Court Opinion

ID: 9899106
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-15 20:13:33.297443+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:19:39.407245
License: Public Domain

IN THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                 2023 Fall Term                               FILED
                         ____________________________
                                                                   November 15, 2023
                                                                          released at 3:00 p.m.
                                No. 22-ICA-249                        EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                         ____________________________              INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          OF WEST VIRGINIA

                             DAVID G. MAHER AND
                                 AMY C. MAHER,
                            Plaintiffs Below, Petitioners,

                                          v.

               CAMP 4 CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, INC.,
                       Defendant Below, Respondent.
  ___________________________________________________________________

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court of Pocahontas County
                       The Honorable Jennifer P. Dent, Judge
                         Civil Action No. CC-38-2015-C-55

                              AFFIRMED
  ___________________________________________________________________

                            Submitted: October 10, 2023
                             Filed: November 15, 2023

J. David Judy, III, Esq.                       Melvin F. O’Brien, Esq.
Aaron M. Judy, Esq.                            Aaron M. Ponzo, Esq.
Judy & Judy, Attorneys at Law                  Michelle D. Baldwin, Esq.
Moorefield, West Virginia                      Dickie, McCamey & Chilcote, L.C.
Counsel for Petitioners                        Wheeling, West Virginia

                                               Robert C. Chenoweth, Esq.
                                               Busch, Zurbuch & Thompson, PLLC
                                               Elkins, West Virginia
                                               Counsel for Respondent Camp 4
                                               Condominium Association, Inc.

JUDGE LORENSEN delivered the Opinion of the Court.
LORENSEN, Judge:

              Petitioners David and Amy Maher, appeal the Circuit Court of Pocahontas

County’s October 19, 2022, order granting summary judgment in favor of Camp 4

Condominium Association, Inc. (the “Association”). 1 The circuit court found that the

Association owed no duty to disclose latent defects in a condominium the Mahers

purchased in 2007. The circuit court further determined that the gist of the action doctrine

bars the Mahers’ claims of negligence and fraud against the Association, and that the

remedies available to the Mahers did not include consequential or special monetary

damages.

              After careful review of the briefs, the appendix record, the arguments of the

parties, and the applicable legal authority, we agree with the circuit court and therefore

affirm its entry of summary judgment.

                      I.     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              In 2007, the Mahers purchased Unit 27 of the Camp 4 common interest

community in Snowshoe, West Virginia from Oswald and Geraldine Zeringue.

       1
         The circuit court certified its order pursuant to Rule 54(b) of the West Virginia
Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 54(b) permits a circuit court to enter final judgment as to
one or more but fewer than all of a party’s claims upon an express determination that there
is no just reason for delay. According to the circuit court’s order, certain other claims
remain pending against the Association.
                                             1
Approximately seven (7) years after the sale, the Mahers discovered latent defects in the

condominium. As a result, the Mahers brought this civil action against the Zeringues, the

Association, and other named defendants, alleging breach contract, breach of statutory and

common law duties, negligence, fraud, and civil conspiracy. The circuit court’s October

19, 2022, order addresses, among other things, the causes of actions brought against the

Association which allege it failed to disclose construction defects prior to the Mahers’

purchase of the condominium, fraud and negligence tort claims for the time period

subsequent to their purchase of the condominium, and whether the Mahers can recover

monetary damages for the Association’s failure to repair common elements. The Mahers’

appeal is limited to the circuit court’s findings with respect to the Association.

              The Association is governed by the Uniform Common Interest Ownership

Act (the “Uniform Act”), found in Chapter 36B of the West Virginia Code. Under the

Uniform Act, each common interest community is managed by a unit owners’ association

governed by a board of directors subject to a declaration. A declaration is a document that,

when properly recorded, establishes the common interest community and outlines the

community’s common elements, use restrictions, maintenance requirements, and other

rules governing a unit owners’ association and its members. When a condominium unit

subject to a unit owners’ association is purchased, the new unit owner becomes

contractually bound to the declaration and subject the unit owners’ association’s

management.

