Court Opinion

ID: 2975179
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:30:08.422416+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:02:21.108212
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                        File Name: 07a0157p.06

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________

                                                      X
                               Plaintiff-Appellant, -
 STELLA TOWNSEND,
                                                       -
                                                       -
                                                       -
                                                           No. 06-5688
          v.
                                                       ,
                                                        >
 SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION,                       -
                              Defendant-Appellee. -
                                                      N
                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Lexington.
                   No. 01-00224—Jennifer B. Coffman, District Judge.
                                      Argued: April 17, 2007
                                 Decided and Filed: May 4, 2007
                  Before: KENNEDY, MARTIN, and MOORE, Circuit Judges.
                                       _________________
                                            COUNSEL
ARGUED: Wolodymyr Cybriwsky, LAW OFFICES OF WOLODYMYR CYBRIWSKY,
Prestonsburg, Kentucky, for Appellant.     Brian C. Huberty, SOCIAL SECURITY
ADMINISTRATION, Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Wolodymyr Cybriwsky, LAW
OFFICES OF WOLODYMYR CYBRIWSKY, Prestonsburg, Kentucky, for Appellant. Brian C.
Huberty, Dennis R. Williams, Mary Ann Sloan, SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION,
Atlanta, Georgia, for Appellee.
                                       _________________
                                           OPINION
                                       _________________
         KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff-Appellant Stella Townsend
(“Townsend”) appeals from the district court’s order denying her application for attorney fees and
expenses pursuant to the Equal Access to Justice Act (“EAJA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2412. On remand after
a previous appeal, the district court denied as untimely Townsend’s application for fees and
expenses related to litigation in the district court, concluding that equitable tolling was not
warranted. The district court also denied Townsend’s request for fees and expenses related to the
initial appeal, concluding that Townsend was not a prevailing party for purposes of the EAJA.
Because Townsend cannot collect any attorney fees or expenses if her initial fee application was not
timely filed, and because the district court did not abuse its discretion by concluding that equitable
tolling was not warranted, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                                  1
No. 06-5688           Townsend v. Soc. Sec. Administration                                          Page 2

                                        I. BACKGROUND
        This is the second time that the matter of attorney fees in this case has come up on appeal.
On June 1, 2001, Townsend filed a complaint in the federal district court appealing the decision of
the Commissioner of Social Security (“Commissioner”) denying her application for supplemental
security income. On August 8, 2002, the district court entered its decision granting Townsend’s
motion for summary judgment, concluding that the Commissioner’s decision was not supported by
substantial evidence. On October 9, 2002, the Commissioner filed a motion for relief from judgment
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b), which the district court denied on December 18,
2002, as untimely and meritless.
        On February 20, 2003, Townsend filed an application for attorney fees and expenses,
pursuant to the EAJA. On May 12, 2003, the district court entered an order denying the application
as untimely, concluding that Townsend had failed to comply with the EAJA’s requirement that a
party seeking an award of fees and expenses file “within thirty days of final judgment in the action.”
28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(B). On May 19, 2003, Townsend filed a motion to alter or amend the district
court’s May 12 order, which the district court denied on September 4, 2003.
        Townsend appealed, and on July 20, 2005, we reversed the district court’s judgment.
Townsend v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 415 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 2005). We determined that the EAJA time
limitation was subject to equitable tolling and remanded the case so that the district court could
determine whether equitable tolling was warranted under the circumstances of this case. Id. at 583.
Thereafter, Townsend filed in this court an application for attorney fees and expenses related to her
appeal, also pursuant to the EAJA. The Commissioner filed a brief in opposition, and Townsend
filed a response. On December 15, 2005, we remanded that matter as well, so that it could be
considered in the first instance by the district court.
         On remand, Townsend filed a revised application for attorney fees and expenses related to
litigation in the district court. On March 24, 2006, the district court denied Townsend’s motion for
fees and expenses related to the first appeal in this case and denied a second time Townsend’s
request for fees and expenses related to litigation in the district court. The district court determined
that Townsend was not a prevailing party on appeal and thus did not qualify for any award for
appellate fees under the EAJA. The district court also determined that equitable tolling was not
warranted in this case and, accordingly, once again denied Townsend’s initial application as
untimely. Townsend timely appealed.
                                           II. ANALYSIS
      The EAJA provides that prevailing parties may recover attorney fees and costs from the
government under certain circumstances:
       Except as otherwise specifically provided by statute, a court shall award to a
       prevailing party other than the United States fees and other expenses, in addition to
       any costs awarded pursuant to subsection (a), incurred by that party in any civil
       action (other than cases sounding in tort), including proceedings for judicial review
       of agency action, brought by or against the United States in any court having
       jurisdiction of that action, unless the court finds that the position of the United States
       was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust.
28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(A). A party seeking fees is required to file an application “within thirty days
of final judgment in the action.” 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(B). As the Supreme Court has noted, the
EAJA thus reduces to four requirements: (1) that the fee applicant be a prevailing party; (2) that the
government’s position not be substantially justified; (3) that no special circumstances make an award
No. 06-5688            Townsend v. Soc. Sec. Administration                                       Page 3

