Court Opinion

ID: 4232650
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-12-27 18:28:48.393176+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:09.347769
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                    Washington State
                                                                    Court of Appeals
                                                                     Division Two

                                                                    December 27, 2017
  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                               DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON,                             No. 48990-2-II
                                                Consolidated with
                       Respondent,

     v.
                                             UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ROBERT REGINALD COMENOUT, JR.,

                       Appellant.
STATE OF WASHINGTON,                             No. 48994-5-II

                       Respondent,

     v.

LEE ALLEN COMENOUT, SR.,

                       Appellant.
STATE OF WASHINGTON,                             No. 49000-5-II

                       Respondent,

     v.

MARLENE BILLY COMENOUT,

                       Appellant.
STATE OF WASHINGTON,                             No. 49004-8-II

                       Respondent,

     v.

ROBERT REGINALD COMENOUT, SR.

                       Appellant.
No. 48990-2-II

         MAXA, A.C.J. – In a consolidated case, Robert Comenout Jr., Lee Comenout Sr., Marlene

Comenout, and Robert Comenout Sr. (collectively the Comenouts) appeal their convictions

following their Alford1 pleas to charges relating to the possession and sale of cigarettes in the

operation of the Indian Country Store in Puyallup. The Comenouts allege that they are enrolled

Indians doing business in Indian Country, and therefore that they are not subject to State criminal

jurisdiction. The Indian Country Store is located on trust allotment property, but it is not within

an Indian reservation.

         We hold that (1) the State has criminal jurisdiction over the Comenouts for activity

occurring on trust allotment property that is not located within an Indian reservation, (2) RCW

82.24.250, one of the statutes associated with their convictions, does not violate equal protection,

(3) we decline to consider the Comenouts’ claim that their respective informations were

insufficient because they presented no meaningful argument on that claim, and (4) we decline to

review the Comenouts’ other claims that do not involve jurisdiction because they waived their

right to appeal those claims when they pleaded guilty.

         Accordingly, we affirm the Comenouts’ convictions.

                                               FACTS

Indian Country Smoke Shop

         The Indian Country Smoke Shop, also known as the Indian Country Store, is a store in

Puyallup that is located on allotment land held in trust by the United States. The store is not

located within any Indian reservation.

1
    North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S. Ct. 160, 27 L. Ed. 2d 162 (1970).

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No. 48990-2-II

          The store is owned and operated by members of the Comenout family. Robert Sr.2 is an

enrolled member of the Tulalip Tribes. Lee is believed to be an enrolled member of the Yakama

Nation. Robert Jr. and Marlene also assert enrolled membership in federally recognized Indian

tribes.

2008 Charges and Supreme Court Decision

          In 2008, Robert Jr., Robert Sr., and Robert Sr.’s brother were charged with crimes related

to the illegal sale of contraband cigarettes at the Indian Country Store. State v. Comenout, 173
Wash. 2d 235, 237, 267 P.3d 355 (2011). They moved to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. Id. The

trial court denied the motions and the Supreme Court ultimately granted review. Id. The

Supreme Court held that the State had criminal jurisdiction over Indians for activity on trust

allotment property outside the borders of an Indian reservation. Id. at 236, 240-41.

          In its opinion, the Supreme Court directed the parties to proceed to trial. Id. at 241.

However, the State dismissed the prosecution in 2012.

2015 Search and Charges

          In May 2015, State officials executed a search warrant on the Indian Country Store. The

officials recovered thousands of cartons of unstamped cigarettes from the premises. The officials

arrested Robert Jr., Lee, Marlene, and Robert Sr. – all present at the time of the search – in

connection with the illegal sale of cigarettes. The State charged all four with multiple counts of

engaging in or conducting the business of cigarette purchasing, selling or distributing without a

2
 To avoid confusion, we refer to each of the Comenouts individually by their first names. No
disrespect is intended.

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No. 48990-2-II

license, possession of more than 10,000 contraband cigarettes, and conspiracy to commit theft in

the first degree.

