Court Opinion

ID: 8635929
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-24 19:45:13.138967+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:55:55.601454
License: Public Domain

STORY, Circuit Justice.
The motion to dissolve the injunction granted, in this case, has been made and argued by the counsel for the defendants upon the general ground, that by the rules of courts of equity, after the answers have come in, denying the whole equity of the bill, the defendants are entitled to have the injunction dissolved. On the other hand, the plaintiff insists, that the motion ought not to be granted, upon the ground of irreparable mischief; and in support of the argument he has offered and read certain depositions to establish, that one of the principal defendants is insolvent, ¿nd another is of low character, indigent, and-irresponsible, and that the third is a minor; and if the certificates of stock stated in the bill are transferred, or payment of the sums due and recoverable on them is received by the defendants, there will, in the event of the suit being sustained, be an irreparable loss of the whole property to. the plaintiff. The defendants insistan reply to this statement, that the affidavits are not, in this stage of the cause, admissible, for the purposes alleged; and that if they are, the case made by them of insolvency, and low and irresponsible character, will not justify the court in the extraordinary step of continuing the present injunction, after such a full denial by the answer of the whole equity of the bill.
In the first place, let us consider the ground of the defendants, as to the right to have the injunction dissolved, upon the coming in of the answer. This, it is to be observed, is not the case of the common injunction issued against the defendants for not appearing, or for not answering the bill at the time prescribed by the practice of the ■ court. In such cases, which usually occur in bills to stay proceedings at law, it is of course to dissolve such an injunction, if the answer denies the whole merits; and the plaintiff will not be permitted to read affidavits in contradiction to the answer, upon the motion to dissolve the injunction. This is sufficiently apparent from the statements made by Mr. Eden, in his valuable book on Injunctions. Eden, Inj. 8S, 108, 101), 118, 320.
But the present case is one of a special injunction granted to restrain the negotiation of the certificates, and the receipts of payment thereon, until the further order of the court. Now, in such cases, there are two points which seem well established in practice; first, that the dissolution of the injunction is not of course upon the coming in of the answer, denying the merits; and secondly, that, upon the motion to dissolve such an injunction, the plaintiff, under some circumstances, is entitled to read affidavits in contradiction to the answer, not indeed to all points, but to many points. Mr. Eden (page 32C) asserts, in broad terms, that ‘‘there are few points of practice which have been more discussed, or which are more satisfactorily established, than that by which the right of the plaintiff has been established to read affidavits on the motion to dissolve in contradiction to the defendant’s answer.” This ■ is, *1015perhaps, stating- the doctrine more broadly than the authorities will justify.
The main distinctions, which seem supported by the authorities, or at least by the weight of authority, are these. In the first place, in cases of special injunctions, if the whole merits are satisfactorily denied by the answer, the injunction is ordinarily dissolved. But there are exceptions to the doctrine, and these, for the most part, ard fairly resolvable into the principle of irreparable mischief; such as cases of asserted waste, or of asserted mismanagement in partnership concerns, or of asserted violations of copyrights, or of patent rights. In eases of this sort, the court will look to the whole circumstances, and will continue or dissolve the injunction in the exercise of a sound discretion. This doctrine is, as I think, fully borne out by Lord Hardwicke, in Potter v. Chapman, 1 Amb. 99; 1 Dickens, 146; by Lord Talbot, in Gibbs v. Cole, 3 P. Wms. 255; by Lord Kenyon, in Strathmore v. Bowes, 2 Dickens, 673, 1 Cox, Ch. 263, 2 Brown, Ch. 88; by Lord Eldon, in Norway v. Rowe, 19 Ves. 153, and Peacock v. Peacock, 16 Ves. 49. See, also, Isaac v. Humpage, 1 Ves. Jr. 427, 2 Brown, Ch; 463; Mr. Swanston’s note to Smythe v. Smythe, 1 Swanst. 254, note b; Wyatt, Prac. Reg. 236; Hendis. Ch. Prac. 596. A doubt too, in point of law, will furnish a sufficient ground against dissolving an injunction; and was so rule in Maxwell v. Ward, 11 Price, 17. Indeed, Mr. Chancellor Kent, in Roberts v. Anderson, 2 Johns. Ch. 204, laid down the proposition generally, that the granting and continuing of injunctions must always rest, in sound discretion, to be governed by the nature of the case.
