Court Opinion

ID: 4289503
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-28 18:51:16.145286+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:56.330549
License: Public Domain

J-S33040-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    TROY GILLIS                                :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1382 EDA 2017

                  Appeal from the PCRA Order March 20, 2017
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-51-CR-0002924-2013

BEFORE:      OTT, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                            FILED JUNE 28, 2018

        Appellant Troy Gillis appeals from the Order entered in the Court of

Common Pleas of Philadelphia County on March 20, 2017, dismissing his first

petition filed under the Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”).1         In addition,

appointed PCRA counsel seeks to withdraw from this appeal on the grounds

that the issues raised under the PCRA are meritless. After review, we grant

counsel's petition for leave to withdraw affirm the order denying PCRA relief.

        A prior panel of this Court reiterated the relevant facts of this matter as

previously stated by the trial court as follows:

             The evidence admitted at trial established that on January
        28, 2013, Appellant fired a semi-automatic handgun at the
        complainant, Eric Santiago, at the corner of Luzerne and Glendale
____________________________________________

1   42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9541–9546.

____________________________________
* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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     streets. The shooting stems from an earlier disagreement between
     Appellant and Mr. Santiago. Appellant sought to purchase Mr.
     Santiago’s pit bull for dog fighting; however, Mr. Santiago was not
     prepared to make the sale. During their conversation, Appellant
     accused Mr. Santiago of using PCP and threatened him saying:
     “Don’t disrespect me. I’ll bust your fucking mouth with this gun.”
     Throughout their argument, Appellant manipulated the gun he
     had in his pants pocket; the gun was making a clicking sound.
     The interaction lasted for approximately five to ten minutes, after
     which Mr. Santiago returned to his parent’s [sic] house.
            While there, Mr. Santiago’s parents urged him to remain
     home and not to go back out onto the street. He did not heed this
     advice, and returned to Glendale Street to visit his girlfriend. As
     Mr. Santiago walked, he observed Appellant standing outside in
     all black clothing. Mr. Santiago laughed, and told Appellant that
     he resembled Count Dracula. Afterwards, Mr. Santiago walked to
     Sam’s Deli located on the corner of Luzerne and Glendale.
     [Footnote 2] Appellant and his brother were calling out “where is
     ‘E’?” (Mr. Santiago’s nickname).        Appellant and his brother
     approached Mr. Santiago and were standing less than three feet
     away from him. Appellant was holding a silver, semi-automatic
     pistol. Appellant grabbed Mr. Santiago around the shoulder with
     his left arm. As Appellant raised the gun and pointed it at Mr.
     Santiago, Santiago pushed the gun down, turned, and ran in the
     opposite direction. As he fled, Mr. Santiago heard a gunshot
     behind him. He immediately ran to his parent’s [sic] house, where
     he sought refuge.
           [Footnote 2] the street address for Sam’s Deli is 1344
           Luzerne Street, Philadelphia PA 19124.
            Officer Maureen Burns and her partner Officer McAdams
     (first name not given) of the Philadelphia Police Department
     responded to a radio call for a gun shot at the corner of Luzerne
     and Glendale. Upon arrival, Officer Burns observed no victims or
     witnesses at the scene. She then accessed the video surveillance
     system at Sam’s Deli. A review of the video depicted the shooting
     taking place on the southeast corner of Luzerne and Glendale.
     Officer Burns recovered a 9 millimeter fired cartridge case and
     located a nearby Buick minivan with a bullet hole above the wheel
     well. The owner of the vehicle was questioned and reported that
     the damage was not there when he parked the vehicle earlier in
     the day.
            The day after the shooting, Mr. Santiago was standing
     outside on Luzerne Street. Appellant rode past in a car and made
     a gun gesture with his hand and said, “I’m going to kill you.” Mr.

