Court Opinion

ID: 2977671
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:11:59.553339+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:07.905146
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            File Name: 09a0149n.06
                            Filed: February 19, 2009

                                            No. 07-5624

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                 )
                                                          )
         Plaintiff-Appellee,                              )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                          )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                v.                                        )        COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                          )        DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
DANA P. GREGORY,                                          )
                                                          )
         Defendant-Appellant.                             )
                                                          )

BEFORE: SUHRHEINRICH, GRIFFIN, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

         GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge.

         Defendant-appellant Dana P. Gregory was convicted by jury and sentenced to 511 months

of imprisonment for being a felon in possession of approximately two hundred firearms (Counts One

and Two); possessing with intent to distribute oxycodone (Count Four); possessing firearms,

including a machine gun, in furtherance of Count Four (Counts Five and Six); possessing a machine

gun (Count Seven); and possessing contraband, including a hypodermic needle, syringe, and razor

blade, that were designed or intended to be used as weapons or to facilitate escape from the detention

center housing him (Count Eight). He appeals his convictions and sentence on Counts Four through

Eight.
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

       As grounds for his appeal, defendant Gregory contends that the drug and firearms evidence

used against him at trial was illegally obtained and should have been suppressed; the district court

erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal under Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal

Procedure; and the sentence imposed by the district court was unreasonable.

       For the reasons that follow, we affirm the appealed rulings of the district court.

                                                  I.

       On September 12, 2006, a grand jury returned a nine-count superseding indictment charging

Gregory with being a felon in possession of more than two hundred firearms, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (Counts One and Two); conspiring to distribute oxycodone, in violation of 21

U.S.C. § 846 (Count Three); possessing with intent to distribute oxycodone, in violation of 21

U.S.C. § 841 (Count Four); possessing firearms, including a machine gun, in furtherance of Count

Four, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) (Counts Five and Six); possessing a machine gun, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(o) (Count Seven); and possessing contraband, including a hypodermic

needle, syringe, and razor blade, that were designed or intended to be used as weapons or to facilitate

escape from the detention center housing him, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1791(a)(2) (Counts Eight

and Nine).

       Prior to trial, Gregory moved to suppress the drug and firearm evidence obtained from three

searches of his home and a storage unit he leased. He maintained that the magistrate judge lacked

probable cause to issue the warrants authorizing the searches because the warrant affidavits were

based on conclusory, stale, and unreliable information. In a footnote to his motion to suppress,

                                                 -2-
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

Gregory also argued the possibility that law enforcement provided false information to the magistrate

judge and reserved the right to seek an evidentiary hearing under Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154

(1978).1

       At the evidentiary hearing on his motion to suppress, Gregory, represented by newly

appointed counsel, did not make a facial challenge to the sufficiency of the warrant affidavits as

argued in his motion; rather, he asserted that the information in the affidavits was “misleading” and

that the testimony he intended to elicit from law enforcement officers would “go to a potential

Franks hearing.” The government objected on the ground that Gregory failed to make the

“substantial preliminary showing” required to justify an evidentiary hearing under Franks.

       The magistrate judge then re-read the motion to suppress at the bench and determined that,

although the motion suggested that defense counsel might at some point move for an evidentiary

hearing under Franks, it did not explicitly request such a hearing, nor did it attempt to make the

       1
           Franks held that:

       where the defendant makes a substantial preliminary showing that a false statement
       knowingly and intentionally, or with reckless disregard for the truth, was included by
       the affiant in the warrant affidavit, and if the allegedly false statement is necessary
       to the finding of probable cause, the Fourth Amendment requires that a hearing be
       held at the defendant’s request. In the event that at the hearing the allegation of
       perjury or reckless disregard is established by the defendant by a preponderance of
       the evidence, and, with the affidavit’s false material set to one side, the affidavit’s
       remaining content is insufficient to establish probable cause, the search warrant must
       be voided and the fruits of the search excluded to the same extent as if probable cause
       was lacking on the face of the affidavit.
438 U.S. at 155-56.

                                                -3-
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

required preliminary showing. Accordingly, the magistrate judge ruled that “Franks is not a ripe

issue” and that any evidence and argument relating to the probable cause determination was

“necessarily limited to the four corners of the affidavits.”

       Defense counsel apologized to the court “for not following up” properly on former counsel’s

suggestion to investigate or acquire the evidence that would allegedly justify a Franks hearing and

sought additional time to file a motion requesting such a hearing. The magistrate judge granted

defense counsel’s request, extended the case’s pretrial motions deadline for three weeks, and asked

Gregory whether its ruling was “satisfactory,” to which he answered, “Yes, Sir.” Defense counsel

never filed the motion.

