Court Opinion

ID: 4181880
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-06-28 23:11:30.232505+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:12:56.147089
License: Public Domain

2017 IL App (1st) 161957
                                           No. 1-16-1957
                                            June 27, 2017

                                                                             SECOND DIVISION

                                               IN THE

                                 APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                         FIRST DISTRICT

     BETTER GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION,                )      Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                                   )      Of Cook County.
          Plaintiff-Appellee,                      )
                                                   )
          v.                                       )      No. 15 CH 1061
                                                   )
     THE VILLAGE OF ROSEMONT,                      )      The Honorable
                                                   )      Rita Novak,
          Defendant-Appellant.                     )      Judge Presiding.

                  JUSTICE NEVILLE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                  Presiding Justice Hyman and Justice Mason concurred in the judgment and
       opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1        Better Government Association (BGA) made a request to see some contracts for use of

       entertainment venues owned by the Village of Rosemont. Rosemont produced the requested

       contracts, but it redacted from the contracts the rent and financial incentives, such as the

       distribution of revenue from food concessions. BGA filed a complaint under the Freedom of

       Information Act (FOIA) (5 ILCS 140/1 et seq. (West 2014)), seeking an order requiring

       Rosemont to disclose the redacted portions of the contracts. The circuit court granted BGA’s
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        motion for summary judgment on the complaint. Rosemont appeals from the order requiring

        disclosure of the redacted terms of the contracts.

¶2         We hold that FOIA does not exempt from disclosure the rent Rosemont charged and the

        negotiated financial incentives Rosemont provided to the persons who sought to use

        Rosemont’s facilities. Rosemont lacked authority to exempt from disclosure documents that

        FOIA required Rosemont to disclose. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

¶3                                          BACKGROUND

¶4         In 2014, Garth Brooks played a concert at Allstate Arena, which Rosemont owns and

        operates. Stacy St. Clair of the Chicago Tribune sent a request to Rosemont for all contracts

        related to Brooks’s appearance at Allstate Arena. Rosemont redacted significant portions

        from the contracts it sent to St. Clair. On October 10, 2014, St. Clair filed with the Public

        Access Bureau of the Attorney General’s Office a request for review of Rosemont’s partial

        denial of her request for information.

¶5         On November 12, 2014, before the Attorney General issued an opinion concerning the

        request, Rosemont adopted Ordinance No. 2014-11-12, titled “An Ordinance Providing for

        the Protection of Confidential Financial and Proprietary Information Relating to the

        Operation of Village of Rosemont Entertainment Venues.” Rosemont Ordinance No. 2014-

        11-12 (approved Nov. 12, 2014). The ordinance provides, “Notwithstanding *** the Illinois

        Freedom of Information Act, no officer or employee of the Village of Rosemont shall

        knowingly disclose confidential financial or proprietary information relating to any

        Amusement Event held or to be held at an Entertainment Venue.” Rosemont Ordinance No.

        2014-11-12 (approved Nov. 12, 2014). The ordinance defined “Entertainment Venues” to

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     No. 1-16-1957

        include Allstate Arena and the Donald E. Stephens Convention Center. Rosemont Ordinance

        No. 2014-11-12 (approved Nov. 12, 2014). The ordinance defined “Confidential Financial or

        Proprietary Information” to mean “information pertaining to the amount of money paid by a

        Producer to secure the use of an Entertainment Venue for production and presentation of an

        Amusement Event and any financial incentives, considerations or payments to be made to a

        Producer as an inducement to license or rent the Entertainment Venue for production and

        presentation of an Amusement Event.” Rosemont Ordinance No. 2014-11-12 (approved Nov.

        12, 2014).

¶6         Rosemont filed with the Public Access Bureau a response to St. Clair’s request for

        review, asserting that the ordinance exempted from disclosure the redacted parts of the

        contracts with Brooks.

