Court Opinion

ID: 4644488
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-18 10:07:39.554118+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:45.750301
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    December 17, 2020
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   No. 344325
                                                                    Kalamazoo Circuit Court
VICTOR PEERY,                                                       LC No. 2016-000285-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: FORT HOOD, P.J., and SAWYER and SERVITTO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant, Victor Peery, appeals by leave granted his sentences for his convictions of
assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83; and possession of a firearm during the
commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. Defendant pleaded guilty, and the trial
court sentenced defendant, as a fourth-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.12, to 15 to 40 years’
imprisonment for the assault conviction and 2 years’ imprisonment for the felony-firearm
conviction. The trial court ordered these sentences to run consecutively to each other and
consecutively to a sentence that defendant was serving for a probation violation. It is this latter
part of the sentencing order with which defendant takes issue. However, we affirm.

        In 2015, defendant was convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm (felon-in-
possession), MCL 750.224f. The trial court sentenced defendant to jail and then 36 months’
probation, which included a stay in Kalamazoo Probation Enhancement Program (KPEP). After
defendant served his jail sentence, KPEP staff transferred him to a KPEP facility. Defendant
remained at the facility for a few minutes before leaving. After leaving KPEP, he punched, choked,
and smothered his girlfriend. He also repeatedly hit his girlfriend in the head with a gun and shot
her three times. Defendant then escaped to Indiana where he committed additional offenses before
he was apprehended.

       The trial court sentenced defendant to 34 to 128 months’ imprisonment for violating
probation. Defendant was also charged with assault with intent to commit murder; four counts of
felony-firearm; felon-in-possession; assault with a dangerous weapon, MCL 750.82; and domestic
violence, MCL 750.81(2). Defendant ultimately pleaded guilty to one count of felony-firearm and

                                               -1-
one count of assault with intent to commit murder as a fourth-offense habitual offender and was
sentenced as stated earlier. Again, the trial court ordered these sentences to run consecutively to
each other and consecutively to the sentence defendant received for violating probation.

        Defendant filed a delayed application for leave to appeal in this Court in which he argued
that the trial court was not permitted to sentence him to consecutive sentences pursuant to MCL
768.7a(1). After this Court denied defendant’s delayed application,1 defendant filed an application
for leave to appeal in the Michigan Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ordered that this case be
remanded to this Court “for consideration, as on leave granted, of whether MCL 768.7a authorized
the trial court to require the sentences in this case to run consecutively with the defendant’s
sentence for violating probation in an earlier case.” People v Peery, 503 Mich. 1039 (2019). The
Supreme Court specifically ordered this Court to address the following:

       (1) whether the definition of ‘prison’ found in MCL 750.193(2) controls whether a
       facility is a ‘penal or reformatory institution’ for purposes of MCL 768.7a(1), even
       though the two statutes appear in different codes, compare People v Johnson, 96
Mich. App. 84, 86-88 (1980), and People v Parker, 319 Mich. App. 410 (2017), with
       People v Washington, 501 Mich. 342, 357 (2018); (2) if so, whether the Kalamazoo
       Probation Enhancement Program (KPEP) falls within that definition of ‘prison’;
       and (3) if not, whether the Legislature intended for a program like KPEP to be
       treated as a ‘penal or reformatory institution’ for purposes of MCL 768.7a. [Id.]

        This Court thereafter granted the prosecution’s motion to remand this case for an
evidentiary hearing to learn more information on KPEP and defendant’s relationship with KPEP.2
At the evidentiary hearing, William DeBoer, the CEO of KPEP, and Michael Penny, defendant’s
probationary agent testified.

      Both defendant and the prosecution contend that the definition of the word “prison” found
in MCL 750.193(2) does not control the meaning of the term “penal or reformatory institution” in
MCL 768.7a(1). We agree.

        This Court reviews de novo questions of law. People v Lukity, 460 Mich. 484, 488; 596
NW2d 607 (1999). “Whether a consecutive sentence may be imposed is a question of statutory
interpretation that we review de novo.” People v Parker, 319 Mich. App. 410, 414; 901 NW2d 632
(2017). Additionally, “[w]hether a defendant’s conduct falls within the scope of a penal statute is
a question of statutory interpretation that is reviewed de novo.” People v Rea, 500 Mich. 422, 427;
902 NW2d 362 (2017).

