Court Opinion

ID: 2662071
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-03 11:42:50.673817+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:58:13.803514
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                        FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
____________________________________
                                     )
NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION,        )
et al.,                             )
                                    )
            Plaintiffs,             )
                                    )
        v.                          )
                                    )    Civil Action No. 10-1220 (RBW)
LISA JACKSON, Administrator,        )    Civil Action No. 11-0295 (RBW)
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION )          Civil Action No. 11-0446 (RBW)
AGENCY, et al.,                     )    Civil Action No. 11-0447 (RBW)
                                    )
            Defendants,             )
                                    )
            and,                    )
                                    )
SIERRA CLUB, et al.,                )
                                    )
            Defendant-Intervenors.  )
____________________________________)

                                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

         This case is before the Court on the parties’ cross-motions for partial summary judgment

regarding the Final Guidance memorandum issued by the Environmental Protection Agency

(“EPA”) on July 21, 2011. 1 See Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Pls.’

1
         On July 20, 2010, plaintiff National Mining Association (“the Association”) filed a complaint seeking
declaratory and injunctive relief against multiple federal defendants. On September 17, 2010, the Association filed a
motion for a preliminary injunction, but consented to the defendants’ request for an extended briefing schedule. On
January 14, 2011, the Court denied the Association’s motion for a preliminary injunction and denied the federal
defendants’ motion to dismiss the Association’s complaint. See Nat’l Mining Ass’n v. Jackson, 768 F. Supp. 2d 34,
56 (D.D.C. 2011) (“Nat’l Mining Ass’n I”). After that ruling, four cases pending in United States District Courts in
West Virginia and Kentucky were transferred to this Court and consolidated with case number 10-cv-1220, the case
in which the Association had moved for a preliminary injunction in this Court. The plaintiffs proposed, and the
Court accepted, a bifurcated summary judgment briefing schedule with respect to the challenged EPA actions (i.e.,
the Enhanced Coordination Process and the Interim Detailed Guidance).

         On October 6, 2011, the Court granted the plaintiffs’ first motion for partial summary judgment after it
concluded that the EPA exceeded its statutory authority under the Clean Water Act (“CWA”), 33 U.S.C. 1251
(2006), in adopting its Multi-Criteria Integrated Resource Assessment (“MCIR Assessment”) and Enhanced
Coordination Process (“EC Process”). See Nat’l Mining Ass’n v. Jackson , 816 F. Supp. 2d 37, 49 (D.D.C. 2011)
                                                                                                    (Continued . . . )

                                                          1
Mot.”); United States’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Defs.’ Mot.”). The Court heard

oral argument on the motions on July 13, 2012. For the reasons that follow, the plaintiffs’

motion will be granted and the defendants’ motion will be denied. 2

                     I. STATUTORY AND REGULATORY BACKGROUND

         A. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act

         “The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act embodies Congress’ recognition that

‘the expansion of coal mining to meet the Nation’s energy needs makes even more urgent the

establishment of appropriate standards to minimize damage to the environment . . . .” In re

Permanent Surface Mining Regulation Litigation, 653 F.2d 514, 516 & 516, n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1981)

(“In re PSMRL”) (citing 30 U.S.C. § 1201). Accordingly, the SMCRA requires those engaging

in surface coal mining operations to comply with permitting requirements and environmental

protection standards. 30 U.S.C. §§ 1202, 1256-1266 (2006). The SMCRA is administered and

enforced by the Department of the Interior’s Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and

( . . . continued)
(“Nat’l Mining Ass’n II”). On July 21, 2011, the EPA issued its Final Guidance Memorandum, mooting the
plaintiffs’ challenges to the Interim Guidance. The plaintiffs and plaintiff-intervenors then amended their
complaints, alleging that the Final Guidance violates the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (“SMCRA”),
30 U.S.C. § 1202 (2006), CWA, and the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 702 (2006). The parties
then rebriefed the challenges to the Final Guidance, and the pending cross-motions pertain only to the Final
Guidance.
2
          In addition to the documents already referenced, the Court considered the following filings in resolving the
parties’ cross-motions: (1) the Plaintiffs’ Joint Memorandum in Support of their Motion for Partial Summary
Judgment [ECF 122-1] (“Pls.’ Mem.”); (2) the United States’ Memorandum in Support of its Cross-Motion for
Partial Summary Judgment and in Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Joint Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Defs.’
Mem.”); (3) the Defendant-Intervenors Sierra Club et al. Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion for
Partial Summary Judgment and in Support of Defendants’ Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Def.-Ints.’
Mem.”); (4) the Plaintiffs’ Opposition to Defendants’ and Defendant-Intervenors’ Cross-Motions for Partial
Summary Judgment and Reply Memorandum in Support of their Joint Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Pls.’
Reply”); (5) the United States’ Reply Memorandum in Support of its Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
(“Defs.’ Reply”); (6) the Defendant-Intervenors Sierra Club et al. Memorandum in Reply and in Support of
Defendants’ Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment (“Def.-Ints.’ Reply”); (7) the Plaintiffs’ Responses to the
Court’s Request for Filings Addressing Jurisdictional Questions (“Pls.’ Resp.”); (8) the United States’ Pre-Hearing
Responses to Questions Posed by the Court (“Defs.’ Resp.”); (9) the Administrative Record (“A.R.”); and (10) the
extra-record evidence the Court ruled it would consider in its April 20, 2012, July 2, 2012, and July 13, 2012 Orders.

                                                          2
Enforcement (“Office of Surface Mining”), 30 U.S.C. § 1211(c)(1), but a state may assume

primary jurisdiction over the regulation of surface mining within its borders by having its

proposed program approved by the Secretary of the Interior, 3 30 U.S.C. § 1253. Pursuant to the

SMCRA, before approving a state program the Secretary must solicit and then publicly disclose

the views of certain federal agencies regarding the state regulatory program and must obtain the

written concurrence of the EPA with respect to the aspects of the state program that relate to

water quality standards promulgated under the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1313 (2006). 30

U.S.C. § 1253(b). Once a state program is approved, the state has the primary responsibility for

all aspects of the regulatory program. See In re PSMRL, 653 F.2d at 516 (“The Secretary may

only approve the state program if he finds it capable of carrying out the exacting provisions of

the [SMCRA] and consistent with his own regulations.”); id. at 518 (“Under a state program, the

state makes decisions applying the national requirements of the [SMCRA] to the particular local

conditions of the state. The Secretary is initially to decide whether the proposed state program is

capable of carrying out the provisions of the [SMRCA], but is not directly involved in local

decisionmaking after the program has been approved.”).

        The statute provides only a limited role for the EPA. First, the SMCRA requires the

Secretary of the Interior to obtain the EPA’s written concurrence on any SMCRA-implementing

regulations that relate to air or water quality standards. Second, as noted, the Office of Surface

Mining may not approve a proposed state program until it has solicited and publicly disclosed

the EPA’s views and obtained the EPA’s written concurrence as to any aspects of the state

program that relate to water quality standards promulgated under the CWA. In short, although

3
         Of the six Appalachian states with active coal mining and subject to the Final Guidance, only Tennessee
does not have an approved state SMCRA permitting program. Defs.’ Mem. at 12; Pls.’ Mem. at 3, n.2.

                                                         3
the SMCRA explicitly conveys Congress’s admonition that the EPA cooperate with the Office of

Surface Mining to the greatest extent practicable, 30 U.S.C. § 1292, it is clear that oversight

authority of the state permitting authorities belongs to the Secretary of the Interior. See In re

PSMRL, 653 F.2d at 519 (“The Secretary’s ultimate power over lax state enforcement is set out

in section 521(b) of the [SMCRA]. When the Secretary determines that violations result from a

state’s lack of intent or capability to enforce the state program, he is to enforce permit conditions

directly, and to take over the entire permit-issuing process himself.”); see also id. (“Once the

State has assumed all these functions, the Secretary’s role is primarily one of oversight.”); id. at

520 (“Direct intervention by the Secretary in the operation of state regulatory programs is clearly

intended as an extraordinary remedy.”) And of significant importance, the SMCRA does not

supersede the Clean Water Act. See 30 U.S.C. § 1292.

