Court Opinion

ID: 9423426
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-02 23:07:40.664702+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:22:44.071997
License: Public Domain

Mb. Justice Brennan
dissents for the reasons stated by Judge Moore of the Court of Appeals, 363 F. 2d 488, 496-499.
Me. Justice Douglas,
with whom Me. Justice Foetas concurs, dissenting.
The term “psychopathic personality” is a treacherous one like “communist” or in an earlier day “Bolshevik.” A label of this kind when freely used may mean only an unpopular person. It is much too vague by constitutional standards for the imposition of penalties or punishment.
Cleckley defines “psychopathic personality” as one who has the following characteristics:
(1) Superficial charm and good “intelligence.” (2) Absence of delusions and other signs of irrational “thinking.” (3) Absence of “nervousness” or psycho-neurotic manifestations. (4) Unreliability. (5) Untruthfulness and insincerity. (6) Lack of remorse or shame. (7) Inadequately motivated antisocial behavior. (8) Poor judgment and failure to learn by experience. (9) Pathologic egocentricity and incapacity for love. (10) General poverty in major affective reactions. (11) Specific loss of insight. *126(12) Unresponsiveness in general interpersonal relations. (13) Fantastic and uninviting behavior with drink and sometimes without. (14) Suicide rarely carried out. (15) Sex life impersonal, trivial and poorly integrated. (16) Failure to follow any life plan. Cleckley, The Mask of Sanity 238-255 (1941).
The word “psychopath” according to some means “a sick mind.” Guttmacher & Weihofen, Psychiatry and the Law 86 (1952):
“In the light of present knowledge, most of the individuals called psychopathic personalities should probably be considered as suffering from neurotic character disorders. They are, for the most part, unhappy persons, harassed by tension and anxiety, who are struggling against unconscious conflicts which were created during the very early years of childhood. The nature and even the existence of these conflicts which drive them restlessly on are unknown to them. When the anxiety rises to a certain pitch, they seek relief through some antisocial act. The frequency with which this pattern recurs in the individual is dependent in part upon the intensity of the unconscious conflict, upon the tolerance for anxiety, and upon chance environmental situations which may heighten or decrease it. One of the chief diagnostic criteria of this type of neurotically determined delinquency is the repetitiveness of the pattern. The usual explanation, as for example, that the recidivistic check-writer has just ‘got in the habit of writing bad checks’ is meaningless.” Id., at 88-89.
Many experts think that it is a meaningless designation. “Not yet is there any common agreement ... as to classification or . . . etiology.” Noyes, Modern Clinical Psychiatry 410 (3d ed. 1948). “The only conclusion that seems warrantable is that, at some time or *127other and by some reputable authority, the term psychopathic personality has been used to designate every conceivable type of abnormal character.” Curran & Mallinson, Psychopathic Personality, 90 J. Mental Sci. 266, 278. See also Guttmacher, Diagnosis and Etiology of Psychopathic Personalities as Perceived in Our Time, in Current Problems in Psychiatric Diagnosis 139, 154 (Hoch & Zubin ed. 1953); Tappan, Sexual Offences and the Treatment of Sexual Offenders in the United States, in Sexual Offences 500, 507 (Radzinowicz ed. 1957). It is much too treacherously vague a term to allow the high penalty of deportation to turn on it.
When it comes to sex, the problem is complex. Those “who fail to reach sexual maturity (hetero-sexuality), and who remain at a narcissistic or homosexual stage” are the products “of heredity, of glandular dysfunction, [or] of environmental circumstances.” Henderson, Psychopathic Constitution and Criminal Behaviour, in Mental Abnormality and Crime 105, 114 (Radzinowicz & Turner ed. 1949).
The homosexual is one, who by some freak, is the product of an arrested development:
“All people have originally bisexual tendencies which are more or less developed and which in the course of time normally deviate either in the direction of male or female. This may indicate that a trace of homosexuality, no matter how weak it may be, exists in every human being. It is present in the adolescent stage, where there is a considerable amount of undifferentiated sexuality.” Abrahamsen, Crime and the Human Mind 117 (1944).
Many homosexuals become involved in violations of laws; many do not. Kinsey reported:
