Court Opinion

ID: 9364351
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-19 00:02:20.341463+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:37.553661
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/18/23

                       CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                               FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                    F083248
            Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                        (Super. Ct. No. CRM005996A)
                  v.

 RUBEN SILVA, JR.,                                                OPINION
            Defendant and Appellant.

        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Merced County. Ronald W.
Hansen, Judge. (Retired Judge of the Merced Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.)
        Solomon Wollack, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
        Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Eric L. Christoffersen and Ross
K. Naughton, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                           -ooOoo-

        *Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is
certified for publication with exception of the Factual Background and part III. of the
Discussion.
                                     INTRODUCTION
       Petitioner Ruben Silva, Jr., petitioned the superior court, pursuant to former
section 1170.95 (now § 1172.6) of the Penal Code,1 for resentencing on his conviction
for second degree murder. The superior court held an evidentiary hearing (§ 1172.6,
subd. (d)(1)) and denied the petition after finding petitioner was guilty of murder under
an implied malice theory.
       On appeal, petitioner argues the order denying the petition must be reversed
because Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill No. 1437) eliminated
implied malice as a valid theory of murder liability for aiders and abettors and, in any
event, substantial evidence did not support a finding petitioner acted with implied malice.
We affirm.
                               FACTUAL BACKGROUND*
       Briefly stated, Bill James was fatally stabbed on November 6, 2009, during an
altercation with members of the Mongols motorcycle club, including petitioner. The
following evidence was adduced at petitioner’s trial.2
I.     The Mongols
       Extensive testimony was presented at trial regarding the Mongols, their
organizational structure, and their criminal activities.
       Montebello Police Sergeant C. Cervantes testified as an expert on the Mongols.
Cervantes was assigned to a federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and

       1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code. Former section
1170.95 recently was renumbered section 1172.6, with no change in text. (Stats. 2022,
ch. 58, § 10.) We will refer to the current section 1172.6 in this opinion.
       *   See footnote, ante, page 1.
       2 Our factual summary is derived from the reporter’s transcript from petitioner’s
direct appeal (F064330). The clerk’s and reporter’s transcripts from petitioner’s direct
appeal were lodged in the superior court and subsequently filed in this court as part of the
record on appeal. We additionally took judicial notice of the record on appeal in case
No. F064330.

                                              2.
Explosives (ATF) task force in Los Angeles called the “One-Percenter Task Force,”
which investigates outlaw motorcycle gangs. Cervantes explained, “The term one-
percenter was defined by the American Motorcycle Association years back and in
defining the term they suggested that 99 percent of American motorcyclist[s] are law
abiding,” while “[t]he other one percent are outlaws.” He identified the Mongols as a
“one-percenter gang.”
       Beginning in 2005, Cervantes was a case agent for an approximately four-year-
long investigation called “Operation Black Rain,” which involved infiltration of the
Mongol gang by undercover agents. The infiltration involved three undercover ATF
agents in a Mongol chapter in Los Angeles and one undercover ATF agent in a Mongol
chapter in Las Vegas, all of whom became “full Mongol members.” During this time, the
Mongols had four to five hundred members. However, at the time of trial, Cervantes
estimated there were probably 250 to 300 Mongol members.
       Cervantes explained there are two ways to join the Mongols, the first and most
respected of which is to “prospect in.” A person begins this process by “hang[ing]
around loosely at parties and some other events,” then gaining “100 percent approval” to
come into a particular chapter. Upon gaining such approval, the individual is given a
“bottom rocker,” which is “the most important identifier . . . as it identifies the state
name.” The bottom rocker is placed on a black riding vest, and a tab that says “prospect”
is placed on the front of the vest to identify the individual as prospecting. During this
phase, prospects may be given simple tasks, such as running errands, or may carry drugs
or guns. However, the “most important job” for a prospect is to provide security at
Mongol events, parties, or meetings. After a period of time, a prospect will be given a
center patch bearing a caricature of Genghis Khan on a motorcycle, “which is the Mongol
emperor.” During this period, the individual may be tasked with similar duties as during
the initial prospecting phase. Eventually, when the individual becomes a full member,
they receive the “top rocker,” which is the “most important one” and bears the name

                                              3.
“Mongols.” Becoming a full member also requires a “100 percent vote.”3 All the
undercover ATF agents involved in Operation Black Rain “prospected in.”
       Cervantes explained that the Mongols are configured by chapters, all of which are
governed by the “Mother Chapter” in Southern California, which is governed by the
national president. If individual chapters have issues they cannot work out amongst
themselves, those issues are taken to the national chapter. The Mongols have a
constitution, which does not “elude to criminal activity.” However, a prior, 2002 edition
of the constitution did include criminal protocols and, according to Cervantes, an attorney
for the Mongols had that material removed. The Mongols also have a fight song, which
is recited at a variety of events and gatherings, as follows:

       “We’re Mongol raiders, we’re raiders of the night. We’re dirty sons of
       bitches. We rather fuck and fight. [¶] . . . [¶] We castrate our enemies
       with a dirty piece of glass and shove our rusty buck knives up their fucking
       ass. [¶] . . . [¶] Hidy hidy christ almighty who the fuck are we. Shit, fuck,
       cunt, suck, Mongols MC.”
       Cervantes also described a document called “Simple Protocol,” which describes
how Mongols “would like to see themselves behave.” One part of the document states,
“Always pay attention and be alert. Carry yourself as though you are at war.” Cervantes
explained that the Mongols have rivals, the “most bitter and probably bloody” being the
Hells Angels. Cervantes explained this rivalry had continued for “many years” and
“many members on both sides have died” in violent confrontations in Northern and
Southern California. Another part of the protocol provides: “If you get arrested never
give a statement of any kind. Don’t make the stupid mistake of lying to talk your way
out of jail. All you’ll end up doing is telling on yourself or implicating Brothers or

       3 The second way to join the Mongols is “probating in.” In this process, a probate
member receives all three patches at once, as well as a “diamond ‘P’ ” for the front of the
vest. The individual remains on probation for a year. This process is allowed when there
is a need to increase membership numbers quickly.

