Court Opinion

ID: 145223
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-29 19:14:22+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:01:00.587851
License: Public Domain

05-2851-cv(L), 05-2852-cv(CON)
In re: Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Antitrust Litigation

                                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                             FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                          _______________________________

                                                      August Term, 2008

(Argued: April 28, 2009                                                         Decided April 29, 2010)

                                   Docket Nos. 05-2851-cv(L), 05-2852-cv(CON)
                                      _______________________________

______________________________________________________________

ARKANSAS CARPENTERS HEALTH AND WELFARE FUND,
MARIA LOCURTO, PAPER, ALLIED-INDUS, UNITED FOOD
AND COMMERCIAL WORKERS UNION-EMPLOYER,
LOUISIANA WHOLESALE DRUG CO., INC., CVS PHARMACY,
INC., RITE AID CORPORATION, ARTHUR’S DRUG STORE, INC.,

                                                 Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                       v.

BAYER AG, BAYER CORP., formerly doing business as Miles Inc.,
HOECHST MARION ROUSSEL, INC., THE RUGBY GROUP, INC.,
WATSON PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., BARR LABORATORIES INC.,

                              Defendants-Appellees.
______________________________________________________________

Before: NEWMAN, POOLER, PARKER, Circuit Judges.

         Plaintiffs appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District

of New York (Trager, J.) granting summary judgment for defendants, manufacturers of the antibiotic

ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (“Cipro”) or generic bioequivalents of Cipro. Plaintiffs argue that

defendants violated Section 1 of the Sherman Act when they settled their dispute concerning the

validity of Bayer’s Cipro patent by agreeing to a reverse exclusionary payment settlement. Bayer
agreed to pay the generic challengers, and in exchange the generic firms conceded the validity of the

Cipro patent.

       After the district court entered judgment below, a panel of this Court held that reverse

payment settlements of patent lawsuits do not violate antitrust laws. See Joblove v. Barr Labs., Inc.,

(In re Tamoxifen Citrate Antitrust Litig.), 466 F.3d 187, 208-12 (2d Cir. 2005). Because Tamoxifen

is dispositive of plaintiffs’ claims, we AFFIRM.    However, because of the “exceptional importance”

of the antitrust implications of reverse exclusionary payment settlements of patent infringement suits,

we invite plaintiffs-appellants to petition for rehearing in banc. See Fed. R. App. P. 35(a)(2).

___________________________

                               STEVE D. SHADOWEN, (Monica L. Rebuck, on the brief), Hangley
                               Aronchick Segal & Pudlin, Harrisburg, PA (Bruce E. Gerstein, Barry S.
                               Taus, and Jan Bartelli, Garwin, Gerstein, & Fisher LLP, New York,
                               NY, on the brief), for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

                               PAUL E. SLATER, Sperling & Slater, P.C., of counsel to Amicus
                               Curiae American Antitrust Institute, Chicago, IL, in support of
                               Plaintiffs-Appellants.

                               STACY J. CANAN, (Bruce Vignery, on the brief), AARP Foundation
                               Litigation, (Michael Schuster, AARP, on the brief), Washington, D.C.,
                               as Amici Curiae for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

                               DON L. BELL, II, National Association of Chain Drug Stores, Inc.,
                               Alexandria, VA, as Amicus Curiae for Plaintiffs-Appellants.

                               FRED H. BARTLIT, Jr., (Peter B. Bensinger, Jr., Michael J. Valaik,
                               and Paul J. Skiermont, on the brief), Bartlit Beck Herman Palenchar &
                               Scott LLP, Chicago, IL, (Philipp A. Proger, Kevin D. McDonald, and
                               Lawrence D. Rosenberg, Jones Day, Washington, DC), for Defendants-
                               Appellees Bayer AG and Bayer Corporation.

                               KAREN N. WALKER, (Edwin John U, Bridget K. O’Connor, and
                               Gregory L. Skidmore, on the brief), Kirkland & Ellis LLP, Washington,
                               DC, (David E. Everson, Heather S. Woodson, and Victoria L. Smith,

                                                   -2-
                              Stinson Morrison Hecker LLP, Kansas City, MO, on the brief), for
                              Defendants-Appellees Barr Laboratories, Inc., Hoechst Marion Roussel,
                              Inc., The Rugby Group, Inc., and Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc..

                        CHRISTINE A. VARNEY, Assistant Attorney General, (Philip J.
                        Weiser, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and Catherine G.
                        O’Sullivan and David Seidman, Attorneys), U.S. Department of
                        Justice, Washington, D.C., for the United States.
__________________________

PER CURIAM:

       Plaintiffs appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District

of New York (Trager, J.) granting summary judgment for defendants. Defendants Bayer AG and its

subsidiary Bayer Corporation (collectively “Bayer”) own the patent for the active ingredient in the

antibiotic ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (“Cipro”). Defendants Barr Laboratories, Inc. (“Barr”),

Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. (“HMR”), and Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Watson”) were potential

generic manufacturers of Cipro. Plaintiffs are direct purchasers of Cipro, who allege that defendants

violated federal antitrust law when they settled a patent infringement lawsuit by entering into

collusive agreements that blocked the entry of low-cost generic versions of Cipro into the prescription

drug market.