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        Santiago’s parents insisted he report the shooting, against his own
        inclination. He was also being called a “snitch” and a “rat’ by
        Appellant, threats Mr. Santiago took seriously as he felt such a
        label endangered his life. Eventually, Mr. Santiago did report the
        shooting to police and cooperated, positively identifying a
        photograph of Appellant during interviews with Detective Jeffrey
        Daly.
               When Appellant was being taken into custody by police, he
        was yelling at Mr. Santiago (who was standing across the street
        on the steps of his girlfriend’s house) “You a rat; you a rat. I’m
        going to blow your house up. Your girl and your kid, I’m going to
        kill them and blow the house up.” Appellant then blew a kiss to
        Mr. Santiago and smiled.
               Additionally, there was a stipulation to the certification from
        the Commissioner of the Pennsylvania State Police that on January
        28, 2013 --the date of the incident—Appellant did not have a
        license to carry a firearm. [Footnote 3]
              [Footnote 3] Admitted a Commonwealth’s exhibit C-24.

Commonwealth v. Gillis, No. 774 EDA 2014, unpublished memorandum at

1-3 (Pa.Super. filed July 10, 2015) (citing Trial Court Opinion, filed 10/3/14,

at 2-4).

        A jury trial was held September 11-12, 2013, following which Appellant

was convicted of aggravated assault—attempt to cause serious bodily injury,

and carrying a firearm without a license in violation of the Uniform Firearms

Act (“VUFA”).2      Appellant was found not guilty of attempted murder.          On

February 7, 2014, Appellant was sentenced to an aggregate term of ten and

one-half (10 ½) years to twenty-five (25) years in prison.

        Appellant filed a timely post-sentence motion, and the trial court denied

the same on February 18, 2014. Appellant filed a timely appeal wherein he

____________________________________________

2   18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2702(a)(1), 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106(a)(1), respectively.

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challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his convictions.     This

Court denied Appellant’s appeal on July 10, 2015, and Appellant did not file a

petition for allowance of appeal with the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.

Accordingly, his judgment of sentence became final on August 9, 2015.

      Appellant filed the instant, timely PCRA petition, pro se, on December

21, 2015, wherein he made numerous allegations of trial counsel’s

ineffectiveness and asserted appellate counsel had failed to file a petition for

allowance of appeal with the Pennsylvania Supreme Court against his request.

The PCRA court appointed counsel who subsequently filed a petition under

Commonwealth Turner, 544 A.2d 927 (Pa. 1988) and Commonwealth v.

Finley, 550 A.2d 213 (Pa.Super. 1988) (en banc) to withdraw from the

collateral appeal on January 24, 2017.

      After providing the proper notice pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 907 on

February 24, 2017, indicating the petition would be dismissed without an

evidentiary hearing, and upon reviewing Appellant’s response thereto, the

PCRA court granted counsel's petition to withdraw and dismissed Appellant's

PCRA petition without a hearing on March 20, 2017.          This timely appeal

followed on April 19, 2017.

      The PCRA court ordered Appellant to file a concise statement of matters

complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) on May 22, 2017, and

it appointed appellate counsel on June 26, 2017.         In lieu of a concise

statement, present counsel filed a statement of intent to file a brief under

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Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967) and Commonwealth v.

McClendon, 495 Pa. 467, 434 A.2d 1185 (1981) on the grounds that the

issues raised under the PCRA are meritless. On January 22, 2018, counsel

filed his Petition to Withdraw as Counsel and corresponding Anders Brief.3

       Prior to addressing the merits of Appellant's claims on appeal, we must

first decide whether counsel has fulfilled the procedural requirements for

withdrawing his representation. Commonwealth v. Daniels, 947 A.2d 795,

797 (Pa.Super. 2008). This Court has listed the conditions counsel must meet

when in seeking to withdraw in a collateral appeal as follows:

       Counsel petitioning to withdraw from PCRA representation must
       proceed ... under [Turner, supra and Finley, supra and] ...
       must review the case zealously. Turner/Finley counsel must
       then submit a “no-merit” letter to the trial court, or brief on appeal
       to this Court, detailing the nature and extent of counsel's diligent
       review of the case, listing the issues which petitioner wants to
       have reviewed, explaining why and how those issues lack merit,
____________________________________________