It is true, that it was said by Lord Eldon, in Clapham v. White, 8 Ves. 36, 37, that “if. the answer denies all the circumstances, upon which the equity is founded, the universal practice, as to the purpose of dissolving or not reviving the injunction, is, to give credit to the answer; and that is carried so far, that, except in the few excepted cases, though five hundred affidavits were filed, not only by the plaintiff, but by many witnesses, not one could be read as to this purpose.” This is strong language; but many qualifications must be engrafted on it, as will be manifest from the learned chancellor’s own decision in Peacock v. Peacock, 10 Ves. 49, and Norway v. Rowe, 19 Ves. 144. on which I shall presently comment; and, indeed, as his own exceptive words, “in the few excepted cases” clearly import. I confess that I should be sorry to find that any such practice had been established, as that a special injunction should, at all events, be dissolved upon the mere denial by the answer of the whole merits of the bill. There are many cases in which such a practice would be most mischievous; nay, might be the cause of irreparable mischief. The true rule seems to me to be, that the question of dissolution of a special injunction is one which, after the answer comes in. is addressed to the sound discretion of the court. In ordinary circumstances, the dissolution ought to be ordered, because the defendant has prima facie repelled the whole merits of the claim asserted in the bill. But extraordinary circumstances may exist, which will not only justify, but demand, the continuation of the special injunction. This, upon the principles of courts of equity, which always act so as to prevent irreparable mischiefs and general inconvenience in the administration of public justice, ought to be the practical doctrine; and I am not satisfied that tne authorities, properly considered, do establish a contrary doctrine. If they did, I should hesitate to follow them in a mere matter of practice, subversive of the very ends of justice.
Indeed, there are numerous cases, which show the gradual meliorations or changes, often silent and almost unperceived, which have been introduced into the practice of the courts of equity, to obviate the inconveniences which experience has demonstrated, and to adapt the remedial justice of these courts to the new exigencies of society. Thus, for example, thirty years ago, it seems to have been thought by Lord Eldon, that an injunction to restrain the negotiation of a negotiable instrument was an extraordinary interference of the court, and that, upon the coming in of thé answer, the case stood exactly as if the case had been upon the common injunction to stay proceedings at law. Berkely v. Brymer, 9 Ves. 355, 356. And the. case was then thought distinguishable from that of an injunction granted to stay waste, in which the court would interfere, on account of the danger of irreparable mischief, and continue the' injunction to the hearing. But this doctrine has been since completely abandoned; and in Hood v. Aston, 1 Russ. 412, Lord Eldon himself, adverting to the supposed practice, not to interfere in cases of negotiable securities to prevent their negotiation, said: “I do not recollect such a doctrine to have been at anj time in my experience the law of this court. It is true, that applications for injunctions of the sort now moved for, have become much more frequent than they were in former days. But the reason is, that in the present state and form of the transactions of mankind, there is an increased necessity for them; a necessity, too, which is not likely to become less.” This last doctrine has been in the fullest manner recognised and acted upon by the supreme court of the United States. Osborn v. Bank of U. S., 9 Wheat [22 U. S.] 738, 845.
But, supposing the doctrine were as comprehensive, as to the dissolving of a special injunction on' the coming in of the answer, as the counsel for the defendants has contended: the question occurs, whether it is applicable to all kinds of answers, which deny, the whole merits of the bill; or whether it is applicable to such answers only, as *1016contain statements and denials by defendants, conusant of tbe facts, and denying tbe allegations upon tbeir own personal knowledge. It seems to me very clear upon principle, that it can apply to tbe latter only. Tbe ground of tbe practice of dissolving an injunction upon a full denial, by the answer, of tbe material facts is, that in such a case, tbe court gives entire credit to the answer, upon tbe common rule in equity, that it is to prevail, if responsive to tbe charges of tbe bill, until it is overcome by the testimony of two witnesses, or of one and other stringent corroborative circumstances. But it would certainly be an evasion of the principle of tbe rule, if we were to say, that a mere naked denial by a party, who bad no personal knowledge of any of tbe material facts, were to receive tbe same credit, as if tbe denial were by a party having an actual knowledge of them. In tbe latter ease, tbe conscience of tbe defendant is not at all sifted; and bis denials must be founded upon bis ignorance of tbe facts, and merely to put them in a train for contestation and due proof, to be made by the other siae. This distinction is alluded to, and relied on, by tbe supreme court in Clarke’s Ex’rs v. Van Raindyk, 9 Cranch [13 U. S.] 160, 161. See, also, Hughes v. Garner. 2 Younge & C. Exch. 328. Tbe sole ground, upon which tbe defendants are entitled to a dissolution of an injunction upon an answer, is, that tbe answer in effect disproves tbe case made by tbe bill, by tbe very evidence extracted from tbe conscience of tbe defendant, upon tbe interrogation and discovery, sought by the plaintiff, to establish it. But what sort of evidence can that be, which consists in tbe mere negation of knowledge by tbe party appealed to? Such negation affords no presumption against tbe plaintiff’s claims; but merely establishes, that tbe defendant has no personal knowledge to aid it, or to disprove it. It is upon this ground, that it has been held, and in my judgment very properly held, that if tbe answer does not positively deny tbe material facts, or tbe denial is merely from information and belief, it furnishes no ground for an application to dissolve a special injunction. Tbe cases of Roberts v. Anderson, 2 Johns. Ch. 202, 204; Ward v. Van Bokkelen, 1 Paige, 100; Fulton Bank v. New York & S. Canal Co., 1 Paige, 311; Rodgers v. Rodgers, 1 Paige, 426, are fully in point
