Court Opinion

ID: 9954587
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-26 17:01:43.2789+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:11:57.985260
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ______________

                                       No. 23-1414
                                     ______________

                                  THOMAS SUTTON,
                                          Appellant

                                             v.

                SECRETARY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
              VETERANS AFFAIRS; JANE DOE 1, JANE DOE 2; JOHN
              DOE 2; JOHN DOE 3; JOHN DOE 4; FAYETTE EMS; J.W.
               RUBY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL; JANE DOE 5; JOHN
                                    DOE 5
                               ______________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                                    (2-22-cv-01030)
                         District Judge: Hon. Marilyn J. Horan
                                    ______________

                      Submitted under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                   February 9, 2024

                                 (Filed: March 26, 2024)

            Before: HARDIMAN, SCIRICA, and RENDELL, Circuit Judges
                               ______________

                                       OPINION1
                                     ______________

1
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
RENDELL, Circuit Judge.

       Thomas Sutton appeals from an order of the District Court dismissing his amended

complaint against Fayette Emergency Medical Services. Sutton sought damages from

Fayette EMS for allegedly falsely imprisoning, and assaulting and battering him while

transporting him from a local clinic where he sought medical care to a nearby hospital for

higher level care. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.

                                              I.

       In March 2022, Sutton, who is “a disabled veteran with various diagnosed medical

conditions including . . . chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a chronically

elevated heart rate,” arrived at a Fayette County clinic for a medical appointment.

Appx029. A nurse practitioner observed Sutton “experiencing a highly elevated heart

rate,” and advised that he be transported to a hospital for further medical observation and

treatment. Appx030. Sutton, however, expressed that he did not wish to go and would

not consent to be transported there by ambulance because his medical conditions did “not

present emergent medical issues that require[d] immediate hospitalization.” Appx030.

Still, the nurse practitioner and another medical professional at the clinic would not allow

him to leave without addressing his condition and requested transportation for him. In

response to this request, two medical technicians from Fayette EMS arrived at the clinic

to take him to the hospital by ambulance. According to Sutton, once the EMS

technicians arrived, they conspired with the nurse practitioner and the other clinician to

“restrain[] and forcefully sedate[] him,” to “transport [him] to the hospital against his will

and without his consent.” Appx031. Once there, hospital staff exercised their own

                                              2
medical judgment and admitted him as a patient. He remained there for two days until he

was discharged.

       Based on these interactions, Sutton filed a complaint alleging false imprisonment,

assault and battery, and civil rights violations against, among others, the Secretary of

Veterans Affairs, the clinic, the nurse practitioner, the hospital, the hospital’s staff, and

Fayette EMS and its technicians. Later, Sutton filed an amended complaint. Fayette

EMS responded with a motion to dismiss, which the District Court granted. Sutton filed

this appeal.2

                                              II.

       The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1332, 1343(3), and

1367. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

       We review de novo the District Court’s dismissal of Sutton’s claims and “accept

all factual allegations as true, construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the

plaintiff, and determine whether, under any reasonable reading of the complaint, the

plaintiff may be entitled to relief.” Eid v. Thompson, 740 F.3d 118, 122 (3d Cir. 2014)

(cleaned up); see also Lutz v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC, 49 F.4th 323, 327 (3d

Cir. 2022); Chavarriaga v. N.J. Dep’t of Corr., 806 F.3d 210, 218 (3d Cir. 2015).

2
  The District Court observed that Sutton never served the nurse practitioner, the other
clinician, or the two Fayette EMS technicians despite his allegations that they conspired
to imprison him falsely and to assault and batter him. And the District Court dismissed
Sutton’s claims against the hospital and its staff without prejudice on the ground of
improper venue. Sutton has not appealed that ruling.
                                               3
                                             III.

       On appeal, Sutton urges that in dismissing his amended complaint, the District

Court committed three errors. First, he asserts that the District Court erroneously

concluded that his claims against Fayette EMS, while characterized as intentional tort

claims, in fact sounded in medical malpractice and, therefore, required Sutton to support

his allegations with a certificate of merit, which he did not. Second, he contends that the

District Court erred when it concluded that even if Sutton had filed a certificate of merit,

Fayette EMS “is immune from suit under the” Pennsylvania Emergency Medical

Services Act, 35 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 8151(2). Appx013. Third, he submits that the

District Court erred in concluding that he failed to state a claim for punitive damages

under 40 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 1303.505(a)-(b). As we conclude that the District Court

correctly dismissed Sutton’s amended complaint for failure to file a certificate of merit as

required under Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 1042.3, we need not address the

District Court’s two alternative and independent grounds for dismissal.

