Court Opinion

ID: 9391616
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-02 19:01:36.928401+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:41.870645
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  _____________

                                Nos. 22-1348 and 22-1349
                                     _____________

           MANUEL ROMAN; JIQUELLE KINNARD; ANTHONY HAYWARD

                                              v.

            PRINCE TELECOM LLC; COMCAST CORP; COMCAST CABLE
                    COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT LLC,

                                PRINCE TELECOM LLC,
                                             Appellant in 22-1348

   COMCAST CORP; COMCAST CABLE COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT
                             LLC,
                                     Appellants in 22-1349
                        _______________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         For the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                                (D.C. No. 1-21-cv-00693)
                    District Judge: Honorable Christopher C. Conner
                                    _______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                  January 13, 2023

                 Before: JORDAN, PHIPPS and ROTH, Circuit Judges

                                    (Filed May 2, 2023)
                                     _______________

                                        OPINION
                                     _______________

       
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

       Manuel Roman, Jiquelle Kinnard, and Anthony Hayward, the Appellees, worked

as cable installation technicians for Prince Telecom and Comcast.1 They filed a

collective and class action complaint against their employers, alleging violations of the

Fair Labor Standards Act and various state laws. Pointing to an arbitration agreement in

the Appellees’ employment contracts, Prince Telecom and Comcast each filed a motion

to compel arbitration and to dismiss or stay the suit. The District Court denied their

motions without prejudice, ordered the parties to engage in limited discovery concerning

the validity and enforceability of the arbitration agreements, and granted Prince Telecom

and Comcast leave to file a renewed motion to compel arbitration to be considered under

the summary judgment standard. Prince Telecom and Comcast have appealed that ruling.

Because the Appellees have presented sufficient facts contesting the validity and

enforceability of the arbitration agreements, we will affirm.

 I.    BACKGROUND

       The Appellees filed their collective and class action complaint in April 2021,

alleging that Prince Telecom pressured cable installation technicians to underreport the

amount of hours worked, altered wage-calculation codes that the cable technicians

submitted so that lower pay rates applied, deducted meal periods from their hours worked

even when technicians did not take lunch breaks, required technicians to incur significant

       1
         Comcast Corp. and Comcast Cable Communications Management LLC are
referred to collectively as “Comcast.”

                                             2
expenses in the course of their work that reduced their minimum and overtime wages,

and failed to maintain proper time records of completed work.2 Based on those

allegations, the complaint asserts eight claims – a claim for a violation of the Fair Labor

Standards Act, five claims for violations of various Pennsylvania and Massachusetts

wage and hour laws, and two claims for unjust enrichment – against Prince Telecom and

Comcast. In addition to the three named plaintiffs, eight Opt-In Plaintiffs filed consent

forms with the court to join the lawsuit.

       Prince Telecom and Comcast each separately filed motions to compel arbitration

and to dismiss or stay the Appellees’ claims. Along with its motion, Prince Telecom

submitted a sworn declaration by its Director of Human Resources, Anitha Verghese.

That declaration asserts that “[b]eginning in late 2018, Prince implemented an Arbitration

Agreement for all new and current employees[,]” (App. at 76), and that the Appellees,

like all newly hired technicians, signed a standard arbitration agreement using one of two

computer applications, UltiPro or DocuSign, during the course of their employment.3

       2
         Those allegations are levied against Prince Telecom, but Comcast is an alleged
joint employer in the complaint. Both Prince Telecom and Comcast deny that Comcast is
a “joint employer.” Because the issue now before us concerns the arbitrability of the
dispute, not the accuracy of the allegations, it is sufficient for our purposes that the
Appellees asserted their claims against Comcast on a joint employment theory.

      It is undisputed that the arbitration agreements cover all of Appellees’ claims.
       3

Comcast’s motion to compel also rests on the same arbitration agreements.

                                             3
Verghese also provided copies of several executed arbitration agreements. 4

       In opposition to the motions to compel arbitration, Appellee Roman and six Opt-In

Plaintiffs who were purportedly presented with the arbitration agreement via UltiPro all

submitted sworn declarations stating that they were “never presented with” a screen

displaying the agreement and their alleged signature, and they “never clicked on any

[Click-to-Sign] icon” nor “interact[ed] with the Agreement in any other way.” (App. at

347-48, 352-53, 357-58, 362-63, 367-68, 372-73, 377-78.) They also alleged that they

were never provided a copy of the agreement, and they did “not recall signing the

Agreement” that Prince Telecom produced. (App. at 346, 351, 356, 361, 366, 371, 376.)

Appellee Hayward and one Opt-In Plaintiff who were purportedly presented with the

arbitration agreement via DocuSign made similar statements in their sworn declarations.

