Court Opinion

ID: 8709909
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 06:56:10.495313+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:52:33.215034
License: Public Domain

OPINION AND ORDER1
BESOSA, District Judge.
Before the Court are defendants Repsol Petróleo, S.A. (“RPSA”) and Repsol YPF Trading y Transporte, S.A.’s (“RYTTSA”) motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. (Docket No. 99; Docket No. 100.) For the reasons discussed below, the Court GRANTS the motions as to RPSA and RYTTSA.2
I. BACKGROUND
A. Factual History
At about 12:30 a.m. on October 23, 2009, multiple fuel storage tanks exploded at the Gulf Oil Facility in Bayamon, Puerto Rico. (Docket No. 1 at p. 2.) As the M/T Cape Bruny unloaded its cargo of unleaded gasoline at the Facility, it overfilled the storage tanks, allowing the gasoline to spread and find an ignition source. Id. The explosion and subsequent fire created a large plume of smoke and spread hazardous materials over Bayamon, San Juan, and other neighboring municipalities. Id. at p. 3. The explosion registered on the Richter scale. Id. at p. 8.
Repsol Petróleo, S.A. (“RPSA”) is a Spanish sociedad anónima, “akin to a cor*121poration,” with its headquarters and principal place of business in Madrid, Spain. (Docket No. 99-1 at p. 1.) Repsol YPF, S.A. owns 99.97% of RPSA. Id. at p. 2. RPSA is not registered to do business in Puerto Rico; does not own or lease any real property in Puerto Rico; does not lease or maintain any office in Puerto Rico; has no employees, shareholders, officers, or directors in Puerto Rico; has no bank accounts in Puerto Rico; and has no telephone numbers listed in any directory in Puerto Rico. Id. RPSA does not advertise in Puerto Rico and has never filed a lawsuit in Puerto Rico. Id. at p. 3. RPSA shipped three deliveries of gasoline to Puerto Rico in 2009. Id. at p. 9. These deliveries totaled 772,766 barrels and generated $51,119,439 in gross revenue for RPSA. Id. at pp. 9-10.
RYTTSA is also a Spanish sociedad anónima with its headquarters and principal place of business in Madrid, Spain. (Docket No. 100-1 at p. 2.) Like RPSA, RYTTSA is not registered to do business in Puerto Rico; does not own or lease any real property in Puerto Rico; does not lease or maintain any office in Puerto Rico; has no employees, shareholders, officers, or directors in Puerto Rico; has no bank accounts in Puerto Rico; and has no telephone numbers listed in any directory in Puerto Rico. Id. RYTTSA has never filed a lawsuit in Puerto Rico. Id. at p. 3. Repsol YPF, S.A. owns 98.36% of RYTTSA and RPSA owns 1.64% of RYTTSA. Id. RYTTSA shipped four deliveries of gasoline to Puerto Rico in 2009. Id. at p. 15. These deliveries totaled 847,377 barrels and generated $57,692,228 in gross revenue for RYTTSA. Id. at pp. 16-18.
Plaintiffs allege that RPSA was the “voyage charterer” of the M/T Cape Bruny at the time of the explosion. (Docket No. 1 at p. 4.) Plaintiffs also allege that RYTTSA was acting as' RPSA’s agent when it chartered the M/T Cape Bruny to deliver unleaded gasoline to Puerto Rico. Id. at p. 6. RPSA denies that it was the voyage charterer of the M/T Cape Bruny and asserts that RYTTSA inadvertently used a form contract with RPSA’s name on it when negotiating the charter party.3 (Docket No. 99-1 at p. 2; Docket No. 137-1 at pp. 5-6.) RYTTSA also maintains that this was an oversight, and that it corrected the error over the phone while the tanker was en route to San Juan. (Docket No. 137-10 at pp. 17-18.) RYTTSA thus admits to being the voyage charterer of the M/T Cape Bruny at the time of the explosion but asserts that it was not involved with the discharge of the unleaded gasoline or the operation of the Gulf Oil Facility. (Docket No. 100-1 at pp. 4-5.)
