Court Opinion

ID: 9943313
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-23 06:08:57.917099+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:46:48.641717
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                       UNPUBLISHED
                                                                       February 22, 2024
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                      No. 362221
                                                                       Jackson Circuit Court
ARTIS LEE HOLMES,                                                      LC No. 19-002923-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: GARRETT, P.J., and LETICA and MALDONADO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Defendant appeals by right his jury trial conviction of assault with intent to do great bodily
harm less than murder, MCL 750.84. The trial court sentenced defendant as a fourth-offense
habitual offender, MCL 769.12, to serve 15 to 40 years’ imprisonment. We affirm defendant’s
conviction but remand this case for the trial court to further articulate its reasoning for its upward-
departure sentence or to resentence defendant.

                                         I. BACKGROUND

       This case arises from a fight between defendant and Donald Cain during which Cain was
repeatedly stabbed.

        For years, Cain had been in a dating relationship with the mother of Brianna Sweet, and
she viewed him as her stepfather and as a quasi-grandfather to her children. Sweet lived with
defendant, their children, and her aunt. Sweet had two children with defendant, and on August 7,
2019, Cain had plans to take one of the children to the county fair. Unbeknownst to Cain,
defendant had been feuding with Cain’s brother, Ernest Eison, and Eison had sent threatening text
messages to defendant. When Cain arrived to pick up the child for the county fair, Sweet told him
that she did not want Cain to take the child. When defendant arrived and confirmed what Sweet
said, Cain was outraged and a heated argument with defendant ensued. The pair argued in the
driveway, and as defendant went into the breezeway of his house, Cain followed him and attacked
him with his fists. Cain started the fight, but defendant finished it.

                                                 -1-
        Defendant stabbed Cain in his arm, chest, neck, and thorax area. Cain suffered some of
the stab wounds to his back as he was trying to leave the breezeway. Once outside the breezeway,
Cain passed out, and while he was on the ground, defendant stomped on his face, causing Cain to
suffer a broken nose and a broken eye socket. Cain was able to get into his car and drove to his
brother’s house, and an ambulance then took him to the hospital. Defendant was arrested the same
day; he was charged with assault to commit murder, but the jury found him guilty of the lesser
crime of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder.

       This appeal followed.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

                                    A. JURY INSTRUCTIONS

        Defendant argues that he is entitled to reversal based on errors related to M Crim JI 7.16
(conditions for using force or deadly force), 7.16a (presumption of reasonable fear of death or
great bodily injury), and 7.17 (use of deadly force in defense of the home). We disagree.

         At the outset, we note the differences in the framing of these three arguments. With respect
to M Crim JI 7.16, defendant argues that the trial court erred by reading the first paragraph of this
instruction and asserts that this issue is preserved for appellate review. However, defendant
acknowledges the possibility that we might deem this issue unpreserved, but he does not assert a
claim of ineffective assistance arising from defense counsel’s failure to properly preserve the issue;
rather, he argues that the error is so egregious that it satisfies the dictates of plain error review.
However, as detailed below, defense counsel expressly agreed to the instructions provided, so
direct review of this instruction has been waived. With respect to M Crim JI 7.16a and 7.17, on
the other hand, defendant argues that he received ineffective assistance due to defense counsel’s
failure to request these instructions. Accordingly, we deem the first argument waived and review
the other two for ineffective assistance.

        Claims of ineffective assistance of counsel present mixed questions of fact and law. People
v Head, 323 Mich App 526, 539; 917 NW2d 752 (2018). Factual findings are reviewed for clear
error and legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. Id. Because the trial court has not conducted
an evidentiary hearing, our review is limited to mistakes that are apparent from the record. People
v Riley, 468 Mich 135, 139; 659 NW2d 611 (2003).

        The Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that criminal
defendants receive effective assistance of counsel. Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 687-
688; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed2d 674 (1984). Michigan’s Constitution affords this right the same
level of protection as the United States Constitution. People v Pickens, 446 Mich 298, 318-320;
521 NW2d 797 (1994). Accordingly, “[t]o prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance, a defendant
must, at a minimum, show that (1) counsel’s performance was below an objective standard of
reasonableness and (2) a reasonable probability exists that the outcome of the proceeding would
have been different but for trial counsel’s errors.” Head, 323 Mich App at 539 (quotation marks,
citation, and alteration omitted). “[A] reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” People v Randolph, 502 Mich 1, 9; 917 NW2d 249 (2018).

