Court Opinion

ID: 3047795
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Date Created: 2015-10-13 23:22:14.072599+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:25:28.582247
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Opinions of the United
2009 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

1-12-2009

Simon-Simon v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 07-4159

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                                              NOT PRECEDENTIAL

      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                  ________

                   No. 07-4159
                    ________

             ISIDRO SIMON-SIMON,

                                    Petitioner
                         v.

 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,

                               Respondent
          __________________________

        On a Petition for Review of an Order
        of the Board of Immigration Appeals
             (Agency No. A97-956-814)
        Immigration Judge: Daniel Meisner
          ___________________________

     Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                November 12, 2008

Before: MCKEE, NYGAARD and ROTH, Circuit Judges

         (Opinion filed : January 12, 2009)

                   OPINION
                   __________
PER CURIAM:

       Petitioner Isidro Simon-Simon, a native and citizen of Guatemala, entered the United

States without inspection on an unknown date.         He was employed by Allied Hotel

Renovations, Inc., and working to renovate a Marriott Hotel in Panama City, Florida, when

he came to the attention of immigration authorities. Simon-Simon was served with a Notice

To Appear on November 16, 2004, alleging that he was removable under Immigration &

Nationality Act (“INA”) § 212(a)(6)(A)(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1182 (a)(6)(A)(i), as an alien present

in the United States without being admitted or paroled. He appeared before the Immigration

Judge, conceded that he was removable, and applied for cancellation of removal under INA

§ 240A(b)(1), 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1), for certain non-permanent residents.1 Simon-Simon

contended that his removal would present an exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to

his two United States citizen children, who would suffer economic and educational harm in

Guatemala.

       At his removal hearing, Simon-Simon testified that he married Elia Rivera in

Guatemala in May 1986. She gave birth to their daughter, Mildred, and mother and child

remain in Guatemala. The couple divorced in November 2005. Since 2003, Simon-Simon

   1
    Cancellation of removal under INA § 240A(b)(1) is available to an alien who has
been physically present in the United States for at least 10 years, has been a person of
good moral character, has not been convicted of a specified criminal offense, and has
established that removal would result in exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to
the alien's spouse, parent, or child, who is a United States citizen or lawful permanent
resident. Id. at § 1229b(b)(1)(A)-(D).

                                             2
has lived with Anna Maria Bonilla, a legal permanent resident, in New Jersey. He and

Bonilla have a United States-born child, David, who was 14 months old. Simon-Simon also

has a 7 year-old son, Isael, from a prior relationship with Rosalinda Garcia Perez. He was

granted sole custody of this United States citizen child by a New Jersey Family Court judge.

Simon-Simon testified that Isael’s mother is unfit. She has an alcohol problem and has left

Isael with “strange people” while she goes out drinking and dancing. On one occasion it

appeared that Isael had been beaten, and he did not want to return to his mother. Isael had

problems before coming to live with Simon-Simon, but he is now stable and happy. The

Custody Order prohibits Isael’s removal from the United States without the consent of both

parents. Normally, Simon-Simon earns $45,000 annually. Bonilla is unemployed and stays

home to care for the children. She also has a son from a prior relationship, giving the couple

three children to support and care for. Simon-Simon is a stable role model for all three boys,

and not just Isael. Simon-Simon is from a large family; all but one of his nine brothers and

sisters live in Guatemala, as do his parents.

       On January 20, 2006, the IJ denied Simon-Simon’s application for cancellation of

removal on the ground that he failed to meet the physical presence requirement. In addition,

after referring to In re: Monreal- Aguinaga, 23 I. & N. Dec. 56 (BIA 2001), In re:

Andazola-Rivas, 23 I. & N. Dec. 319 (BIA 2002), and In re: Gonzalez-Recinas, 23 I. & N.

