Court Opinion

ID: 7018341
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 04:30:16.209969+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:10:28.426318
License: Public Domain

Mr. JUSTICE BARRY, dissenting: I respectfully dissent. Not only does it seem obvious to me that each of the petitioners violated Rules 951(a) and 952(a) of the Pollution Control Board Rules and Regulation, ch. 3: Water Pollution, but in deciding that there was no violation the majority opinion avoids meeting what I, as well as the parties in this case, consider to be the main issue, i.e., the constitutionality of Rules 951(a), 951(b)(2) and 952(a). Before dealing with the constitutionality of these particular rules, however, I will address the issue which the majority finds to be determinative. Rules 951(a) and 952(a) of the Pollution Control Board state: “Rule 951(a) and 951(b)(2): (a) No person shall cause or allow the construction of any new treatment works, sewer, or wastewater source or cause or allow the modification of any existing treatment works, sewer, or wastewater source without a Construction Permit issued by the Agency, except as provided in Paragraph (b). (b) Construction Permits shall not be required for the following: # # e (2) Any treatment works, sewer, or wastewater source designed and intended to serve a single building and eventually treat or discharge less than an average of 1500 gallons per day of domestic sewage. Rule 952(a): (a) No person shall cause or allow the use or operation of any treatment works, sewer, or wastewater source for which a Construction Permit is required under Rule 951 without an Operating Permit issued by the Agency, except for such testing operations as may be authorized by the Construction Permit.” The rules define a “modification” as follows: “Rule 104, Definitions: ‘Modifications’: (1) Any physical change in a treatment works which involves different or additional processes or equipment or which increases or decreases the capacity or efficiency of the treatment works; or (2) Any change in the number or location of points where effluent is discharged, directly or indirectly, to the waters; or (3) Any change in any components of a sewer system which alters the quantity or wastewater capable of being conveyed, or which increases or decreases the quantity of wastewater capable of being discharged at overflow or bypass structures; or (4) Any increase in quantity or strength of a discharge from any wastewater source, unless such increase does not exceed an upper limit specifically allowed by an existing permit granted by the Agency and does not involve any additional contaminants contained in standards set by this chapter that are not itemized and approved in an existing Agency permit; * * There can be no doubt that initially the eight-inch sewer line connecting Paul’s IGA Foodliner to the Vernon Street manhole was intended to serve only that building and intended to discharge an average of less than 1500 gallons of domestic sewage per day. Therefore, no construction permit was required for the construction of this sewer pursuant to the exemption of Rule 951(b)(2). However, once the Ben Franklin and Shad Hill connections were made, the petitioners were either guilty of causing (in the case of Four-Nine-Four and Eleanor keeper) or allowing (in the case of the Starceviches and Paul’s IGA Food-liner, Inc.) the modification of an existing sewer line without a permit as required by Rule 951(a). It seems clear that the petitioners’ activities constituted a modification as that term is defined in Rule 104(3). By causing or allowing the construction of sewer extensions to the Paul’s IGA line, the petitioners did in fact change the “components of a sewer system which alters the quantity of wastewater capable of being conveyed” under Rule 104(3). Despite the petitioners’ claim that Paul’s IGA sewer line was not a “sewer system,” that sewer is clearly a “component” of the entire Farmington system. The Ben Franklin and Shad Hill connections to the Paul’s IGA line constituted a change in that component which altered the amount of effluent capable of being conveyed. Consequently their actions were a “modification” within Rule 104(3), and the causing or allowing of this modification in the absence of a construction permit was a violation of Rules 951(a) and 952(a). The majority takes the position that the petitioners are not guilty of violating Rules 951(a) and 952(a) because they come within the limits of the construction permit exemption of Rule 951(b)(2). This conclusion results from too narrow a reading of the exemption. I agree that each sewer built in this case was initially designed and intended to serve a single