Court Opinion

ID: 9377146
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-07 00:02:11.909648+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:12.171762
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/6/23 P. v. Ramirez CA1/4

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

          IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION FOUR

 THE PEOPLE,
         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                     A163475
                           v.                                          (Alameda County Super. Ct.
 RAY RAMIREZ,                                                          No. 18CR008346)
         Defendant and Appellant.

         Defendant Ray Ramirez appeals from the trial court’s judgment
convicting him of evading a peace officer with willful disregard for safety in
violation of Vehicle Code section 2800.2, subdivision (a) and sentencing him
to serve three years in state prison, which judgment the court issued upon
the parties agreeing to a negotiated disposition of his case. Ramirez argues
that prior to entering judgment, the court erred in denying his motion to
withdraw his no contest plea. He entered this plea as part of a negotiated
disposition, but late moved for its vacatur on grounds that the plea
agreement is ambiguous regarding the sentence he was to receive; the court
applied the wrong legal standard in evaluating the motion; the court
improperly relied on irrelevant circumstances to deny the motion; and he
established good cause for granting his motion in two respects. We conclude
Ramirez’s arguments are without merit and affirm.

                                                               1
                               I. BACKGROUND
      In a May 2018 complaint, the Alameda County District Attorney’s office
charged Ramirez with one count each of possession of a firearm by a felon
(Pen. Code,1 § 29800, subd. (a)(1)); carrying a loaded concealed firearm within
a vehicle (id., § 25400, subds. (a)(1), (c)(6)); evading a peace officer with
willful disregard for safety (Veh. Code, § 2800.2, subd. (a)); carrying an
unregistered, loaded firearm on one’s person (Pen. Code, § 25850, subds. (a),
(c)(6)); possession of ammunition by a prohibited person (id., § 30305,
subd. (a)(1)); and misdemeanor hit and run driving (Veh. Code, § 20002,
subd. (a)). Also, Ramirez was alleged to have been convicted of a prior strike
offense. (Pen. Code, §§ 1170.12, subd. (c)(1); 667, subd. (e)(1).) Ramirez
pleaded not guilty to all counts.
   A. The June 2018 Hearing Regarding the Parties’ Plea Agreement
      At a June 2018 hearing, the parties told the court they had reached a
negotiated disposition of Ramirez’s case. The prosecutor said Ramirez would
“admit” one of the charged counts, evading a peace officer with willful
disregard for safety in violation of Vehicle Code section 2800.2,
subdivision (a) (Ramirez actually agreed to plead no contest to the count),
and the prior conviction allegation. Also, Ramirez would be released on a
Cruz waiver “for medical purposes, which will allow him to seek treatment
while out of custody.[2] However, he is agreeing, as a result of his conviction
to [a violation of Vehicle Code section 2800.2, subdivision (a)], to a three-year
prison term, which is the aggravated term. Because we’re agreeing to release

      1   All statutory citations are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
      2A “Cruz waiver” permits the court to impose a greater sentence than
bargained for if a defendant released subject to the waiver willfully fails to
appear for sentencing. (People v. Cruz (1988) 44 Cal.3d 1247, 1254, fn. 5.)

                                         2
him on a Cruz waiver prior to the sentencing date, the defendant will agree to
also admit the first prior conviction, which will double the exposure, so that
he’s facing a total exposure of six years at eighty percent. However, it’s
understood that if he shows up at the R and S date, that the sentencing court
can allow that admission to be stricken, so that he will simply receive the
three-year state prison term. If, however, he fails to show up at the R and S
date, that would be a violation of the Cruz waiver, and he would be subject to
up to six years in state prison, subject to the credit limitations of a strike
prior.” This exchange followed:
      “THE COURT: In other words, the strike prior admission would
remain intact, and the Court then is looking at the aggravated term of three,
plus the strike, for double that.
      “[PROSECUTOR]: That’s correct, Your Honor.
      “THE COURT: So six years.
      “[PROSECUTOR]: Six years at eighty percent, subject to CDR
restrictions or credits.
      “[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And, Your Honor, I erroneously put three
years felony probation on the plea form and that’s not correct. It’s just three
years state prison.
      “THE COURT: I’ll strike that.”
      The court reviewed with Ramirez, and he agreed to, the terms of the
Cruz waiver. These included that, as the court said, if he failed to comply
with any of the terms, “your plea would still stand, which is going to include
an admission of your first prior strike conviction, and any offers would be
withdrawn, and the Court could then sentence you up to the maximum
sentence of six years.”

