Court Opinion

ID: 4230207
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-12-19 18:00:29.696178+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:18.873855
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 17a0695n.06

                                   Case Nos. 16-6349/6835

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                   FILED
                                                                              Dec 19, 2017
MARILYN JOHNSON, et al.,                            )                     DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                    )
       Plaintiffs-Appellees,                        )
                                                    )     ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                  )     STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                    )     THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
CITY OF MEMPHIS,                                    )     TENNESSEE
                                                    )
       Defendant-Appellant.                         )

       BEFORE: SUHRHEINRICH, GIBBONS, and COOK, Circuit Judges.

       COOK, Circuit Judge. Some 17 years after this litigation began, we again find it before

us. The City of Memphis (“the City”) asks us to direct that the district court vacate judgment

and enter a new one that does not award backpay to a group of plaintiff police officers. Having

no cause to vary from the path the district court took, we AFFIRM.

                                               I.

       The factual and procedural background underlying this litigation has been recited

extensively in multiple orders and opinions. A summary follows.

       In 2000, the City administered a four-part assessment (“the 2000 process”) to determine

which patrol officers would be promoted to sergeant. Upon discovering that the administration

of the practical test had been compromised, the City discounted that component entirely and re-
Case Nos. 16-6349/6835, Johnson, et al. v. City of Memphis

weighed the others. This prompted a group of test-taking officers who were not promoted to sue

the City; they alleged, in part, that the 2000 process was racially discriminatory in violation of

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. See generally Johnson v. City of Memphis, No. 2:00-

cv-2608 (“Johnson I”). With Johnson I pending, the district court granted the City leave to

develop a replacement officer-to-sergeant promotion process (“the 2002 process”).

       The 2002 process differed from its predecessor, but it too spurred litigation.            In

Billingsley v. City of Memphis, No. 2:04-cv-2013 (“Billingsley”), 35 officers who unsuccessfully

sought promotion alleged that the 2002 process disparately impacted minority officers in

violation of Title VII. And in Johnson v. City of Memphis, No. 2:04-cv-2017 (“Johnson II”), 15

Johnson I Plaintiffs who had not been promoted via the 2002 process likewise alleged a Title VII

violation.

       Following consolidation of Johnson I, Billingsley, and Johnson II, the district court held

that the 2000 process violated Title VII and granted the Johnson I Plaintiffs’ motion for partial

summary judgment. The court ruled, after a bench trial, that the 2002 process likewise violated

Title VII, and it fashioned the following relief: (1) promotion of “all minority plaintiffs who have

not already been promoted to the rank of sergeant within 30 days”; (2) “within 60 days, pay to

those plaintiffs thus promoted backpay commensurate with their having assumed the sergeant

rank on the date of their first denial of promotion under either the 2000 or 2002 process”; and

(3) amendment, within 30 days, of “the employee records of all minority plaintiffs to reflect

seniority credit commensurate with their having assumed the sergeant rank on the date of their

first denial of promotion under either the 2000 or 2002 process.” The court did not enter final

judgment at that time.

                                               -2-
Case Nos. 16-6349/6835, Johnson, et al. v. City of Memphis

          In February 2007, the court entered a consent order providing in relevant part:

          1. Pending appeal, the following minority Plaintiffs will be promoted to the rank
             of Sergeant and paid Sergeant salary, effective with the payroll period
             beginning February 3, 2007. . . .
          2. Within the next thirty (30) days, the above individuals will be given
             assignments at the rank of Sergeant. In the event that the Court’s December
             28, 2006 Memorandum Opinion and Order is reversed on appeal, Plaintiffs
             will be returned to the rank of patrol officer.

There followed a variety of remedies-related motions for injunctions and stays. In October 2011,

we affirmed a preliminary injunction ordering the immediate promotion of 28 qualifying

plaintiffs to the rank of lieutenant. Johnson v. City of Memphis (Johnson Appeal I), 444 F.

App’x 856, 857–58, 861 (6th Cir. 2011). The district court made the injunction permanent

shortly thereafter.

