Court Opinion

ID: 4670866
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-24 14:02:50.125238+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:15.278355
License: Public Domain

***********************************************
    The “officially released” date that appears near the be-
ginning of each opinion is the date the opinion will be pub-
lished in the Connecticut Law Journal or the date it was
released as a slip opinion. The operative date for the be-
ginning of all time periods for filing postopinion motions
and petitions for certification is the “officially released”
date appearing in the opinion.

   All opinions are subject to modification and technical
correction prior to official publication in the Connecticut
Reports and Connecticut Appellate Reports. In the event of
discrepancies between the advance release version of an
opinion and the latest version appearing in the Connecticut
Law Journal and subsequently in the Connecticut Reports
or Connecticut Appellate Reports, the latest version is to
be considered authoritative.

   The syllabus and procedural history accompanying the
opinion as it appears in the Connecticut Law Journal and
bound volumes of official reports are copyrighted by the
Secretary of the State, State of Connecticut, and may not
be reproduced and distributed without the express written
permission of the Commission on Official Legal Publica-
tions, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut.
***********************************************
             ERICA LAFFERTY ET AL. v. ALEX
                  EMRIC JONES ET AL.
                     WILLIAM SHERLACH v.
                      ALEX JONES ET AL.
                WILLIAM SHERLACH ET AL. v.
                 ALEX EMRIC JONES ET AL.
                        (SC 20327)
                Robinson, C. J., Palmer, McDonald, D’Auria,
                      Mullins, Kahn and Ecker, Js.*

                                   Syllabus

The plaintiffs, a first responder and family members of those killed in the
    mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School, commenced separate
    actions, which the trial court consolidated, seeking to recover damages
    from the defendants, J and several of his affiliated corporate entities,
    for, inter alia, invasion of privacy, arising out of statements made by J on
    his radio show advancing certain conspiracy theories about the shooting.
    The defendants filed special motions to dismiss the plaintiffs’ complaints
    pursuant to the statute (§ 52-196a (b)) permitting the court to dismiss
    a complaint that is based on the opposing party’s exercise of its constitu-
    tional right to free speech in connection with a matter of public concern.
    The plaintiffs moved for limited discovery pursuant to § 52-196a (d) in
    order to respond to the special motions to dismiss. The trial court found
    good cause for limited discovery and ordered the defendants to comply
    by a certain date, but they failed to meet that deadline. The defendants
    then filed motions for an extension of time within which to produce
    the discovery materials. The court granted the motions but warned that,
    if the defendants continued to ignore deadlines, they would be foreclosed
    from pursuing their special motions to dismiss. Two days before the
    new deadline, the defendants again moved for an extension of time, but
    the court denied the motions, explaining that the defendants had not
    substantially complied with its discovery orders. On that basis, the
    plaintiffs moved for sanctions. At the hearing on the sanctions motions,
    the defendants argued that, by that time, they had responded to almost
    every discovery request and were in substantial compliance. The court
    agreed and concluded that their production was sufficient to allow them
    to pursue their special motions to dismiss. Subsequently, in response to
    the plaintiffs’ request, the trial court ordered the defendants to produce
    certain marketing data and a complete search of J’s cell phone, again
    warning that it would consider appropriate sanctions if the defendants
    failed to comply. Shortly thereafter, J and his attorney appeared together
    on J’s radio show to discuss the case, during which J explained that
    someone had embedded child pornography in e-mails he had turned
    over to the plaintiffs in discovery. J then went on a long tirade against
    those whom he believed had planted the child pornography, during
    which he implicated the plaintiffs’ attorney, M, accused M of committing
    a felony, threatened M, declared war on M, and promoted a $1 million
    bounty. Shortly after the broadcast, the parties appeared before the
    court and argued whether the court should order sanctions as a result
    of the broadcast. After hearing arguments, the court imposed sanctions
    against the defendants and revoked their opportunity to pursue the
    merits of their special motions to dismiss, basing its decision on the
    facts that the defendants had not complied with its discovery orders
    and that J had harassed, intimidated, and threatened M. Following the
    court’s imposition of sanctions, the defendants appealed pursuant to the
    statute (§ 52-265a) permitting the Chief Justice to certify an interlocutory
    appeal involving a matter of substantial public interest. Held:
1. The trial court did not violate the defendants’ first amendment rights
    when it imposed sanctions on the basis of J’s broadcast because, consid-
    ering J’s role as a party in the litigation and the threatening nature of
    his speech, J’s broadcast presented an imminent and likely threat to
    the administration of justice: this court concluded that, if extrajudicial
    speech by a party to litigation poses an imminent and likely threat to
    the administration of judicial proceedings, a court may sanction a party
    for that speech, without violating the first amendment, to the extent
    necessary to protect the fairness of the litigation and taking into consid-
    eration the timing and the nature of the speech; J’s status as a party to
    the litigation and the threatening and vituperative nature of his speech
    served to confirm the imminence and likelihood of the threatened harm,
    J, as a party commenting on his own litigation, had a greater opportunity
    and perceived incentive to affect the outcome of the cases than a non-
    party criticizing a judicial action, and J’s speech was threatening and
    intimidating, led to additional threats against the trial judge and the
    plaintiffs’ counsel, and created a hostile atmosphere that could discour-
    age individuals from participating in the litigation and pose a threat to
    the plaintiffs’ ability to litigate their cases; moreover, the court penalized
    the defendants in a restrained manner in order to preserve the judicial
    process, and the sanctions imposed were narrowly tailored to achieving
    the government’s substantial interest in ensuring the administration of
    justice, as the court refrained from imposing a more severe sanction,
    such as defaulting the defendants or holding them in contempt, and,
    instead, merely revoked a statutory benefit, namely, the opportunity to
    pursue their special motions to dismiss.
2. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by sanctioning the defendants,
    as it was undisputed that the court’s discovery orders were reasonably
    clear and that the defendants violated four of them, and revoking the
    defendants’ opportunity to pursue the special motions to dismiss was
    proportional to their discovery violations and in light of the nature of
    J’s broadcast: the record supported the trial court’s finding that the
    defendants wilfully disregarded the discovery orders and continued to
    challenge the underlying merits of the limited discovery despite the
    court’s finding that it was supported by good cause, and the defendants’
    noncompliance was prejudicial to the plaintiffs because the undisclosed
    discovery material could have assisted the plaintiffs in proving probable
    cause that they would succeed on the merits of their complaints; more-
    over, the sanctions imposed were proportional in light of the defendant’s
    wilful, repeated violations of deadlines, when considered in combination
    with J’s harassment and intimidation of M during the broadcast, and
    measured insofar as the sanctions fell short of a judgment of default or
    dismissal and, instead, merely required the defendants to adjudicate the
    merits of the cases in the ordinary course of litigation rather than through
    their special motions to dismiss; furthermore, the defendants’ claim that
    the sanctions were inappropriate because the limited discovery itself
    was overbroad did not excuse their failure to comply with the court’s
    orders.
3. The defendants’ claim that the trial court denied them their right to due
    process by imposing sanctions without adequate notice and a meaningful
    opportunity to be heard was unavailing: the plaintiffs had filed an earlier
    motion seeking sanctions for the defendants’ discovery noncompliance,
    and the court repeatedly discussed the possibility of sanctioning the
    defendants, including warning that it would revoke their opportunity to
    pursue the special motions to dismiss, and issued an order stating that
    it would address J’s broadcast at a hearing to be held the following day;
    moreover, the court heard thorough argument on the issue of sanctions
    at the hearing on the broadcast, and at no point did the defendants
    request additional time to prepare.
      Argued September 26, 2019—officially released July 23, 2020**

                              Procedural History

   Action, in the first case, to recover damages for, inter
alia, invasion of privacy, and for other relief, brought
to the Superior Court in the judicial district of Fairfield,
where the defendant Alex Emric Jones et al. filed a spe-
cial motion to dismiss, action, in the second case, to
recover damages for, inter alia, invasion of privacy, and
for other relief, brought to the Superior Court in the
judicial district of Fairfield, where the court, Bellis, J.,
granted the plaintiff William Sherlach’s motion to add
Robert Parker as a plaintiff, and the defendant Alex
Jones et al. filed a special motion to dismiss, and action,
in the third case, to recover damages for, inter alia,
invasion of privacy, and for other relief, brought to the
Superior Court in the judicial district of Fairfield, where
the defendant Alex Emric Jones et al. filed a special
motion to dismiss; thereafter, the cases were consoli-
dated and transferred to the Complex Litigation Docket,
judicial district of Waterbury; subsequently, the court,
Bellis, J., granted the motions for sanctions filed by
the plaintiffs in each case, and the defendant Alex Emric
Jones et al., upon certification by the Chief Justice
pursuant to General Statutes § 52-265a that a matter of
substantial public interest was at issue, appealed to this
court. Affirmed.
  Norman A. Pattis, with whom was Kevin Smith, for
the appellants (named defendant et al.).
   Joshua D. Koskoff, with whom was Alinor C. Ster-
ling, for the appellees (plaintiffs).
                          Opinion

   ROBINSON, C. J. This public interest appeal presents
the opportunity to consider the scope of a trial court’s
inherent authority to sanction a party to litigation for
his or her remarks about the case in light of that party’s
right to free speech under the first amendment to the
United States constitution. The plaintiffs in these cases,
a first responder and family members of those killed in
the mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School,1
brought these actions against the defendants, Alex
Emric Jones and several of his affiliated corporate enti-
ties,2 claiming that statements made on Jones’ radio
show advancing certain conspiracy theories about
the Sandy Hook shooting were tortious in nature. The
defendants appeal3 from the orders of the trial court
sanctioning them by revoking their opportunity to pur-
sue the special motions to dismiss provided by Connect-
icut’s anti-SLAPP4 statute, General Statutes § 52-196a,5
issued after the trial court found that the defendants
had violated numerous discovery orders and that Jones
personally had engaged in harassing and intimidating
behavior directed at the plaintiffs’ counsel, Attorney Chris-
topher Mattei. On appeal, the defendants claim, inter alia,
that the trial court (1) improperly sanctioned the defen-
dants because Jones’ speech was protected under the
first amendment, and (2) abused its discretion in sanc-
tioning the defendants because the trial court improp-
erly permitted discovery that exceeded the limited
scope contemplated by § 52-196a (d). The defendants
also claim that the trial court violated their due process
rights by failing to afford them sufficient notice and a
meaningful opportunity to be heard before issuing the
sanctions orders. We disagree and, accordingly, affirm
the trial court’s sanctions orders.
   The record reveals the following relevant facts and
procedural history. On December 14, 2012, Adam Lanza
murdered twenty children and six staff members in a
mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in
Newtown. Some conspiracy theorists questioned the
circumstances surrounding the shooting and called it
a hoax. In response to statements made by Jones and
other individuals featured on his radio show, the plain-
tiffs brought three separate civil actions against the
defendants in 2018. The complaints alleged counts of
invasion of privacy by false light, defamation and def-
amation per se, intentional infliction of emotional dis-
tress, and negligent infliction of emotional distress, all
of which were accompanied by counts of civil conspir-
acy. In addition, the complaints claimed violations of
the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act, General
Statutes § 42-110a et seq. The trial court consolidated
all three cases.
   In November, 2018, the defendants filed special
motions to dismiss the plaintiffs’ complaints pursuant
to the anti-SLAPP statute. See General Statutes § 52-196a
(b). In order to respond to the special motions to dis-
miss, the plaintiffs moved for limited discovery pursu-
ant to § 52-196a (d). The plaintiffs argued that they had
demonstrated good cause to entitle them to ‘‘specified
and limited discovery relevant to the special motion[s]
to dismiss’’ pursuant to § 52-196a (d) and asked the trial
court to permit discovery on every issue raised by the
defendants’ special motions to dismiss to allow them
to demonstrate probable cause of success on the merits
of their complaints. See General Statutes § 52-196a (e)
(3). The defendants opposed the plaintiffs’ motion for
limited discovery, claiming that the plaintiffs’ broad dis-
covery requests were contrary to the purpose of the
anti-SLAPP statute and that the plaintiffs had failed to
show good cause.
   With respect to the specific discovery requests, the
plaintiffs initially requested five special interrogatories
and twenty-one requests for production from Jones.6
At a hearing on December 17, 2018, the trial court found
good cause and granted the plaintiffs’ motion for limited
discovery but indicated that it would not grant all of
the plaintiffs’ requests and would consider each of the
defendants’ objections individually. The trial court then
allowed the parties numerous opportunities to med-
iate disputes and delineate their discovery obligations
at discovery status conferences.
   After narrowing the plaintiffs’ requests, the trial court
initially ordered the defendants to produce their discov-
ery compliance by February 23, 2019. The defendants
failed to meet that deadline.7 The defendants then filed
motions for an extension of time, which the trial court
granted, allowing them until March 20, 2019, to produce
their discovery materials. In granting the motions, the
trial court ‘‘urge[d] the defendants to honor this court
ordered deadline because the defendants are the ones
[who] want their motion[s] to dismiss adjudicated, but
if they’re going to continue to ignore court deadlines,
they’re going to lose the ability . . . to pursue their
[special] motion[s] to dismiss.’’
   Two days before the March 20, 2019 discovery dead-
line, the defendants again moved for an extension of
time. This time, the trial court denied the motions, indi-
cating at a hearing with the parties that the defendants
had not substantially complied with its discovery
orders. The trial court explained that the ‘‘defendants,
at this point, are coming from a position of weakness.
