Court Opinion

ID: 9386482
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-12 17:02:16.44778+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:06.728844
License: Public Domain

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                                                                 [PUBLISH]
                                       In the
                 United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eleventh Circuit

                             ____________________

                                    No. 22-11232
                             ____________________

        DAVID WILLIAMS,
        Individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,
        CAROLL ANGLADE,
        Individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,
        HOWARD CLARK,
        THOMAS MATTHEWS,
        MARTIZA ANGELES,
                                                         Plaintiffs-Appellees,
        versus
        RECKITT BENCKISER LLC,
        RB HEALTH (US) LLC,

                                                      Defendants-Appellees,
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        2                       Opinion of the Court                   22-11232

        THEODORE H. FRANK,

                                                  Interested Party-Appellant.

                              ____________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Southern District of Florida
                      D.C. Docket No. 1:20-cv-23564-MGC
                            ____________________

        Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, MARCUS, Circuit Judge, and
        MIZELLE,∗ District Judge.
        MARCUS, Circuit Judge:
               This is an appeal from a district court order approving a
        class-action settlement that purports to provide injunctive relief
        and up to $8 million in monetary relief to a class of individuals (the
        “Class”) who purchased one or more “brain performance supple-
        ments” manufactured and sold by Defendants Reckitt Benckiser
        LLC and RB Health (US) LLC (together, “RB”) under the brand
        name “Neuriva.” Five Plaintiffs (together, the “Named Plaintiffs”)
        who had previously purchased Neuriva brought this putative class
        action, alleging that RB used false and misleading statements to

        ∗ Honorable Kathryn Kimball Mizelle, United States District Judge for the
        Middle District of Florida, sitting by designation.
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        22-11232               Opinion of the Court                         3

        give consumers the impression that Neuriva and its “active ingre-
        dients” had been clinically tested and proven to improve brain
        function, in violation of Florida, California, and New York con-
        sumer protection laws. The parties promptly agreed to a global
        settlement (the “Settlement” or “Settlement Agreement”) that
        sought to resolve the claims of all Plaintiffs and absent Class mem-
        bers, before any formal discovery or motion practice had been
        completed.
               Obviously, the settling parties do not contend that the dis-
        trict court erred in approving the Settlement; rather, this appeal
        comes to us because one unnamed Class member, an attorney and
        frequent class-action objector, Theodore Frank, objected in district
        court and subsequently appealed the district court’s approval or-
        der. In essence, Frank argues that the parties inflated the perceived
        value of the Settlement by touting that RB would pay up to $8 mil-
        lion to Neuriva purchasers -- knowing all the while that few Class
        members would complete the process of submitting claims to re-
        ceive payment -- and imposing changes to RB’s marketing that
        would not benefit past purchasers of Neuriva and that were mean-
        ingless in any event. This, Frank contends, allowed Plaintiffs’
        counsel to secure a disproportionately large fee award (some $2.9
        million) while decreasing the overall payout required of RB.
               Whatever the merits of Frank’s claims, they will have to
        wait for another day because, after thorough review of the record
        and with the benefit of oral argument, we conclude that the Named
        Plaintiffs lack standing to pursue their claims for injunctive relief.
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        4                      Opinion of the Court                 22-11232

        Under longstanding Supreme Court precedent, plaintiffs seeking
        injunctive relief must establish that they are likely to suffer an in-
        jury that is “actual or imminent,” not “conjectural or hypothetical.”
        But none of the Named Plaintiffs allege that they plan to purchase
        any of the Neuriva Products again in the future -- to the contrary,
        the operative complaint gives every indication that they will not
        again purchase any of the Neuriva Products because they are
        “worthless.” The district court, therefore, lacked jurisdiction to
        award injunctive relief to the Named Plaintiffs or absent Class
        members, and its approval of the Settlement Agreement (which
        was based in real part on the award of injunctive relief) was an
        abuse of discretion. Accordingly, we VACATE the district court’s
        order and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                                          I.
                                         A.
               RB manufactures and sells a line of three “brain performance
        supplements” under the brand name Neuriva: Neuriva Original,
        Neuriva Plus, and Neuriva De-Stress (together, the “Neuriva Prod-
        ucts”). RB advertises that the Neuriva Products have been “clini-
        cally and scientifically proven to enhance the brain health and per-
        formance of all adults in specific ways.” Thus, for example, RB in-
        forms consumers that taking any of the Neuriva Products will help
        them “brain better” by improving “focus,” “accuracy,” and “con-
        centration.” Neuriva Original and Plus are also claimed to improve
        users’ “memory” and “learning,” while Neuriva De-Stress, RB
        promises, will aid in “stress reduction” and “relaxation.” RB also
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        22-11232                 Opinion of the Court                           5

        advertises that the Neuriva Products each contain several “active
        ingredients” that have themselves been clinically proven to im-
        prove brain physiology and function.
                In 2020, three sets of Plaintiffs filed three separate putative
        class action complaints against RB in the Eastern District of Cali-
        fornia, the Southern District of New York, and the Southern Dis-
        trict of Florida -- all later consolidated into a single class-action com-
        plaint in the Southern District of Florida. This consolidated class
        action alleges that RB’s advertising for the Neuriva Products em-
        ployed false and misleading statements in violation of the Florida
        Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act, Fla. Stat. § 501.201 et
        seq., the California Unfair Competition Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof.
        Code § 17200 et seq., the California Consumers Legal Remedies
        Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 1750 et seq., the California False Advertising
        Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17500 et seq., and the New York
        General Business Law, N.Y. Gen. Bus. L. § 349. It also alleges un-
        just enrichment on the same theory.
                The complaint identifies a number of different representa-
        tions and statements made by RB as false and/or misleading. For
        instance, Plaintiffs allege that RB’s advertising falsely leads consum-
        ers to believe that the Neuriva Products have undergone clinical
        and/or scientific testing to prove their efficacy, when, in fact, none
        of the Products have been tested. See, e.g., Consol. Amended Class
        Action Compl. ¶ 64 (“The singular message throughout Defend-
        ants’ marketing of Neuriva is that Neuriva is scientifically and clin-
        ically proven, as a matter of fact, to increase brain performance.”);
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        6                       Opinion of the Court                 22-11232

