Court Opinion

ID: 5191269
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-06 15:36:27.731049+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:26:55.311386
License: Public Domain

McLaughlin, J.:
This appeal is from a judgment convicting the defendant of the crime of bribery. The indictment upon which the conviction was obtained charged, in substance, that on the 15th of October, .1900, .the defendant accepted from one Lena Schmitt $550 under an agreement that he, ás a police officer of the city óf New York, would permit her to conduct a house of prostitution at a place specified in the precinct over which he had charge. Prior to the finding of the indictment upon which.the defendant was tried and convicted, another indictment had been found, by the .same grand jury, upon the same evidence, charging the' defendant with the commission of the same offense “ within two years prior to the finding of this indictment.” The defendant was taken into custody by virtue of the indictment first found, and on being arraigned a demurrer was interposed upon several grounds.. The issue raised by the demurrer was tried, and intermediate the trial-and a decision thereon the second indictment was obtained, which was indorsed, “ superseding the indictment filed June 17th, 1901,” and the first one was indorsed, “superseded by indictment filed June 26th, 1901,” The defendant was then brought to., trial upon-the second indictment. At the close of the People’s case a motion was *121made for the discharge of the defendant and for the dismissal of the second indictment, upon the ground, among others, that the grand jury had no power to find the same pending the decision upon the demurrer to the first indictment. The motion was denied and an exception taken, the validity of which is one of the grounds Urged for a reversal of the judgment of conviction. Whether the exception was well taken necessarily depends upon the question of whether the grand jury had jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the indictment, and this, of course, depends upon the powers given to the grand jury by the statutes relating thereto. The Code of Criminal Procedure (Laws of 1881, chap. 442, as amended) prescribed the procedure which must be followed in all criminal cases. The purpose of the act is indicated in section 962, which provides: “ This Code applies to criminal actions and to all other proceedings in criminal cases which are herein provided for, from the time when it takes effect.” It took effect on the 1st day of September, 1881. (§ 963.) The manifest purpose of the Legislature in the enactment of this statute was to harmonize all of the statutes of the State in relation- to criminal practice, and to substitute in place thereof a complete and uniform system of criminal procedure. This was the view entertained by the Court of Appeals in People v. Hovey (92 N. Y. 558), where it was said: “ The general object and design of the Code of Criminal Procedure was to collect the various statutes relating to the subject and to furnish a uniform, harmonious and comprehensive system of criminal practice to apply to and govern all criminal proceedings thereafter instituted in any of the courts of the State.” (See, also, People v. Jaehne, 103 N. Y. 182.) And independent of the construction put upon the Code by the Court of Appeals, the slightest consideration of the various sections of it is sufficient to indicate that it was intended by the Legislature that this Code was to take the place of, and be substituted for, all of the statutes of the State bearing upon the subject, to which end provisions were" made for every necessary step to be taken in every criminal case, commencing with the formation of a grand jury, leading up to a trial, conviction, sentence or discharge of a defendant. The powers and duties of the grand jury are defined (§§ 250-267); the findings which may be made and the manner of presentment (§§ 268-292); what must be the form of the indictment when one is presented (§ 276), as well as what the *122indictment must contain (§ 275), and in case an indictment is found and the defendant is taken into custody by virtue thereof, how he may test its validity (§ 312), either by motion to set aside for certain irregularities specified (§ 313), and if such motion be granted that the order made-in pursuance thereof is not a bar to a future indictment for the same offense (§ 320), or by a demurrer, and if a demurrer be interposed, the same “ must be heard at such time as the court may appoint ” (§ 325); and, after a trial had in pursuance of the demurrer, “ The court must give judgment upon the demurrer, either allowing or disallowing it, and an order to that effect must be entered upon the minutes ” (§ 326); and “ if the demurrer be allowed, the judgment is final upon the indictment demurred to, and is a bar to another prosecution for the same offense, unless the court, being of opinion that the objection on which the demurrer is allowed may be avoided in a new indictment, direct the case to be re-submitted to-the same or another grand jury ” (§ 327); and “ If the court do not direct the case to be re-submitted, the defendant, if in custody, must be discharged, or if admitted to bail, his bail is exonerated, or if he ■ have deposited money instead of bail, the money must be refunded to him” (§ 328). These and other sections, it will be observed, cover the entire subject, and especially as to the practice to be pursued when a defendant has been taken into custody under an indictment and has challenged its sufficiency by demurrer, and show that with the interposition of the demurrer the court becomes possessed, of the whole case and must determine whether the alleged case’ against the defendant is to be allowed to go before a jury, it being-expressly given the power in a proper case to sustain the demurrer and to make that determination a bar to any further prosecution for the same offense. After the court has obtained the jurisdiction to determine this question, there is no provision in the law which permits -the same or any future grand jury to deprive the court of the jurisdiction acquired. The defendant has obtained a vested right to the judgment of that tribunal precisely as he wbnld have if he had been put on trial upon a plea of not guilty. .