The charter party is governed by English Law and required RYTTSA and the owners of the M/T Cape Bruny to submit all disputes to arbitration in London. (Docket No. 137-29 at p. 2.) The charter party required RYTTSA to ensure a safe berth for the M/T Cape Bruny at port but did not require RYTTSA to warrant the safety of the port. Id. at p. 3. None of the owners and operators of the M/T Cape Bruny is a Puerto Rico corporation. (See Civil No. 09-2092 at Docket No. 83 at pp. 10-12.)
RPSA and RYTTSA both deny owning any of the cargo on the M/T Cape Bruny. (Docket No. 99-1 at p. 2; Docket No. 100-1 at p. 2.) RYTTSA purchased the unleaded gasoline that was transported on the M/T Cape Bruny from Petrogal. (Docket No. 137-10 at p. 14.) The sale to RYTTSA was FOB (Free on Board) and, therefore, risk of loss passed to RYTTSA when the *122cargo was loaded onto the M/T Cape Bruny in Sines, Portugal. Id. at p. 12. RYTTSA then sold the unleaded gasoline to defendant Astra Oil Trading Limited (“AOT”), a Florida corporation, while the cargo was aboard the M/T Cape Bruny. (Docket No. 137-10 at p. 13, Docket No. 1 at p. 4.) The sale to AOT was CFR (Cost and Freight) and RYTTSA agreed to deliver the cargo to the Gulf Oil Facility in San Juan, Puerto Rico as part of the contract. (Docket No. 137-17 at p. 2.) CFR means that RYTTSA paid the costs and freight to deliver the cargo to the destination — San Juan — but the title and risk of loss passed to AOT at the loading port— Sines. (Docket No. 100-1 at p. 4.)
Pursuant to the terms of the contract between RYTTSA and AOT, title to the cargo passed to AOT when RYTTSA accepted AOT’s stand by letter of credit. (Docket No. 137-17 at p. 4.) The cargo was loaded on the M/T Cape Bruny at Sines before October 17, 2009, but RYTTSA did not accept AOT’s stand by letter of credit until October 20, 2009. (Docket No. 100-1 at p. 4; Docket No. 137-18 at p. 1.) The contract between RYTTSA and AOT also provides that “THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK SHALL GOVERN THE CONSTRUCTION, VALIDITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE AGREEMENT,” and the parties will submit all disputes to the exclusive jurisdiction of the New York courts. Id. at 6. After the explosion at the Gulf Oil Facility, RYTTSA ordered the M/T Cape Bruny to deliver the remaining cargo to Guayanilla, Puerto Rico at AOT’s request. (Docket No. 137-32 at p. 1-2.) In March of 2010, more than four months after the explosion, Medco Tankers sent RYTTSA an email informing it that the charterers of the M/T Cape Bruny had assigned the charter party to RYTTSA. (Docket No. 137-7 at p. 1.)
Plaintiffs allege that RPSA and RYTTSA were negligent in failing to take certain safety measures when offloading the cargo from the M/T Cape Bruny. (Docket No. 1 at pp. 20-24.) Plaintiffs also allege that RYTTSA negligently entrusted dangerous cargo to the M/T Cape Bruny and Gulf Oil Facility. Id. at pp. 24-25. Plaintiffs also bring claims against all defendants for trespass, nuisance, and failure to respond to an emergency. Id. at pp. 26-28.
