Court Opinion

ID: 814949
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-01-08 13:28:11+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:36:37.680809
License: Public Domain

Case: 11-15618       Date Filed: 01/07/2013      Page: 1 of 45

                                                                     [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             ________________________

                                    No. 11-15618
                              ________________________

                          D.C. Docket No. 9:05-cv-80765-KLR

YOUNG APARTMENTS, INC., et al.,
                                                                      Plaintiffs-Appellants,

GARY WESTON, et al.,
                                                                          Consol. Plaintiffs,

                                            versus

TOWN OF JUPITER, FLORIDA,
ANDREW LUKASIK,
ROBERT LECKY,
                                                                     Defendants-Appellees.

                              ________________________

                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Southern District of Florida
                            ________________________

                                     (January 7, 2013)

Before HULL and FAY, Circuit Judges, and WHITTEMORE,* District Judge.

       *
         Honorable James D. Whittemore, United States District Judge, Middle District of
Florida, sitting by designation.
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PER CURIAM:

      Appellants William Tedards and Michael Weeks, two attorneys who

represented their client, Plaintiff Young Apartments, in this civil lawsuit, appeal

the district court’s imposition of sanctions on them in the form of attorneys’ fees

under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 in favor of Defendants Andrew Lukasik and Robert

Lecky. After review of the briefs and the record in this case, and with the benefit

of oral argument, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s imposition

of § 1927 sanctions and affirm.

      This is the third appeal before this Court in this case. Plaintiff Young

Apartments does not contest or appeal the district court’s $139,397 award of

attorneys’ fees against Young Apartments in favor of the Defendants under 42

U.S.C. § 1988 and 28 U.S.C. § 1927. Rather, this appeal concerns only the

attorneys’ fees award of $82,341 against counsel for Young Apartments under

§ 1927.

      The full $139,397 represents all attorneys’ fees incurred by Defendants

Lukasik and Lecky in the entire case. The $82,341, awarded against Young

Apartments’ counsel, represents only that portion of the $139,397 award that was

incurred by the Defendants after the first appeal in this case. Specifically, the

$82,341 award consists of: (1) $50,984 in attorneys’ fees incurred in the discovery

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and summary judgment process that followed the first appeal; and (2) $31,357 in

attorneys’ fees incurred in the second appeal, which affirmed the entry of summary

judgment in favor of the Defendants.

      We summarize briefly the underlying litigation so as to provide context for

this third appeal and the district court’s § 1927 order against counsel for Young

Apartments.

                     I. THE UNDERLYING LITIGATION

      Plaintiff Young Apartments filed a civil action, pursuant to 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983, against (1) the Town of Jupiter, Florida (“Jupiter”), and (2) town officials

Andrew Lukasik and Robert Lecky (the “Defendants”). Lukasik was Jupiter’s

town manager, and Lecky was Jupiter’s head building official. As recounted

below, Defendant Jupiter prevailed in this litigation and is not involved in this

third appeal. Therefore, in this opinion, we refer to Lukasik and Lecky as the

Defendants.

      In Count 1 of its amended complaint, Young Apartments alleged that Jupiter

violated the Fourteenth Amendment through its illegal enactment and selective

enforcement of an “Over-Crowding Ordinance” (the “Ordinance”), which placed

occupancy limits on residential dwellings. Plaintiff Young Apartments asserted

Jupiter’s Ordinance was aimed at, and selectively enforced against, only Hispanic

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immigrant workers and had the effect of eliminating affordable housing available

to these workers. In Count 2, Young Apartments alleged that Defendants Lukasik

and Lecky participated in Jupiter’s selective enforcement of the Ordinance against

Hispanic immigrants in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.1

A.     Motions to Dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)

       Jupiter and Defendants Lukasik and Lecky filed two separate Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) motions to dismiss Young Apartments’ claims as to

them. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).

       In its January 2006 ruling, the district court dismissed Count 2 against

Defendants Lukasik and Lecky for failure to state a claim. The district court first

concluded that Young Apartments’ complaint failed to notify Defendants Lukasik

and Lecky that they were being sued in their individual capacities. Thus, the

district court construed Count 2 as setting out an official-capacity claim against

Lukasik and Lecky, and determined that Count 2 “[was] simply a reconstitution of

[Young Apartments’] claim against the Town.” Because Jupiter was also a

defendant in the suit, the district court determined that Count 2 was “redundant”

and dismissed it against Defendants Lukasik and Lecky. As to Lukasik and

       1
        Young Apartments’ complaint also contained five other counts (three against Jupiter and
two against Lukasik and Lecky) that are not relevant to the present appeal.

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Lecky, the district court did not reach the merits of Plaintiff’s claims.

         In this same January 2006 order, the district court also dismissed the

majority of Count 1 against Jupiter, save for the portion of Count 1 that alleged

that Jupiter had engaged in selective enforcement of its Ordinance. The district

court found that Plaintiff Young Apartments, as a landlord, lacked standing to

assert race-based discriminatory enactment or race-based selective enforcement

claims on behalf of its Hispanic tenants. Therefore, the district court interpreted

Count 1 against Jupiter as a claim of “differential treatment based on a non-

suspect characteristic,” i.e., a class-of-one claim subject to rational basis review.

This “non-suspect characteristic” selective enforcement claim was at times

referred to as a “class of one” selective enforcement claim based on Young

Apartments (a class of one) being allegedly treated differently from other similarly

situated landlords. The district court then concluded that Jupiter’s Ordinance,

which placed occupancy limits on residential dwellings, survived rational basis

scrutiny because it aided Jupiter in attaining various legitimate health and safety

goals.

         Although it dismissed Plaintiff Young Apartments’ racial discrimination

claims due to a lack of standing as a landlord, the district court did not dismiss

Young Apartments’ claim of non-suspect characteristic or class-of-one selective

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enforcement against Jupiter. The district court noted that Young Apartments had

“alleged that it . . . was treated differently from similarly situated properties in

[Jupiter], and that there was no legitimate governmental purpose for the

differential treatment,” which was sufficient to state a claim of selective

enforcement under the Equal Protection Clause. The district court indicated that,

to pursue such a claim, a “plaintiff need only allege that it has been

intentionally treated differently from others similarly situated and that there is no

rational basis for the difference in treatment.”

      From this point, in light of the district court’s Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal order,

Plaintiff Young Apartments proceeded against Jupiter solely on the selective

enforcement portion of Count 1 under a non-suspect characteristic or “class of

one” theory, rather than under a theory of racial discrimination.

B.    Jupiter’s Motion for Summary Judgment

      Following discovery, Jupiter filed a motion for summary judgment, which

the district court granted in April 2007. In its summary judgment order, the

district court reiterated that, to prevail on its selective enforcement claim, Plaintiff

Young Apartments had to show first that, as to the Ordinance, Jupiter treated

Plaintiff differently from other similarly situated properties; and second that

Jupiter unequally applied a facially neutral ordinance for the purpose of

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discriminating against Young Apartments. After noting the parties’ disagreement

about what precise conduct Young Apartments had to show in order to prove its

selective enforcement claim, the district court determined that Young Apartments

failed to demonstrate a disputed issue of material fact on the “similarly situated”

prong under either party’s formulation of the correct standard.

