Court Opinion

ID: 4301307
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-08-06 17:00:57.57991+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:28:25.017304
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 JANE DOE 2, et al.,
      Plaintiffs
      v.                                                   Civil Action No. 17-1597 (CKK)
 DONALD J. TRUMP, et al.,
     Defendants

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                     (August 6, 2018)

       On July 26, 2017, President Donald J. Trump issued a statement via Twitter announcing

that “the United States Government will not accept or allow transgender individuals to serve in

any capacity in the U.S. Military.” A formal Presidential Memorandum followed on August 25,

2017. Before the 2017 Presidential Memorandum, the Department of Defense had announced

that openly transgender individuals would be allowed to enlist in the military, effective January

1, 2018, and had prohibited the discharge of service members based solely on their gender

identities. The 2017 Presidential Memorandum reversed these policies. It indefinitely extended

the prohibition against transgender individuals entering the military (a process formally referred

to as “accession”), and required the military to authorize the discharge of transgender service

members. The President ordered Secretary of Defense James N. Mattis to submit a plan for

implementing the policy directives of the 2017 Presidential Memorandum by February 2018.

Plaintiffs filed suit and sought preliminary injunctive relief, which the Court granted.

       Currently pending before the Court are Defendants’ [115] Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’

Second Amended Complaint, or, in the Alternative, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment,

and Defendants’ [116] Motion to Dissolve the Preliminary Injunction. Upon consideration of the

                                                 1
pleadings, 1 the relevant legal authorities, and the record as a whole, the Court DENIES

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint, and DENIES

Defendants’ Motion to Dissolve the Preliminary Injunction. 2 Both of these motions are based

on the same fundamental premise: that Defendants have recently proposed a “new policy” that

will now allow transgender individuals to serve in the military. Based on this premise,

Defendants argue in these motions that Plaintiffs no longer have standing, that their claims are

moot, and that there is no longer any need for this Court’s preliminary injunction. For reasons

discussed in more detail below, the Court is not persuaded by these arguments. This case shall

proceed, and the Court’s preliminary injunction shall continue to maintain the status quo ante.

1
  The Court’s consideration has focused on the following documents:
    • Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss Pls.’ 2d Am. Compl., or, in the Alternative,
        Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 115 (“Defs.’ Mem.”);
    • Defs.’ Mot. to Dissolve the Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 116;
    • Pls.’ Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss and to Dissolve the Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 130
        (“Pls.’ Opp’n”);
    • Defs.’ Reply in Supp. of their Mot. to Dismiss Pls.’ 2d Am. Compl., or, in the Alternative,
        for Summ. J., and Opp’n to Pls.’ Cross-Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 138 (“Defs.’
        Reply”); and
    • Defs.’ Reply in Support of their Mot. to Dissolve the Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 140.
In an exercise of its discretion, the Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would
not be of assistance in rendering a decision. See LCvR 7(f).
2
  Although the parties’ briefing mixes arguments about dismissal for lack of jurisdiction and
summary judgment, the Court has exercised its discretion to first consider their arguments in the
context of Defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. Because those arguments
largely resolve the issues raised in Defendants’ Motion to Dissolve the Preliminary Injunction,
the Court also addresses that motion in this Memorandum Opinion. However, this Opinion does
not address the summary judgment aspects of Defendants’ [115] Motion, nor does it address
Plaintiffs’ [131] Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment. Those motions will be dealt with
separately. In addition, this Opinion does not address Defendants’ argument that Plaintiffs do not
have standing to press their claims against the President. This argument is moot because the
Court has issued a separate Memorandum Opinion and Order today which dismisses the
President as a party from this case.

                                                2
                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Plaintiffs are current and aspiring transgender service members. Many have years of

experience in the military. Some have decades. They have been deployed on active duty in Iraq

and Afghanistan. They have and continue to serve with distinction. All fear that the directives

of the 2017 Presidential Memorandum will have devastating impacts on their careers and their

families. Accordingly, they filed this lawsuit challenging those directives and moved this Court

to enjoin the implementation of the 2017 Presidential Memorandum. They claimed that the

President’s directives violate the fundamental guarantees of due process afforded by the Fifth

Amendment to the United States Constitution.

       On October 30, 2017, the Court issued a preliminary injunction in this case. As

particularly relevant here, the Court found that Plaintiffs had standing and were likely to succeed

on their Fifth Amendment claim. The Court concluded that, as a form of government action that

classifies people based on their gender identity, and disfavors a class of historically persecuted

and politically powerless individuals, the President’s directives were subject to heightened

scrutiny. Plaintiffs claimed that the President’s directives could not survive such scrutiny

because they were not genuinely based on legitimate concerns regarding military effectiveness or

budget constraints, but were instead driven by a desire to express disapproval of transgender

people generally. The Court found that a number of factors—including the breadth of the

exclusion ordered by the directives, the unusual circumstances surrounding the President’s

announcement of them, the fact that the reasons given for them did not appear to be supported by

any facts, and the recent rejection of those reasons by the military itself—strongly suggested that

Plaintiffs’ Fifth Amendment claim was meritorious. Accordingly, the Court enjoined

Defendants from enforcing the President’s directives. The effect of the Court’s preliminary

                                                 3
injunction was to revert to the status quo ante with regard to accession and retention that existed

before the issuance of the 2017 Presidential Memorandum.

       Defendants appealed, see Defs.’ Notice of Appeal, ECF No. 66, and moved this Court to

stay the portion of its preliminary injunction that required Defendants to begin accepting

transgender individuals into the military on January 1, 2018, see Defs.’ Mot. for Partial Stay of

Prelim. Inj. Pending Appeal, ECF No. 73. On December 11, 2017, the Court denied Defendants’

motion to stay. See Dec. 11, 2017 Order, ECF No. 75.

       Defendants then sought the same relief from the United States Court of Appeals for the

District of Columbia Circuit (“D.C. Circuit”). On December 22, 2017, the D.C. Circuit denied

Defendants’ motion to stay this Court’s preliminary injunction. See Doe 1 v. Trump, No. 17-

5267, 2017 WL 6553389 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 22, 2017). The D.C. Circuit concluded that Defendants

had not demonstrated that they had a strong likelihood of success on appeal, that they would be

irreparably harmed absent a stay, or that the stay would not harm the other parties to the

proceeding. Id. It held that “given that the enjoined accession ban would directly impair and

injure the ongoing educational and professional plans of transgender individuals and would

deprive the military of skilled and talented troops, allowing it to take effect would be counter to

the public interest.” Id. at *3. The D.C. Circuit also explained that “in the balancing of equities,

it must be remembered that all Plaintiffs seek during this litigation is to serve their Nation with

honor and dignity, volunteering to face extreme hardships, to endure lengthy deployments and

separation from family and friends, and to willingly make the ultimate sacrifice of their lives if

necessary to protect the Nation, the people of the United States, and the Constitution against all

who would attack them.” Id. After the D.C. Circuit’s opinion was issued, Defendants

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voluntarily dismissed their appeal of this Court’s preliminary injunction. The military began

permitting openly transgender individuals to accede on January 1, 2018.