“It is not possible to insist that any departure from the sexual mores, or any participation in socially taboo activities, always, or even usually, in*128volves a neurosis or psychosis, for the case histories abundantly demonstrate that most individuals who engage in taboo activities make satisfactory social adjustments. There are, in actuality, few adult males who are particularly disturbed over their sexual histories. Psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and others who deal with cases of maladjustment, sometimes come to feel that most people find difficulty in adjusting their sexual lives; but a clinic is no place to secure incidence figures. The incidence of tuberculosis in a tuberculosis sanitarium is no measure of the incidence of tuberculosis in the population as a whole; and the incidence of disturbance over sexual activities, among the persons who come to a clinic, is no measure of the frequency of similar disturbances outside of clinics. The impression that such ‘sexual irregularities’ as ‘excessive’ masturbation, pre-marital intercourse, responsibility for a premarital pregnancy, extra-marital intercourse, mouth-genital contacts, homosexual activity, or animal intercourse, always produce psychoses and abnormal personalities is based upon the fact that the persons who do go to professional sources for advice are upset by these things.
“It is unwarranted to believe that particular types of sexual behavior are always expressions of psychoses or neuroses. In actuality, they are more often expressions of what is biologically basic in mammalian and anthropoid behavior, and of a deliberate disregard for social convention. Many of the socially and intellectually most significant persons in our histories, successful scientists, educators, physicians, clergymen, business men, and persons of high position in governmental affairs, have socially taboo items in their sexual histories, and among them they have accepted nearly the whole range *129of so-called sexual abnormalities. Among the socially most successful and personally best adjusted persons who have contributed to the present study, there are some whose rates of outlet are as high as those in any case labelled nymphomania or satyriasis in the literature, or recognized as such in the clinic.” Kinsey, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male 201-202 (1948).
It is common knowledge that in this century homosexuals have risen high in our own public service — both in Congress and in the Executive Branch — and have served with distinction. It is therefore not credible that Congress wanted to deport everyone and anyone who was a sexual deviate, no matter how blameless his social conduct had been nor how creative his work nor how valuable his contribution to society. I agree with Judge Moore, dissenting below, that the legislative history should not be read as imputing to Congress a purpose to classify under the heading “psychopathic personality” every person who had ever had a homosexual experience:
“Professor Kinsey estimated that ‘at least 37 per cent’ of the American male population has at least one homosexual experience, defined in terms of physical contact to the point of orgasm, between the beginning of adolescence and old age.1 Kinsey, Pom-*130eroy & Martin, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male 623 (1948). Earlier estimates had ranged from one per cent to 100 per cent. Id. at 616-622. The sponsors of Britain’s current reform bill on homosexuality have indicated that one male in 25 is a homosexual in Britain.2 To label a group so large ‘excludable aliens’ would be tantamount to saying that Sappho, Leonardo da Yinci, Michelangelo, Andre Gide, and perhaps even Shakespeare, were they to come to life again, would be deemed unfit to visit our shores.3 Indeed, so broad a definition might well comprise more than a few members of legislative bodies.” 363 F. 2d 488, 497-498.
The Public Health Service, from whom Congress borrowed the term “psychopathic personality” (H. R. Rep. No. 1365, 82d Cong., 2d Sess., 46-47) admits that the term is “vague and indefinite.” Id., at 46.
*131If we are to hold, as the Court apparently does, that any acts of homosexuality suffice to deport the alien, whether or not they are part of a fabric of antisocial behavior, then we face a serious question of due process. By that construction a person is judged by a standard that is almost incapable of definition. I have already quoted from clinical experts to .show what a wide range the term “psychopathic personality” has. Another expert4 classifies such a person under three headings:
Acting: (1) inability to withstand tedium, (2) lack of a sense of responsibility, (3) a tendency to “blow up” under pressure, (4) maladjustment to law and order, and (5) recidivism.
Feeling: they tend to (1) be emotionally deficient, narcissistic, callous, inconsiderate, and unremorseful, generally projecting blame on others, (2) have hair-trigger emotions, exaggerated display of emotion, and be irritable and impulsive, (3) be amoral (socially and sexually) and (4) worry, but do nothing about it.
Thinking: they display (1) defective judgment, living for the present rather than for the future, and (2) inability to profit from experience, i. e., they are able to realize the consequences intelligently, but not to evaluate them.
