Court Opinion

ID: 48296
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 23:38:24+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:03:05.050054
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United States Court of Appeals
                                                                Fifth Circuit
                                                             F I L E D
              IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                            February 14, 2007
                      FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                      _____________________              Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                 Clerk
                           No. 06-30130
                      _____________________

LOUANA BROWN; RANDY FRIEDRICH,

                                          Plaintiffs - Appellees,

                             versus

BROWN & WILLIAMSON TOBACCO CORPORATION; ET AL.,

                                                         Defendants,

BROWN & WILLIAMSON TOBACCO CORPORATION,
                                              Defendant - Appellant.

                      _____________________

                           No. 06-30311
                      _____________________

JACK SULLIVAN; JEFFREY IGUESS; KEITH SONGER;
LESTER JOSEPH, JR.,

                                          Plaintiffs - Appellees,

                             versus

PHILIP MORRIS USA INC.,

                                                         Defendants,

PHILIP MORRIS USA INC.,

                                           Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________________________________________

          Appeals from the United States District Court
       for the Western District of Louisiana, Lake Charles
                       USDC No. 2:03-CV-995
_________________________________________________________________

Before JOLLY, HIGGINBOTHAM, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.

E. GRADY JOLLY, Circuit Judge:
     In this appeal, relating broadly to the marketing of “Lights”

cigarettes, we consider the pre-emptive scope of the Federal

Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act (“the Labeling Act”), 15

U.S.C. § 1331 et seq..     The appellants (“Manufacturers”), Brown &

Williamson Tobacco Corporation (“Brown & Williamson”) and Philip

Morris, Inc. (“PM USA”), challenge the district court’s partial

denial of their motion for summary judgment. Manufacturers contend

that the district court erred when it ruled that the Labeling Act

does not expressly pre-empt the Plaintiffs’ state law claims for

redhibition,    breach   of    express   and   implied    warranties,   and

fraudulent misrepresentation and concealment.            Furthermore, they

argue that the district court erred when it declined to apply the

doctrine of implied conflict pre-emption to the Plaintiffs’ state

law claims.    We hold that the district court erred in finding that

Plaintiffs’ claims, as presented at summary judgment, are not

expressly pre-empted by the Labeling Act.        Consequently we reverse

and remand, directing the district court to enter a judgment

dismissing all claims with prejudice.

                                    I.

     On March 28, 2003, Plaintiffs filed their Petition for Damages

against PM USA, asserting claims under the Louisiana Unfair Trade

Practices     and   Consumer    Protection     Act   (“LUTPA”)   and    for

redhibition,    breach   of    express   and   implied    warranties,   and

fraudulent misrepresentation.       Plaintiffs claimed that they were

deceived by the company’s marketing into believing that smokers of

                                     2
light cigarettes consume lower tar and nicotine, and that light

cigarettes are safer than “regular cigarettes.” On April 24, 2003,

Plaintiffs      filed     their    Petition      for    Damages      against     Brown   &

Williamson, alleging the same claims. Plaintiffs seek to represent

a worldwide class of persons who purchased at least a single pack

of defendants’ light cigarettes (“Lights”) in Louisiana since 1971.

They seek       to   recover      “economic      damages”     as     measured    by   “the

difference between the value the product would have had at the time

of sale if the representations about them had been true and the

actual    value      to   the     consumer       of    the   product     in     question,

considering the true nature of the product.”                         Plaintiffs do not

claim that they have been injured by smoking and do not seek to

recover for any illnesses allegedly caused by Lights.

     The Manufacturers removed the respective cases to federal

court, and moved for summary judgment, arguing that Plaintiffs’

claims    are    barred     by    express     and     implied      pre-emption.       The

Manufacturers also argued that the LUPTA claims were barred by La.

Rev. Stat. Ann § 51:1406(4), which exempts from liability under the

LUPTA “[a]ny conduct that complies with section 5(a)(1) of the

Federal Trade Commission Act [15 U.S.C. 45(a)(1)].”

     On   August      13,   2005,     the     district       court    granted    summary

judgment with respect to Plaintiffs’ LUTPA claim against PM USA,

but rejected PM USA’s express pre-emption arguments with respect to

the remaining claims.            On September 14, 2005, the district court

entered the same order with respect to Brown & Williamson.                            The

                                             3
Manufacturers moved for reconsideration, arguing that the district

court had not addressed their conflict pre-emption argument and

that reconsideration was appropriate in the light of Watson v.

Philip Morris Cos., 420 F.3d 852 (8th Cir. 2005).               On December 2,

2005, the court denied reconsideration and certified its pre-

emption rulings for interlocutory appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b).

