Court Opinion

ID: 3185732
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-15 21:05:36.317825+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:16:18.234163
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                             U.S. Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
                                                                                   of the Tenth Circuit
                               NOT FOR PUBLICATION 1
                                                                                 March 15, 2016
             UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                                                                                 Blaine F. Bates
                              OF THE TENTH CIRCUIT                                   Clerk
                        _________________________________

IN RE CHARLES ALLEN ARNOLD,                               BAP No. CO-15-031

             Debtor.

__________________________________
                                                          Bankr. No. 07-18751
JOHN R. ARNOLD, SOIL                                       Adv. No. 10-01311
ENHANCEMENT TECHNOLOGIES,                                      Chapter 7
LLC, and PULSEWAVE, LLC,

             Plaintiffs - Appellees,
                                                                OPINION
v.

CHARLES A. ARNOLD,

             Defendant - Appellant.
                       _________________________________

                    Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                              for the District of Colorado
                       _________________________________

Before KARLIN, Chief Judge, CORNISH, and MICHAEL, Bankruptcy Judges.
                    _________________________________

CORNISH, Bankruptcy Judge.
                   _________________________________

1
       This unpublished opinion may be cited for its persuasive value, but is not
precedential, except under the doctrines of law of the case, claim preclusion, and issue
preclusion. 10th Cir. BAP L.R. 8018-6.
       The Debtor appeals the bankruptcy court’s order granting the application for

attorneys’ fees and costs filed by PulseWave, LLC. The application for attorneys’ fees

stems from an adversary proceeding brought by the Debtor’s brother, John Arnold; Soil

Enhancement Technologies, LLC; and PulseWave, LLC against the Debtor relating to the

transfer of several patents. The bankruptcy court entered an order and judgment in favor

of PulseWave, LLC and separately granted an application for attorneys’ fees and costs to

PulseWave, LLC’s counsel. The Debtor argues that the bankruptcy court did not utilize

the correct legal standard to determine the reasonableness of the attorneys’ fees

requested, and asks this Court to remand the matter to the bankruptcy court. Having

reviewed the record and applicable law, we affirm the bankruptcy court’s order.

       I.     Background 2

       In November 2005, Appellee PulseWave, LLC (“PulseWave”) filed a lawsuit

against Charles Arnold (the “Debtor”) and others in Colorado state court to determine the

ownership of certain patents developed by the Debtor and assigned to PulseWave and

other entities controlled by the Debtor (the “State Court Action”). The Debtor filed his

Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition in August 2007, staying the State Court Action. In a

separate adversary proceeding against the Debtor, 3 PulseWave was declared to be the

owner of certain patents, and those patents were transferred to it. 4

2
      The factual background is derived from the bankruptcy court’s findings in
Adversary Proceeding No. 07-1557. Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order in
Appellant’s App. at 14.
3
       Adversary Proceeding No. 07-01554. The complaint sought declaratory relief as to
                                                                        (continued…)
                                                  2
       In April 2010, the Debtor’s brother John Arnold (“Arnold”), Soil Enhancement

Technologies, LLC (“SET”), and PulseWave filed an adversary proceeding seeking a

denial of the Debtor’s discharge pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(4) and a determination

that PulseWave’s claims against the Debtor were nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C.

§§ 523(a)(4) and (a)(6) (the “Discharge Adversary”). 5 PulseWave also sought damages

for theft and treble damages pursuant to Colorado Revised Statute (“CRS”) § 18-4-405.

For reasons unrelated to this appeal, the state court appointed a receiver on behalf of

PulseWave, and the receiver retained the law firm of Moye White, LLP (“Moye White”)

to represent PulseWave in the State Court Action and in the Discharge Adversary.