        id. at ¶ 66 (“Defendants’ statements on their labels and in their ad-
        vertising convey to reasonable consumers, and reasonable con-
        sumers would believe, that the state of the science regarding Neu-
        riva and its ingredients has reached a level of scientific consensus
        such that [Neuriva’s] claims of increased or enhanced brain perfor-
        mance are established truths and statements of fact.”). And the
        complaint further alleges that each of the Neuriva Products “trum-
        pet[s]” various active ingredients, such as “coffee cherry extract,”
        as having been clinically proven to improve brain physiology and
        function, when in fact “scientific evidence shows that it is biochem-
        ically impossible for the ingredients to improve brain perfor-
        mance.”
               Each of the five Named Plaintiffs in the operative complaint
        allege that they purchased at least one Neuriva Product between
        2019 and January 2020. But, notably, none of the Named Plaintiffs
        allege that they purchased Neuriva De-Stress specifically; they only
        allege that they purchased Neuriva Original, Neuriva Plus, or
        “Neuriva,” unspecified.
                                          B.
               Before Plaintiffs consolidated the three pending actions in
        the Southern District of Florida, RB moved to dismiss the Califor-
        nia and Florida actions, raising a number of defenses including a
        failure to sufficiently allege falsity, federal preemption, and failure
        to plausibly allege that a reasonable consumer would be deceived
        by Neuriva’s labels. While these motions were pending, the parties
        engaged in settlement discussions, including two full-day
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        22-11232                Opinion of the Court                         7

        mediations. On January 7, 2021, before any formal discovery had
        been conducted, the parties filed a notice of settlement stating that
        they had agreed “in principle” to settle Plaintiffs’ claims on a class-
        wide basis. The Named Plaintiffs from the New York and Califor-
        nia actions joined to file the operative complaint in the Southern
        District of Florida, and, on February 8, Plaintiffs filed an unopposed
        motion for preliminary approval of the Settlement. The district
        court referred further proceedings to a magistrate judge.
                The Settlement Agreement covered a Rule 23(b)(2) and
        (b)(3) class of “[a]ll persons who purchased for personal consump-
        tion and not for resale, one or more of the Neuriva Products . . .
        between the dates of January 1, 2019 and the date of Preliminary
        Approval of the Settlement by the Court.” Class members who
        could provide proof of purchase would be able to recover up to
        $32.50 per claim, with a maximum of two claims, for a total poten-
        tial recovery of $65.00. Without proof of purchase, Class members
        could only recover $5.00 per claim, with a maximum of four
        claims, for a total potential recovery of $20.00. The Settlement
        capped total recovery for the Class at $8 million. If the submitted
        claims exceeded that amount, RB could either reduce the amount
        paid on each claim pro rata, or terminate the Settlement entirely.
               The Settlement also provided injunctive relief to the Class
        in the form of required changes to Neuriva’s labeling and market-
        ing for a period of two years, starting six months after the Settle-
        ment became final. The Settlement enjoined RB from using the
        terms “Clinically Proven,” “Science Proved,” “Clinically Tested
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        8                      Opinion of the Court                 22-11232

        and Shown,” “clinical studies have shown,” or similar “shown”
        claims on Neuriva’s labeling. But RB could still market Neuriva’s
        ingredients as “Clinically Tested” and “clinically tested to help sup-
        port brain health.”
               The Settlement Agreement also entitled six law firms repre-
        senting the Plaintiffs to seek $2.9 million in attorneys’ fees. RB
        agreed not to oppose Plaintiffs’ fee request (often referred to as a
        “clear sailing” provision) and the parties agreed that, if the court
        awarded less than $2.9 million in fees, the remainder would revert
        to RB, rather than to the Class (a “kicker” provision). RB also
        agreed that it would support Plaintiffs’ efforts to prove the value of
        the proposed injunctive relief to the court to win approval of the
        Settlement and their fee request.
               Pursuant to the terms of the Settlement, Class members re-
        leased all claims relating to misleading labeling and marketing of
        the Neuriva Products.
                                         C.
               On April 23, 2021, the district court granted preliminary ap-
        proval of the Settlement by entering a stipulated order that had
        been attached to an unopposed motion filed by Plaintiffs. The or-
        der “preliminarily certifie[d]” a nationwide settlement class of
                     [a]ll persons who purchased for per-
                     sonal consumption and not for resale,
                     one or more of the Neuriva Products
                     (Neuriva Original, Neuriva Plus, or
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        22-11232                    Opinion of the Court                                   9

                        Neuriva De-Stress), from Defendants or
                        an authorized reseller, in the United
                        States, between the dates of January 1,
                        2019 and the date of Preliminary Ap-
                        proval of the Settlement by the Court.
               The district court concluded that “the class certification pre-
        requisites set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a), (b)(3),
        and 23(b)(2)” had been met.
               The preliminary approval order also appointed a third party,
        the Angeion Group, to act as the “Settlement Administrator,” ap-
        proved the parties’ suggested plan of notifying Class members of
        the Settlement by placing advertisements on websites and social
        media apps, set a final fairness hearing for August 17, 2021, and set
        a deadline of July 27 for Class members to object to the terms of
        the Settlement or opt out.
               One Class member, Frank, timely objected to the terms of
        the Settlement. 1 Frank is the director of litigation at the Hamilton
        Lincoln Law Institute and a frequent objector to class-action settle-
        ments around the country. Frank explained (in an accompanying
        declaration) that he was a member of the Class because he had

        1 An independent, non-profit advertising watchdog organization, Truth in Ad-
        vertising, Inc. (TINA), also filed an amicus curiae brief in the district court rais-
        ing many of the same points as Frank.
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        10                      Opinion of the Court                 22-11232

        purchased a 30-count package of Neuriva Original from Amazon
        on February 2, 2021 for personal use for $21.95.
                In his objection, Frank argued that the Settlement’s pur-
        ported $8 million benefit was “illusory” because the claims process
        was structured so that Class members were certain to receive only
        a fraction of that amount, and that the Settlement’s injunctive relief
        was not targeted at Class members like him, who had purchased
        Neuriva Products in the past, and was worthless in any event. Be-
        cause the Settlement’s value had been artificially inflated, Frank
        contended that the $2.9 million in fees and costs sought by Class
        counsel was disproportionately large -- larger, in fact, than the total
        amount Class members would actually receive under the terms of
        the Settlement Agreement. Frank therefore contended that the
        Settlement must be disapproved based on Congress’ 2018 amend-
        ments to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 -- which require the
        district court to consider “the effectiveness of any proposed
        method of distributing relief to the class” and “the terms of any
        proposed award of attorney’s fees, including timing of payment,”
        when determining whether “the relief provided for the class is ad-
        equate.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(C)(ii)-(iii).
               The magistrate judge held the final fairness hearing and, on
        December 15, 2021, issued a Report & Recommendation (“R&R”)
        recommending that the district court approve the proposed Settle-
        ment and award the requested $2.9 million in attorneys’ fees. At
        the time of the fairness hearing, Plaintiffs’ counsel estimated that
        the total amount in claims submitted by Class members would be
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        22-11232               Opinion of the Court                        11

