Court Opinion

ID: 3019483
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:21:05.796112+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:47:16.202495
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   _____________

                                    No. 97-1114
                                   _____________

Klipsch, Inc.,                           *
                                         *
             Appellant,                  *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the Western
                                         * District of Arkansas.
WWR Technology, Inc.,                    *
                                         *
             Appellee.                   *
                                   _____________

                                 Submitted: June 11, 1997
                                     Filed: October 14, 1997
                                  _____________

Before BOWMAN, FLOYD R. GIBSON, and MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD,
      Circuit Judges.
                        _____________

BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

       In exchange for various debt instruments, Klipsch, Inc. sold nearly all of the
assets from its professional loudspeaker business to WWR Technology, Inc. (WWR)
and licensed WWR to use Klipsch's patents and trademarks. As part of the purchase
price, WWR issued a debenture to Klipsch. When Klipsch's attempt to redeem the
debenture from either WWR or WWR's parent company failed, Klipsch brought an
action in district court to collect on the debenture and to replevin collateral under a
Security Agreement covering the assets sold to WWR. After WWR paid Klipsch the
remaining balance on the debenture, the case ultimately was dismissed. On the same
day that Klipsch received payment for the debenture, however, Klipsch filed its
complaint in the present action alleging, among other things, trademark and patent
infringement by WWR. After allowing WWR to amend its complaint to assert an
affirmative defense of res judicata, the District Court granted WWR's motion for
summary judgment, based on the affirmative defenses of res judicata, waiver, and
equitable forfeiture. We reverse.

                                            I.

        In 1992, Klipsch, WWR, and WWR's then-parent company entered into a series
of agreements involving Klipsch's professional loudspeaker business. Besides an Asset
Purchase Agreement, a Security Agreement, and a Manufacturing Agreement, the
parties entered into a Non-Exclusive Patent and Trademark License, Non-Competition
and Right of First Refusal Agreement [hereinafter License Agreement], which granted
various Klipsch licenses to WWR.           The License Agreement was revised by an
August 5, 1994, Extension and Modification Agreement [hereinafter Extension
Agreement] entered into by Klipsch, WWR, and WWR's current parent company,
Concept Technologies Group, Inc. (Concept). The agreement effectively extended the
maturity date of the original debenture and substituted Concept in the place of WWR's
previous parent company in the original agreements. The agreement also provided,
inter alia, that upon default or breach of the substitute debenture, "[t]he licenses shall
automatically terminate, and all rights thereunder shall revert to Klipsch." The
substitute debenture allowed Klipsch the option to require redemption at any time on
or after June 30, 1995, provided prior written notice to Concept was given, and it stated
that Klipsch shall receive periodic payments of interest from Concept. After Klipsch
gave sufficient prior notice of redemption, Concept was unable to redeem the substitute
debenture. Additionally, Concept failed to pay timely the July 1, 1995, interest
payment.

                                           -2-
       In a July 5, 1995, correspondence, Klipsch informed Concept of two
consequences of its failed redemption and late interest payment--Klipsch had a right to
pursue its security interest in the collateral held by WWR, and the licenses granted to
WWR had terminated and reverted to Klipsch. On July 24, 1995, Klipsch filed a
complaint against WWR and Concept, in which Klipsch sought from WWR the assets
that served as collateral pursuant to the Security Agreement and from Concept the
remaining balance of principal and interest on the substitute debenture less any
proceeds realized from disposition of the collateral. WWR paid the remaining balance
on the substitute debenture on August 15, 1995, and after resolving issues of attorney
fees and expenses, the District Court dismissed the case on November 6, 1995.

        August 15, 1995, also marked the date that Klipsch filed its complaint in the
present action, naming only WWR as a defendant and alleging trademark infringement
pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1114 (1994), patent infringement pursuant to 15 U.S.C.
§ 1125(a) (1994), and unfair competition pursuant to both 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a) (1994)
and Indiana state law, in addition to seeking a declaratory judgment that its covenant
not to compete with WWR had expired. Klipsch's right to recover under these various
theories grows from the failure of WWR or Concept to redeem the substitute debenture
and their failure to make a timely interest payment, just as the right to recover did in the
first action. In this action, however, Klipsch focuses not on the failure to redeem itself
or the failure to make a timely interest payment, but on the effect of these failures--
triggering of the License Agreement's automatic termination provision. Klipsch filed
a motion for partial summary judgment on September 17, 1996, and in response WWR
filed a cross-motion for summary judgment on the grounds of res judicata, waiver, and
equitable forfeiture. Not until October 23, 1996, however, six days after the District
Court conducted a hearing on the parties' summary judgment motions, did WWR file
a motion to amend its answer to assert the affirmative defense of res judicata. The
District Court granted the motion to amend WWR's answer on November 7, 1996.
Summary judgment in favor of WWR on the grounds of res judicata, waiver, and
equitable forfeiture was granted on December 19, 1996.

