Court Opinion

ID: 2958811
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-17 03:08:01.716819+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:01:34.868063
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                                           ON REMAND

                                        NO. 03-10-00076-CR

                               Sean Christopher Brewer, Appellant

                                                   v.

                                   The State of Texas, Appellee

             FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 7 OF TRAVIS COUNTY
    NO. C-1-CR-08-223109, HONORABLE ELISABETH ASHLEA EARLE, JUDGE PRESIDING

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION

                A jury found appellant Sean Christopher Brewer guilty of misdemeanor driving while

intoxicated, and the trial court assessed his punishment at one year’s confinement in the county jail,

suspending imposition of that sentence and placing him on community supervision for two years.

See Tex. Penal Code § 49.04(a); Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 42.12, §§ 3, 13.

                On original submission, we reversed the trial court’s judgment of conviction and

remanded the case for a new trial. In addressing appellant’s first five points of error complaining

that the trial court commented on appellant’s right not to testify, a majority of the panel concluded

that the trial court violated appellant’s privilege against self-incrimination by directly commenting on

appellant’s failure to testify and, further, committed reversible error by denying appellant’s request

for an instruction to the jury to disregard the comment. See Brewer v. State, No. 03-10-00076-CR,

2011 WL 3890365, at *4–6 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 31, 2011) (mem. op., not designated for
publication). On further appeal by the State, the court of criminal appeals concluded that appellant’s

complaint concerning the trial court’s comment on his failure to testify had not been properly

preserved for appellate review. See Brewer v. State, 367 S.W.3d 251, 253 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).

The court reversed our judgment and remanded the case for consideration of appellant’s remaining

claims of error. Id. On remand, we will affirm the judgment of conviction.

                                         BACKGROUND

               Sometime between two and two-thirty in the morning on December 14, 2008,

appellant rear-ended Kyle Blackburn’s vehicle while Blackburn was stopped at a red light at the

intersection of 12th Street and Rio Grande Street in Austin. The accident caused Blackburn’s car

to hit the vehicle immediately in front of her, also stopped at the red light. Blackburn testified that

the collision caused both front air bags to deploy and “totaled” her car. Both Blackburn and her

passenger, William Worthy, testified that they were hit “without any warning” and did not hear any

“screeching” of brakes. Officer Michael Ridge, who investigated the accident, testified that he did

not notice any skid marks or other indications that appellant applied his brakes before the collision.

               Immediately after the collision, Blackburn called 911 and exited her car to make

sure the occupants of the other cars were uninjured. Blackburn testified that appellant remained

in his car with the engine running until the police arrived and that he did not talk to anyone or

answer anyone’s questions. Worthy testified that prior to the arrival of the police, appellant and his

passenger, Clay Powers, were “fumbling around with something” and that Powers, carrying a bag,

exited appellant’s vehicle, walked behind a nearby building, and returned to the car without the bag.

A backpack containing marijuana was later recovered by police from behind the building. Powers

admitted that the backpack and its contents were his. Police also found a plastic bag containing a

                                                  2
trace of white powder believed to be cocaine residue in Powers’s pocket during a search incident to

his arrest for possession of marijuana.

                After arriving at the scene, Officer Ridge spoke with all the parties involved in the

collision and collected insurance information. The officer observed that appellant’s balance was “a

little off” when retrieving his insurance documents and that he had to use the car’s door to assist him.

Ridge testified that appellant exhibited signs of intoxication, including an odor of alcohol, watery,

glassy eyes, slightly slurred speech, and a “confused” story regarding the events of the evening.

Ridge also testified that appellant, who was employed as a chef, told Ridge that he had taken a nap at

7:00 p.m., began drinking at his house two hours after his nap, and continued drinking on 6th Street.

Appellant refused to participate in any field-sobriety tests, although he did attempt to stand as

instructed while the officer explained the walk-and-turn test before reiterating his refusal after he

stepped off the line while trying to place one foot in front of the other. Appellant was arrested for

driving while intoxicated. He refused to provide a breath or blood sample.

                A jury trial was held in which Blackburn, Worthy, and Ridge testified for the State.

The State also introduced a video recording of the investigation from Officer Ridge’s dashboard

camera, depicting appellant’s interaction with Ridge and refusal of the field-sobriety tests.

                Powers then testified for the defense, stating that appellant was unaware that

Powers possessed the drugs recovered from his backpack after the accident. Appellant also called

his stepfather, Michael Kovich, as a witness. Appellant expected Kovich to testify that appellant’s

behavior and mannerisms as depicted on the video recording were consistent with appellant’s

everyday demeanor and did not indicate intoxication. The State objected to Kovich’s testimony on

                                                   3
relevance grounds, and the trial court sustained the objection. After making an offer of proof of

Kovich’s testimony, the defense rested. The State offered no rebuttal evidence.

                During the State’s closing jury argument, the prosecutor argued that the defendant

had been “hiding” throughout the case. Appellant objected, claiming that the statement was an

improper comment on his failure to testify. The trial court overruled the objection. After more than

five hours of deliberation and a supplemental charge from the court,1 the jury found appellant guilty

of driving while intoxicated.

                Appellant elected to have the trial court assess his punishment. The court sentenced

appellant to one year in the county jail, suspended imposition of the sentence, and placed him on

community supervision for two years. In addition, the court assessed a $4,000 fine, of which $3,000

was suspended. Appellant moved for a new trial, arguing, among other things, that the presiding

judge lacked the proper certification as a visiting judge and that Kovich’s testimony should

have been admitted as expert testimony. The trial court denied appellant’s motion for new trial, and

appellant brought this appeal.

                                            DISCUSSION

                In the remaining points of error not addressed in our prior opinion, appellant

complains about improper jury argument by the prosecutor, the exclusion of his stepfather’s

        1
          The supplemental charge, known as an “Allen charge,” attempts to break a deadlocked jury
by instructing jurors that the result of a hung jury is a mistrial and that jurors at a retrial would face
essentially the same decision, encouraging them to resolve their differences without coercing one
another or violating their individual choices. See Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492, 501 (1896);
see also Barnett v. State, 189 S.W.3d 272, 277 n.13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (“An Allen charge . . .
reminds the jury that if it is unable to reach a verdict, a mistrial will result, the case will still be
pending, and there is no guarantee that a second jury would find the issue any easier to resolve.”).

                                                    4
testimony, the admission of evidence of the passenger’s drug possession, and the denial of his

motion for new trial.

                                            Jury Argument

                During closing argument of the guilt-innocence phase, the prosecutor argued that

appellant was “hiding.” Appellant objected, complaining that the prosecutor was commenting on

his choice not to testify. In response, the prosecutor explained that she was referring to appellant’s

conduct on the dash-cam video. Appellant then asked the court for “a limiting instruction.” The

trial court overruled the objection and denied appellant’s request that the jury be instructed to

disregard the prosecutor’s comment.2

        2
          The complained-of statement, appellant’s objection, and the trial court’s ruling occurred
near the beginning of the State’s final closing argument:

        PROSECUTOR:                     This case today has been about hiding. All this
                                        defendant has done was hide. Every single thing was
                                        hiding. He refused to get --

        DEFENSE COUNSEL:                We’re going to object; she’s commenting now on the
                                        defendant’s choice not to testify, despite --

        PROSECUTOR:                     Absolutely not, Your Honor. I’m talking about the
                                        defendant’s actions on the DWI video.