       B. The Clean Water Act

       The CWA establishes a permitting scheme for pollutants discharged into bodies of water,

and coal mining operations typically must obtain both CWA permits and SMCRA permits.

       1. Section 404 Permits

       Clean Water Act Section 404 permits are issued by the United States Army Corps of

Engineers (“Corps”) “for the discharge of dredged and fill material into navigable waters at

specific disposal sites,” 33 U.S.C. § 1344(a), and govern material that fills or displaces receiving

waters. The Corps has sole authority to issue Section 404 permits, id., but in doing so must

apply guidelines that it develops in conjunction with the EPA, id. § 1344(b). As required by the

                                                  4
Clean Water Act, id., the EPA and the Corps promulgated 404(b)(1) guidelines to guide the

Corps’ review of the environmental effects of proposed disposal sites. 4

        2. Section 402 Permits

        Known as National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (“NPDES”) permits, Section

402 permits are typically issued by states for the discharge of all other pollutants not covered by

Section 404 permits (i.e., non-dredged or fill material). See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(a). NPDES permits

govern pollutants that are assimilated by receiving waters by establishing limits placed on the

make-up of wastewater discharge. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342.

        Section 402 permits are issued by the EPA, unless a state has an approved program. 5 See

id. § 1342(b). Once the EPA approves a state permitting program, the state has exclusive

authority to issue NPDES permits, although the EPA does have limited authority to review the

state action. Id. § 1342(d). For example, the state must submit draft permits to the EPA, and the

EPA may object to a proposed permit that is not consistent with the CWA or federal regulations.

Id. If the state does not respond to an EPA objection to a permit within specified timeframes, the

EPA assumes the authority to issue the permit. See id. § 1342(d)(4). If the EPA does not object

to the issuance of a permit within the specified timeframe, the state may proceed to issue the

permit. Id. § 1342(d)(2).

4
          The 404(b)(1) guidelines, which are codified at 40 C.F.R. Part 230, played a considerable role in the
parties’ arguments regarding the validity of the EC Process and the MCIR Assessment. The Court’s October 6, 2011
ruling on the plaintiffs’ challenges to the EPA’s EC Process concluded that the “EPA ha[d] expanded its role in the
issuance of Section 404 permits and ha[d] thus exceeded the statutory authority afforded it by the Clean Water Act.”
Nat’l Mining Ass’n II, 816 F. Supp. 2d at 45.
5
         All of the Appalachian states subject to the Final Guidance—Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee,
Virginia, and West Virginia—have approved programs and thus administer the Section 402 permitting programs
within their states.

                                                         5
         a. The Relationship Between Section 301 Effluent Limits and Section 402 Permits

         In accordance with Section 301 of the CWA, 33 U.S.C. § 1313, NPDES permits

“typically contain numerical limits called ‘effluent limitations’[6] that restrict the amounts of

specified pollutants that may be discharged.” Defs.’ Mem. at 9. “Water quality based effluent

limitations are required for all pollutants that the permitting authority determines ‘are or may be

discharged at a level [that] will cause, have the reasonable potential to cause, or contribute to an

excursion above any [applicable] water quality standard, including state narrative criteria for

water quality.’” Id. (quoting 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(i)). Accordingly, the procedure for

determining the need for effluent limits is called a reasonable potential analysis. If the discharge

does have the reasonable potential to cause an excursion 7 above a numeric or narrative water

quality standard set in accordance with Section 303 of the CWA, the state must develop permit

limitations to ensure compliance with that water quality standard. See Am. Paper Inst. v. EPA,

996 F.2d 346, 349 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (explaining that Section 301 of the CWA, 33 U.S.C. § 1311,

requires that “every permit contain (1) effluent limitations that reflect the pollution reduction

achievable by using technologically practicable controls, and (2) any more stringent pollutant

release limitations necessary for the waterway receiving the pollutant to meet water quality

standards”) (citing 33 U.S.C. § 1311(b)(1)(A) & (C)). To achieve this compliance, the states

may establish either numeric or narrative permit limits. See id. (noting that criteria come in “two

varieties: specific numeric limitations on the concentration of a specific pollutant in the water . . .

or more general narrative statements applicable to a wide set of pollutants”).

6
         An effluent is an outflowing of water, gas, or some other material. Thus, an effluent limitation, is a
limitation imposed on outflows, and a water-quality based effluent limitation is a limitation based on the
maintenance of water quality standards.
7
        To say that a discharge may cause or has caused an excursion is simply to say that the standard has been
exceeded or violated.

                                                           6
       3. Section 303 Water Quality Standards

       Section 303 “requires states to adopt water quality standards applicable to their intrastate

and interstate waters.” Defs.’ Mem. at 8 (citing 33 U.S.C. § 1313(a)-(c); see also Am. Paper.

Inst., 996 F.2d at 349 (“Under the CWA, the water quality standards referred to in section 301

[and which the Section 301 effluent limitations are intended to protect] are primarily the states’

handiwork.”); id. at 350 (“Of course, the [section 303] water quality standards by themselves

have no effect on pollution; the rubber hits the road when the state-created standards are used as

the basis for specific [section 301] effluent limitations in NPDES permits [i.e., Section 402

permits].”). A water quality standard designates uses for a particular body of water and

establishes criteria for protecting those uses. As already noted, Section 303 water quality

standards can be expressed as a specific numeric limitation on pollutants or as a general narrative

statement.

       While states are responsible for developing the water quality standards, the EPA is

required to review the standards for approval. See 33 U.S.C. § 1313(c). The EPA may assume

the role of actually promulgating water quality standards only if (1) it determines that a state’s

proposed new or revised standard does not measure up to the Clean Water Act’s requirements

and the state refuses to accept EPA-proposed revisions, or (2) a state does not act, and the EPA

determines that a new or revised standard is necessary. See Am. Paper Inst., 996 F.2d at 349

(citing 33 U.S.C. § 1313(c)(3)-(4)).

             II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND THE PARTIES’ ARGUMENTS

       In April 2010, the EPA released its “interim” guidance memorandum. In seeking a

preliminary injunction from this Court in September 2010, the plaintiffs asserted that the EPA

had made sweeping pronouncements regarding the need for water quality-based limits in CWA

                                                  7
    Section 402 and 404 permits. The plaintiffs maintained that the interim guidance had (1)

    effectively established a region-wide water quality standard based on conductivity 8 levels it

    associated with adverse impacts to water quality, (2) was being used by the EPA to cause

    indefinite delays in the permitting process, and (3) caused various permitting authorities to

    include the conductivity level into pending permits. See Pls.’ Mem. at 14-16. The defendants

    responded by arguing that the interim guidance was not final agency action and was therefore

    not ripe for review. In an opinion denying both the plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary

    injunction and the defendants’ motion to dismiss, the Court observed that “based on the record

    [then] before the Court . . . , it appear[ed] that the EPA [wa]s treating the [interim] [g]uidance as

    binding.” Nat’l Mining Ass’n I, 768 F. Supp. 2d at 45.

          On July 21, 2011, the EPA issued the Final Guidance, which, according to the EPA,

reflects public input on the interim guidance and accounts for and responds to key concerns

raised by the Appalachian states and the mining industry during the earlier stages of this

litigation. Defs.’ Mem. at 1-2. The plaintiffs, however, allege that the EPA’s Final Guidance

exceeds the EPA’s authority under the SMCRA and the CWA, is arbitrary and capricious, and is

an abuse of discretion. See Pls.’ Mem. at 1-2. The defendants’ principal response is a bevy of

arguments targeting the Court’s ability to review the Final Guidance. They assert that the Final

Guidance is not final agency action, Defs.’ Mem. at 13; that the Final Guidance is not ripe for

review, id. at 24; and that the plaintiffs do not have standing to maintain their challenges to the

Final Guidance, id. at 26. Alternatively, the defendants maintain that if the Final Guidance does

8
          As the defendants helpfully explain, “[a]n increase in conductivity means that the water is getting saltier.
Salinity is often expressed as specific conductance, or conductivity, which is a measure of the ability of water to
conduct an electrical current. It is highly dependent on the amount of dissolved solids . . . in the water.” Defs.’
Mem. at 2, n. 2. The defendants further state: “As conductivity levels rise, fish, amphibians, mussels, and other
aquatic organisms can be adversely affected.” Id. at 2, n.3.

