Court Opinion

ID: 5435887
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-08 17:54:17.614802+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:31:49.826113
License: Public Domain

*655By the Court,
Sawyer, J.
This is an action brought under the provisions of section two hundred fifty-four of the Practice Act by the party in possession of Lot No. 1, in Block 32, in the Town of Colusa, for the purpose of determining a claim of title adverse to him, made by the defendant. The complaint—which is verified— sets out with great particularity a deraignment of the respective titles under which both of the parties claim. None of the material allegations of the complaint are denied, and they are, therefore, for the purposes of the action to be taken as true. Both claim under grants from the Mexican Government —the plaintiff under a grant to Manuel Jimeno, called the “Jimeno Grant”—the defendant under a grant to John Bid- . well, called the “Calus Grant.” Both have been confirmed, and finally located so as to include the lot in dispute, and the question is, which party has the better title ?
The grant to Jimeno of eleven leagues within larger boundaries, as shown by the record, was made November 4th, 1844; that to Bidwell of four leagues within the same larger area, October 4th, 1845. The claimants under the Jimeno grant presented their claim to the Board of Land Commissioners for confirmation March 24th, 1852, in pursuance of the provisions of the Act of March 3d, 1851; the claimants under the Colus grant, March 31st, 1S52. The Jimeno grant was confirmed by the Board January 3 0th, 1853 ; the Colus grant rejected October 25th, 1S53. Both cases having been appealed to the District Court for the Northern District of California, the decree confirming the Jimeno grant was affirmed, and that rejecting the Colus grant reversed, and the grant confirmed on the same day—July 5th, 1855. Both cases were again appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, and at the December term, 3 855, of that Court, the decree confirming the Jimeno grant was finally affirmed, and the appeal in the case of the Colus grant dismissed—the decree of confirmation thereby becoming final. The Jimeno grant was after-wards, in 1858, surveyed so as to include the lot in contro*656versy, which survey was approved by the United States Surveyor-General for California, November 4th, 1858. Said official survey was, on application of defendant, Semple, claimant under the Colus grant, by the United States District Court ordered to be returned into Court, and having been filed, the said Semple, by leave of the Court, granted on his own motion, on the 26th day of September, 1860, under the provisions of the Act of Congress of June 14th, 1860, filed in the proceeding his intervention, as he alleged, “ for the protection of his rights and interest as owner and claimant of Eancho Colus finally confirmed to him,” and filed therein his written exceptions to the said official survey of the Jimeno Eancho, on the. ground that it embraced lands (of which the lot in question was a part) claimed by him as being within the limits of the Colus Eancho. Testimony having been taken and arguments of the respective counsel had, the Court by order directed said survey to be set aside and another to be made in accordance with specifications in said order contained.
“ On the third day of April, 1861, the said United States Surveyor-General returned to and filed in said Court in said proceeding a certified coj>y of the original plat of an official survey of the said Jimeno Eancho, made in conformity with the said order of said Court, and marked as approved by the said United States Surveyor-General, on the twenty-sixth day of March, 1861. On the sixth day of April, 1861, on the motion of the claimants’ counsel to confirm said last named official survey, ‘ the counsel for the respective parties and Charles D. Semple, intervenor, in person appearing.in Court and, consenting to said motion and said official survey,’ the said United States District Court rendered and entered a decree finally confirming, approving and adopting the said survey as the true, proper and correct survey of the said land finally confirmed to the said Larkin and Missroon, as the Jimeno Eancho as aforesaid.” From this decree thus entered no appeal was taken either by claimants or defendant, Semple; but said Semple, as intervenor, in April, 1861, “especially waived, in writing under his hand, all right' of appeal from *657said decree.” On the 12th of April, 1861, the United States appealed, which appeal was dismissed by the Attorney-General of the United States, May 29th, 1S62, and the survey therefore became final and a patent issued thereon to the claimants under the Jimeno grant, July 18th, 1862, which patent embraces the premises in question.
