Court Opinion

ID: 3188025
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-23 15:13:08.794414+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:18:41.642428
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                   No. 14-2035
                              Filed March 23, 2016

STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

KENNETH CARY CLARK,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Woodbury County, Duane E.

Hoffmeyer, Judge.

      Kenneth Cary Clark appeals his convictions of burglary in the first degree

and domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury. AFFIRMED.

      Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Stephan J. Japuntich,

Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.

      Kenneth C. Clark, Fort Dodge, pro se.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kevin Cmelik and Katherine M.

Krickbaum (until her withdrawal), Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee.

      Considered by Danilson, C.J., Potterfield, J., and Eisenhauer, S.J.*

      *Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2015).
                                           2

POTTERFIELD, Judge.

          Kenneth Cary Clark appeals his convictions of burglary in the first degree

and domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury. He contends the district court

erred in overruling his motions for judgment of acquittal because the State failed

to disprove his defense of intoxication. He also contends his trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to object to jury instructions relating to the intoxication

defense and to the specific intent element of the crimes he was ultimately

convicted of. We find the district court correctly overruled Clark’s motions for

judgment of acquittal and Clark’s trial counsel was not ineffective, and therefore

affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings1

          At approximately 9:30 a.m. on Saturday, April 19, 2014, Clark met up with

a friend in the alley behind Clark’s apartment. Clark shared the apartment with

his ex-wife, Nickole Butler,2 whose current husband was in prison. Clark and his

friend spent “a couple of hours” in the alley drinking from a pint of Hennessy

cognac before relocating to a nearby barbershop, where they continued to drink.

When the two men finished the pint around midday, Clark called Butler and told

her to bring them another bottle.

          Butler complied, although she and Clark disagree about whether the

second bottle of Hennessy was another pint or if it was, instead, a fifth. Either

1
  We take these facts from the record presented to us in the record on appeal from the
district court and do not consider the numerous facts contained in Clark’s pro se briefs,
which have no support elsewhere in the record.
2
  Ms. Bulter is generally referred to in the record as Nickole Clark. However, she
introduced herself to the jury as Nickole Axdahl Clark Butler, and we adopt her more
recent married name for our purposes so as to avoid confusion with her ex-husband, the
appellant.
                                           3

way, Clark and his friend finished that bottle as well. Around 6:00 p.m., after the

second bottle was finished, Clark again called Butler and asked her to pick him

and his friend up from the barber shop and take them back to the apartment.

Again, Butler complied, although she would soon regret doing so.

       According to Butler, Clark “got real, real mean” shortly after arriving home.

Butler tried to leave but Clark grabbed her shirt and pulled her back inside the

apartment. Then he beat her. Clark hit Butler several times in her head and face

with his fist and then stomped on her after she had fallen to the ground. Clark’s

friend, who stood nearby and witnessed the beating, was screaming at Clark and

telling him to stop. Eventually, he did.

       After Clark stopped, he told Butler to go to the bathroom and clean the

blood off her face. Butler did not follow his order; instead, she took advantage of

the momentary reprieve and made her escape. She grabbed her purse, ran into

the bedroom, tore out the screen from the window, and jumped out.             Once

outside, she fled across the street. As she ran, Butler looked back and saw Clark

coming after her. He caught her on the front steps of a neighbor’s apartment

across the street. Then Clark began hitting and punching her again.

       In an effort to escape a second time, Butler broke through the unlocked

screen door of the neighbor’s apartment and went inside, hollering “Help me!

Help me!” Clark followed her in. He kept hitting Butler in her head and face and

then continued to beat her once she fell to the ground. Clark repeatedly kicked

Butler as she lay curled up in a ball on the floor in the front room of the

neighbor’s apartment.
                                           4

       The events inside the apartment across the street were witnessed by

Bessie May Wilson who lived there. She had been asleep in the front room of

her apartment when Butler’s cries for help woke her up. According to Wilson,

Clark was punching and kicking Butler so hard she could “hear the licks.” Wilson

told Clark she was going to call the police, to which he responded, “Call the

police. I want this bitch to go to jail.” Wilson called the police.

       When the 911 operator asked Wilson where her emergency was, Wilson

gave her address and asked the operator to send police. Wilson then began

describing what she saw: “Please. This woman’s screaming. Please. Please.

