Court Opinion

ID: 9965689
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-05-03 13:02:28.666485+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:25:34.044336
License: Public Domain

This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.

                                Before
                  HOLIFIELD, BURGTORF, and GROSS
                       Appellate Military Judges

                        _________________________

                          UNITED STATES
                              Appellee

                                     v.

                       Derek J. HEMRY
       Operations Specialist Seaman Recruit (E-1), U.S. Navy
                             Appellant

                             No. 202300051

                        _________________________

                            Decided: 2 May 2024

    Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary

                              Military Judge:
                              Rachel E. Trest

 Sentence adjudged 30 November 2022, by a general court-martial con-
 vened at Naval Station Mayport, Florida, consisting of a military judge
 sitting alone. Sentence in the Entry of Judgment: confinement for 59
 months, and a dishonorable discharge.

                             For Appellant:
               Lieutenant Colonel Matthew E. Neely, USMC

                              For Appellee:
             Lieutenant Lan T. Nguyen, JAGC, USN (Argued)
            Lieutenant R. Blake Royall, JAGC, USN (On brief)
                  Major Tyler W. Blair, USMC (On brief)
               United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                             Opinion of the Court

   Judge GROSS delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Judge
   HOLIFIELD joined. Judge BURGTORF filed an opinion concurring in
   part, and dissenting in part.

                             _________________________

         This opinion does not serve as binding precedent, but
              may be cited as persuasive authority under
               NMCCA Rule of Appellate Procedure 30.2.

                             _________________________

GROSS, Judge:
    A military judge sitting alone as a general court-martial convicted Appel-
lant, pursuant to his pleas, of attempted receipt of child pornography, receipt
of child pornography, and indecent conduct, in violation of Articles 80 and 134,
Uniform Code of Military Justice [UCMJ]. 1
    Appellant asserts two assignments of error [AOEs]: (1) the Government vi-
olated his right to a speedy trial, under Article 10, UCMJ, due to 245 days of
pre-arraignment delay; and (2) he is entitled to 224 days of additional pretrial
confinement credit, despite having already received the same credit in his ear-
lier court-martial. We find no prejudicial error and affirm.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

Appellant appeals his conviction and sentence of his second court-martial aris-
ing from an investigation into his online communications with real and pur-
ported minors. In November of 2021, Appellant was suspected of having sexual
communications with a purported minor named “Maddy” who was the online
persona of Special Agent Mike with the Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI].
Because Appellant was an active duty Sailor, the Naval Criminal Investigative
Service [NCIS] eventually took the lead on his case and interrogated Appellant
after reading him his rights under Article 31(b), UCMJ. During this question-
ing, Appellant admitted that not only had he engaged in sexual communica-
tions with “Maddy,” but that he also had sexual communications with several
other minors, about whom law enforcement had not previously known.
   Appellant was subsequently placed into pretrial confinement for both his
communications with “Maddy” and the other admitted misconduct. Because

   1 10 U.S.C. § 880, 934.

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               United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                             Opinion of the Court

investigation of the previously unknown misconduct required significant digi-
tal forensic analysis, follow-up interviews, and other actions, the Government
ultimately decided to prosecute Appellant at two courts-martial. The Govern-
ment proceeded to trial for the offenses involving “Maddy” (Hemry I) while
Government agents continued to investigate the further misconduct that Ap-
pellant disclosed during his interview. Appellant ultimately pleaded guilty in
Hemry I and during the sentencing phase of that case received 224 days of
pretrial confinement credit.
    Prior to his conviction in Hemry I, Appellant made a demand for speedy
trial specific to the misconduct still under investigation. The Government even-
tually charged Appellant with five specifications of violating Article 80, UCMJ,
three specifications of violating Article 120b, UCMJ, and eight specifications
of violating Article 134, UCMJ (Hemry II).
    After litigating an unsuccessful motion under Article 10, UCMJ in Hemry
II, Appellant entered into a plea agreement preserving his right to appeal that
ruling. Subsequent to the military judge accepting Appellant’s guilty plea in
Hemry II, Appellant made a timely motion to receive credit for the same 224
days of pretrial confinement applied to the sentence in Hemry I. The military
judge denied Appellant’s request for credit and instead awarded Appellant only
104 days of pretrial confinement credit that had not previously been credited
against a conviction.
    In denying Appellant’s motions under Article 10, UCMJ, and for pretrial
confinement credit, the military judge made extensive findings of fact and con-
clusions of law that form the basis for Appellant’s appeal.