B. Procedural History
Plaintiffs allege that the Court has admiralty jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1333 and the Extension of Admiralty Jurisdiction Act, 46 U.S.C. § 30101. (Docket No. 1 at p. 6.) Plaintiffs also invoke the Court’s diversity jurisdiction “because the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of [$]75,000.00, exclusive of interests [sic] and costs, and the [plaintiffs and/or [c]lass [m]embers are citizens of Puerto Rico and the defendants are citizens of different states or subjects of foreign States.” Id. at p. 7. Plaintiffs also allege in the complaint that “[t]his Court’s exercise of general [personal] jurisdiction is appropriate as to each of the defendants because they either have a principal place of business in Puerto Rico or have substantial or continuous physical contacts with Puerto Rico that approximate physical presence.” Id. Plaintiffs subsequently modified their argument and now allege that the Court has specific personal jurisdiction over Repsol as voyage charterer and RYTTSA as Repsol’s agent. (Docket No. 139 at p. 9.)
Plaintiffs filed their complaint against Antares Oil Services, LLC; Repsol Petróleo, S.A.; Mapfre; Astra Oil Company, LLC; Astra Oil Trading Limited, NV; Chevron Corporation; Vitol SA, Inc; Intertek Group; Intertek Oil Chemical & Agri; RYTTSA as agents of Repsol Pe*123troleo, S.A.; and Repsol YPF Group. (Docket No. 1.) Plaintiffs allege that all defendants were negligent in causing the October 23, 2009 explosion at the Gulf Oil Facility. Id. at pp. 16-19. Plaintiffs also allege that defendants RYTTSA and RPSA are liable (1) for transporting and delivering hazardous cargo and (2) for “things under [their] control.” Id. at pp. 19-24. Plaintiffs also bring claims for negligent entrustment of hazardous cargo, trespass, nuisance, failure to respond to an emergency, and res ipsa loquitur, as well as claims pursuant to article 1802 of the Puerto Rico Civil Code and P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 26 § 2001. Id. at pp. 24-31. Defendants answered the complaint. (Docket No. 42-45.)
On August 12, 2010, Caribbean Petroleum Corporation and Caribbean Petroleum Refining LP, defendants in a related case, filed voluntary petitions for bankruptcy pursuant to Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq. (Docket No. 70 at p. 1.) Finding unusual circumstances that would affect the bankruptcy debtors’ ability to complete their reorganization, the Court extended the automatic stay to all defendants in the related case and this case. (Docket No. 172.) On February 8, 2013, the bankruptcy court approved a stipulation between the debtors, RPSA, and RYTTSA to lift the stay partially as to RPSA and RYTTSA. (Docket No. 178-1 at pp. 1-2.) RPSA and RYTTSA then moved to lift the stay partially in this Court so that the Court could rule on their motions to dismiss. (Docket No. 173.) On February 22, 2013, the Court granted the motion and partially lifted the stay in order to decide RPSA and RYTTSA’s motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and failure to state a claim. (Docket No. 178.) Intertek requested to join RPSA’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim. (Docket No. 101.) The Court granted Intertek’s motion. (Docket No. 102.) Plaintiffs subsequently opposed RPSA and RYTSSA’s motions to dismiss. (Docket No. 139.) Defendants replied. (Docket No. 158; Docket No. 159.)
II. LEGAL STANDARD
When a party submits “matters outside the pleading” in support of its motion to dismiss, the Court has the option of treating the motion to dismiss as a motion for summary judgment. Rodriguez v. Fullerton Tires Corp., 115 F.3d 81, 83 (1st Cir. 1997) (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(d)). “All parties must be given a reasonable opportunity to present all the material that is pertinent to the motion.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(d). RPSA and RYTTSA each submitted an affidavit in support of their motion to dismiss. (Docket No. 99-1; Docket No. 100-1.) Plaintiffs submitted 32 exhibits in opposition to RPSA and RYTTSA’s motion to dismiss. (Docket No. 137-1-137-32.) Given that the movants and nonmovants have both submitted materials outside the pleadings in support of their positions, the Court will treat the motions to dismiss as motions for summary judgment.