                                         3
      The court reviewed with Ramirez the rights he was waiving in entering
into the plea agreement, and questioned him about the plea waiver form he
had signed and initialed as part of the agreement. Ramirez indicated that he
had signed and initialed the form “freely and voluntarily.” The court then
reviewed the potential consequences of his plea:
      “THE COURT: Before I take your plea, you must understand the
potential consequences. The potential prison sentence—
      “Is it sixteen, two, three?
      “[PROSECUTOR]: Yes, Your Honor.
      “THE COURT: The potential prison sentence for the plea you are
entering a plea to is sixteen months, two years or three years in the state
prison.
      “The understanding is that you would receive—
      “[PROSECUTOR]: The aggravated term of three.
      “THE COURT: It is the three.
      “Aggravated term of three years in the state prison.
      “Do you understand that?
      “DEFENDANT: Yeah.”
      Later, the court stated, “You are also agreeing to admit a prior
conviction. That prior conviction . . . is a strike prior, sir. As a result, it
doubles the term, for a total of six years in state prison, to be served at eighty
percent. [¶] Do you understand that, sir?” Ramirez replied, “Yes.” The court
said that, should Ramirez appear for sentencing, “the Court would allow you
to withdraw your admission of that prior, which would reduce your term in
custody to three years in the state prison. [¶] Do you understand that?”
Ramirez responded, “Yes, sir.”

                                          4
      The court explained that “[a]nother judge will be sentencing you and it
will not be me,” “[a]nd this negotiated disposition has not been discussed with
the judge . . . . If he disapproves of the disposition, you would be permitted to
withdraw your plea of guilty or no contest, your not guilty plea would be re-
entered, all dismissed charges reinstated and your case scheduled for a
preliminary hearing. [¶] Do you understand that?” Ramirez replied, “Yes.”
      In response to further questions by the court, Ramirez said he had had
enough time to talk with his attorney and had told her all he knew about his
case. The court asked him if he had any questions about what he was doing,
which led to the following exchange:
      “[RAMIREZ]: Only one. Okay. Say for instance, hopefully not, but if it
is found to be cancer in my kidney and I’m under treatment, do I still have to
go in to custody at the 60-day mark or would it be advanced for a future date?
      “THE COURT: That is something that would have to be taken up at
the time of your sentencing.
      “[RAMIREZ]: Okay.
      “THE COURT: I can’t make you any guarantees as to what might
happen, but the . . . Court will certainly consider that when you are
sentenced. . . .
      “[RAMIREZ]: Okay.
      “THE COURT: And no promises as to what would happen.
      “[RAMIREZ]: Understood. Thank you.
      “[PROSECUTOR]: For the record, that is something we discussed also
with defense counsel. If, in fact, he gets a life-threatening diagnosis, the
sentencing court could certainly consider that and modify the sentence as the
sentencing court deems appropriate.

                                        5
      “[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And, Your Honor, yes, that’s my
understanding that we’re—that there’s no promises made as to what would
happen, but that the lines of communication would be open with the district
attorney and the Court about what to do depending on the diagnosis.
      “THE COURT:· Very well.”
      Ramirez entered a plea of no contest to a violation of Vehicle Code
section 2800.2, subdivision (a) and admitted the prior conviction. The court
found that he had “expressly, knowingly, understandingly and intelligently
waived his statutory and constitutional rights,” and that “the plea was freely
and voluntarily made with the understanding of the nature of the charges
pending as well as the consequences of the plea.” It confirmed with Ramirez
that he was admitting the prior conviction, found a factual basis for his plea
of no contest,3 accepted the plea, and found Ramirez guilty of a felony
violation of Vehicle Code section 2800.2, subdivision (a) (as well as of a parole
violation). He was released on his own recognizance subject to the Cruz
waiver.
   B. Ramirez’s 2021 Motion To Withdraw His No Contest Plea
      Over the next three years, Ramirez’s sentencing was continued
numerous times due to his seeking and receiving medical treatment for
kidney cancer, his change in counsel, and pandemic-related reasons. In July
2021, he moved to withdraw his no contest plea for good cause under Penal
Code section 1018. In his supporting brief, Ramirez argued as good cause
that he and his counsel at the time of the June 2018 hearing “genuinely