                                            -3-
                                           II.

       Klipsch claims that the District Court erred in: (1) permitting WWR to amend
its answer to assert res judicata, (2) granting summary judgment for WWR, and (3)
denying Klipsch's motion for summary judgment.

                                           III.

       Klipsch argues that the District Court erred in granting WWR's motion to amend
its answer to assert the affirmative defense of res judicata. We review for abuse of
discretion a district court's decision to allow a party to amend an answer. See Corsica
Livestock Sales, Inc. v. Sumitomo Bank, 726 F.2d 374, 377 (8th Cir. 1983). Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that leave to amend pleadings "shall be freely
given when justice so requires." Amendments to pleadings should be allowed with
liberality in the absence of circumstances such as "undue delay, bad faith or dilatory
motive on the part of the movant, . . . undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue
of allowance of the amendment, [or] futility of amendment." Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S.
178, 182 (1962); see Sanders v. Clemco Indus., 823 F.2d 214, 216 (8th Cir. 1987)
(noting that "only limited circumstances justify a court's refusal to grant leave to amend
pleadings"). Having carefully considered all of Klipsch's arguments on this point, we
cannot say that the District Court abused its discretion by granting WWR leave to
amend.

                                           IV.

       The District Court granted summary judgment in favor of WWR on three
alternative grounds, each of which is challenged by Klipsch on appeal. We review de
novo the decision to grant summary judgment. See Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Implant Recipients v. Dow Chemical Co. (In re Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Implants Prods. Liab. Litig.), 113 F.3d 1484, 1492 (8th Cir. 1997). "Summary

                                           -4-
judgment is proper only when, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party, the record presents 'no genuine issue of material fact . . . and the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.'" Id. (quoting Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 56(c)). Likewise, we review de novo a district court's determination
of state law. See Salve Regina College v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225, 231 (1991).
                                          A.

        The District Court, in granting summary judgment in favor of WWR, held that
the affirmative defense of res judicata barred Klipsch from seeking the relief sought in
this second action. Before addressing the District Court's res judicata analysis,
however, we first must settle the choice-of-law question the case presents. In the first
action, the District Court exercised its diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332
(1994). The District Court sat in Arkansas, but pursuant to the parties' Security
Agreement and Extension Agreement the court applied Indiana substantive law.1 In the
second action, confronted with the res judicata issue, the District Court determined that
federal rules of res judicata were applicable because the prior litigation was brought in
federal court. This is not the rule when the prior litigation was brought in federal court
under diversity jurisdiction. When the prior judgment is one entered in a diversity case,
the preclusive effect of the prior judgment is determined by the preclusion rules of the
forum that provided the substantive law underlying that judgment. See Hicks v.
O'Meara, 31 F.3d 744, 746 (8th Cir. 1994). Because Indiana substantive law governed

      1
       The substitute debenture that was the subject of the first action was issued
pursuant to the Extension Agreement, which incorporated a section of the License
Agreement that provides: "This Agreement shall be interpreted and enforced in
accordance with the laws of the State of Indiana." Similarly, the Security Agreement
that was also at issue in the first action states that it "shall be governed by, and
construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of Indiana." The parties' transaction
bore a reasonable relation to both Indiana and Arkansas, and thus the parties could
choose to apply the law of either state. See Ark. Code Ann. § 4-1-105(1) (Michie
Supp. 1995).

                                           -5-
the first action, the District Court should have looked toward the res judicata rules of
Indiana in assessing the preclusive effect of its judgment in that action.