       In particular, Plaintiff Young Apartments failed to present any evidence

that: (1) a residence was overcrowded but that Jupiter failed to issue a citation for

violating the Overcrowding Ordinance; (2) under the rule proposed by Young

Apartments itself, Jupiter had received a complaint about overcrowding and failed

to investigate; or (3) Young Apartments was issued a citation for hurricane

damage and that no other property was similarly cited. Thus, the district court

concluded that Plaintiff Young Apartments had failed to satisfy the first prong of

the selective enforcement equal protection analysis, and it granted Jupiter’s motion

for summary judgment.2

       Following the district court’s summary judgment order, which disposed of

all of Young Apartments’ remaining claims, Young Apartments filed a notice of

appeal in May 2007. Notably, Young Apartments decided to appeal only the

       2
        The district court likewise concluded that Young Apartments failed to satisfy the second
prong of the analysis, i.e., it did not demonstrate that Jupiter “unequally applied a facially neutral
ordinance for the purpose of discriminating against” Young Apartments.

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district court’s earlier Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal of their racial discrimination claims

against (1) Jupiter and (2) Lukasik and Lecky in their individual capacities.

Young Apartments did not appeal the district court’s entry of summary judgment

in Jupiter’s favor on Young Apartments’ non-suspect characteristic “class of one”

selective enforcement claim.

C.     2008 First Appeal

       On appeal in 2008, this Court reversed the district court’s Rule 12(b)(6)

dismissal of Young Apartments’ 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims in Count 1 against

Jupiter, and in Count 2 against Lukasik and Lecky, and remanded the case for

further proceedings. See Young Apartments, Inc. v. Town of Jupiter, FL (“Young

I”), 529 F.3d 1027 (11th Cir. 2008). As to Lukasik and Lecky, this Court held that

Lukasik and Lecky were sued in their individual capacities, and that Young

Apartments’ claim against them in Count 2 could proceed because they were

adequately notified of their potential individual liability. Id. at 1046-48.3

       This Court also reversed the district court’s conclusion as to Young

Apartments’ standing to bring racial discrimination claims on behalf of its tenants,

concluding that Young Apartments did have standing to pursue such racial

       3
        The district court had dismissed various other claims brought by Young Apartments in
Count 3, 4, and 5, and Young Apartments did not contest the dismissal of those Counts on
appeal. Young I, 529 F.3d at 1037.

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discrimination claims in Count 1. Id. at 1037-44. This Court noted that, because

the district court had previously construed Young Apartments’ claim against

Jupiter as a “class of one” claim, the district court had “excluded any consideration

of discrimination based on a suspect classification,” and Young Apartments on

appeal “claim[ed] that it was unable to introduce relevant evidence concerning

Jupiter’s discriminatory motives.” Id. at 1045-46. Young Apartments also claimed

on appeal “that the district court’s analysis failed to examine fully whether Young

Apartments was treated differently compared to landlords of non-Hispanic

tenants.” Id. at 1046.

      Therefore, in the first appeal, this Court indicated that because of the district

court’s erroneous ruling on standing, the district court “may have wrongly refused

to consider any evidence of discrimination against Jupiter’s Hispanic immigrants.”

Id. This Court noted, however, that whether Young Apartments alleged a claim of

“discrimination based on a suspect classification or under a ‘class of one’ theory,”

it “must show disparate treatment compared to a similarly situated party.” Id.

      As to selective enforcement, this Court also observed that Plaintiff Young

Apartments had not appealed the district court’s entry of summary judgment on

Plaintiff’s non-suspect characteristic “class of one” selective enforcement claim.

Id. This Court thus permitted Young Apartments to pursue on remand only claims

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of unequal enforcement to the extent these claims were based on evidence of racial

discrimination Young Apartments had been unable to adduce due to the district

court’s erroneous narrowing of its claims to a “class-of-one” claim, stating:

       [Young Apartments may] raise its unequal enforcement claims anew on
       remand, but only insofar as it can establish these claims based on
       evidence of discrimination that it was unable to adduce because of the
       district court’s erroneous narrowing of the relevant issues. Young
       Apartments may not press forward with any selective enforcement
       claims that merely duplicate its failed “class of one” unequal
       enforcement challenge.

Id. at 1046 (emphasis added).

D.     Summary Judgment Motions on Remand on Racial Discrimination
       Claims

       Following this Court’s decision in Young I, and after a period of discovery,

Jupiter and Defendants Lukasik and Lecky moved for summary judgment in the

district court on Plaintiff Young Apartments’ race-based selective enforcement

claims.4 In its summary judgment motion, Jupiter argued that Young Apartments

had “neither sought, nor obtained any new evidence of disparate treatment of itself

as opposed [to] other similarly situated property owners.” In their separate

summary judgment motion, Defendants Lukasik and Lecky also noted that “[n]o

       4
       During this period, Young Apartments’ discovery included taking depositions of
Lukasik, Lecky, other Jupiter officials, and various other witnesses. It is unclear from the record
whether Young Apartments also conducted written discovery, but Young Apartments’
submission in opposition to the Defendants’ motions for summary judgment did include various
documentary submissions.

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new evidence obtained shows that [Young Apartments] was treated differently

from a similarly situated landlord with non-Hispanic tenants in connection with

the enforcement of [the] Ordinance.” In various pleadings filed during this

summary judgment phase, Young Apartments emphasized that it was not pursuing

a “class of one” claim, but instead, its claim against the Defendants was that

“Lecky and Lukasik directed the enforcement of the [O]rdinance solely against

properties in the areas . . . that were heavily occupied by Hispanic immigrants . . .

and that Young Apartments was hit by that targeted program.”

      In August 2009, the district court granted summary judgment in full to

Jupiter and Defendants Lukasik and Lecky. As to Defendants Lukasik and Lecky,

the district court determined that, in their individual capacities, (1) Lukasik and

Lecky did not enforce the Ordinance in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of

the Fourteenth Amendment, and (2) Lukasik and Lecky were entitled to qualified

immunity. The district court also rejected Young Apartments’ claims of racially

discriminatory enactment and enforcement against Jupiter. The district court

concluded that Young Apartments produced no evidence of selective enforcement

motivated by racial discrimination, stating:

      [t]he Eleventh Circuit required plaintiff to provide new evidence to
      support its [selective enforcement] claim. This Court has reviewed the
      entire record and is unable to find new evidence to support plaintiff’s
      claim. At the hearing [on the motions for summary judgment], this Court

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      specifically asked plaintiff to detail the new evidence upon which it
      relies. Plaintiff cited two sources of evidence: (1) the “Overcrowding
      Investigations” log and (2) overcrowding complaints from former
      plaintiff Weston. Both of those documents were before this Court when
      it initially considered this issue. None of this evidence is directed at
      establishing that Young Apartments was similarly situated to another
      entity that Jupiter knew was overcrowded and that Jupiter failed to
      investigate or cite.

             This same issue goes to any selective enforcement claim plaintiff
      brings against individual defendants Lukasik and Lecky. There is
      nothing in the record that shows that Young Apartments was treated
      differently from a similarly situated landlord of non-Hispanic tenants.

(emphasis added).

      Plaintiff Young Apartments appealed the district court’s grant of summary

judgment as to all Defendants. In December 2010, this Court affirmed the district

court’s grant of summary judgment to Jupiter and Defendants Lukasik and Lecky

based on a lack of evidence. See Young Apartments, Inc. v. Town of Jupiter, Fla.,

(“Young II”), 406 F. App’x 376 (2010). In Young II, this Court stated Plaintiff

Young Apartments had produced no evidence that landlords of non-Hispanic

tenants were treated differently or more favorably than Plaintiff, stating:

             We also affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in
      favor of Jupiter, Lukasik, and Lecky on Young’s claim of unequal
      enforcement. First, we observe from the record that Young failed to
      present any new evidence of Jupiter’s unequal enforcement and, in fact,
      merely duplicated its previous argument. Second, because Young failed
      to show that a similarly situated landlord of non-Hispanic tenants was
      treated differently from it, the grant of summary judgment is due to be
      affirmed.