The Court may grant a motion for summary judgment “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(a). “Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
Under the summary judgment standard, the Court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and give that party the benefit of any and all reasonable inferences. Id. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. The Court does not make credibility determinations or *124weigh the evidence. Id. Rather, the Court “ascertains only whether the facts duly proffered, [and] fully credited, support the exercise of personal jurisdiction.” Rodriguez, 115 F.3d at 84.4 Summary judgment may be appropriate, however, if the non-moving party’s case “rests merely upon conclusory allegations, improbable inferences, and unsupported speculation.” Forestier Fradera v. Municipality of Mayagüez, 440 F.3d 17, 21 (1st Cir.2006) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). When a defendant disputes the Court’s personal jurisdiction, “the plaintiff bears the burden of proving that jurisdiction lies in the forum state.” Sawtelle v. Farrell, 70 F.3d 1381, 1387 (1st Cir.1995).
III. DISCUSSION
A. Personal Jurisdiction
Plaintiffs allege in the complaint that “[t]his Court’s exercise of general [personal] jurisdiction is appropriate as to each of the defendants because they either have a principal place of business in Puerto Rico or have substantial or continuous physical contacts with Puerto Rico that approximate physical presence.” Id. Plaintiffs subsequently modified their argument and now allege that the Court has specific personal jurisdiction over Repsol as voyage charterer and RYTTSA as Repsol’s agent. (Docket No. 139 at p. 9.) RPSA argues that it was not the voyage charterer, but even if it were the voyage charterer it did not purposefully avail itself of the privilege of conducting business in Puerto Rico and subjecting RPSA to the personal jurisdiction of this Court does not comport with “fair play and substantial justice.” (Docket No. 99 at pp. 9-15.) RYTTSA echoes RPSA’s argument that it has not purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting business in Puerto Rico and subjecting RYTTSA to the personal jurisdiction of this Court does not comport with “fair play and substantial justice.” (Docket No. 100 at pp. 10-18.) As discussed below, the Court finds that neither RPSA nor RYTTSA has established minimum contacts with Puerto Rico. Accordingly, it lacks personal jurisdiction over RPSA and RYTTSA, and the case against both of them must be dismissed.
1. Standard for Specific Personal Jurisdiction
A court may exercise specific personal jurisdiction over a defendant when the forum state has a long-arm statute that authorizes jurisdiction over the defendant and the defendant “has certain minimum contacts with [the forum] such that maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Int’l. Shoe Co. v. Wash., 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). Puerto Rico’s long-arm statute provides personal jurisdiction “to the full extent of constitutional authority,” and, therefore, the Court proceeds to the due process analysis. Dalmau Rodriguez v. Hughes Aircraft Co., 781 F.2d 9, 12 (1st Cir.1986) (citing AH. Thomas Co. v. Super. Ct. of Puerto Rico, 98 P.R.R. 864, 870 n. 5 (1970)).
“Like any standard that requires a determination of ‘reasonableness,’ the ‘minimum contacts’ test of International Shoe is not susceptible of mechanical application; rather, the facts of each case must be weighed to determine whether the requisite ‘affiliating circumstances’ are present.” Kulko v. Super. Ct. of Cal., 436 U.S. 84, 92, *12598 S.Ct. 1690, 56 L.Ed.2d 132 (1978) (citing Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 246, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958)).
The Court long ago rejected the notion that personal jurisdiction might turn on “mechanical” tests or on “conceptualistie ... theories of the place of contracting or of performance.” Instead, we have emphasized the need for a “highly realistic” approach that recognizes that a “contract” is “ordinarily but an intermediate step serving to tie up prior business negotiations with future consequences which themselves are the real object of the business transaction.” It is these factors — prior negotiations and contemplated future consequences, along with the terms of the contract and the parties’ actual course of dealing — that must be evaluated in determining whether the defendant purposefully established minimum contacts with the forum.
Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 478-79, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985) (internal citations omitted).
The First Circuit Court of Appeals conducts a three-part minimum contacts analysis:
First, the claim underlying the litigation must directly arise out of, or relate to, the defendant’s forum-state activities. Second, the defendant’s in-state contacts must represent a purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum state, thereby invoking the benefits and protections of that state’s laws and making the defendant’s involuntary presence before the state’s courts foreseeable. Third, the exercise of jurisdiction must, in light of the Gestalt factors, be reasonable.
