Court Opinion

ID: 4623555
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:53:15.739432+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:56:22.526678
License: Public Domain

DAUPHIN DEPOSIT TRUST CO., TRUSTEE OF ESTATE OF JAMES MCCORMICK, DECEASED, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Dauphin Deposit Trust Co. v. CommissionerDocket No. 41387.United States Board of Tax Appeals21 B.T.A. 1214; 1931 BTA LEXIS 2231; January 16, 1931, Promulgated *2231  A trust is not taxable as an association where it was organized for the purpose of managing property pending advantageous disposition and distribution of the proceeds to the beneficiaries and where the business activities carried on were merely incidental to the main purpose of distribution.  Ralph J. Baker, Esq., for the petitioner.  Arthur H. Murray, Esq., Eugene Harpole, Esq., and S. B. Pierson, Esq., for the respondent.  SEAWELL*1214  This proceeding involves deficiencies in income tax as determined by the Commissioner for the calendar years 1924 and 1925 in the respective amounts of $4,101.55 and $7,978.13.  The issues involved are: (1) Whether the petitioner is to be considered an "association" within the meaning of the revenue Acts of 1924 and 1926 and therefore taxable as a corporation; (2) even though petitioner may be an "association" within the meaning of the aforementioned acts, whether it is taxable as a trust under the provisions of section 704 of the Revenue Act of 1928; and (3) if it is held that the petitioner is an "association," is the profit from the sales of property transferred to it to be computed on the basis of their*2232  March 1, 1913, value, or their value when the trust was created on May 12, 1916?  FINDINGS OF FACT.  James McCormick, Sr. (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the decedent), of Harrisburg, Pa., died intestate in 1870, leaving to survive *1215  him a widow, two sons and one daughter.  He left a substantial estate, consisting of many pieces of real estate, both improved and unimproved, and of various kinds of personal property.  On February 1, 1870, the aforementioned widow and three children entered into a written agreement under which the two sons and the husband of the daughter were designated as trustees.  The said agreement provided that the estate should be kept together, and managed and conducted by the trustees, who were authorized to sell and convey any portion of the real estate and to purchase other real estate, the real estate purchased to be subject to the same terms and conditions as the real estate then owned.  Under this agreement substantial portions of estate were disposed of and substantial portions of principal as well as income distributed to those entitled.  Subsequently, the daughter died and left her interest in her father's estate to her husband*2233  in trust for the use and benefit of her six children.  The said husband was authorized to participate in the existing trust so long as he might mutually agree with the other trustees.  One of the two sons of James McCormick, Sr., deceased, died in 1900 and left his interest in his father's estate to his three children, and one of his sons succeeded him as one of the trustees of his father's estate.  The other son of James McCormick, Sr., died in 1916 after the trust agreement hereinafter referred to had been executed, and left his interest in his father's estate to his six children.  In the period 1901 to May 12, 1916, the date of the new agreement, the greater part of the estate was distributed to the beneficiaries, the book value in 1901 of $2,516,000 being reduced to approximately $884,000, or a distribution in money and property, both real and personal, of approximately $1,632,000.  These distributions were made pursuant to an agreement to liquidate the estate as rapidly as possible and the purpose and intent were to distribute everything that was reasonably susceptible of distribution without injuring its value.  Among the distributions made were the following: In 1905:600 shares of stock of U.S. Steel Corporation$29,800Stock of Shamokin Valley & Pottsville R.R75,000In 1906: Stock of Harrisburg Bridge Co5,200In 1907:19 farms186,585Stock in Dauphin Deposit Trust Co600,000In 1908: 2 additional farms and land in Harrisburg39,000In 1910: Stock of Harrisburg Storage Co3,824In 1911: 16 parcels of real estate, principally vacant lots in Harrisburg69,8661,009,275*2234 *1216  On May 12, 1916, a new trust agreement was entered into, two paragraphs of which read as follows: AND WHEREAS the said Trustees of the Estate of James McCormick, deceased, have from time to time made partial partitions and distributions of the said estate and have also, in pursuance of the authority upon them conferred in the said instruments in writing, purchased other real estate, taking title thereto either in the names of Henry McCormick, James McCormick and J. Donald Cameron, Trustees, or in the names of James McCormick, J. Donald Cameron and Vance C. McCormick, Trustees.  AND WHEREAS it has appeared to the parties hereto of the third part, being all the parties now beneficially interested in said Estate of James McCormick, deceased, desirable that the Trust created by the said agreement dated February 1, 1870, and the agreements and instruments in writing supplemental thereto, shall be terminated and that, for the purpose of holding together so much of the said estate as has not heretofore been partitioned or distributed and realizing as much as possible in the conversion thereof into money, a new Trust be created.  The trust agreement further provided: *2235  The parties of the third part [beneficiaries] do hereby agree that the trust heretofore existing of the said Estate of James McCormick, deceased, under the said Agreement of February 1, 1870, and the several instruments in writing supplemental thereto, shall be now terminated and that all property, real, and personal, belonging to the said estate, now remaining undivided and undistributed in the hands of the said Trustees, whether the same was owned by the said James McCormick in his lifetime or has since been in any manner acquired by the said Trustees, shall be vested in and conveyed and assigned to the Dauphin Deposit Trust Company, of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in trust for the use and benefit of the parties hereto of the third part in accordance with their respective interests in the said property, in the manner following: 1.  