They’ve blown past the court’s deadlines. There hasn’t
been a single piece of paper [produced] or interrogatory
answered.’’ In light of the defendants’ noncompliance,
the plaintiffs moved for sanctions on March 20, 2019.
Specifically, the plaintiffs argued that, under Practice
Book § 13-148 and the trial court’s inherent authority,
the court should impose sanctions for the defendants’
violations of discovery deadlines.
  At a hearing on April 3, 2019, the trial court began to
address the plaintiffs’ motions for sanctions but delayed
ruling on them to allow the defendants’ counsel time to
resolve an unspecified ethical concern. Subsequently,
on April 10, 2019, the court heard argument on the
motions for sanctions. The defendants argued that they
had responded by that time to almost every discovery
request and that they were in substantial compliance
with the court’s discovery orders. The trial court agreed
with the defendants, concluding that, although they had
not complied with every discovery request, the produc-
tion to that point was sufficient to allow them to pursue
the merits of the special motions to dismiss.
   Subsequently, in late May, 2019, the plaintiffs brought
additional discovery issues to the trial court’s atten-
tion. Specifically, the plaintiffs requested, inter alia,
additional responsive marketing data from Google Ana-
lytics and a complete search of Jones’ cell phone. After
another hearing, the trial court ordered the defendants
to produce marketing data responsive to the court
approved production requests. The court warned that
it would ‘‘consider appropriate sanctions for the defen-
dants’ failure to fully and fairly comply’’ with its latest
orders.
   On Friday, June 14, 2019, Jones and his attorney,
Norman A. Pattis, appeared together on Jones’ radio
broadcast to discuss the pending case. Jones explained
to the broadcast audience that someone had embedded
child pornography in e-mails turned over to the plain-
tiffs in discovery. Jones then began a long invective
against those whom he believed had planted the child
pornography, which we quote in relevant part:9
   ‘‘Jones: I’m here to tell the little pimps, the Senator
Murphys and the prosecutor, the Obama appointed
prosecutor [who’s] doing all this, bitch, I don’t need to
talk about poor dead kids to have listeners.
                           ***
  ‘‘Jones: They say you’re a pedophile. We knew it was
coming. And when the Obama appointed [United States]
attorney demanded, out of 9.6 million e-mails in the
last seven years since Sandy Hook, metadata, which
meant tracking the e-mails and where they went, well,
we fought it in court. The judge ordered for us to release
a large number of those e-mails. That’s Chris Mattei
[who] got that done, a very interesting individual with
the firm of Koskoff & Koskoff run by Senator Murphy
and Senator Blumenthal that say, for America to sur-
vive, quote, I must be taken off the air. . . .
  ‘‘It was hidden. In Sandy Hook e-mails threatening us,
there was child porn. . . . And they get these e-mails
a few weeks ago, and they go right to the [Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI)] and say, ‘[w]e’ve got him
with child porn.’ The FBI says, ‘[h]e never opened it.
He didn’t send it.’ And then they act like, oh, they’re
our friends. They’re not going to do anything with
this. . . .
  ‘‘Now, I wonder who during discovery would send
e-mails out of millions and then know what to search
and look at. . . . One million dollars on conviction for
who sent the child porn. . . . We’re going to turn you
loose, the [internet service providers], the law enforce-
ment. You know who did it. . . .
   ‘‘You think when you call up, oh, we’ll protect you.
We found the child porn. I like women with big giant
tits and big asses. I don’t like kids like you goddamn[ed]
rapists, f-heads. In fact, you fucks are going to get it,
you fucking child molesters. I’ll fucking get you in the
end, you fucks. . . . You’re trying to set me up with
child porn. I’m going to get your ass. One million dollars.
One million dollars, you little gang members. One mil-
lion dollars to put your head on a pike. One million
dollars, bitch. I’m going to get your ass. You understand
me now? You’re not going to ever defeat Texas, you
sacks of shit. So you get ready for that.
                           ***
  ‘‘Jones: Why does law enforcement say $5000, dead
or alive? One million. ‘Cause we all know who did it.
                           ***
  ‘‘Jones: What a nice group of Democrats. How surpris-
ing. What nice people. Chris Mattei, Chris Mattei. Let’s
zoom in on Chris Mattei. Oh, nice little Chris Mattei. What
a good American. What a good boy. You think you’ll put
on me—anyways, I’m done. Total war. You want it?
You got it. I’m not into kids like your Democratic party,
you cocksuckers. So get ready. . . .
   ‘‘Jones: The point is, I’m not putting up . . . with
these guys anymore, man, and their behavior, ‘cause
I’m not an idiot. They literally went right in there and
found this hidden stuff. Oh, my God. Oh, my God. And
they’re my friends. We want to protect you now, Alex.
Oh, you’re not going to get in trouble for what we found.
F-U man, F-U to hell. I pray God, not anybody else, God
visit[s] vengeance upon you in the name of Jesus Christ
and all the saints. I pray for divine intervention against
the powers of Satan. I literally would never have sex
with children. I don’t like having sex with children. I
would never have sex with children. I am not a Demo-
crat. I am not a liberal. I do not cut children’s genitals
off like the left does.
                           ***
  ‘‘Jones: I want them to. I want them to track it back
to you know who. . . . I wonder who the person of
interest is.
  ‘‘Pattis: Look, are you showing Chris Mattei’s photo-
graph on here?10
  ‘‘Jones: Oh, no. That was an accidental cut. He’s a nice
Obama boy. . . . He’s a white . . . boy that thinks he
owns America.
                           ***
  ‘‘Jones: That’s why I said, one million. I’m not BS-
ing. One million dollars when they are convicted. The
bounty is out, bitches, and you know, you feds, they’re
going to know you did it. They’re going to get your ass,
you little dirt bag. One million, bitch. It’s out on your
ass. . . .
   ‘‘Jones: One million—I pay all debts—one million is
on the street for who sent me—and we’re going to get
the e-mails. We’re going to publish them next week.
And we’re going to make a whole thing. We’re not going
to show the child porn, but we’re going to put the e-mails
out, and we’re going to show you where they came
from. One million on the street. . . .
   ‘‘Jones: A million dollars is after them. So I bet you’ll
sleep real good tonight, little jerk. ‘Cause your own bud-
dies are going to turn you in, and you’re going to go to
prison, you little white . . . boy jerkoff. Son of a bitch.
I mean, I can’t handle them. They want war? They’re
going to get war. I am sick of these people, a bunch of
chicken craps [who] have taken this country over [who]
want to attack real Americans. . . .
  ‘‘Jones: We’re going to get them. One million. One
million dollars is on the street against you. You didn’t
destroy America on time, bitch. I am pissed, man. I will
give everything I have to stop living in this world with
these people.
                           ***
  ‘‘Jones: I am sure that [the United States] attorneys
appointed by Obama are sweet little cupcakes. Come
on. . . .
   ‘‘Jones: I don’t even think errand boy did this. I’m
actually not saying that.11 . . . And so, if they want
war—you know, it’s not a threat. It’s like an AC/DC
song. If you want blood, you’ve got it. Blood on the
streets, man. . . .
   ‘‘Jones: And I’m just asking the Pentagon and the patri-
ots that are left, and 4chan and 8chan, and Anonymous,
anybody [who’s] a patriot, I am under attack, and if they
bring me down, they’ll bring you down. I just have faith
in you. I’m under attack. And I summon the mean war. I
summon all of it against the enemy. . . .
   ‘‘Jones: . . . How would you like an Obama
appointed [United States] attorney, man, [who] literally
found a needle in a field of haystacks and tried to go
to the feds and get me indicted? . . . And now I ask my
listeners and everyone, you claimed I sent people. I
never sent anybody. And I want legal and lawful action.
But I pray to God that America awaken[s]. Will Texas be
defeated? You will now decide. This is war.’’ (Footnotes
added.)
   The very next Monday, June 17, 2019, the plaintiffs
filed motions asking the trial court to review the broad-
cast. The plaintiffs also asked for ‘‘an expedited briefing
schedule concerning what orders must issue in connec-
tion with [Jones’] on-air statements . . . .’’ In those
motions, the plaintiffs explained that a data firm they
had retained located child pornography in the defen-
dants’ metadata and that they ‘‘immediately contacted
the FBI.’’ That same day, the trial court issued an order
that ‘‘[c]ounsel should be prepared to address the mat-
ter at tomorrow’s hearing . . . .’’
  The next day, June 18, 2019, the parties appeared and
argued whether the trial court should order sanctions
as a result of the broadcast. After hearing argument,
the trial court imposed sanctions against the defendants
and revoked their opportunity to pursue the merits of
their special motions to dismiss pursuant to § 52-196a
(b).12 This expedited public interest appeal followed.
See footnote 3 of this opinion.
  On appeal, the defendants claim that the trial court
(1) improperly sanctioned them in violation of their first
amendment rights, (2) abused its discretion in fashion-
ing sanctions for discovery noncompliance, and (3)
denied them due process by failing to afford them notice
and a meaningful opportunity to be heard.
                             I
   We begin with the defendants’ challenge to the merits
of the sanctions orders, which the trial court based on
two grounds. First, the trial court found that the defen-
dants were noncompliant with discovery, with their
failure to comply with additional production deadlines
viewed in light of their previous noncompliance. Sec-
ond, the trial court found that, on the June 14, 2019
broadcast, Jones accused Mattei of committing a felony
and then harassed, intimidated, and threatened him.13
Because the trial court provided these two bases for
its sanctions orders, we must assess the court’s orders
both for their propriety as sanctions and their constitu-
tionality. We first conclude that the sanctions did not run
afoul of the first amendment because they addressed
speech that was an imminent and likely threat to the
administration of justice. We also conclude that these
two rationales, when considered together, provided suf-
ficient grounds for sanctioning the defendants. Accord-
ingly, it was not an abuse of the trial court’s discretion
to sanction the defendants for their discovery violations
and Jones’ vituperative speech.
                            A
  We first consider whether the trial court’s sanctions
were permissible under the first amendment’s free
speech protections. The defendants argue that the trial
court’s ruling is ‘‘bereft of any analysis of the first
amendment’’ and that the court’s inherent authority is
of Jones’ speech. The defendants further contend that,
because Jones’ broadcast was not a true threat, did not
incite violence, and did not constitute fighting words,
the trial court’s sanction was impermissible under the
first amendment. In response, the plaintiffs first submit
that the sanctions were a constitutionally permissible
exercise of the trial court’s authority to sanction bad
faith litigation misconduct, which includes the harass-
ment and intimidation of opposing counsel. Second, the
plaintiffs argue that the broadcast was not protected
speech because it was a true threat. Although we agree
with the defendants that a trial court’s inherent author-
ity is subject to constitutional limitations, we never-
theless conclude that Jones’ speech during his June 14,
2019 broadcast was not protected by the first amend-
ment because it posed an imminent and likely threat
to the administration of justice.
   It is well settled that a trial court ‘‘has the inherent
authority to impose sanctions against an attorney and
his client for a course of claimed dilatory, bad faith and
harassing litigation conduct . . . .’’ (Internal quotation
marks omitted.) CFM of Connecticut, Inc. v. Chowd-
hury, 239 Conn. 375, 393, 685 A.2d 1108 (1996), over-
ruled in part on other grounds by State v. Salmon, 250
Conn. 147, 735 A.2d 333 (1999); see also R. Pushaw, ‘‘The
Inherent Powers of Federal Courts and the Structural
Constitution,’’ 86 Iowa L. Rev. 735, 764–65 (2001) (‘‘The
inherent authority to administer judicial proceed-
ings carries with it a corollary power to control those
involved in court business—parties, witnesses, jurors,
spectators, and lawyers—to maintain order, decorum,
and respect. Sanctions have long been deemed impera-
tive to protect against the disruption or abuse of judi-
cial processes and to ensure obedience to a court’s
orders, thereby preserving its authority and dignity.’’
(Footnote omitted.)).
   A long line of decisions makes clear that this inher-
ent authority to sanction a party extends to sanctioning
participants to litigation for engaging in threatening
and harassing behavior. See Maurice v. Chester Hous-
ing Associates Ltd. Partnership, 188 Conn. App. 21,
22–23, 204 A.3d 71 (dismissing writ of error stemming
from sanctions order, issued under court’s inherent
authority, against nonparty partner in defendant part-
nership for sending ‘‘an inappropriate e-mail’’ to oppos-
ing counsel and telling her to ‘‘sit on his fucking head’’
(internal quotation marks omitted)), cert. denied, 331
Conn. 923, 206 A.3d 765 (2019);14 see also Waivio v.
Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, 290 Fed.
Appx. 935, 936–37 (7th Cir. 2008) (affirming judgment
of dismissal when plaintiff engaged in ‘‘delaying and
threatening conduct in the course of the litigation,’’ includ-
ing threatening to kill opposing counsel), cert. denied,
557 U.S. 926, 129 S. Ct. 2842, 174 L. Ed. 2d 563 (2009);
Thomas v. Tenneco Packaging Co., 293 F.3d 1306, 1308
(11th Cir. 2002) (upholding sanctions against lawyer for
filings ‘‘directed at opposing counsel’’ that trial court
‘‘deemed abusive and offensive’’); Carroll v. Jaques
Admiralty Law Firm, P.C., 110 F.3d 290, 291–93 (5th
Cir. 1997) (upholding sanction of defendant attorney
who engaged in ‘‘abusive conduct at his deposition’’);
Michael v. Boutwell, 138 F. Supp. 3d 761, 785–87 (N.D.
