Court Opinion

ID: 3001258
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 20:14:40.028882+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:24:54.025961
License: Public Domain

In the
 United States Court of Appeals
             For the Seventh Circuit
                        ____________

Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210
ALLAN BLOCK CORPORATION,
                           Plaintiff-Appellee, Cross-Appellant,

                               v.

COUNTY MATERIALS CORPORATION,
                         Defendant-Appellant, Cross-Appellee.
                        ____________
          Appeals from the United States District Court
             for the Western District of Wisconsin.
             No. 06 C 476—John C. Shabaz, Judge.
                        ____________
   ARGUED NOVEMBER 5, 2007—DECIDED JANUARY 14, 2008
                        ____________

 Before POSNER, EVANS, and SYKES, Circuit Judges.
  POSNER, Circuit Judge. In two contracts, one in 1993
and the other in 1997, Allan Block licensed County Mat-
erials to manufacture Allan Block’s patented concrete
blocks. The contracts forbade County Materials to manu-
facture competing concrete blocks (with certain excep-
tions) for as long as the contract was in effect and for
18 months after it was terminated. But when the licenses
were terminated (both at the same time), County Materials
decided not to honor the 18-month post-termination
2                                     Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210

covenants not to compete. Its excuse was that enforcement
would be patent misuse, and it filed a suit in a federal dis-
trict court in Wisconsin, basing federal jurisdiction on
diversity of citizenship, for a declaration to that effect.
Recently another panel of this court held that there was
no patent misuse, and so affirmed judgment for Allan
Block. County Materials Corp. v. Allan Block Corp., 502 F.3d
730 (7th Cir. 2007). Meanwhile, however, Allan Block had
filed a mirror-image suit, also basing jurisdiction on
diversity, against County Materials, charging breach of
both the 1993 and 1997 licensing contracts. That case—the
one giving rise to the present appeal—went to trial, and
a jury awarded Allan Block $290,000 in damages, and
other relief. County Materials appeals. Allan Block cross-
appeals, seeking additional relief.
   Federal law is agreed to cover the issue of res judicata,
Minnesota law the contract issues. As an original matter,
Wisconsin law rather than federal law should govern
the issue of res judicata because the judgment that is
claimed to operate as res judicata in this suit was ren-
dered in a diversity suit. The Supreme Court held in
Semtek International Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 531 U.S.
497, 508 (2001), that while federal common law deter-
mines the preclusive effect of a judgment in a federal
suit, even if it is a diversity suit and thus based on a
claim under state law, the federal court should in a diver-
sity case adopt as the federal common law rule of res
judicata the rule of the state in which the court is located,
which in this case is Wisconsin. It is true that the disposi-
tive issue in the previous diversity suit was fed-
eral (patent misuse), but it was a defense to a claim of
breach of a patent licensing agreement (County Materials’
license to manufacture Allan Block’s patented blocks), a
Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210                                    3

claim that arose under state law. It would complicate
matters unduly to base the rule of preclusion on the
existence of a federal defense (the defense of patent
misuse that County Materials was trying to establish by
seeking declaratory relief, in order to prevent Allan Block
from enforcing the post-termination covenants). In any
event, parties are free to choose (within reason) whatever
body of law they want to govern a litigation.
   County Materials’ main argument is that Allan Block’s
claim of breach of contract is a compulsory counterclaim
to the claim of patent misuse and therefore had to be
filed as a counterclaim in the declaratory judgment suit
or be forever forfeited. It is indeed (for the most part—
a qualification explained later) a compulsory counter-
claim, defined in Fed. R. Civ. P. 13(a) as “any claim which
at the time of serving the pleading the pleader has against
any opposing party, if it arises out of the transaction or
occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing
party’s claim.” Both County Materials’ claim of patent
misuse and Allan Block’s claim of breach of contract arose
out of the same transaction, namely County Materials’
refusal to honor the post-termination covenants not to
compete.
  Failing to file a compulsory counterclaim does normally
preclude its being made the subject of another lawsuit.
The doctrine of res judicata bars a person from splitting
his claim between two suits, Restatement (Second) of Judg-
ments §§ 24, 25 and comment b (1982), and Allan Block’s
claim that the covenants not to compete are enforceable
and that County Materials has therefore broken them is
the same claim whether it is interposed as a defense in
a suit by the covenanter or made the basis of a separate
suit for breach of the covenants. Charles Alan Wright,
“Estoppel by Rule: The Compulsory Counterclaim Under
4                                      Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210