Guilty Pleas

        The Comenouts and the State reached plea agreements before the case went to trial, and

each of them entered an Alford guilty plea. Robert Jr., Lee, and Robert Sr. were convicted of

one count of engaging in the business of cigarette purchasing, selling or distributing without a

license in violation of RCW 82.24.500 and one count of possession of more than 10,000

contraband cigarettes in violation of RCW 82.24.110(2)(b). Marlene was convicted of unlawful

selling of untaxed cigarettes in violation of RCW 82.24.110(1)(a) and possession of less than

10,000 contraband cigarettes in violation of RCW 82.24.110(1)(o).

        The Comenouts appeal their convictions.

                                             ANALYSIS

A.      SCOPE OF REVIEW

        The Comenouts’ convictions resulted from their Alford guilty pleas in the trial court. A

voluntary guilty plea generally waives a defendant’s right to appeal his or her conviction. State

v. Smith, 134 Wash. 2d 849, 852, 953 P.2d 810 (1998). Exceptions to this rule are claims involving

(1) jurisdiction of the court, (2) sufficiency of the information, (3) validity of the statute, or (4)

circumstances surrounding the plea. State v. Cross, 156 Wash. 2d 580, 621, 132 P.3d 80 (2006).

        The general waiver rule and the exceptions apply to Alford guilty pleas. State v.

DeRosia, 124 Wash. App. 138, 141, 143, 100 P.3d 331 (2004).

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No. 48990-2-II

B.     CRIMINAL JURISDICTION OVER INDIANS ON TRUST ALLOTMENT PROPERTY

       As noted, jurisdiction is one of the issues that can be raised on appeal after a guilty plea.

Cross, 156 Wash. 2d at 621. The Comenouts argue that the trial court did not have criminal

jurisdiction over them regarding the charged crimes. They claim that the State cannot exercise

jurisdiction over Indians for criminal activities occurring on trust allotment property. We

disagree.

       1.   Legal Principles

       When the location of the charged crime is undisputed, we review de novo whether the

State has criminal jurisdiction. State v. Jim, 173 Wash. 2d 672, 678, 273 P.3d 434 (2012).

       RCW 9A.04.030(1) establishes that the State has criminal jurisdiction over any person

who commits a crime in the state. However, State jurisdiction over Indians within “Indian

country” is governed by federal and state statutes. See Comenout, 173 Wash. 2d at 238.

       From the beginning of Washington statehood, criminal offenses committed by Indians in

Indian country were subject only to federal or tribal jurisdiction. State v. Shale, 182 Wash. 2d 882,

886, 345 P.3d 776 (2015). For purposes of federal jurisdiction, Indian country includes property

within the limits of an Indian reservation but also includes all Indian allotments. 18 U.S.C. §

1151. Allotment property held in trust by the United States, such as the property at issue here,

constitutes “Indian country.” State v. Cooper, 130 Wash. 2d 770, 772 & n.3, 928 P.2d 406 (1996).

       In 1953, Congress enacted legislation authorizing certain states, including Washington, to

assume jurisdiction over Indians within a state’s borders. Shale, 182 Wash. 2d at 887. In 1963,

Washington asserted criminal jurisdiction over Indians and certain Indian property:

       The state of Washington hereby obligates and binds itself to assume criminal and civil
       jurisdiction over Indians and Indian territory, reservations, country, and lands within this

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No. 48990-2-II

        state in accordance with [federal legislation], but such assumption of jurisdiction shall
        not apply to Indians when on their tribal lands or allotted lands within an established
        Indian reservation and held in trust by the United States or subject to a restriction against
        alienation imposed by the United States.