We granted Manufacturers’ petitions for review and consolidated the

cases.

     This appeal presents questions of law that are reviewed de

novo.    Hart v. Bayer Corp., 199 F.3d 239, 243 (5th Cir. 2000)

(“This court reviews de novo a district court’s conclusions on

questions of law.”); Frank v. Delta Airlines Inc., 314 F.3d 195,

197 (5th Cir. 2002) (“Preemption by federal law of a common law

cause of action is a question of law reviewed de novo.”).

                                    II.

     The   Manufacturers’     pre-emption    claims      must   be   considered

against the   backdrop   of    a   long   history   of    federal    cigarette

advertising regulation.1 In 1964, the Surgeon General issued a

report concluding that smoking causes lung cancer.                    Congress

responded by enacting the Labeling Act through which it sought to

“establish a comprehensive Federal program to deal with cigarette

     1
       The Manufacturers presented a regulatory history in support
of their motion for summary judgment. Plaintiffs did not dispute
any of the facts relating to the regulatory history, and thus they
are deemed admitted. Templet v. Hydrochem, Inc., 367 F.3d 473, 480
(5th Cir. 2004)(citing Uniform Local Rule 56.2).

                                     4
labeling and advertising with respect to any relationship between

smoking and health.”      15 U.S.C. § 1331.    The Act had two stated

goals:     first, to provide the public with adequate information

about “any adverse health effects of cigarette smoking by inclusion

of warning notices on each package ... and in each advertisement”;

and second, to prevent the national economy from being “impeded by

diverse,    nonuniform,    and   confusing    cigarette   labeling   and

advertising regulations....” Id.        To promote these dual goals,

Congress specified the precise warning that manufacturers must

place on all packages and forbade any other state regulation

requiring any other “statement relating to smoking and health ...

on any cigarette package.” Pub. L. No. 89-92 § 5(a).           In 1969,

Congress amended the Labeling Act to “expand[] the pre-emption

provision with respect to the States, and at the same time, ...

allow[] the FTC to regulate cigarette advertising.” This amendment

precluded states from imposing any “requirement or prohibition

based on smoking and health ... with respect to the advertising or

promotion of any cigarettes.”

     In 1966, the FTC developed its own testing method (“FTC

method”) and made it the official test for tar and nicotine level

measurements. The test is conducted by a machine that smokes every

cigarette in the same manner.      Beginning in 1967, all advertised

tar and nicotine yields had to be substantiated by the FTC method.

The FTC is aware that the test method does not measure the actual

amount of tar and nicotine that smokers receive, but has concluded

                                    5
that   the   test   provides      a     reasonably    standardized    method   of

presenting tar and nicotine yields in a way that can be readily

understood by the public.         In 1970, the FTC accepted an agreement

from   the   manufacturers,        in    lieu   of    rulemaking,    that   yield

measurements be disclosed in all non-permanent advertising in a

standardized form.        The FTC has repeatedly reevaluated the FTC

method, but has thus far chosen not to modify it because (1)

epidemiological studies show that persons who smoke cigarettes with

lower tar as measured by the FTC method are less likely to get

smoking-related diseases than those smoking higher tar cigarettes;

and (2) it concluded that the only way to avoid consumer confusion

was to continue to rely on a single, uniform testing standard.

       Since the adoption of the FTC method, the FTC has directed

that any representations about tar and nicotine measurements must

be substantiated by FTC method results.               Following an enforcement

action against a manufacturer for stating that certain brands were

“lower” in tar when the claim was not substantiated by the FTC

method, the FTC declared that it would permit use of descriptive

terms, i.e., “light” or “low-tar,” if their use was substantiated

by FTC method results.          The FTC has defined low tar cigarettes as

those that measure 15 milligrams or less of tar, per the FTC

method.      In   1992,   the    FTC    launched     an   investigation   focused

specifically on whether terms like “lights” or “low tar” were

deceptive and should be banned and reaffirmed that such terms were

not deceptive if substantiated by FTC method results. In 1997, the

                                          6
FTC reopened its investigation of whether the term “Lights” is

deceptive to consumers and whether a new methodology should be

adopted,    but   no   conclusion   has    been   reached.   Despite   the

apparently acknowledged weaknesses in the FTC method, therefore, it

remains the federal mandated standard for cigarette testing.

                                    III.

     In the light of the FTC’s extensive involvement in regulating

cigarette advertising, the Manufacturers argue that the district

court erred in finding that Plaintiffs’ state law claims for

redhibition, breach of express and implied warranties, and fraud

are not expressly or impliedly pre-empted by the Labeling Act.

