Court Opinion

ID: 2970317
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 16:09:42.809987+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:29.275156
License: Public Domain

5(&200(1'(' )25 )8//7(;7 38%/,&$7,21
    6WDSOHWRQY:ROIH                          1R                   3XUVXDQW WR 6L[WK &LUFXLW 5XOH 

                                                                       (/(&7521,& &,7$7,21  )(' $SS 3 WK &LU

                             ,,,                                                  )LOH 1DPH DS

   )RU WKHVH UHDVRQV ZH 5(9(56( WKH MXGJPHQW RI WKH
GLVWULFW FRXUW DQG 5(0$1' WKH FDVH ZLWK LQVWUXFWLRQV WR   81,7('67$7(6&28572)$33($/6
LVVXHDZULWRIKDEHDVFRUSXVXQOHVV6WDSOHWRQLVJUDQWHGD
QHZWULDOZLWKLQDWLPHWREHIL[HGE\WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW                        )257+(6,;7+&,5&8,7
                                                                                    BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

                                                                   3(7(5 0 67$3/(721               ;
                                                                          3HWLWLRQHU$SSHOODQW       
                                                                                                      
                                                                                                        1R
                                                                              Y                      
                                                                                                       !
                                                                                                      
                                                                   s())5(< $ :2/)(:DUGHQ          
                                                                            5HVSRQGHQW$SSHOOHH 
                                                                                                     1
                                                                         $SSHDOIURPWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV'LVWULFW&RXUW
                                                                        IRUWKH6RXWKHUQ'LVWULFWRI2KLRDW&ROXPEXV
                                                                       1RnsDPHV/*UDKDP'LVWULFWsXGJH
                                                                                    $UJXHG0DUFK
                                                                              'HFLGHGDQG)LOHG$SULO
                                                                     %HIRUH0$57,1&KLHI&LUFXLWsXGJH%2**6DQG
                                                                               '$8*+75(<&LUFXLWsXGJHV
                                                                                      BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
                                                                                          &2816(/
                                                                  $5*8('  7KHUHVD * +DLUH 38%/,& '()(1'(5j6
                                                                  2)),&( 2+,2 38%/,& '()(1'(5 &200,66,21
                                                                  &ROXPEXV 2KLR IRU $SSHOODQW  0DUN sRVHSK =HPED
                                                                  2)),&( 2) 7+( $77251(< *(1(5$/ 2) 2+,2
                                                                  &OHYHODQG 2KLR IRU $SSHOOHH  21 %5,()  7KHUHVD *
                                                                  +DLUH 38%/,& '()(1'(5j6 2)),&( 2+,2 38%/,&
                                                                  '()(1'(5 &200,66,21 &ROXPEXV 2KLR IRU

