Court Opinion

ID: 8405548
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-26 18:00:17.75682+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:54.648825
License: Public Domain

Case: 22-30622        Document: 00516522312             Page: 1      Date Filed: 10/26/2022

               United States Court of Appeals
                    for the Fifth Circuit                               United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                 Fifth Circuit

                                                                               FILED
                                                                        October 26, 2022
                                       No. 22-30622
                                                                          Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                               Clerk

   In re: Calvin Levy,

                                                                                  Petitioner.

                           Petition for a Writ of Mandamus to
                            the United States District Court
                          for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                                    No. 2:21-CV-1993

   Before King, Jones, and Smith, Circuit Judges.
   Per Curiam:
           The plaintiff, Calvin Levy, petitions for a writ of mandamus directing
   the district court to remand this removed action to state court for want of
   federal-court jurisdiction. This matter arises from a traffic collision. Levy is
   a citizen of Louisiana, as is the driver of the other vehicle, defendant Emile
   Dumesnil. At the time of removal by diverse defendant Zurich American
   Insurance Company (“Zurich”), neither Dumesnil nor defendant Dynamic
   Energy Services International, LLC, had been served. 1
           Levy initiated an action in Louisiana state court against the three
   defendants. Zurich—the only defendant that had received service of

           1
            Dynamic claims to be a citizen of Louisiana, and nothing in the record indicates
   otherwise. The amount in controversy is admitted to be in excess of $75,000.
Case: 22-30622      Document: 00516522312           Page: 2     Date Filed: 10/26/2022

                                     No. 22-30622

   process—promptly removed to federal court, asserting that removal was
   proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b)(2), otherwise known as the “forum-
   defendant rule.” That statute provides that an “action otherwise removable
   solely on the basis of [diversity] jurisdiction under [28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)]
   “may not be removed if any of the parties in interest properly joined and
   served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought.”
   According to Zurich, it could remove to federal court because Dumesnil—a
   citizen of the forum state—had not yet been served.
          The problem for these defendants, however, is the passage in
   § 1441(b)(2) that limits it to “action[s] otherwise removable” on no basis
   other than § 1332(a), the statute that confers diversity jurisdiction. By read-
   ing §§ 1441(b)(2) and 1332(a) together, we know that removal under
   § 1441(b)(2) is permissible only if complete diversity exists among all named
   parties: Each plaintiff must be diverse from each defendant, i.e., there must
   be what is known as “complete diversity.” Strawbridge v. Curtiss, 3 Cranch
   (7 U.S.) 267, 2 L. Ed. 435 (1806); Corfield v. Dallas Glen Hills LP, 355 F.3d
   853, 857 (5th Cir. 2003). Moreover, “diversity of citizenship must exist both
   at the time of filing in state court and at the time of removal to federal court.”
   Ashford v. Aeroframe Servs., L.L.C., 907 F.3d 385, 386 (5th Cir. 2018) (quot-
   ing Coury v. Prot, 85 F.3d 244, 248–49 (5th Cir. 1996)).
          In New York Life Insurance Co. v. Deshotel, 142 F.3d 873 (5th Cir.
   1998), we explained that the complete-diversity requirement cannot be cir-
   cumvented through failure to serve a party that would otherwise destroy
   complete diversity. Rather, when determining whether complete diversity
   exists, a court looks to the parties named in the action:
          A non-resident defendant cannot remove an action if the citi-
          zenship of any co-defendant, joined by the plaintiff in good
          faith, destroys complete diversity, regardless of service or non-
          service upon the co-defendant. Whenever federal jurisdiction

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                                          No. 22-30622

           in a removal case depends upon complete diversity, the exis-
           tence of diversity is determined from the fact of citizenship of
           the parties named and not from the fact of service.
   Id. at 883 (citing, inter alia, Pullman Co. v. Jenkins, 305 U.S. 534, 540–41
   (1939)). The reason for this rule is straightforward: In an effort to manufac-
   ture complete diversity, a non-forum defendant “should not be permitted to
   seize an opportunity to remove the cause before service upon the resident co-
   defendant is effected.” Pullman, 305 U.S. at 541.2
           Here, there are a named plaintiff and at least one named defendant
   who are both citizens of Louisiana; that destroys complete diversity. Because
   diversity jurisdiction was the only asserted basis for removal, this case should
   be remanded to state court. The defendants, however, unnecessarily compli-
   cate this simple analysis, citing inapposite caselaw regarding “snap re-
   movals.” A snap removal is a term of art used to describe a defendant’s
   proper invocation of § 1441(b)(2) to remove an action before a named co-
   defendant, who is a citizen of the forum, has been served. If the unserved co-
   defendant had already been served, then removal would not be permissible.