Plaintiffs, relying primarily on the Supreme Court decision in

Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 505 U.S. 504 (1992), argue that

the Labeling Act does not pre-empt all state common law claims.

The treatment of this particular set of claims presents a question

of first impression in this circuit.

     The pre-emption provision of the Labeling Act provides that:

“[n]o requirement or prohibition based on smoking and health shall

be imposed under State law with respect to the advertising or

promotion of any cigarettes the packages of which shall be labeled

in conformity with the provisions of this chapter.”            15 U.S.C.

§1334(b). In Cipollone, the Supreme Court considered the extent to

which this provision pre-empted state common law actions against

cigarette   manufacturers.      505   U.S.   at   521.   Concluding    that

Congress did not intend to exclude all common law claims from the

                                      7
reach of the statute’s pre-emption provision, and noting the

“strong presumption against pre-emption,” id. at 523, a plurality

of the Court held that in determining whether a particular claim is

pre-empted, the court must “ask whether the legal duty that is the

predicate     of   the     common-law        damages    action    constitutes    a

‘requirement or prohibition based on smoking and health’ ...

imposed    under   State    law   with   respect       to   ...   advertising   or

promotion ....”     Id. at 524.     The plurality then applied this test

to each of the petitioner’s claims and concluded that the 1969 Act

pre-empted “petitioner’s claims based on a failure to warn and the

neutralization of federally mandated warnings to the extent that

those claims rely on omissions or inclusions in respondents’

advertising or promotions” but did not “pre-empt petitioner’s

claims     based   on    express    warranty,          intentional    fraud     and

misrepresentation, or conspiracy.”             Id. at 531.

         The test and the analysis of the state law claims garnered

only four votes.2        Although we are not bound to follow a test

supported only by a plurality of the justices, this court has

previously adopted the Cipollone test in MacDonald v. Monsanto Co.,

27 F.3d 1021, 1024 (5th Cir. 1994), and we are therefore bound by

our own circuit precedent.         Cipollone is also widely followed in

other circuits.    See, e.g., Rivera v. Philip Morris, Inc., 395 F.3d

     2
       Justices Scalia and Thomas would have found all of the
petitioner’s state common law claims pre-empted, Cipollone, 505
U.S. at 544, while Justices Blackmun, Kennedy, and Souter would
have found none of the claims pre-empted. Id. at 531.

                                         8
1142 (9th Cir. 2005); Spain v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.,

363 F.3d 1183 (11th Cir. 2004); Glassner v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco

Co.,       223   F.3d   343   (6th    Cir.       2000);   Philip   Morris   Inc.   v.

Harshbarger, 122 F.3d 58 (1st Cir. 1997).                 The question on appeal,

therefore, is whether the district court erred in finding that none

of Plaintiffs’ state law claims are predicated on a legal duty,

which constitutes a requirement or prohibition based on smoking and

health imposed under State law with respect to advertising or

promotion.         We address each claim in turn.

                                 A.    Redhibition

           Plaintiffs plead redhibition under the Louisiana Civil Code

Article 2520, et seq., alleging that Lights are defective in

failing to deliver less harmful toxins than regular cigarettes, and

that had Plaintiffs known of the defect, they would not have

purchased them.3         The Manufacturers contend that the redhibition

       3
       “Redhibition is a civil law action brought on account of
some defect in a thing sold, seeking to void the sale on grounds
that the defect renders the thing either useless or so imperfect
that the buyer would not have originally purchased it.” Good v.
Altria Group, Inc., 436 F. Supp. 2d 132, 150 n.27 (D. Me. 2006)
(citing Black’s Law Dictionary 1282 (7th ed. 1999)).

       Under the Louisiana Civil Code Article 2520:

                 The   Seller  warrants  the  buyer  against
                 redhibitory defects, or vices, in the thing
                 sold.

                 A defect is redhibitory when it renders the
                 thing useless, or its use so inconvenient that
                 it must be presumed that a buyer would not
                 have bought the thing had he known of the
                 defect. The existence of such a defect gives

                                             9
claim is a repackaged “failure to warn” claim.     They assert that

Plaintiffs’ claim is premised on the allegation that the cigarette

manufacturers failed to disclose, in their labeling and in their

advertising, the alleged “defect” in light cigarettes -- that is

that Lights fail to deliver less harmful toxins than regular

cigarettes.    Because liability could have been avoided, had the

manufacturers further warned consumers of the “defect” in Lights,

the Manufacturers argue that under Cipollone this claim is pre-

empted.

