Court Opinion

ID: 9963572
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-25 19:24:19.409498+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:53.281361
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Williamson, 2024-Ohio-1599.]

                              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                                   TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

State of Ohio,                                   :
                                                                   No. 22AP-135
                 Plaintiff-Appellee,             :             (C.P.C. No. 19CR-5678)

v.                                               :                     and

Brandon L. Williamson,                           :                 No. 22AP-136
                                                               (C.P.C. No. 19CR-5970)
                 Defendant-Appellant.            :
                                                             (REGULAR CALENDAR)
                                                 :

                                           D E C I S I O N

                                      Rendered on April 25, 2024

                 On brief: G. Gary Tyack, Prosecuting Attorney, and
                 Darren M. Burgess, for appellee.

                 On brief: Campbell Law, LLC, and April F. Campbell, for
                 appellant.

                 APPEALS from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

EDELSTEIN, J.

        {¶ 1} This is a consolidated appeal from the judgments of conviction entered by the
Franklin County Court of Common Pleas against defendant-appellant, Brandon L.
Williamson, after he pled guilty to two second-degree felony trafficking in cocaine offenses
and was sentenced to an aggregate indefinite prison term of 7 to 10.5 years. For the
following reasons, we affirm the judgments below in all respects except as to the imposed
mandatory minimum fine of $15,000 ($7,500 for each offense). In that regard, we reverse
and remand to the trial court for a determination as to whether Mr. Williamson should be
granted relief from the imposition of any mandatory fines, pursuant to R.C. 2929.18(B)(1),
because of his present and future inability to pay them.
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                                    2

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
        {¶ 2} On November 1, 2019, a Franklin County Grand Jury returned a two-count
indictment charging Mr. Williamson (case No. 19CR-5678) and his codefendant, Jeremy A.
Heglar, (case No. 19CR-5677) with trafficking in cocaine (Count 1) and cocaine possession
(Count 2). Both counts were charged as first-degree felony offenses with money forfeiture
specifications and pertained to contraband seized at Mr. Williamson’s apartment in
October 2019 while Mr. Heglar was present.
        {¶ 3} Two weeks later, Mr. Williamson was separately indicted in case No. 19CR-
5970 in connection with drugs, firearms, and cash seized from his car and hotel room by
police on August 14, 2019. In that case, he was charged with another first-degree felony
cocaine trafficking offense (Count 1), another first-degree felony cocaine possession offense
(Count 2), and two fifth-degree felony drug possession offenses (Counts 3 and 4). All four
counts included money forfeiture and one-year firearm specifications.
        {¶ 4} On November 29, 2021, Mr. Williamson entered a counseled guilty plea to
the stipulated lesser-included offense of Count 1 in case No. 19CR-5678, trafficking in
cocaine (equal to or exceeding 20 grams but less than 27 grams1) in violation of R.C.
2925.03(A) and (C)(4)(e), a felony of the second degree, and the money forfeiture
specification ($7,536). (See Nov. 29, 2021 Plea Tr. at 13, 15.) Mr. Williamson also pled
guilty to the same stipulated lesser-included offense of Count 1 in case No. 19CR-5970,
trafficking in cocaine as a second-degree felony, with the money forfeiture specification
($2,580) but without the firearm specification.                 (See Plea Tr. at 4, 13-15.)            Upon
recommendation of the prosecutor, the trial court entered a nolle prosequi as to Count 2 in
case No. 19CR-5678 and the remaining counts and firearm specifications in case No. 19CR-
5970. (See Plea Tr. at 4, 16.) On the agreement of the parties, the trial court ordered Mr.
Williamson to undergo a presentence investigation. (Plea Tr. at 3-4, 10, 16.)
        {¶ 5} At the February 9, 2022 sentencing hearing, the trial court imposed an
indefinite prison sentence of 4 to 6 years in case No. 19CR-5678 and an indefinite prison

1 At the plea hearing, the prosecutor indicated the parties were stipulating the amount of cocaine seized in

both cases was “found to be [between] 20 to 27 grams.” (Emphasis added.) (Nov. 29, 2021 Plea Tr. at 13-14.)
Trafficking in cocaine is a first-degree felony offense, however, if the amount of cocaine involved “equals or
exceeds [27] grams but is less than [100] grams.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 2925.03(C)(4)(f). Mr.
Williamson entered a plea of guilty to the amended charge of second-degree felony trafficking in cocaine under
R.C. 2925.03(A) and (C)(4)(e). We only point out this discrepancy to reconcile the record with the statute.
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                   3

sentence of 3.5 to 4.5 years in case No. 19CR-5970. The trial court then ordered the
sentences to run consecutively, for a total aggregate indefinite prison sentence of 7 to 10.5
years. It also imposed a mandatory fine in the amount of $7,500 in each case—$15,000 in
total—as required by R.C. 2929.18(A)(3)(b) and (B)(1). The trial court memorialized Mr.
Williamson’s convictions and sentence in judgment entries issued February 9, 2022.
       {¶ 6} Mr. Williamson timely appealed from the judgments of conviction and raises
the following three assignments of error for our review:

              [I.] [MR.] WILLIAMSON’S SENTENCES SHOULD BE REVERSED,
              BECAUSE TRIAL COUNSEL WAS INEFFECTIVE FOR THREE
              REASONS:

                     A. HE FAILED TO FILE A WAIVER OF [MR.]
                        WILLIAMSON’S MANDATORY FINES AND
                        FAILED TO ARGUE IN MOTION AS TO HIS
                        INDIGENCE, LIKE THE TRIAL COURT
                        REQUESTED.