        This Court interprets statutes pursuant to the Legislature’s intent. Id. The plain language
of a statute is “[t]he most reliable evidence” of the Legislature’s intent. Id. (quotation marks and

1
 People v Peery, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered August 1, 2018 (Docket No.
344325).
2
 People v Peery, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered December 10, 2019 (Docket
No. 344325).

                                                -2-
citation omitted). Additionally, when this Court interprets a statute, this Court must “give effect
to every word, phrase, and clause and avoid an interpretation that would render any part of the
statute surplusage or nugatory.” Id. at 427-428 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
“Nontechnical words and phrases should be interpreted according to the common and approved
usage of the language.” Id. at 428 (quotation marks and citation omitted). This Court may consult
a dictionary “when a word or phrase is not defined by the statute in question . . . to determine the
plain and ordinary meaning of the word or phrase.” Id.

        MCL 750.193(1), which is part of the Michigan Penal Code, MCL 750.1 et seq., provides
the prison escape statute and states as follows:

               A person imprisoned in a prison of this state who breaks prison and escapes,
       breaks prison though an escape is not actually made, escapes, leaves the prison
       without being discharged by due process of law, attempts to break prison, or
       attempts to escape from prison, is guilty of a felony, punishable by further
       imprisonment for not more than 5 years. The term of the further imprisonment shall
       be served after the termination, pursuant to law, of the sentence or sentences then
       being served. A prisoner who breaks prison, escapes, attempts to break prison, or
       attempts to escape, shall be charged with that offense and tried in the courts of the
       county in which the prison or penal facility to which the prisoner was committed
       or transferred is located at the time of the breaking, escape, or attempt to break or
       escape.

MCL 750.193(2) provides the following definition of the word “prison”:

                As used in this section, “prison” means a facility that houses prisoners
       committed to the jurisdiction of the department of corrections and includes the
       grounds, farm, shop, road camp, or place of employment operated by the facility or
       under control of the officers of the facility, the department of corrections, a police
       officer of this state, or any other person authorized by the department of corrections
       to have a prisoner under care, custody, or supervision, either in a facility or outside
       a facility, whether for the purpose of work, medical care, or any other reason.

As part of the Penal Code, MCL 750.193 punishes the actual act of escaping or “breaking prison.”3
Notably, in this case, defendant was not charged or convicted under MCL 750.193.

         MCL 768.7a, which is part of the Code of Criminal Procedure, MCL 760.1 et seq., provides
for consecutive sentencing in certain situations when a person escapes a “penal or reformatory
institution,” and it specifically states as follows:

               (1) A person who is incarcerated in a penal or reformatory institution in this
       state, or who escapes from such an institution, and who commits a crime during
       that incarceration or escape which is punishable by imprisonment in a penal or

3
  As the title to the Penal Code, MCL 750.1 et seq., states, its purpose is “to define crimes and
prescribe the penalties . . . .”

                                                -3-
       reformatory institution in this state shall, upon conviction of that crime, be
       sentenced as provided by law. The term of imprisonment imposed for the crime
       shall begin to run at the expiration of the term or terms of imprisonment which the
       person is serving or has become liable to serve in a penal or reformatory institution
       in this state.

               (2) If a person is convicted and sentenced to a term of imprisonment for a
       felony committed while the person was on parole from a sentence for a previous
       offense, the term of imprisonment imposed for the later offense shall begin to run
       at the expiration of the remaining portion of the term of imprisonment imposed for
       the previous offense.

         “According to the plain language of MCL 768.7a, a person is subject to consecutive
sentencing when that person is convicted of a crime committed during the person’s incarceration
in a penal or reformatory institution or during the person’s escape or parole from such an
institution.” Parker, 319 Mich. App. at 415. Trial courts “may only impose a consecutive sentence
if specifically authorized by statute.” Id. “The purpose of a consecutive sentencing statute is to
deter persons convicted of one crime from committing other crimes by removing the security of
concurrent sentencing.” Id. at 414. This Court should construe consecutive sentencing statutes
“liberally in order to achieve the deterrent effect intended by the Legislature.” Id. at 414-415.

