Court Opinion

ID: 9666268
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-24 01:09:31.153575+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:15:25.676939
License: Public Domain

Per Curiam.
Defendant was jury convicted of armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797. Following a guilty plea as a third-time felony offender, MCL 769.11; MSA 28.1083, defendant was sentenced to a term of from 8-1/2 to 20 years imprisonment. Defendant appeals from his convictions as a matter of right.
Defendant filed a claim of appeal with this Court on February 4, 1980 (Docket No. 49967). On December 20, 1980, defendant filed a late motion in this Court to remand for the purpose of having the trial court hold a Robinson 1 hearing. The motion was denied by this Court in an order issued February 24, 1981, because the motion lacked merit on the grounds presented and was not timely filed pursuant to GCR 1963, 817.6. Defendant sought leave to appeal that decision to the Supreme Court, which denied leave to appeal. See 411 Mich 1060 (1981).
Thereafter, following the filing of appellate briefs by both the prosecution and defendant, the prosecution filed a motion to affirm in this Court on May 6, 1981. The issues raised by defendant were whether defendant was entitled to a remand for a Robinson hearing and whether a prior conviction for negligent homicide was a proper basis for supplementing defendant’s sentence under the habitual offender statute. The motion to affirm was granted on September 25, 1981.
Defendant again sought leave to appeal to the Michigan Supreme Court. In an order entered June 18, 1982, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, the Supreme Court determined that, since defen*446dant’s motion to remand identified an issue sought to be reviewed on appeal which should initially be decided by the trial judge (the Court making no reference to the motion’s lack of timeliness), this Court should have granted defendant’s motion to remand to the trial court. As a result, the Supreme Court vacated the orders of this Court denying defendant’s motion to remand and granting the prosecution’s motion to affirm. The case was remanded to this Court with instructions to remand to the circuit court, while retaining jurisdiction, for a hearing on defendant’s allegation that the prosecution failed to endorse and produce res gestae witnesses. The Supreme Court retained no jurisdiction.
In an order entered July 14, 1982, this Court remanded the case to the Jackson County Circuit Court for a hearing on defendant’s "allegations that plaintiff failed to endorse and produce res gestae witnesses”. This Court retained jurisdiction. Following a hearing on the remand, the trial court found that the three persons who were not endorsed on the information (two people from the Cabaret Bar and the person at the 7-11) were not res gestae witnesses.
On remand, defendant’s counsel received copies of police reports in response to his motion for discovery after his earlier informal requests had been denied. The police reports contained facts not revealed to the jury concerning the reliability of the identification of defendant as the robber. The facts were: (1) Donald West, the cab driver, admitted in his initial statement that he and the robber had been driving back streets smoking marijuana prior to the robbery; (2) the cab driver could not pick defendant out of a photographic line-up on the night of the offense and convinced the detective in charge of the investigation that he would *447not be able to make an identification; and (3) that one of the two persons in the bar, who positively identified defendant at trial, was unable to pick defendant’s photograph from the same photographic array the day after the offense. Defendant’s counsel sought permission to raise the additional issue of newly discovered evidence in the remand hearing. Permission was denied since the trial court believed the issue was outside the scope of the remand order. The trial court decided not to hear the newly revealed evidence issue unless this Court directed it to do so in a further order of remand.
On March 23, 1983, defendant filed a motion for peremptory reversal in this Court. Defendant requested that this Court grant: (1) a peremptory reversal based on what was characterized as the clearly erroneous decision of the trial court in refusing to recognize the store clerk as a res gestae witness; or (2) a further remand for a hearing on "the newly revealed issues of newly discovered evidence and/or ineffective assistance of counsel” in order that all issues which would eventually be litigated would be consolidated in a single appeal; or (3) that the case be placed on this Court’s case call so that defendant would have the benefit of oral argument and formal submission which were denied him on his appeal as of right.
