Court Opinion

ID: 4217742
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-11-03 19:02:05.790844+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:22.537380
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                               NOV 03 2017
 1                         NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                           SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                             U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
 2                                                           OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )      BAP No.      CC-17-1002-STaL
                                   )
 6   BARAK MENASHE SNAPIR,         )      Bk. No.      2:12-bk-50058-BR
                                   )
 7                   Debtor.       )      Adv. No.     2:13-ap-01334-BR
     ______________________________)
 8                                 )
     BARAK MENASHE SNAPIR,         )
 9                                 )
                     Appellant,    )
10                                 )
     v.                            )      MEMORANDUM*
11                                 )
     JANET BRELIANT, Trustee of    )
12   the Breliant Trust Dated      )
     August 2, 1988,               )
13                                 )
                     Appellee.     )
14   ______________________________)
15                 Argued and Submitted on September 29, 2017
                             at Pasadena, California
16
                            Filed – November 3, 2017
17
                 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
18                   for the Central District of California
19            Honorable Barry Russell, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
20   Appearances:     Patrick C. McGarrigle of McGarrigle, Kenney &
                      Zampiello, APC argued for appellee.
21
22   Before: SPRAKER, TAYLOR, and LAFFERTY, Bankruptcy Judges.
23
24
25
26        *
           This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
28   See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
 1                               INTRODUCTION
 2        The bankruptcy court entered judgment against chapter 71
 3   debtor Barak Menashe Snapir excepting from discharge his debt
 4   arising from his fraudulent procurement of funds from appellee
 5   Janet Breliant, trustee of the Breliant Trust Dated August 2,
 6   1988.    Snapir appeals from that judgment.
 7        In virtually all of his arguments on appeal, Snapir in
 8   essence challenges the bankruptcy court’s findings.   Because
 9   there was sufficient evidence to support the bankruptcy court’s
10   key findings, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s nondischargeable
11   fraud ruling under § 523(a)(2)(A).
12        Snapir also challenges the bankruptcy court’s award of
13   prejudgment interest at the rate specified by California law.
14   The bankruptcy court gave no reason for departing from the
15   federal interest rate, which generally applies to
16   nondischargeability claims.    Therefore, we VACATE this aspect of
17   the bankruptcy court’s ruling, and we REMAND so that the
18   bankruptcy court can recalculate prejudgment interest at the
19   federal rate, or, alternately, make the requisite findings and
20   provide the reasoned justification necessary to support
21   application of the California interest rate.
22                                   FACTS
23        In September 2008, Breliant entered into a home improvement
24   contract with Snapir’s wholly-owned corporation, Castle Homes,
25
26        1
           Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section
27   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
     all "Rule" references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
28   Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.

                                       2
 1   Inc.2       According to Breliant, her project designer, Roy Sklarin,
 2   encouraged her to hire Snapir as her general contractor for the
 3   project.       Sklarin represented to Breliant that Snapir was part of
 4   his team, and that Sklarin and Snapir had been working together
 5   on home improvement projects for 25 years.       Breliant insisted
 6   that Snapir was present when Sklarin made the above-referenced
 7   representations, and Snapir acknowledged and ratified each of
 8   them by, among other things, nodding his head in assent as
 9   Sklarin made them.       Before Breliant signed the contract, she
10   asked Sklarin to show her an example of their work.       Sklarin and
11   Snapir took Breliant on a tour of a whole-house remodel of a
12   large estate, which was similar in size to Breliant’s residence.
13   Impressed with this example of Sklarin’s and Snapir’s work,
14   Breliant signed their home improvement contract.
15           Snapir concedes that Sklarin’s representations to Breilant
16   were untrue.       Snapir admitted that his contracting projects,
17   prior to Breliant’s, typically consisted of room additions or
18   bath and kitchen remodels in smaller, middle-class homes; he
19   never had attempted as big a remodeling project on as large (or
20   high end) a residence as Breliant’s.       He further conceded that he
21   never worked with Sklarin prior to the Breliant project and did
22   not work on the remodel of the house shown to Breliant to
23   convince her to hire them.       But, Snapir maintained that he did
24   not hear Sklarin make any of the above representations to
25
26           2
           At all relevant times, Breliant was acting in her role as
27   trustee of the Breliant Trust Dated August 2, 1988. For ease of
     reference, we refer to Breliant herein, in her capacity as
28   trustee, by her last name.

