Court Opinion

ID: 2661735
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-03 11:16:30.530105+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:22:10.141152
License: Public Domain

SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
           NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS

                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                          )
                                          )
IN RE: STEPHEN THOMAS YELVERTON,          )
                                          )                   Case No. 1:11-cv-1627 (RLW)
                  Debtor                  )                   Case No. 1:11-cv-1649 (RLW)
                                          )
__________________________________________)

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION1

       Presently before the Court are notices of appeal in two cases: 11-cv-1627 and 1; 11-cv-

1649. In both cases, the debtor seeks review of the Bankruptcy Court’s decision denying a

“Joint Motion to Vacate Discharge Order to Approve Reaffirmation Agreement.” For the

reasons set forth below, the Court will affirm the Bankruptcy Court’s decision and dismiss the

debtor’s appeals.

                                            I. FACTS

       Although proceeding pro se, debtor Stephen Thomas Yelverton is an attorney. On May

14, 2009, Yelverton filed a voluntary Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition in the United States

Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia. (Case # 9-bk-414.) On August 10, 2009,

Melody H. Fennel commenced an Adversary Proceeding in the Bankruptcy Court seeking a

1
  This unpublished memorandum opinion is intended solely to inform the parties and any
reviewing court of the basis for the instant ruling, or alternatively, to assist in any potential
future analysis of the res judicata, law of the case, or preclusive effect of the ruling. The Court
has designated this opinion as "not intended for publication," but this Court cannot prevent or
prohibit the publication of this opinion in the various and sundry electronic and legal databases
(as it is a public document), and this Court cannot prevent or prohibit the citation of this opinion
by counsel. Cf. Fed. R. App. P. 32.1. Nonetheless, as stated in the operational handbook
adopted by our Court of Appeals, “counsel are reminded that the Court's decision to issue an
unpublished disposition means that the Court sees no precedential value in that disposition.”
D.C. Circuit Handbook of Practice and Internal Procedures 43 (2011).

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                        SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
             NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS

determination that a $55,000 personal loan she made to Yelverton was non-dischargeable. (Case

# 09-ap-10021.) On January 28, 2010, Yelverton filed a motion seeking dismissal of the

adversary proceeding, noting that he had proposed a Plan of Reorganization and that his debt to

Fennel “ha[d] been affirmed and proposed to be paid in full.” (9-ap-10021, Doc. 18.) The

motion was denied and later that summer, on August 18, 2010, he filed another motion to

dismiss raising essentially the same grounds. (9-ap-10021, Doc. 32.)

       Two days later, on August 20, 2010, the Bankruptcy Court entered an order involuntarily

converting the initial bankruptcy proceeding from Chapter 11 to Chapter 7 and appointing a

trustee. (9-bk-414, Doc. 323.) That order notified Yelverton that he was required, inter alia, to

file any notices of intent to exempt property or reaffirm secured consumer debts within thirty

days of the conversion date or before the first date set for the meeting of the creditors, whichever

came earlier. (Id.) On August 22, the Bankruptcy Court mailed Yelverton a “Notice of Chapter

7 Bankruptcy Case, Meeting of Creditors, & Deadlines.” (9-bk-414, Doc. 327.) This notice

informed Yelverton that the creditor’s meeting would be held on September 23, 2010, and that

“[t]he debtor . . . must be present at the meeting to be questioned under oath by the trustee and

by creditors.” (Id.) Yelverton was also sent a notice indicating that he was required to complete

a financial management course “within 45 days after the first date set for the meeting of creditors

. . . . The original date scheduled for the meeting of creditors in this case is 9/23/10.” (9-bk-414,

Doc. 328.)

