Court Opinion

ID: 8210067
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-28 20:01:45.195546+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:47.434115
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

  NATIONAL PUBLIC RADIO, INC. and
  TOM DREISBACH,

           Plaintiffs,

  v.                                                        Case No. 1:20-cv-2468-RCL

  U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND
  SECURITY,

           Defendant.

                                  MEMORANDUl\11 OPINION

          This case concerns a request that · plaintiffs National Public Radio, Inc. ("NPR") and

investigative journalist Tom Dreisbach (together, "NPR") made of defendant, the United States

Department of Homeland Security ("DHS" or "the Department"), pursuant to the Freedom of

Information Act ("FOIA"), Pub. L. No. 89-487, 80 Stat. 250 (1966), for certain information

pertaining to the detention of migrants at the southern border.

          Before the Court are the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment, ECF Nos. 17 and

19. For the reasons that follow, Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment will be DENIED, and

Plaintiffs' Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment will be GRANTED.

                                     I.   BACKGROUND

       A. NPR's FOIA Request

         The FOIA request at issue concerns records of DHS's Office of Civil Rights and Civil

Liberties ("CRCL"), which works to ensure that DHS 's policies and activities "preserv[e]

individual liberty, fairness, and equality under the law," including through investigating

complaints filed by the public. Def. 's Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ,r 3, ECF No. 17-2.

                                                 1
         NPR submitted a FOIA request to DHS on December 5, 2019, seeking all "inspection and

 investigative reports from CRCL examinations of immigration detention facilities under the

 auspices of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) from January 1, 2014 to December

5, 2019," excluding "personal identifying information about employees and detainees of

immigration detention facilities." Compl. ,r 14, ECF No. 1. DHS responded in March 2020, stating

that it had located 1,076 pages of responsive records but that it would withhold those records in

full pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 5 and 6-the deliberative process and personnel privacy

exemptions, respectively. Letter, James Holzer to Tom Dreisbach (Mar. 16, 2020), Ex. 3 to

Compl., ECF No. 1-3.

         NPR appealed that decision to the Office of the Chief Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ")

for the Coast Guard, who handles DHS's FOIA appeals. The ALJ "agree[d]" with DHS that the

withheld documents "are 'intra-agency or inter-agency' documents as contemplated under

Exemption 5," and that "some of the documents appear to be predecisional on their face," but he

was "uncertain whether any of the predecisional recommendations in these documents were ever

adopted by the Agency." June 20, 2020 ALJ Op. at 2, Ex. 5 to Compl., ECF No. 1-5. The ALJ also

stated that he was "unable to determine whether the Agency properly applied Exemption 5 to

purely factual information in the responsive documents, which federal courts generally prohibit."

Id. "Moreover," he noted, "as various federal courts recognize, when possible, the Agency must

segregate and produce this factual information from the portion of the documents covered by the

deliberative process privilege." Id. at 3. Accordingly, the ALJ remanded to DHS "to provide [his]

office with a further explanation concerning whether the factual materials should/could be

segregated and produced," at which point he would "be equipped to rule on whether Exemption 6

applies." Id.

                                               2
          DHS responded to the ALJ's remand by providing an explanation of the predecisional

 nature of the documents, but it did not provide any explanation of segregability. Thus, the ALJ

 determined that DHS "did not fully comply with [his] request." Aug. 20, 2020 ALJ Op. at 1, Ex.

 6 to Campi., ECF No. 1-6. Because the ALJ determined that "another remand would only delay

 the final administrative action in this case, [he] provid[ ed] [NPR] with [a] letter constituting final

agency action" so that NPR could "appeal this matter to Federal District Court to seek further

relief." Id.

     B. Proceedings in this Court

         NPR filed the present action on September 3, 2020, seeking declaratory and injunctive

relief. On October 9, 2020, the Court ordered DHS to file a Vaughn index 1 and accompanying

dispositive motion within 30 days. See Order, ECF No. 9. On the parties' joint motion, the Court

vacated that deadline and approved a scheduling order proposed by DHS, whereby DHS would

process the documents at issue on a rolling basis, with multiple joint status reports concluding by

April 12, 2021. See Order, ECF No. 11; Joint Mot. to Vac. Briefing Schedule at 3-4, ECF No. 10.