unjust; and (4) that the fee applicant file the requisite application within thirty days of final
judgment. Comm’r, INS v. Jean, 496 U.S. 154, 158 (1990).
A. “[T]reating [the] [C]ase as an [I]nclusive [W]hole”
        The district court analyzed separately Townsend’s application for attorney fees and expenses
related to litigation in the district court and Townsend’s application for attorney fees and expenses
related to the first appeal in this case. The district court relied on different grounds in denying the
two applications, rejecting Townsend’s initial fee application because it was untimely and rejecting
her fee application related to the first appeal because she was not a prevailing party in her
application for fees and expenses, the action upon which her first appeal was based. Townsend
argues that these two conclusions were in error, but, as an initial matter, we believe that the EAJA
requires a different analytical framework.
         The district court’s reasoning makes clear that the district court assumed that Townsend’s
application for fees and expenses and her underlying supplemental security income claims were
separate matters for purposes of the EAJA. Thus, the district court, in denying Townsend’s fee
application related to the first appeal, decided whether or not Townsend was a prevailing party in
her application for fees and expenses, analyzing the fee litigation by itself rather than analyzing the
case as a whole. In Commissioner, INS v. Jean, however, the Supreme Court rejected this very
approach. In Jean, the lower courts had decided that the fee applicant had met the EAJA’s
requirements for recovering fees related to the underlying action: (1) the fee applicant was a
prevailing party; (2) the government’s position regarding the underlying action was not substantially
justified; (3) no special circumstances made an award unjust; and (4) the fee applicant filed the
requisite application within thirty days of final judgment. Id. at 156. The government argued that,
despite this determination, the fee applicant was not entitled to those portions of attorney fees and
expenses spent litigating the issue of attorney fees and expenses. The government argued that in a
case that results in protracted litigation on the issue of fees, “unless the court finds that [the
government’s] position in the fee litigation itself was not substantially justified, fees for any
litigation about fees are not recoverable.” Id. at 157 (emphasis added). The Supreme Court rejected
the argument that the underlying action and the application for fees and expenses should be treated
separately for purposes of the EAJA, stating: “The single finding that the Government’s position
lacks substantial justification, like the determination that a claimant is a ‘prevailing party,’ . . .
operates as a one-time threshold for fee eligibility.” Id. at 160. “While the parties’ postures on
individual matters may be more or less justified, the EAJA—like other fee-shifting statutes—favors
treating a case as an inclusive whole, rather than as atomized line-items.” Id. at 161-62. Thus, a fee
applicant must meet the EAJA’s four requirements only once to establish an entitlement to attorney
fees and expenses. Successes or failures in fee litigation might affect the ultimate fee awarded, see
id. at 163 n.10, but not whether or not the applicant is entitled to fees and expenses.
        We believe that the reasoning of Jean applies with equal force to a fee applicant who fails
to meet one of the EAJA’s four requirements. Thus, an applicant who fails to establish an
entitlement to fees and expenses related to the underlying action cannot, under the reasoning of Jean,
recover fees and expenses related to the fee litigation. Allowing such recovery would give a fee
applicant the second opportunity that Jean denies to the government and would violate the directive
to “treat[] [the] case as an inclusive whole, rather than as atomized line-items.” Id. at 161-62. Thus,
we conclude that, in the ordinary case, a fee applicant cannot recover any attorney fees or expenses
related to the case unless the district court, treating the case as a whole, determines that the applicant
has satisfied the EAJA’s four requirements, including the requirement that the applicant file a fee
No. 06-5688                Townsend v. Soc. Sec. Administration                                                     Page 4

