Court Opinion

ID: 160066
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 06:37:34+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:53:55.837882
License: Public Domain

F I L E D
                                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                    Tenth Circuit
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                   AUG 16 2000
                               FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                              PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                        Clerk

    VINCENT ALLEN JOHNSON,

                 Petitioner-Appellant,

    v.                                                          No. 99-7089
                                                          (D.C. No. CIV-98-072-S)
    GARY L. GIBSON, Warden,                                     (E.D. Okla.)
    Oklahoma State Penitentiary; DREW
    EDMONDSON, Attorney General of
    the State of Oklahoma,

                 Respondents-Appellees.

                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before KELLY, BRISCOE, and LUCERO, Circuit Judges.

         Petitioner appeals the district court’s denial of habeas relief,     see 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254, from his Oklahoma first degree malice murder conviction and death

sentence. Petitioner was convicted of the shooting death of Shirley Mooneyham.

The evidence at trial indicated the victim’s estranged husband, Ted Holt, and

*
      This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
petitioner’s employer, John Crain, hired petitioner to kill the victim. On different

occasions, petitioner admitted to an undercover police informant, police and his

wife that he had committed the murder. At sentencing, the jury found the three

charged aggravating factors--petitioner 1) committed the murder for

remuneration; 2) had suffered a prior violent felony conviction; and 3) presents a

continuing threat to society.

      The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed petitioner’s conviction

and death sentence, and denied post-conviction relief.    See Johnson v. State , 911
P.2d 918 (Okla. Crim. App. 1995),     cert. denied , 519 U.S. 839 (1996); Johnson v.

State , 952 P.2d 1003 (Okla. Crim. App. 1998).

I.    STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      Because petitioner filed his habeas petition after its effective date, the

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act applies.     See Williams v. Taylor ,

120 S. Ct. 1479, 1486 (2000). Petitioner, therefore, will not be entitled to habeas

relief unless the state court’s adjudication of the merits of his claims “resulted in

a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of,

clearly established” Supreme Court precedent or “resulted in a decision that was

based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence

presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).

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       Under the “contrary to” clause, a federal habeas court may grant the
       writ if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached
       by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law or if the state court
       decides a case differently than [the Supreme] Court has on a set of
       materially indistinguishable facts. Under the “unreasonable
       application” clause, a federal habeas court may grant the writ if the
       state court identifies the correct governing legal principle from [the
       Supreme] Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that principle to
       the facts of the prisoner’s case.

Williams v. Taylor , 120 S. Ct. 1495, 1523 (2000).

       If the state court did not address the merits of a claim, and “the federal

district court made its own determination in the first instance,” then this court

reviews “the district court’s conclusions of law   de novo and its findings of fact, if

any, for clear error.”   LaFevers v. Gibson , 182 F.3d 705, 711 (10th Cir. 1999).

       Petitioner received a certificate of appealability on the following issues.

See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c).

II.    LACK OF INFORMANT’S CONSENT TO GOVERNMENT
       INTERCEPTION OF PETITIONER’S ADMISSIONS TO HIM

       Petitioner admitted to an acquaintance, Tim Allen, that petitioner had killed

the victim. Allen was cooperating with police. Police had given Allen a sports

car to use, equipped with a tape recorder, and “wired” him with a concealed radio

transmitter. Allen then took petitioner for a ride in the car. During their

conversation, petitioner made numerous inculpatory statements, which police

intercepted and recorded.

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       Clearly established Supreme Court precedent provides that law

enforcement’s eavesdropping or electronically monitoring conversations, with the

consent of one of the conversants, does not violate the Fourth Amendment.

See United States v. Caceres , 440 U.S. 741, 744, 750 (1979);     see also United

States v. White , 401 U.S. 745, 751 (1971) (plurality). Petitioner argues, however,

that Allen did not voluntarily consent to the interception of this conversation.

