Court Opinion

ID: 1045039
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 02:22:32.950113+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:35:02.593047
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                               February 20, 2013 Session

           WILLOWMET HOMEOWNERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
                v. CITY OF BRENTWOOD, TENNESSEE

                Appeal from the Circuit Court for Williamson County
                    No. 2011337      Timothy L. Easter, Judge

                 No. M2012-01315-COA-R3-CV - Filed May 16, 2013

The homeowners’ association of a residential subdivision in Brentwood, Tennessee seeks just
compensation from the City of Brentwood for loss of property rights in a portion of the
subdivision’s open space. The City acquired the property by purchasing it from the
developers of the subdivision without the Association’s knowledge. The Declaration of
Protection Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions of the subdivision, which the developers
drafted and of which the City was on notice, states that the developers “will deed the
completed Open Space on the subject Properties to the Association free and clear of any
encumbrances before the first Lot is conveyed to a Lot Owner.” Although they sold the first
individual lot in 2001, the developers did not convey any of the open space to the
homeowners’ association until after the sale to the City. This action by the homeowners’
association ensued. The trial court summarily dismissed the action on the City’s motion,
finding the homeowners’ association did not own a compensable property right in the Open
Space when it was sold to the City. We have determined the homeowner’s association had
an equitable interest in the Open Space pursuant to the Declaration of Protective Covenants,
Conditions, and Restrictions when it was sold to the City; therefore, we reverse and remand
for further proceedings.

       Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                            Reversed and Remanded

F RANK G. C LEMENT, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which P ATRICIA J.
C OTTRELL, P.J., M.S., and R ICHARD H. D INKINS, J., joined.

Suzette Peyton, Brentwood, Tennessee, for the appellant, Willowmet Homeowners
Association, Inc.
Teresa Reall Ricks, and E. Leith Marsh, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, City of
Brentwood, Tennessee.

                                                OPINION

       In 2000 and 2001, two land development entities, Centex Homes and Tiara
Development, LLC (“the Developers,” or individually by name), developed Willowmet, a
residential subdivision located on Concord Road in Brentwood, Tennessee. The Developers
recorded a Declaration of Protective Covenants, Conditions, and Restrictions for Willowmet
(“the Declaration”) with the Williamson County Register of Deeds office on August 24,
2001.

        Pursuant to the Declaration, the Developers incorporated the Willowmet
Homeowner’s Association (“the Association”) on December 19, 2001.1 The Declaration also
mandated that the Developers convey to the Association all of the Open Space of Willowmet
prior to the sale of the first lot to a Lot Owner.2 The first lot was conveyed to an individual
lot owner on March 28, 2002; however, the Developers did not convey any of the Open
Space to the Association until 2011.

       In the interim, the City of Brentwood (“the City”) informed the Developers that it
planned to widen Concord Road, a public road along Willowmet, and that to do so the City
needed to acquire a portion of the Open Space from each Developer. The title search
conducted on behalf of the City prior to the purchase of the property revealed that the
property was subject to the Declaration on file with the Williamson County Register of
Deeds.

     On October 12, 2010, Tiara Development executed a “Right-of-Way And Easement
Conveyance” in favor of the City for a tract of land identified as “Tract 77,” in exchange for

        1
         Article III of the Declaration required the Developers to create a homeowner’s association for the
subdivision, in order to establish and provide for a system of maintenance, protection, and administration
of the Open Space and facilities of Willowmet for the protection and preservation of the values, amenities,
desirability, and attractiveness of Willowmet.
        2
          “Lot Owner” is defined in the Declaration as “the record owner, whether one or more persons or
entities, of the fee interest in any Lot which is part of Willowmet, excluding, however, those parties having
such interest merely as a security interest for the performance of an obligation. Unless specifically provided
otherwise herein, Developer shall be deemed a Lot Owner so long as it is the legal title holder of any Lot.”