Miss. 2015) (concluding that defendant’s threatening of
witness warranted sanction of attorney’s fees, expenses
and $1000 fine but not dispositive sanction of default
judgment); Kalwasinski v. Ryan, Docket No. 96-CV-
6475, 2007 WL 2743434, *3 (W.D.N.Y. September 17,
2007) (dismissing self-represented inmate’s federal civil
rights action because he ‘‘deliberately and intention-
ally participat[ed] in making threats of physical harm
against parties and witnesses in his case’’); Fidelity
National Title Ins. Co. of New York v. Intercounty
National Title Ins. Co., Docket No. 00 C 5658, 2002
WL 1433717, *12–13 (N.D. Ill. July 2, 2002) (dismissing
defendant’s counterclaims ‘‘[p]ursuant to [the court’s]
inherent authority to sanction bad faith conduct in liti-
gation’’ on basis of his ‘‘abusive and threatening’’ letter
to opposing counsel).
    When acting under its inherent powers, a court should
proceed with caution; ‘‘[b]ecause of their very potency,
inherent powers must be exercised with restraint and
discretion.’’ Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32,
44, 111 S. Ct. 2123, 115 L. Ed. 2d 27 (1991). This caution-
ary approach requires that any exercise of the inherent
power to sanction be limited by constitutional concerns,
such as the requirements of due process. See, e.g., Road-
way Express, Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 767, 100 S. Ct.
2455, 65 L. Ed. 2d 488 (1980) (‘‘[l]ike other sanctions,
attorney’s fees certainly should not be assessed lightly
or without fair notice and an opportunity for a hearing
on the record’’); R. Pushaw, supra, 86 Iowa L. Rev. 784
(‘‘[t]o be sure, the [c]ourt has recognized that the [c]on-
stitution limits federal judges’ inherent powers’’). As a
result, a trial court’s exercise of its inherent authority
to sanction a party for harassing or threatening speech
in the context of litigation is limited by the protections
of the first amendment.15 ‘‘The [f]irst [a]mendment
requires courts to tread warily when restricting liti-
gants’ speech. They may do so only when necessary to
protect the fairness or integrity of the particular litiga-
tion before them.’’ Bank of Hope v. Chon, 938 F.3d 389,
397 (3d Cir. 2019); see also Economy Carpets Manufac-
turers & Distributors, Inc. v. Better Business Bureau
of Baton Rouge Area, Inc., 330 So. 2d 301, 304 (La. 1976)
 (‘‘the judicial authority, as all powers of government,
is not without limit, and [when] it is asserted an indi-
vidual’s right of free speech has been abridged by the
exercise of that power, the burden is [on] us to define its
limitations’’). Speech that might otherwise be protected
may be restricted under certain circumstances because
of pending judicial proceedings. See, e.g., In re Brianna
B., 66 Conn. App. 695, 701, 785 A.2d 1189 (2001) (‘‘[t]he
[United States Supreme Court] has . . . emphasized
the vitality of individual rights to free speech during legal
proceedings, such as discovery, but that the right to free
speech is not without limit’’).
   Fundamental first amendment principles guide our
analysis of the defendants’ claims in this appeal. ‘‘The
[f]irst [a]mendment, applicable to the [s]tates through
the [due process clause of the] [f]ourteenth [a]mend-
ment, provides that Congress shall make no law . . .
abridging the freedom of speech. The hallmark of the
protection of free speech is to allow free trade in ideas—
even ideas that the overwhelming majority of people
might find distasteful or discomforting. . . . Thus, the
[f]irst [a]mendment ordinarily denies [the government]
the power to prohibit dissemination of social, economic
and political doctrine [that] a vast majority of its citizens
believes to be false and fraught with evil consequence.
. . . The [f]irst [a]mendment affords protection to sym-
bolic or expressive conduct as well as to actual speech.
. . . The protections afforded by the [f]irst [a]mend-
ment, however, are not absolute, and we have long rec-
ognized that the government may regulate certain cate-
gories of expression consistent with the [c]onstitution.’’
(Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Moulton,
310 Conn. 337, 348–49, 78 A.3d 55 (2013), quoting Vir-
ginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 358, 123 S. Ct. 1536, 155
L. Ed. 2d 535 (2003).
   Whether the trial court’s sanctions constitute an imper-
missible restriction on the defendants’ speech presents
a question of law, over which our review is plenary.
‘‘In certain first amendment contexts . . . appellate
courts are bound to apply a de novo standard of review.
. . . [In such cases], the inquiry into the protected sta-
tus of . . . speech is one of law, not fact. . . . As such,
an appellate court is compelled to examine for [itself]
the . . . statements [at] issue and the circumstances
under which they [were] made to [determine] whether
. . . they . . . are of a character [that] the principles
of the [f]irst [a]mendment . . . protect. . . . [I]n
cases raising [f]irst [a]mendment issues [the United
States Supreme Court has] repeatedly held that an
appellate court has an obligation to make an indepen-
dent examination of the whole record in order to make
sure that the judgment does not constitute a forbidden
intrusion [in] the field of free expression. New York
Times Co. v. Sullivan, [376 U.S. 254, 284–86, 84 S. Ct.
710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686 (1964)]. . . . This rule of indepen-
dent review was forged in recognition that a [reviewing]
[c]ourt’s duty is not limited to the elaboration of consti-
tutional principles . . . . [Rather, an appellate court]
must also in proper cases review the evidence to make
certain that those principles have been constitutionally
applied. . . . Therefore, even though, ordinarily . . .
[f]indings of fact . . . shall not be set aside unless
clearly erroneous, [appellate courts] are obliged to [per-
form] a fresh examination of crucial facts under the
rule of independent review.’’ (Internal quotation marks
omitted.) State v. Krijger, 313 Conn. 434, 446–47, 97
A.3d 946 (2014). However, ‘‘the heightened scrutiny that
this court applies in first amendment cases does not
authorize us to make credibility determinations regard-
ing disputed issues of fact.’’ Id., 447.
   Whether judicial sanctions imposed for extrajudicial
statements made by a party to pending litigation run
afoul of the first amendment presents a question of first
impression in Connecticut. We find instructive the test
that the United States Supreme Court has adopted for
considering the constitutionality of contempt as a sanc-
tion for out-of-court statements commenting on judicial
proceedings.16 The leading case is Bridges v. California,
314 U.S. 252, 275–77, 62 S. Ct. 190, 86 L. Ed. 192 (1941), in
which the Supreme Court considered whether a union
leader could be held in contempt when a newspaper
published statements that he had made threatening a
strike. The court considered whether the speech pre-
sented a ‘‘clear and present danger’’ to the administra-
tion of justice. Id., 261–262, 273. Specifically, the court
analyzed ‘‘the particular utterances . . . in question
and the circumstances of their publication to determine
to what extent the substantive evil of unfair administra-
tion of justice was a likely consequence, and whether
the degree of likelihood was sufficient to justify sum-
mary punishment.’’ Id., 271. The court reversed the con-
tempt finding because it concluded that a threat to call
an impending strike, which the court observed was a
legal course of action,17 had not interfered with the
administration of justice. Id., 277–78.
    Subsequently, in Craig v. Harney, 331 U.S. 367, 368,
375–78, 67 S. Ct. 1249, 91 L. Ed. 1546 (1947), the court
applied Bridges to a contempt finding imposed for news
articles that criticized a judge’s ruling and discussed
the community’s response. Illuminating further clear and
present danger, the court explained: ‘‘The vehemence
of the language used is not alone the measure of the
power to punish for contempt. The fires which it kindles
must constitute an imminent, not merely a likely,
threat to the administration of justice. The danger must
not be remote or even probable; it must immediately
imperil.’’ (Emphasis added.) Id., 376. In Craig, the court
deemed speech critical of an elected judge ‘‘appro-
priate, if not necessary.’’ Id., 377. Because ‘‘there was
. . . no threat or menace to the integrity of the trial’’; id.;
the court held that the speech was protected. Id., 378.
   The Supreme Court again considered the applicabil-
ity of Bridges in Wood v. Georgia, 370 U.S. 375, 82 S.
Ct. 1364, 8 L. Ed. 2d 569 (1962). In Wood, a state court
judge convened a grand jury to investigate election law
violations, and a local sheriff published a written state-
ment outside of court criticizing the judge and the inves-
tigation, which was made available to the grand jury.
Id., 376–80, 393. As a result, the state judge held the
sheriff in contempt. Id., 380. The Supreme Court con-
cluded that, ‘‘in the absence of some other showing of
a substantive evil actually designed to impede the course
of justice in justification of the exercise of the contempt
power to silence the [sheriff], his utterances are entitled
to be protected.’’ Id., 389. The court emphasized that
Wood did not involve a trial or a ‘‘judicial proceeding
pending’’ in which such speech could result in prejudice
to the other side. (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id.
The court reversed the state court’s order of contempt
because the sheriff’s speech did not pose a clear and
present danger to the administration of justice in the
absence of evidence of ‘‘actual interference’’18 with the
grand jury investigation. Id., 393, 395.
   But, as first amendment case law has progressed, the
clear and present danger standard articulated in Brid-
ges has been subject to criticism. For example, Justice
William O. Douglas excoriated the use of clear and pres-
ent danger in his concurrence in Brandenburg v. Ohio,
395 U.S. 444, 452–54, 89 S. Ct. 1827, 23 L. Ed. 2d 430
(1969). See also, e.g., T. Emerson, ‘‘Toward a General
Theory of the First Amendment,’’ 72 Yale L.J. 877, 912
(1963) (‘‘There is still some blood remaining in the doc-
trine, and it has continued to be used in certain types
of situations. But, as a general test of the limits of the
first amendment, [clear and present danger] must be
regarded as unacceptable.’’ (Footnote omitted.)). One
major criticism is the ease with which the test may be
manipulated to include protected speech. See Bran-
denburg v. Ohio, supra, 454 (Douglas, J., concurring)
(‘‘When one reads the opinions closely and sees when
and how the ‘clear and present danger’ test has been
applied, great misgivings are aroused. . . . [T]he
threats were often loud but always puny and made seri-
ous only by judges so wedded to the status quo that crit-
ical analysis made them nervous.’’); L. Kendrick, ‘‘On
‘Clear and Present Danger,’ ’’ 94 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1653,
1660 (2019) (explaining that clear and present danger
test ‘‘has been criticized time and again for depending
too much on circumstances and thereby giving judges
too much discretion and failing to give speakers proper
notice of the legality of their activities’’ (footnotes omit-
ted)).
   Although the United States Supreme Court has not
directly rejected clear and present danger, the court
has alluded to its evolution as a first amendment doc-
trine. For example, Justice David Souter, in his concur-
rence in Denver Area Educational Telecommunica-
tions Consortium, Inc. v. Federal Communications
Commission, 518 U.S. 727, 778, 116 S. Ct. 2374, 135 L.
Ed. 2d 888 (1996), argued that clear and present danger
has evolved into the incitement test from Brandenburg,
under which ‘‘constitutional guarantees of free speech
and free press do not permit a [s]tate to forbid or pro-
scribe advocacy of the use of force or of law violation
except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or
producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite
or produce such action.’’ Brandenburg v. Ohio, supra,
395 U.S. 447. The United States Supreme Court also
alluded to this divergence in Landmark Communica-
tions, Inc. v. Virginia, 435 U.S. 829, 98 S. Ct. 1535, 56 L.
Ed. 2d 1 (1978), stating: ‘‘The Supreme Court of Virginia
relied on the [clear and present danger] test . . . . We
question the relevance of that standard here; moreover
we cannot accept the mechanical application of the test
which led that court to its conclusion. [The] test was
never intended ‘to express a technical legal doctrine or
to convey a formula for adjudicating cases.’ ’’ Id., 842.
Nevertheless, the court went on to apply the test and
hold that a newspaper article that disclosed confidential
information did not meet the test. Id., 844–45.
   More recently, the United States Supreme Court con-
sidered a similar issue to that presented in this case in
the context of attorney speech. See generally Gentile
v. State Bar of Nevada, 501 U.S. 1030, 111 S. Ct. 2720,
115 L. Ed. 2d 888 (1991). In Gentile, the court concluded
that a ‘‘substantial likelihood of material prejudice’’
standard was a constitutionally permissible standard to
limit extrajudicial attorney speech. (Internal quotation
marks omitted.) Id., 1075. In the absence of an express
indication from the Supreme Court that a lower stan-
dard is permissible, we decline to extend the court’s
holding in Gentile to nonattorneys. This is because the
court supported its reasoning by relying on the special
status of attorneys, demonstrated through the govern-
ment’s role in attorney regulation and rules already in
existence restricting attorney speech. See id., 1066–74.
The court specifically declined to state which standard
would apply to the speech of nonattorneys. See id.,
1072–73 n.5 (noting that rule being interpreted did not
apply to nonattorneys or attorneys outside of pending
case).
   Courts after Gentile have continued to apply clear
and present danger to extrajudicial speech in certain
circumstances. See, e.g., In re Kendall, 712 F.3d 814,
826 (3d Cir. 2013) (applying clear and present danger
when analyzing whether judge was improperly held in
criminal contempt for speech contained in judicial opin-
ion); Standing Committee on Discipline v. Yagman,
55 F.3d 1430, 1443 (9th Cir. 1995) (applying clear and
present danger to attorney speech outside of pending
judicial proceeding); United States v. Bingham, 769
F. Supp. 1039, 1045 (N.D. Ill. 1991) (concluding that
defense counsel’s speech in televised interview on eve
of jury selection constituted clear and present danger).
For example, the court in In re White, Docket No.