                                                           8
constitute final agency action, 33 U.S.C. §1369(b)(1) vests exclusive jurisdiction of its review in

the District of Columbia Circuit. Id. at 23. The defendants further assert that the Final Guidance

is consistent with existing statutory and regulatory authority. Id. at 30, 33. Lastly, the

defendants maintain that the Final Guidance satisfactorily explains its recommendations and thus

does not violate the APA. This Memorandum Opinion addresses these arguments in turn.

                                 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       The summary judgment standard set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a) does

not apply in a case involving review of a final agency action under the APA due to the limited

role of a court in reviewing the administrative record. See Catholic Health Initiatives-Iowa,

Corp. v. Sebelius, 841 F. Supp. 2d 270, 276 (D.D.C. 2012). “Under the APA, . . . ‘the function

of the district court is to determine whether . . . as a matter of law the evidence in the

administrative record permitted the agency to make the decision it did.’” Id. (quoting Occidental

Eng’g Co. v. INS, 753 F.2d 766, 769-70 (9th Cir. 1985)); see also Fund for Animals v. Babbitt,

903 F. Supp. 96, 105 (D.D.C. 1995) (explaining that where a case involves a challenge to a final

administrative action, a court’s review is limited to the administrative record) (citing Camp v.

Pitts, 411 U.S. 138, 142 (1973))). “Summary judgment thus serves as the mechanism for

deciding, as a matter of law, whether the agency action is supported by the administrative record

and otherwise consistent with the APA standard of review.” Catholic Health, 841 F. Supp. 23d

at 276 (citing Richards v. INS, 554 F.2d 1173, 1177 & n.28 (D.C. Cir. 1977)).

                                     IV. LEGAL ANALYIS

       A. Can the Court Review the Final Guidance?

       “Firing nearly all the arrows in its jurisdictional quiver,” Natural Res. Def. Council v.

EPA, 643 F.3d 311, 313 (D.C. Cir. 2011), the EPA argues that the Final Guidance is not final

                                                   9
agency action, or, alternatively, if it is, that exclusive jurisdiction for its review rests with the

Circuit, that the Final Guidance is not ripe for review, and that the plaintiffs lack standing to

challenge the Final Guidance. As explained below, “[a]ll [four] arrows miss their target.” Id.

        1. Final Agency Action

        The APA limits judicial review to “final agency action for which there is no other

adequate remedy in court.” 5 U.S.C. § 704. In other words, finality is a “threshold question”

that determines whether judicial review is available. Fund for Animals, Inc. v. U.S. Bureau of

Land Mgmt., 460 F.3d 13, 18 (D.C. Cir. 2006). The Supreme Court has explained that, “[a]s a

general matter, two conditions must be satisfied for agency action to be final: First, the action

must mark the consummation of the agency’s decision making process,” and second, “the action

must be one by which rights or obligations have been determined, or from which legal

consequences will flow.” Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 177-78 (1997) (quotation marks

omitted).

        “Finality resulting from the practical effect of an ostensibly non-binding agency

proclamation is a concept [that the District of Columbia Circuit has] recognized in the past.”

Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Norton, 415 F.3d 8, 15 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (citing Gen. Elec. Co.

v. EPA, 290 F.3d 377, 383 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (“[I]f the language of the document is such that

private parties can rely on it as a norm or safe harbor by which to shape their actions, it can be

binding as a practical matter[.]”); McLouth Steel Prods. Corp. v. Thomas, 838 F.2d 1317, 1321

(D.C. Cir. 1988) (agency action, though facially nonbinding, “created a norm with present day

binding effect”)). For example,

        [i]f an agency acts as if a document issued at headquarters is controlling in the
        field, if it treats the document in the same manner as it treats a legislative rule, if it
        bases enforcement actions on the policies or interpretations formulated in the
        document, if it leads private parties or State permitting authorities to believe that

                                                   10
       it will declare permits invalid unless they comply with the terms of the document,
       then the agency’s document is for all practical purposes binding.

Appalachian Power Co. v. EPA, 208 F.3d 1015, 1021 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (emphasis added).

However, “if the practical effect of the agency action is not a certain change in the legal

obligations of a party, the action is non-final for the purpose of judicial review.” Norton, 415

F.3d at 15.

       Here, the Court finds that the EPA’s Final Guidance marks the “consummation of the

agency’s decision making process.” Bennett, 520 U.S. at 177-78. Indeed, the defendants

concede that the first prong of the Bennett test is met as the arguments in their opposition pertain

only to whether the Final Guidance is a binding legislative rule or whether it is merely a policy

statement. See Defs.’ Mem. at 15-23. This concession was expressed again at the July 13, 2012

hearing when defense counsel explicitly stated that the EPA does not dispute that the Final

Guidance is the consummation of the decision making process.

       Despite the defendants’ concession, because final agency action is a “threshold question,”

Fund for Animals, Inc., 460 F.3d at 18, the Court is compelled to briefly set forth its reasoning

why the first prong of the Bennett test is satisfied. The Final Guidance was issued after the EPA

received over 60,000 comments on the interim guidance. See Norton, 415 F.3d at 14

(concluding that the agency protocols at issue “clearly marked the consummation of the decision

making process,” and observing that the protocols were “published after [the agency] solicited

input from specialists and reviewed” past data); Appalachian Power, 208 F.3d at 1022 (observing

that the EPA guidance in dispute followed the circulation of two earlier drafts). The Final

Guidance itself notes that it “replaces [the] EPA’s interim final guidance issued on April 1, 2010,

and the Regions should begin consulting it immediately.” Final Guidance at 1 (A.R. FG005440).

Furthermore, and most important as to the first element of Bennett, the Final Guidance reflects

                                                 11
the EPA’s settled position on both its understanding of its authority under the respective statutes

and regulations, see id. at 2 (A.R. FG005441), and its understanding of the science upon which

the Final Guidance is based, see id. at 5 (A.R. FG005444). It is thus clear that the Final

Guidance represents the consummation of the EPA’s decision making process.

         Next, the Court must assess whether the second element of Bennett is satisfied—whether

the Final Guidance is an action “by which rights or obligations have been determined, or from

which legal consequences will flow.” 520 U.S. at 178. Unsurprisingly, the plaintiffs argue yes

and the defendants argue no. The EPA contends that the Final Guidance “is a policy statement,

not a legislative rule.” 9 Defs.’ Mem. at 15. Of the various claims the defendants advance in

support of this assertion, of greatest import here is their contention that “the Guidance does not

establish new obligations, change the governing legal norm, or purport to provide [the] EPA with

any authority that [the] EPA does not already possess to review draft permits or permit

applications. Rather, the Guidance relies upon existing standards in the CWA and [the] EPA’s

regulations.” Id. at 17. At the July 13, 2012 hearing, the defendants similarly maintained that

the “critical point” is that the Final Guidance does not provide new authority to the EPA. The

plaintiffs obviously disagree, asserting that “[p]rior to the issuance of the Final Guidance, neither

the SMCRA nor the CWA nor EPA regulations nor case law authorized EPA regional directors

to regulate mine design and planning upland from waters of the United States.” Pls.’ Reply at 3.

         As an initial matter, the Court is unconvinced by the defendants’ arguments in regard to

the nonbinding language in the Final Guidance. See Defs.’ Mem. at 16, 18-19. It is true that the

Final Guidance contains language avowing that the recommendations within the document are

9
         “A policy statement is one that, first, does not have ‘a present-day binding effect,’ that is, it does not
‘impose any rights and obligations,’ and second, ‘genuinely leaves the agency and its decision makers free to
exercise discretion.’” McLouth Steel, 838 F.2d at 1320.

