Court Opinion

ID: 4185518
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-07-12 15:09:46.556924+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:21.036181
License: Public Domain

DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                             FOURTH DISTRICT

                           KERVEN CHARLES,
                              Appellant,

                                     v.

                          STATE OF FLORIDA,
                               Appellee.

                              No. 4D15-658

                             [ July 12, 2017 ]

  Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, Palm
Beach County; David F. Crow, Judge; L.T. Case No. 13CF001257AMB.

  Carey Haughwout, Public Defender, and Tara A. Finnigan, Assistant
Public Defender, West Palm Beach, for appellant.

  Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Kimberly T.
Acuña, Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.

TAYLOR, J.

    Kerven Charles appeals his convictions and sentences for robbery with
a weapon (Count I), false imprisonment of a victim under 13 while in
possession of a weapon (Count II), burglary with assault while in
possession of a weapon (Count IV), two counts of aggravated assault with
a deadly weapon (Counts V and VI), and petit theft (a lesser included
offense of Count VII). These charges, filed in the same information,
stemmed from three criminal episodes that constituted a crime spree.

    We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
appellant’s motion to sever Counts I–III, as those offenses were part of the
same crime spree as Counts IV–VII. Further, although the trial court
severed Count VIII, burglary while armed, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in admitting evidence related to that offense, as it was
inextricably intertwined with the charged crimes and was relevant
evidence of flight and concealment. Finally, we hold that the trial court
conducted a sufficient competency hearing and made an independent
finding that appellant was competent to proceed. We remand, however,
for entry of a written competency order.
                 The Francois Incident (Counts I – III)

   At around noon on February 4, 2013, Dieunata Francois returned
home with her four-year-old son and parked the church van she was
driving. Appellant approached Ms. Francois outside, set down a black
duffle bag, and demanded money. Ms. Francois asked appellant what he
was talking about. Appellant then pulled a machete out of the duffle bag
and told Ms. Francois, “[I]f you don’t give me your money, I will chop you
up.” Ms. Francois replied that she did not have any money.

   While still holding the machete, appellant grabbed Ms. Francois’s son
by the collar and again threatened to hurt her if she did not give him
money. The child began screaming and crying. Ms. Francois spoke with
appellant for about 15 to 35 minutes, trying to persuade him to stop what
he was doing. Ms. Francois gave appellant her wallets and showed him
that she did not have any money. Appellant returned the wallets. Ms.
Francois promised not to call the police if appellant let them go. Appellant
released Ms. Francois’s son and walked away with the black duffle bag.

                 The Spector Incident (Counts IV – VII)

    At 12:30 p.m. that same day, not far from Ms. Francois’s house,
Gregory Guzzo had an appointment with Harold and Janice Spector to
provide an estimate on the cost of repairing fire damage to their home.
While Mr. Guzzo was parked in front of the Spectors’ home waiting for
them to arrive, appellant approached Mr. Guzzo and told him that he
needed some work done on property he had purchased in the
neighborhood. Mr. Guzzo informed appellant that he had an appointment
at that time, but could look at appellant’s home later.

   The Spectors then arrived and Mr. Guzzo began speaking with them in
the driveway. Appellant walked up the driveway and continued to ask Mr.
Guzzo about performing repairs on his house. Mr. Guzzo told appellant
that he was with clients. Mr. Guzzo handed appellant his business card
and asked appellant to give him a call in about an hour. Appellant walked
back down the driveway and left. During these encounters outside the
Spectors’ home, appellant carried a black bag.

   Mr. Guzzo and the Spectors went inside the home to view the damage.
Shortly thereafter, appellant came to the front door and said he had a few
more questions about the neighborhood. Mrs. Spector met appellant at
the front door and told him, “I really can’t talk to you because my house
just burnt down.”

                                     2
    Appellant then reached into his duffle bag, pulled out a machete, held
it against Mrs. Spector’s throat, and told her to give him money or else he
would kill her. Mrs. Spector ran back inside towards her husband,
screaming that appellant had a knife and was going to kill her. Mr. Spector
pushed his wife into the bathroom and closed the door.

