Court Opinion

ID: 4310201
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-09-06 17:00:31.971001+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:37.815246
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                  Nos. 16-3965, 17-2451
                                    _____________

  IN RE: NEW JERSEY TAX SALES CERTIFICATES ANTITRUST LITIGATION

                                   ARLENE M. DAVIES,
                                                   Appellant
                                    ______________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the District of New Jersey
                            (District Court No. 3-12-cv-01893)
                     District Judge: The Honorable Michael A. Shipp
                                      ______________

             No. 16-3965 Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                    July 13, 2017
             No. 17-2451 Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                    Aug. 1, 2018
                                  ______________

                 Before: McKEE, AMBRO, and ROTH, Circuit Judges.

                           (Opinion Filed: September 6, 2018)

                               _______________________

                                      OPINION*
                               _______________________

       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
McKEE, Circuit Judge.

       In these associated appeals, Objector-Appellant Arlene Davies challenges several

decisions of the District Court in relation to settlements in an underlying antitrust class

action concerning New Jersey tax sale certificates.1 Davies challenges the District

Court’s order granting final approval of those settlements.2 She also appeals the District

Court’s order imposing an appeal bond.3 For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.

                                    I. Class Settlement

       Davies argues that the District Court abused its discretion by approving a $9.59

million cash compensation settlement in a class action lawsuit.4 She asserts that the

settlement amount is not “fair, reasonable, and adequate,” as required under Rule 23(e)(2)

       1
          The underlying class action involves an alleged eleven-year statewide conspiracy
to rig tax lien auctions in New Jersey. As part of the State’s statutory scheme to regulate
the existence and sale of tax liens for unpaid property taxes, N.J.S.A. 54:5-1 to -137, New
Jersey tax lien auctions occur when a State resident fails to pay property taxes and the
municipality in which the property lies auctions the lien to prospective buyers pursuant to
N.J.S.A. 54:5-19. The auction process is designed to be competitive, with bidding
opening at an initial interest rate of 18 percent (representing the interest that the defaulted
property owner must pay on the tax debt), which decreases with each successive bid. The
underlying class action in this matter involved a claim that bidders colluded to keep
interest rates higher than they would otherwise have been in competitive auctions.
        2
          Davies’s appeal of the settlement approval and certification orders is listed as
Case No. 16-3965. References to the filings in that case, including the appendix, will use
the prefix “Settlement” so as to distinguish from filings in the associated case, Case No.
17-2451.
        3
          Davies’s appeal of the order imposing an appeal bond is listed as Case No. 17-
2451. References to the filings in that case, including the appendix, will use the prefix
“Bond” so as to distinguish from filings in the associated case, Case No. 16-3965.
        4
          We note that the parties dispute whether Davies has standing to appeal. For
purposes of this opinion, we will assume arguendo that Davies has standing. See Diggs v.
Penn. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 180 F.2d 623, 626 (3d Cir. 1950).

                                              2
of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. She also claims that the structure of the

settlement itself is unfair due to its distribution terms, which she says precludes approval.

We review each of her arguments in turn.

                               A. Fairness of the Settlement

       A class action settlement is “left to the sound discretion of the district court,” and

we accord great deference to the District Court’s factual findings.5 Accordingly, we

review class settlements and certifications for an abuse of discretion.6 An abuse of

discretion occurs when a “district court’s decision rests upon a clearly erroneous finding

of fact, an errant conclusion of law, or an improper application of law to fact.”7

       A class action may not be settled under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

23(e) unless the proposed settlement is “fair, reasonable and adequate.”8 To determine

whether a class action settlement meets these standards, courts in this circuit employ the

test set forth in Girsh v. Jepson,9 which requires consideration of the following factors:

(1) the complexity, expense, and likely duration of the litigation; (2) the reaction of the

class to the settlement; (3) the stage of the proceedings and the amount of discovery

completed; (4) the risks of establishing liability; (5) the risks of establishing damages; (6)

the risks of maintaining the class action through trial; (7) the ability of the defendants to

       5
         Girsh v. Jepson, 521 F.2d 153, 156 (3d Cir. 1975).
       6
         In re Gen. Motors Corp. Pick-Up Truck Fuel Tank Prod. Liab. Litig., 55 F.3d
768, 782-83 (3d Cir. 1995) [hereinafter In re GMC].
       7
         Id. at 783 (quotation marks omitted) (citing Int’l Union UAW v. Mack Trucks,
Inc., 820 F.2d 91, 95 (3d Cir. 1987).
       8
         Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e).
       9
521 F.2d at 157.

