Court Opinion

ID: 3050069
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 23:29:47.545354+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:45:38.734478
License: Public Domain

FOR PUBLICATION
  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
       FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re: ROBERT BRAWDERS; In re:             
CHERYL BRAWDERS,
                         Debtors,
                                                 No. 05-55988
ROBERT BRAWDERS; CHERYL
BRAWDERS,                                         BAP No.
                                               CC-04-01165-MoPK
                     Appellants,                   OPINION
              v.
COUNTY OF VENTURA,
                      Appellee.
                                           
                Appeal from the Ninth Circuit
                  Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
  Klein, Perris, and Montali, Bankruptcy Judges, Presiding

                   Argued and Submitted
             May 10, 2007—Pasadena, California

                    Filed September 11, 2007

     Before: Andrew J. Kleinfeld and Richard A. Paez,
  Circuit Judges, and William Hart,* Senior District Judge.

                    Opinion by Judge Paez;
                   Dissent by Judge Kleinfeld

   *The Honorable William Hart, Senior United States District Judge for
the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.

                                12279
                       IN RE: BRAWDERS                12281

                        COUNSEL

Michael D. Kwasigorch, Simi Valley, California, for the
debtors-appellants.

Noel A. Klebaum, County Counsel, and Donald O. Hurley,
Assistant County Counsel, County of Ventura, California, for
the defendant-appellee.

                         OPINION

PAEZ, Circuit Judge:

   Robert and Cheryl Brawders (“the Brawders”) appeal from
a decision of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel (“BAP”) revers-
12282                       IN RE: BRAWDERS
ing in part and remanding a bankruptcy court judgment which
awarded them damages for the County of Ventura’s
(“County”) violation of an automatic stay in the Brawders’
prior Chapter 13 proceeding. The bankruptcy court had deter-
mined in a summary judgment ruling that the Chapter 13 Plan
(“Plan”) discharged the Brawders’ liability for pre-petition
property taxes owed the County, including the amount
secured by a lien on the Brawders’ real property. As a result
of this ruling, the court’s damages award included a refund
for overpayments of pre-petition taxes in excess of the
amount paid under the Plan. The BAP agreed that the County
was liable for damages resulting from its violation of the auto-
matic stay, but held that the Plan did not alter the County’s
lien rights to recover pre-petition taxes that remained unpaid.
Therefore, the BAP held that the Brawders were not due a
refund of the taxes paid in excess of the confirmed Plan
amount.

   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(1), and we
affirm.1 We adopt as our own the BAP’s thorough and well-
reasoned opinion, 325 B.R. 405 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2005),
attached as an Appendix. See Appendix infra. We further
elaborate upon the facts of the case and address the effect of
the parties’ stipulation in the current Chapter 13 adversary
proceeding on the County’s right to enforce its lien to recover
the pre-petition taxes that were not paid fully by the prior Plan
payments. We conclude that, in light of the bankruptcy
court’s summary judgment ruling, the stipulation did not
affect the County’s right to recover pre-petition taxes.2
  1
     We review de novo decisions of the BAP. See In re CFLC, Inc., 166
F.3d 1012, 1015 (9th Cir. 1999). We independently review the bankruptcy
court’s rulings on appeal from the BAP, reviewing the bankruptcy court’s
conclusions of law de novo and its factual findings for clear error. See id.
   2
     We note that the dissent agrees with us and with the BAP that the con-
firmed Plan affected only the Brawders’ personal liability, not the Coun-
ty’s lien for the pre-petition taxes owed, secured against the property.
Dissent at 12313; see also Johnson v. Home State Bank, 501 U.S. 78, 84
                             IN RE: BRAWDERS                          12283
                                      I.

   The Brawders owned a house in Ventura County. They fell
behind on their property tax, mortgage, and other payments,
and, as a result, filed a Chapter 13 petition on February 8,
1995 in bankruptcy court in the Central District of California,
No. ND 95-10521 RR. The Brawders proposed a Plan that
identified the County as a Class Two creditor with a tax
indebtedness secured by the Brawders’ property. The Plan
stated that the Brawders were in default to the County in the
amount of $9,350, and proposed to repay the County
$11,109.21, including interest, over a period of 60 months.
The Plan provided that Class II Secured Creditors would
retain their lien rights. The County received notice of the Plan
by mail, but did not timely object.3 Bankruptcy Judge Robin
Riblet ordered the Plan confirmed on March 31, 1995.4 As a
result of the Plan confirmation, the automatic stay remained
in effect. See 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(1). The Chapter 13 Trustee
made payments to the County pursuant to the Plan beginning
April 28, 1995, and the County accepted them.

(1991) (“Even after the debtor’s personal obligations have been extin-
guished, the mortgage holder still retains a ‘right to payment’ in the form
of its right to the proceeds from the sale of the debtor’s property. . . . [A]
bankruptcy discharge extinguishes only one mode of enforcing a claim-
namely, an action against the debtor in personam-while leaving intact
another-namely, an action against the debtor in rem.”). Thus, the dissent
parts ways with the majority opinion only with respect to the effect of the
stipulation.
   3
     In September 1995, the County filed an untimely proof of claim for
$20,264.32, which was later withdrawn. The County, through the declara-
tion of a former employee in support of its summary judgment motion,
presented evidence that the Brawders’ Chapter 13 petition “failed to pro-
vide for any prepetition interest accrual whatsoever as to the taxes in
arrears.”
   4
     The Brawders were discharged in accordance with the Plan on Novem-
ber 15, 2000.
12284                       IN RE: BRAWDERS
   In June 1997, the County violated the automatic stay by
sending two notices, “Notice of Impending Tax Collector’s
Power to Sell” to the Brawders and GreenPoint Mortgage
Funding, Inc. (“GreenPoint”), the holder of the first deed of
trust on the Brawders’ home. One was in the amount of
$30,264.32 and the other, erroneously, in the amount of
approximately six billion dollars. The Brawders contacted the
County and were told to pay $1,622.20 in post-petition taxes.
They did so.

   In January 1998, GreenPoint contacted the office of the
Chapter 13 Trustee and was advised that the only taxes
remaining to be paid to the County via the Plan were in the
amount of $4,273.01. The following month, Greenpoint
issued a check for $26,380.88—the total unpaid taxes and
interest claimed by the County less the amount due under the
Plan.

   GreenPoint then sought to foreclose on the Brawders’ prop-
erty to recoup the amount it paid the County.5 It moved to
have the automatic stay modified so that it could commence
foreclosure proceedings. The Brawders and GreenPoint stipu-
lated that the Brawders would pay GreenPoint the amount it
paid to the County, but the Brawders later defaulted on the
stipulation. GreenPoint again moved for relief from the auto-
matic stay. Its request was granted in November 1999, and
GreenPoint initiated foreclosure proceedings.

