Court Opinion

ID: 5141936
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-31 01:02:08.518365+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:31.723384
License: Public Domain

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               THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

C.L. (Mother),               )
                             )                          Supreme Court Nos. S-18054/18068/
               Petitioner,   )                          18071/18072
                             )                          (Consolidated)
      v.                     )
                             )                          Superior Court Nos.
OPA GUARDIAN AD LITEM BRENDA )                          3KO-20-00012 CN;
FINLEY and STATE OF ALASKA,  )                          3KO-19-00031-34 CN;
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH &       )                          3KO-20-00001-5 CN;
SOCIAL SERVICES, OFFICE OF   )                          3KO18-18-00030 CN
CHILDREN’S SERVICES,         )
                             )                          OPINION
               Respondents.  )
                             )                          No. 7574 – December 23, 2021
                             )
D.R. (Father),               )
                             )
               Petitioner,   )
                             )
      v.                     )
                             )
OPA GUARDIAN AD LITEM BRENDA )
FINLEY and STATE OF ALASKA,  )
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH &       )
SOCIAL SERVICES, OFFICE OF   )
CHILDREN’S SERVICES,         )
                             )
               Respondents.  )
                             )
F.P. (Father),               )
                             )
               Petitioner,   )
                             )
       v.                    )
                             )
OPA GUARDIAN AD LITEM BRENDA )
FINLEY and STATE OF ALASKA,  )
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH &       )
SOCIAL SERVICES, OFFICE OF   )
CHILDREN’S SERVICES,         )
                             )
               Respondents.  )
                             )
                             )
J.P. (Father),               )
                             )
               Petitioner,   )
                             )
       v.                    )
                             )
OPA GUARDIAN AD LITEM BRENDA )
FINLEY and STATE OF ALASKA,  )
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH &       )
SOCIAL SERVICES, OFFICE OF   )
CHILDREN’S SERVICES,         )
                             )
               Respondents.  )
                             )

             Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
             Judicial District, Kodiak, Stephen Wallace, Judge.

             Appearances: Renee McFarland, Assistant Public Defender,
             and Samantha Cherot, Public Defender, Anchorage, for
             Petitioners. Elizabeth Russo, Deputy Director/Assistant
             Public Advocate, and James E. Stinson, Public Advocate, for

                                         -2-                                7574
              Respondent Office of Public Advocacy. Laura Fox, Senior
              Assistant Attorney General, Anchorage, and Treg R. Taylor,
              Attorney General, Juneau, for Respondent State of Alaska,
              Department of Health and Social Services, Office of
              Children’s Services.

              Before:    Winfree, Chief Justice, Maassen, Carney,
              Borghesan, and Henderson, Justices.

              BORGHESAN, Justice.

I.     INTRODUCTION
              Alaska Child in Need of Aid (CINA) Rule 11(e) requires a child’s guardian
ad litem (GAL) to “disclose any relationships or associations” that “might reasonably
cause the GAL’s impartiality to be questioned.” When the GAL makes such a disclosure
— or such information comes to light by other means — what legal standards and
process apply to determine whether the GAL’s relationship is disqualifying? We hold
that the Alaska Rules of Professional Conduct apply to determine whether the GAL has
a disqualifying conflict of interest and that the superior court must permit limited
discovery to ascertain the underlying facts for determining whether a disqualifying
conflict exists.
II.    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
       A.     Initial Proceedings
              This matter arises out of four CINA cases from Kodiak. In each case the
superior court appointed a guardian ad litem for the child through the Office of Public
Advocacy (OPA), and in each case Brenda Finley, working under contract with OPA,
appeared as the GAL. Pursuant to CINA Rule 11(e), Finley disclosed to the parties that
she is a foster parent in another CINA case. She stated that she did not believe that her

