Court Opinion

ID: 4648990
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-05 12:17:55.472009+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:20.185216
License: Public Domain

Fourth Court of Appeals
                                  San Antonio, Texas
                                         OPINION

                           Nos. 04-19-00192-CR & 04-19-00193-CR

                                    Johnny Joe AVALOS,
                                         Appellant

                                               v.

                                    The STATE of Texas,
                                          Appellee

                  From the 437th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
                      Trial Court Nos. 2016-CR-10374, 2018-CR-7068
                        Honorable Lori I. Valenzuela, Judge Presiding

                          OPINION ON EN BANC RECONSIDERATION

Opinion by:    Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Dissenting Opinion by: Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice (joined by Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief
               Justice and Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice)

Sitting en banc: Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice
                 Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
                 Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
                 Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
                 Irene Rios, Justice
                 Beth Watkins, Justice
                 Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice

Delivered and Filed: December 30, 2020

REVERSED AND REMANDED

       This court previously ordered en banc reconsideration. We now withdraw our prior

opinions and judgment and substitute today’s opinions and judgment in their stead.
                                                                    04-19-00192-CR & 04-19-00193-CR

                                          INTRODUCTION

       Johnny Joe Avalos, an adult, intellectually disabled person, pled guilty and was convicted

of two counts of capital murder. The State did not seek the death penalty. When the death penalty

is not imposed on a person convicted of capital murder, Texas law requires the automatic

imposition of a life sentence without parole. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.31(a)(2). Avalos

was sentenced in accordance with this statute, and, consequently, the trial court did not consider

mitigating factors related to Avalos’s intellectual disability during the punishment phase of trial.

       The harshest penalty allowed by law for an intellectually disabled person is life

imprisonment without parole. See Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 321 (2002) (holding that an

intellectually disabled person may not be sentenced to death). On appeal, Avalos argues that the

automatic imposition of life sentences without parole amounted to cruel and unusual punishment

under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, section 13, of the

Texas Constitution because he was denied an individualized assessment prior to the imposition of

these harshest penalties. We agree with Avalos that the Eighth Amendment prohibits the automatic

imposition of the punishment of life imprisonment without parole for an intellectually disabled

person, and, consequently, we reverse the trial court’s judgments and remand for resentencing.

                                   PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Avalos pled guilty to two counts of capital murder. In his plea agreements, he and the State

mutually agreed and recommended that punishment be assessed at “capital life.” “Capital life”

refers to section 12.31(a)(2) of the Texas Penal Code, which provides: “An individual adjudged

guilty of a capital felony in a case in which the state does not seek the death penalty shall be

punished by imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for . . . life without parole,

if the individual committed the offense when 18 years of age or older.” TEX. PEN. CODE ANN.

§ 12.31(a)(2). Avalos filed motions in the trial court challenging the constitutionality of his

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automatic sentences. He argued the Supreme Court’s decisions under the Eighth Amendment

prohibit the automatic imposition of a life sentence without parole for an intellectually disabled

person. The trial court denied Avalos’s motions, accepted his guilty pleas, found him guilty of

both capital murder offenses, and pronounced his life sentences in open court. Avalos timely

appealed. 1

                           THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF SECTION 12.31(a)(2)
                          AS APPLIED TO INTELLECTUALLY DISABLED PERSONS

         Avalos’s sole issue on appeal is whether section 12.31(a)(2)’s requirement of an automatic

life sentence without parole for capital murder, when the death penalty is not imposed, is

unconstitutionally cruel and unusual as applied to intellectually disabled persons. Although neither

the United States Supreme Court nor the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals have addressed this

issue directly, we agree with Avalos that the prohibition on the automatic imposition of the

punishment follows from the Supreme Court’s holdings in Atkins and the Court’s individualized

sentencing cases.

         The Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits cruel and unusual punishments.

See U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.                Article I, section 13, of the Texas Constitution prohibits

punishments that are cruel or unusual. TEX. CONST. art. I, § 13. Because there is “no significance

in the difference between the Eighth Amendment’s ‘cruel and unusual’ phrasing and the ‘cruel or

unusual’ phrasing of Art. I, Sec. 13 of the Texas Constitution,” we address Avalos’s issue in light

of Supreme Court decisions. Cantu v. State, 939 S.W.2d 627, 645 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

1
  After oral argument, we granted the parties’ joint motion to abate these appeals for the trial court to make an express
finding as to whether Avalos is intellectually disabled. Without objection by the State, the trial court found that Avalos
is intellectually disabled under the standards announced by the Supreme Court. See Moore v. Texas, 139 S. Ct. 666
(2019); Moore v. Texas, 137 S. Ct. 1039 (2017).

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        In Atkins, the Supreme Court barred the execution of intellectually disabled individuals

because the sentence is cruel and unusual punishment within the meaning of the Eighth

Amendment. Atkins, 536 U.S. at 321. The Court later explained that the decision falls within a

line of cases striking down “sentencing practices based on mismatches between the culpability of

a class of offenders and the severity of a penalty.” Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 470 (2012);

see also Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 60–61 (2010). Central to the Court’s reasoning in these

cases is “the basic precept of justice that punishment for crime should be graduated and

proportioned to both the offender and the offense.” Miller, 567 U.S. at 469 (quotations omitted).

Intellectually disabled defendants are “categorically less culpable than the average criminal.”