       In April 2013, the bankruptcy court entered an order and judgment (collectively,

the “Discharge Adversary Order”), 6 denying the Debtor’s discharge pursuant to

§ 727(a)(4)(A). The bankruptcy court also found that PulseWave’s claims were

nondischargeable pursuant to § 523(a)(4) for the Debtor’s defalcation while acting as a

the ownership of the patents as well as relief pursuant to 11 U.S.C. §§ 523(a) and
727(a)(4). For convenience of the parties, the bankruptcy court entered its Order Granting
Motion to Bifurcate, allowing a trial on the declaratory judgment issues to proceed first
and preserving the discharge and nondischargeabilty issues until the court made a
determination on the ownership of the patents. Order Granting Motion to Bifurcate in
Appellant’s App. at 12.
4
       Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Order in Appellant’s App. at 14.
5
       All future references to “Code,” “Section,” and “§” are to the Bankruptcy Code,
Title 11 of the United States Code, unless otherwise indicated.
6
       Order in Appellant’s App. at 88.

                                                 3
fiduciary pursuant to the Colorado law, 7 and pursuant to § 523(a)(6) for willful and

malicious conduct in transferring the patents. In determining the debts to be

nondischargeable under § 523(a)(6), the bankruptcy court found the Debtor also violated

CRS § 18-4-405 and awarded treble damages plus attorneys’ fees and costs in accordance

with the state statute. 8 PulseWave’s judgment against the Debtor was for $15,150,000 (an

amount equal to three times the actual damages determined at trial), plus reasonable

attorneys’ fees and costs. The Discharge Adversary Order stated that the bankruptcy

court would “hold a hearing in order to make a final determination on the reasonable

amount of attorneys’ fees which shall be awarded.” 9

       The Debtor appealed the Discharge Adversary Order to the United States District

Court for the District of Colorado (the “District Court Appeal”). 10 In light of the District

Court Appeal, PulseWave’s counsel, Moye White, initially notified the bankruptcy court

that it did not anticipate filing an application for fees and costs, but reserved the right to

seek fees in the future. 11 However, counsel for Arnold and SET sought attorneys’ fees

totaling $375,102.37 and costs totaling $34,014.64, to which the Debtor objected. 12 The

7
       Colo. Rev. Stat. § 7-80-108(1)(a) (2015).
8
       Colo. Rev. Stat. §§ 18-4-401, 18-4-405 (2015).
9
       Order at 29, in Appellant’s App. at 116.
10
       Notice of Appeal in Appellee’s App. at 267.
11
      Notice to Court Regarding Application for Attorney’s Fees and Costs Incurred in
Appellant’s App. at 119.
12
       Combined Application of Fees and Costs – John R. Arnold and Soil Enhancement
                                                                        (continued…)
                                                   4
bankruptcy court held a hearing on Arnold and SET’s application for attorneys’ fees and

costs, but took the matter under advisement until after resolution of the District Court

Appeal.

       The district court affirmed the Discharge Adversary Order to the extent it denied

the Debtor’s discharge pursuant to § 727(a)(4)(A), but reversed and vacated the

bankruptcy court’s order as to the award of damages (the “District Court Opinion”). 13 In

its decision, the district court stated that it expressed no opinion on the propriety of the

bankruptcy court’s award of attorneys’ fees and costs for bringing the Discharge

Adversary. 14

       After resolution of the District Court Appeal, the bankruptcy court held a second

hearing on Arnold and SET’s application for attorneys’ fees and costs. The bankruptcy

court denied the application, finding it was materially deficient and, “[u]sing 11 U.S.C.

[§] 330(a) as a rough guide to evaluate the reasonableness of the fees,” ruling that “the

application simply [did] not provide the type . . . of information” necessary to award such

Technologies LLC in Appellant’s App. at 121; Defendant’s Response to Combined
Application for Fees and Costs – John R. Arnold and Soil Enhancement Technologies
LLC in Appellant’s App. at 126.
13
       Order and Opinion on Appeal in Appellant’s App. at 133. The district court
declined to address the issue of nondischargeability under § 523, holding that it was moot
due to the affirmance of the denial of the Debtor’s discharge under § 727.
14
       Id. at 11, in Appellant’s App. at 143.

                                                  5
fees. 15 The bankruptcy court also ordered Moye White to file an application for

attorneys’ fees and costs on or before April 24, 2015.

