Court Opinion

ID: 2700594
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 19:23:02.209408+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:51:49.283581
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Maui Toys v. Brown, 2014-Ohio-583.]
                          STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY

                                 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                      SEVENTH DISTRICT

MAUI TOYS, INC.,                               )
                                               )
        PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,                   )
                                               )            CASE NO. 12 MA 172
V.                                             )
                                               )                  OPINION
MICHAEL H. BROWN, ET AL.,                      )
                                               )
        DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES.                  )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                      Civil Appeal from Court of Common
                                               Pleas of Mahoning County, Ohio
                                               Case No. 09CV978

JUDGMENT:                                      Reversed and Remanded

APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellant                        Atty. Timothy J. Jacob
                                               Atty. David A. Detec
                                               Atty. Thomas J. Lipka
                                               201 E. Commerce St., Atrium Level Two
                                               Youngstown, Ohio 44503

For Defendants-Appellees                       Atty. Marshall D. Buck
                                               100 Federal Plaza East, Suite 926
                                               Youngstown, Ohio 44503

JUDGES:

Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
Hon. Mary DeGenaro

                                               Dated: February 13, 2014
[Cite as Maui Toys v. Brown, 2014-Ohio-583.]
DONOFRIO, J.

        {¶1}    Plaintiff-appellant Maui Toys, Inc., appeals from a Mahoning County
Common Pleas Court judgment denying its motion for leave to amend and dismissing
its complaint against defendant-appellees, Michael Brown, Zippy Toyz, LLC, and
Gary Brown, for lack of personal jurisdiction.
                            Factual and Procedural Background
        {¶2}    Appellant is an Ohio corporation with its principal place of business in
California. Appellant is the production-affiliate of Kessler Services, Inc. (Kessler), an
executive management company incorporated in Nevada with its principal place of
business in California. Brian Kessler (not a party to this action) is the president of
both appellant and Kessler. Appellant is Kessler’s only client; the two entities are
indistinguishable with regard to financial obligations and corporate record-keeping.
        {¶3}    Appellant is a manufacturer and wholesaler of toys including “hula”
hoops. Appellant operates a manufacturing, warehousing, and shipping facility in
Youngstown, Ohio. Appellant’s cornerstone product is assembled, warehoused, and
shipped nationwide from the Youngstown facility.
        {¶4}    Appellee Michael Brown is a California resident and former employee of
Kessler. Appellee Michael Brown’s employment with Kessler began in June 1997,
and continued until April 2008. It should be noted that it is not entirely clear from the
record whether he was employed by Kessler Services or by appellant because for the
duration of his employment, he held the title of Controller and Global Operations
Manager for appellant. Nonetheless, throughout his employment, he resided in
California; his office was also located in California. It is undisputed that he has never
maintained an office in Ohio, nor has he ever transacted business here in his
personal capacity. Additionally, he has never owned bank accounts, real property, or
personal property in Ohio, and he has never paid Ohio state taxes. He has never
initiated litigation in Ohio and has never voluntarily submitted to jurisdiction in Ohio.
        {¶5}    However, as Controller and Global Operations Manager, appellee
Michael Brown was responsible for appellant’s Youngstown facility and operations;
the Ohio operations manager reported directly to him by telephone, e-mail, or fax, on
an hourly basis, each day. Additionally, he was required to make trips to the
                                                                              -2-

Youngstown facility 6-7 times per year for a total of 30-45 days per year to meet with
vendors and negotiate prices with potential suppliers.
       {¶6}   It is not disputed that as appellant’s Controller and Global Operations
Manager, appellee Michael Brown possessed access to confidential business and
trade secret information. On February 1, 2008, in consideration of terminating his
employment with Kessler, he signed a Confidentiality and Proprietary Information
Agreement (Confidentiality Agreement) in which he contracted that he would not
disclose appellant’s confidential information. Additionally, on April 24, 2008, he
signed a Confidential Separation Agreement (Separation Agreement) containing a
permissive forum selection clause providing that an action seeking to enforce the
terms of the Confidentiality Agreement may be brought in California.
       {¶7}   While still working for appellant, appellee Michael Brown along with
appellee Gary Brown formed appellee Zippy Toyz, LLC (appellee Zippy Toyz) on
April 26, 2007. Appellee Michael Brown is the statutory agent for appellee Zippy
Toyz. It is a California limited liability company involved in the manufacture and sale
of toys to the general public. Its operations take place in California; it does not
maintain any offices, representatives, or operations in Ohio; it does not report any
income from the state of Ohio. On April 6, 2009, during the course of discovery in this
action, appellee Michael Brown dissolved appellee Zippy Toyz, LLC and
reincorporated the business under the name Zippy Toyz, Inc.
       {¶8}   Appellee Gary Brown is both the son of appellee Michael Brown and an
employee of appellee Zippy Toyz. It is undisputed that appellee Gary Brown was and
remains a California resident at all times relevant to appellant’s complaint; that he
does not own an Ohio bank account or any other real or personal property in Ohio;
that he does not have an Ohio driver’s license; that he has never voted in Ohio; that
he does not maintain an Ohio mailing address or maintain a business office in Ohio;
that he has never filed Ohio state income taxes; and that he has never voluntarily
submitted to the jurisdiction of Ohio.
                                                                               -3-

      {¶9}   On March 18, 2009, appellant filed this action alleging that appellees
Michael Brown and Gary Brown formed appellee Zippy Toyz for the purpose of
competing with appellant. Therein, appellant alleged that after terminating his
employment with Kessler, appellee Michael Brown utilized appellant’s confidential
trade secrets and pricing lists in breach of his confidentiality agreement. Appellant
also alleged that appellees Gary Brown and Zippy Toyz acted in concert with
appellee Michael Brown to utilize said information. Specifically, the complaint alleges:
(1) breach of the Confidentiality Agreement; (2) business interference; (3) unfair
competition; (4) unauthorized use and dissemination of trade secrets; and (5)
violation of the Ohio Uniform Trade Secrets Act.
      {¶10} Before filing their answer and counterclaim, appellees immediately
moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction over any of the appellees pursuant
to Civ.R. 12(B)(2); appellees attached a supplemental memorandum in support of
their motion to dismiss. Thereafter, appellant filed a memorandum in opposition and
appellees replied.
      {¶11} On August 17, 2009, after considering the arguments set forth in the
parties’ briefs as well as the relevant case law and statutory law, the trial court
overruled defendants’ motion to dismiss by judgment entry and set the matter for a
status hearing before a magistrate. The trial court further ordered that appellees file
the Separation Agreement under seal upon their own motion and good cause shown.
      {¶12} On September 11, 2009, the magistrate set the jury trial for May 18,
2010; thereafter, the matter proceeded to mediation, discovery, and other pre-trial
matters.
      {¶13} On December 14, 2009, defendants filed their answer to appellant’s
complaint; appellees raised four defenses. Additionally, appellee Michael Brown
counterclaimed for breach of contract. Therein, he alleged that appellant breached
the express terms of the Separation Agreement by failing to submit to arbitration in
California. He requested that he be awarded judgment against appellant in excess of
$25,000 for all attorney fees and expenses incurred.
                                                                                  -4-

       {¶14} In the meantime, appellant learned that, during the course of discovery,
appellees dissolved appellee Zippy Toyz, LLC, and reincorporated under the name
Zippy Toyz, Inc. Pursuant to Civ.R. 15(A), appellant moved for leave to amend its
complaint to add appellee Zippy Toyz, Inc. as a party to this action. Thereafter,
appellant also filed a motion to compel discovery to obtain information regarding the
formation, operations, and corporate structure of Zippy Toyz, Inc.
       {¶15} Refusing to produce any of the requested materials, appellees filed a
memorandum in opposition to appellant’s motion for leave to amend and again
moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. As their basis for revisiting the
issue, appellees pointed to the fact that the case had since been referred to a
magistrate as agreed to by the parties. The magistrate set a hearing for September
12, 2011. Appellant again responded with its own memorandum in opposition to
appellees’ motion to dismiss. The parties’ briefs in support of, and in opposition to,
appellees’ second motion to dismiss were nearly identical to those presented to the
trial court at the commencement of this action.
       {¶16} Prior to the hearing set by the magistrate for September 12, 2011, and
without any hearing on the matter in the interim, the trial court judge abruptly denied
appellant’s motion for leave to amend its complaint and found that it did not have
jurisdiction over the named appellees and that the Courts of Ohio are an improper
forum for this action. As grounds for dismissal, the trial court pointed to the fact that
appellant’s principal place of business is in California; that all appellees are located in
California; that the parties’ Separation Agreement provides that all claims for the use
of confidential information should be litigated in California courts; and that the parties
have agreed by contract that California courts are the proper jurisdiction for resolving
the disputes asserted in the present litigation.
       {¶17} This appeal followed.