                                              2
              Under the Uniform Act, if a member of the unit owners’ association intends

to sell their unit, the owner must disclose to the prospective buyer (prior to purchase) a

copy of the unit owners’ association bylaws, its declaration, its rules and regulations, and

a resale certificate. A resale certificate is a document which must be completed by the unit

owners’ association for the owner (seller) within ten (10) days of a request. West Virginia

Code § 36B-4-109 (1986) outlines fourteen (14) topics a resale certificate is required to

address. Most of the resale certificate disclosures are financial, such as the unit owners’

association’s operating budget, monthly common expenses, any unpaid assessments owed

by the seller, future capital expenditures, the status of any legal proceedings against the

unit owners’ association, and insurance information.

              However, not all the information required in a resale certificate is financial.

Section 36B-4-109(10) states that a resale certificate must disclose to the seller “[a]

statement as to whether the executive board has knowledge that any alterations or

improvements to the unit or the limited common elements . . . violate any provisions of the

declaration;” and section 36B-4-109(11) requires “[a] statement as to whether the executive

board has knowledge of any violations of the health and safety codes with respect to the

unit, the limited common elements . . . or any other portion of the common interest

community.” Pursuant to West Virginia Code § 36B-4-109(b), a unit seller who provides

a valid certificate of resale is immunized from liability associated with the information

disclosed on the resale certificate.

                                             3
              The Mahers purchased Unit 27 from the Zeringues on November 16, 2007.

Approximately seven (7) years later, on January 8 or 9, 2015, Unit 27 experienced a freeze

event which caused sprinkler system pipes to burst within the unit, producing substantial

property damage. The Mahers allege they had no notice of freeze events in Unit 27 or any

other unit within the common interest community prior to their sprinkler pipes freezing in

2015. After the 2015 freeze event, the Mahers and the Association each alleged the other

was responsible for the damages to Unit 27. As a result, the Mahers hired construction and

engineering experts who discovered that Unit 27, and other units within the common

interest community, experienced sprinkler system freezes prior to the Mahers’ November

16, 2007, purchase of the condominium unit. According to the record, in 2004 and 2005

the Association hired construction and architectural experts who identified the potential

causes of freezing sprinkler systems and gave suggestions to limit future freezing events. 2

The complaint alleges that prior to and at the time of sale, the Zeringues and the Association

had actual knowledge of construction defects within Unit 27, including defects that could

cause water lines to freeze and burst.

              The Mahers’ complaint alleges that the Association is guilty of breaches of

contract and breaches of statutory and common law duties for failing to disclose known

material defects of Unit 27 prior to and after the purchase. The Mahers also alleged the

Association was negligent by failing to mitigate and repair defects known to the

       2
         The Mahers’ investigation also uncovered alleged construction defects unrelated
to those which caused the pipes to freeze.
                                              4
Association as early as 2005, and that the Association was negligent and engaged in fraud

and a civil conspiracy with other defendants to conceal the latent defects of Unit 27. The

Mahers demanded compensation, including monetary, general, and punitive damages. 3

After the complaint was filed, extensive discovery took place.

              Eventually, the Association filed a motion for summary judgment, alleging

that it owed the Mahers no legal duty to disclose defects prior to their purchase of Unit 27,

and that the Mahers’ fraud and negligence allegations should be dismissed pursuant to the

gist of the action doctrine because those counts are grounded in alleged breaches of

contract. The Association also argued that its declaration does not allow monetary relief

as a remedy against the Association.

