Court Opinion

ID: 4122740
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-02 18:01:50.045933+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:24.796634
License: Public Domain

By order of the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel, the precedential effect of this decision is limited to the
       case and parties pursuant to 6th Cir. BAP LBR 8024-1(b). See also 6th Cir. BAP LBR 8014-1(c).
                                             File Name: 17b0001n.06

                        BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                                         OF THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                           _________________

 In re: GREGORY LANE COUCH; ANGELA LEE COUCH,                      ┐
                                         Debtors.                  │
                                                                   │
 __________________________________________
                                                                   │
 PANTHER PETROLEUM, LLC ; COOLANTS PLUS, INC.,                     │
                             Plaintiffs-Appellees,                  >         No. 16-8009
                                                                   │
                                                                   │
       v.                                                          │
                                                                   │
                                                                   │
 GREGORY LANE COUCH                                                │
                                     Defendant-Appellant.          │
                                                                   ┘
                         Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                         for the Eastern District of Kentucky at London.
                    No. 14-61443; Adv. P. 15-6021, Gregory R. Schaaf, Judge.

                                        Argued: November 9, 2016

                                  Decided and Filed: February 2, 2017

     Before: HARRISON, OPPERMAN, and PRESTON, Bankruptcy Appellate Judges.

                                            _________________

                                                  COUNSEL

ARGUED: R. Aaron Hostettler, HAMM, MILBY & RIDINGS, PLLC, London, Kentucky, for
Appellant. Joseph E. Lehnert, KEATING MUETHING & KLEKAMP PLL, Cincinnati, Ohio,
for Appellees. ON BRIEF: R. Aaron Hostettler, HAMM, MILBY & RIDINGS, PLLC,
London, Kentucky, for Appellant. Joseph E. Lehnert, Brian P. Muething, Jason V. Stitt,
KEATING MUETHING & KLEKAMP PLL, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellees.

                                                         1
No. 16-8009                                 In re Couch                              Page 2

                                       _________________

                                             OPINION

                                       _________________

       DANIEL S. OPPERMAN, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judge. The bankruptcy court
granted summary judgment to Plaintiff-Appellees Panther Petroleum, LLC (“Panther”) and
Coolants Plus, Inc. (“Coolants”) on their non-dischargeability complaint after finding that Debtor
Gregory Couch (“Couch”) was precluded from litigating the issues of whether he committed
fraud and whether the debt arose from a willful and malicious injury due to a Tennessee state
court judgment. Couch filed an appeal asserting that collateral estoppel is not applicable and that
the bankruptcy court did not apply the appropriate summary judgment standard. For the reasons
stated below, the bankruptcy court’s order granting summary judgment is AFFIRMED.

                                       ISSUE ON APPEAL

       The issue on appeal is whether the bankruptcy court erred in granting summary judgment
to the plaintiffs on their nondischargeability complaint based on the application of collateral
estoppel of a state court judgment. Couch asserts that the bankruptcy court did not apply the
correct elements for collateral estoppel under Tennessee law. He asserts that collateral estoppel
is not applicable because the prior decision was a default judgment, and thus not on the merits,
and because he did not have a full and fair opportunity to litigate.

                      JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

              A grant of summary judgment is a conclusion of law, reviewed de novo.
       Medical Mutual of Ohio v. K. Amalia Enters., Inc., 548 F.3d 383, 389 (6th Cir.
       2008). “Summary judgment is proper if the evidence, taken in the light most
       favorable to the nonmoving party, shows that there are no genuine issues of
       material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of
       law.” Id. (citing Mazur v. Young, 507 F.3d 1013, 1016 (6th Cir. 2007)). “Under a
       de novo standard of review, the reviewing court decides the issue independently
       of, and without deference to, the trial court’s determination.” Menninger v.
       Accredited Home Lenders (In re Morgeson), 371 B.R. 798, 800 (6th Cir. BAP
       2007) (citing Treinish v. Norwest Bank Minn., N.A. (In re Periandri), 266 B.R.
651, 653 (6th Cir. BAP 2001)).
No. 16-8009                                In re Couch                               Page 3

       “The determination of the applicability of collateral estoppel is also reviewed de
       novo.” Spring Works, Inc. v. Sarff (In re Sarff), 242 B.R. 620, 623 (6th Cir. BAP
       2000) (citing Markowitz v. Campbell (In re Markowitz), 190 F.3d 455, 461 (6th
       Cir. 1999)).

