Court Opinion

ID: 2982356
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 20:14:28.621513+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:46:57.475487
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 14a0420n.06

                                       Case No. 13-1574

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

NEILEIGH REGETS,                                      )
                                                      )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                           )
                                                      )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                                    )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                      )        COURT FOR THE EASTERN
CITY OF PLYMOUTH, et al.,                             )        DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                      )
       Defendants-Appellees.                          )
                                                      )
                                                      )                            OPINION

BEFORE: BATCHELDER, Chief Judge, McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge, and OLIVER,
District Judge.

       McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Neileigh Regets sued on behalf of herself and the estate

of her deceased husband, Thomas Steiner, asserting claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the

City of Plymouth (the “City”) and three of its police officers (“Defendants”). Regets alleges that

the officers violated her and Steiner’s constitutional rights by conducting an unreasonable search

and seizure after the police received a tip from Christopher Kish (“Kish”), Regets’s former

boyfriend, that she planned to assist Steiner in committing suicide. The district court granted


 The Honorable Solomon Oliver, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the Northern
District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

summary judgment to the Defendants, finding that the officers and municipality were entitled to

qualified immunity. We AFFIRM.

                                               I.

       Neileigh Regets (“Regets”) met decedent Thomas Steiner (“Steiner”) in 2002; they

married in 2006. At the time of their marriage, Regets was twenty-six years old and Steiner was

sixty-two. Regets has a daughter and a son from two prior relationships. In 2009, Regets and her

children lived in a house in Plymouth, Michigan. Steiner lived at an Extended Stay hotel in

Canton, Michigan because he had health problems that caused emotional outbursts and short-

term memory loss.

       Steiner took medication for problems with bi-polar disorder, Alzheimer’s, blood pressure,

and depression. A mail-order prescription service delivered Steiner’s medications to Regets’s

house, and she would take all the medication to him. Regets would visit Steiner at the hotel

almost every day. Shortly after the beginning of 2009, Regets stopped preparing Steiner’s pills

for him and let Steiner take his own medication. When Steiner’s doctors would change his

prescriptions, Regets would keep the remaining medication at her house in case the doctors re-

prescribed the same medications.

       During the first six months of 2009, Steiner talked about being unhappy and about how it

was hard to keep going on, which Regets understood to refer to suicide. Steiner told Regets he

was frustrated because simple tasks took him longer to accomplish than before. Regets hesitated

to take Steiner large amounts of pills, and she checked his medication on almost a daily basis to

ensure he was taking proper amounts.

                                               -2-
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

   A. Kish’s Tip

       Christopher Kish (“Kish”) is the father of Regets’s son. Near the end of 2004, Kish

attempted to strangle Regets, which led to Regets’s filing a police report in Livonia, Michigan.

Kish was not regularly involved in his son’s life. In June 2009, Kish visited Regets and told her

that he wanted to be a father to his son. Kish would come to Regets’s house and play with his

son, and he also babysat Regets’s children while Regets and Steiner went out to dinner.

       Regets testified that at some point in June of 2009, Kish asked Regets for money and she

refused to give him any. Kish told Regets that she was “screwed.” Regets testified that, although

she understood that statement to mean that her life was in danger, she did not report the incident

to any authorities. Prior to June 19, 2009, Regets had not reported any problems with Kish to the

Plymouth Police Department.

       On June 18, 2009, Kish went to the Plymouth Police Department to provide a statement.

Kish initially spoke with Officer Matt Stoops. Officer Stoops then asked then-Lieutenant Al Cox

to join the conversation with Kish. Officer Cox recognized Regets’s name because there had

been a series of issues between Regets and her neighbors.

       Kish told the officers that he had a son with Regets and that he had just recently returned

to Michigan. Kish told the officers that on several occasions while he was visiting his son since

returning to Michigan, Regets had stated that she was going to help Steiner commit suicide. The

officers asked Kish to write out a written statement. Kish’s written statement, signed under

penalty of perjury, states:

       This statement is about Neileigh Regets and the attempt to help Tom Steiner
       commit suicide. I arrived in town on June 12th. Upon visiting my son, Neileigh
       has had many talks about helping Tom commit suicide. Neileigh told me that she
       is going to help Tom commit suicide before his life insurance policy ends. She
       also stated that she is going to give him pills that have been delivered to her house

                                               -3-
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

       on Arthur Street. When the pills arrived at her house, she looked up at me and
       said “these are the pills” then her daughter Kaylee said “those are the pills” like
       she knew what was happening. Tom and Neileigh also discussed waiting to
       commit suicide after Father’s Day. They also discussed when Neileigh was to call
       if he didn’t answer the phone then that was the sign to come to the hotel and find
       him. Tom also stated that he wanted to give one of his sons a Rolex. She told me
       she wanted to keep it for money it was worth 19,000 and she already found
       someone to buy the watch for $9,000.

