Court Opinion

ID: 5136474
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-20 17:13:42.622476+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:55.991467
License: Public Domain

J-A28019-21

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN THE INTEREST OF: M.B., A                :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    MINOR                                      :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: M.B., FATHER                    :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 585 MDA 2021

                 Appeal from the Order Entered March 25, 2021
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Lackawanna County Juvenile Division at
                       No(s): CP-35-DP-0000025-2021

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., NICHOLS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY NICHOLS, J.:                         FILED: DECEMBER 20, 2021

        M.B. (Father) appeals from the order finding M.B.2 (Child)1 dependent.

Father challenges the trial court’s determination that Child was a victim of

child abuse and that Father was a perpetrator of that abuse. We affirm based

on the trial court’s opinion.

        We adopt the trial court’s presentation of the facts.     Trial Ct. Op.,

7/26/21, at 2-9. Briefly, Father, K.M. (Mother), and Child were living in a

motel room when Child overdosed on opioids and became unresponsive. See

id. at 3-4. Mother called 911, the police arrived, and Child was taken to the

hospital, which successfully treated Child with Narcan. See id. at 4-5. On

____________________________________________

*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1   The trial court appointed Kevin O’Hara, Esq., as Child’s guardian ad litem.
J-A28019-21

February 19, 2021, the Lackawanna County Office of Youth and Family

Services (Agency) filed a dependency petition. On March 25, 2021, the court

held an evidentiary hearing.         Following the hearing, the court adjudicated

Child dependent, found there was child abuse, and that Father was a

perpetrator of abuse. Order, 3/25/21; N.T. Hr’g, 3/25/21, at 220-21.2 On

Monday, April 26, 2021, Father timely appealed and filed a Pa.R.A.P.

1925(a)(2) statement.

       Father raises the following issues on appeal:

       1. Whether the trial court erred as a matter of law and/or
          manifestly abused its discretion in determining [Child] was the
          victim of “child abuse” as that term is defined at 23 Pa.C.S.[]
          § 6303?

       2. Whether the trial court erred as a matter of law and/or
          manifestly abused its discretion in determining Father was a
          perpetrator of child abuse against . . . Child?

Father’s Brief at 5.

       In support of his first issue, Father argues that the Agency failed to

present clear and convincing evidence that he intentionally, knowingly, or

recklessly caused Child’s injuries or created a risk of such injuries. Id. at 10.

Father emphasizes that the finding of child abuse was based solely on Dr.

Barbara Chaiyachati’s testimony that Child suffered from polysubstance

____________________________________________

2 The trial court also found that Mother was a perpetrator of child abuse.
However, Mother did not appeal. We acknowledge that Child was in the care
of both parents at the time in question.

                                           -2-
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exposure. Id. at 10-11. In Father’s view, Dr. Chaiyachati could not exclude

the motel room where the family was staying as the source of the

polysubstance exposure. Id. at 12. In support, Father notes that the police

did not search the motel room for the substances at issue and that he told the

police he regretted not cleaning the motel room appropriately. Id. at 12-13.

Because the motel room could have been the source of Child’s polysubstance

exposure, Father concludes that the Agency failed to prove child abuse. Id.

at 13-14.

      Our standard of review follows:

      In reviewing an order in a dependency matter, our standard of
      review requires us to accept the findings of fact and credibility
      determinations of the trial court if they are supported by the
      record, but does not require the appellate court to accept the
      lower court’s inferences or conclusions of law. Accordingly, we
      review for an abuse of discretion.

In re Interest of N.B., 260 A.3d 236, 245 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citation omitted

and formatting altered); accord In re L.Z., 111 A.3d 1164, 1174 (Pa. 2015)

(holding en banc Superior Court erred by vacating the trial court’s order

finding that the parent committed child abuse).

      Section 6303(b.1) of the Child Protective Services Law (CPSL) defines

“child abuse” as “intentionally, knowingly or recklessly . . . [c]ausing bodily

injury to a child through any recent act or failure to act” or “[c]reating a

reasonable likelihood of bodily injury to a child through any recent act or

failure to act.” 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1)(1), (5). “Bodily injury” is defined as

“[i]mpairment of physical condition or substantial pain.” Id. § 6303(a).

                                     -3-
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      Section 6304(a) excludes environmental factors from the definition of

child abuse:

      (a) Environmental factors.—No child shall be deemed to be
      physically or mentally abused based on injuries that result solely
      from environmental factors, such as inadequate housing,
      furnishings, income, clothing and medical care, that are beyond
      the control of the parent or person responsible for the child’s
      welfare with whom the child resides.

Id. § 6304(a).

      Recently, in In re C.B., --- A.3d ---, 2021 PA Super 189, 2021 WL

4314628 (Pa. Super. filed Sept. 23, 2021) (en banc), this en banc Court

summarized the applicable law for a finding of child abuse:

      The requisite standard of proof for a finding of child abuse
      pursuant to section 6303(b.1) of the CPSL is clear and convincing
      evidence. A petitioning party must demonstrate the existence of
      child abuse by the clear and convincing evidence standard
      applicable to most dependency determinations.           Clear and
      convincing evidence is evidence that is so clear, direct, weighty,
      and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear
      conviction, without hesitancy, of the truth of the precise facts in
      issue.

