Court Opinion

ID: 4432570
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-23 06:10:24.122008+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:27:43.887255
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued August 22, 2019

                                 In The

                           Court of Appeals
                                 For The

                       First District of Texas
                         ————————————
                           NO. 01-16-00847-CV
                         ———————————
 ADAN G. ADAME, ROBERT H. ARISPE, HARVEY EDWARD ARNOLD,
  HERMON HARVEY ARNOLD, LUCIANO BARRIENTEZ, HOMER L.
BATCHELOR, TOMAS BENITEZ, DELBERT RAY BLUNDELL, MELVIN
 BRIONES, TROY BRITT, RAYMOND H. BUTTERFIELD, GUADALUPE
CALVO JR., RICHARD F. CAPSON, MERCEDES CASTILLO, IGNACIO
 CAVAZOS, HECTOR A. CHAPA, HUMBERTO CHAPA, REX CICERO,
     PALFREY COLLINS, GLENN COURMIER, EDDIE M. CROSS,
  FRANCISCO DABDUB, CAROL GENE DABNEY, STEVE DAVIS, NOE
  DE LA CRUZ, JOSE G. DELAPAZ, JOSE DUENES, JESSIE DUNCAN,
 RUDY ENCINAS, JOSE ESQUIVEL, JOSE T. FAJARDO, BENJAMIN D.
   FIELDS, FRANK FRANCO, JESUS CANTU GARCIA JR., PABLO G.
 GARCIA SR., MICHAEL GARY, ALONZO GARZA, HERMILO GARZA
    SR., HOMERO GARZA, OSCAR GARZA JR., PAUL D. GAWLIK,
      MANUEL B. GONZALES, BACILIO M. GUZMAN, CHESTER
   HARRINGTON, NORRIS G. HAWLEY, GERALD HENRY, JOSE A.
    HERNANDEZ, RIGOBERTO HERNANDEZ, C. DELL HODGE JR.,
DAVID HOLLINGSWORTH, KENNETH W. HOUFF, ELMER JAMISON,
  RONNIE L. JOHNSON, CURTIS JONES, JOE KOENIG, ELIAS LEAL,
   ROBERT LEMOS, JOSE G. LONGORIA, ANTONIO LOPEZ, CELSO
 LOPEZ, ARRON LUKE, GEORGE MCFARLAND, ERNEST MECHELL,
     ROBERT MECHELL, JOSE MEZA, CLYDE T. MILLER, KEITH

                                    1
  MOORE, JUAN MORALES, TOMAS MORIN, ADALBERTO MUNIZ,
  DANIEL NAVEJAR, ESTEBAN NIETO, DANIEL OCHOA, MARCOS
 ORTIZ, JIMMY PATTERSON, MANUEL C. PAZ SR., ROBERTO PAZ,
JUAN R. PEREZ, OSCAR PEREZ, VICTOR C. PEREZ, CARL PRENTICE,
      RENE R. RAMIREZ, RAY CHARLES REDMON, BILLY W.
  RICHARDSON, JOSE RIOS, FLOYD H. RODGERS, JOSE Z. ROJAS,
GEORGE SAENZ, HECTOR SALAZAR, GUADALUPE C. SERNA, JESUS
 SOLIZ, HOWARD LEROY SPEARS, ROGER SPENCER, CARROLL G.
STARKS, WILLIAM T. TERRAL, CURTIS THOMAS, MARTIN TORRES,
 TEODORO TOVAR, JOSE LUIS URESTI, ENRIQUE G. VILLARREAL
     JR., CLIFTON WEITZEL, ROBERT F. WEITZEL, JOSEPH H.
    WHEELER, JAY C. WHITLOCK, HERBERT WHITMIRE, and
                ABELARDO ZAMBRANO, Appellants

                             V.
 3M COMPANY F/K/A MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING
  COMPANY; AEARO COMPANY; AIR EQUIPMENT & REPAIR, INC.;
    AIR LIQUIDE AMERICA L.P.; AIRTROL SUPPLY, INC.; ALAMO
  CEMENT COMPANY; AMCOL INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION;
       AMERICAN COLLOID COMPANY; AMERICAN OPTICAL
CORPORATION; AMF INCORPORATED & MINSTAR, INC.; ASHLAND
   CHEMICAL, INC.; BACOU-DALLOZ SAFETY, INC. F/K/A DALLOZ
 SAFETY, INC. F/K/A WGM SAFETY CORPORATION D/B/A WILLSON
SAFETY PRODUCTS; BARRETTS MINERALS INC.; BARRY & BARRY
     SAND COMPANY, INC.; BLACK & DECKER (U.S.), INC.; BOB
  SCHMIDT, INC.; BONDO CORPORATION; CEL INDUSTRIES, INC.;
   CENTRAL READY MIX CONCRETE; CHEVRON U.S.A. INC. F/K/A
    GULF OIL; CHICAGO PNEUMATIC, INC.; CITGO PETROLEUM
  CORPORATION; CITGO REFINING AND CHEMICALS COMPANY,
L.P.; CLEMCO INDUSTRIES CORPORATION HANSON AGGREGATES
LLC SUCCESSOR BY MERGER TO PIONEER INTERNATIONAL (USA),
   INC. SUCCESSOR BY MERGER TO HANSON AGGREGATES, INC.
    F/K/A HANSON AGGREGATES CENTRAL, INC. F/K/A PIONEER
SOUTH CENTRAL, INC. F/K/A PIONEER CONCRETE OF TEXAS, INC.;
   CORPUS CHRISTI EQUIPMENT COMPANY; DEVILBISS OR THE
     DEVILBISS COMPANY (SOMETIMES NAMED AS RANSBURG
  CORPORATION, ITW FINISHING LLC OR ILLINOIS TOOL WORKS
INC.); E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS; E.D. BULLARD COMPANY, INC.;
     EASTERN SAFETY EQUIPMENT CO., INC.; EL PASO SAND &

