Court Opinion

ID: 9868884
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-26 19:03:20.974303+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:30:46.499771
License: Public Domain

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,'CAB/7<7<5B63)'3>/@B;3<B=4=;;3@13NA47</:A1=>3@C:7<5B6/B13@B/7<
>:/AB71A63:427D723@A/@33F1:C2324@=;B63/<B72C;>7<5/<21=C<B3@D/7:7<52CBG
=@23@A=<@/E4:3F70:3;/5<3BA4@=;B63$3=>:3NA&3>C0:71=467</s 
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                                                       /B32'3>B3;03@      

3@3;G*CB@/&71673((6=;/A/<26@7AB=>63@:/@9=4'?C7@3$/BB=<
=55A)' $*/A67<5B=<4=@$:/7<B744!/5<C;!/5<3B71A
=@>=@/B7=<
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:/C27/C@933>CBG7@31B=@/<2/<73:&=:/<2(@7/:BB=@<3G
=;;3@17/: 7B75/B7=<@/<167D7:7D7A7=<)'3>/@B;3<B=4CAB713=4
*/A67<5B=<4=@343<2/<B)<7B32'B/B3A*7B6B63;=<B630@734E3@3@7/<
!=G<B=<$@7<17>/:3>CBGAA7AB/<BBB=@<3G3<3@/:/<2$/B@717/!
=C@B"=                                                              $/53 
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!1/@B6G7@31B=@#41=C<A3:=<B630@734E/A/@@3BB/GABB=@<3G#44713
=4B636734=C<A3:4=@(@/23<4=@13;3<B=;>:7/<13)'3>/@B;3<B=4
=;;3@13
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@7AB3<';7B6/<2'/@/6+CA9/7B7A=4'/<2:3@(@/D7A&=A3<03@5$
*/A67<5B=<4=@343<2/<B<B3@D3<=@/AB3<3@A4=@&3B/7:<120/'744@=<
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       6=3@=D3AC253$:/7<B744!/5<C;!/5<3B71A=@>=@/B7=<K$:/7<B744L

=@K!/5<C;!/5<3B71AL16/::3<53AB63)'3>/@B;3<B=4=;;3@13NA

K=;;3@13L47</:A1=>3@C:7<5B6/BB63>:/AB71A63:427D723@A=4343<2/<B

<B3@D3<=@/AB3<3@A4=@&3B/7:<120/'744@=<K343<2/<B<B3@D3<=@L=@

K'744@=<L/@33F1:C2324@=;B63/<B72C;>7<5/<21=C<B3@D/7:7<52CBG=@23@A=<

@/E4:3F70:3;/5<3BA4@=;B63$3=>:3NA&3>C0:71=467</K67</L

<B72C;>7<5CBG/<2=C<B3@D/7:7<5CBG#@23@A=<&/E:3F70:3!/5<3BA

4@=;B63$3=>:3NA&3>C0:71=467</7</:&C:7<5=<'744@=<$:/AB71'63:4

7D723@A            C5   K7</:'1=>3&C:7<5L$& 
      
&    A33&/E:3F70:3!/5<3BA4@=;B63$3=>:3NA&3>C0:71=467</ 32

&35  '3>B        /<B72C;>7<52CBG=@23@&/E:3F70:3!/5<3BA

4@=;B63$3=>:3NA&3>C0:71=467</ 32&35  '3>B       

1=C<B3@D/7:7<52CBG=@23@1=::31B7D3:GK#@23@AL

      34=@3B63=C@B7A$:/7<B744NA&C:3 !=B7=<4=@C25;3<B)>=<B63

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 7B/B7=<AB=B63/2;7<7AB@/B7D3@31=@2@34:31BB63>C0:71@31=@2K$&L/<2
1=<4723<B7/:@31=@2K&L2=1C;3<B<C;03@A47:327<B67A1/A3"=A  
=C@B"=                                                              $/53 
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53<1G&31=@2K$:/7<B744NA!=B7=<L$:NA& !=B53<1G&K$:NA