              The circuit court agreed with the Association that it did not fraudulently

conceal latent defects from the Mahers prior to the sale of Unit 27. The circuit court ruled

that the Association owed no contractual duty to disclose defects to the Mahers because it

was not a party to the contract between the Mahers and the Zeringues, and that any

contractual relationship between the Association and the Mahers began after they

purchased the condominium unit. The circuit court also found that the Association did not

owe a common law duty to disclose latent defects prior to or at the time of sale because

       The record on appeal contains an August 27, 2015 email in which the Mahers
       3

demanded that the Association cease and desist all repairs.
                                             5
common law only imposes a duty on sellers, and the Association was not the seller of Unit

27.

              Furthermore, the circuit court determined that the Association owed no

statutory duty to disclose construction defects in the resale certificate because the

Association’s duty to furnish the information contained in the resale certificate is to the

seller and not a purchaser. The circuit court noted that even if the resale certificate imposed

a statutory duty on the Association towards a purchaser, the Mahers produced no evidence

showing that any member of the Association’s board of directors knew of any health or

building code violations prior to the sale. The circuit court further determined that the

requirement for resale certificates to include violations of health or building codes is

limited to violations for which a citation was issued by a regulatory or law enforcement

agency, and that the Mahers produced no evidence of citations for health or building code

violations having been issued against the Association prior to the Mahers’ purchase. The

circuit court determined that the information provided in resale certificates is limited to the

specific requirements imposed by the Uniform Act, and that health and building code

violations do not include alleged general design and construction defects.

              The circuit court also addressed the Mahers’ tort allegations of fraud and

negligence for the time period after they purchased the condominium.         The circuit court

stated that the Mahers’ fraud and negligence claims were inextricably intertwined with

their contract claims, and that the fraud and negligence claims were basically contract

                                              6
claims rehashed as torts. As a result, the circuit court determined that the Mahers’ after the

sale claims of fraud and negligence were precluded by the gist of the action doctrine that

bars tort claims which arise out of a contract dispute.

              The circuit court deferred a ruling on the Association’s motion for summary

judgment with respect to the Mahers’ charge of civil conspiracy, but it agreed with the

Association that its declaration prohibits claims for special and consequential monetary

damages in suits alleging the Association failed to repair common elements of the

condominium. However, the circuit court ruled that the Mahers’ could pursue injunctive

relief and punitive damages against the Association. Finally, the circuit court’s order

addresses claims brought against insurance companies and members of the Association’s

board of directors in their individual capacity. The circuit court dismissed claims against

the insurance companies and granted the Association’s request for an order finding that

members of the board of directors cannot be held liable in their individual capacity. It is

from the circuit court’s October 19, 2022, order that the Mahers appeal to this Court.

                                 II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

              “A circuit court’s entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.” Syl. Pt.

1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994). A motion for summary

judgment should be granted only when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of fact to be

tried and inquiry concerning the facts is not desirable to clarify the application of law.” Id.

at Syl. Pt. 2. Moreover, “[s]ummary judgment is appropriate if, from the totality of the

                                              7
evidence presented, the record could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the

nonmoving party, such as where the nonmoving party has failed to make a sufficient

showing on an essential element of the case that it has the burden to prove.” Syl. Pt. 2,

Williams v. Precision Coil Inc., 194 W. Va. 52, 459 S.E.2d 329 (1995).

                                        III.   DISCUSSION

              On appeal, the Mahers list five (5) assignments of error: 1) the circuit court

erred when it dismissed the monetary damage claims against the Association; 2) the circuit

court erred when it found that the Association owed no statutory duty to prospective

purchasers; 3) the circuit court erred when it determined that a violation of a health or

safety code means an offense for which a citation was issued; 4) the circuit court erred

when it found that the gist of the action doctrine precludes negligence and fraud claims;

and 5) the circuit court erred when it found that the Association “did not breach any

statutory, contractual, or common law duties owed to [the Mahers] by [the Association]

prior to and at the time of purchase of Unit 27. . . ; 4 from purchase in 2007 until the

       4
          The circuit court ruled that the Association owed no statutory, contractual, or
common law duties to the Mahers prior to the purchase. To the extent the Mahers argue
that the circuit court erred when it found that the Association did not breach a duty prior to
the purchase of the condominium unit, we presume the Mahers are actually arguing that
the circuit court erred when it ruled that the Association owed no duties prior to the
purchase.

