Court Opinion

ID: 2688704
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-01 14:51:49.712606+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:17:52.044918
License: Public Domain

FILED BY CLERK
                                                                            JUN -3 2005
                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                 STATE OF ARIZONA                             DIVISION TWO
                                   DIVISION TWO

THE STATE OF ARIZONA,                         )
                                              )          2 CA-CR 2004-0099
                                Appellee,     )          DEPARTMENT B
                                              )
                    v.                        )          OPINION
                                              )
KENNETH ALLEN MAY,                            )
                                              )
                                Appellant.    )
                                              )

            APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY

                                Cause No. CR-20031830

                         Honorable Christopher Browning, Judge

                            REVERSED AND REMANDED

Terry Goddard, Arizona Attorney General
 By Randall M. Howe and Joseph L. Parkhurst                                       Tucson
                                                                   Attorneys for Appellee

Robert J. Hooker, Pima County Public Defender
 By Brian X. Metcalf                                                              Tucson
                                                                  Attorneys for Appellant

P E L A N D E R, Chief Judge.

¶1            After a jury trial, appellant Kenneth May was convicted of aggravated driving

under the influence of an intoxicant (DUI) while a person under fifteen years of age was in

the vehicle. See A.R.S. § 28-1383(A)(3). The trial court sentenced him to a presumptive
prison term of 3.75 years. May raises six issues on appeal, but we find one dispositive. He

argues, inter alia, the trial court erred in admitting hearsay evidence. We agree and, because

that evidence was significant and prejudicial, we reverse his conviction on that ground. We

also preliminarily address a suppression issue because it is likely to recur on remand.

                                     BACKGROUND

¶2            We view the facts in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict and

resolve all reasonable inferences against the appellant. See State v. Riley, 196 Ariz. 40, ¶

2, 992 P.2d 1135, 1137 (App. 1999). Late one evening in November 2002, a Pima County

sheriff’s deputy saw May driving in excess of the speed limit. He pulled behind May’s

vehicle, saw it temporarily veer off the road, and directed May to stop. In May’s car were

two passengers, an adult female and a minor male.

¶3            Another officer arrived on the scene and arrested May for DUI after observing

symptoms of intoxication. During the investigation, an adult male appeared on the scene

and told the arresting officer the male passenger was his thirteen-year-old son. With May’s

consent, Deputy Curtin, a sheriff’s department phlebotomist, drew a sample of May’s blood

at the scene. Testing showed he had a .195 percent alcohol concentration.

                                MOTION TO SUPPRESS

¶4            May first challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence,

claiming the seizure of his blood violated the Fourth Amendment to the United States

Constitution. In reviewing this issue, we consider only the evidence presented at the

suppression hearing and view that evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light

                                              2
most favorable to upholding the court’s ruling. State v. Livingston, 206 Ariz. 145, ¶ 3, 75
P.3d 1103, 1104 (App. 2003); State v. Crowley, 202 Ariz. 80, ¶ 7, 41 P.3d 618, 621 (App.

2002). We will not reverse the ruling absent an abuse of discretion. Livingston, 206 Ariz.
145, ¶ 3, 75 P.3d at 1104. “We defer to the trial court’s factual findings that are supported

by the record and not clearly erroneous.” State v. Rosengren, 199 Ariz. 112, ¶ 9, 14 P.3d
303, 307 (App. 2000). We review questions of law de novo. State v. Estrada, 209 Ariz.
287, ¶ 2, 100 P.3d 452, 453 (App. 2004).

¶5             May specifically argues the procedure used to take his blood sample was not

“performed in a reasonable manner” and thus violated his Fourth Amendment right against

unreasonable search and seizure, citing Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 771, 86
S. Ct. 1826, 1836, 16 L. Ed. 2d 908, 920 (1966). In Schmerber, the Court ruled that a

blood sample “taken by a physician in a hospital environment according to accepted medical

practices” was reasonable. Id. at 771-72, 86 S. Ct. at 1836, 16 L. Ed. 2d at 920. The Court

further stated, albeit in dicta:

               We are thus not presented with the serious questions which
               would arise if a search involving use of a medical technique,
               even of the most rudimentary sort, were made by other than
               medical personnel or in other than a medical environment–for
               example, if it were administered by police in the privacy of the
               station house. To tolerate searches under these conditions
               might be to invite an unjustified element of personal risk of
               infection and pain.

Id.