   Appellant approached Mr. Guzzo and Mr. Spector, demanding money
from them. Appellant held the machete close to Mr. Spector’s stomach
and said, “[G]ive me money or I’ll f’ing kill you.” Mr. Guzzo threw his wallet
to appellant. Appellant picked up the wallet and ran out of the house.

   Mr. and Mrs. Spector both called 911. The police arrived and set up a
perimeter in the Spectors’ neighborhood.

                     The Jean Incident (Count VIII)

    Ismith Jean, who lived in the same neighborhood as the Spectors, got
a ride home from his boss at around 2 p.m. that day. They could not drive
all the way to Mr. Jean’s home due to the police presence in the
neighborhood, so Mr. Jean’s boss dropped him off a short distance from
his home.

   When Mr. Jean arrived at his house, he noticed that the front door was
unlocked. Mr. Jean entered the house and heard some noise. He looked
in his daughter’s room and found appellant. Appellant had ransacked the
room.

   During the encounter, appellant told Mr. Jean to “shut up” and “be
quiet.” Mr. Jean told appellant to get out or he would call the police.
Knowing that the police were already outside, Mr. Jean opened the front
door and let appellant leave. Mr. Jean followed appellant out the door and
pointed him out for the police, who immediately apprehended him.

   Mr. Jean later found a black duffle bag on his back porch. The bag did
not belong to Mr. Jean and he had never seen it before. Mr. Guzzo, Mrs.
Spector, and Ms. Francois all testified that the bag recovered from Mr.
Jean’s home looked like the same bag that appellant was carrying during
their encounters with him.

   Motions to Sever and to Exclude the Contents of the Duffle Bag

   While appellant was representing himself, he filed a pro se motion to
sever Count VIII—i.e., the charge that appellant committed a burglary of
the Jean residence. The trial court granted the motion to sever Count VIII,

                                      3
but ruled that evidence related to the Jean burglary would be admissible
as evidence of flight, hiding from police, and consciousness of guilt.

    Before appellant’s second trial (the first ended in a mistrial), the defense
moved to sever Counts I, II, and III—i.e., the charges related to the
Francois incident. Defense counsel conceded that the charges were
properly joined, but argued that the inquiry “doesn’t end there” and that
appellant was entitled to have separate trials to prevent prejudice. The
trial court denied the motion to sever Counts I, II, and III, ruling that the
charges were part of a crime spree and were connected by temporal
proximity, location, and the nature and manner of criminal activity.

   The defense later moved to exclude the contents of the black duffle bag,
which included a knife, rope, duct tape, and condoms. The trial court
ruled that the contents of the bag were admissible, except for the condoms,
because they were relevant to the burglary charge. The court agreed to
give a limiting instruction that the contents were relevant solely to that
charge.

    On appeal, appellant challenges two rulings of the trial court: (1) the
denial of appellant’s motion to sever Counts I-III, which related to the
Francois incident; and (2) the admission of evidence regarding Count VIII,
which had been severed and which related to the Jean incident. Appellant
maintains that none of the criminal episodes were related, but rather were
“random acts by a likely mentally ill person.” He further argues that
severance of Counts I-III was necessary for a fair determination of his guilt
or innocence, and that the admission of evidence of the Jean incident was
more prejudicial than probative.

    The State responds that the trial court properly denied appellant’s
motion to sever Counts I–III, as the charges were part of a crime spree and
were connected by temporal proximity, location, and the type and manner
of criminal activity. The State further argues that the trial court properly
admitted evidence relating to the Jean incident, such as appellant hiding
in Mr. Jean’s home and telling him to be quiet, as such evidence was
evidence of flight and concealment and was relevant to show
consciousness of guilt.