To hold, possess, control and manage the said property, to employ, invest, reinvest and keep invested the personal estate and proceeds of the sale of real estate in such business, including partnerships, and securities as the said Trustee may deem proper; to lease the real estate for such times and upon such terms and conditions as the said Trustee may*2236  consider for the advantage of the estate, and to receive the rents, issues, profits, gains, dividends and interest of and on the said real and personal estate.  2.  To apply the income of the said property to the payment of taxes thereon, municipal assessments against the same, rentals of leased property, the repair of buildings or other structures now or hereafter erected upon the real estate constituting part thereof or upon leased property hereinafter mentioned, and to the payment of all expenses incident to the said Trust or the proper care and management of the said property; and from time to time, when there shall be in the hands of the Trustee sufficient surplus income therefor, to make distribution of such income to and among the persons then entitled thereto, with the power however from time to time to reserve from such distribution such portions of the income as in the judgment of the Trustee may be reasonably required to meet future taxes, municipal assessments, repairs and other expenses.  3.  From time to time, as to said Trustee may seem expedient, to sell or exchange all or any part or parts of the said property for such prices or considerations and upon such terms*2237  and conditions as to the said Trustee may seem proper, and to make, execute and deliver in its name as such Trustee deeds for the same without liability on the part of the purchaser or purchasers to see *1217  to the application of the purchase money or to inquire into the propriety of such sale or sales; and in the execution of this power the said Trustee in its discretion may sell any part of the said property to any of the parties hereto of the third part.  4.  From time to time, out of the proceeds of the sale or conversion of real or personal property to purchase such real estate as in the judgment of the Trustee may be desirable for the enhancement in value or other advantage of real estate held by it in trust as aforesaid, and to hold, manage, control and dispose of the real estate so purchased and the proceeds of the sale or conversion thereof as if the same had passed to said Trustee upon the creation of this Trust; and also from time to time to lease real estate which the said Trustee may deem it desirable to occupy and use in connection with the real estate held by it in trust as aforesaid.  5.  From time to time, out of the proceeds of the sale or conversion of*2238  real or personal property, to improve the real estate held by it as aforesaid or any part thereof by the erection, rebuilding, enlargement, repair or betterment of buildings or other structures thereon or on real estate leased as aforesaid, whenever in the judgment of the Trustee it will be to the advantage of the trust estate so to do; and to this end also the said Trustee shall have authority from time to time to borrow money required for such improvement of real estate, either upon mortgage of the real estate held by it in trust as aforesaid or any part thereof or on promissory notes on the credit of the Estate, or the said Trustee may, at its election, advance the money so required and receive interest thereon at the usual rates until the same shall be repaid.  6.  From time to time to make such distributions of the proceeds of the sale or conversion of personal and real estate as in the judgment of the Trustee the best interests of the Estate may permit.  7.  The owners of at least one third of the entire beneficial interest in said trust property may at any time terminate the trust hereby created by an agreement in writing so to do, a copy of which agreement shall be served*2239  upon the Trustee, and thereupon all its powers hereunder shall cease and the owners of the Estate shall thenceforth be entitled to hold, possess, manage and control the same as if the said trust had not been created.  But, unless it shall in the meantime be terminated as aforesaid or by the complete division or distribution of the trust property, the said trust shall continue for the term of twenty years from the date hereof.  8.  In the event that for any reason the said Trustee shall be unsatisfactory to the parties hereto of the third part, it may be removed from the office of Trustee by an agreement in writing of the owners at the date of such agreement of two thirds of the entire beneficial interest in said trust property; and, in such event or in the event that the office of Trustee shall in any other manner become vacant, a new Trustee, with all the powers and duties of the Trustee hereunder, may be appointed by an agreement in writing signed and acknowledged by the owners at the date of said agreement of two-thirds of the entire beneficial interest in said trust property.  The old trust agreements and supplements thereto were then accordingly terminated and the property, *2240  both real and personal, then held by the old trustees was transferred to the petitioner, a Pennsylvania corporation of Harrisburg, as trustee under the new instrument.  The book value of the property on May 12, 1916, was $883,201.19, such property consisting of ten pieces of real property *1218  and three items of personal property.  