¶6             Although May relies on that language, Schmerber “did not attempt to set any

specific rules for blood tests conducted outside the hospital setting.” People v. Esayian, 5

                                              3
Cal. Rptr. 3d 542, 549 (Ct. App. 2003); see also Wetsch v. North Dakota Dep’t of Transp.,

679 N.W.2d 282, ¶ 17 (N.D. 2004) (Schmerber “did not establish a requirement that blood

be drawn in a hospital in order to be reasonable.”); State v. Daggett, 640 N.W.2d 546, ¶ 14

(Wis. Ct. App. 2001) (noting that Schmerber “did not categorically reject the possibility that

a blood draw could take place in a non-medical setting” and that blood draws need not

“take place in a hospital setting in order to be constitutionally reasonable”). “The test for

lawful searches and seizures is the unreasonableness of the search under the circumstances.”

State v. Hutton, 108 Ariz. 504, 507, 502 P.2d 1323, 1326 (1972). Society recognizes that

“blood tests do not constitute an unduly extensive imposition on an individual’s personal

privacy and bodily integrity.” Winston v. Lee, 470 U.S. 753, 762, 105 S. Ct. 1611, 1617,

84 L. Ed. 2d 662, 670 (1985).

¶7            Deputy Curtin testified at the suppression hearing that he had drawn May’s

blood while they stood at the rear of a police car. Wearing protective gloves, Curtin cleaned

the surface of May’s arm, placed a tourniquet around it, applied an antiseptic to the site of

the venipuncture, and secured the arm with one hand while it rested on the trunk of the car.

He then drew two vials of blood. Curtin also testified that he had experienced no problems

during the blood draw and that May had not moved his arm. An expert witness May called

testified that Curtin had violated the standard of care by having May stand while his blood

was drawn. She testified that doing so creates a risk the individual could pass out or faint,

move his arm and cause the needle to fall out, and possibly cause nerve damage.

                                              4
¶8            The trial court found the seizure reasonable because the procedure Curtin used

resulted in only a “slightly higher” risk of complications “in a field setting” than those of a

clinical setting.1 We have no basis for disturbing that ruling. May consented to having his

blood drawn. And Curtin testified that, based on his knowledge and training, the standard

of care required him to clean the arm and “not caus[e] any injury to the patient.” Further,

May’s witness testified that on-site and clinical testing are equally reliable and both present

possible risks to the patient but, in her opinion, “the risk of injury goes up” with on-site

testing.

¶9            The trial court essentially determined that the possible increased risks

associated with on-site testing did not render the blood draw here unreasonable. See

Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 771-72, 86 S. Ct. at 1836, 16 L. Ed. 2d at 920. Based on this

record, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in so ruling. See State v. Clary,

196 Ariz. 610, 2 P.3d 1255 (App. 2000) (upholding seizure of defendant’s blood sample

drawn at police station by phlebotomist while other officers restrained defendant on floor

and exerted reasonable force to overcome his resistance); Esayian, 5 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 550

(blood draw by phlebotomist upheld when no showing made that “manner of drawing the

       1
        May also contends the trial court applied an incorrect standard by requiring him to
show “the blood draw result[ed] in actual injury” rather than considering whether it posed
an unreasonable risk. We disagree. The trial court specifically stated that, “to prevail . . . ,
[May] must establish that the search placed him at unreasonable risk of harm or injury.”
Similarly, the court ruled that the procedure Curtin had used did not “place[] [May] at any
unnecessary risk of injury.” In addition, although the trial court mentioned the possibility
of various civil remedies should a blood draw go awry, read in context, the court’s Fourth
Amendment ruling did not hinge on that possibility, contrary to May’s contention.

                                               5
blood was unsanitary, or subjected the suspect to any unusual pain or indignity”); State v.

Sickler, 488 N.W.2d 70, 73-74 (S.D. 1992) (blood draw taken in a jail from suspect while

restrained in a “semi-sitting” position reasonable); Daggett, 640 N.W.2d 546, ¶ 18 (finding

reasonable blood draw in booking room of jail, “although not a sterile environment,” when

record did not suggest “any danger to [suspect’s] health”).