      3 At the hearing, the prosecutor stated, and defense counsel accepted,
as a factual basis for the plea that “on May 4th of 2018, [Ramirez] was
stopped for a traffic event by the CHP. During the stop [Ramirez] accelerated
away, was chased by the officers with lights and siren. He went 85-miles an
hour in a 35-miles per hour zone and ran a red light.”

                                        6
believed at the signing of his plea form . . . that the deal he was agreeing to
was a 3-year top. . . . Furthermore, at the time of taking the plea deal, [he]
believed he was dying of cancer. He was in a hopeless state and did not have
the will to continue contesting his criminal matter. However, there has been
a change of circumstances to [his] medical condition that has not only
changed his physical outlook, but his mental outlook as well.”
      Ramirez submitted a declaration in support of his motion, in which he
stated, “While I maintained my innocence in this matter, I felt at the time
that this was in my own best interest. I no longer feel that way. [¶] At the
time of entering my plea, I was under the impression that I was dying of
kidney cancer. I was feeling rather hopeless and did not wish to fight my
criminal charges. [¶] I felt at the time (and still do) there was a reasonable
defense to the accusations that are made against me, but my medical
condition made me yield to the pressure of the moment. [¶] I no longer believe
that I am dying from cancer. I received treatment for the cancerous tumor in
my body and now must undergo annual examinations to make sure that no
cancer returns. [¶] Furthermore, at the time of taking the plea deal in June
2018, it was my understanding from my attorney that the offer I was
agreeing to was for a maximum of 3-years. My genuine understanding was
that the amount of time to be served would be determined at sentencing, and
that it would be a top of 3 years.”
      At the hearing on Ramirez’s motion to withdraw his no contest plea,
the prosecutor contended the June 2018 hearing transcript demonstrated
that Ramirez agreed to a fixed three-year sentence, that Ramirez had no
misunderstanding about it and entered his plea “knowing what he was
doing,” and that there was “simply no basis for him to withdraw the plea
regardless of whatever buyer’s remorse he may have . . . .”

                                        7
      Ramirez’s counsel’s response included that the court should not “gloss
over whether the change of circumstances with his health might in and of
itself be enough to find good cause to withdraw the plea. I think taking a
deal and just resolving the case and moving on with it because he thinks he’s
going to die in prison either way isn’t really a knowing, intelligent, and
voluntary taking of the plea. . . . It’s certainly not an intelligent one if
somebody who thinks they’re dying decides to take a bad deal.”
      The court denied Ramirez’s motion. It found that the June 2018
hearing transcript showed he was not then certain that he had anything
malignant because he asked if his placement in custody could be deferred if
he later learned he had cancer, and that the transcript also showed the
parties agreed to a fixed three-year sentence, not a three-year “top.” The
court concluded, “So from the Court’s perspective, I don’t see where that
confusion is. He may have had confusion that he says he has, but it isn’t
supported in the record and it isn’t supported by the statements of his own
counsel at the time. So . . . I don’t have that there. There was supposed to be
an open communication. He did indicate that there was an understanding he
might have health concerns and they need to be addressed. We’ve tried to
address them all along the way with continuances over and over and over
again in order to allow him to seek health treatment, which I believe he has
been doing.”
      The trial court further stated, “Nothing that I’ve seen leads me to
believe that [the negotiated disposition] wasn’t knowingly and intelligently
entered into. It may well have been that [Ramirez] was simply trying to
resolve the case to get on with other issues, but that happens all the time.
The question is whether or not he misunderstood, if he didn’t know what was
happening. He had a 16-month stretch originally. He had a 15-year stretch