                                              4.
someone else. Remember telling on yourself is telling on a Brother. Always say that you
have nothing to say and you want to speak with an attorney.” The protocol also advised
members not to “say anything adverse that would cause anyone to go to jail, even if it’s
not a Brother.”
       Another part of the simple protocol states, “[R]emember everything you do
reflects on the club. Never make the club look bad.” Cervantes explained that, if a
member gets disrespected and does not act or respond, it reflects poorly on the group.
Failure or refusal to act could result in being kicked out or other ramifications. Cervantes
explained that there have been “several instances” of Mongols “[getting] into it” at bars
with people who are not affiliated with a rival gang.
       Cervantes testified that the Mongols associate with the colors black and white,
whereas the Hells Angels associate with red and white. Cervantes explained that both
Mongols and Hells Angels claim the territory in Central California, but the Hells Angels
are the dominant presence. Cervantes explained that the Mongols engage in criminal
activities, including theft of motorcycle parts and motorcycles, drug sales, firearms
proliferation, witness intimidation, violent assaults, and murder. However, the Hells
Angels are “more business oriented” and less violent than the Mongols. Undercover ATF
officers were indoctrinated that they were at war and were to be alert and on guard for
issues with the Mexican Mafia and the Hells Angels. He explained the Hells Angels
“were to be dealt with onsite and that included murder.”
       Cervantes testified it is common for Mongols to have large parties, which involve
a standard protocol. Cervantes described these parties as “self[-]regulated,” with the
Mongols providing their own security. When coming in to “enemy territory,” they may
stay “right where they’re at,” and may send security out beforehand to make sure the area
can be secured. Undercover ATF agents were trained that, in Northern California, they
required a heightened sense of security because the area is dominated by Hells Angels.
The undercover agents were indoctrinated in how to secure locations and to immediately

                                             5.
check any public facility they walked into. Additionally, for some parties and gatherings,
the Mongols will institute a curfew, which is strictly enforced. Cervantes explained that
law enforcement generally has very few problems with these types of events because
“they take care of themselves and they’re with each other.” However, when small groups
leave the party and go out in public or to bars, “the problems erupt.” These problems can
include fights, stabbings, shootings, and assaults.
       Cervantes explained that a “rat pack” describes when a person is jumped, beat up,
or hit repeatedly by multiple people. He explained this is a common Mongol occurrence
and Mongols are trained in this activity. Additionally, when any Mongol is involved in a
fight, others are told to jump in to protect their members. Weapons would be used, even
if the victim did not have a weapon. Cervantes explained that rat packs occurred at least
monthly, if not daily. Rat packs are also mentioned in the “Simple Protocol.”
       Cervantes explained that Mongols are required to carry knives. However, some
bars and other locations check for weapons at the door, and Mongols may not be armed
in such situations. Language requiring Mongols to carry knives was contained in the
original Mongols constitution but was removed.
II.    The Stabbing
       A.     Overview
       During the weekend of November 6, 2009, the Mongols held an event at a hotel in
Santa Nella. The Mongols had imposed a curfew on their members during the event.
       Shortly after 11:00 p.m., a group of seven to eight men briefly entered the Pastime
Club in Gustine. Based on surveillance video of the Pastime Club, Cervantes identified
the group as including petitioner, Andrew Silva, Albert Aleman, Richard Naudin,
Brandon Carvalho, Rafael Valdez, and twin brothers, Mark and Anthony Oseguera. All
but Andrew Silva were Mongol members from various California chapters. Andrew
Silva was a member of a “wrecking crew,” which Cervantes described as a group of
younger relatives of Mongol members who sometimes are recruited into the gang. Inside

                                             6.
the Pastime Club, the men divided into groups and searched the premises, including the
bathroom. The group left without speaking to anyone.
       Soon thereafter, a group of men entered the Gustine Club, approximately one
block down the street from the Pastime Club, where James was a patron. Several men
approached James and shouted something to the effect of “Mongols[,] motherfucker.”
James attempted to remove his jacket and said, “I don’t give a fuck who you are.” Some
of the bar patrons heard what sounded like a switchblade or retractable knife being
opened. The men immediately attacked James, with at least one of the men making
thrusting motions at him. James was seemingly stabbed with a knife during this
encounter. Another man sprayed the area with pepper spray.
       The fight moved outside. James fought someone through the rear passenger door
of a truck in the parking lot. Another man approached James from behind and stabbed
him twice in the back. James fell to the ground and later died.
       James died from multiple stab wounds. He suffered “seven sharp force injuries”
including (1) a three-inch long, six-inch deep wound to the left side of the neck, which
extended down the back, through the skin, and into the muscle; (2) a 1-7/8-inch long,
nine-inch deep wound to the right flank that entered the right chest, nearly cut the liver in
half, passed through the right diaphragm and right lung, and nicked the superior vena
cava, a large vessel around the heart; (3) a 7/8-inch long, four-inch deep wound to the left
chest that passed through the left lower lobe of the lung; (4) a 1-1/2-inch long, four-inch
deep wound to the upper midback that penetrated the left chest and lung and incised the
sack around the heart; (5) a 1-1/2-inch long, nine-inch deep wound to the lower mid-
back, which entered the abdominal cavity and incised multiple loops of small bowel;4

