Court Opinion

ID: 3202168
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-05-10 19:02:23.256997+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:03:17.373111
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/10/16 Delaware Tetra Technolgies, Inc. v. County of San Bernadino CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE

DELAWARE TETRA TECHNOLOGIES,
INC.,
                                                                       G050881
     Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                                                       (Super. Ct. No. 30-2013-00635125)
         v.
                                                                       OPINION
COUNTY OF SAN BERNARDINO et al.,

     Defendants and Respondents;

SANTA MARGARITA WATER
DISTRICT et al.,

   Real Parties in Interest and
Respondents.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County,
Gail Andrea Andler, Judge. Affirmed.
              Rutan & Tucker, Robert S. Bower, Philip D. Kohn, John A. Ramirez and
Alan B. Fenstermacher for Plaintiff and Appellant.
              Downey Brand, Christian L. Marsh, Kevin M. O’Brien and
Rebecca R.A. Smith for Defendants and Respondents.
              Best Best & Krieger, Michelle Ouellette and Sarah E. Owsowitz for Real
Party in Interest and Respondent Santa Margarita Water District.
              Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck, Diane C. De Felice, Amy M. Steinfeld;
Woodruff, Spradlin & Smart and M. Lois Bobak for Real Parties in Interest and
Respondents Cadiz, Inc., and Fenner Valley Mutual Water Company.
              Richards, Watson & Gershon, James L. Markman, B. Tilden Kim and
Patrick D. Skahan for American Ground Water Trust and Property and Environment
Research Center as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendants and Respondents and Real
Parties in Interest and Respondents.
                                  *          *           *
                                       INTRODUCTION
              A proposed project to pump fresh groundwater from an underground
aquifer located below real property owned by Cadiz, Inc. (Cadiz), in the Mojave Desert
(the Project) spawned six related cases. The Project is a public/private partnership, the
purposes of which are to prevent waste of the water in the underground aquifer, and to
transport the water to many other parts of the state in which it is needed. The Santa
Margarita Water District (Santa Margarita), the lead agency for the Project, certified an
environmental impact report (EIR) for the Project, finding it met the requirements of the
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) (Pub. Resources Code, § 21000 et seq.).
              In this case, Delaware Tetra Technologies, Inc. (Delaware Tetra), filed a
petition for a writ of mandate and complaint in the trial court, challenging a resolution by
the San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors (the board of supervisors and the
County of San Bernardino will be jointly referred to as the County). That resolution

                                             2
adopted Santa Margarita’s environmental findings, found that the EIR certified by Santa
Margarita was sufficient, and approved a groundwater management, monitoring, and
mitigation plan for the Project (the Plan). The resolution also found that the Plan and a
memorandum of understanding among the County, Santa Margarita, Cadiz, and the
operator of the Project (the Memorandum) qualified the Project for an exclusion from the
requirements of a San Bernardino County ordinance regarding desert groundwater
management. The real parties in interest named in the petition for a writ of mandate were
Santa Margarita, Cadiz, and Fenner Valley Mutual Water Company (Fenner Valley), the
nonprofit mutual benefit corporation that would be formed to operate the Project and
distribute water to the Project participants. The trial court denied the petition and
Delaware Tetra appeals. We affirm.
              First, Delaware Tetra argues that the Project violates the San Bernardino
County ordinance regarding desert groundwater management. We conclude the Project
complied with the County’s ordinance, and specifically with the ordinance’s rules for
obtaining an exclusion from its requirements.
              Second, Delaware Tetra argues that the County violated the desert
groundwater management ordinance by approving the Memorandum before it approved
the Plan. We conclude that nothing in the ordinance requires that one document be
approved before the other. Even if the sequence in which the documents were executed
or approved was in error, Delaware Tetra has not demonstrated any prejudice. When the
County approved the Plan, it specifically found that the Memorandum would fully
implement and enforce it.
              Third, we conclude the Plan was consistent with the Memorandum. Fourth
and finally, we conclude the Project did not violate common law restrictions regarding
overdraft from the aquifer.