        DEFENSE COUNSEL:                I’d like a limiting instruction on her comments. I’d
                                        like them stricken from the record.

        THE TRIAL COURT:                Overruled. Sit down, please.

For purposes of our analysis, we will assume that appellant’s request for a “limiting instruction” was
a request for the court to instruct the jury to disregard the comment. We will further assume that the
trial court’s single ruling, “overruled,” applied to appellant’s objection, his requested instruction, and
his request to have the comment stricken.

                                                    5
                According to appellant, the prosecutor’s argument that he was “hiding” was an

impermissible reference to the fact that he did not testify at trial, thereby violating his privilege

against self-incrimination. In points of error seven, eight, and nine, appellant argues that the

trial court erred in overruling his objection.3 In his tenth point of error, he complains about the

court’s refusal to instruct the jury to disregard the comment.

Standard of Review

                We review a trial court’s ruling on an objection to improper jury argument for an

abuse of discretion. Nzewi v. State, 359 S.W.3d 829, 841 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012,

pet. ref’d); see Davis v. State, 329 S.W.3d 798, 825 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (finding no abuse of

discretion by trial court in sustaining state’s objection to appellant’s jury argument). A trial court

abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably, without reference to any guiding

rules and principles. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); see also

McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (“A trial court abuses its discretion

when its decision is so clearly wrong as to lie outside that zone within which reasonable persons

might disagree.”).

Objection to Prosecutor’s Comment

                The law provides for, and presumes, a fair trial free from improper argument

by the State. Ex parte Lane, 303 S.W.3d 702, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citing Long v. State,

        3
           In his seventh point of error, appellant asserts that the trial court’s ruling violated his
federal constitutional right to remain silent. In his eighth point of error, he claims the ruling violated
his state constitutional right to remain silent. In his ninth point of error, he contends the trial court’s
ruling violated his statutory right to remain silent.

                                                    6
823 S.W.2d 259, 267 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). Proper jury argument must generally fall within

one of four categories: (1) summation of the evidence; (2) reasonable deductions from the evidence;

(3) responses to argument of opposing counsel; and (4) pleas for law enforcement. Freeman v.

State, 340 S.W.3d 717, 727 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Jimenez v. State, 240 S.W.3d 384, 407

(Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet. ref’d). The fact that a defendant did not testify does not fall into

any of these categories and may not be the subject of comment by the prosecution. Cruz v. State,

225 S.W.3d 546, 548 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Bustamante v. State, 48 S.W.3d 761, 765 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2001).

               A comment on a defendant’s failure to testify violates both the state and federal

constitutions as well as Texas statutory law. Randolph v. State, 353 S.W.3d 887, 891 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2011); see U.S. Const. amend. V; Tex. Const. art. I, § 10; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.08;

see also Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 615 (1965). However, the implication that the State’s

comment referred to the defendant’s failure to testify must be a clear and necessary one. Randolph,
353 S.W.3d at 891; Bustamante, 48 S.W.3d at 767. If the language might reasonably be construed

as merely an implied or indirect allusion, there is no violation. Randolph, 353 S.W.3d at 891; Busby

v. State, 253 S.W.3d 661, 666 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The test is whether the language used was

manifestly intended or was of such a character that the jury would necessarily and naturally take it

as a comment on the defendant’s failure to testify. Randolph, 353 S.W.3d at 891; Cruz, 225 S.W.3d

at 48; see Bustamante, 48 S.W.3d at 765 (collecting cases). In applying this standard, the context

in which the comment was made must be analyzed to determine whether the language used was

of such character. Randolph, 353 S.W.3d at 891; Cruz, 225 S.W.3d at 548; Bustamante, 48 S.W.3d

at 765. Courts are not to find that the prosecutor manifestly intended to comment on the defendant’s

                                                 7
failure to testify if some other explanation for the remark is equally plausible. Randolph,
353 S.W.3d at 891. In assessing whether the defendant’s rights have been violated, courts must view

the State’s argument from the jury’s standpoint and resolve any ambiguities in the language in favor

of its being a permissible argument. Id.

               Viewed from the jury’s perspective, the prosecutor’s comments in this case would

not necessarily or naturally be taken as a comment on the defendant’s failure to testify. Rather, the

prosecutor’s statement can reasonably be construed as referring to appellant’s conduct at the accident

scene. The prosecutor confirmed that this was her intent in her response to the objection. This view

of the prosecutor’s comment is reinforced by her later comments during argument. She argued that

appellant refused to get out of the car or talk to the other drivers because he had been drinking and

smelled like alcohol, that he refused to perform the field sobriety tests or provide a breath sample

because he had been drinking, and that he was “elusive about what he had to drink, where he

had been drinking, what he had been drinking, how much he had been drinking.” Referring to this

conduct, she argued that “[appellant] hid everything because he was intoxicated and he didn’t want

to get busted for it” and later said, “All he did was refuse, refuse, refuse. He hid everything.”

               When placed in context, the prosecutor’s remarks could reasonably be construed as

an argument that appellant’s conduct that night demonstrates his intoxication and also indicates

consciousness of guilt. Thus, there is an equally plausible explanation for the prosecutor’s comment.

Accordingly, there is no violation. See id. We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

overruling appellant’s objection to the argument. Appellant’s seventh, eighth, and ninth points of

error are overruled.

                                                  8
Denial of Instruction to Disregard

               As a general rule, any error associated with improper jury argument can be cured

by an instruction for the jury to disregard the comment. See Long, 823 S.W.2d at 269. However,

as just discussed, we have concluded that the prosecutor’s statement was not an improper

comment on appellant’s failure to testify. Thus, the comment did not warrant an instruction to the

jury to disregard. Consequently, we conclude that the trial court did not err in refusing to instruct

the jury to disregard the comment. Appellant’s tenth point of error is overruled.

                              Exclusion of Stepfather’s Testimony

               In his twelfth point of error, appellant challenges the trial court’s exclusion of his

stepfather’s testimony at trial. Appellant offered Michael Kovich’s testimony as a lay opinion. His

opinion (that appellant did not appear any different from normal that night) was based on Kovich’s

knowledge of his stepson for the past 11 years and his review of the dash-cam videotape of appellant

at the accident scene. Appellant argues that the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s relevance

objection and excluding the testimony.

               In his thirteenth point of error, appellant complains about the trial court’s exclusion

of Kovich’s testimony and affidavit at the hearing on the motion for new trial. At the hearing,

appellant again offered the testimony of his stepfather concerning his opinion of appellant’s behavior

that night. When the State objected on relevance grounds, appellant indicated that he wanted to

ask questions to develop Kovich’s “expertise.” The trial court explained that his ruling during trial

was based on the fact that Kovich was not physically present at the scene of the accident. Appellant

asserts on appeal that the trial court erred in excluding Kovich’s testimony and affidavit at

the hearing.