                                          3
 1   Breliant.   He insists that he never acknowledged or ratified any
 2   of Sklarin’s misrepresentations.3
 3        The contract provided for extensive remodeling and
 4   renovation of Breliant’s residence located in Beverly Hills,
 5   California.   The original contract price was $802,000, but
 6   Breliant later requested a series of changes and additions to the
 7   project that resulted in the issuance of “change orders,” which
 8   almost doubled the contract price to roughly $1.45 million.
 9        Over the course of two years, between September 2008 and
10   September 2010, Breliant paid Snapir, in aggregate, roughly $1.3
11   million.4   The remodel, however, remained far from complete.
12   Snapir would prepare invoices and change orders and deliver them
13   directly to Breliant or to Sklarin, who would present them to
14   Breliant for payment.   Breliant then would make her checks
15   payable to Castle Homes or to Snapir’s successor corporation,
16   U.S. Builders, and would give the checks to Sklarin, who would
17   deliver them to Snapir.
18        Unbeknownst to Breliant, Sklarin would not release
19   Breliant’s checks to Snapir unless and until Snapir gave him a
20
          3
           At trial, the parties presented their direct testimony by
21   declaration, but neither party’s excerpts of record included
22   Snapir’s trial declaration. Nonetheless, we have reviewed this
     trial declaration and other adversary proceeding documents not
23   provided by the parties by accessing the bankruptcy court’s
     electronic docket. We can take judicial notice of its contents
24   and of the imaged documents attached thereto. Elliot v. Weil
     (In re Elliott), 544 B.R. 421, 423 n.3 (9th Cir. BAP 2016),
25   aff'd, 2017 WL 2570014 (Mem. Dec.) (9th Cir. June 14, 2017)
26   (citing O'Rourke v. Seaboard Sur. Co. (In re E.R. Fegert, Inc.),
     887 F.2d 955, 957–58 (9th Cir. 1988)).
27
          4
           Breliant also paid separate amounts to Sklarin for his
28   design work, which amounts are beyond the scope of this appeal.

                                      4
 1   check for 5% of the amount Breliant paid.      Sklarin later
 2   increased this percentage to 10%.      Whereas Snapir referred to
 3   these amounts as commissions or payments, Breliant, when she
 4   later learned of this practice, referred to the payments as
 5   kickbacks.     Breliant stated that had she known about the
 6   kickbacks, or that Snapir had no prior experience working with
 7   Sklarin, or that he had not previously worked on high-end whole
 8   house remodels, she would not have done business with Snapir.
 9        But the most critical misrepresentations, in terms of
10   Breliant’s damages, were those implicit in the invoices and
11   change orders Snapir caused to be presented to Breliant for
12   payment.     As Breliant put it, Snapir presented these invoices
13   “for work he claimed was done and/or near completion.”      Breliant
14   Tr. Decl.5    By way of his invoices and change orders, Snapir
15   fraudulently induced Breliant to make payments for labor and
16   materials she thought had been provided, but much of it actually
17   never was provided.
18
          5
19         The parties at trial did little or nothing to differentiate
     between invoices and change orders. In fact, Breliant generally
20   referred to them all as invoices. See Breliant Tr. Decl.
     (Sept. 28, 2016) at ¶ 7 & Ex. 2; see also Snapir Tr. Decl. at
21   ¶¶ 20-21 & Ex. L. As a practical matter, Sklarin and/or Snapir
     were presenting the change orders to Breliant as if they were
22
     invoices. Snapir, for his part, claimed that he never
23   represented in any change order that the labor and materials
     described in the change order already had been supplied.
24   However, he admitted that he was aware that Sklarin was
     presenting the change orders to Breliant for payment and that he
25   received the lion’s share of the payment proceeds. He attempted
26   to deflect any responsibility or liability for this practice by
     asserting that Sklarin was calling the shots and that he could
27   not prevent Sklarin from presenting the change orders for
     premature payment. But he indisputably acquiesced to Sklarin’s
28   conduct and knowingly accepted the benefits therefrom.

