Court Opinion

ID: 3152757
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-06 17:02:17.867095+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:41:40.009559
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                              No. 02-1222T
                      (Consolidated with No. 05-18T)
                        (Filed: November 6, 2015)

**********************
ROBERT A. MANDICH and
CAROL J. MANDICH,          TEFRA; Settlement; Notice of
                           Deficiency; Computational
               Plaintiffs, Adjustment; Affected Item; 26
                           U.S.C. § 465; At Risk Limitation;
v.                         26 U.S.C. § 469; Passive Activity
                           Limitation; Doctrine of Variance
THE UNITED STATES,

           Defendant.
**********************

      Thomas E. Redding, Houston, TX, with whom was Sallie W. Gladney,
Houston, TX, for plaintiffs.

       Benjamin C. King, United States Department of Justice, Tax Division,
Washington, DC, with whom were Mary M. Abate, Assistant Chief, David I.
Pincus, Chief, Court of Federal Claims Section, and Caroline D. Ciraolo,
Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, for defendant.

                                 _________

                                 OPINION
                                 _________

BRUGGINK, Judge.

       This is a suit for refund of federal income tax and interest. Taxpayers,
Robert and Carol Mandich (“the Mandiches” or “taxpayers”), filed two suits
here seeking refunds. The cases have been consolidated. Both cases involve
the same settlement agreement between the Mandiches and the Internal
Revenue Service (“IRS”) regarding their investment in the Greenberg Brothers
Partnership #12, also known as Lone Wolf McQuade Associates (“LWM”),
which was the subject of a Final Partnership Administrative Adjustments
(“FPAA”) under the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
(“TEFRA”). 26 U.S.C. §§ 6221-6233 (2012). Instead of participating in the
LWM partnership proceeding, the Mandiches settled their partnership items
with the IRS. Then the IRS made computational adjustments to the Mandiches
taxes for the years at issue to implement the terms of the agreement. These
adjustments resulted in a tax deficiency, which plaintiffs paid. In their first
suit, filed on September 18, 2002, plaintiffs allege that the IRS was barred
from disallowing certain carryover credits because it had not timely issued a
notice of deficiency as required by statute. The carryover credits impact tax
years 1984, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995. The second lawsuit,
filed on January 6, 2005, asserts that the IRS disallowed the application of
suspended losses for tax years 1993-1995 in violation of the terms of the
settlement agreement. The Mandiches claim that proper application of the
settlement agreement to their carryover credits and suspended losses entitles
them to a refund of tax and interest paid in the amount of $219,685.76.1 The
government contests plaintiffs’ allegations and stands by the adjustments
calculated by the IRS in 2000.

       This was one of several Greenberg Brothers partnerships that were the
subject of litigation in this court. Bush, et al. v. United States, 78 Fed. Cl. 76
(2007), affd., 655 F.3d 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (“Bush I”), was selected as a test
case for the purpose of resolving a TEFRA issue common to the Greenberg
Brothers partnership cases, including this case, namely, whether the IRS
needed to issue notices of deficiency before assessing taxes as a result of
adjustments flowing from partner-level settlements of the audit of the
partnership in question. The undersigned held that deficiencies assessed
against the Bushes as a result of settlement of their at-risk amount was a
computational adjustment for which no additional notice of deficiency was
required because no partner-level factual determinations were necessary. Id.
at 81-82. Next, Judge George Miller construed the language of one of the
settlement agreements and held that losses suspended under § 465 pursuant to
the terms of the agreement were subject to the restrictions in § 469 on the use
of passive losses. Bush v. United States, 84 Fed. Cl. 90 (2008) (“Bush II”).
The parties disagree about the effect of the Bush decisions on this case,
however.

1
 This is the amount that plaintiffs demand in their first amended complaint,
which was filed on February 10, 2014, in the lead case after the cases were
consolidated.

                                        2
        In addition to the complexities inherent in determining tax liabilities for
several years involving inter-related questions of both credits and losses and
multiple settlement agreements, the case is complicated by the fact that some
of the credits to which taxpayers claim entitlement are traceable to pre-TEFRA
partnerships and that the law concerning the interplay between §§ 465 and 469
has arguably changed since Mr. Mandich first invested in LWM. As if these
factors did not involve sufficient complexity, the parties’ arguments have
changed over time.

       Both parties moved for summary judgment on what eventually became
three distinct issues. The briefing has been extensive and there were two oral
arguments. The matter is now ready for resolution. For the reasons set out
below, we grant in part and deny in part both parties’ motions for summary
judgment.

                               BACKGROUND2

I.     Tax Years 1984-1996

       From 1983 until 1995, Mr. Mandich was a limited partner in Lone Wolf
McQuade. LWM was the subject of a partnership proceeding beginning in
July of 1991 pursuant to TEFRA. During a TEFRA partnership proceeding,
the IRS audits the partnership and makes certain partnership-level
determinations, the impact of which flow through to the individual partners
who are responsible for reporting those items on their individual income tax
returns because the partnership is not a taxable entity. The Mandiches chose
to opt out of the LWM partnership proceeding by settling with the IRS. See
26 U.S.C. § 6224(c) (providing that a partner may settle his or her partnership
items with the IRS through a binding agreement). On August 7, 1999, the IRS
and the Mandiches executed the “Form 906 Closing Agreement on Final
Determination Covering Specific Matters” (“Closing Agreement”) regarding
LWM. In the Closing Agreement, the parties agreed to the following:

       1. No adjustment to the partnership items shall be made for the taxable
       years 1983 through 1995 for purposes of this settlement.

2
 The facts are derived from the attachments to the parties’ cross-motions for
summary judgment. Relevant disputed facts are noted in the background
section.

                                        3
      2. The taxpayers are entitled to claim their distributive share of the
      partnership losses for 1983 through 1995 only to the extent they are at
      risk under I.R.C. § 465.

      3. The taxpayers’ amount at risk for 1983 through 1986 is their capital
      contribution to the partnership.

      4. The taxpayers’ capital contribution to the partnership is $100,000.

      5. Taxpayers’ qualified investment for computing investment tax credit
      is the amount at risk set forth in paragraph #4.

      6. The taxpayers are not at risk under I.R.C. § 465 for any partnership
      notes, entered into by the partnership to acquire rights in the motion
      picture Lone Wolf McQuade and Strange Invader, whether or not
      assumed by the taxpayers. Any losses disallowed under this agreement
      are suspended under I.R.C. § 465. Such suspended losses may be used
      to offset the taxpayers’ pro rata share of any income earned by the
      partnership and/or other income in accordance with the operation of
      I.R.C. § 465.

      ....

      8. To the extent the partnership earns net income the taxpayers’
      [amount] at risk will be increased in accordance with I.R.C. § 465.

      ....

      12. Any deficiency in tax determined under this agreement will be
      subject to adjustments arising from a carryback or carryforward from
      other taxable years of any loss, credit or other tax attribute as allowed
      by the Internal Revenue Code.

Pls.’ Mot. Sum. J. Ex. E at 14-15. The agreement thus presumptively limited
the amount of losses the Mandiches could claim with respect to LWM, as well
as the amount at risk for purposes of calculating credits to $100,000, and it
established the terms by which the amount at risk for calculating losses and
credits could be increased in the future.