                                                  9
Standard of Review

               We review a trial court’s ruling on the admission or exclusion of evidence

for an abuse of discretion. Tillman v. State, 354 S.W.3d 425, 435 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); Sandoval

v. State, 409 S.W.3d 259, 281 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.). A trial court abuses its

discretion only if its decision “lies outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Martinez v. State,

327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391

(Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh’g); Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 281. We consider the ruling in

light of what was before the trial court at the time the ruling was made and uphold the court’s

decision if it lies within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Billodeau v. State, 277 S.W.3d 34,

39 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 281. If the trial court’s evidentiary ruling is

reasonably supported by the record and correct on any theory of law applicable to that ruling, we will

uphold the decision. De La Paz v. State, 279 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Carrasco

v. State, 154 S.W.3d 127, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 297.

Lay Opinion

               At trial, appellant offered the testimony of his stepfather, Kovich, as a lay

opinion. Under Rule 701 of the Texas Rules of Evidence, a lay witness may testify to “opinions

or inferences which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a

clear understanding of the witness’[s] testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.”4 Tex. R.

       4
          Rule 602 of the Texas Rules of Evidence, entitled “Lack of Personal Knowledge,” provides
that a witness may not testify to a matter unless evidence is introduced sufficient to support a
finding that the witness has personal knowledge of the matter. Tex. R. Evid. 602. As noted above,
Rule 701, entitled, “Opinion Testimony by Lay Witness,” provides that if a witness is not testifying
as an expert, his testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those which
are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b) helpful to a clear understanding of

                                                 10
Evid. 701; see also Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Fairow v. State,

943 S.W.2d 895, 898 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The State argues that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in excluding Kovich’s testimony because his opinions were not based on personal

observations of appellant on the night of the accident but rather were based on his review of

the dash-cam video.5 See Hartin v. State, No. 09-07-00547-CR, 2009 WL 1076799, at *1–3

(Tex. App.—Beaumont Apr. 22, 2009, pet. dism’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (lay-

opinion testimony of defendant’s mother that defendant did not appear intoxicated on videotape

properly excluded when witness was not present at traffic stop); see also Davis v. State, 313 S.W.3d
317, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (“Because Rule 701 requires [lay-opinion] testimony to be based

on a witness’s perception, the witness must have personally observed or experienced the events

about which he is testifying.”).

               Appellant, on the other hand, argues that a defendant is entitled to introduce evidence

of his own “normal” behavior to show that any deviations from an objective typical behavior

that appear in the video were not the result of intoxication but some other cause. See, e.g., Burkett

v. State, 179 S.W.3d 18, 24–25 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, no pet.) (doctor and brother testified

about appellant’s chronic medical conditions and mental abnormalities and that manner in which

appellant spoke and ambulated on videotape was normal); Hernandez v. State, 107 S.W.3d 41, 50,

52 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, pet. ref’d) (wife testified that defendant ordinarily had trouble

the witness’s testimony or the determination of a fact in issue. Tex. R. Evid. 701. The perception
requirement of Rule 701 incorporates the personal-knowledge requirement of Rule 602. Osbourn
v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); see Fairow v. State, 943 S.W.2d 895, 898
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
       5
          In his testimony during the offer of proof at trial, Kovich agreed that he was not present on
the night his stepson was arrested and did not “have any factual knowledge of what happened other
than reviewing the videotape.”

                                                  11
walking or keeping his balance and that he was tired and was upset because they had been arguing);

Murphy v. State, 44 S.W.3d 656, 663–64 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, no pet.) (brother testified that

appellant “had body of a 70 year old from life time of hard work,” normally walked “like an old man

with arthritis,” and that when he saw appellant that day he was “[n]ormal for [appellant]”); Webster

v. State, 26 S.W.3d 717, 724–25 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet. ref’d) (wife permitted to proffer lay

opinion regarding husband’s intoxication by alcohol and medication); Atkins v. State, 990 S.W.2d
763, 765 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999, pet. ref’d) (wife and colleague testified that appellant’s behavior

on videotape was due to fatigue rather than intoxication).

               We need not decide that question, however. Even assuming that the trial court erred

in excluding Kovich’s lay-opinion testimony, we conclude that any error was harmless. The video

recording did not depict any particular condition or trait of appellant’s—e.g., a distinctive speech

pattern, specific walk, or unique posture—that Kovich’s testimony could have been helpful in

explaining was appellant’s normal behavior rather than the result of intoxication. See, e.g., Burkett,
179 S.W.3d at 24–25 (testimony of doctor and brother explained that manner in which appellant

spoke and ambulated on videotape was “normal” for appellant and attributable to appellant’s

chronic medical conditions). Therefore, we conclude that the absence of Kovich’s lay-opinion

testimony did not influence the jury or influenced the jury only slightly. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b)

(non-constitutional error requires reversal only if it affects substantial rights of accused); Barshaw

v. State, 342 S.W.3d 91, 93 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (appellate court will not overturn criminal

conviction for non-constitutional error if court has fair assurance error did not influence jury, or

influenced jury only slightly).

               We overrule appellant’s twelfth point of error.

                                                 12
Expert Opinion

                At the hearing on appellant’s motion for new trial, appellant attempted to qualify

Kovich as an expert witness. Before admitting expert testimony under Rule 702 of the Texas Rules

of Evidence, the trial court should determine that the expert is qualified, the opinion is reliable, and

the evidence is relevant. See Tex. R. Evid. 702; Vela v. State, 209 S.W.3d 128, 131 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2006). That is, the trial court must be satisfied that: (1) the witness qualifies as an expert by

reason of his knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education; (2) the subject matter of the

testimony is appropriate for expert testimony; and (3) admitting the expert testimony will

actually assist the fact finder in deciding the case. Vela, 209 S.W.3d at 131; see also Jackson

v. State, 17 S.W.3d 664, 670 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The proponent of the expert testimony

must demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the expert testimony is reliable. Russeau

v. State, 171 S.W.3d 871, 881 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). To establish reliability for a “soft science,”

the proponent must establish that: (1) the field of expertise involved is a legitimate one, (2) the

subject matter of the expert’s testimony is within the scope of that field, and (3) the expert’s

testimony properly relies on or utilizes the principles involved in that field. Tillman, 354 S.W.3d

at 435–36 (citing Nenno v. State, 970 S.W.2d 549, 561 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)); Davis v. State,

329 S.W.3d 798, 814–15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).

                It is unclear from the record what area of expertise appellant was trying to develop

at the hearing on the motion for new trial. Before the State’s objection, appellant questioned Kovich

about his purported “specialized training, knowledge and experience regarding intoxication and the

                                                  13
behavior, exhibition, mannerisms that show intoxicated and non-intoxicated persons.”6 However,

the record demonstrates that Kovich’s expertise in that area was limited to three first-time DWI trials

at the beginning of his legal career and to currently “working with lawyers who do DWI defense

work and DWI appeals.” Kovich conceded that his practice in administrative enforcement did not

include DWIs or alcohol-related offenses. In addition, appellant elicited testimony that Kovich had

“seen the entire process [concerning his stepson], from sober to intoxicated,” apparently suggesting

that witnessing appellant’s drinking behavior in the past rendered Kovich an “expert.”

