Court Opinion

ID: 2750502
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-11-12 18:03:30.034991+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:26:39.444688
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                          Appellate Court

                             People v. Hancock, 2014 IL App (4th) 131069

Appellate Court              THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Petitioner-Appellee,
Caption                      v. MARK LEE HANCOCK, Respondent-Appellant.

District & No.               Fourth District
                             Docket No. 4-13-1069

Filed                        September 24, 2014

Held                         The verdict denying respondent’s recovery application from civil
(Note: This syllabus         confinement as a sexually dangerous person was affirmed and the
constitutes no part of the   appellate court rejected his contentions that the verdict was against the
opinion of the court but     manifest weight of the evidence and that the trial court erred in
has been prepared by the     denying his motion in limine to bar evidence of the denial of an earlier
Reporter of Decisions        recovery application, refusing to publish to the jury some purported
for the convenience of       judicial admissions by the State, and in denying his motion for a
the reader.)                 directed verdict, especially when conflict in the evidence as to whether
                             respondent was making progress in his recovery precluded a directed
                             verdict, and the verdict finding respondent was still a sexually
                             dangerous person was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Champaign County, No. 00-CF-
Review                       1597; the Hon. John R. Kennedy, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                     Affirmed.
       Counsel on               John B. Hensley, of Hensley Law Office, of Champaign, for appellant.
       Appeal
                                Julia Rietz, State’s Attorney, of Urbana (Patrick Delfino, David J.
                                Robinson, and Allison Paige Brooks, all of State’s Attorneys
                                Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

       Panel                    PRESIDING JUSTICE APPLETON delivered the judgment of the
                                court, with opinion.
                                Justices Knecht and Holder White concurred in the judgment and
                                opinion.

                                                 OPINION

¶1            Since 2001, respondent, Mark Lee Hancock, has been in civil confinement as a sexually
         dangerous person. See 725 ILCS 205/8 (West 2012). In November 2010, he filed a recovery
         application (see 725 ILCS 205/9(a) (West 2012)), and in October 2013, a jury returned a
         verdict against him and in favor of the State, finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that he
         still was a sexually dangerous person (see 725 ILCS 205/9(b) (West 2012)).
¶2            Respondent appeals on four grounds.
¶3            First, he argues the trial court erred by denying paragraph 4 of his motion in limine, in
         which he sought to bar evidence that, in 2009, a previous recovery application by him was
         denied. We find no abuse of discretion in the ruling.
¶4            Second, he argues the trial court erred by declining to publish to the jury some purported
         judicial admissions by the State. In our de novo review of this issue, we find the purported
         judicial admissions to be nonexistent.
¶5            Third, he argues the trial court erred by denying his motion for a directed verdict. In our
         de novo review, however, when we look at the evidence in the light most favorable to the State,
         we are unable to say the evidence so overwhelmingly favors respondent that a verdict against
         him is rationally indefensible.
¶6            Fourth, he argues the verdict against him is against the manifest weight of the evidence. We
         reject this argument for the same reason we reject his argument that he was entitled to a
         directed verdict. The record contains evidence to support each element of the State’s
         prima facie case, and it was the sole province of the jury to decide what weight to give to that
         evidence.
¶7            Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶8                                         I. BACKGROUND
¶9                                  A. Respondent’s Motion in Limine
¶ 10         Before the trial began, respondent filed a motion in limine to bar certain evidence.
         Paragraph 4 of the motion stated: “As to the procedural history, the State seeks to introduce
         that, on two previous occasions, [respondent] was found to remain a sexually dangerous

                                                     -2-
       person. The jury will infer that [respondent] filed two previous restoration petitions that were
       denied by juries. This is not probative but rather is prejudicial and irrelevant to current issues.”
       Thus, the motion requested the trial court to bar the State from eliciting evidence that, on two
       previous occasions, respondent was found to remain a sexually dangerous person.
¶ 11       The assistant State’s Attorney responded that “the defense counsel’s argument [might] be
       well-taken with respect to the 2005 recovery petition” but that the 2009 recovery petition was
       “significant for purposes of *** narrowing *** the jury’s inquiry.” (When we refer to the
       recovery petitions, or applications, of 2005 and 2009, we do not mean that the petitions were
       filed in those years but, rather, that they were judicially denied in those years.) He reasoned:
                    “I–I point out the obvious, the defense is obviously going to speak about the
                passage of time since he was first adjudicated sexually dangerous. If he was, in fact, as
                a matter of law sexually dangerous in 2009, that argument becomes much more limited
                in scope, the jury’s inquiry becomes much more limited in scope and the defense
                becomes, I believe, significantly weaker. And for that reason, I believe it is significant
                to the jury’s inquiry whether they’re determining whether he has recovered in the last
                four years or whether he’s recovered in the last decade. That’s why I wanted to have
                [sic] submit the finding that he was found sexually dangerous in 2009.”
¶ 12       The trial court concluded it was the law of the case that on July 23, 2009, respondent was
       found to remain a sexually dangerous person. Therefore, the court denied paragraph 4 as to the
       recovery application of 2009.

¶ 13                        B. Respondent’s Request To Take Judicial Notice
¶ 14       During the trial, respondent requested the trial court to read to the jury the following
       purported judicial admissions by the State and to instruct the jury to “accept [them] as
       conclusive.” Ill. R. Evid. 201(g) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011):
                  “(a) Respondent has decided to change his desire for sex since his original
              commitment as a Sexually Dangerous Person.
                  (b) Respondent appears to have begun to develop an intervention system to reduce
              harmful ideation and action on his part.
                  (c) Respondent has participated in therapeutic groups designed to address his
              mental disorder and criminal propensities to commit sex offenses or molestation of
              children.
                  (d) Respondent has encouraged other sex offenders in their recovery.
                  (e) Respondent is more aware of his own behaviors and triggers and more sensitive
              to his effect on others than when he was originally committed as a[ ] [sexually
              dangerous person].”
¶ 15       Respondent represented to the trial court that the State had made these purported judicial
       admissions by admitting certain allegations in his recovery application. When the court,
       however, compared each purported judicial admission to what respondent identified as the
       corresponding paragraph of his application, the court found that the two did not match: in its
       language, the purported judicial admission significantly diverged from the corresponding
       paragraph in the application. Consequently, the court declined to publish paragraphs (b) to (e),
       quoted above. Given that ruling, respondent withdrew paragraph (a).

                                                    -3-
¶ 16                                  C. The Jury Trial (October 2013)
¶ 17                                   1. The Testimony of Dale Spitler
¶ 18                                a. His Occupation and Qualifications
¶ 19       Dale Spitler testified he had a master’s degree in social work and that he was a licensed
       clinical social worker.
¶ 20       His first job as a social worker, in the 1970s, was with the Illinois Department of Children
       and Family Services (DCFS), investigating child abuse. Later, in the 1990s, he developed
       programs at DCFS for the treatment of children who had sexually offending behaviors.
¶ 21       He subsequently worked for the Illinois Department of Corrections (DOC). Initially, he
       was a clinical supervisor at Centralia Correctional Center. There, he ran the sex offender
       groups during the times when a psychologist was unavailable. Then he became a healthcare
       administrator. His duties in that position included assessing and treating inmates with
       mental-health problems. The treatment of sex offenders was only part of his job as clinical
       supervisor and healthcare administrator at DOC.
¶ 22       In 2003, Spitler began working at the Community Resource Center, where the evaluation
       and treatment of sex offenders was his full-time occupation. He testified:
                   “A. My entire duties and responsibilities at Community Resource Center, I went
               there to set up their sex offender treatment program. And while I was there, I oversaw
               and provided all of the sex offender assessments and sex offender treatment for the
               Community Mental Health program.
                   Q. Roughly what percentage of your duties in that period involved the treatment or
               evaluation of sex offenders?
                   A. Probably 90%.
                   Q. Okay. And what would you estimate to be the total number of hours you spent
               assessing and treating sex offenders in that period from 2003 to 2010?
                   A. Probably was somewhere around ten thousand hours.
                   Q. Okay. Now, part of–could you–was part of your duties in assessing sex
               offenders, assessing the risk of reoffense?
                   A. Yes.
                   Q. Okay. In–and why were you doing that? What role did that play in the program?
                   A. Primarily assessment and a community mental health, there were two things.
               Sometimes the local Courts would require an assessment prior to presentencing
               hearing, so that they would have some idea on whether or not they were going to advise
               probation or incarceration, or what have you.
                   The second and probably the most important to me, is the assessment was used to
               guide what we were going to focus on in the sex offender treatment.”
¶ 23       Since December 2011, he had worked at Wexford Health Sources, “perform[ing]
       evaluations for the sexually dangerous persons program at Big Muddy [Correctional Center
       (Big Muddy)].” Thus far, at Wexford, he had performed 41 evaluations, in 6 of which he had
       recommended release. In his entire career as a social worker, he had testified probably 25 to 30
       times regarding sex offender assessments.