                                      4
       On May 22, 2000, the IRS sent two letters to the Mandiches that
reflected adjustments the IRS made to their tax returns for 1984 through 1989
in light of the Closing Agreement. Attached to each letter were IRS forms
4549A-CG, 886-A, and others adjusting income, deductions, and, when
applicable, credits. The first letter covered tax years 1983-1985, although
1984 was the only year in which the calculations triggered a tax deficiency.
The IRS disallowed LWM schedule E losses in excess of $100,000 in 1983,
which corresponded to the capital contribution and amount at risk permitted
in the LWM Closing Agreement. For 1984, the IRS disallowed $73,194 of
LWM schedule E losses, which increased the Mandiches’ taxable income to
$47,238. After computing the tax, applying a political contribution credit, a
general business credit, a special fuels credit, and applying the alternative
minimum tax, the IRS concluded that the Mandiches owed $7,869 in tax for
1984. The IRS estimated the interest due on this amount to be approximately
$34,000. The forms also reflected the disallowance of $66,885 of LWM
schedule E losses in 1985, which did not change the amount of tax the
Mandiches owed in that year. Plaintiffs paid the assessment.

         The second May 22, 2000 letter covered tax years 1986-1989. It
provided that the IRS made no adjustments to the 1987 and 1988 returns but
reduced the amount of carryover stemming from the investment credits. In the
letter, the IRS stated the following:

       We have ordered your 1990 through 1996 returns. It appears
       that the credit shown on your 1989 account was used on these
       years. You may want to send us copies of your 1990 through
       1996 tax returns, as we may not have the documents any longer.
       If we are unable to secure copies of your returns, we will make
       adjustments from the information available.

Pls.’ Mot. Sum. J. Ex. L at 100.

        At this point it becomes necessary to interject other background facts
not directly related to the LWM partnership Closing Agreement in order to
explain plaintiffs’ subsequent actions. The Mandiches had been invested in
a number of partnerships other than LWM, some of which triggered earlier
Tax Court litigation. Although the record is less than clear, there were at least
two settlement agreements coming out of that litigation and at least one
judgment of the Tax Court. Some documents relating to the Tax Court
litigation are available for tax years 1982 to 1983, but neither party is able to

                                       5
locate plaintiffs’ tax returns prior to 1984, and the Tax Court records are very
limited. It is, however, undisputed that the net result of the litigation was that
some credits were disallowed, although the parties disagree about the extent
of that disallowance. The key point is that, with respect to the years at issue
here, plaintiffs initially had not attempted to use whatever credits they believed
survived the Tax Court litigation because their income, in their view, was
offset sufficiently by LWM losses. The credits suddenly became relevant,
again, after the LWM settlement, because it had the effect of reducing losses
from $311,874 to $100,000 (unless the Mandiches could demonstrate an
increased amount at risk). In plaintiffs’ view, they were able to utilize
carryover credits from prior years, not withstanding the Tax Court litigation,
in order to deflect the decrease in available losses attributable to LWM.

        In July of 2000, the taxpayers responded to the IRS’s adjustments to
losses for 1983 through 1985. They disagreed with the IRS with respect to
whether they were limited by the LWM Closing Agreement in the use of the
approximately $200,000 in suspended losses. As a result, on July 25, 2000,
they filed amended tax returns for 1993-1996, seeking a refund of $4,748 in
1993, a refund of $2,826 in 1994, and a refund of $68,555 in 1995. The
taxpayers’ proposed adjustments took into account the use of suspended losses
and increases in the amount of investment tax credit available in 1995 due to
changes in the corresponding amount at risk. See id. Ex. F at 067-68.

       On July 27, 2000, the IRS sent another letter to the Mandiches, this one
adjusting their taxes in 1990-1996. The taxpayers’ 1990-1996 tax returns had
shown a carryover credit of $102,798.00. The forms accompanying the July
27 IRS letter reflected that the IRS disallowed the investment tax credit
carryover for each year because of adjustments made for previous years which
had, in the view of the IRS examiner, reduced the investment credit to zero.
After reviewing the 1983 through 1989 tax years, the examiner noted rather
cryptically that, “cases and per information found[,] appeals disallowed
research credit in 1982 and partnership adjustment in 83 and 84 reduced large
amount of [carryover]. Only small amounts were created in 83-86 AP all of
the credit is used in 1989 with no [carryover].” Id. at Ex. N at 143. As has
become apparent in briefing here, by concluding that taxes were due for 1982,
the IRS examiner must have also taken the position that no credits could have
survived the Tax Court litigation.

       Because the IRS concluded that the carryover losses had been fully
depleted in 1989, on July 31, 2000, it assessed the following tax deficiencies:

                                        6
$8,637 in tax and $10,284.20 in interest for 1990; $10,770 in tax and
$10,645.59 in interest for 1991; $14,540 in tax and $12,297.76 in interest for
1992; $17,691 in tax and $12,755.47 in interest for 1993; $21,509 in tax and
$12,535.50 in interest for 1994; $14,685 in tax and $6,518.98 in interest for
1995; and $4,932 in tax and $1,591.23 in interest for 1996. Plaintiffs paid the
assessment.

        The government concedes that a notice of deficiency was not issued
prior to the July 31, 2000 assessment. It takes the position that it was
unnecessary for the IRS to issue a notice, however, because the agency had no
need to question plaintiffs’ continued preservation of carryover credits until
after the IRS had disallowed losses pursuant to the LWM Closing Agreement.
In other words, defendant contends that the IRS was merely making
computational adjustments when it applied the LWM Closing Agreement to
taxpayers’ attempted use of credits in place of losses.

       On September 18, 2000, the IRS denied the Mandiches’ July 25, 2000
request for refund based on the assertion of suspended losses. The IRS
explained its conclusion as follows:

       Your claim is based on the view that you have an increase in
       capital. To allow the claims, you must provide verification of
       the increase in capital such as cancelled checks, cash vouchers
       and/or cash transactions. Investment credit was limited per the
       906 [Closing Agreement] and the amount allowed has been used
       in prior adjustments.

Id. Ex. J at 084.

       Plaintiffs filed another round of amended tax returns (Form 1040X) and
claim for refund (Form 843) on October 08, 2002, for tax years 1984, 1986,
and 1990-1996, which the IRS denied.

       Prior Litigation Regarding Robert A. Mandich’s 1981-1983 Taxes

      The IRS examiner’s July 27, 2000 note concerning previous cases and
appeals most likely referred to the Tax Court case involving Robert A. and

                                      7
Marguerite Mandich.3 This prior litigation began in October of 1987 after the
IRS sent a notice of adjustment to Robert and Marguerite Mandich for tax
years 1982 and 1983. According to the IRS’ Examination Information Report,
the deficiencies in 1982 resulted from adjustments that the IRS made to losses
claimed for Mara Investment Company and for Summer Lovers Partnership,
and the disallowance of investment and business energy credits attributable to
Saxon Energy and Summer Lovers Partnership. The adjustments allowed an
investment credit of $1,471. In total, the adjustments resulted in Robert and
Marguerite owing $37,956 in taxes for 1982.

       For 1983, the IRS made an upward adjustment to Robert and
Marguerite’s income by recognizing income from the IREX Partnership and
disallowing losses from Mara Investment Company. However, these
adjustments did not affect Robert and Marguerite’s ultimate tax liability for
1983 because their income remained negative. The examiner’s work papers
for 1983 contain the following note: “Two partnerships in which you are an
investor, Summer Lovers Associates and Lone Wolf McQuade Associates, are
currently under examination under TEFRA proceedings. Consequently, there
may be additional adjustments to your 1983 return in connection with the on-
going examinations.” Def.’s Cross-Mot. Sum. J. at A-62.

