Court Opinion

ID: 4567638
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-22 15:00:28.542992+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:24:19.303023
License: Public Domain

17-3810
Aleutian Capital Partners v. Pizzella

                                              In the
                      United States Court of Appeals
                                  For the Second Circuit
                                         ______________

                                        August Term, 2018

               (Argued: February 6, 2019            Decided: September 22, 2020)

                                            No. 17-3810
                                          ______________

                                 ALEUTIAN CAPITAL PARTNERS, LLC,
                                                               Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                                –v.–

            EUGENE SCALIA, sued in his official capacity, SECRETARY, UNITED STATES
           DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, WAGE AND
             HOUR DIVISION, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR EMPLOYMENT
             STANDARDS ADMINISTRATION, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
             ADMINISTRATOR, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR EMPLOYMENT
            STANDARDS ADMINISTRATION WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION UNITED STATES
                                  DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, *

                                                                     Defendants-Appellees.
                                          ______________

B e f o r e:

                       POOLER, LOHIER, and CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
                                      ______________
     Aleutian Capital Partners, LLC (“Aleutian”) appeals from the September 29, 2017
judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
(Ramos, J.), affirming a decision by the Administrative Review Board (“ARB”) of the

*   The Clerk of Court is directed to amend the caption to conform to the above.
United States Department of Labor (“DOL”) concluding that Aleutian violated certain
statutory and regulatory requirements governing the H-1B temporary foreign worker
program (the “H-1B Program” or the “Program”), and ordering Aleutian to pay back
wages to two Program workers. Aleutian challenges this order, arguing that it actually
paid one of the workers the amount that he was owed during the term of his
employment and that any underpayment in the first year fell outside the applicable
statute of limitations. As to the second employee, Aleutian argues that DOL was not
authorized to investigate the terms of her employment in the first place because she did
not herself file a complaint with DOL, and the only complaint that was filed did not
allege any H-1B Program violations specifically as to her employment. We reject both
challenges.

      AFFIRMED.
                                    ______________

                           CHRISTOPHER C. HEISENBERG, Hinckley & Heisenberg LLP,
                                 New York, N.Y. (Michael T. Stolper, The Stolper
                                 Group, P.A., New York, N.Y., on the brief), for Plaintiff-
                                 Appellant.

                           BENJAMIN H. TORRANCE, Assistant United States Attorney
                                (Natasha W. Teleanu, Assistant United States
                                Attorney, on the brief), for Audrey Strauss, Acting
                                United States Attorney for the Southern District of
                                New York, New York, N.Y., for Defendants-Appellees.
                                   ______________

CARNEY, Circuit Judge:

      Aleutian Capital Partners, LLC (“Aleutian”) appeals from the September 29, 2017

judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

(Ramos, J.) affirming a decision by the Administrative Review Board (“ARB”) of the

United States Department of Labor (“DOL”). In that decision, ARB ordered Aleutian, a

private equity investment group in New York, to pay back wages to an employee and a

former employee, both of whom it had hired under the H-1B temporary foreign worker

program (the “H-1B Program” or the “Program”).

                                            2
          Established by the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), the H-1B Program

allows employers, under closely regulated circumstances, to hire non-immigrant

foreign individuals for work in certain temporary positions. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b); id. § 1182(n)(1). Congress charged DOL with implementing the

H-1B Program and enforcing the Program’s standards. Id. § 1182(n)(2)(A).

          This appeal arises from a 2013 complaint filed with DOL by one such H-1B

employee—Shakir Gangjee (“Gangjee”)—who alleged that Aleutian violated Program

standards by underpaying him for several months of his approximately one-and-a-half

year period of employment there, from August 2011 through December 2012. The

ensuing DOL investigation showed that the monthly salary payments Gangjee received

during that period frequently fell below the amount he was due under H-1B Program

standards but, because Aleutian overpaid Gangjee in other months, the end result was

that Gangjee received in total compensation for 2012 somewhat more than what the

Program required. 1 DOL nonetheless determined that applicable regulations called for

Aleutian to pay Gangjee back wages for each of the months in which it failed to remit in

wages the full amount due, regardless of any bonuses or overpayments that it made in

other months. See App’x 37-38 (citing 20 C.F.R. § 655.731).

          Aleutian challenges this interpretation of the relevant statute and regulations,

arguing that because by the end of the year it paid Gangjee the wage specified in its

H-1B Program application—in fact, it paid Gangjee more than that wage—DOL cannot

order it to pay any back wages at all. This argument failed in the agency proceedings

and in the District Court, and we now affirm the District Court’s judgment. Agency

regulations duly promulgated under the statute unambiguously require H-1B

employers to make wage payments in “prorated installments,” “no less often than

1   Unless otherwise specified, all references are to calendar years.

                                                   3
monthly.” 20 C.F.R. § 655.731(c)(4). We therefore conclude that an employer’s failure to

satisfy this requirement constitutes a failure to comply with the INA’s overall “required

wage obligation”—a conclusion that supports DOL’s award of back wages to Gangjee.
Id.

      Additionally, during its investigation of Gangjee’s complaint, DOL requested

that Aleutian provide wage documentation as to any other H-1B Program worker that it

had employed since January 15, 2012. In response, Aleutian produced records

corresponding to its employment of Minh-Thuong Horn (“Horn”), its one other H-1B

employee, whom Aleutian hired in 2010 and whose employment with the company

ended in early January 2013. Reviewing these records, the agency discovered that

Aleutian underpaid Horn for her work in the month of December 2012, and so ordered

the company to pay her back wages for that month.

