Court Opinion

ID: 4110028
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-22 14:10:30.567733+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:31:09.463083
License: Public Domain

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as State
v. Aalim, Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-8278.]

                                           NOTICE
      This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
      advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
      promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
      South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
      formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
      the opinion is published.

                          SLIP OPINION NO. 2016-OHIO-8278
              THE STATE OF OHIO, APPELLEE, v. AALIM, APPELLANT.
  [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
       may be cited as State v. Aalim, Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-8278.]
Juvenile procedure—Due process—Mandatory transfer of juveniles to general
        division of common pleas court violates juveniles’ right to due process
        under Article I, Section 16 of Ohio Constitution—Discretionary transfer of
        juveniles 14 years old or older to general division under R.C. 2152.10(B)
        and 2152.12(B) through (E) satisfies due process under Article I, Section
        16—Court of appeals’ judgment reversed and cause remanded for
        amenability hearing.
   (No. 2015-0677—Submitted April 20, 2016—Decided December 22, 2016.)
            APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Montgomery County,
                                No. 26249, 2015-Ohio-892.
                                    _________________
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

                             SYLLABUS OF THE COURT
1.     The mandatory transfer of juveniles to the general division of common pleas
       court violates juveniles’ right to due process as guaranteed by Article I,
       Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution.
2.     The discretionary transfer of juveniles 14 years old or older to the general
       division of common pleas court pursuant to the process set forth in R.C.
       2152.10(B) and 2152.12(B) through (E) satisfies due process as guaranteed
       by Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution.
                                _________________
       LANZINGER, J.
       {¶ 1} In this case we are asked whether certain provisions of the Revised
Code that make transfer of juveniles to adult court mandatory in specific
circumstances violate constitutional due-process and equal-protection provisions.
We hold that mandatory transfer of juveniles without providing for the protection
of a discretionary determination by the juvenile court judge violates juveniles’ right
to due process.
                            I. CASE BACKGROUND
       {¶ 2} In December 2013, a complaint was filed in the Juvenile Division of
the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas, alleging that appellant, Matthew
I. Aalim, engaged in conduct that would be considered aggravated robbery in
violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1) if committed by an adult. The complaint also
contained a firearm specification. Appellee, the state of Ohio, filed a motion to
transfer Aalim, requesting that the juvenile court relinquish jurisdiction and transfer
him to the general division of the common pleas court to be tried as an adult
pursuant to R.C. 2152.10(A)(2)(b) and 2152.12(A)(1)(b), which provide for
mandatory transfer of juveniles to adult court in certain circumstances.
       {¶ 3} After conducting a hearing, the juvenile court found that Aalim was
16 years old at the time of the alleged offense and that there was probable cause to

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believe that he committed the conduct alleged in the complaint, including the
firearm specification. The juvenile court automatically transferred the case to the
general division of the common pleas court as the statute required. An indictment
was issued charging Aalim with two counts of aggravated robbery in violation of
R.C. 2911.01(A)(1) with accompanying firearm specifications.1
        {¶ 4} Aalim filed a motion to dismiss the indictment and transfer his case
back to juvenile court, arguing that mandatory transfer of juveniles pursuant to R.C.
2152.10(A)(2)(b) and 2152.12(A)(1)(b) violates their rights to due process and
equal protection as well as the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments
under both the United States and Ohio Constitutions. The trial court overruled the
motion, and Aalim entered pleas of no contest to the two counts of aggravated
robbery.    The court accepted the pleas, dismissed the firearm specifications
consistently with a plea agreement that the parties had reached, and sentenced
Aalim to concurrent prison terms of four years on each count.
        {¶ 5} The Second District Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s
judgment, rejecting Aalim’s challenges to the mandatory-transfer statutes.
Rejecting Aalim’s due-process argument, the court of appeals relied on a previous
decision to hold that the mandatory-transfer scheme of R.C. 2152.12 comports with
fundamental concepts of due process.              2015-Ohio-892, ¶ 7-9, citing State v.
Brookshire, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25853, 2014-Ohio-1971, ¶ 30. It also
rejected Aalim’s equal-protection argument, concluding that the singling out of
juveniles aged 16 and 17 charged with serious offenses is rationally related to the
legitimate governmental purpose of protecting society and reducing violent crime

1
  The two counts of aggravated robbery in the indictment reflected the fact that there were two
victims of the alleged conduct.

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by juveniles. Id. at ¶ 13-17, citing State v. Anderson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
25689, 2014-Ohio-4245, ¶ 72-75.2
        {¶ 6} We accepted jurisdiction over two propositions of law, which ask us
to hold that R.C. 2152.10(A)(2)(b) and 2152.12(A)(1)(b) violate juveniles’ rights
to due process and equal protection as guaranteed by the United States and Ohio
Constitutions. See 143 Ohio St.3d 1498, 2015-Ohio-4468, 39 N.E.3d 1270.
                                 II. LEGAL ANALYSIS
                                 A. Argument Summary
        1. The statutes
        {¶ 7} R.C. 2152.10(A) sets forth which juvenile cases are subject to
mandatory transfer and provides:

                 (A) A child who is alleged to be a delinquent child is eligible
        for mandatory transfer and shall be transferred as provided in section
        2152.12 of the Revised Code in any of the following circumstances:
                 (1) The child is charged with a category one offense and
        either of the following apply:
                 (a) The child was sixteen years of age or older at the time of
        the act charged.
                 (b) The child was fourteen or fifteen years of age at the time
        of the act charged and previously was adjudicated a delinquent child
        for committing an act that is a category one or category two offense
        and was committed to the legal custody of the department of youth
        services upon the basis of that adjudication.

2
  Aalim also raised a cruel-and-unusual-punishments challenge, which the Second District rejected.
2015-Ohio-892, at ¶ 19-21. He has not included his cruel-and-unusual-punishments argument in
this appeal.

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                                January Term, 2016

                (2) The child is charged with a category two offense, other
       than a violation of section 2905.01 of the Revised Code, the child
       was sixteen years of age or older at the time of the commission of
       the act charged, and either or both of the following apply:
               (a) The child previously was adjudicated a delinquent child
       for committing an act that is a category one or a category two offense
       and was committed to the legal custody of the department of youth
       services on the basis of that adjudication.
               (b) The child is alleged to have had a firearm on or about the
       child’s person or under the child’s control while committing the act
       charged and to have displayed the firearm, brandished the firearm,
       indicated possession of the firearm, or used the firearm to facilitate
       the commission of the act charged.

Aggravated robbery is a category-two offense, R.C. 2152.02(CC)(1), and Aalim
was 16 years old at the time the offense was committed. Because he was also
charged with a firearm specification, automatic transfer was required.           R.C.
2152.10(A)(2)(b).    A juvenile court must transfer automatically under these
circumstances if “there is probable cause to believe that the child committed the act
charged.” R.C. 2152.12(A)(1)(b)(ii).
       {¶ 8} To prevail on a facial constitutional challenge to a statute, the
challenging party must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the statute is
unconstitutional. State v. Romage, 138 Ohio St.3d 390, 2014-Ohio-783, 7 N.E.3d
1156, ¶ 7, citing State v. Warner, 55 Ohio St.3d 31, 43, 564 N.E.2d 18 (1990), citing
State ex rel. Dickman v. Defenbacher, 164 Ohio St. 142, 128 N.E.2d 59 (1955),
paragraph one of the syllabus. Statutes are presumed constitutional, and we have
stated that for a statute to be facially unconstitutional, it must be unconstitutional

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in all applications. Id., citing Oliver v. Cleveland Indians Baseball Co. Ltd.
Partnership, 123 Ohio St.3d 278, 2009-Ohio-5030, 915 N.E.2d 1205, ¶ 13.
        2. Positions of the parties
        {¶ 9} Aalim presents facial due-process and equal-protection challenges to
the mandatory-transfer statutes. His arguments regarding due process are (1) that
fundamental fairness requires that every juvenile receive an opportunity to
demonstrate a capacity to change, (2) that youth must always be considered as a
mitigating—not aggravating—factor, (3) that the irrebuttable presumption of
transfer contained in the statutes is fundamentally unfair, and (4) that juveniles have
a substantive due-process right to have their youth and its attendant characteristics
taken into account at every stage of the proceedings (including transfer).
        {¶ 10} In support of his equal-protection claim, Aalim argues (1) that the
mandatory-transfer statutes create classes of similarly situated juveniles who are
treated differently based solely on their ages, (2) that a juvenile’s status as a juvenile
is a suspect class for purposes of equal-protection analysis, and (3) that the age-
based distinctions in the mandatory-transfer statutes are not rationally related to the
purpose of juvenile-delinquency proceedings.
        {¶ 11} The state counters that the only process due to juveniles is codified
in the mandatory-transfer statutes as a special measure created for certain specified
circumstances. The state also argues that Aalim’s equal-protection challenge fails
because the statutes do not infringe on substantive rights or affect a suspect class
and are rationally related to a legitimate government interest.
                                   B. Due Process
        {¶ 12} The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution states:
“No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or
immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person
of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person
within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

