Court Opinion

ID: 2981872
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 19:54:01.247264+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:26.431675
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 13a0552n.06

                                           No. 12-1929                                  FILED
                                                                                    Jun 06, 2013
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ANDE KHOTHER,                                    )
                                                 )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                       )
                                                 )
v.                                               )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                 )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
DEEULIS, West Bloomfield Police Officer          )    EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
and LAWSON, West Bloomfield Police               )
Lieutenant,                                      )
                                                 )
       Defendants-Appellants,                    )
                                                 )
TOWNSHIP OF WEST BLOOMFIELD,                     )
                                                 )
       Defendant.                                )

       Before: MARTIN and COOK, Circuit Judges; GRAHAM, District Judge.*

       COOK, Circuit Judge. After West Bloomfield Township police officers Curt Lawson and

Jason DeEulis arrested Ande Khother on suspicion of drunk driving, Khother sustained a laceration

above his left eye during booking at the police station. He sued the officers and the Township under

42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment violations. The district court granted

summary judgment to the Township, but denied qualified immunity to the officers, leaving two

claims pending against them: (1) an excessive-force claim for the cut sustained while in custody;

       *
        The Honorable James L. Graham, United States District Judge for the Southern District of
Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 12-1929
Khother v. DeEulis

and (2) a malicious prosecution claim. The officers renew their request for qualified immunity in

this interlocutory appeal. Because the record demonstrates that the officers did not act objectively

unreasonably, we REVERSE.

                                                  I.

       A party may appeal a district court’s denial of qualified immunity to the extent that the denial

turns on legal issues. Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 310–12 (1995). Thus, on interlocutory

appeal, we “take, as given, the facts that the district court assumed when it denied summary

judgment.” Id. at 319. Yet, where video evidence “blatantly contradict[s]” this version of events,

we “view[] the facts in the light depicted by the videotape.” Austin v. Redford Twp. Police Dep’t,

690 F.3d 490, 493 (6th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Scott v. Harris, 550
U.S. 372, 380–82 (2007)). In this case, video evidence blatantly contradicts Khother’s primary

allegation of abuse: that officers DeEulis and Lawson violated his Fourth Amendment rights by

slamming his head into a booking desk during post-arrest processing at the police station. We

therefore adopt the facts as established by the tapes, while drawing all inferences in the light most

favorable to Khother, the non-moving party. See Scott, 550 U.S. at 381; Johnson, 515 U.S. at 319;

Coble v. City of White House, Tenn., 634 F.3d 865, 868–69 (6th Cir. 2011) (extending Scott to

audiotape evidence).

       DeEulis and Lawson arrested Khother on suspicion of drunk driving early in the morning on

November 24, 2007. Khother alleges that during the stop, DeEulis called him a “fucking Arab,” and

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No. 12-1929
Khother v. DeEulis

that both officers were “belligerent, abusive, and malicious.” The dashcam video recorded DeEulis

and Lawson conducting themselves calmly and professionally throughout the stop, never acting

belligerently toward Khother. Though the dashcam video cannot dispel the officers’ alleged use of

racial slurs outside the police cruiser, the clarified in-car audio recording of Khother’s ride to the

police station blatantly contradicts his allegations of slurs and abusive conduct during the ride.

Throughout the six-minute ride, Khother repeatedly pleaded for his release. Within thirty seconds,

Khother invoked his second cousin’s employment as a West Bloomfield police officer in asking

DeEulis to let him go. (R. 20-1, Ex. 13 at 0:27–0:29 (“If you won’t do it for me, do it for him.”).)

Khother then explained that this arrest is his “second DUI” and his “father will die” if he learns of

it, begging DeEulis to “do me a favor, man, you have to.” Despite Khother’s entreaties, DeEulis

remained professional and engaged in no abusive or belligerent conduct.