Defendant’s motion for peremptory reversal was denied by an order of this Court dated November 23, 1983. However, the case was again remanded to the circuit court for a hearing on defendant’s issue of "newly discovered evidence and/or ineffective assistance of counsel”. This Court retained jurisdiction.
An evidentiary hearing was held on December 15, 1983. Defendant withdrew his claim of newly discovered evidence and at the hearing relied on *448his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. The entire matter is now before this Court on the merits.
Defendant entered the Cabaret Bar in Jackson at approximately 1:30 a.m. on April 12, 1979. The owner of the bar, Ray Eicher, testified that defendant asked him to call for a cab. Eicher called the Trolz Cab Company. At 1:37 a.m., a cab, driven by Donald West, was dispatched to the bar. Defendant left the bar and entered the cab.
The complainant, Donald West, testified that he was driving a cab in the early morning hours of April 12, 1979, and that he picked up defendant at the Cabaret Bar. Defendant asked to be driven to 1021 First Street in Jackson, Michigan, but on the way defendant changed his mind, stated he wanted to go to WC’s, but finally asked to be driven to a 7-11 store. West drove to a 7-11 store and defendant went in and then came out of the store. After the cab left the store and was moving, defendant held a knife to West’s neck. Defendant threatened West and forced him to hand over $50 in cash, along with a Timex watch. Defendant made West drive around for a short period of time and then ordered the cab to stop. Defendant took the cab keys and threw them out of the cab. Defendant then ran away.
West reported the robbery and police officer Duane Vinton responded to the call. The officer testified that, when he arrived at the scene, West had a slight laceration on his neck, approximately 3-1/2 inches long. In the back seat of the cab the officer found a brown paper bag containing a can of pop. West told the officer that the bag was not in the cab prior to the time he picked up his last fare at the Cabaret Bar. The can of pop was checked for fingerprints, however the prints on the can were not those of defendant.
*449Defendant lived at 1021 First Street in Jackson, the address to which the assailant had initially requested to be driven. Apparently, this address was well known to the local police because defendant was an informant for the police.
After defendant was arrested and given his Miranda2 warnings, he stated that he had spent the early evening of April 11, 1979, working with officers of the Metro Squad and that they had dropped him off at the Town Bar. Defendant said that he had a few drinks at the Town Bar, went to the Cabaret Bar for a drink, and then walked home. Defendant’s statement was corroborated in part by the testimony of a detective who indicated that he had continued surveillance of defendant until approximately 8:30 that evening, at which time he saw an undercover officer take defendant to the area of the Town Bar and drop him off. At the trial, defendant was identified by Ray Eicher, the owner of the Cabaret Bar, and by Mrs. Eicher, who worked at the bar. Both were present when defendant left the bar. After instruction the jury returned a guilty verdict.
Two claims of error remain which must now be addressed. First, defendant contends that he is entitled to a new trial because the trial court erred in ruling that the missing clerk was not a res gestae witness. We disagree.
A res gestae witness is one who was an eyewitness to some event in the continuum of a criminal transaction and whose testimony will aid in developing a full disclosure of the facts surrounding the alleged commission of the charged offense. People v LeFlore, 122 Mich App 314; 333 NW2d 47 (1983). The prosecutor is under a duty to endorse and *450produce all res gestae witnesses. MCL 767.40; MSA 28.980; People v Norwood, 123 Mich App 287; 333 NW2d 255 (1983), lv den 417 Mich 1006 (1983).
In reviewing a decision of the trial court as to the status of a witness, this Court will reverse only if the decision was clearly erroneous. People v Abrego, 72 Mich App 176; 249 NW2d 345 (1976). Although the trail court did not use the "continuum of the criminal transaction” language, we believe the court ruled correctly.