                                                           12
not binding pronouncements. See, e.g., Final Guidance at 1 (A.R. FG005440) (“This

memorandum does not impose legally binding requirements and will not be implemented as

binding in practice. It does not impose any obligations on private parties.”); id. at 9 (A.R.

FG005448 (“The use of language such as ‘recommend,’ ‘may,’ ‘should,’ and ‘can’ is intended to

describe agency policies and recommendations, while the use of mandatory terminology such as

‘must’ and ‘required’ refers to existing requirements under the CWA, its implementing

regulations, and relevant case law.”). This Circuit has, however, described similar disclaimers as

“boiler-plate.” Appalachian Power, 208 F.3d at 1023; see also id. (explaining that because the

policies in the disclaimer impose requirements, “‘rights’ may not be created but ‘obligations’

certainly are—obligations on the part of the State regulators and those they regulate”). With the

adage that actions speak louder than words thus ringing true, the Court will examine “the

practical effect of [the] ostensibly non-binding [Final Guidance].” Norton, 415 F.3d at 15.

       Review of the Final Guidance itself and of the post-implementation evidence before the

Court makes clear that the Final Guidance, whether intentionally or not, has caused EPA field

offices and the state permitting authorities to believe that permits should and will be denied if its

“suggestions” and “recommendations” are not satisfied. For example, after the bulk of the first

four paragraphs of the Final Guidance explain that it is nonbinding, the conclusion of the fourth

paragraph makes clear that “[w]e [EPA Headquarters in Washington, D.C.] expect EPA Regions

3, 4, and 5 to give appropriate consideration to this guidance when reviewing proposed permits

or permit applications associated with Appalachian surface coal mining activities.” Final

Guidance at 2 (A.R. FG005441) (emphasis added). Indeed, the document itself proclaims that it

is “intended to guide EPA staff in reviewing and commenting on permitting activities related to

Appalachian surface coal mining.” Id. (A.R. FG005441). Additionally, after discussing two

                                                 13
EPA reports and their review by the EPA’s Science Advisory Board, the Final Guidance explains

the review “reinforce[ed] the significant aquatic effects of Appalachian surface coal mining and

the appropriateness of [the] EPA’s conductivity benchmark for protecting aquatic life.” Id. at 5

(A.R. FG005444). This leaves no doubt that the EPA’s regional field offices and the state

permitting authorities are on notice that the “EPA will consider the recommendations in this

guidance, along with other relevant factors, when reviewing CWA permits.” Id. at 10 (A.R.

FG005449).

       As plaintiffs’ counsel asked at the July 13, 2012 hearing, when EPA Headquarters

explains to its subordinate regional offices that they “should” do something, can any region

actually feel free not to comply? Perhaps predictably, then, communication between the regional

offices and the state permitting authorities shows that the considerations set forth in the Final

Guidance have played a prominent role in the regional offices’ review of draft permits. Compare

Pls.’ Reply, Exhibit (“Ex.”) B (Declaration of Thomas Cook (“Cook Decl.”) (describing a letter

received from the EPA that suggests using conductivity as a trigger indicator) with Final

Guidance at 27 (A.R. FG005466) (explaining that the EPA is “particularly concerned” with high

conductivity levels); compare Pls.’ Reply, Ex. C (Declaration of R. Bruce Scott) (explaining that

“EPA Region 4 very clearly based their [September 28, 2011] objection to all 19 permits on the

fact that each provided for a post-permit [reasonable potential analysis]”) with Final Guidance at

13 (A.R. FG005452) (“In order to submit a complete NPDES permit application for an

individual permit, the applicant must present data to properly characterize its discharge to enable

a reasonable potential analysis to be completed by the permit writer at the time of permit

issuance.”) (emphasis added), and 14 (A.R. FG005453) (“permitting authorities should not defer

reasonable potential analyses until after permit issuance”). The post-implementation

                                                 14
communication also reveals at least one instance in which a state permitting agency has acceded

to the regional office’s request, resulting in the abandonment of the EPA objection for that

particular permit. See United States’ Response to the Court’s July 2, 2012 Order (“Defs.’ Extra-

record Resp.”), Declaration of Mark Nuhfer (“Nuhfer Decl.”) ¶ 18 (“Kentucky submitted a

revised permit fully meeting [the] EPA’s objection and that permit has been issued.”).

Specifically, with regard to a draft Section 402 permit for Matt/Co, Inc., the EPA’s September

29, 2010 objection

       was based on the [Kentucky Department of Water’s (KDOW)] failure to conduct
       an adequate reasonable potential analysis, in accordance with 40 C.F.R. §
       122.44(d), to determine whether the proposed discharge will cause, have
       reasonable potential to cause, or contribute to, a violation of state water quality
       standards (WQS), and KDOW’s failure to include in the permit, effluent limits
       necessary to ensure that the proposed discharge will not cause or contribute to a
       violation of WQS.

Defs.’ Extra-record Resp., Nuhfer Decl., Ex. 2 (April 2, 2012 Letter from James Giattina, EPA

Region 4, to Sandy Gruzesky, Director, Division of Water, Kentucky Department for

Environmental Protection (“April 12, 2012 Giattina Letter”)) at 1 (internal quotations marks

omitted). The September 29, 2010 objection made clear that to address the objection, “KDOW

[had to] submit a revised permit with effluent limitations that are as stringent as necessary to

meet applicable narrative and numeric WQS.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). And it

was only after the KDOW revised the draft permit and resubmitted it for the EPA’s

consideration, that the EPA withdrew its objection after determining that “the revised permit

reflect[ed] a more robust reasonable potential analysis and . . . contain[ed] the necessary

conditions and effluent limits.” Id. The record before the Court thus confirms the plaintiffs’

allegations that the Final Guidance is being implemented as binding and having a practical effect

on the permitting process for new Appalachian surface coal mining projects.

                                                 15
       To complete its final agency action analysis, the Court must address the defendants’

argument that “[w]here [the] EPA merely comments on a draft permit, but does not object, the

State can issue the permit without further action from [the] EPA; thus, [the] EPA’s comments

cannot possibly be seen as mandating compliance with a binding standard.” Defs.’ Reply at 20.

Under the rationale of Appalachian Power, 208 F.3d at 1021, the distinction between an EPA

comment letter and a formal EPA objection letter seems unimportant in light of the EPA’s

warnings to state regulators that “it expects [the state permitting authority] to take its comments

seriously and to address them.” Defs.’ Extra-record Resp., Declaration of Linda Boornazian

(“Boornazian Decl.”) ¶ 8; see also Defs.’ Extra-record Resp., Declaration of Evelyn S.

MacKnight (“MacKnight Decl.”) ¶ 10 (“When [the] EPA issues a comment letter, [the] EPA has

exercised its discretion not to utilize its authority udner CWA Section 402(d) to object to a

permit. Nevertheless, [it is] correct that [the] EPA’s comment letters often state an expectation

that [the state permitting authority] should address [the] EPA’s comments. That is because [the]

EPA has taken the time and expended the resources to review the permit, has identified . . .

concerns . . . , and accordingly anticipates that its comments and concerns will be reviewed and

addressed.”).   Indeed, the EPA’s own affidavits convey what the Court construes as a comply-

or-else attitude in regard to the review process. See, e.g., Defs.’ Extra-record Resp., Boornazian

Decl. ¶ 8 (explaining that she had “pointed out that if [the] EPA’s comment letters were

consistently disregarded, that fact would be considered in determining whether to exercise [the]

EPA’s discretion to utilize the more formal objection process with respect to future permits that

raise similar issues”); Defs.’ Extra-record Resp., MacKnight Decl ¶ 11 (“stating the rather

obvious point that, if [the] EPA were to repeatedly find its comment letters disregarded, that fact

would be considered in determining whether to exercise [its] discretion to issue an objection with

                                                 16
respect to future permits”). And in light of such statements made by EPA employees with

leadership roles in the regional offices, it is hard to see how state permitting authorities could be

expected to view an EPA comment letter any differently from a formal EPA objection letter.