         Pursuant to the scheduling order, DHS produced 1,094 pages of responsive documents to

NPR between December 2020 and February 2021, but those documents were extensively redacted

pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 5 and 6. Pis.' Statement of Undisputed Material Facts                       if 29,   ECF

No.19-2; Def.'s Response to Pis.' Statement of Undisputed Material Facts ,r 29, ECF No. 20-1. In

an April 30, 2021 joint status report, the parties agreed that NPR would "identify a sample set of

up to ten reports drawn from the full set of responsive records ... that include contested Exemption

5 withholdings." Joint Status Rep. (Apr. 30, 2021) at 1-2, ECF No. 12. Within 30 days thereafter,

1
  A Vaughn index is a table, common in FOIA cases, "describing the withheld documents and explaining why the
withheld information fell under the claimed exemptions." Larson v. Dep 't ofState, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009)
(citing Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820 (D.C. Cir. 1973)).

                                                         3
 DHS would "prepare and produce to [NPR], through counsel, a draft Vaughn index that [would]

 include a description of the Exemption 5 withholdings for the sample reports that [NPR]

 identified." Id. Then the parties would "confer to determine if the parties' disputes on contested

Exemption 5 withholdings can be resolved without the Court' s involvement." Id. at 2. Only NPR,

however, stuck to that plan. NPR identified a sample set of six reports on May 4, 2021, but by June

29, 2021-more than 50 days later-DRS still had not produced a draft Vaughn index. See Joint

Status Rep. (June 29, 2021) at 1-2, ECF No. 14. The parties apparently determined that they would

not be able to resolve the dispute without the Court's involvement, and they filed a joint proposed

summary judgment briefing schedule on November 3, 2021, see ECF No. 15, which the Court

approved, see ECF No. 16.

        Pursuant to the summary judgment scheduling order, DHS filed its motion for summary

judgment and accompanying Vaughn index, ECF Nos. 17, 17-3, on December 15, 2021. NPR filed

its cross-motion for summary judgment, ECF No. 19, on January 14, 2022. With the summary

judgment briefing now complete, both motions are ripe for review.

                                II.    LEGAL STAND ARDS

    A. FOIA and its Exemptions

       FOIA provides a mechanism for members of the public to obtain government records. The

statute "mandates a strong presumption in favor of disclosure," A. C.L. U v. US. Dep 't of Just.,

655 F.3d 1, 5 (D.C. Cir. '2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), and "agencies may

withhold only those documents or portions thereof that fall under one of nine delineated statutory

exemptions," Elliott v. US. Dep't ofAgric., 596 F.3d 842, 845 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (citing 5 U.S. C.

§ 552(b)). Furthermore, under the FOIA Improvement Act, Pub. L. No. 114-185, 130 Stat. 538

(2016), an amendment to the statute that Congress enacted in 2016, the requested agency may only

                                                4
 withhold information if it "reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm an interest protected

 by" the relevant exemption, 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I).

        In this case, the Department invoked FOIA Exemptions 5 and 6. Exemption 5 covers "inter-

agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters that would not be available by law to a party other

than an agency in litigation with the agency, provided that the deliberative process privilege shall

not apply to records created 25 years or more before the date on which the records were requested."

Id. § 552(b)(5). Exemption 6 extends to "personnel and medical files and similar files the

disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy." Id.

§ 552(b)(6).

    B. Summary Judgment

        Summary judgment is appropriate "if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as

to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a). A court evaluating a summary judgment motion must "view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in its favor." Arthridge v.

Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 604 F.3d 625, 629 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). "[S]ummary judgment will not lie if the dispute about a material fact is 'genuine,' that

is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party."

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242,248 (1986). A fact is "material" if it "might affect

the outcome of the suit under the governing law." Id.

       "[T]he vast majority of FOIA cases can be resolved on summary judgment." Brayton v.