                             2
     TRUCKING; EMPIRE ABRASIVE EQUIPMENT COMPANY, L.P.;
  EMPIRE ABRASIVE EQUIPMENT CORPORATION; ENCON SAFETY
        PRODUCTS, INC.; ESPEY SILICA SAND COMPANY, INC.;
FAIRMOUNT MINERALS, LTD.; FERRO ENGINEERING DIVISION OF
   ON MARINE SERVICES; FLEX-KLEEN; FLEXO PRODUCTS, INC.;
       GARDNER DENVER, INC.; GENERAL PATTERN COMPANY
    (SUCCESSOR-BY-MERGER TO GENERAL FOUNDRY PRODUCTS
 CORP.); GLENDALE TECHNOLOGIES, INC.; GRANITE CITY TOOLS;
   HAMILTON SUNDSTRAND; HANSON AGGREGATES WEST, INC.;
   HEXION INC. F/K/A MOMENTIVE SPECIALTY CHEMICALS F/K/A
      HEXION SPECIALTY CHEMICALS, INC. AND F/K/A BORDEN
   CHEMICAL, INC.; HUMBLE SAND & GRAVEL, INC.; IDEAL BASIC
  INDUSTRIES, INC.; INDUSTRIAL HOLDINGS CORPORATION F/K/A
   THE CARBORUNDUM COMPANY; INGERSOLL-RAND COMPANY;
 JOBE CONCRETE PRODUCTS; KELCO SALES & ENGINEERING CO.,
     A DIVISION OF POLLEY, INC.; KEY HOUSTON, A DIVISION OF
JACKSONVILLE SHIPYARDS, INC.; KEY HOUSTON, INC., A DIVISION
      OF JACKSONVILLE SHIPYARDS, INC.; LOCKHEED MARTIN
      CORPORATION; LOGAN & WHALEY COMPANY; LONE STAR
        INDUSTRIES, INC.; LOUIS M. GERSON COMPANY, INC.;
 MARTINDALE ELECTRIC COMPANY; MILTON ROY; MINE SAFETY
      APPLIANCES; MISSISSIPPI VALLEY SILICA COMPANY, INC.;
  MOLDEX-METRIC, INC.; NORCROSS; NORTH SAFETY PRODUCTS;
       OGLEBAY NORTON; P.K. LINDSAY COMPANY; PANGBORN
  CORPORATION; PARMELEE INDUSTRIES, INC.; PAULI & GRIFFIN
      COMPANY; PORTER WARNER INDUSTRIES, INC.; PREMIER
     REFRACTORIES, INC., IMPROPERLY NAMED AND SERVED AS
  AMERICAN PREMIER, INC. F/K/A PREMIER REFRACTORIES AND
    CHEMICALS, INC.; PROTECH COATINGS, INC. F/K/A FOUNDRY
         SPECIALTIES, INC.; PULMOSAN SAFETY EQUIPMENT
  CORPORATION; QUIKRETE; RACAL HEALTH AND SAFETY, INC.;
   RUEMELIN IN RECEIVERSHIP; SABINE PROPELLER & MARINE
     SERVICE COMPANY; SAINT-GOBAIN ABRASIVES, INC., F/K/A
   NORTON COMPANY; SCHRAMM, INC.; SCOTT TECHNOLOGIES,
 INC.; SHREVEPORT RUBBER AND GASKET; SIEBE NORTH; SILICA
PRODUCTS, INC.; SLY, INC. F/K/A W. W. SLY MANUFACTURING CO.;
   SOUTHERN SILICA OF LOUISIANA, INC.; SPECIALTY MINERALS
INC.; SPECIALTY SAND COMPANY; SPENCE CONCRETE COMPANY

                             3
    SULLAIR, LLC; SUNDYNE; SURVIVAIR, A DIVISION OF U.S.D.
   CORPORATION; SURVIVAIR, INC.; TECHNISAND, INC.; TEXAS
    GASKET; TEXTRON INC.; THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY;
  THE EASTWOOD GROUP INC. D/B/A THE EASTWOOD COMPANY;
  THE GOODYEAR RUBBER AND TIRE COMPANY; THE HILL AND
  GRIFFITH COMPANY; THE MORIE COMPANY; THORSTENBERG
  MATERIALS CO., INC.; TIDE-AIR; TRIANGLE SUPPLY; TRIPLEX,
      INC.; TRUMAN’S INC.; TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX FILM
CORPORATION; TXI OPERATIONS, LP; TYROLIT NORTH AMERICA
        INC.; U.S. SILICA COMPANY, FORMERLY KNOWN AS
 PENNSYLVANIA GLASS SAND CORPORATION AND SUCCESSOR IN
   INTEREST THOUGH MERGER TO OTTAWA SILICA COMPANY;
UNIMIN CORPORATION; UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION; VALERO
ENERGY CORPORATION; VALLEN CORPORATION; VESUVIUS USA
CORPORATION; VULCAN MATERIALS COMPANY; WEDRON SILICA
       COMPANY, AN OHIO CORPORATION; WESCO; WESCO
   REFRACTORIES; AND WHEELER PROTECTIVE APPAREL, INC.,
                            APPELLEES

                   On Appeal from the 333rd District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                      Trial Court Case No. 2006-76611

               OPINION ON EN BANC RECONSIDERATION

      We grant Appellants’ motion for en banc reconsideration. The opinion and

judgment issued on August 30, 2018, is hereby withdrawn, and this en banc

opinion and judgment are issued in their stead.

      Approximately 20 years ago, there was a significant increase in the number

of suits filed in Texas courts alleging injury from silica exposure. In 2005, the

                                         4
Texas Legislature created a Silica multidistrict litigation pretrial docket that

established procedures for individual claims to advance to trial.1

      Under the provisions of the Silica MDL statute in chapter 90 of the Civil

Practice and Remedies Code, each silica claim already pending on August 31,

2005 would remain in the MDL until that particular claimant submitted a medical

report complying with certain statutory requirements. If a compliant medical report

was submitted and approved by the MDL Court, that claim would then be

remanded to the district court for trial. If no medical report was filed, the claim

would remain pending in the MDL indefinitely.

      Appellants are 106 sandblasters whose already-pending silica claims were

transferred into the MDL once it was formed. Their claims remained pending in

the MDL for more than 10 years without medical reports being submitted.

      As originally enacted, the MDL statute had no provision for involuntary

dismissal of silica claims that predated the MDL and were later transferred into it;

however, the statute was amended in 2013 to allow for the dismissal without

prejudice of pre-2005 claims if claimants failed to file qualifying medical reports

by a statutorily specified deadline.

      Facing dismissal under the new statutory provision, the sandblasters filed

their individual medical reports in 2013. Significantly, these medical reports were

1
      See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 90.001–.012; Act of May 16, 2005, 79th
      Leg., R. S., ch. 97, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 169.
                                          5
not prepared contemporaneously with their filing. Two-thirds of them were

prepared before May 2005, which means they were written before enactment of the

statute that specifies the required content of a medical report for approval by the

MDL Court. The remaining one-third were prepared after the statute was

enacted—between mid-2005 and 2008.

      After the sandblasters filed their medical reports, the Silica MDL defendants

filed individual and global objections to the medical reports, contending the reports

failed to meet various statutory requirements of Chapter 90. The defendants then

moved to dismiss all 106 sandblasters’ suits for failure to comply with statutory

requirements by the deadline specified in the 2013 amendment. The MDL Court

sustained almost all objections and dismissed all the sandblasters’ claims without

prejudice to refiling. The cases were consolidated, and the sandblasters appealed

the dismissal of their claims.

      In nine issues, the sandblasters argue that Chapter 90 is unconstitutional. We

affirm.

                                   Background

      A Rule 13 pretrial MDL was created in 2004 when the Judicial Panel on

Multidistrict Litigation determined the then-pending 71 suits filed by 453 plaintiffs

against 158 defendants involved one or more common questions of fact and

transfer would be for the convenience of the parties and witnesses and would

                                         6
promote the just and efficient conduct of the cases. In re Silica Prods. Liab. Litig.,

166 S.W.3d 3, 5–9 (Tex. M.D.L. Panel Nov. 10, 2004); see TEX. R. JUD. ADMIN.

13.

       In 2005, the Legislature enacted Chapter 90 of the Civil Practice and

Remedies Code. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 90.001–.012; Act of May 16,

2005, 79th Leg., R. S., ch. 97, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 169. The new legislation

created a statutory MDL for silica-related claims. Id. Under the terms of the

statute, individual cases were held in the MDL until the plaintiffs submitted

medical reports that met all listed statutory requirements. Id. § 90.010(d)

(providing for cases to remain in MDL until report is filed); see id. § 90.004

(specifying required content of medical report for approval). After a qualifying

medical report was submitted and approved by the MDL Court, a case would be

returned to the district courts for trial. Id. § 90.010.

       All 106 of the sandblasters who are appealing dismissal of their suits had a

claim pending in the Rule 13 MDL in 2005 when Chapter 90 was enacted. Their

claims were then transferred to the statutory Silica MDL where they remained for

over 10 years without remand for trial.

