Court Opinion

ID: 4093196
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-10-27 06:17:36.038069+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:30.979877
License: Public Domain

Affirmed and Opinion Filed October 24, 2016.

                                            In The
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                     No. 05-15-01273-CV

                         LAURA CONSTANTINO, Appellant
                                               V.
 DALLAS COUNTY HOSPITAL DISTRICT D/B/A PARKLAND HEALTH
  & HOSPITAL SYSTEM A/K/A PARKLAND MEMORIAL HOSPITAL,
                          Appellee

                       On Appeal from the 162nd Judicial District Court
                                    Dallas County, Texas
                           Trial Court Cause No. DC-12-02236-I

                               MEMORANDUM OPINION
                         Before Justices Francis, Stoddart, and Schenck
                                  Opinion by Justice Stoddart

       Laura Constantino appeals an order granting a plea to the jurisdiction and dismissing the

case following a remand to permit her an opportunity to amend her pleadings. See Dallas Cty.

Hosp. Dist. v. Constantino, No. 05-13-01084-CV, 2014 WL 3870579, at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas

Aug. 7, 2014, no pet.) (Constantino I). Constantino raises two issues on appeal: (1) Parkland did

not meet its burden to show the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction; and (2) her

amended pleading and evidence state a claim for personal injuries caused by the condition of

tangible personal property within the waiver provision of section 101.021(2), or at least raise a

fact question regarding the jurisdictional issue.    See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 101.021(2) (part of the Texas Tort Claims Act (TTCA)). As discussed below, we conclude
Parkland met its burden and Constantino’s pleading and evidence of a condition of tangible

personal property are merely a recasting of the premises defect claim previously dismissed by the

trial court. We affirm.

                                                BACKGROUND

        Constantino sued Parkland for personal injuries after a television set attached to the wall

of a patient’s room fell on her. Constantino was visiting her aunt in the hospital “when all of a

sudden the television falls” from the wall. The television hit Constantino’s shoulder and arm and

injured her. Constantino alleged Parkland was negligent in furnishing personal property that was

in an unsafe condition. She alleged Parkland’s immunity from suit was waived because her

injuries “were caused by a condition or use of tangible personal or real property.” See TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021(2). Alternatively, she alleged the condition of the property

was a premises defect and immunity was waived under TTCA section 101.022.                                 See id.

§ 101.022. Parkland filed a plea to the jurisdiction on both claims. Constantino I, 2014 WL
3870579, at *1. The trial court granted the plea as to Constantino’s premises defect claim, but

denied the plea as to her claim for a condition or use of tangible personal property under section

101.021(2). Id. at *2.

        Parkland appealed, challenging the denial of its plea to the jurisdiction regarding the

claim under section 101.021(2).1 Id. We agreed with Parkland’s argument that Constantino

cannot merely recast a premises defect claim as a claim for a condition or use of tangible

property to avoid the higher standards for premises defects. Id. at *4–5. We concluded the

allegations that her injuries were caused by the condition or use of tangible property were a

recasting of her premises-defect claim. Id. at *5. However, we also concluded her petition did

        1
         Constantino did not appeal the dismissal of her premises defect claim. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
ANN. § 51.014(a)(8) (a person may appeal an interlocutory order granting or denying a plea to the jurisdiction by a
governmental unit as defined TTCA section 101.001).

                                                       –2–
not demonstrate she could not cure the pleading defects and state a claim within the waiver of

immunity under section 101.021(2). Id. at *6. Accordingly, we remanded to give Constantino

an opportunity to amend her petition. Id.

       Constantino amended her petition on remand and alleged only an injury caused by a

condition of tangible personal property. She deleted the allegations that Parkland owed her a

duty because of her status as an invitee or licensee on the premises and that Parkland breached a

duty to warn her of a dangerous condition. However, she continued to allege that Parkland

owned, operated, and controlled the premises where the incident occurred.

       The essential facts remain as they were in the prior appeal. The bracket was attached to

the television and the wall mount was attached to the wall with toggle bolts. The bracket and

television were then attached to the wall mount with a single bolt held in place with a standard

nut capable of coming unscrewed. This attachment system permits the television to be rotated by

hand and easily removed for repair or replacement. The evidence indicates this particular

television and bracket had been mounted on the wall for fifteen to twenty years. Parkland used

the same mounting system in other rooms during that time period and had no reports of

televisions falling from the wall.

