Court Opinion

ID: 5137197
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-21 14:37:36.582548+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:01.032864
License: Public Domain

IN THE UTAH COURT OF APPEALS

                                     ‐‐‐‐ooOoo‐‐‐‐

Grassy Meadows Sky Ranch                   )                  OPINION
Landowners Association,                    )
                                           )           Case No. 20100925‐CA
      Plaintiff and Appellee,              )
                                           )
v.                                         )                  FILED
                                           )                (July 6, 2012)
Grassy Meadows Airport, Inc.; Sky          )
Ranch Development, Inc.; and Michael       )              2012 UT App 182
O. Longley,                                )
                                           )
      Defendants and Appellants.           )

                                          ‐‐‐‐‐

Fifth District, St. George Department, 030501171
The Honorable G. Rand Beacham

Attorneys:      Nathan Whittaker, Murray, for Appellants
                Gregory N. Hoole and John D. Richards III, Salt Lake City, for Appellee

                                          ‐‐‐‐‐

Before Judges Davis, Thorne, and Roth.

DAVIS, Judge:

¶1     Grassy Meadows Airport, Inc.; Sky Ranch Development, Inc.; and Michael O.
Longley (collectively, Sky Ranch) appeal the trial court’s ruling in favor of Grassy
Meadows Sky Ranch Landowners Association (the Association). We affirm in part,
reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                                     BACKGROUND

¶2      The Association is comprised of the lot owners of the Grassy Meadows Sky
Ranch Development located near Hurricane, Utah.1 Many of the lot owners are private
pilots or airplane owners who were attracted to this residential community because it is
centered around a private airstrip. The airstrip is owned by Grassy Meadows Airport
and leased to the Association. The lease “grant[s] the Association and its members,
guests and invitees the exclusive right of use of the . . . [a]irport” for a ninety‐nine‐year
term. Sky Ranch also adopted a set of covenants, conditions, and restrictions in July
1990 (the 1990 CCRs) that applied to Sky Ranch and the Association. The 1990 CCRs
provided that Sky Ranch could unilaterally amend the CCRs for certain enumerated
purposes “until eighty percent (80%) of the lots in the Development (including
additional phases as may be added) have been sold to purchasers” (the 80 Percent
Provision).

¶3      In November and December 2001, Sky Ranch appeared before the Washington
County Planning Commission to request a zoning change that would allow the
construction of a fixed based operation (FBO) within the development. As described by
Sky Ranch, the plans for the FBO included an on‐site residence for the FBO operator, a
large hangar to be used for aircraft maintenance, and ten to fifteen bed‐and‐breakfast‐
style lodging units to accommodate individuals interested in buying property at Grassy
Meadows. A representative from the Association appeared at both meetings to oppose
the zoning request, which was ultimately denied.

¶4     By June 2002, 81.5% of the platted lots in the community had been sold,
prompting the Association to write Sky Ranch a letter notifying it that its right to
unilaterally amend the 1990 CCRs had terminated in accordance with the 80 Percent
Provision. Nevertheless, in October 2002, Sky Ranch unilaterally amended the 1990
CCRs with a new set of CCRs (the 2002 CCRs). The 2002 CCRs contained provisions
spelling out Sky Ranch’s right to pursue the commercial improvements at issue in the
zoning hearings and amending the voting rights of the different categories of lot

       1
         In an appeal from a bench trial, we recite the facts in the light most favorable to
the trial court’s determination, “granting due deference to the trial court’s resolution of
factual disputes.” Armed Forces Ins. Exch. v. Harrison, 2003 UT 14, ¶ 2, 70 P.3d 35
(internal quotation marks omitted).

20100925‐CA                                   2
owners, as well as several other provisions aimed at facilitating the development of a
new planned community, Copper Rock, adjacent to the Grassy Meadows community.
Michael Longley, the president of both Grassy Meadows Airport and Sky Ranch
Development, is also behind the Copper Rock project and wanted “to open the traffic
pattern and runway to visitors” of Copper Rock.