                                                  -4-
¶ 24       The trial court found Spitler qualified to offer opinions in the fields of sex offender
       assessment and treatment.

¶ 25                           b. Respondent’s History of Sexual Offenses
¶ 26       On contract with DOC, Wexford assigned Spitler to perform an evaluation of respondent,
       to assess the risk that he would commit further sex offenses if he were released from civil
       confinement. In March 2013, for that purpose, Spitler went to Big Muddy and interviewed
       respondent. Two other evaluators attended the interview: a psychologist, Kristopher Klounch,
       and a psychiatrist, Jagannathan Sriunivasaraghavan (otherwise known as “Dr. Van”).
¶ 27       In addition to interviewing respondent, Spitler and Klounch reviewed treatment files,
       police reports, court documents, and the psychiatric reports for the commitment. Van likewise
       reviewed the psychiatric reports. Spitler reviewed the group therapy notes and found no
       “issues” therein.
¶ 28       Of these documentary materials, the assistant State’s Attorney focused on the police
       reports, asking Spitler why it was important to review them. Spitler answered that the police
       reports helped him understand respondent’s “pattern of offending,” including how he found his
       victims, what types of victims he targeted, and whether he had committed sex offenses while in
       treatment.
¶ 29       Actually, not only the police reports but respondent’s own recollections of his offenses
       were useful for that purpose. For some of the early offenses, Spitler had no police reports or
       court documents, and therefore he relied on what respondent told him. In 1967, respondent
       said, he was convicted of indecent exposure. The conviction was in Adams County. Spitler did
       not know the ages of the persons to whom respondent exposed himself on this occasion, but by
       Spitler’s understanding, they were under the age of 18. As a result of this offense, respondent
       was referred to Quincy Mental Health Center for counseling. Spitler did not know if the
       counseling respondent received there was sex offender treatment.
¶ 30       In 1969, in Adams County, respondent was again convicted of indecent exposure. This
       time, the treatment was hospitalization in Jacksonville Mental Health Center. Spitler did not
       review the records of this hospitalization, and therefore he was unable to say what treatment
       respondent received there.
¶ 31       Respondent afterward moved from Illinois to Maryland, where he committed another
       offense in 1976. Spitler testified:
               “His explanation to us during the interview on that particular case was that he was–he
               would drive around the neighborhoods in the evenings in a van, and he would have
               sexual thoughts and then would masturbate and look for potential victims.
                   And in ’76, he happened to be driving by a park and he saw a lady who was
               standing at the bottom of a sliding board and her attention was on a young child that
               was at the top of the sliding board. He pulled the van over to the side, got out, ran over
               to her while she was standing there, and pulled her pants down and attempted to have
               sexual intercourse with her. She started screaming and he got up and ran off.”
       Spitler had read the police report corresponding to this 1976 offense, and he saw no
       inconsistency between the police report and respondent’s description of the offense in his
       interview at Big Muddy. Respondent said the Maryland court ordered him to undergo sex
       offender treatment, but Spitler never read the court order.

                                                   -5-
¶ 32       After being convicted in Maryland, respondent moved to Virginia, where, in 1978, he
       committed another sex offense, while still on probation. Spitler testified:
                    “A. The 1978 incident, he was–he broke into a home. He’d found a house, I believe
                he was able to get in through the screen, and he got into the house. He went into the
                bedroom and found a woman asleep in the bedroom. And he was naked and crawled
                into bed with the woman and attempted to have intercourse with her. She started
                screaming and he left.”
       Another thing Spitler recalled was that “when the woman started screaming, [respondent]
       choked her and ran out.”
¶ 33       Spitler had read the police report pertaining to the 1978 incident, and, again, he saw no
       inconsistency between the police report and what respondent told him in the interview.
       Respondent told him he received sex offender treatment in Virginia, in the community.
¶ 34       After enrolling in an “aversion therapy program” in the early 1980s, respondent committed
       another offense in 1983. He was driving around in his van, masturbating. “He stopped, he got
       out of the van, ejaculated and got back in the van.” Initially, he did not think anyone had seen
       him, but as it turned out, someone had seen him, as he learned when he received a visit from the
       police.
¶ 35       Shortly thereafter, respondent committed yet another indecent exposure as well as a
       contact offense. Spitler testified:
                “This time, I believe he was driving past a park. He saw two people in the park. He got
                out of the van and exposed himself to them.
                    Q. Okay. Are you aware of yet another incident in 1984, after that?
                    A. Following that incident, also in 1984, again, I can’t recall if he was driving at
                this point in time, I believe he was, but he saw an eleven year old girl who was walking
                down the street–and yes, he was driving because I remember he said he pulled the van
                to the side–he got out, ran over to the girl, pulled down her pants and her panties, and
                attempted to have sexual intercourse with her. Again, she started screaming and he got
                up and ran off.”
       Respondent was sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment in Virginia for the offense against the
       girl. For approximately nine years, while in prison, he “participated in a pedophile group” and
       also in a “rapist group.”
¶ 36       After his release from the Virginia prison, respondent returned to Illinois, where, in 1996,
       “he broke into a home and crawled in bed with a sixteen year old girl that he found in the
       home.” He “attempted to have sexual intercourse with her,” she screamed, and he fled.
¶ 37       Then, in 1998, he “broke into a home and crawled in bed with a woman that he didn’t know
       and attempted to have sexual intercourse.”
¶ 38       On another occasion, he was riding his bicycle down the road when he saw two girls, one
       of whom was stooping and fixing the tire of her own bicycle. He got off his bicycle, ran up to
       the girl who was stooping next to her bicycle, and kissed her. The other girl started screaming,
       and he fled.
¶ 39       In 2000, respondent crawled under a garage door that was partly raised. He went into the
       house, “looking for sex[,] but he had no particular victim picked out.” A man who lived in the
       house confronted him. Respondent ran out of the house, got on his bicycle, and rode away.

                                                   -6-
¶ 40      Respondent estimated that, on about 80 different occasions, he peeped through windows of
       other people’s houses, standing outside and masturbating.

