Court Opinion

ID: 2653472
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-02-15 01:03:28.955437+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:15:43.024476
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT JACKSON
                                October 18, 2013 Session

REBECCA COLEMAN, DVM v. THE HUMANE SOCIETY OF MEMPHIS
  AND SHELBY COUNTY, A Tennessee not for profit organization and
                   GINGER MORGAN

           Interlocutory Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                    No. CT-000897-08     James F. Russell, Judge

               No. W2012-02687-COA-R9-CV - Filed February 14, 2014

This appeal involves a veterinarian’s common law and statutory claims for retaliatory
discharge and her claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress. The defendant
employer filed a motion for summary judgment on all claims. The trial court granted the
employer’s motion for summary judgment on the negligent infliction of emotional distress
claim because the veterinarian had not introduced expert proof to support her claim. The trial
court denied the motion for summary judgment on the retaliatory discharge claims. Both
parties filed applications for interlocutory appeal pursuant to Rule 9 of the Tennessee Rules
of Appellate Procedure, which were granted by the trial court and by this Court. We reverse
the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on the negligent infliction of emotional distress
claim, and we affirm the trial court’s denial of summary judgment on the retaliatory
discharge claims. This matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 9; Interlocutory Appeal; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed
                      in Part, Affirmed in Part and Remanded

A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which D AVID R. F ARMER,
J., and H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., joined.

Mimi Phillips, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Rebecca Coleman, DVM

Jeff Weintraub, Sally F. Barron, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellees, The Humane
Society of Memphis and Shelby County, A Tennessee not for profit organization and
GINGER MORGAN
                                              OPINION

                             I.   F ACTS & P ROCEDURAL H ISTORY1

       The Humane Society of Memphis and Shelby County (“Humane Society”) is a
nonprofit organization, incorporated in 1933, that has operated a shelter for injured and
abused animals for many years. The Humane Society does not accept healthy animals.
Historically, veterinary care for the Humane Society’s animals, including euthanasia, was
performed off-site by local veterinarians in their clinics.

        On or about January 20, 2007, the Humane Society moved to a new multimillion-
dollar facility, with an adequate clinic for providing on-site veterinary care. Ginger Morgan
served as the executive director of the Humane Society. During December 2006, shortly
before the Humane Society’s move to the new facility, Ms. Morgan approached Dr. Rebecca
Coleman, a licensed veterinarian, about coming to work for the Humane Society to fill its
new position of staff veterinarian. Dr. Coleman had previously served as a volunteer vet at
the Humane Society and donated her services to care for animals abandoned during
Hurricane Katrina. After several discussions, Dr. Coleman ultimately agreed to become
employed by the Humane Society as its permanent, but part-time, staff veterinarian. Dr.
Coleman would work on-site at the Humane Society three days per week, at a salary of $450
per day, or $50,000 per year.2 Dr. Coleman began her employment with the Humane Society
on January 1, 2007. In April 2007, Dr. Coleman’s pay rate was changed because she had not
been working three full days at the Humane Society. From that point forward, she was paid
$250 per day.

        Dr. Coleman’s job duties consisted of examining animals brought to the shelter,
treating injured animals, performing surgical operations, and performing or supervising
euthanasia on animals with multiple severe illnesses or injuries which rendered recovery
impossible or highly unlikely, in accordance with the Humane Society’s policies. Dr.
Coleman’s time was largely spent performing spay/neuter surgeries on animals, in order to
ready them for adoption, but her duties also included overseeing all the veterinary care, the
clinic operations, and two veterinary assistants. As staff veterinarian it was Dr. Coleman's
legal responsibility to ensure that the Humane Society maintained compliance with veterinary

        1
           During the course of the proceedings below, both parties filed lengthy statements of undisputed
facts for purposes of summary judgment. In addition, the Humane Society admitted numerous facts in its
answer to the complaint. Therefore, most of the material facts in this case are undisputed.
        2
          The parties stipulated that these were the terms of Dr. Coleman’s initial employment agreement.
By our calculation, $450 per day, times three days per week, times 52 weeks, would equal $70,200 per year
(not $50,000). There is no explanation for this discrepancy that we can glean from the record.

                                                   -2-
standards and procedures.

       Sometime after beginning work, Dr. Coleman became concerned about overcrowding
of the animals at the Humane Society. According to Dr. Coleman, “nobody had any ideas
of the exact numbers” of animals that were housed at the Humane Society. Dr. Coleman
began complaining to Ms. Morgan about the overcrowding problem as early as May 2007.
That same month, Dr. Coleman conducted an inventory of the animal population which
revealed that there were 247 dogs and 146 cats housed at the facility, which had a capacity
of approximately 125 dogs and 100 cats. According to Dr. Coleman, cages designed to house
one or two animals were housing four or five. The overcrowding caused a sanitation
problem. Some dogs, too closely confined, developed a condition known as “kennel crazy”
syndrome, characterized by extreme stress and abnormal behaviors. The overcrowding
allowed cases of respiratory infection and ringworm to become epidemic. At least two
employees contracted ringworm, which is transferrable from animals to humans.

       Despite the overcrowding, new animals continued to be accepted throughout the
summer of 2007, usually by Ms. Morgan or one of the veterinary assistants, and at one time
the animal population reached 400. Tension developed between Ms. Morgan and Dr.
Coleman due to the crowding issue. According to Dr. Coleman, Ms. Morgan was unwilling
to consider euthanasia for critically ill animals, which caused them needless suffering and
exacerbated the crowding problem.3 Dr. Coleman was asked by the Humane Society’s
president, Paul Guibao, to address the Humane Society’s board of directors on September 10,
2007, about the overcrowding problem and the health and disease issues it was creating. Ms.
Morgan did not want Dr. Coleman to speak to the board. Nevertheless, Dr. Coleman
addressed the board of directors about the issues despite Ms. Morgan’s position.

       On September 19, 2007, an incident occurred involving Dr. Coleman and Ms.
Morgan, the executive director. Ms. Morgan brought two puppies to the Humane Society,
stating that they were hers and she wanted them vaccinated. Dr. Coleman reminded Ms.
Morgan that the Humane Society did not have a premises permit and therefore it was illegal
for them to treat any animals except those belonging to the Humane Society. According to
Mr. Lulloff, the operations manager who witnessed the incident, Ms. Morgan became angry
and a “heated discussion” ensued, which involved the use of foul language by Ms. Morgan.
Mr. Lulloff reported the incident to the Humane Society president, Mr. Guibao, by phone and

        3
           By way of example, it was undisputed for purposes of summary judgment that one cat, Jazzy, had
a severe upper respiratory infection and sat in a cage for thirty days unable to breathe because Ms. Morgan
would not allow it to be euthanized. It was also undisputed that puppies infected with the incurable parvo
virus lay in their cages suffering until they died because Ms. Morgan and others would not allow them to be
“put out of their misery.”

                                                   -3-
email. Mr. Guibao advocated the firing of Ms. Morgan. Instead, the board of directors
placed Ms. Morgan on administrative leave and banned her from the building for two weeks.
Mr. Guibao, the president, resigned the next day. His letter of resignation to the board
defended Dr. Coleman.

        In the weeks that followed, Dr. Coleman discovered and complained about a number
of illegal practices which had been occurring at the Humane Society without her knowledge.
The incidents of illegality involved one of the veterinary assistants, Lorie Freeza. Drugs
classified as Schedule II and Schedule III substances were sold to Dr. Coleman under her
federal DEA license, making her strictly accountable for them under both federal and state
law. The controlled substances, used to anesthetize or euthanize animals, were kept in a
locked cabinet. Under Tennessee law, euthanasia may only be performed by a licensed
veterinarian or by certain persons who have successfully completed a euthanasia-technician
certification course. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 44-17-303(d). Ms. Freeza was not certified as
a euthanasia technician. Dr. Coleman had given a key to the locked cabinet to Ms. Freeza,
so that when shipments of the drugs arrived on days when Dr. Coleman was not on the
premises, Ms. Freeza could place them in the locked cabinet. Ms. Freeza’s illegal use of
these substances came to light after Ms. Freeza and another employee euthanized eleven cats
on September 20, a day when Dr. Coleman was not on the premises, using controlled
substances registered to Dr. Coleman under her DEA license.4 Upon examining the charts
for the euthanized cats, Dr. Coleman discovered that they did not contain the legally required
recordings of what euthanasia drug was used and the dosage quantity. Upon further
investigation, Dr. Coleman also learned that, two weeks earlier, on September 6, Ms. Freeza
had brought three of her own ferrets to the Humane Society when Dr. Coleman was not on
the premises and euthanized them in the clinic using the controlled substances which were
registered to Dr. Coleman. After reviewing additional records, Dr. Coleman came to the
conclusion that Ms. Freeza may have euthanized as many as seventy-two animals at the
Humane Society over the previous months without Dr. Coleman’s knowledge.

       Dr. Coleman also learned that Ms. Freeza had been selling prescription drugs
belonging to the Humane Society (such as heartworm medication) to employees and others,
including herself. State law forbids the dispensing of heartworm medication and other
veterinary prescription drugs except by a licensed veterinarian who has established a
veterinarian-client-patient relationship concerning the animal for whom the drugs are

        4
          The cats, all morbidly ill, had been identified by Dr. Coleman and others, on September 19, as
needing to be euthanized. Dr. Coleman was to perform the euthanasias on September 21, her next day at
work. Ms. Freeza was angry with Dr. Coleman on the day she performed the unauthorized euthanasias
because she had been issued three written reprimands by Dr. Coleman and another supervisor the day before,
regarding various issues.

                                                   -4-
intended, meaning that the veterinarian has personally examined the animal and devised a
treatment plan. See Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. § 1730-01-.21(2).

       Both parties agree that “[t]he sale of drugs, performing euthanasias and illegal use of
controlled substances by Lorie Freeza constituted the illegal, unlicensed practice of
veterinary medicine.” Dr. Coleman and her supervisor, operations manager Butch Lulloff,
formally complained to Ms. Morgan about Ms. Freeza’s conduct and urged that she be fired.
However, Ms. Morgan did not terminate Ms. Freeza.

        During a conference call on September 25, 2007, the president of the board of
directors told another board member that she wanted to fire Dr. Coleman. The board
members who were participating in the conference call decided that Dr. Coleman was not a
“good fit” for the Humane Society. In an October 1, 2007 email, one of the board members
stated, “The decision to continue our in house vet clinic may end up being financial in
addition to our other concerns.” The treasurer of the board of directors wrote in another
email later that day, “I believe we’ve already decided Dr. Coleman is gone[.]”

        On October 17, Mr. Lulloff, Dr. Coleman’s supervisor, sent an email to one of the
board members regarding Ms. Frezza’s unauthorized use of controlled substances to
euthanize her own ferrets. On October 19, there was a meeting attended by Dr. Coleman,
operations manager Mr. Lulloff, executive director Ms. Morgan, board member Dr. Bob
Egerman, and others. Dr. Coleman complained about Ms. Freeza’s unauthorized
performance of euthanasia and her dispensing of heartworm medications to employees and
their family members. After the meeting, Dr. Coleman sent an email to the board expressing
her concern about the possible effect of Ms. Freeza’s conduct on Dr. Coleman’s veterinary
license and DEA license. Nevertheless, Ms. Freeza was not terminated.

        At some point during this same month, board member Dr. Egerman asked Dr.
Coleman to reduce her hours to about twenty per week for cost containment and budgetary
reasons. In November 2007, Ms. Morgan recommended further reducing the weekly
veterinarian hours as a way to save money. On November 28, a board member instructed
Ms. Morgan to draft the Humane Society’s next budget without accounting for any pay for
Dr. Coleman. On December 2, one of the board members sent an email to the board and to
Ms. Morgan, outlining options for the reduction of operating expenses, one of which
provided for the elimination of the in-house veterinary position and the use of outside
veterinarians on an as-needed basis. On December 3, the board met and decided that the
veterinary position should be cut until there was a need for more veterinary hours (although
there is some dispute as to whether an actual vote was taken on this measure).

                                             -5-
       On December 14, 2007, the Humane Society terminated Dr. Coleman’s employment
without prior notice, effective immediately. Ms. Morgan informed Dr. Coleman that she was
being terminated because of budget constraints as the finance committee had met the
previous week and decided to eliminate in-house veterinary services. Dr. Coleman was not
given any other reason for her termination. Ms. Morgan required that Dr. Coleman box up
her things and leave the building immediately. Dr. Coleman was not given the same
severance benefit (two weeks pay) that the Humane Society had given to another separated
employee several months earlier.

        Dr. Coleman filed this lawsuit against the Humane Society in February 2008.5 She
asserted causes of action for (1) common law retaliatory discharge, (2) the statutory cause
of action for retaliatory discharge provided by Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-1-304,
and (3) negligent infliction of emotional distress. Dr. Coleman’s complaint recounted her
concerns and complaints about the overcrowding and resulting epidemic diseases at the
Humane Society throughout the summer of 2007. She alleged that these conditions caused
many animals to endure intense suffering and even led to euthanization in some cases. Dr.
Coleman’s complaint also set forth the facts surrounding her complaints about Ms. Freeza’s
unauthorized performance of euthanasia at the Humane Society, which, Dr. Coleman alleged,
violated Tennessee law, including Tennessee Code Annotated section 44-17-303(d) and the
regulations governing euthanasia of nonlivestock animals promulgated by the Tennessee
Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners. In addition, Dr. Coleman alleged that Ms. Freeza
had used Schedule II drugs during the procedures without Dr. Coleman’s knowledge or
permission, “in violation of 21 U.S.C.§ 843 and the regulations promulgated to enforce that
statute, specifically 21 CFR 13 (1)(D)(a)(2) and 21 CFR13(1)(D)(a)(4).” Dr. Coleman
asserted that Ms. Freeza’s act of euthanizing her own ferrets at the Humane Society was “in
violation of the state statutes and administrative rules regulating the operation of a facility
licensed as a Small Animal Clinic Hospital in Tennessee.” 6 She further alleged that Ms.
Freeza’s sale of prescription drugs such as heartworm medication was illegal pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated section 63-12-106 and Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. §
1730-1-.21(2)(a).

