Court Opinion

ID: 2743157
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-10-16 19:06:03.389765+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:17.686326
License: Public Domain

J-A21024-14

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                       IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                         PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellant

                       v.

LISA KIM K. YOUNG

                            Appellee                   No. 942 EDA 2013

            Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence February 1, 2013
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
              Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0003732-2011

BEFORE: BOWES, J., OTT, J., and STRASSBURGER, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY OTT, J.:                              FILED OCTOBER 16, 2014

        The Commonwealth appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed

on Lisa Kim Young (Young) on February 1, 2013, in the Court of Common

Pleas of Philadelphia County.        On October 9, 2012, Young entered into an

open guilty plea agreement to one count of aggravated assault and one

count of possession of an instrument of a crime (PIC).1 On November 28,

2012, Young was sentenced to 11½ to 23 months’ incarceration, with

immediate parole, to be followed by an aggregate term of 13 years of

probation.    The Commonwealth filed a timely motion for reconsideration,

which was granted only to the extent that Young would report for

____________________________________________

*
    Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1
    18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2702(a)(1) and 907, respectively.
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incarceration on February 19, 2013 and would then be paroled on March 4,

2013. This timely appeal followed in which the Commonwealth alleges the

trial court abused its discretion by issuing a manifestly lenient sentence.

After a thorough review of the submissions by the parties, the certified

record, and relevant law, we affirm.

        The facts of this matter are simply stated and undeniably tragic. We

quote the factual history from the trial court’s Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) Opinion.

        On November 20, 2010, [Young] went to Craig Mills’ house
        where she had an argument with Mills regarding allegations that
        Mills had sexually assaulted [Young’s] teenage daughter. During
        the argument, [Young] grabbed a baseball bat from an umbrella
        holder in Mills’ house and struck him twice with the bat. [Young]
        then left the house to go to her car; Mills followed her outside.
        [Young] retrieved a kitchen knife from her car and walked back
        towards Mills. [Young] then stabbed Mills once in the upper left
        arm.    [Young] tried to stab Mills a second time but was
        prevented from doing so by family members. [Young] then
        drove away, but was stopped by the police soon thereafter.
        Upon being stopped, [Young] told the officers, “they didn’t have
        anything to do with it, it was all me.”[2] After being read her
        Miranda[3] rights, [Young] confessed to the detective that she
        stabbed Mills and fled the scene.

        Mills suffered serious bodily injury as a result of the stabbing,
        including losing a massive amount of blood from an artery
        severed during the stabbing. By the time Mills was brought to
        the hospital, he was non-responsive. He has remained in a
        coma since the stabbing and in on life-support and a ventilator.
        He also has no sensation and does not respond to stimuli.

____________________________________________

2
    It is unclear who “they” are.
3
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602 (1966).

                                           -2-
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Trial Court Opinion, 11/5/2013, at 1-2.

     On October 9, 2010, Mills entered into a guilty plea agreement,

wherein she pled guilty to aggravated assault and PIC, in exchange for all

other charges being nolle prossed.        There was no agreement as to a

sentence.   A presentence report was generated and at least 23 letters in

support of Young were provided to the court. The Assistant District Attorney

read an impact statement from the victim’s grandmother and the victim’s

daughter testified how the crime had affected her.

     The Commonwealth has challenged the discretionary aspects of

Young’s sentence.     We begin by addressing our standard of review in

sentencing matters:

        Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of
        the sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed
        on appeal absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this
        context, an abuse of discretion is not shown merely by an
        error in judgment. Rather, the appellant must establish, by
        reference to the record, that the sentencing court ignored
        or misapplied the law, exercised its judgment for reasons
        of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or arrived at a
        manifestly unreasonable decision.

     Commonwealth v. Hoch, 936 A.2d 515, 517-18 (Pa. Super.
     2007) (citation omitted).

     The right to appellate review of the discretionary aspects of a
     sentence is not absolute, and must be considered a petition for
     permission to appeal. See Hoch, 936 A.2d at 518 (citation
     omitted). An appellant must satisfy a four-part test to invoke
     this Court's jurisdiction when challenging the discretionary
     aspects of a sentence.

        [W]e conduct a four-part analysis to determine: (1)
        whether appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal; (2)

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         whether the issue was properly preserved at sentencing or
         in a motion to reconsider and modify sentence; (3)
         whether appellant's brief has a fatal defect; and (4)
         whether there is a substantial question that the sentence
         appealed from is not appropriate under the Sentencing
         Code.

     Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa. Super.
     2010 (citations omitted).

Commonwealth v. Buterbaugh, 91 A.3d 1247, 1265-66 (Pa. Super.

2014).