                            Standard of Review

   “The decision to grant or deny a motion for severance rests within the
sound discretion of the trial court.” Smithers v. State, 826 So. 2d 916, 923
(Fla. 2002). Likewise, a trial court’s rulings on the admissibility of evidence
will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. Thomas v. State, 748

                                       4
So. 2d 970, 982 (Fla. 1999).

    Denial of Motion to Sever Counts I-III (the Francois Incident)

   For offenses to be properly charged in a single indictment or
information, they must meet the requirement for joinder set forth in
Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.150. Crossley v. State, 596 So. 2d
447, 449 (Fla. 1992). “Two or more offenses that are triable in the same
court may be charged in the same indictment or information in a separate
count for each offense, when the offenses . . . are based on the same act
or transaction or on 2 or more connected acts or transactions.” Fla. R.
Crim. P. 3.150(a).

    The “connected acts or transactions” requirement in rule 3.150(a) calls
for the charges joined for trial to be considered in an episodic sense.
Garcia v. State, 568 So. 2d 896, 899 (Fla. 1990). Furthermore, “for joinder
to be appropriate the crimes in question must be linked in some significant
way.” Ellis v. State, 622 So. 2d 991, 1000 (Fla. 1993). “This can include
the fact that they occurred during a ‘spree’ interrupted by no significant
period of respite, . . . or the fact that one crime is causally related to the
other, even though there may have been a significant lapse of time.” Id.

   “Courts may consider the temporal and geographical association, the
nature of the crimes, and the manner in which they were committed.”
Garcia, 568 So. 2d at 899 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Nevertheless, “interests in practicality, efficiency, expense, convenience,
and judicial economy, do not outweigh the defendant’s right to a fair
determination of guilt or innocence.” Id. Even where joinder is otherwise
proper, a defendant is entitled to have separate trials upon a showing that
severance is “necessary to achieve a fair determination of the defendant’s
guilt or innocence of each offense.” Fotopoulos v. State, 608 So. 2d 784,
790 (Fla. 1992). “The danger in improper consolidation lies in the fact that
evidence relating to each of the crimes may have the effect of bolstering
the proof of the other.” Crossley, 596 So. 2d at 450. Accordingly, a trial
judge “must be careful that there is a meaningful relationship between the
charges of two separate crimes before permitting them to be tried
together.” Id.

   The Florida Supreme Court’s opinion in Bundy v. State, 455 So. 2d 330
(Fla. 1984), abrogated on other grounds by Fenelon v. State, 594 So. 2d 292
(Fla. 1992), provides a quintessential example of a “crime spree.” In that
case, serial killer Ted Bundy went on a rampage in housing facilities near
Florida State University in Tallahassee. Id. at 334. Bundy attacked four
women, killing two, in a sorority house, and then, roughly an hour later,

                                      5
went to an apartment a few blocks away and attacked a fifth woman. Id.
All of the women were bludgeoned with a blunt weapon. Id. The supreme
court held that the crimes were connected and constituted a single
uninterrupted crime spree for purposes of consolidation:

          In determining whether two acts or transactions are
      connected for purposes of consolidation, this Court has
      considered the temporal and geographical association, the
      nature of the crimes, and the manner in which they were
      committed. . . . Here the crimes occurred within a few blocks
      of each other and within the space of a couple of hours. The
      crimes were similar in that they involved a person entering the
      residences of female students in an off-campus neighborhood
      and beating young white women with a club as they slept.
      Hence the criminal acts are connected by the close proximity
      in time and location, by their nature, and by the manner in
      which they were perpetrated.

Id. at 345 (citations omitted).

   Offenses that occur during a “crime spree” may be tried together when
they share a high degree of similarity or a causal link. See Rolling v. State,
695 So. 2d 278, 295–96 (Fla. 1997) (holding that murders of five college
students within a 72-hour period by serial killer Danny Rolling were
properly joined as a “spree” for penalty phase purposes); Fotopoulos, 608
So. 2d at 789–90 (finding that murder and attempted murder charges were
connected in an episodic sense where defendant used a videotape of an
accomplice murdering one victim as leverage to force the accomplice to
attempt a second murder); Rohan v. State, 696 So. 2d 901, 903 (Fla. 4th
DCA 1997) (concluding that two burglaries of separate residences of two
women were committed during a “spree” where they were committed
within a period of less than one hour, the crimes were not interrupted by
a significant period of respite, the first burglary provided a causal link to
the defendant’s more aggressive entry at the second residence, and a
strong similarity existed between the crimes), abrogated on other grounds
by State v. Smith, 840 So. 2d 987 (Fla. 2003).