We held in Jordan v. De George, 341 U. S. 223, that the crime of a conspiracy to defraud the United States of taxes involved “moral turpitude” and made the person subject to deportation. That, however, was a term that has “deep roots in the law.” Id., at 227. But the grab-bag — “psychopathic personality” — has no “deep roots” whatsoever.5 Caprice of judgment is almost certain under this broad definition. Anyone can be caught who is unpopular, who is off-beat, who is nonconformist.
*132Deportation is the equivalent to banishment or exile. Fong Haw Tan v. Phelan, 333 U. S. 6, 10. Though technically not criminal, it practically may be. The penalty is so severe that we have extended to the resident alien the protection of due process. Wong Yang Sung v. McGrath, 339 U. S. 33. Even apart from deportation cases, we look with suspicion at those delegations of power so broad as to allow the administrative staff the power to formulate the fundamental policy. See Watkins v. United States, 354 U. S. 178, 203-205; Kent v. Dulles, 357 U. S. 116. In the Watkins case we were protecting important First Amendment rights. In the Kent case we were protecting the right to travel, an important ingredient of a person’s “liberty” within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment. We deal here also with an aspect of “liberty” and the requirements of due process. They demand that the standard be sufficiently clear as to forewarn those who may otherwise be entrapped and to provide full opportunity to conform. “Psychopathic personality” is so broad and vague as to be hardly more than an epithet. The Court seeks to avoid this question by saying that the standard being applied relates only to what petitioner had done prior to his entry, not to his postentry conduct. But at least half of the questioning of this petitioner related to his postentry conduct.
Moreover, the issue of deportability under § 212 (a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 turns on whether petitioner is “afflicted with psychopathic personality.” On this 1 think he is entitled to a hearing to satisfy both the statute and the requirement of due process.
One psychiatrist reported:
“On psychiatric examination of Mr. Boutilier, there was no indication of delusional trend or hallucinatory phenomena. He is not psychotic. From his own account, he has a psychosexual problem *133but is beginning treatment for this disorder. Diagnostically, I would consider him as having a Character Neurosis, believe that the prognosis in therapy is reasonably good and do not think he represents any risk of decompensation into a dependent psychotic reaction nor any potential for frank criminal activity.”
Another submitted a long report ending as follows:
“The patient’s present difficulties obviously weigh very heavily upon him. He feels as if he has made his life in this country and is deeply disturbed at the prospect of being cut off from the life he has created for himself. He talks frankly about himself. What emerged out of the interview was not a picture of a psychopath but that of a dependent, immature young man with a conscience, an awareness of the feelings of others and a sense of personal honesty. His sexual structure still appears fluid and immature so that he moves from homosexual to heterosexual interests as well as abstinence with almost equal facility. His homosexual orientation seems secondary to a very constricted, dependent personality pattern rather than occurring in the context of a psychopathic personality. My own feeling is that his own need to fit in and be accepted is so great that it far surpasses his need for sex in any form.
“I do not believe that Mr. Boutilier is a psychopath.”
In light of these statements, I cannot say that it has been determined that petitioner was “afflicted” in the statutory sense either at the time of entry or at present. “Afflicted” means possessed or dominated by. Occasional acts would not seem sufficient. “Afflicted” means a way of life, an accustomed pattern of conduct. Whatever disagreement there is as to the meaning of “psycho*134pathic personality,” it has generally been understood to refer to a consistent, lifelong pattern of behavior conflicting with social norms without accompanying guilt. Cleckley, supra, at 29.6 Nothing of that character was *135shown to exist at the time of entry. The fact that he presently has a problem, as one psychiatrist said, does not mean that he is or was necessarily “afflicted” with homosexuality. His conduct is, of course, evidence material to the issue. But the informed judgment of experts is needed to make the required finding. We cruelly mutilate the Act when we hold otherwise. For we make the word of the bureaucrat supreme, when it was the expertise of the doctors and psychiatrists on which Congress wanted the administrative action to be dependent.