                                        5
 1        A little less than two years into the project, after paying
 2   $1.3 million to Snapir and with completion of the project
 3   lagging, Breliant was confronted with demands for additional
 4   payments from Snapir and Sklarin.    These demands caused Breliant
 5   concern, as Snapir and Sklarin did not offer Breliant any
 6   specific or credible assurances as to when the project would be
 7   completed or how much more they would require her to pay.
 8   Breliant then hired a construction consultant, Mike Sawyer, who
 9   determined that Breliant had paid Snapir hundreds of thousands of
10   dollars for work that had not been performed.   Based upon his
11   review of the project, Sawyer calculated the amount of funds paid
12   for work not completed to be at least $582,000.   Sawyer testified
13   that Snapir himself had admitted to him that he had received more
14   than $340,000 in payments that Breliant made for work not
15   completed.   After Breliant, with Sawyer’s support, refused to pay
16   more, Snapir refused to complete the remodeling project.
17   Breliant ultimately hired a different contractor who completed
18   the work Snapir was supposed to have finished for $615,074.59.
19        Both Sklarin and Snapir eventually commenced separate
20   bankruptcy cases.6   Breliant obtained a $1.3 million
21   nondischargeability judgment against Sklarin in his bankruptcy
22   case, and then she tried her § 523(a)(2)(A) and (a)(6)
23   nondischargeability claims against Snapir.   The bankruptcy court
24   granted judgment against Snapir on both claims.   The bankruptcy
25
26        6
           The record indicates that, before Snapir’s bankruptcy
27   filing, Breliant sued Snapir in state court for fraud, unjust
     enrichment, etc. There is nothing in the record indicating how
28   (or whether) the state court litigation was disposed of.

                                      6
 1   court found Breliant’s and Sawyer’s testimony to be credible.
 2   The bankruptcy court did not find Snapir credible.     It also noted
 3   that the parties’ testimony differed completely and commented
 4   that much of Snapir’s version of events did not make any sense.
 5        The bankruptcy court specifically found that Breliant had
 6   proven each of the elements of her claim under § 523(a)(2).      The
 7   court noted that Snapir had knowingly made false representations
 8   to induce Breilant to execute the contract and then fraudulently
 9   misrepresented his right to payments.     It also found that
10   Breilant justifiably relied on Snapir’s and Sklarin’s
11   representations to enter the contact and on the invoices and
12   change orders in paying for labor and materials supposedly but
13   not actually provided.   The bankruptcy court held that, as a
14   direct, proximate and foreseeable result of Snapir’s fraud,
15   Breliant incurred damages in the amount of the replacement
16   performance totaling $615,074.59.    The bankruptcy court also
17   awarded Breliant prejudgment interest of $215,276.10 calculated
18   under California law.
19        As for Breliant’s § 523(a)(6) claim, the bankruptcy court
20   found that Snapir’s injury to Breliant was both willful and
21   malicious as those terms are defined for purposes of § 523(a)(6).
22        The bankruptcy court entered its nondischargeability
23   judgment on December 22, 2016, and Snapir timely appealed.
24                              JURISDICTION
25        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
26   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(I), and we have jurisdiction under
27   28 U.S.C. § 158.
28