       Moye White filed its application requesting $24,277 in fees and $573.56 in costs

(the “Fee Application”). 16 The Fee Application included as an exhibit Moye White’s

timesheet records, with a breakdown of each attorney’s time spent and hourly rate. The

Fee Application also provided an analysis of the requested fees consistent with

§ 330(a)(3).

       The Debtor filed an objection to the Fee Application (the “Fee Objection”),

arguing: (1) the Fee Application was filed after the bar date set by the bankruptcy court;

(2) attorneys’ fees were inappropriate considering the property at issue had been returned

to PulseWave at the time the Discharge Adversary was filed; and (3) Moye White sought

fees for 12.5 hours related to the preparation of the Fee Application. 17

       The bankruptcy court held a non-evidentiary hearing on the Fee Application and

Fee Objection in July 2015. 18 The day after the hearing, the bankruptcy court issued its

15
       Oral Ruling Regarding Combined Application of Fees and Cost – John R. Arnold
and Soil Enhancement Technologies LLC at 10, in Appellant’s App. at 158.
16
      Application for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs as Counsel for Plaintiff PulseWave,
LLC in Appellant’s App. at 164.
17
      Defendant’s Response and Objection to Moye White LLP’s Application for
Attorneys’ Fees and Costs as Counsel for Plaintiff PulseWave, LLP at 4-6, in Appellant’s
App. at 195-97.
18
       The Debtor stated he was “not asking for an evidentiary hearing” on the objection
and took no action to further his argument on the reasonableness of the 12.5 hours. Non-
Evidentiary Hearing Regarding Moye White LLP’s Application for Attorney’s Fees and
                                                                            (continued…)
                                                 6
oral ruling (the “Oral Ruling”) approving the Fee Application. 19 The bankruptcy court

found that because the issue of attorneys’ fees and costs “was not addressed or disturbed”

in the District Court Opinion, the bankruptcy court’s “findings of fact and conclusions in

the [Discharge Adversary Order] stand as final and the Bankruptcy Court’s opinion and

the District Court’s opinion appear to be final and non-appealable.” 20 Following its Oral

Ruling, the bankruptcy court entered an order and accompanying judgment awarding the

requested $24,277 in fees and $573.56 in costs (the “Fee App Order”). 21 The Debtor

appeals.

       II.    Appellate Jurisdiction

       This Court has jurisdiction to hear timely filed appeals from “final judgments,

orders, and decrees” of bankruptcy courts within the Tenth Circuit, unless one of the

parties elects to have the appeal heard by the district court. 22 A decision is considered

final “if it ‘ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but

Costs as Counsel for Plaintiff PulseWave, LLC and Defendant Charles Arnold’s
Response and Objections Thereto Filed May 4, 2015 at 11, in Appellant’s App. at 209.
19
      Oral Ruling Regarding Moye White’s Application for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs
as Counsel for Plaintiff PulseWave, LLC filed April 24, 2015 and Defendant Charles
Arnold’s Response and Objections Thereto Filed May 4, 2015 (“Oral Ruling”) in
Appellant’s App. at 213.
20
       Oral Ruling at 5, in Appellant’s App. at 217.
21
      Order Granting Moye White LLP’s Application for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs as
Counsel for Plaintiff PulseWave, LLC in Appellant’s App. at 221; Judgment in
Appellant’s App. at 222.
22
     28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), (b)(1), and (c)(1); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002; 10th Cir.
BAP L.R. 8001-3.

                                                  7
execute the judgment.’” 23 The Tenth Circuit has “adopted a bright line rule that an award

of attorney fees is final for purposes of appeal only after it is reduced to a sum certain.” 24

The Fee App Order is final for purposes of appellate review, and the Debtor’s election to

have this appeal heard by the United States District Court for the District of Colorado

was denied. 25 Accordingly, this appeal is ripe for our review.