                                                 -2-
This Court presumes counsel was effective, and defendant carries a heavy burden to overcome this
presumption. Head, 323 Mich App at 539.

        Questions of law involving jury instructions are reviewed de novo. People v Gillis, 474
Mich 105, 113;712 NW2d 419 (2006). “A criminal defendant has the right to have a properly
instructed jury consider the evidence against him.” People v Rodriguez, 463 Mich 466, 472; 620
NW2d 13 (2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted). However, even flawed instructions “do
not create error if they fairly present to the jury the issues tried and sufficiently protect the
defendant’s rights.” People v Bartlett, 231 Mich App 139, 143-144; 585 NW2d 341 (1998).

                                         1. M CRIM JI 7.16

        Defendant argues that the trial court erred by reading the first paragraph of M Crim JI 7.16,
but review of this issue has been waived.

        “This Court has defined ‘waiver’ as the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a
known right.” People v Kowalski, 489 Mich 488, 503; 803 NW2d 200 (2011) (quotation marks
and citation omitted). “One who waives his rights under a rule may not then seek appellate review
of a claimed deprivation of those rights, for his waiver has extinguished any error.” People v Buie,
491 Mich 294, 306; 817 NW2d 33 (2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Defense
counsel cannot acquiesce to the court’s handling of a matter at trial, only to later raise the issue as
an error on appeal.” Id. at 312 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Moreover, defendant cannot
allow counsel to consent to a procedure only to object later as this would provide “a defendant
with ‘an appellate parachute.’ ” Id. at 313. “When defense counsel clearly expresses satisfaction
with a trial court’s decision, counsel’s action will be deemed to constitute a waiver.” Kowalski,
489 Mich at 503.

        In the present case, defense counsel initially objected to instructing the jury that defendant
had a duty to retreat to avoid using deadly force, see M Crim JI 7.16(1), and he asked the trial court
to instruct the jury regarding “the rebuttable presumption regarding fear of death.” However,
counsel withdrew his objection regarding M Crim JI 7.16 when he told the trial court: “[W]e’ll
take the instruction. We’ll address it with the jury.” Additionally, counsel expressly agreed twice
to the trial court’s instructions as they were read. Under these circumstances, defendant waived
any objections to erroneous instructions, and there is nothing for us to review. See Kowalski, 489
Mich at 504.

                                        2. M CRIM JI 7.16A

        Defendant argues that defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance by agreeing to jury
instructions without requesting M Crim JI 7.16a. We conclude that defendant, to the extent defense
counsel erred by failing to request this instruction, is not entitled to reversal because the error did
not affect the outcome of the proceeding.

        The relevant portion of M Crim JI 7.16a details a presumption regarding imminent death
or great bodily harm:

       (1) If you find both that—

                                                 -3-
               (a) the deceased was in the process of breaking and entering a business or
       dwelling, or committing home invasion, or had broken into a business or dwelling,
       or committed home invasion and was still present in the business or dwelling, or
       was unlawfully attempting to remove a person from a dwelling, business, or vehicle
       against the person’s will,

               and

             (b) the defendant honestly and reasonably believed the deceased was
       engaged in any of the conduct just described

               —it is presumed that the defendant had an honest and reasonable belief that
       imminent [death / great bodily harm] would occur. The prosecutor can overcome
       this presumption by proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not
       have an honest and reasonable belief that [death / great bodily harm] was imminent.

         Relevant to the instant appeal, M Crim JI 7.16a would have entitled defendant to the
presumption that he had an honest and reasonable belief of imminent death or great bodily injury
if the jury found that Cain was in the process of, and defendant honestly and reasonably believed
that Cain was in the process of, breaking and entering into defendant’s home. See M Crim JI
7.16a(1). The prosecutor could overcome this presumption by proving beyond a reasonable doubt
that defendant did not have an honest and reasonable belief that death or great bodily harm was
imminent. The jury’s determination that the prosecution met its burden regarding self-defense
necessarily implies that the prosecution rebutted the presumption that defendant had an honest and
reasonable belief that imminent death or great bodily harm would occur from Cain’s entry into his
home. Therefore, defendant cannot establish prejudice from defense counsel’s agreement to jury
instructions that did not contain M Crim JI 7.16a because the instructions that were given “fairly
present[ed] to the jury the issues tried and sufficiently protect[ed] the defendant’s rights.” Bartlett,
231 Mich App at 143-144.