               Appellant complains that the exclusion of further testimony from Kovich as an

expert witness along with the exclusion of Kovich’s affidavit at the hearing denied him the

opportunity to elicit evidence not present in the trial record. However, we cannot conceive of any

evidence appellant could have proffered to demonstrate that “expertise” in either appellant’s

“normal” conduct or appellant’s drinking behavior are legitimate fields of expertise under Rule 702.7

See Tillman, 354 S.W.3d at 435 (“The focus of the reliability analysis is to determine whether the

       6
         The record reflects that Kovich was an attorney licensed to practice in Texas. During his
36 years as a licensed attorney, he practiced as “a public, private, and corporate lawyer” and
did “criminal work, civil work, [and] administrative work.” At the time of trial, he was an
enforcement attorney doing administrative prosecution for the Department of Transportation,
Motor Vehicles Division.

          In an affidavit offered at the hearing on the motion for new trial, Kovich opined that “in
the video [appellant] did not appear to be intoxicated” and that “[a]fter reviewing the video and using
my professional training, experience and my personal knowledge of [appellant’s] behavior I am
convinced that [appellant] was not intoxicated when the video was taken.”
       7
         We note that appellant was permitted to present testimony concerning Kovich’s “expertise”
on intoxication, and Kovich’s answers demonstrated that he did not in fact possess any specialized
“knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education” that would qualify him as an expert in that
area. Accordingly, he was not qualified to render, as an expert, the opinion asserted in his affidavit
that appellant was not intoxicated.

                                                  14
evidence has its basis in sound scientific methodology such that testimony about ‘junk science’ is

weeded out.”).

                 More importantly, however, at trial Kovich did not purport to be an expert on

intoxication, appellant’s “normal” conduct, or appellant’s past drinking behavior. Appellant offered

his stepfather’s testimony only as a lay opinion, not as an expert opinion. His attempt to provide an

additional legal basis for the admission of Kovich’s testimony—i.e., as an expert opinion—at the

hearing on the motion for new trial was untimely.8 Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in disallowing further evidence through Kovich’s purported expertise.

                 We overrule appellant’s thirteenth point of error.

                                  Passenger’s Possession Offenses

                 In points of error fifteen through eighteen, appellant complains about the admission

of evidence of the passenger’s possession of marijuana and possession of drug paraphernalia. He

contends, among other things, that the evidence was irrelevant and therefore inadmissible.9

       8
           A hearing on a motion for new trial generally serves to develop evidence that is not
otherwise in the record. Benson v. State, 224 S.W.3d 485, 490 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2007, no pet.); see Oldham v. State, 977 S.W.2d 354, 361 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)) (“[E]xcept to
adduce facts of a matter not otherwise shown on the record, a motion for new trial is not a requisite
[sic] to presenting a point of error on appeal.”); see also Tex. R. App. P. 21.2. We do not construe
a motion for new trial in a criminal case as an opportunity to present additional evidence or legal
arguments relating to previously made rulings concerning evidence already in the record.
       9
           In point of error fifteen, appellant argues that the evidence was erroneously admitted
because the evidence failed to sufficiently link appellant to the extraneous offenses. In point of
error sixteen, he contends the evidence was irrelevant and therefore inadmissible. In point of error
seventeen, he asserts the evidence was inadmissible character evidence. In point of error eighteen,
he claims the evidence was admitted in violation of Rule 403.

                                                  15
               Prior to trial, appellant moved to suppress or exclude evidence concerning

Clay Powers’s possession of marijuana and drug paraphernalia.10 Appellant argued that such

evidence was inadmissible because it was irrelevant and improper character evidence. Pursuant to

his objection, he sought to have certain portions of the dash-cam video from Officer Ridge’s patrol

car that directly or indirectly referred to this evidence redacted from the video. The State maintained

that the evidence was contextual to the DWI traffic stop, providing evidence of intoxication. The

prosecutor conceded, however, that the State had no evidence demonstrating ownership of the

backpack (whether it “belonged” to the passenger or appellant) and was uncertain whether the State

would have evidence indicating appellant was intoxicated by reason of using an illegal substance or

drug.11 Ultimately, the motion was denied.12 During its case-in-chief, the State offered into evidence

the dash-cam video from Officer Ridge’s patrol car. Appellant again objected to the portions of

the video referencing the objected-to evidence, arguing that such evidence was “irrelevant under

401, 402, and 403 of the Texas Rules of Evidence” and was “improper character evidence and

       10
           The record contains evidence reflecting that officers found marijuana hidden inside of
Powers’s backpack and recovered an empty baggie with white powder residue (presumed to be
cocaine) from Powers’s pocket. He was arrested for possession of marijuana and possession of
drug paraphernalia.
       11
           When the judge questioned whether the State had evidence that appellant was intoxicated
by reason of the introduction of drugs into his system, the prosecutor indicated that they had yet to
talk to their witnesses to determine whether the officers had linked appellant to the marijuana.
       12
           At the initial pretrial hearing on the motion, conducted prior to jury selection, Judge Earle
reserved ruling on the motion until the State was able to determine whether they had evidence
possibly linking appellant to the marijuana and thus rendering the evidence relevant. The hearing
was continued until the following day. However, Judge Earle became ill, and Judge Bender, a
visiting judge, substituted for Judge Earle and denied the motion without making a determination
that any evidence linked appellant to the passenger’s marijuana or that there was any evidence
suggesting appellant was intoxicated by reason of illegal drugs.

                                                  16
improper evidence of extraneous offenses” under Rule 404(a)(1)(A) and 404(b). The trial court

again overruled appellant’s objections.

               On the video, when the officers are discussing identifying the passengers involved

in the accident, one officer can be heard saying that “the guy in the leather jacket walked around

the building and dropped a bag” and then says that “he’s got marijuana.” Subsequently, the video

camera shows an individual, later identified by Officer Ridge as the passenger, as he sits in the

back seat of the patrol car for approximately 12 minutes while the officers conduct their accident

investigation. Later, after the video shows the officers searching appellant upon his DWI arrest and

then examining the contents of his wallet, one officer can be heard commenting on the odor when

he opened the backpack and then indicating that he found an “empty baggie with white residue.”

It is unclear whether the officer is referring to Powers in any of these comments. Following the

publication of the video to the jury, the prosecutor elicited testimony from Officer Ridge that Powers

was arrested for possession of marijuana.

               During its case-in-chief, the defense called Powers to testify that the drugs belonged

to him and that appellant had no knowledge of the marijuana. During cross-examination, the

State elicited testimony about the drug paraphernalia, “including cocaine residue,” found in

Powers’s pockets.13

       13
          During cross-examination, Powers testified that the marijuana hidden in his backpack was
his “personal stash” and explained that the cocaine was residue because “[he] had consumed all
of the cocaine by that point. It was all gone.”

                                                 17
Standard of Review

                As noted previously, we review a trial court’s ruling on the admission or exclusion of

evidence for an abuse of discretion. Tillman, 354 S.W.3d at 435; Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 281. A

trial court abuses its discretion only if its decision “lies outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.”