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                                 January Term, 2016

       {¶ 13} As the United States Supreme Court has observed, “For all its
consequence, ‘due process’ has never been, and perhaps can never be, precisely
defined.” Lassiter v. Dept. of Social Servs. of Durham Cty., North Carolina, 452
U.S. 18, 24, 101 S.Ct. 2153, 68 L.Ed.2d 640 (1981). Due process is a flexible
concept that varies depending on the importance attached to the interest at stake
and the particular circumstances under which the deprivation may occur. Walters
v. Natl. Assn. of Radiation Survivors, 473 U.S. 305, 320, 105 S.Ct. 3180, 87 L.Ed.2d
220 (1985). “Applying the Due Process Clause is therefore an uncertain enterprise
which must discover what ‘fundamental fairness’ consists of in a particular
situation by first considering any relevant precedents and then by assessing the
several interests that are at stake.” Lassiter at 24-25.
       {¶ 14} “[N]either the Fourteenth Amendment nor the Bill of Rights is for
adults alone.” In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 13, 87 S.Ct. 1428, 18 L.Ed.2d 527 (1967).
Juveniles are entitled to basic constitutional protections such as the right to counsel,
the right to receive notice of the charges alleged, the privilege against self-
incrimination, the application of the proof-beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard,
and the protection against double jeopardy. Schall v. Martin, 467 U.S. 253, 263,
104 S.Ct. 2403, 81 L.Ed.2d 207 (1984).
       {¶ 15} Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution provides: “All courts
shall be open, and every person, for an injury done him in his land, goods, person,
or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law, and shall have justice
administered without denial or delay.”          We have explained that the Ohio
Constitution provides unique protection for Ohioans:

               The Ohio Constitution is a document of independent force.
       In the areas of individual rights and civil liberties, the United States
       Constitution, where applicable to the states, provides a floor below
       which state court decisions may not fall. As long as state courts

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       provide at least as much protection as the United States Supreme
       Court has provided in its interpretation of the federal Bill of Rights,
       state courts are unrestricted in according greater civil liberties and
       protections to individuals and groups.

Arnold v. Cleveland, 67 Ohio St.3d 35, 616 N.E.2d 163 (1993), paragraph one of
the syllabus. And despite the dissent’s inclination to walk in lockstep with the
federal courts on constitutional matters, we have repeatedly recognized that the
Ohio Constitution contains greater protections than the federal Constitution in
certain instances. See Simpkins v. Grace Brethren Church of Delaware, Ohio, ___
Ohio St.3d ___, 2016-Ohio-8118, ___ N.E.3d ___, ¶ 61 (Lanzinger, J., concurring
in judgment only).
       {¶ 16} The juvenile courts “occupy a unique place in our legal system.” In
re C.S., 115 Ohio St.3d 267, 2007-Ohio-4919, 874 N.E.2d 1177, ¶ 65. The juvenile
court system is a legislative creation based on promoting social welfare and
eschewing traditional, objective criminal standards and retributive notions of
justice. Id. at ¶ 66. “Since its origin, the juvenile justice system has emphasized
individual assessment, the best interest of the child, treatment, and rehabilitation,
with a goal of reintegrating juveniles back into society.” State v. Hanning, 89 Ohio
St.3d 86, 88, 728 N.E.2d 1059 (2000). “[T]he General Assembly has adhered to
the core tenets of the juvenile system even as it has made substantive changes to
the Juvenile Code in a get-tough response to increasing juvenile caseloads,
recidivism, and the realization that the harms suffered by victims are not dependent
upon the age of the perpetrator.” C.S. at ¶ 74.
       {¶ 17} A common thread underlying the analysis in our juvenile cases is the
recognition “that a juvenile could ‘receive[ ] the worst of both worlds’ in the
juvenile court system by being provided ‘neither the protections accorded to adults
nor the solicitous care and regenerative treatment postulated for children.’ ” Id. at

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                                January Term, 2016

¶ 70, quoting Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541, 556, 86 S.Ct. 1045, 16 L.Ed.2d
84 (1966).    In recognition of juveniles’ need for procedural protections, our
decisions have acknowledged that “numerous constitutional safeguards normally
reserved for criminal prosecutions are equally applicable to juvenile delinquency
proceedings.” State v. Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829,
¶ 26. For example, we have held that juveniles have a right to counsel, In re Agler,
19 Ohio St.2d 70, 249 N.E.2d 808 (1969), paragraph one of the syllabus; a Fifth
Amendment right to protection from self-incrimination, In re D.S., 111 Ohio St.3d
361, 2006-Ohio-5851, 856 N.E.2d 921, ¶ 1; and a right to full double-jeopardy
protections under the Ohio Constitution, In re A.G., __ Ohio St.3d __, 2016-Ohio-
3306, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 11-12.
       1. Juveniles are entitled to fundamental fairness
       {¶ 18} In considering a juvenile’s right to counsel during juvenile
proceedings, we noted that the phrase “due process”

       “expresses the requirement of ‘fundamental fairness,’ a requirement
       whose meaning can be as opaque as its importance is lofty.
       Applying the Due Process Clause is therefore an uncertain
       enterprise which must discover what ‘fundamental fairness’ consists
       of in a particular situation by first considering any relevant
       precedents and then by assessing the several interests that are at
       stake.”

C.S. at ¶ 80, quoting Lassiter, 452 U.S. at 24-25, 101 S.Ct. 2153, 68 L.Ed.2d 640.
We have accordingly observed, “Because of the state’s stake in the rehabilitation
of the juvenile offender and the theoretically paternal role that the state continues
to play in juvenile justice, a balanced approach is necessary to preserve the special

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nature of the juvenile process while protecting procedural fairness.” State v. D.H.,
120 Ohio St.3d 540, 2009-Ohio-9, 901 N.E.2d 209, ¶ 49.
        {¶ 19} We have recently discussed the concept of fundamental fairness in
juvenile proceedings in holding that automatic, lifelong registration and notification
requirements on juvenile sex offenders tried within the juvenile system violates due
process. In re C.P., 131 Ohio St.3d 513, 2012-Ohio-1446, 967 N.E.2d 729, ¶ 71.
In C.P., we emphasized that the discretion of the juvenile judge is an “essential
element of the juvenile process.” Id. at ¶ 77. We accordingly held that fundamental
fairness requires that the juvenile court judge decide the appropriateness of any
adult penalty for juvenile acts. Id. at ¶ 78. Of particular importance to this case,
we explained that fundamental fairness may require additional procedural
protections for juveniles:

        [F]undamental fairness is not a one-way street that allows only for
        an easing of due process requirements for juveniles; instead,
        fundamental fairness may require, as it does in this case, additional
        procedural safeguards for juveniles in order to meet [ ] the juvenile
        system’s goals of rehabilitation and reintegration into society.

