Court Opinion

ID: 4579804
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-22 20:00:25.440379+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:28:14.644766
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 20a0601n.06

                                        Case No. 19-3555

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                  FILED
                                                                             Oct 22, 2020
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                             )                 DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                      )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                            )
                                                      )     ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                    )     STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                      )     THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
JUSEAN FOSTER,                                        )     OHIO
                                                      )
       Defendant-Appellant.                           )
                                                      )
____________________________________/

Before: MERRITT, KETHLEDGE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       MERRITT, Circuit Judge. Defendant Jusean Foster appeals from the district court’s

judgment sentencing him to a below-guidelines sentence of 121 months in prison for conspiracy

and possession with intent to distribute methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a) and

(b)(1)(B)(viii). Defendant pleaded guilty without a plea agreement. He timely appealed, and

challenges his sentence on several grounds. For the following reasons, we affirm.

                                                 I.

       Defendant was stopped by a sheriff’s deputy for driving a car with darker-than-legal

window tint. He was the sole occupant and registered owner of the vehicle. Defendant told the

deputy that he had just smoked marijuana and that there was some marijuana in the driver’s door

pocket. Defendant also told the deputy that there was a bag near the driver’s seat containing “ice,”
Case No. 19-3555, United States v. Foster

slang for methamphetamine. The subsequent search of the interior of defendant’s car turned up

marijuana and methamphetamine in the driver’s door pocket, and a bag hanging from the gear shift

containing methamphetamine.         A digital scale, which subsequently tested positive for

methamphetamine residue, and a loaded handgun were found in a bag in the trunk. The factual

basis for defendant’s plea specified that 57.2 grams of methamphetamine were found in the bag

hanging from the gear shift. When asked at his plea hearing if he accepted the factual findings

reciting his conduct, defendant, who was under oath, answered yes. Change-of-Plea Plea Hr’g Tr.

at 13. The court accepted his guilty plea and a presentence report was prepared. The final revised

report was filed on May 28, 2019.

       The presentence report relied on the facts from the change-of-plea hearing as to the offense

conduct and drug weight. It recommend an offense level of 29, and a criminal history category of

V, yielding a guidelines range of 140-175 months. Based on the amount of methamphetamine, the

presentence report started with a base offense level of 30. U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c)(5). A two-level

enhancement was added under § 2D1.1(b)(1) because defendant “possessed” a firearm during the

offense. Defendant objected to the two-level gun enhancement, arguing that he had no knowledge

of the firearm in the trunk of the vehicle.      Three points were deducted for acceptance of

responsibility, resulting in a base offense level of 29. Defendant’s 10 criminal history points based

on prior convictions placed him in criminal history category V. Four of the ten criminal history

points resulted from four separate misdemeanor drug possession convictions, each scoring one

point. Defendant objected to three of those points, arguing they should be excluded under the

guidelines as exempted “minor misdemeanors” that do not count in calculating criminal history.

The district court overruled defendant’s objections to the guidelines calculations, but, finding that

defendant’s criminal history category of V slightly overstated his criminal history and 140 months’

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Case No. 19-3555, United States v. Foster

imprisonment was “a little longer than necessary” under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), it imposed a below-

guidelines sentence of 121 months. Sent’g Hr’g Tr. at 21. Defendant timely appealed.

                                                II.

       Defendant raises three challenges to his sentence: (1) the district court erred by applying

a two-level enhancement under § 2D1.1(b)(1) for possessing a firearm during a drug crime; (2) the

district court should not have counted the four convictions for marijuana possession in calculating

defendant’s criminal history category; and (3) the imposed sentence is procedurally unreasonable

because the court applied an incorrect drug weight at sentencing.

  A. Two-level Enhancement under § 2D1.1(b)(1) for Possessing a Firearm During a Drug
     Crime

       Defendant first contends that the district court erred when it applied a dangerous-weapon

enhancement to his sentence pursuant to § 2D1.1(b)(1) of the sentencing guidelines. Section

2D1.1(b)(1) provides for a two-level enhancement to the offense level for a drug-related conviction

where “a dangerous weapon (including a firearm) was possessed.” To apply the enhancement

under section 2D1.1(b)(1), the government must establish that (1) the defendant actually or

constructively possessed the weapon, and (2) such possession was during the commission of the

offense. United States v. West, 962 F.3d 183, 187 (6th Cir. 2020)(citing United States v. Hill, 79
F.3d 1477, 1485 (6th Cir. 1996)). The elements must be proven by a preponderance of the

evidence. United States v. McCloud, 935 F.3d 527, 531 (6th Cir. 2019). “The enhancement should

be applied if the weapon was present, unless it is clearly improbable that the weapon was connected

with the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 cmt. n.11(A).