¶5     On March 31, 2003, several months after the CCRs were amended, the
Association received a “Notice of Termination of Lease” from Grassy Meadows Airport
alleging that the Association failed to properly maintain the airport, to abide by the
terms of the CCRs, to meet the lease’s insurance requirements, and to make lease
payments on time. Despite the Association’s attempts to remedy the alleged breaches,
Grassy Meadows Airport terminated the lease on May 5, 2003.2 Sky Ranch refused to
take the payments the Association attempted to make under the lease after its
termination. The Association subsequently deposited those funds into an escrow
account.

¶6      The Association filed suit in June 2003. Sky Ranch responded with several
counterclaims. The main issues presented at the two‐day bench trial in April 2010 were
(1) whether the 2002 CCRs were valid; (2) whether the Association breached the lease
and, if so, whether Sky Ranch properly terminated the lease; and (3) whether the
Association “tortiously interfered with the legitimate business interests of [Sky Ranch]
by opposing proposed zoning ordinance changes affecting [the Association].” The trial
court determined that the 2002 CCRs were “void ab initio” because Sky Ranch had lost
its ability to unilaterally amend the 1990 CCRs when 81.5% of the lots were purchased,
and that the lease termination was not justified because the Association did not
materially breach the lease. Furthermore, the trial court dismissed Sky Ranch’s
counterclaim for tortious interference, stating, “[T]here [was] no basis to hold the
Association liable . . . .” In light of these conclusions, the trial court determined that the
funds held in escrow were to “be released to Defendant Grassy Meadows Airport . . .
[and] applied as rent paid in full under the Lease.”

       2
       Although the lease was terminated, Sky Ranch has permitted the Association
members to continue using “the runway the same as always as long as [the Association]
maintains the necessary insurance coverage.”

20100925‐CA                                   3
                        ISSUES AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶7     Sky Ranch presents four issues for appeal. First, Sky Ranch challenges the trial
court’s invalidation of the 2002 CCRs, which was based on the court’s interpretation of a
provision it deemed ambiguous in the 1990 CCRs. Second, Sky Ranch contends that it
was entitled to terminate the Association’s lease and that the manner in which it
terminated the lease was appropriate. Third, Sky Ranch argues that the trial court
prematurely dismissed its claim for tortious interference with business relations. Last,
Sky Ranch argues that the issue of whether the escrow monies constituted full payment
of the airport lease was never presented to the court, rendering the trial court’s
determination both unjustified and based on insufficient evidence.

¶8      We review the trial court’s interpretation of the CCRs and lease, and its
determination that a provision in the CCRs was ambiguous, for correctness. See Miller
v. USAA Cas. Ins. Co., 2002 UT 6, ¶ 19, 44 P.3d 663; Sharon Steel Corp. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur.
Co., 931 P.2d 127, 134 (Utah 1997). See generally Swenson v. Erickson, 2000 UT 16, ¶ 11,
998 P.2d 807 (“Restrictive covenants that run with the land and encumber subdivision
lots form a contract between subdivision property owners as a whole and individual lot
owners; therefore, interpretation of the covenants is governed by the same rules of
construction as those used to interpret contracts.”). We grant the trial court no
deference when its interpretation of an ambiguous contract term is not based on
extrinsic evidence. See Meadow Valley Contractors, Inc. v. State Dept. of Transp., 2011 UT
35, ¶ 63, 266 P.3d 671. Next, “[w]hether an issue was properly before the trial court
presents a question of law, which we review for correctness.” Lee v. Sanders, 2002 UT
App 281, ¶ 6, 55 P.3d 1127. And last, “[f]indings of fact, whether based on oral or
documentary evidence, shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard
shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the
witnesses.” Utah R. Civ. P. 52(a).

                                        ANALYSIS

                               I. Validity of the 2002 CCRs

¶9   Sky Ranch challenges the trial court’s determination that the 1990 CCRs were
ambiguous, arguing that the trial court improperly “focus[ed] on just one provision of

20100925‐CA                                  4
the 1990 [CCRs], rather than construing the document as a whole.”3 Here, the provision
in question, the 80 Percent Provision, states,

              Notwithstanding anything herein contained to the contrary,
              until eighty percent (80%) of the lots in the Development
              (including additional phases as may be added) have been
              sold to purchasers, [Sky Ranch] shall have, and is hereby
              vested with, the right to unilaterally amend this Declaration
              as may be reasonably necessary or desirable . . . .