     The      district   court   rejected    the     Manufacturers’

characterization of the redhibition claim, noting that defendants

“ignore[] the fact that instead of changing [the] labeling, [they]

could possibly have designed a light cigarette that would actually

deliver less tar and nicotine into the hands of the customer.”   On

this basis, the district court held that:

           Plaintiffs are not asking [Defendants] to
           change [their] labeling.       Plaintiffs are
           seeking an action in redhibition because the
           product itself was defective. The FTC method
           of testing gave lower tar and nicotine
           measurements than what each light cigarette
           actually delivered to the human smoker. Hence

           a buyer the right to obtain rescission of the
           sale.

           A defect is redhibitory also when, without
           rendering the thing totally useless, it
           diminishes its usefulness or its value so that
           it must be presumed that a buyer would still
           have bought it but for a lesser price. The
           existence of such a defect limits the right of
           a buyer to a reduction of the price.

                                 10
          the product was not reasonably fit for its
          intended purpose – to deliver lower tar and
          nicotine. Because this cause of action does
          not impose a requirement or prohibition based
          on smoking and health with respect to
          advertising or promotion, it is not preempted
          by the Labeling Act.

The district court’s language is not inconsistent with that of the

plurality in Cipollone, which noted that § 5(b) “does not generally

pre-empt state-law obligations to avoid marketing cigarettes with

manufacturing defects or to use a demonstrably safer alternative

design for cigarettes.”       Cipollone, 505 U.S. at 523 (internal

quotation marks omitted).          Assuming without deciding that the

district court accurately determined that the Plaintiffs’ “design

defect” theory is a valid redhibition claim,               some redhibition

claims might survive the pre-emptive reach of the Labeling Act

because   the    remedy   sought    might   not    necessarily    implicate

Manufacturers’    marketing   and    advertising    with   respect   to   the

relationship between smoking and health.4

     4
         The Manufacturers argue that all redhibition claims are
failure to warn claims. They cite three cases in support of this
proposition. In Klem v. E.I. DuPont Nemours & Co., 19 F.3d 997
(5th Cir. 1994), the court did find that the plaintiffs’
redhibition claim “essentially duplicate[s] plaintiffs’ failure to
warn to claim”; however, that seems to be how the plaintiffs framed
their claim, not a necessary quality of redhibition claims
generally. Id. at 1003 (“Plaintiffs contend, in the alternative,
that DuPont had a duty to warn, or not to mislead by implication
and that the breach of duty sounded in negligence, redhibition, and
other areas of law”). Similarly, in Allstate Ins. Co. v. Spectrum
Group, No. 97-2615, 1998 WL 690927 (E.D. La. Oct. 2, 1998), the
plaintiffs had “abandoned their claims for design and manufacturing
defects, and ... focused on their inadequate warnings and
redhibition claims. Id. at *1. In the final case, In re Airbags
Product Liability Litigation, 7 F. Supp. 2d 792 (E.D. La. 1998),

                                     11
             Even accepting the district court’s generous characterization

of the pleadings, however, a review of the record indicates that

the Plaintiffs introduced no summary judgment evidence in support

of   a       redhibition   claim,     in    the    nature   of   a   design   defect,

sufficient to create a material issue of fact.                   See Austin v. Will-

Burt Co., 361 F.3d 862, 866 (5th Cir. 2004) (A “nonmovant, to avoid

summary judgment as to an issue on which it would bear the burden

of   proof       at   trial,    may   not   rest    on   the   allegations    of   its

pleadings, but must come forward with proper summary judgment

evidence sufficient to sustain a verdict in its favor on that

issue.”).         At best, Plaintiffs have made the conclusory allegation

that Lights are defective because the Manufacturers could have

created a cigarette that delivered less tar and nicotine to the

smoker.         Yet, they have provided no evidence to suggest that this

is even possible.5             We therefore find that Plaintiffs failed to

the court did note that “Plaintiffs contention that the sun visor
warnings were inadequate is weakened and preempted by National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration Regulations....” Id. at 798.
However, the Court rejected the redhibition claims under a
different test, finding that a reasonably prudent buyer would have
been aware of the alleged defect prior to sale. Id. at 799.      In
short, none of the cited authority provides conclusive support for
Manufacturers’ argument that redhibition claims are necessarily
equivalent to failure to warn claims; however, we need not decide
this issue of Louisiana state law here because we dismiss the claim
on other grounds.
         5
       Their own deposition testimony would actually point to the
contrary conclusion, given that each witness testified to having
changed his or her own smoking behavior in order to receive the
same levels of nicotine and tar from Lights as they had from
regular cigarettes. Plaintiffs offered no evidence to suggest that
Lights could be designed to defeat such compensation by smokers.