                                      7
 1                                 ISSUES
 2   1.   Did the bankruptcy court err when it entered judgment in
 3        favor of Breliant on her nondischargeability claims under
 4        § 523(a)(2)(A) and (a)(6)?
 5   2.   Did the bankruptcy court err when it awarded Breliant
 6        prejudgment interest at the rate provided under California
 7        law?
 8                           STANDARDS OF REVIEW
 9        In nondischargeability appeals, we review the bankruptcy
10   court's findings of fact under the clearly erroneous standard and
11   its conclusions of law de novo.   Oney v. Weinberg
12   (In re Weinberg), 410 B.R. 19, 28 (9th Cir. BAP 2009), aff’d,
13   407 F. App’x 176 (2010).   A finding of fact is not clearly
14   erroneous unless it is illogical, implausible or without support
15   in the record.   Retz v. Samson (In re Retz), 606 F.3d 1189, 1196
16   (9th Cir. 2010).
17        We review the bankruptcy court's award of prejudgment
18   interest for an abuse of discretion.     See Grosz-Salomon v. Paul
19   Revere Life Ins. Co., 237 F.3d 1154, 1163–64 (9th Cir. 2001).     In
20   applying the abuse of discretion standard, we review de novo
21   whether the bankruptcy court identified and applied the correct
22   legal rule, and we review factual findings for clear error.    See
23   United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1261-62 (9th Cir. 2009)
24   (en banc).
25                               DISCUSSION
26        Snapir contends that Breliant failed to prove that his debt
27   to her was nondischargeable under either § 523(a)(2) or (6).
28   Additionally, he argues that it was error to award prejudgment

                                       8
 1   interest under California law rather than under the applicable
 2   federal rate.   We address these issues in turn.
 3   A.   Breliant’s § 523(a)(2)(A) Claim
 4        In relevant part, § 523(a)(2)(A) excepts from discharge
 5   debts for money, property or services “obtained by false
 6   pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud . . . .”
 7   Under this Code provision, the debtor’s liability for money,
 8   goods or services fraudulently procured is nondischargeable if
 9   the plaintiff establishes the following elements by a
10   preponderance of the evidence:
11        (1) misrepresentation, fraudulent omission or deceptive
          conduct by the debtor; (2) knowledge of the falsity or
12        deceptiveness of his statement or conduct; (3) an
          intent to deceive; (4) justifiable reliance by the
13        creditor on the debtor's statement or conduct; and
          (5) damage to the creditor proximately caused by its
14        reliance on the debtor's statement or conduct.
15   Sabban v. Ghomeshi (In re Sabban), 384 B.R. 1, 5 (9th Cir. BAP
16   2008) (quoting Turtle Rock Meadows Homeowners Ass'n v. Slyman
17   (In re Slyman), 234 F.3d 1081, 1085 (9th Cir. 2000)).   The
18   bankruptcy court correctly recited these five elements.    Snapir
19   argues on appeal that the bankruptcy court erred because he never
20   misrepresented his qualifications or work experience to Breliant
21   and always intended to perform.   There was evidence in the record
22   sufficient to support the bankruptcy court’s findings on these
23   matters.
24        1.    Snapir’s False Representations
25        Snapir argues that he never made misrepresentations to
26   fraudulently induce Breliant to do anything.   First, Snapir
27   argues that neither he nor Sklarin misrepresented his “ability”
28   to perform as he was always able to construct the house as

                                       9
 1   contracted.    This argument misses the point that Snapir induced
 2   Breliant to enter into the contract by misrepresenting: (1) that
 3   the two of them had been working together for 25 years; and
 4   (2) that Snapir had worked on high-end remodeling projects,
 5   including the one Breliant toured before entering into the home
 6   remodeling contract with Snapir.      Both representations were
 7   false, and the evidence supports the bankruptcy court’s finding
 8   that they were made for the purpose of inducing Breliant to enter
 9   into the remodeling contract with Snapir.
10        Snapir next argues that it was Sklarin alone who
11   misrepresented his experience and involvement with Sklarin.
12   However, the bankruptcy court rejected this argument.      The
13   bankruptcy court found credible Breliant’s testimony that Snapir
14   acknowledged and confirmed Sklarin’s misrepresentations by
15   nodding his head in assent during the first meeting between
16   Snapir, Sklarin and Breliant.    Snapir furthered the
17   misrepresentation by accompanying Sklarin on the tour of the
18   model house represented as an example of their work immediately
19   before she entered into the contract.      The court further found
20   that Snapir knowingly, intentionally and actively participated in
21   the fraud.    The record supports these inferences.    Snapir
22   presents no argument as to why this is clear error apart from his
23   disagreement with the court’s finding.
24        Snapir’s arguments also ignore the bankruptcy court’s
25   conclusion that Snapir fraudulently misrepresented the work that
26   he had performed and completed to obtain payments to which he was
27   not entitled.    Snapir admitted that he prepared the invoices, and
28   he either gave them directly to Breliant or to Sklarin, knowing