      On appeal, Aleutian contests the agency’s authority to investigate its

employment of Horn, who had not herself filed a complaint. Aleutian urges us to

impose limits on DOL’s investigatory authority by holding that DOL’s investigation

into an H-1B Program complaint may not exceed the specific allegations of misconduct

made in that complaint—which would mean that the agency stepped beyond the

bounds of its authority when it investigated Aleutian’s employment not only of

Gangjee, but also of Horn. We decline to adopt the proposed restriction. Rather, we

affirm DOL’s authority to investigate Aleutian’s compliance with the H-1B Program’s

wage requirement as to Horn, as well as to Gangjee. Such an inquiry was reasonably

within the scope of DOL’s investigative authority into the allegations made in Gangjee’s

complaint and is lawfully contemplated by Program regulations.

                                            4
                                      BACKGROUND

I.     Legal Framework

       The INA authorizes the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services

(“USCIS”) to issue work visas to certain non-immigrant foreign workers permitting

their temporary employment in the United States in statutorily defined “specialty

occupation[s].” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b); see also id. § 1184(i)(3) (defining “specialty

occupation” for purposes of H-1B Program). Foreign workers employed under this

authority are known as “H-1B Program employees” or “H-1B workers,” after the

provision authorizing their temporary work visas. The H-1B Program is implemented

by regulations promulgated by DOL. See 20 C.F.R. Part 655, subparts H and I.

       Our focus here lies primarily on those statutory and regulatory provisions that

establish the amount of wages an H-1B Program employee is due and when those

wages must be paid. As to the amount, an employer seeking to hire under the H-1B

Program must commit, in a Labor Condition Application (“LCA”) filed with DOL, to

paying the prospective employee at the “required wage rate.” 20 C.F.R. § 655.731(a); see

also 8 U.S.C. § 1182(n)(1)(A); 20 C.F.R. § 655.730(a) (detailing process for filing LCA).

That amount is defined by statute as being the higher of (1) “the actual wage level paid

by the employer to all other individuals with similar experience and qualifications for

the specific employment in question,” or (2) “the prevailing wage level for the

occupational classification in the area of employment.” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(n)(1)(A); 20

C.F.R. § 655.731(a); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1182(p) (“Computation of prevailing wage level”).

As to the timing, the regulations dictate that employers satisfy their obligation to pay

the required wage when they pay “the employee, cash in hand, free and clear, when

                                               5
due”—subject only to certain narrowly defined exceptions 2—“prorated installments

(e.g., annual salary divided into 26 bi-weekly pay periods, where employer pays bi-

weekly) paid no less often than monthly.” 20 C.F.R. § 655.731(c).

       Also important for our purposes is the fact that the statute creates an initial

presumption of an application’s acceptability: So long as DOL does not find that an

LCA is “incomplete or obviously inaccurate,” it must certify the LCA within seven days

of receipt. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(n)(1); see also Cyberworld Enter. Techs., Inc. v. Napolitano, 602
F.3d 189, 193 (3d Cir. 2010) (explaining that DOL “is not generally permitted to

investigate the veracity of the employer’s attestations on the LCA prior to

certification”). Armed with a certified LCA, the employer and employee turn to USCIS

to obtain the H-1B visa itself. But though the statute provides DOL little leeway to

investigate an employer before certifying its LCA, section 1182(n)(2) authorizes the

Secretary of Labor (the “Secretary”) to conduct a post-certification compliance

investigation in response to a complaint that an employer is not meeting one or more

conditions specified in the LCA. To trigger such an investigation, the complaining

party—which may be “any aggrieved person or organization (including bargaining

representatives)”—must submit a written complaint to the Administrator of DOL’s

2An H-1B Program employee may be paid below the level of the required wage only as a result
of “[a]uthorized deductions” from wages. 20 C.F.R. § 655.731(c)(9); see also id. § 655(c)(1). An
authorized deduction “means a deduction from wages in complete compliance with one of the
following three sets of criteria”: (1) “Deduction which is required by law (e.g., income tax;
FICA)”; (2) “Deduction which is authorized by a collective bargaining agreement, or is
reasonable and customary in the occupation and/or area of employment (e.g., union dues;
contribution to premium for health insurance policy covering all employees . . . )” and that was
“revealed to the worker prior to the commencement of employment”; or (3) deductions that
employees have explicitly and voluntarily authorized and that do not exceed “the fair market
value or the actual cost (whichever is lower)” for matters “principally for the benefit of the
employee” (as opposed to “a recoupment of the employer’s business expense”), provided the
amount deducted does “not exceed 25 percent of an employee’s disposable earnings for a
workweek.” Id. § 655.731(c)(9).

                                               6
Wage and Hour Division (the “Administrator”). 8 U.S.C. § 1182(n)(2)(A); 20 C.F.R.

§ 655.806(a). Complaints must be filed within one year of the employer’s latest

offending act, but DOL has authority to assess remedies for violations occurring “prior

to one year before the filing of a complaint.” 20 C.F.R. § 655.806(a)(5).