                                              3
withstand a greater judgment; (8) the range of reasonableness of the settlement fund in

light of the best possible recovery; and (9) the range of reasonableness of the settlement

fund to a possible recovery in light of all the attendant risks of litigation.10 A court may

approve a settlement even if it does not find that each of these factors weighs in favor of

approval.11

       Where negotiations were conducted “at arms’ length by experienced counsel after

adequate discovery, . . . there is a presumption that the results of the process adequately

vindicate the interests of the absentees.”12 However, in cases such as this, where

approval for settlement and class certification are sought simultaneously, “we require

district courts to be ‘even more scrupulous than usual’ when examining the fairness of the

proposed settlement.”13 This is intended to “ensure that class counsel has engaged in

sustained advocacy throughout the course of the proceedings, particularly in settlement

negotiations, and has protected the interests of all members.”14

       Here, the District Court concluded that all but one of the aforementioned Girsh

factors weighed in favor of approving the settlement.15 Most relevant to this appeal, the

District Court determined that the precise damages achieved by a winning verdict were

       10
          Id.
       11
          See Halley v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 861 F.3d 481, 489-90, 491 (3d Cir. 2017)
(affirming settlement approval where some factors did not weigh in favor of settlement).
       12
          In re GMC, 55 F.3d at 796.
       13
          In re Warfarin Sodium Antitrust Litig., 391 F.3d 516, 534 (3d Cir. 2004)
(quoting In re GMC, 55 F.3d at 805).
       14
          Id.
       15
          The District Court determined that only the eighth Girsh factor, the ability of the
defendants to withstand a greater judgment, weighed against settlement approval.

                                              4
“not possible to predict,” but that the “significant risks of establishing liability, damages,

and maintaining a class action” nevertheless placed the proposed $9.59 million settlement

“within the range of reasonableness.”16

       Davies disagrees. She claims that, in approving the settlement, the District Court

incorrectly assessed both the “relative strength of the case” and the eighth Girsh factor,

the range of reasonableness of the settlement in light of the best possible recovery.17

              1. Relative strength of the case

       The fourth and fifth Girsh factors “survey the possible risks of litigation in order

to balance the likelihood of success and the potential damage award if the case were

taken to trial against the benefits of an immediate settlement.”18

       Davies claims that the District Court underestimated the relative strength of the

case by affording too little weight to the direct evidence. She specifically cites the guilty

pleas of several defendants and representatives of the defendant companies in connection

to the alleged bid-rigging conspiracy and complains that these guilty pleas contradict the

District Court’s assessment of the strength of the case. She contends that the court’s

findings are also undermined by the allegations in Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint

and the court’s own observation at the motion-to-dismiss stage that those allegations

       16
          Settlement App. 45-46. In addition to the Girsh analysis, the District Court
found that other considerations weighed in favor of approving the proposed settlements,
including the ability of class members to opt out and the fact that experienced counsel
engaged in arm’s-length negotiations.
       17
          Davies’s Settlement Br. 21.
       18
          In re Prudential Ins. Co. Am. Sales Practice Litig. Agent Actions, 148 F.3d 283,
319 (3d Cir. 1998); see Girsh, 521 F.2d at 157.

                                              5
“provide the necessary facts and circumstantial evidence needed to establish” a broader

statewide conspiracy.19 Finally, she disagrees with the District Court’s “undue emphasis”

on the generic litigation risks inherent in any class action and with the court’s supposition

that antitrust class actions are difficult to prove.20

       There is no error. Although they are somewhat helpful to Plaintiffs’ claims of

liability as to specific defendants, the guilty pleas do not define the scope of any bid-

rigging. They do not identify specific auctions that the defendants rigged or the degree to

which the rigging affected the eventual interest rate on any given lien.21 Moreover, only

fifteen of the fifty defendants entered guilty pleas, and several defendants were acquitted

of criminal charges pertaining to the alleged scheme. Without more detailed evidence as

to the specific auctions that were affected by these defendants’ criminal activity, or the

extent of the impact, we cannot say that the District Court abused its discretion in

acknowledging the limited value of these criminal pleas in the overall context of this

complex antitrust class action.