       In the work papers attached to the 1987 Examination Information
Report, which explain the 1982 and 1983 adjustments, the IRS determined that
a $15,038 “[i]nvestment tax credit from the Children’s Classics Recording
promotion[,] which was claimed on [Robert and Marguerite’s] 1981 tax return
and subsequently carried forward to [their] 1982 and 1983 returns, has been
disallowed in full per the 1981 appeals settlement dated Jan 7, 1987.” Id. at
A-58. Similarly, the IRS disallowed a $19,814 research and development
credit claimed by Robert and Marguerite for activities conducted by Cocoa,
Ltd. The IRS auditor also explained that all credits generated by the Summer
Lovers Partnership, which were shown in the amount of $4,593,978.00, were
disallowed in any amount that exceeded income from the activity at issue.
Finally, all carryforward or carryback Saxon Energy credits were also
disallowed.

3
  In 1982 and 1983, Robert A. Mandich was married to Marguerite, and they
filed a joint tax return. Marguerite is not a party to this action. Mr. Mandich
filed his taxes separately in 1984 and 1985. By 1986, Mr. Mandich began
filing jointly with his current wife, Carol, who is a party to this suit.

                                      8
      Upon receiving the adjustment to their 1982 and 1983 tax returns,
Robert and Marguerite filed suit in the Tax Court. That litigation was resolved
in 1993 through settlement.

        Although the Tax Court did not retain many of the records from Robert
and Marguerite’s suit regarding their 1982-1983 returns, it did keep the order
reflecting how the case was resolved. Specifically regarding the Saxon Energy
Credits, the Tax Court adopted the parties’ stipulated settlement on January 26,
1993. Pursuant to the settlement, Marguerite and Robert Mandich agreed that
the resolution of Schillinger v. Commissioner, 60 T.C.M. 1470 (1990),
would control and that the formula used in that case would apply to determine
the proper adjustments to the Saxon Energy items. Def.’s Cross-Mot. Sum. J.
at A-73. Additionally, the parties agreed to the following:

       If the Saxon Energy issues in the Controlling Case are resolved
       in a manner which affects the same issues in other years (e.g.,
       the availability of investment tax credit or energy credit
       carrybacks or carryforwards) the resolution will apply to
       petitioners’ other years as if the petitioners in this case were the
       same as the taxpayers in the Controlling Case.

Id. at A-74.

       Robert and Carol Mandich entered into a Form 906 Closing Agreement
with the IRS, dated May 13, 1993 (“1993 Closing Agreement”), settling their
partnership issues with respect to Summer Lovers Associates. Specifically, the
parties agreed to the following:

       WHEREAS taxpayers are limited partners in the partnership
       known as Summer Lovers Associates.

       WHEREAS taxpayers have claimed a deduction, in the amount
       of $55,287.00 for their distributive share of the loss claimed by
       Summer Lovers Associates for the taxable year ended December
       31, 1982.

       WHEREAS it is desirable for Federal income tax purposes to
       agree on certain matters pertaining to taxpayers[’] partnership
       interest.

                                        9
       Now it is hereby determined and agreed for Federal income tax
       purposes:

              1.      That the taxpayers[’] initial amount at risk is
                      $50,000.00.

              2.      That the taxpayers are entitled to claim investment
                      tax credit of $5,000.00 for 1982.

              3.      That the taxpayers are allowed to claim a loss
                      from Summer Lovers Associates in 1982 in the
                      amount of $50,000.00.

              4.      That the losses disallowed because they exceed
                      the amount at risk will be carried forward in
                      accordance with I.R.C. § 465.

              5.      To the extent the partnership earns net income
                      after 1982, the at risk amount will be increased in
                      accordance with I.R.C. § 465.

              6.      The taxpayers are not liable for any additions to
                      tax with respect to their investment in Summer
                      Lovers Associates.

              ....

Pls.’ Resp. Ex. LL at 245-46. On May 27, 1993, the Tax Court entered a
decision in Marguerite and Robert Mandich’s case adopting the parties’
agreement recognizing a tax deficiency of $9,811.00 in 1982.

       While the suit involving tax years 1982 and 1983 awaited resolution in
the Tax Court, the IRS continued to audit the taxpayers’ other returns. In
1988, the IRS examined Mr. Mandich’s 1985 return and found “a $19,814.00
Research Activities credit on form 6765 of your 1985 tax return as a
carryforward from prior years. Since this credit (from Cocoa, Ltd.) was
disallowed in full in your appeals settlement for your 1981 tax return, it is not
allowable in 1985 or in any other tax year.” Def.’s Cross-Mot. Sum. J. at A-
416. Also during this 1988 review, the IRS concluded that the taxpayers’ 1986

                                       10
tax return did not appear to present sufficient audit potential and it was
therefore accepted as filed.

       As described earlier, in 1991, the IRS issued an FPAA concerning the
LWM partnership, which affected plaintiffs’ taxes from 1983 to 1995.
Plaintiffs filed suit here on September 18, 2002, and again on January 6, 2005,
claiming entitlement to refunds of taxes and penalties paid with respect to tax
years 1984, and 1990-1995.

                                DISCUSSION

        Over the course of four rounds of briefing and two oral arguments,
three questions have come into focus. First, whether taxpayers may, in the
absence of 26 U.S.C. § 469 but pursuant to § 465 and certain IRS Forms, use
suspended losses to offset ordinary income for tax years 1993-1995. Both
code sections provide for limitations on the use of losses. Section 469 limits
the investor’s use of losses based on the characterization of his participation
in the investment entity as either passive or non-passive. Section 465 limits
the investor’s use of losses to the amount at risk in the activity. These code
sections are typically applied together, but the parties agree that § 469 does not
apply in the precise circumstances of this case. Second, whether the IRS
performed a computational adjustment when it disallowed taxpayers’ carryover
credits in years 1984 and 1990-1995, which were traceable to previous Tax
Court cases and settlements. If this disallowance is not fairly characterized as
a computational adjustment flowing from the LWM Closing Agreement, then
the IRS was statutorily obligated to serve taxpayers with a notice of deficiency
within 3 years, which would have triggered the taxpayers’ right to dispute the
adjustment. The parties agree that the statute of limitations presently bars the
IRS from issuing the notice of deficiency. Third, whether the IRS improperly
disallowed all investment tax credits generated by Mr. Mandich’s investment
in LWM rather than simply reduce the amount of credits to $10,000 per the
terms of the LWM Closing Agreement. We address each issue separately.

       I.     Suspended Losses and Section 465

       Plaintiffs contend that they are entitled to refunds for 1993-1995 based
on using losses from the LWM partnership that were disallowed for 1983-1986
and suspended for future use pursuant to § 465 to offset non-LWM income
they reported for 1993-1995.

                                       11
       On their original returns plaintiffs had reported net passive income from
LWM of $11,167 for 1993, $10,092 for 1994 and $20,469 for 1995, which
they claimed was offset by LWM passive losses in those years. On July 25,
2000, plaintiffs filed Forms 1040X for 1993, 1994 and 1995, claiming, inter
alia, deductions against other income traceable to the suspended losses of
$11,167, $10,092 and $20,469. Plaintiffs’ computations of the refunds due for
1993, 1994, and 1995, attributable solely to the deductions equal to the net
income reported from LWM after their partial concession, are $4,555, $3,997
and $8,106. The parties agree that the outcome turns on interpretation of the
LWM Closing Agreement in light of applicable law.

       The LWM Closing Agreement contains three provisions directly
bearing on the suspended loss claims:

              6. . . . . Any losses disallowed under this agreement are
       suspended under I.R.C. § 465. Suspended losses may be used
       to offset the taxpayers’ pro rata share of any income earned by
       the partnership and/or other income in accordance with the
       operation of I.R.C. § 465.

             8. To the extent the partnership earns net income the
       taxpayers’ at risk will be increased in accordance with I.R.C.
       § 465
             ....