       This case then moved forward into the discovery stage. Defendants strenuously resisted

engaging in discovery. As noted above, the 2017 Presidential Memorandum had called for the

Secretary of Defense to submit a plan to implement the President’s policy directives by February

2018. Defendants repeatedly argued that discovery should be halted until that plan was

submitted. Defendants even argued at one point that Plaintiffs were not entitled to discovery in

this case at all. The Court repeatedly rejected Defendants’ arguments and ordered Defendants to

cooperate with discovery so that this case could move forward efficiently toward an ultimate

resolution on the merits. Despite the Court’s orders, discovery remains unfinished because

Defendants have asserted that a substantial portion of the documents and information sought by

Plaintiffs are privileged (pursuant to the deliberative process privilege and the presidential

communications privilege), and the parties’ disputes about these assertions of privilege remain

outstanding. 3

       In February 2018, as ordered by the 2017 Presidential Memorandum, Secretary of

Defense Mattis presented a memorandum to the President that proposed a policy to effectively

prevent transgender military service. See Defs.’ Mot. to Dissolve the Preliminary Injunction, Ex.

1, ECF No. 96-1 (hereinafter, the “Mattis Implementation Plan”). The Mattis Implementation

Plan, unlike the President’s 2017 tweet and memorandum, purports not to be a blanket ban on all

“transgender individuals.” However, the plan effectively implements such a ban by targeting

proxies of transgender status, such as “gender dysphoria” and “gender transition,” and by

3
  The Court is aware that the court in Karnoski v. Trump, No. C17-1297-MJP (W.D. Wash.), has
recently ordered Defendants to produce materials that they have withheld on the basis of
privilege and that Defendants have sought appellate review of that order.

                                                  5
requiring all service members to serve “in their biological sex.” Based on the conclusion “that

there are substantial risks associated with allowing the accession and retention of individuals

with a history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria and require, or have already undertaken, a course

of treatment to change their gender,” Mattis Implementation Plan at 2, the Mattis Implementation

Plan proposes the following policies:

               •   Transgender persons with a history or diagnosis of gender
                   dysphoria are disqualified from military service, except under
                   the following limited circumstances: (1) if they have been stable
                   for 36 consecutive months in their biological sex prior to
                   accession; (2) Service members diagnosed with gender
                   dysphoria after entering into service may be retained if they do
                   not require a change of gender and remain deployable within
                   applicable retention standards; and (3) currently serving Service
                   members who have been diagnosed with gender dysphoria since
                   the previous administration’s policy took effect and prior to the
                   effective date of this new policy, may continue to serve in their
                   preferred gender and receive medically necessary treatment for
                   gender dysphoria.

               •   Transgender persons who require or have undergone gender
                   transition are disqualified from military service.

               •   Transgender persons without a history or diagnosis of gender
                   dysphoria, who are otherwise qualified for service, may serve,
                   like all other Service members, in their biological sex.
Id. at 2-3.

        To summarize: under the Mattis Implementation Plan, individuals who require or have

undergone gender transition are absolutely disqualified from military service; individuals with a

history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria are largely disqualified from military service; and, to

the extent that there are any individuals who identify as “transgender” but do not fall under the

first two categories, they may serve, but only “in their biological sex.” By definition,

transgender persons do not identify or live in accord with their biological sex, which means that

the result of the Mattis Implementation Plan is that transgender individuals are generally not

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allowed to serve openly in the military. There is only one narrow class of transgender

individuals who are allowed to serve as openly transgender under the Mattis Implementation

Plan. Pursuant to a “grandfather provision,” those “currently serving Service members who have

been diagnosed with gender dysphoria since the previous administration’s policy took effect and

prior to the effective date of” the policy set forth in the Mattis Implementation Plan, may

continue to serve in their preferred gender.

       The reasoning underlying the Mattis Implementation Plan is spelled out in a second

memorandum that was sent from the Department of Defense to the President in February 2018.

See Defs.’ Mot. to Dissolve the Preliminary Injunction, Ex. 2, ECF No. 96-2 (hereinafter, the

“Panel Report”). Like the Mattis Implementation Plan, the Panel Report carefully avoids

categorical language banning all transgender individuals. Instead, the document speaks in terms

of individuals with “gender dysphoria” and those who have undergone or will require “gender

transition” (both of which, again, are proxies for transgender status). Generally speaking, the

Panel Report concludes that individuals with gender dysphoria or who have undergone or will

require gender transition undermine the military. According to the report, these service members

are fundamentally incompatible with the military’s mental health standards, physical health

standards, and sex-based standards. The report suggests that they are a detriment to military

readiness and unit cohesion. It likens gender dysphoria to conditions such as “bipolar disorder,

personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, suicidal behavior, and even body

dysmorphic disorder.” Panel Report at 20. It concludes that individuals with gender dysphoria

or who have undergone or will require gender transition are more likely to have other mental

health conditions and substance abuse problems, and to commit suicide. Id. at 21. The Panel

Report also states that these individuals impose “disproportionate costs” on the military. Id. at

                                                 7
41. For the most part, in lieu of affirmative evidence, the Panel Report repeatedly cites

“uncertainty” in the medical field about these individuals as a reason to urge that the military

“proceed with caution.” Id. at 6. Although not necessary to the outcome of this particular

Memorandum Opinion, it is worth noting that these conclusions were immediately denounced by

the American Psychological Association and the American Medical Association. See Decl. of

Lauren Godles Milgroom, ECF No. 128 (“Milgroom Decl.”), Exs. GG, HH.

       On March 23, 2018, Defendants filed a Notice informing the Court that President Trump

had issued a second memorandum on military service by transgender individuals. See Defs.’

Notice, ECF No. 95. In the 2018 Presidential Memorandum, the President stated that he

“revokes” his 2017 Presidential Memorandum, “and any other directive [he] may have made

with respect to military service by transgender individuals.” Id. at 1. The President ordered that

“[t]he Secretary of Defense, and the Secretary of Homeland Security, with respect to the U.S.

Coast Guard, may exercise their authority to implement any appropriate policies concerning

military service by transgender individuals.” Id. To be clear, as has just been laid out, the

“appropriate policies” that the Secretaries intended to implement had already been developed and

proposed to the President at the time he issued this memorandum.

       The events described above have sparked a great debate between the parties as to the

future of this case, and prompted the filing of numerous motions. As relevant to this

Memorandum Opinion, pending before the Court are Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’

Second Amended Complaint, or, in the Alternative, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment,

and Defendants’ Motion to Dissolve the Preliminary Injunction. Defendants argue that the

Mattis Implementation Plan represents a “new policy” divorced and distinct from the President’s

2017 policy directives that were previously enjoined by this Court. They also contend that the

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Mattis Implementation Plan does not harm the Plaintiffs in this case. Accordingly, Defendants

seek the dismissal of Plaintiffs’ recently filed Second Amended Complaint for lack of

jurisdiction because Plaintiffs lack standing and because their claims are now moot. For largely

the same reasons, Defendants also argue that the Court’s preliminary injunction should be

dissolved. In sum, it is Defendants’ view that they have preempted this lawsuit by drafting and

issuing the Panel Report, the Mattis Implementation Plan, and the 2018 Presidential

Memorandum. The Court disagrees.

       Summary: This Memorandum Opinion sets forth the Court’s reasoning for denying

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint and Defendants’ Motion

to Dissolve the Preliminary Injunction. The Court first concludes that Plaintiffs have standing

because they would all be harmed if the Mattis Implementation Plan were allowed to take effect.