                                              3
                   STATEMENT OF FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
             In 2002, the County approved San Bernardino County Ordinance No. 3872,
which added article 5, section 33.06551 et seq., Desert Groundwater Management, to San
Bernardino County Code title 3, division 3, chapter 6 (the Ordinance). In order to protect
desert groundwater resources, the Ordinance required operators of groundwater wells,
unless specifically excluded, to obtain permits and comply with specified standards for
maintaining the health of groundwater aquifers.
             Cadiz owns land in San Bernardino County, which overlies the Cadiz
Valley and Fenner Valley aquifer system in the Mojave Desert. The aquifer is estimated
to hold 17 to 34 million acre-feet of fresh groundwater. This groundwater flows
downward to two dry lakes, where it mixes with highly salinated groundwater before
evaporating. Once the groundwater reaches the dry lakes, it becomes unusable as fresh
water. A stated purpose of the Project is to save “substantial quantities of groundwater”
that are being lost to evaporation and excess salinity. Delaware Tetra operates brine
mining facilities at the dry lakes, which produce calcium chloride brine and sodium
chloride. The flow of groundwater is critical to Delaware Tetra’s operations.
             The Project would have two distinct but related components:
(1) groundwater conservation and recovery, and (2) imported water storage. In the first
part of the Project (phase 1), approximately 34 new wells will be constructed on Cadiz’s
land to extract an average of 50,000 acre-feet of groundwater from the aquifer every year
for 50 years; as many as 75,000 acre-feet of groundwater may be extracted in any given
year.1 Cadiz must pump the groundwater “in accordance with agreements with Cadiz
Inc. and the Cadiz Groundwater Management, Monitoring and Mitigation Plan . . . .”

             1
                 An acre-foot is the volume of water that would cover one acre to a depth
of one foot. (Webster’s 3d New Internat. Dict. (2002) p. 19, col. 1.) Fifty thousand
acre-feet is equivalent to 16.3 billion gallons.

                                            4
              The water will be transported via a 43-mile underground water conveyance
pipeline to the Colorado River Aqueduct; the aqueduct will then transport the water to the
Project participants, including Santa Margarita. Eighty percent of the Project’s annual
groundwater yield will be delivered to water providers with whom Cadiz has contracted;
the remaining 20 percent will be reserved for users in San Bernardino County. The
Project participants will use the water from the Project for their customers located in
Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura Counties.
              The Project will be managed and operated by a private, nonprofit entity,
Fenner Valley, formed by Cadiz. The Project’s pumping of groundwater before it can
flow downgradient to Delaware Tetra’s mining facilities will significantly and negatively
affect Delaware Tetra’s business.2
              In the second part of the Project (phase 2), the Project participants will be
able to send any surplus surface water supplies back to the Project site, to be held in
storage in spreading basins until they are needed. Phase 2 is not currently under
consideration; additional environmental review will be required before phase 2 proceeds.
              Santa Margarita posted a notice of preparation of a draft EIR for the Project
in March 2011. In December 2011, Santa Margarita released the draft EIR for public
review and comment.
              Santa Margarita, the County, Cadiz, and Fenner Valley agreed to the
Memorandum, under the terms of which the Plan would be developed in connection with
the finalization of the EIR and would “govern the operation and management of the
Project by [Fenner Valley] during the operational phase of the Project, the currently
anticipated term of which is 50 years.” In the Memorandum, the parties agreed that
“compliance by [Santa Margarita], [Fenner Valley], and Cadiz with the provisions of th[e

              2
                The Plan identifies negative impacts on Delaware Tetra’s mining
operations as a potentially significant adverse effect of the Project, and specifies how any
negative impacts will be addressed.

                                              5
Memorandum] and the [Plan] will satisfy the requirements for an exclusion from the
permitting requirements” of the Ordinance. The Memorandum provided that the Project
could not proceed unless the parties finalized the Plan based on information provided
during the process of finalizing the EIR.
              On July 31, 2012, Santa Margarita certified the final EIR and approved an
updated version of the Plan. Two months later, the County approved a resolution
(1) adopting Santa Margarita’s environmental findings and statement of overriding
considerations; (2) finding that the EIR certified by Santa Margarita was sufficient;
(3) approving the Plan; and (4) finding that the Plan and the Memorandum qualify the
Project for an exclusion from the requirements of the Ordinance.
              Delaware Tetra filed a petition for a writ of mandate and complaint for
injunctive and declaratory relief, challenging the County’s resolution approving the Plan,
the conditions for approval of the Plan, and the EIR. Delaware Tetra later filed a first
amended petition and complaint. Following a bench trial, the trial court issued a detailed
statement of decision in favor of respondents, and entered judgment denying the petition
and ruling against Delaware Tetra on its complaint. Delaware Tetra timely filed a notice
of appeal.

