Court Opinion

ID: 4114191
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-09 20:12:29.364005+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:20.476016
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                  AT JACKSON
                                      October 26, 2016 Session1

      MATTHEW WHEELER MABIE, M.D. v. CARLA JENNINGS MABIE

                    Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Shelby County
                         No. CT-005633-11     Gina C. Higgins, Judge

                    No. W2015-01699-COA-R3-CV – Filed January 9, 2017

This case arises out of a divorce action. After fourteen years of marriage, the husband
filed a complaint for divorce. Following a brief and unsuccessful attempt at
reconciliation, the wife filed a counter-claim for divorce. Throughout the marriage, the
husband worked as a medical doctor and was a partner in a highly successful medical
practice. The wife‟s primary role in the family was as a stay-at-home mother. The trial
court declared the parties divorced and awarded the wife, among other things,
rehabilitative alimony, alimony in futuro, and attorney‟s fees. The husband appeals the
trial court‟s awards of alimony, the valuation of his interest in his medical practice, the
award of attorney‟s fees to the wife, and the court‟s decision to not punish the wife for
civil contempt of court. The wife seeks attorney‟s fees for defending this appeal.
Discerning no reversible error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. We deny the
wife‟s request for attorney‟s fees on appeal.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed and
                                    Remanded

BRANDON O. GIBSON, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J. STEVEN
STAFFORD, P.J., W.S., and ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., joined.

Kay Farese Turner and Emily Hamm Huseth, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant,
Matthew Wheeler Mabie, M.D.

Mitchell David Moskovitz, Adam Noah Cohen and Zachary Michael Moore, Memphis,
Tennessee, for the appellee, Carla Jennings Mabie.

1
    Oral argument in this case was heard at Union University in Jackson, Tennessee.
                                        OPINION

                          I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Matthew Wheeler Mabie, M.D. (“Husband”) married Carla Jennings Mabie
(“Wife”) on June 7, 1997. Two minor children were born of the marriage: a daughter,
age thirteen at the time of trial, and a son, age six at the time of trial, which was in May
2013. Both children attended private schools in Memphis and were involved in
demanding and expensive extra-curricular activities.

        Husband and Wife were both age forty-one at the time of trial and age forty-three
at the time of the court‟s ruling. Wife attained a Bachelor of Science degree in
communications prior to the marriage, but she had not worked outside of the home since
the birth of the parties‟ son in 2004. Prior to that, Wife worked off-and-on and was able
to earn her real estate license. Working as a realtor, Wife earned approximately $40,000-
$45,000 per year. However, by agreement of the parties, she had not been employed in
any capacity for nearly ten years.

       Husband graduated from medical school on the same day that he and Wife were
married. He worked throughout the marriage as a medical doctor, and he began to work
as an employee at Mid-South Pulmonary Specialists (“MSPS”) in 2004. Husband
became a partner in MSPS in 2007. Husband‟s employment and business interest in
MSPS was a lucrative one for the family over the years, with his income in the three
years prior to trial being (approximately) $890,000 in 2010, $818,000 in 2011, and
$950,000 in 2012. This afforded the family a high standard of living that included
private school educations for their children, expensive extra-curricular activities for the
children, two homes in Memphis and a lake house in Arkansas, a boat, and vacations to
Mexico, Canada, and elsewhere.

       The parties‟ marriage had been troubled for many years. Husband moved out of
the marital residence in November 2011 and filed a complaint for divorce on December
19, 2011. In his complaint, Husband alleged that Wife was guilty of inappropriate
marital conduct and that irreconcilable differences had arisen in the marriage that would
prevent the parties from living together as husband and wife. Husband requested that he
be named “co-Primary Residential Parent” of both children. He also prayed for an
equitable division of marital debts and property, the marital residence, including all
furniture, for his separate property, and for attorney‟s fees, court costs and litigation
expenses.

      On January 27, 2012, both parties consented to an order of reconciliation pursuant
to Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-4-126. In that order, Husband and Wife agreed
                                             2
that Wife would maintain exclusive use of the martial residence and that the couple
would continue with counseling during the six month suspension of the divorce
proceedings. The attempt at reconciliation failed, and on June 22, 2012, the parties filed
a consent order setting aside the order of reconciliation and resuming the discovery
process.

       On December 20, 2012, Wife filed an answer to Husband‟s complaint and a
counter-complaint for divorce. Wife admitted to Husband‟s allegation of irreconcilable
differences but alleged that he was the one guilty of inappropriate marital conduct. Wife
requested that she be awarded alimony, attorney‟s fees, suit expenses, both temporarily
and permanently, and that the court would make an equitable division of the marital
property and debt between the parties. Wife also prayed that she be named the primary
residential parent of the parties‟ children. Husband responded by amending his
complaint to ask that the court name him primary residential parent of the children, rather
than co-primary residential parent as he had originally requested. Wife answered this
amended complaint and asked the court to deny Husband‟s request.