The Court next concludes that the Mattis Implementation Plan has not mooted Plaintiffs’ claims

because that plan is not a “new policy” that is meaningfully distinct from the President’s 2017

directives that were originally challenged in this case. Instead, at a fundamental level, the Mattis

Implementation Plan is just that—a plan that implements the President’s directive that

transgender people be excluded from the military. For largely the same reasons, the rationale for

the Court’s preliminary injunction maintaining the status quo ante until the final resolution of

this case remains intact. Nothing in this Memorandum Opinion represents a final adjudication of

whether Defendants’ actions were constitutional. The Court merely holds that whatever legal

relevance the Mattis Implementation Plan might have, it has not fundamentally changed the

circumstances of this lawsuit such that Plaintiffs’ claims should be dismissed for lack of

jurisdiction, or that the need for the Court’s preliminary injunction has dissipated.

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                                     II. LEGAL STANDARD

       When a motion to dismiss a complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) is

filed, a federal court is required to ensure that it has “the ‘statutory or constitutional power to

adjudicate [the] case[.]’” Morrow v. United States, 723 F. Supp. 2d 71, 77 (D.D.C. 2010)

(emphasis omitted) (quoting Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 89 (1998)).

“Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction” and can adjudicate only those cases or

controversies entrusted to them by the Constitution or an Act of Congress. Kokkonen v.

Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). In determining whether there is

jurisdiction on a motion to dismiss, the Court may “consider the complaint supplemented by

undisputed facts evidenced in the record, or the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus

the court’s resolution of disputed facts.” Coal. for Underground Expansion v. Mineta, 333 F.3d

193, 198 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (citations omitted). “Although a court must accept as true all factual

allegations contained in the complaint when reviewing a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule

12(b)(1),” the factual allegations in the complaint “will bear closer scrutiny in resolving a

12(b)(1) motion than in resolving a 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim.” Wright v.

Foreign Serv. Grievance Bd., 503 F. Supp. 2d 163, 170 (D.D.C. 2007) (citations omitted).

                                         III. DISCUSSION

       The Court begins this Memorandum Opinion with an assessment of its jurisdiction.

Article III of the Constitution limits the jurisdiction of this Court to the adjudication of “Cases”

and “Controversies.” U.S. Const., Art. III, § 2. “In an attempt to give meaning to Article III’s

case-or-controversy requirement, the courts have developed a series of principles termed

‘justiciability doctrines,’ among which are standing [and] mootness.” Nat’l Treasury Emps.

Union v. United States, 101 F.3d 1423, 1427 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (citing Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S.

                                                  10
737, 750 (1984)). Defendants argue that the issuance of the 2018 Presidential Memorandum, the

Mattis Implementation Plan, and the Panel Report have rendered this case moot and have

deprived all Plaintiffs of standing. They contend that the Court must therefore dismiss the case

for lack of jurisdiction. Defendants are wrong. In addition, for largely the same reasons that the

Court continues to have jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims, Defendants have not satisfied their

burden of demonstrating that the Court’s preliminary injunction should be dissolved.

       1. Standing

       Standing is an element of the Court’s subject-matter jurisdiction, and requires, in essence,

that a plaintiff have “a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy.” Warth v. Seldin, 422

U.S. 490, 498 (1975). A plaintiff cannot be a mere bystander or interested third-party, or a self-

appointed representative of the public interest; he or she must show that the defendant’s conduct

has affected them in a “personal and individual way.” Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555,

561 (1992). “The law of Article III standing, which is built on separation-of-powers principles,

serves to prevent the judicial process from being used to usurp the powers of the political

branches.” Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 134 S. Ct. 2334, 2341 (2014). Consequently, the

standing analysis is “especially rigorous when reaching the merits of the dispute would force [the

court] to decide whether an action taken by one of the other two branches of the Federal

Government was unconstitutional.” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 408 (2013).

“[A] plaintiff must demonstrate standing for each claim he seeks to press” and for each form of

relief sought, DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 352 (2006), but “the presence of

one party with standing is sufficient to satisfy Article III’s case-or-controversy requirement,”

Rumsfeld v. Forum for Acad. & Institutional Rights, Inc., 547 U.S. 47, 53 (2006).

       The familiar requirements of Article III standing are:

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               (1) that the plaintiff have suffered an “injury in fact”—an invasion
               of a judicially cognizable interest which is (a) concrete and
               particularized and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or
               hypothetical; (2) that there be a causal connection between the injury
               and the conduct complained of—the injury must be fairly traceable
               to the challenged action of the defendant, and not the result of the
               independent action of some third party not before the court; and (3)
               that it be likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will
               be redressed by a favorable decision.

Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 167 (1997) (citing Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560–61); see also Spokeo,

Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016). With respect to the “injury in fact” requirement,

which is predominantly at issue in this case, “future injury may suffice if the threatened injury is

‘certainly impending,’ or there is a ‘substantial risk that the harm will occur.’” Susan B. Anthony

List, 134 S. Ct. at 2341 (quoting Clapper, 568 U.S. at 409, 414 n.5).

      The Court rejects Defendants’ argument that Plaintiffs no longer have standing because

they are not harmed by the Mattis Implementation Plan. In its October 30, 2017 Memorandum

Opinion, the Court explained in detail why the Plaintiffs in this case had standing. See Doe 1 v.

Trump, 275 F. Supp. 3d 167, 192-203 (D.D.C. 2017). The Court will assume familiarity with

that discussion and will not repeat it here (although it does expressly incorporate that discussion

into this Memorandum Opinion as though stated in full). With the principles set forth in that

earlier Opinion as a baseline, in this Opinion the Court focuses more narrowly on Defendants’

arguments about why the Mattis Implementation Plan has nullified Plaintiffs’ standing. As

explained above, the effect of that plan would be that individuals who require or have undergone

gender transition would be absolutely disqualified from military service, individuals with a

history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria would be largely disqualified from military service, and,

to the extent that there are any individuals who identify as “transgender” but do not fall under the

first two categories, they would be allowed serve, but only “in their biological sex” (which

                                                  12
means that openly transgender persons would generally not be allowed to serve in conformance

with their identity).

     i. Current Service Members With Diagnoses of Gender Dysphoria Who Either Have
        Transitioned or Have Begun to Transition

       Plaintiffs Regan Kibby, Jane Does 2 through 5, and John Doe 1 are current service

members who have been diagnosed with gender dysphoria. 4 The Mattis Implementation Plan

generally bans individuals who have been diagnosed with gender dysphoria from military service

on the grounds that they are mentally unstable and that their presence in the military disrupts unit

cohesion, prevents good order and discipline, and is generally incompatible with military

readiness and lethality. However, the Mattis Implementation Plan contains a limited exception

from this ban for current service members who, like Plaintiffs Regan Kibby, Jane Does 2 through

5, and John Doe 1, were “diagnosed with gender dysphoria since the previous administration’s

policy took effect and prior to the effective date of this new policy.” Mattis Implementation Plan

at 2. This “grandfather provision” purports to be based on the military’s prior “commitment to

these Service members” and “the substantial investment it has made in them.” Panel Report at

43. Defendants argue that the existence of this grandfather provision means that the Mattis

Implementation Plan does not harm these Plaintiffs.

       Defendants are wrong. The Mattis Implementation Plan clearly harms all current service

members with gender dysphoria—even those who are allowed to remain in the military as a

result of a narrow grandfather provision. It singles them out from all other service members and

marks them as categorically unfit for military service. See generally Panel Report. It sends the

message to their fellow service members and superiors that they cannot function in their

4
  Plaintiff Regan Kibby is a midshipman at the U.S. Naval Academy. The parties agree that for
the purposes of the Court’s standing analysis, he should be treated as a current service member.