       In his Report and Recommendation (“R&R”), the magistrate judge recommended that

Gregory’s motion to suppress evidence relating to the first and third search warrants be denied.2 The

magistrate judge found the affidavits “suggest[ed] that, more likely than not, firearms and drugs

would be found in defendant’s house and storage unit.”

       In making this determination, the magistrate judge relied upon the representations of Special

Agent Greg Moore of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, the affiant of both

search warrant applications. In his affidavit for the first search warrant requesting authorization to

search Gregory’s home, Special Agent Moore stated that numerous named law enforcement officers

conveyed to him that Gregory had a long criminal history, including convictions for drug trafficking,

       2
         The R&R did not address the lawfulness of the second search warrant because the
government agreed not to introduce evidence seized from its execution of that warrant. The second
search warrant is not relevant to Gregory’s appeal.

                                                 -4-
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

possession of prohibited firearms, and aggravated burglary, and was once involved in a “shootout”

with a police officer who was investigating him. Gregory was reputed to be a “a major drug dealer”

who “always keeps a large supply of guns.” His neighbors, including a police officer who lived

across the street and another officer who resided in the same neighborhood, consistently observed

“suspicious activity” at his home. The officers witnessed:

       people pulling up to the residence, which has a high privacy fence, and throwing a
       plastic bag over the fence. A short time later, another plastic bag will come back
       over the fence from Gregory’s residence. The car will then leave and the officers
       have observed on several occasions, Gregory come out from the house as the car
       starts to drive away and look around the area.

Many of the individuals engaging in this activity were “known by law enforcement officials to be

users of illegal drugs.”

       Several individuals conveyed to Special Agent Moore or to the officers he interviewed that

they saw stolen property, firearms, and drugs, including oxycontin and marijuana, at Gregory’s home

and that they witnessed, or admitted to participating in, trading stolen property to Gregory in

exchange for oxycontin. The victim of an arson allegedly committed by Gregory informed the

investigating detective that defendant “kept more guns in his house than were owned by the Church

Hill Police Department.” Gregory’s home was “ known to law enforcement as the only brick house

[in the area] that has a high wooden privacy fence surrounding the property, vehicles at various

stages of operability parked on the property, and a warning sign of the presence of security dogs.”

       In his third affidavit, which requested a warrant to search a storage unit Gregory leased,

Special Agent Moore restated the information contained in his first affidavit. The affidavit added

                                               -5-
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

that, while executing the first search warrant, Special Agent Moore, along with other officers, seized

fifteen firearms, most of them fully loaded, as well as a machine gun with fully loaded clip

magazines, and several hundred rounds of ammunition from defendant’s home. At least one of the

firearms appeared to be stolen. Officers also recovered twenty-two oxycontin pills, marijuana, and

literature on making explosive devices.

        The third affidavit also stated that because of the media attention surrounding the first search,

citizens “with no criminal affiliation,” including one who provided “credible” information in the

past, called local law enforcement officials and informed them that Gregory stored guns, drugs, and

bomb-making materials in a nearby storage unit. According to the affidavit, these citizen tips, along

with the explosive device literature recovered from defendant’s home and his suspected connection

to bomb-making activities, suggested that “Gregory had an interest in bomb-making” and “raised

additional concerns as to whether or not Gregory may be in possession of hazardous or explosive

materials at some location.”

        Based on these fears, the affidavit asserts that Mark Johnson, chief and public safety director

of the Church Hill Police Department, called local storage companies and inquired whether Gregory

leased a storage unit from them. When one company confirmed that he presently did, Chief Johnson

visited the facility housing the unit.

        According to the affidavit, when Chief Johnson advised the owner of the facility that

defendant “could be storing guns and bomb-making material inside” his unit, the owner responded

that the rental contract permitted him to “inspect the unit should there be any information that the

                                                  -6-
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

contents might be harmful to others or adjoining units” and that it “specifically prohibited the

occupant from storing ‘flammable, combustible explosives, inflammable liquid, [or] contraband’

within the unit.” The owner then cut the lock on the unit and “observed a large quantity of guns as

well as green military ammo cans with ‘EXPLOSIVES’ and ‘explosive symbols’ written on some

of them.” Thereafter, law enforcement secured but made no entry into the unit. A drug-detecting

police dog and his handler were called, and while searching the exterior of the closed unit, the dog

“alerted” his handler to the possible presence of illegal drugs.

       The R&R recommending denial of the motion to suppress provided notice that “[a]ny

objections to this report and recommendation must be filed within ten (10) days of its service or

further appeal will be waived.” Gregory did not file objections to the R&R, and more than twenty

days after the magistrate judge entered it, the district court approved and adopted it, specifically

noting in its order that “[t]he defendant has not filed objections to this report.”

