Court Opinion

ID: 4671730
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-26 09:07:37.268441+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:46.959176
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                  UNPUBLISHED
                                                                  March 25, 2021
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                 No. 350735
                                                                  Calhoun Circuit Court
JARVIZ JAMES BROWN,                                               LC No. 2018-002637-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                 No. 352034
                                                                  Calhoun Circuit Court
DAVON CAPRICE WEST,                                               LC No. 2018-002638-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and BECKERING and SWARTZLE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendants’ criminal convictions stem from a drive-by shooting that left one victim a
paraplegic. Following a joint trial, a jury convicted brothers Jarviz James Brown and Devon
Caprice West of assault with intent to murder (AWIM) Anthony Bacon, MCL 750.831, intentional
discharge of a firearm from a vehicle causing serious impairment of a body function of another
individual (intentional discharge of a firearm from a vehicle), MCL 750.234a(1)(c), and three
counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL
750.227b. The trial court sentenced Brown to 35 to 50 years’ imprisonment for the assault with

1
  Defendants were also charged with AWIM with respect to Lakesha Bills, but the jury acquitted
them of the charge.

                                              -1-
intent to murder conviction, 13 to 30 years for the intentional discharge of a firearm from a vehicle
conviction, and three concurrent two-year terms for the felony-firearm convictions, to be served
consecutively to the other sentences. The court sentenced West as a third habitual offender, MCL
769.11, to 15 to 40 year’s imprisonment for the intentional discharge of a firearm from a vehicle
conviction, but otherwise imposed sentences the same as Brown’s. Both defendants appealed as
of right, and we consolidated their appeals.2 We affirm.

                                      I. PERTINENT FACTS

        In August 2018, Lakesha Bills drove her young children and her brother, Anthony Bacon,
to a fast-food restaurant in Battle Creek a lunchtime. There, they encountered defendants in the
parking lot. Bacon and defendants had an acrimonious relationship. Bacon instructed Bills to
drive away, but before she could do so, defendants approached her vehicle and exchanged harsh
words with Bacon. Threats to fight were made both ways, Brown allegedly threatened to kill
Bacon,3 and Bacon spit at West. Bills finally drove away, but Brown followed in his white Jaguar,
with West in the passenger seat. Bills was able to briefly elude them before arriving at her home.
Shortly after arriving home, as Bills was attempting to hurry her children inside the house, Brown’s
car came around the corner and Bacon and Bills heard shots. Bacon took cover between vehicles
in the driveway and brandished his gun, shooting back one or two times. Bullets fired by West as
he stood up through the Jaguar’s sunroof struck the vehicle near Bacon, the side and front of Bills’s
house, and the living room. West shot at least 11 times. Bills was hit by a bullet that lodged near
her spine and paralyzed her legs. Brown sped away and drove to sibling Harry Gibson’s home,
where defendants switched vehicles. They were subsequently apprehended near Kalamazoo.

                               II. DOCKET NO. 350735, BROWN

                                 A. INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE

       In his appeal, Brown argues that the evidence was insufficient at trial to convict him of the
charged crimes. We disagree.

         When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court reviews the
evidence de novo in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether a rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime were proved beyond a reasonable
doubt. People v Meissner, 294 Mich App 438, 452; 812 NW2d 37 (2011). “The standard of
review is deferential: a reviewing court is required to draw all reasonable inferences and make
credibility choices in support of the jury verdict.” People v Nowack, 462 Mich 392, 400; 614
NW2d 78 (2000). This Court must not interfere with the fact-finder’s role in deciding the weight
and credibility to give to a witness’s testimony. See People v Lemmon, 456 Mich 625, 646-647;

2
 People v Jarviz James Brown and People v Davon Caprice West, unpublished order of the Court
of Appeals, entered June 30, 2020 (Docket Nos. 350735, 352034).
3
  Bacon testified that a threat to kill him was made at the fast-food restaurant, but he either could
not or would not say which defendant had made the threat. Testifying after Bacon, Bills answered
affirmatively when asked if anyone had threatened Bacon, and she identified Brown as that person.