If the demurrer be allowed, then the defendant must be discharged, and the judgment allowing the demurrer is a bar to another prosecution for the same offense, unless the court orders that the case be resubmitted to the same or another grand jury. It: *123is the order of the court which gives the grand jury jurisdiction to make a second investigation and render a second indictment in pursuance of it. But the court cannot make this order until after it has disposed of the demurrer. A demurrer is a trial upon issues of law, and it is only upon the termination of that trial that an order can be made. Therefore, when the defendant demurred in the case at bar, there was no power in the grand jury, in the absence of an order by the court, to again investigate the same charge or find a second indictment. It had no more power in this respect than it would have had after the case had been submitted to the jury and before it had rendered a verdict. If this is not so, any grand jury could, by finding another indictment, oust the court of a jurisdiction which has been expressly conferred upon it and nullify the power given to the court to determine, where there has been a demurrer, whether a new indictment will be permitted or not. But it is urged in this connection that section 42 of part 4, chapter 2, title 4, article 2, of the Revised Statutes (2 R. S. 726) modifies the provisions of the Code referred to and authorizes a second, indictment. This section of the statute provides that “ If there be at any time pending against the same defendant, two indictments for the same offence, or two indictments for the same matter, although charged as different offences, the indictment first found shall be deemed to be superseded by such second indictment, and shall be quashed.” This section formed a part of the Revised Statutes which Were in force at, and had been in force for a long time prior to the adoption of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and under the well-recognized rule that where a later statute, not purporting to amend a former one, covers the whole subject and plainly intended to furnish the only law thereon, it would be held to have been repealed by necessary implication (Heckmann v. Pinkney, 81 N. Y. 215), were it not for the existence of chapter 593 of the Laws of 1886. This statute expressly repeals all of the sections of the statutes relating to criminal practice applicable hereto prior to the adoption of the Criminal Code, except section 42, and this exception indicates an intention on the part of the Legislature to re-enact and keep in force that section, for which reason the same must be construed in connection with the provisions of the Code bearing upon the same subject and, if possible, force be given to both. This, I think, can be done. The Code provides *124the manner in which an indictment shall be found, and the practice to be pursued after a defendant has been taken into custody thereunder,'but no provision seems to have been made as to what may be done by the People for the purpose of perfecting an indictment intermediate the finding of the same and the taking of the defendant into cuétody. The district attorney, in case he finds any defects in the indictment, may, under section 42 of the Revised Statutes, resubmit the case to the same or another grand jury, and it may correct any'technical defects which may be found in the original indictment, and upon the second indictment the defendant may be arraigned and tried. Giving section 42 this cdnstrnction,' it does not destroy, nor does it in any way interfere with the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedureon the contrary, it gives full effect to them. It not only does this,, but it enables a prosecuting officer to correct technical, defects which he may discover-in an indictment before the defendant has been required to plead to it. But after a defendant has been arraigned under an indictment, and has challenged the right of the People to deprive him of his liberty under it, this section of the statute cannot be resorted to for the purpose' of' finding a second indictment, because to do so would destroy and render nugatory all of the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure relating to or bearing upon the subject. In the case before-us the defendant had been taken into custody under the first indictment. . He had been deprived of his liberty by the People. He challenged their right to take such action, and he could not again be deprived of his liberty for the same offense until the- validity of his challenge had been determined, and then only in the way provided by law. If I am right in this, then the grand jury had no jurisdiction to find the second indictment, and for that reason the motion to dismiss should have been granted. This does not mean that the defendant could not thereafter be tried -for the crime charged in the indictment. On the contrary, he could be tried if tlie demurrer which he interposed wére overruled, or if it were allowed then the court might order that the charge made against him be reconsidered by the samé or another grand jury.