Ooh, oh, he kicked her in the head.            Please.”   Later in the call, as Butler

continued to scream, Wilson addressed Clark directly: “Don’t hurt her. Oh Lord,

have mercy. Please don’t hurt her. Don’t hurt her. Please. Please leave my

house. Please. Please sir. Go out my door. Please go and leave my house.”

Wilson stayed on the line with the 911 operator until police arrived at her

apartment. Wilson was upset when the call began and was in tears by the time it

ended. A recording of the 911 call was played as evidence at trial.

       When the first police officer arrived at Wilson’s apartment, he was met by

Clark at the front door. The officer could hear Butler crying and whimpering

inside and asked Clark what was going on. Clark told the officer, “It’s a family

disturbance. It ain’t your problem. You don’t need to be here.” Although Clark

was blocking much of the officer’s view, the officer could make out the shape of

Butler’s body as she lay on the floor sobbing. The officer wanted to handcuff and

detain Clark so he could safely go inside to investigate further. He asked Clark
                                         5

to come outside but Clark refused, so the officer grabbed the front of Clark’s shirt

and pulled him out. Clark resisted being handcuffed.

       At that point the officer drew his Taser, pointed it at Clark, and ordered

him to get on the ground. A second police officer arrived on scene and assisted

in handcuffing Clark. According to the second officer, Clark was belligerent and

hostile as he was being handcuffed and led to the police car; Clark told Butler not

to tell the police anything. Butler spoke with the officers, who took photographs

to document the scene and Butler’s injuries and called an ambulance for her.

       Clark was charged by complaint with two crimes, burglary in the first

degree, in violation of Iowa Code section 713.3(1)(c) (2013), and domestic abuse

assault causing bodily injury, in violation of section 708.2A(2)(b). Clark’s case

was tried before a jury on July 22 and 23, 2014. Clark moved for judgment of

acquittal twice—once at the end of the State’s case in chief and again at the end

of evidence after Clark testified on his own behalf—arguing that evidence of his

intoxication served to defeat the specific intent requirement of both of his criminal

charges. The district court denied the first motion and reserved ruling on the

second. The jury returned verdicts of guilty as to both counts, and the district

court denied the renewed motion for judgment of acquittal, finding a substantial

record of evidence supported the jury verdicts.

       Clark now appeals.

II. Standard of Review

       A motion for judgment of acquittal challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence, and we review sufficiency-of-the-evidence rulings for correction of

errors at law. State v. Henderson, 696 N.W.2d 5, 7 (Iowa 2005). In determining
                                         6

whether the district court should have granted the motion, it is not our job to

resolve conflicts in the record, to assess witness credibility, or to weigh the

evidence, as those responsibilities rest with the jurors. State v. Hutchison, 721

N.W.2d 776, 780 (Iowa 2006). We must only decide whether the evidence could

convince a rational jury that the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

Id. We will find evidence sufficient to withstand a motion for judgment of acquittal

when, “viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and drawing

all reasonable inferences in the State’s favor,” the record contains substantial

evidence to support the challenged findings. State v. Williams, 695 N.W.2d 23,

28 (Iowa 2005).

       We may decide ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims on direct appeal if

we determine that the record is adequate. State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128, 133

(Iowa 2006). We review claims of ineffective assistance of counsel de novo. Id.

This is our standard because such claims have their basis in the Sixth

Amendment to the United States Constitution. State v. Clay, 824 N.W.2d 488,

494 (Iowa 2012).

III. Analysis

       A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The defense of intoxication is codified in Iowa Code section 701.5. The

defense applies only to specific-intent crimes, and if proven, acts to negate the

specific-intent element of a crime. See State v. Guerrero Cordero, 861 N.W.2d

253, 259 (Iowa 2015).      Traditionally, a high level of intoxication has been

required to support a negation of specific intent; partial drunkenness does not

render a criminal defendant incapable of forming specific intent. Id. When the
                                          7

accused presents a defense of intoxication that is supported by substantial

evidence, the jury must consider that evidence in determining whether the State

has met its burden of proving the specific-intent element beyond a reasonable

doubt. State v. Templeton, 258 N.W.2d 380, 383 (Iowa 1977). This does not

mean the State must prove an additional element—that the defendant was not

prevented from forming specific intent by reason of intoxication—but only that the

burden of proving specific intent remains with the State when the intoxication

defense is presented and does not shift to the defendant. Id.