       Constantino alleged that the television bracket holding the television disconnected from

the wall mount causing it to fall and hit her. The wall mount remained attached to the wall. She

asserted that the normal use of rotating the television over time caused the nut to unscrew from

the bolt attaching the bracket to the wall mount. She contended the television and bracket were

defective because they did not include a set screw (or the set screw was improperly tightened), a

lock washer, a lock nut, a longer bolt to accommodate the lock washer and lock nut, and a safety

cable attached to the television bracket and wall mount. As a result, the television, bracket, bolt,

                                                –3–
and standard nut were insufficient to eliminate the potential of the nut to unscrew from the bolt.2

She acknowledged that a bolt and a standard nut were used, but alleged that without the missing

items, the condition of the television and bracket was unsafe and defective. In addition, she

alleged the television and bracket were tangible personal property and were not permanently

attached to the wall.

         Finally, Constantino invoked the integral-safety-component doctrine, alleging that the

missing items were integral safety components and entirely missing from the personal property.

She argued that immunity was waived because her injury was caused by a condition of tangible

personal property under section 101.021(2). She did not allege waiver based on a “use” of

tangible personal property under section 101.021(2) or based on a premises defect claim under

section 101.022.

                                             STANDARD OF REVIEW

         Governmental immunity from suit implicates the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction

over lawsuits against the state and certain governmental units unless immunity has been

expressly waived. Rusk State Hosp. v. Black, 392 S.W.3d 88, 91 (Tex. 2012); Tex. Dep’t of

Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 224 (Tex. 2004). Parkland, as a political

subdivision, shares this immunity. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.001(3)(B),

(D).

         We review the trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction de novo. Miranda, 133

         2
           Similarly, Constantino alleged in her live pleading in the prior appeal that the television and bracket were
defective for lacking these same items. Constantino I, 2014 WL 3870579, at *4 (“Specifically, she alleged that
(1) the incident giving rise to her injuries occurred on premises owned, operated, and controlled by Parkland; (2) her
injuries were caused by a condition of tangible property (the television and TV bracket); (3) Parkland furnished the
television and TV bracket for use by patients and visitors; (4) the television and TV bracket were inadequate or
defective and lacked the necessary components to render them free from this condition because they were furnished
(a) using a non-locking nut instead of a lock nut, (b) without securing the bolt with a properly tightened set screw or
a washer, (c) in a way such that when swiveled, the standard nut could back off the bolt, and (d) without a cable to
prevent the television from falling; . . . .”).

                                                         –4–
S.W.3d at 226. When the parties submit evidence regarding the jurisdictional question, we

consider the evidence under a summary judgment type standard. See id. at 228. Once the

governmental unit supports its plea, the plaintiff is required to show a disputed fact exists

regarding the jurisdictional issue. Id. If a fact question exists, the trial court cannot grant the

plea because the fact issue is for the fact finder to resolve. Id. If the evidence does not raise a

fact issue, the trial court rules on the plea as a matter of law. Id.

         The TTCA waives immunity, both from suit and liability, to the extent liability is created

by the act. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.025(a); Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 224. The

TTCA waives immunity for “personal injury and death so caused by a condition or use of

tangible personal or real property.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021(2). If the

claim arises from a premise defect, “the governmental unit owes to the claimant only the duty

that a private person owes to a licensee on private property.” Id. § 101.022(a).3 “Miranda made

clear that a claim for a condition or use of real property is a premises defect claim under the Tort

Claims Act, and therefore the Tort Claims Act waives immunity for two distinct tort causes of

action: one arising from tangible personal property and one arising from a premises defect.”

Sampson v. Univ. of Tex. at Austin, No. 14-0745, 2016 WL 3212996, at *3 (Tex. June 10, 2016)

(citing Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 230).

                                                     ANALYSIS

    A. Parkland’s Burden

         Constantino contends Parkland failed to meet its burden to show the trial court lacked

         3
           The duty owed to a licensee on private property requires that “a landowner not injure a licensee by willful,
wanton or grossly negligent conduct, and that the owner use ordinary care either to warn a licensee of, or to make
reasonably safe, a dangerous condition of which the owner is aware and the licensee is not.” State Dep’t of
Highways & Pub. Transp. v. Payne, 838 S.W.2d 235, 237 (Tex. 1992) (citing State v. Tennison, 509 S.W.2d 560,
562 (Tex. 1974)). The owner’s actual knowledge, rather than constructive knowledge, of the dangerous condition is
required. Tennison, 509 S.W.2d at 62. The licensee must show the owner actually knew of the dangerous condition
at the time of the accident, not merely the possibility a dangerous condition could develop over time. The Univ. of
Tex. at Austin v. Hayes, 327 S.W.3d 113, 117 (Tex. 2010) (per curiam).