United Elec., Radio and Mach. Workers of Am. v. 163 Pleasant Street Corp., 960 F.2d 1080, 1089 (1st Cir.1992). The Gestalt5 factors are “the burden on the defendant, the forum State’s interest in adjudicating the dispute, the plaintiffs interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief, the interstate judicial system’s interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies, and the shared interest of the several States in furthering fundamental substantive social policies.” Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 477, 105 S.Ct. 2174 (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[T]he reasonableness prong of the due process inquiry evokes a sliding scale: the weaker the plaintiffs showing on the first two prongs (relatedness and purposeful availment), the less a defendant need show in terms of unreasonableness to defeat jurisdiction.” Ticketmaster-N.Y., Inc. v. Alioto, 26 F.3d 201, 210 (1st Cir.1994). “Absent proof of the necessary minimum contacts, we need not address the question of reasonableness. The Gestalt factors come into play only if the first two segments of the test for specific jurisdiction have been fulfilled.” 163 Pleasant Street Corp., 960 F.2d at 1091 n. 11.
2. Analysis
Based on the facts supported by the record, the Court is unable to find that plaintiffs’ claims arise out of defendant RPSA or RYTTSA’s contacts with Puerto Rico, or that either of the defendants purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting business in Puerto Rico. First, defendants’ only contacts with the forum of Puerto Rico consist of sporadic shipments to Puerto Rico pursuant to contracts that call for delivery in San Juan. Athough RPSA and RYTTSA contracted to deliver unleaded gasoline in San Juan, there is no allegation that they breached this duty. *126Defendants were the “voyage charterer”6 of the M/T Cape Bruny for the delivery in question, meaning that they only hired the vessel to carry the cargo; the owner’s master and crew operated the vessel.7 (Docket No. 1 at pp. 4, 6;) Canadian Group Underwriters Ins. Co., 1998 WL 730334, at *4 n. 3. As voyage charterer, defendants also had a contractual obligation to provide a safe berth for the M/T Cape Bruny in San Juan pursuant to the charter party. Plaintiffs were not parties to these contracts, however, and their claims do not arise out of a breach of contract. Other than the provision of the sales agreement requiring delivery in San Juan, the contracts are wholly unrelated to Puerto Rico.
Plaintiffs argue that RYTTSA breached its duty to provide a safe berth for the M/T Cape Bruny. The safe berth clause in the charter party, however, only requires that RYTTSA ensure that the M/T Cape Bruny could “always lie safely afloat at such port.” There is no support in the record for plaintiffs’ allegation that RYTTSA breached this duty. Plaintiffs have not alleged that the M7V Cape Bruny ran aground. Rather, they allege that the operators of the M/T Cape Bruny and Gulf Oil Facility negligently caused a fire and explosion by overfilling the storage tanks with unleaded gasoline, thereby causing property damage and personal injuries in Puerto Rico. Plaintiffs’ claims do not arise out of RYTTSA’s alleged breach of its duty to provide a safe berth for the vessel, and thus do not support a finding of personal jurisdiction over the defendants under the first element of the First Circuit Court of Appeals’ test.
Second, the contracts do not demonstrate that defendants RPSA and RYTTSA purposefully availed themselves of the privilege of conducting business in Puerto Rico; these contacts are best characterized as AOT’s unilateral action rather than defendants’ purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting business in Puerto Rico. See Thypin Steel Co., Inc. v. M/V Mikhail Strekalovskiy, No. Civ. A. 96-1799, 1997 WL 169437, at *4 (E.D.Pa. Apr. 3, 1997) (finding a voyage charterer was not subject to personal jurisdiction in the forum because chartering a vessel to deliver goods in the forum at the purchaser’s request is the unilateral action of the purchaser). The charter party did not reference Puerto Rico at all. Neither the contract for sale of the unleaded gasoline nor the charter party were negotiated in Puerto Rico or entered into with Puerto Rico corporations. Pursuant to the terms of the sales contract, the law of New York governed the contract, and the parties had to submit all disputes to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of New York. The parties to the charter party were required to submit all disputes to arbitration in London, England and English law governed the charter party.
