Court Opinion

ID: 5127928
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-20 02:04:55.413167+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:03.598370
License: Public Domain

2021 IL 126507

                                         IN THE
                                SUPREME COURT
                                             OF
                           THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

                                    (Docket No. 126507)

     THOMAS ITTERSAGEN, Appellant, v. ADVOCATE HEALTH AND HOSPITALS
                     CORPORATION et al., Appellees.

                              Opinion filed November 18, 2021.

         JUSTICE MICHAEL J. BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with
      opinion.

         Chief Justice Anne M. Burke and Justices Garman, Theis, Overstreet, and
      Carter concurred in the judgment and opinion.

         Justice Neville took no part in the decision.

                                          OPINION

¶1        Plaintiff, Thomas Ittersagen, brought a medical malpractice action against
      defendants Advocate Health and Hospitals Corporation, doing business as
      Advocate Medical Group (Advocate Medical), and one of its doctors, Anita
     Thakadiyil, M.D. Plaintiff alleged that defendants negligently failed to diagnose
     him with sepsis and treat him appropriately. The matter proceeded to a trial, and a
     jury was impaneled and sworn.

¶2       More than halfway through the trial, the Cook County circuit court received a
     note from a juror, who reported that he had a business relationship with what he
     called “the Advocate Health Care System Endowment.” The juror said he believed
     the endowment was affiliated with but separate from Advocate Medical. He
     explained that his connection to Advocate Medical was so attenuated that he forgot
     to mention it during jury selection. The juror insisted that the outcome of the trial
     would not affect him financially and that he could remain fair and impartial.

¶3       Plaintiff asked the trial court to remove the juror for actual bias or implied bias
     and to replace him with an alternate juror. The trial court denied the request, and
     the jury ultimately returned a verdict for defendants. The appellate court rejected
     plaintiff’s claim of juror bias and affirmed the judgment for defendants. 2020 IL
     App (1st) 190778, ¶ 63.

¶4       On appeal, plaintiff seeks a new trial on the sole ground that the juror should
     have been removed for implied bias. Plaintiff contends the juror’s business
     relationship with the endowment created a presumption of bias against defendants
     that cannot be rebutted by the juror’s claims of impartiality. Defendants respond
     that, without evidence of the affiliation between the endowment and Advocate
     Medical, plaintiff failed to show a disqualifying relationship between the juror and
     defendants. Based on the limited evidence and the unique circumstances presented,
     we agree with defendants and affirm.

¶5                                    I. BACKGROUND

¶6       On the first day of the 11-day trial, juror William Glascott was impaneled and
     sworn as a member of the jury. At the beginning of the seventh day, the trial judge
     received a note from juror Glascott. The judge summoned the attorneys outside the
     presence of the jury and read the note, which stated:

                                              -2-
              “Although I don’t believe it would bias me, I thought I should disclose that
          my firm has a business relationship with Advocate. I apologize. I did not realize
          or think of this until last night. Bill Glascott.”

¶7         Plaintiff’s counsel immediately asked to strike juror Glascott for cause, arguing
       that, if this information had been disclosed during voir dire, counsel would have
       had the opportunity to strike the juror for cause or exercise a peremptory challenge.
       The trial judge elected to investigate the business relationship rather than excuse
       the juror summarily. However, the parties did not request a continuance to gather
       and present additional evidence on the alleged bias. The trial court’s decision not
       to strike juror Glascott was based solely on a colloquy among the trial judge, the
       parties’ attorneys, and the juror.

¶8                       A. Green Courte Partners and the Endowment

¶9         Juror Glascott attempted to explain his employment and how it related to the
       endowment and defendants. Juror Glascott reported that he was employed by Green
       Courte Partners (Green Courte), a private equity company that raises funds to invest
       in real estate. He described Green Courte as a “general partner” that creates
       investment funds on behalf of its clients, whom he called “limited partners.” As
       many as 50 limited partners may invest in any given fund. One such limited partner
       was something juror Glascott called “the Advocate Health Care System
       Endowment.” Neither Advocate Medical nor the doctor was a limited partner.

¶ 10       Green Courte charged its limited partners an asset management fee, depending
       on the amount invested. Green Courte used the fees to pay its employees’ salaries
       and bonuses and other operational expenses. Green Courte also received a portion
       of the return if the firm met incentive thresholds.

¶ 11       Juror Glascott was the chief investment officer of Green Courte, and his role
       was to “oversee all of the new investments that we make.” His annual compensation
       consisted of a salary and bonuses tied to the aggregate investment in the firm’s
       funds. He also had the opportunity to invest his own money alongside the firm’s
       limited partners.