       Should the Secretary find that an employer failed to meet a specified condition or

made a material misrepresentation in its LCA, section 1182(n)(2) authorizes the

Secretary to impose administrative remedies. Thus, as relevant here, “[u]pon

determining that an employer has failed to pay wages” at the wage level specified in

the LCA, the agency “shall assess and oversee the payment of back wages” to the

affected H-1B Program employee in an amount “equal to the difference between the

amount that should have been paid and the amount that actually was paid.” 20 C.F.R.

§ 655.810(a); see also 8 U.S.C. § 1182(n)(2)(D).

       We evaluate Aleutian’s arguments against this legal landscape.

II.    Factual Background 3

       Aleutian is a private equity investment group established in 2003 and operating

in the State of New York. Beginning in 2010, and continuing through 2013, Aleutian

employed two H-1B Program employees: Horn and Gangjee.

       Horn was Aleutian’s first H-1B Program employee: In March 2010, Aleutian

submitted an LCA to support hiring her as a market research analyst. In that LCA,

Aleutian represented that it would pay Horn an annual salary of $42,453—an amount

that it represented as the prevailing wage for market research analysts. Although for the

vast majority of her tenure, Aleutian compensated Horn monthly and at the duly

3The relevant facts are undisputed. See Appellant’s Br. at 9 (“[T]he questions presented on this
appeal are exclusively legal issues.”). This statement is based on the account given in the
District Court opinion, App’x 11-33, and by the ARB in its decision, App’x 34-41.

                                                7
prorated amount of $3,537.75, in December 2012, the company paid her only $350. (It

also made a $250.73 contribution to her healthcare plan in that month.) Then, on

January 2, 2013, Aleutian terminated Horn’s employment.

       In August 2011, Aleutian submitted a second LCA, designed to secure Gangjee’s

employment as a financial analyst. It represented in the LCA that the prevailing wage

for financial analysts was $62,566, but committed to paying Gangjee an annual salary of

$65,000, meaning his prorated gross monthly wages should have been $5,416.67.

Executives at Aleutian orally outlined to Gangjee a different agreement, however, under

which Gangjee’s actual monthly compensation amounted to the sum of $3,000 in “base

pay” plus a “bonus” totaling 3% of Aleutian’s gross revenues for the month. In other

words, if Aleutian received no revenue in a given month, Gangjee received no “bonus”

component of his pay and would be paid only $3,000, well below the required wage

rate. This salary structure contravened H-1B Program regulations, both substantively

and because it was never reduced to writing.

       For the 17 months that Gangjee worked for Aleutian, he was paid the amounts

that we set out in the margin. 4 As is apparent, some total monthly payments fell well

4Month/Year         Total Paid           Month/Year           Total Paid
August 2011         $1,875               May 2012             $9,456
September 2011      $1,649               June 2012            $3,060
October 2011        $2,649               July 2012            $3,060
November 2011       $2,649               August 2012          $3,600
December 2011       $9,822               September 2012       $3,060
January 2012        $5,711               October 2012         $3,060
February 2012       $10,266              November 2012        $3,060
March 2012          $5,285               December 2012        $3,780
April 2012          $4,111

                                            8
below the LCA pro rata amount; others exceeded it. Gangjee’s total annual

compensation for 2012 was $57,509.

III.   Procedural Background

       On January 14, 2013, Gangjee filed a complaint with DOL, alleging that Aleutian

generally “failed to pay nonimmigrant worker(s) the higher of the prevailing or actual

wage,” and specifically with respect to him that, from August 6, 2011, to December 31,

2012, it failed to pay his wages as required by the H-1B Program. App’x 35 (internal

quotation marks omitted). 5 Based on the complaint’s allegations, DOL concluded that

there was reasonable cause to believe that the described violations had occurred, and

therefore launched an investigation. In the course of that investigation, the agency

requested from Aleutian the H-1B Program documents and payroll records for all H-1B

Program workers that it employed after January 15, 2012 (the date one year before

Gangjee filed his complaint). Aleutian duly produced its payroll records for Gangjee

and for Horn, which showed the shortfalls and discrepancies described above.

       On January 9, 2014, almost one year later, the agency issued a notice of

determination. The notice first observed that the prorated monthly installment for

Gangjee’s prevailing wage rate of $62,566 (as identified in Aleutian’s LCA) was

$5,213.82—meaning that for every month in which Gangjee was owed full wages, he

was due $5,213.82. It then calculated the amount that Gangjee was actually owed for

2012, taking into account Gangjee’s use of vacation or sick days (usage that reduced

sums due to Gangjee for August and September 2012). The agency concluded that, after

5The complete administrative record, including Gangjee’s administrative complaint, was filed
under seal in the District Court, see App’x 14, but was not submitted in connection with this
appeal. The ARB’s decision does quote from Gangjee’s complaint, however, and as we noted,
neither party contests the facts.

                                              9
these modifications, Gangjee was due a total salary in 2012 of $49,370.99—an amount

significantly less than the $57,509 that Aleutian actually paid Gangjee in that year.

       But the agency also found that Aleutian underpaid Gangjee for each of four

months in 2011 and six months in 2012. 6 It calculated the deficit—i.e., the difference

between the pro rata amount of $5,213.82 and the amount Aleutian actually paid to

Gangjee—for each of those months and concluded that Aleutian owed him $22,713.31

for the accumulated monthly underpayments. It gave Aleutian no credit for

overpayments made in any other months, notably including the two months (August

and September 2012) in which it paid Gangjee when it owed him no salary.

