Court Opinion

ID: 4315063
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-09-25 16:29:09.814278+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:35.659188
License: Public Domain

J-A08017-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    ANNABELLE GLASGOW                          :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :          PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    IAN DUCAN, M.D., SCOTT E.                  :
    BARBASH, M.D., EASWARAN                    :
    BALASUBRAMANIAN, M.D.,                     :     No. 2384 EDA 2016
    FREDERICK P. NISSLEY, D.O.,                :
    ANJULI DESAI, M.D., MICHAEL                :
    BAUMHOLTZ, M.D., TEMPLE                    :
    UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL, TEMPLE                :
    UNIVERSITY PHYSICIANS, MARY M.             :
    POMIDOR, M.D., NAZARETH                    :
    HOSPITAL AND MERCY HEALTH                  :
    SYSTEM OF SOUTHEASTERN PA                  :
                                               :
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: EASWARAN                        :
    BALASUBRAMANIAN, M.D.,                     :
    FREDERICK P. NISSLEY, D.O.,                :
    TEMPLE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL                 :

             Appeal from the Judgment entered on July 21, 2016
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                              No(s): No. 1343

BEFORE:      PANELLA, J., LAZARUS, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.:                             FILED SEPTEMBER 25, 2018

       Easwaran Balasubramanian, M.D. (“Dr. Bala”)1, Frederick P. Nissley,

D.O.    (“Dr.   Nissley”),     and    Temple       University   Hospital   (“Hospital”),

____________________________________________

1 This abbreviated name was Dr. Balasubramanian’s preference, and it is
consistent with the notes of testimony and court filings. See N.T. Trial,
11/30/15, at 28. See also Trial Court Opinion, 6/29/17, at 1 n.1.

____________________________________
* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-A08017-18

(collectively, “Defendants”), appeal from the judgment entered on the jury’s

verdict in favor of Annabelle Glasgow (“Plaintiff”) in the amount of

$4,573,945.00,2 as molded to include delay damages.3 After our review, we

affirm.   We rely, in part, on the comprehensive opinion authored by the

Honorable Rosalyn K. Robinson.

       In 2009, Plaintiff, was treating with Hospital’s orthopedic surgeon, Dr.

Bruce Vanette.       Doctor Vanette’s notes indicated Plaintiff had a history of

congestive heart failure, stroke, hypertension, diabetes and decreased pedal

pulse in one foot, potentially a sign of circulation issues. N.T. Trial, 12/1/15,

at 55-56, 67-68;4 N.T. Trial 12/3/15, at 92.            When Dr. Vanette left the

orthopedic practice, he referred Plaintiff to Dr. Bala.            Doctor Bala, an

orthopedic surgeon with a subspecialty in total joint replacement, diagnosed

Plaintiff with degenerative arthritis in both knees; he treated Plaintiff with pain

medication     and    injections,    but   ultimately   those   treatments   became

ineffective. In late 2011, Dr. Bala recommended Plaintiff undergo bilateral

knee replacement surgery.           Dr. Bala testified that he always checked his

patients’ circulation prior to surgery, but he admitted that Plaintiff’s
____________________________________________

2 The jury’s verdict of $4,268,758.00 included damages for past and future
pain and suffering, past lost wages, past care costs, and future care costs for
ten years.

3Doctor Bala, Plaintiff’s orthopedic surgeon, was found 40% liable. Doctor
Nissley, who directed Plaintiff’s inpatient post-operative care, and Temple
University Hospital were each found 30% liable.

4 We note that the cover page for the 12/1/15 trial transcript is mistakenly
labeled “Tuesday, December 1, 2005.”

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appointment notes do not indicate that he ever evaluated her with respect to

circulation. N.T. Trial, 1/4/15, at 66.

      Doctor Bala performed Plaintiff’s bilateral knee replacement surgery on

December 1, 2010.      Plaintiff was 72 years of age at the time of surgery.

Thereafter, Plaintiff was admitted to Hospital’s acute rehabilitation unit;

Plaintiff’s post-operative care in the rehabilitation unit was supervised by Dr.

Nissley, although Dr. Bala remained significantly involved in Plaintiff’s post-

operative care as well. N.T. Trial, 12/3/15, at 99-100, 124.

      For the next two years, Plaintiff suffered ongoing infections in her

surgical incisions and pressure wounds. Six weeks after her surgery, Plaintiff’s

surgical incisions on her right knee opened, showing infection. N.T. Trial,

12/1/15, at 25-26. In the year following surgery, Dr. Bala performed five

additional operations to revise the implantation and combat infection, in the

hope of salvaging Plaintiff’s knee prosthetics. Doctor Bala did not perform

wound cultures or synovial fluid biopsies during these operations, which, as

testified by Plaintiff’s expert, Dr. Lawrence Shall, could have been easily

performed and would have determined whether the infections had become so

embedded that the implants were no longer viable. Id. at 73-76. On January

7, 2011, Plaintiff underwent irrigation and debridement of the right knee;

intraoperative cultures grew positive for enterococcus cloacae, a bacterial

infection.   Doctor Bala could not recall if he ordered an infectious disease

consultation at that time. N.T. Trial, 12/4/15, at 79-80.

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      On May 31, 2011, approximately six months after the initial surgery, Dr.

Michael Baumholtz, a physician in Hospital’s rehabilitation unit, notified Dr.

Bala that he had drained “copious amount of pus” from Plaintiff’s left knee.

N.T. Trial, 12/4/15, at 79.    Two months later, Dr. Baumholtz transferred

Plaintiff out of the rehabilitation center to Hospital inpatient care because she

had a strong odor coming from her leg wound, indicating a bacterial infection.

N.T. Trial, 12/1/15, at 14-15. When the cast was opened, doctors found that

the infected wound tissues had again reopened and separated, leaving the

knee prosthesis visible. Id. at 14-16. At that point, Dr. Bala informed Plaintiff

that her treatment options were either a knee fusion, which would render the

joint permanently unable to bend, or an above-the-knee leg amputation. N.T.

Trial, 12/4/15, at 60.

      Plaintiff sought a second opinion from Dr. Scott Levin at Penn

Presbyterian Hospital. Doctor Levin performed several tests, which revealed

considerably more obstruction of her leg circulation than Dr. Bala or the

rehabilitation unit doctors had thought. N.T. Trial, 12/1/15, at 23. Doctor

Levin opined that fusion was not an option and Plaintiff’s only option was

amputation of her left leg. Id.

      Plaintiff underwent an above-the-knee left leg amputation at Penn

Presbyterian Hospital in 2012.     She underwent additional procedures the

following year to re-implant the right knee prosthesis.

      On February 7, 2013, Plaintiff filed her complaint alleging medical

negligence and corporate negligence against Defendants.         Plaintiff alleged

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Defendants were negligent in: failing to properly assess her risks in light of

her medical history; failing to warn her of the post-operative risks in light of

her history, in particular the risk of poor wound healing/infection in light of

her history of diabetes and compromised blood flow in her left lower

extremities; failing to inform her that in light of her medical history bilateral

knee replacement was contraindicated; and failing to timely and properly treat

her post-operative infections.    Plaintiff alleged that as a direct result of

Defendants’ negligence, she suffered injury, including above-the-knee

amputation of her left leg, numerous infections, surgeries, treatments and

therapies.   See Complaint, 2/7/13, at ¶¶ 22-70.

      Following a one-week trial, the jury rendered a verdict in favor of

Plaintiff. Defendants filed post-trial motions, seeking judgment n.o.v. (JNOV),

a new trial or remittitur. The court denied Defendants’ post-trial motions.

Plaintiff filed a motion for delay damages, which was granted and, thereafter,

on July 20, 2016, the court entered judgment on the verdict. Defendants filed

a timely notice of appeal, and the trial court ordered Defendants to file a

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on appeal.

Defendants complied with the court’s order and the trial court filed a Rule

1925(a) opinion. Defendants raise the following issues on appeal:

         1. Are Defendants entitled to [JNOV] since the trial court erred
            and abused its discretion in admitting the standard of care
            and causation testimony of Dr. [Lawrence] Shall in violation
            of 40 P.S. § 1303.512(a), (c) and (e)?

         2. Are Defendants entitled to [JNOV] as to Plaintiff’s claim for
            future care costs, since Plaintiff failed to establish the

                                      -5-
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              reasonableness and medical necessity of these expenses
              and the trial court therefore erred and abused its discretion
              in submitting this claim to the jury or, in the alternative, are
              Defendants entitled to a reduction of the award to present
              value?

          3. Is [Hospital] entitled to [JNOV] since there was no expert
             testimony establishing that the conduct of the nurses
             breached the standard of care or caused, or increased the
             risk of, harm to Plaintiff?

          4. Did the trial court err and abuse its discretion in refusing to
             grant a complete new trial, since the jury’s verdict is based
             on sympathy and prejudice and is contrary to the
             overwhelming weight of the evidence?

          5. Did the trial court err and abused its discretion in refusing
             to mold the jury’s award of past care costs, in the amount
             of $81,895.00, to $62,227.21, to conform to the stipulated
             amount of past care costs?

          6. Did the trial court err in awarding Pa.R.C.P. 238 delay
             damages on Plaintiff’s award for future care costs under 40
             P.S. § 1303.509?

Appellants’ Brief, at 4.

       Defendants first claim that the trial court erred in admitting the

testimony of Plaintiff’s expert, Dr. Lawrence Shall.5       Defendants argue the

court’s admission of Dr. Shall’s testimony violated sections 512(a), (c) and (e)

of the Medical Care Availability and Reduction of Error Act (“MCARE”), 40 P.S.

§§ 1303.101-1303.910, as well as Pennsylvania law governing admission of

expert testimony. Specifically, Defendants contend Plaintiff failed to meet her

____________________________________________

5 We note that Defendants objected to Dr. Shall’s qualification as an expert at
trial. See N.T. Trial, 12/1/15, at 43. Defendants also raised this claim in their
post-trial motions and in their Rule 1925(b) concise statement of errors
complained of on appeal.

                                           -6-
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burden of establishing that Dr. Shall was qualified to render opinions on

standard of care and causation with respect to: 1) Dr. Bala’s failure to remove

the right knee prosthesis in February 2011 and delay in explanting the left

knee prosthesis until July 2011, and (2) Dr. Bala’s failure to insert a cement

spacer with antibiotics when the left knee prosthesis was removed.

Defendants argue that although Dr. Shall and Dr. Bala have the same

specialty, orthopedic surgery, Dr. Shall’s subspecialty is sports medicine, while

Dr. Bala’s subspecialty is joint replacement, and, therefore, Dr. Shall does not

meet the “same subspecialty” requirement of the MCARE Act.              40 P.S.

§1303.512(c).    See Anderson v. McAfoos, 57 A.3d 1141 (Pa. 2012) (all

three subsection (c) requirements -- familiarity with standard of care, same

subspecialty, and same board certification -- are mandatory).        Defendants

argue, therefore, that since there was no other expert testimony, Dr. Bala is

entitled to JNOV and the Hospital and Dr. Nissley are entitled to a new trial

due to prejudice from Dr. Shall’s testimony.

      A motion for JNOV challenges the sufficiency of the evidence presented

at trial. Koller Concrete, Inc. v. Tube City IMS, LLC, 115 A.3d 312, 321

(Pa. Super. 2015). When examining the lower court’s refusal to grant JNOV,

we review the record to determine whether, viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the verdict winner and granting that party all favorable

inferences therefrom, there was sufficient competent evidence to support the

verdict. Id. “[W]here the jury has been presented with clear and convincing

evidence, a motion for JNOV should be denied.” Id.

                                      -7-
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     The entry of judgment notwithstanding a jury verdict is a drastic
     remedy. A court cannot lightly ignore the findings of a duly
     selected jury. There are two bases upon which a court may enter
     a [JNOV]: (1) the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
     law, or (2) the evidence was such that no two reasonable minds
     could disagree that the outcome should have been rendered in
     favor of the movant. With the first, a court reviews the record and
     concludes that even with all factual inferences decided adversely
     to the movant, the law nonetheless requires a verdict in his favor;
     whereas with the second, the court reviews the evidentiary record
     and concludes that the evidence was such that a verdict for the
     movant was beyond peradventure.

Bugosh v. Allen Refractories Co., 932 A.2d 901, 907–908 (Pa. Super.

2007).

     With respect to the court’s denial of a new trial, we note:

     Consideration of all new trial claims is grounded firmly in the
     harmless error doctrine which underlies every decision to grant or
     deny a new trial. A new trial is not warranted merely because
     some irregularity occurred during the trial or another trial judge
     would have ruled differently; the moving party must demonstrate
     to the trial court that he or she has suffered prejudice from the
     mistake. Once the trial court passes on the moving party’s claim,
     the scope and standard of appellate review coalesce in relation to
     the reasons the trial court stated for the action it took. Where the
     court is presented with a finite set of reasons supporting or
     opposing its disposition and the court limits its ruling by reference
     to those same reasons, our scope of review is similarly limited.
     Thus, where the trial court articulates a single mistake (or a finite
     set of mistakes), the appellate court’s review is limited in scope
     to the stated reason, and the appellate court must review that
     reason under the appropriate standard.