The real property consisted of the following: Lemoyne Warehouse, a flour, feed and coal warehouse, which, at May 12, 1916, and continuously since that time, was leased to the Paxton Flour & Feed Co. or its successor.  The petitioner has not sold this property for the reason that a suitable purchaser could not be found.  Lower Walton Property, a farm without improvements near Harrisburg which it was impracticable to sell in 1916 or distribute in undivided interests to the beneficiaries.  Its value for farming purposes was negligible, its chief value being for small residence sites and limited industrial purposes.  In order to dispose of the property, the petitioner indicated where streets would be located but made no improvements thereon, such as roads, sidewalks, etc.  About two-thirds of the residence sites and one-third of the industrial*2241  sites have been sold since 1916.  DauphinProperty, a large lot in Harrisburg on which was erected a five-story building.  Efforts to sell the building were unsuccessful.  The building at May 12, 1916, and many years prior thereto was leased as a hotel building.  This condition continued until 1917, when a more modern hotel was built in Harrisburg which injured the business of the hotel here in question, and later a fire occurred which did considerable damage.  As a result the lessee gave up his lease.  The building was then remodeled as an office building, and the first and second floors thereof were leased to tenants from 1917 to 1919, the other floors not being used because of the fire hazard.  While so leased the petitioner had charge of its management, but the only employee was a janitor.  In 1919 the first and second floors were leased as an entirety to the United Cigar Stores Co.  Another fire occurred in 1921, after which the United Cigar Stores Co. desired to remodel the entire building and the petitioner loaned it $20,000, which was to be repaid over the period of the lease expiring in 1936.  During the period 1919 to and including the taxable years the petitioner's*2242  only connection with the building was to collect the rents.  Clute Property, a store building which was leased to one tenant.  The petitioner was not connected in any way with its operations, merely receiving the rentals therefrom.  The property was sold in 1926.  Paxton Quarry Property, an unimproved farm with an abandoned quarry on part of it which could not be sold in 1916 or then reasonably distributed in kind.  Petitioner has been unsuccessful in attempts to sell all of this property, though parts have been sold, and a small amount of income has been received from a railroad company for the storage of coal on a part near the railroad tracks.  *1219 Reel Property, an unimproved property near that last referred to which could not be sold in 1916.  Since 1916 parts of this property have been sold, but no other income derived therefrom.  Metzger Property, an unimproved property which could not be sold in 1916, but parts of it have since been sold.  A small amount of income was derived from time to time when individuals were permitted to remove sand therefrom.  Bigler Property, a tract of land near two trunk-line railroads which was available for*2243  industrial sites but which could not be sold in 1916.  Most of it has since been sold.  Pratt Property, an improved property on which warehouse buildings were erected.  In 1916 the property was leased, but since that time it has been disposed of, in part for stock in a vendee corporation, which stock was immediately distributed.  West End Property, a tract of land in Harrisburg which, in 1916, was available for residence building purposes, but there was no market for the property as a whole at that time and it was not possible to make distribution in kind.  Petitioner has since sold large parts of it, including many sales in 1924 and 1925.  Except for taxes and assessments by the city for paving sidewalks and such items as cutting weeds, the petitioner has had no expense in connection with the property.  Unsold portions have been let at will to a trucker, but subject to sale at any time.  In the sales made of the foregoing properties, it has not been the policy or practice of the petitioner to employ real estate agents to sell the property or to conduct advertising campaigns with respect thereto.  Ordinarily the sales were made through a sign put up on the property or*2244  through knowledge of some one that the property was for sale by the petitioner.  With respect to the unimproved properties, the petitioner did not open, grade or pave streets, nor put up street-name signs or stakes.  In addition to the real estate referred to above the only other assets received by the petitioner on May 12, 1916, were three items of personal property which are described as follows: Note of Central Iron & Steel Co., a note which was not collectible on May 12, 1916, because of certain receivership proceedings.  When payment was finally made the entire amount was immediately distributed to the beneficiaries under the trust agreement.  Stock of Central Iron & Steel Co. This property likewise could not be distributed on May 12, 1916, because of receivership proceedings, but as soon as those proceedings were terminated the stock was distributed to the beneficiaries.  Advance to Paxton Flour & Feed Co. This represented an amount advanced by the old trustees to certain individuals who were operating *1220  a grain and warehouse business in property heretofore referred to as leased by petitioner to tenants.  The petitioner did not participate in the*2245  operation or management of the business.  The petitioner received rentals for the property and also participated in the profits on account of the advances made.  Had the petitioner not been satisfied with the manner in which the business was conducted, it could have required the repayment of the advances.  When the business was incorporated in 1920, the petitioner received stock on account of the advances, which was immediately distributed to the beneficiaries.  The inventory (book value) of assets transferred to the petitioner on May 12, 1916, amounted to $883,201.19.  