          At last, the district court entered a final judgment in the consolidated cases in March

2013. The judgment awarded backpay to the three plaintiff groups; the retroactive date for the

Johnson I and Johnson II Plaintiffs was July 11, 2000, and the retroactive date for the Billingsley

Plaintiffs was January 10, 2003.

          The entry of final judgment brought with it a fresh round of appeals—and a stay of

execution of the judgment. Both parties disputed various rulings, with the City cross-appealing

only the district court’s order invalidating the 2002 process on Title VII grounds and the

associated attorneys’ fees award. Johnson v. City of Memphis (Johnson Appeal II), 770 F.3d
464, 469 (6th Cir. 2014). We reversed the district court’s Title VII judgment invalidating the

2002 process, vacated the district court’s fees award, and remanded for further consideration. Id.

at 485.

          On remand, the Johnson Plaintiffs moved to dissolve the stay of execution of the district

court’s Title VII judgment invalidating the 2000 promotion process and awarding corresponding

                                                 -3-
Case Nos. 16-6349/6835, Johnson, et al. v. City of Memphis

relief. The City sought entry of a new judgment to replace the March 2013 judgment. On May

10, 2016, the district court granted Plaintiffs’ dissolution motion and declined to enter a new

judgment. See Johnson v. City of Memphis, No. 00-2608-STA-tmp, 2016 WL 2733139 (W.D.

Tenn. May 10, 2016).

       Then, on August 4, 2016, the court approved various settlement agreements that resolved

Billingsley. The court made clear that its order dismissed with prejudice only the Billingsley

Plaintiffs; it noted in conclusion that “[t]he Orders and Judgment entered in the consolidated

cases of [Johnson I] and [Johnson II] shall remain in effect and are undisturbed by this Order.”

       Several weeks later, on August 24, the court denied three additional motions.           See

Johnson v. City of Memphis, No. 00-2608-STA-tmp, 2016 WL 4468861 (W.D. Tenn. Aug. 24,

2016). The Johnson Plaintiffs had moved to enforce the March 2013 judgment against the City,

requesting that the court compel the City to deposit the backpay award into the court’s registry.

Finding it had no authority to order such relief, the court denied Plaintiffs’ motion. The court

also denied the City’s motions to “clarify” the May 10 order and to “enforce” the February 2007

consent order.

       The City appealed the May 10, August 4, and August 24 orders. Plaintiffs moved to

dismiss the appeal as untimely, but we concluded otherwise. Johnson v. City of Memphis, Nos.

16-6349/6835 (6th Cir. Aug. 15, 2017) (order). We now address the merits of the City’s appeal.

                                                II.

                                                A.

       The City chiefly contends that the district court erroneously failed to vacate the March

2013 judgment in light of our holding in Johnson Appeal II. As the City correctly perceives, we

reversed the Title VII judgment as to the 2002 process. Johnson Appeal II, 770 F.3d at 485. But

                                               -4-
Case Nos. 16-6349/6835, Johnson, et al. v. City of Memphis

because the City did not raise it as an issue, we did not decide the validity of the 2000 process.

See id. at 469, 485. Seemingly recognizing as much, the City narrows its claim to allege that the

district court “erred by not at least vacating the portion of the judgment that declared the Johnson

II and Billingsley Plaintiffs prevailing parties.”1

        The 15 Johnson II Plaintiffs who challenged the 2002 process were also Johnson I

Plaintiffs, and all Johnson I Plaintiffs participated in the 2000 process. The district court found

that the 2000 process violated Title VII, and the City never appealed that ruling. In Johnson

Appeal II, we reversed the district court, holding that the 2002 process did not violate Title VII.

Id. at 485. But that decision did not alter the 15 individuals’ entitlement to relief based on the

unchallenged 2000 process. And there’s the rub for the City: whether an officer was only a

Johnson I Plaintiff or also a Johnson II Plaintiff, the officer remained entitled to the relief

granted with respect to the 2000 process.

