Court Opinion

ID: 9409811
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-19 16:04:37.0866+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:53.470727
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (3d) 210181

                                  Opinion filed July 19, 2023
      ____________________________________________________________________________

                                                    IN THE

                                     APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                              THIRD DISTRICT

                                                      2023

      THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF                        )       Appeal from the Circuit Court
      ILLINOIS,                                         )       of the 12th Judicial Circuit,
                                                        )       Will County, Illinois.
              Plaintiff-Appellee,                       )
                                                        )       Appeal No. 3-21-0181
              v.                                        )       Circuit No. 18-CF-601
                                                        )
      DARRIUS D. BROWN,                                 )       The Honorable
                                                        )       Carmen J. Goodman,
              Defendant-Appellant.                      )       Judge, Presiding.
      ____________________________________________________________________________

             JUSTICE McDADE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
             Presiding Justice Holdridge and Justice Brennan concurred in the judgment and
      opinion.
      ____________________________________________________________________________

                                                 OPINION

¶1          The defendant, Darrius D. Brown, was convicted of aggravated domestic battery (720

     ILCS 5/12-3.3 (West 2018)), unlawful use of a weapon by a felon (id. § 24-1.1(a), (e)), and

     resisting a peace officer (id. § 31-1(a)). The circuit court sentenced him to concurrent terms of 8

     years of imprisonment, 6 years of imprisonment, and 100 days in jail, respectively. On appeal,

     Brown argues that (1) trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance for failing to file a motion to

     dismiss or adopt Brown’s pro se motion to dismiss for a speedy-trial violation, (2) the court erred

     when it denied his two pretrial requests to proceed pro se, (3) the court failed to properly
     admonish him under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 401 (eff. July 1, 1984) when he waived his

     right to counsel after trial, and (4) the court erred when it failed to follow proper procedures

     under People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984). We affirm.

¶2                                            I. BACKGROUND

¶3            On March 23, 2018, the State charged Brown with unlawful use of a weapon by a felon

     (720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a), (e) (West 2018)), aggravated domestic battery (id. § 12-3.3), aggravated

     battery (id. § 12-3.05(f)(1), (h)), intimidation (id. § 12-6(a)(1)), and unlawful restraint (id. § 10-

     3(a), (b)). Brown was taken into custody on March 24, 2018.

¶4            A superseding indictment was filed on April 18, 2018, containing two counts of

     aggravated battery, two counts of aggravated domestic battery, one count of unlawful restraint,

     one count of intimidation, two counts of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon, one count of

     domestic battery (id. § 12-3.2(a)(2), (b)), and one count of resisting a peace officer (id. § 31-

     1(a)).

¶5            Certain developments during pretrial matters are relevant to this appeal, including some

     of the many continuances entered in the case. At a pretrial conference on May 30, 2018,

     substitute defense counsel asked for a continuance. Brown interjected, stating that he did not

     agree to a continuance. He further stated, “I want a faster speedy trial. I would like to proceed

     pro se.” The circuit court responded:

                             “Sir, I am not allowing you to proceed pro se, certainly based on

                     your statements this morning that you would like to proceed with a trial

                     date as quickly as possible. I don’t have any problems at all with setting

                     the case for trial, but [defense counsel] needs to be here and I need to hear

                                                        2
                    from him. He is your counsel. You have many counts in your case that I

                    reviewed. You need to be sure that you’re represented.

                            So, I am going to grant the defense request, because [defense

                    counsel] was here earlier.”

     The case was continued to June 8.

¶6          On June 19, trial counsel filed a motion to withdraw, stating that Brown did not want to

     be represented by the public defender’s office and wanted to proceed pro se. In court on June 22,

     trial counsel stated that “I have had further discussions with Mr. Brown since I filed that motion

     [to withdraw]. I would make a motion to withdraw my motion to withdraw.” Trial counsel then

     asked for a continuance to review the State’s additional discovery. The case was continued at

     trial counsel’s request.