                                                     -2-
$3,675.00. On October 27, 2010, the successor-in-interest to Centex Homes, Pulte Home
Corporation, executed a “Right-of-Way and Easement Conveyance,” in favor of the City for
a tract of land identified at “Tract 86,” in exchange for $20,300.00.3

        Both documents evidencing the conveyances state:

        Grantor covenant [sic] that it is lawfully seized and possessed of the real estate
        described in the conveyance, and has a good and lawful right to convey the
        same, and that the title thereto is unencumbered, and Grantor will forever
        warrant and defend the same against the lawful claims of all persons
        whatsoever.

      The City promptly recorded both deeds with the Williamson County Register of
Deeds. Thereafter, the Developers conveyed the remaining Open Space to the Association
by executing a series of quit-claim deeds in 2010 and 2011.4

       On June 17, 2011, the Association filed this action in the Williamson County Circuit
Court, asserting numerous claims against the City and seeking compensation for the
Association’s lost property rights in Tract 77 and Tract 86. The City is the only defendant;
the Developers were not named as defendants.5

      The Association asserts that it had an equitable interest in the Open Space prior to its
conveyance to the City, that the City had actual and constructive notice of the Association’s

        3
          During oral argument before this Court, the City argued that it obtained both tracts in fee simple.
However, the October 12, 2010 conveyance document provides that Tiara Development “does grant, transfer,
and convey unto the City of Brentwood, . . . its successors, and assigns, certain property to be designated as
[a] right-of-way for the purpose of installing a public road, together with necessary egress and ingress to
accomplish the foregoing purpose, on over, across, and under [Tract 77].” The October 27, 2010 conveyance
document provides that Centex Homes, “does grant, transfer and convey unto the City of Brentwood, . . . its
successors and assigns, certain property to be designated as right-of-way for the purpose of installing a public
road, together with necessary egress and ingress to accomplish the foregoing purpose, on, over, across, and
under [Tract 86].”
        4
         The successor-in-interest to Centex Homes, Pulte Home Corporation, executed quit claim deeds to
the Association for its remaining interest in the Open Space on December 10, 2010 and January 6, 2011.
Tiara Development executed a quit claim deed to the Association for its remaining interest in the Open Space
on July 12, 2011.
        5
          There is no indication in the record that the Association asserted any claims against the Developers
in this or a separate action nor does the record explain why the Association has not sought relief from the
Developers. At oral argument, counsel for the Association stated it was a strategic litigation choice to avoid
the possibility of being held liable for the Developers’ attorney’s fees.

                                                      -3-
equitable interest in the property, and that the City’s purchase of the property from the
Developers constitutes a taking of the Association’s equitable interest for which the
Association is entitled to just compensation pursuant to the inverse condemnation statute,
Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-16-123.6 The Association does not seek ejectment or
recovery of the property, only compensation for the value of its lost property interests.

        The parties filed competing motions for summary judgment, which were argued
before the trial court on April 9, 2012. The trial court determined that the inverse
condemnation statute, Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-16-123, did not apply because the
City obtained the property in question under color of title. The trial court further concluded
that if the City’s color of title did not bar the inverse condemnation statute, summary
judgment was still proper as a matter of law because the Association did not own any
compensable property rights in the Open Space conveyed to the City. The Association
challenges these holdings, the denial of its motion for partial summary judgment, and the
summary dismissal of its claims against the City.

                                       S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

        Summary judgment does not enjoy a presumption of correctness on appeal. BellSouth
Adver. & Publ’g Co. v. Johnson, 100 S.W.3d 202, 205 (Tenn. 2003). Because the resolution
of a motion for summary judgment is a matter of law, we review the trial court’s judgment
de novo with no presumption of correctness. Martin v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 271 S.W.3d 76,
84 (Tenn. 2008). The appellate court makes a fresh determination that the requirements of
Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56 have been satisfied. Hunter v. Brown, 955 S.W.2d 49,
50-51 (Tenn. 1977). As does the trial court, the appellate court considers the evidence in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party and resolves all inferences in that party’s favor.
Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 84; Stovall v. Clarke, 113 S.W.3d 715, 721 (Tenn. 2003); Godfrey v.
Ruiz, 90 S.W.3d 692, 695 (Tenn. 2002). When reviewing the evidence, the appellate court
first determines whether factual disputes exist. Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 214-15
(Tenn.1993). If a factual dispute exists, the court then determines whether the fact is material
to the claim or defense upon which the summary judgment is predicated and whether the
disputed fact creates a genuine issue for trial. Id. at 215.