       On March 7, 2013, Husband petitioned the court to hold Wife in civil contempt
based on allegations that she had violated the mandatory injunction set forth in Tennessee
Code Annotated section 36-4-106. Husband alleged that Wife had taken several different
amounts, including one lump sum of $50,000, out of the parties‟ Morgan Stanley account
without Husband‟s knowledge, and he requested that the Court charge these amounts
against Wife‟s ultimate division of marital property. In May of 2013, Wife filed her own
motion for contempt against Husband alleging that he was making disparaging comments
about her to the children. The parties consented to an order that prevented them from
talking badly about one another in front of the kids. Otherwise, regarding the children, it
appears that the parties worked things out fairly well between themselves. There was
never a guardian ad litem appointed for the children during the divorce, and no issues
related to the children are on appeal.

       On March 25, 2013, Wife filed a motion pendente lite for child support, alimony,
and attorney‟s fees. This motion was heard over the course of two days by a divorce
referee. Ultimately, the referee ordered Husband to pay Wife the sum of $10,000 per
month throughout the pendency of the divorce proceedings, as well as other specific
expenses relative to the children and the marital estate. The $10,000 amount included
$3,200 in child support and $6,800 in transitional alimony to Wife. Husband was also
ordered to pay $25,000 of Wife‟s interim attorney‟s fees. Neither party appealed the
ruling of the divorce referee, and it was confirmed by the trial court on May 10, 2013.

       The divorce case was tried over three days on May 15, 16, and 20, 2013. The trial
court heard a substantial amount of testimony, including testimony from Husband, Wife,
                                            3
experts for both sides, husband‟s mistress, and the parties‟ children, as well as being
given evidentiary depositions and multiple trial memos and exhibits for review. At trial,
Husband based his grounds for divorce on Wife‟s spending habits, her alleged
harassment of him at work, and on multiple verbal and physical altercations. Wife based
her grounds for divorce on Husband‟s infidelity and several verbal altercations between
the parties.

       On April 2, 2015, nearly two years after the trial concluded, Husband and Wife
jointly moved the trial court to render a ruling on all pending issues and to enter a final
decree of divorce. On May 4, 2015, the trial court issued an oral ruling on some of the
items at issue in the divorce. At the conclusion of that proceeding, the trial court charged
the parties and their counsel with assigning numerical values to various items of personal
property in the marital estate. The court then stated:

              That leaves only the award of an attorney fee. And contingent upon
       how the breakdown plays out, how the division actually works out after the
       Court looks at the values assigned to those personal property items along
       with the accounts, the stocks, the bonuses, the Court will make its final
       determination as to what it‟s going to do with the attorney fee.

        On May 20, 2015, the parties reconvened before the court so that it could complete
its ruling on the outstanding issues. At this time, the trial court confirmed some portions
of its initial ruling and supplemented others, including dividing bank accounts, vehicles,
and other items of personalty. Ultimately, the trial court found the entire marital estate to
be valued at $3,185,379, of which Husband was awarded $1,551,690 and Wife was
awarded $1,064,581. Furthermore, the trial court awarded Wife $6,000 per month in
rehabilitative alimony for three years and $5,000 per month of alimony in futuro. The
award of alimony in futuro was ordered to be paid concurrently with the rehabilitative
alimony. The trial court entered a written final decree of divorce on August 10, 2015,
and incorporated by reference the transcripts from the May 4, 2015 and May 20, 2015
rulings. On August 10, 2015, the trial court entered a permanent parenting plan
designating Wife as the primary residential parent and requiring Husband to pay $3,200
per month in child support. In addition to that sum, Husband is required to pay other
expenses related to the children. Husband has not appealed the trial court‟s ruling with
regard to parenting time or child support.

                                     II. ISSUES PRESENTED

       Husband presents the following issues for review on appeal:

       1.     Whether the trial court erred in awarding rehabilitative alimony and
                                             4
              alimony in futuro to Wife;

       2.     Whether the trial court erred in its valuation of Husband‟s business
              interest in MSPS;

       3.     Whether the trial court erred in awarding attorney‟s fees to Wife;

       4.     Whether the trial court erred in not charging Wife for civil contempt.

We note that Husband‟s brief is replete with sub-issues and arguments that are only
tangentially related to the issues stated above. We pass on the offer to crawl down each
rabbit hole presented by Husband, and rather we direct our attention to those issues
properly before us on appeal.

