Court Opinion

ID: 9940841
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-15 16:06:56.738875+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:45:53.909062
License: Public Domain

IMPORTANT NOTICE
        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED OPINION

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                                             RENDERED: FEBRUARY 15, 2024
                                                    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

               Supreme Court of Kentucky
                               2022-SC-0439-MR

TERRY NEAL STRODE                                                    APPELLANT

                 ON APPEAL FROM MONROE CIRCUIT COURT
V.                HONORABLE DAVID L. WILLIAMS, JUDGE
                            NO. 22-CR-00032

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                              APPELLEE

                  MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT

                                  AFFIRMING

      Terry Neal Strode appeals from his convictions after a jury trial of

trafficking in a controlled substance and possession of a controlled substance.

The jury found Strode to be a subsequent offender regarding the trafficking

charge and recommended a sentence of twenty years’ together with a sentence

of three years’ for possession of hydrocodone, all to be served concurrently. The

trial court sentenced him in conformity with that recommendation.

      Strode argues the Monroe Circuit Court committed palpable error by

reading to the jury those portions of Strode’s indictments which referenced his

alleged crimes as being “second offenses” and by allowing the Commonwealth

to question Strode about the circumstances of his prior felony trafficking

conviction.
                   I. FACTUAL AND LEGAL BACKGROUND

      On February 23, 2022, a confidential informant working for Kentucky

State Police (KSP), was given cash to purchase methamphetamine from Strode

in a “controlled buy.” After visiting Strode at Strode’s residence, the informant

provided KSP with 2.7 grams of methamphetamine. A search warrant was then

issued for Strode’s residence and executed the next day.

      During the search, Strode admitted having methamphetamine on his

person and stated it was for his personal use. A pill bottle was found on him

containing over two grams of methamphetamine. Strode also had a wallet

containing $2,700.00 in cash including $320.00 of the bills received from the

informant. Strode denied having any other drugs other than what was in his

pill bottle. However, in Strode’s residence, KSP also found methamphetamine

residue on a metal tray, three pill bottles containing hydrocodone, a meth pipe,

a bong, and a black box matching a description given by the informant that

contained clear plastic baggies, a scale, pill bottles, a syringe, a measuring

scoop, a glass vial and a bottle of hand-cleaner with a false bottom. Detectives

also located a .22 magnum revolver which was unlawful for Strode to possess

given his prior felony conviction for methamphetamine trafficking. In a closet,

the officers also found a Horse Cave Police Department uniform jacket as well

as a bulletproof vest. In the basement, a PVC pipe was found, which was

“stuffed” with marijuana.

       Strode was arrested and later indicted on two counts of first-degree

trafficking in a controlled substance (second offense), one count for the

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methamphetamine allegedly sold to the informant and one count for the

methamphetamine found in his residence. He was also indicted for one count

of trafficking in a controlled substance for the hydrocodone recovered during

the search of his residence, and one count each for possession of drug

paraphernalia, possession of marijuana, and possession of a handgun by a

convicted felon. Prior to trial commencing, the Commonwealth asked the trial

court to sever the possession of a handgun by a felon charge, stating it “would

be too prejudicial [to Strode] in the proof of guilt phase.” Strode’s counsel did

not object and the charge was not prosecuted in this trial.

      Strode chose to testify in his defense and stated that while he and the

informant had used drugs together, he had not sold him drugs. In Strode’s

version of events, the informant had come to his house with cash to pay him

for a trailer that Strode had sold him the day before. 1

      The jury ultimately found Strode not guilty of trafficking

methamphetamine to the informant, but found him guilty of the second

charged offense of trafficking methamphetamine based upon what was found

in his residence. He was also found guilty of the lesser included offense of

possession of the hydrocodone rather than trafficking in hydrocodone which

was charged in the indictment.

      1 During cross-examination by the Commonwealth, Strode refused to identify

who supplied him with his drugs. The trial court refused Strode’s offer to identify his
supplier outside the presence of the jury and held Strode in contempt, sentencing him
to 179 days in addition to any other sentence he might receive.

