Court Opinion

ID: 2655132
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-02-28 14:35:10.303455+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:52:29.624588
License: Public Domain

Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                                STEFFY v. STEFFY	529
	                                Cite as 287 Neb. 529

                        CONCLUSION
   Upon due consideration of the court file in this matter, the
court finds that respondent has stated that he freely, know­
ingly, and voluntarily admits that he does not contest the alle­
gations being made against him. The court accepts respond­
ent’s voluntary surrender of his license to practice law, finds
that respond­nt should be disbarred, and hereby orders him
             e
disbarred from the practice of law in the State of Nebraska,
effective immediately. Respondent shall forthwith comply
with all terms of Neb. Ct. R. § 3-316 of the discipli­ary  n
rules, and upon failure to do so, he shall be subject to punish­
ment for contempt of this court. Accordingly, respondent is
directed to pay costs and expenses in accordance with Neb.
Rev. Stat. §§ 7-114 and 7-115 (Reissue 2012) and Neb. Ct.
R. §§ 3-310(P) (rev. 2014) and 3-323 of the disciplinary rules
within 60 days after an order imposing costs and expenses, if
any, is entered by the court.
                                     Judgment of disbarment.

                    Brian David Steffy, appellant, v.
                     Randi Jo Steffy, now known as
                      Randi Jo Stenson, appellee.
                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                       Filed February 28, 2014.     No. S-12-082.

 1.	 Rules of the Supreme Court: Appeal and Error. Parties who wish to secure
      appellate review of their claims must abide by the rules of the Nebraska Supreme
      Court. Any party who fails to properly identify and present its claim does so at
      its own peril.
  2.	 ____: ____. Neb. Ct. R. App. P. § 2-109(D)(1)(d), (e), and (f) (rev. 2008) requires
      a separate section for assignments of error, designated as such by a heading, and
      also requires that the section be located after a statement of the case and before a
      list of controlling propositions of law.
 3.	 ____: ____. Assignments of error consisting of headings or subparts of the
      argument section do not comply with the mandate of Neb. Ct. R. App. P.
      § 2-109(D)(1)(e) (rev. 2008).
 4.	 ____: ____. When a party fails to follow the rules of the Nebraska Supreme
      Court, an appellate court may proceed as though the party had failed to file a
      brief or, alternatively, may examine the proceedings for plain error.
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
530	287 NEBRASKA REPORTS

 5.	 Appeal and Error. The decision to proceed on plain error is at the discretion of
      the appellate court.
  6.	 ____. Plain error is error plainly evident from the record and of such a nature
      that to leave it uncorrected would result in damage to the integrity, reputation, or
      fairness of the judicial process.
 7.	 Evidence: Appeal and Error. Where credible evidence is in conflict on a mate­
      rial issue of fact, the appellate court considers, and may give weight to, the fact
      that the trial court heard and observed the witnesses and accepted one version of
      the facts rather than another.
 8.	 Child Custody. Child removal determinations are matters initially entrusted
      to the discretion of the trial judge, and the trial judge’s determination is to be
      given deference.
  9.	 ____. In order to prevail on a motion to remove a minor child to another juris­
      diction, the custodial parent must first satisfy the court that he or she has a
      legitimate reason for leaving the state. After clearing that threshold, the custodial
      parent must next demonstrate that it is in the child’s best interests to continue
      living with him or her.
10.	 Child Custody: Visitation. The purpose of requiring a legitimate reason for
      leaving the state in a motion to remove a minor child to another jurisdiction is
      to prevent the custodial parent from relocating the child because of an ulterior
      motive, such as frustrating the noncustodial parent’s visitation rights.
11.	 Child Custody. In considering a motion to remove a minor child to another
      jurisdiction, the paramount consideration is whether the proposed move is in the
      best interests of the child.
12.	 ____. In determining the potential that the removal to another jurisdiction
      holds for enhancing the quality of life of the parent seeking removal and of
      the children, a court should consider the following factors: (1) the emotional,
      physical, and developmental needs of the children; (2) the children’s opinion or
      preference as to where to live; (3) the extent to which the relocating parent’s
      income or employment will be enhanced; (4) the degree to which housing or
      living conditions would be improved; (5) the existence of educational advan­
      tages; (6) the quality of the relationship between the children and each parent;
      (7) the strength of the children’s ties to the present community and extended
      family there; and (8) the likelihood that allowing or denying the move would
      antagonize hostilities between the two parties. Depending on the circumstances
      of a particular case, any one factor or combination of factors may be vari­
      ously weighted.
13.	 Child Custody: Visitation. The impact the move will have on contact between
      the child and the noncustodial parent must be viewed in light of the court’s ability
      to devise reasonable visitation arrangements. A reasonable visitation schedule is
      one that provides a satisfactory basis for preserving and fostering a child’s rela­
      tionship with the noncustodial parent.

