Court Opinion

ID: 4675741
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-08 18:00:54.616763+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:28.151410
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 19-12547          Date Filed: 04/08/2021      Page: 1 of 20

                                                                                 [PUBLISH]

                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                              ________________________

                                    No. 19-12547
                              ________________________

                          D.C. Docket No. 1:17-cv-22462-UU

CIRCUITRONIX, LLC,

                                                      Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross Appellant,

                                            versus

KINWONG ELECTRONIC (HONG KONG) CO., LTD.,
SHENZEN KINWONG ELECTRONIC CO., LTD.,

                                                Defendants-Appellants-Cross Appellees.

                              ________________________

                     Appeals from the United States District Court
                         for the Southern District of Florida
                             _______________________

                                       (April 8, 2021)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judge, and SELF,*
District Judge.

WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge:

       *
        Honorable Tilman Eugene Self III, United States District Judge for the Middle District
of Georgia, sitting by designation.
          USCA11 Case: 19-12547       Date Filed: 04/08/2021     Page: 2 of 20

      These appeals raise a preliminary issue of civil procedure and three issues

about the merits of a breach-of-contract action between a manufacturer and a

distributor. A jury found that the manufacturer breached its duty to sell its products

to certain customers exclusively through the distributor. The manufacturer appeals

the denial of a directed verdict as to the status of two customers under the contract.

The distributor cross-appeals a ruling that invalidated the contract’s liquidated-

damages clause and a ruling that prevented it from pursuing lost-profit damages.

The parties dispute if we may consider the directed-verdict issue or if the

manufacturer’s post-trial motion was untimely. The motion was due on a day when

the clerk’s office was closed by court order, but the manufacturer could have filed

it electronically. We conclude that, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 6, the

closure of the clerk’s office renders the office inaccessible and tolls the filing

deadline, which makes the motion timely. Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a)(3). We also agree

with the rulings of the district court on the merits, so we affirm.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

      The Shenzhen Kinwong Electronic Company is a Chinese manufacturer of

printed circuit boards. These boards are used in electronic devices to connect

electronic components. It uses a Hong Kong-based subsidiary, Kinwong Electronic

(Hong Kong) Company, Limited, to sell its products. Around 2005, the two

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companies—collectively known as Kinwong—sought to expand their sales beyond

Asia but had trouble breaking into other markets.

      To expand its reach, Kinwong in 2005 entered into a contract with

Circuitronix, LLC, a Florida-based distributor that resells printed circuit boards.

The contract gave Circuitronix the exclusive right to sell Kinwong’s products to

customers that Circuitronix recruited. It obligated Kinwong to fulfill orders that

Circuitronix generated, and it specified the terms of those sales. It also barred

Kinwong from doing business, directly or indirectly, with customers that Kinwong

obtained through Circuitronix.

      Circuitronix primarily obtained orders from electronic-manufacturing-

services companies. Those companies incorporate printed circuit boards into

products that they manufacture for other companies. For example, Circuitronix

sold Kinwong’s boards to the Kimball Electronics Corporation, and Kimball in

turn used the boards to make products for its client companies.

      In 2010, the parties modified their relationship through a settlement

agreement. The modification became necessary after Circuitronix asserted that

Kinwong had violated the exclusivity requirement of the original agreement, such

as by selling boards to the end-clients of Kimball. The settlement agreement

superseded and replaced the original agreement to the extent the two documents

conflicted, but the original agreement otherwise remained in effect.

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      The settlement agreement contained a “Covenant Not to Circumvent,” which

codified the exclusivity requirement for companies listed on a Schedule A.

Kinwong promised in the covenant that, for entities listed on Schedule A, it would

not “directly or indirectly [negotiate or transact with] . . . any entity listed on

Schedule A, except through Circuitronix” or “circumvent, attempt to circumvent,

avoid, or by-pass Circuitronix in any way” “[u]ntil May 24, 2012 or . . . for two (2)

years from the date of the last purchase order filled by Kinwong from that

particular entity, whichever comes later.” It also affirmed that, “with respect to

Kimball,” it would not “circumvent the intents and purposes of this Agreement by

selling its products to those of Kimball’s customers [for] whom Circuitronix is

selling Kinwong’s product to Kimball so that Kimball will be able to satisfy its

customer’s requirements.”