       Defendant claims that the district court erred by failing to make factual findings about the

firearm enhancement under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32. Specifically, defendant argues

that the district court erred by not requiring the government to prove he “possessed” the firearm

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Case No. 19-3555, United States v. Foster

for purposes of the enhancement because it did not prove he knew it was in the trunk of the car.

Defendant did not raise this argument below, so he concedes that we review this challenge for

plain error. Plain error is “(1) error (2) that was obvious or clear, (3) that affected defendant’s

substantial rights and (4) that affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial

proceedings.” United States v Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 386 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted).

       Defendant misconstrues the government’s burden here. Defendant admitted at his plea

hearing that a tote bag with a loaded firearm and scales was in his trunk when he was arrested, and

he never contested those facts at sentencing. Those undisputed facts are sufficient to confer

constructive possession. See Hill, 79 F.3d at 1485 (“Constructive possession of an item is the

ownership, or dominion or control over the item itself, or dominion over the premises where the

item is located.”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); United States v. Solorio, 337
F.3d 580, 599 (6th Cir. 2003) (holding that the government met its burden of showing constructive

possession where firearms were found in an apartment defendant leased and from which he

recently removed marijuana). The undisputed facts were also sufficient to infer that defendant’s

possession was during the commission of the offense. Along with the firearm, officers discovered

over 57 grams of methamphetamine and a scale with methamphetamine residue on it in

defendant’s car. Because these facts were never contested by defendant, the district court did not

plainly err in concluding that the government met its burden for the enhancement to apply. See

United States v. Pryor, 842 F.3d 441, 452-53 (6th Cir. 2016); Solorio, 337 F.3d at 599. The burden

then shifted to defendant to demonstrate that it was “clearly improbable that the weapon was

connected with the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1 cmt. n.11(A).

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Case No. 19-3555, United States v. Foster

       To support his claim that the government presented no proof that the gun in the trunk had

any connection to the drugs found in the interior of the car, defendant asserts that the arresting

deputy did not see defendant approach or in proximity to the trunk, and he suggests that family

members who had used the car might have put the weapon there. To rebut the factual findings

underpinning the legal conclusion that the enhancement should apply, the district court offered

defendant the opportunity at the sentencing hearing to provide sworn testimony or other proof that

he did not know about the loaded firearm in the trunk of his car. Defendant declined to take the

stand of offer other evidence. He therefore failed to establish that the firearm was not connected

to his drug crime. Sent’g Hr’g Tr. at 5-6.

       To the extent that defendant argues that the district court’s factual findings were clearly

erroneous, his arguments do not compel us to overturn the district court’s factual finding. At the

sentencing hearing, the district court verified that defendant was driving his own car at the time of

his arrest. Id. at 4. The district court found that it was not unreasonable to presume that defendant

knew what was in his own car unless he provided some evidence to the contrary. It found that the

evidence was unrefuted that the loaded gun was found in the trunk with a digital scale with

methamphetamine residue on it. The court found this sufficiently tied the gun to the drug offense

to which defendant pled guilty, that is, intent to distribute methamphetamine. It found that by a

preponderance of the evidence and under the totality of the circumstances, it was more probable

than not that defendant knew the loaded gun was in his trunk and the enhancement applied. Id. at

4-5. The court offered to have defendant put on the stand and examined under oath about the

presence of the gun in the trunk, but defense counsel declined the offer after conferring with

defendant. We are not left with the “definite and firm conviction” that the district court erred in

finding that defendant possessed the gun for purposes of applying the § 2D1.1 enhancement.

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Case No. 19-3555, United States v. Foster

   B. Calculation of Criminal History Category

       Defendant next claims that the presentence report, which was adopted by the district court,

overstated his criminal history category by scoring four points for drug possession convictions.

He contends that three of the points should not have scored due to “sufficient similarity” to

excluded offenses for minor misdemeanors under the guidelines. He also contends that a fourth

point should have been excluded because one of his convictions fell outside the applicable time

period to count as a prior sentence.

       In calculating a defendant’s criminal history, a sentencing court first determines the number

of points associated with a “prior sentence.” U.S.S.G § 4A1.1. A “prior sentence” for guidelines

purposes is “any sentence previously imposed upon adjudication of guilt, whether by guilty plea,

trial, or plea of nolo contendere, for conduct not part of the instant offense.” Id. § 4A1.2(a)(1).