Rettger v. UPMC Shadyside, 991 A.2d 915, 923–24 (Pa. Super. 2010)

(internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

                                     -8-
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        The MCARE Act6 provides, in relevant part:

        (a)   General rule.--No person shall be competent to offer an
              expert medical opinion in a medical professional
              liability action against a physician unless that person
              possesses sufficient education, training, knowledge
              and experience to provide credible, competent
              testimony and fulfills the additional qualifications set
              forth in this section as applicable.

        (b)   Medical testimony.--An expert testifying on a medical
              matter, including the standard of care, risks and
              alternatives, causation and the nature and extent of the
              injury, must meet the following qualifications:

                 (1) Possess an unrestricted physician’s license to
                 practice medicine in any state or the District of
                 Columbia.

                 (2) Be engaged in or retired within the previous five
                 years from active clinical practice or teaching.

        Provided, however, the court may waive the requirements of this
        subsection for an expert on a matter other than the standard of
        care if the court determines that the expert is otherwise
        competent to testify about medical or scientific issues by virtue of
        education, training or experience.

        (c)   Standard of care.--In addition to the requirements set forth
              in subsections (a) and (b), an expert testifying as to a
              physician's standard of care also must meet the following
              qualifications:

                 (1) Be substantially familiar with the applicable
                 standard of care for the specific care at issue as of the
                 time of the alleged breach of the standard of care.

                 (2) Practice in the same subspecialty as the
                 defendant physician or in a subspecialty which
                 has a substantially similar standard of care for
                 the specific care at issue, except as provided in
                 subsection (d) or (e).

____________________________________________

6   The parties do not dispute that the MCARE Act is applicable here.

                                           -9-
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               (3) In the event the defendant physician is certified
               by an approved board, be board certified by the same
               or a similar approved board, except as provided in
               subsection (e).

                                    ***

      (d)   Otherwise adequate training, experience and knowledge.--
            A court may waive the same specialty and board certification
            requirements for an expert testifying as to a standard of
            care if the court determines that the expert possesses
            sufficient training, experience and knowledge to provide the
            testimony as a result of active involvement in or full-time
            teaching of medicine in the applicable subspecialty or a
            related field of medicine within the previous five-year time
            period.

      (e)   Otherwise adequate training, experience and knowledge.—
            A court may waive the same specialty and board
            certification requirements for an expert testifying as
            to a standard of care if the court determines that the
            expert possesses sufficient training, experience and
            knowledge to provide the testimony as a result of
            active involvement in or full-time teaching of
            medicine in the applicable subspecialty or a related
            field of medicine within the previous five-year time
            period.

40 P.S. § 1303.512(a)-(e) (emphasis added).

      The burden to establish an expert’s qualifications under the MCARE Act

lies with the proponent of the expert testimony. Weiner v. Fisher, 871 A.2d
1283, 1290 (Pa. Super. 2005). Here, the court found Plaintiff met her burden

of establishing that Dr. Shall met the waiver requirement for the “same

subspecialty” provision. See 40 P.S. § 1303.512(e). The court reasoned that

Dr. Shall’s “thirty years of education, experience, and teaching, and his

familiarity with the standard of care to be exercised in prevention and

treatment of post-operative infection” showed that he had “sufficient training,

                                    - 10 -
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experience and knowledge to provide the testimony as a result of active

involvement in or full-time teaching of medicine in . . . a related field of

medicine within the previous five-year time period.” 40 P.S. § 1303.512(e).

Trial Court Opinion, 6/29/17, at 14-15. We agree.

      It was established at trial that Dr. Shall graduated from the Medical

College of Ohio and Toledo in 1980, and he completed a one-year internship

and four-year residency at Mount Sinai Medical Center of Cleveland in

orthopedic surgery, as well as a fellowship in sports medicine at Wellington

Sports Medicine Center at Christ Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio. See N.T. Jury

Trial, 12/1/15, at 9-11; see also Curriculum Vitae, Lawrence M. Shall, M.D.,

Plaintiff’s Exhibit 58.   Doctor Shall explained that sports medicine is the

treatment of diseases of the knee and shoulder and involves “surgery mostly

of the knee and shoulder.” N.T. Trial, 12/1/15, at 11-12. He also testified

that he had practiced for thirty years and had treated high-risk patients with

conditions such as hypertension or diabetes. Id. at 9. Doctor Shall testified

that he has performed both implantation and explantation procedures. Id. at

35. In addition to the American Medical Association, Dr. Shall testified that

he is a member of the Virginia Orthopedics Society, the American Academy of

Orthopedic Surgeons, the Arthroscopy Association of North America, and the

American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine.        Id. at 14-16. He also

testified that he is on the clinical faculty of Eastern Virginia Graduate School

of Medicine, id. at 13, serves on the staff of several local hospitals, including

Chesapeake General Hospital and Sentara Combined Medical Center, id. at

                                     - 11 -
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18-21, and is published in various professional journals, including the

American Journal of Knee Surgery, Contemporary Orthopedics, and the

Journal of Arthroscopy. Id.; Curriculum Vitae, supra.

      The trial court accepted Dr. Shall’s testimony that he was familiar with

the standard of care as an orthopedic surgeon in preventing post-operative

complications. This determination is supported by the record.

      We also point out that Defendants’ focus on the subspecialty language

of the MCARE Act overlooks the fact that this case is about the standard of

care in pre- and post-operative surgical care, not the actual knee replacement

surgery. As Dr. Shall testified:

      A: Specifically speaking, it doesn’t really matter whether you’re
      explanting or whether you’re dealing with an infected hip, whether
      dealing with an infected plate, whether dealing with an infected
      ligament, the principles of treating postoperative infection
      in the face of implantation of foreign material is the same.
      It doesn’t matter whether [it] is total knee, whether it’s a hip
      hemiarthroplasty, half of a hip joint, whether it’s a total hip,
      whether it’s a total shoulder, whether it’s an anterior cruciate
      ligament, the principles of dealing with infection with implanted
      material is the same no matter what the implant is.

      Q: And as it was pointed out before, you can do orthopedic
      replacement surgeries and you have done them, you just choose
      not to do it because you’re doing sports medicine, right?

      A: That’s correct.

      Q: In fact, any orthopedic surgeon who has done a four-year
      residency can do that, they don’t have to specialize in another
      specialty or fellowship and do sports medicine or something else,
      correct?

      A: No, they don’t. And I still do implantation of hip devices for
      fracture, even as most recently as last week. So, no, I still implant
      devices. Just not total knees.

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      Q: And the same principles for what we’re dealing with here for
      this jury is the same; is that correct?

      A: Absolutely the same no matter what the implant is.

N.T. Trial, 12/1/15, at 40 (emphasis added). The parties acknowledged that

this case was about the infections and complications that arose after Plaintiff’s

surgery and how her pre-operative care may have impacted those

complications. Essentially, the principles are universal. Although Dr. Shall

did not practice in the same subspecialty, his education, experience, and

teaching, as well as his familiarity with the standard of care to be exercised in

prevention and treatment of post-operative infection, established that he

possessed “sufficient training, experience and knowledge” regarding the

medical procedure at issue, to testify as an expert herein. Trial Court Opinion,

supra at 14-15, quoting 40 P.S. § 1303.512(e).

      Moreover, as the trial court pointed out, this Court has held that the

testifying expert need not even practice in the same name specialty as the

defendant doctor. See Hyrcza v. West Penn Allegheny Health System,

978 A.2d 961 (Pa. Super. 2009) (psychiatrist and neurologist competent to

testify to standard of care for prescribing post-operative medication to

multiple sclerosis patient); Smith v. Paoli Memorial Hospital, 885 A.2d
1012 (Pa. Super. 2005) (general surgeon, oncologist and internist competent

to testify about gastrointestinal bleeding and cancer based on their respective

gastrointestinal   experience   in   residencies,   post-doctoral   trainings   and

professional publications). See also Vicari v. Spiegel, 989 A.2d 1277 (Pa.

                                      - 13 -
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2010) (plaintiff’s expert oncologist competent to testify against defendant

otolaryngologist who surgically removed decedent’s tongue tumor, and

radiation oncologist co-defendant even though not certified in same field,

where oncology was related field to otolaryngology and radiation oncology for

purposes of subsection 512(e) and internist/oncologist had requisite training,

experience and knowledge to testify as to specific standard of care at issue);

Frey v. Potorski, 145 A.3d 1171 (Pa. Super. 2016) (hematologist qualified

to testify as to interventional cardiologist’s standard of care in administering

anticoagulation drug prior to start of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

(PCI) procedure); Renna v. Schadt, 64 A.3d 658 (Pa. Super. 2013)

(permitting board-certified pathologist and oncologist to testify in case against

surgeon regarding standard of care for performance of fine needle aspiration

in lieu of other available biopsy methods). Cf. Wexler v. Hecht, 928 A.2d
973, 981–982 (Pa. 2007) (plaintiff's expert, a podiatrist, was not licensed as

physician to practice medicine by State Board of Medicine and was, therefore,

unqualified under MCARE Act to provide opinion testimony concerning

applicable standard of care of physician-defendant). We agree with the trial

court that Plaintiff met her burden of establishing that Dr. Shall was qualified

to render an opinion as to Defendants’ alleged breach of the standard of care

and causation in this case pursuant to 40 P.S. § 1303.512(a), (c) and (e). The

trial court, therefore, properly denied Defendants relief. See Rettger, supra;

Bugosh, supra; see also Brandon v. Peoples Natural Gas Co., 207 A.2d
843 (Pa. 1965) (reversing trial court’s grant of JNOV where trial court

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determined evidence had been erroneously admitted; relief was new trial, not

JNOV, because court cannot enter judgment on diminished record).7

       Defendants next argue they are entitled to JNOV on Plaintiff’s claim for

future care costs, claiming Plaintiff “failed to establish the reasonableness and

medical necessity of these expenses” and thus the court erred and abused its

discretion in submitting this claim to the jury. In particular, Defendants argue

Plaintiff’s expert, Valerie Parisi, R.N. (Nurse Parisi), was not qualified, under

either MCARE or common law, to testify as to the medical necessity of

Plaintiff’s future care needs. In the alternative, Defendants seek reduction of

the award to present value. See Appellants’ Brief, at 4.

       When seeking future medical expenses, a plaintiff must establish,

through expert testimony, that future medical expenses will be incurred and

the reasonable estimated cost of such services.         Mendralla v. Weaver

Corp., 704 A.2d 480, 485 (Pa. Super. 1997).        Nurse Parisi is a registered

nurse, a case manager and a life care planner. She graduated from Thomas

Jefferson University School of Nursing in Philadelphia in 1980, and is certified

in both life care planning and elder care management. N.T. Trial, 12/3/15, at

8-9.   She is also certified in rehabilitative nursing, since 1998, and is a

member of the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses, the American Association

____________________________________________

7 The court below correctly rejected Defendants’ motion for JNOV. On the trial
record, the issue was one for the jury to resolve. Had Dr. Shall’s testimony
been improperly admitted, the remedy would have been a new trial as JNOV
cannot be entered on a diminished record. See Brandon, supra. See also
Kotlikoff v. Master, 27 A.2d 35 (Pa. 1942).

                                          - 15 -
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of Nurse Life Care Planners, the International Association of Rehabilitation

Professionals, and the American Associating of Legal Nurse Consultants. Id.

at 10-11. Nurse Parisi served as a mentor and instructor at both Widener

University and the University of Delaware for legal nursing consulting

students.   Id. at 12-13.

      Nurse Parisi explained that life care planning is the “projection of future

care needs for somebody with a catastrophic injury or illness across life

expectancy and what that care will cost into the future.” Id. Additionally, she

stated that elder care management is the

      coordination of care for an elderly individual[, who] might need
      placement, say, in assisted living or a nursing home or they might
      need help at home, home care. They might need referrals to
      various physicians or various therapists. They might need their
      house modified so they can age in place in the home that they’re
      in. So an elder care manager talks with the family and the patient
      and comes up with a plan in terms of putting those resources
      together.

Id. at 9. Over Defendants’ objection, the court accepted Nurse Parisi as an

expert in the area of rehabilitation and life care planning, and ruled that she

was qualified to testify as an expert as to the reasonableness and medical

necessity of Plaintiff’s future care costs. Id. at 30.

      Defendants argue that future care costs required the expert testimony

of a physician, or that Nurse Parisi’s life care plan, dated June 12, 2015,

required approval by a physician. With respect to Nurse Parisi’s qualification

as an expert, the trial court has provided a comprehensive discussion and

disposition of this issue in its opinion, and we rely on it to dispose of this issue.