      The settlement agreement also added a liquidated-damages clause. This

clause applied to breaches of specified provisions of the agreement, including the

covenant. The parties agreed that it would be “extremely difficult” to determine

actual damages if Kinwong were to breach the covenant and that the relationships

between Circuitronix and the Schedule A companies were worth millions of dollars

to Circuitronix. They decided that Kinwong would need to pay $2 million in

liquidated damages for each breach that it caused.

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         The covenant and the liquidated-damages clause became important when

Circuitronix sued Kinwong in 2017. Circuitronix invoked the jurisdiction of the

district court based on diversity of citizenship. 28 U.S.C. § 1332. It alleged that

Kinwong “repeatedly and systematically” breached the covenant. It pleaded claims

of breach of contract and unjust enrichment. The district court dismissed the claims

of unjust enrichment but permitted the breach-of-contract claims to proceed to

trial.

         Before trial, the district court placed limits on the kinds of damages that

Circuitronix could seek. Circuitronix had planned to seek liquidated damages or, in

the alternative, lost-profit damages. But the district court granted Kinwong partial

summary judgment as to the unenforceability of the liquidated-damages clause.

And it granted Kinwong’s motion in limine to bar Circuitronix from seeking lost-

profit damages. The district court explained that it was required to bar lost-profit

damages because Circuitronix had failed to disclose its computation of those

damages, and the failure was neither substantially justified nor harmless. It twice

revisited the issue of lost-profit damages, and it twice reaffirmed its ruling.

         The district court held a nine-day jury trial in 2019. During trial, Kinwong

moved under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 50(a) for a directed verdict as to the

status of two of its customers. Fed. R. Civ. P. 50. The operative Schedule A

identified the Lear Corporation as a client that Circuitronix recruited for Kinwong,

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and it specified that Lear purchased Kinwong’s products on behalf of General

Motors and Nissan. Circuitronix argued that Kinwong breached the covenant not to

circumvent when it sold products to General Motors and Nissan directly. Kinwong

sought a directed verdict that, as a matter of contract interpretation, General

Motors and Nissan fell outside the ambit of the covenant. The district court

reserved its ruling during trial.

      The jury found for Circuitronix. It awarded Circuitronix just over $1 million

in compensatory damages. These damages reflect the out-of-pocket losses that

Circuitronix sustained because of Kinwong’s breaches.

      After the trial concluded, the district court denied Kinwong’s motion for a

directed verdict. It concluded that Kinwong’s proposed reading of the covenant

was incorrect. So it entered judgment for Circuitronix on June 6.

      Under Rule 50(b), Kinwong had 28 days after the entry of judgment to

renew its motion. Id. R. 50(b). Because this clock ran to Thursday, July 4, a legal

holiday, Kinwong’s deadline automatically tolled to July 5. See id. R. 6(a)(1), (6).

But Kinwong did not file its renewed motion until Monday, July 8.

      Circuitronix argued that this motion was untimely. Kinwong responded that,

because the clerk’s office was closed on Friday, July 5, its deadline tolled to July 8

and made its filing timely. See id. R. 6(a)(3) (ordinarily extending the deadline for

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filing “if the clerk’s office is inaccessible . . . on the last day for filing under Rule

6(a)(1)”).

       The district court denied Kinwong’s renewed motion. It did not address the

issue of timeliness. Instead, it reiterated that Kinwong’s motion failed as a matter

of contract interpretation.

                           II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

       We review de novo the interpretation of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure, Mega Life & Health Ins. Co. v. Pieniozek, 585 F.3d 1399, 1403 (11th

Cir. 2009), and of contracts, Tims v. LGE Cmty. Credit Union, 935 F.3d 1228,

1237 (11th Cir. 2019). We also review de novo the denial of a motion for a

directed verdict. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Williams, 824 F.3d 1311, 1315

(11th Cir. 2014). And we review de novo a summary judgment. Strickland v.

Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 692 F.3d 1151, 1154 (11th Cir. 2012). When a district court

imposes discovery sanctions, our review is “sharply limited” to an abuse-of-

discretion standard and “a determination that the findings of the trial court are fully

supported by the record.” Mee Indus. v. Dow Chem. Co., 608 F.3d 1202, 1211

(11th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).

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                                III. DISCUSSION

      We divide our discussion in three parts. We first review the denial of

Kinwong’s motions for a directed verdict. We then consider the enforceability of

liquidated damages. We last address the exclusion of lost-profit damages.