Martinez, 327 S.W.3d at 736; Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 391; Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 281. We

consider the ruling in light of what was before the trial court at the time the ruling was made

and uphold the trial court’s decision if it lies within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Billodeau,
277 S.W.3d at 39; Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 281. If the trial court’s evidentiary ruling is reasonably

supported by the record and correct on any theory of law applicable to that ruling, we will uphold

the decision. De La Paz, 279 S.W.3d at 344; Carrasco, 154 S.W.3d at 129; Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d

at 297.

Relevance

                Relevant evidence is evidence that has “any tendency to make the existence of any

fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it

would be without the evidence.” Tex. R. Evid. 401. Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible.

Tex. R. Evid. 402.

                The State argues in its brief that the complained-of evidence was not evidence of an

extraneous offense but of the charged offense because the information alleged that appellant was

intoxicated “by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous

drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, and any other substance” into his body.

However, while it is true that the information alleged all the possible statutory intoxicants, the record

reflects that the State was relying on the introduction of alcohol as the method of intoxication. At

                                                   18
the probable cause hearing, the State presented evidence of Officer Ridge’s observations of

appellant—the strong odor of alcohol, watery, glassy eyes, slurred speech, swaying, agitation, and

refusal to perform the field sobriety tasks—together with appellant’s admission to the officer that

he had been drinking that night. The State concluded with the officer’s belief that appellant “had

lost the normal use of his mental or physical faculties due to the introduction of alcohol [into his

body].” More importantly, the State fails to explain how evidence of Powers’s drug possession

makes it more probable that appellant was intoxicated. There was no evidence demonstrating that

appellant was even aware of the marijuana in Powers’s backpack, let alone that appellant possessed

or used it.14 In fact, the evidence in the record demonstrates only the passenger’s connection to the

contraband, not appellant’s. The record demonstrates that the drugs and drug paraphernalia were not

openly visible in the passenger compartment of the car but rather were concealed from view—in a

third party’s personal belongings and on his person. Because of the hidden nature of the evidence,

we reject the State’s comparison of the passenger’s drugs to a bottle of liquor found openly visible

in the passenger compartment of a car.

                The issue at trial was whether appellant was intoxicated. This fact was not made

more or less probable by the evidence that, unknown to appellant, the passenger in his car

       14
            In the pretrial suppression hearing, the prosecutor stated,

       [W]e don’t know that the backpack belonged to the passenger or whether or not,
       indeed, it belonged to the defendant. It certainly, I believe, would go towards some
       level of intoxication of the defendant if he, himself, had the marijuana.

(Emphasis added.) The other prosecutor expressed that she did not know if the State had any
evidence indicating that appellant was intoxicated by reason of marijuana use and suggested they
“table this” until the State could confer with its witnesses. The State never produced any additional
information or evidence to assist the court in determining whether “something in someone’s
backpack . . . would be relevantly brought into [this] case” as the judge requested.

                                                  19
possessed marijuana hidden in his backpack or drug paraphernalia concealed on his person. Under

these circumstances—the hidden nature of the contraband and no showing that appellant had any

knowledge of or connection to the concealed drugs—this evidence was irrelevant.15 See Tex. R.

Evid. 401; England v. State, 887 S.W.2d 902, 915 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).

                Nor was this evidence admissible, as the State contended at trial, as contextual

evidence.16 Even if considered as such, same-transaction contextual evidence is admissible “only

. . . when the offense would make little or no sense without also bringing in the same transaction

evidence.” England, 887 S.W.2d at 915. Here, evidence of Powers’s drug possession was not

necessary to explain the offense since Officer Ridge testified to the circumstances surrounding

appellant’s arrest, including the indicators of his intoxication, without any reference to the drug

arrest or the recovery of drugs; and his testimony was clear and easily understood. The subsequent

introduction of the portions of the dash-cam video concerning the recovery of the drugs and drug

paraphernalia and the officer’s subsequent testimony regarding the drug possession arrest were

        15
            We do not address whether, had some evidence demonstrated that appellant had
knowledge of the passenger’s drug possession, knowledge of the drugs would render the evidence
relevant to the issue of appellant’s intoxication because the record here is devoid of any evidence
showing appellant had knowledge of the passenger’s drugs.
        16
            The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has distinguished between two types of background
evidence: (1) evidence of other offenses connected with the primary offense, referred to as “same
transaction contextual evidence” and (2) general background evidence, referred to as “background
contextual evidence.” Rogers v. State, 853 S.W.2d 29, 33 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Mayes v. State,
816 S.W.2d 79, 86–87 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Same-transaction contextual evidence has been
defined as evidence of other offenses connected with the offense charged; evidence which imparts
information essential to understanding the context and circumstances of events which, although
legally separate offenses, are blended or interwoven. Camacho v. State, 864 S.W.2d 524, 532
(Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Rogers, 853 S.W.2d at 33. Background contextual evidence is “proof of
facts that do not bear directly on the purely legal issues . . . but merely fill in the background of the
narrative and give it interest, color, and lifelikeness.” Mayes, 816 S.W.2d at 87. Because the
complained-of evidence here involved other offenses rather than general background information,
we treat it as “same transaction contextual evidence” rather than “background contextual evidence.”

                                                   20
thus unnecessary for the jury to understand the factual basis of appellant’s DWI charge. See Walker

v. State, 195 S.W.3d 250, 259 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, no pet.); Peters v. State, 93 S.W.3d
347, 353 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d). On the contrary, the evidence

concerning appellant’s intoxication, as presented in Officer Ridge’s testimony and as depicted on

the unobjected-to portions of the video, was complete without the introduction of the complained-of

evidence. Invoking “context” of the offense is not enough to justify admission of other crimes,

wrongs, or acts. The State must show the misconduct has some tendency to make more or less

probable a fact of consequence. See England, 887 S.W.2d at 915. Here, the State did not.

               Since the complained-of evidence was not relevant to any issue in the case, we can

only surmise that its purpose was to show that appellant was a bad character who associated with

drug users and therefore had a propensity to commit the charged offense.17 This is not a permissible

purpose. See Tex. R. Evid. 404(b) (“Evidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts is not admissible to

prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.”); Castaldo v. State,

78 S.W.3d 345, 348–51 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (holding that Rule 404(b) applies not only to

accused but also to acts of third persons).

               Because the evidence did not directly relate to a fact of consequence in the case,

was not necessary to the jury’s understanding of the offense or the circumstances concerning the

DWI investigation, and was apparently intended to prove that appellant acted in conformity with

bad character, the evidence was inadmissible. Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion in

admitting the complained-of evidence.

       17
           During closing argument, the State argued, “His passenger even went around the corner
to hide those drugs. They may be the passenger’s. I honestly don’t care. We are the company we
keep, aren’t we?”

                                                 21
Harm Analysis

                Having concluded that the trial court erred, we must now determine if the error was

harmful and therefore is reversible. The erroneous admission of evidence is non-constitutional error.