A. Timeline.
    The military judge’s findings of fact relevant to this appeal are set forth
below, along with findings that we make to supplement her findings where
necessary.
   On 15 November 2021, NCIS obtained a Command Authorization for
Search and Seizure for Appellant’s cell phone based on his communications
with “Maddy.”
    On 16 November 2021, the Government placed Appellant in pretrial con-
finement after NCIS agents interviewed Appellant that day regarding his in-
ternet activity with “Maddy.” Appellant waived his rights, confessed, cooper-
ated with investigators, and granted access to all his electronic devices.
    Appellant confessed to having sexual conversations with “Maddy,” as well
as engaging in sexual conversations, and sending and receiving pornography
with other minors. He also told investigators that he had sold pornographic

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                United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                              Opinion of the Court

pictures of an 18-year-old girl, “Laura,” while pretending to be “Laura” online. 2
Appellant provided aliases of the victims and identified the social media plat-
forms used.
    On 18 November (day 3 of confinement), law enforcement sent Appellant’s
electronic devices, including his cell phone, laptop computer, two hard drives,
and his PlayStation 4, for forensic analysis at the Department of Defense Cyber
Crime Center [DC3], 3 and sent preservation letters to social media providers.
    On 23 November (day 8), DC3 declined to begin an extraction on all of Ap-
pellant’s electronic devices, other than his cell phone, due to only having a per-
missive authorization from Appellant, which could have been revoked during
its analysis. DC3 then shipped all of Appellant’s devices other than the cell
phone back to NCIS.
   On 10 December (day 25), DC3 began the extraction of Appellant’s cell
phone. 4
    On 11 December (day 26), the Government obtained a Command authori-
zation for a search and seizure for all of Appellant’s electronic devices.
   On 14 December (day 29), the Government shipped Appellant’s devices
back to DC3 for analysis. DC3 began extraction and analysis of Appellant’s cell
phone, which are functions performed by different individuals.
    On 16 December (day 31), an analyst at DC3 began working on the extrac-
tion of Appellant’s cell phone.
   On 30 December (day 45), DC3 sent a preliminary report of the extraction.
The report confirmed child sexual abuse material, and social media usernames
that required further investigation.
   On 11 January 2022 (day 57), DC3 provided notice that its review of Appel-
lant’s cell phone would be completed in late January and the remaining elec-
tronic devices would be complete in March.

   2 All names in this opinion other than those of Appellant, counsel, and the military

judge, are pseudonyms.
   3 Defense Computer Forensic Laboratory (DCFL) is a subordinate command to De-

fense Cyber Crime Center (DC3). We will throughout refer to the parent command,
rather than draw a distinction between the two different organizations.
   4 R. at 57. This finding of fact was not included in the military judge’s ruling, but

is taken from the testimony of Ms. Mason at DC3. Ms. Mason described the term
“extraction” as making a digital copy of all data contained on a device for subsequent
review by an analyst. R. at 54-56.

                                          4
               United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                             Opinion of the Court

   On 18 January (day 64), the Government moved forward with charges—
supported by then-available evidence—preferring five specifications of at-
tempted sexual offenses (Hemry I).
    On 19 January (day 65), trial counsel requested a Preliminary Hearing Of-
ficer for an Article 32 hearing. Defense counsel was detailed on 21 January
2022 (day 67), and the hearing was scheduled for 31 January 2022 (day 77).
Appellant requested a continuance until 15 February.
   On 7 February (day 84), DC3 reported that review of Appellant’s phone had
concluded, but other devices were still being analyzed.
    On 10 February (day 87), Appellant waived his right to an Article 32 hear-
ing in Hemry I.
   On 11 February (day 88), the Government forwarded charges to the con-
vening authority.
    On 17 February (day 94), DC3 sent its full forensic report on Appellant’s
cell phone to NCIS.
    On 23 February (day 100), DC3 sent the final forensic report on all of Ap-
pellant’s electronic devices, identifying possible victims of child sexual abuse
across multiple applications. The Government began pursuing warrants to
identify victims through Discord and Snapchat.
    On 25 February 2022 (day 102), the convening authority referred charges
in Hemry I. 5 Trial counsel requested an arraignment date of 2 March from the
trial judiciary.
   On 7 March (day 112), Appellant requested a delay of arraignment in
Hemry I until March 8. Trial Counsel proposed a trial start date of 9 May, and
Appellant proposed a start date of 13 June, to permit time for a negotiated
outcome. The parties finally agreed on a start date of 27 June.
    On 9 March (day 114), the Government applied for warrants for Appellant’s
social media accounts.
   On 22 March (day 127), Appellant demanded a speedy trial for all un-
charged misconduct that he had admitted to during his interview with NCIS
agents.
    On 23 March (day 128), the Government submitted new search warrant
applications, which the Military Judge granted on 24 March (day 129). One
social media site, Discord, provided responsive materials on 28 March (day

   5 United States v. Hemry, No. 202200229, 2023 CCA LEXIS 40 (N-M. Ct. Crim.

App. Jan. 27, 2023) (unpublished) (Hemry I).