Off ofthe US. Trade Representative, 641 F.3d 521,527 (D.C. Cir. 2011). "An agency withholding

responsive documents from a FOIA release bears the burden of proving the applicability of

claimed exemptions." Am. Civ. Liberties Union v. US. Dep 't ofDefense, 628 F.3d 612,619 (D.C.

                                                5
 Cir. 2011). "Typically it does so by affidavit," id., and by submitting "Vaughn indices describing

 the withheld documents and explaining why the withheld information fell under the claimed

exemptions." Larson, 565 F.3d at 862. "Summary judgment is warranted on the basis of agency

affidavits [and the Vaughn index] when the affidavits [and/or the Vaughn index] describe the

justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information

withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary

evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad faith." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted)

(quoting Miller v. Casey, 730 F.2d 773, 776 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). "Ultimately, an agency's

justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears 'logical' or 'plausible."'

Wolf v. C.IA., 473 F.3d 370, 374-75 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (citations omitted).

        However, "[b ]efore approving the application of a FOIA exemption, the district court must

make specific findings of segregability regarding the documents to be withheld." Sussman v. US.

Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1116 (D.C. Cir. 2007). The Court must also determine whether

the agency has shown "a good faith effort to conduct a search for the requested records, using

methods which can be reasonably expected to produce the information requested." Oglesby v. US.

Dep't of the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990). If the Court finds it necessary "in order to

make a responsible de novo determination on the claims of exemption," it may, in its discretion,

conduct in camera review of the records at issue. Carter v. US. Dep 't ofCommerce, 830 F.2d 388,

392 (D.C. Cir. 1987); see 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B).

                                     III.   ANALYSIS

       As noted above, DHS cited both FOIA Exemption 5 and Exemption 6 to justify

withholding information responsive to NPR's FOIA request in this case. At thi~ stage, NPR only

challenges the Exemption 5 withholdings, not the Exemption 6 withholdings. Accordingly, the

Court need only consider whether DHS properly relied on Exemption 5.

                                                6
        As a threshold matter, Exemption 5 will only apply if the agency shows that the information

 withheld was "inter-agency or intra-agency." 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). NPR does not dispute that the

 information withheld in this case satisfies that threshold requirement.

        "To carry its burden at summary judgment" in a FOIA Exemption 5 case, "the government

must demonstrate that (A) the materials at issue are covered by the deliberative process privilege,

and (B) it is reasonably foreseeable that release of those materials would cause harm to an interest

protected by that privilege." Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press v. Fed. Bur. of

Investig., 3 F.4th 350, 361 (D.C. Cir. 2021). For the reasons that follow, the Court concludes that

DHS has met its burden on the first requirement with respect to only some of the information

withheld, and that it has not met that burden at all on the second requirement. Accordingly, DHS

may not withhold any of the responsive information at issue under FOIA Exemption 5.

    A. The Deliberative Process Privilege Applies to Only Some of DHS's Withholdings

        The deliberative process "privilege may only be invoked for documents that are both [1]

predecisional and [2] deliberative." Reporters Committee, 3 F.4th at 362. In the present case, DHS

argues that all of the information withheld under Exemption 5 satisfies both requirements. In

response, NPR argues that some of the withheld information was either never predecisional or has

lost its status as such, and that much of that information is too factual to be deliberative. The Court

agrees with NPR in part: Although DHS has met its burden of demonstrating that all of the

withheld information is predecisional, much of that information is too factual to be deliberative.

        1. DHS has shown that the withheld information is predecisional.

       DHS argues that all of the information withheld is predecisional because it was prepared

to help CRCL advise the Department on the civil rights and civil liberties implications of the

conditions at detention centers and what, if any, steps to take in response. NPR counters that at

                                                  7
 least some of the information cannot be predecisional because DHS has not shown what decision

 it relates to, and because DHS has already acted on some of it. On this point, the Court agrees with

 DHS.

        "Documents are 'predecisional' if they were generated before the agency's final decision

on the matter." US. Fish & Wildlife Serv. v. Sierra Club, Inc., 141 S. Ct. 777, 786 (2021).