C.B., 2021 WL 4314628 at *5 (citations omitted and formatting altered).

      In Interest of La.-Ra. W., --- A.3d ---, 2021 PA Super 227, 2021 WL

5443285 (Pa. Super. filed Nov. 22, 2021), this Court addressed the parents’

challenge to (1) the sufficiency of evidence of the trial court’s determination

that their children were victims of child abuse; and (2) the trial court’s holding

that they were the abusers. La.-Ra. W., 2021 WL 5443285 at *1, 4-5. In

that case, the children had unexplained bone fractures and a subdural

hematoma, and the treating doctors had ruled out various causes including

                                      -4-
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self-inflicted injury and genetic conditions. Id. at *1-2. The doctors testified

that the “injuries were non-accidental trauma, indicative of child abuse.” Id.

at *2.   The La.-Ra. W. Court, after summarizing the medical testimony,

agreed with the trial court that clear and convincing evidence existed that the

children, who suffered unexplained injuries while in their parents’ care, were

victims of child abuse. Id. at *6.

      In the instant case, after careful review of the parties’ arguments, the

record, and the trial court’s opinion, we agree with the trial court that clear

and convincing evidence exists that Child was the victim of child abuse. See

Trial Ct. Op. at 10-12 (summarizing the record evidence).        Similar to the

children’s injuries in La.-Ra. W., Child’s injury occurred while in his parents’

care and they were the only caretakers. Compare id., with La.-Ra. W.,

2021 WL 5443285 at *6. Although Father argued that Child’s injuries were

the result of environmental contamination, i.e., an unclean motel room, the

record supports the trial court’s holding that clear and convincing evidence of

Child’s abuse existed. See Trial Ct. Op. at 10-12; C.B., 2021 WL 4314628 at

*5.   For these reasons, Father did not establish the trial court abused its

discretion. See N.B., 260 A.3d at 245.

      Lastly, Father argues that the trial court erred by concluding that he was

a perpetrator of the child abuse.     Father’s Brief at 14.   Father discusses

evidence that he argues exclude him as the source of Child’s drug exposure.

Id. at 15. Father notes that the drugs found in Child’s blood were identical to

                                     -5-
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the drugs found in Mother’s drug test, which was conducted a month earlier.

Id.

      In determining whether a parent is a perpetrator of child abuse, the C.B.

Court summarized the applicable law:

      As part of a dependency adjudication, a court may find a parent
      or caregiver to be the perpetrator of child abuse as defined by the
      CPSL. Section 6381 of the CPSL, which governs evidence in court
      proceedings, states that in addition to the rules of evidence
      relating to juvenile matters, the rules of evidence in this section
      shall govern in child abuse proceedings in court. Specifically,
      section 6381(d) provides for an attenuated standard of evidence
      in making a legal determination as to the abuser in child abuse
      cases where a child has suffered serious physical injury as would
      ordinarily not be sustained or exist except by reason of the acts
      or omissions of the parent or other person responsible for the
      welfare of the child.

                                  *    *    *

      Section 6381(d) of the CPSL . . . establishes a rebuttable,
      evidentiary presumption when a child sustains abuse not
      ordinarily suffered absent acts or omissions of a parent or other
      responsible party. Under such circumstances, the fact of abuse
      suffices to establish prima facie evidence of abuse by the parent
      or person responsible.

      To aid the Juvenile Court in determining whether a child has been
      abused, the Legislature deemed it wise and necessary to establish
      a different evidentiary standard for finding child abuse by a parent
      or person responsible for the child’s care, one in contrast to the
      overall standard for determining dependency under the Act.

      This lessened standard of establishing abuse by the caretakers
      under section 6381(d), coupled with the clear and convincing
      evidence necessary to find dependency, has been imposed by the
      Legislature as the standard which the Juvenile Court must apply
      in deciding abuse cases. Prima facie evidence is not the standard
      that establishes the child has been abused, which must be
      established by clear and convincing evidence; it is the standard

                                      -6-
J-A28019-21

      by which the court determines whom the abuser would be in a
      given case. . . .

                                   *    *    *

      Under section 6381(d), a parent or other responsible caregiver
      may rebut the prima facie presumption with evidence:

         demonstrating that the parent or responsible person did not
         inflict the abuse, potentially by testifying that they gave
         responsibility for the child to another person about whom
         they had no reason to fear or perhaps that the injuries were
         accidental rather than abusive. The evaluation of the
         validity of the presumption would then rest with the trial
         court evaluating the credibility of the prima facie evidence
         presented by [the Agency] and the rebuttal of the parent or
         responsible person.

      A parent does not actually have to be physically present with the
      child at the time of the abuse for the presumption to apply to that
      parent.

