Court Opinion

ID: 8483620
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-14 20:13:23.727741+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:49:47.018330
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                September 2022 Term
                                 _______________                           FILED
                                                                 November 14, 2022
                                   No. 21-0396
                                                                       released at 3:00 p.m.
                                 _______________                   EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                   SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                        OF WEST VIRGINIA
                           STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,
                                  Respondent,

                                         v.

                           TRACY PENNINGTON,
                                 Petitioner.
         ________________________________________________________

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jackson County
                         The Honorable Lora A. Dyer Judge
                            Criminal Action No. 19-F-83

                                    AFFIRMED

         ________________________________________________________

                           Submitted: September 27, 2022
                             Filed: November 14, 2022

Roger L. Lambert, Esq.                        Patrick Morrisey, Esq.
Hurricane, West Virginia                      Attorney General
Counsel for Petitioner                        Katherine M. Smith, Esq.
                                              Assistant Attorney General
                                              Charleston, West Virginia
                                              Counsel for Respondent

CHIEF JUSTICE HUTCHISON delivered the Opinion of the Court.

JUSTICE WOOTON dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting opinion.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.      “When reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, an appellate court

should construe all facts in the light most favorable to the State, as it was the prevailing

party below. Because of the highly fact-specific nature of a motion to suppress, particular

deference is given to the findings of the circuit court because it had the opportunity to

observe the witnesses and to hear testimony on the issues. Therefore, the circuit court’s

factual findings are reviewed for clear error.” Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Lacy, 196 W. Va. 104, 468

S.E.2d 719 (1996).

              2.      “In contrast to a review of the circuit court’s factual findings, the

ultimate determination as to whether a search or seizure was reasonable under the Fourth

Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 6 of Article III of the West

Virginia Constitution is a question of law that is reviewed de novo. . . . Thus, a circuit

court’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence will be affirmed unless it is unsupported

by substantial evidence, based on an erroneous interpretation of the law, or, based on the

entire record, it is clear that a mistake has been made.” Syl. Pt. 2, in part, State v. Lacy, 196

W. Va. 104, 468 S.E.2d 719 (1996).

              3.      Law enforcement executing a valid arrest warrant may lawfully enter

a residence if they have reason to believe that the subject of the warrant lives there and is

presently within. Reason to believe requires less proof than probable cause and is

established by evaluating the totality of the circumstances.

                                                i
HUTCHISON, Chief Justice:

              Petitioner Tracy Pennington entered a conditional guilty plea to one count of

child concealment following the Circuit Court of Jackson County’s denial of her motion to

suppress evidence that her minor child, who had been adjudicated as a status offender for

truancy and placed in a temporary guardianship with her grandparents in a neighboring

county, was discovered by law enforcement in petitioner’s home after absconding from her

grandparents’ supervision five months earlier. At issue in this appeal is whether the

officers’ entry into the residence for the exclusive purpose of executing a lawful juvenile

“pick-up” order violated petitioner’s constitutional right against unreasonable search and

seizure such that the evidence obtained as a result of the search of the residence should

have been suppressed.

              Upon review of the parties’ briefs, appendix record, oral argument, and

applicable legal authority, and for the reasons stated below, we find no error and affirm the

circuit court’s decision to deny petitioner’s motion to suppress.

                        I.     Factual and Procedural Background

              Juvenile S.W. was adjudicated as a status offender for truancy on July 30,

2018. By order entered November 5, 2018, it was agreed that, as a lesser restrictive

alternative to out-of-home placement, S.W. would be placed with her paternal

grandparents, as temporary guardians, in Kanawha County, West Virginia, where she

would attend school. Petitioner’s parental rights to S.W. remained intact. After being

                                             1
placed with her grandparents, on December 7, 2018, S.W. left their residence, without

permission, and was no longer attending school.

                By order entered January 11, 2019, upon consideration of the State’s motion

and verified petition that S.W., who was then sixteen years old, was an “active runaway,

whose current whereabouts are unknown[,]” the circuit court determined that there was

probable cause to believe that S.W.’s health, safety, and welfare demanded that she be

taken into custody, in accordance with West Virginia Code § 49-4-705(a)(2) , and it
                                                                          1

ordered that she be taken into custody forthwith and placed in the State’s custody for

placement in a staff-secured facility pending further hearings. This order is commonly

referred to as a “pick-up” order.

