Court Opinion

ID: 4236971
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-01-17 01:00:23.095419+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:26:39.829193
License: Public Domain

Case: 17-40489      Document: 00514309656         Page: 1    Date Filed: 01/16/2018

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                        United States Court of Appeals

                                    No. 17-40489
                                                                                 Fifth Circuit

                                                                               FILED
                                  Summary Calendar                      January 16, 2018
                                                                          Lyle W. Cayce
JUAN PEQUEÑO,                                                                  Clerk

              Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT BROWNSVILLE; JULIET GARCIA, Pres-
ident, University of Texas at Brownsville; ALAN F. J. ARTIBISE, Provost, Uni-
versity of Texas at Brownsville; ETHEL CANTU, Vice President Academic Af-
fairs, University of Texas at Brownsville; SELMA YZNAGA, Advising Director,
University of Texas at Brownsville; TEXAS SOUTHMOST COLLEGE; LILY
F. TERCERO, President, Texas Southmost College,

              Defendants - Appellees

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Texas
                              USDC No. 1:14-CV-93

Before KING, ELROD, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
STEPHEN A. HIGGINSON, Circuit Judge:*

       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
     Case: 17-40489       Document: 00514309656          Page: 2     Date Filed: 01/16/2018

                                       No. 17-40489
       Juan Pequeño appeals the district court’s threshold and summary judg-
ment orders disposing of his employment discrimination claims. 1 Pequeño al-
leges that the University of Texas at Brownsville (UTB), Texas Southmost Col-
lege (TSC), and several administrators terminated his employment because of
his age and retaliated against him by declining to reemploy him. 2 On each
claim, the district court either granted a defense motion to dismiss or for sum-
mary judgment. We affirm.
                                              I.
       From 2004 to 2013, Pequeño worked as an “Academic Advisor” at UTB’s
Academic Advising Center. He alleges, however, that he was employed both by
UTB (a state university) and TSC (a junior college) because the two schools
had partnered. In 2013, after UTB and TSC decided to end their partnership,
UTB reduced its workforce. In deciding which positions to eliminate, UTB’s
advising director set a cutoff based on performance evaluation scores from the
past three years. Pequeño’s average performance scores fell below that cutoff.
So on April 2, 2013, UTB sent a letter informing him that his position would
be eliminated that August. The problem, Pequeño alleges, is that the cutoff
was above the true mean for all academic advisors and thus targeted older
advisors. According to Pequeño, the university retained or rehired younger and
less qualified advisors.

       1  Pequeno proceeds pro se on appeal. He also filed his initial complaint pro se, but
later retained counsel and filed four amended complaints.
        2 Effective August 31, 2015, the Texas Legislature abolished UTB and created in its

place the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. See, e.g., Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 1849–1854
(West); Edionwe v. Bailey, 860 F.3d 287, 290 (5th Cir. 2017). This new entity acquired UTB’s
assets and liabilities. Consistent with the district court and parties, and for convenience, we
refer to UTB throughout this opinion.
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                                      No. 17-40489
      The advisors whom UTB retained were reclassified as “Academic Advis-
ing Specialists.” Though UTB announced openings for new “Specialist” posi-
tions after Pequeño’s termination, Pequeño did not apply for those posts. Ra-
ther, between June 2013 and February 2014, he unsuccessfully applied for sev-
eral other UTB and TSC positions, including jobs with campus police or a ju-
dicial affairs office. His last application to TSC was denied on Decem-
ber 15, 2013.
      On January 20, 2014, Pequeño filed an age discrimination charge
against TSC with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
and the Texas Workforce Commission. On February 1, 2014, Pequeño filed an
EEOC charge of age discrimination against UTB. None of these charges raised
retaliation, though Pequeño did note in an EEOC intake questionnaire that
his supervisor had “retaliated against [him] for filing [a] grievance for . . .
treat[ing] [him] different[ly] from other advisors.” His administrative com-
plaints were unsuccessful. Pequeño then filed suit in federal court. Later, on
September 10, 2014, Pequeño filed another EEOC charge against both UTB
and TSC, this time explicitly alleging that the schools retaliated against him
for complaining about age-based animus.
      Pequeño’s original, pro se complaint leveled claims against UTB, TSC,
and several administrators. That complaint alleged age discrimination in vio-
lation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) 3 and the Texas
Commission on Human Rights Act (TCHRA). 4 He later retained counsel and
filed several amended complaints, eventually adding a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim
for age discrimination in violation of the Equal Protection Clause and retalia-
tion claims under the TCHRA and Title VII. 5

      3 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq.
      4 Tex. Lab. Code § 21.101 et seq.
      5 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.

