Court Opinion

ID: 9399340
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-02 17:05:24.461567+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:05.061861
License: Public Domain

COURT OF CHANCERY
                                  OF THE
                            STATE OF DELAWARE
 BONNIE W. DAVID                                             COURT OF CHANCERY COURTHOUSE
MASTER IN CHANCERY                                                    34 THE CIRCLE
                                                                  GEORGETOWN, DE 19947

                           Date Submitted: June 1, 2023
                            Final Report: June 2, 2023

  Dean A. Campbell, Esq.                    Chad J. Toms, Esq.
  The Law Office of Dean A. Campbell,       Quinn T. Griffith, Esq.
  PA                                        Whiteford Taylor & Preston LLC
  703 Chestnut Street                       600 N. King Street, Suite 300
  Milton, Delaware 19968                    Wilmington, Delaware 19801

       RE:   Friends of Plantations East v. Plantations East Homeowners Association,
             Inc., C.A. No. 2023-0542-BWD

 Dear Counsel:

       On May 19, 2023, plaintiff Friends of Plantations East (“FPE”) initiated this

 action by filing a Verified Complaint for Declaratory Judgment and Injunctive Relief

 (the “Complaint”), accompanied by a Motion to Expedite and a Motion for

 Preliminary Injunction.

       FPE is an unincorporated group of real property owners in the Plantations East

 community located in Lewes, Delaware.          The defendant is Plantations East

 Homeowners Association, Inc. (the “Association”), a Delaware nonstock

 corporation tasked with promoting the interests of homeowners in the Plantations

 East community.     The Complaint challenges the Association’s solicitation of

 member votes by mail ballot to approve conversion of the community’s central gas
Friends of Plantations East v. Plantations East Homeowners Association, Inc.,
C.A. No. 2023-0542-BWD
June 2, 2023
Page 2 of 8

system from liquid propane to natural gas (the “Ballot Solicitation”). Through the

Motion for Preliminary Injunction, FPE seeks an order preliminarily enjoining the

Association from signing, executing, or entering into any contracts for purposes of

the planned conversion, or otherwise furthering the conversion.1

         “Under the well-known standard for a preliminary injunction, a plaintiff must

demonstrate: (1) a reasonable probability of success on the merits; (2) that absent

preliminary injunctive relief, it faces imminent and irreparable injury; and (3) that

such harm outweighs the harm that may result from the injunction, should it prove

to have been improvidently granted.” Ascension Ins. Holdings, LLC v. Underwood,

2015 WL 356002, at *1 (Del. Ch. Jan. 28, 2015).

         FPE challenges the Ballot Solicitation on three grounds. First, FPE contends

that the Association’s governing documents foreclose member action without a

meeting. Second, FPE argues that, assuming a ballot vote without a meeting is

authorized by the Association’s governing documents, the ballots submitted to the

members failed to comply with procedural requirements in Section 81-310 of the

Delaware Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act (“DUCIOA”). Finally, FPE

suggests that Section 228 of the Delaware General Corporation Law (“DGCL”),

1
    A hearing on the Motion for Preliminary Injunction was held on June 1, 2023.
Friends of Plantations East v. Plantations East Homeowners Association, Inc.,
C.A. No. 2023-0542-BWD
June 2, 2023
Page 3 of 8

which governs stockholder action by written consent, imposes additional

requirements on member votes by ballot without a meeting, including that votes may

not be solicited over a period longer than 60 days.

       In response, the Association contends that the community is a “small

preexisting planned community” under 25 Del. C. § 81-120, which exempts the

Association from Section 81-310 of the DUCIOA. The Association further argues

that the ballots were not “written consents” under Section 228 of the DGCL, and that

if the ballots were written consents, they complied with the requirements of that

statute.

