Court Opinion

ID: 4574566
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-08 18:00:21.342435+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:47:21.285550
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _______________

                                      No. 20-1262
                                    _______________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
                                       v.

                                   RICHIE WHEELER,
                                                Appellant
                                    _______________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                               for the District of New Jersey
                               (D.C. No. 2:18-cr-00485-001)
                      District Judge: Honorable Susan D. Wigenton
                                     _______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                on September 14, 2020

              Before: KRAUSE, RESTREPO, and BIBAS, Circuit Judges

                                 (Filed: October 8, 2020)
                                    _______________

                                       OPINION*
                                    _______________

BIBAS, Circuit Judge.

    While trying to evade arrest, Richie Wheeler rammed his car into an SUV. Three

officers were inside. The sentencing court reasonably found that this ramming was inten-

tional, that two law-enforcement enhancements applied, that Wheeler’s three counts of

*
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding
precedent.
assault should not be grouped, and that a bottom-of-the-range sentence was fitting. We will

affirm.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

   Wheeler had an outstanding arrest warrant for gun possession stemming from a shoot-

ing. In 2018, a federal task force was seeking to arrest him on the warrant. Task-force

officers spotted him in his car. The officers, driving unmarked vehicles, turned on their

emergency lights. As they surrounded his car, Wheeler tried to evade them but crashed into

a parked car. Now surrounded, he rammed his car into one of the unmarked vehicles, an

SUV with three officers inside. That damaged Wheeler’s car so he could no longer drive

it. Wheeler pleaded guilty to three counts of assaulting the officers with a dangerous

weapon, 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1). The District Court sentenced him to three concurrent terms

of ten years each. We review the District Court’s factual findings for clear error and its

reading of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo. United States v. Fountain, 792 F.3d 310,

318 (3d Cir. 2015).

          II. THE DISTRICT COURT CALCULATED WHEELER’S SENTENCE PROPERLY

   A. The court reasonably found that Wheeler intentionally crashed into the
      officers’ SUV

   Though Wheeler pleaded guilty to simple assault, the District Court enhanced his

sentence after finding that the assault was aggravated. An aggravated assault includes “a

felonious assault that involved a dangerous weapon with intent to cause bodily injury . . .

with that weapon.” U.S.S.G. § 2A2.2 cmt. n.1(A). Though Wheeler disagrees, the court

properly found that he rammed the officers’ SUV intentionally.

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   Wheeler first challenges the District Court’s power to find facts that raised his sentence

from simple to aggravated assault. But sentencing courts may make factual findings by a

preponderance of the evidence and use them to raise sentences to a level below the statutory

maximum. United States v. Grier, 475 F.3d 556, 561–63 (3d Cir. 2007). That is what hap-

pened here.

   Wheeler next argues that he was trying only to evade the officers, not to ram them. So

he claims that his conduct could not meet the definition of aggravated assault. The District

Court was unpersuaded. As the officers closed in on him with their emergency lights flash-

ing, he tried to flee but crashed into a parked car. Wheeler stipulated: “After becoming

aware that law enforcement officers were attempting to arrest him, WHEELER drove [his

car] in the direction of vehicles being used by the law enforcement officers, and struck a

vehicle occupied by three federal law enforcement officers attempting to make the arrest.”

App. 30. As the court explained, one can try to flee from officers without driving straight

at them. So it did not clearly err in finding that he intended to ram them.

   A car counts as a dangerous weapon; it can easily injure or kill. And the district court

did not clearly err in finding Wheeler had an intent to ram. So the court reasonably found

that the assault was aggravated. It properly applied the aggravated-assault guideline instead

of the one for obstructing or impeding officers. See U.S.S.G. § 2A2.4(c)(1).

                                              3
   B. There was no impermissible double-counting

   The District Court applied two guidelines enhancements because the victims were law-

enforcement officers. Under the aggravated-assault guideline, it added two points for his

specific offense: assaulting a federal officer. U.S.S.G. § 2A2.2(b)(7). It also gave him a

separate six-point enhancement for victimizing law-enforcement officers. § 3A1.2(c)(1).

That was proper. Sentencing courts may apply multiple overlapping guidelines unless the

guidelines expressly forbid double-counting. United States v. Seibert, 971 F.3d 396, 400

(3d Cir. 2020). Here, the guidelines forbade the victim enhancement only if the court ap-

plied the guideline for obstructing or impeding officers. § 3A1.2(c)(1) & cmt. n.2. Because

it did not, the court properly applied the victim enhancement. § 2A2.2(b)(7) & cmt. n.4.

   Wheeler also argued that he did not create “a substantial risk of serious bodily injury”

to the officers, as needed for the victim enhancement. § 3A1.2(c)(1). But he rammed their

SUV hard enough to disable his own car. The facts supported the enhancement.

   C. The District Court was not required to group the three counts in calculating
      the combined offense level

   When calculating the combined offense level, the District Court treated each count to

which Wheeler pleaded guilty as its own group. Because he pleaded guilty to three counts,

the court added three points to his offense level. U.S.S.G. § 3D1.4. Wheeler suggests that

the counts should have been grouped together and run concurrently. But the grouping rules

exclude offenses against the person, including assault, from grouping. § 3D1.2(d) (exclud-

ing almost all offenses in Chapter Two, Part A).

                                            4
   Next, Wheeler argues that he did not know that the SUV contained three separate

officers. But he pleaded guilty to three separate charges of aggravated assault, stipulated

that he was aware that officers (plural) were trying to arrest him, and stipulated that he

drove toward those officers.

   Wheeler also claims that the only direct victim was the driver. The other two, he says,

should have been excluded as indirect or secondary victims. And none was injured. But all

the officers in the car were “directly” affected and “identifiable” victims. § 3D1.2 cmt. n.2.

And assault with a dangerous weapon is punishable even if the victim suffers no injury.

The District Court properly sentenced him based on all three officers.

                       III. WHEELER’S SENTENCE WAS REASONABLE

   Lastly, Wheeler argues that the District Court weighed the sentencing factors improp-

erly and imposed a sentence that was substantively unreasonable. We review for abuse of

discretion. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 46 (2007). We will affirm a sentence as

substantively reasonable “unless no reasonable sentencing court would have imposed the

same sentence on that particular defendant for the reasons the district court provided.”

United States v. Tomko, 562 F.3d 558, 568 (3d Cir. 2009) (en banc).

   The parties dispute whether Wheeler preserved a procedural objection. Even if he did,

the sentence was both procedurally and substantively reasonable. The District Court con-

sidered the factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). It discussed the seriousness of his crime and

criminal history, but also weighed his “many positive attributes.” App. 65. It then sentenced

him to ten years total, the bottom of the guidelines range and well below the sixty-year

statutory maximum. That judgment was reasonable, and we will not disturb it.

                                              5
                                          *****

   The District Court reasonably found facts and weighed the sentencing factors. After

considering Wheeler’s extensive criminal history and the severity of his aggravated

assaults on officers, it reasonably sentenced him to the bottom of the guidelines range. We

will affirm.

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