¶7          Over one year later, on August 13, 2019, the State charged Brown in a separate matter

     with intimidation. On August 29, the State elected to go to trial first on this new charge. During

     the trial on that charge on January 10, 2020, the circuit court granted Brown’s motion for a

     directed verdict and found him not guilty of the new intimidation charge.

¶8          On February 27, 2020, trial counsel requested a continuance because the State had filed a

     motion to admit prior bad acts and tendered significant amounts of discovery the week prior,

     then tendered more discovery that morning. He also noted that Brown had been in court but that

     he had been removed after getting upset when trial counsel told him that they were not ready for

     trial. Trial counsel then asked for a continuance until March 19, but the court refused to allow it

     because Brown had to be present to assert his speedy-trial right if he so desired. The court also

     emphasized that Brown needed to understand the impact of a speedy-trial demand in relation to

     the new discovery tendered by the State:

                                                      3
                      “He needs to understand that you got a lot of information there. Once you

                      give it and once you say speedy trial, then basically what you’re doing is

                      letting all of that information that you have not fully reviewed come in.

                      See, that’s the fear. Because you’re saying it’s complete too, not just the

                      State.”

¶9            On March 2, 2020, the circuit court noted that Brown had been charged with several

       counts stemming from a separate incident and that he had not yet been arraigned on those new

       charges. The court set the new charges for preliminary determination on March 19. Turning back

       to the instant case, the court first admonished Brown regarding his prior disruptive behavior and

       stated that, if it happened again, he could be tried without his presence. Trial counsel asked for a

       continuance, and Brown objected. The court then explained the situation to Brown, including

       that the State’s motion to admit prior bad acts was customary in domestic-related cases and that

       going to trial immediately without representation would result in waiving any objection to the

       additional discovery tendered by the State.

¶ 10          After further discussion, Brown complained that trial counsel never ordered him clothes

       for trial and that “[h]e never intended on taking me to trial.” Brown then said that he wanted to

       represent himself and proceed to trial. The court told him he was not ready and that the trial

       would not begin that day. When the court asked trial counsel to proceed with his motion to

       continue, Brown stated that he did not want trial counsel to represent him. The court told Brown

       to put his request in writing, “say why, and we can go through the admonishments because that’s

       a whole ‘nother tap dance.” The court then granted trial counsel’s motion to continue.

                                                        4
¶ 11          The circuit court held a status hearing on March 26, 2020, regarding the new charges

       filed against Brown. Brown’s instant case was also discussed; during those discussions, Brown

       stated, “I want to keep my lawyer on that case.”

¶ 12          On April 27, 2020, the circuit court held a status hearing. The State had filed a motion to

       compel discovery that day, and the case was set for status on May 18. The court noted that

       speedy-trial periods were suspended and added that “[h]opefully at that point we’ll be off the

       lockdown.” However, the court corrected itself and noted that “[n]othing is going to return to

       normal until June 1.” The court then asked the prosecutor to take a date in June instead, and the

       prosecutor responded that she would agree to any date past May 18 that trial counsel would

       prefer. Brown then stated, “I’m not agreeing to anything,” so the court said that the May 18 date

       would stand. It then attributed the delay to the State. When the prosecutor asked for clarification

       that the continuance was due to the supreme court’s order, the court stated, “I’m not making any

       further findings, May 18th. That’s the date you get. Figure it out.”

¶ 13          At the May 18 hearing, Brown requested a continuance so he could speak to his attorney,

       whom Brown claimed he had not spoken with in three months. Accordingly, the court continued

       the case to June 2. On that date, the case was continued until July 7 pursuant to a request by trial

       counsel.

¶ 14          On July 16, Brown filed a pro se motion to dismiss based on a speedy-trial violation. On

       August 19, trial counsel informed the court that he was not adopting Brown’s motion.

¶ 15          The circuit court held a bench trial on the 10-count indictment on September 1 and

       October 1 and 8, 2020. The court granted the defense’s motion for a directed verdict regarding

       seven counts. At the close of trial, the court found Brown guilty of aggravated domestic battery,

       unlawful use of a weapon by a felon, and resisting a peace officer.