       III.   Standard of Review

       The “issue of whether the [trial] court relied on the correct legal standard . . . is a

matter of law which we review de novo.” 26 An award of attorneys’ fees and costs is

generally reviewed for abuse of discretion, 27 and the bankruptcy court’s “[u]nderlying

23
      Quackenbush v. Allstate Ins. Co., 517 U.S. 706, 1712, (1996) (quoting Vatlin v.
United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233 (1945)).
24
      Aguinaga v. United Food & Commercial Workers Int’l Union, 993 F.2d 1480,
1481 (10th Cir. 1993)
25
       The Debtor’s statement of election to have the appeal heard by the United States
District Court for the District of Colorado was denied by this Court for failure to comply
with Bankruptcy Rule 8005(a) and 10th Cir. BAP L.R. 8005-1(a). The Debtor filed a
motion to reconsider the denial of the election. On August 28, 2015, this Court denied the
motion to reconsider. Order Denying Motion for Reconsideration, BAP ECF No. 9.
26
       Hadden v. Brown, 851 F.2d 1266, 1268 (10th Cir. 1988); see also Kline v.
Deutsche Bank Nat’l Tr. Co. (In re Kline), 514 F. App’x 810, 810-11 (10th Cir. 2013)
(reviewing application of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine de novo).
27
        Id; Anachondo v. Anderson, Crenshaw & Assoc., 616 F.3d 1098, 1101 (10th Cir.
2010); Groetken v. Davis (In re Davis), 246 B.R. 646, 652 (10th Cir. BAP 2000)
(citations omitted), aff’d in part vacated in part on other grounds 35 F. App’x 826 (10th
Cir. 2002).

                                                   8
findings are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard . . . .” 28 A factual finding is

“‘clearly erroneous’ when ‘it is without factual support in the record, or if the appellate

court, after reviewing all the evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a

mistake has been made.’” 29 In this case the bankruptcy court awarded the attorneys’ fees

and costs pursuant to CRS § 18-4-405, which provides that in any action for return of

stolen property, the property owner “may [] recover costs of the action and reasonable

attorney fees.” 30 The Colorado Court of Appeals held in Steward Software Co. v. Kopcho

that “an award of attorney fees to a prevailing plaintiff on a civil theft claim is

mandatory.” 31 Accordingly, the bankruptcy court had no discretion whether to award

attorneys’ fees under the civil theft statute and was merely left to determine (1) the

correct legal standard for determining reasonableness of fees, which we review de novo;

and (2) whether the fees were reasonable, which we review for clear error.

28
       Roberts v. Roadway Exp., Inc., 149 F.3d 1098, 1111 (10th Cir. 1998); Hepner v.
Perry (In re Kleinhans), 438 B.R. 355, No. CO-09-029, 2010 WL 1221751, at *5 (10th
Cir. BAP Mar. 30, 2010) (table) (determination that attorney’s fees are warranted is
reviewed for abuse of discretion; determination of amount of fees awarded is reviewed
under the clearly erroneous standard).
29
       Hepner, 2010 WL 1221751, at *3.
30
       Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-4-405 (2015).
31
       Steward Software Co. v. Kopcho, 275 P.3d 702, 712 (Colo. App. 2010) (statute
stating “plaintiff may recover, rather than what the court may award” indicates a lack of
discretion vested in trial court), rev’d on other grounds, 266 P.3d 1085 (Colo. 2011).

                                                  9
       IV.    Discussion

       The Debtor advances only one issue on appeal. He argues that the bankruptcy

court erred in failing to consider the factors set forth in Johnson v. Georgia Highway

Express, Inc. 32 in determining the reasonableness of the attorneys’ fees and costs

awarded. 33 At oral argument, counsel for the Debtor reiterated that the only issue before

the Court was whether the bankruptcy court applied the correct legal standard in

reviewing the Fee Application, and that the Debtor was not asking the Court to make any

ruling regarding the actual amount of fees awarded. Instead, the Debtor requested that

this Court remand the case to the bankruptcy court for review of the reasonableness of the

entire fee award consistent with Johnson.