¶7         On November 13, 2014, the day after Rosemont adopted Ordinance 2014-11-12, the

        BGA requested from Rosemont all contracts for events held at Allstate Arena and the

        Convention Center in 2014. Rosemont sent BGA copies of the contracts, but it redacted from

        the contracts “confidential financial and proprietary information of the Village of Rosemont

        consisting of amounts paid as rent for use of the relevant entertainment venue for these

        events, and rebates or financial inducements, if any, paid by the Village of Rosemont for

        production and presentation of such amusement event[s] at the Allstate Arena or the

        Convention Center.”

¶8         On January 22, 2015, BGA filed a complaint charging Rosemont with violating the

        FOIA. The complaint initiated the lawsuit now before this court. Rosemont answered that

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          sections 7(1)(a) and 7(1)(g) of the FOIA (5 ILCS 104/7(1)(a), (g) (West 2014)), as well as

          Ordinance 2014-11-12, exempted the redacted portions of the contracts from disclosure.

¶9        Section 7(1) of the FOIA provides:

                       “(1) When a request is made to inspect or copy a public record that contains

                information that is exempt from disclosure under this Section, but also contains

                information that is not exempt from disclosure, the public body may elect to

                redact the information that is exempt. The public body shall make the remaining

                information available for inspection and copying. Subject to this requirement, the

                following shall be exempt from inspection and copying:

                              (a) Information specifically prohibited from disclosure by federal or

                       State law or rules and regulations implementing federal or State law.

                                                            ***

                              (g) Trade secrets and commercial or financial information obtained

                       from a person or business where the trade secrets or commercial or financial

                       information are furnished under a claim that they are proprietary, privileged

                       or confidential, and that disclosure of the trade secrets or commercial or

                       financial information would cause competitive harm to the person or

                       business, and only insofar as the claim directly applies to the records

                       requested.” 5 ILCS 140/7(1)(a), (g) (West 2014).

¶ 10         On January 23, 2015, the Attorney General issued a binding opinion concerning St.

          Clair’s request for Rosemont’s contract with Brooks. The Attorney General said:

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         “[T]he regulation of access to governmental information is an area in which ‘the

         state has a vital interest and a traditionally exclusive role.’ [City of Chicago v.]

         StubHub,[Inc.,] 2011 IL 111127, ¶ 25. Therefore, the Village of Rosemont’s

         Ordinance No. 2014-11-12 does not pertain to the Village’s government and

         affairs within the meaning of article VII, section 6(a) of the Illinois Constitution

         of 1970, and consequently is not a valid exercise of home rule power. The Village

         cannot pass an Ordinance to avoid disclosing public records to the public. Thus,

         the Ordinance has no effect upon the Village’s duty to comply with Ms. St.

         Clair’s FOIA request. ***

                                                 ***

                Under the plain language of article VIII, section 1(c) of the Illinois

         Constitution and section 2.5 of FOIA, a public body cannot withhold information

         concerning funds it expends or receives from its agreements with private entities.

         Moreover, section 7(1)(g) does not apply to the financial terms of these

         agreements because the financial terms were not ‘obtained from a person or

         business’ as section 7(1)(g) plainly requires, but rather were negotiated between

         the parties. ***

                                                 ***

                *** The financial terms of contracts with public bodies are expressly subject

         to disclosure under *** section 2.5 of FOIA. ***

                ***

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       No. 1-16-1957

                       For the reasons stated above, it is the opinion of the Attorney General that the

                 Village improperly denied, in part, Ms. St. Clair’s Freedom of Information Act

                 request ***.” 2015 Ill. Att’y Gen. Op. No. 15-002, at 10, 12, 15,

                 http://foia.ilattorneygeneral.net/pdf/opinions/2015/15-002.pdf.

¶ 11         Rosemont decided not to appeal from the Attorney General’s opinion. It sent St. Clair the

          Brooks contracts with the terms she sought.