I am also of 'the opinion that errors were. committed upon the trial, both in the reception of evidence as well as in the' unauthorized statements made by the learned district attorney in the opening *125and summing up to the jury, which, independent of the question already discussed, necessitates a reversal of the judgment of conviction. As to the first, the charge which the People made against the defendant was that he while a police officer accepted from one Lena Schmitt $550 under an agreement that he would permit her to violate the law, and to establish the truth of this charge Lena Schmitt was sworn. She. testified, in substance, that at the time specified she gave to the defendant $550 with the understanding on his part that he would permit her, without molestation or interference, to conduct at a place specified, a house of prostitution. If she paid to the defendant this sum, for the purpose specified, she was equally guilty with the defendant, because she aided and abetted in the commission of the crime. She was an accomplice, and, therefore, by express provisions of the statute (Code Crim. Proc. § 399) the defendant could nót be convicted upon her testimony alone. It required corroboration. Appreciating this, the People produced a witness by the name of ¡Nettie Drexler, who testified that she was an inmate of the house kept by Lena Schmitt and upon a certain occasion this house was raided by the police ; that she there saw the defendant and heard a conversation which took place between him and Lena Schmitt; she was then asked: “ Q. * * * What did you or Mrs. Schmitt say to Bissert, and what did you hear Bissert say to Mrs. Schmitt at that time % A. She asked him,— she says, why did you do this to me ? You took money and now you are chasing out the girls. Q. And then what did Bissert say, if anything ? A. I didn’t hear what answer he gave.” The defendant moved to strike out this testimony, upon the ground that the conversation had'was only admissible upon the theory that the defendant acquiesced in the statement made by Lena Schmitt as to the giving of the bribe, and that such, acquiescence could not be implied inasmuch as it did not appear what answer the defendant made. The motion was denied and an exception taken. This motion should have been granted. The evidence was manifestly improper. The only ground upon which it can be claimed that it was admissible is that it amounted to an acquiescence on the part of the defendant that the statement made by the witness was true, and, therefore, binding upon Mm. But his acquiescence certainly could not amount to an admission, unless he heard what *126it was the Schmitt woman said, and the circumstances attending the accusation were, such that he was bound to answer it, and instead ,of doing so, remained'silent. Here, there is neither evidence that the defendant was in a position to hear or understand what the -Schmitt woman said, nor that he remained silent. On the contrary, it can as fairly be inferred that he answered as that he remained silent. The answer of the witness when interrogated as to what he said, was: “I didn’t -hear what answer he gave.” Evidence of this character has been recently considered by the Court of Appeals in People v. Koerner (154 N. Y. 374) and People v. Kennedy (164 id. 456). In the former case the court said: “ When the claimed acquiescence is in the conduct or in the language of others, it must plainly appear that such conduct or language was fully known and fully understood by the party before any inference can be drawn from his passiveness or silence. Moreover, .the circumstances must not only be such as afforded him an opportunity to act or to speak, but also such as would properly or naturally call for some action or reply from men similarly situated. Declarations or statements made in the presence of a party are received in evidence, not as evidence in themselves, but to ascertain what reply the party to be affected makes to them. If lie is silent when he ought to have denied, the presumption of acquiescence arises. But it is clearly otherwise when his silence is of a character which does not justify such an inference.” And, in the latter case, it was held: “ There are circumstances under which the declarations of persons made in the presence of the-accused are competent, but they are regarded ás danger-, ous and should always be received with caution and should not be admitted unless the evidence clearly brings them within the rule. Declarations or statements made in the presence of a party are not received as evidence in themselves, but for the purpose of ascertaining the reply the party to be affected makes to them. They are only competent when the person affected hears and fully comprehends the effect of the words spoken and when he is at full liberty to make answer thereto, and then only under such circumstances as would justify the inference of assent or acquiescence as to the truth of the statement by his remaining silent.” If the rule announced in these cases is the correct one, it does not require argument to demon*127strate that the evidence here under consideration was improper and for that reason should have been stricken out.