                                               -3-
¶ 12      Juror Glascott insisted that he believed the verdict would not affect his
       compensation in any way because “the decision makers who pay me and the way
       my compensation is structured is not at all dependent on a medical malpractice suit
       ***. The people we interface with don’t even know about it.”

¶ 13       Juror Glascott conceded to plaintiff’s counsel that Green Courte, as the general
       partner, owed a fiduciary duty to its limited partners, including the endowment. He
       expressly stated, “I have a fiduciary responsibility to the endowment of Advocate.”
       But he insisted that neither he nor his employer owed a fiduciary duty to defendants.

¶ 14       When asked why he did not disclose his fiduciary duty to the endowment
       sooner, he explained that he “didn’t make the connection” because “there wasn’t a
       specific question” during jury selection about business relationships with the
       parties. 1 He recalled that the questioning had been limited to whether he had been
       a patient of Advocate Medical or was familiar with its operation.

¶ 15       Juror Glascott described his “connection” to defendants as “several layers
       removed.” The link did not even occur to him until an e-mail jogged his memory.
       The night before he sent the note to the trial judge, juror Glascott received an
       automated e-mail from LinkedIn, a professional network platform. The message
       announced a job promotion for someone the juror was “connected to at Advocate.”
       He did not specify whether “Advocate” referred to the endowment, defendant
       Advocate Medical, or some other entity.

¶ 16                           B. The Endowment and Advocate Medical

¶ 17        Juror Glascott told the court that he believed Advocate Medical’s business was
       separate from the endowment. He explained his firm’s client was “the overall $6
       billion endowment” and not “the medical group that’s here.” He also agreed with
       defense counsel’s statement that “the endowment people are separate from the
       Medical Group per se, and you understand that this [defendant] is Advocate Health

           1
            The record does not contain a transcript, a bystander’s report, or an agreed statement of facts
       concerning jury selection. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 323 (eff. July 1, 2017).

                                                      -4-
       and Hospitals, Advocate Medical Group, and one of its doctors.” Juror Glascott
       also stated he did not know and had never met the doctor.

¶ 18      Juror Glascott did not know whether the endowment “paid” defendants in any
       way. He did say “the endowment raises money for the growth and expansion of the
       hospital system overall. So they have a pool of money that they invest to grow the
       hospital system.” But otherwise, he said he did not know who owned the
       endowment or “where that money goes.” Juror Glascott said, “I believe the
       endowment’s purpose is to grow by [adding] hospitals, grow hospitals, you know,
       fund growth of—you know, build buildings, that type of thing.”

¶ 19       Defense counsel then interjected—without comment from plaintiff’s counsel,
       the trial judge, or the juror—that “the salaries and compensation for [the] Medical
       Group comes specifically from Medical Group operations. They do not come from
       any other endowment, and that’s part of the employment contract.”

¶ 20       According to juror Glascott, the endowment did not have anything to do with
       malpractice liability, “other than they own hospitals and I assume they earn money
       in some capacity from the defendant, one of their affiliates do.”

¶ 21                                  C. Alleged Actual Bias

¶ 22       Juror Glascott asserted repeatedly, beginning with his note, that his business
       relationship with the endowment would not prevent him from serving as an
       impartial juror. He told the court he could “stay neutral and unbiased to both
       parties” and that his employment would not color his view of the evidence. The
       juror insisted he could remain “fair and unbiased.”

¶ 23                                D. The Trial Court’s Ruling

¶ 24       The trial court denied plaintiff’s request to excuse juror Glascott for actual bias,
       stating,

              “This ruling is based just really completely on the demeanor of the juror and
           what he says. When he says that he does not believe that he would be biased,
           he was pretty adamant that he could be fair all the way through. It just seemed

                                                -5-
          to me that in an abundance of caution, he decided to disclose this information
          now after he got reminded of it with this LinkedIn e-mail. I find that he has
          not—there is no directed [sic] fiduciary duty between this juror and either of
          the defendants in the case. He’s not someone who is responsible for Advocate
          [Medical] or managing the money. Advocate [Medical] is not responsible for
          him anyway. So he didn’t even know about this at all, and it really is not
          something that he believes would even factor into his decision. So in really
          scrutinizing this juror, this is the reason why I had him come back here so that
          I could really take a good look at him. If I thought that he couldn’t be fair or
          that there was a risk with his demeanor that he couldn’t be fair, I would have
          excused him right away, but I find that he could be fair and that he would be
          fair and will be fair. So the motion to excuse him for cause is denied, so the said
          juror will continue to serve.”