2:07CV342, 2013 WL 5295652, *24–26, *68 (E.D. Va. Sep-
tember 13, 2013), considered whether sanctions for
attorney’s fees should enter as a result of a nonparty’s
allegedly threatening speech. The court analyzed this
request for sanctions in light of different first amend-
ment tests, including clear and present danger.19 See
id., *70 (‘‘[a]lthough there is some indication that Bran-
denburg’s more stringent standard—incitement to
imminent lawlessness—has displaced the ‘clear and
present danger’ test articulated in . . . earlier cases,
the [c]ourt observes that some post-Brandenburg cases
continue to apply the ‘clear and present danger’ test to
court restrictions of speech threatening the due and
orderly administration of justice’’ (footnote omitted)).
The court determined that there was ‘‘no indication’’
that White’s online statements had ‘‘disrupted or inter-
fered with a [c]ourt proceeding, [or] that his commen-
tary was imminently likely to so interfere,’’ and, as such,
his speech did not pose ‘‘a serious and imminent threat
to the administration of justice.’’ (Emphasis omitted;
internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. This lack of clar-
ity surrounding clear and present danger, as noted in
In re White, similarly leaves open the question of what
standard applies to the speech of parties to the litiga-
tion. See Wilson v. Moore, 193 F. Supp. 2d 1290, 1293
(S.D. Fla. 2002) (applying clear and present danger test
to speech of criminal defendant made during appeal
process).
   ‘‘The [United States] Supreme Court has held that
speech otherwise entitled to full constitutional protec-
tion may nonetheless be sanctioned if it obstructs or
prejudices the administration of justice.’’ Standing
Committee on Discipline v. Yagman, supra, 55 F.3d
1442, citing Gentile v. State Bar of Nevada, supra, 501
U.S. 1074–75, and Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333,
363, 86 S. Ct. 1507, 16 L. Ed. 2d 600 (1966). Importantly,
‘‘[a] rule governing speech, even speech entitled to full
constitutional protection, need not use the words ‘clear
and present danger’ in order to pass constitutional mus-
ter.’’ Gentile v. State Bar of Nevada, supra, 1036 (Ken-
nedy, J.). Because the Supreme Court has not yet clearly
supplanted clear and present danger in the area of extra-
judicial speech, we will use it as a guideline in our anal-
ysis. Even still, it is necessary to refine the standard to
our present circumstances to incorporate the require-
ments of Brandenburg and the inquiries outlined in
Gentile. ‘‘Properly applied, the test requires a court to
make its own inquiry into the imminence and magnitude
of the danger said to flow from the particular utterance
and then to balance the character of the evil, as well as
its likelihood, against the need for free and unfettered
expression.’’ Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Vir-
ginia, supra, 435 U.S. 842–43; see also Turney v. Pugh,
400 F.3d 1197, 1202 (9th Cir. 2005). We conclude that, if
extrajudicial speech by a party to litigation poses an
imminent and likely threat to the administration of judi-
cial proceedings at issue, a court may sanction a party
for that speech.
   It is necessary to outline certain factors that affect
whether extrajudicial speech threatens the administra-
tion of justice. ‘‘The [United States Supreme] Court gave
two principal reasons for adopting this lower threshold
[in Gentile], one concerned with the identity of the
speaker, the other with the timing of the speech.’’ Stand-
ing Committee on Discipline v. Yagman, supra, 55 F.3d
1442; see In re Hinds, 90 N.J. 604, 609, 449 A.2d 483
(1982) (in using reasonable likelihood standard, ‘‘the
determination of whether a particular statement is likely
to interfere with a fair trial involves a careful balancing
of factors, including consideration of the status of the
attorney, the nature and timing of the statement, as well
as the context in which it was uttered’’); see also In re
Hinds, supra, 622–23. As a result, we, too, will consider
such factors.
   If the speaker is a party to litigation, the government’s
interest in ensuring the fair administration of justice is
heightened, especially if the trial involves a criminal
defendant. See Chicago Council of Lawyers v. Bauer,
522 F.2d 242, 248 (7th Cir. 1975) (‘‘[t]hat courts have
the duty to ensure fair trials—‘the most fundamental of
all freedoms’—is beyond question’’ (footnote omitted)),
cert. denied sub nom. Cunningham v. Chicago Council
of Lawyers, 427 U.S. 912, 96 S. Ct. 3201, 49 L. Ed. 2d
1204 (1976); id., 257–58 (‘‘we require even a greater
insularity against the possibility of interference with fair-
ness in criminal cases’’). Judicial restrictions on a liti-
gant’s speech are more permissible than judicial restric-
tions on comments made by an outsider to the litigation,
such as the press. See In re Application of Dow Jones
& Co., 842 F.2d 603, 608 (2d Cir.) (‘‘there is a substantial
difference between a restraining order directed against
the press—a form of censorship which the [f]irst [a]mend-
ment sought to abolish from these shores—and the
order here directed solely against trial participants’’),
cert. denied sub nom. Dow Jones & Co. v. Simon, 488
U.S. 946, 109 S. Ct. 377, 102 L. Ed. 2d 365 (1988); see also
Standing Committee on Discipline v. Yagman, supra,
55 F.3d 1443 (‘‘[w]hen lawyers speak out on matters
unconnected to a pending case, there is no direct and
immediate impact on the fair trial rights of litigants’’
(emphasis added)).
   Relying in part on the distinction made in Gentile
between trial participants and those outside the litiga-
tion, the Fifth Circuit declined to apply the stringent
clear and present danger standard to a trial participant
gag order. United States v. Brown, 218 F.3d 415, 426–27
(5th Cir. 2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1111, 121 S. Ct.
854, 148 L. Ed. 2d 769 (2001). In Brown, the court decided
that the lower standard in Gentile may be extended to
nonattorney litigation participants, as there was ‘‘no
reason . . . to distinguish between [attorneys and par-
ties] for the purpose of evaluating a gag order directed
at them both.’’ Id., 428; see also State v. Carruthers, 35
S.W.3d 516, 562–63 (Tenn. 2000) (declining to apply
clear and present danger test to trial participants), cert.
denied, 533 U.S. 953, 121 S. Ct. 2600, 150 L. Ed. 2d 757
(2001). We decline to completely extend the reasoning
in Brown to this case and instead invoke a higher stan-
dard reminiscent of clear and present danger that takes
into account the speaker’s identity. See Commission
for Lawyer Discipline v. Benton, 980 S.W.2d 425, 431
(Tex. 1998) (describing ‘‘the Gentile standard [as] a con-
stitutional minimum’’), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1146, 119
S. Ct. 2021, 143 L. Ed. 2d 1033 (1999). We recognize that
Jones’ position, as a civil defendant, presents a different
situation than a plaintiff, who affirmatively requests a
court’s jurisdiction over her case. See United States v.
Carmichael, 326 F. Supp. 2d 1267, 1294 (M.D. Ala. 2004)
(declining to apply lower standard in Gentile to criminal
defendant). Accordingly, we afford Jones the benefit of
the doubt and engage in the most rigorous and searching
review of any infringement of his first amendment rights.
   Courts must have the ability to restrict the rights of
participants to the extent necessary to protect the fair-
ness of the litigation. ‘‘Although litigants do not surren-
der their [f]irst [a]mendment rights at the courthouse
door . . . those rights may be subordinated to other
interests that arise in this setting. For instance, on sev-
eral occasions [the] [c]ourt has approved restriction on
the communications of trial participants where neces-
sary to ensure a fair trial for a criminal defendant. . . .
In the conduct of a case, a court often finds it necessary
to restrict the free expression of participants, including
counsel, witnesses, and jurors.’’ (Citations omitted;
internal quotation marks omitted.) Seattle Times Co. v.
Rhinehart, 467 U.S. 20, 32–33 n.18, 104 S. Ct. 2199, 81
L. Ed. 2d 17 (1984). ‘‘Neither prosecutors, counsel for
defense, the accused, witnesses, court staff nor enforce-
ment officers coming under the jurisdiction of the court
should be permitted to frustrate its function.’’ (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) Gentile v. State Bar of Nevada,
supra, 501 U.S. 1072. ‘‘[The United States Supreme Court]
expressly contemplated that the speech of those partici-
pating before the courts could be limited. This distinc-
tion between participants in the litigation and strang-
ers to it is brought into sharp relief by [the] holding in
Seattle Times Co. v. Rhinehart, [supra, 20].’’ (Empha-
sis omitted; footnote omitted.) Gentile v. State Bar of
Nevada, supra, 1072–73. ‘‘The primary danger of extra-
judicial speech to the administration of justice must be
that the outcome of a judicial proceeding, or the ability
of the court to do its work, might be improperly influ-
enced by people who have no legitimate part in the
courts’ resolution of that matter. Of course, the person
making an extrajudicial statement might actually be a
party in an ongoing proceeding. Or, an out-of-court
statement might not affect any pending matter, but
might influence the course of some future proceeding.
The point is that an attempt to interfere with the out-
come of a case is properly punishable because justice
is being affected through means other than those estab-
lished for the proper disposition of a controversy.’’ L.
Raveson, ‘‘Advocacy and Contempt: Constitutional Lim-
itations on the Judicial Contempt Power; Part One: The
Conflict Between Advocacy and Contempt,’’ 65 Wash.
L. Rev. 477, 499–500 (1990).
   A related, but necessary inquiry, considers the timing
and the nature of the speech. Speech is more likely
to interfere with the administration of justice if it is
calculated to intimidate or threaten other participants
in the litigation. ‘‘It is without question that courts may
sanction parties and their attorneys who engage in har-
assment of their opponents. . . . The [f]irst [a]mend-
ment does not shield improper tactics used by litigants
to advance their interests, even if those tactics involve
communication of a message.’’ (Citation omitted.) B.
Willis, C.P.A., Inc. v. Goodpaster, 183 F.3d 1231, 1234
(10th Cir.), cert. denied sub nom. Willis v. Goodpaster,
528 U.S. 1046, 120 S. Ct. 581, 145 L. Ed. 2d 483 (1999);
see D’Agostino v. Lynch, 382 Ill. App. 3d 960, 970, 887
N.E.2d 590 (‘‘harassing the court and the litigants
appearing before it’’ was ‘‘calculated to disrupt court
proceedings and bring the administration of law into
disrepute’’), appeal denied, 229 Ill. 2d 619, 897 N.E.2d
250 (2008); Fidelity National Title Ins. Co. of New York
v. Intercounty National Title Ins. Co., supra, 2002 WL
1433717, *11 (‘‘A party’s use of anonymous letters to
opposing counsel to sabotage the litigation is an abuse
of the judicial process. Anonymous, threatening letters
prevent a speedy, open, and just resolution of the dis-
pute on its merits.’’).
   Additionally, ‘‘[t]he possibility that other measures
will serve the [s]tate’s interests should also be weighed.’’
Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia, supra,
435 U.S. 843. We also consider whether the sanction is
narrowly tailored to achieve the government’s substan-
tial interest in ensuring the administration of justice.
Gentile v. State Bar of Nevada, supra, 501 U.S. 1075.
   Our analysis also is informed by several cases from
our sister states’ appellate courts applying the clear and
present danger standard to uphold contempt findings
arising from statements by litigants.20 In one recent deci-
sion, the Georgia Court of Appeals upheld the contempt
conviction of a witness who, while at the courthouse
as a character witness in his son’s criminal trial, insulted
the minor victim’s mother in the hallway outside the
courtroom and ‘‘exclaim[ed] that he hoped God would
make the children and grandchildren of those who lied
about his son suffer in the same way his son was cur-
rently suffering.’’ Moton v. State, 332 Ga. App. 300, 300,
772 S.E.2d 393 (2015). An Illinois appeals court upheld a
contempt conviction after the contemnor filed a motion
alleging, inter alia, that the opposing parties and their
attorney were part of the Mafia and had bribed the pre-
siding judge. See D’Agostino v. Lynch, supra, 382 Ill.
App. 3d 961. In that case, the court stated that ‘‘[c]om-
ments that are systematically designed to thwart the
judicial process constitute a ‘clear and present danger’
to the administration of justice’’ and concluded that the
‘‘unsubstantiated accusations’’ against the judge quali-
fied. Id., 970–72; see also People v. Goss, 10 Ill. 2d 533,
536–37, 141 N.E.2d 385 (1957) (upholding contempt
order under clear and present danger test when non-
party appeared on television show and accused party
to court proceeding of being from ‘‘a family with [court
admitted] hoodlum connections’’ and called witness
‘‘professional sneak and liar’’ (internal quotation marks
omitted)).
   In establishing the constitutional bounds of the
court’s authority, we also find instructive those cases
concluding that the litigant’s conduct did not present a
clear and present danger to the administration of jus-
tice. See Pennekamp v. Florida, 328 U.S. 331, 336–39,
348, 66 S. Ct. 1029, 90 L. Ed. 1295 (1946) (publishers of
editorials and cartoon critical of judges did not pose
clear and present danger); Garland v. State, 253 Ga.
789, 789, 791, 325 S.E.2d 131 (1985) (reversing contempt
conviction of attorney whose remarks criticizing judge
for violating judicial ethics and conducting ‘‘sham pro-
ceeding’’ were published in newspaper (internal quo-
tation marks omitted)); Worcester Telegram & Gazette,
Inc. v. Commonwealth, 354 Mass. 578, 579–83, 238
N.E.2d 861 (1968) (reversing contempt convictions of pub-
lisher and reporter, whose newspaper article inferred
that defendant in pending criminal proceeding pre-
viously had been ‘‘convicted of a serious crime’’ leading
to mistrial, because they did not purposefully try to
affect trial’s outcome); In re Contempt of Dudzin-
ski, 257 Mich. App. 96, 106–107, 667 N.W.2d 68 (revers-
ing contempt conviction of appellant who had worn
‘‘Kourts Kops Krooks’’ shirt in courtroom while quietly
observing proceedings (internal quotation marks omit-
ted)), appeal denied, 469 Mich. 988, 673 N.W.2d 756
(2003); Smith v. Pace, 313 S.W.3d 124, 126–27, 137 (Mo.
