Court Opinion

ID: 2812642
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-29 17:03:12.78795+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:24.969986
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                             JUN 25 2015
 1                         NOT FOR PUBLICATION
 2                                                       SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                           U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                           OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )      BAP No.     CC-14-1351-DTaKu
                                   )
 6   WILLIAM MICHAEL WATSON,       )      Bk.   No.    2:12-bk-34557
                                   )
 7                  Debtor.        )
     ______________________________)
 8                                 )
     WILLIAM MICHAEL WATSON        )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )      MEMORANDUM1
11                                 )
     DAVID ALAN GILL, Chapter 7    )
12   Trustee,                      )
                                   )
13                  Appellee.      )
     ______________________________)
14
                     Argued and Submitted on June 18, 2015
15                          at Pasadena, California
16                           Filed - June 25, 2015
17            Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                  for the Central District of California
18
         Honorable Thomas B. Donovan, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
19
20   Appearances:     Michael Gordon York argued for Appellant; Kevin D.
                      Meek of Danning, Gill, Diamond & Kollitz, LLP
21                    argued for Appellee.
22
     Before: DUNN, TAYLOR AND KURTZ, Bankruptcy Judges.
23
24
25
26        1
           This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
     have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
28   See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
 1        Chapter 72 debtor William Michael Watson (“Debtor”) appeals
 2   from the bankruptcy court’s Order Allowing Administrative Claims,
 3   Professional Fees and Expenses, [and] Trustee’s Fees and
 4   Expenses.    We AFFIRM.
 5                                 I. FACTS
 6        The Debtor filed his chapter 7 petition on July 17, 2012.
 7   Appellee David A. Gill (“Trustee”) was appointed the chapter 7
 8   trustee.    On the Debtor’s Schedule A, he listed a one-half
 9   interest in “21 undeveloped acres in Louisiana” (the
10   “Properties”) which the Debtor valued at $10,000.00.    The Debtor
11   claimed an exemption in the Properties in the amount of
12   $10,000.00, pursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure
13   § 703.140(b)(1).
14        The Properties, which comprised two parcels, were co-owned
15   with the Debtor’s brother, Gary Sherman.    The Debtor told the
16   Trustee that, pursuant to an oral agreement between Mr. Sherman
17   and the Debtor, Mr. Sherman was to receive one parcel, and the
18   Debtor was to retain the other.    However, the title had not been
19   changed to reflect such an agreement.    When the Trustee expressed
20   his belief that the Properties might be worth more than their
21   scheduled value, the Debtor obtained an appraisal, which valued
22   the Properties at $59,000.00.    The Trustee concluded that the
23   value of the Debtor’s pre-petition interest in the Properties,
24
25
          2
           Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, section and rule
26   references are to the federal Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-
27   1532, and to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules
     1001-9037. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are referred to
28   as “Civil Rules.”

                                       2
 1   net of his exemption, was $24,500.00.
 2        The Trustee decided to pursue the estate’s interest in the
 3   Properties.   To facilitate this, the Trustee hired Danning, Gill,
 4   Diamond & Kollitz, LLP (“Danning Gill”) as his general counsel.
 5   Danning Gill began its work for the Trustee on January 23, 2013,
 6   but did not file an employment application at that time.
 7        At some point, the Debtor offered to buy the estate’s
 8   interest in the Properties.   Negotiations followed between the
 9   Debtor’s counsel and Danning Gill.   On June 27, 2013,
10   approximately five months after Danning Gill’s employment began,
11   the Trustee filed a motion for authority to settle the matter.
12   Under the settlement, the Debtor was to pay $16,550.00 to the
13   Trustee in exchange for the estate’s interest in the Properties.
14   The bankruptcy court approved the settlement on July 24, 2013.
15   Seven days later, the Debtor paid the Trustee as agreed.    That
16   $16,550.00 payment constituted the entirety of the estate’s
17   receipts.
18        In November 2013, Danning Gill discovered during the
19   preparation of its final fee application that it never had
20   requested bankruptcy court approval of its employment.   To remedy
21   this oversight, on November 27, 2013, the Trustee filed an
22   application to employ Danning Gill nunc pro tunc as of
23   January 23, 2013 (“Nunc Pro Tunc Application”).   In an attached
24   declaration, Danning Gill attorney Eric P. Israel attributed the
25   failure to make a timely application to “inadvertence or
26   oversight.”   Mr. Israel further explained that, due to the
27   protracted nature of the settlement negotiations, he had not
28   followed his usual procedure for filing employment applications.