Either form of critique would undoubtedly “lead[] private parties or State permitting authorities

to believe that [the agency] will declare permits invalid unless they comply.” Appalachian

Power, 208 F.3d at 1021.

         The Final Guidance constitutes final agency action because it is both the consummation

of the EPA’s decision making process, and, even if facially nonbinding, it has been applied by

the regional field offices in their review of draft permits in a manner that has had the practical

effect of changing the obligations of the state permitting authorities. Therefore, the Final

Guidance is a de facto legislative rule. 10 Accordingly, the following language from Appalachian

Power aptly describes the Final Guidance in this case and provides an appropriate conclusion to

the Court’s final agency action analysis:

         [W]hatever [the] EPA may think of its Guidance generally, the elements of the
         Guidance petitioners challenge consist of the agency’s settled position, a position
         it plans to follow in reviewing State-issued permits, a position it will insist State

10
         In deciding the question of whether the Final Guidance amounts to final agency action, the Court also
necessarily decides the question of whether the EPA’s actions constitute a de facto legislative rule. This is so given
the similarity between the second aspect of the Bennett finality assessment—whether the action gives rise to legal
obligations or is one from which legal consequences flow—and the standard for determining whether a challenged
action amounts to a rule or a mere statement of policy—“whether the action has binding effects on private parties or
on the agency,” Molycorp, Inc. v. EPA, 197 F.3d 543, 545 (D.C. Cir. 1999), or, in other words, “whether the agency
action binds private parties or the agency itself with the force of law,” General Electric v. EPA, 290 F.3d 377, 382
(D.C. Cir. 2002). Indeed, the District of Columbia Circuit has recognized the manner in which these standards
become intertwined:

         In order to sustain their position, appellants must show that the [challenged guidelines] either (1) reflect
         “final agency action,” . . . or, (2) constitute a de facto rule or binding norm that could not properly be
         promulgated absent the notice-and-comment rulemaking required by [the APA]. These two inquiries are
         alternative ways of viewing the question before the court. Although, if appellants could demonstrate the
         latter proposition, they would implicitly prove the former, because the agency’s adoption of a binding norm
         obviously would reflect final agency action.

Center for Auto Safety v. Nat’l Highway Traffic Safety Admin., 452 F.3d 798, 806 (D.C. Cir. 2006).

                                                         17
        and local authorities comply with in setting the terms and conditions of permits
        issued to petitioners, a position EPA officials in the field are bound to apply.

208 F.3d at 1022.

        2. Circuit Jurisdiction

        Section 509 of the CWA places exclusive jurisdiction in the federal Courts of Appeals to

review certain EPA actions taken under color of the CWA. See Am. Frozen Food Inst. v. Train,

539 F.2d 107, 124 (D.C. Cir. 1976) (“The Act gives the Courts of Appeals of the United States

wide and exclusive jurisdiction to review the actions of the Administrator.”). Section 509,

codified at 33 U.S.C. § 1369, provides that:

        Review of the Administrator’s action . . . (E) in approving or promulgating any
        effluent limitation or other limitation under section 1311 [i.e., Section 301 of the
        CWA], 1312, 1316, or 1345 of this title, [or] (F) in issuing or denying any permit
        under section 1342 [i.e., Section 402 of the CWA] of this title . . . may be had by
        any interested person in the Circuit Court of Appeals of the United States.

33 U.S.C. §1369(b)(1).

        The defendants assert that, because the Court has agreed with the plaintiffs that the Final

Guidance is a binding rule, the “[p]laintiffs’ challenge to the portions of the [Final] Guidance

that address Section 402 permits must be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction,” as the Final

Guidance “plainly relate[s] to the issuance or denial of Section 402 permits” and the plaintiffs’

challenge therefore “falls within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Courts of Appeals.” Defs.’

Mem. at 23. The plaintiffs disagree, maintaining that “Section 509(b)(1) delineates six very

specific categories of agency action for which a challenge must be brought as an original

proceeding in a court of appeals,” and that their “challenge to the Final Guidance is not among

them and need not be reviewed by a court of appeals.” Pls.’ Reply at 11. The Court agrees with

the plaintiffs.

                                                 18
       The Final Guidance is not subject to the Circuit’s original jurisdiction on the basis of 33

U.S.C. § 1369(b)(1)(E) because it is not an approved or promulgated Section 301 effluent

limitation. First, even under the most expansive reading, the Final Guidance cannot be

interpreted as establishing Section 301 effluent limitations. In other words, the Final Guidance

does not set specific limits and mandate their inclusion in all Section 402 permits. Rather, the

Final Guidance is concerned with (1) the interplay between Section 303 water quality standards

and conductivity, and (2) the need for pre-permit reasonable potential analyses to ensure that

Section 402 permits contain the most stringent effluent limitations necessary. Thus, while the

Final Guidance does touch on the need for Section 301 effluent limitations in its discussion of

pre-permit analyses and the requirements of 40 C.F.R. §122.44(d), it does not attempt to

prescribe certain effluent limitations. Second, even if the Final Guidance could be read as

establishing Section 301 effluent limitations, the Final Guidance was not “promulgat[ed]” and

therefore lies outside Section 509’s reach. While the defendants urge the Court to employ a

“practical rather than cramped construction” of Section 509, Defs.’ Resp. at 1 (quoting Natural

Res. Def. Council Inc. v. EPA, 673 F.2d 400, 405 (D.C. Cir. 1982)), it is clear that in this Circuit

“[i]f the agency does not define the term by regulation and if the statute supports (or at least does

not foreclose) the interpretation, ‘promulgation’ is accorded its ‘ordinary meaning’—i.e.,

publication in the Federal Register.” Horsehead Res. Dev. Co. v. EPA, 130 F.3d 1090, 1093

(D.C. Cir. 1997). The CWA does not define promulgate and Section 509 does not foreclose

according promulgation its ordinary meaning. And it is worth noting that “[i]n [the] EPA’s own

words, it ‘did not publish the [Final] Guidance in the Federal Register, nor is it codified in the

C.F.R.’” Pls.’ Resp. at 2 (quoting Defs.’ Mem. at 17). Although the Final Guidance was

certainly issued, it was not promulgated as that term is understood in this Circuit. Section

                                                 19
1369(b)(1)(E) therefore does not vest exclusive jurisdiction in the Circuit because the Final

Guidance did not approve or promulgate Section 301 effluent limitations.

       Next, because the EPA has neither issued nor denied any Section 402 permits, §

1369(b)(1)(F) does not vest exclusive jurisdiction in the Circuit. While the EPA’s formal

objection to draft 402 permits may once have been construed as the “functional denial” of a

permit, see Crown Simpson Pulp Co. v. Costle, 445 U.S. 193 (1980), it is clear that after the

1977 Amendments to the CWA, an EPA objection “is no longer ‘functionally similar’ to denying

a permit.” Am. Paper Inst. v. EPA, 890 F.2d 869, 874 (7th Cir. 1989); see also id. at 874, n.7

(explaining that the challenge in Crown Simpson preceded the 1977 Amendments). Here, then,

while the plaintiffs are correct that Final Guidance does “relate to” the issuance of 402 permits,

Defs.’ Mem. at 23, it does not amount to an EPA issuance or denial of a 402 permit.

Accordingly, § 1369(b)(1)(F) does not vest exclusive jurisdiction in the Circuit.

       As neither of the two §1369(b)(1) subsections cited by the defendants as mandating

exclusive Circuit jurisdiction apply to the Final Guidance, this Court possesses original

jurisdiction to review the Final Guidance.