However, "[t]o show that a document is predecisional, the agency need not identify a specific final

agency decision; it is sufficient to establish 'what deliberative process is involved, and the role

played by the documents at issue in the course of that process."' Heggestad v. US. Dep 't ofJustice,

182 F. Supp. 2d 1, 7 (D.D.C. 2000) (Hogan, J.) (quoting Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep't of

Energy, 617 F.2d 854, 868 (D.C. Cir. 1980)).

        DHS notes, and NPR does not dispute, that CRCL's "statutory role is to advise DHS

leadership and personnel about civil rights and civil liberties issues." Def 's Mem. in Supp. of S.J.

at 12, ECF No. 17-1 (citing Deel. of Rosemary Law {"Law Deel.") ,r 22, Ex. 1 to Def.'s Mot. for

S.J., ECF No. 17-3). In one of the declarations supporting DHS's motion for summary judgment,

CRCL's FOIA Officer, Rosemary Law, states that "CRCL will review one orinore expert Reports

before preparing a recommendation memo that contains CRCL's recommendations concerning

any allegations, findings, or best practices" at the detention facilities. Law Deel.   ,r 20.   In other

words, DHS's position is that CRCL-retained experts tour the detention facilities and share their

findings and recommendations to help inform CRCL's recommendation to the Department as to

whether conditions at those facilities warrant any action. That explanation is reasonably specific,

logical, and uncontroverted by other evidence in the record or by evidence of bad faith, which is

all FOIA requires of an agency at the summary judgment stage. Larson, 565 F.3d at 862

                                                 8
         NPR argues that at least some of the withheld information-it is not clear how much-

 cannot be predecisional "[b ]ecause DHS has not identified what decision resulted from each of the

 responsive reports." Pls.' Mem. in Supp. of Cross-Mot. for S.J. ("Pls.' Mem.") at 18-19, ECF No.

 19-1. But that argument misreads Circuit precedent. NPR relies on Morley v. C.IA., 508 F.3d 1108

 (D.C. Cir. 2007), in which the Circuit held that Exemption 5 did not apply to information that the

 Central Intelligence Agency ("CIA") withheld because that agency failed "to pinpoint an agency

decision or policy to which these documents contributed." Id. at 1127 (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted). But in that case, the CIA apparently did not connect the withheld information

to any policy or decision whatsoever. See id. And in other decisions, the Circuit has clarified that

information may also be predecisional if it is prepared as part of a deliberative process about an

existing policy that is the subject of public criticism. See Reporters Committee, 3 F.4th at 362-63;

Krikorian v. Dep't ofState, 984 F.2d 461,466 (D.C. Cir. 1993); Access Reports v. Dep't ofJustice,

926 F.2d 1192, 1194-97 (D.C. Cir. 1991). That is precisely why DHS represents it retained the

experts who wrote the reports at issue. And as the Supreme Court has reasoned, it makes little

sense for the privilege to tum on the identification of a specific decision, because "[ a]gencies are,

and properly should be, engaged in a continuing process of examining their policies," and that

"process will generate memoranda containing recommendations which do not ripen into agency

decisions." NL.R.B. v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 151 n.18 (1975).

        NPR also argues that at least some of the withheld information has lost its predecisional

status, but that argument misses the mark. As NPR correctly notes, the Circuit has held that "even

if [a] document is predecisional at the time it is prepared, it can lose that status if it is adopted,

formally or informally, as the agency position on an issue or is used by the agency in its dealings

with the public." Coastal States Gas Corp., 617 F.2d at 866. But in this case, NPR does not identify

                                                  9
 any specific advice or recommendations in the Exemption 5 withholdings that later became DHS' s

 position. Instead, it merely notes that "CRCL closed four of the 16 investigations reflected in the

responsive records before DHS produced those records to NPR," and that "DHS also disclosed

 significant details from an additional four investigations before it produced the related records to

NPR." Pis.' Mem. at 19 (emphasis in original) (citing ECF Nos. 19-5-15, Exs. 2-12 to Deel. of

Maxwell S. Mishkin ("Mishkin Deel."), ECF No. 19-3). That an agency closes an investigation or

discloses some unspecified details from that investigation does not mean that it has already adopted

or used the investigators' advice and recommendations. Thus, NPR has not demonstrated that

DHS's Exemption 5 withholdings have lost their predecisional status.

