Court Opinion

ID: 9489838
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 13:25:37.661134+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:53:44.894259
License: Public Domain

WALD, Circuit Judge,
dissenting from denial of rehearing and rehearing in banc:
Judges Ginsburg and Henderson contend that the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), in petitioning for rehearing, is mistaken when it claims that the majority decision in this case sets forth a bright-line rule to the effect that “an investment is not an ‘investment contract’ — and hence not a security if the efforts of promoters or others on which investors rely occur just before, rather than after, the investors commit their money,” and when it predicts that this holding poses a serious potential obstacle to enforcement of the federal securities laws.With due respect, I believe that the SEC is correct in both allegations and it is my colleagues who are mistaken.
This ease arose out of an attempt by the SEC to require Life Partners, Inc. (“LPI”) to register its offerings under the federal securities laws. LPI sells fractional interests in the life insurance policy of terminally ill people to investors, and markets the policies through a network of commissioned licensees. SEC v. Life Partners, Inc., 87 F.3d 536, 537-39 (D.C.Cir.1996). The majority held that LPI contracts are not securities because they do not meet the Howey test for what constitutes an investment contract. Under the Howey test, “an investment contract is a security subject to the Act if investors purchase with (1) an expectation of profits arising from (2) a common enterprise that (3) depends upon the efforts of others.” Id. at 542; SEC v. W.J. Howey Co., 328 U.S. 293, 298-99, 66 S.Ct. 1100, 1103, 90 L.Ed. 1244 (1946). As the SEC notes, the court unanimously agreed that the first two prongs of the -Howey test were met here. In particular, the majority noted that “horizontal commonality — defined by the pooling of investment funds, shared profits, and shared losses — is ordinarily sufficient to satisfy the common enterprise requirement” and specifically held that “pooling is in practice an essential element of the LPI program.” Life Partners, Inc., 87 F.3d at 544.
The court did not hold that the LPI contracts were not investment contracts because there was no common enterprise, but rather because the entrepreneurial efforts of LPI occurred before purchase, so that any expectation of profits did not arise from such efforts and Howey’s third prong was not satisfied. The court held that “pre-purchase services cannot by themselves suffice to make the profits of an investment arise predominately from the efforts of others, and ... ministerial functions should receive a good deal less weight than entrepreneurial activities.” Id. at 548. The court then proceeded to emphasize that “[t]he SEC ... has identified no post-purchase service provided by LPI ... that could fairly be characterized as entrepreneurial,” id, a point that my colleagues underscore again here in their denial of rehearing by remarking on the absence of “even one entrepreneurial post-purchase service.” Statement concurring in denial of rehearing at 589. It seems clear, therefore, that in concluding that LPI’s contracts are not securities the court did in fact adopt a bright-line rule to the effect that in order for an investment contract to count as a security the promoter must provide at least one entrepreneurial service after purchase. Moreover, although my colleagues now admit that pre-purchase activities are important in the overall determination of whether the Howey test is met (presumably after some post-purchase activity has been identified), the *590majority’s original opinion, with its comment that “we doubt that pre-purchase activities should ever count for much,” Life Partners, Inc., 87 F.3d at 548 and its conclusion that the “undeniably essential” activities performed by LPI do not create a security because they occur prior to purchase, id. at 547-48, leaves the distinct impression that pre-purchase activities are largely irrelevant and never, by themselves, sufficient to support finding that a security exists.
As I stated in dissent, I continue to believe that the court’s bright-line rule distinguishing between pre-investment and post-investment efforts is at odds with the Supreme Court’s frequent remonstrance that courts should apply the securities laws flexibly to achieve the goal of investor protection. See, e.g., Pinter v. Dahl, 486 U.S. 622, 653, 108 S.Ct. 2063, 2081-82, 100 L.Ed.2d 658 (1988); Tcherepnin v. Knight, 389 U.S. 332, 336, 88 S.Ct. 548, 553, 19 L.Ed.2d 564 (1967). The new rule cannot but pose difficulties for enforcement of the securities laws. Investors in viatical settlements' depend on viatical settlement brokers to provide accurate and honest assessments of an insured’s health as well as of the likelihood of medical developments occurring that might extend the insured’s life expectancy. See David W. Dunlap, Recalculating Death-Benefit Math: AIDS Progress Alters an Industry, N.Y. Times, July 30, 1996, at D1. Moreover, the viatical settlement industry has grown tremendously in recent years, and is in the process right now of expanding from AIDS to other terminal illnesses. A further spur to the industry’s growth is the recently enacted Kennedy-Kassebaum bill, which made the income from sale of insurance policies not taxable. See Arthur Allen, The Invisible Hand: Greed, Ethics and the New Value of Dying, Wash. Post, Nov. 17, 1996, Magazine, at 12; Dunlap, supra, at D1, D4. The panel’s decision prevents the SEC from protecting investors in these viatical settlements from dishonest and unscrupulous profiteers. And while it is true, as my colleagues point out, that interests in mortgage pools or commercial real estate (familiar examples of asset-backed investments) would likely qualify as securities even under their test, because of the post-purchase entrepreneurial and managerial activities required to make these investments succeed, it is not difficult to conjure up instances where their rigid “before-or-after” measuring stick would result in exempting the sale of other risky asset-backed interests from the scope of the securities laws. One example is a promoter selling interests in a package of long-term bonds, where the realization of profits turns on the promoter’s skill in selecting what bonds to purchase; another is a dealer organizing a complex set of derivative transactions for a group of investors, where realization of profits depends predominantly on the dealer’s expertise in balancing positions in different markets. In any event, the SEC’s understandable reluctance to identify arrangements that it will acknowledge in advance as falling outside of the securities laws if the court’s bright-line rule stays does not mean that its basic concerns are “overblown.” As the Supreme Court has remarked, the importance of retaining flexibility in the definition of a security is so that our securities laws are “capable of adaptation to meet the countless and variable schemes devised by those who seek the use of the money of others on the promise of profits.” Howey, 328 U.S. at 299, 66 S.Ct. at 1103. Experience shows that the novelty and ingenuity of exploitative investment schemes can rarely be contemplated ahead of time.
Because the panel’s decision is inconsistent with Supreme Court precedent and holds the potential for obstructing enforcement of the nation’s securities laws, I believe the panel’s opinion merits review by the full court and should be reversed. I therefore dissent from the court’s decision to deny rehearing or rehearing in banc.