       3. Ripeness

       “[R]epresent[ing] a prudential attempt to balance the interests of the court and the agency

in delaying review against the petitioner’s interest in prompt consideration of allegedly unlawful

agency action,” Fla. Power & Light Co. v. EPA, 145 F.3d 1414, 1420-21 (D.C. Cir. 1998), the

ripeness doctrine requires courts to consider the framework set forth by the Supreme Court in

Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 148-49 (1967). First, a court must “evaluate the

‘fitness of the issues for judicial decision.’” Fla. Power & Light, 145 F.3d at 1421 (quoting

Abbott Labs., 387 U.S. at 149). If a challenged decision is not “fit” for review, “the petitioner

                                                20
must show ‘hardship’ in order to overcome a claim of lack of ripeness.” Fla. Power & Light,

145 F.3d at 1421. In assessing the fitness prong, courts evaluate “whether the agency action is

final; whether the issue presented for decision is one of law which requires no additional factual

development; and whether further administrative action is needed to clarify the agency’s

position.” Action Alliance of Senior Citizens v. Heckler, 789 F.2d 931, 940 (D.C. Cir. 1986).

       In light of the earlier conclusion that the Final Guidance constitutes final agency action,

the Court need not tarry long on the defendants’ ripeness argument. Indeed, the primary

consideration for a court assessing the fitness of the issue for judicial decision is whether the

agency action is final. See id. Having examined that question at length above, the Court will

here only add that the other two components of the fitness evaluation are likewise met by the

Final Guidance. First, as the EPA asserts that the Final Guidance is not an expansion of its

authority under the SMCRA, the CWA, or their implementing regulations, it is clear that review

of the Final Guidance “is one of law which requires no additional factual development,” id.;

rather, the Court’s review is limited to an analysis of the pertinent statutes and regulations—the

law—to assess the accuracy of the EPA’s claim. Second, as explained above, the EPA has

conceded that the Final Guidance represents the consummation of their decision making process.

Therefore, no “further administrative action is needed to clarify the agency’s position.” Id.

Accordingly, the Final Guidance is ripe for review.

       4. Standing

       The irreducible constitutional minimum of standing contains three elements: (1) injury in

fact, (2) causation, and (3) the possibility of redress by a favorable decision. Lujan v. Defenders

of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560-61 (1992). These requirements apply whether an organization

                                                 21
asserts standing on its own behalf, or on behalf of its members. Havens Realty Corp. v.

Coleman, 455 U.S. 363, 378 (1982).

       The defendants assert that the plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate injury in fact and

causation because “[t]he [Final] Guidance does not impose any obligations on the regulated

industry and does not bind [the] EPA, the States, or the Corps in taking action on permit

applications.” Defs.’ Mem. at 26. The defendants’ standing argument thus strikes a similar

chord to their arguments on final agency action. And those arguments have already been

rejected by the Court. The Final Guidance is binding in regard to the obligations it imposes on

the state permitting authorities, and thus the members of the regulated industry seeking the

permits, and these obligations amount to injuries caused by the Final Guidance. And a decision

vacating the Final Guidance would redress the plaintiffs’ injuries. Accordingly, the plaintiffs

have standing to challenge the Final Guidance.

       In sum, the Court is confident that it has authority to review the claims asserted in this

case and is unmoved by any of the defendants’ jurisdictional arguments. The Final Guidance is

final agency action, subjecting it to this Court’s review under the APA; the Final Guidance does

not trigger any of the subsections of § 1369(b)(1), which would divest this Court of jurisdiction

and confer exclusive jurisdiction on the Circuit; the Final Guidance is ripe for review; and the

plaintiffs have demonstrated that they have standing to challenge the Final Guidance.

Consequently, the Court now moves to the heart of the plaintiffs’ contentions: What did

Congress intend the SMCRA and the CWA to regulate, and what role does the EPA play in that

regulation?

                                                 22
       B. The EPA’s Statutory and Regulatory Authority

       Under the APA, courts must hold unlawful and set aside agency actions found to be in

excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(C). To determine

whether an agency exceeded its statutory authority under the APA, the Court must engage in the

two-step inquiry required by Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 467 U.S. 837

(1984). Under Chevron, if a statute reflects that Congress has directly addressed the question at

issue, then the court and the agency must give effect to the clearly expressed intent of Congress.

See id. at 842-43. If, however, the court determines that an agency’s enabling statute is silent or

unclear with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency’s

answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute. See id. at 843.

       Whether statutory ambiguity exists is for the Court to decide, and the Court “owe[s] the

agency no deference on the existence of ambiguity.” Am. Bar Ass’n v. FTC, 430 F.3d 457, 468

(D.C. Cir. 2005). If the Court determines that the statute is either silent or ambiguous, the Court

must then proceed to the second component of Chevron and determine whether the agency’s

position is based on a permissible construction of the statute. Colo. Wild Horse & Burro Coal.,

639 F. Supp. 2d at 91. Courts are hesitant to “presume a delegation of power based solely on the

fact that there is not an express withholding of such power.” Am. Petroleum Inst. v. EPA, 52

F.3d 1113, 1120 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (citing Ethyl Corp. v. EPA, 51 F.3d 1053, 1060-61 (D.C. Cir.

1995)). Similarly, “the duty to act under certain carefully defined circumstances simply does not

subsume the discretion to act under other, wholly different, circumstances, unless the statute

bears such a reading.” Ry. Labor. Execs. Ass’n v. Nat’l Mediation Bd., 29 F.3d 655, 671 (D.C.

Cir. 1994) (emphasis omitted); see also id. at 670 (“categorically reject[ing]” the Board’s

                                                 23
suggestion that “it possesses plenary authority to act within a given area simply because

Congress has endowed it with some authority to act in that area”).

       1. The EPA’s Authority Under the SMCRA

       As noted above, “Congress chose a special kind of regulatory structure for the [SMCRA],

in which the federal government shares administrative responsibility with the states.” In re

PSMRL, 653 F.2d at 518. It is, however, the Secretary of the Interior, acting through the Office

of Surface Mining, who executes the duties that the SMCRA imposes on the federal side of the

state-federal relationship. The SMCRA grants to the EPA only the ability to comment on and

provide its written concurrence prior to the Secretary’s approval of a state SMCRA permitting

program. In other words, once the EPA has given its assent to approve a state SMCRA

permitting program, the SMCRA affords it no further authority in the oversight or administration

of the SMCRA regime. The plaintiffs are therefore correct that “[n]othing in the SMCRA

expressly—or even implicitly—contemplates that [the] EPA will ‘work with’ SMCRA

permitting authorities to incorporate [Best Management Practices] or otherwise influence permit

terms.” Pls.’ Mem. at 30. As the SMCRA unambiguously limits the EPA’s authority, there is no

need to advance to the second step of the Chevron analysis.

       Attempting to cast the issue differently, the defendants argue that the Final Guidance

does not violate the SMCRA because “there is substantial overlap between issues that are

appropriately considered by the SMCRA permitting authority during its permit process, and

issues that are properly considered by the Corps during its CWA Section 404 permit process or

by State permitting authorities during the 402 permitting process.” Defs.’ Mem. at 30-31; see

Pls.’ Mem. at 27 (“[The] EPA seeks to either duplicate or undo the work of SMCRA permitting

authorities under the guise of ensuring compliance with the 404(b)(1) Guidelines.”). Regardless

                                                24
of any purported overlap between the SMCRA and the CWA, the defendants’ argument fails.

Under the CWA, the EPA possesses neither the authority to apply the 404(b)(1) Guidelines to

Section 404 permits, nor, once it has approved state permitting programs, the authority to work

with the regulated industry on their Section 402 permits. For example, the defendants assert that

the “[Final] Guidance identifies best management practices that can facilitate compliance with

the CWA and the 404(b)(1) Guidelines,” but, as explained above, the EPA itself has a very

limited role in the issuance of CWA permits and has only the authority to develop the 404(b)(1)

guidelines with the Corps (while it is the Corps, as the permitting authority, that actually

determines compliance with the guidelines). It is thus beyond the EPA’s purview to declare that

“[p]rojects should fully evaluate and, where appropriate and practicable, incorporate the

following general aspects of effective impact minimization” or to attempt to specify to the Office

of Surface Mining or the State SMCRA agency what constitutes an “appropriate” best

management practice. Final Guidance at 36 (A.R. FG005475).