       Wife presents the following additional issue for review on appeal:

       5.     Whether Wife should be granted attorney‟s fees for defending
              Husband‟s appeal.

                                    III.   DISCUSSION

       This case was tried by the trial court without a jury. We therefore review the trial
court‟s findings of fact de novo with a presumption of correctness unless the evidence
preponderates otherwise. Tenn. R. App. 13(d); Armbrister v. Armbrister, 414 S.W.3d
685, 692 (Tenn. 2013). Also, because the trial court has the opportunity to observe the
demeanor of the witnesses and hear the in-court testimony, “[w]e afford „considerable
deference‟ to the trial court‟s determinations of credibility and the weight given to oral
testimony.” Andrews v. Andrews, 344 S.W.3d 321, 339 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2010). We
review the trial court‟s conclusions of law de novo with no presumption of correctness.
Hyneman v. Hyneman, 152 S.W.3d 549, 553 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003).

                               A. Award of Spousal Support

        As a preliminary issue, Husband asserts that the trial court‟s order awarding
alimony contains insufficient findings of fact as to Wife‟s need in order to affirm the
award on appeal. As this Court has repeatedly opined, Rule 52.01 of the Tennessee Rules
of Civil Procedure requires written findings of fact and conclusions of law in a final
judgment resulting from a trial without a jury. See Tenn. R. Civ. P. 52.01. Indeed, we
recognize that the ruling of the trial court is not the gold standard for findings of fact and
conclusions of law as it relates to Wife‟s need for spousal support. Nevertheless, because
the trial court‟s reasoning is evident to some extent from its oral and written rulings, and
                                              5
because it is clearly supported by the record, we choose to exercise our discretion and
proceed to consider the merits of the alimony award. See Hanson v. J.C. Hobbs Co., No.
W2011-02523-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 5873582, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 21, 2012)
(we may “soldier on” with our review when the trial court‟s reasoning is “readily
ascertainable”).

       The Tennessee Supreme Court has articulated a deferential standard of review
applicable to a trial court‟s decision on matters of alimony:

              For well over a century, Tennessee law has recognized that trial
      courts should be accorded wide discretion in determining matters of spousal
      support. See Robinson v. Robinson, 26 Tenn. (7 Hum.) 440, 443 (1846)
      (“Upon a divorce . . . the wife is entitled to a fair portion of her husband‟s
      estate for her support, and the amount thus to be appropriated is a matter
      within the legal discretion of the chancellor . . . .”). This well-established
      principle still holds true today, with this Court repeatedly observing that
      trial courts have broad discretion to determine whether spousal support is
      needed and, if so, the nature, amount and duration of the award. See e.g.,
      Bratton v. Bratton, 136 S.W.3d 595 605 (Tenn. 2004); Burlew v. Burlew,
      40 S.W.3d 465, 470 (Tenn. 2001); Crabtree v. Crabtree, 16 S.W.3d 356,
      360 (Tenn. 2000).

              Equally well-established is the proposition that a trial court‟s
      decision regarding spousal support is factually driven and involves the
      careful balancing of many factors. Kinard v. Kinard, 986 S.W.2d 220, 235
      (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998); see also Burlew, 40 S.W.3d at 470; Robertson v.
      Robertson, 76 S.W.3d 337, 340-41 (Tenn. 2002). As a result, “[a]ppellate
      courts are generally disinclined to second-guess a trial judge‟s spousal
      support decision.” Kinard, 986 S.W.2d at 234. Rather, “[t]he role of an
      appellate court in reviewing an award of spousal support is to determine
      whether the trial court applied the correct legal standard and reached a
      decision that is not clearly unreasonable.” Broadbent v. Broadbent, 211
S.W.3d 216, 220 (Tenn. 2006). Appellate courts decline to second-guess a
      trial court‟s decision absent an abuse of discretion. Robertson, 76 S.W.3d
      at 343. An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court causes an
      injustice by applying an incorrect legal standard, reaches an illogical result,
      resolves the case on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or
      relies on reasoning that causes an injustice. Wright ex rel. Wright v.
      Wright, 337 S.W.3d 166, 176 (Tenn. 2011); Henderson v. SAIA, Inc., 318
S.W.3d 328, 335 (Tenn. 2010). This standard does not permit an appellate
      court to substitute its judgment for that of the trial court, but “„reflects an
                                            6
        awareness that the decision being reviewed involved a choice among
        several acceptable alternatives,‟ and thus, „envisions a less rigorous review
        of the lower court‟s decision and a decreased likelihood that the decision
        will be reversed on appeal.‟” Henderson, 318 S.W.3d at 335 (quoting Lee
        Medical Inc., v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515, 524 (Tenn. 2010)).
        Consequently, when reviewing a discretionary decision by a trial court,
        such as an alimony determination, the appellate court should presume that
        the decision is correct and should review the evidence in the light most
        favorable to the decision. Wright, 337 S.W.3d at 176; Henderson, 318
S.W.3d at 335.