Anderson v. Fisher (In re Anderson), 520 B.R. 89, 91 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2014).

                                             FACTS

       On or about January 1, 2013, Couch began working for Panther and its subsidiary
Coolants. Couch asserts that Panther and Coolants induced him and his wife to leave well-
paying jobs based upon grandiose promises which were never fulfilled. Sometime in 2013,
while still working for Panther, Couch started his own company, Oil Wholesellers. Couch and a
co-worker, Christopher Burns (“Burns”) sold Panther petroleum products and products from
unrelated sellers to third party buyers through Oil Wholesellers. Couch asserts that he remitted
whatever funds were owed to Panther or other third party distributors for the sale price. When
Panther discovered Couch’s activities, it terminated his employment.

       On August 30, 2013, Panther and Coolants initiated a lawsuit against Couch and Burns in
Tennessee state court. The state court complaint alleged fraud, conversion, breach of contract,
tortious interference with business relationships, and other claims including alleged violations of
the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act (Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-18-109) (“TCPA”). Through an
attorney, Couch appeared and filed an answer to the state court complaint on October 7, 2013.
Couch also filed a counter-complaint. In September 2014, while the case was pending, Couch’s
attorney moved for leave to withdraw from the case, asserting that Couch had failed to
communicate. The state court granted the motion. Following withdrawal of his counsel, Couch
did not submit responses to Panther’s discovery, nor did he take any action to pursue his
counterclaims.

       Couch and his wife, Angela, filed a chapter 7 bankruptcy petition on December 11, 2014.
Couch did not list the lawsuit in his schedules, nor did he inform the state court of the
bankruptcy petition. On February 9, 2015, the state court entered a default judgment in favor of
Panther and Coolants on all the causes of action, including the counterclaims. Afterward, on
April 24, 2015, Couch and his wife received their discharge and the bankruptcy case was closed.
No. 16-8009                                      In re Couch                                      Page 4

        On June 2, 2015, the state court held an evidentiary hearing on damages. On June 15,
2015, the state court entered an order finding that:

        [T]he Plaintiffs are entitled to a monetary judgment against Defendant Greg
        Couch in the compensatory amount of $156,205.56 for lost profits based upon the
        difference of Plaintiffs [sic] product purchased by Greg Couch through “dummy”
        and/or fake accounts and the sale of those products to third persons, including
        existing customers of Plaintiff Panther Petroleum, plus freight charges incurred by
        Plaintiffs. The Court further finds Defendant Greg Couch engaged in intentional,
        willful, and malicious conduct and caused injury to Plaintiff through his actual
        fraud and false pretenses. The Court therefore finds Plaintiffs are entitled to
        treble compensatory damages pursuant to the Tennessee Consumer Protection Act
        (hereinafter “TCPA”) (Tenn. Code Ann.§ 47-18-109) and for inducement of
        breach of contract (Tenn. Code Ann. § 47-50-109). The Court specifically finds
        that an award of treble damages is proper pursuant to the TCPA as a result of
        Defendant Greg Couch intentionally, willfully, and maliciously causing injury
        and damages to Plaintiffs.

In re Couch, 544 B.R. 867, 871–72 (Bankr. E.D. Ky. 2016) (quoting Order of Final Judgment
(“Final Judgment”), Adv No. 15-6021 ECF 15-1, Exh. I). In total, Panther and Coolants were
awarded the sum of $529,616.68 and court costs.

        After the entry of the Final Judgment, Panther and Coolants learned for the first time that
Couch had filed a bankruptcy petition.             On July 30, 2015, Panther and Coolants filed an
adversary proceeding pursuant to § 523(a)(3)(B) and Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure
4007(b) seeking a determination that their claims are non-dischargeable pursuant to
§ 523(a)(2)(A) (Count I), § 523(a)(4) (Count II) and § 523(a)(6) (Count III). They asserted that
the allegations in the state court complaint are the same as the allegations raised in the
nondischargeability complaint. Panther and Coolants moved for summary judgment on all
counts. The bankruptcy court held a hearing on December 16, 2015.