                Until she was temporarily removed from petitioner’s custody in November

2018, S.W. resided with petitioner and G.W., S.W.’s father, in petitioner’s apartment on

Klondyke Street in Ripley, West Virginia. After S.W. absconded from her grandparents’

home in December, Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR) worker Carey

           West Virginia Code § 49-4-705 provides:
       1

                        (a) In proceedings formally instituted by the filing of a
                juvenile petition, the circuit court or a magistrate may issue an
                order directing that a juvenile be taken into custody before
                adjudication only upon a showing of probable cause to believe
                that one of the following conditions exists: . . . (2) the health,
                safety and welfare of the juvenile demand custody. . . . A
                detention hearing pursuant to section seven hundred six of this
                article shall be held by the judge or magistrate authorized to
                conduct the hearings without unnecessary delay and in no
                event may any delay exceed the next day.

                                                2
Blackhurst spoke with petitioner and G.W. by phone and, on several occasions, attempted

to locate S.W. by going to petitioner’s apartment. Also on occasion, DHHR workers

received tips that S.W. had been seen at petitioner’s apartment or at her maternal

grandparents’ house, which was located nearby. Ms. Blackhurst’s efforts to locate S.W.

were unsuccessful. Law enforcement’s repeated efforts to locate S.W. at petitioner’s

apartment were equally unavailing.

              On May 16, 2019, by which time S.W. had been missing for more than five

months, Jackson County Sheriff’s Deputy Ben DeWees was advised by his superior, Chief

Deputy R. H. Mellinger, that, at approximately 8:30 p.m., he received a tip from a woman

who not only saw S.W. at petitioner’s apartment, but who was also informed by petitioner

that she intended “to keep [S.W.] hidden until she was 18, so all this juvenile stuff would

go away.” Chief Deputy Mellinger advised Deputy DeWees that his source concerning

S.W.’s whereabouts was credible. Upon receiving this information from his superior, and

with the knowledge that S.W. was the subject of a “pick-up” order, Deputy DeWees

contacted the Jackson County Prosecuting Attorney to determine whether a search warrant

was also required to enter petitioner’s apartment in order to execute the “pick-up” order.

According to Deputy DeWees, Prosecuting Attorney Katie Franklin advised him that a

search warrant was not required. Deputy DeWees also contacted two other law

enforcement officers, West Virginia State Troopers M.P. Fannin and J.M. Comer, whom

he knew had been to petitioner’s apartment earlier in the evening in an unsuccessful attempt

to speak with petitioner on an unrelated criminal matter. The officers returned to

petitioner’s apartment and joined Deputy DeWees as he knocked on the door. Although

                                             3
footsteps could be heard from inside the apartment, no one answered the door. After

explaining the purpose of their visit to petitioner’s landlord, who lived next door, Deputy

DeWees obtained a key to the apartment.

                Using the key, the officers entered the apartment and encountered petitioner

and G.W. lying on the bed in one of the bedrooms. Petitioner and G.W. denied that S.W.
                                                      2

was in the apartment. The officers eventually proceeded to the second bedroom, where they

found S.W. hiding inside a hollowed-out chest of drawers that had been placed against the

wall. The officers took S.W. into custody pursuant to the pick-up order. Deputy DeWees

also arrested both petitioner and G.W. for “child concealment,” in violation of West

Virginia Code § 61-2-14d , because of “[t]he way [S.W.] was hidden in the room.”
                        3

Petitioner and G.W. were subsequently indicted on felony charges of “child concealment”

and conspiracy to commit that offense, in violation of West Virginia Code § 61-10-31.
                                                                                         4

       2
         The body camera video footage taken by Deputy DeWees of the search of
petitioner’s apartment was made a part of the appendix record and viewed by the Court in
connection with this appeal.

           West Virginia Code § 61-2-14d provides, in relevant part, as follows:
       3

                       (a) Any person who conceals, takes or removes a minor
                child in violation of any court order and with the intent to
                deprive another person of lawful custody or visitation rights
                shall be guilty of a felony, and, upon conviction thereof, shall
                be imprisoned in the penitentiary not less than one nor more
                than five years, or in the discretion of the court, shall be
                imprisoned in the county jail not more than one year or fined
                not more than one thousand dollars, or both fined and
                imprisoned.

