Court Opinion

ID: 4542812
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-06-19 15:05:26.115557+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:47:55.641580
License: Public Domain

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                             No. 121,888

             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                        DALE M.L. DENNEY,
                                            Appellant,

                                                   v.

                                           JOE NORWOOD,
                                              Appellee.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Appeal from Labette District Court; JEFFRY L. JACK, judge. Opinion filed June 19, 2020.
Affirmed.

       Lucas J. Nodine, of Nodine Legal, LLC, of Parsons, for appellant.

       Joni Cole, legal counsel, El Dorado Correctional Facility, for appellee.

Before POWELL, P.J., GARDNER, J., and WALKER, S.J.

       PER CURIAM: Dale M.L. Denney petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus under
K.S.A. 60-1501, asserting a due process claim relating to the prison's classification of
him as a sex offender. Denney contended Warden Joe Norwood mismanaged him as a
sex offender pursuant to the Kansas Offender Registration Act (KORA) because Denney
was convicted of his crimes before the date qualifier in the statute. The district court
found Denney was not being managed as a sex offender under KORA. Instead, he was
appropriately managed as a sex offender under the Kansas Department of Correction's
Internal Management Policy and Procedure (IMPP) 11-115A (2016). Therefore the
district court summarily dismissed Denney's petition. Denney appealed, arguing the

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district court erred in summarily dismissing his petition because he was managed as a sex
offender under KORA, he was not notified of his status under IMPP 11-115A, and he has
a liberty interest in his classification of a sex offender. After review, we affirm the district
court's summary dismissal of the first two issues because Denney failed to assert a claim
for which relief could be granted, and we find that Denney failed to preserve the third
claim.

                                            FACTS

         Denney is an inmate in the Kansas Department of Corrections (KDOC). In 1988,
Denney was convicted of rape and aggravated burglary. After being paroled, Denney was
convicted of aggravated criminal sodomy, aggravated sexual battery, and an aggravated
weapons violation. In 1994, Denney was sentenced to 228 months in the custody of
KDOC. According to KDOC documents, Denney is classified and managed as a sex
offender within KDOC pursuant to IMPP 11-115A. KDOC identifies, treats, and
manages sex offenders in its custody under this provision.

         In March 2017, Denney used an inmate request form to ask prison officials which
statute KDOC used "to manage a person as a sex offender?" In response, a KDOC
official told him, "Offender Registration Requirements [K.S.A.] 22-4901." Thus, the
response cited the statutory reference for KORA. A few days later, Denney applied for an
override request seeking full relief from management as a sex offender, alleging that he
could not be classified as a sex offender pursuant to KORA because his crimes were
committed before April 14, 1994. See K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-4902(b) ("'Sex offender'
includes any person who: [1]On or after April 14, 1994, is convicted of any sexually
violent crime."). Denney's request was denied on May 11, 2017.

         A month later, on June 5, 2017, Denney filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus
pursuant to K.S.A. 60-1501. In his petition, Denney alleged KDOC was improperly

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managing him as a sex offender—pursuant to K.S.A. 22-4901 et seq.—because his
crimes occurred before April 14, 1994. Norwood answered the petition and moved to
dismiss it for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The district court
held a hearing on the motion and ultimately denied Denney's petition and granted
Norwood's motion to dismiss. In its findings, the district court determined Denney failed
to allege any actions by Norwood that were violations of Denney's constitutional right to
due process.

        Denney subsequently filed a pro se, posttrial motion requesting relief from
judgment. In his motion, Denney asserted his due process rights were violated because he
was not given proper notice of his sex offender management status and was not given a
due process hearing in accordance with IMPP 11-115A. Seven months later, Denney's
attorney filed a brief in support of the motion. The district court held a hearing on
Denney's motion and found that Denney could not be managed as a sex offender under
KORA. But the district court denied his motion for relief. In the district court's order, it
determined "[t]here is no basis in statute or case law for the court to grant Denney's
request" to not be managed a sex offender. The court found that any error by Norwood
was harmless and "Denney has failed to show that the actions of the defendant, or the
effects of the actions of the defendant, rise to a constitutional level requiring this court to
[grant relief from judgment]."

