Court Opinion

ID: 9891630
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-19 13:00:41.683086+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:59:57.795131
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 22-12840    Document: 35-1      Date Filed: 10/19/2023   Page: 1 of 29

                                                    [DO NOT PUBLISH]
                                    In the
                 United States Court of Appeals
                         For the Eleventh Circuit

                           ____________________

                                 No. 22-12840
                           Non-Argument Calendar
                           ____________________

        TEAM SERVICES INCORPORATED,
        a New Jersey Corporation,
                                                       Plaintiﬀ-Appellant,
        versus
        SECURITAS ELECTRONIC SECURITY, INC.,
        a Delaware corporation,

                                                     Defendant-Appellee.

                           ____________________

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of Florida
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        2                        Opinion of the Court                22-12840

                        D.C. Docket No. 1:21-cv-21026-KMM
                             ____________________

        Before ROSENBAUM, JILL PRYOR, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.
        PER CURIAM:
               Team Services Incorporated (“Team”) appeals the district
        court’s orders that (1) granted summary judgment in favor of Se-
        curitas Electronic Security, Inc. (“SES”) on Team’s claims for
        breach of contract and account stated and (2) dismissed Team’s
        claims for fraud, violation of Florida’s Deceptive and Unfair Trade
        Practices Act (“FDUTPA”), and unjust enrichment. After careful
        review, we affirm. 1
            I.      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
               This case concerns a contract dispute between Team and
        SES. Team is a nationwide service provider that offers preventive
        maintenance for banking and financial services equipment, which
        includes a network of technicians that “service[] bank vaults and
        electronic security systems.” On January 1, 2017, Team and SES
        entered into a “Subcontractor Master Agreement” (the “Master
        Agreement”), under which Team agreed to provide services to
        SES’s clients. The Master Agreement provides:
                 SES may retain [Team] to provide certain products
                 and/or services to SES and/or SES’s customer(s) on
                 SES’s behalf including as applicable all the work,

        1 We grant Team’s motion to correct its appendix.
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        22-12840              Opinion of the Court                         3

              labor, services, materials facilities, equipment, tools,
              scaffolds, appliances and other things necessary to de-
              liver the products and services (collectively referred
              to as “Items”). . . .
              No items are ordered by SES through execution of
              this Agreement alone. For Items to be ordered, a pur-
              chase order, work order or similar written or elec-
              tronic document shall be issued by SES and provided
              to [Team] (hereinafter collectively and singly referred
              to as “Service Schedule.”) Each such Service Schedule
              is deemed to be part of this Agreement. In the event
              of conflict between a Service Schedule and the provi-
              sions hereof, the provisions of this Agreement shall
              control. SES makes no representations or warranties
              regarding the amount of Items that will be ordered
              from [Team].
              ....
              All offers, acceptances, acknowledgements and pur-
              chases of the Items shall be governed exclusively by
              the terms and conditions set forth herein. Acceptance
              by [Team] of any request by SES to provide Items is
              limited to the terms and conditions herein, and any
              terms or conditions proposed by [Team] which differ
              from, are inconsistent with, or which are in addition
              to those stated herein, are objected to by SES. No ad-
              ditional or inconsistent terms proposed by [Team]
              shall become part of any contract to purchase the
              Items. SES’s acceptance of any offer to provide Items
              which may be presented by [Team] is expressly con-
              ditional on [Team’s] assent to all of the terms and
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        4                      Opinion of the Court                22-12840

              conditions set forth herein, including those terms
              herein which may differ from, be inconsistent with,
              or be in addition to the terms of [Team’s] offer.
              ....
              The sum to be paid by SES, out of funds received
              from the Owner, to [Team] for the satisfactory per-
              formance and completion of the Items and of all of
              the duties, obligations, and responsibilities of [Team]
              under this Agreement and the other Contract Docu-
              ments shall be set forth in the Service Schedule.
              On January 4, 2018, Team sent SES a pricing proposal for its
        2018 calendar year services, which SES accepted. On January 15,
        2018, SES emailed Team the list of states that SES intended to
        award Team as Team’s assigned service area for 2018. This list was
        included in a “Statement of Work” for 2018 (the “2018 SOW”),
        which Team executed on January 19, 2018. The 2018 SOW re-
        quired Team to complete the preventive maintenance inspections
        (“PMs”) it was awarded as follows: 20 percent in the first quarter;
        30 percent in the second quarter; 30 percent in the third quarter;
        and 20 percent in the fourth quarter, with all fourth quarter PMs
        completed by the end of November 2018 so that an audit could be
        conducted in December 2018 to ensure all PMs were completed.
        The 2018 SOW expired on December 31, 2018.
               On November 2, 2018, Team sent SES a pricing proposal for
        the 2019 calendar year, keeping Team’s rates the same as they were
        in 2018. SES replied to Team on December 9, 2018, thanking Team
        for submitting a bid for the 2019 calendar year, listing the rates it
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        22-12840              Opinion of the Court                        5