                                          BACKGROUND

       Hatch-Waxman Settlement Agreements

       Bayer is the owner of the patent relating to the active ingredient in Cipro, which has been

described as the most prescribed antibiotic in the world. The Cipro patent, U.S. Patent No.

4,670,444, was issued on June 2, 1987 and was scheduled to expire on December 9, 2003.1

       1
       Bayer obtained an additional six-month period of pediatric exclusivity from the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) until June 9, 2004. See 21 U.S.C. § 355a(b)(1)(B)(i)(II).

                                                  -3-
       In 1991, Barr sought to market a generic version of Cipro pursuant to the expedited FDA

approval process established by the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984

(the “Hatch-Waxman Act”), Pub. L. No. 98-417, 98 Stat. 1585. Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, a

pharmaceutical company can seek approval to market generic versions of an approved branded drug

without having to re-establish the drug’s safety and effectiveness by filing an Abbreviated New Drug

Application (“ANDA”). 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(2)(A), (8)(B). Where, as here, a generic manufacturer

seeks to enter the market before the expiration of the branded firm’s patent, it must file a

pre-expiration challenge ( “paragraph IV” or “ANDA-IV” certification). 21 U.S.C.

§ 355(j)(2)(A)(vii)(IV). The ANDA-IV certification requires the generic firm to demonstrate the

bioequivalence of its proposed version of the drug, see 21 C.F.R. § 314.94(a)(9), and to state the basis

for its claim of invalidity or noninfringement of the branded firm’s patent, see 21 U.S.C. §

355(j)(2)(B)(iv)(II).

       An ANDA-IV certification itself constitutes an act of infringement, triggering the branded

manufacturer's right to sue. 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2)(A). Indeed, the branded manufacturer must sue

within 45 days of receiving notice of the ANDA-IV in order to stay the generic firm's entry into the

market. 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(5)(B)(iii).2 Thus, the Hatch-Waxman Act redistributes the relative risks

between the patent holder and the generic manufacturer, allowing generic manufacturers to challenge

the validity of the patent without incurring the costs of market entry or the risks of damages from

infringement. See Ark. Carpenters Health & Welfare Fund v. Bayer AG (In re Ciprofloxacin

       2
         Although this statutory stay is typically called the “thirty-month stay,” in fact the stay can last
for over four years. Compare 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(5)(B)(iii) (default maximum duration of stay is
thirty months provided notice of ANDA IV is received more than five years after ANDA approval)
with § 355(j)(5)(F)(ii) (result of earlier-filed ANDA IV is that stay is lengthened, ending five years
plus thirty months after FDA approval of the branded drug).

                                                    -4-
Hydrochloride Antitrust Litig.), 544 F.3d 1323, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

        The first generic firm to file an ANDA-IV is rewarded with a 180-day exclusive right to

market its generic version of the drug. 21 U.S.C. § 355(j)(5)(B)(iv).3 However, only the first-

filed ANDA-IV is eligible for the 180-day exclusivity period: even if the first filer loses, withdraws,

or settles its challenge, subsequent filers do not become eligible for the exclusivity period.4

        The Bayer-Barr Lawsuit

        Barr filed an ANDA-IV challenging Bayer’s Cipro patent in October 1991.5 Bayer sued Barr

for patent infringement in the Southern District of New York within 45 days of its receipt of notice of

Barr’s filing, triggering the Hatch-Waxman statutory stay.6 Barr subsequently entered into an

agreement with other defendants herein, also potential generic manufacturers of Cipro, to share the

costs and benefits of the patent litigation.

        In June 1996, the district court denied the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. In

        3
         This 180-day exclusivity period became law without discussion in the relevant House Report
and without debate. See H.R. Rep. No. 98-857, p. 1, at 28 (1984), reprinted in 1984 U.S.C.C.A.N.
2647, 2661. Moreover, it was apparently not contemplated at the time of passage that the regulatory
scheme would facilitate collusion between branded and generic firms. See e.g., S. Rep. No. 107-167,
at 4 (2002) (“Agreeing with smaller rivals to delay or limit competition is an abuse of the
Hatch-Waxman law . . . .”).
        4
         In Joblove v. Barr Labs. Inc, (In re Tamoxifen Citrate Antitrust Litig.), 466 F.3d 187 (2d Cir.
2005) (Tamoxifen”), the panel majority suggested otherwise, repeating the district court’s claim that
the exclusivity period cedes to the first ANDA filer to successfully defend. Compare Tamoxifen, 466
F.3d at 214, with In re Tamoxifen Citrate Antitrust Litig., 277 F. Supp. 2d 121, 134 (E.D.N.Y. 2003).
As we discuss in Section 5, infra, this aspect of our Tamoxifen decision was erroneous. See C. Scott
Hemphill, Paying for Delay: Pharmaceutical Patent Settlement As a Regulatory Design Problem, 81
N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1553, 1583-86 (2006).
        5
        Barr claimed that the patent was invalid on the following grounds: (1) obviousness; (2)
obviousness type double counting; and (3) inequitable conduct.
        6
            The parties subsequently agreed to extend the stay until after the entry of final judgment.