        For these rea·sons, DHS has shown that its Exemption 5 withholdings in this case are

predecisional, and thus they meet the first of the deliberative process privilege's two requirements.

        2. DHS has not shown that all of the withheld information is deliberative.

        The Court now turns to the second requirement-that the withholdings be deliberative.

DHS argues that all of the information it withheld under Exemption 5 is deliberative because it

"contain[s] unverified observations of first impression, expert analyses of facts and information

gathering during the course of the expert's investigation of the facility, and the uninhibited

opinions and recommendations of [CRCL's] expert consultant intended for evaluation and review

by the Office." Def.'s Mem. at 13. NPR does not dispute that the portions of the withheld

information constituting analysis, opinion, or recommendations are deliberative, but it argues that

"unverified observations of first impression" are not deliberative and thus are not protected by

Exemption 5. The Court agrees with NPR on this point.

       To be deliberative, a "document must be a direct part of the deliberative process in that it

makes recommendations or expresses opinions on legal or policy matters." Vaughn, 523 F.2d at

                                                 10
 1144. "Purely factual material usually cannot be withheld under Exemption 5 unless it reflects an

 exercise of discretion and judgment calls." Ancient Coin Collectors Guild v. US. Dep 't of State,

 641 F.3d 504, 513 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Thus, an

agency may meet its burden of showing that information withheld under Exemption 5 is

deliberative only if "the selection or organization of facts is part of [the] agency's deliberative

process." Id.

        DHS's argument about "unverified observations of first impression," while.creative, finds

no support in extant FOIA jurisprudence. Most of the cases DHS cites (for the first time in its

reply) for the proposition that such information is deliberative deal with the culling or organization

of an existing collection of facts into a summary, not the initial finding of those facts. See Hardy

v. Bur. ofAlcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 243 F. Supp. 3d 155, 169-70 (D.D.C. 2017)

("records of interviews and interview notes" distilled from interviews themselves); Nat'! Sec.

Archive v. C.lA., 752 F.3d 460, 465 (D.C. Cir. 2014) ("draft agency history" constructed from

existing documents); McKinley v. Board of the Fed. Reserve Sys., 849 F. Supp. 2d 47, 64 (D.D.C.

2012) ("staff culled selected facts and data from the mass of available information"); Ancient Coin

Collectors Guild, 641 F.3d at 513 (internal quotation marks omitted) ("factual summaries ...

culled by the Committee from the much larger universe of facts presented to it"); Mapother v.

Dep't of Just., 3 F.3d 1533, 1539 (D.C. Cir. 1993) ("factual material ... assembled through an

exercise of judgment in extracting pertinent material from a vast number of documents").

        DHS's invocation of cases dealing more explicitly with "factual findings" is equally

unhelpful in establishing "unverified observations of first impression" as a category of deliberative

information. In addition to being nonbinding on this Court, those cases deal with factfinding akin

to that done by a jury or judge at trial, that is, making weight and credibility determinations from

                                                 11
an existing universe of evidence, rather than gathering evidence in the first instance. See Reinhard

v. Dep 't ofHomeland Sec., No. 18-cv-1449-JEB, 2019 WL 3037827, at *7 (D.D.C. Jul. 11, 2019)

(emphasis added) ("selection of[] facts" "condense[d] [from] a mass of available information into

a summary or set of factual findings"); Fortson v. Harvey, 407 F. Supp. 2d 13, 16-17 (D.D.C.

2005) ("investigative findings and/or recommendations . . . submitted to [equal-opportunity

complaint adjudicator] for his approval"). DHS does not cite a single case in which a court has

held that factual information was deliberative simply because it was "unverified" or an

"observation of first impression."

        And considering DHS's position as a matter of first impression, this Court will not be the

first to endorse it. That position stands in significant tension with Circuit precedent. The Circuit

has recognized the "exercise of discretion and judgment calls" principle only as an exception to

the general rule that "[p]urely factual material usually cannot be withheld under Exemption 5."

See Ancient Coin Collectors Guild, 641 F.3d at 513. If that exception can apply both to the culling

of an existing collection of facts and the work of building that collection of facts, then it threatens

to swallow the rule. This Court declines to so expand the exception.

