Court Opinion

ID: 4641975
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-11 15:06:09.972386+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:26.942180
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: DECEMBER 4, 2020; 10:00 A.M.
                      TO BE PUBLISHED

            Commonwealth of Kentucky
                    Court of Appeals

                       NO. 2020-CA-0549-ME

S.R.V.                                                APPELLANT

            APPEAL FROM LIVINGSTON CIRCUIT COURT
v.            HONORABLE C.A. WOODALL, III, JUDGE
                     ACTION NO. 19-CI-00073

J.S.B.                                                 APPELLEE

                               AND
                       NO. 2020-CA-0550-ME

S.R.V.                                                APPELLANT

            APPEAL FROM LIVINGSTON CIRCUIT COURT
v.            HONORABLE C.A. WOODALL, III, JUDGE
                    ACTION NO. 19-AD-00007

J.S.B. AND L.V.B., A MINOR CHILD                      APPELLEES
                                          AND
                                  NO. 2020-CA-0551-ME

S.R.V.                                                                           APPELLANT

                  APPEAL FROM LIVINGSTON CIRCUIT COURT
v.                  HONORABLE C.A. WOODALL, III, JUDGE
                          ACTION NO. 19-AD-00008

J.S.B. AND C.R.B., A MINOR CHILD                                                  APPELLEES

                                    OPINION
                            REVERSING AND REMANDING

                                        ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: ACREE, JONES, AND K. THOMPSON, JUDGES.

ACREE, JUDGE: Appellant, S.R.V., brings separate appeals from orders in three

actions originating in Livingston Circuit Court; all three orders were entered on

March 20, 2020. The first two orders granted adoptions by Appellee, J.S.B., of

S.R.V.’s minor children, L.V.B. and C.R.B.; the third order denied S.R.V.’s

petition for sole custody of her biological children.1 After reviewing the records in

1
  We shall cite to the record of the custody case, No. 19-CI-00073, as Record 1 (hereafter R.1),
the record in the first adoption case, No. 19-AD-00007, as Record 2 (hereafter R.2), and the
record in the second adoption case, No. 19-AD-00008, as Record 3 (hereafter R.3).

                                               -2-
conjunction with the applicable legal authority, we reverse all three orders and

remand the case with instructions to award sole custody of both children to S.R.V.

                                       BACKGROUND

               S.R.V. and J.S.B. married in 2008 and divorced in July 2014. They

had no children during the marriage. After the divorce, they reconciled and again

began living together, but never remarried. In December 2014, S.R.V. gave birth

to L.V.B. In August 2016, she gave birth to C.R.B. J.S.B. helped raise the

children. But, S.R.V. and J.S.B. were unable to sustain their relationship. In

February 2018, they separated for good. Still, J.S.B. continued to take part in the

children’s lives. It would be many months before S.R.V. would need to prove, by

DNA testing, that J.S.B. is not the biological father of either child.2

               After J.S.B. moved out, the parties continued jointly to care for the

children. Because S.R.V.’s thirteen years of employment as a manager at Cracker

Barrel restaurant committed her to long work hours, the children very often stayed

at J.S.B.’s place.3 J.S.B. was drawing disability from 2010 to April 2019, although

he worked intermittently. In 2019, an auto accident caused him to leave work

2
  The Court is unaware of the identity or identities of the biological father or fathers. However,
J.S.B.’s name is listed on each child’s birth certificate, and the circuit court found that J.S.B.
believed he was their father until 2019 when DNA analysis proved otherwise. S.R.V. testified
that J.S.B. was aware he was not her children’s father long before DNA testing.
3
 The circuit court concluded the children spent as few as four to five overnights with S.R.V.
during the span of at least one month.

                                                -3-
entirely. Confirmation that J.S.B. was not the children’s father arose in the context

of the parties’ deteriorating relationship.