Gonsewski v. Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d 99, 105-06 (Tenn. 2011) (footnote omitted).

        Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-121(d)(1) outlines the four types of
spousal support that are recognized under Tennessee law: (1) alimony in futuro, (2)
alimony in solido, (3) rehabilitative alimony, and (4) transitional alimony. Relevant to
the case at bar is the trial court‟s award of alimony in futuro and rehabilitative alimony.2
At trial, Wife requested that the court award her $15,000 per month in alimony in futuro.
Ultimately, the trial court awarded Wife $6,000 per month in rehabilitative alimony for
three years and an award of $5,000 per month of alimony in futuro. The award of
alimony in futuro was ordered to be paid concurrently with the rehabilitative alimony and
would terminate upon either party‟s death or Wife‟s remarriage or co-habitation with a
third party. In explaining this award of alimony, the trial court stated that it considered,
in relevant part, the following:

               Now, with regard to those factors that the Court has to look at when
        it comes to alimony: Pursuant to TCA 36-5-121 in determining whether the
        granting of an order for payment of support and maintenance to a spouse is
        appropriate . . . .

               The Court looked at the relative earning capacity, obligation, needs
        and financial resources of each party, . . . The husband is and continues to
        be the breadwinner. He has not only the greater earning capacity and
        resources, but he has always provided for the family. His income more
        than meets the needs of these parties. . . .

                ....

                . . . . [This] is now almost a 16-year marriage . . . .
2
 The court also awarded Wife attorney‟s fees, which is considered a form of alimony in solido and is
discussed in Section C below.
                                                   7
             ....

             The extent to which it would be undesirable for a party to seek
      employment outside the home . . . . the wife has been [an] at-home mom
      and wife for the last ten years. . . . [T]here are no barriers to her working
      outside the home . . . .

             ....

              The standard of living of the parties established during this marriage:
      [the] [p]arties lived a good life but not lavish. . . .

            The wife generally was responsible for finances, paying bills, with
      no budget or obvious restrictions except the purchases of new and
      expensive vehicles.

             ....

              . . . [T]he Court did take into consideration fault of the parties to this
      extent: These parties‟ marriage has been in trouble for many years. The
      husband admits . . . [to] at least one affair . . . with his nurse. . . . but it was
      not the only reason for the demise of this marriage. Some fault has to be
      attributed to Husband for his role in the split and the reason for the
      termination of counseling and reconciliation efforts. . . .

            As to need and ability to pay, the wife is economically
      disadvantaged, is in need of support, and the husband has the ability to pay.
      Accordingly, this Court looked at rehabilitation alimony.
       As stated above, the trial court awarded Wife $6,000 per month for three years as
rehabilitative alimony. With regard to rehabilitative alimony, Tennessee Code Annotated
section 36-5-121(d)(2) states the following:

      (2) It is the intent of the general assembly that a spouse, who is
      economically disadvantaged relative to the other spouse, be rehabilitated,
      whenever possible, by the granting of an order for payment of rehabilitative
      alimony. To be rehabilitated means to achieve, with reasonable effort, an
      earning capacity that will permit the economically disadvantaged spouse‟s
      standard of living after the divorce to be reasonably comparable to the
      standard of living enjoyed during the marriage, or to the post-divorce

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      standard of living expected to be available to the other spouse, considering
      the relevant statutory factors and the equities between the parties.

Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-5-121(d)(2). The trial court echoed that sentiment
in stating that

      [r]ehab alimony is favored in Tennessee and is suitable for the facts of this
      case . . . .

             [Wife] should be allowed at least three years for additional education
      and training in any field she desires, with the Court believing that if she has
      any interest, that interest may be in law. The wife is awarded $6,000 a
      month rehab alimony for three years that this Court approves for her to
      make herself capable of full-time, gainful and meaningful employment, i.e.,
      if she would like to go to law school, recognizing that will yet be less than
      any earnings of the husband.” (Emphasis added.)

