Court Opinion

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Opinions of the United
1999 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

2-23-1999

AMP Inc v. Allied Signal Corp
Precedential or Non-Precedential:

Docket 98-2019

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Recommended Citation
"AMP Inc v. Allied Signal Corp" (1999). 1999 Decisions. Paper 46.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_1999/46

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Filed February 18, 1999

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

No. 98-2019

AMP INCORPORATED

v.

ALLIEDSIGNAL CORPORATION;
PMA ACQUISITION CORPORATION

AlliedSignal, Inc. and PMA
Acquisition Corporation,

       Appellants

On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civ. No. 98-4405)
District Judge: Honorable James T. Giles

Argued January 20, 1999

BEFORE: GREENBERG, ALITO, and McKEE,
Circuit Judges

(Filed: February 18, 1999)

       Jon A. Baughman (argued)
       Seth A. Abel
       Peter O. Clauss
       Pepper, Hamilton & Scheetz
       18th & Arch Streets
       3000 Two Logan Square
       Philadelphia, PA 19103-2799
John G. Harkins, Jr.
Gay P. Rainville
Eleanor M. Illoway
Harkins Cunningham
2005 Market Street
2800 One Commerce Square
Philadelphia, PA 19103

 Attorneys for AMP Incorporated

Alexander R. Sussman (argued)
Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver &
 Jacobson
One New York Plaza
New York, NY 10004

Arlin M. Adams
Schnader, Harrison, Segal &
 Lewis
1600 Market Street
Suite 3600
Philadelphia, PA 19103

Mary A. McLaughlin
George G. Gordon
Dechert, Price & Rhoads
1717 Arch Street
400 Bell Atlantic Tower
Philadelphia, PA 19103

 Attorneys for AlliedSignal, Inc. and
 PMA Acquisition Corp.

                           2
OPINION OF THE COURT

GREENBERG, Circuit Judge.

I. INTRODUCTION

AMP Incorporated brought suit under the Pennsylvania
Business Corporation Law ("PBCL"), 15 Pa. Cons. Stat.
Ann. S 2501 et seq. (West 1995), alleging that 20,000,100
shares of AMP stock acquired by AlliedSignal, Inc.,
amounting to 9.1% of outstanding AMP stock, are control
shares within the meaning of the portion of the PBCL
commonly known as the Control Share Acquisitions
Statute, 15 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. SS 2561-68 (the "Statute").
AMP charged that because of a voting disqualification in the
Statute, AlliedSignal could not vote those shares. The
district court, construing the Statute, concluded that,
although AlliedSignal's acquisition totaled less than 20% of
the outstanding AMP stock, the numerical threshold for the
voting disqualification, the Statute requires that shares
bought with the intent to make a "control share
acquisition" as defined by the Statute are"control shares,"
and so lose voting rights unless restored as provided in the
Statute. Therefore, the court enjoined AlliedSignal from
voting its shares. AlliedSignal and its subsidiary used in
acquiring AMP shares, PMA Acquisition Corporation,
appeal. We conclude that there must be a "control-share
acquisition" triggered upon actual acquisition of at least
20% of the outstanding shares by an acquiring person
before voting shares may be deemed "control shares."
Consequently, we will reverse.

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

AMP is a Pennsylvania corporation which designs,
manufactures and, on a worldwide basis, markets
electronic, electrical and electro-optic connection devices,
interconnection systems and connector assemblies. Its
principal place of business is in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,
and it is a registered corporation within the meaning of

                               3
section 2502 of the PBCL, 15 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann.S 2501
et seq. Allied Signal is a Delaware corporation with its
principal place of business in Morristown, New Jersey, and
is the beneficial owner of 20,000,100 AMP shares, or 9.1%
of AMP's outstanding stock, having bought those shares
intending to acquire AMP. Allied Signal is an advanced
technology and manufacturing company with worldwide
operations in the aerospace, automotive and engineered
materials businesses.

In August 1998, Allied Signal began to make overtures to
AMP for a negotiated merger transaction. On August 4,
1998, Allied Signal announced that it would commence an
unsolicited tender offer for all of the outstanding shares of
the common stock of AMP and would seek to merge the two
companies. On August 10, 1998, Allied Signal filed a tender
offer statement on Schedule 14D-1 with the Securities
Exchange Commission setting forth the terms of the tender
offer and other information.