!=BL"=    $:NA!3;$=7<BACB6=@7B73A'C>>$:NA!=B53<1G&

K$:NA@L"=   343<2/<B)<7B32'B/B3AKB63=D3@<;3<BL=@

K343<2/<BL/<2343<2/<B<B3@D3<=@=>>=A3$:/7<B744NA!=B7=<&3A>@34

<B3@DK34<B3@DNA&3A>L"=A    34NA&3A>$:NA!=B

53<1G&K34NA&3A>L"= $:/7<B74447:327BA@3>:G$:NA&3>:G@

C@B63@'C>>&C:3 !=B53<1G&K$:NA&3>:GL"= 

      =@B63@3/A=<A27A1CAA3203:=EB63=C@BACAB/7<A=;;3@13NA7</:

'1=>3&C:7<5/AAC>>=@B320GAC0AB/<B7/:3D723<13/<27</11=@2/<13E7B6:/E

                                 "

      #<'3>B3;03@       =;;3@137AAC32/<B72C;>7<5/<21=C<B3@D/7:7<5

2CBG=@23@A4=@@/E4:3F70:3;/5<3BA4@=;B63$3=>:3NA&3>C0:71=467</'33

&/E:3F70:3!/5<3BA4@=;B63$3=>:3NA&3>C0:71=467</ 32&35/B

  &/E:3F70:3!/5<3BA4@=;B63$3=>:3NA&3>C0:71=467</ 32&35

/B  

      #<!/@16         '744@=<47:32/A1=>3@C:7<5@3?C3ABB=23B3@;7<3

E63B63@13@B/7<>:/AB71A63:427D723@AE67161=<A7AB=4/@/E4:3F70:3;/5<3BB6/B7A

0=<232E7B6/</263A7D3B=B630/A3=4/>:/AB71A633BB6/B7A53<3@/::G(=@ 

A6/>32/@31=D3@320GB63A1=>3=4B63#@23@A 3BB3@4@=;'/<2:3@(@/D7A

&=A3<03@5$B==;;3@13@3&/E:3F70:3!/5<3BA4@=;B63$3=>:3NA
=C@B"=                                                            $/53 

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&3>C0:71=467<//<2(/7E/<'1=>3&C:7<5&3?C3AB4=@/AB3<3@A4=@&3B/7:<1

,20/s'744@=<!/@          K'744@=<NA'1=>3&C:7<5&3?C3ABL$& & J 

       #<>@7:        !/5<C;!/5<3B71A47:321=;;3<BA=<'744@=<NA'1=>3

&C:7<5&3?C3AB/<2=;;3@137AAC32/AC>>:3;3<B/:?C3AB7=<</7@3B='744@=<

 3BB3@4@=;'?C7@3$/BB=<=55A)'          $B==;;3@13@3&/E:3F70:3

!/5<3BA4@=;B63$3=>:3NA&3>C0:714@=;67<//<2(/7E/<=;;3<BA0G

!/5<C;!/5<3B71A=@>=@/B7=<=<'1=>3&C:7<5>>:71/B7=<4@=;/AB3<3@A4=@

&3B/7:<1,20/s'744@=<>@        $&    3BB3@4@=;=;;3@13@3&/E

:3F70:3!/5<3BA4@=;B63$3=>:3NA&3>C0:71=467</'1=>3&C:7<5&3?C3AB

/AB3<3@A4=@&3B/7:<1,20/s'744@=<>@        $&   A33/:A= 3BB3@4@=;

'/<2:3@(@/D7A&=A3<03@5$B==;;3@13@3&/E:3F70:3!/5<3BA4@=;

B63$3=>:3NA&3>C0:71=467</'744@=<NA&3A>=<A3B='1=>3<?C7@G'C>>:3;3<B/:

%C3AB7=<</7@3>@          $&   & 

       #<>@7:           =;;3@137<7B7/B32B63A1=>37<?C7@G!3;@3

<7B7/B7=<=4/AB3<3@A4=@&3B/7:<1,20/s'744@=<'744@=<'1=>3<?C7@G>@

       $&    (63$/@B73A47:32B637@@3A>31B7D31=;;3<BA 3BB3@4@=;'?C7@3

$/BB=<=55A)'         $B==;;3@13@3&/E:3F70:3!/5<3BA4@=;B63

$3=>:3NA&3>C0:71=467</=;;3<BA/<2/1BC/:<4=@;/B7=<'C0;7BB320G

!/5<C;!/5<3B71A=@>=@/B7=<B=&30CBAA3@B7=<A=<B/7<327<B63'1=>3

&C:7<5>>:71/B7=<4@=;/AB3<3@A4=@&3B/7:<1,20/s'744@=<!/G              
=C@B"=                                                        $/53
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K!/5<C;!/5<3B71AN&30CBB/:=;;3<BAL$& & 3BB3@4@=;'/<2:3@

(@/D7A&=A3<03@5$B==;;3@13@3&/E:3F70:3!/5<3BA4@=;B63

$3=>:3NA&3>C0:71=467</'744@=<NA=;;3<BA/<2/1BC/:<4=@;/B7=<B=&30CB

=;;3<BA/<2/1BC/:<4=@;/B7=<7:32G!/5<C;!/5<3B71A=@>=@/B7=<

!/G         K'744@=<NA&30CBB/:=;;3<BAL$& &J      =;;3@13

7AAC32B637</:'1=>3&C:7<5=<C5CAB        23B3@;7<7<5B6/B'744@=<NA>:/AB71

A63:427D723@A0=<232B=@/E4:3F70:3;/5<3BA/@33F1:C2324@=;B63A1=>3=4B63

#@23@A'337</:'1=>3&C:7<5$:/7<B74447:32B67AB7;3:G/1B7=<'33;

'C;;=<A"==;>:"=

                 " ! !#$

         (63=C@B6/A8C@7A271B7=<>C@AC/<BB='31B7=< / D7=4B63

(/@7441B=4      /A/;3<232 )'I  // D7/<2 )'

I  1(63=C@BE7::6=:2C<:/E4C:/<G23B3@;7</B7=<4=C<2B=03

C<AC>>=@B320GAC0AB/<B7/:3D723<13=<B63@31=@2=@=B63@E7A3<=B7</11=@2/<13

E7B6:/E )'I  /0 7

         K,*s63B63@B63C</;075C=CAB3@;A=4/A1=>31=<B@=:B637<?C7@G=@

E63B63@A=;3/;075C7BG3F7ABA7A/?C3AB7=<=4:/EB6/B,B63=C@B@3D73EAs23

<=D=L!3@727/<$@=2A     D)<7B32'B/B3AK!3@727/<$@=2C1BAL  2

        327@   K,*s63B63@/>@=2C1B;33BAB63C</;075C=CAA1=>3

B3@;A>@3A3<BA/?C3AB7=<=44/1B@3D73E324=@AC0AB/<B7/:3D723<13L2
=C@B"=                                                                       $/53
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      (63A1=>3:/<5C/53=4B63#@23@AAB/B3A7<@3:3D/<B>/@B

      (63 >@=2C1BA 1=D3@32 0G B67A =@23@ /@3 13@B/7< 4:3F70:3 ;/5<3BA
      @35/@2:3AA=4A6/>31=:=@=@>/19/57<5  'C0831B4:3F70:3;/5<3BA/@3
      0=<232;/5<3BA1=;>=A32<=B<313AA/@7:G3F1:CA7D3:G=47/<G=<3
      =@ 1=;07</B7=< =4 D/@7=CA 4:3F70:3 07<23@A AC16 /A >=:G;3@A =@ 1=
      >=:G;3@A=@@C003@/<277/;/5<3B713:3;3<BE6716;/G1=<A7AB=4
      /43@@7B3>3@;/<3<B;/5<3B;/B3@7/:1=;;=<:GAB@=<B7C;=@0/@7C;
      43@@7B3=@/1=;07</B7=<=4B63BE=/;3B/:/::=GAC16/A"23=@
      :<71=/<G1=;07</B7=<=4B634=@35=7<5E7B63/16=B63@=@/<G=B63@
      ;/B3@7/: =@ /<G =B63@ ;/B3@7/: 1/>/0:3 =4 037<5 >3@;/<3<B:G
      ;/5<3B7H32
      