       The trial court then awarded Wife alimony in futuro in the amount of $5,000 per
month to run concurrently with the aforementioned rehabilitative alimony. Alimony in
futuro “is intended to provide support on a long-term basis until the death or remarriage
of the recipient.” Gonsewski, 350 S.W.3d at 107 (citing Tennessee Code Annotated
section 36-5-121(f)(1)). “An award of alimony in futuro may be made, either in addition
to an award of rehabilitative alimony, where a spouse may be only partially rehabilitated,
or instead of an award of rehabilitative alimony, where rehabilitation is not feasible.”
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-121(d)(4). To that end, the trial court in this case opined that it

      considered transitional alimony and determined that transitional alimony
      was not appropriate for this case; however, the Court did determine that
      alimony in futuro was an appropriate form of alimony. Since rehab
      alimony will not restore Wife to her married status of living, alimony in
      futuro is appropriate. In addition to the above award of rehab alimony . . .
      Wife is awarded an amount of $5,000 per month in futuro.

       We determine the trial court‟s award of both rehabilitative alimony and alimony in
futuro to be reasonable and supported by the record in this case. With regard to
rehabilitative alimony, Wife has a bachelor‟s degree and her real estate license, but, by
agreement of the parties, she had not had gainful employment in nearly a decade. The
court found $6,000 per month for three years to be a reasonable amount and period of
time to allow Wife to ready herself to re-enter the work force, possibly by attending law
school. We do not determine that the trial court applied an incorrect legal standard or
abused her discretion in making this award. We therefore affirm the trial court‟s award
                                            9
of rehabilitative alimony.

        With respect to alimony in futuro, Wife sought, and attempted to prove with
expert testimony, that she was in need of $15,000 per month. The trial court found that
“the wife is economically disadvantaged, is in need of support, and the husband has the
ability to pay.” The court also found that the Wife could only be partially rehabilitated,
and she could not be fully restored to the parties‟ standard of living during the marriage,
and therefore alimony in futuro was appropriate. After hearing the testimony in this case
and considering the statutory factors relative to alimony, the trial court awarded Wife a
relatively modest $5,000 per month alimony in futuro. There is no question that Wife is
the economically disadvantaged spouse. To that end, the trial court found as follows:

              The income of these parties is as such: Wife was not employed
       outside of the home and she last worked outside of the home in
       approximately 2004. Historically, the most she earned was approximately
       40,000 to 45,000 dollars as a realtor. Otherwise, she only worked part time,
       and that was many years ago.

             The husband is employed and was employed throughout the
       marriage as a medical doctor. He is a partner at the Mid-South Pulmonary
       Specialists, P.C.

              This Court finds that the elicited testimony puts Wife‟s current
       income at approximately zero dollars a month. Testimony evidenced
       Father‟s earnings at about $195,000 as a base salary annually with a median
       income of $72,149.52, extrapolated as a consequence of the following
       earnings: 2010 . . . $860,887; 2011, $784,798; 2012, $951,707.

From our review of the record we agree with the trial court that Wife can be rehabilitated
to an extent, but that would never provide her with the standard of living established by
the parties during the marriage or to Husband‟s post-divorce standard of living.
Furthermore, given Husband‟s very high monthly income, there is no argument to be
made that he does not have the ability to pay this amount. In fact, Husband did not raise
his ability to pay as an issue, or as a sub-issue, on appeal. We affirm the trial court‟s
award of alimony in futuro.

       Husband further asserts that the trial court committed reversible error by awarding
Wife alimony before dividing all of the parties‟ marital property. Pursuant to Tennessee
law, the sequence of events in a divorce ruling is that a trial court should first make its
determinations as to the disposition of the parties‟ marital property before awarding
alimony because one of the factors to be considered in awarding alimony is the
                                            10
provisions made with regard to the marital property. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-
121(i)(8). During the “follow up” ruling on May 20, 2015, the trial court stated as
follows:

       The Court: . . . . I got a letter from Ms. Turner [attorney for Husband]
       indicating that she didn‟t think it was appropriate to submit any additional
       information, and so - - she did make a comment that before I granted
       alimony, I should have completed what I was going to do with the division
       of the other assets.

              So to that extent, I went back and reevaluated, not only the division
       of the assets, but I looked at the alimony in conjunction with what‟s what.
       So I want to make it very clear and very plain as to how the assets are going
       to be divided. So that means I‟m going to go back over a couple of them.

              ....

              So now, in addition to all of the statutory factors when I sat down and
       reevaluated the issue of alimony, I looked at the wife‟s expected expenses
       when I set the alimony and I have again reviewed those. The alimony will
       stay as ordered.