       Burglary in the first degree is a specific-intent crime. It requires proof that

the defendant entered an occupied structure with the specific intent to commit a

felony, assault, or theft therein. See Iowa Code § 713.1, .3(1)(c). Our supreme

court has ruled that domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury is also a

specific-intent crime, notwithstanding statutory language stating that “[a]n assault

as defined in this section is a general intent crime.” See State v. Fountain, 786

N.W.2d 260, 265 (Iowa 2010), see also Iowa Code §§ 236.2(2)(a), 708.1(1),

708.2A(2)(b). Thus, a defendant may present a defense of intoxication in order

to defeat the specific-intent elements of both crimes. See, e.g., State v. Beck,

854 N.W.2d 56, 64 (Iowa Ct. App. 2014) (explaining the defense of diminished

responsibility—also applicable only to negate the specific-intent element of a

crime—is available to defendants facing assault charges as defined in sections

708.1(1) and (2) because of the supreme court’s ruling that specific intent must

be proved).

       No one disputes Clark was under the influence of alcohol on April 19,

2014. The dispute, instead, is whether Clark was so intoxicated that he was
                                         8

unable to form the specific intent necessary to commit the crimes he was found

guilty of having committed.     He argues he was and that the district court

erroneously denied his motions for judgment of acquittal in the absence of

substantial evidence to the contrary. We disagree.

       Based upon the evidence presented at trial, a reasonable jury could find

Clark was capable of forming the requisite specific intent for both crimes. It is

true the jury heard testimony Clark and his friend split two bottles of cognac over

approximately eight-and-one-half hours.       Clark further testified he has no

memory of having attacked Butler and that his first memory thereafter is of a

police officer pointing a Taser at him. Clark’s testimony of his intoxication was

corroborated, at least in part, by both Butler and the responding officers, who

testified that Clark seemed intoxicated or impaired to some degree.       However,

the jury also heard testimony sufficient to support a rational conclusion that he

was not so intoxicated as to defeat the evidence of specific intent.

       First, Butler’s testimony about Clark’s actions provided circumstantial

evidence that he specifically intended to inflict serious bodily injury upon her and

to commit an assault inside Wilson’s apartment. Butler testified Clark pulled her

back inside their apartment when she first tried to leave so he could beat her,

then decided to chase her across the street after she escaped through the

bedroom window so that he could beat her again, and finally, followed her inside

Wilson’s apartment to continue beating her. Whatever his degree of intoxication,

Clark repeatedly made decisions that facilitated his violent attacks against Butler.

       Second, the jury heard evidence from multiple witnesses regarding Clark’s

ability to think and act coherently at various points in time before, during, and
                                          9

after those attacks. He was able to call Butler and request a ride home. He was

coherent enough to order Butler to clean the blood off her face between beatings.

He had the wherewithal to notice her escaping from the apartment and track her

down across the street. He was savvy enough to meet the responding police

officer at the door of Wilson’s apartment in an attempt to talk the officer into

leaving. Then, after his arrest, he attempted to keep Butler from talking to the

officers. Taken as a whole, we find there was substantial evidence for the jury to

rationally conclude Clark was capable of forming specific intent. As a result, the

district court’s decision to deny Clark’s motion for judgment of acquittal was not in

error.

         B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

         In order to prevail on his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Clark

must establish both that “(1) his trial counsel failed to perform an essential duty,

and (2) this failure resulted in prejudice.” State v. Straw, 709 N.W. 2d 128, 133

(Iowa 2006) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88 (1984)).

Both elements must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence. Straw, 709

N.W.2d at 133. With respect to the first prong, “we begin with the presumption

that the attorney performed competently,” and “avoid second-guessing and

hindsight.” Ledezma v. State, 626 N.W.2d 134, 142 (Iowa 2001).

         Clark takes issue with his trial counsel’s performance in two respects, both

related to the manner in which the jury was instructed at the end of trial. First, he

argues the jury instruction explaining the intoxication defense was fundamentally

flawed. The given instruction was as follows:
                                           10

               The defendant claims he was under the influence of
       intoxicants at the time of the alleged crime. The fact that a person
       is under the influence of intoxicants does not excuse nor aggravate
       his guilt.
               Even if a person is under the influence of an intoxicant, he is
       responsible for his act if he had sufficient mental capacity to form
       the specific intent necessary to the crime charged or had the
       specific intent before he fell under the influence of the intoxicant
       and then committed the act. Intoxication is a defense only when it
       causes a mental disability which makes the person incapable of
       forming the specific intent.