              15. Any refund claim attributable to the operation of this
       agreement shall be deemed to be timely filed and shall be
       allowed if it is filed with the IRS within one year of the
       execution of this agreement by the Commissioner of Internal
       Revenue.

        Section 465 of the Internal Revenue Code describes how deductions are
to be limited by the amount at risk in the following manner:

       (a) Limitation to the amount at risk.--
              (1) In general. In the case of --
                      an individual . . .

              engaged in an activity to which this section
              applies, any loss from such activity for the taxable

                                      12
              year shall be allowed only to the extent of the
              aggregate amount with respect to which the
              taxpayer is at risk . . . for such activity at the close
              of the taxable year.
                (2) Deduction in succeeding year. Any loss
              from an activity to which this section applies not
              allowed under this section for the taxable year
              shall be treated as a deduction allocable to such
              activity in the first succeeding taxable year.
       ....
       (c) Activities to which section applies.
              (1) Types of activities. This section applies to
              any taxpayer engaged in the activity of
                        (A) holding, producing, or distributing motion
                      picture films . . . .
       (d) Definition of loss. For purposes of this section, the term
       “loss” means the excess of the deductions allowable under this
       chapter for the taxable year . . . and allocable to an activity to
       which this section applies over the income received or accrued
       by the taxpayer during the taxable year from such activity. . . .

       Currently, § 465 works in tandem with § 469. Section 469 provides that
an individual may not deduct passive activity loss in excess of passive activity
income. An activity is characterized as passive if it “involves the conduct of
any trade or business . . . in which the taxpayer does not materially
participate.” § 469(c). Any unused passive loss may be carried over to the
next tax year in which the individual has excess passive income. In Bush II,
Judge Miller held that § 469, which became effective on January 1, 1987,
applied to the losses asserted there, with the result that plaintiffs were barred
from using passive activity losses and credits unless they could be applied to
passive activity income. 84 Fed. Cl. at 95-96.

       In its opening brief, defendant argued that Bush II controlled the
outcome here, namely, that LWM losses could only be deducted against
passive income for 1993-1995, and not against other income. As the taxpayers
here point out, however, the Tax Reform Act (“TRA”) of 1986 provided that
its amendment to the passive loss and income provisions did not apply to “any
loss, deduction, or credit carried to a taxable year beginning after December
31, 1986, from a taxable year beginning before January 1, 1987.” Pub. L. No.
99-514, § 501(c)(2), 100 Stat. 2085, 2241 (1986) (“Special Rule for

                                        13
Carryovers”). Prior to the TRA, there had been no generally applicable
limitation on a taxpayer’s ability to use losses based on their characterization
as passive or non-passive. See Lowe v. Commissioner, 96 T.C.M. 502,
505 (2008).

        In its reply brief, defendant concedes that it was wrong: “Because of
these exemptions [contained in the TRA,] any previously-disallowed LWM
losses plaintiff[s] might be able to use in years after 1986 would not be subject
to the passive loss limitation in § 469.” Def.’s Reply 2.4 It contends that the
outcome is unchanged, however, because § 465, which limits the losses that
can be claimed for a particular activity to the at-risk amount for that activity,
still requires that previously disallowed losses from an activity must first be
used to offset any income from that partnership activity in a subsequent year.
In other words, the taxpayers’ previously-disallowed LWM losses first had to
be used to offset their LWM income in 1993-1995. Then any deduction tied
to the suspended losses in excess of LWM income would have to correspond
with an increase in plaintiffs’ amount at risk. The parties agree that plaintiffs’
LWM amount at risk did not increase in 1993-1995. Defendant contends
therefore that, because the taxpayers’ at-risk amount with regard to LWM did
not increase in those years, taxpayers can only use the previously-disallowed
LWM losses to offset LWM income received in 1993-1995, and not to offset
other income. This produces the same net result to plaintiffs’ tax liability as
the method which plaintiffs originally used on their return.

        For 1993-1995, the taxpayers reported their LWM income as passive
income pursuant to § 469, which was offset by their passive activity losses for
those years. Defendant contends that using previously-disallowed LWM
losses to offset LWM income would not reduce the taxpayers’ taxable income
for those years, but only their passive income. This would remove LWM
income from taxpayers’ passive income for those years and decrease the
amount of passive losses they had to use and thereby increase the passive loss

4
 As it further concedes, the applicable regulations make this explicit: “Section
1.469-1(d)(2)(ix) of the regulations exempts from the operation of § 469 losses
that were carried over from a pre-1987 year, pursuant to the carryover
provisions in §§ 172, 613A, or 1212. Section 1.469-1(d)(2)(x) exempts from
§ 469 losses that were disallowed prior to 1987, pursuant to §§ 704, 1366, or
465.” Def.’s Reply 2.

                                       14
carryover to the following year. It would not, however, according to
defendant, create a net loss that could be claimed as a refund.

        Defendant cites to proposed regulations that set out two ways in which
deductions are allowable under § 465: 1) to the extent of income received from
the activity in the taxable year; and 2) to the extent that the taxpayer is at risk
if deductions exceed income. See Prop. Treas. Reg. §§ 1.465-2(a), 1.465-
11(c). These proposed regulations were endorsed in Allen v. Commissioner,
T.C. Memo. 1988-166, 1988 WL 34867 *10-11 (1988). Defendant also cites
commentators to the same effect. In Partnership Taxation, Willis, Pennell,
Postlewaite, Thomas Reuters, 2015, ¶ 7.05, at 1, for example, the authors state
that

       if a loss is not allowed for a particular year . . . with respect to
       a specified activity by reason of the at risk provisions, the loss
       carries over and reduces income or increases the loss from that
       activity in the following year . . . . If there were a second loss
       in the succeeding year . . . from that activity, the original . . . loss
       and the at risk limitation then would apply to the total of the two
       amounts. . . .

       . . . . The only requirement is that a loss not permitted to be
       deducted under the at risk rules must be carried over and
       deducted in a later year with respect to the operation of the same
       activity. The disallowed loss may be deducted with respect to
       the same activity in a later year against either: (1) the realization
       of a profit, or (2) an increase in the amount at risk through
       contribution of new capital or an increase in at risk partnership
       liabilities.

        The net result, according to defendant, is that “The previously
disallowed LWM losses can be used to offset plaintiffs’ non-LWM income
only to the extent those losses exceed the amount of LWM income in that year,
and to the extent that plaintiffs’ at risk amount was increased beyond the
amount of income received.” Def.’s Reply 5. Because taxpayers do not allege
that their amount at risk increased in those years, the excess losses would have
to be carried over again and could not be applied to taxpayers’ other income.

                                         15
        Part of defendant’s reasoning is that, although § 469 did not take effect
until after the suspended losses were generated, it does apply to the calculation
of income and losses generated in 1993-1995. In those years, the LWM
income that taxpayers received was reported as passive activity income.
According to defendant, plaintiffs elected to offset their LWM passive activity
income with passive losses from other sources. Defendant argues that the
taxpayers cannot take a deduction pursuant to § 469 and at the same time use
the income from the § 469 calculation to access losses suspended pursuant to
§ 465. According to defendant, plaintiffs are entitled to one deduction under
either § 469 or § 465 based on the income, not two deductions operating under
§ 465 and § 469 separately.