       Aleutian appealed the decision to an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”), urging

that an employer’s statutory “required wage obligation” under the H-1B Program

should be calculated on an annual, rather than monthly, basis, and contending also that

DOL lacked jurisdiction to order payment of back wages to Gangjee for 2011, and to

Horn, at all. On July 9, 2014, the ALJ granted the agency’s motion for summary decision

and directed Aleutian to pay the full amount of back wages as calculated by the agency.

The ALJ concluded that Aleutian was required to pay Gangjee and Horn at least one-

twelfth of their annual certified salaries every month and that the failure to do so in a

given month could not be excused by paying bonuses in other months. The ALJ further

determined that no time bar precluded the agency from investigating the terms of

Gangjee’s employment with Aleutian more than one year before Gangjee filed his

complaint. Finally, the ALJ rejected Aleutian’s argument that Gangjee’s complaint

provided insufficient cause for the agency to investigate Aleutian’s compliance with the

6Underpayments occurred, it said, in August, September, October, and November 2011, and in
April, June, July, October, November, and December 2012.

                                            10
H-1B Program as to Horn’s employment, even in the absence of a complaint filed by

Horn.

        Aleutian next sought review of the ALJ’s decision by the three-member ARB; the

ARB affirmed the ALJ’s order in its entirety. 7 With regard to the agency’s authority to

investigate Horn’s employment, the ARB declined to follow an Eighth Circuit decision

relied on by Aleutian as a basis for limiting the agency’s investigation in response to an

aggrieved party’s complaint to the allegations in that complaint. See Greater Missouri

Medical Pro-Care Providers, Inc. v. Perez, 812 F.3d 1132, 1138-41 (8th Cir. 2015).

        One ARB member (Corchado, J.) dissented in part as to the monthly payment

amount due under 20 C.F.R. § 655.731(c)(4). In the dissent’s view, that Aleutian

“[v]iolat[ed] the timing requirement throughout 2012 does not automatically mean that

Aleutian failed to ultimately pay the amount owed in 2012” pursuant to the “annual

wage obligation,” i.e., 20 C.F.R. § 655.731(c)(2). App’x 40. Because there was no dispute

that in 2012 Aleutian paid Gangjee an amount above the total wages due under the

LCA, the dissent reasoned, Gangjee was not entitled to back wages at all. Rather, he

wrote, an employer does not violate 20 C.F.R. § 655.731(c) so long as that employer’s

wage payments do not cumulatively fall behind the pro rata amount owed for the year

(e.g., 1/12th by January, 2/12th by February, 3/12th by March, etc.). In other words,

according to the dissent, section 655.731(c) allows employers to overpay their H-1B

Program employees early in the year, and then underpay in later months, while also

prohibiting the inverse: underpayment early in the year and overpayments later. Under

this theory, the dissent concluded, Aleutian violated the “timing requirement” with

respect to its wage obligation to Gangjee during 2011 overall and during the fourth

7The ALJ subsequently recalculated the amount Aleutian owed Gangjee as $22,713.30, a
correction that the ARB accepted in its order.

                                              11
quarter of 2012, but Gangjee was entitled to back wages only for 2011—the year in

which Gangjee was undisputedly paid less than the amount Aleutian committed to pay

him in the LCA.

       In June 2016, Aleutian sued DOL in federal district court, asserting claims under

the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) and generally challenging the ARB ruling.

In 2017, the District Court affirmed the ARB’s ruling in all respects, granting summary

judgment for DOL. As relevant to this appeal, the District Court ruled first that to

satisfy its “required wage obligation,” Aleutian had to pay its H-1B employees monthly

prorated installments of a calculated minimum amount. This meant that Aleutian owed

Gangjee back wages for each of the months of underpayment in 2012 notwithstanding

that he was overpaid when viewed over the year. Second, it ruled that DOL could

award remedies for violations that occurred earlier than the start of the one-year

limitations period, and thus could award Gangjee back wages dating from 2011. Third,

it rejected Aleutian’s challenge to DOL’s investigation of Horn’s compensation and

backpay award for December 2012, concluding that the statute authorized both.

       Aleutian timely appealed.

                                       DISCUSSION

       The APA requires reviewing courts to “hold unlawful and set aside agency

action, findings, and conclusions found to be,” among other things, “arbitrary,

capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” or “in

excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), (C).

Section 706 of the APA authorizes courts to review de novo “all relevant questions of

law” and “interpret[ations] [of] constitutional and statutory provisions” made by an

agency. 5 U.S.C. § 706; see also J. Andrew Lange, Inc. v. Fed. Aviation Admin., 208 F.3d 389,

391 (2d Cir. 2000). Where, as here, an APA-based challenge to an agency’s action

presents a pure question of law, a district court’s procedural decision to award

                                              12
summary judgment is generally appropriate. See Am. Bioscience, Inc. v. Thompson, 269
F.3d 1077, 1083–84 (D.C. Cir. 2001). We review de novo such a grant. Karpova v. Snow, 497
F.3d 262, 267 (2d Cir. 2007). Further, where the challenge to agency action disputes the

agency’s interpretation of a statute that Congress has designated for administration by

the agency, we apply the analytical framework articulated in Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v.

Nat’l Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843-44 (1984), to determine whether and, if so,

how much to defer to the agency’s interpretation.