¶ 25       In her initial ruling, the trial judge did not mention implied bias. However, in
       denying plaintiff’s motion for a new trial, she reiterated that she found juror
       Glascott was not biased and that “if there were any type of business relationship
       with the defendant, it was extremely attenuated.” According to the trial judge,
       “After extensively questioning the juror, the court believed that any relationship
       was remotely attenuated. It was the court’s impression that the relationship was so
       insignificant to this juror that he didn’t even recall it at the time of voir dire ***.”
       The trial judge “closely scrutinized” juror Glascott’s demeanor and found him
       “clearly credible when he responded that he would be truthful, fair and unbiased.”
       The court further explained,

              “It’s the court’s impression that [juror Glascott] was embarrassed that he
          forgot to volunteer the information during voir dire because the information
          was so insignificant to [him] that he did not think to do so as he did not recall it
          then. It was apparent that he did not know which Advocate entity was involved
          with the endowment or exactly which fiduciary responsibilities he might have
          had. Whatever they were, they were extremely attenuated to the point they were
          insignificant to the juror. Moreover, his compensation was not impacted in any
          way by the case or defendants.”

                                                -6-
¶ 26                               E. The Appellate Decision

¶ 27       In the appellate court, plaintiff argued, inter alia, that juror Glascott’s
       relationship with Advocate Medical was prejudicial and warranted a new trial. He
       claimed that the trial court’s finding that no fiduciary duty existed between juror
       Glascott and Advocate Medical was incorrect as a matter of law. 2020 IL App (1st)
       190778, ¶ 56. The appellate court interpreted this line of argument as a claim of
       implied bias. Id. ¶ 58.

¶ 28       Plaintiff asserted that juror Glascott admitted a direct relationship with
       Advocate Medical. Id. Therefore, plaintiff argued, the decision not to remove juror
       Glascott for cause was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. ¶ 56. Based
       on the record, the appellate court concluded,

          “plaintiff has failed to demonstrate juror Glascott’s relationship with defendant
          Advocate Medical rises to the level of presumed bias. No evidence was
          presented to the trial court regarding the relationship between defendant
          Advocate Medical and the Advocate endowment. Juror Glascott himself did not
          know the nature and extent of the relationship. It was his understanding,
          however, that he would not be affected financially by the result of this lawsuit.
          In addition, defense counsel represented that the salaries and compensation for
          Advocate Medical came from Advocate Medical operations not from the
          endowment. She further indicated that this information could be found in the
          physicians’ employment contracts. In sum, the evidence was insufficient to
          demonstrate any express fiduciary relationship between juror Glascott and
          defendant Advocate Medical.” Id. ¶ 63.

¶ 29      The appellate court also held the trial court did not abuse its discretion by not
       excusing juror Glascott for cause. Id. ¶ 66.

¶ 30        Plaintiff filed a petition for leave to appeal, which we allowed pursuant to
       Illinois Supreme Court Rule 315 (eff. Oct. 1, 2020). We granted the Illinois Trial
       Lawyers Association leave to submit a brief amicus curiae in support of plaintiff,
       pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 345 (eff. Sept. 20, 2010).

                                              -7-
¶ 31                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 32       On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court’s decision not to excuse juror
       Glascott and replace him with an alternate juror denied plaintiff his right to a trial
       by an unbiased jury. Plaintiff abandons his argument that juror Glascott displayed
       actual bias, but he renews his implied-bias argument.

¶ 33       Plaintiff also argues the appellate court erred by denying his motion to take
       judicial notice of a tax form that Advocate Medical purportedly filed with the
       Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Plaintiff claims the return shows that Advocate
       Medical and the endowment were a single entity at the time of the trial and,
       therefore, juror Glascott’s fiduciary duty owed to the endowment extended to
       Advocate Medical.

¶ 34        Defendants respond that plaintiff forfeited the issue by seeking judicial notice
       for the first time after the appellate court ruled in defendants’ favor. In the
       alternative, defendants argue the tax form is not subject to judicial notice because
       it is evidence open to interpretation and not an adjudicative fact beyond dispute.
       Defendants offer a competing interpretation of the tax form, claiming it shows
       Advocate Medical had no endowment, either separate or direct. Therefore,
       defendants conclude, there could be no relationship between defendants and juror
       Glascott.