                     B. HE FAILED TO OFFER THE CO-DEFENDANT’S
                        MUCH LIGHTER SENTENCE IN MITIGATION
                        AT SENTENCING, DESPITE HIM COMMITTING
                        THE EXACT SAME OFFENSE.

                     C. HE   FAILED   TO   OBJECT  TO   [MR.]
                        WILLIAMSON’S INDETERMINATE SENTENCES
                        AS UNCONSTITUTIONAL.

              [II.] [MR.] WILLIAMSON’S SENTENCES SHOULD BE REVERSED,
              BECAUSE IT WAS GROSSLY DISPROPORTIONATE TO HIS CO-
              DEFENDANT’S [SENTENCE] WHO COMMITTED THE EXACT
              SAME OFFENSE.

              [III.] [MR.] WILLIAMSON’S SENTENCES UNDER THE REAGAN
              TOKES ACT ARE UNCONSTITUTIONAL. THUS, HIS SENTENCES
              SHOULD BE REVERSED.

II. ANALYSIS
       {¶ 7} Mr. Williamson’s first assignment of error raises three claims of ineffective
assistance of trial counsel. Because two of those claims pertain to the same matters at issue
in Mr. Williamson’s second and third assignments, we address his three assignments of
error in reverse order.
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                      4

        A. Third Assignment of Error
       {¶ 8} In his third assignment of error, Mr. Williamson argues the trial court erred
in imposing an indefinite sentence under 2018 Am.Sub.S.B. No. 201 (the “Reagan Tokes
Law”) because that law is unconstitutional.         Mr. Williamson did not object to the
application or constitutionality of the Reagan Tokes Law at trial and, thus, has waived all
but plain error. State v. Buttery, 162 Ohio St.3d 10, 2020-Ohio-2998, ¶ 7, quoting State v.
Quarterman, 140 Ohio St.3d 464, 2014-Ohio-4034, ¶ 16 (recognizing an appellate court
has discretion to consider a forfeited constitutional challenge to a statute in a criminal case
and may review the trial court’s decision for plain error).
       {¶ 9} To demonstrate plain error under Crim.R. 52(B), a defendant “must show
that an error occurred, that the error was plain, and that the error affected his substantial
rights.” State v. Bond, 170 Ohio St.3d 316, 2022-Ohio-4150, ¶ 17, citing State v. Wilks, 154
Ohio St.3d 359, 2018-Ohio-1562, ¶ 52. See also Buttery at ¶ 7. The Supreme Court of Ohio
has “ ‘interpreted [the third] aspect of the rule to mean that the trial court’s error must have
affected the outcome of the trial,’ ” Bond at ¶ 17, quoting State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21,
27 (2002), such that “reversal [is] necessary to correct a manifest miscarriage of justice,”
see Buttery at ¶ 7, citing Quarterman at ¶ 16.
       {¶ 10} Effective March 22, 2019, the Reagan Tokes Law requires a sentencing court
to impose an indefinite sentence consisting of a minimum and a maximum prison term on
individuals convicted of first- or second-degree felonies for which life imprisonment is not
an available sentence. State v. Hacker, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2023-Ohio-2535, ¶ 7, citing R.C.
2929.14(A)(1)(a) and (2)(a). R.C. 2967.271 specifies how the minimum and maximum
prison terms affect the amount of time a defendant sentenced under the Reagan Tokes Law
will be incarcerated. See Hacker at ¶ 8. Generally, there is a rebuttable presumption that
a defendant will be released from prison after serving the minimum term imposed by the
sentencing court. See R.C. 2967.271(B). But the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and
Correction (“ODRC”) “may rebut [that] presumption” if it—being the ODRC—“determines,
at a hearing” that one of the conditions specified in R.C. 2967.271(C) apply. In that event,
the ODRC “may maintain the offender’s incarceration” up to the maximum prison term set
by the sentencing court. R.C. 2967.271(D)(1). See Hacker at ¶ 10.
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                   5

       {¶ 11} In this case, Mr. Williamson was sentenced for two counts of trafficking in
cocaine, both felonies of the second degree. See R.C. 2925.03(A) and (C)(4)(e). Life
imprisonment is not an available sentence for a second-degree felony trafficking offense.
See R.C. 2925.03(C)(4)(e); R.C. 2929.14(A)(2)(a).      Because both of Mr. Williamson’s
trafficking offenses were committed on or after March 22, 2019—when the Reagan Tokes
Law took effect—the trial court was statutorily required to impose a mandatory “indefinite
prison term with a stated minimum term selected by the court of two, three, four, five, six,
seven, or eight years and a maximum term that is determined pursuant to” R.C. 2929.144
for each offense. See R.C. 2929.14(A)(2)(a). See also Hacker at ¶ 7.
       {¶ 12} In accordance with that law, the trial court sentenced Mr. Williamson to an
indefinite prison sentence of 4 to 6 years in case No. 19CR-5678 and an indefinite prison
sentence of 3 to 4.5 years in case No. 19CR-5970. On appeal, Mr. Williamson argues the
trial court erred in applying the indefinite sentencing structure of the Reagan Tokes Law
because the law is unconstitutional. More specifically, he contends the presumptive release
portion of R.C. 2967.271 violates his constitutional rights to due process, a jury trial, and
counsel, as well as the constitutional requirement of separation of powers.
       {¶ 13} While this appeal was pending, however, the Ohio Supreme Court issued a
decision finding the Reagan Tokes Law to be facially constitutional. Hacker at ¶ 41.
Pursuant to that decision, we reject Mr. Williamson’s constitutional challenge to the
indefinite sentencing structure and presumptive release portion of the Reagan Tokes Law
and find that the trial court did not err in imposing the indefinite sentences that law
requires. See, e.g., State v. Harris, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-678, 2023-Ohio-3994, ¶ 118; State
v. Burks, 10th Dist. No. 21AP-657, 2024-Ohio-17, ¶ 55; State v. Abdullahi, 10th Dist. No.
21AP-350, 2024-Ohio-418, ¶ 54.
      {¶ 14} For these reasons, Mr. Williamson’s third assignment of error is overruled.