                               Assignment of Error # 1
                                                                                -5-

       {¶18} On appeal, appellant lists two assignments of error. In the first,
appellant argues that:

       THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING THE DEFENDANT’S MOTION
TO DISMISS.

       {¶19} Under this assignment of error, appellant presents two issues: (1) “the
trial court erred in determining that it did not have personal jurisdiction over the
defendants,” and (2) “the trial court erred in holding that the parties had contractually
agreed to litigate this matter in California.”
       {¶20} As     to   appellant’s    second   issue,   the   Separation   Agreement
unambiguously provides for a permissive – rather than mandatory – forum selection
clause. The parties did not contractually agree to litigate this matter in California but
rather agreed that they may bring an action for disputes arising out of the
Confidentiality Agreement in California should they so choose.
       {¶21} Turning to the first issue, this Court must determine whether the trial
court erred in determining that it did not have personal jurisdiction over the
defendants.
       {¶22} When determining whether an Ohio court has personal jurisdiction over
a nonresident defendant, the court is obligated to engage in a two-step analysis.
First, the court must determine whether Ohio’s long-arm statute, R.C. 2307.382, and
the complementary civil rule, Civ.R. 4.3(A)(1), confer personal jurisdiction. Snyder
Computer Sys., Inc., at ¶ 11. If so, the next step is to determine whether granting
personal jurisdiction would deprive the defendant of the right to due process of law
pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Id., citing
Goldstein v. Christiansen, 70 Ohio St. 3d 232, 235, 638 N.E.2d 541 (1994).
Additionally, Ohio courts do recognize the fiduciary shield doctrine as a limit to a
court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction. See e.g. S & R Recycling, Inc., at ¶ 27;
Heritage Funding & Leasing Co. v. Phee, 120 Ohio App. 3d 422, 430, 98 N.E.2d 67
(10th Dist.1997).
                                                                               -6-

      {¶23} The trial court’s ruling granting the motion to dismiss or vacate for lack
of personal jurisdiction is reviewed under a de novo standard. State ex rel. DeWine v.
S & R Recycling, Inc., 195 Ohio App. 3d 744, 2011-Ohio-3371, 961 N.E.2d 1153, ¶ 8
(7th Dist.), quoting Snyder Computer Sys., Inc. v. Stives, 175 Ohio App. 3d 653,
2008-Ohio-1192, 888 N.E.2d 1117, ¶ 1 (7th Dist.). In this case, upon the appellees’
motion to dismiss, it became appellant’s burden to establish that the trial court had
jurisdiction over the defendants. Lucas v. P&L Paris Corp., 7th Dist. No. 11-MA-104,
2012-Ohio-4357, ¶ 14. Because the court decided appellees’ Civ.R. 12(B)(2) motions
without an evidentiary hearing, appellant need only to make a prima facie showing of
jurisdiction. Kauffman Racing Equip., L.L.C. v. Roberts, 126 Ohio St. 3d 81, 2010-
Ohio-2551, 930 N.E.2d 784, ¶ 27. Further, in making its determination, this Court
must “view allegations in the pleadings and the documentary evidence in a light most
favorable” to appellant and resolve all reasonable competing inferences in favor of
appellant. Id., quoting Goldstein v. Christiansen, 70 Ohio St. 3d 232, 236, 638 N.E.2d
541 (1994).
                             Fiduciary Shield Doctrine
      {¶24} As a preliminary matter, we address whether the fiduciary shield
doctrine prevents this Court from considering appellee Michael Brown’s actions as
Kessler’s Controller and Global Operations Manager for appellant. Without explicitly
asserting as much, appellees suggest that it does.
      {¶25} The fiduciary shield doctrine prevents a court from considering an
individual’s acts done in an official capacity when analyzing whether the individual is
subject to personal jurisdiction in the forum state. S & R Recycling, Inc., at ¶ 27,
citing Heritage Funding & Leasing Co., at 430. In other words, “corporate employees
performing acts in their corporate capacity are not subject to the personal jurisdiction
of a court for such acts.” Heritage Funding & Leasing Co., at 430.
      {¶26} Appellees emphasize the fact that appellee Michael Brown was
employed by Kessler Services, a Nevada corporation, and not by appellant.
Appellees point to the fact that appellee Michael Brown was and remains a resident
                                                                             -7-

of California; that he only paid California state income taxes while employed at
Kessler; and that he has never maintained a residence, office, or otherwise
personally transacted any business in Ohio. On those bases, appellees assert that
any of appellee Michael Brown’s physical or electronic contacts with Ohio were made
solely within the scope of his employment at Kessler, and were made only in
furtherance of Kessler’s relationship with appellant. Thus, appellees suggest, Ohio
does not have jurisdiction over defendants because any contacts between appellee
Michael Brown and Ohio were made in his corporate capacity as an agent of Kessler
and thus cannot be considered here for purposes of determining jurisdiction over him
in his individual capacity.
       {¶27} Even assuming for the sake of argument that appellee Michael Brown
was in fact employed by Kessler and not by appellant, appellees are incorrect.
       {¶28} There are exceptions to the fiduciary shield doctrine. First, “Ohio law
provides that a corporate officer can be held personally liable for a tort committed
while acting within the scope of his employment.” Yo-Can, Inc. v. Yogurt Exch., 149
Ohio App. 3d 513, 2002-Ohio-5194, 778 N.E.2d 80, ¶ 47 (7th Dist.), quoting Atram v.
Star Tool & Die Corp., 64 Ohio App. 3d 388, 393, 581 N.E.2d 1110 (8th Dist.1989).
Because a corporate agent may be held personally liable for tortious conduct
committed in his or her corporate capacity, courts may likewise attribute those
tortious acts to the individual for purposes of determining personal jurisdiction. See
MedChoice Fin., LLC v. ADS Alliance Data Sys., S.D.Ohio No. 2:11-CV-212, 2012
WL 995309, *5 (Mar. 22, 2012), quoting Natl. Precast Crypt Co. v. Dy-Core of
Pennsylvania, Inc., 785 F.Supp 1186, 1191 (W.D.Pa.1992) (providing general
background information on the fiduciary shield doctrine and its exceptions). Thus,
where a defendant commits tortious acts in his or her corporate capacity, the tort
exception applies for purposes of determining personal jurisdiction over a corporate
agent who would otherwise be immunized from personal jurisdiction by the fiduciary
shield doctrine.
                                                                                -8-