                                                          5
¶ 16          On October 27, Brown filed a pro se motion for a new trial that alleged ineffective

       assistance of counsel. Brown’s motions essentially alleged that trial counsel had failed to

       interview witnesses and failed to cross-examine others. In court on October 27, Brown’s

       allegations were not addressed. Rather, trial counsel requested and was granted a continuance to

       review Brown’s pro se motion and determine whether to file a motion for a new trial.

¶ 17          In court on November 9, 2020, trial counsel stated that a Krankel hearing was needed.

       The State agreed. While explaining the situation to Brown, the circuit court stated that it had not

       “looked at your motion other than [trial counsel] didn’t ask the certain questions that you wanted

       them to ask.” The court also noted “[t]hat’s usually not a good basis” because such matters

       typically involved trial strategy. After mentioning that it had to admonish Brown about

       representing himself, the court explained that the fact that he had a public defender in his other

       pending case complicated matters. The court also stated,

                      “if this is just a hearing, we can have somebody else other than [trial

                      counsel], okay, the ones that represented you at trial. I can—you can have

                      someone represent you on your motion. They may or may not adopt it

                      from the Public Defender’s office, only for the purposes of the hearing. Do

                      you understand what I’m saying?”

       Brown stated that he understood.

¶ 18          Next, the court asked Brown if he wanted to represent himself or if he wanted new

       counsel. Brown asked for new counsel so long as he or she was not “friends” with trial counsel.

       The court stated that it understood Brown’s sentiment and ordered the appointment of another

       public defender.

                                                        6
¶ 19          A presentence investigation report was compiled on Brown on December 7. Notably, his

       criminal history included four felony convictions—being an armed habitual criminal in 2006,

       attempted armed robbery in 2003, arson in 2003, and manufacture/delivery of 1 to 15 grams of

       cocaine in 2000.

¶ 20          Brown filed an amended pro se motion for a new trial on December 17, which added

       some additional details regarding the claims he set forth in his prior motion. The case was

       continued twice in early 2021 so new counsel could discuss the case with Brown and investigate

       the matter further, including by ordering transcripts.

¶ 21          On March 2, 2021, new counsel filed a motion to withdraw due to a conflict of interest

       arising from prior counsel’s upcoming appointment as the Will County public defender. Counsel

       was allowed to withdraw on March 10. Private counsel was appointed to Brown on March 19,

       and the case was continued to April 9.

¶ 22          In court on April 9, private counsel informed the court that he had spoken with Brown

       three days prior. Subsequently, he received an e-mail on behalf of Brown that he wanted to

       waive his right to counsel. Private counsel also stated that Brown wished to proceed pro se in all

       of his cases. The court then proceeded with admonishments, informing him that he was subject

       to Class X sentencing due to his criminal history and was facing 6 to 30 years of imprisonment in

       this case. Regarding Brown’s other cases, the court informed him that he was facing 6 to 30

       years of imprisonment in his other domestic-related case, which was also Class X sentencing but

       was not consecutive. Also, regarding his driving-under-the-influence case “and some traffic

       matters,” the court informed Brown that he was facing one year in jail and $2500. The court then

       emphasized that “the most serious is the six to 30.”

                                                        7
¶ 23          Pursuant to the court’s questions, Brown stated that his education level included some

       college and that he had never tried a case before. The court also told Brown that he would be at a

       disadvantage because he was not an attorney and due to “the experience of the State’s Attorneys

       and the weight of their whole office.” Brown stated that he still wanted to represent himself and

       that the previously established date of May 3 for sentencing was acceptable.

¶ 24          On April 19, Brown filed another motion for a new trial, which contained additional

       details regarding the ineffective assistance claims he made previously. He also alleged that the

       State knowingly presented false testimony during his trial. Brown put it on the court’s call for

       April 23, but he refused to come to court, so the court stated the May 3 date would stand.