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See Trial Court Opinion, 6/29/17, at 19-25 (finding: Nurse Parisi’s testimony

was not “medical opinion” under MCARE and therefore her testimony was not

bound by Act’s expert qualification requirements, and Nurse Parisi “clearly

possessed reasonable pretension to specialized knowledge on the subject” and

therefore was qualified under common law to testify as expert on Plaintiff’s

future care costs).8

       Defendants’ alternative argument, that the court’s award of future care

costs should have been reduced to present value, is also meritless. Prior to

the enactment of the MCARE Act, the law reflected a long-settled policy to this

____________________________________________

8 We add that Defendants’ reliance in their appellate brief on Vicari, supra,
and Weiner v. Fisher, 871 A.2d 1283, 1290 (Pa. Super. 2005), is misplaced.
Neither of case concerns expert testimony on the issue of future care costs,
rather, both Vicari and Weiner address the qualification of a physician to
testify as to the standard of care. In Vicari, our Supreme Court held that,
under subsection 512(e) of MCARE, plaintiff’s expert, a medical oncologist
“had sufficient training, experience, and knowledge to testify as to standard
of care for the narrow, specific issue of care presented, due to his active
involvement in a field of medicine related to that of the defendant
physicians[,] an otolaryngologist and a radiation specialist.” Vicari, 989 A.2d
at 1285. In Weiner, we vacated the trial court’s order granting defendant-
doctor’s non-suit. There, the trial court refused to qualify plaintiff-appellant's
expert witness, Dr. William Bisordi, who was to testify as to the relevant
standard of care and defendant-doctor’s alleged breach. The court held that
Dr. Bisordi was not qualified to testify, as he was not currently engaged in
active clinical practice or teaching in the relevant area and he had retired from
these activities over five years before trial. We addressed the interpretation
of sections 512(b) and 512(c) of MCARE, which establishes criteria for the
qualification of an expert witness in a medical professional liability action
against a physician. Weiner, 871 A.2d at 1286. Dr. Bisordi’s testimony “was
to address the standard of care that would have applied when a
gastroenterologist was presented with a patient . . . who exhibited certain
symptoms and had a family history of gastrointestinal cancer.” Id. at 1289.

                                          - 17 -
J-A08017-18

effect. In Yost v. West Penn Railways Co., 9 A.2d 368 (Pa. 1939), the

Pennsylvania Supreme Court unambiguously stated that,

      Present worth does not apply to damages awarded for future pain,
      suffering and inconvenience. Nor does it apply to future medical
      attention. Future medical attention presupposes an out-of-pocket
      expenditure by the plaintiff. [The plaintiff] was entitled to have
      defendant presently place in her hands the money necessary to
      meet her future medical expenses, as estimated by the jury based
      upon the testimony heard, so that she will have it ready to lay out
      when the service is rendered. Damages for expected medical
      expenses and for future pain and suffering are entirely different
      from damages for loss of future earnings, which, of course, must
      be reduced to present worth.

Id. at 369-70 (citation omitted); see also Renner v. Sentle, 30 A.2d 220

(Pa. Super. 1943) (same). Defendants argue, however, that the trial court

ignored the plain language of section 509(b) and, instead, relied on case law

decided prior to the enactment of the MCARE Act.

      Section 509(b)(1) of the MCARE Act provides:

      Except as set forth in paragraph (8), future damages for medical
      and other related expenses shall be paid as periodic payments
      after payment of the proportionate share of counsel fees
      and costs based upon the present value of the future
      damages awarded pursuant to this subsection[.]

40 P.S. § 1303.509(b)(1)(emphasis added).            Recently, in Tillery v.

Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 156 A.3d 1233 (Pa. Super. 2017), this

Court affirmed the trial court’s interpretation of section 509 of the MCARE Act

“to require that future medical expenses are only to be reduced to present

value for the purpose of calculating attorney fees and costs.”          Id. at

1249, citing Bulebosh v. Flannery, 91 A.3d 1241, 1243 (Pa. Super. 2014)

                                    - 18 -
J-A08017-18

(emphasis added). Defendants contend, however, that Tillery ignored the

plain language of section 509(b)(1), as it “relied on non-MCARE cases decided

between 1939 and 1943.” Appellants’ Brief, at 46 n.22 (citing Yost, supra,

and Renner, supra). Defendants noted that a petition for allowance of appeal

in that case is “currently pending before the Supreme Court[.]” Appellants’

Brief, at 46, n. 22. We point out, however, that on October 10, 2017, several

weeks after Defendants filed their brief, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court

denied allowance of appeal in Tillery. See Tillery v. Children’s Hospital of

Philadelphia, 172 A.3d 592 (Pa. 2017). Thus, Tillery remains the law. We

conclude, therefore, that section 509 of the MCARE Act requires that future

medical expenses be reduced to present value only for purposes of calculating

attorney fees and costs.     See 40 P.S. § 509(b)(1); see also Sayler v.

Skutches, 40 A.3d 135, 140 (Pa. Super. 2012) (concluding that pursuant to

plain language of section 509(b)(1), future medical damages award that had

accrued at time of decedent’s death should be reduced to present value only

to determine amount of attorney’s fees).

      Next, Defendants argue that Hospital is entitled to JNOV because

Plaintiff failed to present expert testimony establishing that the conduct of the

nurses breached the standard of care or caused or increased the risk of harm

to Plaintiff.   At trial, Plaintiff presented the expert testimony of Richard

Bonfiglio, M.D., a Pennsylvania-licensed physician with board certification in

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, the discipline overseen by Dr. Nissley,

who was the “captain” of the team of employees that included nurses,

                                     - 19 -
J-A08017-18

therapists, social workers and resident physicians. See N.T. Trial, 12/2/15,

at 60-134. Doctor Bonfiglio was accepted as an expert in the area of physical

medicine and rehabilitation.     Id. at 81.    As the trial court points out,

Defendants did not object to Dr. Bonfiglio’s qualifications or to the foundation

or factual basis of his testimony. See Trial Court Opinion, supra at 18. This

finding is supported in the record.    In any event, Dr. Bonfiglio was clearly

qualified to testify as to the standard of care and the deviation from that

standard, including with respect to nursing functions, while Plaintiff was in the

rehabilitation unit from December 4, 2010 until December 22, 2010. See N.T.

Trial, 12/2/15, at 60-81. To the extent Defendants’ argument refers to the

sufficiency of that evidence, we agree with the trial court that JNOV was not

warranted.

      Doctor Bonfiglio reviewed Plaintiff’s medical records, as well as various

depositions, and he testified in particular with respect to the Stage II open

skin sores on her heels, sacrum and right knee:

      A:     [Plaintiff] developed a number of wounds while she was on
      the rehabilitation unit between [] December 4th and December
      22nd, including over the sacrum, over the left buttocks, over both
      of her heels. And she had a blister near her right knee wound.
      She had a number of different areas of skin breakdown that
      occurred while she was on the rehabilitation unit. . . . So as I
      mentioned earlier it is a team effort in providing care for these
      individuals. But the rehab physician [Dr. Nissley] is the captain of
      the team basically or the coach so is ultimately responsible for the
      care given. It’s the nurses that provide the day-to-day care, the
      hands-on care throughout the 24 hour cycle. So they’re certainly
      important to his process. But the attending physician is also
      important to the process for directing the appropriate care for
      individuals like [Plaintiff] who had undergone major surgery an

                                      - 20 -
J-A08017-18

      needed medical management, number one, to prevent the
      pressure ulcers from occurring, an number two, dealing with them
      aggressively so that they heal as quickly as possible without
      spreading infection. And that they be dealt with during the time
      on the rehabilitation unit as well as after discharge.

N.T. Trial, 12/2/15, at 91-93. Doctor Bonfiglio explained that Stage II means

that “there’s actually an open area, that the skin has been damaged, that

there is a pressure sore there.” Id. at 89. He also testified that the notes

indicated her left heel had “black necrotic skin.” Id. at 93. Essentially, the

tissue was dead, and “dead tissue by its nature is infected.”      Id.   Doctor

Bonfiglio continued:

      A: It is my opinion that the sores that she developed while she
      was on the rehabilitation unit were directly a contributing factor
      to her ongoing decline in health. And her having ongoing
      problems with infection leafing to her eventual amputation of her
      left lower limb.

      Q: Doctor, the opinions that you offer, are they offered to a
      reasonable degree of medical certainty?

      A:    Yes, ma’am.

      Q:     With regard to the deviations from the standard of care like
      you mentioned with a team, Dr. Nissley is in charge of a team,
      who is it that you felt deviated from the standard of care in this
      situation?

      A: Well, as the captain of the team Dr. Nissley deviated from the
      standard of care, as did all the nurses that were providing care as
      well to the patient. But, again, I hold the attending physician to
      be particularly responsible.       Certainly there were resident
      physicians, there were other doctors, the orthopedic surgeons
      were still following her. But the primary responsibility he had [ ]
      because she was on the rehab service. And that particularly goes
      to Dr. Nissley. But certainly the nurses also are responsible. . . .
      So they should certainly have been aware that she had potential
      for bad things happening. She had a history of diabetes, she had
      a history of high blood pressure, she had a history of congestive

                                     - 21 -
J-A08017-18

       heart failure. While she was on the rehab unit, because she was
       confused, they got a CT scan of her brain and it showed that she
       had a stroke in the past. Her EKG had shown she had a heart
       attack in the past. So heart attacks happen when the blood flow
       to the heart is not adequate. Strokes happen when the blood flow
       to the brain is not adequate because there’s a problem with the
       arteries. Should have been easier to understand that there might
       have been a problem with blood flow to her legs.

Id. at 99-100.       Doctor Bonfiglio pointed out that “virtually everybody

admitted to [the] rehabilitation unit is at risk for development of pressure

ulcers, so nursing staff and physicians on rehabilitation units should certainly

be aware that any of the patients they admit, for the most part, are at risk for

pressure ulcers.” Id. at 115.

       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict winner

and granting that party all favorable inferences therefrom, we agree with the

trial court’s determination that there was sufficient evidence presented at trial

that the nursing care involved in Plaintiff’s care in the acute rehabilitation unit

fell below the standard of care or caused or increased the risk of harm to

Plaintiff. See N.T. Trial, 12/2/15, at 97-115. See also Koller, 115 A.3d at

321.

       With respect to Defendants’ final three claims, that the jury’s verdict is

contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence, that the court abused

its discretion in refusing to mold the verdict with respect to past care costs

and erred in awarding delay damages on the award for future care costs, we

conclude that the trial court opinion comprehensively discusses and properly

resolves these issues. We, therefore, adopt the trial court’s reasoning and

                                      - 22 -
J-A08017-18

dispose of those claims accordingly. See Trial Court Opinion, supra at 29-

36.

      We affirm the judgment entered on July 20, 2016 based, in part, on

Judge Robinson’s opinion filed June 29, 2017. We direct the parties to attach

a copy of the opinion in the event of further proceedings.

      Judgment affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 9/25/18

                                    - 23 -
                                                                                                             Circulated 09/06/2018 10:52 AM

                             IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF PHILADELPHIA
                              FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                                    TRIAL DIVISION - CIVIL SECTION

       ANNABELLE GLASGOW

       v.                                                               November Term 2012
                                                                        No.1343                                          f\,)
                                                                                                                           -.
                                                                                                                         C'-"
       IAN DUCAN, M.D., et al.                                          2384 EDA 2016

                                                                                                                        --..
                                                                                                               :i2'    -.,
                                                             OPINION

       ROBINSON, J.                                                                                     JUNE 29, 2017

                                    OVERVIEW AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

                This appeal arises from a medical malpractice action. Plaintiff/Appellee Annabelle
                                                                           1
       Glasgow sued Appellants Easwaran Balasubramanian, M.D. ("Dr. Bala"), Frederick P. Nissley,

       D.0. ("Dr. Nissley"), and Temple University Hospital ("Temple") for professional negligence

       relating to her double knee replacement surgery and post-operative treatment, which led to health

       complications including the eventual amputation of her left leg. The jury found in favor of Ms.

       Glasgow. Dr. Bala, who was Ms. Glasgow's surgeon and who was primarily responsible for her

       orthopedic care, was found forty percent liable; Dr. Nissley, who directed Ms. Glasgow's

       inpatient post-operative care, thirty percent; and Temple, thirty percent. The jury awarded

       damages totaling $4,268,758, which the trial court later molded to $4,573,945.66. The instant

       appeal followed.

       I We refer to Dr. Balasubramanian by this abbreviated name in order to stay consistent with the Notes of Testimony

       and evidence, as this is the name he prefers, and it was used throughout trial and in court filings. (See N.T. l 1 /30/15
       at 28.)
                                                                                          Glasgow Vs Pomidor Etal-OPFLD

COPIES SENT PURSUANT TO Pa.R.C.P. 236(b) D. KELLY 06/28/2017
                                                                                           II Ill I 1111111111111111
                                                                                                   12110134300198
           Appellants filed several motions seeking post-trial relief. Appellee filed a Motion for

Delay Damages in the amount of $367,815.96 to be added to the award for a total award of

$4,636,573 .90. Appellants disputed the amount of potential delay damages. On July I 0, 2016,

the trial court denied the motions for post-trial relief. On July 15, 2016, the trial court granted

Appellee's Motion for Delay Damages but awarded a smaller amount than Appellee had

requested, molding the total verdict award to $4,573,945.66.2 AppelJants filed an Emergency

Motion to Stay Execution on the Judgment and Reduce the Amount of Appellate Security. The

trial court granted the Emergency Motion and granted leave of twenty-one days for Appellants to

post security in the reduced amount of $4,202,928.23.