On August 21, 1998, the AMP directors formally rejected
AlliedSignal's offer, and filed a complaint in the district
court against AlliedSignal and PMA Acquisition
Corporation. While this appeal involves only state law
issues, the overall action also includes federal issues, so
that the district court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
SS 1331, 1332, and 1367. In light of AMP's opposition,
AlliedSignal amended its offer to reduce the number of
shares it sought to 40,000,000, the approximate number it
could acquire without triggering AMP's then-existing
"poison pill." On September 21, 1998, after AMP's board
reduced the share ownership threshold for triggering the
"poison pill" from 20% to 10%, AlliedSignal amended its
offer again to reduce the number of shares sought, this
time to 20,000,000, or approximately 9.1% of all AMP
shares outstanding. The next day AMP amended its
complaint to add, among other charges, Count Four, the
subject of this appeal.

In Count Four AMP alleged that the shares which
AlliedSignal proposed to buy pursuant to the amended
tender offer are "control shares" because AlliedSignal had
announced its offer to purchase all AMP shares. Thus, AMP
argued that in view of the statutory voting disqualification,

                                4
AlliedSignal could not vote the shares it proposed to buy.
On October 9, 1998, after the expiration of its amended
tender offer, AlliedSignal purchased 20,000,000 shares of
AMP stock at a cost of $890 million. Because AlliedSignal
earlier had purchased 100 shares of AMP stock,
AlliedSignal was and is now the beneficial owner of
20,000,100 shares of AMP stock or 9.1% of AMP's
outstanding shares.1

On October 15, 1998, AMP moved for partial summary
judgment on Count Four of its first Amended Complaint. In
particular, it sought a declaratory judgment that
AlliedSignal's shares in AMP are "control shares" as defined
by the Control Share Acquisitions Statute and an
injunction barring AlliedSignal from voting any AMP shares
unless and until AlliedSignal obtains a restoration of its
voting rights in accordance with the Statute. AlliedSignal
cross-moved on October 29, 1998, for partial summary
judgment against AMP dismissing Count Four on the
grounds that the shares it had acquired were not"control
shares" and that their acquisition thus had not triggered a
loss of voting rights. A hearing was held on November 4,
1998, and on November 18, 1998, the district court issued
a Memorandum Opinion and Order granting AMP's motion
for partial summary judgment on Count Four and denying
AlliedSignal's cross-motion. Thus, AlliedSignal, AMP's
largest shareholder, cannot vote its shares of AMP with
respect to the consent solicitation as well as any issues
voted upon at the annual 1999 shareholders meeting,
including a potential merger between AMP and Tyco
International, Ltd., announced by AMP on November 22,
1998. AlliedSignal and PMA Acquisition Corporationfiled
their notice of appeal on November 23, 1998. We have
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. S 1292(a)(1) and, because we
_________________________________________________________________

1. The parties agreed at the oral argument before us that AlliedSignal is
the beneficial owner of all of those shares, contrary to the discussion in
the district court's Memorandum Opinion and Order, which stated that
"[b]eneficially owned shares . . . carry a rebuttable presumption that
they
are control shares," while "[t]here is no such rebuttable presumption . .
.
covering the voting shares actually owned . . . ." We believe that the
district court's reading of beneficial ownership was incorrect as such
ownership clearly includes outright ownership.

                                5
decide this case through the application of legal principles,
we exercise plenary review. See AT&T Co. v. Winback and
Conserve Program, Inc., 42 F.3d 1421, 1427 (3d Cir. 1994).
In this regard, we point out that the district court did not
suggest that it predicated the injunction on any basis other
than its construction of the Statute.

III. DISCUSSION

Pennsylvania's 1990 Control Share Acquisitions Statute,
Chapter 25, Subchapter G of the PBCL, 15 Pa. Cons. Stat.
Ann. SS 2561-68, requires that tender offers be subject to
shareholder approval at a meeting. This complex statute
was one of many similar state laws passed beginning in the
1980s to protect businesses from certain abusive and
manipulative practices of corporate raiders. See S. Wallman
and L. Gordon, Pennsylvania's Anti-Raider Legislation, 4
No. 8 Insights 38 (Aug. 1990).

The Statute treats a person's acquiring voting power over
20% of the voting shares of a corporation as a fundamental
corporate transaction requiring prior shareholder approval.
Specifically, while not limiting a purchaser from acquiring
shares, the Statute provides that "control shares" may not
be voted until the shareholders grant approval. Control
shares are defined as voting shares providing a person with
voting power in three specified ranges, beginning with 20%.
Control shares also include shares owned by an acquiring
person purchased with the intent of making a control-share
acquisition or purchased within 180 days prior to that
person's making a control-share acquisition.