                                      10
 1   that Sklarin was presenting them to Breliant for payment, even
 2   though much of the work described therein was nowhere near
 3   completion.   Snapir directly benefitted from this conduct by his
 4   receipt of hundreds of thousands of dollars for work not
 5   performed.
 6        In short, the bankruptcy court chose to believe Breilant’s
 7   version of the evidence rather than Snapir’s.   Its findings that
 8   Snapir misrepresented his work experience overall, and the status
 9   of his work, were logical, plausible and supported by the record.
10   See In re Retz, 606 F.3d at 1196.
11        2.    Snapir’s Intent to Perform
12        Snapir argues on appeal that there was no fraud, that he
13   always intended to perform under the remodeling contract and that
14   he only was prevented from fully performing by forces beyond his
15   control.   Specifically, he refers to Breliant’s numerous
16   alterations and additions to the project which he believes caused
17   inordinate delay and unmanageable costs.   Put another way, Snapir
18   argues that his partial, but incomplete, performance establishes
19   his general intent to perform and defeats Breilant’s claim of
20   fraud by false promise.
21        Partial performance, under the right circumstances, can be
22   persuasive to counter a false promise allegation.   See, e.g.,
23   Wagner v. Malich (In re Malich), 2011 WL 3300818, *7 (Mem Dec.)
24   (9th Cir. BAP Mar. 15, 2011); see also In re Khalil, 2017 WL
25   1485464, *3 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 20, 2017) (stating that failed
26   attempts to perform could support a finding of intent to perform
27   and thereby defeat a promissory fraud claim).   Nonetheless, this
28   contention is wholly unpersuasive here because the bankruptcy

                                     11
 1   court’s fraud determination was not based on a false promise.
 2   Indeed, the bankruptcy court even commented that Snapir probably
 3   subjectively wanted to finish the project, but was far out of his
 4   depth and without the ability to do so.   Instead, the bankruptcy
 5   court was clear that the misrepresentations regarding Snapir’s
 6   work experience constituted fraud from the inception of the
 7   project, which fraud continued when he misrepresented the work
 8   completed in the invoices and change orders to procure payments
 9   to which he was not entitled.   The bankruptcy court found that
10   these representations – not a false promise – induced Breliant to
11   pay hundreds of thousands of dollars for work not performed and
12   that she suffered damages in the amount of $615,074.59 as a
13   result.   Any intent to perform did not negate Snapir’s fraudulent
14   inducement of the contract or the unearned payments Breliant paid
15   under it.7
16   B.   The Applicable Prejudgment Interest Rate
17        Snapir’s only other argument on appeal asserts that the
18   bankruptcy court applied the wrong legal standard for calculating
19   prejudgment interest.   The bankruptcy court applied a prejudgment
20   interest rate under California law of 7% per annum based on Cal.
21   Civ. Code § 3287(a) and under Cal. Const., Art. 15, § 1.
22   According to Snapir, the bankruptcy court should have applied the
23   federal interest rate provided for in 28 U.S.C. § 1961(a).    See
24   generally Blankenship v. Liberty Life Assur. Co. of Boston,
25   486 F.3d 620, 628 (9th Cir. 2007) (postjudgment interest rate
26
          7
27         Because we are affirming the bankruptcy court’s
     nondischargeability judgment under § 523(a)(2)(A) we decline to
28   address Breliant’s alternate claim for relief under § 523(a)(6).