   Petition for further review from the Court of Appeals, Irwin,
Pirtle, and Riedmann, Judges, on appeal thereto from the
District Court for Cass County, Randall L. R ehmeier, Judge.
                         Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                              STEFFY v. STEFFY	531
	                              Cite as 287 Neb. 529

Judgment of Court of Appeals reversed, and cause remanded
with directions.
 Karen S. Nelson and Liam K. Meehan, of Schirber &
Wagner, L.L.P., for appellant.
  Steven M. Delaney, Darin L. Whitmer, and A. Bree Swoboda,
Senior Certified Law Student, of Reagan, Melton & Delaney,
L.L.P., for appellee.
  Heavican, C.J., Connolly, Stephan, McCormack, Miller-
Lerman, and Cassel, JJ.
      McCormack, J.
                       NATURE OF CASE
   This case is before us on further review of the decision of
the Nebraska Court of Appeals.1 Brian David Steffy has pri­
mary custody of his son, Jakob Steffy, pursuant to a divorce
decree entered in the Cass County District Court. Brian
requested permission from the district court to remove Jakob
from the State of Nebraska and move to the State of Texas.
Jakob’s mother, Randi Jo Steffy, now known as Randi Jo
Stenson, resisted. After a bench trial, the district court denied
the request, finding that Brian had failed to meet his burden to
show that he had a legitimate reason to relocate and that the
relocation was in the best interests of Jakob. Brian appealed.
His appellate brief failed to properly set forth assignments of
error, but the Court of Appeals found plain error and reversed
the district court’s decision on removal.2 We granted Randi’s
petition for further review, and we reverse the decision of the
Court of Appeals.
                       BACKGROUND
   Brian and Randi were married, and Jakob was born in
August 2001. In 2003, Brian, Randi, and Jakob relocated to
Plattsmouth, Nebraska, when Randi, who is on active duty
military status in the U.S. Army, was assigned to Offutt Air

 1	
      Steffy v. Steffy, 20 Neb. App. 757, 832 N.W.2d 895 (2013).
 2	
      Id.
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
532	287 NEBRASKA REPORTS

Force Base in Bellevue, Nebraska. Neither Randi nor Brian had
immediate family in Nebraska.
   In April 2008, the district court entered a decree of dissolu­
tion for Brian and Randi’s marriage. The district court granted
legal custody of Jakob to Brian with reasonable rights of visita­
tion for Randi. Randi was ordered to pay child support.
   Jakob lives in Brian’s house in Plattsmouth. Brian also
served in the military, and after retiring, Brian received a
degree from Creighton University in elementary education and
has his teaching certification for the State of Nebraska. Brian
works as a substitute teacher for Bellevue Public Schools, earn­
ing between $125 and $140 per day. Brian has applied but has
been unable to gain employment as a full-time teacher.
   In April 2011, Brian married Sheri Steffy. Sheri and her
children moved in with Brian and Jakob. Sheri is a certi­
fied teacher in the State of Nebraska and is a full-time first
grade teacher for Bellevue Public Schools. Sheri is originally
from Oklahoma.
   Every other weekend and during the summer and holidays,
Randi is granted visitation time with Jakob. At the time of the
divorce, Randi was stationed in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
Randi was then transferred to Fort Knox, Kentucky, when she
voluntarily took a position as a colonel in the U.S. Army. When
Randi exercises her rights of weekend visitation with Jakob,
she flies by plane into Kansas City, Missouri, and picks Jakob
up from Brian in Rock Port, Missouri. Randi and Jakob then
stay with Randi’s sister in Missouri. During extended breaks,
Jakob will travel to Fort Knox to stay with Randi.
   Jakob has an autism spectrum disorder. The disorder is a
spectrum of related disabilities that are marked by communica­
tion difficulties, stereotypic behavior, and social difficulties.
   To overcome his learning difficulties, Jakob receives an
individualized education plan (IEP) at school. As part of this
plan, Jakob receives a combination of general education, spe­
cial education, and therapeutic work. This includes 12 to 15
hours a week of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) therapy.
The purpose of ABA therapy is to change Jakob’s behaviors
by increasing appropriate behaviors and by decreasing the
inappropriate behaviors. By all accounts, Jakob has progressed
                  Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                       STEFFY v. STEFFY	533
	                       Cite as 287 Neb. 529