       Under Rule 1042.3,

              any action based upon an allegation that a licensed professional
              deviated from an acceptable professional standard, the attorney
              for the plaintiff, or the plaintiff if not represented, shall file
              with the complaint . . . a certificate of merit signed by the
              attorney or party that either

                     (1) an appropriate licensed professional has supplied a
              written statement that there exists a reasonable probability that
              the care, skill or knowledge exercised or exhibited in the
              treatment, practice or work that is the subject of the complaint,
              fell outside acceptable professional standards and that such
              conduct was a cause in bringing about the harm, or . . .

                                              4
                      (3) expert testimony of an appropriate licensed
               professional is unnecessary for prosecution of the claim.

Pa. R. Civ. P. 1042.3.3

       The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has explained that “while a plaintiff may at least

begin suit against a bevy of health care providers with writs of summons, the certificate

of merit requirement will nip unsubstantiated threats in the bud . . . .” Reibenstein v.

Barax, 286 A.3d 222, 237 (Pa. 2022). This requirement “signals to the parties and the

trial court that the plaintiff is willing to attest to the basis of his malpractice claim; that he

is in a position to support the allegations he has made . . . and that resources will not be

wasted if additional pleading and discovery take place.” Bisher v. Lehigh Valley Health

Network, Inc., 265 A.3d 383, 390 (Pa. 2021) (quoting Womer v. Hilliker, 908 A.2d 269,

275 (Pa. 2006)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Claims of ordinary negligence and

intentional torts are not subject to this requirement.

       While we reject Sutton’s argument that his claims are intentional torts and,

therefore, need not be supported by a certificate of merit, we note that he has ably

summarized the law that distinguishes between intentional torts and medical malpractice.

As he recognizes in his brief, “[m]edical malpractice is defined as the ‘unwarranted

departure from the generally accepted standards of medical practice resulting in injury to

a patient, including all liability-producing conduct arising from the rendition of

3
  In this case, Sutton filed neither a certificate of merit certifying that a licensed
professional believed that there was a reasonable probability that the EMS technicians’
care fell outside acceptable professional standards nor an alternative certificate to certify
that expert testimony was unnecessary for prosecution of his claims.
                                                5
professional medical services.’” Appellant’s Br. 8 (quoting Ditch v. Waynesboro Hosp.,

917 A.2d 317, 321-22 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2007)) (emphasis added). “[T]o determine whether

a claim involves medical malpractice, a court must ask: ‘(1) whether the claim pertains to

an action that occurred within the course of a professional relationship; and (2) whether

the claim raises questions of medical judgment beyond the realm of common knowledge

and experience.” Appellant’s Br. 8-9 (quoting Waynesboro Hosp., 917 A.2d at 322).

       “[W]here a complaint is predicated upon facts constituting medical treatment, that

is, when it involves diagnosis, care and treatment by licensed professionals, the action

must be characterized as a professional negligence action.” Waynesboro Hosp., 917 A.2d

at 322 (quoting Yee v. Roberts, 878 A.2d 906, 912 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2005)) (internal

quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added). Pennsylvania courts, thus, consider the

substance of a plaintiff’s claims rather than their form to ensure that the plaintiff does not

escape the requirements of Rule 1042.3 through artful pleading.

       Given that the issue of whether Sutton’s claims involve medical malpractice or

ordinary intentional torts is central to this case, the District Court correctly began by

analyzing Sutton’s claims under Waynesboro Hosp. Appx012. And the District Court

concluded that both parts of the Waynesboro Hosp. test were satisfied.

       First, it explained that “Sutton’s claims against Fayette EMS arose in the context

of a professional medical relationship” as the EMS technicians “were called to provide

professional medical services and transport to the hospital.” Appx012-13. Second, the

District Court explained that “Sutton’s claims against Fayette EMS for false

imprisonment, assault and battery . . . are all based upon facts that occurred in response to

                                              6
[his] visit to the VA clinic for medical treatment and which occurred as a result of the

medical services provided to him. Such facts raise questions of medical judgment

beyond the realm of common knowledge and experience . . . . Sutton’s claims [arose]

within the context of emergent medical treatment.” Appx013. The District Court

continued, “Fayette EMS personnel’s training and experience, in relation to transporting

patients within the context of a medical emergency, is beyond the realm of common

knowledge and experience.” Id.