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                 United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                               Opinion of the Court

133). Another social media application, Snapchat, provided responsive materi-
als on 5 April (day 141).
   Between 5-13 April (days 141-49) NCIS identified an additional victim in
the results from Snapchat, interviewed the victim and her parents, and sent
the victim’s devices to DC3 for examination. This victim was “Laura,” whom
Appellant had claimed was 18, but in reality was 12 years old.
    In April, Special Agent Alpha spent time reviewing the materials from
DC3, which involved decoding hundreds of URL-coded links, spending “several
hours daily” on this review while recovering from surgery. 6 Special Agent Al-
pha considered this his “number one priority” due to Appellant’s pretrial con-
finement. 7
   On 18 April (day 154), Appellant sent the convening authority a signed plea
agreement, in Hemry I. Appellant agreed to serve 6-10 months of confinement,
concurrently.
  On 19 April (day 155), defense counsel requested pausing Appellant’s Trial
Management Order in Hemry I due to ongoing plea negotiations.
   On 22 April (day 158), the plea agreement was signed in Hemry I.
   On 29 April (day 165), DC3 completed extraction of the child victim
“Laura’s” electronic devices.
    On 4 May (day 170) DC3 completed review of the extractions from the child
victim’s electronic devices.
   On 5 May (day 171), the Government identified a second child victim in
Reno, Nevada.
   On 13 May (day 179), the Government identified a third child victim in
Bakersfield, California.
    On 24 May (day 190), the Government preferred charges against Appellant
in Hemry II, for these additional victims. The Government requested a Prelim-
inary Hearing Officer.
   On 26 May (day 192), the Government dismissed the charges and preferred
new charges.
    On 31 May (day 197), the Government assigned a Preliminary Hearing Of-
ficer.

   6 R. at 35.

   7 R. at 41.

                                      6
               United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                             Opinion of the Court

   On 1 June (day 198), the Government notified Appellant of the charges.
    On 9 June (day 206), the Government conducted a forensic interview of the
third child victim.
    On 10 June (day 207), Appellant waived his right to an Article 32 hearing
in Hemry II.
   On 22 June (day 219), the Government interviewed the second child victim.
   On 28 June (day 225), Appellant pleaded guilty to charges in Hemry I. The
military judge awarded nine months and fifteen days of confinement, and a
dishonorable discharge. He received 224 days of pretrial confinement credit.
   On 6 July (day 233), the Government referred charges in Hemry II.
    On 11 July (day 238), trial counsel requested an arraignment on 19 July.
The Parties agreed on trial management order dates on 18 July (245), with a
trial scheduled for 31 October. Due to court availability, the Parties agreed to
a trial start date of 28 November 2022 (day 342).
    On 14 July (day 241), Appellant was released from confinement for his con-
victions in Hemry I. He was then immediately returned to pretrial confine-
ment.
  On 19 July (day 246), the Government arraigned Appellant on charges for
Hemry II.
   On 20 July (day 247), an Initial Review Officer ordered Appellant released
from pretrial confinement.
   On 22 July, Appellant agreed to a trial management order setting trial for
31 October 2022 and did not renew his demand for speedy trial.
    Although not included in the military judge’s findings, the following facts
also inform our decision on Appellant’s claim that he was denied a speedy trial.
    On 26 July, Appellant was barred from entering Naval Air Station [NAS]
Jacksonville because he was a registered sex offender. Appellant had access
to Naval Station Mayport—forty-five minutes away—where he was stationed,
and his lead trial defense counsel was located.
    On 3 August, Appellant again requested access to NAS Jacksonville. The
Commanding Officer granted temporary access on 5 August, due to connectiv-
ity issues at Defense Services Office, Naval Station Mayport.
    On 24 August (day 248), the Government ordered Appellant back into pre-
trial confinement, determining Appellant had violated his sex offender regis-
tration by creating new social media accounts and communicating online with
minors.

                                       7
                United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                              Opinion of the Court

    On 6 September (day 261), Appellant moved to dismiss his charges for vio-
lating his right to a speedy trial, under Article 10, UCMJ. The Government’s
response at trial argued that the relevant period was 54 days, excluding earlier
confinement as only applicable to Hemry I. 8
    After a hearing, the military judge denied Appellant’s motion in a written
ruling, on 4 November 2022. The military judge’s ruling contained findings of
fact, including a timeline showing the total days of confinement, and corre-
sponding investigative and prosecutorial steps. The military judge conducted
an analysis under Barker v. Wingo, 9 finding that the “Government proceeded
with reasonable diligence.” 10
    On 22 October (day 307), Appellant entered into a plea agreement, agreeing
to plead to 3 specifications with a sentence limitation that included a minimum
of 48 months and a maximum of 60 months of confinement for each specifica-
tion, to be served concurrently.
    Appellant pleaded guilty on 29 November (day 338). The military judge
sentenced Appellant on 30 November to 55 months confinement for Specifica-
tion 4 of Charge I, 59 months of confinement for Specification 4 of Charge III,
and 58 months of confinement for the specification of the Additional Charge,
to be served concurrently for a total of 59 months of confinement, consistent
with the plea agreement.