        On January 7, 2016, the bankruptcy court entered a memorandum opinion and separate
judgment granting the motion for summary judgment as to Counts I and III. 1 The bankruptcy
court determined that Panther and Coolants had met their burden of proving that Couch was
precluded from re-litigating the issues of fraud and willful and malicious injury based on the

        1
         The bankruptcy court entered a conditioned order voluntarily dismissing Count II. Accordingly, there are
no pending counts and the summary judgment order is final.
No. 16-8009                                  In re Couch                                Page 5

state court judgment. The bankruptcy court carefully compared the elements for each count of
the dischargeability complaint with the allegations raised in the state court action and found that
the same issues raised by the § 523(a)(2)(A) and § 523(a)(6) causes of action were raised in the
state court action, but that the issues raised by the § 523(a)(4) count were not.

          As the bankruptcy court noted:

          The elements necessary to prove fraud under Tennessee law are virtually identical
          to the elements necessary to prove a debt is non-dischargeable for fraud under
          § 523(a)(2)(A). [Fisher v. Anderson (In re Anderson)], 2014 WL 98691 at *5
          [(Bankr. E.D. KY 2014)] (citing Rally Hill Prods. v. Bursack (In re Bursack),
          163 B.R. 302, 305 (Bankr.M.D.Tenn.1994)). Thus, a finding of fraud by the state
          court precludes Couch from re-litigating the same issue in a § 523(a)(2)(A)
          action.

In re Couch, 544 B.R. 867, 874 (Bankr. E.D. Ky. 2016). The bankruptcy court also found:

          The state court also made a specific finding that Couch engaged in “intentional,
          willful, and malicious conduct . . .” and was “intentionally, willfully and
          maliciously causing injury and damages to Plaintiffs.” [Lehnert Affidavit, ECF
          No. 15–1 at Exh. I.] This is the same conduct relied on by the state court in
          finding Couch committed fraud and the intentional, willful and malicious nature
          of the conduct is the basis of the state court’s award of treble damages under the
          TCPA. [Id.]

Couch, 544 B.R. at 874–75. However, the bankruptcy court determined:

          There are insufficient findings by the state court to address the elements necessary
          to prove a debt is non-dischargeable under § 523(a)(4). The Plaintiffs sought
          damages for breach of fiduciary duty and conversion in the state court, which are
          counts often associated with a § 523(a)(4) action. The state court issued a finding
          that the Plaintiffs are entitled to damages for lost profits “based upon the
          difference of Plaintiffs product purchased by Greg Couch through ‘dummy’
          and/or fake accounts and the sale of those products to third persons.” [Lehnert
          Affidavit, ECF No. 15-1, at Exh. I.] This finding suggests the intentional tort of
          conversion, but the state court did not find that Couch was a fiduciary or that his
          activities rose to the level of embezzlement or larceny. Thus, fraud or defalcation
          by a fiduciary, embezzlement or larceny were not actually litigated in the state
          court action and collateral estoppel cannot apply under § 523(a)(4).

Couch, 544 B.R. at 875–76. Couch filed a motion to alter or amend the judgment on January 11,
2016. The bankruptcy court denied the motion on March 4, 2016. Couch then timely filed this
appeal.
No. 16-8009                               In re Couch                               Page 6

                                        DISCUSSION

       Collateral estoppel, otherwise termed issue preclusion, bars “successive litigation
       of an issue of fact or law actually litigated and resolved in a valid court
       determination essential to the prior judgment, even if the issue recurs in the
       context of a different claim.” Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 891, 128 S. Ct.
2161, 171 L. Ed. 2d 155 (2008) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted).

Arkansas Coals, Inc. v. Lawson, 739 F.3d 309, 320 (6th Cir. 2014). The Supreme Court of the
United States has made clear that “collateral estoppel principles do indeed apply in discharge
exception proceedings pursuant to §523(a).” Grogan v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 285, 111 S. Ct.
654, 658 n.11 (1991).