The purpose behind Chapter 90

       The Legislature included official comments when it enacted Chapter 90. Id.

§ 1, cmts. a–n. According to the official comments, individuals who have been

                                             7
exposed to silica may have “markings on [their] lungs that are possibly consistent

with silica exposure, but the individual has no functional or physical impairment

from any silica-related disease.” Id., cmt. m. The discovery of these markers can

trigger a statute of limitations problem for the exposed individuals. Id. Individuals’

efforts to avoid limitations problems led to a “crush” of suits being filed in the

courts on behalf of workers who have shown some signs of exposure but have “no

current impairment and may never have impairment.” Id., cmts. g, m.

      The large number of filings has been described as a “situation [that] has

reached critical dimensions and is getting worse.” Id., cmt. d. To “prevent[] scarce

judicial and litigant resources from being misdirected by the claims of individuals

who have been exposed to . . . silica but have no functional or physical impairment

from . . . silica-related disease,” the Legislature enacted Chapter 90, aimed at

“protect[ing] the right of people with impairing . . . silica-related injuries to pursue

their claims for compensation in a fair and efficient manner through the Texas

court system.” Id., cmt. n. Chapter 90 created a bifurcated system to allow those

with confirmed impairment to proceed to trial while those without a confirmed

impairment would remain in the MDL, without any statute-of-limitations

ramifications, until an impairment was confirmed. Id.; see id. § 90.010(d)

(providing that cases remain in MDL without dismissal until qualifying

impairment is established).

                                           8
Section 90.004

       Section 90.004 requires that certain information be included in a claimant’s

medical report to qualify for remand to district court for trial and, after the 2013

amendment, to avoid dismissal. The statute requires medical reports based on silica

exposure to be prepared by board-certified physicians and to include specific

verifications and findings by the report’s authoring physician. See id. § 90.004.

The physician must (1) verify that she or a medical professional employed by and

under her direct supervision and control (a) performed a physical exam of the

claimant, (b) took a detailed occupational and exposure history, including the

claimant’s principal employments, exposure to airborne contaminants, and the

“nature, duration, and frequency” of exposure, and (c) took a detailed medical and

smoking history, including the claimant’s “past and present medical problems and

their most probable cause”; and (2) set out in her report the claimant’s

“occupational, exposure, medical, and smoking history.” Id. § 90.004(a)(1)–(2),

(e).

       The physician must also verify the claimant has “one or more” of the

following: (1) “a quality 1 or 2 chest x-ray that has been read by a certified B-

reader according to the ILO system of classification[2] as showing . . . bilateral

2
       Chapter 90 defines “ILO system of classification” as “the radiological rating
       system of the International Labor Office in ‘Guidelines for the Use of ILO
                                         9
predominantly nodular opacities (p, q, or r) occurring primarily in the upper lung

fields” with a specified “profusion grading”; (2) “pathological demonstration of

classic silicotic nodules exceeding one centimeter in diameter as published in

‘Diseases Associated with Exposure to Silica and Nonfibrous Silicate Minerals,’

112 Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 7 (July 1988)”;3

(3) “progressive massive fibrosis radiologically established by large opacities

greater than one centimeter in diameter”; or (4) “acute silicosis.” Id.

§ 90.004(a)(3).

      In addition to these verifications, detailed statements, and medical

conclusions, the physician’s report must be “accompanied by copies of all ILO

classifications, pulmonary function tests, including printouts of all data, flow

volume loops, and other information demonstrating compliance with the

equipment, quality, interpretation, and reporting standards set out in this chapter,

lung volume tests, diagnostic imaging of the chest, pathology reports, or other

      International Clasification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses’ (2000), as
      amended.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 90.001(11).
3
      In September 2005, the MDL Court provided an interpretation of the statute to all
      parties, which is in the clerk’s record, memorializing that the parties had agreed
      the “original statutory language ‘nodules exceeding one centimeter’” should read
      “nodules less than 1 cm in diameter.” There is no indication in the record that any
      party objected to this statement or sought an alternative statutory interpretation
      from the MDL Court.
                                          10
testing reviewed by the physician in reaching the physician’s conclusions.”4 Id.

§ 90.004(a)(4).

      For silicosis claims, the statute requires physician verification of a

claimant’s impairment. Id. § 90.004(b). The physician must verify that (1) there

has been a sufficient latency period for the type of silicosis alleged; (2) the

claimant has “at least Class 2 or higher impairment due to silicosis, according to

the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent

Impairment and reported in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1, Part (A),

Sections 3.00(E) and (F) (2003)”; and (3) the physician has concluded the medical

findings and impairment “were not more probably the result of causes other than

silica exposure” as possibly signified by the claimant’s occupational, exposure,

medical, and smoking history. Id. For silica-related lung cancer and another silica-

related disease, the statute lists additional requirements. § 90.004(c)–(d).

      Thus, to qualify under Section 90.004, a claimant’s medical report must

contain certain, specific findings, diagnoses, and verifications by the board-

certified physician who authors the report. The content of the report must be based

on the claimant’s physical examination and pulmonary function testing, and it must

4
      The same MDL Court statutory-interpretation filing directs that a standard
      pulmonary-function report is not required to include pulmonary-function-testing
      compliance data or detailed printouts of how the tests were performed; however,
      “any PFT [pulmonary function testing] data reviewed by the physician to reach his
      conclusion must accompany the report.”
                                          11
take into account the American Medical Association (AMA) Guides, federal

regulations concerning appropriate testing to establish a respiratory impairment,5

and a medical article published in the Archives of Pathology and Laboratory

Medicine.

Section 90.010

      Section 90.010 directs when a case may transfer from the statutory MDL to

the trial court. Id. § 90.010. It specifically states it applies to Rule 13 MDL cases

that were pending when Chapter 90 was enacted. Id. §90.010(a). Thus, its

provisions apply to all 106 sandblasters’ claims.

      Section 90.010 requires the statutory Silica MDL Court to retain jurisdiction

over pending suits and not to remand them for trial until the individual claimants

file medical reports complying with Section 90.004 or, alternatively, with a limited

“safety valve” provision found in Section 90.010(f). Id. § 90.010(d); see id.

§90.010(f)–(j). Until a qualifying report is filed and approved, the cases remain

inactive. See id. § 90.010.

Silica MDL judge’s Section 90.010(k) report

      Section 90.010(k) requires the Silica MDL Court to present a report to state

government officials five years after statututory enactment that details the total

number of cases on the docket as well as the number of those cases that do not

5
      20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1, Part (A), Sections 3.00(E) and (F)
      (2003).
                                         12
meet the criteria for a Section 90.004 compliant medical report; states the Silica

MDL Court’s “evaluation of the effectiveness of the medical criteria established by

Section . . . 90.004”; recommends “how medical criteria should be applied”; and

includes any other administrative information the statutory Silica MDL Court

deems appropriate. Id. § 90.010(k).

      The Silica MDL Court submitted the required report in September 2010.6

The judge declined to comment on policy issues related to the statute:

      [A]s to whether the criteria themselves or the minimum levels of
      impairment are appropriate, I am not in a position to ethically opine.
      This is more appropriately a matter for the law makers . . . . It all
      depends on what the law makers of Texas believe the definition of
      “impairment” should be to allow a claimant to proceed in court in
      these cases.