       Res judicata precludes the relitigation of a claim on grounds that were raised or
might have been raised in a prior action. See Town of Flora v. Indiana Serv. Corp., 53
N.E.2d 161, 163 (Ind. 1944); Wedel v. American Elec. Power Serv. Corp., 681 N.E.2d
1122, 1131 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997). Res judicata consists of two preclusion concepts--
issue preclusion and claim preclusion. See, e.g., Wedel, 681 N.E.2d at 1131. The
claim preclusion aspect of res judicata, which is at issue here, provides that "a final
judgment on the merits bars further claims by parties or their privies based on the same
cause of action." Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147 (1979); see Wedel, 681
N.E.2d at 1131. Klipsch argues that the doctrine of res judicata should not bar its
second action because the two suits do not involve the same cause of action.2
Moreover, Klipsch continues, even if the doctrine of res judicata would otherwise be
available, WWR has waived the defense by its acquiescence to the maintenance of two
separate suits.

        We need not pause to consider whether under Indiana law Klipsch's second
lawsuit is merely a repackaging of the same claims presented in its first lawsuit.
Assuming arguendo that the claims in the two actions are the same for res judicata
purposes, we nevertheless agree with Klipsch that because WWR did not object to the
splitting of Klipsch's claims into two different suits, WWR has, through acquiescence,
waived the defense of res judicata.

      2
       Klipsch argues that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 18(a), dealing with
permissive joinder of claims, is the proper tool to analyze whether this second action
can be brought. Because the defense of res judicata was asserted after the District
Court rendered a final judgment on the merits in the prior action, the principles of res
judicata are clearly applicable.

                                          -6-
       According to the Restatement (Second) of Judgments, a claim is not extinguished
pursuant to the general rule against claim splitting "and part or all of the claim subsists
as a possible basis for a second action by the plaintiff against the defendant [when]:
(a) The parties have agreed in terms or in effect that the plaintiff may split his claim,
or the defendant has acquiesced therein." Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 26(1)
(1982). The Comment interpreting this rule sheds light on the idea of acquiescence.

      Where the plaintiff is simultaneously maintaining separate actions based
      upon parts of the same claim, and in neither action does the defendant
      make the objection that another action is pending based on the same
      claim, judgment in one of the actions does not preclude the plaintiff from
      proceeding and obtaining judgment in the other action. The failure of the
      defendant to object to the splitting of the plaintiff's claim is effective as an
      acquiescence in the splitting of the claim.

Restatement (Second) Judgment § 26 cmt. a (1982).

       We apply the Restatement (Second) of Judgments and conclude that WWR
clearly acquiesced to Klipsch's splitting of its claim into two suits. Klipsch filed a
complaint in the first action on July 24, 1995, and it filed a complaint in the present
action on August 15, 1995. Until November 6, 1995, the date the first action was
dismissed, both actions were proceeding simultaneously, and at no time did WWR
object that another action was pending on the same claim. The District Court,
however, declined to follow the Restatement (Second) of Judgments on this issue. The
court noted that it was unaware of any Eighth Circuit decision adopting Restatement
(Second) of Judgments section 26(1)(a), and found that WWR was not under any
affirmative obligation to object to the splitting of the cause of action. The court instead
focused on Klipsch's conduct, and Klipsch's decision to file two suits arising out of the
same factual scenario.

                                            -7-
        The District Court erred in its decision not to follow Restatement (Second) of
Judgments section 26(1)(a). The court should have examined whether Indiana courts,
not the Eighth Circuit, have adopted section 26(1)(a). Like the Eighth Circuit,
however, Indiana courts have neither adopted nor rejected section 26(1)(a). We then
are left to apply our best judgment to the question of whether the Indiana Supreme
Court would adopt the approach taken in section 26(1)(a) if given the opportunity to
do so. We conclude that it is likely it would. Accordingly, the District Court's
observation that Klipsch could have asserted all of its rights against WWR in a single
suit, though correct, is not dispositive. In simultaneous actions, under the approach
reflected in section 26(1)(a) the focus should be on whether the defendant could have
objected to the plaintiff's splitting of his claim. A main purpose of the general rule
against claim splitting "is to protect the defendant from being harassed by repetitive
actions based on the same claim." Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 26 cmt. a; see
also Johnson v. Anderson, 590 N.E.2d 1146, 1150 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992). If a defendant
chooses not to make the objection that another action based on the same claim is
pending, that defendant has waived this protective aspect of res judicata and acquiesces
to the splitting of the claim. See Kern Oil & Ref. Co. v. Tenneco Oil Co., 840 F.2d
730, 735 (9th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 948 (stating that defendant could not
object to claims being split where both actions had been pending in federal court
without objection from defendant and defendant first raised claim-preclusion objection
after judgment in one case); James Wm. Moore et al., Moore's Federal Practice
§ 131.24[1] (3d ed. 1997) ("Acquiescence . . . occurs when a defendant allows two
simultaneous actions on the same claim to proceed without objection").