Id. at ¶ 85.
        {¶ 20} Aalim argues that we should apply the principles of our previous
juvenile cases to hold that he is entitled to be treated as a juvenile under the
jurisdiction of the juvenile court and should receive an amenability hearing before
any transfer to the general division of common pleas court. He asserts that juvenile
court judges are in the best position to evaluate each juvenile’s suitability for
juvenile or adult court, that fundamental fairness requires that juveniles have the
opportunity to demonstrate a capacity to change and suitability to juvenile court,

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                               January Term, 2016

and that an amenability hearing is accordingly necessary before juveniles are
transferred. We agree.
       2. The special status of juveniles
       {¶ 21} The legislative decision to create a juvenile court system, along with
our cases addressing due-process protections for juveniles, have made clear that
Ohio juveniles have been given a special status. This special status accords with
recent United States Supreme Court decisions indicating that even when they are
tried as adults, juveniles receive special consideration. See Roper v. Simmons, 543
U.S. 551, 570-571, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1 (2005); Graham v. Florida, 560
U.S. 48, 77-78, 130 S.Ct. 2011, 176 L.Ed.2d 825 (2010); Miller v. Alabama, ___
U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 2464, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012).
       {¶ 22} In this line of cases, the Supreme Court has established that youth is
a mitigating factor for purposes of sentencing. Roper at 570, citing Johnson v.
Texas, 509 U.S. 350, 368, 113 S.Ct. 2658, 125 L.Ed.2d 290 (1993); Graham at 77-
78; Miller at 2467. While those cases featured Eighth Amendment claims, the court
has clearly stated that “children are constitutionally different from adults for
purposes of sentencing,” Miller at 2464. The court has explained three significant
differences between juveniles and adults:

       First, children have a “ ‘lack of maturity and an underdeveloped
       sense of responsibility,’ ” leading to recklessness, impulsivity, and
       heedless risk-taking. Roper, 543 U.S., at 569, 125 S.Ct. 1183 [161
       L.Ed. 2d 1, quoting Johnson at 367]. Second, children “are more
       vulnerable * * * to negative influences and outside pressures,”
       including from their family and peers; they have limited “contro[l]
       over their own environment” and lack the ability to extricate
       themselves from horrific, crime-producing settings. Ibid. And
       third, a child’s character is not as “well formed” as an adult’s; his

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        traits are “less fixed” and his actions less likely to be “evidence of
        irretrievabl[e] deprav[ity].” Id., at 570, 125 S.Ct. 1183 [161 L.Ed.2d
        1].

(Ellipsis sic.) Miller at 2464.
        {¶ 23} We have acknowledged these federal principles in our own recent
holdings with respect to Ohio law. See State v. Long, 138 Ohio St.3d 478, 2014-
Ohio-849, 8 N.E.3d 890, paragraphs one and two of the syllabus (following Miller
in holding that a court must separately consider on the record the youth of a juvenile
offender as a mitigating factor before imposing a sentence of life without parole);
A.G., __ Ohio St.3d __, 2016-Ohio-3306, __ N.E.3d __, at ¶ 13 (the Ohio
Constitution ensures that juveniles receive the same double-jeopardy protection as
adults); State v. Bode, 144 Ohio St.3d 155, 2015-Ohio-1519, 41 N.E.3d 1156, ¶ 1,
24 (under Ohio law, an uncounseled adjudication of juvenile delinquency may not
be used to enhance the penalty for a later adult conviction for operating a motor
vehicle while intoxicated when there was no effective waiver of the right to
counsel); C.P., 131 Ohio St.3d 513, 2012-Ohio-1446, 967 N.E.2d 729, at ¶ 78
(fundamental fairness requires that the juvenile court judge decide the
appropriateness of any adult penalty for juvenile acts).
        {¶ 24} For purposes of delinquency proceedings, the General Assembly has
chosen to treat every person under the age of 18 as a child until transfer has
occurred. R.C. 2152.02(C).3 All 16- and 17-year-olds accordingly fall under the
definition of “child” and are afforded the constitutional protections that all children

3
  R.C. 2152.02(C)(5) provides a limited exception to this rule for “any person who is adjudicated a
delinquent child for the commission of an act, who has a serious youthful offender dispositional
sentence imposed for the act pursuant to section 2152.13 of the Revised Code, and whose adult
portion of the dispositional sentence is invoked pursuant to section 2152.14 of the Revised Code.”
Under this exception, the person will no longer be considered a child in future cases in which a
complaint is filed against that person.

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                                    January Term, 2016

receive until their transfer has been completed. Their age should not be treated as
the sole decisive factor in determining whether they are transferred for criminal
prosecution, and it is therefore a logical step for us to hold that all children,
regardless of age, must have individual consideration at amenability hearings
before being transferred from the protections of juvenile court to adult court upon
a finding of probable cause for certain offenses.
        {¶ 25} We now recognize that because children are constitutionally
required to be treated differently from adults for purposes of sentencing, juvenile
procedures themselves also must account for the differences in children versus
adults. The mandatory-transfer statutes preclude a juvenile court judge from taking
any individual circumstances into account before automatically sending a child who
is 16 or older to adult court. This one-size-fits-all approach runs counter to the aims
and goals of the juvenile system, and even those who would be amenable to the
juvenile system are sent to adult court. Juvenile court judges must be allowed the
discretion that the General Assembly permits for other children. They should be
able to distinguish between those children who should be treated as adults and those
who should not. Cognizant of our statement in C.P. that fundamental fairness may
require additional procedural safeguards for juveniles in order to meet the juvenile
system’s goals of rehabilitation and reintegration into society, we hold that the right
to due process under the Ohio Constitution requires that all children have the right
to an amenability hearing before transfer to adult court and that the mandatory-
transfer statutes violate the right to due process as guaranteed by Article I, Section
16 of the Ohio Constitution.4
        {¶ 26} Given the special status of children, we are unconvinced by the
state’s argument that the only process due in these circumstances is codified in the

4
  Because our analysis relies on the concept of fundamental fairness as developed in this court’s
decisions, our holding is limited to claims arising under the Ohio Constitution, and we make no
statement in this opinion on corresponding claims arising under the United States Constitution.

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mandatory-transfer statutes as a special measure created for certain specified
circumstances. The existence of a juvenile court system and the principles set forth
in our previous cases dictate that children are fundamentally different from adults.
All children are entitled to fundamental fairness in the procedures by which they
may be transferred out of juvenile court for criminal prosecution, and an
amenability hearing like the one required in the discretionary-transfer provisions of
the Revised Code is required to satisfy that fundamental fairness.
       3. Discretionary transfer
       {¶ 27} The General Assembly has provided for discretionary transfer of
children aged 14 or older when there is probable cause to believe the child
committed the charged act, the child is not amenable to care or rehabilitation within
the juvenile system, and the safety of the community may require that the child be
subject to adult sanctions. R.C. 2152.12(B). Before transferring, the juvenile court
must “order an investigation into the child’s social history, education, family
situation, and any other factor bearing on whether the child is amenable to juvenile
rehabilitation, including a mental examination of the child.” R.C. 2152.12(C). R.C.
2152.12(B) further provides:

       In making its decision under this division, the court shall consider
       whether the applicable factors under division (D) of this section
       indicating that the case should be transferred outweigh the
       applicable factors under division (E) of this section indicating that
       the case should not be transferred. The record shall indicate the
       specific factors that were applicable and that the court weighed.

R.C. 2152.12(D) and (E) enumerate nonexhaustive factors in favor of and against
transfer, respectively, for the juvenile court to consider. These factors include the
emotional, physical, and psychological maturity of the child; the child’s previous

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experiences in the juvenile system; the harm suffered by the victim; whether the
child was the principal actor in the conduct charged; and whether the child was
under any negative influence or coercion at the time of the conduct charged. R.C.
2152.12(D) and (E).
       {¶ 28} The discretionary-transfer process satisfies fundamental fairness
under the Ohio Constitution. It takes into account the fact that children are
constitutionally different from adults for purposes of an eventual sentencing after
findings of guilt. Its factors account for the differences between children and adults
noted by the Miller court: children’s lack of maturity, their vulnerability to negative
influences and outside pressures, and their more malleable character that makes
their actions less likely to be evidence of irretrievable depravity. In doing so, the
discretionary-transfer process ensures that only those children who are not
amenable to dispositions in juvenile court will be transferred. Thus, while we hold
that the mandatory-transfer statutes violate juveniles’ right to due process as
guaranteed under the Ohio Constitution, transfer of juveniles amenable to adult
court may still occur via the discretionary-transfer process set forth in R.C.
2152.10(B) and 2152.12(B) through (E).
       {¶ 29} “When this court holds that a statute is unconstitutional, severing the
portion that causes it to be unconstitutional may be appropriate.” Cleveland v.
State, 138 Ohio St.3d 232, 2014-Ohio-86, 5 N.E.3d 644, ¶ 18, citing R.C. 1.50. We
have set forth a three-part test to determine whether a statute is severable:

       “(1) Are the constitutional and the unconstitutional parts capable of
       separation so that each may be read and may stand by itself? (2) Is
       the unconstitutional part so connected with the general scope of the
       whole as to make it impossible to give effect to the apparent
       intention of the Legislature if the clause or part is stricken out? (3)
       Is the insertion of words or terms necessary in order to separate the

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       constitutional part from the unconstitutional part, and to give effect
       to the former only?”