                                                         –5–
subject matter jurisdiction. It is undisputed that Parkland is a governmental unit protected by

governmental immunity.      See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.001(3)(B), (D);

Constantino I, 2014 WL 3870579, at *2. Immunity from suit implicates the trial court’s subject

matter jurisdiction over lawsuits against governmental units. See Rusk State Hosp., 392 S.W.3d

at 91. Thus, Parkland established its challenge to the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction. It

then fell to Constantino to show an express waiver of immunity under the TTCA and raise a

disputed issue of material fact as to the jurisdictional issue. See Sampson, 2016 WL 3212996, at

*2; Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 221, 228. We overrule Constantino’s first issue.

   B. Condition of Personal Property or Premises Defect

       Constantino next argues that her amended pleading and the evidence show, or at least

raise a fact issue, that her injuries were caused by a condition of tangible personal property

within the waiver of immunity under section 101.021(2) of the TTCA. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.

CODE ANN. § 101.021(2). We focus on whether the allegations and evidence presented support

that claim or whether they support only a claim for a premises defect.

       The supreme court recently clarified the distinction between a premises defect claim and

a claim based on a condition or use of tangible property. Sampson, 2016 WL 3212996, at *4.

Sampson was injured when he tripped on an improperly secured extension cord while walking to

his office at the University of Texas campus. Id. at *1. He sued the university alleging the

extension cord “was not taped down or secured in any way,” was strung across a pedestrian

walkway, and his leg hit the cord about mid-shin causing him to trip and injure his shoulder.

Univ. of Tex. at Austin v. Sampson, 488 S.W.3d 332, 335 (Tex. App.—Austin 2014), aff’d, No.

14-0745, 2016 WL 3212996 (Tex. June 10, 2016). He argued immunity was waived under

section 101.021(2) of the TTCA for injuries caused by a condition or use of tangible property

and, in the alternative, that the extension cord was a premises defect and UT had actual

                                                –6–
knowledge of the dangerous condition. Sampson, 2016 WL 3212996, at *1.

       The supreme court determined that a claim cannot be both a premises defect claim and a

claim relating to a condition or use of tangible property. Id. at *3 (citing Miranda, 133 S.W.3d

at 233). A plaintiff may not avoid the heightened standards for a waiver of immunity for

premises defect claims by alleging her injury was caused by a condition or use of tangible

personal property. Id. Courts must consider the nature of the claim and “whether it is properly

categorized as based on a premises defect or a condition or use of tangible personal property; if

the former, the claim must be analyzed according to the heightened requirements of section

101.022.” Id. Thus we, like the court in Sampson, must decide “whether the alleged negligence

here is based on a condition [] of tangible personal property, or a premises defect.” Id. at *2.

Whether a claim is based on a premises defect is a question of law. Id.

       1.      Personal Property may Create a Condition on the Premises

       Constantino argues that the television and bracket, bolt, standard nut, and set screw, if

any, were tangible personal property and were never permanently attached to the wall mount.

She contends that items of personal property do not lose their character as personal property

when they are used in connection with real property. Sampson made a similar argument in his

case. Sampson, 2016 WL 3212996, at *3 (“Sampson contends that the extension cord he tripped

on was clearly ‘movable, portable and temporary in nature,’ and therefore was tangible personal

property under the Tort Claims Act”).

       We rejected this argument in the prior appeal: “But the removability or temporary nature

of a piece of property on a premises does not convert a premises-defect claim into a viable

negligence claim . . . .” Constantino I, 2014 WL 3870579, at *5. The issue is not whether some

items of personal property were involved, but whether the personal property created a dangerous

condition on real property. The supreme court explained in Sampson:

                                              –7–
       [U]nder the Tort Claims Act, the dangerous condition upon which a premises
       defect claim is based may be created by an item of tangible personal property.
       The distinction lies in whether it is the actual use or condition of the tangible
       personal property itself that allegedly caused the injury, or whether it is a
       condition of real property—created by an item of tangible personal property—that
       allegedly caused the injury.