                                                -2-
576 NW2d 129 (1998) (stating that when the question is one of credibility posed by diametrically
opposed versions of the events in question, courts must leave the test of credibility with the trier
of fact). “Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising from that evidence can
constitute satisfactory proof of the elements of a crime.” People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 757;
597 NW2d 130 (1999). It is for the fact-finder alone to “determine what inferences may be fairly
drawn from the evidence and determine the weight to be accorded those inferences.” People v
Hardiman, 466 Mich 417, 428; 646 NW2d 158 (2002). “All conflicts in the evidence must be
resolved in favor of the prosecution.” People v Kanaan, 278 Mich App 594, 619; 751 NW2d 57
(2008).

       Brown was convicted of AWIM, intentional discharge of firearm from a vehicle, and
felony-firearm under an aiding and abetting theory, based on West’s actions of standing up through
the sunroof of Brown’s car and firing his weapon at Bacon while Brown drove the car past Bills’
house. One who procures, counsels, aids or abets in the commission of an offense may be
convicted and punished as if he directly committed the offense. MCL 767.39. To establish that a
defendant aided and abetted a crime, the prosecutor must show that:

       (1) the crime charged was committed by the defendant or some other person; (2)
       the defendant performed acts or gave encouragement that assisted the commission
       of the crime; and (3) the defendant intended the commission of the crime or had
       knowledge that the principal intended its commission at the time that [the
       defendant] gave aid and encouragement. [People v Robinson, 475 Mich 1, 5-6; 715
       NW2d 44 (2006) (quotation marks and citations omitted).]

        The elements of AWIM are: (1) an assault, (2) with an actual intent to kill, (3) which, if
successful, would make the killing murder. People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 195-196; 793
NW2d 120 (2010) (quotation marks and citation omitted). On appeal, Brown focuses his
sufficiency argument on his state of mind. Generally, an aider and abettor must possess the same
requisite intent as that required of a principal. People v Mass, 464 Mich 615, 628; 628 NW2d 540
(2001). Brown claims he had no intention of killing Bacon, but thought he was driving West to
engage in a fistfight with Bacon; he did not know West had a weapon until West began to shoot,
and he sped away from the scene as soon as the shooting began.

        To establish the necessary intent of an aider and abettor, a prosecutor must prove that the
defendant had a specific intent to commit the crime, that the defendant had knowledge of his
principal’s intent, or that the criminal act committed by the principal was an incidental
consequence that would have been reasonably expected to result as a natural and probable
consequence of the intended wrong. Robinson, 475 Mich at 9. An aider and abettor’s state of
mind may be inferred from all the facts and circumstances. Carines, 460 Mich at 758. “Factors
that may be considered include a close association between the defendant and the principal, the
defendant’s participation in the planning or execution of the crime, and evidence of flight after the
crime.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). A defendant’s mere presence at a crime, even
with knowledge that the offense is about to be committed, is not enough to make a defendant an
aider and abettor. People v Norris, 236 Mich App 411, 419-420; 600 NW2d 658 (1999). Some
advice, aid, or encouragement is required. Yet, once the defendant’s conduct has had the effect of
inducing the crime, the amount of advice, aid, or encouragement is immaterial. People v Moore,
470 Mich 56, 71; 679 NW2d 41 (2004).