¶ 41                            c. The Sex Offender Program at Big Muddy
¶ 42       The sex offender program at Big Muddy was a relapse prevention program–as, in fact,
       were all sex offender treatment programs in Illinois, because research suggested that relapse
       prevention was the only approach that “ha[d] any degree of efficacy with recovery and not
       reoffending.”
¶ 43       The relapse prevention program had four phases. The first phase was orientation, in which
       the participant was informed of the goals of the program and the different treatment groups and
       was introduced to some of the workbooks.
¶ 44       The second phase was the working phase, in which “a good portion of the treatment [took]
       place.” The treatment consisted mostly of participation in groups, with 8 to 12 people in a
       group. There was a victim empathy group. There was a discovery group, in which group
       members discovered their “core issues or core beliefs.” There was a cycle group, in which
       members scrutinized their patterns of offending, breaking down the patterns into parts and
       considering the thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that accompanied each part.
¶ 45       The third phase was the prerelease phase, which “focuse[d] on control of deviant arousal”
       and formulating a “relapse prevention plan.” Spitler summed up:
                   “And here’s what the relapse prevention plan is. We have the cycle and we have it
               broken down into, this happens at this time, and this happens at this time, and this leads
               to this and leads to that. What the relapse prevention plan does, is it looks at all those
               pieces and helps the person come up with some way to stop it at each one of those
               phases.”
       Those “pieces” had to be carefully identified in the preceding phase, in the cycle group. The
       efficacy of the relapse prevention plan was directly dependent on the quality of the cycle
       analysis. Spitler explained:
               “[T]he cycle has to be completed before you can have any type of accurate relapse
               prevention plan. You have to understand all of the pieces from the beginning.
               What–what triggered certain thoughts, what triggered certain feelings, like I had
               mentioned before. *** And it’s important that every piece be *** explicit because the
               idea is that the more that you can make these pieces distinct, the more that you can put
               in an intervention at each single one of those.”
¶ 46       The fourth phase was aftercare, which began after the person was released from
       confinement.

¶ 47                       d. Respondent’s Progress in the Treatment Program
¶ 48       Respondent currently was in the second phase of the treatment program, in the working
       cycle. He had not yet reached the third phase, the prerelease phase. To advance to the third
       phase, he had to break down his cycle of offending, and he had not done that–as Spitler had
       perceived from interviewing him.
¶ 49       When interviewing persons adjudged to be sexually dangerous, Spitler always asked them
       about their cycle. So, he asked respondent to describe his cycle. Spitler testified:

                                                   -7-
                   “Basically, what was said to me is [‘T]he cycle starts when I start having sexual
               thoughts. I have sexual thoughts, and then I use pornography and I masturbate and I
               look for a victim.[’] And I asked him, [‘A]t that point in time, what other kinds of
               things are you thinking at these various stages?[’] And he basically said that [‘W]hat
               happens is, that I get the urge, I can’t control it, and I don’t think about any of these
               other things.[’]
                   Q. Was he able to bring his cycle down explicitly like you described?
                   A. No.”
¶ 50       Although respondent was able to identify a number of core issues–“fear of women, women
       who [were] in authority, homophobia, the need to feel strong and self-esteem”–he could not
       relate any of those core issues to his cycle. The assistant State’s Attorney asked Spitler:
                   “Q. In fact, did he state, ‘I haven’t really figured out how to resolve core issues?’
                   A. Yes.
                   Q. Okay. And when asked how his core issues relate to his offending behavior, was
               his response, ‘[I]t doesn’t really matter, I’m already aroused?’
                   A. Yes.
                   Q. What does that tell you about his progress [as a] recovering sex offender?
                   A. Well again, it says to me that for him, and this happens a lot with certain types of
               behavior, that they feel that the behavior just happens. They don’t see a beginning, a
               middle or an end to[ ] it. It just happens.
                   Q. And it–okay. Is that inconsistent with recovery then?
                   A. Yes.”
¶ 51       On the basis of his interview of respondent and his review of the documentation, Spitler
       gave the following four opinions in his testimony. First, respondent currently was incapable of
       devising effective relapse prevention techniques. Second, no form of conditional release would
       allow him to safely manage his behavior. Third, he had a propensity to commit sex offenses,
       including offenses against children. Fourth, there was a substantial probability he would
       commit further sex offenses if he were released.

¶ 52                               2. The Testimony of Thomas Walton
¶ 53                  a. The Houses on Arden Drive and Alton Drive in Champaign
¶ 54       Thomas Walton testified that, in 2000, when he was a detective with the Champaign police
       department, he received a report that an intruder had entered a house on Arden Drive. The
       investigation led to respondent as a possible culprit. In August 2000, Walton and a couple of
       other police officers went to respondent’s apartment and questioned him.
¶ 55       Respondent admitted to them he was indeed the person who had entered the house on
       Arden Drive. He said he had been bicycling through the neighborhood when he noticed that the
       garage door at this house was raised partway. He laid his bicycle down some distance from the
       house, and even though he knew no one at that address, he crawled in, under the garage door,
       and entered the living quarters. Everyone in the house appeared to be sleeping. He opened a
       bedroom door, and a man sprang out of bed and asked him what he was doing. Respondent
       fled, going out the way he had entered. He climbed on his bicycle and took off down the street.

                                                    -8-
¶ 56        Respondent said that, next, he stopped at a house on Alton Drive. He did not know anyone
       there, either. Nevertheless, he entered the house. A dog began growling, whereupon he walked
       out of the house, got back on his bicycle, and rode away.
¶ 57        As Walton testified, recounting what respondent had told him, “[respondent’s] intent ***
       had crystallized, and in his mind, he wanted to have sex with the man [who had] confronted
       him in the house on Arden Drive.” So, respondent returned to the house on Arden Drive, went
       in, and told the man he wanted to have sex. According to the man’s report to the police, that is
       exactly what the intruder told him upon returning: that he wanted to have sex.
¶ 58        Respondent explained to Walton that he was fighting an overwhelming, irresistible
       compulsion to have sex, a compulsion which caused him to stand outside people’s houses,
       peering into windows and masturbating, and which even took him inside their houses. He said
       he preferred girls who were 9 to 13 years old. He longed to hold them, kiss them, cuddle with
       them, and have sex with them.
¶ 59        He had done window-peeping in the Champaign/Urbana area more times than he could
       estimate. Not only that, but more than once every six months, he actually entered people’s
       residences without their knowledge. He hoped that by surreptitiously entering residences, he
       eventually would find a young girl who was willing to have sex with him.

¶ 60                                      b. Incidents in Urbana
¶ 61       Respondent divulged to Walton and his colleagues that, in addition to the foregoing
       incidents in Champaign, there had been some incidents in Urbana. He accompanied some
       police officers to Urbana and pointed out to them the houses.
¶ 62       One house was on Mumford Drive. Respondent said that, during the past few months, he
       was outside that house many times, masturbating. He said he also entered that house on at least
       three occasions.
¶ 63       Another house was on East Colorado Avenue. Respondent said that, a couple of years ago,
       he entered that house and found a girl, 11 or 12 years old, in bed, sleeping. He said he
       masturbated in her presence and that when he tried to kiss her, she woke up and began
       screaming.
¶ 64       After respondent recounted an incident such as this, Walton would follow up by looking
       for a corresponding police report. As it turned out–judging from one of these police
       reports–respondent left out something significant that he did in the house on East Colorado
       Street. As he admitted when Walton pressed him in a subsequent interview, he choked the girl
       before fleeing out the window of her bedroom. He put his hands around her throat and stifled
       her scream.
¶ 65       When Walton began really probing down and talking with respondent about the emotional
       trauma this young girl undoubtedly suffered and how she would have been in terror for her life,
       respondent showed some signs of remorse. He never actually expressed regret, however, and
       he never took responsibility for any specific acts of wrongdoing.
¶ 66       Although respondent at first edited out the choking and, for that reason, Walton was less
       than confident about his candor, respondent otherwise appeared to be forthright in confessing
       to sex offenses in which, apparently, he had not yet been implicated. He told Walton about
       another incident when he was bicycling in Urbana and encountered two girls in the vicinity of
       George Huff Drive and Race Street. One of the girls–nine years old according to the police

                                                  -9-
       report–was kneeling beside her bicycle. He dismounted from his bicycle, took her face in his
       hands, and kissed her on the mouth. He added that, on several occasions thereafter, he
       masturbated while remembering this incident.

