Court Opinion

ID: 4370119
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-02-22 10:05:27.33862+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:34.439445
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                   February 21, 2019
               Plaintiff-Appellee,                                 9:00 a.m.

v                                                                  No. 342325
                                                                   Washtenaw Circuit Court
ROGAN EDWARD LAMPE,                                                LC No. 14-000322-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and SERVITTO and BOONSTRA, JJ.

BOONSTRA, J.

        Defendant appeals by right his sentence on two counts of third-degree criminal sexual
conduct (CSC-III), MCL 750.520d(1)(a), and one count of fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct
(CSC-IV), MCL 750.520e(1)(a). The trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent prison terms
of 9 to 15 years’ imprisonment for each of his CSC-III convictions and 16 to 24 months for his
CSC-IV conviction. We affirm.

                   I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         Defendant’s convictions arise from his sexual assault of a 13-year-old boy, WO, in 2014.
At the time of the assault, defendant was 26 years old and dating WO’s cousin, who introduced
defendant to WO and his family. At that time, defendant was a registered sex offender who had
been dismissed from the military for wrongful sexual conduct perpetrated on a sleeping army
officer.

        On the night of the assault, WO’s mother invited defendant over for dinner. That night,
when defendant was alone with WO, defendant offered to give him a massage after WO said his
back hurt from lacrosse practice. During the massage, WO fell asleep. Defendant then removed
his and WO’s clothing. WO awoke to find defendant on top of him; defendant penetrated WO
anally and orally.
       Following his jury trial convictions, the trial court originally sentenced defendant in 2015
within the applicable guidelines range to 10 to 15 years’ imprisonment for each of his CSC-III
convictions and 16 to 24 months’ imprisonment for his CSC-IV conviction. Defendant appealed
by right to this Court. On appeal, we affirmed defendant’s convictions, but we remanded for
resentencing on the basis of a scoring error involving prior record variable (PRV) 5 that affected
the applicable minimum sentence guideline range.1 On remand, the trial court imposed an out-
of-guidelines sentence, sentencing defendant as described. This appeal followed.

                                   II. OFFENSE VARIABLES

        In his appellate brief and Standard 4 brief2, defendant challenges the scoring of offense
variables (OVs) 3, 4, 10, and 11. Defendant argues that the trial court lacked authority to assess
points for OV 3 and OV 10 on remand because they were not scored at the original sentencing.
Defendant also asserts that the trial court clearly erred in its assessment of OVs 3, 4, 10, and 11.
We disagree.

        “Under the sentencing guidelines, the circuit court’s factual determinations are reviewed
for clear error and must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” See People v Hardy,
494 Mich 430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013). “Clear error exists when the reviewing court is left
with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake was made.” People v Brooks, 304 Mich App
318, 319-320; 848 NW2d 161 (2014) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Whether the
facts, as found, are adequate to satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by statute, i.e., the
application of the facts to the law, is a question of statutory interpretation, which an appellate
court reviews de novo.” See Hardy, 494 Mich at 438. “Whether a trial court followed an
appellate court’s ruling on remand is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo.”
Schumacher v Dep’t of Nat Res, 275 Mich App 121, 127; 737 NW2d 782 (2007).

         A. AUTHORITY TO ASSESS DEFENDANT POINTS FOR OVs 3 AND 10

       We disagree with defendant’s assertion that the trial court lacked authority to score OVs
3 and 10 at the resentencing. Following a remand from this Court, “[t]he power of the lower
court on remand is to take such action as law and justice may require so long as it is not
inconsistent with the judgment of the appellate court.” People v Fisher, 449 Mich 441, 446-447;
537 NW2d 577 (1995). “When an appellate court remands a case with specific instructions, it is
improper for a lower court to exceed the scope of the order.” People v Russell, 297 Mich App
707, 714; 825 NW2d 623 (2012).

       In our previous opinion, we found error in the scoring of PRV 5 and concluded that,
because this error affected the appropriate guidelines range, defendant was “entitled to

1
 See People v Lampe, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued June 23,
2016 (Docket No. 326660).
2
 A supplemental appellate brief filed in propria persona by a criminal defendant under Michigan
Supreme Court Administrative Order 2004-06, Standard 4.

                                                -2-
resentencing.”3 By ordering “resentencing” without any specific instructions or any prohibitions
on scoring OVs on remand, this Court returned the case to the trial court in a presentence
posture, allowing the trial court to consider every aspect of defendant’s sentence de novo. See
People v Rosenberg, 477 Mich 1076; 729 NW2d 222 (2007); People v Williams (After Second
Remand), 208 Mich App 60, 65; 526 NW2d 614 (1994). The trial court could not take action
inconsistent with this Court’s previous opinion, Fisher, 449 Mich at 446-447, but this Court’s
previous opinion did not address OV 3 or OV 10, and nothing in the trial court’s assessment of
OV 3 or OV 10 was inconsistent with that opinion. The trial court’s authority on remand
extended to considering the scoring of OV 3 and OV 10 de novo. See Rosenberg, 477 Mich at
1076; Williams (After Second Remand), 208 Mich App at 65.