Those sworn declarations were also supported by the new hire packets that Prince

Telecom sends to its technicians. The packets contain 21 onboarding documents, but the

arbitration agreement is not included or mentioned. Additionally, the Appellees

demonstrated that Prince Telecom was inconsistent in describing how its employees

accepted the arbitration agreement: Verghese states that an employee “is able to

electronically execute the form by selecting an icon stating ‘Click to Sign[,]’” (App. at

78), but that icon does not appear in the arbitration agreement itself.

       4
        Prince Telecom’s and Comcast’s motions may not apply to Appellee Kinnard
and one Opt-In Plaintiff because, the Appellees assert, they were not employed at the
time Prince Telecom offered the arbitration agreement to its employees.

                                              4
       The District Court denied Prince Telecom’s and Comcast’s motions without

prejudice, allowed the parties to engage in limited discovery concerning the validity and

enforceability of the arbitration agreements, and granted Prince Telecom and Comcast

leave to file a renewed motion to compel arbitration to be considered under the standard

applicable at summary judgment. The District Court observed “that none of the

complaint’s factual allegations allude to an arbitration agreement, nor does the complaint

rely on an arbitration agreement to state a claim, and ... the plaintiffs have responded to

the motions to compel with additional facts regarding the validity and enforceability of

the arbitration agreements[.]” (App. at 8-9.) Following our decision in Guidotti v. Legal

Helpers Debt Resolution LLC, 716 F.3d 764, 774 (3d Cir. 2013), which directs district

courts to allow limited discovery concerning the validity of an arbitration agreement and

use a summary judgment standard to assess a renewed motion to compel arbitration when

the opposing party presents reliable evidence that it did not intend to be bound by the

arbitration agreement, the District Court “conclud[ed] that limited discovery is warranted

in this matter to decide the validity and enforceability of Prince Telecom’s arbitration

agreements[.]” (App. at 9.) Prince Telecom and Comcast timely appealed, and their

appeals were consolidated.

II.    DISCUSSION5

       Prince Telecom and Comcast argue that the District Court erred when it denied

       5
         The District Court had federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 over
Appellees’ Fair Labor Standards Act claim, 29 U.S.C. §§ 203, et seq., and supplemental
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1367 over Appellees’ state law claims. Jurisdiction to
decide Appellants’ motions to compel arbitration exists under the Federal Arbitration
                                              5
their motions to compel arbitration because “the district court should ... defer ruling on

the motion only where the non-moving party unequivocally denies entering into the

arbitration agreement” and “Appellees did not unequivocally deny entering into the

[arbitration] agreements or submit admissible evidence sufficient to place the agreements

in issue.” (Opening Br. at 3-4.) Prince Telecom and Comcast also argue that “[e]ven if”

the District Court’s decision to consider their motions under a summary judgment

standard is correct, discovery is unnecessary because “Appellees failed to show the

existence of any genuine dispute as to any material fact regarding the making of the

arbitration agreement.”6 (Opening Br. at 5.) We first consider which standard, a motion-

to-dismiss or summary judgment standard, applies.

       Because “[a]rbitration is a matter of contract between the parties[,] ... a judicial

Act. 9 U.S.C. § 4. We exercise appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(1).
See Quilloin v. Tenet HealthSystem Phila., Inc., 673 F.3d 221, 227-28 (3d Cir. 2012)
(discussing that courts of appeals have jurisdiction to review a district court order
denying a motion to compel arbitration even if the motion was denied without prejudice).
“We exercise plenary review over questions regarding the validity and enforceability of
an agreement to arbitrate[.]” Guidotti v. Legal Helpers Debt Resolution, LLC, 716 F.3d
764, 772 (3d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Nevertheless, to the extent
that the district court predicated its decision on findings of fact, our standard of review is
whether those findings were clearly erroneous.” Medtronic AVE, Inc. v. Advanced
Cardiovascular Sys., Inc., 247 F.3d 44, 53 (3d Cir. 2001).
       6
        Prince Telecom and Comcast also ask us to resolve whether the arbitration
agreement is unconscionable, whether Comcast can enforce the agreement as a third-
party beneficiary, and whether plaintiff Anthony Hayward is an exempt transportation
worker under the Federal Arbitration Act. As the District Court’s opinion did not address
those arguments, we decline to consider them here. See Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106,
120 (1976) (“It is the general rule, of course, that a federal appellate court does not
consider an issue not passed upon below.”).

                                              6
mandate to arbitrate must be predicated upon an agreement to that effect.” Par-Knit

Mills, Inc. v. Stockbridge Fabrics Co., 636 F.2d 51, 54 (3d Cir. 1980). The Federal

Arbitration Act mandates that courts “make an order directing the parties to proceed to

arbitration” but only “upon being satisfied that the making of the agreement for

arbitration ... is not in issue[.]” 9 U.S.C. § 4. We have held that, when reviewing a

motion to compel arbitration, we must first decide whether to apply a motion to dismiss

standard or a summary judgment standard. Guidotti, 716 F.3d at 772 (“Answering [what

standard applies] is of utmost importance because the two standards differ in significant

ways.”) Our test for determining which standard applies is described in Guidotti:

       [W]hen it is apparent, based on ‘the face of a complaint, and documents
       relied upon in the complaint,’ that certain of a party’s claims ‘are subject to
       an enforceable arbitration clause, a motion to compel arbitration should be
       considered under a Rule 12(b)(6) standard without discovery’s delay.’ But
       if the complaint and its supporting documents are unclear regarding the
       agreement to arbitrate, or if the plaintiff has responded to a motion to compel
       arbitration with additional facts sufficient to place the agreement to arbitrate
       in issue, then ‘the parties should be entitled to discovery on the question of
       arbitrability before a court entertains further briefing on [the] question.’