        between $1,049,797.50 and $1,181,225.00 -- or approximately 3x
        less than the amount requested by Plaintiffs’ counsel for attorneys’
        fees and costs. Ultimately, Class members would submit 59,877
        claims worth a total of $1,109,182.50.
                The R&R never formally certified the Class that had previ-
        ously been “preliminarily” certified. Relying primarily on cases de-
        cided before Congress’ 2018 amendments to Rule 23, the R&R
        found that the Settlement’s monetary relief was properly valuated
        at $8 million -- the amount purportedly made available for Class
        members to claim. As for the injunctive relief, the R&R concluded
        that it had “some value,” but did not assign a “specific dollar range”
        because doing so “would be speculative.” Nevertheless, the R&R
        recognized that the injunctive relief played an integral role in the
        parties’ Settlement, and that it must be considered alongside the
        Settlement’s monetary relief to determine whether all parts of the
        Settlement Agreement together supported court approval. See R.
        & R. Regarding Class Action Settlement at 85 (“[C]ourts rightly
        consider the value of injunctive and monetary relief in assessing
        whether a class action settlement provides sufficient relief to the
        class.” (emphasis in original)). After examining “the dollar amount
        of the settlement . . . through the prisms of potential recovery and
        the value of the injunctive relief,” the R&R found that the Settle-
        ment as a whole constituted an “excellent” result for the Class and,
        therefore, that the Settlement was “fair, reasonable, and adequate”
        under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e)(2).
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        12                     Opinion of the Court                 22-11232

               Frank objected to the R&R on December 29, 2021. On
        March 17, 2022, the district court overruled Frank’s objection and,
        in a short order, adopted the R&R in full without additional analy-
        sis.
              Frank’s timely appeal followed.
                                         II.

                Questions of the litigants’ standing may be raised at any
        time, and are reviewed de novo. A&M Gerber Chiropractic LLC
        v. GEICO Gen. Ins. Co., 925 F.3d 1205, 1210 (11th Cir. 2019). A
        district court’s decision to approve a class-action settlement is re-
        viewed for abuse of discretion. Johnson v. NPAS Sols., LLC, 975
        F.3d 1244, 1251 n.2 (11th Cir. 2020); Day v. Persels & Assocs., LLC,
        729 F.3d 1309, 1316 (11th Cir. 2013). “A district court abuses its
        discretion if it applies an incorrect legal standard, follows improper
        procedures in making the determination, or makes findings of fact
        that are clearly erroneous.” Chi. Trib. Co. v. Bridgestone/Fire-
        stone, Inc., 263 F.3d 1304, 1309 (11th Cir. 2001). “An error of law
        is an abuse of discretion per se.” Managed Care Advisory Grp.,
        LLC v. CIGNA Healthcare, Inc., 939 F.3d 1145, 1153 (11th Cir.
        2019) (citation omitted).

                                         A.
               We begin, as we must, with the issue of Frank’s standing to
        bring this appeal. See United States v. Amodeo, 916 F.3d 967, 970
        (11th Cir. 2019) (“On every writ of error or appeal, the first and
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        22-11232                Opinion of the Court                        13

        fundamental question is that of jurisdiction, first, of this court, and
        then of the court from which the record comes.” (emphasis in orig-
        inal) (quoting Mansfield, C. & L.M. Ry. Co. v. Swan, 111 U.S. 379,
        382 (1884))). The Named Plaintiffs argue that Frank lacks standing
        for two reasons: (1) he was not actually deceived by RB’s market-
        ing, and only purchased one of the Neuriva Products after he had
        already heard about the lawsuit, and thus has not suffered an “in-
        jury in fact” that is “concrete and particularized”; and (2) even if
        Frank could establish injury-in-fact, his supposed injuries would
        not be redressed by a favorable decision of this Court because the
        Settlement Agreement will provide Frank with a full refund for his
        purchase of one of the Neuriva Products, thus fully compensating
        him.
               To start, we note that the Named Plaintiffs’ “redressability”
        argument is better understood as another flavor of their injury-in-
        fact argument: because the Settlement Agreement will provide
        Frank with a full refund for his purchase, the Named Plaintiffs es-
        sentially contend that Frank cannot show that the district court’s
        approval injured Frank in any way -- if anything, the Settlement
        made Frank better off by giving him his money back. Regardless
        of what label is applied, however, the Named Plaintiffs’ arguments
        that Frank lacks standing because he was not actually deceived by
        RB’s marketing or because the Settlement allows Frank to recover
        the purchase price of one of the Neuriva Products are clearly fore-
        closed by precedent. Frank has established that he is a member of
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        14                      Opinion of the Court                  22-11232

        the Class who would be bound by the judgment, so he has stand-
        ing.
               “Over the years, our cases have established that the irreduc-
        ible constitutional minimum of standing contains three elements”:
        (1) “an ‘injury in fact’”; (2) “a causal connection between the injury
        and the conduct complained of”; and (3) “[a likelihood] that the in-
        jury will be ‘redressed by a favorable decision.’” Lujan v. Defs. of
        Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992) (citations omitted). In Devlin
        v. Scardelletti, the Supreme Court held that nonnamed class mem-
        bers “who have objected in a timely manner to approval of the set-
        tlement at the fairness hearing” have “an interest in the settlement
        that creates a ‘case or controversy’ sufficient to satisfy the constitu-
        tional requirements of injury, causation, and redressability,” and
        thus “have the power to bring an appeal without first intervening.”
        536 U.S. 1, 6-7, 14 (2002) (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 555). In other
        words, an objector’s status as a member of the class who is bound
        by the district court’s judgment is itself enough to provide him or
        her with standing to appeal the district court’s approval of a class-
        wide settlement over his or her objection. See id. “Otherwise, class
        members would be deprived of ‘the power to preserve their own
        interests in a settlement that will ultimately bind them, despite
        their expressed objections before the trial court.’” In re Equifax
        Inc. Customer Data Sec. Breach Litig., 999 F.3d 1247, 1260-61 n.7
        (11th Cir. 2021) (quoting Devlin, 536 U.S. at 10) (holding that
        nonnamed class members who objected to district court approval
        of class-action settlement and who had not opted out had Article
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        22-11232               Opinion of the Court                       15

