Court Opinion

ID: 3585675
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 23:35:43.416593+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:41:47.979441
License: Public Domain

I am of opinion that the recent decision of this court inMatter of Vanderbilt (172 N.Y. 69) does not cover all the questions raised in this case and is, therefore, not a controlling authority.
John D. Brez died November 18th, 1899, leaving a last will and testament which was admitted to probate in Kings county on January 23rd, 1900.
The testator, after certain directions as to the investment of his residuary estate, directed his executors and trustees to pay to his sister, Elizabeth Aline Gillet, the income thereof, not exceeding twenty thousand dollars per year, the remainder to be capitalized and added to the principal.
In a construction suit this provision as to income was held illegal and void, and it was determined that Mrs. Gillet was entitled to receive the total income of the residuary estate if she had no issue. If issue were born to her the income in excess of twenty thousand dollars per year should be paid to such issue. If she died leaving issue, they would be entitled to the principal of the residuary estate. If she died leaving no issue, the will provides that the income of the residuary estate "be devoted to purposes of charity or religion of the Protestant faith only; or still better to education and art applied to industry, either directly or by means of encouragement, such as prizes for essays or prizes for examples, or in any other way which, according to their best judgment, will be most beneficial to mankind, said income to be devoted and distributed by said executors and trustees, or by a society organized for that purpose, according to their best judgment and the wants of the times."
This clause of the will was also judicially construed, and it was held that upon the death of Mrs. Gillet, without issue, the discretionary powers "will vest in the qualifying executors then living or acting, or in default of any such executor, in the Supreme Court in perpetuity; that if the transfer to a society to be incorporated as above referred to be made, then the trust will vest in such society; if no such transfer be made by the executors, upon the death of the last surviving executor the trust and powers will vest in the Supreme Court in perpetuity." *Page 613 
This case involves the construction of the Transfer Tax Act, as amended by chapter 76 of the Laws of 1899. This act added the new provision in regard to imposing a transfer tax, as follows: "When property is transferred in trust or otherwise, and the rights, interests or estates of the transferees are dependent upon contingencies or conditions whereby they may be wholly or in part created, defeated, extended or abridged, a tax shall be imposed upon said transfer at the highest rate which, on the happening of any of the said contingencies or conditions, would be possible under the provisions of this article, and such tax so imposedshall be due and payable forthwith, out of the propertytransferred; provided, however, that on the happening of any contingency whereby the said property, or any part thereof, is transferred to a person or corporation exempt from taxationunder the provisions of this article, or to a person taxable at a rate less than the rate imposed and paid, such person or corporation shall be entitled to a return of so much of the tax imposed and paid as is the difference between the amount paid and the amount which said person or corporation should pay under the provisions of this article, with legal interest thereon from the time of payment."
The amount of the net residuary estate was determined by the appraiser to be $1,022,178.72. The present value of the total residuary estate, after the death of Mrs. Gillet, was assessed at $575,252, and the tax thereon at five per cent fixed at $28,762.60. The remainder, in both real and personal estate, was declared to be contingent. This report was confirmed by the surrogate, but afterwards on appeal to him it was modified by striking out the interests of the unknown persons styled "contingent remaindermen" as not presently taxable or ascertainable, and that there was no present transfer of the remainder of the estate of the testator after the death of Mrs. Gillet, and that the fair market value of the interests to be hereafter transferred were not presently ascertainable, and that the imposition of the tax should be postponed. This order was unanimously affirmed by the Appellate Division.
We have, therefore, presented the question, where contingent *Page 614 
remaindermen are persons unborn, corporations unformed and charitable schemes undevised, whether it is competent for the legislature to take from the body of the residuary estate the highest rate of tax upon these contigent transfers, thereby reducing the income of the life tenant. In other words, are these contingent interests presently taxable?
It is insisted that our recent decision in the case of Matterof Graves (171 N.Y. 40) sustains in principle the validity of this tax. It is doubtless true that this case holds, followingAllen v. Stevens (161 N.Y. 122), that the naming of indefinite beneficiaries in a will no longer invalidates a trust contemplating such beneficiaries, but that case did not in any way involve the present phase of the transfer tax now under consideration.
In the case before us we have a very peculiar and novel situation. (1) As to the issue of Mrs. Gillet, who are entitled to take the residuary estate at her death if they are in being at that time.
It is true that owing to the advanced age of Mrs. Gillet the probability of issue is quite remote, but the possibility of issue exists physiologically.
We have here possible contingent remaindermen not in being, to whom no transfer has been made, as it cannot logically be said that the effect of a will is to transfer from the testator to the beneficiary when the latter is not in existence.
(2) In the event of the failure of issue, the will directs the executors and trustees to use the income of the residue of the estate for the "purposes of charity or religion of the Protestant faith only, or, still better, to education and art applied to industry, either directly or by means of encouragement, such as prizes for essays or prizes for examples, or in any other way which, according to their judgment, will be most beneficial to mankind, said income to be devoted and distributed by said executors or trustees, or by a society organized for that purpose, according to their best judgment and the wants of the times."
We have here disclosed certain contingencies. The executors and trustees are authorized to devote the income of the residuary estate to purposes of charity or religion of the *Page 615 
Protestant faith only. If the executors should see fit to organize a strictly religious corporation of the Protestant faith it would not be subject to the transfer tax. On the other hand, if it was a charitable society of the Protestant faith, it would be liable to the transfer tax. (Matter of Watson, 171 N.Y. 256. )
The important point presented, which was not involved inMatter of Vanderbilt (supra), is, that aside from the possibility of unborn heirs becoming contingent remaindermen, there is the additional possibility that a religious corporation may be organized in the future, not taxable, and become the remainderman, entitled in perpetuity to the income of the trust property.
Notwithstanding this situation the legislature has provided that there shall be taken out, for the benefit of the state, from the principal sum, to the income of which the life tenant is entitled, a tax at the rate of five per centum, which is to be refunded to the estate with interest at the death of the life tenant if the property is transferred to a person or corporation exempt from taxation.
This may be meting out a certain measure of justice to the remainderman, but the life tenant, who will have passed away when restitution is made, has been deprived of the income on the amount of the tax. How large this tax may be in these days of great wealth is well illustrated in the Vanderbilt estate, where the transfer tax was enormous.
Under the operation of this amendment of 1899 it is possible for a life tenant to be deprived of the income from a large amount of property during the entire period of his life, which may endure for forty or fifty years.
At the instant of testator's death the life tenant becomes vested with the legal right to receive the income of the residuary estate during life. This right is property in the strictest sense of the term.
This court has repeatedly held that the transfer tax is not imposed upon property but on the right of succession or transfer.
What power has the state, even if it be omnipotent in the domain of taxation, as is so often said, to impose a transfer tax *Page 616 
when the remainderman, not in existence, may be a religious corporation, subject to no tax?
It is clearly, so far as the life tenant is concerned, depriving him of property without due process of law.
The power of the legislature to impose taxes is subject to certain constitutional limitations.
To say that the state may deprive a life tenant of the income of many thousands of dollars during half a century by presently collecting a transfer tax on an unvested residuary estate, where the corporate remainderman to enjoy it is yet to be created and may be exempt from taxation, is to override the plain provision of the Constitution prohibiting the taking of property without due process of law.
The order appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.
PARKER, Ch. J., HAIGHT and WERNER, JJ., concur with CULLEN, J.; O'BRIEN and VANN, JJ., concur with BARTLETT, J.
Order reversed, etc.