           AppelJants' timely 1925(b) Statement sets forth the folJowing allegations of error:

                1. The trial court erred and abused its discretion in admitting the testimony of
                   plaintiffs expert witness, Dr. ShalJ, on the issues of both standard of care and
                   causation in violation of 40 P.S. § 1303.512(a), (c), and (e).
                2. Plaintiff failed to establish a record demonstrating that Dr. Shall met the
                   requirements of Sections 512(a), (c), and (e). Dr. Shall's testimony was
                   speculative and unqualified and the trial court erred and abused its discretion in
                   failing to preclude his testimony in its entirety. The only expert testimony critical
                   of Dr. Bala was that of Dr. Shall. Without Dr. ShalJ's testimony, plaintiff could
                   not make out aprimafacie case against Dr. Bala. The trial court erred and abused
                   its discretion in failing to grant judgment n.o.v. in Dr. Bala's favor and awarding
                   Dr. Nissley and Temple a new trial due to the unfair prejudice caused by the
                   admission of Dr. Shall's testimony. In the alternative, all defendants are entitled
                   to a new trial due to the unfair prejudice caused by the admission of Dr. Shall's
                   testimony.
                3. The trial court erred and abused its discretion in denying Temple's Motions for a
                   nonsuit, directed verdict and judgment n.o. v., since there was no expert testimony
                   demonstrating that the conduct of the nursing staff on Temple's acute
                   rehabilitation unit breached the standard of care or caused, or increased the risk
                   of, harm to plaintiff. Dr. Bonfiglio was not qualified to render causation opinions.
                   Therefore, Temple is entitled to the entry of a judgment n.o.v. in its favor or, in
                   the alternative, a complete new trial.
                4. Plaintiffs only expert witness critical of the nursing care, Dr. Bonfiglio, was
                   required, but failed, to set forth the facts upon which his opinion, that the nurses
                   deviated from the standard of care in allowing pressure sores to develop and
                   progress, and in failing to adequately treat the sores, was based. There is no

2
    The court set forth in its Order an explanation and method for its calculation of delay damages.

                                                             2
     testimony, from the factual record, as to what conduct of the nurses or Jack of
     conduct deviated from the standard of care. The trial court therefore erred and
     abused its discretion in failing to grant a nonsuit, directed verdict and judgment
     n.o.v. in favor of Temple as well as a new trial in favor of the remaining
     defendants due to the prejudice caused by plaintiff presenting a claim to the jury
     against Temple based on the conduct of the nurses.
5.   The trial court erred and abused its discretion in denying defendants' Motions for
     nonsuit, directed verdict and judgment n.o.v. on plaintiffs claim for future care
     and related expenses, since plaintiff failed to present an expert witness qualified
     to testify as to the reasonableness and medical necessity of the claimed future care
     costs, thereby entitling defendants to a judgment n.o.v. on this claim and a
     molding of the verdict to reduce it by the amount of the award for plaintiffs
      future care and related expenses. The trial court also erred and abused its
     discretion in denying defendants' alternate request for a molding of the award for
     future care and related expenses to present value pursuant to 40 P.S. §
      1303.509(b)(l), or for a complete new trial or a new trial on damages or
     remittitur.
6.   The trial court erred and abused its discretion in allowing plaintiff to present a
     claim for past lost wages based on her testimony alone after she repeatedly
     ignored defendants' discovery requests for income tax returns and pay stubs
     verifying employment and salary, which unfairly and irreparably prejudiced
     defendants' ability to meaningfully cross-examine plaintiff and challenge her
     speculative testimony and unsupported claim. The trial court erred in denying
     defendants' Motions for nonsuit, directed verdict and partial judgment n.o.v. and
     molding of the past wage loss verdict. The trial court also erred in denying
     defendants' alternate request for a remittitur, reducing the verdict by the entire
     $127,000.00 past wage loss award or, at minimum, to $90,000.00, which is the
     highest amount that plaintiffs testimony and evidence would support. The trial
     court further erred and abused its discretion in denying defendants' alternate
     request for a complete new trial or a new trial on damages.
7.   The trial court erred and abused its discretion in refusing to grant a complete new
     trial or a new trial on damages, since the jury's verdict was based on sympathy
     and prejudice and was contrary to the overwhelming weight of evidence.
8.   The trial court erred and abused its discretion in refusing to mold/remit the jury's
     award of past care costs, in the amount of$81,895.00, to $62,227.21, in order to
     conform to the stipulated amount of past care costs or, in the alternative, in
     refusing to grant a complete new trial, new trial on damages or a remittitur of this
     excessive and unsupported award. The jury heard no testimony as to past care
     costs. Instead, defense counsel stipulated that $62,227.21 in past care costs were
     accurate, reasonable and necessary for the services that were provided. 12/7/15
     N.T. 6-8. Accordingly, the jury was instructed that plaintiffs past care costs "are
     in the amount of $62,227.21." 12/7/15 N.T. 97.There was no basis to award an
     amount in excess of $62,227 .21, and the trial court erred and abused its discretion
     in refusing to reduce, remit or mold this award accordingly.
9.   The trial court erred and abused its discretion in awarding Pa. R.C.P. 238 delay
     damages on the jury's award of $2, 195,703.00 for future care and related

                                      3
                  expenses. Applying Pa. R.C.P. 238, which is a form of pre-judgment interest, to
                  awards of future medical expenses in medical professional liability actions is
                  contrary to the goals of the MCARE Act and to the express language of Section
                  509 of the MCARE Act, 40 P.S. § 1303.509.
              10. Although defendants believe the trial court erred in awarding delay damages
                  whatsoever, the trial court erred in denying defendants' request that the delay
                  damages be based upon the present value of the award for future care and related
                  expenses, or the cost of the court-approved financial instrument funding the future
                  medical expenses as they accrue and become payable. Moreover, the trial court
                  erred in denying defendants' request that, in accordance with 40 P.S. §
                  1303.509(b)(6), this portion of the delay damages award be placed into the court-
                  approved financial instrument covering plaintiffs future care and related
                  expenses to be paid on, and in accordance with, the same terms as future medical
                  expenses.
              11. With respect to the issues raised in this Rule l 925(b) Statement, defend ants adopt
                  and incorporate by reference herein those matters pied and argued within their
                  Post-Trial Motions and Brief in Support of Post-Trial Motions.

                                                       FACTS

         In 2009, Annabelle Glasgow was being treated for chronic knee pain by a Temple

orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Bruce Vanette. Ms. Glasgow had a history of vascular issues such as

congestive heart failure, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension, all of which posed risks of decreased

post-operative wound healing and increased risk of infection. (N.T. 12/3/15 at 92, 12/1/15

[morning session] at 55-56.) At one appointment, Dr. Vanette found and recorded in his notes that

Ms. Glasgow had a decreased pedal pulse in one foot, potentially a sign of circulation issues. (N.T.

12/1/15 at 67-68.) Dr. Vanette referred her to his colleague, Dr. Bala, when Dr. Vanette left the

practice. (N.T. 12/4/15 at 38.) Dr. Bala was aware of Dr. Vanette's finding and of Ms. Glasgow's

preexisting health conditions. (Id. at 8, 51-52, 65.)

         Dr. Bala, an orthopedic surgeon with a subspecialty in total joint replacement.' diagnosed

Ms. Glasgow with degenerative arthritis in both knees. (N.T. 12/1/15 [afternoon session] at 49;

N.T. 12/4/15 at 65.) Initially, he treated her with pain medications and injections, but those

3
  See Discussion infra Part 2(a)(ii) on the proper classification of the specialties and subspecialties of Dr. Bala and
to witness Dr. Lawrence Shall.

                                                            4
eventually became insufficient. As the next step, in late 2010, Dr. Bala recommended bilateral

knee replacement surgery. He testified at trial that he always checked his patients' circulation

before surgery, but he admitted that Ms. Glasgow's appointment notes do not show that he ever

evaluated her. (N.T. 12/4/15 at 66.) Dr. Bala performed the surgery on December 1, 2010.

        It is undisputed that Ms. Glasgow was admitted to Temple's acute rehabilitation unit

afterward for post-operative treatment, that Appellant Dr. Nissley headed her inpatient post-

operative care team in Temple's acute rehabilitation unit, and that she suffered extensive health

problems over the next two years relating to her prosthetic knees, infections in her surgical

incisions, and pressure wounds (notably on her heels and buttocks). It is further undisputed that

Dr. Bala was significantly involved in her post-operative care. Dr. Nissley was the attending doctor

ultimately responsible for Ms. Glasgow's care while she was in the acute rehabilitation unit. (N.T.

12/3/15 at 99-100, 124.)

        Six weeks after Ms. Glasgow's surgery, the surgical incisions on her right knee reopened,

showing infection. This, and subsequent developments, led to five further operations performed

by Dr. Bala within a one-year period to revise the implantation and combat infection, with the

objective of salvaging the knee prosthetics. One of Ms. Glasgow's expert witnesses testified at

trial that several of the procedures were "of no benefit [to her] whatsoever" because the knees were

too far gone to save. (N.T. 12/1/15 at 25-26.) Dr. Bala also did not perform wound cultures or

synovial fluid biopsies during those procedures, easy-to-perform tests which would have indicated

whether the infection(s) had become so entrenched that keeping the implants was no longer viable.

(Id. at 73-76.)

        On May 31, 2011, approximately six months after the original surgery, a Dr. Baumholtz

in the rehab unit notified Dr. Bala that he had drained "copious amounts of pus" from Ms.

                                                 5
Glasgow's left knee. (N.T. 12/4/15 at 79.) Dr. Bala did not dispute at trial that this was a certain

sign of infection. 4 (Id. at 79-80.) He could not recall if he consulted an infectious disease doctor

for Ms. Glasgow at that time, though he had done such consults for some of her prior infections.

(Id.) Less than two months later, in July 2011, Dr. Baumholtz transferred Ms. Glasgow out of the

rehab unit and readmitted her to the hospital's general inpatient services because she had a strong

odor emanating from her leg wound that signified a specific bacterial infection. (N.T. 12/1/15 at

p. 14-15.) When doctors opened her cast, they found that the infected wound tissues had again

reopened and separated, leaving the knee prosthesis externally visible. (Id. at 14-16.) Dr. Bala told

Ms. Glasgow that her treatment options were either a knee fusion, which would render the joint

permanently unable to bend, or an above-the-knee leg amputation. (N.T. 12/4/15 at 60.)

        Ms. Glasgow sought a second opinion. On October 20, 2011, she consulted Dr. Scott Levin

at Penn Presbyterian Hospital. (N.T. 12/1/15 at 19.) Dr. Levin performed a Doppler examination,

a test which measures the pulse. (Id.) The Doppler examination showed that the patient "had one

of the pulses in the foot, but the pulse in the ankle was basically not there." (Id.) This led Dr. Levin

to run an MRA test, which is an MRI that focuses only on blood vessels. (Id. at 21-22.) The MRA

revealed that Ms. Glasgow's leg circulation was much more obstructed than Dr. Bala or the rehab

unit doctors had thought, so much so that knee fusion was no longer viable. (Id. at 23.) Amputation

of the left leg was her only option. One of the Penn Presbyterian doctors performed the amputation

in 2012, and Ms. Glasgow underwent performed further procedures in 2013 to reimplant the right

knee prosthesis.

        The amputation understandably had a significant and permanent effect on Ms. Glasgow's

everyday life. She testified at trial that she was no longer able to live an independent lifestyle or to

4
 However, we note that Dr. Bala did hotly dispute the causative role of infection in Ms. Glasgow's harms and the
point at which her wound infections became anything more than superficial. (See. e.g., N.T. 12/4/15 at 69-81.)

                                                        6
continue working as a banquet server, as she was permanently wheelchair-bound. She could no

longer drive a car and was confined to the ground level of her three-story home. Even with home

renovations to increase handicap accessibility, she was not able to care for herself without

assistance. She required full-time care and was unable to be left alone at her house for significant

periods oftime. Her family members and friends personally provided home care as they were able,

but predicted that they would eventually be unable to perform necessary tasks due to their own

aging and physical limitations. (N.T. 11/30/15 at 82-95, 174-78.)

                                          DISCUSSION

    1. Standards of review

       For nearly all of their allegations of error discussed herein, Appellants assert that they were

entitled to post-relief such as nonsuit, judgment n.o.v., remittitur, a new trial generally, or a new

trial on damages only. The legal standards for each are as follows:

       a. Nonsuit

       A compulsory nonsuit allows a defendant to test the sufficiency of a plaintiff's evidence.

A nonsuit is properly entered before submission of the case to the jury if the court, viewing all

evidence in favor of the plaintiff and drawing all reasonable inferences therefrom in her favor,

finds that the plaintiff has still failed to submit sufficient evidence to establish the necessary

elements to maintain the cause of action. Int'l Diamond Importers, Ltd. v. Singularity Clark, L.P.,

40 A.3d 1261, 1274 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2012) (citation omitted). A compulsory nonsuit is proper only

where the facts and circumstances compel the conclusion that the defendants are not liable on the

pleaded cause of action. Id.

       b. Judgment n.o.v.