         MCL 768.7a(1) uses the term “penal or reformatory institution” without defining that term
or the terms “penal institution” or “reformatory institution.” In fact, the definitions for those terms
are not found anywhere in the Code of Criminal Procedure. However, MCL 750.193(2) provides
the definition of the term “prison” for the prison escape statute in MCL 750.193(1). And this Court
has a long history of utilizing the definition of the word “prison” in MCL 750.193(1) when
determining whether a certain institution falls within the term “penal or reformatory institution.”

        In People v Mayes, 95 Mich. App. 188, 189; 290 NW2d 119 (1980), the defendant argued
that he was not subject to consecutive sentencing pursuant to MCL 768.7a(1), as amended by 1976
PA 184, because a halfway house did not qualify as a “penal or reformatory institution.” This
Court recognized that in People v Smith (On Rehearing), 89 Mich. App. 478, 489; 280 NW2d 862
(1979), it defined prison “for purposes of the escape statute, MCL 750.193,” as “any grounds under
the control of persons authorized by the corrections department to have inmates under their care,
custody or supervision is a prison.” Mayes, 95 Mich. App. at 189-190. It therefore concluded that
a halfway house was “a prison for purposes of the escape statute.” Id. at 190. This Court then
held “that a crime committed while on leave from a halfway house is committed during one’s
incarceration in a penal institution.” Id. This Court held that a contrary holding would be contrary
to the Legislature’s intent “to create a disincentive for committing criminal acts by those serving
prison sentences.” Id.

        In People v Johnson, 96 Mich. App. 84, 85-86; 292 NW2d 489 (1980), the defendant argued
that a community corrections center program did not qualify as a “penal or reformatory institution”
under MCL 768.7a(1), as amended by 1976 PA 184. This Court recognized that there were no
cases that had determined whether a community corrections program qualified as a “penal or
reformatory institution” under MCL 768.7a(1). This Court also recognized that MCL 750.193, as
amended by 1967 PA 103, dealt with prison escapes and held that it “may be read in pari materia

                                                 -4-
with the provisions of MCL 768.7a.” Id. at 86. This Court held that MCL 750.193(2) specifically
included “residential centers” in the definition of “prison.” 4 Id. at 87. This Court also recognized
that YMCA corrections program, a hospital, and halfway houses all had been recognized as prisons
under MCL 750.193(2). Id. at 87-88. This Court then upheld the “appropriateness of the trial
court’s consecutive sentencing[.]” Id. at 88. Since Mayes and Johnson, this Court has issued a
series of decisions relying directly or indirectly on their holdings. See People v Dukes, 198 Mich
App 569, 570, 570-571; 499 NW2d 389 (1993); People v Kirkland, 172 Mich. App. 735, 736-737;
432 NW2d 422 (1988); People v Sheridan, 141 Mich. App. 770, 772-775; 367 NW2d 450 (1985);
People v Jennings, 121 Mich. App. 318, 319; 329 NW2d 25 (1982); People v Lakin, 118 Mich. App.
471, 473-474; 325 NW2d 460 (1982); People v Hegwood, 109 Mich. App. 438, 442; 311 NW2d
383 (1981).