3 We note that counsel erroneously seeks to withdraw under the standard for
withdrawal which applies when counsel seeks to withdraw from a direct
appeal, instead of under the Turner/Finley, supra, standard.              See
Commonwealth v. Smith, 700 A.2d 1301 (Pa.Super. 1997) (counsel seeking
to withdraw from representation on direct appeal must satisfy the Anders
requirements, whereas counsel seeking to withdraw from post-conviction
representation under the PCRA must satisfy the requirements of Turner and
Finley; Commonwealth v Wrecks, 931 A.2d 717, 721 (Pa.Super. 2007)
(counsel petitioning to withdraw from PCRA representation must proceed not
under Anders, but under Turner and Finley. However, because an Anders
brief provides greater protection to a defendant, this Court may accept a brief
in the nature of an Anders brief in lieu of a Turner/Finley “no merit” letter.
Commonwealth v. Reed, 107 A.3d 137, 139 n. 5 (Pa.Super. 2014). We will
refer to counsel's erroneously titled Anders/McClendon Brief for Appellant
as a Turner/Finley brief. Appellant has not responded to the petition to
withdraw as counsel, nor has he retained alternate counsel for this appeal.

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      and requesting permission to withdraw. Counsel must also send
      to the petitioner: (1) a copy of the “no merit” letter/brief; (2) a
      copy of counsel's petition to withdraw; and (3) a statement
      advising petitioner of the right to proceed pro se or by new
      counsel.

      ***

      [W]here counsel submits a petition and no-merit letter that ...
      satisfy the technical demands of Turner/Finley, the court—trial
      court or this Court—must then conduct its own review of the
      merits of the case. If the court agrees with counsel that the claims
      are without merit, the court will permit counsel to withdraw and
      deny relief.

Commonwealth v. Doty, 48 A.3d 451, 454 (Pa.Super. 2012) (citation

omitted).

       Herein, PCRA counsel indicates he communicated with Appellant

concerning the instant appeal, independently and conscientiously reviewed

the record, conducted legal research, and ultimately concluded that the appeal

is wholly frivolous. See Petition to Withdraw as Counsel, filed 1/22/18, at ¶¶

4-5. Counsel also lists in the Turner/Finley brief the issues Appellant wishes

to raise in this appeal and explains why, in his view, they are either based

upon factual inaccuracies, not supported by a preponderance of the evidence

found in    the   record, or   are unavailing under     controlling law.     See

Turner/Finley brief at 26-44.

      In addition, PCRA counsel has attached to his Petition to Withdraw as

Counsel a copy of the letter he sent to Appellant wherein counsel advised

Appellant of his right to proceed pro se or through privately-retained counsel.

See Exhibit “A.” Counsel also affixed a copy of his petition to withdraw and

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Turner/Finley brief to the letter.            Thus, we conclude that counsel

substantially has complied with the requirements necessary to withdraw as

counsel. See Commonwealth v. Karanicolas, 836 A.2d 940, 947 (Pa.Super.

2003) (holding that substantial compliance with the requirements to withdraw

as counsel will satisfy the Turner/Finley criteria).

      We now consider the issues of arguable merit PCRA counsel presents in

the Turner/Finley brief to ascertain whether they entitle Appellant to relief.

Specifically, counsel states the following:

            In the pro se PCRA petition, [Appellant] raises the following
      claims regarding the ineffectiveness of his trial counsel:

            Counsel failed to conduct a pretrial investigation;

            Counsel failed to review all of the discovery;

            Counsel failed to inform the jury that no gun was recovered

             from [Appellant];

            Counsel failed to file a motion to suppress the surveillance

             video from the exterior of Sam’s Deli because it is not

             possible to clearly identify the shooter in that video;

            Counsel failed to object to the juror’s being shown that video

             in response to their request to (re)view the video during

             deliberations.

            [Appellant] raises the following claims regarding the
      ineffectiveness of his direct appellate counsel:

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           Counsel failed to file a petition for allocator in the

            Pennsylvania Supreme Court.

Turner/Finley brief at 20.

     We review these claims mindful of the following principles of law.