Modern Pleading,” 39 Iowa L. Rev. 255, 281-83 (1953). And
the fact that the earlier suit (County Materials’) involved
only one of the two contracts and the later suit both
would not allow Allan Block to sue even on the 1997
contract (assuming the judgment in the first suit had res
judicata effect), given its intimate connection to the first
contract and the identity of the covenants not to compete
in both contracts. The two contracts were parts of the
same commercial relation, properly classified as a
single “transaction” for purposes of res judicata in order
to prevent piecemeal litigation. Petromanagement Corp. v.
Acme-Thomas Joint Venture, 835 F.2d 1329, 1336 (10th Cir.
1988); Weston Funding Corp. v. Lafayette Towers, Inc., 550
F.2d 710, 712 (2d Cir. 1977). Even more clearly, the post-
termination covenants, though separable from the license
contracts because effective only upon termination of the
latter, are parts of the commercial relation established
by them.
   But there is an exception to res judicata for cases in
which the only relief sought in the first suit is a declara-
tory judgment. E.g., Stericycle, Inc. v. City of Delavan, 120
F.3d 657, 658-60 (7th Cir. 1997) (Wisconsin law); Smith v.
City of Chicago, 820 F.2d 916, 919 (7th Cir. 1987); Harborside
Refrigerated Services, Inc. v. Vogel, 959 F.2d 368, 372-73 (2d
Cir. 1992); Horn & Hardart Co. v. National Rail Passenger
Corp., 843 F.2d 546, 549 (D.C. Cir. 1988); Restatement, supra,
§ 33 and comment c. Giving such a judgment preclusive
effect would stymie a plaintiff, who, having obtained a
declaratory judgment, later sought—because the defend-
ant thumbed his nose at the declaration—injunctive re-
lief, an authorized and common sequel to a declaratory
judgment. See Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2202;
Stericycle, Inc. v. City of Delavan, supra, 120 F.3d at 658-
Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210                                        5

659. Prudence would therefore require him (if a declara-
tory judgment had preclusive effect) to ask for injunctive
relief in his first suit, rather than just for declaratory
relief—which would usually make obtaining declaratory
relief pointless. Of course if specific issues are resolved
in the declaratory judgment action, their resolution will
bind the plaintiff by virtue of the doctrine of collateral
estoppel should he later seek an injunction or damages.
18A Charles A. Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice
and Procedure § 4446, pp. 318-20 (2d ed. 1990). But that is
not a factor in this litigation.
  This concern that we have just articulated with giving
res judicata effect to a declaratory judgment is absent
when the question is whether the defendant in the de-
claratory judgment action who fails to file a counterclaim
that arises from the same transaction is barred by res
judicata from filing a separate suit, because a defendant
would not be wanting to reserve the right to seek further
relief. Nevertheless, he is not barred. Harborside Refrigerated
Services, Inc. v. Vogel, supra, 959 F.2d at 373; Restatement,
supra, § 33, comment c. The reason is practical: if the
defendant had to bring his claims against the plaintiff as
counterclaims in the declaratory judgment action, declara-
tory judgments would become devices for thwarting
the choice of forum by the defendant, even though, in
many declaratory judgment suits, including the one
brought by County Materials, the plaintiff is seeking
declaratory relief in order to defeat preemptively a
claim by the defendant.
  County Materials acknowledges the declaratory judg-
ment exception to res judicata, but considers it a “judge-
made” rule that must yield to Rule 13(a), the compulsory-
counterclaim rule. But Rule 13(a) is not independent of
6                                       Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210

the “judge-made” doctrine of res judicata. It is in effect a
procedural implementation of that doctrine. Wright, supra;
Kevin M. Clermont, “Common-Law Compulsory Counter-
claim Rule: Creating Effective and Elegant Res Judicata
Doctrine,” 79 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1745 (2004); see Hartford
Accident & Indemnity Co. v. Sullivan, 846 F.2d 377, 382 (7th
Cir. 1988); Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co. v. Sylvania Industrial
Corp., 154 F.2d 814, 818 (2d Cir. 1946) (Frank, J., dissenting).
All Rule 13(a) does is command that certain claims be
pleaded as counterclaims. It does not specify the conse-
quences of failing to do so. Those consequences are
given by the doctrine of res judicata, including its excep-
tions. To invoke Rule 13(a) as a bar to basing a suit on a
claim that might be thought a compulsory counterclaim in
a declaratory judgment action would bring about what
refusing to apply res judicata to defendants in such
actions is designed to prevent: forcing the defendant’s
claims to be litigated as counterclaims in such an action.
  Against this conclusion, however, can be cited Polymer
Industrial Products Co. v. Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 347
F.3d 935 (Fed. Cir. 2003), which holds that the defendant
in a suit to declare his patent invalid must counterclaim
for damages for infringement of the patent or lose his
claim for such damages. The opinion relies on a literal
interpretation of Rule 13(a): the claim for infringement
arises out of the same occurrence—namely the plaintiff’s
alleged infringement—as the plaintiff’s claim that the
patent is invalid; and the rule itself, as we know, con-
tains no express exception for declaratory judgments.
We reject the reasoning of Polymer, but perhaps the deci-
sion itself can be justified. A suit to declare a patent
invalid is not a precursor to a request for further relief,
at least if the plaintiff prevails, for then the patent ceases
to be an obstacle to his making and selling the allegedly
Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210                                         7