       After the conversion to Chapter 7, Fennel opposed Yelverton’s motion to dismiss

because the conversion had mooted the Chapter 11 repayment plan that included provisions for

repaying his loan to her. (9-ap-10021, Doc. 34.) The record establishes that Yelverton’s

creditor’s meeting was held, as planned, on September 23, 2010. (9-bk-414, 9/23/10 Minute

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                      SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
           NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS

Entry.) Consistent with the prior notice requiring Yelverton to attend a financial management

course within forty-five days after the date set for the creditor’s meeting, the Bankruptcy Court

warned Yelverton, around November 24, 2010, that he needed to document completion of the

course or face dismissal of his bankruptcy case “without the entry of discharge.” (9-bk-414,

Doc. 380.) Yelverton’ filed the requisite documentation six days later, on November 30, 2010

and, on December 3, 2010, the Bankruptcy Court entered an order of discharge. (9-bk-414,

Docs. 383, 384.)

       Approximately three months after the discharge, on March 1, 2011, Yelverton filed a

pretrial statement in the adversary proceeding in which he indicated he was “agreeable to a

reaffirmation of the [Fennel] debt . . . and [asked] that it be declared Non-Dischargeable under a

Reaffirmation Agreement.” (9-ap-10021, Doc. 43.) The following month, on April 5, 2011, a

pretrial conference was scheduled in the adversary proceeding, but the Bankruptcy Court Judge’s

notes indicate the proceeding was not held in anticipation of a Motion to Vacate the discharge

for the purpose of reaffirming the agreement to pay Fennel. (9-ap-10021, Doc. 45.) Close to six

weeks later, on May 26, 2011, the Court entered an order re-setting the pretrial conference

because the motion to vacate had not been filed. (9-ap-10021, Doc. 46.) Almost a week later,

on May 31, 2011, Yelverton and Fennel filed a Rule 60(b)(6) motion to vacate the discharge and

approve a reaffirmation agreement as means of resolving the adversary proceeding. (9-bk-414,

Doc. 396; 9-ap-10021, Doc. 48.)

       On July 18, 2011, the Bankruptcy Court denied that motion. (9-bk-414, Doc. 397, 398.)

In its decision, the Bankruptcy Court questioned whether it had the authority to vacate a

discharge order for the purpose of approving a reaffirmation agreement: “Courts are split as to

whether it is within their authority to vacate a discharge order for approval of a reaffirmation

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                      SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
           NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS

agreement.” (9-bk-414, Doc. 397.) The court noted that the Bankruptcy Code precludes debtors

from seeking revocation of the discharge and that reaffirmation agreements are only enforceable

if made prior to the entry of a discharge. Even assuming bankruptcy courts have such authority,

the Judge denied the Joint Motion because the parties failed to establish that they were entitled to

relief pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6). (Id.)

       First, the Bankruptcy Court found the parties had not shown that disallowing the

reaffirmation would seriously prejudice Yelverton because, even in the absence of the

reaffirmation agreement, Yelverton had various options. The Court noted that nothing precluded

Yelverton from:

       making voluntary payments to the creditor, or from fulfilling any of the other
       terms of the proposed reaffirmation agreement such as naming of the creditor on
       the debtor’s life insurance policy. [Yelverton] can consent to entry of a judgment
       in the pending adversary proceeding, taking into account the costs and risks of
       litigation in arriving at a judgment amount, and the parties are free to enter into an
       agreement as to how the judgment will be paid, including an enforceable
       agreement regarding naming the creditor on the debtor’s life insurance policy.

(9-bk-414, Doc. 397 at p. 10.)

       Second, the Bankruptcy Court denied the Joint Motion because Yelverton had not shown

that his failure to file a timely reaffirmation agreement was due to circumstances beyond his

control; therefore he had not acted diligently. (See id.)

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                      SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
           NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS

       Yelverton appealed the Bankruptcy Court’s decision on August 1, 2011. 2 (9-bk-414,

Doc. 402.) There are currently two apparently identical actions pending in the instant Court

related to his proposed reaffirmation agreement with Fennel.3 (1:11-cv-1627, Doc. 4; 1:11-cv-

1649, Doc. 3.)