                                                                                                
     6WDSOHWRQY:ROIH                            1R       1R                             6WDSOHWRQY:ROIH       

$SSHOODQW  0DUN sRVHSK =HPED 2)),&( 2) 7+(                   VWDWHPHQWVZHUHFXPXODWLYHLVWKHUHIRUHWKHSLYRWDOIDFWRULQ
$77251(< *(1(5$/ 2) 2+,2 &OHYHODQG 2KLR IRU                  RXUDQDO\VLVRI6WDSOHWRQjVFODLP
$SSHOOHH
                                                                         7KH 2KLR &RXUW RI $SSHDOV GHWHUPLQHG WKDW 6WXGHUjV
                     BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                                VWDWHPHQWV ZHUH FXPXODWLYH  7KDW GHWHUPLQDWLRQ UXQV
                                                                      FRQWUDU\ WR IHGHUDO ODZ FOHDUO\ HVWDEOLVKHG E\ WKH 6XSUHPH
                         23,1,21                                      &RXUWjVLQ$UL]RQDY)XOPLQDQWH866&W
                     BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB                                /(GG
   %2<&()0$57,1s5&KLHI&LUFXLWsXGJH3HWHU0                 ,Q)XOPLQDQWHWKH&RXUWGHWHUPLQHGWKDWWKHDGPLVVLRQRI
6WDSOHWRQDQ2KLRVWDWHSULVRQHUILOHGDSHWLWLRQLQWKHGLVWULFW   WKHGHIHQGDQWjVFRHUFHGFRQIHVVLRQZDVQRWKDUPOHVVHUURU
FRXUWIRUDZULWRIKDEHDVFRUSXVEDVHGRQWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ         ,Q UHDFKLQJ WKLV FRQFOXVLRQ WKH &RXUW UHMHFWHG WKH VWDWHjV
E\WKH2KLR&RXUWRI$SSHDOVWKDWWKHLPSURSHUDGPLVVLRQRI           FODLPWKDWEHFDXVHWKHSURVHFXWLRQSUHVHQWHGDVHFRQGXQ
DQRQWHVWLI\LQJDFFRPSOLFHjVVWDWHPHQWVZDVKDUPOHVVHUURU          FRHUFHG FRQIHVVLRQ DW WULDO WKH FRHUFHG FRQIHVVLRQ ZDV
7KH GLVWULFW FRXUW GHQLHG 6WDSOHWRQjV SHWLWLRQ EXW LVVXHG D   FXPXODWLYHHYLGHQFH7KH&RXUWQRWHGWKDWmLWLVFOHDUWKHMXU\
FHUWLILFDWHRIDSSHDODELOLW\%HFDXVHWKHGHFLVLRQRIWKH2KLR       PLJKWKDYHEHOLHYHGWKDWWKHWZRFRQIHVVLRQVUHLQIRUFHGDQG
&RXUWRI$SSHDOVLVFRQWUDU\WRIHGHUDOODZFOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHG       FRUURERUDWHGHDFKRWKHUl,GDWm)RUWKLVUHDVRQlWKH
LQ$UL]RQDY)XOPLQDQWH866&W           &RXUWIRXQGmRQHFRQIHVVLRQZDVQRWPHUHO\FXPXODWLYHRI
/(GGZH5(9(56(WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW                    WKHRWKHUl,G
                                ,                                      6LPLODUO\KHUH6WDSOHWRQjVMXU\FRXOGKDYHEHOLHYHGWKDWWKH