           2
            A leading treatise states the governing law flatly as follows:
               Although [§ 1441(b)(2)] specifies that only “properly joined and
           served” defendants are considered for purposes of the forum-defendant
           rule . . ., it does not specify whether unserved defendants are to be consid-
           ered in determining the existence of diversity for removal purposes. Nev-
           ertheless, the law seems to be settled that whether defendants have been
           served is irrelevant; diversity for purposes of removal is based on the citi-
           zenship of all parties named in the complaint.
   16 James W. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 107.52[1], at 107-77
   to 107-78 (3d ed. 2022). The only Fifth Circuit decision that the treatise cites is Deshotel,
   which is consistent with the decisions of the other circuits that have decided the issue.
   From the other federal circuits, Moore’s cites Pecherski v. Gen. Motors Corp., 636 F.2d
   1156, 1160 (8th Cir. 1981), and Preaseau v. Prudential Ins. Co., 591 F.2d 74, 78–79 (9th Cir.
   1979).

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                                          No. 22-30622

           The defendants mainly rely on Texas Brine Co., LLC v. American
   Arbitration Association, Inc., 955 F.3d 482 (5th Cir. 2020), where we author-
   ized the use of snap removals in this circuit. The parties in Texas Brine were
   completely diverse; indeed, we began our analysis by confirming as much. Id.
   at 485 (“Here, the district court had subject-matter jurisdiction because each
   defendant was diverse from the plaintiff.”). Furthermore, the extra-circuit
   cases we relied on in Texas Brine all confirmed that their parties were com-
   pletely diverse as well.3 “[T]he forum-defendant rule is a procedural rule
   and not a jurisdictional one.” Texas Brine, 955 F.3d at 485. Accordingly, it
   cannot confer jurisdiction where jurisdiction does not exist.
           The parties disagree as to whether Deshotel or Texas Brine is the pre-
   cedent that informs jurisdiction in this case. The answer is twofold. First, if
   those decisions were in conflict, the earlier one―Deshotel―would control
   under this circuit’s rule of orderliness. Second, it turns out that there is no
   conflict, as we now explain.
           The key is that where―as here―there is no other basis for subject mat-
   ter jurisdiction, no case can be successfully removed unless diversity is com-
   plete. That follows from the fact that a case is not removable if the plaintiff
   could not have brought it in federal court in the first instance, and diversity
   must be complete for a matter relying solely on diversity jurisdiction to be
   filed initially in federal court. A further limitation is that a defendant may not

           3
             See Gibbons v. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., 919 F.3d 699, 704 n.2 (2d Cir. 2019)
   (“The parties do not contest that the plaintiffs in all fifteen actions now before this Court
   are diverse from Defendants.”); Encompass Ins. Co. v. Stone Mansion Rest. Inc., 902 F.3d
   147, 149 (3d Cir. 2018) (“Encompass, a citizen of Illinois, then brought the instant action
   against Stone Mansion, a Pennsylvania corporation”); McCall v. Scott, 239 F.3d 808, 813
   n.2 (6th Cir. 2001) (“Where there is complete diversity of citizenship, as LSERS concedes
   there was, the inclusion of an unserved resident defendant in the action does not defeat
   removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b).”), amended on denial of reh’g, 250 F.3d 997 (6th Cir.
   2001) (maintaining analysis addressed here).

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                                        No. 22-30622

   remove an otherwise-removable matter if any properly joined defendant is a
   citizen of the forum. But under § 1441(b)(2), as quoted above, that further
   limitation applies only to resident defendants that have been served by the
   time of removal.
             That is what Deshotel says: Complete diversity is still required even if
   one or more defendants have not been served; citizenship is what counts. So
   in a situation of complete diversity, a case can be removed despite the pres-
   ence of a resident defendant, but only if that defendant is unserved. Texas
   Brine governs a case with complete diversity.
             But that reasoning is inapplicable here, because, as in Deshotel, com-
   plete diversity is wanting. A defendant’s “non-diverse citizenship cannot be
   ignored simply because he was an unserved defendant.” Deshotel, 142 F.3d
   at 540.
             The ruling in Deshotel is absolute and admits of no exceptions. Despite
   that Levy relied heavily on Deshotel in his motion to remand, the district
   court, in denying that motion, never mentioned it. It is also telling that in
   their opposition to the mandamus petition, the defendants omit any reference
   to Deshotel. And though it would have been helpful for purposes of recon-
   ciling the two decisions, Texas Brine does not cite Deshotel.
             In sum, the critical distinction is whether diversity is complete. In that
   regard, Levy, in his mandamus petition, correctly posits that “Texas Brine is
   consistent with Deshotel,” based on the fact that “[i]n Texas Brine, unlike
   [Levy], diversity was complete. Had the Texas Brine plaintiff wanted, it could
   have filed its case originally in federal court. Mr. Levy, by contrast, could not
   have done so.”
             Because the only basis for removal in this case was diversity jurisdic-
   tion, and complete diversity is lacking, the district court must dismiss for

                                             5
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                                          No. 22-30622

   want of jurisdiction. Confident that the court will carry out this directive, we
   DENY the petition for writ of mandamus without prejudice.4

                               Certified as a true copy and issued
                               as the mandate on Oct 26, 2022
                               Attest:
                               Clerk, U.S. Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit

           4
             “We decline to issue the writ of mandamus at this time, as we are confident that
   the district court will reconsider its ruling in light of this opinion.” In re Avantel, S.A.,
   343 F.3d 311, 314 (5th Cir. 2003).

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