       Numerous witnesses testified at trial. Special Agent Moore corroborated the information set

forth in his warrant affidavits and testified that while searching the storage unit, “we were confronted

with probably the largest collection of guns I have seen in almost 15 years . . . in one storage unit.

It was impressive.”     He stated that agents seized approximately 190 firearms, all of them

manufactured outside of Tennessee, 17,000 rounds of ammunition, and a container for a surface-to-

surface missile. Agents also recovered documents and military manuals on “unconventional warfare

devices and techniques,” “booby traps,” and “munitions.”

                                                 -7-
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

         Seven witnesses, including Gregory’s long-time friends and neighbors, testified that he

supplied them with oxycodone, cocaine, methadone, hydrocodone, and morphine in exchange for

their cash, labor, or stolen merchandise, which included guns, construction equipment, and tools.

One witness spent “[m]ost of my whole [pay]check” to purchase oxycontin pills from Gregory.

Another purchased “thousands” of oxycontin pills from him over a two-year period. A third witness

paid cash to Gregory for oxycontin every day and set a truck on fire for him in exchange for $500

worth of the drug. The arson victim testified that on the day of the crime, he was supposed to testify

in court against Gregory in an unrelated case and that the fire destroyed both his truck and mobile

home. A fourth witness testified that Gregory gave him oxycontin in exchange for filing a false

police report against one of defendant’s enemies.

         Witnesses consistently confirmed that they saw firearms and illegal drugs in Gregory’s house

and that he carried a gun with him all the time, made it known that he was carrying a gun, and

bragged that he had enough firearms “to start an army.” A witness identified two firearms recovered

from Gregory’s storage unit as guns that had been stolen from him. Defendant told one witness that

he kept a camper, dump truck, and forklift in his yard and in the road in front of the gate to his home

as “kind of a barrier so bullets couldn’t come through” and so that no one could “crash through the

gate.”

         The owner and manager of the storage unit corroborated the information set forth in the

affidavit requesting the third search warrant. Specifically, they testified that the lease prohibited

tenants from storing flammable, combustible, or explosive items in their units and allowed

                                                 -8-
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

management to enter a storage unit without notice or consent in the event of an emergency. They

also confirmed that officers conveyed to them that they “thought” or “believed” that there were

explosives in the unit and that the officers peered into the unit but did not enter it after cutting the

lock and before obtaining the search warrant.

       Gregory’s cell mate testified that while in federal custody on the charges in this case, Gregory

attempted to conspire with him to escape from the jail. According to the inmate, Gregory planned

to inject a syringe containing bleach into the necks of named officers when they entered the cell to

serve food. The cell mate also stated that Gregory attempted to obtain a gun in jail and asked him

to transport oxycontin after escaping.

       The inmate reported the escape plan to jail personnel, who searched Gregory’s cell and found

a fully-intact syringe, a razor blade, another needle from a syringe, twist ties, ink pens, and nail

clippers, all of them in concealed locations. A deputy United States marshal testified that inmates

are not permitted to possess these items and that they can be used as weapons.

       At the close of the government’s case-in-chief, Gregory renewed his motion to suppress the

evidence obtained from the first and third searches of his home and storage unit and moved for

acquittal on all counts, except Counts One and Two, under Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal

Procedure.3 As to his request to suppress evidence, Gregory asserted that Special Agent Moore

secured the search warrants through deception and unreliable information and that the trial itself

       3
         Rule 29 provides, in relevant part, that “[a]fter the government closes its evidence or after
the close of all the evidence, the court on the defendant’s motion must enter a judgment of acquittal
of any offense for which the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction.”

                                                 -9-
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

constituted a “Franks hearing.” He particularly contested the admission of evidence found in the

storage unit on the alleged ground that the police deceived the owner and manager of the storage

facility into believing that the unit contained bombs and explosives. The government responded that

the trial was not a Franks hearing and that it did not introduce all evidence relevant to such a hearing.

        The court then remarked that the affidavit was based on information “from an informant who

had passed on credible information in the past that there [were] both guns and bomb making material

stored in the storage unit” and questioned defense counsel about why he believed Special Agent

Moore acted with “reckless disregard.” Counsel simply responded that no one was caught entering

or leaving Gregory’s home with stolen goods. Thereafter, the court ruled that Gregory failed to make

the showing required to entitle him to a Franks hearing because the portions of the affidavit that he

characterized as false or misleading “in fact appear to be true statements” and that even if the

allegedly “offending” information were excised from the affidavit, “[t]here is other ample

information in this affidavit to establish probable cause.”