        wanted to pay Team, and asking Team to confirm its acceptance
        of the proposed pricing, after which SES would notify Team of its
        assigned states for 2019. The next day, Team responded:
              We recognize that the prices below are a reduction in
              our current rates, though, in the spirit of our contin-
              ued partnership, we are willing to accept the pricing
              below, contingent upon keeping a minimum of our
              current footprint. We will need to continue our cur-
              rent footprint in order to adhere to this pricing, and
              in addition we would need to keep our current pay-
              ment terms.
              If we could expand our area of coverage, we would
              be willing to discount these prices even further.
              We should have a call and review this live.
        In response, SES thanked Team for “acceptance of the updated
        pricing” but stated that it could not “guarantee any volumes” and
        that “[t]he assignment of states is still under review.” Team later
        responded to SES, stating that “[i]n order to accept that pricing we
        need to see it [sic] works out financially for Team” and noting that
        it “took on western states and Alaska at no additional charge to SES
        this year,” which “was factored into the volume of business re-
        ceived.” Soon after, Team also responded that “[h]opefully states
        are awarded soon so we can get calls loaded and people in the field
        working in January.”
              On December 20, 2018, Team emailed SES about 2019 calls
        that Team scheduled with one of SES’s clients, based on the geo-
        graphic footprint SES awarded Team in 2018. This email stated
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        6                     Opinion of the Court                22-12840

        that Team “made a lot of changes recently to help eliminate the
        frustrations [SES had] been dealing with for the past few years” and
        had “set goals to provide an incredible job with the work you de-
        cide to assign to Team.” The email further provided that Team
        had received and scheduled all of the client’s calls and asked
        whether Team should continue with its schedule or whether the
        calls would go to a different vendor.” The email also acknowl-
        edged that Team had not completed 100 percent of its calls for 2018
        year, despite being required to have completed all calls before De-
        cember 2018 under the 2018 SOW. In response, SES stated that
        Team would “not have the same footprint so scheduling calls in
        states [it did] not have will not work.” The next day, SES informed
        Team via email that it “will be part of the PM Inspection process
        for 2019,” attaching the states awarded. Team’s president for-
        warded this email to other Team employees, stating, “Here’s the
        big goose egg.” And the parties entered into another “Statement
        of Work” for 2019 (the “2019 SOW”). The 2019 SOW assigned
        Team a smaller service area than in 2018 and stated, “Refer to sub-
        mitted pricing for 2019 rates for states awarded.” The parties, how-
        ever, dispute whether the 2019 SOW is a valid contract as to the
        specific pricing terms.
              On January 10, 2019, Team emailed invoices to SES for the
        week of January 3, 2019, to January 9, 2019. On January 7, 2019,
        Team asked SES why its invoices were “short paid” and noted its
        accounting department had not received “correspondence from
        anyone that referenced what these amounts were deducted for.”
        Team emailed another set of invoices to SES on January 24, 2019,
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        22-12840               Opinion of the Court                         7

        for the week of January 17, 2019, to January 23, 2019. Then, on
        February 2, 2019, SES requested Team via email to adjust the pric-
        ing on the invoices to the 2019 rates and resubmit them for ap-
        proval.
              The February 2 email was forwarded internally within
        Team. One Team employee asked about the terms of the contract,
        to which the Team president replied,
              Nothing. We did not sign anything. Under same
              pricing as last year 2018. When they asked for lower
              pricing during the RFP 2019 I said we would need the
              same volume or more in order to accept those prices.
              They reduced our workload and they have nothing in
              writing at this time. . . .
              My concern is getting payment this week.
        On February 4, 2019, Team resubmitted invoices for the January 3
        period via email, stating that “[t]he pricing has been adjusted to the
        2019 rates however we had some calls from 2018 that still have
        2018 rates.”
               On February 15, 2019, Team’s president emailed SES to ask
        about the payment of pending invoices. SES responded that fifty-
        eight of the invoices in question were submitted with the wrong
        rates and that Team’s accounting department was working to cor-
        rect them. Team’s president disputed that those were the “wrong
        rates,” stating that “[t]hose rates were not approved” and that the
        “original rates were correct on the invoices.”
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        8                     Opinion of the Court                22-12840

               SES subsequently terminated its relationship with Team, alt-
        hough the parties dispute the reason. Team claims that SES termi-
        nated the relationship in retaliation for its payment demands, while
        SES claims it fired Team for poor performance and due to com-
        plaints from its clients.
              On March 16, 2021, Team filed suit against SES. After SES
        moved to dismiss the complaint, the district court allowed Team
        to amend its complaint to correct pleading defects. Team subse-
        quently filed an amended complaint, which raised the following
        claims: (1) breach of contract; (2) fraud in the inducement; (3)
        fraudulent misrepresentation; (4) violation of FDUTPA; (5) unjust
        enrichment; and (6) account stated.
               SES moved to dismiss the amended complaint under Federal
        Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) as to Team’s claims for fraud, vio-
        lation of FDUTPA, and unjust enrichment. SES argued that the
        fraud claims failed to state a claim as a matter of law because the
        alleged fraud claims were not distinct from the alleged breach of
        contract claim and were directly related to and intertwined with
        SES’s obligations under the Master Agreement. SES alternatively
        argued that the fraud claims violated Federal Rule of Civil Proce-
        dure 9(b) because they were not pled with sufficient particularity.
        As to the FDUTPA claim, SES argued that Team failed to allege
        deceptive conduct that occurred in Florida. And, as to the unjust
        enrichment claim, SES argued that it was not viable because Team
        had a valid contract with SES. Team opposed SES’s motion.
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        22-12840                Opinion of the Court                           9