Atkins, 536 U.S. at 316. Intellectually disabled individuals “frequently know the difference

between right and wrong and are competent to stand trial,” but “by definition[,] they have

diminished capacities to understand and process information, to communicate, to abstract from

mistakes and learn from experience, to engage in logical reasoning, to control impulses, and to

understand the reactions of others.” Id. at 318. These impairments “make it less defensible to

impose the death penalty as retribution for past crimes and less likely that the death penalty will

have a real deterrent effect.” Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 563 (2005) (citing Atkins, 536 U.S.

at 319–20). Additionally, by nature of their diminished faculties, intellectually disabled defendants

face an enhanced possibility of false confessions and a lessened ability to give meaningful

assistance to their counsel. Atkins, 536 U.S. at 320–21.

        Following Atkins, the Supreme Court decided that juvenile offenders, like intellectually

disabled offenders, are in a class of defendants that is “constitutionally different” from other

defendants for sentencing purposes. Miller, 567 U.S. at 471. 2 Members of each class of

2
 The State argues that we are bound by Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957 (1991), which held that the automatic
imposition of a life sentence without parole for an adult was not cruel and unusual punishment. See id. at 961, 996.

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defendants have diminished culpability compared to other offenders. See Roper, 543 U.S. at 570–

71; Atkins, 536 U.S. at 318–20. While differences exist, this fundamental similarity makes the

imposition of the death penalty excessive for individuals in each group. See Roper, 543 U.S. at

572–73; Atkins, 536 U.S. at 321. Therefore, the harshest penalty that can be imposed on

individuals in each group is life imprisonment without parole. See Miller, 567 U.S. at 470, 476–

78; cf. Graham, 560 U.S. at 69 (“[L]ife without parole is the second most severe penalty permitted

by law.” (quotations omitted)). As with a death sentence, imprisonment until an offender dies

“alters the remainder of [the offender’s] life by a forfeiture that is irrevocable.” See Miller, 567

U.S. at 474–75 (quotations omitted). 3

         The Supreme Court held in Miller that a mandatory imposition of a life sentence without

parole on a juvenile “runs afoul of . . . [the] requirement of individualized sentencing for

defendants facing the most serious penalties.” Miller, 567 U.S. at 465. A defendant facing the

most serious penalties must have an opportunity to advance mitigating factors and have those

factors assessed by a judge or jury. See id. at 489 (“Graham, Roper, and our individualized

sentencing decisions make clear that a judge or jury must have the opportunity to consider

mitigating circumstances before imposing the harshest possible penalty for juveniles.”); see also

Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 304–05 (1976) (plurality opinion) (holding that a statute

mandating a death sentence for first-degree murder violated the Eighth Amendment).

However, Harmelin does not control because it “had nothing to do with [intellectually disabled persons].” Cf. Miller,
567 U.S. at 481 (declining to extend Harmelin to juveniles because “Harmelin had nothing to do with children”).
3
  To be sure, a life sentence without parole may be “an especially harsh punishment for a juvenile[, who] will on
average serve more years and a greater percentage of his life in prison than an adult offender,” but the difference in
severity of the sentence when applied to a juvenile compared to an adult is one of degree. See Graham, 560 U.S. at
70. In other respects, the disproportionality of the punishment can be similar if mitigating factors are not considered.
Diminished culpability for juvenile offenders and intellectually disabled offenders lessens the penological
justifications for a sentence of life imprisonment without parole, which can render the sentence disproportionate. See
id. at 71–74; Atkins, 536 U.S. at 318–20.

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         As with juveniles—for whom “Graham and Roper and [the Supreme Court’s]

individualized sentencing cases alike teach that in imposing a State’s harshest penalties, a

sentencer misses too much if he treats every child as an adult,” Miller, 567 U.S. at 477—so too

with the intellectually disabled; for them, the Supreme Court’s decisions in Atkins and its

individualized sentencing cases teach that a sentencer misses too much in imposing a State’s

harshest penalties if he treats every intellectually disabled person as alike with other adults. See

Atkins, 536 U.S. at 316 (explaining that society views intellectually disabled defendants as

“categorically less culpable than the average criminal”). Because Texas Penal Code section

12.31(a)(2) automatically imposes life imprisonment without parole, which is the harshest

sentence an intellectually disabled person faces, the statute is unconstitutional as applied to

intellectually disabled persons based on the combined reasoning of Atkins and the Court’s

individualized sentencing cases, which entitle defendants to present mitigating evidence before a

trial court may impose the harshest possible penalty. See id.; Miller, 567 U.S. at 475–76. 4

                                                   CONCLUSION

         We hold that section 12.31(a)(2) of the Texas Penal Code is unconstitutional as applied to

intellectually disabled persons, and that the trial court erred by denying Avalos an opportunity to

present mitigating evidence before imposing the sentences of life imprisonment without parole.

We remand these cases for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                           Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice

PUBLISH

4
  Because our ruling follows from precedent and does not categorically bar any penalty, there is no need to review
legislative enactments to discern “objective indicia of societal standards.” See Miller, 567 U.S. at 482–83 (explaining
that because the Court’s holding did not categorically bar a penalty for a class of offenders or type of crime and the
decision followed from precedent, the Court was not required to scrutinize legislative enactments before holding a
practice unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment); cf. Graham, 560 U.S. at 61 (explaining that in cases adopting
categorical rules, “[t]he Court first considers ‘objective indicia of society’s standards, as expressed in legislative
enactments and state practice,’ to determine whether there is a national consensus against the sentencing practice at
issue.”).

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