¶ 67                                  c. The Stripper’s Apartment
¶ 68       Respondent told Walton he met a stripper at the Silver Bullet and that she resided in his
       apartment complex. He said he entered her apartment one time, when she was not home, and
       that he stayed for a few minutes. All he did was touch her bed.

¶ 69                                          d. Trips Elsewhere
¶ 70       As respondent told Walton in one of the interviews, there were times when he loaded his
       bicycle into the trunk of his car and took trips to Indianapolis, Indiana, and Springfield, Illinois.
       Upon arrival, he would park his car, take his bicycle out of the trunk, and use the same
       “ [‘]modus operandi[’] ”: the disarming spectacle of an older gentleman in a bicycle helmet,
       pedaling through the neighborhood.
¶ 71       It was Walton’s impression that respondent knew, quite clearly, that he had a problem.
       Respondent thought it might help if he got rid of the bicycle.

¶ 72                                 3. The Testimony of Jessica Stover
¶ 73                               a. Her Occupation and Qualifications
¶ 74       Jessica Stover testified she was a social worker IV with DOC and that her assignment was
       to provide treatment to persons whom the State had civilly committed as sexually dangerous.
¶ 75       All such persons, including respondent, were confined at Big Muddy. Stover presided over
       therapy groups there. She was a “facilitator.”
¶ 76       Her qualifications to do this kind of work were as follows. She had a master’s degree in
       social work, a field in which she had been working since 2004. From 2004 to 2008, she was a
       licensed social worker. From 2008 to the present, she was a licensed clinical social worker.
       She also was approved as a treatment provider and an evaluator for sex offenders. See 225
       ILCS 109/35 (West 2012) (qualifications for licensure by the Department of Financial and
       Professional Regulation as a sex offender evaluator and sex offender treatment provider). She
       had been working with sex offenders since 2006, first in the “community setting” and then for
       DOC. She had done over 20 sex offender evaluations for the court and over 20 sex offender
       evaluations for Big Muddy. At least 10 times, she had testified as an expert in the field of sex
       offender treatment and evaluation.
¶ 77       Over respondent’s objection, the trial court found Stover sufficiently qualified to testify as
       an expert in the fields of sex offender treatment and evaluation and to give testimony in the
       form of opinions in those fields.

¶ 78                   b. Her Description of the Treatment Program at Big Muddy
¶ 79       The treatment program at Big Muddy consisted primarily of group therapy, of which there
       were three phases. (The fourth phase of treatment, called “aftercare,” was not group therapy.)
¶ 80       The first phase was orientation, the goals of which were to inform the participants of what
       they could expect from treatment and to lead them to accept responsibility for their offenses.

                                                    - 10 -
¶ 81       The second phase contained most of the treatment, and this phase included an exercise
       called “cycling.” The participant chose an offense and put together a cycle or timeline of the
       offense, starting two weeks before the offense and describing various events on that timeline:
       thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The hope was that, in dissecting the process that had taken
       the participant from two weeks before the offense to a short time after the offense, he or she
       would begin recognizing the patterns in his or her offending behavior: the deviancies, the
       inadequately managed stressors, and the beliefs leading or enabling the participant to commit
       sexual offenses against others. Also in the second phase, the participant was expected to learn
       empathy: not merely to coldly and intellectually understand the trauma he or she had inflicted
       on the victim, but to have an emotional experience of empathy–to genuinely feel remorse,
       remorse for hurting the victim as well as people associated with the victim.
¶ 82       The third phase was the relapse prevention phase. In this phase, the object was for the
       participant to learn interventions, or ways to avoid offending. To really benefit from the third
       phase, the participant had to successfully complete the second phase (although, to some extent,
       the second phase likewise addressed interventions). It would be difficult for the participant to
       devise interventions unless the participant first had a solid understanding of his or her cycle or
       pattern of offending, the distortions of thought and belief that led him or her to make the
       decision to offend.

¶ 83                        c. Respondent’s Progress in the Treatment Program
¶ 84        Stover testified she had been providing treatment to respondent for the last three years. He
       had been participating in therapy groups, which met once a week. He currently was in the
       empathy group, which she was facilitating.
¶ 85        Until September 2013, the month before the trial, respondent was in the cycle group, which
       Stover also facilitated, but that group was finished for now: the participants had presented their
       cycles to the other group members and the facilitator. After hearing respondent’s presentation
       of his cycle, Stover had concluded he was not yet ready for the third phase–even though
       previously, in periodic reports, staff members gave him high marks in many areas, such as
       attendance, motivation, commitment, offense disclosure, identifying deviant arousal,
       regulating arousal, accepting responsibility, and decreasing criminal behavior and
       exploitation.
¶ 86        Respondent’s presentation of his cycle, in September 2013, caused Stover to revise
       downward her assessment of his progress. The cycle appears to be the final exam, so to speak,
       in phase II. Respondent chose, as the subject of his presentation, a sexual offense he had
       committed against a girl named T., an offense of which he was convicted in 1984. Because he
       was quite detailed about certain things, he evidently had no memory problem; he had no
       trouble remembering the incident. He began describing his cycle in vivid detail: how he
       deceived his probation officer by paying the probation fee several months in advance and
       telling her whatever she wanted to hear so that she would think he was a good guy and would
       be easy on him; how, upon his release from prison, things were going pretty well for him in that
       he had a job and a car and he was in a sexual relationship with an adult woman; how he almost
       was late for work because he wanted to go down one more street in the hope of finding a
       woman or young girl to whom he could expose himself; how he found T. out walking; how he
       circled back around the block, parked the car, and took his pants off in the car; how he hoped
       he would find her where he last saw her and that she would be as beautiful as she first appeared

                                                   - 11 -
       to be; how he walked up to her and committed the offense; and how he then ran away, got back
       in his car, put his pants on, and went to work as if nothing had happened, other than he was
       running a little late, as usual. Stover testified:
               “[He was] [v]ery detailed in certain aspects of his offense.
                   However, in the buildup stages of his offense, he omitted any deviancy that was
               going on, any fantasies, any sexual arousal that he was having. At several points in the
               cycle, myself and the other group members would question him about this and he
               continued to very much minimize it, to devalue the importance of it. He would make
               statements that it was always there. So if he would put it into a cycle, he would be
               rewriting the same thing over and over again.
                   After several weeks of this, [respondent] then came to group with one event that he
               was going to add to his cycle. And so we read the event, and it was the on-going
               deviancy. But he just asked that we, as a group, go ahead and plug that into the
               individual events instead of him, himself, taking responsibility and including those in.
               There were also parts in his cycle where he would be very detailed, about the clothing
               that his victim [T.] was wearing. But when we, as a group, would ask about the trauma,
               the pain that was evidenced from the offense itself, he would state that, well, it was so
               many years ago, he can’t remember the details. But yet, continued providing very
               specific details in other parts of his cycle.
                   ***
                   *** [W]hen we asked about [T.], herself, [respondent] was very cutoff [sic]
               from–from her pain, her suffering. He couldn’t recall if she had tried to fight him off.
               He could not recall if she was screaming for help when the offense happened. ***
                   Some statements he made was, [‘W]ell, that’s where I was then. You know, I–I
               don’t know now what she’s going through because I don’t know her now.[’] And so
               when we would try to explore with him that empathy is putting yourself in the other
               person’s position and what do you think they’re suffering is, he was very resistant to
               exploring that possibility.”
       He did not, or would not, understand how being flashed could be traumatic for a child,
       although he could intellectually (as distinct from emotionally) understand a possible long-term
       effect in that the child, when she was grown and had become a mother herself, could be in
       continual fear for her own child.
¶ 87       According to Stover, respondent also was “very resistant to talking about his core issues.”
       He had “identified his core issues as homophobia, fear of women, women in authority, a need
       to be tough[,] and [low] self-esteem.” He did not display any insight, however, into how those
       core issues led to his sexual misbehavior, other than that “he believed he had to have sex with
       women so he would not think he was gay.” Stover testified:
               “[W]hen he was presenting the cycle, somebody in the cycle group asked [respondent]
               if he had issues with women, if that was a core issue. And [respondent’s] replay [sic]
               was, [‘O]f course I do.[’] And when we followed that up with, [‘W]hat are those issues
               with women[?’] he–he was very resistive. That indicated that he didn’t know. When we
               followed up, [‘W]ell, then why did you agree that [you] had women issues[?’] his reply
               was, [‘B]ecause you guys are telling me I do.[’] So very resistive in seeing how
               different things play into his own life or his own belief system, and very quick at