        III standing to appeal approval), cert. denied sub nom. Huang v.
        Spector, 142 S. Ct. 431 (2021), and cert. denied sub nom. Watkins
        v. Spector, 142 S. Ct. 765 (2022).
               The Named Plaintiffs do not dispute that Frank is a member
        of the Settlement Class -- nor could they. The Settlement defines
        the relevant Class as “[a]ll persons who purchased for personal con-
        sumption and not for resale, one or more of the Neuriva Products,
        from [RB] or an authorized reseller, in the United States, between
        the dates of January 1, 2019 and the date of Preliminary Approval
        of the Settlement by the Court.” In voluminous affidavits filed
        with the district court, Frank explained that he purchased a 30-
        count bottle of Neuriva Original from Amazon for personal use for
        $21.95 prior to the date of preliminary approval of the Settlement,
        on February 2, 2021. By definition, the Settlement does not impose
        any requirement that a purchaser have actually or subjectively
        been deceived upon purchasing Neuriva products to be a member
        of the Class. So Frank is a “member of the [C]lass bound by the
        judgment,” regardless of whether he was actually deceived by RB’s
        advertising. Devlin, 536 U.S. at 7; Berni v. Barilla S.p.A., 964 F.3d
        141, 145-46 (2d Cir. 2020) (citing Devlin, 536 U.S. at 6-7) (holding
        that objector to approval of class settlement for deceptive advertis-
        ing claims had standing to appeal because he was a member of the
        class despite admitting that he was not deceived by defendant’s
        packaging).
              Frank was injured by the district court’s approval of the Set-
        tlement because the Settlement releases any potential claims he has
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        16                     Opinion of the Court               22-11232

        against RB based on misleading labeling of the Neuriva Products.
        Thus, he will be precluded from seeking other forms of relief, such
        as those that were sought in the operative complaint but not in-
        cluded in the Settlement Agreement (e.g., pre- and post-judgment
        interest). And a favorable resolution of this appeal would obvi-
        ously provide Frank with relief by vacating the district court’s ap-
        proval of the Settlement Agreement. See Berni, 964 F.3d at 145-46
        (“Once he established that he was a member of the class, he needed
        to do no more in order to proceed with his objection. For the same
        reason, he need do no more now to proceed with his appeal before
        this Court.”). Frank has standing to pursue this appeal.
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        22-11232                Opinion of the Court                          17

                                           B.
               We turn now to the principal issue raised by this appeal:
        whether the district court abused its discretion when it approved
        the parties’ Settlement Agreement as “fair, reasonable, and ade-
        quate” under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e)(2). Frank ar-
        gues that the district court erred by overestimating the value of the
        Settlement’s monetary and injunctive relief to Class members,
        thereby approving an Agreement that awarded a disproportion-
        ately high amount in attorneys’ fees and costs at the expense of the
        Class.
                We agree that the district court’s assessment of whether the
        Settlement was fair, reasonable, and adequate was flawed, but for
        a different and more basic reason. The Named Plaintiffs have failed
        to allege any continuing or “imminent” harm in connection with
        their past purchases of the Neuriva Products; thus, they lack stand-
        ing to pursue the injunctive relief awarded by the Settlement, and
        the district court lacked the power to grant that relief. The upshot
        of this jurisdictional defect is that the district court’s approval order
        must be set aside: because the value of the Settlement’s injunctive
        relief formed an integral part of the district court’s calculus of its
        overall fairness, the court’s approval of the Settlement was prem-
        ised on a legal error and, as a result, was necessarily an abuse of
        discretion.
                                           1.
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        18                      Opinion of the Court                 22-11232

                Article III limits federal courts to deciding “Cases” and “Con-
        troversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, § 2. Consequently, a plaintiff must
        demonstrate that he or she has “[s]tanding to sue,” Spokeo, Inc. v.
        Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338 (2016), “throughout all stages of litiga-
        tion,” Amodeo, 916 F.3d at 971 (citation omitted). This generally
        means that the plaintiff must satisfy the three well-established re-
        quirements discussed above: injury-in-fact, causation, and redress-
        ability. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560-61. And “because injunctions
        regulate future conduct, a party has standing to seek injunctive re-
        lief” only if his injury in fact is “a real and immediate -- as opposed
        to a merely conjectural or hypothetical -- threat of future injury.”
        Shotz v. Cates, 256 F.3d 1077, 1081 (11th Cir. 2001) (emphasis in
        original) (alteration adopted) (citation omitted).
               This is true even if a plaintiff also seeks monetary relief for
        past harm. As the Supreme Court has held, “a plaintiff must
        ‘demonstrate standing separately for each form of relief sought.’”
        TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 141 S. Ct. 2190, 2210 (2021) (quoting
        Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw, 528 U.S. 167, 185 (2000)). Thus,
        even if a plaintiff can establish standing to pursue separate claims
        for monetary relief based on allegations of past harm, before a
        court may grant that plaintiff injunctive relief, the plaintiff must
        separately establish a threat of “real and immediate,” as opposed to
        “conjectural or hypothetical,” future injury. City of Los Angeles v.
        Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 102, 105 (1983); cf. also TransUnion, 141 S. Ct.
        at 2210 (“[A] plaintiff’s standing to seek injunctive relief does not
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        22-11232                 Opinion of the Court                          19

        necessarily mean that the plaintiff has standing to seek retrospec-
        tive damages.”).
               These principles apply with no less force in the class-action
        context. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 357 (1996) (“That a suit
        may be a class action . . . adds nothing to the question of standing,
        for even named plaintiffs who represent a class must allege and
        show that they personally have been injured, not that injury has
        been suffered by other, unidentified members of the class to which
        they belong and which they purport to represent.” (quotation
        marks and citation omitted)). “Thus, it is well-settled that prior to
        the certification of a class, and technically speaking before under-
        taking any formal typicality or commonality review, the district
        court must determine that at least one named class representative
        has Article III standing to raise each class subclaim.” Prado-
        Steiman ex rel. Prado v. Bush, 221 F.3d 1266, 1279 (11th Cir. 2000).
                Here, the district court did not assure itself of the Named
        Plaintiffs’ standing to seek injunctive relief before approving the
        parties’ Settlement Agreement, a requirement that it was obliged
        to satisfy before finally signing off on the case. See Frank v. Gaos,
        139 S. Ct. 1041, 1046 (2019) (holding that federal courts’ “obligation
        to assure [them]selves of litigants’ standing under Article III. . . .
        extends to court approval of proposed class action settlements.”).
        Though Frank has not raised this issue on appeal, the obligation to
        ensure that the Named Plaintiffs had standing in the district court
        remains in this Court. Univ. of S. Ala. v. Am. Tobacco Co., 168
        F.3d 405, 410 (11th Cir. 1999) (“[I]t is well settled that a federal court
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        20                      Opinion of the Court                  22-11232

        is obligated to inquire into subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte
        whenever it may be lacking. . . . [A]n appellate federal court must
        satisfy itself not only of its own jurisdiction, but also of that of the
        lower courts in a cause under review.” (quotation marks and cita-
        tion omitted)).