                                          8
another time. I don’t—he’s not new to the system. The Court does believe
that he was aware of what was going on. . . . I don’t believe that I have
sufficient evidence at this point to lead me to believe that at this late date it’s
appropriate to allow the withdrawal of the plea. [¶] So under those
circumstances and based on the evidence that I have before me, the Court
denies the motion to withdraw the plea.”
      On August 2, 2021, the sentencing court struck Ramirez’s prior
conviction and sentenced him to the upper term of three years in state prison
for his violation of Vehicle Code section 2800.2, subdivision (a), awarded him
certain custody and conduct credits, indicated his term would be served at
50 percent credit, and ordered him to pay certain fines and fees.
      Ramirez filed a timely notice of appeal from an August 2, 2021 order or
judgment, but he incorrectly indicated his appeal was after a jury or court
trial. He attached to his notice a request for a certificate of probable cause
(granted by the trial court) which, along with the date listed on the notice for
the order or judgment appealed from, indicates he intended to appeal from
that part of the court’s August 2, 2021 judgment sentencing him to three
years in state prison. Ramirez’s notice is sufficient. (In re Joshua (2007)
41 Cal.4th 261, 272 [we liberally construe notices of appeal if it is reasonably
clear what the appellant is trying to appeal from and the respondent cannot
possibly be misled or prejudiced].)
                              II. DISCUSSION
      Ramirez claims the trial court erred in denying his motion to withdraw
his no contest plea for several reasons.
   A. Legal Standards
      Ramirez moved to withdraw his plea under Penal Code section 1018. It
states in relevant part, “On application of the defendant at any time before
judgment . . . , the court may, . . . for a good cause shown, permit the plea of

                                         9
guilty to be withdrawn and a plea of not guilty substituted. . . . This section
shall be liberally construed to effect these objects and to promote justice.”
      “To establish good cause to withdraw a guilty plea, the defendant must
show by clear and convincing evidence that he or she was operating under
mistake, ignorance, or any other factor overcoming the exercise of his or her
free judgment, including inadvertence, fraud, or duress. [Citation.] The
defendant must also show prejudice in that he or she would not have
accepted the plea bargain had it not been for the mistake.” (People v. Breslin
(2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 1409, 1416 (Breslin); see People v. Simmons (2015)
233 Cal.App.4th 1458, 1466 [“ ‘good cause must be shown by clear and
convincing evidence,’ ” quoting People v. Cruz (1974) 12 Cal.3d 562, 566].)
      “ ‘A plea may not be withdrawn simply because the defendant has
changed his [or her] mind.’ [Citation.] The decision to grant or deny a
motion to withdraw a guilty plea is left to the sound discretion of the trial
court. [Citations.] ‘A denial of the motion will not be disturbed on appeal
absent a showing the court has abused its discretion.’ [Citations.] ‘Moreover,
a reviewing court must adopt the trial court’s factual findings if substantial
evidence supports them.’ ” (Breslin, supra, 205 Cal.App.4th at p. 1416.)
“ ‘[W]hen a trial court’s decision rests on an error of law, that decision is an
abuse of discretion.’ ” (People v. Patterson (2017) 2 Cal.5th 885, 894.)
   B. The Plea Agreement Is Not Ambiguous
      Ramirez first argues that the plea agreement is ambiguous about the
sentence he was to receive, and that the record supports his belief at the time
of the June 2018 hearing that he was to receive a sentence of up to three
years, rather than a fixed three-year sentence, for his violation of Vehicle
Code section 2800.2, subdivision (a). Although Ramirez does not explain the
import of this argument, he appears to make it in support of his claim that
the trial court improperly denied his motion to withdraw his plea.

                                        10
      “A negotiated plea agreement is a form of contract, and it is interpreted
according to general contract principles. [Citations.] ‘The fundamental goal
of contractual interpretation is to give effect to the mutual intention of the
parties. (Civ. Code, § 1636.) If contractual language is clear and explicit, it
governs. [Citation.] On the other hand, “[i]f the terms of a promise are in
any respect ambiguous or uncertain, it must be interpreted in the sense in
which the promisor believed, at the time of making it, that the promisee
understood it.” ([Civ. Code,] § 1649, [citation].’ [Citation.] ‘The mutual
intention to which the courts give effect is determined by objective
manifestations of the parties’ intent, including the words used in the
agreement . . . .’ ” (People v. Shelton (2006) 37 Cal.4th 759, 767.)
      When interpreting plea agreements, “we apply the ordinary standards
of review applicable in cases involving the interpretation of contracts
generally.” (People v. Paredes (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 496, 507.) Therefore,
we conduct a de novo review where the interpretation does not turn on the
credibility of extrinsic evidence. (Ibid.)
      Here, the terms of the plea agreement are detailed in statements made
at the June 2018 hearing and Ramirez’s plea waiver form. At the June 2018
hearing, it was unequivocally stated seven times that Ramirez was to receive
a three-year sentence, and Ramirez twice said he understood this was the
case, as follows (all italics added):
      In describing the plea agreement to the court, the prosecutor said that
Ramirez “is agreeing . . . to a three-year state prison term, which is the
aggravated term.”
      Shortly after that description, the prosecutor said, “[I]t’s understood
that if he shows up at the R and S date, that the sentencing court can allow