     When reviewing the denial of a PCRA petition, we must determine
     whether the PCRA court's order is supported by the record and
     free of legal error. Generally, we are bound by a PCRA court's
     credibility determinations. However, with regard to a court's legal
     conclusions, we apply a de novo standard.

Commonwealth v. Johnson, 635 Pa. 665, 690, 139 A.3d 1257, 1272

(2016) (quotation marks and quotations omitted). Furthermore,

     In order to be eligible for PCRA relief, the petitioner must prove
     by a preponderance of the evidence that his conviction or sentence
     resulted from one or more of the enumerated circumstances found
     in Section 9543(a)(2), which includes the ineffective assistance of
     counsel. 42 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 9543(a)(2)(i).

     It is well-established that counsel is presumed effective, and to
     rebut that presumption, the PCRA petitioner must demonstrate
     that counsel's performance was deficient and that such deficiency
     prejudiced him. To prevail on an ineffectiveness claim, the
     petitioner has the burden to prove that (1) the underlying
     substantive claim has arguable merit; (2) counsel whose
     effectiveness is being challenged did not have a reasonable basis
     for his or her actions or failure to act; and (3) the petitioner
     suffered prejudice as a result of counsel's deficient performance.
     The failure to satisfy any one of the prongs will cause the entire
     claim to fail.

Commonwealth v. Benner, 147 A.3d 915, 919–20 (Pa.Super. 2016)

(quotation marks, quotations, and citations omitted).

     We need not analyze the prongs of an ineffectiveness claim in any
     particular order. Rather, we may discuss first any prong that an
     appellant cannot satisfy under the prevailing law and the

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      applicable facts and circumstances of the case. Finally, counsel
      cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to raise a meritless claim.

Johnson, 635 Pa. at 665, 139 A.3d at 1272 (citations omitted).

      Appellant initially asserts in his PCRA petition that trial counsel was

ineffective for failing to conduct a pretrial investigation and to review all

discovery; yet, Appellant fails to provide any factual or evidentiary support for

these allegations.   For instance, he does not detail the manner in which trial

counsel’s pretrial investigation had been subpar or specify what type of

discovery counsel failed to review.

      The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has stated, “[c]laims of ineffective

assistance of counsel are not self-proving[.]” Commonwealth v. Spotz, 587

Pa. 1, 99, 896 A.2d 1191, 1250 (2006) (citation omitted). Our Supreme Court

also repeatedly has refused to consider bald allegations of counsel’s

ineffectiveness. See Commonwealth v. Thomas, 560 Pa. 249, 256, 744

A.2d 713, 716 (2000) (declining to find counsel ineffective “where appellant

fail[ed] to allege with specificity sufficient facts in support of his claim.”).

      In addition, as PCRA counsel states in the Turner/Finley brief, the

record reveals trial counsel was aware of items of discovery that had been

produced prior to trial.     For example, trial counsel indicated he could not

review the 911 calls until the day before trial because the Commonwealth had

failed to provide the evidence to the defense until that time.              Counsel

requested that the calls be excluded from the Commonwealth’s evidence at

trial, and the trial court granted counsel’s request due to the untimely

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disclosure of the evidence.        N.T. Trial, 9/11/13, at 4-11.   Thus, because

Appellant has failed to make sufficiently specific allegations of prejudice and

the record belies his vague claims, he is not entitled to PCRA relief on his first

two issues.4

       Appellant next maintains counsel was ineffective for failing to inform the

jury that Appellant did not possess a firearm at the time he was apprehended.

As PCRA counsel observes in the Turner/Finely brief, a review of the record

proves otherwise. During closing argument, trial counsel stressed to the jury

that a police search of two homes associated with Appellant did not reveal a

firearm. Counsel argued the inability of the police to find the gun, “the most

obvious piece of corroboration here from the search warrants” pointed to his

innocence. N.T. Trial, 9/12/13, at 33-35, 42. The prosecutor reacted to this

theory in her own closing argument saying, “Just because they got into his

house, and the gun wasn’t there in his house five days after the shooting

doesn’t mean there isn’t corroboration in this case.” Id. at 56. Thus, this

issue lacks merit.