        The jury convicted Gregory on all counts except the conspiracy charge in Count Three.4 He

filed no objections to the presentence investigation report (“PSR”) and confirmed at sentencing that

the information contained in it was correct.5          The court sentenced him to 511 months of

imprisonment, and he made no objection to the sentence imposed.

        4
            Prior to trial, the district court granted the government’s motion to dismiss Count Nine.
        5
        The parties stipulated that Gregory was previously convicted of a crime punishable by a term
of imprisonment exceeding one year.

                                                  - 10 -
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

        Gregory timely appealed.

                                                   II.

        Gregory first contends that the district court erred in denying his motion to suppress the drug

and firearm evidence recovered from his home and storage unit. We affirm the district court’s ruling

on the alternative grounds that Gregory’s challenges to it are both waived and meritless.

                                                   A.

        Gregory waived his challenge to the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress because

he failed to object to the R&R recommending that the motion be denied and failed to request or

make the required preliminary showing entitling him to a Franks hearing. Under 28 U.S.C. §

636(b)(1)(C), “any party may serve and file written objections” to the R&R “[w]ithin ten days after

being served with a copy.” A party who fails to object to the R&R waives its right to appeal any

issue addressed in the R&R, so long as the non-objecting party received notice of the consequences

of failing to object. United States v. Campbell, 261 F.3d 628, 632 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing United

States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947, 949 (6th Cir. 1981)). See also Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 142

(1985) (holding that “a court of appeals may exercise its supervisory powers to establish a rule that

the failure to file objections to the magistrate's report waives the right to appeal the district court’s

judgment”). Because the R&R unambiguously warned that any objections “must be filed within ten

                                                 - 11 -
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

days of its service or further appeal will be waived” and Gregory filed no objections, we hold that

his right to appeal the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress is waived.6

                                                  B.

       Even if Gregory did not waive his challenges to the district court’s denial of his motion to

suppress, we hold that they are meritless because probable cause supported the issuance of both

search warrants.

       The Fourth Amendment provides that:

       [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects,
       against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants
       shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and
       particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be
       seized.

U.S. CONST . AMEND . IV. Probable cause exists if there is a “fair probability” or “reasonable grounds

for belief, supported by less than prima facie proof but more than mere suspicion” that police will

find evidence of a crime at the location of the proposed search. United States v. Jackson, 470 F.3d
299, 306 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting United States v. Bennett, 905 F.2d 931, 934 (6th Cir. 1990) and

United States v. Jenkins, 396 F.3d 751, 760 (6th Cir. 2005)) (internal quotations omitted). The

       6
          Regarding the Franks issue in particular, we note that, despite defense counsel’s apology
to the court for not properly requesting or making the required preliminary showing to justify a
Franks hearing and the court’s extension of its pretrial motions deadline to give him the opportunity
to file a motion under Franks, he inexplicably failed to file the motion. Even at trial, defense counsel
attempted to circumvent the “substantial preliminary showing” required to entitle his client to a
Franks hearing, see Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-56, by improperly characterizing the trial itself as a
“Franks hearing.” In light of such maneuvering, we are puzzled that counsel now attempts to raise
the same issue on appeal that he failed to properly raise numerous times before the district court.

                                                 - 12 -
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

probable cause determination is limited to the information set forth in the four corners of the

affidavit, Jackson, 470 F.3d at 306, and the sufficiency of the search warrant affidavit is judged

based on the “totality of the circumstances, rather than line-by-line scrutiny.” United States v.

Coffee, 434 F.3d 887, 892 (6th Cir. 2006). Affidavits for search warrants:

       [m]ust be tested and interpreted by magistrates and courts in a commonsense and
       realistic fashion. They are normally drafted by nonlawyers in the midst and haste of
       a criminal investigation. Technical requirements of elaborate specificity once
       exacted under common law pleadings have no proper place in this area.

Id. (quoting United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 108 (1965)).

       A magistrate judge may rely on hearsay evidence in making his probable cause determination

as long as such evidence is truthful, reliable, and has an adequate basis. Jackson, 470 F.3d at 306;

Coffee, 434 F.3d at 892-93. Moreover, even where law enforcement does not name an informant

in the affidavit or receives information from an informant whose reliability is not established,

probable cause may exist “when there is some independent corroboration by the police of the

informant’s information.” Jackson, 470 F.3d at 307 (quoting United States v. Tuttle, 200 F.3d 892,

894 (6th Cir. 2000)).