      Dr. Coleman alleged that she had sent numerous emails to Ms. Morgan and attended
meetings with Ms. Morgan and others to discuss Ms. Freeza’s illegal performance of
euthanasia and her unauthorized use of controlled substances. In response to Dr. Coleman’s

        5
           Dr. Coleman also named Ms. Morgan, individually, as a defendant, but the trial court dismissed
all claims against Ms. Morgan in her individual capacity, and that ruling is not challenged on appeal.
        6
          The Humane Society was issued a permit by the Tennessee Department of Health to operate a
small animal clinic hospital on September 18, 2007.

                                                  -6-
reports, the complaint alleged, Ms. Morgan became increasingly hostile to Dr. Coleman and
more defensive of Ms. Freeza. Dr. Coleman alleged that she was discharged from her
employment “solely in retaliation for her actions in seeking to further the public good by
refusing to participate in and/or for refusing to remain silent” about the aforementioned
illegal activities.

       Regarding Dr. Coleman’s claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress, the
complaint asserted that Ms. Morgan developed a hostile attitude in response to Dr.
Coleman’s complaints and “ignored and undermined [Dr. Coleman’s] attempt to exercise her
professional skills and judgment on behalf of the animals entrusted to the [Humane
Society].” According to the complaint, Ms. Morgan’s actions “caused or substantially
contributed to animals being placed at risk for suffering and illness,” which, in turn, caused
Dr. Coleman “to suffer severe emotional distress, as she was prevented on many occasions
from intervening to prevent harm to animals she had a professional duty and a personal desire
to protect.” The complaint alleged that the Humane Society was liable for Ms. Morgan’s
negligent infliction of emotional distress under the theory of respondeat superior.

       Dr. Coleman’s complaint alleged that, but for her wrongful termination, she would
have been employed with the Humane Society for many years. She acknowledged that
reinstatement was not feasible, and as a result, she claimed an entitlement to front pay for
future loss of earnings, in the amount of $750,000. She sought $100,000 in damages for
emotional distress.

        The Humane Society filed an answer, and discovery ensued. Thereafter, the Humane
Society filed a motion for summary judgment on all claims asserted by Dr. Coleman. With
regard to the retaliatory discharge claims, the Humane Society first argued that Dr. Coleman
“will not be able to establish that she was discharged for exercising a constitutional,
statutory, or regulatory right.” Next, the Humane Society argued that Dr. Coleman would
be unable to prove causation to the requisite standard in support of either of her retaliation
claims. It argued that Dr. Coleman would be unable to prove that retaliation was a
substantial factor in her termination, as required for her common law retaliatory discharge
claim, and that Dr. Coleman would be unable to prove that retaliation was the sole reason for
her termination, as required for her statutory retaliatory discharge claim. Next, the Humane
Society argued that Dr. Coleman “will not be able to establish a prima facie case of negligent
infliction of emotional distress,” as she “has not submitted any expert proof showing a severe
mental injury attributable to any acts of [the Humane Society].” Finally, the Humane Society
argued that Dr. Coleman would be unable to establish her entitlement to front pay.

       Dr. Coleman filed a response in which she claimed that the Humane Society’s motion
for summary judgment “fail[ed] on all counts to affirmatively negate any essential element

                                             -7-
of Dr. Coleman's claims,” for reasons which we will discuss later in this opinion. Both
parties filed lengthy statements of undisputed facts for purposes of summary judgment, and
they submitted documentary evidence, such as emails and records, in support of their various
positions. The parties also filed supplemental memoranda on several issues as requested by
the trial court.

       Following a hearing, the trial court entered an order on July 23, 2012, granting in part
and denying in part the Humane Society’s motion for summary judgment. The trial court
granted the Humane Society’s motion with regard to the issue of negligent infliction of
emotional distress, with the following explanation:

       In a negligent infliction of emotional distress case where there is no other
       identifiable bodily injury involved, as in this case, the law requires expert
       medical proof of both the emotional injury and a causal connection between
       the emotional injury and the allegedly tortious conduct of Defendants; such
       proof is absent in this case.

The trial court denied the Humane Society’s motion regarding the claims for retaliatory
discharge, finding that the issue of whether the Humane Society was motivated by retaliation
“is a question of pretext, which is a question for the trier of fact and is not appropriate for
summary judgment.” As for the alternative argument that Dr. Coleman was not exercising
a constitutional, statutory, or regulatory right, or otherwise engaged in protected activity, the
court found that “reasonable minds could draw differing conclusions on the issue of whether
or not [Dr. Coleman’s] reporting of illegal activity was in furtherance of public policy
sufficient to support a cause of action for retaliatory discharge under Tennessee law.”
Finally, the trial court found that Dr. Coleman had “sufficiently pled a cause of action with
regard to the recovery of front pay, and, therefore, the damage element of her cause of action
ha[d] been met satisfactorily to survive the Motion for Summary Judgment.”

       Dr. Coleman filed a motion for interlocutory appeal with the trial court, moving the
court for an order granting her permission to seek an interlocutory appeal in the Court of
Appeals with regard to the trial court’s decision to grant the Humane Society’s motion for
summary judgment on the negligent infliction of emotional distress claim for lack of expert
proof. The Humane Society also filed a motion for interlocutory appeal with the trial court,
seeking permission to pursue an interlocutory appeal of the trial court’s order denying its
motion for summary judgment on the retaliatory discharge claims. The trial court granted
Dr. Coleman’s motion and the Humane Society’s motion by separate orders entered on
December 10, 2012. This Court entered an order granting both parties’ applications for
interlocutory appeal, pursuant to Rule 9 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, on
March 4, 2013. For purposes of the appeal, we designated Dr. Coleman as the appellant and

                                               -8-
the Humane Society as the appellee.

                                  II.   I SSUES P RESENTED

       Dr. Coleman presents the following issue for review on appeal:

       1.     Whether the trial court erred in ruling that expert proof was required to
              support her negligent infliction of emotional distress claim, where Dr.
              Coleman’s other claimed damages were economic, not physical, and
              resulted from an intentional tort.

In response, the Humane Society argues that the trial court correctly granted its motion for
summary judgment on the claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress, either because
the claim was a “stand-alone” claim requiring expert proof, or because, in any event, Dr.
Coleman did not suffer a severe emotional injury.

       The Humane Society presents numerous additional issues regarding its retaliatory
discharge claims, which are not a model of clarity, and therefore we quote from its brief:

       2.     Whether the trial court erred in ruling that there are sufficient questions
              of fact from which reasonable minds could draw differing conclusions
              on the issue of whether or not Dr. Coleman refused to participate in or
              reported illegal activity in furtherance of public policy sufficient to
              support a cause of action for retaliatory discharge under Tennessee
              common law or the Tennessee Public Protection Act, specifically:

              a.     Whether there are facts in the record to support Dr. Coleman’s
                     claim that she refused to participate in illegal activity;

              b.     Whether Dr. Coleman’s reports of “overcrowding” in a facility
                     for the care of abused and neglected animals constitutes
                     protected activity; and,
                     i.     If so, whether it constitutes whistleblowing when the
                            Humane Society already knew of the problem;
                     ii.    If so, whether it constitutes “whistleblowing” when there
                            is undisputed evidence that the Humane Society was
                            taking steps to correct it.

              c.     Whether Dr. Coleman’s reports relating to the conduct of vet

                                              -9-
                     assistant Lorie Freeza constitutes protected activity; and
                     i.     Whether one can be considered a whistleblower when
                            she wasn’t the first to report the alleged illegality;
                     ii.    Whether subjective intent matters when determining
                            whether or not one should be considered a good-faith
                            whistleblower under Tennessee law;
                     iii.   Whether one who condones or participates in an
                            allegedly illegal activity can be considered a
                            whistleblower for reporting it;
                     iv.    Whether complaints to the employer constitute
                            complaints to “someone other than the alleged
                            wrongdoer” under Tennessee law; and
                     v.     Whether one whose job it is to oversee and monitor the
                            conduct complained of can be considered a
                            whistleblower for reporting that conduct.

       3.     Whether the trial court erred in denying Defendant’s Motion for
              Summary Judgment with respect to Dr. Coleman’s claim of retaliatory
              discharge under Tennessee common law when there is no compelling
              evidence linking the termination decision to her alleged reports.

       4.     Whether the trial court erred in denying Defendant’s Motion for
              Summary Judgment with respect to Dr. Coleman’s claim of retaliatory
              discharge under the Tennessee Public Protection Act when there is
              undisputed evidence of other reasons for Dr. Coleman’s discharge.

       5.     Whether, in the event that Dr. Coleman’s claim(s) of retaliatory
              discharge were to survive, the trial court was correct in ruling that the
              issue of front pay was not appropriate for summary judgment, when the
              evidence relating to potential economic damages is undisputed.

For the following reasons, we reverse the trial court’s order to the extent that it granted
summary judgment to the Humane Society on the negligent infliction of emotional distress
claim, and we affirm the remainder of the trial court’s order denying the motion for summary
judgment on the claims for retaliatory discharge, and we remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.

                                            -10-
                                      III.   S TANDARD OF R EVIEW

        In reviewing the host of issues raised by the parties on appeal, we must keep in mind
that we are reviewing the trial court’s order on a motion for summary judgment. A motion
for summary judgment should be granted only “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there
is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment
as a matter of law.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. “When ascertaining whether a genuine dispute
of material fact exists in a particular case, the courts must focus on (1) whether the evidence
establishing the facts is admissible, (2) whether a factual dispute actually exists, and, if a
factual dispute exists, (3) whether the factual dispute is material to the grounds of the
summary judgment.” Green v. Green, 293 S.W.3d 493, 513 (Tenn. 2009).

       “The party seeking the summary judgment has the burden of demonstrating that no
genuine disputes of material fact exist and that it is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
Green, 293 S.W.3d at 513 (citing Martin v. Norfolk S. Ry., 271 S.W.3d 76, 83 (Tenn. 2008);
Amos v. Metro. Gov't of Nashville & Davidson County, 259 S.W.3d 705, 710 (Tenn. 2008)).
“The moving party may make the required showing and therefore shift the burden of
production to the nonmoving party by either: (1) affirmatively negating an essential element
of the nonmoving party's claim; or (2) showing that the nonmoving party cannot prove an
essential element of the claim at trial.”7 Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 83 (citing Hannan v. Alltel

        7
           In Gossett v. Tractor Supply Co., Inc., 320 S.W.3d 777, 785 (Tenn. 2010), our Supreme Court held
that the Hannan standard is applicable to motions for summary judgment on retaliatory discharge claims,
not the federal McDonnell Douglas framework that was previously used by Tennessee courts. After Gossett,
the Legislature amended Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-1-304(g) in order to provide a different
standard for retaliatory discharge claims than that set forth in Gossett and Hannan, but the amendment is
only effective and applicable to causes of action accruing on or after June 10, 2011. See 2011 Tenn. Pub.
Acts 461. Both parties’ briefs on appeal are inconsistent as to the applicable standard, going back and forth
between Hannan and McDonnell Douglas.
         We note that in one recent case, Todd v. Shelby County, 407 S.W.3d 212, 221 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2012),
this Court did apply the recent amendment to section 50-1-304(g) to a retaliatory discharge claim when the
lawsuit was pending in the trial court when the amendment became effective on June 10, 2011, and the
hearing on the summary judgment motion took place after that date. We concluded that the amendment was
of a procedural nature and explained that “[r]emedial or procedural statutes apply retrospectively not only
to causes of action arising before such acts become law, but to all suits pending when the legislation takes
effect, unless the legislature indicates a contrary intention or immediate application would produce an unjust
result.” Id. (quotation omitted). We did not mention, however, that the Legislature did indicate a contrary
intention in this legislation by specifically stating, “This act shall take effect upon becoming a law, the public
welfare requiring it and shall apply to all causes of action accruing on or after such effective date.” 2011
Tenn. Pub. Acts 461, § 4 (emphasis added).
         Thus, in the case at bar, we will not apply the new amendment because this case has been pending
                                                                                                    (continued...)

                                                      -11-
Publ'g Co., 270 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Tenn. 2008)). In order to negate an essential element of the
claim, “the moving party must point to evidence that tends to disprove an essential factual
claim made by the nonmoving party.” Id. at 84 (citing Blair v. W. Town Mall, 130 S.W.3d
761, 768 (Tenn. 2004)). “If the moving party is unable to make the required showing, then
its motion for summary judgment will fail.” Id. (citing Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 215
(Tenn. 1993)).

        If the moving party does make a properly supported motion, the nonmoving party is
required to produce evidence of specific facts establishing that genuine issues of material fact
exist. Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 84 (citing McCarley, 960 S.W.2d at 588; Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at
215). “The nonmoving party may satisfy its burden of production by: (1) pointing to evidence
establishing material factual disputes that were over-looked or ignored by the moving party;
(2) rehabilitating the evidence attacked by the moving party; (3) producing additional
evidence establishing the existence of a genuine issue for trial; or (4) submitting an affidavit
explaining the necessity for further discovery pursuant to Tenn. R. Civ. P., Rule 56.06.” Id.
(citing McCarley, 960 S.W.2d at 588; Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 215 n.6). “The nonmoving party's
evidence must be accepted as true, and any doubts concerning the existence of a genuine
issue of material fact shall be resolved in favor of the nonmoving party.” Id. (citing
McCarley, 960 S.W.2d at 588).