       Note – the bag with the pills is a small grayish white bag. Was last seen in office
       on floor on left side of desk.

R. 52-7, Cox Stmt. at 2–3, PageID # 753–54. Kish also provided the officers with a handwritten

diagram of Regets’s house and the location of the pills.

       Officer Cox discussed the situation with then-Chief Wayne Carroll. Chief Carroll

instructed Officer Cox to contact the Wayne County Prosecutor’s Office. Chief Carroll testified

that he was aware that Kish had a prior relationship with Regets.

       After Kish left the police station, Officer Cox called the Wayne County Prosecutor’s

Office and spoke with Assistant Prosecutor Barb Smith, who referred him to Bob Stevens

(“Stevens”) of the homicide unit. After learning what Kish had told the officers, Stevens stated

that he wanted to speak with Kish himself. The following day, Officer Cox picked up Kish and

took him to the Wayne County Prosecutor’s Office. Stevens put Kish under oath and then

questioned Kish about his statement. Kish told Stevens the same story as he had told Officer Cox

the day before. According to Officer Cox, following the meeting with Kish, Stevens told Cox

that the officers needed to take Regets into custody and to get a search warrant for her house,

which Cox understood meant there was probable cause to take Regets into custody. Stevens

denies telling anyone to take Regets (or anyone else) into custody, but agrees that he determined

that there was probable cause to support search warrants for Regets’s house and Steiner’s hotel

                                               -4-
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

room. In any event, Officer Cox sought search warrants for both places, and on June 19, 2009,

two search warrants were issued and signed by Judge Plakas.

    B. Search of Regets’s Home and Her Arrest

          On June 19, 2009, Chief Carroll, Officer Cox, and Officer Grabowski went to Regets’s

house to execute the search warrant. Regets was outside of the residence when they arrived.

Officer Cox informed Regets that she was being arrested for attempting to assist Thomas Steiner

commit suicide in violation of Michigan law. Regets denied the allegation and was placed under

arrest, handcuffed, and taken into custody. Regets’s children were present at the time of her

arrest.

          Following Regets’s arrest, the police officers conducted a search of her home and

confiscated 25 prescription bottles from the house, a sandwich bag with suspected marijuana,

and drug paraphernalia.

    C. Search of Steiner’s Hotel Room

          Several Plymouth police officers then conducted a search of Steiner’s room at the

Extended Stay America hotel and confiscated certain medications. When they entered the hotel

room, they found it dark and empty. Steiner was not there. Upon entering the hotel room, Officer

Grabowski saw a number of prescription bottles lined up on a table and, based on the way the

bottles were lined up, he concluded those bottles contained daily medications. Officer Grabowski

decided not to confiscate the bottles on the table and to leave them behind for Steiner. However,

Officer Grabowski did not know how long the pills in the bottles would last. Officer Grabowski

decided to confiscate two sealed grayish-white mailing packages from the hotel room, which

sounded like they contained pills. The officers did not open the sealed packages.

                                               -5-
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

       Officer Grabowski gave Officer Cox Steiner’s telephone number and Officer Cox called

Steiner after the officers finished their search. Steiner told Officer Cox that the medications they

had taken from his hotel room were for his bipolar condition, memory loss, his heart, and his

cholesterol. Steiner advised Officer Cox that the medications were strong and that if he were to

take an overdose of them, he believed he would die. Steiner told Officer Cox that while he talked

about suicide he denied that Regets had ever helped him plan to commit suicide. When Officer

Cox asked Steiner how he was feeling at that time and if he had any intention of harming

himself, Steiner replied that he was feeling good and was not going to attempt suicide.

       Officer Cox asked Steiner about the packages that the officers had confiscated from his

hotel room. Steiner advised Officer Cox that Regets had delivered those packages to him a day

or two before the search and that if he had really intended to kill himself, he would have taken

the pills the day that Regets delivered them. Officer Cox asked Steiner if he had sufficient

medications without the two packages of medications that the officers had confiscated that day.

Steiner told Officer Cox that he would be fine over the weekend and into the week when he

could go to the pharmacy and get another prescription for those medications. Officer Cox

testified that he pressed Steiner on this issue and that Steiner responded again that he would be

fine without the medication that the officers had confiscated.

   D. Regets’s Release from Custody

       On June 22, 2009, Regets was released from jail. When Regets was taken into custody,

the officers took away her phone. Upon retrieving it from the police, Regets discovered that

while she was in jail, she had she received 30 phone calls from Steiner and he had left her 14

messages. After being released from custody, Regets went to the Extended Stay to make sure her

husband was all right. Regets asked the receptionist to check on Steiner in his room. After

                                               -6-
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

checking on Steiner, the receptionist initially told Regets that Steiner was sleeping. However,

Regets asked the receptionist to check again and, when she returned, she said to call 9-1-1.

Steiner was found dead at the Extended Stay hotel in Canton, Michigan, on June 22, 2009. An

expert witness retained by Regets, Dr. Werner Spitz, was prepared to testify at trial that “Mr.