Tbe importance of this distinction is manifest in tbe present case. Here, tbe defendants are merely tbe heirs and representatives of the original party (Isaac Carleton) deceased; and tbe original transactions detailed in tbe bill, and under which tbe plaintiff asserts bis title to relief, took place from twenty-eight to thirty years ago; and there is no pretence to say, that any of these defendants have any personal knowledge of these transaction's. This is sufficiently apparent from tbeir answers. But by a certificate of the births of tbe defendants, which is very properly in the case for the present purpose, it appears, that the principal defendants, Richard Carleton and Isaac Carleton, (tbe other defendant being yet a minor,) were, at the time of tbe transactions, so young as to demonstrate, that they could have no personal knowledge, Richard being then only nine or ten years old, and Isaac only two or three years old. For tbe purpose, then, of dissolving tbe injunction, tbeir answers cannot be treated as competent evidence to repel tbe allegations of tbe bill, or to disprove tbe transactions, on which it is founded.
In regard to tbe admission of tbe affidavits, there are other considerations, which require attention. All tbe affidavits, except that of Josiah Barker, are simply to the point of tbe insolvency and indigence of the defendant, Isaac Carleton, and of the low character, intemperance and indigence of tbe defendant, Richard Carleton. They satisfactorily, to my mind, establish the facts, if they are admissible in evidence; and that they are so admissible, I cannot doubt, for they are merely to collateral matters, not touched by, or contradictory to the answers. Taggart v. Hewlett, 1 Her. 499, and Morgan v. Goode, 3 Mer. 10, and other cases cited by Mr. Swanston in his note to Smythe v. Smythe, 1 Swanst. 254, sufficiently establish this position. See, also, Eden, Inj. 109. Without doubt the defendants are at liberty to repel such affidavits by counter affidavits to the same points; for otherwise they might be compromitted by statements .which they would have no opportunity to answer.
In regard to the affidavit of Barker, that is of a very different character, and goes to the proof of the original transactions stated in the bill, and is in direct contradiction to the negative allegations in the answers. It was not filed, when the injunction was obtained; but it has been filed since the answers have come in. Under these circumstances the question arises, whether it is admissible to be read on the present motion. In cases of the common injunction, it has been already stated, that after an answer, denying the whole facts and merits, affidavits cannot be read to contradict the answer, on the motion to dissolve. The language of Lord Eldon, in Clapham v. White, 8 Ves. 35, 36, already cited, is full to this purpose. But in cases of special injunctions, affidavits filed in support of the original injunction may be read, upon the motion to dissolve in contradiction to the answer, in special cases, that is to say, in cases of irreparable mischief, such, for example, as of waste. See Eden, Inj. 320; Peacock v. Peacock, 10 Ves. 49, 50; Smythe v. Smythe, 1 Swanst. 253, and cases cited in note b. Id.; Norway v. Rowe, 19 Ves. 144; Charlton v. Poulter, 19 Ves. 149. note c. But it has been held by Lord Eldon, that even in cases of waste such affidavits are not admissible *1017•to found a motion for an Injunction after the answer (none having been previously granted); because, if the affidavits are filed before the answer, the defendant possesses an opportunity of explaining or denying the facts stated in those affidavits; but if the plaintiff reserves his affidavits until after the answer is filed, he does not deal fairly with the defendant, who is entitled, before .¿nswer, to be apprised of the points on which tlie plaintiff rests his case. Smythe v. Smythe, 1 Swanst. 253. I confess myself not so strongly impressed with the force of the reasoning, as the learned judge seems to have been. And it would be very easy to -obviate the objection, by allowing the defendant, by his own, as well as other counter affidavits, to repel the statement, which he has not, by his answer, had an opportunity to meet and explain, or deny.
There is another qualification of the doctrine, in cases of irreparable mischief, and that is, that though the original affidavits may be read as to other facts contradicted •by the answer, they cannot be read in support of the title of the plaintiff, which is contradicted by the answer. The ground of this exception seems to be, that the court •ought not collaterally to decide upon the title. So the doctrine was established in Norway v. Rowe, 19 Ves. 144, 157. Whether that -doctrine stands upon a satisfactory foundation, is quite a different question. Upon .general principles, I cannot well see, why the court, to prevent irreparable mischief, may not, upon an application to continue an injunction, look to affidavits in affirmance •of the plaintiff’s title, not so much with a view to establish that title; but to see, -whether it has such a probable foundation in the present stage of the cause, as to entitle the plaintiff to be- protected against irrep-arable mischief, if upon the hearing it should turn out to be well founded.