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               different times to just agree with what myself or the group said. But then is unable to–to
               explain that.”
¶ 88       Instead of regarding his sexual offenses as proceeding from his own thought distortions
       and blameworthy choices, respondent tended to blame some version of fate. At different points
       when he was presenting his cycle, he “downplay[ed] his responsibility” by saying something
       to the effect of “ [‘]it just came over me,[’] ” “describing the deviancy as something outside of
       him, something that ha[d] control over him rather *** than something that he [could] control in
       himself.” By way of illustration, Stover testified:
                   “A. There have been several times recently in the victim empathy group where
               [respondent] will bring a story or a news report that he’s either heard on the radio or
               seen on [television], he’ll bring those situations to group. One of the recent ones he
               came to group with several months ago, he had heard a radio program where there was
               a young woman who was describing that she–she never felt comfortable with herself,
               always believed herself to be a man. And had actually progressed to the point where
               she was starting to take treatment to develop into more of a man, which she felt more
               comfortable with. She began taking testosterone injections. [Respondent] started
               describing this story of this young woman and saying that when she began receiving
               the testosterone injections, she started noticing herself, objectifying women, noticing
               women’s body parts and really struggling with what she felt was inappropriate.
                   [Respondent] connected to that in saying, more or less, that possibly his deviancy is
               due to an increased level of testosterone in his own body. This individual, I believe,
               also indicated that she had Native American ancestry. And [respondent] connected to
               that as well, stating his mother had Native American ancestry and his mother always
               believed that it was that ancestry that led to his deviancy.”
¶ 89       In a word, respondent tended to think of himself as being acted upon rather than acting.
       Thus, in Stover’s opinion, if respondent were released from civil confinement, he would have
       difficulty controlling his behavior, because he did not yet understand where that behavior came
       from. He did not yet understand “the thinking distortions, the core issues that fuel[ed] the belief
       system [whereby it was] okay to sexually offend against somebody else.” Without such an
       understanding, it was “very difficult, if not impossible, to then learn the appropriate
       interventions *** to deter him from sex offending.”
¶ 90       Respondent’s intended strategy of “avoid and escape,” that is, simply avoiding women and
       children, was “one useful intervention”; but it was not enough, considering that, outside Big
       Muddy, it would be impossible for him to totally avoid women and children. He also put a lot
       of stock in Buddhist chanting, but, for him, this was merely another form of avoid and escape.
¶ 91       Stover summed up:
                   “A. [Respondent] currently displays difficulty in controlling fantasies, flash
               fantasies. He has difficulty identifying [and] using appropriate interventions, other than
               avoid and escape, in–in minimizing and reducing the intensity of these fantasies.
                   Q. In your expert opinion, if [respondent] is released, is it substantially probable
               that he will engage in the commission of sex offenses if the future?
                   A. It is my opinion, that yes.
                   Q. And why?

                                                   - 13 -
                  A. [Respondent] is in a restricted setting currently, a setting where he has limited
              contact with females. He has limited ability in regards to movement, opportunities to
              offend. [He] still struggles, very much so, with flash fantasies, with deviant thoughts,
              with objectifying women and children. In the setting that he’s in right now, it is difficult
              for him to go past the point of objectifying. It’s my opinion that at this time he does not
              have the skills, that if he were in a community setting where if he would have more
              opportunity and fewer restrictions, that he would have the appropriate skills to deter
              him from future recidivism.”

¶ 92                      4. The Testimony of Jagannathan Sriunivasaraghavan
¶ 93                               a. His Occupation and Qualifications
¶ 94       Jagannathan Sriunivasaraghavan, who, again, went by the shortened surname “Dr. Van,”
       testified that he was a forensic psychiatrist. He had been practicing psychiatry since 1980, and
       he was board certified in both psychiatry and forensic psychiatry. He had been board certified
       in forensic psychiatry since 1996. He had been working with sex offenders since 1998, mostly
       doing evaluations of sexually dangerous persons–although he admitted that sex offender
       evaluation was not of much academic interest to him and that he had published nothing on the
       subject. He was a professor emeritus at the School of Medicine of Southern Illinois University.
       For the past 1½ years, he had been doing sex offender release evaluations for Big Muddy,
       working as a contract psychiatrist from Wexford. It was part-time work.
¶ 95       The trial court found Van to be qualified to testify in the fields of psychiatry and forensic
       psychiatry and to offer opinions in those fields.

¶ 96                                  b. His Evaluation of Respondent
¶ 97        The State had hired Wexford to perform a sex offender release evaluation of respondent,
       and Van was one of a team of three evaluators from Wexford assigned to perform this
       evaluation. The other two evaluators were Spitler and Klounch. Each of them wrote a different
       section of the report. Van wrote the section discussing the psychiatric history, the medical
       history, the substance-abuse history, the mental status examination, and the diagnoses. Spitler
       wrote the section discussing the “sex offender treatment, history and compliance and
       progress.” Klounch wrote the section discussing the Static 99R evaluation and the dynamic
       risk factors.
¶ 98        The report was based in part on an interview of respondent. The three of them–Van,
       Spitler, and Klounch–met with respondent and interviewed him for three hours. This was the
       first time Van ever met respondent. The three evaluators also met with the treatment providers
       at Big Muddy, including Stover. Van reviewed the following documents: the two evaluations
       originally concluding that respondent was a sexually dangerous person, an evaluation from
       2009, and some police reports. According to Van, “each of these sources of information [was]
       typically and reasonably relied upon in [his] field in forming an expert opinion.” He did not
       recall reviewing the evaluation from 2005.
¶ 99        On the basis of his interview of respondent and his review of the documentation, Van gave
       six opinions in his testimony. First, respondent suffered from pedophilia, sexually attracted to
       females, nonexclusive type; exhibitionism; voyeurism; and alcohol dependence, and he had
       been suffering from these mental disorders for well over a decade. Second, respondent’s

                                                   - 14 -
        mental disorders gave him a propensity to commit sex offenses. Third, aversion therapy and
        religious practice would be insufficient in themselves to prevent him from committing further
        sex offenses. Fourth, his mental disorders caused him serious difficulty in controlling his
        behavior. Fifth, it was substantially probable that if he were released from confinement, he
        would commit further sex offenses. Sixth, no set of conditions would allow him to be safely
        released into the community at this time.

¶ 100                            5. The Testimony of Kristopher Klounch
¶ 101                              a. His Occupation and Qualifications
¶ 102       Kristopher Klounch testified he was a clinical psychologist. He had a master’s degree and a
        Ph.D. in clinical psychology. The title of his dissertation was “ [‘S]ex [O]ffender
        [A]ssessment[:] [C]linical [U]tility and [P]redictability.[’] ” From 2004 to 2007, he was a
        psychometrist for the “Missouri Sex Offender program,” doing actuarial psychological
        assessments of incoming sex offenders: 40 to 50 assessments a month, for a total of about
        1,700 assessments during the three-year period. Afterward, for several years, he did various
        psychological assessments for different employers, including but not limited to sex offender
        assessments. Finally, in 2012, he began working for Wexford, and the only thing he did there
        was “complete evaluations for the sexually dangerous persons program,” including “assessing
        the risk of reoffense.”
¶ 103       The trial court found Klounch to be qualified as an expert in the fields of sex offender
        assessment and treatment.