                                         3. M CRIM JI 7.17

        Defendant argues that defense counsel rendered ineffective assistance by agreeing to jury
instructions without requesting M Crim JI 7.17. We again conclude that defendant, to the extent
defense counsel erred by failing to request this instruction, is not entitled to reversal because the
error did not affect the outcome of the proceeding.

        The relevant portion of M Crim JI 7.17 describes the circumstances in which a jury may
find that a defendant acted in lawful defense of the defendant’s home:

               (3) A person may use deadly force to defend [his / her] home where both of
       the following conditions exist:

               (a) First, at the time [he / she] acted, the defendant must have honestly and
       reasonably believed that the person whom [he / she] killed or injured used force to
       enter the defendant’s home, or was forcibly attempting to enter the defendant’s

                                                  -4-
       home, and had no right to enter [his / her] home. The use of any force may be
       sufficient, including opening a door or raising a window.

               (b) Second, at the time [he / she] acted, the defendant must have honestly
       and reasonably believed that the person whom [he / she] killed or injured intended
       to steal property from the home or do bodily injury to the defendant or someone
       else who was lawfully in the home.

                If the defendant honestly and reasonably believed that both of those
       conditions existed, [he / she] could act immediately to defend [his / her] home even
       if it turned out later that [he / she] was wrong about those conditions. In deciding
       if the defendant’s belief was honest and reasonable, you should consider all the
       circumstances as they appeared to the defendant at the time.

        For the same reasons as discussed above concerning M Crim JI 7.16a, defendant cannot
establish prejudice from defense counsel’s failure to request the jury instruction addressing the use
of deadly force in defense of one’s home, see M Crim JI 7.17. Justifying the use of force in defense
of his home required defendant to “have honestly and reasonably believed that [Cain] intended to
steal property from the home or do bodily injury to the defendant or someone else who was
lawfully in the home . . . .” M Crim JI 7.17(3)(b). As already discussed, the jury’s verdict
indicated that the prosecution proved beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant did not honestly
and reasonably believe that he was in danger of being killed or seriously injured. Therefore, even
if defense counsel had requested instruction under M Crim JI 7.17, the jury’s conclusion that
defendant did not honestly and reasonably believe that he was in danger of being killed or seriously
injured, see M Crim JI 7.17(3)(b), would have prevented the jury from finding that defendant acted
in defense of his home. Therefore, we conclude that the instructions “fairly present[ed] to the jury
the issues tried and sufficiently protect[ed] the defendant’s rights.” Bartlett, 231 Mich App at 143-
144.

                                      B. RIGHT TO TESTIFY

        Defendant argues that he is entitled to reversal because he was denied his right to testify at
trial. We disagree.

         “A defendant must raise an issue in the trial court to preserve it for [this Court’s] review.”
People v Heft, 299 Mich App 69, 78; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). Although defendant initially stated
on the record that he intended to testify, there is no indication that the fact that he ultimately did
not testify was against his will or in deprivation of his constitutional rights. Therefore, this issue
is unpreserved. This Court reviews unpreserved claims of error for plain error affecting a
defendant’s substantial rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). A
plain error occurs if three requirements are “met: 1) error must have occurred, 2) the error was
plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the plain error affected substantial rights. The third requirement
generally requires a showing of prejudice, i.e., that the error affected the outcome of the lower
court proceedings.” People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999), reh den 461
Mich 1205 (1999) (citation omitted). Even if the three requirements are met, “[r]eversal is
warranted only when the plain, forfeited error resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent
defendant or when an error seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial

                                                  -5-
proceedings independent of the defendant’s innocence.” Id. at 763 (quotation marks, citation, and
alteration omitted).

       “A defendant’s right to testify in [his or her] own defense stems from the Fifth, Sixth, and
Fourteenth amendments of the United States Constitution.” People v Thorne, 322 Mich App 340,
351; 912 NW2d 560 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Although counsel must
advise a defendant of this right, the ultimate decision whether to testify at trial remains with the
defendant.” People v Bonilla-Machado, 489 Mich 412, 419; 803 NW2d 217 (2011).

       If a defendant expresses a wish to testify at trial, the trial court must grant the
       request, even over counsel’s objection. However, if a defendant decides not to
       testify or acquiesces in his attorney’s decision that he not testify, the right will be
       deemed waived. Furthermore, there is no requirement in Michigan that there be an
       on-the-record waiver of a defendant’s right to testify. [People v Spaulding, 332
       Mich App 638, 656-657; 957 NW2d 843 (2020) (quotation marks, citations, and
       alteration omitted).]