infringing product; should the defendant sue him for
infringement, the declaratory judgment would provide a
complete defense. There is no practical difference, there-
fore, between such a judgment and an injunction against
enforcing the patent, and so the rationale for the declara-
tory judgment exception fails. This is consistent with an
exception to the exception: a plaintiff who joins his re-
quest for a declaratory judgment with a request for an
injunction or damages cannot avoid the bar of res judicata
should he later seek additional such relief. Stericycle, Inc. v.
City of Delavan, supra, 120 F.3d at 659-60; Smith v. City of
Chicago, supra, 820 F.2d at 919; Minneapolis Auto Parts Co. v.
City of Minneapolis, 739 F.2d 408 (8th Cir. 1984). But County
Materials did not seek additional relief in its declaratory
judgment suit.
   Now it is true that a plaintiff who loses his suit to de-
clare the defendant’s patent invalid may well be faced
with a claim for damages; but often he will not be, as he
may have refrained from selling his product until the
patent’s validity was determined. In the case of pharma-
ceutical patents—a particularly rich source of patent
litigation—a suit for infringement or conversely for a
declaration of invalidity frequently precedes any sales
of the allegedly infringing drug, because the mere filing
of an application with the Food and Drug Administration
for approval to sell a drug seemingly patented by
someone else is deemed an infringement of that patent.
35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2).
  Having disposed at last of the question of preclusion
we can turn to the other issues presented by these
appeals—issues of contract law and remedies and of
attorneys’ fees. The license contracts permit either party
to terminate, without thereby being guilty of a breach
of contract, either for any reason, or no reason, upon
8                                      Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210

notice. But if a party defaults and the other party seeks
to terminate the contract because of the default, he has to
give the first party an opportunity to cure the default. Allan
Block terminated the contracts upon notice rather than on
the basis of a default, and the termination took effect in
August 2005 and so the 18-month post-termination cove-
nants not to compete ran from that date. This suit was
filed a year later and the judgment awarding Allan Block
$290,000 in damages was entered in January 2007. As part
of the judgment, the judge extended the covenants not to
compete (which had expired almost a year earlier) by
enjoining County Materials from competing with Allan
Block for another seven months. Covenants not to com-
pete often provide that they will be automatically ex-
tended for any period during which one side is in viola-
tion, but the covenants in this case do not contain any
such “auto-extender” provision.
   County Materials asks us to vacate the injunction. That
is a very strange request, since the injunction expired by
its terms in July 2006, so that there is nothing to vacate.
But the issue of injunctive relief is not moot, because
Allan Block’s cross-appeal asks us to order the injunction
extended (or rather re-imposed) for another 11 months,
for a total of 18 months, the length of the post-termina-
tion covenants not to compete, since County Materials
had refused to abide by them.
  County Materials argues that Allan Block has no right
to enforce the covenants in any way, shape, or form,
because it failed to issue a notice of default and give
County Materials an opportunity to cure the default. The
argument is all wet. Each of the license contracts defines
a default as a breach of the contract. The contract’s post-
termination covenant not to compete, though it imposes
enforceable contractual obligations on the covenanter, is
Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210                                       9