This includes all felony sentences and all misdemeanor offenses, unless an exception for a specific

misdemeanor offense applies under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(c).

       In scoring defendant’s multiple prior convictions, the presentence report determined that

he had a criminal history score of 10, establishing a criminal history category of V. The

presentence report identified six one-point prior convictions: four drug possessions between 2007

and 2018, operating a vehicle under the influence, and obstructing official business. However,

under § 4A1.1, a defendant can receive no more than four points stemming from one-point

offenses, so defendant received the maximum of four points instead of six. Defendant also had

two three-point convictions—one for kidnapping and one for attempting to corrupt another with

drugs. Adding together four and six gives a total of 10 points. Without the four-point “cap” for

one-point offenses under § 4A1.1, defendant would have had a total of 12 points. If the four drug

possession convictions had not counted, defendant would have eight criminal history points, not

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Case No. 19-3555, United States v. Foster

10, and his criminal history category would have been IV not V, thereby lowering his guidelines

range to 121-151 months.

        1. Three Misdemeanor Marijuana Possessions

        Defendant contends that, under the guidelines, the three misdemeanor marijuana

possessions should have been excluded.1               The exceptions for misdemeanor offenses under

§ 4A1.2(c) fall into two categories: (1) under § 4A1.2(c)(1), sentences for specific enumerated

offenses and “offenses similar to them” are only counted if “the sentence was a term of probation

of more than one year or a term of imprisonment of at least thirty days,” or “the prior offense was

similar to an instant offense;” or (2) under § 4A1.2(c)(2), sentences for specific enumerated

offenses and “offenses similar to them” are “never counted” in computing criminal history. Such

“never counted” offenses include minor traffic infractions such as speeding, public intoxication,

loitering, and vagrancy. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(c)(2).

          Defendant argues that a minor misdemeanor marijuana offense in Ohio falls within the

§ 4A1.2(c)(2) misdemeanor exception and therefore should never count for purposes of calculating

criminal history. The district court overruled defendant’s objection below. We have previously

rejected defendant’s argument under similar facts in a thorough, though unpublished, opinion. As

we said in United States v. Tatum, 743 F. App’x 589, 592-93 (6th Cir. 2018):

        This court has previously considered whether a minor misdemeanor marijuana
        possession conviction under Ohio Revised Code § 2925.11 counts toward a
        defendant’s criminal history score and concluded that it is properly counted as a
        prior sentence under the Guidelines. In United States v. Stubblefield, 265 F.3d 345
        (6th Cir. 2001), we concluded that “the exceptions set forth in § 4A1.2(c) do not
        apply” to a minor misdemeanor § 2925.11 conviction, id. at 347, though we reached
        this conclusion “without referring to the five factors” listed in the relevant
        Guidelines comment, United States v. Collins, 600 F. App’x 433, 436 (6th Cir.
        2015). Later, applying the relevant factors in Collins, we rejected the argument that

1
 Defendant filed an unopposed motion with our court requesting that we take judicial notice of documents from the
Portage County (Ohio) Municipal Court relating to these convictions. Motion filed Mar. 6, 2020. We grant the motion
and hereby take judicial notice of the documents.

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Case No. 19-3555, United States v. Foster

       a § 2925.11 minor misdemeanor offense was similar to a traffic infraction under
       § 4A1.2(c)(2) and concluded that the sentencing court “did not plainly err in
       awarding a criminal history point for [a defendant’s] prior conviction for marijuana
       possession.” Id. at 437. Finally, in the context of rejecting an ineffective assistance
       of counsel claim, we recently noted that this circuit has “rejected the argument” that
       “Ohio’s characterization of a conviction for ‘a minor misdemeanor possession of
       marijuana’ as a non-criminal offense prevents that conviction from being counted
       in a defendant’s criminal history.” United States v. Williams, No. 17-3675, slip op.
       at 4–5 (6th Cir. Apr. 9, 2018) (citing Stubblefield, 265 F.3d at 348–49 and Collins,
       600 F. App’x at 436–37). Our precedent therefore strongly indicates that a minor
       marijuana possession conviction under Ohio Revised Code § 2925.11 counts as a
       prior sentence in calculating a defendant’s criminal history. See also United States
       v. Foote, 705 F.3d 305, 308 (8th Cir. 2013) (collecting cases and concluding that
       “[n]o circuit has held that possession of marijuana (or other drugs) is similar to any
       of the Guidelines’ enumerated exceptions”).