The trial court determined the 80 Percent Provision to be unclear as to “whether the
number of lots[] from which the 80 percent calculation would be made[] includes only
then‐existing lots or all future lots.” As a result, the trial court concluded that the 1990
CCRs are ambiguous because the language of the 80 Percent Provision is susceptible to
two different interpretations. See generally United States Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Sandt, 854
P.2d 519, 523 (Utah 1993) (“An ambiguity in a contract may arise (1) because of vague or
ambiguous language in a particular provision or (2) because two or more contract
provisions, when read together, give rise to different or inconsistent meanings, even
though each provision is clear when read alone.”). In light of this ambiguity, the trial
court concluded that Sky Ranch’s ability to unilaterally amend the CCRs terminated in
June 2002 when 81.5% of the platted lots were purchased and that, as a result, the 2002
CCRs were “void ab initio” because Sky Ranch did not have “the authority to amend
unilaterally the [1990 CCRs]” when it issued the 2002 CCRs.

¶10 However, the trial court “did not base its interpretation of the [80 Percent
Provision] . . . on extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent. Rather, the trial court simply
held that” the ambiguity would be construed against Sky Ranch. See Meadow Valley,
2011 UT 35, ¶ 63. This course of action is unconventional because when a “contract is
ambiguous, we seek to resolve the ambiguity by looking to extrinsic evidence of the
parties’ intent” and only “[i]f extrinsic evidence does not resolve the ambiguity and

       3
        We determine that Sky Ranch has met its marshaling burden. See generally West
Valley City v. Majestic Inv. Co., 818 P.2d 1311, 1313 (Utah Ct. App. 1991) (“A party
challenging the court’s interpretation of ambiguous terms of a contract . . . must
marshal all relevant evidence presented at trial which tends to support the findings and
demonstrate why the findings are clearly erroneous.” (citation and emphasis omitted)).

20100925‐CA                                   5
uncertainty, . . . will we resolve the ambiguity against the drafter.” Id. ¶ 64. Thus,
“because the trial court did not base its conclusion . . . on extrinsic evidence of the
parties’ intent, we give that conclusion no deference and review for correctness.” Id.
¶ 63; see also Kimball v. Campbell, 699 P.2d 714, 716 (Utah 1985) (“A contract’s
interpretation may be either a question of law, determined by the words of the
agreement, or a question of fact, determined by extrinsic evidence of intent. If a trial
court interprets a contract as a matter of law, we accord its construction no particular
weight, reviewing its action under a correctness standard.”). Accordingly, “[w]e begin
. . . with the contract itself,” see Meadow Valley, 2011 UT 35, ¶ 64, looking first to its plain
“language . . . to determine meaning and intent,” see Glenn v. Reese, 2009 UT 80, ¶ 10,
225 P.3d 185 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). When reviewing the plain
language of a contract, we seek to “[h]armonize conflicting or apparently ambiguous
contract language before concluding that provisions are actually ambiguous.” See
Gillmor v. Macey, 2005 UT App 351, ¶ 19, 121 P.3d 57. Additionally, “[e]ach contract
provision is to be considered in relation to all of the others, with a view toward giving
effect to all and ignoring none.” Utah Valley Bank v. Tanner, 636 P.2d 1060, 1061‐62 (Utah
1981).

¶11 Sky Ranch contends that the 80 Percent Provision’s meaning is clear when read
in conjunction with other provisions in the 1990 CCRs, particularly the provisions
regarding annexation. Sky Ranch interprets the annexation provisions as
demonstrating “a clear intent . . . that Sky Ranch . . . retain the power to amend the
[CCRs] until it is finished developing” by providing Sky Ranch with the ability to
“continue to annex land to the Development ‘for common areas or for subdivisions into
additional residential or commercial lots.’” Sky Ranch acknowledges that its right to
annex land is limited by the 1990 CCRs “to fifteen years, and to 150 total residential
lots,” and reconciles these limitations with the 80 Percent Provision by concluding that
the 1990 CCRs provide that Sky Ranch’s power to unilaterally amend would not
terminate until “it has finished developing and 80% of the lots are sold.”4

¶12 Sky Ranch’s interpretation, however, is not “reasonably supported by the
language of the contract,” which precludes the trial court’s finding of ambiguity. See

       4
       We assume that Sky Ranch considers the development of the Grassy Meadows
community to be complete when 150 lots, the maximum number allowed by the 1990
CCRs, are developed.