       The resolution of a motion for summary judgment is a matter of law, which we review
de novo with no presumption of correctness. Id. However, “we are required to review the
evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and to draw all reasonable
inferences favoring the nonmoving party.” Id. (citing Staples v. CBL Assocs., Inc., 15
S.W.3d 83, 89 (Tenn. 2000)).

        7
         (...continued)
since 2008. Instead, we will apply Hannan to the summary judgment analysis. See Webb v. Nashville Area
Habitat for Humanity, Inc., 346 S.W.3d 422, 437 n.10 (Tenn. 2011) (noting that the amendment is
applicable to causes of action accruing on or after June 10, 2011); Sykes v. Chattanooga Housing Authority,
343 S.W.3d 18, 26 n.4 (Tenn. 2011) (applying Hannan and noting that the amendment is only applicable to
causes of action accruing on or after June 10, 2011); Pierce v. City of Humboldt, No. W2012-00217-COA-
R3-CV, 2013 WL 1190823, at *8 n.7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 25, 2013) (applying Hannan and noting the
amendment only applies to cases filed on or after June 10, 2011); Skaan v. Federal Exp. Corp., No. W2011-
01807-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 6212891, at *4 n.4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 13, 2012) (same); Williams v. City
of Burns, No. M2010-02428-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 504511, at *2 n.3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 15, 2012)
(applying Hannan and finding the amendment “inapplicable” because it applies to causes of action accruing
on or after June 10, 2011). The new statute meant to overrule Hannan and apply a different standard to
summary judgment motions, generally, is likewise inapplicable to this case because it only applies to actions
filed on or after July 1, 2011. See Sykes, 343 S.W.3d at 25 n.2 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 20-16-101).

                                                    -12-
                                     IV.    D ISCUSSION

                      A.   Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress

       First, we will consider Dr. Coleman’s contention that the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment to the Humane Society on the basis that there was no expert proof to
support her claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress. As noted above, the trial
court provided the following explanation for its decision:

       In a negligent infliction of emotional distress case where there is no other
       identifiable bodily injury involved, as in this case, the law requires expert
       medical proof of both the emotional injury and a causal connection between
       the emotional injury and the allegedly tortious conduct of Defendants; such
       proof is absent in this case.

Dr. Coleman claims that the trial court erred in concluding that expert proof is required when
a plaintiff has no other identifiable “bodily injury” involved. According to Dr. Coleman,
expert proof is only necessary when a plaintiff has alleged no other “damages.” Thus, Dr.
Coleman argues that because she asserted claims for retaliatory discharge, her negligent
infliction of emotional distress claim was “parasitic” to those claims, not a “stand-alone”
claim, and therefore there was no need for expert proof to support her claim.

       In response, the Humane Society argues that the trial court correctly concluded that
expert proof is required when a plaintiff has no bodily injury. The Humane Society further
argues that a negligent infliction of emotional distress claim cannot be parasitic to an
intentional tort such as retaliatory discharge. In any event, however, the Humane Society
argues that summary judgment was appropriate regardless of the issue of expert proof
because, according to the Humane Society, Dr. Coleman did not suffer a severe emotional
injury. The trial court did not make any finding regarding the Humane Society’s alternative
argument that Dr. Coleman’s claimed injury was not sufficiently severe to give rise to a claim
for negligent infliction of emotional distress.

        In its eleven-page order granting Dr. Coleman’s motion for permission to seek an
interlocutory appeal, the trial court found that the issues regarding the need for expert proof
in support of negligent infliction of emotional distress claims were “not settled,” and it
remarked that recent “conflicting holdings on this issue [] make it a needlessly murky area
for trial courts to navigate.” Thus, we will begin by looking to some of our Supreme Court’s
noteworthy decisions on negligent infliction of emotional distress. The Court has noted that
“the law of negligent infliction of emotional distress is one of the most disparate and
confusing areas of tort law.” Camper v. Minor, 915 S.W.2d 437, 440 (Tenn. 1996). In

                                             -13-
addition, it has noted that the development of the tort of negligent infliction of emotional
distress in Tennessee “has been neither smooth nor linear.” Eskin v. Bartee, 262 S.W.3d
727, 734 (Tenn. 2008).

       Historically, a plaintiff was required to show that he or she had sustained a physical
injury before being allowed to recover for emotional and mental damages. Camper, 915
S.W.2d at 445.
       ‘The physical injury requirement served to objectify the inquiry; it assured that
       the plaintiff's allegations of emotional injury were grounded in an
       independently verifiable event. Although the degree of physical injury
       required to substantiate the plaintiff's emotional damages claim was not always
       consistent, and was sometimes quite negligible, the requirement nevertheless
       remained central to this area of negligence law.’

Id. (quoting Carroll v. Sisters of St. Francis Health Services, Inc., 868 S.W.2d 585 (Tenn.
1993)). Eventually, however, the physical manifestation rule “proved to be inflexible and
inadequate in practice,” as it “completely ignore[d] the fact that some valid emotional injuries
simply may not be accompanied by a contemporaneous physical injury or have physical
consequences.” Id. at 446. Accordingly, in Camper, the Court concluded that “the time
ha[d] come to abandon the rigid and overly formulaic ‘physical manifestation’ or ‘injury’
rule,” and the Court held that physical injury would “no longer be used to test the validity of
a prima facie case of negligent infliction of emotional distress.” Id. Instead, the Court
decided that claims for negligent infliction of emotional distress should be analyzed under
a “general negligence” approach, requiring each of the five elements of general negligence:
duty, breach of duty, injury or loss, causation in fact, and proximate, or legal, cause. Id.
“Furthermore,” the Court decided, “in order to guard against trivial or fraudulent actions, the
law ought to provide a recovery only for ‘serious’ or ‘severe’ emotional injury,” meaning that
“a reasonable person, normally constituted, would be unable to adequately cope with the
mental stress engendered by the circumstances of the case.” Id. “Finally,” the Court held,
“the claimed injury or impairment must be supported by expert medical or scientific proof.”
Id.

        The Court elaborated on the requirement of medical or scientific proof in Miller v.
Willbanks, 8 S.W.3d 607, 614-615 (Tenn. 1999). The defendants in that case argued that it
was inconsistent to require expert proof of a mental injury for claims for negligent infliction
of emotional distress but not for mental injury in the context of claims for intentional
infliction of emotional distress. The Court disagreed:
                Our decision does not change the definition of “serious mental injury,”
        but it does distinguish between the methods of proof for the separate torts. This
        is so, because, although the injury sustained in both torts is the same, the

                                              -14-
      circumstances surrounding the infliction of the injury are not.
               We recognize that legitimate concerns of fraudulent and trivial claims
      are implicated when a plaintiff brings an action for a purely mental injury.
      Thus, safeguards are needed to ensure the reliability of claims for intentional
      and negligent infliction of emotional distress. These safeguards, however,
      differ based on the kind of conduct, rather than the kind of injury, for which a
      plaintiff seeks a remedy.
               With regard to intentional infliction of emotional distress, the added
      measure of reliability, i.e., the insurance against frivolous claims, is found in
      the plaintiff's burden to prove that the offending conduct was outrageous. This
      is an exacting standard requiring the plaintiff to show that the defendant's
      conduct is “so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go
      beyond all possible bounds of decency and to be regarded as atrocious, and
      utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Restatement (Second) of Torts
      § 46 cmt. d (1965). Such conduct is “important evidence that the distress has
      existed,” id. § 45 cmt. j, and from such conduct, more reliable indicia of a
      severe mental injury may arise. The outrageous nature of the conduct,
      therefore, vitiates the need for expert testimony in a claim for intentional
      infliction of emotional distress. The risk of frivolous litigation, then, is
      alleviated in claims for intentional infliction of emotional distress by the
      requirement that a plaintiff prove that the offending conduct was so outrageous
      that it is not tolerated by a civilized society.
               In cases of negligent infliction of emotional distress, however, the
      conduct giving rise to the tort is not marked by extraordinary or outrageous
      elements inherent in intentional conduct. Thus, concerns with unwarranted
      claims are not addressed by the kind of conduct that must be proved to obtain
      damages for emotional distress. In the absence of any reliable indicia of a
      severe mental injury suggested by the conduct, some safeguard must be
      imposed to limit frivolous litigation. Accordingly, when the conduct
      complained of is negligent rather than intentional, the plaintiff must prove the
      serious mental injury by expert medical or scientific proof. See Camper, 915
S.W.2d at 446.

Id.

       The Court addressed the matter again in Estate of Amos v. Vanderbilt University, 62
S.W.3d 133, 134 (Tenn. 2001), where the Court was required to decide “whether the special
proof requirements of Camper v. Minor, 915 S.W.2d 437, 446 (Tenn. 1996), extend to all
negligence claims in which damages for emotional distress are sought as an item of
compensatory damages.” The Court ultimately decided not to apply the more stringent

                                            -15-
Camper proof requirements to all negligence claims resulting in emotional injury. Instead,
the Court held that “the special proof requirements of Camper apply only to ‘stand-alone’
claims of negligent infliction of emotional distress.” Id. At the outset of its analysis, the
Court explained that its opinion in Camper “addressed the proper analysis of claims for
negligent infliction of emotional distress without an accompanying physical injury.” Id. at
136. The Court explained,

       The special proof requirements in Camper are a unique safeguard to ensure the
       reliability of ‘stand-alone’ negligent infliction of emotional distress claims.
       Camper, 915 S.W.2d at 440; see also Miller v. Willbanks, 8 S.W.3d 607, 614
       (Tenn.1999). The subjective nature of ‘stand-alone’ emotional injuries creates
       a risk for fraudulent claims. Miller, 8 S.W.3d at 614 ("legitimate concerns of
       fraudulent and trivial claims are implicated when a plaintiff brings an action
       for a purely mental injury"); see Camper, 915 S.W.2d at 440. The risk of a
       fraudulent claim is less, however, in a case in which a claim for emotional
       injury damages is one of multiple claims for damages. When emotional
       damages are a “parasitic” consequence of negligent conduct that results in
       multiple types of damages, there is no need to impose special pleading or proof
       requirements that apply to “stand-alone” emotional distress claims.
               Even before Camper, a plaintiff could recover for emotional injuries as
       one of several items of compensatory damages. See, e.g., Smith v. Gore, 728
S.W.2d 738, 751–52 (Tenn. 1987) (in an action for wrongful pregnancy,
       plaintiffs could recover damages for medical expenses, pain and suffering, loss
       of wages, and emotional distress or mental anguish); Laxton v. Orkin
       Exterminating Co., Inc., 639 S.W.2d 431, 431, 434 (Tenn. 1982) (damages
       allowed for mental anguish, personal injury, and property damages resulting
       from the negligent contamination of plaintiffs' water supply); Roberson v.
       Univ. of Tenn., 829 S.W.2d 149, 152 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992) (damages for
       gender discrimination included actual damages, damages for emotional
       distress, attorneys' fees, costs, and punitive damages). Before Camper,
       however, Tennessee courts did not allow recovery for mental injuries “without
       accompanying physical injury or physical consequences, or without other
       independent basis for tort liability.” Laxton, 639 S.W.2d at 433. The Camper
       holding contemplated a plaintiff who was involved in an incident and received
       only emotional injuries. With its abandonment of the "physical manifestation"
       rule, the Camper Court opened the door for legitimate "stand-alone" claims of
       negligent infliction of emotional distress. See Laura J. Bradley, Case Note,
       Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618 (Tenn.1997), 65 Tenn. L. Rev. 293, 305. The
       Camper holding did not alter the longstanding rule that emotional injuries are
       compensable if accompanied by additional claims for damages. Imposing the

                                            -16-
       more stringent Camper proof requirements upon all negligence claims
       resulting in emotional injury would severely limit the number of otherwise
       compensable claims. Such a result would be contrary to the intent of our
       opinion in Camper—to provide a more adequate, flexible rule allowing
       compensation for valid "stand-alone" emotional injury claims. Camper, 915
S.W.2d at 446.

Id. at 136-37. Applying the “stand-alone” analysis to the facts before it in Amos, the Court
noted that the plaintiffs had brought a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress in
addition to their claims for negligent failure to warn and wrongful birth. Id. at 137. Because
their claims for wrongful birth and negligent failure to warn “included a request for damages
for emotional injuries stemming from those causes of action,” as well as a request for other
damages, the plaintiffs’ request for damages for emotional injuries was not a “stand-alone”
claim subject to the special evidentiary requirements of Camper. Id. In other words, their
claim of emotional damages was not separate from the other claims of negligence, but rather
was “parasitic” to those claims, so the claim was properly characterized as a negligence claim
that included damages for emotional injuries. “This [was] not a case, like Camper, in which
the damages alleged [were] for mental anguish alone.” Id.

       More recently, the Supreme Court discussed the Camper special proof requirements
in Flax v. DaimlerChrysler Corp., 272 S.W.3d 521, 528 (Tenn. 2008). The Court began by
reviewing and discussing its previous holdings on the issue of negligent infliction of
emotional distress. The Court summarized the Camper case as holding “that a plaintiff who
has not suffered a physical injury must demonstrate through expert medical or scientific
proof that he or she has suffered a ‘severe’ emotional injury.” Id. According to the Court,
“Our holding in Camper therefore balance[d] the goals of compensating victims and avoiding
fraudulent claims by: 1) allowing a person with emotional injuries to bring NIED claims
regardless of whether he or she has suffered any physical injury, and 2) requiring a higher
degree of proof for emotional injuries under these circumstances.” Id.