Kirby v. State, 208 S.W.3d 568, 574 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.); see Casey v. State,

215 S.W.3d 870, 885 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Non-constitutional error requires reversal only if it

affects the substantial rights of the accused. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b); Barshaw, 342 S.W.3d

at 93. We will not overturn a criminal conviction for non-constitutional error if, after examining the

record as a whole, we have fair assurance the error did not influence the jury, or influenced the jury

only slightly. Barshaw, 342 S.W.3d at 93; Kirby, 208 S.W.3d at 574.

                In assessing potential harm, our focus is not on whether the outcome of the trial was

proper despite the error but on whether the error had a substantial or injurious effect or influence

on the jury’s verdict. Barshaw, 342 S.W.3d at 93–94. We review the entire record to ascertain the

effect or influence on the verdict of the wrongfully admitted evidence. Id. at 93; see Coble v. State,

330 S.W.3d 253, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (in conducting harm analysis “we examine the entire

trial record and calculate, as much as possible, the probable impact of the error upon the rest of

the evidence”). We consider all the evidence that was admitted at trial, the nature of the evidence

supporting the verdict, the character of the alleged error, and how the evidence might be considered

in connection with other evidence in the case. Barshaw, 342 S.W.3d at 94. We may also consider

the jury instructions, the parties’ theories of the case, closing arguments, voir dire, and whether the

State emphasized the error. Id.; Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

                The evidence in this case supports the jury’s verdict and contains sufficient evidence

demonstrating appellant’s intoxication. First, the evidence shows not only that appellant rear-ended

                                                  22
a car stopped at a red light, it also supports the conclusion that he did so without braking or

otherwise attempting to avoid the collision as perhaps a non-impaired driver would. Appellant

admitted that he took no evasive maneuvers. Second, Officer Ridge described his observations of

appellant at the accident scene and detailed the indicators of intoxication he noted, including

the strong odor of alcohol on appellant’s breath, watery, glassy eyes, slurred speech, confusion,

and trouble with balance. The dash-cam video admitted into evidence arguably corroborated some of

the officer’s testimony. In addition, the evidence showed that appellant admitted to drinking

alcohol that night, he refused to perform field sobriety tasks, and he refused to provide a breath or

blood sample. We also observe that the error involved the introduction of evidence concerning the

misconduct of a third party, rather than appellant. Given the state of the evidence in the case, we

cannot say that this evidence was of such character that it improperly tainted the jury’s consideration

of appellant’s conduct that night. As noted previously, the prosecutors mentioned evidence of the

passenger’s drug possession in closing argument. However, the State also asserted during argument

that the evidence was sufficient to show appellant’s intoxication without consideration of the

passenger’s marijuana.18 Defense counsel also referenced the evidence, but only to emphasize the

fact that the passenger’s conduct was separate from the issue of appellant’s intoxication and to

highlight the passenger’s testimony indicating that appellant had no knowledge of the drugs.

       18
            The prosecutor argued

       [Y]ou heard evidence from the witness that said after the wreck the passenger went
       and hid the drugs -- but even if you don’t -- even if you believe that, even if you
       believe that the passenger did all of those drugs, the State has still brought you ample
       evidence to prove that [appellant] was intoxicated that evening when he slammed
       into those folks at this intersection.

                                                  23
                After examining the record as a whole, we have fair assurance that the erroneous

admission of evidence of Powers’s possession of drugs and possession of drug paraphernalia did

not influence the jury or had but a slight effect. Therefore, the error in admitting the complained-of

evidence was harmless.

                We overrule points of error fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, and eighteen.

                                           Jury Instruction

                In points of error nineteen and twenty, appellant complains that the trial court

committed reversible and fundamental error during the guilt-innocence phase of trial by failing to

submit an instruction regarding consideration of the extraneous offenses complained of in points of

error fifteen through eighteen (the passenger’s possession offenses) in the jury charge. In particular,

appellant contends the trial court was required to instruct the jury that it could not consider

this evidence unless it believed beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant committed the

extraneous offenses.

Standard of Review

                We review alleged jury-charge error in two steps: first, we determine whether error

exists; if so, we then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal.

Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743–44

(Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Swearingen v. State, 270 S.W.3d 804, 808 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008,

pet. ref’d). The trial court is required to give the jury a written charge setting forth the law applicable

to the case. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 36.14. The judge’s duty to instruct the jury on the applicable

law exists even when defense counsel fails to object to inclusions or exclusions in the charge. Vega

                                                    24
v. State, 394 S.W.3d 514, 519 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 486

(Tex. Crim. App. 2011). The jury charge should tell the jury what law applies and how it applies

to the case. Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see Vasquez v. State,

389 S.W.3d 361, 366 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (“The purpose of the trial judge’s jury charge is to

instruct the jurors on all of the law that is applicable to the case.”); Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d 166,

170 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (“The purpose of the jury charge is to inform the jury of the relevant law

and guide them in applying that law.”).

Instruction Not Requested

                 At trial, appellant submitted written jury charge requests. See Tex. Code Crim.

Proc. art. 36.15. However, none of the requests included a request for the trial court to instruct

the jury on the burden of proof to be used when considering evidence of an extraneous offense.

Appellant asserts that the combination of certain requested instructions sufficed to make such a

request.19 We disagree.

        19
             Appellant requested the following instructions:

        1.   PRESUMPTION              OF     INNOCENCE,          BURDEN        OF     PROOF,
        REASONABLE DOUBT

        The indictment or formal charge against a defendant is not evidence of guilt. Indeed,
        the defendant is presumed by the law to be innocent. The law does not require a
        defendant to prove his innocence or produce any evidence at all, and no inference
        whatever may be drawn from the election of a defendant not to testify.

        The government has the burden of proving the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
        doubt, and if it fails to do so, you must acquit the defendant. While the government’s
        burden of proof is a strict or heavy burden, it is not necessary that the defendant’s
        guilt be proved beyond all possible doubt. It is only required that the government’s
        proof exclude any “reasonable doubt” concerning the defendant’s guilt.

                                                  25
                Error relating to a jury charge may be preserved by asserting either an objection or

a requested charge. Vasquez v. State, 919 S.W.2d 433, 435 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Lee v. State,

415 S.W.3d 915, 920 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Nov. 22, 2013, pet. filed); see Tex. Code Crim. Proc.

arts. 36.14 (“Before [the court’s written] charge is read to the jury, the defendant . . . shall present

his objections thereto in writing, distinctly specifying each ground of objection.”), 36.15 (“[A]

defendant may, by a special requested instruction, call the trial court’s attention to error in the

charge, as well as omissions therefrom[.]”). The purpose of these articles is to enable a trial judge

to know in what respect a defendant regards the charge to be defective and to afford the judge an

opportunity to correct it before reading the charge to the jury. Brown v. State, 716 S.W.2d 939, 943

(Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Skillern v. State, 890 S.W.2d 849, 868 (Tex. App.—Austin 1994, no pet.);

Hall v. State, No. 12-11-00260-CR, 2012 WL 1623465, at *1 (Tex. App.—Tyler May 9, 2012,

no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

                While “magic words” are not required, the substance of a requested instruction must

be conveyed to the trial judge. See Bennett v. State, 235 S.W.3d 241, 243 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007);

        A “reasonable doubt” is a doubt based upon reason and common sense after
        careful and impartial consideration of all the evidence in the case. Proof beyond a
        reasonable doubt, therefore, is proof of such a convincing character that you would
        be willing to rely and act upon it without hesitation in the most important of your
        own affairs.