                In May 2019, a domestic violence incident occurred. J.S.B. broke

through the glass front door of S.R.V.’s home and took L.V.B. with him. S.R.V.

sustained injuries during the incident. This brought involvement of the Cabinet for

Health and Family Services.4 At least partly based on the children’s birth

certificates, the Cabinet presumed J.S.B. was their father and, therefore, entitled to

joint custody with S.R.V. See KRS5 405.020(1).

                On June 5, 2019, while the Cabinet conducted its work, S.R.V. filed a

petition for sole custody alleging she was L.V.B.’s and C.R.B.’s biological mother,

but J.S.B. was not their biological father. J.S.B. would not respond to any of

S.R.V.’s allegations until November. In July, the Cabinet found cause to remove

the children from J.S.B.’s home where they were at that time. They were placed,

temporarily, with J.S.B.’s brother and sister-in-law.

4
  On May 14, 2019, J.S.B. initiated an action in Livingston District Court to secure a domestic
violence and an emergency custody order claiming to be C.R.B.’s and L.V.B.’s father, and two
hours later filed a dependency, neglect, and abuse complaint against S.R.V. The next day,
S.R.V. initiated similar proceedings in McCracken County where she resided. J.S.B. succeeded
in obtaining an immediate emergency custody order on the strength of his allegations.
Eventually, the Cabinet found it necessary to take the children away from both parents, placing
them with J.S.B.’s relatives from July to September 2019. That is when both parties had
completed the Cabinet’s plan for reunification, and the Cabinet returned the children to the
parties’ joint custody.
5
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.

                                              -4-
             The Cabinet developed reunification plans for J.S.B. and S.R.V. and

both diligently pursued those plans with success. The Cabinet returned the

children to the home from which it had taken them, that of J.S.B. However, in

September 2019, DNA testing proved J.S.B. was not the children’s biological

father. Faced with that reality, J.S.B. did nothing for about two months.

             On November 6, 2019, J.S.B. filed separate petitions to adopt the

children pursuant to KRS 199.502 which is captioned, in part, and authorizes

“adoption without consent of child’s biological living parents[.]” S.R.V. moved to

dismiss the adoption actions, but the motions were denied.

             A week later, J.S.B. filed a response to S.R.V.’s custody petition,

admitting he was not the children’s biological father, but alleging he believed he

was until DNA testing proved otherwise. He was “seeking custody as a de facto

custodian” and “reserv[ing] his right . . . to include separate ‘claims’ for custody”

based on allegations of S.R.V.’s “waiver [of her superior constitutional right to

custody] and/or unfitness.” (R.1 at 19.)

             The circuit court held a single evidentiary hearing to address all issues

in all three cases in January 2020, making every effort to distinguish the differing

standards to be met. On March 20, 2020, the court entered separate judgments in

each of the three cases, beginning with the adoptions.

                                           -5-
               The circuit court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law

separately from the adoption judgments themselves. The findings and conclusions

held that J.S.B. was fictive kin and therefore authorized to file his adoption

petitions without the Cabinet’s pre-filing approval. KRS 199.470(4)(a).

               The circuit court also made a finding of fact that J.S.B. “does not seek

to terminate Respondent [S.R.V.’s] parental rights, only those of the unknown

father of each child.” (R.2 at 146; R.3 at 145.) J.S.B. presented no evidence

against S.R.V. of the existence of any condition identified in KRS 199.502(1)(a)

through (1)(j) with respect to either child.6 Consequently, each of the adoption

judgments states: “This Judgment does not affect the parental rights of the

biological mother of the child.” (R.2 at 152; R.3 at 151.) Neither the adoption

judgments nor their underlying findings and conclusions explain why S.R.V.’s

parental rights were not terminated as required by KRS 199.520(2).

               The same day, the circuit court also addressed S.R.V.’s petition and

motion for sole custody. Treating the adoption judgments as preceding its custody

ruling, the circuit court found as fact that “[t]he parties have two children,” L.V.B.

and C.R.B. (R.1 at 66.) The circuit court said:

               The main thing that [S.R.V.] wants is either sole custody
               or to at least have the children live with her primarily. She

6
  The circuit court did find, relative to the unknown father(s), that the conditions identified in
KRS 199.502(1)(e) and (1)(g) did exist. The parental rights of those unknown fathers were
terminated. That part of the judgment is not an issue in these appeals.