                                            B. OV 3

        The trial court did not clearly err by assessing 10 points for OV 3. Points are assessed
under OV 3 for “physical injury to a victim,” MCL 777.33(1), and a score of 10 points is
warranted when “[b]odily injury requiring medical treatment occurred to a victim,”
MCL 777.33(1)(d). As defined by this Court, the term “ ‘bodily injury’ encompasses anything
that the victim would, under the circumstances, perceive as some unwanted physically damaging
consequence.” People v McDonald, 293 Mich App 292, 298; 811 NW2d 507 (2011).

        The trial court concluded that WO had injuries to his ears (caused by bites from
defendant) and his anus and that WO received medical treatment for these injuries, which
included overnight hospitalization and medical treatment spanning a number of weeks to prevent
WO from contracting sexually transmitted diseases. These factual findings are not clearly
erroneous and are supported by a preponderance of the evidence. See Hardy, 494 Mich at 438.
The evidence showed that WO’s ears were “cut,” red, swollen, and bruised. Following the
sexual assault, WO reported pain in his “butt,” and WO’s anus was described by his mother as
red, “hemorrhoidal,” bloody, and sore. As a result of these bodily injuries, WO sought medical
treatment and was hospitalized overnight. The fact that WO was hospitalized as a result of his
bodily injuries supports the trial court’s scoring of OV 3. See People v Bosca, 310 Mich App 1,
50; 871 NW2d 307 (2015), lv app held in abeyance by ___ Mich ___; 911 NW2d 465 (2018). In
addition, after leaving the hospital, WO underwent a series of treatments to prevent sexually
transmitted diseases. On the whole, given WO’s bodily injuries resulting in his hospitalization as
well as subsequent treatments, the trial court did not err by assessing 10 points for OV 3 for
bodily injury requiring medical treatment. See MCL 777.33(1)(d); see also People v McDonald,
293 Mich App 292, 298; 811 NW2d 507 (2011); Hardy, 494 Mich at 438.

                                            C. OV 4

        The trial court also did not clearly err by assessing 10 points for OV 4. OV 4 addresses
“psychological injury to a victim.” MCL 777.34(1). OV 4 should be assigned 10 points when
“[s]erious psychological injury requiring professional treatment occurred to a victim.”

3
    Lampe, unpub op at 4.

                                               -3-
MCL 777.34(1)(a). For example, “[t]he trial court may assess 10 points for OV 4 if the victim
suffers, among other possible psychological effects, personality changes, anger, fright, or
feelings of being hurt, unsafe, or violated.” People v Armstrong, 305 Mich App 230, 247; 851
NW2d 856 (2014). While actual treatment is not required for scoring OV 4, evidence that a
victim sought counseling may be considered. People v Davenport (After Remand), 286 Mich
App 191, 200; 779 NW2d 257 (2009). However, the scoring of OV 4 cannot be based on the
assumption that people typically suffer psychological injury when they are victims of the type of
crime in question; and while relevant, a victim’s fear during the crime does not by itself justify
the scoring of OV 4. People v White, 501 Mich 160, 163-165 & n 3; 905 NW2d 228 (2017).

        In this case, WO and his father provided victim impact statements, both at the original
sentencing and at resentencing. These statements were properly considered by the trial court
when assessing points for OV 4, see People v Drohan, 264 Mich App 77, 90; 689 NW2d 750
(2004), and provided ample support for the trial court’s assessment. Both WO and his father
reported a change in WO’s personality; he became angry, afraid, distrustful, defensive, and
hypervigilant. WO was so fearful as a result of the attack that he slept with a knife under his bed
for a period. WO suffered flashbacks and panic attacks when reminded of the assault by sights,
sounds, or even smells. As a result of the attack, WO sought psychological counseling, and he
was in counseling for 1½ years, attending therapy as often as twice a week; at the time of
resentencing, more than three years after the assault, WO still suffered the psychological effects
of defendant’s conduct. The trial court did not err by assessing 10 points for OV 4.4 Hardy, 494
Mich at 438.