           West Virginia Code § 61-10-31 provides, in relevant part, as follows:
       4

                                                                              Continued . . .
                                               4
              On August 20, 2019, petitioner filed a motion to suppress “any and all

evidence obtained as a result of the illegal, warrantless search of [petitioner’s] home” – i.e.,

evidence that S.W. was concealed in the home. A suppression hearing was conducted on

May 18, 2020, at which Ms. Blackhurst, the DHHR caseworker, and Deputy DeWees

testified consistently with the facts as set forth above. Deputy DeWees clarified that the

sole purpose for entering petitioner’s apartment was to execute the “pick-up” order for

S.W. out of concern for her because “[w]e didn’t know where she was”; that he did not

intend to charge petitioner with a crime in the event S.W. was found in the home; but that

petitioner and G.W. were ultimately arrested because of “[t]he way [S.W.] was hidden in

the room.” By order entered on August 6, 2020, the circuit court denied petitioner’s motion.

               Petitioner thereafter entered into a plea agreement pursuant to which she

pled guilty to the offense of “child concealment”; the State agreed to dismiss the count of

conspiracy. Under the terms of the plea agreement, petitioner retained the right to appeal
           5

any prior pretrial evidentiary rulings of the circuit court. She was sentenced to a period of

              It shall be unlawful for two or more persons to conspire (1) to
              commit any offense against the State or (2) to defraud the State,
              the state or any county board of education, or any county or
              municipality of the State, if, in either case, one or more of such
              persons does any act to effect the object of the conspiracy.

        Additionally, the plea agreement provided that the State would dismiss one count
       5

of “obtaining money by false pretenses,” one count of “forgery,” and one count of
“uttering,” for which petitioner was indicted in connection with an unrelated criminal
matter.

                                               5
incarceration of one to five years, with such sentence being suspended, and was placed on

probation for a period of four years. This appeal followed.

                                 II. Standard of Review

              The issue on appeal is whether the circuit court erred in denying petitioner’s

motion to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of the search of her home.

                     When reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, an
              appellate court should construe all facts in the light most
              favorable to the State, as it was the prevailing party below.
              Because of the highly fact-specific nature of
              a motion to suppress, particular deference is given to the
              findings of the circuit court because it had the opportunity to
              observe the witnesses and to hear testimony on the issues.
              Therefore, the circuit court’s factual findings are reviewed for
              clear error.

                      In contrast to a review of the circuit court’s factual
              findings, the ultimate determination as to whether a search or
              seizure was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment to the
              United States Constitution and Section 6 of Article III of the
              West Virginia Constitution is a question of law that is
              reviewed de novo. . . . Thus, a circuit court’s denial of
              a motion to suppress evidence will be affirmed unless it is
              unsupported by substantial evidence, based on an erroneous
              interpretation of the law, or, based on the entire record, it is
              clear that a mistake has been made.

Syl. Pts. 1 and 2, in part, State v. Lacy, 196 W. Va. 104, 468 S.E.2d 719 (1996). With these

standards in mind, we now consider the parties’ arguments.

                                      III. Discussion

              The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that

citizens have the right “to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against

                                             6
unreasonable searches and seizures[.]” It protects against certain kinds of government
                                         6

intrusions, most particularly, “the physical entry of the home by law enforcement.”
                                                                                              7

However, in Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 603 (1980), the Supreme Court held that

“for Fourth Amendment purposes, an arrest warrant founded on probable cause implicitly

carries with it the limited authority to enter a dwelling in which the [subject of the warrant]

lives when there is reason to believe the [subject] is within.” Indeed, where authorities have

a valid arrest warrant, “it is constitutionally reasonable to require [the subject] to open his

doors to the officers of the law.” Id. at 602-03. 8 The parties agree that the “pick-up” order

directing that S.W. be taken into custody and placed with the DHHR, which was founded

upon probable cause to believe that her “health, safety and welfare” demanded it, see W.

         This federal right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure applies to the
       6

states through the Fourteenth Amendment. See Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 576
(1980) (citing Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961)). See also State v. Duvernoy, 156 W.
Va. 578, 582, 195 S.E.2d 631, 634 (1973) (“Article III, Section 6 of the West Virginia
Constitution is very similar to the Fourth Amendment” and has been traditionally construed
in harmony with the Fourth Amendment).

       State v. Snyder, 245 W. Va. 42, 47, 857 S.E.2d 180, 185 (2021) (citing Payton v.
       7

New York, 445 U.S. 573, 585-86 (1980)).