                                                 -6-
             believes that [J.S.B.] and everyone else has put obstacles
             in her way to keep her away from her children. To her
             credit, [S.R.V.] worked hard to provide for her family.

(R.1 at 70.) The circuit court then conducted a best interests analysis to determine

custody pursuant to KRS 403.270.

             The court held J.S.B. had not rebutted the presumption of joint

custody but did overcome the presumption of equal timesharing. J.S.B. was

designated primary residential parent and awarded timesharing according to the

visitation guidelines for that judicial circuit. S.R.V. appealed both adoption

judgments and the order denying her sole custody of her children.

                                    ANALYSIS

             No one even slightly familiar with domestic relations law could deny

that this case risks giving credence to the adage “hard cases make bad law.” This

is a hard case because, on its face, compassion would seem to lie with a man

willing to be a father when no one else is, and against a mother who took

advantage of his willingness by hiding the truth of her children’s paternity. But

this is not a novel or a soap opera. Courts must decide cases by dispassionately

applying the law, even when doing so cuts against the grain of their compassion.

The judgments of adoption

             Reversing the adoption judgments is an easy decision. As noted,

those judgments violate KRS 199.520. That statute states, in pertinent part:

                                         -7-
              Upon granting an adoption, all legal relationship between
              the adopted child and the biological parents shall be
              terminated except the relationship of a biological parent
              who is the spouse of an adoptive parent.

KRS 199.520(2). “Our responsibility is, as the [circuit] court’s was, to enforce

KRS 199.520(2), as it is written, without passion or prejudice. Where it applies,

we must do so.” S.J.L.S. v. T.L.S., 265 S.W.3d 804, 819 (Ky. App. 2008).

              It is clear from this statute the legislature intended to impose a

predicate upon every adoption by someone not married to one of the parents. That

predicate is the termination of “all legal relationship between the adopted child and

the biological parents[,]” and that means both parents.7 Id. at 820 (emphasis

added) (quoting KRS 199.520(2)). “An adoption without the consent of a living

biological parent is, in effect, a proceeding to terminate that parent’s parental

rights.” B.L. v. J.S., 434 S.W.3d 61, 65 (Ky. App. 2014) (emphasis added)

(citation omitted).

7
  Although KRS 446.020(1) allows this Court to interpret the plural word “parents” as though the
legislature had used the singular form, that rule is secondary to a more fundamental one. As the
Supreme Court said just a few years ago, “it is fundamental that ‘words of a statute shall be
construed according to their common and approved usage. [KRS 446.080(4)] . . . In addition, the
courts have a duty to accord statutory language its literal meaning unless to do so would lead to
an absurd or wholly unreasonable result.’” Commonwealth v. Wright, 415 S.W.3d 606, 608
(Ky. 2013) (emphasis added) (quoting Johnson v. Branch Banking and Trust Co., 313 S.W.3d
557, 559 (Ky. 2010)). Construing the word “parents” in the plural here does not lead to an
absurdity; reading it in the singular would lead to an absurd result.

                                              -8-
             Further support for this obvious conclusion is found in KRS 199.500

which says, in pertinent part: “An adoption shall not be granted without the

voluntary and informed consent, as defined in KRS 199.011, of . . . the mother of

the child born out of wedlock . . . except that the consent of the living parent or

parents shall not be required if . . . [t]he parental rights of the parents have been

terminated under KRS Chapter 625[.]” KRS 199.500(1)(b) (emphasis added).

             Finally, KRS 199.502 itself indicates the adoption predicate is

termination of both parents’ rights. It says: “Notwithstanding the provisions of

KRS 199.500(1), an adoption may be granted without the consent of the biological

living parents” but only if the adoption petitioner pleads and proves as to each

parent that he or she allowed to exist at least one of the conditions set out in the

statute with respect to each child. KRS 199.502(1)(a)-(j) (emphasis added).