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respective positions. That they are mentally unstable. That their presence in the military is

incompatible with military readiness, unit cohesion, good order, and discipline. In sum, it is an

express statement that these individuals’ very presence makes the military weaker and less

combat-ready.

      By singling these Plaintiffs out and stigmatizing them as members of an inherently inferior

class of service members, the Mattis Implementation Plan causes Plaintiffs grave non-economic

injuries that are alone sufficient to confer standing. See Heckler v. Mathews, 465 U.S. 728, 739-

40 (1984) (“[D]iscrimination itself, by perpetuating ‘archaic and stereotypic notions’ or by

stigmatizing members of the disfavored group as ‘innately inferior’ and therefore as less worthy

participants in the political community, can cause serious non-economic injuries to those persons

who are personally denied equal treatment solely because of their membership in a disfavored

group.”) (internal citation omitted).

      Defendants disagree that this “stigmatic” injury alone is sufficient to confer standing.

They claim that “an alleged injury arising from discrimination ‘accords a basis for standing only

to those persons who are personally denied equal treatment by the challenged discriminatory

conduct.’” Defs.’ Reply at 11 (quoting Allen, 468 U.S. at 755). But the principal case

Defendants cite in support of this argument, Allen v. Wright, is readily distinguishable. The

plaintiffs in Allen were the parents of African American public school children. Allen, 468 U.S.

at 739. They challenged the Internal Revenue Service’s grant of tax-exempt status to racially

segregated private schools. Id. at 744-45. The Allen Court rejected the plaintiffs’ claim of

standing based on the “stigmatic injury, or denigration” that is “suffered by all members of a

racial group when the Government discriminates on the basis of race.” Id. at 754. The Supreme

Court held that “[t]here can be no doubt that this sort of noneconomic injury is one of the most

                                                14
serious consequences of discriminatory government action and is sufficient in some

circumstances to support standing.” Id. at 755. However, it concluded that such stigmatic injury

did not support standing for the particular plaintiffs in Allen because their children had never

applied to any of the private schools at issue, and therefore they had not been “personally denied

equal treatment.” Id. Instead, they had merely alleged an “abstract stigmatic injury” that would

be equally applicable to “all members” of an entire racial group, nationwide. Id. at 756.

      The situation here is fundamentally different. Plaintiffs are not merely concerned

members of the public or bystanders presenting a generalized grievance. They are members of

the precisely defined group that the Mattis Implementation Plan discriminates against by

labelling as unsuited for military service. The Mattis Implementation Plan sends a blatantly

stigmatizing message to all members of the military hierarchy that has a unique and damaging

effect on a narrow and identifiable set of individuals, of which Plaintiffs are members.

Moreover, unlike the alleged injury in Allen, the stigmatic injury alleged by Plaintiffs is caused

by their receiving unequal treatment under the Mattis Implementation Plan. Under that plan,

Plaintiffs would be allowed to remain in the military but, unlike any other service members, only

pursuant to an exception to a policy that explicitly marks them as unfit for service. No other

service members are so afflicted. These Plaintiffs are denied equal treatment because they will

be the only service members who are allowed to serve only based on a technicality; as an

exception to a policy that generally paints them as unfit. In their words, “[w]hile other service

members will enjoy the security and status of serving as honored, respected, and equal members

of the Armed Forces,” Plaintiffs “will serve only on conditional sufferance and therefore on

objectively unequal terms.” Pls.’ Reply in Support of their Cross-Mot. for Summary Judgment,

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ECF No. 149, at 23. 5 Because their stigmatic injury derives from this unequal treatment, it is

sufficient to confer standing.

       Regardless, even assuming that the “stigmatic” aspects of Plaintiffs’ injuries were not

alone sufficient to confer standing, the Mattis Implementation Plan does more than just

stigmatize Plaintiffs. It creates a substantial risk that Plaintiffs will suffer concrete harms to their

careers in the near future. There is a substantial risk that the plan will harm Plaintiffs’ career

development in the form of reduced opportunities for assignments, promotion, training, and

deployment. These harms are an additional basis for Plaintiffs’ standing.

       Defendants argue that these alleged harms are too “speculative,” but the Court disagrees.

The Secretary of Defense has personally issued a policy, with a lengthy supporting

memorandum, that, in effect, instructs the entire armed forces that Plaintiffs’ service is harmful

to the military. There is nothing speculative about the proposition that, having been so instructed

by the very top of the military hierarchy, Plaintiffs’ supervisors will place less trust in Plaintiffs

and be less likely to give Plaintiffs quality assignments and opportunities. The very nature of

such a pronouncement from the Secretary of Defense creates a non-speculative and substantial

risk that Plaintiffs’ experience, career development, and growth in the military will be hampered.

To pretend otherwise is fanciful. This fairly obvious conclusion is buttressed by evidence of the

effects of prior negative proclamations about transgender service. For instance, Jane Doe 2

declares that she received an unfavorable work detail to keep her “separated from the rest of

[her] unit because [she is] transgender and because of the President’s ban, as [she] never had any

5
 In re Navy Chaplaincy, 534 F.3d 756 (D.C. Cir. 2008) is also distinguishable. Unlike in that
case, Plaintiffs here do not merely take offense to a message that can be interpreted from
government action. Plaintiffs assert that they are directly injured by an explicit government
message about their suitability as service members.

                                                  16
problems with this kind of treatment in [her] old unit and [does] not know of any other reason

[why] she would be treated this way.” Decl. of Jane Doe 2, ECF No. 40-2, at ¶ 15. The detail

requires Jane Doe 2 to “driv[e] far away from my base all day every day” and despite the fact

that she is “supposed to be in charge of four or five other soldiers, [she has] yet to meet them.”

Id. The conclusion is also supported by the declarations of the former United States Secretaries

of the Army and Navy, and a Professor Emeritus at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey,

California. See, e.g., Supp. Decl. of Raymond E. Mabus, Jr., ECF No. 51-1, at ¶ 7 (“transgender

service members are losing opportunities for assignments that they are capable of doing”); Supp.

Decl. of Eric K. Fanning, ECF No. 51-3, at ¶ 6 (transgender service members’ “advancement and

promotion opportunities in the military” are being substantially limited); Decl. of Mark J.

Eitelberg, ECF No. 51-4, at ¶ 11 (directives “instruct[ing] commanders and other service

members that transgender individuals are detrimental to the military . . . erode[ ] the value that

members serving with them place on their contributions or performance” which “harm[s] and

restrict[s] artificially” their ability to serve). 6

       The grandfather provision of the Mattis Implementation Plan does not alleviate these

harms. That provision does not state, nor does it appear to be based on, a conclusion that those

who will be allowed to remain in the military like Regan Kibby, Jane Does 2 through 5, and John

Doe 1 are somehow more fit to serve than those who will be banned. Instead, the provision is

based—purportedly—on a conclusion that discharging these particular individuals would be

6
  Defendants argue that the statements of these individuals are all irrelevant because they predate
the Mattis Implementation Plan, Defs.’ Reply at 13-14, but that argument assumes what the
Court rejects in the latter portions of this Opinion: that the Mattis Implementation Plan is a “new
policy” separate and distinct from the President’s 2017 directives. The Mattis Implementation
Plan merely implements the basic policy directives in the President’s 2017 tweet and
memorandum. Evidence about the effects of the 2017 directives is therefore relevant to
assessing the impact of the Mattis Implementation Plan.