“wonderfully” under the Plattsmouth School District’s IEP for
him. In order to maintain progress, similar services and thera­
pies need to continue throughout his schooling.
   In December 2010, Brian filed a complaint to modify the
decree of dissolution of marriage and the parenting plan. In the
complaint, Brian requested sole legal care, custody, and con­
trol of Jakob; an increase in child support; and to be allowed to
remove Jakob from the State of Nebraska to the State of Texas.
Randi resisted the move.
   On August 25, 2011, a bench trial was held. Brian’s first
witness was Keery Wolf. Wolf is a board-certified behavioral
analyst with a master’s degree in early childhood special edu­
cation. Her company, Wolf Behavioral Consulting, provided
services to children with autism and other related disabilities.
Wolf was the supervisor for Jakob’s applied behavior analysis
program at school.
   At the time of trial, Wolf had contracted Jakob’s services
out to another company started by a former employee. Wolf
is the only board-certified behavioral analyst that works with
autistic children in schools in the eastern Nebraska area, and
Wolf Behavioral Consulting was moving in a direction that
would end those services. However, she testified that her for­
mer employee was working toward her board certification to
take over those services.
   Wolf testified that based on her research, there are more
ABA services available to Jakob in Texas than in Nebraska.
She testified that the ABA services do not need to be through
the same provider but that the quality of services needs to be
maintained. Wolf testified that Jakob’s ABA needs could be
met by the services provided in Texas.
   Sheri testified that she and Brian wanted to move the family
to the Dallas-Fort Worth area in Texas for better career oppor­
tunities. She testified that she has begun the job search process
in Texas, but had not yet applied for a position. She believed it
would be premature to apply for jobs if they did not have per­
mission to remove Jakob from the State of Nebraska.
   Brian testified that he wants to move to Texas because Texas
offers better economic opportunities for his family and better
ABA services for Jakob. Brian also has family in Texas. He
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
534	287 NEBRASKA REPORTS

testified that if the move was allowed, he would continue to
accommodate Randi’s visitation rights because he understood
the importance of Jakob’s relationship with his mother.
   Brian testified that the pay scale for teaching jobs was
greater in Texas than in Nebraska. An exhibit was admitted
containing the starting salary information for teachers with
a bachelor’s degree and no experience at the Coppell School
District, Carrollton-Farmers School District, and the Irving
Independent School District in the Dallas-Fort Worth area.
The average pay for a new teacher is approximately $47,000 a
year. In comparison, Brian testified that he was earning $125 to
$140 per day and that if hired as a full-time teacher, he would
be salaried at approximately $31,000 at Omaha, Bellevue,
Plattsmouth, and Papillion, Nebraska, public schools.
   Brian testified that he has researched the schools and serv­
ices that are provided in Texas and compared them to Jakob’s
current school and services. Brian and Jakob have visited
businesses offering ABA therapy in Texas. Brian testified
there are a plethora of businesses offering ABA services. It is
Brian’s opinion that the academic, behavior, and therapeutic
services are far superior in Texas than in Nebraska. Due to
Wolf’s changing her business model, Brian is also concerned
about the continued availability of ABA services for Jakob
in Nebraska.
   Randi testified that she wants to diligently protect her visi­
tation rights and that she does not want Jakob to be removed
from Nebraska. She testified that it is her plan to move back
to eastern Nebraska after she retires in 2 years from the Army.
She conceded that if she were to receive another favorable
assignment from the military, she may not retire.
   Randi is concerned about Jakob’s leaving Nebraska, because
it may harm his development. She also expressed that she is
worried that she will no longer be able to take Jakob to her
sister’s home in Missouri. If visiting Jakob in Texas, she would
have to exercise her visitation in a hotel room and she is con­
cerned that Jakob would be uncomfortable. She fears that such
visitations may harm her relationship with Jakob.
   The court also received the depositions of Jakob’s teachers
in Plattsmouth. The teachers generally described the learning
                   Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                       STEFFY v. STEFFY	535
	                       Cite as 287 Neb. 529