       Davies’s reliance upon the allegations in the First Amended Complaint is also

misplaced. Allegations are not evidence. Nor are they transformed into evidence by a

       19
           Davies’s Settlement Br. 30 (alteration omitted) (quoting Settlement App. 1218
(Oct. 31, 2014 Mem. Op. on Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss the First Amended
Complaint)).
        20
           Id. at 31.
        21
           Indeed, only three of the guilty pleas even refer to illegal bid-rigging activity in
the first two years of the class period, which began in 1998. See Settlement App. 1615
(describing information in guilty plea of Robert W. Stein); Settlement App. 1620
(describing information in guilty plea of Crusader Servicing Corp.); Settlement App.
1624 (describing information in guilty plea of Robert U. Del Vecchio, Sr.).

                                                6
court’s conclusion that they are sufficient to survive a challenge under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Rule 12(b)(6) “does not impose a probability requirement” for

inferring, as in this case, the existence of an illegal agreement between the defendants.22

It “simply calls for enough facts to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will

reveal evidence” of Plaintiffs’ claim, not a conclusion that such evidence has already

been revealed.23 Accordingly, Davies cannot support her high estimation of the strength

of Plaintiffs’ case by pointing to the District Court’s appraisal of their allegations at the

motion-to-dismiss stage.

       Finally, we find no abuse of discretion in the District Court’s discussion of the

litigation risks. Though Davies argues that the court emphasized the risks inherent in any

general class action or in an antitrust class action, she supplies no authority for her

position. Davies’s Settlement Br. 31. The District Court, in contrast, supported its

conclusion that antitrust actions such as this are “complex . . . to prosecute.”24 Its

observation was reasonable in light of the elements Plaintiffs must demonstrate to

establish their claim under § 1 of the Sherman Act, e.g., that the defendants engaged (1)

in a concerted action that (2) produced anticompetitive effects within the relevant product

and geographic markets, (3) was illegal, and (4) injured the class as a proximate result.25,

       22
         Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007).
       23
         Id (emphasis added).
      24
         Settlement App. 40 (citing In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 282 F.R.D. 92,
102 (D.N.J. 2012)).
      25
         In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 579 F.3d 241, 267 (3d Cir. 2009).

                                               7
26
     The court had already observed that not all of the auctions were rigged. Moreover, for

those auctions that were rigged, the resulting interest rates on Plaintiffs’ liens may not

have been different absent the conspiracy.27 Davies supplies no authority for the

proposition it would be easy to establish Plaintiffs’ likely interest rate absent the

conspiracy28 or for the proposition that the duty to undertake such an inquiry should be

lightly weighed. We find the District Court’s reliance upon such factors to have been