             J.S.B. neither pleaded nor proved any condition to justify terminating

S.R.V.’s parental rights against her will, and the circuit court expressly declined to

terminate S.R.V.’s parental rights. Rather, as accurately stated by S.R.V., “[t]he

trial court essentially took two parties proven to be incapable of harmony –

dangerously so at times – and insured they would be linked for years despite the

fact that both chose to no longer be linked by marriage or another relationship.”

(Appellant’s brief, p. 11.)

                                          -9-
                We have considered J.S.B.’s argument that “the introduction of [the

concept of] ‘fictive kin’ must negate some of the application of KRS 199.520(2)”

but find it unpersuasive. J.S.B.’s status as fictive kin allowed his pursuit of

adoption without participation by the Cabinet. It did not change any of the statutes

upon which this Opinion is based.

                Both adoption judgments must be reversed because J.S.B. failed to

establish, and the circuit court failed to find, grounds for terminating S.R.V.’s

parental rights, the prerequisite to granting J.S.B.’s adoption petitions.

The custody order

                As just explained, J.S.B. did not become the adoptive father of the

children. The custody order is premised on the erroneous finding of fact that J.S.B.

had just achieved status as a parent of the two children equal to that of S.R.V. That

finding was clearly erroneous and must be set aside. CR8 52.01. That means the

custody action was litigated between a parent and a non-parent. And that means

S.R.V. was entitled to sole custody of her children. Meinders v. Middleton, 572
S.W.3d 52, 60 (Ky. 2019) (citation omitted) (“So long as a parent is fit, there will

normally be no reason for the [s]tate to inject itself into the private realm of the

family to further question the ability of that parent to make the best decisions

concerning the rearing of that parent’s children.”).

8
    Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.

                                           -10-
             Consequently, we cannot affirm the custody order on the grounds

identified in the circuit court’s application of law. However, that does not end the

analysis on review. J.S.B. argues alternative grounds upon which this Court might

affirm the circuit court. Emberton v. GMRI, Inc., 299 S.W.3d 565, 576 (Ky. 2009)

(citations omitted) (“appellate court may affirm a lower court’s decision on other

grounds as long as the lower court reached the correct result”). He argues the

custody order should be affirmed on the basis “of ‘waiver’ of the mother’s superior

rights to custody . . . .” (Appellee’s brief, p. 11.) We disagree.

Mother did not waive her superior rights to custody

             As noted at the beginning of this analysis, this is a hard case and it is

said that “hard cases make bad law.” Among the best explanations of this

aphorism is one given us by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. who noted the

common thread running through “hard cases” and so-called “great cases” alike. He

said:

             Great cases, like hard cases, make bad law. For great cases
             are called great, not by reason of their real importance in
             shaping the law of the future, but because of some accident
             of immediate overwhelming interest which appeals to the
             feelings and distorts the judgment. These immediate
             interests exercise a kind of hydraulic pressure which
             makes what previously was clear seem doubtful, and
             before which even well settled principles of law will bend.

Northern Securities Co. v. United States, 193 U.S. 197, 364, 24 S. Ct. 436, 468, 48
L. Ed. 679 (1904) (Holmes, J., dissenting).

                                         -11-
             Hard cases become “great cases” when a reviewing court succumbs to

the “kind of hydraulic pressure” Justice Holmes identified, so that the court creates

new law “before which even well settled principles of law will bend.” Id. Mullins

v. Picklesimer is this kind of great case. 317 S.W.3d 569 (Ky. 2010).

             When Mullins was rendered, same-sex couples were excluded from

“the recognition, stability, and predictability marriage offers, [such that] their

children suffer[ed] the stigma of knowing their families [we]re somehow lesser.”

Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644, 668, 135 S. Ct. 2584, 2600, 192 L. Ed. 2d 609

(2015). The times themselves supplied the pressure. The nature of family

relationships had been changing for a long time. Compare Brooks v. Collins, 74

Ky. (11 Bush) 622, 626 (1876) (“family as defined by Bouvier is ‘father, mother,

and children’”) with Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522, 535 n.17, 95 S. Ct. 692,

700 n.17, 42 L. Ed. 2d 690 (1975) (noting the “evolving nature of the structure of

the family unit”) and Pinto v. Robison, 607 S.W.3d 669, 677 (Ky. 2020) (noting

“the changing dynamics of families in today’s society”).

             The law had not kept pace with change. Same-sex partners could not

marry, and that legality impeded much, including the ability of a same-sex couple

to co-parent a child as their own. Mullins addressed the problem with new law.

             We need not address Mullins at length except to say that, in the pre-

Obergefell era, it established a new legal ground to challenge the fundamental right

                                          -12-
of a parent to raise her child as she deems to be in the child’s best interest. Troxel

v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 147 L. Ed. 2d 49 (2000). The new legal

ground was a kind of subcategory of an old one – waiver.

              In addition to what we must now call a “complete waiver” of the

fundamental right, Mullins allowed that, under some select circumstances such as

the Court found to exist in that case, there need be only “a waiver of some part of

the superior parental right, which would essentially give the child another parent in

addition to the natural parent.” Mullins, 317 S.W.3d at 579 (emphasis added).

Justice Cunningham called it “partial waiver” and warned of the mischief it could

cause.9 Id. at 581 (Cunningham, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).

              The 4-3 majority Opinion in Mullins does not define what “some part”

of the superior parental right entailed. The case merely lists factors to consider

when determining whether a partial waiver occurred. Id. at 575-81. The Supreme

Court gleaned these factors exclusively from cases of other jurisdictions that

addressed the same pre-Obergefell legal impediments preventing same-sex couples

from raising a child together in those states.

9
  Justice Cunningham expressed concern that the Court was, “by judicial edict, just open[ing]
wide the door and wav[ing] everyone in who wishes to parent a child.” Mullins, 317 S.W.3d at
583 (Cunningham, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). The majority responded directly
to Justice Cunningham’s concern, stating: “the child was conceived through artificial
insemination and brought into the world upon agreement of the parties to parent the child
together” and said such factors as “[t]his would distinguish” the circumstances of Mullins from
others. Id. at 576-77.

                                             -13-
             Examining the list of factors leaves the strong impression that “partial

waiver” is applicable only “when the child was conceived by artificial

insemination with the intent that the child would be co-parented by the parent and

her [same-sex] partner . . . .” Id. at 575. And partial waiver may be further limited

to cases in which there is a “written agreement” or similar writing as proof “to

show [the biological parent’s] intent to confer parental rights” on the same-sex,

non-parent. Id. at 580-81. In this case there was no proof of those factors, or of

the general circumstances that made a pre-Obergefell Opinion necessary, or seem

necessary, in the first place.

             If not impossible, it is surely difficult to believe Mullins would have

been decided identically in a post-Obergefell America. That is part of the reason

for limiting its application to a fact pattern that cannot be repeated today.

Obergefell released the “hydraulic pressure which makes what previously was

clear seem doubtful” and under which Mullins was decided. Northern Securities,
193 U.S. at 364, 24 S. Ct. at 468 (Holmes, J., dissenting). This Court has the

luxury today, without that pressure, to reiterate “what previously was clear” – the

superiority of the fundamental right of a parent to raise her children in a manner

she believes to be in their best interests.

             It remains so that “[u]nder our current statutory scheme, non-parents

may attain standing to seek custody or visitation of a child only if they qualify as

                                              -14-
de facto custodians, if the parent has waived her superior right to custody, or if the

parent is conclusively determined to be unfit.” Truman v. Lillard, 404 S.W.3d 863,

868 (Ky. App. 2012) (citing Mullins, 317 S.W.3d at 578). Although S.R.V.

initiated the custody action, J.S.B. responded by asserting his claim that he was a

de facto custodian, that S.R.V. was unfit, and that S.R.V. had waived her superior

parental rights.