       The Chevron framework recognizes that “ambiguities in statutes within an

agency’s jurisdiction to administer are delegations of authority to the agency to fill the

statutory gap in reasonable fashion.” Nat'l Cable & Telecomms. Ass'n v. Brand X Internet

Servs., 545 U.S. 967, 980 (2005) (“Brand X”). 8 In interpreting such a statute, Chevron thus

requires that we first determine “whether the statute is ambiguous or silent on the

specific question at issue.” Woods v. START Treatment & Recovery Ctrs., Inc., 864 F.3d 158,

168 (2d Cir. 2017). If we conclude that the statute is ambiguous or silent then, so long as

“the implementing agency’s construction is reasonable,” we will “accept the agency’s

construction of the statute, even if the agency’s reading differs from what [we] believe[]

is the best statutory interpretation.” Brand X, 545 U.S. at 980.

I.     The H-1B Program’s “Required Wage Obligation”

       Aleutian maintains that the INA does not authorize DOL to order it to pay

Gangjee back wages for the months in 2012 in which it paid him less than the pro rata

monthly amount because the record leaves no doubt that, over the course of that year, it

paid Gangjee more than it committed to in the LCA. In support, it points out that the

INA authorizes imposition of a backpay remedy only after an agency determination

8Unless otherwise indicated, this Opinion omits from text quoted from judicial opinions any
alterations, citations, and internal quotation marks.

                                              13
“that an employer has not paid wages at the wage level specified under the [LCA].” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1182(n)(2)(D) (emphasis added). Because the LCA that Aleutian filed for Gangjee

characterized his salary as an annual rather than a monthly wage, and because Aleutian

undisputedly paid Gangjee more than he was owed for 2012, Aleutian contends that it

did in fact pay wages at “the wage level specified under the [LCA],” as required, and

therefore cannot be ordered to pay back wages for any month in 2012. We thus turn to

examining the meaning of “at the wage level specified under the [LCA]” as it is used in

section 1182(n)(2)(D).

       As we have explained, and as the parties do not dispute, the Chevron framework

governs our analysis. Accordingly, we observe at step one that the INA is silent as to

when the amount to be paid during each pay period must be calculated. See id.

§ 1182(n). But through the INA, Congress delegated to DOL the authority to “establish a

process for the receipt, investigation, and disposition of complaints respecting a

petitioner’s failure to meet a condition specified in an [LCA].” Id. § 1182(n)(2)(A). The

INA also charges DOL with receiving, reviewing for completeness and accuracy, and

certifying LCAs filed by employers. Id. § 1182(n)(1). Under this authority, DOL

promulgated regulations to ensure that employers participating in the H-1B Program

comply with the LCAs that they file. See 20 C.F.R. § 655.731. These regulations—and

specifically section 655.731, which describes the “required wage obligation”—fill the

statutory gap.

       Step two requires a closer examination of these regulations. The key criteria

established by them, at least for our purposes, are that H-1B Program employees’ wages

must be paid “cash in hand, free and clear, when due.” 20 C.F.R. § 655.731(c)(1).

Notably, the phrase “when due” appears in the regulations both as a directive to

employers that “the required wage . . . be paid . . . when due,” id., and also as a

definitional element, providing that “cash wages paid” is to be understood as

                                             14
“consist[ing] only of those payments . . . disbursed to the employee . . . when due,” id.

§ 655.731(c)(2) (emphasis added). In other words, wages that are not paid “when due”

have not been paid in accordance with section 655.731, and cannot be considered “cash

wages paid.” Thus, if an employer does not pay the required wage “when due,” it has

not satisfied the H-1B Program’s “obligation” to pay that “required wage.” Not

incidentally, section 655.731(c) also defines when H-1B Program wages are “due”: For

salaried employees (like Gangjee and Horn), “wages will be due in prorated

installments . . . paid no less often than monthly.” Id. § 655.731(c)(4). That the

regulations are so explicit as to the nature and timing of the required wage payments

(“in prorated installments” and “when due,” which can be “no less often than

monthly”) provides an important indicator as to how an employer’s statutory wage

obligation should be understood.

       Aleutian counters with the policy argument that this application is “unsound”

because it “precludes an employer from self-remedying any deficiencies by restoring

those wages to the employee.” Appellant’s Br. at 12. That employers of H-1B Program

workers cannot “self-remedy” their failure to pay their employees on time without

incurring a penalty from DOL, however, is precisely the aim of the regulatory scheme:

The point is to require monthly payments of a certain level, not one annual payment—

certainly a reasonable requirement from the employee’s point of view and sensible from

both immigration and labor law perspectives.