              A. The Debtor Forfeited his Objection to the Total Amount of the Fee
                 Application

       Moye White contends that the Debtor only objected to the reasonableness of the

12.5 hours relating to preparation of the Fee Application in the bankruptcy court and the

Debtor’s objection to the total amount of fees applied for is not preserved on appeal. The

Debtor admits that the Fee Objection’s only reference to the reasonableness of the

requested fees was one sentence asserting that the amount of time spent preparing the Fee

32
       488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir. 1974).
33
        The Debtor raised a second issue in his brief—that the bankruptcy court erred in
awarding attorneys’ fees and costs pursuant to CRS § 18-4-405 when PulseWave’s
property had already been returned and PulseWave suffered no damages—but withdrew
that issue prior to oral argument. See Appellant’s Unopposed Mot. to Withdraw Arg. No.
1 from Consideration on Appeal, BAP ECF No. 24, and Order Granting Appellant’s
Unopposed Mot. to Withdraw First Arg., BAP ECF No. 27.

                                                10
Application was unreasonable. Furthermore, at the bankruptcy court hearing, the Debtor

only made two arguments: (1) that the Fee Application was untimely; and (2) that Moye

White was not entitled to the fees because it did not litigate the Declaratory Judgment

Adversary, neither of which are the subject of this appeal. At oral argument, counsel for

the Debtor argued that the bankruptcy court understood his objection to be specifically to

the 12.5 hours as well as to the reasonableness of the fees generally. 34

       When a party neglects to specifically raise an issue before the trial court, that issue

is generally held forfeited. 35 An appellate court will “entertain forfeited theories on

appeal, but [] will reverse . . . only if failing to do so would entrench a plainly erroneous

result.” 36 Because the record does not indicate the Debtor specifically objected to the

reasonableness of the entire Fee Application, we hold the Debtor’s objection to the total

amount of fees to be a forfeited issue that we review for plainly erroneous result. In

addition, we will analyze the issue of whether the bankruptcy court applied the correct

legal standard of reasonableness to the 12.5 hours de novo. Regardless which standard we

apply, however, we still reach the same conclusion.

34
         We must assume the Debtor refers to the bankruptcy court’s statement that the
“[Debtor] believes that 80.1 hours of attorney’s time is excessive and as is the 12.5 hours
[for preparing the Fee Application] which are included in those 80.1 hours.” However,
this is the only reference to the excessiveness of the 80.1 hours in the entire record. Oral
Ruling at 5-6, in Appellant’s App. at 217-18.
35
        Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1127-28 (10th Cir. 2011) (Additional
legal theories fall into two categories: waiver and forfeiture. Waived legal theories are not
reviewed on appeal but forfeited legal theories may be reviewed for plain error).
36
       Id.

                                                  11
             B. The Bankruptcy Court did not Err in Failing to Apply the Johnson
                Factors

      The Debtor argues that the bankruptcy court erred in failing to evaluate the

reasonableness of the Fee Application under the twelve factors articulated by the Fifth

Circuit in Johnson (the “Johnson factors”) and adopted by the Tenth Circuit in

determining an attorney fee award pursuant to § 330(a). 37 The Johnson factors are:

      (1) the time and labor involved; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the
      questions; (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (4)
      the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to acceptance of the
      case; (5) the customary fee; (6) any prearranged fee []; (7) time limitations
      imposed by the client or the circumstances; (8) the amount involved and the
      results obtained; (9) the experience, reputation, and ability of the attorneys;
      (10) the undesirability of the case; (11) the nature and length of the
      professional relationship with the client; and (12) awards in similar cases. 38

      Moye White argues that the Fee Application included an analysis pursuant to

§ 330, and that the § 330 factors incorporate nine of the Johnson factors. Accordingly,

Moye White asserts the bankruptcy court’s review of the Fee Application adequately

considered the requested attorneys’ fees under Johnson.

      Section 330 limits awards of compensation to trustees, professionals, and others

appointed under §§ 326, 327, 328, and 329 to “reasonable compensation for actual,

37
       Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir. 1974); In re
Permian Anchor Servs., Inc., 649 F.2d 763, 768 (10th Cir. 1981) (reasonable attorneys’
fees are based on evidentiary inquiry meeting the guidelines generally set forth in
Johnson); see Salone v. United States, 645 F.2d 875, 879 (10th Cir. 1981) (the Johnson
factors should generally be applied where attorneys’ fees are authorized).
38
      Brown v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 838 F.2d 451, 454-55 (10th Cir. 1988).