        In the meantime, the Supreme Court issued People v Smith, 423 Mich. 427; 378 NW2d 384
(1985). In Smith, 423 Mich. at 437, the defendant argued that the Penal Code’s definition of
“misdemeanors” conflicted with the Code of Criminal Procedure’s definition of “felonies” and
that the Penal Code label should control. The Court held that “[s]tatutes which relate to the same
persons or things, or which have a common purpose, are to be read in pari materia, and a strict
construction will not be given to one statute where doing so would defeat the main purpose of
another on the same subject.” Id. at 441-442. The Court also held that “[w]hile the Penal Code
and the Code of Criminal Procedure relate generally to the same thing and must therefore be read
in pari materia, the two codes were separately enacted and have distinct purposes.” Id. at 442.
The Court ruled that the Penal Code defined crimes and proscribed penalties for crimes, and the
Code of Criminal Procedure codified laws for criminal procedure. Id. It also recognized that
“[e]ach code has its own definitions of ‘misdemeanor’ and ‘felony’ in order to more effectively
promote the distinct purposes of each.” Id. Although “[t]he Penal Code’s definitions serve to
describe the grade of each offense and, in some instances, to prescribe the penalty for the offense,”
“[t]he definitions in the Code of Criminal Procedure govern which procedural protections and
which collateral consequences of conviction attach to a given offense.” Id. at 442-443. The Court
then held that “[i]t [was] obvious that the Penal Code definitions apply only to the Penal Code,”
and that “the definitions of the Code of Criminal Procedure are limited in application to that code.”
Id. at 445. “To apply the definition of misdemeanor in one statute to the operations of the other
statute would defeat the purposes of the other statute.” Id.

        Afterward, in 2017, this Court issued Parker. In Parker, 319 Mich. App. at 413, the
defendant was serving a prison sentence when the MDOC “erroneously released her into the
community in 2011.” While the defendant was released, in 2013, she committed two other
offenses and pleaded guilty to the charges. Id. Pursuant to MCL 768.7a, the trial court sentenced
the defendant to serve her sentences for the offenses she committed in 2013 “consecutively to the
completion of her sentences from 2010.” Id. at 414. The “defendant argue[d] that the trial court
erred by ordering her current sentences to run consecutively to her sentences from 2010 because
the consecutive sentencing provisions of MCL 768.7a did not apply to her situation,” and this

4
 MCL 750.193(2), as amended by 1998 PA 510, the most recent version of MCL 750.193, the
version which is analyzed in this case, no longer especially identifies “residential centers” as
prisons.

                                                -5-
Court agreed. Id. This Court held that “[i]t [was] undisputed that defendant was neither an escapee
nor a parolee when she committed the 2013 offenses,” and “[t]herefore, the question before this
Court [was] whether defendant was ‘incarcerated in a penal or reformatory institution’ at the time
of the 2013 offenses, thus warranting imposition of a consecutive sentence pursuant to MCL
768.7a(1).” Id. at 415-416. This Court held that “[i]t [was] undisputed that defendant was not
literally incarcerated at the time she committed the crimes charged in this case.” Id. at 416.
“Therefore, interpreting MCL 768.7a(1) according to its plain language leads to the conclusion
that defendant was not subject to its provisions, and the trial court improperly ordered her to serve
the sentences imposed for her current crimes consecutively to those imposed for her 2010
convictions.” Id.

         This Court also recognized that the definition of “penal or reformatory institution” had a
broad definition, which “include[d] any grounds under the control of any person authorized by the
Department of Corrections to have a prison inmate under care, custody or supervision either in an
institution or outside an institution.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). This meant that
“[l]iteral confinement, therefore, is not a controlling factor if the person continues to be under the
control of the Department of Corrections.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). However,
this Court recognized “given the particular facts of this case, even a liberal construction of the
phrase ‘incarcerated in a penal or reformatory institution’ [did] not bring defendant within MCL
768.7a(1) for sentencing purposes.” Id. at 416-417. This Court held that after the MDOC
erroneously released defendant in 2011, it ceased to have control over the defendant and her
activities. Id. at 417.