                                   *    *    *

      Under section 6381 of the CPSL, a petitioning party is not required
      to establish that the parent or caregiver perpetrated the abuse
      intentionally, knowingly or recklessly. Rather, in section 6381
      cases, the fact of abuse suffices to establish prima facie evidence
      of abuse by the parent or person responsible, permitting
      petitioners to prove their case with only the physical evidence of
      injuries that would not ordinarily be sustained but for the action
      or inaction of the parents or responsible persons and the
      implausible statements of the parents and responsible persons.

C.B., 2021 WL 4314628 at *5-7 (citations and footnotes omitted and

formatting altered).

      Instantly, upon review of the parties’ arguments, the record, and the

trial court’s reasoning, we affirm on the basis of the trial court’s decision. See

Trial Ct. Op. at 12-15. Father appears to argue that he was not the source of

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the drugs found in Child and the trial court erred by finding that he was a

perpetrator. See Father’s Brief at 14-15. As the trial court reasoned, Father’s

argument overlooks that it was his burden to rebut the prima facie evidence

of abuse and Father failed to present any such evidence. See Trial Ct. Op. at

15; 23 Pa.C.S. § 6381(d); C.B., 2021 WL 4314628 at *5 (stating, “the fact of

abuse suffices to establish prima facie evidence of abuse by the parent or

person responsible” (citation omitted)).     We add that to the extent Father

apparently faults Mother as the source of the drugs, Father overlooks that his

“failure to act” could still cause bodily injury or create a reasonable likelihood

of bodily injury to Child. See 23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1)(1), (5). Because we

agree with the trial court that Father failed to rebut the prima facie evidence

of abuse, we discern no abuse of discretion, and we affirm the trial court’s

order. See N.B., 260 A.3d at 245.

      Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/20/2021

                                      -8-
                                                                                    Circulated 12/07/2021 09:23 AM

IN RE:                                                IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                      OF LACKAWANNA COUNTY
         M.B.
                                                      JUVENILE DIVISION
                                                      NO.: CP-35-DP-25-2021
                                                                                                r
                                                                                                —

                                                                                           C

                          OPINION PURSUANT TO PA.R.A.P. 1925
                                                                                     ti    ra
                                                                               Cl   ,      cr
JARBOLA, J.                                                                 _
                                                                            _
                                                                            r

   I.       INTRODUCTION                                                                    W
                                                                                            N

         The Lackawanna County Office of Youth and Family Services (hereinafter "Agency")

petitioned for dependency of the above-indicated minor child, M.B. (D.O.B. 1/7/21) on February

19, 2021. A hearing on the Agency's petition was held on March 25, 2021. During said hearing,

the Agency sought afinding of abuse on behalf of the minor child.   11#00 M               (hereinafter

"Mother") and           B           (hereinafter "Father") were represented by separate,

appointed counsel.   Having weighed and considered the relevant evidence submitted, this Court

entered an Order, and corresponding Findings of Fact, finding the minor child to be avictim of

abuse and Mother and Father to be perpetrators of said abuse. On May 13, 2021, Father filed his

timely Notice of Appeal and Concise Statement of Errors/Matters Complained of, raising the

following grounds:

   a. Whether the Trial Court erred as amatter of law and/or manifestly abused its

         discretion in determining the minor child was the victim of "child abuse" as that

         term is defined at 23 Pa.C.S.A. §6303;

   b. Whether the Trial Court erred as amatter of law and/or manifestly abused its

         discretion in determining the biological father was aperpetrator of child abuse

         against the minor child.

                                                  1
   II.      FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         On or about February 15, 2021, the Agency sought an Emergency Protective Order,

alleging that minor child, M.B. (D.O.B. 1/7/21) was taken to the Emergency Room in Bucks

County, Pennsylvania, on February 13, 2021 and tested positive for opiates and amphetamines.

(See generally Application for Emergency Protective Custody, filed 2/15/21); (see generally

Confirmation of Verbal Order for Emergency Protective Custody, filed 2/15/21). The Child

coded, was medically revived, and ultimately admitted to Children's Hospital of Philadelphia,

where he screened positive for opioids and other substances including Methamphetamine,

Amphetamine, Fentanyl, Norfentanyl, Morphine and the Narcan. (See generally Shelter Care

Application, filed 2/16/21). A Shelter Care Hearing was held on February 16, 2021 and the

minor child was adjudicated dependent on March 25, 2021. (See generally Shelter Care Order,

filed 2/16/21); (see generally Dependency Petition, filed 2/19/21). At the Adjudication Hearing,

the Agency sought afinding of child abuse, as well as afinding that Mother and Father were the

perpetrators of said abuse. (See generally Order of Adjudication and Disposition, filed 3/25/21).