     Our review of the certified record confirms the Commonwealth’s appeal

is timely, the issue was preserved in the court below, and the required

Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) statement has been included.         Therefore, we must

determine whether reasons given in the Rule 2119(f) statement raise a

substantial question. A claim that the trial court has imposed an excessively

lenient sentence raises a substantial question.    See Commonwealth v.

Hoch, 936 A.2d 515 (Pa. Super. 2007).      Accordingly, we will address the

merits of the Commonwealth’s appeal.

     There is no dispute that the victim in this matter suffered a grievous

injury. The Commonwealth has argued that the nature of the injury, alone,

should require a term of incarceration.       See Appellant’s Brief at 14.

Additionally, the Commonwealth contends that the trial court focused almost

exclusively on the defendant’s circumstances, relied on inaccurate and

unsupported factors, and also relied on impermissible factors in fashioning

Young’s sentence.

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     We start our analysis with the trial court’s statements of reasons at

both the initial sentencing hearing of November 28, 2012, and the February

1, 2013 sentencing hearing following the Commonwealth’s motion for

reconsideration.

           THE COURT: All right. In this matter with the prior record
     score and the offense gravity, the standard score is 1 as
     negotiated without the deadly weapon enhancement, guidelines
     is 36 to 54 plus or minus 12. In this matter the defense is
     asking for a period of probation, the Commonwealth is seeking a
     period of 10 to 20 years of state incarceration.

            Let me note the following factors, some of which are
     mitigating factors, some of which are aggravated factors. Ms.
     Young is a sole caregiver of two children that she herself knows
     the impact of being a victim of a crime due to the fact her
     husband was murdered some years ago.                 Her extensive
     involvement in the community, the fact she has been self-
     employed and has hired other employees over a period of time,
     there is no drug and alcohol and mental health issues that are at
     play here. The recommendation of the presentence investigator
     that the defendant be put on supervision. The facts of this
     particular crime and for purposes of the recitation of facts, I will
     credit Ms. Kayhan’s recitation of those facts as well as that
     contained in the arrest report which, among other things, at
     least in my view, resulted in a horrific injury which will result in a
     lifetime sentence both to the victim and to the victim’s family.

            The fact that Ms. Young twice confessed, first to the
     arresting police officer and second to the detective in a written
     statement, the letters from the grandparents, daughter,
     community leaders and Officer Young amongst others, and the
     expression of remorse that the defendant has not only in
     pleading guilty, but also in the letter that she has recited, and
     also relying upon the statements by the victim’s family which are
     clearly powerful and what I am taking most seriously.

           And in my view, considering first, the protection of the
     public, second, the nature and gravity of offenses as related to
     the impact on the community and third, the rehabilitative need
     of the defendant, I am considering the following:

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             First, the guidelines which were promulgated by the state
      legislature, second, the presentence investigation which I
      incorporate fully as part of today’s record, arguments by
      counsel, support from the defendant’s family, statements by the
      victim’s family and my observation of the defendant both at the
      guilty plea and at the sentencing hearing, it is my intention to
      depart from the guidelines…

N.T. Sentencing, 11/28/2012, at 51-54.        As mentioned above, the court

imposed a sentence of 11 ½ to 23 months’ incarceration, with immediate

parole, followed by 13 years of probation. As noted by the trial court, the

standard range sentence for aggravated assault with serious bodily injury for

a defendant with a zero prior record score, is 36 to 54 months’ incarceration.

The aggravated and mitigated ranges are plus or minus 12 months.              The

sentence imposed, 11½ to 23 months’ incarceration, is below the mitigated

range.

      On February 1, 2013, the trial court heard considerable argument from

both counsel regarding the Commonwealth’s motion for reconsideration of

sentence.     At the end of the hearing, the trial court addressed the

Commonwealth’s allegations.

           THE COURT: I will start out by first examining Section
      9721, which I did state that I considered.

           I did not, in fact, lip service, or simply go through the
      motions, in terms of every cite that I considered.

            I did consider the general principle that the sentencings
      that would be consistent with the protection of the public, the
      gravity of the offense as it relates to the impact on the life of the
      victim and on the community, and also the rehabilitation of the
      defendant.

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          I also then considered the guidelines that were
     promulgated by the Commission on Sentencing, as well as the
     unique circumstances of this particular defendant, her
     background and support systems, as well as the lifelong
     sentence.

            And I did say, Mr. Carpenter [Assistant District Attorney],
     that, in fact, in my view, resulted in a horrific injury that would
     result in a lifetime sentence both to the victim and the victim’s
     family members.

           So it’s without a doubt that I considered it.

           I think it is a matter of how you weigh that effectively.

          And I understand sentencing, in my view, is one of the
     most difficult things that I do.

          This is a unique day of all days that just – and it’s by
     happenstance of fitting it on my calendar.