        B. Second Assignment of Error
       {¶ 15} In his second assignment of error, Mr. Williamson argues the prison sentence
imposed in case No. 19CR-5678 should be reversed because it is “grossly disproportionate”
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                                  6

to the sentence his codefendant, Mr. Heglar, received in case No. 19CR-5677.2 (Brief of
Appellant at 14-17.)
        {¶ 16} R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) generally governs our review of felony sentences. See,
e.g., State v. Jones, 163 Ohio St.3d 242, 2020-Ohio-6729, ¶ 26-42. Under that statute, we
are permitted to modify or vacate a sentence only if we clearly and convincingly find either:
(1) the record does not support the sentencing court’s findings under certain statutes, none
of which are implicated here; or (2) the sentence is otherwise contrary to law. Id. at ¶ 30-
39; R.C. 2953.08(G)(2).
        {¶ 17} Relevant here, a sentence is contrary to law if the trial court failed to consider
the purposes and principles of felony sentencing set forth in R.C. 2929.11 and the
seriousness and recidivism factors in R.C. 2929.12. See, e.g., State v. Dodson, 10th Dist.
No. 20AP-297, 2021-Ohio-2415, ¶ 11, quoting State v. Haddad, 10th Dist. No. 16AP-459,
2017-Ohio-1290, ¶ 19. However, “[n]othing in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) permits an appellate
court to independently weigh the evidence in the record and substitute its judgment for that
of the trial court concerning the sentence that best reflects compliance with R.C. 2929.11
and 2929.12.” Jones at ¶ 42.
        {¶ 18} Central to Mr. Williamson’s second assignment of error is his general
dissatisfaction with receiving a longer prison sentence than his codefendant. Specifically,
he takes issue with the trial court’s application of R.C. 2929.11(B), which states:

                A sentence imposed for a felony shall be reasonably calculated
                to achieve the three overriding purposes of felony sentencing
                set forth in [R.C. 2929.11(A)], commensurate with and not
                demeaning to the seriousness of the offender’s conduct and its
                impact upon the victim, and consistent with sentences
                imposed for similar crimes committed by similar
                offenders.

(Emphasis added.)
        {¶ 19} Initially, we note that although Mr. Williamson contends that his sentence is
“disproportionate” to his codefendant’s, his argument is, in reality, one of consistency. “For

2 Although Mr. Williamson’s argument in support of his second assignment of error repeatedly refers to

“sentences” in the plural, he does not actually make any substantive arguments regarding the prison sentence
imposed in case No. 19CR-5970—which had no connection to his codefendant’s charges or sentence in case
No. 19CR-5677—under this assignment of error. (See Brief of Appellant at 14-17.) Accordingly, we limit our
analysis of his second assignment of error to the sentence he received in case No. 19CR-5678.
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                     7

purposes of R.C. 2929.11(B), ‘consistency’ relates to the sentences in the context of
sentences given to other offenders; ‘proportionality’ relates solely to the punishment in the
context of the offender’s conduct (does the punishment fit the crime).” State v. Moore, 8th
Dist. No. 99788, 2014-Ohio-5135, ¶ 17. See also State v. Murphy, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-952,
2013-Ohio-5599, ¶ 13.
       {¶ 20} Both Mr. Williamson and Mr. Heglar were charged with the same offenses
and specifications by a single indictment in connection with the drugs and money seized
from Mr. Williamson’s apartment on October 24, 2019 while Mr. Heglar was present. But,
ultimately, the two men received two very different sentences. Mr. Williamson pled guilty
to second-degree felony drug trafficking and was sentenced to an indefinite prison term of
four to six years in that case. In contrast, Mr. Heglar pled guilty to third-degree felony drug
trafficking and was sentenced to community control for a period of five years.
       {¶ 21} On appeal, Mr. Williamson acknowledges his trial counsel did not present
evidence regarding his Mr. Heglar’s community control sentence at his sentencing hearing.
Nonetheless, Mr. Williamson’s attributes error to the trial court’s purported failure to
consider it. (See Brief of Appellant at 15-17.) Because Mr. Williamson did not raise this
issue in the trial court, he has waived all but plain error and his claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, as discussed infra. See, e.g., State v. West, 168 Ohio St.3d 605, 2022-
Ohio-1556, ¶ 2.
       {¶ 22} Consistency in sentencing is accomplished by the trial court’s consideration
and application of the controlling statutory sentencing factors and guidelines in the Ohio
Revised Code. See, e.g., Murphy at ¶ 13, quoting State v. McMichael, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-
1042, 2012-Ohio-3166, ¶ 42, citing State v. Hayes, 10th Dist. No. 08AP-233, 2009-Ohio-
1100, ¶ 9; State v. Holloman, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-875, 2008-Ohio-2650, ¶ 19. There is no
requirement that codefendants receive equal sentences. State v. Hall, 179 Ohio App.3d 727,
2008-Ohio-6228, ¶ 10 (10th Dist.), citing State v. Templeton, 5th Dist. No. 2006-CA-33,
2007-Ohio-1148, ¶ 103. Rather, “consistency has a goal of similar sentences for similar
offenses.” Murphy at ¶ 14, citing State v. Battle, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-863, 2007-Ohio-1845.
“As a result, consistency includes a range of sentences, taking into consideration a trial
court’s discretion to weigh the relevant statutory factors.” Id. Thus, even where offenses
are similar, “distinguishing factors may justify dissimilar sentences.” Id., citing Battle at
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                     8