                                                                      )RUHPDQjV VWDWHPHQWV DQG 6WXGHUjV WDSHG VWDWHPHQWV
   2Q'HFHPEHUWKHKRPHVRIsDPHV'LVKRQDQG                mUHLQIRUFHGDQGFRUURERUDWHGHDFKRWKHUl7KDW)XOPLQDQWH
0DUF+HQHU\ZHUHEXUJODUL]HG6WDSOHWRQ'DQQ\)RUHPDQ                LQYROYHGPXOWLSOHFRQIHVVLRQVDQG6WDSOHWRQjVFDVHLQYROYHG
DQG 5\DQ 6WXGHU ZHUH LPSOLFDWHG LQ WKH FULPHV  2Q           PXOWLSOH DFFRPSOLFH VWDWHPHQWV GRHV QRW PDWHULDOO\
sDQXDU\DQ2KLRJUDQGMXU\LQGLFWHG6WDSOHWRQRQ            GLVWLQJXLVK KLV FDVH IURP )XOPLQDQWH  ,Q ILQGLQJ 6WXGHUjV
WZRFRXQWVRIEXUJODU\DQGWZRFRXQWVRIWKHIWHDFKZLWKD           WDSHG VWDWHPHQWV FXPXODWLYH WKH 2KLR &RXUW RI $SSHDOV
ILUHDUPVSHFLILFDWLRQ                                              FRQIURQWHG D VHW RI IDFWV PDWHULDOO\ LQGLVWLQJXLVKDEOH IURP
                                                                      WKRVH LQ )XOPLQDQWH EXW QHYHUWKHOHVV DUULYHG DW D UHVXOW
  %HIRUH6WDSOHWRQjVWULDO6WXGHUVSRNHZLWKWKHSROLFHRQ           GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH SUHFHGHQW HVWDEOLVKHG LQ )XOPLQDQWH
WZRVHSDUDWHRFFDVLRQVRQsDQXDU\EHIRUH6WXGHUjV          7KHUHIRUH WKH 2KLR &RXUW RI $SSHDOV UHDFKHG D GHFLVLRQ
RZQEXUJODU\FRQYLFWLRQDQGRQ0D\DIWHUKLVSOHD          FRQWUDU\WRFOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHGIHGHUDOODZ
DQGFRQYLFWLRQ2QWKHILUVWRFFDVLRQ6WXGHUVWDWHGWKDWKH
GURYHWRWKH+HQHU\KRXVHZLWK6WDSOHWRQDQG)RUHPDQEXW               +DYLQJGHWHUPLQHGWKDW6WXGHUjVWDSHGVWDWHPHQWVZHUHQRW
UHPDLQHGLQWKHFDUZKLOH6WDSOHWRQDQG)RUHPDQEXUJODUL]HG           FXPXODWLYH DQG XSRQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI WKH UHPDLQLQJ 9DQ
WKHKRXVH$WWKDWWLPHKHGHQLHGLQYROYHPHQWLQWKH'LVKRQ         $UVGDOOIDFWRUVZHILQGWKDWWKHDGPLVVLRQRIWKRVHVWDWHPHQWV
EXUJODU\VXJJHVWLQJWKDW6WDSOHWRQDQG)RUHPDQEXUJODUL]HG           mKDG D VXEVWDQWLDO DQG LQMXULRXV HIIHFW RU LQIOXHQFH LQ
WKH 'LVKRQ UHVLGHQFH DIWHU KH ZHQW KRPH  2Q WKH VHFRQG     GHWHUPLQLQJWKHMXU\jVYHUGLFWl7KHUHIRUHWKHWULDOFRXUWjV
RFFDVLRQ6WXGHUDFNQRZOHGJHGHQWHULQJWKH'LVKRQUHVLGHQFH           &RQIURQWDWLRQ&ODXVHYLRODWLRQZDVQRWKDUPOHVVHUURU
DQGHYHQWXDOO\DGPLWWHGUHPRYLQJDJXQIURPWKHKRXVH7KH
SROLFHUHFRUGHGERWKFRQYHUVDWLRQV
     6WDSOHWRQY:ROIH                             1R       1R                             6WDSOHWRQY:ROIH       