¶ 25          On May 3, Brown argued his latest motion for a new trial. In accord with his motion, he

       argued that a certain witness—the victim’s son—lied to police about seeing Brown punch the

       victim 1 and that trial counsel refused to impeach that witness with his statement to hospital staff

       that the victim’s injuries were caused by a seizure. He also claimed that the radiologist lied at

       trial when he testified that the victim had 14 acute fractures; Brown claimed that the victim only

       had 2. Brown also commented on a doctor’s expert testimony, but the court corrected him and

       stated that the doctor, in fact, testified that the victim’s injuries could not have been caused by a

       seizure or one fall. Brown also complained that his son was not called to testify and trial counsel

       did not adequately cross-examine the victim. The court discussed with Brown that his allegations

       related to trial strategy. It then asked Brown if he wanted to call trial counsel to the stand, and

       Brown said yes. Brown asked trial counsel numerous questions regarding his claims, which

       mostly involved asking why he did not cross-examine certain witnesses in a particular fashion.

              1
                  Brown claimed that this statement had been suppressed.

                                                           8
¶ 26          At the close of the hearing, the court denied Brown’s motion, and the case immediately

       proceeded to sentencing. After hearing arguments, the court sentenced Brown to 8 years of

       imprisonment for aggravated domestic battery, to be served concurrently with 6 years of

       imprisonment for unlawful use of a weapon by a felon and 100 days in jail for resisting a peace

       officer. Brown filed a notice of appeal the following day.

¶ 27                                              II. ANALYSIS

¶ 28                                             A. Speedy Trial

¶ 29          Brown’s first argument on appeal is that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance by

       (1) failing to file a motion to dismiss or adopt Brown’s pro se motion to dismiss for a speedy

       trial violation and (2) agreeing to two particular continuances that tolled the speedy-trial clock.

¶ 30          To prove a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, an individual must show (1) trial

       counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) there is a

       reasonable probability that, but for trial counsel’s deficient performance, the result of the

       proceeding would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984);

       People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504, 525 (1984). “The failure of counsel to argue a speedy-trial

       violation cannot satisfy either prong of Strickland where there is no lawful basis for arguing a

       speedy-trial violation.” People v. Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d 380, 385 (2006). Thus, we must first

       determine if Brown’s speedy-trial right was violated.

¶ 31          The parties agree that the 160-day speedy-trial period from section 103-5(e) of the Code

       of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) applied to Brown in this case. 725 ILCS 5/103-5(e) (West

       2018). The burden of proving a violation of the statutory right to a speedy trial rests with the

       defendant, who must show that (1) he was not tried within the statutory period and (2) he or she

       did not cause or contribute to any calculated delays. People v. Staten, 159 Ill. 2d 419, 426

                                                         9
       (1994); see also 725 ILCS 5/103-5(f) (West 2018) (stating that “[d]elay occasioned by the

       defendant shall temporarily suspend for the time of the delay the period within which a person

       shall be tried”). “A defense counsel’s express agreement to a continuance may be considered an

       affirmative act contributing to a delay which is attributable to the defendant.” People v. Kliner,

       185 Ill. 2d 81, 114 (1998). “[T]he provisions of section 103-5 are to be liberally construed in

       favor of the defendant, and *** the State cannot improperly manipulate criminal proceedings or

       purposefully evade the operation of the section’s provisions.” People v. Van Schoyck, 232 Ill. 2d

       330, 335 (2009). We review a circuit court’s factual determinations regarding who is responsible

       for the delay of a trial under the manifest weight of the evidence standard. People v. Crane, 195

       Ill. 2d 42, 51 (2001) (citing Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d at 115).

¶ 32           In this case, Brown was taken into custody on March 24, 2018, and remained in custody

       throughout the case. He was charged with intimidation while he was in custody—a new charge

       that indisputably did not arise from the same situation that gave rise to the 10-count indictment—

       and the State tried him on that new charge first. It was resolved on January 10, 2020. He was

       then brought to trial on the 10-count indictment on September 1, 2020. Brown claims that either

       228 or 249 days had elapsed from the date he was taken into custody until he was brought to trial

       on the 10-count indictment. The problem with Brown’s calculation, however, is that he includes

       the time against the speedy-trial clock that accumulated before January 10, 2020, which he

       claims was 71 days. Brown’s calculation evinces a misapprehension of section 103-5(e) of the

       Code.