        To be clear, the subject of the pick-up order was S.W., but the Fourth Amendment
       8

claim in this case was raised by petitioner, who was not named in the pick-up order but
whose indictment and guilty plea were based on evidence uncovered during the officers’
search of her residence for S.W. In Steagald v. U.S., 451 U.S. 204 (1981), the Supreme
Court held that, absent exigent circumstances or consent, “under the Fourth Amendment,
a law enforcement officer may not legally search for the subject of an arrest warrant in the
home of a third party without first obtaining a search warrant.” Id. at 205-06. Because we
conclude that there was a reasonable belief that S.W. resided with petitioner, see infra.,
petitioner’s apartment was not “the home of a third party” and, therefore, Steagald does
not apply.

                                              7
Va. Code § 49-4-705(a)(2), was the functional equivalent of an arrest warrant and was
                                                                                     9

lawfully issued.

              At issue here is whether petitioner’s Fourth Amendment protection against

unreasonable search and seizure was violated when the officers entered her apartment to

execute the pick-up order for S.W. The Payton standard for executing a valid arrest warrant

(or, in this case, a valid “pick-up” order) has been interpreted as requiring a two-part

inquiry: “first, there must be a reasonable belief that the location to be searched is the

[subject’s] dwelling, and second, the police must have ‘reason to believe’ that the [subject]

is within the dwelling.” 10 Petitioner contends that Payton’s “reasonable belief” standard

requires that law enforcement have “probable cause” that S.W. was both living at the

apartment and would be there when they entered because that interpretation “is most

consistent with the special protections that the Constitution affords to the home.” United

States v. Brinkley, 980 F.3d 377, 385 (4th Cir. 2020). 11 See id. (observing that “Payton itself

reiterated that ‘the physical entry of the home is the chief evil against which the wording

        See State v. Ellsworth, 175 W. Va. 64, 70, 331 S.E.2d 503, 509 (1985) (stating that
       9

“the term ‘custody’ as used in [formerly] W. Va. Code, 49-5-8 [now 49-4-705] . . . is
equivalent to an arrest, that is, it must be based upon probable cause . . . .”).

          United States v. Magluta, 44 F.3d 1530, 1533 (11th Cir. 1995); accord Valdez v.
       10

McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1224 (10th Cir. 1999); United States v. Risse, 83 F.3d 212, 216
(8th Cir. 1996); United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 215 (2nd Cir. 1995).

        Accord United States v. Gorman, 314 F.3d 1105 (9th Cir. 2002); United States v.
       11

Vasquez-Algarin, 821 F.3d 467 (3rd Cir. 2016).

                                               8
of the Fourth Amendment is directed’” (quoting Payton, 445 U.S. at 585)). According to
                                                                             12

petitioner, the facts and circumstances surrounding the officers’ entry and search of her

home did not meet that heightened standard, emphasizing that the officers were not entitled

to rely on the uncorroborated tip of an unidentified informant concerning S.W.’s

whereabouts.

               The State counters that the appropriate quantum of proof for executing an

arrest warrant is the less stringent standard of whether, under the totality of the

circumstances available to the officers, the officers had a reasonable belief that S.W. was

residing with petitioner in her home and was at the home at the time they entered. The State

contends that the plain text of Payton, along with the holdings of a number of jurisdictions,

support its argument, and that using common sense and viewing the situation in the totality,

the officers had reason to believe that S.W. both lived at, and would be present in,

petitioner’s apartment at the time they entered. We agree.

               The issue of what quantum of proof is necessary to satisfy the reason to

believe standard in the context of executing a lawful arrest warrant has been frequently

debated, with multiple courts construing it as being “satisfied by something less than would

be required for a finding of ‘probable cause.’” United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 286

           Several state courts have held that, under their respective state constitutional
       12

search and seizure provisions, the reason to believe standard means there must be probable
cause to believe the subject of the arrest warrant lives in the dwelling and is within. See
e.g., State v. Hatchie, 166 P.3d 698 (Wash. 2007); Anderson v. State, 145 P.3d 617 (Alaska
Ct. App. 2006); State v. Jones, 27 P.3d 119 (Oregon 2001).