Specifically, Clark takes issue with the second sentence—“The fact that a person

is under the influence of intoxicants does not excuse nor aggravate his guilt.” He

believes that portion of the instruction to be not only a misstatement of the

defense but also confusing to a jury. Clark concedes the jury instruction closely

tracks the language appearing in the statutory codification of the defense, but he

argues the statute is similarly incorrect. See Iowa Code § 701.5 (“The fact that a

person is under the influence of intoxicants or drugs neither excuses the person’s

act nor aggravates the person’s guilt . . . .”).

       We find Clark’s counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the jury

instruction explaining the intoxication defense. Despite Clark’s belief otherwise,

the challenged portion of the jury instruction was a correct statement of the law.

See State v. Ibarra, No. 12-0330, 2013 WL 530558, at *17 (Iowa Ct. App. Feb.

13, 2013) (explaining that a jury instruction containing nearly identical language

about the intoxication defense “correctly informed the jury”).        Therefore, he

cannot show his counsel was ineffective by failing to object to it. See State v.

Thorndike, 860 N.W.2d 316, 322 (Iowa 2015) (“Further, when there is no

suggestion the instruction contradicts another instruction or misstates the law
                                         11

there cannot be a showing of prejudice for purposes of an ineffective-assistance-

of-counsel claim.”).

        Furthermore, we are not convinced the instruction was confusing to the

jury.   The sentence Clark challenges is put in appropriate context by the

language that follows it.    A jury would not likely misunderstand the defense

because the plain language of the instruction explains the defense applies where

intoxication rendered the defendant incapable of forming specific intent.

        Clark’s second ineffective-assistance argument stems from his trial

counsel’s failure to object to the marshalling instruction for domestic abuse

assault causing bodily injury. As to that crime, the jury was instructed as follows:

               The State must prove all of the following elements of the
        crime of domestic abuse assault causing bodily injury:
               1. On or about the nineteenth day of April, 2014, the
        defendant did an act which was meant to cause pain or injury to
        Nickole [Butler].
               2. The defendant had the apparent ability to do the act.
               3. The defendant’s act caused a bodily injury to Nickole
        [Butler] as defined in [another instruction].
               4. The act occurred between household members who
        resided together at the time of the incident.
               ....

Clark argues his counsel was deficient because he failed to object to the

domestic-abuse-assault-causing-injury instruction on the basis it omitted any

mention that the crime is one of specific intent.

        Our court has addressed this issue in the past. See State v. Pendleton,

No. 13-1647, 2014 WL 6977188, at * 4–5 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 10, 2014)

(considering whether trial counsel was ineffective because “the jurors were never

instructed that assault was a specific intent crime.”). In Pendleton, like here, the

jury was instructed that an assault requires an act meant to cause pain or injury
                                          12

to another person coupled with the apparent ability to do so. Id. at 4. Also, like

here, the Pendleton jury was provided a jury instruction on specific intent, but

there was no cross reference between the two instructions. Id. Our court held

the instructions were sufficient and counsel was therefore not ineffective for

failing to object to them. Id. at 5 (“Because the jury was accurately informed of

the mens rea element of assault, the lack of a cross reference to the specific

intent instruction was of little consequence. . . . The jury understood the State

was required to prove Pendleton’s act was meant to cause [the victim] pain or

injury, which is consistent with doing that act with a specific purpose in mind.”).

       We find the domestic-abuse-assault-causing-bodily-injury marshalling

instruction at issue here to be similarly adequate.          The jury was properly

instructed of the correct mens rea applicable to the crime, which the State had

the burden of proving. Moreover, any confusion as to whether the crime included

an element of specific intent would have been eliminated by comments made by

Clark’s counsel during closing argument:

       I’m talking about [specific intent] so much because that is the
       important factor here. Mr. Clark is not denying that he assaulted
       Nickole [Butler]. He’s not denying that they had a domestic
       relationship. He’s admitting those things. The thing that you need
       to decide is simply that: Did he have the specific intent to commit
       an assault against her?

For these reasons, we find Clark’s trial counsel was not ineffective for having

failed to object to the omission of specific intent language in the instruction.

       AFFIRMED.