¶ 33           The 160-day speedy-trial period mandated by section 103-5(e) on the pending charges

       begins at the time of judgment on the charge or charges upon which the State elected to proceed

       first. 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2018). As was stated by the Fifth District,

                                                         10
                       “Section 103-5(e) requires the State to try the defendant, or obtain an

                       adjudication of guilt after waiver of a trial, on at least one of the pending

                       charges within 120 days from the date he was taken into custody. If the

                       defendant is tried or adjudged guilty on one of the pending charges in a

                       timely manner, section 103-5(e) accords the State an additional 160 days

                       from the date judgment is entered on the first charge to try the remaining

                       charges.” (Emphasis added.) People v. Raymer, 2015 IL App (5th)

                       130255, ¶ 13.

       Brown incorrectly believes that the 160-day period mandated by section 103-5(e) for the pending

       charges relates back to the original date he was taken into custody. In other words, he believes

       that, instead of 160 days, the State had 89 days from January 10, 2020, to bring him to trial on

       the 10-count indictment. His argument is contrary to the clear language of section 103-5(e).

       Thus, his claim about trial counsel’s agreement to a continuance on May 30, 2018, is irrelevant

       to the resolution of this issue.

¶ 34           We note that the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the calculation of the speedy-trial period

       in this case and that multiple administrative orders of the supreme court and Will County circuit

       court were adopted affecting speedy-trial rights during the pandemic. Of relevance to this case,

       on April 7, 2020, our supreme court amended an administrative order to (1) authorize chief

       judges of each circuit to continue trials until further order of the supreme court, (2) exclude such

       continuances from speedy-trial computations contained in section 103-5, and (3) toll the

       statutory time restrictions contained in section 103-5 until further order. Ill. S. Ct., M.R. 30370

       (eff. Apr. 7, 2020). Two days later, the Will County circuit court chief judge adopted an

       administrative order acknowledging the supreme court’s amended administrative order and

                                                         11
       authorizing all circuit and associate judges in Will County to continue criminal and juvenile

       cases. Will County Cir. Ct. A.O. 2020-12 (Apr. 9, 2020). The supreme court did not lift the toll

       on statutory time restrictions contained in section 103-5 until October 1, 2021. Ill. S. Ct., M.R.

       30370 (eff. June 30, 2021).

¶ 35          Here, a total of 233 days elapsed from January 10, 2020, to the beginning of trial on

       September 1, 2020. Thus, to resolve Brown’s speedy-trial violation allegation, we must look at

       the delays that occurred during that time period. If at least 73 of the 233 days that elapsed in this

       case were attributable to Brown or to the COVID-19 pandemic, then his speedy-trial claim is

       meritless.

¶ 36          Our review of the record reveals that at least 77 of those days did not count against the

       speedy-trial clock. First, while the circuit court attributed the delay between April 27 and May

       18, 2020, to the State, the record is clear that this continuance was necessitated by the COVID-

       19 pandemic. Thus, the court abused its discretion when it attributed the delay to the State.

       Pursuant to the administrative orders entered by the supreme court and the circuit court, that

       delay of 21 days did not count against the speedy-trial clock.

¶ 37          Second, the parties also do not dispute that the delay between May 18 and June 7 was

       attributable to Brown because he requested the continuance himself. Thus, those 50 days did not

       count against the speedy-trial clock.

¶ 38          Third, the continuance from August 13 and 19 was due in part to one of the State’s

       witnesses having COVID-19. Thus, pursuant to the administrative orders entered by the supreme

       court and the circuit court, that delay of six days did not count against the speedy-trial clock.