       Federal courts must, accordingly, give state court judgments “the same preclusive
       effect as would be given that judgment under the law of the State in which the
       judgment was rendered[,]” Migra v. Warren City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ.,
       465 U.S. 75, 81, 104 S. Ct. 892, 79 L. Ed. 2d 56 (1984), and if a claim or issue
       would be barred under state law, the judgment in question is entitled to preclusive
       effect. Marrese v. Am. Acad. of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373, 386, 105 S.
       Ct. 1327, 84 L. Ed. 2d 274 (1985); Bay Area Factors v. Calvert (In re Calvert),
       105 F.3d 315, 317 (6th Cir. 1997).

SunTrust Bank v. Bennett (In re Bennett), 517 B.R. 95, 100 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 2014).

       Under Tennessee law, collateral estoppel bars relitigation by the same parties of
       legal or factual issues actually raised and determined in an earlier proceeding
       whereby the court’s decision is conclusive against the parties in subsequent
       proceedings. Mullins v. State, 294 S.W.3d 529, 534 (Tenn. 2009); Gibson v.
       Trant, 58 S.W.3d 103, 113 (Tenn. 2001) (holding that collateral estoppel applies
       to both issues of law and issues of fact). The party asserting collateral estoppel
       bears the burden of proof “that the issue was, in fact, determined in a prior suit
       between the same parties,” Dickerson v. Godfrey, 825 S.W.2d 692, 695 (Tenn.
       1992), by demonstrating the following:
               (1) that the issue sought to be precluded is identical to an issue
               decided in an earlier proceeding; (2) that the issue sought to be
               precluded was actually raised, litigated, and decided on the merits
               in the earlier proceeding; (3) that the judgment in the earlier
               proceeding has become final; (4) that the party against whom
               collateral estoppel is asserted was a party or is in privity with a
               party to the earlier proceeding; and (5) that the party against whom
               collateral estoppel is asserted had a full and fair opportunity in the
               earlier proceeding to contest the issue now sought to be precluded.
No. 16-8009                                In re Couch                               Page 7

       Mullins, 294 S.W.3d at 535. Moreover, in order for the doctrine of collateral
       estoppel to apply, the issue must not only have been actually litigated and
       decided, it must also have been necessary to the judgment. State v. Thompson,
       285 S.W.3d 840, 848 (Tenn. 2009); Dickerson v. Godfrey, 825 S.W.2d at 695.

Bennett, 517 B.R. at 101.

       In this appeal, Couch argues that two of the five elements required for collateral estoppel
are not present. Specifically, he asserts that the issues were not actually decided on the merits
because the state court judgment is a default judgment. Second, he argues that due to the actions
of his previous counsel, as well as the actions of Panther and Coolants, he did not have a full and
fair opportunity to litigate the issues in the prior proceeding. Couch asserts that the bankruptcy
court did not apply the correct law regarding collateral estoppel because it relied on Bursack and
Anderson and that the law has changed since those decisions to add the two elements that he
presses.

       As explained infra, the bankruptcy did consider both of the additional elements espoused
by Couch. See Couch, 544 B.R. at 876 (“The two factors cited by Couch are not new; they are
considered as part of the factors reviewed in this Opinion.”).

       A. “Actually Litigated/Decided on the Merits”

       The bankruptcy court recognized that the Final Judgment that Panther and Coolants argue
is preclusive is a default judgment. The bankruptcy court correctly noted that there is precedent
for holding that Tennessee courts will apply preclusion principles to default judgments.

       Judgments based on default in Tennessee are given collateral estoppel effect if
       they satisfy the “actually litigated” requirement addressed in Section III.B.1,
       supra. Anderson, 2014 WL 98691 at *6–8 (an extensive analysis of this issue);
       see also Roberts v. Vaughn, Case No. W2008-01126-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL
1608981 *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 10, 2009) (“A default judgment is a judgment
       on the merits for the purposes of res judicata.”). Couch’s own case law
       recognizes that a default judgment counts as “actually litigated” in Tennessee for
       all well-pleaded allegations that are deemed admitted upon entry of the default.
       Bennett, 517 B.R. at 101–102 (citing Rally Hill Prods., Inc. v. Bursack (In re
       Bursack), 65 F.3d 51, 54 (6th Cir.1995)).

