Court Opinion

ID: 8851599
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 17:15:05.189619+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:05:31.018194
License: Public Domain

TAFT, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts). In our opinion, nhe judgment of the court below must be reversed. The main question is whether the article in question is cherry juice as it was known at the time of the passage of the act of 1890. Cherry juice then ha,d a well-known commercial meaning. It was the natural juice of the cherry obtained by expression, with sufficient alcohol added to keep It from fermentation. The present article is not natural cherry juice with a certain per cent, of alcohol added, but it is a substance which is produced by taking natural cherry juice, and subjecting it to a process by which much of the water present in natural cherry juice is evaporated, and we have an article four times stronger than the natural cherry juice for all the purposes to which natural cherry juice is adapted, — darker in color, of less fluidity, and of greater specific gravity. The cherry juice of commerce in 1890 was valued at 30 cents a gallon; this article is valued at $1.10 a gallon. We have no doubt that, having regard to the difference in color, weight, strength as a flavoring ingredient, and cost, it is a different article for dutiable purposes than cherry juice. The juice of vegetables or fruit is nothing but the sap obtained by expression. If the sap is subjected to heat and evaporation, the article thus produced is generally understood to be a different thing from the sap. Thus, the sap of the sugar maple is different from the molasses which is obtained from the sap by boiling, and no one would think of includ*986ing under the term “sap,” if used in the tariff act, the molasses made therefrom. It is true that, for want of a better name, this is called “concentrated cherry juice.” It has not been introduced generally enough into commerce to lead to a designation of it by a name which differentiates it from cherry juice other than by adding an adjective descriptive of the change. But concentrated cherry juice is different from cherry juice as molasses is different from sap, and the difference in the latter case would be quité as great even if molasses were called concentrated sap instead of molasses. Confessedly, this is a new article, one never before used in commerce. What we have to decide is whether its qualities are such as justly to prevent its being taxed as the thing from which it is made. This must depend, of course, upon the amount of change to which the original article has been subjected to make the new article. It is a question of degree. The degree of change in the quadrupling of the flavoring strength of the original article, and its market price, considered in connection with the chemical change which taires place by the elimination of so large a part of its previous watery element, is quite sufficient to make a different article from that from which it was produced. The learned judge in the court below seemed to think that the issue turned upon 'the question whether the particular process used in the concentration of the original cherry juice made what is technically known as a “flavoring extract.” While it would be of assistance in showing that the article in question is different for purposes of taxation from that from which it was made, if it be properly defined to be a flavoring extract, the question, after all, is not whether it is a flavoring extract, but whether it is something different from the article called “cherry juice” by congress in the act of 1890; and, for the reasons stated, we think it is.
The next question is what the classification of this article shall be if it is not cherry juice. It certainly is an alcoholic compound, because it is compounded of alcohol and some other ingredient Attempt was made' in the evidence to show that “alcoholic compound,” in the trade, meant a compound of alcohol in which the alcohol was used as a stimulant; but it failed. There was no evidence of any weight at all to show that the term “alcoholic compound” had a commercial meaning different from its ordinary meaning. It was not shown to be a term used in commerce with a peculiar commercial significance. If this was an alcoholic compound, then it was an enumerated article within the eighth paragraph of the first section of the act quoted above, and was thereby made subject to the tax of two dollars per gallon and 25 per cent, ad valorem. If it was such an enumerated article, then it could not come within section 5 of the act of October 1, 1S90, because that section applies only to an imported article not enumerated in the act. Arthur v. Sussfield, 96 U. S. 128; Arthur’s Ex’rs v. Butterfield, 125 U. S. 70, 8 Sup. Ct. 714. The classification made by the surveyor, acting as collector, in this case, was therefore right, and the article in question should have paid the tax of two dollars per gallon and 25 per cent, ad valorem. This conclusion makes it unnecessary to consider the contention that the classification of the collector should be sus*987tamed, because the act of the importer was a fraudulent evasion of the provisions of the tariff act.
. The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, at the costs of the appellees.