                It is apparent that the Named Plaintiffs lack Article III stand-
        ing to pursue their claims against RB for injunctive relief. The mo-
        vant’s burden of proof at the class-certification stage is unclear. See
        1 William B. Rubenstein, Newberg & Rubenstein on Class Actions
        § 7:21 (6th ed. 2022). For purposes of this appeal, we assume with-
        out deciding that the applicable standard is a pleading standard. See
        Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561 (“At the pleading stage, general factual alle-
        gations of injury resulting from the defendant’s conduct may suf-
        fice [to establish standing], for on a motion to dismiss we presum[e]
        that general allegations embrace those specific facts that are neces-
        sary to support the claim.” (second alteration in original) (quota-
        tion marks and citation omitted)). The Named Plaintiffs fail to sat-
        isfy even that low burden. The complaint alleges only past harm
        as a result of RB’s misrepresentations; the Named Plaintiffs allege
        that they purchased Neuriva Products because they saw RB’s mis-
        leading representations regarding the Neuriva Products and their
        ingredients, and suffered economic injury as a result. But “[t]he
        fact that [the Named Plaintiffs] may have been injured by [RB’s
        misleading statements and omissions] in the past . . . cannot be suf-
        ficient to establish an injury in fact that would support injunctive
        relief.” Duty Free Ams., Inc. v. Estée Lauder Cos., 797 F.3d 1248,
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        22-11232                Opinion of the Court                        21

        1271-72 (11th Cir. 2015). The Named Plaintiffs also must allege
        some “lasting impact or likely future injury.” Id. at 1272. On this
        front, all the Named Plaintiffs offer is an allegation that they
        “would like to purchase Defendants’ products if they truly im-
        proved brain performance,” but are “unable to rely on Defendants’
        representations regarding the effectiveness of Defendants’ prod-
        ucts in deciding whether to purchase Defendants’ products in the
        future.” This is plainly insufficient to establish a threat of imminent
        or actual harm.

               We need look no further than the Supreme Court’s seminal
        decision in Lujan to see why. There, a group of environmental
        organizations challenged a Department of the Interior regulation
        that interpreted certain provisions of the Endangered Species Act
        to apply only to government actions taken domestically or on the
        high seas. 504 U.S. at 558-59. On summary judgment, the plaintiffs
        attempted to establish their standing to seek injunctive relief by
        submitting affidavits from several of their members stating that the
        agency’s rule would harm them prospectively because it would “in-
        creas[e] the rate of extinction of endangered and threatened spe-
        cies” that those members hoped to one day see. Id. at 562-63. For
        instance, one member stated that she had previously observed the
        habitat of the endangered Nile crocodile in Egypt, and that she “in-
        tend[ed] to do so again, and hope[d] to observe the crocodile di-
        rectly.” Id. at 563. Another member said in an affidavit and again
        at deposition that she had previously observed an endangered spe-
        cies habitat in Sri Lanka, and that she “intend[ed] to return to Sri
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        22                      Opinion of the Court                 22-11232

        Lanka in the future” and “hope[d]” to spot the species then, but had
        no current plans to return. Id. at 563-64.

               The Supreme Court held that the plaintiffs’ averments were
        insufficient to confer on them standing because they “contain[ed]
        no facts . . . showing how damage to the species will produce ‘im-
        minent’ injury to [the plaintiffs].” Id. at 564. The Court explained
        that the affiants’ past visits to species’ habitats were not enough be-
        cause “[p]ast exposure to illegal conduct does not in itself show a
        present case or controversy regarding injunctive relief . . . if unac-
        companied by any continuing, present adverse effects.” Id. (quot-
        ing Lyons, 461 U.S. at 102). And the members’ “profession of an
        ‘intent’ to return to the places they had visited before” was insuffi-
        cient because “[s]uch ‘some day’ intentions -- without any descrip-
        tion of concrete plans, or indeed even any specification of when the
        some day will be -- do not support a finding of the ‘actual or immi-
        nent’ injury that our cases require.” Id. (emphasis in original)
        (cleaned up).
               The same is true in this case. The allegations that the
        Named Plaintiffs previously purchased Neuriva Products do not
        “in [themselves] show a present case or controversy regarding in-
        junctive relief,” and the complaint does not allege any “continuing,
        present adverse effects” associated with prior purchases of the Neu-
        riva Products. Id. Nor do the Named Plaintiffs provide “any de-
        scription of concrete plans” to purchase the Neuriva Products again
        in the future. Id. Allegations that the Named Plaintiffs “would
        like” to purchase RB’s products at some undefined point in the
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        22-11232                Opinion of the Court                        23

        future, much like the Lujan affiants’ statements that they “in-
        tend[ed]” to return to the species’ habitats or “hope[d]” to spot the
        species themselves someday, without more, “do not support a find-
        ing of the ‘actual or imminent’ injury that our cases require.” Id.
                If anything, this case presents an even more remote and at-
        tenuated risk of future harm than in Lujan, because none of the
        Named Plaintiffs have even alleged that they intend to buy the
        Neuriva Products again. The Named Plaintiffs only state that they
        “would like” to purchase products from RB “if” RB develops prod-
        ucts that “truly improve[] brain performance.” The conditional na-
        ture of their allegations compels the conclusion: any alleged harm
        to the Named Plaintiffs is “conjectural [and] hypothetical,” not “ac-
        tual or imminent,” as Article III demands. Id. at 560. Indeed, the
        operative complaint provides every reason to doubt that the
        Named Plaintiffs will ever purchase the Neuriva Products again.
        See Berni, 964 F.3d at 147-48 (holding that past purchaser of decep-
        tively advertised boxes of pasta lacked standing to pursue injunc-
        tive relief on behalf of a class because “there is no reason to believe
        that all, or even most, of the class members -- having suffered the
        harm alleged -- will choose to buy [the product] in the future”). As
        the Named Plaintiffs themselves allege, the Neuriva Products as
        currently constituted are “worthless,” and scientific evidence has
        shown that “it is biochemically impossible for the ingredients [in
        the Neuriva Products] to improve brain performance.” And the
        Named Plaintiffs never allege if or when RB will be able to produce
        any products that actually improve brain performance in line with
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        24                     Opinion of the Court                 22-11232