¶ 35                                    A. Request to Strike

¶ 36       Initially, we address defendants’ argument that we should strike certain sections
       of plaintiff’s brief for noncompliance with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h) (eff.
       Oct. 1, 2020). Specifically, defendants urge us to strike plaintiff’s nature of the case,
       the issues presented, the statutes construed, and the statement of facts. Rule
       341(h)(2) requires an introductory paragraph that is intended to be a statement of
       the nature of the action and the judgment and whether any question is raised on the
       pleadings. Plaintiff’s brief contains a three-paragraph recitation of the underlying
       facts instead. Rule 341(h)(3) requires a brief statement of the issues without detail,
       but plaintiff’s issues incorporate favorable facts and omit unfavorable ones,
       crossing the line into argument. Rule 341(h)(5) requires that the brief set out
       verbatim any statute, constitutional provision, treaty, ordinance, or regulation at

                                                 -8-
       issue, but defendants argue that plaintiff’s brief cites a statute and a supreme court
       rule that are not “at issue” because they were not argued in the trial court. Finally,
       Rule 341(h)(6) requires a statement of “the facts necessary to an understanding of
       the case, stated accurately and fairly without argument or comment.” Defendants
       argue that plaintiff’s statement of facts “contains numerous inaccuracies, and a
       great deal of argument and comment not supported by the [r]ecord.” Indeed,
       plaintiff paraphrases the transcript to give the false impression that it is undisputed
       that Advocate Medical and the endowment are a single entity. In his reply brief,
       plaintiff generally denies any noncompliance with the briefing requirements of
       Rule 341(h).

¶ 37       We remind the parties that the Illinois Supreme Court rules are not suggestions;
       they have the force of law and must be followed. People v. Campbell, 224 Ill. 2d
       80, 87 (2006). Where a brief has failed to comply with the rules, we may strike
       portions of the brief or dismiss the appeal, should the circumstances warrant. Hall
       v. Naper Gold Hospitality LLC, 2012 IL App (2d) 111151, ¶ 9. Plaintiff’s violations
       do not hinder our review to the point that dismissal of the appeal would be
       appropriate, but we will disregard the noncompliant portions of plaintiff’s brief. We
       also admonish counsel to carefully follow the supreme court rules in future
       submissions.

¶ 38                                      B. Implied Bias

¶ 39       Plaintiff argues juror Glascott was not qualified to serve on the jury because his
       fiduciary duty to the endowment created a presumption of bias against defendants.
       The United States Supreme Court has long held that “ ‘[a litigant] is entitled to a
       fair trial but not a perfect one,’ for there are no perfect trials.” Brown v. United
       States, 411 U.S. 223, 231-32 (1973) (quoting Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123,
       135 (1968)). “Trials are costly, not only for the parties, but also for the jurors
       performing their civic duty and for society which pays the judges and support
       personnel who manage the trials.” McDonough Power Equipment, Inc. v.
       Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548, 553 (1984).

¶ 40      However, “our system of law has always endeavored to prevent even the
       probability of unfairness. To this end no man can be a judge in his own case and no
       man is permitted to try cases where he has an interest in the outcome.” In re

                                                -9-
       Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 136 (1955). Accordingly, this court has held that the
       discovery of juror bias might compel the reversal of a judgment and a remand for a
       new trial. City of Naperville v. Wehrle, 340 Ill. 579, 584 (1930). “The bias of a
       prospective juror may be actual or implied; that is, it may be bias in fact or bias
       conclusively presumed as [a] matter of law.” United States v. Wood, 299 U.S. 123,
       133 (1936). Implied bias is “a bias attributable in law to the prospective juror
       regardless of actual partiality.” Id. at 134; Fields v. Brown, 503 F.3d 755, 770 (9th
       Cir. 2007) (bias is implied in those extreme situations where the relationship
       between a prospective juror and some aspect of the litigation is such that it is highly
       unlikely that the average person could remain impartial in his deliberations under
       the circumstances).

¶ 41       In Wehrle, we restated the Supreme Court’s description of the direct
       relationships that create a presumption of juror bias:

          “[O]ne is not a competent juror in a case if he is master, servant, steward,
          counselor or attorney of either party. In such case a juror may be challenged for
          principal cause as an absolute disqualification of the juror. *** This rule applies
          as well to criminal as to civil cases. *** [A] clerk or employé of a private party
          or of a corporation is not qualified to sit as a juror in such a case, over the
          objection of the opposite side. *** Modern methods of doing business and
          modern complications resulting therefrom have not wrought any change in
          human nature itself, and therefore have not lessened or altered the general
          tendency among men, recognized by the common law, to look somewhat more
          favorably, though perhaps frequently unconsciously, upon the side of the person
          or corporation that employs them, rather than upon the other side. Bias or
          prejudice is such an elusive condition of the mind that it is most difficult, if not
          impossible, to always recognize its existence, and it might exist in the mind of
          one (on account of his relations with one of the parties) who was quite positive
          that he had no bias, and said that he was perfectly able to decide the question
          wholly uninfluenced by anything but the evidence. The law therefore most
          wisely says that with regard to some of the relations which may exist between
          the juror and one of the parties, bias is implied, and evidence of its actual
          existence need not be given.” Crawford v. United States, 212 U.S. 183, 195-96
          (1909).