There is a rebuttable presumption that persons present at the time and place of the commission of a crime are res gestae witnesses and the burden is on the prosecutor to prove otherwise. People v Samuels, 62 Mich App 214; 233 NW2d 520 (1975). There is no indication that the 7-11 clerk was near to, or present at, the time and place of the crime. The robbery of the cab driver started when defendant pulled a knife on the driver and continued until defendant fled from the vehicle. When defendant left the 7-11 store, the criminal transaction had not yet begun. Consequently, there is no presumption that the 7-11 clerk was a res gestae witness. The 7-11 clerk was not a witness to an event in the continuum of a criminal transaction and thus was not a res gestae witness. Therefore, the trial court’s ruling on the issue was not clearly erroneous.
The other issue submitted for our consideration is whether defendant was denied effective assistance of counsel. The standard by which the assistance given by counsel is judged is found in People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250, 264; 247 NW2d 547 (1976), reh den 399 Mich 1041 (1977).
"Defense counsel must perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary training and skill in the criminal law and must conscientiously protect his client’s inter*451ests, undeflected by conflicting considerations.” See also, Beasley v United States, 491 F2d 687, 696 (CA 6, 1974).
In addition, this Court will also examine particular mistakes of counsel, which is the other branch of the inquiry. Defendant is denied effective assistance of counsel if, but for counsel’s serious mistake, defendant would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal. People v Degraffenreid, 19 Mich App 702; 173 NW2d 317 (1969).
At a Ginther3 hearing, as was held in the trial court, the burden is on the defendant to establish his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. People v Harlan, 129 Mich App 769; 344 NW2d 300 (1983). A defendant’s trial counsel is presumed to have provided effective assistance to the defendant. To overcome this presumption, the defendant must show that there was a failure to perform an essential duty owed by counsel to the defendant and that this failure was prejudicial to the defense. People v Tranchida, 131 Mich App 446; 346 NW2d 338 (1984).
The Ginther hearing took place some four years following trial. Defendant’s trial counsel testified that at the time of trial he had been practicing law for five years and had handled approximately 800 felony cases. He had also been a detective on the Youngstown Police Department for twelve years prior to becoming an attorney. While he did not specifically recall the strategy he used at defendant’s trial, he did remember that the witnesses at the preliminary examination gave very positive identifications of defendant. He admitted that he never saw any of the police reports.
Even though defense counsel failed to obtain the police reports through discovery, failed to move to suppress the identifications of defendant, and did *452not ask for a Wade4 hearing, defense counsel did investigate on his own. Defendant has failed to show how he was prejudiced by this trial counsel’s omissions.
Defendant’s trial counsel learned that all three identifying witnesses would state that defendant had been wearing tan pants and a blue jacket. Defendant told his trial counsel that earlier in the evening he had been working with Tom Corwin of the sheriff’s department. When questioned as to how defendant was dressed, Mr. Corwin also stated that defendant had been wearing tan pants. Although defendant represented to his trial counsel that he had been wearing blue jeans, everyone who had come into contact with defendant that night disputed his account of what he had been wearing. Also, defendant did not inform his attorney that he had been smoking marijuana with the cab driver. Williams, defendant’s trial counsel, stated that as a matter of trial strategy he probably would not have impeached West with that fact at trial even if he had know about it. This Court will not substitute its judgment for that of defense counsel in matters of trial strategy. People v Whalen, 129 Mich App 732; 342 NW2d 917 (1983). The decision to. move for suppression of the identifications and/or a Wade hearing was a matter of strategy which we will not disturb. In addition, there was other strong evidence against defendant. He gave the cab driver his home address when he first entered the cab.
In our opinion, defense trial counsel performed as well as an attorney of ordinary training and skill in criminal law. Additionally, given the nature of the evidence against defendant, it cannot be said that defendant’s trial counsel made a *453mistake so serious that but for that mistake defendant would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal.
Affirmed.

 People v Robinson, 390 Mich 629; 213 NW2d 106 (1973).

 Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).

 People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).

 United States v Wade, 388 US 218; 87 S Ct 1926; 18 L Ed 2d 1149 (1967).