        their expectations. The only products that the Named Plaintiffs ar-
        guably express any interest in purchasing are products that do not
        yet exist, and may never exist -- a plainly insufficient expression of
        future harm to confer Article III standing. See Duty Free Ams., 797
        F.3d at 1272 (holding that duty free store’s claim that it would suf-
        fer injury if it resumed purchasing products from a vendor that al-
        legedly imposed anticompetitive display space and inventory re-
        strictions as a precondition to purchase did not establish standing
        to pursue injunctive relief because plans to possibly purchase prod-
        ucts in the future could not “be characterized as a ‘concrete’ or ‘ac-
        tual’ injury in fact because, by its very terms, it has not yet oc-
        curred, and indeed may never occur”). The Named Plaintiffs there-
        fore lack Article III standing to pursue prospective injunctive relief
        against RB.
                Trying to resist this conclusion, the Named Plaintiffs invoke
        Davidson v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., a case where the Ninth Circuit
        held that “a previously deceived consumer may have standing to
        seek an injunction against false advertising or labeling, even though
        the consumer now knows or suspects that the advertising was false
        at the time of the original purchase.” 889 F.3d 956, 969 (9th Cir.
        2018). That case was also a putative consumer class action,
        brought by a named plaintiff who had purchased baby wipes. Id.
        at 961. The named plaintiff alleged that the defendant had falsely
        advertised that the wipes would be “flushable,” and sought injunc-
        tive relief requiring changes in the defendant’s marketing. Id. The
        Ninth Circuit concluded that the plaintiff had standing to seek
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        22-11232                Opinion of the Court                         25

        injunctive relief because she had “adequately alleged that she faces
        an imminent or actual threat of future harm caused by Kimberly-
        Clark’s allegedly false advertising,” pointing to allegations that the
        plaintiff “continues to desire to purchase wipes that are suitable for
        disposal in a household toilet,” and “would purchase truly flushable
        wipes manufactured by [Kimberly-Clark] if it were possible.” Id. at
        970-71. The court reasoned that these allegations demonstrated
        harm in the form of an informational injury -- the plaintiff’s “inabil-
        ity to rely on the validity of the information advertised on Kim-
        berly-Clark’s wipes despite her desire to purchase truly flushable
        wipes.” Id. at 971.
                We remain unpersuaded. The Ninth Circuit’s reasoning
        rests on an assumption that the plaintiff will, in fact, try to purchase
        the defendant’s products again in the future, at which point the
        plaintiff will again be deceived by the defendant’s advertising, or at
        least doubt its veracity. See id. at 970. But, in this case, as we’ve
        described, the Named Plaintiffs’ complaint provides us with no ba-
        sis to conclude that they have “actual or imminent” plans to pur-
        chase RB’s products again. Quite the opposite: all indications are
        that the Named Plaintiffs will not purchase the Neuriva Products
        again, given the plethora of false statements allegedly made in RB’s
        advertising and the purportedly “worthless” nature of the Prod-
        ucts. See Berni, 964 F.3d at 147-48. Because the Named Plaintiffs
        do not allege when, if ever, RB might produce a product they
        would be interested in purchasing, their allegations are exactly the
        sort of “‘some day’ intentions . . . without any description of
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        26                     Opinion of the Court                 22-11232

        concrete plans” that the Supreme Court has instructed are insuffi-
        cient to confer Article III standing. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 564.
               Thus, the Named Plaintiffs lack standing; the district court
        was without jurisdiction to grant their requested injunctive relief
        against RB; and, as a result, the district court’s order approving the
        Settlement Agreement must be vacated. See Frank, 139 S. Ct. at
        1046. This is because, as the magistrate judge himself properly rec-
        ognized in his R&R, the decision whether to approve a class-action
        settlement is a holistic one; the various parts of a settlement must
        be considered in concert to determine whether the Settlement as a
        whole provides relief to the Class that is “fair, reasonable, and ade-
        quate.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2); see also Brooks v. Ga. State Bd. of
        Elections, 59 F.3d 1114, 1119-20 (11th Cir. 1995) (“We are not free
        to delete, modify or substitute certain provisions of the settlement.
        The settlement must stand or fall as a whole.” (citation omitted)).
        In other words, the district court’s determination that the Settle-
        ment’s injunctive relief would provide value to the class was inex-
        tricably bound up with its determination that the Settlement in its
        entirety was fair, reasonable, and adequate. Because the district
        court lacked the power to grant this injunctive relief, its determi-
        nation was based on a legal error, and must be set aside as an abuse
        of discretion. See Managed Care, 939 F.3d at 1153.
                                          2.
               In a filing submitted after oral argument, Frank urges us to
        bypass this jurisdictional inquiry, claiming that, even if the Named
        Plaintiffs lack standing to pursue injunctive relief, we need not
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        22-11232                Opinion of the Court                          27

        vacate the district court’s approval of the Settlement Agreement on
        that ground because “the Court still has appellate jurisdiction over
        the complaint as a whole because of the damages claims,” and “[a]
        class settlement may include relief that plaintiffs could not win at
        trial.” But, as we see it, neither of these contentions is convincing.
                First, a plaintiff’s standing to pursue claims for damages does
        not by itself confer the district court with jurisdiction “over the
        complaint as a whole.” As we’ve noted already, the Supreme
        Court has instructed us that federal courts are to assess a plaintiff’s
        standing -- and, by extension, their jurisdiction -- “separately for
        each form of relief sought.” TransUnion, 141 S. Ct. at 2210 (cita-
        tion omitted); see also id. at 2214 (reversing judgment affirming re-
        lief for plaintiffs because plaintiffs lacked standing to obtain some,
        but not all, of the relief granted); see also Frank, 139 S. Ct. at 1046
        (“[F]ederal courts lack jurisdiction if no named plaintiff has stand-
        ing.”).
              Second, to the extent Frank suggests that the district court
        did not need jurisdiction to approve a settlement agreement that
        contained injunctive relief, that argument falls short as well. Citing
        Local No. 93, International Association of Firefighters v. City of
        Cleveland, 478 U.S. 501 (1986), Frank says that “[a] class settlement
        may include relief that plaintiffs could not win at trial.” But this
        reliance on Firefighters elides an important distinction between a
        court’s jurisdiction to entertain a claim or to grant relief, and a
        plaintiff’s substantive right to relief under the particular statute that
        forms the basis of his or her claim.
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        28                     Opinion of the Court                 22-11232