        Denney timely filed this appeal. We note Denney's projected release date is July 1,
2020.

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                                           ANALYSIS

Did the district court err by summarily denying Denney's K.S.A. 60-1501 petition?

       The essence of Denney's first issue on appeal is that the district court erred by
summarily denying his petition under K.S.A. 60-1501. He contends that the district court
was mistaken in its finding that the prison's classification and management of him as a
sex offender is not attributable to the prison's wrongful reliance on KORA.

       To state a claim for relief under K.S.A. 60-1501 and avoid summary dismissal, a
petition must allege "shocking and intolerable conduct or continuing mistreatment of a
constitutional stature." Johnson v. State, 289 Kan. 642, 648, 215 P.3d 575 (2009). "[I]f,
on the face of the petition, it can be established that petitioner is not entitled to relief, or
if, from undisputed facts, or from uncontrovertible facts, such as those recited in a court
record, it appears, as a matter of law, no cause for granting a writ exists," then summary
dismissal is proper. 289 Kan. at 648-49; see K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1503(a). An appellate
court exercises de novo review of a summary dismissal. 289 Kan. at 649.

       Although the critical issue in this case is the validity of the district court's
summary dismissal of his petition, there are three subsidiary issues which need to be
resolved. We will consider each of them in turn.

       1. Did the exhibits attached to Norwood's motion to dismiss convert the motion
       into a motion for summary judgment?

       Denney filed his petition for writ of habeas corpus under K.S.A. 60-1501, and
Norwood filed a response which also included a motion to dismiss the case. In his
response and motion, Norwood argued Denney's petition should be dismissed because he
"failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." Under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-
212(b)(6): "Every defense to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the

                                                4
responsive pleading if one is required. But a party may assert the following defenses by
motion: . . . (6) failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted." Thus, it appears
Norwood moved to dismiss Denney's claim by utilizing this statutory provision.

       This results in an issue not addressed by either party because Norwood attached
multiple exhibits to his answer and motion. Under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-212(d): "If, on
a motion under subsection (b)(6) or (c), matters outside the pleadings are presented to and
not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment
under K.S.A. 60-256, and amendments thereto. All parties must be given a reasonable
opportunity to present all the material that is pertinent to the motion." (Emphasis added.)

       In Sperry v. McKune, 305 Kan. 469, 384 P.3d 1003 (2016), the Kansas Supreme
Court considered an action brought by an inmate against a warden, KDOC, and other
parties for alleged violations of the Eight Amendment to the United States Constitution,
among other claims. In response, KDOC filed numerous motions to dismiss, one of
which had an affidavit attached. The Sperry court explained that "[b]y filing this
affidavit, KDOC defendants introduced matters outside the pleadings. This changed the
appropriate standard for the motion." 305 Kan. at 481. The court reasoned:

               "K.S.A. 2015 Supp. 60-212(b)(6) explains this shift. It provides: 'If, on a motion
       under subsection (b)(6) or (c), matters outside the pleadings are presented to and not
       excluded by the court, the motion must be treated as one for summary judgment under
       K.S.A. 60-256.' By definition, a 'pleading' consists of a petition and an answer and not a
       filing such as the KDOC defendants' supplement to its motion to dismiss. Thus, in this
       case, the . . . affidavit should have served as the catalyst for converting the KDOC
       defendants' motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment. [Citations omitted.]" 305
Kan. at 481.

       As mentioned, Norwood submitted multiple attachments as exhibits to his answer
and motion. However, the district court did not treat Norwood's motion to dismiss as one

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for summary judgment, and the district court never addressed whether it should treat it as
such. In Sperry, the court ultimately found that because the defendants attached an
affidavit to their motion to dismiss that referenced facts not pled by the inmate, the
appropriate standard of review was the same for summary judgment. 305 Kan. at 480-81.

       Here, it is arguable, the same could be true. Norwood's "Exhibit A" was a copy of
Denney's KASPER inmate search results. Denney pled to some of this information in his
own exhibits attached to his petition. However, Norwood's "Exhibit B" was a copy of
IMPP 11-115A, which was not referenced as part of Denney's pleadings. As a result,
Norwood's motion to dismiss referenced facts not pled by Norwood. The same is true for
Norwood's "Exhibit C" which referenced Denney's projected release date and was not
pled to by Denney.