difficulties Jakob faces and the IEP that has been implemented
for him. They praised Brian for his involvement in Jakob’s
education and development. In general, the teachers testified
that although change is difficult for Jakob, change is inevitable
as he moves from grade school to middle school.
   In its modification order, the district court increased the
child support obligations of Randi, but denied Brian’s request
for sole legal custody and his request to remove Jakob from
the State of Nebraska to the State of Texas. On the issue of
removal, the district court found that Brian did not meet his
burden in establishing the threshold question of whether he had
a legitimate reason to move to Texas.
   The district court also found that the move was not in the
best interests of Jakob, because the move would not enhance
the quality of Jakob’s life. The district court stressed that
Brian’s and Sheri’s employment opportunities in Texas were
speculative. It found that there was no guarantee that a job
would be obtained or that such job would pay a higher salary.
The district court further found that Jakob’s therapeutic and
developmental needs were being met in Plattsmouth and that
the evidence did not establish superior therapeutic and devel­
opmental services in Texas.
   Furthermore, the district court noted that the move could be
difficult for Jakob and that the move threatened to antagonize
Randi and Brian’s relationship. The district court also indicated
that the move could affect Randi’s visitation with Jakob. After
finding that Jakob’s quality of life would not be enhanced and
finding that the move could affect Randi’s visitation, the dis­
trict court denied removal because it was not in the best inter­
ests of Jakob. Brian appealed the order.
   The Court of Appeals found that Brian’s appellate brief
did not comply with Neb. Ct. R. App. P. § 2-109(D)(1) (rev.
2008).3 The Court of Appeals, under a plain error standard of
review, reevaluated all the evidence of the record and con­
cluded that the district court had plainly erred in its determina­
tions that Brian did not have a legitimate reason and that the
move to Texas was not in Jakob’s best interests. Specifically,

 3	
      Id.
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
536	287 NEBRASKA REPORTS

in its best interests analysis, the Court of Appeals found that
Brian and Randi were not motivated by an effort to frustrate or
manipulate each other, that the move would increase Jakob’s
quality of life, and that the move would not greatly impact
Jakob’s relationship with Randi.
   Finding that there was a legitimate reason for removal and
that the removal was in Jakob’s best interests, the Court of
Appeals held that the district court’s decision deprived Brian
of a just result and was, therefore, plain error. The Court of
Appeals reversed the district court’s decision on the removal
issue and affirmed on all other grounds. We granted Randi’s
petition for further review.
                 ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   In her petition for review, Randi assigns that the Court of
Appeals erred in (1) applying the plain error standard, (2)
reweighing all of the evidence, and (3) reversing the decision
of the district court in regard to removal of Jakob from the
State of Nebraska.
                  STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] Parties who wish to secure appellate review of their
claims must abide by the rules of the Nebraska Supreme
Court.4 Any party who fails to properly identify and present its
claim does so at its own peril.5
   [2,3] Brian’s appellate brief to the Court of Appeals lists
its assignments of error under the argument section instead
of under a separate heading. Section 2-109(D)(1)(d), (e), and
(f) requires a separate section for assignments of error, des­
ignated as such by a heading, and also requires that the sec­
tion be located after a statement of the case and before a list
of controlling propositions of law. We have previously held
that assignments of error consisting of headings or subparts
of the argument section do not comply with the mandate of
§ 2-109(D)(1)(e).6

 4	
      In re Guardianship & Conservatorship of Larson, 270 Neb. 837, 708
      N.W.2d 262 (2006).
 5	
      Id.
 6	
      In re Interest of Jamyia M., 281 Neb. 964, 800 N.W.2d 259 (2011).
                        Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                             STEFFY v. STEFFY	537
	                             Cite as 287 Neb. 529

   [4,5] In this situation, an appellate court may proceed as
though Brian had failed to file a brief or, alternatively, may
examine the proceedings for plain error.7 The decision to pro­
ceed on plain error is at the discretion of the appellate court.8
   [6] As did the Court of Appeals, we choose to review the
record for plain error. Plain error is error plainly evident from
the record and of such a nature that to leave it uncorrected
would result in damage to the integrity, reputation, or fairness
of the judicial process.9
   [7] Where credible evidence is in conflict on a material issue
of fact, the appellate court considers, and may give weight to,
the fact that the trial court heard and observed the witnesses
and accepted one version of the facts rather than another.10
                             ANALYSIS
   [8] In parental relocation cases, trial and appellate courts
deal with the tension created by a mobile society and the prob­
lems associated with uprooting children from stable environ­
ments.11 Courts are required to balance the noncustodial par­
ent’s desire to maintain their current involvement in the child’s
life with the custodial parent’s chance to embark on a new or
better life.12 These issues are among the most difficult issues
that courts face in postdivorce proceedings.13 It is for this rea­
son that such determinations are matters initially entrusted to
the discretion of the trial judge, and the trial judge’s determina­
tion is to be given deference.14
   [9] In order to prevail on a motion to remove a minor child
to another jurisdiction, the custodial parent must first satisfy
the court that he or she has a legitimate reason for leaving the