                                           -3-                                     7574
role as a foster parent “will affect her ability to be [impartial] in this specific case, or in
other cases.”
                A parent in each case moved for an evidentiary hearing “regarding whether
Ms. Finley should be disqualified as a guardian ad litem.” By stipulation the parties
stayed this motion in three of the four cases pending the court’s ruling in one case.1
Arguing that Finley’s role as a foster parent may create a conflict of interest due to her
relationship with the Office of Children’s Services (OCS) as both a foster parent and a
GAL, the parents sought additional details to determine whether a conflict exists. They
suggested the hearing would allow them to elicit information regarding Finley’s past,
present, and possible future tenure as a foster parent, the status of the cases in which she
serves as a foster parent, her financial arrangements with OCS, and her relationship with
OCS workers.
                Both OCS and OPA filed qualified oppositions to the parents’ request for
a hearing. They argued that categorical disqualification of foster parents from serving
as GALs is overbroad, that the court should provide clarity on what framework should
govern the potential conflict, and that a low bar for disqualification would fail to
recognize “the difficulty of keeping positions in child welfare staffed by qualified
individuals, ideally with ties to the community . . . .” In their reply, the parents explained
they intended to produce evidence supporting a claim of Finley’s apparent bias but did
not explain what this evidence was.
                In a supplemental joint brief, OCS and OPA argued that GALs are
advocates, not impartial investigators, and that the Alaska Rules of Professional Conduct
governing lawyers should apply to determine whether Finley has a disqualifying conflict

       1
               For simplicity’s sake, we refer to both this individual parent and the parents
in all four cases who are petitioners in this appellate matter as “the parents.”

                                              -4-                                        7574
of interest. Applying the Rules, the agencies contended there was no basis for an
evidentiary hearing, let alone disqualification of Finley.
              Attached to the brief was a sworn affidavit from Finley. She stated that she
had fostered approximately 30 children since 2013. She stated that she understands her
role as a foster parent is to support reunification, and that she and her husband try to help
families succeed after reunification. Finley stated that she and her husband were
currently foster parents to two children, but that she was not GAL to any of their current
or former foster children and had “no plans to continue being a foster placement”
following the two current foster children. Finley stated that she did not rely on foster
care payments as income, understanding they are “not intended to be income” but to
“cover a child’s expenses.” Finley stated that she had no personal friendships with any
OCS workers.
              In opposition, the parents argued that the Alaska Code of Judicial Conduct,
not the Rules of Professional Conduct, should apply because “[a] guardian ad litem is a
neutral party who gathers information and provides recommendations to the court.” But
the parents argued that, even under the Rules of Professional Conduct, the court should
hold a hearing to satisfy the parents’ due process rights.
              The parties agreed to a judicial settlement conference on this dispute. After
two conferences, they agreed on a threshold legal question for the superior court to
decide:
              [W]hether the GAL is an advocate or an independent arm or
              agent of the court. If the GAL is an advocate the issue would
              be decided with reference to the professional rules of
              responsibility. If the GAL is an independent arm or agent of
              the court the issue would be decided with reference to the
              judicial canons of conduct.

                                             -5-                                       7574
The parties did not agree on whether the court should hold an evidentiary hearing on the
issue.
         B.   Superior Court Order
              The superior court denied the parents’ motion for an evidentiary hearing
on disqualification. Analyzing CINA Rule 11, which governs GALs, the court ruled that
GALs are not “an ‘arm’ of the court” but rather serve a separate function, with the “sole
purpose . . . to advocate for the best interests of the child.” The superior court reasoned
that the GAL functions more like a lawyer than an arm of the court, so the Rules of
Professional Conduct apply.
              Applying these Rules, the court held that a GAL would be disqualified only
upon showing an actual conflict of interest under Alaska Rule of Professional
Conduct 1.7. This rule prohibits representation if an advocate has a “concurrent conflict
of interest,” which exists when “there is a significant risk that the representation of one
or more clients will be materially limited by the lawyer’s responsibilities to another
client, . . . or by a personal interest of the lawyer.”2 The superior court explained that
“[f]or purposes of this analysis, the ‘client’ must be viewed as the child.” Assuming
Finley was not serving as GAL and foster parent for the same child, the court concluded
that “merely serving as a foster parent and receiving a support stipend from OCS for the
child does not make her directly adverse to any child she is serving as a GAL.”
              The court determined that Finley’s “foster parent relationship with OCS”
was not disqualifying. It reasoned that the parents’ motion raised the question whether
Finley’s relationship with OCS was “directly adverse” to a child for whom she serves as
GAL. The court concluded that Finley’s role as a foster parent in an unrelated case,