building and discharge less than 1500 gallons of domestic sewage per day. However, once the Ben Franklin and Shad Hill sewer extensions were constructed, the Paul’s IGA line no longer served a single building, but three buildings. The net result of the majority’s opinion is to effectively read out of the exemption the single-building requirement and leave as the sole requirement the 1500-gallon-per-day limitation. Such a result was obviously not the intention of the Pollution Control Board when it promulgated the rule, nor does it serve the purposes of the Environmental Protection Act. The single-building provision in the exemption was included because it is unlikely that the effluent discharged from such a structure would exceed 1500 gallons of sewage per day, and because it eliminates the need of receiving and processing many, many unnecessary permit applications. The single-building requirement thus decreases both the probability of a sewage source exceeding the 1500-gallon limitation and the necessity of monitoring the amount of sewage discharged. These purposes are defeated by the decision rendered by the majority. As I read the majority opinion, so long as the sewer is attached to a single building which might discharge an average of less than 1500 gallons of sewage a day, the permit exemption of Rule 951(b) (a) applies, even though that sewer line in fact serves two, three, or more buildings. Consequently, the single-building provision becomes meaningless. It can no longer serve as assurance that the 1500-gallon limitation will not be exceeded because once an attachment is made to a single building, the sewer could serve any number of buildings or hookups. In the absence of a viable single-building requirement, the burden placed upon the EPA to discover violators and enforce the Act, as well as the likelihood of a sewer discharging more than 1500 gallons of sewage a day, is markedly increased. I do not believe that the Pollution Control Board intended the single-building requirement to be meaningless. The Board intended it to act both as an effective limitation upon the amount of domestic sewage discharged into the environment, and as a limitation upon the number of permit applications which the Agency is required to process. The permit exemption of Rule 951(b)(2) is distinctly limited to those sewers discharging an average of less than 1500 gallons of sewage a day and serving a single building. With the exception of the original eight-inch line from Paul’s IGA, none of the additional sewer hookups meet the exemption. The Board was correct in finding that the petitions had violated Rules 951(a) and 952(a). In finding no violation of Rules 951(a) and 952(a) the majority failed to address the issue raised by the petitioners concerning the constitutionality of those rules. Because both the petitioners and the EPA considered this to be the main issue in this case, a full discussion of this important constitutional issue is warranted. The petitioners contend that Rules 951(a) and 952(a) violate equal protection clauses of both the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §2) and the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend XIV) because they are arbitrary, unreasonable, and capricious. The petitioners point specifically to the single-building requirement of Rule 951(b)(2). The petitioners argue that this requirement for a permit exemption is violative of equal protection because it exempts from the permit requirement sewers intended to serve a single building that discharges less than an average of 1500 gallons of domestic sewage daily, while requiring a permit for the construction of sewers serving more than one building, even though the sewage discharge may be well below the 1500-gallon limitation. As a result of the single-building requirement for a permit exemption, the petitioners contend that emphasis is incorrectly placed upon the source of the effluent rather than the nature and quantity of the discharge to the detriment of the purposes of the Environmental Protection Act. In this case, for example, it may be that the combined sewage discharge from all three of the petitioners’ businesses (Paul’s IGA, Ben Franklin, and Shad Hill) amounted to less than average of 1500 gallons of domestic sewage per day (as the petitioners’ evidence indicates), yet their construction of sewers without permit was found to be illegal due to their inability to meet the single-building requirement of Rule 951(b) (2). Petitioners make the point that had they each constructed separate sewer lines to the Vernon Street manhole, they would have qualified for the permit exemption, and it would have been theoretically possible