____________________________________________

4 It is noteworthy that prior to closing arguments and outside the presence of
the jury, the trial court questioned Appellant regarding his decision not to
testify in his own defense. At that time, the court inquired as to whether
Appellant had been satisfied with trial counsel’s efforts. Appellant indicated he
had fully discussed his case with trial counsel and was satisfied with counsel’s
representation. N.T. Trial, 9/12/13, at 7-8.

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      In his fourth claim, Appellant asserts trial counsel was ineffective for

failing to file a motion to suppress surveillance video footage of the shooting

obtained from a camera positioned outside of Sam’s Deli because the

perpetrator could not be identified therefrom. When considering this alleged

error we are mindful that the failure to file a suppression motion under some

circumstances may be evidence of ineffectiveness assistance of counsel.

      However, if the grounds underpinning that motion are without merit,

counsel will not be deemed ineffective for failing to file the same. A defendant

first must establish that counsel had no reasonable basis for failing to pursue

the suppression claim and that, if the evidence had been suppressed, there is

a reasonable probability that the verdict would have been more favorable to

him or her. Commonwealth v. Watley, 153 A.3d 1034, 1044 (Pa.Super.

2016), appeal denied, ___ Pa. ____, 169 A.3d 574 (2017).

      Appellant provides no authority for his position that the surveillance

video, which was maintained by a private business and provided to police by

the proprietor, should have been suppressed; he likewise has failed to allege

that if it were, the verdict would have been more favorable to him. To the

contrary, as a panel of this Court previously held, the surveillance tape “shows

[A]ppellant pointing the gun in Santiago’s direction when he fired.”

Commonwealth v. Gillis, No. 774 EDA 2014, unpublished memorandum at

8 (Pa.Super. filed July 10, 2015). Relevant evidence is defined as “evidence

having any tendency to make the existence of any fact ... more probable or

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less probable....” Pa.R.E. 401. As such, the video was relevant, admissible

evidence and it was for the jury as fact finder to consider the images depicted

thereon. Under these circumstances, a motion to suppress the video evidence

was not viable, and counsel cannot be deemed ineffective for failing to file a

meritless motion to suppress that evidence.    See Watley, supra.

      Appellant further challenges trial counsel’s effectiveness for failing to

object when the jury asked a second time to view the surveillance video during

deliberations. When the jury initially requested an opportunity to view the

video of the incident, counsel promptly objected and asked the trial court to

instruct jurors to rely on their own recollection based upon the evidence that

had been presented in the Commonwealth’s case in chief. N.T. Trial, 9/12/13,

at 86. The trial court overruled counsel’s objection and permitted the jury to

view the evidence in the courtroom after which the jury was dismissed to

resume its deliberations a few minutes later. Id. at 87.

      When the jury asked a second time to view the video, trial counsel

renewed his objection, and the following exchange occurred:

             Defense counsel: Your Honor, just to make it clear, I have
      the same position with this viewing as with the first one, which is
      that I think they should rely on their recollection. But, obviously,
      since your Honor ruled on it the first time—

            THE COURT: Yes. It’s preserved, and it’s noted for the
      record. That’s not an issue. I want to make sure that it is on the
      record.

            Defense counsel: I just didn’t want it to seem like I was
      waiving it.

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             THE COURT: Right. Exactly.

N.T. Trial 9/12/13, at 91. Thus, Appellant’s assertion to the contrary, the

record clearly shows trial counsel objected to the multiple viewings of the

surveillance video during jury deliberations.       Accordingly, Appellant is not

entitled to relief on his fifth claim of trial counsel’s ineffectiveness.

      Finally, Appellant asserts direct appeal counsel was ineffective for failing

to file his requested appeal with the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. In

considering this claim, we are mindful that, generally, a defendant has a rule

based right to effective counsel throughout his direct appeal. Pa.R.Crim.P.

122(B)(2); Commonwealth v. Liebel, 573 Pa. 375, 381, 825 A.2d 630, 633

(2003).