       While this could result in a similar finding as Sperry, the attachments could also
be considered part of Norwood's response, rather than entirely related to his motion to
dismiss. Considered as such, the attached exhibits would be a part of the pleading, which
is permissible under K.S.A. 2019 Supp 60-210(c). See K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-207(a)
("Pleadings. Only these pleadings are allowed: . . . (2) an answer to a petition."); see also
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-210(c) ("A copy of a written instrument that is an exhibit to a
pleading is part of the pleading for all purposes."). Sperry can be distinguished in this
way because the defendants in Sperry did not file their motions to dismiss as part of their
response to Sperry's petition. Rather, they filed a "'Supplement to Motion to Dismiss'"
where they raised the issue before the Sperry court of whether Sperry exhausted his
administrative remedies before filing suit. 305 Kan. at 472-73. This supplement with the
attached affidavit was the catalyst for converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for
summary judgment. 305 Kan. at 481.

       Because of this distinction, we hold that the documents attached by Norwood to
his answer should be deemed attachments to his answer to Denney's petition and not part

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of his motion to dismiss under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-212(b)(6) for failure to state a claim
upon which relief can be granted.

       2. If the district court erred in dismissing the petition, any error was harmless.

       Since we have found that Norwood's attached exhibits were permissible as part of
the response pleading, we then proceed to address the remaining issues under a summary
dismissal standard. But even if we are incorrect in our analysis, and the district court
should have proceeded to apply summary judgment treatment to the case, we believe the
error was harmless. See Sperry, 305 Kan. at 490-92.

       In considering harmlessness, the Sperry court considered Kansas caselaw
addresses harmlessness of a failure to follow Supreme Court Rule 141 (2020 Kan. S. Ct.
R. 205). The Sperry court addressed the decision in Rhoten v. Dickson, 290 Kan. 92, 223
P.3d 786 (2010):

               "In that case, this court held that a district court erred when it did not require
       litigants to comply with Rule 141 after materials outside the pleadings were argued in
       relation to a motion to dismiss. The court explained that not requiring compliance 'risks
       confusion among the litigants and the court and runs a substantial prejudicial risk to the
       fair presentation of the facts and law.' But the court also noted the error could be harmless
       and cited cases supporting harmlessness when, for example, (1) the district court had
       excluded from its consideration any matters outside those in the petition; (2) the
       additional material did not otherwise infect the district court's consideration; or (3) the
       subsequent filings 'allowed for the proper presentation of the minimal number of
       uncontroverted facts required to establish defendants' entitlement' to relief. [Citations
       omitted.]" 305 Kan. at 490 (citing Rhoten, 290 Kan. at 103-05.)

       The Rhoten court found the defendants erred when they filed their motion to
dismiss and the district court erred when it granted dismissal instead of summary
judgment. However, the court found the district court's error to be harmless "because the

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subsequent filings of findings of fact prior to oral arguments allowed for the proper
presentation of the minimal number of uncontroverted facts required to establish
defendants' entitlement to issue and claim preclusion." 290 Kan. at 105. Unlike Rhoten,
the Sperry court determined the error was not harmless and compared the facts to
McCullough v. Bethany Med. Center, 235 Kan. 732, 683 P.2d 1258 (1984), where the
court found reversible error when the district court failed to enforce Rule 141. Sperry,
305 Kan. at 490. In McCullough, the court noted that Rule 141 "is not just fluff," and
found there was "no way to determine then or now what facts are or are not controverted
or on what evidence the parties rely." 235 Kan. at 736.

       In our case, the facts are more akin to Rhoten than Sperry. While it may have been
error for the district court to grant dismissal instead of summary judgment, Denney filed
a subsequent trial brief prior to oral argument that allowed for the proper presentation of
uncontroverted facts that allowed him to address the claims made by Norwood in his
response pleading and motion to dismiss. And, most importantly, none of the information
contained in Norwood's exhibits has been disputed by Denney. Although it was new
compared to what Denney pled, Denney was aware of all the information because he
indirectly acknowledged his convictions and the IMPP policy in his petition. The only
information not acknowledged by Denney was his release date, but this information was
not considered by the district court. As a result, we find that the district court's error was
harmless. Because the error was harmless, we will conduct an analysis of the remaining
issues under a summary dismissal standard of review.