We think that the clearest reading of this rather
confusingly-drafted statute is that an "acquiring person"
loses its right to vote its shares when it actually acquires
enough shares to bring its total shares beneficially owned
to or above one of the statutory thresholds of voting power,
starting at 20%. The parties agree that AlliedSignal is an
"acquiring person" as defined by the statute: a "person who
makes or proposes to make a control-share acquisition." 15
Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. S 2562.

A "control-share acquisition" is defined in section 2562
as

                               6
       An acquisition . . . that, but for this subchapter, would,
       when added to all voting power of the person over other
       voting shares of the corporation . . . entitle the person
       to cast . . . [votes in these ranges]: (1) at least 20% but
       less than 33 1/3%, (2) at least 33 1/3% but less than
       50%, or (3) 50% or more.

AMP concedes that under the statutory definition there has
not been a "control-share acquisition" in the sense of
AlliedSignal's reaching a statutory threshold for it has not
acquired 20% of AMP's shares. Br. at 10. However, in effect,
AMP is arguing that the definition of "control shares"
operates such that an "acquiring person" can have its
"control shares" stripped of voting power without having
made an actual "control-share acquisition."

The appeal largely boils down to how "control shares" is
defined in section 2562. The two-sentence provision defines
"control shares" as:

       Those voting shares of a corporation that, upon
       acquisition of voting power over such shares by an
       acquiring person, would result in a control-share
       acquisition. Voting shares beneficially owned by an
       acquiring person shall also be deemed to be control
       shares where such beneficial ownership was acquired
       by the acquiring person:

       (1) within 180 days of the day the person makes a
       control-share acquisition; or

       (2) with the intention of making a control-share
       acquisition.

15 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. S 2562 (emphasis added).

The trouble lies in subsection (2) of the second sentence,
which the district court held to mean that if an acquiring
person has bought shares with the express intention of
buying more shares to make a control-share acquisition,
those shares already acquired are "control shares." But the
use of the past tense in the second sentence --"was
acquired . . . . with the intention" -- and the use of the
word "deemed," suggest that the subsection looks backward
in time, so as to be applied to those shares an acquiring
person buys which, when added to those it already

                               7
purchased, bring its beneficial ownership to the 20%
threshold. The previously-acquired shares would be
"deemed" retroactively to be "control shares" and covered
under subsection (2), when, as here, they were "acquired
. . . with the intention of making a control-share
acquisition." Thus, when the acquiring person's holdings
actually reach the 20% threshold, all of the stock it has
acquired, even that acquired before it reached the
threshold, is deemed "control share" stock, since, under the
first sentence of the definition, the acquiring person now
has made a "control-share acquisition." The inclusion of the
second sentence shows that those last shares which one
buys to reach the 20% threshold are not the only ones that
are "control shares" subject to the voting disqualification;
rather, all those shares purchased within the previous 180
days and those bought at any time in the past with intent
to make a "control-share acquisition" are subject to the
disqualification.

In this regard, we point out that the Control Share
Acquisitions Statute is set forth in a subchapter in the
PBCL entitled "Control-Share Acquisitions": our conclusion
reconciles the statutory definition of "control-share
acquisition," which sets forth the three acquisition
thresholds, with the rather complicated definition of
"control shares." The district court's construction of
"control shares" is difficult to harmonize with the 20%,
33 1/3% and 50% acquisition triggers, since under its view
intent alone could create control shares where there is no
actual control-share acquisition or where the acquiring
person has accumulated only a small number of shares in
the company to be acquired. We recognize, of course, that
the definition of "acquiring person" includes a person who
"proposes to make" a control-share acquisition. 15 Pa.
Cons. Stat. Ann. S 2562. The district court used this
definition as evidence that shares one buys with intent to
make a later control-share acquisition are control shares.
Nevertheless, we believe that the critical issue is how to
reconcile the definitions of "control shares" and "control-
share acquisition." Our definition of "control shares"
accords with the definition of "acquiring person" in that
AlliedSignal, which does intend to make a control-share
acquisition in the future, may be an "acquiring person"

                               8
without its shares being stripped of voting rights when
numerically they do not even approach the 20% threshold.

Applicable legislative history is sparse, but we believe
that the evidence suggests that the Statute was intended to
"kick in" once an actual threshold has been reached. The
Draftsmen's Comment states that the term "control-share
acquisition"

       utilizes the concept of voting power in three specified
       ranges, beginning with 20%. . . . In many instances a
       much lower percentage could be utilized as the
       percentage at which control could be affected, but for
       purposes of the subchapter and its general
       applicability to corporations the 20% threshold was
       selected.

Draftsmen's Comment to S 2562, at 477, 2 Zeiter,
Pennsylvania Associations Code and Related Materials
(West 1992). We believe that the whole Statute must
operate with the definition of "control-share acquisition"
and its specified thresholds kept in mind. The various
provisions and definitions must be read together in
harmony.