                                 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       District Courts “may affirm, modify, or reverse a bankruptcy judge’s judgment, order, or

decree or remand with instructions for further proceedings.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8013; see 28

U.S.C. §158(a). On questions of fact, the District Court reviews the Bankruptcy Court’s findings

under the clearly erroneous standard. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8013. However, questions of law are

reviewed de novo. In re Chreky, 450 B.R. 247, 251 (Bankr. D.D.C. 2001) (citations omitted).

2
   In the Notice of Appeal, Yelverton claimed to be appealing the Bankruptcy Court’s oral ruling
denying him the right to a jury trial on claims asserted in the adversary proceeding, in addition to
the denial of the Joint Motion. However, in his brief before the instant Court, Yelverton only
addresses the denial of the Joint Motion. (9-bk-414.)

  Yelverton also filed a Motion for Permission to Appeal In Forma Pauperis in the Bankruptcy
Court. The Bankruptcy Court has not yet ruled on this motion. (9-bk-413, Doc. 403.) However,
the instant Court will consider the motion filed with the present Court and hereby grants the
motion.
3
  Yelverton filed the first Notice of Appeal in this Court on September 9, 2011 (1:11-cv-1627)
and later filed a second Notice of Appeal in this Court on September 13, 2011 (1:11-cv-1649). It
is unclear why Yelverton filed two actions because both appeals appear to be identical.
Yelverton also filed the same brief in both cases. Although Yelverton has served the necessary
parties, no response to Yelverton’s appellate brief was filed.

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                      SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
           NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS

                                           III. ANALYSIS

A.     Rule 60(b) Relief

       As the Bankruptcy Court noted, courts are split as to whether it is within the authority of

a Bankruptcy Court to vacate a discharge order for approval of a reaffirmation agreement. (9-

bk-414, Doc. 398 at pp. 5-9.) Yelverton seeks relief pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

60 4 which provides as follows:

       (b) Grounds for Relief from a Final Judgment, Order, or Proceeding. On
       motion and just terms, the court may relieve a party or its legal representative
       from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons:

               (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect;

               (2) newly discovered evidence that, with reasonable diligence, could not
               have been discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(b);

               (3) fraud (whether previously called intrinsic               or   extrinsic),
               misrepresentation, or misconduct by an opposing party;

               (4) the judgment is void;

               (5) the judgment has been satisfied, released or discharged; it is based on
               an earlier judgment that has been reversed or vacated; or applying it
               prospectively is no longer equitable; or

               (6) any other reason that justifies relief.

       (c) Timing and Effect of the Motion.

               (1) Timing. A motion under Rule 60(b) must be made within a
               reasonable time--and for reasons (1), (2), and (3) no more than a
               year after the entry of the judgment or order or the date of the
               proceeding.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b)-(c).

4
 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 9024, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60
applies in Bankruptcy cases.
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                      SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
           NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS

       Although Rule 60(b) allows for relief from a final order, the Bankruptcy Rules appear to

limit application of Rule 60(b) where the debtor seeks to reaffirm a debt after his bankruptcy has

been discharged. First, the Bankruptcy Rules provide that the Court may revoke a discharge

upon the request of a trustee or creditor, but the rule does not provide for such authority upon the

request of the debtor. 11 U.S.C. §§ 727(d)-(e); In re Engles, 384 B.R. 593, 598 (Bankr. N.D.

Okla. 2008). Additionally, even if a debtor could revoke his own discharge, the Bankruptcy

Rules present another hurdle. Reaffirmation agreements “shall be filed no later than 60 days

after the first date set for the meeting of creditors.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4008(a). While the “court

may, at any time and in its discretion, enlarge the time to file a reaffirmation agreement,” Fed. R.

Bankr. P. 4008(a), such agreements are only valid if they are “made before the granting of the

discharge” and filed with the court. 11 U.S.C. §§ 524(c)(1), (c)(3); see e.g., In re Engles, 384

B.R. at 598.