       Although we ultimately hold that the trial court adequately reconsidered its award
of alimony in light of the complete division of marital assets, we do note that the
conclusory statements made by the court cited above are not the optimal way for a trial
court to articulate its determination of a division of assets and award of spousal support.
However, the trial court did not go so far as to abuse its discretion in this respect. At all
relevant times, the court had before it ample testimony as to Wife‟s needs and expenses.
In fact, Mr. Vance made an extremely detailed spreadsheet of Wife‟s needs over the
remainder of her life expectancy and Husband‟s ability to pay. And, the court opined that
she re-examined all factors relevant to alimony again before the May 20, 2015 ruling.
Determining no reversible error, we affirm the trial court‟s award of alimony.

                      B. Valuation of Husband’s Business Interest

       Much of Husband‟s brief on appeal is devoted to his argument that the trial court
erred in its valuation of Husband‟s business interest in MSPS. On average, Husband‟s
monthly income was $72,149.52. Husband‟s average annual income was in excess of
$850,000 per year. After hearing testimony from experts for both parties, the trial court
chose to adopt Wife‟s expert‟s method of valuation and amount of that value, which set
Husband‟s business interest at $586,000. Nonetheless, on appeal Husband continues to
                                             11
assert that his interest in MSPS is worth a mere $8,500.

        The value of marital property is a question of fact. Owens v. Owens, 241 S.W.3d
478, 486 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007). “„The value of a marital asset is determined by
considering all relevant evidence regarding value.‟ If the evidence of value is conflicting,
the trial judge may assign a value that is within the range of values supported by the
evidence.” Powell v. Powell, 124 S.W.3d 100, 105-06 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). “[A] trial
court‟s decision with regard to the value of a marital asset will be given great weight on
appeal.” Wallace v. Wallace, 733 S.W.2d 102, 107 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987). “[T]he choice
of the proper method or combination of methods [to determine value] depends on the
unique circumstances of each corporation.” Id.

       Much testimony was given regarding the value of Husband‟s interest in MSPS. At
the time of trial, MSPS had been in existence since 1989 and was the largest pulmonary
group in the Memphis area. The group was comprised of twelve or thirteen partners and
nineteen additional non-partner physicians. In the year immediately preceding trial,
2012, the gross revenues for the practice was $15,463,277.

       Both parties presented experts who purported to testify as to the “fair market
value” of Husband‟s interest in MSPS. The expert testimony presented at trial varied
tremendously, such that the resulting business valuations ranged from $8,500 to $586,000
in value. In his brief, most of Husband‟s argument related to the valuation of his interest
in MSPS can be boiled down to an assertion that his expert was right, Wife‟s expert was
wrong, and that should constitute reversible error. However, Husband‟s argument
overlooks the general rule that the valuation and distribution of marital assets are
questions of fact which come to this Court with a presumption of correctness pursuant to
Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 13(d). See Kinard v. Kinard, 986 S.W.2d 220,
230-31 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).

       Husband proffered Judson Cannon as his expert on the value of MSPS. Mr.
Cannon is a certified public accountant who specializes in health care practices. After
much back and forth between counsel regarding his credentials as an expert, the trial
court ultimately determined that it would “accept the witness as an expert . . . and give
the testimony the weight that the Court feels it deserves.” Mr. Cannon explained that,
after considering what he deemed to be multiple substantial risks associated with an
investment in MSPS, including renegotiation of its contracts, etc., Husband‟s interest in
MSPS was virtually unmarketable at the time. Mr. Cannon therefore turned to what
Husband could receive if he left MSPS and cashed in his shares. In that event, the
group‟s mandatory Stock Control Agreement would determine the value of Husband‟s
interest. Analyzing Husband‟s interest by virtue of the Stock Control Agreement
includes the net book value of the business, less accounts receivable. According to Mr.
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Cannon, the value of MSPS pursuant to the formula in the Stock Control Agreement
made Husband‟s interest worth $8,500.

       William Robert Vance, Jr., Wife‟s expert, is a certified public accountant and
business valuation analyst. Mr. Vance testified that he considered “all three of the major
approaches . . . the market approach, the asset approach and then the income approach”
when deciding how to value MSPS. Mr. Vance testified at length how he came to the
conclusion that the income approach, the capitalizations of earnings method, was the
most applicable to the medical practice at issue, and he ultimately valued Husband‟s
interest in MSPS to be $586,000. When Mr. Vance was asked why he did not agree that
Dr. Mabie‟s 1/12th interest in MSPS was worth only $8,500, his response was “Well, I
think to suggest that someone who can make 700, 800, 900,000 dollars per year
progressively, that his ownership interest is only worth 8,000 dollars defies logic.” And,
as we have stated before, a trial judge, as fact finder, is not required to check his or her
common sense at the door when considering evidence. Eberting v. Eberting, No. E2010-
02471-COA-R3-CV, 2012 WL 605512, at *20 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 27, 2012).