RCW 37.12.010 (emphasis added).3

        Under RCW 37.12.010, “[t]he State lacks jurisdiction over crimes committed on trust or

allotment land within reservation borders.” State v. Clark, 178 Wash. 2d 19, 25, 308 P.3d 590

(2013) (emphasis added). However, the Supreme Court repeatedly has held that the State has

criminal jurisdiction over crimes committed on Indian country that is not within an Indian

reservation. Clark, 178 Wash. 2d at 25; Comenout, 173 Wash. 2d at 238-39; Cooper, 130 Wash. 2d at

775-76. As the court stated in Cooper:

        Washington assumed full nonconsensual civil and criminal jurisdiction over all
        Indian country outside established Indian reservations. Allotted or trust lands are
        not excluded from full nonconsensual state jurisdiction unless they are “within an
        established Indian reservation.”
130 Wash. 2d at 775-76 (quoting RCW 37.12.010).

        In Comenout, the Supreme Court directly addressed the State’s jurisdiction over

cigarette-related crimes allegedly committed on the same off-reservation trust allotment property

at issue here. 173 Wash. 2d at 236-37. The court addressed the following issue:

        [D]oes the State of Washington have criminal jurisdiction over tribal members
        selling unstamped cigarettes from an unlicensed store located on trust allotment
        property lying outside the borders of an Indian reservation?

Id. at 238.

3
 RCW 37.12.010 also assumed jurisdiction on Indian reservations for eight enumerated
categories of law not relevant here. See Cooper, 130 Wash. 2d at 773-74.

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No. 48990-2-II

       The court acknowledged that the defendants were enrolled Indians and that the Indian

Country Store was within Indian country, but emphasized that the store was located on two trust

allotments outside the boundary of any Indian reservation. Id. at 237. The court stated that the

State through RCW 37.12.010 had “asserted full criminal jurisdiction, with a few exceptions not

relevant to this case, over all Indian country outside established Indian reservations.” Id. at 238.

The court noted the similar statement in Cooper, and stated that Cooper controlled. Comenout,
173 Wash. 2d at 238-39. Accordingly, the court held that the State had criminal jurisdiction over

the alleged unlawful sale of cigarettes from the Indian Country Store – the same store involved

here. Id. at 236.

       2.    Jurisdiction Analysis

       The State does not contest that each of the Comenouts is an enrolled tribal member. And

their store is located on trust allotments that constitute Indian country. Comenout, 173 Wash. 2d at

237. However, it is undisputed that the Indian Country Store the Comenouts operated is not

located within the border of any Indian reservation. Under settled law, the State has criminal

jurisdiction over crimes committed at the store. Id. at 238-39.

       The Comenouts argue that the Supreme Court’s decision in Comenout should not control.

They claim that because the State dismissed the prosecution on remand, the case did not result in

a binding final judgment and therefore lacks precedential effect. However, the subsequent

history of the criminal case in Comenout is immaterial because the State is not asserting

collateral estoppel or res judicata. Instead, the court’s decision in Comenout controls here

because it established a legal principle that has binding effect under principles of stare decisis.

Further, the Comenouts ignore the fact that in cases both before and after Comenout, the

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No. 48990-2-II

Supreme Court adopted the same rule: that the State has jurisdiction over crimes committed on

allotment property not within an Indian reservation. Clark, 178 Wash. 2d at 25; Cooper, 130
Wash. 2d at 775-76.

       The Comenouts also argue that Comenout was wrongly decided for various reasons.

However, we cannot disregard directly controlling Supreme Court precedent. State v. Mathers,

193 Wash. App. 913, 923, 376 P.3d 1163, review denied, 186 Wash. 2d 1015 (2016).

       Accordingly, we hold that the trial court had jurisdiction over the Comenouts in this case

for the offenses occurring on allotment property.

C.     EQUAL PROTECTION CLAIM

       The Comenouts argue that the State prosecution violated their equal protection rights

under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. They argue that RCW

82.24.250 is unconstitutional because it treats Indian transporters differently than United States

agencies such as the military. We disagree.