             The circuit court correctly concluded that “[d]e facto custodianship is

not a factor in this case.” We previously held that J.S.B. did not allege unfitness,

nor did he present any evidence at the joint hearing on the three cases to suggest

S.R.V. was unfit. Now, we have concluded that there was not sufficient evidence

to affirm the custody order on the alternative ground that S.R.V. waived her

superior fundamental right to parent her children.

             “[A] generation . . . may change their laws and institutions to suit

themselves. [N]othing then is unchangeable but the inherent and unalienable

rights of man.”10 See also Commonwealth v. Wasson, 842 S.W.2d 487, 503 (Ky.

1992), overruled on other grounds by Calloway Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t v. Woodall,

607 S.W.3d 557 (Ky. 2020) (Combs, J., concurring) (emphasis added) (“[T]he

10
  Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Major John Cartwright (June 5, 1824), in THE LIFE AND
SELECTED WRITINGS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON: INCLUDING THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY, THE
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE & HIS PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LETTERS 652 (Adrienne Koch &
William Peden, eds., Reprint ed. 1998).

                                          -15-
Constitution embraces—yea, embodies—the immutable values of individual

freedom, liberty, and equality.”). The Constitution did not create these unalienable

and unchangeable rights. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE para. 2 (U.S. 1776)

(all humans “are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights”). And

as much as we revere that hallowed scripture, the Constitution remains, as do all

laws, subordinate and subservient to the immutable rights and liberties and

freedoms it exalts and protects.

             To be sure, the Constitution “provides heightened protection against

government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests.”

Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 720, 117 S. Ct. 2258, 2267, 138 L. Ed.
2d 772 (1997) (citations omitted). “The liberty interest at issue in this case—the

interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children—is perhaps the

oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by [the Supreme] Court.”

Troxel, 530 U.S. at 65, 120 S. Ct. at 2060. S.R.V.’s “liberty interest in rearing

[her] children without government interference” is specifically at stake here.

Walker v. Blair, 382 S.W.3d 862, 866 (Ky. 2012).

             The temptation to judge what, from outside the biological parent’s

sphere, appears to be in the best interests of her children is great. Was S.R.V.

wrong when she decided it was in her children’s best interests to allow J.S.B. to be

a part of their lives, even if she did so by some deception? After the violence

                                         -16-
J.S.B. visited upon her home and herself, was S.R.V. wrong when she decided

J.S.B. needed to have less power over her children, even if she did so by telling the

truth? Neither this Court, nor any court, is entitled to answer such questions. That

is because, although S.R.V. may be imperfect as a parent (as all parents are), no

one has shown her to be unfit or to have waived her right to claim the fundamental

right parents cherish most dearly. That is the rule and lesson of Troxel.

                                  CONCLUSION

             For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the Livingston Circuit Court’s

March 20, 2020 judgments of adoption of both L.V.B. and C.R.B. We also reverse

the Livingston Circuit Court’s March 20, 2020 order awarding joint custody and

remand with instructions that sole custody be awarded to S.R.V.

             JONES, JUDGE, CONCURS.

             THOMPSON, K., JUDGE, CONCURS IN PART, DISSENTS IN

PART, AND FILES SEPARATE OPINION.

             THOMPSON, K., JUDGE, CONCURRING IN PART AND

DISSENTING IN PART: I regretfully concur as to the majority Opinion’s

decision to reverse the adoption as I agree with the majority’s reading of Kentucky

Revised Statute (KRS) 199.520 and KRS 199.011. As the Livingston Circuit

Court relied upon J.S.B.’s status as the adoptive parent of the children in deciding

it was in the children’s best interest to award him joint custody and status as the

                                         -17-
children’s primary residential parent and S.R.V. timesharing, I agree that it is

appropriate to reverse the custody decision. However, I respectfully dissent as to

the majority Opinion mandating that on remand the circuit court must award sole

custody of the children to S.R.V.