20100925‐CA                                    6
Ward v. Intermountain Farmers Ass’n, 907 P.2d 264, 268 (Utah 1995); accord Daines v.
Vincent, 2008 UT 51, ¶ 31, 190 P.3d 1269 (construing Ward); see also id. ¶ 25 (“A
contractual term or provision is ambiguous if it is capable of more than one reasonable
interpretation because of uncertain meanings of terms, missing terms, or other facial
deficiencies.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); McNeil Eng’g & Land Surveying, LLC
v. Bennett, 2011 UT App 423, ¶ 8, 268 P.3d 854 (“In determining whether a contract is
ambiguous, we ‘consider any credible evidence’ but will not conclude that the contract
is ambiguous unless both interpretations are ‘reasonably supported by the language of
the contract.’” (quoting Ward, 907 P.2d at 268)). Sky Ranch interprets the 80 Percent
Provision as indicating that its right to unilaterally amend the CCRs terminates when
150 lots are available and 120 of those are sold (i.e., 80% of 150). However, such an
indication could have been unambiguously made by stating an exact number rather
than a percentage. Consistent with our rules of contract construction, we will not
interpret the CCRs so as to render the contract’s use of a percentage in place of an exact
number meaningless. Cf. Novell, Inc. v. Canopy Grp., Inc., 2004 UT App 162, ¶ 27, 92 P.3d
768 (rejecting an interpretation of a term in a contract that “would render meaningless”
another term in the contract). See generally Utah Valley Bank, 636 P.2d at 1061‐62. The
use of a percentage in this provision indicates that the threshold identified in the
provision is not 120, a sum calculable from the day the CCRs were drafted. Rather, the
use of a percentage indicates that the threshold is a figure that is related to the number
of lots available in proportion to the number of lots sold and may vary throughout Sky
Ranch’s development of the community, i.e., as new phases are added before the 80%
threshold is met in relation to the previous phase’s number of lots available and sold.
Further, while the 80 Percent Provision envisions the possibility that Sky Ranch may
add lots through additional phases of development, it can also be read as nonetheless
requiring the percentage of sold lots to remain below 80% to enable Sky Ranch to
unilaterally amend the 1990 CCRs. This reading does not render the use of a percentage
meaningless and still permits Sky Ranch to annex property and continue developing,
while also suggesting a pace by which development and lot sales should occur and a
threshold at which Sky Ranch, as the developer, should take more of a background role
in the ongoing functioning of the community. Additionally, several portions of the 1990
CCRs conflict with Sky Ranch’s interpretation, such as the fifteen‐year limitation on Sky
Ranch’s “right to annex land to the Property” and the fifteen‐year limitation on Sky
Ranch’s voting rights. These provisions, in addition to the 150‐lot cap on development,
demonstrate the intent to establish a definite point in time when Sky Ranch would be
divested of certain rights. Yet Sky Ranch’s reading of the 80 Percent Provision suggests

20100925‐CA                                 7
that it could possibly retain the ability to unilaterally amend the 1990 CCRs in
perpetuity, i.e., in the event it never finishes developing and/or 80% of the lots are never
sold. Thus, Sky Ranch’s suggestion as to how the annexation section could harmonize
the terms of the 1990 CCRs and prevent the trial court’s finding that the CCRs were
ambiguous leads us to the conclusion that the trial court’s ultimate determination to
construe the 80 Percent Provision as having terminated Sky Ranch’s ability to
unilaterally amend the CCRs was correct.5 Accordingly, although the trial court may
have inappropriately jumped to construing the 1990 CCRs against Sky Ranch as the
drafter, cf. Meadow Valley, 2011 UT 35, ¶ 63, its end result—determining that the 2002
CCRs were “void ab initio”—was correct.6