       The Court said that it had “further clarified” the Camper holding in the Estate of
Amos case, when it held that the special proof requirements “are a unique safeguard to
ensure the reliability of ‘stand-alone’ negligent infliction of emotional distress claims.” Id.
at 528-29 (quoting Amos, 62 S.W.3d at 136-37). According to the Court, the Amos case
“recognized a distinction between traditional negligence claims that include damages for
emotional injuries and claims that are based solely on NIED.” Id. at 529. The heightened
proof requirements are inapplicable “when emotional damages are a ‘parasitic’ consequence
of negligent conduct that results in multiple types of damages,” because “the risk of
fraudulent claims is less in a case in which a claim for emotional injury damages is one of
multiple claims for damages.” Id. (quoting Amos, 62 S.W.3d at 137).

                                             -17-
        In Flax, the plaintiff was involved in a car accident in which she witnessed the death
of her infant son. The Court was required to decide whether the mother’s claim for negligent
infliction of emotional distress was a stand-alone claim when she had also filed a wrongful
death claim on behalf of her deceased son. The Court ultimately concluded that the mother’s
claim was a stand-alone claim and therefore subject to the Camper special proof requirement.
Id. at 529. The Court explained that a wrongful death claim belongs to the decedent, not to
the decedent’s beneficiaries. Therefore, the mother’s negligent infliction of emotional
distress claim was “the only claim that [was] personal to one of the plaintiffs” and was a
“stand-alone” claim. Id. at 530.

       The Flax plaintiff argued that her negligent infliction of emotional distress claim was
valid because she had suffered minor physical injuries during the accident, even though she
chose not to bring a claim for those injuries. However, the Court rejected this argument:

       [T]he emotional injuries alleged by [the mother] are not parasitic to the minor
       injuries she sustained in the accident but rather are the result of witnessing the
       death of her child. Even if [the mother] had chosen to bring a claim for her
       minor physical injuries, her NIED claim would remain a "stand-alone" claim
       because the emotional injuries sustained from witnessing the death of her child
       are completely unrelated to any physical injuries she may have sustained. Of
       course, [the mother] would not have been required to meet the Camper
       requirements to recover for any mental and emotional suffering resulting from
       her own physical injuries. See Overstreet v. Shoney's, Inc., 4 S.W.3d 694, 715
       (Tenn. Ct. App.1999) (holding that damages for pain and suffering in a
       personal injury case may include a variety of mental and emotional injuries
       that accompany the physical injury). When a plaintiff suffers a physical injury
       there is some indication that allegations of emotional and mental injuries
       resulting from that injury are not fraudulent. See Amos, 62 S.W.3d at 137. On
       the other hand, having a potential claim for physical injuries does nothing to
       ensure the reliability of an NIED claim relating to the emotional injuries
       resulting from witnessing the death or injury of a third party. Accordingly,
       there is no good reason to relieve [the mother] of her burden of meeting the
       Camper requirements.

Id. at 530.

       We now turn to the facts of the case before us. Dr. Coleman’s complaint set forth her
claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress as her “third cause of action,” alleging as
follows:

                                              -18-
       36.    Beginning in April or May of 2007, Defendant Ginger Morgan, acting
              within the scope of her employment with [the Humane Society],
              developed a dismissive and hostile attitude toward Plaintiff because of
              Plaintiff's continued complaints about unsafe and illegal practices at
              [the Humane Society]. From that time until Plaintiff's termination
              Defendant Morgan negligently and/or deliberately ignored and
              undermined Plaintiff's attempt to exercise her professional skills and
              judgment on behalf of the animals entrusted to [the Humane Society]
              facility. Some actions of Defendant Morgan caused or substantially
              contributed to animals being placed at risk for suffering and illness.
              These actions caused Plaintiff to suffer severe emotional distress, as she
              was prevented on many occasions from intervening to prevent harm to
              animals she had a professional duty and a personal desire to protect.

       37.    The actions of Defendant Ginger Morgan as set forth in Paragraph 36,
              above, constitute the tort of negligent infliction of emotional distress,
              rendering [the Humane Society] liable to Plaintiff, under the theory of
              respondeat superior, for all proximately caused damages prayed for in
              Paragraph 40, below.

In addition to these allegations, however, Dr. Coleman asserted common law and statutory
claims for retaliatory discharge. The sections of Dr. Coleman’s complaint setting forth the
two causes of action for retaliatory discharge ended by stating, “Consequently, [the Humane
Society] is liable to Plaintiff in damages as is set forth in Paragraphs 39, 40 and 41, below.”
The referenced Paragraph 40 sought $100,000 in damages for negligent infliction of
emotional distress. As a result, we interpret Dr. Coleman’s complaint as seeking emotional
distress damages arising out of her causes of action for retaliatory discharge.

       Dr. Coleman argues that her negligent infliction of emotional distress claim was
“parasitic” to her retaliatory discharge claims, and therefore, there was no need for expert
proof. We agree. In Estate of Amos, the Supreme Court explained that there is less risk of
fraudulent claims “in a case in which a claim for emotional injury damages is one of multiple
claims for damages,” and therefore, “[w]hen emotional damages are a ‘parasitic’
consequence of negligent conduct that results in multiple types of damages, there is no need
to impose special pleading or proof requirements that apply to ‘stand-alone’ emotional
distress claims.” (emphasis added). Because in Estate of Amos the plaintiffs’ claims for
wrongful birth and negligent failure to warn “included a request for damages for emotional
injuries stemming from those causes of action” (emphasis added), the request for damages
for emotional injuries was not a “stand-alone” claim subject to the special evidentiary
requirements of Camper. Here, Dr. Coleman alleged emotional distress arising out of or

                                             -19-
flowing from her termination or retaliatory discharge; therefore, her negligent infliction of
emotional distress claim was “parasitic” to her claims for retaliatory discharge. Because Dr.
Coleman asserted a separate viable claim that included damages for emotional injuries, the
Camper expert proof requirement does not apply.

        The trial court held that expert proof is required in “a negligent infliction of emotional
distress case where there is no other identifiable bodily injury involved.” In other words, the
trial court concluded that whether a NIED claim is a stand-alone claim depends upon whether
the plaintiff suffered a physical injury. We recognize, as the trial court noted, that some of
the recent language addressing this issue is difficult to reconcile.8 See, e.g., Rogers v.
Louisville Land Co., 367 S.W.3d 196, 206 n.10 (Tenn. 2012) (“When the claim for negligent
infliction of emotional distress is a ‘stand-alone' claim, i.e., one for emotional disturbance
alone in the absence of a physical injury, the serious or severe mental injury must be proven
‘through expert medical or scientific proof.’”) (quoting Flax, 272 S.W.3d at 528); Eskin v.
Bartee, 262 S.W.3d 727, 735 (Tenn. 2008) (“The Court has defined a ‘stand-alone' negligent
infliction of emotional distress claim as a claim that seeks recovery only for emotional
injuries and that is not accompanied by ‘additional claims for damages.’”) (quoting Amos,
62 S.W.3d at 137). However, as we recently explained in Boals v. Murphy, No. W2013-
00310-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 5872225, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 30, 2013), the fact that
a particular claim seeks damages “based on nonphysical injuries . . . does not necessarily
mean that the claims are ‘stand alone’ NIED claims.” The existence of a physical injury is
not determinative. Even before Camper v. Minor, a plaintiff could recover for emotional
injuries “as one of several items of compensatory damages,” but “Tennessee courts did not
allow recovery for mental injuries ‘without accompanying physical injury or physical
consequences, or without other independent basis for tort liability.’” Estate of Amos, 62
S.W.3d at 137 (citing Laxton, 639 S.W.2d at 433) (emphasis added). The Estate of Amos
Court listed some examples of cases in which emotional injuries were alleged as one of
several bases for compensatory damages, including Roberson v. Univ. of Tenn., 829 S.W.2d
149, 152 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992) (noting that damages for gender discrimination included
actual damages, damages for emotional distress, attorneys' fees, costs, and punitive damages).
The Court then noted that “[t]he Camper holding did not alter the longstanding rule that
emotional injuries are compensable if accompanied by additional claims for damages.”
Estate of Amos, 62 S.W.3d at 137. As a result, we have interpreted Estate of Amos as
holding “that the Camper safeguards apply only to ‘stand alone’ claims for NIED and do not
apply to cases in which the plaintiff's emotional injury is ‘parasitic’ to other types of claims

        8
          This Court has recently observed that “[i]t may be simple to state the general rule requiring expert
proof in NIED cases, but applying it is not so simple, particularly in cases in which the plaintiff asserts a
claim for NIED along with other claims involving different torts and different types of damages.” Boals v.
Murphy, No. W2013-00310-COA-R3-CV, 2013 WL 5872225, at *8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 30, 2013).

                                                    -20-
or injuries.” Boals, 2013 WL 5872225, at *9. For example, in Riley v. Whybrew, 185
S.W.3d 393, 400 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005), this Court concluded that a negligent infliction of
emotional distress claim that accompanied a nuisance claim was not a stand-alone claim, and
therefore the Camper expert proof requirement was inapplicable, despite the appellee’s
contention that expert proof was required in the absence of an accompanying physical injury.
And in Boals, this Court concluded that the plaintiffs’ claim for “negligent infliction of
emotional distress” was not a stand-alone claim because the plaintiffs had also alleged “a
variety of negligence claims for which several types of damages [were] recoverable other
than emotional injuries.” Specifically, the plaintiffs’ claims for negligence per se, negligent
mutilation, violation of the common law, breach of contract, and violation of the TCPA
constituted “independent bases for tort liability,” and they were “related to the injuries that
the Plaintiffs’ NIED claim [sought] to redress.” 2013 WL 5872225, at *14. Finally, we note
that the Supreme Court has specifically recited the definition of “a ‘stand-alone’ negligent
infliction of emotional distress claim as a claim that seeks recovery only for emotional
injuries and that is not accompanied by ‘additional claims for damages.’” Eskin, 262 S.W.3d
at 735.

        Applying these principles to the facts before us, we find that Dr. Coleman’s claim for
negligent infliction of emotional distress is not a stand-alone claim because she also alleged
other independent bases for tort liability, namely, statutory and common law causes of action
for retaliatory discharge. The fact that Dr. Coleman did not allege a physical injury is not
determinative. See Boals, 2013 WL 5872225, at *13.

       Finally, we note the Humane Society’s argument that a claim for negligent infliction
of emotional distress can only be parasitic to another negligence-based tort and cannot be
parasitic to an intentional tort such as retaliatory discharge. However, the Humane Society
does not present any persuasive argument regarding why a negligent infliction of emotional
distress claim that accompanies an intentional tort should require expert proof, when a
negligent infliction of emotional distress claim that is parasitic to a negligence claim does
not. In Estate of Amos, the Supreme Court stated:
        The subjective nature of "stand-alone" emotional injuries creates a risk for
       fraudulent claims. [citations omitted]. The risk of a fraudulent claim is less,
       however, in a case in which a claim for emotional injury damages is one of
       multiple claims for damages. When emotional damages are a “parasitic”
       consequence of negligent conduct that results in multiple types of damages,
       there is no need to impose special pleading or proof requirements that apply
       to “stand-alone” emotional distress claims. See Kush v. Lloyd, 616 So. 2d 415,
       422–23 (Fla.1992); see also Naccash v. Burger, 223 Va. 406, 290 S.E.2d 825,
       831 (1982); Phillips v. United States, 575 F. Supp. 1309, 1318–19
       (D.S.C.1983).

                                             -21-
62 S.W.3d at137 (citations omitted). The Humane Society contends that the “critical” term
in this passage is “negligent” conduct, referencing the sentence, “When emotional damages
are a ‘parasitic' consequence of negligent conduct that results in multiple types of damages,
there is no need to impose special pleading or proof requirements that apply to ‘stand-alone'
emotional distress claims.” Id. (Emphasis added). We find no indication that this was the
critical point of the Court's analysis, however. The Supreme Court was simply discussing
the issue of stand-alone claims in the context of deciding whether expert proof should be
required for all negligence claims resulting in emotional injury. Thus, the Court explained
that there was no need for special proof requirements when emotional damages are a parasitic
consequence of negligent conduct resulting in multiple types of damages, but that special
proof is required for "stand-alone" claims. In other words, the Court recognized a distinction
between traditional negligence claims that include damages for emotional injuries and claims
that are based solely on NIED. See Flax, 272 S.W.3d at 529 (explaining the holding in
Estate of Amos). The plaintiffs’ claim of emotional damages in Estate of Amos was not
separate from the other claims of negligence, but rather was "parasitic" to those claims. See
id. We do not read the Court's statement in Estate of Amos as holding that there is no need
for expert proof only when emotional damages are parasitic to negligent conduct resulting
in multiple types of damages. In fact, the Kush case that the Supreme Court cited for the
sentence at issue actually states, “Prosser and Keeton state that the impact doctrine should
not be applied where emotional damages are an additional ‘parasitic’ consequence of
conduct that itself is a freestanding tort apart from any emotional injury.” Kush v. Lloyd,
616 So. 2d 415, 422-23 (Fla. 1992) (citing W. Page Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the
Law of Torts § 54, at 361–65 (5th ed. 1984)) (emphasis added).9

        As noted above, the Estate of Amos Court went on to explain that even before
Camper, a plaintiff could recover for emotional injuries “as one of several items of
compensatory damages,” but not without “accompanying physical injury or physical
consequences, or without other independent basis for tort liability.” 62 S.W.3d at 137
(Emphasis added). As an example, the Court referenced Roberson v. Univ. of Tenn., 829
S.W.2d 149, 152 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992), which allowed emotional distress damages for
gender discrimination. According to the Court, “The Camper holding did not alter the
longstanding rule that emotional injuries are compensable if accompanied by additional
claims for damages.” (emphasis added). In conclusion, the Court succinctly stated,
“Plaintiffs . . . who seek damages for emotional injuries as one of multiple claims for
damages, therefore, are not required to meet the special proof requirements under Camper.”
Id. at 139.