        The police station video shows that almost immediately after DeEulis uncuffed Khother in

the booking room, Khother began pointing and gesturing at DeEulis. After working for a few

minutes on a department computer in a corner of the booking room, DeEulis turned to address

Khother, who became progressively animated and eventually popped up—unrestrained—from his

bench. DeEulis gestured for Khother to sit, but Khother complied only after DeEulis stepped toward

him. For the next forty seconds, Khother continued pointing and gesturing at DeEulis from his seat,

sticking his finger in DeEulis’s face. After Khother disregarded DeEulis’s second order to sit,

DeEulis stepped toward Khother, placed his hand on Khother’s shoulder, and pressed him back onto

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No. 12-1929
Khother v. DeEulis

the seat. Undeterred, Khother continued motioning toward DeEulis from his chair, but DeEulis

calmly returned to the corner to continue his computer work.

       Two minutes later, DeEulis turned from the computer and Khother stood, shaking his finger

in DeEulis’s face yet again. DeEulis approached Khother and placed his right hand on Khother’s

shoulder to reseat him, but Khother resisted. Using both hands, Khother clutched DeEulis’s right

forearm in an attempt to push DeEulis back and knock his arm away. DeEulis, however, maintained

control of Khother and pushed him back into his seat. This footage blatantly contradicts Khother’s

testimony that he never pointed at DeEulis.

       Khother remained combative even after DeEulis’s second attempt to subdue him. He pointed

and gesticulated at DeEulis for the next two minutes, briefly pausing only for a moment when

Lawson     entered    the   room.       Although     Lawson      also   tried   to   calm   him,

Khother—unrelenting—continued pointing toward DeEulis. Several minutes later, Khother rose

from his chair for a third time and stepped toward Lawson, prompting Lawson to step back. Over

the next minute, Lawson warned Khother to calm down while removing the taser from his belt.

More than a minute passed before Khother returned to his seat.

       Moments later, Khother again stood up just long enough to gesture menacingly toward

Lawson. After he quickly sat, Lawson motioned for Khother to rise and move toward the holding

cell down the hall. Yet now, Khother refused to budge. He stayed seated, growing agitated. Lawson

again motioned for Khother to rise and head toward the holding cell. When Khother refused and

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No. 12-1929
Khother v. DeEulis

remained seated, Lawson approached from Khother’s left-hand side. Lawson, and only Lawson,

secures Khother’s left arm while moving him forward. Khother fell forward, landing just out of the

security camera’s frame. The officers then stood Khother back up, lifting him from under his

shoulders, and returned him to his chair.

       During the fall, Khother suffered a one-inch laceration on his left eyebrow. Lawson

instructed Cadet Tournaud to alert dispatch so that they could request an ambulance to tend to

Khother’s cut. Lawson also notified dispatch to save that night’s police station video. After Lawson

gave Khother paper towels to apply to the cut, Khother stood up. Standing within feet of Lawson,

Khother jabbed toward the officer’s head with his left arm, prompting Lawson to retreat and brandish

his taser before instructing Khother to sit down. The video clearly shows Lawson repeatedly

mouthing the words “sit down.” After Khother defied the officers’ commands, both Lawson and

DeEulis grabbed him and removed him from the booking room.

       The officers led Khother to his holding cell. As they placed him in the cell, Khother spun

around and attempted to rush past them back out of the cell. The officers pushed him back into the

cell and shut the door. Khother paced the cell until DeEulis returned with a camera. DeEulis tried

for nearly two minutes to get a picture of Khother’s injury, but Khother hid his cut from the camera.

Just before the paramedics arrived, a team of officers escorted Khother from his holding cell. Once

outside the cell, Khother remained defiant, still resisting and pointing at the officers. The

paramedics arrived soon after, leading Khother away on a stretcher to the hospital.

