Court Opinion

ID: 5127784
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-19 21:01:14.303484+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:02.578687
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       NOV 19 2021
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DARIA DAMIAN-GALLARDO, a.k.a.                   No.    19-70230
DARIA GALLARDO DAMIAN,
                                                Agency No. A213-014-937
                Petitioner,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney
General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                     Argued and Submitted October 19, 2021
                              San Francisco, CA

Before: GOULD and BEA, Circuit Judges, and VITALIANO,** District Judge.

      Daria Damian-Gallardo, a native and citizen of Mexico, petitions for review

of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) order affirming the finding by an

Immigration Judge (“IJ”) that petitioner was competent to participate in her

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Eric N. Vitaliano, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation.
removal proceedings but dismissing the balance of her petition, which sought

review of the IJ’s order denying her various applications aimed at obtaining relief

from an order of removal. Because the parties are familiar with the facts and

procedural history of the case, we do not recite them here, except as context

requires.

      The BIA’s affirmance of an IJ’s finding of competency is subject to abuse of

discretion review for procedural compliance with Matter of M-A-M-, 25 I. & N.

Dec. 474 (BIA 2011). 1 See Mejia v. Sessions, 868 F.3d 1118, 1121 (9th Cir.

2017). Factual findings substantiating competency, however, are reviewed under

the substantial evidence standard. See Salaam v. I.N.S., 229 F.3d 1234, 1237–38

(9th Cir. 2000).

      Although, in applying M-A-M- to determine whether a petitioner who

manifests indicia of incompetency has the capacity to participate in her removal

proceedings, an IJ must take “some ‘measures’” to assess competency, see

Calderon-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 878 F.3d 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting M-

A-M-, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 40), no specific approach, method, or manner of inquiry is

1
 On a prior appeal, having concluded that Damian-Gallardo had sufficiently
manifested indicia suggesting incompetency, the BIA remanded to the IJ for the
purpose of conducting a competency hearing compliant with the controlling M-A-
M- framework.

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mandated. Rather, an M-A-M-compliant inquiry will vary with the circumstances

as they are revealed. See 25 I. & N. Dec. at 480.

      Put to that test, the IJ’s inquiry into Damian-Gallardo’s competency

comfortably satisfied the procedural guidelines set forth by BIA precedent.

Indeed, the IJ applied several of the techniques listed as examples in M-A-M-. See

25 I. & N. Dec. at 480–81. For instance, the IJ consistently simplified, explained,

and repeated questions when Damian-Gallardo expressed confusion about the topic

or question at hand. The IJ also asked petitioner about her medications and how

she was feeling, continued the proceedings to allow submission of additional

evidence, and considered Damian-Gallardo’s medical records. Yet,

notwithstanding the breadth of discretion accorded the IJ to fashion the

competency inquiry, petitioner zeroes in only on the measures that were not

employed and pays little heed to the results obtained from those that were.

      At bottom, competency evaluations serve to determine whether the

petitioner “has a rational and factual understanding of the nature and object of the

proceedings . . . and has a reasonable opportunity to examine and present evidence

and cross-examine witnesses.” M-A-M-, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 479. If we were to

cherry-pick the record, we would, of course, find instances in which Damian-

Gallardo expressed momentary confusion. But such moments were outweighed by

the many instances where she was able to communicate effectively with the IJ,

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answer the IJ’s questions, and present evidence going to the core of her claims.

For example, petitioner explained her relationship with her children and other

family members, articulated the reasons why she feared returning to Mexico, and

recounted, in detail, the abuse she suffered in Mexico. Thus, not only does the

record show that she was capable of participating in her removal proceedings, it

shows that she, in fact, did. Accordingly, the IJ’s determination that Damian-

Gallardo was competent to participate in her removal proceedings was supported

by substantial evidence. The BIA’s affirmance of that finding, therefore, was not

an abuse of discretion, and to the extent that petitioner seeks review of it, the

petition is denied.

      Turning to the substance of petitioner’s various applications for relief from

removal, we conclude that we lack jurisdiction to entertain these claims because

she has failed to exhaust them. Although pro se briefs filed with the BIA are

construed liberally in favor of their filer, see Ren v. Holder, 648 F.3d 1079, 1083–

84 (9th Cir. 2011), to satisfy the exhaustion requirement, a pro se petitioner must

still provide the BIA with sufficient notice of the specific issue being contested,

see Garcia-Cortez v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 749, 753 (9th Cir. 2004). Damian-

Gallardo’s BIA brief misses that mark.

      Even given its most liberal construction, petitioner’s brief to the BIA did not

meaningfully identify a particular error in the IJ’s decision on the merits. Neither

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the recital, without elaboration, of her filed applications for asylum, withholding of

removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture in the caption of her

brief, nor her general declaration that she feared returning to her home country,

meaningfully directed the BIA to review a particular aspect of the IJ’s detailed

order. Though, as a pro se litigant, Damian-Gallardo did not need to use specific

legal terms or elaborate on any stated argument, she needed to offer the BIA more

than a blank slate.

      Damian-Gallardo’s failure to properly present to the BIA the issues she

seeks to present here is fatal to review. Simply put, we are without jurisdiction to

review the BIA’s order dismissing her appeal from the IJ’s decision, much less

consider her merits-based claims. See Sola v. Holder, 720 F.3d 1134, 1135 (9th

Cir. 2013).

      PEITION DENIED IN PART AND DISMISSED IN PART.

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