A survey of the Colus grant was in the meantime made by the Surveyor-General, and also approved November 4th, 1858. Said survey did not embrace the land in controversy, or any land included in the survey of the Jimeno grant before mentioned, approved by the Surveyor-General on the same day. This survey was also on the application of said Semple returned into Court, and, October 17th, 1859, set aside, the said Court ordering a new survey to be made, “ with the right to the said Semple to select a location of two square leagues of land within the exterior limits of the said Colus grant.” November 5th, 1859, said Semple notified the Surveyor-General that he had elected the two square leagues of land embraced and contained in a certain private survey made in October, 1858, and that he consented that said last named survey should be adopted by the Surveyor-General as the proper location of said grant, and that the same be returned into Court in the room and stead of the new one directed to be made by said order of said Court. The said survey and another having been returned into Court, the survey so elected was confirmed by said District Court, February 2d, 1861. An appeal from said order of confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States was taken by the United States, April 12th, 1861, and subsequently dismissed by the Attorney-General at the December term, 1864, of said Court. Said' survey embraces the lot in question, but no patent has yet issued.
Although plaintiff has the elder grant (which was also first presented to the Board of Land Commissioners for confirmation,) and is in most respects prior in point of time, yet the defendant insists, that, under the principles advanced in Waterman v. Smith, 13 Cal. 373, his title is to be preferred, because *658the order confirming his survey was in fact entered by the District Court before the order confirming plaintiff’s survey; that notwithstanding plaintiff’s survey became final, and his patent issued long before the defendant’s survey became final by dismissal of the appeal, that upon such dismissal his confirmation by relation took effect from the date of the decree of the District Court, and that his land was thereby first segregated. The claimant, on the contrary, insists that it,was held by this Court in Thornton v. Mahoney, 24 Cal. 582, that the decree confirming the survey was not operative until the appeal was disposed of by the appellate Court, and that the finality of the respective decrees confirming the survey in these cases must therefore date from the time of the dismissal of the respective appeals. The question in that case was not whether, when the appeal' is dismissed or the decree affirmed by the appellate Court, the rights of the parties become fixed by relation from the date of the decree of the District Court thus made final. It was simply whether, pending the appeal, the decree appealed from is to be regarded as finally locating the land, within the meaning of the provisions of the Act passed by the Legislature of California, April 26th, 1858, entitled “An Act for the better protection of settlers on public lands in this State, and to secure the rights of parties in certain cases” (Laws 1858, p. 345,) so as to enable parties to recover the lands under said Act before a final disposition of the appeal. There is an error in a reference in the case cited which may tend to produce some obscurity, and which we now desire to correct. The phrase, “ the Act of Congress of June 14th, 1860” (page 582,) should read, “the Act of the Legislature of California of April 26th, 1858.” We also take occasion, while the case is before us, to supply an inadvertent omission in the second line of page 584. The sentence should read, “ It is not the practice for the United States when appellants in cases of appeals from the decree of the District Court,” etc.
Without deciding the question, we shall, for the purposes of this decision, assume that the defendant’s location, on dis*659missing the appeal, became final by relation from the date of the decree confirming his survey by the District Court, and that the final decree is equivalent to a patent. Assuming these points, and accepting the decision in Waterman v. Smith as correctly determining the matters in controversy in that case, it does not follow that the principles of that decision are applicable to the facts of the case now under consideration.