                                                 7
       A trial court's grant or denial of a judgment n.o.v. is subject to review as an abuse of

discretion or an error of law. Czimmer v. Janssen Pharm., 122 A.3d 1043, 1050 (Pa. Super. Ct.

2015). A court abuses its discretion if, in reaching a conclusion, the law is overridden or

misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable or the result of partiality,

prejudice, bias or ill will, as supported by the evidence or the record. Braun v. Target Corp., 983
A.2d 752, 759-60 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2009) (citation omitted).

       There are two bases upon which a judgment n.o.v. can be entered: (1) the movant is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law, or (2) the evidence was such that no two reasonable minds could

disagree that the outcome should have been rendered in favor of the movant. Id. (quoting Braun v.

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 24 A.3d 875, 890-91 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2011). With the first, a court reviews

the record and concludes that, even with all factual inferences decided adverse to the movant, the

law nonetheless requires a verdict in his favor. With the second, the court reviews the evidentiary

record and concludes that the evidence was such that a verdict for the movant was "beyond

peradventure." (Id.) Judgment n.o.v. is only proper in a clear case and with all doubts resolved in

favor of the verdict winner. (Id.) Judgment n.o.v. should not be used to supplant the jury's choices

to believe or disbelieve the credibility of witnesses, as the jury is entitled to believe all, part, or

none of the evidence presented. Brinich v. Jencka, 757 A.2d 388, 395 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2000).

       c. Remittitur

       The decision to grant or deny a motion for remittitur is within the sound discretion of the

trial court. Vogelsberger v. Magee-Womens Hosp. ofUPMC Health Sys., 903 A.2d 540, 555 (Pa.

Super. Ct. 2006) ( citation omitted). Remittitur will be affirmed on appeal absent an abuse of

discretion or manifest error of law. Smalls v. Pittsburgh-Coming Corp., 843 A.2d 410, 413 (Pa.

Super. Ct. 2004). Grant of remittitur is appropriate only when the award was "plainly excessive

                                                  8
and exorbitant" (Haines v. Raven Arms, 640 A.2d 367, 369 (Pa. 1994)), and "so grossly excessive

as to shock our sense of justice" (Powell v. Philadelphia, 457 A.2d 1307, 1308 (Pa. Super. Ct.

1983)).

          d. New trial

          Review of a trial court's denial of a new trial is limited to determining whether the court

acted capriciously, abused its discretion, or committed an error of law that controlled the outcome

of the case. If there is any support in the record for the denial of a new trial, the decision must be

affirmed. The appellate court considers whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable

to the verdict winner, a new trial would produce a different verdict. Braun v. Target Corp., 983
A.2d at 759-60 (citation omitted).

          e. Molding of the verdict

          The trial court has the power to mold the jury's verdict to conform with the clear intent of

the jury. In cases where verdicts are not technically correct in form, but they manifest the clear

intent of the jury, the court may correct the verdict without a new trial. Mendralla v. Weaver Corp.,

703 A.2d 480, 485 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1997) (en bane).

    2. The trial court did not err in admitting the expert testimony of Dr. Shall.

          Appellants claim that the trial court erred and abused its discretion in admitting the

testimony of Appellee's expert witness Dr. Lawrence Shall. Appellants allege that (a) Dr. Shall's

testimony was not presented with sufficient foundation under the MCA RE statute, and (b) because

it was speculative and unqualified. They further argue that (c) all appellants are entitled to a new

trial because of the unfair prejudice caused by Dr. Shall's testimony. For the reasons stated below,

these claims fail.

             a. Dr. Shall's testimony met the requirements for expert witness testimony
                under the MCARE Act.

                                                   9
                   1.   MCARE Statute

       The Medical Care Availability and Reduction of Error Act ("MCARE Act"), 40 P.S. §

1303 .1 O 1 et seq., governs medical professional liability claims against physicians. MCA RE Act §

512 establishes the requirements for expert medical testimony at trial as follows:

       (a) General rule.--No person shall be competent to offer an expert medical opinion in a
       medical professional liability action against a physician unless that person possesses
       sufficient education, training, knowledge and experience to provide credible, competent
       testimony and fulfills the additional qualifications set forth in this section as applicable.

       (b) Medical testimony.--An expert testifying on a medical matter, including the standard
       of care, risks and alternatives, causation and the nature and extent of the injury, must
       meet the following qualifications:

               (I) Possess an unrestricted physician's license to practice medicine in any state or
               the District of Columbia.

               (2) Be engaged in or retired within the previous five years from active clinical
               practice or teaching.

       Provided, however, the court may waive the requirements of this subsection for an expert
       on a matter other than the standard of care if the court determines that the expert is
       otherwise competent to testify about medical or scientific issues by virtue of education,
       training or experience.

       (c) Standard of care.--Tn addition to the requirements set forth in subsections (a) and (b),
       an expert testifying as to a physician's standard of care also must meet the following
       qualifications:

               ( 1) Be substantially familiar with the applicable standard of care for the specific
               care at issue as of the time of the alleged breach of the standard of care.

               (2) Practice in the same subspecialty as the defendant physician or in a
               subspecialty which has a substantially similar standard of care for the specific
               care at issue, except as provided in subsection (d) or (e).

              (3) In the event the defendant physician is certified by an approved board, be
              board certified by the same or a similar approved board, except as provided in
              subsection (e).

                                                 10
       (d) Care outside specialty.v-A court may waive the same subspecialty requirement for an
       expert testifying on the standard of care for the diagnosis or treatment of a condition if
       the court determines that:

               (1) the expert is trained in the diagnosis or treatment of the condition, as
               applicable; and

               (2) the defendant physician provided care for that condition and such care was not
               within the physician's specialty or competence.

       (e) Otherwise adequate training, experience and knowledge.--A court may waive the
       same specialty and board certification requirements for an expert testifying as to a
       standard of care if the court determines that the expert possesses sufficient training,
       experience and knowledge to provide the testimony as a result of active involvement in or
       full-time teaching of medicine in the applicable subspecialty or a related field of
       medicine within the previous five-year time period.

       The MCARE Act applies in this case because it is a medical malpractice action with

defendant physicians. Case law emphasizes that all three subsection (c) requirements for expert

witnesses - familiarity with standard of care, same subspecialty, and same board certification -

are mandatory. Anderson v. McAfoos, 57 A.3d 1141 (Pa. 2012) (citing Vicari v. Spiegel, 989 A.2d
1277, 1281 (Pa. 2010)). Decisions regarding admissibility of evidence, including admission of

expert witness testimony within the purview of the MCARE Act, are within the sound discretion

of the trial court and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion or error of law.

Weiner v. Fisher, 871 A.2d 1283, 1285 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2005) (citation omitted).

                   ii. "Same subspecialty" requirement

       A challenge under MCARE Act Section 512 presents a question of statutory interpretation.

Id. The Statutory Construction Act governs all issues relating to interpretation of statutory

language. 1 Pa. C.S.A. § 1501 et seq. Proper statutory analysis seeks to ascertain and effectuate

the intent of the General Assembly. Commonwealth v. Martorano, 89 A.Jd 301 (Pa. Super. Ct.

2014). The plain language of the statute, when it is clear and unequivocal, is the best indicator of

legislative intent. Weiner, 871 A.2d at 1285. Words and phrases should be interpreted "according

                                                 II
to the rules of grammar and according to their common and approved usage; but technical words

and phrases and such others as have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning ... shall be

construed according to such peculiar and appropriate meaning or definition." Id. (citing 1 Pa.

C.S.A. § l 903(a).)

          Appellants claim the testimony of Appellee's expert witness, Dr. Shall, was inadmissible

because Dr. Bala and Dr. Shall are in different "subspecialties." It is undisputed that both doctors

are surgeons in the area of orthopedic medicine. Appellants argue that Dr. Bala's subspecialty is

total joint replacement surgery within the larger specialty of orthopedic surgery, and that Dr.

Shall's subspecialty is sports medicine. (See Appellants' Br. at 17-18.) Appellee maintains that

both doctors specialize in orthopedics and have the same subspecialty of orthopedic surgery. (See

Appellee's Br. at 8-9.)

          Dr. Shall testified during expert qualification voir dire that he was an "orthopedic surgeon"

in his thirtieth year of practice. (N.T. 12/1/5 [morning session] at 8-9.) He stated that "orthopedics"

was considered a "specific specialty." (Id. at 9.) He also stated, "I practice sports medicine, which

is a subspecialty of orthopedics." (Id. at 9, 12.) Both doctors completed residencies in orthopedic

surgery. (Id. at 10-11; N.T. 12/4/15 at 33.) Dr. Bala testified that his career had focused onjoint

surgery, specifically knee replacements, "from the beginning," although his residency was in

orthopedics generally. (N.T. l 2/4/15 at 33-34.) His practice eventually came to focus on knee

replacement procedures, but not because he had been trained exclusively for knee surgeries. (Id.

at 34.)

          Although the MCARE Act has a "definitions" provision, it does not define "subspecialty."

(See 40 P.S. § 1303.513.) The Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary defines "subspecialty" as "a

subordinate field of specialization," and gives the illustrative example, "Child psychiatry is a

                                                   12
subspecialty of general psychiatry.'? Furthermore, this Court is not aware of any binding case law

specifically parsing the distinction between "specialty" and "subspecialty."

        We agree with Appellants' argument - that "orthopedics" is the specialty, not the

subspecialty - because it aligns most closely with the dictionary definition and the way Dr. Shall

described his own work. However, this does not render Dr. Shall's testimony inadmissible: it was

permitted under the waiver provision discussed below.

                   iii. Dr. Shall meets the waiver requirements for the "same subspecialty"
                        provision.

        An expert may be competent to testify as to the standard of care without meeting the

MCARE Act's subspecialty requirement if the expert is sufficiently qualified by nature of active

involvement in a "related field of medicine." 40 P .S. § 1303 .512(e ). This waiver provision

permitted Dr. Shall's trial testimony.

        Whether or not an expert witness has been properly qualified to give expert testimony is a

decision within the discretion of the trial court, and that decision will not be disturbed on appeal

absent an abuse of discretion. Frey v. PotorskL 145 A.3d 1171, 1176-77 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2016)

( citations omitted). The standard for expert witness qualification is "a liberal one." Id.

        Appellants argue extensively that there was insufficient foundational testimony showing

that Dr. Shall was competent to offer standard-of-care opinions on (1) whether or not an infection

required removal of the right knee prosthesis in February 2011, (2) whether an infection required

earlier removal of the left knee prosthesis in June 2011, and (3) whether placement of an antibiotic

spacer was required when removing the left knee prosthesis in July 2011 . (Appellants' Br. at 21.)

However, this is incorrect, as Dr. Shall testified extensively about his expertise regarding surgical

5
 Subspecialty Definition, MERRIAM-WEBSTER.COM, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/subspecialty (last
visited Feb. 28, 2017.)

                                                    13
infection issues and joint implantation procedures. As he stated at trial, he was offering testimony

about "the complications and infections regarding [joint] implantation" (N.T. 12/1/15 [morning

session] at 39), and he has ample experience with joint implantations. This experience is relevant

because the principles and standards of care in prevention and treatment of post-operative

infections are the same in every case, regardless of what type of joint implantation or replacement

is being performed. (Id. at 39-40; 33 [testifying that infection complications are not "specific to

the actual surgery."]).

        Like Dr. Bala, Dr. Shall completed an orthopedic surgery residency after graduating

medical school. (Id. at 11.) His post-residency fellowship in sports medicine "involve[d]

surger[ies] mostly of the knee and shoulder." (Id.) He estimated that, in addition to his main focus

of implantation procedures, he has performed twenty joint explantation procedures over the course

of his career in orthopedic surgery. (Id. at 35.) Furthermore, he is still actively engaged in the

performance of joint replacement surgeries and had just performed a hip replacement the week

before he gave testimony in this matter. (Id. at 41.) He also teaches resident doctors in the field of

orthopedics   illL. at 25) and has extensively published   scientific papers in the field of orthopedic

surgery, including at least one paper in the American Journal of Knee Surgery (id. at 21). He also

specifically testified that his experience involves treatment and prevention of post-operative

infections. (Id. at 9.)

        The trial court found that Dr. Shall possessed "sufficient training, experience and

knowledge to provide the testimony as a result of active involvement in or full-time teaching of

medicine in ... a related field of medicine within the previous five-year time period" in accordance

with 40 P.S. § 1303.512(e). Thus, the court found that he was competent to render his expert

opinion under the requirements of the MCARE Act.