       Allen failed to appear at trial in August 1991, although he had been served

with a subpoena the preceding week. The trial court, in Allen’s absence, found

that he had consented to the interception of this conversation, in light of the fact

that he had permitted officers to “wire” him with a radio transmitter and had

given him the sports car to use. The state court’s determination that Allen

voluntarily consented is a finding of fact,    see Schneckloth v. Bustamonte , 412
U.S. 218, 227 (1973), to which this court must defer, absent petitioner’s assertion

of clear and convincing evidence to the contrary,     see 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

       Petitioner challenges the trial court’s finding of consent with a signed

statement from Allen, dated August 1998, in which Allen asserts that police

coerced his cooperation by threatening Allen and his family. Petitioner asserted

this evidence for the first time in these § 2254 proceedings and sought an

evidentiary hearing on the issue of consent.

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       The district court properly determined that, under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2), it

could not conduct an evidentiary hearing. In relevant part, § 2254(e)(2) provides

that, where a petitioner has failed to develop the factual basis of his federal

habeas claim in state court, the federal habeas court “shall not” conduct an

evidentiary hearing unless the petitioner shows that the factual predicate could not

have been discovered previously, through the exercise of due diligence, and “the

facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to establish by clear and

convincing evidence that but for constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder

would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.”

       Petitioner will not be deemed to have “fail[ed] to develop the factual basis”

of this claim “unless there is lack of diligence or some greater fault, attributable

to” him. Williams , 120 S. Ct. at 1488. “Diligence . . . depends upon whether the

prisoner made a reasonable attempt, in light of the information available at the

time, to investigate and pursue claims in state court . . . .”   Id. at 1490.

       Petitioner alleges only that his investigator did not start looking for Allen

until appointed counsel began preparing for the federal habeas proceeding, seven

years after his trial, and that only through skill and luck did the investigator find

Allen after a four-month search. These allegations are insufficient to show

petitioner’s due diligence in seeking to develop the factual basis of this claim in

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state court. See Smallwood v. Gibson , 191 F.3d 1257, 1266 (10th Cir. 1999),

petition for cert. filed   (U.S. Mar. 9, 2000) (No. 99-9445).

       Petitioner argues that his efforts to develop this claim in state court were

diligent, albeit unsuccessful, because the State withheld evidence of its coercion

of Allen. See Williams , 120 S. Ct. at 1488 (petitioner is not at fault when his

diligent efforts are thwarted by another’s conduct);      see also id. at 1489. This

conclusory allegation, however, is insufficient to explain petitioner’s failure to

look for Allen at the time of trial or for almost seven years following trial.

Petitioner argued at trial and on direct appeal that Allen had not consented to the

interception of his conversation with petitioner. Petitioner, thus, was aware of the

disputed consent issue throughout his state court proceedings.         See id. at 1490

(diligence is based on available information). He fails to assert, however, any

efforts he undertook during those state proceedings to develop the factual basis of

that claim.   See id. at 1491-92.

       Because petitioner failed to develop the factual basis of this § 2254 claim,

he must establish both that any efforts to discover the facts would have been in

vain and that he has a “convincing claim of innocence.”          Williams , 120 S. Ct. at

1490 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2)(A)(ii) and (B));       see also id. at 1491. This he

has not done. The district court, therefore, properly denied petitioner an

evidentiary hearing on the issue of consent.

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III.   INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF TRIAL COUNSEL

       Petitioner argues that his trial attorney provided constitutionally ineffective

representation by failing to obtain the testimony of his co-defendant, Ted Holt,

and by failing to investigate and present mitigating evidence. Petitioner did not

assert these claims until his state post-conviction proceeding. The Oklahoma

Court of Criminal Appeals held that petitioner had thus procedurally defaulted

these ineffective assistance claims, because the facts upon which they were based

were available at the time of his direct appeal.   See Johnson , 952 P.2d at 1006.

Because petitioner was represented at trial and on appeal by different attorneys,

the adequacy of this state procedural bar to preclude federal habeas review turns

on whether he could have adequately developed the factual bases of these claims

on direct appeal.   See English v. Cody , 146 F.3d 1257, 1263 (10th Cir. 1998).

       A.     Failure to obtain co-defendant Holt’s testimony

       At Holt’s trial, occurring after petitioner’s conviction, Holt testified that he

had been friends with Crain for ten years. He had met, but did not really know,

petitioner. Holt denied hiring petitioner to kill his wife. The jury acquitted Holt.