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             Finally, we agree with the district court that Lukasik and Lecky
      enjoy qualified immunity. Young has failed to establish that either of
      these individuals violated its federal constitutional rights. Specifically,
      Young sued Lukasik and Lecky for enforcing the Ordinance unequally
      against it as a landlord of Hispanic tenants. As previously discussed, this
      claim fails because Young produced no evidence of a similarly situated
      landlord of non-Hispanic tenants who was treated more favorably, as
      required by our circuit precedents.

Id. at 378 (emphasis added and footnote omitted).

      On March 7, 2011, this Court granted Defendants Lukasik and Lecky’s

motion to transfer the issue of appellate attorneys’ fees in Young II to the district

court for consideration of what fees should be awarded for the Young II appeal.

With this background, we turn to the § 1927 attorneys’ fees issue that is the sole

subject of this third appeal.

                  II. THE ATTORNEYS’ FEES LITIGATION

A.    Lukasik and Lecky’s Motion Filed April 29, 2011

      Following this Court’s decision in Young II, Defendants Lukasik and Lecky

filed an April 29, 2011 renewed motion for attorneys’ fees in the district court,

through which they sought to recover their attorneys’ fees and costs from Young

Apartments and its counsel. The Defendants first argued that they were entitled,

as prevailing parties under 42 U.S.C. § 1988, to recover from Young Apartments

all of the attorneys’ fees they incurred in defending against Young Apartments’

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suit from inception and throughout the entire case because there was never any

evidence to support any of Plaintiff’s allegations and the lawsuit was frivolous.

      Further, as to Plaintiff’s counsel, Defendants Lukasik and Lecky’s April 29

motion expressly sought to recover attorneys’ fees under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 “jointly

and severally” from “Young Apartments and [its] counsel” of record, but limited

to only those fees incurred after the Young I decision. As noted above, the Young

I decision had held that Defendants Lukasik and Lecky were sued individually, not

in their official capacity. Defendants Lukasik and Lecky’s motion pointed out that

after the Young I decision and after the case was back in the district court, counsel

for Young Apartments prosecuted selective enforcement claims against

Defendants Lukasik and Lecky knowing no evidence supported those claims.

      As a result of Plaintiff Young Apartments’ “counsel’s unwillingness to

abandon [a] clearly baseless claim,” Defendants Lukasik and Lecky’s April 29

motion argued that they incurred nearly $83,000 in attorneys’ fees in (1) defending

themselves against Young Apartments’ baseless claims in the district court after

the Young I remand, (2) filing a motion for summary judgment, which the district

court granted in the Defendants’ favor, and (3) successfully defending the district

court’s summary judgment ruling on appeal in Young II. In their April 29 motion,

Defendants Lukasik and Lecky estimated that, of the approximately $83,000 spent

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after the remand in Young I, $55,000 was spent on attorneys’ fees for their defense

in the district court after Young I, and $28,000 was spent on appellate attorneys’

fees for their defense before this Court in the Young II proceedings.

      Defendants Lukasik and Lecky’s April 29 motion explained how counsel

for Young Apartments engaged in “unreasonable and vexatious conduct,” which

“multiplied the proceedings,” constituted “bad faith,” and justified an award of

attorneys’ fees as a sanction under § 1927. Lukasik and Lecky’s motion put

Young Apartments and its counsel on notice of the specific conduct that supported

their § 1927 motion for attorneys’ fees as sanctions. In significant detail, Lukasik

and Lecky’s 18-page motion summarized the above procedural history of the

litigation before the first appeal, and then detailed at length what happened in the

district court after the remand in Young I and later on appeal in Young II.

      For example, Defendants Lukasik and Lecky’s April 29 motion explained

that after the remand, Young Apartments’ counsel was allowed to take depositions

and submit written discovery, but never found or presented any evidence of

disparate treatment or unequal enforcement to support Young Apartments’ claims:

             On remand, Young Apartments was not only allowed to present
      . . . “new evidence” . . . , but was in fact given the opportunity of
      conducting new depositions and written discovery in order to obtain
      such new evidence. Yet, when Jupiter, Lukasik, and Lecky again moved
      for summary judgment, Young Apartments failed to present any new
      evidence to show that it was treated differently from landlords of

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      non-Hispanic tenants. As such, [the district court] granted the motions
      for summary judgment . . . .
      ....
      [The district court] concluded, “There is nothing in the record that
      shows that Young Apartments was treated differently from a similarly
      situated landlord of non-Hispanic tenants,” and held that, “After a
      careful review of the record, this Court does not find that Jupiter
      selectively enforced [the Ordinance]. . . .”
      ....
             On May 2, 2007, Young Apartments filed a notice of appeal . . . .
      In their brief to the Eleventh Circuit, Lukasik and Lecky focused
      extensively on the fact that Young Apartments had failed to present any
      new evidence of unequal enforcement. Young Apartments wholly
      ignored the argument, attempting to stray the Eleventh Circuit’s
      attention from that fact. It was unsuccessful.

            Indeed, the Eleventh Circuit affirmed [the district court’s order]
      granting summary judgment in favor of Lukasik and Lecky, specifically
      noting,

            We also affirm the district court’s grant of summary
            judgment in favor of Jupiter, Lukasik, and Lecky on
            Young’s claim of unequal enforcement. First, we observe
            from the record that Young failed to present any new
            evidence of Jupiter’s unequal enforcement and, in fact,
            merely duplicated its previous argument. Second, because
            Young failed to show that a similarly situated landlord of
            non-Hispanic tenants was treated differently from it, the
            grant of summary judgment is due to be affirmed.

Defendants, Andrew D. Lukasik and Robert Lecky’s Renewed Verified Motion for

Entitlement of Trial and Appellate Attorneys’ Fees and Costs, pages 7-9 (headings

and citations omitted). Simply put, the basis for Defendants Lukasik and Lecky’s

April 29 motion for § 1927 attorneys’ fees was mainly that “Young Apartments

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continued to prosecute this case and presented the same insufficient evidence it

presented at the first summary judgment a year before, in turn requiring Lukasik

and Lecky to continue incurring fees to defend this baseless action.”

      Defendants’ motion also specifically alleged these facts: (1) that Plaintiff’s

counsel’s unreasonable and vexatious conduct was “in continuing to litigate this

baseless claim against Lukasik and Lecky without any evidence of unequal

enforcement”; (2) that this “unreasonable and vexatious conduct has multiplied the

proceedings by compelling Lukasik and Lecky to defend the case on remand and

on appeal in Young [II]”; (3) “as a direct result of Young Apartments and his

counsel’s unwillingness to abandon the clearly baseless claim” Defendants

expended nearly $83,000 in attorneys’ fees; and (4) given that counsel knew they

had no evidence to support their claim, Young Apartments’ “counsel’s continued

litigation of the unequal enforcement claim on remand amounts to bad faith.”

      Counsel for Defendants Lukasik and Lecky included a “Verification of

Motion” paragraph in the April 29 motion, which stated that defense counsel “has

personal knowledge of the matters set forth herein. He has read the Motion and

states that the facts alleged and set forth herein are verified and correct.”

      Defendants Lukasik and Lecky also offered to submit affidavits regarding

the reasonableness of the total hours expended on and fees sought for their

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defense, in the event that the district court granted the motion as to their

entitlement to attorneys’ fees.