Steiner died as a result of the sudden and unexpected withdrawal of [his] prescribed medications

which negatively impacted his heart. Hence, had Mr. Steiner been given his prescribed

medication outlined above in their therapeutic levels, Mr. Steiner would not have died that day

from these conditions.” R. 52-10, Aff. Dr. Spitz. at 6, PageID # 775.

    E. District Court Proceedings

       On April 21, 2011, Regets filed a Complaint, naming the City of Plymouth and the

following three officers as Defendants: 1) Chief Wayne Carroll; 2) Lieutenant Al Cox;

3) Sergeant Jamie Grabowski. In her Complaint, Regets1, individually, and as personal

representative of the Estate of Thomas Steiner (“the Estate”), raised an assortment of claims.

       On November 16, 2012, Defendants moved for summary judgment on Regets’s claims

pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). On April 8, 2013, the district court concluded that the

individual defendants were entitled to qualified immunity on all of Regets’s § 1983 claims and to

summary judgment on the state law claims; and that the City was entitled to summary judgment

on all of the claims against it because Regets had failed to establish any basis for municipal

liability on any of those claims.

1
 Regets asserted claims as the Representative of the Estate of Thomas Steiner and Individually.
We have identified those claims on the basis of which capacity Regets is stating the claim.
                                               -7-
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

                                                II.

      A. Standard of Review

         This court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Gecewicz v.

Henry Ford Macomb Hosp. Corp., 683 F.3d 316, 321 (6th Cir. 2012). Summary judgment is

proper when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). When reviewing a grant

of summary judgment, we must view the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of

the non-moving party. See Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587

(1986). Defendant bears the burden of showing the absence of a genuine dispute of material fact

as to at least one essential element of Plaintiff’s claims. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,

323 (1986).

         The court determines whether sufficient evidence has been presented to make the issue of

fact a proper jury question, but does not weigh the evidence, judge the credibility of witnesses, or

determine the truth of the matter. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986). The

court must decide “whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission

to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Id. at 250–

51.

      B. Overview of 42 U.S.C. § 1983

         “Section 1983 provides a cause of action against any person who, under color of state

law, deprives an individual of any right, privilege, or immunity secured by the Constitution and

federal law.” McNight v. Rees, 88 F.3d 417, 419 (6th Cir. 1996). Section 1983 claims are subject

to the affirmative defense of qualified immunity which, if applicable, shields individuals not just

against liability but against the suit itself. The doctrine of qualified immunity “shields

                                               -8-
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

‘government officials performing discretionary functions . . . from liability for civil damages

insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of

which a reasonable person would have known.’” Barker v. Goodrich, 649 F.3d 428, 433 (6th Cir.

2011) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). When a court evaluates the

defense of qualified immunity on a motion for summary judgment the court “‘adopt[s] . . . the

plaintiff’s version of the facts.’” Parsons v. City of Pontiac, 533 F.3d 492, 500 (6th Cir. 2008)

(quoting Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007)). The burden rests on the plaintiff, however,

to show that the defendant is not entitled to immunity. Reilly v. Vadlamudi, 680 F.3d 617, 623

(6th Cir. 2012). A defendant is entitled to qualified immunity on summary judgment unless the

facts, when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, would permit a reasonable juror to

find that (1) the defendant violated a constitutional right; and (2) the right was clearly

established. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009).

       Three individual officers are defendants in this case (Officers Cox, Grabowski, and

Carroll). “Each defendant’s liability must be assessed individually based on his own actions.”

Binay v. Bettendorf, 601 F.3d 640, 650 (6th Cir. 2010). Plaintiff asserts the following claims

against the three individual defendants, each of which will be addressed in turn: 1) Violation of

Fourth Amendment—Unreasonable Search and Seizure (Neileigh Regets/Estate of Thomas

Steiner) (Count II); 2) False Arrest and False Imprisonment (Neileigh Regets/Estate of Thomas

Steiner) (Count I); 3) Civil Conspiracy (Neileigh Regets) (Count III); 4) Deliberate Indifference

to a Known Medical Condition (Count VI) (Estate of Thomas Steiner); and 5) intentional

infliction of emotional distress. The City of Plymouth’s liability for deliberate indifference will

be discussed separately.

                                               -9-
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

       1. Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure

       Regets claims that Defendants violated her and Steiner’s right to be free of unreasonable

search and seizure because they did not have probable cause to enter her home or Steiner’s hotel

room and confiscate prescription medications. “Where the alleged Fourth Amendment violation

involves a search or seizure pursuant to a warrant, the fact that a neutral magistrate has issued a

warrant is the clearest indication that the officers acted in an objectively reasonable manner.”

Messerschmidt v. Millender, 132 S. Ct. 1235, 1245 (2012). The issuance of a warrant by a

neutral magistrate does not end the inquiry; a plaintiff may maintain a lawsuit if no reasonably

competent officer could have concluded that a warrant should be issued. Id. However, the

“threshold for establishing this exception is a high one.” Id.