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                                       No. 17-40489
       The district court dismissed the § 1983 claim as preempted by the
ADEA. 6 The court also dismissed the ADEA and TCHRA claims against UTB
as barred by sovereign immunity. At summary judgment, the district court
held that the remaining age discrimination claims against TSC failed because
TSC was not Pequeño’s employer, that the TCHRA retaliation claim was time-
barred, and that the Title VII claim failed because that statute does not ad-
dress age discrimination. 7
                                             II.
       We give a de novo look to sovereign-immunity questions. Perez v. Region
20 Educ. Serv. Ctr., 307 F.3d 318, 326 (5th Cir. 2002). So, too, for a grant of
summary judgment. Windham v. Harris Cty., 875 F.3d 229, 234 (5th Cir. 2017).
“The Eleventh Amendment bars an individual from suing a state in federal
court unless the state consents to suit or Congress has clearly and validly ab-
rogated the state’s sovereign immunity.” Perez, 307 F.3d at 326 (citing U.S.
Const. amend. XI). Summary judgment is proper only if the movant shows that
“there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact” and that it “is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
                                             III.
       Pequeño first argues that UTB should not get sovereign immunity from
his ADEA and TCHRA claims. 8 We disagree. The ADEA does not validly abro-
gate Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity, Kimel v. Fla. Bd. of Regents,

       6 Pequeño does not challenge this ruling.
       7 Pequeño does not argue that the district court erred in dismissing his claims against
the defendant-administrators. He has therefore abandoned those claims, see Goodman v.
Harris Cty., 571 F.3d 388, 399 (5th Cir. 2009), even though he is proceeding pro se, see Cole-
man v. Lincoln Par. Det. Ctr., 858 F.3d 307, 309 n.9 (5th Cir. 2017) (citing Yohey v. Collins,
985 F.2d 222, 224–25 (5th Cir. 1993)).
       8 UTB is an arm of the state entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity. See Tex.

Const. art. VII, § 10; Tex. Educ. Code §§ 61.003, 65.01(b); State of Tex. By & Through Bd. of
Regents of Univ. of Tex. Sys. v. Walker, 142 F.3d 813, 820 n.10 (5th Cir. 1998); see also Univ.
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                                   No. 17-40489
528 U.S. 62, 91 (2000), and Texas has not unequivocally waived its immunity
here, Sullivan v. Univ. of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. at Houston Dental Branch, 217
F. App’x 391, 395 (5th Cir. 2007). And although the TCHRA waives Texas’s
immunity from suits in state court, it does not do so in federal court. See Perez,
307 F.3d at 332; see also Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Haldermann, 465
U.S. 89, 120 (1984).
      Nor are we persuaded by Pequeño’s argument that UTB’s partnership
with TSC created a “single entity” that waived UTB’s immunity. “[T]he State,”
the Texas Supreme Court has said, “does not waive immunity from suit simply
by contracting with a private person. Legislative consent to sue is still neces-
sary.” Gen. Servs. Com’n v. Little-Tex Insulation Co., 39 S.W.3d 591, 594 (Tex.
2001) (citation omitted). Indeed, Texas law permits higher education institu-
tions to enter coordination agreements with junior colleges to improve the con-
tinuity, quality, and efficiency of educational programs and services within a
region that they serve. E.g., Tex. Educ. Code § 51.662. Contrary to Pequeño’s
position, these coordination agreements do not fuse two entities into one. See,
e.g., id. (“The agreements shall in no way abrogate the powers and duties of
the boards with regard to the governance of their respective institutions.”). Be-
cause Texas did not “unequivocally express[]” its waiver of Eleventh Amend-
ment immunity in federal court, Perez, 307 F.3d at 332, the district court did
not err.
      The district court also properly granted TSC summary judgment on
Pequeño’s claims of age discrimination under the ADEA and TCHRA. The fed-
eral statute prevents an “employer” from, among other things, “discharg[ing]”
an individual who is at least 40 years old “because of [that] individual’s age.”

of Tex. Med. Branch at Galveston v. Greenhouse, 889 S.W.2d 427, 431 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 1994, writ denied).