 7	
      Id.
 8	
      See Connelly v. City of Omaha, 284 Neb. 131, 816 N.W.2d 742 (2012).
 9	
      Id.; Cesar C. v. Alicia L., 281 Neb. 979, 800 N.W.2d 249 (2011); In re
      Interest of Jamyia M., supra note 6.
10	
      Caniglia v. Caniglia, 285 Neb. 930, 830 N.W.2d 207 (2013).
11	
      Farnsworth v. Farnsworth, 257 Neb. 242, 597 N.W.2d 592 (1999).
12	
      Id.
13	
      Id.
14	
      Id.
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
538	287 NEBRASKA REPORTS

state.15 After clearing that threshold, the custodial parent must
also demonstrate that it is in the child’s best interests to con­
tinue living with him or her in the new location.16
   [10] The purpose of requiring a legitimate reason is to pre­
vent the custodial parent from relocating the child because of
an ulterior motive, such as frustrating the noncustodial parent’s
visitation rights.17 Absent such aggravating circumstances, we
have repeatedly held that significant career enrichment is a
legitimate reason for relocation in and of itself.18
   [11] But the best interests of the child are paramount.19
To determine whether removal to another jurisdiction is
in the child’s best interests, the trial court evaluates three
considerations.20
   The first consideration is each parent’s motive for seeking or
opposing the move.21 The ultimate question for this consider­
ation is whether either party has elected or resisted a removal
in an effort to frustrate or manipulate the other party.22
   [12] The second consideration is the potential that the move
holds for enhancing the quality of life for the child and the
custodial parent.23 To determine quality of life, a court should
consider the following factors: (1) the emotional, physical,
and developmental needs of the children; (2) the children’s
opinion or preference as to where to live; (3) the extent to
which the relocating parent’s income or employment will be
enhanced; (4) the degree to which housing or living condi­
tions would be improved; (5) the existence of educational

15	
      Kalkowski v. Kalkowski, 258 Neb. 1035, 607 N.W.2d 517 (2000).
16	
      Vogel v. Vogel, 262 Neb. 1030, 637 N.W.2d 611 (2002).
17	
      Farnsworth v. Farnsworth, supra note 11.
18	
      See, McLaughlin v. McLaughlin, 264 Neb. 232, 647 N.W.2d 577 (2002);
      Kalkowski v. Kalkowski, supra note 15; Farnsworth v. Farnsworth, supra
      note 11.
19	
      Vogel v. Vogel, supra note 16.
20	
      McLaughlin v. McLaughlin, supra note 18.
21	
      See id.
22	
      Id.
23	
      Id.
                        Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                             STEFFY v. STEFFY	539
	                             Cite as 287 Neb. 529

advantages; (6) the quality of the relationship between the
children and each parent; (7) the strength of the children’s
ties to the present community and extended family there; and
(8) the likelihood that allowing or denying the move would
antagonize hostilities between the two parties.24 Depending on
the circumstances of a particular case, any one factor or com­
bination of factors may be variously weighted.25
   [13] The final consideration in the best interests analysis
is the impact such a move will have on contact between the
child and the noncustodial parent.26 This effect must be viewed
in light of the court’s ability to devise a reasonable visitation
arrangement that provides a satisfactory basis for preserving
and fostering a child’s relationship with the noncustodial par­
ent.27 The determination of reasonableness is to be made on a
case-by-case basis.28
   Here, we will not address the threshold question of whether
Brian had a legitimate reason to relocate because our holding
on best interests is dispositive. After reviewing the record, we
hold that the district court did not plainly err in its determina­
tion that the move was not in Jakob’s best interests.29 Because
the move was not in Jakob’s best interests, Brian’s motion to
remove Jakob from Nebraska was properly denied.
   The record supports the district court’s finding that Brian
had failed to prove that the move would enhance Jakob’s qual­
ity of life. By all accounts, Jakob has progressed “wonder­
fully” with the ABA services and educational opportunities
offered in Plattsmouth. Both Brian and Sheri have employment
in Nebraska, and their income is sufficient to support their
family. There is evidence that moving to Texas may harm
Jakob’s progress and that change can be very difficult for a
child with autism. The district court also made a finding that