         26
           Davies asserts that Plaintiffs would not be required to conduct an auction-by-
auction analysis and that they would only need to show that Defendants agreed to rig
auctions. While that may be true for purposes of demonstrating that Defendants engaged
in concerted action, see W. Penn. Allegheny Health Sys., Inc. v. UPMC, 627 F.3d 85, 99
(3d Cir. 2010) (“A plaintiff may plead an agreement [in violation of § 1 of the Sherman
Act] by alleging . . . circumstantial evidence . . . .”), Plaintiffs are still required to show
that Defendants’ antitrust scheme was the proximate cause of Plaintiffs’ injury. In re Ins.
Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 579 F.3d at 267. That requires an analysis of each auction.
        27
           Davies criticizes this determination as lacking any evidentiary basis and as
amounting to nothing more than blind acceptance of Class Counsel’s “[c]onclusory
[a]llegations” regarding the scope of the conspiracy. Davies’s Settlement Br. 24. She
also argues that this determination cannot be reconciled with the court’s findings upon
certifying the class, because the class definition was fashioned from the First Amended
Complaint’s allegations of a widespread conspiracy.
        Davies once more relies incorrectly on the evidentiary value of the allegations in
the First Amended Complaint. These allegations may reflect a good-faith appraisal of
Plaintiffs’ best case regarding the scope of the conspiracy, but they do not establish that
the conspiracy existed at such breadth or that the theory would not shift as more evidence
was obtained. Furthermore, Davies’s argument improperly assumes that because the
District Court accepted the likely “statewide” character of the conspiracy for purposes of
defining the class, the court cannot find that any auctions were free from rigging.
Davies’s Settlement Br. 29. She provides no support for this supposition.
        28
           During the final settlement approval hearing held on April 25, 2016, the District
Court learned that ascertaining the extent of the injury would require Plaintiffs to (1)
create a database of all tax liens sold during class period, showing how many bids were
made for each; (2) siphon out liens purchased by non-defendants; and (3) obtain lien data
from the start of the class period to establish how a market free of collusion would look.
Class Counsel claimed that such efforts would easily amount to millions of dollars in
expert fees and data costs.

                                               8
reasonable.29

                2. Range of reasonableness of the settlement

       The eighth and ninth Girsh factors focus on the range of reasonableness of a

settlement in light of both the best possible recovery and the risk the parties would face if

the case went to trial.30 “In order to assess the reasonableness of a proposed settlement

seeking monetary relief, ‘the present value of the damages plaintiffs would likely recover

if successful, appropriately discounted for the risk of not prevailing, should be compared

with the amount of the proposed settlement.’”31

       Davies asserts, as a preliminary matter, that Class Counsel presented “no

evidence” of the class’s damages or the factors bearing thereupon that permit rational

evaluation of the settlement amount.32 She claims that the District Court therefore abused

its discretion by accepting the conclusory allegations of counsel regarding the scope of

the conspiracy.

       Davies misapprehends the evidentiary requirements for the evaluation of proposed

class settlements. Though the court “cannot substitute the parties’ assurances or

conclusory statements for its independent analysis of the settlement terms” in approving a

settlement,33 admissible evidence is not required.34 Rather, the settlement evaluation

       29
         Cf. In re Prudential, 148 F.3d 283, 318 (3d Cir. 1998).
       30
         Id. at 322; Girsh, 521 F.2d at 157.
      31
         In re Prudential, 148 F.3d at 322 (quoting In re GMC, 55 F.3d at 806).
      32
         Davies’s Settlement Br. 24-25.
      33
         In re Pet Food Prod. Liab. Litig., 629 F.3d 333, 350-51 (3d Cir. 2010).
      34
         See In re Prudential, 148 F.3d at 319 (“The parties must have an ‘adequate
appreciation of the merits of the case before negotiating.’” (quoting In re GMC, 55 F.3d
9
involves only “two types of evidence: a substantive inquiry into the terms of the

settlement relative to the likely rewards of litigation[] and a procedural inquiry into the

negotiation process.”35 The former requires a judge to “apprise[] himself [or herself] of

all facts necessary for an intelligent and objective opinion of the probabilities of ultimate

success should the claim be litigated.”36 However, “all” does not mean “all” in this

context; in evaluating a settlement reached in hopes of avoiding trial, a judge is not

required to conduct a mini-trial.37

       Here, the court pointed to a substantial amount of both direct and circumstantial

evidence Class Counsel identified in support of the finding that only some auctions were

rigged. Specifically, the court emphasized the “bid books” Class Counsel obtained from

various defendants outlining details about the bid-rigging conspiracy. The court learned

that, after comparing these books with information provided by early-settling defendants,

Class Counsel was able to identify only fifty auctions that were allegedly rigged. The

at 813)); 2 McLaughlin on Class Actions § 6:8 (14th ed.) (settling parties are required to
provide the court with: (i) sufficient factual background to the matter to provide comfort
that the court is making an informed decision, including any analyses of that information
they deem appropriate; (ii) a procedural history of each case; (iii) the arguments of the
settling parties regarding the underlying legal claims, and a frank evaluation of the
strengths and weaknesses of the respective positions; (iv) any Memoranda of
Understanding; (v) the settlement agreement and a description of its key terms, including
the scope of the class releases and all benefits to class members; and (vi) an affidavit
from class counsel affirming why they support the settlement and believe it to be in the
best interest of class members).
        35
           In re GMC, 55 F.3d at 796 (citations omitted).
        36
           Protective Comm. for Indep. Stockholders of TMT Trailer Ferry, Inc. v.
Anderson, 390 U.S. 414, 424 (1968) (dealing with the compromise of claims in
bankruptcy).
        37
           Weinberger v. Kendrick, 698 F.2d 61, 74 (2d Cir. 1982).