                                      3
 1        The Debtor opposed the Nunc Pro Tunc Application.    In his
 2   accompanying Memorandum of Points and Authorities, the Debtor did
 3   not challenge Danning Gill’s disinterestedness or any other
 4   criterion for eligibility to serve as general counsel for the
 5   estate.   Rather, the Debtor argued that inadvertence or oversight
 6   was insufficient to establish extraordinary circumstances
 7   justifying nunc pro tunc approval of employment.
 8        The Trustee filed a reply memorandum, arguing that the
 9   application should be approved, because Danning Gill had offered
10   a satisfactory explanation for its delay in submitting an
11   application, and because Danning Gill’s work had provided a
12   significant benefit to the estate.
13        The bankruptcy court set the matter for hearing and entered
14   a tentative ruling (“Tentative Ruling”).   In the Tentative
15   Ruling, the bankruptcy court proposed to grant the Nunc Pro Tunc
16   Application over the Debtor’s opposition and stated as follows:
17        [The Nunc Pro Tunc Application] should be granted
          because:
18
          (1) The delay was adequately explained,
19
          (2) The delay was inadvertent,
20
          (3) The delay amounts to harmless error,
21
          (4) The services performed resulted in a significant
22        benefit to the estate,
23        (5) Indeed, the services resulted in the only recovery
          to the estate,
24
          (6) The fees requested are very reasonable in relation
25        to the $16,550.00 cash recovery to the estate,
26        (7) All requirements of 11 U.S.C. § 327 are met by
          attorneys, and
27
          (8) But for these services performed at risk to the
28        attorneys, the estate would have recovered nothing.

                                      4
 1   In its Tentative Ruling, the bankruptcy court waived appearances
 2   at the January 9 hearing.
 3        On January 23, 2014, the bankruptcy court entered an order
 4   approving the Nunc Pro Tunc Application (“Nunc Pro Tunc Order”).
 5   The bankruptcy court noted in the Nunc Pro Tunc Order that it
 6   appeared:
 7        that it is necessary that the Trustee employ Danning,
          Gill, Diamond & Kollitz, LLP, and [that] its partners
 8        and employees do not hold or represent any interest
          adverse to the Debtor, the creditors, or the estate,
 9        and are disinterested persons as that term is defined
          in 11 U.S.C. § 101(14) and used in 11 U.S.C. § 327(a),
10        and that Danning, Gill, Diamond & Kollitz, LLP’s
          employment nunc pro tunc is justified in this case[.]
11
12        On March 5, 2014, Danning Gill submitted its first and final
13   fee application (“Fee Application”).   Attached to the Fee
14   Application, Danning Gill provided a narrative of its services,
15   along with detailed billing records beginning on January 23,
16   2013.    Danning Gill requested total fees of $9,157.00 and expense
17   reimbursement in the amount of $1,053.47.3
18        The Trustee submitted his final report and applications for
19   compensation (“Final Report”) on May 15, 2014.   The Final Report
20   revealed that the balance of funds on hand in the estate amounted
21   to $15,616.27, all of which were derived from the settlement
22   between the Debtor and the Trustee.4   The Final Report proposed
23
24        3
           Danning Gill did not charge any fees for the time it spent
25   responding to the Debtor’s opposition to the Nunc Pro Tunc
     Application.
26
          4
27         This figure represents the balance after payment of bank
     service fees and fees of Swicker & Associates Accountancy Corp.,
28   whose compensation had been approved in a prior order.