                                                  14
        This is in accordance with recent MCARE Act case law regarding "related field of

medicine" challenges to expert testimony. See Frey, 145 A.3d at 1178 (holding that a hematologist

was permitted to give expert testimony under Section 512(e) regarding the standard of care to be

exercised in the administration of anticoagulation medication because he "often consulted" with

subspecialists in the topic at issue and because he demonstrated sufficient expertise and experience

on that issue); Vicari, 989 A.2d at 1285-86 (listing the various cancer-related curriculum vitae

achievements of a medical oncologist as reason to admit his expert testimony under 512(e ), despite

the seeming dissimilarity between his field of oncology and the defendant physician's field of

otolaryngology, on the issue of whether an otolaryngologist should have given a patient the option

of chemotherapy and referred her to a medical oncologist); Hyrcza v. West Penn Allegheny Health

Sys., 978 A.2d 961, 973-74 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2009) (psychiatrist and neurologist competent to testify

about standard of care for prescribing post-operative medications to multiple sclerosis patient);

and Smith v. Paoli Mem'l Hosp., 885 A.2d 1012, 1018-19 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2005) (permitting a

general surgeon, oncologist, and internist to testify about gastrointestinal bleedings and cancer

based on their respective GI experiences in their residencies, post-doctoral trainings, and

professional publications). The Hyrcza and Smith courts held that a testifying doctor need not be

even within the same named specialty as the defendant doctor; in the instant case, the testifying

doctor and defendant doctor practice within the same umbrella specialty of orthopedics and have

both performed many joint implantation and explantation procedures.

        Dr. Shall's thirty years of education, experience, and teaching, and his familiarity with the

standard of care to be exercised in prevention and treatment of post-operative infection showed

that he had sufficient knowledge and experience to testify about Dr. Bala's performance in this

case.

                                                 15
           b. Appellants are not entitled to a new trial due to unfair prejudice caused by
              Dr. Shall's testimony or judgment n.o.v.

                    i. New trial due to unfair prejudice

       As stated above, denial of a motion for new trial will be denied unless the movant can show

that the court acted capriciously, abused its discretion, or committed an error of law, and that the

court's error controlled the outcome of the case. Braun v. Target Corp., 983 A.2d at 759-60

(citation omitted). Thus, it is the movant's burden to show prejudice. In the instant matter,

Appellants have not demonstrated prejudice or presented any evidence thereof arising from the

admission of Dr. Shall's testimony in their 1925(b) statement and brief. Therefore, we do not

consider the argument on the merits. See Young v. Washington Hosp., 761 A.2d 559, 561 n.3 (Pa.

Super. Ct. 2000) (citation omitted) ( declining to review a claim of prejudice when movant had

failed to support their claim with reference to the record and/or citations to legal authority). See

also Jacobs v. Chatwani, 922 A.2d 950, 962 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2007) ("The fact that the jury may

have believed [Defendant's expert] rather than the opinion proffered by Plaintiff' s expert does not

equate to prejudice.")

                   ii. Judgment n.o.v. in favor of Appellant Dr. Bala

   In the instant matter, Appellants' only support for their argument is an allegation that Dr. Bala

would not have been found liable in the absence of Dr. Shall' s testimony. As this argument rests

on the assumption that Dr. Shall' s testimony was inadmissible, and we have found the testimony

was properly admitted, this claim fails.

   3. There was sufficient evidence at trial to support the jury's finding that Appellant
      Temple was liable for negligence due to the actions and/or inactions of the nursing
      staff in its acute rehabilitation unit.

       Appellants claim they were wrongfully denied post-trial relief because there was no

admissible expert evidence demonstrating that the nursing staff on Temple's acute rehabilitation

                                                 16
unit breached the standard of care or caused, or increased the risk of, harm to the plaintiff. This

claim fails.

         In fact, Appellee's expert witness, Dr. Richard Bonfiglio, gave ample testimony to this

particular issue. He testified that the care in the rehab unit fell below the standard of care and

explicitly gave several reasons for this conclusion: (1) the pressure sores should have been

prevented, (2) the sores were inadequately treated while Appellee was in the unit and should not

have worsened while she was in their care; (3) the rehab staff failed to arrange follow-up with

wound care doctors specifically for treatment of the sores; and (4) the staff failed adequately

address the need for post-discharge care of Appellee's pressure sores when they created her

discharge plan. (N.T. 12/2/15 at 97-98.)6 He also specifically noted that nurses' note-taking about

Appellee's care was inconsistent, so it is impossible to know if they were adequately performing

tasks for wound care and prevention as frequently as required. (Id. at 107-108.) Furthermore,

"virtually everybody admitted to a rehabilitation unit is at risk for developing pressure ulcers," so

professional acute rehab nurses should have been especially vigilant about the sores and should

have known the significance of the risk they posed to Appellee, especially given her preexisting

vascular conditions. (Id. at 115.)

         There was sufficient evidence at trial for the jury to conclude that the rehab nurses were

negligent in their care of Appellee.

    4. Appellants' allegations of error regarding the expert witness testimony of Dr.
       Bonfiglio fail because they are waived.

         Appellants assert that the record does not show a sufficient factual basis for Dr. Bonfiglio's

opinion, and that he was not qualified to render testimony about causation. Appellee argues that

6
  He furthermore testified that the home health workers probably did not know of the existence of the sores if the
discharge notes did not mention it, and that Appellee herself was probably unaware of them due to the loss of
physical sensation that accompanies poor circulation. (N.T. 12/2/15 at 98-100; 121-22.)

                                                          17
any such objection was not effectively raised at the time of testimony and is thus waived. (See Pl.

Br. in Opp. 16.) Appellee is correct.

        It is well-established that post-trial relief may not be granted if the grounds for relief could

have been raised during pretrial or trial proceedings, but the party failed to raise it at that time. Pa.

R.C.P. No. 227.l(b). This rule ensures that the trial court has the opportunity to correct the alleged

trial error. See, e.g., Rancosky v. Washington Nat'l Ins. Co., 130 A.3d 79, 102 (Pa. Super. Ct.

2015) (holding that a claim of error regarding litigation strategy and conduct of counsel was

waived because it could have been raised at trial but was only raised for the first time in a post-

verdict motion); Hong v. Pelagatti, 765 A.2d 1117, 1123 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2000) (" ... (O]ne must

object to errors, improprieties or irregularities at the earliest possible stage of the adjudicatory

process to afford the jurist hearing the case the first occasion to remedy the wrong and possibly

avoid an unnecessary appeal to complain of the matter.").

        Our review of the record shows that Appellants failed to timely object to the foundational

or factual basis of Dr. Bonfiglio's testimony at the time the testimony was elicited. Appellants

raised objections as to the scope of inquiry during his testimony (see, e.g., N.T. 12/2/15 at 124-

25), but did not object on any other basis. Appellants had raised objections on the basis of

foundation and qualification for Dr. Shall earlier at trial. (N.T. 12/2/15 at 42-46.) Appellants also

raised similar objections to the testimony of Appellee's forensic economic expert later that same

day. (N.T. 12/2/15 at 164-65 [requesting the court to strike the testimony of Mr. Bunin at the close

ofredirect examination due to the factual substance of his testimony not meeting the MCARE Act

requirements].) Appellants were clearly aware they had the option to object to testimony at the

time it was elicited. Because this issue was available for objection at the time of Dr. Bonfiglio's

                                                   18
testimony and could have been cured during trial, and Appellants failed to raise it at that time, the

issue is waived.7

    5. Nurse and life-care planner Valerie Parisi was qualified to offer expert witness
       testimony on Appellee's future medical expenses. Appellants were and are not
       entitled to nonsuit, directed verdict, or judgment n.o.v. on the basis that Nurse
       Parisi's expert testimony was improperly admitted.

         Appellants argue that Nurse Parisi's expert witness testimony as a life-care planner should

have been precluded because she did not meet the MCARE Act's statutory qualifications

requirements for expert witnesses or common-law expert requirements. Thus, they argue, Appellee

failed to present a necessary expert witness qualified to testify as to the reasonableness and medical

necessity of her future care needs, and so the award of future care costs was improper and

unsupported by evidence. (Appellants' Br. 38.) This claim fails.

         An item of a plaintiffs claimed damages can only be submitted to the jury once the plaintiff

has met her burden of establishing damages by proper testimony. Cohen v. Albert Einstein Med.

Ctr., 592 A.2d 720, 729 (Pa. 1991). When the claimed damages are future medical expenses, the

claimant must present expert witness testimony to prove the medical necessity of the claimed

damages and their reasonable cost. Mendralla, 703 A.2d at 485. Where the evidence shows the

value of services already rendered to an injured person and that such service will be required in

the future, the jury may use past service costs, without other evidence, to estimate the costs of

future care and what that may reasonably include. Pratt v. Stein, 444 A.2d 674, 706 (Pa. Super. Ct.

1982).

         The question of whether or not a witness is duly qualified to render expert testimony is

within the discretion of the trial court, and the standard for qualification of an expert witness in

7
  However, even if the allegation of error were not waived, Dr. Bonfiglio specifically stated that he was relying on
the evidence of Appellee's medical records and his own education and experience in reaching his conclusion. (N.T.
12/2/15 at 82-83.) Thus, there is sufficient factual basis for his claims.

                                                         19
Pennsylvania is "liberal." Frey, 145 A.3d at 1176-77. The court's decision on the matter will only

be overturned for an abuse of discretion or error of law. Id.

         The trial court accepted Valerie Parisi, R.N., as an expert in the area of rehabilitation

nursing and life care planning8 after thorough expert qualification voir dire. (N.T. 12/3/15 at 30.)

Nurse Parisi testified that she reviewed Appellee's medical records and visited her at her home to

evaluate her. (Id. at 30-31.) She testified about her findings of Appellee's home health needs - the

level of care she was receiving at the time, everyday living tasks and the degree of help she needed

to accomplish them, and the medical prosthetics and supplies she needed. (Id. at 30-37.) She also

gave her nursing diagnoses, which she formed on the basis of her observations at the house and

Appellee's medical records. (Id. at 37.) Using her findings about Appellee's home healthcare needs

and her nursing diagnoses, she formulated a "life care plan" that Appellee offered as evidence of

future medical expenses. Nurse Parisi thoroughly explained her calculation methodologies for her

estimates of the various costs Appellee will incur in her lifetime, including estimates for hired

home care aides as compared to costs of Appellee moving into a full-time care facility. She

consulted sources like local industry averages for service costs and publications by Medicare and

Medicaid Services in making estimates with specific dollar amounts. (Id. at 51.)

        Nurse Parisi estimated Appellee's life care costs at approximately $2 million if she

continued living at home, and approximately $1 million if she lived in a nursing home for the rest

of her life. (Id. at 57.) She clarified on cross-examination that her life care plan had never been

endorsed or approved by a physician, as it was "not a prescription strategy [ ofJ care ... [but] a

conservative estimate of what would be appropriate for (Appellee ]." (Id. at 62.)

8 Nurse Parisi defined "life care planning" as "the projection of future care needs for somebody with a catastrophic
injury or illness across life expectancy and what that care will cost into the future." (N.T. 12/3/15 at 8-9.)

                                                         20
           When Appellants objected to the admission of Nurse Parisi as an expert witness, the trial

court stated that the jury would be "allowed to give whatever weight it wants to give [her

testimony] according to her qualifications." (N.T. 12/3/15 at 29.) The court then admitted Nurse

Parisi as an expert witness in the fields of rehabilitation nursing and life care planning. (Id. at 30.)

               a. Nurse Parisi's expert testimony was not barred by the MCARE Act's
                  statutory requirements for expert witness qualifications.

           Appellants advance a theory that Nurse Parisi' s testimony should be considered "an expert

medical opinion" and, therefore, that the proponent of her testimony should be bound by the

MCARE Act's expert qualification requirements.9 We are unpersuaded.

           The MCARE Act states that "no person shall be competent to offer an expert medical

opinion in a medical professional liability action against a physician" unless the person meets the

Act's requirements for expert witnesses. 40 P.S. § 1303.5 l 2(a). The Act does not specifically

define its use of the term "expert medical opinion." See 40 P.S. § 1303.503.10

           We conclude that Nurse Parisi's testimony is not a "medical opinion" under the MCARE

Act. Her testimony was, as she stated, an "estimate" of "what would be appropriate" in terms of

aid for Appellee given her health condition, everyday tasks, and living arrangements. (N. T. 12/3/15

at 62.) Nurse Parisi drew on her own nursing experience and nursing diagnoses to create a life care

plan but did not render medical diagnoses or state with specificity what medical treatments Ms.

Glasgow would need.         iliL. at 22-25, 58.) As the Pennsylvania Supreme Court has noted, nurses are
permitted to "diagnose human responses to health problems," and there is a clear distinction

9   For more extensive discussion ofMCARE Act expert witness qualification requirements, see Discussion infra Part
2a.
10
   Appellants contend that Nurse Parisi's testimony is considered expert testimony on a "medical matter" under the
MCARE Act and that "medical matter" should be construed to mean anything involving "the furnishing of health
care services." (Appellants' Br. at 46.) As discussed later in this section, we do not find that Nurse Parisi's testimony
fell under the MCA RE Act requirements, and thus, we need not consider the validity of this proposed definition.

                                                           21
between such nursing diagnoses and medical diagnoses. Freed v. Geisinger Med. Ctr., 971 A.2d
1202, 1209 (Pa. 2009) (citation omitted); 63 P.S. § 212(4), (6).