       4The foregoing wounds were described variously as “a 16-inch wide,” “1/16 inch
wide,” and “16-inch wide.” The pathologist explained that the width measurement is
taken by “push[ing] the edges back together, which is the best way to do the

                                             7.
(6) a 3-1/2-inch long, 1/2-inch wide, and one-inch deep incised wound to the back of the
right arm; and (7) a 5-1/2-inch long by 1-1/2-inch wide incised wound to the front side of
the right forearm.
       B.     Eyewitness Accounts
       Sara G. was seated at the bar of the Gustine Club with her roommate, Ashley K.5
Ashely was seated next to James.6 Sara saw a group of four to six men suddenly
approach James shouting, “Mongols motherfucker, what’s up.” She described one of the
men as a “short and kind of chunky” (capitalization omitted) Hispanic man with a black
goatee, approximately five feet, four inches or five feet, five inches tall and
approximately 220 pounds. Sara heard what sounded like a “retractable knife” or
switchblade being flipped out and saw the man make a motion with his left hand like he
was flipping out a knife. She did not see the knife itself. She identified this man as
petitioner. At the same time, a tall, skinny man deployed what Sara thought was a can of
mace. Sara ran outside, where she saw the men flee in two or three vehicles, including a
black or gray pickup truck, which petitioner entered.

measurements.” It therefore appears the references to a 16-inch wide wound may be a
transcription error.
       5  Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.90, we refer to some persons by
their first names. No disrespect is intended.
       6  At the time of trial, Sara no longer had a good memory of the incident. She
testified primarily regarding statements she previously made to law enforcement. She
first was interviewed on November 6, 2009, the night of the incident. She testified that,
at that time, the incident was fresh in her mind and her statement was truthful.
        On November 9, 2009, she provided a written statement to a different officer.
Sara acknowledged she had spoken to two other people between her interview and her
written statement, and she included in her statement information she heard from other
people and did not personally witness. She did so because she believed the police wanted
all the information she had. We include in our summary only those facts Sara stated she
witnessed herself.

                                              8.
       Ashley was sitting between James and Sara when a group of 12 to 15 men wearing
black and white entered the bar and divided up. Approximately five of the men walked
toward Ashley’s area while the others remained near the door. As the group walked past
her, she heard someone say “Mongols.” She later identified petitioner as part of this
group based on his distinctive “bow tie” goatee. She told Sara to put her beer down so
they could leave. She heard the clicking sound of a knife. When she turned around, the
bar was sprayed with mace. She was severely affected by the mace and unable to see
anything else.
       Denise G. was standing next to James when a group of approximately six to seven
men entered the bar and walked directly toward James. Denise and James had recently
reentered the bar after going out back to smoke. Denise described the group of men as
acting “really tough like, like they were on a mission.” Three of the men came up behind
Denise and said some words toward James. Denise could not make out the words other
than “mother” and “Mongols.” James said, “What?” and the men repeated themselves.
James said, “I don’t give a shit” and two of the men lunged for him. Denise thought
petitioner was one of the men who lunged at James but was not certain. Denise was
pushed out of the way and another man pepper sprayed the bar using an approximately
15-inch canister. Denise ran outside and saw people running around. She saw James
collapse and reached down to touch him. Her hands came up full of blood so she
retrieved towels from the bar to try to stop the bleeding. She saw a light silver pickup
truck pulling away with a partially opened passenger door. She did not see the stabbing.
       Jennifer H. was working as a bartender at the Gustine Club and recalled James had
a calm demeanor that evening. At approximately 11:15 p.m., six or seven men who
looked like gang members walked in, and the other patrons became quiet and appeared
uncomfortable. The men proceeded directly toward James and said something Jennifer
could not hear. James replied, “What?” James tried to take off his jacket and, as his
jacket was halfway off, all the men except for one jumped him. The other man pepper