¶ 24. “A consistent sentence is not derived from a case-by-case comparison; rather, the trial
court’s proper application of the statutory sentencing guidelines ensures consistency.” Hall
at ¶ 10, citing State v. Swiderski, 11th Dist. No. 2004-L-112, 2005-Ohio-6705, ¶ 58.
       {¶ 23} Mr. Williamson does not claim on appeal, however, that the trial court failed
to properly consider the statutory purposes and factors of felony sentencing in imposing
his sentence. Nor does Mr. Williamson contend that his sentence exceeded the statutorily
permissible range for a second-degree felony offense. And because both Mr. Williamson
and Mr. Heglar entered guilty pleas to resolve their respective cases, there is no basis to
suggest the relative severity of Mr. Williamson’s sentence was indicative of an
unconstitutional trial tax. E.g., State v. Simpson, 164 Ohio St.3d 102, 2020-Ohio-6719,
¶ 25-26 (O’Connor, C.J., concurring).
       {¶ 24} Thus, Mr. Williamson does not directly challenge the propriety of his
sentence in his second assignment of error. Instead, he attributes error to the trial court’s
purported failure to consider Mr. Heglar’s community control sentence when it imposed a
prison sentence upon Mr. Williamson. More precisely, Mr. Williamson takes issue with the
absence of “any indication on this record that the trial court properly considered whether
the ‘substantially similar offenders’—here the exact same offense—‘received grossly
disproportionate sentences’ to [Mr.] Williamson’s.” (Brief of Appellant at 16-17, quoting
State v. Coburn, 4th Dist. No. 03CA774, 2004-Ohio-2997, ¶ 17.) His contention lacks merit
in its entirety.
       {¶ 25} It is well-established that a trial court has “full discretion to impose a prison
sentence within the applicable sentencing range.” State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006-
Ohio-856, ¶ 100. And “neither R.C. 2929.11 nor 2929.12 requires a trial court to make any
specific factual findings on the record.” Jones, 2020-Ohio-6729 at ¶ 20, citing State v.
Wilson, 129 Ohio St.3d 214, 2011-Ohio-2669, ¶ 31, and State v. Arnett, 88 Ohio St.3d 208,
215 (2000). Based on our review of the transcript from the sentencing hearing and the trial
court’s sentencing entry, we find the trial court clearly considered and applied the R.C.
2929.11 and 2929.12 sentencing factors in determining what sentence was appropriate
under the unique circumstances of Mr. Williamson’s case. (See Feb. 9, 2022 Sentencing Tr.
at 8-13.) The trial court was not required to make any specific findings on the record as to
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                    9

its application of the “consistency” requirement in R.C. 2929.11(B) or any of the sentencing
factors.
      {¶ 26} Contrary to Mr. Williamson’s position, we emphasize that it was Ohio’s
sentencing laws—not the charging indictment—that destined Mr. Williamson to receive a
more severe prison sentence than Mr. Heglar. By entering a guilty plea to a second-degree
felony trafficking in a cocaine offense, Mr. Williamson was subject to mandatory prison
time and the indefinite sentencing structure of the Reagan Tokes Law.               See R.C.
2929.14(A)(2)(a). On the other hand, Mr. Heglar was not. This is because Mr. Heglar’s
third-degree felony offense of trafficking in cocaine only carries “a presumption for a
prison term for the offense” unless other statutorily prescribed conditions apply.
(Emphasis added.) R.C. 2925.03(C)(4)(d). See also R.C. 2929.13(E)(1).
      {¶ 27} Moreover, even had the trial court sentenced Mr. Heglar to a prison term, the
trial court could have imposed only “a definite term of nine, twelve, eighteen, twenty-four,
thirty, or thirty-six months.” R.C. 2929.14(A)(3)(b). In stark contrast, Mr. Williamson’s
second-degree felony conviction required the trial court to impose upon Mr. Williamson
a mandatory prison sentence that included “an indefinite prison term with a stated
minimum term selected by the court of two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight years.” See
R.C. 2929.14(A)(2)(a). And, on that point, we note the trial court sentenced Mr. Williamson
to a minimum prison term of just four years in case No. 19CR-5678—just one year greater
than the maximum prison sentence allowed for a third-degree felony offense.
      {¶ 28} To the extent Mr. Williamson now takes issue with the disparity between the
plea offers he and Mr. Heglar received or otherwise believes his trial counsel was ineffective
in plea negotiations, neither have been raised as error in this appeal.
       {¶ 29} For these reasons, we conclude the trial court did not err—plainly or
otherwise—when it sentenced Mr. Williamson to a longer prison term than Mr. Heglar.
Accordingly, Mr. Williamson’s second assignment of error is overruled.