           And in a case earlier today, and this is not to compare
     sentences, certainly, because that’s not appropriate, but as the
     Appellate Court is in a position to understand and view
     sentences based upon their history.

           For three years I have been sentencing people. And, in
     fact, today was a review by the defendant, who was sentenced
     10 to 20 years on a drug conviction, and it was a statutory
     maximum sentence I imposed.

          The Commonwealth in that case thought six-and-a-half to
     13 years was appropriate.

          And, so, I went far above what the Commonwealth even
     recommended.

          So I sit here and I view things, and I weigh things, and I
     weigh them in a way that I think is appropriate.

          I thought was it appropriate in that case, and I upheld that
     sentence.

          I think the way I weighed it here with Miss Young is also
     appropriate, and I will maintain the sentence that I have
     imposed.

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              Let me address the factors under 97.5 [sic],[4] Total
        Confinement.

              I do not believe that there is an undue risk that but for a
        period of partial confinement - but for confinement the
        defendant will commit another crime. And I believe that, in my
        view, that the need for correctional treatment is not what []
        would be most effectively provided through the commitment.

             I do weigh most heavily that a lesser sentence would
        depreciate the seriousness of the crime of the defendant.

              There is no doubt that it was a serious crime and, as I
        indicated before, it was one that has a lifetime impact on the
        victim and on the victim’s family, as I mentioned before.

              And I also weighed, as I was required to do, because Mr.
        Silver [Defense Counsel] requested, a sentence of probation.

               But under 97.2 [sic][5] an order of probation that I
        considered – the Commonwealth requires I considered 12
        different bases to weigh those factors.

               And I will note some of those factors that would weigh
        potentially towards an order of probation, which was that the
        defendant has no history of prior delinquency or criminal
        activity;

              Has led a law-abiding life for a substantial period of time
        before the commission of the present crime;

        That the criminal conduct of the defendant was a result of
        circumstances unlikely to recur;

              That the character and attitudes of the defendant indicate
        that they are unlikely to commit another crime;

             That the defendant is likely to respond affirmatively to
        probationary treatment.
____________________________________________

4
    42 Pa.C.S. § 9725.
5
    42 Pa.C.S. § 9722.

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           Those are factors that would weigh towards an order of
      probation.

            However, there are factors that would disfavor probation,
      which was that the criminal defendant – the criminal conduct of
      the defendant did, in fact, cause serious harm;

           That the defendant, in my view, did contemplate that her
      conduct would cause serious harm;

            That the nature of the aggravated assault, that it’s
      intentional.

            And I also considered the factors under 97.2 [sic].

N.T. Sentencing Hearing, 2/1/2013, at 48-52.         As already stated, the

Commonwealth’s Motion for Reconsideration was granted only to the extent

that Young was required to report for incarceration, upon which she would

be paroled in a matter of days.

      The limits of an appellate review of a sentence are determined by

statute.   In relevant part, we may vacate the sentence if “the sentencing

court sentenced outside the guidelines and the sentence is unreasonable.”

See 42 Pa.C.S. 9781(c)(3). There are four statutory factors we must have

regard for in reviewing the certified record. They are: (1) the nature and

circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the

defendant, (2) the opportunity of the sentencing court to observe the

defendant, including any presentence investigation, (3) the findings upon

which the sentence was based, and (4) the guidelines promulgated by the

commission. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9871(d)(1)-(4).

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     Further, our Supreme Court has provided a comprehensive statement

regarding the review of a challenge to the discretionary aspects of a

sentence in Commonwealth v. Walls, 926 A.2d 957 (Pa. 2007).

     Our Court has stated that the proper standard of review when
     considering whether to affirm the sentencing court's
     determination is an abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v.
     Smith, 543 Pa. 566, 673 A.2d 893, 895 (1966) (“Imposition of a
     sentence is vested in the discretion of the sentencing court and
     will not be disturbed absent a manifest abuse of discretion.”). As
     stated in Smith, an abuse of discretion is more than a mere
     error of judgment; thus, a sentencing court will not have abused
     its discretion unless “the record discloses that the judgment
     exercised was manifestly unreasonable, or the result of
     partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will.” Id.FN2 In more expansive
     terms, our Court recently offered: “An abuse of discretion may
     not be found merely because an appellate court might have
     reached a different conclusion, but requires a result of manifest
     unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or
     such lack of support so as to be clearly erroneous.” Grady v.
     Frito-Lay, Inc., 576 Pa. 546, 839 A.2d 1038, 1046 (2003).

       FN2. As supported by both our case law mandating review
       of the record, Smith, 673 A.2d at 895, and the Sentencing
       Code requiring an appellate court to review the “record” in
       making the reasonableness determination described below,
       42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(d), our scope of review on appeal is
       plenary, in other words, we may review the entire record.