                                               8
freeze event of January, 2015; and following the freeze event of January, 2015.” 5 We

address the Mahers’ assignments of error in our own sequence.

       A. Statutory Duty; Health and Building Code Violations

       As an initial matter, we observe that the Mahers cite numerous statutes in their

arguments before this Court. However, we note that the Mahers alleged no specific

statutory violations in Counts I, II, III, and IV in the amended complaint that are the subject

of this appeal. We will address the statutes as discussed in the circuit court’s order, but we

decline to address alleged statutory discussions not made by the circuit court.

              The circuit court determined that the Association did not owe a statutory duty

to disclose latent defects in the resale certificate. The Mahers cite West Virginia Code §

36B-4-109, the resale certificate provision described above, for their position that the

Association owed a duty to disclose defects prior to the sale. Most pertinent to this case,

are section 36B-4-109(a)(10) and (11) which require the resale certificate to disclose any

known alterations or improvements to the unit or common elements which violate the

provisions of the Association’s declaration and any known violations of health and building

codes with respect to the unit, the Association’s limited common elements, or any other

       5
         The only after sale causes of action implicated in the Mahers’ assignments of error
are the circuit court’s rulings with respect to negligence and fraud. We will not expand our
analysis to other after the sale claims.

                                              9
portion of its common interest community. Section 36B-4-109(a)(10) and (11) and the

remaining subsections of 36B-4-109 do not state that a resale certificate must disclose

general construction defects.

              The Mahers argue that resale certificates create a duty on unit owners’

associations towards prospective purchasers. However, the circuit court correctly found

that the disclosure requirements outlined in section 36B-4-109(a) are to the sellers of units

and not purchasers. Therefore, the Association owed no pre-sale duties to the Mahers under

section 36B-4-109. Section 36B-4-109(b) requires a unit owners’ association to furnish

the seller a resale certificate within ten (10) days after a request, and section 36B-4-109(a)

requires the seller to provide the resale certificate to the buyer. Section 36B-4-109 does

not contain language requiring a unit owners’ association to provide this information to a

purchaser. In other words, section 36B-4-109 does not impose a duty on a unit owners’

association to provide information to a purchaser. 6

              Further, the Mahers fail to direct us to specific health or building codes that

the Association allegedly violated, and they presented no names of Association directors

who they allege had knowledge of any violations of a specific applicable health or building

       6
         Section 36B-4-109(b) also immunizes sellers from liability if a resale certificate
contains inaccurate information, and section 36B-4-109(c) provides limited remedies to
buyers if a resale certificate is inaccurate. Section 36B-4-109(c) states that a purchaser is
not liable for unpaid assessments or fees which are greater than the amounts set forth in a
resale certificate.

                                             10
code. 7 In fact, the appendix record contains a letter dated July 27, 2010—over two and a

half years after the purchase, from an employee of the Association, suggesting the

Association only then recently discovered that its buildings were in need of repair to

address a fire code concern. Without evidence of specific code or declaration violations,

the circuit court properly found no merit to the Mahers’ claim that the Association violated

a statutory duty it owed prior to the Mahers’ purchase of the unit pursuant to section 36B-

4-109.