       3. The district court did not err in finding KORA was inapplicable to Denney's
       management as a sex offender.

       To reiterate, to state a claim for relief under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1501 and avoid
summary dismissal, a petition must allege "shocking and intolerable conduct or
continuing mistreatment of a constitutional stature." Johnson, 289 Kan. at 648. "[I]f, on

                                               8
the face of the petition, it can be established that petitioner is not entitled to relief, or if,
from undisputed facts, or from uncontrovertible facts, such as those recited in a court
record, it appears, as a matter of law, no cause for granting a writ exists," then summary
dismissal is proper. 289 Kan. at 648-49; see K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1503(a). An appellate
court exercises de novo review of a summary dismissal. 289 Kan. at 649.

       As to this first issue, it is not entirely clear what Denney is arguing. The district
court and Norwood both agreed with Denney's contention and found that he could not be
classified as a sex offender under KORA. But, despite this, Denney argues that KDOC
identified and managed him as a sex offender under KORA because multiple KDOC
documents denoted that his sex offender determination "was made by statute."

       As argued by the State, KORA is only applicable postincarceration and is not
applicable to Denney while he is incarcerated. KORA requires a convicted felon to
register under the act, and the purpose of the sex offender registration statute is to
"protect public safety and, more specifically, to protect the public from sex offenders as a
class of criminals who are likely to reoffend." State v. Wilkinson, 269 Kan. 603, 609, 9
P.3d 1 (2000).

       Denney argues KDOC managed him as a sex offender under KORA, but the
district court determined he was not. On appeal, Denney contends that "throughout the
years of [his] management as a sex offender, KORA has always been cited as the reason.
KDOC has classified [him] as a 'sex offender' under KORA because KDOC has stated as
much and have in [Denney's] files and in the record of this case." Although he is not
making an explicit argument that the district court's finding as to this issue was contrary
to the evidence, Denney appears to suggest that this court should reweigh the evidence
and find that he was managed as a sex offender under KORA. This is unpersuasive.

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       When a district court's decision is challenged for being contrary to the evidence,
an appellate court does not reweigh the evidence or pass on the credibility of the
witnesses. If the evidence, when considered in the light most favorable to the prevailing
party, supports the verdict, then the verdict will not be disturbed on appeal. Gannon v.
State, 298 Kan. 1107, 1175-76, 319 P.3d 1196 (2014). When viewed in the light most
favorable to Norwood, the evidence supports the district court's finding that Denney was
not managed as a sex offender under KORA, despite KDOC documents citing KORA as
the reason. The evidence supports the district court's finding, primarily, because KORA is
simply inapplicable. As stated by the district court:

               "K.S.A. 22-4901 et seq. (the Offender Registration Act) applies only to
       determine who will be required to register upon sentencing or release from custody. The
       definition of 'sex offender' at K.S.A. 22-4902(b) has absolutely no application to KDOC's
       management of prisoners while they are incarcerated, and K.S.A. 22-4902 explicitly
       states that these definitions are 'as used in the Kansas offender registration act'."

       We agree with the district court's conclusion and find that the district court did not
err when it summarily dismissed Denney's petition as to his claim that he was being
managed as a sex offender under KORA. Although the KDOC records complained of by
Denney were obviously incorrect, the district court's finding were completely in accord
with Kansas law.

Did the district court err in finding IMPP 11-115A applies to Denney?

       In his second issue on appeal, Denney appears to be arguing that he did not receive
proper notice of his sex offender management status under IMPP 11-115A and, as such,
he "should not be held accountable for any prohibited behavior under IMPP 11-115A."
Norwood argues that because Denney was convicted of sex crimes, he is eligible to be
managed as a sex offender and was not entitled to a "'Due Process'" hearing under IMPP
11-115A.

