Court Opinion

ID: 8064887
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 04:44:04.131827+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:38:10.509883
License: Public Domain

The opinion of the court was delivered by
Garrison, J.
The appellant Temkin, having had the benefit of the services rendered by the respondent at his request, seeks to avoid paying the reasonable value (hereof, because he had expressly promised to pay therefor a larger sum than that permitted by section 5 of the Usury act.
This penalization of the respondent finds no justification in the language of the statute or in its policy, which is directed not against the borrowing of money or the i-endiiion of services in, connection therewith, but, on the contrary, recognizes the legality of such services by fixing the maximum compensation that may lawfully he received therefor.
The penalty for the violation of this provision is not a forfeiture, as in the historic Usury act, but a specific penalty *42to be recovered in a qui tarn- action. The contract is unlawful in the sense that it is in law non-existent and, hence, unenforceable, but such illegality does not relate to the services themselves so as to render them immoral, or incapable of being made a basis of recovery independently of the void express contract. It is this feature that distinguishes usury statutes from contracts that call for the doing of that which is immoral or reprobated on grounds of public policy, in which'case the courts are closed to the parties in pursuance of a judicial policy that thus purposely penalizes the participants in such immoral and illicit transactions; but where the sole illegality in a contract, otherwise lawful and moral, is that it calls for a compensation that is not allowed by statute, the courts have no judicial policy other than that of seeing that the statute is observed and that such penalties or forfeitures as the legislature ha¿ provided are enforced. The statute contains a prohibition and a penalty, each of which in an appropriate action the courts will enforce; the statute contains no forfeiture and presents no occasion for the construction of one by judicial policy.
This was the view taken of a similar statute by the appellate division of the Supreme Court of New York in a case that arose out of a written agreement to pay a stipulated sum for certain services looking to the setting aside of the will of Samuel J. Tilden, in connection with which the plaintiff claimed that he had procured for the defendant a loan of $30,000.
The agreement being in evidence and the Usury act being substantially similar to ours, a motion to nonsuit was made at the trial upon the grounds urged in the present case. In denying, this motion the trial court said: “I decide that the plaintiff cannot maintain an action upon that paper; but, inasmuch as it is the right of this plaintiff to recover against this defendant for services which he has rendered at his request, he may go to the jury upon that theory and recover what the jury shall say his services were worth, provided the jury will find that the defendant employed him to render services.”
*43Upon appeal, Justice Cullen said: “There is no provision in the statute rendering a contract or agreement to pay a greater compensation than, that prescribed wholly void. Ono who renders services as a broker under an agreement to pay a higher compensation is entitled to receive pay for his services, but he cannot recover any more than the statutory compensation. As the statute merely prescribes a rate of compensation, but does not defeat the action, it was not necessary for the defendant to plead the statute; no recovery could be had against the defendant for the alleged breach of his written agreement, we do not see why the plaintiff was not entitled (if the jury found the facts in his favor) to recover for the services at the statutory rate.” Buchanen v. Tilden, 18 App. Div. (N. Y.) 123.
The view thus illustrated seems to us to he both in theory and in practice preferable to the opposite view which makes a gratuity of services rendered to one who expected to pay for them merely because he agreed to pay for them more than the plaintiff was legally entitled to receive. This is both harsh and illogical. The rendition and acceptance of the services gave a complete right of action, subject to the statutory limitation as to the amount to be recovered, which cannot be exceeded by the making of an express agreement on which an action could not be maintained. Such a contract being void leaves the right of action that was entirely independent of such contract unaffected by anything in the statute which expressly provides a penalty that is utterly inconsistent with the forfeiture of all right of recovery upon a perfectly valid right of action.
Finding nothing in the statute that forfeits the plaintiff’s right to recover for his services within the statutory rate, and no judicial policy that requires or would justify the imposition of such a penalty, it remains only to mention the other contention of the appellant, viz., that the plaintiff cannot recover upon a qu/mium meruit, because lie has an express contract. The plaintiff has no express contract, the statute settles that, and it is also res adjudicaba and the law of the case as between these parties.
*44We are not saying that the earlier case was properly decided, that question is not before us. It was decided in favor of the defendant, and, hence, he cannot now sa.y that an express contract that was non-existent when an action was based upon it, is existent when an action is not based upon it. The appellee had a right of recovery against the appellant Temkin, upon the testimony set forth in the state of the case, but there was no testimony to support a judgment against the appellant Levy. The mere fact that Levy was a partner of Temkin and that he joined in the execution of the mortgage is not enough, the transaction was not partnership business, and the fact that a broker was employed or was necessary, does not appear by the state of the ease to have been even known to Levy. There was, therefore, no basis for the raising of an implied contract between Levy and the plaintiff. The judgment of the Second District Court of Jersey City is affirmed as to the appellant Temkin and reversed as to the appellant Levy.