Petitioner asserts that his trial attorney should have sought immunity for Holt, so

that he could have given this same testimony at petitioner’s trial.

       Petitioner’s direct appeal attorney had the information necessary to raise

this claim on direct appeal, because the state trial court had ordered the court

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reporter to give petitioner’s attorney the audiotapes of Holt’s trial. The state’s

procedural bar, therefore, is adequate to preclude federal habeas review.

         As cause excusing this default, petitioner asserts his appellate counsel was

ineffective in failing to raise this claim on direct appeal.    See generally Coleman

v. Thompson , 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991) (discussing cause and prejudice excusing

procedural default). The relevant inquiry is whether appellate counsel omitted a

claim that was “clearly meritorious.”       Johnson v. Gibson , 169 F.3d 1239, 1251

(10th Cir.) (further quotation omitted),     cert. denied , 120 S. Ct. 415 (1999). In

order for his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim to have clear merit,

petitioner must establish both that trial counsel’s performance was deficient and

that petitioner was thereby prejudiced.       See Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S.
668, 687 (1984). He alleges prejudice in both the first and second stages of his

trial.

         The district court held that, even if Holt had testified at petitioner’s trial as

he testified at his own, the jury would not have acquitted petitioner, in light of

petitioner’s confessions and the evidence corroborating the details of those

confessions. We agree and affirm on that basis. For similar reasons, there is not

a reasonable probability that, had they heard Holt’s testimony, jurors in

petitioner’s case would have concluded the balance of aggravating and mitigating

evidence did not warrant death.      See id. at 695. Petitioner’s ineffective assistance

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of trial counsel claim is, thus, not clearly meritorious and he is, therefore, unable

to establish the cause and prejudice necessary to excuse this default.

       B.     Failure to prepare adequately for sentencing

       Petitioner asserts that trial counsel provided constitutionally ineffective

representation during the sentencing stage of his trial by failing to investigate and

present mitigating evidence. The state appellate court deemed petitioner to have

defaulted this claim, raised for the first time in his state post-conviction

pleadings, because trial counsel’s ineffective representation at sentencing was

“obvious” from the direct appeal record.      See Johnson , 952 P.2d at 1007. In order

to resolve the prejudice component of this ineffective assistance claim, it still

would have been necessary for the reviewing court to go beyond the trial record

to consider evidence petitioner alleges trial counsel should have presented,       see

generally Williams , 120 S. Ct. at 1515, and we are not persuaded that Oklahoma’s

procedural bar is adequate to preclude habeas review of this claim.        See Pickens v.

Gibson , 206 F.3d 998, 1001 (10th Cir. 2000);      English , 146 F.3d at 1264.

       Where counsel’s alleged errors occurred during a capital sentencing

proceeding, the prejudice inquiry is “whether there is a reasonable probability

that, absent the errors, the sentencer . . . would have concluded that the balance of

aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.”          Strickland , 466

U.S. at 695; see also Cooks v. Ward , 165 F.3d 1283, 1296 (10th Cir. 1998)

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(requiring reviewing court to consider strength of government’s case and

aggravating circumstances jury found to exist, as well as mitigating factors that

might have been presented),     cert. denied , 120 S. Ct. 94 (1999). The district court

held that the additional mitigating evidence petitioner now asserts was either

cumulative or insufficient to persuade the jury not to impose a death sentence, in

light of the aggravating and mitigating evidence that was presented at sentencing.

We agree that petitioner has failed to establish the requisite prejudice.

       At sentencing, in support of its charged aggravators, the State incorporated

the first stage evidence; the parties stipulated to petitioner’s prior manslaughter

conviction; the State presented a detective’s testimony that petitioner had, prior to

the killing, set the victim’s house on fire at the request of Crain and Holt; and

played portions of the tape recorded conversation between petitioner and

informant Allen, during which petitioner bragged about the killing and threatened

to kill Holt and harass Crain because they had failed to pay petitioner for the

murder.

       In mitigation, petitioner testified that he had completed two years of

college; served four years in the Marine Corps, receiving an honorable discharge;

had worked in oil fields and machine shops and trained horses; maintained his

innocence of the murder, but expressed his condolences to the victim’s family for

his part in hiding the murder weapons; and begged for his life and the opportunity

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to know his children growing up. Two of his sisters testified that petitioner was a

good brother, helpful and good with children, hardworking and dependable. They

asked the jury to spare his life because his family and his children needed him.