¶10            May also contends the trial court should have granted his motion to suppress

because Curtin was not a trained phlebotomist. But in Arizona, a physician, registered

nurse, or other “qualified person” may withdraw blood from the operator of a vehicle to

determine his or her alcohol concentration. A.R.S. § 28-1388(A). A phlebotomist is a

“qualified person” under the statute. State ex rel. Pennartz v. Olcavage, 200 Ariz. 582, ¶

21, 30 P.3d 649, 655 (App. 2001) (phlebotomist is “a person who, through training or

experience, is competent to draw blood”). A phlebotomist need not be certified, but rather,

“only demonstrate competence through training or experience.” State v. Carrasco, 203
Ariz. 44, ¶ 9, 49 P.3d 1140, 1141 (App. 2002). Deputy Curtin attended a one-week course

in phlebotomy. As of November 2002, he had drawn blood 150 to 200 times. That training

and experience sufficiently qualified Curtin as a person competent to draw blood. See

Esayian, 5 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 549. We find no statutory or constitutional violation relating

to Curtin’s qualifications. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying May’s motion

to suppress.

                         EVIDENCE OF PASSENGER’S AGE

                                             6
¶11           As noted earlier, at the time of the traffic stop there were two other people in

May’s car, a female adult and a younger male. Just before trial started, the prosecutor told

the trial court that the state had not located the male passenger or his putative father who

had appeared at the scene.2 Having failed to identify or locate that passenger or the father,

the state sought to prove the passenger’s age through the arresting officer’s testimony about

what the father had told him at the scene. After a brief hearing outside the jury’s presence,

the trial court ruled that the state had failed to prove the male passenger was “unavailable.”

Ariz. R. Evid. 804(a), 17A A.R.S. Thus, the trial court ruled that Rule 804(b)(4), Ariz. R.

Evid., did not apply. But, over May’s objection, the court allowed the officer to testify

about that passenger’s age pursuant to Rule 803(19), Ariz. R. Evid.,3 which allows hearsay

reputation evidence of various “fact[s] of personal or family history.”

¶12           The arresting officer testified at trial that the male passenger “looked very

young, like a child, teenager at best.” Based on the passenger’s physical characteristics, the

officer opined he was under eighteen years of age. According to the officer, during the

investigation a man arrived at the scene, told the officers that he was May’s brother and that

       2
         The investigating officers failed to obtain or record the name, address, or other
identification of the putative father with whom they had spoken at the scene.
       3
         The hearsay exception set forth in Rule 804(b)(4), Ariz. R. Evid., permits certain
evidence relating to personal or family history “if the declarant is unavailable as a witness.”
In contrast, the hearsay exceptions prescribed in Rule 803 apply “even though the declarant
is available as a witness.” The trial court rejected the state’s “proffer of evidence under
[Rule] 804(b)(4)” because the state had failed to show the male passenger was unavailable
under Rule 804(a). Although the court made no finding on whether the passenger’s putative
father was unavailable, the state made no showing that he was and only sought a ruling that
the passenger was “unavailable for the trial” because he might have left the state.

                                              7
the minor passenger was his thirteen-year-old son, and provided the son’s birth date. The

officer also testified that the other man ultimately “took custody of the minor,” who

“appeared to be happy or joyful . . . to see this other male.” May was charged with and

convicted of aggravated DUI based on his having committed the underlying offense while a

person under the age of fifteen was in the vehicle. § 28-1383(A)(3).

¶13           May argues the arresting officer’s testimony about the age of the minor male

passenger in May’s car constituted inadmissible hearsay and was erroneously admitted, over

his objection, pursuant to Rule 803(19). We review this evidentiary issue for an abuse of

discretion. State v. Tucker, 205 Ariz. 157, ¶ 41, 68 P.3d 110, 118 (2003).

¶14           As the trial court correctly noted at one point, the putative father was the out-

of-court “declarant” for purposes of Arizona’s hearsay rules. Ariz. R. Evid. 801(b) (“A

‘declarant’ is a person who makes a statement.”). And, the officer’s testimony about the

father’s statements clearly was hearsay. Ariz. R. Evid. 801(c) (“‘Hearsay’ is a statement,

other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in

evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”). Hearsay is generally not admissible.

Ariz. R. Evid. 802. The question, therefore, is whether that testimony was admissible under

the hearsay exception in Rule 803(19).4

       4
        The arresting officer’s testimony about the putative father’s statements was admitted
solely under Rule 803(19). The state did not argue below or on appeal, nor did the trial
court find, that the evidence was admissible under the “catch-all” hearsay exception in Rule
803(24). But, in view of the court’s finding that the state had not established “that the
witness is unavailable pursuant to [Rule] 804(a)(5),” we presume the state similarly could
not have satisfied the “reasonable efforts” requirement of Rule 803(24)(B). Nor does the

                                              8
¶15           Rule 803(19) is entitled, “[r]eputation concerning personal or family history,”

and can apply “even though the declarant is available as a witness.” That rule allows

hearsay evidence concerning:

                     Reputation among members of a person’s family by
              blood, adoption, or marriage, or among a person’s associates, or
              in the community, concerning a person’s birth, adoption,
              marriage, divorce, death, legitimacy, relationship by blood,
              adoption, or marriage, ancestry, or other similar fact of personal
              or family history.