     The rationale behind such broad discretion and the
     concomitantly deferential standard of appellate review is that the
     sentencing court is “in the best position to determine the proper
     penalty for a particular offense based upon an evaluation of the
     individual circumstances before it.” Commonwealth v. Ward,
     524 Pa. 48, 568 A.2d 1242, 1243 (1990); see also
     Commonwealth v. Jones, 418 Pa. Super. 93, 613 A.2d 587,
     591(1992) (en banc) (offering that the sentencing court is in a
     superior position to “view the defendant's character, displays of
     remorse, defiance or indifference and the overall effect and
     nature of the crime.”). Simply stated, the sentencing court
     sentences flesh-and-blood defendants and the nuances of

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      sentencing decisions are difficult to gauge from the cold
      transcript used upon appellate review. Moreover, the sentencing
      court enjoys an institutional advantage to appellate review,
      bringing to its decisions an expertise, experience, and judgment
      that should not be lightly disturbed. Even with the advent of the
      sentencing guidelines,FN3 the power of sentencing is a function to
      be performed by the sentencing court. Ward, 568 A.2d at 1243.
      Thus, rather than cabin the exercise of a sentencing court's
      discretion, the guidelines merely inform the sentencing decision.
      See also United States v. Salinas, 365 F.3d 582, 588 (7th Cir.
      2004).

         FN3. The sentencing guidelines were promulgated by the
         Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing to be considered
         by and to aid courts in imposing sentences. See generally
         Commonwealth v. Sessoms, 516 Pa. 365, 532 A.2d 775
         (1987). The guidelines were designed to bring greater
         rationality and consistency to sentences and to eliminate
         unwarranted disparity in sentencing. Commonwealth v.
         Mouzon, 571 Pa. 419, 812 A.2d 617, 620 n. 2 (2002)
         (plurality).

Walls, 926 A.2d at 961-62 (Pa. 2007).

Additionally,

      [U]nder the Sentencing Code an appellate court is to exercise its
      judgment in reviewing a sentence outside the sentencing
      guidelines to assess whether the sentencing court imposed a
      sentence that is “unreasonable.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(c), (d).

      Yet, what makes a sentence “unreasonable” is not defined in the
      statute. Generally speaking, “unreasonable” commonly connotes
      a decision that is “irrational” or “not guided by sound judgment.”
      The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, 2084
      (2nd ed. 1987); see 1 Pa.C.S. § 1903 (words to be construed
      according to their common and approved usage). While a
      general understanding of unreasonableness is helpful, in this
      context, it is apparent that the General Assembly has intended
      the concept of unreasonableness to be a fluid one, as
      exemplified by the four factors set forth in Section 9781(d) to be
      considered in making this determination. Indeed, based upon the
      very factors set out in Section 9781(d), it is clear that the
      General Assembly intended the concept of unreasonableness to

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       be inherently a circumstance-dependent concept that is flexible
       in understanding and lacking precise definition. Cf. United
       States v. Crosby, 397 F.3d 103, 115 (2nd Cir. 2005) (explaining
       concept or reasonableness in context of sentencing matters).

       Thus, given its nature, we decline to fashion any concrete rules
       as to the unreasonableness inquiry for a sentence that falls
       outside of applicable guidelines under Section 9781(c)(3). We
       are of the view, however, that the Legislature intended that
       considerations found in Section 9721 inform appellate review for
       unreasonableness. That is, while a sentence may be found to be
       unreasonable after review of Section 9781(d)'s four statutory
       factors, in addition a sentence may also be unreasonable if the
       appellate court finds that the sentence was imposed without
       express or implicit consideration by the sentencing court of the
       general standards applicable to sentencing found in Section 972,
       i.e., the protection of the public; the gravity of the offense in
       relation to the impact on the victim and the community; and the
       rehabilitative needs of the defendant. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b).
       Moreover, even though the unreasonableness inquiry lacks
       precise boundaries, we are confident that rejection of a
       sentencing court's imposition of sentence on unreasonableness
       grounds would occur infrequently, whether the sentence is above
       or below the guideline ranges, especially when the
       unreasonableness inquiry is conducted using the proper standard
       of review.

Walls, 926 A.2d at 963-64.

       With these statutory and Supreme Court mandated standards in mind,

we turn our attention to the Commonwealth’s allegations.

       First, the Commonwealth argues that the severity of the crime itself,

including the tragic harm caused to the victim, requires the imposition of a

term of actual incarceration.6 However, such a sentence is not mandated by

____________________________________________

6
 We emphasize that Young was sentenced to a term of incarceration. She
was, however, immediately paroled.

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statute or by the guidelines. If the legislature intended all such aggravated

assaults be punished by a mandatory term of actual incarceration, it clearly

knew how to do so. Therefore, in this case, the law allows for the possibility

of a sentence that does not require confinement.7                    If we credit the

Commonwealth’s         argument,      we       would   essentially   be   usurping   the

legislature’s function by mandating incarceration. Additionally, we would be

elevating the severity of the crime over all other factors.