Dec. 467 (BIA 2002), the IJ found no evidence that Simon-Simon’s removal would result in

exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to his two U.S. citizen children, the stringent

                                                3
standard he was required to meet.2 Both children were basically healthy. Both children had

the capacity to improve on their Spanish language abilities. As to the most serious allegation,

there was no evidence other than Simon-Simon’s testimony that Isael’s mother was unfit,

and, in fact, the Custody Order granted her liberal visitation rights. Furthermore, although

the custody agreement prohibited Isael’s removal from the United States without his mother’s

consent, the IJ found that there was no evidence that she would prevent him from returning

to Guatemala with Simon-Simon. The IJ also found that poor economic conditions in

Guatemala without more was insufficient to show exceptional and extremely unusual

hardship. Moreover, Simon-Simon had extensive family in Guatemala, and there was no

evidence presented that he would be unable to find work there, given his skills. The IJ

ordered him removed and granted him voluntary departure.

   2
     Prior to the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act
(“IIRIRA”), an alien could apply for suspension of deportation, where it was only
necessary to show “extreme hardship.” IIRIRA’s standard of “exceptional and extremely
unusual hardship” is less generous than the former standard. See Andazola-Rivas, 23 I. &
N. Dec. at 322; Gonzalez-Recinas, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 470. In Monreal-Aguinaga, 23 I. &
N. Dec. 56, the Board found that, to establish "exceptional and extremely unusual
hardship," an alien must show that the qualifying relative would suffer hardship
substantially beyond that which would normally result from deportation. The applicant
need not show that the hardship would be unconscionable. The Board will consider “the
ages, health, and circumstances of qualifying ... relatives.” Id. at 63. An applicant with
financially dependent elderly parents would have a strong case and so would an applicant
who had a qualifying child “with very serious health issues, or compelling special needs
in school.” Id. However, a “lower standard of living or adverse country conditions in the
country of return ... generally will be insufficient.” Id. The Board reaffirmed in
Gonzalez-Recinas, that the “exceptional and extremely unusual” requirement is "not so
restrictive that only a handful of applicants, such as those who have a qualifying relative
with a serious medical condition, will qualify for relief." Id., 23 I. & N. Dec. at 470.

                                              4
             Simon-Simon appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals. On September 27,

2007, the Board dismissed the appeal on the basis of the hardship issue, essentially for the

reasons given by the IJ.3 The Board acknowledged that removal would adversely affect

Simon-Simon’s children, but the children were in good health, he had numerous family

members in Guatemala and work skills in the construction trade that would make him

employable. Therefore, he could not show exceptional and extremely unusual hardship under

Monreal-Aguinaga, Andazola-Rivas, and Gonzalez-Recinas.               Simon-Simon has timely

petitioned for review.

             We will dismiss the petition for review for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. We

have jurisdiction generally to review final orders of removal pursuant to INA § 242(a), 8

U.S.C. § 1252(a), but section 242(a)(2)(B)(i) of the jurisdictional statute, 8 U.S.C. §

1252(a)(2)(B)(i), divests us of jurisdiction over the Board’s discretionary decisions regarding

cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b. See Mendez-Moranchel v. Ashcroft, 338

F.3d 176, 179 (3d Cir. 2003). To succeed on an application for cancellation of removal an

alien must establish, among other things, that removal would result in “exceptional and

extremely unusual hardship” to a qualifying relative. We held in Mendez-Moranchel that this

determination is a “quintessential discretionary judgment.” Id. The Board, in reliance upon

the IJ’s more comprehensive decision, affirmed the denial of Simon-Simon’s application for

      3
          The Board did not decide the physical presence issue and therefore we need not reach
it.

                                                  5
cancellation of removal based solely on a discretionary determination that he failed to

establish that his removal would result in "exceptional and extremely unusual hardship" to

his U.S. citizen children, see 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(D). This is an unreviewable decision.