       Indeed, a primary goal of U.S. non-immigrant foreign worker programs like the

H-1B Program is to ensure that “the employment of the foreign worker in the job

opportunity will not adversely affect the wages or working conditions of similarly

employed U.S. workers.” 20 C.F.R. § 655.0(a)(1). Those DOL regulations to which we

have referred advance this goal by ensuring that H-1B Program employees are paid in a

consistent and predictable manner. This policy prevents employers from replacing

                                             15
domestic workers with foreign workers who, lacking the same labor protections, are

vulnerable to being paid according to the vagaries of the employer’s balance sheet

rather than in a standard manner comparable to a domestic worker. A policy that

allowed for employers to “self-remedy” months of underpayment with a later bulk

payment would not require consistent, predictable payment of wages at all, and would

disadvantage domestic workers, contrary to the aims of the Program. DOL’s

interpretation that an employer must make monthly, prorated wage payments to fulfill

its obligation to pay an H-1B Program employee at “the wage level specified in the

[LCA],” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(n)(2)(D), is a reasonable one in light of these aims, and we

accordingly afford that interpretation Chevron deference. 9

       It is a closer question, however, whether allowing an employer to credit an

overpayment made in an earlier pay period against an underpayment in a later period

runs afoul of the “required pay obligation”—the situation considered by the dissenting

member of the ARB, as we have mentioned. On a monthly, pro rata basis, Gangjee was

overpaid in the early months of 2012 (January, February, and May); in the remaining

months, however, he was paid far below what he was owed. Aleutian urges us to

follow the dissent’s reasoning:

9Aleutian argues in the alternative that it did not violate the timing requirement with respect to
Gangjee’s salary because its payment scheme involved “nondiscretionary” supplemental
payments and thus fell within the exception to the monthly payments required by 20 C.F.R.
§ 655.731(c)(4). Section 655.731(c)(4) does permit employers to “use some other form of
nondiscretionary payment to supplement the employee’s regular/pro-rata pay in order to meet
the required wage obligation (e.g., a quarterly production bonus),” but it allows employers to
do so only if documentation demonstrates their “commitment to make such payment,” “the
method of determining the amount” of such supplemental payments, and, “unequivocally[,]
that the required wage obligation was met for prior pay periods and, upon payment and
distribution of such other payments that are pending, will be met for each current or future pay
period.” Id. Aleutian’s argument thus fails because, insofar as it had a bonus-based payment
plan for Gangjee, that plan was not established in any document.

                                                16
        [A]s long as Aleutian cumulatively paid at least 1/12th in January,
        2/12ths in February, 3/12ths in March, etc., it would comply with the
        requirement that no less than 1/12[th] be paid throughout the year. If
        Aleutian had cumulatively paid only 5/12ths of the LCA obligation by
        the end of June, it would have violated the protection offered by the pro
        rata requirement. I agree with Aleutian that the Administrator is
        penalizing Aleutian for paying more than was required in the first
        quarter of the year.

App’x 40. The argument has some intuitive force: If, for example, Aleutian paid Gangjee

his entire annual wage for 2012 on January 1 of that year, it may seem odd that the

statute would nevertheless allow Gangjee to recover back wages for the subsequent

eleven months.

      The monthly payment requirement, however, provides strong support for the

inference that the regulatory scheme intends to provide consistent, predictable payment

for H-1B Program employees and penalize inconsistency, even in the event that

overpayments are made in advance. Payments must be made “no less often than

monthly.” 20 C.F.R. § 655.731(c)(4) (emphasis added). The plain text of this provision

bars an employer from paying wages at lengthy or irregular intervals, whether the

payments are large or small. Moreover, that section 655.731(c)(4) allows irregular

payment schemes only under exceptional circumstances and only when an employer

complies with relatively restrictive conditions further supports the inference that the

regulation prizes consistency and predictability in wage payments made over ensuring

that an employer has paid the correct cumulative amount in a given year.

      The District Court applied Auer deference to conclude that the ARB’s

determination that “each pay period must be viewed separately, and that no credit can

be given for overpayments in certain months” was a reasonable interpretation of the

DOL’s own regulations. App’x 24 (discussing Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 461 (1997)).

As the Supreme Court recently clarified in Kisor v. Wilkie, however, a court should

                                            17
apply Auer deference only after having exhausted all of the “traditional tools of

construction” to determine that a rule or regulation is “genuinely ambiguous.” 139 S.

Ct. 2400, 2416 (2019). Having considered the “text, structure, history, and purpose,” id.

at 2424, of the H-1B Program regulations at issue—those “traditional tools of

construction”—we are of the view that section 655.731(c)(4) is not ambiguous, and Auer

deference is not called for. The plain text of the regulation requires wages to be paid on

time (“when due”), and “no less often than monthly,” “in prorated installments.” An

employer violates both the regulation’s timing and the pro-rata installment

requirements when it makes a monthly payment that is less than one-twelfth of the

established annual wage—even if the employer has not fallen behind in, or is ahead of,

its obligation to pay, pro rata, the annual amount owed to an employee. In running

afoul of these regulatory wage requirements, the employer also violates its obligation to

pay the wage “specified in [the] [LCA],” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(n)(2)(A), and becomes liable for

back wages for each month in which it so fails. We therefore affirm the decision of the

District Court. See Brand X, 545 U.S. at 980.

II.    The Permissible Scope of the Agency’s Investigation and Payment Order

       Aleutian also argues that DOL acted outside its statutory authority when it

investigated and ordered payments regarding Gangjee’s employment in 2011 and

Horn’s in December 2012. According to Aleutian, the one-year statute of limitations set

forth in 20 C.F.R. § 655.806(a)(5) for aggrieved-party complaints precluded DOL from

taking investigatory action and making payment orders with respect to any time before

the one year immediately preceding the submission of Gangjee’s complaint in January

2013. Since Gangjee was precluded from raising incidents as to 2011, Aleutian reasons,

the agency was, too. As to Horn, Aleutian contends that DOL had no authority to

investigate the terms of her employment at all, because Gangjee’s complaint included

no allegations regarding her situation. As we explain below, we conclude that DOL

                                                18
acted within the scope of its authority in investigating the terms of Gangjee’s 2011

employment and Horn’s employment in 2012.