                                             9.
sprayed the area using a 14- to 16-inch canister. Jennifer initially ducked behind the bar
and eventually ran outside where she saw the men jumping into a white Chevy Tahoe and
a gray GMC pickup truck. James was lying on the sidewalk bleeding from his mouth and
arm.
       Amaro M. was also at the Gustine Club when approximately six men walked in
and said, “Mongols, motherfucker, Mongols, Mongols. What’s up? Mongols.” Three of
the men walked past Amaro and around James and one of them said something to James
under his breath. Three more men approached and surrounded James. James said, “I
don’t give a fuck who you are.” Amaro heard what sounded like the flick of a knife, and
one of the men made a motion with his left hand. The men then rushed James and the
man who had what sounded like a knife began thrusting at James with his right hand.
Amaro grabbed the man from behind and pulled him off and another man pulled out what
looked like a 14- to 16-inch fire extinguisher and sprayed the area. Amaro ran for the
door. Outside, he saw James standing in the open rear passenger doorway of a white
Ford F150 extended cab truck. James appeared to be fighting with someone in the
backseat when someone in a white T-shirt with a Mongols insignia ran up and stabbed
him twice in the back with a 10- or 12-inch knife. The vehicles took off and James fell to
the ground. Amaro saw that James had a hole in his neck and his arm was split open
from his bicep to his forearm.
III.   Law Enforcement Response
       Gustine Police Officer T. Warner responded to the Gustine Club at approximately
11:30 p.m. and observed people in the area who were coughing and had red, watery eyes
consistent with being pepper sprayed. The air also smelled of pepper spray. Warner
found James lying facedown, partially in the roadway and partially on the sidewalk in
front of the Gustine Club. James was covered in blood and, when Warner flipped him
over, Warner observed a large, eight-inch laceration to James’s right arm at the bend of

                                            10.
his elbow. He also observed a large stab wound to the middle, lower portion of James’s
back on the right side.
       Meanwhile, Merced County Sheriff’s Deputy R. Daniel was on patrol at
approximately 11:30 p.m. when he responded to radio traffic by traveling toward Santa
Nella, on the lookout for a white Chevy Tahoe heading southbound on Highway 33. As
he came over an overpass, he spotted a white Chevy Tahoe traveling southbound on
Highway 33, followed “very closely” by a silver pickup. Both the Tahoe and the pickup
entered the parking lot for the hotel where the Mongol event was occurring. Once in the
parking lot, the vehicles drove in different directions. Daniels stopped to deploy his
patrol rifle before following the Tahoe. Daniels drove around the north side of the hotel
and observed four to five men exiting the Tahoe and moving around it before eventually
going into the hotel. Daniels backed into a corner of the parking lot where he could keep
an eye on the Tahoe. A group of approximately 10 men came out of the hotel and stood
in a breezeway adjacent to the Tahoe. A female also came out of the hotel, opened the
Tahoe, removed items, and returned to the hotel. She made three trips to the Tahoe.
Eventually, more patrol units arrived and established a perimeter.
       In the hotel parking lot, law enforcement located the gray or silver GMC pickup
truck and white Chevy or GMC Tahoe and had them towed. Both vehicles were
processed for fingerprints. Petitioner’s fingerprint was found on a snack package inside
the pickup truck. Aleman’s fingerprints were found on the exterior front passenger door
of the Tahoe. Naudin’s fingerprints were found on a water bottle inside the Tahoe. Dark
red stains were visible in the front and rear passenger side cab, interior door panel, door
handle, front passenger dashboard, and exterior passenger side of the pickup. In the
Tahoe, officers observed “blood spatter in the front passenger side area, the rear backseat
and a third row seat.” These included red-brown stains in the upper right-hand corner of
the center console, the rear passenger side door, the rear center console armrest, the rear
back seat on the driver’s side, and the third-row seatbelt buckle.

                                             11.
       Approximately three to five feet in front of the Tahoe, law enforcement located a
black beanie with a red stain, as well as a black sheath, approximately 16 inches long,
bearing the word “Mongols.” In a different part of the parking lot law enforcement
located another black beanie. The following day, a hotel employee located a white shirt
next to a large knife underneath a stairway, as well as several shirts in a trash can. One of
the shirts in the trash can was black, white, and gray plaid; an additional shirt or shirts
were white. The shirt next to the knife was long sleeved and had red stains around the
cuff. The parties stipulated that the plaid shirt and the long-sleeved shirt emitted a strong
odor of pepper spray.7
       Inside the Gustine Club, near where James had been attacked, authorities
recovered a blue and white plaid jacket with a “bloodstain right below the jacket.”
Denise identified the jacket as belonging to James. In the street, police found a cell
phone, several white towels (one of which had “blood all over it”), a black Raider’s ball
cap, and two black T- shirts. Police found a red plaid button-down shirt on the sidewalk
in front of the bar, a black ball cap on a chair just outside the door of the bar, and a
cellophane cigarette wrapper on the sidewalk just south of the front door to the bar. The
day after the incident, a passerby found a “black handle folding knife” in the street on the
same block as the Gustine Club.
       DNA testing of blood from both knives and both vehicles excluded petitioner as a
major contributor to any of the samples. A sample from the blade of the knife found
under the stairwell contained a mixture of DNA from two contributors, the Oseguera
brothers and James.8 A trace DNA swab of the same knife also contained a mixture of
two contributors, with the major profile matching the Osegueras. James could not be

       7The other shirts were not examined by the trial attorneys or the jury due to risk
of exposure to the effects of pepper spray.
       8
       Because the Osegueras are identical twins, it was impossible to distinguish
between their DNA samples.