This hearsay exception predates the Arizona Rules of Evidence, and such evidence “‘is held

admissible not only because of the extreme difficulty of producing any better evidence—that

is, because it is the best evidence of which the nature of the matter admits—but also because

of its general reliability.’” In re Wallin’s Estate, 16 Ariz. App. 34, 37, 490 P.2d 863, 866

(1971), quoting 29 Am. Jur. 2d, Evidence § 508; see also Blackburn v. United Parcel

Service, Inc., 179 F.3d 81, 98 (3d Cir. 1999) (“[R]eputations regarding relationships and

other personal and family matters within a well-defined community are considered to have

the circumstantial guarantee of trustworthiness that justifies a hearsay exception.”). As the

court in Blackburn aptly noted, “we find little guidance in the sparse case law surrounding

Rule 803(19).” Id. at 99.

¶16           Here, the “person” to whom Rule 803(19) refers is the male passenger because

it is his age or birth date that is at issue. Rule 803(19) generally would allow a father to

testify to his son’s age even though he had no personal knowledge of it. See State v. Cañez,

record reflect that the state complied, or attempted to comply, with the procedural notice
requirements of that rule.

                                              9
202 Ariz. 133, ¶ 90, 42 P.3d 564, 589-90 (2002) (pursuant to Rule 803(19), son of murder

victim allowed to testify to his father’s birth date and age; victim’s age can be proven by

“testimony of people who knew him”); see generally 5 John Henry Wigmore & James H.

Chadbourn, Evidence in Trials at Common Law § 1486(a) (1974) (“as applied to the facts

of family history . . . qualified persons will be found chiefly, if not exclusively, within the

family circle”).

¶17           The hearsay involved here, however, is the putative father’s statement to the

officer. Evidence admissible under Rule 803(19) could come from three sources: “(1) family

members, (2) the community, and (3) associates.” Jack B. Weinstein & Margaret A. Bergur,

5 Weinstein’s Federal Evidence § 803.24[2] (2d ed. 2001). Because the officer was not a

member of the male passenger’s or putative father’s family, the issue is whether the officer

is “among [their] associates, or . . . community.” Ariz. R. Evid. 803(19).

¶18           Rule 803(19) extends associates and community to include a victim’s

girlfriend. State v. Medina, 193 Ariz. 504, ¶ 21, 975 P.2d 94, 101 (1999) (testimony of

victim’s girlfriend and medical examiner that murder victim was over the age of seventy was

sufficient for sentence aggravation purposes under A.R.S. § 13-703(F)(9)). Federal case law

may assist in further defining these terms because Rule 803(19) is identical to its federal

counterpart.5 Fed. R. Evid. 803(19).

       5
        We are aware of only two Arizona cases discussing this hearsay exception after the
Arizona Rules of Evidence were adopted. State v. Cañez, 202 Ariz. 133, ¶ 90, 42 P.3d 564,
589-90 (2002); State v. Medina, 193 Ariz. 504, ¶ 21, 975 P.2d 94, 101 (1999). Although
not dispositive, we note that both of those cases involved in-court statements by witnesses
who had extensive ongoing contact with the person about whom the witness testified.

                                              10
¶19           In Blackburn, the plaintiff was fired for having violated the company’s

antinepotism policy. To rebut that claim, he alleged the company routinely did not enforce

the policy. As evidence, he sought to introduce his own testimony that other employees

were related, although he lacked personal knowledge of those relationships. The court in

Blackburn stated that evidence could be admissible to prove “[t]hat two community

members are brothers or that a member of the community is another member’s father”

because it is likely that such “matters . . . have been discussed within the community and .

. . become well-established ‘facts’ if no reason has been presented to doubt their truth.” Id.

at 98. But, the court noted, in order “to testify about someone’s reputation within a

community” pursuant to Rule 803(19), one

              must demonstrate that he or she knows of the person and is
              truly familiar with the “community” in which the reputation has
              been formed, and that the basis of the reputation is one that is
              likely to be reliable. Where the alleged reputation is . . . a single
              instance of “someone told me so,” a proper foundation has not
              been laid for admitting such evidence under Rule 803(19).