                                             9
(D.C. Cir. 2005). In view of the plain text of Payton – that an officer with “an arrest
                    13

warrant founded on probable cause” has “the limited authority to enter a dwelling in which

the [subject of the warrant] lives when there is reason to believe the [subject] is within” –
                                                                                             14

it is clear that the Supreme Court “used a phrase other than ‘probable cause’ because it

meant something other than ‘probable cause.’” Thomas, 429 F.3d at 286; accord United

States v. Magluta, 44 F.3d 1530, 1534 (11th Cir. 1995) (stating that “[t]he strongest support

for a lesser burden than probable cause remains the text of Payton, and what we must

assume was a conscious effort on the part of the Supreme Court in choosing the verbal

formulation of ‘reason to believe’ over that of ‘probable cause.’”). Indeed, the Court’s use

of “probable cause” in Payton to “describe[e] the foundation for an arrest warrant[,] and

its use of ‘reason to believe’ [to] describ[e] the basis for the authority to enter a dwelling[,]

shows that the Court intended different standards for the two.” United States v. Pruitt, 458

F.3d 477, 484 (6th Cir. 2006); see also Barrett v. Commonwealth, 470 S.W.3d 337, 342

(Ky. 2015) (“[i]n setting forth the rule in Payton, the Supreme Court required the arrest

warrant to be ‘founded on probable cause,’ yet set [‘]reason to believe[’] as the standard to

justify entry. Therefore, the Court was clearly aware of the differences and chose to require

       13
         Accord United States v. Pruitt, 458 F.3d 477, 482 (6th Cir. 2006); Valdez, 172 F.3d
at 1225; United States v. Route, 104 F.3d 59, 62 (5th Cir. 1997); Risse, 83 F.3d at 216;
Lauter, 57 F.3d at 215; Magluta, 44 F.3d at 1535; Barrett v. Commonwealth, 470 S.W.3d
337, 342 (Ky. 2015); Duran v. State, 930 N.E.2d 10, 15-16 (Ind. 2010); State v. Chavez,
No. 27840, 2018 WL 5310268 (Ohio Ct. App. 2018); Brown v. U.S., 932 A.2d 521 (D.C.
Ct. App. 2007).

            445 U.S. at 603.
       14

                                               10
separate standards.”). As one court also explained, “a reasonable ground for belief of
                      15

guilt” (that is, probable cause for the issuance of an arrest warrant) is not the “grammatical

analogue to a reasonable belief that an individual is located within a premises subject to

search. These are two entirely different inquiries.” Pruitt, 458 F.3d at 484.
                                                                                16

              The less stringent “reason to believe” standard is “established by looking at

common sense factors and evaluating the totality of the circumstances and requires less

proof than does the probable cause standard.” Barrett, 470 S.W.3d at 342. Stated another

way, an in-home search for the subject named in an arrest warrant is lawful where “the

       15
         The Supreme Court’s awareness and use of the different standards was specifically
noted in Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325 (1990), in the context of the justification of a
protective sweep. The Court stated that the Court of Appeals of Maryland “applied an
unnecessarily strict Fourth Amendment standard” when it “require[ed] a protective sweep
to be justified by probable cause to believe that a serious and demonstrable potentiality for
danger existed.” Id. at 337. Rather, the Court explained, “[t]he Fourth Amendment permits
a properly limited protective sweep in conjunction with an in-home arrest when the
searching officer possesses a reasonable belief based on specific and articulable facts that
the area to be swept harbors an individual posing a danger to those on the arrest scene.” Id.
Thus, as Buie demonstrates, the “Court does not use the terms probable cause and
reasonable belief interchangeably, but rather that it considers reasonable belief to be a less
stringent standard than probable cause.” Pruitt, 458 F.3d at 484.

         Additionally, by obtaining an arrest warrant, officers have already demonstrated
       16

probable cause to a neutral magistrate. See Magluta, 44 F.3d at 1534-35 (“Reasonable
belief embodies the same standards of reasonableness [as probable cause] but allows the
officer, who has already been to the magistrate to secure an arrest warrant, to determine
that the suspect is probably within certain premises without an additional trip to the
magistrate” (internal quotations omitted).); Barrett, 470 S.W.3d at 343 (“[T]he rights of
suspects will be adequately protected by using th[e] [reasonable belief] standard. When
police execute a valid arrest warrant, a neutral and detached magistrate has already made a
probable cause evaluation that the suspect has committed a crime. It would be overly
burdensome for police to make a second probable cause determination when executing a
valid arrest warrant.”).