Id. at 776 (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added).

       The District Court correctly concluded that the present motion to compel

arbitration should be decided under the summary judgment standard because “none of the

complaint’s factual allegations allude to an arbitration agreement, nor does the complaint

rely on an arbitration agreement to state a claim[.]”7 (App. at 8.) Appellees also denied

       7
         Prince Telecom and Comcast ask us to hold that, even when the complaint does
not reference the arbitration agreement, a motion to compel arbitration should be decided
on a Rule 12(b)(6) standard when “the defendant supports its motion to compel
arbitration with a sworn declaration and an authenticated copy of the arbitration
                                              7
consenting to arbitrate and demonstrated facts sufficient to place the agreements to

arbitrate in issue. The Court determined that “limited discovery is warranted” (App. at 9)

to decide the motion in light of the Appellees’ sworn declarations “denying they

consented to the arbitration agreements” (App. at 7) and their “additional facts” (App. at

8) disputing the formation of the agreements. Namely, the Appellees pointed out that the

arbitration agreements are remarkably absent in the 21 documents contained in the new

hire packets that Prince Telecom sends to its technicians, and that the “click-to-sign”

button described by Prince Telecom’s Director of Human Resources does not appear in

the agreement itself. Those findings are not clearly erroneous.

       But, respond Prince Telecom and Comcast, the “Appellees never denied (much

less ‘unequivocally’) that they agreed to the terms of Prince’s Arbitration Agreement.”

(Opening Br. at 15.) (emphasis removed.) As those two parties see it, the technicians’

statements that they “do not recall signing the Agreement[,]” (App. at 346, 351, 356, 361,

366, 371, 376, 381) are not denials that they agreed to arbitrate. Prince Telecom and

Comcast also argue that the evidence the Appellees presented is insufficient to place the

arbitration agreements in issue. Those arguments, however, do not fairly characterize the

declarations, which explicitly state that the technicians were never presented with a

screen containing the agreement, that they never clicked on any icon to sign the

agreement with the plaintiff and ... the plaintiff’s response does not include both an
unequivocal denial and evidence sufficient to place the agreement in issue[.]” (Opening
Br. at 13.) Our decision in Guidotti is clear and conflicts with that position, and we are
not at liberty to reconsider our precedent, nor would we even if we could. Guidotti
remains persuasive.

                                             8
agreement, and that they were never provided a copy of the agreement. The declarations

also state that the agreement itself was absent from the new hire packet, and that the

supposed “click-to-sign” icon is absent from the digital version of the agreement.

       Those declarations are at least as persuasive as the proof in Guidotti that we held

was sufficient to trigger the summary judgment standard. In Guidotti, the plaintiff argued

that, despite her signed acknowledgment of an arbitration agreement, the agreement was

never given to her, and she was unaware of its existence until the agreement was mailed

to her three weeks later. 716 F.3d at 777. In support of her assertions, she presented

evidence that the documents provided to her had a specific heading and that the

agreement with the arbitration provision lacked such a heading. Id. We first noted that

Guidotti “ha[d] not produced any affidavits to support her claim” and, had she done so,

“we could more easily find that she had come forward with enough evidence to move

beyond the pleadings and trigger the application of the summary judgment standard to

determine whether there was a meeting of the minds on the agreement to arbitrate.” Id. at

778-79. Even without affidavits, however, the evidence concerning the discrepancies in

document headings was enough for us to say that the summary judgment standard should

apply. Id. at 779. Here, the Appellees presented sworn statements in support of their

claims and also demonstrated discrepancies in how the arbitration agreements were

supposedly signed. The District Court was thus correct, in light of Guidotti, to conclude

that the summary judgment standard was applicable to the motions to compel arbitration.

       We turn next to whether the District Court committed an error by ordering limited

discovery into the validity and enforceability of the arbitration agreements. Prince

                                             9
Telecom and Comcast argue that discovery is unnecessary because the “Appellees did not

even request permission to take discovery ... [or] attempt to show ... that they were

unable to present their opposition to [their] motions without first conducting discovery.”

(Opening Br. at 30.) Although discovery was not requested, the Appellees presented

sufficient proof that a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding the formation of an

agreement to arbitrate – including how the agreement’s “click-to-sign” icon was

presented to the cable technicians. The District Court was well within its discretion in

ordering limited discovery.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm.

                                             10