       {¶29} Secondly, under the “alter ego” exception, where an individual
defendant is alleged to be the “alter ego” of a corporate defendant, a court will “pierce
the corporate veil” so as to obtain personal jurisdiction over that individual based on
acts taken in his corporate, representative capacity. See e.g. S & R Recycling, at ¶
27. It should be noted that the “alter-ego” exception to the fiduciary shield doctrine is
distinct from, but not inconsistent with, the aforementioned tort exception. See
generally S & R Recycling, in conjunction with MedChoice Fin., LLC v. ADS Alliance
Data Sys., supra.
       {¶30} Here, the issue is not whether appellee Michael Brown is the “alter ego”
of Kessler Services or whether Ohio has jurisdiction over him in addition to, or by
virtue of, having jurisdiction over his corporate employer. Rather, appellant seeks
relief from him for torts that he allegedly committed in his official capacity. As
appellant asserts, this action involves claims for business interference, unfair
competition, unauthorized use of trade secrets, and violations of Ohio’s Trade
Secrets Act – all claims sounding in tort. Thus, the tort exception, and not the “alter
ego” exception, to the fiduciary shield doctrine applies.
       {¶31} Accordingly, the fiduciary shield doctrine does not prevent this Court
from considering appellee Michael Brown’s acts done in his official capacity when
analyzing whether he is subject to personal jurisdiction in Ohio. We now turn to those
actions to determine whether Ohio’s long-arm statute and corresponding rule of civil
procedure confer personal jurisdiction, and to determine whether the exercise of
personal jurisdiction here would comport with due process of law.
                              Ohio’s Long-Arm Statute
       {¶32} First, R.C. 2307.382 provides in pertinent part:

              (A) A court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person who
       acts directly or by an agent, as to a cause of action arising from the
       person’s:
              (1) Transacting any business in this state;
              ***
                                                                              -9-

             (6) Causing tortious injury in this state to any person by an act
      outside this state committed with the purpose of injuring persons, when
      he might reasonably have expected that some person would be injured
      thereby in this state[.]

      {¶33} Similarly, Civ.R. 4.3(A)(1) provides in pertinent part:

             (A) When service permitted
             Service of process may be made outside of this state, as
      provided in this rule, in any action in this state, upon a person who, at
      the time of service of process, is a nonresident of this state * * *.
      “Person” includes an individual, an individual’s executor, administrator,
      or other personal representative, or a corporation, partnership,
      association, or any other legal or commercial entity, who, acting directly
      or by an agent, has caused an event to occur out of which the claim
      that is the subject of the complaint arose, from the person’s:
             (1) Transacting any business in this state;
             ***
             (9) Causing tortious injury in this state to any person by an act
      outside this state committed with the purpose of injuring persons, when
      the person to be served might reasonably have expected that some
      person would be injured by the act in this state[.]

      {¶34} Together, R.C. 2307.382 and Civ.R. 4.3(A)(1) authorize a court to
exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant and provide for service of
process to effectuate that jurisdiction when a cause of action arises from the
nonresident defendant’s transacting any business in this state. Corporate Partners,
L.P. v. Natl. Westminster Bank PLC, 126 Ohio App. 3d 516, 521, 710 N.E.2d 1144
(7th Dist.1998). The term “transact,” means to “prosecute negotiations”; to “carry on
business”; or to “have dealings.” See Kentucky Oaks Mall Co. v. Mitchell’s Formal
Wear, Inc., 53 Ohio St. 3d 73, 75, 559 N.E.2d 477 (1990), certiorari denied, 499 U.S.
                                                                             - 10 -

975 (1991). The phrase “transacting any business in this state” has been given broad
interpretation by the Ohio Supreme Court. Corporate Partners, at 521, relying on
Goldstein, at 236.
      {¶35} For example, in Kentucky Oaks Mall Co. v. Mitchell’s Formal Wear, Inc.,
the Ohio Supreme Court concluded that negotiating a lease by telephone and mailing
the lease to Ohio constituted “transacting business” under Ohio law; thus, the Court
held, there was personal jurisdiction over the defendant even though the lease was
for premises located in Kentucky and even though the defendant was a Georgia
corporation that was not physically present in Ohio. See generally Kentucky Oaks
Mall Co., supra.
      {¶36} Similarly, in Natl. Westminster Bank., supra, this Court held that a
nonresident securities firm, National Westminster Bank PLC (NatWest), “transacted
business” in Ohio for purposes of satisfying this state’s long-arm statute where
NatWest: (1) was retained by an Ohio-based corporation, Phar-Mor, as its exclusive
placement agent; (2) met with Phar-Mor executives in Youngstown, Ohio; (3) visited
stores and warehouses in Mahoning County; (4) attended meetings and events in the
Youngstown area; and (5) prepared a private placement memorandum for Phar-Mor,
which was ultimately distributed to potential investors. This Court noted that
“NatWest’s actions in preparing the PPM clearly qualif[ied] as transacting business in
this state.” Natl. Westminster Bank, at 524.
      {¶37} Here, appellant first contends that Ohio’s long-arm statute and
applicable rule of civil procedure confer jurisdiction in the instant case. Appellant
argues that appellee Michael Brown transacted business in Ohio for the purposes of
R.C. 2307.382 and Civ.R.4.3(A)(1). In support, appellant points to appellee Michael
Brown’s position as Controller and Global Operations Manager for appellant, his
physical presence at appellant’s Youngstown facility 30-45 days per year, his
daily/hourly electronic contact with appellant’s Youngstown employees, and his
alleged continued contact with the same even after he terminated his employment
with Kessler.
                                                                                  - 11 -

       {¶38} Further, appellant also points to “causing tortious injury” in Ohio as an
additional statutory basis upon which personal jurisdiction over appellee Michael
Brown may be found. Appellant emphasizes that all of its claims are based on
purposeful acts and contends that it has both suffered and demonstrated tortious
injury in Ohio. On this basis, appellant concludes that R.C. 2307.382 (A)(6) and
Civ.R. 4.3(9) confer personal jurisdiction over defendants in the instant case.
       {¶39} Lastly, appellant argues that through their agent, Michael Brown,
appellees Zippy Toyz and Gary Brown have also transacted business in Ohio and
have purposefully caused foreseeable, tortious injury in Ohio. Appellant asserts that
because appellee Michael Brown is the statutory agent for appellees Zippy Toyz and
Gary Brown, R.C. 2307.382 and Civ.R. 4.3 require that this Court impute his actions
to them.
       {¶40} In response, appellees contend that the trial court correctly determined
that it did not have personal jurisdiction over them. Appellees argue that appellant’s
“mere allegations fail to establish Ohio court jurisdiction over Michael Brown,” and
that appellees have not transacted business in Ohio.
       {¶41} In support, appellees argue that appellee Michael Brown was employed
by Kessler and not by appellant; that he was and remains a resident of California;
that he only paid California state income taxes during his employment with Kessler;
and that he has never maintained a residence, office, or otherwise transacted any
business in Ohio. Appellees further contend that while appellee Michael Brown
visited Ohio 30-45 days a year, these trips were within the scope of his employment
with Kessler and made only in furtherance of Kessler’s relationship with appellant. On
these bases, appellees argue that any and all of appellee Michael Brown’s contacts
with Ohio were merely the result of “the unilateral business activity incident to his
employment with Kessler.” Appellees conclude that accordingly, appellee Michael
Brown failed to personally transact any business in Ohio and Ohio cannot assert
personal jurisdiction over him.
                                                                               - 12 -