       Rather, Pennsylvania follows a policy of individualized sentencing, and

the nature of the crime, including the effect on the victim, is a factor to be

considered and weighed along with the other factors required by statute and

our Supreme Court.        Our review of the record demonstrates that the trial

court did consider both the nature of the crime and its effect on not only the

victim, but the victim’s family as well. The fact that the trial court came to a

different conclusion than the Commonwealth does not mean the trial court

was either unreasonable or abused its discretion.

       We next examine the Commonwealth’s sub-arguments.

____________________________________________

7
  In this portion of the appeal, the Commonwealth appears to be arguing
that the immediate parole of Young was inappropriate. However, at the
February 1, 2013 hearing on the motion for reconsideration, the
Commonwealth acknowledged the trial court’s authority to grant immediate
parole in this situation. See N.T. Hearing, 2/1/21/3 at 52.

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      The Commonwealth has argued the trial court “focused almost

exclusively on [Young’s] circumstances that do not reflect the gravity of her

crimes and their effect on her victim.” Appellant’s Brief at 17.

      We begin by noting that it is self-apparent that Young’s circumstances

will necessarily focus on her and not on her victim.         There is nothing

inherently improper about considering a defendant’s circumstances at

sentencing. Further, if a sentence that departs from the guidelines in favor

of the defendant is properly supported, it will, by necessity, be supported by

factors that weigh heavily in favor of the defendant. What our Court must

do in reviewing such a sentence is acknowledge that the statutes and

guidelines allow for such departures and examine whether the record reflects

the trial court reasonably considered the appropriate factors before

significantly departing from the guidelines. We must also recognize that in

circumstances such as are present instantly, the imposition of a sentence of

parole and probation, while allowable, is and should be a rare happening.

However, rarity does not equate to unreasonableness.

      The Commonwealth further asserts that the trial court merely “paid lip

service”, see Appellant’s Brief at 20, to the gravity of the offense.      To

support this argument, the Commonwealth has invited comparison of the

instant matter to a number of prior cases: Commonwealth v. Wilson, 946

A.2d 767 (Pa. Super. 2008); Commonwealth v. Daniel, 30 A.3d 495 (Pa.

Super. 2011); Commonwealth v. Dixon, 496 A.2d 802 (Pa. Super. 1985);

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Commonwealth v. Septak, 518 A.2d 1284 (Pa. Super. 1986); and

Commonwealth v. Days, 503 A.2d 1339 (Pa. Super. 1986).             In each of

these cases, our Court determined the sentence imposed by the trial court

was impermissibly lenient and reversed. We find these comparisons to be

unpersuasive and will briefly examine each case.

      In Wilson, the defendant committed two separate robbery/assaults,

hitting each victim in the face with a brick.   Wilson was sentenced to an

aggregate term of 11½ to 23 months’ incarceration with immediate parole,

followed by seven years of reporting probation.        The trial court found

treating Wilson’s drug dependence to be of paramount importance. Notably,

the defendant had prior arrests and convictions. Additionally, the trial court

was aware of multiple open cases in Delaware, but had no idea as to their

disposition. Our court noted that Wilson’s aggressive behavior predated the

two assaults at issue by a minimum of fifteen years and did not consider

Wilson’s drug history coupled with the aggressive criminal behavior

associated with it.   Importantly, the presentence investigation reported

Wilson posed “a direct threat to the safety and welfare of others.” Wilson,

946 A.2d at 772. The factual and historic background of the defendant in

Wilson is far different from that of Young.

      In Daniel, the defendant stabbed two people over an argument about

a telephone, placing both victims in critical condition. Daniel lied about the

circumstances, claiming he used a penknife when, in fact, the weapon was a

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double-edged butterfly knife. Daniel had a history of “increasingly serious

criminal behavior and continued to flaunt [sic] our laws, even after

commission of the offense at issue.” Daniel, 30 A.3d at 497-98. One of the

subsequent crimes was possession of an unlicensed firearm that had the

identification number removed. Id. at 498. Daniel had been sentenced to

11½ to 23 months’ incarceration (immediate parole) followed by five years

of probation. The trial court supported the sentence by stating Daniel had

pled no contest, foregoing a self-defense claim. Our Court determined there

was no evidence to support the possibility of a self-defense claim.

Furthermore, although Daniel had expressed remorse at sentencing, our

Court determined he was insincere given the subsequent criminal activity.

