Court Opinion

ID: 4273416
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-05-08 19:09:43.750352+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:06:35.513032
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

                                NO. 2016-KA-01468-COA

MARTEZ TAYLOR A/K/A MARTEZ D.                                                APPELLANT
TAYLOR A/K/A MARTEZ DEONTE TAYLOR

v.

STATE OF MISSISSIPPI                                                           APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                          07/06/2016
TRIAL JUDGE:                               HON. JEFF WEILL SR.
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                 HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
                                           FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:                    OFFICE OF STATE PUBLIC DEFENDER
                                           BY: HUNTER NOLAN AIKENS
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                     OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                           BY: BARBARA WAKELAND BYRD
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:                         ROBERT SHULER SMITH
NATURE OF THE CASE:                        CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION:                               REVERSED AND REMANDED: 05/08/2018
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       BEFORE IRVING, P.J., FAIR AND WILSON, JJ.

       FAIR, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Martez Taylor was tried for robbery and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon

following an altercation with his girlfriend’s aunt, Danielle Brent. Brent claimed Taylor had

attacked her suddenly and taken her phone, credit cards, and pistol. Taylor testified he took

the gun after she threatened him with it and then immediately brought the pistol and the other

items (which he had taken by mistake in his haste to leave) to his mother so she could return

them. The circuit court refused to instruct the jury on Taylor’s asserted defense of necessity
after finding that Taylor had not established that he got rid of the gun at the first opportunity.1

The jury acquitted Taylor of robbery but convicted him of possessing a firearm after being

convicted of a felony, and Taylor appeals.

¶2.    We agree with the circuit court that, when a convicted felon takes a possession of a

firearm out of necessity, he is required to act immediately to relieve himself of it once the

need has passed. But the necessity does not end until the defendant has an adequate

alternative to possession of the gun, which means that the defendant may delay when it is

necessary to transfer the weapon safely. We conclude that a reasonable juror who believed

Taylor’s testimony could have found the necessity defense meritorious. The jury therefore

should have been instructed on Taylor’s theory of the case, and because it was not, we

reverse his conviction and remand for a new trial.

                                         DISCUSSION

       1.      Necessity

¶3.    “[N]ecessity . . . provides a valid defense to the offense of felon in possession of a

firearm, but . . . the record must contain an evidentiary foundation to support the defense.”

Anderson v. State, 185 So. 3d 1015, 1024 (¶37) (Miss. Ct. App. 2014). The necessity defense

requires a showing that “(1) the act charged was done to prevent a significant evil; (2) there

[was] no adequate alternative; and (3) the harm caused was not disproportionate to the harm

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         The circuit court also found that Taylor failed to establish necessity to take the gun
in the first place, but the State does not advance that theory on appeal.

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avoided.” Flowers v. State, 51 So. 3d 911, 913 (¶7) (Miss. 2010).

¶4.    Taylor testified that he had been staying with his girlfriend and her infant child

(Taylor was not the child’s father) in a hotel room for about three months, when one morning

Brent, his girlfriend’s aunt, showed up at the door. The girlfriend let her in, and Taylor

noticed Brent was holding a cell phone and a small-caliber pistol. When Taylor tried to

leave, Brent—who Taylor testified did not like him seeing her niece and had previously

threatened to shoot him—blocked his way and began waiving the pistol and pointing it at

him. Brent was “furious” as she waved the gun at Taylor while speaking to her niece. Taylor

chose a moment when the gun was not pointed at him to grab it and force it down. The two

struggled over the gun until Taylor bit Brent on the wrist and she dropped it. Both went for

the gun, but after some “wrestling,” Taylor came up with it and Brent “stormed out of the

room.” Taylor then hurriedly grabbed some of his things that were within arm’s reach and

left. As he was walking away from the motel, he saw a city bus approaching, and he took it

to near where his mother lived. After getting off the bus, Taylor “immediately” went to his

mother and gave her the gun and other items that did not belong to him, which he had

inadvertently taken when he fled. He asked her to return them, and she did. It is not clear

from the record how far Taylor’s mother’s home was from the motel, but Taylor estimated

that he possessed the gun for about twenty minutes.

¶5.    Taylor offered a necessity jury instruction, D-11, but it was refused. The trial court

found both that Taylor had failed to show necessity in taking the gun and had failed to show

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any necessity in keeping it after Brent left. On appeal, the State only pursues the second

theory: that Taylor kept the gun after the necessity had passed.

¶6.    The grant or denial of a jury instruction is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.