                                              12.
excluded as a minor contributor to this mixture. A sample from an apparent blood stain
on the handle of the black folding knife contained a mixture of two contributors, with
James as the major contributor. There was insufficient information to determine the
source of the minor contributor. A trace DNA swab of the same knife contained a
mixture of three contributors, with Valdez as a possible major contributor. Blood stains
from inside the pickup truck and Tahoe matched James’s DNA profile. Blood stains on
the Tahoe’s passenger side upper center console, rear center console and driver’s side
rear bench seat matched the Oseguera DNA profile. Petitioner’s DNA was found on a
size 4X white T-shirt recovered from the hotel garbage.
IV.    Eyewitness Identification
       Police showed photographic lineups of the suspects to Sara, Ashley, Denise, and
Amaro.
       Sara identified petitioner as the short, “chunky” assailant with the black goatee
who she reported to law enforcement on the night of the murder.9 At the time of the
preliminary hearing and trial, Sara was no longer able to identify petitioner.
       Ashley identified petitioner in a photographic lineup as the man with the “bow tie”
goatee.
       Denise identified petitioner, Naudin, one of the Oseguera twins, and petitioner’s
relative, David Silva, from four photographic lineups.10 Denise identified petitioner at
the preliminary hearing as one of two assailants who lunged at James.
       Amaro identified petitioner as one of the assailants. He recognized petitioner
because “he was one of the scariest looking guys that came in the bar that night.” Amaro

       9 Although the testimony in this regard is somewhat difficult to decipher, the
parties agree that Sara, Ashley, Denise, and Amaro identified petitioner as a participant in
the attack.
       10However, the parties stipulated that David Silva was not at the Pastime Club or
the Gustine Club on the night of the incident.

                                            13.
explained that petitioner rushed James, went “over the top” of another of the perpetrators,
and came “down” on James. Amaro initially identified Mark Oseguera as the man who
stabbed James, both inside and outside the bar. However, several days later, he contacted
police to say he made a mistake. He then identified Mark Oseguera as the stabber inside
the bar, and petitioner as the stabber outside the bar. At trial, he maintained that
petitioner stabbed James outside the bar.
       Police showed the Pastime Club video to Sara, Ashley, and Amaro before showing
them the photographic lineups. Sara testified that her identification of petitioner in the
photographic lineup was based on her observation of him on the night of the murder and
not her review of the Pastime Club video. Ashley identified Carvalho from the Pastime
Club video as the man with the pepper spray.
V.     Petitioner’s Interactions with Law Enforcement
       On November 7, 2009, Gustine Police Sergeant J. Hamera was working at the
Gustine Police Department when petitioner came in to try to get the pickup truck released
from impound. The pickup was registered to a different individual from Southern
California.
       Hamera conducted a recorded interview with petitioner, which was played for the
jury. Hamera informed petitioner that the vehicle had been seized as evidence in a
homicide and, in any event, could only have been returned to the registered owner.
Petitioner explained he was from Whittier and had borrowed the pickup from his friend’s
father for the weekend. He stated he was staying at the hotel but not in any particular
room and had no affiliation or friendship with the Mongols. Petitioner confirmed he still
had the keys to the pickup. He explained that, after arriving in town, he went to a bar in
Gustine by himself, but could not recall which one. He walked in, saw a commotion and
mace being sprayed, and ran out. He got in the truck and started to reverse when another
man jumped at the vehicle and tried to lunge through the passenger window. Petitioner
“threw it in reverse and took off.” (Capitalization omitted.) He denied seeing anyone get

                                             14.
stabbed. When he got back to the hotel there was “blood everywhere” on the door of the
pickup and he cleaned it with a rag. (Capitalization omitted.)
VI.    Expert Opinion
       Cervantes opined that the men who visited the Pastime Club, including petitioner,
were a “war party” and were searching the bar to identify problems or rivals, including
“potential Hells Angels.” Cervantes opined that “[e]very guy who left that [secured]
hotel . . . kn[ew] what kind of trouble [wa]s looming out there.” Cervantes further
opined, “They obviously don’t see anything in there that sparks their interest as far as
Hells Angels or disrespect and away they go.” Cervantes explained: “I mean, again, I
use the term war party. This is very clear that they’re on a hunt, they’re on a mission.
They’re in Northern California. They definitely entered this bar looking for issues and
apparently they didn’t find it in this bar so they went to the next one.”
       Cervantes explained the undercover ATF agents were trained that “the level of
awareness and your heightened sense of security doubles in Northern California because
of the fact it’s dominated by Hells Angels. And there is just definitely no better way to
make your mark than obviously to assault or kill Hells Angel[s].” Cervantes continued:
“Now, the other thing is that when they go into different parts of the country or different
regions they will make a stand and let other clubs and other people know they’re there.
[¶] So this is definitely not uncommon. They will come in to the bars or to the areas and
regions and get it out to the locals, hey, the Mongols were here. It goes back to the Hells
Angels and Vagos or other clubs that they came into, rode through your club, went into
your bars, made a stand, walked through wearing their stuff and they left. [¶] So this is a
sign of their unity and their ability to sort of put it back in rival’s faces. This is not
uncommon activity that we saw for a number of years during our investigations.”
       Upon being presented with a hypothetical question matching the facts of the
instant case, Cervantes opined that the crime was committed “for the benefit of, direction
of or [in] association with a criminal street gang.” Cervantes opined that there was