The grant in question in Waterman v. Smith was located by the Executive Department of the Government in pursuance of the provisions of the Act of Congress of March 3d, 1851. But the system of locating grants was essentially modified by the Act of June 14th, 1860, and the surveys of the grants in controversy in this case were finally confirmed under the provisions of that Act. The Act provides that, when' the Surveyor-General has completed and platted the survey of any confirmed claim, he shall give notice of the fact in some newspaper for a prescribed period of time, and that during that time the survey and plat shall remain in his office subject to inspection ; that upon the application of any party interested, the said survey and plat may, upon the order of the District Court of the district within which the land is situate, be returned into said “ District Court for examination and adjudication that notice shall be given in a mode prescribed “ to all parties interested, that objection has been made to such survey and location, and admonishing all parties in interest to intervene for the protection of such interest;” that said parties in interest, after having intervened, may proceed to take testimony and contest the same, and that, “ on hearing the allegations and proofs, the Court shall render judgment thereon; and if, in its opinion, the location and survey are erroneous, it is authorized to set aside and annul the same, or correct and modify it.” It then provides for an appeal from the decree finally confirming the survey. (IS TJ. S. Stats, at Large, 33, 34.) The proceedings had under this Act after the return of the survey and plat, are strictly judicial in their character. The parties interested have an opportunity to be heard, and those appearing actually are heard, and their rights litigated *660and adjudicated j and when thus finally determined we see no reason why the matters determined should not, like all other judicial determinations upon points directly in issue, be regarded as res adjudicata, and be final and conclusive upon the rights of the parties. Such is the opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States, expressed in the recent cáse of Rodrigues v. United States, 1 Wallace, 587. In 1838 a provisional grant of a league of land was made to Ramona Sanchez, “ known by the name of ‘ Butano,’ which tract, in 1844, Governor Micheltorena granted to her, reciting his deed to be a ratification of the provisional title given to her in 1838.” Rodrigues claimed undér this grant. In 1842, subsequent to the provisional grant, a grant was also made to Simeon Castro. Castro’s grant had been confirmed, surveyed and patented prior to June 14th, 1860, and to his proceedings neither Sanchez nor Rodrigues was a party. Sanchez’s grant having been confirmed and subsequently surveyed, the survey and plat were ordered to be returned into Court, and after a contest there under the provisions of the Act of 1860, to which proceedings the claimants under the Castro grant made themselves parties—the grant was finally located in part upon lands already surveyed and patented to the claimants under the Castro grant. In reviewing this final location on appeal the Supreme Court of the United States—Mr. Justice Miller delivering the opinion—say:
“It is objected to this location of the grant that it places it on land which has already been confirmed, surveyed and patented to the representatives of Castro, The answer to this is, that we are called on in this proceeding to determine where' the grant to the present claimant ought rightfully to be located, who wTas not a party to any of the proceedings by which Castro’s claim was confirmed, surveyed or patented, and is not therefore bound or concluded by either the decree, survey, or patent, as expressly enacted by the fifteenth section of the Act of 1851. For Castro’s survey was made before the Act of 1860, and there was no opportunity for this claimant to con*661test its location. And lastly it may be added, that the holder of the Castro claim has made himself a party to the present proceeding, and must be bound by its result.”
Row the representative of the Castro claim held' a subsequent grant, which was first finally segregated and patented. Under the Act of 1860, he made himself a party to the subsequent proceedings, for locating a prior grant to Sanchez, which was, notwithstanding his opposition, located in part upon lands already patented to him. This is precisely the case under consideration, and if Castro’s representatives by making himself a party to the proceedings, “ must be bound by its results,” as observed by Mr. Justice Miller—and we think he must—then defendant, Semple, is concluded in this case. Plaintiff’s is the elder grant, and it was first presented for confirmation to the Board of Land Commissioners. Both claims having been surveyed so as not to interfere, they were ordered to be returned into Court, “ for examination and adjudication,” on application of defendant. On leave of the Court he intervened in plaintiff’s proceedings; had plaintiff’s survey—and in another proceeding his own—set aside, and new surveys ordered; and succeeded in getting his second survey first confirmed. Afterwards plaintiff’s survey came up for determination and although embracing the lot in question, which had already been included in defendant’s survey, on motion of plaintiff’s counsel to confirm his survey, the Court rendered a “ decree finally confirming, approving and adopting the said survey as the true, proper and correct survey of the said land finally confirmed as the Jimeno Rancho, 1 Charles D. Semple, iutervenor, in person appearing in Court and consenting to said motion and official survey.’ ” And said defendant, Semple, also afterwards on the same day “ waived in writing, under his hand, all right to appeal from said decree.” This must be regarded as an adjudication between the parties, and with the consent of defendant, that the plaintiff’s prior grant is properly located ; and that the defendant’s subsequent grant to the extent of the interference was improperly located, and *662this determination is final and conclusive upon the rights of the parties. It follows that the title is in the plaintiff and the judgment must be affirmed. ' - And it is so ordered.