        6
         The Association also asserted claims of negligence and trespass, and sought just compensation
under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. The Association voluntarily
dismissed the negligence claim in January 2012. On April 24, 2012, the trial court granted the City’s motion
to dismiss the trespass claim and the Association does not appeal that decision. The Association also
voluntarily dismissed the federal claims after the City removed the case to federal court.

                                                    -4-
                                         A NALYSIS

       The Constitution of Tennessee states that no person’s property shall be taken, or
applied to public use, “without the consent of his representatives, or without just
compensation being made therefore.” Tenn. Const. art. I, § 21. This constitutional provision
recognizes the governmental right of eminent domain and the prohibition from taking
property for public use without paying just compensation. See Jackson v. Metro. Knoxville
Airport Auth., 922 S.W.2d 860, 861 (Tenn. 1996). The procedure for the exercise of the
governmental right of eminent domain and the rights of private citizens to challenge such
government action are also codified. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 29-16-101 to 29-16-127; 29-
17-101 to 29-17-1004.

                                I. INVERSE C ONDEMNATION

        Inverse condemnation was explained by our Tennessee Supreme Court in Edwards
v. Hallsdale-Powell Utility District Knox County, Tennessee, 115 S.W.3d 461 (Tenn. 2003),
as follows:

       “Inverse condemnation” is the popular description for a cause of action
       brought by a property owner to recover the value of real property that has been
       taken for public use by a governmental defendant even though no formal
       condemnation proceedings have been instituted. See Johnson v. City of
       Greeneville, 435 S.W.2d 476, 478 (Tenn. 1968). A “taking” of real property
       occurs when a governmental defendant with the power of eminent domain
       performs an authorized action that “destroys, interrupts, or interferes with the
       common and necessary use of the real property of another.” Pleasant View
       Util. Dist. v. Vradenburg, 545 S.W.2d 733, 735 (Tenn. 1977).

Edwards, 115 S.W.3d at 464.

       The Tennessee General Assembly codified a property owner’s right of action for
inverse condemnation at Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-16-123, which reads:

       (a) If, however, such person or company has actually taken possession of such
       land, occupying it for the purposes of internal improvement, the owner of such
       land may petition for a jury of inquest, in which case the same proceedings
       may be had, as near as may be, as hereinbefore provided; or the owner may sue
       for damages in the ordinary way, in which case the jury shall lay off the land
       by metes and bounds and assess the damages, as upon the trial of an appeal
       from the return of a jury of inquest.

                                             -5-
        (b) Additionally, the court rendering a judgment for the plaintiff in a
        proceeding brought under subsection (a) . . . shall determine and award or
        allow to such plaintiff, as a part of such judgment or settlement such sum as
        will in the opinion of the court . . . reimburse such plaintiff for reasonable
        costs, disbursements and expenses, including reasonable attorney, appraisal,
        and engineering fees, actually incurred because of such proceeding.

        In any inverse condemnation action it is “incumbent upon the plaintiff to show that
he is the owner of the land which has been taken for the purposes of internal improvement
if the ownership is denied by the defendant.” Cox v. State, 399 S.W.2d 776 (Tenn. 1965).

       The Association insists it possessed a property interest in the Open Space when the
Developers deeded the Open Space to the City in 2010 and that it did not consent to the
conveyance to the City; thus, the City “took” the Association’s property interest in the Open
Space, and the Association is entitled to just compensation for the value of that property
interest. The City contends that when it purchased the two tracts from the Developers, the
Developers were the owners of record of the Open Space; therefore, the Association did not
own a compensable property right in the two tracts and has no claim against the City.7 The
relevant facts are undisputed.

     II. D ECLARATION OF P ROTECTIVE C OVENANTS, C ONDITIONS, AND R ESTRICTIONS

      Because the Association’s rights to the disputed property, if any, arise from the
Declaration, we shall review the pertinent provisions in the Declaration.

