Court Opinion

ID: 9864715
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-25 15:06:37.325175+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:24:52.728626
License: Public Domain

108                                                  [108 Op. Att’y

                  ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

BOARDS OF LIQUOR LICENSE COMMISSIONERS – LICENSE FEES
   – HOW TO APPLY THE FEE ALLOCATION REQUIREMENTS
   FOR THE HARFORD COUNTY LIQUOR CONTROL BOARD
   CODIFIED IN § 22-208(A) OF THE ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
   & CANNABIS ARTICLE

W. Michael Crabbs
General Manager, Liquor Control Board for Harford County

      You have asked for our interpretation of § 22-208(a) of the
Alcoholic Beverages and Cannabis Article, which governs the
disposition of fees that the Liquor Control Board for Harford
County (the “Board”) receives “from the issuance of licenses.” The
provision states that, after deducting “a proportionate share of the
expenses to administer and enforce” the alcoholic beverages laws
in Harford County and then withholding certain amounts for a
reserve account, “the Board shall pay the net proceeds of fees
received from the issuance of licenses” to specified local
governments in Harford County. Md. Code Ann., Alc. Bev.
& Cannabis (“AB”) § 22-208(a); see also id. (b) (governing the
reserve account). You have asked whether “fees received from the
issuance of licenses” means only the license fees themselves or
whether they also include application and transfer fees that the
Board collects as part of the licensing process, as well as late fees,
fines collected from licensees for violations of the liquor laws, and
refunds returned to the Board from various sources. As we explain
below, our opinion is that AB § 22-208(a) applies only to the
license fees themselves.
                                 I
                            Background
      The General Assembly has enacted “a comprehensive scheme
for the regulation, control and distribution of alcoholic beverages”
in Maryland. Coalition for Open Doors v. Annapolis Lodge No.
622, Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks, 333 Md. 359, 371
(1994). “[U]nlike other regulated areas,” however, “there is not a
single agency that administers the alcoholic beverages law, but
rather numerous local boards that are charged with its
enforcement.” Board of Liquor License Comm’rs v. Hollywood
Prods., Inc., 344 Md. 2, 13 (1996). In Harford County, that task
falls to the Board, which “issues all alcoholic beverage licenses in
[the] County, transfers licenses from one person or entity to
another, from one location to another, or one license class to
Gen. 108]                                                           109

another; issues per diem (one day) licenses for non-profit
organizations[;] and renews alcoholic beverage licenses on an
annual basis.” Functions & Regulations, Harford County Liquor
Control Board, http://www.hclcb.org/functions-regulations (last
visited Sept. 12, 2023).

      The Board is a creature of statute.1 Title 22 of the Alcoholic
Beverages and Cannabis Article establishes the Board and sets
forth, among other things, the types of licenses it may issue, the
fees for each license, and how the Board is to dispose of “fees
received from the issuance of licenses.” AB § 22-208(a).

      Section 22-208—the statute at issue here—provides that the
Board shall, “after deduction of a proportionate share of the
expenses to administer and enforce this title, including the salaries
of the members and employees of the Board”:

            pay the net proceeds of fees received from the
            issuance of licenses:
            (1) outside of Aberdeen, Bel Air, and Havre
            de Grace, to the Treasurer to be credited to the
            general fund of the county; and
            (2) in Aberdeen, Bel Air, and Havre de Grace,
            to the treasurers of the respective municipalities
            to pay the interest and redeem the principal of
            any bonded indebtedness of the municipality.

  1
     Despite its name, the Board is officially a board of license
commissioners, not a liquor control board. See AB § 22-201
(establishing a board of license commissioners); AB § 22-301 (providing
that “[t]here is no liquor control board . . . in [Harford] [C]ounty”).
“Generally speaking, boards of license commissioners located in each
county license and regulate retail sellers of alcoholic beverages within
that county,” 99 Opinions of the Attorney General 31, 32 (2014),
whereas liquor control boards “regulate[] the sale and distribution of
alcohol through the operation of liquor dispensaries,” id. at 33. Harford
County once had both a liquor control board and a board of license
commissioners; “though charged with separate and distinct duties,” each
“consisted of the same membership.” 2016 Md. Laws, ch. 41 (Revisor’s
Note to AB § 22-301). But the County’s liquor dispensary system—the
domain of the liquor control board—ceased to exist in 1981. See id.; see
also 1979 Md. Laws, ch. 742 (abolishing the county’s liquor dispensary
system, as of September 1, 1981, subject to a voter referendum); Edna
Goldberg, Private Liquor Sales to Resume in Harford After 42-Year
Absence, Balt. Sun, July 20, 1981, at C1 (noting voters’ approval of the
referendum).
110                                                     [108 Op. Att’y