B.     District Court’s Order, Dated June 7, 2011, Granting Defendants
       Lukasik and Lecky’s § 1927 Motion by Default

       Neither Plaintiff Young Apartments nor its counsel of record filed a

response to Defendants Lukasik and Lecky’s April 29 motion for attorneys’ fees

against both Young Apartments and its counsel under § 1927.5

       On June 7, 2011, the district court entered an order entitled “Order Granting

by Default Renewed Verified Motion for Trial and Appellate Attorneys’ Fees and

Costs.” The district court, after indicating that it “ha[d] carefully considered the

motion, applicable law, and pertinent portions of the record,” granted Lukasik and

Lecky’s motion by default, pursuant to Southern District of Florida Local Rule

7.1(c). The district court’s order quoted the text of Rule 7.1(c), which states that

“[e]ach party opposing a motion shall serve an opposing memorandum of law no

later than fourteen (14) days after service of the motion. Failure to do so may be

deemed sufficient cause for granting the motion by default.” S.D. Fla. L.R. 7.1(c).

       At the time the district court entered its June 7 default order, Young

Apartments and its counsel had not responded to Defendants Lukasik and Lecky’s

       5
        We recognize that Defendants’ motion also sought fees against Young Apartments under
§ 1988 and § 1927. Because Young Apartments does not appeal the fees against it, we focus on
only the fees awarded under § 1927 against Young Apartments’ counsel.

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§ 1927 motion for over 38 days.

      The district court’s order also permitted Defendants Lukasik and Lecky,

within 30 days, to file affidavits or other corroborating documentation in support

of the reasonableness of the amount of fees and costs requested.

C.    Affidavit and Billing Records Filed July 8, 2011

      On July 8, 2011, in support of their fees motion, Defendants Lukasik and

Lecky filed (1) an affidavit from their attorney, and (2) time and billing records,

which demonstrated that their attorneys had expended a total of 1068.5 hours on

Lukasik and Lecky’s defense. Of the 1068.5 total hours, 376.3 were expended in

Lukasik and Lecky’s defense in the district court after the Young I remand, and

234.7 were expended defending the district court’s summary judgment ruling

before this Court in the Young II proceedings—a total of 611 hours. Lukasik and

Lecky requested that the district court find that hourly rates of $110 to $130 per

hour for associates, and up to $180 per hour for partners, were reasonable in light

of the experience of the attorneys and the work performed in the litigation.

      Defendants Lukasik and Lecky asked that the district court award them

(1) $139,397 in attorneys’ fees from Young Apartments, under § 1988, for fees

incurred in the entire litigation; and (2) $82,341 in attorneys’ fees jointly and

severally recoverable from Young Apartments and its counsel under § 1927, for

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fees after the Young I remand.

D.    Tedards’s Response Filed August 5, 2011, on Behalf of Tedards and
      Weeks, Challenging Defendants’ Entitlement to Fees

      On August 5, 2011, William Tedards, one of Young Apartments’ counsel,

filed a response to Defendants’ July 8 documents (showing Defendants’ attorneys’

hours expended and billing rates). In the district court, Tedards’s response

admitted that he had no authorization from his client—Young Apartments—to

contest the § 1988 award of $139,397 against Young Apartments.

      Rather, Tedards’s August 5 response argued that the district court should

deny what Tedards termed the “overlapping” § 1927 fee request against counsel

for Young Apartments. In other words, because the full amount of $139,397 was

recoverable under § 1988 against Young Apartments, Tedards contended that no

sum was recoverable under § 1927 against counsel for Young Apartments.

      Importantly for this third appeal, Counsel Tedards’s August 5 response also

addressed the substance of whether Defendants Lukasik and Lecky were entitled

to attorneys’ fees against Young Apartments’ counsel under § 1927. Counsel

Tedards’s August 5 response, filed in the district court, contended that he did not

tell this Court in Young I that he had been prevented from introducing certain

evidence, or that he intended to renew a claim, post-remand in Young I, that relied

on previously excluded evidence. Counsel Tedards’s August 5 response conceded
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that Defendants Lukasik and Lecky may have been misled during the post-Young

I remand summary judgment proceedings and may have devoted unnecessary

effort to certain issues. Counsel Tedards admitted that he could have emphasized

more clearly the precise nature of Young Apartments’ claim after remand and in

the second summary judgment phase, that he had offered to settle the § 1927

attorneys’ fees issue with Defendants, and that his offer had been rejected, stating:

      [c]onsidering all of the circumstances, Young Apartments’ counsel has
      offered to take responsibility for a portion of the time the individual
      defendants’ counsel spent prior to the briefing in the second summary
      judgment phase, on the theory that Young Apartments could have
      emphasized more clearly after the remand that it had no intention of
      renewing a claim which would depend on “similarly-situated” evidence.
      Having received a rejection of its offer from the individual defendants,
      Young Apartments has incorporated its offer in the form of the proposed
      order which is attached, which addresses only the 28 U.S.C. § 1927
      claim directed to counsel. Counsel submits that this is a fair and
      reasonable resolution of this particular issue, given that the basis for the
      § 1927 motion, as reflected in the time entries, does not exist.

Counsel Tedards’s August 5 response also included a proposed order to the district

court concerning the § 1927 award, in which Counsel Tedards offered to settle the

issue of attorneys’ fees against counsel for “an amount equal to twenty percent

(20%) of the attorney fees expended during the proceedings in [the district court]

after remand from the Eleventh Circuit, the dollar amount to be determined and

agreed to by the parties.” (emphasis added).

      Counsel Tedards’s August 5 response also argued that Young Apartments’

                                          21
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local counsel, Michael Weeks, had played no substantive role in the case.

      Defendants Lukasik and Lecky moved to strike Counsel Tedards’s August 5

response, arguing that it did not address the reasonableness of the amount of hours

expended or the rates charged by their attorneys. Defendants pointed out that

Counsel Tedards’s August 5 response, instead, addressed the basis for the

entitlement to fees, which was already conclusively determined in the district

court’s earlier default order entered on June 7, 2011.

E.    District Court’s Order Filed October 12, 2011

      On October 12, 2011, the district court entered an order making several

findings. For example, the district court found: (1) that “the total hours expended

by Defendants’ attorneys (1,068.5) was reasonable”; (2) that “Defendants’

attorneys claim rates of $110–$130 per hour for associates, and a maximum of

$180 per hour for partners”; (3) that “Defendants also submitted the declaration of

an attorneys’ fees expert”; and (4) that “based on this evidence, the nature of the

case, and the Court’s knowledge and experience,” the Defendants’ attorneys’

“rates are reasonable.” The district court granted the motion for fees in part,

awarding Defendants Lukasik and Lecky $139,397 in attorneys’ fees (plus

interest) under § 1988.

      The district court also concluded, however, that because the 611 hours

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claimed under § 1927 were already included in the total 1068.5 hours claimed

under § 1988, the request for an award under § 1927 was “duplicative” and thus

denied.

       Notably too for this third appeal, the district court also addressed Counsel

Tedards’s August 5 response, which argued that the Defendants were not entitled

to fees under § 1927. In its October 12 order, the district court concluded that:

(1) “Plaintiff failed to lodge any objections to the reasonableness of the rates” and

“Plaintiff failed to lodge any objections regarding the reasonableness of the hours

claimed”; (2) “[r]ather, Plaintiff’s opposition improperly challenges Defendants’

entitlement to fees” and “the Court has already decided the issue of entitlement”;

(3) Plaintiff waived its opportunity to argue the entitlement issue “when it failed to

timely respond to the motion for attorneys’ fees”; and (4) Plaintiff “has also

waived its opportunity to argue the issue of reasonableness by failing to address

this issue at all in its response to Defendants’ memorandum.”6

       After the district court entered this October 12 order, Defendants Lukasik

and Lecky, on October 14, 2011, filed a motion for “clarification and correction”

of the district court’s October 12 order. Lukasik and Lecky’s October 14 motion

       6
         Although Defendants had moved to strike Tedards’s August 5 response, the district court
did not grant their motion to strike. Instead, the district court considered Tedards’s August 5
response and determined that Tedards had already had an opportunity to be heard but defaulted as
to the issue of entitlement.