                                               15.
something in the bar that prompted one or more of the group to come into the bar and yell
out their gang name. Cervantes further opined that James’s reaction—“I don’t give a shit
or I don’t give a fuck who you are”—would have been perceived as disrespect and
ultimately was his “demise.” Cervantes explained that James could have been mistaken
for another biker and his appearance was “what we come to expect Hells Angels to look
like. Male, white, shaved head, large bushy goatee-type panhandled mustaches, tattoos.”
Although James’s tattoos were covered, Cervantes opined that “in a bar, Northern
California and if you’re from Los Angeles and you’re a Hispanic Mong[o]l that walks
into one of these bars that right there could easily be mistaken as a Hells Angel.”
Cervantes additionally noted that James was wearing red underwear that may have been
visible. “So you have red underwear, male, white, bald large bushy goatee type
mustache, sort of that tough look in Northern California bar. 100 percent could be
mistaken any day of the week for a Hells Angel.” Regardless, Cervantes opined,
“disrespect was part of it and it ultimately ended up costing Mr. Bill James’s life.”
VII.   Defense Case
       Jennifer H. testified that, prior to working at the Gustine Club, she was employed
at a nearby bar and grill, which the Hells Angels sometimes frequented. Laura B. was the
manager of the Gustine Club and testified the Hells Angels did not frequent that bar.
Gary M. was at the Gustine Club on the night of the incident, seated near the front door,
and did not recall hearing anyone yell “Mongols.”
       The parties stipulated that Ashley identified David Silva in a photographic lineup
as being in the Gustine Club on the night of the incident. The parties further stipulated
that David Silva was not in the Gustine Club on the night of the incident but instead was
at the hotel in Santa Nella, “working security.”
       Officer Warner interviewed Amaro on November 6, 2009, and Amaro stated
James had not been targeted. Amaro also stated he had been confronted by one of the
Mongols who “got directly into his face.” A detective interviewed Amaro the following

                                            16.
day, and Amaro reported that James turned around quickly once the Mongols entered the
bar. Amaro thought someone may have bumped into James, but he was not sure.
       Detective M. Ruiz showed the Pastime Club video to Sara before she had seen a
lineup because, at that time, authorities did not know the identity of any of the suspects
and could not put a photographic lineup together. Another detective showed Denise the
video of the Pastime Club before showing her photographic lineups.
       Pictures were taken of petitioner on November 7, 2009, at the Gustine Police
Department. At that time, Detective L. Clark did not see any obvious signs that petitioner
had been in a fight. On November 22, 2009, petitioner weighed 306 pounds and was five
foot eight inches tall.
       Dr. J. Hernandez, a criminal justice professor at California State University,
Sacramento, testified for the defense as a gang expert. Hernandez disagreed with
Cervantes’s assessment that the Mongols “storm[ed]” the Pastime Club. Instead, he saw
only “[a] bunch of guys walking into a bar.” He was aware of the event at the hotel in
Santa Nella, and stated the Mongols have a lot of rules and “very often it’s easier just to
leave the event . . . than put up with the rules at a Mongol event.” He did not believe the
group of Mongols left the hotel looking for trouble. Nothing about James’s dress would
cause him to be identified as a Hells Angel. He rejected Cervantes’s characterization of
the group as a “war party.” He stated that, after Operation Black Rain, there was an
effort to minimize the conflict between the Mongols and the Hells Angels and the
Mongols became less confrontational. He testified that not all Mongols will join in an
altercation with a fellow member and instead may intervene to stop the altercation.
       Dr. R. Shomer, an experimental psychologist, testified that eyewitness
identification has a low level of reliability for multiple reasons. He opined it was
“unfortunately suggestive” for officers to show witnesses a video of possible suspects
before conducting a photographic lineup.

                                            17.
                               PROCEDURAL HISTORY
I.     Underlying Conviction
       Petitioner was charged with murder (§ 187, subd. (a); count 1) and active
participation in a street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (a); count 2). As to count 1, the
information alleged a gang enhancement (§ 186.22, subd. (b)) and an enhancement for
personal use of a knife (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)). During the settling of jury instructions
during trial, the prosecutor conceded the evidence was insufficient to support a charge of
first degree murder, and that only second degree murder could be charged. Additionally,
on motion by the People, the court struck the knife use enhancement.
       The jury convicted petitioner of second degree murder with a gang enhancement,
and active participation in a street gang. Petitioner was sentenced on count 1 to a term of
15 years to life, and on count 2 to a consecutive two-year term. On appeal, we ordered
the sentence on count 2 stayed pursuant to section 654, but otherwise affirmed. (People
v. Silva (Jan. 31, 2014, F064330) [nonpub. opn.].)
II.    The Petition for Resentencing
       On January 4, 2019, petitioner filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus, seeking
resentencing on his murder conviction pursuant to section 1172.6. Although the court
initially appointed counsel to represent petitioner, petitioner subsequently retained
counsel to represent him on the petition. The People opposed the petition on the grounds
Senate Bill No. 1437 was unconstitutional and, in any event, petitioner was ineligible for
resentencing as “a direct perpetrator” of the murder or an aider and abettor who acted
with malice. In support, the People submitted the record on appeal and this court’s
opinion from petitioner’s direct appeal, as well as the probation report from his initial
sentencing. After further briefing, the superior court determined petitioner had made a
prima facie showing of resentencing eligibility and was entitled to an evidentiary hearing.
       Prior to the hearing, the superior court filed a tentative statement of decision.
Petitioner filed a response to the statement of decision. The matter was heard on July 30,