In cases of irreparable mischief — and I -think the present case properly falls under that head, or stands upon the same analogy, —it seems to me, that the more fit course for the due administration of public justice is to follow out the suggestions of Lord Eldon himself, in the case of Peacock v. Peacock, 16 Ves. 51. His lordship in that case, which was upon a motion respecting an injunction in a case of partnership, said: ‘With regard to the point of practice as to reading affidavits, this court has interfered in these •cases of partnership, upon principles, not the •same, but analogous to those, on which it interposes in the case of waste. In that instance, if the fact can be maintained, the objection is proved with very little effect, that the parties may proceed, vieing with each other by affidavits without end. The court does permit affidavits, taking care to prescribe limits according to the circumstances of such case.” This, it appears to me, is the true view of the matter. The admission of •the affidavits, whether filed before, or after the answer, whether they are to the title of the plaintiff, or to the acts of the defendant, although they are contradictory to the answer, ought to rest in the sound discretion of the court, according to the circumstances of each particular case, without the court’s binding itself by any fixed and unalterable rules, as to the exercise of that discretion. This seems to have been the course which commended itself to the mind of that great equity judge, Mr. Chancellor Ivent. See Roberts v. Anderson, 2 Johns. Ch. 202, 205. But see Eastburn v. Kirk, 1 Johns. Ch. 444.
I have looked into the earlier practice of the court of chancery, in order to satisfy myself whether, in all cases of irreparable mischief, the court had positively limited its own discretion under all circumstances, in the manner supposed by the modern authorities. Mr. Dickens, whose great experience in the practice of the court has been thought by Lord Eldon to entitle his opinion to great weight in such matters (Norway v. Rowe, 19 Ves. 154, in reporting the case of Strathmore v. Bowes, 2 Dickens, 673, 1 Cox, Ch. 263, 2 Brown, Ch. 88), has, it is true, given us his view of the practice in the following terms: “On application to continue or dissolve an injunction, either of course, or special, T have always understood it to be the rule, that, though affidavits are not to be read to support the plaintiff's equity, that is, his right to come into the court, when denied by the defendant’s answer, yet in injunctions to stay waste, or in the nature of waste, when the waste sworn to, and upon which the injunction is grounded, is denied, the court will admit proof by affidavit in support of the facts.” This pas-, sage seems certainly corroborative of what has been supposed to be the later general practice. Yet it is difficult, notwithstanding Mr. Dickens’s subsequent explanations of the grounds of this practice, to perceive what solid distinction there is, or ought to be, between admitting affidavits as to title and affidavits as to the facts of waste; for each of them are equally in opposition to the answer in relation to the material points of relief. Mr. Dickens at that time also thought, that affidavits by the defendant, in, support of his answer, were not admissible. But Lord Eldon considers the present practice to be, or at least that it ought to be, upon principle, otherwise. However, Lord Eldon does not understand Mr. Dickens to mean to assert, what the passage above-cited may seem, at first sight, to import; for he says, in Norway v. Rowe, 19 Ves. 154; “Mr. Dickens, however, did not mean, that if there is. by the answer, a total denial of the plaintiff’s title to stay waste, the plaintiff could not by affidavit assert his title, contradicting the answer in that respect;” a concession, if well founded, which removes the statement of Mr. Dickens out of the present case. See, also, Eden, Inj. p. 328.
The truth seems to be, that in cases of this *1018sort, the practice has been, shifting from time to time, to meet the new exigencies of society and the pressure of peculiar circumstances; and the court has never suffered itself to be entrapped by its own rules, so as to interfere with the purposes of substantial justice. The practice in America has, I believe, on this subject, become more liberal, than it is in England; and if it were necessary, I should not hesitate to admit affidavits to contradict the answer, for the purpose of continuing or even of granting a special injunction, where X perceived, that, without it, irreparable mis-chiefs would arise. In the present case, there are circumstances, which might free me from the necessity of asserting so broad a doctrine. But I wish rather to dispose of the case upon the general ground, that the granting and dissolving injunctions in cases of irreparable mischief, rest in the sound discretion of the court, whether applied for before or after answer; and that affidavits may after answer be read by the plaintiff to support the injunction, as well as by the defendant to repel it, although the answer contradicts the substantial facts of the bill, and the affidavits of the plaintiff are in contradiction of the answer.
The motion to dissolve the injunction is accordingly refused.