                                              23
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pointed out that they had not sought an additional or duplicative award amount

under § 1927, but rather, had argued that they were entitled to the $139,397 on

two alternative bases: under § 1988 for the full amount of $139,397, and under

§ 1927 for the post-Young I remand portion of $82,341. Defendants Lukasik and

Lecky also clarified that the $82,341, which they sought under § 1927, was

recoverable from Young Apartments and its counsel of record, as expressly stated

in Lukasik and Lecky’s April 29 motion for fees.

F.    District Court’s Order Filed October 26, 2011

      On October 26, 2011, the district court entered an order that modified its

October 12 order on fees. The district court reiterated that the total amount of

attorneys’ fees awarded to Defendants Lukasik and Lecky under § 1988 remained

$139,397.

      The district court’s October 26 order stated that the October 12 order “is

modified for clarification only with respect to the portion of the fees awarded

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927.” The district court clarified that the “portion of the

total attorneys’ fees which is attributable to” attorney time expended after the

remand—or $82,341 of the total $139,397—“shall be recoverable [under § 1927]

from [Young Apartments] and its counsel of record, jointly and severally.”

G.    Tedards’s October 31, 2011 Filings and the District Court’s February
      22, 2012 Order
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      On October 31, 2011, Counsel Tedards then filed two pleadings: (1) a

response to Defendants Lukasik and Lecky’s October 14 motion for clarification

and correction, and (2) a motion to amend or correct the district court’s October 26

order. Counsel Tedards’s October 31 response, as had his earlier August 5

response, argued that the fees Lukasik and Lecky were seeking against counsel

under § 1927 were still “overlapping” of the award already made under § 1988 and

should be denied. Counsel Tedards’s October 31 response also argued that “any

award under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 should be limited to the excess fees the Defendants

allegedly incurred during the [post-remand] summary judgment phase mistakenly

[defending against] an individual ‘class of one’ type of claim that Young

Apartments was no longer pursuing.”

      Most of Counsel Tedards’s October 31 response, as had his earlier August 5

response, argued about entitlement, including that local counsel Weeks played no

substantive role in the case and was not responsible for any decisions or actions in

the cases, and thus should not be liable under § 1927. Tedards’s October 31

response, just as his August 5 response, failed to address the default and failed to

give an excuse or even any explanation for why counsel, both Tedards and Weeks,

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had defaulted as to Defendants’ April 29 motion as to entitlement.7

       Then, in an order entered February 22, 2012, the district court again

considered Young Apartments’ counsel’s opposition to the § 1927 sanctions

against counsel. The district court construed Tedards’s October 31 motion to

amend or correct the October 12 order as a motion for reconsideration of the

§ 1927 award and denied the motion. The district court reviewed the factual

history of the attorneys’ fees litigation and again pointed out that (as to Defendants

Lukasik and Lecky’s April 29 motion) Plaintiff’s counsel had “failed to file a

response within the time provided by the rules, and on June 7, 2011, the Court

granted Defendants’ motion by default as to the issues of entitlement. . . . [and]

Defendants [Lukasik and Lecky] were also ordered to file a supplemental

memorandum regarding the reasonableness of the amount of fees requested.”

       As part of recounting the factual history, the district court noted (1) how

Lukasik and Lecky filed their fee memorandum and supporting documentation as

to the amount of fees, but (2) Tedards’s August 5 response “only addressed issues

of entitlement, which the Court had already decided in its June [7], 2011 order.”

The district court then noted (1) that its October 12 order had granted Lukasik and

       7
       Young Apartments’ counsel also timely filed a Notice of Appeal from the district court’s
October 26 modified § 1927 sanctions order.

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Lecky $139,397 in reasonable attorneys’ fees under § 1988 and initially denied “as

duplicative what the Court construed as a request for additional fees” under

§ 1927, but then (2) Lukasik and Lecky filed a motion for clarification or

correction of that October 12 order, explaining that Lukasik and Lecky’s § 1927

“request was not a request for additional fees,” but was instead “made as an

alternative theory for recovery.”

      Further as to factual history, the district court also observed that

“Defendants certified that they had conferred with counsel for [Young

Apartments] who agreed with th[e] factual representation” that it was an

alternative theory for awarding fees. In light of the § 1927 request being an

alternative theory and Plaintiff’s counsel’s prior default as to that request, the

district court explained that it entered its October 26 order of clarification to make

the $82,341 attributable to the attorney hours expended after the Young I remand

recoverable from both Young Apartments and its counsel of record, jointly and

severally under § 1927. The district court pointed out that the total amount of

attorneys’ fees awarded remained undisturbed.

      In denying Counsel Tedards’s October 31 motion for reconsideration of the

§ 1927 fee award as to counsel, the district court further found that: (1) Weeks had

participated as Young Apartments’ counsel as early as December 2008;

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(2) Defendants Lukasik and Lecky filed their motion for attorneys’ fees nearly

three years later in April 2011; (3) Plaintiff’s counsel “had ample opportunity to

assert any arguments with respect to Defendants’ entitlement to attorneys’ fees

under section 1927 by filing a timely response to the [April 29] motion”; and

(4) Plaintiff’s counsel “failed to do so, and his late attempt to argue issues which

have already been decided is not a proper basis for reconsideration.”

      Plaintiff’s counsel now appeal as to the § 1927 award against them.

                         III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review a district court’s award of attorney fees under 28 U.S.C. § 1927

for an abuse of discretion. See Norelus v. Denny’s, Inc., 628 F.3d 1270, 1280

(11th Cir. 2010); Amlong & Amlong, P.A. v. Denny’s, Inc., 500 F.3d 1230, 1237

(11th Cir. 2007); McMahan v. Toto, 256 F.3d 1120, 1128 (11th Cir. 2001). “The

application of an abuse-of-discretion review recognizes the range of possible

conclusions the trial judge may reach.” Norelus, 628 F.3d at 1280 (quotation

marks omitted). As we noted in the § 1927 case Norelus,

      [U]nder an abuse of discretion standard there will be circumstances in
      which we would affirm the district court whichever way it went[.] [See]
      In re Rasbury, 24 F.3d 159, 168 (11th Cir. 1994) (“Quite frankly, we
      would have affirmed the district court had it reached a different result,
      and if we were reviewing this matter de novo, we may well have decided
      it differently.”). [W]hen employing an abuse-of-discretion standard, we
      must affirm unless we find that the district court has made a clear error
      of judgment, or has applied the wrong legal standard.

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Norelus, 628 F.3d at 1280 (first and last alterations in original) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

                                 IV. DISCUSSION

A.    Legal Principles Concerning 28 U.S.C. § 1927

      Section 1927 provides that “[a]ny attorney . . . who so multiplies the

proceedings in any case unreasonably and vexatiously may be required by the

court to satisfy personally the excess costs, expenses, and attorneys’ fees

reasonably incurred because of such conduct.” 28 U.S.C. § 1927. To warrant

sanctions pursuant to § 1927, an attorney must (1) “engage in unreasonable and

vexatious conduct”; (2) “this conduct must multiply the proceedings”; and (3) “the

amount of the sanction cannot exceed the costs occasioned by the objectionable

conduct.” Peer v. Lewis, 606 F.3d 1306, 1314 (11th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation

marks omitted); Amlong, 500 F.3d at 1239.