       On the facts of this case, WWR had ample opportunity to object, prior to the
entry of judgment in Klipsch's first lawsuit, to the splitting of a single claim that WWR
contends resulted from Klipsch's filing of its second lawsuit. Klipsch filed its second
lawsuit on August 15, 1995, and the District Court entered judgment in Klipsch's first
lawsuit approximately three months later, on November 6, 1995. Yet not until
September 17, 1996--more than a year after Klipsch had filed its second lawsuit and

                                          -8-
some nine months after the entry of judgment in the first lawsuit--did WWR raise for
the first time (by way of its response to Klipsch's motion for partial summary judgment)
the suggestion that Klipsch's second lawsuit was barred by the judgment in the earlier
case. WWR's failure to object until after judgment had been entered in the first lawsuit
can only be regarded as acquiescence in the splitting of the claim. We thus hold that
the District Court's judgment in the first action does not preclude Klipsch from
obtaining judgment in the present action. Because of WWR's acquiescence, the
affirmative defense of res judicata is unavailable, and the District Court's grant of
summary judgment in favor of WWR on this ground is improper. Summary judgment
on WWR's res judicata defense should be entered in favor of Klipsch.

                                           B.
      The District Court also granted summary judgment to WWR based on the
affirmative defense of waiver. The parties' License Agreement, as amended by the
Extension Agreement, contains an automatic termination provision which provides that
upon default or breach of the substitute debenture, "[t]he [l]icenses shall automatically
terminate, and all rights thereunder shall revert to Klipsch." The court found that
Klipsch waived its right to enforce the automatic termination provision of the License
Agreement by its prior acceptances of defective performance. Thus, despite the breach
of the substitute debenture, the rights under the License Agreement remained with
WWR, thereby rendering Klipsch's assertions in this action untenable.

        Klipsch advances various arguments as to why the District Court erred in
granting summary judgment to WWR based on the affirmative defense of waiver. First,
Klipsch contends that the agreements' non-waiver clauses prevented it from waiving the
right to enforce the termination provision. Second, even assuming the unenforceability
of the non-waiver clauses, genuine issues of material fact existed as to whether Klipsch
actually waived its right to terminate the License Agreement. Third, any waiver that
may have been previously granted by Klipsch had been sufficiently revoked by the time

                                          -9-
WWR and Concept failed to redeem the substitute debenture. Based on these
arguments, Klipsch concludes that summary judgment on the defense of waiver should
be entered in its favor, or alternatively, the grant of summary judgment in favor of
WWR should be reversed and the matter should be remanded for trial because genuine
issues of material fact exist as to whether Klipsch waived the right to invoke the
automatic termination provision.

      Non-waiver provisions exist in or are incorporated into each of the relevant
agreements. As an example, the non-waiver provision in the License Agreement
provides:

      The waiver by either party of any breach of this Agreement by the other
      party in a particular instance shall not operate as a waiver of subsequent
      breaches of the same or different kind. The failure of either party to
      exercise any rights under this Agreement in a particular instance shall not
      operate as a waiver of such party's right to exercise the same or different
      rights in subsequent instances.

The District Court found that under Indiana law3 the existence of the non-waiver
provisions does not prohibit WWR from asserting the defense of waiver. Klipsch
contends that under Indiana law non-waiver clauses are enforceable, and that in any
event, there is no support for a determination that Klipsch waived its rights under the
non-waiver provision.

      Klipsch relies upon the Indiana Supreme Court's decision in Van Bibber v.
Norris, 419 N.E.2d 115 (Ind. 1981), to support its argument that the non-waiver
provision in the License Agreement prevents WWR from asserting the defense of

      3
       The License Agreement provides that Indiana law shall apply in interpreting and
enforcing the agreement. We agree with the District Court's decision to apply Indiana
law in analyzing the issue of waiver.