Blackburn, 179 F.3d at 101.

¶20           The record does not reflect sufficient “inquiry, discussion, interactions, or

familiarity” between the officers and the putative father. Id. at 100. The father and son met

the arresting officer for the first time at the scene of a DUI investigation.6 The father claimed

to be May’s brother, gave the officer the age and date of birth of the minor passenger, and

       6
       The record does not reflect any discussion at all between the police officers and the
minor male passenger about the latter’s age. But even had any such discussion occurred, it
would not necessarily change the analysis or result here.

                                               11
left without showing any identification. The officer was not an associate of either the father

or son or a member of their “community” for purposes of Rule 803(19).

¶21           Under these circumstances, admitting the statement pursuant to that rule was

contrary to its purpose. Testimony of personal or family history is generally admissible

because it is believed that “constant (though casual) mention and discussion of important

family affairs” allow other members of the family, community, or associates to “know, as

well as anyone can be expected to know, the facts of the matter.” 5 Wigmore, § 1486(a).

Here, the putative father’s statement to the officer was not constant and, therefore, was not

necessarily reliable. As May correctly points out, “the State called a police officer to repeat

what an alleged family member told him about the juvenile’s age.”

¶22           Accordingly, the trial court erred in admitting the officer’s testimony pursuant

to Rule 803(19) because there was insufficient foundation establishing he was an associate

of the male passenger or putative father or member of their community. The officer’s

testimony was hearsay, not excepted by Rule 803(19) or admissible under any other rule.

Evidentiary error, however, is reversible only if the objecting party was prejudiced. State

v. Nordstrom, 200 Ariz. 229, ¶ 71, 25 P.3d 717, 739 (2001). Here, the state had to prove

that the male passenger in May’s car was under the age of fifteen in order to establish

aggravated DUI under § 28-1383(A)(3). The only other evidence of that passenger’s age was

the arresting officer’s testimony that the passenger had exhibited certain physical attributes

shared by other individuals under the age of eighteen.

                                              12
¶23           Because the evidence in question was significant and prejudiced May, we

cannot say its admission was harmless, nor does the state so argue. See State v. Bass, 198
Ariz. 571, ¶ 39, 12 P.3d 796, 805 (2000) (“[E]rroneously admitted evidence is harmless in

a criminal case only when the reviewing court is satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that

the error did not impact the verdict.”); State v. McVay, 127 Ariz. 450, 453, 622 P.2d 9, 12

(1980) (improper rehabilitation of witness with hearsay evidence not harmless error); State

v. Ruelas, 174 Ariz. 37, 44, 846 P.2d 850, 857 (App. 1992) (erroneous admission of

prejudicial hearsay evidence not harmless). Consequently, we reverse May’s conviction

because, other than the inadmissible hearsay, no other sufficient evidence of the passenger’s

age was introduced.7

                         SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

¶24           In a related argument, May contends that because “there was no admissible

evidence that the juvenile was under fifteen,” May’s “felony conviction must be vacated and

his offense reduced to a misdemeanor.” As noted above, we agree that only inadmissible

hearsay evidence supported the age-of-the-passenger element.8 But we disagree with May’s

       7
        Because we find the trial court erred in admitting the officer’s testimony pursuant
to Rule 803(19), Ariz. R. Evid., we do not address May’s alternative argument, relying on
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004), that
admission of that evidence violated his Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-
examine witnesses. See State v. Korzuch, 186 Ariz. 190, 195, 920 P.2d 312, 317 (1996)
(“In general , . . . we should resolve cases on non-constitutional grounds . . . where it is
possible and prudent to do so.”).
       8
         In arguing that sufficient evidence supported the age element of the charge, the state
relies solely on the arresting officer’s hearsay testimony about what the putative father had
told him at the scene.

                                              13
implicit suggestion that the state may not retry him on the felony charge of aggravated DUI

under § 28-1383(A)(3).9

¶25           Although May neither argues nor cites the Double Jeopardy Clause in support

of his argument, that clause “‘forbids a second trial for the purpose of affording the

prosecution another opportunity to supply evidence which it failed to muster in the first

proceeding.’” State v. Moody, 208 Ariz. 424, ¶ 25, 94 P.3d 1119, 1133 (2004), quoting

Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 11, 98 S. Ct. 2141, 2147, 57 L. Ed. 2d 1, 9 (1978).