                                                     -5-
January 1997 — approximately two weeks prior to the scheduled trial —

Bayer and Barr entered into a “reverse exclusionary payment” (or “pay-for-delay”) settlement: that is,

the patent holder (Bayer) agreed to pay the alleged infringer to settle the lawsuit, and in exchange, the

alleged infringer agreed not to enter the market.7 Under the terms of the settlement agreement, Bayer

agreed to (1) pay $49.1 million immediately; (2) make quarterly payments of between $12.5 and

$17.125 million for the duration of the patent except for the last six months prior to the patent’s

expiration;8 and (3) provide the generic manufacturers a guaranteed license to sell brand-name Cipro

at a reduced rate for six months prior to the patent’s expiration. In exchange, Barr conceded the

patent’s validity and agreed not to market a generic version of Cipro prior to the patent’s expiration.9

       Plaintiffs’ Antitrust Lawsuit

       In 2000, direct and indirect purchasers of Cipro filed over thirty antitrust lawsuits against

Bayer under federal and state law. These cases were consolidated by the Multi-District Litigation

Panel in the Eastern District of New York. See In re Ciprofloxacin Hydrocholoride Antitrust Litig.,

       7
        To be more precise, the parties executed separate settlement agreements between: (1) Bayer
and Barr, and (2) Bayer and HMR/Rugby, which was subsequently acquired by Watson. Bayer, Barr,
and HMR also executed a supply agreement.
       8
         As an alternative to quarterly payments, the settlement gave Bayer the right to either provide
Barr with a license to sell Bayer-manufactured Cipro at a royalty rate of 70% of Bayer’s average
selling price for brand-name Cipro. Bayer elected to make quarterly payments instead. Settlement
payments ultimately totaled $398.1 million.
       9
         Barr reserved its right to reinstate its ANDA-IV if Bayer’s patent were later held to be
invalid. Four generic manufacturers – Ranbaxy, Schein, Mylan, and Carlsbad – subsequently
challenged the Cipro patent. Ranbaxy’s challenge was dismissed as moot in October 1999. Mylan’s
and Schein’s consolidated challenges were dismissed at summary judgment and this dismissal was
affirmed on appeal. Bayer AG v. Schein Pharm., Inc., 129 F. Supp. 2d 705 (D.N.J. 2001), aff’d, 301
F.3d 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2002). Carlsbad’s challenge was rejected after a nine-day bench trial. Bayer AG
v. Carlsbad Tech., Inc., No. Civ. 01-867-B (S.D. Cal. Aug. 26, 2002).

                                                   -6-
166 F. Supp. 2d 740, 745 (E.D.N.Y. 2001) (“Cipro I”). Plaintiffs allege that defendants’ settlement

exceeded the scope of Bayer’s patent rights because Bayer effectively paid its potential competitors

hundreds of millions of dollars not to challenge its patent. Plaintiffs also allege that the agreements

were unlawful because Barr was permitted to reclaim the 180-day market exclusivity period if a

subsequent challenger was successful in having the patent invalidated, and because the generic

manufacturers agreed not to file any ANDA-IV certifications for products that relate to Cipro. But

for the challenged agreements, plaintiffs assert that (1) Barr would have entered the market pending

resolution of the patent litigation; (2) Barr would have prevailed in the litigation and entered the

market; or (3) Bayer would have granted Barr a license to market a generic version of Cipro to avoid

a trial on the patent’s validity. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court granted

summary judgment for the defendants. In re Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Antitrust Litig., 363 F.

Supp. 2d 514, 548 (E.D.N.Y. 2005) (“Cipro III”). The court stated:

       The ultimate question – and this is the crux of the matter – is not whether Bayer and
       Barr had the power to adversely affect competition for ciprofloxacin as a whole, but
       whether any adverse effects on competition stemming from the Agreements were
       outside the exclusionary zone of the ‘444 Patent. It goes without saying that patents
       have adverse effects on competition. However, any adverse effects within the scope of
       a patent cannot be redressed by antitrust law.

Id. at 523-24 (citations omitted). In eschewing a “post hoc determination of the potential validity of

the underlying patent,” the court reasoned that “such an approach would undermine the presumption

of validity of patents in all cases, as it could not logically be limited to drug patents, and would work

a revolution in patent law.” Id. at 529.