      'C0831B4:3F70:3;/5<3BA;/G037<37B63@;/5<3B7H32=@C<;/5<3B7H32
      7<1:C27<5 23;/5<3B7H32 1=<27B7=< /<2 ;/G =@ ;/G <=B 03 4C::G =@
      >/@B7/::G:/;7</B32=@4C::G=@>/@B7/::G0=<232E7B6>/>3@>:/AB71=@
      =B63@ ;/B3@7/: =4 /<G 1=;>=A7B7=< /<2=@ 1=:=@  'C0831B 4:3F70:3
      ;/5<3BA;/G03C<1=/B32=@;/G031=/B32E7B6/</263A7D3=@/<G
      =B63@1=/B7<5=@1=;07</B7=<=41=/B7<5A
      
      '>317471/::G3F1:C2324@=;B63A1=>3=4B67A=@23@/@3>@7<B324:3F70:3
      ;/5<3BA 2347<32 /A 4:3F70:3 ;/5<3BA 7<1:C27<5 7<27D72C/: ;/5<3BA
      B6/B /@3 :/;7</B32 =@ 0=<232 E7B6 >/>3@ >:/AB71 =@ =B63@ ;/B3@7/: 74
      AC16>/>3@>:/AB71=@=B63@;/B3@7/:03/@A>@7<B32B3FB/<2=@7;/53A
      7<1:C27<5 0CB <=B :7;7B32 B= 0CA7<3AA 1/@2A 1/:3<2/@A >=3B@G A>=@BA
      3D3<BA1632C:3A0CA7<3AA>@=;=B7=<A231=@/B7D3;=B74A/<2B63:793 
      (67A3F1:CA7=<2=3A<=B/>>:GB=AC16>@7<B324:3F70:3;/5<3BA74B63
      >@7<B7<51=<13@<321=<A7ABA=4=<:GB634=::=E7<5/B@/23;/@9=@B@/23
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      @3;=D327<B631=C@A3=41CBB7<5/<2=@>@7<B7<5;/5<3BA4=@@3B/7:A/:3
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7<1:CA7=<=@3F1:CA7=<=4'744@=<NA>@=2C1BE7B6=CB47@AB16/@/1B3@7H7<5B63

3F7AB3<13=4/;075C7BG/A/1=<27B7=<>@31323<B

         (63=C@B<=EBC@<AB=E63B63@=;;3@13>@=>3@:G7<B3@>@3B32B63A1=>3

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9 B=23B3@;7<3E63B63@;3@16/<27A37A1=D3@320GB63A1=>3=4/<=@23@

          (63 23A1@7>B7=<A =4 B63 ;3@16/<27A3 1=<B/7<32 7< B63 >3B7B7=<
              >3@B/7<7<5B=B63=@23@/B7AAC3
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          (63 23A1@7>B7=<A =4 B63 ;3@16/<27A3 1=<B/7<32 7< B63 7<7B7/:
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          $@3D7=CA=@1=<1C@@3<B23B3@;7</B7=<A=4B63'31@3B/@G7<1:C27<5
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              B63 =@23@ /B 7AAC3 /A E3:: /A =B63@ =@23@A E7B6 A/;3 =@ A7;7:/@
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23B3@;7</B7=<A=4B63'31@3B/@G=@B63=;;7AA7=<<=B723<B74732/0=D3CAB=;A

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=;;3@1323B3@;7<32B6/BB63>:/AB71A63:427D723@7A23A75<32B=27A>:/G@3B/7:

;3@16/<27A3>@=2C1320G3<2CA3@A=4B63>:/AB71A63:427D723@A/<2B63A63:4

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27D723@A/@33F1:C2324@=;B63A1=>3=4B63#@23@A0/A32=<B63>:/7<:/<5C/53