hior do I think, under the circumstances, was the defendant bound to reply, even conceding that the statement was made as testified to and the defendant heard it and made no reply thereto. He was a public officer, and, at the time the accusation was made, was in the discharge of a duty imposed upon him by law. Was he bound to reply to every accusation then made against him, and, if he did not, could that fact be used, to establish that he himself was guilty of a crime ? I do not think so. The circumstances were such that he was not bound to reply to charges made against him by persons confessedly violating the law.
Error was also committed in receiving evidence to the effect that Lena Schmitt, several days before it is, alleged she gave the money to the defendant, drew from a certain bank $450. It is not claimed that the defendant induced her to draw this .money from the bank or that any of it was traced into his possession. Under such circumstances, how can it be said that the fact that she drew this amount of money from the bank tended in the slightest degree to establish that the defendant accepted a bribe or corroborated the testimony of the witness Schmitt ? Had the money drawn from the bank been traced into the defendant’s possession or had there been established some fact from which, that inference cpuld be properly drawn, then it might be considered by the jury; but, in the absence of such evidence, to permit the jury to consider it was to allow them to speculate, to guess, that that money ultimately went into the hands of the defendant. A person cannot be convicted of the commission of a crime upon a speculation or guess. Nor can it be said to be evidence in corroboration of the witness Schmitt. Corroborative evidence, whether consisting of acts or admissions, must at least be of such a character as tends to prove the guilt of the accused by connecting him with the crime charged. (People v. Page, 162 N. Y. 272.) And in this same connection other evidence of a similar character was erroneously received which it is unnecessary to consider at length. For instance, the People, .were permitted to prove that immediately following the time the bribe is alleged to have been given, the witness Schmitt purchased different articles of furniture which went into the house which she after-*128wards conducted. How can it be said with any reason- that this testimony tended either to establish that the defendant was guilty of the crime charged against him, or that it corroborated in the slightest degree the testimony of the witness Schmitt ?
As to the second. In opening the case to the jury the learned district attorney said: “ How, the prosecution claims at the outset of this case that there is not a newsboy in this- town, that there is not a business man in this town, that there is not a man .of ordinary common sense that walks the streets of this town but who knows that no houses of prostitution can run in this town without the -consent and approval of the police and that that man does not live in Hew York city that has common sense that does not know the plain, palpable fact.” The counsel for the defendant interrupted the district attorney when the foregoing statement was made, and thereupon the following colloquy took place between him- and the court": “ Mr. Levy : I beg your Honor’s pardon, and I regret' to interrupt my friend, but I desire to object to the last statement of the District Attorney as improper and not within the purview of this indictment, and as not within the limits of the indictment and as not a proper-part of an opening of a District Attorney. The Court: Do on, Mr. District Attorney. Mr. Levy: And I ask your Honor to instruct the jury at this time to disregard the.statement of the District Attorney that there .is not any man in this community but who knows that no house of prostitution can run in this community without the knowledge and approval of the police.. The Court: I think the statement is- outside of the issue raised by the indictment; Mr. Levy: Will your Honor instruct the jury as I request ? The Court: I instruct the jury that the statement objected to is not within the issues raised by this indictment and you must eliminate it from your consideration, gentlemen. Mr. Levy : Will your Honor instruct the jury to disregard it? The Court: I shall not instruct them further. Mr. Levy: I take an exception.” Thereupon the-district attorney continued: “Ho wonder my friend, Mr. Levy,-would rise up.and object when I say that it is within the common knowledge of you, gentlemen of the jury, and will be proved in this case that with the number of men in the precinct, with the machinery that is within the power of the police to exercise, and with the knowledge of men walking up and down the street, and appointed to a particular-;duty,*129that it is not within the power of a man not to know it, and that this woman is corroborated when she says that she ran that house there with the consent of the police, and the prosecution claims that it is corroboration within the ordinary knowledge of mankind which you do not lay aside when you take your seat in the jury box, that that house could not run in that precinct without the knowledge of the police of that precinct. Hr. Levy: I object and take an exception