        In 2018, the Supreme Court released People v Washington, 501 Mich. 342; 916 NW2d 477
(2018). In Washington, 501 Mich. at 346, the Court recognized that “[u]nder the Michigan Penal
Code, a person is guilty of the offense of felony-firearm if he or she carries or possesses a firearm
when committing or attempting to commit a felony.” Under the Penal Code, a felony is an “offense
that is punishable by imprisonment in state prison upon the defendant’s conviction.” Id. at 353
(quotation marks and citation omitted). Under “Michigan’s Code of Criminal Procedure, a
defendant may be imprisoned in a state penal institution, as opposed to a county jail, if the
punishment for the offense is more than one year’s imprisonment,” which means that “an offense
punishable by more than one year’s imprisonment would be an offense for which an individual
may be imprisoned in a state prison.” Id. at 354. “Accordingly, the Legislature clearly expressed
its intent that a person is guilty of felony-firearm under the Penal Code if he or she carries or
possesses a firearm when committing or attempting to commit an offense that is punishable by
imprisonment for more than one year.” Id. Under Michigan’s Public Health Code, “the offense
of keeping or maintaining a drug house is punishable by imprisonment for more than one year,
which necessarily means that the offense is punishable by imprisonment in a state prison,” which
means that it “meets the definition of ‘felony’ in the Penal Code.” Id. at 355. However, under the
Public Health Code, the offense of keeping or maintaining a drug house is labeled a misdemeanor.
Id. The Court, therefore, had to decide “whether a person is guilty of felony-firearm if he or she
carries or possesses a firearm when keeping or maintaining a drug house.” Id. at 346-347
(emphasis added).

        To address the conflict, the Court turned to Smith for guidance. The Court recognized that
in Smith, it “made it abundantly clear that definitions and labels in one code apply only to that
particular code; they are not to be transferred and applied to other codes.” Id. at 357. For example,

                                                 -6-
“an offense expressly labeled a misdemeanor in one code does not necessarily mean the same
offense is a misdemeanor for purposes of interpreting and applying a different code.” Id. The
Court recognized that if it applied “the Public Health Code’s misdemeanor label to the application
of the Penal Code and treated this offense as a misdemeanor, [it] would be ignoring the
Legislature’s clear directive to interpret the term ‘felony’ for purposes of applying the Penal Code
as an offense punishable ‘by imprisonment in state prison’ upon the defendant’s conviction.” Id.
at 358.

        The holdings contained in Johnson, Parker, and Washington make it evident that the
definition of the word “prison” in MCL 750.193(2) does not control the definition of the term
“penal or reformatory” institution. As succinctly stated in Smith, “the Penal Code definitions apply
only to the Penal Code,” and “the definitions of the Code of Criminal Procedure are limited in
application to that code.” Smith, 423 Mich. at 445. However, because they are nevertheless in pari
materia, see Johnson, 96 Mich. App. at 86, this Court may look to the definition of “prison” to
broadly construe the term “penal or reformatory institution.”

        Although the Supreme Court held in Washington, 501 Mich. at 357, “that definitions and
labels in one code apply only to that particular code; they are not to be transferred and applied to
other codes,” the Court was not overruling the doctrine of in pari materia, which provides that
“[w]hen two statutes lend themselves to a construction that avoids conflict, that construction
should control.” People v Rahily, 247 Mich. App. 108, 113; 635 NW2d 227 (2001). The doctrine
of in pari materia applies with “[s]tatutes which relate to the same persons or things, or which
have a common purpose[.]” Smith, 423 Mich. at 441-442. The Supreme Court recognized in Smith,
423 Mich. at 442 that “the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure relate generally to the
same thing and must therefore be read in pari materia.”

        Although the Smith Court also recognized that the two statutes “were separately enacted
and have distinct purposes” because the Penal Code defines crimes and prescribes penalties for
crimes, and the Code of Criminal Procedure codifies laws in regard to criminal procedure, the
Court was specifically analyzing the relationship between Michigan Penal Code and Code of
Criminal Procedure in regard to that issue in the case, which was the conflicting labels and
definitions each code provided for the terms “misdemeanors” and “felonies.” See id. at 442-445.
The Smith Court recognized that “[e]ach code has its own definitions of ‘misdemeanor’ and
‘felony’ in order to more effectively promote the distinct purpose of each” and that “apply[ing] the
definition of misdemeanor in one statute to the operations of the other statute would defeat the
purposes of the other statute.” Id. at 444. The Court held that the labels provided by the Penal
Code were “irrelevant in determining statutorily mandated post-conviction procedures in the Code
of Criminal Procedure” and “in determining constitutionally mandated post-conviction
procedures.” Id. at 445.