       The district court also found that the agreements did not allow Barr to manipulate the

                                                   -7-
exclusivity period to obstruct subsequent challengers of the patent. Id. at 540-41; see also Cipro II,

261 F. Supp. 2d at 243-47. The court summarized as follows:

       [I]n the absence of any evidence that the Agreements created a bottleneck on
       challenges to the ‘444 Patent, or that they otherwise restrained competition beyond the
       scope of the claims of the ‘444 Patent, the Agreements have not had any
       anti-competitive effects on the market for ciprofloxacin beyond that which are
       permitted under the ‘444 Patent. The fact that Bayer paid what in absolute numbers is
       a handsome sum to Barr to settle its lawsuit does not necessarily reflect a lack of
       confidence in the ‘444 Patent, but rather the economic realities of what was at risk.
       There is simply no precedent for plaintiffs’ argument that the parties to a settlement
       are required to preserve the public's interest in lower prices. Such a rule would only
       result in parties being less likely to reach settlements, aside from undermining
       well-settled principles of patent law. Finally, to even attempt to quantify the public’s
       interest in a patent settlement between private parties would require devaluing patents
       across the board, a result that would contravene the presumption of validity afforded
       by Congress and impact the very way patent licenses are handled in countless daily
       transactions.

Cipro III , 363 F. Supp. 2d at 540-41.

       Plaintiffs timely appealed. This Court retained jurisdiction over the direct purchaser

plaintiffs’ appeals, but transferred the indirect purchaser plaintiffs’ appeal to the Federal Circuit.10

                                              DISCUSSION

       We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, construing evidence in the

manner most favorable to the nonmoving party. Horvath v. Westport Library Ass’n, 362 F.3d 147,

       10
          The indirect purchaser plaintiffs amended their complaint to add state-law, Walker Process
antitrust claims, so-called based on the Supreme Court’s decision in Walker Process Equip., Inc. v.
Food Mach. & Chem. Corp., which recognized an antitrust claim when patents are obtained by fraud.
382 U.S. 172, 177 (1965). Because the Walker Process claims are preempted by patent law, see
Cipro III, 363 F. Supp. 2d at 543-44, we transferred the indirect purchaser plaintiffs’ appeal to the
Federal Circuit, while retaining jurisdiction over the direct purchaser plaintiffs’ appeals. The Federal
Circuit ultimately affirmed the district court on the indirect purchaser plaintiffs’ claims, agreeing with
the district court’s conclusion that the settlement did not restrain competition beyond the exclusionary
zone of the Cipro patent. 544 F.3d 1323, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

                                                    -8-
151 (2d Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). Summary judgment is appropriate only where “there is no

genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).

1.     Section 1 of the Sherman Act

       The Sherman Act provides that “[e]very contract, combination in the form of trust or

otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign

nations, is declared to be illegal.” 15 U.S.C. § 1. Although by its terms, the Act prohibits “every”

restraint of trade, the Supreme Court “has long recognized that Congress intended to outlaw only

unreasonable restraints.” State Oil Co. v. Khan, 522 U.S. 3, 10 (1997). Agreements that have a

“predictable and pernicious anticompetitive effect, and . . . limited potential for procompetitive

benefit” are deemed per se unlawful. Id. Most conduct, however, is subject to so-called “rule of

reason” analysis. See Texaco Inc. v. Dagher, 547 U.S. 1, 5 (2006).

       Rule of reason analysis proceeds in three steps. First, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of

showing that the defendant’s conduct “had an actual adverse effect on competition as a whole in the

relevant market.” Capital Imaging Assocs., P.C. v. Mohawk Valley Med. Assocs., Inc., 996 F.2d 537,

543 (2d Cir. 1993) (emphasis in original). If plaintiff satisfies this burden, the burden then shifts to

defendant to offer evidence that its conduct had pro-competitive effects. Id. If defendant is able to

offer such proof, the burden shifts back to plaintiff, who must prove that any legitimate competitive

effects could have been achieved through less restrictive alternatives. Id.

2.     Reverse Exclusionary Payment Settlements, Antitrust Law, and Tamoxifen

       Plaintiffs argue that when Bayer paid Barr to withdraw its challenge to the Cipro patent,

defendants effectively entered into a market-sharing agreement in restraint of trade. Patent

                                                   -9-
settlements, like all private contracts, are subject to antitrust scrutiny. Cf. Standard Oil Co. v. United

States, 283 U.S. 163, 169 (1931) (“The limited monopolies granted to patent owners do not exempt

them from the prohibitions of the Sherman Act . . . .”); see also B. Braun Med., Inc. v. Abbott Labs.,

124 F.3d 1419, 1426-27 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (the Sherman Act prevents patentees from obtaining a

greater monopoly than was inherent in the relevant patent grant). Thus, like ordinary contracts, patent

settlements cannot take the form of “market-sharing agreements.” See Palmer v. BRG of Georgia,

Inc., 498 U.S. 46, 49 (1990) (per curiam) (market-sharing agreement is unlawful on its face); United

States v. Sealy, Inc., 388 U.S. 350, 357-58 (1967) (same); see also 12 Herbert Hovenkamp, Antitrust

Law ¶ 2030b, at 213 (2d ed. 2005) (“[T]he law does not condone the purchase of protection from

uncertain competition any more than it condones the elimination of actual competition”).