         2
              Alaska R. Prof. Conduct 1.7.

                                            -6-                                      7574
without any additional facts, does not create “a per se actual conflict” with her role as a
child’s GAL.
               Addressing the parents’ argument that Finley’s financial relationship with
OCS creates a potential conflict, the court concluded that foster parent payments “do not
give rise to a ‘client’ relationship with OCS for purposes of the rule,” so Finley owed
OCS no legal duty. The court also determined Finley lacked a pecuniary interest that
would create a conflict under Alaska Rule of Professional Conduct 1.8.3 It concluded
that Finley did not have “a conflict of interest per se simply based upon the fact that she
is serving as a foster parent for OCS for children she is not appointed to provide GAL
services for. The court finds that the ‘appearance’ of a conflict is not enough.”
               It then turned to whether the parents were entitled to an evidentiary hearing.
It ruled that the “apparent” conflict set forth by the parents was insufficient to trigger the
need for a hearing. The court reasoned that the parents would need to “allege specific
facts beyond a financial relationship with OCS as a foster parent . . . which would give
rise to an arguable ‘actual’ conflict of interest” to warrant a hearing. The parents did not
meet their burden of pleading material facts entitling them to relief, the court held, so no
hearing was required.

       3
             See Alaska R. Prof. Conduct 1.8(a) (providing that “[a] lawyer shall not
enter into a business transaction with a client or knowingly acquire an ownership,
possessory, security, or other pecuniary interest adverse to a client,” unless such interest
is acquired on fair and reasonable terms disclosed to the client, the client has the
opportunity to seek independent legal advice, and the client gives informed consent via
signed writing).

                                             -7-                                        7574
              The moving parent in each of the four cases petitioned for review.4 We
consolidated the petitions for consideration, then granted the consolidated petitions and
ordered full briefing.
III.   DISCUSSION
              This case concerns how superior courts and parties should proceed when
a GAL has a relationship or association that “might reasonably cause the GAL’s
impartiality to be questioned.”5
              Although the parties’ positions were relatively far apart below, they have
converged substantially through the course of the proceedings in this court. The parents
originally argued that the analysis of a GAL’s potentially disqualifying conflict of
interest should be governed by the Code of Judicial Conduct; on appeal, they agree with
OCS, OPA, and the superior court that a GAL’s potential conflicts should be examined
under the Rules of Professional Conduct. And at oral argument, OCS and OPA both
recognized there could be some situations when the GAL’s disclosure of a potential
conflict may warrant limited discovery and ultimately merit disqualification.
              We first determine what framework governs a GAL’s potential conflict of
interest. We agree with the parties and superior court that a GAL is an advocate and that
the Rules of Professional Conduct therefore apply. We then turn to the superior court’s

       4
               Finley, the guardian ad litem, and the Office of Children’s Services (OCS)
are respondents in all four petitions. C.L. is the mother and petitioner in S-18054. D.R.
is the father and petitioner in S-18068; A.I., the mother, is an additional respondent. F.P.
is the father and petitioner in S-18071; J.S., the mother, J.P., M.P., G.P., and L.P., the
children, the Native Village of Larsen Bay, and the Sun’aq Tribe of Kodiak are
additional respondents. J.P. is the father and petitioner in S-18072; C.L., the mother,
M.P., K.B., and K.B., the children, and the Native Village of Larsen Bay are additional
respondents.
       5
              CINA Rule 11(e).