       9
          The Kush Court was deciding whether parents could recover damages for alleged mental anguish
arising out of a wrongful birth claim. 616 So.2d. at 422-23.

                                                -22-
        In sum, we conclude that the trial court erred in holding that Dr. Coleman was
required to submit expert proof in support of her claim for negligent infliction of emotional
distress. Dr. Coleman claimed that the Humane Society was liable for emotional damages
suffered as a result of her alleged retaliatory discharge. Therefore, her NIED claim was
parasitic to her claims for retaliatory discharge. Even though they may be considered
intentional torts, the retaliatory discharge claims provided an “independent basis for tort
liability” such that the NIED claim was not a stand-alone claim. Estate of Amos, 62 S.W.3d
at 137. Dr. Coleman’s claimed emotional injury was related to the retaliatory discharge
claims she asserted, and the retaliatory discharge claims served the purpose of demonstrating
the reliability of Dr. Coleman’s claim for emotional distress. Flax, 272 S.W.3d at 530. In
other words, they provided some indication that her allegations of emotional and mental
injuries resulting from the retaliatory discharge are not fraudulent.

       Because we have found that Dr. Coleman’s NIED claim was not a stand-alone claim,
we likewise find that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the Humane
Society on this claim due to the lack of expert proof.10 We reverse the trial court’s order
granting summary judgment to the Humane Society on this issue and remand for further
proceedings.11

                                      B.    Retaliatory Discharge

       Tennessee has long adhered to the doctrine of employment-at-will, which recognizes
the concomitant right of either the employer or the employee to terminate the employment
relationship at any time, for good cause, bad cause, or no cause at all, without being guilty

        10
            The Humane Society is not precluded from raising this issue to the trial court again if, at some
point, Dr. Coleman’s retaliatory discharge claims are disposed of prior to trial, either by summary judgment
or otherwise. See Boals, 2013 WL 5872225, at *14 n.9.
        11
            The Humane Society raised an alternative argument on appeal regarding whether Dr. Coleman’s
alleged emotional injury was “serious or severe” enough to support a claim for NIED, and it claimed that it
would be entitled to summary judgment on this basis as well. However, the trial court did not grant summary
judgment on this basis, nor did it make any findings regarding these arguments. Furthermore, this issue was
not addressed in the application for interlocutory appeal filed by Dr. Coleman on the issue of negligent
infliction of emotional distress, nor did the trial court mention the issue in its order granting leave to seek
an interlocutory appeal on this issue. “In an interlocutory appeal, as well as in an appeal as of right, the
appellate court considers only questions that were actually adjudicated by the trial court.” Shaffer v.
Memphis Airport Authority, Service Management Systems, Inc., No. W2012-00237-COA-R9-CV, 2013
WL 209309, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 18, 2013) (citing In re Estate of Boykin, 295 S.W.3d 632, 636 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2008) (“At the appellate level, ‘we are limited in authority to the adjudication of issues that are
presented and decided in the trial courts.”) “To do otherwise would render the interlocutory appeal a request
for an advisory opinion.” Id. Accordingly, we decline to address this issue in the first instance on appeal.

                                                     -23-
of a legal wrong. Guy v. Mut. of Omaha Ins. Co., 79 S.W.3d 528, 534-35 (Tenn. 2002);
Stein v. Davidson Hotel Co., 945 S.W.2d 714, 716 (Tenn. 1997). By statute and case law,
however, some restrictions have been imposed on the right of an employer to terminate an
at-will employee. Stein, 945 S.W.2d at 716. Our Supreme Court first recognized a
common-law retaliatory discharge cause of action in Clanton v. Cain-Sloan Co., 677 S.W.2d
441, 442 (Tenn. 1984), where an employee was discharged for exercising his rights under the
workers' compensation law. The Court found that to allow an employee to be discharged for
filing a workers' compensation claim would “completely circumvent” the legislative scheme;
thus, a retaliatory discharge cause of action was necessary to carry out the legislature's intent.
Id. at 444-45. The Supreme Court later clarified, however, that an action for retaliatory
discharge is a limited exception to the employment-at-will doctrine, which “cannot be
permitted to consume or eliminate the general rule.” Chism v. Mid-South Milling Co., Inc.,
762 S.W.2d 552, 556 (Tenn.1988). “To be liable for retaliatory discharge,” the Court
explained, “the employer must violate a clear public policy. Usually this policy will be
evidenced by an unambiguous constitutional, statutory or regulatory provision.” Id. Thus,
for a common law retaliatory discharge claim, the employee has the burden of proving four
elements at trial:

       (1) that an employment-at-will relationship existed;
       (2) that the employee was discharged;
       (3) that the reason for the discharge was that the employee attempted to
       exercise a statutory or constitutional right, or for any other reason which
       violates a clear public policy evidenced by an unambiguous constitutional,
       statutory, or regulatory provision; and
       (4) that a substantial factor in the employer's decision to discharge the
       employee was the employee's exercise of protected rights or compliance with
       clear public policy.

Gossett, 320 S.W.3d at 781 (citing Crews v. Buckman Labs. Int'l, Inc., 78 S.W.3d 852, 862
(Tenn. 2002)).

      There is also a statutory exception to the employment-at-will doctrine. “The
Whistleblower Act, Tennessee Code Annotated section 50-1-304, was enacted as part of the
Tennessee Public Protection Act of 1990.” Sykes, 343 S.W.3d at 26. It provides, in relevant
part:

       (b) No employee shall be discharged or terminated solely for refusing to
       participate in, or for refusing to remain silent about, illegal activities.
       ...
       (d)(1) Any employee terminated in violation of subsection (b) shall have a

                                              -24-
       cause of action against the employer for retaliatory discharge and any other
       damages to which the employee may be entitled.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-1-304. The TPPA “increases the burden of proof to require the
plaintiff to demonstrate that his whistleblowing behavior was the sole reason for his
termination, in contrast with the ‘substantial factor’ requirement of the common law.” Guy,
79 S.W.3d at 537. Thus, a claimant under the Whistleblower Act has the burden of proving
the following four elements to prevail on his or her statutory retaliatory discharge claim:

       (1) the plaintiff was an employee of the defendant;
       (2) the plaintiff refused to participate in or remain silent about illegal activity;
       (3) the defendant employer discharged or terminated the plaintiff's
       employment; and
       (4) the defendant terminated the plaintiff's employment solely for the plaintiff's
       refusal to participate in or remain silent about the illegal activity.

Sykes, 343 S.W.3d at 27. The statute defines “illegal activities” as “activities that are in
violation of the criminal or civil code of this state or the United States or any regulation
intended to protect the public health, safety or welfare.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-1-304(a)(3).

        Here, the Humane Society filed a motion for summary judgment alleging that Dr.
Coleman cannot prove that she refused to participate in or remain silent about illegal activity,
or activity that violated a clear public policy, as required to prove her retaliatory discharge
claims. Alternatively, the Humane Society argued that Dr. Coleman cannot prove that her
complaints were the sole reason, or even a substantial factor, in the decision to terminate her.
We will address each of these arguments in turn. However, we must first decide precisely
what type of retaliation claim Dr. Coleman has asserted. As noted above, the TPPA provides
that “[n]o employee shall be discharged or terminated solely for refusing to participate in, or
for refusing to remain silent about, illegal activities.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-1-304
(emphasis added). Similarly, a common law retaliatory discharge action “can arise when an
employee is discharged either for refusing to remain silent about an illegal activity or for
refusing to participate in an illegal activity.” Gossett, 320 S.W.3d at 787 (emphasis added).
The two types of claims “are similar but distinct.” VanCleave v. Reelfoot Bank, No.
W2008-01559-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 3518211, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 30, 2009). A
refusal to participate claim is treated differently than a refusal to remain silent claim for
certain purposes.

       Dr. Coleman alleged in her complaint that she was terminated “in retaliation for her
actions in seeking to further the public good by refusing to participate in and/or for refusing
to remain silent about” Ms. Freeza’s unauthorized performance of euthanasia at the Humane

                                              -25-
Society without being certified to do so, Ms. Freeza’s act of bringing her personally owned
pet ferrets to the Humane Society and euthanizing them, and Ms. Freeza’s unauthorized use
of euthanasia drugs issued to Dr. Coleman without Dr. Coleman’s knowledge or consent.12
The Humane Society asserts that because “no one ever told [Dr. Coleman] she had to
participate in any illegal activity,” her retaliatory discharge claim cannot be based upon a
refusal to participate. According to the Humane Society, “[t]here is simply no evidence in
the present case to support Dr. Coleman’s conclusory allegation that the Humane Society
sought to have her participate in illegal activity.” We disagree.

        First of all, it is not necessary for an employer to have expressly stated to an employee
that he or she must “participate in an illegal activity,” or must remain silent about it, in order
for the employee to pursue a retaliatory discharge claim. Mason v. Seaton, 942 S.W.2d 470,
475-76 (Tenn. 1997) (“It is axiomatic that an employer who is engaged in illegal activity
does not want that activity reported . . . . Requiring an explicit instruction by the employer
as an essential component of the cause of action would defeat the purpose of the statute. . .
. [A]n employer would never be liable for discharging an employee for reporting illegal
activity so long as the employer had not expressly forbade the employee from reporting the
activity.”); Sykes v. Chattanooga Housing Authority, No. E2008-00525-COA-R3-CV, 2009
WL 2365705, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 31, 2009) aff’d 343 S.W.3d 18 (Tenn. 2011)
(stating that there is no requirement that a plaintiff show an instruction from his or her
employer to participate in illegal activities).

        Moreover, the Humane Society has not otherwise demonstrated that Dr. Coleman will
not be able to prove a refusal to participate claim at trial. The euthanasia drugs at issue were
classified as Schedule II and Schedule III substances and sold to Dr. Coleman under her
federal DEA license, making her strictly accountable for them under both federal and state
law. These controlled substances were kept in a locked cabinet. Dr. Coleman’s complaint

        12
             In their briefs on appeal, the parties present various arguments regarding Dr. Coleman’s
complaints about other circumstances at the Humane Society, such as its “overcrowding” and Ms. Freeza’s
sale of heartworm medication. However, a close examination of Dr. Coleman’s complaint reveals that she
based her claims of retaliatory discharge on the allegation that she was terminated for refusing to participate
in or remain silent “about the activities set forth in Paragraphs 22, 23, 24, 25, and 26, which activities were
illegal under the state and federal statutes and regulations cited in said paragraphs, all of which are intended
to protect the public health, safety and welfare.” Paragraphs 22 through 26 of the complaint set forth
allegations regarding Ms. Freeza’s unauthorized performance of euthanasia, her unauthorized use of
controlled substances for euthanasia, and her euthanasia of ferrets belonging to her, not to the Humane
Society. There was no mention in these paragraphs of overcrowding, the sale of heartworm medication, and
the like, and the complaint was never amended to allege that Dr. Coleman’s complaints about these practices
were the basis for her termination. Therefore, we will limit our review on appeal to the specific allegations
of the complaint, not necessarily the issues presented in the briefs on appeal.

                                                     -26-
was that Ms. Freeza was removing the controlled substances issued to Dr. Coleman, without
Dr. Coleman’s knowledge or consent, and using them to illegally euthanize animals
belonging to the Humane Society and others. It is undisputed that, as staff veterinarian, it
was Dr. Coleman's legal responsibility to ensure that the Humane Society was in compliance
with veterinary standards and procedures. Dr. Coleman claims that she initially complained
to Ms. Morgan about these practices, and that Ms. Morgan not only ignored the complaints
but defended Ms. Freeza. Dr. Coleman then addressed the board of directors about the issue.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Dr. Coleman, as the nonmoving party,
and drawing all reasonable inferences in her favor, we find that the aforementioned illegal
practices occurring at the Humane Society involved Dr. Coleman in such a way that her
continued complaints about them can be characterized as a refusal to participate in and a
refusal to remain silent about the activities. Specifically, Dr. Coleman refused to participate
in the continuing practice at the Humane Society by which Ms. Freeza was using Dr.
Coleman’s medications to illegally euthanize animals. In short, the Humane Society has not
shown that Dr. Coleman cannot establish a refusal to participate claim at trial, and therefore,
it is not entitled to summary judgment on this issue.

                                   1.   Protected Activity

        The Humane Society presents several issues on appeal in support of its assertion that
Dr. Coleman did not engage in “protected activity” within the meaning of retaliatory
discharge law. The Humane Society claims that the trial court erred in finding that there
were genuine issues of material fact and that “reasonable minds could draw differing
conclusions on the issue of whether or not [Dr. Coleman’s] reporting of illegal activity was
in furtherance of public policy sufficient to support a cause of action for retaliatory discharge
under Tennessee law.”