                                        11
that admission [to the prior conviction] to be stricken, so that he will simply
receive the three-year state prison term.”
      After hearing the prosecutor’s description, the court said, “In other
words, . . . the Court . . . is looking at the aggravated term of three, plus the
strike, for double that,” to which the prosecutor agreed.
      A short time later, Ramirez’s counsel said, “And, Your Honor,
I erroneously put three years felony probation on the plea form and that’s not
correct. It’s just three years state prison.”
      After the court reviewed the range of sentences Ramirez could receive
for the charge to which he was pleading no contest, the prosecutor told the
court that the agreement called for Ramirez to receive “[t]he aggravated term
of three [years].”
      The court then said, “It is the three. [¶] Aggravated term of three years
in the state prison. [¶] Do you understand that?” Ramirez answered, “Yeah.”
      Finally, the court told Ramirez that, should he appear for sentencing,
“the Court would allow you to withdraw your admission of that prior, which
would reduce your term in custody to three years in the state prison. [¶] Do
you understand that?” Ramirez responded, “Yes, sir.”
      In other words, at the June 2018 hearing, the prosecutor three times,
the court three times, and Ramirez’s counsel once, unequivocally stated that
Ramirez was to receive a three-year sentence under the plea agreement and
Ramirez twice said that he understood this was the case.
      Despite this clarity regarding the three-year sentence he was to receive
under the plea agreement, Ramirez argues certain statements at the June
2018 hearing and in his plea waiver form created an ambiguity in that they
suggested he was to receive an upper sentencing limit of three years rather
than a fixed three-year term. First, he contends his sentence for violating

                                        12
Vehicle Code section 2800.2, subdivision (a) was ambiguous because it was
left undescribed on his plea waiver form after the court struck the
handwritten description, “3 felony probation,” upon Ramirez’s counsel’s
stating it was in error. This contention is unpersuasive because Ramirez’s
counsel stated at the same time that his sentence would be “three years state
prison.”
      Ramirez also notes that the prosecutor and then the court stated that
his potential sentence, if he did not appear at the sentencing hearing and
thereby receive a prison term that was doubled because of his admitted prior
conviction, would be “up to” six years in state prison. Ramirez asserts these
statements “appear[] to be the source of [his] belief that the plea bargain
involved a three[-]year top prison sentence, or ‘up to’ three years.” We see no
support for this assertion. As we have discussed, both the prosecutor and the
court repeatedly stated at the June 2018 hearing that Ramirez would receive
a three-year sentence for his conviction under Vehicle Code section 2800.2,
subdivision (a), and Ramirez twice said he understood this was the case.
      Also, the hearing record contains an explanation for the prosecutor’s
reference of a maximum sentence of “up to” six years. He made the reference
in the course of explaining to the court that Ramirez, should he fail to appear
at the sentencing hearing, was “facing a total exposure of six years at eighty
percent” and “would be subject to up to six years in state prison, subject to the
credit limitations of a strike prior.” (Italics added.) In other words, the
prosecutor appears to have referred to “up to” six years because he was
taking into account that Ramirez’s actual time in prison would be reduced by
the credits he would receive. The prosecutor’s language arguably was a little
inartful, but it did not create the ambiguity of which Ramirez complains.