                                             10
court also learned that Plaintiffs had received additional financial information from the

settling defendants that set out their financial condition. Much of this information

indicated the amount of liens their conduct likely affected and corroborated the figures

contained in filings in the criminal proceedings against some defendants. And as noted

above, several defendants had been acquitted of criminal charges relating to the alleged

conspiracy, and most had not been criminally charged at all. The court had also been

informed that Plaintiffs had amassed nearly 30,000 pages of documents from Defendants;

that Class Counsel had expended more than 7,000 hours on achieving the settlement; and

that proving each defendant’s liability and the specific effect on individual auctions

would be a “very, very complicated” task.38

       The court clearly possessed sufficient information to evaluate the reasonableness

of the settlement and to “detail the exceptional weakness of [P]laintiffs’ case.”39 Indeed,

the court emphasized the class members’ difficult burden of showing that a particular tax

lien was the subject of a conspiracy and the price at which the lien would have sold

absent the conspiracy. The court also highlighted both Defendants’ intent to oppose class

certification and move for summary judgment, and the complexities inherent in

prosecuting a case that sounds in antitrust and that involves a settlement class of

thousands. Accordingly, the court’s conclusion that the settlement was reasonable in

light of the attendant risks of litigation is amply supported by this record.

       38
            Settlement App. 2612.
       39
            Davies’s Settlement Reply Br. 4.

                                               11
       Davies nevertheless claims that the strength of the case did not justify the

settlement because it constituted a mere 2.5 percent of the best possible recovery, which

she posited to be $400 million,40 a figure the court “accept[ed]” in its approval order.41

However, Davies’s calculation is based upon a mischaracterization of the scope of the

alleged bid-rigging conspiracy. Namely, it is founded not upon the value of Plaintiffs’

overall tax liens, but upon Plaintiffs’ statement in the First Amended Complaint that New

Jersey’s 566 municipalities auction up to $200 million in delinquent tax obligations in

total every year.42 The calculation also presumes that the full $200 million in tax sale

certificates would, in the case of a best possible recovery, have been bought at an 18

percent interest rate (the initial interest rate set for a given tax sale bid), such that there

would have been only a single bid per lien. Davies’s calculation of the best possible

recovery is necessarily overbroad, as it pertains to the specifics of the alleged bid-rigging

scheme in this case, and it is more than unrealistic, as it concerns the structure of New

       40
           Davies arrived at this calculation by determining that one year’s interest at 18%
(the initial interest rate set for a given tax sale bid) on $200 million in tax sale certificates
amounts to $36 million, which nears $400 million when extrapolated over the class
period of 1998–2009. This figure does not include treble damages or pre-judgment
interest, which a district court is not required to consider in assessing the fairness of a
proposed settlement. Sullivan v. DB Investments, Inc., 667 F.3d 273, 325 (3d Cir. 2011)
(en banc).
        41
           Settlement App. 46 (“[A]ccepting Ms. Davies’s calculations[,] the Court
evaluates the reasonableness of the settlement fund in light of a best possible recovery of
$400 million.”).
        42
           The $200 million figure is the high end of Plaintiffs’ $100-200 million
estimation of the total tax sale certificate revenue earned by all New Jersey
municipalities from all auctions and all bidders, regardless of whether they include the
defendants in this case or the liens of the proposed class members.