                                %                                       $W6WDSOHWRQjVWULDOERWK+HQHU\DQG'LVKRQWHVWLILHGWKDW
                                                                       WKHLUKRPHVZHUHEXUJODUL]HGEXWQHLWKHUYLFWLPLPSOLFDWHG
  +DYLQJIRXQGD&RQIURQWDWLRQ&ODXVHYLRODWLRQZHWXUQWR            6WDSOHWRQLQWKHEXUJODULHV
WKHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHULQWKHKDEHDVFRQWH[WWKDWYLRODWLRQ
ZDVKDUPOHVVHUURU6HH&KDSPDQY&DOLIRUQLD86             :KHQWKHSURVHFXWLRQFDOOHG6WXGHUDVDZLWQHVVKHVWDWHG
6&W/(GG6SHFLILFDOO\ZH             WKDWKHGLGQRWUHPHPEHUWKHEXUJODULHVDQGFRXOGQRWUHFDOO
WXUQWRZKHWKHUWKHKDUPOHVVHUURUGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH2KLR           PDNLQJDQ\VWDWHPHQWVWRWKHSROLFHFRQFHUQLQJWKHP6WXGHU
&RXUWRI$SSHDOVZDVFRQWUDU\WRFOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHGIHGHUDO           DOVR LQGLFDWHG WKDW 6WDSOHWRQ ZDV QRW ZLWK KLP GXULQJ WKH
ODZ6HH86&G                                      EXUJODULHV7KHSURVHFXWLRQWKHQVRXJKWWRDGPLWWKHDXGLR
                                                                       WDSHVRI6WXGHUjVSULRUFRQYHUVDWLRQV
  2QFROODWHUDOUHYLHZDQHUURULVGHHPHGKDUPOHVVXQOHVVLW
mKDG D VXEVWDQWLDO DQG LQMXULRXV HIIHFW RU LQIOXHQFH LQ           6WDSOHWRQjV FRXQVHO REMHFWHG DUJXLQJ WKDW KH KDG EHHQ
GHWHUPLQLQJWKHMXU\jVYHUGLFWl%UHFKWY$EUDKDPVRQ            JLYHQ QR RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FURVV H[DPLQH 6WXGHU DQG WKDW QR
866&W/(GGVHH             FRUURERUDWLQJ FLUFXPVWDQFHV H[LVWHG WR HVWDEOLVK WKH
DOVR*LOOLDPY0LWFKHOO)GWK&LU         WUXVWZRUWKLQHVVRI6WXGHUjVWDSHGVWDWHPHQWV7KHWULDOFRXUW
HQGRUVLQJWKH%UHFKWKDUPOHVVHUURUVWDQGDUGLQFRQIURQWDWLRQ         GHWHUPLQHGWKDW6WXGHUZDVDQXQDYDLODEOHZLWQHVVDQGWKDW
FODXVHFDVHV,IKRZHYHUmWKHPDWWHULVVRHYHQO\EDODQFHGl        KLV WDSHG VWDWHPHQWV ZHUH DJDLQVW KLV LQWHUHVW EXW GHOD\HG
WKDWWKLV&RXUWKDVmJUDYHGRXEWlDVWRWKHKDUPOHVVQHVVRIWKH        UXOLQJRQWKHDGPLVVLELOLW\RIWKRVHVWDWHPHQWVXQWLO)RUHPDQ
HUURULWmVKRXOGWUHDWWKHHUURUQRWDVLILWZHUHKDUPOHVVEXW     WHVWLILHG
DVLILWDIIHFWHGWKHYHUGLFWLHDVLILWKDGDµVXEVWDQWLDODQG
LQMXULRXV HIIHFW RU LQIOXHQFH LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH MXU\jV           )RUHPDQWHVWLILHGWKDW6WDSOHWRQKDGGULYHQKLPDQG6WXGHU