                                               - 10 -
       See Wehrle, 340 Ill. at 582-83.

¶ 42       More than 40 years later, in People v. Cole, 54 Ill. 2d 401, 413 (1973), we
       reiterated the principle that bias can be presumed from a juror’s relationship with a
       party:

               “At common law a juror was presumed to be biased and therefore
          disqualified if he was related to a party to the litigation through blood or
          sanguinity or through certain indirect personal relationships. *** [T]here are
          certain relationships which may exist between a juror and a party to the
          litigation which are so direct that a juror possessing the same will be presumed
          to be biased and therefore disqualified. In such a case it is not necessary to
          establish that bias or partiality actually exists.”

¶ 43                                  1. Standard of Review

¶ 44       Plaintiff does not quarrel with the trial court’s finding that juror Glascott was
       credible and did not display actual bias. But plaintiff disputes the trial court’s
       characterization of the juror’s relationship with Advocate Medical and argues the
       court erred as a matter of law. Defendants respond that the decision not to excuse
       the juror was not an abuse of discretion. We take this opportunity to clarify and
       contrast the standards of review that apply to judicial findings concerning actual
       bias and implied bias.

¶ 45       In Cole, the defendant appealed the trial court’s decision not to remove a juror
       for actual bias. We stated,

               “[t]he determination of whether or not the prospective juror possesses the
          state of mind which will enable him to give to an accused a fair and impartial
          trial rests in the sound discretion of the trial judge. His determination should
          not be set aside unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id. at
          414.

       We explained, “[t]he determination of impartiality is not purely an objective
       determination ***. The statement of the juror is proper for the court to consider as
       evidence of his state of mind to be given the weight to which it is entitled under the
       circumstances.” Id.

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¶ 46        Deciding whether a juror is qualified to serve is a judicial determination, and
       “like the determination of any other issue of fact, must be made from the evidence.
       [Citations.] Mere suspicion of bias is not evidence.” Id. at 415; see also Dennis v.
       United States, 339 U.S. 162, 168 (1950) (“[W]hile impaneling a jury the trial court
       has a serious duty to determine the question of actual bias, and a broad discretion
       in its rulings on challenges therefor.”).

¶ 47        In certain extraordinary situations, a juror’s bias may be implied from his or her
       relationship with a party or other trial participant. Whether the relationship supports
       a presumption of bias is a question of law. Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 222 n*
       (1982) (O’Connor, J., concurring) (“In those extraordinary situations involving
       implied bias, state-court proceedings resulting in a finding of ‘no bias’ are by
       definition inadequate to uncover the bias that the law conclusively presumes.”). The
       standard of review on questions of law is de novo. Forsythe v. Clark USA, Inc., 224
       Ill. 2d 274, 280 (2007).

¶ 48                                     2. Fiduciary Duty

¶ 49       Plaintiff argues that juror Glascott’s fiduciary duty to the endowment is the type
       of relationship between a juror and a party that requires application of the
       presumption of juror bias. Plaintiff advocates a rule prohibiting a prospective juror
       from serving if the juror owes a party a fiduciary duty. Owing a fiduciary duty
       arguably qualifies as the type of direct relationship that would create a presumption
       of juror bias.

              “ ‘A fiduciary relationship exists where there is special confidence reposed
          in one who, in equity and good conscience, is bound to act in good faith and
          with due regard to the interests of the one reposing the confidence. It exists
          where confidence is reposed on one side and resulting superiority and influence
          is found on the other. [Citations.] The relationship may exist as a matter of law
          between attorney and client, guardian and ward, principal and agent, and the
          like, or it may be moral, social, domestic, or even personal. Where the
          relationship does not exist as a matter of law or is sought to be established by
          parol evidence, the proof must be clear, convincing, and so strong, unequivocal,
          and unmistakable as to lead to but one conclusion.’ ” Martin v. Heinold

                                               - 12 -
           Commodities, Inc., 163 Ill. 2d 33, 45-46 (1994) (quoting Kolze v. Fordtran, 412
           Ill. 461, 468 (1952)).