 “Homosexual activity in the human male is much more frequent than is ordinarily realized .... In the youngest unmarried group, more than a quarter (27.3%) of the males have some homosexual activity to the point of orgasm .... The incidence among these single males rises in successive age groups until it reaches a maximum of 38.7 per cent between 36 and 40 years of age.
“High frequencies do not occur as often in the homosexual as they do in some other kinds of sexual activity .... Populations are more homogeneous in regard to this outlet. This may reflect the difficulties involved in having frequent and regular relations in a socially taboo activity. Nevertheless, there are a few of the younger adolescent males who have homosexual frequencies of 7 or more per *130week, and between 26 and 30 the maximum frequencies run to 15 per week. By 50 years of age the most active individual is averaging only 5.0 per week.
“For single, active populations, the mean frequencies of homosexual contacts . . . rise more or less steadily from near once per week ... for the younger adolescent boys to nearly twice as often . . . for males between the ages of 31 and 35. They stand above once a week through age 50.” Kinsey, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male 259-261 (1948).

 Report, Committee on Homosexual Offenses and Prostitution (1957).

 Sigmund Freud wrote in 1935:
“Homosexuality is assuredly no advantage, but it is nothing to be ashamed of, no vice, no degradation, it cannot be classified as an illness; we consider it to be a variation of the sexual function produced by a certain arrest of sexual development. Many highly respectable individuals of ancient and modern times have been homosexuals, several of the greatest men among them (Plato, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, etc.). It is a great injustice to persecute homosexuality as a crime, and cruelty too. If you do not believe me, read the books of Havelock Ellis.” Ruitenbeek, The Problem of Homosexuality in Modem Society 1 (1963).

 Caldwell, Constitutional Psychopathic State (Psychopathic Personality) Studies of Soldiers in the U. S. Army, 3 J. Crim. Psychopathology 171-172 (1941).

 See Lindman & McIntyre, The Mentally Disabled and the Law 299 (1961).

 There is good indication that Congress intended the term “afflicted with psychopathic personality” to refer only to those individuals demonstrating “developmental defects or pathological trends in the personality structure manifested] by lifelong patterns of action or behavior . . . .” U. S. Public Health Service, Report on Medical Aspects of H. R. 2379, U. S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 1700 (1952). The provision for exclusion of persons afflicted with psychopathic personality replaced the section of the 1917 Act, 39 Stat. 875, providing for the exclusion of “persons of constitutional psychopathic inferiority.” The purpose of that clause was “to keep out 'tainted blood,’ that is, ‘persons who have medical traits which would harm the people of the United States if those traits were introduced in this country, or if those possessing those traits were added to those in this country who unfortunately are so afflicted.’ ” The Immigration and Naturalization Systems of the United States, S. Rep. No. 1515, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., 343 (1950). The Senate subcommittee which had been charged with making an investigation of -the immigration laws concluded that “the exclusion of persons with ‘constitutional psychopathic inferiority’ was aimed at keeping out of the country aliens with a propensity to mental aberration, those with an inherent likelihood of becoming mental cases, as indicated by their case history.” Ibid. It concluded that “the purpose of the provision against ‘persons with constitutional psychopathic inferiority’ will be more adequately served by changing that term to ‘persons afflicted with psychopathic personality,' and that the classes of mentally defectives should be enlarged to include homosexuals and other sex perverts.” Id., at 345. Senate Report 1515 accompanied Senate bill 3455, which included among excludable aliens “[a]liens afflicted with psychopathic personality,” and “[a]liens who are homosexuals or sex perverts.” The bill was redrafted and became S. 716, with its counterpart in the House being H. R. 2379; the material provisions remained the same as in S. 3455. In response to the House’s request for its opinion on the new provisions, the Public Health Service noted that-
“The conditions classified within the group of psychopathic personalities are, in effect, disorders of the personality. They are characterized by developmental defects or pathological trends in the personality structure manifest by lifelong patterns of action or *135behavior, rather than by mental or emotional symptoms. Individuals with such a disorder may manifest a disturbance of intrinsic personality patterns, exaggerated personality trends, or are persons ill primarily in terms of society and the prevailing culture. The latter or sociopathic reactions are frequently symptomatic of a severe underlying neurosis or psychosis and frequently include those groups of individuals suffering from addiction or sexual deviation.” U. S. Code Cong. & Admin. News 1700 (1952).
The letter setting forth the views of the Public Health Service went on to say, with respect to the exclusion of “homosexuals or sex perverts”:
“Ordinarily, persons suffering from disturbances in sexuality are included within the classification of 'psychopathic personality with pathologic sexuality.’ This classification will specify such types of pathologic behavior as homosexuality or sexual perversion which includes sexual sadism, fetishism, transvestism, pedophilia, etc.” Id., at 1701. The bill which was finally enacted, H. R. 5678, provided for exclusion of “[ajliens afflicted with psychopathic personality,” but did not provide for exclusion of aliens who are homosexuals or sex perverts, as had its predecessors. The House Report, H. R. Rep. No. 1365, which accompanied the bill incorporated the full report of the Public Health Service (H. R. Rep. No. 1365, 82d Cong., 2d Sess., at 46-48) and indicated that the “recommendations contained in the . . . report have been followed.” Id., at 48.
This legislative history indicates that the term “afflicted with psychopathic personality” was used in a medical sense and was meant to refer to lifelong patterns of action that are pathologic and symptomatic of grave underlying neurosis or psychosis. Homosexuality and sex perversion, as a subclass, are limited to the same afflictions.