        Plaintiffs disagree with defendant’s explanation of how § 465 operates
in the absence of § 469. They argue that the standard IRS Forms 6198, 8582,
and Schedule E of the Form 1040 permitted them to apply their suspended
losses against other non-LWM income in 1993-1995. According to plaintiffs,
they began in 19935 with suspended losses totaling $227,709. In 1993, LWM
earned income of $11,167. This LWM income, per the taxpayers, frees up a
corresponding amount of suspended losses and is reported on lines 1 and 5 of
Form 6198 (At-Risk Limitations) as negative $216,542. All other lines on
Form 6198 are either not applicable or zero. Even though plaintiffs’ 1993
LWM income has been cancelled out by the suspended loss for purposes of
Form 6198, the taxpayers contend that this effect is only for purposes of Form
6198. Plaintiffs explain that “[n]either § 465, the regulations, nor the Form
6198 instructions provide how the component parts ($11,167 of income and
the allowable $11,167 of previously suspended ‘at-risk’ loss) are actually
reported on Schedule E and then on Form 1040.” Pls.’ Suppl. Br. & Resp. to
Def.’s Suppl. Br. 3. Instead, the taxpayers point to the 1993 Instructions for
Form 6198, which provided, “[i]f the loss on line 5, Part I, is equal to or less
than the amount on line 20, report the items in Part I in full on your return,
subject to any other limitations such as the passive activity and capital loss
limitations. Follow the instructions for your tax return.” Id. Ex. UU at 7.

      Plaintiffs next turn to Form 8582 (Passive Activity Loss Limitations),
which the taxpayers filed in 1993. See id. Ex. VV. On this form, plaintiffs

5
  Plaintiffs’ argument is the same for all three tax years at issues, 1993-1995,
and while we only lay out the facts for 1993, our analysis for all three years is
likewise the same.

                                       16
report $16,976 of passive income, including $11,167 of income generated by
LWM in that year. This form also shows that, in 1993, plaintiffs had $37,430
in passive losses6 and carryover passive losses of $101,582. These passive
losses were more than sufficient to offset the passive income. The result of the
calculation suggested by Form 8582 is that the Mandiches have $16,976 of
losses for use in 1993, $11,167 of which are allowable because of the passive
LWM income that was also used to free up the suspended losses pursuant to
Form 6198.

        According to the taxpayers, this duplication is permissible because the
1993 Instructions for Schedule E direct that, “[i]f you have losses or
deductions from a prior year that you could not deduct because of the at-risk
or basis rules, and the amounts are now deductible, do not combine the prior
year amounts with any current year amounts to arrive at a net figure to report
on Schedule E. Instead, report the prior year amounts and the current year
amounts on separate lines of Schedule E.” Id. at Ex. BBB E-4. Accordingly,
the taxpayers assert that their Schedule E line 27(g) (Passive loss allowed)
would remain allowable and unchanged but that they would also be entitled to
add $11,167 on line 27(i) (Nonpassive loss from Schedule K-1). This would
change line 30 from negative $15,711 to negative $26,878, reflecting the
additional $11,167 in deductible losses. The result in line 31 is a reduction of
total partnership and S corporation income from $30,983 to $19,816. In this
manner, the taxpayers assert that the tax forms support their interpretation of
§ 465 as permitting an additional deduction traceable to their LWM losses that
were suspended by the terms of the LWM Closing Agreement.7

        While a rigid adherence to the tax forms may produce the result that the
taxpayers seek, the forms simply represent guidance and do not supersede the
statute. Additionally, the forms were not written to address the precise
circumstance that is identified in this case, namely, when § 469 does not apply
to the suspended losses but § 465 does and the income generated is subject to
both code sections. We are therefore unpersuaded by plaintiffs’ reliance on the

6
    These passive losses are traceable to various activities other than LWM.
7
  On September 21, 2015, plaintiffs filed, without leave of the court, an
additional supplemental brief that cited Treas. Reg. § 1.469-2T in support of
their position. This regulation does not aid plaintiffs’ theory of duplication but
stands for the proposition that losses, which arose before 1987 and were
suspended, “must be accounted for separately.” Treas. Reg. § 1.469-2T.

                                       17
tax forms to manufacture duplicated losses not allowed by the tax code. In the
absence of an increase in the amount at risk, § 465 bars any deduction tied to
the suspended losses in excess of LWM income.

        Defendant has convinced us that § 465 operates to limit plaintiffs’
ability to use the suspended losses beyond their application to offset income
from that activity in the current year. Any exception to this limitation would
be the result of an increase in plaintiffs’ amount at risk. Because there was no
such increase in the amount at risk, plaintiffs may not use the suspended losses
to offset income from sources other than the activity. Although under this
ruling plaintiffs would be able to shift which pool of losses are applied to
offset their LWM income from the passive loss pool to the suspended loss
pool, the bottom line does not change. Either way, their income of $11,167 in
1993, $10,092 in 1994, and $20,469 in 1995 is offset by losses and thus not
taxed. Because plaintiffs’ ultimate tax liability remains unchanged, we deny
plaintiffs’ request for refund in this respect.

       II.    Carryover Credits and Computational Adjustments

        Mr. Mandich’s original 1983 return claimed no credits against 1983
taxes, but it contained schedules showing available carryover credits of
$104,572, consisting of carryovers from 1982; $29,206 from an investment tax
credit, an energy investment credit of $24,000, and an increasing energy credit
of $19,814, plus a new (in 1983) investment tax credit of $31,552, of which
$31,188 was from Mr. Mandich’s investment in LWM. Pursuant to the LWM
Closing Agreement, the allowable LWM tax credit was limited to $10,000.

        In implementing the LWM Closing Agreement, the IRS, when
calculating the tax credit carryovers from 1983 to make adjustments to
taxpayers’ returns for 1984 and 1990-1995, disallowed all prior credits which
the taxpayers had attempted to carryover from 1983, other than a $364 credit,
and a new (to 1984) credit of $788. If the IRS had allowed the other carryover
credits plaintiffs claimed, the Mandiches could have offset the taxes assessed
pursuant to the LWM Closing Agreement’s disallowance of over $200,000 in
LWM losses. Instead of applying the carryover credits against plaintiffs’
increased tax bills in years 1984 and 1990-1995, the IRS disallowed all of the
non-LWM credits. It did this in 2000, at a time when those returns were
otherwise not accessible to the IRS to make adjustments and assessments.

                                      18
       Specifically, under Internal Revenue Code §§ 6212 and 6213, which are
contained in sub-chapter B “Deficiency Procedures,” the IRS must mail a
notice of deficiency to the taxpayer before assessing any levy or pursuing a
proceeding in Tax Court. The IRS has a limited period of time, three years
from the date the taxpayer filed its return, in which to mail a notice of
deficiency and begin a proceeding against the taxpayer. § 6501(a). There is
an exception, however, carved out under TEFRA for partnership adjustments
made pursuant to an FPAA or, in this case, the implementation of a closing
agreement accepting the results of the FPAA. § 6213(h)(3) (referring to §
6230). Section 6230(a) provides the following:

      (a) Coordination with deficiency proceedings.--
             (1) In general.--Except as provided in paragraph (2) or
             (3), subchapter B [“Deficiency Procedures”] of this
             chapter shall not apply to the assessment or collection of
             any computational adjustment.
             (2) Deficiency proceedings to apply in certain cases.--
                    (A) Subchapter B shall apply to any deficiency
                    attributable to
                            (i) affected items which require partner
                            level determinations (other than penalties,
                            additions to tax, and additional amounts
                            that relate to adjustments to partnership
                            items), or
                            (ii) items which have become
                            nonpartnership items (other than by reason
                            of section 6231(b)(1)(C)) and are
                            described in section 6231(e)(1)(B).
                    (B) Subchapter B shall be applied separately with
                    respect to each deficiency described in
                    subparagraph (A) attributable to each partnership.
                    (C) Notwithstanding any other law or rule of law,
                    any notice or proceeding under subchapter B with
                    respect to a deficiency described in this paragraph
                    shall not preclude or be precluded by any other
                    notice, proceeding, or determination with respect
                    to a partner’s tax liability for a taxable year.