Geiger v. Geiger, 117 Ohio St. 451, 466, 160 N.E. 28 (1927), quoting State v.
Bickford, 28 N.D. 36, 147 N.W. 407 (1913), paragraph 19 of the syllabus. Clearly,
the mandatory-transfer provisions and discretionary-transfer provisions are capable
of separation, can be read independently, and can stand independently.
Furthermore, it is possible to carry out transfers of juveniles to adult court once the
unconstitutional provisions are stricken. And no words or terms need to be inserted
in the discretionary-transfer provisions in order to give effect to them. Therefore,
having held that the mandatory-transfer provisions of R.C. 2152.10(A) and
2152.12(A) are unconstitutional, we sever those provisions. After the severance,
transfers of juveniles previously subject to mandatory transfer may occur pursuant
to R.C. 2152.10(B) and 2152.12(B).
       {¶ 30} Finally, we note that because we have concluded that the mandatory-
transfer statutes are unconstitutional in violation of juveniles’ right to due process,
we decline to address the equal-protection issue raised in Aalim’s second
proposition of law.
                                III. CONCLUSION
       {¶ 31} We hold that the mandatory transfer of juveniles to the general
division of common pleas court violates juveniles’ right to due process as
guaranteed by Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution. We also hold that the
discretionary transfer of juveniles 14 years old or older to the general division of
common pleas court pursuant to the process set forth in R.C. 2152.10(B) and
2152.12(B) through (E) satisfies due process as guaranteed by Article I, Section 16
of the Ohio Constitution.

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                                January Term, 2016

        {¶ 32} We accordingly reverse the judgment of the Second District Court
of Appeals and remand the cause to the juvenile court for an amenability hearing
pursuant to R.C. 2152.10 and 2152.12.
                                                                Judgment reversed
                                                              and cause remanded.
        O’CONNOR, C.J., and PFEIFER and O’NEILL, JJ., concur.
        KENNEDY, J., concurs in part and dissents in part, with an opinion.
        FRENCH, J., dissents, with an opinion joined by O’DONNELL, J.
                               _________________
        KENNEDY, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
        {¶ 33} I agree with the majority that the discretionary-bindover process
under R.C. 2152.10(B) and 2152.12(B) through (E) does not offend due process as
guaranteed by Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution. I part with the
majority, however, in its determination that Article I, Section 16 provides a unique
protection that R.C. 2152.10(A), which sets forth the mandatory-bindover process,
violates on its face.
        {¶ 34} State courts are “free to construe their state constitutions as
providing different or even broader individual liberties than those provided under
the federal Constitution.” Arnold v. Cleveland, 67 Ohio St.3d 35, 41, 616 N.E.2d
163 (1993). However, we have interpreted the Ohio Due Course of Law Clause,
Article I, Section 16, as coextensive with the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United State Constitution because the language of the two
clauses is “virtually the same,” In re Hua, 62 Ohio St.2d 227, 230, 405 N.E.2d 255
(1980) (unanimous decision).      And our recognition that the two clauses are
equivalent hearkens back to at least 1893. See Salt Creek Valley Turnpike Co. v.
Parks, 50 Ohio St. 568, 579, 35 N.E. 304 (1893).
        {¶ 35} Here, the majority is silent as to whether the mandatory-bindover
procedure violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the

                                         17
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

United States Constitution. Instead, the majority quotes the generalized statement
in Arnold that “ ‘[t]he Ohio Constitution is a document of independent force,’ ”
majority opinion at ¶ 15, quoting Arnold at paragraph one of the syllabus, without
engaging in any textual or historical analysis of the particular provision of the Ohio
Constitution that is at issue. While I agree with the majority that the Ohio
Constitution can be a document of independent force, to leap to the legal conclusion
that Article I, Section 16 provides unique protection to juveniles without analysis
of the “protection [that] the United States Supreme Court has provided in its
interpretation of” the Fourteenth Amendment, Arnold at paragraph one of the
syllabus, suggests that the majority’s determination is not based on constitutional
interpretation but, rather, on its “sense of judicial necessity,” State v. Mole, __ Ohio
St.3d __, 2016-Ohio-5124, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 91 (Kennedy, J., dissenting).
        {¶ 36} Similarly, the majority’s conclusion that R.C. 2152.10(A) is facially
unconstitutional is not supported by a proper facial constitutional analysis.
Judicially overriding the will of the legislature by declaring a statute facially infirm
is an “exceptional remedy,” and that power should be exercised with great caution
and restraint. Carey v. Wolnitzek, 614 F.3d 189, 201 (6th Cir.2010). A facial
constitutional challenge requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the statutory
provision is constitutionally infirm. State ex rel. Ohio Congress of Parents &
Teachers v. State Bd. of Edn., 111 Ohio St.3d 568, 2006-Ohio-5512, 857 N.E.2d
1148, ¶ 21.     To succeed, the challenger must demonstrate that no set of
circumstances exists under which the act would be valid. Wymsylo v. Bartec, Inc.,
132 Ohio St.3d 167, 2012-Ohio-2187, 970 N.E.2d 898, ¶ 21, citing United States
v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987). “The fact
that a statute might operate unconstitutionally under some plausible set of
circumstances is insufficient to render it wholly invalid.” Harrold v. Collier, 107
Ohio St.3d 44, 2005-Ohio-5334, 836 N.E.2d 1165, ¶ 37. “In order for a statute to
be facially unconstitutional, it must be unconstitutional in all applications.” Oliver

                                          18
                                  January Term, 2016

v. Cleveland Indians Baseball Co. Ltd. Partnership, 123 Ohio St.3d 278, 2009-
Ohio-5030, 915 N.E.2d 1205, ¶ 13, citing Harrold at ¶ 37 and Salerno at 745.
Facial challenges seek to remove a law from the books, i.e., to “leave nothing
standing.” Warshak v. United States, 532 F.3d 521, 528 (6th Cir.2008). The
majority’s analysis does not meet this high standard.
          {¶ 37} The majority relies on the due-process standard of “fundamental
fairness.” Due process is a flexible concept; however, at its core, it requires an
opportunity to be heard when the government seeks to infringe on a protected
liberty or property right, Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S. 371, 377, 91 S.Ct. 780,
28 L.Ed.2d 113 (1971). As we have said:

          “There is no doubt that the Due Process Clause is applicable in
          juvenile proceedings.    ‘The problem,’ we have stressed, ‘is to
          ascertain the precise impact of the due process requirement upon
          such proceedings.’ In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 13-14, 87 S.Ct. 1428,
          1436-1437, 18 L.Ed.2d 527 (1967). We have held that certain basic
          constitutional protections enjoyed by adults accused of crimes also
          apply to juveniles. See Id., at 31-57, 87 S.Ct., at 1445-1459 [18
          L.Ed.2d 527] (notice of charges, right to counsel, privilege against
          self-incrimination, right to confrontation and cross-examination); In
          re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970)
          (proof beyond a reasonable doubt); Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519, 95
          S.Ct. 1779, 44 L.Ed.2d 346 (1975) (double jeopardy).”

(Brackets sic.) State v. D.H., 120 Ohio St.3d 540, 2009-Ohio-9, 901 N.E.2d 209,
¶ 48, quoting Schall v. Martin, 467 U.S. 253, 263, 104 S.Ct. 2403, 81 L.Ed. 207
(1984).

                                           19
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 38} Fundamental fairness is a “unique doctrine [that] is not appropriately
applied in every case but only in those instances when the interests involved are
especially compelling.” In re W.Z., 194 Ohio App.3d 610, 2011-Ohio-3238, 957
N.E.2d 367 (6th Dist.), ¶ 19. “It is appropriately applied in those rare cases where
not to do so will subject the defendant to oppression, harassment, or egregious
deprivation.” Id., quoting State v. Yoskowitz, 116 N.J. 679, 712, 563 A.2d 1 (1989).
The majority holds that the current mandatory-bindover procedure violates
fundamental fairness. I disagree.
       {¶ 39} Article IV, Section 4(C) of the Ohio Constitution provides that there
shall be “divisions of the courts of common pleas as may be provided by law.”
Pursuant to this authority, the General Assembly created Ohio’s juvenile courts in
R.C. Chapter 2151, and consequently, juvenile courts are creatures of statute. State
v. Wilson, 73 Ohio St.3d 40, 43, 652 N.E.2d 196 (1995). As a statutorily created
court, the juvenile court has limited jurisdiction, and it can exercise only the
authority conferred upon it by the General Assembly. See State ex rel. Ramey v.
Davis, 119 Ohio St. 596, 165 N.E. 298 (1929), paragraph four of the syllabus.
       {¶ 40} The majority takes this unique, statutorily created court system and
bootstraps onto it “fundamental fairness” requirements that are not required by
statute or by the explicit text or history of the Ohio Constitution. This is unsound.
The majority reaches its conclusion by relying on past juvenile cases regarding the
right to counsel; automatic, lifetime sex-offender registration and notification
requirements; and sentencing juvenile offenders to life without the possibility of
parole for nonhomicide offenses. See In re C.S., 115 Ohio St.3d 267, 2007-Ohio-
4919, 874 N.E.2d 1177; In re C.P., 131 Ohio St.3d 513, 2012-Ohio-1446, 967
N.E.2d 729; Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 130 S.Ct. 2011, 176 L.Ed.2d 825
(2010). However, these decisions are distinguishable because they relied on
specific constitutional guarantees like the right to counsel contained in the Sixth
Amendment applied to juvenile proceedings through the Due Process Clause and