not the original contract. The original contracts were
terminated—a condition precedent, obviously, of the post-
termination covenants’ coming alive. Such a trailing
condition is common. A party to a contract might agree that
in the event it was terminated he would not disclose any of
the other party’s trade secrets that he might have learned
while performing his side of the contract. That agreement
would not be subject to the procedural and remedial
provisions of the original contract. B & Y Metal Painting,
Inc. v. Ball, 279 N.W.2d 813 (Minn. 1979); American Family
Mutual Ins. Co. v. Roth, 485 F.3d 930, 933 (7th Cir. 2007);
Bidlack v. Wheelabrator Corp., 993 F.2d 603, 607 (7th Cir.
1993) (en banc). In particular, if a party violates a post-
termination covenant not to compete, the covenantee
doesn’t want, and can’t be presumed in the absence of
language in the covenant itself to agree to, the covenanter’s
having a grace period in which to attempt to cure his
violation.
  So Allan Block was entitled to relief for breach of the
covenants—but not for an extension of them after they
expired. It contracted for freedom from County Materials’
competition for only 18 months after contract termination,
and that 18 months expired last February. Of course it
could sue for any damages it sustained from a breach of
the covenants (though the breach would have to occur
during the period in which the covenants were in effect);
and if a damages remedy was inadequate (but not other-
wise, Minnesota Best Maid Cookie Co., Inc. v. Flour Pot Cookie
Co., 412 N.W.2d 380 (Minn. App. 1987)), it could get an
injunction. Cherne Industries, Inc. v. Grounds & Associates,
Inc., 278 N.W.2d 81, 93 (Minn. 1979); American Eutectic
Welding Alloys Sales Co. v. Rodriguez, 480 F.2d 223, 229 (1st
Cir. 1973). The injunction would not be an extension of the
10                                    Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210

post-termination covenants, although it would have the
same effect. It would be premised on the inadequacy of
the damages remedy rather than on a desire to change
the contracts to extend the life of the covenants. In con-
trast, were the damages remedy adequate and the equitable
basis for injunctive relief therefore missing, an injunction
that extended the period of a covenant not to compete
would be an extension of the covenant and thus a revi-
sion of the parties’ contract, which is definite that Allan
Block is entitled to protection from County Materials’
competition for only 18 months after contract termination.
   Allan Block did sue for damages for breach of the
covenants, even though the trial took place only two
months before they expired and there is no indication
that something happened in that last two months to harm
the firm. The fact that a jury awards zero damages
does not mean that damages could not be calculated and
so could not provide an adequate remedy; it could just
mean that the plaintiff was not injured. To allow a plain-
tiff to base a claim for an injunction on an adverse jury
verdict would be topsy-turvy. See In re Silicone Implant
Insurance Coverage Litigation, 652 N.W.2d 46, 73-74 (Minn.
App. 2002), reversed in part on other grounds, 667 N.W.2d
405 (Minn. 2003). There is, though, nothing to prevent
a plaintiff from seeking both damages and injunctive
relief in the same case and trying to prove that his failure
to obtain damages was due not to his failure to prove
injury but rather to the difficulty of quantifying the dam-
ages resulting from the injury. But the district judge
described the injunction he issued as an extension of the
post-termination covenant period. He seems to have
thought that he had discretion to extend it without mak-
ing the findings required to justify an injunction. He
Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210                                      11

was mistaken; and besides, Allan Block failed to show
that its damages remedy was inadequate. The jury
awarded damages for County Materials’ violation of the
pretermination covenants (which were identical to the
post-termination ones except of course for the dates),
and there is nothing to suggest that any greater difficulty
of computation attended the claim for damages for vio-
lation of the post-termination covenants. The best interpre-
tation of the jury award of zero damages, therefore, is that
Allan Block failed to prove that it sustained any post-
termination damages, and that determination bound the
judge, and so he should not have extended the covenants.
   County Materials complains that the evidence did not
justify the jury’s awarding Allan Block $290,000 in dam-
ages for breach of the original contracts. It contends
that Allan Block could not sue on the basis of a violation
of the contracts without giving County Materials a
chance to cure the violation. The contention miscon-
ceives the function of the cure provision. The contracts
provided as we said two modes of termination: notice,
which had to be given 120 days before termination
could take effect, and default, a ground for immediate
termination unless the default was cured within 10 days. A
declaration of default is a condition precedent not to
suing for a breach of contract but to being authorized to
terminate the contract immediately without liability to
the other party. Mor-Cor Packaging Products, Inc. v. Innova-
tive Packaging Corp., 328 F.3d 331, 333 (7th Cir. 2003);
Clinkscales v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 831 F.2d 1565, 1571 (11th
Cir. 1987).
  County Materials further argues that there is no proof
that Allan Block sustained any damages. The breaches
of the pretermination covenants not to compete consisted
12                                      Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210