application within thirty days of final judgment (subject to equitable tolling).1 Thus, Townsend’s
entitlement to any attorney fees or expenses in 2this case depends on whether equitable tolling was
warranted regarding her initial fee application. We turn to that question now.
B. Equitable Tolling
         In the first appeal in this case, we set forth the relevant timeline of events:
         [The district court’s] August 7, 2002 judgment became final for EAJA purposes
         when that judgment was no longer appealable by the Commissioner. Federal Rule
         of Appellate Procedure 4(a) establishes that, in a civil case to which a federal officer
         is a party, the time for appeal ends sixty days after entry of judgment. The district
         court’s August 7, 2002 judgment therefore became unappealable,         and hence final
         within the meaning of the EAJA, on October 7, 2002.3 Thus, for Townsend’s fee
         application to have been timely, the application ought to have been filed by
         November 6, 2002, thirty days after the district court’s August 7, 2002 judgment
         became final and unappealable. Because Townsend’s fee application was not filed
         until February 20, 2003, which was over three months after the thirty-day deadline
         had expired, the district court concluded that Townsend’s fee application was
         untimely.
Townsend, 415 F.3d at 581. We determined, however, that the EAJA time limitation was subject
to equitable tolling and remanded the case so that the district court could determine whether
equitable tolling was warranted in this case. Id. at 583. On remand, the district court concluded that
equitable tolling was not warranted.
        “[W]e . . . review the district court’s application of the equitable-tolling doctrine for an abuse
of discretion.”4 Id. (citing Weigel v. Baptist Hosp. of E. Tenn., 302 F.3d 367, 376 (6th Cir. 2002)).

         1
            We do not mean to suggest that once a party files an application for attorney fees and expenses that meets the
EAJA’s four requirements, that party cannot recover any additional fees or expenses that are later incurred. A court
should, for example, consider a later-filed supplemental request for fees and expenses incurred after the filing of the
initial application. See United States v. Eleven Vehicles, Their Equipment & Accessories, 200 F.3d 203, 209-10 (3d Cir.
2000).
         2
            Even if we were to consider the fee litigation as a separate matter for purposes of the EAJA, we would affirm
the decision of the district court. The only favorable decision that Townsend has received regarding her application for
attorney fees and expenses was this court’s decision in the first appeal, which merely remanded the case to the district
court for further consideration. Such a decision does not make Townsend a prevailing party in the fee litigation because
Townsend was not awarded any attorney fees or expenses on remand. See Hanrahan v. Hampton, 446 U.S. 754, 758-59
(1980) (concluding that a decision by the Seventh Circuit remanding a case for trial did not make the respondents
prevailing parties absent some success on the merits at trial); cf. Jenkins ex rel. Jenkins v. Missouri, 127 F.3d 709, 714
(8th Cir. 1997) (“It is generally true that status as a prevailing party is determined on the outcome of the case as a whole,
rather than by piecemeal assessment of how a party fares on each motion along the way.”).
         3
           The district court’s docket sheet reflects that judgment was actually entered on August 8, 2002, not the August
7, 2002 date on which the district court issued its decision. Because the time for appeal runs from the date of entry of
judgment, FED. R. APP. P. 4(a)(1), the district court’s judgment actually became unappealable, and hence final within
the meaning of the EAJA, on October 8, 2002, sixty-one days after August 8, 2002. This difference does not affect any
of the issues presented here.
         4
            There is some confusion in this circuit regarding the proper standard of review of a district court’s application
of the equitable-tolling doctrine. See Dunlap v. United States, 250 F.3d 1001, 1007 n.2 (6th Cir.) (collecting cases), cert.
denied, 534 U.S. 1057 (2001). In the previous appeal in this case, we stated that we would review the district court’s
application of the doctrine for an abuse of discretion, Townsend, 415 F.3d at 583, and neither party has argued that a
different standard should apply. Moreover, our decision here would be the same even if we reviewed the district court’s
No. 06-5688                Townsend v. Soc. Sec. Administration                                                      Page 5