Petitioner’s mother testified that petitioner was a good son, nice and helpful, and

she did not want him to die.

      In support of his application for post-conviction relief, petitioner presented

affidavits of these witnesses, and other friends and relatives who would have

further testified that petitioner was a good friend, popular in high school, a good

athlete, a church member, nonviolent, morally good, talented, smart, hardworking,

and fond of horses and cars. They could also have testified that petitioner was

subject to physical abuse as the first black student to attend integrated schools in

that area, and that his fiancé had died in a car wreck the day before their wedding.

One individual suspected petitioner’s stepfather abused him.

      A psychologist, Vesta Gettys, Ph.D., evaluated petitioner for purposes of

his state post-conviction proceedings. After administering several tests, Dr.

Gettys concluded petitioner’s results were normal, he had a strong need to present

himself in the best light, he approached things passively, he had very low

self-esteem and it was unlikely he would present much of a behavior problem.

      In his § 2254 pleadings, petitioner sought to expand the federal habeas

record to include the affidavit of Manuel St. Martin, M.D., a psychiatrist and

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attorney. See Rule 7, Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases. Dr. St. Martin

indicated that petitioner’s background included a number of “markers” that should

have indicated to trial counsel that a neuropsychological exam was necessary.

Those markers included head injuries suffered while breaking horses, bull riding,

and boxing; petitioner’s alcoholism; his prior heroin addiction; his impoverished

upbringing; the absence of his alcoholic and abusive father; his school attendance

during integration of area schools; and his leaving home and becoming the family

breadwinner at age twelve.

       Dr. St. Martin acknowledged his evaluation was consistent with that of Dr.

Gettys. In addition, Dr. St. Martin indicated that petitioner’s stoic or cavalier

attitude was really a coping mechanism which may have created a false

impression with the jury that he lacked remorse; petitioner would adapt well to

structured prison life; and his use of alcohol would have made it more likely that

he would tell a false story under police interrogation. The district court declined

to consider this affidavit, holding it was not sufficiently relevant to warrant

expanding the record.

       Even considering Dr. St. Martin’s affidavit, this additional mitigating

evidence was not sufficient to warrant habeas relief.      See, e.g. , Clayton v. Gibson ,

199 F.3d 1162, 1178-79 (10th Cir. 1999),      petition for cert. filed   (U.S. May 20,

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2000) (No. 99-9630); Smith v. Gibson , 197 F.3d 454, 463-64 (10th Cir. 1999),

petition for cert. filed   (U.S. May 19, 2000) (No. 99-9652).

       Petitioner’s case is distinguishable from the Supreme Court’s decision in

Williams , 120 S. Ct. 1495. In that case, the Court held Williams was prejudiced

by defense counsel’s deficient investigation, which failed to disclose “extensive

records graphically describing Williams’ nightmarish childhood,” including his

parents’ criminal neglect of Williams and his siblings and Williams’ severe and

repeated beatings by his father.       Id. at 1514-15. Trial counsel also failed to

discover that Williams was borderline mentally retarded, completing only the

sixth grade; had received prison commendations for helping to break up a prison

drug ring and returning a guard’s wallet; prison officials considered him to be one

of the inmates least likely to act violently; and a member of a prison ministry

would have testified petitioner thrived in the structured prison environment.         See

id. at 1514. The additional mitigating evidence petitioner has presented in this

case fails to rise to the same level of significance as that found in    Williams .

       Nor is this case like that of    Mayes v. Gibson , 210 F.3d 1284, 1290-91 (10th

Cir. 2000), in which this court held that trial counsel’s failure to present

additional mitigating evidence had prejudiced the petitioner. Unlike this case, in

Mayes , the State’s case supporting the capital murder conviction was relatively

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weak, the jury “obvious[ly] struggle[d] in deliberations,” and found the existence

of only one aggravating circumstance.   Id. at 1291.