B. Pretrial Confinement Motion
    During the sentencing case, Appellant argued that he was entitled to addi-
tional pretrial confinement credit. The Government agreed that Appellant was
entitled to 104 days of credit for the time since Appellant completed his sen-
tence in Hemry I, and was thereafter returned to pretrial confinement. The
Government argued that Appellant had already received credit for the con-
tested 224 days during Hemry I.
   The military judge denied Appellant’s motion for an additional 224 days of
pretrial confinement credit, adopting the Government’s reasoning that award-
ing credit for the entire time in pretrial confinement in both Hemry I and
Hemry II, would result in a windfall.
   The military judge relied on R.C.M. 1102(b)(C)(v), as guidance when two
separate courts-martial exist. She found that the Government had no “malice

   8 R. at 98; App. Ex. VII at 18.

   9 407 U.S. 514 (1972).

   10 App. Ex. XXII at 21.

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                   United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                                 Opinion of the Court

[n]or was trying to maneuver in any way in bad faith [when] they brought these
two separate cases.” 11 The military judge referenced her earlier speedy trial
ruling and reasoned against crediting pretrial confinement for both courts-
martial because: “the government had evidence to proceed forward in a judi-
cious manner for Hemry I case which was the undercover chats, and the gov-
ernment needed more time . . . to explore electronic devices then . . . sent to
[DC3] for extraction analysis, that they had to wait a period of time.” 12

                                  II. DISCUSSION

A. Speedy Trial, Under Article 10, UCMJ.
    We review Article 10, UCMJ, speedy trial claims de novo. 13 “[W]e are bound
by the facts as found by the military judge unless . . . clearly erroneous.” 14
   “When any person subject to this chapter is ordered into . . . confinement
before trial, immediate steps shall be taken . . . to try the person or dismiss the
charges . . . .” 15 Article 10, UCMJ, does not require constant movement, but
requires “reasonable diligence in bringing the charges to trial.” 16
    We analyze Article 10, UCMJ, using the Barker factors: “(1) the length of
the delay, (2) the reasons for the delay, (3) whether the accused made a demand
for a speedy trial, and (4) prejudice to the appellant.” 17

   1. Length of Delay
    Appellant alleges that the relevant period for speedy trial analysis includes
the 245 days of pretrial confinement, prior to arraignment. This period exceeds
time that the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces has found sufficient to
trigger speedy trial analysis. 18

   11 R. at 372.

   12 Id.

   13 United States v. Cooley, 75 M.J. 247, 259 (C.A.A.F. 2016).

   14 Id.

   15 Article 10, UCMJ.

   16 United States v. Mizgala, 61 M.J. 122, 127 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citations and internal

quotations omitted).
   17 Cooley, 75 M.J. at 259 (citations omitted).

   18 United States v. Thompson, 68 M.J. 308, 312 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (finding 145 days

triggered speedy trial analysis under Article 10, UCMJ).

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                  United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                                Opinion of the Court

   2. Reasons for the Delay
    Appellant argues that the delay in his case was unreasonable because the
Government possessed all necessary information on the day he confessed. Ap-
pellant also argues that the Government was dilatory because it could have
sent warrants to Snapchat and Discord in February upon receipt of DC3’s re-
port of Appellant’s cell phone, and because in April 2022, NCIS only assigned
a single agent who was convalescing to review the digital evidence seized from
the warrants.
    Contrary to Appellant’s claim, the facts do not show that the Government
was negligent or dilatory in the processing of his case. The delay can largely be
attributed to the time the Government needed for analysis, extraction of data
from electronic devices, and follow-up interviews with child victims across mul-
tiple states. Realizing the time needed for these steps, the Government pro-
ceeded with charges in Hemry I, which were supported by the then-available
evidence. The Government had “the right (if not the obligation) to thoroughly
investigate [its] case before proceeding to trial.” 19 Although Appellant may dis-
agree with the way the Government investigated his case, a disagreement on
investigative tactics is not sufficient to find that the Government failed to show
reasonable diligence. The delay here was reasonable, due to the complexity of
this case, involving multiple victims and forensic analysis of Appellant’s and
the victims’ electronic devices.
   When Appellant first confessed to additional misconduct on 16 November,
this was the first indication that Appellant had done anything other than chat
with “Maddy.” The Government was obligated to investigate this additional
misconduct. Although Appellant claims that DC3 “declined to ‘rush’ their anal-
ysis of [Appellant’s] devices” 20 the testimony of the digital examiner was actu-
ally that he could not rush his analysis, because doing so could cause him to
miss something in the examination. 21
   This does not mean that the Government’s investigation was perfect, but
that is not the standard. 22 The Government assigned a single special agent,
who was convalescing from surgery, sent Appellant’s electronic devices back
and forth, and needed multiple search warrant applications to secure evidence.
The Government also mistakenly believed at trial that the relevant confine-
ment period was 54 days, attributing the difference in confinement to Hemry