       {¶42} Additionally, appellees contend that neither appellee Zippy Toyz nor
appellee Gary Brown is subject to Ohio-court jurisdiction. Appellees argue that
neither appellee Zippy Toyz nor appellee Gary Brown have transacted business in
Ohio or have caused tortious injury in Ohio. Appellees further suggest that appellee
Michael Brown’s actions cannot be imputed to appellee Zippy Toyz or to appellee
Gary Brown. In support, appellees point to the fact that appellee Zippy Toyz is a
California limited liability company with all business operations occurring within
California, and that appellee Gary Brown is an employee of appellee Zippy Toyz; that
neither appellee Zippy Toyz nor appellee Gary Brown have ever transacted any
business in Ohio nor maintain any offices, residences, representatives, or operations
in Ohio; that neither appellee Zippy Toyz nor appellee Gary Brown serve Ohio
customers; and that neither appellee Zippy Toyz nor appellee Gary Brown report any
income from the state of Ohio. On these undisputed bases, appellees conclude that
the trial court properly concluded that it lacked personal jurisdiction over both
appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary Brown.
       {¶43} While the factual premises of appellees’ arguments are largely
uncontested, the conclusions drawn therefrom are unsupported by the law; R.C.
2307.382 and Civ.R. 4.3 confer jurisdiction in the instant case.
       {¶44} To invoke personal jurisdiction through Ohio’s long-arm statute and
Civ.R. 4.3, it need only be shown that appellee Michael Brown transacted “any
business” in this state or that he caused tortious injury in this state, and that
appellant’s cause of action arose from such transaction and/or tortious conduct.
       {¶45} For example, while not binding on this Court, the federal district court in
International Paper Co. v. Goldschmidt, 872 F. Supp. 2d 624 (S.D.Ohio 2012), also
found that a nonresident, employee-defendant “transacted business” in Ohio. The
facts in that case are very similar to those presented here.
       {¶46} In Goldschmidt, an Ohio-based employer brought suit against its former
divisional vice president who resided in California and resigned to work for a
competitor, alleging breach of confidentiality agreement, violation of Ohio’s Uniform
                                                                                 - 13 -

Trade Secret Act, breach of fiduciary duties, and breach of duty of loyalty. The
defendant moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and the court denied his
motion. The court found that the California employee had acquired confidential and
trade secret information through its employment with the Ohio company and that his
unauthorized use and disclosure of this information would cause significant harm to
the former Ohio-employer. More to the point, the court found that the former
employee “transacted business” within Ohio where (1) the employee’s position of four
years fell within the company’s Ohio-based division; (2) the employee had regularly
communicated by e-mail, telephone, video, and website with his supervisor and other
company personnel based in Ohio; and (3) the employee’s position involved traveling
from California to Ohio on at least two occasions within six months before his
resignation to physically attend business meetings in Ohio.
       {¶47} Here, while it is true that appellee Michael Brown is a California citizen
who pays only California state-income taxes and does not reside or maintain an
office in Ohio, it is equally well-established that he visited Ohio 30-45 days a year, for
a period of over ten years. The fact that these visits were made in furtherance of
Kessler’s relationship with appellant is legally irrelevant because the fiduciary shield
doctrine does not apply here as appellant’s claims sound in tort. Thus, in light of
Kentucky Oaks Mall Co., Natl. Westminster Bank, and especially Goldschmidt, this
degree of physical presence in the forum alone is sufficient to satisfy R.C. 2307.382
and Civ.R. 4.3.
       {¶48} Nonetheless, even if it is not sufficient, appellee Michael Brown
regularly communicated with appellant’s Ohio employees when he was not physically
present here. In his deposition, appellee Michael Brown confirmed that he
communicated with appellant’s Ohio employees not only daily, but hourly. Appellee
Michael Brown also confirmed that his position as Controller and Operations
Manager for appellant involved actively negotiating prices with potential suppliers.
See Michael Brown Dep. at. p. 114.
                                                                                - 14 -

       {¶49} Where negotiating a lease agreement for out-of-state property over the
telephone constitutes “transacting business” for the purposes of R.C. 2307.382 and
Civ.R. 4.3, hourly electronic communication, every day for the duration of
employment, is sufficient. See generally Kentucky Oaks Mall Co., supra.
       {¶50} Further, appellant’s cause of action clearly arises from appellee Michael
Brown’s transaction of business in Ohio, i.e., his oversight of appellant’s
manufacturing operations. To illustrate, but for his position as appellant’s Controller
and Global Operations Manager, appellant would have no grounds to suspect that he
misappropriated appellant’s trade secrets.
       {¶51} Thus, appellee Michael Brown transacted business in Ohio and
appellant’s cause of action arose out of this transaction of business. Accordingly,
Ohio’s long-arm statute and corresponding rule of civil procedure confer personal
jurisdiction over appellee Michael Brown.
       {¶52} Even if appellee Michael Brown had not transacted business in Ohio
and that, accordingly, neither did appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary Brown, R.C.
2307.382 and Civ.R. 4.3 still confer jurisdiction over them because appellant’s claims
sound in tort. Specifically, R.C. 2307.382(A)(6) and Civ.R. 4.3(A)(9) permit a court to
exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant and provide for service of
process to effectuate that jurisdiction if the cause of action arises from a tortious act
committed, directly or by an agent, outside Ohio, with the purpose of injuring persons,
when the nonresident defendant might reasonably have expected that some person
would be injured thereby in Ohio.
       {¶53} To illustrate, where an employer sued its former employee for
misappropriation of trade secrets after the employee signed several confidentiality
agreements and then retired and moved to another state, this state’s Supreme Court
held that R.C. 2307.382(A)(6) and Civ.R. 4.3(A)(9) conferred personal jurisdiction
over the nonresident defendant because the employee-defendant, by entering into
the non-disclosure agreements, could have reasonably expected that breaching the
agreements by disclosing the confidential information to an out-of-state company in
                                                                                  - 15 -

the same business as plaintiff would injure the plaintiff in Ohio. See Clark v. Connor,
82 Ohio St. 3d 309, 313, 695 N.E.2d 751 (1998).
       {¶54} Here, as appellant asserts, all of its claims sound in tort and are based
on purposeful acts. Further, although appellee Michael Brown may have technically
been employed by Kessler Services and not by appellant, he could have reasonably
expected that appellant would be injured in Ohio because the two corporate entities
are fundamentally indistinguishable; as in Clark v. Connor, by entering into the
confidentiality agreement as appellant’s Controller and Global Operations Manager,
he could have reasonably expected that breaching that agreement would injure
Kessler’s business affiliate (appellant) in Ohio. Thus, it is clear that even if he had not
transacted business in Ohio, R.C. 2307.382(A)(6) and Civ.R.4.3(A)(9) still confer
jurisdiction here.
       {¶55} Moreover, appellant is also correct in its assertion that as an agent of
appellee Zippy Toyz, appellee Michael Brown’s actions may be imputed to appellee
Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary Brown. Appellant correctly asserts that R.C. 2307.382
and Civ.R. 4.3 specifically permit the exercise of personal jurisdiction over a person,
including a corporation or other business entity, who directly or by an agent commits
a tortious act. Appellant claims that appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary Brown,
by and through their agent, appellee Michael Brown, have committed tortious acts
against it by unfairly competing with it through the misappropriation and use of
confidential information and trade secrets. While still working for appellant, appellee
Michael Brown became the statutory agent of appellee Zippy Toyz; he transacted
business in Ohio and it is by virtue of that business that he allegedly misappropriated
appellant’s trade secrets. Thus, R.C. 2307.382 and Civ.R. 4.3 permit the exercise of
personal jurisdiction over appellee Zippy Toys and appellee Gary Brown, who have
acted indirectly, through their agent, appellee Michael Brown.
       {¶56} Accordingly, R.C. 2307.382 and Civ.R. 4.3. confer personal jurisdiction
over all named defendants.
                                 Federal Due Process
                                                                                   - 16 -