         This family's history with the Agency began in 2020, after the Agency received areferral

for "Mother's potential substance abuse while pregnant." (N.T., 3/25/2021, p. 177). An

additional referral came in at the time of the minor child's birth as Mother screened positive for

Amphetamine and Methadone and admitted to using Heroin. Id. at 177-178. At his birth on

August 7, 2021, the minor child was diagnosed with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) —

defined as apresence of withdrawal symptoms. Id. at 94. His discharge summary, eighteen days

after his birth, showed that the minor child's cord blood was positive at birth for Amphetamine,

Methamphetamine, and Methadone; his urine was also positive for Methadone. Id. at 97.

                                                 2
          Roughly one month later, on February 13, 2021, the minor child was rushed by

ambulance to St. Mary's Hospital in Langhorne, Pennsylvania, for low heart and respiratory

rates. Id. at 20; 30-31. The child coded, was revived using Narcan, and was later transferred to

Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) where he was diagnosed with Polysubstance

Exposure. Id. at 20, 37. At that time, urinalysis confirmed the presence of opioids and other

substances in the minor child's system including Methamphetamine, Amphetamine, Fentanyl,

Norfentanyl, Morphine and the Narcan. Id. at 26; 32. The Doctors at CHOP made an ultimate

determination of child abuse and neglect. Id. at 21-22, 26. This Court agrees with the

determination of child abuse for the reasons that follow:

           On February 13, 2021, the Bensalem Township Police Department received a9-1-1 call

at 11:40 a.m. for an infant in distress at the Knights Inn, Room 211, Bensalem Township, PA.

Id. at 124-126. Detective Aaron Woelkers of the Bensalem Police Department testified that the

first responding officer sarrived on the scene at 11:41 a.m. Id. A review of the hotel's video

footage showed that the first responding officer knocked on the door to Room 211 three times

 and waited 18 seconds before the door was opened. Id. at 127. Once inside the hotel room,

 police observed Mother holding the minor child; Mother indicated that she woke up around 7:00

 a.m. to feed the minor child and then went back to bed. Id. at 128. She told the police that she

 later woke up and noticed the child attempting to cry but there was no sound coming out; she

 also stated that when she picked the child up his skin was changing color. Id. She then had

 Father attempt rescue breaths on the child but ultimately called 9-1-1. Id. Detective Woelkers

 went on to detail that an ambulance arrived at the hotel at 11:44 a.m. and departed at 11:54 a.m.

 I   Detective Woelkers testified that Officer Schwarting of the Bensalem Police Department was the first officer on
 the scene. (N.T. 3/25/2021, P. 126).
—atotal of ten minutes later. Id. at 144. Mother went with the child in the ambulance and Father

stayed behind to pack up the room, departing at 1:08 p.m. Id.

        A further review of the hotel's video footage showed that the parents and the minor child

checked in at 6:40 p.m. on February 12, 2021, Father left for approximately ahalf hour at 10:40

p.m. and returned with apizza. Id. at 132-133. Nobody else entered or exited the room except

for Mother taking an occasional smoke break. Id. at 133. On cross-examination, Detective

Woelkers testified that police respond to the Knights Inn frequently for criminal activity,

including drug activity and overdoses. Id. at 138-139.

         Ultimately, the minor child was admitted to Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

(hereinafter "CHOP") on February 13, 2021, following an initial intake at St. Mary's Hospital in

Langhorne, Pennsylvania. Id. at 20. After qualifying as an expert witness in child abuse

pediatrics, Dr. Barbara Chaiyachati (hereinafter "Doctor"), amember of the child's medical team

at CHOP, testified that the minor child presented at his initial intake with low heart and

respiratory rates so he was administered Narcan, after which his respiratory rate improved. 2 Id.

at 30-31. Doctor Chaiyachati explained that the child's response to the Narcan administered at

 St. Mary's Hospital suggested that the drug worked as intended in reversing an opioid

 intoxication. Id.

         The Doctor went on to discuss that when the minor child was transferred to CHOP, he

 was examined by the hospital's "SCAN" team, which the Doctor defined as achild protection

 team comprised of attending board certified or board eligible physicians in child abuse

 pediatrics, as well as other physicians. Id. at 21-22. The SCAN team reviewed the child's

 medical records from his initial hospitalization and birth as well as had adiscussion with his

 '- The Doctor testified that the child's respiratory rate was initially 16 but improved to 38 after Narcan was
 administered. (N.T. 3/25/2021, pp. 30-31).

                                                            4
primary care physician in order to make an ultimate diagnosis of child abuse and neglect. Id. at

21-22, 26. Ultimately, the minor child was admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and

underwent lab testing on his urine that documented the presence of opioids and other substances

in his system including Methamphetamine, Amphetamine, Fentanyl, Norfentanyl, Morphine and

the Narcan. Id. at 26, 32. A head CT was also ordered on the child to rule out any brain injuries.

Id. at 37, 49. The Doctor stated that areview of the history and the lab work provided a

diagnosis of polysubstance exposure. Id.