                                         -10-
waiver. In Van Bibber, the parties entered into an installment sale security agreement,
which provided for debtor's purchase of a mobile home from seller. During the course
of the agreement, seller's bank accepted numerous late payments from debtor, without
declaring a default. In the sixth year of the security agreement, however, after an
untimely payment, the bank declared a default and repossessed the mobile home. The
trial court found that the bank, through its pattern of accepting late payments, had
waived its right to enforce strict compliance with the terms of the security agreement.
The Indiana Supreme Court reversed, holding that the trial court improperly had
ignored the security agreement's non-waiver clause, which prevented the acceptance
of late payments from acting as a waiver of the bank's right to strictly enforce the terms
of the agreement. See id. at 121.
        We hold that Van Bibber does prevent WWR from successfully asserting its
waiver defense. The District Court noted that "[a] broad interpretation of Van Bibber
would bar WWR's waiver argument," but found "that such a broad interpretation would
be improper." Klipsch, Inc. v. WWR Technology, Inc., No. 95-4076, mem. op. at 13
(W.D. Ark. Dec. 19, 1996). The District Court reasoned that language in Van Bibber
strongly indicated that the Indiana Commercial Code compelled that court's holding,
and that Indiana cases decided since Van Bibber extend its holding only to cases
involving non-waiver clauses in the mortgage context. We believe that the language
in Van Bibber is sufficiently expansive to apply to this case. The late payments relied
upon by WWR to support its waiver argument involved late payments on two notes and
a previous debenture, both of which had been issued by WWR and its prior parent
company as part of the original transaction involving the sale of Klipsch's professional
loudspeaker business. Klipsch did not sell its professional loudspeaker business's
assets to WWR in exchange for a one-time lump sum payment; instead payments were
due on these various instruments at different times, similar to an installment contract.
The specific purpose of the non-waiver clause as stated in Van Bibber, "avoiding the
risk of waiver by notifying the debtor in a contract term that the secured party's
acceptance of late payments cannot be relied on as treating the time provisions as

                                          -11-
modified or waived," seems equally germane to the present case. Van Bibber, 419
N.E.2d at 121. If the parties' License Agreement "is to be truly effective according to
its terms, we must conclude that [Klipsch] did not waive its rights to demand strict
compliance and to pursue its contract and statutory remedies." Id. Additionally, rather
than narrow the breadth of Van Bibber's holding, we believe that subsequently decided
Indiana cases expand the holding. While the District Court and WWR reference a
string of cases applying Van Bibber's holding to cases involving a mortgage, see, e.g.,
First Fed. Sav.& Loan Assoc. v. Stone, 467 N.E.2d 1226, 1232 (Ind. Ct. App. 1984),
there is no authority that the holding is limited to the mortgage or other particular
contexts.
       Moreover, irrespective of the enforceability of the non-waiver clauses, WWR
has not demonstrated a pattern of accepting late payments that would justify a
determination of waiver of the License Agreement's automatic termination provision.
See van de Leuv v. Methodist Hosp., 642 N.E.2d 531, 533 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994)
(stating that party asserting waiver defense has burden of proving that defense). As
evidence of waiver, the District Court referred to several instances, spanning from April
1993 to January 1994, where Klipsch extended the maturity date on the two notes that
had been issued as part of the original transaction involving the sale of Klipsch's assets.
Moreover, the court noted that the Manufacturing Agreement had been extended twice,
lastly as part of the August 5, 1994, Extension Agreement, which also effectively
extended the maturity date of the original debenture by replacing that debenture with
a substitute debenture with a later maturity date. There is no evidence that Klipsch ever
waived any of its rights under the Extension Agreement or the substitute debenture.
See van de Leuv, 642 N.E.2d at 533 ("Waiver is an intentional relinquishment of a
known right involving both knowledge of the existence of the right and the intention to
relinquish it."). The instances of defective performance accepted by Klipsch, the most
recent of which was on August 5, 1994, did not constitute a waiver of Klipsch's right
to invoke the License Agreement's automatic termination provision for a breach of the
substitute debenture. Klipsch arguably may have waived the right to enforce the

                                           -12-
License Agreement's automatic termination provision for late payment on the notes or
the original debenture, but it had never waived its right to enforce strict compliance
with the terms of the substitute debenture. Cf. Farm Equip. Store, Inc. v. White Farm
Equip. Co., 596 N.E.2d 274, 277 (Ind. Ct. App. 1992) (stating that a modification or
waiver of one part of a contract does not result necessarily "in a wholesale waiver or
modification of other . . . provisions in the contract"). To the contrary, a month before
Klipsch's failed redemption attempt, Klipsch sent Concept a notice indicating its
intention to exercise its redemption option.

       Summary judgment in favor of WWR on the grounds of waiver should be
reversed, and summary judgment on the grounds of waiver should be entered in favor
of Klipsch.

                                           C.