AB § 22-208(a). The statute also allows some of the money
“distributed to the Board from license fees,” before being
distributed to the appropriate local jurisdictions, to go into a
“special, nonlapsing” Reserve Account, which, in addition to that
money from license fees, consists of fines collected and
recognizances forfeited for violations of the liquor laws, “interest
or other income earned from the investment of any portion of the
Reserve Account,” and “any other money from any other source
accepted for the benefit of the Reserve Account.” AB § 22-208(b).2
      The Board collects various fees as part of the licensing
process. Each applicant pays a license fee, which varies by license
type.3 An applicant for an annual license must, in addition to the
license fee, pay a $600 application fee. Harford County Liquor
Control Board, How to Apply for a New or Transfer Annual
Alcoholic Beverage License in Harford County, Maryland 6 (rev.
June 2023). Applicants seeking to transfer a license from another
licensee must pay a $20 license change fee, and applicants who
want a hard copy of the Board’s rules and regulations must pay an
additional $10 fee. Id. Applicants for a per diem license must, in
addition to the license fee, pay a $1 mailing fee and, if applicable,
a $30 outside event fee and a $50 late fee. Harford County Liquor
Control Board, (Class C) Per Diem Alcoholic Beverage License
Application, Non-Profit Organizations 1 (rev. Apr. 2020).4 The
Board also receives income from fines imposed and recognizances
forfeited for violations of the alcoholic beverages laws, see AB
§ 22-2606, and “refunds that are returned to the Board from various
sources,” Memorandum from Amy K. Finneran, Legal Counsel, to
  2
     The purpose of the Reserve Account “is to ensure that issuance and
renewal of licenses, licensing enforcement, and other services that the
Board provides will continue to be met in the face of unanticipated
financial events or circumstances.” AB § 22-208(b)(3). The Reserve
Account may not exceed $100,000 at any time, id. (b)(10), and, each
year, “the amount payable into the Reserve Account may not be more
than 20% of the aggregate net proceeds received by the Board,” id.
(b)(8).
   3
     License fees are set by statute and, in Harford County, range in
amount from $15 for a fundraiser wine permit or a Class C per diem
license to sell beer and/or wine, AB §§ 4-1209(e), 22-1309.1(a), to
$10,000 for an annual stadium beer, wine, and liquor license, AB § 22-
1006(g).
   4
     Many of these fees, including the $600 application fee, do not appear
to be expressly authorized by statute. We have not been asked to
examine whether the Board has implied authority to charge these types
of fees and, thus, we do not address that question here. The $20 transfer
fee is, however, expressly authorized by AB § 22-1705.
Gen. 108]                                                         111

Liquor Control Board for Harford County 1 (May 16, 2023)
(“Finneran Memorandum”).

      The Board has interpreted AB § 22-208(a)—which requires
the Board to pay certain local governments “the net proceeds of
fees received from the issuance of licenses”—to apply only to the
balance of license fees themselves. Finneran Memorandum at 1.
The Board does not transmit the balance of any other fees it collects
in the licensing process, nor does it share any portion of the fines,
recognizances, or other income it receives. The Board now seeks
our interpretation of AB § 22-208(a).

                                II
                              Analysis

      To determine the scope of the phrase “fees received from the
issuance of licenses,” we must interpret AB § 22-208 and try to
divine the General Assembly’s intent. E.g., Lewis v. State, 348 Md.
648, 653 (1998). We do this by, among other things, examining
the text of the statute, searching the legislative history, and
considering how the statute has changed over time. E.g.,
Nationstar Mortg. LLC v. Kemp, 476 Md. 149, 169-70 (2021)
(recognizing that statutory interpretation begins “with an
examination of the text” and may include a review of “the
legislative history . . . to confirm conclusions drawn from the text
or to resolve ambiguities”); Spiegel v. Board of Educ., 480 Md.
631, 643 (2022) (considering “the evolution of the statutes” at
issue).