¶ 104                                  b. His Evaluation of Respondent
¶ 105       Klouch testified: “We interviewed [respondent] on March 28th, 2013. And we completed
        our report for April 26th, 2013.” In the interview, respondent estimated he had exposed himself
        to 70 to 80 people. He “indicated that two days prior to the evaluation he had a sexual fantasy
        about a fourteen year old.” Klounch diagnosed respondent as suffering from the following
        mental disorders: pedophilia, exhibitionism, and voyeurism.
¶ 106       Before interviewing respondent, Klounch and the other evaluators reviewed police reports,
        prior evaluations done by two doctors named Traugott and Jeckyll, and a recovery evaluation
        from 2009. Klounch admitted, on cross-examination, that he had not reviewed police reports
        for every offense that respondent had recounted. Nor had he read all the case notes by
        treatment providers. Nor had he reviewed the assessment from 2005. On redirect examination,
        however, he testified that further police reports would not have changed the results of the Static
        99R.
¶ 107       The Static 99R was an actuarial instrument designed to assess the risk of reoffense. It was
        comparable to an insurance company’s assessment of the risk that someone would have an
        accident. “[C]ertain variables [had] been shown to be predictive of future reoffense for sex
        offenders.” The Static 99R “put [those variables] into a measure and scored [them]
        accordingly.” The instrument was named “Static” because it “measure[d] static risk factors,”
        factors that were “not ultimately going to change anytime in the future.” The letter “R”
        signified that the instrument was a revised version. According to Klounch, the Static 99R was
        “reasonably relied upon in [his] field in forming an expert opinion as to whether someone
        [would] reoffend.”

                                                    - 15 -
¶ 108       Klounch testified that respondent scored seven on the Static 99R. The assistant State’s
        Attorney asked Klounch:
                    “Q. And what does that mean?
                    A. It places [respondent] in the high risk category. And research has shown that
                individuals that have the same score as [respondent] have reoffended at 5.25 times the
                rate of the average sex offender.
                    Q. Now, this score of seven on this measure, would have been much high[er] if not
                for his age. Is that correct?
                    A. Yes, it would.
                    Q. And what would his score have been had it not been for his age?
                    A. If he was under the age of sixty, it would have been a score of ten.
                    Q. Is there any age adjustment that occurs after age sixty on the Static 99R?
                    A. No, there is not.
                    Q. Is there–okay. So there’s no statistic[al] reduction in risk with age, after
                that–after age sixty, according to the Static 99R?
                    A. No, there is not.”
        At the time of his recovery evaluation in 2009, respondent “would have been 58 [years old],”
        and consequently his score on the Static 99R “would have been two points higher.”
¶ 109       In addition to considering static risk factors via the Static 99R, Klounch considered
        dynamic risk factors, factors which could change and which, statistically, had been shown to
        enhance the risk of reoffense. Klounch found six dynamic risk factors applicable to
        respondent: (1) sexual preoccupation; (2) a sexual preference for children; (3) multiple
        paraphilias, or multiple sexually deviant behaviors, i.e., pedophilia, exhibitionism, and
        voyeurism; (4) offense-supported attitudes, i.e., that “women [were] sexual objects” who did
        not “communicate appropriately with men” and that “children [were] sexual beings”; (5) a lack
        of emotionally intimate relationships with adults; and (6) resistance to rules and supervision.
¶ 110       On cross-examination, Klounch acknowledged that, from 1978 to 1982, respondent dated a
        woman named Penny and that they had a sexual relationship, as noted in the Wexford report.
        Klounch explained:
                    “A. Well, we knew about that relationship. It was really, that factor has a lot to do
                with actual marriage. And then also it would be living with the partner as well. So the
                long–he indicated that he did not live with that partner, it wasn’t like they shared a
                residence. He would spend the night at her home, if I recall, but there was nothing
                further than that. So there wasn’t that type of marital, cohabitation type relationship.”
¶ 111       Likewise, on cross-examination, Klounch admitted that, since 2009, respondent “ha[d]
        been in no trouble on the unit and ha[d] received no disciplinary tickets.” On redirect
        examination, however, Klounch clarified that “all of [respondent’s] problems in following
        rules in the past ha[d] related specifically to sexual behavior.”
¶ 112       In Klounch’s opinion, respondent’s mental disorders gave him a propensity to commit sex
        offenses, he had serious difficulty controlling his sexual behaviors, there was a substantial
        probability he would commit further sex offenses if he were released from confinement, and no
        conditions would enable him to be safely released into the community.

                                                   - 16 -
¶ 113      After the State rested, respondent moved for a directed verdict. The trial court denied the
        motion.
¶ 114      The jury found that respondent still was a sexually dangerous person.
¶ 115      The trial court subsequently denied respondent’s motion for a new trial.
¶ 116      This appeal followed.

¶ 117                                           II. ANALYSIS
¶ 118                  A. The Denial of Paragraph 4 of Respondent’s Motion in Limine
¶ 119        Respondent claims the trial court “erred” by denying paragraph 4 of his motion in limine,
        thereby “allowing the jury to be told that [he] was found to remain a sexually dangerous person
        in 2009.”
¶ 120        Once respondent makes that claim, the very next question is, What is our standard of
        review when we review the denial of a motion in limine? Respondent does not say. See Ill. S.
        Ct. R. 341(h)(3) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013) (“The appellant must include a concise statement of the
        applicable standard of review for each issue, with citation to authority, either in the discussion
        of the issue in the argument or under a separate heading placed before the discussion in the
        argument.”). That omission is a mistake because respondent’s task is to convince us that our
        standard of review obliges us to find error in the denial of his motion in limine. Leaving out the
        standard of review is not the ideal way to go about that task.
¶ 121        We ask whether the denial of paragraph 4 of the motion in limine was an abuse of
        discretion. See Noble v. Earle M. Jorgensen Co., 2013 IL App (5th) 120248, ¶ 21. This is the
        most deferential standard of review recognized by law. Cholipski v. Bovis Lend Lease, Inc.,
        2014 IL App (1st) 132842, ¶ 39. Our mere disagreement with the trial court’s decision would
        not be enough to make the decision an abuse of discretion. Id. Rather, the trial court abused its
        discretion only if the court “acted arbitrarily, exceeded the bounds of reason, or ignored or
        misapprehended the law.” Id.
¶ 122        Respondent argues that, by denying paragraph 4 of his motion in limine, the trial court
        violated the rule that only relevant evidence is admissible (Ill. R. Evid. 402 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011)).
        Before addressing that argument (within the context of our deferential standard of review), we
        need to clarify exactly what argument we understand respondent to be making. We do not
        understand him to be challenging an evidentiary ruling in the trial itself. We do not understand
        him to be challenging the overruling of an objection he made during the testimony of a witness.
        In his argument, he does not discuss any objection and the ruling thereon; nor does he cite any
        page of the trial transcript where he objected. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013)
        (“Argument, which shall contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons therefor, with
        citation of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on.”). Instead, we understand him
        to be challenging the pretrial ruling on paragraph 4 of his motion in limine–and nothing more.
¶ 123        With the issue thus circumscribed, we have even greater difficulty finding an abuse of
        discretion. If the ruling is only provisional and made “in a vacuum” (Cunningham v. Millers
        General Insurance Co., 227 Ill. App. 3d 201, 205 (1992)), it is difficult to condemn it as
        arbitrary and unreasonable. No actual prejudice is inflicted by the denial of a motion in limine,
        in itself, because the ruling “is always subject to reconsideration during trial.” People v. Drum,
        321 Ill. App. 3d 1005, 1008 (2001). Perhaps that is why the supreme court has held: “The
        denial of a motion in limine does not in itself preserve an objection to disputed evidence that is