        Additionally, in Washington, 501 Mich. at 352-362, while determining the controlling
effect of the labeling and definitions of “misdemeanor” and “felony” provided for in the Public
Health Code in regard to the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Court recognized that the Public
Health Code’s definitions of “misdemeanor” and “felony” did not control the Code of Criminal
Procedure’s definitions of the same word because doing so would be contrary to the Legislature’s
intent. Id. at 358, 361-362.

                                                -7-
        The Supreme Court’s holdings in both Smith and Washington are helpful in resolving the
issue in this case. In Smith and Washington, the Court was dealing with sections of two different
codes that were directly at odds with each other. In Smith, 423 Mich. at 442, the Court recognized
that the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Michigan Penal Code had different definitions of the
words “felony” and “misdemeanor,” and they therefore disagreed on whether certain offenses were
felonies or misdemeanors. The same issue arose in Washington.

         However, no such direct conflict exists between MCL 768.7a(1) and MCL 750.193(2) and
how this Court has used MCL 750.193(2) to interpret the term “penal or reformatory institution”
in MCL 768.7a(1). When determining whether an institution qualifies as a “penal or reformatory”
institution under MCL 768.7a(1), this Court has turned to the definition of “prison” in MCL
750.193(2) to the extent that it would broaden the plain language of the term “penal or
reformatory” institution because as a consecutive sentencing statute, MCL 768.7a “should be
construed liberally in order to achieve the deterrent effect intended by the Legislature.” Parker,
319 Mich. App. at 414-415. As held many times by this Court, “[t]he purpose of a consecutive
sentencing statute is to deter persons convicted of one crime from committing other crimes by
removing the security of concurrent sentencing.” Id. at 414.

        For example, in Parker, 319 Mich. App. at 414-416, when this Court determined whether a
defendant who committed a crime after she was erroneously released from an earlier sentence was
subject to consecutive sentencing pursuant under MCL 768.7a, this Court first looked to the plain
language of MCL 768.7a(1) and held that under the plain language of MCL 768.7a(1), defendant
was not subject to the terms of MCL 768.7a. However, this Court then recognized that the term
“penal and reformatory institution” for consecutive sentencing purposes may be “broadly
construed to include any grounds under the control of any person authorized by the Department of
Corrections to have a prison inmate under care, custody or supervision either in an institution or
outside an institution.” Parker, 319 Mich. App. at 416. The definition referred to by this Court is
the definition of prison pursuant to MCL 750.193(2). However, this Court realized that the
defendant was not “incarcerated in a penal or reformatory institution” under the plain language of
the term or under the broad construction of the term “penal or reformatory institution.” Parker,
319 Mich. App. at 416-417. Therefore, MCL 768.7a(1) did not apply. Id.

         Additionally, in Johnson, 96 Mich. App. at 86, this Court recognized that there was no
caselaw in regard to whether a community corrections program qualified as a “penal or reformatory
institution” under MCL 768.7a(1). Therefore, it turned to the definition of prison in MCL
750.193(2) and caselaw interpreting the definition of “prison” to conclude that “penal or
reformatory institution” should be read broadly, as to not “subvert legislative intent,” to include a
community corrections program.” Id. at 86-88.

        Furthermore, recently, in People v Arnold, 328 Mich. App. 592; 939 NW2d 690 (2019), this
Court held that a provision of “the Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure—MCL
750.335a and MCL 777.16q—must be read in pari materia.” In Arnold, 328 Mich. App. at 606-
612, this Court analyzed the holdings of Washington and Smith when determining how to construe
“the discrepancy or disconnect in sentencing options between MCL 750.335a of the Penal Code
and MCL 777.16q of the Code of Criminal Procedure.” This Court, in accordance with the
doctrine of in pari materia, ruled that the two provisions could be harmonized and held that trial

                                                -8-
courts had the option to sentence defendants under MCL 750.335a “or to a term consistent with
the advisory sentencing guidelines.” Id. at 612.