A.   Text of the Statute
      “[O]ur analysis begins with the normal, plain meaning of the
language of the statute.” Wheeling v. Selene Fin. LP, 473 Md. 356,
376 (2021). As already noted, AB § 22-208(a) requires the Board
to pay certain local governments “the net proceeds of fees received
from the issuance of licenses.” The use of the word “fees” makes
clear that the Board need not turn over any share of the fines,
recognizances, refunds, or other income that does not come from
fees. See, e.g., State v. Glass, 386 Md. 401, 410 (2005)
(recognizing that one interpreting a statute “may neither add to, nor
delete, statutory language that is plain and unambiguous language
in order to reflect an intent not evidenced in that language” (internal
quotation marks omitted)). But that leaves the question of which
fees qualify as those “received from the issuance of licenses.”
112                                                     [108 Op. Att’y

      On that question, however, the text of § 22-208(a) is
ambiguous. To “issue” means “to put forth or distribute usually
officially”5 or “to produce or provide something official.”6 “[T]he
issuance of licenses,” then, ordinarily means the process of
officially providing licenses. One might reasonably conclude that
this process entails only the actual exchange of a license for a
license fee, in which case the “fees received from the issuance of
licenses” would mean license fees only. But one might also
reasonably conclude that the process of providing a license
encompasses the entire application procedure. As we understand
it, the Board will not issue a license unless it receives an
application, and it will not review an application—a prerequisite to
issuing a license—unless the applicant pays all attendant fees,
including, for instance, the $600 processing fee for an annual
license. Thus, one might reasonably conclude that all fees that the
Board charges in the license application process are “fees received”
by the Board “from the issuance of licenses.” Because there are
“two or more reasonable alternative interpretations,” the statutory
phrase is ambiguous, Deville v. State, 383 Md. 217, 223 (2004),
and we “must resolve the ambiguity by searching for legislative
intent in other indicia,” Wheeling, 473 Md. at 377 (quoting
Lockshin v. Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 276 (2010)).

B.       Legislative History

       One place we often look for legislative intent is the legislative
history. But, in this case, it offers no insight. The Legislature
enacted AB § 22-208(a) in 2016 as part of the recodification of
former Article 2B into the Alcoholic Beverages Article. See 2016
Md. Laws, ch. 41, § 2, at 1751-53.7 “As with all other code revision
bills, this [was] a non-substantive revision.” Hearing on S.B. 724
Before the Senate Education, Health, and Environmental Affairs
Comm., 2016 Leg., Reg. Sess., at 37:55 (Feb. 26, 2016) (testimony
of Susan Russell, Manager of Code Revision Projects, Dep’t of
Leg. Servs.). “Code revision is a periodic process by which
statutory law is re-organized and restated with the goal of making
it more accessible and understandable,” and it generally does not
“modify the law.” Smith v. Wakefield, LP, 462 Md. 713, 726
(2019). Not surprisingly, then, the legislative history for the code
     5
     Merriam-Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/
dictionary/issue (last visited Sept. 12, 2023).
   6
     Cambridge Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/
english/issue (last visited Sept. 12, 2023).
   7
     Lawmakers renamed the article “Alcoholic Beverages and
Cannabis” this year. 2023 Md. Laws, ch. 254, 255, § 6.
Gen. 108]                                                      113

revision legislation does not give any indication that lawmakers
discussed the language that became AB § 22-208 or its meaning.
We thus look beyond the legislative history of that legislation to
earlier iterations of the statutory language that now appears in AB
§ 22-208(a). See, e.g., Kimble v. State, 242 Md. App. 73, 81-86
(2019) (interpreting a statute by, among other things, consulting
earlier versions of the statute); see also Murrell v. Mayor & City
Council of Baltimore, 376 Md. 170, 186 (2003) (“The historical
background of a statute often casts light on the meaning or scope
of that statute.”).

C.   Historical Evolution of the Statute

     Much of the substance of what is now AB § 22-208 dates back
to 1937. See 1937 Md. Laws, ch. 272 (enacting § 421N of Article
13 of the Code of Public Local Laws). At that time, the County
Commissioners of Harford County issued licenses. See id.
(enacting § 421B of Article 13 of the Code of Public Local Laws).
The legislation authorized two kinds of licenses for Harford
County, id. (enacting § 421E of Article 13 of the Code of Public
Local Laws), specified the fee amount for each type of license, id.
(enacting § 421F of Article 13 of the Code of Public Local Laws),
and outlined how the Commissioners were to distribute the money
they received:

            The net proceeds of all funds received by the
            County Commissioners from the sale of
            licenses under the provisions of this Act
            issued in Harford County, outside of the
            corporate limits of the municipalities of
            Aberdeen, Bel Air and Havre de Grace, shall
            be paid to the Treasurer of Harford County
            and credited to the “Contingent Fund” of said
            County Commissioners.
            The net proceeds of the funds derived from the
            sale of licenses issued to licensees within the
            corporate limits of the municipalities of
            Aberdeen, Bel Air and Havre de Grace, after
            the deduction of a proportionate part of the
            expenses incident to the proper administration
            and enforcement of this Act, shall be paid by
            said Commissioners to the Treasurers of said
            respective towns, to be applied first to the
            payment of the interest due on their respective
            bonded indebtednesses, and second to the
114                                                      [108 Op. Att’y

           redemption of the principal of said bonded
           indebtednesses.

Id. (enacting § 421N of Article 13 of the Code of Public Local
Laws) (emphasis added).8

      The 1937 statute’s use of the phrase “sale of licenses”
suggests that the General Assembly was concerned only with the
disposition of license fees themselves, not any other fees that might
have been collected as part of the licensing process.9 Although we
cannot tell if there were in fact any other fees collected as part of
the licensing process at the time, the language suggests that, if so,
they would not have been covered. After all, “sale” means “the act
of selling,”10 and “sell,” in turn, means “to exchange (something)
for money”11 or “to give up (property) to another for something of
value (such as money).”12 Indeed, the term “sale price” is
commonly understood to mean “the price that is paid by the buyer
at the time when something is sold.”13 Thus, while the phrase
“issuance of licenses” might be read to include the entire licensing
process from application to receipt of a license, we think the phrase
  8
      In 1933, the General Assembly had enacted legislation with similar
language about the disposition of “funds derived from the sale of . . .
licenses.” 1933 Md. Laws, ch. 393 (enacting § 421M of Article 13 of
the Code of Public Local Laws). But that law allowed the Mayor and
Council of Havre de Grace to issue licenses in that municipality. Id.
(enacting § 421B of Article 13 of the Code of Public Local Laws). We
find the 1937 law more significant for our purposes because it was the
first to authorize a single entity (at that time the County Commission) to
issue all licenses in the County and to outline the disposition of funds
derived from the sale of licenses in each of the County’s municipalities,
not just Havre de Grace.
    9
      The legislation enacted in 1933, when the County Commissioners
issued all licenses except those in Havre de Grace, similarly used the
phrase “sale of licenses.” See 1933 Md. Laws, ch. 393 (enacting § 421M
of Article 13 of the Code of Public Local Laws, which specified the
disposition of “funds derived from the sale of . . . licenses” (emphasis
added)).
  10
      Merriam-Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/
dictionary/sale (last visited Sept. 12, 2023).
   11
      The Britannica Dictionary, https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/
sell (last visited Sept. 12, 2023).
   12
      Merriam-Webster Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/
dictionary/sell (last visited Sept. 12, 2023).
   13
      Cambridge Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/
english/sale-price (last visited Sept. 12, 2023).
Gen. 108]                                                         115

“sale of licenses” suggests a narrower focus, limited to the actual
exchange of a license for the payment of a license fee.

      To be sure, the use of the phrase “funds derived from the sale
of . . . licenses” in these versions of the statute still leaves some
ambiguity. If the Legislature intended to mandate the disposition
of only the license fees themselves, lawmakers could have
eliminated any ambiguity by simply using the phrase “license
fees.” Unfortunately, there is no legislative history that we may
consult to clarify the General Assembly’s intent. See, e.g., Guide
to Maryland Legislative History Research, Thurgood Marshall
State Law Library, https://mdcourts.gov/lawlib/research/research-
guides/guide-to-md-legislative-history-research (last visited Sept.
12, 2023) (noting that bill files containing legislative history for
each House and Senate bill were not routinely kept until 1976).
      But later clues from the statute’s evolution confirm our
reading of the statute. In the years following 1937, the General
Assembly made slight changes to the statutory language and where
it appeared. In 1939, the Legislature established a liquor control
board for Harford County and gave it the power to issue alcoholic
beverage licenses. 1939 Md. Laws, ch. 734. Two years later,
lawmakers established that the liquor control board would serve
also as a board of license commissioners, and the General
Assembly amended the public local law regarding the distribution
of funds from the sale of licenses. 1941 Md. Laws, ch. 260
(establishing the board of license commissioners), ch. 500
(amending § 421N of Article 13 of the Code of Public Local Laws).
The Legislature replaced references to “County Commissioners”
with “the Board” but otherwise retained the substance of the earlier
version, including the phrases “funds received . . . from the sale of
licenses” and “funds derived from the sale of licenses.” Id.