   Here, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s
motion to sever Counts I–III. The crimes committed in the Francois
incident (Counts I–III) and the Spector incident (Counts III–VII) constitute
a crime spree under Bundy and its progeny. As the trial court recognized,
the crimes were extremely close in geographic proximity, temporal
proximity, and similar in the manner in which they were committed. The
two incidents occurred within a few blocks of each other. They occurred

                                      6
within about a thirty-minute span, with no significant period of respite, as
the Spector incident occurred almost immediately after the Francois
incident ended. Finally, the two incidents were extremely similar; in both
incidents, appellant pulled a machete out of a black duffle bag, threatened
the victims with the machete, and demanded money.

   Moreover, there was no showing that severance was necessary to
promote a fair determination of appellant’s guilt or innocence. Even if
there had been separate trials, evidence of each incident would have been
admissible at the trial of the other for the following purposes: (1) as
evidence of the perpetrator’s identity; (2) to show a common scheme and
motive; and (3) to show the entire context of crimes that were inextricably
intertwined.

     Admission of Evidence Related to Count VIII (the Jean Incident)

    “When a suspected person in any manner attempts to escape or evade
a threatened prosecution by flight, concealment, resistance to lawful
arrest, or other indications after the fact of a desire to evade prosecution,
such fact is admissible, being relevant to the consciousness of guilt which
may be inferred from such circumstance.” Straight v. State, 397 So. 2d
903, 908 (Fla. 1981). “Where there is a sufficient nexus between flight and
the crime with which a defendant is charged, evidence of flight is relevant
to infer consciousness of guilt.” Rutherford v. State, 902 So. 2d 211, 215
(Fla. 4th DCA 2005).

    Additionally, one category of admissible evidence of uncharged crimes
is known as dissimilar fact evidence. McGirth v. State, 48 So. 3d 777, 787
(Fla. 2010). Dissimilar fact evidence is not Williams 1 rule evidence, but
instead is “evidence of uncharged crimes which are inseparable from the
crime charged” or “evidence which is inextricably intertwined with the
crime charged.” Griffin v. State, 639 So. 2d 966, 968 (Fla. 1994). Such
evidence is admissible under section 90.402 because “it is a relevant and
inseparable part of the act which is in issue” and it “is necessary to admit
the evidence to adequately describe the deed.” Id. (quoting Charles W.
Ehrhardt, Florida Evidence § 404.17 (1993 ed.)).

   “Dissimilar fact evidence of uncharged misconduct—which is governed
by section 90.402’s general rule of relevancy—is admissible to establish
the relevant context in which the charged criminal acts occurred.”
Gosciminski v. State, 132 So. 3d 678, 694 (Fla. 2013) (citation, internal
quotation marks, and alterations omitted). Notice of intent to offer

1   Williams v. State, 110 So. 2d 654 (Fla. 1959).

                                          7
Williams rule evidence “is not required if the State seeks to introduce
evidence of collateral acts which are inextricably intertwined with the
crime charged under the general rule of relevance.” Tripoli v. State, 50 So.
3d 776, 779–80 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010).

   “Evidence is inextricably intertwined if the evidence is necessary to (1)
adequately describe the deed; (2) provide an intelligent account of the
crime(s) charged; (3) establish the entire context out of which the charged
crime(s) arose, or (4) adequately describe the events leading up to the
charged crime(s).” McGee v. State, 19 So. 3d 1074, 1078 (Fla. 4th DCA
2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). For example,
inextricably intertwined evidence concerning the circumstances
surrounding the charged crime may be admitted as evidence of the
perpetrator’s identity. See Dorsett v. State, 944 So. 2d 1207, 1215 (Fla. 3d
DCA 2006) (collateral crimes evidence of prior drug sales that occurred
during the same surveillance of the parking lot was inextricably
intertwined and relevant to the only material issue in dispute—whether
the officer was mistaken as to the identity of the seller).