                                         20
                                January Term, 2016

the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments contained in the Eighth
Amendment rather than the broad and “ ‘ “opaque” ’ ” principle of “fundamental
fairness,” majority opinion at ¶ 18, quoting C.S. at ¶ 80, quoting Lassiter v. Dept.
of Social Servs. of Durham, North Carolina, 452 U.S. 18, 24, 101 S.Ct. 2153, 68
L.Ed.2d 640 (1981).
       {¶ 41} In D.H., we acknowledged that in order to comply with the
fundamental-fairness due-process standard, juvenile proceedings must provide
such “basic constitutional protections” as notice of the charges and the rights to
counsel, confrontation, and cross-examination. 120 Ohio St.3d 540, 2009-Ohio-9,
901 N.E.3d 209, at ¶ 48, citing In re Gault, 387 U.S. at 31-57, 87 S.Ct. 1428, 18
L.Ed.2d 527. R.C. 2152.12 requires a juvenile court to afford a juvenile with a
probable-cause hearing prior to imposing mandatory bindover. This notice and
opportunity to be heard complies with the fundamental-fairness due-process
standard of Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution. The question whether a
juvenile offender of the kind described in R.C. 2152.12(A)(1)(b) is amenable to
care or rehabilitation within the juvenile system does not implicate fundamental
fairness. It is a policy decision that is firmly in the hands of the General Assembly.
       {¶ 42} “It is undisputed that the General Assembly is ‘ “the ultimate arbiter
of public policy” ’ and the only branch of government charged with fulfilling that
role.” C.P. at ¶ 97, quoting Arbino v. Johnson & Johnson, 116 Ohio St.3d 468,
2007-Ohio-6948, 880 N.E.2d 420, ¶ 21, quoting State ex rel. Cincinnati Enquirer,
Div. of Gannett Satellite Information Network v. Dupuis, 98 Ohio St.3d 126, 2002-
Ohio-7041, 781 N.E.2d 163, ¶ 21.           By declaring that juvenile courts are
constitutionally required to provide an amenability hearing to those juveniles that
the General Assembly has mandated are to be bound over after a probable-cause
determination, the majority has unmoored due process from the precedents that
have ensured that the judicial branch does not abuse the guarantee by imposing its
policy views on the General Assembly under the rubric of alleged “fundamental

                                         21
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

fairness.” The United States Supreme Court has long recognized the importance of
limiting the application of the federal Due Process Clause. “[T]he expansion of [ ]
constitutional guarantees under the open-ended rubric of the Due Process Clause
invites undue interference with both considered legislative judgments and the
careful balance that the Constitution strikes between liberty and order.” (Emphasis
added.) Medina v. California, 505 U.S. 437, 443, 112 S.Ct. 2572, 120 L.Ed.2d 353
(1992). “[W]e ‘have defined the category of infractions that violate “fundamental
fairness” very narrowly’ based on the recognition that, ‘[b]eyond the specific
guarantees enumerated in the Bill of Rights, the Due Process Clause has limited
operation.’ ” Id., quoting Dowling v. United States, 493 U.S. 342, 352, 110 S.Ct.
668, 107 L.Ed.2d 708 (1990). Several months ago, a plurality of this court
recognized that this was the state of the law in our decision in Anderson, __ Ohio
St.3d __, 2016-Ohio-5791, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 24 (declining to provide greater
protection under the Ohio Constitution against multiple retrials than under the
federal Constitution based on “fundamental fairness”).
       {¶ 43} The majority, however, now uses Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio
Constitution as a tool to rewrite the balance the General Assembly struck between
ensuring that dangerous juvenile offenders receive punishment commensurate with
their crimes and allowing other juvenile offenders the opportunity for rehabilitation
and reintegration. By elevating a juvenile’s statutory right to an amenability
hearing under R.C. 2152.10 and 2152.12 to a constitutional right mandated by
Article I, Section 16, the majority will allow this court to invalidate any statutory
or procedural rule that four members of this court believe is unfair. Therefore,
while I concur in the majority’s holding that the discretionary-bindover procedure
is constitutional, I must dissent from the majority’s holding that the mandatory-
bindover procedure violates Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution.
                               _________________

                                         22
                                January Term, 2016

       FRENCH, J., dissenting.
       {¶ 44} I respectfully dissent.
       {¶ 45} The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United
States Constitution provides that no state shall “deprive any person of life, liberty,
or property without due process of law.” And Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio
Constitution states, “All courts shall be open, and every person, for an injury done
him in his land, goods, person, or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of
law, and shall have justice administered without denial or delay.” Until recently,
this court had long held that the Ohio Constitution’s “due course of law” provision
is “the equivalent of the ‘due process of law’ clause in the Fourteenth Amendment.”
Direct Plumbing Supply Co. v. Dayton, 138 Ohio St. 540, 544, 38 N.E.2d 70 (1941).
Accord Stetter v. R.J. Corman Derailment Servs., L.L.C., 125 Ohio St.3d 280, 2010-
Ohio-1029, 927 N.E.2d 1092, ¶ 69. But see State v. Bode, 144 Ohio St.3d 155,
2015-Ohio-1519, 41 N.E.3d 1156, ¶ 23-24 (finding a greater due-process right to
counsel for a juvenile under the Ohio Constitution than under the United States
Constitution).
       {¶ 46} To be sure, as a document of independent force, the Ohio
Constitution may provide greater protections of individual rights and civil liberties
than the United States Constitution mandates. Arnold v. Cleveland, 67 Ohio St.3d
35, 616 N.E.2d 163 (1993), paragraph one of the syllabus. And a majority of this
court has found greater protection under the Ohio Constitution than the United
States Constitution provides in various criminal contexts other than due process.
See In re A.G., __ Ohio St.3d __, 2016-Ohio-3306, __ N.E.3d __, ¶ 11-13 (double
jeopardy); State v. Brown, 143 Ohio St.3d 444, 2015-Ohio-2438, 39 N.E.3d 496,
¶ 23 (extraterritorial stop for a minor misdemeanor); State v. Brown, 99 Ohio St.3d
323, 2003-Ohio-3931, 792 N.E.2d 175, ¶ 7 (protection against warrantless arrests
for minor misdemeanors); State v. Farris, 109 Ohio St.3d 519, 2006-Ohio-3255,
849 N.E.2d 985, ¶ 48 (right against self-incrimination). See also State v. Mole, __

                                         23
                               SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

Ohio St.3d __, 2016-Ohio-5124, __ N.E.3d __ ¶ 23 (plurality opinion) (stating that
the Ohio Constitution’s guarantee of equal protection independently precludes the
classification at issue, without expressly finding that the Ohio Constitution provides
greater protection than the United States Constitution). But the fact that the Ohio
Constitution may provide greater protection than the United States Constitution is
different from the question whether it does. See State v. Robinette, 80 Ohio St.3d
234, 238, 685 N.E.2d 762 (1997) (“Despite this wave of New Federalism, where
the provisions are similar and no persuasive reason for a differing interpretation is
presented, this court has determined that protections afforded by Ohio’s
Constitution are coextensive with those provided by the United States
Constitution”).
       {¶ 47} While asserting no basis—other than mere permissibility—for
holding that the Ohio Constitution affords juveniles greater due-process protections
regarding transfer than the United States Constitution provides, and without
considering whether the federal Due Process Clause guarantees juveniles an
individualized amenability hearing, the majority concludes that Ohio’s mandatory-
transfer provisions—R.C. 2152.10(A)(2)(b) and 2152.12(A)(1)(b)—violate Article
I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution. I disagree with the majority’s cavalier
decision to create greater protections under the Ohio Constitution, absent
compelling reasons to do so. And on the merits, I disagree with the majority’s
conclusion    that    Ohio’s     statutory        mandatory-transfer   provisions   are
unconstitutional.
       {¶ 48} Appellant, Matthew I. Aalim, raises a facial due-process challenge
to Ohio’s mandatory-transfer procedures. In 1969, the General Assembly enacted
a statutory scheme by which a juvenile court could remove certain juveniles from
its authority and transfer them to adult court for criminal prosecution. State v. D.W.,
133 Ohio St.3d 434, 2012-Ohio-4544, 978 N.E.2d 894, ¶ 9. The current scheme
provides for two types of transfer: mandatory and discretionary. Id. at ¶ 10.