                                           3
      During the penalty phase, the jury found Strode to be a subsequent

offender regarding the trafficking charge and recommended a sentence of

twenty years’. The jury also recommended a sentence of three years’ for the

possession of hydrocodone, with both sentences to run concurrently. Strode

was sentenced in accordance with the jury’s recommendations.

                              II. LEGAL ANALYSIS

      Strode raises two legal issues, both of which relate to his prior trafficking

conviction which was first referenced during voir dire and then brought up

again during the Commonwealth’s cross-examination of Strode during the guilt

phase of his trial. However, neither of these alleged errors were preserved by a

proper and contemporaneous objection. Consequently, we may only afford

relief to Strode upon satisfaction of the rigorous palpable error standard found

in Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure (RCr) 10.26, which states:

      A palpable error which affects the substantial rights of a party may
      be considered . . . by an appellate court on appeal, even though
      insufficiently raised or preserved for review, and appropriate relief
      may be granted upon a determination that manifest injustice has
      resulted from the error.

      As summarized in Brewer v. Commonwealth, 206 S.W.3d 343, 349 (Ky.

2006):

      For an error to be palpable, it must be “easily perceptible, plain,
      obvious and readily noticeable.” A palpable error “must involve
      prejudice more egregious than that occurring in reversible error[.]”
      A palpable error must be so grave in nature that if it were
      uncorrected, it would seriously affect the fairness of the
      proceedings. Thus, what a palpable error analysis “boils down to”
      is whether the reviewing court believes there is a “substantial
      possibility” that the result in the case would have been different
      without the error. If not, the error cannot be palpable.

                                        4
Id. (footnotes omitted) (quoting Burns v. Level, 957 S.W2d 218, 222 (Ky. 1997),
abrogated on other grounds by Nami Res. Co., L.L.C. v. Asher Land and Mineral,
Ltd., 554 S.W.3d 323 (Ky. 2018); Ernst v. Commonwealth, 160 S.W.3d 744, 758
(Ky. 2005); Schoenbachler v. Commonwealth, 95 S.W.3d 830, 836 (Ky. 2003)).

A. Did the Trial Court Commit Palpable Error by Reading Portions of the
   Indictment Referencing Strode Committing a Second Offense? –
   Unpreserved

      During voir dire, the trial court read the remaining counts of the

indictment verbatim, which informed the prospective jurors that Strode was

charged with “second offense” trafficking of a controlled substance. No

objection was made by Strode’s counsel nor was any admonition requested.

      After the jury was selected and excused for lunch, the Commonwealth’s

Attorney initiated the following discussion which referenced the reading of the

indictment:

      Commonwealth: This is something I didn’t know how to approach
      Judge. You read the indictments verbatim.

      Trial Court: Yes

      Commonwealth: And each one of the first three counts are second
      offenses. So are we going to have in the guilt phase proof.

      Trial Court: I believe there’s no other way to do it.

      Commonwealth: Okay.

      Strode’s Counsel: I would object your Honor and state that . . .

      Trial Court: Do you have any law?

      Strode’s Counsel: I’ll look at it over the lunch. I mean, I think it
      should be bifurcated.

      Trial Court: The only thing you can bifurcate in a trial is the guilt
      phase and the penalty phase. Okay now. There, there would be a
      situation you can see that if they convicted of this and in the

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      second phase they could introduce evidence he had ever been
      convicted before.

      Commonwealth: In, in the penalty phase you can bring the whole.

      Trial Court: I understand that, but it would, it would, that would
      appear to me just to be a situation where the penalty—there is no,
      there’s no difference between the elements of a first and second
      conviction other than a prior conviction, so I don’t know how you
      can present the case without presenting the case that he had a
      prior conviction if that’s the law. It’s not just in the sentencing that
      it takes it up. You could look at it that it doesn’t apply, that you
      take it up in the sentencing, to take it up to the next level. Do you
      know what I’m saying?

      Strode’s Counsel: Yes, sir.

      Trial Court: So, think about that. We’ve still got plenty of time to
      do the instructions. I’ve got the instructions and I’ll call [staff
      attorney] and have her take a look at it.