   As a result, the Brawders filed a second Chapter 13 bank-
ruptcy petition to stop the foreclosure sale on June 27, 2000
in the Central District of California, No. SV00-15661KL. The
second plan was approved on December 11, 2000. In this
bankruptcy proceeding, the Brawders filed an adversary com-
plaint against both the County of Ventura Tax Collector and
GreenPoint. In their second amended complaint, the Brawders
  5
    Later, the County agreed to eliminate a portion of penalties and inter-
ests due, and refunded both GreenPoint and the Brawders certain funds.
                           IN RE: BRAWDERS                        12285
alleged claims for: (1) declaratory relief and an accounting
against GreenPoint and the County; (2) damages for violation
of the automatic stay against GreenPoint and the County, for
GreenPoint paying, and the County accepting payment on, the
Brawders’ past due property taxes; (2) injunctive relief and an
order voiding the notice of default, notice of sale, and foreclo-
sure sale by GreenPoint; (4) damages for the County’s viola-
tion of the automatic stay by its issuing of the notices of tax
sale and other acts demanding payments of pre-petition taxes;
(5) damages for the County’s maintenance of a fraudulent
claim seeking overpayments; and (6) damages for abuse of
process by the County.6 The County moved for summary
judgment. In support of its motion, the County argued that the
confirmed Plan did not remove or alter its secured tax lien,
see Cal. Rev. & T. Code § 2187, and therefore that it could
properly initiate foreclosure proceedings to collect the balance
of the pre-petition taxes owed.

   The bankruptcy court ruled on the motion for summary
judgment on April 8, 2002. It granted summary judgment in
favor of the County on the second, fifth and sixth claims for
relief, and—although the Brawders had not moved for sum-
mary judgment—granted summary judgment in favor of the
Brawders on the fourth claim for violation of the automatic
stay. In a corresponding “Memorandum on Legal Issue: The
Effect of the Provision for the County’s Claim and Lien Inter-
est in the Plan Confirmed in Case No. ND 95-10521 RR,”
filed April 8, 2002, the court, in rejecting the County’s legal
argument, determined that the Plan, which had been con-
firmed without objection by the County, “provided for pay-
ment in full of the County’s claim as a class 2 secured claim
  6
    The Brawders ultimately paid GreenPoint, but reserved the dispute as
to the actual amount due for resolution in an adversary proceeding. After
the bankruptcy court granted summary judgment in favor of GreenPoint
on one claim and found that the other claim against GreenPoint was moot,
the Brawders and Greenpoint filed a stipulation for dismissal of Green-
Point from the proceeding.
12286                  IN RE: BRAWDERS
of approximately $11,000.” The court therefore concluded
that “the County’s pre-petition claim against the Debtors has
been paid in full and the real property subject to said lien
revested in the Debtors free of any lien interest held by the
County on account of its pre-petition claims.”

  Following the court’s order, in January 2003, the Brawders
and the County entered into a “Stipulation Regarding Amount
of Tax Refund and Interest Thereon Due to Plaintiffs”
(“Stipulation”), which stated, in relevant part:

    9. On April 8, 2002, Judge Kathleen Lax issued an
    Order on Motion for Summary Judgment in which,
    as set forth in a separate Memorandum filed on the
    same date, she opined that upon completion of the
    Plan of Reorganization, the County’s secured pre-
    petition real property taxes, were discharged as being
    considered “paid in full” and the lien thereon “re-
    vested in the Debtors free of any lien interest held by
    the County on account of its pre-petition claims.”

    10. It is hereby agreed and stipulated by the parties
    that the result of the foregoing court’s ruling,
    together with payments and refunds previously made
    as reflected in Cathy Caron’s declaration, is that a
    refund of $12,905.86 is due to the plaintiffs by the
    County.

The bankruptcy court issued an order approving the Stipula-
tion.

  The remaining issue of damages was decided through a
court trial. On April 30, 2003, the bankruptcy court issued a
“Memorandum on Trial and Motion for Attorneys Fees and
Costs,” in which the court determined that the Brawders were
entitled to damages of $39,668.21, including $12,905 for tax
overpayments (as stipulated by the parties), interest on tax
overpayments, compensation for excess costs incurred in the
                          IN RE: BRAWDERS                       12287
refinance of the Brawders’ home, attorneys’ fees, and costs.
Judgment was entered June 19, 2003.

   Both parties appealed to the BAP.7 The County argued that
the bankruptcy court erred in determining that the Plan dis-
charged all pre-petition taxes and interest owed the County,
including through the lien against the property. The Brawders
responded that: (1) the County’s cross-appeal was untimely;
(2) the Stipulation rendered the issues raised by the County
moot; and (3) the bankruptcy court’s ruling that the Plan dis-
charged all pre-petition taxes and interest owed the County
was proper.

   In its opinion, the BAP determined that the County’s appeal
was timely and, in footnote 6, that the Stipulation did not ren-
der the issues raised by the County moot because it merely
constituted an accounting of the amount due the Brawders,
but did not address “in rem tax ‘liability’ issues.” 325 B.R. at
409 n.6. It went on to conclude that the “[c]onfirmation of the
Plan did not reduce the amount of Ventura’s tax assessments
or affect its lien rights.” Id. at 417. The BAP therefore held
that the County did not owe the Brawders a tax refund of
$12,905, and remanded to the bankruptcy court to determine
what, if any, damages were due the Brawders for the County’s
violation of the automatic stay. Id. The Brawders timely
appealed.

                                  II.

   We agree with the BAP that the County’s stipulation that
the Brawders were due a refund resolved only the “account-
ing” of the Brawders’ personal obligations, and did not alter
the County’s right to enforce its secured tax lien against the
property. Id. at 409 n.6. We believe that, in reaching the oppo-
site conclusion, the dissent misreads the Stipulation and mini-
mizes the contextual background.
  7
   The Brawders’ appeal was later dismissed for lack of prosecution.
12288                       IN RE: BRAWDERS
   [1] As indicated above, the bankruptcy court had deter-
mined on summary judgment that the County violated the
automatic stay and was therefore liable for damages. The
court’s April 8, 2002 Memorandum on Legal Issue deter-
mined that the Plan “provided for payment in full of the
County’s claim” and that “the County’s pre-petition claim
against the Debtors has been paid in full and the real property
subject to said lien revested in the Debtors free of any lien
interest held by the County on account of its pre-petition
claims.” In light of the court’s decision, all that remained for
trial was the calculation of damages, including the amount
due the Brawders for any payments they made for pre-petition
taxes in excess of the $11,109.21 provided for in the Plan.
The payments and refund amounts made by the parties were
clearly documented, and the Stipulation therefore served to
prevent the unnecessary litigation of undisputed facts at trial.8

   [2] Thus, the County stipulated to the amount to be
refunded to the Brawders for the purposes of an accounting
based on the bankruptcy court’s ruling regarding the amount
due under the Plan. As the County consistently argued, both
before and after it entered into the Stipulation, the Plan
affected only the Brawders’ personal obligations. We there-
fore conclude that the Stipulation addressed only the
Brawders’ personal liabilities. The Stipulation is unambigu-
ous; nowhere in the Stipulation do the parties agree all pre-
petition property taxes and interest secured by the County’s
lien against the Brawders’ property were discharged—and we
cannot read the Stipulation as providing for anything more.9
  8
     In its Judgment and Order after Trial and on Motion for Attorney Fees
and Costs, the bankruptcy court specifically referred to the Stipulation in
determining, as part of its damages calculation, the refund due the
Brawders.
   9
     Although the County did not expressly state in the Stipulation that it
reserved its appeal rights with respect to the bankruptcy court’s legal
determinations, it remained free to do so. The record reflects that the
County consistently objected to the legal basis for the bankruptcy court’s
                           IN RE: BRAWDERS                         12289
See Jeff D. v. Andrus, 899 F.2d 753 (9th Cir. 1989) (stating
that basic contract principles apply in interpreting stipulations
(citing Miller v. Fairchild Indus., 797 F.2d 727, 733 (9th Cir.
1986)); In re Crow Winthrop Operating P’ship, 241 F.3d
1121, 1124 (9th Cir. 2001) (“Under California law, if a con-
tract’s terms are unambiguous, a court may interpret the con-
tract without recourse to extrinsic evidence.”). We therefore
conclude that the case is not moot, and that the BAP properly
concluded that the County’s lien rights were not affected by
the Plan or the Stipulation.