        In formulating adiagnosis, Doctor Chaiyachati spoke with the minor child's attending

physician at St. Mary's Hospital. Id. at 4. He relayed that he spoke with Mother and Father

when the child was first admitted and they indicated that the child stopped breathing on two

occasions —the first time, the parents responded by rubbing the child's back and the second time,

they called 9-1-1. Id. The parents did not report any sort of fever or other change to warrant the

child's emergency state. Id. He went on to explain that the child's breathing and heart rate again

began to fall when he was in the emergency room at St. Mary's Hospital, so the physicians used

an Ambu bag to support his breathing. Id. at 41-42. All involved physicians believed that the

child's condition at that point was life-threatening. Id. at 43. There was one additional instance

where the child's heart rate fell so low that the physicians at St. Mary's had to perform chest

compressions (CPR) to keep him alive. 3 Id.

        Once the minor child was admitted to CHOP, the SCAN team spoke directly to Mother

via telephone regarding the minor child's history. Id. at 43-44. Mother indicated that she and

Father were and are the only caretakers of the child.          Id. at 45. Mother explained that she does

not work outside of the home and Father is on disability at home due to aliver transplant. Id. at

3There is an allegation listed in the Saint Mary's Hospital records that Father was overheard commenting that he
didn't want the minor child to be drug tested. (N.T. 3/25/2021, p. 210).

                                                         5
118-119. Mother also denied anyone else living in the familial home and stated that the only

medications that she and Father were on at the time of the child's emergency incident were

Synthroid (a thyroid medication) and anti-rejection medications, neither of which were in their

possession at the time of the February 13, 2021 incident. Id. at 46, 118-119. Mother also told

the SCAN team that she never breastfed the child and denied that the minor child was on or

exposed to any medications on February 13, 2021. Id. at 46-47. Mother explained that on the

morning of February 13, 2021, the child drank abottle at 7:00 a.m., woke up around 11:00 a.m.,

was turning colors and had stopped breathing so she and Father called 9-1-1. Id.

        The Doctor went on to testify that there was no plausible explanation as to where the

minor child's polysubstance exposure could have come from —there was no applicable medical

history and no current presence of substances. Id. at 50. She did note that the child was born

with some sort of Morphine addiction, detailing that the discharge summary from the child's

birth showed that his cord blood was positive for amphetamine, methamphetamine, and

Methadone; his urine was also positive for Methadone. Id. at 97. She explained, however, that

at the time the child was admitted to the hospital on February 13, 2021, there would not have

been any residual effects in the child's system from birth such that would warrant the life-saving

measures performed on him      .4   Id. at   50-53. Additionally, there was no presence of Fentanyl in

the blood at birth, but the same substance was present when the minor child was admitted to

CHOP on February 13, 2021. Id. at 108. Ultimately, the Doctor stated that "given [the minor

child's] age and developmental capabilities, at the time of presentation, he was unable to

administer substances or expose himself to substances and given that he is completely reliant on

the care of others, it indicated an associated diagnosis of child abuse by Polysubstance Exposure

4 The  child was born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) — the presence of withdrawal symptoms — and his
last dose of morphine was administered orally on January 20, 2021. (N.T. 3/25/2021, p. 94).

                                                        6
and that is the information in which the diagnosis was made." Id. at 53, 78. Doctor Chaiyachati

did mention that, over the minor child's stay at CHOP, his levels regarding the polysubstance

exposure did go down. Id. at 102-105.

         Additional concerns were raised at CHOP regarding the minor child's weight. Id. The

child was born in the 13 th percentile but, at the time he presented to CHOP, he had fallen into the

point five (.05) percentile and appeared to not be gaining weight as he should. Id. The minor

child also presented with ahernia approximately aweek prior to the events that led to the

February 13, 2021 hospital stay s,although the Doctor did not believe that ahernia would

attribute to his weight issues. Id. at 63, 77. Doctor Chaiyachati testified that, regarding the

minor child's weight, that it could be indicative of neglect but required further evaluation. Id. at

53-54.

         On February 15, 2021, Detective Woelkers was notified that the minor child had been

diagnosed with Polysubstance Exposure and Bucks County opened acriminal investigation. Id.

at 129-130. Detective Woelkers followed up with Mother and Father who indicated that they

were in the Bensalem area on February 12, 2021 looking for ahospital as the minor child had an

ear condition. Id. at 128-129. When Detective Woelkers brought up the child's diagnosis of

Polysubstance Exposure, Father stated that it was his fault, and he should have cleaned the hotel

room better. Id. at 130-131. Father did not specify what exactly was in the hotel room, but

Detective Woelkers notified him that the substances found in the child's system may have been

introduced in adifferent way than Father had indicated, at which point Mother and Father stated

5 On February 3, 2021, Mother and Father took the minor child to Geisinger regarding ahernia; they then took the

minor child to Wyoming Valley Emergency Room on February 4, 2021 regarding the same issue. (N.T. 3/25/2021,
pp. 195-196). The Emergency Room doctors recommended an ultrasound be performed on the minor child but a
note to the medical file indicated that Mother and Father had "other things to do and wanted to leave the hospital,"
so the family did not have the ultrasound performed. Id. at 196.