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No. 12-1929
Khother v. DeEulis

        When Khother fell forward from his chair and suffered his cut, he fell into the space

immediately in front of where he had been seated. In his complaint, Khother alleged that “[w]hile

Plaintiff was handcuffed at the West Bloomfield Township Police Department, Defendants grabbed

Plaintiff by both arms and slammed his head into a booking desk.” The video evidence, however,

establishes that one officer, Lawson, removed Khother from his chair. DeEulis played no role in

causing Khother’s fall. Moreover, the video reveals the absence of the booking desk that Khother

claims the officers slammed his head on. When Lawson and DeEulis led Khother from the booking

room, they crossed over the precise spot where Khother fell out of the chair without needing to

navigate around a desk-sized piece of furniture. And when the officers returned to the booking

room, the video recorded another unidentified person walking through the space where Khother fell

without striking a booking desk. Additionally, roughly ten seconds later, the camera recorded a door

sweeping across the area where Khother fell. Again, no booking desk. Finally, the video shows

Officer DeEulis bend over and crouch in the area where Khother fell. Although the video did not

capture exactly how Khother sustained the laceration, it blatantly contradicts Khother’s testimony

that both defendants “slammed” his head against a booking desk.

        In a three-page order, the district court denied the officers’ motion for summary judgment

on Khother’s excessive-force claim, holding that genuine issues of material fact remained because

the infliction of Khother’s cut is not visible on the station house video. According to the court, such

an injury would violate an arrestee’s clearly established constitutional right to be free from gratuitous

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No. 12-1929
Khother v. DeEulis

injury during custody. The district court also denied summary judgement on Khother’s malicious

prosecution claim. The officers timely appeal.

                                                  II.

       Qualified immunity shields “government officials performing discretionary functions . . .

from civil damages liability as long as their actions could reasonably have been thought consistent

with the rights they are alleged to have violated.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 638 (1987).

“Because qualified immunity is an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability . . . it

is effectively lost if a case is erroneously permitted to go to trial.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S.
223, 231 (2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Therefore, the collateral order

doctrine renders an order denying qualified immunity to a public official immediately appealable

when the issue appealed concerns whether certain facts showed a violation of clearly established law.

See Harrison v. Ash, 539 F.3d 510, 521 (6th Cir. 2008).

       Two questions guide qualified-immunity decisions. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236

(2009). First, did the officer’s conduct violate the plaintiff’s constitutional right? Saucier v. Katz,

533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). Second, was that right clearly established at the time of the incident?

Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 198 (2004). “Qualified immunity will often operate ‘to protect

officers from the sometimes hazy border between excessive and acceptable force.’” Solomon v.

Auburn Hills Police Dep’t, 389 F.3d 167, 174 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Saucier, 553 U.S. at 206)

(internal quotation marks omitted). An officer receives qualified immunity even “if he made an

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No. 12-1929
Khother v. DeEulis

objectively reasonable mistake as to the amount of force that was necessary under the circumstances

with which he was faced.” Id. at 175.

A. Excessive Force

       We analyze claims of excessive force under the Fourth Amendment’s reasonableness

standard. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989). This standard encompasses “a built-in

measure of deference to the officer’s on-the-spot judgment about the level of force necessary in light

of the circumstances of the particular case.” Burchett v. Kiefer, 310 F.3d 937, 944 (6th Cir. 2002)

(citing Graham, 490 U.S. at 396). The question of reasonableness in an excessive force case is

objective, asking “whether the officers’ actions are ‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts and

circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivation.” Graham,
490 U.S. at 397. This reasonableness inquiry “allow[s] for the fact that police officers are often

forced to make split-second judgments—in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly

evolving—about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation.” Graham, 490 U.S.

at 396–97. To evaluate reasonableness, we consider the circumstances of each case, including the

severity of the crime, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the officers or others, and

whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to flee. Id. at 396.

       1) Officer DeEulis

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No. 12-1929
Khother v. DeEulis

       Khother alleges that while “handcuffed at the West Bloomfield Township Police Department,

Defendants grabbed Plaintiff by both arms and slammed his head into the booking desk.” The

stationhouse video, however, establishes that DeEulis never touched Khother during the fall in the

booking room. Lawson, not DeEulis, attempted to secure Khother and move him toward the holding

cell; DeEulis merely helped lift Khother after the fall. DeEulis did not engage in the alleged

constitutional violation, and therefore qualified immunity shields him from Khother’s excessive-

force claim.