       {¶57} Ohio’s long-arm statute is not coterminous with due process. Kauffman
Racing Equip., L.L.C. v. Roberts, 126 Ohio St. 3d 81, 2010-Ohio-2551, 930 N.E.2d
784, ¶ 45, citing Goldstein v., Christiansen, 70 Ohio St. 3d 232, 238, 638 N.E.2d 541
(1994), fn. 1. Thus, although Ohio’s long-arm statute confers jurisdiction over all three
appellees, an Ohio court cannot exercise personal jurisdiction over any of them
individually if doing so would violate their constitutional right to due process. Id.
       {¶58} “[A] court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident
defendant only if the defendant has sufficient ‘minimum contacts’ with Ohio such that
summoning the defendant would not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and
substantial justice.’” Lucas v. P & L Paris Corp., 7th Dist. No. 11-MA-104, 2012-Ohio-
4357, ¶ 30, citing Internatl. Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S. Ct.
154, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945), in turn quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463, 61
S. Ct. 339, 85 L. Ed. 278 (1940). The constitutional touchstone here is whether the
nonresident defendant purposely established minimum contacts in the forum state
such that he or she should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there. Burger
King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474, 105 S. Ct. 2174, 85 L. Ed. 2d 528 (1985),
citing World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 295, 100 S. Ct. 559,
62 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1980).
       {¶59} Personal jurisdiction can be either general or specific, depending upon
the nature of the contacts that the defendant has with the forum state. Kauffman
Racing Equip., at ¶ 46. “General jurisdiction is proper only where ‘a defendant’s
contacts with the forum state are of such a continuous and systematic nature that the
state may exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendant even if the action is
unrelated to the defendant’s contacts with the state.’” Id., quoting Bird v. Parsons,
289 F.3d 865, 873, (6th Cir.2002).
       {¶60} Appellant does not contend that appellees have continuous and
systematic contacts with Ohio such that they would be amenable to Ohio jurisdiction
even in an action unrelated to their contacts with Ohio. Rather, appellant contends
that this Court has specific jurisdiction over the defendants. A court has specific
                                                                                    - 17 -

jurisdiction where a suit arises out of or is related to the defendant’s contacts with the
forum. See Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 414,
104 S. Ct. 1868, 80 L. Ed. 2d 404 (1984), fn. 8. Appellant contends that its cause of
action arises out of or is related to appellee Michael Brown’s contacts with Ohio.
       {¶61} Specific jurisdiction is consistent with due process only where: (1) the
nonresident defendant purposely availed himself of the privilege of acting in the
forum state or caused a consequence in that state, (2) the cause of action arose from
the defendant’s activities in the forum state, and (3) the acts of the defendant or
consequences caused by the defendant have a substantial enough connection with
the forum state to make the exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant reasonable.
See Kauffman Racing Equip., at ¶ 49, quoting Bird, F.3d at 974, quoting Southern
Machine Company v. Mohasco Industries, Inc., 401 F.2d 374, 381 (6th Cir.1968).
That said, a single act occurring within a state will support a finding of jurisdiction if it
creates a “substantial connection” with the forum but not if it creates only an
“attenuated affiliation” with the forum. Burger King Corp., 471 U.S. at 475. Thus,
jurisdiction is not proper where the contacts are random, fortuitous, or attenuated, or
where they result from the unilateral activity of a third party. Id., at 474.
       {¶62} In Burger King Corp., the United States Supreme Court considered the
claim of a Michigan franchisee that he was not subject to suit in Florida for breach of
a franchise agreement since he was not located in Florida and the alleged breach did
not occur there. The Supreme Court held that Florida courts had personal jurisdiction
over the Michigan franchisee since the franchisee had not made the contractually
required payments in Florida and had continued to use plaintiff Burger King’s
trademarks and confidential business information, thus causing foreseeable injury to
Burger King in Florida. The court further noted that the franchisee knew that he was
affiliating himself with an enterprise based primarily in Florida. The court also noted
that throughout the contract disputes, the Florida corporation and the Michigan
franchisee had carried on a continuous course of direct communications by mail and
by telephone.
                                                                                 - 18 -

       {¶63} Here, appellant contends that the exercise of personal jurisdiction over
defendants comports with due process. Appellant argues that due to appellee
Michael Brown’s repeated and on-going contacts with Ohio, and by virtue of his
acquiring confidential information and trade secrets in Ohio, appellees had
substantial connections to Ohio such that they should have reasonably expected to
have been sued here. Moreover, appellant argues, these connections were not
fortuitous but instead were directly related to appellee Michael Brown’s management
of appellant’s Youngstown facility. Appellant concludes that, accordingly, appellees
have purposefully availed themselves of the privilege of conducting activities within
this state.
       {¶64} Secondly, appellant contends that the second prong of the minimum
contacts test is also met here because its claims arise from and are directly related to
appellees’ activities in Ohio. In support, appellant cites CompuServ, Inc. v. Patterson
for the proposition that “[i]f a defendant’s contacts with the forum state are related to
the operative facts of the controversy, then the action will be deemed to have arisen
from those contacts.” 89 F.3d 1257, 1267 (6th Cir.1996).
       {¶65} Lastly, appellant contends that the third and final prong of the minimum
contacts test is also satisfied here. In support, appellant points to the well-established
principle that the exercise of personal jurisdiction is presumptively fair and
reasonable where the first two prongs of the minimum contacts test are met.
       {¶66} In response, appellees argue that they do not have enough minimum
contacts with Ohio to reasonably anticipate being haled into an Ohio court. In support
appellees cite International Shoe and Burger King for the proposition that the criteria
underlying the minimum contacts analysis cannot be “simply mechanical or
quantitative,” but rather, whether due process is satisfied depends upon “the quality
and nature of the activity.” International Shoe, 326 U.S. at 319. With this in mind,
appellees argue that at best appellee Michael Brown’s employment with a business
affiliate of an Ohio-based corporation is a random, fortuitous, and attenuated contact
with Ohio and thus does not establish the requisite minimum contacts necessary for
                                                                                 - 19 -

personal jurisdiction. Appellees further assert that appellee Michael Brown’s only
contacts with Ohio were established in furtherance of Kessler’s relationship with
appellant. Thus, appellees conclude, the quality and nature of such contacts preclude
a substantial connection with Ohio of the kind with which due process is concerned.
Appellees also assert that failure to dismiss appellant’s suit for lack of personal
jurisdiction would cause undue hardship to the appellees and that Ohio does not
have any interest in settling this dispute.
       {¶67} Additionally, appellees analogize this case to that of Benjamin v. KPMG
Barbados. Appellees’ analogy rests on the proposition that “purposeful availment
ensures that a defendant will not be haled into a jurisdiction solely as a result of
‘random,’ ‘fortuitous,’ or ‘attenuated’ contacts * * *.” Burger King, 471 U.S. at 474-475.
       {¶68} In Benjamin, the court found that it did not have personal jurisdiction
over nonresident defendant-companies because their contacts with Ohio were too
attenuated where the defendant companies had their offices in Bermuda and only
occasionally performed services for its Ohio-based affiliates. 10th Dist. No. 03AP-
1276, 2005-Ohio-1959.
       {¶69} This analogy is unpersuasive and requires little treatment as appellant
aptly distinguishes Benjamin from the case at bar by correctly pointing out that the
level of contact there was significantly less than that present here. Appellant correctly
asserts that the facts in the present case show a substantial connection to Ohio that
was obviously lacking in Benjamin.
       {¶70} Instead, while not binding on this Court, this case is more like that of
International Paper Co. v. Goldschmidt, supra. The court in Goldschmidt held that an
Ohio-based plaintiff-employer made a prima facie showing that an out-of-state
defendant-employee purposefully availed himself of the privileges of conducting
activities in Ohio where: (1) California employee accepted a promotion within the
company’s Ohio-based division; (2) the employee entered into a confidentiality
agreement; (3) he regularly communicated with company personnel based in Ohio
via e-mail, telephone, video, and website; (4) he frequently received confidential and
                                                                                  - 20 -