  AFFIRMED.

determination—that the Plan eliminated the County’s ability to enforce its
lien to collect the balance of the pre-petition debt—both prior and subse-
quent to its signing of the Stipulation. Thus, it would not make sense to
read into the Stipulation an intent on the part of the County to adopt a
position to which it remained in vigorous opposition.
12290                      IN RE: BRAWDERS
                             APPENDIX
                                             FILED
                                           MAY 10 2005
                                   HAROLD S. MARENUS, CLERK
                                     U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                     OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
                     ORDERED PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
          OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:                     )              BAP No. CC-04-1165-MoPK
                           )
ROBERT BRAWDERS and CHERYL )              Bk. No. SV-00-15661-KL
BRAWDERS,                  )
                           )              Adv. No. SV-00-01370-KL
              Debtors.     )
                           )
                           )
COUNTY OF VENTURA TAX      )
COLLECTOR,                 )
                           )
              Appellant,   )
                           )
v.                         )              OPINION
                           )
ROBERT BRAWDERS; CHERYL    )
BRAWDERS,                  )
                           )
              Appellees.   )
                           )
               Argued and Submitted on January 20, 2005
                        at Pasadena, California
                         Filed — May 10, 2005
            Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                   for the Central District of California
         Honorable Kathleen T. Lax, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding.

Before: MONTALI, PERRIS and KLEIN, Bankruptcy Judges.
                            IN RE: BRAWDERS                          12291
MONTALI, Bankruptcy Judge:

   In rare circumstances, the res judicata effect of a confirmed
Chapter 13 plan can effectively avoid a creditor’s lien or mod-
ify its in rem rights even if there is no valid legal basis for
doing so, provided that the plan does so explicitly and due
process considerations are met.1

   Although the Chapter 13 plan in this case has language that
clearly affects some secured creditors’ rights, none of that lan-
guage applies to the specific rights at issue here. Alterna-
tively, even if the plan could be read to affect the secured
creditor’s rights, applying that strained reading in hindsight is
no substitute for clear advance notice to the secured creditor,
as required for due process. For each of these independent
reasons, we REVERSE and REMAND a judgment awarding
damages for violation of the automatic stay based on an erro-
neous interpretation of the effect of the confirmed plan.

                              I.   FACTS

   Debtors Robert and Cheryl Brawders (“Debtors”) have a
long standing dispute with the County of Ventura Tax Collec-
tor (“Ventura”) over the amount of real property tax assess-
ments on their principal residence (the “House”). Debtors
claim that the amount due was reduced to $9,350.00 in an ear-
   1
     Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter, section and rule references are
to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1330, and to the Federal Rules
of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9036.
   We use the term “res judicata” in its generic sense — encompassing
doctrines that have been more precisely called claim preclusion and issue
preclusion as well as the codification in Section 1327 of the effect of con-
firmation. We use this broad terminology because there is some ambiguity
about which doctrine Debtors rely upon and our reasoning applies to all
such doctrines. See generally Paine v. Griffin (In re Paine), 283 B.R. 33,
38-39 (9th Cir. BAP 2002) and The Alary Corp. v. Sims (In re Associated
Vintage Group, Inc.), 283 B.R. 549 (9th Cir. BAP 2002) (each discussing
res judicata and collateral estoppel terminology).
12292                       IN RE: BRAWDERS
lier Chapter 13 case (Case No. ND-95-10521-RR, Bankr.
C.D. Cal.) (the “First Case”), filed on February 8, 1995. Now,
in their current Chapter 13 case (SV-00-15661-KL) (the “Sec-
ond Case”), Debtors seek damages for Ventura’s attempt to
collect a higher amount.

   Ventura’s collection attempt was to issue a “Notice of
Impending Tax Collector’s Power to Sell” on June 2, 1997,
asserting $30,264.32 in past due taxes (the “Tax Lien
Notice”). Ventura sent that notice after confirmation of Debt-
ors’ Chapter 13 plan in the First Case (the “Plan”) but before
the House had revested in Debtors. Ventura admits that send-
ing the Tax Lien Notice violated the automatic stay, though
it disputes whether this resulted in any damage to Debtors and
it denies that the First Case had any effect on its lien rights
or reduced the amount of its tax assessment.2

  Ventura sent a copy of the Tax Lien Notice to Debtors’
mortgage lender (“Bank”). Bank responded by making a pay-
ment to Ventura, without notice to Debtors, and then demand-
ing reimbursement. This and other disputes with Bank
precipitated Debtors’ filing of this Second Case on June 14,
2000.

   On June 27, 2000, Debtors filed an adversary proceeding
against Ventura (SV-00-01370-KL). Bank was also named as
a defendant but was later dismissed based on a consensual
resolution involving refinancing the House and paying Bank.
In their second amended complaint Debtors sought damages
for issuance of the Tax Lien Notice, among other things.
  2
    Under Debtors’ Chapter 13 plan in the First Case the Property
remained in the bankruptcy estate until Debtors received their discharge,
which was not until November 15, 2000. See 11 U.S.C. § 1328(a). Section
362(c)(1) provides that, with some exceptions, “the stay of an act against
property of the estate” continues “until such property is no longer property
of the estate.” 11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(1).
                            IN RE: BRAWDERS                          12293
   On Ventura’s motion for summary judgment the bank-
ruptcy court entered an order stating that Ventura had violated
the automatic stay and leaving for trial an accounting and the
amount of attorneys’ fees and other damages to be awarded.3
The bankruptcy court simultaneously entered a “Memoran-
dum on Legal Issue: The Effect of the Provision for the Coun-
ty’s Claim and Lien Interest in the Plan Confirmed in Case
No. ND 95-10521 RR” (the “Res Judicata Decision”) which
determined that Debtors’ House had revested in them “free of
any lien interest held by [Ventura] on account of its pre-
petition claims” and that those claims had been reduced by the
Plan to $9,350.00. There is no dispute that if Ventura’s tax
assessments are reduced to that amount then it was overpaid
by Bank and Debtors, and Ventura will owe Debtors a refund
of $12,905.00.