    A. The District Court Did Not Err by Denying Kinwong’s Rule 50 Motions.

      Circuitronix contests both the timeliness of Kinwong’s Rule 50(b) motion

and the merits of its argument. Because Circuitronix preserved its objection about

timeliness, we would not be able to consider Kinwong’s challenge on the merits if

its Rule 50(b) motion were untimely. Rosenberg v. DVI Receivables XIV, LLC, 818

F.3d 1283, 1292 (11th Cir. 2016); see also Escribano v. Travis County, 947 F.3d

265, 271–72 (5th Cir. 2020). We conclude that Kinwong’s filing was timely but

fails on the merits.

                   1. Kinwong’s Rule 50(b) Motion Was Timely.
      If a party makes an unsuccessful Rule 50(a) motion during trial, it must file a

Rule 50(b) motion to preserve the issue for appeal. Unitherm Food Sys., Inc. v.

Swift-Eckrich, Inc., 546 U.S. 394, 401 (2006). It has 28 days after the entry of

judgment to file this renewed motion. Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(b). The district court may

not extend the 28-day window. Id. R. 6(b)(2). But Rule 6 automatically extends the

filing deadline in a few circumstances. For example, the last day of Kinwong’s 28-

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day window fell on Thursday, July 4, 2019—a legal holiday—so Rule 6 tolled its

deadline at least to July 5. Id. R. 6(a)(1)(C), (a)(6)(A).

       The question here is whether the closure of a courthouse tolls the filing

deadline. Rule 6 establishes that “[u]nless the court orders otherwise, if the clerk’s

office is inaccessible . . . on the last day for filing . . . , then the time for filing is

extended to the first accessible day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal

holiday.” Id. R. 6(a)(3)(A). The Chief Judge of the Southern District of Florida had

designated July 5 as a holiday such that “the Court will be closed.” The timeliness

of Kinwong’s Rule 50(b) motion—filed on Monday, July 8—depends on whether

the closure of the courthouse made the clerk’s office inaccessible.

       We conclude that the closure of the courthouse—and with it, the physical

closure of the clerk’s office—made the clerk’s office inaccessible for purposes of

Rule 6(a)(3)(A). As we have explained in another context, “[o]fficial closure of the

[c]lerk’s office for any reason makes that office ‘inaccessible.’” Chao Lin v. U.S.

Att’y Gen., 677 F.3d 1043, 1045 (11th Cir. 2012) (interpreting Federal Rule of

Appellate Procedure 26(a)). This rule distinguishes official closure from

inaccessibility that arises while the clerk’s office remains physically open—where

the office is open but difficult to access, we require proof of extenuating

circumstances. Id. at 1045–46.

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      We reject the argument that the clerk’s office remained accessible on July 5

because Kinwong could have filed its motion electronically. Rule 6 refers to the

clerk’s physical office. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(a)(4)(B) (tying deadlines for non-

electronic filing to “when the clerk’s office is scheduled to close”). The clerk’s

office is inaccessible when its building is officially closed or otherwise

unavailable, even if the parties are still able to submit filings electronically, see id.

R. 6, advisory committee’s note to 2009 amendment; Chao Lin, 677 F.3d at 1045–

46, or through other means, Keyser v. Sacramento City Unified Sch. Dist., 265 F.3d

741, 747 (9th Cir. 2001).

      Circuitronix responds that other aspects of the Federal Rules support its

interpretation of accessibility, but we do not see how. True, “an outage of the

electronic filing system” is sufficient to make the clerk’s office inaccessible. Fed.

R. Civ. P. 6, advisory committee’s note to 2009 amendment. But we know that

other problems, including weather, remain independent triggers of inaccessibility.

Id. So an outage is not a necessary condition of inaccessibility. Nor does a recent

amendment to Rule 5—making electronic filing ordinarily mandatory for

represented parties, id. R. 5(d)(3)(A)—limit the scope of inaccessibility under Rule

6. We presume that a change to one provision does not impliedly amend another

provision, see Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: The

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Interpretation of Legal Texts § 55, at 327–28 (2012), and nothing displaces that

presumption here. Kinwong’s Rule 50(b) motion was timely.

                   2. Kinwong’s Rule 50 Motions Are Meritless.

      Because we can reach the merits of Kinwong’s Rule 50 motions, we must

decide a question of contract interpretation. This diversity suit is governed by

Florida law, so we follow the Florida rules for contract interpretation. Florida

courts interpret contract provisions based on their plain meaning in the light of the

entire contract. Kel Homes, LLC v. Burris, 933 So. 2d 699, 702 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.