       5
                    It is well settled that an appellate court may
                    affirm the judgment appealed from if it is
                    sustainable on any legal ground or theory
                    apparent on the record, even though such
                    ground or theory differs from that stated by
                    the trial court to be the basis of its ruling or
                    action, and this is true even though such
                    ground or theory is not urged or argued on
                    appeal by appellee, was not raised in the lower
                    court, and was not considered or passed on by
                    the lower court.
Dipoma v. McPhie, 2001 UT 61, ¶ 18, 29 P.3d 1225 (emphasis and internal quotation
marks omitted).
       6
        We also agree with the trial court’s conclusion that the 2002 CCRs “did not
further any of the three limited purposes enumerated in the 1990 [CCRs] justifying
unilateral amendment.” Those purposes are
              (i) to more accurately express the intent of any provisions of
              the [1990 CCRs] in the light of then existing circumstances or
              information; (ii) to better insure, in light of then existing
              circumstances or information, workability of the
              arrangement which is contemplated by the [1990 CCRs]; or
              (iii) to facilitate the practical, technical, administrative or
              functional integration of any additional tract of subdivision
                                                                              (continued...)

20100925‐CA                                  8
                               II. Termination of the Lease

¶13 Sky Ranch argues that because the Association “materially breached the terms of
the Airport Lease,” it was “entitled to termination of the lease and to recover its
damages incurred.” Sky Ranch cites numerous breaches by the Association relating to
the Association’s obligation to maintain the airport and the facilities and components
associated with the airport, and the Association’s failure to maintain liability insurance
on the airport. Sky Ranch argues that these breaches indicate that the trial court’s
finding that the Association substantially complied with the lease is clearly erroneous.

¶14 “Substantial compliance is one of the contract law doctrines that has been
imported into lease cases.” Housing Auth. of Salt Lake City v. Delgado, 914 P.2d 1163, 1165
(Utah Ct. App. 1996) (applying the doctrine of substantial compliance to a residential
lease); see also Cache Cnty. v. Beus, 1999 UT App 134, ¶¶ 31, 41, 978 P.2d 1043
(acknowledging the potential application of the substantial compliance doctrine to a
“negotiated commercial lease between sophisticated parties”). In evaluating lease
termination issues, “[w]e observe a general policy disfavoring forfeitures. The
substantial compliance doctrine furthers that policy by allowing equity to intervene and
rescue a lessee from forfeiture of a lease when the lessee has substantially complied
with the lease in good faith.” Delgado, 914 P.2d at 1165 (citation omitted). “Whether a
breach is so insubstantial as to trigger the application of [the substantial compliance
doctrine] is a question of fact.” Id. A trial court can look to the following factors for
assistance in determining the materiality of a breach:

              “(a) the extent to which the injured party will be deprived of
              the benefit which he reasonably expected; (b) the extent to
              which the injured party can be adequately compensated for
              the part of that benefit of which he will be deprived; (c) the
              extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to
              perform will suffer forfeiture; (d) the likelihood that the
              party failing to perform or to offer to perform will cure his
              failure, taking account of all the circumstances including any

       6
        (...continued)
               into the Development.

20100925‐CA                                 9
               reasonable assurances; [and] (e) the extent to which the
               behavior of the party failing to perform or to offer to
               perform comports with standards of good faith and fair
               dealing.”

Beus, 1999 UT App 134, ¶ 37 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 241 (1981)).

¶15 Here, the trial court considered the above factors in turn, determining that
neither Longley nor the Grassy Meadows Airport would be “deprived of any benefit to
which they are entitled under the Lease, including receiving regular lease payments,”
while “the Association would suffer greatly if the lease were terminated” because “[t]he
very purpose for the Community was to have access to a private airport.” Next, the
trial court found that “[t]he evidence presented established that any alleged breaches
have been cured.” The trial court noted Longley’s own “admission that the Association
reacted to his Notice of Termination with ‘frenzied efforts’ to cure the alleged
deficiencies,” which “also evinces good faith on the part of the Association to comply
with all its obligations under the Lease.” The trial court listed several repairs and
improvements the Association performed on the airport property and noted that
“[a]lthough maintenance issues arose from time to time, . . . [they fell] within what
would reasonably be expected as normal wear and tear,” and that otherwise, “the
Airport was always in reasonably good working order and condition.”7 The trial court
also cited “the Association[’s] . . . continued . . . use [of] the Airport . . . since the alleged
breach occurred without further complaint from Mr. Longley and without any accident
or adverse incident” as evidence of “[t]he Association’s good faith efforts to meet all its
obligations under the Lease.” Though the record contains some evidence that does not
support the trial court’s determination, the record also contains sufficient evidence that
supports the ruling as not clearly erroneous. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s

       7
         We note that although the lease is intended to be a “‘triple‐net lease’” in terms of
exempting Sky Ranch from any taxes, insurance, or maintenance obligations under the
lease, it also provides that “normal wear and tear [is] excepted” from the Association’s
maintenance obligations. We view this seeming contradiction as requiring the
Association to remedy normal wear and tear but excepting the normal wear and tear
that occurred under the facts and circumstances of this case from constituting a material
breach.