                                                       17
unfair because they relied on the military’s prior policy pronouncements, and also inefficient

because the military has already invested time and money into their training. Accordingly, the

message of the policy—that, under general circumstances, these Plaintiffs should not be in the

military—remains intact. That message is substantially likely to harm Plaintiffs’ careers in very

real ways. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiffs Regan Kibby, Jane Does 2 through 5, and

John Doe 1 have standing.

    ii. Prospective Service Members Who Have Undergone Gender Transition

      Jane Doe 7 and John Doe 2 are prospective service members who have already undergone,

or are currently undergoing, gender transition, and are also actively taking steps toward

enlistment. See Decl. of Jane Doe 7, at ¶ 1 (attesting that she “went through the process of

gender transition seven years ago” and has “been trying to enlist in the Coast Guard”); Decl. of

John Doe 2, at ¶¶ 8-13 (attesting that he has “completed transition” and been “actively working

with [his] recruiter to enlist in the Army”). If the Mattis Implementation Plan takes effect, these

individuals will be barred from military service because they have undergone gender transition.

Being barred from service is clearly an “injury in fact” sufficient to give these Plaintiffs standing.

See Doe 1, 275 F. Supp. 3d at 203 (explaining in Court’s prior Opinion that Plaintiffs have

standing due to the “substantial risk that they will be denied accession or discharged from the

military due to their transgender status”).

      Defendants argue that the Mattis Implementation Plan deprives these Plaintiffs of standing

because (if they rush to enlist) they can still join the military while this Court’s preliminary

injunction is in effect and the Mattis Implementation Plan is not allowed to be implemented. See

Defs.’ Mem. at 12-13. Distilled to its essence, Defendants’ argument is that because transgender

service members who enlist before the Mattis Implementation Plan goes into effect will be

allowed to remain in the military under the plan’s grandfather provision, Plaintiffs can and
                                                  18
should enlist now to avoid any harm. Id. If Plaintiffs do not enlist right now while the

preliminary injunction is in effect and take advantage of the grandfather provision, their harm is

self-inflicted. Id. Defendants argue that Plaintiffs cannot manufacture standing based on “self-

inflicted” harm. Id.

      This argument is based on a misunderstanding of the Court’s standing analysis. Plaintiffs

challenge the constitutionality of the policies realized in the Mattis Implementation Plan, which

Defendants are prepared to implement. Those policies, and that plan in particular, are not yet in

effect, but only because the Court granted Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Preliminary Injunction in this

case, not because Defendants have decided to allow Plaintiffs to enlist as transgender military

personnel during this period. All indications suggest that the Defendants have every intention of

enforcing the plan as soon as they are no longer enjoined from doing so and, in fact, Defendants

have moved this Court and other courts to dissolve injunctions so that they can accomplish that

goal. That the plan does not harm Plaintiffs so long as the preliminary injunction is in force, of

course, does not mean that Plaintiffs lack standing. To assess whether Plaintiffs have standing,

the Court must determine whether that plan would harm them if the Court lifted its injunction

and allowed the plan to go into effect. There is no dispute that if the Court did so, Jane Doe 7

and John Doe 2 would be barred from military service by the Mattis Implementation Plan.

Accordingly, they have standing. 7

      Moreover, even if these Plaintiffs did rush to enlist in the military while this Court’s

injunction was in place and therefore fell into the Mattis Implementation Plan’s grandfather

7
  Moreover, the very fact that these Plaintiffs are required to enlist in the military immediately,
while the Court’s preliminary injunction remains in effect, or be forever banned, is a sufficient
injury to confer standing. These Plaintiffs are harmed by such a “now-or-never” requirement
because it subjects them to a barrier on their entry into the military that their competitors are not
subject to.

                                                 19
provision, they would still be subject to the same stigmatic and career-damaging injuries that

afflict those Plaintiffs who are current service members who have been diagnosed with gender

dysphoria.

      Finally, Defendants argue that, even assuming that the Mattis Implementation Plan has

taken effect, and thus Jane Doe 7 and John Doe 2 are barred from military service, there would

still be no injury because these Plaintiffs “would not be personally denied equal treatment.”

Defs.’ Reply at 15. This is so, Defendants argue, because Plaintiffs “have not shown that they

would be treated differently than any other individual who seeks to join the military with a

preexisting medical condition.” Id. This argument “concerns the merits rather than the

justiciability of plaintiffs’ claims.” Trump v. Hawaii, 138 S. Ct. 2392, 2416 (2018). It has no

relevance to the Court’s assessment of standing. When assessing standing, the Court assumes

that the challenged policies in fact violate equal protection. Schnitzler v. United States, 761 F.3d

33, 40 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (“[T]he Supreme Court has made clear that when considering whether a

plaintiff has Article III standing, a federal court must assume arguendo the merits of his or her

legal claim.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). 8

    iii. Current Service Member Without a Diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria

      Jane Doe 6 is a current service member who does not yet have a diagnosis of gender

dysphoria. Jane Doe 6 had made a behavioral health appointment to obtain a transition plan and

begin her gender transition, but—for obvious reasons—aborted that effort when President Trump

tweeted that transgender individuals would not be permitted to serve. After that, Jane Doe 6 has

8
 Defendants also argue that Plaintiffs who are prospective service members lack standing
because, even though they are generally prohibited from acceding under the Mattis
Implementation Plan, they may seek waivers from the policy. See Defs.’ Mem. at 12 n.4. The
Court already explained in its October 30, 2017 Memorandum Opinion why the hypothetical
potential for waivers does not divest Plaintiffs of standing. See Doe 1, 275 F. Supp. 3d at 201.

                                                 20
not disclosed her transgender identity and has not received a military diagnosis of gender

dysphoria because she is afraid that she will be discharged. Because she has not yet received a

diagnosis of gender dysphoria, Jane Doe 6 would face discharge under the Mattis

Implementation Plan if she sought such a diagnosis after the plan took effect.

      As with Jane Doe 7 and John Doe 2, Defendants argue that the Mattis Implementation

Plan has alleviated any harm Jane Doe 6 might have suffered under the President’s 2017

directives. Defendants claim that if Jane Doe 6 seeks a diagnosis of gender dysphoria from a

military doctor while this Court’s preliminary injunction is still in place and the Mattis

Implementation Plan has not yet gone into effect, she will be able to continue to serve under the

plan’s grandfather provision. Defs.’ Reply at 14-15. Again, the Court rejects the logic of this

argument. The Court asks whether the Mattis Implementation Plan, if allowed to go into effect,

would harm Jane Doe 6. The answer is clear: it would. It would subject her to discharge if she

sought a diagnosis of gender dysphoria and gender transition therapy.

      Moreover, even if Jane Doe 6 were to obtain a diagnosis prior to the implementation of the

plan and therefore fall within the grandfather provision, she would still be subject to the same

stigmatic and career-damaging injuries that afflict those Plaintiffs who are current service

members who have been diagnosed with gender dysphoria. Jane Doe 6 does not lack standing

simply because she has the option of either remaining in the military and disavowing her identity

as a transgender person, or coming out and serving as a member of an officially branded inferior

class of service members. See MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118, 129 (2007)

(holding that where a plaintiff “eliminated the imminent threat of harm by simply not doing what

he claimed the right to do,” the court still had “subject-matter jurisdiction because the threat-

eliminating behavior was effectively coerced”).