Additionally, the trial court credited the fact Daniel committed the crimes as

a result of drugs, he did not begin committing crimes until he was twenty

and had family support.         However, the fact that Daniel was twenty when

beginning his criminal activity was not explained by the trial court and so

was discounted, leaving only his drug addiction, which alone could not

outweigh the other factors.8

        In Dixon, the defendant pled guilty to third-degree murder, as

determined by the trial court.         He was sentenced to 11½ to 23 months’

incarceration with credit for 9 months’ time served, followed by 10 years of

____________________________________________

8
    No mention was made of family support.

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probation.    Again, the trial court mistakenly credited the defendant with

giving up a self-defense claim; and also stated, without supporting evidence

that the crime would not have occurred but for Dixon being drunk. Unlike

the present case, Dixon had a significant criminal history, including a prior

manslaughter conviction, with his criminal activity becoming increasingly

violent.     The pre-sentence report specifically noted Dixon was a poor

candidate for probation.     Our Court noted the trial court rejected the

presentence evaluation without explanation and in an arbitrary manner.

Additionally, the trial court incorrectly asserted it could deviate from the

guidelines as long as the reasons were put on the record. Dixon, 496 A.2d

at 809. The trial court notably missed the requirement that the reasons had

to be supported by the record and not otherwise unreasonable.

      In Septak, the defendant pled guilty to unlawful restraint, terroristic

threats and conspiracy regarding his involvement in a crime in which he and

others held a person captive seeking $9,000 ransom. He was sentenced to

four years of probation where the trial court refused to apply the deadly

weapon enhancement.        Additionally, by failing to apply the required

sentence enhancement, the trial court also did not correctly determine the

proper guideline ranges.

      Finally, in Days, after being convicted of kidnaping, unlawful restraint,

robbery, theft and possession of an instrument of crime, the defendant was

sentenced to time served to 23 months’ incarceration with one year of

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concurrent probation. In reversing the sentence, our Court noted the trial

court had not issued contemporaneous a written statement and gave as the

sole reason for imposing the sentence the fact Days had twice been sexually

assaulted in prison.

       Here, there was no mandatory sentencing enhancement, no prior

criminal convictions,9 no statement in the pre-sentence report indicating a

likelihood of continuing problems, and no subsequent criminal convictions.10

Instantly, the certified record shows the trial court mentioned and

considered all relevant factors, including those that favored Young as well as

the nature and gravity of the crime.

       While the Commonwealth has, properly, directed our attention to

those cases that it believes support its position, we compare those cases to

Commonwealth v. Vanderhorst, 501 A.2d 262 (Pa. Super. 1985), in

which a sentence of ten years of probation was affirmed for a defendant

convicted of voluntary manslaughter.           Similar arguments were presented

and our Court opined:

       The Commonwealth also argues that the sentencing court erred
       in basing its deviation from the guidelines on a finding that
       appellee had led a law-abiding life for a substantial period of
       time before the commission of the present crime. The lower
____________________________________________

9
 In 1993, Young was arrested for aggravated assault and was subsequently
acquitted. Therefore, her prior record score is zero.
10
   In 2013, Young was arrested for simple assault and was subsequently
acquitted.

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      court did not, as the Commonwealth seems to contend, base its
      finding on a misunderstanding of the facts. The lower court was
      fully cognizant of appellee's previous criminal record, but
      considered the fact that all convictions, except one, were over
      ten years old. Further, the most recent conviction was not for a
      crime of violence. Likewise, the Commonwealth's contention that
      appellee has not shown that he would benefit from a
      probationary sentence is without substance. The lower court did
      not abuse its discretion when it looked at appellee's past criminal
      record in conjunction with the fact that he had a good
      employment history and a supportive family and that he had
      rehabilitated himself following his bout of criminal activity during
      his late teens and early twenties. Such considerations were
      specifically allowed by the legislature.

Vanderhorst,     501   A.2d   at   264   (citations   and   footnote   omitted).

Distinguishing the Commonwealth’s cases from the matter before and

considering Vanderhorst, we believe the Commonwealth’s argument does

not compel us to vacate Young’s sentence.

      Next, the Commonwealth claims the trial court relied upon inaccurate

and unsupported factors.      Specifically, the Commonwealth asserts that

Young did not show remorse by pleading guilty, and she pled guilty only

because the Commonwealth offered her a good plea bargain.              Also, the

Commonwealth claims that Young perpetrated a fraud upon the trial court by

submitting a letter at sentencing purporting to be from Young’s mother, but

which was actually penned by Young.