Although we have not yet addressed whether equitable tolling of the EAJA limitations period is
warranted in a particular case, we have in other contexts identified five factors that normally should
be considered in deciding whether equitable tolling of a limitations period is warranted: “‘1) lack
of notice of the filing requirement; 2) lack of constructive knowledge of the filing requirement; 3)
diligence in pursuing one’s rights; 4) absence of prejudice to the defendant; and 5) the plaintiff’s
reasonableness [in] remaining ignorant of the particular legal requirement.’” Weigel, 302 F.3d at
376 (quoting Truitt v. County of Wayne, 148 F.3d 644, 648 (6th Cir. 1998)) (alteration in original).
“Prejudice may only be considered if other factors of the test are met and therefore can only weigh
in [the Commissioner’s] favor.” Dunlap v. United States, 250 F.3d 1001, 1009 (6th Cir.), cert.
denied, 534 U.S. 1057 (2001). “This list of factors is not necessarily comprehensive, and not all
factors are relevant in all cases.” Jurado v. Burt, 337 F.3d 638, 643 (6th Cir. 2003). Rather, “[t]he
propriety of equitable tolling must necessarily be determined on a case-by-case basis.” Truitt, 148
F.3d at 648.
        On remand, the district court undertook a two-step inquiry in deciding whether equitable
tolling was warranted.5 First, the district court determined that the Commissioner’s Rule 60(b)
motion did not toll the deadline for appeal, the date upon which the EAJA’s thirty-day time
limitation is based, because the Rule 60(b) motion was untimely. Second, the district court
determined that equitable tolling of the EAJA deadline was not otherwise warranted because
Townsend’s counsel was “well aware of the filing deadline.” Joint Appendix (“J.A.”) at 173 (Dist.
Ct. 3/24/06 Order at 5).
        We believe that the district court’s conclusions were well within its discretion. On
October 9, 2002, sixty-two days after entry of the district court’s 6August 8, 2002 judgment, the
Commissioner filed a Rule 60(b) motion for relief from judgment. Rule 60 requires that such a
motion “be made within a reasonable time, and for reasons (1), (2), and (3) not more than one year
after the judgment, order, or proceeding was entered or taken.” FED. R. CIV. P. 60(b). We have
further held that “[a] 60(b)(1) motion based on legal error must be brought within the normal time
for taking an appeal.” Pierce v. United Mine Workers of Am. Welfare & Ret. Fund, 770 F.2d 449,
451 (6th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 1104 (1986). Townsend argues that it was unclear
whether the Commissioner’s Rule 60(b) motion was a Rule 60(b)(1) motion based on legal error,
in which case it was untimely filed, or was based on another ground, in which case it may have been

decision de novo.
         5
            Townsend makes much of the fact that the Commissioner did not respond to her revised application for
attorney fees and expenses on remand. Townsend is correct that the Commissioner did not argue on remand that
equitable tolling was not appropriate in this case, but Townsend, the party with the burden of persuasion, did not argue
in her revised application that equitable tolling was appropriate. Townsend appears to believe that our decision in the
first appeal in this case required the district court to conclude that equitable tolling was warranted, but we clearly
instructed the district court to determine “whether equitable tolling of the EAJA time limitation is warranted in this case.”
Townsend, 415 F.3d at 583 (emphasis added). We believe that the district court adequately followed our instructions
on remand.
         6
           Rule 60(b) states, in relevant part:
         On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or a party’s legal
         representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons: (1) mistake,
         inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; (2) newly discovered evidence which by due diligence
         could not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(b); (3) fraud (whether
         heretofore denominated intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse
         party; (4) the judgment is void; (5) the judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged, or a prior
         judgment upon which it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated, or it is no longer equitable
         that the judgment should have prospective application; or (6) any other reason justifying relief from
         the operation of the judgment.
FED. R. CIV. P. 60(b).
No. 06-5688               Townsend v. Soc. Sec. Administration                                                  Page 6

timely filed. However, regardless of these various time limitations, a Rule 60(b) motion brought on
any ground   does not toll the deadline for appeal unless it is filed within ten days after judgment is
entered.7 See FED. R. APP. P. 4(a)(4)(A) (“[T]he time to file an appeal runs for all parties from the
entry of the order disposing of the last such remaining motion: . . . (vi) for relief under Rule 60 if
the motion is filed no later than 10 days after the judgment is entered.” (emphasis added)); United
States v. Grable, 25 F.3d 298, 301-02 & n.3 (6th Cir. 1994) (concluding that a Rule 60(b) motion
filed twenty-seven days after judgment was entered did not toll the deadline for appeal). Thus, the
Commissioner’s Rule 60(b) motion, filed sixty-two days after judgment was entered, did not toll the
deadline for appeal.
        We have determined that in some situations, a district court may grant a Rule 60(b) motion
“to revive a lost right of appeal.” Lewis v. Alexander, 987 F.2d 392, 396 (6th Cir. 1993). The Lewis
court noted, however, that such a decision is proper only where a number of elements are met: the
failure to appeal timely must result from one of Rule 60(b)’s enumerated reasons; there must be a
lack of prejudice to the respondent; the moving party must file the motion promptly after discovering
the failure to appeal timely; and counsel must exercise due diligence in attempting to comply with
the time limitations of Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a). Id. In this case, it is clear that the
Commissioner did not attempt to revive the lost right of appeal via this mechanism, as the Rule
60(b) motion did not make any of these necessary arguments. Instead, the Commissioner argued
only that the district court had erred in its original decision on the merits. The district court’s denial
of the Commissioner’s Rule 60(b) motion was independently appealable, and such an appeal “‘does
not bring up the underlying judgment for review.’” Grable, 25 F.3d at 301-02 (citation omitted).
Thus, once sixty days had passed since the district court’s August 8, 2002 judgment, the
Commissioner’s deadline for appeal had passed, and the Rule 60(b) motion filed two days later did
not even attempt to revive the appellate deadline.
        The district court’s second conclusion, that equitable tolling of the EAJA deadline was not
otherwise warranted, was also well within its discretion. Although the district court did not
explicitly address the five equitable-tolling factors, the district court’s conclusion that Townsend
was “well aware of the filing deadline,” J.A. at 173 (Dist. Ct. 3/24/06 Order at 5), implicated four
of the five factors: 1) notice of the filing deadline; 2) constructive knowledge of the deadline; 3)
diligence in pursuing one’s rights; and 5) reasonableness in remaining ignorant of the deadline. See
Weigel, 302 F.3d at 376. As explained above, diligent research would have shown that the
Commissioner’s Rule 60(b) motion did not toll or reset the deadline for appeal and, accordingly, did
not toll or reset the EAJA deadline. Cf. Ayers v. United States, 277 F.3d 821, 829 (6th Cir.)
(concluding that equitable tolling was not warranted in part because “[d]iligent research was likely
to have revealed . . . that the limitations period for [a suit under the Suits in Admiralty Act] would
most likely not be tolled by the filing of Appellant’s administrative claim [under the Federal Tort
Claims Act]”), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 1113 (2002). Accordingly, it was Townsend’s own neglect
which led her to file a late fee application.