Couch, 544 B.R. at 876–77 (emphasis added).
No. 16-8009                                 In re Couch                                 Page 8

         While Tennessee state courts have not specifically held that a penalty default judgment
has preclusive effect, bankruptcy courts have held that they would do so based upon the fact that
Tennessee state courts do give preclusive effect to “true” default judgments. See Bennett,
517 B.R. at 101. Moreover, the Bankruptcy Appellate Panel has affirmed such a determination
in the case of Anderson v. Fisher (In re Anderson), 520 B.R. 89, 94–95 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2014):

         Tennessee state courts have yet to decide whether, as here, a penalty default
         judgment should also be afforded collateral estoppel effect in a subsequent
         proceeding. However, Tennessee state courts would give preclusive effect to a
         “true” default judgment in which the Defendant failed to answer. Lawhorn v.
         Wellford, 179 Tenn. 625, 168 S.W.2d 790, 792 (1943). See also White v. Rogers
         (In re Rogers), 57 F.3d 1070, 1995 WL 364154 (6th Cir. 1995); Brown v. Ausley
         (In re Ausley), 507 B.R. 234, 242 (Bankr. W.D. Tenn. 2014); Stephens v.
         Morrison (In re Morrison), 450 B.R. 734, 754 (Bankr. W.D. Tenn. 2011). . . .
         Accordingly, the Panel finds that the default judgment is entitled to preclusive
         effect.

Anderson, 520 B.R. at 94–95. The Anderson Panel relied on a Sixth Circuit case with similar
facts:

         The facts of this case most closely resemble the facts of Rally Hill Productions,
         Inc. v. Bursack (In re Bursack), 65 F.3d 51 (6th Cir. 1995). In that case, Bursack
         filed an answer to a complaint in Tennessee state court that alleged he had made
         false representations and submitted false financial statements to the plaintiff upon
         which the plaintiff relied in loaning money. Id. at 52. Bursack answered, asserted
         cross-claims against the plaintiff, and attended two depositions. When Bursack
         failed to appear at trial, the state court entered a default judgment against him. In
         a subsequent dischargeability action, the bankruptcy court entered summary
         judgment in favor of the judgment creditor. On appeal, the Sixth Circuit Court of
         Appeals concluded that the default judgment in Bursack differed from a “true”
         default judgment of the type discussed in [Spilman v. Harley, 656 F.2d 224 (6th
         Cir. 1981),] because the issues were “actually litigated to the extent that Bursack
         retained an attorney, filed an answer, asserted cross-claims, and participated in
         discovery, which included his submitting to two depositions. . . . His strategic
         decision not to appear at the trial does not undo his earlier active participation in
         the litigation.” Id. at 54. Like Bursack, the Debtors retained an attorney, filed an
         answer, and participated in the discovery process to the extent that their repeated
         failures to respond properly resulted in the penalty default judgment. The fraud
         issues in this case, like those of Bursack, were necessary to the outcome of the
         State Court Judgment and were, therefore, actually litigated. Subsequent to
         Bursack, the Sixth Circuit’s [Bay Area Factors v. Calvert (In re Calvert), 105 F.3d
315 (6th Cir. 1997)] decision applied the Full Faith and Credit Statute and
         collateral estoppel to give preclusive effect to a California state court “true”
No. 16-8009                                In re Couch                               Page 9

       default judgment. Tennessee state courts also give preclusive effect to “true”
       default judgments. Following Bursack and Calvert, it appears that the Debtors’
       participation in the Tennessee state court lawsuit make it even more likely that a
       Tennessee state court would give preclusive effect to the penalty default judgment
       in this case.

Anderson, 520 B.R. at 95.

       In Tennessee, “[f]or an issue to be ‘actually litigated’ for the purpose of applying
       the doctrine of collateral estoppel, it must have been ‘properly raised, by the
       pleadings or otherwise, and . . . submitted for determination, and . . .
       determined.’” Mullins v. State, 294 S.W.3d at 535 (quoting Restatement (Second)
       of Judgments § 27 cmt. d.). An issue can be “actually litigated” as long as it was
       “properly raised by the pleadings or otherwise placed in issue and was actually
       determined in the prior proceeding.” Id.