                                       13
      Ramirez also contends ambiguity was created by the trial court’s
advisement to Ramirez that “the potential prison sentence for the plea you
are entering a plea to is sixteen months, two years or three years in state
prison” because this supposedly implied that all three sentences were
available at sentencing. We reject this contention as well. The intent of the
court’s advisement—the court simply stated the range of sentences possible
under law for Ramirez’s violation of Vehicle Code section 2800.2,
subdivision (a)—was clear, and the advisement was required by law. (See
People v. Barella (1999) 20 Cal.4th 261, 266 [“ ‘In all guilty plea and
submission cases the defendant shall be advised of the direct consequences of
the conviction such as the permissible range of punishment provided by
statute . . . .’ ”].) Also, as Ramirez acknowledges, the court stated
immediately afterwards that the “understanding” was that Ramirez would
receive the “[a]ggravated term of three years in the state prison,” which
further made clear the sentence Ramirez would receive under the plea
agreement.
      Ramirez contends that the court’s use of the term “understanding” to
describe his prison term created an ambiguity about his sentence in light of
the court’s advisement that “[a]nother judge will be sentencing you and it will
not be me,” and its purported failure to explain that the sentencing judge’s
only choice would be to either impose the three-year sentence or reject
Ramirez’s negotiated plea entirely. Ramirez contends the court’s actions
suggested he could receive a sentence within the range of sixteen months, two
years, or three years rather than a fixed three-year sentence. We disagree.
Read in context, the court’s reference to “understanding” can only be a
reference to the plea agreement. Further, the court did make clear to
Ramirez that the sentencing judge’s discretion was limited. It stated, “If [the

                                       14
sentencing judge] disapproves of the disposition, you would be permitted to
withdraw your plea of guilty or no contest, your not guilty plea would be
re-entered, all dismissed charges reinstated and your case scheduled for a
preliminary hearing.”
      Finally, Ramirez contends the prosecutor created an ambiguity about
Ramirez’s sentence when, in response to Ramirez asking if he would have to
go into custody after 60 days if he was found to have cancer, the prosecutor
stated: “For the record, that is something we discussed also with defense
counsel. If in fact, he gets a life-threatening diagnosis, the sentencing court
could certainly consider that and modify the sentence as the sentencing court
deems appropriate.” Ramirez contends this statement indicates “that for a
good enough reason, the sentencing court could actually ‘modify the
sentence,’ ” which he “would have reasonably interpreted . . . to mean that
the sentencing judge was not required to impose a three[-]year aggravated
prison term, and that, if he showed up at sentencing, three years would have
been the top sentence the court could impose.”
      We disagree. The prosecutor said nothing about the sentencing judge
considering a modification of Ramirez’s sentence “for a good enough reason.”
Rather, he stated that a modification could be considered “[i]f, in fact,
[Ramirez] gets a life-threatening diagnosis.” This limited exception was plain
and unambiguous, and Ramirez makes no claim that the trial court rejected
any contention by him in his motion to withdraw his plea or at the time of
sentencing that he suffered from such a diagnosis; to the contrary, he stated
in his declaration in support of his withdrawal motion that he no longer
believed he was “dying from cancer.” The prosecutor’s statement is not a
basis for finding the plea agreement was ambiguous regarding his sentence.

                                       15
      In short, we conclude that the plea agreement plainly and
unambiguously calls for Ramirez to receive a fixed, three-year sentence for
violating Vehicle Code section 2800.2, subdivision (a) and that the record
does not support his claimed belief at the time of the June 2018 hearing that
he was to receive a sentence of up to three years, rather than a fixed three-
year sentence. The court did not abuse its discretion in rejecting Ramirez’s
arguments to the contrary.
   C. There Is No Support for Ramirez’s Claim That the Trial Court
      Applied the Wrong Legal Standard in Denying His Motion
      To Withdraw His No Contest Plea
     Ramirez next argues that the trial court committed legal error, and
therefore abused its discretion, in denying his motion to withdraw his no
contest plea because it found that he “knowingly and intelligently entered”
the plea when it should have determined whether there was good cause to
grant his motion under Penal Code section 1018.
     Ramirez confuses the difference between the court’s findings and its
ruling. The court’s finding that he “knowingly and intelligently” entered his
no contest plea was in response to the parties’ contentions, which focused
significantly on whether or not Ramirez had knowing and intelligently
entered his no contest plea. Based on this and other findings, the court ruled,
“But I don’t believe that I have sufficient evidence at this point to lead me to
believe that at this late date it’s appropriate to allow the withdrawal of the
plea. [¶] So under those circumstances and based on the evidence that I have
before me, the Court denies the motion to withdraw the plea.”
     The court did not make an explicit reference to the “good cause”
standard in its ruling, but Ramirez does not cite any law indicating it was
required to do so. Moreover, at the beginning of the hearing, the court said it
had reviewed Ramirez’s moving papers, which state Ramirez was moving