                                                12
Jersey’s tax sale certificate auctions.

       More critically, Davies provides no authority for her claim that a settlement cannot

be reasonable if it constitutes a certain percentage of the best possible recovery. In fact,

we have said that an “evaluating court must . . . guard against demanding too large a

settlement” since, “after all, settlement is a compromise, a yielding of the highest hopes

in exchange for certainty and resolution.”43 In recognition that “the outcome of litigation

is always uncertain and inevitably time-consuming and expensive, courts have long held

that a cash settlement providing only a fraction of the potential recovery does not render a

settlement inadequate or unfair.”44 Given our conclusion that the District Court did not

err in evaluating the complexity of this action, the risks of trying to maintain class

certification and of establishing damages and liability, the court did not abuse its

discretion in approving the settlement as within the range of reasonableness.45

       3. Other Girsh factors

       Under the third Girsh factor, courts inquire into the type and amount of discovery

the parties have undertaken.46 Davies emphasizes that settlement was reached in this case

prior to formal discovery and claims that the court abused its discretion in accepting

Class Counsel’s undetailed account of its informal discovery.

       43
          In re GMC, 55 F.3d at 806.
       44
          2 McLaughlin on Class Actions § 6:16.
       45
          Settlement App. 41 (noting that, out of thousands of class members, only three
opted out of the settlement and two objected to it, thus satisfying the second Girsh factor
of the class’s reaction); see In re Pet Food, 629 F.3d at 351 (holding that an
overwhelmingly positive response from the class satisfies the second Girsh factor).
       46
          In re Prudential, 148 F.3d at 319; Girsh, 521 F.2d at 157.

                                             13
       As noted above, Class Counsel provided the District Court with copious

information regarding the amount of informal discovery obtained. Furthermore,

Plaintiffs began obtaining discovery from some defendants as early as 2012, and

continued requesting and receiving discovery until at least the middle of 2014.47 We thus

find no error in the court’s conclusion that this factor weighed in favor of settlement.48

                  B. Potential Unequal Treatment of Class Members

       Next, Davies argues that even if the cash portion of the settlement is fair,

reasonable and adequate, the structure of the settlement is not. She specifically points to

the fact that plaintiffs with outstanding tax liens will receive a redemption discount in

addition to the cash settlement. Davies argues that this amounts to disparate treatment of

class members, thus precluding approval of the settlement. However, we have held that

allocation settlements may indeed differ among class members based on the extent of

       47
           See McAlarnen v. Swift Transp. Co., Inc., No. 09-1737, 2010 WL 365823, *7
(E.D. Pa. Jan. 29, 2010) (finding that third Girsh factor weighed in favor of settlement
where “[s]ubstantial briefing and research on the issues ha[d] taken place”).
        48
           We also reject Davies’s argument that the District Court abused its discretion in
assessing the second and seventh Girsh factors, which respectively inquire into the
class’s reaction to the settlement and the ability of the defendants to withstand a greater
judgment. Girsh, 521 F.2d at 157. Davies generally asserts that the court “should [have]
accorded little weight” to the second factor, but the court properly observed that, of an
estimated class of thousands of members, only two individuals objected to the settlement,
including Davies. Similarly, though the court found the seventh factor to weigh against
settlement, Davies passingly complains that it should have afforded this factor more
weight “[i]n light of its other errors.” Settlement App. 33. That is not the standard for an
abuse of discretion, and Davies supplies no support for her supposition that error in
evaluating one Girsh factor should automatically endanger a finding under the other
Girsh factors. In any event, as we have already explained, we disagree that there was any
error in the Girsh analyses that the court performed and that Davies now challenges.

                                             14
their damage.49 And here we find it reasonable that the negotiated settlement treats class

members who still maintain outstanding tax liens differently than those without tax liens

of relief.50 While this may mean that certain persons may receive greater settlement

benefits than others, such allocation is reasonable, and the District Court’s approval was

not an abuse of discretion.