       The question, therefore, is whether patent settlements in which the generic firm agrees to

delay entry into the market in exchange for payment fall within the scope of the patent holder’s

property rights, or whether such settlements are properly characterized as illegal market-sharing

agreements. Authorities are divided on this question. The Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), the

U.S. antitrust enforcement agency charged with supervising the pharmaceutical industry, has long

insisted that reverse exclusionary payment settlements violate antitrust law and has challenged

numerous agreements as unreasonable restraints of trade.11 Although it initially took a different view,

       11
           E.g. Anticompetitive Patent Settlements in the Pharmaceutical Industry: The Benefits of a
Legislative Solution: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 110th Cong. (2007) (statement
of Jon Leibowitz, FTC Commissioner), available at http://
www.ftc.gov/speeches/leibowitz/070117anticompetitivepatentsettlements_ senate.pdf (criticizing the
“extremely lenient view” taken by some toward reverse exclusionary agreements and alleging that
reverse exclusionary agreements result in massive wealth transfers from consumers to pioneer drug
producers); see also Concurring Statement of Commissioner Jon Leibowitz, FTC v. Watson
Pharmaceuticals et. al. (Feb. 2, 2009), available at
http://ftc.gov/speeches/leibowitz/090202watsonpharm.pdf.

                                                   -10-
the United States has since maintained that reverse exclusionary payment settlements may violate

antitrust laws. See Brief for the United States as Amicus at 12, Joblove v. Barr Labs., Inc., No.

06-830, 2007 WL 1511527 (U.S. May 23, 2007). Many academic commentators share the United

States’s view.12

       Most courts, by contrast, including this Court, Joblove v. Barr Labs. Inc, (In re Tamoxifen

Citrate Antitrust Litig.), 466 F.3d 187, 216 (2d Cir. 2005) (“Tamoxifen”), have held that the right to

enter into reverse exclusionary payment agreements fall within the terms of the exclusionary grant

conferred by the branded manufacturer’s patent. See In re Ciprofloxacin Antitrust Litig., 544 F.3d at

1333; Schering-Plough Corp. v. FTC, 402 F.3d 1056, 1076 (11th Cir. 2005). But see La. Wholesale

Drug Co. v. Hoechst Marion Roussel, Inc. (In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litig.), 332 F.3d 896, 908

(6th Cir. 2003) (holding such agreements to be per se illegal); In re Terazosin Hydrochloride Antitrust

Litig., 352 F. Supp. 2d 1279 (S.D. Fla. 2005) (same).

       Particularly relevant here is this Court’s decision in Tamoxifen. The plaintiffs in Tamoxifen

challenged a reverse exclusionary payment settlement between Zeneca and Barr that the parties

entered into after a district court had declared Zeneca’s patent invalid. 466 F.3d at 193. At the

12(b)(6) stage, Tamoxifen rejected as speculative plaintiffs’ allegation that Barr would have

       12
           See, e.g., C. Scott Hemphill, Paying for Delay, 81 N.Y.U. L. Rev. at 1561-62 (2006)
(arguing that a settlement should be accorded a presumption of illegality if the settlement both
restricts the generic firm's ability to market a competing drug and includes compensation from the
innovator to the generic firm); Herbert Hovenkamp, Mark Janis, & Mark A. Lemley,
Anticompetitive Settlement of Intellectual Property Disputes, 87 Minn. L. Rev. 1719, 1759-60 (2003)
(proposing that a defendant would overcome the presumptive unlawfulness of a reverse payment
settlement by “showing both (1) that the ex ante likelihood of prevailing in its infringement lawsuit is
significant, and (2) the size of the payment is no more than the expected value of litigation and
collateral costs attending the lawsuit”). But see Alan Devlin, The Stochastic Relationship Between
Patents and Antitrust, 5 J. Competition L. & Econ. 75, 108 (2009) (“uncritical application of standard
principles of competition law to information markets may be myopic.”).

                                                  -11-
prevailed on appeal but for the settlement agreement. Id. at 203-04. Assuming the truth of plaintiffs’

allegation that the exclusion payments exceeded the profits Barr would have obtained upon entering

the market as a generic competitor, the Tamoxifen court determined that the plaintiffs had no antitrust

claim because a patent holder is entitled to protect its “lawful monopoly over the manufacture and

distribution of the patented product.” Id. at 205, 208-09.

       Notably, Tamoxifen expressly adopted aspects of the lower court’s summary judgment

decision in this case, holding:

       Unless and until the patent is shown to have been procured by fraud, or a suit for its
       enforcement is shown to be objectively baseless, there is no injury to the market
       cognizable under existing antitrust law, as long as competition is restrained only
       within the scope of the patent.

Id. at 213 (citing Cipro III, 363 F. Supp. 2d at 535). The Tamoxifen court ruled that the settlement

agreement did not exceed the scope of the patent where (1) there was no restriction on marketing non-

infringing products; (2) a generic version of the branded drug would necessarily infringe the branded

firm’s patent; and (3) the agreement did not bar other generic manufacturers from challenging the

patent. Id. at 213-15; cf. Cipro III, 363 F. Supp. 2d at 540-41; Cipro II, 261 F. Supp. 2d at 241-47.