2/B    =;;3@13AB/B32B6/B

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A1=>3=4B63#@23@A'33$:NA@/BJAB63=C@B<=B32/0=D36=E3D3@

=;;3@136/AB6327A1@3B7=<B=1=<A723@B639 4/1B=@A7<7BAA1=>3/</:GA7A

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  J   

                 !)3246

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1/<<=B034:3F70:3747B1/<<=B03BE7AB32=@03<BE7B6=CB0@3/97<52=3A<=B

:=571/::G4=::=E(NAAB/B3;3<BB6/B/4:3F70:3;/5<3B1/<03BE7AB32=@03<B

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7<AB/<B1/A3B6316/@/1B3@7AB71A=4/<=B63@E7A34:3F70:3;/5<3BE3@3/:B3@32/<2

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34NA&3A>/B   343<2/<B/22AB6/B$:/7<B7442=3A<=BC<23@;7<3=;;3@13NA

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037<34431B7D34=@7BA7<B3<232CA374B63>:/AB710:/23E7B6B63/447F32;/5<3BE3@3

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@35/@27<5B63<B3@3A75<'1=>3&C:7<5/<2B63!'1=>3&C:7<5B63=C@B

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<=BE/7D32

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7<B3@>@3B7<5B63A1=>3:/<5C/537<B63#@23@A'3334<B3@DNA&3A>/B     J 

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=@5/<7H/B7=</:B==:/<2BBA/<2   D723=A23;=<AB@/B7<527443@3<BA7H3A

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=;;3@13/:A=17B32/>6=B=5@/>6>@=D72320G'744@=<=4;/5<3B1=;>=<3<BAB6/B

6/2033<@3;=D324@=;/A/;>:3>:/AB71A63:427D723@7</:'1=>3&C:7<5/B       J

    17B7<5'744@=<NA&30CBB/:=;;3<BA/BBB     

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23A1@7>B7=<A>@=D72320G'744@=<B63=C@B1=<1:C23AB6/B=;;3@13NA

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      11=@27<5:G=;;3@13NA23B3@;7</B7=<B6/B'744@=<NA>@=2C1B7A=CBA723B63

A1=>3=4B63#@23@A7A7</11=@2/<13E7B6:/E/<2AC>>=@B320GAC0AB/<B7/:

3D723<13

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3:3;3<B4@=;/9 /</:GA7A7<7BA>C@>=@B329 /</:GA7A@3AC:B7<57</A1=>3

23B3@;7</B7=<B6/B7A/@07B@/@G/<21=<B@/@GB=:/E$:NA@/B J $:NA&3>:G

/B J 
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1=C<B3@AB6/B=;;3@13NA27A1CAA7=<=4B639 4/1B=@E/AB=@3831B$:/7<B744NA

/@5C;3<BB6/B'744@=<NA>:/AB71A63:427D723@A/@3E7B67<B63A1=>3=4B63#@23@A

031/CA3B63@/E;/5<3B1/<03@3;=D32A3>/@/B3:GB=03>=B3<B7/::G@3>/19/532

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
          (63 >@/1B71/07:7BG =4 A3>/@/B7<5 B63 7<A1=>3 1=;>=<3<B 4=@
              @3>/19/57<5 =@ @3A/:3 1=<A723@7<5 B63 @3:/B7D3 274471C:BG /<2
              3F>3<A3=4A3>/@/B7<5B631=;>=<3<BA
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          (63;3/AC@/0:3D/:C3=4B637<A1=>31=;>=<3<B/A1=;>/@32B=
              B63;3/AC@/0:3D/:C3=4B63;3@16/<27A3/A/E6=:3/<2
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          (63C:B7;/B3CA3=@4C<1B7=<=4B637<A1=>31=;>=<3<B@3:/B7D3B=
              B63C:B7;/B3CA3=@4C<1B7=<=4B63;3@16/<27A3/A/E6=:3
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B634:3F70:3;/5<3B@3?C7@3A:7BB:3344=@B B634:3F70:3;/5<3B1/<03@3/27:G