                                             18.
2021. The court denied the petition on the record and also issued a statement of decision
explaining its reasoning. The court found the trial evidence failed to prove, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that petitioner was the actual killer or acted with express malice.
However, the court found the evidence proved beyond a reasonable doubt that petitioner
was guilty of murder as an aider and abettor who acted with implied malice.11
Accordingly, the court determined petitioner was not entitled to resentencing.
                                      DISCUSSION
I.     Applicable Law
       Effective January 1, 2019, the Legislature passed Senate Bill No. 1437 “to amend
the felony murder rule and the natural and probable consequences doctrine . . . to ensure
that murder liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act
with the intent to kill, or was not a major participant in the underlying felony who acted
with reckless indifference to human life.” (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f); accord,
People v. Strong (2022) 13 Cal.5th 698, 707-708 (Strong).) The bill amended the natural
and probable consequences doctrine by requiring that a principal act with malice
aforethought before he or she may be convicted of murder. (§ 188, subd. (a)(3); accord,
People v. Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 842-843 (Gentile).) The bill amended the
felony-murder rule by providing that a participant in a qualifying felony is liable for
murder only if the victim was a peace officer in the performance of his or her duties, or

       11  The court also found the evidence established petitioner was a major participant
in the attack and acted with reckless indifference to human life, standards that would be
applicable under a felony murder, rather than implied malice, theory. The court also
determined the evidence proved, beyond a reasonable doubt, that petitioner aided and
abetted in the crime of assault with a deadly weapon and that he did so for the benefit of
or in association with a criminal street gang. The court likewise determined the evidence
proved, beyond a reasonable doubt, that petitioner was an active member of a criminal
street gang as alleged in count 2. It is unclear why the court made findings on these
matters, which were not at issue in the section 1172.6 proceedings. However, as
petitioner concedes, the court’s ultimate ruling was based on its determination that
petitioner acted with implied malice.

                                             19.
the defendant was the actual killer, aided and abetted the actual killer in the commission
of first degree murder with the intent to kill, or was a major participant in the felony and
acted with reckless indifference to human life. (§ 189, subds. (e), (f); accord, Strong, at
p. 708.)
       Senate Bill No. 1437 also added former section 1170.95, now renumbered as
section 1172.6, which provides a procedure for persons convicted of “felony murder or
murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine or other theory under
which malice is imputed to a person based solely on that person’s participation in a
crime” to seek vacatur of the conviction and resentencing. (§ 1172.6, subd. (a); accord,
Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 853.) Under section 1172.6, an offender seeking
resentencing must first file a petition in the sentencing court, and the sentencing court
must determine whether the petitioner has made a prima facie showing that he or she is
entitled to relief. (§ 1172.6, subds. (a)-(c); accord, Strong, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 708.)
If the trial court determines the petitioner has made such a showing, “the trial court must
issue an order to show cause and hold a hearing to determine whether to vacate the
murder conviction and to resentence the petitioner on any remaining counts.” (Gentile,
supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 853; accord, § 1172.6, subds. (c), (d)(1).)
       At this evidentiary hearing, “the burden of proof shall be on the prosecution to
prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the petitioner is guilty of murder . . . under
California law as amended by the changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective
January 1, 2019.” (§ 1172.6, subd. (d)(3).) Significantly, “[a] finding that there is
substantial evidence to support a conviction for murder . . . is insufficient to prove,
beyond a reasonable doubt, that the petitioner is ineligible for resentencing.” (Ibid.) The
prosecutor and the petitioner may offer new or additional evidence to meet their
respective burdens. The admission of evidence at the hearing is governed by the
Evidence Code. However, the court also “may consider evidence previously admitted at
any prior hearing or trial that is admissible under current law, including witness

                                             20.
testimony, stipulated evidence, and matters judicially noticed,” as well as the “procedural
history of the case recited in any prior appellate opinion.” (§ 1172.6, subd. (d)(3).)
       We review the trial court’s findings following the evidentiary hearing for
substantial evidence, and the application of those facts to the statute de novo. (People v.
Cooper (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 393, 412.)
II.    An Aider and Abettor to Murder Need Not Act with Express Malice
       Petitioner argues Senate Bill No. 1437 eliminated implied malice as a valid theory
of murder for aiders and abettors. He therefore argues an aider and abettor to murder
must act with express malice. We adopt the reasoning of every court to have addressed
this issue and conclude that implied malice remains a valid theory of liability for aiders
and abettors to murder. (E.g., People v. Vargas (2022) 84 Cal.App.5th 943, 953-955
(Vargas); People v. Vizcarra (2022) 84 Cal.App.5th 377, 388-392 (Vizcarra); People v.
Langi (2022) 73 Cal.App.5th 972, 982-983 (Langi); People v. Powell (2021) 63
Cal.App.5th 689, 710-714 (Powell).)
       “Murder, whether in the first or second degree, requires malice aforethought.”
(Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 844.) “Malice can be express or implied. It is express
when there is a manifest intent to kill (§ 188, subd. (a)(1)); it is implied if someone kills
with ‘no considerable provocation . . . or when the circumstances attending the killing
show an abandoned and malignant heart’ (§ 188, subd. (a)(2)).” (Ibid.) More
specifically, “second degree murder based on implied malice has been committed when a
person does ‘ “ ‘an act, the natural consequences of which are dangerous to life, which
act was deliberately performed by a person who knows that his conduct endangers the life
of another and who acts with conscious disregard for life’ ”. . . .’ [Citation.] Phrased in a
different way, malice may be implied when defendant does an act with a high probability
that it will result in death and does it with a base antisocial motive and with a wanton
disregard for human life.” (People v. Watson (1981) 30 Cal.3d 290, 300.)