                                        DISCUSSION
                                             I.
                                  CALIFORNIA WATER LAW
              The California Constitution and the Water Code make clear that the policy
of this state is to put water resources to reasonable and beneficial use. The Constitution
provides: “It is hereby declared that because of the conditions prevailing in this State the
general welfare requires that the water resources of the State be put to beneficial use to
the fullest extent of which they are capable, and that the waste or unreasonable use or
unreasonable method of use of water be prevented, and that the conservation of such

                                              6
waters is to be exercised with a view to the reasonable and beneficial use thereof in the
interest of the people and for the public welfare.” (Cal. Const., art. X, § 2.)
              Groundwater belongs to the state, not any person or entity, but may be
extracted by those with the right to do so, including those whose land overlies the
groundwater source. (Central and West Basin Water Replenishment Dist. v. Southern
Cal. Water Co. (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 891, 905-906.)
              State agencies have consistently concluded that flexibility is necessary in
managing groundwater supplies. “Groundwater management must be adapted to an
area’s political, institutional, legal, and technical constraints and opportunities.
Groundwater management must be tailored to each basin or subbasin’s conditions and
needs. Even within a single basin, the management objectives may change as more is
learned about managing the resource within that basin. Flexibility is the key, but that
flexibility must operate within a framework that ensures public participation, monitoring,
evaluation, feedback on management alternatives, rules and regulations, and
enforcement.” (Dept. of Water Resources, Cal.’s Groundwater: Bulletin 118-Update
2003 (Oct. 2003) p. 38  [as of
May 10, 2016].)
                                              II.
                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW
              All parties agree that this is a standard mandamus action, meaning the
County’s quasi-legislative action must be upheld unless it is arbitrary and capricious,
entirely lacking in evidentiary support, or contrary to law. (United States v. State Water
Resources Control Bd. (1986) 182 Cal.App.3d 82, 112-113.) “‘In a mandamus
proceeding, the ultimate question, whether the agency’s action was arbitrary or
capricious, is a question of law. [Citations.] Trial and appellate courts therefore perform
the same function and the trial court’s statement of decision has no conclusive effect

                                               7
upon us. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Western/California, Ltd. v. Dry Creek Joint
Elementary School Dist. (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 1461, 1492.)
                                             III.
                     THE PROJECT DOES NOT VIOLATE THE ORDINANCE.
              The purpose of the Ordinance is to protect the County’s aquifers while
allowing reasonable use of its groundwater resources. (Ordinance, § 33.06551.) The
Ordinance requires that the operators of new groundwater wells apply for and obtain
permits from the County. (Id., § 33.06554.) Permits may not be issued unless the
County “determines, based upon the available data, that the well(s) constructed and
operated as proposed, would not result in exceeding the groundwater safe yield of the
relevant aquifers.” (Id., § 33.06554, subd. (d).) The Ordinance defines groundwater safe
yield as: “The maximum quantity of water that can be annually withdrawn from a
groundwater aquifer (i) without resulting in overdraft (ii) without adversely affecting
aquifer health and (iii) without adversely affecting the health of associated lakes, streams,
springs and seeps or their biological resources. The safe yield of an aquifer can be
increased by management actions such as artificial recharge, including infiltration and
other similar actions.” (Id., § 33.06553, subd. (i).) In turn, overdraft is defined as: “The
condition of a groundwater supply in which the average annual amount of water
withdrawn by pumping exceeds the average annual amount of water replenishing the
aquifer in any ten (10) year period, considering all sources of recharge and withdrawal.”
(Id., § 33.06553, subd. (j).)
              The Ordinance excludes wells that meet the following standards: “This
Article shall not apply to any well operated by any district or person where the district or
person has performed both of the following: [¶] (1) adopted a groundwater management
plan pursuant to Water Code section 10750, et seq. (‘AB 3030 Plan’) which adheres to
‘groundwater safe yield’ and ‘aquifer health’ limitations, as those terms are defined in
section 33.06553 of this Code or has otherwise developed and instituted a