       As a final ground supporting summary judgment in favor of WWR, the District
Court determined that the doctrine of equitable forfeiture bars Klipsch from enforcing
the automatic termination provision of the License Agreement; therefore, the license
rights at issue in the present action never reverted back to Klipsch, but remained with
WWR pursuant to the original License Agreement. In support of its decision, the
District Court referred to Indiana's "long standing policy against forfeiture," Klipsch,
No. 95-4076, mem. op. at 21 (granting summary judgment), and to the balance of
equities in favor of WWR. Klipsch argues that the District Court erred in applying the
doctrine of equitable forfeiture to the parties' License Agreement and in basing its
decision on disputed facts and facts not in the record, while ignoring allegedly
undisputed facts that support a decision in favor of Klipsch. Klipsch seeks either a
grant of summary judgment in its favor or, at a minimum, a reversal of the District
Court's grant of summary judgment in favor of WWR.

                                          -13-
       We believe that the District Court incorrectly granted summary judgment in favor
of WWR based on the theory of equitable forfeiture. Indiana law4 generally disfavors
forfeitures, see id.; however, forfeiture may be "appropriate under circumstances in
which it is found to be consonant with notions of fairness and justice under the law,"
Colonial Discount Corp. v. Bowman, 425 N.E.2d 266, 268 n.1 (Ind. Ct. App. 1981)
(internal quotations omitted). Forfeiture based on the facts of this case is in keeping
with the concepts of fairness and justice. In negotiating the License Agreement,
Klipsch, WWR, WWR's then-parent company, and later Concept (via the Extension
Agreement) were all represented by counsel and freely agreed to the clear and
unambiguous language contained in the termination provision. Furthermore, the
License Agreement provided that the license rights themselves were "terminable" and
"restricted." WWR enjoyed the use of the license rights from the time the parties
entered into the License Agreement in 1992 to the time Klipsch informed WWR that,
based on the breaches of the substitute debenture, Klipsch was invoking the License
Agreement's termination provision (Klipsch made this clear in a July 5, 1995, letter to
Concept). Additionally, the license rights represented only a portion of the assets
purchased by WWR from Klipsch. WWR also acquired and still retains, among other
things, all of Klipsch's professional loudspeaker equipment, inventory, materials, and
supplies. The District Court focused on the inequity of terminating WWR's license
rights after WWR had made a late payment of the full amount owed on the substitute
debenture, given WWR's efforts to develop the business. Klipsch strongly disagrees
with the court's conclusory statements concerning the impact of WWR's efforts on the
profitability of Klipsch's former business and the unjustness of allowing Klipsch to reap
the benefits of those efforts. While there may be some dispute as to immaterial,
peripheral facts, the plain, unambiguous language of the termination clause is not in
dispute; nor is the fact that WWR breached the terms of the substitute debenture
seriously contested. Based on these two undisputed material facts, summary judgment
should not have been entered in favor of WWR on the grounds of equitable forfeiture.

      4
       Indiana law is also applicable in analyzing the waiver issue.
                                          -14-
Without delving into the disputed facts relied upon by the District Court in granting
summary judgment on the basis of equitable forfeiture, we note that the District Court
ignored what the parties had bargained for. Forfeiture of the license rights, especially
after Klipsch informed WWR and Concept that it was not going to be satisfied with late
payment on the substitute debenture, does not offend notions of fairness or justice.
WWR's arguments provide nothing that is a good reason for denying effect to the
termination clause in accordance with its freely bargained-for terms. Klipsch is entitled
to summary judgment on WWR's equitable-forfeiture defense.

                                           V.

       Finally, Klipsch argues that the District Court erred in denying its motion for
summary judgment on its patent, trademark, and non-compete-clause claims. Because
we have determined that the District Court erred in granting summary judgment to
WWR (and in denying summary judgment to Klipsch on the affirmative defenses
discussed in the preceding portions of this opinion), we agree that the District Court
erred in denying Klipsch's motion for summary judgment on its claims of patent and
trademark infringement and on its claim that the non-compete clause is no longer
binding. The material facts necessary to resolution of this motion are not in dispute.
WWR failed to redeem the substitute debenture by June 30, 1995, in accordance with
the parties' agreements and after proper notice of Klipsch's intention to exercise its
option to compel such redemption. WWR also failed to remit the quarterly interest
payment due Klipsch on the debenture by the due date of July 1, 1995, or within the ten
day "cure" period. Each of these actions resulted in a breach of the terms of the
substitute debenture, triggering the automatic termination of the parties' license
agreement. As a result, WWR's right to use Klipsch patents and trademarks terminated
in July 1995, and WWR's continued, non-permissive use of this property amounts to
infringement. Likewise, when WWR's license to use Klipsch patents and trademarks
was defaulted as a result of non-payment of the substitute debenture and of the
quarterly interest, Klipsch's conditional agreement not to compete with WWR in the