                                             24
                                January Term, 2016

Discretionary transfer affords juvenile court judges discretion to transfer to adult
court juveniles who do not appear amenable to care or rehabilitation within the
juvenile system and who appear to be a threat to public safety. R.C. 2152.12(B).
“An amenability hearing helps determine whether a juvenile who is eligible for
discretionary [transfer] will be transferred to adult court.” D.W. at ¶ 12. Mandatory
transfer, on the other hand, removes judicial discretion and requires transfer in
certain circumstances, based on the juvenile’s age and offense. R.C. 2152.12(A).
A juvenile who qualifies for mandatory transfer is not statutorily entitled to an
amenability determination, but the juvenile is entitled to a hearing at which the
juvenile court must determine before transferring the juvenile for criminal
prosecution that the juvenile was 16 or 17 years old at the time of the charged
conduct and that there is probable cause to believe that the juvenile committed that
conduct. R.C. 2152.12(A)(1). Here, we consider the statutory provisions regarding
mandatory transfer.
       {¶ 49} Aalim, as a 16-year-old alleged to be delinquent as a result of a
category-two offense committed with a firearm, fell within the category of juveniles
subject to mandatory transfer. R.C. 2152.10(A)(2)(b). R.C. 2152.12(A)(1)(b)(ii)
required the juvenile court to transfer Aalim to adult court upon a finding of
probable cause to believe that he committed the charged offense.
       {¶ 50} Aalim argues that Ohio’s mandatory-transfer provisions are
unconstitutional because due process requires an amenability hearing—giving the
juvenile the opportunity to demonstrate a capacity for change—before a juvenile
court judge may transfer any juvenile to adult court. To succeed on his due-process
challenge, Aalim must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Ohio’s mandatory-
transfer provisions are clearly incompatible with constitutional due process. State
ex rel. Dickman v. Defenbacher, 164 Ohio St. 142, 128 N.E.2d 59 (1955), paragraph
one of the syllabus. To do so, he must overcome a strong presumption that the
provisions are constitutional. R.C. 1.47; State ex rel. Jackman v. Cuyahoga Cty.

                                         25
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

Court of Common Pleas, 9 Ohio St.2d 159, 161, 224 N.E.2d 906 (1967). In my
view, Aalim does not satisfy that heavy burden.
       {¶ 51} The phrase “due process” “expresses the requirement of
‘fundamental fairness,’ ” and applying the Due Process Clause is “an uncertain
enterprise which must discover what ‘fundamental fairness’ consists of in a
particular situation.” Lassiter v. Dept. of Social Servs. of Durham Cty., North
Carolina, 452 U.S. 18, 24-25, 101 S.Ct. 2153, 68 L.Ed.2d 640 (1981). But the Due
Process Clause guarantees more than fair process; it also provides heightened
protection against governmental interference with certain fundamental rights and
liberty interests. Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 719-720, 117 S.Ct.
2258, 138 L.Ed.2d 772 (1997). “So-called ‘substantive due process’ prevents the
government from engaging in conduct that ‘shocks the conscience’ * * * or
interferes with rights ‘implicit in the concept of ordered liberty’ * * *.” United
States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 746, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987),
quoting Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 172, 72 S.Ct. 205, 96 L.Ed. 183 (1952),
and Palko v. Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319, 325-326, 58 S.Ct. 149, 82 L.Ed. 288
(1937), respectively. Substantive due process bars “certain arbitrary, wrongful
government actions ‘regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement
them.’ ” Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 125, 110 S.Ct. 975, 108 L.Ed.2d 100
(1990), quoting Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331, 106 S.Ct. 662, 88 L.Ed.2d
662 (1986). Procedural due process, on the other hand, requires the government to
implement any action that deprives a person of life, liberty or property in a fair
manner, even if the governmental action survives substantive due-process scrutiny.
Id.
       {¶ 52} Ohio’s mandatory-transfer provisions do not offend either
substantive or procedural due process.
       {¶ 53} Substantive due process protects only “fundamental rights and
liberties which are, objectively, ‘deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and

                                         26
                                January Term, 2016

tradition’ * * * and ‘implicit in the concept of ordered liberty,’ such that ‘neither
liberty nor justice would exist if they were sacrificed.’ ” Glucksberg at 720-721,
quoting Moore v. E. Cleveland, 431 U.S. 494, 503, 97 S.Ct. 1932, 52 L.Ed.2d 531
(1977) (plurality opinion), and Palko at 325, 326; see also State v. Burnett, 93 Ohio
St.3d 419, 427, 755 N.E.2d 857 (2001), citing Moore at 503. Protected rights and
liberties include the specific freedoms guaranteed by the Bill of Rights as well as
such “deeply rooted” rights as the right to marry, the right to have children, and the
right to bodily integrity. Glucksberg at 720. The United States Supreme Court has
expressed reluctance to expand the concept of substantive due process. Id.
       {¶ 54} It is evident from the history and evolution of juvenile proceedings
in this country, as well as courts’ consistent rejection of claims of fundamental
rights to juvenile proceedings, that there is no fundamental right deeply rooted in
the nation’s history to juvenile court proceedings or to an amenability hearing.
Juvenile courts are legislative creations rooted in social-welfare philosophy. In re
C.S., 115 Ohio St.3d 267, 2007-Ohio-4919, 874 N.E.2d 1177, ¶ 66, citing Kent v.
United States, 383 U.S. 541, 554, 86 S.Ct. 1045, 16 L.Ed.2d 84 (1966). The first
juvenile court was not established in this country until 1899, In re Gault, 387 U.S.
1, 14, 87 S.Ct. 1428, 18 L.Ed.2d. 527 (1967), and it was not until 1937 that the Ohio
General Assembly conferred exclusive jurisdiction over minors upon Ohio’s
juvenile courts, In re Agler, 19 Ohio St.2d 70, 72, 249 N.E.2d 808 (1969).
       {¶ 55} Criminal common law did not differentiate between adults and
juveniles who had reached the age of criminal responsibility—seven at common
law. Mack, The Juvenile Court, 23 Harv.L.Rev. 104, 106 (1909). A juvenile
offender who was over the age of criminal responsibility “was arrested, put into
prison, indicted by the grand jury, tried by a petit jury, under all the forms and
technicalities of our criminal law, with the aim of ascertaining whether it had done
the specific act—nothing else—and if it had, then of visiting the punishment of the
state upon it.” Id. It was only the advent of juvenile statutes and juvenile courts

                                         27
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

that advanced the age of criminal responsibility and created different procedures
for juvenile adjudication. Id. at 109.
        {¶ 56} This court has repeatedly held that any right to juvenile proceedings
is purely statutory. Agler at 72, citing Prescott v. State, 19 Ohio St. 184, 187-188
(1869). And other state and federal courts have similarly rejected the idea of a
fundamental constitutional right to juvenile status or juvenile proceedings. See,
e.g., State v. Tyler, 286 Kan. 1087, 1097, 191 P.3d 306 (2008) (“A juvenile has no
constitutional right to be adjudicated under the Juvenile Justice Code”); Manduley
v. Superior Court, 27 Cal.4th 537, 564, 117 Cal.Rptr.2d 168, 41 P.3d 3 (2002);
State v. Angel C., 245 Conn. 93, 124, 715 A.2d 652 (1998); State v. Behl, 564
N.W.2d 560, 567 (Minn.1997); People v. Hana, 443 Mich. 202, 220, 504 N.W.2d
166 (1993); Jahnke v. State, 692 P.2d 911, 928-929 (Wyo.1984), overruled on other
grounds, Vaughn v. State, 962 P.2d 149, 151 (Wyo.1998); State v. Cain, 381 So.2d
1361, 1363 (Fla.1980); People v. Jiles, 43 Ill.2d 145, 148, 251 N.E.2d 529 (1969);
Woodard v. Wainwright, 556 F.2d 781, 785 (5th Cir.1977) (“treatment as a juvenile
is not an inherent right but one granted by the state legislature”). Because there is
no deeply rooted, fundamental right to juvenile court proceedings, Ohio’s
mandatory-transfer provisions do not violate substantive due process.
        {¶ 57} Aalim’s claim fares no better under procedural due process. To
demonstrate a procedural-due-process violation, a plaintiff must first show that the
state deprived him or her of a protected interest in life, liberty or property. Bd. of
Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 567-570, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d
548 (1972). Protected liberty interests may arise from the Due Process Clause itself
or the laws of the states. Kentucky Dept. of Corr. v. Thompson, 490 U.S. 454, 460,
109 S.Ct. 1904, 104 L.Ed.2d 506 (1989), citing Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 466,
103 S.Ct. 864, 74 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983). In a procedural-due-process claim, the
deprivation of a constitutionally protected interest in life, liberty or property is not
itself unconstitutional; what is unconstitutional is the deprivation of that interest