       Application of the Guidelines factors also supports this conclusion. As we noted
       in Collins, although the first two factors—(i) comparison of the punishments
       imposed and (ii) the perceived seriousness of the offenses as indicated by their level
       of punishment—support Tatum’s argument because a “minor misdemeanor
       possession of marijuana (like a minor traffic infraction) is not recorded on one’s
       criminal record in Ohio,” Collins, 600 F. App’x at 436; Ohio Rev. Code
       § 2925.11(D), the next two factors—(iii) the elements of the offense and (iv) the
       level of culpability involved—set § 2925.11 offenses apart from the enumerated
       offenses in U.S.S.G. § 4A1.2(c)(2). See Collins, 600 F. App’x at 436–37. This is
       because § 2925.11 “contains an explicit mens rea element,” and “[o]ffenses which
       have a mens rea element typically carry with them a higher level of culpability than
       those that do not.” Id. at 436. This is in contrast to the § 4A1.2(c)(2) exempted
       offense of a “[m]inor traffic infraction,” to which the defendant in Collins attempted
       to analogize § 2925.11, as most traffic offenses are strict liability crimes. Id.; see
       also Foote, 705 F.3d at 308 (applying the § 4A1.2 cmt.12(A) factors to a similar
       Minnesota statute and concluding “possession of marijuana is not similar to any
       enumerated exception”).

Relying on Tatum and the reasoning on which it relies from Collins and Stubblefield, we conclude

that defendant has failed to demonstrate that his marijuana possession convictions should be

excluded from his criminal history. Defendant does not attempt to distinguish Tatum, Collins, or

Stubblefield, instead arguing that they were wrongly decided. We decline to rule on any alternative

argument as to whether the misdemeanors could be excluded because they are “similar to the

instant offense.” This argument was not raised below, and the district court did not discuss it.

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Case No. 19-3555, United States v. Foster

Based on our precedent, we affirm the district court’s inclusion of the three minor marijuana

possession convictions in calculating defendant’s criminal history category.

       2. 2007 Drug Possession Conviction

       Defendant also challenges the inclusion of one criminal history point for a 2007 drug

possession conviction in his criminal history calculation because it is more than 10 years old, and

therefore outside the timeframe where a prior misdemeanor can be included in criminal history

calculations. Defendant did not raise this argument below, so we review for plain error. The

government concedes that the conviction should not have been counted, but argues that the error

is harmless because excluding the one-point offense would not change the four criminal history

points defendant received for one-point offenses We agree because, as explained above, the

guidelines “cap” the maximum number of points from one-point offenses at four. U.S.S.G.

§ 4A1.1(c). Removing the 2007 conviction would lower defendant’s criminal history points from

one-point convictions from six to five, but would not alter the maximum four points he received

under the “cap.”

   C. Erroneous Drug Weight Calculations Render Sentence Procedurally Unreasonable

       Defendant also argues that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district

court adopted erroneous drug-weight calculations from the presentence report.           Defendant

concedes that he did not object to the drug amount calculations in the presentence report in the

district court, so we review for plain error.

       Defendant was charged with possession with intent to distribute more than 50 grams of a

substance containing methamphetamine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B)(viii).

There was no plea agreement, but, at the change-of-plea hearing, the government said it would

have presented evidence at trial that defendant possessed methamphetamine in the amount of “57.2

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Case No. 19-3555, United States v. Foster

grams and a purity of 92%.” Plea Hr’g at 13. The defendant agreed to this finding at the change-

of-plea hearing. Id. The presentence report appears to have transposed the net weight number

agreed to at the plea hearing from “57.2” to “52.7.” Presentence Report at 4. Typographical error

appears to be the reason for the discrepancy because the final number, the “amount of pure

substance,” was calculated to be “52.6,” which is the result when one multiplies 57.2 times 92%,

the substance purity percentage. Id. Defendant argues that there is no proof that the lower-weight

number recorded in the presentence report as “52.7” was a typographical error, but given the

government’s representation at the change-of-plea hearing of “57.2” grams, to which defendant

agreed, and given also that the resulting pure substance amount of 52.6 derives from using 57.2 as

the net weight, a typographical error seems the most likely reason for the discrepancy. Because it

appears that the “52.7” number in the presentence report was a typographical error, and because

the defendant did not object to the calculations in the district court, we find no plain error and

affirm the total weight calculation relied on by the district court in assigning defendant’s base

offense level of 30.

  For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

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