for each of them to legally discharge slightly less than an average of 1500 gallons of domestic sewage per day — a total of almost 4500 gallons — into the already overtaxed Farmington sewer system. The petitioners argue that rules which allow the discharge of considerable amounts of sewage into a system barely able to function, but forbid the discharge óf lesser and otherwise permissible amounts of sewage, are patently arbitrary, unreasonable, and inconsistent with the aims of the Environmental Protection Act. Before administrative action taken under statutory authority will be set aside on equal protection grounds, it must be shown to be clearly arbitrary, unreasonable, or capricious (Illinois Coal Operators Association v. Pollution Control Board (1974), 59 Ill. 2d 305, 319 N.E.2d 782). In Thillens, Inc. v. Morey (1957), 11 Ill. 2d 579, 594, 144 N.E.2d 735, 743, the Illinois Supreme Court, quoting from Lindsley v. Natural Carbonic Gas Co. (1911), 220 U.S. 61, 78-79, 55 L. Ed. 369, 377, 31 S. Ct. 337, recited the rules to be used in testing alleged discrimination under the equal protection clause: “ T. The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment does not take from the State the power to classify in the adoption of police laws, but admits of the exercise of a wide scope of discretion in that regard, and avoids what is done only when it is without any reasonable basis and therefore is purely arbitrary. 2. A classification having some reasonable basis does not offend against that clause merely because it is not made with mathematical nicety or because in practice it results in some inequality. 3. When the classification in such a law is called in question, if any state of facts reasonably can be conceived that would sustain it, the existence of that state of facts at the time the law was enacted must be assumed. 4. One who assails the classification in such a law must carry the burden of showing that it does not rest upon any reasonable basis, but is essentially arbitrary.’ The foregoing principles are of equal application in the State of Illinois. (Stewart v. Brady, 300 Ill. 425; Krebs v. Board of Trustees, 410 Ill. 435; Union Cemetery Ass’n v. Cooper, 414 Ill. 23.)” Accordingly, Illinois courts have held that in order to square with the equal protection clause, the classification under scrutiny must bear a “ ‘rational relation to the evil to be remedied’ ” (Begich v. Industrial Com. (1969), 42 Ill. 2d 32, 36, 245 N.E.2d 457, 459), but it is not necessary that the classification be “scientific, logical or consistent, provided it rests on a reasonable basis.” (Supervisors of County of Boone v. Village of Rainbow Gardens (1958), 14 Ill. 2d 504, 513, 153 N.E.2d 16, 21.) In short, then, the task is to determine whether Rules 951(a), 952(a), and specifically the single-building requirement of Rule 951(b)(2) bear any reasonable relation to the purposes of the Environmental Protection Act. Although I appreciate the logic of the petitioners’ argument, I believe that none of the above rules violate either the State or Federal equal protection clauses. In regard to Rule 951(b)(2), it is true that the exemption applies to “single buildings” that discharge less than an average of 1500 gallons of domestic sewage a day. However, it is equally as true that the majority of “single buildings” which discharge less than 1500 gallons of sewage a day are single-family residences. This point was made by the Fifth District Appellate Court in the case of People v. Keeven (1979), 68 Ill. App. 3d 91, 385 N.E.2d 804, where the court upheld the constitutionality of the very Pollution Control Board rules before us here. Keeven is unusual in that although the defendant did not challenge the validity of Rules 951 (a), 952(a), and 951 (b) (2), the trial court held that Rule 951 was “arbitrary, discriminatory, and unreasonable,” and therefore violative of unspecified provisions of the Illinois and United States constitutions. Despite the failure of the defendant to file a brief on appeal, the court decided to consider the merits of the case. In reversing the trial court and upholding the constitutionality of the rules in issue, the court specifically stated that rule 951(b)(2) “is based on rational distinctions and directly aids in achieving the goals of the Act, the reduction and elimination of water pollution.” (68 Ill. App. 3d 91, 102, 385 N.E.2d 804, 811.) In the process of reaching this decision, the court accepted plaintiff’s contention that most “single buildings” are single-family homes. I agree with the Keeven court’s interpretation of the term “single building” as found in Rule 951(b)(2). I am aware of the argument that if the Board had intended