                                       5
 1   payment to the Trustee in the total amount of $2,683.55 for fees
 2   and expenses, and to Danning Gill in the amount requested in the
 3   Fee Application.   The remaining $2,722.25 was to be paid to
 4   priority creditors with claims totaling $28,169.41.
 5        The Debtor filed an opposition to the Final Report on
 6   June 17, 2014.   In an accompanying memorandum, the Debtor made
 7   two arguments.   First, the Debtor argued in general terms that
 8   the fees were unreasonably high in proportion to the estate’s
 9   assets, but the Debtor did not specify any particular charges
10   that he deemed unreasonable.   However, the Debtor’s main reason
11   for opposing the Final Report was his continuing displeasure with
12   the bankruptcy court’s Nunc Pro Tunc Order.   The Debtor argued
13   that Danning Gill’s compensation should be limited to the fees it
14   charged for work done after the entry of the Nunc Pro Tunc Order.
15        In response to the Debtor’s opposition, the Trustee noted
16   that the bankruptcy court had already overruled the Debtor’s
17   objection to the Nunc Pro Tunc Application.
18        The bankruptcy court scheduled a hearing on the Final Report
19   for July 2, 2014, and again waived appearances.   On July 3, 2014,
20   the bankruptcy court entered an order allowing the requested fees
21   (“Compensation Order”).   In its Compensation Order, the
22   bankruptcy court made the following statement regarding the
23   Debtor’s opposition to the Final Report:
24        Debtor’s opposition, filed June 17, 2014, to the
          Trustee’s Final Report and Applications for
25        Compensation is overruled, for all the reasons set
          forth in the Trustee’s application and in the Trustee’s
26        reply, filed June 24, 2014, to the Debtor’s opposition.
          The court issued a tentative ruling to grant the
27        Trustee’s application and excused appearances at the
          hearing scheduled on July 2, 2014 at 11:00 a.m. Nobody
28        appeared at the hearing.

                                      6
 1        The Debtor filed a timely Notice of Appeal from the
 2   Compensation Order on July 14, 2014.       The Trustee filed a motion
 3   with the BAP to dismiss the Debtor’s appeal for lack of standing.
 4   The Debtor argued in response that his nondischargeable priority
 5   tax debts constituted a sufficient pecuniary interest to
 6   establish standing.   Specifically, the Debtor argued that
 7   reversal of the Compensation Order and reduction of Danning
 8   Gill’s approved fees would increase payments to priority
 9   creditors and lessen his post-bankruptcy obligations.       Our
10   motions panel agreed with the Debtor and denied the motion to
11   dismiss.
12                             II.    JURISDICTION
13        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
14   §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A).       We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
15   § 158.
16                                   III. ISSUES
17        1.    Whether the Debtor has standing to appeal.
18        2.    Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in
19   granting the Nunc Pro Tunc Order and the Compensation Order.
20                         IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
21        We review the bankruptcy court’s award of attorney fees for
22   an abuse of discretion.    Smith v. Edwards & Hale (In re Smith),
23   317 F.3d 918, 923 (9th Cir. 2002).       A bankruptcy court’s order
24   approving the employment of professionals nunc pro tunc is
25   likewise reviewed for abuse of discretion.       Atkins v. Wain
26   (In re Atkins), 69 F.3d 970, 973 (9th Cir. 1995).
27        A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it applies an
28   incorrect legal standard or misapplies the correct legal

                                          7
 1   standard, or if its factual findings are illogical, implausible
 2   or unsupported by evidence in the record.      TrafficSchool.com,
 3   Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th Cir. 2011).        Only if
 4   the bankruptcy court did not apply the correct legal standard or
 5   improperly applied it, or if its fact findings were illogical,
 6   implausible, or without support in inferences that can be drawn
 7   from facts in the record, is it proper to conclude that the
 8   bankruptcy court abused its discretion.      United States v.
 9   Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).
10        We may affirm the decision of the bankruptcy court on any
11   basis supported by the record.    See ASARCO, LLC v. Union Pac. R.
12   Co., 765 F.3d 999, 1004 (9th Cir. 2014); Shanks v. Dressel,
13   540 F.3d 1082, 1086 (9th Cir. 2008).
14                                V. DISCUSSION
15   A.   Standing
16        As a threshold matter, the Trustee renews his argument that
17   the Debtor lacks standing to bring this appeal.      Standing is “a
18   jurisdictional requirement which remains open to review at all
19   stages of the litigation.”    Nat’l Org. for Women, Inc. v.
20   Scheidler, 510 U.S. 249, 255 (1994).    Therefore, we consider the
21   Trustee’s standing argument here.
22        Standing in bankruptcy appeals exists only for those parties
23   who are “directly and adversely affected pecuniarily” by the
24   bankruptcy court’s order.    Fondiller v. Robertson
25   (In re Fondiller), 707 F.2d 441, 442 (9th Cir. 1983); Paine v.
26   Dickey (In re Paine), 250 B.R. 99, 104 (9th Cir. BAP 2000).       A
27   debtor has standing if the order would “diminish the debtor’s
28   property, increase his burdens, or detrimentally affect his