                                              8
County-approved groundwater management, monitoring and mitigation plan associated
with its extraction of water that is consistent with guidelines developed by the County;
and [¶] (2) executed a Memorandum of Understanding (‘MOU’) or other binding
agreement with the County which: [¶] (A) requires the parties to share groundwater
monitoring information and data and to coordinate their efforts to monitor groundwater
resources in the County; and [¶] (B) ensures that the measures identified in the AB 3030
Plan or County-approved groundwater management, monitoring and mitigation plan are
fully implemented and enforced. Such MOU or agreement must remain enforceable in
order to provide for an exclusion from this Article.” (Ordinance, § 33.06552, subd. (b).)
              Delaware Tetra argues that the Project is excluded only from the permitting
requirements in the Ordinance, not from the Ordinance as a whole. Therefore, Delaware
Tetra contends, the Project was required to comply with the definitions of groundwater
safe yield and overdraft included in the Ordinance, which it will fail to do. The County
argues, however, that the Project is excluded from the entirety of the Ordinance. The
clear and unambiguous language of the Ordinance establishes that the County is correct.
              The relevant language of the Ordinance provides, “[t]his Article shall not
apply” (Ordinance, § 33.06552, subd. (b), italics added) when the person or entity
operating a groundwater well has developed and instituted a groundwater management,
monitoring, and mitigation plan approved by the County and consistent with its
guidelines, and has executed a memorandum of understanding ensuring that the measures
outlined in the aforementioned plan are implemented and enforced (ibid.). In this case,
Santa Margarita developed the Plan, which was approved by the County, and executed
the Memorandum. Therefore, the Project was excluded from the entirety of the
Ordinance.
              The language of the Ordinance excluding certain projects from its
requirements allows two different types of groundwater management plans:
“[A] groundwater management plan pursuant to Water Code section 10750, et seq. . . .

                                             9
which adheres to ‘groundwater safe yield’ and ‘aquifer health’ limitations, as those terms
are defined in section 33.06553 of this Code” or “a County-approved groundwater
management, monitoring and mitigation plan associated with its extraction of water that
is consistent with guidelines developed by the County.” (Ordinance, § 33.06552,
subd. (b)(1).) By making the Ordinance’s definitions of groundwater safe yield and
aquifer health specifically applicable to the first type of management plan but not the
second type, the language of the Ordinance establishes that those definitions do not apply
to the second type of management plan described by the Ordinance. There is no dispute
that the Plan is of the second, not the first, type of management plan.
                Delaware Tetra argues that it is counterintuitive to exclude a large-scale
pumping project from the groundwater safe yield requirements of the Ordinance because
such a project would potentially cause more harm to the health of the groundwater
aquifer than would any individual groundwater well. To the contrary, the detailed
mitigation strategies included in the Plan, combined with the accountability of the
Memorandum, provide more protection for the aquifer than would the process of
obtaining a permit for each well that met the Ordinance’s groundwater safe yield
requirements.
                Delaware Tetra cites to and quotes from a number of documents which, it
contends, are concessions by the County as to the meaning of exclusion from the
Ordinance. In light of our conclusion that the language of the Ordinance is clear and
unambiguous, we need not consider Delaware Tetra’s extrinsic evidence regarding its
meaning. (Kavanaugh v. West Sonoma County Union High School Dist. (2003) 29
Cal.4th 911, 919.) Even if we did consider that evidence, it would not change our
conclusion. All the documents cited by Delaware Tetra postdate the County’s approval
of the Ordinance by at least nine years, and provide little or no guidance as to its
meaning.