Furthermore, it seems clear that Pennsylvania's Statute,
like those of other states, was modeled upon Indiana's,
which is triggered by actual share acquisitions of 20% of
outstanding stock. See, e.g., Ind. Code Ann.S 23-1-42-1;
N.C. Gen. Stat. S 55-9A-01; Neb. Rev. Stat.S 21-2439.2 The
Draftsmen's Comment to section 2562 shows that the
Draftsmen did have the anti-raider laws of other states in
mind ("the 20% threshold is within the range of levels set
in similar statutes in other states.").3

AMP admits that under Indiana's law, AlliedSignal would
prevail. Br. at 29. Indiana explicitly covers those shares
_________________________________________________________________

2. Under Pennsylvania law, we may consider similar statutes of other
jurisdictions in construing the Statute. General Elec. Envtl. Serv., Inc.
v.
Envirotech Corp., 763 F. Supp. 113, 118-19 (M.D. Pa. 1991).

3. See also April 23, 1990 Pennsylvania Senate Journal at 1947
(Comments of Senator Wenger) (statute bars "a raider who acquires more
than 20 percent of a company from voting [its] shares to change
corporate control without the approval of the remaining shareholders").

                                9
which -- "added to all other shares" -- reach the 20%
threshold "immediately after" they are bought. Ind. Code
Ann. S 23-1-42-1 (quoted below). AMP has not offered any
indication that the Pennsylvania legislators intended a
departure from the norm of Indiana and other states, which
require reaching an actual threshold before voting shares
are disenfranchised. AMP argues that the Pennsylvania
statute was intended to be different from the Indiana
statute because the definitions of "control share" differ. Br.
at 29. AMP focuses upon the fact that the Indiana statute's
definition of "control shares" stops without a second
sentence comparable to that in Pennsylvania's Statute.
"Control shares" are defined in Indiana as:

       shares that, except for this chapter, would have voting
       power with respect to shares of an issuing public
       corporation that, when added to all other shares of the
       issuing public corporation owned by a person or in
       respect to which that person may exercise or direct the
       exercise of voting power, would entitle that person,
       immediately after acquisition of the shares (directly or
       indirectly, alone or as a part of a group), to exercise or
       direct the exercise of the voting power of the issuing
       public corporation in the election of directors within
       any of the following ranges of voting power:

       (1) One-fifth (1/5) or more but less than one-third (1/3)
       of all voting power.

       (2) One-third (1/3) or more but less than a majority of
       all voting power.

       (3) A majority or more of all voting power.

Ind. Code Ann. S 23-1-42-1.

Inasmuch as AMP recognizes that under the Indiana
statute, AlliedSignal's stock would not be control shares,
AMP's argument hinges upon the Pennsylvania statute's
inclusion of subsection (2) of the second sentence of the
definition of "control shares": AMP argues that this
language differs enough from that in statutes in other
states to demonstrate that the Pennsylvania legislature
intended it to operate differently in Pennsylvania. However,
the Indiana statute's definition of "control share

                               10
acquisition" contains language resembling Pennsylvania
statute's definition of "control shares," for it covers shares
bought within a certain time frame as well as previously-
bought shares acquired with the intention to reach a
threshold. Ind. Code Ann. S 23-1-42-2(b). The Indiana
definition of "control share acquisition" provides that, for
purposes of the disenfranchisement provision, "shares
acquired within ninety (90) days or shares acquired
pursuant to a plan to make a control share acquisition are
considered to have been acquired in the same acquisition."
Id. See also CTS Corp. v. Dynamics Corp. of America, 481
U.S. 69, 74, 107 S.Ct. 1637, 1641 (1987) (explaining
operation of Indiana control share acquisitions statute).

Finally, as construed by the district court, the Statute
provides no way for a beneficial owner stripped of voting
power but not yet having met one of the thresholds
specified in the definition of "control-share acquisition" to
regain voting rights. Here, for example, under the district
court's opinion, AlliedSignal has become the owner of
"control shares" but has not made a "control-share
acquisition." Under the Statute, a special meeting to restore
voting rights will be called if the acquiring person"makes a
control-share acquisition or a bona fide written offer to
make a control-share acquisition," 15 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann.
S 2565(a)(3), "files an information statement fully
conforming to section 2566," id. S 2565(a)(1), and has
"entered into a definitive financing agreement to provide for
any amounts of financing of the control-share acquisition
not to be provided" by it. Id. S 2565(d)(2)(i). The acquirer
then has 90 days after restoration of voting rights to
consummate the control-share acquisition or those rights
lapse. Id. S 2564(b). Where, as here, there is no outstanding
bona fide written offer, information statement andfinancing
arrangement to make a control-share acquisition, i.e., to
reach the 20% threshold, section 2565(a) does not provide
a clear process through which voting rights can be
reinstated by other shareholders. 15 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann.
S 2565(a).4 Moreover, an acquiring person who buys shares
_________________________________________________________________

4. AMP responds that AlliedSignal previously has made a written offer,
br. at 26, but it is not clear that the existence of such a prior offer,
especially without an information statement and financing
arrangements, will enable AlliedSignal to request the special meeting.