                                            12
meet    their   burden   at   summary    judgment,   and   dismiss   their

redhibition claim with prejudice.

          B.    Fraudulent Misrepresentation and Suppression

       Plaintiffs     plead    intentional     misrepresentations       or

suppressions as to the true effect of Lights on smokers’ health.

Plaintiffs alleged that the Manufacturers marketed light cigarettes

as being safer than regular brands, when in fact they are actually

more harmful. They claim that the Manufacturers’ fraud vitiates

their consent as to the purchase of Lights and therefore that they

are entitled to rescission of all sales of Lights.

       The Cipollone Court held that some common law fraud claims are

not pre-empted by the Labeling Act because they are based on a

general duty not to deceive, not on “smoking and health.”              The

Court explained that Plaintiffs’ concealment claims were not pre-

empted to the extent that such claims

            rely on a state-law duty to disclose such
            facts through channels of communication other
            than advertising and promotion. Thus, for,
            example, if state law obliged respondents to
            disclose material facts about smoking and
            health to an administrative agency, § 5(b)
            would not pre-empt a state-law claim based on
            a failure to fulfill that obligation.

                 Moreover,     petitioner’s    fraudulent
            misrepresentation claims that do arise with
            respect to advertising and promotion (most
            notably claims based on allegedly false
            statements   of   material    fact  made   in
            advertisements) are not pre-empted by § 5(b).
            Such claims are predicated not on a duty
            “based on smoking and health” but rather on a
            more general obligation[,] the duty not to
            deceive.

                                    13
Cipollone, 505 U.S. at 528-29.                    Relying on this language, the

district court held that “Plaintiff’s [sic] claims of fraudulent

misrepresentation        to    the     extent      that   they     allege      a   false

representation or concealment of material fact are not preempted by

the Labeling Act.”

       While    the   district       court    correctly     stated      the    test   for

identifying those fraud claims that survive pre-emption, it erred

in    applying this test to Plaintiffs’ claims.                    After Cipollone,

cigarette manufacturers, under certain circumstances, may be held

liable for fraud under state law for affirmative misrepresentations

of    material    fact   or    for    the     concealment     of   material        facts.

Plaintiffs here have adequately alleged neither.

                                             1.

       Plaintiffs’ sole basis for claiming affirmative misstatement

in this case is that the Manufacturers used the FTC-approved terms

“lights” and “lowered tar and nicotine” in their labeling and

advertising to promote their products.                    While claims based on

“fraud by intentional misstatement” are not pre-empted because

Congress did not intend to “insulate” manufacturers from state

liability for affirmative lies,                Cipollone, 505 U.S. at 529, the

use    of      FTC-approved      descriptors         cannot    constitute          fraud.

Cigarettes labeled as “light” and “low-tar” do deliver less tar and

nicotine as measured by the only government-sanctioned methodology

for their measurement.         In fact, the Manufacturers are essentially

forbidden      from   making   any     representations        as   to    the    tar   and

                                             14
nicotine levels in their marketing about tar that are not based on

the FTC method.6   The terms “light” and “lowered tar and nicotine”

cannot, therefore, be inherently deceptive or untrue.

     Plaintiffs seem to recognize that assigning liability solely

on the basis of the FTC descriptors would be problematic.     They

therefore argue that the descriptors, although accurate under the

FTC method, are misleading because they suggest that Lights are

less harmful than full-flavor cigarettes. The Cipollone Court held

that the Labeling Act pre-empts these “implied misrepresentation”

claims, which arise from statements or imagery in marketing that

misleadingly downplay the dangers of smoking, and thus minimize or

otherwise neutralize the effect of the federal mandated safety

warnings. Cipollone, 505 U.S. at 527.   The Court explained that as

these claims are “predicated on a state-law prohibition against

     6
        As the Eighth Circuit said in Watson v. Philip Morris
Companies, Inc.:

          The FTC has made it clear that it has not
          found any other testing method adequate and
          will consider advertising to be “deceptive” if
          it deviates from the [FTC] Method.       In an
          advisory opinion rejecting one company’s offer
          to advertise a tar level higher than the most
          recent [FTC Method] results, the FTC explained
          that consumers could be confused if a company
          were to advertise tar levels that differed
          from the published [FTC Method] results. That
          statement, along with others, sent a clear
          signal to the tobacco companies that they
          would risk a deceptive advertising claim if
          they failed to advertise tar and nicotine
          levels in accordance with the [FTC Method].