§ 6230(a) (emphasis supplied).

                                     19
        The code further defines “computational adjustment” as “the change in
the tax liability of a partner which properly reflects the treatment . . . of a
partnership item. All adjustments required to apply the results of a
[partnership] proceeding . . . to an indirect partner shall be treated as
computational adjustments.” § 6231(a)(6). Pursuant to § 6230, computational
adjustments may be made to both partnership items and to some affected items.
An affected item is “any item to the extent such item is affected by a
partnership item.” § 6231(a)(5); see Keener v. United States, 76 Fed. Cl. 455,
460-61 (2007). Treasury Regulation § 301.6231(a)(5)-1(a), further provides:
 “The term ‘affected item’ . . . . includes items unrelated to the items reflected
on the partnership return (for example, an item, such as the threshold for the
medical expense deduction under section 213, that varies if there is a change
in an individual partner’s adjusted gross income).” An affected item may be
altered by a computational adjustment if the adjustment does not require
individualized, i.e., partner level, factual determinations. 26 U.S.C. §
6230(a)(2)(A)(i); see Bush v. United States, 655 F.3d 1323, 1330-31 (Fed. Cir.
2011) ((“[A]ssessments are ‘computational adjustments’ when they require ‘no
individualized factual determinations’ as to the correctness of the original
partnership items or ‘any other factual matters such as the state of mind of the
taxpayer upon filing.’”) (quoting Olson v. United States, 172 F.3d 1311, 1318
(Fed. Cir. 1999))). The net result is that the IRS is authorized to make
computational adjustments to items affected by partnership items so long as
the adjustment does not require the IRS examiner to make a partner-level
factual determination.

        Both parties agree that only $31,188 of the $104,572 cache of tax
credits was originally generated in 1983 by Mr. Mandich’s investment in
LWM and is therefore subject to a computational adjustment to effectuate the
terms of the LWM Closing Agreement.8 Therefore, as taxpayers correctly
point out, in the abstract, the IRS’s disallowance of the taxpayers’ claimed
carryover credits from 1983, totaling $73,384, bears no necessary connection
to the results of the LWM Closing Agreement. The parties diverge, however,

8
  While the taxpayers do not dispute the fact that the credit created by their
investment in LWM is subject to computational adjustment, the taxpayers do
take issue with the IRS’s alleged disallowance of all of that credit, including
$10,000, which plaintiffs assert was preserved by the LWM Closing
Agreement.

                                       20
in their views about whether these pre-1983 carryover credits may be adjusted
as affected items.

        According to plaintiffs the IRS must accept the $73,384 figure as
reported on their tax return and cannot challenge whether those credits were
legitimate at the times they were claimed and repeatedly carried over from
1983 into following years.9 Plaintiffs’ argument is this: any tax liability
resulting from the disallowance of pre-1983 credit carryovers that was
unrelated to LWM could not be assessed as a computational adjustment, first,
because TEFRA did not go into effect until 1983, and, second, because the
non-LWM credit carryovers are partner-level affected items requiring partner-
level determinations and hence a deficiency notice. In effect, according to the
taxpayers, the maximum disallowance which could have been made was
$21,188;10 the critical adjustments were non-TEFRA adjustments and hence
were invalid because they were made without a deficiency notice.

        The government disagrees. It claims that the $73,384 in carryover tax
credits was disallowed in previous Tax Court proceedings and through earlier
Tax Court settlements, and thus the IRS was merely giving effect to these
determinations by way of computational adjustments when it implemented the
LWM Closing Agreement. In order to support its claim, defendant points to
the 1993 Tax Court decision, which it reads as disallowing all tax credits
claimed for 1982 pursuant to stipulation. The sparse Tax Court record
produced by the government in this case includes a stipulation and order
whereby taxpayers agreed that the result to their Saxon Energy credits would
be dictated by the resolution of Schillinger v. Commissioner, 60 T.C.M.
1470 (1990). It also included the taxpayers’ closing agreement that settled

9
 Although the IRS presumably could have challenged the credits prior to the
LWM Closing Agreement, it did not do so. Instead, it waited until after the
Mandiches’ LWM partnership items were settled in 1999, and only then after
plaintiffs attempted to use the credits. Then it became clear the IRS took a
different view of the Closing Agreement in terms of how the taxpayers could
apply unused credits. In that sense, they would appear to be partner-level
items not protected by the “computational adjustment” exception.
10
   This $21,188 figure is the balance remaining once the $10,000 LWM
investment credited permitted pursuant to the terms of the LWM Closing
Agreement is subtracted from the $31,188 LWM investment credit originally
claimed by the Mandiches.

                                      21
their partnership issues regarding Summer Lovers Associates. Pursuant to that
closing agreement, the taxpayers’ Summer Lovers amount at risk, credits, and
losses were reduced. At the close of the Tax Court case, the Mandiches were
left with a tax deficiency of $9,811. According to the government, the only
way that the Mandiches would have owed a tax bill at the end of that case was
if all of their credits had been disallowed. This conclusion, per defendant, is
consistent with the 1987 Examination Information Report and accompanying
work papers, which shows that the IRS intended to disallow the Saxon Energy
credits, the Summer Lovers credits, the Children’s Classics Recording credit,
and the Cocoa Ltd. credits. Thus, according to defendant, all partner-level
factual determinations necessary to disallow all carryover credits were already
made by the Tax Court, and therefore the IRS was simply making a
computational adjustment when it disallowed the credits in 2000.

       The problem with this evidence, according to plaintiffs, is that it is
incomplete and is inconsistent with defendant’s ultimate conclusion that no
credits survived the judgment of the Tax Court. Specifically, plaintiffs take
issue with the government’s reliance on the Examination Information Report
and work papers, because the adjustments proposed therein differ significantly
from the result in the Tax Court. Taxpayers accurately point out that the
examination report proposed a deficiency of $37,957 with penalties of $12,898
for 1982. By contrast, the Tax Court determined that the taxpayers owed
$9,811 in taxes for 1982 plus penalties that amounted to approximately $5,000.
Additionally, the examination report disallowed all of the taxpayers’ $55,000
loss incurred in the Summer Lovers partnership, while the Summer Lovers
closing agreement accepted by the Tax Court permitted $50,000 of loss to be
used by the taxpayers. Finally, plaintiffs contend that the only evidence that
defendant has provided to support its assertion that credits traceable to
Children’s Classics Recordings and Cocoa Ltd. were disallowed in their
entirety is a proposal for settlement contained within the documents attached
to the Examination Information Report.

       Plaintiffs are correct that the record contains no evidence of how and
when the credits from Cocoa Ltd. and Children’s Classic Recordings were
formally and finally disallowed. Furthermore, while we are persuaded from
the Tax Court record that the Saxon Energy credits were disallowed, we are
unable to match up the value that was disallowed with an identifiable part of
the credits that were disallowed in the present adjustment. Moreover, the
government’s assertion that no credits survived the conclusion of the Tax
Court case is squarely contradicted by the fact that the taxpayers retained a

                                      22
$5,000 tax credit pursuant to the terms of the Summer Lovers closing
agreement, which was accepted by the Tax Court. There are significant
limitations in the evidence before us such that we cannot trace the wholesale
disallowance of the bulk of plaintiffs’ pre-1983 carryover credits by
computational adjustment in 2000 to specific instances in which each credit
was previously disallowed by a competent authority.