                                              10
              Supporting our conclusion is the report/recommendation to approve the
Ordinance, which was provided to the County by the assistant county administrator for
the Economic Development/Public Services Group, when the Ordinance was enacted in
2002. It states, in relevant part: “To avoid unintended negative impacts, especially on
small water users, a number of exclusions to the ordinance were developed, including:
[¶] 1. An adopted groundwater management plan, including but not limited to an
‘AB 3030 plan’ and an executed [memorandum of understanding] in which the developer
would share groundwater monitoring information and would ensure that the groundwater
management plans are fully implemented and enforced. This provision has always been
in the proposed ordinance and is the provision which would exclude the MWD/Cadiz
project from the application of the ordinance if their project ever proceeds.” (San
Bernardino County Economic Development/Public Services Group, Report/
Recommendation to San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors and Record of Action
(Oct. 29, 2002) pp. 3-4 [report on proposed Ordinance No. 3872], italics added.) Thus,
the only document purporting to interpret the effect of the Ordinance’s exclusion
principles, which was before the County at the time it approved the Ordinance, clearly
states that the management plan/memorandum of understanding exclusion would exclude
the Project from the Ordinance, not merely from the permitting requirements.
              The clear and unambiguous language of the Ordinance provides that the
preparation of the Plan and the execution of the Memorandum excluded the Project from
the Ordinance, including, but not limited to, the Ordinance’s definitions of groundwater
safe yield and overdraft.
                                           IV.
                   THE COUNTY DID NOT VIOLATE THE ORDINANCE
            BY APPROVING THE MEMORANDUM BEFORE APPROVING THE PLAN.

              Delaware Tetra argues that the County violated the Ordinance by excluding
the Project from its requirements because it approved the Memorandum before it

                                            11
approved the Plan. The Ordinance requires that a groundwater management plan be
approved by the County and an agreement entered into between the County and the well
operator before the groundwater well project may be excluded from the Ordinance’s
requirements (Ordinance, § 33.06552, subd. (b)); the Ordinance itself does not provide
that those documents be finalized in any particular sequence. Nevertheless, Delaware
Tetra argues that logic requires the management plan be approved first, so the County
would know what it was agreeing to when it entered into the memorandum of
understanding or other agreement with the well operator.
              The resolution by the County, approving the final EIR and the Plan and
finding that the Project was excluded from the Ordinance (resolution No. 2012-176),
provides, in relevant part: “The County has reviewed the [Plan], as amended and
attached as Exhibit B, and finds that it complies with Section 33.06552(b) of the
County’s Ordinance in that it requires the parties to share groundwater monitoring
information and data and coordinate their efforts to monitor groundwater resources in the
County and has been prepared consistent with the County’s Guidelines for Preparation of
a Groundwater Monitoring Plan (Rev. June 2000). The Board hereby approves the [Plan]
attached hereto as Exhibit B. [¶] . . . The County has reviewed the [Memorandum] and
finds that it will ensure that the measures in the [Plan], as amended September 2012, will
be fully implemented and enforced. Together, the [Plan] and [the Memorandum] qualify
for an ‘exclusion’ from the permitting requirements of the Ordinance pursuant to
Section 33.06552(b). The Board hereby authorizes installation of wells and extraction of
groundwater as part of Phase I of the Project subject to the [Memorandum], MMRP, [the
Plan], and the Conditions of Approval . . . .” (Italics & boldface omitted.)
              Even if there were an error in the approval of the Memorandum before the
Plan, there is no prejudice. Delaware Tetra’s argument is that the County could not bind
itself to the terms of the Memorandum, which would implement the Plan, without
knowing what the terms of the Plan were. The County’s findings establish that the

                                            12
Memorandum was reviewed after the Plan was finalized and that the Memorandum
would ensure the implementation and enforcement of the Plan, the terms of which were
known to the County.
              Delaware Tetra relies on County of Amador v. El Dorado County Water
Agency (1999) 76 Cal.App.4th 931, 940 (County of Amador), in which the El Dorado
County Water Agency and the El Dorado Irrigation District (the defendants) prepared an
EIR for a project to take water from high Sierra lakes, and certified the EIR under CEQA.
The trial court issued a writ of mandate to set aside the approval of the EIR. (County of
Amador, supra, at p. 940.) On appeal, the defendants contended that the trial court’s
ruling was mooted by subsequent events. (Id. at pp. 940-941.) Specifically, the
defendants argued that El Dorado County’s approval of a new general plan addressed the
trial court’s concern that the approval of the EIR had illegally preceded the adoption of
the general plan. (Id. at p. 947.) The appellate court disagreed for two reasons. (Ibid.)
First, in a separate case, the new general plan had been determined to be inadequate, and
was ordered to be redrafted. (Id. at pp. 947-948.) Second, the appellate court concluded
that El Dorado County’s later consideration of mitigation measures and project
alternatives could not rectify the defendants’ failure to consider those matters during the
environmental review process. (Id. at p. 948.) “Since the purpose of an EIR is to ensure
an informed public and informed descisionmaking [citations], another entity’s subsequent
determinations are irrelevant when considering whether the lead agency complied with
CEQA mandates.” (Ibid.)
              In County of Amador, supra, 76 Cal.App.4th at page 948, the defendants
also contended the appeal was moot because the State Water Resources Control Board
issued decision No. D-1635, relating to water flows and lake levels, which provided the
impacts analysis and mitigation measures that the trial court had concluded were not fully
considered in the EIR. The State Water Resources Control Board, however, later issued
an order directing reconsideration of decision No. D-1635. (Id. at p. 949.) Even though