                                            D. OV 10

        The trial court also did not err by assessing 15 points for OV 10. OV 10 relates to the
“exploitation of a vulnerable victim,” and it is properly assessed at 15 points when “predatory
conduct was involved.” MCL 777.40(1)(a). The term “predatory conduct” “means preoffense
conduct directed at a victim . . . for the primary purpose of victimization.” MCL 777.40(3)(a).
In other words, “ ‘[p]redatory conduct’ under the statute is behavior that precedes the offense,
directed at a person for the primary purpose of causing that person to suffer from an injurious
action or to be deceived.” People v Cannon, 481 Mich 152, 161; 749 NW2d 257 (2008). To aid
trial courts in determining if predatory conduct occurred under OV 10, the Michigan Supreme
Court has set forth the following inquiries:

4
   In disputing the scoring of OV 4, defendant relies heavily on Judge Gleicher’s concurring
opinion in People v McChester, 310 Mich App 354, 360-369; 873 NW2d 646 (2015) (GLEICHER,
J., concurring), and argues that under Judge Gleicher’s interpretation, OV 4 should not be scored
in this case. However, as a concurring opinion, Judge’s Gleicher’s opinion is nonbinding. See
People v Armstrong, 207 Mich App 211, 214-215; 523 NW2d 878 (1994). In any event, we are
not persuaded that the result in this case would be different even under Judge Gleicher’s
interpretation of OV 4.

                                                -4-
              (1) Did the offender engage in conduct before the commission of the
       offense?

              (2) Was this conduct directed at one or more specific victims who suffered
       from a readily apparent susceptibility to injury, physical restraint, persuasion, or
       temptation?

              (3) Was victimization the offender’s primary purpose for engaging in the
       preoffense conduct? [Id. at 162.]

“If the court can answer all these questions affirmatively, then it may properly assess 15 points
for OV 10 because the offender engaged in predatory conduct under MCL 777.40.” Cannon,
481 Mich at 162.

       In this case, the trial court explained its assessment of 15 points for OV 10 as follows:

       We’re dealing with a boy who was 13 years old at the time in the safety, he
       thought, of his own home with defendant who had groomed him through
       Facebook and prior contacts. This was a boy who was youthful and vulnerable
       because of his naivete, with the time and location in his home waiting until he was
       asleep. That’s predatory conduct and I’m scoring 15 points on OV 10.

        The trial court’s reasoning is sound. Defendant engaged in preoffense conduct, including
Facebook exchanges and other contacts with WO, visiting WO’s home, spending leisure time
with WO, and discussing personal topics. This conduct led WO to trust defendant and feel
comfortable alone with him, thereby making it easier for defendant to carry out his sexual
assault. See People v Waclawski, 286 Mich App 634, 686; 780 NW2d 321 (2009). Indeed,
defendant’s conduct, especially his preoffense physical contact with WO in the form of
massages, putting his arm around WO, et cetera, could be termed “grooming.” “Grooming”
refers to “less intrusive and less highly sexualized forms of sexual touching, done for the purpose
of desensitizing the victim to future sexual contact.” People v Steele, 283 Mich App 472, 491-
492; 769 NW2d 256 (2009). Additionally, as the trial court noted, defendant waited to begin his
assault until WO was not only alone with defendant but asleep. See People v Ackah-Essien, 311
Mich App 13, 37; 874 NW2d 172 (2015) (“The timing and location of an offense—waiting until
a victim is alone and isolated—is evidence of predatory conduct.”).

       Defendant directed these various preoffense behaviors toward WO, whom the trial court
concluded was vulnerable because of his youth and naiveté. Moreover, this vulnerability would
have been readily apparent because it is well recognized that a youthful victim “may be
susceptible to physical restraint or temptation by an adult.” People v Johnson, 298 Mich App
128, 133; 826 NW2d 170 (2012). Finally, the record supports the trial court’s conclusion that
defendant’s preoffense behavior was done for the purpose of victimization. Defendant
befriended WO, earning his confidence and gaining an opportunity for defendant to be alone
with WO while he was relaxed and unguarded. Defendant then waited until WO was sleeping
and thus even more vulnerable before carrying out his assault. The trial court properly assessed
15 points for OV 10. Hardy, 494 Mich at 438.

                                                -5-
                                             E. OV 11

        The trial court also did not clearly err by assessing 50 points for OV 11. OV 11 is scored
for “criminal sexual penetration,” and it is properly assigned 50 points when “[t]wo or more
criminal sexual penetrations occurred.” MCL 777.41(1)(a). To score a sexual penetration under
OV 11, the sexual penetration must arise out of the sentencing offense. MCL 777.41(2)(a).
Notably, points cannot be scored under OV 11 “for the penetration that forms the basis of a first-
or third-degree criminal sexual conduct offense.” MCL 777.41(2)(c).

        In this case, the trial court concluded that there were three penetrations and, excluding the
penetration that formed the basis of the sentencing offense, assessed 50 points for OV 11 on the
basis of the remaining two sexual penetrations. These three distinct acts of sexual penetration—
which all occurred on the same day, at the same place, during the same course of conduct—arose
out of the sentencing offense for purposes of OV 11. See MCL 777.41(2)(a); People v Mutchie,
251 Mich App 273, 277; 650 NW2d 733 (2002). Nevertheless, defendant argues that OV 11
should not be scored for two reasons.