                                       16
under the “good cause” standard. And at the hearing, Ramirez’s counsel
referred to the “good cause” standard shortly before the trial court ruled.
Given the court’s statement of its ruling and the context in which it made it,
we agree with the Attorney General that Ramirez has failed to rebut the
presumption that the court was aware of and properly followed the law. (See
People v. Abdelsalam (2022) 73 Cal.App.5th 654, 662–663 [concluding the
appellant did not rebut the presumption that the court applied the proper
standard of proof], citing People v. Ramirez (2021) 10 Cal.5th 983, 1042
[“Absent evidence to the contrary, we presume that the trial court knew the
law and followed it”].)
   D. There Is No Support for Ramirez’s Claim That the Trial Court
      Improperly Relied on Irrelevant Circumstances in Denying His
      Motion To Withdraw His No Contest Plea
      Ramirez next argues, based on People v. Sandoval (2007) 41 Cal.4th
825, that the court erred twice by relying on irrelevant circumstances in
denying his motion to withdraw his no contest plea.
      In People v. Sandoval, our Supreme Court instructed, “The trial court’s
sentencing discretion must be exercised in a manner that is not arbitrary and
capricious, that is consistent with the letter and spirit of the law, and that is
based upon an ‘individualized consideration of the offense, the offender, and
the public interest.’ [Citation.] . . . [A] trial court will abuse its discretion . . .
if it relies upon circumstances that are not relevant to the decision or that
otherwise constitute an improper basis for decision.” (People v. Sandoval,
supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 847.)
      Putting aside for argument’s sake that People v. Sandoval addressed
sentencing and not the denial of a motion to withdraw a plea, we disagree
with Ramirez that the trial court improperly based its denial of his
withdrawal motion on irrelevant matters. The first of the court’s two

                                          17
statements that Ramirez cites is as follows: “So from the Court’s perspective,
I don’t see where that confusion is. . . . There was supposed to be an open
communication. He did indicate that there was an understanding he might
have health concerns and they need to be addressed. We’ve tried to address
them all along the way with continuances over and over and over again in
order to allow him to seek health treatment, which I believe he has been
doing.” (Italics added.)
      It is clear from this statement by the trial court that it made the
portion we have italicized as part of its explanation why it did not believe
there was a legitimate basis for any confusion over the length of Ramirez’s
sentence. The court’s references to the continuances granted were directly
tied to its recollection that there was supposed to be “open communication”
and, while this communication did include the expression of medical
concerns, it did not include communications about any confusion regarding
the length of his sentence. The court did not rely on these continuances in
denying Ramirez’s withdrawal motion.
      The second of the trial court’s statements that Ramirez cites as proof
that the court improperly denied his withdrawal motion based on irrelevant
matters is as follows: “Nothing that I’ve seen leads me to believe that [the
plea] wasn’t knowingly and intelligently entered into. . . . The question is
whether or not he misunderstood, if he didn’t know what was happening. He
had a 16-month stretch originally. He had a 15-year stretch another time.
I don’t—he’s not new to the system. The Court does believe that he was
aware of what was going on.”
      Case law indicates that Ramirez’s experience with the criminal justice
system was relevant to the question of whether he knowingly and
intelligently entered his plea. (See People v. Sivongxxay (2017) 3 Cal.5th 151,