        As we explained earlier, an action for retaliatory discharge is a limited exception to
the employment-at-will doctrine, which “cannot be permitted to consume or eliminate the
general rule.” Chism, 762 S.W.2d at 556. Accordingly, in order to be liable for retaliatory
discharge, “the employer must violate a clear public policy,” which usually “will be
evidenced by an unambiguous constitutional, statutory or regulatory provision.” Id. “This
element sufficiently limits the retaliatory discharge cause of action to only those cases in
which a discharge violates public policy.” Gossett, 320 S.W.3d at 789 (citing Chism, 762
S.W.2d at 557). “[M]anagement has the right to terminate an employee over management
and policy decisions, so long as the employer does not violate any clearly established public
policy in doing so.” Chism, 762 S.W.2d at 555. “Neither the statutory nor the common-law
whistleblowing claims are triggered by simple disputes or arguments between employees and
their supervisors regarding workplace procedures.” Collins v. AmSouth Bank, 241 S.W.3d
879, 885 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007).

                                              -27-
        According to our Supreme Court, for a common law retaliatory discharge claim, the
employee has the burden of proving that he or she was terminated for attempting “to exercise
a statutory or constitutional right, or for any other reason which violates a clear public policy
evidenced by an unambiguous constitutional, statutory, or regulatory provision[.]” Gossett,
320 S.W.3d at 781. Under the TPPA, the employee must prove termination for refusing to
participate in or remain silent about illegal activities, meaning, “activities that are in violation
of the criminal or civil code of this state or the United States or any regulation intended to
protect the public health, safety or welfare.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 50-1-304(a)(3). “To be
clear, under both the statute and the common law, the plaintiff must assert that his or her
whistleblowing activity ‘serves a public purpose [that] should be protected.’” Guy, 79
S.W.3d at 538 n.4.

                                       a.    Subjective Intent

        In its motion for summary judgment, the Humane Society conceded that in October
2007, Dr. Coleman brought to the attention of the Humane Society’s board of directors
violations of Tennessee's Veterinary Practice Act, Tenn. Code Ann. § 63-12-101, et seq., and
the Non-livestock Animal Humane Death Act, Tenn. Code Ann. § 44-17-301, et seq., as well
as the regulations pertaining to those Acts.13 However, the Humane Society claimed that Dr.
Coleman’s “concern in reporting these violations was her own personal interest in protecting
her veterinary license and reputation,” not the public welfare, and therefore, her retaliatory
discharge claims must fail. The Humane Society pointed out that in an email sent by Dr.
Coleman after she complained to the board of directors, she stated:

        Thank you for providing the opportunity to express my grievances and
        concerns regarding the conduct of Lorie Freeza. As stated in the meeting, I
        cannot tolerate unethical and possibly illegal activities which affect my license
        as a veterinarian, holder of a D.E.A. license, unfounded allegations, and
        personal attacks deleterious to my reputation. These issues have been
        previously addressed with management and thus far no positive action has
        been taken to correct the problems. In the meeting, upon request, I made a
        recommendation on Lorie Freeza's employment status. The resolution and
        decision is now in your hands.

        13
           Shortly after Dr. Coleman’s termination, the Humane Society and its employees were investigated
by the Tennessee Department of Health Related Boards for complaints dealing with the illegal use of drugs
and actions of employees. The Humane Society received a warning letter from the Board stating that
regulatory violations had occurred and that the management had been aware of them. Dr. Coleman was not
disciplined.

                                                  -28-
(Emphasis added). Thus, the Humane Society claimed that Dr. Coleman was motivated by
personal interest. In response to the motion for summary judgment, Dr. Coleman conceded
that she was “motivated partly by wanting to protect her professional license and avoid
trouble with the federal Drug Enforcement Agency,” but, she claimed she was also “strongly
motivated by her concern for the animals she saw suffering because of illegal and unsafe
practices, and also by her interest as a licensed professional in preventing the illegal practice
of veterinary medicine and the illegal use of controlled substances and other prescription
drugs.” Dr. Coleman claimed that, under Tennessee law, she can pursue a retaliatory
discharge claim so long as her “sole motive” was not personal or private interest.

        In Guy, our Supreme Court stated that an employee asserting a retaliatory discharge
claim “must assert that his or her whistleblowing activity ‘serves a public purpose [that]
should be protected. So long as employees’ actions are not merely private or proprietary, but
instead seek to further the public good, the decision to expose illegal or unsafe practices
should be encouraged.’” 79 S.W.3d at 538 n.4 (emphasis in Guy). The precise meaning of
this statement has been the subject of some debate. In Bright v. MMS Knoxville, Inc., No.
M2005-02668-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 2262018, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 7, 2007), the
Middle Section of this Court stated:

       It is the court's task to determine whether the whistleblowing activity that
       brought to light an illegal or unsafe practice has furthered an important public
       policy interest. Guy v. Mut. of Omaha Ins. Co., 79 S.W.3d at 538. Toward
       that end, it is essential that the employee's attempt to expose illegal or unsafe
       practices do more than merely advance the employee's private interest. Guy
       v. Mut. of Omaha Ins. Co., 79 S.W.3d at 538 n. 4.

Id. (emphasis added). In Bright, the Court found that a medical supply company technician’s
conversation with the manager of an assisted living facility about a patient at the facility who
was smoking near oxygen did not constitute the reporting of illegal activities for the purpose
of a common-law or statutory retaliatory discharge claim. Id. at *1. The Court first noted
that the regulations that were allegedly violated pertained to the facility, not to the individual
smoker, and the facility was not in violation of the cited regulations because it prohibited
smoking. Id. at *5. In addition, the Court went on to note that it was “hard to reconcile [the
employee’s] claim for whistleblower status with his testimony regarding the event. [The
employee] testified that his ‘legal concern’ was that he or [his employer] could incur liability
for any damage caused by [the patient’s] smoking.” Id. The Court explained:

                                              -29-
       The circumstances of this case present a well-intentioned employee who
       sought to avoid legal responsibility for a potentially hazardous situation. This
       simply does not fall within the scope of the protection provided by the
       statutory or common-law actions for retaliatory discharge.
               Throughout this matter, no one has disputed that [the employee’s]
       decision to speak with [the facility’s] management stemmed from a good faith
       attempt to prevent a safety hazard. Unfortunately, [the employee] by-passed
       [his employer’s] policy that management should address these matters when
       they arise and thereby placed [his employer] in an uncomfortable position
       vis-à-vis one of its customers. In Tennessee, employers may discharge at-will
       employees for good reason, bad reason, or no reason without being guilty of
       a legal wrong. Stein v. Davidson Hotel Co., 945 S.W.2d at 716. While there
       may be room to question whether [the employee] should have been terminated,
       reasonable persons cannot disagree that [the employer’s] decision was not
       based on an illegal reason.

Id. In the case before us, the Humane Society relies upon the Bright Court’s statement that
“it is essential that the employee's attempt to expose illegal or unsafe practices do more than
merely advance the employee's private interest.” The Humane Society interprets this
statement to mean that “subjective intent matters.”

        This Court has questioned the importance of an employee’s “subjective intent” in the
retaliatory discharge analysis. In VanCleave v. Reelfoot Bank, No. W2008-01559-COA-R3-
CV, 2009 WL 3518211 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 30, 2009), the plaintiff was a bank employee
who refused a customer’s request to open an account in a manner that she believed was
illegal. The trial court granted summary judgment to the bank on the plaintiff’s retaliatory
discharge claims, noting that the employee had conceded that her intent was to protect the
bank, and/or her supervisor, “not the public.” Id. at *7. Effectively, the trial court held that
the employee was required to prove that she was motivated by a desire to protect the public,
as opposed to protecting her supervisor, the bank, or herself. Id. On appeal, we
acknowledged the Supreme Court’s statement in Guy that as “long as employees’ actions are
not merely private or proprietary, but instead seek to further the public good, the decision to
expose illegal or unsafe practices should be encouraged.” We said, “To the extent that [this
statement] may be interpreted as requiring a plaintiff in a retaliatory discharge case to show
subjective intent to further the public good, some clarification is in order.” Id. We first
pointed out that Guy only involved a whistleblowing claim, not a refusal to participate

                                              -30-
claim.14 Thus, we concluded that, to the extent that the Court’s statement “can be read as
requiring that the plaintiff's report of the illegal activity be motivated by a desire to further
the public good, such a statement of the law would be limited to a whistleblowing claim.”
Id. at *8. We explained that “it would be anomalous to hold that the plaintiff must show that,
in refusing to participate in the alleged illegal activity, she was motivated by an intent to
protect the public as opposed to protecting herself or her employer.” Id. “Indeed, retaliatory
discharge claims involving refusal-to-participate often acknowledge that the plaintiff refused
the employer's demand that he participate in the alleged illegal activity out of concern that
the plaintiff himself could be penalized for doing so.” Id. (citing Reynolds v. Ozark Motor
Lines, Inc., 887 S.W.2d 822, 824-25 (Tenn. 1994) (noting that violation of regulations
promulgated under the Tennessee Motor Carriers Act may expose employee drivers to
criminal penalties); Franklin v. Swift Transp. Co., Inc., 210 S.W.3d 521, 529-30 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2006) (operating defendant employer's truck with a photocopy of the cab card may
expose plaintiff employee to fines, penalties and delay on the road); Wilkerson v. Standard
Knitting Mills, Inc., 1989 WL 120298, at *1, 7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct.11, 1989) (Sanders, P.J.,
dissenting) (following employer's instruction to avoid sending employees to outside medical
treatment would result in criminal liability for violation of OSHA)). Thus, we concluded that
in a refusal to participate retaliatory discharge claim, “[i]t is sufficient that the plaintiff show
that the alleged illegal activity implicates important public policy concerns; . . . she need not
show a subjective intent to further the public good.” Id. In other words, “intent to further
the public good is not a required element” of a retaliatory discharge claim based upon a
refusal to participate. Id. at *1. As a result, the plaintiff-employee’s statement that she
refused to open the bank account in order to protect either her supervisor or the bank was not
fatal to her claim of retaliatory discharge. Id. at *8.

        We further observed in VanCleave,
        Requiring that the plaintiff show subjective intent to further the public good,
        even for a whistleblowing claim, would appear to be problematic. A
        whistleblowing claim could arise from a plaintiff's mandatory duty to report
        illegal activity, where the plaintiff was motivated only by a desire to perform
        his mandated duty and thus keep himself out of trouble. See, e.g., Crews v.
        Buckman Labs. Int'l, Inc., 78 S.W.3d 852 (Tenn.2002). Crews involved a
        permissive duty to report illegal conduct, but the Court referenced
        circumstances in which a plaintiff may have a mandatory duty to report illegal
        conduct. Id. at 865 n. 6.

        14
           We also noted that the Court's statement was technically dicta, as it was unnecessary to the Court's
holding in Guy. Id. at *8 n.8.

                                                     -31-
We concluded that it is “more likely” that it is “the reporting [that] must further the public
good, as opposed to furthering the plaintiff's private interest,” rather than a need for the
plaintiff to have a subjective intent to promote public welfare. Id. at *8 n.10. Indeed, in
Guy, the Supreme Court stated that the “inquiry focuses on whether some important public
policy interest embodied in the law has been furthered by the whistleblowing activity.” Guy,
79 S.W.3d at 538 (quotation omitted).

       In Dr. Coleman’s case, it clearly is not necessary for her to show a subjective intent
to promote the public good in order to pursue her claims based upon refusal to participate.
See VanCleave, 2009 WL 3518211, at *8; see also Williams v. Greater Chattanooga Public
Television Corp., 349 S.W.3d 501, 515 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2011) (“under the holding of
VanCleave, [the plaintiff in a refusal to participate case] is not required to show that her
motivation in avoiding violation of a statute was concern for the public”). As for Dr.
Coleman’s claims based upon a refusal to remain silent, we will focus our inquiry on whether
some important public policy interest, embodied in the law, was furthered by the
whistleblowing activity. See Guy, 79 S.W.3d at 538. We will also consider whether Dr.
Coleman’s actions were “merely private or proprietary” (emphasis added), to the extent that
her subjective intent may be considered relevant to our analysis of this issue. See id. at 538
n.4.

        Dr. Coleman admitted that her motivation in reporting Ms. Freeza’s conduct was
“partly” out of a concern for her own license, reputation, and liability. The Humane Society
argues that, based upon this evidence, it has affirmatively negated Dr. Coleman’s claim that
her reporting of illegal activity was in furtherance of the public good. We disagree. The
Humane Society does not cite any authority to suggest that an employee must be motivated
solely by a desire to promote the public good without any concern for the employee’s own
interest. In Lawson v. Adams, 338 S.W.3d 486, 488 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010), an operator of
construction equipment was fired after he objected to driving allegedly unsafe equipment.
The trial court found that he could not pursue a claim for retaliatory discharge because he had
failed to establish that his efforts “to bring to light an illegal or unsafe practice furthered an
important public policy interest . . . rather than simply his personal interest.” Id. The Court
of Appeals disagreed, noting that driving unsafe equipment on public roads “put not only
Plaintiff at risk, but also everyone else who was using the public roads being traveled by
Plaintiff while he was driving this allegedly defective equipment.” Id. at 498 (emphasis
added). As such, the Court “disagree[d] with the Trial Court's conclusion that Plaintiff was

                                              -32-
protecting only his personal interest.”15 Id. (emphasis added). Thus, to the extent that the
employee’s subjective intent is relevant to the analysis, Lawson suggests that it is not
necessary for the employee to have acted solely with a purpose to further the public good,
without any consideration of his or her own personal interest.