However, the MDL Court did provide statistical information regarding the

progression of the docket. As of August 1, 2010, there were 667 cases in the silica

MDL, representing 5,839 “exposed persons.” Only 54 of the individual claimants

had filed medical reports under Section 90.004. Only half of those had been

submitted to the MDL Court for evaluation:

6
      http://www.justex.net/JustexDocuments/24//Section%2090.010%28k%29%20
      Report.pdf
                                        13
       Claimants who had filed a medical report
                                                                 54

            – Number who had not yet been evaluated by MDL
              Court because report was withdrawn from            28
              consideration or never submitted
            – Number who had filed and submitted report for
              consideration                                      26

                ●   Number who had been approved
                                                                          22

                ●   Number who had not yet been determined
                                                                           1

                ●   Number who were not approved because
                     defendants’ objection(s) were sustained               3

None of the remaining 5,817 claimants had filed medical reports in the five years

the MDL had existed.

Section 90.010(d-1) dismissal procedure

      In 2013, the Legislature amended Section 90.010 to establish a procedure for

dismissal of silica cases filed before the 2005 legislation was enacted but for which

no medical report were submitted by a specified deadline. Id. § 90.010(d-1). The

MDL Court could begin dismissing pre-2005 cases for failure to file compliant

medical reports in September 2014 and was required to complete the dismissals of

such claims by August 2015. Id.

      The Legislature further amended the statute to provide that dismissals under

Subsection (d-1) would be without prejudice to the filing of a subsequent action

                                              14
and that any refiled action would be treated as through it had never been dismissed.

Id. §§90.010(l)–(n).

An effort to enjoin the dismissal of claims under Subsection (d-1)
      Before the September 2014 date on which dismissal of pre-2005 cases could

begin, all 106 sandblasters filed a joint request for injunctive relief, seeking to

enjoin enforcement of 90.010(d-1). They argued the medical-report requirement

was “oppressive and unreasonable” and nearly impossible to satisfy. They

presented various constitutional challenges as a facial challenge to the statute,

meaning that the statute, by its terms, always operates unconstitutionally. See New

York State Club Ass’n v. City of New York, 487 U.S. 1, 11 (1988). The MDL Court

denied the sandblasters’ motion for injunctive relief for jurisdictional deficiencies.

      A panel of this Court affirmed the MDL Court’s order denying injunctive

relief, holding that a motion seeking to enjoin a court from enforcing a statute is

not a proper vehicle to challenge a statute’s constitutionality. In re Tex. State Silica

Prods. Liab. Litig., No. 01-15-00251-CV, 2016 WL 757873, *8 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 25, 2016, no pet.) (stating that, when court determines

statute is unconstitutional, it “does not enjoin itself from enforcing a defective law;

it merely declares the law unconstitutional.”). After the sandblasters’ interlocutory

appeal was denied, the case proceeded in the MDL Court.

                                          15
       The sandblasters began filing their Section 90.004 medical reports as

required by the 2013 amendment to Section 90.010(d-1) to avoid dismissal.

Defendants filed general objections and specific objections to individual medical

reports or subsets of reports. The sandblasters responded. Defendants then filed a

“motion to dismiss any plaintiff whose medical records are deemed not compliant

with Chapter 90,” and all parties filed related responses and briefing. The

sandblasters argued both that their medical reports complied with the statutory

requirements and that the statute was unconstitutionally vague. The MDL Court

held a hearing on the pending motions.

       The MDL Court issued its rulings in separate orders for each sandblaster.

Each order overruled one general objection (as to the timeliness of the medical

report filings) and sustained all other general and individual objections to that

sandblaster’s medical report. The MDL Court dismissed each individual

sandblaster’s claim. By agreement, the cases were consolidated for appeal.

       The sandblasters filed a joint appellate brief, contending Chapter 90 is

unconstitutionally vague in several respects and is an unconstitutional retroactive

law.

                                         16
                       Constitutional Vagueness Challenges

       The sandblasters raise five challenges to Chapter 90 premised on a

constitutional vagueness argument. We consider each argument separately, but

first, we review the standard for a constitutional vagueness challenge to a civil

statute.

A.     Vagueness standard for civil statutes

       Under the United States Constitution, “[i]t is a basic principle of due process

that an enactment is void for vagueness if its prohibitions are not clearly defined.

Vague laws offend several important values.” Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408
U.S. 104, 108 (1972). Vague laws “may trap the innocent by not providing fair

warning” and can “impermissibly delegate[ ] basic policy matters to policemen,

judges, and juries for resolution on an ad hoc and subjective basis, with the

attendant dangers of arbitrary and discriminatory application.” Id. at 108–09. To

avoid these dangers, the Due Process Clause requires that laws be reasonably clear.

As the United States Supreme Court explained, due process

       ensures that state power will be exercised only on behalf of policies
       reflecting an authoritative choice among competing social values,
       reduces the danger of caprice and discrimination in the administration
       of the laws, enables individuals to conform their conduct to the
       requirements of law, and permits meaningful judicial review.

Roberts v. United States Jaycees, 468 U.S. 609, 629 (1984).

                                          17
      Both the United States Supreme Court and the Supreme Court of Texas have

applied the principle that statutory language may not be so vague that persons “of

common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its

application.” Connally v. Gen’l Constr. Co., 269 U.S. 385, 391 (1926); Tex.

Antiquities Comm. v. Dallas Cty. Comm’y Coll. Dist., 554 S.W.2d 924, 928 (Tex.

1977) (plurality opinion) (quoting same).

      “Although the vagueness standard applies most frequently to penal statutes,

a civil statute may also be so vague that it violates due process.” Bradley v. State

ex rel. White, 990 S.W.2d 245, 252 (Tex. 1999) (Abbott, J., concurring); see A.B.

Small Co. v. Am. Sugar Ref. Co., 267 U.S. 233, 239–40 (1925) (explaining that

rationale stated in previous vagueness cases is not limited to criminal cases

because “[i]t was not the criminal penalty that was held invalid, but the exaction of

obedience to a rule or standard which was so vague and indefinite as really to be

no rule or standard at all”); Tex. Antiquities Comm., 554 S.W.2d at 927–28

(striking down civil statute as unconstitutionally vague). “The degree of clarity that

the vagueness standard . . . requires ‘varies according to the nature of the statute,

and the need for fair notice or protection from unequal enforcement.’” Bradley,
990 S.W.2d at 252 (Abbott, J., concurring); see Vill. of Hoffman Estates v. The

Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489, 498 (1982) (in directing that

vagueness standard not be mechanically applied, stating, “The degree of vagueness

                                         18
that the Constitution tolerates—as well as the relative importance of fair notice and

fair enforcement—depends in part on the nature of the enactment.”).

      There is “greater tolerance of enactments with civil rather than criminal

penalties because the consequences of imprecision are qualitatively less severe.”

Id. Statutes that “do not impose criminal penalties and those that do not threaten to

inhibit the exercise of constitutionally protected rights are subject to a less strict

vagueness test.” Raitano v. Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 860 S.W.2d 549, 551 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied). A civil statute violates due process

only if it requires compliance in terms “so vague and indefinite as really to be no

rule or standard at all.” A.B. Small Co., 267 U.S. at 239; see State ex rel. N.P.N.,

No. 12-06-00283-CV, 2007 WL 1139907, at *1 (Tex. App.—Tyler Apr. 18, 2007,

no pet.) (mem. op.) (quoting same).

      When considering an attack on a statute’s constitutionality, we begin with a

presumption the statute is valid and the Legislature did not act arbitrarily or

unreasonably in enacting it. Robinson v. Hill, 507 S.W.2d 521, 524 (Tex. 1974).