                                     12
 1   prescribed under 28 U.S.C. § 1961 should be applied to ERISA
 2   judgment to award prejudgment interest “unless the trial judge
 3   finds, on substantial evidence, that the equities of that
 4   particular case require a different rate”).
 5        Breliant contends that California law determines the
 6   prejudgment interest rate because her nondischargeability lawsuit
 7   was based on her home improvement contract with Snapir, and the
 8   contract provided for the application of California law.8
 9   However, Breliant did not sue to enforce her contract.   Instead,
10   she claimed nondischargeable damages resulting from Snapir’s
11   fraud as well as willful and malicious injury.   The court
12   excepted the debt from discharge under § 523(a)(2) and (6) based
13   upon its finding of such fraud.    Neither the arguments presented
14   at trial nor the bankruptcy court’s decision suggest that the
15   judgment for nondischargeability was based on a mere breach of
16   contract.9
17        For claims brought under federal law, including the
18
          8
19         Breliant alternately argues that the bankruptcy court
     should have applied against Snapir an 18% interest rate because
20   the home improvement contract provided for past due payments to
     accrue interest “at the rate of 1.5% per month (18% per annum).”
21   Because Breliant did not file a cross-appeal from the bankruptcy
22   court’s nondischargeability judgment, we will not address this
     argument.
23
          9
           Nondischargeability of a contract claim under § 523 is
24   subject to additional scrutiny which is not reflected in the
     record below. See Lockerby v. Sierra, 535 F.3d 1038, 1041 (9th
25   Cir. 2008) (citing Petralia v. Jercich (In re Jercich), 238 F.3d
26   1202, 1206 (9th Cir. 2001)); see also Dourbetas v. Gionis
     (In re Gionis), 2009 WL 7751433, at *8 (Mem. Dec.) (9th Cir. BAP
27   Apr. 30, 2009) (stating that neither breach of contract nor mere
     negligent misrepresentations will, by themselves, support a
28   § 523(a)(2)(A) claim).

                                       13
 1   Bankruptcy Code, the interest rate prescribed by federal law
 2   applies unless the equities require a different interest rate.
 3   Banks v. Gill Distrib. Ctrs., 263 F.3d 862, 871 (9th Cir.
 4   2001)(analyzing award of prejudgment interest on § 523(a)
 5   claims).     Any departure from this standard based on the equities
 6   requires “reasoned justification” supported by “substantial
 7   evidence.”     Id.; Blanton v. Anzalone, 813 F.2d 1574, 1576 (9th
 8   Cir. 1987); see also Palm Fin. Corp. v. Eberts (In re Eberts),
 9   607 F. App’x 683, 686 (9th Cir. 2015) (holding that bankruptcy
10   court properly applied federal interest rate because the
11   plaintiff based its claim on § 523(a)(2)(A) and the plaintiff did
12   not argue that the equities warranted application of the state
13   interest rate instead).
14        Here, the bankruptcy court gave no reason for departing from
15   the federal interest rate.     Accordingly, the bankruptcy court’s
16   award of prejudgment interest must be vacated and this matter
17   must be remanded.     On remand, the bankruptcy court must either
18   apply the federal interest rate recalculated in accordance with
19   28 U.S.C. § 1961 or provide a reasoned justification supported by
20   substantial evidence for departing from the federal interest
21   rate.     See Blanton, 813 F.2d at 1576; see also Melikyan v.
22   Khnkoyan (In re Melikyan), 263 F. App’x 631, 635 (Mem. Dec.) (9th
23   Cir. Jan 16, 2008) (remanding either for recalculation of
24   prejudgment interest or for a “reasoned justification” for
25   departing from the federal interest rate).10
26
          10
27         Breliant’s response brief on appeal discussed the
     bankruptcy court’s finding that Snapir was the alter ego of his
28                                                      (continued...)

                                       14
 1                               CONCLUSION
 2        For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy
 3   court’s judgment excepting Snapir’s debt from discharge under
 4   § 523(a)(2)(A).   However, we VACATE the court’s award of
 5   prejudgment interest.   We REMAND for further proceedings
 6   consistent with this decision.
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
          10
           (...continued)
24   wholly-owned corporations, Castle Homes and U.S. Builders.
     Snapir did not address or even mention the alter ego issue in
25   either his opening appeal brief or in his reply. We therefore
26   decline to address the issue. See Christian Legal Soc'y v. Wu,
     626 F.3d 483, 487–88 (9th Cir. 2010) (declining to address
27   matters not specifically and distinctly discussed in the
     appellant's opening brief); Brownfield v. City of Yakima,
28   612 F.3d 1140, 1149 n.4 (9th Cir. 2010) (same).

                                      15