               On August 9, 2021, the district court granted SES’s motion
        to dismiss. The court found that Team’s fraud claims directly re-
        lated to SES’s breach of contract and that Team failed to plead facts
        to support the claims independently, e.g., any facts to suggest SES
        made a false statement before the parties entered into the 2019
        SOW. The court explained that Team’s allegation that SES “ulti-
        mately did not pay the rates agreed to supports a breach of contract
        claim, not an independent tort claim for fraud.” And the court
        found Team’s allegation that SES misrepresented it would investi-
        gate billing discrepancies could be adequately addressed through
        the breach of contract claim. The district court dismissed the
        FDUTPA claim because Team did not allege any unfair, deceptive,
        or unconscionable practice that occurred within Florida and be-
        cause Team’s reliance on SES being subject to personal jurisdiction
        in Florida was inapposite. Finally, the district court dismissed the
        unjust enrichment claim because, under Florida law, a plaintiff
        could not pursue such a claim when an express contract existed,
        and Team alleged the existence of a contract.
               Following the dismissal order, SES filed an answer and af-
        firmative defenses to the amended complaint on September 17,
        2021. The case proceeded to the discovery phase on Team’s re-
        maining claims.
                In a pre-trial scheduling order, the district court set the trial
        for a two-week period beginning on January 31, 2022, and ordered
        all discovery to be completed 100 days before trial—i.e., by Octo-
        ber 23, 2021. Team served its first request for production on SES
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        10                    Opinion of the Court                22-12840

        on September 8, 2021, and SES served its responses and objections
        thereto on October 8, 2021.
               Then, on November 12, 2021, SES moved for summary
        judgment. SES argued that, as to the breach of contract claim, the
        undisputed material facts showed that SES did not breach a con-
        tract with Team by failing to compensate Team at the higher rates
        Team proposed. SES noted that no evidence showed that SES
        agreed to pay Team at the 2018 rates for the 2019 calendar year
        and, as such, SES did not breach the Master Agreement or the 2019
        SOW. Instead, SES asserted that Team accepted the lower pricing
        proposed by SES in late 2018 even after being advised several times
        that Team would not have the same territory. As to the account
        stated claim, SES asserted that the undisputed evidence demon-
        strated that SES did not agree to compensate Team in 2019 based
        on the 2018 rates and that SES did not agree to the amount in the
        invoices first submitted to SES by Team. Along with its summary
        judgment motion, SES filed a statement of undisputed facts and ac-
        companying exhibits. Team opposed this motion.
              A week after SES moved for summary judgment—and sev-
        eral weeks after the October 23 discovery deadline—Team moved
        to compel discovery. Team asserted that no responsive documents
        were provided with SES’s response to Team’s discovery requests.
        According to Team, on November 4, 2021, Team contacted SES to
        coordinate a meet and confer regarding the lack of responsive doc-
        uments and the challenges raised to SES’s objections. Then, on
        November 8, 2021, SES “provided some discovery responses” as
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        22-12840               Opinion of the Court                       11

        well as a privilege log. After another meet and confer attempt, SES
        maintained that Team’s requests relating to 2017 and 2018 were
        irrelevant and that various communications were privileged be-
        cause they involved SES’s in-house counsel. Thus, Team stated it
        “was left with no choice but to move to compel discovery.”
                On November 29, 2021, a magistrate judge denied Team’s
        motion to compel. The magistrate judge found that Team failed
        to explain the motion’s untimeliness, as it was filed after discovery
        closed on October 23, 2021, and after dispositive motions were due
        on November 12, 2021, per the court’s scheduling order. The mag-
        istrate judge also found that the motion was untimely under S.D.
        Fla. Local Rule 26.1(g), which required discovery disputes be raised
        within thirty days of the original due date of the response to the
        discovery request.
               Team objected to the denial of its motion to compel the next
        day. Team asserts the objection was never addressed, but the clerk
        of court filed a notice to Team’s objection that it contained a
        “login/signature block violation” requiring “corrective action” be-
        cause the account name of the attorney e-filing the document did
        not match the name of the attorney on the signature block of the
        motion. Team, however, did not file a corrected motion.
               Team also moved to extend the time to complete discov-
        ery—seeking leave for the parties to take two depositions—which
        the district court denied in a paperless order. In denying the mo-
        tion, the court explained that the discovery deadline was on
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        12                     Opinion of the Court                  22-12840

        October 23, 2021, and the parties’ failure to recognize that they
        may be violating the local rules was not sufficient to show good
        cause.
                 On January 6, 2022, the district court granted SES’s motion
        for summary judgment. As to the breach of contract claim, the
        district court began by noting that the parties did not dispute the
        timeline or the contents of the correspondence negotiating the
        2019 SOW; rather, they disputed “the characterizations of their
        correspondence, i.e., whether certain communications constituted
        an acceptance of an offer as opposed to a rejection and counterof-
        fer.” The district court also noted that Team had changed its posi-
        tion on whether an agreement existed as to price, as in its amended
        complaint it stated that there was a valid contract but, in its sum-
        mary judgment response, argued that its acceptance of the lower
        2019 rates was contingent upon being awarded the same service
        area as 2018, and thus a counteroffer. Despite arguing that a coun-
        teroffer implied a rejection of an offer, Team sought to hold SES to
        its initial pricing bid. While Team had submitted an affidavit from
        its president stating that it was Team’s understanding that its 2019
        bid was the controlling price because it had been awarded a smaller
        service area, the court explained that a contract must reflect the
        essential terms, including price, with requisite definiteness and cer-
        tainty. The district court also noted that Team now asserted SES’s
        submission of the 2019 SOW raised an ambiguity as to the correct
        pricing and appeared to take the position that the 2019 SOW was
        not a valid contract as to the price term, as it disputed the statement
        in SES’s statement of facts that the 2019 SOW was a valid contract
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        22-12840               Opinion of the Court                        13