¶ 50       Plaintiff asserts that juror Glascott’s fiduciary duty to the endowment triggers
       the same duty to Advocate Medical. Plaintiff’s position is based on the factual
       assertion that the two are a single entity, despite the juror’s statements to the
       contrary.

¶ 51       We recognized in Cole that rooting out juror bias necessarily involves assessing
       the juror’s credibility, which is especially significant when, as here, the juror is the
       sole source of evidence. Regardless of whether the objecting party alleges actual
       bias or implied bias, the juror’s relationship to the parties is a question of fact to be
       answered from the evidence, and the court’s finding regarding the relationship
       should not be reversed unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. In
       other words, presuming bias based on a juror’s status is a question of law, but
       determining the juror’s status remains a question of fact.

¶ 52       We note that plaintiff has not provided a record of the jury selection process,
       where the trial court presumably questioned the venire about potential biases. The
       incompleteness of the record will be construed against plaintiff, the appellant.
       Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 392 (1984). Thus, our review is confined to the
       midtrial colloquy among the trial judge, the attorneys, and the juror.

¶ 53       The record in this case shows the trial judge heard disorganized and imprecise
       testimony concerning the juror’s connection to defendants. On the one hand, juror
       Glascott stated he owed a fiduciary duty to the endowment. He said the endowment
       raises a “pool of money” to expand the “hospital system overall.” The endowment
       “own[s] hospitals” and possibly “earn[s] money in some capacity from the
       defendant, one of their affiliates.” He believed the endowment’s purpose was to
       expand the hospital system by funding the construction of medical buildings.

¶ 54       On the other hand, juror Glascott stated emphatically that he believed Advocate
       Medical’s business operation was separate from the endowment and that “the
       endowment people are separate from the Medical Group per se.” Juror Glascott
       also stated he did not know and had never met the doctor. He stated the endowment
       did not have anything to do with malpractice liability and the endowment’s
       “decision makers” would not even be aware of plaintiff’s action. Juror Glascott

                                                - 13 -
       insisted that he believed the verdict would not affect his compensation in any way.
       This testimony, which the trial court found credible, dispelled the court’s concern
       of implied bias.

¶ 55       Defense counsel represented that the salaries and compensation for Advocate
       Medical came from Advocate Medical’s operations and not from the endowment.
       Counsel further indicated that this financial information could be found in the
       physicians’ employment contracts. Plaintiff argues the trial court should have
       disregarded defense counsel’s representations. Although the better practice would
       have been to ask juror Glascott to confirm counsel’s statements, the juror did not
       disagree with them. Moreover, plaintiff’s counsel did not object or attempt to refute
       the comments when the court was deciding whether to excuse the juror.

¶ 56       The trial court found that plaintiff failed to demonstrate that juror Glascott and
       Advocate Medical had a direct relationship that indicated implied bias as a matter
       of law. Juror Glascott reported a fiduciary duty to the endowment, but the trial court
       heard no evidence of a direct link between the juror and Advocate Medical from
       which bias could be presumed.

¶ 57       Most significantly, juror Glascott was adamant that the endowment and
       defendants were separate, he did not owe Advocate Medical a fiduciary duty, and
       the trial’s outcome would not affect him financially. We agree with the appellate
       court that “the evidence was insufficient to demonstrate any express fiduciary
       relationship between juror Glascott and defendant Advocate Medical.” 2020 IL
       App (1st) 190778, ¶ 63.

¶ 58       Plaintiff had the burden to show bias but did not refute the juror’s testimony
       with evidence of a relationship with Advocate Medical. The trial court’s finding of
       an attenuated relationship between the juror and Advocate Medical was not against
       the manifest weight of the evidence, and the court’s decision not to excuse the juror
       for implied bias was not erroneous as a matter of law.

¶ 59       Our conclusion is supported by People v. Porter, 111 Ill. 2d 386, 396-97 (1986),
       where the defendant filed a motion for a new trial on the ground that he was denied
       an impartial jury. He supported the motion with an affidavit claiming a juror knew
       and went to church with the mother of the victim. Id. at 402. When the juror entered

                                               - 14 -
       the room for deliberations, she allegedly declared to the rest of the jury, “ ‘they
       could vote guilty right then.’ ” Id.