       In Messerschmidt, the police officers sought and obtained approval of the search warrant

from a superior officer and a deputy district attorney, both of whom approved the request for a

warrant without any reservations. The police officer then submitted it to the magistrate, who

issued the requested warrant. Id. at 1249. The Supreme Court concluded that “it cannot be said

that ‘no officer of reasonable competence would have requested the warrant.’” Id. (quoting

Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 346 n.9 (1986)). The Court noted that a “contrary conclusion

would mean not only that the [police officers] were ‘plainly incompetent,’ but that their

supervisor, the deputy district attorney, and the magistrate were as well.” Id. (internal citations

omitted).

       Regets contends that the officers are not entitled to immunity because the warrants

authorizing the searches of Regets and Steiner’s respective homes were not supported by

probable cause. We disagree. A neutral magistrate issued a warrant for the searches and a

competent officer could have concluded that a warrant should be issued.

                                               - 10 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

       Defendants followed standard protocol for obtaining a valid search warrant. Kish

provided a written statement signed under penalty of perjury. He also provided a handwritten

diagram of Regets’s house and the location of the pills. Prior to seeking a warrant, Officer Cox

consulted with multiple individuals. He discussed Kish’s statement with Chief Carroll who told

him to contact the Wayne County Prosecutor’s Office. An assistant prosecutor referred Cox to

Stevens of the homicide unit who himself put Kish under oath and questioned him about his

statement. Kish’s story was the same as the day before. Whether Stevens told Officer Cox to take

Regets into custody or merely advised that there was probable cause for obtaining search

warrants, there is no dispute that the officers did seek and obtain form Judge Plakas warrants to

search both Regets’s house and Steiner’s hotel room. Obtaining these warrants from Judge

Plakas indicates preliminarily that Defendants acted in an objectively reasonable manner.

       Furthermore, this case does not fall within the narrow exception identified in

Messerschmidt. Defendants consulted with numerous individuals prior to seeking the warrants

and reasonably relied on Stevens’s opinion that probable cause existed. As in Messerschmidt, “it

cannot be said that ‘no officer of reasonable competence would have requested the warrant’” or

that Cox, Carroll, Stevens, and Judge Plakas are “plainly incompetent.” Messerschmidt, 132 S.

Ct. at 1249. Nothing in the record supports the conclusion that the magistrate’s decision to issue

a warrant should not insulate Defendants from liability. No evidence suggests that Defendants

acted based on faulty or incomplete information.

       Regets relies heavily on her argument that Kish was not a credible informant. She asserts

that an objectively reasonable officer would have investigated Kish’s claims further before

seeking a warrant because Kish had an “ax to grind” with Regets based on their past relationship.

In her view, because she had filed a police report in 2004 in Livonia, Michigan, alleging that

                                               - 11 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

Kish had attempted to strange her, and because Kish was attempting to develop a relationship

with his child, the police should have known that Kish lacked credibility and possessed a motive

to lie and mislead.

       While Kish may have had ill motives in going to the police, the police were not

unreasonable in crediting Kish’s story. First, while Chief Carroll was aware that Kish and Regets

had a prior relationship, the officers did not know about the Livonia incident alleging the

attempted strangling or about Kish’s desire to reunite with his child. Second, their interaction

with Kish gave no reason to doubt his credibility. Kish gave Defendants a detailed account of the

alleged plan to accomplish Steiner’s suicide, along with a diagram indicating where he had

personally observed the medications. Kish repeated his allegations under oath before the Wayne

County Assistant Prosecutor, Stevens, and his testimony remained consistent. Accordingly,

Defendants had reasonable grounds to believe they would find medications at Regets’s home and

Steiner’s hotel room. Regets has failed to cite any authority that Defendants were required to

more thoroughly investigate Kish and his claims before seeking the issuance of the search

warrants. See, e.g., United States v. Kinison, 710 F.3d 678, 682 (6th Cir. 2013) (holding that a

known informant’s statement can support probable cause even though the affidavit fails to

provide any additional basis for the known informant’s credibility).

       Regets also argues that Kish’s statement alone, even if credible, was insufficient to

support probable cause for the warrants. She argues that based on United States v. Frazier,

423 F.3d 526, 532 (6th Cir. 2005), the police needed substantial independent corroboration of

Kish’s hearsay allegations. Her argument is misplaced. As the district court noted, Frazier

involved a confidential informant, whereas Kish was a known informant identified in the search

                                               - 12 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

warrant affidavit who also provided a sworn written statement. Thus, no corroboration was

necessary.

       Regets has not provided sufficient evidence to show Defendants violated her

constitutional right to be free of unreasonable search and seizure; thus, we affirm the district

court’s grant of summary judgment to Defendants on this claim.