             I believe it would be wholly appropriate for the circuit court to

consider on remand whether J.S.B. should be entitled to share custody of the

children on the basis that S.R.V.’s actions constituted waiver of her superior

parental rights. The majority Opinion spends some time trying to limit the

application of Mullins v. Picklesimer, 317 S.W.3d 569 (Ky. 2010), which allows

the partial waiver of parental rights, on the basis that Mullins should only have

application to same sex couples who could not marry or jointly adopt, and that

when Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644, 135 S. Ct. 2584, 192 L. Ed. 2d 609

(2015), allowed for same sex marriage, the Mullins decision was no longer needed

at all. However, waiver is not new and there continue to be partners (both same

sex and opposite sex) who raise children together without the bonds of marriage.

What constitutes a family is indeed changing and more children than ever are born

out of wedlock.

             I disagree that as an intermediate appellate court we have the authority

to reinterpret what the Kentucky Supreme Court did in Mullins and essentially

determine that it was somehow overruled sub silentio even though it continues to

                                         -18-
be widely cited by our Courts and relied upon post-Obergefell. Justice

Cunningham’s concerns as part of the minority when Mullins was decided do not

authorize a panel of our Court to act at odds with established and controlling

precedent. Until the Kentucky Supreme Court speaks and directs otherwise, we

need to follow Mullins. Rules of the Supreme Court (SCR) 1.030(8)(a); Power v.

Commonwealth, 563 S.W.3d 97, 98 (Ky.App. 2018). Therefore, it is appropriate to

allow the circuit court to consider whether joint custody may still be appropriate on

the alternative grounds of waiver.

             A waiver of parental rights need not be formal or written, but to be

equivalent to an express waiver, the parent must knowingly, voluntarily, and

intentionally waive his or her superior right to custody as established by clear and

convincing evidence. Mullins, 317 S.W.3d at 578; Penticuff v. Miller, 503 S.W.3d
198, 205 (Ky.App. 2016). “[W]aiver [of a parent’s superior right to custody] may

be implied ‘by a party’s decisive, unequivocal conduct reasonably inferring the

intent to waive[.]’” Moore v. Asente, 110 S.W.3d 336, 360 (Ky. 2003) (quoting

BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1574 (7th ed. 1999)). However, “statements and

supporting circumstances [of an implied waiver] must be equivalent to an express

waiver to meet the burden of proof.” Greathouse v. Shreve, 891 S.W.2d 387, 391

(Ky. 1995). “Whether a parent waives his or her superior custody right is a factual

                                        -19-
finding that is subject to the clearly erroneous standard of review.” Penticuff, 503
S.W.3d at 204 (citation omitted).

             In Mullins, the Court considered Heatzig v. MacLean, 664 S.E.2d 347

(N.C. Ct. App. 2008), to be helpful in its analysis, explaining in that decision the

Court:

             couched its analysis in terms of whether the natural
             parent had acted in a manner inconsistent with her
             constitutionally protected status as a natural parent . . .
             [and] noted that the focus should be on “whether the
             legal parent has voluntarily chosen to create a family unit
             and to cede to the third party a sufficiently significant
             amount of parental responsibility and decision-making
             authority to create a parent-like relationship with his or
             her child.”

Mullins, 317 S.W.3d at 580 (quoting Heatzig, 664 S.E.2d at 354). The Mullins

Court also relied on the Heatzig factors:

             (1) both plaintiff and defendant jointly decided to create a
             family unit; (2) defendant intentionally identified
             plaintiff as parent; (3) the sperm donor was selected
             based upon physical characteristics similar to those of
             plaintiff; (4) the surname of plaintiff was used as one of
             the child’s names; (5) plaintiff participated in the
             pregnancy and the birth of the child; (6) there was a
             baptism ceremony where both plaintiff and defendant
             were identified as parents; (7) plaintiff was identified as a
             parent on school forms; (8) they functioned together as a
             family unit for four years; (9) after the relationship
             between plaintiff and defendant ended, the defendant
             allowed plaintiff the functional equivalent of custody for
             three years; (10) defendant encouraged, fostered, and
             facilitated an emotional and psychological bond between
             plaintiff and the child; (11) plaintiff provided care and

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             financial support for the child; (12) the child considered
             plaintiff to be a parent; (13) plaintiff and defendant
             shared decision-making authority with respect to the
             child; (14) plaintiff was a medical power of attorney for
             the child; (15) the parties voluntarily entered into a
             parenting agreement; and (16) defendant intended to
             create between plaintiff and the child a permanent parent-
             like relationship.
Id. (quoting Heatzig, 664 S.E.2d at 353-54).