¶ 60       We explained that, to obtain a new trial, the defendant had the burden to support
       the allegations of his posttrial motion. It was incumbent upon him “to determine
       the nature of the relationship between the juror and [the victim’s] mother,” but
       nothing in the record supported his suspicion that the juror was a friend of the
       victim’s mother. Id. at 403. The record showed that the juror “learned or realized”
       during the trial that she knew the victim’s mother as someone who attended the
       same church that she attended, but the record did not even disclose the name of the
       victim’s mother or whether the juror knew her name. Id. at 404. The juror
       recognized the victim’s mother only after the trial had begun, which suggested they
       did not have a close relationship. Id. at 405. Similar to the juror in Porter, juror
       Glascott did not recognize his connection to Advocate Medical until part way
       through the trial, which indicated an attenuated relationship.

¶ 61       Furthermore, we agree with the appellate court that plaintiff’s reliance on
       Wehrle, Cole, and Marcin v. Kipfer, 117 Ill. App. 3d 1065 (1983), is misplaced.
       Those decisions illustrate that implied bias exists when there is “a direct
       relationship between the juror and one of the parties to the litigation.” 2020 IL App
       (1st) 190778, ¶ 64.

¶ 62       The juror in Wehrle was “a commissioner whose duty it was to assess benefits
       against the property of the corporation of which he was an officer and from which
       he was receiving compensation.” Wehrle, 340 Ill. at 583. This court held the juror
       was neither “ ‘competent’ ” nor “ ‘disinterested’ ” and that his relationship to the
       party “would seem too clear *** to require discussion.” Id.

¶ 63       In contrast to the commissioner in Wehrle, juror Glascott stated he was not
       compensated by Advocate Medical. He believed his employment income was
       derived from his work for the endowment, and he denied owing Advocate Medical
       a fiduciary duty.

¶ 64       Plaintiff’s position is also undermined by Cole, 54 Ill. 2d at 411, where the trial
       court denied the defendant’s request to remove a juror for actual bias. This court
       held the decision was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, despite the
       juror’s prior contacts with several trial participants. Id. at 415. At the time of the

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       voir dire examination of the juror, a Springfield businessman, the defense had
       exhausted its 20 peremptory challenges. Id. at 411. The juror disclosed that he knew
       both the state’s attorney and assistant state’s attorney. About a year prior to the trial,
       the juror had talked to one of the deceased men about buying a pool table from him.
       A witness for the State used to live next door to the juror and had been his family
       physician. Another witness for the State had a sister who was married to the juror’s
       son. The juror and the sheriff were friends. Id.

¶ 65       The juror in Cole stated that he had no opinion as to the defendant’s guilt, he
       would disregard anything he might have heard outside the courtroom about the
       case, and his prior contacts with the state’s attorney, assistant state’s attorney, the
       sheriff, and the witnesses would not influence him. Id. at 414. The juror stated he
       would give the testimony of these witnesses no greater weight than he would give
       the testimony of others. Id. “The trial court was apparently convinced of the truth
       of these statements,” and we held that the juror’s contacts “were not such as to
       require us to say that the trial court could not believe his statement on voir dire
       examination.” Id. at 414-15. In other words, we deferred to the trial court’s
       credibility determination concerning the juror’s relationships. Like the contacts
       between the juror and the prosecution in Cole, the relationship between juror
       Glascott and Advocate Medical was indirect.

¶ 66       In Marcin, 117 Ill. App. 3d at 1067, two prospective jurors were identified
       during voir dire as patients of the defendant doctor. The trial court denied the
       plaintiff’s challenge of the jurors for cause. Id. The appellate court reversed and
       remanded for a new trial. Id. at 1069. In deciding that the jurors should have been
       removed for cause, the appellate court focused upon the close relationship between
       the jurors and the defendant. The relationship between patient and doctor has
       traditionally been one of trust and confidence. A patient may be reluctant to find
       against his personal physician for fear of damaging the doctor’s reputation. Id. at
       1067-68. Given this, and considering the nature of the case, the court found that the
       jurors should have been discharged. Id. at 1068.

¶ 67       The Marcin court was careful to limit its holding, making it clear that only the
       very close relationship of the two jurors with their doctor required their exclusion.
       Recognizing that it would be difficult in some communities to find jurors who did
       not know a particular physician, the court stated that nothing in its decision should

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       be taken to mean that others knowing the defendant doctor should be kept off the
       jury. Id.; cf. Roach v. Springfield Clinic, 157 Ill. 2d 29, 48 (1993) (“We are
       unwilling to extend the Marcin holding to the spouses of defendant doctors’
       patients ***.”). In contrast to the close patient-doctor relationship in Marcin, juror
       Glascott’s relationship to Advocate Medical was so remote that he did not even
       recall the connection until the trial was more than half completed.