       2. False Arrest and False Imprisonment

               a. Neileigh Regets

       Regets claims that Defendants violated her constitutional rights by arresting her without

probable cause. A false arrest claim under federal law requires a plaintiff to prove that the

arresting officer lacked probable cause to arrest the plaintiff. “Whether probable cause exists

depends on the reasonable conclusion to be drawn from the facts known to the arresting officer at

the time of the arrest.” United States v. Pearce, 531 F.3d 374, 380–81 (6th Cir. 2008) (internal

citation and quotations omitted). “Probable cause is defined as reasonable grounds for belief,

supported by less than prima facie proof but more than mere suspicion.” United States v.

McClain, 444 F.3d 556, 562 (6th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A [police

officer] is entitled to qualified immunity” on a false arrest and false imprisonment claim “if he or

she could reasonably (even if erroneously) have believed that the arrest was lawful, in light of

clearly established law and the information possessed at the time by the [police officer].”

Kennedy v. City of Vila Hills, 635 F.3d 210, 214 (6th Cir. 2011). Thus, a court should grant the

officer qualified immunity, “even if a factual dispute exists about the objective reasonableness of

the officer’s actions,” if when viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, “an

officer reasonably could have believed that the arrest was lawful.” Id. When viewing this claim,

                                               - 13 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

“state law2 defines the offense for which an officer may arrest a person, while federal law

dictates whether probable cause existed for an arrest.” Id. at 215.

         Regets sets forth the same arguments in her false arrest/false imprisonment claim as she

does in her improper search and seizure claim—namely, that there was not probable cause to

obtain her warrantless arrest. As outlined in our analysis of Regets’s search-and-seizure claim,

Defendants had probable cause to arrest Regets based on the information they possessed at the

time of her arrest. They reasonably could have believed her arrest was lawful based on Kish’s

statement.

         “Probable cause to make an arrest exists if the facts and circumstances within the

arresting officer’s knowledge were sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the

[arrestee] had committed or was committing an offense.” Arnold v. Wilder, 657 F.3d 353, 363

(6th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, if a reasonable official could have

concluded that there was a “fair probability” that Regets committed or was about to commit a

crime, Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity. See Kennedy v. City of Villa Hills, Ky, 635
F.3d 210, 214 (6th Cir. 2011); Fridley v. Horrighs, 291 F.3d 867, 872 (6th Cir. 2002).

2
    The relevant criminal statute at issue, Michigan Code Law Section 750.329a provides:

         (1)     A person who knows that an individual intends to kill himself or herself
         and does any of the following with the intent to assist the individual in killing
         himself or herself is guilty of criminal assistance to the killing of an individual, a
         felony punishable by imprisonment for not more than 5 years or a fine of not
         more than $10,000.00, or both:
         (a)     Provides the means by which the individual attempts to kill himself or
         herself or kills himself or herself.
         (b)     Participates in an act by which the individual attempts to kill himself or
         herself or kills himself or herself.
         (c)     Helps the individual plan to attempt to kill himself or herself or to kill
         himself or herself.

M.C.L. § 750.329a.

                                                 - 14 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

       Defendants assert that, based on their knowledge at the time, there was a fair probability

that Regets had committed or was about to commit criminal assistance to suicide. And their

knowledge was based, in large part, upon Kish’s sworn statement. The law was aptly

summarized recently in United States v. Watkins, No. 3:12-cr-00085, slip op. at *4 (W.D. Ky.

April 10, 2013):

       When an informant’s tip is used to establish probable cause, the Court must assess
       whether probable cause necessary to justify the arrest existed based on the
       “totality of the circumstances.” Wolfe v. Perry, 412 F.3 707, 717 (6th Cir. 2005)
       (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 230–31). Probable cause to arrest may be based solely
       on an informant’s tip “if the tip appears reliable under the totality of the
       circumstances.” United States v. Cooper, 1 F. App’x 399, 403 (6th Cir. 2001)
       (citing Gates, 462 U.S. at 230). And, “[u]nlike a tip from an anonymous
       informant, a ‘tip from a known informant who reputation can be assessed and who
       can be held responsible if [his] allegations turn out to be fabricated’ is far more
       trustworthy.” United States v. Tillman, 404 F. App’x 949, 952 (6th Cir. 2010)
       (quoting Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 270 (2000)), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 1541
       (2011).

       Kish provided Defendants with a detailed account of the alleged plan to accomplish

Steiner’s suicide. His initial statement was given both orally and in writing, and it included a

handwritten diagram indicating where he had personally seen the medications that Regets would

allegedly use to assist Steiner in committing suicide. As a cautionary step, Defendants contacted

the prosecutor’s office for assistance in evaluating the information provided to them. At the

prosecutor’s office, Kish repeated his statement under oath, and even when questioned by

Stevens, Kish did not deviate from his initial statement. Thus, Kish’s statement appeared reliable

under the “totality of the circumstances,” and Defendants’ knowledge was “sufficient to warrant

a prudent man in believing that [Regets] had committed or was committing an offense.” Arnold,
657 F.3d at 363 (internal quotation marks omitted).

