Court Opinion

ID: 5132926
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-08 19:20:05.77952+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:33.088461
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                                   July 9, 2013 Session

   MIKE LOCKE AND CVAN AVIAN v. THE ESTATE OF DAVID ROSE

                Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
            Nos. 10P-869 and 12P-291    David Randall Kennedy, Judge

                 No. M2012-02508-COA-R3-CV - Filed June 30, 2014
                 No. M2012-01314-COA-R3-CV - Filed June 30, 2014

                   MIKE LOCKE AND CVAN AVIAN v.
              THE ESTATE OF THOMAS W. SCHLATER, ET AL.

                 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
                   No. 11P-756    David Randall Kennedy, Judge

                 No. M2012-02504-COA-R3-CV - Filed June 30, 2014

After the death of David Rose, his two putative non-marital sons became involved in
three separate lawsuits related to the proper distribution of his property. When Mr.
Rose’s Executrix filed to probate his Will in solemn form, the putative sons, who were
named residuary beneficiaries, objected, but later withdrew their objection. They then
filed suit to set aside a 2006 Trust Agreement in order to reinstate prior trusts, the assets
of which were to be distributed to Mr. Rose’s issue at his death. They also filed a
separate lawsuit to establish Mr. Rose as their biological father. Their attempts to obtain
some of their father’s assets were all unsuccessful. In all three cases, the trial court held
that they were barred from establishing a father-son relationship because their attempts
were time barred. We affirm the trial court’s dismissal of the sons’ petition to establish
paternity filed in the probate case two years after the order admitting the will to probate.
However, we reverse the trial court’s dismissal of the petitioners’ complaint challenging
the validity of the 2006 Trust Agreement because they have standing to attempt to
establish that they are “issue” of Mr. Rose. The deadline imposed by the trial court
applied only “for purposes of intestate succession,” and the trust case did not involve
inheritance through the statute regarding heirs of a person dying without a will. Mr. Rose
had a will, which was probated. Any assets to be distributed to Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian
from the preexisting trust(s) would be pursuant to the terms of the trust document(s), not
pursuant to intestate succession. For the purpose of establishing their interest in the prior
trust(s), the purported children were entitled to present proof that they were the children
of Mr. Rose and were not time barred.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed in
 Nos. M2012-02508-COA-R3-CV and M2012-01314-COA-R3-CV, Reversed in No.
                           M2012-02504-COA-R3-CV

P ATRICIA J. C OTTRELL, P.J., M.S., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which F RANK G.
C LEMENT, J R. and A NDY D. B ENNETT, JJ., joined.

Angello L. Huong, Lebanon, Tennessee, for the appellants, Mike Locke and Cvan Avian.

Andra J. Hedrick, Robert J. Hazard, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Louise R.
Herbert, Executor of the Estate of David Rose.

                                        OPINION

        David Hughes Rose died at the age of sixty-three on April 15, 2010. After his
death, Mike Locke and Cvan Avian became involved in three separate cases in which
they asserted interests in his property. Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian are the adult putative
children of Mr. Rose, born out of wedlock to two different mothers. Mike Locke’s
mother, Deborah Grace Harding, was never married to David Rose. Mr. Locke’s birth
certificate names Grover Joe Locke as his father. Cvan Avian’s mother, Mary Sue
Upchurch, was married to David Rose for a time, but they divorced before Cvan Avian
was born, and the mother married Christopher Van Brown, who is listed on Mr. Avian’s
birth certificate as his father.

       Mike Locke and Cvan Avian insist that they are the biological children of David
Rose, that DNA evidence confirms that relationship, and that Mr. Rose treated them as
his children during the later years of his life. However, neither they nor Mr. Rose took
any steps to establish Mr. Rose’s paternity prior to his death, and the common thread
running through all three cases discussed in this opinion is the question of establishing
paternity.