                                                 21
    iv. Dylan Kohere

      Finally, Plaintiff Dylan Kohere—who is transgender and has begun working with medical

professionals on a treatment plan for transition—has standing. Kohere is barred from joining his

university’s ROTC program and ultimately will not be allowed to accede into the military. As

the D.C. Circuit has already acknowledged, Kohere is injured by a policy that prevents him from

acceding if for no other reason than because “inability to accede in the future . . . disqualifies

[him] from educational opportunities now.” Doe 1, 2017 WL 6553389, at *3.

      Defendants argue that Kohere now lacks standing because “since DoD’s policy was

announced in March 2018, Mr. Kohere has failed to respond to any of the cadre’s multiple

requests to discuss his enrollment in ROTC and did not register for any ROTC classes in the

upcoming fall semester,” nor did he apply for a scholarship. Defs.’ Reply at 17. In other words,

Defendants appear to be implying that Kohere lacks standing because he is no longer interested

in pursuing a military career. The Court is not convinced. Kohere has attested that his goal is

“to spend [his] entire career in the military.” Decl. of Dylan Kohere, ECF No. 13-15, ¶ 2. The

Mattis Implementation Plan would prevent him from doing so and deprive him of educational

opportunities. This is enough to establish his standing. 9

       Finally, Defendants also argue that “[f]ar from being ‘categorically barred because he is

transgender’ . . . under the new policy, Mr. Kohere would be allowed to serve in his biological

sex.” Defs.’ Reply at 16. This argument misses the point. Mr. Kohere is transgender. That

means that he does not identify with his biological sex. To serve in his biological sex would be

to suppress his identity. To do so would be a harm in and of itself, sufficient to confer standing.

9
 As with the Plaintiffs discussed above, the fact that Kohere could fall within the Mattis
Implementation Plan’s grandfather provision does not change this analysis.

                                                  22
The fact that a plaintiff can avoid the effect of a discriminatory policy by renouncing the

characteristic that leads to the discrimination in the first place does not mean that the plaintiff

lacks standing.

                                           *       *      *

       In sum, each Plaintiff that remains in this case continues to have standing, despite the

issuance of the 2018 Presidential Memorandum, the Mattis Implementation Plan, and the Panel

Report. Defendants’ motion to dismiss for lack of standing will be denied.

       2. Mootness

       Defendants also argue that Plaintiffs’ claims should be dismissed as moot. Defendants’

mootness argument reduces to the following points: Plaintiffs’ lawsuit challenges President

Trump’s 2017 policy of banning transgender military service. The Mattis Implementation Plan

does not completely ban transgender military service. It is instead a “new policy” that is distinct

from the policy directives announced by President Trump in 2017. Because Defendants are no

longer attempting to implement the challenged policy, Plaintiffs’ suit is now moot.

       The Supreme Court has commanded that a party asserting mootness through cessation of

challenged conduct carries a “heavy burden.” Hardaway v. D.C. Hous. Auth., 843 F.3d 973, 980

(D.C. Cir. 2016) (citing Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S.

167, 189 (2000)). Defendants have not satisfied their burden here.

       The Court begins by noting that even if it were to accept Defendants’ argument that

Plaintiffs’ challenge to the President’s 2017 directives is moot, Plaintiffs’ lawsuit would not be

dismissed in its entirety. Plaintiffs have recently amended their complaint to challenge the

Mattis Implementation Plan, and that challenge is clearly still live. “[W]hen a plaintiff files

a complaint in federal court and then voluntarily amends the complaint, courts look to the

                                                  23
amended complaint to determine jurisdiction.” Rockwell Int’l Corp. v. United States, 549 U.S.

457, 473-74 (2007). Plaintiffs’ Second Amended Complaint alleges that the Mattis

Implementation Plan “expressly targets transgender individuals,” “prevents transgender

individuals from serving consistent with their gender identity,” and violates the Fifth

Amendment. Pls.’ 2d Am. Compl., ECF No. 106, at ¶¶ 86, 87, 92, 97. Accordingly, even if the

Court were to accept Defendants’ arguments regarding claims focused on the President’s 2017

directives, Plaintiffs’ lawsuit would not be moot to the extent that it challenges the Mattis

Implementation Plan.

       Regardless, the Court does not accept Defendants’ argument that Plaintiffs’ challenge to

the President’s 2017 directives is moot. This argument attempts to draw artificial and

unwarranted boundaries between the various policy pronouncements in this case. As explained

above, Defendants’ mootness argument is based upon the premise that the Mattis

Implementation Plan is a new and different policy than the one announced by President Trump in

2017. But Defendants have not demonstrated that this is the case in any meaningful way. To the

contrary, the Mattis Implementation Plan appears to be just that—an implementation plan. The

plan implements the President’s 2017 directives that the military not allow transgender

individuals to serve in the military.

       The Court reaches this conclusion for three basic reasons. First, a plan to implement a

policy prohibiting transgender military service is precisely what the President ordered be

submitted to him by February 2018 in his 2017 Presidential Memorandum. Second, over the

months following the issuance of the 2017 Presidential Memorandum, Department of Defense

officials repeatedly stated that they were preparing such an implementation plan. And third, the

                                                 24
Mattis Implementation Plan was provided to the President in February 2018, and it in fact

prohibits transgender military service.

       First, the 2017 Presidential Memorandum directed the Department of Defense to submit,

by February 2018, a plan to implement the President’s directives that transgender service be

prohibited. It did not ask for the submission of a “new policy” on transgender service. In the

2017 Presidential Memorandum, the President directed the military to return to a policy under

which: (i) transgender individuals are generally prohibited from accession and (ii) the military is

authorized to discharge individuals who are transgender. The 2017 Presidential Memorandum

ordered the Secretary of Defense to prepare an “implementation plan” that was circumscribed to

suggestions about how to “implement a policy under which transgender accession is prohibited,

and discharge of transgender service members is authorized.” Doe 1, 275 F. Supp. 3d at 195. It

is clear from the 2017 Presidential Memorandum that the “implementation plan” requested by

the President was required to “prohibit transgender accession and authorize the discharge of

transgender service members.” Id. The plan was not intended to be a proposal for a “new

policy” that allowed transgender service. See Karnoski v. Trump, No. C17-1297-MJP, 2018 WL

1784464, at *6 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 13, 2018) (“The 2017 Memorandum did not direct Secretary

Mattis to determine whether or not the directives should be implemented, but instead ordered the

directives to be implemented by specific dates and requested a plan for how to do so.”)

(emphasis in original).

       Second, the actions and statements of Secretary Mattis, and the Department of Defense

generally, during the time between the issuance of the 2017 Presidential Memorandum and the

Mattis Implementation Plan indicate that the plan being developed was not a “new one” to

propose to President Trump, but instead simply one to implement President Trump’s 2017 policy

                                                25
directives. In an August 29, 2017 Statement, Secretary Mattis stated that the Department of

Defense had “received the [2017] Presidential Memorandum” and would “carry out the

president’s policy direction.” Milgroom Decl., Ex. U. He further stated that he would establish

a panel of experts not to consider “new policies,” but instead simply “to provide advice and

recommendations on the implementation of the president’s direction.” Id. (emphasis added).

After the “panel reports its recommendations and following . . . consultation with the secretary of

Homeland Security,” Secretary Mattis stated that he would “provide [his] advice to the president

concerning implementation of his policy direction.” Id. (emphasis added); see also Doe 1, 2017

WL 6553389, at *2 (noting that “the Secretary’s August 29, 2017 statement makes clear that his

actions are being undertaken to ‘carry out the president’s policy direction’”).