   19 United States v. Cossio, 64 M.J. 254, 258 (C.A.A.F. 2007).

   20 Appellant’s Br. at 7.

   21 R. at 87.

   22 Mizgala, 61 M.J. at 129.

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               United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                             Opinion of the Court

I. While Appellant makes much of the fact that trial counsel erroneously be-
lieved that the speedy trial clock under Rule for Court-Martial 707 and Article
10 were tolled by arraignment in Hemry I, the military judge found that despite
this erroneous belief, the Government had still moved with reasonable dili-
gence. We agree with the military judge that, although less than ideal, the
Government still proceeded with “reasonable diligence.” 23
    On balance, the nature of this case, and considering the processing times,
this factor favors of the Government.

   3. Demand for speedy trial
   The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces has found that a speedy trial
demand—made after 119 days in confinement—only slightly favored an appel-
lant. 24
   Appellant demanded a speedy trial after 127 days in confinement.
    The context of Appellant’s speedy trial demand further diminishes this fac-
tor from weighing significantly in his favor. Appellant was initially arrested
after online communications with an undercover law enforcement agent. He
confessed. He fully cooperated, including turning over all his electronic devices.
He ultimately negotiated a plea, agreeing to serve a minimum confinement of
48 months (considerably greater than the total 343 days that he spent in pre-
trial confinement). In both Hemry I and Hemry II, Appellant on several occa-
sions requested delays in the Trial Management Orders. He never repeated his
demand for speedy trial, and after he was ultimately released from pretrial
confinement, he requested a trial date beyond that proposed by the Govern-
ment. This context, together with his later negotiated trial management post-
ponements, reduces the weight we afford this factor in Appellant’s favor.
    The speedy trial demand favors Appellant slightly, at best. As the Supreme
Court held in Barker “we would be reluctant indeed to rule that a defendant
was denied this constitutional right on a record that strongly indicates, as does
this one, that the defendant did not want a speedy trial.” 25 While we do not
find that Appellant’s speedy trial demand was made solely for tactical pur-
poses, his actions subsequent to his demand at best send mixed signals.
    Appellant attempts to frame his demand for speedy trial as only applying
to the Government actions leading up to his arraignment. While we need not

   23 Id.

   24 United States v. Wilson, 72 M.J. 347, 353 (C.A.A.F. 2013).

   25 Barker, 407 U.S. at 536.

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                United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                              Opinion of the Court

decide whether an appellant may demand speedy trial only to force an arraign-
ment and then agree to delay and still prevail on a speedy trial claim, such a
tactic does inform our analysis of this factor as well as any claim of prejudice,
discussed below.

   4. Prejudice
    Our prejudice analysis focuses on preventing oppressive pretrial confine-
ment, minimizing anxiety and concern of an accused, and limiting the possibil-
ity of impairing defenses. 26 The “most serious” of these is the inability of De-
fense to prepare its case. 27 The anxiety and concern that we consider are not
the normal anxiety and concern of all pretrial confinement. 28
    Appellant attempts to demonstrate prejudice through base access denial
that inconvenienced his meeting with his defense counsel. However, he had
two detailed counsel, one at Naval Station Mayport and the other at Naval Air
Station Jacksonville (45 minutes apart). We note initially that when Appellant
complained about not being afforded access to his counsel at Jacksonville, that
complaint centered around inconvenience to his counsel, and not any actual
hindrance to his preparation of a defense. 29 Further detracting from Appel-
lant’s prejudice claims, these inconveniences occurred while Appellant was not
in pretrial confinement.
   Appellant conceded at oral argument that he presented a mitigation case
during sentencing that was unhindered by lack of communication with counsel.
He asserts no lost witnesses, nor lack of access to evidence that curtailed in
any way his presentation of evidence. 30
    Appellant also argues “oppressive” incarceration because command person-
nel did not visit him, and his recovery from outpatient, elective surgery (during
pretrial confinement), was inconsistent with medical advice. While lack of com-
mand visitation would not ordinarily, in-and-of-itself, give rise to confinement
being “oppressive,” the record nonetheless reflects that his command chaplain
did, indeed, visit him. Appellant’s recovery from an outpatient medical proce-
dure was not negatively affected by any duties assigned to him during his re-
covery. Appellant again conceded at oral argument that there was no evidence

   26 Mizgala, 61 M.J. at 129.

   27 United States v. Guyton, 82 M.J. 146, 155 (C.A.A.F. 2022) (citations and internal

quotations omitted).
   28 United States v. Reyes, 80 M.J. 218, 229 (C.A.A.F. 2020).