       Since Tamoxifen rejected antitrust challenges to reverse payments as a matter of law, we are

bound to review the Cipro court’s rulings under the standard adopted in Tamoxifen. See 466 F.3d at

208-12. We therefore proceed to evaluate plaintiffs’ claims under Tamoxifen.13 Plaintiffs do not

argue that the patent infringement lawsuit was a sham or that the Cipro patent was procured by fraud.

Thus, the only reasonable basis for distinguishing Tamoxifen would be if plaintiffs demonstrated that

       13
            Our jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ claims is also established by Tamoxifen. See 466 F.3d at
199-200.

                                                    -12-
the settlement agreement here, unlike in Tamoxifen, exceeded the scope of the Cipro patent.

Plaintiffs cannot establish this because a generic version of Cipro would necessarily infringe Bayer’s

patent. Tamoxifen explained that unlike “formulation patents,” which cover only specific

formulations or delivery methods for a compound, a “compound patent” “by its nature, excludes all

generic versions of the drug.” 466 F.3d at 214. Bayer’s Cipro patent is a compound patent. Id.

Thus, Barr’s agreement to refrain from manufacturing generic Cipro encompasses only conduct that

would infringe Bayer’s patent rights.

       Plaintiffs also claim that the challenged agreements contained ancillary restraints outside the

scope of the patent: (1) Barr was permitted under the agreements to manipulate its rights to the 180-

day market exclusivity period; and (2) Barr and HMR agreed to refrain from filing future ANDA-IV

certifications related to Cipro.14 Tamoxifen recognized that a plaintiff can have antitrust claims

where a Hatch-Waxman settlement allows the generic manufacturer to manipulate the 180-day

exclusivity period in a manner that bars subsequent challenges to the patent or precludes the generic

manufacturer from marketing non-infringing products unrelated to the patent. See Tamoxifen, 466

F.3d at 213-19; see also Cardizem CD, 332 F.3d at 907-09. In this case, however, plaintiffs have not

shown that the settlement agreements allowed manipulation of the exclusivity period or prohibited the

marketing of non-infringing products.

       Plaintiffs contend that Barr’s insistence on its right to reclaim the 180-day exclusivity period

caused other generic manufacturers to delay subsequent challenges. Specifically, they maintain that

Mylan delayed its challenge because it perceived Barr’s continued assertion of a right to the 180-day

       14
          Plaintiffs argued below that the agreements were unlawful because Barr and HMR conceded
the validity of several additional patents related to Cipro. See Cipro II, 261 F. Supp. 2d at 254.
Plaintiffs do not press this argument on appeal.

                                                  -13-
exclusivity as an obstruction to their entry into the market. This argument is unpersuasive. Although

the settlement agreement allows Barr to reinstate its ANDA-IV if a subsequent patent challenge were

successful, a reinstated ANDA-IV certification would not have entitled Barr to the 180-day

exclusivity period based on the law in effect at the time of settlement.15 Thus, the district court

properly determined that Barr forfeited its challenge to the patent and thus any right to 180-day

exclusivity, and that other generic manufacturers were able to subsequently challenge the Cipro

patent. See Cipro II, 261 F. Supp.2d at 243;16 cf. Tamoxifen, 466 F.3d at 218-19 (rejecting a claim

that Barr manipulated the 180-day exclusivity period based on similar analysis).

       Finally, plaintiffs argue that Barr and HMR unlawfully agreed to refrain from filing ANDA-

       15
          When Bayer and Barr entered the settlement in January 1997, an ANDA filer’s right to 180-
day exclusivity was contingent on their “successful defense” of a patent infringement suit. See 21
C.F.R. § 314.107(c)(1). Since Barr did not successfully defend the lawsuit by entering a settlement,
the court found it had no claim to the exclusivity period. Cipro II, 261 F. Supp. 2d at 243, 247. After
courts rejected the FDA’s “successful defense” requirement, see, e.g., Mova Pharm. Corp. v. Shalala,
140 F.3d 1060 (D.C. Cir. 1998), the FDA permanently removed it. See Effective Date and Approval
of an Abbreviated New Drug Application, 63 Fed. Reg. 59710, 57911 (Nov. 5, 1998). But this
occurred after the agreements in this case were executed. Plaintiffs argue that the questionable
validity of the regulation suggests that Barr tried to exploit it in order to keep other manufacturers
from the market, but Tamoxifen specifically rejected this argument. 466 F.3d at 218-19. Plaintiffs
assert that the Tamoxifen panel did not consider a district court case that found an earlier FDA
exclusivity requirement contrary to the Hatch-Waxman statute. See Inwood Labs., Inc. v. Young, 723
F. Supp. 1523 (D.D.C. 1989), vacated as moot, 43 F.3d 712 (D.C. Cir. 1989). However, this
argument is unavailing because the FDA promulgated the “successful defense” requirement in effect
at the time of the agreements here after the Inwood Labs decision. See Abbreviated New Drug
Application Regulations; Patent and Exclusivity Provision, 59 Fed. Reg. 50338 (Oct. 3, 1994). The
established law at the time of the agreement precluded Barr from retaining a right to exclusivity.
       16
          Plaintiffs contend that the district court erred in Cipro III when it admitted that, based on its
ruling in Cipro II, it need not consider this claim “anew.” See 363 F. Supp. 2d at 540 (citing Cipro II,
261 F. Supp. 2d at 243-47). Cipro II considered the claim in the context of plaintiffs’ motion for
partial summary judgment. When addressing defendants’ motion for summary judgment in Cipro III,
the district court was required to view the evidence in plaintiffs’ favor. Because the district court’s
analysis is consistent with Tamoxifen, which was decided at the 12(b)(6) stage, the district court did
not err by incorporating its analysis from Cipro II.