Sampson, 2016 WL 3212996, at *4 (footnote omitted). The determination turns on whether the

“‘state of being’ (condition) of the tangible personal property itself caused the injury, or whether

the tangible personal property created the dangerous real-property condition, making it a

premises defect.” Id. Thus, whether an item is personal or real property does not resolve the

issue. An item of tangible personal property may create a condition of the premises, resulting in

a premises defect claim, not a claim for a condition of tangible personal property. Id.

       2.      Claim for Condition of Personal Property

       Constantino next argues that her allegations and evidence state a claim for a condition of

tangible personal property. Under the TTCA, “condition” is defined as “either an intentional or

an inadvertent state of being.” Sampson, 2016 WL 3212996, at *4 (citations omitted). To state a

claim for a condition of tangible personal property, there must be an allegation of “defective or

inadequate property,” and the defect must pose a hazard in the intended and ordinary use of the

property. Id. (citing Dallas Cty. v. Posey, 290 S.W.3d 869, 872 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam) and

Salcedo v. El Paso Hosp. Dist., 659 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Tex. 1983)).

        Constantino contends the condition of the television and bracket was defective because

they lacked certain items she asserts would better secure the bracket to the wall mount. The

missing items were a set screw (or a properly tightened set screw), a lock washer, a lock nut

instead of a standard nut, a longer bolt, and a safety cable. The condition was allegedly created

by Parkland’s employees and caused the nut to come unscrewed from the bolt, allowing the

television and bracket to fall and injure her. She did not allege, however, that the bolt and

standard nut actually used were defective in and of themselves.

                                                –8–
       In Sampson, the court concluded the claim was a premises defect claim, not a condition

or use claim. Id. at *5. The extension cord was strung across a pedestrian walkway hours before

the injury. “The dangerous condition was the way the extension cord was positioned over the

concrete retaining wall, resulting in a gap between the ground and the cord.” Id. (emphasis

added). “Nor was the gap between the ground and the cord a condition of tangible personal

property because it was not the defective state of the actual cord that resulted in the injury.” Id.

The court explained:

       The cord was not, for example, frayed with exposed wire that touched Sampson
       as he walked by, shocking him, which would have been an injury caused by the
       condition of the tangible property. Instead it was the static placement of the
       extension cord on the real property, the way it was hung over the concrete
       retaining wall resulting in a gap between it and the ground, that created the
       dangerous condition—a tripping hazard. The extension cord thus created a
       condition on the real property—a premises defect.

Id. (emphasis added).

       Similarly, Constantino was injured as a result of the static placement of the television and

bracket—attached to the wall of the room at some height above the floor—and their subsequent

fall from that placement. This placement allegedly created the dangerous condition of the room,

in this case a falling hazard. The “state of being” of the personal property itself did not cause the

injury, rather “the tangible personal property created the dangerous real-property condition,

making it a premises defect.” Id. at *4. Just as the placement of the extension cord in Sampson

created a dangerous condition on the premises, the placement of the television, bracket, bolt, and

nut created an allegedly dangerous condition on the premises. See id.

       3.      Integral-Safety-Component Doctrine

       Constantino also relies on the integral-safety-component doctrine. That doctrine refers to

a line of cases holding that when a plaintiff alleges property used by the state lacks an integral

safety component, immunity is waived under section 101.021(2). See Sampson, 2016 WL

                                                –9–
3212996, at *4 (citing Robinson v. Cent. Tex. MHMR Ctr., 780 S.W.2d 169, 171 (Tex. 1989) and

Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 300 (Tex. 1976)). Normally, mere non-use of

personal property or merely providing access to it is insufficient to invoke the waiver of

immunity under section 101.021(2). See id. at *4; City of N. Richland Hills v. Friend, 370
S.W.3d 369, 372 (Tex. 2012); San Antonio State Hosp. v. Cowan, 128 S.W.3d 244, 246 (Tex.

2004) (“A governmental unit does not ‘use’ personal property merely by allowing someone else

to use it and nothing more.”). The doctrine is an exception to these principles, and represents the

“outer bounds of what we have defined as use of tangible personal property.” Sampson, 2016
WL 3212996, at 4 (discussing Texas A & M Univ. v. Bishop, 156 S.W.3d 580, 584 (Tex. 2005))

(emphasis added). It applies only when an integral safety component in entirely lacking rather

than merely inadequate. Id.