   Here, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence
concerning the Jean incident, including the evidence relating to the black
duffle bag.

   First, the evidence concerning the Jean incident—i.e., that appellant
was hiding in Mr. Jean’s home at a time when the police had established
a perimeter in the neighborhood—was relevant evidence of flight and
concealment. In light of the nexus between the charged crime and
appellant’s entry into the Jean home, the evidence was relevant to show
consciousness of guilt.

   Second, the Jean incident was inextricably intertwined with the crimes
arising from the Francois and Spector incidents. Evidence concerning the
Jean incident was necessary to provide an intelligent account of the
charged crimes. The evidence of the Jean incident was not admitted to
prove appellant’s bad character. Rather, this evidence was admitted to
show a chronological chain of events that culminated in appellant’s
capture and the discovery of a black duffle bag at the Jean residence—a
duffle bag that looked the same as the one appellant was carrying during
the charged crimes. The contents of the bag were relevant to the
perpetrator’s intent, and the discovery of the bag at the Jean residence
was relevant to the perpetrator’s identity.

   We therefore conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in denying appellant’s motion to sever Counts I–III, as those offenses were

                                     8
part of the same crime spree as Counts IV–VII. Further, although the trial
court severed Count VIII, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting evidence related to that offense, as it was inextricably
intertwined with the charged crimes and was relevant evidence of flight
and concealment.

                  Determination of Appellant’s Competency

   Appellant also argues that the trial court’s third and last determination
of appellant’s competency failed to comport with the rules of criminal
procedure. 2 Additional facts are relevant to this issue.

   Before the first trial in this matter, the trial court ordered multiple
examinations of appellant’s competency and twice found appellant to be
competent “[b]ased on the proceedings before the Court and the stipulation
between the parties.”

   At the outset of the first trial, appellant elected to represent himself
with the Public Defender’s Office acting as standby counsel. Based on the
Faretta 3 colloquy and the motions appellant had filed in the case, the trial
court found appellant competent to represent himself.

   Appellant engaged in disruptive behavior during the first trial. The trial
court appointed the Public Defender’s Office to represent appellant, finding
that while appellant was competent to proceed as a defendant, he was no
longer competent to represent himself as an attorney. The trial court
granted defense counsel’s request for a competency evaluation of appellant
and granted counsel’s motion for a mistrial.

   During the discussion on appellant’s competency, defense counsel
believed appellant’s evaluation should occur in a “rush.” The trial court
wanted an expert to evaluate appellant that day and, if the expert reported
back that appellant was not competent, then the court would refer
appellant to mental health court. The trial court ordered an evaluation by
a “single doctor.” The trial court directed that the experts who had
previously evaluated appellant be contacted first. If they were not
available, additional calls would be made to find someone who could
perform the evaluation that day.

     The trial court later noted that calls to the experts who had previously

2   Judge Kastrenakes, a predecessor judge, determined appellant’s competency.

3   Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975).

                                           9
examined appellant were unsuccessful, but that Dr. Brannon was
available to examine appellant that night. The trial court concluded the
hearing by indicating that if Dr. Brannon found that appellant was not
competent, then no other dates would be set and the appellant would be
referred to mental health court. There was no objection to this procedure
by either party.

   At a subsequent hearing on July 31, 2014, the trial court recounted the
procedural history of the case and made a finding on the record that
appellant was competent to proceed:

      THE COURT: . . . [T]he Court made a determination . . . based
      on comments made by Mr. Charles in the course of that
      hearing, that he no longer was competent to represent
      himself.