of selling concrete blocks that were directly competitive
with the Allan Block concrete blocks that County Mat-
erials was authorized to produce under the licenses.
Allan Block did not want County Materials to produce in
effect duplicates of Allan Block’s concrete blocks with-
out paying license fees (royalties), and the $290,000 in
damages that the jury awarded was the jury’s estimate of
the fees Allan Block would have received had County
Materials honored the contract. It was a rough estimate,
rather weakly supported, but there was evidence
enough to require us to uphold the verdict. The figure of
$290,000 was the application of the contractually agreed-
upon royalty rate to County Materials’ sale of duplicates,
that is, of concrete blocks so like Allan Block’s that the
sale violated the contract. County Materials argues that if
it hadn’t sold the duplicates, maybe its customers would
have bought some other line of concrete blocks. That is
possible. But since the closest substitute for the infring-
ing blocks was Allan Block’s blocks, probably that is
what customers would have chosen had the duplicates
not been offered; and it is a probability sufficient to sus-
tain an award of lost license fees. Panduit Corp. v. Stahlin
Bros. Fibre Works, Inc., 575 F.2d 1152, 1157-58 (6th Cir. 1978);
cf. B & Y Metal Painting, Inc. v. Ball, supra, 279 N.W.2d
at 816-17.
   Allan Block complains that it was not allowed to put on
its full damages case, and this turns out to be true. Let us
not forget Rule 13(a). The district judge actually agreed
with County Materials that compulsory counterclaims
must be filed in declaratory judgment suits, but allowed
Allan Block to seek damages with respect to those vio-
lations of the contract that it did not learn about until after
the time for filing such counterclaims had elapsed. For
Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210                                          13

rather obvious reasons, Rule 13(a) does not require the
defendant to file as a compulsory counterclaim a claim
that hasn’t accrued yet, Burlington Northern R.R. v. Strong,
907 F.2d 707, 712 (7th Cir. 1990); Pike v. Freeman, 266 F.3d
78, 92 n. 17 (2d Cir. 2001); Harborside Refrigerated Services,
Inc. v. Vogel, supra, 959 F.2d at 373; Crutcher v. Aetna Life Ins.
Co., 746 F.2d 1076, 1080 (5th Cir. 1984), either because it
has not yet come into being or, though it has, the plaintiff
could not have discovered it.
   But that leaves the claims, relating to two lines of con-
crete block made by County Materials in violation of the
contract, that, since they were known to Allan Block
when County Materials filed its declaratory judgment
action, had to be—the district judge mistakenly be-
lieved—filed as compulsory counterclaims. So the judge
did not let Allan Block seek damages for those claims,
and it is entitled to do so on remand.
  The last issue is Allan Block’s claim for attorney’s fees,
which the district judge rejected. The contract provided
that “in case of any default by [County Materials] as
specified herein, [County Materials] shall pay all of [Allan
Block’s] costs of collecting any sums due to [Allan Block],
including . . . the lesser of 15% or the maximum interest
rate or rates charged permitted by law.” This is a typical
collection provision, not an attorney’s-fee-shifting provi-
sion. Compare Material Movers, Inc. v. Hill, 316 N.W.2d 13,
18-19 (Minn. 1982); Erlandson Implement, Inc. v. First State
Bank of Brownsdale, 400 N.W.2d 421, 427 (Minn. App.
1987), with Yim K. Cheung v. Wing Ki Wu, 919 A.2d 619,
625 (Me. 2007); Pearson v. Sigmund, 503 P.2d 702, 706 (Ore.
1972); J.B. Esker & Sons, Inc. v. Cle-Pa’s Partnership, 757
N.E.2d 1271 (Ill. App. 2001). If the licensee fails to pay
the royalties due under the license, forcing the licensor to
14                                      Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210

bring a collection proceeding, the licensor is entitled to
recover the expense of the proceeding, including the
loss of the time value of money. The present case is not
a collection case, but a suit for damages based on the
licensee’s violating a provision of the licenses unrelated
to the payment of the license fees, namely a provision
limiting his right to produce goods competing with the
licensed goods. The result is a loss of royalties that the
licensor would have earned had the licensee abided by
the licenses, but it is not a loss that is due to the licensee’s
refusing to pay royalties on the sale of the licensed goods.
  To summarize, the award of damages is affirmed, and
so is the denial of all other relief sought by Allan Block
with the exception of the refusal to allow it to prove
damages with regard to the two claims that the judge
kept from the jury; as to those, the judgment is vacated
and the case remanded for a trial on damages limited to
those claims.
  We trust, though, that we have provided enough guid-
ance to enable this suit to be settled without further pro-
ceedings. The remaining stakes are small, and it is time the
war between these pertinacious antagonists was brought
to a peaceful end.
                      AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,
                                         AND REMANDED.
Nos. 07-2020, 07-2210                                   15

A true Copy:
       Teste:

                        _____________________________
                        Clerk of the United States Court of
                          Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

                  USCA-02-C-0072—1-14-08