IV.   HEARSAY TESTIMONY

      Petitioner asserts that the trial court erred in admitting hearsay testimony

from petitioner’s wife and the wife of Holt’s work supervisor, concerning

statements made by petitioner’s co-defendants. Petitioner’s wife testified that

petitioner had told her that Crain and Holt had asked him to kill the victim and

that he had in fact killed her. As the state appellate court noted, this testimony

concerned petitioner’s statements, not those of his co-defendants, as he

complains. See Johnson , 911 P.2d at 932.

      Petitioner’s wife further testified concerning a conversation she overheard,

during which Holt and Crain indicated that the victim had to be stopped, was not

going to get away with what she was doing, and had to be “eliminated.” In

addition, Lyla Burch, the wife of Holt’s work supervisor, testified that, during a

telephone conversation occurring around noon on the day of the murder, Holt

stated either “it’s been taken care of” or “it’s being taken care of.”

      Petitioner first asserts that this testimony violated his Sixth Amendment

right to confront witnesses. The trial court admitted this testimony after

determining it was not hearsay because the State had not offered these statements

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to prove their truth.   See Tennessee v. Street , 471 U.S. 409, 411-13, 413-14

(1985) (where prosecutor did not introduce testimony of co-defendant’s

confession implicating defendant to prove truth of confession, but rather to rebut

defendant’s testimony that his own confession was coerced, nonhearsay aspect of

co-defendant’s confession did not raise any Confrontation Clause concerns);           see

also Hopkinson v. Shillinger , 866 F.2d 1185, 1203 (10th Cir.),      reh’g en banc , 888
F.2d 1286 (10th Cir. 1989),    overruling of en banc decision on other grounds

recognized by Davis v. Maynard      , 911 F.2d 415, 417 (10th Cir. 1990). That

determination was not unreasonable.

       Even if admission of this testimony violated the Confrontation Clause,

however, any error would have been harmless, at either stage of trial, in light of

petitioner’s inculpatory statements to the government informant and to police.

See, e.g. , United States v. Gomez , 191 F.3d 1214, 1223 (10th Cir. 1999)

(Confrontation Clause violations are subject to harmless error analysis).

       In addition to his more general Confrontation Clause argument, petitioner

also argues that this hearsay violated   Bruton v. United States , 391 U.S. 123

(1968). Bruton , however, does not specifically apply to this case because

petitioner was not jointly tried with his co-defendants.     See generally Lilly v.

Virginia , 527 U.S. 116, 127-29 (1999) (plurality) (discussing     Bruton line of

cases).

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       Finally, petitioner argues that he had a state law right not to be convicted

on the basis of testimony violating Oklahoma’s rule against hearsay. State law

evidentiary errors alone, however, will not warrant federal habeas relief.      See,

e.g., Estelle v. McGuire , 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991). Further, the admission of

this testimony did not result in a fundamentally unfair trial, which would violate

due process.    See id. at 70.

V.     PETITIONER’S INCULPATORY STATEMENTS

       Petitioner argues that the trial court should have suppressed his inculpatory

statements. He also asserts that independent evidence did not sufficiently

corroborate those statements, as required by Oklahoma law.

       We have already held that the trial court’s admission of petitioner’s

statements made to informant Allen was not contrary to, nor an unreasonable

application of, clearly established Supreme Court precedent.         See 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d)(1).

       A.      Post-arrest statements

       Petitioner contends that he was unlawfully arrested on a warrant based upon

his impermissibly obtained statements to informant Allen and petitioner’s wife.

The state appellate court rejected this claim, determining petitioner’s statements

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to both Allen and petitioner’s wife were properly obtained.          See Johnson , 911

P.2d at 927. That determination was reasonable.

       Petitioner further asserts that his waiver of his      Miranda rights and his

statement made to police following his drunk driving arrest were not knowing and

voluntary because he was intoxicated. In determining whether petitioner’s

statements are knowing and intelligent, clearly established Supreme Court

precedent requires consideration of whether petitioner appreciated the

consequences of his actions.      See, e.g., Patterson v. Illinois   , 487 U.S. 285, 296-97

(1988); Moran v. Burbine , 475 U.S. 412, 421 (1986). The voluntariness inquiry

turns on whether the confession was the product of a free and deliberate choice

rather than intimidation, coercion or deception,       see Moran , 475 U.S. at 421, and

focuses on police overreaching,      see Colorado v. Connelly , 479 U.S. 157, 170

(1986). Both of these inquiries are based upon the totality of the circumstances.