                                             11
facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the law enforcement agents, when viewed

in the totality, . . . warrant a reasonable belief that the location to be searched is the

[arrestee’s] dwelling, and that the [arrestee] is within the residence of the time of entry.”

Magluta, 44 F.3d at 1535. “[T]he appropriate test is whether the facts known to the officers,

taken as a whole, gave them objectively reasonable grounds to believe that the [subject of

the arrest warrant] lived at the apartment.” People v. Downey, 130 Cal. Rptr.3d 402, 409

(Cal. Ct. App. 2011). For example, although the subject of an arrest warrant “‘may live

somewhere else from time to time does not categorically prevent a dwelling from being the

[subject’s] residence[,]’[b]ut the officers’ belief that the searched home is the [subject’s]

residence must be reasonable at the time of entry into the home.” Payton v. City of

Florence, Ala., 413 Fed. Appx. 126, 131 (11th Cir. 2011) (quoting United States v. Bennett,

555 F.3d 962, 965 (11th Cir.), cert denied, 558 U.S. 831 (2009)). As for law enforcement’s

“on the spot determination” as to whether the subject is inside the residence at the time,

“‘courts must be sensitive to common sense factors indicating a resident’s presence[,]’”

United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th Cir. 2000) (quoting Magluta, 44 F.3d

at 1535), such as the presence of an automobile parked outside the residence. See State v.

Slaman, 189 W. Va. 297, 299, 431 S.E.3d 91, 93 (1993) (“the two officers reasonably

believed that one of the suspects, [Maria] Luciano, . . . could be inside the mobile home. .

. . [because] they noticed an automobile with a vanity license plate with ‘Maria 2’ on it”). 17

         The State contends that we have previously determined the appropriate standard
       17

to be “reason to believe” and that our decision in State v. Slaman, 189 W. Va. 297, 431
S.E.2d 91 (1993), is controlling. In Slaman, officers visited the defendant’s home in order
                                                                              Continued . . .
                                              12
The time of day has also been held to be sufficient. See Thomas, 429 F.3d at 286 (“[T]he

early morning hour was reason enough” for officers to have reason to believe the arrestee

would be home when they executed the warrant); United States v. May, 68 F.3d 515, 516

(D.C. Cir. 1995) (“[T]he logical place one would expect to find [the arrestee] on that . . .

morning was at his home”); United States v. Terry, 702 F.2d 299, 319 (2d Cir. 1983)

(holding that “agents arrived at the apartment at 8:45 A.M. on a Sunday morning, a time

to execute arrest warrants for the defendant and his girlfriend. See id. at 298, 431 S.E.2d at
92. The officers were advised by a neighbor that the girlfriend, Maria Luciano, should be
home at that time of day; a vehicle parked outside the residence with the license plate
“Maria 2” also suggested that she was at home. See id. The officers entered the home
through an unlocked door and observed a purse and a blanket tossed on the couch, which
suggested that someone was inside the home. See id. Although Ms. Luciano was not found
there, an inspection of the home revealed marijuana plants growing in a fish aquarium that
was found on the floor. See id. The plants were later seized pursuant to a subsequently
obtained search warrant. See id. After he was indicted on the charge of manufacturing a
controlled substance, the defendant moved to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of
the initial search of the home. See id. at 299, 431 S.E.2d at 93. The motion was denied, and
the defendant was subsequently convicted of the crime charged. See id. On appeal, the
defendant argued that the initial search of his home was an unreasonable violation of his
constitutional rights, and that the evidence ultimately seized as a result of that search was
inadmissible, because “the officers lacked the requisite probable cause and exigent
circumstances to justify the illegal entry and search.” Id.

        In affirming the circuit court’s ruling and defendant’s conviction, we emphasized
that the officers were at the home to execute arrest warrants and, “[g]iven their authority,
[they] acted reasonably in entering the unlocked . . . home. . . . [T]he two officers
reasonably believed that one of the suspects, . . . whom they were looking for, could be
inside. . . .and they had the legal authority to look and see if she was within the . . . home.”
Id. at 299-300, 431 S.E.2d at 93-4.

        While our conclusion in Slaman is wholly consistent with our holding in this case,
we acknowledge that the decision did not include an analysis of Payton or a clear
explanation as to why a reasonable belief that Ms. Luciano was present in the home was
sufficient for entry. Thus, although Slaman clearly lends support to our holding in the
present case, we do not exclusively rely on it as the final word on the issue presented herein.