      There are no factual findings to support the Commonwealth’s bald

assertion that Young pled guilty only because of the plea-bargain she was

offered. She was, in fact, offered a favorable plea bargain. However, the

fact remains that she voluntarily confessed twice prior to her guilty plea and

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that she did express remorse in her written statement provided to the court

at the original sentencing hearing.   Additionally, virtually every defendant

offered a plea agreement obtains some benefit from the agreement. By the

Commonwealth’s logic, no defendant would be showing remorse by pleading

guilty; the acceptance of the agreement being evidence of only self-serving

behavior.    While we acknowledge there is an element of self-interest

inherent in a guilty plea, that fact does not foreclose the existence of

remorse.    Here, the trial court observed the defendant at the guilty plea

hearing, as well as two sentencing hearings, and concluded that Young’s

statement of remorse was sincere and worthy of consideration. We cannot

second-guess this determination simply because it does not please the

Commonwealth any more than we will second-guess a trial court’s

determination that displeases a defendant. See Commonwealth v. A.W.

Robl Transport, 747 A.2d 400, 403 (Pa. Super. 2000) (Superior Court will

not second-guess the trial court’s credibility determinations on appeal.)

      The next aspect of this argument is that the trial court unwittingly

relied on a fraudulent letter of reference.   Specifically, the Commonwealth

contends that the letter presented to the court at the original sentencing

hearing, purportedly from Young’s mother, was in fact written by Young

herself.    As proof of this “fraud”, see Appellant’s Brief at 24, the

Commonwealth asks us to compare the handwriting from a letter admittedly

written by Young after the sentencing hearing, see Letter, 10/10/2013,

                                    - 20 -
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Supplemental Record, and the letter presented to the trial court. However,

the Commonwealth has not alleged Young’s mother did not sign the letter.

Additionally, the Commonwealth has directed our attention to no mandate

that a letter in support of a defendant come wholly from the hand of the

signer. Accordingly, even accepting the Commonwealth’s assertion that

Young penned the bodies of both letters, it is no more conclusive proof of

fraud than if Young had simply typed the letter her mother signed.

     Finally, the Commonwealth argues the trial court based its sentence on

impermissible factors. Specifically, the Commonwealth claims the trial court

impermissibly: (1) double counted Young’s zero prior record score, (2)

considered Young’s employment status, (3) considered the fact Young is the

sole caregiver to two minor children, (4) credited the presentence

recommendation, (5) determined Young was unlikely to reoffend, and (6)

would be amenable to probationary treatment.

     We agree that a trial court may not double count a zero prior record

score as a reason to deviate from the guidelines.       Commonwealth v.

Smith, 673 A.2d 893 (Pa. 1996). We do not believe the trial court double

counted the prior record score.   Rather, the trial court noted it had been

specifically requested to consider a sentence of probation.          See N.T.

Sentencing, 2/1/2013 at 51. As such, the trial court considered the twelve

statutory factors listed at 42 Pa.C.S. § 9722. Number 7 requires the court

to consider the prior criminal history including whether the defendant “has

                                   - 21 -
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led a law-abiding life for a substantial period of time before the commission

of the present crime.”       Section 9722 (7).     We are not persuaded that the

trial court improperly considered that which the legislature instructed the

trial courts to consider.      See also Vanderhorst, supra (not improper to

consider legislatively mandated factors).

       In the same light, 42 Pa.C.S. § 9725, governing sentences of total

confinement, requires the trial court to consider “the history, character and

condition of the defendant.”         Accordingly, we find no fault with the trial

court’s consideration of the fact that Young had been a productive member

of the community, running her own beauty shop, employing others,

mentoring others and providing a home for her children as sole caregiver.11

All of these facts provide information regarding the history, character and

condition of this defendant.

____________________________________________

11
   The Commonwealth asserts that Commonwealth v. Maleno, 502 A.2d
617 (Pa. Super. 1985) held that consideration of a defendant’s family is an
improper factor. We disagree with that characterization. In Maleno, the
trial court stated at sentencing, “we are getting sidetracked on the issue of
prior record score, and we are not pinpointing what is important in this case,
and that is the feelings of all these people [defendant’s family].” Maleno,
502 A.2d at 620. In response, the decision of our Court stated it disagreed
and that the trial court had misread the nature of the proceedings. Under
the circumstances of Maleno, the trial court improperly placed far too great
an emphasis on the feelings of the defendant’s family, but we do not read
that case to forbid consideration of the defendant’s family, especially in light
of the statutory mandates of Section 9725.