       For her false arrest and false imprisonment claim, Regets relies on Radvansky v. City of

Olmsted Falls, 395 F.3d 291 (6th Cir. 2005) to support her assertion that Kish’s testimony alone

                                               - 15 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

was insufficient for probable cause. In Radvansky, the plaintiff was arrested while breaking into

his apartment after his landlord changed the locks and told the police that the plaintiff had

abandoned the property and had no privilege to re-enter. Id. at 298, 304. We held that probable

cause to arrest the plaintiff did not exist when the police relied on the landlord’s statement alone

and ignored substantial exculpatory evidence indicating the plaintiff did live in the apartment.3

Id. at 305–06.

       In contrast, as described above, Kish signed a written statement under penalty of perjury

and was questioned under oath about his statement. The officers sought advice from the

prosecutor’s office and obtained a search warrant from the magistrate judge. Kish provided the

identical story to officers twice. This case is distinguishable from Radvansky, where officers

relied solely on the landlord’s unsworn statement and ignored significant exculpatory evidence

showing that the tenant lived on the premises, including that both the tenant’s driver’s license

and social security number indicated that he lived at the address. Accordingly, Defendants are

entitled to qualified immunity on this claim because they could have reasonably believed

probable cause existed and they did not find significant exculpatory evidence at Regets’s house

or Steiner’s hotel contradicting Kish’s allegations.

                 b. Estate of Thomas Steiner

        The Estate of Thomas Steiner has also asserted a claim of false imprisonment, alleging

that the officers should have known that by seizing Steiner’s medication and access to Regets,

Steiner would be unable to care for himself and leave his hotel room to receive assistance. As the

viability of each claim must be weighed against each defendant individually, the Estate’s most

3
  Specifically, the plaintiff repeatedly claimed that he lived there, and the officers knew from his
driver’s license and social security number that his address matched the apartment’s address. Id.
at 306.
                                               - 16 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

viable claim is against Officer Grabowski who seized Steiner’s medication. Binay v. Bettendorf,

601 F.3d 640, 650 (6th Cir. 2010).

       However, as the district court properly concluded, no evidence in the record establishes

that the officers knew or should have known Steiner would be unable to care for himself without

the medication in the seized packages. Grabowski did not confiscate the medication he believed

Steiner was using on a daily basis. Officer Cox contacted Steiner and Steiner told him the

medications they had left in his room would be sufficient “for a few days.” R. 52-3, Cox. Dep. at

21, PageID # 729. Cox inquired to ensure that Steiner would have sufficient medication for the

next few days and Steiner reiterated that he would and that he could get a prescription and go to

the pharmacy if needed. Moreover, the fact that Steiner was not in his hotel room when the

officers arrived further rebuts Regets’s allegation that Defendants should have known that

Steiner was unable to leave the hotel room without Regets’s assistance. Accordingly,

Defendants, including Grabowski, had no reason to believe that the absence of certain

medication would prevent Steiner from leaving his hotel room.

       3. Civil Conspiracy

       Regets claims that Defendants conspired to obtain a search warrant, arrest her, and detain

her without probable cause. “A civil conspiracy under § 1983 is an agreement between two or

more persons to injure another by unlawful action.” Bazzi v. City of Dearborn, 658 F.3d 598,

602 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal citation and quotations omitted). To prevail on a civil conspiracy

claim, a plaintiff must prove the following elements: “(1) a single plan existed, (2) [the

defendant] shared in the general conspiratorial objective to deprive [the plaintiff] of his

constitutional (or federal statutory) rights, and (3) an overt act was committed in furtherance of

the conspiracy that caused injury to [the plaintiff].” Id. “[A] plaintiff may rely on circumstantial

                                               - 17 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

evidence to establish an agreement among the conspirators.” Hensley v. Gassman, 693 F.3d 681,

695 (6th Cir. 2012). However, mere speculation and conjecture are insufficient to establish the

existence of an agreement. Moore v. City of Paducah, 890 F.2d 831, 834 (6th Cir. 1989).

       Regets claims that, despite the district court’s holding to the contrary, she has presented

more than mere speculation and conjecture to support her conspiracy claim. But, Regets fails to

explain what evidence beyond her speculations she has presented. The basis of Regets’s

conspiracy claim is that Defendants conspired in issuing search warrants and arresting and

detaining her without probable cause. However, Regets has not presented evidence beyond mere

conjecture and speculation to satisfy even the initial element requiring proof of an unlawful

agreement among the alleged conspirators.4 Hensley, 693 F.3d at 695. Accordingly, the district

court’s grant of summary judgment to Defendants on this claim is affirmed.

       4. Deliberate Indifference

       The Estate of Thomas Steiner claims that Defendants acted with deliberate indifference to

Steiner’s health and safety. “[A] constitutional violation5 occurs only where the deprivation

alleged is sufficiently serious and the [officer] has acted with deliberate indifference to the

[plaintiff’s] health or safety.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 825–26 (1994) (syllabus).