       To assess whether FPE is likely to succeed on the merits of its claims, I must

first determine whether the Ballot Solicitation is governed by Section 81-310 of the

DUCIOA or Section 228 of the DGCL. Section 81-120 of the DUCIOA provides:

       If a cooperative or planned community created within this State before
       the effective date of this chapter, contains no more than 20 units and is
       not subject to any development rights expanding it to include more than
       20 units, or the annual average common expense liability of each unit
       restricted to residential purposes, exclusive of optional user fees and
       any insurance premiums paid by the association, does not exceed
       $500, as adjusted pursuant to this section, it is subject only to §§ 81-
       105 (Separate titles and taxation), 81-106 (Applicability of local
       ordinances, regulations, and building codes), and 81-107 of this title
       (Eminent domain), but to no other sections of this chapter unless the
       declaration is amended in conformity with applicable law and with the
       procedures and requirements of the declaration to take advantage of the
       provisions of §§ 81-121 of this title, in which case all the sections
Friends of Plantations East v. Plantations East Homeowners Association, Inc.,
C.A. No. 2023-0542-BWD
June 2, 2023
Page 4 of 8

      enumerated in § 81-119 of this title apply to that cooperative or
      planned community.

25 Del. C. § 81-120 (emphasis added). The Association submits that at the time of

the Ballot Solicitation, it was a planned community, incorporated prior to the

enactment of the DUCIOA, in which the annual average common expense liability

of each unit restricted to residential purposes, exclusive of optional user fees and any

insurance premiums paid by the association, did not exceed $500.00, as adjusted.

Plantations E. Homeowners Ass’n, Inc.’s Omnibus Br. in Opp’n to Friends of

Plantations E.’s Mot. for Prelim. Inj. and Mot. to Expedite at 8, Dkt. 5 [hereinafter,

“Opp’n”]. FPE has not disputed that factual assertion. Instead, it argues that Section

81-120 does not apply because the community consists of more than 20 units. The

only logical reading of Section 81-120, however, is that if a pre-existing community

either “contains no more than 20 units . . . or the annual average common expense

liability of each unit . . . does not exceed $500,” then Sections 81-105, 81-106 and

81-107, but no other sections of the DUCIOA, apply. Accordingly, the Ballot

Solicitation is governed by Section 228 of the DGCL.

      FPE’s claim that the Association’s members may not act by written consent

is not likely to succeed. Section 228(b) provides:

      Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, any
      action required by this chapter to be taken at a meeting of the members
Friends of Plantations East v. Plantations East Homeowners Association, Inc.,
C.A. No. 2023-0542-BWD
June 2, 2023
Page 5 of 8

      of a nonstock corporation, or any action which may be taken at any
      meeting of the members of a nonstock corporation, may be taken
      without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent
      or consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed
      by members having not less than the minimum number of votes that
      would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at
      which all members having a right to vote thereon were present and
      voted and shall be delivered to the corporation by delivery to its
      registered office in this State, its principal place of business or an officer
      or agent of the corporation having custody of the book in which
      proceedings of meetings of members are recorded.

8 Del. C. § 228(b) (emphasis added). FPE contends that the Association’s governing

documents contemplate member votes at annual or special meetings, thereby

implicitly prohibiting action by any other means, including by mail ballot (or written

consent). This argument fails because to alter the statutory default, a certificate of

incorporation must explicitly disallow action by written consent.            Cf. Paul v.

Delaware Coastal Anesthesia, LLC, 2012 WL 1934469, at *2-3 (Del. Ch. May 29,

2012) (concluding that an Operating Agreement did not “‘otherwise provide,’” “so

as to preempt, actions by written consent” where “nothing in the Operating

Agreement specifically disallow[ed] votes by written consent” (citing 6 Del. C.

§ 18-302(d))).    The Association’s certificate contains no such prohibition, so

members may act by written consent.
Friends of Plantations East v. Plantations East Homeowners Association, Inc.,
C.A. No. 2023-0542-BWD
June 2, 2023
Page 6 of 8

      FPE also has not established that it is likely to succeed on its claim that the

Ballot Solicitation violated Section 228.2 Section 228(c) requires that:

      Every written consent shall bear the date of signature of each
      stockholder or member who signs the consent, and no written consent
      shall be effective to take the corporate action referred to therein
      unless, within 60 days of the earliest dated consent delivered in the
      manner required by this section to the corporation, written consents
      signed by a sufficient number of holders or members to take action
      are delivered to the corporation by delivery to its registered office in
      this State, its principal place of business or an officer or agent of the
      corporation having custody of the book in which proceedings of
      meetings of stockholders or members are recorded.