                                            -2-
                               I. P ETITION TO P ROBATE W ILL

       Mr. Rose had executed a last will and testament that named his sister, Louise Rose
Herbert, as his executrix. Ms. Herbert was a named beneficiary of several specific
bequests, including a grandfather clock, a Longines watch, and “[a]ny condominium I
may own at the time of my death.” Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian were named as
beneficiaries as well, and were bequeathed in equal shares, “all the rest of my clothing,
jewelry, automobiles, and all other tangible personal property (except cash on hand or on
deposit, which is devised later) owned by me at the time of my death.”

       The will also named Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian as Mr. Rose’s residuary
beneficiaries. However, the residuary clause had a specific exclusion: “this devise does
not include the assets of an irrevocable trust; Thomas Schlater, Mary Schlater Stumb and
Louise Rose Herbert, Co-Trustees for my benefit.”

        On June 4, 2010, Louise Herbert filed a petition in the Seventh Circuit (Probate)
Court of Davidson County to admit Mr. Rose’s Will to Probate in Solemn Form. The
petition listed all of Mr. Rose’s beneficiaries under the will and his heirs at law, and
identified the relationship between Mr. Rose and each individual. Mr. Locke and Mr.
Avian were listed as Mr. Rose’s putative sons. Ms. Herbert was listed in the same
document as Mr. Rose’s sister, Mary Schlater Stumb as his half-sister, and Thomas
Schlater as his half-brother. The case was given the docket number 10P-869.

       Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian responded to the petition on July 13, 2010 by filing an
“Objection to Probate in Solemn Form and Complaint to Contest/Construe Will.” In their
objection, each respondent referred to himself as “the biological son of the deceased
David Rose.” That specific reference in their objection is central to their arguments on
appeal. Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian did not allege that the will itself was invalid, but only
that the provision excluding the trust “was procured by undue influence, breach of
confidential relationship, self-dealing, and/or at a time when the deceased was of unsound
mind.”

       The hearing on the probate petition was conducted on September 2, 2010. The
evidence established that all formalities for execution of the Will were observed and that
there was no indication that Mr. Rose had been coerced to sign it or was not of sound
mind.

                                           -3-
        At the conclusion of testimony, the trial court asked the attorney for Mr. Locke and
Mr. Avian if he wanted the court to certify the case as a will contest. The attorney
declined and withdrew his request to have the will probated in common form. He
explained that he only wanted to preserve his clients’ right to contest the validity of the
trust referenced in the will and that he intended to file a separate suit to revoke the trust
and bring its assets back into the estate. The trial court stated that as beneficiaries of the
will, Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian had standing to ask the court to construe its meaning, but
that because the trust was established as a separate entity, its validity could not be
challenged in a will contest. The court then entered an order on the same day admitting
Mr. Rose’s will to probate in solemn form and appointing Ms. Herbert as the personal
representative of the estate.

           II. C HALLENGE TO T RUST AND A CTION TO E STABLISH P ATERNITY

       The next action to be filed by Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian was a complaint filed
February 25, 2011, in which they asked the court to set aside the David Rose Trust
Agreement of 2006 and to declare it null and void. The named defendants were the
trustees, Thomas Schlater, Mary Schlater Stumb and Louise Rose Herbert, as well as six
other beneficiaries under the trust. On motion of the defendants, the case was transferred
to the Seventh Circuit (Probate) Court of Davidson County and was given the case
number 11P-756.

        In the complaint, the Plaintiffs recited once again that they were the biological
children of David Rose, that David Rose had been the beneficiary of at least two trusts
left to him by his parents, and stated “upon information and belief” that they were the
contingent beneficiaries of those trusts in the event that David Rose passed away. They
further stated that the execution of the David Rose Trust Agreement of 2006 deprived
them of their interests in the prior trusts and transferred those interests to Ms. Herbert and
to the children of Ms. Stumb and Mr. Schlater. The plaintiffs alleged that Mr. Rose was
coerced by the defendants into signing the 2006 trust agreement, that because of
numerous mental, psychological and health problems, he lacked the mental capacity to
execute the document, and that the defendants were guilty of self-dealing, breach of a
confidential relationship and/or undue influence.