   By a subsequent motion Debtors also sought to recover
their expenses associated with refinancing their House to
  3
    As noted in the text, the bankruptcy court’s order was actually entered
on Ventura’s motion for summary judgment. The excerpts of record and
the bankruptcy court’s docket do not reflect any cross-motion for sum-
mary judgment by Debtors, but the bankruptcy court’s order states “Fourth
Cause of Action- (Violation of the Automatic Stay against County) [¶]
Grant in favor of the Plaintiffs [i.e. Debtors].” (Emphasis added.) Debtors
appear to assume that the bankruptcy court intended not merely to deny
Ventura’s motion for summary judgment but to grant affirmative relief to
Debtors. They argue on this appeal that Ventura was bound to appeal this
alleged ruling within ten days. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002(a).
  We reject Debtors’ argument. Even if we were to assume that the bank-
ruptcy court intended to grant affirmative relief to Debtors (and without
suggesting that the bankruptcy court intended to do so or properly could
do so), such a ruling would not be final because an accounting and a deter-
mination of damages remained for trial. See generally Jensen Elec. Co. v.
Moore, Caldwell, Rowland & Dodd, Inc., 873 F.2d 1327, 1329 (9th Cir.
1989) (order awarding attorney’s fees which does not fully dispose of
amount of fees is not a final, appealable order). See also Lindblade v.
Knupfer (In re Dyer), 322 F.3d 1178, 1186 n. 10 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing
with approval authority that order establishing liability under § 362(h) but
not quantifying damages is not final).
12294                         IN RE: BRAWDERS
reimburse Bank for what it had paid to Ventura, the alleged
cost of a higher interest rate for their refinance when the new
lenders learned that the loan was in default, over $40,000.00
in attorneys’ fees and costs, and pre-judgment interest. On
June 19, 2003, the bankruptcy court issued a “Memorandum
on Trial and Motion for Attorneys Fees and Costs” (the
“Damages Decision”) awarding $39,668.21 to Debtors,
including the $12,905.00 for tax overpayments. The bank-
ruptcy court entered a judgment, Debtor appealed,4 and Ven-
tura cross-appealed. Before us is the cross-appeal.

                        II.    JURISDICTION

   The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1334 and 157. We have jurisdiction over this final judgment
that determines the amount of damages for Ventura’s viola-
tion of the automatic stay. 28 U.S.C. § 158(a) and (b). See
Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1186 and n.10.5
  4
    We dismissed debtors’ appeal for lack of prosecution.
  5
    Ventura argued before the bankruptcy court that there is no jurisdiction
under Section 362(h) to award damages in this Second Case for a stay vio-
lation in the First Case. Ventura has not raised that argument on this
appeal, and although we have an independent obligation to determine if
we lack jurisdiction we are satisfied that the bankruptcy court did have
jurisdiction to award such damages and therefore we have jurisdiction to
review that award on appeal. This is not a case in which there are concur-
rent bankruptcy proceedings involving different debtors, where the actions
of one bankruptcy court might impinge on the jurisdiction of the other, or
violate principles of comity. See, e.g., Snavely v. Miller (In re Miller), 397
F.3d 726 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing inter alia In re Shared Technologies Cellu-
lar, Inc., 293 B.R. 89 (D. Conn. 2003)). Rather, there is only one pending
bankruptcy case involving the Debtors, who have asked the bankruptcy
court to determine the res judicata effect of an order in a different case.
Courts do this all the time. See Valley Nat. Bank of Arizona v. A.E. Rouse
& Co., 121 F.3d 1332, 1335-36 (9th Cir. 1997) (proper remedy if second
court erred in not giving res judicata effect to first court’s judgment is to
appeal second court’s determination, not collateral attack in third court).
Moreover, these Debtors returned to the very same bankruptcy court
(although a different bankruptcy judge). We have no difficulty in conclud-
                            IN RE: BRAWDERS                         12295
                             III.   ISSUE

  Did the bankruptcy court err in awarding damages, based
on its conclusion that res judicata reduced the enforceable
amount of Ventura’s lien to the amount stated in Debtors’ Plan?6

               IV.    STANDARDS OF REVIEW

   We review de novo the res judicata effect of a Chapter 13
plan and interpretation of the Bankruptcy Code and Rules,
because these matters are legal issues or mixed questions of
law and fact in which legal issues predominate. George v.
Morro Bay (In re George), 318 B.R. 729, 732-33 (9th Cir.
BAP 2004); Wells Fargo Bank v. Yett (In re Yett), 306 B.R.
287, 290 (9th Cir. BAP 2004). Interpretation of the contrac-
tual terms of a Chapter 13 plan is generally a factual issue

ing that the bankruptcy court in the Second Case had jurisdiction to deter-
mine the res judicata issues and decide whether to award damages under
Section 362(h). See Williams v. Levi (In re Williams), ___ B.R. ___, 2005
WL 857439 (9th Cir. BAP 2005) (ancillary jurisdiction in third bank-
ruptcy case to annul stay in second bankruptcy case); 28 U.S.C. § 1367
(codification of supplemental jurisdiction).
   6
     Debtors argue that this appeal is moot and frivolous because Ventura
stipulated to what it owes Debtors in tax assessment overpayments (the
“Tax Stipluation”). Debtors did not provide us with a copy of the Tax
Stipulation until their motion to augment the record filed one week prior
to oral argument before us, but the excerpts of record do include an order
approving the Tax Stipulation and the Judgment does incorporate approxi-
mately the amount stipulated ($12,905.00, whereas the Tax Stipulation
amount is $12,905.86). Nevertheless, having reviewed the Tax Stipulation
we agree with Ventura that it resolves only the “accounting” and not the
in rem tax “liability” issues. Therefore, this appeal is neither moot nor
frivolous.
   Debtors also allege that this appeal is untimely. As Ventura points out,
the Res Judicata Order and the order approving the Tax Stipulation were
both interlocutory. See generally Jensen Elec. Co., 873 F.2d at 1329;
Dyer, 322 F.3d at 1186 n.10. Debtors’ notice of appeal from the Judgment
extended the time for Ventura to file its notice of cross-appeal, and that
notice was timely. See Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002(a).
12296                  IN RE: BRAWDERS
which we review for clear error (Yett, 306 B.R. at 290) but
such factual issues can become mixed with legal issues.
Whether a contract is ambiguous is a matter of law, which we
review de novo. Miller v. United States (In re Miller), 253
B.R. 455, 458 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 2000) (“Miller I”) (citing
cases), aff’d, 284 B.R. 121 (N.D. Cal. 2002) (“Miller II”).

   In this case we need not decide which standard applies to
interpretation of the Plan because we would reach the same
result whether we reviewed the bankruptcy court’s interpreta-
tion for clear error or de novo. Whether adequate notice has
been given for purposes of due process in a particular instance
is a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo.
Educ. Credit Mgmt. Corp. v. Repp (In re Repp), 307 B.R. 144,
148 (9th Cir. BAP 2004).

                     V.   DISCUSSION

   There is no question that Ventura violated the automatic
stay by sending the Tax Lien Notice. The question is what
damages are appropriate, if any.

   The bankruptcy court held Ventura partly responsible for
Debtors’ legal fees and the costs associated with resolving
their disputes with Bank, including some of the costs of refi-
nancing their House to repay Bank what it had paid Ventura.
The bankruptcy court also awarded Debtors $12,905.00 based
on its view that Ventura’s lien had been reduced to $9,350.00
by the res judicata effect of the Plan and by Section 1327,
which states in full:

    § 1327. Effect of confirmation

      (a) The provisions of a confirmed plan bind the
    debtor and each creditor, whether or not the claim of
    such creditor is provided for by the plan, and
    whether or not such creditor has objected to, has
    accepted, or has rejected the plan.
                           IN RE: BRAWDERS                       12297
        (b) Except as otherwise provided in the plan or the
      order confirming the plan, the confirmation of a plan
      vests all of the property of the estate in the debtor.

         (c) Except as otherwise provided in the plan or in
      the order confirming the plan, the property vesting in
      the debtor under subsection (b) of this section is free
      and clear of any claim or interest of any creditor pro-
      vided for by the plan.