              Alternatively, the Mahers argue that “[t]he Sale Contract and the Agreement

to Purchase Unit 27 . . . created the statutory duty of [the Association] under W.Va. Code

§ 36B-4-109 for disclosure which is also bound within the Deed of Conveyance for Unit

27 which expressly includes the provisions of the West Virginia Common Interest

Ownership Act for ‘protection of purchasers’ under Article 4 of Chapter 36B. Clearly,

‘construction defects’ are synonymous with building and health and safety code

         7
          The Mahers arguments to this Court make numerous general references to
hundreds of pages of pleadings and exhibits in the appendix record and claim that specific
health and building code violations and the names of Association directors who knowingly
concealed the violations can be ascertained within the record. The Mahers then direct this
Court to read the entire record to determine the health and building codes the Mahers allege
were violated and the names of individuals they claim concealed the violations. The
Mahers place great emphasis on alleged health and building code violations when arguing
that the Association violated section 36B-4-109; however, if there were health and building
code violations or individuals who knowingly concealed known code violations, it is of
paramount importance that the Mahers specifically cite the alleged code violations and
name the individuals in their arguments. See Rule 10(c)(4) and (7) of the W. Va. Rules of
App. Proc.

                                            11
violations.”   However, the Mahers cite no statutory authority or case law applying the

Uniform Act for this assertion. As a result, we decline to address legal plausibility of this

statement. 8

               The Mahers also allege that the circuit court erred when it determined that

the health and building code violations referenced in section 36B-4-109(11) must be

charged offenses to trigger a disclosure requirement on a certificate of resale. However,

we find that the circuit court correctly determined that for the purposes of 36B-4-109(a), a

building or health code violation is one in which a citation or notice was issued by a

regulatory agency. To rule otherwise would create significant ambiguities and leave unit

owners’ associations in an untenable position of speculating whether a unit may or may

not have unspecified code violations or, taking the Mahers position to an extreme, requiring

unit owners’ associations to perform their own inspections for each sale.

               The circuit court also addressed the Mahers’ argument that West Virginia

Code sections 36B-1-111 (1986) and 36B-1-113 (1986), when read together, require unit

owners’ associations to disclose latent defects when they issue resale certificates pursuant

to section 36B-4-109. The circuit court’s reasoning with respect to this issue is correct.

       8
        “Although we liberally construe briefs in determining issues presented for review,
issues which are ... mentioned only in passing but are not supported with pertinent
authority, are not considered on appeal.’” State v. LaRock, 196 W. Va. 294, 302, 470 S.E.2d
613, 621 (1996).

                                             12
Section 36B-1-111 addresses unconscionable contracts.           However, this statute is

inapplicable because, as is discussed below, there was no contractual relationship between

the Association and the Mahers when the resale certificate was issued. West Virginia Code

§ 36B-1-113 requires remedies to be liberally construed so as to place an aggrieved party

in as good a position had the other party fully performed its obligations. As the circuit

court noted, the Association did not violate § 36B-4-109 when it issued the resale

certificate; therefore, the Mahers cannot claim any remedies based on a statute that was not

violated. Finally, the Mahers are asking this Court to read into § 36B-4-109 additional

disclosures that are not contemplated in the Uniform Act. Section 36B-4-109 does not

require disclosure of latent defects by unit owners’ associations, and we decline to impose

additional pre-purchase disclosure requirements upon unit owners’ associations beyond

those enumerated in the Uniform Act.

       B. Common Law Duty

              The Mahers also contend the circuit court erred when it ruled that the

Association did not owe them a common law duty to disclose construction defects prior to

their purchase of Unit 27. On appeal, the Mahers do not cite any legal authority supporting

this assignment of error.

              We find no West Virginia precedent on this matter. Other jurisdictions do

not require unit owners’ associations to disclose latent defects in a unit to purchasers. In

                                            13
Smith v. Aramark Corp., Nos. 13-11-00500, 13-11-00708, 2014 WL 12714767 (Tex. Ct.

App. 2014), the Texas Court of Appeals held that a unit owners’ association does not owe

a duty to disclose the existence of latent defects to a purchaser. Likewise, the California

Court of Appeals, in Kovich v. Paseo Del Mar Homeowners Association, 48 Cal.Rptr.2d

758 (Cal. Ct. App. 1996), held that a homeowners’ association does not owe a duty to

disclose construction defects to a prospective purchaser. Kovich, 48 Cal.Rptr.2d at 758.