       In its ruling, the trial court set forth the following reasoning for its valuation:

              . . . . This Court went back and looked at the testimony, read the
       cases with regard to how this business ought to be valuated. And except for
       what the Court considers is the need to have a value attached to this
       property to ensure that there is equitable division of the assets of these
       parties, the Court was not overly concerned with methodologies used by the
       experts to determine what value they were going to place on the property. .
       ..

              ....

              But having said that, the Court looked at the market approach, the
       asset approach and the income approach, and believed that the appropriate
       manner for this business to have been valued is the income[] approach.
       And the Court‟s going to accept the income[] approach and the value that‟s
       assigned to the business as a consequence of that approach. But that
       becomes an asset awarded to the husband.

In sum, the trial court ultimately adopted Mr. Vance‟s methodology and valuation of the
business at $586,000. We determine that there is sufficient evidence in the record to
support the trial court‟s valuation, which was within the range of values presented to it.

       Husband also argues that the court committed reversible error by not adequately
                                               13
considering the Stock Control Agreement in its valuation of MSPS. However, from
Husband‟s brief it appears his argument is really that the trial court erred in not
considering the Stock Control Agreement as the only factor relevant to the value of
MSPS. In Harmon v. Harmon, No. W1998-00841-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 286718
(Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 2, 2000), this Court took on a similar issue as a case of first
impression in Tennessee. The Husband in Harmon was a partner physician in a large
medical group. Harmon, 2000 WL 286718, at *3-4. The by-laws of the entities in which
he held an interest contained “buy-sell” clauses that set the value of his stock and bound
shareholders to it in the event of a sale. Id. at *4. The parties in Harmon made similar
arguments to the parties in this case. The husband in Harmon asserted that his interest in
the practice should be valued based on his buy-sell agreement with his partners because
he would be bound by that price in the event of an actual sale of his shares. Id. The wife
argued that buy-sell agreements are set artificially low, excluding things such as accounts
receivable and supplies, in order to deter physicians from leaving the clinic. Thus, the
wife asserted, the buy-sell agreement did not reflect the true value of her husband‟s
interest in his medical group as a going concern. Id. at *12-15. Ultimately, we held that
buy-sell agreements may be considered in a business valuation along with any other
relevant evidence as to value. However, buy-sell agreements, like the Stock Control
Agreement at issue in this case, are not controlling on the value of a business for
purposes of a divorce. See id. at *29.

        Husband seeks to further denounce the trial court‟s valuation for reaching its
conclusion “without addressing federal laws affecting medical practices and without
addressing whether the professional corporation statutes in a „majority‟ of states
contained provisions that would make the stock control agreement binding on a third
party.” In particular, Husband asserts that a sale of his interest in MSPS would be
affected by federal statutes such as the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. However, Wife
asserts that Husband should not be permitted to make this argument on appeal because
this was not an issue Husband raised at trial. In response, Husband argues that the
application of federal statutes, such as the Anti-Kickback Statute, is not something he
was required to prove at trial because “[t]he existence of this statute is not a factual
question to be proved by evidence at trial; its existence and application is a question of
law.” As we have previously stated, the court heard extensive testimony on the valuation
issue. It is no secret that “[u]nder Tennessee law, issues raised for the first time on
appeal are waived.” Black v. Blount, 938 S.W.2d 394, 403 (Tenn. 1996). We therefore
decline Husband‟s invitation to delve into an analysis of how federal statutes might
theoretically relate to an actual sale of his medical practice. We also refuse to remand
this issue to the trial court for it to do so when Husband and his expert failed to raise the
point when they had the opportunity. “It is axiomatic that parties will not be permitted to
raise issues on appeal that they did not first raise in the trial court.” Powell v. Cmty.
Health Sys., Inc., 312 S.W.3d 496, 511 (Tenn. 2010) (citations omitted).
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       Pursuant to Tennessee law, the trial court was free to place a value on this marital
asset that was within the range of evidence submitted. See Wallace, 733 S.W.2d at 107
(citing In re Marriage of Johnston, Mont. 726 P.2d 322, 325 (1986) and Hein v. Hein,
366 N.W.3d 646, 650 (Minn. App. 1985)). That is precisely what the trial court did in
this case, and we discern no error in the trial court‟s valuation of Husband‟s business
interest in MSPS.

                    C. Trial Court’s Award of Attorney’s Fees to Wife

       Pursuant to the final decree of divorce, the trial court ordered that “Husband shall
be required to pay Wife‟s American Express credit card . . . in the amount of Forty-three
Thousand Dollars ($43,000), as an award of attorney‟s fees to Wife.” Husband contends
that the trial court erred in this determination because it did not make a finding that Wife
was unable to pay her attorney‟s fees or explain how it determined that $43,000.00 was a
reasonable amount.