   29 Appellate Ex. III at 228-29.

   30 Official Audio Recording of Appellate Oral Argument at 17:45.

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                United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                              Opinion of the Court

that the brig’s decision to return him to general population in a “light limited
duty” status caused any complications in his recovery from surgery. These as-
sertions are closer to normal anxiety and concern associated with pretrial con-
finement. 31
    Appellant argues that he need not show prejudice because the Court of Ap-
peals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) has held that the mere “possibility” that an
accused’s defense would be impaired is enough to find prejudice. We find no
support for Appellant’s contention that actual prejudice is unnecessary to sup-
port a violation of Article 10, UCMJ. While the CAAF has indicated that pro-
tecting against the possibility of impairment to the defense is the most im-
portant goal of Article 10, UCMJ, the CAAF has always tested for prejudice. 32
    Finally, we disagree with the dissent that the military judge’s decision not
to grant Appellant 224 days of pretrial confinement credit somehow created
prejudice under the circumstances of this case. As discussed more fully, infra,
the military judge properly found that giving Appellant credit for the pretrial
confinement credit twice would result in a windfall to Appellant.
    This factor, therefore, weighs in favor of the Government.
   Considering the length of the delay, the reason for the delay, the context
and timing of the speedy trial demand, and the lack of prejudice, 33 we find no
speedy trial violation, under Article 10, UCMJ.

B. Pretrial Confinement and Article 66, UCMJ.
   We review pretrial confinement credit de novo. 34 We defer to the military
judge’s findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. 35
    The Department of Defense Sentence Computation Manual requires mili-
tary judges to “direct credit for each day [prisoners] spent in pretrial confine-
ment . . . for crimes for which the prisoner was later convicted.” 36 The Manual
instructs: “[a] sentence to confinement adjudged by a court-martial shall not
be served concurrently with any other sentence to confinement adjudged by a

    31 Cossio, 64 M.J. at 257-58.

    32 See Cooley, 75 M.J. at 262 (“This Court has never held that the mere fact of

pretrial confinement constitutes prejudice.”) (citations omitted).
    33 Barker, 407 U.S. at 530.

    34 United States v. Smith, 56 M.J. 290, 292 (C.A.A.F. 2002).

    35 United States v. King, 61 M.J. 225, 227 (C.A.A.F. 2005).

    36 Department of Defense Manual 1325.07 ¶C2.4.2.

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                    United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                                  Opinion of the Court

court-martial or a civil court.” 37 The Manual further addresses overlapping
sentences:
   When a prisoner serving a sentence adjudged by a court-martial is
   later convicted of another offense and sentenced to another term of
   confinement, the later sentence to confinement shall be carried out
   as of the date adjudged and shall interrupt the running of the prior
   sentence. The remaining portion of the prior sentence to confine-
   ment shall be served after the later sentence has been fully served. 38
    In applying the Sentencing Computation Manual to this case, the Govern-
ment urges us to follow our earlier, unpublished opinion in United States v.
Irvin. 39 In Irvin, we found that “the DoD Sentencing Computation Manual
does not envision an award of duplicate credit . . . based on the mere fact that
the multiple offenses serving as grounds for the pretrial restraint resulted in
convictions and sentences at multiple courts-martial [which] . . . would lead to
an absurd result . . . .” 40
    We find no reason to depart from our reasoning in Irvin. Rather, we find
that Appellant’s position would lead to confusion and windfalls for pretrial con-
finees who are prosecuted and sentenced to consecutive periods of confinement
who would then be entitled to multiple awards of credit for pretrial confine-
ment periods.
    We have also considered the argument, made by the dissent though not
raised by Appellant, that Appellant was prejudiced because the Government
chose to prosecute Appellant in successive courts-martial instead of bringing
all charges at one court-martial which caused him to receive credit for his first
224 days of pretrial confinement at Hemry I and not at Hemry II. We disagree
with the Defense that under the circumstances of this case that the military
judge’s denial of duplicate credit prejudiced Appellant.
    As Appellant and the dissent acknowledge, Appellant did in fact receive
credit for each day he was in pretrial confinement. He just did not receive that
credit twice. For us to find that Appellant’s loss of duplicate credit was preju-
dicial would have us assume that had Appellant in fact been charged at a single
court-martial and been sentenced, either pursuant to a plea or after a finding

   37 Id. at ¶C2.7.1.

   38 Id. at ¶C2.7.2. (internal citation omitted).

   39 No. 201800319, 2021 CCA LEXIS 273 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. Jun. 3, 2021) (un-

published).
   40 Id. at *18.