                               11
gradually -- however few at any one time -- would have to
continue to petition to have its voting rights restored,
unless it chose to accelerate the process by consummating
the acquisition within 90 days: such a result is impractical,
as well as having the undesired effect of hastening tender
offers rather than delaying them.

A reading contrary to ours, in addition to creating the
unreasonable results identified above, would burden the
market for corporate control substantially and would
entrench management in a manner likely to harm the long-
term interests of shareholders. These undesirable
consequences provide further support for our interpretation
of the Statute. First, while under AMP's reading it still
would be possible for a bidder such as Allied Signal to
solicit proxies to gain control of the target, as a practical
matter, the expense and unlikelihood of winning a proxy
contest without an appreciable number of votes committed
to the solicitor's position effectively eliminates this type of
challenge to the control of management. Second, AMP's
reading almost certainly would eliminate the practice of
buying a sizeable stake of the company (say 6%) and
threatening a control contest to prod management toward
better corporate policy.5 This practice would be eliminated
as a practical matter because the shares would lose their
voting rights upon acquisition and any credible threat to
control would be neutralized. Finally, it is difficult to
reconcile AMP's interpretation of the Statute with the
prevailing rule regarding the propriety of corporate
defensive tactics -- viz., that the defensive measure must
be reasonable in relation to the threat posed. See Unocal
Corp. v. Mesa Petroleum Co., 493 A.2d 946, 955 (Del. 1985).
We believe that a defensive measure that disenfranchises
even a single share acquired with an intent to contest
control of the company would not pass this test of
proportionality.
_________________________________________________________________

5. See Steven Bailey and Steven Syre,"Playing Tough Guy to Get the
Deals Done: Value Investor Michael Price Shows No Doubt in Using
Clout," Boston Globe, June 26, 1997, at C1 (describing Price's use of this
tactic in merger between Chase Manhattan Corp. and Chemical Banking
Corp.).

                               12
Thus, AlliedSignal's interpretation of the Statute can be
reconciled with the statutory language and avoids the
unreasonable results that AMP's interpretation would
produce -- results that we cannot believe the Pennsylvania
Legislature intended. Lehigh Valley Coop. Farmers v.
Commonwealth of Pa., 447 A.2d 948, 950-51 (Pa. 1982) (in
construing statute, court may presume that General
Assembly did not intend absurd or unreasonable result). If
we were to affirm we, in effect, would be holding that
Pennsylvania's takeover law departs from that of all other
states' takeover laws and that the Pennsylvania Legislature
effected this radical departure without providing any clear
evidence that it meant to do so. Moreover, it would be
difficult to reconcile that construction of the Statute with
the available procedure to restore the lost voting rights of
control shares in situations -- including the present case --
in which an acquirer gradually purchases stock as it moves
towards the 20% threshold.

It is true that a purchase of 19.99% of shares --or 17%,
or, perhaps, 9.1% -- by an "acquiring person" may create
the same sorts of corporate-control dilemmas for a
company being acquired as would a purchase of 20% or
20.01%. Still, the definition of "control-share acquisition"
here, as elsewhere, clearly specifies a level of acquisition to
be reached before a shareholder suffers the serious
disability of losing voting rights.

IV. CONCLUSION

We conclude that the Pennsylvania Control Share
Acquisitions Statute requires an "acquiring person" to
purchase shares such that its total ownership of
outstanding shares amounts to or exceeds the level of 20%
(or 33 1/3 or 50%, as the case may be), when those shares
include previously-acquired shares bought with an intent to
make a control-share acquisition or bought within 180 days
before the disenfranchising effect of the Statute is triggered.
We therefore will reverse the district court's order of
November 18, 1998, granting the motion for partial
summary judgment and enjoining AlliedSignal from voting
its 20,000,010 shares of AMP stock, and will remand the

                               13
matter to the district court for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.

A True Copy:
Teste:

       Clerk of the United States Court of Appeals
       for the Third Circuit

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