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       This issue also implicates the summary dismissal of Denney's petition by the
district court. As we have noted, to state a claim for relief under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-
1501 and avoid summary dismissal, a petition must allege "shocking and intolerable
conduct or continuing mistreatment of a constitutional stature." Johnson 289 Kan. at 648.
"[I]f, on the face of the petition, it can be established that petitioner is not entitled to
relief, or if, from undisputed facts, or from uncontrovertible facts, such as those recited in
a court record, it appears, as a matter of law, no cause for granting a writ exists," then
summary dismissal is proper. 289 Kan. at 648-49; see K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1503(a). An
appellate court exercises de novo review of a summary dismissal. 289 Kan. at 649.

       Denney relies on Strong v. Bruce, No. 97,204, 2010 WL 744774 (Kan. App. 2010)
(unpublished opinion), to support his claim that because Norwood failed to provide proof
of his sex offender classification and management, he cannot be held accountable for the
additional restrictions and management procedures under IMPP 11-115A. In Strong, a
disciplinary report was filed against Strong, an inmate managed as a sex offender, for
violations of IMPP 11-115A. The hearing officer ultimately concluded that Strong had
not been properly notified of his sex offender status under IMPP 11-115A and was found
not guilty of the disciplinary report. A week later, Strong filed a grievance and
complained of being managed under IMPP 11-115A policies, but the Unit Team
responded that because Strong had been convicted of a sexually motivated offense, his
status was correct.

       Denney's arguments regarding Strong are confusing for two reasons. First, the
facts of the two separate grievances Strong filed concerning his treatment as a sex
offender under IMPP 11-115A represented just 2 out of 12 disciplinary matters, which
were recited by Strong in his K.S.A. 60-1501 petition. Strong presented this litany to
support his contention that "he was being stalked and harassed by an 'out of control'
prison administration which created fake disciplinary reports and ignored and lost his
numerous grievances." 2010 WL 744774, at *2. But the propriety of his classification as

                                               11
a sex offender under IMPP 11-115A was not an issue the Strong panel considered, and
the opinion specifically states that both claims regarding these issues were abandoned.
2010 WL 744774, at *1. Thus Denney's efforts to extrapolate the validity of his
objections to sex offender classification based upon Strong's results at his disciplinary
hearing are unavailing.

       Second, unlike Strong, Denney has not challenged any disciplinary matters that
have arisen pursuant to his management under IMPP 11-115A. Denney appears to
suggest that Strong supports his argument because "KDOC does not hold inmates who
were not notified accountable for the additional restrictions and management procedures
of IMPP 11-115A, [Denney] also cannot be said to be subject to the same." However, not
even the facts of Strong support this claim. The facts show that Strong was found not
guilty of a single disciplinary report, but KDOC maintained that his sex offender
management status was correct under IMPP 11-115A regardless of his not guilty finding.
2010 WL 744774, at *1. Nothing in these facts, nor the remainder of the opinion, support
Denney's position.

       Denney also argues that the district court's decision regarding his motion to
reconsider was "outside of the jurisdiction of the district court." After reviewing the
motion to reconsider, the district court found:

               "In spite of the numerous filings and arguments by Denney in this matter, the
       actual dispute is simple. Denney is managed as a sex offender by the defendant. Denney
       was incorrectly told he was being managed as a sex offender under the KORA (there has
       been no finding that KORA applies to Denney) when in fact he is eligible to be managed
       as a sex offender under the IMPP because of the nature of his convictions. Denney argues
       that because of this mistake in notification, he cannot be managed as a sex offender, even
       though he now knows the correct reason for his management as a sex offender.
               "There is no basis in statute or case law for the court to grant Denney's request.
       Denney is asking this court to punish the defendant for a harmless error by restricting his

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       management of prisoners in his custody. However, Denney has failed to show that the
       actions of the defendant, or the effects of the actions of the defendant, rise to a
       constitutional level requiring this court to take action."

       We agree with this analysis by the district court.