                                 II. Rule 7 Appeal Bond

       Under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 7, a “district court may require an

appellant to file a bond or provide other security in any form and amount necessary to

ensure payments of costs on appeal.” We review an order to impose an appeal bond

under Rule 7 for an abuse of discretion.51 However, we apply a de novo standard in

determining costs allowable for an appeal bond, which is a legal question.52

       Davies argues that imposition of an appeal bond constituted error. She claims that

the court improperly included administrative expenses within its calculation of “costs on

       49
           Sullivan v. DB Inv., Inc., 667 F.3d at 328 (“Courts generally consider plans of
allocation that reimburse class members based on the type and extent of their injuries to
be reasonable, and we are mindful that district courts have broad supervisory powers over
the administration of class action settlements to allocate the proceeds among the claiming
class members equitably.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted) (citing McCoy
v. Health Net, Inc., 569 F. Supp. 2d 448, 469 (D.N.J. 2008); In re Corel Corp., Inc. Sec.
Litig., 293 F. Supp. 2d 484 493 (E.D. Pa. 2003)).
        50
           This argument is bolstered by the fact that the redemption discounts are
independent from the settlement funds available to all class members and were not shown
to have affected those funds, regardless of whether a person had an outstanding tax lien.
        51
           See Fed. R. App. P. 7, 1979 advisory committee’s note (“The amended rule
would leave the question of the need for a bond for costs and its amount in the discretion
of the court.”); Adsani v. Miller, 139 F.3d 67, 71, 79 (2d Cir. 1998).
        52
           In re Target Corp. Customer Data Sec. Breach Litig., 847 F.3d 608, 614 (8th
Cir. 2017); Adsani, 139 F.3d at 71.

                                            15
appeal” under Rule 7.53 She further contends that even if an appeal bond was authorized,

the amount was unreasonable because the only costs for which she should be liable are

taxable against her under Rule 39. She additionally states that such a large amount,

particularly when inclusive of administrative costs, is only appropriate when serial

objectors pursue meritless appeals.

       Davis provides no binding authority for her claims.54 Moreover, although we have

not yet formally held that administrative expenses may be included in Rule 7 appeal

bonds, we have previously permitted their inclusion.55 Thus, we find no abuse of

discretion in the court’s inclusion of administrative expenses in Davies’s appeal bond.

       We also note that though Plaintiffs requested an appeal bond of at least $61,845,

the District Court found their request excessive and only ordered a $10,000 bond. The

District Court reasoned, and we agree, that the amount of the bond did not foreclose

       53
           Davies’s Bond Br. 17-18.
       54
           Davies incorrectly states that there is unanimity from our sister circuit courts of
appeals in determining that Rule 7 bonds cannot include administrative expenses, and
cites to both non-precedential, out-of-circuit opinions as well as out-of-circuit opinions
that address separate issues such as attorney’s fees. See Davies’s Bond Br. at 17–18
(quoting In re Target Corp. Customer Data Sec. Breach Litig., 847 F.3d 608 (8th Cir.
2017); Allen v. J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, NA, No. 15-3425, 2015 WL 12714382 (7th Cir.
Dec. 4, 2015); Tennille v. W. Union Co., 774 F.3d 1249 (10th Cir. 2014); Int’l Floor
Crafts, Inc. v. Dziemit, 420 Fed. App’x 6 (1st Cir. 2011); Adsani, 139 F.3d at 67; Azizian
v. Federated Dep’t Stores, Inc., 499 F.3d 950 (9th Cir. 2007); Vaughn v. Am. Honda
Motor Co., 507 F.3d 295 (5th Cir. 2007); In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litig., 391 F.3d
812 (6th Cir. 2004); Pedraza v. United Guar. Corp., 313 F.3d 1323 (11th Cir. 2002); In
re Am. President Lines, Inc., 779 F.2d 714 (D.C. Cir. 1985)). While several of our sister
circuits have stated that Rule 7 cannot include administrative bonds, it is incorrect to state
that there is unanimity. See In re Nutella, 589 F. App’x 53, 61 (3d Cir. 2014) (affirming
imposition of appeal bond including administrative costs).
        55
          See In re Nutella, 589 F. App’x at 61.

                                             16
Davies’s ability to appeal the class settlement decision while still providing some security

to the Plaintiffs of the original class action. Given the District Court’s vast reduction of

the bond request and its analysis of both the costs incurred by Plaintiffs as well as

Davies’s ability to pay, we discern no abuse of discretion in its determination to order a

$10,000 appeal bond under Rule 7.

                                             III.

       For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgment of the District Court.

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