       The standard by which we interpret the Declaration is the same as any other written
agreement. Maples Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. T & R Nashville Ltd. P’ship, 993 S.W.2d 36,
38-19 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998) (citations omitted); see also Gambrell v. Nivens, 275 S.W.3d
429, 437 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008) (stating that “our courts will enforce the covenants as they
would contracts, according to the clearly expressed intention of the parties.”). Therefore, we

        7
          The City does not dispute that it “has taken possession of such land.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-16-
123(a). Moreover, the City does not raise the issue of whether the Association has instituted its claim for
inverse condemnation “in accordance with the statutory provisions applicable to condemnation actions
initiated by the taking authority.” See Meighan v. Sprint Comm. Co., 924 S.W.2d 632, 641 (Tenn. 1996)
(holding that a claim for inverse condemnation under Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-16-123(a) “must be
instituted in accordance with the statutory provisions applicable to condemnation actions initiated by the
taking authority,” namely Sections 29-14-104, “petition,” and 29-14-105, “notice of petition”).

                                                   -6-
look to the parties’ intent as expressed in the Declaration. Petty v. Sloan, 227 S.W.2d 355,
360 (Tenn. 1955). If the Declaration is unambiguous as written, we will determine the
parties’ intention by the plan meaning of the Declaration. Id. at 358.

       The relevant provisions of the Declaration provide:

                                      WITNESSETH:
       ....

              WHEREAS, Developer desires to provide for the protection and
       preservation of the values, amenities, desirability and attractiveness of
       Willowmet; and

              WHEREAS, Developer desires to establish and provide for a system of
       administration and continual operation and maintenance of certain Open Space
       of Willowmet hereinafter described; and

              WHEREAS, Developer further desires to establish for Developer’s
       benefit and for the mutual benefit and advantage of all future owners and/or
       occupants of Lots in Willowmet certain rights, easements, privileges,
       obligations, restrictions, covenants, liens, assessments and regulations
       governing the use and occupancy of and construction of buildings and other
       Improvements in Willowmet and the maintenance, protection and
       administration of the Open Space facilities thereof, . . . .

               NOW, THEREFORE, Developer, as legal title holder of the Properties
       and for the purposes set forth above and further hereinafter set forth, declares
       as follows: . . .

In Article I, section 1.14. of the Declaration, Open Space is defined as follows:

       “Open Space” shall mean and refer to all areas (including the improvements
       thereto) identified on the Platt as Open Space, including; Common Open Space
       No. 1 consisting of 5.28 acres; Common Open Space No. 2 consisting of 0.85
       acres; any other areas lying within or adjacent to the roads and along the outer
       boundaries of the Properties, as designated by the Developer, which the Board
       [of the Association] determines to be in the best interest of the Association to

                                             -7-
        maintain and landscape; and such additional open space as may be annexed to
        the Properties and submitted to this Declaration pursuant to the provisions of
        Section 2.2 hereof.8

      In Article VII, section 8.5, the Declaration states that the Developers “will deed the
completed Open Space found on the subject Properties to the Association free and clear of
encumbrances before the first Lot is conveyed to a Lot Owner. . .” and furthermore, that the
Open Space “is to be owned by the Association and used in common by all Lot Owners.” 9

       Pursuant to the foregoing, once the Declaration was recorded and the Association was
incorporated, the Developers were under an affirmative, executory duty to deed the Open
Space to the Association prior to selling the first individual lot. The Developers sold the first
individual lot to a lot owner in March 2002 without first deeding the Open Space to the
Association; thereafter, the Developers were in breach. See Allman v. Allman, No. M1997-
00251-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 1728339, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 22, 2000) (citing
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 235(1) (1981); 5A Arthur L. Corbin, Corbin on
Contracts § 1230 (1964)) (stating that a contractual obligation is not discharged until the
“executory contract has been fully performed”).10 See Fuller v. McCallum & Robinson, 118
S.W.2d 1028, 1037 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1938) (stating that a contract for the sale of property is
“merely an executory contract”).