trade secret information from Ohio while stationed in California; and (5) his position in
the company involved physically attending meetings in Ohio. 872 F. Supp. 2d 624, 632
(S.D.Ohio 2012). Noting that the second prong of the minimum contacts test “does
not require that the cause of action formally ‘arise from’ defendant’s contacts with the
forum,” but rather only that ‘the cause of action have a ‘substantial connection’ with
the defendant’s in-state activities, the court in Goldschmidt also held that the plaintiff-
employer’s cause of action ‘arose from’ the defendant-employee’s activities in Ohio
for the purposes of jurisdictional due process. Goldschmidt, at 632, citing Bird v.
Parsons, 289 F.3d 865, 875 (6th Cir.2002). Finally, relying on the proposition that
“where the first two criteria are satisfied, only the unusual case will not meet the third
criterion,” the court further noted that the exercise of jurisdiction was reasonable for
the purposes of the minimum contacts test. Goldschmidt, at 633, relying on Aristech
Chem. Internatl. Ltd. v. Acrylic Fabricators Ltd., 138 F.3d 624, 628 (6th Cir.1998).
       {¶71} Here, as Controller and Global Operations Manager for appellant with
direct responsibility for appellant’s Youngstown facility, appellee Michael Brown, in
his official capacity as a corporate agent of Kessler Services, purposefully availed
himself of the privilege of acting in Ohio. His position involved actively negotiating
prices with appellant’s suppliers, he was physically present in Ohio 30-45 days a year
for a period of over 10 years, and when he was not physically present in the state, he
was in constant contact with appellant’s Ohio-based personnel.
       {¶72} Additionally, the operative facts of appellant’s claims are clearly related
to appellee Michael Brown’s contacts with Ohio as Controller and Global Operations
Manager for appellant, an Ohio-based company.
       {¶73} Lastly, the exercise of jurisdiction over appellee Michael Brown would
be reasonable because “when the first two elements * * * are satisfied, then an
inference arises that this third factor is also present.” Kauffman Racing Equip., L.L.C.
V. Roberts, 126 Ohio St. 3d 81, 2010-Ohio-2551, 930 N.E.2d 784, ¶ 71, quoting
CompuServe Inc., 89 F.3d at 1268 (in turn, citing American Greetings Corp. v. Cohn,
839 F.2d 1164, 1170 (6th Cir.1988)).
                                                                                 - 21 -

       {¶74} “‘[O]nly the unusual case will not meet this third criterion.’” Kauffman
Racing Equip., at ¶ 71, quoting Am. Greetings, 839 F.2d at 1170. Appellant is correct
in its assertion that appellees have not presented a compelling argument that this is
one such unusual case. “‘The United States Supreme Court has indicated that a high
degree of unfairness is required to erect a constitutional barrier against jurisdiction. *
* * This is especially true in a case * * * in which the defendant has intentionally
directed his activity at forum residents * * *, and the “effects” of the activity occur in
the forum state.’” Kauffman Racing Equip., at ¶ 72, quoting Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S.
783, 788-789, 104 S. Ct. 1482, 79 L. Ed. 2d 804.
       {¶75} Nonetheless, a number of factors are relevant to the reasonableness
inquiry. A court first must consider Ohio’s interest in the controversy. Kauffman
Racing Equip., at ¶ 72, citing In-Flight Servs. Corp. v. Van Dusen Air, Inc. 466 F.2d
220, 232 (6th Cir.1972). Appellees contend that Ohio has no interest in settling this
dispute. However, “‘[i]t is beyond dispute that [a forum state] has a significant interest
in redressing injuries that actually occur within the State.’” Kauffman Racing Equip.,
at ¶ 72, quoting Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 465 U.S 770, 776, 104 S. Ct. 1473,
79 L. Ed. 2d 790 (1984). And, more to the point, “‘Ohio has a legitimate interest in
protecting the business interests of its citizens * * *.’” Kauffman Racing Equip., at ¶
72, quoting Bird v. Parsons, 289 F.3d at 875. Additionally, this state’s Supreme
Court’s holding in Kentucky Oaks Mall Co. that modern transportation and
communications have made it much less burdensome for a party to defend himself in
another forum belies appellees’ argument that litigating in Ohio would be unduly
burdensome.
       {¶76} Thus, exercising jurisdiction over appellee Michael Brown would be
reasonable as the third prong of the minimum contacts test appears to be equally
satisfied.
       {¶77} Accordingly, exercising jurisdiction over appellee Michael Brown in the
instant case comports with due process.
                                                                               - 22 -

     Imputing Appellee Michael Brown’s Minimum Contacts to Remaining
                    Appellees: Reverse Corporate Veil Piercing
      {¶78} Exercising jurisdiction over appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary
Brown will also comport with due process only if appellee Michael Brown’s contacts
may be imputed to them. This turns on whether a court may “reverse pierce” appellee
Zippy Toyz’ corporate veil.
      {¶79} It is a matter of fact that appellee Michael Brown’s contacts with Ohio
derive solely from his actions as a corporate representative of Kessler Services – not
of appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary Brown. Thus, in addition to never
transacting business in Ohio and never holding any offices, residences, or operations
in Ohio, it appears that appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary Brown were never
even represented in Ohio by their statutory agent, appellee Michael Brown – despite
his presence here as Kessler’s agent. This fact did not preclude R.C. 2307.382 and
Civ.R. 4.3 from conferring jurisdiction in our long-arm analysis because those
provisions specifically provide for imputing the acts of an agent –irrespective of the
capacity in which the agent was acting. However, this fact complicates the
constitutional analysis because, despite the fact that Ohio’s long-arm statutes confer
jurisdiction, it cannot even be said that appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary Brown
have any contact with Ohio, let alone constitutionally sufficient minimum contact,
where neither were even so much as represented in this forum.
      {¶80} As the basis for its assertion that appellee Michael Brown’s actions and
minimum contacts with Ohio are imputed to appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary
Brown, appellant asserts that appellee Zippy Toyz is “simply the business entit[y]
through which defendant [appellee] Michael Brown has violated his agreements with
[appellant] Maui and has engaged in unfair competition.” On that basis, appellant
further asserts that “[appellee] Michael Brown is in essence [appellee Zippy Toyz]. He
is their agent, and his actions are imputed to them.” At its core, appellant’s assertion
is that a corporate agent’s minimum contacts, established only in his capacity as an
agent for his former, separate corporate-employer, should be imputed to his current
                                                                                   - 23 -

employer to satisfy constitutional due process. Appellant does not cite to any legal
authority to substantiate this assertion. Nonetheless, what appellant suggests is that
this Court may do so by “reverse corporate veil piercing.” See e.g. Nu-Trend Homes
v. Law Offices of DeLibera, Lyons & Bibbo, 10th Dist. No. 01AP-1137, 2003-Ohio-
1633, ¶ 38; and State ex rel. DeWine v. Ashworth, 4th Dist. No. 11CA16, 2012-Ohio-
5632, ¶ 45.
       {¶81} Although a corporation is a distinct legal entity, separate and apart from
the natural individuals who formed it, “* * * courts will * * * pierce the corporate veil so
as to impose individual liability on active shareholders for acts taken in their corporate
capacity.” S&R Recycling, Inc., at ¶ 27. Conversely, “[r]everse piercing is a theory by
which a party seeks to hold a corporate entity liable upon the personal obligation of a
shareholder or principal.” Nu-Trend Homes, at ¶ 38, citing Ameritech Ohio v. Public
Util. Comm., 86 Ohio St. 3d 78, 82, 711 N.E.2d 993 (1999). Thus, as with traditional
corporate veil piercing (by way of analogy), “[t]his theory is periodically used as a
vehicle to obtain personal jurisdiction over an officer of a corporation which cannot
otherwise be reached in a certain state. State ex rel. DeWine v. S&R Recycling, Inc.,
195 Ohio App. 3d 744, 2011-Ohio-3371, 961 N.E.2d 1153, ¶ 27 (7th Dist.); see e.g.
Nu-Trend Homes v. Law Offices of DeLibera, Lyons & Bibbo, 10th Dist. No. 01AP-
1137, 2003-Ohio-1633, ¶ 38; and State ex rel. DeWine v. Ashworth, 4th Dist. No.
11CA16, 2012-Ohio-5632, ¶ 45.
       {¶82} A court may pierce the corporate veil where (1) control over the
corporation by those to be held liable is so complete that the corporation has no
separate mind, will, or existence of its own, (2) such control is exercised in such a
manner as to commit fraud or an illegal act against the person seeking to disregard
the corporate entity, and (3) injury or unjust loss resulted to the plaintiff from such
control and wrong. State ex rel. DeWine v. S & R Recycling, Inc., at ¶ 28, citing
Belvedere Condominium Unit Owners’ Assn. v. R.E. Roark Cos., Inc., 67 Ohio St. 3d
274, 617 N.E.2d 1075 (1993), paragraph three of the syllabus. These same factors
                                                                                - 24 -