2010) (concluding that there was no interference or
imminent threat of interference with administration of
justice when lawyer defendant used ‘‘strong words . . .
in petitioning the court . . . for a writ seeking to quash
a subpoena’’ and therein accused judge and prosecutor
of ‘‘misconduct’’ and ‘‘impropriety’’ (internal quotation
marks omitted)). These cases demonstrate the types of
speech that are protected and stand in stark contrast
to Jones’ speech in this case.
   In applying this precedent to the speech at issue in
the present case, we first observe that the trial court
did not expressly consider whether the speech posed
an imminent and likely threat to the administration of
justice in ruling on the motions for sanctions.21 The trial
court instead found its authority to sanction under the
court’s inherent authority ‘‘to address out-of-court, bad
faith litigation misconduct where there is a claim that
a party harassed or threatened or sought to intimidate
counsel on the other side’’ and noted its ‘‘obligation to
ensure the integrity of the judicial process and [the] func-
tioning of the court.’’ Nevertheless, the findings that led
the trial court to sanction the defendants are consistent
with our aforementioned standard. Specifically, the trial
court found that, on the June 14, 2019 broadcast, Jones
(1) accused opposing counsel of a felony (‘‘planting
child pornography’’), (2) used threatening language
toward opposing counsel through violent rhetoric, and
(3) harassed and intimidated opposing counsel, calling
him ‘‘a bitch, a sweet little cupcake, a sack of filth,’’
and declaring war on him. It is obvious that the central
reason why Jones’ speech was censured and why it
ultimately could pose a threat to the administration of
justice is its genuine potential to influence the fairness
of the proceedings. Specifically, Jones’ broadcast pro-
duced additional threats to those involved in the case
and created a hostile atmosphere that could discourage
individuals from participating in the litigation.
    Balancing the risk of fairness to the proceedings with
‘‘the need for free and unfettered expression,’’ as required
by Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia, supra,
435 U.S. 843, does not render Jones’ speech immune to
sanctions under the first amendment, and we reject the
defendants’ assertion that ‘‘there is no barrier to a liti-
gant, especially a litigant who is a broadcaster, speaking
freely about pending litigation. [Jones’] decision to air
his grievances over the airwaves and online is hardly
remarkable. These media constitute the new public
square.’’ Although we recognize and reaffirm the impor-
tance of robust public comment about the court system
and the judicial process, and acknowledge that, out-
side of litigation, Jones’ speech may be protected,22 the
trial court’s duty to ensure a fair trial for those appearing
before it permits some restrictions on harassing and
threatening speech toward participants in the litiga-
tion.Without the ability to place such restrictions, trial
courts will be left defenseless to stop both actual inter-
ference and perceived threats to just adjudications.
‘‘ ‘Freedom of discussion should be given the widest
range compatible with the essential requirement of the
fair and orderly administration of justice.’ Pennekamp
v. Florida, [supra, 328 U.S. 347]. But it must not be
allowed to divert the trial from the ‘very purpose of a
court system . . . to adjudicate controversies, both
criminal and civil, in the calmness and solemnity of the
courtroom according to legal procedures.’ ’’ Sheppard
v. Maxwell, supra, 384 U.S. 350–51.
  Regardless of whether enforcement comes in the
form of civil or criminal penalties, speech that interferes
with the administration of justice cannot be tolerated.
In State v. Taupier, 330 Conn. 149, 193 A.3d 1 (2018),
cert. denied,       U.S.    , 139 S. Ct. 1188, 203 L. Ed.
2d 202 (2019), this court considered a first amendment
challenge to a defendant’s conviction of threatening in
the first degree for an e-mail communication concern-
ing a Superior Court judge. Id., 153–54. In that case, the
defendant had ‘‘made it clear that he was extremely
angry at the ‘court,’ over which [the judge] had presided,
that he had discovered where [the judge] lived, that
he had surveilled [the judge’s] residence, that he had
thought through a very detailed and specific way to kill
[the judge] at that location, and that he had anticipated
being punished for his conduct.’’ Id., 191. The court
concluded that the speech was a true threat and, there-
fore, was unprotected. Id., 199. This conclusion was,
in part, implicitly supported by the effect such speech
had on the administration of justice, i.e., threatening
violence against the judge presiding over the defen-
dant’s family court proceedings. See id., 184 (pointing to
judge’s reaction, defendant’s history with family court
system, and defendant and judge’s past history as evi-
dence supporting conviction). Such a threat, at the very
least, could require the judge to recuse herself from
the defendant’s cases and, as such, interferes with a fair
adjudication.
   There are two important distinctions between Brid-
ges and its progeny, on the one hand, and the present
case, on the other, that lead us to conclude that Jones’
broadcast posed an imminent and likely threat to the
administration of justice. The first is Jones’ role as a
party in the litigation and the second is the unmistakably
threatening and vituperative nature of the speech at
issue. Both of these factors influence the imminence
and likelihood of the threatened harm. In both Wood
and Bridges, the statements were made by nonparties
criticizing judicial action. In the present case, Jones is
a party commenting on his own litigation and, therefore,
has a greater opportunity and perceived incentive to
affect the outcome of the case.23 As a party to a judicial
proceeding, Jones is participating in a government func-
tion and therefore is under the court’s jurisdiction. For
this reason, the trial court may sanction him for speech
that, when made by a stranger to the litigation, may be
acceptable.24
   The second difference between the present case and
Bridges and Woods is the nature of the intimidating and
threatening speech, which demonstrates the coercive
influence that might reasonably be expected as a result
of Jones’ broadcast. ‘‘Since we are committed to a gov-
ernment of laws and not of men, it is of the utmost
importance that the administration of justice be abso-
lutely fair and orderly. [The United States Supreme
Court] has recognized that the unhindered and untram-
meled functioning of our courts is part of the very found-
ation of our constitutional democracy.’’ Cox v. Louisi-
ana, 379 U.S. 559, 562, 85 S. Ct. 476, 13 L. Ed. 2d 487
(1965). ‘‘Courts must have [the] power to protect the
interests of . . . litigants before them from unseemly
efforts to pervert judicial action.’’ Pennekamp v. Flor-
ida, supra, 328 U.S. 347. The record in this case reflects
additional threats targeting those involved in the case
in connection with Jones’ speech.25 In an order dated
June 21, 2019, the trial court stated: ‘‘In the interest of
full disclosure to all parties, the court was contacted
by the Connecticut State Police, [which was] reportedly
contacted by the FBI regarding threats against the
undersigned [judge] made by individuals on the . . .
Infowars website.’’26 In addition, the plaintiffs’ counsel
also represented to the trial court that, as a result of
the broadcast, they had ‘‘since received threats from
the outside’’ and even obtained police protection when
attending the court hearing after the broadcast. We take
seriously these statements on the record because ‘‘[i]t
long has been the practice that a trial court may rely
[on] certain representations made to it by attorneys,
who are officers of the court and bound to make truthful
statements of fact or law to the court.’’ (Internal quota-
tion marks omitted.) State v. Chambers, 296 Conn. 397,
419, 994 A.2d 1248 (2010).
   Jones’ speech further was calculated to interfere with
the fairness of the proceedings as it directly targeted
opposing counsel, accusing him of felonious behavior
and threatening him, and reasonably can be expected
to influence how the plaintiffs litigate their case.27 On
the broadcast, Jones declared war on those who planted
the child pornography, implicated the plaintiffs’ coun-
sel, and promoted a million dollar bounty. Jones stated:
‘‘You’re trying to set me up with child porn. I’m going
to get your ass. One million dollars. One million dollars,
you little gang members. One million dollars to put your
head on a pike. One million dollars, bitch. I’m going to
get your ass.’’ A party who places a one million dollar
bounty on the head of opposing counsel, whether liter-
ally or figuratively in the form of his conviction, undeni-
ably interferes with the proceedings. This speech
clearly ‘‘ ‘is directed to inciting or producing’ a threat
to the administration of justice that is both ‘imminent’
and ‘likely’ to materialize.’’ Turney v. Pugh, supra, 400
F.3d 1202. Harassing and intimidating counsel so that
they withdraw from litigating a case is beyond cavil; it
is an unfair and inappropriate litigation strategy that
strikes at the core of our system.28 See Harry v. Lago-
marsine, Docket No. 18-CV-1822 (BMC) (LB), 2019 WL
1177718, *3 (E.D.N.Y. March 13, 2019) (explaining how
threats to opposing counsel ‘‘effected a permanent
change in [the] defendants’ representation’’); Kalwasi-
nski v. Ryan, supra, 2007 WL 2743434, *3 (‘‘[b]y deliber-
ately and intentionally participating in making threats
of physical harm against parties and witnesses in his
case, he has engaged in conduct that he should have
known would threaten a fair decision in this matter’’).
We recognize that there is a place for strong advocacy
in litigation, but language evoking threats of physical
harm is not tolerable. In light of these reasons, we con-
clude that Jones’ speech could pose a threat to the plain-
tiffs’ ability to litigate their case, rendering it an immi-
nent and likely threat to the administration of justice.
  Finally, we consider whether the state’s interests may
be served in another manner and whether the sanctions
imposed are narrowly tailored to the state’s interest in
ensuring fair judicial proceedings. See, e.g., Gentile v.
State Bar of Nevada, supra, 501 U.S. 1076; Landmark
Communications, Inc. v. Virginia, supra, 435 U.S. 843.
The trial court penalized the defendants in a restrained
manner in order to preserve the judicial process. In
this case, the trial court might have issued a gag order,
but such a measure could improperly penalize future
speech in the form of a prior restraint. See, e.g., Kemner
v. Monsanto Co., 112 Ill. 2d 223, 249–50, 492 N.E.2d
1327 (1986) (noting that there are less restrictive means
than a gag order ‘‘to preserve the integrity of the pro-
ceedings before it,’’ such as contempt). Instead, the
court appropriately dealt with two issues in a propor-
tional sanction that was more measured than the indi-
vidual punishments of civil or criminal contempt that
have been upheld as a consequence for similar conduct.
Indeed, the court refrained from imposing the more
severe sanction requested by the plaintiffs, specifically,
defaulting the defendant. The court selected a lower
penalty, namely, the revocation of special statutory bene-
fit, because the defendants abused the process set out
in the statute through their discovery practices. Accord-
ingly, we conclude that the trial court did not violate
the first amendment when it imposed sanctions on the
basis of Jones’ broadcast, which presented an imminent
and likely threat to the administration of justice.29
                            B
   We next consider whether the trial court abused its
discretion by sanctioning the defendants for their dis-
covery abuses and Jones’ broadcast. A trial court’s power
to sanction a litigant or counsel stems from two differ-
ent sources of authority, its inherent powers and the
rules of practice. Millbrook Owners Assn., Inc. v. Ham-
ilton Standard, 257 Conn. 1, 9–10, 776 A.2d 1115 (2001)
(‘‘One source of the trial court’s authority to impose
sanctions is the court’s inherent power. . . . In addi-
tion, our rules of practice, adopted by the judges of the
Superior Court in the exercise of their inherent rule-
making authority . . . also [provide] for specific
instances in which a trial court may impose sanctions.’’
(Citations omitted; footnote omitted.)); see Chambers
v. NASCO, Inc., supra, 501 U.S. 50–51 (discussing rela-
tionship between sanctions under Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure and court’s inherent power). As discussed
previously, this inherent authority permits sanctions for
‘‘dilatory, bad faith and harassing litigation conduct
. . . .’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) CFM of Con-
necticut, Inc. v. Chowdhury, supra, 239 Conn. 393. Addi-
tionally, under Practice Book § 13-14, a court may sanc-
tion a party for noncompliance with the court’s discovery
orders. Among the permissible sanctions is foreclosing
judgment on the merits for a party, such as by rendering
a default judgment against a defendant or by dismissing
a plaintiff’s case. See Practice Book § 13-14 (b). The
anti-SLAPP statute does not limit the court’s authority
to impose sanctions. See General Statutes § 52-196a (h)
(2).
   In reviewing the portion of the sanctions based on
the violation of discovery orders, we consider three fac-
tors. ‘‘First, the order to be complied with must be rea-
sonably clear. In this connection, however, we also state
that even an order that does not meet this standard
may form the basis of a sanction if the record estab-
lishes that, notwithstanding the lack of such clarity, the
party sanctioned in fact understood the trial court’s
intended meaning. This requirement poses a legal ques-
tion that we will review de novo. Second, the record
must establish that the order was in fact violated. This
requirement poses a question of fact that we will review
using a clearly erroneous standard of review. Third, the
sanction imposed must be proportional to the violation.
This requirement poses a question of the discretion of
the trial court that we will review for abuse of that dis-
cretion.’’ Millbrook Owners Assn., Inc. v. Hamilton Stand-
ard, supra, 257 Conn. 17–18. ‘‘The determinative ques-
tion for an appellate court is not whether it would have
imposed a similar sanction but whether the trial court
could reasonably conclude as it did given the facts pre-
sented. Never will the case on appeal look as it does
to a [trial court] . . . faced with the need to impose
reasonable bounds and order on discovery.’’ (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) Usowski v. Jacobson, 267
Conn. 73, 85, 836 A.2d 1167 (2003). ‘‘Trial court judges
face great difficulties in controlling discovery proce-
dures which all too often are abused by one side or the
other and this court should support the trial judges’ rea-
sonable use of sanctions to control discovery.’’ (Internal
quotation marks omitted.) Mulrooney v. Wambolt, 215
Conn. 211, 223, 575 A.2d 996 (1990).