       Moreover, the defendants themselves seemingly recognize the limitations on their

permitting authority as they correctly identify the entities that do possess such authority: the

Corps and state permitting authorities. See Defs.’ Mem. at 30. Thus, even assuming the

existence of overlap between the SMCRA and the CWA, it is not the EPA that is responsible for

working with the SMCRA permitting authorities on matters where overlap exists. Stated

differently, in circumstances where the EPA lacks the authority to issue the permits, whether

there is overlap between requirements for SMCRA permits and CWA permits is of no moment.

Accordingly, the EPA cannot justify its incursion into the SMCRA permitting scheme by relying

on its authority under the CWA—it has no such permitting authority. The EPA has therefore

                                                 25
impermissibly interjected itself into the SMCRA permitting process with the issuance of the

Final Guidance.

       2. The EPA’s Authority Under the CWA

       The plaintiffs assert that, with the issuance of the Final Guidance, the EPA has

overstepped the limitations on its CWA authority in two principal ways: (1) by setting “what is

tantamount to a region-wide water quality criterion for conductivity,” thus infringing on the

State’s role under Section 303, Pls.’ Mem. at 32, and (2) by insisting that draft permits contain a

pre-issuance reasonable potential analysis, thus “usurping the State’s primary authority to

determine when and if a discharge has the ‘reasonable potential’ to exceed” water quality

standards, Defs.’ Mem. at 37. The Court will examine each of these contentions in turn.

       a. The EPA’s Section 303 Authority

       As explained above, Section 303 of the CWA allocates primary authority for the

development of water quality standards to the states. All parties agree that the EPA does have

the authority to promulgate section 303 water quality standards in certain instances, but likewise

agree that they those procedures have not been undertaken here. See Defs.’ Mem. at 33, n.23

(citing Pls.’ Mem. at 9-10, 31); see also 33 U.S.C. § 1313(c)(3)-(4). Logically, then, having

recognized that the EPA has only limited authority under Section 303 to establish water quality

standards, and having conceded that it has not exercised that authority here, the question is not

what authority the EPA possess. The question necessarily becomes whether the EPA, through

the Final Guidance, has established a water quality standard. And this is where the parties

disagree. See Pls.’ Mem. at 32 (arguing that the Final Guidance amounts to a region-wide water

quality criterion for conductivity); Defs.’ Mem. at 33 (asserting that the Final Guidance does not

set a region-wide water quality criterion for conductivity).

                                                26
       Throughout their briefs, the defendants assert the nonbinding language of the Final

Guidance, but nowhere more than in regard to the conductivity “benchmarks” or “triggers.” See

Defs.’ Mem. at 33 (“The conductivity benchmarks set forth in the [Final] Guidance are just

that—benchmarks.”); id. (“Neither the language of the [Final] Guidance itself, nor the

experience in the field, supports [the p]laintiffs’ contention that the conductivity benchmarks are

binding water quality standards or that they have been applied as such.”); id. at 34 (“There is

simply nothing in the [Final] Guidance to support [the p]laintiffs’ assertion that the conductivity

benchmarks are binding water quality standards.”); id. at 36 (noting that the Final Guidance

merely “recommends” that states give serious consideration to the science contained in the

EPA’s two studies, which indicated that substantial impacts on aquatic life occur as conductivity

increases beyond the lower range of the EPA’s benchmark). The defendants thus offer nothing

more than a repetition of the arguments made in regard to the finality of the Final Guidance,

arguments earlier ejected by the Court.

       With the Court and the parties all in agreement as to the EPA’s statutory authority under

Section 303, the assessment of the plaintiffs’ claim that the EPA has impermissibly infringed on

the states’ Section 303 authority is less a matter of statutory interpretation and more a matter of

assessing the Final Guidance itself. Accordingly, in light of its earlier determination that the

Final Guidance’s conductivity benchmarks were being treated as binding by the EPA’s regional

offices, see supra at 14, 17, the Court must again conclude that the Final Guidance impermissibly

sets a conductivity criterion for water quality. The EPA has, therefore, overstepped the authority

afforded it by Section 303 of the CWA.

                                                 27
       b. The EPA’s Section 402 Authority

       As described earlier in this Memorandum Opinion, the Appalachian States subject to the

Final Guidance all have EPA-approved permitting programs and thus administer the Section 402

permitting scheme for permits sought within their state borders. As such, the states are the

primary permitting authority for Section 402 permits, but must submit draft permits to the EPA

for review. Should the EPA determine that the draft permit does not meet the requirements of

the CWA, the EPA possesses the statutory authority to object to that draft permit. If the state

does not respond to the EPA’s objection, the EPA may assume the responsibility to issue the

permit. It is this authority—the authority to review draft permits for compliance with the

CWA—that the defendants cite as the authority underpinning the Final Guidance.

       The plaintiffs assert that the EPA has usurped the State’s primary authority to determine

when and if a discharge has the reasonable potential to exceed state water quality standards.

Pls.’ Mem. at 37. Specifically, the plaintiffs maintain that

       it is the state permitting authority, not [the] EPA, that “determines,” in the first
       instance, whether the discharge has the “reasonable potential” to exceed state
       water quality standards and whether [the] next steps (e.g., adopting numeric
       [Section 301] effluent limits for conductivity in order to meet state narrative water
       quality standards for such pollutants) must be taken.

Id.; see also id. at 38 (“40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1) is clear and unambiguous that states, not [the]

EPA, make the ‘reasonable potential’ determination.”) The plaintiffs continue: “There is no

permissible construction of the CWA or its regulatory scheme that would permit [the] EPA to

displace state permitting authorities from their role of determining whether a discharge violates

their own state narrative water quality standards and/or when specific numeric effluent limits

must be established.” Id. at 38; see also Pls.’ Reply at 22 (“Under the plain language of the

CWA, the states, not [the] EPA, determine how to best interpret their narrative standards and

                                                 28
when there is a reasonable potential to cause or contribute to an excursion from those standards.

[The] EPA cannot substitute its judgment for the states’ in a guidance document.”). Lastly, the

plaintiffs maintain that since the issuance of the Final Guidance, “[s]tate permitting authorities

no longer have the discretion to conduct post-permit [reasonable potential analyses] and

determine through collection of site-specific data whether the discharge actually will cause or

has the potential to cause a violation of state standards.” Pls.’ Mem. at 38.

        The defendants respond that the “EPA promulgated regulations more than 20 years ago

that require state permitting authorities to incorporate water quality-based effluent limitations in

permits for all pollutants that have the reasonable potential to cause or contribute to an excursion

above any applicable water quality standard, including narrative water quality standards.” Defs.’

Mem. at 36. The defendants further maintain that “[w]hile the reasonable potential

determination rests with the State in the first instance, existing regulations require that States

consider relevant information when performing a reasonable potential analysis for narrative

standards.” 11 Id. at 38; see also Def.-Ints.’ Mem. at 6 (“The [Final] Guidance appropriately

recommends a pre-permit [reasonable potential analysis] because this analysis is already

mandated by Section 402 regulations.”). Finally, and most telling, the defendants argue that the

“[Final] Guidance merely sets forth [the] EPA’s presumption that the science supporting the

conductivity benchmarks will be relevant to the reasonable potential analysis, and [the] EPA’s

11
          The defendants also advance their recurring argument that the Final Guidance’s is not binding and merely
recommends a pre-issuance reasonable potential analysis. See, e.g., Defs.’ Mem. at 38 (contending that the “[Final]
Guidance does no more than suggest approaches to ensure that the permit complies with existing regulations”); id. at
39 (claiming that the Final Guidance does not dictate when the reasonable potential analysis must be performed or
how necessary water quality-based effluent limitations must be incorporated in an NPDES permit). To the extent
that these arguments are separable from the assertion that the EPA possesses the underlying statutory or regulatory
authority asserted, the Court rejects the arguments that the Final Guidance is not binding for the same reasons set
forth at various points earlier in this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                        29
suggestion that relevant data can be secured through evaluation of similarly situated facilities in

adjacent watersheds.” Defs.’ Mem. at 38.