Plaintiffs’ choice of precedent does also not support a finding of personal jurisdic*127tion over defendants RPSA and RYTTSA. First, plaintiffs cite cases holding that defendants who do not directly control the vessel’s destination do not fall within the personal jurisdiction of the forum court. Plaintiffs mischaracterize these cases, however, as holding “that defendants with direct control over the destination of a vessel are subject to the courts’ jurisdiction.” (Docket No. 139 at p. 14.) Finding that defendants without control are not subject to the court’s jurisdiction and finding that defendants with control are subject to the court’s jurisdiction are not the same. Control over the vessel’s destination is just one fact to be analyzed in light of all of the specific facts in each case.8
Second, many of the cases that plaintiffs cite involve claims arising out of damaged or lost cargo and are brought by parties to the contracts that required delivery in the forum. Plaintiffs in this case are not parties to the contract that required RYTTSA to deliver cargo to San Juan, and this case does not arise out of RYTTSA’s breach of contractual obligations to be performed in San Juan or . damage to the cargo delivered to San Juan.
Plaintiffs assert that this case is similar to Kanematsu (USA), Inc. v. M/V Hua Guang, No. 95-2504, 1996 WL 764106 (E.D.La. Aug. 15, 1996), where the district court found that it had personal jurisdiction over the charterers. The Court finds Kanematsu similarly inapposite to this case. In Kanematsu, the owner of the MTV Hua Guang time chartered the vessel to a Panamanian corporation, who then subchartered it to Showa Line Ltd. Id. at *1. Showa then subchartered the vessel to Toko Line Ltd. Id. A provision of the charter party provided that the “Master will authorize Charterers or their agents to sign Bills of Lading on his behalf provided the Bills are made up in accordance with mate’s and tally clerk’s receipts.” Id. at *1-2. Kanematsu filed suit in Louisiana, alleging that a fire caused by “the owner’s design and neglect, the vessel’s unseaworthiness, and the defendants’ fault, *128neglect, lack of due diligence, and want of care for the cargo” damaged the steel rods delivered to Kanematsu in Louisiana. Id. at *1. The court determined, based on the provision allowing the charterer to sign bills of lading, that the charterer had purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting business in Louisiana. Id. at *2. In analyzing the defendants’ contacts with the forum, the court noted:
“The charter parties gave the shipping lines the actual authority to issue bills of lading in the name of the Master. By virtue of the charter parties and the bill of lading, Parakou, S.A. and Max Victory were parties to a contract to deliver a cargo to New Orleans. The vessel with which they were associated made use of the Port of New Orleans, and there discharged the cargo which is at the core of this litigation. The Court finds that these substantial, purposeful contacts with Louisiana support specific jurisdiction over Parakou, S.A. and Max Victory.”
Id. at *2 (emphasis added).
The Court has studied the charter party in this case and has found no similar provision granting RYTTSA and RPSA the authority to. issue bills of lading, which undermines plaintiffs’ argument that defendants purposefully availed themselves of the privilege of conducting business in Puerto Rico simply by contracting to deliver cargo in San Juan. (Docket No. 137-29.) The absence of this provision, moreover, has little impact because, as previously discussed, this case does not arise out of a breach of the charter party. Therefore, plaintiffs’ claims do not arise out of RPSA and RYTTSA’s contacts with the forum and plaintiffs have failed to satisfy the first two elements of the First Circuit Court of Appeals test.