      The Developers failed to deed the Open Space to the Association; therefore, the
executory duty was not discharged; to the contrary, the executory duty survived. Thus, it is

        8
         Section 2.2 allows additional property to be annexed into Willowmet and subjected to the
Declaration. The Developers recorded a “Supplementary Declaration for the Purpose of Annexation” for
“Willowmet Phase II” on June 4, 2002, which added substantial property to the subdivision, including
additional Open Space. The Developers also recorded a Supplementary Declaration for the Purpose of
Annexation of Willowmet Section Three” on December 8, 2003, which further added to the residential area
and Open Space.
        9
         The term Properties, as defined in the Declaration, refers to all of the land within Willowmet except
“public streets and roadways.”
        10
           “Executory” is defined as: “1. Taking full effect at a future time . . . . 2. To be performed at a future
time; yet to be completed.” Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed. 2009). “Executory covenant” is defined as: “A
covenant that remains unperformed in whole or in part.” Id. An “executory contract” is a “contract that
remains wholly unperformed or for which there remains something still to be done on both sides, often as
a component of a larger transaction and sometimes memorialized by an informal letter agreement, by a
memorandum, or by oral agreement.” Id. See also Steven Feldman, 21 Tenn. Prac. Contract Law and Practice
§ 1:5 (2012) (“An executory contract is a contract to do some future act. . . . [A] contract can be executed
on one part’s side and executory on the other.”).

                                                        -8-
incumbent upon this Court to ascertain whether the executory duty, unfulfilled by the
Developers and enforceable by the Association, gave rise to a compensable property interest
in the Open Space acquired by the City.11

      III. E QUITABLE R IGHTS OF O WNERSHIP ARISING FROM E XECUTORY C ONTRACTS

        The general rule regarding equitable rights of ownership arising from executory
contracts involving real property is stated in Campbell v. Miller, 562 S.W.2d 827, 832 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 1977): “a contract for the sale of land operates as an equitable conversion and the
vendee’s interest under the contract becomes realty and the vendor’s interest becomes
personalty.” The court in Campbell relied in part upon Bates v. Dennis, 203 S.W.2d 928
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1946). The dispute in Bates concerned the ownership of a piece of property,
where Dennis died after entering into an agreement to purchase the property from Bates, but
before Bates executed the deed in favor of Dennis. Id. at 929-30. Dennis’s heir, his wife,
filed suit to compel Bates to execute the deed. Id. at 928-98. The court ultimately determined
the agreement between Dennis and Bates was unenforceable because the terms were too
vague. Id. at 934. However, in arriving at this result, the court reasoned:

        If there was a valid executory contract between Bates and Dennis, for the
        purchase and sale of the property, then in the eyes of equity the ownership
        passed to Dennis even though no deed was executed. In that event Bates would
        hold the legal title upon a naked trust which would follow it into the hands of
        his heirs. In other words, the vendee’s equitable estate avails against the
        vendor's heirs, and devisees. The applicable doctrine is to be found in the
        maxim that equity regards that done which ought to have been done.

Id. (citations omitted). Stated another way, if a purchaser of real property enters into a valid
contract to purchase property from the owner of the property (the vendor), “an executory
contract for the sale of the property operates as an equitable conversion, with the result that
while legal title remains in the hands of the vendor, the purchaser is considered to be the
equitable owner.” Rackley v. DeKalb Cnty. Fire Dept., No. M2000-00885-COA-R3-CV,
2000 WL 1586464, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 25, 2000) (citing Equitable Conversion, 27A

        11
           The City asserts the Association “sat on its rights” in the Open Space “for almost ten years” by
failing to bring suit to compel the Developers to execute the deed prior to the sales to the City. However, the
Developers are not a party to this action and have never claimed the Declaration is unenforceable. It is
undisputed that since its incorporation, the Association has maintained and controlled the usage of the Open
Space. Furthermore, immediately after selling Tracts 77 and 86 to the City, the Developers conveyed the
remaining portions of the Open Space to the Association by quit-claim deed. Thus, the City’s claim that the
Association has no interest in the land because the Association failed to timely enforce its rights against the
Developers is without merit.

                                                     -9-
A.L.R. § 13). Thus, the Association, as the “purchaser,” held equitable title to the Open
Space at the time the City purchased the property from the Developers.