@3CA32@3>/19/532=@@3A=:2/4B3@A3>/@/B7<5B634:3F70:3;/5<3B4@=;B63>:/AB71

A63:427D723@ B63K;3/AC@/0:3D/:C3L=4B634:3F70:3;/5<3B1=;>=<3<B=4B63

>:/AB71A63:427D723@7AAC0AB/<B7/:1=;>/@32B=B63;3/AC@/0:3D/:C3=4B63>:/AB71

A63:427D723@/A/E6=:3/<2 B634:3F70:3;/5<3B7A/13<B@/:43/BC@3=4B63A63:4
=C@B"=                                                                 $/53 
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27D723@A'33!/5<C;!/5<3B71AN&30CBB/:=;;3<BA/B          J 7</:'1=>3

&C:7<5/B

       =;;3@1323B3@;7<32B6/B7BE/AC<<313AA/@GB=1=<A723@9 /<29 

4/1B=@A7<7BA/</:GA7A7</:'1=>3&C:7<5/B   =;;3@133F>:/7<327<B637</:

'1=>3&C:7<5B6/B7B27A/5@332E7B6$:/7<B744NA/@5C;3<BB6/BB634:3F70:3;/5<3B

1/<03@3/27:G@3CA32@3>/19/532=@@3A=:2/4B3@A3>/@/B7<5B634:3F70:3;/5<3B

4@=;B63>:/AB71A63:427D723@2/B   =;;3@13@3/A=<32B6/B@3831B7<5

$:/7<B744NA9 /@5C;3<BE/A/>>@=>@7/B3031/CA3B63@31=@23D723<13A6=E32

B6/BB63/263A7D3B6/B0=<2AB634:3F70:3;/5<3BB=B63>:/AB710:/23@3;/7<A=<B63

;/5<3B'744@=<NA>@=2C1B7A<=BB63A/;3/A/>@3/447F32@/E4:3F70:3;/5<3B

E67162=3A<=B1=<B/7<AC16/263A7D3/<2'744@=<NA>@=2C1B7AA67>>32/A/E6=:3

>@=2C1BA=B63@/E4:3F70:3;/5<3B1/<<=B03@3;=D32B=03CA32/A/A3>/@/B3

>@=2C1B2/B   J   

       (63=C@B/5@33AE7B6B63=D3@<;3<BB6/B=;;3@13272<=B/1BC/::G

1=<2C1B/9 /</:GA7A0CB7<B637</:'1=>3&C:7<5;3@3:G@3A>=<232B=/<2

C:B7;/B3:G@3831B32$:/7<B744NA>@=>=A/:B6/B=;;3@13A6=C:21=<2C1B/9 

/</:GA7A(63=C@B1=<1:C23AB6/B=;;3@13NA23B3@;7</B7=<B6/B'744@=<NA

>@=2C1B7A3F1:C2324@=;B63:/<5C/53=4B63#@23@A7A0/A32A=:3:G=<B63A1=>3

:/<5C/53@3/2B=53B63@E7B6B639 A=C@13A/<2E7B6=CB/<G9 4/1B=@A7<7BA

/</:GA7A
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B=53B63@E7B6B639 A=C@13AC</;075C=CA:G3AB/0:7A63AB6/BB63#@23@A2=<=B

7<1:C23'744@=<NA>:/AB71A63:427D723@A(63=C@BACAB/7<A=;;3@13NA

23B3@;7</B7=<B6/B'744@=<NA>:/AB71A63:427D723@A/@33F1:C2324@=;B63A1=>3=4

B63#@23@A/A7</11=@2/<13E7B6:/E/<2AC>>=@B320GAC0AB/<B7/:3D723<13

       11=@27<5:G7B7A

       B6/B$:/7<B744NA&C:3 !=B7=<4=@C25;3<B)>=<B63

53<1G&31=@2"=        7A23<732/<27B7A4C@B63@

       B6/B=;;3@13NA7</:'1=>3&C:7<57AACAB/7<32

C25;3<BE7::7AAC3/11=@27<5:G

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