        between the parties. Given Team’s new position, the district court
        found that there could be no breach of contract to the extent Team
        claimed SES breached the 2019 SOW. And the district court noted
        that Team had not identified any particular provision of the Master
        Agreement that SES breached.
                As to the account stated claim, the district court first noted
        that it found that the undisputed evidence showed the parties did
        not agree on a price for 2019 and that Team now appeared to argue
        the 2019 SOW was not a valid contract as to price. The district
        court further found that there was no evidence that SES separately
        assented to the invoices, as the record showed that SES did not
        agree to pay Team’s invoices at the 2018 rates for services per-
        formed in 2019.
                Team then moved for reconsideration of the district court’s
        grant of summary judgment, as well as its previous dismissal of its
        claims for fraud, violation of FDUTPA, and unjust enrichment.
        The district court denied Team’s motion. In addition to recounting
        its previous reasoning in granting summary judgment, the court
        rejected Team’s argument that SES accepted Team’s rate by
        providing the 2019 work because the live counteroffer from SES
        consisted of SES’s proposed 2019 lower rates for a smaller geo-
        graphic area. The district court found that Team’s previous con-
        tingent counterproposal was no longer live because it had been re-
        jected.
              Further, as to the account stated claim, the district court
        found that Team had not narrowed its claim to any particular year,
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        14                       Opinion of the Court                 22-12840

        i.e., services performed in the 2018 calendar year at the 2018 rate.
        The district court noted there were no allegations in the amended
        complaint, nor was it clear from Team’s statement of amounts due,
        that invoices for work performed in 2018 went unpaid. And the
        district court found that Team could not satisfy the high burden for
        reconsideration through its vague representations that it became
        aware “during the final stages of the case” that “several of the pend-
        ing invoices were [for] services performed in the 2018 calendar year
        which were subject to the 2018 SOW and the 2018 rates, and not
        the 2019 SOW and the ‘disputed rate.’”
                As to Team’s request that the district court reconsider its dis-
        missal of its other claims because its summary judgment order con-
        flicted with the dismissal order, the district court explained that dif-
        ferent standards of review applied for motions to dismiss and for
        summary judgment. And the district court found that its order,
        which considered the evidence in the case, did not conflict with its
        dismissal order, which was limited to the amended complaint’s al-
        legations.
               This appeal ensued.
                        II.      STANDARDS OF REVIEW
              We review de novo an order granting a motion for summary
        judgment. Carithers v. Mid-Continent Cas. Co., 782 F.3d 1240, 1245
        (11th Cir. 2015). Summary judgment is proper “if the movant
        shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and
        the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ.
        P. 56(a). We “view the evidence and all factual inferences
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        22-12840                Opinion of the Court                          15

        therefrom in the light most favorable to” the non-movant. Bailey
        v. Allgas, Inc., 284 F.3d 1237, 1243 (11th Cir. 2002) (quoting Burton v.
        City of Belle Glade, 178 F.3d 1175, 1187 (11th Cir. 1999)). “A factual
        dispute is genuine only ‘if the evidence is such that a reasonable
        [factﬁnder] could return a verdict’ for the non-moving party.” Den-
        ney v. City of Albany, 247 F.3d 1172, 1181 (11th Cir. 2001) (alteration
        in original) (quoting United States v. Four Parcels of Real Prop., 941
        F.2d 1428, 1437 (11th Cir. 1991)). Once the moving party has
        properly supported its motion for summary judgment, the burden
        then shifts to the non-moving party to “come forward with ‘speciﬁc
        facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.’” Bailey, 284 F.3d
        at 1243 (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475
        U.S. 574, 587 (1986)).
                We also review an order granting a motion to dismiss de
        novo, accepting the factual allegations in the complaint as true and
        construing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiﬀ. Speaker
        v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs. Ctrs. for Disease Control & Pre-
        vention, 623 F.3d 1371, 1379 (11th Cir. 2010). “In appeals of Rule
        12(b)(6) dismissals, it is generally true that the ‘scope of the review
        must be limited to the four corners of the complaint.’” Id. (quoting
        St. George v. Pinellas County, 285 F.3d 1334, 1337 (11th Cir. 2002)).
               We also review a district court’s rulings on discovery matters
        for an abuse of discretion. Khoury v. Miami-Dade Cnty. Sch. Bd., 4
        F.4th 1118, 1125 (11th Cir. 2021). And we review the denial of a
        motion for reconsideration for an abuse of discretion. United States
        v. Llewlyn, 879 F.3d 1291, 1294 (11th Cir. 2018).
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        16                     Opinion of the Court                  22-12840