2006); Moore v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 916 So. 2d 871, 875 (Fla. Dist. Ct.

App. 2005).

      The question for us is whether the following covenant not to circumvent

barred Kinwong from selling its products to General Motors and Nissan directly:

      Covenant Not to Circumvent Until May 24, 2012 or, with respect to
      any particular entity listed on Schedule “A,” for two (2) years from the
      date of the last purchase order filled by Kinwong from that particular
      entity, whichever comes later, Kinwong . . . shall not directly or
      indirectly commence negotiations to enter into any type of business
      transaction, or enter into any type of business transaction, with any
      entity listed on Schedule A, except through Circuitronix, nor shall
      Kinwong circumvent, attempt to circumvent, avoid, or by-pass
      Circuitronix in any way. . . .

The operative Schedule A, adopted in 2013, lists several companies that

Circuitronix recruited for Kinwong, to which Kinwong could sell products only

through Circuitronix. It listed Lear as one such company:

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      B) Lear: All Locations shown [on Lear’s website] and Automotive
      companies who we have existing projects for:

             1. GM
             2. Nissan
             3. Leoni

      The parties disagree about the effect of listing General Motors and Nissan as

Lear’s customers. They agree that this addition makes those companies “entit[ies]

listed on Schedule A.” But they disagree as to whether Kinwong could deal with

General Motors and Nissan directly.

      The parties assume that this question turns on the meaning of the word

“from” in the covenant. Because the covenant in relevant part runs for two years

“from the date of the last purchase order filled by Kinwong from [a covered]

entity,” a first purchase order is necessary to trigger the protection. In Kinwong’s

view, Circuitronix must have placed an order “directly from” General Motors and

Nissan to be able to regulate Kinwong’s relationships with those companies. In

Circuitronix’s view, the triggering order could have come “directly or indirectly

from” General Motors and Nissan—that is, through Lear.

      We agree with Circuitronix that Kinwong breached the covenant through its

sales to General Motors and Nissan, but for a different reason. Whether or not the

indirect relationships that Circuitronix has with General Motors and Nissan are

protected by the covenant, no one disputes that the direct relationship between

Circuitronix and Lear is protected. So Kinwong could not “circumvent, attempt to

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circumvent, avoid, or by-pass” the relationship between Circuitronix and Lear “in

any way.” Kinwong violated this restriction when it sold products to General

Motors and Nissan—two end-clients of Lear—without going through Lear. See

Circumvent, Webster’s New International Dictionary (3d ed. 1993) (“to go around

. . . or bypass without going through”; “to overcome or avoid the intent, effect, or

force of”).

         Our reading is confirmed by language in the covenant about the Kimball

Electronics Corporation. The covenant established that Kinwong could not

circumvent the relationship between Circuitronix and Kimball by selling its

products to Kimball’s end-clients. Kinwong argues that, because the covenant

specified this prohibition as to Kimball but not to Lear, it was free to sell to Lear’s

end-clients. Although we ordinarily try to avoid surplusage, in this instance we

“prefer ordinary meaning to an unusual meaning that w[ould] avoid surplusage.”

Scalia & Garner, Reading Law § 26, at 176. In context, the specific prohibition of

circumventing the relationship between Circuitronix and Kimball in a particular

way is redundant with the general prohibition on circumventing Circuitronix’s

exclusive relationships “in any way.” And the specific prohibition proves that the

parties understood that a sale to end-clients was one way that circumvention could

occur.

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    B. The District Court Did Not Err When It Ruled the Liquidated-Damages
                              Clause Unenforceable.

      Circuitronix cross-appeals the partial summary judgment in favor of

Kinwong on the issue of liquidated damages. It contends that the liquidated-

damages clause in the settlement agreement is enforceable. We disagree.

      Under Florida law, a liquidated-damages clause is enforceable only if two

conditions are satisfied. First, at the time the parties executed their contract, the

actual damages that would follow from a breach must not have been readily

ascertainable. Lefemine v. Baron, 573 So. 2d 326, 328–29 (Fla. 1991). And second,

the stipulated damages must not be “so grossly disproportionate to any damages

that might [have] reasonably [been] expected to follow from a breach as to show

that the parties could have intended only to induce full performance, rather than to

liquidate their damages.” Id. at 328. If it is unclear whether “a provision for

payment of an arbitrary sum” is a penalty or genuine liquidated damages, then

Florida courts tend to construe the provision as an unenforceable penalty. T.A.S.