        While the jury was on a break, defense counsel examined defendant on the record about
whether he intended to testify. Defendant stated that he had decided to testify, and this decision
was confirmed by the trial court. However, defense counsel did not call defendant to testify, the
proofs were closed, and no one said anything on the record regarding whether defendant had
changed his mind or still wanted to testify. Once the jury left for the day, the trial court and the
attorneys discussed the jury instructions in defendant’s presence. The court stated that it would
give instruction under M Crim JI 3.03 (defendant not testifying) and, again, nothing was said about
defendant’s earlier indication that he wanted to testify. Defendant addressed the court at
sentencing without reference to his decision to testify.

        Defendant has not established that he was, in fact, denied the right to testify. Given that
defendant stated on the record that he wanted to testify, it certainly would have assisted appellate
review to also have placed on the record that defendant changed his mind about testifying or that
he acquiesced in his attorney’s decision that he not testify. However, Michigan does not require
an “on-the-record waiver of a defendant’s right to testify.” Id. at 657 (quotation marks, citation,
and alteration omitted). Nevertheless, there was a seven-minute recess after defendant stated that
he wanted to testify during which defendant could have changed his mind and defense counsel
could have communicated as much to the trial court. Defense counsel called Sweet as a witness
after the recess; she was on the witness stand for approximately 40 minutes, after which the defense
rested. Neither the trial court, defendant, nor the prosecution commented about defendant’s
statement 40 minutes earlier that he intended to testify. Given these circumstances, it is neither
clear nor obvious that defendant did not simply change his mind about testifying. The fact that
defense counsel opted for the instruction on defendant not testifying, again without any indication
from defendant to the contrary, or any comment by the prosecution, also suggests that defendant
changed his mind. There is simply no record evidence indicating that the trial court or defense
counsel prevented defendant from testifying or that he was not free to testify had he wanted to.

         In conclusion, defendant has not established plain error arising from the fact that he did not
testify in his defense.

                                                 -6-
                              C. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT

        Defendant argues, both through his counsel and in a Standard 4 brief, 1 that he is entitled
to reversal due to prosecutorial misconduct. We disagree.

       Claims of prosecutorial misconduct are preserved by making a contemporaneous objection
and requesting curative jury instructions. People v Mullins, 322 Mich App 151, 172; 911 NW2d
201 (2017). Defendant did neither, so this issue is unpreserved. In general, claims of prosecutorial
misconduct are reviewed de novo. People v Dunigan, 299 Mich App 579, 588; 831 NW2d 243
(2013). However, unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct are reviewed for plain error.
People v Evans, 335 Mich App 76, 88; 966 NW2d 402 (2020).

         “During a criminal trial, prosecutors serve truth and justice first. The job isn’t just to win,
but to win fairly, staying well within the rules.” People v Urbanski, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___
NW2d ___ (2023) (quotation marks and citation omitted) (Docket No. 359011); slip op at 5. “The
test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether the defendant was deprived of a fair trial.” People v
Orlewicz, 293 Mich App 96, 106; 809 NW2d 194 (2011). “Curative instructions are sufficient to
cure the prejudicial effect of most inappropriate prosecutorial statements and jurors are presumed
to follow their instructions.” People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 235; 749 NW2d 272 (2008)
(citation omitted). Unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct will not warrant reversal
unless a curative instruction would have been insufficient to alleviate the harm caused by the
misconduct. Id.
                                      1. BURDEN OF PROOF

       Defendant argues that the prosecution improperly implied to the jury that it was defendant’s
burden to prove that he acted in self-defense. We disagree.

         “Prosecutors are typically afforded great latitude regarding their arguments and conduct at
trial. They are generally free to argue the evidence and all reasonable inferences from the evidence
as it relates to their theory of the case.” Unger, 278 Mich App at 236 (citation omitted). However,
it is not permissible to “imply in closing argument that the defendant must prove something or
present a reasonable explanation for damaging evidence because such an argument tends to shift
the burden of proof.” People v Fyda, 288 Mich App 446, 463-464; 793 NW2d 712 (2010). That
said, “otherwise improper remarks by the prosecutor might not require reversal if they respond to
issues raised by the defense.” People v Callon, 256 Mich App 312, 330; 662 NW2d 501 (2003).