      The key change for our purposes, however, was that
lawmakers, as part of the 1941 legislation, added a new paragraph
that referred to the funds received or derived from the “sale” of
licenses as “license fees”:

            All expenses incident to the proper
            administration and enforcement of this Act,
            including one-half the salaries of the members
            of said Board, and the proper proportion of the
            salaries of any employees of said Board,
            whose duties include the handling of said
            licenses, including the salaries of officers,
            inspectors, etc., shall be deducted proportionately
116                                                  [108 Op. Att’y

          from the shares of the license fees payable as
          above set forth to the County Commissioners
          and the governing bodies of the three
          municipalities.

Id. (emphasis added). By authorizing the Board to deduct expenses
“proportionately from the share of the license fees payable as set
forth above,” the Legislature was referring back to “funds received
. . . from the sale of licenses” and “funds derived from the sale of
licenses”—suggesting that these latter phrases were synonymous
with “license fees.” This bolsters our view that the General
Assembly intended to legislate the disposition of license fees only,
not any other fees that might be assessed as part of the licensing
process.

     The Legislature’s recodification of alcoholic beverages laws
in 1947 lends further support. That year, lawmakers revised Article
2B of the Maryland Code, recodifying the alcoholic beverages laws
and incorporating relevant public local laws, including the
provision governing the distribution of “funds received” and
“derived from the sale of licenses” in Harford County. 1947 Md.
Laws, ch. 501 (enacting Art. 2B, § 56). Lawmakers imported the
language of that provision nearly verbatim into a section of the
Code devoted to the disposition of license fees. See Md. Ann.
Code, Art. 2B, § 51(m) (1939 & 1947 Supp.). The opening
paragraph of that section set forth the default approach:

          Except as otherwise provided in this section,
          the Clerk shall forthwith remit all license fees
          collected by him, less a fee of One Dollar
          ($1.00) for the issuance of each license, to the
          Board of County Commissioners for the
          county, or to the Mayor and City Council of
          Baltimore, as the case may be. . . .

Id. (a). This language suggests that the Legislature intended the
statute to govern only the disposition of license fees themselves,
not any other fees that may have been collected in the licensing
process.
      In the subsections that followed, lawmakers specified when
the practice in specific local jurisdictions diverged from the default
practice. In Harford County, the Legislature required, as it did
before, that “[t]he net proceeds of all funds received by the Board
from the sale of licenses . . . issued . . . outside of the corporate
limits of the municipalities” “be paid to the Treasurer of Harford
Gen. 108]                                                             117

County.” Id. (m). “The net proceeds of the funds derived from the
sale of licenses within the corporate limits of the municipalities,”
“after the deduction of a proportionate part of the [Board’s]
expenses,” were to be “paid . . . to the Treasurers of” the
municipalities. Id. And “[a]ll expenses incident to the proper
administration and enforcement” of the alcoholic beverages laws
were to “be deducted proportionately from the shares of the license
fees payable as above set forth to the County Commissioners and
the governing bodies of the three municipalities.” Id. Reading this
language in conjunction with the opening paragraph of the section,
which speaks only of “license fees,” reinforces our instinct that, by
referring to “funds received” and “derived from the sale of
licenses,” the General Assembly meant “license fees.”