Heavy Equip. v. Delint, Inc., 532 So. 2d 23, 25 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1988).

      We need not consider the first condition because it is clear that the second

condition is not satisfied. The question of disproportionality operates as a proxy for

the parties’ intentions at the time of contracting, so we ask what damages could

have reasonably been expected at that point. See Hyman v. Cohen, 73 So. 2d 393,

401 (Fla. 1954) (en banc). Here, the parties set liquidated damages at $2 million for

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each breach of the covenant not to circumvent, among other provisions. That sum

well exceeds the actual damages that might have been expected from any

individual breach. The owner of Circuitronix acknowledged that Kinwong would

owe liquidated damages if it sold $10,000 of printed circuited boards to a

distributor which then resold the boards to a customer covered by the covenant.

And most of the allegedly breaching sales involved much less than $10,000. We

grant that the value of the sales is not the full measure of damages; Kinwong’s

breaches affected Circuitronix’s relationships with its customers and its access to

future business opportunities. Cf. Lawyers Title Ins. Corp. v. Dearborn Title Corp.,

118 F.3d 1157, 1161 (7th Cir. 1997). But however much value we could ascribe to

“goodwill” or “relationship building,” the parties were doing only about $3 million

of total business each year when they adopted the liquidated-damages clause—five

years into their contractual relationship. So $2 million a breach was grossly

disproportionate to the foreseeable actual damages, and the disproportionality

amounts to an unenforceable penalty.

      We are unpersuaded by Circuitronix’s counterarguments. It first tries to

narrow the meaning of “breach.” In its view, multiple “breaching acts”—the

individual sales—constitute only one breach when they relate to the same project

or customer. This reading belies the plain meaning of a breach—that it occurs

whenever there is a violation of a contract. Breach, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th

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ed. 2019). And it finds no support in the parties’ agreements. Circuitronix points

out that the covenant discusses breaches in terms of business “transaction[s],” but

that term does not by itself limit the scope of a breach. Discrete sales can be

separate transactions even if they are part of a larger project or for the same

customer. Transaction, Webster’s New International Dictionary (3d ed. 1993) (“an

act, process, or instance of transacting”). We have no reason to depart from the

ordinary meaning of a breach.

      Circuitronix argues, in the alternative, that the district court should have

found a way to sever impermissible applications of the liquidated-damages clause

from the rest of the clause. True, the settlement agreement included a severability

clause. But the liquidated-damages clause here is not divisible, so it is unlike a

severable clause that sets different amounts of liquidated damages for different

kinds of breaches. Cf. Secrist v. Nat’l Serv. Indus., Inc., 395 So. 2d 1280, 1282–83

(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1981). Indeed, Circuitronix does not propose any terms that

might be severable. Instead, it seems to suggest that the district court should have

evaluated the proportionality of each breach on a case-by-case basis. Severability

does not work that way. See Shotts v. OP Winter Haven, Inc., 86 So. 3d 456, 459

(Fla. 2011). And, again, we are concerned with the parties’ intent at the time of

contracting, so a post hoc assessment of proportionality would be beside the point.

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   C. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Excluding Lost-Profit
                                    Damages.

      Circuitronix also cross-appeals the district court’s refusal to allow it to seek

lost-profit damages. The district court excluded lost-profit damages because

Circuitronix failed to disclose its computation of those damages. Rule 26 requires a

party to include in its initial discovery disclosures “a computation of each category

of damages claimed” and to supplement those disclosures promptly if they are

incomplete or incorrect. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1)(A)(iii), (e)(1)(A).

      Rule 37(c)(1) prescribes sanctions for failure to comply with these

disclosure rules:

      If a party fails to provide information . . . as required by Rule 26(a) or
      (e), the party is not allowed to use that information . . . unless the failure
      was substantially justified or is harmless. In addition to or instead of
      this sanction, the court, on motion and after giving an opportunity to be
      heard:

             (A) may order payment of the reasonable expenses, including
                 attorney’s fees, caused by the failure;
             (B) may inform the jury of the party’s failure; and
             (C) may impose other appropriate sanctions, including any of
                 the orders listed in Rule 37(b)(2)(A)(i)–(vi).