       Simon-Simon contends that the IJ did not weigh the evidence of exceptional and

extremely unusual hardship properly, nor did it apply Monreal-Aguinaga properly. See

Appellant’s Brief, at 16. Specifically, the IJ ignored his testimony concerning incidents of

neglect by Isael’s mother and his assertion that his removal would put Isael at risk. Simon-

Simon states: “The fact that Petitioner has been awarded sole residential custody of the child

is clear evidence that the child would suffer exceptional and extremely unusual hardship if

his father were removed from the United States.” Id. at 17. Relying on Gonzalez-Recinas,

23 I. & N. Dec. 467, Simon-Simon contends that his circumstances – a divorced parent who

is the sole source of financial and emotional support for a qualifying relative – must result

in a discretionary grant of cancellation of removal. In his case, the Board erred in affirming

the IJ without engaging in a de novo review of the facts.4 In addition, the IJ failed to give

appropriate consideration to dire economic conditions in Guatemala, as established by the

Department of State’s February 2008 Background Note for Guatemala, App. 122-130.

Simon-Simon points out that the per capita income in Guatemala is only $4,317.00. This is

   4
    The correct standard is that, although the IJ’s factual determinations in connection
with a cancellation of removal application are reviewed for clear error, 8 C.F.R. §
1003.1(d)(3)(i), whether those facts support a finding of “exceptional and extremely
unusual hardship” is a question of law which the Board reviews de novo, id. at §
1003.1(d)(3)(ii).

                                              6
a far cry from what Simon-Simon was able to earn in the United States. See Appellant’s

Brief, at 18.

       We do not agree that these contentions give us jurisdiction. The REAL ID Act

amended INA § 242(a) to provide for jurisdiction in the courts of appeals to review

constitutional claims and questions of law raised by aliens whose petitions for review would

otherwise be outside our jurisdiction, see INA § 242(a)(2)(D), 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D);

Sukwanputra v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 627, 634 (3d Cir. 2006) (factual and discretionary

determinations continue to fall outside our jurisdiction but 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D) would

extend to question whether Board applied wrong legal standard in making discretionary

determination); but Simon-Simon’s disagreement with the weighing of the potential harm to

Isael and the poor economic conditions in Guatemala is a traditional abuse of discretion

challenge, and does not implicate the constitution or raise a legal issue.

       We have carefully reviewed the evidence of record, which includes Simon-Simon’s

testimony and New Jersey Superior Court Judge DeSoto’s August 31, 2004 order granting

liberal visitation to Rosalinda Perez Garcia “as agreed by the parties,” A.R. 157. The

allegation that Isael will suffer abuse if Simon-Simon is removed from the United States

obviously is a serious one, but the IJ weighed Simon-Simon’s testimony that Isael’s mother

is unfit against the Custody Order granting liberal visitation as agreed by the parties, and did

not misapply Board precedent in giving less weight to the testimony than to the Custody

Order. As the IJ noted, Simon-Simon could have produced the complaint or transcripts from

                                               7
the family court proceedings, or other independent evidence that Garcia Perez was not a fit

parent, see Oral Decision of the Immigration Judge, at 7. Furthermore, there was no record

evidence other than Simon-Simon’s unsupported testimony that Isael’s mother would even

insist upon custody or refuse to consent to Isael’s accompanying his father to Guatemala.

Finally, the IJ did indeed consider the contention of reduced economic and educational

opportunities in Guatemala, id. at 9, to the extent of the evidence presented.5

       In sum, nothing in the IJ’s decision indicates that he did not take into account the

required factors to determine that Simon-Simon failed to establish "exceptional and

extremely unusual hardship" to his United States citizen children.         Gonzalez-Recinas

involved a single mother with six children whose only family members resided in the United

States. In contrast, Simon-Simon has three children he cares for, a partner who assists him

physically and emotionally in raising the children, numerous relatives in Guatemala, cf.

Andazola-Rivas, 23 I. & N. Dec. at 323 (noting fact that alien had no family to help her in

Mexico, which would likely make her adjustment to new life there more difficult), and

construction skills. We thus conclude that his quarrel is over the correctness of the factual

findings and justification for the discretionary choices of the IJ and the Board, and we do not

have jurisdiction to consider these arguments.              8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i);

Mendez-Moranchel, 338 F.3d at 179.

   5
    The 2008 Background Note, which appears in the Appendix on appeal, was not made
a part of the Administrative Record.

                                              8
       For the foregoing reasons, we will dismiss the petition for review for lack of subject

matter jurisdiction.

                                            9