11 U.S.C. § 1327.

   It is well established that principles of res judicata and
finality, as partly codified in Section 1327, can make even “il-
legal” provisions of a Chapter 13 plan binding. See Great
Lakes Higher Educ. Corp. v. Pardee (In re Pardee), 193 F.3d
1083 (9th Cir. 1999) (student loan debt discharged by confir-
mation of Chapter 13 plan so providing, even though debt
may have been nondischargeable); Multnomah County v.
Ivory (In re Ivory), 70 F.3d 73 (9th Cir. 1995) (res judicata
precluded collateral attack on confirmation order, despite pos-
sible jurisdictional error).7

   This general proposition is subject to some major limita-
tions. The starting point is that a debtor asserting res judicata
“has the burden of proof on all elements and bears the risk of
non-persuasion.” Repp, 307 B.R. at 148 n.3 (citations omit-
ted).

   Next, a plan should clearly state its intended effect on a
given issue. Where it fails to do so it may have no res judicata
effect for a variety of reasons: any ambiguity is interpreted
against the debtor, any ambiguity may also reflect that the
court that originally confirmed the plan did not make any final
determination of the matter at issue, and claim preclusion gen-
  7
   These concepts are more fully explicated in Associated Vintage Group,
283 B.R. 549, 554-65.
12298                   IN RE: BRAWDERS
erally does not apply to a “claim” that was not within the par-
ties’ expectations of what was being litigated, nor where it
would be plainly inconsistent with the fair and equitable
implementation of a statutory or constitutional scheme. See
Miller I, 253 B.R. at 456-59, aff’d, Miller II, 284 B.R. at 124;
Repp, 307 B.R. at 148 n.3; Associated Vintage Group, 283
B.R. at 554-65.

  Another major limitation is that due process requires ade-
quate notice and procedures. See, e.g., Repp, 307 B.R. at 149-
54 (notice requirements); Enewally v. Wash. Mutual Bank (In
re Enewally), 368 F.3d 1165, 1173 (9th Cir.), cert. denied,
125 S. Ct. 669 (2004) (confirmation has no preclusive effect
on matters requiring adversary proceeding, or where plan
does not give adequate notice of proposed treatment).

   The foregoing limitations on res judicata principles are par-
ticularly apropos when secured claims are involved. Absent
some action by the representative of the bankruptcy estate,
liens ordinarily pass through bankruptcy unaffected, regard-
less whether the creditor holding that lien ignores the bank-
ruptcy case, or files an unsecured claim when it meant to file
a secured claim, or files an untimely claim after the bar date
has passed. See Bisch v. United States (In re Bisch), 159 B.R.
546, 550 (9th Cir. BAP 1993) (“there is no duty on the part
of the secured party to object to the confirmation of the
[Chapter 13] plan, and failure to do so does not somehow con-
stitute a waiver of the party’s secured claim”); Work v.
County of Douglas (In re Work), 58 B.R. 868, 869 (Bankr. D.
Or. 1986). See also Enewally, 368 F.3d at 1168-72 and n.2
(noting implications of “Fifth Amendment’s prohibition
against taking private property without compensation”) (cita-
tion and quotations marks omitted). There is no dispute that
Ventura’s assessments are secured by a lien because Califor-
nia law provided as of the filing date of the Second Case that
“[e]very tax on real property is a lien against the property
assessed.” Cal. Rev. & Tax. Code § 2187 (West 1998).
                        IN RE: BRAWDERS                     12299
  Applying the above principles to this case, Debtors have
not met their burden to establish that their Plan had any res
judicata effect on Ventura’s lien rights or the amount of its
assessments.

    a.   The Plan only purports to affect Ventura’s
         claim against the estate, not the amount of the
         underlying assessment debt or Ventura’s in
         rem rights

   The Plan is a stationer’s form with blanks filled in by Debt-
ors. Debtors rely on form language stating that the present
value of distributions under the Plan on account of secured
claims “is equal to the allowed amount of such claim.” Debt-
ors take this language out of context. The full provision states:

    III. CLASSIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF
    CLAIMS

    ***

    2. CLASS TWO -- Claims secured by Real Property
    that is the debtor’s PRINCIPAL RESIDENCE. The
    value as of the effective date of the Plan, of the
    series of payments to be distributed under the Plan
    on account of each secured claim provided for by the
    Plan, is equal to the allowed amount of such claim.
    Defaults shall be cured using a discount rate of
      7 % per annum. Any obligation maturing by its
    terms before termination of this Plan shall be paid on
    or before its due date. Each creditor shall retain its
    lien. [Emphasis added.]
                   Amount in Monthly Number of    Total
                   Default   Payment Months       Payment
     National     $4,244      $84.04   #60        $5,042.62
     Mortgage Co.
     ***
12300                   IN RE: BRAWDERS
     [Ventura]     $9,350     $185.15 #60         $11,109.21
     [Emphasis added.]

  The above provision is geared toward typical debtors who
may have fallen behind in mortgage payments on their princi-
pal residence. Debtors’ treatment of National Mortgage Co.
(“National”) illustrates how this provision works.

   At oral argument we confirmed that National is the holder
of a consensual mortgage or deed of trust debt against Debt-
ors’ House and that the $4,244.00 listed is the arrearage
amount, not the total amount of the debt. Under the Plan,
Debtors’ $4,244.00 of arrearages were to be repaid to
National over the term of the Plan but, as Debtors’ attorney
confirmed, the Plan does not purport to reduce the underlying
mortgage debt owed to National, nor does the Plan affect
National’s rights to enforce its lien in that total amount upon
any default. Therefore, when the Plan states that its distribu-
tions to class two (the distributions on the “amount in
default”) will be equal in value to the allowed amount of the
creditor’s “claim,” it is using common Chapter 13 parlance to
refer to the arrearage not the total amount of the debt.

   Debtors read the word “claim” as referring to the underly-
ing debt, and they read the Plan as reducing that debt to the
“amount in default” listed in class two; but if that were so
then Debtors’ entire mortgage debt (perhaps several hundred
thousand dollars) would be reduced to the amount in default
($4,244.00). Not only is that a very strained reading but it
would be prohibited by the Bankruptcy Code, which generally
bars any modification of the rights of creditors holding claims
“secured only by a security interest in real property that is the
debtor’s principal residence” (except to cure defaults over a
reasonable time). See 11 U.S.C. § 1322(b)(2), (b)(5), and (c).
It would be inconsistent to read the Plan’s boilerplate lan-
guage to modify precisely the types of claims that cannot be
modified.
                            IN RE: BRAWDERS                         12301
   At oral argument Debtors’ attorney argued that the outcome
should be different for Ventura because it is not a consensual
lender. We are not persuaded. It is true that the antimodifica-
tion provisions of Section 1322(b)(2) apply only to consen-
sual liens (see 11 U.S.C. §§ 101(51) and 1322(b)(2)), but the
meaning of the Plan does not change based on the character
of the debt. Debtors cannot read the same language in class
two one way for National and another way for Ventura.

  Debtors’ attorney also argued that tax debts typically are
equal to the entire amount of the underlying tax, implying that
Ventura should have known that what was being modified
was the underlying debt, not just what it was to receive out
of Chapter 13 Plan payments. The fact that the underlying
debt to Ventura may equal or approximate any arrearage has
nothing to do with whether the Plan purports to affect the
underlying debt or the lien securing that debt.8 All that the
Plan did was to limit what Ventura would be paid from the
bankruptcy estate. It did not purport to affect the underlying
assessment debt to Ventura or its in rem rights.

