Court Opinion

ID: 4357260
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-01-09 18:00:54.846307+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:46:37.655278
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
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ODSVH LQ DSSURSULDWLRQV LQ )LVFDO 31 U.S.C. § 1342,1 its attorneys “are prohibited from working,
even on a voluntary basis, except in very limited circumstances,
including ‘emergencies involving the safety of human life or the
protection of property.’” Mot. Stay Oral Arg. 2 (quoting id.).

    What then is the rationale for denying the FAA’s motion?

     It cannot be that having oral argument in this case on
January 11, 2019, will avert some emergency within the
meaning of § 1342. An opinion of the Office of Legal Counsel
concludes, correctly I believe, that “the emergencies exception
applies only to cases of threat to human life or property where
the threat can be reasonably said to be near at hand and
demanding of immediate response.” Government Operations in
the Event of a Lapse in Appropriations, 1995 WL 17216091, at
*7 (O.L.C. Aug. 16, 1995). Holding oral argument January 11
is not a necessary response to some imminent threat to human
life or property. (There may have been an emergency at the

    1
      Section 1342 states, in relevant part: “An officer or employee
of the United States Government or of the District of Columbia
government may not accept voluntary services for either government
or employ personal services exceeding that authorized by law except
for emergencies involving the safety of human life or the protection
of property.”
                                  2

administrative stage of this case regarding the safety of
equipment petitioner repaired, but that emergency passed when
the FAA revoked petitioner’s certificate.)

     Perhaps the idea is that the Judiciary is free to disregard the
restrictions of § 1342. But it seems to me that a federal court
may refuse to comply with this statute only if it is
unconstitutional. Given the Appropriations Clause of the
Constitution, the constitutionality of § 1342 is beyond doubt.

     Or perhaps the idea is that because § 1342 contains the
clause “exceeding that authorized by law,” judges may
circumvent the statutory restriction by authorizing federal
officers and employees to show up in court. This, of course, is
blatant bootstrapping. A court order requiring or authorizing a
government attorney’s presence may immunize the attorney
from the sanctions for violating § 1342. See 31 U.S.C. § 1349.
But it does not relieve the court from its responsibility to comply
with the law. The “authorized-by-law” clause has been on the
statute books for nearly 200 years, and it has a settled meaning.
Authority for the Continuance of Government Functions During
a Temporary Lapse in Appropriations, 43 U.S. Op. Att’y Gen.
293, 296 & n.5 (1981). It does not confer a license on the
Judiciary. Instead, the clause requires legal authority for the
obligation of public funds, either from appropriations or other
relevant statutes, or – in the case of Executive authority – from
the Constitution itself. Id. at 295–301.2

     2
      The Department of Justice “construe[d] the ‘authorized by law’
exception contained within 31 U.S.C. § [1342] as exempting from the
prohibition enacted by the second clause of that section not only those
obligations in advance of appropriations for which express or implied
authority may be found in the enactments of Congress, but also those
obligations necessarily incident to presidential intiatives [sic]
undertaken within his constitutional powers.” Id. at 301.
                                  3

     The majority opinion, which itself contains no legal
analysis, relies on orders denying stays during shutdowns.3 But
those orders also contain no legal analysis. The majority’s
argument must be that because we have denied these stay
motions in the past we should do so again. Charles Dickens had
a few words about this form of argumentation: “‘Whatever is is
right’; an aphorism that would be as final as it is lazy, did it not
include the troublesome consequence, that nothing that ever
was, was wrong.” Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities 65
(Signet Classics) (1859).

    3
       On the other hand, the Administrative Office of United States
Courts, in a press release on January 7, 2019, reported that federal
courts, in response to motions of the Department of Justice, “have
issued orders suspending, postponing, or holding in abeyance civil
cases in which the government is a party for a limited period, subject
to further consideration, or until appropriated funds become
available.” Press Release, United States Courts, Judiciary Operating
on Limited Funds During Shutdown (Jan. 7, 2019). See also Estate of
Klieman v. Palestinian Authority, No. 15-7034 (D.C. Cir. Jan. 3, 2019)
(per curiam order), granting the Justice Department’s § 1342 motion
for a stay of a briefing deadline in light of the government shutdown.