        In the case before us, the Humane Society admitted that Dr. Coleman brought to the
attention of the board of directors violations of Tennessee's Veterinary Practice Act, Tenn.
Code Ann. § 63-12-101, et seq., and the Non-livestock Animal Humane Death Act, Tenn.
Code Ann. § 44-17-301, et seq., as well as the regulations pertaining to those Acts.16 We find
that regardless of whether Dr. Coleman was “partly” motivated by concern for her
professional license, liability, and reputation, the Humane Society has not demonstrated that
Dr. Coleman cannot prove at trial that her whistleblowing activity furthered some important
public policy interest embodied in the law. Thus, the Humane Society was not entitled to
summary judgment based on this issue.17

                         b.     The Recipient of Dr. Coleman’s Reports

       Next, the Humane Society asserts that Dr. Coleman’s retaliatory discharge claims
cannot survive because she did not report the illegal activity to “an outside authority.” Dr.
Coleman reported Ms. Freeza’s actions to the Humane Society’s executive director, Ms.
Morgan, and also to the board of directors. However, it is undisputed that she did not report
Ms. Freeza’s conduct to any “outside authority.” Therefore, we must consider whether such
a report is a prerequisite to recovery under Tennessee law.

        15
            The Court in Lawson affirmed summary judgment to the employer on the employee’s refusal to
remain silent claim, on other grounds. Its discussion of the employee's personal motivation came in the
context of its discussion of the refusal to participate claim. Nevertheless, the Court's analysis demonstrates
that when considering subjective intent, it is not necessary for the employee to have acted with absolutely
no concern for his own personal interest.
        16
            Again, the Humane Society raised several issues on appeal regarding whether Dr. Coleman’s
complaints about overcrowding would constitute “illegal activity” within the meaning of retaliatory discharge
law. Because Dr. Coleman’s complaint did not cite her reports of overcrowding as the cause of her alleged
retaliatory discharge, we need not consider whether overcrowding would constitute an illegal activity.
        17
          The Humane Society alternatively argued in its brief on appeal that the reporting of Ms. Freeza’s
conduct did not serve the public good because Ms. Freeza was only euthanizing animals belonging to the
Humane Society, and she was not holding herself out to the public as a licensed veterinarian. We reject the
suggestion that there was no public policy interest involved simply because the illegally euthanized animals
belonged to the Humane Society.

                                                    -33-
       Our Supreme Court has held that “an employee alleging retaliatory discharge for
refusal to participate in an illegal activity need not report the illegality.” Gossett, 320
S.W.3d at 779. “A case alleging a refusal to participate does not require that silence be
broken for a claim to exist, and reporting therefore is not integral to the claim.” Id. at 788.
Simply put, “there is no reporting requirement for common law and statutory claims of
wrongful discharge based upon refusal to participate in illegal activities.” Lawson, 338
S.W.3d at 497. Therefore, Dr. Coleman’s refusal to participate claims are clearly not barred
by her failure to report to an “outside authority.”

        “In a ‘whistleblowing’ case, in which a failure to remain silent is alleged, the nature
of the claim asserts that silence was broken.” Gossett, 320 S.W.3d at 788. “The employee
has no cause of action unless the employee shows that the reporting furthered some clear
public interest.” Id. The employee “need not report suspected illegal activities directly to
law or regulatory enforcement officials,” but he or she “must make a report to some entity
other than the person or persons who are engaging in the allegedly illegal activities.” Bright,
2007 WL 2262018, at *4 (citing Emerson v. Oak Ridge Research, Inc., 187 S.W.3d 364, 371
& n.1 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005)). “[N]otification of the offense to the offender itself . . . does
not rise to the level of ‘reporting’ of illegal activities.” Id. at *5. For example, in Lawson,
338 S.W.3d at 497, the case involving the construction equipment operator, the Court of
Appeals affirmed summary judgment in favor of the employer on the employee’s
whistleblowing claim because “Plaintiff readily admitted that he never reported the alleged
illegal activity to anyone other than Defendant, who was the person engaging in the claimed
illegal activity.”

       The Humane Society cites this Court’s decision in Williams v. Columbia Housing
Authority, No. M2007-01379-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 4426880 (Tenn. Ct. App. W.S. Sept.
30, 2008) as support for its position that Dr. Coleman’s complaints to the board of directors
were insufficient “reporting.” In Williams, the executive director of a public housing
authority sued the housing authority after he was fired, claiming that “the Board fired him
because he raised issues relating to improper practices of Board members.” Id. at *2.
Specifically, he alleged violations by the Board of its personnel policy; violations of its travel
expenses policy; the misuse of the housing authority’s employees and equipment by certain
Board members for personal business; and an improper agreement between the housing
authority and the City of Columbia. Id. We affirmed summary judgment to the employer
because, among other things, there was nothing to indicate that the employee “reported this
alleged illegal behavior to anyone other than the supposed violators.” Id. at *5. Specifically,
he “did not voice any objection to such activity to anyone other than the Board members in
question.” Id. The Humane Society claims that Williams stands for the proposition that “a
complaint cannot be considered protected activity, or ‘whistle-blowing,’ if there was no

                                              -34-
report to an outside authority[.]” We disagree. In Williams, the employee’s complaint to the
board members who were allegedly engaging in improper practices constituted no more than
notification of the offense to the offenders themselves. Williams does not hold that a report
must be made to an outside authority, and it does not stand for the proposition that a report
to an entity’s board of directors can never constitute a sufficient report.

       In Collins v. AmSouth Bank, a bank teller had a dispute with her supervisor, the
assistant branch manager. 241 S.W.3d at 881. The Court of Appeals affirmed summary
judgment in favor of the employer because the teller “failed to present any proof that she
reported or attempted to report [the supervisor’s conduct] to other bank officials or
regulators.” Id. at 886 (emphasis added). There was no evidence that the teller attempted
to report the incident to the bank’s branch manager, to law enforcement officials, or to the
bank through its toll-free number for reporting illegal activities. Id. at 886. The Court
explained that employees asserting retaliatory discharge claims “need not report the
suspected illegal activities directly to law or regulatory enforcement officials, [but] they must
make a report to some entity other than the person or persons who are engaging in the
allegedly illegal activities.” 18 Id. at 885.

        In Emerson v. Oak Ridge Research, Inc., 187 S.W.3d 364, 371 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2005), the Court specifically rejected the argument that a complaint about sexual harassment
was insufficient where “it was not reported to ‘authorities’ or some outside entity.” The
employer in that case claimed that “simply reporting to a supervisor is not sufficient to
qualify one as a ‘whistleblower’.” Id. We disagreed and found that “reporting a serious
infraction of the law to either company management or law enforcement officials would
qualify.” Id. (citing Merryman v. Central Parking System, Inc., 1992 WL 330404 (Tenn. Ct.
App. Nov. 13, 1992)).

        Because Dr. Coleman reported Ms. Freeza’s illegal conduct to Dr. Coleman’s
supervisor and the Humane Society’s executive director, Ms. Morgan, and she also reported
it to the Humane Society’s board of directors, she did more than report the offense to the
alleged offender. The Humane Society has not shown that it is entitled to summary judgment
on this issue.

        18
           The Supreme Court later ruled that the Collins Court erred in imposing a reporting requirement
in a refusal to participate case, although the Court said that it "agree[d] with the statement in Collins
concerning the requirements of whistleblowing claims." Gossett, 320 S.W.3d at 788.

                                                  -35-
                                    c.    Dr. Coleman’s Job Duties

       The final issue properly raised by the Humane Society with regard to whether Dr.
Coleman engaged in protected activity is stated as follows: “Whether one whose job it is to
oversee and monitor the conduct complained of can be considered a whistleblower for
reporting that conduct.”19 The Humane Society argues:
        Since Dr. Coleman was the person licensed to practice veterinary medicine at
        the Humane Society, and the controlled substances were obtained under her
        DEA license, it would have been her own “unprofessional or illegal practices”
        that would have been in violation of the Act. . . . There is no precedent for
        allowing a cause of action for retaliation based upon the reporting of one’s
        own illegal behavior.

        In support of this argument, the Humane Society claims that “some courts have
declined to extend protection to whistleblowers whose job it was to prevent the illegality in
question or whose job duties included reporting such violations internally.” The Humane
Society’s brief cited only an unreported case from a New Jersey appellate court, construing
that State’s Conscientious Employee Protection Act (CEPA), N.J.S.A. 34:19–1 to –14. We
find this argument unavailing. As we recognized in VanCleave, 2009 WL 3518211, at *8
n.8:
        A whistleblowing claim could arise from a plaintiff's mandatory duty to report
        illegal activity, where the plaintiff was motivated only by a desire to perform
        his mandated duty and thus keep himself out of trouble. See, e.g., Crews v.
        Buckman Labs. Int'l, Inc., 78 S.W.3d 852 (Tenn. 2002). Crews involved a
        permissive duty to report illegal conduct, but the Court referenced
        circumstances in which a plaintiff may have a mandatory duty to report illegal
        conduct. Id. at 865 n. 6.

The Humane Society has not presented any compelling reason why an employee should be

        19
          The Humane Society’s brief on appeal also listed, as subissues: “Whether one can be considered
a whistleblower when she wasn't the first to report the alleged illegality; . . . [and] Whether one who
condones or participates in an allegedly illegal activity can be considered a whistleblower for reporting it.”
However, its brief does not cite any authority with regard to these issues. Therefore, we will not consider
them on appeal. “It is not the role of the courts, trial or appellate, to research or construct a litigant's case
or arguments for him or her, and where a party fails to develop an argument in support of his or her
contention or merely constructs a skeletal argument, the issue is waived.” Sneed v. Bd. of Prof'l
Responsibility of Sup. Ct., 301 S.W.3d 603, 615 (Tenn. 2010).

                                                      -36-
denied the protection of a retaliatory discharge claim, under Tennessee law, for reporting
activity that one has a duty to report.20 This issue is without merit.

                                                2.    Causation

       The Humane Society also argues that the trial court should have entered summary
judgment in its favor because it demonstrated that Dr. Coleman cannot prove the element of
causation under either her common law or statutory retaliatory discharge claims. We will
address each claim separately.
                                           a.        Common Law
       In order to establish a common law claim for retaliatory discharge, the employee must
prove “that a substantial factor in the employer's decision to discharge the employee was the
employee's exercise of protected rights or compliance with clear public policy.” Gossett, 320
S.W.3d at 781. Accordingly, at trial, Dr. Coleman must show that her protected activity was
a substantial factor in the Humane Society’s decision to terminate her. Dr. Coleman’s
complaints would constitute a substantial factor in the Humane Society’s decision if they
were “‘an important or significant motivating factor for the discharge.’” Kinsler v. Berkline,
LLC, 320 S.W.3d 796, 800 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting Anderson v. Standard Register Co., 857
S.W.2d 555, 558 (Tenn. 1993)).

       To show that there is no genuine issue of material fact, the Humane Society must
either produce or identify evidence that affirmatively negates an essential element of the
nonmoving party’s claim or shows that the nonmoving party cannot prove an essential
element of the claim at trial. See Hannan, 270 S.W.3d at 5. In its motion for summary
judgment, the Humane Society claimed that Dr. Coleman could not prove that her protected

        20
           We note that the Humane Society’s reply brief on appeal cited (for the first time) to several cases
from federal courts, construing various federal Acts, which, according to the Humane Society, generally hold
that an employee who makes a report in the context of carrying out his job duties has not engaged in
“protected activity” within the meaning of those federal Acts. See, e.g., Pettit v. Steppingstone, Center for
the Potentially Gifted, 429 Fed. Appx. 524, 530, 2011 WL 2646550, at *5 (6th Cir. 2011) (considering what
constitutes protected activity under § 215(a)(3) of the Fair Labor Standards Act); Sasse v. U.S. Dept. of
Labor, 409 F.3d 773 (6th Cir. 2005) (finding that an employee did not engage in protected activity under
whistleblower provisions of the federal Clean Air Act, Solid Waste Disposal Act, or the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act); Dunn v. Wal-Mart Stores East, L.P., No. 1:11-cv-21756, 2013 WL 1455326, at *6
(S.D. Fla. Apr. 9, 2013) (considering whether a plaintiff engaged in protected activity under Title VII of the
federal Civil Rights Act). We decline the invitation to extend the reasoning of these cases, involving specific
federal acts, to impose a new requirement on either a common law or a statutory claim of retaliatory
discharge under Tennessee law.

                                                       -37-
conduct was a substantial factor in its decision to terminate her because it submitted evidence
that the decision was made because of budgetary restraints. The Humane Society claimed
that it simply eliminated the in-house staff veterinarian position in order to reduce costs. It
also pointed out that board members began discussing the possibility of terminating Dr.
Coleman as early as September 2007 because they felt she was not a “good fit” for the
Humane Society. The Humane Society argued,

       In light of board members' feelings about Plaintiffs not being a “good fit” for
       the Humane Society, the decision to eliminate the staff veterinary position
       served as a means to maintain the integrity of the tenets of the Humane Society
       while at the same time reducing costs. For these reasons, Defendants would
       have made the same employment decision regardless of Plaintiffs asserted
       internal complaints. Thus, Plaintiffs complaint(s) of illegal activity was not
       a substantial factor in her termination.

        In response to the motion for summary judgment, Dr. Coleman not only maintained
that her complaints were a substantial factor in her termination, she also disputed the Humane
Society’s proffered reasons for terminating her, claiming that the Humane Society’s stated
reasons were pretextual. Dr. Coleman pointed to the deposition testimony of Andrew Israel,
who was in charge of fundraising, marketing and special events at the Humane Society
during the period of Dr. Coleman's employment. Mr. Israel testified that the Humane Society
had a $1 million money market fund that was established for making up operating shortfalls,
that funds were withdrawn from the account on a monthly or bi-monthly basis, and that the
balance of the account was not depleted because of additional contributions. Mr. Israel
testified that there was significant waste occurring at the Humane Society. Mr. Israel further
testified that at the time Dr. Coleman was fired, “there was no planned budget” but rather a
“working profit and loss statement.” He testified:

       To my knowledge, at the point when Dr. Coleman was fired, which I believe
       was December of '07, we had been running a budget deficit for more than six
       months. So I do not believe it was a direct reflection on a budget constraint
       since we had been in a similar situation for many months.