                                          -15-
professional market "so long as" WWR held a license to use the Klipsch name was
rendered a nullity. Because WWR no longer holds a license to use the Klipsch name,
Klipsch is no longer bound not to compete with WWR in the professional market.
Summary judgment should be entered in favor of Klipsch on its claim of patent and
trademark infringement and on its claim that the agreement not to compete is void.

                                         VI.

     The grant of summary judgment in favor of WWR is reversed, and the case is
remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Floyd R. Gibson, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
      I respectfully dissent because, in this case, forfeiture is not "'consonant with
notions of fairness and justice under the law.'" Colonial Discount Corp. v. Bowman,
425 N.E.2d 266, 268 n. 1 (Ind. Ct. App. 1981) (quoting Skendzel v. Marshall, 301
N.E.2d 641, 650 (Ind. 1973)).5 In exchange for a large portion of Klipsch's assets,
including the right to use various license rights under the License Agreement, WWR
issued a $210,238 Equipment Note and a $701,134 Inventory Note, as well as a
$425,000 Convertible Subordinated Debenture, in favor of Klipsch. The maturity date
on the Equipment Note was March 31, 1993, and the maturity date on the Inventory
Note was August 31, 1993. Klipsch extended the maturity date on the Equipment note
four times and extended the maturity date on the Inventory Note three times. When
most of these extensions were granted, payment on the notes was already

      5
        The footnote stated that the Skendzel court "recognized exceptions to the rule,
when forfeiture clauses may properly be enforced," but stated that "'[w]e are persuaded
that forfeiture may only be appropriate under the circumstances in which it is found to
be consonant with notions of fairness and justice under the law.'" Colonial, 425 N.E.2d
at 268 n.1 (quoting Skendzel, 301 N.E.2d at 650).

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past due, thus triggering the Termination provision of the License Agreement. Each
time, however, Klipsch neglected to act upon its right to terminate the license
agreement. On February 23, 1994, WWR's then-parent company, Concept, paid
WWR's obligations on the Equipment and Inventory Notes in full.

       On August 5, 1994, the parties entered into an Extension and Modification
Agreement which, inter alia, extended the maturity date of the Debenture from March
15, 1994 to June 30, 1995, and substituted Concept for WWR as the responsible party.
The Debenture was payable on demand any time on or after the June 30th maturity
date, provided Klipsch gave Concept thirty days notice. Klipsch provided notice of its
intent to redeem the Debenture, but Concept failed to pay the full amount of the
Debenture to Klipsch by June 30. Because Concept failed to redeem the Debenture,
Concept was required to make an interest payment on July 1, 1995, which it did not
pay to Klipsch until July 14. On August 15, 1995, Concept paid to Klipsch the
remaining balance on the Debenture. Thus, as of August 15, 1995, Concept had paid
Klipsch $210,238 on the Equipment Note, $701,134 on the Inventory Note, and
$425,000 on the Debenture.
       During the time that Klipsch allowed WWR to make late payments without
invoking the Automatic Termination provision, WWR continued to develop and market
the professional loudspeaker business using the Klipsch trademark, arguably greatly
improving the value of that trademark. After years of developing Klipsch's name and
after paying Klipsch over one million dollars for the right to develop its own business
using the Klipsch name, Klipsch is essentially asking for the forfeiture of WWR's
business. Without the use of the Klipsch trademark that WWR substantially developed,
WWR will no longer have the use of a recognizable name in the loudspeaker business
which is essential to its successful operation. In the final analysis, WWR spent three
years developing a name which it now has no right to use. Effectively, WWR has
given up considerable time, money, and effort in exchange for a loudspeaker business
which is not worth much of anything without the use of the trademark under the

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License Agreement. Because I do not believe these results are "consonant with notions
of fairness and justice," id., as found by District Judge Harry F. Barnes in his opinion
in this case, I would affirm the district court's decision based on the equitable forfeiture
issue.

       A true copy.

              Attest:

                      CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.

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