Deliberate indifference includes both an objective and subjective component. Id. at 835–38. The

objective component requires that the deprivation alleged be “sufficiently serious,” while the

4
  Regets argues that the applicable standard for the district court to review this claim was under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), as Defendants’ brief alleged that Regets had not
alleged sufficient facts. The district court properly reviewed the claim under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 56, which was the substance of the motion before the court.
5
  While neither party expressly addresses which constitutional right of Steiner’s was violated, the
complaint alleges claims under the Fourteenth and Eighth Amendment. R. 1, Compl. at 16,
PageID # 16. While Steiner was not in custody, and hence there can be no Eighth Amendment
claim, state officials may violate the Due Process Clause in noncustodial settings when “their
affirmative actions directly increase the vulnerability of citizens to dangers or otherwise place
citizens in harm’s way.” Ewolski v. City of Brunswick, 287 F.3d 492, 509 (6th Cir. 2002).
                                               - 18 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

subjective component requires a plaintiff to establish that the government officials had a

“sufficiently culpable state of mind.” Id. at 834 (internal quotation marks omitted). To establish

the subjective component, the plaintiff must establish that the “official knows of and disregards

an excessive risk to inmate health or safety; the official must both be aware of facts from which

the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw

the inference.” Id. at 837. However, “an official’s failure to alleviate a significant risk that he

should have perceived but did not, while no cause for commendation, cannot under our cases be

condemned as the infliction of punishment.” Id. at 838.

       Although the Estate’s deliberate-indifference claim is arguably the most viable one, it

also fails. The Estate claims that a genuine issue of fact exists as to whether Defendants knew of

and disregarded an excessive risk to Steiner’s safety and health when Grabowski took some of

his medications from his hotel room. Defendants counter by stating that their actions were not

arbitrary, and the record does not support a finding that Defendants acted with deliberate

indifference.

       The district court framed the alleged constitutional violation as follows: the “officers

violated Thomas Steiner’s substantive due process rights by removing the packages of

medications from his room and thereby leaving him vulnerable and/or increasing the risk that he

would die.” R. 57, Dist. Ct. Op. at 31, PageID # 1008. Because both parties focus on the

subjective component of the inquiry, we assume that there is no dispute as to the objective

component. Accordingly, the question is whether Defendants possessed the requisite awareness

that Steiner’s health or safety was in danger when they took the prescription medicines from his

hotel room.

                                               - 19 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

       Defendants cannot claim they were not aware that Steiner had some serious medical

conditions. As the record made clear, when Grabowski was searching Steiner’s hotel room to

confiscate the bags of medication, he noticed nine pill bottles lined up, which he concluded were

for “daily medication.” R. 52-5, Grabowski Dep. at 5, PageID # 742. Furthermore, when

Defendants raided Regets’s home they discovered 25 separate prescriptions; thus, at a minimum

Defendants could infer that Steiner likely had a serious medical condition.

       To establish a deliberate indifference claim, however, Regets must establish that the

officers were aware that a “substantial risk of serious harm existed.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837.

She has not. As previously noted, Grabowski seized two packages of medications but chose not

to confiscate the nine pill bottles lined up on the table because, based on how the bottles were

lined up, he thought they were Steiner’s daily medications. Accordingly, Grabowski deliberately

took a step he thought would ensure that no “serious harm existed” as to Steiner’s health.

       Defendants also took further steps to ensure no serious harm existed to Steiner’s health.

Cox called6 Steiner while in his hotel room to ask specifically whether the medications he was

leaving in the room would be sufficient for him. Steiner responded that he would be fine for a

“few days” with the remaining medications and assured Cox that if he needed more he could get

another prescription from a doctor and go to a pharmacy. Furthermore, Cox questioned Steiner

extensively about his mental state and whether he had contemplated or was contemplating

suicide. Steiner explained that he had talked a lot about suicide but that at the time of the call

with Cox, he did not want to kill himself. Given Steiner’s representations, Grabowski and Cox

were not deliberately indifferent to a “substantial risk of serious harm.” It cannot be said that

6
 Regets claims that “we have no record of” Cox’s phone conversation with Steiner. There may
not be a recording or transcript of the phone call, however Cox’s deposition testimony
constitutes evidence of the conversation.
                                               - 20 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

they knew of and disregarded an excessive risk to Steiner’s health or safety because Steiner

himself confirmed he would have access to sufficient medication. Indeed, rather than disregard

any potential risk, the officers took special precautions to ensure that Steiner was not in danger

of serious harm. While Regets claims that Defendants were obligated to take Steiner into custody

so that he could receive proper medical or psychiatric evaluation, she identifies no legal basis for

this claim.7 While Thomas Steiner’s death is certainly a tragedy, no genuine issue of material

fact exists as to whether Defendants were “deliberately indifferent” to Steiner’s health. We

affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment on this claim.