       The point is this: on the present record we would have to make partner-
level factual determinations in order to untangle the mess of credits and
previous legal proceedings to arrive at the conclusion that all pre-1983
carryover credits were previously disallowed.

        Although in principal we do not disagree with the government’s
argument that applying the judgment of another court could be a computational
adjustment to an affected item if the adjustment involved no partner-level
factual determinations, we cannot reach that holding in this case because
plaintiffs have shown that the IRS’s adjustment to plaintiffs’ carryover credits
were not free from individual factual determinations. By showing that the
adjustment was not merely computational, plaintiffs have rebutted the
presumption of correctness. There is thus a failure of proof to support the
government’s argument that it did not need to file a notice of deficiency.11 If
the government had preserved a more complete record, we might have been
able to reach a different conclusion.

        Because the IRS’s disallowance of plaintiffs’ pre-1983 carryover credits
was not a computational adjustment, we hold that the disallowance was
unlawful in the absence of a notice of deficiency. The time in which the IRS
could have issued a notice of deficiency has long since passed. Plaintiffs are
entitled to the use of $73,384 in credits to offset their tax deficiency computed
as a result of the LWM Closing Agreement.12

11
  Neither party has suggested that this is a triable issue of fact. The
government has not suggested that it could offer live testimony on this issue,
and we are satisfied that no further documentary evidence can be adduced
beyond what the parties have furnished the court.
12
  Due to this holding, we find it unnecessary to address plaintiffs’ alternative
argument that the TEFRA exception to the deficiency procedures does not
apply to pre-TEFRA items.

                                       23
       III.    Credits Attributable to LWM

        The carryover credits are not the only credits that plaintiffs claim should
have been available to offset their tax liability. The taxpayers assert that,
under the terms of the Closing Agreement, they were entitled to a $10,000 tax
credit for their investment in LWM. Plaintiffs rely on two provisions of the
LWM Closing Agreement: “4. The taxpayers’ capital contribution to the
partnership is $100,000. 5. Taxpayers’ qualified investment for computing
investment tax credit is the amount at risk set forth in paragraph #4.” Pls.’
Mot. Sum. J. Ex. E at 14-15. In the year at issue, the investment credit was
equal to 10% of the qualified investment.13 Thus, plaintiffs assert that they
were entitled to a credit of $10,000, which is 10% of their $100,000 qualified
investment and amount at risk. Plaintiffs contend that the IRS’s computational
adjustment did not factor in this $10,000 credit and instead disallowed the
entire original LWM credit of $31,188.

       The government’s rationale for opposing plaintiffs’ request for a refund
based on this assertion has morphed. First, defendant claimed that the IRS had
taken the $10,000 LWM investment credit into account while making the
computational adjustment. Then, defendant conceded that it could not point
to any evidence that the IRS had, in its computational adjustment, applied the
$10,000 credit against plaintiffs’ tax deficiency, but defendant raised two
additional arguments. First, it argued that plaintiffs had not carried the burden
of proof with respect to their entitlement to the $10,000 credit. Second, it
asserted that plaintiffs’ claimed entitlement to the $10,000 LWM credit
substantially varied from their initial administrative claim for refund.

       As to the asserted failure of proof, defendant contends that plaintiffs
have satisfied neither their burden of going forward nor their burden of
persuasion with respect to the $10,000 investment credit because they did not
produce evidence to show that the original $31,188 was attributable to LWM
and thus that $10,000 of that credit should have been preserved according to
the terms of th LWM Closing Agreement. Defendant cites Albemarle Corp.
v. United States, for the following:

13
  The parties do not dispute that “the allowable 1983 [investment tax] credit
from the LWM Settlement would have been $10,000.” Pls.’ Am. Compl. ¶ 13;
Def.’s Answer to Pls.’ Am. Compl. ¶ 13.

                                        24
       [T]o rebut the presumption of the Commissioner’s correctness,
       “the taxpayer must come forward with enough evidence to
       support a finding contrary to the Commissioner’s
       determination.” Bubble Room, Inc. v. United States, 159 F.3d
       [553], 561 [(Fed. Cir. 1998)]. Stated otherwise, to overcome the
       presumption, the taxpayer has the burden of presenting
       “substantial evidence as to the wrongfulness of the
       Commissioner’s determination.” KFOX, Inc. v. United States,
       206 Ct. Cl. 143, 151-152, 510 F.2d 1365, 1369 (1975);
       Arrington v. United States, 34 Fed. Cl. 144, 147 (1995), aff’d,
       108 F.3d 1393 (Fed. Cir. 1997). The burden imposed on a
       plaintiff is both the burden of going forward and the burden of
       persuasion. Thus, a plaintiff first must come forward with
       enough evidence to support a finding contrary to the
       Commissioner’s determination. See Transamerica Corp. v.
       United States, 902 F.2d [1540] 1543 [(Fed. Cir. 1990)]; Danville
       Plywood Corp. v. United States, 899 F.2d [3,] 7-8 [(Fed. Cir.
       1990)]; Arrington v. United States, 34 Fed. Cl. at 147.

118 Fed. Cl. 549, 562 (2014), aff’d, 797 F.3d 1011 (Fed. Cir. 2015).
Defendant asserts that plaintiffs have not produced any evidence in this case
to overcome the presumption of correctness and establish that the original
disallowance of the full $31,188 credit was incorrect. According to defendant,
the IRS work papers accompanying the adjustment do not identify the entity
or entities that generated the $31,188 credit that was disallowed. In the
absence of evidence that proves that all of the original $31,188 credit was
attributable to LWM, defendant asserts that plaintiffs cannot establish that they
are entitled to a $10,000 portion of that credit under the LWM Closing
Agreement.

        Plaintiffs respond by referencing § 6230(a), which limits computational
adjustments, in the absence of a notice of deficiency, to partnership items or
affected items that do not require partner-level factual determinations.
According to plaintiffs, the $31,188 investment credit was either known to be
a LWM partnership item that could be disallowed by computational adjustment
without a notice of deficiency or it was an affected item and, in the absence of
evidence linking the entire credit to LWM, the IRS auditor made a partner-
level factual determination to disallow the entire credit without first issuing the
requisite notice of deficiency. Plaintiffs argue that, if the government is
correct that there was no evidence that the entire $31,188 credit corresponded

                                        25
to its original investment of $311,874 in LWM, and the disallowance of this
credit was not made in an effort to implement the terms of the LWM Closing
Agreement, which reduced plaintiffs’ LWM amount at risk from $311,874 to
$100,000, then any adjustment, by definition, would require a partner-level
factual determination and was therefore improper without a notice of
deficiency.

        Plaintiffs are correct that the government cannot have it both ways.
Defendant cannot claim that the IRS’s actions were procedurally sound in the
past (i.e., did not trigger the notice of deficiency that is necessary when the
adjustment requires partner-level factual determinations) and now assert that
there is not enough evidence to conclude that the $31,188 credit was
attributable to LWM. Either the IRS had sufficient evidence at the time of the
adjustment to conclude that the $31,188 credit was a partnership item
attributable to the taxpayers’ investment in LWM, in which case a
computational adjustment was appropriate, or the IRS did not have sufficient
evidence to conclude that the credit was entirely attributable to LWM but made
a partner-level factual determination and fully disallowed the credit, an action
which should have been preceded by a notice of deficiency. In this case, the
fact that the IRS fully disallowed the credit points to the IRS’s understanding,
at the time, that the credit was attributable to LWM. This follows logically
from the documentation the taxpayers provided to the IRS and the figures that
match up if the $31,188 credit was originally derived by computing 10% of
$311,874.