for the construction permit exemption to apply to single-family homes served by sewers which discharge less than an average of 1500 gallons of sewage a day, it would have said “single family homes” and not “single buildings.” Yet, to ignore the fact that the majority of single buildings discharging less than 1500 gallons of domestic sewage a day are indeed single-family residences is to ignore reality. Furthermore, to refuse to acknowledge this fact is to pay but lip service to the mandates of Thillens, Inc. v. Morey: When the classification in a law is questioned, “if any state of facts reasonably can be conceived that would sustain it, the existence of that state of facts at the time law was enacted must be assumed.” (Emphasis added.) 11 Ill. 2d 579, 594, 144 N.E.2d 735, 743. As the Keeven case points out, the Board’s decision to hinge the applicability of the permit exemption of Rule 951(b)(2) on whether or not the proposed sewer is intended to serve a single building (generally a single-family residence) is justifiable on several grounds. First, “[t]he type and amount of wastes generated by such structures is well established and does not vary significantly from one structure to another. e [T]he same is not true for other structures such as apartment buildings, stores and industrial or commercial establishments where the volume and nature of waste may vary significantly from structure to structure.” (68 Ill. App. 3d 91, 102, 385 N.E.2d 804, 811.) In addition, due to the fact that single-family residences generate little, if any, income, it would be unduly burdensome to compel the owner-occupier of every such structure to apply for a sewer construction permit in light of the small benefit to be gained from such a procedure. The permit exemption of Rule 951(b)(2) not only alleviates this burden of the owner-occupier of single-family homes, but also eases the administrative burden of the EPA as it greatly reduces the number of permit applications to be processed. I also note that contrary to the petitioners’ contention, the single-building requirement is not adverse to the purposes of the Environmental Protection Act because it does in fact act as a limitation on the amount of sewage discharged into the system. Under Rule 951(b)(2), the permit requirement is eliminated only if the proposed sewer is intended to discharge an average of less than 1500 gallons of sewage a day and it serves a single building. If the single-building requirement were to be stricken from the rule, qualification for a permit exemption would rest solely upon the quantity of the sources’ sewer discharge. Because the quantity of discharge from any source is likely to fluctuate over a period of time, the 1500-gallon limitation could be easily exceeded unless the EPA constantly monitored every source for a rule violation. The single-building requirement not only greatly increases the likelihood that the 1500-gallon limitation will be adhered to (the sewage flow increase from a single building being less than the increase from several buildings), but also aids in the enforcement of the Act. Although I feel that for these reasons alone the single-building requirement of Rule 951(b)(2) bears a reasonable relation to the purposes of the Environmental Protection Act and is not violative of equal protection, I am further convinced that petitioners have not made out a valid equal protection violation by the absence of any contention that the alleged discrimination was invidious. “The equal protection clause goes no further than the invidious discrimination.” (Thillens, Inc. v. Morey (1957), 11 Ill. 2d 579, 594, 144 N.E.2d 735, 743.) In Summers v. Illinois Commerce Com. (1978), 58 Ill. App. 3d 933, 936, 374 N.E.2d 1111, 1113, the court said “[t]he application of the equal protection clause is limited to ‘instances of purposeful or invidious discrimination rather than erroneous or even arbitrary administration of state powers.’ (Briscoe v. Kusper (7th Cir. 1970), 435 F.2d 1046, 1052.)” (Accord, Contemporary Music Group, Inc. v. Chicago Park District (1978), 57 Ill. App. 3d 182, 372 N.E.2d 982.) In the absence of any proof that the discrimination against the petitioners by virtue of the existence of the single-building requirement in Rule 951(b)(2) was purposeful or invidious, I am of the opinion that the equal protection rights of the petitioners were not violated, that Rules 951(a), 951(b)(2) and 952(a) of the Pollution Control Board bear a reasonable relation to the purposes of the Environmental Protection Act, and that those rules are therefore consistent with the mandates of the State and Federal constitutions. I would affirm the order of the Pollution Control Board.