                                                          7
they wanted to talk to an attorney. Id. at 131. There was never any indication from the hotel

staff that any illegal substances were found in the room. Id. at 137. Additionally, the room was

not searched, nor was any testing performed on the air, carpet, or bedding. Id. at 136, 138.

        Abigail Sanders, aCaseworker with Lackawanna County office of Youth and Family

Services, testified that, currently, the minor child is placed in atraditional foster home with

Michelle Burdenwood and Coran Wood in Wilkes-Barre, PA and is thriving. 6 Id. at 174-176.

Caseworker Sanders explained to the Court that her involvement with the family began on

February 3, 2021. Id. at 177. Prior to Caseworker Sanders involvement, the Agency responded

to referrals in January 2021 regarding Mother's drug use while pregnant as well as the minor

child's withdrawal at birth and set up aSafety Plan. Id. at 178-179. Following Mother and

minor child's discharge from the hospital, Caseworker Kristin Meyers met the family at their

home and requested that Mother provide adrug screen, which was ultimately positive for

Methamphetamine. Id at 180. When she provided said screen, Caseworker Meyers noticed a

plastic medicine bottle with arubber lid in the toilet and asked Mother to provide asecond

sample. Id. Caseworker Meyers sent out the second sample and it returned apositive result of

Fentanyl, Norfentanyl, Codeine, Morphine, Methamphetamine, Amphetamine, Xanax (which

Mother had aprescription for) and Methadone. Id. at 181. Later in the month, on January 29,

2021, Mother screened positive only for Benzodiazepines (Xanax and Suboxone). Id. at 182.

        Caseworker Sanders initially made contact with Mother and Father on February 3, 2021,

at which time Mother spoke to her regarding feeding concerns she had for the child. Id. at 183.

Following that contact on February 3, 2021, Caseworker Sanders was unable to reach Mother

and Father until February 16, 2021 —after the February 13, 2021 emergency incident. Id. at 185.

6Following his discharge from CHOP, the minor child has been gaining weight consistently and was switched to a
new formula. (N.T. 3/25/2021, p. 192, 208)

                                                       8
At that time, both Mother and Father indicated that they were unwilling to answer any questions

without their attorneys. Id. Mother also refused to provide Caseworker Sanders with adrug

screen. Id. at 186. Moving forward, Caseworker Sanders tried to reach out, but Mother and

Father continued to refuse to answer questions regarding the February 13, 2021 incident. Id. at

186. Caseworker Sanders additionally attempted to meet with them on six separate occasions —,

all of which they did not show up for. Id. at 187-189. Further and perhaps most notably, neither

parent has shown up for any of their scheduled visitation with the minor child since his

placement and has not provided the Agency with any of the requested signatures regarding

medical records, etc. Id. at 190-191. Caseworker Sanders stated that she is concerned the child

has not started Early Intervention because Mother and Father will not sign the required

paperwork. Id. at 196. Mother and Father did not testify at the March 25, 2021 hearing. See

generally (N.T., 3/25/2021, p. 177).

        At the conclusion of the hearing, the appointed Guardian ad Litem stated that, although

he did not have aposition on the Court's determination of child abuse, he found the behavior of

the parents "very alarming." Id. at 220. The Court ultimately found that the Agency had met its

burden by proof of clear and convincing evidence for an indication of achild abuse finding. Id.

at 220 -
       221. In rendering its decision, the Court stated "[t]he parents were the only caretakers of,

the child for an extended period of time, before this episode came upon the child. The doctor

testified that it was an Acute Exposure to Polysubstance Intoxication, which occurred ... close

in time. She found it to be highly unlikely that it could've been residual...." Id. at 221-222. 7

7 Michael Sulet, an intake caseworker from Bucks County Children and Youth Services, was additionally called as a

witness; however, this Court indicated that it would not be basing any of its findings or its ruling on Caseworker
Sulet's testimony. (N.T. 3/25/2021, p. 170).

                                                       9
   III.      DISCUSSION

a. Whether the Trial Court erred as amatter of law and/or manifestly abused its
   discretion in determining the minor child was the victim of "child abuse" as that term is
   defined at 23 Pa.C.S.A. §6303?

          Appellant's first contention is that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion in

determining that the minor child was the victim of "child abuse" as defined by 23 Pa. C.S.A.

§6303. 23 Pa. C.S.A. §6303(b.l) defines "child abuse" as intentionally, knowingly or recklessly

doing any of the following:

                 (1) Causing bodily injury to achild through any recent act or failure
                     to act.

                 (5) Creating a reasonable likelihood of bodily injury to a child
                     through any recent act or failure to act.

"Bodily injury" is defined as "[i]mpairment of physical condition or substantial pain." 23 Pa.C.S.

§6303(a).

          For afinding of child abuse pursuant to 23 Pa. C.S.A. §6303(b.1), the standard of proof is

clear and convincing evidence. In the Interest    ofA.C.,   aMinor, 237 Aid 553, 558 (Pa. Super.