                                                   -14-
IVs even after the Cipro patent expired. The agreement states that Barr and HMR are “not to . . . file

any [ANDA] relating to Cipro with . . . a certification made pursuant to Paragraph IV of the Act.”

The district court reasonably interpreted the agreement to mean that Barr and HMR would not file any

ANDA-IV certifications challenging the validity of the Cipro patent. See Cipro II, 261 F. Supp. 2d at

253. This reading was consistent with Barr’s concession of validity and with the fact that there could

not be an ANDA-IV certification for a non-infringing version of the drug since Bayer had a

compound patent.

        Plaintiffs contend that Tamoxifen is distinguishable because, by relying on the district court’s

Cipro III decision, Tamoxifen adopted an erroneous view of the facts of this case i.e.22, Tamoxifen

was based on an erroneous view of the facts of Cipro. This argument is not persuasive. Tamoxifen

relied on Cipro III not for its facts, but rather for its legal and policy analysis. The Tamoxifen

majority urged against addressing the probability that a patent was invalid and deferred to a patent

holder’s desire to settle patent challenges, concluding that a patent holder could reasonably decide to

pay money, even more than a generic manufacturer would make on the market, to guarantee

protection of its patent. See Tamoxifen, 466 F.3d at 210 (“[A] rule [limiting the amount of exclusion

payments] would . . . fail to give sufficient consideration to the patent holder’s incentive to settle . . .

.”).

        Plaintiffs and amici also argue that Tamoxifen runs afoul of the purpose of the Hatch-

Waxman Act. The purpose of the Hatch-Waxman Act, 21 U.S.C. § 355, was “to make available

more low cost generic drugs.” H.R. Rep. No. 98-857, pt. 1, at 14 (1984), reprinted in 1984

U.S.C.C.A.N. 2647, 2647. The Act sought to accomplish this objective by providing an incentive

through the ANDA-IV certification procedure for generic manufacturers to challenge presumptively

                                                    -15-
valid patents, which, if successful, would result in exclusivity for the first successful challenger and

the entry of generic drugs into the market. The market entry of generic drugs arising from successful

Hatch-Waxman challenges can result in significant savings to consumers. See Brief for AARP as

Amicus at 8-9 (discussing generic manufacturers’ challenges to the Prozac patent and Paxil patent

where generic entry resulted in $2.5 and $2 billion in consumer savings, respectively).17

       These policy arguments cannot be addressed here. As defendants note, this panel is bound by

Tamoxifen “absent a change in law by higher authority or by way of an in banc proceeding.” United

States v. Snow, 462 F.3d 55, 65 n.11 (2d Cir. 2006). However, there are several reasons why this

case might be appropriate for reexamination by our full Court.

       First, the United States has itself urged us to repudiate Tamoxifen, arguing that Tamoxifen

adopted an improper standard that fails to subject reverse exclusionary payment settlements to

appropriate antitrust scrutiny. Brief for the United States as Amicus at 6, 14-15;18 see also Brief for

the United States as Amicus in Joblove v. Barr Labs., Inc., No. 06-830, 2007 WL 1511527, at *1

(U.S. May 23, 2007) (describing the Tamoxifen standard as “incorrect”). In the pending case, the

United States argues:

       This Court’s Tamoxifen standard inappropriately permits patent holders to contract their way
       out of the statutorily imposed risk that patent litigation could lead to invalidation of the patent
       while claiming antitrust immunity for that private contract. . . . [T]his standard effectively bars
       considering whether the agreement might violate the antitrust laws, and so offers no protection

       17
         One study found that generic manufacturers prevailed in 73% of the Hatch-Waxman
lawsuits that were tried to verdict. See Brief for American Antitrust Institute (“AAI”) as Amicus at 3
(citing Generic Drug Entry Prior to Patent Expiration, at vii (2002), available at
http://www.ftc.gov/os/2002/07/genericdrugstudy.pdf).
       18
         The Department of Justice provided a brief at the request of the panel. Though the United
States argues that our Tamoxifen decision was wrongly decided, it “takes no position on the ultimate
merits of this appeal.” Brief for the United States as Amicus at 9.

                                                   -16-
       to the public interest in eliminating undeserved patents.