       In the event that the parties are unable to file a reaffirmation agreement in a
       timely fashion, the rule grants the court broad discretion to permit a late filing. . .
       . [The Rules] accommodate[ ] such an extension by providing for a delay in the
       entry of discharge during the pendency of a motion to extend the time for filing a
       reaffirmation agreement.

Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4008 advisory committee’s note (emphasis added).

       In the present case, no delay of this discharge was sought; the reaffirmation agreement

was made and filed five months after the discharge. (Yelverton Br. ¶ 8.). Thus, it appears that

the relief Yelverton seeks is not available under the Bankruptcy rules.

B.     Even if Rule 60(b)(6) Relief Were Available, Yelverton Has Not Established That
       He Is Entitled to Relief

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                        SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
             NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS

       There are three limitations to granting Rule 60(b) relief. “First, Rule 60(b) includes a

requirement that the motion ‘be made within a reasonable time’ and the more specific 1–year

deadline for asserting three of the most open-ended grounds of relief (excusable neglect, newly

discovered evidence, and fraud).” Salazar v. District of Columbia, 633 F.3d 1110, 1116 (D.C.

Cir. 2011) (quoting Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 534 (2005); Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(c)) (some

internal quotation marks omitted). Although our Circuit has not established a standard for

assessing what constitutes a “reasonable time,” there are several relevant factors a court may

consider, including the reason for the delay and whether the non-movant will be prejudiced by

granting the motion. Salazar, 633 F.3d at 1118 & n.5 (citations omitted).

       With respect to the second limitation, the United States Supreme Court has “required a

movant seeking relief under Rule 60(b)(6) to show ‘extraordinary circumstances’ justifying the

reopening of a final judgment.” Id. at 1116 (citations omitted). “Finally, Rule 60(b) proceedings

are subject to only limited and deferential appellate review.” Id. at 1116 (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted).

       Yelverton argues that the Bankruptcy Court committed several errors of law in its

application of Rule 60(b)(6). First, he argues that the Bankruptcy Court erred by finding that a

“lack of diligence” precludes a finding of “extraordinary circumstances.” (Yelverton Br. ¶ 36.)

He asserts “lack of diligence” is measured in relationship to whether the motion was filed within

one year after the judgment from which the movant is seeking relief. Since he filed his motion

five months after the Bankruptcy Court’s order, he argues that the only other basis for finding

“lack of diligence” relates to whether there is prejudice to the non-moving party. (Yelverton Br.

¶¶ 39-40.)

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                      SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
           NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS

       Yelverton’s interpretation of Rule 60(b)(6) is not supported by the law. As an initial

matter, the one year requirement determines whether motions are timely when filed “under

clauses (1), (2), and (3), covering fraud between the parties, newly discovered facts, and

misconduct of a party.” See Goland v. CIA, 607 F.2d 339, 372 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (citations

omitted). Moreover, whether or not a Rule 60(b) motion is filed within a year, the rule provides

that “[a] motion under Rule 60(b) must be made within a reasonable time.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

60(c)(1) (emphasis added). Thus, even Yelverton’s motion (filed five months after the discharge

order) is subject to the reasonableness requirement and diligence is certainly one of many factors

that might determine reasonableness, along with whether there was prejudice to a party. See

Salazar, 633 F.3d at 1118 & n.5 (citations omitted). Additionally, our Circuit has explained that

“[a] litigant's diligence in pursuing review of a decision, either through appeal or through Rule

60(b)(6) relief, is relevant in assessing whether extraordinary circumstances are present. . . .

[Indeed] ‘lack of diligence’ effectively precludes a finding of ‘extraordinary circumstance.’”

Salazar, 633 F.3d. at 1118-19, 1121. (citation omitted).

       In the present case, the Court finds that Yelverton did not file his motion “within a

reasonable time.” On January 28, 2010, Yelverton first informed the Bankruptcy Court that he

had prepared a reorganization plan that included repaying Fennel. (9-ap-10021, Doc. 18.)