¶ 12         Rosemont subsequently filed an answer to BGA’s complaint, raising again several of the

          arguments in raised in the litigation concerning Brooks’s contracts. Rosemont appended to its

          answer affidavits from the general manager of Allstate Arena and the executive director of

          the Convention Center, who said that public disclosure of the redacted information from the

          2014 contracts, including the rents and other negotiated terms of the contracts, would harm

          the competitive position of Allstate Arena, the Convention Center, and the persons who

          rented Allstate Arena and the Convention Center in 2014.

¶ 13         BGA filed a motion for summary judgment. The circuit court heard oral arguments on the

          motion and said that section 7(1)(g) of the FOIA did not protect Rosemont’s trade secrets,

          because Rosemont did not obtain its own secrets from any other person or business. Insofar

          as Rosemont sought to protect the secrets of persons who rented Allstate Arena or the

          Convention Center, the court found no evidence those parties considered the terms of the

          contracts confidential. The court held that section 7(1)(a) also did not preclude disclosure of

          the rental terms.

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       No. 1-16-1957

¶ 14          The circuit court found that the FOIA prevented Rosemont from adopting an ordinance

          that effectively prevented disclosure of documents that the FOIA subjected to disclosure. The

          circuit court said:

                 “Now, is this to say that the ordinance is unconstitutional? Maybe to some extent.

                 I don’t know if this ordinance would have some application other than how it

                 would apply to this case. But certainly with respect to the Village’s attempt to

                 control the determination of what documents are disclosable under FOIA and the

                 scope of the exemptions, I think it’s preempted.”

¶ 15          Rosemont filed a motion for reconsideration, arguing that the circuit court’s ruling

          included a determination that Ordinance No. 2014-11-12 violated the Illinois Constitution

          and the circuit court should not reach constitutional issues when the court could decide the

          case on nonconstitutional grounds. The circuit court granted the motion, and on

          reconsideration, entered an order holding that the Attorney General’s decision concerning the

          Brooks contracts collaterally estopped Rosemont from relitigating the issue of whether the

          FOIA required disclosure of rent and other terms regarding payments for use of Rosemont’s

          entertainment venues. The court reasserted its ruling that sections 7(1)(g) and 7(1)(a) of the

          FOIA did not exempt the redacted portions of the contract from disclosure. The court vacated

          only its ruling on the validity of Rosemont’s ordinance. Rosemont now appeals.

¶ 16                                            ANALYSIS

¶ 17          Rosemont argues that the Attorney General’s decision concerning the Brooks contracts

          should not collaterally estop Rosemont from contesting BGA’s FOIA request and sections

          7(1)(g) and 7(1)(a) of the FOIA, as well as Ordinance No. 2014-11-12, exempt from

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       No. 1-16-1957

          disclosure the redacted portions of the contracts. We review de novo the order granting a

          motion for summary judgment. Millennium Park Joint Venture, LLC v. Houlihan, 241 Ill. 2d
281, 309 (2010).

¶ 18                                          Collateral Estoppel

¶ 19         A party seeking to invoke collateral estoppel must show “(1) that the issue decided in the

          prior adjudication is identical with the one presented in the suit in question; (2) that there was

          a final judgment on the merits in the prior adjudication; and (3) that the party against whom

          estoppel is asserted was a party or in privity with a party to the prior adjudication.” Herzog v.

          Lexington Township, 167 Ill. 2d 288, 295 (1995). “Application of the doctrine of collateral

          estoppel must be narrowly tailored to fit the precise facts and issues that were clearly

          determined in the prior judgment.” Kessinger v. Grefco, Inc., 173 Ill. 2d 447, 467 (1996).

          While the Attorney General stated as a general principle that the “financial terms of contracts

          with public bodies are expressly subject to disclosure under *** section 2.5 of FOIA,” the

          Attorney General needed to decide only whether the FOIA required Rosemont to disclose the

          terms of its contracts with Brooks, including the amount of rent charged and the financial

          incentives given to Brooks.

¶ 20         We find this case similar to Lardner v. Department of Justice, 638 F. Supp. 2d 14 (D.C.

          Cir. 2009) (Lardner II). Lardner initially requested complete files of pardon applications

          submitted by 25 people. The Department of Justice provided the files but redacted from the

          files the names of unsuccessful applicants for pardons. Lardner challenged the redactions.