                                           14
               United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
                             Opinion of the Court

of guilty, (1) he would have been sentenced to concurrent sentences of confine-
ment that (2) would not have exceeded the 60 months for which Appellant
agreed the military judge could award in Hemry II.
    We will not make such assumptions. The Government properly brought the
charges for which it could no longer justify delay in Hemry I, and Appellant
was credited with the days he served in pretrial confinement in that court-
martial. He subsequently agreed to another plea agreement in Hemry II, and
received the remainder of the pretrial confinement credit to which he was en-
titled. We therefore find that Appellant suffered no prejudice after receiving
all confinement credit he was due.
   After careful consideration of the record of trial, the briefs of appellate
counsel, and oral argument, we have determined that the findings and sen-
tence are correct in law and fact and no error materially prejudicial to Appel-
lant’s substantial rights occurred. 41
   The findings and sentence are AFFIRMED.

   41 Articles 59 & 66, UCMJ.

                                      15
               United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
          Burgtorf, Judge (concurring in part, and dissenting in part)

BURGTORF, Judge (concurring in part, and dissenting in part):
    I agree with the majority that no Article 10 violation occurred, although I
reach this conclusion through disagreement on the fourth Barker factor—the
prejudice analysis. I also agree that a strict application of the DoD Sentencing
Manual, 1 and this Court’s prior decision in Irvin, 2 results in affirming the mil-
itary judge’s decision, awarding no additional pretrial confinement credit.
   Should these issues present in isolation, I would agree with the majority.
But the cause-and-effect relationship between them compels my dissent.
   Edmond Dantes, in The Count of Monte Cristo, 3 used tally marks on the
walls of his cave-like cell to mark the time of his unjust imprisonment. Appel-
lant, in contrast, would have had to mark 224 zeros, before he got to his first
tally, counting against his otherwise just, sentence. To this, I cannot give a
judicial shoulder shrug.
   The Government prejudiced Appellant through its delay and charging deci-
sions, which caused the collateral consequence of an additional 224 days of
confinement. I would, therefore, approve only so much of a sentence that ex-
cludes 224 days, under Article 66, UCMJ.
A. Speedy Trial, under Article 10, UCMJ.
   1. The first three Barker factors.
   I agree with the majority on the first three Barker factors, 4 but the degree
to which each factor weighs for the respective Parties causes the final factor,
prejudice, to be dispositive.
   The triggering length of time here was significant. Two hundred and forty-
five days until arraignment, in a case where the Government possessed a con-
fession on--day one--weighs in Appellant’s favor.
   The delay was reasonable, however, due to the nature of the case and nec-
essary investigative steps. The forensic analysis, identifying and locating ad-
ditional victims, and search warrants for multiple social media companies, ul-
timately results in this factor tipping for the Government.

   1 Department of Defense Manual 1325.07

   2 United States v. Irvin, No. 201800319, 2021 CCA LEXIS 273 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App.

Jun. 3, 2021) (unpublished).
   3 Dumas, Alexandre, The Count of Monte Cristo, Duke Classics, 2012.

   4 Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972).

                                         1
               United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
          Burgtorf, Judge (concurring in part, and dissenting in part)

   The complexity that helps the Government meet its burden, 5 however, cuts
both ways. With Appellant’s pretrial confinement, reasonable diligence should
dictate greater resources than assigning a single agent, convalescing from sur-
gery, to review forensic extraction evidence.
   Combined with DC3 rejecting the initial electronic devices, the time needed
to obtain a command authorized search and seizure, the time to send the first
search warrants to social media, the Government was far from perfect. But, as
the majority notes, and I agree, perfection is not the standard. 6 The Govern-
ment met its burden, and cleared the second hurdle, but without much room
to spare.
   Likewise, Appellant’s demand for a speedy trial only slightly tips in his fa-
vor. This is due to the length of time before the demand, and later actions con-
sistent with an appellant planning to plead guilty for a lengthy period, know-
ing that he would receive credit toward his ultimate sentence.
   Even prior to Appellant’s speedy trial demand, the delay was problematic,
and the Government recognized this. The expected time necessary for forensic
analysis and extraction for all of Appellant’s electronic devices caused the Gov-
ernment to make a good faith decision to charge Appellant with then-available
evidence. The delay therefore caused the two courts-martial, and collateral
prejudice.
   2. Prejudice.
   I agree with the majority that Appellant’s assertions of prejudice--(1) incon-
venience in communications with counsel, (2) lack of visitation from his com-
mand, and (3) remaining in pretrial confinement during convalescence from
elective, outpatient surgery--do not create prejudice that moves the needle to
any significant degree under the fourth Barker factor. Appellant’s defense case
was unhindered by the delay, and he experienced only the normal anxiety and
concern associated with pretrial confinement, for the days he received credit. 7
   Preventing a ceremonial tally for 224 days caused significant, inescapable,
prejudice, in my view. The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces has stated
that prejudice does not exist for confinement alone, as appellants receive day-
for-day credit. 8