See Moran , 475 U.S. at 421. Having carefully reviewed the record, we conclude

the state courts’ determination that petitioner’s confession to police was knowing,

intelligent and voluntary was not contrary to, nor an unreasonable application of,

clearly established Supreme Court precedent.         See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).

       B.     Petitioner’s inculpatory statements to his wife

       Petitioner challenges his wife’s testimony that, on one occasion, he told her

Holt and Crain had asked him to kill the victim and, after the murder, petitioner

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told her that he had in fact killed the victim. Oklahoma law does provide that

“[a]n accused in a criminal proceeding has a privilege to prevent his spouse from

testifying as to any confidential communication between the accused and the

spouse.” Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 2504(B). Relying on Oklahoma authority, the trial

court held petitioner had waived this privilege because he had also made similar

statements to informant Allen.   See also Johnson , 911 P.2d at 927-28 (affirming

trial court’s determination on direct appeal).

      Although federal and state courts have adopted marital communication

privileges, it is apparent that this claim resting upon state law cannot meet the

requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).

      C.      Independent corroboration of petitioner’s confessions

      Petitioner contends the trial court did not properly instruct the jury

concerning the need for independent evidence corroborating petitioner’s

inculpatory statements. Oklahoma has adopted the rule in federal criminal cases

requiring substantial independent evidence of the trustworthiness of a defendant’s

confession.   See Fontenot v. State , 881 P.2d 69, 77-78 (Okla. Crim. App. 1994)

(citing Opper v. United States , 348 U.S. 84 (1954)). The Oklahoma Court of

Criminal Appeals held, in this case, that the trial court had improperly instructed

the jury on the need for independent corroboration, but that error did not warrant

reversal because there was sufficient independent evidence in the record to

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corroborate petitioner’s inculpatory statements under the proper standard.           See

Johnson , 911 P.2d at 925-26.

       Although Oklahoma law relies on authority from federal criminal cases,

petitioner fails to cite any clearly established Supreme Court authority holding

that the need for independent corroboration of a defendant’s confession is

constitutionally required.    Cf. Foster v. Ward , 182 F.3d 1177, 1193 (10th Cir.

1999) (despite Oklahoma law requiring corroboration of accomplice’s testimony,

there was no such constitutional requirement to support federal habeas claim),

cert. denied , 120 S. Ct. 1438 (2000). State law errors are not sufficient to warrant

federal habeas relief, and the admission of this evidence did not result in a

fundamentally unfair trial.    See, e.g., Estelle , 502 U.S. at 67-68, 70;   cf. Foster ,

182 F.3d at 1193-94.

VI.    FAILURE TO INSTRUCT FURTHER ON LIFE
       IMPRISONMENT WITHOUT PAROLE

       Relying on Simmons v. South Carolina , 512 U.S. 154 (1994) (plurality),

petitioner argues that instructing the jury on its three sentencing options--death,

life imprisonment and life without parole--was insufficient to convey to the jury

that a sentence of life without parole would insure that petitioner would remain in

prison the rest of his natural life. This court has previously rejected this

argument. See Mayes , 210 F.3d at 1294.

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VII.   CONCLUSION

       After careful review of the record and consideration of the parties’

arguments, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of habeas relief.

       Although the court declined to issue a certificate of appealability on the

following two issues, Mr. Johnson was allowed to state them at the end of his

brief. We reaffirm the denial of a certificate of appealability on the issue that the

“continuing threat” aggravating circumstance is unconstitutionally vague and

overbroad. We have repeatedly rejected that proposition.      See James v. Gibson ,

211 F.3d 543, 559 n.8 (10th Cir. 2000). We likewise reaffirm the denial of a

certificate of appealability on the issue that the jury was not adequately instructed

on the sentencing scheme because it was not informed it had the option to return a

life sentence even if it found aggravation outweighed mitigation. This, too, has

been rejected.   See LaFevers , 182 F.3d at 717-18.

                                                      Entered for the Court

                                                      Paul J. Kelly, Jr.
                                                      Circuit Judge

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