   In its oral decision granting the motions for sanctions,
the trial court observed that ‘‘the discovery in this case
has been marked with obfuscation and delay on the
part of the defendants . . . .’’ The court cited two spe-
cific examples of discovery noncompliance: (1) the
defendants failed to produce adequate Google Analytics
information with respect to marketing data and to con-
duct a complete search of Jones’ cell phone, and (2)
the defendants ‘‘disregarded’’ discovery deadlines on
multiple occasions, ‘‘continue[d] to object to . . . dis-
covery, and failed to produce that which is within their
knowledge, possession, or power to obtain.’’
   It is undisputed that the trial court’s discovery orders
were reasonably clear and that the defendants violated
four of them.30 The defendants do not raise distinct argu-
ments under the first two prongs of Millbrook Owner’s
Assn., Inc., but, instead, largely challenge the ‘‘harsh-
ness’’ of the sanctions imposed. In considering whether
the sanction revoking the defendants’ opportunity to
pursue the special motions to dismiss was proportional
to the defendants’ discovery violations, we are guided by
‘‘the factors we previously have employed when review-
ing the reasonableness of a trial court’s imposition of
sanctions: (1) the cause of the [party’s] failure to respond
to the posed questions, that is, whether it is due to inabil-
ity rather than the [wilfulness], bad faith or fault of the
[party] . . . (2) the degree of prejudice suffered by the
opposing party, which in turn may depend on the impor-
tance of the information requested to that party’s case;
and (3) which of the available sanctions would, under
the particular circumstances, be an appropriate response
to the disobedient party’s conduct.’’ (Internal quotation
marks omitted.) Yeager v. Alvarez, 302 Conn. 772, 787,
31 A.3d 794 (2011). We also consider how Jones’ broad-
cast impacted the trial court’s decision sanctioning the
defendants for bad faith litigation practices. See Mac-
Calla v. American Medical Response of Connecticut,
Inc., 188 Conn. App. 228, 230, 239, 204 A.3d 753 (2019)
(upholding sanction of dismissal on basis of plaintiffs’
noncompliance with discovery orders and ‘‘the unpro-
fessional and dilatory conduct of the plaintiffs’ coun-
sel,’’ who called ‘‘a party’s corporate representative [who
was] attending a deposition a trespasser,’’ and holding
that this conduct ‘‘evinces a disregard for the provisions
of the Practice Book and the authority of the court’’).
    The plaintiffs argue that the sanctions are propor-
tional because the defendants’ violations were ‘‘deliber-
ate,’’ ‘‘wilful,’’ and in ‘‘bad faith . . . .’’ The defendants
counter that their actions were not taken in bad faith.
‘‘[I]n assessing proportionality, a trial court must con-
sider the totality of the circumstances, including, most
importantly, the nature of the conduct itself.’’ Ridgaway
v. Mount Vernon Fire Ins. Co., 328 Conn. 60, 76, 176
A.3d 1167 (2018); see also Millbrook Owners Assn., Inc.
v. Hamilton Standard, supra, 257 Conn. 16 (‘‘dismissal
of an action is not an abuse of discretion where a party
shows a deliberate, contumacious or unwarranted dis-
regard for the court’s authority’’ (internal quotation
marks omitted)). In the present case, the trial court did
not expressly find that the defendants’ discovery abuses
were performed in bad faith but, in its oral decision,
pointedly characterized their actions as being marked
by a pattern of ‘‘obfuscation and delay . . . .’’ Addition-
ally, the record supports the trial court’s finding that
the defendants repeatedly ignored court deadlines and
continued to challenge the underlying merits of discov-
ery, even after the court found the requisite good cause
to allow discovery under § 52-196a (d).31 See, e.g.,
National Hockey League v. Metropolitan Hockey Club,
Inc., 427 U.S. 639, 643, 96 S. Ct. 2778, 49 L. Ed. 2d 747
(1976) (upholding dismissal of action in light of ‘‘[the]
respondents’ ‘flagrant bad faith’ and their counsel’s ‘cal-
lous disregard’ of their responsibilities’’ when respon-
dents failed to answer written interrogatories by dead-
line). Accordingly, we conclude that the record supports
the trial court’s finding that the defendants wilfully dis-
regarded the court’s discovery orders.
  This wilful disregard was exacerbated by Jones’ con-
duct during the June 14, 2019 broadcast. The trial court
found that Jones’ actions were ‘‘indefensible, uncon-
scionable, despicable, and possibly criminal,’’ and that
the ‘‘deliberate tirade and harassment and intimidation
against Attorney Mattei and his firm [were] unacceptable
and sanctionable.’’ Because Jones’ statements were one
part of a whole picture of bad faith litigation misconduct,
we conclude that the trial court’s reliance on Jones’
speech as part of the rationale for the sanctions orders
was appropriate in this context.
    With respect to the defendants’ ability to comply with
discovery, one mitigating factor that potentially could
have explained the defendants’ noncompliance with the
discovery deadlines was their change in counsel mid-
way through the discovery process. Although the par-
ties disagree as to whether this change in counsel was
a ‘‘strategic’’ tactic, the record indicates that, even under
the defendants’ original counsel, the documents were
still far from ready for production.32 Moreover, the rec-
ord supports the trial court’s determination that the
change in counsel did not by itself affect the defendants’
ability to produce the discovery on time.33
   Turning to the prejudice factor, we consider the
importance of the undisclosed discovery material, the
effect the information would have on the party request-
ing it, and whether the information was available through
other means. Yeager v. Alvarez, supra, 302 Conn. 787–
88; see id., 789–90 (defendants were not prejudiced by
noncompliance when materials that they sought had
been indirectly included in plaintiffs’ production). In
the present case, the record supports the trial court’s
implicit finding that the defendants’ noncompliance
was prejudicial to the plaintiffs34 because, each time
the defendants did not comply with the court ordered
discovery, the plaintiffs were unable to access informa-
tion that could assist them in proving probable cause
that they would succeed on the merits of their com-
plaints. For example, access to the defendants’ market-
ing data would be relevant to proving a financial connec-
tion between the defendants’ actions and the statements
made during the broadcast.35 See Krahel v. Czoch, 186
Conn. App. 22, 35–36, 198 A.3d 103 (considering impor-
tance of unproduced discovery and its effect on plain-
tiff’s case when analyzing prejudice), cert. denied, 330
Conn. 958, 198 A.3d 584 (2018).
   Finally, we consider the proportionality of the spe-
cific sanction employed to the violations at issue. Here,
the trial court was not just considering one violation
of a court deadline but several, and, therefore, the
defendants’ noncompliance warranted an appropriate
sanction by that court. See Emerick v. Glastonbury,
177 Conn. App. 701, 736–37, 173 A.3d 701 (2017) (‘‘The
plaintiff’s conduct, considered in its entirety, satisfied
this standard. . . . The court’s repeated warnings, sug-
gestions and fines had no impact on the plaintiff, as he
ignored the court’s admonitions and continued to delay
the trial.’’ (Citation omitted.)), cert. denied, 327 Conn.
994, 175 A.3d 1245 (2018). These violations, when con-
sidered together, reasonably could be found to make
up a pattern of wilfulness on the part of the defendants.
But cf. D’Ascanio v. Toyota Industries Corp., 309 Conn.
663, 681, 72 A.3d 1019 (2013) (reversing sanction of
dismissal because ‘‘the objectionable conduct at issue
was an isolated event and was not one in a series of
actions in disregard of the court’s authority’’); Usowski
v. Jacobson, supra, 267 Conn. 93 (trial court abused its
discretion in sanctioning party by dismissing action on
ground that ‘‘the record does not establish that the
failure to comply with the discovery orders constituted
a continuing pattern of violations’’ because ‘‘other fac-
tors of a mitigating nature also were present’’). The trial
court considered this wilfulness along with the defen-
dants’ harassing and intimidating speech toward the
plaintiffs’ counsel, which together created a whole spec-
trum of bad faith litigation misconduct. ‘‘As is often the
case in life . . . the whole of abusive action is greater
than the sum of the parts of which it is made. Were we
to view judicial abuses piecemeal, each one might not
be worthy of sanctions, or even comment. But these
incremental abuses chip away at the fair administration
of justice . . . .’’ Fuery v. Chicago, 900 F.3d 450, 454
(7th Cir. 2018). ‘‘[I]t is the [trial] court [that] can evaluate
the whole ball of wax and determine whether the small
incremental blows to the integrity of the trial add up
to something that requires sanctioning. Death by a thou-
sand cuts is no less severe than death by a single power-
ful blow.’’ Id., 464.
   Although the sanctions imposed by the trial court
are not the sanctions enumerated within the rules of
practice, this does not mean they were disproportionate
or impermissible as a matter of law. For example, in
Yeager v. Alvarez, supra, 302 Conn. 772, we concluded
that a trial court had the authority to ‘‘strike an other-
wise valid offer of compromise’’ as a sanction for a dis-
covery violation; id., 778; because it ‘‘falls well within
the ambit of judicial power contemplated by both the
court’s inherent authority and the rules of practice.
Significantly, [Practice Book § 13-14 (a)] authorizes a
trial court to penalize discovery violations by entering
orders ‘as the ends of justice require.’ In fact, § 13-14
(b) contains sanctions even more severe than those
imposed in this matter. These severe sanctions, which
may strip a party of all prospect of prevailing, logically
encompass a host of lesser penalties. Such milder sanc-
tions may include orders that reduce a party’s likelihood
of success at trial . . . .’’ Id., 781.
   The sanctions imposed by the trial court in the pres-
ent case revoked a statutory benefit, namely, the oppor-
tunity to pursue the special motions to dismiss under
§ 52-196a (d), which further penalized the defendants
by rescinding a stay of the full discovery process. None-
theless, as the trial court found, this was a measured
sanction for the defendants’ noncompliance with lim-
ited discovery, which was an abuse of the very benefit
they sought to utilize. Moreover, the sanctions imposed
were well short of a default or dismissal, insofar as
they do not preclude the defendants from having the
merits of their cases adjudicated in a conventional man-
ner, such as by summary judgment or trial. See Mill-
brook Owners Assn., Inc. v. Hamilton Standard, supra,
257 Conn. 16 (‘‘the court’s discretion should be exer-
cised mindful of the ‘policy preference to bring about
a trial on the merits of a dispute whenever possible and
to secure for the litigant his day in court’ ’’); cf. Emerick
v. Glastonbury, supra, 177 Conn. App. 737 (upholding
sanction of dismissal when plaintiff engaged in ‘‘contin-
uing and deliberate misconduct . . . [that] demon-
strated . . . deliberate disregard for the court’s
orders’’).
   In assessing the proportionality of the sanctions, we
next turn to the defendants’ central argument for excus-
ing their noncompliance, namely, that the discovery in
this case was overbroad and that the sanctions, there-
fore, were not appropriate. According to the defen-
dants,‘‘[w]hen discovery is allowed under § 52-196a, it is
allowed as an exception to the statutory rule that dis-
covery is to be stayed pending a decision on the spe-
cial motion to dismiss, and—when allowed—it must be
specific and limited. But, without any clarity from the
court as to how the specific and limited discovery should
proceed, the plaintiffs exploited the untended frontiers
of the judge’s order until the specific and limited discov-
ery ordered by the court was indistinguishable from the
broad contours of general discovery in all civil cases
. . . .’’ (Emphasis omitted; footnote omitted.)
   First, notwithstanding the merits of the defendants’
breadth argument, the plaintiffs correctly point out that,
despite the defendants’ grievances with the scope of dis-
covery, the defendants are still required to comply with
the court’s orders. ‘‘[A] party has a duty to obey a court
order even if the order is later held to have been unwar-
ranted.’’ Tomasso Bros., Inc. v. October Twenty-Four,
Inc., 230 Conn. 641, 658 n.20, 646 A.2d 133 (1994); see
also Mulholland v. Mulholland, 229 Conn. 643, 649, 643
A.2d 246 (1994). ‘‘An order of the court must be obeyed
until it has been modified or successfully challenged,
and the consequences for noncompliance may be severe
indeed.’’ Fox v. First Bank, 198 Conn. 34, 40 n.3, 501
A.2d 747 (1985).
   Second, nothing in the anti-SLAPP statute limits the
trial court’s discretion to order ‘‘specified and limited
discovery relevant to the special motion to dismiss’’
beyond the ‘‘good cause’’ standard set forth in § 52-196a
(d).36 We will not fill this legislative silence by imposing
broad restrictions on the trial court’s discretion to deter-
mine good cause, insofar as each case will present dif-
ferent claims and defenses bearing on whether limited
discovery should be granted. Cf. Standard Tallow Corp.
v. Jowdy, 190 Conn. 48, 57, 459 A.2d 503 (1983) (‘‘[t]he
granting or denial of a discovery request rests in the
sound discretion of the court’’); Coss v. Steward, 126
Conn. App. 30, 46–47, 10 A.3d 539 (2011) (discussing
good cause requirement for protective orders and trial
court’s discretion in granting them). We conclude, there-
fore, that the defendants’ claims that discovery was
improvidently granted under the anti-SLAPP statute
does not excuse their failure to comply with the trial
court’s orders. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse
its discretion in sanctioning the defendants for discov-
ery violations and Jones’ June 14, 2019 broadcast.