The Kovich court explained that sellers have duties to disclose latent defects to purchasers,

and that:

              [s]uch a disclosure requirement would impose an unreasonable
              burden on homeowners’ associations and require [them] to
              incur substantial costs to assemble the information, make a
              timely disclosure, and monitor all potential sales in the
              common interest development. The insurance costs would be
              enormous and subject it to a host of claims by disgruntled
              purchasers. Those costs would be passed on to homeowners’
              association members, undermine the fiduciary duties owed by
              a homeowners’ association board of directors, and subject a
              homeowners’ association to new theories of liability.

Kovich, 48 Cal.Rptr.2d at 762.

              We agree with the reasoning articulated in Kovich. Unit owners’ associations

govern common interest communities and maintain their common elements. They are not

sellers of homes or units. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s ruling that no such

common law duty was owed by the Association to the Mahers.

                                             14
       C. Contractual Duty

              The Mahers also argue that the circuit court erred when it ruled that the

Association did not owe them a contractual duty to disclose construction defects prior to

their purchase of Unit 27.   This assignment of error is easily dispensed. The Association

did not owe a contractual duty to the Mahers because it was not a party to the Mahers’ and

Zeringues’ sale contract. In other words, there was no privity of contract between the

Mahers and the Association until after the Mahers purchased the condominium. Only after

the Mahers purchased Unit 27 did contractual obligations arise between the Mahers and

the Association. As a result, the Mahers cannot maintain a breach of contract action for

the time period prior to the purchase of Unit 27.

       D. Gist of the Action

              Having established that the Association owed no statutory, common law, or

contractual duties to disclose construction defects to the Mahers prior to their purchase of

the condominium, we now turn to the circuit court’s ruling that the Mahers’ claims of fraud

and negligence for the time period after they purchased the condominium were precluded

by the gist of the action doctrine. The Mahers argue that the gist of the action doctrine

does not apply and emphasize that its application substantially reduces the remedies to

which they are entitled.

              The gist of the action doctrine bars tort actions which are premised on a

breach of contract. “[U]nder the ‘gist of the action’ doctrine, a tort claim arising from a

                                            15
breach of contract may be pursued only if the action in tort would arise independent of the

existence of the contract.” Gaddy Engineering Co. v. Bowles Rice McDavid Graff & Love,

231 W. Va. 577, 586, 746 S.E.2d 586, 577 (2013) (quoting Star v. Rosenthal, 884 F.

Supp.2d 319, 328-329 (2013)). “Whether a tort claim can coexist with a contract claim is

determined by examining whether the parties’ obligations are defined by the terms of the

contract.” Tri-State Petroleum Corp., v. Coyne, 240 W. Va. 542, 555, 814 S.E.2d 205, 218

(2018) (quoting Gaddy, 231 W. Va. at 586, 746 S.E.2d at 577). Tri-State Petroleum and

Gaddy enumerate four (4) instances when the gist of the action doctrine would preclude a

concurrent tort claim:

              (1) where liability arises solely from the contractual
              relationship between the parties; (2) when the alleged duties
              breached were grounded in the contract itself; (3) where any
              liability stems from the contract; and (4) when the tort claim
              essentially duplicates the breach of contract claim or where the
              success of the tort claim is dependent on the success of the
              breach of contract claim.

Tri-State Petroleum at 240 W. Va. at 555, 814 S.E.2d at 218 (quoting Gaddy, 231 W. Va.

at 586, 746 S.E.2d, at 577).