                                 III.   ANALYSIS
               On appeal, Team argues that the district court erred in
        granting summary judgment in favor of SES because there are gen-
        uine issues of material fact as to its breach of contract and account
        stated claims. Team further argues that the district court erred in
        dismissing its alternative theories of relief for fraud, violation of
        FDUTPA, and unjust enrichment. We address these issues in turn.
             A. Team’s Breach of Contract and Account Stated Claims
               We begin with Team’s breach of contract claim. On appeal,
        Team argues that the evidence shows it did not agree to reduce its
        rates unless an equal or larger work footprint was awarded, which
        never occurred. Team asserts that it “logically follows” that be-
        cause SES did not provide an equal or greater footprint than
        awarded to Team in 2018, it did not agree to lesser rates. Team
        further argues that, at the very least, the 2019 SOW’s statement of
        “[r]efer to submitted pricing for 2019 for the states awarded” is an
        ambiguous term of an undisputed agreement. Team also contends
        that the district court misapprehended its argument about the
        “submitted pricing” as meaning there was no contract between the
        parties.
               “A cause of action for breach of contract requires the claim-
        ant to establish the existence of a contract, the failure without legal
        excuse of the other party to perform when performance is due, and
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        22-12840                  Opinion of the Court                              17

        damages or loss resulting from the breach.” 2 Lucarell v. Nationwide
        Mut. Ins. Co., 97 N.E.3d 453, 469 (Ohio 2018); see Deauville Hotel
        Mgmt., LLC v. Ward, 219 So. 3d 949, 953 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2017)
        (“To prevail in a breach of contract action, a plaintiﬀ must prove:
        (1) a valid contract existed; (2) a material breach of the contract;
        and (3) damages.”). The existence of a contract is a question of
        law. N. Side Bank & Tr. Co. v. Trinity Aviation, LLC, 153 N.E.3d 889,
        895 (Ohio Ct. App. 2020). For a contract to exist, “a meeting of the
        minds between the contracting parties must occur, demonstrated
        by oﬀer, acceptance, and consideration,” and the contract must “re-
        ﬂect the ‘essential terms,’ with requisite deﬁniteness and certainty.”
        Id. at 894–95; see Sam Rodgers Props., Inc. v. Chmura, 61 So. 3d 432,
        437 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011) (explaining that a breach of contract
        requires proof of the parties’ mutual assent on all essential terms
        of their agreement). And price is an “essential term of a contract,
        without which there cannot be an enforceable contract.” Grimmer
        v. Shirilla, 76 N.E.3d 363, 368 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016); see Sam Rodgers,
        61 So. 3d at 437 (“Price is typically an essential element of a con-
        tract.”).

        2 Below, Team asserted that Ohio law, not Florida law, applied to its claims

        based on the terms of the Master Agreement. The district court did not re-
        solve the issue and considered both Ohio and Florida law, as the laws of both
        states were consistent on the requirements to establish a claim for breach of
        contract and for account stated. The parties do not challenge the district
        court’s approach, and because Ohio and Florida law are consistent on the re-
        quirements for breach of contract and account stated claims as relevant to this
        appeal, we take the same approach.
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        18                      Opinion of the Court                    22-12840

                Additionally, under Ohio law, “[w]hen an oﬀer is rejected, it
        ceases to exist, and a subsequent attempted acceptance is inopera-
        tive to bind the oﬀeror.” Garrison v. Daytonian Hotel, 663 N.E.2d
        1316, 1318 (Ohio Ct. App. 1995); see Pena v. Fox, 198 So.3d 61, 63
        (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2015) (explaining that, under Florida law, “an
        acceptance of an oﬀer must be absolute and unconditional, identi-
        cal with the terms of the oﬀer” (quoting Ribich v. Evergreen Sales &
        Serv., Inc., 784 So. 2d 1201, 1202 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2001))). And
        “[a] rejection is implied in a counteroﬀer, which is ‘interpreted as
        being in eﬀect a statement by the oﬀeree not only that he will enter
        into the transaction on the terms stated in his counteroﬀer, but by
        implication that he will not assent to the terms of the original of-
        fer.’” Garrison, 663 N.E.2d at 1318 (quoting 1 Williston On Con-
        tracts, § 5:3 (4th ed. 1990)); see Pena, 198 So. 3d at 63 (similar).
                And “interpretation of a contract, including whether it is
        ambiguous, is a question of law that we review de novo.” S. Coal
        Corp. v. Drummond Coal Sales, Inc., 28 F.4th 1334, 1341 (11th Cir.
        2022); accord In re Fifth Third Early Access Cash Advance Litig., 925 F.3d
        265, 276 (6th Cir. 2019) (“Under Ohio law, contract interpretation,
        including a determination as to whether a contract is ambiguous,
        is a question of law.”). “If the language of the contract is ambigu-
        ous, the intent of the parties becomes a question of fact.” Cadle v.
        D’Amico, 66 N.E.3d 1184, 1188 (Ohio Ct. App. 2016). “[I]f a con-
        tract's ‘language is unclear, indeﬁnite, and reasonably subject to
        dual interpretations or is of such doubtful meaning that reasonable
        minds could disagree as to its meaning,’ then it is ambiguous as a
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        22-12840               Opinion of the Court                        19

        matter of law.” Fifth Third, 925 F.3d at 276 (quoting Cadle, 66 N.E.3d
        at 1188).
               We conclude that the district court did not err in granting
        summary judgment in favor of SES on Team’s breach of contract
        claim. First, Team has identiﬁed no provision that SES breached in
        the Master Agreement. And second, reviewing the record evidence
        and all factual inferences in the light most favorable to Team, the
        parties never agreed to the essential term of pricing in the 2019
        SOW. Indeed, Team submitted a bid for the 2019 SOW and, in re-
        sponse, SES submitted a counteroﬀer with lower pricing for the
        year. In doing so, SES rejected Team’s oﬀer for pricing. See Garri-
        son, 663 N.E.2d at 1318; Pena, 198 So. 3d at 63. Team then re-
        sponded to SES’s counteroﬀer by stating it was “willing to accept
        the pricing . . . , contingent upon keeping a minimum of [its] cur-
        rent footprint.” SES responded by thanking Team for the ac-
        ceptance of the updated pricing and advising Team that the assign-
        ment of states was still under review. But SES ultimately awarded
        Team with less states than its footprint for the 2018 year. And no
        evidence shows that SES agreed to higher pricing for 2019 in the
        event that it awarded Team fewer states.
               Thus, on this record, there is no ambiguity in the 2019 SOW
        for us to resolve as to pricing; rather, the parties never reached a
        meeting of the minds as to the essential term of pricing for the 2019
        SOW. See N. Side Bank, 153 N.E.3d at 985; Sam Rodgers, 61 So. 3d at
        437. Accordingly, there was no valid contract between the parties
        as to pricing in the 2019 SOW as a matter of law, and Team’s breach
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        20                         Opinion of the Court                         22-12840