       The defendants filed an answer and an amended answer in which they denied that
Mr. Locke or Mr. Avian had any interest in the two prior trusts. They also denied that
David Rose lacked the capacity to execute the 2006 conveyance or that they were guilty
of any wrongdoing in regard to its execution. They additionally asserted as affirmative

                                             -4-
defenses that neither plaintiff was the legal issue of David Rose, that no legal parent-child
relationship had ever been established between him and them, and therefore that Mr.
Locke and Mr. Avian lacked standing to pursue their claims, and that their claims were
barred by the statute of limitations and by laches.

        With the trust case still pending, Mike Locke and Cvan Avian filed a Petition to
Establish Paternity on February 21, 2012, naming the Estate of David Rose as defendant.
The Petition was given the case number 12P-291. It set out in some detail the history of
the relationship between Mr. Rose and their mothers, including the roles of the other men
who were named as their fathers on their birth certificates. It alleged that at various
points in his life, Mr. Rose had publicly held out the two men as his sons and it described
some incidents where other family members appeared to acknowledge the relationship. It
also asserted that DNA testing had confirmed Mr. Rose’s paternity to a high degree of
certainty.

        Ms. Herbert, acting as executor of the estate filed a motion to dismiss the Petition
to Establish Paternity. She contended that the petition was untimely filed, asserting that
under statutory and case law, individuals born out of wedlock who wish to establish the
legal relationship of parent and child after the death of their putative father have a limited
time frame within which to do so. The court agreed with Ms. Herbert and granted the
motion to dismiss in an order entered on May 15, 2012. After the trial court denied a
motion to reconsider, Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian appealed.

       Perhaps because of the dismissal of their petition to establish paternity, Mr. Locke
and Mr. Avian filed a “Motion for Summary Judgment,”on July 30, 2012, under the
docket number of the probate case, 10P-869, asking the trial court to rule that “the
Petitioners are, indeed, the biological children of David Rose.” Their motion was filed
almost two years after the order admitting Mr. Rose’s will to probate had become final.
The motion was accompanied by a statement of material facts and a memorandum of law
that asserted that DNA tests performed after the death of Mr. Rose resulted in findings of
greater than 99% probability that Plaintiffs were the offspring of Mr. Rose and were
brothers to each other.

       Ms. Herbert responded by filing a motion to strike the summary judgment motion.
After a hearing, the trial court granted the motion to strike, ruling that because the matters
before the court in case 10P-869 had been fully and finally adjudicated, that case did not
provide any basis for decision on Plaintiffs’ motion. The court stated that it was not
making any findings as to the truth of Plaintiffs’ factual allegations, or any findings or

                                             -5-
rulings in any matters previously heard by the court or pending under other docket
numbers. Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian filed a notice of appeal.

       The defendants filed a motion for summary judgment in the trust case, contending
that the plaintiffs lacked standing to challenge the trust. The motion incorporated a
memorandum which included a history of all the trust agreements relevant to this case.
The earliest of those agreements established the Mary Hughes Rose Family Trust in 1964.
Under that agreement and several successor agreements, the trust assets were to be
divided equally among the three children of Albert and Mary Rose, including David
Hughes Rose. One common provision in those agreements was that if any of the children
died before the trust was terminated, surviving issue of a deceased child were to share
equally in the deceased parent’s of the remaining trust assets.

        The defendants noted that to have standing to contest the existing trust, the
plaintiffs would have to show that if it were overturned or held to be invalid, they could
reclaim some beneficial interest in the trust property. The defendants further argued that
the plaintiffs could not show any such beneficial interest because they had not
successfully established that they were the surviving issue of David Rose. The
defendants pointed out that the two plaintiffs were born out of wedlock and that no
adjudication of paternity occurred the lifetime of David Rose, and they further contended
that the Plaintiffs did not seek an adjudication of paternity in a timely manner after his
death.

       The plaintiffs responded by pointing out that they had filed an objection on July
13, 2010 in the earlier probate proceeding in which they stated that they were the
biological children of David Rose. They contended that such an assertion of paternity
was timely and that they had standing as surviving issue of the predecessor trusts.1

       The trial court conducted a hearing on the summary judgment motion on
September 28, 2012. The court ruled from the bench in favor of the defendants and
granted them summary judgment in an order filed on October 29, 2012.