Brief for the United States as Amicus at 14-15.19 While acknowledging that patent-holders are

entitled to settle disputes over the validity of their patent, the United States proposes that excessive

reverse payment settlements be deemed presumptively unlawful unless a patent-holder can show that

settlement payments do not greatly exceed anticipated litigation costs. Id. at 27-32.

       Second, there is evidence that the practice of entering into reverse exclusionary payment

settlements has increased since we decided Tamoxifen. Prior to our Tamoxifen decision, there were

fourteen settlements of Hatch-Waxman lawsuits, none of which involved reverse payments to a

generic manufacturer. Brief for American Antitrust Institute as Amicus at 3 (citing Fed. Trade

Comm’n, Generic Drug Entry: Prior to Patent Expiration 31-32, 34 (July 2002), available at

http://www.ftc.gov/os/2002/07/genericdrugstudy.pdf). After Tamoxifen, however, plaintiffs

represent that twenty of twenty-seven Hatch-Waxman settlements have involved reverse payments.

       Third, after Tamoxifen was decided, a principal drafter of the Hatch-Waxman Act criticized

the settlement practice at issue here. See 148 Cong. Rec. S7565 (July 30, 2002) (remarks of Sen.

Hatch) (“As coauthor of the [Hatch-Waxman Act], I can tell you that I find these type[s] of reverse

payment collusive arrangements appalling”); see also 146 Cong. Rec. E1538-02 (Sept 20, 2000)

(remarks of Rep. Waxman) (“[R]equir[ing] companies seeking to reach secret, anticompetitive

       19
         Amici similarly argue that the Tamoxifen court’s permissive approach to reverse payments
offers protection to patent holders beyond that envisioned by patent law, is inconsistent with the
principle that antitrust cases be decided “based upon demonstrable economic effect rather than . . .
formalistic line drawing,” Brief for AAI as Amicus at 5, (quoting Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE
Sylvania, Inc., 433 U.S. 36 (1977)), and did not give sufficient consideration to the public interest in
“authoritative testing of patent validity.” Brief for Nat’l Assoc. of Chain Drug Stores, Inc. as Amicus
at 20 (quoting Blonder-Tongue Labs., Inc. v. Univ. of Ill. Found., 402 U.S. 313, 343 (1971)).

                                                   -17-
agreements to disclose them to the FTC . . . . [would] ensure that existing antitrust and drug approval

laws are enforced to the letter.”).20

        Fourth and finally, Tamoxifen relied on an unambiguous mischaracterization of the Hatch-

Waxman Act. Tamoxifen was based in no small part on the panel majority’s belief that reverse

exclusionary settlements “open[] the [relevant] patent to immediate challenge by other potential

generic manufacturers . . . spurred by the additional incentive . . . of potentially securing the 180-day

exclusivity period available upon a victory in a subsequent infringement lawsuit.” 466 F.3d at 214.

The panel majority’s claim that the statutory exclusivity period cedes to the first ANDA filer to

successfully defend was erroneous. See C. Scott Hemphill, Paying for Delay: Pharmaceutical Patent

Settlement As a Regulatory Design Problem, 81 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1553, 1583-86 (2006). Contrary to

our suggestion in Tamoxifen, later ANDA-IV filers are not eligible for the 180-day exclusivity

period. Id. at 1584; cf. 21 C.F.R. § 314.107(c)(1)-(2) (only first-filer eligible for exclusivity period);

180-Day Generic Drug Exclusivity for Abbreviated New Drug Applications, 64 Fed. Reg. 42,873,

42,874 (Aug. 6, 1999) (revisiting and re-endorsing FDA interpretation of exclusivity provisions); 21

U.S.C. § 355(j)(5)(D)(iii) (codifying FDA interpretation).

        In addition, unlike Tamoxifen, which was decided at the 12(b)(6) stage, this case involves a

summary judgment decision based on a full record. This case could provide our full Court with an

opportunity to revisit the issues in play in Tamoxifen and to analyze the competing interests that

        20
         We are not insensitive to “the oft-repeated warning that the views of a subsequent Congress
form a hazardous basis for inferring the intent of an earlier one.” Consumer Prod. Safety Comm’n v.
GTE Sylvania, Inc., 447 U.S. 102, 117 (1980) (quotation marks omitted). However, remarks by an
Act’s author do not trigger the typical concern about post-enactment legislative history, namely that
“the losers in the legislative arena hope to persuade the courts to give them the victory after all.”
Richard A. Posner, How Judges Think 344 (2008).

                                                   -18-
underlie antitrust challenges to reverse payment settlements in light of the full record and the

arguments of the parties and amici, including the United States, that have been raised in this appeal.

We therefore invite plaintiffs-appellants to petition for in banc rehearing.

                                            CONCLUSION

       In sum, as long as Tamoxifen is controlling law, plaintiffs’ claims cannot survive.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. However, we believe there are

compelling reasons to revisit Tamoxifen with the benefit of the full Court’s consideration of the

difficult questions at issue and the important interests at stake. We therefore invite the plaintiffs-

appellants to petition for rehearing in banc.

                                                   -19-