Third, plaintiffs rely on a case where the voyage charterer was a plaintiff, which does not necessarily show that personal jurisdiction attaches over voyage charterer defendants. Plaintiffs’ reference to Francosteel is also not suitable in this case. In Francosteel, Unimetal was the party whose role most closely resembled the role that RPSÁ and RYTTSA allegedly played in this case. Unimetal was a plaintiff in that case, however, and, therefore, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals did not analyze whether the district court could exercise personal jurisdiction over Unimetal consistent with Due Process. Deciding that the defendants had not established minimum contacts with the forum because the plaintiff had chartered the vessel to go to the forum does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that any defendant who has chartered a vessel to go to the forum has established minimum contacts. The Court must still employ a fact-specific analysis of the contacts in each case. In view of the Supreme Court’s “highly realistic” analysis in Burger King, the Court holds that RPSA and RYTTSA have not established minimum contacts with Puerto Rico.
Because it finds that plaintiffs’ claims do not arise out of defendants RPSA and RYTTSA’s contacts with Puerto Rico, and that RPSA and RYTTSA have not purposefully availed themselves of the privilege of conducting business in Puerto Rico, the Court GRANTS RPSA and RYTTSA’s motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction without proceeding to the Gestalt factors.9 See 163 Pleasant Street Corp., 960 F.2d at 1091 n. 11 (finding that the forum lacked personal jurisdiction without proceeding to the Gestalt factors).
*129B. Admiralty Jurisdiction
Plaintiffs allege that even if defendants RPSA and RYTTSA have not established minimum contacts with Puerto Rico, the Court may still exercise personal jurisdiction pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(k)(2). (Docket No. 139 at pp. 17-18.) This rule allows the Court to exercise personal jurisdiction over defendants who have established minimum contacts with the United States but not with any one State in particular if the claim arises from federal law. Plaintiffs allege that Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(k)(2) applies to this case because “[plaintiffs have alleged maritime claims.” (Docket No. 139 at p. 17.) The Court disagrees. “The mere fact that a ship is involved will not bring the cause within the jurisdiction of the admiralty court.” Richard Bertram & Co. v. The Yacht Wanda, 447 F.2d 966, 967-68 (5th Cir.1971). Plaintiffs’ causes of action against RPSA and RYTTSA are for negligence on the part of the operators of the Gulf Oil Facility, “liability for things under one’s control,” liability for dangerous cargo, negligent entrustment, trespass, nuisance, failure to respond to an emergency, res ipsa loquitur, and liability pursuant to article 1802 of the Civil Code. (Docket No. 1 at pp. 20, 24, 26-29.) These are not maritime claims; rather, they are claims sounding in tort, brought pursuant to state law. Accordingly, Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(k)(2) does not apply, and the Court will not grant jurisdiction over plaintiffs’ claims against defendants RPSA and RYTTSA.
IY. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS defendants RPSA’s and RYTTSA’s motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

. Lindsay Britton, a third-year law student at the University of New Hampshire School of Law, assisted in the preparation of this Opinion and Order.

. Intertek joined RYTTSA’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim and argued that "RYTTSA’s Motion to Dismiss is more than adequate to demonstrate that the causes of action against Intertek, USA, Inc. should also be dismissed.” (Docket No. 101 at p. 2.) The Court initially granted the joinder. (Docket No. 102.) Plaintiffs have alleged separate facts that only apply to Intertek, however, and Intertek and RYTTSA are mentioned in separate causes of action in the complaint. (Docket No. 1 at pp. 6, 16-20; Docket No. 139 at pp. 25-32.) The bankruptcy court partially lifted the stay in response to the stipulation between the debtors, RPSA, and RYTTSA. (Docket No. 178-1 at pp. 1-2.) The partial lift of the stay does not apply to Intertek. Therefore, the Court SETS ASIDE Intertek’s joinder of RYTTSA’s motion to dismiss and will not rule on any arguments Intertek sought to make regarding failure to state a claim unless and until the stay is lifted and Intertek files its own motion.

. A charter party is a contract to hire a ship. Canadian Group Underwriters Ins. Co. v. M/V Arctic Trader”, No. 96 Civ. 9242, 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 16293, 1998 WL 730334, at *4 n. 3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 14, 1998).