   1
     Plaintiff Cvan Avian also asserted that because David Hughes Rose and his mother had been married
and his birth had occurred within 300 days of their divorce, he was entitled to a presumption of paternity
under the provisions of Tenn. Code. Ann. § 36-2-304(a)(1).

                                                   -6-
                               III. T IME L IMITS A T ISSUE

        As briefed by the parties, the operative question in all three appeals is not whether
Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian are in fact the biological children of David Rose, but rather
whether they asserted his paternity within a time frame and in a manner that comports
with the controlling law. This is purely a question of law, and therefore our review of the
record is de novo, without according any presumption of correctness to the conclusions of
the trial court. Whaley v. Perkins, 197 S.W.3d 665, 670 (Tenn. 2006); Union Carbide
Corp. v. Huddleston, 854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993).

       The trustees and estate base their position that Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian are barred
from establishing their paternity as to the decedent, Mr. Rose, on a statute and on case
law interpreting that statute: Tenn. Code Ann. § 31-2-105(a) and Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937
S.W.2d 803 (Tenn. 1996) and Glanton v. Lord, 183 S.W.3d 391 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005).
Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian rely on different interpretations of the same statute and cases.
However, the statute and the cases specifically address only inheritance rights of non-
marital children by intestate succession.

       By its terms, the statute applies “for purposes of intestate succession.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 31-2-105(a). In that context, non-marital children may inherit from or through
their biological father by intestate succession if “paternity is established by an
adjudication before the death of the father or is established thereafter by clear and
convincing proof.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 31-2-105(a)(2)(B) (emphasis added).

       The above statute required judicial interpretation because it did not specify exactly
how much time after the death of a father his putative children should be allowed to have
to obtain an adjudication of paternity “by clear and convincing proof.” The Tennessee
Supreme Court determined that the term “thereafter” could not be unlimited or uncertain,
for if it were, it could disturb rights of inheritance that had already vested in the
decedent’s other heirs. Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 807. The court concluded,
after considering the law of real property, of intestate succession, and of equal protection,
that the best approach would be to tie the time limits applicable to the establishment of
paternity by non-marital children to those applicable to creditors of the decedent’s estate.
Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 808.

       Under current law, creditors must file claims against the estate of a decedent
within four months of the date on which the statutorily-required Notice to Creditors is
published or posted, or else their claims are forever barred. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 30-2-

                                            -7-
306(b) and § 30-2-307(a). If the creditor does not receive actual notice of the Notice to
Creditors, the creditor may not be bound by the four-month deadline, but must still file a
claim within one year of the date of the decedent’s death in order for the claim to be
adjudicated. The Bilbrey v. Smithers court declared that these same deadlines should
apply to claims of paternity by putative children in attempts to share in the estate of an
intestate father.

       In Glanton v. Lord, this court observed that while creditors of an estate are
required to file their claims within the statutory four-month period, there is no statutory
deadline for reaching a final resolution of creditors’ claims, and that it is unrealistic to
expect a final adjudication of paternity to be issued within that brief period. “Bilbrey v.
Smithers requires only that non-marital children ‘assert the right to inherit’ in some
proceeding leading to a ‘judicial determination’ of paternity.” Glanton v. Lord, 183
S.W.3d at 397 (citing Bilbrey v. Smithers, 937 S.W.2d at 807-08).

        More significantly, perhaps, the Glanton court also determined that the assertion of
paternity need not be made in a particular proceeding or in any particular form. Instead,
a non-marital child “seeking to inherit by intestate succession from or through his or her
father” may raise the issue of paternity “and a corresponding right to inherit” in some
proceeding which affords the other putative heirs notice and an opportunity to be heard on
the issue. Glanton, 183 S.W.3d at 397.

       It is undisputed in this case that David Hughes Rose died on April 15, 2010, that
Notice to Creditors in respect to his estate was first published on September 10, 2010, and
that Mr. Locke, Mr. Avian and their attorney were served with a complete copy of the
Notice to Creditors on September 22, 2010. Based on these facts, the trial court found
that the four-month deadline for creditor claims was January 10, 2011, and the one-year
deadline was April 15, 2011.