   5 United States v. Cossio, 64 M.J. 254, 257-58 (C.A.A.F. 2007).

   6 United States v. Mizgala, 61 M.J. 122, 129 (C.A.A.F. 2005).

   7 Cossio, 64 M.J. at 257-58.

   8 Id. at 258.

                                          2
                 United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
            Burgtorf, Judge (concurring in part, and dissenting in part)

   Appellant received no such day-for-day credit. But for the Government’s de-
lay, and related charging decisions, this would not have come to pass.
   The majority does not want to speculate on what the Parties considered, or
negotiated. I do not know if the combination of charges in both courts-martial
would have resulted in an agreement greater than the concurrent 48-60
months in his plea agreement. But it is irrefutable that Appellant negotiated
for, and received, a concurrent sentencing in both Hemry I and here. I find this
to be a common practice. Appellant also litigated this issue below. In light of
these facts, I cannot let the absence of information benefit the Party responsi-
ble for its cause.
   This would be an easy conclusion, had Appellant received appropriate
credit, or if I viewed the issues in a vacuum. I would find no Article 10, UCMJ,
violation, due to rectifying the prejudicial lack of day-for-day credit, in Appel-
lant’s second assignment of error.
B. Pretrial Confinement Credit
   I agree that the DoD Sentencing Manual and this Court’s decision in Irvin 9
result in no application of pretrial confinement, in separate courts-martial.
This case, however, differs from Irvin.
   Irvin involved investigations for unrelated offenses, committed at different
times, and investigated on different timelines, due to marked differences in
severity. 10 The Government put Irvin in pretrial confinement, on suspicion of
murdering his wife. 11 After his release from pretrial confinement, a positive
urinalysis triggered an investigation for drug abuse. 12 The drug abuse investi-
gation predictably proceeded more expeditiously, at a special court-martial,
than the murder investigation. A panel of this Court, understandably, con-
cluded that it would be an “absurd result” to afford double credit for a subse-
quent, unrelated special court-martial. 13
   Here, in contrast, the two courts-martial were not caused by Appellant’s
unrelated and temporally remote misconduct. These two courts-martial were
entirely due to the Government recognizing delay, and making a good faith
decision to charge with then-available evidence. The Government should not
then benefit from its own delay, and prevent Appellant from receiving pretrial

   9 Irvin, 2021 CCA LEXIS 273; Department of Defense Manual 1325.07.

   10 Id at *3.

   11 Id.

   12 Id.

   13 Id. at *18.

                                         3
               United States v. Hemry, NMCCA No. 202300051
          Burgtorf, Judge (concurring in part, and dissenting in part)

confinement credit that he otherwise would have received, had the Govern-
ment proceeded more efficiently and charged all offenses at a single court-mar-
tial. 14
   I respectfully dissent from the majority’s finding on pretrial confinement
credit, and would grant relief under Article 66, UCMJ.

C. Article 66, UCMJ.
   The lack of day-for-day credit, for two separately negotiated, concurrent
sentences, caused by the Government, should be remedied pursuant to this
Court’s authority under Article 66(d)(1)(A), UCMJ. 15 I would affirm “only . . .
such part . . . of the sentence, as [I] find . . . correct in law and fact . . . should
be approved.” 16 I would affirm only so much of the sentence that excludes
credit 224 days, to permit each of Appellant’s tallies to count.
   Accordingly, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision on pretrial
confinement and prejudice, and otherwise concur.

                                   FOR THE COURT:

                                   MARK K. JAMISON
                                   Clerk of Court

   14 Rule for Courts-Martial 601(e)(2), Discussion, Manual for Courts-Martial,
United States (2019 ed.).
   15 See United States v. Chin, 75 M.J. 220, 222-23 (C.A.A.F. 2016) (discussing our

plenary review under 10 U.S.C. 866(c) (2012), which includes the same language as
the current statute).
   16 Article 66 (2022), UCMJ, has been modified since the Court of Appeals for the

Armed Forces decision in United States v. Chin, the changes did not change the lan-
guage upon which I rely.

                                          4