We must uphold a statute if a reasonable construction can be determined that will

render it constitutional. Rowan Drilling Co. v. Sheppard, 87 S.W.2d 706, 707 (Tex.

1935) (orig. proceeding). The burden rests on the individual challenging a statute

to prove its unconstitutionality. Robinson, 507 S.W.2d at 524.

                                         19
B.     Incorporation of 20 C.F.R. Part 404 into Chapter 90 does not render the
       statute unconstitutionally vague

       There are 106 sandblasters appealing the dismissal of their suit. Of those,

five do not have medical records in the appellate record. An additional 58

sandblasters do not have medical records that reflect an impairment rating of Class

2 or higher. Thus, more than half of the sandblasters cannot establish on this record

that they submitted medical reports containing the statutorily required impairment

finding. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 90.010(d-1) (requiring dismissal of

claims without compliant medical report submitted); § 90.004(b)(2) (requiring

medical reports for silicosis claimants to contain board-certified physician’s

verification that “the exposed person has at least Class 2 or higher impairment due

to silicosis”).

       Defendants asserted objections against more than half of the 106

sandblasters’ medical reports for failing to include the requisite impairment finding

and moved for dismissal of those claims. The objections were sustained.

       The sandblasters do not argue the MDL Court erred in concluding some of

their medical reports did not have the requisite impairment finding. Instead, they

argue dismissal for this reason is improper because Section 90.004 is

unconstitutionally vague because the subsection imposing a requirement of a Class

2 impairment finding refers to the AMA Guides and then references the Code of

Federal Regulations even though the AMA Guides “are not reported in the

                                         20
referenced section of the C.F.R.” The challenged provision requires a silicosis

claimant to submit a medical report verifying that

      the exposed person has at least Class 2 or higher impairment due to
      silicosis, according to the American Medical Association Guides to
      the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment and reported in 20 C.F.R.
      Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1, Part (A), Sections 3.00(E) and (F)
      (2003).

Id. § 9.004(b)(2). According to the sandblasters, creating an understanding in a

reader that a cited material can be found at a location where it cannot be found

creates a constitutional infirmity in a statute. We cannot agree with their argument

for two reasons.

      First, we do not read the above provision to suggest that the AMA Guides

are located in the C.F.R. but, instead, that the impairment determination is to be

made in accordance with what is reported in the C.F.R. at the specified location.

The referenced portion of the C.F.R. discusses testing used to evaluate respiratory

disorders in the context of social security disability determinations. See 20 C.F.R.

Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1, Part (A), Sections 3.00(E) and (F) (2003). There,

Subsection 3.00(E) explains “[w]hat is spirometry and what are our requirements

for an acceptable test and report” to demonstrate a respiratory disorder, and

Subsection 3.00(F) explains “[w]hat is a DLCO [diffusing capacity of the lungs for

carbon monoxide] test, and what are our requirements for an acceptable test and

report” in establishing a respiratory disorder. Id.; see also id. Section 3.00(C)(9)

                                         21
(defining DLCO). The statute does not purport to provide a citation to where AMA

Guides can be located and read. Rather, it refers to recognized testing standards

that apply when making a respiratory-disorder impairment determination.

      Second, even if the reference to the C.F.R. was meant to be a citation for a

reader to locate the AMA Guides, we fail to see why an incorrect citation would

render the statute unconstitutionally vague. The sandblasters have not argued they

are unable to locate copies of AMA Guides from any source and must rely on this

single citation to find controlling materials. They argue no more than that the

provided citation does not lead to a recitation of applicable Guides. An incorrect

citation in this context—which would be analogous to a broken link to an

otherwise accessible webpage—does not cause Chapter 90 to be unconstitutionally

vague because it does not leave a person of common intelligence guessing at the

statute’s meaning or reduce it to no standard or rule at all. See A.B. Small Co., 267
U.S. at 239; Tex. Antiquities Comm., 554 S.W.2d at 928.

      We hold that this citation argument does not support a conclusion that

Section 90.004(b)(2) is unconstitutionally vague. We affirm the dismissal of the 63

sandblasters who did not submit medical reports with the requisite impairment

finding. These sandblasters are listed below:

                                         22
       Adan Adame                                  Elias Leal
       Roberto Arispe                              Roberto Lemos
       Harvey Arnold                               Celso Lopez
       Hermon Arnold                               George McFarland
       Luciano Barrientez                          Robert Mechell
       Troy Britt                                  Jose Meza
       Raymond Butterfield                         Clyde Miller
       Richard Capson                              Keith Moore
       Mercedes Castillo                           Esteban Nieto
       Rex Cicero                                  Marcos Ortiz
       Palfrey Collins                             Jimmy Patterson
       Glenn Courmier                              Manuel Paz
       Eddie Cross                                 Juan Perez
       Carol Dabney                                Ray Redmon
       Jose De La Paz                              Billy Richardson
       Jose Duenes                                 Jose Rodgers
       Benjamin Fields                             Jose Rojas
       Frank Franco                                George Saenz
       Jesus Garcia                                Hector Salazar
       Alonzo Garza                                Guadalupe Serna
       Hermilio Garza                              Jesus Soliz
       Oscar Garza                                 Howard Spears
       Paul Gawlik                                 Carroll Stakrs
       Manuel Gonzales                             Curtis Thomas
       Bacilio Guzman                              Martin Torres
       Chester Harington                           Enrique Villarreal
       Norris Hawley                               Robert Weitzel (deceased)
       Rigoberto Hernandez                         Clifton Weitzel
       Kenneth Houff                               Joseph Wheeler
       Elmer Jamison                               Jay Whitlock
       Curtis Jones                                Herbert Whitmire
       Joe Koenig

      We will consider the remaining constitutional challenges in light of the

MDL Court’s ruling on objections to the remaining 43 claimants.
                                       23
C.    Requirement that medical report contain verification by report’s
      physician-author regarding the collection of medical and occupational
      history is not unconstitutionally vague

      Defendants objected to the medical history, occupational history, or both

histories for multiple sandblasters. We affirm the dismissal of 13 sandblasters

because, first, their medical reports did not contain a verification by the physician-

author that the physician (or a medical professional employed by and under the

direct supervision and control of the physician) took a detailed medical and

smoking history that includes a thorough review of the exposed person’s past and

present medical problems and their most probable cause and, second, the

medical/occupational history requirement is not unconstitutionally vague. See TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 90.004(a)(1).

      1.     Meaning of “detailed medical history” and “detailed occupational
             exposure history”

      The sandblasters argue Section 90.004(a)(1)’s requirement that a board-

certified physician verify she (or a medical professional employed by and under

her direct supervision) “took a detailed occupational and exposure history from the

exposed person” and “took a detailed medical and smoking history that includes a

thorough review of the exposed person’s past and present medical problems and

their most probable cause” is unconstitutionally vague. See id. § 90.004(a)(1)(B–

C). They attribute the vagueness to the lack of a statutory definition for the terms

“detailed occupational and exposure history” and “detailed medical . . . history.”

                                         24
      Chapter 90 contains a definition section in which 29 terms are defined, but

“detailed occupational and exposure history” and “detailed medical . . . history” are

not among them. Cf. id. § 90.001 (defining certain terms used in Chapter 90).

Nonetheless, Section 90.004 provides guidance on the meaning of these phrases.