          Lardner v. United States Department of Justice, No. Civ.A.03-0180, 2005 WL 758267, at

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       No. 1-16-1957

          *1,*3 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 2005) (Lardner I). A court held that the department had a duty to

          disclose the redacted names. Lardner I, 2005 WL 758267, at *20.

¶ 21         Lardner then filed a new federal FOIA request, seeking “materials listing the identities of

          all clemency applicants whose applications were denied” during a specified period. Lardner

          II, 638 F. Supp. 2d at 22. Lardner argued that the prior decision collaterally estopped the

          department from contesting his request. The Lardner II court said,

                “although both actions broadly confront the propriety of withholding the identities

                of unsuccessful clemency applicants, the circumstances in which the withholdings

                were made vary substantially between the two matters. Moreover, Plaintiff seeks

                to apply the doctrine to litigation of a legal issue, not a factual one, and in such

                circumstances, the D.C. Circuit has counseled that there is ‘more room for a

                second look when the issue is one of law than when a fact question is at stake.’

                [National Treasury Employees Union v. Internal Revenue Service 765 F.2d 1174,

                1177 (D.C. Cir. 1985)]. In light of this observation and the differences between

                the two actions, the Court is persuaded that it is appropriate to permit [the Office

                of Pardon Attorney (OPA)] the opportunity to demonstrate why the legal issue

                should be resolved differently in this case, given the differences between the

                actions, rather than precluding OPA from litigating the merits of the new

                situation.” Lardner II, 638 F. Supp. 2d at 23.

¶ 22         Here, both St. Clair’s litigation and BGA’s lawsuit against Rosemont concern the

          withholding of contractual terms, including negotiated incentives, for persons and businesses

          to use Rosemont’s entertainment venues. However, the kinds of incentives, as well as the

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       No. 1-16-1957

          value of the incentives, could vary widely from contract to contract. BGA, like Lardner,

          seeks to apply collateral estoppel to a legal issue and not to a factual determination the

          Attorney General made. In accord with the reasoning of Lardner II, we find that the court

          should give Rosemont the opportunity to demonstrate that the court should treat the legal

          issue differently for some of the contracts at issue here. Accordingly, we hold that collateral

          estoppel does not apply here to bar Rosemont from arguing that the FOIA and Ordinance

          2014-11-12 exempt the redacted portions of the contracts from disclosure.

¶ 23                                           Section 7(1)(g)

¶ 24         Rosemont argues that section 7(1)(g) of FOIA exempts the redacted portions of the

          contracts from disclosure. The General Assembly enacted FOIA “to open agency action to

          the light of public scrutiny and to protect the public from government malfeasance and

          misfeasance.” (Internal quotation marks omitted) Roulette v. Department of Central

          Management Services, 141 Ill. App. 3d 394, 398 (1986). The General Assembly asserted, in

          FOIA’s public policy section, that “access [to public records] is necessary to enable the

          people to fulfill their duties of discussing public issues fully and freely, making informed

          political judgments and monitoring government to ensure that it is being conducted in the

          public interest.” 5 ILCS 140/1 (West 2014). Rosemont “must comply with a valid request for

          information unless one of the narrow statutory exemptions set forth in section 7 of the FOIA

          applies.” Watkins v. McCarthy, 2012 IL App (1st) 100632, ¶ 13. “It is the public body’s

          burden to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the requested records fall within any

          claimed exemption.” Better Government Ass’n v. Zaruba, 2014 IL App (2d) 140071, ¶ 19.

          “The legislature patterned the Illinois law after the Federal Freedom of Information Act

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          [citation] and case law construing the Federal statute should be used in Illinois to interpret

          our own FOIA.” Cooper v. Department of the Lottery, 266 Ill. App. 3d 1007, 1012 (1994).

          Cases from other states concerning freedom of information may have persuasive force.

          Kenyon v. Garrels, 184 Ill. App. 3d 28, 32 (1989).