                                          28
                                January Term, 2016

without due process of law. Zinermon, 494 U.S. at 125, 110 S.Ct. 975, 108 L.Ed.2d
100, citing Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527, 537, 101 S.Ct. 1908, 68 L.Ed.2d 420
(1981). Before depriving a person of a protected interest, the state must afford the
person some type of hearing unless the governmental interest involved justifies
delaying the hearing. Roth at 570, fn. 7, citing Boddie v. Connecticut, 401 U.S.
371, 379, 91 S.Ct. 780, 28 L.Ed.2d 113 (1971).
       {¶ 58} There is “no doubt” that the Due Process Clause applies in juvenile
proceedings. Schall v. Martin, 467 U.S. 253, 263, 104 S.Ct. 2403, 81 L.Ed.2d 207
(1984). See also Gault, 387 U.S. at 13, 87 S.Ct. 1428, 18 L.Ed.2d 527 (“neither the
Fourteenth Amendment nor the Bill of Rights is for adults alone”). But there is
also no doubt that the Due Process Clause itself does not give rise to an interest in
juvenile proceedings because the right to juvenile proceedings is purely statutory,
Agler, 19 Ohio St.2d at 72, 249 N.E.2d 808.
       {¶ 59} To be sure, a juvenile facing a delinquency adjudication in juvenile
court is entitled to certain basic constitutional rights enjoyed by adults accused of a
crime. Schall at 263; Agler at 76. These include the right to counsel, the privilege
against self-incrimination, the right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, the
right to use of the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard of proof, and the right to be
free from double jeopardy. Schall at 263, citing Gault at 31-57, In re Winship, 397
U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068, 25 L.Ed.2d 368 (1970), and Breed v. Jones, 421 U.S. 519,
95 S.Ct. 1779, 44 L.Ed.2d 346 (1975). As a result of Gault and its progeny,
“juveniles secured more of the rights afforded to adults.” C.S., 115 Ohio St.3d 267,
2007-Ohio-4919, 874 N.E.2d 1177, at ¶ 74.
       {¶ 60} The majority opinion states:

               A common thread underlying the analysis in our juvenile
       cases is the recognition “that a juvenile could ‘receive[ ] the worst
       of both worlds’ in the juvenile court system by being provided

                                          29
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

        ‘neither the protections accorded to adults nor the solicitous care and
        regenerative treatment postulated for children.’ ”

Majority opinion at ¶ 17, quoting C.S. at ¶ 70, quoting Kent at 556. But when a
juvenile is tried as an adult, the case does not implicate the “worst of both worlds”
concern.
        {¶ 61} In Kent, the Supreme Court expressed concern that juvenile courts
were not measuring up to their laudable purpose of “provid[ing] measures of
guidance and rehabilitation for the child and protection for society, not to fix
criminal responsibility, guilt and punishment.” Kent at 554. The concern that a
juvenile could receive “the worst of both worlds” in the juvenile court system
stemmed from juvenile courts discarding procedural safeguards available to adults
in a criminal prosecution. Id. at 556; Gault, 387 U.S. at 29, 87 S.Ct. 1428, 18
L.Ed.2d 527. A juvenile like Aalim who is tried in adult court, however, receives
all the rights and protections afforded to juvenile offenders in juvenile court, and
then some. An adult criminal court protects a juvenile’s rights; it does not diminish
them.
        {¶ 62} But even if we were to conclude that mandatory transfer to adult
court does deprive a juvenile of a liberty interest, I would nevertheless also
conclude that the process and substance of that transfer provide appropriate,
predeprivation procedural protections.         Because the legislature has exclusive
authority to provide for treatment as a juvenile, it “may restrict or qualify that right
as it sees fit, as long as no arbitrary or discriminatory classification is involved.”
Woodard, 556 F.2d at 785. A juvenile who qualifies for mandatory transfer has the
right to a pretransfer hearing at which the state must prove not only that the juvenile
falls within the statutory classifications for mandatory transfer but also that
probable cause exists to believe that the juvenile committed the charged offense.
R.C. 2152.12(A)(1)(b); Juv.R. 30(A).           At that hearing, the juvenile has an

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                                January Term, 2016

unwaivable right to counsel, the right to remain silent, the right to present evidence,
the right to cross-examine witnesses, and the right to notice of the charges against
him or her. Juv.R. 3(A)(1). In my view, these protections give the juvenile
adequate due process prior to a transfer to adult court. Aalim apparently agrees,
because he does not even argue that any procedural due process was lacking with
respect to the juvenile court’s probable-cause hearing.
       {¶ 63} The majority cites this court’s prior recognition that juveniles have
a “special status” under Ohio law and that children are constitutionally different
from adults for purposes of sentencing in support of its holdings that statutory
transfer provisions must account for the differences in children versus adults and
that a juvenile court judge must have discretion to determine which children should
be treated as adults and which children should not. Majority opinion at ¶ 21, 24-
25. But while a majority of this court may prefer to afford juvenile court judges
discretion to determine, in all instances, whether a juvenile offender should be
treated as an alleged delinquent in juvenile court or as a criminal defendant in adult
court, that is an issue for the General Assembly. The Due Process Clause does not
invest this court with the power to sit as a super-legislature to second-guess the
General Assembly’s policy choices. See Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479,
482, 85 S.Ct. 1678, 14 L.Ed.2d 510 (1965).
       {¶ 64} The majority also cites a line of recent Eighth Amendment decisions
of the United States Supreme Court that establishes that children are
constitutionally different from adults for purposes of sentencing and that youth is a
mitigating factor. See Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 570-571, 125 S.Ct. 1183,
161 L.Ed.2d 1 (2005) (Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments forbid imposition of
death penalty on juvenile offenders); Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 77-78, 130
S.Ct. 2011, 176 L.Ed.2d 825 (2010) (Eighth Amendment prohibits imposition of
life-without-parole sentences on juvenile, nonhomicide offenders); Miller v.
Alabama, __ U.S. __, 132 S.Ct. 2455, 2464, 183 L.Ed.2d 407 (2012) (Eighth

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                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

Amendment prohibits mandatory life-without-parole sentences for juvenile
offenders). Fair enough. But the case before us now is not about the propriety of
the punishment Aalim may receive. It can’t be—Aalim concedes that he may
receive a shorter term of confinement in adult court than he would in juvenile court.
So the majority’s reliance on the federal decisions concerning the Eighth
Amendment implications for juvenile sentences is wholly misplaced here.
       {¶ 65} The Ohio decisions that the majority cites are no more persuasive on
the question before us. In State v. Long, 138 Ohio St.3d 478, 2014-Ohio-849, 8
N.E.3d 890, ¶ 1, this court simply applied Miller and held that a common pleas
court must consider a juvenile homicide offender’s youth as a mitigating factor
before imposing a sentence of life without parole. We acknowledged Miller’s
statement that “ ‘children are constitutionally different from adults for purposes of
sentencing.’ ” Id. at ¶ 12, quoting Miller at 2464, citing Roper and Graham. As in
Roper, Graham, and Miller, the issue in Long involved the requirement that an adult
court consider the youth of the defendant when sentencing a juvenile offender.
Long had nothing to do with transfer procedures.
       {¶ 66} In re C.P., 131 Ohio St.3d 513, 2012-Ohio-1446, 967 N.E.2d 729,
and In re A.G., __ Ohio St.3d __, 2016-Ohio-3306, __ N.E.3d __, concerned
juveniles’ entitlement to constitutional rights as part of delinquency adjudications
in juvenile court. In A.G., the majority held that juveniles are entitled to the same
double-jeopardy protections in juvenile court that adults receive. Id. at ¶ 9. C.P.
involved a juvenile who remained in juvenile court as a result of the juvenile court
judge’s determination that he was amenable to rehabilitation in the juvenile system.
C.P. at ¶ 84. There, the court held that a procedure that required automatic
imposition of adult sanctions—lifetime sex-offender registration and notification
requirements—without the participation of the juvenile court judge violated the
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and due process. Id. at ¶ 1.
Unlike in those cases, the issue here does not concern the extent of a juvenile’s