   Debtors’ reading is also out of context with the rest of the
Plan. Included in the Plan is a motion to avoid creditors’ liens
that impair exemptions. See 11 U.S.C. § 522(f). It clearly
warns that Debtors intend “to treat such creditors as unse-
cured creditors only” and that any objection must be filed
“within 20 days from the date this motion and plan is served
on you.” [Emphasis in original.] There is no similar notice, or
any notice at all, to warn creditors in class two of Debtors’
interpretation of the Plan as effectively stripping liens down
to the amount of arrearages.

   Another provision of the Plan actually does propose to strip
liens to the alleged value of the collateral, but it gives clear
  8
   In fact, the total amount of property tax debt may be different from the
“amount in default” that is placed in class two of the Plan. Taxes can be
assessed but not yet “in default.”
12302                   IN RE: BRAWDERS
notice that this is what is intended. See 11 U.S.C. § 506(a). It
specifies the precise dollar amounts for the “total amount of
debt,” the “secured claim,” and the “unsecured amount.” In
contrast, the Plan’s provision concerning class two does not
mention the total amount of debt, it refers only to the
“[a]mount in default,” and it provides that “[e]ach creditor
shall retain its lien.”

   These differences illustrate once again that the class two
portion of the Plan concerns arrearages, not the total amount
of the underlying debt or the lien securing that debt. Debtors
have not met their burden to establish that the Plan purported
to have any effect on the amount of Ventura’s tax assessment
or its lien rights. See generally Miller I, 253 B.R. 455, aff’d
Miller II, 284 B.R. 121 (refusing to apply ambiguous plan
provision against creditor under res judicata principles).

    b.   Alternatively, applying any reading of the Plan
         that would affect the underlying debt to
         Ventura or its lien rights would violate due
         process

  Even if the Plan could be read as Debtors suggest, that
meaning is hardly clear enough to have given Ventura ade-
quate notice in the First Case to satisfy due process. Debtors
did not combine confirmation of their Plan with an adversary
proceeding seeking a declaratory judgment or partial lien
avoidance limiting Ventura’s in rem rights, nor did the Plan
give notice that Debtors had any such intent. See Fed. R.
Bankr. P. 3007 (claims objections) and 7001(1), (2), and (9)
(adversary proceeding required for avoidance of lien, or deter-
mination of its “validity, priority, or extent,” or declaratory
judgment of same).

  As the Ninth Circuit stated in Enewally:

    Although confirmed plans are res judicata to issues
    therein, the confirmed plan has no preclusive effect
                        IN RE: BRAWDERS                    12303
    on issues that must be brought by an adversary pro-
    ceeding, or were not sufficiently evidenced in a plan
    to provide adequate notice to the creditor.

       ***

    “[I]f an issue must be raised through an adversary
    proceeding it is not part of the confirmation process
    and, unless it is actually litigated, confirmation will
    not have a preclusive effect.” Cen-Pen Corp. v. Han-
    son, 58 F.3d 89, 93 (4th Cir. 1995) (quoting In re
    Beard, 112 B.R. 951, 956 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 1990)).

Enewally, 368 F.3d at 1173 (emphasis added). See also Shook
v. CBIC (In re Shook), 278 B.R. 815, 824 (9th Cir. BAP 2002)
(plan can effectively determine value and/or avoid a lien only
if creditor receives “clear notice” that the plan will do so).

   Debtors argue that the order confirming the Plan states,
“The court finds that the plan meets the requirements of 11
U.S.C. § 1325,” implying that such requirements were “actu-
ally litigated.” Section 1325 provides that, unless collateral is
surrendered or the holders of allowed secured claims agree
otherwise, they must retain their liens and the value of distri-
butions under the Chapter 13 plan must be “not less than the
allowed amount of such claim.” 11 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(5).

   If this is Debtors’ argument it misreads Enewally. Nothing
in the excerpts of record suggests that as part of their Plan
confirmation process Debtors submitted evidence for what
amounts to a declaratory judgment that the tax assessments
were only $9,350.00. Nor is there any evidence that Ventura
had adequate notice that this was at issue and that Debtors
would treat confirmation as the equivalent of an adversary
proceeding. See Repp, 307 B.R. at 152-53 (creditor entitled to
expect that adversary proceeding rules will be applied when
required).
12304                   IN RE: BRAWDERS
   An adversary proceeding is commenced by the filing of a
complaint and service of a summons and the complaint on the
defendant. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7003 and 7004. Thus, the credi-
tor is specifically put on notice that the validity of its lien is
at issue and that it must respond in order to preserve its rights.

   If the process contemplated by the applicable rules is not
followed, a creditor’s rights can be affected only if the
requirements of due process are otherwise met. See GMAC
Mortgage Corp. v. Salisbury (In re Loloee), 241 B.R. 655,
662 (9th Cir. BAP 1999) (the greater the deviation from the
process set out in the rules, “the greater the quality and
amount of notice needed in order to comply with due pro-
cess”).

   As we have held in an analogous Chapter 11 case involving
claim objections under Rule 3007:

    Neither the statute nor the rules say, “oh, by the way,
    we [plan proponents] can also sandbag you by
    sneaking an objection into a reorganization plan and
    hoping you do not realize that we can use this device
    to circumvent the claim objection procedure man-
    dated by the rules.” That is not the law, and if it were
    the law, it would be a material disservice to public
    confidence in the integrity of the bankruptcy system.

        While we do not hold that a plan can never be
    used to object to a claim of a creditor who does not
    actually consent to such an objection, by holding that
    the essence of Rule 3007 must be complied with, we
    are holding that considerations of due process man-
    date great caution and require that the creditor
    receive specific notice (not buried in a disclosure
    statement or plan provision) of at least the quality of
    specificity, and be afforded the same opportunity to
    litigate one-on-one, as would be provided with a
    straightforward claim objection under Rule 3007.
                        IN RE: BRAWDERS                   12305
Varela v. Dynamic Brokers, Inc. (In re Dynamic Brokers,
Inc.), 293 B.R. 489, 497 (9th Cir. BAP 2003) (emphasis
added). See also In re Millspaugh, 302 B.R. 90, 100 at nn.20-
21 (Bankr. D. Idaho 2003) (applying Dynamic Brokers in
Chapter 13 context).

   At oral argument both counsel suggested that the bank-
ruptcy court in this Second Case was concerned about Ven-
tura being permitted to ignore the First Case and still pursue
its in rem remedies at some later date. That concern reverses
the parties’ burdens. It was Debtors’ burden to bring an action
for declaratory relief as to the amount of taxes owed, or to
avoid Ventura’s lien or otherwise limit its in rem rights. We
have already held that the Plan did not even purport to do this;
but assuming for the sake of argument that the Plan could be
read as Debtors suggest, that reading is too obscure to satisfy
Ventura’s due process rights. Therefore the Plan has no res
judicata effect on the amount or enforceability of Ventura’s
lien against Debtors’ real property.

   This does not mean that Ventura was entitled to receive
payments from the bankruptcy estate greater than what was
provided in the Plan. Ventura did not file a timely proof of
claim in the First Case and it withdrew its untimely claim, so
the only Chapter 13 payments to which Ventura was entitled
were those that Debtors provided in the Plan — $9,350.00
over time, with interest. In addition, though, Ventura retained
its in rem rights against Debtors’ House, and those rights and
the amount of the underlying debt owed to Ventura have not
been affected by confirmation of Debtors’ Plan in the First
Case. Ventura was also entitled to accept payments from
Bank (which undoubtedly paid Ventura to protect its security
interest from being eroded by the penalties and interest that
might accrue if Ventura continued to remain unpaid).