       First, defendant argues that, because he received two convictions for CSC-III, neither
penetration resulting in a conviction could be considered when assessing points for OV 11.
However, this Court has repeatedly rejected this argument. See People v Cox, 268 Mich App
440, 455-456; 709 NW2d 152 (2005); People v McLaughlin, 258 Mich App 635, 672-678; 672
NW2d 860 (2003); Mutchie, 251 Mich App at 278-281. In particular, this Court has concluded
that “OV 11 requires the trial court to exclude the one penetration forming the basis of the
offense when the sentencing offense itself is first-degree or third-degree CSC.” McLaughlin,
258 Mich App at 676 (emphasis added). All other sexual penetrations arising from the
sentencing offense, including penetrations resulting in separate CSC-I or CSC-III convictions,
are properly considered under OV 11. See Cox, 268 Mich App at 455-456; McLaughlin, 258
Mich App at 672-678; Mutchie, 251 Mich App at 278-281.5

       Second, defendant argues that, while WO described a third, uncharged sexual penetration
(when defendant performed fellatio on WO), there is insufficient evidence that this penetration
occurred. However, points can be assessed under OV 11 on the basis of uncharged sexual
penetrations, provided that, as in this case, they arise out of the sentencing offense. See, e.g.,
People v Wilkens, 267 Mich App 728, 743; 705 NW2d 728 (2005). Further, contrary to
defendant’s claim that the jury must have found that the third penetration occurred, judicial fact-
finding is entirely proper at sentencing when, as in this case, the trial court treated the guidelines
as advisory only. See People v Biddles, 316 Mich App 148, 159-161; 896 NW2d 461 (2016).
Given WO’s testimony that three penetrations occurred during the same course of conduct, the

5
   Defendant also briefly suggests that OV 11 cannot be scored because his second CSC-III
conviction was taken into account when scoring PRV 7, which involves subsequent or
concurrent felony convictions. See MCL 777.57(1)(a). This “double counting” argument lacks
merit because PRV 7 and OV 11 involve “two separate categories addressing two different
situations.” See People v Jarvi, 216 Mich App 161, 163; 548 NW2d 676 (1996).

                                                 -6-
trial court did not clearly err by assessing 50 points for OV 11 because, excluding the sentencing
offense, two or more criminal sexual penetrations occurred. See MCL 777.41(1)(a); Hardy, 494
Mich at 438.

                                III. CONTENTS OF THE PSIR

        In his appellate brief and Standard 4 brief, defendant raises a variety of challenges
relating to the contents of his pre-sentence investigation report (PSIR), and he argues that
inaccuracies entitle him to resentencing or, at a minimum, a remand for correction of clerical
errors. More specifically, defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing
to strike from the PSIR the phrase “deemed a predator.” Defendant also challenges the accuracy
of personal information contained in the PSIR as well as the presentation of his military history
and past criminal convictions. Additionally, defendant contends that victim impact statements
should have been stricken from the PSIR. Finally, defendant argues that the trial court abused its
discretion by refusing to attach to the PSIR a separate, defense-commissioned report. We
disagree. We review for an abuse of discretion the trial court’s decision regarding the
information in the PSIR. Waclawski, 286 Mich App at 689.

        “The presentence investigation report is an information-gathering tool for use by the
sentencing court.” Morales v Mich Parole Bd, 260 Mich App 29, 45; 676 NW2d 221 (2003). It
is “intended to insure that the punishment is tailored not only to the offense, but also to the
offender.” People v Miles, 454 Mich 90, 97; 559 NW2d 299 (1997). The PSIR is used by the
trial court at sentencing, but it also “follows the defendant to prison.” People v Maben, 313
Mich App 545, 553; 884 NW2d 314 (2015) (quotation marks and citation omitted). That is, the
PSIR must be provided to the Department of Corrections, see MCL 771.14(9);
MCR 6.425(A)(3), and it can have ramifications relating to security classification or parole,
Maben, 313 Mich App at 553.

        “At sentencing, either party may challenge the accuracy or relevancy of any information
contained in the presentence report.” Waclawski, 286 Mich App at 689. “The information is
presumed to be accurate, and the defendant has the burden of going forward with an effective
challenge, but upon assertion of a challenge to the factual accuracy of information, a court has a
duty to resolve the challenge.” Id. “[T]he trial court must allow the parties to be heard and must
make a finding as to the challenge or determine that the finding is unnecessary because the court
will not consider it during sentencing.” Id. at 689-690. “Once a defendant effectively challenges
a factual assertion, the prosecutor has the burden to prove the fact by a preponderance of the
evidence.” Id. at 690. “If the court finds that challenged information is inaccurate or irrelevant,
that finding must be made part of the record and the information must be corrected or stricken
from the report.” Id.