        Like the improperly secured extension cord in Sampson, the alleged inadequacy or

absence of safety components here created a condition on the premises—a hospital room with an

improperly secured television attached to the wall. See id. at *4–5. Thus, even if the integral-

safety-component doctrine applies to a claim for the condition of tangible personal property, 4 the

claim here is not removed from the premises defect category. See id. at *3 (claim under TTCA

cannot be both a premises defect and a claim for condition or use of tangible property).

        Further, the bolt and standard nut, which Constantino admits were used, were safety

components necessary to attach the television to the wall. Although Constantino argues they

        4
           The doctrine, as Constantino acknowledges, originated in cases discussing whether non-use of personal
property could fall within the “use” exception to governmental immunity. See Robinson, 780 S.W.2d at 171
(providing swimming attire without a life preserver to epileptic patient); Lowe, 540 S.W.2d at 300 (providing a
football uniform without a knee brace to player with knee injury); Overton Mem’l Hosp. v. McGuire, 518 S.W.2d
528 (Tex. 1975) (per curiam) (providing a hospital bed without bed rails to patient recovering from surgery).
Without citing authority, Constantino argues that the doctrine applies equally to a claim for a condition of tangible
personal property. We need not decide whether this limited doctrine applies to a condition of tangible personal
property case because, under these facts, the doctrine would not preclude this case from being a premises defect case
and Constantino’s allegations raise only that the safety components were inadequate rather than entirely lacking.

                                                       –10–
were inadequate, the record shows the television was held in place for fifteen to twenty years.

Because the television and bracket contained these components, Constantino’s allegations and

evidence do not show that integral safety components were entirely lacking, as opposed to

merely inadequate. See Friend, 370 S.W.3d at 372; Bishop, 156 S.W.3d at 584 (“we did not

intend to allow both use and non-use (i.e., failure to provide a more effective safety feature) to

effect a waiver of immunity”). Therefore, her allegations and evidence do not raise a fact issue

regarding waiver of immunity under section 101.021(2).

         4.     Summary

         Even with the additional allegations in her amended petition, the nature of Constantino’s

claim is that the television and bracket were inadequately secured to the wall of the room. This

created a dangerous condition on the real property. What we said in our prior opinion remains

true: While Constantino:

         asserts a claim for injuries caused by the condition or use of tangible property,
         specifically that the television and TV bracket were furnished in an inadequate or
         defective condition and that the use of certain components instead of other
         components caused her injuries, this is simply a recasting of her premises-defect
         claim as a negligent condition claim for which immunity has not been waived.

Constantino I, 2014 WL 3870579, at *5. “Creative pleading does not change the nature of a

claim.” Sampson, 2016 WL 3212996, at *3.

         Therefore, Constantino’s “negligence claim is properly characterized as based on a

premises defect, even though the dangerous condition on the real property was created by

tangible personal property.” Id. at *5. Constantino’s amended pleading fails to state a claim

within the waiver of immunity under section 101.021(2). We overrule Constantino’s second

issue.

                                           CONCLUSION

         We conclude Parkland met its burden to challenge the trial court’s subject matter

                                               –11–
jurisdiction based on governmental immunity from suit. We further conclude that Constantino’s

negligence claim is properly characterized as a premises defect claim and does not fall within the

limited waiver of governmental immunity under the TTCA. We affirm the trial court’s order.

                                                   /Craig Stoddart/
                                                   CRAIG STODDART
                                                   JUSTICE

151273F.P05

                                              –12–
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                         JUDGMENT

LAURA CONSTANTINO, Appellant                          On Appeal from the 162nd Judicial District
                                                      Court, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-15-01273-CV          V.                        Trial Court Cause No. DC-12-02236-I.
                                                      Opinion delivered by Justice Stoddart.
DALLAS COUNTY HOSPITAL                                Justices Francis and Schenck participating.
DISTRICT D/B/A PARKLAND HEALTH
& HOSPITAL SYSTEM A/K/A
PARKLAND MEMORIAL HOSPITAL,
Appellee

       In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the trial court’s October 2, 2015
order granting defendant’s plea to the jurisdiction is AFFIRMED.

     It is ORDERED that appellee DALLAS COUNTY HOSPITAL DISTRICT D/B/A
PARKLAND HEALTH & HOSPITAL SYSTEM A/K/A PARKLAND MEMORIAL
HOSPITAL recover its costs of this appeal from appellant LAURA CONSTANTINO.

Judgment entered this 24th day of October, 2016.

                                               –13–