         7
            Barry v. Bowen, 825 F.2d 1324 (9th Cir. 1987), cited by Townsend in support of her arguments, is not to the
contrary. In that case, the district court considered an untimely Rule 59(e) motion and entered an amended judgment
before the time for filing a fee application had expired. Id. at 1329. The Ninth Circuit concluded that equitable tolling
was warranted because the fee applicant reasonably relied on the district court’s amended judgment in assuming that the
deadline for appeal ran from the amended judgment rather than the original judgment. Id. In this case, Townsend did
not rely on an amended judgment or any other district court decision indicating that the deadline for appeal may have
been reset. Perhaps most importantly, Barry is no longer good law on this point. See Slimick v. Silva (In re Slimick),
928 F.2d 304, 309-10 & n.8 (9th Cir. 1990).
          Townsend points us to two other Ninth Circuit cases as well, neither of which is on point. See Papazian v.
Bowen, 856 F.2d 1455, 1456 (9th Cir. 1988) (concluding that a fee application was timely because the later of two
district court judgments was the only “final judgment” for purposes of the EAJA); McQuiston v. Marsh, 790 F.2d 798,
800 (9th Cir. 1986) (concluding that statutory amendments to the EAJA’s time limitations applied to cases still pending
on the date of the amendments’ enactment).
No. 06-5688           Townsend v. Soc. Sec. Administration                                     Page 7

          Townsend appears to argue that equitable tolling is warranted because the district court
might have reversed its judgment, thereby resetting the deadline for appeal and resetting the EAJA
deadline. We may assume, without deciding, that the EAJA deadline would have been reset had the
district court reversed its judgment. In the face of this possible uncertainty, however, it was
incumbent on Townsend diligently to protect her own rights, see Weigel, 302 F.3d at 376, and her
failure to do so does not warrant equitable tolling. See Graham-Humphreys v. Memphis Brooks
Museum of Art, Inc., 209 F.3d 552, 561 (6th Cir. 2000) (concluding that equitable tolling was not
warranted because “a reasonably cautious and prudent” litigant “would, as a modest precaution,
assume that limitations began passing on or near the earliest potential date”). Moreover, at the very
least, it should have been clear to Townsend when the district court denied the Commissioner’s Rule
60(b) motion that the deadline was not reset and that, at best, the thirty-day EAJA limitations period
was tolled while the motion was pending. When the Rule 60(b) motion was filed on October 9,
2002, twenty-nine days remained in the EAJA limitations period. Thus, a diligent fee applicant
would at least have filed her fee application on or before January 16, 2003, twenty-nine days after
the district court entered the order denying the Rule 60(b) motion on December 18, 2002.
Townsend, however, filed her fee application on February 20, 2003, sixty-four days after the district
court denied the Rule 60(b) motion. Plaintiff did not meet the standard of her own argument. Under
these circumstances, we conclude that the district court acted well within its discretion in concluding
that equitable tolling was not warranted.
                                        III. CONCLUSION
       Because Townsend cannot collect any attorney fees or expenses under the EAJA if her initial
fee application was not timely filed, and because the district court did not abuse its discretion by
concluding that equitable tolling was not warranted, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.