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                                 No. 17-40489
29 U.S.C. §§ 623(a)(1), 631(a). The state law analogue prohibits similar mis-
conduct by an “employer.” Tex. Lab. Code § 21.051. Pequeño alleges that TSC
discharged him because he was over 40 years old. But we agree with the dis-
trict court that these claims fail because TSC was not Pequeño’s “employer.”
      We identify an employer for ADEA and TCHRA purposes using the “hy-
brid economic realities / common law control test.” Deal v. State Farm Cty. Mut.
Ins. Co. of Tex., 5 F.3d 117, 118–19 (5th Cir. 1993) (ADEA); Univ. of Tex. at El
Paso v. Ochoa, 410 S.W.3d 327, 331 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2013, pet. denied)
(TCHRA). This test’s “most important component” is finding who had the “right
to control” Pequeño’s conduct. Deal, 5 F.3d at 119; Ochoa, 41 S.W.3d at 332.
Things like hiring, firing, supervising, or setting work schedules indicate con-
trol. Deal, 5 F.3d at 119; Ochoa, 41 S.W.3d at 332. On the “economic realities”
side, we focus on who paid the employee’s salary, provided benefits, withheld
taxes, and set the terms and conditions of employment. Deal, 5 F.3d at 119;
Ochoa, 41 S.W.3d at 331–32.
      Filtered through this test, the undisputed facts confirm that UTB, not
TSC, was Pequeño’s employer under both statutes. UTB was in control. The
partnership agreement states that UTB, not TSC, was responsible for employ-
ing faculty, staff, and employees. UTB hired and fired Pequeño. His termina-
tion letter, penned on UTB letterhead by a UTB administrator never employed
by TSC, informed Pequeño that he could appeal through UTB’s internal pro-
cesses. (And appeal Pequeño did—through UTB.) The economics show the
same thing. UTB, not TSC, paid Pequeño’s wages, provided his benefits, and
withheld taxes. Indeed, Pequeño’s W-2 forms identified UTB, not TSC, as his
employer. We therefore affirm summary judgment on the age discrimination
claims against TSC.
      The same result obtains for Pequeño’s TCHRA retaliation claim against
TSC. That claim is time-barred. To be sure, § 21.051 of the Texas Labor Code
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                                  No. 17-40489
prohibits retaliation against those who “file[] a charge [or] complaint” under
the TCHRA. But the statute imposes a limitations period, requiring claimants
to file an administrative complaint no later than 180 days after the alleged
retaliatory act. See § 21.202(a); see also Prairie View A & M Univ. v. Chatha,
381 S.W.3d 500, 514 (Tex. 2012) (“[S]ection 21.202’s administrative filing re-
quirement is a mandatory statutory requirement that must be complied with
before filing suit . . . .”); Specialty Retailers, Inc. v. DeMoranville, 933 S.W.2d
490, 492 (Tex. 1996) (“This time limit is mandatory and jurisdictional.”).
Pequeño missed his deadline. The last alleged instance of TSC’s retaliating
occurred on December 15, 2013, but Pequeño did not file a retaliation charge
until September 10, 2014.
      Like the district court, we disagree with Pequeño’s contention that his
retaliation claim “relates back” to his original charge of age discrimination
(filed on January 20, 2014), or that he satisfied the statutory pre-filing require-
ment based on his answers to an administrative intake questionnaire. First,
the relation-back argument fails because his retaliation claim presented an
entirely new theory based on different facts. See Lavigne v. Cajun Deep
Founds., L.L.C., 654 F. App’x 640, 648 (5th Cir. 2016); Manning v. Chevron
Chem. Co., 332 F.3d 874, 878 (5th Cir. 2003). Second, even assuming a federal,
EEOC intake form is sufficient to satisfy Texas’s filing requirement, there is
no evidence that TSC ever received that form or timely notice of the retaliation
claim. Cf. Clark v. Coats & Clark, Inc., 865 F.2d 1237, 1239–41 (11th Cir. 1989)
(noting in the ADEA context, after affording “great deference” to the EEOC’s
interpretation of that statute, that a plaintiff may satisfy the federal filing
deadline with a timely intake questionnaire that permits the agency to submit
a timely notice of the charges to the defendant). In fact, the intake form here
referenced conduct by a UTB employee, not a TSC worker. The TCHRA retal-
iation claim is time-barred.
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                                    No. 17-40489
      Pequeño’s final argument—that he engaged in protected activity under
Title VII by complaining of age discrimination—also fails. Under Title VII, a
prima facie claim of retaliation comprises three elements: (1) protected activ-
ity, (2) an adverse employment action, and (3) causation. See Porter v. Houma
Terrebonne Hous. Auth. Bd. of Comm’rs, 810 F.3d 940, 945 (5th Cir. 2015); see
also 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). But Title VII—unlike the ADEA—does not address
age discrimination. Compare § 2000e-2(a) (Title VII), with 29 U.S.C. 623(a)
(ADEA). 9 The district court appropriately granted summary judgment on the
Title VII claim.
      We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

      9 Of course, sovereign immunity would have barred an ADEA-retaliation claim in fed-
eral court against UTB. See Kimel, 528 U.S. at 91; Sullivan, 217 F. App’x at 395.
                                           8