                                        8
 1   rights.”    Paine, 250 B.R. at 99, citing Fondiller, 707 F.2d at
 2   442.
 3          The Trustee argues that the Debtor’s only interest in the
 4   appeal is “speculative” and “tangential.”       Appellee Brief at 19.
 5   The Trustee asserts that reversal by this Panel cannot provide
 6   any possible financial benefit to the Debtor.
 7          We agree with the motions panel’s decision to deny the
 8   motion to dismiss for the reason that the existence of
 9   nondischargeable claims can suffice to confer standing on a
10   debtor to appeal from orders affecting the size of the estate.
11   Cukierman v. Uecker (In re Cukierman), 242 B.R. 486, 488 n.2 (9th
12   Cir. BAP 1999), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, on other grounds,
13   265 F.3d 846 (9th Cir. 2001).       As the Trustee points out, the
14   primary issue in Cukierman was a landlord’s entitlement to an
15   administrative claim against the estate.       In that case, as in
16   this one, the debtor’s interest in the controversy was the amount
17   of money that would remain in the estate to pay his priority
18   creditors.    Id. at 488.     The Panel held that this was a
19   sufficient pecuniary interest to confer standing to appeal.         It
20   suffices here as well.
21   B.     The Orders on Appeal
22          Section 330 provides for compensation of attorneys out of
23   funds of the bankruptcy estate.       Bankruptcy courts may award
24   “reasonable compensation for actual, necessary services” rendered
25   by the attorney and “reimbursement for actual, necessary
26   expenses.”    In his opposition to the Final Report, the Debtor
27   argued that Danning Gill’s fees were unreasonably high in light
28   of the amount of benefit to the estate and in proportion to the

                                          9
 1   estate’s total assets.   However, the Debtor makes no such
 2   argument on appeal, and we do not consider the issue, as it is
 3   waived.   See Greenwood v. F.A.A., 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir.
 4   1994); Miller v. Fairchild Indus., Inc., 797 F.2d 727, 738 (9th
 5   Cir. 1986).   Instead, the Debtor argues that the bankruptcy court
 6   never should have granted the Nunc Pro Tunc Application and that
 7   Danning Gill therefore was not entitled to any compensation for
 8   the services it provided before its employment was approved.
 9        “Failure to receive court approval for the employment of a
10   professional in accordance with § 327 and Rule 2014 precludes the
11   payment of fees.”   Shirley v. DeRonde (In re Shirley), 134 B.R.
12   940, 943 (9th Cir. BAP 1992).   Therefore, if the bankruptcy court
13   abused its discretion in granting the Nunc Pro Tunc Order
14   authorizing Danning Gill’s employment as of January 23, 2013, it
15   follows that Danning Gill was not entitled to payment for legal
16   services prior to entry of the Nunc Pro Tunc Order.
17        Nunc pro tunc employment is available in “exceptional
18   circumstances.”   Atkins, 69 F.3d at 974.   To establish such
19   circumstances, the applicant must (1) give a satisfactory
20   explanation for the failure to obtain pre-employment approval;
21   and (2) show that its services conferred a significant benefit on
22   the bankruptcy estate.   Id.; Law Offices of Ivan W. Halperin v.
23   Occidental Fin. Group, Inc. (In re Occidental Fin. Group, Inc.),
24   40 F.3d 1059, 1062 (9th Cir. 1994); Okamoto v. THC Fin. Corp.
25   (In re THC Fin. Corp.), 837 F.2d 389, 392 (9th Cir. 1988).      The
26   bankruptcy court considering such an application may also, in its
27   discretion, rely on other factors, such as those set forth in
28   In re Twinton Props. P’ship, 27 B.R. 817, 819-20 (Bankr. M.D.