              The circuit court determined that the Mahers’ negligence and fraud claims

are “inextricably intertwined” with their breach of contract claims and, therefore, barred

under the gist of the action doctrine. We agree that the Mahers’ negligence and fraud

claims stem from the Association’s contractual obligations outlined in its declaration. For

instance, Count II of the amended complaint alleges the Association breached numerous

declaration obligations, such as a failure to maintain and repair the common elements and

                                            16
the physical structure of the condominium, including the water lines; failure to notify unit

owners that foyer heaters were necessary to keep the sprinkler lines from freezing;

modification of the heaters without notice to the unit owners; concealment of defects; and

failure to enforce the rights of unit owners by allowing the statute of limitations to expire

against the architects and developers of the common interest community. The Mahers cite

to specific language within the declaration when making these allegations. They also

request damages for loss of rents and profits, personal property damages, loss of use,

annoyance and inconvenience, mental distress, costs, and attorney fees.

              Similarly, the Mahers’ negligence theory (Count III) alleges the Association

failed to mitigate and repair defects, allowed the statute of limitations to expire, failed to

notify the Mahers of defects, and concealed said defects. The Mahers refer to the

declaration in this section. Furthermore, the Mahers’ fraud claim (Count IV) alleges the

Association violated its contractual obligations to disclose, mitigate, and repair defects.

The Mahers also request essentially the same damages as those requested in their breach

of contract allegations: Loss of use, loss of rents and profits, personal property damages,

annoyance and inconvenience, and emotional distress.          The similarities between the

Mahers’ contract claims and their claims alleging negligence and fraud demonstrate the

claims are inextricable intertwined.

              In summary, a gist of the action analysis requires this Court to determine

whether the allegations of negligence and fraud would stand alone if there were no contract

                                             17
between the parties. In this case, if the declaration was non-existent, the Mahers would

have not have a cause of action against the Association. The Mahers tacitly admit the need

of a contractual relationship by referencing the declaration in the negligence and fraud

counts against the Association. The declaration is a contract between the parties and the

foundation upon which the Mahers brought this action against the Association, and it is

apparent that the “fraud [and negligence] claims [are] . . . contract claims disguised as tort

claims . . . .” Gaddy, at 231 W. Va. at 576, 746 S.E.2d at 586.

              The Mahers cite Dan Ryan Builders, Inc. v. Crystal Ridge Development Inc.,

783 F.3d 976 (2015); Thacker v. Tyree, 171 W. Va. 110, 297 S.E.2d 885 (1982); and

Chamberlaine & Flowers Inc. v. McBee, 177 W. Va. 755, 356 S.E.2d 626 (1987) for the

proposition that gist of the action application disregards damages that were caused by the

negligence and fraud of the Association. However, the cases cited by the Mahers do not

support their position. First, none of these cases cast doubt on the validity of the gist of the

action doctrine. Second, these cases do not lead us to find the circuit court improperly

applied the gist of the action doctrine.

              In Dan Ryan Builders, Mr. Lang and Mr. Ryan entered into a contract to

subdivide and develop land for future residential properties. As part of the contract, Mr.

Lang performed initial earth and grading work. Mr. Ryan subsequently built houses on

land that was graded and sloped by Mr. Lang; however, the houses soon developed

foundation cracks that Mr. Ryan believed were caused by poor workmanship from Mr.

                                              18
Lang. Mr. Ryan brought suit against Mr. Lang (and Lang Brothers, Inc.), alleging, among

other things, negligence on the part of Mr. Lang. The district court found that Mr. Ryan’s

claims were based primarily on the contract formed between him and Mr. Lang; therefore,

the gist of the action doctrine barred Mr. Ryan’s negligence action. The appellate court

agreed, noting that Mr. Ryan could point to no independent legal duty for Mr. Lang to

provide quality workmanship other than the contract between them. The Mahers’ case is

no different. The Association’s declaration is the foundation of the Mahers’ cause of

action. Without it, the Mahers have no independent cause of action.

              Moreover, neither Thacker nor Chamberlaine favor of the Mahers’ case.