       At resentencing, defendant objected to the phrase “the defendant is deemed a predator”
found in the “Evaluation and Plan” section of the PSIR. Defendant asserts that this descriptor
was inappropriate because defendant had never been diagnosed as a predator and the statement is
nothing but an agent’s subjective opinion. After considering the parties’ arguments, the trial

                                                -7-
court refused to strike the comment from the PSIR. Given defendant’s predatory conduct in this
case as scored under OV 10, particularly when considered in light of his pattern of sexually
preying on sleeping victims, the term “predator” cannot be considered inaccurate.6 See People v
Lucey, 287 Mich App 267, 276; 787 NW2d 133 (2010). Consequently, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion by refusing to strike this statement from the PSIR. See Waclawski, 286 Mich
App at 689-690.

        The majority of defendant’s other challenges relate to the original PSIR, which was
incorporated into the updated PSIR for the resentencing with the caveat that “[a]ny additions or
corrections are contained herein,” i.e., in the updated PSIR. Accordingly, defendant’s
complaints regarding his level of education, his number of military convictions, and OV 13 and
OV 19 are without merit because his education is correctly reflected in the updated PSIR, his
past criminal convictions were updated to reflect the status of his military convictions following
his military appeal, and OV 13 and OV 19 were not scored. To the extent that defendant
disputes the contents of the original PSIR that were altered by the updated PSIR, his arguments
are moot.

        Regarding the remainder of defendant’s other challenges to the information contained in
the PSIR, although the trial court gave defense counsel every opportunity to speak and to consult
with defendant at resentencing, defendant failed to make an effective challenge in the trial court,
and thus, he is not entitled to relief on appeal. See People v Callon, 256 Mich App 312, 334; 662
NW2d 501 (2003). Even if we were to review these challenges for plain error affecting
substantial rights, we would find no such error. People v Earl, 297 Mich App 104, 111; 822
NW2d 271 (2012). For instance, defendant claims that his most recent employer was “Real Big
Marketing,” but he is serving multi-year prison terms, and there is no evidence that he has
retained his employment while incarcerated; accordingly, there is no plain error in the PSIR’s
description of him as “unemployed.” Id. Defendant also challenges the words “groped” and
“fondled” as they relate to his military convictions, asserting that the PSIR should simply say
that he “touched” his military victims. This semantical argument is without merit, particularly
given that defendant’s military victim testified in the current case as an other-acts witness,
describing how he awoke to find defendant’s hand “rubbing” and “stroking” his penis “like if
someone was masturbating.” Defendant also claims that his military dates of service should be
2008 to 2014, but he offers no record support for this assertion. Likewise, defendant claims that
the PSIR should report a “discharge other than honorable” from the military, but he has not
explained what is inaccurate about reporting that defendant was dismissed from the service as a
result of a court-martial as set forth in the PSIR. Absent an effective challenge by defendant, the
PSIR is presumed to be accurate, and defendant is not entitled to correction of any information in

6
  Although defendant asserts that there is no evidence he has been diagnosed as a predator, the
lack of a diagnosis is irrelevant because the PSIR cannot plausibly be read to suggest that
defendant was clinically diagnosed as a predator. Cf. People v Uphaus (On Remand), 278 Mich
App 174, 182; 748 NW2d 899 (2008) (finding no error in the use of the term “paranoia” in a
PSIR when “it is clear that no reasonable reader of the PSIR could mistake this statement for a
clinical diagnosis”).

                                                -8-
the PSIR. See Callon, 256 Mich App at 334. Defendant also argues that statements in the PSIR
indicating that this Court approved the assessment of costs during his prior appeal are inaccurate.
But, while this Court remanded to establish a factual basis for the amount of costs imposed, this
Court did note that the costs imposed were authorized by MCL 769.1k(1)(b)(iii) and that the trial
court did not err by imposing court costs on defendant. The trial court did not plainly err by
failing to sua sponte order this statement stricken from the PSIR.

        Additionally, defendant challenges the factual underpinnings of his military convictions,
offering a long explanation for his conduct and asserting that he was wrongfully convicted on the
basis of some sort of vindictive persecution by the victim in the military case. Defendant’s self-
serving assertions are wholly unsupported by the lower court record, and his appeal before this
Court is not a proper vehicle by which to relitigate his military convictions.