The following table shows the income earned and distributions made from May 15, 1916, to December 31, 1925: Distributions to beneficiaries from - Principal account in - YearNet income 1Income accountCashPropertyTotal1916$33,033.23$21,000.00$27,000.00$19,218.40$46,218.40191738,386.8245,000.00191827,726.6930,000.002 19,615.0019,615.00191928,854.0325,200.0011,100.0011,100.00192015,679.1527,000.0022,500.00178,791.93201,291.93192111,462.048,100.0036,000.0036,000.00192220,485.8518,900.0063,000.0063,000.00192320,540.5520,700.0027,000.0027,700.0054,700.00192419,722.6316,200.0094,500.0094,500.00192524,903.9114,400.0057,600.0057,600.00240,794.90226,500.00338,700.00245,325.33584,025.33*2246 No certificates of ownership in the trust property were ever issued to the beneficiaries, and the beneficiaries have not exercised any control over the operation or management of the trust property.  No meetings were ever held by the beneficiaries, nor did they have anything corresponding to a board of directors such as is common to corporations.  The petitioner duly filed its returns for the calendar years 1924 and 1925 as a trust and on May 14, 1929, the petitioner filed its notices of election (Form 967 M) to have the income of the trust taxed to the beneficiaries under the provisions of section 704(b) of the Revenue Act of 1928.  In filing the foregoing notices, the petitioner asked that they be considered without prejudice to the proceeding then pending before the Board for 1924 and 1925 and with which we are concerned.  Upon audit of the returns by the Commissioner, the deficiencies here in question were determined by considering *1221  that the petitioner was an association and therefore taxable as a corporation.  OPINION.  SEAWELL: The primary issue presented in this case*2247  is whether the petitioner is taxable as a trust or whether it is to be considered an association and therefore taxable as a corporation.  The years involved are the calendar years 1924 and 1925, for which years the petitioner filed returns as a trust.  Section 704 of the Revenue Act of 1928 provides as follows: (a) If a taxpayer filed a return as a trust for any taxable year prior to the taxable year 1925 such taxpayer shall be taxable as a trust for such year and not as a corporation, if such taxpayer was considered to be taxable as a trust and not as a corporation either (1) under the regulations in force at the time the return was made or at the time of the termination of its existence, or (2) under any ruling of the Commissioner or any duly authorized officer of the Bureau of Internal Revenue applicable to any of such years, and interpretative of any provision of the Revenue Act of 1918, 1921, or 1924, which had not been reversed or revoked prior to the time the return was made, or under any such ruling made after the return was filed which had not been reversed or revoked prior to the time of the termination of the taxpayer's existence.  (b) For the purpose of the Revenue*2248  Act of 1926 and prior Revenue Acts, a trust shall, at the option of the trustee exercised within one year after the enactment of this Act, be considered as a trust the income of which is taxable (whether distributed or not) to the beneficiaries, and not as an association.  if such trust (1) had a single trustee, and (2) was created and operated for the sole purpose of liquidating real property as a single venture (with such powers of administration as the incidental thereto, including the acquisition, improvement, conservation, division, and sale of such property), distributing the proceeds therefrom in due course to or for the benefit of the beneficiaries, and discharging indebtedness secured by the trust property, and (3) has not made a return for the taxable year as an association.  The pertinent regulations in effect when the return for 1924 was filed were articles 1502 and 1504 of Regulations 65, which provide: ART. 1502.  Association. - Associations and joint-stock companies include associations, common law trusts, and organizations by whatever name known, which act or do business in an organized capacity, whether created under and pursuant to State laws, agreements, *2249  declarations of trust, or otherwise, the net income of which, if any, is distributed or distributable among the shareholders on the basis of the capital stock which each holds, or, where there is no capital stock, on the basis of the proportionate share or capital which each has or has invested in the business or property of the organization.  A corporation which has ceased to exist in contemplation of law but continues its business in corporate form is an association or corporation within the meaning of section 2, but if it continues its business in the form of a trust, it becomes subject to the provisions of section 219.  ART. 1504.  Association distinguished from trust. - Holding trusts, in which the trustees are merely holding property for the collection of the income and its distribution among the beneficiaries, and are not engaged, either by themselves *1222  or in connection with the beneficiaries, in the carrying on of any business, are not associations within the meaning of the law.  The trust and the beneficiaries thereof will be subject to tax as provided in articles 341-347.  Operating trusts, whether or not of the Massachusetts type, in which the trustees are*2250  not restricted to the mere collection of funds and their payments to the beneficiaries, but are associated together in much the same manner as directions in a corporation for the purpose of carrying on some business enterprise, are to be deemed associations with the meaning of the Act, regardless of the control exercised by the beneficiaries.  