¶ 25            Rosemont cites as persuasive authority Providence Journal Co. v. Convention Center

          Authority, 774 A.2d 40 (R.I. 2001) (Providence Journal I). Providence Journal requested

          from the Authority “ ‘documents regarding negotiations that led to the booking’ ” of two

          events, along with the contracts the Authority entered into in connection with the two events.

          Providence Journal I, 774 A.2d at 42. The Providence Journal I court looked to decisions

          interpreting the federal FOIA to help interpret Rhode Island’s law. Providence Journal I, 774
A.2d at 46-48. The Providence Journal I court distinguished the documents produced during

          the negotiating process from the final contracts and upheld the Authority’s decision not to

          disclose the documents produced during negotiations. But the Authority could not withhold

          the contracts. The Providence Journal I court said, “ ‘[w]hile contracts may certainly contain

          information, such as the price of goods being sold, the entire contract itself cannot qualify as

          ‘information’ in any ordinary sense of either word.’ ” Providence Journal I, 774 A.2d at 50

          (quoting Piper & Marbury L.L.P. v. United States Postal Service, No. CIV.A. 99-2383, 2001
WL 214217, at *4 (D.D.C. Mar. 6, 2001)). The Providence Journal I court reversed and

          remanded for further litigation concerning the contracts. Providence Journal I, 774 A.2d at

          50.

¶ 26            On remand, the superior court ordered the Authority to produce the three contracts, but

          the court permitted the Authority to redact from the contracts “the prices of food and

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       No. 1-16-1957

          beverages and related services ***; the rent charges for using the Convention Center building

          ***; and the prices for rooms and any reference to complimentary rooms.” Providence

          Journal Co. v. Convention Center Authority, 824 A.2d 1246, 1247 (R.I. 2003) (Providence

          Journal II). The superior court reasoned that the final negotiated “prices were items that the

          customers would want to remain confidential and that, as with the documents reflecting the

          negotiation process that we addressed in [Providence Journal I], the negotiated price should

          remain confidential.” (Internal quotation marks omitted) Providence Journal II, 824 A.2d at

          1247-48. The Supreme Court of Rhode Island reversed the superior court, holding that

          “unlike documents reflecting the negotiation process, final agreements, the ‘fruits’ of

          negotiation, should be available to the public ***. *** Certainly, the final prices, the

          consideration offered by the purchaser of the goods and services, were part of the final

          contract and thus must be disclosed.” Providence Journal II, 824 A.2d at 1248 (citing

          Providence Journal I, 774 A.2d at 50).

¶ 27         We agree with the Providence Journal II court that the final negotiated price of a contract

          does not qualify as “information obtained” from the purchaser, within the meaning of section

          7(1)(g). Rosemont admits that the redacted portions of the contracts include its standard

          rental rates for use of the entertainment venues. Rosemont told the purchasers Rosemont’s

          standard rates. Rosemont did not obtain information about Rosemont’s standard rates from

          the renters. See Bloomberg, L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 601
F.3d 143, 148 (2d Cir. 2010) (amount and rates of loans do not qualify as information

          obtained from borrowers). We also agree with the Providence Journal II court and the

          Attorney General’s opinion that the public has a right to know about the sources and

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          dispositions of public funds. See 5 ILCS 140/2.5 (West 2014). Accordingly, we hold that

          section 7(1)(g) does not exempt from disclosure the redacted portions of the contracts at issue

          here.

¶ 28                                            Section 7(1)(a)

¶ 29         Section 7(1)(a) exempts from disclosure only “[i]nformation specifically prohibited from

          disclosure by federal or State law or rules and regulations implementing federal or State

          law.” 5 ILCS 140/7(1)(a) (West 2014). Rosemont claims that the Illinois Trade Secrets Act

          (Trade Secrets Act) (765 ILCS 1065/1 et seq. (West 2014)) specifically prohibits disclosure

          of the terms of its contracts. But the Trade Secrets Act provides only that “[a]ctual or

          threatened misappropriation [of trade secrets] may be enjoined.” 765 ILCS 1065/3(a) (West

          2014). The Trade Secrets Act does not specifically prohibit any disclosures. Rosemont has

          not sought an injunction under the Trade Secrets Act, but even if a court had imposed such an

          injunction, disclosure would violate the court’s injunction and not a State or federal law or

          rules or regulations implementing State or federal law. Thus, section 7(1)(a) does not exempt

          from disclosure the redacted portions of the contracts at issue.