           C. First Assignment of Error
       {¶ 30} In his first assignment of error, Mr. Williamson argues he received
ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                   10

       1. Legal Standards
       {¶ 31} A defendant asserting a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must
establish: (1) counsel’s performance was deficient or objectively unreasonable, as
determined by “ ‘prevailing professional norms;’ ” and (2) that the deficient performance of
counsel prejudiced the defendant. State v. Spaulding, 151 Ohio St.3d 378, 2016-Ohio-8126,
¶ 77, quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694 (1984).
       {¶ 32} To show trial counsel’s performance was deficient or unreasonable, the
defendant must overcome the presumption that counsel provided competent
representation and must show counsel’s actions were not trial strategies prompted by
reasonable professional judgment. Strickland at 689. “As a result, trial counsel is entitled
to a strong presumption that all decisions fall within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance.” State v. Sallie, 81 Ohio St.3d 673, 675 (1998), citing State v.
Thompson, 33 Ohio St.3d 1, 10 (1987). Tactical or strategic decisions, even if unsuccessful,
do not generally constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. State v. Frazier, 61 Ohio St.3d
247, 255 (1991). Rather, the errors complained of must amount to a substantial violation
of counsel’s essential duties to his client. See State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 141-42
(1989).
       {¶ 33} Prejudice results when “ ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ”
Bradley at 142, quoting Strickland at 694. “ ‘A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’ ” Id., quoting Strickland at 694.
       {¶ 34} When analyzing an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, an appellate court
“need not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient before examining the
prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies.” Strickland at
697. See also State v. Wade, 10th Dist. No. 20AP-456, 2021-Ohio-4090, ¶ 19.

       2. Analysis
       {¶ 35} Mr. Williamson asserts his trial counsel was ineffective in three respects:
(1) failing to timely file and argue for waiver of mandatory fines; (2) failing to offer
information regarding his codefendant’s “much lighter” prison sentence in mitigation at
sentencing; and (3) failing to object to Mr. Williamson’s indefinite sentences as
unconstitutional. Because our disposition of Mr. Williamson’s second and third
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                      11

assignments of error bear upon our analysis of his second and third ineffective assistance
of counsel claims, we will address his claims in reverse order.

       a. Imposition of indefinite sentences.
      {¶ 36} Mr. Williamson alleges his attorney was ineffective because he did not argue
at sentencing that the indefinite sentencing structure of the Reagan Tokes Law is
unconstitutional. As explained above in our analysis of Mr. Williamson’s third assignment
of error, the Supreme Court has since held that the challenged portions of the law are
constitutional. It follows, then, that trial counsel’s failure to challenge the constitutionality
of a law now declared by a binding authority to be constitutional in all relevant respects
does not constitute deficient performance.

       b. Disparity between Mr. Williamson’s and his codefendant’s sentences.
      {¶ 37} As already outlined in our discussion of Mr. Williamson’s second assignment
of error, Mr. Williamson and his codefendant, Mr. Heglar, were both indicted with the same
first-degree felony drug trafficking and first-degree felony drug possession offenses in
connection with the same incident. Both pled guilty to a lesser-included trafficking offense:
Mr. Williamson to a felony of the second degree and Mr. Heglar to a felony of the third
degree. As a result of those their respective pleas, Mr. Williamson was sentenced to an
indefinite prison term of 4 to 6 years, while Mr. Heglar received a sentence of community
control.
      {¶ 38} As part of his first assignment of error, Mr. Williamson generally raises an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim relating to the disparity between these sentences.
But because Mr. Williamson’s argument in support is vague, cursory, and not supported by
legal authority, it is not entirely clear what he believes constituted deficient performance by
his trial counsel. In his assignment of error statement, Mr. Williamson posits that trial
counsel was ineffective because “[h]e failed to offer the co-defendant’s much lighter
sentence in mitigation at sentencing, despite him committing the exact same offense.”
(Emphasis added.) (Brief of Appellant at v, 8.) This claimed error pertains to trial counsel’s
representation before the trial court pronounced Mr. Williamson’s sentence. But, in the
section of his brief meant to support that contention, Mr. Williamson instead argues that
his trial attorney was ineffective because he “failed to argue * * * that [Mr.] Williamson’s
sentence was grossly disproportionate to [Mr. Heglar’s].” (Brief of Appellant at 13.) This
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                       12

claimed error relates to trial counsel’s representation after the trial court pronounced Mr.
Williamson’s sentence. Without clearly resolving these discrepancies, Mr. Williamson
contends that, had trial counsel raised the issue of disproportionate sentences, “the trial
court could have considered” the issue. (See Brief of Appellant at 13.) On that speculative
theory, Mr. Williamson proclaims that trial counsel’s “[f]ailure to do so was prejudicially
ineffective,” without explaining why he believes that is so. (See Brief of Appellant at 13.)
      {¶ 39} In any event, neither trial counsel’s failure to offer Mr. Heglar’s sentence
during mitigation nor his failure to raise the disproportionate sentence issue after Mr.
Williamson’s sentence was imposed rises to the level of deficient performance—much less
prejudice—that Strickland requires. Fatal to Mr. Williamson’s deficient performance claim
is the fact that Mr. Williamson pled guilty to a more serious felony offense than did Mr.
Heglar. As a result of that plea, Mr. Williamson was subject to more severe penalties under
Ohio law, as previously described. Mr. Williamson does not claim the disparate sentences
are attributable to any action by the trial court that was unlawful or unconstitutional.
      {¶ 40} Instead, Mr. Williamson alleges that Mr. Heglar was convicted of drug
offenses in one case filed in 2006 and two cases filed in 2015. (Brief of Appellant at 16.)
But, he does not explain how that history changes the fact that Mr. Heglar was sentenced
for a lower-level felony offense than him. And, because the transcript from Mr. Heglar’s
sentencing hearing is not in the record before us, we cannot appreciably ascertain all
mitigating factors presented at Mr. Heglar’s sentencing hearing or otherwise understand
the trial court’s reasoning for imposing a community control sentence in that case. What
is clear from the record before us, however, is that the trial court acted in accordance with
Ohio law when it sentenced Mr. Williamson to an indefinite prison sentence of 4 to 6 years
in case No. 19CR-5678.
      {¶ 41} We further note that it was Mr. Williamson—not Mr. Heglar—who was
indicted in two felony drug cases for criminal conduct that occurred within the span of
approximately two months. Indeed, the state’s uncontested recitation of facts at Mr.
Williamson’s plea and sentencing hearings indicated that Mr. Williamson was “the main
subject of this investigation after selling crack cocaine to a confidential informant” on
August 14, 2019. (See Plea Tr. at 13. See also Sentencing Tr. at 4.) Based on those
observations in August, law enforcement seized Mr. Williamson and searched his car and
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                 13