                                                     - 17 -
        introduced later at trial. When a motion in limine is denied, a contemporaneous objection to the
        evidence at the time it is offered is required to preserve the issue for review.” (Internal
        quotation marks omitted.) Simmons v. Garces, 198 Ill. 2d 541, 569 (2002). In other words, for
        appellate purposes, the denial of a motion in limine is a nonevent, considering that the motion
        serves merely as the preview of an objection that must be made during the trial, in response to
        some particular evidence that the opposing party offers.
¶ 124        In our review of the trial transcript, we do not see where respondent made any objection to
        evidence that, in 2009, he was found to remain a sexually dangerous person. Even so, the State
        does not raise forfeiture resulting from the lack of a contemporaneous objection. “[B]ecause
        forfeiture is in the nature of an affirmative defense that the State may either raise, waive, or
        forfeit [citation] the forfeiture argument is itself forfeited.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
        People v. Beachem, 229 Ill. 2d 237, 241 n.2 (2008).
¶ 125        Consequently, we will consider whether the denial of paragraph 4 of respondent’s motion
        in limine was, in itself, an abuse of discretion. Considering that the trial court made its decision
        outside any evidentiary context and with the awareness that it was doing nothing irrevocable
        (see Drum, 321 Ill. App. 3d at 1008), we are unable to say that the denial of paragraph 4 of the
        motion in limine was arbitrary or unreasonable (see Cholipski, 2014 IL App (1st) 132842,
        ¶ 39). The court might have foreseen the possibility that, in the trial, respondent would present
        evidence of his recovery years ago: evidence that in, say, 2008, he began feeling genuine
        empathy for his victims and that he no longer was a sexually dangerous person as of that time.
        Such evidence would tend to make it “less probable” that he currently was a sexually
        dangerous person. Ill. R. Evid. 401 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). In all fairness, the State would have the
        right to respond with evidence that, in 2009, he was judicially found to remain a sexually
        dangerous person. See Klingelhoets v. Charlton-Perrin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112412, ¶ 50. At a
        minimum, such evidence would be relevant as rebuttal, and the court could reasonably decline
        to impose a blanket interdiction that might later be problematic if the need for such rebuttal
        arose.
¶ 126        Alternatively, respondent argues that, even if the 2009 decision were relevant, “its
        probative value [was] substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of
        the issues, or misleading the jury.” Ill. R. Evid. 403 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). Quoting People v.
        Walker, 211 Ill. 2d 317, 331 (2004), he compares the 2009 decision to a prior conviction in a
        criminal case, which, the supreme court said, “will generally present a danger of unfair
        prejudice because this evidence has the capacity to lure the factfinder into declaring guilt on a
        ground different from proof specific to the offense charged.” (Internal quotation marks
        omitted.) In this passage from Walker, however, the supreme court was concerned that
        evidence of a prior conviction would lure the jury into finding the defendant guilty of
        committing the charged offense because it perceived him or her as having the propensity to
        commit crime. Id. Respondent attempts to analogize that concern to a significantly different
        context, a recovery proceeding, a civil proceeding, in which the ultimate issue is the
        respondent’s psychological status, including his “propensities” (see 725 ILCS 205/1.01 (West
        2012)), instead of whether he committed a yet-to-be-proved offense. In a criminal case,
        propensity evidence is “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts” offered to “prove the
        character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith” on a particular occasion.
        Ill. R. Evid. 404(b) (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). By contrast, in the present civil proceeding, the 2009
        decision was not evidence of a crime, wrong, or act by respondent; nor did the State intend to

                                                     - 18 -
        offer the 2009 decision as proof that respondent committed another wrongful act on a
        particular occasion. Rather, the State intended to offer the 2009 decision as evidence that, if
        respondent recovered at all, the recovery would have had to occur sometime after the 2009
        decision, not before.
¶ 127       The trial court did not have to conclude that, by offering the 2009 decision for that purpose,
        the State would cause a “confusion of the issues.” Ill. R. Evid. 403 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). The
        instructions plainly required the jury to presume that (since 2009) respondent had recovered,
        and the instructions placed the burden on the State to rebut that presumption by clear and
        convincing evidence. The trial court instructed the jury:
                      “The Respondent is presumed to have recovered and to no longer be a sexually
                 dangerous person. This presumption remains with him throughout every stage of the
                 trial and during your deliberations on the verdict and is not overcome unless from all
                 the evidence in this case you are convinced by clear and convincing evidence that the
                 Respondent is still a sexually dangerous person.
                      The State has the burden of proving the Respondent is still a sexually dangerous
                 person by clear and convincing evidence, and this burden remains on the State
                 throughout the case. The Respondent is not required to prove he has recovered.”
                 (Emphases added.)
        Thus, there should have been no confusion of the issues. Although the jury had heard evidence
        that respondent was judicially found to remain a sexually dangerous person in 2009, the trial
        court instructed the jury to presume he had recovered–meaning, logically, that he had
        recovered since 2009–and the court further instructed the jury that this presumption was to
        prevail unless the State had proved, by clear and convincing evidence, that respondent was
        “still,” presently, a sexually dangerous person.
¶ 128       In sum, we are unconvinced that the denial of paragraph 4 of respondent’s motion in limine
        was in itself an abuse of discretion.

¶ 129                     B. Refusing To Publish So-Called “Judicial Admissions”
¶ 130       Respondent requested the trial court to read to the jury purported judicial admissions the
        State had made in its answer to his recovery application. When the court, however, compared
        the purported judicial admissions to what respondent identified as the corresponding
        paragraphs of his application, the court found that the judicial admissions significantly
        departed, in their language, from the paragraphs of the application that the State had admitted.
        For that reason, the court denied respondent’s request.
¶ 131       In his argument, respondent fails to interact with, or even acknowledge, this rationale by
        the trial court. Because he gives us no reason to gainsay the court’s rationale, we will accept
        that rationale as correct.
¶ 132       The trial court is correct for an additional reason: in order for a statement to qualify as a
        judicial admission, it must be a party’s “statement *** about a concrete fact within that party’s
        peculiar knowledge.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Marriage of Smith, 265 Ill.
        App. 3d 249, 253 (1994). Inferences, appearances, and opinions do not qualify. Vincent v.
        Wesolowski, 87 Ill. App. 2d 477, 480 (1967); Huber v. Black & White Cab Co., 18 Ill. App. 2d
186, 190 (1958). By their own terms, the statements that respondent offered as judicial
        admissions drew inferences as to what had been going on in respondent’s mind (what he had

                                                    - 19 -
        decided and what he was aware of), or they stated what “appear[ed]” to be the case, or they
        concerned matters of which respondent also would have knowledge as opposed to matters
        within the State’s peculiar knowledge. Consequently, in our de novo review of this issue
        (Herman v. Power Maintenance & Constructors, LLC, 388 Ill. App. 3d 352, 360 (2009))–a
        standard of review which, by the way, respondent likewise neglects to identify (see Ill. S. Ct.
        R. 341(h)(3) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013))–we find no error in the trial court’s refusal to take judicial
        notice of the purported judicial admissions.