While he made that plan prior to conversion of the Bankruptcy to Chapter 7, nothing prevented

him from asking the Bankruptcy Court to reaffirm the Fennel debt after the conversion. Indeed,

as discussed above, reaffirmation agreements “shall be filed no later than 60 days after the first

date set for the meeting of creditors.” Fed. R. Bankr. P. 4008. The first date set for his

creditor’s meeting was September 23, 2010; thus, he had until November 22, 2010 to seek

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                      SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
           NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS

affirmation of the Fennel debt that he had first proposed to repay back in January of that same

year. (See 9-bk-414, Doc. 327.)

       Rather than seek a timely affirmation, he did what was necessary to effectuate the

discharge of all debts. For example, he attended the mandatory creditor’s meeting. He also

promptly responded to the Bankruptcy Court’s notice warning him that he faced dismissal of his

bankruptcy “without entry of discharge” because he had failed to file his financial management

verification. (9-bk-414, Docs. 380, 383.) After filed the verification, the discharge was

immediately entered in December 2010 and he waited five months, until May 31, 2011, to file

the reaffirmation agreement. Nothing about these facts indicates that he acted within a

reasonable amount of time given that he had originally proposed repaying the loan in January

2010, more than sixteen months prior to filing his motion for reaffirmation. See Salazar, 633

F.3d at 1118 & n.5 (noting that the reason for the delay is a factor to consider when whether the

motion was filed within a “reasonable time”) (citations omitted).

       While the reasonableness determination can take into account any prejudice to non-

moving parties, the record establishes that relief from the discharge and entry of the

reaffirmation agreement is not the only method for achieving Yelverton’s goal. The Bankruptcy

rules specifically provide that a discharged debtor may voluntarily repay his debts. 11 U.S.C. §

524(f). Indeed, the Bankruptcy Court noted that Yelverton can consent to entry of a judgment in

the Fennel adversary proceeding and the parties would be free to negotiate the terms of the

judgment, including an enforceable agreement regarding naming Fennel on his life insurance

policy. (9-bk-414, Doc. 397 at p. 10.) Yelverton has not put forth any legal authority or facts

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                      SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
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that might contradict the Bankruptcy Court’s observation. Thus, there is nothing in the record

that might indicate prejudice to Fennel necessarily flows from letting the discharge stand.5

       The Court also finds that Yelverton has not established “extraordinary circumstances” or

diligence. Although he claims to have been “surprised” by entry of the discharge, the record

reflects that he had sufficient notice that the discharge was imminent. Any objections to the

discharge must filed within sixty days after the first date is set for the creditor’s meeting. Fed. R.

Bankr. P. 4004(a). While that time period may be enlarged, once the sixty days or the enlarged

time period expires, the Bankruptcy court “shall forthwith” enter discharge. Fed. R. Bankr. P.

4004(b)-(c). Thus, if all necessary conditions had been met in the instant case, the discharge

could have been entered on or around November 22, 2010.

       However, the discharge was delayed because Yelverton had yet to file his verification

that he had completed his financial management course. (See 9-bk-414, Docs. 380, 383, 384.)

Once he was warned that failing to file the verification might result in dismissal of his

bankruptcy case “without entry of discharge,” he quickly filed the verification form and the

discharge was entered only a few days later. (9-bk-414, Doc. 383, 384.) Thus, the record clearly

contradicts his argument that he was “surprised” by entry of the discharge and that it was entered

“with no prior notice” to him. (Yelverton Br. ¶ 50.)

       Moreover, to the extent he needed additional time to negotiate the reaffirmation

agreement, he could have filed a motion seeking to delay entry of the discharge. See Fed. R.

Bankr. P. 4004(c)(2). “[I]f a Debtor sees discharge looming, but has not yet consummated a

reaffirmation agreement, the Debtor may postpone the discharge merely by request.” In re Rigal,

5
 Although both Yelverton and Fennel filed a Joint Motion in the Bankruptcy Court, it is
noteworthy that Fennel has not joined Yelverton in this appeal.
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                      SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
           NOT INTENDED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTERS

254 B.R. 145, 148 (Bankr. S.D. Tex. 2000). Yelverton saw the discharge “looming”and he

elected to forego filing the appropriate motions in a timely fashion.