420 F.3d 852, 860 (8th Cir. 2005).

                                 15
statements in advertising or promotional materials that tend to

minimize       the    health    hazards     of    smoking,”     any    “[s]uch    ...

prohibition ... is merely the converse of a state-law requirement

that    warnings       be    included      in    advertising    and     promotional

materials.” Id. (emphasis in original).

       To hold that the Manufacturers’ use of the FTC-approved terms

relating       to    the    FTC-approved    measurement       system    constitutes

affirmative misstatement under State law would directly undermine

the entire purpose of the standardized federal labeling system and

most courts have been reluctant to find liability on this basis.

In Good v. Altria Group, Inc, 436 F. Supp. 2d 132 (D. Me. 2006),

the district court faced a claim similar to that presented here.

The    court    first      noted   that    except   for   the   use    of   the   FTC

descriptors, the

               record ... is devoid of any affirmative
               misstatement. Thus, the Plaintiffs point to
               no ... representation [by the Defendant] about
               light cigarettes inconsistent with what the
               FTC condoned; no evidence [that the Defendant]
               ever affirmed that light cigarettes were good
               for you, were healthy, or would not cause the
               host of physical problems listed on every
               package; no evidence that any descriptors [the
               Defendant] applied to [its light cigarettes]
               contravened what the FTC and Congress knew the
               tobacco companies as a group and [the
               Defendant] in particular were saying about
               these cigarettes.

Id. at 152 (emphasis in original).               The court went on to consider

“what is it the Plaintiffs would have had [the Defendant] say about

light cigarettes that it did not say,” id., and concluded that to

                                           16
“respond to Plaintiffs’ concerns, [the Defendant] would have to

tell the public that the FTC Method test, though accurate in the

laboratory, was inaccurate in real life,” id., a message that would

directly   contravene   the    entire    federal    cigarette   advertising

scheme.

     What the Good opinion makes clear is that to impose state

liability on the basis of the Manufacturers’ use of the FTC

mandated terms is necessarily to impose a state requirement or

prohibition   on   cigarette    advertising    as    it   relates   to   the

relationship between cigarettes and health.          As a California state

court concluded, in considering a similar set of claims:

           While [plaintiffs] insist that their Lights
           case does not depend on a finding of whether
           the Surgeon General’s mandated warning is
           adequate, logic ... dictates otherwise ....
           because it is obvious that Defendants’ alleged
           deception respecting their use of the term
           “Light” as part of the brand name of
           cigarettes that actually contain less tar and
           nicotine ... could easily be corrected by
           requiring an additional warning on the
           packages to the effect that Light cigarettes
           can be more hazardous than regular cigarettes
           due to smoker compensation.     Hence, in the
           context of the Federally regulated field of
           cigarette   advertising,   the   gravamen   of
           Plaintiffs’ Light claim is that the warnings
           mandated by Congress are inadequate with
           respect to Light cigarettes.

In re Tobacco Cases II, 2004 WL 2445337, at * 21 (Cal. Super. Aug.

4, 2004)(superseded on other grounds by In re Tobacco II Cases, 146

P.3d 1250 (Cal. Nov 1, 2006)).          See also Dahl v. R. J. Reynolds

Tobacco Co., 2005 WL 1172019, at * 11-12 (D. Minn. 2005).           But see,

                                    17
Schwab v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 449 F. Supp. 2d 992, 1294

(E.D.N.Y. 2006) (holding that plaintiffs’ misrepresentation claim

under the Illinois Consumer Fraud Act based on defendants’ use of

the terms “Lights” and “Lowered Tar and Nicotine” is “wholly

unrelated   to    any    failure   to   warn      claim    and,    therefore,   not

preempted.”).

      We find the reasoning of the majority of courts compelling,

and therefore hold that by the express terms of the pre-emption

clause,   and    under    the   Court’s      test   in    Cipollone,     fraudulent

misrepresentation        claims    based     on     the   use     of   FTC-approved

descriptors are pre-empted.

                                        2.

     The Cipollone Court also recognized a second category of

unpre-empted misrepresentation claims -- those based on fraudulent

concealment of material facts.             The Court differentiated between

claims based on failures to disclose through advertising and

marketing, which are pre-empted, and failures to disclose through

“other channels,” which are not.             Again, while the district court

recognized that some concealment claims may avoid pre-emption, it

erred in finding such a claim here.

     In considering fraudulent concealment claims, most courts have

held that   any    state    law    claim     that    would   require     additional

communication between companies and consumers is pre-empted by the

Labeling Act.     Johnson v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 122 F.