Bennett, 517 B.R. at 101.

       The present case is factually very similar to Bursack and Anderson. Couch actively
participated in the state court action prior to the default. He filed an answer and counterclaims.
The default judgment was entered due to his failure to respond to discovery. The finding that the
debt resulted from fraud and was willful and malicious was “put into issue” by the complaint and
decided by the state court. Moreover, the state court held an evidentiary hearing prior to entry of
the judgment. Accordingly, the issues were in fact actually litigated and decided on the merits.
The bankruptcy court’s conclusion that this element was proven is not erroneous.

       B. “Full and Fair Opportunity to Litigate”

       The bankruptcy court also considered Couch’s argument that he did not have a full and
fair opportunity to litigate. The bankruptcy court stated:

               The full and fair opportunity to participate in the issues decided in the
       prior action is also part of the “actually litigated” analysis. In Anderson, the
       defendants [sic] “considerable participation” in the state court action led to a
       conclusion the issues were actually litigated. 2014 WL 98691 at *8. The
       defendants hired an attorney, filed an answer and counter-complaint against the
       state court plaintiffs, and then refused to obey court orders regarding discovery.
       Id.

Couch, 544 B.R. at 876–77. However, the Tennessee Supreme Court has explained:
No. 16-8009                                In re Couch                                 Page 10

       The “actually litigated” requirement and the “opportunity to litigate” requirement
       sound similar, but they are not. The former focuses on the issues, while the latter
       focuses on the affected parties. Sartin v. Macik, 535 F.3d 284, 290 (4th Cir.
       2008). The “full and fair opportunity to litigate” requirement rests on
       considerations of fundamental fairness.          Applying collateral estoppel in
       circumstances where the party sought to be precluded did not have a full and fair
       opportunity to litigate the precluded issue offends due process. Blonder-Tongue
       Labs., Inc. v. Univ. of Ill. Found., 402 U.S. 313, 329, 91 S. Ct. 1434, 28 L. Ed. 2d
788 (1971); Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 29 cmt. b. “Redetermination
       of issues is warranted if there is reason to doubt the quality, extensiveness, or
       fairness of procedures followed in prior litigation.” Kremer v. Chem. Constr.
       Corp., 456 U.S. at 481, 102 S. Ct. 1883 (quoting Montana v. United States,
       440 U.S. 147, 164 n.11, 99 S. Ct. 970, 59 L. Ed. 2d 210 (1979)).
       The courts have not devised a precise definition of what constitutes the sort of
       “full and fair opportunity to litigate” that will support the invocation of the
       doctrine of collateral estoppel. See Warren v. McCall, 709 F.2d 1183, 1186 n.7
       (7th Cir.1983). As a general matter, courts have required that when the party
       against whom collateral estoppel is asserted was the defendant in the earlier
       proceeding, the party must have had notice of the claim and an opportunity to be
       heard. Kremer v. Chem. Constr. Corp., 456 U.S. at 480–81, 102 S. Ct. 1883;
       Murray v. Feight, 741 P.2d 1148, 1154 (Alaska 1987) (requiring “a fair
       opportunity procedurally, substantively, and evidentially”) (quoting Overseas
       Motors, Inc. v. Import Motors Ltd., 375 F. Supp. 499, 516 (E.D. Mich. 1974)).

Mullins v. State, 294 S.W.3d 529, 538–39 (Tenn. 2009) (footnotes omitted). Accordingly, the
bankruptcy court’s analysis of the “full and fair opportunity to litigate” is not fully on point with
the Supreme Court of Tennessee’s analysis of that element.