As was said in Lansdowne Realty Trust et al., Trustees,20 B.T.A. 119">20 B.T.A. 119, the "regulations are an attempt to express the rule applied in Hecht v. Malley,265 U.S. 144">265 U.S. 144," and the rulings made by the Bureau pursuant to these regulations "have generally adhered to the view that doing business as a group by representation is a primary indication of an association." See Kentucky Oil Corporation,21 B.T.A. 1150">21 B.T.A. 1150. And we also said in Commercial Trust Co.,18 B.T.A. 1248">18 B.T.A. 1248: It suffices to say that the Commissioner's regulations and the rulings of the Bureau of Internal Revenue referred to in the Landreth case and others had been "reversed or revoked" in so far as necessary for the adoption by the Bureau of the principle embodied in the Hecht v. Malley decision prior to the*2251  time the petitioner filed its return for the calendar year 1924, and that the petitioner is not entitled to relief for that year under section 704 of the Revenue Act of 1928.  We must now inquire whether under the existing law, giving due consideration to Hecht v. Malley, supra, and other cases, the petitioner is taxable as a trust or as an association in the year 1924.  We said further in E. A. Landreth Co. et al.,11 B.T.A. 1">11 B.T.A. 1, that the real test applied by the court in Hecht v. Malley,265 U.S. 144">265 U.S. 144, as to whether a given trust was to be considered a trust or an association, was whether or not the trust was organized "for purely business purposes" and on the same question the Circuit Court of Appeals for the First Circuit said in White v. Hornblower, 27 Fed.(2d) 777, that in view of the decision reached in Hecht v. Malley, supra, the determining factor was whether the trustees were "conducting a business for profit or gain." On the basis of the aforementioned regulations and rulings of the Commissioner, which were given official sanction by section 704 of the Revenue Act of 1928, *2252  and in the light of the various decisions made with respect thereto, we are of the opinion that the record here presented justifies the conclusion that the petitioner is properly to be considered a trust and not an association.  The parties are agreed that in the ordinary meaning of the word "trust" both at common law and under the Pennsylvania statutes, the petitioner is in legal nature a trust and that there is present no resemblance to a corporation in the issuance of certificates of ownership to the beneficiaries or anything corresponding to shares of stock.  No officers or directors *1223  were elected by the beneficiaries in the operation of the trust and no meetings of the beneficiaries were held for the purpose of participating in its operation or management.  Primarily, the parties differ only as to whether the petitioner was engaged in business as contemplated by the statute, the contention of the petitioner being that its business activities were incidental to its main purpose of liquidating the property and distributing the proceeds to the beneficiaries, and that of the Commissioner that such activities were not incidental but constituted "engaging in business" as*2253  that phrase is interpreted by Hecht v. Malley, supra.On a consideration of the entire record, we are of the opinion that the petitioner's contention should be sustained.  When James McCormick, Sr., died in 1870, he left a large amount of property, both real and personal, and at that time his wife and three children entered into a trust agreement with respect to the foregoing property.  The original trustees or their successors continued to manage or control the estate until 1916, when it was determined to terminate the old trust and create a new trust from the corpus of the estate then undistributed.  We know little of what occurred from 1870 to 1916 other than that distributions were being made, but from 1901 to May 12, 1916, the corpus of the estate was reduced from some $2,500,000 to about $883,000 either through distributions in kind or conversions into distributable property and the making of distributions thereof.  And we think the evidence amply supports the statement that the property on hand at May 12, 1916, was not reasonably susceptible of distribution as such among the various beneficiaries.  The action of the old trustees is of course not controlling*2254  as showing the purpose in the creation of the new trust, but those very substantial distributions made of everything capable of distribution are consistent with the petitioner's action after the creation of the new trust and indicate a policy of liquidation as rapidly as reasonably possible rather than the carrying on of a business enterprise "for the purpose of continued efforts in the pursuit of profit and gain." Admittedly, under the trust agreement of May 12, 1916, the petitioner was given broad powers under which it might well have engaged in business, but the powers granted were such as might reasonably be necessary in the liquidation of such property and the exercise of such powers is shown to have been in the interests of liquidation rather than in furtherance of a business enterprise.  The trust instrument stated that the trust was created "for the purpose of holding together so much of the said estate as has not heretofore been partitioned or distributed and realizing as much as possible in the conversion thereof into money" and that the trust should continue for 20 years unless sooner terminated by an agreement in *1224  writing of at least one-third of the beneficial*2255  owners, "or by the complete division of distribution of the trust property." Neither of the foregoing provisions is inconsistent with the idea of a liquidating trust.  Obviously, where a trustee is to liquidate properties such as here involved, board powers would properly be given such trustee in the handling of such property, including the holding of such property together until converted into money.  The maximum period of 20 years is not unreasonable in view of the character and amount of property involved, and such period might be cut short by an earlier division or distribution of the trust property.  