                                                -3-
        In this case, the jury heard testimony that Brown and West are brothers, that Brown
threatened Bacon during their argument at the fast-food restaurant, that Bacon antagonized West
by spitting at him, and that Brown followed Bills’s car after she drove away with Bacon from the
restaurant. A reasonable jury could infer from Brown’s pursuit of Bills’s car that he was intent on
prolonging the argument. The jury also heard testimony that Bills attempted to drive so as to elude
Brown. From this, the jury could reasonably infer that the threat of murder against Bacon was
convincing, that Bacon knew he had antagonized West by spitting at him, and that Bills and Bacon
took the situation seriously. A person making a local delivery testified that he saw a whiteish car
driving aggressively and running a stop sign, which suggests Brown’s determination to locate and
catch up with Bills and Bacon before they could disappear. Testimony further indicated that West
stood up through the sunroof of Brown’s car and was shooting as the car traveled from Washington
Street onto West Goguac Street, around the corner where Bills’s house stood. This occurred soon
after Bills and Bacon arrived at Bills’s home, and before they had time to go from the car into
Bills’s home. A crime technician testified that Bills’s car was hit three times, there were bullet
holes in Bills’s residence, and bullet fragments were found inside the living room. From this, a
jury could reasonably infer that Brown drove fast enough to allow them to catch Bacon and Bills
by surprise, and steady enough to enable West to fire multiple times with some accuracy in Bacon’s
direction. Moreover, Bills testified that Brown’s car came to a complete stop at the end of her
driveway in front of her house, from which a jury could reasonably infer that Brown was aiding,
and even encouraging, West to shoot Bacon, whom testimony places in the driveway while the
shooting is occurring. Finally, Brown assisted and participated in West’s fleeing; he left the scene
and they immediately exchanged cars and drove to a different city.

        Intent to kill may be inferred from all the facts in evidence, including the use of a deadly
weapon. See People v Henderson, 306 Mich App 1, 11; 854 NW2d 234 (2014), overruled on other
grounds People v Reichard, 505 Mich 81 (2020). Here, although Brown did not fire a gun at Bacon
and Bills, the jury heard testimony indicating that he threatened to kill Bacon, who antagonized
West, then drove West to where Bacon was, and handled his car in a way that enabled West to fire
a weapon multiple times at Bacon through the sunroof. The jury could reasonably infer from the
brothers’ close association, from Brown’s facilitation of West’s shooting at Bacon, including
stopping in front of Bills’s house after the shooting began, and from Brown’s attempt after the
shooting to help West avoid detection, that he aided and abetted in an assault on Bacon with an
intent to kill him. See Carines, 60 Mich at 758.

       Brown and West testified that they thought they were going to a fistfight with Bacon and
they did not intend to kill him. However, the jury verdicts indicate that the jury did not find
defendants’ testimony credible, and this Court will “not interfere with the fact-finder’s role in
deciding the weight and credibility to give to a witness’s testimony.” See Lemmon, 456 Mich
at 646-647; see also Nowack, 462 Mich at 400.

         We also conclude that plaintiff presented sufficient evidence to support Brown’s conviction
of the intentional discharge of a firearm from a vehicle in violation of MCL 750.234a(1)(c). Brown
contends the evidence was insufficient to support the conviction because both he and West testified
that Brown did not know West had a gun. The jury heard this testimony and found that it was not
credible. As already indicated, we will not interfere with the fact-finder’s credibility
determination. See Nowack, 462 Mich at 400. Even if Brown did not initially know that West had
a gun, the jury heard testimony from which it might reasonably infer that Brown drove in a manner

                                                -4-
that enabled West to shoot multiple times at Bacon, and even stopped in front of Bills’s house after
the shooting began. This testimony, if believed, is sufficient to demonstrate that, after he
discovered West had a gun, Brown nevertheless took measures to assist West in his intentional
discharge of the firearm from the vehicle. There is no dispute that Bills was shot in the back and
lost the use of her legs as a consequence.

      As to aiding and abetting felony-firearm, the Michigan Supreme Court explained in Moore,
470 Mich at 70-71:

       Establishing that a defendant has aided and abetted a felony-firearm offense
       requires proof that a violation of the felony-firearm statute was committed by the
       defendant or some other person, that the defendant performed acts or gave
       encouragement that assisted in the commission of the felony-firearm violation, and
       that the defendant intended the commission of the felony-firearm violation or had
       knowledge that the principal intended its commission at the time that the defendant
       gave aid and encouragement. In determining whether a defendant assisted in the
       commission of the crime, the amount of advice, aid, or encouragement is not
       material if it had the effect of inducing the commission of the crime. [Citation
       omitted.]