         Nurse Parisi's recommendations focused on Ms. Glasgow's needs for getting around the

house and taking care of herself. Nurse Parisi drew on her experience, for instance, to predict that

Appellee would probably require X-rays in the future simply because she was an amputee and thus

her stump had potential for complications. (N.T. 12/3/15 at 49.) She based the cost estimate for

such X-rays on Appellee's past and current X-ray costs. (Id. at 65.) She stated that home care needs

were determined by a nurse assessment. (M,_ at 22.) She conceded that a physician needed to sign

the orders but only "for reimbursement purposes;" the doctor did not make the ultimate decision

on whether or not the home care plan was implemented. (Id. at 22-23.) There was in fact no

mandate that her plan be implemented at all (id. at 61); it was prepared for the purpose of

estimating future care costs for the instant litigation fu!. at 60-62). She admitted that her care was

not a prescription, and she did not discount the possibility that Appellee's needs could change in

the future for better or worse, thus changing her future medical expenses. (Id. at 62.) She even

specifically noted that a physician would perform "the actual diagnostics" of Appellee's care needs

according to the doctor's medical diagnoses. (Id. at 49.)

         Appellants cite cases in support of their argument that physicians must corroborate life-

care plan testimony, although their references are mostly to nonbinding dicta 11 and trial court

orders. The cases cited contain no discussions about the validity of expert testimony about a life

11
   See Castellani v. Scranton Times, L.P., 124 A.3d 1229, 1243 n.11 (Pa. 2015) (citation omitted) (defining "dicta"
as "an opinion of the court ... that is not essential to the decision. Dicta has no precedential value.").

                                                         22
care plan that was created without physician approval; the courts merely noted, without further

                                                           13
evaluation, that such approval had been given.12

         Appellants would have us hold that, because life care plans were corroborated by doctors

in these other cases, and the courts did not explicitly disapprove, such corroboration is required in

all other cases. We disagree. Furthermore, we find that Nurse Parisi did not give an "expert medical

opinion" and, thus, was not bound by the MCARE Act's expert witness qualification requirements.

              b. Nurse Parisi was qualified to testify as an expert witness under common-law
                 requirements.

         Appellants furthermore argue that Nurse Parisi was unqualified to offer an opinion on the

amounts of past and future medical expenses and costs under common law. This claim is meritless.

         Under common law, a person is deemed an expert if she "possesses knowledge not within

the ordinary reach" and is thus "specially qualified" to speak upon a particular subject. Pratt, 444
A.2d at 706. Such an expert "need not have all the knowledge in her special field of activity in

order to qualify ... [r]ather, [she] need only have a reasonable pretension to specialized knowledge

on the subject under investigation." Id.

         In Appellants' view, Nurse Parisi admitted on the stand that her own findings were not

qualified for expert testimony on future medical expenses without the approval of a physician.

This argument relies on the following exchange from voir dire testimony:

                  Q {Appellants' counsel}: And you would agree with me that the life care plan
                  should be specific to (the patient's] needs, correct?
                  A [Nurse Parisi]: Yes.

12
   The one reported case Appellants cite, Green v. Pa. Hosp., 123 A.3d 310 (Pa. 2015), is inapposite: it held that a
nurse expert witness could be considered unqualified, in the court's discretion, to render causation testimony despite
meeting MCARE Act expert witness requirements. The case does not include any mention of physician approval of
a life care plan. Furthermore, Nurse Parisi did not give causation testimony; she testified about Appellee's current
care needs, not about how she came to have those needs.
13
   Appellants cite a number of unreported cases to support their contention that physician approval of life care plans
is required. However, there is no specific indication in any of the cited cases that physician approval was especially
significant or essential to the courts' verdicts, or that they were issues on appeal.

                                                         23
               Q: You would agree with me that a physician must specifically say what is
               required for that individual, correct?
               A: No, I would not agree with that.
               Q: Okay. Do you recall giving testimony a few years ago, it was a New Jersey
               case, Baguette v. Riviera? Do you recall that? ( .... ] [In that case, you testified]
               that "life care plans, specifically individual, are not generalized to a particularly
               disability, correct?" "Correct." Answer is, that is correct. Next question [in the
               Baguette case transcript] is, "So you need a physician to specifically say what is
               required for an individual, correct?" The answer was, "Correct." That was your
               testimony, correct?
               A: Yes, again, I don't know the context and what that question was. I don't know
               what that was referring to in that particular deposition. If it was referring to a
               specific treatment plan, that would be the answer. But not all - as I mentioned, not
               all health care is medical care.
               Q: But you still agree that that's your testimony, correct?
               A: That was my testimony, but I don't see the complete testimony so I'm not
               really certain what that was referring to.
               [ .... ]
               Q: And this [life care plan Nurse Parisi created for Annabelle Glasgow] has never
               been endorsed or approved by any physician, correct?
               A: I don't believe so, no.

(N.T. 12/3/15 at 26-28, 61.) Appellants contend that this prior testimony of Nurse Parisi in the

Baguette case disqualified her to present expert testimony without the corroboration of a physician.

This argument fails.

       As stated above, Nurse Parisi was not offering as evidence a life-care plan which Appellee

was required to implement; she was testifying as to her projections of what "appropriate care" for

Appellee would cost. The Baguette case testimony referred to whether or not "a physician must

specifically say what is required for an individual" on the basis of the individual's "particular

disability." (Id. at 26.) Again, Nurse Parisi did not make any medical diagnosis of Appellee or her

particular conditions. She merely noted how Appellee's conditions were affecting her ability to

perform life care tasks, proposed workarounds and solutions, and estimated what the costs of such

solutions were likely to be.

                                                24
       The common-law standard for expert witness qualification is whether or not the proposed

expert has "reasonable pretension to specialized knowledge on the subject" (see Pratt), and Nurse

Parisi clearly does. She has a diploma in nursing from Jefferson University, worked for fourteen

years as a visiting nurse responsible for "assessing (patients'] needs out of the hospital,

coordinat[ing] their therapy needs," and supervising home health aides, and then she worked for

ten years with rehabilitation clinics as a case manager for injured individuals. These job positions

gave her nursing experience with many amputees and their life care needs. (N .T. 12/3/15 at 8, 13-

14.) She testified that she received specialized training in life care planning and remains current in

the life care planning field to keep her certifications and licensure. (Id. at 12.) She is furthermore

certified in elder care management and rehabilitation nursing (id. at 9-10), both of which are

relevant given Appellee's age and rehabilitative needs.

       Nurse Parisi was competent to testify as an expert witness under common law in the fields

of rehabilitative nursing and life care planning.

   6. The trial court did not err regarding the forensic economics testimony of Royal Bunin
      and its impact on the future care costs award.

           a. The admission of Royal Bunin's forensic economic testimony regarding Ms.
              Glasgow's future care expenses was proper.

       Appellants' argument on this issue is based entirely on the notion that Mr. Bunin's

testimony was founded on Nurse Parisi' s improperly admitted testimony regarding Ms. Glasgow's

future care needs. Appellants do not contest Mr. Bunin's professional and/or expert qualifications.

Since we have rejected the argument that Nurse Parisi's testimony was inadmissible, we need not

consider further Appellants' argument regarding the inadmissibility of Mr. Bunin's testimony.

           b. Appellants are not entitled to judgment n.o.v. or molding of the verdict to
              remove future medical expenses.

                                                    25
       Appellants assert that they are entitled to judgment n.o. v. or molding of the verdict to

remove the improper future medical expenses award. This claim fails.

       To succeed on a claim of future medical expenses, a plaintiff must establish (1) the

existence of a continuing injury, (2) a need for future care, and (3) the reasonable estimated cost

of such care or, alternatively, that there is a reasonable basis to believe that the care to be rendered

in the future will be the same as past care when the costs of past or current care have been

established. (Pratt, supra).

       In the instant matter, Appellee's amputated leg is a permanent, continuing injury that will

need future care. She will require future care, for instance, to have specialists monitor her stump

for potential complications, to buy medical supplies like medication and replacement equipment

and prosthetics, and to have home health aides assist her in daily activities like moving around her

house or performing hygiene-related tasks. (See generally N.T. 12/3/15 at 49-50.) Nurse Parisi

also explained at length the basis for her reasonable estimates of the costs Appellee is likely to

incur. She specifically explained the basis for each itemized estimate in her report, like expense

tables used as standard industry references for finding cost estimates of care or equipment in

Appellee's geographic region, survey research, and information published by Medicare and

medical insurance companies.

       Appellee met her burden of proof for future medical expenses. Thus, Appellants are not

entitled to judgment n.o.v. or molding of the verdict to strike the future medical expenses award.

           c. Furthermore, Appellants' argument that Mr. Bunin did not reduce his
              economic projections to "present value" fails.

       Appellants further argue that they are entitled to a molding of the verdict to reduce the

award to "present value." This claim is meritless.

                                                  26
         40 P.S. § 1303.509(b)(l) states that "future damages for medical and other related expenses

shall be paid ... after payment of the proportionate share of counsel fees and costs based upon the

present value of the future damages awarded pursuant to this subsection" ( emphasis added).

However, Appellee correctly notes that the next subsection specifically permits "any future

medical expense award adjustment to account for reasonably anticipated inflation and medical care

improvements as presented by competent evidence." 40 P.S. § 1303.509(b)(2). Mr. Bunin

specifically explained on the stand that he made his economic projections in light of "either

inflation or medical improvements, known as medical inflation ... on a year-by-year basis and

project [those costs] out for the rest of [the patient's] life time." (N.T. 12/2/15 at 146-47.) He

walked the trial court through his use of inflation rates and method of calculation for his economic

forecasts. Because Mr. Bunin offered competent testimony and adjusted his predictions "to

account for reasonably anticipated inflation and medical care improvements," his testimony was

not improper under 40 P.S. § 1303.509(b)(2). Thus, Appellants are not entitled to relief on this

basis.

    7. The trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in allowing Appellee to present a
       claim for past lost wages, or in refusing to mold the past lost wages award.

         Appellants assert that the trial court erred and abused its discretion in admitting Appellee's

trial testimony without Appellee having provided pay stubs or tax returns. We disagree.

         As always, admission of testimony is within the sound discretion of the trial court. Spino

v. John S. Tilley Ladder Co., 671 A.2d 726, 734 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1996). In the instant matter,

Appellants argue that Appellee's testimony of her past lost wages on the stand was unduly

speculative and thus inadmissible. Here, Appellee specifically testified at trial about the nature of

her job as a banquet server (N.T. 11/30/15 at 164-65), that up until the time of her surgery she was

working approximately five hours a night according to seasonal demand for banquet servers (id.

                                                  27
at 166-67), and that she received fifteen percent of the tip plus a set pay, totaling around $18,000

annually (id. at 167).

         Thus, following Pratt, Appellee gave sufficient admissible evidence of her past lost wage

claim to permit it to go to the jury. Appellants are incorrect by stating that the court abused its

discretion by ruling otherwise. The court did not err or abuse its discretion in denying Appellants'

motions for nonsuit and directed verdict on this claim. 14

         Furthermore, Appellants argue alternatively that the $127,000 past lost wages award should

be molded to $90,000. A trial court's refusal to mold the verdict is subject to an abuse of discretion

standard; however, the court may only mold to conform the verdict to the jury's intent when that

intent is clear. Herbert v. Parkview Hosp., 854 A.2d 1285, 1288 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2004) (citations

omitted). If the jury's intent is "far from obvious," the verdict should be returned to the jury for

further deliberation or a new trial should be granted. Id. Verdicts which are technically correct in

form but which manifest a clear intent on the part of the jury may be corrected without resort to

further jury deliberations or the grant of a new trial. Mirizio v. Joseph, 4 A.2d 1073, 1088 (Pa.

Super. Ct. 20 I 0) ( citation omitted). A plaintiff is not required to quantify damages with

mathematical certainty; there must merely be a "reasonable basis" for a jury to calculate the

pecuniary loss. Vrabel, 844 A.2d at 601.

14
   Appellants also make much of Appellee's alleged stonewalling during discovery by refusing to answer discovery
requests for the pay stubs or tax returns. As they note in their brief, a trial court may impose sanctions in such
circumstances. (Appellants' Br. 62.) However, as Appellee notes in her brief, Appellants never moved for sanctions,
moved to compel discovery on those items, or subpoenaed the tax returns. (Appellee's Br. 32-33.) Furthermore,
Appellants were made aware of Appellee's likely trial testimony ahead of time when they heard similar testimony
during her deposition. We note that "the purpose of the discovery rules is to prevent surprise and unfairness and to
allow a fair trial on the merits." McGovern v. Hosp. Serv. Ass'n ofNe. Pa., 785 A.2d 1012, 1015 (Pa. Super. Ct.
2001) (citations omitted). Appellants suffered minimal surprise or unfairness, if any, when they were made aware in
discovery of the facts they wished to verify and when they had the opportunity to seek court orders for the
verification. Appellants do not explain their failure to do so.