¶ 30         Moreover, we agree with BGA that the General Assembly adopted section 7(1)(g) as its

          prohibition on disclosure of trade secrets under the FOIA. Rosemont cites no case or

          legislative history to support its claim that the legislature intended to add a second

          prohibition on the disclosure of trade secrets in section 7(1)(a).

¶ 31                                        Ordinance 2014-11-12

¶ 32         Finally, Rosemont contends that its Ordinance 2014-11-12 exempts the redacted portions

          of the contracts from disclosure. Rosemont, a home rule unit, may exercise any power

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          pertaining to its government and affairs. Scadron v. City of Des Plaines, 153 Ill. 2d 164, 174

          (1992). The State legislature may preempt a home rule unit’s authority over a particular

          issue, but to do so, the state “legislation must contain express language that the area covered

          by the legislation is to be exclusively state controlled; it is not enough that the legislature

          comprehensively regulates an area which otherwise would fall into home rule authority.”

          Crawford v. City of Chicago, 304 Ill. App. 3d 818, 826 (1999).

¶ 33         FOIA provides, “This Act shall be the exclusive State statute on freedom of information,

          except to the extent that other State statutes might create additional restrictions on disclosure

          of information or other laws in Illinois might create additional obligations for disclosure of

          information to the public.” 5 ILCS 140/1 (West 2014). We find that in this provision, the

          legislature expressly stated its intent that only State statutes may create additional restrictions

          on disclosure of information, and other laws in Illinois, including ordinances of home rule

          units, may create additional obligations for disclosure but cannot create exemptions from

          disclosure.

¶ 34         Rosemont claims that the FOIA does not sufficiently specify the intent to have

          restrictions on disclosure come exclusively under state control. Under Rosemont’s

          interpretation, “the public disclosure of information in the possession of a [home rule unit]

          would be largely at the unfettered discretion of that body. This would derogate the purpose of

          both the State and Federal Freedom of Information Acts and the case law that has construed

          them.” Cooper, 266 Ill. App. 3d at 1024. “A reliance upon self-determination by public

          officials and public employees as to what should and what should not be disclosed to the

          public would frustrate the purpose of the FOIA.” Hoffman v. Department of Corrections, 158

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          Ill. App. 3d 473, 476 (1987). Interpreting the FOIA “in its entirety, keeping in mind the

          subject it addresses and the legislature’s apparent objective in enacting it” (Hall v. Henn, 208
Ill. 2d 325, 330 (2003)), we find that the FOIA precludes Rosemont from creating additional

          restrictions on public access to information.

¶ 35                                           CONCLUSION

¶ 36         An adjudication that the FOIA requires Rosemont to disclose all the terms of one contract

          does not collaterally estop Rosemont from contesting disclosure of the terms of other

          contracts. The trade secrets exemption in section 7(1)(g) of FOIA does not apply to

          information or offers, such as standard rental rates, supplied by the public body to a private

          contractor. Because no state or federal law prohibits disclosure of the redacted portions of the

          contracts at issue, section 7(1)(a) does not exempt those portions from disclosure. FOIA

          requires disclosure of all the negotiated terms of the contracts at issue, including rent and

          incentives Rosemont gave private contracting parties. Home rule units have the power to

          expand the duty to disclose, but they lack authority to exempt from disclosure documents and

          information for which FOIA mandates disclosure. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s

          judgment directing Rosemont to disclose specific rental and incentive terms of its contracts

          for use of Allstate Arena and the Convention Center.

¶ 37         Affirmed.

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