       Denney also relies on Pool v. McKune, 267 Kan. 797, 987 P.2d 1073 (1999), to
argue the district court went outside its jurisdiction when it found the actions by prison
administration—citing KORA instead of IMPP 11-115A—was a "'harmless error.'" In
Pool, the Kansas Supreme Court considered whether plethysmograph testing of inmates
as part of sexual abuse treatment program violated the inmate's Fourth Amendment rights
under the United States Constitution. In evaluating the constitutional claims, the court
determined that it "must accord great deference to prison administrators in their adoption
and execution of policies and practices intended to advance 'valid penological
objectives—including deterrence of crime, rehabilitation of prisoners, and institutional
security." 267 Kan. at 805 (quoting O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S. 342, 348, 107
S. Ct. 2400, 96 L. Ed. 2d 282 [1987]). Ultimately, our Supreme Court held that such
testing by prison officials did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Pool, 267 Kan. at 806.

       Here, Denney contends that "[i]nstead of deferring to prison administrators that
their determination to classify [Denney] was pursuant to the KORA, the district court
decided to find that this determination was both a mistake and a 'harmless error.' This
finding is outside the jurisdiction of the district court pursuant to Pool v. McKune." The
problem with Denney's argument is that prison administrators did not classify Denney as
a sex offender pursuant to KORA, as he suggests. The district court made multiple factual
findings that Denney was being managed as a sex offender under IMPP 11-115A. It
would appear, once again, that Denney is asking us to reweigh the evidence and make a
factual finding that he was being managed as a sex offender under KORA. Since we

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agree with the district court's analysis, we are unable to make such determination. See
Gannon, 298 Kan. at 1175-76.

       In addition, nothing in the Pool opinion would suggest that the district court's
finding would be outside of its jurisdiction. Kansas courts have consistently afforded
prison administrators great deference with issues concerning prison administration, but
there is no precedent to support Denney's contention that a district court finding actions
to be a "harmless error" is outside of its jurisdiction. Failure to support a point with
pertinent authority or show why it is sound despite a lack of supporting authority or in the
face of contrary authority is akin to failing to brief the issue. In re Adoption of T.M.M.H.,
307 Kan. 902, 912, 416 P.3d 999 (2018). Consequently, Denney's argument fails.

       The language of IMPP 11-115A states that "[s]ex offenders under the custody and
supervision of the Secretary of Corrections shall be identified, treated, managed and
supervised in accordance with policies and procedures outlined in this policy." As it
pertains to Denney, IMPP 11-115A defines a sex offender as any offender who: "Has a
current conviction for which s/he is incarcerated that is a sex offense" or "[h]as a past
conviction for a sex crime, felony or misdemeanor, as an adult." Denney's convictions
clearly meet these definitions. Because it has been established that Denney meets the
criteria for management as a sex offender under IMPP 11-115A and thus is not entitled to
relief, the district court's summary dismissal was proper. The district court did not err in
finding IMPP 11-115A was applicable to Denney.

Is a protected liberty interest affected by classification as a sex offender?

       In his final issue on appeal, Denney argues that he has a liberty interest in his
classification as a sex offender within KDOC. Denney contends that this issue needs to
be remanded to the district court because it requires fact-finding beyond what is

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submitted in the pleadings. Norwood argues that Denney's claim fails because he did not
meet the requirements of the due process "stigma plus" test.

       Again, this is an issue of summary dismissal. To state a claim for relief under
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 60-1501 and avoid summary dismissal, a petition must allege
"shocking and intolerable conduct or continuing mistreatment of a constitutional stature."
Johnson, 289 Kan. at 648. "[I]f, on the face of the petition, it can be established that
petitioner is not entitled to relief, or if, from undisputed facts, or from uncontrovertible
facts, such as those recited in a court record, it appears, as a matter of law, no cause for
granting a writ exists," then summary dismissal is proper. 289 Kan. at 648-49; see K.S.A.
2019 Supp. 60-1503(a). An appellate court exercises de novo review of a summary
dismissal. 289 Kan. at 649.

       1. Denney raises a new issue on appeal.

       At the outset, it appears Denney is raising a new argument on appeal. Denney
alleges that this issue was raised in the petition, but in our review of the petition, the trial
brief, and the motion to reconsider, this argument cannot be found. In his original
petition, Denney argued: "A Due Process violation can be established only if the
claimant is able to establish that he or she was denied a specific procedural protection to
which he or she is entitled." But this is the only mention of any claim related to due
process.