        In Cheatham v. Carter County, Tennessee, the court considered whether a purchaser
of real property under an executory contract was entitled to compensation for its interest in
real property. In Cheatham, Carter County instituted condemnation proceedings after the
plaintiffs, William Cheatham and his business partners, entered into a contract for the
purchase and sale of the property, but before the deed was executed. 363 F.2d 582, 583-84
(6th Cir. 1996) (applying Tennessee state law). The relevant facts in that case are as follows:

               On or about October 22, 1964, Crab Orchard Iron Company, a
       Tennessee corporation, was seized in fee simple in severalty of the land in
       question. On this same date, the Iron Company executed and delivered to the
       plaintiffs [William Cheatham and others] an option to purchase this land for
       a period of time at a price of $235,000. On November 19, 1964, the plaintiffs
       exercised their option to purchase and entered into a written agreement
       whereby the Iron Company agreed to sell and the plaintiffs agreed to buy the
       land in accordance with the terms of the option. Prior to the execution of this
       agreement, on or about November 9, 1964, the defendant [Carter County]
       acting through its [duly] authorized agent, the Quarterly County Court of
       Carter County, authorized and directed the institution of proceedings to
       condemn the land, for public park purposes, under defendant’s power of
       eminent domain.

               On or about November 27, 1964, the defendant gave notice to the Iron
       Company of its intention to file a condemnation action in the Circuit Court of
       Carter County, against its interest in the lands. The petition was filed on or
       about December 4, 1964. The defendant was placed in possession of the land
       by order of the Circuit Court. At the time of the giving of the notice, of the
       filing of the petition and of the obtaining of the order of possession, the
       defendant, through its agent and attorney, had knowledge and notice that the
       plaintiffs, as they alleged, were the owners of the equitable interest in fee
       simple in the lands.

              The defendant did not set out, in its petition, the plaintiffs’ alleged
       equitable interest or make them parties to the condemnation proceeding. The
       Iron Company, as the sole defendant in the action, appeared, disclaimed any
       interest in the land and asked to be dismissed. It also set up the plaintiffs’ sole
       interest in the property. At the time the complaint was filed in the District
       Court, the Iron Company was the only party defendant to the condemnation

                                              -10-
       proceedings in the State Court. There were no actions pending in the State
       Court against the plaintiffs or their interests in the land in question. On or
       about January 25, 1965, the Iron Company executed and delivered its warranty
       deed to the plaintiffs for the land which is the subject of the condemnation
       action. The deed was recorded in the Registrar’s Office for Carter County, in
       Deed Book 225 at page 93 on February 5, 1965.

              The defendant, immediately upon the order of the court in the
       condemnation proceedings and through its authorized agent, the sheriff, took
       effective and actual possession of the land. The plaintiffs’ representatives,
       when they went upon the land, were threatened with forcible ejectment by the
       defendant’s agent. On April 15, 1965, plaintiffs’ attorney made application to
       the defendant to make the plaintiffs parties to the State Court action. This
       request was refused.

Id. at 583-84. After Carter County refused to make Cheatham and his partners defendants in
the condemnation proceedings in state court, Cheatham and his partners filed suit against
Carter County in federal court. Id. at 584-85. In federal court, Cheatham and his partners
relied upon Sections 23-1516 and -152212 of the Tennessee Code Annotated, which provided,
respectively, that in condemnation actions by counties, “[a]ll parties having any interest or
rights in such lands may be made defendants and proceedings shall only cover and affect the
interest of those who are actually made parties,” and, “[a]ny such person claiming any
interest or any rights therein may file appropriate pleadings or intervention at any time before
verdict or award, and be fully heard thereon.” Id. at 584. Carter County again opposed
naming Cheatham and his partners as party defendants to the condemnation proceedings
pending in the state court.13

       12
            These statutes are currently codified at Tennessee Code Annotated §§ 29-16-106 and 29-17-710.
       13
            The Sixth Circuit Court expressed the following view of the trial tactics as follows:

               This is sort of a cat and mouse game whereby the respective parties hope to gain an
       advantage in the choice of a forum for the determination of the amount of damages.
       Admittedly counsel for the defendant want this question determined by a jury in the State
       Court and counsel for the plaintiffs want a federal jury to decide the question. Counsel for
       the defendant do not want to make the plaintiffs parties for the reason that they might then
       remove the case to the Federal Court. Counsel for the plaintiffs do not want to intervene for
       the reason that they would be held to have chosen the State Court forum.