YHUGLFWjl2QHDOY0F$QQLQFK866&W          WR WKH 'LVKRQ UHVLGHQFH NLFNHG LQ WKH EDFN GRRU DQG
/(GG                                           mUDQVDFNHG WKH KRXVHl  )RUHPDQ IXUWKHU WHVWLILHG WKDW
                                                                       IROORZLQJ WKH 'LVKRQ EXUJODU\ WKH WKUHH EXUJODUL]HG WKH
   ,QGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUWKHWULDOFRXUWjVHUURUZDVKDUPOHVV        +HQHU\ UHVLGHQFH  +H DOVR SURYLGHG GHWDLOHG WHVWLPRQ\
WKLV&RXUWH[DPLQHVWKHIDFWRUVDUWLFXODWHGLQ'HODZDUHY9DQ         UHJDUGLQJKRZWKHWKUHHGLVSRVHGRIWKHVWROHQSURSHUW\
$UVGDOO866&W/(GG
mWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHZLWQHVVjWHVWLPRQ\LQWKH             $IWHU)RUHPDQWHVWLILHGWKHWULDOFRXUWUXOHGWKDWWKHUHZDV
SURVHFXWLRQjV FDVHl  mZKHWKHU WKH WHVWLPRQ\ ZDV              VXIILFLHQWHYLGHQFHWRFRUURERUDWH6WXGHUjVWDSHGVWDWHPHQWV
FXPXODWLYHl  mWKH SUHVHQFH RU DEVHQFH RI HYLGHQFH           DQGSHUPLWWHGWKHLUDGPLVVLRQLQWRHYLGHQFH7KHMXU\IRXQG
FRUURERUDWLQJRUFRQWUDGLFWLQJWKHWHVWLPRQ\RIWKHZLWQHVVRQ         6WDSOHWRQJXLOW\RQDOOFRXQWV
PDWHULDO SRLQWVl  mWKH H[WHQW RI FURVV H[DPLQDWLRQ
RWKHUZLVH SHUPLWWHGl DQG  mWKH RYHUDOO VWUHQJWK RI WKH       6WDSOHWRQ DSSHDOHG KLV FRQYLFWLRQ WR WKH 2KLR &RXUW RI
SURVHFXWLRQ
VFDVHl,GDW+HUHDOWKRXJK)RUHPDQjV            $SSHDOVZKLFKDIILUPHGKLVFRQYLFWLRQILQGLQJmDOWKRXJK
WHVWLPRQ\FRUURERUDWHGSRUWLRQVRI6WXGHUjVWDSHGVWDWHPHQWV          WKHWULDOFRXUWHUUHGLQDGPLWWLQJWDSHVRI6WXGHUjVLQWHUYLHZV
WKRVH VWDWHPHQWV ZHUH RI REYLRXV LPSRUWDQFH WR WKH              VXFK HUURU ZDV KDUPOHVV DV WKH HYLGHQFH ZDV FXPXODWLYHl
SURVHFXWLRQjV FDVH  0RUHRYHU 6WDSOHWRQjV FRXQVHO KDG QR       6WDSOHWRQWKHQDSSHDOHGWRWKH2KLR6XSUHPH&RXUWZKLFK
RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FURVV H[DPLQH 6WXGHU GXULQJ KLV SROLFH           GLVPLVVHGKLVDSSHDOZLWKRXWRSLQLRQ
LQWHUYLHZVDQGZLWKRXW6WXGHUjVVWDWHPHQWVWKHSURVHFXWLRQjV
FDVH ZDV QRW VWURQJ  7KH TXHVWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU 6WXGHUjV          2QsDQXDU\6WDSOHWRQILOHGDSHWLWLRQIRUDZULWRI
                                                                       KDEHDVFRUSXV7KHGLVWULFWFRXUWGHQLHG6WDSOHWRQjVKDEHDV
     6WDSOHWRQY:ROIH                               1R       1R                             6WDSOHWRQY:ROIH       