hotel room, ultimately recovering the drugs, firearms, and cash which formed the factual
basis for Mr. Williamson’s indictment in case No. 19CR-5970. (Plea Tr. at 13-14; Sentencing
Tr. at 4, 9.) Approximately two months later, law enforcement conducted additional
controlled buys from Mr. Williamson. (Sentencing Tr. at 4.) While executing the ensuing
search warrant on Mr. Williamson’s apartment on October 24, 2019, detectives
encountered Mr. Heglar inside—along with narcotics and a large sum of cash. (See Plea Tr.
at 12-13; Sentencing Tr. at 4-5, 9-10.) This incident resulted in the contemporaneous
indictment of Mr. Williamson and Mr. Heglar in case Nos. 19CR-5678 and 19CR-5677,
respectively. The trial court considered these facts when it sentenced Mr. Williamson. (See
Sentencing Tr. at 8-10.)
      {¶ 42} In light of these undisputed facts and Ohio’s sentencing laws, it is to be
expected that Mr. Williamson’s plea to a higher-level felony offense would result in a more
severe sentence than Mr. Heglar received. Accordingly, we find that Mr. Williamson fails
to demonstrate either the deficient performance or prejudice Strickland requires to support
this allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel.

       c. Waiver of mandatory fines.
       {¶ 43} Mr. Williamson also alleges in his second assignment of error that his trial
attorney was ineffective for failing to timely file and argue for waiver of mandatory fines
due to Mr. Williamson’s indigence. As a result of this failure, he claims, the trial court
imposed a mandatory fine in the amount of $7,500 fine in case No. 19CR-5678 and a
mandatory fine in the amount of $7,500 in case No. 19CR-5970.
       {¶ 44} R.C. 2929.18(B)(1) requires a sentencing court to impose a mandatory fine in
connection with certain offenses. The statute provides:

              For a first, second, or third degree felony violation of any
              provision of Chapter 2925., 3719., or 4729. of the Revised
              Code, the sentencing court shall impose upon the offender a
              mandatory fine of at least one-half of, but not more than, the
              maximum statutory fine amount authorized for the level of
              the offense pursuant to division (A)(3) of this section.
R.C. 2929.18(B)(1). See also R.C. 2925.03(D)(1). The maximum statutory fine amount
authorized for a felony drug offense of the second degree is $15,000. R.C. 2929.18(A)(3)(b).
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                   14

Thus, in accordance with R.C. 2929.18(B)(1), the minimum mandatory fine for a second-
degree felony drug offense is $7,500.
       {¶ 45} However, the mandatory fine statute further states that a sentencing court
“shall not impose the mandatory fine upon the offender” if (1) the offender files an affidavit
with the court before sentencing that alleges “the offender is indigent and unable to pay
the mandatory fine,” and (2) “the court determines the offender is an indigent person and
is unable to pay the mandatory fine.” R.C. 2929.18(B)(1). “For purposes of [mandatory
fine waiver], being ‘indigent’ and being ‘unable to pay’ are not the same.” State v.
Delgadillo-Banuelos, 10th Dist. No. 18AP-729, 2019-Ohio-4174, ¶ 28. “Indigency concerns
a defendant’s current financial situation, whereas an inability to pay encompasses his
future financial situation as well.” Id., citing State v. Gipson, 80 Ohio St.3d 626, 636
(1998). Accordingly, “[t]he burden is upon the offender to affirmatively demonstrate that
he or she is indigent and unable to pay the mandatory fine.” Id., citing Gipson at 635.
       {¶ 46} R.C. 2929.18(B)(1) does not set forth any particular factors that must be
considered or specific findings that must be made when a sentencing court evaluates a
defendant’s present and future ability to pay a mandatory fine. See Delgadillo-Banuelos at
¶ 29, citing State v. Pilgrim, 184 Ohio App.3d 675, 2009-Ohio-5357, ¶ 76 (10th Dist.).
Nonetheless, a sentencing court’s decision to waive a mandatory fine pursuant to R.C.
2929.18(B)(1) must be supported by evidence in the record. See id. at ¶ 29. For instance, a
presentence investigation (“PSI”) report can provide financial, occupational, and personal
information regarding the defendant relevant to a trial court’s evaluation of the defendant’s
present and future ability to pay the mandatory fine. See, e.g., Delgadillo-Banuelos at ¶ 29-
30.
       {¶ 47} In this case, the trial court advised Mr. Williamson about the financial
consequences of his plea of guilty to two second-degree felony drug trafficking offenses
during the plea colloquy. (Plea Tr. at 9.) At that time, Mr. Williamson’s trial counsel
indicated his intention to seek exception from the imposition of mandatory fines on account
of Mr. Williamson’s present and future inability to pay:

              If it’s not the time for it -- but we ask the Court to find him
              statutorily indigent. He’s a court-appointed defendant [sic],
              doesn’t have the means to hire an attorney and therefore
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                   15

              probably wouldn’t have the means to pay the fine. But we
              would preserve that for the actual sentencing.