       Cheatham, 363 F.2d at 584-85.

                                                     -11-
        The issues in Cheatham relevant to this case are the nature of the plaintiffs’ interest
in the land based upon the executory contract for the purchase of the property from the Iron
Company, and depending on the nature of that interest, whether Carter County was required
to name the plaintiffs as additional defendants in the condemnation proceedings. Id. at 583.
To resolve these issues, the Sixth Circuit Court conducted the following analysis:

               The plaintiffs, [Cheatham and his partners] definitely have an interest
       in the land which is the subject of the condemnation action and, in view of the
       disclaimer on the part of the Iron Company, it is the only outstanding interest
       in the land. As of the filing of this action, the defendant [Carter County] had
       brought no outstanding interest before the Circuit Court. Since, under Section
       23-1516 Tenn. Code Ann., the condemnation proceedings cover only the
       interests of those who are made parties, no interests in the land were
       determined at the time this action was begun.

              The defendant relies on having brought in, as a defendant in the
       condemnation action, only the Iron Company, the record title holder. The
       defendant cannot be excused from naming, as defendants, the plaintiffs who
       held a substantial interest in the land, and whose interest under the assumed
       facts was known to the defendant and its attorneys and agents. It chose, so to
       speak, to bury its head in the sand, ostrich like, and ignore the real outstanding
       interest. The purpose of recording and registering deeds is to give the world
       constructive notice of transfers. One is still chargeable with the actual
       knowledge which one has.

               To name the plaintiffs as defendants in the condemnation action might
       result in removal of the case to the Federal Court, reason defendant’s counsel.
       Well, so be it; if that is the right of the plaintiffs, it can’t be denied by ignoring
       the facts.

Id. at 585 (emphasis added).

        Likewise, in the case at bar, the Association definitely has an interest in the two tracts
of Open Space the Developers conveyed to the City – the Association holds equitable title
to the tracts, which was granted to the Association by the Developers in the Declaration.
Moreover, when it purchased the property from the Developers, the City was on actual and
constructive notice that the tracts were subject to the Declaration. Despite the City’s
insistence to the contrary, we find the Developers cannot unilaterally extinguish the
Association’s equitable title in these tracts by selling them to the City without the
Association’s knowledge or consent. Although the City has the authority to acquire property

                                               -12-
for the purpose of widening public roads, it cannot “bury its head in the sand, ostrich like,
and ignore the real outstanding interest,” that is, it cannot acquire the property and use it to
widen a public road without compensating the Association. Id. In other words, the
Association’s equitable title is a valuable property interest, for which it is entitled to just
compensation under the inverse condemnation statute. Tenn. Code Ann. §29-16-123; see also
Town of Dandridge v. Patterson, 827 S.W.2d 797, 800 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991) (holding that
an unexercised option to purchase, coupled with expenditures made in furtherance of the
exercise of the option, created an “equitable interest” which “vests a valuable and
compensable property right in the holder”).

     For the foregoing reasons, we have determined that the Association possessed
compensable property rights in the Open Space acquired by the City.

                                    IV. C OLOR OF T ITLE

       The trial court also found that the inverse condemnation statute, Tennessee Code
Annotated § 29-16-123, did not apply because the City obtained Tracts 77 and 86 under color
of title. Cf. Cheatham, 363 F.2d at 584 (Carter County instituted condemnation
proceedings). In so finding, the trial court relied upon Dickens v. Shelby County, 157 S.W.2d
825 (Tenn. 1942). We have determined that the trial court’s reliance on Dickens is misplaced
because the plaintiff’s claim in Dickens was for ejectment only, not compensation under
inverse condemnation. Id. at 827.