20100925‐CA                                    10
ruling that the lease should not have been terminated because the Association
substantially complied with the lease’s terms.8

                                III. Tortious Interference

¶16 Sky Ranch next contends that it was not given the opportunity to present
evidence on its tortious interference counterclaim. The tortious interference claim is
based on the argument that the Association agreed to the development of the FBO,
thereby prohibiting it from opposing Sky Ranch’s request for the zoning change
necessary to permit that development. In other words, Sky Ranch alleges that the
Association effectively contracted away its right to petition the government in a manner
that would “interfere with the development of the FBO.”9 Sky Ranch’s trial brief
references the airport lease, the 1990 CCRs, a set of Association meeting minutes, and an
agreement titled the “FBO Agreement” as allegedly demonstrating the Association’s
awareness of, and assent to, the development of the FBO. Sky Ranch’s third amended
counterclaim also references the Association’s Articles of Incorporation for support,
quoting the articles as stating, “No substantial part of the activities of the corporation
shall consist of carrying on propaganda or otherwise trying to influence legislation.”
(Internal quotation marks omitted.)

¶17 Based on the record before us, we determine that it is impossible to know one
way or another whether Sky Ranch’s tortious interference claim was properly dismissed

      8
        Additionally, the trial court determined that Longley and Grassy Meadows
Airport did not comply with the notice requirements of the lease when they sought to
terminate the lease, which rendered the termination ineffective, and that they were
“equitably estopped from seeking termination as a remedy for any minor breach that
may have occurred” because Association members “relied on” Longley’s representation
that they would have exclusive access to a private airstrip when they purchased their
lots. Because of the manner in which we resolved the lease termination issue, we do not
address these additional arguments.
      9
       Sky Ranch’s trial brief also alludes to “other efforts by [Sky Ranch] to develop
[Grassy Meadows that] have been thwarted by the Association” but does not provide
any details about those “other efforts.”

20100925‐CA                                11
by the trial court in the manner that occurred here.10 At trial, the parties and trial court
seemingly agreed that more time was needed because they “didn’t get to the part of the
case on the tortious interference” and because “[t]here ha[d]n’t been evidence on this
point.” At the close of the second day of trial, Sky Ranch declined the Association’s
suggestion that Sky Ranch “make a proffer as to . . . [the] evidence they want to put on
for tortious interference,” preferring to present its arguments and evidence during an
additional day of trial, as initially planned. We can only speculate what that evidence
would have been and what weight it would have carried in proving Sky Ranch’s claim;
Sky Ranch’s pretrial disclosures included a list of forty‐five potential witnesses and 172
potential documents or exhibits. During the two days of trial that did occur, Sky Ranch
called only four witnesses and the trial court admitted only forty‐four documents and
exhibits into evidence between the parties. Of the five documents referenced in the trial
brief and counterclaim, only three were admitted at trial (the 1990 CCRs, the airport
lease, and the meeting minutes); one was never addressed (the Association’s Articles of