                                               12
necessary services” to the bankruptcy estate. 39 Section 330(a)(3) provides relevant factors

in determining the amount of reasonable compensation. The Tenth Circuit requires

bankruptcy courts to “consider the § 330(a)(3) and relevant Johnson factors—and only

those factors—when evaluating the reasonableness of attorney’s fees under § 330.” 40

However, in the instant appeal, the bankruptcy court awarded attorneys’ fees pursuant to

a state civil theft statute—CRS § 18-4-405—not as compensation to a bankruptcy

professional for services rendered to the estate pursuant to § 330(a). 41 Accordingly, the

bankruptcy court was not required to apply § 330(a) and the Johnson factors. 42

       As the award of attorneys’ fees was made pursuant to state statute, we look to

Colorado law to determine if the attorneys’ fees were reasonable within the meaning of

CRS § 18-4-405. As we stated previously in Hepner v. Perry,

       [t]o determine if a fee request is reasonable, Colorado courts may look to,
       among other things, the criteria set forth in the Rules of Professional
       Conduct. Those criteria may include the time and labor required, the
       difficulty of the questions involved and the skill required to perform the
       legal services, the fees customarily charged in the locality, and similar
       criteria. 43

39
      Hepner v. Perry (In re Kleinhans), 438 B.R. 355, No. CO-09-029, 2010 WL
1221751, at *4 (10th Cir. BAP Mar. 30, 2010) (table) (Sections 326-330 are irrelevant to
determination of attorneys’ fees and costs awarded under CRS § 18-4-405).
40
       In re Mkt. Ctr. E. Retail Prop., Inc., 730 F.3d 1239, 1249 (10th Cir. 2013).
41
       Discharge Adversary Order at 21, in Appellant’s App. at 108.
42
       Hepner, 2010 WL 1221751, at *4.
43
       Id. at *5 (citing Rifkin v. Platt, 824 P.2d 32, 36 (Colo. App. 1991) (Court should
look to Code of Professional Responsibility DR 2-106 to consider reasonableness of a fee
award)).

                                                13
The factors used to determine whether fees are reasonable under Colorado Rule of

Professional Conduct 1.5, Fees (the “Rule 1.5 factors”) include:

       (1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions
       involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (2)
       the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the particular
       employment will preclude other employment by the lawyer; (3) the fee
       customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services; (4) the amount
       involved and the results obtained; (5) the time limitations imposed by the
       client or by the circumstances; (6) the nature and length of the professional
       relationship with the client; (7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the
       lawyer or lawyers performing the services; and (8) whether the fee is fixed
       or contingent. 44

Further, state law provides “[a] court makes an initial estimate of a reasonable attorney

fee by calculating the lodestar amount,” which “represents the number of hours

reasonably expended on the case, multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate.” 45

       The Debtor argues the bankruptcy court must apply the Johnson factors to a fee

application made under CRS § 18-4-405’s award, citing Adams v. Hernandez in

support. 46 Adams merely illustrates that the Tenth Circuit applies the Johnson factors “in

a variety of contexts.” 47 In addition, the authorities cited in Adams analyze the

reasonableness of attorneys’ fees awarded under § 330—not under a state civil theft
44
       Colo. RPC 1.5.
45
       Payan v. Nash Finch Co., 310 P.3d 212, 217 (Colo. App. 2012) (citing Tallitsch v.
Child Support Servs., Inc., 926 P.2d 143, 147 (Colo. App. 1996)); see also Pub. Serv. Co.
of Colorado v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 26 F.3d 1508, 1520 (10th Cir. 1994).
46
      Adams v. Hernandez (In re Hernandez), No. 13-1272 HRT, 2014 WL 2609795
(Bankr. D. Colo. June 11, 2014).
47
       Id. at *6.