        The rebuttal arguments with which defendant takes exception were appropriate and direct
responses to arguments made by defendant. During his closing, defense counsel read to the jury
the instruction for self-defense. He told the jury that a person could use self-defense, including
deadly force, against an unarmed assailant if the person believed that the assailant was going to
cause death or serious injury and that belief was honest and reasonable. Counsel then said:

1
  A “Standard 4” brief refers to the brief a defendant may file in propria persona pursuant to
Standard 4 of Michigan Supreme Court Administrative Order No. 2004-6, 471 Mich c, cii (2004).

                                                  -7-
               We know that belief was honest and reasonable. We have the text messages.
       We know that belief is honest and reasonable. Mr. Cain invades into his home. We
       know that belief is honest and reasonable. He had avoided any physical
       confrontation before. We know that belief was honest and reasonable. Mr. Cain
       was a trained boxer. His belief was honest and reasonable. There’s no question
       about that.

Defense counsel continued by reading to the jury other sections of the self-defense instruction and
arguing that the evidence met the requirements of the instruction. Counsel stated that, “[i]n
deciding if the defendant’s belief was honest and reasonable,” the jury had to “judge Mr. Holmes’s
decisions as they were happening on that day with everything that he had in his mind.” He then
reminded the jury of evidence that established the honesty and reasonableness of defendant’s belief
that he was in danger of death or great bodily harm: the threatening texts, his knowledge of Cain
and his capabilities, and the fact that Cain went into the breezeway to attack defendant after
defendant had retreated. Lastly, as it pertains to the self-defense instruction, defense counsel
addressed the requirement that a person could only use “as much force as he thinks is necessary at
the time to protect himself.” Counsel argued that a person caught up in the excitement of a street
fight is not thinking like a lawyer: he is not wondering if he is going to be prosecuted, if the threat
has de-escalated, or whether he was sufficiently safe to stop fighting.

        The prosecutor’s rebuttal argument mirrored the essential structure of defense counsel’s
closing argument. Regarding whether defendant believed that Cain was going to cause death or
serious injury, the prosecutor argued that:

               The problem is we don’t have any testimony to support that. We don’t have
       any testimony whatsoever to say what Artis Holmes’ beliefs were. The only
       testimony we have that says anything about defense whatsoever is Brianna Sweet
       says, [sic] yes, when Donald Cain punched [defendant] he appeared to be defending
       himself and they began to fight. So to say that Artis Holmes had a reasonable belief
       that he was going to be killed or seriously injured, there’s just no evidence
       whatsoever to support that.

The prosecutor argued that the testimony suggested that defendant was threatened with only minor
injury from a fist fight. The prosecutor further argued that, even if the jury concluded that
defendant honestly and reasonably believed that he was in danger of death or serious injury from
Cain, that danger dissipated when Cain realized that defendant was stabbing him and began to
leave. At that point, there was no reason to continue to stab Cain or to follow him outside and
stomp on his face multiple times while he was lying on the ground. The prosecutor argued that
defendant did that out of anger, not out of any sense that he was in danger of death or serious
bodily injury.

       The structure of the prosecutor’s rebuttal argument showed that he was responding directly
to defense counsel’s repeatedly pointing to evidence that counsel asserted illustrated defendant’s
honest and reasonable belief that he was in danger of death or serious bodily injury from Cain.
The prosecution had the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant did not honestly
and reasonably believe that he was at danger of death or serious bodily injury, and the prosecutor’s
comment reminded the jury that none of the witnesses had testified about what defendant believed

                                                 -8-
regarding Cain and his intentions. Even if the prosecution’s comment would have been improper
during the prosecution’s closing argument, it arguably was a fitting response to defense counsel’s
urging the jury to find that the evidence showed that defendant believed that he was at risk of death
or serious injury and that this belief was honest and reasonable. Arguing that defense counsel
made statements lacking evidentiary support is not the same as arguing that defendant had the
burden to produce evidence proving his innocence.

        Further, the trial court’s instructions to the jury directly addressed the concerns defendant
raises on appeal. After the conclusion of closing arguments, the court instructed the jury that
defendant had the absolute right not to testify; that the jury could not allow defendant’s exercise
of that right to affect its verdict; and that defendant did not have to prove that he acted in self-
defense, but the prosecutor had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant did not act in
lawful self-defense. Moreover, the trial court instructed the jury, “It’s my duty to instruct you on
the law. You must take the law as I give it to you. If a lawyer has said something different about
the law follow what I say.” “Jurors are presumed to follow their instructions . . . .” People v
Abraham, 256 Mich App 265, 279; NW2d 836 (2003). Therefore, defendant has not shown that
he is entitled to relief based on the challenged comments.