       10
         We recognize that the Noerr‐Pennington Doctrine relied on by the trial court
may ultimately apply, defeating Sky Ranch’s tortious interference claim. See Anderson
Dev. Co. v. Tobias, 2005 UT 36, ¶¶ 25‐28, 116 P.3d 323 (explaining that the Noerr‐
Pennington Doctrine “protect[s] political activity against tort claims as well as antitrust
claims,” and rejecting the plaintiff’s tortious interference claim based on the defendant’s
“efforts to derail [the plaintiff’s] zoning change application, which was before the City
Council”). However, in order to reach that conclusion, the trial court needed to
determine whether the Association waived its constitutional right to petition the zoning
board in a valid contract or otherwise. See generally Mood For A Day, Inc. v. Salt Lake
Cnty., 953 F. Supp. 1252, 1268 (D. Utah 1995) (“To find waiver, a fact finder must
determine that plaintiff voluntarily and knowingly waived its constitutional rights.”);
Barnard v. Wassermann, 855 P.2d 243, 247 (Utah 1993) (“[A]lthough courts indulge a
presumption against waiver of constitutional rights, the presumption is rebuttable.
Waiver is deemed to occur when the totality of the circumstances indicates an
intentional abandonment or relinquishment of a known constitutional right.” (citation
omitted)). Because the admissibility of the FBO Agreement was never ruled on, and
because Sky Ranch had possibly several other documents and witnesses to present in
support of this point, we cannot determine whether Sky Ranch would have succeeded
in proving that the Association waived its constitutional rights or whether the trial
court’s application of the Noerr‐Pennington Doctrine was ultimately correct.

20100925‐CA                                  12
Incorporation); and the other was withdrawn at the request of Sky Ranch (the FBO
Agreement).

¶18 In sum, there were dozens of potential witnesses, exhibits, and documents that
were not presented to the court that may have supported Sky Ranch’s tortious
interference claim. Sky Ranch simply did not have an opportunity to present its
evidence on this counterclaim. Accordingly, we remand to the trial court for the narrow
purpose of hearing the evidence Sky Ranch intended to present in support of its tortious
interference claim. The trial court’s determinations as to the 1990 CCRs and breach of
the airport lease remain unchanged, as indicated above.

                                      IV. Escrow

¶19 Last, Sky Ranch argues that “[t]he trial court erred in making any ruling as to the
sufficiency of the amount of money held in escrow, as it was not properly before the
court.” “A trial court’s findings should fit within the framework of the petition as
originally drawn, or as amended and should be supported by the evidence presented,”
although “a trial court may infer an amendment to the pleadings if the issue is tried by
the [p]arties’ express or implied consent.” Lee v. Sanders, 2002 UT App 281, ¶ 7, 55 P.3d
1127 (internal quotation marks omitted). A court can determine that implied consent
was given “where one party raises an issue material to the other party’s case or where
evidence is introduced without objection, [and] where it appear[s] that the parties
understood the evidence [was] to be aimed at the unpleaded issue.” Id. (alterations in
original) (internal quotation marks omitted). However, “[a] trial court may not base its
decision on an issue that was tried inadvertently.” Archuleta v. Hughes, 969 P.2d 409,
413 (Utah 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted).

¶20 Here, the airport lease issue unavoidably involves the sub‐issue of what to do
with the monies held in escrow. Therefore, we disagree with Sky Ranch that the issue
was not properly before the trial court. Where the trial court did err, however, was in
concluding that the amount in escrow constituted the amount of rent actually due,
when the amount due under the lease was to be determined “on an annual basis based
on the Published National Consumer Price Index for Southwestern Utah” and no
evidence was presented as to such. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court’s
determination that the amount held in escrow constituted the amount due and remand
for further proceedings during which the trial court can hear the evidence necessary to

20100925‐CA                                13
determine the amount due under the lease from the date of the Association’s last
accepted lease payment through the time at which the trial court resolves this matter.11

                                     CONCLUSION

¶21 We affirm the trial court’s determination that the 2002 CCRs were invalid
because Sky Ranch’s ability to unilaterally amend the 1990 CCRs terminated when 80%
of the lots then available in the community sold. We also affirm the trial court’s
determination that the Association did not materially breach the terms of the airport
lease. We reverse the trial court’s dismissal of Sky Ranch’s tortious interference claim
and its determination that the monies held in escrow constituted the full amount of rent
due under the lease, and remand for further proceedings on those two matters in
accordance with this opinion.

____________________________________
James Z. Davis, Judge

                                           ‐‐‐‐‐

¶22   WE CONCUR:

____________________________________
William A. Thorne Jr., Judge

____________________________________
Stephen L. Roth, Judge

      11
       The trial court’s judgment states, “If an appeal is taken, the monies will
continue to be held in escrow and [the Association] will continue to make lease
payments to the Court pending final resolution of this issue.”

20100925‐CA                                 14