we view the

evidence “in the light most favorable to the State to determine

whether a rational trier of fact could have found the existence of the

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Cozzie v. State,

225 So. 3d 717, 733 (Fla. 2017) (quoting Rodgers v. State, 948 So.

2d 655, 674 (Fla. 2006)). Here, there is competent, substantial

evidence to support Gordon’s convictions for first-degree murder.

The DNA analysis, witness testimony, police dog tracking, and

Gordon being the only living person found within the police

culpable because of his mental illness and should be treated
similarly to the classes of persons protected by Atkins and Roper is
procedurally barred. Even if not untimely and procedurally barred,
this Court has rejected similar claims on the merits in the past.”)
(citation omitted).

                                - 29 -
perimeter all strongly support the jury’s verdict that Gordon

murdered Patricia Moran and Deborah Royal. Accordingly,

sufficient evidence exists to sustain his homicide convictions.

                                 III

     We affirm Gordon’s convictions and sentences of death.

     It is so ordered.

MUÑIZ, C.J., and CANADY, POLSTON, and GROSSHANS, JJ.,
concur.
LABARGA, J., concurs in result with an opinion.

NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING MOTION
AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED.

LABARGA, J., concurring in result.

     Because I continue to adhere to my dissent in Lawrence v.

State, 308 So. 3d 544 (Fla. 2020), wherein this Court abandoned

this Court’s decades-long practice of proportionality review in direct

appeal cases, I can only concur in the result.

     Further, because I agree that Gordon failed to properly

preserve the Melbourne 10 issue with respect to juror James, I

concur in the result.

     10. Melbourne v. State, 679 So. 2d 759 (Fla. 1996).

                                - 30 -
An Appeal from the Circuit Court in and for Polk County,
    Jalal A. Harb, Judge
    Case No. 532015CF000476A000XX

Howard L. “Rex” Dimmig, II, Public Defender, and Steven L. Bolotin,
Assistant Public Defender, Tenth Judicial Circuit, Bartow, Florida,

     for Appellant

Ashley Moody, Attorney General, Tallahassee, Florida, and Rick A.
Buchwalter, Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, Florida,

     for Appellee

                              - 31 -