        Therefore, in this case, the definition of the word “prison” in MCL 750.193(2) is not
controlling of the term “penal or reformatory institution” in MCL 768.7a(1). This Court should
look to the plain language of MCL 768.7a(1). See Parker, 319 Mich. App. at 415-416. However,
when the plain language of MCL 768.7a(1) is narrow and contrary to the Legislature’s intent, this
Court may turn to the definition of the word “prison” and caselaw interpreting the word “prison.”
See id.

        This Court must now determine whether the Legislature intended for programs like KPEP
to fall within the definition of the phrase “penal or reformatory institution” in MCL 768.7a(1).5
As stated earlier, the Michigan Code of Criminal Procedure does not provide a definition for the
terms “penal or reformatory institution,” “penal institution,” or “reformatory institution.” This
Court may therefore consult a dictionary. See Rea, 500 Mich. at 428.

         Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed) does not define the terms “penal institution” or
“reformatory institution.” However, it defines the word “penal” as “[o]f, relating to, or being a
penalty or punishment, esp. for a crime,” and it defines the word “reformatory” as “[a] penal
institution in which young offenders, especially minors, are disciplined and trained or educated.”
Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed). Additionally, Black’s Law Dictionary states that the relevant
definition of the word “institution” is “[a]n established organization, esp. one of a public character,
such as a facility for the treatment of mentally disabled persons.”

        It is evident that KPEP would not qualify as a “reformatory institution” under the plain
language of the term because DeBoer’s testimony provided no indication that the institution was
designated for “young offenders, especially, minors,” and defendant was not a minor at the time
the crime was committed and sentenced. Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed). Therefore, this Court
must determine whether KPEP qualified as a “penal institution.” Utilizing both the definition of
the word “penal” and the definition of the word “institution,” it is evident that a “penal institution”
is “an established organization, especially one of public character” that is “[o]f, relating to, or
being a penalty or punishment, esp. for a crime.” Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed).

         The testimony that KPEP CEO DeBoer and probation agent Penny provided at the
evidentiary hearing makes it evident that the KPEP program defendant was ordered to participate
in—a residential in-patient program through the MDOC—clearly falls under the definition of the
term “penal institution” used in MCL 768.7a(1). DeBoer stated that KPEP was a private
institution. Additionally, DeBoer testified that many KPEP residents felt that KPEP was punitive
in nature and did not want to be there. The residents who participated in the program were

5
  At the evidentiary hearing, DeBoer testified that KPEP was considered a community corrections
program. In Johnson, 96 Mich. App. at 88, this Court held that a defendant in a community
corrections program was subject to consecutive sentencing under MCL 768.7a(1). However, in
that case, this Court only explicitly analyzed the definition of prison in MCL 750.193(2) to reach
its holding.

                                                 -9-
generally criminal offenders who were court ordered to participate in KPEP as part of their parole
or as part of a probation violation. Although KPEP facilities were not secure, the residents were
monitored and prohibited from leaving without permission, and the residents were subject to
counts and searches. Additionally, if a resident left the facility without permission, the resident’s
parole or probation officer was notified. KPEP restricted many freedoms of the residents. For
example, residents were required to sign in and out of the facility, they were not permitted to have
cell phones in the building, and their possessions were subjected to searches. KPEP staff
monitored the residents and any of their permitted visitors at all times when they were in a KPEP
facility. KPEP staff was also required to monitor and verify the residents’ movements when they
left the facility. Penny also testified that residents of KPEP were heavily monitored and supervised
and that their movements were restricted. Penny explained that KPEP was a program that a
defendant had to be court ordered to attend because it involved taking away a person’s freedom.

         Therefore, we conclude that the KPEP falls within the definition of the term “penal
institution” pursuant to MCL 768.7a(1).6 Accordingly, defendant is subject to consecutive
sentencing pursuant to MCL 768.7a(1).

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
                                                              /s/ David H. Sawyer
                                                              /s/ Deborah A. Servitto

6
 Because we have determined that MCL 750.193(2) does not control whether a facility is a “penal
or reformatory institution” under MCL 768.7a(1), and we have interpreted the plain language of
MCL 768.7a(1) to conclude that KPEP is a “penal or reformatory institution,” we need not
determine whether KPEP falls within the definition of “prison” in MCL 750.193(2).

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