       A.     Gangjee’s Compensation for 2011

       Because Gangjee filed his complaint on January 14, 2013, Aleutian argues, DOL’s

statutory authority allowed it to investigate underpayment and authorize back wages

only as far back as January 14, 2012. We are not persuaded.

       The INA provides that “[n]o investigation or hearing shall be conducted on a

complaint concerning” an employer’s failure to meet an obligation under the LCA

“unless the complaint was filed not later than 12 months after the date of the failure.” 8

U.S.C. § 1182(n)(2)(A). The statute does not, however, limit DOL’s authority to assess

remedies. Promulgated under DOL’s statutory directive, see 8 U.S.C. § 1182(n)(2)(A), the

procedures that govern the filing and processing of complaints are published in 20

C.F.R. § 655.806. Section 655.806 reiterates, as a jurisdictional concept, that the statute

imposes a one-year limitation on the filing of complaints. See 20 C.F.R. § 655.806(a)(5).

Critically, however, it further provides that “[t]his jurisdictional bar does not affect the

scope of the remedies which may be assessed.” Id. Indeed, the regulation offers this

clarification: “Where, for example, a complaint is timely filed, back wages may be

assessed for a period prior to one year before the filing of a complaint.” Id.

       Section 655.806(a)(5) thus squarely addresses and allows DOL to award back

wages for Aleutian’s underpayment of Gangjee in 2011. We think it reflects a reasonable

interpretation of DOL’s statutory directive to adopt the position that, where an

investigation into a timely filed complaint reveals that an employer’s failure to conform

to an LCA has resulted in a pattern of underpayment that extends earlier than the

statute of limitations cut-off, DOL may assess back wages that remedy the full scope of

that failure. See Brand X, 545 U.S. at 980.

                                              19
       B.     Investigation of Horn’s Employment

       Finally, relying on the Eighth Circuit’s decision in Greater Missouri Medical Pro-

Care Providers, Inc. v. Perez, 812 F.3d 1132 (8th Cir. 2015), Aleutian submits that 8 U.S.C.

§ 1182(n)(2)(A) authorizes DOL to conduct compliance investigations only into specific

allegations made in an aggrieved party’s complaint, and therefore (it argues) DOL

violated that section by requesting documents from Aleutian that did not concern

Gangjee, with the result that the portion of its order that concerns Horn cannot be

sustained.

       Although, as we noted, the INA does not contemplate that DOL will conduct a

comprehensive review before certifying LCAs—presumably to allow relatively

expeditious approval and employment, and in reliance on the availability of after-the-

fact compliance checks—DOL may conduct compliance investigations as follows: (1)

upon receiving a complaint by an “aggrieved person,” 8 U.S.C. § 1182(n)(2)(A); (2) for

“random investigations” of certain employers, id. § 1182(n)(2)(F); (3) after the Secretary

personally certifies that he has “reasonable cause” to believe an employer is

non-compliant, id. § 1182(n)(2)(G)(i); or (4) upon receiving “specific credible

information” from a reliable source of a willful violation of certain requirements, id.

§ 1182(n)(2)(G)(ii). The record is clear that Horn did not file a complaint; that Gangjee’s

complaint did not mention any underpayment specifically as to Horn; and that DOL

discovered the underpayment in the course of its investigation into Gangjee’s

allegations, after it requested documentation relating to all of Aleutian’s H-1B Program

employees.

       The scope of DOL’s investigatory authority presents a question of first

impression in our Circuit but, in its 2015 decision in Greater Missouri, the Eighth Circuit

opined on the question. See 812 F.3d at 1138-41. In that case, an H-1B Program employee

filed an “aggrieved party” complaint against her employer alleging several H-1B

                                             20
Program violations. Id. at 1134. The DOL investigator found “reasonable cause” to

investigate only the allegation that the employer sought to recover a fee after the H-1B

Program employee’s early termination of her employment contract. Id. Based on this

single alleged violation, however, the investigator—purportedly “[i]n accordance with

the DOL’s standard practice for all H-1B investigations”—“initiated a full investigation

under the H-1B provisions of the [INA] . . . to see if there were [any Program] violations

[as] to any employee.” Id. (emphasis added). As part of this full investigation, DOL

requested—without any temporal or other limitation—all the employer’s “H-1B

documents and records, including LCAs for all of [the employer]’s H-1B employees,” of

which there were at least 45. Id. at 1134; see id. at 1135. After reviewing these records, the

Secretary ultimately awarded back pay to 45 employees for three different violations of

H-1B Program requirements.

       Attempting to justify the apparently unlimited scope of the investigation, the

Secretary took the position that the “finding of reasonable cause to investigate just one

allegation by an aggrieved party automatically justifies a comprehensive investigation

of the employer as a whole . . . [and its] compliance . . . in general.” Id. at 1137. The DOL

investigator in charge of the investigation further offered that it was “standard practice”

for DOL “to conduct a full investigation every time the DOL does an investigation of

any sort under H[-1B].” Id. at 1138.

       The Eighth Circuit rejected this far-reaching interpretation of DOL’s jurisdiction.