      I then immediately put [defense counsel] on the case, and she
      made two requests of the Court as [appellant’s] attorney. One
      was to have him examined by a psychologist or psychiatrist
      concerning his present competency to proceed. And then the
      second request was to suspend the motion to suppress and to
      continue the trial. All three requests of [defense counsel] were
      granted by the Court. With respect to the competency, the
      Court tried -- the reason I had called around to try to find
      someone because it was my intent to see if we could go forward
      as soon as possible, and I wanted to get somebody who could
      get an examination done as quickly as possible, and I don’t --
      I know I have included here -- it’s a doctor out of Fort
      Lauderdale.

      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: It’s Dr. Brannon.

      THE COURT: Dr. Brannon. Dr. Brannon agreed to do it
      quickly, but it really wasn’t so quick. It took a couple of weeks
      to get his report back. I did get his report back. I did get his
      report back. It indicated that his finding was that the
      defendant was competent and is competent. And so, his
      adjudication of competency continues. I do find, unless there
      is a request for anything else with respect to proceeding
      forward that he, in fact, remains competent. He had never
      been adjudged incompetent prior to the hearing.

  The parties did not request to address the competency issue further,
and instead proceeded with testimony relevant to a motion to suppress.

                                     10
  The trial court did not enter a written order finding appellant
competent.

    On appeal, appellant argues that the trial court reversibly erred in
failing to hold a hearing concerning appellant’s third competency
evaluation, appointing only one examiner to evaluate appellant, failing to
include the examiner’s report in the court file, and failing to issue a written
order of competency.

    In response, the State argues “that there was a hearing, that the trial
court and counsel had received Dr. Brannon’s evaluation, and that the
trial court made an independent finding of competency at the hearing.”

   The issue of whether the trial court erred in failing to hold a competency
hearing is reviewed de novo. Presley v. State, 199 So. 3d 1014, 1017 (Fla.
4th DCA 2016).

   When a trial court “has reasonable grounds to believe that a criminal
defendant is not competent to proceed, it has no choice but to conduct a
competency hearing.” Monte v. State, 51 So. 3d 1196, 1202 (Fla. 4th DCA
2011). The trial court “may order the defendant to be examined by no
more than 3 experts, as needed, prior to the date of the hearing.” Fla. R.
Crim. P. 3.210(b).

    Once the trial court appoints experts to examine the defendant’s
competency, the trial court may not proceed against the defendant without
holding a competency hearing and ruling on the defendant’s competency.
See Silver v. State, 193 So. 3d 991, 992 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016) (“We vacate
the challenged convictions and sentences because the trial court
appointed experts to examine Silver to determine whether he was
competent to proceed, but never held a competency hearing or ruled on
his competence before he was tried.”); Blaxton v. State, 188 So. 3d 48, 48–
49 (Fla. 1st DCA 2016) (reversing for further proceedings where, although
it was undisputed that a competency evaluation was completed, the report
had not been filed in the lower tribunal and “the record does not reflect
that the requirements of judicial review and adjudication of competency
were met below”); see also Presley, 199 So. 3d at 1018 (where the trial
court merely acknowledged that it had been advised by the Department of
Children and Families that the defendant was restored to competency, the
trial court did not hold the necessary competency hearing and did not
make an independent determination of the defendant’s competency before
proceeding against him).

                                      11
    A trial court has the duty to make an independent determination of a
criminal defendant’s competency to proceed. Dougherty v. State, 149 So.
3d 672, 673 (Fla. 2014). A defendant cannot stipulate to the ultimate issue
of competency, because “[a]ccepting a stipulation improperly absolves the
trial court from making an independent determination regarding a
defendant’s competency to stand trial.” Id. at 678. “Although the trial
court, when the parties agree, may decide the issue of competency on the
basis of written reports alone, it cannot dispense with its duty to make an
independent determination about a defendant’s competency, and must
enter a written order if the defendant is found competent to proceed.” Id.
at 679.