                                      2. FALSE EVIDENCE

       In his Standard 4 brief, defendant argues that the prosecution knowingly used false
testimony to obtain defendant’s conviction. We disagree.

        Defendant first contends that the prosecutor used leading questions to elicit Cain’s
testimony that the fight between him and defendant began outside instead of in the breezeway. “It
is well settled that a conviction obtained through the knowing use of perjured testimony offends a
defendant’s due process protections guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment.” People v
Aceval, 282 Mich App 379, 389; 764 NW2d 285 (2009). However, the presentation of conflicting
testimony does not run afoul of these guarantees if “there is no evidence that the prosecutor
attempted to conceal these contradictions,” and it is permissible to present testimony contradicted
by prior statements made to the police if “there is no evidence that the prosecutor attempted to
keep the contents of those previous statements from defendant.” People v Parker, 230 Mich App
677, 690; 584 NW2d 753 (1998). The record in the present case shows that the prosecutor did not
ask Cain leading questions to elicit his account of where the fight began, that the jury heard
testimony from a sheriff’s deputy indicating that Cain told him that the fight started in the
breezeway, and that the prosecutor acknowledged during his closing argument that there existed
conflicting testimony about where the fight started. The prosecutor did not conceal the
contradictions regarding where the fight started from either the jury or defendant, see Id., and it
was for the fact-finder to decide which version of events to believe, see People v Canter, 197 Mich
App 550, 565; 496 NW2d 336 (1992).

        Defendant next contends that the prosecutor elicited false testimony from Cain that he went
to defendant’s house for the sole purpose of picking up the child and taking him to the fair. In
support of this claim, defendant points to statements in a deputy sheriff’s incident report indicating
that defendant told Cain that he could not pick up the child and take him to the fair, but Cain went
to the house to pick up the child anyway. Although the incident report indicates that Cain may
have known that defendant did not want him to take the child to the fair before Cain went to

                                                 -9-
defendant’s house, it does not show that Cain went to defendant’s house for reasons other than to
pick up the child. Therefore, defendant has not shown that Cain’s testimony claiming he went to
defendant’s house to pick up the child and take him to the fair was false or that the prosecutor
knew that it was false.

         Lastly, defendant asserts that the prosecution incorrectly stated during its closing argument
that Cain first learned of the threatening text messages and the dispute between defendant and
Eisen on the day of the fight, when Cain’s preliminary examination testimony showed that he knew
about the dispute before then. Regarding Cain’s knowledge of the dispute between defendant and
Eisen, the prosecutor’s statement was consistent with Cain’s trial testimony. Even if Cain’s
preliminary examination testimony might have suggested that Cain knew about the dispute before
the incident in question, a prosecutor may use testimony that is inconsistent with prior testimony
if the prosecutor does not have knowledge that the testimony used was false and does not conceal
the prior testimony. See Parker, 230 Mich App at 690. Moreover, no evidence was presented at
the preliminary examination or at trial indicating that Cain knew about Eisen’s threatening text
messages.

       For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that defendant has not established that the
prosecutor knowingly used false testimony to secure a conviction.

                                  D. DEPARTURE SENTENCE

         Defendant argues that he is entitled to resentencing because the trial court did not properly
justify its 28-month upward-departure sentence. We agree in part.

        “A sentence that departs from the applicable guidelines range will be reviewed by an
appellate court for reasonableness. Resentencing will be required when a sentence is determined
to be unreasonable.” People v Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392; 870 NW2d 502 (2015), cert den
577 US 1043 (2015) (citation omitted). “[T]he relevant question for appellate courts reviewing a
sentence for reasonableness is whether the trial court abused its discretion by violating the
principle of proportionality.” People v Dixon-Bey, 321 Mich App 490, 520; 909 NW2d 458 (2017)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). “[T]he principle of proportionality . . . requires sentences
imposed by the trial court to be proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding
the offense and the offender.” People v Steanhouse, 500 Mich 453, 460; 902 NW2d 327 (2017)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). “The trial court’s fact-finding at sentencing is reviewed
for clear error.” People v Lampe, 327 Mich App 104, 125-126; 933 NW2d 314 (2019).