8 Del. C. § 228(c) (emphasis added). FPE asserts that the Association accepted votes

over a period of 63 days (from October 1, 2022 through December 3, 2022).

Although this Court will strictly enforce the technical requirements of Section 228,3

2
  The Association argues that the Ballot Solicitation was not a “corporate act” governed by
Section 228 because the vote was undertaken at the request of Chesapeake Utilities Corp.
(“Chesapeake”). Section 228(b) applies to “any action required by this chapter to be taken
at a meeting of the members of a nonstock corporation, or any action which may be taken
at any meeting of the members of a nonstock corporation.” 8 Del. C. § 228(b) (emphasis
added). The Association does not suggest that a vote on the conversion could not have
been taken at a meeting of the members.
3
  See Espinoza v. Zuckerberg, 124 A.3d 47, 57 (Del. Ch. 2015) (holding that a ratification
by written consent is not “effective unless it complies with the technical requirements of
Section 228”); Carsanaro v. Bloodhound Techs., Inc., 65 A.3d 618, 641 (Del. Ch. 2013)
(“When a consent specifically refers to exhibits and incorporates their terms, the plain
language of Section 228(a) requires that a stockholder have the exhibits to execute a valid
consent.”); H-M Wexford LLC v. Encorp, Inc., 832 A.2d 129, 152 (Del. Ch. 2003)
(sustaining claim that written consents were invalid because they were not individually
dated by the signers).
Friends of Plantations East v. Plantations East Homeowners Association, Inc.,
C.A. No. 2023-0542-BWD
June 2, 2023
Page 7 of 8

FPE has not submitted evidence demonstrating that any ballots were received more

than 60 days after the earliest dated ballot that was delivered. Discovery may reveal

otherwise, but I cannot conclude, at this stage, that FPE is likely to succeed on its

challenge under Section 228.

      I next consider whether FPE faces imminent, irreparable injury absent

issuance of a preliminary injunction, and if the equities favor preliminary injunctive

relief. I conclude that it does not, and they do not.

      FPE premised its request for injunctive relief “[u]pon information, knowledge

and belief” that the Association “has signed, or intends to sign, a contract with

Chesapeake Utilities to commence the work necessary for the conversion.” Mot. for

Prelim. Inj. ¶ 21, Dkt. 1. According to the Association, however, its “limited role”

in the conversion was to “(1) coordinate the individual resident vote and relay the

results to Chesapeake; and (2) provide the Association’s support through Board

action based upon the result of the resident vote.” Opp’n at 6. The Association

explains that “[t]hose events have been complete[d] and the Association has

provided its written authorization to Chesapeake as of April 25, 2023,” and “[n]o

further action is planned or required by the Association.” Id. at 6-7. Thus, FPE has

not established that it is likely to suffer imminent, irreparable harm in the absence of

an injunction against the Association.
Friends of Plantations East v. Plantations East Homeowners Association, Inc.,
C.A. No. 2023-0542-BWD
June 2, 2023
Page 8 of 8

       At the hearing on the Motion for Preliminary Injunction, FPE clarified that it

also seeks to enjoin action by Chesapeake, which is named as a “notice party,” but

not a defendant, in this action. Chesapeake has submitted an application for approval

to the Delaware Public Service Commission (“PSC”), and at the hearing on the

Motion for Preliminary Injunction, FPE indicated that, in the absence of an

injunction, it will seek relief before the PSC. The availability of a remedy in that

forum, and my reluctance to interfere with the PSC’s process, further support denial

of the motion.

      Finally, the Association reported the results of the member vote on December

22, 2022. Thereafter, FPE waited five months, until May 19, 2023, before seeking

injunctive relief. That unexplained delay also weighs against granting preliminary

injunctive relief.

      For the reasons explained above, I recommend that the Motion for Preliminary

Injunction be denied. This is a final report pursuant to Court of Chancery Rule 144.

                                               Sincerely,

                                               /s/ Bonnie W. David

                                               Bonnie W. David
                                               Master in Chancery

cc:   All counsel of record (by File & ServeXpress)