24	
      Id.
25	
      See id.
26	
      Id.
27	
      Vogel v. Vogel, supra note 16.
28	
      Id.
29	
      See McLaughlin v. McLaughlin, supra note 18.
    Nebraska Advance Sheets
540	287 NEBRASKA REPORTS

the move would antagonize Brian and Randi’s relationship. We
must give weight to these findings of fact.30
   The record also indicates that the move could harm Randi’s
relationship with Jakob. Randi testified that the relocation
could preclude her from visiting with Jakob at her sister’s
home in Missouri. If visitation with Jakob took place in Texas,
Randi would have to take Jakob to a hotel room instead of
her sister’s home where Jakob was comfortable. Additionally,
Randi testified that she is planning on returning to Nebraska
after her retirement from the Army, which was to occur 2 years
from trial. If Jakob was removed from the State of Nebraska,
she would lose the opportunity to more frequently visit with
him after her retirement.
   Although Brian testified that he is willing to accommodate
Randi’s visitation rights, the record indicates that the move will
nevertheless have some effect on Randi’s established visitation
schedule and that it could have a more significant effect after
her retirement.
   From these findings, we conclude that the district court did
not commit plain error in denying Brian’s request to remove
Jakob from the State of Nebraska. Both quality of life and
impact on the noncustodial parent weigh against relocation,
while the motives of each party are equally balanced. It is not
our role as an appellate court under a plain error standard of
review to substitute our opinion for an opinion of a district
court that is reasonably supported by the record. Furthermore,
we cannot conclude from the record that the factual findings
of the district court were so unsubstantiated that any purported
errors were injurious to the integrity, reputation, or fairness of
the judicial process as to justify reversal on appeal under the
plain error doctrine.

                        CONCLUSION
   The district court did not plainly err in determining that
Brian failed to prove that moving from Nebraska to Texas was
in Jakob’s best interests. Therefore, we reverse the decision
of the Court of Appeals and remand the cause to the Court of

30	
      See Caniglia v. Caniglia, supra note 10.
                          Nebraska Advance Sheets
	                          KUHNEL v. BNSF RAILWAY CO.	541
	                              Cite as 287 Neb. 541

Appeals with directions to reinstate the judgment of the district
court as it pertains to Brian’s request to remove Jakob from the
State of Nebraska.
                      R eversed and remanded with directions.
   Wright, J., participating on briefs.

                        Edwin H. Kuhnel, appellant,
                         v. BNSF R ailway Company,
                           a corporation, appellee.
                                     ___ N.W.2d ___

                       Filed February 28, 2014.      No. S-12-296.

 1.	 Jury Instructions: Appeal and Error. Whether a jury instruction is correct is a
     question of law, which an appellate court independently decides.
 2.	 Federal Acts: Railroads: Claims: Courts. In disposing of a claim controlled
     by the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, a state court may use procedural rules
     applicable to civil actions in the state court unless otherwise directed by the act,
     but substantive issues concerning a claim under the act are determined by the
     provisions of the act and interpretive decisions of the federal courts construing
     the act.
 3.	 Jury Instructions: Appeal and Error. Failure to object to a jury instruction
     after it has been submitted to counsel for review precludes raising an objection
     on appeal absent plain error.
 4.	 Appeal and Error: Words and Phrases. Plain error exists where there is an
     error, plainly evident from the record but not complained of at trial, which preju­
     dicially affects a substantial right of a litigant and is of such a nature that to leave
     it uncorrected would cause a miscarriage of justice or result in damage to the
     integrity, reputation, and fairness of the judicial process.
 5.	 Appeal and Error. An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an analysis
     that is not necessary to adjudicate the case and controversy before it.

   Petition for further review from the Court of Appeals,
Inbody, Chief Judge, and Sievers and Riedmann, Judges, on
appeal thereto from the District Court for Scotts Bluff County,
Randall L. Lippstreu, Judge. Judgment of Court of Appeals
reversed.
  Michael J. Wilson, of Schaefer Shapiro, L.L.P., and James L.
Cox, of Brent Coon & Associates, for appellant.
  Nichole S. Bogen and Thomas C. Sattler, of Sattler &
Bogen, L.L.P., for appellee.