       The question thus becomes, why did the IRS examiner not make a
computational adjustment to implement the terms of the LWM Closing
Agreement that permitted $10,000 of the $31,188 credit and disallow the
remaining $21,188? The government has not provided a rationale for why the
full amount of credit was disallowed. In fact, defendant agrees that, under the
terms of the LWM Closing Agreement, a $10,000 credit was allowable. Def.’s
Answer to Pls.’ Am. Compl. ¶¶ 13, 49. The only possible conclusion is that
the IRS made a mathematical error that resulted, improperly, in the full
disallowance of the LWM investment credit. We are satisfied that plaintiffs
are entitled to this $10,000 investment credit to offset their tax liability.

        Defendant, however, raises one last bar to plaintiffs’ recovery. It
asserts for the first time in its June 16, 2015 supplemental brief the defense of
substantial variance.

                                       26
        The doctrine of substantial variance is rooted in the government’s
limitation on its waiver of sovereign immunity made in 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a)
and the regulatory requirement that the claim for refund of tax “must set forth
in detail each ground upon which a credit or refund is claimed and facts
sufficient to apprise the Commissioner of the exact basis thereof.” Treas. Reg.
§ 301.6402-2(b)(1). “Accordingly, new claims or theories raised subsequent
to the initial refund claim are not permitted where they substantially vary from
the theories initially raised in the original claim for refund.” Cencast Servs.,
L.P. v. United States, 729 F.3d 1352, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing and
applying 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a)).

       According to defendant, plaintiffs’ administrative claim did not alert the
IRS to the issue of whether the $10,000 investment credit had been improperly
disallowed. Plaintiffs’ administrative claim states in relevant part:

       1.        The settlement entered into by Closing Agreement
       provided there was no change to partnership items, but agreed
       that for purposes of determining the taxpayers’ correct tax
       liability for every partnership year from inception to termination
       (i) the taxpayers’ amount at risk regarding their Partnership
       investment would be determined based on several factors set
       forth in the agreement, (ii) “any deficiency in tax determined
       under this agreement will be subject to adjustments arising from
       a carryback or carryforward from other taxable years of loss,
       credit or other tax attributable as allowed by the Internal
       Revenue Code, . . . .

       7. The same grounds stated above apply to the assessments
       that were made based on the IRS’ determination of adjustments
       or carryovers or carrybacks as affected items under TEFRA
       arising from the settlement years.

Pls.’ Mot. Sum. J. Ex. O at 152-53. Defendant asserts that the $10,000 credit
issue is not evident in the administrative claim, specifically in paragraph 7,
because it “is not based on any IRS adjustment of any credit carryover utilized
on plaintiffs’ 1984 return.” Def.’s Suppl Br. 15. Because plaintiffs did not
clearly set forth their entitlement to the $10,000 LWM investment credit
during the administrative stage, defendant concludes that their present pursuit
fatally varies from their original claim.

                                       27
       In response, plaintiffs assert that the carryover credit grounds, of which
the $10,000 LWM credit is one part, is expressly contained in the
administrative claims. According to plaintiffs, the doctrine of substantial
variance is not a bar for an issue that is “comprised within the general
language of the claim.” Ottawa Silica Co. v. United States, 699 F.2d 1124,
1138 (Fed. Cir. 1983).

        We agree. There is ample evidence to suggest that the $10,000 LWM
credit issue was included in the general language of plaintiffs’ original
administrative claim, the original complaints in these two case,14 and in the
amended complaint in the lead case.15 Specifically, paragraph one of
plaintiffs’ administrative claim relies on the terms of the Closing Agreement
to establish the proper treatment of partnership items and invokes the Internal
Revenue Code to apply in the event that any loss, credit, or other tax may apply
against any deficiency determined in the adjustment. Likewise, paragraph
seven alerts the IRS to potential issues with adjustments that were made to
carryover and carryback credits. As originally claimed, the $10,000 credit was
part of a $31,188 credit that was not used in 1984 but carried forward. We
cannot agree with defendant that the use of the terms “carryovers and
carrybacks” do not embrace the $10,000 credit. Plaintiffs’ administrative
claim put the government on notice of the Mandiches’ challenge to the
computational adjustment made to credit carryovers and carrybacks. The
doctrine of variance, thus, does not bar plaintiffs’ recovery on this issue.
Plaintiffs are owed a refund for the $10,000 LWM investment credit that was
disallowed in error.

        As an aside, we note that plaintiffs also challenge the government’s
defense of substantial variance on the basis of waiver. Specifically, plaintiffs
contend that the government’s defense was waived because it was not timely
raised. Plaintiffs note that the government did not state any affirmative
defenses in its answer and waited to raise the defense of variance until the
third round of briefing regarding the cross-motions for summary judgement.

14
   Plaintiffs used the same language in both their administrative claim and in
the original complaints.
15
  In the amended complaint of the lead case, plaintiffs explicitly state their
claim to the $10,000 credit. Pls.’ Am. Compl. ¶¶ 9-13. The government did
not raise the defense of variance in its answer to the amended complaint.

                                       28
       Waiver of the variance defense occurs when “the Commissioner
through his agents dispensed with the formal requirements of a claim by
investigating its merits.” Angelus Milling Co. v. Comm’r, 325 U.S. 293, 296
(1945); see Computervision Corp. v. United States, 445 F.3d 1355, 1365 (Fed.
Cir. 2006); see also Consolidated Coppermines Corp. v. United States, 296
F.2d 743 (Ct. Cl. 1961). The rationale for the waiver exception to the doctrine
of variance is that

       Treasury Regulations are calculated to avoid dilatory, careless,
       and wasteful fiscal administration barring incomplete or
       confusing claims. But Congress has given the Treasury this
       rule-making power for self-protection and not for self-
       imprisonment. If the Commissioner chooses not to stand on his
       own formal or detailed requirements, it would be making empty
       abstraction, and not a practical safeguard, of a regulation to
       allow the Commissioner to invoke technical objections after he
       has investigated the merits of a claim and taken action upon it.
       Even tax administration does not as a matter of principle
       preclude considerations of fairness.

Angelus Milling Co., 325 U.S. at 297 (citations omitted).

        Plaintiffs are correct that the government did not raise any affirmative
defenses in its original answer or its April 11, 2014 answer to plaintiffs’
amended complaint. The government’s first mention of variance is in a
footnote of its reply brief, which was filed on February 11, 2015. When asked
by the court about this footnote during the first oral argument, defendant
admitted that it was not actively pursuing the defense but simply had questions
regarding variance. Tr. 45 (March 18, 2015). Defendant did not begin
actively pursuing the defense of variance until its June 16, 2015 supplemental
brief. Defendant had multiple opportunities to timely raise the issue of
variance and, instead of pursuing this defense, failed to include it in its answer
and denied its potential application to this case during the March 18, 2015 oral
argument. While our holding above removes the necessity of ruling on the
issue of waiver, we note that the government’s litigation strategy demonstrated
its intent to waive the defense of substantial variance.

                                       29
                               CONCLUSION

        Plaintiffs are entitled to a refund of taxes, interest, and penalties
attributable to their pre-1983 carryover credits of $73,384 and the $10,000
LWM investment credit. The taxpayers, however, are not entitled to a refund
for the sums associated with their suspended loss claims. Thus, plaintiffs’
motion for summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part.
Defendant’s cross-motion is likewise granted in part and denied in part. The
parties are directed to attempt to stipulate the amount of judgment in plaintiffs’
favor and report the result to the court in a joint status report on or before
December 11, 2015.

                                            s/ Eric G. Bruggink
                                            Eric G. Bruggink
                                            Judge

                                       30