Supp. 2d 194, 201 (D. Mass. 2000) (holding that any communication

                                        18
from a cigarette manufacturer to the public constitutes advertising

or promotion); Sonnenreich v. Philip Morris, Inc., 929 F. Supp.

416, 419 (S.D. Fla. 1996) (holding that comunication by cigarette

manufacturers to their customers of the dangers of smoking is an

advertising or promotional campaign); Lacey v. Lorillard Tobacco

Co., 956 F. Supp. 956, 962 (N.D. Ala. 1997) (“[A] claim that a

defendant has a duty to disclose additional information concerning

cigarette ingredients unavoidably attacks defendants’ advertising

and promotion”); Griesenbeck v. Am. Tobacco Co., 897 F. Supp. 815,

823 (D.N.J. 1995) (“A company’s attempt to notify its mass market

of anything, whether a danger warning or a marketing effort, is

considered ‘advertising or promotion’ under the general usage of

those terms,    and    a   state     cannot   impose   requirements   on     such

activities   without       running    afoul    of   the   clear   language    of

Cipollone.”).   Because a concealment claim relies, by its nature,

on an unfulfilled duty to disclose additional information, it would

seem unavoidably to impose a state law requirement as to marketing

and advertising related to smoking and health.

     In advancing their fraudulent concealment claim, Plaintiffs

rely primarily on Rivera v. Philip Morris, 395 F.3d 1142 (9th Cir.

2005), in which the Ninth Circuit held that the plaintiffs’ failure

to warn and fraudulent concealment claims were not pre-empted by

the Labeling Act. The Rivera panel determined that Nevada’s common

law duty requiring manufacturers to advise consumers of their

products’ dangers does not specify that those disclosures be made

                                        19
through marketing and advertising, and held therefore, that “[a]

trier of fact could find that [the cigarette manufacturer] had an

obligation to warn consumers of the health risks of smoking outside

of packaging, advertising, and promoting.”                       Id. at 1149.        While

noting that     many    courts    had    previously         held      that    “any   claim

requiring     public    release     or     disclosure            of   information      is

necessarily    related    to     advertising        and     promotion,”       the    court

rejected this reading as inconsistent with Cipollone and with the

Labeling Act.    Id. at 1148-49.         The court decided instead that by

preserving    some     common     law    claims,      the     Cipollone        plurality

“envisioned     continued        avenues       of     research          for    cigarette

manufacturers to perform [their duty to communicate smoking and

health    information]    through       means       other    than       the   rigorously

controlled avenues of advertising, promotion, and packaging.”                          Id.

     We    consider     this     general      holding       of    the    Rivera      court

unreasonable.    We cannot accept that the Congress meant to create

a system in which cigarette manufacturers have the duty both to

conform their advertising and marketing to strict federal standards

and simultaneously to undercut these representations through other

“means,” as yet undefined.              We therefore join the majority of

courts in holding that any state law claim that would require

additional communication between companies and consumers is pre-

empted by the Labeling Act.

     The Rivera panel also upheld the fraudulent concealment claim

on the more limited and specific basis that the defendant could

                                         20
have met its state law obligation to disclose material facts by

making   such   disclosures   to   the   industry-established   Tobacco

Industry Research Committee, analogizing to the Supreme Court’s

example of an unpre-empted state law obligation to make disclosures

to a state agency.   Id. at 1149-50.      Because the exemption of this

state law duty from the reach of §5(b) pre-emption finds explicit

support in Cipollone, and because disclosure to the government, and

possibly to other entities such as trade organizations, does not

fall within the common-sense meaning of advertising and marketing,

to the extent that a fraudulent concealment claim relies on this

type of failure to disclose, it may not be pre-empted.        We see no

need to decide this issue at present, however, as Plaintiffs have

not addressed either the source of this obligation under Louisiana

state law, nor its factual underpinnings in their pleadings or in

their brief -- nor are either of these issues discussed by the

district court.

     We conclude, therefore, that the district court erred in

finding that Plaintiffs’ claim of fraudulent concealment was not

pre-empted.

           C.   Breach of Express and Implied Warranties

     Plaintiffs   allege   that    the   Manufacturers   marketed   light

cigarettes to induce Plaintiffs into believing that in purchasing

them, they were avoiding certain health risks.       Plaintiffs assert

that Manufacturers breached their express and implied warranties of

fitness because light cigarettes were not fit for the purpose for

                                    21
which they were marketed.            The district court concluded that

Plaintiffs’ express and implied warranty claims were not pre-empted

by the Labeling Act.       Again, we disagree.