McInnis v. State, 61 So. 3d 872, 875 (¶10) (Miss. 2011). That discretion is limited, however,

as “a defendant is entitled to have jury instructions given which present his theory of the

case.” Newell v. State, 49 So. 3d 66, 74 (¶20) (Miss. 2010). The trial court should give such

an instruction unless it “incorrectly states the law, is covered fairly elsewhere in the

instructions, or is without foundation in the evidence.” Id. And “[w]hen serious doubt exists

as to whether an instruction should be included, the doubt should be resolved in favor of the

accused.” Id.

¶7.    The State contends that Taylor’s proffered necessity instruction was without

foundation in the evidence because “he could have thrown the gun out of the motel room or

he could have had [his girlfriend] secure the gun after he took it from [Brent].” The State

analogizes this case to Williams v. State, 953 So. 2d 260, 263-64 (¶¶7-10) (Miss. Ct. App.

2006), and Davis v. State, 69 So. 3d 45, 48-49 (¶¶11-14) (Miss. Ct. App. 2011), but both of

those cases involved defendants who armed themselves in advance of confrontations; they

have little relevance to today’s case. We agree, however, that “[a] defendant is not entitled

to a necessity defense when he or she pursues a continued course of criminal conduct after

circumstances justifying such conduct cease to exist.” Myers v. State, 153 So. 3d 581, 587

(¶20) (Miss. 2014).

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¶8.    It is unclear whether the State argues that Taylor should have thrown the gun during

the altercation or simply abandoned it somewhere once the coast was clear, but both ideas

strike us as untenable. Turning to the elements of the necessity defense as articulated in

Flowers, the risks of the gun discharging upon hitting the ground or being picked up and

turned against Taylor before he could retreat to safety are “significant evils.” See id. And

“the harm caused was not disproportionate to the harm avoided” because, while the statute

may technically criminalize it, there is little harm in a convicted felon, who has come into

possession of a firearm through necessity, holding it briefly when required to ensure that it

is safely transferred to a responsible person. See United States v. Mooney, 497 F.3d 397, 407

(4th Cir. 2007) (citing United States v. Mason, 233 F.3d 619, 625 (D.C. Cir. 2000)). A

reasonable juror could likewise find that abandoning the gun in a public place or entrusting

it to a complete stranger were not adequate alternatives to its brief continued possession. See

Flowers, 51 So. 3d at 913 (¶7).

¶9.    As to the suggestions that Taylor should have just stayed put and called the police or

gone somewhere else and given the gun to some other person, the Fourth Circuit’s discussion

in Mooney is instructive. Mooney took a gun from his ex-wife in self-defense and brought

it to his place of employment, where he intended to call the police without interference from

his ex-wife. Mooney, 497 F.3d at 400. The district court found that there was no potential

necessity defense because Mooney left with the gun.          Id. at 401. The Fourth Circuit

reversed, holding that the necessity defense was available to Mooney because “[w]hen a

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defendant pursues, immediately and without delay or detour, a reasonable course for handing

over a gun to proper authorities after legally taking possession of it, we cannot fault him for

not choosing a different reasonable course.” Id. at 408.2 While Mooney said he intended to

turn the firearm directly over to the police, the Fourth Circuit later explained that “a

defendant’s options for reasonable dispossession of a firearm may include turning the gun

over to the authorities, but that is not the only option, and ultimately, the reasonableness of

the defendant’s course of conduct is a question for a jury.” United States v. Ricks, 573 F.3d
198, 204 (4th Cir. 2009). In Ricks, the court held that the justification defense was available

where the defendant, fearing his roommate may return after once attempting to assault him

with a firearm, picked the gun up, unloaded it, and concealed it under some clothes on a

dresser used by its owner. See id.

¶10.   As to the particular question of whether Taylor should have given the gun to his

girlfriend, he did not directly address that possibility in his testimony. We recognize that

necessity is an affirmative defense and Taylor, as its proponent, bore the burden of proof.

See Davis v. State, 158 So. 3d 1190, 1195 (¶22) (Miss. Ct. App. 2015). And we agree that

a reasonable factfinder could conclude that Taylor’s necessity defense failed on its merits as

a result of his failure to address this possibility. In Stodghill v. State, 892 So. 2d 236, 239

       2
         The necessity test employed by the Fourth Circuit asks whether there was a
“reasonable” alternative to possessing the gun, while ours uses the word “adequate,” but we
take them to have substantially the same meaning. See Stodghill v. State, 892 So. 2d 236,
238-39 (¶8) (Miss. 2005) (referring to a reasonableness standard in analyzing an asserted
necessity defense).

                                              6
(¶¶9-10) (Miss. 2005), the defendant claimed he drove under the influence of alcohol because

of a medical emergency. On appeal, he argued that the circuit court, which tried the case

without a jury, lacked a basis in the evidence to reject his justification defense. Id. The

supreme court affirmed Stodghill’s conviction because he failed to show that he had asked

his daughter and son-in-law, who were present and demonstrably able to drive, to do it

instead. Id.