      Commonwealth: Okay. I just thought it was an issue that I didn’t
      know, and I just wanted some direction.

      Trial Court: Okay do a little research instead of doing lunch. You
      can research during lunch.

      There appears to be no further discussion regarding the reading of the

indictment in the record, and we do not recognize Strode’s counsel’s “objection”

in this discussion to have been a belated objection directed at the previously

read indictment. It is obvious from the context of this discussion that counsel

and the trial court were not discussing the error of reading the second offense

portions of the indictment but instead were deliberating on “when” (either

during the guilt phase or the penalty phase of the trial) evidence of Strode’s

prior trafficking conviction could be presented by the Commonwealth to prove

the second offense “element” of the alleged crimes.

                                         6
      Evidence of a prior conviction introduced only for enhancement purposes

should be reserved to the penalty phase of a trial. Commonwealth v. Ramsey,

920 S.W.2d 526, 528 (Ky. 1996). In Lewis v. Commonwealth, 642 S.W.3d 640,

643 (Ky. 2022), we specifically found that a trial court erred by reading

portions of the defendant’s indictment during the guilt phase of the trial that

mentioned his previous convictions and discussed the fact that such

information violated Kentucky Rule of Evidence (KRE) 404(b), which generally

prohibits evidence of other crimes committed by defendants which is

introduced for the purpose of proving the defendant's character “in order to

show action in conformity therewith.” However, we did not reverse Lewis’s

conviction because “[b]reaches of KRE 404(b)’s rule against the admission of

prior bad acts as character evidence are generally subject to admonitory

cures[,]” and after Lewis objected, the trial court recognized the error and

admonished the jury to disregard the information which we deemed to be

acceptable. Lewis, 642 S.W.3d at 643.

      While the trial court should not have read the full indictment to the jury

which, by implication, informed them that Strode had been previously

convicted of the same crime, this does not mean that this error constitutes a

reversible error. Here, unlike in Lewis, Strode made no objection to the trial

court reading the indictment which included the “second offense” language 2

      2 “As a general rule, a party must make a proper objection to the trial court and

request a ruling on that objection or the issue is waived.” Brooks v. Commonwealth,
114 S.W.3d 818, 825 (Ky. 2003) (citing Commonwealth v. Pace, 82 S.W.3d 894 (Ky.
2002); Bell v. Commonwealth, 473 S.W.2d 820 (Ky. 1971)).

                                          7
and those few words were substantially less prejudicial to Strode than his own

later testimony to that effect which we will next discuss. Under these

circumstances, we find that the trial court’s error was harmless and did not

rise to the level of palpable error necessary to reverse Strode’s conviction.

B. Did the Commonwealth Commit Palpable Error by Questioning Strode
   about his Prior Conviction? – Unpreserved

      Strode also argues that the trial court erred in allowing the

Commonwealth’s Attorney to ask Strode questions about his prior conviction

during the guilt phase of the trial. We do not agree with Strode that his

counsel’s previous (and unexplained) objection made during the bench

conference regarding the proper time to establish a prior offense preserved this

later occurring assignment of error and will again review this matter under a

palpable error standard.

      During his direct examination, Strode admitted possession of the

methamphetamine found pursuant to the search warrant but denied having

any intent to sell it. Then, during cross-examination, Strode was questioned by

the Commonwealth regarding his prior trafficking conviction and testified as

follows:

      Q: Mr. Strode, have you ever been convicted of a felony?

      A: Yes, sir, I have.

      Q: And what was the last felony?

      A: Trafficking. I used to sell drugs, I did.

      Q: Trafficking in what?

      A: A controlled substance. Methamphetamine.
                                         8
      Q: O.K.

      A: And I pled guilty to it, got a 15-year sentence, done time in jail,
      and served it out on probation[.]

      Defense counsel not only did not object at any point during this

questioning but, on redirect, also had his client repeat the fact:

      Q: Terry, you’ve admitted that you’re a convicted felon?

      A: Yes, sir.

      Q: You’ve used methamphetamine in the past?