       We review the district court’s findings of fact on a motion to suppress for clear error and its

conclusions of law de novo. Jackson, 470 F.3d at 306. We consider the evidence “in the light most

favorable to the government,” id. at 306-07, and afford “great deference” to the magistrate judge’s

determination of probable cause. United States v. Allen, 211 F.3d 970, 973 (6th Cir. 2000) (en banc)

(quoting Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 419 (1969)). His discretion will be reversed only

if “arbitrarily exercised.” Allen, 211 F.3d at 973.

                                               - 13 -
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

                                                   1.

        Regarding the first search warrant, Gregory argues that the magistrate judge should not have

considered his alleged prior criminal history; that the information in the affidavit was stale; that the

evidence presented at trial differed from the information presented in the affidavit; that the

government failed to offer proof at trial that he traded drugs for guns; that witnesses interviewed by

law enforcement were not reliable; that law enforcement never recovered drugs or firearms in the

year-and-a-half period that they conducted surveillance of his property; and that Special Agent

Moore made false and misleading statements in his affidavit.

        All of these arguments lack merit for several reasons. First, they erroneously conflate the

sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial with the “fair probability” and “reasonable grounds”

standard required to justify the issuance of a search warrant. Second, they improperly attack the

credibility of witnesses, which is a function of the jury at trial, not the role of the judge making the

preliminary, baseline determination about whether “probable cause” exists to issue a search warrant.

See United States v. Beverly, 369 F.3d 516, 532 (6th Cir. 2004) (stating that “determining the

credibility of witnesses is a task for the jury, not [the] court”). Third, the magistrate judge

unambiguously recognized in his R&R that the representations in the affidavit about Gregory’s prior

dealings with drugs and firearms were stale but concluded that “the information was not intended

to be, nor was it considered by the issuing magistrate judge to be, anything other than supplying

context to the more current information provided” in the affidavit. That finding was not clearly

erroneous. See United States v. Henson, 848 F.2d 1374, 1381-82 (6th Cir. 1988) (holding that

                                                 - 14 -
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

probable cause may be found where “recent information corroborates otherwise stale information”

and that “time is of less significance” where the “affidavit recites activity indicating protracted or

continuous conduct”). Finally, Special Agent Moore’s twelve-page affidavit was truthful and

thorough. The affidavit identified six law enforcement officers with whom Special Agent Moore

communicated, described in detail the suspicious activity that occurred over several years at

Gregory’s home, and relayed the substance of Special Agent Moore’s communications with named

officers and civilian witnesses, including witnesses known by law enforcement to be users of illegal

drugs, who stated that they observed firearms and illegal drugs in Gregory’s home and on his person

and that he provided them with illegal drugs.

       Because we hold that probable cause supported the issuance of the first search warrant, the

district court properly denied Gregory’s motion to suppress the evidence seized from executing it.

                                                  2.

       Regarding the third affidavit in support of the search warrant of his storage unit, Gregory

contends that its information was based on a prior illegal warrantless search of that unit.

Specifically, he argues that law enforcement relied on “uncorroborated hearsay” to persuade the

owner and manager of the storage facility that the unit contained explosives, thereby causing them

to cut its lock so that officers could observe its contents. By purportedly manipulating the owner and

manager to perform an act that law enforcement could not, Gregory maintains that law enforcement

illegally circumvented the warrant requirement.

                                                - 15 -
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

       Again, Gregory’s arguments are factually inaccurate and lack merit. According to the

affidavit, “citizens with no criminal affiliation,” including an unnamed individual thought to have

provided police with “credible” information in the past, informed police that Gregory “had a local

storage unit where he stores guns and bomb[-]making material.” Based on that information and the

numerous firearms, machine gun, and bomb-making literature found in Gregory’s home during their

execution of the first search warrant, police were justified in pursuing the callers’ leads. They then

confirmed that Gregory did, in fact, lease a storage unit, thereby corroborating in part the reliability

of the tips. At this point, police had probable cause to obtain a search warrant, and their subsequent

conduct is irrelevant.

       Officers merely acted prudently in acquiring additional information before requesting the

warrant and entering the storage unit. Contrary to Gregory’s assertion that police “told” the owner

and manager of the storage facility that the storage unit contained explosives, the owner and manager

both testified, consistently, that the police advised them only that “they had reason to believe,”

“suspected,” or “thought there was a possibility” that there were explosives in the unit. No testimony

or other evidence presented at trial suggested that the police demanded entry into the storage unit or

gained access to it through false pretenses. Cf. United States v. Soto, 124 F. App’x 956, 960-61 (6th

Cir. 2005) (articulating the principle that a search based on consent is valid where the consent was

“freely and voluntarily given” and “uncontaminated by duress, coercion, or trickery.”) (unpublished).