       The district court made no findings or holdings related to any claim of a liberty
interest by Denney due to his classification. Similarly, preservation of this issue cannot
be found upon review of the entire record. Issues not raised before the trial court cannot
be raised on appeal. See Wolfe Electric, Inc. v. Duckworth, 293 Kan. 375, 403, 266 P.3d
516 (2011). As a consequence, this issue was not preserved and will not be heard for the
first time on appeal.

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       2. Even if the issue is preserved, Denney has failed to meet the requirements of the
       "stigma plus" test.

       Although it is not clear, it appears Denney is arguing that his due process rights
were violated when KDOC classified and managed him as a sex offender "under a statute
which does not apply to him."

       As we have noted, Kansas courts typically give penal authorities great deference
in the management and operation of the prison system. Schuyler v. Roberts, 285 Kan.
677, 681, 175 P.3d 259 (2008). However, because inmates are confined to prison, they
"retain certain constitutionally protected liberty interests to which the right of due process
applies. To the extent a liberty interest survives an inmate's loss of personal freedom, the
essence of incarceration, that liberty interest is entitled to protection." 285 Kan. at 681.

       Prison authorities may implicate an inmate's protected liberty interests when they
impose a restraint on the inmate's already limited freedom "and the restraint is atypical
and a significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary incidents of prison
life." 285 Kan. at 682. Generally, absent some more tangible interest, defamation of a
person who has been mislabeled as a sex offender by the government does not implicate
due process protections. 285 Kan. at 682. Characterization of an inmate as a sex offender
requires the application of the "stigma plus" test to determine whether the alleged facts of
a petition, if proven, establish the inmate has a liberty interest which was infringed
without affording him due process of law. 285 Kan. at 683-84. The Schuyler court
recognized a due process liberty interest in not being classified as a sex offender under
IMPP in certain circumstances and held:

               "A petitioner asserting that the government has violated the Due Process Clause
       by impugning the petitioner's good name, reputation, honor, or integrity must
       demonstrate: (1) the government made a statement about the petitioner which is
       sufficiently derogatory to injure his or her reputation, which is capable of being proved

                                                   16
       false, and which the petitioner asserts is false; and (2) the petitioner experienced some
       governmentally imposed burden that significantly altered the petitioner's status as a
       matter of state law." 285 Kan. 677, Syl. ¶ 5.

       Here, Denney acknowledges that the stigma plus test applies to his complaint, but
his analysis of the test is confusing. It appears Denney is arguing that he satisfied the first
factor because KDOC mislabeled him as a sex offender under KORA—rather than under
IMPP 11-115A—which was a statement made by the government that he asserted was
false and could be proved false. See 285 Kan. 677, Syl. ¶ 5. However, Denney makes no
claim that this mistake by KDOC was "sufficiently derogatory to injure [his] reputation."
See 285 Kan. 677, Syl. ¶ 5. Adding more to the confusion, Denney does not dispute his
convictions that qualify him as a sex offender under IMPP 11-11A.

       Denney does not submit any argument as to how he meets the second factor.
Rather, he argues that the "issue should be returned to the district court for determination
appropriate with [the finding in] Schuyler." Denney's argument rests on the remedy
ordered in Schuyler, where the Kansas Supreme Court remanded the case to the district
court because the question as to the second factor "require[d] fact-finding beyond the
examination of the pleading and its attachments as called in for K.S.A. 60-1503 and goes
beyond our standard of appellate review." 285 Kan. at 687.

       If Denney had met the requirements of the first factor, then his request for a
remand for the district court to do additional fact-finding would have merit. However, the
district court did not make appropriate fact-finding because this was not an issue Denney
argued below. We would need to find that Denney preserved the issue and established the
first factor before a remand to the district court would be required. But because Denney
did not preserve the issue or establish that his reputation was injured, we find that Denney
has not established a liberty interest in his sex offender classification. Because of this, we

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hold that the district court did not err in summarily dismissing his K.S.A. 60-1501
petition.

       Affirmed.

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