       The sentencing guidelines are no longer mandatory and are now advisory; however, “they
remain a highly relevant consideration” and the trial courts must continue to consult them.
Lockridge, 498 Mich at 391. It is appropriate for trial courts to depart from the sentencing ranges
recommended by the guidelines “when, in their judgment, the recommended range under the
guidelines is disproportionate, in either direction, to the seriousness of the crime.” People v
Walden, 319 Mich App 344, 352; 901 NW2d 142 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
When deciding whether to depart from the guidelines, trial courts may consider “(1) whether the
guidelines accurately reflect the seriousness of the crime, (2) factors not considered by the
guidelines, and (3) factors considered by the guidelines but given inadequate weight.” Dixon-Bey,
321 Mich App at 525 (citations omitted). “When making this determination and sentencing a

                                                -10-
defendant, a trial court must justify the sentence imposed in order to facilitate appellate review,
which includes an explanation of why the sentence imposed is more proportionate to the offense
and the offender than a different sentence would have been.” Id. at 525. A trial court’s decision
to depart from the guidelines should not be based on factors that are “contemplated by at least one
offense variable” if the court offers “no rationale as to why that scoring was insufficient to reflect
the nature of” the case’s unique circumstances. Id. at 526-527. This Court “must evaluate whether
reasons exist to depart from the sentencing guidelines and whether the extent of the departure can
satisfy the principle of proportionality.” People v Steanhouse (On Remand), 322 Mich App 233,
239; 911 NW2d 253 (2017), vacated in part on other grounds 504 Mich 969 (2019). When a
departure is justified, the trial court still “must explain how the extent of the departure is
proportionate to the seriousness of the circumstances surrounding the offense and the offender.”
Id.

        The trial court explained that it considered punishment, defendant’s prospects for
rehabilitation, deterrence, and the protection of society when fashioning an individualized sentence
for defendant. The court observed that defendant was 37 years old and had four prior felonies,
10 prior misdemeanors, and a juvenile record. The court also recalled the medical expert’s
testimony regarding the viciousness of defendant’s response to Cain’s attack. The court further
commented that most of defendant’s prior convictions were assaultive in nature and were often
committed while defendant was on parole or probation, and, while defendant was on bond for the
sentencing offense, he “picked up” a new charge of domestic violence, third offense, that was
currently pending. The sentencing court did not believe that the sentencing guidelines adequately
accounted for the assaultive nature of most of defendant’s prior convictions, nor for the fact that
defendant appeared to be unable to conform his conduct to the requirements of his parole or
probation. Therefore, the court sentenced defendant to a 28-month upward-departure sentence of
15 to 40 years’ (180 to 480 months) imprisonment. The reasons provided were more than
generalized, and the court noted that the guidelines did not adequately account for the nature of
defendant’s convictions, i.e., that fact that most of them were assaultive, nor for defendant’s
apparent inability to conform himself to the requirements of parole and probation, which arguably
suggested a low likelihood of rehabilitation, a high likelihood that defendant would continue to be
a threat to society, and a greater need to protect society. Therefore, we conclude that the court
adequately justified its decision to depart from the sentencing guidelines.

        However, the sentencing court did not explain why a 28-month upward-departure sentence
was “more proportionate to the offense and the offender than a different sentence would have
been.” See People v Smith, 482 Mich 292, 311; 754 NW2d 284 (2008). It is not necessary for
courts to “sentence defendants with mathematical certainty. Nor are any precise words necessary
for them to justify a particular departure.” Id. Nevertheless, we review the reasons the trial court
articulated for departure, which “includes an explanation of why the sentence imposed is more
proportionate to the offense and the offender than a different sentence would have been.” Id.
Articulation on the record of the trial court’s rationale is necessary to ensure that defendant’s
sentence is proportionate to the offenses and the offender and to allow for this Court’s meaningful
appellate review. Because “an appellate court cannot substitute its own judgment about why the
departure was justified[, a] sentence cannot be upheld when the connection between the reasons
given for departure and the extent of the departure is unclear.” Id. at 304.

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        Therefore, defendant’s sentence cannot be affirmed without additional explanation for the
trial court’s belief that the sentence is proportionate.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

        Defendant’s convictions are affirmed. This case is remanded to the trial court to offer
further explanation for the extent of its departure from the sentencing guidelines or, in the
alternative, for resentencing. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                           /s/ Anica Letica
                                                           /s/ Allie Greenleaf Maldonado

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