       2) Lieutenant Lawson

       Qualified immunity also applies to Lieutenant Lawson because his actions did not violate

Khother’s Fourth-Amendment rights. It was Khother—unruly, intoxicated, and unrestrained—who

repeatedly defied and menaced the officers. He disobeyed instructions to remain seated throughout

the booking process, and after approximately ten minutes of combative behavior, Lawson reasonably

attempted to move Khother to a holding cell. The video establishes that Khother fell forward into

a vacant area, debunking his claim that the officers “slammed” his head against a booking desk.

Although Khother argues that Lawson used excessive force because Khother sat “neutralized” in the

booking room, the cases he cites fail to demonstrate that Lawson acted unreasonably. In McDowell

v. Rogers, this circuit reversed a directed verdict, concluding that the jury should have decided the

excessive force issue because the handcuffed plaintiff offered no resistance when an officer struck

him with a nightstick and broke a rib. 863 F.2d 1302, 1303 (6th Cir. 1988). In Phelps v. Coy, the

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No. 12-1929
Khother v. DeEulis

plaintiff, also handcuffed, was tackled to the ground during booking despite complying with an

officer’s instruction. 286 F.3d 295, 297 (6th Cir. 2002). Once on the floor, the officer allegedly hit

the plaintiff in the face twice, grabbed his shirt, and banged his head into the floor at least three

times. Id. Importantly, there was no evidence that the plaintiff posed a threat to anyone. Id. And

in Solomon, the plaintiff was complying with an officer’s order when another officer attempted to

knock her to the ground, both officers shoved her into a display case, and one officer twisted

plaintiff’s arm with enough force to fracture it in several places. Solomon, 389 F.3d at 171, 173.

       Khother’s unruliness distinguishes his case. An unhandcuffed Khother repeatedly menaced

and disobeyed the officers. Lawson warned Khother to calm down several times before attempting

to move him. Only after multiple outbursts and continuing disobedience to the officers’ commands

did Lawson pull Khother forward from his chair to lead him to a holding cell. The video confirms

that at no point did Lawson slam Khother’s head into a booking desk; rather, he reasonably

responded to a disruptive detainee. Qualified immunity therefore applies. See Marvin v. City of

Taylor, 509 F.3d 234, 237 (6th Cir. 2007) (“[T]he volatility of [plainitff’s] drunken state strongly

suggests that it was not objectively unreasonable for [the officer to use force] when [plaintiff] twice

refused to obey the officer’s command.”).

B. Malicious Prosecution

       Due to the officers’ post-detainment issuance to Khother of a citation for obstruction of an

officer, Khother pressed a malicious-prosecution claim for which the district court also denied

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No. 12-1929
Khother v. DeEulis

qualified immunity. Though the officers now contend that the district court erred in crediting the

complaint as presenting that claim, we address its merits as did the officers in their district court

reply brief.

        Qualified immunity shields the officers from Khother’s malicious-prosecution claim.

Michigan Compiled Laws § 750.81d(1) states that “an individual who . . . resists, obstructs, opposes,

or endangers a person who the individual knows . . . is performing his duties . . . is guilty of a

felony.” The law defines “obstruct” to include the “use or threatened use of physical interference

or force or a knowing failure to comply with a lawful command.” Id. § 750.81d(7)(a). Here, the

stationhouse video demonstrates that probable cause supported Khother’s obstruction charge because

he repeatedly failed to comply with the officers during his booking, going so far as to jab at Lawson

during one outburst. Because a malicious-prosecution claim “fails when there was probable cause

to prosecute,” Fox v. DeSoto, 489 F.3d 227, 237 (6th Cir. 2007), and the officers had probable cause

to charge obstruction, qualified immunity shields DeEulis and Lawson.

                                                III.

        We REVERSE and REMAND.

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