       In a September 14, 2017 document entitled “Military Service by Transgender Individuals

– Interim Guidance,” Secretary Mattis again stated that he would present the President with a

“plan to implement the policy and directives in the [2017] Presidential Memorandum.”

Milgroom Decl., Ex. W, at 1 (emphasis added). The Interim Guidance further stated that the

Department of Defense would “carry out the President’s policy and directives” and would

“comply with the [2017] Presidential Memorandum.” Id. (emphasis added). A separate

document issued to direct the implementation process stated that Secretary Mattis had convened

a panel to “develop[ ] an Implementation Plan on military service by transgender individuals, to

effect the policy and directives of the Presidential Memorandum.” Milgroom Decl., Ex. X, at 1

(emphasis added). That document further acknowledges that the Department was required to

“return to the longstanding policy and practice on military service by transgender individuals that

was in place prior to June 2016,” that is, the general prohibition on transgender service. Id. at 2.

It stated that the Department had been “direct[ed]” to prohibit accession by transgender

                                                 26
individuals and asked the panel of experts merely how the “guidelines” for such a policy should

be updated “to reflect currently accepted medical terminology.” Id. Acting Under Secretary of

Defense for Personnel and Readiness, Anthony M. Kurta, also issued a memorandum in

September 2017 that stated that the Department had convened a panel of experts “to support the .

. . development of an Implementation Plan on military service by transgender individuals.”

Milgroom Decl., Ex. Y. 10

       Third, and most importantly, the Mattis Implementation Plan in fact prohibits

transgender military service—just as President Trump’s 2017 directives ordered. It is true that

the plan takes a slightly less direct approach to accomplishing this goal than the President’s 2017

tweet and memorandum. Instead of expressly banning all “transgender individuals” from

military service, the Mattis Implementation Plan works by absolutely disqualifying individuals

who require or have undergone gender transition, generally disqualifying individuals with a

history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria, and, to the extent that there are any individuals who

identify as “transgender” but do not fall under the first two categories, only allowing them to

serve “in their biological sex” (which means that openly transgender persons are generally not

allowed to serve in conformance with their identity).

       But it is not at all surprising that an implementation plan, crafted over the course of

months (clearly with assistance from lawyers and an eye to pending litigation) is a longer, more

nuanced expression of the President’s policy direction than the brief, blanket assertions made by

the President himself in 2017. To determine whether Plaintiffs’ claims are moot, the Court must

10
  Defendants cite statements from Secretary Mattis about the “independence” of the process that
led to the creation of the Mattis Implementation Plan, but the context suggests that such
“independence” related to how, not whether, to implement the President’s policy directives.

                                                27
look past these surface-level differences and ask whether, in effect, the Mattis Implementation

Plan accomplishes the President’s policy that is challenged in this case.

       The Court concludes that the Mattis Implementation Plan does just that: it prevents

service by transgender individuals. The plan succeeds at doing so in part by prohibiting

individuals with traits associated with being transgender: those with “gender dysphoria” and who

have undergone or require “gender transition.” In addition, although the plan purports to allow

some transgender individuals (those without a diagnosis of gender dysphoria or who have not

undergone or require gender transition) to serve in the military under certain narrow

circumstances, even this purported allowance is illusory. Under the Mattis Implementation Plan,

those transgender persons who are not summarily banned are only allowed in the military if they

serve in their biological sex. But by definition—at least the definition relevant to Plaintiffs’

claims in this lawsuit—transgender persons do not identify or live in accord with their biological

sex. Accordingly, the Mattis Implementation Plan effectively translates into a ban on

transgender persons in the military. Tolerating a person with a certain characteristic only on the

condition that they renounce that characteristic is the same as not tolerating them at all. 11 As

Plaintiffs correctly argue, “[j]ust as a policy allowing Muslims to serve in the military if they

11
   Defendants argue that forcing all transgender service members to live in accordance with their
biological sex is not the same as a ban on transgender service members because not all
transgender individuals choose to come out as such and “live and work in accordance with [their]
identity.” Defs.’ Reply at 21. That this would be the case is not at all surprising, and certainly
does not demonstrate that Defendants’ policy is not a ban on transgender service members.
Decisions about whether and when to admit one’s transgender identity and initiate the process of
gender transition are presumably affected by many factors, including career considerations,
medical considerations, and fear of discrimination. Service members in particular might
reasonably choose to delay due to upcoming deployments or other opportunities. That not all
transgender service members have openly admitted to their status as such and sought to live in
accordance with their gender identities by personal choice does not mean that an official policy
forbidding them from doing so is not discriminatory.
                                                 28
renounce their Muslim faith would be a ban of military service by Muslims, a policy requiring

transgender individuals to serve in their birth sex is a ban on transgender service.” Pls.’ Opp’n at

10 (emphasis in original); see also Karnoski, 2018 WL 1784464, at *6 (“Requiring transgender

people to serve in their ‘biological sex’ does not constitute ‘open’ service in any meaningful

way, and cannot reasonably be considered an ‘exception’ to the Ban. Rather, it would force

transgender service members to suppress the very characteristic that defines them as transgender

in the first place.”). Accordingly, despite superficial differences between it and the President’s

2017 directives, the Mattis Implementation Plan essentially effectuates the policy announced by

President Trump in 2017: the banning of military service by transgender individuals. It

accordingly does not moot Plaintiffs’ claims. See Glob. Tel*Link v. Fed. Commc’ns Comm’n,

866 F.3d 397, 413-14 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (“replacing the challenged law ‘with one that differs only

in some insignificant respect’ and ‘disadvantages [petitioners] in the same fundamental way’

does not moot the underlying challenge”) (quoting Ne. Fla. Chapter of Associated Gen.

Contractors of Am. v. City of Jacksonville, 508 U.S. 656, 662 (1993)). 12

       Finally, Defendants repeatedly argue that the 2017 Presidential Memorandum has been

“revoked.” Even if the Court were to favor form over substance and accept this as an accurate

description of what has genuinely occurred, it would not alone be enough to warrant a finding of

mootness. As Defendants argue, “[w]hen a law is repealed and replaced, the relevant question is

‘whether the new [policy] is sufficiently similar to the repealed [one] that it is permissible to say

12
   Defendants argue that the Mattis Implementation Plan is similar to the currently operative
policy on transgender service. See, e.g., Defs.’ Reply at 1. The Court disagrees. Any similarities
Defendants are able to find between the policies are red herrings. The policies are fundamentally
different because one allows transgender individuals to serve in accordance with their gender
identity, and the other does not (with the exception of a small group of individuals who will be
allowed to remain in the armed forces under a grandfather provision).