¶ 39          The aforementioned three delays, totaling 77 days, did not count against the speedy-trial

       clock. Thus, it is indisputable that Brown was brought to trial on the 10-count indictment before

                                                        12
       160 days had elapsed from the adjudication on his intimidation charge, and we need not resolve

       the portion of his argument alleging ineffective assistance related to trial counsel agreeing to a

       continuance on March 2, 2020. Further, because no speedy-trial violation occurred, trial counsel

       did not render ineffective assistance for failing to file a motion to dismiss or to adopt Brown’s

       pro se motion to dismiss for a speedy-trial violation.

¶ 40                                          B. Self-Representation

¶ 41          Brown’s second argument on appeal is that the circuit court erred when it denied his two

       pretrial requests to proceed pro se. Without explanation, Brown claims he preserved this error for

       appellate review. He is incorrect, as he did not raise the issue in a posttrial motion. See People v.

       Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 66. Alternatively, he requests plain-error review.

¶ 42          Under the plain-error doctrine, forfeited errors can be reviewed on appeal if

                      “(1) a clear or obvious error occurs and the evidence is so closely balanced

                      that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the

                      defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or

                      obvious error occurs and that error is so serious that it affected the fairness

                      of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process,

                      regardless of the closeness of the evidence.” People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill.

                      2d 551, 565 (2007).

       The first step is to determine whether error occurred. Id.

¶ 43          Under the sixth and fourteenth amendments (U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV), a defendant

       has a right to self-representation. People v. Burton, 184 Ill. 2d 1, 21 (1998). To represent himself,

       the defendant must knowingly and intelligently waive his right to counsel. Id. That waiver must

       be clear and unequivocal. Id.

                                                        13
¶ 44             In both his recitation of the law concerning a defendant’s constitutional right to self-

       representation and his application of that law to his circumstances, Brown fails to acknowledge

       well-settled case law holding that a defendant’s actions subsequent to a request to proceed pro se

       can be significant to the analysis. Our supreme court has held that

                                “Even if a defendant gives some indication that he wants to

                        proceed pro se, he may later acquiesce in representation by counsel. Under

                        certain circumstances, defendant may acquiesce by vacillating or

                        abandoning an earlier request to proceed pro se. [Citations.] In

                        determining whether a defendant seeks to relinquish counsel, courts may

                        look at the defendant’s conduct following the defendant’s request to

                        represent himself. [Citations.] A defendant may forfeit self-representation

                        by remaining silent at critical junctures of the proceedings. [Citation.]” Id.

                        at 23-24.

¶ 45             Here, Brown’s attempts to convince this court that his requests to proceed pro se on May

       30, 2018, and March 2, 2020, were clear and unequivocal are inconsequential. Regarding his

       May 30, 2018, request, Brown fails to acknowledge the significance of his conduct just weeks

       later before anything else occurred with his case. On June 19, trial counsel filed a motion to

       withdraw, stating that Brown had requested to proceed pro se. Three days later, trial counsel

       withdrew his motion because “I have had further discussions with Mr. Brown since I filed that

       motion [to withdraw].” Clearly, after those discussions, Brown reconsidered his request to

       proceed pro se and instead chose to proceed with counsel. Brown’s acquiescence to

       representation shows that no error occurred regarding his May 30, 2018, request to proceed

       pro se.

                                                          14
¶ 46          Regarding Brown’s March 2, 2020, request, subsequent developments again showed that

       he acquiesced to representation by counsel. At his next court appearance on March 26, Brown

       clearly told the court that he wanted to keep his attorney in the instant 10-count indictment case.

       Accordingly, no error occurred regarding his March 2, 2020, request to proceed pro se.

¶ 47          Because no error occurred regarding either request, we hold Brown to the forfeiture of his

       argument. See Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565.

¶ 48                                     C. Rule 401 Admonishments

¶ 49          Brown’s third argument is that the circuit court failed to properly admonish him under

       Illinois Supreme Court Rule 401 (eff. July 1, 1984) when he waived his right to counsel after

       trial. Once again, Brown claims without explanation that he preserved this error for appellate

       review. Once again, he is incorrect, as he did not include the issue in a posttrial motion. See

       Belknap, 2014 IL 117094, ¶ 66. Alternatively, he requests plain-error review.