       In the context of a divorce, an award of attorney‟s fees is considered an award of
alimony. Long v. Long, 957 S.W.2d 825, 829 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). As we have opined
above, a trial court is afforded wide discretion in an award of alimony, which in this
regard is attorney‟s fees, and we will not reverse that decision absent a showing of abuse
of discretion. See Aaron v. Aaron, 909 S.W.2d 408, 411 (Tenn. 1995).

       In the “follow-up” ruling on May 20, 2015, the trial court took up the issue of
attorney‟s fees at the same time it was explaining the reasoning behind the alimony award
to Wife. With regard to attorney‟s fees, the Court opined:

       There was a 43,000 or 40-plus-thousand dollar debt on the American
       express card that was assigned to Husband for Husband to be responsible
       for, and that was used to pay attorney fees based upon the expressed
       testimony and statement of the witnesses and statements of the lawyers. So
       the Court awards that debt that Husband‟s going to be responsible for
       Wife‟s attorney fees. Otherwise, Wife will be responsible for her own fee,
       Husband will be responsible for his own attorney fees.

        After reviewing the trial court‟s ruling in its entirety, we believe that the trial court
established a proper basis for the award of reasonable attorney‟s fees to Wife. Only a
few sentences before the court awarded these attorney‟s fees to Wife, it explained its
reasoning for awarding Wife alimony, and these attorney‟s fees are in fact alimony.
Moreover, at the time the court made the above ruling, the court was fully aware of the
full division of marital assets and Wife‟s needs and expenses. Based on the entire record,
                                               15
including Mr. Vance‟s spreadsheet of Wife‟s needs, we hold that the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in awarding $43,000 in attorney‟s fees to Wife. We therefore affirm
the trial court‟s award of attorney‟s fees to Wife.

                                     D. Civil Contempt

       The final issue Husband presents is whether the trial court committed reversible
error by failing to punish Wife for civil contempt for withdrawing money from the
parties‟ joint account in violation of the statutory injunction. The order of the trial court at
issue relates to the set of mandatory mutual injunctions imposed on parties pursuant to
Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-4-106 when a divorce is filed.

        During the trial court proceedings, Husband argued that Wife violated the
mandatory statutory injunctions by taking money out of the parties‟ joint Morgan Stanley
account without Husband‟s knowledge and spending it on things that were not in keeping
with the parties‟ normal expenditures. By the same token, Wife alleged that Husband
violated the same injunction by cancelling her credit card. After hearing the testimony of
the parties as well as the arguments of counsel, the trial court determined that the Wife
was in civil contempt for spending money without Husband‟s knowledge, but that
Husband also violated the injunction when he cancelled Wife‟s American Express card
after the divorce was filed. To that end, the trial court used its discretion and decided that
it would “not award any punishment or retribution for the contempt charge. It becomes
null and void.” Despite the trial court‟s decision, counsel for Husband pressed the issue
again during the May 4, 2015 ruling, and the court responded as follows:

       THE COURT: Well, number one, Ms. Turner, I didn‟t find dissipation. I
       said that she violated the - -
              ....
              - - injunction, right. And the reason I didn‟t do anything about that
       is because he cancelled the credit card based on the testimony that I heard
       from the stand.

       “A trial court‟s decision to hold a party in civil contempt is entitled to great weight
and this Court will not disturb that determination absent an abuse of discretion.” Beyer v.
Beyer, 428 S.W.3d 59, 76 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013) (citing Hawk v. Hawk, 855 S.W.3d 573,
583 (Tenn. 1993)). After reviewing the record in its entirety, we conclude that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in declining to punish Wife for civil contempt.

                               E. Attorney’s Fees on Appeal

       The determination of whether to award attorney‟s fees on appeal is within the sole
                                              16
discretion of the appellate court. Moses v. Moses, E2008-00257-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL
838105, at *10 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 31, 2009) (no perm. app. filed) (citing Archer v.
Archer, 907 S.W.2d 412, 419 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995)). After considering Wife‟s request
for this Court to award her attorney‟s fees incurred on appeal, we respectfully decline to
do so.

                                   IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of the trial court and deny Wife‟s
request for attorney‟s fees on appeal. Costs of this appeal are taxed to the
Husband/Appellant, Matthew Wheeler Mabie, M.D., and his surety, for which execution
may issue if necessary.

                                                _________________________________
                                                BRANDON O. GIBSON, JUDGE

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