                                              13
when they could reasonably believe that [the subject] would be home”); Magluta, 44 F.3d

at 1535 (“[O]fficers may presume that a person is at home at certain times of the day – a

presumption which can be rebutted by contrary evidence regarding the [arrestee’s] known

schedule”). Officers may also “take into consideration the possibility that the resident may

be aware that police are attempting to ascertain whether or not the resident is at home[.]”

Id. The circumstances of the subject’s employment may also be relevant. See Lauter, 57

F.3d at 215 (information given to police that the subject “was unemployed and typically

slept late” supported “a reasonable belief that [he] was present in the apartment when the

warrant was executed”). “And the officers may consider an absence of evidence the suspect

is elsewhere.” Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1226 (10th Cir. 1999). “No single factor

is, of course, dispositive.” Id.

               Based upon all of the foregoing, we now hold that law enforcement executing

a valid arrest warrant may lawfully enter a residence if they have reason to believe that the

subject of the warrant lives there and is presently within. Reason to believe requires less

proof than probable cause and is established by evaluating the totality of the

circumstances. 18

          Petitioner contends that, because West Virginia is within the jurisdiction of the
       18

Fourth Circuit, this Court should adopt the probable cause standard consistent with that
court’s holding in United States v. Brinkley, 980 F.3d 377 (4th Cir. 2020); however, we
decline to do so for the reasons stated herein. Although “[t]his Court pays due deference
and respect to opinions and analysis of the Fourth Circuit . . . . we are not bound to adopt
[its] approach” on this issue. State ex rel. Ford Motor Co. v. McGraw, 237 W. Va. 573,
595, 788 S.E.2d 319, 341 (2016). See also State ex rel. Johnson & Johnson Corp. v. Karl,
                                                                               Continued . . .
                                             14
              In applying our holding to this case, we find that in evaluating the unique

facts and circumstances in the totality, law enforcement had a reasonable belief that S.W.

resided with petitioner in her home and that S.W. was within the home at the time they

entered for purposes of executing the pick-up order. S.W. was a child who, up until she

was removed from petitioner’s custody, lived with petitioner at her apartment. Indeed,

S.W.’s placement with her grandparents was temporary, with petitioner’s parental rights

remaining intact. There was no evidence presented that S.W. had previously lived

anywhere other than with her parents; therefore, it was certainly logical to believe that,

after running away from her grandparents’ supervision, S.W. would return to her mother’s

home. Given that S.W. had previously been seen at petitioner’s apartment on several

occasions during the course of the five-month period after she ran away, the sighting of

S.W. on May 16, 2019, was reasonably believed by law enforcement to be credible. Further

adding to the reliability of the information that S.W. was living with petitioner and was

presently within the home was the informant’s specific (and correct) knowledge that S.W.

was the subject of juvenile proceedings and that petitioner, according to the informant,

planned to conceal S.W. in the apartment until she reached the age of majority, when the

juvenile proceedings would resolve. It was also proper for the officers to consider that S.W.

was aware that they were looking for her and that she was attempting to conceal herself

220 W. Va. 463, 477 n.18, 647 S.E.2d 899, 913 n.18 (2007) (“While federal court opinions
applying West Virginia law are often viewed persuasively, we are not bound by those
opinions”), superseded by statute as stated in J.C. by and through Michelle C. v. Pfizer,
Inc., 240 W. Va. 571, 814 S.E.2d 234 (2018)).

                                             15
within the home so as not to be found. See Magluta, 44 F.3d at 1535. Moreover, the
                                         19

officers arrived at the home sometime after 8:30 p.m., a time of night that a child would

ordinarily be at home. See e.g., id. (“[O]fficers may presume that a person is at home at

certain times of the day”). Because the officers had a reasonable belief, according to the

totality of the circumstances, that S.W. lived with petitioner at her apartment and was

within the apartment at the time they entered, we discern no error in the circuit court’s

denial of petitioner’s motion to suppress.

                                     IV. Conclusion

              Based upon all of the foregoing, the circuit court’s order is hereby affirmed.

                                                                                  Affirmed.

          Critically, Deputy DeWees testified that the exclusive purpose for entering
       19

petitioner’s apartment was to execute the pick-up order for S.W. and that the decision to
arrest petitioner was because of “[t]he way [S.W.] was hidden in the room.”

                                              16