to that statement. Mr. Osborne: I claim that I am clearly within the law of evidence on that point. * * * In the present instance we cannot attack the tree, but we have here one of its branches and we must begin there, and we call on this jury in the name of their desire to promote the welfare of this community to bring to bear, upon this case their common, ordinary intelligence and to recollect, as I said before, that to a large extent the morals of the community rest upon the morals of a jury, and that your verdict will either tend to continue this system or that it will tend to end it. Mr. Levy: To the last remark of the District Attorney we desire to object, if your Honor please, and except — that their verdict will tend to continue an alliance between the police and houses of prostitution as being improper and' not being within the purpose of an opening address, and as an improper statement. The Court: Call your witness, Mr. District Attorney. Mr. Levy: We except.” Thus we find, at the very beginning of the trial, the People claiming that the defendant could be convicted, not upon evidence alone, but upon the knowledge possessed by the jury, independent of evidence, and which knowledge they did not lay aside when they were accepted as jurors. When the court’s attention was called to such statements, instead of promptly checking them and instructing the jury to entirely disregard the same, he impliedly approved of them by directing the district attorney to call a witness. The prejudicial effect of these statements becomes apparent when the same are considered in conneótion with the statement of the district attorney in his summing up at the close of the trial, when he again repeated them. He said: £< And I repeat, that there is not a single boy in the precinct, that there is not a newsboy in the precinct, that there is not a man in the precinct, that doés not know that fact to be the truth, that no house of *130prostitution, that no gambling house, no unlawful establishment of any kind, can exist in a precinct without the knowledge of the captain and without the knowledge of the special officer. And nobody knows that better than the defendant himself. I ask this, jury if they are going to stultify themselves, if they are going to unite themselves with the police alliance with houses of prostitutio'n, and if they are going to make themselves particeps criminis in. the horrible crime of taking blood money. I would not take it, I would not take it if I had to resign forever my position as a District Attorney and if I had to sink into such insignificanee, that you could not find me with a microscope, and I hope there is not a man on this jury who would take it, and I do not believe there is. * * * I want you to ask yourselves whether you will ever convict a police officer of taking a bribe if you do not do .it in this case. I tell you, gentlemen of the jury, if you do not, you might as well tell the police £Ge ahead. Blackmail all you want, because the District Attorney cannot get a jury to exercise their reason.’ Ton might as well shout and . proclaim • all oyer the United States that every public officer, District Attorney, or anybody else, can take a bribe if he wants to, if you will not convict in this case. * * "* We. are now dealing with a case which may mark a period in the history of our great, community. We are confronted with a wall. We stand facing that wall as a Hindu-Brahmin sometimes does, facing it with no possibility of getting over it or through if, and he* stands there, year in and year out facing that wall. That is the way this community has stood with regard to this police situation. * * * There have been a good many fights for liberty in the world. Peace has her victories as well as war, and the fight for freedom has not ended yet, and I say that you, gentlemen, can help along a little bit the cause of freedom. * * * Consequently, if you say on this evidence, corroborated as this woman is, that you will not convict,, then give a license to every police officer and to every public officer to take money as a bribe whenever he pleased. . * * * Now, gentlemen, what is the use of teaching the children in this community that honesty is the best policy ? What is the use of trying to give them any theoretic cal lessons in morality; when they see the houses of prostitution open, in á precinct, and when they know that the officers of the law *131that are put there to close them up are really using them for their own private profit ? ” The defendant’s counsel during the course of the summing up of the district attorney undertook to prevent such statements and was promptly checked, the court saying : “ How you should not interrupt the District Attorney. You were not interrupted, Mr. Yorhaus, and Mr. Levy was not interrupted. Mr. Yorhaus: Well, we will keep our objections until the end, your Honor.” The district attorney was thereafter permitted to make such statements as he saw fit, without interruption by counsel or the court, and when he had finished his remarks, defendant’s counsel. sought to except to some of them, and the following occurred: “ The Court: What is this % A summing up by the defense ? Mr. Yorhaus : 'Ho, sir ; I am excepting to the remarks of the District Attorney. 