Thus, “where a conviction has been reversed because of insufficient evidence, the defendant

cannot be retried.” Korzep v. Superior Court, 172 Ariz. 534, 541, 838 P.2d 1295, 1302

(App. 1991). But “[w]hen a case is reversed for trial error, the state is not foreclosed from

a retrial or from presenting evidence at a new trial in response to that error.” Id.; see also

Moody, 208 Ariz. 424, ¶ 26, 94 P.3d at 1134 (Double Jeopardy Clause does not preclude

retrial of defendant who successfully obtains reversal of conviction on appeal on grounds

other than insufficient evidence); State v. Sanders, 205 Ariz. 208, ¶ 63, 68 P.3d 434, 448

(App. 2003) (same). In other words, “[a] defendant who succeeds in overturning his

conviction may be retried because the reversal on appeal nullifies the original conviction and

       9
        The cases May cites for a contrary conclusion, State v. McGann, 132 Ariz. 296, 645
P.2d 811 (1982), and State v. Salazar, 160 Ariz. 570, 774 P.2d 1360 (App. 1989), do not
clearly support his argument. In McGann, our supreme court stated, “[w]hen hearsay
evidence is the sole proof of an essential element of the state’s case, reversal of the
conviction may be warranted.” 132 Ariz. at 299, 645 P.2d at 814. But the court merely
reversed the defendant’s convictions and remanded the case, without prohibiting a new trial
on remand. Id. at 301, 645 P.2d at 816. Similarly, Salazar does not clearly support May’s
implication that a new trial is precluded whenever an essential element of the offense is
proven solely by evidence ruled inadmissible on appeal.

                                             14
wipes the slate clean.” State v. Rumsey, 136 Ariz. 166, 169, 665 P.2d 48, 51 (1983); see

also Moody, 208 Ariz. 424, ¶ 26, 94 P.3d at 1134 (same).

¶26           Here, our reversal of May’s conviction is not based on insufficient evidence

to support the jury’s finding of guilt. Rather, the reversal is solely based on trial

error—erroneous introduction of inadmissible hearsay evidence. Under these circumstances,

a retrial on the original charge is not precluded. See Lockhart v. Nelson, 488 U.S. 33, 40-

41, 109 S. Ct. 285, 290-92, 102 L. Ed. 2d 265, 273-74 (1988) (“[T]he Double Jeopardy

Clause allows retrial when a reviewing court determines that a defendant’s conviction must

be reversed because evidence was erroneously admitted against him, and also concludes that

without the inadmissible evidence there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction.”);

Burks, 437 U.S. at 15, 98 S. Ct. at 2149, 57 L. Ed. 2d at 12 (retrial permitted when reversal

on appeal based on “incorrect receipt or rejection of evidence” rather than evidentiary

insufficiency); People v. Olivera, 647 N.E.2d 926, 931 (Ill. 1995) (“[R]etrial is permitted

even though evidence is insufficient to sustain a verdict once erroneously admitted evidence

has been discounted, and for purposes of double jeopardy all evidence submitted at the

original trial may be considered when determining the sufficiency of the evidence.”).

Accordingly, we decline May’s invitation to vacate his conviction based on evidentiary

insufficiency or to preclude retrial on remand. See Lockhart, 488 U.S. at 41, 109 S. Ct. at

291, 102 L. Ed. 2d at 274 (“a reviewing court must consider all of the evidence admitted by

the trial court in deciding whether retrial is permissible under the Double Jeopardy Clause”).

                                             15
                                      DISPOSITION

¶27           May’s conviction is reversed, and the case is remanded for further

proceedings.10

                                              ____________________________________
                                              JOHN PELANDER, Chief Judge

CONCURRING:

____________________________________
M. JAN FLÓREZ, Presiding Judge

____________________________________
PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Judge

       10
         We do not address several other arguments May raises that might or might not arise
on remand. See State v. Thomas, 130 Ariz. 432, 433, 636 P.2d 1214, 1215 (1981); see also
Najar v. State, 198 Ariz. 345, ¶ 13, 9 P.3d 1084, 1088 (App. 2000). With respect to May’s
challenge to the jury instruction on lesser-included offenses, however, we encourage the trial
court to instruct the jury in accordance with the “better practice” prescribed in State v.
LeBlanc, 186 Ariz. 437, 438, 924 P.2d 441, 442 (1996). See Revised Ariz. Jury
Instructions (Criminal), Std. 22 (2000).

                                             16