       We conclude that the District Court correctly applied the Waynesboro Hosp. test.

First, we agree with the District Court that Sutton’s claims against Fayette EMS are based

on its technicians’ actions taken in the course of their provision of medical services. The

Amended Complaint provides that Sutton’s nurse practitioner and another clinician

“requested an ambulance to transport the Plaintiff to a hospital due to his elevated heart

rate,” Appx030, and the technicians “arrived at [the clinic] in their capacities as medical

professionals” to do so. Appx031. In the course of transporting Sutton to the hospital,

the technicians allegedly “restrained [Sutton] and forcefully sedated him.” Appx031. It

is undisputed that these actions, whether medically justified or not, occurred in the course

of the technicians’ professional relationship with Sutton. And as Sutton himself

observed, “[m]edical malpractice is defined as the unwarranted departure from the

generally accepted standards of medical practice resulting in injury to a patient, including

all liability-producing conduct arising from the rendition of professional medical

services.” Appellant’s Br. 8 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                             7
       Second, unlike false imprisonment or “assault and battery claims[, which] do not

implicate professional negligence in the form of medical malpractice since they do not

raise questions of medical judgment beyond the realm of common knowledge and

experience[,]” this case involves more than what a layperson may be expected to

understand. Appellant’s Br. 9 (quoting Brownstein v. Gieda, No. 3:08CV1634, 2009 WL

2513778, at *4 (M.D. Pa. Aug. 13, 2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Without

the assistance of specialized knowledge of EMS technician training and standards, the

Court cannot evaluate the propriety of the technicians’ actions forming the crux of

Sutton’s claims in this case. Would the technicians have been permitted to decline the

clinic’s request to transport Sutton despite the judgment of independent medical

providers that he was suffering from “a highly elevated heart rate?” Appx030. Was

restraining Sutton medically necessary to transport him in an ambulance? See, e.g.,

Waynesboro Hosp., 917 A.2d at 323 (concluding that determining the propriety of a

medical staff member’s decision not to restrain a stroke patient during transfer from an

emergency room to a hospital room required specialized knowledge and experience).

Similarly, was administering a sedative to Sutton medically necessary given his elevated

heart rate and other “diagnosed medical conditions including, but not limited to, chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease?” Appx029. It is evident on these facts that Sutton’s

claims raise questions of medical judgment beyond the realm of common knowledge and

experience.

       Although the Dissent observes that Sutton averred certain “intentional” actions

these actions sounded in medical malpractice and, thus, he was required to file a

                                            8
certificate of merit to “signal[] to the parties and the trial court that . . . he [wa]s in a

position to support [his] allegations . . . and that resources w[ould] not be wasted if

additional pleading and discovery [were to] take place.” Bisher, 265 A.3d at 3690

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                                IV.

       For these reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s Order.

                                                 9
Thomas Sutton v. Secretary United States Department of Veterans Aff., et al., No. 23-1414
                                   ______________

HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

       Under Pennsylvania law, “a claim based upon a lack of informed consent involves

a battery committed upon a patient by a physician, an action which is distinct from a

claim of a consented-to, but negligently performed, medical treatment.” Montgomery v.

Bazaz-Sehgal, 798 A.2d 742, 748–49 (Pa. 2002). Montgomery involved a surgical

procedure and Sutton’s case does not. But Montgomery’s reasoning applies here because

Sutton has a well-established common law right to refuse medical treatment. See In re

Fiori, 673 A.2d 905, 909–10 (Pa. 1996). And though medical emergencies can obviate

the need for consent, see id. at 910, a patient’s “clear directive” refusing treatment can

“override evidence of medical necessity,” In re Duran, 769 A.2d 497, 504–05 (Pa. Super.

Ct. 2001) (citing In re Estate of Dorone, 534 A.2d 452, 455 (Pa. 1987)).

       Sutton alleges intentional torts, not mere negligence. He accuses Fayette EMS of

sedating him and transporting him to a hospital without his consent. Such claims do not

require a certificate of merit. See Pa. R. Civ. P. 1042.3(a); Montgomery, 798 A.2d at 749.

These claims also fall outside the ambit of immunity under Pennsylvania’s Emergency

Medical Services Act and could support punitive damages. See 35 Pa. C.S.A. § 8151(2);

Pa. Cons. Stat. § 1303.505(a)–(b).

       For these reasons, I would vacate the order of the District Court dismissing

Sutton’s claims against Fayette EMS and remand for further proceedings.

                                              1