                                            -8-                                       7574
decision to deny the parents’ request for an evidentiary hearing on Finley’s potential
conflict. Although Finley’s disclosure did not necessarily entitle the parents to a hearing,
it was error to deny the parents the opportunity to gather information relevant to
determining the existence of the potential conflict.
       A.     The Alaska Rules Of Professional Conduct Are The Appropriate
              Framework For Analyzing Conflicts Raised Under CINA Rule 11(e).
              The parents argued in the superior court that GALs should be considered
neutral investigators, so their conflicts of interest should be analyzed under the Code of
Judicial Conduct. The parents relied in part on our holding in Ogden v. Ogden that
“because court-appointed custody investigators are officers of the court and perform
quasi-judicial functions, the Code of Judicial Conduct provides a helpful analytical
framework” for determining whether a custody investigator should be disqualified due
to a perceived conflict of interest.6 But on appeal, the parents now agree with the
superior court, OCS, and OPA that a GAL is an advocate and that a GAL’s potential
conflicts should be governed by the Rules of Professional Conduct. Nevertheless we
independently review what framework should apply — a question of law — de novo.7
              Under CINA Rule 11 a GAL “stands in the place of the child in court” and
may engage in motion practice; conduct discovery; introduce evidence; examine and
cross-examine witnesses; make objections, opening statements, and closing arguments;
and take or participate in an appeal.8 A GAL must be served with all relevant pleadings
and papers and receive notice of all court proceedings, and has the right to appear and

       6
              39 P.3d 513, 516 (Alaska 2001).
       7
            See State v. Sharpe, 435 P.3d 887, 892 (Alaska 2019); Chloe W. v. State,
Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Off. of Child.’s Servs., 336 P.3d 1258, 1264 (Alaska
2014).
       8
              CINA Rule 11(a)(4).

                                            -9-                                       7574
participate at hearings on behalf of the child.9 A GAL should be sufficiently competent
to “conduct an independent, thorough, and impartial investigation, and to advocate
effectively for the best interests of the child.”10 Like an attorney, a GAL “shall not
communicate about the substance of the case with a party or person the GAL knows to
be represented by a lawyer in the matter unless the GAL has the consent of the lawyer.”11
A GAL has no duties to the court beyond what is expected of an advocate — to present
information about the child to the court, to ensure the child receives services — with the
exception that a GAL must advise the court if the GAL believes it necessary to appoint
counsel for the child.12 Instead, a GAL is bound to advocate for the child’s best
interests.13 The superior court concluded that the CINA Rules “do not appear to render
a GAL subordinate to the court any more than any other attorney.” We agree.
             There is some similarity between GALs in CINA cases and court-appointed
custody investigators in private custody cases, whose conflicts of interest are governed
by the Code of Judicial Conduct under our decision in Ogden.14 In particular, CINA

      9
             Id.
      10
             CINA Rule 11(c)(1).
      11
           CINA Rule 11(g)(2); see Alaska R. Prof. Conduct 4.2 (“[A] lawyer shall
not communicate about the subject of the representation with a party or person the
lawyer knows to be represented . . . unless the lawyer has the consent of the other lawyer
. . . .”).
      12
             See CINA Rule 11(f).
      13
               CINA Rule 11(f)(1) (“The GAL determines and advocates for the best
interests of the child given the child’s situation . . . .”).
      14
             Ogden v. Ogden, 39 P.3d 513, 516 (Alaska 2001).