       None of these appeals involves intestate succession.

                                 IV. T HE P ROBATE C ASE

       The first case on appeal is the probate case. As discussed earlier, the Executrix of
Mr. Rose’s Estate filed a Petition to Admit his Will to Probate in Solemn Form. Mr.
Locke and Mr. Avian filed an Objection to the Petition and Complaint to
Contest/Construe Will. In that objection, each asserted that he was “the biological son of
the deceased David Rose” and that the Will devised all of Mr. Rose’s residuary estate to

                                            -8-
them except for the assets of an irrevocable trust.

       Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian alleged that the provision excluding the trust assets was
procured by undue influence, breach of a confidential relationship, or at a time when Mr.
Rose was of unsound mind. They further alleged that they would have received the assets
of the trust but for the acts of the trustees, who failed to act in Mr. Rose’s interests, but
rather acted for their own gain. Finally, they asserted that they filed the Objection and
Complaint to “preserve their right to object and contest the deceased’s Last Will and
Testament, for the limited purpose of any matters involving the deceased’s trust(s).”
They did not object to other specific bequests. The Objection and Complaint was filed on
July 13, 2010, three months after Mr. Rose’s death.

        At a hearing on September 2, counsel for Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian withdrew their
objection to admission of the Will to Probate in Solemn Form. In the discussion between
the trial court and both counsel, it was made clear that Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian simply
wanted to retain their right to seek construction of the Will’s provision excluding trust
assets. Both the trial court and opposing counsel agreed that while the withdrawal of their
objection to admission of the will to probate eliminated their opportunity to challenge the
will, Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian retained the right to ask the court to construe a provision.

       The trial court stated that the opportunity to seek construction of the provision was
preserved, but that a request to interpret a will provision was not a will contest.

       All we’re doing today is finding that this will and all its particulars are
       being admitted to probate in solemn form. So contesting the language will
       be over. Asking the Court to construe what it means will not be over and if
       called upon to construe that in a timely fashion, the Court will in fact do so.

      An Order Admitting Will to Probate in Solemn Form was entered September 2,
2010. Almost two years later, Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian filed a Motion for Summary
Judgment asking the court to determine that they were in fact the biological children of
David Rose. They asserted there were no disputes of fact and filed a statement of
undisputed facts and memorandum of law.

       The Executrix filed a motion to strike the Motion for Summary Judgment.
The trial court granted the motion and found that counsel for Mr. Locke and Mr.
Avian had earlier withdrawn the Objection and, consequently, there were no claims
remaining for adjudication. “The withdrawn Objection did not reference Tennessee

                                             -9-
Code Annotated Section 31-2-105, the statute which applies to actions for
adjudication of paternity,” and at no time had anyone commenced an action for
paternity under the docket number of the Probate case.

       Accordingly, the trial court granted the Executor’s motion and struck all
Summary Judgment filings. The court stated it was making no finding as to the
factual allegations in the Objection or the Summary Judgment Documents and was
making no finding or ruling as to any matters previously heard or pending in two
other cases, with different docket numbers. (The two other cases were the Trust
case, filed February 25, 2011, and the Paternity case, filed February 21, 2012.).
The court declared its order, entered August 27, 2012, to be a Final Judgment.

       Nonetheless, less than two weeks later, Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian filed a
Petition to Establish Paternity in the Probate case. The Petition alleged facts to
demonstrate that they were the biological sons of Mr. Rose, and asked the trial
court to find David Rose “through his estate” to be the biological father of both
petitioners.

         The trial court entered another Final Judgment granting the Executrix’s
Motion to Dismiss the Petition. The court found that the petitioners’ paternity was
not adjudicated during the life of Mr. Rose; that Mr. Rose died on April 15, 2010,
and that both the four-month and the one-year deadline for filing creditor claims
had expired before the Petition to Establish Paternity was filed. The court held that
the Petition was not timely filed and, as a matter of law, must be dismissed.