        Brown once more contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his felony-firearm
conviction because he and West testified that he did not know West had a gun. Again, Brown asks
this Court to reject the fact-finder’s credibility assessment and reasonable inferences from the
evidence and again, we decline to do so. See Nowack, 462 Mich at 400. In addition, Detective
Tyler Sutherland described mannerisms a person would adopt if they were concealing a gun, and
the jury viewed video of Brown and West from the fast-food restaurant that showed West holding
something under his shirt. The jury could infer from the video whether West had a gun and
whether Brown would have observed West’s having a gun. Further, the same evidence that
supports the reasonable inference that Brown performed acts assisting West’s shooting a firearm
from the vehicle also support the jury’s finding that Brown “performed acts or gave encouragement
that assisted in [West’s] commission of the felony-firearm violation, and that [Brown] intended
the commission of the felony-firearm violation or had knowledge that [West] intended its
commission at the time that [Brown] gave aid and encouragement.” Moore, 470 Mich at 70-71.

        Reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, Meissner, 294 Mich
App at 452, deferring to the jury’s credibility assessments, Nowack, 462 Mich at 400, and
resolving all conflicts in the evidence in favor of the prosecution, Kanaan, 278 Mich App at 619,
we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s conviction of Brown for AWIM,
intentional discharge of a firearm from a vehicle, and felony-firearm.

                                        B. SEVERANCE

        Brown next argues that the trial court should have granted defendants’ motion for separate
trials because his defense was irreconcilable with West’s defense. We disagree. This Court
reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision on a motion to try codefendants
separately. People v Furline, 505 Mich 16, 20; 949 NW2d 666 (2020). The trial court does not

                                                -5-
abuse its discretion when it chooses an outcome within the range of reasonable and principled
outcomes. People v Babcock, 469 Mich 247, 269; 666 NW2d 231 (2003).

       The trial court “must sever the trial of defendants on related offenses on a showing that
severance is necessary to avoid prejudice to substantial rights of the defendant.” Furline, 505
Mich at 20, quoting MCR 6.121(C).

       [S]everance may be warranted when defendants’ mutually exclusive or antagonistic
       defenses create a serious risk of prejudice. . . . [T]he defenses must be
       irreconcilable and create such great tension that a jury would have to believe one
       defendant at the expense of the other. Defenses are mutually exclusive within the
       meaning of this rule if the jury, in order to believe the core of the evidence offered
       on behalf of one defendant, must disbelieve the core of the evidence offered on
       behalf of the co-defendant. Prejudice requiring reversal occurs only when the
       competing defenses are so antagonistic at their cores that both cannot be believed.
       [Id. at 21 (quotation marks and citation omitted).]

        Defendants opposed plaintiff’s pretrial motion to join their cases for trial because, at the
time, they did not know whether their defenses would conflict. The trial court granted plaintiff’s
motion, but encouraged defendants to move for severance should they discover that their defenses
conflicted. On the first day of trial, West moved for separate trials, asserting that “severance is
necessary in order to avoid prejudice and to avoid violating substantial rights for the defendants,”
that there was a “potential for confusion and the likelihood of prejudice stemming from the
complexity and the nature of the evidence,” and that different defenses for each defendant could
develop. Brown joined the motion, stating that there were “serious due process concerns.” The
trial court denied the motion on the grounds that defendants failed to provide any facts showing
that their defenses were mutually exclusive or that a joint trial would prejudice either of them.

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying defendants’ joint motion for
severance. Although defendants offered conclusory statements regarding why their trials should
be severed, they provided no facts indicating that their defenses were mutually exclusive or that
prejudice would result from a joint trial. See Id. at 20-21 (indicating that a trial court can reject
statements regarding irreconcilable defenses that lack sufficient specificity or are conclusory
because a defendant’s claim of prejudice must be substantiated through concrete facts).