A similar period (15 years) was provided for in Wilson Syndicate Trust,14 B.T.A. 508">14 B.T.A. 508, where we held that the trust was not engaging in business. And it is also true under the trust agreement here in question that the trustee (petitioner) was authorized from "time to time to make such distributions of the proceeds of the sale or conversion of personal and real estate as in the judgment of the Trustee the best interests of the Estate may permit," but in the carrying out of this provision we find no accumulations of income or proceeds from the sale of corpus, and*2256  distributions appear to have been made from both sources as rapidly as the best interests of the estate, from a liquidation standpoint, would permit.  As illustrative of this action, we find that the trust received three items of personal property and, as soon as distribution thereof was possible, distribution was made.  One was represented by a note of a corporation and another by certain stock of the same corporation, both of which were involved in certain receivership proceedings.  As soon as the receivership proceedings were terminated, the note was paid and the stock became available for distribution, and the petitioner proceeded immediately to make distribution of the cash and stock.  The third item represented as advance which the old trustees had made to certain individuals who were tenants occupying property included in the trust estate.  Subsequent to 1916 the individuals incorporated and issued stock to petitioner in payment of the said advance.  The stock was immediately distributed.  In line with this policy more than 60 per cent of the corpus was distributed between May 12, 1916, and December 31, 1925, and during that time there was also distributed more than 94 per cent*2257  of the income earned during that period.  We can not think that these distributions were merely incidental to the profitable operation of a business which was expected to be carried on for 20 years, but rather as reflecting the purpose of liquidation as soon as practicable.  In addition, we have the testimony of one of the beneficiaries who was active in the formation of the new trust that the intention was that the "trustee should get rid of them *1225  [assets] as quickly as possible without sacrifice, and distribute them" and that the expressed intentions of the other beneficiaries were to the same effect.  The situation here presented with respect to powers granted and actions performed thereunder is somewhat analogous to that in C. H. Atherton et al., Trustees,19 B.T.A. 1172">19 B.T.A. 1172, wherein we held that a trust engaged in liquidating certain property was not to be considered an association, and said: While the trustees under the trust instrument were given broad powers and under such powers could undoubtedly have entered into extensive business undertakings, yet the record clearly shows that they have observed closely the purpose for which the trust was formed, *2258  namely, the liquidation of the real estate holdings transferred to them by the Honolulu Rapid Transit Co., Ltd., and the payment of the proceeds to the certificate holders.  The collection of rent on such holdings until they were sold and the payment of taxes and expenses were in our opinion only incidental.  When we come to examine the evidence with respect to the business activities of the petitioner we find nothing inconsistent with the idea that such activities were incidental to its main purpose, namely, the liquidation as soon as practicable of the property of the estate.  One of the activities most strongly urged upon us by the Commissioner as supporting his position is that in connection with property referred to in our findings as the Dauphin Property, but we fail to see in this more than a conservation of the assets until a reasonable realization could be had thereon.  It certainly did not go into the business of renting office buildings, but merely converted a hotel into an office building for the purpose of realizing the most possible therefrom.  The same is true of its relations with the Paxton Flour & Feed Co., to which it rented certain warehouses.  That it made alvances*2259  to this tenant in order to have it continue its business would seem to amount to little more than a means of helping a desirable tenant.  We think it significant that when the business was incorporated and stock issued on account of the advances, the stock was immediately distributed to the beneficiaries.  The real estate activities were of the same nature.  Surely, a trust is not to be considered an association merely because it did not sacrifice unimproved real estate, but rather held it until it could be sold in lots for residential or business purposes, if in such sales no attempt was made to engage in the real estate business.  The evidence shows that the petitioner did little, if any, more with respect to such property than any individual would have done who had such property for sale, namely, let it be known by means of signs thereon that the property was for sale, but did not attempt to sell the property through extensive advertising or a sales organization.  There is no evidence of creating or maintaining an organization "for the purpose of continued efforts in the pursuit of profit and gain" which is one of the *1226  real tests of engaging in business under such circumstances. *2260 Von Baumbach v. Sargent Land Co.,242 U.S. 503">242 U.S. 503, and Trustees for the Creditors and Stockholders of Gonzolus Creek Oil Co. (Dissolved),12 B.T.A. 310">12 B.T.A. 310. The Commissioner calls our attention to the statement in Hecht v. Malley, supra, to the effect that "a corporation owning and renting an office building is engaged in business" and urges that because the petitioner had an office building which it rented it must therefore be considered engaged in business.  We can not think that such a conclusion is here justified.  We think the entire purpose in the creation of the trust must be considered as well as what was done thereunder.  In Hecht v. Malley, supra, the court was dealing with three trusts, referred to as the Hecht Real Estate Trust, the Haymarket Trust and the Crocker, Burbank & Co. Association.  