Indeed, the owner testified that “I have the right to go into that unit if there’s any – you know, if

there’s any emergency or anything of that nature or if there’s any reason to believe that there’s

                                                 - 16 -
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

something, I guess, there that shouldn’t be there.” In our view, the exigencies of the circumstances

in fact would seem to require it.

       Even when the owner cut the lock on the storage unit, law enforcement did not enter it;

rather, they secured the unit for safety, observed from its exterior a large quantity of guns and

containers with the label “explosives,” as well as explosive symbols, requested a drug-sniffing police

dog, who alerted his handler to the presence of illegal drugs while searching the external perimeter

of the closed unit, and then obtained a search warrant. The additional information police obtained

before requesting the search warrant was more than adequate to support the magistrate judge’s

probable cause determination.

       Because we hold that probable cause supported issuance of the third search warrant, the

district court properly denied Gregory’s motion to suppress the evidence seized from executing it.

                                                 III.

       Gregory next contends that the district court erred in denying his motion for judgment of

acquittal under Rule 29 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure regarding the drug trafficking,

firearms, and possession of contraband charges in Counts Four through Eight.

                                                 A.

       In arguing that the district court should have acquitted him as a matter of law, Gregory first

attacks the credibility of witnesses at trial and the methods by which law enforcement obtained the

search warrants. He asserts that the evidence at trial “clearly demonstrated that the government’s

                                                - 17 -
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

witnesses were unreliable and that law enforcement had used deceptive and misleading information

to obtain warrants and an indictment.” The arguments lack merit.

         We have stated that “determining the credibility of witnesses is a task for the jury, not this

court,” Beverly, 369 F.3d at 532, and that “attacks on witness credibility are simply challenges to the

quality of the government’s evidence and not to the sufficiency of the evidence.” United States v.

Farley, 2 F.3d 645, 652 (6th Cir. 1993).          Moreover, we are required to make credibility

determinations in support of the verdict. United States v. Campbell, 549 F.3d 364, 374 (6th Cir.

2008).

         Our review of the record below does not support Gregory’s characterization of the testimony

and procedures upon which the indictment, warrants, and convictions were based as “unreliable,

deceptive, or misleading.” In fact, the evidence presented at all pre-trial hearings and at trial was

wholly consistent.

         Accordingly, the district court did not err in denying Gregory’s Rule 29 motion for judgment

of acquittal on this ground.

                                                  B.

         Gregory also contends that the evidence at trial was insufficient to support his convictions.

We review de novo a district court’s denial of a Rule 29 motion based on insufficient evidence and

assess the evidence “in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether any rational

trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Campbell, 549 F.3d at 374. We “will reverse a judgment based on a finding of insufficient evidence

                                                 - 18 -
No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

only if the judgment is not supported by substantial and competent evidence upon the record as a

whole.” Id. Further, all reasonable inferences must be made to support the verdict. Id.

                                                 1.

       Regarding his conviction of possession with intent to distribute oxycontin (Count Four),

Gregory complains that law enforcement recovered only twenty-two oxycontin pills from his home

and found no other oxycontin pills or controlled substances during their year-and-a-half surveillance

of his residence; none of the alleged buyers provided oxycontin pills to officers; law enforcement

did not initiate an undercover buy to prove that he was a drug dealer; he possessed only $50 in cash

at the time of his arrest, an amount insufficient to support the government’s characterization of him

as a drug dealer; the government failed to identify the source from whom he allegedly purchased the

drugs; and the majority of materials and pills seized from his home were not stolen or illegal.

Gregory characterizes himself as a “firearms and junk collector,” not a drug dealer.

       To convict a person of possession with intent to distribute oxycontin, the government must

prove: (1) the defendant knowingly, (2) possessed oxycontin, (3) with intent to distribute it. Cf.

Coffee, 434 F.3d at 897. It is undisputed that oxycontin pills were recovered from Gregory’s home

and that he unlawfully possessed them. Moreover, seven witnesses testified that he supplied them

with oxycontin (as well as other controlled substances) on numerous occasions. These witnesses

consistently stated that they paid for the drugs with firearms, stolen goods, labor, or cash. Stolen

goods, including firearms, were found at defendant Gregory’s home. Also recovered from the home

were drug trafficking paraphernalia, including scales.

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No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

        Accordingly, we hold that sufficient evidence supported the jury’s verdict convicting Gregory

of possession with intent to distribute oxycontin (Count Four).

                                                   2.

        Regarding his convictions for possession of firearms, including a machine gun, in furtherance

of the Count Four oxycodone trafficking offense (Counts Five and Six), Gregory concedes that he

possessed the firearms, but he asserts that the government produced no evidence that he threatened

or intimidated witnesses with them.