      While an appeal to the Supreme Court is a matter of judicial discretion

and not a matter of right, see Pa.R.A.P. 1114(a), a defendant can establish

prejudice for counsel’s failure to seek allowance of appeal in certain

circumstances, for after this Court renders a decision, a defendant has a right

to effective consultation regarding the filing of a petition for allowance of

appeal with the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and failure to receive said

consultation would result in prejudice. See Commonwealth v. Gadsden,

832 A.2d 1082, 1088 (Pa.Super. 2003). Additionally, if a defendant requests

counsel to file a petition for allowance of appeal on his behalf, he or she has

a right to effective representation, and it is per se ineffective assistance for

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counsel to fail to file that petition. See Commonwealth v. Reed, 601 Pa.

257, 272-73, 971 A.2d 1216, 1225 (2009).

        Where the record is devoid of a defendant's request for review before

our Supreme Court, he still may have a cognizable claim under the PCRA if he

proves any issues he sought to take to the Supreme Court “rose ‘above

frivolity.’” Commonwealth v. Rigg, 84 A.3d 1080, 1088 (Pa.Super. 2014)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Bath, 907 A.2d 619, 624 (Pa.Super. 2006));

see also Gadsden, 832 A.2d at 1085–86 (citing Commonwealth v. Liebel,

825 A.2d 630 (Pa. 2003)). Relevant to our analysis herein, in Bath, we stated

that:

              Where no request [to file a petition for allowance of appeal]
        has been made, an appellant must establish that a duty to consult
        was owed. Under Roe and [Commonwealth v.] Touw, [781
        A.2d 1250 (Pa.Super. 2001)] an appellant may establish a duty to
        consult by indicating issues that had any potential merit for further
        review. See Roe, 528 U.S. at 480, 120 S.Ct. 1029; Touw, 781
        A.2d at 1254. This does not require appellant to demonstrate that
        the Supreme Court would likely grant review to a petition for
        allowance of appeal, but only that appellant must show that any
        issue rises above frivolity. Bath has not even attempted this
        minimal undertaking. Bath challenged the sufficiency of the
        evidence on direct appeal and several other issues that were
        deemed waived for failure to preserve them at trial. Appealing
        such issues further appears manifestly frivolous. It was incumbent
        upon Bath to demonstrate to this Court why that was not the case.
        Bath has offered no argument in support of any of the issues
        raised on direct appeal. Therefore, we find that Bath has not met
        his burden of showing how he was prejudiced by counsel's failure
        to consult with him regarding a petition for allowance of appeal.
        In the absence of prejudice, we cannot find that counsel was
        ineffective. See Commonwealth v. Mallory, 888 A.2d 854, 862
        (Pa.Super.2005).

Commonwealth v. Bath, 907 A.2d 619, 623–24 (Pa.Super. 2006).

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      Herein, other than his bald allegation, the record lacks any evidence that

Appellant asked direct appeal counsel to file a petition for allowance of appeal

with the Pennsylvania Supreme Court; therefore, Appellant must establish

that a duty to consult was owed.      However, Appellant neither states what

issue(s) he would have sought to pursue nor attempts to prove any claim

would have risen above frivolity. Specifically, Appellant never suggests how

his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction of

aggravated assault which he presented and this Court found lacked merit on

direct appeal would not be considered frivolous upon further appeal. See

Bath; see also Commonwealth v. Rigg, 84 A.3d at 1088-90 (applying

Commonwealth v. Ellison 851 A.2d 977 (Pa.Super. 2004) and determining

counsel was not ineffective in electing not to file requested PAA, where sole

direct appeal issue was frivolous).

      As such, we find Appellant has failed to meet the prejudice prong of the

test for ineffective assistance of counsel for his failure to how his sufficiency

of the evidence challenge would rise above mere frivolity upon further review.

Accordingly, we cannot find that counsel was ineffective.

      Furthermore, our own review of the case to consider whether the PCRA

court erred in dismissing Appellant’s petition reveals no non-frivolous issues

of arguable merit. We, therefore, grant counsel’s Petition to Withdraw and

affirm the PCRA court’s order dismissing Appellant’s petition.

      Petition to Withdraw as Counsel granted. Order affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/28/18

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