        Relying on Glanton, Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian argue that they timely asserted their
right to inherit by stating in their July 13, 2010, Objection that each was “the biological
son of the deceased David Rose.” The estate responds by pointing out that nowhere in
their objection did Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian ask for an adjudication of paternity.

        Mr. Rose died testate; he had a will. The case was initiated to admit his Will to
probate. Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian were named residuary beneficiaries in the Will. They
would therefor inherit under the Will, whether or not there was an adjudication that Mr.
Rose was their biological father. The question of paternity was simply not at all relevant
to the proceedings to probate the Will.

      Only if the Will were set aside and the assets of the estate distributed under the
laws of intestate succession would there be a need for a judicial determination of

                                           -10-
paternity. The validity of the Will, or any provision of it, was no longer in question after
Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian withdrew their objection to the probate of the Will in solemn
form.

       The Will was probated on September 2, 2010, and any issue as to whether Mr.
Rose was the father of Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian became moot, or irrelevant, at that point.
Thus, the trial court correctly dismissed their Petition to Establish Paternity filed in the
Probate case almost two years after the admission of the Will to Probate in Solemn Form.

       Although we have determined that dismissal was appropriate for different reasons
from those relied upon by the trial court, our determination does not necessitate
consideration of the issues raised regarding the timeliness and method of asserting
paternity.

                                  V. T HE T RUST C ASE

       After the Will was admitted to probate, but before the Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian
attempted to have their paternity determined in the Probate case, they sued the three
trustees and the beneficiaries of the David Rose Trust of 2006 in a Complaint filed
February 25, 2011.

       The 2006 David Hughes Rose Trust Agreement was funded with Mr. Rose’s share
of assets from predecessor trusts established by his parents, Albert and Mary Rose. The
2006 Agreement provided that upon the death of Mr. Rose the Trust would terminate and
the assets would be distributed to the Trustees and/or their children per stirpes. The
predecessor trust(s) had provided that upon the death of Mr. Rose, the trust assets would
be distributed to his “issue” or, in one case, to his “legitimate issue.”

        The Complaint alleged that Mr. Rose did not have sufficient mental capacity to
sign the 2006 Trust Agreement; that the Trustees breached their fiduciary duty to Mr.
Rose, exerted undue influence on Mr. Rose for the benefit of themselves and their
children, and engaged in self-dealing by having themselves and their children named as
beneficiaries of the Trust when they were Trustees; and that the 2006 Trust Agreement
violated spendthrift provisions of the earlier trusts. The Complaint also sought a
declaratory judgment that Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian were entitled to the assets in the
trusts of Albert and Mary Rose as well as those in the 2006 David Rose Trust Agreement.

       The trial court dismissed the Complaint on the basis that Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian

                                           -11-
lacked standing because they had not timely established by adjudication that Mr. Rose
was their biological father. The court found that the Complaint had not been filed within
the four month time limit for creditor claims. Therefore, the time for them to establish
themselves as the issue of Mr. Rose had expired.

       In order to have standing to challenge a trust, the challenger must show that he or
she would benefit from having the instrument set aside. Jennings v. Bridgeford, 403 S.W.
2d. 289 (Tenn. 1966). Persons who have standing to challenge a trust or will include
those who would take a “significant share” of the assets if the instrument is set aside.
See Jolley v. Henderson, 154 S.W.3d 538 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). Among those with
standing to challenge a trust are those who can show that a significant share its assets
would pass to them if the trust were set aside. See In re Estate of Corbin, 66 S.W.3d 84,
90 (Mo. Ct. App. 2001); Matter of Ransom, 433 A.2d 834, 838 (N.J. Superior 1981).

       Thus, in the case before us, Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian would have standing to
challenge the 2006 Trust Agreement if they would benefit by having it set aside. That
comes down to whether they are “issue” of Mr. Rose.