        of contract claim therefore fails. 3 See Lucarell, 97 N.E.3d at 469;
        Deauville, 219 So. 3d at 953.
                Turning to Team’s account stated claim, Team argues that
        the “pricing dispute” between the parties was material and should
        have been presented to a ﬁnder of fact. Team also argues that the
        district court erred in denying its motion for reconsideration on the
        claim because it showed that unpaid invoices included work for
        states that were part of the 2018 SOW, not the 2019 SOW.
                A claim for account stated requires “an agreement between
        parties, express or implied, based upon an account balanced and
        rendered.” AJ Amatore & Co. v. Sebastiani, 149 N.E.3d 136, 140 (Ohio
        Ct. App. 2019); see Farley v. Chase Bank, U.S.A., N.A., 37 So. 3d 936,
        937 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2010) (“[A]n account stated has been deﬁned
        to be ‘an agreement between persons who have had previous trans-
        actions, ﬁxing the amount due in respect of such transactions, and
        promising payment.’ . . . Proof of an account stated requires an ex-
        press or implied agreement between the parties that a speciﬁed bal-
        ance is correct and due and an express or implied promise to pay
        this balance.” (quoting Martyn v. Amold, 18 So. 791, 793 (Fla. 1895))).
        An account stated exists “only where accounts have been examined
        and the balance admitted as the true balance between the parties,

        3 For similar reasons, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its dis-

        cretion in denying Team’s motion for reconsideration of the breach of con-
        tract claim. See Jacobs v. Tempur-Pedic Int’l, Inc., 626 F.3d 1327, 1344 (11th Cir.
        2010) (explaining that a motion for reconsideration cannot be used to relitigate
        old matters or arguments).
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        22-12840               Opinion of the Court                         21

        without having been paid,” i.e., “based upon an assent to its cor-
        rectness.” AJ Amatore, 149 N.E.3d at 141 (quoting Creditrust Corp. v.
        Richard, No. 99-CA-94, 2000 WL 896255 (Ohio Ct. App. July 7,
        2000)); see Farley, 37 So. 3d at 937 (noting that “a prima facie case
        for the correctness of the account and the liability of the debtor has
        been made” if the debtor does not object to the correctness of the
        amount on the account stated within a reasonable time).
               The district court did not err in granting summary judgment
        in favor of SES on Team’s account stated claim. As the record evi-
        dence shows, SES did not agree to pay Team’s invoices at the 2018
        rates for services performed in 2019. Rather, after Team submitted
        two sets of invoices to SES, SES requested Team to resubmit its
        invoices at a lower rate. Thus, SES did not assent to the correctness
        of the invoices, as required for an account stated claim under Ohio
        or Florida law.
                We also conclude that the district court did not abuse its dis-
        cretion in denying Team’s motion for reconsideration as to its ac-
        count stated claim. As we have long stated, the only grounds for
        granting a motion for reconsideration “are newly-discovered evi-
        dence or manifest errors of law or fact.” Jacobs v. Tempur-Pedic Int’l,
        Inc., 626 F.3d 1327, 1344 (11th Cir. 2010) (quoting Arthur v. King, 500
        F.3d 1335, 1343 (11th Cir. 2007)). Such a motion cannot be used “to
        relitigate old matters, raise argument or present evidence that
        could have been raised prior to the entry of judgment.” Id. (quot-
        ing Arthur, 500 F.3d at 1343).
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        22                      Opinion of the Court                   22-12840

               The district court found that Team had made vague repre-
        sentations that it became aware “during the ﬁnal stages of the case”
        that “several of the pending invoices were [for] services performed
        in the 2018 calendar year which were subject to the 2018 SOW and
        the 2018 rates, and not the 2019 SOW and the ‘disputed rate.’”
        Team appears to argue that the district court should not have
        granted summary judgment as to work it performed in 2019 that
        was in fact part of its 2018 SOW, due to Team’s delay in completing
        the 2018 SOW. But the district court did not abuse its discretion in
        denying Team’s motion for reconsideration on this point. First,
        Team could have made this argument before the entry of summary
        judgment. See id. Nor do we ﬁnd any manifest error of law or fact
        in the district court’s ruling, as Team did not present evidence that
        SES assented to the correctness of the invoices.
              Finally, we address Team’s discovery-related arguments
        about its claims. Team argues that the magistrate judge erred in
        denying its motion to compel discovery and the district court erred
        in denying its joint motion with SES to extend discovery to take
        two depositions. We disagree.
               “District courts have ‘unquestionable’ authority to control
        their own dockets,” and “[t]his authority includes ‘broad discretion
        in deciding how best to manage the cases before them.’” Smith v.
        Psychiatric Sols., Inc., 750 F.3d 1253, 1262 (11th Cir. 2014) (ﬁrst quot-
        ing Canada v. Mathews, 449 F.2d 253, 255 (5th Cir. 1971); then quot-
        ing Chudasama v. Mazda Motor Corp., 123 F.3d 1353, 1366 (11th Cir.
        1997)). A district court is authorized to enter a scheduling order
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        22-12840                Opinion of the Court                          23