                                              21.
       “When a person directly perpetrates a killing, it is the perpetrator who must
possess . . . malice. [Citations.] Similarly, when a person directly aids and abets a
murder, the aider and abettor must possess malice aforethought.” (Gentile, supra, 10
Cal.5th at p. 844.) “Aiding and abetting is not a separate offense but a form of derivative
liability for the underlying crime.” (Id. at p. 843.) Thus, “[g]uilt as an aider and abettor
is guilt ‘based on a combination of the direct perpetrator’s acts and the aider and abettor’s
own acts and own mental state.’ ” (Powell, supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at p. 710.)
       As our sister court has explained, “[i]n the context of implied malice, the actus
reus required of the perpetrator is the commission of a life-endangering act. For the
direct aider and abettor, the actus reus includes whatever acts constitute aiding the
commission of the life[-]endangering act. Thus, to be liable for an implied malice
murder, the direct aider and abettor must, by words or conduct, aid the commission of the
life-endangering act, not the result of that act. The mens rea, which must be personally
harbored by the direct aider and abettor, is knowledge that the perpetrator intended to
commit the act, intent to aid the perpetrator in the commission of the act, knowledge that
the act is dangerous to human life, and acting in conscious disregard for human life.”
(Powell, supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at p. 713, italics & fns. omitted; accord, Vargas, supra,
84 Cal.App.5th at p. 954.)
       Petitioner argues that, in eliminating the natural and probable consequences
doctrine, Senate Bill No. 1437 eliminated aider and abettor liability for “unintended”
murders and made the crime of aiding and abetting murder “structurally identical” to
crimes like attempted murder and conspiracy to commit murder, which both require
specific intent to kill. However, our high court has continued to recognize “[t]hat one
may intentionally aid a perpetrator in doing an act when he or she knows the act naturally
and probably will cause death and consciously disregards this probable result.” (Powell,
supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at p. 713, citing Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th 830.) In Gentile, the
high court explained that a direct aiding and abetting theory of murder “requires that ‘the

                                             22.
aider and abettor . . . know and share the murderous intent of the actual perpetrator.’
[Citation.] For implied malice, the intent requirement is satisfied by proof that the actual
perpetrator ‘ “knows that his conduct endangers the life of another and . . . acts with
conscious disregard for life.” ’ [Citation.] Therefore, notwithstanding Senate Bill [No.]
1437’s elimination of natural and probable consequences liability for second degree
murder, an aider and abettor who does not expressly intend to aid a killing can still be
convicted of second degree murder if the person knows that his or her conduct endangers
the life of another and acts with conscious disregard for life.” (Gentile, at p. 850.) We
agree with Powell that “[t]his language clearly suggests an aider and abettor can be liable
for implied malice murder as a theory independent of the natural and probable
consequences doctrine.” (Powell, at p. 713.)
       Accordingly, we reject petitioner’s contention that an aider and abettor to murder
must act with express malice.
III.   Substantial Evidence Supports Denial of the Petition*
       Petitioner argues the superior court’s finding that he acted with implied malice is
not supported by substantial evidence. We disagree.
       Petitioner does not dispute that the evidence supports a finding that he participated
in the attack. Indeed, multiple eyewitnesses identified petitioner as one of the attackers
who initiated the altercation within the bar. However, petitioner contends there is no
basis in the evidence to conclude he knew his companions were armed or intended to stab
James. We conclude substantial evidence supports a finding that petitioner knew the
perpetrators of the murder intended to commit a life-endangering act, petitioner intended
to aid them in the commission of that act, he knew the act was dangerous to life, and he
disregarded that risk. (Powell, supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at p. 713.)

       *   See footnote, ante, page 1.

                                             23.
       First, substantial evidence supports an inference that petitioner knew his
companions were armed and intended to engage in a planned, coordinated attack.
Cervantes characterized the Mongols who entered the Pastime Club as a “war party,”
who left when they did not see anything that sparked their interests. The group was
armed with at least two knives, one of which was described as a large hunting-type knife.
One member of the group also carried an approximately 16-inch can of pepper spray.
The group quickly entered the Gustine Club yelling the name of their gang and proceeded
directly to confronting James. After the Mongols provoked a response from James, the
encounter proceeded rapidly to life-endangering violence. At least one witness testified
that one of the perpetrators made thrusting motions toward James, and the superior court
found that James was first stabbed during the assault inside the bar. Substantial evidence
supports a finding that petitioner intended to aid in this life-endangering act.
       Additionally, Cervantes testified that Mongols are required to carry knives.
Although he testified that this and other requirements were eventually removed from the
Mongol constitution, he explained that this was done on the advice of a lawyer to make
the constitution less incriminating. Moreover, multiple eyewitnesses testified to hearing
the sound of a knife being flipped open at the onset of the attack. Given the testimony
regarding the attackers’ proximity to other patrons, a trier of fact reasonably could infer
that petitioner also heard the sound of a knife being flipped open and therefore knew, by
the time he joined the attack, that life-endangering violence would be used. In joining the
melee, he disregarded this risk to life.
       Accordingly, substantial evidence supports the superior court’s finding that
petitioner acted with implied malice.

                                             24.
                              DISPOSITION
     The order is affirmed.

                                            DETJEN, J.
WE CONCUR:

POOCHIGIAN, Acting P. J.

PEÑA, J.

                                  25.