        A firearm is possessed in “furtherance of” a drug trafficking offense if it advances, promotes,

or facilitates the crime. United States v. Paige, 470 F.3d 603, 609 (6th Cir. 2006). There must be

a “specific nexus between the gun and the crime charged.” United States v. Mackey, 265 F.3d 457,

462 (6th Cir. 2001). Possession of a firearm on the same premises where drugs are located, without

more, is not sufficient to support the conviction; rather, the gun must be “strategically located so that

it is quickly and easily available for use.” Id. Other relevant factors include whether the gun was

loaded, the type of weapon, the legality of its possession, and the time and circumstances under

which the firearm was found. Id.

        The evidence at trial established that numerous fully loaded guns, including a machine gun,

oxycontin, and drug trafficking paraphernalia, including scales, were found in the same room. As

a convicted felon, Gregory possessed the firearms illegally, and he unlawfully converted one of the

firearms into a fully automatic weapon. Numerous witnesses testified that he always carried a

firearm on him while selling drugs and made it known to them that he did so.

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No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

       For these reasons, we hold that sufficient evidence supported the jury’s verdict convicting

Gregory of possessing firearms, including a machine gun, in furtherance of the Count Four

oxycodone trafficking offense (Counts Five and Six).

                                                  3.

       Gregory argues that the conviction on Count Seven, possession of a machine gun, cannot be

sustained because he did not know that he possessed a machine gun. We disagree. A firearms

enforcement officer testified at trial that the M-1 carbine found in Gregory’s residence was

“modified” into a functional, loaded, fully-automatic weapon or machine gun which law enforcement

tested after they seized it. The officer also testified that Gregory’s home contained manuals detailing

the conversion process. Gregory does not dispute that the weapon recovered from his home was

indeed a machine gun. Based on this evidence, a rational trier of fact could have concluded that

Gregory not only “knew” he had a machine gun, but that he was the person responsible for making

the modifications necessary to convert the weapon into the machine gun.

       Accordingly, we hold that sufficient evidence supported his conviction on Count Seven.

                                                  4.

       Finally, Gregory challenges his conviction on Count Eight, charging him with possessing

contraband while incarcerated. He contends that the evidence presented at trial demonstrated that

“the use of these items could have been to sell them to other inmates who could use the needles to

make tattoos” and that the contraband could have belonged to another inmate.

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No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

           Again, construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government as we are

required to, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could not only conclude that Gregory possessed

the contraband but that his purpose in possessing it was to injure prison personnel and escape. Our

conclusions are based on the testimony of Gregory’s cell mate, who testified that he told prison

officials about Gregory’s escape plan and how he intended to accomplish it. That officials then

recovered a syringe, razor blade, and needle from another syringe hidden in Gregory’s personal items

confirmed the veracity of the inmate’s testimony.

           Therefore, we hold that sufficient evidence supported Gregory’s conviction on Count Eight.

                                                   IV.

           The final issue Gregory raises on appeal is his contention that the district court imposed an

unreasonable sentence. His sentencing challenge is based solely on two narrow grounds: (1) the

district court failed to consider all the sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and (2) it treated

the Sentencing Guidelines as mandatory or accorded them more weight than the other § 3553(a)

factors.

           Gregory correctly concedes that we review his sentence for plain error because he did not

object to it. United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 385 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (citing FED . R.

CRIM . P. 52(b)). Under the plain error standard, a defendant must show (1) error (2) that was

“obvious or clear,” (3) that affected his “substantial rights,” and (4) that “affected the fairness,

integrity, or public reputation of the judicial proceedings.” Vonner, 516 F.3d at 386. “[O]nly in

exceptional circumstances will this court find such error – only, we have said, where the error is so

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No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

plain that the trial judge . . . [was] derelict in countenancing it.” Id. (citation and internal quotation

marks omitted).

                                                   A.

        Regarding his first assignment of error – that the district court did not discuss the § 3553(a)

factors at sentencing; that its consideration of the § 3553(a) factors was “cursory”; and that it took

into account only the Guidelines range and his criminal history – Gregory’s arguments are both

legally and factually inaccurate. As a preliminary matter, the law is clear that the district court “need

not explicitly reference each of the sentencing factors of § 3553(a)” when imposing sentence. United

States v. Thompson, 515 F.3d 556, 560 (6th Cir. 2008). Instead, “there must be sufficient evidence

in the record to affirmatively demonstrate the court’s consideration of [these factors].” Id. (quoting

United States v. Jones, 445 F.3d 865, 869 (6th Cir. 2006)).