        On appeal, Brown contends that his and West’s defenses were irreconcilable because he
claimed that he thought that he was driving to Bills’s home for a physical fight, and did not know
West had a gun, and West claimed that he had hidden the gun and took it out to return fire after
Bacon shot at them. These versions of the drive-by shooting are not mutually exclusive. The jury
did not have to reject West’s defense that Bacon shot first in order to believe Brown’s defense that
he did not know West had a gun until he fired it. In fact, after West testified, Brown was asked
whether West had testified accurately, and Brown replied that he recalled the events vividly, and
that West’s testimony was “very accurate.” Because Brown’s and West’s defenses were not
mutually exclusive, severance was not warranted. Id. at 21.

       As to prejudice, Brown contends on appeal that the jury convicted him merely because he
was present in the car with West while West and Bacon engaged in a gunfight. However, as

                                                -6-
discussed above, the evidence was sufficient for a reasonable trier of fact to conclude beyond a
reasonable doubt that Brown aided and abetted in the commission of AWIM, the intentional
discharge of a firearm from a vehicle, and felony-firearm. Accordingly, Brown’s assertion that he
was convicted because of his mere presence is unavailing. Because Brown has failed to show on
appeal “that the requisite prejudice in fact occurred at trial,” we will not reverse the trial court’s
joinder decision. Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                III. DOCKET NO. 352034, WEST

                               A. SELF-DEFENSE INSTRUCTION

        In his appeal, West contends that the trial court erred by denying his request for a self-
defense instruction with respect to the charge of intentional discharge of a firearm from a vehicle
causing serious impairment of another individual, MCL 750.234a(1)(c). We disagree. This Court
reviews claims of instructional error de novo, see People v Perez, 469 Mich 415, 418; 670 NW2d
655 (2003), and the trial court’s “determination whether a jury instruction is applicable to the facts
of the case” for an abuse of discretion, People v Heikkinen, 250 Mich App 322, 327; 646 NW2d
190 (2002).

        A defendant has the right to “a properly instructed jury.” People v Mills, 450 Mich 61, 80;
537 NW2d 909 (1995), mod 450 Mich 1212 (1995). “Jury instructions must not exclude
consideration of material issues, defenses, and theories for which there is supporting evidence.”
People v Kurr, 253 Mich App 317, 328; 654 NW2d 651 (2002). For the jury to be instructed on a
particular theory of defense, the evidence must support the theory. People v Johnson, 171 Mich
App 801, 804; 430 NW2d 828 (1988). “A defendant asserting an affirmative defense must produce
some evidence on all elements of the defense before the trial court is required to instruct the jury
regarding the affirmative defense.” People v Crawford, 232 Mich App 608, 620; 591 NW2d 669
(1998). Self-defense is a complete, affirmative defense that justifies otherwise punishable criminal
conduct. See People v Dupree, 486 Mich 693, 707; 788 NW2d 399 (2010). A person not engaged
in the commission of a crime at the time he uses deadly force against another may use such force
if he “honestly and reasonably believes that the use of deadly force is necessary to prevent the
imminent death of or imminent great bodily harm to himself . . . .” MCL 780.792(1)(a).

        The trial court declined to instruct the jury on self-defense relative to the charge against
West of intentional discharge of a firearm from a vehicle causing serious impairment because it
concluded that West’s testimony did not support such an instruction. West testified that he heard
a shot and saw Bills fall face forward on the porch of her house before he fired any shots toward
Bacon. The court reasoned that West’s testimony appeared to suggest that Bacon shot Bills, rather
than that West shot her while exchanging fire with Bacon in self-defense. Because West did not
present any evidence that he was using force to prevent immediate harm to himself or Brown when
Bills suffered serious bodily harm, the court deemed the instruction unwarranted. See Crawford,
232 Mich App at 620.

