Court Opinion

ID: 4696619
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-17 19:00:48.46192+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:41.530128
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                       No. 20-2135

REBECCA MCPHEE; KATIE SHOOK; IRIS TIRADO, individually and on behalf
of all other similarly situated individuals,

                     Plaintiffs - Appellants,

              v.

LOWE’S HOME CENTERS, LLC,

                     Defendant - Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina, at
Statesville. Kenneth D. Bell, District Judge. (5:20-cv-00010-KDB-DSC)

Submitted: June 3, 2021                                           Decided: June 17, 2021

Before AGEE and RICHARDSON, Circuit Judges, and SHEDD, Senior Circuit Judge.

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

David R. Parker, SOMMERS SCHWARTZ PC, Southfield, Michigan, for Appellants.
Adam K. Doerr, ROBINSON, BRADSHAW & HINSON, P.A., Charlotte, North Carolina;
Jason C. Schwartz, Greta B. Williams, Molly T. Senger, Naima L. Farrell, Alex Bruhn,
GIBSON DUNN & CRUTCHER LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellee.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:

       Appellants--non-exempt, hourly employees of Lowe’s—appeal from the district

court’s order adopting the report and recommendation of the magistrate judge and granting

Lowe’s motion to dismiss Appellants’ suit claiming inter alia violations of the Fair Labor

Standards Act (FLSA), 28 U.S.C. §§ 201-219. On appeal, Appellants argue that their

complaint properly stated claims that tax reform bonus payments and payments for hours

volunteered for third-party non-profits were wrongly excluded from their “regular rate” for

overtime purposes. We affirm.

                                             I.

       On or about February 1, 2018, Lowe’s publicly announced that it would pay a

one-time bonus of up to $1,000 to over 260,000 full- and part-time hourly employees in

response to recent federal tax-reform legislation. As reflected in a press release announcing

the bonus, “Lowe’s . . . award[ed] the one-time cash bonus to eligible full- and part-time

hourly employees across all its U.S. facilities.” Lowe’s paid the tax-reform bonus to its

hourly employees on February 16, 2018, 15 days after publicly announcing the bonus. The

amount each hourly employee received—ranging from $75 to $1,000—was determined

based on two factors: whether the employee was part-time or full-time and the number of

years he or she had worked for Lowe’s.

       In 2016, Lowe’s implemented a Give Back Time policy that provided eligible

employees with paid leave to spend time volunteering with charitable organizations of their

choice. The policy states that employees have “eight (8) hours of Give Back Time to use

in [their] community so that [they] can make an impact in areas that are important to

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[them].” To be eligible for Give Back Time, employees must be active, regular, full-time

employees with one year of continuous service at Lowe’s. Lowe’s encourages employees

to use Give Back Time during their workweeks to volunteer with “any 501(c)(3) non-profit

organization” they select (subject to limited exceptions). Lowe’s compensates hourly

employees who use approved Give Back Time at 100% of their hourly base rate of pay,

but the policy expressly provides that Give Back Time is not used in calculating overtime

hours. Employees are not required to volunteer, and any employee that chooses to

volunteer is not required to volunteer for any specific charitable organization.

                                               II.

       We review de novo a district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim, accepting

the complaint’s factual allegations as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in the

nonmoving party’s favor. Kensington Volunteer Fire Dep’t, Inc. v. Montgomery Cty., 684

F.3d 462, 467 (4th Cir. 2012); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive a motion to dismiss,

the complaint’s factual allegations “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the

speculative level,” with “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”

Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 570 (2007). Under this standard, bare

legal conclusions “are not entitled to the assumption of truth” and are insufficient to state

a claim. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). Moreover, “[w]here a complaint

pleads facts that are merely consistent with a defendant’s liability, it stops short of the line

between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.” Id. at 678 (internal quotation

marks omitted).

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       The FLSA requires that employers compensate their employees who work in excess

of forty hours per week at a rate one and a half times the regular rate at which they are

employed. 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). Pursuant to the plain text of the FLSA, the regular rate

“shall be deemed to include all remuneration for employment paid to, or on behalf of, the

employee.” 29 U.S.C. § 207(e). The statute includes a list of exceptions to this rule, see

§ 207(e)(1)-(e)(8), but the list of exceptions is exhaustive, the exceptions are to be

interpreted narrowly against the employer, and the employer bears the burden of showing

that an exception applies. O’Brien v. Town of Agawam, 350 F.3d 279, 294 (1st Cir. 2003).

                                            III.

       Appellants first argue that the tax reform bonus payment was wrongly excluded

from their regular rate. The district court held that the payments were properly excluded

as either gifts or discretionary bonuses. Among excludable payments are “sums paid as

gifts; payments in the nature of gifts made at Christmas time or on other special occasions,

as a reward for service, the amounts of which are not measured by or dependent on hours

worked, production, or efficiency.” 29 U.S.C. § 207(e)(1). If a payment is “geared to

wages and hours during the bonus period,” it is not considered a gift. Likewise, if a

payment is so substantial that “it can be assumed that employees consider it a part of the

wages for which they work,” the bonus is not a gift. 29 C.F.R. § 778.212(b). However,

special occasion bonuses (like a Christmas bonus) can be excluded even if “employees are

led to expect it and even though the amounts paid to different employees . . . vary with the

amount of the salary or regular hourly rate of such employees or according to the length of

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their service . . . so long as the amounts are not measured by or directly dependent upon

hours worked, production, or efficiency.” 29 C.F.R. § 778.212(c).