. The Court admonishes plaintiffs to take heed that " '[sjupra' and ‘hereinafter’ should not be used to refer to cases.... Appropriate short forms for cases, statutes, and legislative materials ... are provided in their respective rules.” The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation R. 4.2, at 50 (Columbia Law Review Ass’n. et al. Eds., 19th ed. 2010).

. Prior cases indicate that the First Circuit Court of Appeals refers to the factors enumerated in Burger King as the "Gestalt factors.”

. "Three principal types of charter parties exist: (1) a time-charter party in which the charterer engages a vessel, manned and navigated by the vessel owner, for a fixed period of time to carry cargo where the charterer instructs, (2) a voyage-charter party in which the charterer engages the vessel to carry goods for a single voyage, and (3) a demise or bareboat charter party in which the charterer takes complete control of the vessel and' is treated as the legal owner.” Canadian Group Underwriters Ins. Co., 1998 WL 730334, at *4 n. 3.

. The parties dispute whether RYTTSA chartered the M/T Cape Bruny for itself or as agent to RPSA. Even assuming in its analysis that RYTTSA acted as agent to RPSA when it chartered the M/T Cape Bruny or that they both were voyage charterers, this dispute is immaterial, because neither RPSA nor RYTTSA has established minimum contacts with Puerto Rico.

. See Francosteel Corp. v. M/V Charm, 19 F.3d 624, 626 (11th Cir.1994) (finding no personal jurisdiction over the owner and manager of a vessel in an action by a voyage charterer and purchaser for lost cargo); W. Africa Trading & Shipping Co. v. London Int'l Grp., 968 F.Supp. 996, 1001 (D.N.J.1997) (involving a claim for cargo lost when a vessel sank and granting plaintiff's request for jurisdictional discovery, but not deciding the issue of minimum contacts); Thypin Steel Co., Inc., 1997 WL 169437, at *3-4 (involving a claim for damaged cargo and finding no personal jurisdiction over the voyage charterer who chartered a vessel to deliver goods in the forum state at plaintiff buyer’s request); In re Matter of Libel and Petition of Gemini Navigation, S.A., Civ. A. G-92-126, 1996 WL 544236, at *2, *4 (S.D.Tex. Mar. 1, 1996) (finding personal jurisdiction over a defendant that manned ships owned by the defendant's shareholders to fulfill the defendant's contractual obligations prior to allision between defendant’s vessel and plaintiff’s oil rig in forum); Farris v. United States, 877 F.Supp. 1549, 1554-55 (M.D.Fl. July 15, 1994) (finding that a plaintiffs personal injury claim did not arise out of the defendant’s forum state contacts and defendant was not subject to general personal jurisdiction in the forum); Conner v. Bouchard Transp. Co, Inc., No. 93-450, 1993 WL 388274, at *2 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 30, 1993) (finding that a defendant was not subject to general jurisdiction in the forum); Asarco, Inc. v. Glenara, Ltd., 912 F.2d 784, 786 (5th Cir.1990) (involving a claim for lost cargo and finding insufficient evidence that the defendant vessel owner and manager had actually contracted to deliver goods in the forum at all); Nicolaisen v. Toei Shipping Co., Ltd., 722 F.Supp. 1162, 1165 (D.N.J.1989) (finding a lack of general jurisdiction over a defendant shipowner in a personal injury case); Uni-Petrol Gesellschaft Fur Mineraloel Produkte, M.B.H. v. M/T Lotus Maru, 607 F.Supp. 108, 110-11 (S.D.N.Y.1985) (finding no minimum contacts and claim for lost cargo did not arise out of the defendant’s contacts with a forum where plaintiff was not a party to charter parties and plaintiff did not allege that damages arose from breach of charter parties).

. Because the Court has found that it does not have personal jurisdiction over these defendants, it will not address RPSA and RYTTSA's motions to dismiss for failure to state a plausible claim or preemption.