        With these principles in mind, much of what DHS withheld pursuant to Exemption 5 is just

the sort of purely factual information that ordinarily is not deliberative. For example, the table of

contents in one of the redacted documents disclosed to NPR indicates that DHS withheld

information such as the "[s]quare [f]ootage per [d]etainee," the "[r]atio of [t]oilets to [d]etainees,"

the "[r]atio of [w]ashbasins to [d]etainees," and the "[r]atio of [s]howers to [d]etainees" at a

detention facility. Envt'l Health and Safety Rep. for W. Tex. Det. Facility, at 1, Ex. 15 to Mishkin

Deel., ECF No. 19-18. DHS has not demonstrated that the gathering of such purely factual

                                                  12
 information involved discretion or judgment calls, and thus the deliberative process privilege

 cannot apply.

        Because "unverified observations of first impression" are not deliberative in nature, the

deliberative process privilege applies only to the withholdings in this case that represent the

experts' analysis, opinions, or recommendations.

    B. DHS Has Not Adequately Demonstrated Reasonably Foreseeable Harm

        As explained above, DHS has shown that the deliberative process privilege applies to the

portions of its Exemption 5 withholdings that represent its experts' analysis, opinions, or
                      '
recommendations. But that is not the end of the matter. Under the FOIA Improvement Act, DHS

must also demonstrate that that it is "reasonably foresee[able] that disclosure" of those portions of

the documents "would harm an interest protected by" Exemption 5. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I).

DHS argues that disclosure would result in reasonably foreseeable harm because it would (1)

undermine the confidentiality experts need to offer candid advice and (2) result in public confusion

about the Department's position. NPR argues, and the Court agrees, that DHS has not made that

showing with respect to any of the Exemption 5 withholdings.

        1. DHS's deliberation-chilling justification is insufficiently specific.

        "In the context of withholdings made under the deliberative process privilege, the

foreseeability requirement means that agencies must concretely explain how disclosure 'would'-

not 'could'-adversely impair internal deliberations." Reporters Committee, 3 F.4th at 369-70.

The agency may not simply rely on "boilerplate and generic assertions that release of any

deliberative material would necessarily chill internal discussions." Id. at 370. Rather, it must give

"a focused and concrete demonstration of why disclosure of the particular type of material at issue

                                                 13
will, in the specific context of the agency action at issue, actually impede those same agency

deliberations going forward." Id.

        Here, DHS relies primarily on just the sort of boilerplate justifications that the Circuit has

held insufficient to establish reasonably foreseeable harm. The Law Declaration summarizes the

primary justification that DHS gives for its Exemption 5 withholdings:

       Court-ordered disclosure of the information would severely undermine the Department's
       ability to efficiently and effectively investigate allegations of civil rights or civil liberties
       violations, and for its investigators and decision-makers at various points of the decisional
       process ... to offer uninhibited opinions and recommendations on the matters at issue.
       Without the continued assurance of confidentiality, CRCL's expert consultants would not
       provide the Department with the meaningful information it needs to properly investigate
       civil rights complaints. Maintaining the confidentiality of these types of pre-decisional and
       deliberative communications is critical for the Department to carry out its mission.

Law Deel.   ,r 26.   Every single entry in the Vaughn index repeats this justification in no more

specific form:

       Disclosure of this information would chill the free and frank exchange of ideas and
       recommendations at DHS, including between CRCL's expert and CRCL, and between
       CRCL and the affected DHS component agencies that have been the subject of complaints
       that require investigation. Release of the information would severely undermine the
       Agency's ability to efficiently and effectively investigate allegations of civil rights or civil
       liberties violations, and for its investigators and decision-makers at various points of the
       decisional process ... to offer uninhibited opinions and recommendations on the matters
       at issue.