        Defendant also asserts that victim impact statements should not have been included in the
PSIR because “[t]here is no way to rebut” the statements. Defendant’s argument is without
merit, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by including statements from WO and his
parents. “MCL 780.764 and 780.765 grant individuals who suffer direct or threatened harm as a
result of a convicted individual’s crime the right to submit an impact statement both at the
sentencing hearing and for inclusion in the PSIR.” Waclawski, 286 Mich App at 691. See also
MCL 777.14(2)(b); MCR 6.425(A)(1)(g). “[T]he right is not limited exclusively to the
defendant’s direct victims,” but may also include others, such as family members. Waclawski,
286 Mich App at 691-692. Although victim impact statements are often subjective and difficult
to dispute, this does not necessitate exclusion of the statements from the PSIR. See Maben, 313
Mich App at 555; Lucey, 287 Mich App at 276. “[T]he sentencing standards for ensuring that
the goals of sentencing are met, along with the court’s knowledge that victim impact statements
are the subjective opinions of victims, are sufficient protections to ensure that a defendant is not
sentenced in response to emotional pleas.” Maben, 313 Mich App at 555. Accordingly, contrary
to defendant’s arguments, the trial court acted well within its discretion by allowing WO and his
parents to offer victim impact statements and by including those statements in the PSIR. See
Waclawski, 286 Mich App at 691-691.

       Further, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by declining to attach to the PSIR a
100+ page defense-commissioned report. This proposed report is not included in the lower court
record or provided by defendant on appeal, and defendant provides no legal authority for the
proposition that a defendant has the right to prepare his own report for inclusion in the PSIR.
Absent factual and legal support for his argument, defendant has abandoned his assertion that the
defense-commissioned report should have been included. See People v Kelly, 231 Mich App
627, 640-641; 588 NW2d 480 (1998).7

7
  In his Standard 4 brief, defendant suggests that his defense-commissioned report could be
considered “other pertinent data” within the meaning of MCR 6.425(A)(1)(d). However,
MCR 6.425(A)(1)(d) calls for a “brief social history” that is part of an overall “succinct” PSIR.
The defense-commissioned report is more than 100 pages, far from a “succinct” report or a
“brief” social history. Further, from the available record it appears that the defense-

                                                -9-
       Ultimately, defendant’s presentence report complied with the statutory requirements, and
he was sentenced based on accurate information. See People v Young, 183 Mich App 146, 147-
148; 454 NW2d 182 (1990). Defendant has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion in
evaluating the information contained in the PSIR. Waclawski, 286 Mich App at 689.

                            IV. OUT-OF-GUIDELINES SENTENCE

        Next, defendant argues that he is entitled to resentencing because his sentence is
unreasonable and disproportionate. Specifically, defendant asserts that the reasons articulated by
the trial court for imposing an out-of-guidelines sentence did not justify the sentence imposed
because these circumstances were already accounted for by OV 4 and OV 10. In his Standard 4
brief, defendant also offers a variety of challenges to the proportionality of his sentence. We
disagree.

        This Court reviews an out-of-guidelines sentence for reasonableness. People v
Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 365; 870 NW2d 502 (2015). “[T]he standard of review to be applied
by appellate courts reviewing a sentence for reasonableness on appeal is abuse of discretion.”
People v Steanhouse, 500 Mich 453, 471; 902 NW2d 327 (2017); see also People v Dixon-Bey,
321 Mich App 490, 520; 909 NW2d 458 (2017), lv gtd 501 Mich 1066 (2018). A sentence is
unreasonable—and therefore an abuse of discretion—if the trial court failed to adhere to the
principle of proportionality in imposing its sentence on a defendant. Id. at 477, citing People v
Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 636; 461 NW2d 1 (1990). That is, sentences imposed by a trial court
must be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the
offender. Milbourn, 435 Mich at 636. The trial court’s fact-finding at sentencing is reviewed for
clear error. People v Garay, 320 Mich App 29, 43; 903 NW2d 883 (2017).

        “[A] sentence is reasonable under Lockridge if it adheres to the principle of
proportionality set forth in Milbourn.”8 People v Walden, 319 Mich App 344, 351; 901 NW2d
142 (2017). Milbourn’s principle of proportionality “requires the sentences imposed by the trial
court to be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the
offender.” Id. at 352 (quotation marks and citation omitted). An out-of-guidelines sentence
“may be imposed when the trial court determines that “the recommended range under the
guidelines is disproportionate, in either direction, to the seriousness of the crime.” People v
Steanhouse (On Remand), 322 Mich App 233, 238; 911 NW2d 253 (2017), lv app held in
abeyance ___ Mich ___; 910 NW2d 656 (2018).

                Factors that may be considered by a trial court under the proportionality
         standard include, but are not limited to:

commissioned report includes information that cannot plausibly be considered “pertinent,” such
as certificates of defendant’s graduation from prekindergarten and kindergarten. Defendant’s
reliance on MCR 6.425(A)(1)(d) is misplaced.
8
    People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630; 461 NW2d 1 (1990).

                                              -10-
       (1) the seriousness of the offense; (2) factors that were inadequately considered by
       the guidelines; and (3) factors not considered by the guidelines, such as the
       relationship between the victim and the aggressor, the defendant’s misconduct
       while in custody, the defendant’s expressions of remorse, and the defendant’s
       potential for rehabilitation. [Walden, 319 Mich App at 352-253 (quotation marks
       and citation omitted).]