                                     10
 1   Tenn. 1983) (see infra at pp. 15-16).   Atkins, 69 F.3d at 976.
 2   Of course, the applicant also must meet the criteria for
 3   employment under § 327.   Id.; Mehdipour v. Marcus & Millichap
 4   (In re Mehdipour), 202 B.R. 474, 479 (9th Cir. BAP 1996).
 5         1.   Satisfactory Explanation
 6         In its Tentative Ruling on the Nunc Pro Tunc Application,
 7   the bankruptcy court announced its tentative conclusion that the
 8   “delay [in applying for employment] was adequately explained.”
 9   The Debtor takes issue with this conclusion, arguing that Danning
10   Gill’s delay was the result of mere negligence, which the Debtor
11   asserts cannot be a satisfactory explanation.   Although
12   statements in certain decisions of the Panel appear at first
13   glance to support this contention, a closer examination of these
14   decisions reveals flaws in the argument.
15              a.   In re Downtown Inv. Club III
16         In Andrew v. Coopersmith (In re Downtown Inv. Club III),
17   89 B.R. 59 (9th Cir. BAP 1988), in reversing the bankruptcy
18   court, the panel commented that “a nunc pro tunc order is
19   improperly sought” when the delay is due to “mere negligence or
20   inadvertence,” and that retroactive employment is inappropriate
21   “where the lateness in seeking court approval . . . is
22   accompanied by inexcusable or unexplained negligence.”     Id. at
23   63.   The panel went on to emphasize that the applicant firm in
24   that case had not applied for employment under § 327 at all.       Id.
25   In other words, the firm’s “lateness” was a total failure to seek
26   authorization of its employment prior to requesting fees.     In
27   addition, a conflict of interest precluded approval of its
28   application in any event, even if the firm had filed one

                                     11
 1   properly.    Id. at 64.   On the nature of the conflict, the panel
 2   noted, “[a] clearer conflict, representation of both the lender
 3   and the borrower, can hardly be imagined.”      Id.
 4        The panel in Downtown Investment did not cite the Ninth
 5   Circuit’s then-recent decision in THC Fin. Corp., which
 6   established the two-part test for exceptional circumstances.         The
 7   panel did not specifically address whether the firm’s explanation
 8   for its delay was satisfactory.    It did, however, indirectly
 9   address the second THC Fin. Corp. standard, whether the firm’s
10   services benefitted the estate.    The bankruptcy court had
11   required the party opposing the application to show that the
12   firm’s services had not provided a benefit, which the panel noted
13   was an erroneous allocation of the burden of proof.       Downtown
14   Investment, 89 B.R. at 64.    In short, the panel predicated its
15   finding of an abuse of discretion on far more than the “mere
16   negligence or inadvertence” of the applicant firm in failing to
17   seek timely approval of its employment.5
18               b.   In re Shirley
19        The Shirley panel stated in a footnote: “Mere negligence
20   does not constitute an exceptional circumstance justifying the
21   entry of a retroactive order [of employment].”        Shirley, 134 B.R.
22   at 943 n.4, citing Credit Alliance Corp. v. Boies (In re Crook),
23   79 B.R. 475 (9th Cir. BAP 1987).       The cited decision, Crook, was
24   decided before THC Fin. Corp. and Atkins, and did not apply the
25
26        5
           The panel also discussed other problems with the bankruptcy
27   court’s orders, including lack of notice of the underlying
     motions. See also In re Gutterman, 239 B.R. 828 (N.D. Cal. 1999)
28   (describing the facts of Downtown Investment as “egregious”).