Vaughn Index ,r 1, Ex. A to Law Deel., ECF No. 17-3; see also id.     ,r,r 2-56.
       DHS's primary justification is no more specific than one that the Circuit rejected as

boilerplate in Reporters Committee. In that case, the Federal Bureau of Investigation ("FBI")

attempted to justify its Exemption 5 withholdings under the FOIA Improvement Act as follows:

      Disclosure of [material containing or prepared in connection with the formulation of
      opinions, advice, evaluations, deliberations, policies, proposals, conclusions, or
      recommendations] would have an inhibiting effect upon agency decisionmaking and the
      development of policy because it would chill full and frank discussions between agency
      personnel and decision makers regarding a decision. If agency personnel know that their
      preliminary impressions, opinions, evaluations, or comments would be released to the
      general public, they would be less candid and more circumspect in expressing their

                                                 14
        thoughts, which would impede the fulsome discussion of issues necessary to reach a well-
        reasoned decision.

 Reporters Committee, 3 F.4th at 370 (alteration in original). The Circuit held that that justification

 did not adequately demonstrate reasonably foreseeable harm because it was "wholly generalized

 and conclusory." Id.

        DHS's justification in this case is remarkably similar-the only significant difference is

that it includes the name and function of the requested agency and component. Nowhere does DRS

explain why disclosure of these specific types of reports would chill deliberations more than that

of any generic documents to which the deliberative process privilege applies. Moreover, this

justification stands in contrast to the more situation-specific justifications that courts have accepted

in other cases. See, e.g, Keeping Gov't Beholden, Inc. v. Dep't ofJust., No. l 7-cv-1569-FYP, 2021

WL 5918627, at *10 (D.D.C. Dec. 13, 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted) (accepting

justification that "draft[] of [former Director James] Corney's statement" concerning investigation

of former President Donald Trump "would reveal the drafters' evolving through-processes

regarding these subjects, as well as ideas and alternatives considered but ultimately rejected by the

Director, and thus would undermine the ability of future directors to freely engage" in deliberations

on similarly high-profile issues); Machado Amadis v. US. Dep 't ofState, 971 F.3d 364, 371 (D.C.

Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted) ("OIP's affidavit adequately explained that full

disclosure of (legal memoranda recommending dispositions to agency adjudicators] would
          '
discourage line attorneys from candidly discuss[ing] their ideas, strategies, and recommendations,

thus impairing the forthright internal discussions necessary for efficient and proper adjudication

of administrative appeals.").

       The fatal flaw in DHS's first "reasonably foreseeable" justification is that it is essentially

a restatement of "the generic rationale for the deliberative process privilege itself." Reporters

                                                  15
    Committee, 3 F.4th at 370. It is as if DHS turned the generalized justification from Reporters

    Committee into a game of"Mad Libs" and filled in the blanks with the name of the agency and the

    things that it does. If such an exercise were sufficient to satisfy an agency's burden under the FOIA

    Improvement Act, that statute's "reasonably foreseeable" requirement would be so easy to evade

    as to be essentially dead letter. Of course, agency personnel and contractors are, in the abstract,

    often more likely to render candid advice if they are sure that advice will not be made public. But

    the Court must give meaning to the requirement, enacted by Congress after decades of evolving

    FOIAjurisprudence, that the agency articulate why this disclosure would be particularly harmful. 2

           2. DHS's public-confusion justification is likewise insufficiently specific.

           DHS also argues that "the Department's evidence shows that it is reasonably foreseeable

that release of the experts' preliminary findings and recommendations would cause public

    confusion." Def.'s Mem. at 16. More specifically, the Law Declaration explains:

           Moreover, release could cause unnecessary public confusion .... [T]he Reports contain
           the experts' preliminary findings and recommendations. The Reports contain the experts'
           unverified observations of first impression. For any number of reasons, the Department
           may not necessarily agree with, or adopt the experts' findings or recommendations. In the
           Department's view, release of the experts' preliminary findings and recommendations
           poses a substantial risk of confusing the public as to any eventual final actions of the
           Department concerning the complaints in question, or the reasons for them.

Law Deel. ,r 27. Unlike the first justification, this one is not repeated in the Vaughn index.

          DHS's second justification fails for similar reasons to the first. Courts have recognized

guarding against public confusion as one of the interests protected by the deliberative process

privilege. See, e.g., Huthnance v. District of Columbia, 268 F.R.D. 120, 122 (D.D.C. 2010).