        ....

        3.      CAUTION-CONSIDER ONLY CRIME CHARGED

        You are here to decide whether the government has proved beyond a reasonable
        doubt that the defendant is guilty of the crime charged. The defendant is not on trial
        for any act, conduct, or offense not alleged in the indictment. Neither are you
        concerned with the guilt of any other person or persons not on trial as a defendant in
        this case, except as you are otherwise instructed.

                                                  26
Carmen v. State, 276 S.W.3d 538, 541 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d);

see also Valadez v. State, No. 03-11-00449-CR, 2013 WL 3481457, at *5 n.3 (Tex. App.—Austin

July 2, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). A requested instruction need not

be “in perfect form” but must be specific enough to put the trial court on notice of the omission or

error in the charge. See Chapman v. State, 921 S.W.2d 694, 695 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Gaspar

v. State, 327 S.W.3d 349, 355 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, no pet.); Jackson v. State,

288 S.W.3d 60, 63 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d); Carmen, 276 S.W.3d at 541;

see also Atkinson v. State, 923 S.W.2d 21, 24 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (specifically requested

instruction is sufficient “so long as it calls attention to an error or omission in the proposed

instructions”).

                  In this case, appellant’s requested instructions were not specific enough to inform the

trial court of the particular instruction sought or what language should have been added to the charge.

Nowhere in his requests did appellant mention the State’s burden of proof in connection with

extraneous offenses or limited consideration by the jury of such evidence. The trial court is not

required to mix and match various requests to determine what the requested instruction is. See

Bennett, 235 S.W.3d at 243 (“We do not require a trial judge to mull over all the evidence introduced

at trial in order to determine whether a defendant’s request for a jury instruction means more than

it says.”). Here, the requested instructions, even in combination, were not sufficient to alert the

trial judge that appellant wanted an instruction on the limited consideration of or burden of proof

concerning extraneous-offense evidence. See Rogers v. State, 105 S.W.3d 630, 639 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2003). Appellant’s requested instructions did nothing more than convey that he wanted

                                                    27
additional instructions concerning reasonable doubt, including some that have been explicitly

disavowed by the court of criminal appeals.20

                Furthermore, in addition to his failure to articulate that he wanted such an instruction

in his written requests, when the trial court denied his requested instructions in the charge

conference, appellant did not explain, object, or otherwise clarify his request. A review of the record

shows that the trial court did not understand from the requested instructions submitted that appellant

was requesting an instruction on the burden of proof for extraneous offenses. The comments of the

trial judge during the charge conference reflect that the trial court believed the requested instructions

related, generally, to the burden of proof and presumption of innocence. The judge indicated that

he considered such issues to be already covered in the court’s charge. Nothing suggests that the

trial court was aware that appellant was seeking an instruction on the burden of proof concerning

extraneous-offense evidence or limited consideration of such evidence.

                Based on the record before us, appellant’s requested instructions cannot be seen as

a sufficient, specific request pursuant to article 36.15 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 36.15. Given the general nature of appellant’s requests for additional

reasonable doubt instructions and absent any attempt by appellant to clarify the issue for the

trial judge during the charge conference, we cannot conclude that the trial judge was aware of

appellant’s desire for an instruction on the burden of proof concerning extraneous offenses, the

instruction the absence of which he now complains about on appeal. See Rogers, 105 S.W.3d at 640;

        20
            In Paulson v. State, the court of criminal appeals specifically overruled that portion of
Geesa v. State, 820 S.W.2d 154, 162 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991), that mandated the use of a particular
six-paragraph jury instruction concerning reasonable doubt and concluded that “the better practice
is to give no definition of reasonable doubt at all to the jury.” See Paulson v. State, 28 S.W.3d 570,
573 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

                                                   28
cf. Bennett, 235 S.W.3d at 243 (because appellant failed to place trial judge on notice of instruction

she wanted, trial judge did not err in failing to submit such instruction).

No Error in Jury Charge

               Even had appellant’s request for the instruction been properly made, his request came

too late. “[A] defendant is entitled to limiting instructions on the use of extraneous offenses during

the guilt phase only if he timely requests those instructions when the evidence is first introduced.”

Delgado, 235 S.W.3d at 253. “A failure to request a limiting instruction at the time evidence

is presented renders the evidence admissible for all purposes and relieves the trial judge of any

obligation to include a limiting instruction in the jury charge.” Williams v. State, 273 S.W.3d 200,

230 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

               Here, when the complained-of evidence was first introduced via the admission and

publication of the dash-cam video, appellant did not ask the trial court to instruct the jury that it

could consider the evidence of these offenses only if it believed beyond a reasonable doubt that

appellant had committed them and then only for a particular limited purpose. Thus, the evidence

regarding the passenger’s offenses was admitted for all purposes and appellant was not entitled to

a limiting instruction in the jury charge. See Delgado, 235 S.W.3d at 251 (“Once evidence has

been admitted without a limiting instruction, it is part of the general evidence and may be used for

all purposes.”); Hammock v. State, 46 S.W.3d 889, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (“Because appellant

did not request a limiting instruction at the first opportunity, the evidence was admitted for

all purposes.”); see also Taylor v. State, No. 02-11-00092-CR, 2012 WL 955383, at *7

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 22, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication)

                                                 29
(defendant forfeits request for jury-charge instruction by not requesting instruction upon admission

of evidence).

                Further, because the trial judge had no duty to give any limiting instruction

concerning the use of an extraneous offense in the jury charge absent appellant’s request, it naturally

follows that the court had no duty to instruct the jury on the burden of proof concerning the

extraneous offenses. Delagado, 235 S.W.3d at 254; see Ex parte Varelas, 45 S.W.3d 627, 631–32

(Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (at guilt-innocence stage of criminal trial, defendant has burden to request

instruction limiting consideration of extraneous offenses, and, when he does so, trial court must also

instruct jury, in its jury charge, on burden of proof).

                Without a request for a limiting instruction at the time of the admission of

the evidence, the evidence was admitted for all purposes; therefore, the trial court was not required

to submit a limiting instruction in the jury charge regarding the use of those extraneous

offenses or the burden of proof concerning them. See Delgado, 235 S.W.3d at 251; Gunter v. State,

327 S.W.3d 797, 801–02 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.); see, e.g., Thibodeaux v. State,

No. 14-07-00647-CR, 2009 WL 1748747, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] June 23, 2009,

pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Therefore, we conclude that the jury charge

was not erroneous for the lack of such an instruction. Accordingly, points of error nineteen and

twenty are overruled.21

       21
           Because we find no error in the jury charge, we need not conduct a harm analysis. See
Sakil v. State, 287 S.W.3d 23, 26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).

                                                  30
                                       Motion for New Trial

                In four points of error—six, eleven, fourteen, and twenty-one—appellant asserts that

the trial court erred in denying his motion for new trial.22

Standard of Review

                We review a trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial under an abuse of discretion

standard. Okonkwo v. State, 398 S.W.3d 689, 694 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); McQuarrie v. State,

380 S.W.3d 145, 150 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). We do not substitute our judgment for that of the

trial court, but rather decide whether the trial court’s decision was arbitrary or unreasonable.