The legislative guidelines remain a “useful tool” that must be taken into account when
sentencing a defendant, and “a trial court must justify the [out-of-guidelines] sentence imposed
in order to facilitate appellate review, which includes an explanation of why the sentence
imposed is more proportionate to the offense and the offender than a different sentence would
have been.” Dixon-Bey, 321 Mich App at 524-525 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        In this case, when resentencing defendant, the trial court imposed a lower minimum
sentence than had been originally imposed for defendant’s CSC I convictions. Nonetheless, the
sentence imposed was above the 57 to 95 month range recommended by the guidelines. The trial
court provided the following explanation for the sentence imposed:

              Okay. Well, I am appreciate of the facts [sic] that it seems as if you’re
       gaining insight and it does appear from the submission packet that was prepared
       by the defense that you’re taking advantage of all the programs and opportunities
       in the Michigan Department of Corrections. So hopefully, when you’re released,
       you’re going to be in a lot better position than when you went in.

              However, it is shameful that you took advantage of this 13-year-old and
       robbed him of his innocence and his childhood. The—I understand that the
       sentence—the charges reflect criminal sexual conduct of a person between the
       ages of 13 to 15. This child was at the young end of that. He was 13 at the time.
       He was groomed and taken advantage of in ways that I don’t think are
       appropriately considered or fully considered by the guidelines.

               The defendant was on the sex offender registry and although he befriended
       the victim and his family, he didn’t disclose that he was on the sex offender
       registry, that he was kicked out of the military for behavior unbecoming an officer
       and sexual contact with the others when they were asleep. And the fact that this
       happened when this boy was asleep, in his own home, makes it all worse because
       as his father referenced, he was afraid to even go to sleep at night, to be in his
       own home.

               People should be able to feel safe in their homes and when you rob a child
       of the safety of his home so that he feels like he has to have a knife under his bed
       to go to sleep, I don’t think the guidelines fully reflect that at a range of 57 to 95.
       So, for criminal sexual conduct count one, third degree, person age 13 through 15
       as well count two, criminal sexual conduct, third degree, a person between age 13
       and 15, I believe a sentence that would be proportionate to this offense and to this
       offender is a sentence to nine years to fifteen years . . . .

                                                -11-
       Considering the reasons articulated by the trial court, we conclude that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion by imposing the sentences it did. The trial court identified two basic
reasons for the departure: (1) defendant’s grooming behavior, particularly defendant’s grooming
behavior in the context of his failure to disclose past sexual misconduct, and (2) the location and
timing of the offense, which resulted in WO feeling unsafe in his own home. Defendant
contends that these facts were already accounted for by OV 10 and OV 4 respectively. We
disagree.

        First, although OV 10 accounts to some degree for defendant’s predatory conduct and
grooming behavior, the trial court identified circumstances—namely, defendant’s past sexual
misconduct and status as a registered sex offender—that made his grooming of WO particularly
egregious. By withholding information about his past sexual misconduct and status as a
registered sex offender until he had already befriended the WO and his family, 9 defendant was in
a position of trust that enabled him to be in WO’s home at night and to commit the sexual assault
in this case. WO had no warning that sleeping in defendant’s presence would place him at risk
of sexual assault. Withholding this pertinent information from WO and his family enabled
defendant to groom the 13-year-old and to initiate the assault, and these circumstances are not
adequately accounted for in the scoring of OV 10. Thus, the trial court did not err by considering
these facts when sentencing defendant.

        Second, while defendant was assessed points for OV 4, the trial court did not err by
concluding that the guidelines did not adequately account for the extent to which the timing and
location of the assault resulted in WO’s loss of security. It is true that, to some extent, OV 4
accounted for WO’s serious psychological injury requiring professional treatment. However, as
discussed, as a result of the assault, WO experienced numerous psychological injuries, including
panic attacks, flashbacks, hypervigilance, anger, and personality changes, which necessitated 1½
years of counseling and which continued to some degree three years after the assault as of the
time of resentencing. On their own, these serious psychological injuries resulting from the
sexual assault merit a score of 10 points for OV 4. See Armstrong, 305 Mich App at 247. But
because of the timing and location of the sexual assault, which defendant initiated while WO
slept in his own home, WO was also robbed of a sense of security in his own home, to the extent
that he slept with a knife under his bed. WO’s response—to not only the violation of his person
but also the violation of his home—is not adequately accounted for by the scoring of OV 4.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err by finding that this variable was given inadequate weight.

9
  In his Standard 4 brief, defendant asserts that he did inform WO’s mother and cousin of his past
sexual misconduct and discharge from the military. However, defendant fails to cite to the
record in support of his factual assertions, see MCR 7.212(C)(7), and thus he has abandoned this
claim, see Kelly, 231 Mich App at 640-641. In any event, although there was evidence that
defendant told WO’s mother that he had been accused of sexual impropriety and discharged from
the military, this disclosure did not come until the night of the assault, after defendant had
already befriended WO and his family and had begun to groom WO. There is also no indication
that WO was ever made aware of defendant’s history before the assault.