                                          -10-                                      7574
Rule 11(e), requiring the GAL to disclose potential conflicts, is phrased similarly to the
rule governing impartial custody investigators.15
              Yet because of the GAL’s advocacy role in a CINA case — quite unlike the
limited role and neutral role that the custody investigator plays16 — the Rules of
Professional Conduct are a better fit. And although CINA Rule 11(e), like the rule for
custody investigators, refers to whether the GAL’s “impartiality” might reasonably be
questioned, the GAL’s duty of impartiality can easily be squared with the GAL’s
advocacy role. A GAL must “conduct ongoing independent investigations”17 — which
may include “interviews with parents, social workers, teachers, and other persons as
necessary to assess the child’s situation”18 — to help the GAL decide “what course of
action is in the child’s best interests.”19 Accordingly, a GAL must be impartial in
investigating and determining what a child’s best interests are; then the GAL must
vigorously represent those interests as an advocate.

       15
              Compare CINA Rule 11(e) (“The GAL shall promptly disclose any
relationships or associations between the GAL and any party which might reasonably
cause the GAL’s impartiality to be questioned.”), with Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.6(c) (“The
custody investigator shall disclose any relationships or associations between the
investigator and any party which might reasonably cause the investigator’s impartiality
to be questioned.”).
       16
              See Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.6(b) (providing that custody investigator must
have qualifications “to conduct a thorough and impartial investigation and offer an
informed opinion to the court regarding custody and visitation issues”); Alaska R.
Civ. P. 90.7(a) cmt. (“The child custody investigator can provide the court and the parties
with an independent analysis of the dispute . . . .”).
       17
              CINA Rule 11(f)(2)(A).
       18
              Id.
       19
              CINA Rule 11(b) cmt.

                                           -11­                                      7574
              Because we agree with the parties and superior court that a GAL is an
advocate, the Alaska Rules of Professional Conduct provide the proper framework for
analyzing potential conflicts of interest.20
       B.     The GAL’s Disclosure That She Is A Foster Parent In An Unrelated
              Case Entitles The Parents To Limited Discovery To Determine
              Whether A Disqualifying Conflict Exists.
              1.     The analysis of Finley’s potential conflict failed to adequately
                     account for her personal interest in being a foster parent.
              Because the Alaska Rules of Professional Conduct apply to determine
whether Finley’s potential conflict is disqualifying, we must consider the Rules’ standard
for concurrent conflicts of interests. Alaska Rule of Professional Conduct 1.7(a)
provides that a concurrent conflict of interest exists if:
              (1) the representation of one client will be directly adverse to
              another client; or
              (2) there is a significant risk that the representation of one or
              more clients will be materially limited by the lawyer’s
              responsibilities to another client, a former client, or a third
              person or by a personal interest of the lawyer.
Under the Rule, Finley would have a disqualifying conflict of interest if there were a
“significant risk” that her personal interest in being a foster parent will “materially

       20
              The parents urge us to apply an additional standard set forth in Daniels v.
State, a Court of Appeals decision. 17 P.3d 75 (Alaska App. 2001). The analysis in
Daniels focused on objective factors that might warrant disqualification even after a
client waives a lawyer’s conflict of interest: (1) zealous representation being impeded
by an ethical duty to a former client; (2) abuse of a former client’s confidences; (3)
protecting verdicts from trial tactics designed to create appealable issues; and (4)
protecting the secrecy of attorney-client communications. See id. at 82-84. Because
there are few facts in the record about Finley’s potential conflict, we do not address the
application of Daniels to this case.