      Adding to our confidence is the heading that the General
Assembly adopted for this statute: “Disposition of License Fees.”
1947 Md. Laws, ch. 501 (enacting Art. 2B, § 56); see also Md.
Ann. Code, Art. 2B, § 51 (1939 & 1947 Supp.). To be sure,
“captions are often the words of the publisher of the Code, not of
the legislature,” in which case they are of no help for “purposes of
statutory construction.” Morris v. Prince George’s County, 319
Md. 597, 607 n.4 (1990); see also Md. Code Ann., Gen. Provis.
(“GP”) § 1-208 (providing generally that “the caption or catchline
of a section . . . that is printed in bold . . . is intended as a mere
catchword to indicate the contents of the section” and “may not be
considered as a title of the section”). But on the “rare occasions”
that “captions are written by the General Assembly,” Maryland’s
appellate courts have sometimes “look[ed] to the captions to assist
[their] search for the legislature’s intent.” Bartenfelder v. Bartenfelder,
248 Md. App. 213, 239 (2020); see also Westfield Ins. Co. v.
Gilliam, 477 Md. 346, 373 n.29 (2022) (acknowledging that, in an
earlier decision, the Maryland Supreme Court relied on a caption
to interpret a statute because the “heading was created by the
Legislature itself and was not, as is often the case, simply a caption
added by a legal publisher”); Morris, 319 Md. at 607 n.4 (providing
that, while courts “do not ordinarily refer to [captions] for purposes
of statutory construction,” “[i]t is otherwise . . . when the General
Assembly has itself included the caption in the enacted bill”);
Smelser v. Criterion Ins. Co., 293 Md. 384, 386 n.2, 390 (1982)
(stating that an earlier version of GP § 1-208, providing generally
that section captions “are intended as mere catchwords,” was “not
applicable” where “the captions [were] found in the original
enactment of” the statute that the Court was interpreting (quoting
Md. Ann. Code, Art. 1, § 18 (1981 Repl. Vol.))); State Farm Mut.
Auto. Ins. Co. v. Insurance Comm’r, 283 Md. 663, 675 & n.4
(1978) (considering, in the interpretation of a statute, a section
118                                                       [108 Op. Att’y

heading that was “not merely a caption inserted by the codifier”
but, rather, in the act passed by the General Assembly).14

   14
      We acknowledge that the Maryland Supreme Court has also said in
a footnote that captions “are not evidence of legislative intent,” “[e]ven
if the General Assembly . . . adopted those headings.” Select Portfolio
Servicing, Inc. v. Saddlebrook W. Util. Co., 455 Md. 313, 336 n.28
(2017) (citing GP § 1-208); accord Rohrer v. Humane Soc’y of
Washington County, 454 Md. 1, 24 n.15 (2017) (citing GP § 1-208 for
the proposition that “captions and catchlines are not regarded as evidence
of legislative intent”). But we think it appropriate to consider the section
heading here, for several reasons. First, notwithstanding the language in
Select Portfolio and Rohrer, and notwithstanding GP § 1-208 and its
predecessors, the Court has, on several occasions, considered a section
heading when interpreting a statute. See Morris, 319 Md. at 607 n.4;
Smelser, 293 Md. at 386 n.2, 390; State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 283
Md. at 675 & n.4. Indeed, in a case decided more recently than Select
Portfolio and Rohrer, the Court has reaffirmed the idea that a caption
enacted by the Legislature may be relevant to the interpretation of a
statute. See Westfield Ins. Co., 477 Md. at 373 n.29 (explaining, without
disavowing, the Court’s earlier reliance on a caption to interpret a
statute). Second, the Court has more recently indicated that it is typically
captions that are “added by a legal publishing company” after enactment
that have no relevance to “the meaning of a statutory provision.” SVF
Riva Annapolis LLC v. Gilroy, 459 Md. 632, 646 (2018) (“When
divining the meaning of a statutory provision, we do not allow such
unsanctioned additions to impact our analysis.” (emphasis added)); see
also Johnson v. State, 467 Md. 362, 373 n.2 (2020) (asserting that
“captions and catchlines are not evidence of legislative intent”
“[b]ecause of [the] fact” that “[c]aptions and catchlines are generally not
part of the legislation passed by the General Assembly” but, rather, “are
added by legal publishers after a bill becomes law” (emphasis added)).
Third, in Select Portfolio, where the Court said that even headings
adopted by the General Assembly are not evidence of legislative intent,
the statute at issue did not actually have captions enacted by the
Legislature but, instead, “headings added by legal publishers,” 455 Md.
at 336 n.28—meaning that the Court’s statement was not necessary to
resolve the case and, as such, “not controlling,” see, e.g., Plank v.
Cherneski, 469 Md. 548, 594-96 (2020). Finally, in Rohrer, the legislation
at issue contained uncodified language expressly providing that
“catchlines, captions, and Revisor’s Notes contained in” the legislation
were “not law and [could] not be considered to have been enacted as a
part of” the legislation. 2002 Md. Laws, ch. 26, § 14; see also Rohrer,
454 Md. at 24 n.15 (citing that session law); see also Williams v.
Peninsula Reg’l Med. Cent., 440 Md. 573, 584 (2014) (“[i]gnoring . . .
section captions” when the underlying act contained language expressly
stating that catchlines were not part of the law). Although the 2016 bill
revising the Alcoholic Beverages Article included similar language, see
2016 Md. Laws, ch. 41, § 7, the 1947 session law at issue here contained
no such limitation, see 1947 Md. Laws, ch. 501.
Gen. 108]                                                            119