                                       12
 1   two-part exceptional circumstances test.        Thus, it is of limited
 2   application in analyzing the “satisfactory explanation” element
 3   of that test.
 4          As in Downtown Investment, the Shirley panel does not appear
 5   to have based its decision to any significant extent on the “mere
 6   negligence” issue.        Shirley was an appeal in a chapter 11 case in
 7   which the attorney for the debtor in possession made no
 8   application for employment under § 327.        Shirley, 134 B.R. at
 9   940.       Instead, he filed a “Substitution of Attorney” in the
10   bankruptcy court, signed by the attorney and the debtor, for
11   which he neither sought nor received court approval.6        Id.   The
12   primary issue in Shirley was not whether the bankruptcy court
13   permissibly could have approved the attorney’s employment nunc
14   pro tunc, which it did not do in any event.        Rather, the appeal
15   concerned the question whether relief from stay was available to
16   the attorney to pursue his fees in state court.        This appears to
17   have been the panel’s reason for confining the “mere negligence”
18   discussion, arguably as dicta, in a three-sentence footnote.
19                  c.     The current appeal
20          In his declaration filed in support of the Nunc Pro Tunc
21   Application, Danning Gill attorney Eric Israel explained that the
22   firm failed to make a timely application due to “inadvertence or
23   oversight.”         Mr. Israel went on to state that the peculiarities
24   of the case, and in particular the negotiations over a period of
25
26          6
           The Panel noted that the attorney had prepared an ex parte
27   application for nunc pro tunc employment, but that application
     had not been signed by the debtor or approved by the bankruptcy
28   court.

                                           13
 1   months between Danning Gill and the Debtor’s attorney, had
 2   prevented him from following Danning Gill’s usual procedures to
 3   ensure timely filing.   Finally, Mr. Israel declared that the
 4   firm’s mistake was “an isolated incident.”    This statement stands
 5   unchallenged in the record on which the bankruptcy court based
 6   its decision.
 7        The bankruptcy court, in its Tentative Ruling, deemed
 8   Danning Gill’s delay in applying for approval of its employment
 9   “inadvertent” and “harmless.”   These characterizations find
10   support in the record, as does the bankruptcy court’s statement
11   that “the delay was adequately explained.”    The above-discussed
12   cases, which involved much more serious lapses on the part of the
13   applicants, do not preclude such a conclusion.
14        This is not to say that the bankruptcy court was required to
15   find this explanation satisfactory.    If, in the exercise of its
16   discretion, the bankruptcy court had arrived at an opposite
17   conclusion, we would be disinclined to reverse.   However, the
18   bankruptcy court, by virtue of its proximity to the circumstances
19   of the litigation and its acquaintance with the quality of
20   Danning Gill’s practice in general, was in the best position to
21   evaluate Danning Gill’s explanation.   See Pincay v. Andrews,
22   389 F.3d 858, 859 (9th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (trial court is in
23   best position to evaluate law firm’s explanation of its mistake).
24   In these circumstances, the bankruptcy court did not abuse its
25   discretion when it determined that Danning Gill satisfactorily
26   explained its failure to make a timely application.
27        2.   Significant benefit to the estate
28        There appears to be no dispute that Danning Gill’s services

                                     14
 1   to the Trustee resulted in a significant benefit to the
 2   bankruptcy estate.    Indeed, the settlement Danning Gill
 3   negotiated with the Debtor was the sole source of funds for the
 4   estate.   As the bankruptcy court noted in its Tentative Ruling,
 5   “the services [provided by Danning Gill] resulted in the only
 6   recovery to the estate[.]”
 7        3.    Other factors
 8        The Ninth Circuit has held that a bankruptcy court, in the
 9   exercise of its discretion in deciding whether to grant a nunc
10   pro tunc employment application, may, but need not, consider
11   additional factors, including those enumerated in Twinton
12   Properties.    Atkins, 69 F.3d at 976.   The Twinton Properties
13   factors are:
14        1. The debtor, trustee or committee [to whom or to
          which the services were rendered] expressly contracted
15        with the professional person to perform the services
          which were thereafter rendered;
16
          2. The party for whom the work was performed approves
17        the entry of the nunc pro tunc order;
18        3. The applicant has provided notice of the
          application to creditors and parties in interest and
19        has provided an opportunity for filing objections;
20        4. No creditor or party in interest offers reasonable
          objection to the entry of the nunc pro tunc order;
21
          5. The professional satisfied all the criteria for
22        employment pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 327 and [Rule 2014]
          of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure at or
23        before the time services were actually commenced and
          remained qualified during the period for which services
24        were provided;
25        6. The work was performed properly, efficiently, and
          to a high standard of quality;
26
          7. No actual or potential prejudice will inure to the
27        estate or other parties in interest;
28        8.   The applicant’s failure to seek pre-employment