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                                 January Term, 2016

procedural rights in the course of a delinquency adjudication because the juvenile
court transferred Aalim to adult court, where he will be afforded the full panoply
of rights available to adults.
        {¶ 67} Finally, the majority in Bode, 144 Ohio St.3d 155, 2015-Ohio-1519,
41 N.E.3d 1156, at ¶ 29, held that the rule announced in State v. Brooke, 113 Ohio
St.3d 199, 2007-Ohio-1533, 863 N.E.2d 1024—that a constitutionally infirm,
uncounseled prior conviction may not be used to increase the degree and the
sentence of a later offense—likewise applied to an uncounseled delinquency
adjudication. The holding in Bode arose out of the juvenile’s due-process right to
the assistance of counsel during delinquency proceedings. Bode at ¶ 13-17. For
our purposes, Bode does no more than affirm a due-process right to counsel in
delinquency proceedings; it offers no authority for prohibiting mandatory transfer
under either the United States or Ohio Constitution.
        {¶ 68} I agree with the majority that “[a]ll children are entitled to
fundamental fairness in the procedures by which they may be transferred out of
juvenile court for criminal prosecution.” Majority opinion at ¶ 26. In my view,
however, the concept of fundamental fairness does not preclude mandatory transfer.
Fundamental fairness and the requirements of procedural due process are met when,
after a probable-cause hearing, the juvenile court determines that the juvenile
qualifies for mandatory transfer pursuant to duly enacted statutory prerequisites and
that there is probable cause to believe that the juvenile committed the charged
offense. The procedures set out in the mandatory-transfer provisions and in the
Juvenile Rules provide the requisite process and afford the juvenile fundamental
fairness. I therefore conclude that R.C. 2152.10(A)(2)(b) and 2152.12(A)(1)(b) do
not violate the rights to due process guaranteed by either the United States or Ohio
Constitution.
        {¶ 69} Because I conclude that Ohio’s mandatory-transfer provisions do not
violate due process, I briefly consider—but ultimately reject—Aalim’s argument

                                         33
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

that they violate equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United
States Constitution and Article I, Section 2 of the Ohio Constitution. The standards
for determining whether a statute violates equal protection are “essentially the same
under the state and federal Constitutions.” State v. Klembus, 146 Ohio St.3d 84,
2016-Ohio-1092, 51 N.E.3d 641, ¶ 8, citing McCrone v. Bank One Corp., 107 Ohio
St.3d 272, 2005-Ohio-6505, 839 N.E.2d 1, ¶ 7.
       {¶ 70} A statute that does not implicate a fundamental right or a suspect
classification does not violate equal protection if it is rationally related to a
legitimate government interest. State v. Williams, 126 Ohio St.3d 65, 2010-Ohio-
2453, 930 N.E.2d 770, ¶ 39, citing Eppley v. Tri-Valley Local School Dist. Bd. of
Edn., 122 Ohio St.3d 56, 2009-Ohio-1970, 908 N.E.2d 401, ¶ 15. As stated in my
due-process analysis, the mandatory-transfer provisions do not abridge
fundamental rights. Nor do they involve a suspect classification; age is not a
suspect classification for purposes of equal protection, State ex rel. Keefe v. Eyrich,
22 Ohio St.3d 164, 165-166, 489 N.E.2d 259 (1986), citing Massachusetts Bd. of
Retirement v. Murgia, 427 U.S. 307, 314, 96 S.Ct. 2562, 49 L.Ed.2d 520 (1976),
and Vance v. Bradley, 440 U.S. 93, 97, 99 S.Ct. 939, 59 L.Ed.2d 171 (1979).
       {¶ 71} Aalim argues that Ohio’s mandatory-transfer provisions irrationally
treat children who are 16 or 17 when they commit a category-two offense with a
firearm and are subject to mandatory transfer differently from children who are 14
or 15 and who are subject to discretionary transfer. Aalim states that “no ground
can be conceived to justify” those age-based distinctions. I disagree.
       {¶ 72} We grant substantial deference to the General Assembly when
conducting an equal-protection, rational-basis review. Williams at ¶ 40. “ ‘[A]
legislative choice * * * may be based on rational speculation unsupported by
evidence or empirical data,’ ” Am. Assn. of Univ. Professors, Cent. State Univ.
Chapter v. Cent. State Univ., 87 Ohio St.3d 55, 58, 717 N.E.2d 286 (1999), quoting
Fed. Communications Comm. v. Beach Communications, Inc., 508 U.S. 307, 315,

                                          34
                               January Term, 2016

113 S.Ct. 2096, 124 L.Ed.2d 211 (1993), and the state is not obligated to produce
evidence to sustain the rationality of a legislative classification, Columbia Gas
Transm. Corp. v. Levin, 117 Ohio St.3d 122, 2008-Ohio-511, 882 N.E.2d 400¸
¶ 91, citing Am. Assn. of Univ. Professors at 58, 60.
       {¶ 73} The mandatory-transfer provisions are “part of Ohio’s response to
rising juvenile crime” and “one of the hallmarks of [the General Assembly’s] ‘get
tough’ approach.” State v. Hanning, 89 Ohio St.3d 86, 89, 728 N.E.2d 1059 (2000).
I agree with those Ohio appellate courts that have concluded that the General
Assembly’s decision to single-out older juvenile offenders—who are “potentially
more streetwise, hardened, dangerous, and violent”—is rationally related to the
legitimate governmental interests in protecting society and reducing violent crimes.
State v. J.T.S., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 14AP-516, 2015-Ohio-1103, ¶ 45, citing
State v. Anderson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25689, 2014-Ohio-4245, and State v.
Lane, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2013-G-3144, 2014-Ohio-2010. I therefore conclude
that the mandatory-transfer provisions do not violate equal-protection principles
under either the United States or the Ohio Constitution.
       {¶ 74} For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
       O’DONNELL, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion.
                               _________________
       Mathias H. Heck Jr., Montgomery County Prosecuting Attorney, and
Andrew T. French, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
       Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, and Amanda J. Powell and Charlyn
Bohland, Assistant Public Defenders, for appellant.
       Rickell L. Howard, Ohio Director of Litigation and Policy, urging reversal
for amicus curiae Children’s Law Center, Inc.
       Maritza S. Nelson, Law Office of Maritza S. Nelson, L.L.C., urging reversal
for amici curiae Juvenile Justice Coalition, League of Women Voters of Ohio, and
Ohio Association of Child Caring Agencies.

                                         35
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

          Kimberly P. Jordan, Director, urging reversal for amicus curiae Justice for
Children Project, Moritz College of Law Clinical Programs.
          D.K. Wehner, urging reversal for amicus curiae Law Office of the Public
Defender, Montgomery County, Ohio.
          David L. Strait, Assistant Public Defender, urging reversal for amicus
curiae Franklin County Public Defender.
          Melissa Lindsay, Staff Attorney, urging reversal for amicus curiae Family
& Youth Law Center, Capital University Law School.
          Dorianne Mason, urging reversal for amicus curiae Ohio Justice & Policy
Center.
          Michele Temmel, urging reversal for amicus curiae Office of the Hamilton
County Public Defender.
          Beatrice Jessie Hill, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Judge Ben
C. Green Professor of Law, Case Western Reserve University School of Law,
urging reversal for amicus curiae Schubert Center for Child Studies.
          Marsha L. Levick, urging reversal for amicus curiae Juvenile Law Center.
          Nadia N. Seeratan, urging reversal for amicus curiae National Juvenile
Defender Center.
          Michael DeWine, Attorney General, Eric E. Murphy, State Solicitor,
Michael J. Hendershot, Chief Deputy Solicitor, and Stephen P. Carney, Deputy
Solicitor, urging affirmance for amicus curiae Ohio Attorney General.
                                 _________________

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