                                                 29
that the challenged conduct continues,’ or, put differently, whether the policy ‘has been

sufficiently altered so as to present a substantially different controversy from the one . . .

originally decided.’” Defs.’ Mot. at 4 (quoting Ne. Fla. Chapter of Associated Gen. Contractors

of Am., 508 U.S. at 662 n.3). Even assuming that the 2017 Presidential Memorandum has been

“revoked,” and the Mattis Implementation Plan could be viewed as a “new policy,” at the very

least, the new plan is sufficiently “similar” to the President’s 2017 directives that Plaintiffs’

claims are not moot. As already discussed, like the 2017 Presidential Memorandum, the Mattis

Implementation Plan generally bars service by transgender individuals. 13

                                           *       *       *

       In sum, whatever legal relevance the Mattis Implementation Plan and associated

documents might have, they are not sufficiently divorced from, or different than, the President’s

2017 directives such that Plaintiffs’ claims are now moot. 14

13
   Defendants argue that the voluntary cessation doctrine does not apply to them. Defs.’ Mem. at
3. This argument does not survive scrutiny for two reasons. First, because the Court finds that
the Mattis Implementation Plan is simply a plan that implements the Presidential directives that
were already at issue in this case, the challenged conduct simply has not ceased, and the Court
need not rely on the voluntary cessation doctrine. Second, the Court is not persuaded that the
Defendants in this case—various Executive Branch departments and officials—are all immune
from the doctrine. In a separate Memorandum Opinion and Order issued today, the Court has
dismissed the President as a party from this case. Accordingly, at most, the Court would be
applying the voluntarily cessation doctrine to lower Executive Branch officials. Defendants have
not brought to the Court’s attention any cases that hold that the voluntary cessation doctrine does
not apply to such defendants. See Defs.’ Mem. at 3 (citing only Clarke v. United States, 915
F.2d 699 (D.C. Cir. 1990), which relates to Congress, not Executive Branch departments or
officials). As indicated by the facts of this very case, the Executive Branch is able to change
military policies back and forth with relative ease and speed, giving rise to the concerns that
animate the voluntary cessation doctrine.
14
  To the extent Defendants revive their motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim in this case,
that motion is DENIED. The Court already explained in detail why Plaintiffs’ claims were likely
meritorious in its October 30, 2017 Memorandum Opinion, and thus not subject to dismissal on
the pleadings. See Doe 1, 275 F. Supp. 3d at 205, 207-215. For the same reasons that the Mattis

                                                  30
       3. Motion to Dissolve the Preliminary Injunction

       Finally, as the discussion above has likely already made clear, the Court will not dissolve

its preliminary injunction. It is true that a preliminary injunction “may be dissolved where, for

instance, changed circumstances eviscerate the justification therefor.” S.E.C. v. Vision

Commc’ns, Inc., No. CIV. A. 94-0615 CRR, 1995 WL 109037, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar. 6, 1995).

However, the party seeking relief from an injunction bears the burden of establishing that

changed circumstances warrant relief. See Am. Council of the Blind v. Mnuchin, 878 F.3d 360,

366 (D.C. Cir. 2017). The Court is not persuaded that the circumstances of this case have in fact

genuinely changed in such a way that the Court’s preliminary injunction is no longer

warranted. 15

       Like Defendants’ mootness argument, the basic premise of Defendants’ argument in

support of dissolving the preliminary injunction is that the Mattis Implementation Plan is a “new

policy” that does not implement the 2017 directives that were preliminarily enjoined by this

Court. For the reasons already set forth above, Defendants have not persuaded the Court that this

is the case. Instead, the Court finds that the Mattis Implementation Plan effectively implements

the policy directives that were already at issue when the Court’s preliminary injunction was

ordered. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ challenge to those directives is not moot, and the need remains

intact for the Court’s preliminary injunction maintaining the status quo ante until the final

resolution of this case on the merits.

Implementation Plan does not moot Plaintiffs’ claims, it also does not mean that their allegations
now fail to state a claim.
15
  Defendants argue, yet again, that the Court’s injunction should be dissolved insofar as it
applies to anyone other than the Plaintiffs in this case. The Court has already rejected this
argument, see Dec. 11, 2017 Order, ECF No. 75, at 7, and rejects it now for the same reasons.

                                                 31
       The only material development that has occurred since the Court’s preliminary injunction

was issued is that the Defendants have prepared a plan to implement the enjoined directives, and

a report that purportedly provides support for that plan. These developments do not change the

Court’s conclusion on any of the preliminary injunction factors.

       On the merits, the Mattis Implementation Plan still accomplishes an extremely broad

prohibition on military service by transgender individuals that appears to be divorced from any

transgender individual’s actual ability to serve. In the absence of the challenged policy,

transgender individuals are subject to all of the same standards and requirements for accession

and retention as any other service member. The Mattis Implementation Plan establishes a special

additional exclusionary rule that precludes individuals who would otherwise satisfy the

demanding standards applicable to all service members simply because they have certain traits

that are associated with being transgender. Moreover, because the plan fundamentally

implements the policy directives set forth by the President in 2017, the unusual factors associated

with the issuance of the 2017 directives are still relevant. For example, the Court is still

concerned that, immediately prior to the announcement of the 2017 Presidential directives, the

military had studied the issue and found no reason to exclude transgender service members. The

Court is likewise still concerned that the President’s 2017 directives constituted an abrupt

reversal in policy, and a revocation of rights, announced without any of the formality,

deliberative process, or factual support usually associated with such a significant action.

Although it makes no final ruling on the merits in this Memorandum Opinion, the Court is not

convinced at this stage that the processes implemented by Defendants after President Trump’s

2017 Presidential Memorandum, and the memoranda that they have issued since that time,

resolve the constitutional issues that persuaded the Court that a preliminary injunction was

                                                 32
warranted in the first place. Based on the record before the Court, these post hoc processes and

rationales appear to have been constrained by, and not truly independent from, the President’s

initial policy decisions.

        With regard to irreparable injury, Defendants argue again that the Mattis Implementation

Plan protects Plaintiffs from any injury. The Court has already rejected those arguments. If the

Court were to dissolve its injunction and allow the Mattis Implementation Plan to go into effect,

Plaintiffs would suffer very real harms. Defendants also argue that Plaintiffs will not be

irreparably injured if the Court dissolves its preliminary injunction because other courts have

since issued injunctions that are still in place. The Court rejects this argument as well. The fact

that other courts 16 have similarly concluded that Defendants’ policy is likely unconstitutional and

warrants being preliminarily enjoined is no reason for this Court to lift its own injunction. This

is especially so given that Defendants have moved to dissolve those preliminary injunctions, and

have appealed the decision of the first court to deny such a motion. Finally, the Court’s

assessment of the balance of equities and public interest in its preliminary injunction Opinion

still stands. It should not be forgotten that the United States military remains engaged in

numerous armed conflicts throughout the world, and service members are still being injured and

killed in those conflicts. The public interest and equities lie with allowing young men and

women who are qualified and willing to serve our Nation to do so.

        In short, because the Mattis Implementation Plan would effectively implement the very

policies preliminarily enjoined by the Court, the development of that plan is not a reason to

dissolve that injunction. To avoid any possible need for clarification, the Court states expressly:

16
 See Karnoski v. Trump, No. 17-cv-1297-MJP (W.D. Wash.); Stone v. Trump, No. 17-cv-2459-
GLR (D. Md.); Stockman v. Trump, 17-cv-1799-JGB (C.D. Cal).

                                                 33
enforcing the Mattis Implementation Plan would violate the Court’s October 30, 2017

preliminary injunction. All of the directives of that injunction remain in effect until further order

of the Court.

                                        IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss for lack of jurisdiction on

standing and mootness grounds is DENIED. Defendants’ Motion to Dissolve the Preliminary

Injunction is also DENIED. The Court has made no final ruling on the merits of Plaintiffs’

claims. It has simply held that all Plaintiffs still have standing to pursue their claims, this case is

not moot, and there are no changed circumstances that justify dissolving the preliminary

injunction. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                          /s/
                                                       COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                       United States District Judge

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