      An attorney multiplies the proceedings unreasonably and vexatiously “only

when the attorney’s conduct is so egregious that it is ‘tantamount to bad faith,’ ”

which turns on the objective conduct of the attorney. Peer, 606 F.3d at 1314

(quoting Amlong, 500 F.3d at 1239). Bad faith is an objective standard that is

satisfied when an attorney “knowingly or recklessly pursues a frivolous claim or

engages in litigation tactics that needlessly obstruct the litigation of non-frivolous

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claims.” Amlong, 500 F.3d at 1242 (quoting Schwartz v. Million Air, Inc., 341

F.3d 1220, 1225 (11th Cir. 2003)). Similarly, whether an attorney’s conduct is

“vexatious” “requires an evaluation of the attorney’s objective conduct.” Id. at

1240. “[T]he attorney’s subjective state of mind is frequently an important piece

of the calculus, because a given act is more likely to fall outside the bounds of

acceptable conduct and therefore be ‘unreasonabl[e] and vexatious[ ]’ if it is done

with a malicious purpose or intent.” Id. (alterations in original). An attorney

facing § 1927 sanctions must be afforded an opportunity to be heard. Id. at 1242.

B.    Analysis

      Attorneys Tedards and Weeks (“Counsel”) offer four arguments in support

of their contention that the district court abused its discretion in awarding

attorneys’ fees against them under § 1927: (1) there was no multiplication of

proceedings as required by § 1927 because there were no “excess” costs incurred

by Defendant beyond those Defendants claimed under § 1988; (2) any

multiplication of proceedings did not result in Lukasik and Lecky incurring such

“excess” costs or fees; (3) the district court failed to make factual findings with

respect to either the multiplication of proceedings or any “excess” fees or costs;

and (4) Attorney Weeks, as local counsel, only came into the proceedings

following this Court’s decision in Young I, and he played a limited, non-

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substantive role.8

       Counsel’s appeal lacks merit for several reasons. First, the district court did

not err in granting Defendants Lukasik and Lecky’s April 29, 2011 motion for

attorneys’ fees by default. It is undisputed that Lukasik and Lecky’s April 29

motion for attorneys’ fees gave Counsel clear notice of their own potential liability

under § 1927. That April 29 motion also described the conduct that was vexatious

and caused multiplication of the proceedings after Young I. Specifically, the April

29 motion alleged that: (1) Plaintiff’s Counsel after remand pursued a baseless

selective enforcement claim knowing there was no evidence to support that claim;

(2) this caused Lukasik and Lecky to defend the case, participate in discovery, and

file a motion for summary judgment in the district court; and (3) then required

Lukasik and Lecky to defend the district court’s summary judgment ruling in the

Young II appeal.

       8
         The dissent makes several arguments that the Appellants’ initial brief does not make.
For example, the dissent argues that Plaintiff’s Counsel should have had “a more meaningful
opportunity to be heard.” As the dissent reluctantly admits counsel did not raise that issue on
appeal. Indeed, Appellants’ brief does not list lack of an opportunity to be heard as an issue
raised on appeal. Instead, the four sections of the Appellants’ brief track expressly and only the
four issues we list above.
        We also respectfully suggest that the district court fully heard from Plaintiff’s Counsel in
the August 5 response, which was rejected in the district court’s October orders, and then
considered Plaintiff’s Counsel’s October 31 arguments before rejecting them in the February 22,
2012 order. Notably too, Tedards’s October 31 response argued essentially what was already
argued in his August 5 response and was already rejected by the district court in its October
orders. If anything, the record reflects full due process in this case.

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              Case: 11-15618     Date Filed: 01/07/2013     Page: 32 of 45

      After receiving notice of what conduct was alleged to be vexatious, in bad

faith, and multiplicitous, Plaintiff’s Counsel did not respond at all to this April 29

motion within the time limits prescribed by the Local Rule governing motions

practice in the Southern District of Florida, thereby placing Counsel in default and

providing the district court with a sufficient basis for granting the April 29 motion

as to the entitlement issue. See S.D. Fla. L.R. 7.1(c) (stating that “[e]ach party

opposing a motion shall serve an opposing memorandum of law no later than

fourteen (14) days after service of the motion. Failure to do so may be deemed

sufficient cause for granting the motion by default.”).

      And Plaintiff’s Counsel, by their default, admitted the factual allegations of

vexatious conduct, bad faith, and multiplicity of proceedings contained in the

18-page, April 29 motion for attorneys’ fees under § 1927 against Plaintiff and its

counsel. Cf. Eagle Hosp. Physicians, LLC v. SRG Consulting, Inc., 561 F.3d

1298, 1307 (11th Cir. 2009) (“A defendant, by his default, admits the plaintiff’s

well-pleaded allegations of fact, is concluded on those facts by the judgment, and

is barred from contesting on appeal the facts thus established.” (internal quotation

marks omitted)); Buchanan v. Bowman, 820 F.2d 359, 361 (11th Cir. 1987)

(stating “[t]he liability of [the defendant] is not at issue. Such liability is

[sufficiently] pled in the complaint, and is therefore established by the entry of

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default against him.”); Nishimatsu Constr. Co., Ltd. v. Houston Nat’l Bank, 515

F.2d 1200, 1206 (5th Cir. 1975) (stating “[a]ttempts by a defendant to escape the

effects of his default should be strictly circumscribed; he should not be given the

opportunity to litigate what has already been considered admitted in law.”).9 By

virtue of their default, Plaintiff’s Counsel admitted the allegations in the April 29

motion, which were that they pursued a baseless claim knowing no evidence

supported it, that this was vexatious conduct that amounted to bad faith, and that

as a direct result of their unwillingness to abandon the clearly baseless claim, the

Defendants had to defend themselves in the second summary judgment

proceedings and the Young II appeal. The April 29 motion clearly alleged that all

of the post-remand proceedings amounted to a bad faith pursuit of a baseless claim

against Defendants Lukasik and Lecky without any evidence. Since that factual

basis of the § 1927 motion was admitted by default, there was no factual dispute

for the district court to resolve as to entitlement.

       Second, Counsel’s briefs on appeal do not address the district court’s June 7

default order or the actual—and correct—basis for all of its rulings on Lukasik

and Lecky’s motion for attorneys’ fees: Counsel’s default in not responding to

       9
         In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we
adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to the
close of business on September 30, 1981.

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Defendants’ April 29 motion. Counsel do not contest the district court’s finding

of default as to Lukasik and Lecky’s entitlement to fees under § 1927 against

Counsel. Indeed, Counsel’s August 5 and October 31 responses ignored the

default finding as to entitlement, never offered an excuse or any explanation for

not responding to that April 29 motion, which the district court granted on June 7,

and continued to make the same arguments about entitlement which were rejected

by the district court in its October 2011 and February 2012 orders due to the initial

default.

       Third, as to the amount of fees, Counsel do not even raise an argument on

appeal as to the reasonableness of either (1) the number of hours expended by the

attorneys for Lukasik and Lecky, or (2) the hourly rates charged by the attorneys

for Lukasik and Lecky. Accordingly, Counsel have abandoned any argument as to

the reasonableness of the hours expended or the rates charged.10 See Access Now,

       10
           Attorney Tedards has candidly admitted that local counsel Weeks played a limited role
in the litigation. We note that Weeks entered his notice of appearance on Young Apartments’
behalf on December 18, 2008, less than a month after the district court reopened the proceedings
on remand after Young I. Weeks represented Young Apartments from that 2008 date and
through the 2011 Young II appeal and even to the present. Weeks could have timely responded
to Lukasik and Lecky’s motion for fees and costs under § 1927, but elected not to do so, instead
defaulting under the Local Rules.
         In addition, we note that all of Young Apartments’ filings were signed by both attorneys
of record, and, even accepting Tedards’s statement regarding Weeks’s limited role, Weeks
nevertheless participated in the litigation as counsel of record. We therefore cannot say that the
district court abused its discretion by making Weeks jointly and severally liable for the § 1927
award, given that Weeks too defaulted in the district court.