2020). Clear and convincing evidence is "evidence that is so clear, direct, weighty, and

convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to aclear conviction, without hesitancy, of the

truth of the precise facts in issue." Id. (quoting G. V. v. Department   of Public   Welfare, 91 A3d

667, 672 (Pa. 2014)).

          In the instant matter, Dr. Barbara Chaiyachati, amedical expert in the field of Child

Abuse Pediatrics and alead member of the minor child's medical team at Children's' Hospital of

Philadelphia (CHOP), testified that the minor child initially presented with low heart and

                                                    10
respiratory rates on February 13, 2021. (N.T. 3/25/2021, p. 30-31). The child coded and was

successfully revived using Narcan. Id. at 20, 37. Ultimately, after extensive testing, the minor

child was admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and diagnosed with Polysubstance

Exposure. Id. at 37, 49. At that time, opioids and other substances including Methamphetamine,

Amphetamine, Fentanyl, Norfentanyl, Morphine and Narcan were found in the minor child's

system. Id. at 26; 32.

       Doctor Chaiyachati went on to testify that there was no plausible explanation as to where

the minor child's polysubstance exposure could have come from —there was no applicable

medical history and no current presence of substances. Id. at 50. The Doctor added that

although the child was born with aMorphine addiction, as Appellant's counsel touched on, there

would not have been any residual effects in the child's system from birth such that would present

as an acute intoxication and warrant the life-saving measures performed on him on February 13,

2021. Id. at 50-53. Ultimately, the Doctor stated that "given [the minor child's] age and

developmental capabilities, at the time of presentation, he was unable to administer substances or

expose himself to substances and given that he is completely reliant on the care of others, it

indicated an associated diagnosis of child abuse by Polysubstance Exposure...." Id. at 53, 78.

        Further, Detective Aaron Woelkers   of the Bensalem Police Department, a member of the

department that responded to Mother and Father's 9-1-1 call on February 13, 2021, also testified

that areview of the hotel's video footage showed that the parents and the minor child were the

only individuals in the hotel room on February 12, 2021 -the night before the February 13, 2021

emergency occurred. Id. at 132-133. Nobody else entered or exited the room except for Mother

taking an occasional smoke break and Father leaving for approximately ahalf hour to pick up a

pizza. Id.

                                                 11
       In this matter, both the medical expert and the investigating detective presented evidence

that Mother and Father were the minor child's only caretakers, that they were the only

individuals alone with the minor child on February 12, 2021 and February 13, 2021, and that the

minor child's age and developmental capabilities rendered him unable to administer the

substances found in his system himself. Id. at 45, 53, 78, 130-133. The Court elaborated on this,

reiterating that "... the doctor testified that it was an Acute Exposure to Polysubstance

Intoxication, which occurred ... close in time ... [and it was] highly unlikely that it could've

been residual." Id. at 221-222. Additionally, Mother and Father did not present any evidence to

rebut Dr. Chaiyachati and Detective Woelkers' testimony. (See generally N.T. 3/25/21).

       This Court found that the evidence presented by the Agency was clear and convincing, as

required by the standard, to prove that there was no plausible explanation for the child's

impairment on February 13, 2021 other than child abuse. The actions or inactions in Room 211

of the Bensalem Knights Inn either intentionally, knowingly or recklessly caused the minor

child's bodily injury or created areasonable likelihood of the same —there is no other plausible

explanation. Thus, the Court's ruling in determining that the minor child was the victim of

"child abuse" as defined by 23 Pa. C.S.A. §6303 should be affirmed.

b. Whether the Trial Court erred as amatter of law and/or manifestly abused its
   discretion in determining the biological father was aperpetrator of child abuse against
    the minor child.?

       Appellant's second claim is that this Court erred and/or abused its discretion in

determining the biological Father was aperpetrator of child abuse. 23 Pa. C.S.A. §6381(d) states

that [e]vidence that achild has suffered child abuse of such anature as would ordinarily not be

sustained or exist except by reason of the acts or omissions of the parent or other person

                                                 12
responsible for the welfare of the child shall be prima facie evidence of child abuse by the parent

or other person responsible for the welfare of the child.

       The Courts have "long recognized" the importance of the evidentiary standard set out in

23 Pa. C.S.A. §6381(d). In the Interest ofA. C., aMinor, 237 Aid 553, 558 (Pa. Super. 2020).

In A.C., the Court detailed that "[p]ritna facie evidence ... is the standard by which the court

determines whom the abuser would be in agiven case.... The Legislature has determined that

the likelihood clearly established abuse has occurred, other than at the hands of the custodian, is

so small that prima facie evidence the custodian has caused the injury, either by acts or

omissions, is all that is required...." Id. at 558-559.