McQuarrie, 380 S.W.3d at 150; Holden v. State, 201 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). A

trial court abuses its discretion when no reasonable view of the record could support the trial court’s

ruling. Okonkwo, 398 S.W.3d at 694; McQuarrie, 380 S.W.3d at 150. This requires us to view the

evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Okonkwo, 398 S.W.3d at 694; Riley

v. State, 378 S.W.3d 453, 459 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Further, the trial court, as factfinder, is

the sole judge of the witnesses’ credibility at a hearing on a motion for new trial with respect to both

live testimony and affidavits. Okonkwo, 398 S.W.3d at 694; Riley, 378 S.W.3d at 459. Accordingly,

we must afford almost total deference to a trial court’s findings of historical facts as well as

mixed questions of law and fact that turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Okonkwo,
398 S.W.3d at 694; Riley, 378 S.W.3d at 458. This same deferential review must be given to a

       22
           The record reflects that the visiting judge conducted a hearing and ruled on the motion for
new trial, except for the complaint challenging his judicial qualifications. The regular presiding
judge of the court conducted a hearing as to that complaint and ruled on the merits of that challenge.

                                                  31
trial court’s determination of historical facts based solely on affidavits, regardless of whether the

affidavits are controverted. Okonkwo, 398 S.W.3d at 694; Riley, 378 S.W.3d at 457.

Trial Judge’s Comment

               The first ground on which appellant contends the trial court erred in denying his

motion for new trial, raised in point of error six, is the error resulting from the question by the

trial judge that we previously held constituted an improper comment on appellant’s right not

to testify. On discretionary review, the court of criminal appeals reversed this Court, holding that

appellant failed to properly preserve this complaint for appellate review. “[A] trial judge may,

but need not, grant a motion for new trial on the basis of unpreserved trial error if that error

is sufficiently serious that it has affected the defendant’s substantial rights.” State v. Herndon,

215 S.W.3d 901, 910 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (emphasis added). Accordingly, we cannot say the

trial court abused its discretion in denying the motion for new trial on this ground presenting

unpreserved error. We overrule appellant’s sixth point of error.

Improper Jury Argument

               Appellant claims the trial court erred in denying his motion for new trial based on his

complaint that the prosecutor’s statement in jury argument that he was “hiding” constituted an

improper comment on his right not to testify. However, this complaint was not presented in the

motion for new trial nor raised at the hearing on the motion. Consequently, the claim that the

trial court erred in denying the motion for new trial on this ground is without merit. The trial court

did not have the opportunity to rule on this complaint and its ruling denying the motion could not

                                                 32
have been erroneous based on this unpresented complaint. We overrule appellant’s eleventh point

of error.

Exclusion of Stepfather’s Testimony

               The next ground on which appellant contends the trial court erred in denying his

motion for new trial is the exclusion of his stepfather’s testimony at trial. Appellant’s argument is

based on his contention that the exclusion of Kovich’s testimony was harmful error. However, as

discussed with regard to his twelfth point of error, we have already determined that any error in the

exclusion of the proffered testimony was harmless. Therefore, we conclude the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in denying appellant’s motion for new trial on this ground. We overrule

appellant’s fourteenth point of error.

Judicial Qualifications of Visiting Judge

               In his final point of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying

his motion for new trial on the ground challenging the visiting judge’s qualification. In his brief,

appellant asserts that the visiting judge in this case, the Honorable Bill Bender, could not legally

be appointed as an assigned judge because (1) he failed to file the requisite certification under

section 74.055(c)(6) of the Government Code,23 and (2) he “apparently” did not have at least

96 months service prior to retirement as required by section 74.055(c)(6) of the Government Code.

        23
             Appellant refers to the statutory requirement that retired judges sitting by assignment
certify to the presiding judge a willingness not to appear and plead as an attorney in Texas courts for
a period of two years. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 74.055(c)(6). An initial certification made after the
judge leaves active service extends through December 31 of the year following the year in which the
certification is made. See id. § 74.0551(b). Once made, this certification renews by operation of law
every two years, unless the retired judge revokes it in writing. See id. § 74.0551(b), (c), (d).

                                                  33
However, appellant did not raise the judge’s alleged lack of the requisite prior service in his motion

for new trial, nor did he raise it at the hearing on the motion for new trial. Thus, the trial court’s

ruling denying the motion could not have been erroneous based on that unpresented complaint.

                In support of his claim of improper certification, appellant presented the trial court

with an opinion from this Court in a civil case, Sweetwater Austin Properties, L.L.C. v. SOS

Alliance, Inc., 299 S.W.3d 879 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, pet. denied), and asked the court to take

judicial notice of “the facts set forth in the SOS opinion.” The “facts” relating to Judge Bender’s

qualifications that appellant relied on, contained in a footnote of the opinion, were that the parties

in that case stipulated that Judge Bender retired on December 1, 1998, and that the record in the

lawsuit in that case contained a certification executed by Judge Bender on January 4, 1999, that had

an expiration date of December 31, 1999, 12 months earlier than provided for in the certification

statute. Sweetwater, 299 S.W.3d at 892 n.8. These “facts,” however, do not demonstrate that

Judge Bender failed to file the requisite certification allowing him to be appointed for this trial which

was conducted in October of 2009. All this shows is what was present in the record in the SOS case;

it does not demonstrate the lack of proper certification here.

                Absent evidence of impropriety, we must indulge every presumption in favor of the

regularity of the proceedings and documents in the lower court. Light v. State, 15 S.W.3d 104,

107 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); McCloud v. State, 527 S.W.2d 885, 887 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975);

Murphy v. State, 95 S.W.3d 317, 320 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d); see

State v. Guerrero, 400 S.W.3d 576, 585 n.30 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). This requires the appealing

party to present a record showing reversible error in order to overcome the presumption. See

Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 679 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Appellant failed to do so here

                                                   34
and thus failed to meet his burden. At best, the footnote “facts” he relies on demonstrate possible

defects in a certification filed a decade before this trial. This evidence demonstrates nothing about

the certification, or lack thereof, on file at the time of this case.24

                Accordingly, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in denying

appellant’s motion for new trial on this ground. We overrule appellant’s twenty-first point of error.

                                            CONCLUSION

                Finding no reversible error, we affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction.

                                                 __________________________________________
                                                 J. Woodfin Jones, Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Henson and Goodwin;
  Justice Henson not participating

Affirmed on Remand

Filed: February 21, 2014

Do Not Publish

        24
           In fact, we note that in another criminal appeal before this Court, in which a defendant
raised a similar certification complaint about Judge Bender sitting as a visiting judge in County
Court at Law No. 7 of Travis County, the same court where these proceedings occurred, the
defendant conceded that Judge Bender executed the required certification on March 24, 2000, and
this Court held that there was no evidence in the record that the certification had since been revoked.
See Pease v. State, No. 03-06-00369-CR, 2007 WL 2274879, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 9,
2007, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).

                                                    35