       Thus, the record does not establish that he was diligent. Diligence is measured by a

debtor consciously pursuing efforts to achieve their desired intention. In re Edwards, 236 B.R.

124, 127 (Bankr. D.N.H. 1999). Such

       efforts include filing timely motions to insure that the time period for the debtor
       to enter into a binding reaffirmation agreement . . . does not expire due to the
       debtor’s lack of diligence. Discharge orders should not be vacated at the request
       of debtors who have not been conscientious and diligent in performing their stated
       intentions.

Id. Our Circuit has warned that the “extraordinary circumstances” 6 determination is subject to a

“restrictive understanding of Rule 60(b)(6)” that focuses on whether the movant failed to act due

to circumstances beyond his control or whether the movant instead made a voluntary decision to

forego a particular course of action. Salazar, 633 F.3d at 1120. Consequently, “Rule 60(b)(6)

should be only sparingly used and may not be employed simply to rescue a litigant from

strategic choices that later turn out to be improvident.” Salazar, 633 F.3d at 1120 (internal

quotation marks omitted).

       Because Yelverton did not file his motion “within a reasonable time,” he was not diligent

and has not put forth any evidence of “extraordinary circumstances,” the Court finds that he is

not entitled to relief under Rule 60(b)(6). 7

6
  To the extent Yelverton argues that he must establish something less than extraordinary
circumstances to obtain relief under subsection (b)(6) because he filed his motion less than one
year after the Bankruptcy Court’s order, the Court still finds that he is not entitled to relief.
7
  To the extent Yelverton argues that the Court should have considered whether he was entitled
to relief under a Rule 60 subsection other than (b)(6), (see Yelverton Br. ¶¶ 41-45), such an
argument fails for three reasons. First, this argument is inconsistent with his reliance on
subjection (b)(6) in his brief. See Goland v. CIA, 607 F.2d 339, 372-73 (D.C. Cir. 1978)
(citations omitted) (“There is no time limit for motions brought under [subsection (b)(6)];
however, relief under this clause is not available unless the other clauses, (1) through (5), are
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                      SUMMARY MEMORANDUM OPINION;
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                                       IV. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, the Court affirms the Bankruptcy Court’s denial of the

“Joint Motion to Vacate Discharge Order to Approve Reaffirmation Agreement.” Both actions

shall be dismissed, with prejudice.
                                                                        Digitally signed by Judge
                                                                        Robert L. Wilkins
                                                                        DN: cn=Judge Robert L.
                                                                        Wilkins, o=U.S. District
                                                                        Court, ou=Chambers of
SO ORDERED.                                                             Honorable Robert L.
                                                                        Wilkins,
September 28, 2012                                                      email=RW@dc.uscourt.gov,
                                                                        c=US
                                                                        Date: 2012.09.28 15:56:46
                                                                        -04'00'

                                                      ROBERT L. WILKINS
                                                      United States District Judge

inapplicable.”). Second, because Yelverton only cited to subsection (b)(6) in his Bankruptcy
Court brief, to the extent there was any error by the Bankruptcy Court, Yelverton cannot now
complain because he invited the error. See Wagner v. Taylor, 836 F.2d 596, 599 (D.C. Cir.
1987) (“It has long been settled that on appeal a litigant cannot avail himself of an error that he
induced the court under review to commit.”) Finally, any arguments related to other subsections
are not properly before the instant Court because “it is a black letter principle of appellate review
that issues and theories not asserted in the lower court are waived and will not be heard for the
first time on appeal.” In re Capitol Hill Grp., 447 B.R. 387, 401 (D.D.C. 2011) (citations and
internal quotation marks omitted); see 28 U.S.C. § 158(a).

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