                                             13
the defendants remained “committed to implement[ing] the conditions set forth in”
decision No. D-1635, the appellate court concluded that decision could not moot
anything. (Ibid.) “[G]iven that D-1635 is, for all intents and purposes, nonexistent, we
cannot put much stock in a willingness to agree to phantom terms. Unlike the [water
agency], we will not speculate that the same mitigation measures will ultimately be
imposed by [the State Water Resources Control Board].” (Ibid.)
              Delaware Tetra also cites Midway Orchards v. County of Butte (1990) 220
Cal.App.3d 765, 770-771, in which the County of Butte approved an amendment to the
general plan and a zoning ordinance for a particular parcel, and later approved a
development agreement permitting construction of a project on that parcel. As required
by Government Code section 65867.5, subdivision (b), the development agreement
included a finding that its provisions were consistent with the general plan. (Midway
Orchards v. County of Butte, supra, at p. 771.) However, at the time the development
agreement was approved by the County of Butte, the amendment to the general plan was
subject to the filing of a petition for referendum, and the agreement was therefore not
effective. (Id. at p. 773.) Thus, at the time the development agreement was approved, it
was not consistent with the existing general plan. (Ibid.)
              Neither County of Amador nor Midway Orchards v. County of Butte is
inconsistent with our conclusion. In neither case did the involved agency, as here, make
specific findings after the documents in question were finalized that they fully complied
with the ordinance in question.
                                            V.
          THE PLAN IS CONSISTENT WITH THE MEMORANDUM IN ITS DEFINITIONS
                   OF OVERDRAFT AND GROUNDWATER SAFE YIELD.

              Delaware Tetra contends that the Memorandum “expressly provides that
the [Plan] must conform to the [Memorandum] and be consistent with its terms.”
(Boldface omitted.) Delaware Tetra further contends that the two documents are not

                                            14
consistent because the Plan replaces the Memorandum’s concept of “temporary surplus”
with the concept of “sustainable yield.”
              In the Memorandum, the following terms have the following definitions:
(1) groundwater safe yield means “the maximum quantity of water that can be annually
withdrawn from the groundwater aquifer (i) without resulting in overdraft (ii) without
adversely affecting aquifer health, and (iii) without adversely affecting the health of
associated lakes, streams, springs, and seeps or their biological resources”; (2) overdraft
means “the condition of a groundwater supply in which the average annual amount of
water withdrawn by pumping exceeds (i) the average annual amount of water
replenishing the aquifer in any ten-year period, and (ii) groundwater that may be
available as Temporary Surplus”; (3) temporary surplus means “the planned removal of
groundwater from storage pursuant to the [Plan] necessary to create underground storage
space for the capture and beneficial use of natural recharge without causing Undesirable
Results”; and (4) undesirable results mean “(i) the progressive decline in groundwater
levels and freshwater storage below a ‘floor’ to be established by the County through the
[Plan]; (ii) the progressive decline in groundwater levels and freshwater storage at a rate
greater than the rate of decline to be established by the County through the [Plan] where
the decline signifies a threat of other physical impacts enumerated in this
subparagraph 2(k); (iii) land subsidence, (iv) the progressive migration of hyper-saline
water from beneath the Cadiz or Bristol Dry Lakes toward the Project well sites;
(v) increases in air quality particulate matter; (vi) loss of surface vegetation; or
(vii) decreases in spring flows.”
              The Plan uses the same definition for overdraft as does the Memorandum.
The Plan adopts and incorporates by reference the Memorandum’s definitions of
overdraft and undesirable results. Although the Plan does not separately define
“temporary surplus,” by adopting the definition of overdraft that includes reference to
temporary surplus, the Plan effectively adopts the concept of temporary surplus as well.