       On appeal, West still does not point to any record evidence that would have supported
giving a self-defense instruction. Instead, he contends that the court’s comment that there was
“slim” evidence of West acting in self-defense against Bills signifies that there was some evidence,
and that the existence of some evidence warranted the instruction. West misconstrues the court’s

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observation. Reading the trial court’s slim-evidence comment in context shows that the court was
referring to the evidence supporting a self-defense instruction relative to the charge of AWIM as
to Bills. The court noted that the evidence supported giving a self-defense instruction in the
context of the charge of AWIM as to Bacon. But as it related to Bills, the “evidence . . .is very
slim,” and the court noted that it was “only just persuaded to allow that instruction to apply to
assault with intent to murder, at all. As it relates to Ms. Bills.” The court then addressed the self-
defense instruction with regard to the charge of intentional discharge of a firearm from a vehicle
causing serious impairment, and concluded that West’s testimony did not support giving the
instruction. Because West failed to point to any record evidence that he was using deadly force to
prevent imminent harm when Bills suffered serious impairment, and in fact testified that he did
not resort to deadly force until after Bills had fallen, he was not entitled to a self-defense instruction
relative to this charge. See id. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by declining
to give the instruction. See Heikkinen, 250 Mich App at 327.

                                           B. BIND OVER

        In a Standard 4 brief,4 West contends the district court abused its discretion by determining
that there was probable cause to believe he committed an assault with intent to murder Bacon, and
by binding him over to the circuit court for trial on that charge. We disagree. We review a decision
to bind over a defendant for an abuse of discretion, overturning the decision only if it is “outside
the range of principled outcomes.” People v Shami, 501 Mich 243, 251; 912 NW2d 526 (2018).

        After a criminal prosecution begins with the filing of an information, “the accused has a
statutory right to a preliminary examination.” People v Taylor, 316 Mich App 52, 54; 890 NW2d
891 (2016) (quotation marks and citation omitted). The purpose of a preliminary examination is
to determine whether to bind the defendant over to circuit court for trial on the basis of a finding
that a felony has been committed and there is probable cause to believe that the defendant
committed the crime. See id. at 54. “Probable cause requires a quantum of evidence sufficient to
cause a person of ordinary prudence and caution to conscientiously entertain a reasonable belief
of the accused’s guilt.” People v Anderson, 501 Mich 175, 183; 912 NW2d 503 (2018) (quotation
marks and citation omitted). Probable cause “requires sufficient evidence of each element of the
crime charged, or from which the elements may be inferred.” Shami, 501 Mich at 250-251.

        As to the charge of AWIM, West contends that there was no evidence that he intended to
kill Bacon. “Intent may be inferred from all the facts and circumstances[,]” People v Cameron,
291 Mich App 599, 615; 806 NW2d 371 (2011), and because of the difficulty of proving an actor’s
state of mind, minimal circumstantial evidence is sufficient, Kanaan, 278 Mich App at 622.
Evidence at the preliminary examination showed that conflict existed between Bacon and both
West and Brown, that Brown explicitly threatened to kill Bacon,5 and that Bacon antagonized West
by spitting at him. It also showed that Brown drove West to Bills’s home, where West fired
multiple rounds toward Bacon and Bills, and that Bills was hit. In the absence of any evidence of

4
  A “Standard 4” brief refers to the brief a defendant may file in propria persona pursuant to
Standard 4 of Michigan Supreme Court Administrative Order No. 2004-6, 471 Mich c, cii (2004).
5
  Bacon testified at the preliminary examination, “Jarviz looked at me. Said he was going to kill
me.”

                                                   -8-
a conflict with Bills, it is reasonable to infer that Bacon was West’s target. The intent to kill may
be inferred from the use of a deadly weapon. Carines, 460 Mich at 759. In our view, this evidence
was “sufficient to cause a person of ordinary prudence and caution to conscientiously entertain a
reasonable belief of the accused’s guilt.” Anderson, 501 Mich at 183.