Finally, Mr. Israel testified that he was personally aware of Ms. Morgan’s desire to get rid
of Dr. Coleman, and the fact that Dr. Coleman’s accusations against Ms. Freeza had created
hard feelings on the part of Ms. Morgan toward Dr. Coleman.

                                             -38-
      In further support of her claim that the Humane Society’s stated reason was pretextual,
Dr. Coleman pointed to the deposition testimony of Humane Society board member Dr.
Robert Egerman. On the one hand, Dr. Egerman testified that he and another board member
decided that Dr. Coleman was “not a good fit” for the Humane Society in September 2007.
(September of 2007 is when Dr. Coleman allegedly discovered that Ms. Freeza was illegally
euthanizing animals.) However, Dr. Egerman acknowledged that Dr. Coleman was not
terminated at that time. He explained,
       A. . . . going out the next day and firing her wouldn't have been in the best
       interest of the Humane Society. We were sensitive that there are employment
       issues here, as well.
       Q. Like what?
       A. Well, of being named in a lawsuit.

Dr. Egerman explained that December was “the time of year where it's time to be making
changes in the personnel costs,” and that was the reason why Dr. Coleman was terminated
after the December board meeting.

        Dr. Coleman pointed out that the Humane Society's profit and loss statement for the
first ten months of 2008 (after she was fired in December in 2007) showed that the Humane
Society paid outside veterinarians $41,917.77, or an average over that ten-month period of
$4,197.78 a month. At $50,000 per year, Dr. Coleman would have received a salary of
approximately $4,166 per month. Accordingly, Dr. Coleman claimed that terminating her
resulted in “no savings” to the Humane Society.

        Finally, Dr. Coleman claimed that the circumstances surrounding her termination were
suspicious, as there was supposedly no official vote by the board regarding her termination,
she was terminated effective immediately without prior notice, she was required to box up
her things and leave the premises immediately, and she was not given a severance benefit like
another employee who was recently terminated.

       In sum, Dr. Coleman contended that “a reasonable juror could conclude . . . that Dr.
Coleman's year-end firing was timed to make the pretext of ‘budgetary restraints’ seem more
plausible,” and therefore, summary judgment was inappropriate on the issue of causation.

       In response, the Humane Society maintained that there was no genuine issue of
material fact as to the reason Dr. Coleman was terminated. It contended that its total vet

                                            -39-
expenditures were $10,000 less in 2008 than in 2007. The Humane Society also claimed that
the board had already decided that Dr. Coleman was not a “good fit” for the Humane Society
in September 2007 before she formally complained at the board meeting in October 2007,
and therefore, there was no genuine issue of material fact regarding the reason for its
decision.

        The trial court denied the Humane Society’s motion for summary judgment on the
element of causation, finding that whether the Humane Society was motivated by retaliation
“is a question of pretext, which is a question for the trier of fact and is not appropriate for
summary judgment.” We agree with the trial court. This Court has previously recognized
that “‘the standard for summary judgment under the Tennessee Supreme Court's decision in
Gossett v. Tractor Supply Co. is high indeed.’” Pierce, 2013 WL 1190823, at *9 (quoting
Skaan, 2012 WL 6212891, at *5). “[T]he Tennessee Supreme Court has made it clear that
an employer may be motivated by both a legitimate reason and a discriminatory reason, and
evidence of a legitimate reason is not sufficient under Hannan to negate the employee's claim
that the employer also had a discriminatory motive.” Id. The Court in Gossett explained that
“evidence of a legitimate reason for discharge does not necessarily show that there is no
genuine issue of material fact” as to the existence of a retaliatory motive. 320 S.W.3d at782.
An examination of the facts in Gossett is helpful. In that case, the employer submitted
deposition testimony from the employee’s supervisor, who stated that he discharged the
employee in order to reduce the company’s workforce. Id. The Supreme Court explained
that although this evidence might suggest that reducing the company workforce was “one
reason” for discharging the employee, it failed to show that reducing the workforce was “the
exclusive reason,” as the evidence did not disprove the employee’s allegations or otherwise
show “an absence of a retaliatory motive.” Id. at 783. Even if the supervisor’s testimony
was taken as true,21 there would still be a question of fact as to whether the retaliatory motive
alleged by the employee amounted to a substantial factor in the decision to terminate him.
Id. In sum, the Court said that its holding “does not exclude the possibility of summary
judgment when an employer presents undisputed evidence that a legitimate reason was the
exclusive motivation for discharging the employee.” Id. at 786 (emphasis in Gossett).
However, the Court noted that, generally, “‘[t]he question of whether the employer's
judgment was reasonable or was instead motivated by improper considerations is for the jury
to consider.’” Id. at 787 (quoting White v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 533 F.3d 381, 393 n.6
(6th Cir. 2008)). “‘Inquiries regarding what actually motivated an employer's decision are
very fact intensive.’” Kinsler, 320 S.W.3d at 801 (quoting Wright v. Murray Guard, Inc.,

        21
            Of course, under Hannan, "a court considering a summary judgment motion ‘must take the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence in favor of the nonmoving party, allow all reasonable inferences
in favor of that party, and discard all countervailing evidence.'" Gossett, 320 S.W.3d at 784.

                                                  -40-
455 F.3d 702, 721 (6th Cir. 2006) (Moore, J., concurring)).

        Returning now to the present case, we find that there are genuine issues of material
fact as to whether the Humane Society terminated Dr. Coleman for the reasons the Humane
Society claimed, or because of Dr. Coleman’s protected activity. Taking the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence in favor of Dr. Coleman, allowing all reasonable inferences
in her favor, and discarding all countervailing evidence, the record shows that Dr. Coleman
began complaining to Ms. Morgan about Ms. Freeza’s illegal performance of euthanasia and
related practices sometime after she discovered it in September 2007, and she formally
addressed the board of directors about the issues in October 2007. Some members of the
board decided that Dr. Coleman was not a “good fit” for the Humane Society in September
2007, which appears to be right around the time that Ms. Freeza’s illegal performance of
euthanasia became an issue, following the incident involving the eleven cats on September
20.22 Despite this sentiment, Dr. Coleman was not terminated until December of 2007. Dr.
Egerman’s testimony makes it clear that the board members were aware of the possibility of
“being named in a lawsuit” as it related to the timing of Dr. Coleman’s termination. The
deposition testimony of Mr. Israel and the profit and loss statement submitted by Dr.
Coleman cast further doubt on whether the Humane Society’s claimed budget restraints were
actually the motivation for the board’s decision. Moreover, Dr. Coleman testified that Ms.
Morgan had assured her during July or August of 2007 that her job was “budgeted in” for
future years and was secure. Based on these facts, a reasonable person could conclude that
Dr. Coleman’s complaints and refusal to participate in illegal activity were a substantial
factor in the Humane Society’s decision to discharge her. This creates a genuine issue of
material fact, which precludes summary judgment on the element of causation.23 We affirm
the trial court’s decision in this regard.

                                        b.    The TPPA claim

        An employee asserting retaliatory discharge under the TPPA must prove that he or she
was terminated “solely” for his or her refusal to participate in or remain silent about the
illegal activity. Sykes, 343 S.W.3d at 27. In other words, “under the [Whistleblower Act],

        22
            “[C]lose temporal proximity between a protected activity and an adverse employment action is
a fact that an employee may offer to demonstrate that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to the
causation element.” Sykes, 343 S.W.3d at 31.
        23
           Because this genuine issue of material fact is easily ascertainable and dispositive of the motion
for summary judgment, conducting the burden-shifting analysis described in Hannan is unnecessary to the
disposition of this case. See Kinsler, 320 S.W.3d at 801.

                                                   -41-
the plaintiff must demonstrate an exclusive causal relationship between his whistleblowing
activity and his subsequent discharge.” Guy, 79 S.W.3d at 535. “By requiring a plaintiff
employee to show that he or she was ‘discharged or terminated solely for refusing to
participate in, or for refusing to remain silent about, illegal activities,’ the legislature has
chosen to enact a stringent standard and set the bar high for recovery under a retaliatory
discharge claim pursuant to the Whistleblower Act.” Sykes, 343 S.W.3d at 28. The Humane
Society again argues that because of its proffered reason for terminating Dr. Coleman, i.e.,
the budget, Dr. Coleman cannot prove the element of sole causation.

        In Sykes, our Supreme Court affirmed summary judgment in favor of an employer on
the issue of sole causation, where the employer produced undisputed evidence showing valid
and legitimate reasons for terminating the plaintiff-employees, and in response, the
employees failed to demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the
decision to terminate their employment was solely due to their protected activity. 343
S.W.3d at 27. For example, one of the employees had repeated and egregious violations of
company policy that had resulted in clear and unambiguous reprimands and warnings. Id.
at 28. As a result, the Court concluded that, “even viewing all the proof in the light most
favorable to [the employees], a reasonable juror could not conclude that the sole reason for
the termination of [their] employment was their refusal to participate in or remain silent about
the alleged illegal activities.” Id.

       In the case at bar, however, the Humane Society’s proffered reason for terminating
Dr. Coleman was hotly disputed. Dr. Coleman presented the testimony of Mr. Israel and the
Humane Society’s profit and loss statement in order to cast doubt on the legitimacy of the
Humane Society’s stated reason regarding the budget. She also testified that she had
previously been assured that her job was “budgeted in” and secure. Furthermore, there is the
testimony from Dr. Egerman, and other documentary evidence, which suggests that the board
of directors had already decided to terminate Dr. Coleman prior to any decision about the
next year’s budget. An October 1 email from one of the board members stated, “I believe
we’ve already decided Dr. Coleman is gone[.]”

         Even though the element of sole causation is a challenging element for a plaintiff
under the TPPA, we find that Dr. Coleman has produced evidence to show that a genuine
issue of material fact exists with regard to this element of her claim. Viewing all the proof
in the light most favorable to Dr. Coleman, we believe that a reasonable juror could conclude
that the Humane Society’s stated reason for terminating Dr. Coleman was pretextual, and the
sole reason for her termination was her refusal to participate in or remain silent about the
alleged illegal activities.

                                              -42-
          We note that the Humane Society also argued that it had negated the element of sole
causation by pointing to Dr. Coleman’s own deposition testimony, where she was asked, “So
isn't it possible then that budget restraints led to the termination of you as a staff vet and there
were no other staff vets hired after you; isn't that possible?” and Dr. Coleman responded, “I
suppose it’s possible.” We rejected an identical argument in Wisdom v. Wellmont Health
System, No. E2010-00716-COA-R9-CV, 2010 WL 5093867, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010)
perm. app. denied (Tenn. Apr. 14, 2011), where an employer argued that an employee could
not prove sole causation at trial when she testified during her deposition that she believed
that her refusal to remain silent was not the sole cause of her discharge. The Court rejected
this theory with the following explanation:

       [P]laintiff has stated sufficient facts to show that a genuine issue exists with
       regard to the motivation for her discharge by defendant, which is all that she
       must do at this stage. Whether plaintiff's subjective belief that other factors
       may have also influenced the decision is ultimately borne out by the factual
       evidence is an issue which must be determined by the trier of fact.

Likewise, in the case before us, we find that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to the
motivation for Dr. Coleman’s discharge, and summary judgment was not appropriate on this
element. The trial court’s decision in that regard is affirmed.

                                         3.   Front Pay

        Finally, the Humane Society argues on appeal that the trial court should have granted
its motion for summary judgment on the issue of front pay, because, it claims, “the evidence
relating to potential economic damages is undisputed.” The Humane Society acknowledges
that Dr. Coleman made less money in 2008 than she did working for the Humane Society in
2007, but it points out that she made more money from 2009 forward, at least according to
her tax returns.

       The Humane Society’s motion for leave to seek an interlocutory appeal did not include
any discussion of the issue of “front pay.” Likewise, the trial court’s order granting the
Humane Society leave to seek an interlocutory appeal listed several specific questions
regarding retaliatory discharge claims, which it found were appropriate for submission to the
Court of Appeals, but the order never mentioned the issue of front pay. “Under Rule 9 of the
Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, the issues in a Rule 9 interlocutory appeal are
limited to the questions that are certified by the trial court in its order granting permission for

                                               -43-
the appeal and also certified by the appellate court in its order granting permission for the
appeal.” Shaffer v. Memphis Airport Authority, Service Management Systems, Inc., No.
W2012-00237-COA-R9-CV, 2013 WL 209309, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 18, 2013) (citing
In re Bridgestone/Firestone, 286 S.W.3d 898, 902 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008)); see also
Heatherly v. Merrimack Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 43 S.W.3d 911, 914 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). For
these reasons, we decline to consider on appeal whether the trial court erred in denying the
motion for summary judgment on the issue of front pay.

                                           V.     C ONCLUSION

        For the aforementioned reasons, the decision of the circuit court is hereby reversed
in part and affirmed in part, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the appellee, the Humane Society of Memphis
and Shelby County, and its surety,24 for which execution may issue if necessary.

                                                            _________________________________
                                                            ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J., W.S.

        24
            Both parties filed Rule 9 applications in this case, and both parties filed appeal bonds for costs,
listing their attorneys as sureties. As a result, the Humane Society has a surety for the costs of the appeal,
even though it was designated as the appellee.

                                                     -44-