       “Issue” means, generally, all persons who have descended from a common
ancestor, lineal descendants. Presley v. Hanks, 782 S.W.2d 482, 488 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1989). Unless specifically indicating otherwise, the use of “issue” includes non-marital
children. Presley, 782 S.W.2d at 489 (holding that testator’s use of “lawful issue”
included only those born during a marriage and was the equivalent of legitimate). Who is
or is not “issue” can be determined without reference to the marital status of an
individual’s parents. Id.

        Thus, if Mike Locke and Cvan Avian are indeed the biological children of David
Rose, then they are also his surviving issue. The trustees do not dispute that nonmarital
children are included in “issue.” Surviving issue would have standing to challenge the
Trust Agreement of 2006. There appears to be no dispute that if the 2006 Trust
Agreement were voided, the predecessor trust(s) would become effective.

       The trial court in essence ruled that Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian did not have
standing to establish that they were the biological sons of Mr. Rose and thereby attain
standing to challenge the Trust. In so ruling, the trial court applied Bilbrey v. Smithers
and the statute it interpreted. As explained earlier, the time limitations established in
Bilbrey apply to inheritance rights of nonmarital children by intestate succession. This
appeal arises from a suit to set aside a Trust Agreement, and intestate succession is not

                                          -12-
involved.

       In other words, Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian, if they successfully set aside the 2006
Agreement, would be entitled to a distribution of the trust assets because of the terms
used in the trust agreements and not because of the provisions of intestate succession
laws.

        The statutes and case law that have created time limits for establishing paternity in
cases involving intestate inheritance do not directly apply in this case. Tennessee Code
Annotated 31-2-105(a), discussed earlier, is codified in the title of the code which
governs the administration of estates and it specifically applies “for purposes of intestate
succession.” We see no reason why the rules governing the administration of decedents’
estates and intestate succession should preclude the court from considering the challenge
to the validity of the trust. There is no authority requiring that the same limitations for
intestate succession of nonmarital children apply in a case brought to challenge or
construe a trust.

       We note that Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-102 provides that actions against the
personal representative of a decedent shall be brought within seven years after the death
of the decedent; Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-109(a)(3) provides that actions on contracts not
otherwise expressly provided for shall be brought within six years after the accrual of the
cause of action; and Tenn. Code Ann. § 28-3-110(3) provides that actions on all other
cases not expressly provided for shall be brought within ten years.

        Any action against individuals acting as trustees must be commenced within six
years of the accrual of the cause of action. Clark v. Am. Nat. Bank & Trust Co. of
Chattanooga, 531 S.W.2d 563, 567 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1974) (citing Third National Bank in
Nashville v. Nashville Trust Co., 232 S.W.2d 7 (Tenn. 1950)). Also, “the statute of
limitations does not run between the trustee and the cestui que trust as long as the trust
subsists.” Third National Bank in Nashville v. Nashville Trust Co., 232 S.W.2d at 10-11.

        The David Rose Trust Agreement of 2006 was executed on December 4, 2006.
The Complaint to set aside that Trust Agreement was filed February 25, 2011. The
plaintiffs allege they did not know of the existence of the 2006 Trust Agreement until
May of 2010, when the attorney for the estate provided it to them after Mr. Rose’s death.

     Thus, the complaint filed on February 25, 2011, to challenge the 2006 Trust
Agreement was timely. We therefore conclude that Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian are entitled

                                            -13-
to present proof as to their status as “surviving issue” under the prior trust(s) so as to
establish standing.

      We therefore reverse the trial court’s dismissal on summary judgment of the
complaint in case number 11P-756.

                                           VI.

        The third lawsuit, in which Mr. Locke and Mr. Avian sought to establish paternity,
was also dismissed by the trial court on the basis of the same time limitations. The issues
in that case are pretermitted by our decision in the Trust case.

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment in appeal No. M2012-02508-COA-R3-CV
and No. M2012-01314-COA-R3-CV. We reverse its judgment in appeal No. M2012-
02504-COA-R3-CV. We remand this case to the Circuit Court of Davidson County for
any further proceedings necessary, including the determination of whether Mr. Locke and
Mr. Avian are surviving issue of Mr. Rose.

                                                  _____________________________
                                                  PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE

                                           -14-