Thacker requires sellers to disclose known defects that substantially affect the value of a

property which a purchaser could not reasonably determine through a reasonably diligent

inspection. In this case, the Association was not the seller of Unit 27; the Zeringues sold

the condominium. Thacker does not apply to the Association. Chamberlaine applies the

facts of its case to Thacker, but Chamberlaine does not address unit owners’ associations

or the gist of the action doctrine. As a result, the circuit court correctly determined the gist

of the action doctrine applies to bar the Mahers’ negligence and fraud allegations.

       E. Damages

              Finally, the Mahers argue that the circuit court erred when it dismissed the

special and consequential monetary damages claims against the Association. According

to the Mahers, “[i]t is incomprehensible that the [c]ircuit [c]ourt has now dismissed all

                                              19
damages claims of the Petitioner and directed claims for injunctive relief to be filed by the

Plaintiffs as the sole remaining relief available to the Petitioners . . . .” However, the circuit

court order does not go as far as the Mahers argue. In fact, the limitation of monetary

damages in the circuit court’s order is quite narrow. The order states that “[t]o the extent

the [Mahers] are claiming monetary damages from [the Association] for repairs to the

Common Elements, there is no genuine issue of material fact as to whether the Plaintiffs

are entitled to pursue this form of relief.” (emphasis added). The order goes on to cite the

declaration and its limitation of remedies for breach against the Association to injunctive

relief. The monetary damages portion of the order only addresses the claim that the

Association failed to repair common elements. 9

               The declaration governing remedies to enforce the Association’s duties

states: “[e]ach provision of this Declaration with respect to the Association or the Common

Elements shall be enforceable . . . by any Owner by a proceeding for injunctive relief.”

The circuit court found this to be unambiguous. “In construing the terms of a contract, we

are guided by the common-sense cannons of contract interpretation. One such canon

teaches that contracts containing unambiguous language must be construed according to

their plain and natural meaning.” Anania v. Snowshoe Mountain, Inc., No. 13-0406, 2014

WL 2694219, at *3 (W. Va. May 30, 2014) (memorandum decision) (citations omitted)

(addressing provisions of a unit owners’ association’s declaration). The circuit court saw

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         The circuit court’s October 19, 2022, order denied the Association’s motion to
dismiss the Mahers’ claim for punitive damages.
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this contractual limitation and correctly ruled that the appropriate remedy for a unit owner

to pursue against the Association is injunctive relieve, all in accordance with the

declaration.

               The Mahers argue that other statutory provisions, such as West Virginia

Code § 36B-3-107 (1986) (requiring unit owners’ associations to maintain and repair

common elements); West Virginia Code § 36B-1-111 (1986) (unconscionability of

contracts); and West Virginia Code § 36B-1-113 (1986) (remedies to be liberally

construed) create independent causes of action, separate from obligations outlined in the

declaration that entitle them to remedies beyond those in the declaration. However, Counts

I, II, II and IV of the amended complaint do not allege any specifically cited statutory

violations and rest solely on claims that the Association violated specific provisions of the

declaration. Moreover, the circuit court did not find any exception to the general remedy

rule under the Uniform Act set forth in West Virginia Code § 36B-1-113 which limits

consequential and special damages for claims brought under the Uniform Act except as

specifically provided in the Uniform Act or by other rule of law. We agree with the circuit

court that the Mahers’ remedies against the Association are limited by the declaration

which affords injunctive relief and other appropriate relief that the circuit court in its

discretion might find appropriate. The Mahers fail to establish an abuse of discretion by

the circuit court in limiting the remedy against the Association to the remedy specified in

the declaration.

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                                         IV.   CONCLUSION

              The circuit court’s October 19, 2022, order correctly found that the

Association owed no legal duties to the Mahers prior to the condominium sale, that their

negligence and fraud claims are barred by the gist of the action doctrine, and that the

Mahers’ may not recover special and consequential monetary damages for alleged failure

to repair common elements insofar the governing declaration limits their remedy for such

alleged breaches to injunctive relief.

                                                                              Affirmed.

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