must be proved to justify a reverse piercing of the corporate veil. Nu-Trend Homes, at
¶ 39.
        {¶83} “The first prong of the Belvedere test ‘is a concise statement of the alter
ego doctrine; to succeed a plaintiff must show that the individual and the corporation
are fundamentally indistinguishable.’” S & R Recycling, Inc., at ¶ 30, quoting
Belvedere, at 288. It is not enough that appellee Michael Brown may be appellee
Zippy Toyz’s only shareholder; “[a] corporation is a separate legal entity from its
shareholder even where there is only one shareholder in the corporation.” S&R
Recycling, Inc., at ¶ 30, quoting Humitsch v. Collier, 11th Dist. No. 99-L-099, 2001
WL 20733, *4 (Dec. 29, 2000). Rather, “Ohio courts have looked at various factors
when determining whether a shareholder’s control over a corporation is ‘so complete
that the corporation has no separate mind, will, or existence of its own.’” S&R
Recycling, Inc., at ¶ 31, quoting Belvedere, at paragraph three of the syllabus. These
factors include 1) the failure to observe corporate formalities, 2) shareholders holding
themselves out as personally liable for certain corporate obligations, 3) diversion of
funds or other property of the company for personal use, 4) absence of corporate
records, and 5) the fact that the corporation was a mere facade for the operations of
the dominant shareholders. Id., citing LeRoux’s Billyle Supper Club v. Ma, 77 Ohio
App.3d 417, 422-423, 602 N.E.2d 685 (6th Dist.1991).
        {¶84} That said, because this case was adjudicated below on a motion to
dismiss prior to a determination on appellant’s motion to compel discovery, there are
not enough facts in the record pertaining to appellee Zippy Toyz’s formation,
operations, and corporate structure to determine whether the first, let alone all three,
of the Belvedere factors are satisfied.
        {¶85} While we may speculate as to what information may have surfaced had
appellant’s motion to compel discovery been granted prior to dismissal, we do not
know whether appellees have adhered to corporate formalities; we do not know
whether appellee Michael Brown and appellee Gary Brown have held themselves out
to be personally liable for corporate obligations; we do not know whether appellee
                                                                            - 25 -

Michael Brown or appellee Gary Brown have diverted corporate funds for personal
use; nor do we know the details of appellee Zippy Toyz’s corporate records –
assuming they exist. Additionally, although we may also speculate on the basis of
appellee Zippy Toyz’s mid-discovery dissolution and reincorporation, there is
currently no evidence that appellee Zippy Toyz was or is a “mere facade” for the
actions of either appellee Michael Brown or appellee Gary Brown.
      {¶86} “Because the three-prong test of Belvedere requires that each prong be
satisfied,” and because the record is incomplete as to appellee Zippy Toyz’s
corporate structure, further analysis is not possible here and the case needs to be
remanded to allow for further factual development on the issue of whether appellee
Zippy Toyz’s corporate veil may be pierced in reverse so as to impute appellee
Michael Brown’s contacts with Ohio to appellee Zippy Toyz and to appellee Gary
Brown. S&R Recycling Inc., at ¶ 35. While Ohio has jurisdiction over appellee
Michael Brown, jurisdiction over appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary Brown will
depend upon this determination.
      {¶87} For all of the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Ohio law and federal
due process supports jurisdiction over appellee Michael Brown. Concerning appellee
Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary Brown, we conclude that jurisdiction would be
consistent with Ohio law, but that the record is incomplete so as to allow for a
determination of whether jurisdiction over them would comport with federal due
process. Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment of error has merit.
                              Assignment of Error # 2
      {¶88} In its second assignment of error, Maui argues that:

      THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR
LEAVE TO AMEND ITS COMPLAINT.

      {¶89} During the course of discovery in this case, appellant learned that
appellee Michael Brown and/or appellee Gary Brown formed Zippy Toyz, Inc.
Believing that appellees may be using Zippy Toyz, Inc. instead of, or in addition to,
                                                                                    - 26 -

appellee Zippy Toyz LLC to allegedly engage in unfair competition with it, appellant
filed a motion for leave to amend its complaint to add Zippy Toyz, Inc. as a party
defendant.
       {¶90} On May 5, 2011, appellant filed a motion for leave to amend its
complaint pursuant to Civ.R. 15(A) to add Zippy Toyz, Inc. as a party defendant. The
trial court denied the motion in the same entry in which it granted appellees renewed
motion to dismiss finding that it did not have jurisdiction over appellees. Given the
court’s simultaneous treatment of the motions, the only rationale that can be gleaned
from the record for the trial court’s denial of appellant’s motion for leave to amend
was its contemporaneous finding that it did not have jurisdiction over appellees.
       {¶91} The grant or denial of a motion to amend a pleading is within the trial
court’s discretion. Turner v. Cent. Local School Dist. (1999), 85 Ohio St. 3d 95, 99,
706 N.E.2d 1261. An abuse of discretion is more than an error of law or judgment; it
implies that the trial court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.
Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St. 3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).
       {¶92} When confronted with a motion to amend a pleading beyond the time
limit when such amendments are automatically allowed, Civ.R. 15(A), which governs
the amendment of pleadings, provides that the trial court “shall freely give leave when
justice so requires.” The Ohio Supreme Court has stated that the language of Civ.R.
15(A) favors a liberal amendment policy. Wilmington Steel Products, Inc. v.
Cleveland Elec. Illuminating Co., 60 Ohio St. 3d 120, 121-22, 573 N.E.2d 622 (1991).
“[A] motion for leave to amend should be granted absent a finding of bad faith, undue
delay or undue prejudice to the opposing party.” Hoover v. Sumlin, 12 Ohio St. 3d 1,
6, 465 N.E.2d 377 (1984).
       {¶93} In this instance, the trial court’s denial of appellant’s motion for leave to
amend was predicated upon its finding that it did not have jurisdiction over appellees,
including appellee Zippy Toyz (and by extension Zippy Toyz, Inc.). Under appellant’s
first assignment of error, we found that the trial court erred in its finding that it did not
have personal jurisdiction over appellee Michael Brown. We concluded that Ohio law
                                                                                - 27 -