   Our conclusions are consistent with the authority cited by
the bankruptcy court and by Debtors. The bankruptcy court
cited Andrews v. Loheit (In re Andrews), 49 F.3d 1404 (9th
12306                       IN RE: BRAWDERS
Cir. 1995), and Work, 58 B.R. 868, for the proposition that the
“treatment provided in the Plan was consistent with 11 U.S.C.
§ 1325(a)(5)(B).” As noted above, that section of the Bank-
ruptcy Code generally requires that secured creditors receive
the present value of their allowed claim over time. See 11
U.S.C. § 1325(a)(5)(A) and (B).

   It is true that Ventura waived any rights under Section
1325(a)(5) by not asserting a claim or objecting to the Plan.
Out of the Plan payments Ventura was entitled to no more
than what the Plan provided. See Andrews, 49 F.3d at 1409.
That does not, however, eviscerate Ventura’s lien rights or
reduce the total amount of assessments secured by its lien.
Section 1325(a)(5) is irrelevant to our analysis.

   The reasoning in Work supports our analysis. Section
1327(c), on which Debtors’ rely, says that confirmation of a
Chapter 13 plan vests property of the estate in the debtor “free
and clear of any claim or interest” of a creditor provided for
in the plan. As Work observed, claims and interests are not the
same thing. “Claim” is defined in § 101(5), and includes a
“right to payment” or “right to an equitable remedy.” 11
U.S.C. § 101(5). “Interest” is not defined in the Bankruptcy
Code, but must mean something different from “claim.”

      If, for the purposes of § 1327(c), the term “claim”
      was meant not only to include claims against the
      debtor but also claims against property of the debtor,
      then use of the term “interest” would be superfluous.
      By use of the term “interest” it appears that the term
      “claim” was to have a more limited meaning than
      that used in § 102(2).[9] It is appropriate that the
      Court determine in factual circumstances such as in
  9
   Section 102(2) provides that “ ‘claim against the debtor’ includes claim
against property of the debtor[.]” 11 U.S.C. § 102(2). Therefore, although
Ventura’s ad valorem taxes are not Debtors’ personal liability they are still
a claim against the bankruptcy estate.
                        IN RE: BRAWDERS                    12307
    the present case, that the term “claim” include those
    debts upon which the debtor has personal liability
    and the term “interest” cover claims against property
    of the debtor. The term “claim” would refer to debts
    which would be discharged under § 1328 and the
    term “interest” would refer to liens or interests in
    property which would be unaffected by a discharge
    under § 1328.

Work, 58 B.R. at 871.

  Under this reasoning, a plan that provides for a claim but
does not provide for an interest in property securing that claim
does not affect the interest of the creditor in the property. The
property vests free of the claim, but not free of the interest,
which in this case is the lien of Ventura.

  On this appeal Debtors also cite Lawrence Tractor Co. v.
Gregory (In re Gregory), 705 F.2d 1118 (9th Cir. 1983), and
Ivory, 70 F.3d 73. Neither case is contrary to our analysis.

   In Gregory the Ninth Circuit held that the holder of “a
large, unsecured claim” receives adequate notice for purposes
of due process when it receives “any notice from the bank-
ruptcy court that its debtor has initiated bankruptcy proceed-
ings” because “it is under constructive or inquiry notice that
its claim may be affected, and it ignores the proceedings to
which the notice refers at its peril.” Gregory, 705 F.2d at 1123
(emphasis added). The Ninth Circuit’s specific reference to an
unsecured claim is important. Unsecured claims invariably are
affected by bankruptcy. In contrast, as we have noted, in rem
rights generally pass through bankruptcy unaffected. There-
fore, unlike unsecured creditors, secured creditors may ignore
the bankruptcy proceedings and look to the lien for satisfac-
tion of the debt. Work, 58 B.R. at 869.

  In Ivory, the Ninth Circuit held that even if the bankruptcy
court had been in error by permitting the debtor to redeem
12308                  IN RE: BRAWDERS
property after the redemption period had expired, res judicata
precluded the creditor from bringing what amounted to a col-
lateral challenge to the confirmation order. Ivory, 70 F.3d at
74-75. This was so, the court held, even if the bankruptcy
court’s error was jurisdictional. Id. at 75.

   Ivory is inapposite because the issue determined by res
judicata was the redemption period, not a purported reduction
of a secured claim that would otherwise pass through bank-
ruptcy unaffected. There is no discussion in Ivory of due pro-
cess, and the decision says nothing about what notice the
county in that case received or how that Chapter 13 plan was
worded. Most tellingly, the plan in Ivory purported to affect
the creditor’s rights whereas here the Plan does not purport to
affect Ventura’s lien or determine the proper amount of Ven-
tura’s assessments under applicable law.

  As stated by the Ninth Circuit in a Chapter 11 case:

    If [the debtor] intended [the amount of the creditor’s
    claim stated in a Chapter 11 plan] as a means of
    challenging the amount of [the creditor’s] claim, he
    picked a peculiar way of going about it, hardly con-
    sistent with his fiduciary obligations to a creditor of
    the estate. While the debtor may challenge any claim
    he believes in good faith should not be allowed, he
    must do so by raising the issue squarely with the
    court and giving the affected creditor an opportunity
    to respond.

Everett v. Perez (In re Perez), 30 F.3d 1209, 1215 (9th Cir.
1994) (citation and footnote omitted).

   In this case, if Debtors intended the Plan to reduce the
amount of Ventura’s tax assessments or affect its rights to
enforce the full amount of its lien, they needed to raise these
issues squarely with the court and Ventura. The need for clear
notice is especially high in cases like this because a plan can
                         IN RE: BRAWDERS                 12309
be confirmed very quickly in a Chapter 13 case — as little as
30 days in local practice, according to Ventura. See Fed. R.
Bankr. P. 3015(b) (Chapter 13 plan may be filed with peti-
tion) and 2002(b) (25 days’ notice by mail of time fixed for
filing objections and hearing to consider confirmation of
Chapter 13 plan). No strained reading of the Plan can amount
to the clear notice and procedural protections to which Ven-
tura would have been entitled if Debtors had properly sought
relief under the Bankruptcy Code and Rules.

   For the foregoing reasons, we disagree with Debtors’ read-
ing of the Plan and its alleged res judicata effect. Confirma-
tion of the Plan did not reduce the amount of Ventura’s tax
assessments or affect its lien rights.

   Ventura claims that all of the damages flow from the res
judicata issue. We agree with Ventura that the underlying debt
was not reduced to $9,350.00 by any res judicata effect, so
Ventura does not owe Debtors a refund of $12,905.00, but it
is less clear how Debtors’ other damage claims might be
affected. On remand the bankruptcy court can determine
whether in view of our reversal on the res judicata issue Debt-
ors are entitled to any portion of the damages previously
awarded.

                   VI.     CONCLUSION

  Debtors argue that the res judicata effect of their confirmed
Plan reduced the amount of Ventura’s tax assessments to
$9,350.00 and revested their House in them free and clear of
Ventura’s lien in any greater amount. Nothing in the Plan,
however, purports to affect Ventura’s lien rights or act as a
declaratory judgment on the proper amount of tax assess-
ments.