    A defendant cannot, either expressly or implicitly, waive the right to a
competency hearing. Deferrell v. State, 199 So. 3d 1056, 1061 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2016). During the competency hearing, “[t]he experts preparing the
reports may be called by either party or the court, and additional evidence
may be introduced by either party.” Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.212(a). Moreover,
“[t]he experts appointed by the court shall be deemed court witnesses
whether called by the court or either party and may be examined as such
by either party.” Id.

   We have explained that “[a] status hearing may constitute a sufficient
competency hearing if the court reviews a written competency evaluation
at the parties’ direction and makes an independent finding that the
defendant is competent to proceed.” Presley, 199 So. 3d at 1018. For
example, a trial court conducted a sufficient competency hearing where,
although the court did not call experts, both parties directed the court to
key language in the competency report, the court noted that it had
reviewed the evaluation, and the court specifically stated that the
defendant was competent to proceed. Merriell v. State, 169 So. 3d 1287,
1288 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015). Likewise, a trial court conducted a sufficient
competency hearing where the court made an oral determination that the
defendant was competent after considering the experts’ reports, the
statements of defense counsel, and the defendant’s demeanor. Holland v.
State, 185 So. 3d 636, 637 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016).

   By contrast, a trial court did not properly decide the issue of
competency where the parties stipulated to the defendant’s restored
competency and the court conducted its own review of the doctor’s report,
but “neither party stipulated to the contents and admission of the doctor’s
report,” and there was never “any form of agreement between the parties
and the judge to decide the issue of competency on the basis of the written
report alone.” S.B. v. State, 134 So. 3d 528, 530 (Fla. 4th DCA 2014).

                                    12
   Here, the record reflects that the trial court addressed appellant’s
competency at the July 31, 2014 hearing, that the trial court had received
and reviewed Dr. Brannon’s evaluation finding appellant to be competent,
and that the trial court made an independent determination that appellant
remained competent to proceed. Notably, appellant was never determined
to be incompetent at any point during the case, and the trial court had
ample opportunity to observe appellant when he was representing himself.
Moreover, at the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court specifically
stated: “I do find, unless there is a request for anything else with respect
to proceeding forward that he, in fact, remains competent.”

   Although there was not an express stipulation to decide the issue of
competency solely on the basis of Dr. Brannon’s report, it appears from
the record that the parties and the judge agreed to decide the issue of
competency on the basis of the written report alone. Before concluding
the competency hearing, the trial court specifically asked if there was “a
request for anything else with respect to proceeding forward . . . .” The
parties’ silence in the face of this clear opportunity to request either live
testimony or additional competency evaluations demonstrates that the
parties agreed to the trial court’s procedure of deciding the issue of
competency on the basis of Dr. Brannon’s written report alone.

   We also note that, contrary to appellant’s suggestion, the trial court
was not required to appoint a minimum of two experts. See Tita v. State,
42 So. 3d 838, 840 (Fla. 4th DCA 2010) (explaining that the relevant
statute and rule of criminal procedure were amended to remove the
requirement for a court to appoint no fewer than two experts).

    Finally, the fact that Dr. Brannon’s report was not filed in the record
does not mean that the issue of competency was improperly determined.
Although in Silver we vacated the defendant’s convictions where “the
record contain[ed] no doctor’s reports, no hearing on Silver’s competence,
and no order on the matter,” 193 So. 3d at 993, in this case the absence
of a competency report in the court file is not dispositive. In Silver, the
absence of a competency report in the record was merely one factor
supporting the conclusion that the trial court did not adjudicate the issue
of the defendant’s competency.

   Here, the record shows that the trial court held a hearing addressing
appellant’s competency, reviewed the expert’s competency report, and
made an independent determination that appellant was competent to
proceed.

                                Conclusion

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   Based on the foregoing, we affirm appellant’s convictions. But because
the trial court did not enter a written order of competency, we remand the
case to the trial court for entry of a nunc pro tunc order finding appellant
competent to stand trial. See Holland, 185 So. 3d at 637.

   Affirmed and Remanded for entry of a nunc pro tunc competency order.

CIKLIN and MAY, JJ., concur.

                           *         *         *

   Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

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