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167 [considering a defendant’s prior experience with criminal justice system
in determining whether waiver of jury was knowing and intelligent under a
totality of the circumstances], quoting Parke v. Raley (1992) 506 U.S. 20, 37
[“evidence of a defendant’s prior experience with the criminal justice system
[is] relevant to the question whether he knowingly waived constitutional
rights”].) Therefore, the court did nothing improper in considering Ramirez’s
prior experience with the criminal justice system.
      In short, Ramirez’s argument that the trial court improperly relied on
irrelevant matters in denying his withdrawal motion is without merit.
   E. There Is No Support for Ramirez’s Other Claims of Error
      by the Trial Court in Denying His Motion To Withdraw His
      No Contest Plea
      Finally, Ramirez argues the trial court abused its discretion in denying
his motion to withdraw his no contest plea because he showed good cause for
his withdrawal in two respects.
      First, Ramirez contends, as he does in arguing the plea agreement is
ambiguous, that there “was considerable evidence at the plea hearing” to
support what he stated in his declaration as his “genuine understanding . . .
that the amount of time to be served would be determined at sentencing, and
that it would be a top of 3 years.” But as we have already discussed, the plea
agreement plainly and unambiguously calls for Ramirez to receive a fixed,
three-year sentence for violating Vehicle Code section 2800.2, subdivision (a),
and the record does not support his claimed belief at the time of the June
2018 hearing that he was to receive a sentence of up to three years rather
than a fixed three-year sentence. Also, the trial court was within its
discretion to find, as is implied by its ruling, that there was not clear and
convincing evidence Ramirez genuinely believed, even if mistaken, that he
was to receive a sentence of up to three years, particularly in light of the

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substantial evidence to the contrary that we have discussed and regardless of
Ramirez’s declaration statements. (See People v. Simmons, supra,
233 Cal.App.4th at p. 1466 [“ ‘good cause must be shown by clear and
convincing evidence’ ”]; Breslin, supra, 205 Cal.App.4th at p. 1416 [in
reviewing a court’s denial of a motion to withdraw a plea, “ ‘a reviewing court
must adopt the trial court’s factual findings if substantial evidence supports
them’ ”]; People v. Houston (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1186, 1215 [when reviewing a
record for substantial evidence, “ ‘[w]e do not reweigh the evidence or
reevaluate a witness’s credibility’ ”].) The court did not abuse its discretion in
rejecting Ramirez’s arguments to the contrary.
      Second, Ramirez contends that, as he stated in his declaration below,
he entered his no contest plea at a time when he mistakenly believed that he
was dying of cancer, which qualifies under Penal Code section 1018 as a
‘ ‘mistake . . . that overcame [his] exercise of free judgment’ ” and, further,
that the provision of the plea agreement that provided for his immediate
release subject to a Cruz waiver so that he could receive outside medical
treatment was also a factor that overcame his exercise of free judgment.
      “All decisions to plead guilty are heavily influenced by difficult
questions as to the strength of the prosecution’s case and the likelihood of
securing leniency. [Citation.] ‘ “Considerations like these frequently present
imponderable questions for which there are no certain answers; judgments
may be made that in the light of later events seem improvident, although
they were perfectly sensible at the time. The rule that a plea must be
intelligently made to be valid does not require that a plea be vulnerable to
later attack if the defendant did not correctly assess every relevant factor
entering his [or her] decision.” ’ ” (Breslin, supra, 205 Cal.App.4th at p. 1417,
quoting People v. Hunt (1985) 174 Cal.App.3d 95, 103.)

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      Ramirez’s contentions indicate that since the June 2018 hearing, he
has second-guessed his considerations in entering his plea, not that he did
not exercise free judgment in entering his plea. Indeed, his motion all but
states that to be the case, contending that “there has been a change of
circumstances to Mr. Ramirez’s medical condition that has not only changed
his physical outlook, but his mental outlook as well.” But, again, “ ‘[a] plea
may not be withdrawn simply because the defendant has changed his [or her]
mind.’ ” (Breslin, supra, 205 Cal.App.4th at p. 1416.) Further, the fact that
Ramirez received extensive treatment for kidney cancer in the three years
after the June 2018 hearing suggests he had reason to believe at the time of
the hearing that he at least faced a risk that he could die of cancer if he did
not receive further treatment. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
rejecting Ramirez’s contentions about his exercise of free judgment because
substantial evidence supports that determination.
                            III. DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed.

                                                  STREETER, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

GOLDMAN, J.
WHITMAN, J.*

      *Judge of the Superior Court of California, County of Alameda,
assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the
California Constitution.

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