                                                        28
       Here, the verdict sheet unequivocally shows that the jury's intent was to award $127,000

in past lost wages, as the jury members filled that number in the blank for "past lost wages."

Appellee testified at trial that she made $18,000 per year, and "sometimes more," as a seasonal

banquet server. (N.T 11/30/15 at 167.) Furthermore, she collected unemployment benefits

sporadically throughout the year when work opportunity waned. (Id. at 166.) It is clear that the

jury simply believed that the $18,000 per year estimate was conservative in light of her testimony

that she "sometimes made more," and they clearly believed she would have made more had she

not been unable to work due to Appellants' malpractice. Thus, this claim is meritless.

    8. The trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in refusing to mold or grant
       remittitur for the iury,s award of past care costs.

   Appellants argue that this Court erred and abused its discretion by refusing to mold the verdict

award for past care costs according to their amount stipulation of$62,227.21 or to grant remittitur.

These claims fail.

       It is well-established that stipulations are subject to contracts-law analysis so that the intent

of the parties controls. Tindall v. Friedman, 970 A.2d 1159, 1165 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2009) (citation

omitted). The stipulation in question was an oral agreement made on the record in a chambers

conference. Appellants imply that this alleged stipulation constricted the jury, if they awarded past

care costs, to award no more than the stipulated amount. However, the record does not reflect that

this was either the express agreement or the intent of the parties.

       The defense stipulated "that the numbers [of$62,227.21] are accurate and were reasonable

and necessary for the services that were provided." (N.T. 12/7/15 at 6.) Indeed, defense counsel

emphasized that the stipulation was intended to be narrow, as he specifically commented two

separate times that they were not stipulating as to causation. (Id.; id. at 8.) The effect of such a

stipulation was to establish merely that no further proof of value and necessity was required.

                                                  29
Furthermore, the parties specifically agreed on a jury charge that would only state the dollar

amount the plaintiff was seeking (id. at 25); the parties did not agree to, and neither did the Court

actually, charge the jury that they were limited to finding this amount. The Court's instruction was,

"The plaintiff is entitled to be compensated in the amount of all past medical expenses reasonably

incurred for the diagnosis, treatment and cure of her injuries in the past. These expenses as alleged

by the plaintiff are in the amount of $62,227.21. If you so find, this verdict should be recorded as

a single amount." (Id. at 97-98.) Had the intent of the parties been to use the stipulation to limit

the award, they could have explicitly agreed to do so. Furthermore, the verdict sheet's mention of

past care costs only included a blank for the jury to fill in whatever award amount they wished. If

the parties wished to limit the award amount, they could have accordingly designed the verdict

sheet so as to limit the jury's input.15

         The jury's award of $81,895.00 additionally does not merit remittitur, as it is only roughly

$20,000 apart from the stipulated award and thus does not "shock the conscience" in view of the

injuries sustained and amount of medical care received.

     9. The trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in permitting testimony
        concerning Appellee's right leg.

         Appellants argue that Appellee presented a time-barred claim that was at variance with her

pleading, and that she failed to amend the original Complaint at any point. Appellee counters that

this is essentially a question of damages and states that Appellants were on notice of all relevant

claims. We agree with Appellee.

15
   Additionally, Appellee contends in her response to Appellants' post-trial motion that the language of the dialogue
itself did not constitute an agreement or stipulation. This interpretation of the dialogue is plausible and perhaps
probable, although our analysis above is sufficient for I 925(a) purposes without discussing this question. (See
Appellee's Ans. in Opp. at 48-50; N.T. 12/7/15 at 24-26.)

                                                         30
       Appellants argue that the Complaint only contains allegations concerning right knee

healing and a right knee infection following the December 10, 2010 surgery, up to and including

the April 17, 2011 hospitalization. They claim Appellee essentially did not raise any allegation of

injuries to the right knee until the 2015 filing of Dr. Shall' s expert report.

       However, as Appellee observes, Pennsylvania is a notice pleading state. The plaintiff is

required only to cite in the complaint the "material facts on which a cause of action is based." Pa.

R.C.P. 1019. She was not required to plead every conceivable fact that would be presented at trial

before the discovery phase began. The Complaint specifically and generally mentions that

Appellee's damages include ongoing injuries to the right leg. (Compl. 168, "Annabelle Glasgow

will continue to require treatment for her right sided below the knee amputation.Y'[ 69 "As a direct

and proximate result of the defendants negligence plaintiff Annabelle Glasgow has sustained

severe and disabling injuries including but not limited to infection, amputation of the right leg

below the knee .... ") The fall was one of myriad injuries pleaded in the Complaint resulting from

the original left leg medical concerns, of which Appellants were patently aware. The Complaint

belies Appellants' contention that they were not on notice of any damages alleged involving the

right knee until 2015. Any variance that could be construed to exist between the Complaint and

theories presented by Appellee at trial thus did not prejudice the defense. See Rachlin v. Edmison,

813 A.2d 862, 871 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2002) (en bane). Thus, we find this claim meritless.

   10. The trial court did not err or abuse its discretion in its treatment of damages.

           a. The jury's verdict was not against the overwhelming weight of evidence or
              based wholly on sympathy and prejudice.

       Appellants contend that the verdict was against the overwhelming weight of evidence, and

thus must have been the result of prejudice or sympathy from the jury. They base this argument

on their assertions that the testimonies of Dr. Shall, Dr. Bonfiglio, Nurse Parisi, and Mr. Bunin

                                                   31
..   .

         were inadmissible and insufficient to support the verdict. For the reasons set forth at length above,

         these contentions fail.

                     b. The court did not err in denying Appellants' motion for remittitur or new
                        trial or new trial on damages.

                Appellants contend that remittitur and/or a new trial on damages is appropriate. We

         disagree.

                As stated above, review of a trial court's denial of a new trial is limited to determining

         whether the court acted capriciously, abused its discretion, or committed an error of law that

         controlled the outcome of the case. If there is any support in the record for the denial of a new trial,

         the decision must be affirmed. The appellate court considers whether, viewing the evidence in the

         light most favorable to the verdict winner, a new trial would produce a different verdict. Braun v.

         Target Corp., 983 A.2d at 759-60.

                For the reasons stated above, the trial court did not act capriciously, abuse its discretion, or

         commit an error of law that controlled the outcome of the case pertaining to damages. The

         reasoning for the damages calculations were set forth above, and there is no evidence that a new

         trial would produce a different verdict. Thus, a new trial on damages is unwarranted.

                The decision to grant or deny a motion for remittitur is within the sound discretion of the

         trial court. Vogelsberger, 903 A.2d at 555. Remittitur will be affirmed on appeal absent an abuse

         of discretion or manifest error oflaw. Smalls, 843 A.2d at 413. Grant of remittitur is appropriate

         only when the award was "plainly excessive and exorbitant" (Haines, 640 A.2d at 369), and "so

         grossly excessive as to shock our sense of justice" (Powell, 457 A.2d at 1308).

                When determining if a damages award merits remittitur, courts look to considerations

         including the severity of the injury, the physical manifestation of the injury, the permanence of the

         effect on the plaintiff, the plaintiffs future employability, the plaintiffs out-of-pocket expenses,

                                                           32
...   .

          and the amount originally demanded in the complaint. Doe v. Raezer, 664 A.2d 102, 105 (Pa.

          Super. Ct. 1995) (citations omitted). These factors have all been discussed at length herein and

          show that the damages were reasonable and proportionate to the plaintiffs injuries and the effect

          on her future lifestyle and capabilities. The damages were therefore not "plainly excessive" or

          "exorbitant" so as to "shock the conscience." Thus, rernittitur is not warranted.

              11. The trial court did not err in its treatment of delay damages.

                     a. Recent case law has rejected out-of-hand Appellants' argument that delay
                        damages cannot be applied to awards of future medical expenses.

                 Appellants asserts that delay damages are not permitted for awards for future care and

          related expenses. This argument fails.

                 A trial court's ruling on delay damages will lie absent an abuse of discretion. Shamnoski

          v. PG Energy a Div. of South. Union Co., 765 A.2d 297, 305 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2000) (citation

          omitted). Delay damages are a form of pre-judgment interest designed to compensate a plaintiff

          for delay in receiving the monetary damages owed as a result of a defendant's tort, and serve to

          indemnify the plaintiff for the money which he or she would have earned on the award had he or

          she promptly received it. Laudenberger v. Port Auth. of Alleghency Cnty., 436 A.2d 147, 154 (Pa.

          1981 ), app. dismissed, 456 U.S. 940 (1982). The governing rule states in relevant part:

                 At the request of the plaintiff in a civil action seeking monetary relief for bodily injury,
                 death or property damage, damages for delay shall be added to the amount of
                 compensatory damages awarded against each defendant or additional defendant found to
                 be liable to the plaintiff in the verdict of a jury ... and shall become part of the verdict,
                 decision or award.

          Pa. R.C.P. 238(a)(l). Damages for delay shall be calculated at a rate equal to the prime interest

          rate and time shall be excluded when applicable. Pa. R.C.P. 238(a)(3).

                 The Superior Court explicitly held, earlier this year, that delay damages on awards of future

          medical expenses are perfectly permissible under Rule 238. Tillery v. Children's Hosp. of Phi la.,

                                                           33
...   r

          156 A.3d 1233, 1249-50, 1250 n.9 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2017) ("Because future medical expenses are

          compensatory damages ... future medical expenses that will be incurred as a result of treatment of

          injuries sustained because of defendant's negligence are, by definition, monetary relief for bodily

          injury under the Rule's plain meaning .... [T]he fact that the damages are for future medical

          expenses not yet incurred, does not preclude the addition of delay damages to the award.") See

          also Roth v. Ross, 85 A.3d 590, 594 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2014) (citing cases permitting delay damages

          on awards for future medical expenses). Appellants' argument to the contrary is incorrect.

                      b. Appellants also fail in their contention that they were entitled to calculation of
                         the damages based on the present value of the award or the cost of the funding
                         instrument as the expenses accrue and become payable.

                   Appellants take issue with the fact that the delay damages were imposed on the future care

          costs award as given by the jury. The future care costs, as discussed in Discussion Part 6(c), supra,

          properly accounted for inflation. Appellants argue that, if this Court found Appellants liable for

          delay damages on the future care award, those delay damages should only have been based on a

          future costs calculation that did not account for inflation, i.e. a future costs calculation at present

          value.

                   We again look to Tillery, which held that "future medical expenses are only to be reduced

          to present value for the purpose of calculating attorney fees and costs." Id. at 1248-49. Appellants

          maintain that this rule, despite its explicit limitation, should be expanded to include the calculation

          of delay damages. Appellants cite no case law supporting this theory, and this Court is not aware

          of any precedent requiring us to deviate from the Tillery rule establishing a single basis for

          reduction to present value. Furthermore, the Rule text states that delay damages "shall be added to

          the amount of compensatory damages" and "shall become part of the verdict." Pa. R.C.P 238(a)(l).

                                                            34
"   .

               Appellants further offer a curious reading of the Act's payment clause and precedent in an

        attempt to avoid paying the delay damages award in a lump sum. Appellants interpret a quote from

        case law (Frey v. Harley Davidson Motor Co., Inc., 734 A.2d i, 12 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1999)),

        "defendants are ... responsible for the payment of delay damages in the same manner as the

        underlying verdict," to mean that the delay damages must be considered payable in the exact same

        fashion as the rest of the verdict award. Since the verdict award contains future medical expenses

        which can only be paid in installments as they accrue, they argue that the delay damages must be

        considered payable in the same manner - i.e. in installments. This argument ignores the fact that

        the delay damages amount is definite and has already accrued, whereas the total future medical

        expenses award is presently indeterminable.

               Firstly, we disagree with this understanding of "responsibility for the payment of delay

        damages in the same manner as the underlying verdict;" in fact, paying the delay damages in lump

        sum form is, indeed, paying them in the same manner as the underlying verdict. The delay damages

        award amount without the future medical expenses was due as soon as it was accrued, which

        occurred at the entry of judgment on July 20, 2016. The future medical expenses will be due as

        soon as they have accrued. The delay damages award is not being treated any differently than the

        rest of the award amount.

               Secondly, we note that Frey v. Harley Davidson is easily distinguished from the instant

        matter. The Superior Court in that case simply held that the defendants should be held jointly and

        severally liable for delay damages, since they were held jointly and severally liable for the rest of

        the damages. Id. at ,i 32. This is clearly inapposite to the instant matter. We also note that this

        (along with the Act's text) is the full extent of Appellants' alleged legal support for their argument.

                                                          35
....

              Thirdly, we note that this reading does not stand up to logical scrutiny. If Appellants'

       argument were correct, then defendants in all cases involving awards for future medical expenses

       would not be required to pay any damages of any kind except as future medical expenses were

       incrementally accrued. The legislators of the MCARE Act clearly did not intend or anticipate such

       an absurd consequence.

                                               CONCLUSION

              For the foregoing reasons, we respectfully ask the Superior Court to affirm the trial

       court's rulings as discussed herein.

                                                                                     BY THE COURT:

                                                                                                  DATE:

                                                       36