      A: Yes, sir.

      Q: You were using methamphetamine at the time that these events
      occurred?

      A: Yes.

      Later, during re-cross, Strode again testified about his prior

trafficking, this time without any prompting by the Commonwealth:

      Q. Mr. Strode, did I just hear you when you were talking about
      hydrocodone, you said you didn’t move it?

      A. I mean, if I ever did –

      Q. That’s what you said, wasn’t it?

      A. Yeah, I used to move drugs. That’s something you’d never see
      me move, ever. I used to sell drugs. But I did not sell or mess with
      any type of pain pills. Did not mess with any type of
      pain pills or anything. Do I sell drugs now, no. Did I sell him
      drugs, no. Did I used to, yes. That’s why I accepted a deal for
      fifteen years[.]

      At that juncture, the trial court precluded any further questioning

or testimony regarding the time Strode had served but at no time did

Strode’s counsel object or request any type of admonition.
                                         9
      Strode argues correctly that, regarding impeachment for being a

convicted felon, under KRE 609(a), “[t]he identity of the crime upon

which [a] conviction was based may not be disclosed upon cross-

examination unless the witness has denied the existence of the

conviction.” Therefore, under KRE 609(a), once Strode admitted to having

a prior felony trafficking in a controlled substance conviction, the

Commonwealth was precluded from asking any more specifics about the

crime. Albeit in a different context, our Supreme Court has held that “[i]t

is a fundamental principle that the introduction of a previous conviction

during the process of determining guilt or innocence is prejudicial.” Dedic

v. Commonwealth, 920 S.W.2d 878, 879 (Ky. 1996) (citing Jones v.

Commonwealth, 198 S.W.2d 969 (Ky. 1947)).

      In response, the Commonwealth argues that it was entitled to question

Strode about his prior criminal activity given that he took the stand and

testified that he was not trafficking the very drugs he unquestionably

possessed. KRS 404(b)(1) includes several other purposes for which character

evidence might be admissible, including “proof of motive, opportunity, intent,

preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident . . . . ”

Specifically, the Commonwealth argues that Strode’s prior trafficking

conviction was relevant and probative to determining whether he possessed (as

he undeniably did) the illicit drugs and paraphernalia associated with sales

                                        10
with the intent 3 to sell them as opposed to merely having them for personal use.

The Commonwealth is correct, we have previously determined that evidence of

a prior conviction was admissible to prove motive, intent, and plan to

manufacture methamphetamine under KRE 404(b). Hayes v. Commonwealth,

175 S.W.3d 574, 588 (Ky. 2005). In the context of this case, the facts

concerning Strode’s prior drug trafficking experience served as an admissible

counter to his testimony that he was not dealing in drugs when he was

arrested.

         Even had Strode persuaded this Court that errors occurred in his trial,

he still cannot demonstrate that they likely impacted the outcome of the trial or

seriously impacted its overall fairness in light of the abundant physical

evidence of drug sales found in his residence. In sum, Strode’s earlier

conviction was not necessary in determining that he was trafficking and, given

that the jury declined to find him guilty of trafficking to the informant (the first

count of the indictment) and declined to find him guilty of trafficking the

hydrocodone he possessed, we cannot see that his prior conviction was relied

upon whatsoever by the jury, and no prejudice existed as to warrant a new

trial.

         3 “‘Traffic,’ except as provided in KRS 218A.1431, means to manufacture,

distribute, dispense, sell, transfer, or possess with intent to manufacture, distribute,
dispense, or sell a controlled substance[.]” KRS 218A.010(56). “‘Traffic’ means to
distribute, dispense, sell, transfer, or possess with intent to distribute, dispense, or
sell methamphetamine.” KRS 218A.1431(3).

                                           11
                                 III. CONCLUSION

      Accordingly, we affirm Strode’s conviction by the Monroe Circuit Court.

      All sitting. All concur.

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Maureen Sullivan

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Russell M. Coleman
Attorney General of Kentucky

Bryan D. Morrow
Deputy Solicitor General

Elizabeth Hedges
Assistant Solicitor General

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