                                      1.

       Cipollone indicates that in some circumstances, claims for

breach of express warranty may not be pre-empted by the Labeling

Act.    In reaching this conclusion, the Cipollone Court reasoned

that:

             [w]hile the general duty not to breach
             warranties arises under state law, the
             particular “requirement ... based on smoking
             and health ... with respect to the advertising
             or promotion [of] cigarettes” in an express
             warranty claim arises from the manufacturer’s
             statement in its advertisements. In short, a
             common-law remedy for a contractual commitment
             voluntarily undertaken should not be regarded
             as a “requirement ... imposed under State law”
             within the meaning of § 5(b).

Cipollone, 505 U.S. at 526 (alterations in original).              Relying on

this language, and without reference to the allegations pled, the

district court concluded that Plaintiffs’ express warranty claim

was not pre-empted.

       Because the complaint is not explicit in how its claim avoids

pre-emption, and because the district court provided no explanation

as to the relevant Louisiana law, nor any discussion of the factual

basis   of   Plaintiffs’    claim,    we   can   only   conclude    that   the

Plaintiffs have failed to properly allege a breach of express

warranty under Louisiana law.        The record indicates, however, that

the sole basis for this claim is Manufacturers’ use of the FTC-

                                      22
sanctioned    terms    and    measurements    in     their    advertising.        We

therefore consider as a preliminary matter whether breach of

express     warranty   can    ever    be   claimed    on     the   basis    of    the

Manufacturers’ use of these descriptors.

      The analysis here mirrors our earlier discussion of the

Plaintiffs’ fraud claims.            The use of FTC-approved descriptors,

based on the FTC method, cannot be inherently deceptive.                           To

conclude that it is deceptive would be to hold the Manufacturers

liable for the inadequacies of the federal testing method, an

outcome other courts have declined to accept.                See, e.g., Johnson

v. Philip Morris, 159 F. Supp. 2d 950, 953 (S.D. Tex. 2001)

(holding that “[d]efendants’ warranty ... cannot conceivably extend

to the validity of a government sanctioned testing method”); Eiser

v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 2006 WL 933394, at * 7 (Pa.

Super. Ct. Jan 18, 2006) (manufacturer “did not expressly warrant

that [low tar] cigarettes were a safe alternative to other brands

or   that    smoking   [low    tar]    cigarettes      reduced     the     risk    of

contracting lung cancer” where it “accurately advertised the fact

that [this brand of cigarettes] was lowest in tar and nicotine

among all brands tested under the FTC method”); Burton v. R.J.

Reynolds Tobacco Co., 884 F. Supp. 1515, 1527-28 (D. Kan. 1995)

(finding that plaintiffs’ evidence did not support their contention

that defendants had expressly warranted that smoking cigarettes

does “not present any significant health consequences.”); Rodarte

v. Philip Morris Co., 2003 WL 23341208 at * 6 (C.D. Cal. June 23,

                                        23
2003) (finding that plaintiff failed to allege breach of express

warranty when the only basis of his claim was that defendant had

marketed cigarettes as lower in tar and nicotine).

       We thus conclude that an express warranty claim arising solely

out of the use of descriptors based on the FTC method is pre-

empted. In Cipollone, where the plaintiff was permitted to proceed

with   his   express     warranty   claim,     the   plaintiff     had   produced

advertisements explicitly stating that there was “proof” that that

brand of cigarettes “never ... did you any harm.” Cipollone v.

Liggett Group, Inc., 893 F.2d 541, 549 (3d Cir. 1990).                          The

defendant    in   that    case   was   held    liable      for   the   additional

representations that it made with respect to the safety of its

products, not for its use of the FTC-approved descriptors.                       We

therefore hold that the district court erred in finding that

Plaintiffs’    express     warranty    claim    is   not    pre-empted    by   the

Labeling Act.

                                       2.

       The district court also held that Plaintiffs’ claims based on

alleged breach of implied warranty are not pre-empted.                         This

holding finds no support in the Cipollone opinion.                 As Plaintiffs

failed to explain the basis of this claim in their pleadings or to

argue in support of this claim on appeal, and as the district court

failed to provide any discussion of the pre-emption analysis with

respect to the claim in its order, we will not consider it for the

                                       24
first time here.   We therefore hold that this claim is dismissed

with prejudice.

                               IV.

     For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the

district court and remand with directions to enter a judgment

dismissing all claims with prejudice.

                     REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR ENTRY OF JUDGMENT.

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