¶ 68       Marcin, Cole, and Roach can be reconciled based on the degree of closeness of
       the relationships in those cases. They illustrate that an allegation of juror bias
       depends on the totality of the circumstances. The circumstances presented in this
       case indicate the court did not err in denying plaintiff’s request to remove juror
       Glascott for implied bias.

¶ 69                                     C. Judicial Notice

¶ 70       Plaintiff next argues the appellate court erred in refusing to take judicial notice
       of a tax form that Advocate Medical filed with the IRS. The appellate court initially
       ruled against plaintiff on the juror bias issue when, on May 14, 2020, it issued its
       decision under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(b) (eff. Apr. 1, 2018). Plaintiff filed
       a petition for rehearing. While the petition was pending, plaintiff filed a motion on
       August 14, 2020, asking the appellate court to take judicial notice of the form,
       which purportedly supported plaintiff’s allegation of a relationship between juror
       Glascott and defendants.

¶ 71      The form was a publicly available copy of IRS Form 990 that was completed
       and submitted to the IRS by “Advocate Health and Hospitals Corp.” in Downers
       Grove for the 2018 tax year. Form 990 is a return that must be filed by certain
       organizations exempt from federal income tax. Line 10 of part IV of the form asked,
       “Did the organization, directly or through a related organization, hold assets in
       temporarily restricted endowments, permanent endowments, or quasi-
       endowments?” The box for “No” was checked.

¶ 72       Plaintiff argues that, because Advocate Medical’s return did not report the
       existence of a separate endowment, the endowment and Advocate Medical must be
       the same entity. Defendants respond that the document actually shows that
       Advocate Medical did not have an endowment at all, either separate or direct.

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       Defendants infer from the form that the assets in the endowment must have been
       held by an organization other than Advocate Medical. The parties’ opposing
       interpretations of the return illustrate the complexity of the relationships among the
       organizations under the Advocate umbrella and why we defer to the trial judge’s
       findings on the attenuated relationship between juror Glascott and defendants.

¶ 73       On August 31, 2020, the appellate court denied the petition for rehearing and
       entered an order finding that plaintiff had forfeited his request for judicial notice of
       the tax return. The court concluded that the “the document in question that this
       Court is now being asked to consider could have easily been acquired at the time
       of the hearing and considered by the trial court.” The court also observed that
       plaintiff failed to cite authority allowing a party to supplement his argument by
       requesting a reviewing court to take judicial notice of evidentiary matters that were
       not presented to the trial court. See People v. James, 2019 IL App (1st) 170594
       (appellate court declined to take judicial notice of Department of Corrections
       records that were not properly presented as evidence at trial).

¶ 74       The record supports the appellate court’s ruling that plaintiff forfeited his
       argument concerning Advocate Medical’s 2018 Form 990. In the trial court,
       plaintiff could have supplemented his motion to reconsider with a form filed by
       Advocate Medical in a prior year. In fact, defendants point out that plaintiff made
       a reference in the trial court to one of Advocate Medical’s Form 990 returns as far
       back as November 2013.

¶ 75       Furthermore, the 2018 Form 990 was signed on November 15, 2019, which
       predated several of plaintiff’s filings in the appellate court. Plaintiff filed his reply
       brief on March 13, 2020, and the appellate court’s original decision was entered on
       May 14, 2020. Plaintiff filed his petition for rehearing on June 24, 2020, but did not
       mention the tax return. Plaintiff finally asked the appellate court to take judicial
       notice of the return on August 14, 2020, after the court had already ruled on the
       juror bias issue.

¶ 76        Plaintiff forfeited his argument concerning the tax document by failing to raise
       it in the trial court, and he compounded the forfeiture by waiting until the eleventh
       hour to present it to the appellate court. See Village of Lake Villa v. Stokovich, 211
       Ill. 2d 106, 121 (2004) (issues not raised in the trial court are forfeited and may not
       be raised on appeal). The forfeiture obviates the need to address whether the tax

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       document is subject to judicial notice.

¶ 77                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 78       The trial court did not err in ruling that the juror did not owe Advocate Medical
       a fiduciary duty and did not have any other direct relationship with defendants that
       would create a presumption of juror bias as a matter of law. For the preceding
       reasons, the judgments of the appellate court and circuit court are affirmed.

¶ 79      Judgments affirmed.

¶ 80      JUSTICE NEVILLE took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

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