                                              15
There is no inconsistency between the Plan and the Memorandum regarding overdraft,
temporary surplus, or undesirable results. While Delaware Tetra contends that the Plan
unlawfully replaces the concept of temporary surplus with “sustainable yield,” our review
shows that the term “sustainable yield” does not appear within the Plan.
              Delaware Tetra argues that because the Plan does not tie the amount of
groundwater that may be extracted from the aquifer to the natural recharge of the aquifer,
the Plan and the Memorandum must be inconsistent. The documents are consistent, but
use slightly different terminology to discuss the extraction of water from the aquifer.
              Delaware Tetra also argues that the Plan arbitrarily established a maximum
drawdown level that was not connected to the Memorandum’s definition of safe yield.
The Memorandum required that the consultant of Santa Margarita and Cadiz, in
conjunction with the County’s consultant, “(i) identify the groundwater levels that will
serve as monitoring targets and a ‘floor’ for the maximum groundwater drawdown level
in the Project wellfield, and (ii) establish a projected rate of decline in the groundwater
table.” The drawdown level set forth in the Plan was established pursuant to the
Memorandum, and is not inconsistent with the Memorandum.
                                             VI.
                    THE PROJECT IS CONSISTENT WITH CALIFORNIA LAW
                        REGARDING GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT.

              Delaware Tetra argues that the Plan also violates common law restrictions
regarding overdraft. Delaware Tetra relies on City of Los Angeles v. City of San
Fernando (1975) 14 Cal.3d 199, 207, in which the City of Los Angeles, among other
things, sought to quiet its title and obtain a declaration of rights to the water underlying
the Upper Los Angeles River Area. The California Supreme Court addressed the issues
of pueblo rights to groundwater as against rights to water added by the parties to
groundwater reserves, and both rights as against prescriptive rights to the groundwater.
In its opinion, the court explained and defined the “principles” of surplus, overdraft, and

                                              16
safe yield, and analyzed the sufficiency of the evidence before the trial court. (Id. at
pp. 278-280.) As described in part V. of the Discussion section, ante, these principles
were correctly defined and applied in the Plan and the Memorandum.
              The clear legislative and regulatory policy in California is that the
management of groundwater is a matter reserved to the discretion of the relevant local
governmental bodies and agencies. (Wat. Code, §§ 113, 10720.1; Baldwin v. County of
Tehama (1994) 31 Cal.App.4th 166, 182; Dept. of Water Resources, Cal.’s Groundwater:
Bulletin 118-Update 2003, supra, at p. 38  [as of May 10, 2016].) Nothing in the common law sets specific
standards or methods for groundwater management. (City of Lodi v. East Bay Mun.
Utility Dist. (1936) 7 Cal.2d 316, 340-341; City of Santa Maria v. Adam (2012) 211
Cal.App.4th 266, 288-289.)
              Even in the case on which Delaware Tetra relies, City of Los Angeles v.
City of San Fernando, supra, 14 Cal.3d at page 280, the Supreme Court (in explaining its
opinion in City of Pasadena v. City of Alhambra (1949) 33 Cal.2d 908) noted that
determinations based on the safe yield of an aquifer “must be read in light of the facts of
[the] case.” In City of Los Angeles v. City of San Fernando, supra, 14 Cal.3d at
page 281, the Supreme Court focused on “the methods by which plaintiff or any other
party extracted, diverted, or spread water” and whether those methods “exceeded the
bounds of reasonable beneficial use.” Accordingly, the analytical framework that the
Supreme Court used in City of Los Angeles v. City of San Fernando is consistent with the
analyses the trial court and this court have used here.

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                                   DISPOSITION
            The judgment is affirmed. Respondents to recover costs on appeal.

                                             FYBEL, J.

WE CONCUR:

ARONSON, ACTING P. J.

IKOLA, J.

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