However, the FOIA Improvement Act does not allow agencies to shpw reasonably foreseeable

2
  Moreover, as noted above, much of the information that DHS withheld in this case pursuant to Exemption 5 is purely
factual. DHS especially fails to meet its burden of demonstrating reasonably foreseeable harm with respect to that
information. It offers no specific explanation as to why investigators would be less likely to be forthcoming about
such facts as the number of toilets or the square footage at a facility if that information might become public.

                                                        16
 harm simply by making boilerplate recitations about the potential for confusion to result from

 preliminary recommendations or findings. The case of Center for Investigative Reporting v. US.

 Customs & Border Protection, 436 F. Supp. 3d 90 (D.D.C. 2019) (Howell, C.J.), illustrates the

 point. In that case, Customs and Border Protection ("CBP") invoked Exemption 5 to withhold

 documents "consist[ing] of evaluations, opinions, observations, and other findings that CBP

employees" evaluated in contracting deliberations concerning the construction of a wall on the

southern border. Id. at 107. CBP argued that"[ r ]eleasing these documents could result in confusion

regarding reasons and rationales that may not ultimately be the grounds for any actions CBP may

take regarding the contracting, procurement, and construction process." Id. The court held that

justification insufficient, without more, to establish reasonably foreseeable harm, characterizing it

as a "generic, across-the-board articulation[] of harm." Id. (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted). The court contrasted that generic justification with the more specific example of"candid

assessments sent by a subordinate to a superior about the key assumptions underlying [a] cost

estimate," which might well result in public confusion about the agency's reasoning. Id. at 108.

        Similarly, in this case, DHS does not give a single specific explanation as to why disclosure

of any particular report would cause public confusion. Instead, it relies on a single paragraph in

the Law Declaration that does not explain the potential confusion caused by any particular report

in detail. Because that is a generic, boilerplate justification that, once again, essentially restates a

rationale for the privilege itself, it does not meet the bar for establishing reasonably foreseeable

harm under the FOIA Improvement Act.

       For these reasons, the Court concludes that DHS has not met its burden of demonstrating

that it is "reasonably foresee[ able] that disclosure" of any of its Exemption 5 withholdings "would

harm an interest protected by" that exemption. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I).

                                                  17
                                                 *        *        *
            In sum, DHS has met its burden of showing that the deliberative process privilege applies

    to some, but not all of its Exemption 5 withholdings-those representing advice,

    recommendations, and opinions rather than factual findings-but it has not met its "independent

    and meaningful burden" of establishing that disclosure of any of those withholdings would cause

    reasonably foreseeable harm to an interest that Exemption 5 protects. Center for Investigative

    Reporting, 436 F. Supp. 3d at 106. Accordingly, the Court concludes that all ofDHS's

    Exemption 5 withholdings in this case were improper. 3 Because NPR only disputes the

    applicability ofFOIA Exemption 5 in this case, nothing in this Memorandum Opinion nor the

    accompanying Order should be construed to require DHS to disclose information responsive to

NPR's FOIA request that it withheld pursuant to any other FOIA exemption.

                                          IV.     'CONCLUSION

            For the foregoing reasons, the Court will DENY DHS's motion for summary judgment,

GRANT NPR's cross-motion for summary judgment, and ENTER JUDGMENT for NPR. The

Court will further ORDER DHS to re-process NPR's FOIA request in a manner consistent with

this Memorandum Opinion, and will retain jurisdiction to consider an award of attorneys' fees and

costs pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(l). A separate Order consistent with this Memorandum

Opinion shall issue this date.

    Date:
            - - - - -- - - -                                                  ~~-~
                                                                              Royce C. Lamberth
                                                                              United States District Judge

3
  Because the Court concludes that DHS may not lawfully withhold any of the responsive records in this case pursuant
to Exemption 5, it has no occasion to consider whether any information lawfully withheld under that exemption is
reasonably segregable from other information in the responsive records. The Court also has no occasion to consider
NPR' s argument that some of the redacted information is already public- and therefore may not be withheld under
FOIA. See Pls.' Mem. at 20-21.

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