(Emphasis added.) (Plea Tr. at 9-10.) Because sentencing was scheduled for a later date,
the trial court did not make any findings regarding Mr. Williamson’s present or future
ability to pay the mandatory fines at the plea hearing.
      {¶ 48} Critically, Mr. Williamson’s trial counsel did not file an affidavit alleging Mr.
Williamson was indigent and lacked the ability to pay the mandatory fine before sentencing
in either case. In other words, Mr. Williamson’s trial counsel failed to timely request waiver
of the mandatory fines in the manner required by R.C. 2929.18(B)(1).
      {¶ 49} At the sentencing hearing, the state asked the trial court to impose the
mandatory fine for each count.       (Sentencing Tr. at 6.)       But during allocution, Mr.
Williamson’s trial counsel did not present any arguments or affidavit from Mr. Williamson
regarding Mr. Williamson’s current and future inability to pay the mandatory fines. (See
Sentencing Tr. at 6-8.) Thus, the trial court imposed the minimum mandatory fine of
$7,500 for each of the two second-degree felony drug trafficking offenses, for an aggregate
mandatory fine of $15,000. (Sentencing Tr. at 11, 13.) It was not until after Mr.
Williamson’s sentences in both cases were pronounced that his trial counsel asked the trial
court to waive the mandatory fines that had just been imposed:

              [DEF. COUNSEL]: Your Honor, we would like you to find the
                              Defendant indigent for purposes of a fine.
                              ***

              THE COURT:            * * * As to finding indigent, if Counsel -- if
                                    you file something later with regards to
                                    mandatory drug fines, I generally require
                                    something more detailed than just the
                                    statement in court. It looks like he at least
                                    has been working. I don’t know if you’re
                                    retained or not. But I need more
                                    information before I waive any kind of --

              [DEF. COUNSEL]: Yes.

              THE COURT:            -- mandatory fine. Did you have anything
                                    else?
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                   16

                [PROSECUTOR]:       Judge, I think that in order for the Court
                                    to consider the waiver of mandatory fine,
                                    that that motion must be filed before
                                    sentencing.

                THE COURT:          All right. So, I’ll let you file something and
                                    look at it, and I’ll -- that’s probably right.
                                    But off the top of my head, I don’t
                                    remember that.

(Sentencing Tr. at 14-15.) Because the trial court indicated it would entertain the issue only
upon written motion, no additional evidence or findings regarding Mr. Williamson’s
present and future ability to pay the mandatory fines were addressed at that time.
      {¶ 50} We note the trial prosecutor correctly represented the law when she indicated
that, for the mandatory fines to be waived, Mr. Williamson needed to file an affidavit that
complied with R.C. 2929.18(B)(1) before sentencing. Nonetheless, despite the trial court’s
expression of its willingness to consider waiving the mandatory fines, Mr. Williamson’s trial
counsel submitted nothing to the trial court on this issue following the conclusion of the
sentencing hearing.
      {¶ 51} It is without question that trial counsel’s failure to timely file a proper
affidavit, in accordance with R.C. 2929.18(B)(1), constituted deficient performance. At
issue is whether such failure constituted prejudicial error under the facts and circumstances
of this case.
      {¶ 52} Ohio courts have held that the failure to file an affidavit seeking waiver of
mandatory fines constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel where the record shows a
reasonable probability that the trial court would have found the defendant indigent and
unable to pay the fine had the affidavit been filed. See, e.g., Delgadillo-Banuelos, 2019-
Ohio-4174 at ¶ 28; State v. Parsley, 10th Dist. No. 09AP-612, 2010-Ohio-1689, ¶ 65; State
v. Seawright, 8th Dist. No. 109489, 2021-Ohio-1100, ¶ 25-26; State v. Holbrook, 3d Dist.
No. 1-21-32, 2021-Ohio-4362, ¶ 12-15; State v. McElfresh, 5th Dist. No. 20-COA-019, 2021-
Ohio-480, ¶ 7-19. See also Davis, 2020-Ohio-309 at ¶ 13-16 (addressing an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim regarding failure to request waiver of court costs on behalf of a
defendant previously found to be indigent).
      {¶ 53} Initially, we note that Mr. Williamson has been represented by appointed
counsel since November 2019 in both of the underlying cases. And, after he was sentenced
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                   17