                                               -12-                                 7574
limit[]” her ability to investigate, identify, and advocate for a child’s best interests as a
GAL.
              The superior court’s decision does not directly analyze this issue, instead
blurring the lines between Rules 1.7(a)(1) and 1.7(a)(2). The superior court first
explained that the relevant interest was Finley’s “ ‘personal financial interest’ in being
a foster parent,” namely the stipend she receives for her foster placements. While the
court reasoned that “the question raised” was whether this financial interest “will create
a significant risk that her position as a GAL will be ‘materially limited,’ ” — using the
language of Rule 1.7(a)(2) — it concluded that the foster stipend “does not make her
directly adverse to any child she is serving as a GAL,” employing the Rule 1.7(a)(1)
standard. The superior court also questioned whether Finley’s financial relationship with
OCS created a client relationship — which would also present a conflict of interest under
Rule 1.7(a)(1) — and decided it did not.
              The superior court correctly identified the relevant question as focused on
whether “the foster parent relationship with OCS” materially limited Finley under
Rule 1.7(a)(2). Yet it framed the analysis as whether Finley’s relationship with OCS “is
directly adverse to the child having her as a GAL,” again echoing Rule 1.7(a)(1). While
acknowledging that Finley’s status as an OCS foster parent could create the appearance
of a conflict, the superior court concluded that “it is not a per se actual conflict without
more.” Moreover, “because the GAL is required to disclose conflicts,” the court
explained that “the parties will always be alerted to the possibility of a conflict.” The
court noted that no party produced evidence that Finley was a GAL in any cases where
she is also a foster parent.
              Turning to the ultimate question of whether the parents were entitled to an
evidentiary hearing, the superior court explained that the parents had asserted facts that,
“if true, would only establish that Ms. Finley is a foster parent and that she is receiving

                                            -13-                                       7574
money from OCS while serving that function.” Because these facts “would not without
more[] amount to a conflict,” the court denied the parents’ request for an evidentiary
hearing.
              The superior court’s analysis does not account for the full scope of
Rule 1.7(a)(2). Specifically, the issue identified in this case is whether Finley’s personal
interest in being a foster parent may affect her ability to advocate as a GAL for a child’s
best interests. For example, suppose Finley wants to adopt her current foster children.
If the OCS worker assigned to Finley’s foster children is the same OCS worker assigned
to cases in which Finley is a GAL, Finley might be concerned about displeasing the
social worker or causing the social worker to question her judgment. She may decline
to cross-examine the OCS worker as vigorously as an uninterested party would, or be
more inclined to endorse OCS’s position. This would harm Finley’s ability to advocate
for a child’s best interests — precisely the sort of “material[] limit[ation]” that
Rule 1.7(a)(2) concerns.
              The superior court cited the commentary to Rule 1.7 explaining that a
“critical question[]” is whether a potential conflict will materially interfere with an
advocate’s “independent professional judgment in considering alternatives or foreclose
courses of action that reasonably should be pursued on behalf of a client.”21 Yet the
superior court did not undertake this critical inquiry in this case. For that reason the
court’s disqualification analysis was erroneous.22

       21
              Alaska R. Prof. Conduct 1.7 cmt.
       22
             We find erroneous not the superior court’s factual findings but its
application of the legal standard to such findings, a legal determination we review de
novo. See In re Hospitalization of Danielle B., 453 P.3d 200, 203 (Alaska 2019);
Sherman B. v. State, Dep’t of Health & Soc. Servs., Off. of Child.’s Servs., 290 P.3d 421,
428 (Alaska 2012).

                                           -14-                                       7574
              2.     Discovery is warranted under CINA Rule 8(f).
              We turn to the question whether the superior court erred by denying the
parents’ request for an evidentiary hearing on Finley’s potential conflict.23 OCS
emphasizes the parents’ concession that merely being a foster parent is not sufficient to
disqualify a GAL and relies on our decision in Hartley v. Hartley to argue that the
parents were not entitled to a hearing without alleging additional facts.24 We held in
Hartley that “[a]n evidentiary hearing is not necessary if there is no genuine issue of
material fact,” affirming the superior court’s denial of an evidentiary hearing in a
contract case because the party “point[ed] to no evidence that would have resolved the
ambiguity” in the contract.25
              But Hartley is distinguishable from this case. In a contract dispute, a party
claiming that extrinsic evidence supports its interpretation of the contract should know
what that evidence is.26 It therefore makes sense to rule in that context that if the party
does not identify the evidence that will be revealed at the hearing, the party is not entitled
to one. Here the parents have no reason to be aware of facts about Finley’s foster care
work because CINA cases are confidential.27 Unlike in Hartley, the superior court
cannot expect the parents to provide all relevant information regarding a potential