       Couch and his wife filed a joint affidavit as a response to the motion for summary
judgment in the bankruptcy court in which they set forth facts that they assert show that Couch
did not have a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issues. Couch asserts that he did not
receive notice from the court, his attorney or the plaintiffs regarding the discovery deadlines and
subsequent default. He further asserts that his former attorney did not try to communicate with
him prior to the attorney’s withdrawal. Couch also asserts that Panther “knew” that they had
moved back to their former residence in London, Kentucky (“Little Laurel Road Address”) and
that Panther deliberately did not provide him with notice to the Little Laurel Road Address in
order to obtain the default judgment. Moreover, Couch asserts that the reason he did not
No. 16-8009                                   In re Couch                                  Page 11

independently monitor the status of the state court litigation was because his former attorney had
erroneously informed him that the case had been settled and dismissed.

          On appeal, Couch argues that the bankruptcy court should have accepted these assertions
in his affidavit as true for the purposes of summary judgment, and that the bankruptcy court
therefore failed to apply the appropriate standard for summary judgment. However, the Panel
concludes that the bankruptcy court correctly determined that, even if true, these facts would not
change the outcome of the case.

          “[A] full and fair opportunity to litigate entails . . . the procedural requirements of
          due process.” Kremer v. Chem. Constr. Corp., 456 U.S. 461, 483 n.24, 102 S. Ct.
1883, 72 L. Ed. 2d 262 (1982). The court’s “sense of justice and equity,” not an
          “automatic formula,” guides proper rulings on estoppel pleas. Blonder-Tongue
          Labs., Inc. v. Univ. of Ill. Found., 402 U.S. 313, 334, 91 S. Ct. 1434, 28 L. Ed. 2d
788 (1971).

In re Leonard, 644 F. App’x 612, 618 (6th Cir. 2016).

          Couch was aware of and participated in the litigation prior to discovery.             Couch’s
affidavit does not assert that he changed his address of record in the state court litigation after he
moved, but rather vaguely asserts that Panther “knew” he had moved and should have served
him at different address than the one listed. As the bankruptcy court noted, Couch has offered no
legal support for the concept that he is entitled to service at any address other than his address of
record.

          Couch also places blame on the Plaintiffs because they served Couch at his last
          known address used in the Tennessee state court filings after his counsel
          withdrew. Service at a party’s last known address is appropriate under Tennessee
          law. “Service upon the attorney or upon a party shall be made by delivering to
          him or her a copy of the document to be served, or by mailing it to such person’s
          last known address, or if no address is known, by leaving the copy with the clerk
          of the court.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 5.02(1); see also Reynolds v. Battles, 108 S.W.3d
249, 251 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2009) (“If a litigant proceeding pro se relocates during
          the course of litigation, he is encumbered with the responsibility of notifying the
          clerk of the court of his new address.”). Couch cites no law, and nothing was
          found, that would require the Plaintiffs to expand service as he desires.

In re Couch, 544 B.R. 867, 877 (Bankr. E.D. Ky. 2016).
No. 16-8009                                  In re Couch                              Page 12

       Couch also asserts that the reason he did not monitor the state court litigation is that his
former attorney had misinformed him that the state case was dismissed. The bankruptcy court
correctly rejected this excuse by noting:

       The Pioneer Court reaffirmed what amounts to an agency- and choice-based rule
       of imputation, as first explained by the Court in Link v. Wabash R.R. Co.,
       370 U.S. 626, 82 S. Ct. 1386, 8 L. Ed. 2d 734 (1962):
               Petitioner voluntarily chose this attorney as his representative in
               the action, and he cannot now avoid the consequences of the acts
               or omissions of this freely selected agent. Any other notion would
               be wholly inconsistent with our system of representative litigation,
               in which each party is deemed bound by the acts of his lawyer-
               agent and is considered to have notice of all facts, notice of which
               can be charged upon the attorney.
       Id. at 633–34, 82 S. Ct. 1386 (quotation marks omitted).

Nafziger v. McDermott Int’l, Inc., 467 F.3d 514, 524 (6th Cir. 2006).

       In the present case Couch had actual notice of the litigation and did participate for a
period of time. His argument that his counsel misinformed him of a settlement, thus creating the
scenario which lead to the default judgment, does not indicate a lack of due process, but rather, a
possibility of malpractice. Couch had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the fraud issues and
the willful and malicious findings. Accordingly, the bankruptcy court did not err in concluding
that collateral estoppel was applicable.

                                            CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated, the bankruptcy court’s order granting summary judgment is
AFFIRMED.