        The relevant facts in Dickens are as follows. The holder of a life estate in 1.37 acres
conveyed the property to Shelby County, and Shelby County duly recorded the deed. Id. at
826. Although the life tenant only held a life estate in the property, the deed executed by the
life tenant in favor of the County purported to convey the property in fee simple. Id. The
County proceeded to construct and operate a school on the property. Id. Upon the death of
the life-tenant, her heirs filed an action for ejectment in the Shelby County Chancery Court,
“to recover possession of the land, together with rentals.” Id. The Chancery Court dismissed
the heirs’ claim, and the Tennessee Supreme Court upheld the dismissal, finding: “In the
instant case, we have a pure ejectment bill. . . . The bill seeks nothing more than the recovery
of the land and mesne profits.” Id. at 827.

       Dickens stands for the proposition that the heirs could not seek an equitable remedy
(ejectment), where an adequate remedy (just compensation) could be had at law. Moreover,
the statutes providing for a legal remedy (the inverse condemnation statutes), had “no
application” in an ejectment action. See id. at 826. The cases relied upon in Dickens support
this conclusion. See Campbell v. Lewisburg & N.R. Co., 26 S.W.2d 141, 145 (Tenn. 1930)
(holding that where life-tenant executed a deed to a railroad company purporting to convey

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the property in fee simple, heirs “cannot recover possession of the land, nor can they free it
from an inconsistent adverse possession,” and they “must be remitted to the recovery of such
damages as constitute just compensation for their property taken”); Saunders v. Memphis R.
S. R. Co., 47 S.W. 155, 156 (Tenn. 1898) (holding that where railroad company “purchased
the right of way here in question, . . . in good faith, . . . [a]t the most, the plaintiffs are entitled
to compensation and damages only, and not to a recovery of the land”).

       We also find the trial court’s reliance on the City’s “color of title” is misplaced
because the inverse condemnation statute, Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-16-123, says that
“where the public service corporation is in possession the owner shall proceed in a certain
way, and it says nothing about the methods by which the possession was acquired.” Rogers
v. City of Knoxville, 289 S.W.2d 868, 871 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1955). Therefore, the
Association’s claim for just compensation is not barred by the fact that the City purchased
the property from the Developers.

                     V. The Association’s Motion for Summary Judgment

       The trial court denied the Association’s motion for partial summary judgment on the
issue of the City’s liability under the inverse condemnation statute, Tennessee Code
Annotated § 29-16-123, for taking the Association’s property without compensation. We
have determined the motion should have been granted as to liability, reserving for a
subsequent hearing a determination of the value of the property taken by the City.

       We have already determined, as a matter of law: 1) the Declaration conferred
equitable title in the Open Space to the Association, a fact of which the City had actual
knowledge prior to purchasing Tracts 77 and 86 from the Developers; 2) the Association’s
equitable title constitutes a compensable property interest, and 3) the City’s actions in
building a public road over Tracts 77 and 86 constitute a taking of the Association’s
equitable title for which it is entitled to compensation. Therefore, as a matter of law, the
Association is the “owner” of a valuable, compensable interest in the property, and it is
undisputed the City “has actually taken possession,” of Tracts 77 and 86, “occupying it for
the purposes of internal improvement,” namely the widening of a public road. Id.; see also
Edwards, 115 S.W.3d at 465 (citing Ill Cent. R.R. Co. v. Moriarty, 186 S.W. 1053 (Tenn.
1916) (Barron v. City of Memphis, 80 S.W. 832 (1904)) (“Physical occupation takings arise
when a governmental defendant causes either a direct and continuing physical invasion of
private property or a destruction of a plaintiff’s property rights.”).

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       Accordingly, we reverse the decision to deny the Association’s motion for partial
summary judgment and remand with instructions to grant the Association’s motion on the
issue of the City’s liability under the inverse condemnation statute, Tennessee Code
Annotated § 29-16-123, and for a determination of the value of the property taken by the
City.
                                    I N C ONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is reversed, and this matter is remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs of appeal are assessed against the appellee,
City of Brentwood.

                                                     ______________________________
                                                     FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., JUDGE

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