¶ 50          As previously noted, the first step under the plain-error doctrine is to determine whether

       error occurred. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565.

¶ 51          Illinois Supreme Court Rule 401(a) (eff. July 1, 1984) addresses waivers of counsel:

              “Any waiver of counsel shall be in open court. The court shall not permit a waiver

              of counsel by a person accused of an offense punishable by imprisonment without

              first, by addressing the defendant personally in open court, informing him of and

              determining that he understands the following:

                              (1) the nature of the charge;

                              (2) the minimum and maximum sentence prescribed by law,

                      including, when applicable, the penalty to which the defendant may be

                      subjected because of prior convictions or consecutive sentences; and

                                                         15
                               (3) that he has a right to counsel and, if he is indigent, to have

                        counsel appointed for him by the court.”

       Strict compliance with Rule 401(a) is not required. People v. Haynes, 174 Ill. 2d 204, 236

       (1996). “[S]ubstantial compliance will be sufficient to effectuate a valid waiver if the record

       indicates that the waiver was made knowingly and voluntarily, and the admonishment the

       defendant received did not prejudice his rights.” Id. “Substantial compliance means a deficiency

       in the admonishments does not prejudice the defendant, either because the defendant already

       knows of the omitted information or because the defendant’s degree of legal sophistication

       makes evident his or her awareness of the omitted information.” People v. Moore, 2014 IL App

       (1st) 112592, ¶ 38. Whether a defendant has validly waived his right to counsel depends on the

       specific circumstances of the case. People v. Redmond, 2018 IL App (1st) 151188, ¶ 17.

¶ 52          At the time the circuit court admonished Brown, he had been convicted of aggravated

       domestic battery, unlawful use of a weapon by a felon, and resisting a peace officer. The court

       did inform Brown of the nature of his aggravated domestic battery conviction, as well as its

       minimum and maximum sentencing range. However, the court did not inform him of anything

       related to his other two less serious convictions. In addition, the court did not inform Brown of

       the possibility of consecutive sentencing or that he had a right to counsel or appointed counsel.

       Thus, the court’s admonishment was inadequate under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 401(a) (eff.

       July 1, 1984).

¶ 53          “[W]hether reversal is required for an imperfect admonishment depends on whether real

       justice has been denied or whether the defendant has been prejudiced by the inadequate

       admonishment.” People v. Fuller, 205 Ill. 2d 308, 323 (2002). In making this assessment, a court

                                                         16
       “may consider the entire record in order to determine whether the defendant understood the

       nature of the charges against him.” Id.

¶ 54          Our review of the record reveals that Brown was neither denied real justice nor

       prejudiced by the inadequate admonishment. First, Brown had just been through an entire trial on

       the 10-count indictment during which he was represented by an experienced attorney; this was

       not a situation in which his request to proceed pro se was granted before trial. Second, Brown

       was not an unsophisticated defendant; his criminal history included four felony convictions. He

       also showed he understood his right to counsel at several points during the life of this case,

       including when he specifically asked for counsel to be appointed for him on November 9, 2020.

       Third, he was informed of the sentencing range on his most serious conviction, which covered

       the sentencing range he would face on concurrent sentences. Fourth, while the circuit court did

       not inform Brown of the possibility of consecutive sentencing, he did not receive consecutive

       sentences.

¶ 55          In fact, Brown’s sole attempt at arguing how he was impacted by the inadequate

       admonishment appears in just one sentence in his brief: “The court’s action was prejudicial to

       [Brown], considering that Krankel counsel was allowed to withdraw, and [Brown] ultimately

       represented himself at his Krankel hearing when the court should have instead appointed new

       counsel to represent him at that hearing ***.” Brown appears to be arguing that he was

       prejudiced because, had he received the entirety of the Rule 401 admonishment, he would not

       have sought to proceed pro se at his Krankel hearing. Brown’s argument is purely speculative

       and not at all persuasive. Under the circumstances of this case, we hold that the record reflects

       the circuit court substantially complied with Rule 401 and that Brown knowingly and

       intelligently waived his right to counsel.