                            II
   The final issue in this appeal is whether the defen-
dants were afforded adequate notice and a meaningful
opportunity to respond before the trial court imposed
sanctions. The defendants argue that the court ordered
sanctions in an overly summary process because, on
Monday, June 17, 2019, the plaintiffs filed their motion
requesting court review of the broadcast, along with
expedited briefing on ‘‘what orders must issue in con-
nection with [Jones’] on-air statements,’’ and indicated
they would move for ‘‘specific relief on an expedited
basis,’’ and, the very next day, the court ruled on the
merits of the plaintiffs’ motion for sanctions without any
briefing by the defendants. Additionally, the defendants
argue that the court handed their attorney a copy of a
recent judicial decision the court considered instruc-
tive; see Maurice v. Chester Housing Associates Ltd.
Partnership, supra, 188 Conn. App. 21; and gave the
defendants’ counsel only the lunch hour to prepare
for argument on whether the trial court should order
sanctions. The plaintiffs counter that the defendants
were afforded sufficient due process because the trial
court repeatedly had warned them that it would revoke
the opportunity to pursue the special motions to dis-
miss. They also point out that a June 17, 2019 court
order notified counsel that they should be prepared to
discuss the broadcast at the hearing scheduled for the
following day. Finally, the plaintiffs argue that the
defendants did not at any point indicate to the court
that they needed additional time to prepare. We agree
with the plaintiffs and conclude that the trial court’s
sanctions did not violate the defendants’ due process
rights.
   ‘‘At their core, the due process clauses of the state
and federal constitutions require that one subject to a
significant deprivation of liberty or property must be
accorded adequate notice and a meaningful opportunity
to be heard.’’ Council on Probate Judicial Conduct re
James H. Kinsella, 193 Conn. 180, 207, 476 A.2d 1041
(1984); see CFM of Connecticut, Inc. v. Chowdhury,
supra, 239 Conn. 393 (‘‘As a procedural matter, before
imposing . . . sanctions, the court must afford the
sanctioned party or attorney a proper hearing on the
. . . motion for sanctions. . . . There must be fair
notice and an opportunity for a hearing on the record.’’
(Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)).
‘‘Whether the defendant was deprived of his due process
rights is a question of law, to which we grant plenary
review.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) New Hart-
ford v. Connecticut Resources Recovery Authority, 291
Conn. 489, 500, 970 A.2d 570 (2009).
   Having reviewed the record, we conclude that the
defendants received adequate notice so as to be apprised
of the possibility of sanctions entering as a result of
their conduct.37 Specifically, the plaintiffs filed a motion
seeking sanctions several months earlier because of the
defendants’ discovery noncompliance. The trial court
discussed the possibility of sanctioning the defendants
on several occasions and had reissued this warning in
its order on June 10, 2019, regarding the outstanding
Google Analytics material. The day before the hearing,
the plaintiffs indicated that they would seek interim
relief, and the court issued an order stating that it would
address the broadcast at the hearing. Because of the
trial court’s countless warnings that it would sanction
the defendants in this specific manner, the defendants
cannot reasonably contest that they were not ade-
quately notified of the possibility of such sanctions. Cf.
Fattibene v. Kealey, 18 Conn. App. 344, 350, 353–54,
558 A.2d 677 (1989) (reversing sanctions order when
trial court ruled on motion for sanctions without first
considering plaintiff’s objection). In addition, the trial
court held a hearing, at which it heard thorough argu-
ment on the issue, and at no point during the argument
did the defendants request additional time.38 This satis-
fies the due process requirement for a meaningful oppor-
tunity to be heard. See, e.g., Thalheim v. Greenwich,
256 Conn. 628, 650–51, 775 A.2d 947 (2001) (concluding
that sanctioned attorney had been afforded ‘‘adequate
notice and a meaningful opportunity to be heard’’ when
trial court issued order requesting that he ‘‘show cause
why [he] should not be sanctioned’’ and attorney received
hearing (internal quotation marks omitted)).
   The sanctions orders are affirmed.
   In this opinion the other justices concurred.
   * The listing of justices reflects their seniority status on this court as of
the date of oral argument.
   This case originally was scheduled to be argued before a panel of this
court consisting of Chief Justice Robinson and Justices Palmer, McDonald,
D’Auria, Mullins, Kahn and Ecker. Although Justice Palmer was not present
when the case was argued before the court, he has read the briefs and
appendices, and listened to a recording of the oral argument prior to partici-
pating in this decision.
   ** July 23, 2020, the date that this decision was released as a slip opinion,
is the operative date for all substantive and procedural purposes.
   1
     The plaintiffs are Erica Lafferty, David Wheeler, Francine Wheeler, Jac-
queline Barden, Mark Barden, Nicole Hockley, Ian Hockley, Jennifer Hensel,
Jeremy Richman, Donna Soto, Carlee Soto-Parisi, Carlos M. Soto, Jillian
Soto, and William Aldenberg.
   2
     The defendants participating in this appeal are Jones and several of his
affiliated corporate entities, namely, Infowars, LLC, Free Speech Systems,
LLC, Infowars Health, LLC, and Prison Planet TV, LLC. We refer to these
parties collectively as the defendants and, when necessary, individually
by name.
   The additional defendants named in the complaint, Wolfgang Halbig, Cory
T. Sklanka, Genesis Communications Network, Inc., and Midas Resources,
Inc., are not parties to this appeal.
   3
     The defendants appeal pursuant to the Chief Justice’s grant of their
petition to file an expedited public interest appeal pursuant to General
Statutes § 52-265a. A sanctions order for discovery violations generally is
considered interlocutory and is not appealable until a party is held in con-
tempt for noncompliance. Incardona v. Roer, 309 Conn. 754, 760, 73 A.3d
686 (2013). We have appellate jurisdiction, however, because it is well estab-
lished that ‘‘appeals from interlocutory orders may be taken pursuant to
§ 52-265a.’’ Foley v. State Elections Enforcement Commission, 297 Conn.
764, 767 n.2, 2 A.3d 823 (2010).
   4
     SLAPP is an acronym for ‘‘strategic lawsuit against public participation,’’
the ‘‘distinctive elements of [which] are (1) a civil complaint (2) filed against
a nongovernment individual (3) because of their communications to govern-
ment bodies (4) that involves a substantive issue of some public concern.
. . . The purpose of a SLAPP suit is to punish and intimidate citizens who
petition state agencies and have the ultimate effect of chilling any such
action.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Field v.
Kearns, 43 Conn. App. 265, 275–76, 682 A.2d 148, cert. denied, 239 Conn.
942, 684 A.2d 711 (1996).
   5
     General Statutes § 52-196a provides in relevant part: ‘‘(b) In any civil
action in which a party files a complaint, counterclaim or cross claim against
an opposing party that is based on the opposing party’s exercise of its right
of free speech, right to petition the government, or right of association under
the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of the state in
connection with a matter of public concern, such opposing party may file
a special motion to dismiss the complaint, counterclaim or cross claim.
   ‘‘(c) Any party filing a special motion to dismiss shall file such motion
not later than thirty days after the date of return of the complaint, or the
filing of a counterclaim or cross claim described in subsection (b) of this
section. The court, upon a showing of good cause by a party seeking to file
a special motion to dismiss, may extend the time to file a special motion
to dismiss.
   ‘‘(d) The court shall stay all discovery upon the filing of a special motion
to dismiss. The stay of discovery shall remain in effect until the court grants
or denies the special motion to dismiss and any interlocutory appeal thereof.
Notwithstanding the entry of an order to stay discovery, the court, upon
motion of a party and a showing of good cause, or upon its own motion,
may order specified and limited discovery relevant to the special motion
to dismiss.
   ‘‘(e) (1) The court shall conduct an expedited hearing on a special motion
to dismiss. . . . (2) When ruling on a special motion to dismiss, the court
shall consider pleadings and supporting and opposing affidavits of the parties
attesting to the facts upon which liability or a defense, as the case may be,
is based. (3) The court shall grant a special motion to dismiss if the moving
party makes an initial showing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
the opposing party’s complaint, counterclaim or cross claim is based on the
moving party’s exercise of its right of free speech, right to petition the
government, or right of association under the Constitution of the United
States or the Constitution of the state in connection with a matter of public
concern, unless the party that brought the complaint, counterclaim or cross
claim sets forth with particularity the circumstances giving rise to the com-
plaint, counterclaim or cross claim and demonstrates to the court that there
is probable cause, considering all valid defenses, that the party will prevail
on the merits of the complaint, counterclaim or cross claim. (4) The court
shall rule on a special motion to dismiss as soon as practicable.
   ‘‘(f) (1) If the court grants a special motion to dismiss under this section,
the court shall award the moving party costs and reasonable attorney’s fees,
including such costs and fees incurred in connection with the filing of the
special motion to dismiss. (2) If the court denies a special motion to dismiss
under this section and finds that such special motion to dismiss is frivolous
and solely intended to cause unnecessary delay, the court shall award costs
and reasonable attorney’s fees to the party opposing such special motion
to dismiss.
   ‘‘(g) The findings or determinations made pursuant to subsections (e) and
(f) of this section shall not be admitted into evidence at any later stage of
the proceeding or in any subsequent action. . . .’’
   6
     Similar interrogatories and requests for production, with small variations
in number and language, were made to Cory T. Sklanka, Wolfgang Halbig,
Free Speech Systems, LLC, Infowars Health, LLC, Infowars, LLC, Prison
Planet TV, LLC, Midas Resources, Inc., and Genesis Communications Net-
work, Inc. In addition, the plaintiffs noticed the individual depositions of
Jones, Sklanka, Halbig, Kurt Nimmo, the former editor of Infowars, LLC,
and Steve Pieczenik, a guest on Jones’ radio show who had expressed that
the Sandy Hook shooting was a hoax, as well as the corporate designees
of Free Speech Systems, LLC, Genesis Communications Network, Inc.,
Infowars Health, LLC, Infowars, LLC, Midas Resources, Inc., and Prison
Planet TV, LLC.
   7
     The defendants filed motions for an extension of time on February 22,
2019, the day before production was due. It does not appear that the trial
court decided those motions.
   8
     Practice Book § 13-14 provides in relevant part: ‘‘(a) If any party has
failed to answer interrogatories or to answer them fairly, or has intentionally
answered them falsely or in a manner calculated to mislead, or has failed
to respond to requests for production or for disclosure of the existence and
contents of an insurance policy or the limits thereof, or has failed to submit
to a physical or mental examination, or has failed to comply with a discovery
order made pursuant to Section 13-13, or has failed to comply with the
provisions of Section 13-15, or has failed to appear and testify at a deposition
duly noticed pursuant to this chapter, or has failed otherwise substantially
to comply with any other discovery order made pursuant to Sections 13-6
through 13-11, the judicial authority may, on motion, make such order as
the ends of justice require.
   ‘‘(b) Such orders may include the following: (1) The entry of a nonsuit
or default against the party failing to comply . . . [and] (5) If the party
failing to comply is the plaintiff, the entry of a judgment of dismissal. . . .’’
   9
     The defendants and the plaintiffs both included transcripts of the June
14, 2019 broadcast in their appendices filed with this court. Their transcripts
do not differ materially with respect to the language quoted in this opinion
except for one phrase. The defendants’ transcript uses the phrase ‘‘white
shoe boy,’’ whereas the plaintiffs’ transcript uses the phrase ‘‘white Jew boy
. . . .’’ The trial court, in its oral decision ordering sanctions, relied on the
plaintiffs’ transcript containing the phrase ‘‘white Jew boy . . . .’’ The defen-
dants subsequently filed a motion to correct the transcript, which the trial
court did not decide.
   In their appellate briefs, the defendants noted the inconsistencies between
the two transcripts and that the trial court had not ruled on their motion
to correct, but they do not specifically challenge the accuracy of this phrase
on appeal. As the trial court did not decide the motion to correct, we omit
the words ‘‘Jew’’ and ‘‘shoe’’ in the quoted transcript.
   The transcripts of the broadcast each exceed thirty pages, so we have
not reproduced them in their entirety. We include only those portions relied
on by the trial court, supplemented when necessary for context. Specifically,
we have omitted those portions in which Jones discusses the case’s back-
ground and the details of the child pornography incident, Jones’ introduction
of Pattis, Jones’ critique of the plaintiffs’ case and the Google Analytics
reports, discussion of the first amendment ramifications of questioning the
veracity of the Sandy Hook shooting, most of Pattis’ statements, and other
duplicative or irrelevant portions of the broadcast.
   10
      The defendants’ transcript provides: ‘‘Look. You’re showing Chris
Mattei’s photograph on the air.’’
   11
      The defendants’ transcript provides: ‘‘No, I’m sure—you don’t think
errand boy did this. I’m actually not saying that.’’
   12
      The trial court also indicated that it would award attorney’s fees related
to the child pornography issue at a later date, ‘‘upon further hearing and
the filing of affidavits . . . .’’
   13
      The trial court also stated: ‘‘Now, the transcript doesn’t reflect this, but,
when I listened to the broadcast, I heard, I’m going to kill. Now, that’s not
in the transcript, but that is my read and understanding, and what I heard
[o]n the broadcast.’’ Because the word ‘‘kill’’ is not mentioned in the tran-
scripts, we do not consider it in our analysis of the trial court’s sanctions
orders.
   14
      The defendants incorrectly state that the sanctioned party in Maurice
v. Chester Housing Associates Ltd. Partnership, supra, 188 Conn. App. 21,
did not challenge the sanction on first amendment grounds. Instead, the
Appellate Court declined to reach the issue, deeming the courthouse a
nonpublic forum. Id., 33 n.11.