       5. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

       Regets claims that Defendants should be liable for intentional infliction of emotional

distress based on the totality of their actions during the incident. To establish the tort of

intentional infliction of emotional distress in Michigan, “a plaintiff must prove the following

elements: (1) extreme and outrageous conduct, (2) intent or recklessness, (3) causation, and

(4) severe emotional distress.” Hilden v. Hurley Med. Ctr., 831 F. Supp. 2d 1024, 1046 (E.D.

Mich. 2011) (internal quotation and citation omitted). “Liability for intentional infliction of

emotional distress [is] found only where the conduct complained of [was] so outrageous in

character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be

7
  Regets also relies on an affidavit from her forensic expert, Werner Spitz, M.D. which states that
“had Mr. Steiner been appropriately medically and/or psychiatrically evaluated on Friday, June
19, 2009, he would have been given his prescribed medications and would not have died on
Monday, June 22, 2009.” R. 52-10. Aff. Werner Spitz at 6, PageID # 775. Spitz’s testimony, that
Steiner would not have died if he had been evaluated on June 19, 2009 constitutes mere
speculation. As Defendants correctly state, “[i]n order to survive a motion for summary
judgment, the non-moving party must be able to show sufficient probative evidence that would
permit a finding in [her] favor on more than mere speculation, conjecture, or fantasy.” Lewis v.
Philip Morris, Inc., 355 F.3d 515, 533 (6th Cir. 2004) (quotation and citation omitted).
                                               - 21 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Id. (internal quotations

and citation omitted).

        Regets claims that a genuine issue of material fact remains as to whether Defendants’

conduct amounted to extreme and outrageous behavior. Regets recites all the facts of the incident

to suggest that the totality of police conduct during the episode was “extreme and outrageous.”

However, as detailed above, not only were the police officers justified in crediting Kish’s

testimony of Regets’s plan, but Defendants’ conduct does not meet the high bar required to

constitute “extreme or outrageous” conduct that went beyond “all possible bounds of decency

and should be regarded as utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Hilden, 831 F. Supp. 2d

at 1046 (internal quotation marks omitted). The facts recited would not arouse the resentment of

an average member of the community against Defendants or lead one to exclaim, “Outrageous!”

Doe v. Mills, 536 N.W.2d 824, 834 (Mich. Ct. App. 1995).

        6. Liability of City of Plymouth

        Regets claims that the City of Plymouth should be liable for the officers’ actions, because

the City failed to train the officers adequately. “Under § 1983, a municipality can only be held

liable if the plaintiff demonstrates that the injury suffered was a direct result of the city’s official

policy or custom.” Slusher v. Carson, 540 F.3d 449, 456–57 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing Monell v.

New York City Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694–95 (1978)). “To succeed on a failure to

train or supervise claim, the plaintiff must prove the following: (1) the training or supervision

was inadequate for the tasks performed; (2) the inadequacy was the result of the municipality’s

deliberate indifference; and (3) the inadequacy was closely related to or actually caused the

injury.” Ellis ex rel. Pendergrass v. Cleveland Mun. Sch. Dist., 455 F.3d 690, 700 (6th Cir.

2006). “‘[D]eliberate indifference’ is a stringent standard of fault, requiring proof that a

                                                 - 22 -
Case No. 13-1574, Regets v. City of Plymouth

municipal actor disregarded a known or obvious consequence of his action.” Bd. of Cnty.

Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 410 (1997). “This Court has identified two situations

justifying a conclusion of deliberate indifference in claims of failure to train or supervise.” Ellis,
455 F.3d at 700. The first is the “failure to provide adequate training in light of foreseeable

consequences that could result from a lack of instruction.” Id. at 701 (internal quotations and

citation omitted). The second type of “deliberate indifference is where the city fails to act in

response to repeated complaints of constitutional violations by its officers.” Id. at 701 (internal

quotations and citation omitted). To establish deliberate indifference, a plaintiff must show “prior

instances of unconstitutional conduct demonstrating that the [municipality] has ignored a history

of abuse and was clearly on notice that the training in this particular area was deficient and likely

to cause injury.” Marcilis v. Twp. of Redford, 693 F.3d 589, 605 (6th Cir. 2012) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

       Regets cannot establish municipal liability as she has “not shown that the [City] knew of

prior unconstitutional actions by its officers and failed to respond.” Fisher v. Harden, 398 F.3d
837, 849 (6th Cir. 2005). The record does not disclose any history of similar incidents or any

basis from which a fact finder could conclude that the City had notice that officer training

regarding probable cause for searches and arrests was deficient. Miller v. Calhoun Cnty., 408
F.3d 803, 816 (6th Cir. 2005). Rather, the record shows that the policy of the City of Plymouth

police department was that an arrest could only be based on probable cause or warrant.

                                                 III.

       The district court’s grant of summary judgment to all Defendants on all counts is

AFFIRMED.

                                                - 23 -