              Firefighters involved the district court’s approval of a con-
        sent decree between the City of Cleveland and a class of Black and
        Hispanic firefighters who were already employed with the City or
        who would apply to be hired by the City in the future, to resolve a
        Title VII suit alleging that the City had discriminated against mi-
        nority firefighters in hiring and work assignments on the basis of
        their race and national origin. 478 U.S. at 504, 509-10. As part of
        the consent decree, the City agreed to use “race-conscious” desig-
        nations in its hiring and promotion practices to ensure a minimum
        number of minority firefighters would be hired for or promoted to
        certain positions. Id. The firefighters’ union objected, arguing that
        the consent decree should not be approved because it would bene-
        fit individuals who had not themselves actually been victims of the
        City’s discriminatory practices. According to the union, this would
        run contrary to § 706(g) of Title VII’s prohibition against entry of
        an “order of the court” requiring “hiring, reinstatement, or promo-
        tion” of an individual who had been denied employment or ad-
        vancement “for any reason other than discrimination on account
        of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” Id. at 513-14 (em-
        phasis omitted) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–5(g)).
                The Supreme Court disagreed with the union and affirmed
        the district court’s approval of the consent decree. Id. at 525. Even
        if § 706(g) would have prevented the plaintiff class from obtaining
        the relief contained in the consent decree following a trial, the
        Court held that the statute did not prohibit the district court from
        granting the relief as part of a consent decree because § 706(g)
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        22-11232               Opinion of the Court                        29

        speaks only of “order[s] of the court,” and “consent decrees are not
        included among the ‘orders’ referred to in [the statute].” Id. at 521.
        Crucially for our purposes, Firefighter’s holding was limited to an
        interpretation of the statutory language of Title VII, id. at 513-14
        n.5; nowhere did the Court purport to authorize district courts to
        enter consent decrees or approve class-action settlements that pro-
        vide relief that the district court lacks the power to grant. To the
        contrary, the Court expressly noted that “a consent decree must
        spring from and serve to resolve a dispute within the court’s sub-
        ject-matter jurisdiction,” id. at 525 (emphasis added), and reiterated
        that district courts are only empowered to enter a consent decree
        “to the extent that [it] is not otherwise shown to be unlawful,” id.
        at 526. Firefighters thus has no bearing on a district court’s “ob-
        ligat[ion] to inquire into subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte
        whenever it may be lacking,” Univ. of S. Ala., 168 F.3d at 410,
        which, again, “extends to court approval of proposed class action
        settlements.” Frank, 139 S. Ct. at 1046; see also Ex parte McCardle,
        74 U.S. (7 Wall.) 506, 514 (1869) (“Without jurisdiction the court
        cannot proceed at all in any cause. Jurisdiction is power to declare
        the law, and when it ceases to exist, the only function remaining to
        the court is that of announcing the fact and dismissing the cause.”).
                Accordingly, we are required to vacate the district court’s
        approval of the Settlement Agreement and remand this case to the
        district court for further proceedings, including analysis of whether
        any settlement agreement entered into by the parties is “fair, rea-
        sonable, and adequate” under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
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        30                      Opinion of the Court                  22-11232

        23(e)(2). Whatever value the Settlement’s injunctive relief pro-
        vided, it may no longer be part of the district court’s calculus -- on
        remand, the court should account only for relief that the Named
        Plaintiffs have standing to pursue and that it has jurisdiction to
        grant when assessing the overall fairness of any settlement (assum-
        ing, of course, that the parties reach a new settlement agreement
        and submit it for the district court’s approval).
                                          C.
               We observe that several other considerations will be rele-
        vant to the district court on remand. We highlight three such con-
        cerns.
                First, it remains our law that at least one class representative
        must establish that he or she has Article III standing to represent
        each claim brought on behalf of a class (or subclass) by showing
        that he or she has “suffer[ed] the same injury as the class members.”
        See Prado-Steiman, 221 F.3d at 1279 (citation omitted). While this
        issue overlaps in some ways with the requirements of commonal-
        ity, typicality, and adequacy set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Pro-
        cedure 23(a), the issues are quite distinct. See Rubenstein, supra,
        at § 2:6 (“The concepts of standing and Rule 23(a) therefore appear
        related as they both aim to measure whether the proper party is
        before the court to tender the issues for litigation. But they are in
        fact independent criteria. They spring from different sources and
        serve different functions.”). The standing requirement arises, of
        course, from Article III’s command that federal courts resolve only
        “Cases” or “Controversies,” and ensures that a plaintiff has “such a
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        22-11232                Opinion of the Court                        31

        personal stake in the outcome of the controversy as to assure that
        concrete adverseness which sharpens the presentation of issues[.]”
        Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 204 (1962). By extension, then, the
        requirement that at least one class representative have standing to
        raise each class claim or subclaim by showing that he or she has
        suffered “the same injury” ensures that the named plaintiffs possess
        the requisite interest in litigating all the absent class members’
        claims. See Prado-Steiman, 221 F.3d at 1279 (“[W]e have repeat-
        edly held that a class representative must be part of the class and
        possess the same interest and suffer the same injury as the class
        members.” (quoting Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147,
        156 (1982)). This requirement must be satisfied before final judg-
        ment is entered in the form of an approval of a class-action settle-
        ment. Frank, 139 S. Ct. at 1046.
                In Prado-Steiman, we considered an appeal from a district
        court’s order granting class certification to a broad class of devel-
        opmentally disabled individuals who had allegedly been deprived
        of benefits to which they were entitled under Florida’s Home and
        Community Based Waiver (HCBW) program. 221 F.3d at 1280.
        We agreed with the defendants that the district court had abused
        its discretion in granting class certification because it had failed to
        resolve whether “at least one named representative of each class or
        subclass ha[d] standing for each proffered class or subclass claim.”
        Id. We also observed that because the class members had not all
        been injured by the same violative conduct, or “bad act[s],” on the
        part of the defendants, the “alleged injuries may be better
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        32                      Opinion of the Court                 22-11232

        addressed through several subclasses rather than one large class.”
        Id. at 1280-81. The complaint alleged that the defendants had failed
        to provide some class members with approved services in a reason-
        ably prompt manner, while allegedly denying other class members’
        claims without due process, and, for still other class members, the
        defendants had allegedly failed to adjudicate claims applications in
        a reasonably prompt manner. Id. at 1281-82. Because it was not
        clear whether any named plaintiff had individual standing to bring
        each of the class or subclass claims, we remanded for the district
        court to resolve fact-specific questions on that issue. Id. at 1280.
               In Fox v. Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co., by contrast, we held that a
        named plaintiff had “class representative standing” to assert claims
        on behalf of a class of persons who had dined at Ritz-Carlton res-
        taurants across Florida, because his alleged injuries and those of the
        absent class members were identical. 977 F.3d 1039, 1047 (11th Cir.
        2020). The named plaintiff had eaten at three Ritz-Carlton restau-
        rants all located at the hotel’s Key Biscayne location, and alleged
        that, each time, the hotel had illegally charged him an automatic
        gratuity and sales tax without sufficiently warning him of the
        charges on the menus or on the faces of the bills, in violation of
        Florida law. Id. at 1043-44. Though the named plaintiff had not
        visited any other Ritz-Carlton locations in Florida, he sought to
        represent a class of individuals who had dined at all of its 49 restau-
        rants throughout the state. Id. We concluded that the named
        plaintiff had standing to raise the absent class members’ claims be-
        cause he had adequately alleged that Ritz-Carlton employed the
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        22-11232                Opinion of the Court                        33