             I believe similar factors to those set out in Mullins could support

waiver in this case, but this is a factual determination properly left to the circuit

court and it would be inappropriate for us to affirm the custody decision based

upon this alternative ground without allowing the circuit court to resolve this

factual issue. However, I discuss some grounds that may be applicable to such a

decision on remand.

             S.R.V. essentially used the men who she knows were the biological

fathers of the children as sperm donors. While they could have placed themselves

on the putative father registry or taken some action to protect their rights, they

chose to waive those rights by not seeking any involvement with the children,

thereby allowing J.S.B. to function as a father. As noted in a footnote, the part of

the involuntary adoption case which terminated the parental rights of the unknown

fathers of the children is not an issue in the appeals because there were appropriate

grounds for terminating the biological fathers’ parental rights because they failed

                                          -21-
to provide essential parental care and the essentials of life for the children pursuant

to KRS 199.502(1)(e) and (g).

             There is substantial evidence to support the circuit court’s findings in

the custody order which point to waiver by S.R.V. even if the circuit court did not

make its ruling based on waiver. Among them are that: (1) J.S.B. was present at

the birth of both children and S.R.V. listed him as the father on both birth

certificates; (2) S.R.V. admitted the two children are “his kids too” and “[he] is the

only father they have ever known”; (3) S.R.V. admitted that she never told anyone

that J.S.B. was not the father; (4) S.R.V. wants J.S.B. to continue as the father of

the children; (5) J.S.B. was unaware that he was not the biological father of the

children until the paternity tests in the district court cases which excluded him in

September 2019; (6) J.S.B. was the primary caretaker for the children by the

agreement of the parties while S.R.V. worked and he performed parental duties; (7)

after S.R.V.’s final separation from J.S.B., the children stayed with J.S.B. more

than S.R.V., including overnights based upon her work schedule and his greater

availability; and (8) the children spent the majority of their time with J.S.B. and

were with S.R.V. as few as four to five overnights a month. I also note that J.S.B.

points to additional evidence the circuit court could have considered in determining

whether waiver applied, including the following: (1) S.R.V. thought it would be

best if J.S.B. raised the children; (2) J.S.B. signed the birth certificates and

                                          -22-
acknowledged that he was the father; (3) S.R.V. and J.S.B. had a joint baby shower

and all of his family was invited, they all participated in the shower, and his family

was also present at the hospital for the birth of each child; (4) S.R.V. sent J.S.B.

father’s day cards from the children throughout the years; (5) social worker Devon

Mounts testified that the children identified J.S.B. as the father and J.S.B. was

ready, willing, and able to care for the children; (6) S.R.V. acknowledged that the

children did not know that they were not J.S.B.’s children and it would most likely

cause them emotional harm if they discovered the truth and she had no intention of

telling them otherwise; and (7) both children have J.S.B.’s surname and S.R.V. has

no intention of changing their names.

             The only real difference between the situation here and that with same

sex couples where either a child was adopted or born of one member of the couple

but both acted as the parents, is that J.S.B. did not know he was not the biological

parent until later. However, once J.S.B. knew, he had a choice to continue to act as

the children’s father or to disclaim responsibility. By continuing to act as a father,

J.S.B. accepted S.R.V.’s waiver, essentially ratified it, and could potentially be

entitled to custody rights to the children.

             Accordingly, I concur in part and dissent in part.

                                          -23-
BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE J.S.B.:

Alisha K. Bobo           Jennifer Sacharnoski Nelson
Paducah, Kentucky        Princeton, Kentucky

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