FRUSXV SHWLWLRQ EXW JUDQWHG KLV VXEVHTXHQW SHWLWLRQ IRU D       DPHQG 9, 7KDWJXDUDQWHHLQFOXGHVWKHULJKWWRFURVVH[DPLQH
FHUWLILFDWHRIDSSHDODELOLW\6WDSOHWRQDSSHDOHG                       ZLWQHVVHV6HH3RLQWHUY7H[DV866&W
                                                                         /(GG6WDWHPHQWVE\DQRQWHVWLI\LQJ
                                 ,,                                     DFFRPSOLFH mWKDW LPSOLFDWH D GHIHQGDQW DUH SUHVXPSWLYHO\
                                                                         XQUHOLDEOH DQG WKHLU DGPLVVLRQ YLRODWHV WKH &RQIURQWDWLRQ
  7KLV&RXUWUHYLHZVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWjVOHJDOFRQFOXVLRQVGH           &ODXVHl%XOOV)GDWFLWLQJ'RXJODVY$ODEDPD
QRYR%XOOVYsRQHV)GWK&LU7KH           866&W/(GGVHH
$QWLWHUURULVP DQG (IIHFWLYH 'HDWK 3HQDOW\ $FW RI              DOVR %UXWRQ Y 8QLWHG 6WDWHV  86    6&W
SURKLELWVDIHGHUDOFRXUWUHYLHZLQJDVWDWHFRXUWDGMXGLFDWLRQ           /(GG7RRYHUFRPHWKHSUHVXPSWLRQ
IURP JUDQWLQJ D KDEHDV SHWLWLRQ XQOHVV WKH VWDWH FRXUW           RI XQUHOLDELOLW\ DWWDFKHG WR QRQWHVWLI\LQJ DFFRPSOLFH
DGMXGLFDWLRQmUHVXOWHGLQDGHFLVLRQWKDWZDVFRQWUDU\WRRU            FRQIHVVLRQV WKH SURVHFXWLRQ PXVW VKRZ WKDW WKH SURIIHUHG
LQYROYHGDQXQUHDVRQDEOHDSSOLFDWLRQRIFOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHG             VWDWHPHQWV EHDU mDGHTXDWH LQGLFLD RI UHOLDELOLW\l  2KLR Y
)HGHUDO ODZ DV GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW RI WKH          5REHUWV866&W/(GG
8QLWHG6WDWHVl86&$G:HVW,Q               
GHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHUDGHFLVLRQLVmFRQWUDU\WRlRUmLQYROYHG
DQ XQUHDVRQDEOH DSSOLFDWLRQ RIl FOHDUO\ HVWDEOLVKHG IHGHUDO           6WXGHUjV WDSHG VWDWHPHQWV FRQWDLQ QR VXFK LQGLFLD RI
ODZIHGHUDOFRXUWVPD\RQO\ORRNWRWKHmKROGLQJVDVRSSRVHG           UHOLDELOLW\  7KRVH SRUWLRQV RI 6WXGHUjV VWDWHPHQWV WKDW
WRWKHGLFWDRIWKH6XSUHPH&RXUW
VGHFLVLRQVDVRIWKHWLPH            LQFXOSDWH6WDSOHWRQGRQRWLQFXOSDWH6WXGHUDQGWHQGWRVKLIW
RIWKHUHOHYDQWVWDWHFRXUWGHFLVLRQl%XOOV)GDW            UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WR 6WDSOHWRQ WKXV WKH UHOHYDQW SRUWLRQV RI
FLWLQJ:LOOLDPVY7D\ORU866&W           6WXGHUjV WDSHG VWDWHPHQWV ZHUH QRW DJDLQVW KLV LQWHUHVW
/(GGLQWHUQDOSXQFWXDWLRQRPLWWHG                  0RUHRYHU 6WXGHUjV VWDWHPHQWV GLIIHUHG LQ VHYHUDO PDWHULDO
                                                                         UHVSHFWV IURP )RUHPDQjV mFRUURERUDWLQJl WHVWLPRQ\
  $VWDWHFRXUWGHFLVLRQLVmFRQWUDU\WRlFOHDUO\HVWDEOLVKHG            $FFRUGLQJO\ ZH FRQFOXGH WKDW WKH DGPLVVLRQ RI 6WXGHUjV
IHGHUDOODZmLIWKHVWDWHFRXUWDSSOLHVDUXOHWKDWFRQWUDGLFWV          WDSHGVWDWHPHQWVYLRODWHG6WDSOHWRQjV&RQIURQWDWLRQ&ODXVH
WKHJRYHUQLQJODZVHWIRUWKLQ6XSUHPH&RXUWFDVHVlRUmLI              ULJKWV6HHDOVR/HHY,OOLQRLV86
WKH VWDWH FRXUW FRQIURQWV D VHW RI IDFWV WKDW DUH PDWHULDOO\   6&W   /(GG  QRWLQJ WKDW D FRGHIHQGDQWjV
LQGLVWLQJXLVKDEOH IURP D 6XSUHPH &RXUW GHFLVLRQ    DQG       VWDWHPHQWVLQFXOSDWLQJWKHGHIHQGDQWFRXOGEHPRWLYDWHGE\
QHYHUWKHOHVVDUULYHVDWDUHVXOWGLIIHUHQWIURP6XSUHPH&RXUW            WKHFRGHIHQGDQWjVLPSXOVHmWRPLWLJDWHWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIKLV
SUHFHGHQWl,GTXRWLQJ:LOOLDPV86DW                RZQ FXOSDELOLW\ E\ VSUHDGLQJ WKH EODPHl DQG ILQGLQJ WKDW
                                                                         mZKHQ WKH GLVFUHSDQFLHV EHWZHHQ WKH >FRGHIHQGDQW@
                                 $                                      VWDWHPHQWV>DQGWKHRVWHQVLEO\FRUURERUDWLQJWHVWLPRQ\@DUH
                                                                         QRWLQVLJQLILFDQWWKHFRGHIHQGDQWjVFRQIHVVLRQPD\QRWEH
   %HFDXVHWKH2KLR&RXUWRI$SSHDOVIRXQG6WXGHUjVWDSHG                DGPLWWHGl
VWDWHPHQWVLQDGPLVVLEOHXQGHUWKH2KLR5XOHVRI(YLGHQFHLW
GLG QRW FRQVLGHU ZKHWKHU WKHLU DGPLVVLRQ YLRODWHG WKH
&RQIURQWDWLRQ&ODXVHRIWKH6L[WK$PHQGPHQW:HEULHIO\
DGGUHVVWKDWLVVXHQRZ
  7KH 6L[WK $PHQGPHQW SURYLGHV WKDW m>L@Q DOO FULPLQDO
SURVHFXWLRQV WKH DFFXVHG VKDOO HQMR\ WKH ULJKW    WR EH
FRQIURQWHG ZLWK WKH ZLWQHVVHV DJDLQVW KLPl  86 & $%