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¶ 56                                           D. Krankel Hearing

¶ 57          Brown’s fourth argument is that the circuit court erred when it failed to follow proper

       Krankel procedures regarding his pro se motions for a new trial based on ineffective assistance

       of counsel.

¶ 58          “Krankel serves the narrow purpose of allowing the trial court to decide whether to

       appoint independent counsel to argue a defendant’s pro se posttrial ineffective assistance

       claims.” People v. Patrick, 2011 IL 111666, ¶ 39.

                      “New counsel is not automatically required in every case in which a

                      defendant presents a pro se posttrial motion alleging ineffective assistance

                      of counsel. Rather, when a defendant presents a pro se posttrial claim of

                      ineffective assistance of counsel, the trial court should first examine the

                      factual basis of the defendant’s claim. If the trial court determines that the

                      claim lacks merit or pertains only to matters of trial strategy, then the court

                      need not appoint new counsel and may deny the pro se motion. However,

                      if the allegations show possible neglect of the case, new counsel should be

                      appointed.” People v. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68, 77-78 (2003).

       During the inquiry, “some interchange between the trial court and trial counsel regarding the

       facts and circumstances surrounding the allegedly ineffective representation is permissible and

       usually necessary.” Id. at 78. “A brief discussion between the trial court and the defendant may

       be sufficient.” Id. In addition, the court may base its decision on the facial sufficiency of the

       claims and its knowledge of how defense counsel performed at trial. Id. at 79.

¶ 59          Brown’s argument on this issue has two parts. First, he claims that the circuit court

       should have conducted a Krankel preliminary determination before May 3, 2021, and the failure

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       to do so requires a remand. Second, he claims that the circuit court erred by not appointing new

       counsel for the May 3, 2021, hearing and allowing Brown to represent himself at that hearing.

       These arguments are without merit.

¶ 60          “A trial court’s failure to appoint new counsel to argue a defendant’s pro se motion

       claiming ineffective assistance of counsel can be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 80.

       In this case, even if Brown is correct that the circuit court failed to conduct a proper Krankel

       inquiry, the fact remains that the court did appoint new counsel for him. It cannot seriously be

       argued that actually appointing new counsel somehow prejudiced Brown. Further, to the extent

       that Brown argues new counsel was unable to investigate matters related to the ineffective-

       assistance claims and that the court should have appointed counsel anyway, Brown created the

       problem himself by requesting counsel to withdraw so he could proceed pro se. See, e.g., People

       v. Carter, 208 Ill. 2d 309, 319 (2003) (holding that “[u]nder the doctrine of invited error, an

       accused may not request to proceed in one manner and then later contend on appeal that the

       course of action was in error”). Under the circumstances of this case, including the fact that the

       circuit court substantially complied with Rule 401 when private counsel sought to withdraw at

       Brown’s request, we hold that the record demonstrates the meritless nature of Brown’s Krankel-

       based argument. See, e.g., People v. Nitz, 143 Ill. 2d 82, 135 (1991) (holding that the record

       demonstrated the meritless nature of the defendant’s Krankel argument and that the circuit court

       failure to appoint new counsel was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt).

¶ 61                                           III. CONCLUSION

¶ 62          The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is affirmed.

¶ 63          Affirmed.

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                     People v. Brown, 2023 IL App (3d) 210181

Decision Under Review:    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Will County, No. 18-CF-601;
                          the Hon. Carmen J. Goodman, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                 Leah Patton, of Ames, Iowa, for appellant.
for
Appellant:

Attorneys                 James W. Glasgow, State’s Attorney, of Joliet (Patrick Delfino,
for                       Thomas D. Arado, and Korin I. Navarro, of State’s Attorneys
Appellee:                 Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

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