The latter two were strictly business enterprises.  In some respects the first named was similar to the case at bar in that it was created by members of a family and included real estate used for offices and business purposes, which they owned as tenants in common There is, however, nothing to show that it*2261  was other than a trust created for the purpose of the continued operation of the office buildings and business establishments, and under such circumstances it is clear that a trust owning and operating an office building would be engaged in business.  (J. W. Pritchett et al., Trustees,17 B.T.A. 1056">17 B.T.A. 1056; Lansdowne Realty Trust et al., Trustees, supra; and Russell Tyson et al., Trustees,20 B.T.A. 597">20 B.T.A. 597.) But it certainly can not be said to follow that in all cases, where a trust holds title to an office building and rents it, the trust is to be considered engaged in business in the sense necessary to cause it to be considered an association.  For example, in the Wilson Syndicate Trust, supra, a large estate, consisting of many kinds of assets, and including an office building, was placed in the hands of a trustee for liquidation purposes, and 15 years were given for the carrying out of such purposes.  The trustee held title to the office building and rented it, and continued to carry on various other business activities consistent with the trust agreement, including the purchase and sale of assets, improvement and operation of a ranch, *2262  construction of a dam to irrigate a ranch, exchange of an office building for a ranch, and the execution of long-term leases for office buildings.  In spite of all of the foregoing activities, which were certainly of a business nature, the Board held that the trust was not to be considered an association and, in so holding, said: The trust was not created for the purpose of carrying on a business, and the trustee bought and sold, and carried on other transactions, such as making repairs only for the purpose of conserving the assets until a favorable time *1227  should arrive when a liquidation could be effected under fairly favorable circumstances, and make a distribution among the beneficiaries.  On appeal the above case was affirmed (Blair v. Wilson Syndicate Trust, 39 Fed.(2d) 43), and the court said: The difference between the respondent and the Massachusetts Trusts considered in Hecht v. Malley, supra, is very marked.  The respondent was not organized for the purpose of doing business for profit, nor for doing business at all.  Its purpose was to liquidate and distribute an estate. The beneficiaries other than its creator, *2263  had no vested interest in the property and no voice in instituting the trust.  They received their distributive portions purely as donations from their mother and could not dispose of their interests, except by an equitable assignment of their rights, subject to the orderly administration of the trust.  Such slight business activities as the trustee conducted were in furtherance of the ultimate purpose of liquidation and distribution. The similarity as to the provisions for terminating the trust, amending the deed and removing and electing trustees are hardly material as they are not unusual in express trusts.  (italics supplied.) (See also Wilson Trust,20 B.T.A. 549">20 B.T.A. 549, an entirely different trust from that involved in Wilson Syndicate Trust, supra. ) The Commissioner, however, urges the inapplicability of the foregoing case because of the statements of the court that: * * * A distinction is to be made between an agreement between individuals in the form of a trust and an express trust created by an ancestor, although they may have some features in common.  The controlling distinction is that one is a voluntary association of individuals for convenience*2264  and profit, the other a method of equitably distributing a legacy or donation.  Congress has recognized this distinction, classing the former as associations, to be taxed as corporations, and at the same time providing for a separate and distinct method of taxing the income of estates and trusts created by will or deed, classing them together for that purpose.  * * * But we do not understand the court to lay down the rule that all express trusts created by an ancestor are to be treated as trusts and not as associations and all agreements between individuals in the forms of trusts are to be considered as associations.  In general, we think it is true that the circumstances surrounding the creation of a given trust are strong evidence as to its purpose, but of more importance is whether the trust is carrying on business for profit, or whether it is merely in existence for the distribution of property, and we think the court recognized this fact in the statements quoted above.  Besides, the corpus of the trust with which we are here concerned represents property which came to the beneficiaries from a single decedent, though the trust was created by the beneficiaries rather than by the*2265  decedent.  In view of the foregoing and on consideration of the entire record, we are satisfied that the petitioner should be taxed as a trust and not as an association.  It accordingly becomes unnecessary to consider the error assigned by the petitioner to the effect that, in *1228  determining gain or loss from the sales of property in 1924 and 1925, the starting point should be the fair market value of such property on May 12, 1916, instead of on March 1, 1913.  Reviewed by the Board.  Judgment will be entered for the petitioner.MURDOCK dissents.  BLACK BLACK, dissenting: I dissent from the majority opinion in this proceeding.  The very title of the petitioner is misleading.  The title under which it conducted its business operations was "Estate of James McCormick, Deceased." From this sort of a title one would believe that James McCormick, prior to his death, conveyed his property, either by deed or will to a trustee, to be held in trust for the benefit of his heirs.  