Section 90.004(e) states that the “detailed occupational and exposure history

required by Subsection (a)(1)(B) must describe . . . the exposed person’s principal

employments and state whether the exposed person was exposed to airborne

contaminants, including silica and other dusts that can cause pulmonary

impairment; and . . . the nature, duration, and frequency of the exposed person’s

exposure to airborne contaminants, including silica and other dusts that can cause

pulmonary impairment.” Id. § 90.004(e). Section 90.004(A)(1)(C) explains that a

“detailed medical and smoking history” should include “a thorough review of the

exposed person’s past and present medical problems and their most probable

cause.” Id. § 90.004(a)(1)(C).

      We conclude these provisions amply describe what is meant by the statutory

phrases “detailed occupational and exposure history” and “detailed medical . . .

history” so as not to be so vague that persons “of common intelligence must

necessarily guess at its meaning.” See Connally, 269 U.S. at 391; Tex. Antiquities

Comm., 554 S.W.2d at 928.

                                         25
      2.     Verification regarding medical history

      Aside from whether these terms are sufficiently understandable to survive a

vagueness challenge, there appears to be an incongruence between the objections

asserted against the medical reports and the sandblasters’ argument with regard to

their medical histories. For several sandblasters, Defendants asserted an “objection

to insufficient medical history.” A closer reading of the objection reveals that the

argument is not that the medical histories lack detail, which is the argument the

sandblasters appear to respond to with the above vagueness challenge. Instead, the

objection is that Section 90.004(a)(1)(C) requires the submitted medical report to

include a physician verification that “the physician or a medical professional

employed by and under the direct supervision and control of the physician . . . took

a detailed medical . . . history,” yet the objected-to sandblasters’ medical reports

have no such verification. There is a medical history, but there is no verification by

the physician-author that she (or a qualifying medical professional) took the

medical history. Defendants argue the sandblasters without an appropriate

verification failed to comply with statutory requirements. This is the objection

asserted by Defendants and sustained by the MDL Court.

                                         26
      Our review of the medical records of the remaining 43 claimants reveals 13

whose medical reports did not include physician verifications.7 The MDL Court

did not err in sustaining the medical-history objection to these 13 sandblasters, and

we affirm their dismissal:

        Thomas Benitez                                  David Hollingsworth
        Melvin Briones                                  Juan Morales
        Francisco Dabdub                                Daniel Navejar
        Jessie Duncan                                   Carl Prentice
        Jose Fajardo                                    Jose Rios
        Michael Gary                                    Abelardo Zambrano
        Gerald Henry

7
      Why these 13 sandblasters’ medical reports lacked verifications might be
      understood, at least in part, by considering the history of this type of litigation and
      taking into account when the medical reports were prepared compared to when the
      MDL statute was enacted. As noted in the official comments to Chapter 90, there
      was a great deal of activity in silica-exposure litigation in the early 2000s, when
      thousands of claims were filed in state district courts because of concerns about
      limitations issues. Those claimants submitted to x-rays and other testing for
      evidence of silica exposure and to physician exams by physicians who then
      prepared contemporaneous medical reports discussing illness diagnoses and
      impairment findings. These medical reports for these 13 sandblasters were
      prepared in 2005, within a few months of Chapter 90 being enacted. Their medical
      reports were not supplemented, as some were for other claimants with older
      reports. Thus, these 13 sandblasters were relying on medical reports prepared at a
      time when the physician-author may not have known Chapter 90’s requirements
      for a qualifying medical report.

      As the sandblasters have noted, there were cost considerations when evaluating
      whether to amend older medical reports before submitting them to the MDL
      Court, but the MDL procedures certainly allowed amended medical reports to be
      filed. The record reflects that, on at least one occasion, a claimant who is not part
      of this appeal filed amended medical reports and then was able to move for
      remand and a trial setting. Still other claimants filed single-page supplements in
      which physicians added the verifications required by Section 90.004. These 13
      sandblasters did not amend or supplement their medical reports, but there was
      nothing in the statute preventing them from doing so.
                                            27
      This leaves 30 sandblasters.

D.    Failure to designate the AMA Guides edition that would control
      evaluation of medical reports does not render statute unconstitutionally
      vague

      Defendants objected that some sandblasters’ medical reports did not confirm

exercise testing as part of their medical evaluations. The MDL Court sustained the

objections. The sandblasters argue Chapter 90 is unconstitutionally vague because

the various editions of the AMA Guides are inconsistent regarding the requirement

of exercise testing and the statute does not specify which edition is to be followed,

creating uncertainty as to whether the statute requires exercise testing. They argue

the statute “lacks definiteness or certainty” and violates due process guarantees.

      The record does not support the sandblasters’ uncertainty argument. In

March 2006, the MDL Court issued a supplement to its recommended checklist for

medical reports and documentation.8 The supplement states that the fifth edition of

the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment “shall be used to

determine impairment.” It further states that, “[i]f the AMA publishes a new

edition of the AMA Guides, the new edition shall apply to medical reports based

on examinations or testing performed on or after the date of publication of the new

edition.” And, to further clarify, it adds, “If a new edition is published, medical

reports that have already been approved under the current [fifth] edition shall not

8
      The supplement is in the record and was attached to the sandblasters’ response to
      the objections to their medical reports.
                                          28
be subject to the new edition.” None of the parties contend the trial court erred in

determining that the statute requires the application of the guidelines in effect at

the time of testing.

      To the extent the sandblasters chose to rely on their pre-written medical

reports, the MDL Court indicated in 2006 their reports would be evaluated under

the fifth edition’s requirements. If the sandblasters amended their reports, their new

reports would be evaluated under the version of the AMA Guides in existence

when the underlying examinations and testing were performed. If the sandblasters

preferred the impairment criteria in the sixth edition, additional testing and an

amended report would have brought the reports within its requirements.

      Ten of the remaining sandblasters submitted medical reports that pre-dated

the 2006 MDL Court supplemental filing, in which the MDL Court stated that

already-performed medical testing would be analyzed under the fifth edition. None

of them amended their reports over the next decade. In that context, there was no

uncertainty whether the fifth edition applied to their reports: it clearly did. Because

the following sandblasters did not submit medical reports with the required data on

exercise testing, the dismissal was not error with regard to these 10 sandblasters:

       Noe De La Cruz                                 Daniel Ochoa
       Ronnie L. Johnson                              Humberto Chapa
       Jose Longoria                                  Rudy Encinas
       Victor Perez                                   Dell Hodge
       Roberto Paz                                    Roger Spencer

                                          29
      This leaves 20 sandblasters.

E.    Requirement of certain x-ray findings indicating lung abnormalities is
      not unconstitutional

      The    sandblasters’   next    constitutional   argument    is   that   Section

90.004(a)(3)(A) arbitrarily requires medical reports to contain a finding from the x-

rays that the claimant’s pulmonary scarring is “predominately nodular” and

“primarily in the upper lung fields,” even though silicosis can be a lower-lobe

disease. By requiring these specific findings, they argue, Chapter 90 wrongly

excludes claimants who have atypical silicosis or pneumoconiosis, which can

present primarily in the lower lobes of the lungs. They contend these statutory

limitations are unreasonable, arbitrary, and capricious.

      Subsection (f) of Section 90.010 is referred to as a “safety value” provision.

It establishes a path to medical-report approval for claimants whose medical

profiles do not match the Section 90.004 criteria. Under Subsection (f), a claimant

who cannot meet Section 90.004(a)(3)’s requirements but does comply with

Section 90.004(a)(1), (2), and (4) has another option: a physician can verify there

is a physician-patient relationship between the physician-author of the report and

the claimant, pulmonary function testing was performed, and the physician has

concluded, to a reasonable degree of medical probability, that the claimant has

“radiographic, pathologic, or computed tomography evidence establishing bilateral

pleural disease or bilateral parenchymal disease caused by exposure to . . . silica;

                                         30
and . . . has . . . silica-related physical impairment comparable to the impairment”

the claimant would have had if he had met the criteria in Section 90.004. Id.