        Prima facie evidence is "[s]uch evidence as, in the judgment of the law, is sufficient to

establish agiven fact, or the group or chain of facts constituting the party's claim or defense, and

which if not rebutted or contradicted, will remain sufficient." Black's Law Dictionary 825 (6th

ed. Abridged 1991). Accordingly, the Courts have held that "evidence that achild suffered

injury that would not ordinarily be sustained but by the acts or omissions of the parent or

responsible person is sufficient to establish that the parent or responsible person perpetrated that

abuse unless the parent or responsible person rebuts the presumption." Id. at 559 (quoting In re

L.Z., 111 A.3d 1164, 1185 (PA. 2015)).

        In the instant matter, Dr. Barbara Chaiyachati from CHOP testified that the child's

 medical team spoke to Mother regarding the minor child's medical history and Mother indicated

 that she and Father were and are the only caretakers of the child.   Id. at 45. Mother also denied

 anyone else living in the familial home and stated that the only medications that she and Father

 were on at the time of the child's emergency incident were Synthroid (a thyroid medication) and

 anti-rejection medications, neither of which were in their possession at the time of the February

                                                     13
13, 2021 incident. Id. at 46, 118-119. Mother additionally told the SCAN team that she never

breastfed the child and denied that the minor child was on or exposed to any medications on

February 13, 2021. Id. at 46-47.

       Again, Doctor Chaiyachati also testified that there was no plausible explanation as to

where the minor child's polysubstance exposure could have come from as the minor child had no

relevant medical history and the substances present in his system could not have been residual

from aprior exposure. Id. at 50-53. As the minor child was roughly amonth and ahalf old, he

was completely reliant on the care of Mother and Father, the Appellant herein. Id. at 53, 78.

       As previously discussed, areview of the hotel's video footage showed Mother, Father

and the minor child were the only individuals in the hotel room from February 12, 2021 up until

the time the police arrived on February 13, 2021. Id. at 132-133. Again, nobody else entered or

exited the room except for Mother taking an occasional smoke break and Father leaving for

approximately ahalf hour to pick up apizza. Id. Further, when the first responding officer

knocked on parents' hotel room door on February 13, 2021, he had to knock three times and

waited 18 seconds before parents opened the door. Id. at 127. When the police ultimately

discussed the minor child's diagnosis of Polysubstance Exposure with Mother and Father, Father

stated that it was his fault, and he should have cleaned the hotel room better. Id. at 130-131.

Father did not elaborate on that statement. Id. Additionally, Father did not testify at the hearing

before this Court. (See generally N.T. 3/25/21).

       In this matter, the Agency presented evidence that Mother and Father were the minor

child's only caretakers and that they were the only individuals alone with the minor child at the

Bensalem Knights Inn prior to the February 13, 2021 9-1-1 call. Id. at 45, 53, 78, 130-133. As

that is the case, the minor child's injuries/impairment here would not have ordinarily been

                                                   14
sustained but by the acts or omissions of the parent(s). Based on the testimony, there is no other

plausible explanation for how the substances came to be in the minor child's system. (See

generally N.T. 3/25/21). Regarding the Appellant specifically, it is clear to this Court that Father

either actively contributed to the child's injuries/impairment or failed to act in preventing the

same. Further, Father did not present any credible testimony to rebut that presumption. Id.

Thus, for the reasons set forth above and in consideration of all competent evidence of record,

this Court properly determined that Appellant is aperpetrator of abuse against the minor child.

   I.      CONCLUSION

        Based upon the competent evidence presented at the time of the March 25, 2021 hearing,

including but not limited to areview of the transcript, the Court's file and Father's inability to

effectively rebut this Court's findings, this Court finds that it properly determined the minor

child was the victim of "child abuse" as defined at 23 Pa.C.S.A. §6303 and that

Father/Appellant was aperpetrator of abuse. As such, for the foregoing reasons, its Order

reflecting the same in the above-docketed matter should be affirmed.

                                                       BY THE COURT:

                                                                   P,ee      c— ;/          ,J.

                                                       ANDI&W J. JARBOLA, III

                                                  15
Written notice of the entry of the foregoing Opinion has been provided to each party pursuant to
Pa. R.C.P. 236(a)(2) by mailing time-stamped copies to:

Counsel for The Office of Youth and Family Services:
Gene Talarico, Esquire
Lackawanna County Office of
Youth and Family Services
Lackawanna County Government Center
123 Wyoming Avenue, 4th Fl.
Scranton, PA 18503
talaricolawnaginail.com

A. Leigh Redmon, Esquire
Lackawanna County Office of
Youth and Family Services
Lackawanna County Government Center
123 Wyoming Avenue, 4th Fl.
Scranton, PA 18503
RednionL@lackawannacounty.org

Counsel for Appellant/Father:
George E. Gretz, Esquire
Suite 301A, King Building
304 N. Washington Avenue
Scranton, PA 18503
ggretzlaw@evenlink. con

Guardian ad Litem:
Kevin O'Hara, Esquire
Lackawanna County Office of
Youth and Family Services
123 Wyoming Avenue, 4" Fl.
Scranton, PA 18503
OHaraK@Iackawannacounty.org

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