                                                 14
statute—and are not determinative in this case. 48 Accordingly, the bankruptcy court was

not bound by the Johnson factors when reviewing the Fee Application and did not err in

failing to apply those factors in determining the reasonableness of the awarded fees.

              C. The Award of Attorneys’ Fees was Reasonable Under the Relevant
                 Factors

       As we hold the bankruptcy court was not bound to consider the Johnson factors

when awarding attorneys’ fees pursuant to state statute, we consider whether the award

was reasonable based on the record. The Fee Application clearly analyzes the

reasonableness of the request pursuant to § 330, and most of the Johnson factors,

including an analysis of the results obtained; time and labor expended; skill of attorneys;

customary fees; fixed or contingent fee; experience, reputation, and ability of attorneys;

and the desirability of the representation. 49 The criteria established under § 330 are

undeniably similar to the criteria in the Rule 1.5 factors, which Colorado courts look to

when determining reasonableness of attorneys’ fees. 50 Thus, because the record before

48
       Id. (citing In re Miniscribe Corp., 309 F.3d 1234 (10th Cir. 2002); In re Mkt. Ctr.
E. Retail Prop., Inc., 730 F.3d 1239 (10th Cir. 2013)).
49
       Appellee’s Br. 20.
50
       Factors considered under § 330(a)(3) include:

       (A) the time spent on such services; (B) the rates charged for such services;
       (C) whether the services were necessary to the administration of . . . a case
       under [title 11]; (D) whether the services were performed within a
       reasonable amount of time commensurate with the complexity, importance,
       and nature of the problem, issue, or task addressed; (E) with respect to a
       professional person, whether the person is board certified or otherwise has
       demonstrated skill and experience in the bankruptcy field; and (F) whether
                                                                              (continued…)
                                                 15
the bankruptcy court encapsulated an analysis of the Fee Application under factors

substantially similar to the Rule 1.5 factors, we hold the record is sufficient to support the

award of attorneys’ fees and costs under the Rule 1.5 factors.

       The Fee Application described Moye White’s role in the Discharge Adversary and

the District Court Appeal and set forth the nature of services provided, including: review

of pleadings filed by Arnold and SET; participating in discovery; attending, preparing

for, and participating in the trial; defending PulseWave’s interests in the District Court

Appeal; communicating with the Debtor’s counsel; and communicating with the receiver.

The Fee Application set forth the time and labor expended, the difficulty and novelty of

the work performed, counsel’s skill, and the customary fees and rates charged for the

region. Furthermore, the Fee Application also included as an exhibit a billing statement

detailing each attorney’s hours billed and billing rates. Thus, the Fee Application

contained all of the information necessary for the bankruptcy court to calculate the

lodestar amount and reach its conclusion.

       While the Fee App Order and the Oral Ruling do not specifically articulate

findings of reasonableness, based on the information submitted to the bankruptcy court,

the award of attorneys’ fees is not reversible error. The record, including the information

made available to the bankruptcy court at the hearing, makes it clear that the bankruptcy

court had before it sufficient information to evaluate the reasonableness of the attorneys’

       the compensation is reasonable based on the customary compensation
       charged by comparably skilled practitioners in cases other than cases under
       this title.

                                                 16
fees and costs under the Rule 1.5 factors. The Debtor’s only argument on appeal is that

the bankruptcy court erred by not applying the correct legal standard to determine

whether the attorneys’ fees were reasonable. As the Court holds the bankruptcy court is

not bound by the Johnson factors in awarding attorneys’ fees pursuant to CRS § 18-4-405

and that the record supports a finding of reasonableness under the correct legal standard,

the award of attorneys’ fees is not reversible whether we apply a plain error or de novo

standard of review.

       V.     Conclusion

       The bankruptcy court’s failure to apply the Johnson factors when awarding

attorneys’ fees and costs to Moye White is not reversible error as the attorneys’ fees were

awarded pursuant to Colorado statute and not the Bankruptcy Code. Accordingly, the

order awarding attorneys’ fees of $24,277 and costs of $573.56 to Moye White is

affirmed.

                                                17