        In making its sentencing determination, the district court reviewed the PSR, which contained

detailed information about Gregory’s history and the circumstances surrounding the crimes of which

he was convicted. Gregory made no objections to the PSR. The court then heard argument from

Gregory and his attorney. The district judge articulated his awareness that the sentence would

profoundly impact Gregory’s life, acknowledging that it would “be in all likelihood a life sentence

for you.” He then expressed hope that Gregory would live to serve the sentence but stated that the

“statistical odds are that you will not.”

        The district judge then explained his reasons for the sentence he imposed, acknowledging

that “there are a number of considerations that I must consider in determining a sentence in a

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No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

criminal case.” He began by considering “the factors set forth in Title 18, United States Code

Section 3553[(a)],” particularly the applicable advisory Guidelines range. See § 3553(a)(4).

Consistent with § 3553(a)(5) & (6), which require the judge to consider “any pertinent policy

statement issued by the Sentencing Commission” and “the need to avoid unwarranted sentence

disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct,”

the judge then noted that the Guidelines range insures fairness and uniformity in sentencing

determinations and is “a good policy consideration.” He explained that “[i]n other words, Mr.

Gregory, you should receive roughly the same sentence standing here before me in Greeneville,

Tennessee after conviction of these offenses that any other defendant with a similar background and

convicted of similar offenses would receive anywhere else in the country or in this court.”

       The judge also considered the “nature and circumstances of the offense,” § 3553(a)(1),

characterizing Gregory’s drug and firearm crimes as “dangerous and serious offenses.” As to the

firearms offenses, the judge explained that “those guns have a way of falling into hands of people

who do use them to commit violent, violent crimes.” Next, the judge considered defendant

Gregory’s prior criminal history, § 3553(a)(1), characterizing it as “serious.”

       In essence, the district court’s statements demonstrated that it did consider the § 3553(a)

sentencing factors. It merely rejected them as a basis for departing from the advisory Guidelines

range: “Bottom line, Mr. Gregory, is that I find nothing in section 3553([a]), I find no factor which

suggests to me that I should sentence outside of the applicable guideline range in this case.” Before

pronouncing the sentence, the district judge again unambiguously confirmed that he considered all

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No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

§ 3553(a) factors: “So after having considered the nature and circumstances of the offenses, the

history and characteristics of the defendant, the advisory Guideline range applicable to this case, as

well as all the other factors listed in Title 18, United States Code, Section 3553([a]) . . . .”

(Emphasis added.)

       Therefore, because the district court more than adequately demonstrated that it considered

all the § 3553(a) factors, we hold that its sentence was not plainly erroneous on that ground.

                                                 B.

       Gregory’s second assignment of error regarding his sentence – that the district court

erroneously treated the Guidelines range as mandatory or improperly gave more weight to it than to

the other § 3553(a) factors – is also without merit. The district court made no statements suggesting

that it viewed the Guidelines range as mandatory. In fact, when first discussing the Guidelines range,

the court expressly stated that the Guidelines range was “advisory” and that it had to make a “number

of considerations” before determining the appropriate sentence. Nothing in the sentencing transcript

remotely suggests that the court construed the Guidelines as mandatory.

       As to the assertion that the district court imparted too much weight to the Guidelines range

when fashioning its sentence, we rejected an identical argument and characterized it as “frivolous”

in United States v. Marco, 252 F. App’x 70, 78-79 (6th Cir. 2007) (unpublished) (citing cases

holding that “substantial weight” may be given to the advisory Guidelines range and not “faulting”

the district court for giving substantial weight to it where the defendant acknowledged that the

Guidelines calculation was correct, did not request a sentence below the advisory Guidelines range,

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No. 07-5624
United States v. Gregory

and did not offer any mitigating facts that would have supported a below-the-Guidelines sentence).

See also United States v. Benson, 195 F. App’x 414, 417 (6th Cir. 2006) (unpublished)

(acknowledging that post-Booker decisions “have indicated that the Guidelines must continue to play

a strong role in sentencing decisions” and stating that “this court is not tasked with demanding that

the district judge consider each of the [factors] enumerated in § 3553(a) equally . . .”).

       Here, as in Marco, Gregory does not contend that the district court erred in its calculation of

the Guidelines range applicable to his case. “[A] sentence that falls within a properly calculated

Guidelines range is accorded a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness.” United States v. Madden,

515 F.3d 601, 609 (6th Cir. 2008). In fact, we note that the district judge sentenced Gregory at the

bottom of the applicable Guidelines range.

       Because the district court did not treat the sentencing Guidelines as mandatory or

“improperly” give them too much weight, we hold that its sentence was not plainly erroneous.

                                                 V.

       For the reasons stated, we affirm the appealed rulings of the district court.

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