§ 90.010(f)(1)(B). Under Subsection (f), neither the “predominantly nodular”

requirement nor the “primarily in the upper lung fields” requirement applies.

Compare id. § 90.004(a)(3), with § 90.010(f)(1)(B)(iii-iv). Subsection (f) was

available to sandblasters who did not present with typical findings. None of the

remaining 20 sandblasters moved for consideration under Subsection (f).

      Sections 90.004 and 90.010 must be analyzed in light of the statute as a

whole. See Taylor v. Firemen’s & Policemen’s Civil Serv. Comm’n of City of

Lubbock, 616 S.W.2d 187, 190 (Tex. 1981). Taking into account Subsection (f),

which presents an alternative means to establish an injury and impairment, the

specificity of Section 90.004 does not create an arbitrary approval process that

denies the sandblasters due process.

      We overrule this constitutional challenge and conclude the MDL Court did

not err in dismissing the following 20 sandblasters for failure to submit medical

reports with the requisite findings:

                                        31
       Homer Batchelor                             Antonio Lopez
       Delbert Blundell                            Aaron Luke
       Guadalupe Calvo                             Ernest Mechell
       Ignacio Cavazos                             Tomas Morin
       Hector Chapa                                Adalberto Muniz
       Steve Davis                                 Oscar Perez
       Jose Esquivel                               Rene Ramirez
       Pablo Garcia                                William Terral
       Homero Garza                                Teodoro Tovar
       Jose Hernandez                              Jose Uresti

      We have concluded the MDL Court did not err in sustaining certain

objections to various subsets of sandblasters and have overruled the sandblasters’

constitutional challenges to the statutory provisions on which those particular

objections were based. We turn next to the sandblasters’ global constitutional

challenges to Sections 90.004 and 90.010 that are not tied to any specific

objections.

     Global Constitutional Challenges Not Tied to Any Specific Objections

      Claimants assert two global constitutional challenges to Sections 90.004 and

90.010.

A.    MDL Court’s statutory authority to evaluate the sufficiency of medical
      reports does not render Chapter 90 unconstitutionally vague

      The sandblasters challenge the statutory framework of Chapter 90 granting

the MDL Court authority to determine whether a medical report complies with

Section 90.004’s requirements. They argue the “framework places the Court in the

                                       32
precarious position of rendering medical opinions and providing medical

interpretation even though the Court has no specialized training in medicine or

impairment evaluations.” They further argue “the statute allows untrained courts

and lawyers to interpret highly technical medical articles” without fully

understanding their content, which denies the sandblasters due process.

      This argument is reminiscent of initial challenges to the expert-reliability

framework established in Daubert and Robinson. See Daubert v. Merrell Dow

Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993); E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. v.

Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 549, 557 (Tex. 1995) (rejecting arguments that (1) “judges

are not competent to assess the scientific reliability” of expert evidence and (2)

judges should not be cast in “role of amateur scientist”). Since Robinson, a body of

law has developed that confirms trial judges’ role in assessing the reliability of

expert opinions and the data underlying their opinions, including evidence

concerning medical diagnoses and medical causation. See, e.g., Transcont’l Ins.

Co. v. Crump, 330 S.W.3d 211, 215–20 (Tex. 2010) (analyzing reliability of

treating physician’s diagnostic methodology and evaluating whether analytical gap

exists between plaintiff’s medical data and physician’s causation opinion).

      The sandblasters assert that judges and lawyers are “untrained” in medicine

and do not have the necessary “specialized training” required to “interpret highly

technical medical articles” or access “impairment evaluations.” But, Texas courts

                                        33
have consistently rejected arguments built on a supposition that trial courts are

incapable of assessing scientific issues.9 See Robinson, 923 S.W.2d at 557–58

(rejecting contention that judges must be “trained in science to evaluate the

reliability of a theory or technique”; accepting that judges are “capable of

understanding and evaluating scientific reliability”); see also Merrell Dow Pharm.,

Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 713, 730 (Tex. 1997) (stating that courts should

independently evaluate scientific data underlying expert’s opinion as part of

determining whether expert’s opinion is reliable).

      In Havner, the Supreme Court of Texas analyzed the scientific data and

medical literature underlying an expert’s opinion that there is a causal link between

9
      There are a number of reasons it is appropriate to have judges determine complex
      scientific issues before cases proceed to trial within a crowded docket like an
      MDL. The trial process uses court and litigant resources on particular claimants,
      leaving other claimants waiting in the queue. Those waiting might be more
      impaired than those who reach the trial phase first if there is not a procedure in
      place to prioritize the more seriously ill claimants. The Legislature created a
      separate MDL for silica-based claims and supplemented the judge’s salary in
      recognition that the judge would need to allocate sufficient time to manage the
      docket and analyze complex procedural and scientific issues and evidence. The
      judge has resources available for evaluating evidence that would not be available
      to a jury if the decisional process for determining the adequacy of a gatekeeping
      report was delegated to a jury. The judge has the opportunity to read and study any
      underlying articles and scientific studies supporting medical conclusions, the
      ability to conduct or direct additional research on an issue or to require additional
      hearings or evidence, and, finally, the procedural flexibility to ask questions of
      designated experts and to hire, appoint, and confer with experts beyond those
      designated by the parties. See Harvey Brown, Procedural Issues Under Daubert,
      36 Hous. L. Rev. 1133, 1176–77 (1999) (stating that “a judge may not be smarter
      than a jury, but the judge has resources that are unavailable to the jury” to equip
      the judge to analyze complex expert issues).

                                           34
ingestion of a drug during pregnancy and a subsequent birth defect, and the Court

held there was no scientifically reliable evidence to support the causation opinion,

meaning there was legally insufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict

finding the pharmaceutical company liable for the birth defects. See Havner, 953
S.W.2d at 730. As Havner demonstrates, while the task can be daunting at times,

judges have the duty as gatekeepers to evaluate scientific evidence, medical expert

opinions, and the data underlying them.

      Section 90.004 requires a medical report to contain various physician

verifications, set forth relevant histories, contain a diagnosis and impairment

finding, and attach relevant medical records relied on by the physician in reaching

her conclusions. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 90.004. We fail to see how a

statute requiring a court to evaluate the content of a medical report for these items

is so vague that it is “no rule or standard at all.” See A.B. Small Co., 267 U.S. at

239 (setting forth civil vagueness standard).

      Nor do we see how the specific scientific area of study addressed in the

statute—silica-related illnesses and impairment—contributes to vagueness.

      The Texas Supreme Court has noted the similarity between the MDL

Court’s role under Chapter 90.004 and trial courts’ role, generally, in evaluating

the reliability of medical experts’ methodologies and underlying data. See In re

GlobalSanteFe Corp., 275 S.W.3d 477, 487 (Tex. 2008). The issue in that case

                                          35
was whether the Jones Act preempts various Chapter 90 features. See id. In

detailing the Chapter 90 features, the Court stated that “Section 90.004 tracks

widely if not universally recognized criteria for reliably diagnosing the existence of

silica-related illnesses.” Id. The Court offered four examples of Section 90.004

requirements aimed at ensuring reliability: (1) Section 90.004(a)(1)’s requirement

that a “board-certified physician conduct a detailed occupational and exposure

history is directed at assuring—early in the litigation so as to conserve judicial and

litigant resources—that the claim of silica-related injury is supported by medically

reliable expert review”; (2) Section 90.004(a)(3)’s requirement that the expert

observe specific findings that are the “standardized method of medical science to

identify chronic or classic silicosis and distinguishing it from asbestosis”;

(3) Section 90.004(b)(1)’s requirement that the physician verify a sufficient latency

period “to assure that the claimant is in fact suffering from a silica-related disease

under established medical science”; and (4) Section 90.004(a)(3)(A)’s requirement

that a qualified B-reader make certain findings to further “assure that the reader has

found at least some abnormality in the x-ray.” Id.