       Defendant claims that Bacon was the aggressor because he spit at West, carried a gun, and
took cover in the driveway to shoot at the Jaguar. However, evidence established that Brown and
West sought Bacon out by following him to Bills’s home, and no evidence was presented at the
preliminary examination establishing that Bacon initiated the violence by shooting first.

         West also asserts that, because there was no evidence that he intended to kill Bacon, there
was no intent to transfer to Bills. “[T]he doctrine of transferred intent . . . provides: ‘Where one
intends to assault a certain person, but by mistake or accident assaults a different person, the crime
so committed, if any, is the same as though the person originally intended to be assaulted had been
assaulted.’ ” People v Hurse, 152 Mich App 811, 813; 394 NW2d 119 (1986), quoting CJI 17:1:05.
As already discussed, the evidence supported the district court’s determination that there was
probable cause to believe that West intended to kill Bacon. If West shot Bills while he intended
to kill Bacon, the intent to kill Bacon could be transferred to Bills. Thus, transferred intent could
be considered.

         Even if the district court erred in binding West over on a charge of assault with the intent
to kill Bacon, the error was harmless if there was sufficient evidence to convict at trial. See People
v Hall, 435 Mich 599, 602-603; 460 NW2d 520 (1990). The evidence at trial showed that Bacon
had an antagonistic relationship with Brown and West, that he further antagonized West by spitting
at him, that West and his brother, Brown, went to Bills’s house to confront Bacon, and that as the
car Brown was driving neared Bills’s house, West stood up through the car’s sunroof and fired at
least 11 shots toward Bills’s house and Bacon, at least three of which hit the SUV near which
Bacon was crouching. Minimal circumstantial evidence is required to prove an actor’s state of
mind. Kanaan, 278 Mich App at 622. In addition, as already indicated, “[c]ircumstantial evidence
and reasonable inferences arising from that evidence can constitute satisfactory proof of the
elements of a crime.” Carines, 460 Mich at 757. A jury could reasonably infer from the existence
of animosity between Bacon and West, West’s use of a deadly weapon, the number of shots fired,
and the proximity of the shots to Bacon that West assaulted Bacon with the intent to murder him.
See Carines, 460 Mich at 759. Although the jury heard West and Brown testify that their intention
was to engage in a fistfight with Bacon, not a gunfight, the jury’s verdict shows that it disbelieved
defendants’ testimony on this point. We will not interfere with the fact-finder’s credibility
determination. See Nowack, 462 Mich at 400. Because sufficient evidence supports the jury’s
conviction of West for assault with intent to kill Bacon, any defects in the bindover on that charge
constitute harmless error.

                         IV. SENTENCING AND THE TANNER RULE

        Both Brown and West argue on appeal that the trial court plainly erred by sentencing them
to 35 to 50 years’ imprisonment for their AWIM convictions. They claim the sentence violates
the rule prohibiting a minimum sentence that is more than two-thirds of the statutory maximum
sentence. People v Tanner, 387 Mich 683, 690; 199 NW2d 202 (1972) (“Convinced as we are,
that a sentence with too short an interval between minimum and maximum is not indeterminate,

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we hold that any sentence which provides for a minimum exceeding two-thirds of the maximum
is improper as failing to comply with the indeterminant sentence act”); MCL 769.34(2)(b). The
AWIM statute provides for a maximum term of “life or any number of years.” MCL 750.83.
While at first blush, a sentence of 35 to 50 years appears to violate the Tanner rule, and all parties
originally agreed on this point, our Supreme Court has determined that the two-thirds rule “does
not apply to sentences where the statutory maximum is ‘life or any term of years.’ ” People v
Floyd, 490 Mich 901; 804 NW2d 564 (2011); see also People v Smith, __ Mich App __, __; __
NW2d __ (2021) (Docket No. 346044); slip op at 9. Therefore, defendants are not entitled to
sentencing relief based on failure to apply the two-thirds rule.

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                              /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                              /s/ Brock A. Swartzle

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