¶11.   It is important to note that the issue in Stodghill was whether the factfinder could

reject the necessity defense, while today it is whether the necessity defense should have been

submitted to the factfinder in the first place. As we said, when there is serious doubt as to

the defense’s viability, it should be submitted to the jury, and despite Taylor’s failure to

directly address the possibility of handing the weapon over to his girlfriend, we find that

there is still a jury question based on the surrounding circumstances. See Newell, 49 So. 3d

at 74 (¶20). Taylor testified that he fled to avoid another confrontation with Brent; he did

not know where she had gone or, potentially, what she had gone to get. There were also

reasons for the jury to conclude the girlfriend was unlikely to be able or willing to take the

gun: she was twenty or twenty-one years of age and was caring for a five-month-old infant.

She apparently ended her relationship with Taylor after the incident and left the state, and the

jury could have accepted Brent’s testimony that her niece was solidly on her side and that the

confrontation had occurred because Taylor refused his girlfriend’s demands that he

leave—“the jury has the prerogative to accept or reject, in whole or part, the testimony of

                                               7
any witness.” Smith v. State, 925 So. 2d 825, 839 (¶33) (Miss. 2006). A reasonable juror

could find that the exigencies of the situation outweighed the harm in Taylor’s twenty-minute

possession of the firearm. See Mooney, 497 F.3d at 407.

¶12.   We conclude that the circuit court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on Taylor’s

necessity defense. As to the potential that this might be harmless error, the case was

essentially a “he said, she said.” Taylor and Brent were the only witnesses to the altercation

to testify at trial, and the jury clearly rejected at least some of Brent’s account, as it acquitted

Taylor of robbery despite her direct and unambiguous testimony that one had occurred. The

jury deliberated for some time over two days and even sent notes to the circuit court asking

about the use of the word “unlawful” in the context of possession of a firearm in the

indictment and jury instructions. The fourth and final note asked if there was “a lawful way

for a felon to be in possession of a firearm” and whether the jury could “have any research

material on state law”; Taylor was convicted after the court answered “no” to both questions.

This is not a case where we can find refusing to submit the defense to be harmless error.

       2.      Impeachment with Prior Convictions

¶13.   The trial court allowed Taylor to be impeached with the details of his prior

convictions, pursuant to Mississippi Rule of Evidence 609(a)(1)(B), but without making on-

the-record findings regarding the factors outlined in Peterson v. State, 518 So. 2d 632, 637-

38 (Miss. 1987). The failure to make such findings on the record is reversible error in and

of itself “in those cases where the accused’s credibility was central to his defense or where

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the evidence was hotly disputed.” See Jones v. State, 702 So. 2d 419, 421-22 (¶¶15-17)

(Miss. 1997).

¶14.   We note, also, that the trial court found the prior convictions admissible for

impeachment only, yet the prosecution clearly went beyond that purpose to suggest the prior

convictions were evidence of Taylor’s intent in taking the various objects belonging to Brent.

While this particular issue should not recur on remand (as Taylor was acquitted of robbery

and will not be retried for that offense), if the details of Taylor’s prior convictions are found

to be admissible on remand their use should be limited to credibility “and not to show a

propensity . . . to have acted on the present occasion in conformity with the criminal character

suggested by the previous conviction.” Id. at 422 (¶17) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted).

       3.       Sentencing as Habitual Offender

¶15.   Finally, Taylor contends that his indictment insufficiently charged him as a habitual

offender and that the court lacked sufficient evidence to support a life sentence under

Mississippi Code Annotated section 99-19-83 (Rev. 2015). These contentions are made for

the first time on appeal, and so we decline to address them. If the issue were the sufficiency

of the evidence as to the substantive offense (felon in possession of a firearm), we would be

required to address it because double jeopardy would bar a retrial should the evidence have

been insufficient for anything but an acquittal. See Newell v. State, 175 So. 3d 1260, 1267-

68 (¶5) (Miss. 2015). But “the Double Jeopardy Clause does not preclude retrial on a prior

                                               9
conviction allegation in the noncapital sentencing context.” Monge v. California, 524 U.S.
721, 734 (1998). Since we are reversing Taylor’s conviction and remanding for a new trial,

the circuit court can address these issues, should Taylor choose to raise them there.

¶16.   REVERSED AND REMANDED.

    LEE, C.J., IRVING AND GRIFFIS, P.JJ., BARNES, CARLTON, WILSON,
GREENLEE, WESTBROOKS AND TINDELL, JJ., CONCUR.

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