¶ 133                        C. The Denial of the Motion for a Directed Verdict
¶ 134                           1. The High Standard for Directing a Verdict
¶ 135        Respondent contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion for a directed verdict.
¶ 136        As respondent says, a court should grant such a motion only if all the evidence, regarded in
        the light most favorable to the nonmovant, so overwhelmingly favors the movant that no
        contrary verdict could possibly stand. Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern R.R. Co., 37 Ill. 2d 494, 510
        (1967). Because our standard of review is de novo when we review the ruling on a motion for a
        directed verdict (Hemminger v. LeMay, 2014 IL App (3d) 120392, ¶ 18), we likewise view the
        evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmovant (see Khan v. BDO Seidman, LLP, 408
Ill. App. 3d 564, 578 (2011) (“A de novo review entails performing the same analysis a trial
        court would perform.”)). This means that, instead of deciding for ourselves how credible a
        witness is and instead of deciding for ourselves which evidence to believe or disbelieve (Maple
        v. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 452 (1992)), we construe the evidence in a way that supports the
        nonmovant’s case, and we draw inferences in the nonmovant’s favor insomuch as it would be
        reasonably defensible to do so (Hamilton v. Hastings, 2014 IL App (4th) 131021, ¶ 22).
¶ 137        If all we can say is that, given the conflicting evidence, the opposite verdict would have
        been more reasonable, we should affirm the denial of the motion for a directed verdict. Id. A
        trial court should direct a verdict only if it finds “a total failure or lack of evidence to prove any
        necessary element of the plaintiff’s case.” Perfetti v. Marion County, Illinois, 2013 IL App
        (5th) 110489, ¶ 15. If, instead of being presented with no evidence whatsoever to support an
        element of the plaintiff’s prima facie case, the jury has to choose among conflicting pieces of
        evidence, some of which support the element and others of which undermine the element, the
        trial court should deny the motion for a directed verdict, and we should affirm the denial.
        Hamilton, 2014 IL App (4th) 131021, ¶ 23.

¶ 138                        2. The Elements of the State’s Prima Facie Case
¶ 139       Section 9(a) of the Sexually Dangerous Persons Act (725 ILCS 205/9(a) (West 2012))
        provides: “An application in writing setting forth facts showing that such sexually dangerous
        person or criminal sexual psychopathic person has recovered may be filed before the
        committing court.” In a hearing on the application, “[t]he sexually dangerous person or the
        State may elect to have the hearing before a jury,” and “[t]he State has the burden of proving by
        clear and convincing evidence that the applicant is still a sexually dangerous person.” 725
        ILCS 205/9(b) (West 2012).
¶ 140       Thus, the State has the burden of proving, by clear and convincing evidence, that the civilly
        committed person, the respondent, still meets the statutory definition of a “sexually dangerous
        person.” Id. That statutory definition has the following four elements, which are the elements

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        of the State’s prima facie case. First, the respondent suffers from a mental disorder. Second,
        the respondent has suffered from the mental disorder for a year or longer. Third, the mental
        disorder is accompanied by criminal propensities to the commission of sex offenses. Fourth,
        the respondent has demonstrated propensities toward acts of sexual assault or acts of sexual
        molestation of “children” (meaning any person under the age of 18 (People v. Beksel, 125 Ill.
        App. 2d 322, 329 (1970))). 725 ILCS 205/1.01 (West 2012); People v. Burns, 209 Ill. 2d 551,
        553 (2004).
¶ 141       We may overturn the denial of respondent’s motion for a directed verdict only if we find, in
        our de novo review, “a total failure or lack of evidence” to prove any of these four elements of
        the State’s prima facie case. Perfetti, 2013 IL App (5th) 110489, ¶ 15.

¶ 142               3. Respondent’s Argument That the State’s Witnesses Lack Credibility
¶ 143       Respondent argues:
                 “While Spitler, Stover, Dr. Van, and Klounch all said the magic words, their bases for
                 doing so were formulaic. Spitler testified at length about [respondent’s]
                 decade-and-more-old criminal history but [h]ad nothing credible to say about so-called
                 sex offender treatment he received before 2000, and his contact with [respondent]
                 lasted a sum total of 3 hours, during which he found him to be truthful and cooperative.
                 Stover testified about an evaluation process that falls just short of risible. Metrics
                 change from evaluation to evaluation. Offenders are subjectively evaluated by different
                 people. Evaluations vary like sine waves.”
¶ 144       It is unclear why respondent regards the “bases” of the witnesses’ testimony as
        “formulaic,” but, essentially, he seems to be suggesting that the bases are unconvincing. In
        fact, all respondent does in the quoted passage is assert, either explicitly or in so many words,
        that the witnesses, declared by the trial court to be experts, are unbelievable. Spitler supposedly
        is unbelievable because he interviewed respondent for only three hours, during which
        respondent was truthful and cooperative, and because Spitler did not know much about the
        treatment respondent received before 2000. Stover supposedly is unbelievable because she
        testified to an evaluation process that is subjective and inconsistent.
¶ 145       Similarly, respondent challenges the credibility of Van and Klounch. He argues:
                 “To stay busy in retirement, Dr. Van does evaluations in a field that interested him not
                 at all during his professional career. Mr. Klounch parroted the same opinions as his
                 colleagues, based primarily on an actuarial test that goes to elaborate lengths to
                 conclude that the future is the past; once a sex offender, always a sex offender.”
        In other words, Van supposedly is unbelievable because he merely dabbles in sex offender
        evaluation as a lucrative hobby in his retirement and because the subject did not interest him,
        academically, in his professional career. Klounch supposedly is unbelievable because he relies
        on the Static 99R, an actuarial instrument, which, in respondent’s crude caricature, operates on
        the principle of “once a sex offender, always a sex offender.” So, immediately after warning us
        in his brief that we must not “re-weigh the *** credibility of the witnesses,” respondent turns
        around and invites us to do just that. We decline the invitation. We must scrupulously refrain
        from deciding whether the witnesses were credible. See Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 452.

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¶ 146                                4. Conflicting Evidence on How Well
                                 Respondent Did in Phase II of the Treatment
¶ 147       Respondent perceives a conflict in the evidence. On the one hand, in periodic written
        reports, evaluators, including Stover, gave him some good scores during phase II of his
        treatment. On the other hand, Stover testified to what she regarded as grave deficiencies in
        respondent’s presentation of his cycle. Respondent argues:
                “Even a single evaluator, (namely, Stover), changes her opinions on evaluations wildly
                as often as every six months. From one side of the Expert Mouth, we hear that
                [respondent] is making progress over time; the other side tells us that, (coincidentally
                just before there is to be hearing on his application showing recovery), he is regressing
                on his road to recovery. ***
                    After nearly a decade-and-a-half, the State gave the jury to believe,
                [respondent]–an intelligent, cooperative, mature man–has, as a captive audience of Big
                Muddy’s programmers, made (a) some progress or (b) some progress but has back-slid
                dramatically just over the past six months.”
¶ 148       Thus, there is an apparent conflict in the evidence. At first, evaluators said in their written
        reports that respondent was making progress. (It is worth noting, however, that the trial court
        instructed the jury to regard these written reports not as substantive evidence but only as part of
        the bases for the expert opinions. But let us assume, for the sake of argument, that they are
        evidence.) Then, six months later, there was a reassessment, which yielded the conclusion that
        he had made inadequate progress to graduate to phase III, the prerelease phase. Far from
        meriting a directed verdict, such a conflict in the evidence precludes a directed verdict. “A trial
        court is not free to enter a directed verdict *** where *** the determination regarding
        conflicting evidence is decisive to the outcome.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Hamilton,
        2014 IL App (4th) 131021, ¶ 23.

¶ 149              5. Whether the Verdict Is Against the Manifest Weight of the Evidence
¶ 150       In a short concluding paragraph of his argument, respondent says that, “[f]or substantially
        the reasons set forth in the preceding sections [of his brief],” the jury’s verdict was against the
        manifest weight of the evidence and hence the trial court should have granted his motion for a
        new trial. See Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at 454. We have already addressed the reasons set forth in the
        preceding sections of respondent’s brief, and therefore we are unconvinced that the verdict is
        against the manifest weight of the evidence or that a new trial is merited.

¶ 151                                     III. CONCLUSION
¶ 152      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶ 153      Affirmed.

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