        under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 16(b), and “[a] schedule may
        be modiﬁed only for good cause and with the judge’s consent.” Fed
        R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4). The party seeking modiﬁcation bears the burden
        of showing good cause, and the good cause standard “precludes
        modiﬁcation [of the scheduling order] unless the schedule cannot
        be met despite the diligence of the party seeking the extension.”
        Oravec v. Sunny Isles Luxury Ventures, L.C., 527 F.3d 1218, 1232 (11th
        Cir. 2008) (alteration in original) (quoting Sosa v. Airprint Sys., Inc.,
        133 F.3d 1417, 1418 (11th Cir. 1998)).
               Here, Team’s November 19, 2021, motion to compel discov-
        ery was ﬁled several weeks after the district court’s deadline for dis-
        covery on October 23, 2021, and a week after its November 12,
        2021, deadline for dispositive motions, per the court’s scheduling
        order. But as the magistrate judge found, Team did not oﬀer any
        explanation showing good cause for the untimeliness of the mo-
        tion—both as to the motion being untimely under the court’s
        scheduling order and for Team’s failure to comply with Local Rule
        26.1(g), which required discovery disputes be raised within thirty
        days of the original due date (here, October 8, 2021) of SES’s re-
        sponse to Team’s discovery request. See Mann v. Taser Int’l, Inc., 588
        F.3d 1291, 1302 (11th Cir. 2009) (explaining that this Court gives
        great deference to a district court’s interpretation of its local rules
        and reviews its application of those rules for an abuse of discre-
        tion). Given that Team did not oﬀer any explanation in its motion
        to compel as to good cause, we ﬁnd no abuse of discretion in the
        magistrate judge denying that motion for being untimely under the
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        24                        Opinion of the Court                      22-12840

        district court’s scheduling order and Local Rule 26.1(g). 4 See id. (“In
        order to meet the abuse of discretion standard, Plaintiﬀs bear the
        burden of showing that the district court made a clear error of
        judgment.”).
               Team also moved to extend the time to complete discovery.
        The district court denied the motion in a paperless order, explain-
        ing that the discovery deadline was on October 23, 2021, and that
        the parties’ failure to recognize that they may be violating the local
        rules did not create good cause. For similar reasons to Team’s mo-
        tion to compel, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its
        discretion in enforcing the deadlines in its scheduling order and
        denying this motion, which was filed more than a month after its
        October 23, 2021, discovery deadline.
              We thus conclude that the district court did not err in grant-
        ing summary judgment for SES on Team’s breach of contract and
        account stated claims.

        4 In its brief, Team recognizes that its motion was “candidly untimely” but

        points to the arguments it made in its objection to the magistrate’s order as
        constituting good cause. First, as we have noted, this objection was struck by
        the clerk of court because it contained a “login/signature block violation” re-
        quiring “corrective action” because the account name of the attorney e-filing
        the document did not match the name of the attorney on the signature block
        of the motion. Team, however, did not file a corrected motion as ordered by
        the clerk. Moreover, we cannot say it was an abuse of discretion for the court
        to not consider Team’s belated explanation for why its motion was filed weeks
        after the discovery deadline.
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        22-12840               Opinion of the Court                        25

            B. Team’s Motion for Reconsideration as to the Dismissal
                               of Its Other Claims
               Team also contends that the district court erred in denying
        its motion for reconsideration as to Team’s claims for fraud, viola-
        tion of FDUTPA, and unjust enrichment that the district court pre-
        viously dismissed. Team argues that the district court’s summary
        judgment order created an “inconsistency” in the case because it
        found that there was no valid contract as to price but had previ-
        ously found its alternative theories of relief failed because of the
        existence of a contract at the dismissal stage. Team contends that,
        if there is no contract, then it should not be barred from bringing
        forth its alternative theories of relief and that the district court’s
        denial of its motion violates its due process rights.
                In its dismissal order, the district court found Team’s fraud
        claims directly related to SES’s breach of contract and that Team
        failed to plead facts to support the claims independently. As to the
        FDUTPA claim, the court found that Team did not allege any un-
        fair, deceptive, or unconscionable practice that occurred within
        Florida. And, as to the unjust enrichment claim, the district court
        dismissed it because, under Florida law, a plaintiﬀ could not pursue
        such a claim when an express contract existed. Further, in denying
        the motion for reconsideration, the district court explained that dif-
        ferent standards of review applied to motions to dismiss and mo-
        tions for summary judgment. The court also explained that it was
        not convinced Team had established its order granting summary
        judgment, which considered the evidence in the case, conﬂicted
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        26                      Opinion of the Court                  22-12840