1 am quoting them. The Court: Do you think that this court has nothing to do except to listen to exceptions by counsel on -either side to summing up ? Mr. Yorhaus: I understood your Honor to say that we should defer our exceptions until the District Attorney had closed. The Court: Oh, such practice is trivial, Mr. Yorhaus. Mr. Yorhaus : Well, what other remedy have we against the improper remarks of the District Attorney ? The Court: I am not here to prescribe remedies. I am here to preside over this trial and the proposition that counsel who may have had a couple of hours each to talk, would have the right to jot down everything that each other would say and raise objection to it, would simply mean a continuation of objections and objections and a never ending argument.” The defendant’s counsel thereupon called the attention of the court to the fact that the Court of Appeals had recently reversed judgments of conviction by reason of improper remarks on the .part of district attorneys, and the court then said: “Yery well, go on,” and exceptions were then taken. The statement made by the district attorney in his opening, to the effect-that it was a matter of common knowledge that houses of prostitution could not be run in the city of Hew York without the consent and approval of the police, and that the jurors, when they were accepted, did not lay aside that common knowledge, was unauthorized and ought not to have been made, and the jury should have been immediately told by the trial court to disregard the statement, inasmuch as the oath which they had taken required them to *132render a verdict solely upon the evidence. The statement of the district attorney, in his closing, was equally prejudicial to the defendant, in which he stated, in effect, that if the jury did not find the defendant guilty, they would become partioeps oriminis “ in the horrible crime of taking blood money.” Other statements were equally bad. The language used by Judge Vann in reversing the judgment of conviction in People v. Fielding (158 N. Y. 542) is just as applicable in this case as it was in that. He said: “ The average man cannot read the eloquent but inflammatory language of the district attorney without being impressed by it, and it is safe to presume that the effect would be heightened by hearing those words spoken with animation and enthusiasm, under the exciting circumstances surrounding an important criminal trial. The jury might be told by the court to forget them, but could they forget them? They might-be told to disregard, them, but how can we be certain that they did disregard them ? Moreover, some of the most objectionable language was not alluded to by the court in its charge, and instructions to the jury do not always neutralize, either as a matter of law or fact, the effect of improper remarks in their presence (People v. Corey, 157 N. Y. 332, 346; Brooks v. Rochester Ry. Co., 156 N. Y. 244, 252; People v. Hill, 37 App. Div. 327 ; Swan v. Keough, 35 App. Div. 80.) From our observation of jurymen, we think the language under consideration would be apt to turn their minds against the defendant, divert their attention from the evidence and prevent the exercise of sound and dispassionate judgment upon the merits.” It seems unnecessary to add anything further, because if the language used by the district attorney in this case is compared with that used in the case in which the above remark was made, as well as in People v. Mull (167 N. Y. 247), it will be found that it is much more subject to criticism than that used in either of those cases. (See, also, People v. Smith, 162 N. Y. 520; People v. Milks, 55 App. Div. 372; People v. Smith, Id. 368; People v. Ray, 36 id. 389.)
The defendant was entitled to a legal trial, conducted in a proper way, and to be convicted, if at all, upon evidence such as the law approves. This he did not have. The trial was illegal, for the reason that the grand jury acted without jurisdiction in finding the indictment under which the trial was had; improper evidence was received, and *133the method pursued by the prosecuting officer was such as the law does not sanction. Nor is it any answer to this suggestion to say that the defendant is guilty of the crime of which he has been convicted. Such suggestion only begs the question. The guilt or innocence of the defendant must be determined by a jury and not by the court, and if the court usurps the province of the jury in this respect, it takes from the defendant what the Constitution of the State has guaranteed to him, viz., trial by jury. This same suggestion was made in People v. Mull (supra), and the Court of Appeals effectually disposed of it by saying: “ If it be said that in the case before us there is no reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt, it should be remembered that it is not for the courts but for the jury to say this by their free and impartial verdict, and we cannot .know that they have said it when we do know that they were told by the district attorney * * * that their own good repute was in jeopardy and could only be saved by convicting the defendant.”
I am of the opinion, therefore, for the reasons given, that justice requires that the defendant should have a new trial.
Van Brunt, P. J., concurred; Patterson and O’Brien, JJ., dissented,