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       The pre-sentence report recommended imposition of a probationary

sentence.    All parties agreed that this recommendation of a sentence was

unusual. The trial court noted this recommendation, but our review of the

certified record leads us to conclude that the trial court considered all the

relevant    factors   before    it   and   did   not   give   undue   weight   to   this

recommendation.12

       Next, the Commonwealth argues that the trial court erred in

concluding Young was unlikely to reoffend.             Much of this conclusion was

based on the trial court’s understanding of the forces that caused this

assault, recognizing that Young was responding to allegations one of her

daughters had been sexually assaulted by a family member and concluding

that such factors were unlikely to happen again.13

       Here, the Commonwealth states Young has a demonstrated history of

prior and subsequent assaultive behavior. There are a number of problems
____________________________________________

12
    The Commonwealth implies such a recommendation is improper, citing
Commonwealth v. Moore, 583 A.d 1 (Pa. Super. 1990). Moore, however,
does not hold that sentencing recommendations are forbidden. Rather, the
sentencing court is not to abdicate its sentencing responsibility to any other
person or group. The certified record in this matter clearly demonstrates the
trial court did not abdicate its responsibility in sentencing Young.
13
   Although not specifically mentioned as such, this is also a factor to be
considered under Section 9722, specifically, whether the defendant acted
under a strong provocation as well as whether criminal conduct of the victim
induced or facilitated the crime. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9722(3), (5). We note that
the trial court determined Young was not acting in the heat of passion. See
Trial Court Opinion at 12.

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with this claim.       First and foremost, the certified record contains no

documentation regarding these assaults. Although the Commonwealth has

provided a criminal abstract as an exhibit to its appellant’s brief, we may

only consider that which is contained in the certified record.14 Second, an

assault that took place after sentencing in this matter is irrelevant to

sentencing considerations. As the incident had yet to occur by the time of

sentencing, the trial court could not possibly consider it.          Third, the

Commonwealth admits in its brief, which is confirmed by the criminal

abstract, that while Young had been charged with aggravated assault and

related crimes in 1993, she was acquitted of those charges.         Accordingly,

Young was properly credited with a prior record score of zero, which the

Commonwealth did not dispute at sentencing.              The Commonwealth has

provided no authority for the proposition that a sentencing court should

adversely consider the fact a defendant has been exonerated of other

crimes.

       Similarly, the abstract notes Young was charged with simple assault

and reckless endangerment in 2013, but was acquitted.           In his Pa.R.A.P.

1925(a) opinion, the trial judge noted he was aware of the 2013 simple

assault charge. In footnote 5, the trial court stated:
____________________________________________

14
  “Simply put, if a document is not in the certified record, the Superior
Court may not consider it.” Commonwealth v. Preston, 904 A.2d 1, 7 (Pa.
Super. 2006).

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       On October 1, 2013, the trial court lodged a detainer against
       [Young] for an alleged simple assault that occurred on August
       28, 2013.[15] [Young] was ultimately arrested on October 23,
       2013. As a result, [Young] has a pending violation of probation
       hearing.    [Young] remains incarcerated on the trial court’s
       detainer pending the disposition of the violation of probation
       hearing. At a minimum, these post-sentencing charges call into
       question, inter alia, the genuineness of [Young’s] remorse at the
       sentencing hearing. At the worst, the charges could result in
       revocation of [Young’s] parole and probation and the imposition
       of a new sentence.

Trial Court Opinion, at 11 n.5. Accordingly, the trial judge was demonstrably

aware, post-sentence, of the allegations against Young but was waiting for

the resolution of the charges to determine the effect upon the instant

matter. We find no fault with such prudence.

       Finally,    the   Commonwealth          claims   the   trial   court   improperly

determined Young         would respond         to   probationary treatment without

providing further explanation. However, the trial court noted in its opinion

that the pre-sentence report recommended anger management treatment

for Young.        Further, at sentencing the Commonwealth could identify no

treatment services that would be appropriate for Young that would require

total confinement.        See N.T. Sentencing Hearing, 2/1/2013 at 34-35.

Accordingly, we see no error here.

____________________________________________

15
  The hearing on the motion for reconsideration of sentence took place on
February 1, 2013, six months prior to the alleged August simple assault. We
are unaware of the results of the violation of probation hearing.

                                          - 25 -
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      A significant downward departure from the sentencing guidelines will

necessarily raise a skeptical eye. However, absent statutory mandates, such

deviations   are   allowed.   Provided   the   trial   court’s   decision   is   not

unreasonable or an abuse of discretion, neither the trial court nor appellate

courts may act as a super-legislative body by mandating incarceration based

solely upon the gravity of a crime.    Rather, the trial courts are obliged to

consider each defendant individually and pronounce a sentence based upon

the facts, findings, and circumstances presented.       The trial court followed

the law on sentencing.        The certified record does not support the

Commonwealth’s claims that the trial court failed to consider the gravity of

the crime or that it considered improper, fraudulent or unsupported factors.

While another court might well have issued a different sentence, that is not

proof of an abuse of discretion or an unreasonable process and result. As

such, we find no abuse of discretion or error of law.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

      Judge Bowes joins the memorandum.

      Judge Strassburger files a concurring statement.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 10/16/2014

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