         It is thus clear that the parties’ disagreement boils down to whether the CWA and its

implementing regulations—specifically, 40 C.F.R. § 122.44—require that the reasonable

potential analysis be conducted prior to the state’s issuance of a Section 402 permit. In making

this assessment, the Court must “‘give substantial deference to an agency’s interpretation of its

own regulations.’” St. Mark’s Housing Co., Inc. v. HUD, 610 F.3d 75, 82 (D.C. Cir. 2010)

(quoting Thomas Jefferson Univ. v. Shalala, 512 U.S. 504, 512 (1994)). To be sure, “‘the

agency’s interpretation must be given controlling weight unless it is plainly erroneous or

inconsistent with the regulation.’” St. Mark’s Housing Co., 610 F.3d at 82 (quoting Thomas

Jefferson Univ., 512 U.S. at 512).

         In pertinent part, 12 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1) reads as follows:

         In addition to the conditions established under § 122.43(a), each NPDES permit
         shall include conditions meeting the following requirements when applicable.
                                                 ...
         (d) Water quality standards and State requirements: any requirements in addition
         to or more stringent than promulgated effluent limitations guidelines or standards
         under sections 301, 304, 306, 307, 318, and 405 of CWA necessary to:

         (1) Achieve water quality standards established under section 303 of the CWA,
         including State narrative criteria for water quality.

         (i) Limitations must control all pollutants or pollutant parameters (either
         conventional, nonconventional, or toxic pollutants) which the Director[13]

12
         As plaintiffs’ counsel explained at the July 13, 2012 hearing, § 122.44(d)(1)(vi) is not applicable as
Kentucky has established water quality criterion for specific chemical pollutants. And, for reasons unclear to the
Court, the pre-issuance reasonable potential analysis has apparently only manifested as a problem in Kentucky. See
Pls.’ Mem. at 39, n.30 (“Although West Virginia has not shared Kentucky’s experience regarding pre-permit
[reasonable potential analyses] and permit reopener clauses, it joins and fully supports Kentucky’s challenge thereto.
Kentucky’s experience mirrors that of West Virginia insofar as [the] EPA seeks to undo its prior permitting practices
and override the states’ CWA Authority.”).
13
         40 C.F.R § 122.2 makes clear that “Director means the Regional Administrator or the State Director, as the
context requires, or an authorized representative. When there is no ‘approved State program,’ and there is an EPA
                                                                                                    (Continued . . . )

                                                         30
        determines are or may be discharged at a level which will cause, have the
        reasonable potential to cause, or contribute to an excursion above any State water
        quality standard, including State narrative criteria for water quality.

        (ii) When determining whether a discharge causes, has the reasonable potential to
        cause, or contributes to an in-stream excursion above a narrative or numeric
        criteria within a State water quality standard, the permitting authority shall use
        procedures which account for existing controls on point and nonpoint sources of
        pollution, the variability of the pollutant or pollutant parameter in the effluent, the
        sensitivity of the species to toxicity testing (when evaluating whole effluent
        toxicity), and where appropriate, the dilution of the effluent in the receiving
        water.

        (iii) When the permitting authority determines, using the procedures in paragraph
        (d)(1)(ii) of this section, that a discharge causes, has the reasonable potential to
        cause, or contributes to an in-stream excursion above the allowable ambient
        concentration of a State numeric criteria within a State water quality standard for
        an individual pollutant, the permit must contain effluent limits for that pollutant.

        (iv) When the permitting authority determines, using the procedures in paragraph
        (d)(1)(ii) of this section, that a discharge causes, has the reasonable potential to
        cause, or contributes to an in-stream excursion above the numeric criterion for
        whole effluent toxicity, the permit must contain effluent limits for whole effluent
        toxicity.

        (v) Except as provided in this subparagraph, when the permitting authority
        determines, using the procedures in paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, toxicity
        testing data, or other information, that a discharge causes, has the reasonable
        potential to cause, or contributes to an in-stream excursion above a narrative
        criterion within an applicable State water quality standard, the permit must
        contain effluent limits for whole effluent toxicity. Limits on whole effluent
        toxicity are not necessary where the permitting authority demonstrates in the fact
        sheet or statement of basis of the NPDES permit, using the procedures in
        paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, that chemical-specific limits for the effluent
        are sufficient to attain and maintain applicable numeric and narrative State water
        quality standards.

40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(i)-(v) (footnote and emphases added).

        There is no quarrel here that the “permitting authority” referenced in the regulation is the

state, as all Appalachian states have EPA approval to administer Section 402 permitting regimes

( . . . continued)
administrative program, ‘Director’ means the Regional Administrator. When there is an approved State program,
‘Director’ normally means the State Director.”

                                                      31
for coal mining projects on lands within their state boundaries. And it is clear that the permitting

authority is afforded the authority to determine whether a discharge “causes, has the reasonable

potential to cause, or contributes to” and excursion of water quality standards. Id. §

122.44(d)(1)(ii). As written, the regulation does not mandate when the state permitting authority

must conduct its analysis of the discharge’s impact on the water quality standard. For example,

40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(i) provides that “limitations must control all pollutants . . . which the

Director determines are or may be discharged,” suggesting that the pollutants could already have

been discharged at the time the Director makes the determination or may be discharged in the

future. Additionally, the regulation sets forth procedures for the state-permitting authorities to

use “when determining whether a discharge causes, has the reasonable potential to cause, or

contributes to an in-stream excursion above a narrative or numeric criteria within a State water

quality standard.” 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d)(1)(ii) (emphasis added). The fact that two of these

determinations are written in the present—rather than future—tense belies the defendants’

assertion that the CWA, and particularly § 122.44, require a pre-issuance reasonable potential

analysis. To be clear, the Court agrees that § 122.44(d)(1) sets forth requirements with which the

states must comply, but it does not impose or mandate the timing of that compliance (i.e.,

whether compliance must be achieved prior to the issuance of the permit).

       Accordingly, the EPA’s “presumption” that, based on the scientific studies regarding

conductivity, it is likely that all discharges will lead to an excursion or that the conductivity

studies will be instructive on the matter, Defs.’ Mem. at 38, removes the reasonable potential

analysis from the realm of state regulators. In other words, by presuming anything with regard to

the reasonable potential analysis, the EPA has effectively removed that determination from the

state authority. And there can be no question that a plain reading of the regulation leaves that

                                                  32
determination, and the decision as to when it must be made, solely to state permitting authorities.

The EPA’s interpretation of the regulation, an interpretation on which it has premised the Final

Guidance, is therefore “inconsistent with the regulation” itself. St. Mark’s Housing Co., 610

F.3d at 82. Should the EPA wish to alter the manner by which an reasonable potential analysis is

conducted, it is of course free to amend the regulation in a manner consistent with the APA and

its own statutory authority. Until it does so, however, it cannot make the reasonable potential

determination for the states. The Final Guidance’s “recommendation”—which the Court has

found is more than a mere suggestion—that permitting authorities should not defer reasonable

potential analyses until after permit issuance, therefore finds no support in the CWA or 40 C.F.R.

§ 122.44(d)(1).

                                          V. CONCLUSION

        The Court is not unappreciative of the viable interests asserted by all parties to this

litigation. How to best strike a balance between, on the one hand, the need to preserve the

verdant landscapes and natural resources of Appalachia and, on the other hand, the economic

role that coal mining plays in the region is not, however, a question for the Court to decide. In

this litigation, the sole inquiry for the Court is the legality of the Final Guidance, and, for the

reasons set forth above, that inquiry yields the conclusion that the EPA has overstepped its

statutory authority under the CWA and the SMCRA, and infringed on the authority afforded

state regulators by those statutes. Accordingly, because the EPA has exceeded its statutory

authority, the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment is granted and the defendants’

motion for partial summary judgment is denied. 14

14
        The Court will contemporaneously issue an Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                    33
     REGGIE B. WALTON
     United States District Judge

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