        with its dismissal order, which was limited to the amended com-
        plaint’s allegations.
               We ﬁrst address the fraud and unjust enrichment claims. To
        state a claim for fraudulent misrepresentation, the plaintiﬀ must
        show: “(1) a false statement concerning a material fact; (2) the rep-
        resentor's knowledge that the representation is false; (3) an inten-
        tion that the representation induce another to act on it; and (4) con-
        sequent injury by the party acting in reliance on the representa-
        tion.” Butler v. Yusem, 44 So. 3d 102, 105 (Fla. 2010) (quoting Johnson
        v. Davis, 480 So. 2d 625, 627 (Fla. 1985)); see Ferro Corp. v. Blaw Knox
        Food & Chem. Equip. Co., 700 N.E.2d 94, 99 (Ohio Ct. App. 1997)
        (requiring similar elements under Ohio law). To establish a claim
        for fraud in the inducement, the plaintiﬀ must show that: (1) the
        representor made a false statement that concerned a material fact;
        (2) the representor knew or should have known that the represen-
        tation was false; (3) the representor intended to induce another
        party to act in reliance on that false statement; and (4) the party
        acted in reliance on the representation and, as a result, was injured.
        Glob. Quest, LLC v. Horizon Yachts, Inc., 849 F.3d 1022, 1031 (11th Cir.
        2017); see ABM Farms, Inc. v. Woods, 692 N.E.2d 574, 578 (Ohio 1998)
        (requiring the same elements under Ohio law).
               Under the independent tort doctrine, however, “[m]isrepre-
        sentations relating to the breaching party’s performance of a con-
        tract do not give rise to any independent cause of action in tort,
        [where] such misrepresentations are interwoven and indistinct
        from the heart of the contractual agreement.” Sun Life Assurance
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        22-12840                Opinion of the Court                         27

        Co. of Can. v. Imperial Premium Fin., LLC, 904 F.3d 1197, 1223 (11th
        Cir. 2018) (alterations in original) (quoting Thompkins v. Lil’ Joe Rec-
        ords, Inc., 476 F.3d 1294, 1316 (11th Cir. 2007)); accord Glob. Quest,
        849 F.3d at 1031 (explaining that “a fraudulent inducement claim
        still must be independent of a breach of contract claim”). Rather,
        “for an alleged misrepresentation regarding a contract to be action-
        able, the damages stemming from that misrepresentation must be
        independent, separate and distinct from the damages sustained
        from the contract's breach.” Peebles v. Puig, 223 So. 3d 1065, 1068
        (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2017); see Textron Fin. Corp. v. Nationwide Mut.
        Ins. Co., 684 N.E.2d 1261, 1270 (Ohio Ct. App. 1996) (“A tort claim
        based upon the same actions as those upon which a claim of con-
        tract breach is based will exist independently of the contract action
        only if the breaching party also breaches a duty owed separately
        from that created by the contract. . . .”).
              Additionally, as to a claim for unjust enrichment, “a plaintiﬀ
        cannot pursue a quasi-contract claim for unjust enrichment if an
        express contract exists concerning the same subject matter.” Dia-
        mond “S” Dev. Corp. v. Mercantile Bank, 989 So. 2d 696, 697 (Fla. Dist.
        Ct. App. 2008); see HAD Enters. v. Galloway, 948 N.E.2d 473, 478
        (Ohio Ct. App. 2011) (“[A] party may not recover for unjust enrich-
        ment when an express contract is involved.”).
               We thus conclude that the district court did not abuse its dis-
        cretion in denying Team’s motion for reconsideration as to the dis-
        missal of its fraud and unjust enrichment claims. As the district
        court found, Team alleged the existence of an express contract with
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        28                     Opinion of the Court                 22-12840

        SES, which precluded its unjust enrichment claim. Team says that
        it stated a claim because it asserted the unjust enrichment count in
        the alternative and did not allege in that count that an express con-
        tract existed. But in the amended complaint Team alleged that SES
        was liable for unjust enrichment because it had failed to pay Team
        “the full contract price.” Because the unjust enrichment claim
        rested on an allegation that SES failed to pay Team the agreed-upon
        amount for work Team performed in 2019, we conclude that Team
        failed to state a claim for unjust enrichment.
                We also conclude that Team failed to state a claim for fraud.
        Team’s fraud allegations were directly related to SES’s alleged fail-
        ure to pay for services rendered under the 2019 SOW, meaning its
        fraud claims were precluded by the independent tort doctrine. At
        the motion to dismiss stage, the district court was required to ac-
        cept Team’s factual allegations that there was a valid contract be-
        tween the parties as to pricing as true and could not look beyond
        the four corners of the amended complaint. See Speaker, 623 F.3d
        at 1379. Thus, we conclude that the court’s dismissal of those
        claims was not in error. And Team cites no authority holding that
        a district court must reconsider its dismissal of a plaintiﬀ’s claims
        and revive those claims following a grant of summary judgment,
        which is reviewed under a diﬀerent standard than that of a motion
        to dismiss.
               We now turn to Team’s FDUTPA claim. FDUTPA “seeks to
        prohibit unfair, deceptive and/or unconscionable practices which
        have transpired within the territorial boundaries of [Florida] without
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        22-12840               Opinion of the Court                       29

        limitation.” Millennium Commc’ns & Fulﬁllment, Inc. v. Oﬀ. of Att’y
        Gen., Dep’t of Legal Aﬀs., 761 So. 2d 1256, 1262 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.
        2000) (emphasis added). Team, however, did not make any allega-
        tions in its amended complaint that SES engaged in any unfair, de-
        ceptive, or unconscionable practices that took place within Florida.
        Thus, the district court did not err in dismissing the FDUTPA claim
        or abuse its discretion in denying Team’s motion for reconsidera-
        tion as to the claim.
                              IV.    CONCLUSION
              For all these reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment.
              AFFIRMED.