      Here, the General Assembly apparently included the heading
“Disposition of License Fees” in the act itself, see 1947 Md. Laws,
ch. 501, § 1 (enacting Art. 2B, § 56), supporting the view that
lawmakers intended to govern the disbursement of only those
specific fees and not of any others. Of course, this heading does
not, standing alone, establish the meaning of the statute. “[A]
caption to a section of the law, particularly one inserted by the
Legislature during a nonsubstantive code revision, should never be
the determining factor in deciphering legislative intent.” Sanchez
v. Potomac Abatement, Inc., 198 Md. App. 436, 450 (2011)
(emphasis added), aff’d, 424 Md. 701 (2012). But even assuming
that the 1947 enactment was a nonsubstantive code revision, the
1947 enactment was not the first time that the Legislature indicated
that this statutory provision applied only to license fees. In 1933,
when the General Assembly first enacted Article 2B, lawmakers
adopted the caption “License Fees—Computation and Disposition”
for the statutory provision that, in 1947, was amended to include
the language specific to Harford County. 1933 Md. Laws, Spec.
Sess., ch. 2 (enacting Art. 2B, § 14). And, read alongside the text
of the statutory provision itself, we think these headings—even
though they are not controlling on their own—are at least another
indication that the Legislature intended the statute to control the
disposition of license fees only, not of any other types of fees.

     Following the 1947 codification, the relevant statutory
language moved to different locations in the Code15 but otherwise
remained essentially unchanged until the 2016 code revision when
the General Assembly adopted the language that now appears in
AB § 22-208. Compare Md. Ann. Code, Art. 2B, § 10-204(n)
(2011 Repl. Vol.), with Md. Ann. Code, Art. 2B, § 51(m) (1939
& 1947 Supp.). Lawmakers made clear that the 2016 legislation

  15
     The language appeared in § 60 of Article 2B, see Md. Ann. Code,
Art. 2B, § 60 (1951), then in § 63, see Md. Ann. Code, Art. 2B, § 63
(1957), and then in § 10-204, see Md. Ann. Code, Art. 2B, § 10-204
(1994 Repl. Vol.). The opening paragraph of the provision also changed
to permit, “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in [the] section,” the clerk in
each local jurisdiction to retain $2 (as opposed to only $1), see Md. Ann.
Code, Art. 2B, § 63(a) (1981 Repl. Vol), and later “a commission of 5
percent,” Md. Ann. Code, Art. 2B, § 63(a) (1987 Repl. Vol.).
Lawmakers then amended the default language to require “the local
collecting agent” to “remit all license fees” to “the board of county
commissioners or county fiscal agent for the county, or to the Mayor and
City Council of Baltimore, as the case may be.” Md. Ann. Code, Art.
2B, § 10-204(a) (1994 Repl. Vol.). That default language now appears
in AB § 4-112. See 2016 Md. Laws, ch. 41, § 2, at 270-71 (Revisor’s
Note to AB § 4-112).
120                                                 [108 Op. Att’y

was to “be construed as a nonsubstantive revision,” not a “change
in the law.” 2016 Md. Laws, ch. 41, § 6. In other words, the
Legislature intended “fees received from the issuance of licenses,”
AB § 22-208(a), to mean the same thing as “funds received” and
“derived from the sale of licenses,” in the earlier version of the
Code, Md. Ann. Code, Art. 2B, § 10-204(n) (2011 Repl. Vol.).
And, for the reasons stated above, we believe that these phrases are
simply another way of saying “license fees.”

                              III
                           Conclusion

      Having examined the plain language of AB § 22-208,
consulted its legislative history, and traced the evolution of the
statutory language since 1937, we conclude that the phrase “fees
received from the issuance of licenses” refers only to license fees,
not to any other types of fees collected by the Board, nor any other
income the Board receives.
                                Anthony G. Brown
                                Attorney General of Maryland
                                Rachel A. Simmonsen
                                Assistant Attorney General

Patrick B. Hughes
Chief Counsel, Opinions and Advice