As a matter of fact, James McCormick died intestate in 1870, and his property descended to his heirs under the Pennsylvania laws of descent and distribution, and these heirs, owning*2266  the property as tenants in common, for their own convenience and profit organized a common law trust and conveyed the property to trustees to be managed and operated and disposed of according to the terms of the trust.  This organization continued until 1916, when it was superseded by the petitioner, another common law trust organized by the then owners of the property for their own convenience and profit, and using the name of "Estate of James McCormick, Deceased," although he had died intestate 46 years prior to the organization of the trust.  I do not question the right of the heirs to organize themselves into a common law trust of this kind and to use the name of "Estate of James McCormick, Deceased," but such procedure should not deceive any one into believing that it makes petitioner any such trust within the meaning of the Federal taxing laws, as we had before us in Wilson Syndicate Trust,14 B.T.A. 508">14 B.T.A. 508. Petitioner strongly relies on the Wilson Syndicate Trust case in support of its contention in the instant case, but I think the two situations are wholly different.  The Wilson Syndicate Trust, supra, was not a case where parties owning property as*2267  tenants in common associated themselves in a common law trust for their own convenience and profit, but was a case where Laura D. Wilson, owner of a large estate, and desiring to make provision for her children, five married daughters, conveyed the property to a trustee in trust to be disposed of as directed in the trust instruments, and one-seventh of the proceeds distributed to each of her five daughters and two-sevenths to her.  This kind of a trust presents quite a different situation from that which obtains where persons who own property as tenants in common, such as we have before us in the instant case, *1229  associate themselves in a common law trust for their own convenience and profit, to hold the property, operate it, distribute the profits, and finaly dispose of the corpus.  The distinction was well stated by the court in Blair v. Wilson Syndicate Trust, 39 Fed.(2d) 43, wherein the court said: * * * A distinction is to be made between an agreement between individuals in the form of a trust and an express trust created by an ancestor, although they may have some features in common.  The controlling distinction is that one is a voluntary association*2268  of individuals for convenience and profit, the other a method of equitably distributing a legacy or donation.  Congress has recognized this distinction, classing the former as associations, to be taxed as corporations, and at the same time providing for a separate and distinct method of taxing the income of estates and trusts created by will or deed, classing them together for that purpose.  Section 219, Revenue Act of 1921 (42 Stat. 246).  I am unable to see any distinction of substance between the common law trust (association) involved in this proceeding and the Hecht Real Estate Trust, one of the trusts involved in Hecht v. Malley,265 U.S. 144">265 U.S. 144. There were three separate trusts involved in the decision of Hecht v. Malley, supra. The Hecht Real Estate Trust case No. 99 was one of them.  Said the Supreme Court, in describing the Hecht Real Estate Trust: The Hecht Real Estate Trust was established by the members of the Hecht family upon real estate in Boston used for offices and business purposes, which they owned as tenants in common.  It is primarily a family affair.  The certificates have no par value; the shares being for one-thousandths*2269  of the beneficial interest.  They are transferable; but must be offered to the trustees before being transferred to any person outside of the family.  The trustees have full and complete powers of management; but no power to create any liability against the certificate holders.  There are no meetings of certificate holders; but they may, by written instrument, increase the number of trustees, remove a trustee, appoint a new trustee if there be none remaining, modify the declaration of trust in any particular, terminate the trust, or give the trustees any instructions thereunder.  * * * The court also said: We conclude, therefore, that when the nature of the three trusts here involved is considered, as the petitioners are not merely trustees for collecting funds and paying them over, but are associated together in much the same manner as the directors, in a corporation for the purpose of carrying on business enterprises, the trusts are to be deemed associations within the meaning of the Act of 1918; this being true independently of the large measure of control exercised by the beneficiaries in the Hecht and Haymarket Cases, which much exceeds that exercised by the beneficiaries*2270  under the Wachusett Trust.  We do not believe that it was intended that organizations of this character - described as "associations" by the Massachusetts statutes, and subject to duties and liabilities as such - should be exempt from the excise tax on the privilege of carrying on their business merely because such a slight measure of control may be vested in the beneficiaries that they might be deemed strict trusts within the rule established by the Massachusetts courts.  *1230  I can see no material difference in petitioner's operation for the years involved in this proceeding under the trust instrument set out in the findings of fact in the majority opinion herein from that of the concerns which we held in Lansdowne Realty Trust,20 B.T.A. 119">20 B.T.A. 119; Russell Tyson et al.,20 B.T.A. 597">20 B.T.A. 597; and Zenith Real Estate Trust,21 B.T.A. 656">21 B.T.A. 656, to be associations and taxable as such.  For that reason, I dissent from the majority opinion.  STERNHAGEN agrees with this dissenting opinion.  Footnotes1. Other than capital gain.  ↩2. Proceeds of sales of property distributed in cash. ↩