  Alternatively, even if the Plan could be read as Debtors
now propose, Ventura did not receive the clear notice and
procedural protections that due process requires. If Debtors
12310                   IN RE: BRAWDERS
wanted what amounts to a declaratory judgment as to the
proper amount of tax assessments, or a partial avoidance of
Ventura’s lien, they should have filed an adversary proceed-
ing.

  For each of these alternative reasons, the res judicata effect
of the Plan did nothing to reduce the amount of Ventura’s
underlying tax assessments or affect Ventura’s lien rights.
Any award of damages for violation of the automatic stay
must be reconsidered in light of these conclusions.

  Accordingly, we REVERSE and REMAND.
                        IN RE: BRAWDERS                   12311
KLEINFELD, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

  I respectfully dissent.

   Mr. and Mrs. Brawders filed a Chapter 13 bankruptcy in
1995. They had a disagreement with the County of Ventura
about how much real property tax they owed on their home.
In their plan, filed in February 1995, they listed the County
as a creditor for $9,350 in default, and a total of $11,109.21.
The Bankruptcy Court confirmed the plan and the monthly
payment thereunder in November of 2000, without objection
from the County. The County filed no proof of claim, made
no objection, and accepted the Brawderses’ payments under
the plan.

   But while the 1995 bankruptcy was pending and the auto-
matic stay under section 362 was in effect, the County sent
the Brawderses a “notice of impending tax collector’s power
to sell.” The notice said the Brawderses owed $3,254 in taxes
past due, requiring $6.1 billion to redeem. The County then
sent another notice, that said the Brawderses owed $3,254 in
taxes past due, requiring $27,010 to redeem. Evidently, the
County had some sort of difficulty with its bookkeeping and
notice printing, which throws light on why a stipulation was
needed to settle the amount. The mortgage company for the
Brawderses’ house protected its interest by paying the County
what the County eventually settled upon as the amount due,
and initiated foreclosure.

   The Brawderses then filed a second bankruptcy case, to
stop the foreclosure. They sought damages from the County
and the mortgage company for violation of the automatic stay
and a declaratory judgment to establish the amount of taxes
owed. The County moved for summary judgment.

   Subsequently, the Brawderses refinanced their house and
settled their dispute with their mortgage company. And more
importantly for this appeal, they settled their dispute with the
12312                   IN RE: BRAWDERS
County. On January 3, 2003, the County’s attorney filed a
stipulation in Bankruptcy Court on County Counsel’s station-
ary, signed by both sides. The stipulation recites that the
County was overpaid for the back taxes and had made
refunds, but acknowledged that the refunds were insufficient
in light of the Bankruptcy Court’s order holding that the pre-
petition taxes had been paid in full. Accordingly, the County
and the Brawderses “agreed and stipulated . . . that a refund
of $12,905.86 is due to the plaintiffs by the County,” plus
interest from June 1, 2000. The bankruptcy court entered an
order, lodged by County Counsel, accepting the stipulation as
“binding upon the parties for purpose of these proceedings.”

   Nevertheless, the County claimed in trial that the amount
it had settled upon was erroneous and that it was owed more.
(The County had acknowledged in its summary judgment
motion that it had made errors in calculating the Brawderses’
property taxes, but claimed that it had corrected its errors and
now knew what they owed.) The Bankruptcy Court found that
the County had willfully violated the automatic stay by issu-
ing a notice of tax sale, and awarded damages and attorneys’
fees. The Bankruptcy Court had held, in granting partial sum-
mary judgment, that because the plan in the 1995 bankruptcy
had been confirmed without objection, stating the amount and
giving notice to the County, and that amount had been paid
in full, the Brawderses’ house “revested in the Debtors free
and clear of any lien of the County on account of all prepeti-
tion taxes.” Judgment was in favor of the Brawderses as
against the County for a little under $40,000, mostly for what
they had to spend to refinance their house to avoid foreclo-
sure, and in part for legal fees.

  The Brawderses appealed (the award was smaller than they
had sought) and the County cross-appealed. The Brawderses’
appeal was dismissed for failure to prosecute, so the Bank-
ruptcy Appellate Panel decided only the County’s appeal. The
County conceded on appeal that it had violated the automatic
                         IN RE: BRAWDERS                     12313
stay, but argued that the Brawderses had suffered no damages.
The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel reversed.

   The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel held that the $12,905 that
the County stipulated that it owed the Brawderses for tax
overpayments did indeed resolve the issue of how much, but
held that the County’s appeal was not moot because the stipu-
lation did not resolve the in rem tax liability issue. I think this
holding was mistaken. There was no remaining in rem tax lia-
bility issue.

  True, confirmation of the plan discharged only the
Brawderses’ personal liability, not the County’s lien for what-
ever taxes were owed.1 Were there remaining taxes owed, the
County could foreclose on its lien after the bankruptcy, or
during it, if it obtained relief from the automatic stay, even
though it could not obtain judgment against the Brawderses
personally. Johnson v. Home State Bank holds that bank-
ruptcy discharges the debtor’s personal liability but a lien-
holder retains a right against the security, to foreclose on
property to satisfy the debt out of the proceeds.2 Thus it is
usually and correctly said that, with some exceptions, liens
“pass through a bankruptcy unaffected.”3

  What matters to this case, though, is not whether the
County has or had a lien, but rather the amount of its lien. The
Bankruptcy Court did not purport to extinguish the County’s
continuing lien against the real estate for taxes due. It “re-
vested in the Debtors free of any lien interest held by the
County on account of its prepetition claims.”4 Arguably, the
bankruptcy court’s wording inartfully spoke to the County’s
  1
     See Dewsnup v. Timm, 502 U.S. 410, 416-17 (1992) and Johnson v.
Home State Bank, 501 U.S. 78, 82-84 (1991).
   2
     Johnson v. Home State Bank, 501 U.S. 78, 84 (1991).
   3
     Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer, Collier on Bankruptcy
§ 506.06(1)(a) (15th ed. 2005).
   4
     Emphasis added.
12314                      IN RE: BRAWDERS
lien and not just the amount secured by the lien.5 But the lien
did not matter, because the purported discharge from liens
was only for “prepetition claims.” Nothing happened to the
County’s lien for post-petition taxes. Because the County had
stipulated that all of its prepetition claims were satisfied, it did
not matter whether the lien might in some metaphysical sense
survive the bankruptcy. The reason any error in wording did
not matter is that, after the stipulation, the lien secured an
obligation to pay zero dollars and zero cents. The County stip-
ulated that it owed the Brawderses money for overpaid taxes
and the Brawderses did not owe the County a cent. This
moots the County’s appeal of the decision that its lien for pre-
petition taxes was erroneously deemed to have been dis-
charged.

   The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel goes to some length to
avoid the res judicata impact of the confirmation of the plan
in the first bankruptcy. This strikes me as problematic,
because “[a]n order confirming a Chapter 13 plan is res judi-
cata as to all justiciable issues which were or could have been
decided at the confirmation hearing.”6 But I do not think the
res judicata issue need even be reached, since the County sub-
sequently stipulated to the amount. The Bankruptcy Appellate
Panel’s decision ought to be vacated because the case was
moot when it was issued.

  5
    The Bankruptcy Court did not necessarily err. My point is that because
of mootness, it does not matter whether it erred.
  6
    Lomas Mortgage USA v. Wiese, 980 F.2d 1279, 1284 (9th Cir. 1992)
(quoted in In re Ivory (Multnomah County v. Ivory), 70 F.3d 73, 75 (9th
Cir. 1995).