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Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324, 1330 (11th Cir. 2004) (recognizing as a

well-settled principle that “a legal claim or argument that has not been briefed

before the court is deemed abandoned and its merits will not be addressed”).

      Fourth, we recognize that Plaintiff’s Counsel argues that (1) there can be no

multiplicity of proceedings under § 1927 unless the attorneys’ conduct produced

costs beyond what the Defendants already recovered under § 1988, and (2) thus,

“excess” costs caused by bad faith conduct means costs beyond what is recovered

under § 1988.11 This “excess costs” argument not only lacks merit but wholly

misapprehends § 1927. Section 1988 does not award fees against counsel but only

against the non-prevailing party. See 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b). In contrast, § 1927

awards fees against counsel for that counsel’s bad faith conduct, such as pursuit of

a baseless claim knowing no evidence supported it. See 28 U.S.C. § 1927;

Amlong, 500 F.3d at 1242. There is no basis, and Plaintiff’s Counsel cite none, to

limit the application of § 1927 by a request for fees under § 1988. And there was

      11
           Here is Plaintiff’s Counsel’s first issue and argument:

      A sine qua non is that the conduct of the attorney must “multiply the proceedings.”
      In this case, that would mean that the proceedings would have to have been
      multiplied to produce costs beyond those that the defendants are claiming under 42
      U.S.C. § 1988. Otherwise, the requirement that sanctions be imposed only on the
      basis of “excess” costs would have no meaning. The defendants’ statement that the
      costs are “concurrent” negates any argument that the costs exceed those that are
      already being incurred.

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                Case: 11-15618        Date Filed: 01/07/2013        Page: 36 of 45

no need to factually determine what portion of the post-remand fees were

recoverable because Defendants’ April 29 motion made clear that Defendants

alleged that the entire post-remand proceedings, including the second summary

judgment proceedings and the second appeal, involved a claim Plaintiff’s Counsel

knew was baseless and without any evidentiary support. Plaintiff’s Counsel

defaulted and thus conceded those factual allegations in the April 29 motion.12

       In light of the foregoing, after our review of the briefs and the record in this

case, and with the benefit of oral argument, we conclude that Counsel have not

carried their burden of demonstrating an abuse of discretion by the district court,

and we affirm the district court’s § 1927 award of $82,341 in attorneys’ fees in

favor of Lukasik and Lecky and against Tedards and Weeks.

       AFFIRMED.

       12
           The dissent argues that after the default order, the district court still should have had a
hearing and made findings on “the propriety of sanctions and the amount.” This ignores that
Plaintiff’s Counsel not only defaulted as to Defendants’ allegations of vexatious conduct
throughout the entire post-remand phase and entitlement under § 1927, but also lodged no
objections to the number of hours or the hourly rates charged. And the district court made
findings that the number of hours claimed for the post-remand phase and the rates charged were
reasonable. The dissent’s analogy to liability and damages fails because (1) the default as to
liability here was broad in scope, i.e, an admission that all post-remand proceedings involved the
pursuit of a baseless claim without any evidence and in bad faith, and (2) then subsequently there
was no objection to the amount of hours expended and the rates charged during those
post-remand proceedings.

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WHITTEMORE, District Judge, dissenting:

       I respectfully disagree with the majority and conclude that the district court

abused its discretion when it sanctioned Plaintiff’s attorneys under 28 U.S.C.

§1927 without finding that they unreasonably and vexatiously multiplied the

proceedings and without finding that the amount of the sanction represents the

excess fees incurred by Defendants.1 Without findings from the district court, a

meaningful review of its decision to impose sanctions cannot be conducted. For

this reason, I would reverse and remand to the district court.

       Plaintiff’s attorneys, William P. Tedards and Michael A. Weeks, challenge

the $82,341 fee sanction imposed against them by the district court under § 1927.

Tedards and Weeks correctly point out that the district court failed to make any

findings regarding their conduct or how it multiplied the proceedings. And they

make a compelling argument that they did not unreasonably and vexatiously

multiply the proceedings and that the sanction amount exceeds any multiplication

of the proceedings they may have caused. Essentially, they contend they did not

act in bad faith and there was no basis for the sanction award. See Peer v. Lewis,

606 F.3d 1305, 1314 (11th Cir. 2010)(“An attorney multiplies the proceedings

       1
        The district court's decision to impose sanctions pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927 is
reviewed for abuse of discretion. Amlong & Amlong, P.A. v. Denny’s, Inc.; et al., 500 F.3d 1230,
1237 (11th Cir. 2007).

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              Case: 11-15618      Date Filed: 01/07/2013      Page: 38 of 45

unreasonably and vexatiously ‘only when the attorney's conduct is so egregious

that it is ‘tantamount to bad faith.’” (quoting Amlong & Amlong, P.A. v. Denny's,

Inc., 500 F.3d at 1239)).

Summary of proceedings

       The proceedings leading to imposition of the sanction against the attorneys

are described in the majority’s opinion. In summary, the district court, in

accordance with its Local Rules, initially awarded attorney’s fees “by default”

against Plaintiff in favor of Defendants after Plaintiff failed to respond to

Defendants’ initial motion for attorney’s fees.2 That fee award is not challenged.

Ultimately, however, the district court modified its order and imposed a joint and

several fee award against Plaintiff’s attorneys as a sanction (“The order is

modified for clarification only with respect to the portion of the fees awarded

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1927 . . . The portion of the total attorney’s fees which is

attributable to the 234.7 hours expended on remand . . . shall be recoverable from

Plaintiff and its counsel of record, jointly and severally.”).

       2
        See S.D. Fla. L.R. 7.1.C (2008)(providing that the failure to file an opposing
memorandum of law within the permitted time “may be deemed sufficient cause for granting the
motion by default.”)

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               Case: 11-15618       Date Filed: 01/07/2013       Page: 39 of 45

       The district court’s initial fee award was only against Plaintiff Young

Apartments. Indeed, in its October 12, 2011 order, the district expressly declined

to award fees against Tedards and Weeks. In response, Defendants sought

clarification, seeking a joint and several award of a portion of the fees against both

attorneys under § 1927. Notwithstanding that the time to respond to the motion

had not expired, the district court essentially reversed itself, modified its order,

and imposed the challenged sanction against the attorneys.3 Counsel’s timely

response in opposition to the motion was therefore rendered moot. Their motion

to amend/correct the order was denied by the district court on the basis of the

“prior default.”

Sanctions under § 1927

       Before sanctions may be imposed under § 1927, three requirements must be

met:

       First, the attorney must engage in ‘unreasonable and vexatious’
       conduct. Second, that ‘unreasonable and vexatious’ conduct must be
       conduct that 'multiplies the proceedings.’ Finally, the dollar amount
       of the sanction must bear a financial nexus to the excess proceedings,

       3
          Entering the order before the time for a response expired is troublesome. See Donaldson
v. Clark, 819 F.2d 1551, 1555 (11th Cir. 1987) (Because we have held that the district court
failed to give plaintiff's counsel the full ten-day period to submit material in opposition to the
converted summary judgment motions, the district court should wait until counsel has had such
an opportunity before deciding whether to impose Rule 11 sanctions.)

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      i.e., the sanction may not exceed the ‘costs, expenses, and attorneys'
      fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.’

Amlong & Amlong, P.A. v. Denny's, Inc., 500 F.3d at 1239 (quoting Peterson v.