                                      15
 1        approval is satisfactorily explained; and
 2        9. The applicant exhibits no pattern of inattention or
          negligence in soliciting judicial approval for the
 3        employment of professionals.
 4   Twinton Properties, 69 B.R. at 819-20, quoted in Atkins, 69 F.3d
 5   at 974.7
 6        Although the bankruptcy court’s Tentative Ruling did not
 7   make explicit reference to Twinton Properties, a number of the
 8   court’s observations correspond to Twinton Properties factors.
 9        The bankruptcy court’s remark that “the delay amounts to
10   harmless error” is consistent with the seventh Twinton Properties
11   factor, regarding lack of prejudice to the estate or other
12   parties in interest.   The Debtor does not argue that he suffered
13   any prejudice from Danning Gill’s delay in submitting its
14   application.   Although the estate would be left with more money
15   in the absence of Danning Gill’s fees, it does not follow that
16   the delay in the application prejudiced the estate or the Debtor.
17   If Danning Gill had applied timely, the situation would have been
18   no different for the Debtor or for the estate.   Indeed, Danning
19   Gill did not charge any fees for its work in responding to the
20   Debtor’s opposition to the Nunc Pro Tunc Application.   Thus, even
21   though the episode resulted in more work for Danning Gill, it did
22   not diminish the estate’s assets.
23        The bankruptcy court also found that Danning Gill’s fees
24
          7
25         The Twinton Properties court presented these nine items as
     required criteria that must be satisfied before nunc pro tunc
26   approval can be granted. However, under Atkins, they are simply
27   factors that the bankruptcy court may consider in its discretion,
     although some of the factors overlap with the required elements
28   of the two-part THC Financial Corp. test.

                                     16
 1   were “very reasonable in relation to the $16,550.00 cash recovery
 2   to the estate[.]”   This corresponds to the sixth Twinton
 3   Properties factor, which concerns the quality and efficiency of
 4   the professional’s work.   Similarly, the observation that “but
 5   for [the] services performed at risk to the attorneys, the estate
 6   would have recovered nothing” speaks to the quality and
 7   efficiency of Danning Gill’s performance.
 8        The ninth Twinton Properties factor, lack of a pattern of
 9   inattention or negligence on the part of the professional, was
10   not discussed in the bankruptcy court’s Tentative Ruling, but it
11   was mentioned in Mr. Israel’s declaration.     Mr. Israel referred
12   to his firm’s mistake as “an isolated incident.”     The need to
13   deter attorneys from neglecting the requirements of § 327 is less
14   pressing when there is no reason to fear that the firm will
15   repeat its mistake in the future.      See In re Gutterman, 239 B.R.
16   at 831.
17        The bankruptcy court was not required to consider any of
18   these factors in reaching its decision.     However, it properly
19   exercised its discretion by doing so.
20        4.   Requirements of § 327
21        “Applying for nunc pro tunc approval does not alleviate the
22   professional from meeting the requirements of § 327; the
23   professional still must show that it was disinterested.”
24   Mehdipour, 202 B.R. at 479.   After stating in its Tentative
25   Ruling that Danning Gill met all requirements of § 327, the
26   bankruptcy court found in its Nunc Pro Tunc Order that Danning
27   Gill and its partners and employees did “not hold or represent
28   any interest adverse to the Debtor, the creditors, or the estate,

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 1   and [were] disinterested persons as that term is defined in
 2   11 U.S.C. § 101(14) and used in 11 U.S.C. § 327(a)[.]”   The
 3   Debtor does not dispute this conclusion, and the record supports
 4   it.
 5                             VI. CONCLUSION
 6         Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the Nunc Pro Tunc
 7   Order was not an abuse of the bankruptcy court’s discretion.
 8   Consequently, we conclude that the Compensation Order also was
 9   not an abuse of discretion.   We AFFIRM.
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