                                               -12-
        With regard to the length of the sentence, the out-of-guidelines sentence was 13 months
above the high end of the guidelines range, a relatively modest length of time. See Walden, 319
Mich App at 353. Further, defendant’s 9-year minimum sentence was less than defendant’s
original sentence and less than the 10-year sentence sought by the prosecution at resentencing,
see id. at 354-355 (comparing extent of departure to sentence requested by prosecution when
determining whether the out-of-guidelines sentence imposed violated principle of
proportionality). There is nothing in the length of the sentence imposed by the trial court that
leads us to conclude that it was unreasonable. Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392.

        The additional arguments raised by defendant in his Standard 4 brief regarding the
reasonableness and proportionality of his sentence are also without merit. Defendant makes
arguments regarding the proportionality of his sentence that are premised largely on federal
sentencing rules as well as pre-Lockridge caselaw regarding substantial and compelling reasons
for departing from the mandatory sentencing guidelines; but these standards do not govern a
determination whether his sentence was reasonable or proportionate in Michigan, post-
Lockridge. That is, under Lockridge, “the sentencing court may exercise its discretion to
depart from that guidelines range without articulating substantial and compelling reasons for
doing so,” and post-Lockridge, “[a] sentence that departs from the applicable guidelines range
will be reviewed by an appellate court for reasonableness. Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392. Further,
“reasonableness” is judged on the basis of Milbourn’s principle-of-proportionality test and the
jurisprudence of this state; federal sentencing rules do not control. See People v Steanhouse, 500
Mich 453, 471; 902 NW2d 327 (2017).

        Additionally, defendant argues that the trial court’s sentence is disproportionate because
the trial court failed to consider mitigating factors, but has not shown that the trial court was
required to consider any of the specific factors raised by defendant on appeal. See People v
Johnson, 309 Mich App 22, 34; 866 NW2d 883 (2015), rev’d in part on other grounds 497 Mich
1042 (2015). And, in any event, the record demonstrates that the trial court reviewed and
considered all the information submitted by defendant, including information regarding his
family support and conduct while in prison.

        Defendant also appears to argue that he is entitled to a lesser sentence because WO
“consented.” Legally, the 13-year-old victim could not consent. See People v Starks, 473 Mich
227, 235; 701 NW2d 136 (2005). In any event, WO’s description of the assault makes it clear
that he was not a willing participant. Defendant’s “consent” arguments are legally and factually
meritless, and he has not demonstrated that the sentence imposed was unreasonable in light of
the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding his sexual assault of a 13-year-old boy.

         Defendant further asserts that the sentence imposed was “vindictive.” This cursory
assertion, made without citation to relevant authority, is abandoned. See Kelly, 231 Mich App at
640-641. In any event, the sentence imposed as a result of resentencing was less than
defendant’s original sentence, and defendant points to nothing in this reduced sentence to suggest
vindictiveness. See generally People v Lyons, 222 Mich App 319, 323; 564 NW2d 114 (1997)
(“When a defendant is resentenced by the same judge and the second sentence is longer than the
first, there is a presumption of vindictiveness.”) (emphasis added).

                                              -13-
        Overall, considering the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the
offender, the trial court’s out-of-guidelines sentence did not violate the principle of
proportionality, and was reasonable. See Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392; Dixon-Bey, 321 Mich App
at 520.

                        V. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF LOCKRIDGE

       Finally, in his Standard 4 brief, defendant argues that Lockridge is unconstitutional and
should be overruled. According to defendant, contrary to Lockridge’s holding, a jury should find
any facts used to score offense variables. Additionally, defendant asserts that retroactive
application of Lockridge violates prohibitions on ex post facto laws. These arguments are
without merit.

       To the extent that defendant asks us to overrule Lockridge, this Court is without authority
to declare Lockridge unconstitutional or to refuse to apply Lockridge to the facts of this case.
See People v Mitchell, 428 Mich 364, 369-370; 408 NW2d 798 (1987). With regard to
defendant’s ex post facto challenge, this Court has already rejected similar challenges to
Lockridge, concluding that retroactive application of Lockridge to cases, like this one, that were
pending on direct review when Lockridge was decided does not violate “ ‘ex post facto-type due
process rights of defendants.’ ” People v Richards, 315 Mich App 564, 587; 891 NW2d 911
(2016), rev’d in part on other grounds 501 Mich 921 (2017), quoting United States v Barton, 455
F3d 649, 657 (CA 6, 2006). Defendant’s argument is therefore without merit.

       Affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                            /s/ Michael J. Kelly
                                                            /s/ Deborah A. Servitto

                                              -14-