       23
              See Johnson v. Johnson, 239 P.3d 393, 406 (Alaska 2010) (“[W]e exercise
our independent judgment in determining whether there are genuine, material factual
disputes that cannot be resolved without an evidentiary hearing.”).
       24
              205 P.3d 342 (Alaska 2009).
       25
              Id. at 350.
       26
              See id.
       27
              See CINA R. 22 (requiring confidentiality of records); CINA R. 3(f)
(closing certain CINA hearings to public).

                                            -15-                                        7574
conflict, as most of it is beyond their grasp. Therefore, the parents’ inability to point to
specific evidence about the nature of the potential conflict is not a proper justification to
deny the parents an opportunity to investigate it.
              At oral argument, both OPA and OCS acknowledged that there could be
some instances in which the GAL’s role as a foster parent in an unrelated case may merit
disqualification and that some discovery would be warranted. But both maintained that
the disclosure of a potential conflict by a GAL does not necessarily warrant a hearing,
emphasizing the risk of delay in cases that are supposed to be expedited and the risk that
a free-ranging inquiry into the GAL’s personal life will dissuade qualified people from
wanting to serve in both of these important roles.
              The CINA Rules provide the solution for this problem. CINA Rule 8(f)
permits parties to receive limited discovery from a GAL:
              (1) Discovery of Documents in Guardian Ad Litem’s
              Possession. A party may obtain discovery of documents in
              the possession, custody, or control of the guardian ad litem,
              subject to the [limitations of Alaska Civil Rules 26(b)(1) and
              (b)(3)].
              (2) Discovery Regarding Guardian Ad Litem’s Testimony. If
              the guardian ad litem has served notice that the guardian ad
              litem intends to testify, a party may obtain discovery from the
              guardian ad litem about the substance of this testimony.
              (3) Other Inquiry. A party may obtain other discovery from
              a guardian ad litem only as permitted by the court upon a
              showing of good cause. The court may permit a party to
              question a guardian ad litem about the guardian ad litem’s
              professional qualifications and experience or the guardian ad
              litem’s performance in the case. But this inquiry must be
              conducted in the presence of the court.
Subsection (f)(3) of this Rule gives a party the ability to request, and a court the
discretion to allow, discovery into a potential conflict including, as here, one stemming

                                            -16-                                       7574
from a GAL’s role as a foster parent in an unrelated case. This procedure also allows the
superior court to place guardrails on the discovery process so that it is not more invasive
than necessary — either for the GAL or the families for whom the GAL may serve as a
foster parent. The superior court may, for example, authorize discovery through the use
of interrogatories, which could foreclose the need for a hearing in some cases.
              The superior court has the discretion to decide the appropriate scope and
process for sensitive discovery of this nature. This process should not be a lengthy one
— the use of tools like interrogatories should significantly quicken the process — and
we have no reason to believe discovery of this kind will frequently be needed. We
emphasize that a party is not automatically entitled to discovery about a GAL’s personal
life. It is only if evidence of a potential conflict comes to light, whether by the GAL’s
disclosure under CINA Rule 11(e) or otherwise, that this kind of discovery would be
warranted. In light of Finley’s disclosure, the court must permit some discovery on the
questions the parents identified in their request for hearing, such as the status of cases in
which Finley serves as a foster parent, how long Finley has been a foster parent, and the
nature of Finley’s relationships with the OCS representatives with whom she works as
both a foster parent and GAL. It is left to the superior court’s discretion to decide the
precise scope and format of this discovery.
IV.    CONCLUSION
              For the reasons stated above, we REVERSE the superior court’s decision
and REMAND for additional proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                            -17-                                       7574