It held that the plain language of section 1182(n)(2)(A) does not “authorize an

open-ended investigation of the employer and its general compliance without regard to

the actual allegations in the aggrieved-party complaint.” Id. Rather, the court ruled,

section “1182(n)(2)(A) expressly ties the Secretary’s initial investigatory authority to the

complaint and those specific allegations . . . for which the Secretary finds ‘reasonable

cause to believe’ the employer committed the alleged violation.” Id. It declined,

                                             21
however, to answer the question whether the Secretary may modify or expand an

investigation based on an aggrieved-party complaint if “additional violations . . . come

to light during a lawfully initiated and properly limited aggrieved-party complaint

investigation.” Id. at 1139.

       The government contends, and we agree, that Aleutian overreads Greater

Missouri. Once a complaint that warrants investigation is filed (i.e., one that is timely

and that sets forth factual allegations sufficient to provide “reasonable cause to believe”

that a violation has occurred, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(n)(2)(A)), DOL has greater authority than

Aleutian suggests to define the scope of that investigation. Because

section 1182(n)(2)(A) contains a “statutory delegation of adjudicative power” that

“signals a delegation of interpretive authority by Congress,” Nielsen v. AECOM Tech

Corp., 762 F.3d 214, 219-20 (2d Cir. 2014), DOL’s statutory interpretations made under

that delegation warrant deference. Those interpretations include 20 C.F.R. § 655.800(b),

which provides:

        The Administrator, either pursuant to a complaint or otherwise, shall
        conduct such investigations as may be appropriate and, in connection
        therewith, enter and inspect such places and such records (and make
        transcriptions or copies thereof), question such persons and gather such
        information as deemed necessary by the Administrator to determine
        compliance regarding the matters which are the subject of the
        investigation.

Section 655.800 thus claims for DOL broad discretion to gather the information that it

“deem[s] necessary” to determine an employer’s “compliance regarding the matters

which are the subject of the investigation.” Doing so may require determining whether

an employer subject to an aggrieved-party complaint has also applied an unlawful

practice to other Program employees. That interpretation is consonant with the

authorizing INA provision, which grants DOL the authority to “establish a process” for

conducting investigations. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(n)(2)(A). Moreover, adopting Aleutian’s

                                             22
position would hinder the general scheme of the H-1B Program, which allows for an

expedited application process—effectively barring DOL from reviewing LCAs for more

than facial completeness and accuracy—to ensure that employers can meet their

employment needs, while enforcing compliance through more robust back-end

investigations. See Labor Condition Applications and Requirements for Employers

Using Aliens on H-1B Visas in Specialty Occupations, 56 Fed. Reg. 54,720-21 (Oct. 22,

1991) (explaining that goal of announced regulations is to ensure that employers are not

unnecessarily hindered in hiring on a timely basis, and that worker protections will be

ensured through later investigations).

       As the dissenting ARB member wrote, concurring in the majority’s decision not

to adopt a broad reading of Greater Missouri, the limitations set forth in section

1182(n)(2)(A) exist “to prevent arbitrary or improper targeting of H-1B employers.”

App’x 41. Once a timely and potentially meritorious complaint alleging violations of the

LCA wage obligation has been filed, it is reasonable—and not arbitrary or improper—

for DOL to seek information from the employer to ensure that it is not applying the

same unlawful practices to other H-1B Program employees. See Brand X, 545 U.S. at 980.

       Our conclusion affirming DOL’s authority to investigate Aleutian’s treatment of

Horn does not conflict with the Eighth Circuit’s analysis in Greater Missouri. The Greater

Missouri court declared that DOL can investigate the employer’s “specific misconduct as

alleged in the complaint.” 812 F.3d at 1138. Where the “specific misconduct” alleged in

a complaint is that the employer is using a wage payment practice that is impermissible

under the H-1B Program, then an investigation into that “specific misconduct” would in

our view reasonably include payroll information about the employer’s one other H-1B

Program employee, to determine whether the impermissible practice is being applied to

her as well.

                                             23
       Indeed, in Greater Missouri the Eighth Circuit rejected an especially expansive

interpretation of the Secretary’s investigatory authority that the government does not

advance here. As noted above, the Secretary took the position in that case that it could

conduct a “full investigation every time the DOL does an investigation of any sort

under H-1B, to determine if any violations exist under H-1B and to see if there are

violations to any employee during the relevant time period.” Id. The government

asserts no such sweeping investigative authority here. We therefore conclude that,

where a complaint gives the Secretary “reasonable cause to believe” that an employer

has failed to meet its obligations under the H-1B Program in a particular manner, 8

U.S.C. § 1182(n)(2)(A) and 20 C.F.R. § 655.800(b) permit the agency to investigate the

full scope of that potential failure, including victims and circumstances that were not

the subject of any specific allegation.

       Here, the record does not indicate that the agency undertook an “open-ended

investigation of the employer and its general compliance without regard to the actual

allegations” in the complaint, as the Eighth Circuit charged in Greater Missouri. 812 F.3d

at 1138. Rather, the agency inquired to see whether Aleutian’s alleged failure to satisfy

the required wage obligation extended beyond Gangjee to the one other H-1B Program

worker employed in the same time frame. We assume outer limits on the agency’s

investigatory authority. But, on these facts, we can comfortably conclude that the

investigation undertaken by DOL falls well within those bounds.

                                      CONCLUSION

       We have considered, and reject, Aleutian’s other arguments. The judgment of the

District Court is AFFIRMED.

                                            24