Id. R. 37(c)(1). The district court concluded that Circuitronix’s failure was neither

substantially justified nor harmless and that exclusion was mandatory absent one of

those two mitigating circumstances.

      Circuitronix does not dispute that its failure to disclose its computations of

lost profits was unjustified, but it argues that the district court abused its discretion

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when it concluded that the failure was not harmless. In its view, its omission was

harmless because Kinwong could have done the computations itself. Circuitronix

had disclosed how it planned to do the computations—“the simple mathematical

formula of Kinwong’s sales revenue multiplied by [Circuitronix’s] profit

margin”—and Kinwong had access to the underlying numbers.

      We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion on this issue.

Although we have not settled the meaning of harmlessness under Rule 37 and, in

particular, its relationship to prejudice, we need not do so here. Cf. Taylor v.

Mentor Worldwide LLC, 940 F.3d 582, 603 (11th Cir. 2019) (J. Carnes, J.,

concurring specially) (finding support for a reading of Rule 37 that limits

harmlessness to a category narrower than all non-prejudicial omissions); id. at

607–08 & n.4 (Tjoflat, J., dissenting) (same); see also Sommer v. Davis, 317 F.3d

686, 692 (6th Cir. 2003) (distinguishing harmlessness from lack of prejudice for

purposes of Rule 37). We reach our conclusion even if we assume that

harmlessness goes to the broader issue of prejudice. Cf. Crawford v. ITW Food

Equip. Grp., LLC, 977 F.3d 1331, 1342 & n.4 (11th Cir. 2020).

      Circuitronix itself acknowledges that Kinwong suffered some degree of

prejudice. It admits that it never specified how it would calculate its profit margin,

an issue of importance in the calculation of lost-profit damages. Even if

Circuitronix could have created multiple sets of computations to account for the

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possible methods, the ease or complexity of that task is not determinative of

harmlessness. The complexity of damages computations can be evidence that an

omission was harmful, Mee Indus., 608 F.3d at 1222, but so can other problems.

As Kinwong points out, Circuitronix’s failure to disclose hampered Kinwong’s

damages expert from preparing his analysis before trial. Cf. Walter Int’l Prods.,

Inc. v. Salinas, 650 F.3d 1402, 1413 (11th Cir. 2011). The district court did not

abuse its discretion by finding harm.

      Circuitronix also argues that exclusion was too severe a penalty in the

circumstances. It is unclear if Circuitronix views the availability of lesser sanctions

as contingent on its showing of harmlessness or if it believes that the district court

has discretion to impose lesser sanctions even for violations that are unjustified and

not harmless. The former falls with our conclusion about harmlessness, but the

latter might be persuasive: the Second, Sixth, and Seventh Circuits have concluded

that a district court has this discretion. See Design Strategy, Inc. v. Davis, 469 F.3d

284, 298 (2d Cir. 2006); Roberts ex rel. Johnson v. Galen of Va., Inc., 325 F.3d

776, 783–84 (6th Cir. 2003); Dura Auto. Sys. of Ind., Inc. v. CTS Corp., 285 F.3d

609, 615–16 (7th Cir. 2002); see also Taylor, 940 F.3d at 603 (J. Carnes, J.,

concurring specially) (discussing a circuit split on this issue). If they are right, then

the district court committed legal error when it interpreted exclusion to be a

mandatory sanction absent substantial justification or harmlessness, and legal error

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is a per se abuse of discretion. Sec. & Exch. Comm’n v. Marin, 982 F.3d 1341,

1352 (11th Cir. 2020).

      But Circuitronix forfeited the issue of the discretion to impose lesser

sanctions. It never challenged in the district court the assumption that Rule 37(c)(1)

makes exclusion mandatory for violations that are neither substantially justified

nor harmless. “[A]bsent extraordinary circumstances”—and we see none here—we

will not consider “legal theories and arguments not raised squarely before the

district court . . . for the first time on appeal.” Bryant v. Jones, 575 F.3d 1281, 1308

(11th Cir. 2009). Moreover, even if Circuitronix had preserved the issue below, it

has not squarely raised or briefed the issue on appeal. Because Circuitronix

forfeited the issue, we express no opinion on the meaning of Rule 37(c)(1), and “it

follows that the judgment is due to be affirmed.” Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins.

Co., 739 F.3d 678, 680 (11th Cir. 2014).

                                IV. CONCLUSION

      We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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