in February 2022, the trial court again determined Mr. Williamson was indigent, appointed
appellate counsel, and waived transcript costs for appeal. Thus, multiple recent
determinations have been made as to Mr. Williamson’s indigent status under Chapter 120
of the Revised Code.
      {¶ 54} We recognize that there is a difference between indigency for the purposes of
receiving appointed counsel and inability to pay a mandatory fine. See, e.g., State v. Powell,
78 Ohio App.3d 784, 789 (3d Dist.1992); State v. Stevens, 2d Dist. No. 2023-CA-20, 2023-
Ohio-3510, ¶ 9. And we acknowledge that information regarding a defendant’s finances is
generally outside the record on direct appeal, meaning that the appropriate place to pursue
this issue might instead be in a hearing for postconviction relief under R.C. 2953.21. See,
e.g., State v. Warren, 5th Dist. No. 18-CA-42, 2019-Ohio-2927, ¶ 99, citing State v. Booker,
63 Ohio App.3d 459, 466 (2d Dist.1989). Nonetheless, we find the record before us in this
case shows a reasonable probability that the trial court would have found Mr. Williamson
lacked the present and future ability to pay the mandatory fines had an affidavit of
indigency been timely filed by his trial counsel.
      {¶ 55} The financial disclosure forms filed shortly after Mr. Williamson was
sentenced indicated that Mr. Williamson has no income or liquid assets. True, other Ohio
appellate districts have found a financial disclosure form insufficient, alone, to support
waiver of mandatory fines under R.C. 2929.18(B)(1). See, e.g., McElfresh at ¶ 12. But, on
review, the financial disclosure forms filed in this case support a determination that Mr.
Williamson lacked the present ability to pay the mandatory fines when he was sentenced.
      {¶ 56} Moreover, Mr. Williamson indicated at the sentencing hearing that he had
started a shoe customizing business and had been “helping out” at daycares.              (See
Sentencing Tr. at 8. See also Plea Tr. at 18.) But, on review of the transcript, it is unclear
whether, and to what extent, such endeavors were economically profitable or voluntary.
Suffice it to say, however, that because Mr. Williamson will be incarcerated for at least 7
years—and potentially up to 10.5 years—he will likely lack the ability to make any
appreciable income for many years. Mr. Williamson’s mandatory incarceration for 7 to 10.5
years clearly bears on his future ability to pay the mandatory fines.
      {¶ 57} Some appellate districts have relied on information contained in a PSI, see,
e.g., Warren at ¶ 100-01, or arraignment transcript addressing bond, see, e.g., McElfresh
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                                   18

at ¶ 10-17, as proof in the record showing a reasonable probability that the trial court would
have waived the mandatory fine but for trial counsel’s failure to file the required affidavit
of indigency before sentencing. But, while a PSI was obtained prior to sentencing in this
case (e.g. Sentencing Tr. at 2, 6), it has not been made part of the appellate record.3 Neither
are the transcripts from Mr. Williamson’s arraignment in the two cases that are before us.
       {¶ 58} In any event, we find the trial court’s expression of its willingness to
consider waiving the mandatory fines after Mr. Williamson’s sentences were imposed
favorable to his ineffective assistance claim. (See Sentencing Tr. at 14-15.) Indeed, despite
the trial prosecutor arguing that Mr. Williamson’s failure to file an affidavit seeking waiver
of the mandatory fines before sentencing precluded relief under R.C. 2929.18(B)(1), the
trial court stated it would “let [defense counsel] file something” and would “look at it.”
(Sentencing Tr. at 14-15.) True, the trial court indicated it “need[ed] more information
before [it] waived any kind of * * * mandatory fine.” (Sentencing Tr. at 14.) But requiring
more information on Mr. Williamson’s present and future ability to pay the mandatory
fines goes to the deficient performance of trial counsel—not whether the trial court would
have waived the mandatory fines had a proper affidavit been timely filed. We recognize,
too, that even if defense counsel had filed the necessary waiver request after sentencing, as
the trial court prompted him to do, the trial court may have nonetheless found that it could
not waive the mandatory fines based on the timing requirement of R.C. 2929.18(B)(1). But,
again, this only reinforces the deficiency of trial counsel’s representation.
       {¶ 59} What is significant, we believe, is that the trial court did not immediately
foreclose the possibility it would waive the mandatory fines when trial counsel untimely
sought waiver by oral motion. Instead, the trial court solicited defense counsel to file Mr.
Williamson’s affidavit for further consideration. Notable, too, is the trial court’s decision
to impose the mandatory minimum fine in both cases. When taken with the trial court’s
repeated determinations of Mr. Williamson’s indigent status—for trial representation,
appellate representation, and waiver of transcript costs—and given Mr. Williamson’s

3 Although the record on appeal for sentencing issues includes the PSI, the PSI is not formally made part of

the record by filing because it is a confidential document. R.C. 2953.08(F)(1); R.C. 2951.03(D)(1) through
(3). See also State ex rel. Beacon Journal Publishing Co. v. Whitmore, 83 Ohio St.3d 61, 66 (1998) (PSI is not
a public record under R.C. 149.43). Thus, in order for a PSI to be made part of the record transmitted to this
court for our review, the parties—typically, the appellant—must request that the PSI be transmitted with the
record on appeal in a praecipe to the clerk or a motion to supplement the record. See App.R. 9.
Nos. 22AP-135 & 22AP-136                                                                 19

impending incarceration of 7 to 10.5 years, we conclude the record supports Mr.
Williamson’s contention that there was a reasonable probability the trial court would have
found he was presently unable—and would be unable—to pay the mandatory fines had a
proper affidavit been timely filed pursuant to R.C. 2929.18(B)(1). As such, we find Mr.
Williamson was prejudiced by trial counsel’s deficient performance in this regard.
      {¶ 60} Based on these facts and circumstances, we conclude trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to timely move for waiver of the mandatory fines. Mr. Williamson’s
first assignment of error is, therefore, sustained as to his claim regarding the waiver of
mandatory fines. His remaining ineffective assistance of counsel claims are not well-taken.

III. CONCLUSION
      {¶ 61} Having overruled Mr. Williamson’s second and third assignments of error
and sustained Mr. Williamson’s first assignment of error as to his waiver of mandatory fines
claim, we reverse, in part, the February 9, 2022 judgments of the Franklin County Court of
Common Pleas imposing the mandatory fines.           As to all other components of Mr.
Williamson’s sentences, these judgments are affirmed. Both causes are remanded to the
trial court for a determination on whether waiver of the mandatory fines is appropriate
under R.C. 2929.18(B)(1).

                                     Judgments affirmed, in part, and reversed, in part;
                                                                     causes remanded.

                      DORRIAN and BEATTY BLUNT, JJ., concur.