        same deceptive practices at each of its restaurants (i.e., it failed to
        warn customers of the extra charges on the menu or the bill in the
        same manner), and, thus, he and the absent class members had suf-
        fered the “same economic injury.” Id. at 1047. It didn’t matter that
        he and the absent class members had suffered those injuries “on
        different days at different restaurants.” Id.; see also Mills v. Fore-
        most Ins. Co., 511 F.3d 1300, 1302, 1307 (11th Cir. 2008) (holding
        that victims of Hurricane Frances had class representative standing
        to represent victims of other hurricanes that had hit Florida that
        year in suit against insurance company for breach of contract be-
        cause the absent class members’ claims were “identical” to those
        brought by the named plaintiffs).
               Here, there is some question as to whether any Named
        Plaintiff has standing to raise certain claims of misrepresentations
        regarding one of the three Neuriva Products: Neuriva De-Stress.
        None of the Named Plaintiffs alleges that he or she purchased this
        Product. It is true that some of RB’s alleged falsehoods and mis-
        representations are common to all three Neuriva Products, and the
        Named Plaintiffs may well have standing to assert claims based on
        those misrepresentations on behalf of all absent class members --
        even those who only purchased Neuriva De-Stress. After all,
        claims of injury that are based on the same misrepresentations tar-
        get the same conduct by RB, and the “injury suffered” will be iden-
        tical. Prado-Steiman, 221 F.3d at 1281; see also Fox, 977 F.3d at
        1047. Thus, for example, the Named Plaintiffs charge that RB
        falsely advertises that coffee cherry extract -- an ingredient
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        34                      Opinion of the Court                  22-11232

        common to all three Neuriva Products -- has been “clinically
        proven to increase levels of the vital neuroprotein BDNF, known
        to strengthen connections between brain cells.”
                Other claims, however, are based on alleged misrepresenta-
        tions that only apply to Neuriva De-Stress. The complaint alleges,
        for instance, that RB claims that Neuriva De-Stress has been proven
        to benefit “stress reduction” and “relaxation” -- benefits RB does
        not claim for Neuriva Original or Neuriva Plus -- and that one of
        the active ingredients unique to Neuriva De-Stress -- Melon Con-
        centrate -- “is a common source of the potent antioxidant SOD (Su-
        perOxide Dismutase) that is naturally found in the body to fight
        oxidative stress.” The Named Plaintiffs may not have standing to
        raise these claims because they may not have suffered the same in-
        jury related to these alleged misrepresentations as absent class
        members who purchased Neuriva De-Stress. See Prado-Steiman,
        221 F.3d at 1281. The district court should work its way through
        these issues on remand to ensure that at least one Named Plaintiff
        has standing to assert each claim or subclaim on behalf of the class
        prior to approving any class-wide settlement or granting class cer-
        tification. See id. at 1279.
               Which brings us to a second point: on remand, the district
        court should determine whether to certify a class and, if so, enter
        an appropriate certification order before deciding whether to ap-
        prove class-wide relief. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)-(c), (e). The closest
        the district court came to certifying a class in this case was to “pre-
        liminarily” certify a class for the purposes of settlement in its
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        22-11232                Opinion of the Court                          35

        preliminary approval order. Conducting a meaningful analysis of
        whether a specifically defined class or subclass meets Rule 23(a)’s
        requirements of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and ade-
        quacy of representation, as well as Rule 23(b)(3)’s predominance
        and superiority requirements, will ensure that “the named plaintiffs
        have incentives that align with those of absent class members so as
        to assure that the absentees’ interests will be fairly represented.”
        Prado-Steiman, 221 F.3d at 1279 (quoting Baby Neal ex rel. Kanter
        v. Casey, 43 F.3d 48, 57 (3d Cir. 1994)); see also Rubenstein, supra,
        at § 3:29. Given the disparate nature of some of the claimed mis-
        representations regarding Neuriva De-Stress and the other Neuriva
        Products, it may be helpful to divide any eventually certified class
        into different subclasses based on the content of the misrepresen-
        tations by which different class representatives -- and any corre-
        sponding class members -- claim to have been injured. See Prado-
        Steiman, 221 F.3d at 1280-81 (noting that the “disparate” injuries
        suffered by different class members “may be better addressed
        through several subclasses rather than one large class”). We “leave
        the ultimate decision as to what kinds of appropriate subclasses to
        create [, if any,] to the sound discretion of the district court.” Id. at
        1282.
               Finally, the district court should be sure to consider the
        points raised by Frank in this appeal when considering whether any
        settlement agreement is “fair, reasonable, and adequate” under
        Rule 23(e)(2). See Br. for Appellant at 14-37. Thus, the district
        court should consider the impact of Congress’ 2018 amendments
USCA11 Case: 22-11232      Document: 60-1      Date Filed: 04/12/2023     Page: 36 of 36

        36                      Opinion of the Court                 22-11232

        to Rule 23(e)(2)(C) on its analysis of the fairness of a class-action
        settlement, including “the effectiveness” of the settlement’s
        “method of distributing relief to the class,” Fed. R. Civ. P.
        23(e)(2)(C)(ii), and whether the proposed attorneys’ fees are dispro-
        portionately large compared to the amount of relief reasonably ex-
        pected to be provided to the class. See, e.g., Briseño v. Henderson,
        998 F.3d 1014, 1026-27 (9th Cir. 2021) (holding that class settlement
        was not “fair, reasonable, and adequate” because 2018 amend-
        ments to Rule 23 require courts to “scrutiniz[e] the fee arrange-
        ment for potential collusion or unfairness to the class,” and settle-
        ment at issue gave plaintiffs’ counsel a disproportionate distribu-
        tion of the settlement, the parties agreed to a “clear sailing arrange-
        ment,” and the agreement contained a “‘kicker’ or ‘reverter’
        clause”); cf. also Pearson v. NBTY, Inc., 772 F.3d 778, 787 (7th Cir.
        2014) (reversing approval of class-action settlement that provided
        “a meager recovery for the class but generous compensation for
        the lawyers” because it “s[old] out the class,” prior to 2018 amend-
        ments).
               In short, we vacate the Settlement approval by the district
        court and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with
        this opinion.
               VACATED AND REMANDED.