        As support for its argument, the City notes that the district court granted attorneys’ fees to

the Johnson I Plaintiffs but not the Johnson II Plaintiffs. The City argues that it is therefore

“logically inconsistent” to refuse to vacate the March 2013 judgment but nevertheless find that

the Johnson II Plaintiffs were not prevailing parties for the purposes of attorneys’ fees. We

disagree. It’s true, as the district court remarked, “that the Johnson II Plaintiffs did not prevail

on any of the causes of action alleged in Johnson II.” That is why the district court declined to

award attorneys’ fees to the Johnson II Plaintiffs—they weren’t prevailing parties in that lawsuit.

But that has no bearing on the backpay awarded due to the 2000 process’s invalidity.

        1
         As part of their settlement, the Billingsley Plaintiffs waived their claims for backpay and
attorneys’ fees. The district court granted the parties’ joint motion to approve the settlement,
dismissing the case with prejudice. Vacating the judgment in Billingsley is therefore a moot
point.

                                                 -5-
Case Nos. 16-6349/6835, Johnson, et al. v. City of Memphis

       The City additionally presses that the March 2013 judgment bestows a windfall upon the

Johnson II Plaintiffs by awarding them backpay for more than a dozen years from July 11, 2000,

through March 4, 2013. According to the City, this puts the Johnson II Plaintiffs in “the same

position as those who earned promotions based on the 2002 results, which this Court declared

valid in 2014.”

       The City’s argument fails to persuade. For one, we agree with Plaintiffs that the City has

the backpay period incorrect. July 11, 2000, marked the date the Johnson I Plaintiffs were first

denied a promotion related to the 2000 process. The backpay ending date differed, however,

based on when each Plaintiff was promoted—evidenced by the detailed spreadsheets Plaintiffs

submitted to the district court on March 1, 2013, in support of each individual backpay claim.

That all Johnson I Plaintiffs were awarded prejudgment interest through March 4, 2013, does not

represent a dubious windfall. Nor do we discern an abuse of discretion by the district court in

fashioning the backpay awards as it did. See Madden v. Chattanooga City Wide Serv. Dep’t,

549 F.3d 666, 678 (6th Cir. 2008).

                                                 B.

       The City also asks us to remand and mandate that the district court return all Johnson II

Plaintiffs still employed by the Memphis Police Department to the rank of patrol officer. Its

claim hinges on the parties’ consent order—entered by the district court in February 2007—

articulating that “[i]n the event that the Court’s December 28, 2006 Memorandum Opinion and

Order is reversed on appeal, Plaintiffs will be returned to the rank of patrol officer.”

       Given the Billingsley settlement, the district court denied as moot the motion as to that

group of plaintiffs, and the City does not appeal this decision. As for the Johnson I Plaintiffs

named in the agreement, the court found that enforcing the order “would not be appropriate.”

                                                -6-
Case Nos. 16-6349/6835, Johnson, et al. v. City of Memphis

Reviewing de novo the district court’s interpretation of the consent order, National Ecological

Foundation v. Alexander, 496 F.3d 466, 476 (6th Cir. 2007), we have no quarrel with its

analysis, restated here:

       The City’s argument to enforce the agreed order against the Johnson I Plaintiffs is
       without merit because the Johnson I Plaintiffs prevailed on their Title VII claim
       as to the 2000 process and the City waived on appeal any challenge to that portion
       of the Court’s judgment. While the same officers did not prevail on their
       challenge to the 2002 process in Johnson II, they did prevail on their challenge to
       the 2000 process in Johnson I and remain entitled to the relief granted for the
       Title VII violations in the 2000 process.

The City’s repeated references to the officers as “Johnson II Plaintiffs” do not disturb the

unassailable fact that these individuals also prevailed as Johnson I Plaintiffs. And the City offers

no support for its assertion that “[t]he Johnson II Plaintiffs agreed to the order, knowing they

could not rely on their success in Johnson I.”

                                                 III.

       For these reasons, we AFFIRM.

                                                 -7-