      Section 90.004’s criteria are “directed at assuring reliable expert

confirmation of the existence of one of the medically recognized forms of silica-

related illness,” and an expert’s “failure to establish these criteria is grounds for

rejecting expert testimony under Daubert,” even if the criteria were not

                                         36
incorporated into Chapter 90. Id. at 487–88. Section 90.004’s requirements

“represent the Legislature’s attempt to require a medically valid demonstration of

silica-related disease as opposed to mere exposure to silica or some other substance

or mere concern that a disease may develop in the future.” Id. at 488.

      The Court also noted “it is vitally important for a physician to take a

thorough occupational/exposure history and medical history” to “rule out the

multitude of other causes of the radiographic findings.” Id.

      The Court’s statements in In re GlobalSanteFe are consistent with our

conclusion that authorizing a court to evaluate whether a medical report complies

with Section 90.004’s requirements does not violate the sandblasters’ right to due

process. We overrule the sandblasters’ constitutional challenge premised on the

argument that trial courts are incapable of assessing complex medical materials and

expert medical opinions related to the diagnosis of silicosis and related

impairment.

B.    The addition of Section 90.010(d-1) through a 2013 amendment does not
      make the statute an unconstitutional retroactive law

      The sandblasters contend Section 90.010(d-1), which was added to Chapter

90 in 2013 through a statutory amendment, is an unconstitutionally retroactive law.

      Subsection (d-1) created a procedure, which had not existed under the earlier

version of Chapter 90, for the dismissal of pre-2005 claims that had been pending

in the MDL for nearly a decade without medical reports being submitted. See TEX.

                                         37
CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 90.010(d-1). Subsection (l) stated dismissal under

Subsection (d-1) would be without prejudice to refiling. Id. § 90.010(l).

      The sandblasters acknowledge dismissal under Subsection (d-1) for failing

to file a conforming medical report is without prejudice to refiling; however, they

assert dismissal is still prejudicial because they will not be able to recapture some

of the defendants that have already answered and appeared and because dismissal

will cause them to lose their financial investment in their cases, including already

incurred costs for filing fees, court records, deposition transcripts, and experts. The

sandblasters argue the costs associated with these expenses and attorney work

would be lost if their cases were dismissed.

      1.     Applicable law

      The Texas Constitution prohibits “retroactive law[s].” TEX. CONST. art. I,

§ 16; see Houston Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Houston Chronicle Pub. Co., 798 S.W.2d
580, 585 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, writ denied) (“Texas law militates

strongly against the retroactive application of laws.”).

      An unconstitutional retroactive law is one that “takes away or impairs vested

rights acquired under existing law.” McCain v. Yost, 284 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex.

1955); see Retroactive law, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014) (defining

as law that “divests vested rights”). A “vested right” is an immediate right or

entitlement; expectations and contingencies do not qualify. See Kissick v. Garland

                                          38
Indep. Sch. Dist., 330 S.W.2d 708, 712 (Tex. Civ. App.—Dallas 1960, writ ref’d

n.r.e.). “When the authority granting the right has the power and discretion to take

that right away, it cannot be said to be a vested right.” Ex parte Abell, 613 S.W.2d
255, 262 (Tex. 1981); see McCain, 284 S.W.2d at 900.

      A statute can apply retroactively and yet not be a “retroactive law” if the

right it affects did not accrue before the statute became effective. See Houston

Indep. Sch. Dist., 798 S.W.2d at 585.

      2.     The sandblasters have no vested right to the application of the
             pre-amended version of Chapter 90

      The sandblasters’ suits all pre-dated the enactment of Chapter 90. When they

filed their claims, they were governed by the general rules of procedure and

evidence and faced the possibility that their claims would be dismissed for want of

prosecution if they lingered without advancement. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 165a(2)

(providing that cases not disposed of within applicable time standards may be

placed on dismissal docket).

      It was after the sandblasters initiated their suits that the Legislature enacted

Chapter 90’s procedural scheme to permit silica-related claims to remain within the

court’s jurisdiction, protected from dismissal. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 90.010(a)(1), (b), (d). The sandblasters benefitted from this law because their

claims remained on the MDL docket, in a holding pattern, for more than a decade

without the risk of dismissal for lack of prosecution. And, the sandblasters received

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a second benefit from the 2005 enactment of Chapter 90: they did not risk going to

trial when they had lung markings “possibly consistent with silica exposure” but

“no functional or physical impairment.” They could wait until they had a medically

verified impairment to go to trial, at which point they would have the potential for

a larger damages award.

      After the MDL Court submitted its Subsection (k) report in 2010, showing

that only 54 of over 5,000 claimants had filed medical reports, the Legislature

amended the statute to add Subsection (d-1) and require claimants to take the next

step in their case progression or face dismissal. Those who filed qualifying medical

reports would be remanded to district court for trial; those who did not would be

dismissed without prejudice to refiling. Id. § 90.010(d-1), (l). Staying indefinitely

in the holding pattern would no longer be an option.

      The statute specifically provides that a claim dismissed under Subsection

(d-1) and later refiled “is treated for purposes of determining the applicable law as

if that claimant’s action had never been dismissed but, instead, had remained

pending until the claimant served a report that complied with . . . Section 90.004 or

Subsection (f)” of Section 90.010. Id. § 90.010(n). Moreover, a claimant dismissed

under Subsection (d-1) who elected to refile a claim would be given the option to

use more “cost-efficient” service options when they renewed their claim, such as

certified mail. See id. § 90.010(o).

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      When these sandblasters first asserted their claims, general docketing rules

controlled and Robinson expert requirements applied. They would have anticipated

needing to accumulate and present evidence of a medical diagnosis and establish

medical causation through an expert. They had no “vested right” to have their

claims remain on a court’s docket indefinitely without producing reliable medical

evidence of an impairment caused by silicosis. See In re GlobalSanteFe, 275
S.W.3d at 487. Nor did the addition of Subsection (d-1) divest them of their right

to proceed to trial once they had reliable medical evidence. While Section

90.010(d-1) acts retroactively, it is not an unconstitutional retroactive law that

divests the sandblasters of vested rights.

      Furthermore, to the extent the sandblasters contend Chapter 90, generally,

prevents the advancement of their cases due to its medical-report requirements, the

statute includes Section 90.010(f), which is a “safety value” procedure through

which sandblasters whose illness progressions do not match medical criteria in

Section 90.004 may establish an injury through alternative proof, including

submission of a medical report from a treating physician with equivalent, though

not identical, findings. Id. § 90.010(f).

      Having concluded Section 90.010(d-1) is not an unconstitutional retroactive

law, we overrule this final constitutional challenge to the statute.

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                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                              Sarah Beth Landau
                                              Justice

Justice Landau, joined by Chief Justice Radack and by Justices Keyes, Higley,
Lloyd, Kelly, Goodman, Hightower, and Countiss.

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