   15
      These first amendment implications, however, often are not raised or
deeply considered. For example, in Carroll v. Jaques Admiralty Law Firm,
P.C., supra, 110 F.3d 294, the court succinctly concluded, without substantive
discussion, that the sanction imposed did not violate the affected party’s
first amendment rights. But see In re White, Docket No. 2:07CV342, 2013
WL 5295652, *38 (E.D. Va. September 13, 2013) (‘‘[w]here government action,
such as an award of sanctions, is directed toward presumptively protected
expression, our system of justice places ‘the duty . . . on this [c]ourt to
say where the individual’s freedom ends and the [s]tate’s power begins’ ’’).
   16
      Contempt cases are instructive because the power to sanction and the
power to hold an individual in contempt both stem from the court’s inherent
authority. See, e.g., Jaconski v. AMF, Inc., 208 Conn. 230, 232–33, 543 A.2d
728 (1988); 17 Am. Jur. 2d 399, Contempt § 1 (2004).
   17
      The importance of the legality of the action at issue is demonstrated
by the fact that the United States Supreme Court mentioned it twice. See
Bridges v. California, supra, 314 U.S. 277 (‘‘[o]n no construction, therefore,
can the telegram be taken as a threat either by [the defendant] or the union
to follow an illegal course of action’’); id., 278 (‘‘[l]et us assume that the
telegram could be construed as an announcement of [the defendant’s] inten-
tion to call a strike, something which, it is admitted, neither the general
law of California nor the court’s decree prohibited’’).
   18
      Actual interference might be construed as an additional factor under
the clear and present danger test. See Wood v. Georgia, supra, 370 U.S. 399
(Harlan, J., dissenting). Read in context, however, Wood suggests that the
court’s search for actual interference likely stems from the facts of Wood
rather than a substantive alteration to the Bridges standard, as the court
stated: ‘‘[I]n the absence of any showing of an actual interference with the
undertakings of the grand jury, this record lacks persuasion in illustrating
the serious degree of harm to the administration of law . . . .’’ (Emphasis
added.) Id., 393. Indeed, the court specifically observed that the harm that
speech could cause to a grand jury investigation is different from that of a
trial. See id., 390 (‘‘the limitations on free speech assume a different propor-
tion when expression is directed toward a trial as compared to a grand jury
investigation’’). Also, earlier cases construing this test required an analysis of
imminence and likelihood, which is inconsistent with an actual interference
requirement. See Craig v. Harney, supra, 331 U.S. 373, 376; Pennekamp v.
Florida, 328 U.S. 331, 334, 350, 66 S. Ct. 1029, 90 L. Ed. 1295 (1946); Bridges
v. California, supra, 314 U.S. 263. As a result, we interpret Wood in harmony
with those cases that came before it and conclude that a showing of actual
interference is but one factor in the clear and present danger analysis.
   19
      The District Court also analyzed whether sanctions should enter under
a strict scrutiny analysis. In re White, supra, 2013 WL 5295652, *71.
   20
      Additionally, courts have applied Bridges to extrajudicial speech restric-
tions beyond contempt. For example, it was discussed recently by the Colo-
rado Supreme Court in examining a jury tampering conviction. See People
v. Iannicelli, 449 P.3d 387, 392–93 (Colo. 2019). Although the case ultimately
was decided on grounds of statutory construction; see id., 394–97; the court
recognized that ‘‘[s]peech concerning judicial proceedings is not without
limits . . . because like free speech, a fair trial is one ‘of the most cherished
policies of our civilization’ and must also be protected.’’ Id., 392; see id.,
396 n.3 (‘‘[W]e acknowledge that defining the precise scope of [Colorado’s
jury tampering statute] presents complex questions as to both [f]irst [a]mend-
ment rights and the [s]tate’s interest in ensuring the fair and orderly adminis-
tration of justice. The facts of this case, however, do not require us to
attempt to craft an all-encompassing rule applicable in every factual scenario.
Accordingly, we leave that difficult task for another day.’’); see also United
States v. Heicklen, 858 F. Supp. 2d 256, 274 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (‘‘[t]he relevant
cases establish that the [f]irst [a]mendment squarely protects speech con-
cerning judicial proceedings and public debate regarding the functioning of
the judicial system, so long as that speech does not interfere with the fair
and impartial administration of justice’’).
   21
      In their argument before the trial court, the defendants contended that
the broadcast ‘‘did not disrupt the administration of justice.’’
   22
      ‘‘Men are entitled to speak as they please on matters vital to them;
errors in judgment or unsubstantiated opinions may be exposed, of course,
but not through punishment for contempt for the expression. Under our
system of government, counterargument and education are the weapons
available to expose these matters, not abridgment of the rights of free speech
and assembly.’’ Wood v. Georgia, supra, 370 U.S. 389.
   23
      The defendants disagree and cite to In re Sawyer, 360 U.S. 622, 636, 79
S. Ct. 1376, 3 L. Ed. 2d 1473 (1959), for the proposition that the parties’
speech cannot be ‘‘more censurable’’ than that of nonparties during the
pendency of a court case. We disagree. In re Sawyer concerns an attorney,
not a party, and supports the opposite view when quoted in context: ‘‘We
can conceive no ground whereby the pendency of litigation might be thought
to make an attorney’s out-of-court remarks more censurable, other than
that they might tend to obstruct the administration of justice. Remarks
made during the course of a trial might tend to such obstruction where
remarks made afterwards would not. But this distinction is foreign to this
case, because the charges and findings in no way turn on an allegation of
obstruction of justice, or of an attempt to obstruct justice, in a pending
case.’’ (Emphasis added.) Id.
   24
      It is important to note that, although Jones is a defendant and therefore
has not been willingly brought into the litigation, that status does not dimin-
ish the need for a fair trial, does not grant him license to harass and intimidate
opposing counsel, and does not lessen the potential impact of his statements
on the trial. However, not all speech by Jones regarding the case is sanc-
tionable—only harassing and threatening speech that presents a likely and
imminent threat to the administration of justice. See, e.g., M. Swartz, Note,
‘‘Trial Participant Speech Restrictions: Gagging First Amendment Rights,’’
90 Colum. L. Rev. 1411, 1421–22 (1990) (noting special concerns for criminal
and civil defendants). This fact, along with the nature of civil proceedings
as a whole, supports our use of the most stringent standard to analyze Jones’
speech. See Chicago Council of Lawyers v. Bauer, supra, 522 F.2d 257–58
(noting how fair trial concerns are lessened in civil litigation).
   25
      It is important to note that a judge may still sanction for threatening
or intimidating speech in the absence of actual interference with the adminis-
tration of justice, yet we consider these direct threats as aggravating circum-
stances in this particular case.
   26
      It is unclear whether these threats against the trial judge stemmed from
the original broadcast or a subsequent broadcast by Jones discussing the
sanctions orders.
   27
      The trial court specifically considered this when it questioned defense
counsel about how Jones’ speech affects the ‘‘integrity of the process here
and the functioning of the court and the judicial process . . . .’’
   28
      In fact, the defendants implicitly recognized this interference, as they
argued to the trial court that Attorney Mattei should not participate in the
case if he feels threatened, stating: ‘‘[I]f you’ve got a former federal prosecu-
tor in here who’s saying, as a result of this, he can’t do his job, then maybe
you should get him off the case because he’s not prepared to serve his
clients.’’ The defendants renewed this argument in their brief to this court,
arguing: ‘‘If [Mattei] feels sufficiently chilled or impaired, he can, of course,
seek to withdraw as counsel.’’
   The defendants also argue that Jones, in a subsequent broadcast, ‘‘made
clear he did not intend to threaten [Mattei].’’ The trial court interpreted this
later broadcast as a classic nonapology, stating: ‘‘[W]hen I watched the
broadcast several times, I wasn’t able to see an apology in there. . . . It
doesn’t sound like an apology.’’
   29
      The plaintiffs also argue that Jones’ speech qualifies as a true threat
unprotected by the first amendment. The defendants disagree with this
assertion, arguing that the broadcast ‘‘was not unequivocal, unconditional,
immediate and specific [so] as to convey a gravity of purpose and imminent
prospect of execution.’’ Additionally, the defendants argue that the trial
court did not allow Jones the opportunity to present evidence to counter
a true threat finding, distinguishing this case from Haughwout v. Tordenti,
332 Conn. 559, 211 A.3d 1 (2019). We initially note that, as the case currently
stands, the record is not adequately developed to determine whether Jones’
statements qualify as a true threat. But cf. id., 562 n.4 (trial court’s decision
was supported by facts from disciplinary proceeding and plaintiff’s testi-
mony). Because we have determined that Jones’ speech constituted an
imminent and likely threat to the administration of justice, we need not
reach the issue of whether Jones’ speech also qualifies under a different
category of unprotected speech as a matter of law.
   30
      The defendants purport to dispute these issues in their brief by stating,
in a heading, that ‘‘[t]he court sanctioned [them] for violating the discovery
process . . . despite the lack of sufficiently clear orders or actual viola-
tions.’’ Despite mentioning this in the heading, there is no clear argument
in the brief to support this argument. Instead, the defendants’ discovery
argument basically contests the merits and breadth of the discovery permit-
ted by the trial court. As a result, we construe the first two prongs of
Millbrook Owners’ Assn., Inc. v. Hamilton Standard, supra, 257 Conn.
17–18, as undisputed. ‘‘We repeatedly have stated that [w]e are not required
to review issues that have been improperly presented to this court through
an inadequate brief. . . . Analysis, rather than mere abstract assertion, is
required in order to avoid abandoning an issue by failure to brief the issue
properly. . . . [F]or this court judiciously and efficiently to consider claims
of error raised on appeal . . . the parties must clearly and fully set forth
their arguments in their briefs. . . . The parties may not merely cite a legal
principle without analyzing the relationship between the facts of the case
and the law cited.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)
State v. Buhl, 321 Conn. 688, 724, 138 A.3d 868 (2016).
    31
       For example, even after the trial court ordered the defendants to produce
the Google Analytics materials on June 10, 2019, the defendants continued
to contest whether they should be ordered to produce the data.
    32
       At a March 22, 2019 hearing, Attorney Pattis stated: ‘‘I was given those
documents on or about March 6. I was also given some interrogatory
responses on March 6. Those interrogatory responses were not satisfactory
to my way of thinking.’’
    33
       At the March 22, 2019 hearing, the court explained: ‘‘I think part of the
problem is that your clients are maybe tying their own lawyers’ hands by
getting other lawyers involved so that nobody knows what anyone else is
doing. That would be the most favorable light. . . . The least favorable
light would be manipulation.’’
    34
       At an April 3, 2019 hearing, the plaintiffs’ counsel cited ‘‘delay after
delay after delay by a party [who] . . . invoked the statute but [who] wasn’t
prepared to comply with its provisions, [which] is prejudicing my clients.’’
    35
       The plaintiffs’ counsel argued that the Google Analytics would show
‘‘[s]ales, pricing, web traffic, that is, hits on the website and hits on the
Infowars store website.’’ He further argued that ‘‘Infowars [LLC] and Free
Speech Systems [LLC] [generate] millions and millions and millions of dollars
of revenue each year. The content that they broadcast, including the content
about Sandy Hook, they use to drive traffic to their website. That’s why
we’re entitled to this stuff.’’
    36
       Although the legislative history of the anti-SLAPP statute does not fur-
ther illuminate the meaning of the phrase ‘‘good cause,’’ as used in § 52-
196a (d), we find the purpose of the statute instructive. Speaking in support
of the bill later enacted as § 52-196a, then Representative William Tong
explained that it was intended to address ‘‘situations in which people have
spoken out on matters of public concern including the press and we’ve seen
situations where people file litigation. There appears to be no basis to
that litigation but it’s designed to chill free speech and the expression of
constitutional rights, and so this provides for a special motion to dismiss
so that early in the process somebody who’s speaking and exercised their
constitutional rights can try to dismiss a frivolous or abusive claim that has
no merit and short circuit a litigation where it might otherwise cost a great
deal of money to continue to prosecute. We think it’s an important measure
. . . to promote free speech and reporting by our news organizations as
well.’’ 60 H.R. Proc., Pt. 16, 2017 Sess., pp. 6879–80; see also footnote 4 of
this opinion.
    37
       The defendants rely on New Hartford v. Connecticut Resources Recovery
Authority, supra, 291 Conn. 489, to support their claim of a due process
violation. In that case, we held that the defendants were not afforded suffi-
cient due process after a trial court found them in contempt. Id., 491. The
present case, however, is distinguishable because, in New Hartford, the
defendants indicated at the hearing that they were unprepared to address
the violation of the gag order. Id., 494–95. In addition, ‘‘[t]he defendant was
given less than one day to consider a motion for contempt,’’ and ‘‘[t]he
defendant’s attorney stated that he had not read the full text of the posting,
that he had not been able to speak to the persons responsible for the website
posting or anyone else and that he would like to speak to them about why
they had posted the article.’’ Id., 501. In contrast, unlike the attorney in New
Hartford, Attorney Pattis was present on the broadcast, witnessed Jones’
allegedly sanctionable conduct, and made representations to the court on
the basis of his observations during the broadcast. Additionally, although
the plaintiffs had filed motions requesting a review of the broadcast the day
before the hearing, the plaintiffs had pending motions for sanctions left
unanswered for several months. Also, the defendants were well aware of
the court’s warnings that it might sanction them if discovery noncompliance
continued. As a result, we are not persuaded that New Hartford controls
the present case.
    38
       The defendants did file a motion for a stay the day before the hearing
so that Attorney Pattis could address a conflict of interest concern that had
arisen. The trial court denied this motion. The defendants do not challenge
this ruling on appeal.