       Discretionary bonuses are also excludable.       29 U.S.C. § 207(e)(3); 29 C.F.R.

§ 778.208. However, bonuses that are explicitly promised to employees must be included

in the employees’ regular rate. 29 C.F.R. § 778.211(b) (any bonus paid pursuant to contract

must be included). In order to be excluded, “the employer must retain discretion both as

to the fact of payment and as to the amount until a time quite close to the end of the period

for which the bonus is paid.” Id. “If the employer promises in advance to pay a bonus, he

has abandoned his discretion with regard to it.” Id.

       The plain language of the statutes and regulations supports the district court’s

conclusion that the payments at issue were excludable as either gifts or discretionary

bonuses. The payments were given in honor of a special occasion (passage of tax reform),

they were not made pursuant to a contract or other agreement, they were not based upon

the hours or wages of the employees, and they were not so substantial as to have been relied

upon. Instead, the only requirement to receive the bonuses was being an employee of

Lowe’s, and the payments varied based only on years with the company and part- or

full-time status.

       On appeal, Appellants argue first that the bonus payments were non-discretionary

retention bonuses, because Lowe’s announced the bonuses in order to induce employees to

remain with the company. See 29 C.F.R. § 778.211(c) (“[B]onuses contingent upon the

employee's continuing in employment until the time the payment is to be made . . . must

be included in the regular rate of pay). Appellants are essentially arguing that Lowe’s

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publicly announced the bonuses in order to retain its employees for the two weeks between

the announcement and the payment. However, Appellants have provided no reason why

this 2-week retention period in February 2018 would have been of importance to Lowe’s

or any other factual allegation supporting their assertion that these payments were retention

payments. Moreover, the time period of retention is too brief to construe the payment as a

longevity bonus. See U.S. Dep’t of Labor Opinion Letter, FLSA 2020-4, 2020 WL

1640073, at *3 (noting that requiring a year of continued employment after announcement

to receive bonus rendered the bonus a non-discretionary longevity payment, but requiring

only “a single pay period” of work to receive bonus did not transform discretionary

payment to non-discretionary). In any event, any “promise” by Lowe’s would only be

relevant to the determination of whether the bonuses were discretionary or non-

discretionary; an announcement of intent to pay a bonus “would not prevent the bonus from

being excludable as a gift.” Id. at n.2.

       Next, Appellants assert that the payments were not “gifts,” because the passage of

tax reform is not a “special occasion.” We conclude that passage of tax reform constitutes

a special occasion in this instance, as it was a particularly noteworthy event. Moreover,

gifts are not required under the statute to be given on a “special occasion”; instead, the

statute simply states “sums paid as gifts” prior to giving the special occasion example. See

Moreau v. Klevenhagen, 956 F.2d 516, 521 (5th Cir. 1992) (holding that monthly payments

given for no other purposes than to reward service are gifts); see also Shiferaw v. Sunrise

Senior Living, No. LA cv13-02171-JAK, 2016 WL 6571270, *26-*27 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 21,

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2016) (finding long term service awards payable on anniversaries of hiring were excludable

as gifts). Accordingly, the district court properly dismissed this claim.

                                            IV.

       Appellants next contend that the district court improperly held that the payments to

them for hours worked pursuant to the Give Back Time program were excludable from the

calculation of Appellants’ hours for overtime purposes under 29 U.S.C. § 207(e)(2)

(excluding “payments made for occasional periods when no work is performed due to

vacation, holiday, illness, failure of the employer to provide sufficient work, or other

similar cause”). On appeal, Appellants assert that their volunteer hours were “work” and,

therefore, not excludable. In support, Appellants essentially contend that they pled that the

hours were work and that is sufficient to avoid dismissal.

       The FLSA does not define “work.” Roy v. Cty. of Lexington, 141 F.3d 533, 544

(4th Cir. 1998). However, the Supreme Court has concluded that work is “physical or

mental exertion (whether burdensome or not) controlled or required by the employer and

pursued necessarily and primarily for the benefit of the employer and his business.”

Integrity Staffing Sols., Inc. v. Busk, 574 U.S. 27, 31 (2014). In other words, the “critical

question” in determining whether an activity constitutes work under the FLSA is whether

it “is spent predominantly for the employer’s benefit or for the employee’s.” Roy, 141 F.3d

at 544 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       Here, Appellants did not plead any facts tending to show that their volunteer work

for third-party non-profits was for the primary benefit of Lowe’s.          Moreover, it is

undisputed that Lowe’s did not require participation in the Give Back Time program and

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that those who decided to participate chose their own non-profit, determined the number

of hours they would volunteer, and worked under the direction of the non-profit. In

addition, Appellants do not allege how Lowe’s benefitted from the program, and in any

event, the third-party non-profits were clearly the primary beneficiaries.

       Further, the regulations note that an example of “other similar cause[s]” would be

“volunteering as a first responder,” “attending school activities,” and “donating . . . blood.”

29 C.F.R. § 778.218(d). And the Department of Labor has recently opined that “an

employee’s time spent participating in an employer’s optional volunteer program . . . does

not count as hours worked under the FLSA, so long as [the employer] does not unduly

pressure its employees to participate.” U.S. Dep’t of Labor Opinion Letter, FLSA 2019-2,

2019 WL 1225928, at *1-*2. In the face of this authority, Appellants’ bare contentions

that their service was “work” was insufficient to avoid dismissal.

       Accordingly, we affirm. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and

legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court and argument

would not aid the decisional process.

                                                                                  AFFIRMED

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