BMI Refractories, 124 F.3d 1386, 1396 (11th Cir. 1997)). An attorney multiplies

proceedings “unreasonably and vexatiously” “only when the attorney's conduct is

so egregious that it is ‘tantamount to bad faith,’” which turns on the objective

conduct of the attorney and requires a comparison of the attorney’s conduct

against the conduct of a “reasonable” attorney. Id. Similarly, whether an

attorney’s conduct is “vexatious” “requires an evaluation of the attorney’s

objective conduct.” Id. Notwithstanding, “the attorney's subjective state of mind

is frequently an important piece of the calculus, because a given act is more likely

to fall outside the bounds of acceptable conduct and therefore be ‘unreasonabl[e]

and vexatious[ ]’ if it is done with a malicious purpose or intent.” Amlong &

Amlong, P.A., 500 F.3d at 1241.

      Considering these statutory pre-requisites for imposition of sanctions under

§ 1927, and the nuances of evaluating the objective reasonableness of an

attorney’s litigation conduct, it is unsurprising that Circuit precedent mandates

that an attorney facing § 1927 sanctions be afforded a hearing and requires the

district court to make a finding of bad faith before sanctions can be imposed.

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Amlong & Amlong, P.A., 500 F.3d at 1242 (“Plainly, an attorney threatened with

sanctions under § 1927 is entitled to a hearing.”) (citing Reynolds v. Roberts, 207

F.3d 1288, 1302 (11th Cir. 2000)); see In re Mroz, 65 F.3d 1567, 1576 (11th Cir.

1995) (where sanctions imposed based on inherent authority of court, remand

necessary to determine if parties acted in bad faith and to afford due process).

Absence of findings

      The plain language of § 1927, as well as Circuit precedent, required the

district court to make findings before imposing sanctions against Plaintiff’s

counsel, specifically that they acted in bad faith by unreasonably and vexatiously

multiplying the proceedings. Hudson v. International Computer Negotiations,

Inc., 499 F.3d 1252, 1262 (11th Cir. 2007) (plain language of § 1927 requires

findings of unreasonable and vexatious conduct, multiplication of proceedings,

and that the dollar amount of the sanction bears a financial nexus to the excess

proceedings); Amlong & Amlong, P.A. v. Denny’s. Inc., et al., 500 F.3d at 1251-52

(“. . . we have held that before a court can impose sanctions on an attorney under

its inherent power, it must make a finding of bad faith . . .”). Although the district

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court had ample opportunity to do so, it never made any findings to support the

§1927 sanction.4

       The majority notes that Defendants’ renewed motion for attorneys’ fees

“explained how counsel for Young Apartments engaged in ‘unreasonable and

vexatious conduct,’ which ‘multiplied the proceedings,’ constituted ‘bad faith,’

and justified an award of attorneys’ fees as a sanction under § 1927.” The

majority concludes that “by their default,” Tedards and Weeks “admitted the

factual allegations of vexatious conduct and multiplicity of proceedings” in that

motion.

       I find no support for this conclusion. More importantly, Defendants’

explanation of how Tedards and Weeks engaged in “unreasonable and vexatious

conduct" which “multiplied the proceedings” is not a substitute for the required

judicial findings under § 1927.

Procedural error

       4
         In denying the attorneys’ motion for reconsideration of the sanction order, the district
court did address attorney Weeks’ contention that he was not involved in the substantive decision
making in the case during the time for which sanctions were sought. The district court found that
“Mr. Weeks has participated as counsel for Plaintiff in this action as early as December 18,
2008,” and he “therefore had ample opportunity to assert any arguments with respect to
Defendants’ entitlement to attorneys’ fees under section 1927 by filing a timely response to the
motion.”

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       Authority in this Circuit requires a district court to afford an attorney the

right to be heard before sanctions are imposed. Amlong & Amlong, P.A., supra. In

my view, this precedent required the district court to afford Tedards and Weeks a

more meaningful opportunity to be heard before it modified its order and imposed

a joint and several award against each of them. The majority correctly notes,

however, that Appellants’ brief does not list lack of opportunity to be heard as an

issue on appeal. And there is authority suggesting that an opportunity to be heard,

as opposed to a hearing, satisfies due process concerns when an attorney is facing

sanctions. Roadway Exp., Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 767, 100 S.Ct. 2455, 2464

(1980); Kornhauser v. Commissioner of Social Security, 685 F.3d 1254, 1257

(11th Cir. 2012); Reynolds v. Roberts, supra.

       I agree with the majority that Tedards and Weeks were on notice that they

faced potential liability under § 1927. Defendants’ initial motion for attorney’s

fees cited 28 U.S.C. § 1927 and expressly sought a joint and several award against

the attorneys.5 The district court, with which the majority agrees, essentially

concluded that by failing to respond to the initial motion seeking attorney's fees,

the attorneys defaulted on the issue of entitlement and waived the right to be

       5
        There is some question whether Defendants’ initial motion sought fees from Weeks,
who served only as local counsel. Appellant’s Brief at pp. 25-27.

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heard. While the term “default” may accurately describe the posture Tedards and

Weeks put themselves in initially, I do not believe that under the circumstances

they waived the right to be heard on joint and several liability or, just as

importantly, on the amount of the sanction.6

       Based on the briefing, there certainly appear to be factual disputes with

respect to whether Tedards, and particularly Weeks, should have been sanctioned

under § 1927 and if so, to what extent. Findings by the district court would have

resolved those disputes. However, entitlement was determined by default,

explaining the absence of findings. I believe this was procedural error and that on

remand, the district court should be instructed to conduct an appropriate judicial

inquiry and afford the attorneys an opportunity to address the propriety of

sanctions and the amount.

       6
          While a defendant against whom default is entered for failure to respond to a complaint
is deemed to have admitted the factual allegations in the complaint (See Rule 8 (b)(6)
Fed.R.Civ.P.), the defaulted defendant is nonetheless entitled to a hearing on the amount of
unliquidated damages. Id.; Rule 55 (a), Fed.R.Civ.P.; S.E.C. v. Smyth, 420 F.3d 1225, 1231 (11th
Cir. 2005)(“. . . case law is clear that a judgment by default may not be entered without a hearing
unless the amount claimed is a liquidated sum or one capable of mathematical calculation.”);
United Artists Corp. v. Freeman, 605 F.2d 854, 857 (5th Cir.1979). Indeed, even when a party is
defaulted as a sanction, a hearing on damages is required unless the amount claimed is liquidated
or capable of mathematical calculation. Adolph Coors Co. v. Movement Against Racism and the
Klan, 777 F.2d 1538, 1543 (11th Cir. 1985).
        It follows that even if the majority is correct that the attorneys waived the right to be
heard on entitlement by failing to respond to the initial motion for fees, they were nonetheless
entitled to be heard on the amount of the sanction, that is, the amount of excess fees caused by
their conduct.

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Conclusion

       Tedards and Weeks seek a remand “. . . for a set of findings as to what

Young Apartments did that was wrong in the second phase of the case and what

excess fees or costs were attributable to that wrongdoing.” Reply Brief of

Appellants, p. 7. In fairness to these attorneys, they are entitled to know what it is

they did wrong from the perspective of the district court, as opposed to the

perspective of their adversaries. I conclude that the attorneys’ failure to avail

themselves of the opportunity to respond to Defendants’ initial motion for fees did

not relieve the district court of its responsibility to make a considered

determination of whether or not their conduct was sufficiently egregious to justify

sanctions under § 1927. Defaulting the attorneys and summarily imposing

sanctions without conducting an appropriate inquiry is inconsistent with the

procedure contemplated by Circuit precedent. Indeed, the absence of findings

prevents meaningful review of the order imposing sanctions.7 A remand is

therefore necessary.

       7
         See Santhuff v. Seitz, 385 Fed. Appx. 939, 947 (11th Cir. 2010)(where district court does
not make findings on the requirements of § 1927, there is an insufficient record for review of
imposition of sanction and a limited remand is necessary), reh. en banc denied, 408 Fed. Appx.
346, cert. denied, 131 S.Ct. 1021 (2011).

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