and federal due process supports the trial court’s personal jurisdiction over appellee
Michael Brown. Concerning appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary Brown, we found
that personal jurisdiction exists under Ohio law, but that the record was insufficient to
allow for a determination of whether personal jurisdiction over them would comport
with federal due process. This case is being remanded to the trial court for it to
resolve that matter.
       {¶94} Since the matter is being remanded to the trial court for it to resolve the
jurisdictional issue as it pertains to appellee Zippy Toyz (and by extension Zippy
Toyz, Inc.), our consideration of whether the trial court erred in denying appellant’s
motion for leave to amend its complaint to add Zippy Toyz, Inc. as a party defendant
would be premature (notwithstanding the aforementioned Ohio Supreme Court case
suggesting that the motion should be freely granted, assuming there is jurisdiction
over Zippy Toyz, Inc.). Consequently, appellant’s second assignment of error has
been rendered moot. App.R. 12(A)(1)(c).
       {¶95} The judgment of the trial court dismissing appellant’s complaint is
reversed. As jurisdiction over appellee Michael Brown is consistent with both Ohio
law and federal due process, Ohio has personal jurisdiction over appellee Michael
Brown. Jurisdiction over appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary Brown is appropriate
under Ohio law. However, the trial court’s abrupt treatment of the matter has left an
inadequate record to further assess whether jurisdiction over appellee Zippy Toyz
and appellee Gary Brown would comport with federal due process. Therefore, this
matter is remanded to the trial court with directions that it permit discovery on the
narrow issue of personal jurisdiction concerning appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee
Gary Brown, and then conduct a full jurisdictional evidentiary hearing to resolve
whether jurisdiction over appellee Zippy Toyz and appellee Gary Brown in Ohio
would comport with federal due process.

Vukovich, J., concurs.

DeGenaro, P.J., concurs in part and dissents in part with attached concurring in part
and dissenting in part opinion.
                                                                               - 28 -

      {¶96} Based upon the record, appellant has made a prima facie showing of
personal jurisdiction over appellees Michael Brown and Zippy Toyz consistent with
Ohio's long arm jurisdiction and federal due process. The same cannot be said for
Gary Brown. Further, the trial court erred by denying appellant's motion to amend
the complaint.
      {¶97} Because the trial court decided appellee's Civ.R. 12(B)(2) motion
without an evidentiary hearing, this procedural posture affects the lens through which
we conduct de novo review. This court stated:

             When the defense of lack of personal jurisdiction is asserted in a
      motion to dismiss, the plaintiff bears the burden to establish that the
      court has jurisdiction. Sessoms v. Goliver, 6th Dist. No. L–04–1159,
      2004–Ohio–7077, at ¶ 22. When a trial court decides a Civ.R. 12(B)(2)
      motion without a hearing, the plaintiff need only make a prima facie
      showing of personal jurisdiction, while a decision made following an
      evidentiary hearing requires that the plaintiff offer proof by a
      preponderance of evidence. American Office Services, Inc. v. Sircal
      Contracting, Inc., 8th Dist. No. 82977, 2003–Ohio–6042, at ¶ 7.

Palermo v. Titan Leasing Co., 7th Dist. No. 04-MA-267, 2005-Ohio-5931, ¶ 10
      {¶98} In ruling on a motion to dismiss for lack of in personam jurisdiction over
the defendant, a trial court may, in an appropriate case, determine the jurisdictional
issue from the pleadings and documentary evidence submitted by the parties in
support and in opposition to the motion.          Barile v. University of Virginia, 2
Ohio.App.3d 233, 234, 441 N.E.2d 608 (8th Dist.1981) citing Jurko v. Jobs Europe
Agency, 43 Ohio App. 2d 79, 334 N.E.2d 478 (8th Dist.1975).
      {¶99} Based upon the pleadings and evidence, which must be construed in a
light most favorable to appellant, I agree with the majority that consistent with Ohio's
long arm jurisdiction appellant has made a prima facie showing of personal
                                                                                 - 29 -

jurisdiction over appellees Michael Brown and Zippy Toyz for the reasoning
expressed within the majority opinion; however, no such showing has been made
with respect to Gary Brown. Turning next to federal due process principles, while I
agree with the majority that appellant has made a prima facie showing as to Michael
Brown, I disagree with respect to Zippy Toyz and Gary Brown; a prima facie showing
has been made with respect to the former but not the latter.
       {¶100} For at least one year Michael Brown was acting in a dual capacity for
the benefit of Zippy Toyz to the detriment of appellant. Contrary to the assertion of
the majority at ¶79, Michael Brown's contact with Ohio from at least April 26, 2007
the formation date of Zippy Toyz through April 24, 2008 the termination date of
Michael Brown's employment overlapped to provide evidence that Michael Brown
and Zippy Toyz had sufficient minimum contacts with Ohio. This holding is consistent
with due process principles articulated in International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326
U.S. 310, 66 S. Ct. 154, 90 L. Ed. 95 (1945), Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471
U.S. 462, 105 S. Ct. 2174, 85 L. Ed. 2d 528 (1985), and Kentucky Oaks Mall Co. v.
Mitchell's Formal Wear, Inc., 53 Ohio St. 3d 73, 76, 559 N.E.2d 477, 480 (1990).
Thus, in personam jurisdiction is proper with respect to Zippy Toyz.
       {¶101} The same cannot be said regarding Gary Brown.               The complaint
alleges that Gary Brown is the son of Michael Brown and that he is an employee of
Zippy Toyz. This is undisputed by appellees. The majority incorrectly states that
Gary Brown formed Zippy Toyz with his father. The complaint states at Paragraph 11
that appellee Michael Brown solely formed Zippy Toyz which is furthered bolstered by
the pleadings of appellees acknowledging that Gary Brown is an employee. The
remainder of the allegations within the complaint against Gary Brown stem from his
employment. Gary Brown does not have any contacts with the State of Ohio which
would comport with either Ohio's long arm jurisdiction or federal due process
principles. By the majority's logic any employee of the California based, Zippy Toyz
would potentially be subject to this state's jurisdiction which is not consistent with due
process principles articulated in the cases above.
                                                                                 - 30 -

          {¶102} By remanding the case for further evidence, it appears that the
majority has concluded that appellant has failed to establish jurisdiction over Zippy
Toyz and Gary Brown by a preponderance of the evidence.               As stated above,
appellant need only make a prima facie showing to survive dismissal without a
hearing. Palermo, supra. Thus, a remand for further hearing is unnecessary; by
doing so the majority, in effect, is holding appellant to a higher burden of proof.
Moreover, it is giving both parties a second bite at the apple; appellant will have
another opportunity to establish jurisdiction over Gary Brown when it has already
failed to make a prima facie showing; and appellees will have an additional
opportunity to defeat jurisdiction over Zippy Toyz when a prima facie showing has
already been made. Both results are problematic.
          {¶103} It then follows that appellant's second assignment of error is not moot;
the trial court erred by failing to grant appellant leave to amend its complaint to
replace appellee Zippy Toyz LLC with Zippy Toyz, Inc. On March 19, 2009, appellant
filed the instant action, but less than two weeks later Michael Brown dissolved the
LLC and "reincorporated the business under the name Zippy Toyz, Inc." Majority
opinion, ¶7. Pursuant to the rationale discussed by the majority at ¶92, leave to
amend should be freely given, particularly where it appears leave to amend was
sought to avoid prejudice to appellant's case by Michael Brown dissolving the LLC
entity.
          {¶104} In conclusion, appellant has made a prima facie showing that the trial
court can exercise in personam jurisdiction over Michael Brown and Zippy Toyz, LLC,
which comports with both Ohio's long arm jurisdiction and federal due process
principles. Thus, the trial court's decision that it does not have jurisdiction over these
defendants is in error and should be reversed. However, appellant has failed to
make such a showing with respect to Gary Brown; accordingly the trial court's
judgment in that regard should be affirmed. Finally, the trial court erred by failing to
grant appellant leave to amend its complaint in order to replace Zippy Toyz Inc. for
                                                                       - 31 -

Zippy Toyz LLC.     Accordingly, that decision should be reversed and appellant
granted leave to amend its complaint accordingly.