       One of the exceptions to the general rule that a defendant’s guilty plea waives his or her

right to appeal is for “validity of the statute.” Cross, 156 Wash. 2d at 621. The Comenouts argue

that RCW 82.24.250 violates equal protection and therefore is invalid because it places burdens

on Indians and other transporters to provide notice while not requiring agencies of the federal

government or military to follow the same procedures.4 We disagree.

       Division Three of this court addressed a similar equal protection challenge to the state

cigarette tax requirements in Matheson v. Liquor Control Bd., 132 Wash. App. 280, 287, 130 P.3d
4
 The “validity of the statute” exception presumably applies only to the validity of the statute the
defendant pleaded guilty to violating. The Comenouts pleaded guilty to violating other statutes,
not RCW 82.24.250. Nevertheless, we will consider the equal protection argument.

                                                 8
No. 48990-2-II

897 (2006). In that case, the appellant also argued that the cigarette tax laws violated equal

protection by exempting military bases but not Indian reservations. Id. The court stated:

          While the United States Supreme Court has upheld taxes for on-reservation
          cigarette sales to non-Indians or nontribal Indians, it has specifically prohibited
          state taxes on cigarettes sold to federal instrumentalities, like military [bases]. See
          [Washington v.] Confederated Tribes of Colville, 447 U.S. [134,] 160[, 100 S. Ct.
2069, 65 L. Ed. 2d 10 (1980)]; Hancock v. Train, 426 U.S. 167, 178-79, 96 S. Ct.
2006, 48 L. Ed. 2d 555 (1976). Washington’s tax scheme simply recognizes this
          prohibition. For these reasons, the Ninth Circuit has specifically rejected an
          identical equal protection argument. See [United States v.] Baker, 63 F.3d [1478,]
          1490-91, [(9th Cir. 1995)].

Id.

          We agree with the analysis in Matheson. State tax laws do not impose the same

restrictions on federal agencies as on Indian transporters because the State cannot impose such

restrictions on federal agencies. Id. Therefore, we hold that RCW 82.24.250 does not violate

equal protection.

D.        SUFFICIENCY OF THE INFORMATIONS

          Sufficiency of the information is another of the issues that can be raised on appeal after a

guilty plea. Cross, 156 Wash. 2d at 621. The Comenouts claim in their reply brief that their

informations were insufficient because the informations misstated the elements of the charged

crimes.

          We may decline to address a claim that is not supported by meaningful argument. State

v. Arredondo, 188 Wash. 2d 244, 262, 394 P.3d 348 (2017) (declining to consider arguments not

supported or included in briefs). Here, the Comenouts did not assign error to the sufficiency of

the informations. Further, the Comenouts do not actually argue that the informations were

                                                    9
No. 48990-2-II

insufficient. Instead, they argue that state tax laws cannot apply to Indians. Accordingly, we

decline to consider the Comenouts’ claim that their informations were insufficient.

E.      ADDITIONAL CLAIMS

        The Comenouts assert several additional claims, including: (1) the arrest and search

warrants issued here were invalid because state courts do not have authority to issue warrants to

be executed in Indian country; (2) the State’s decision not to charge Martina Garrison, a non-

Indian, amounts to selective prosecution and a violation of their right to equal protection; (3)

Congress did not authorize the State to tax personal property of Indians; (4) federal law has

preempted the state cigarette taxation laws; (5) the law regarding the taxation of cigarettes has

changed since Comenout was decided and makes Comenout obsolete; (6) because only

wholesalers can purchase tax stamps, non-Indian purchasers are required to pay the tax directly

to the Department of Revenue and the Comenouts had no obligation to collect the tax; and (7)

enrolled Indians can legally possess unstamped cigarettes and therefore the cigarettes the

Comenouts possessed could not have been contraband.

        However, none of the Comenouts’ additional claims fall within one of the four exceptions

to the rule that a guilty plea waives a defendant’s right to appeal. Cross, 156 Wash. 2d at 621.

Claim (1) relates to the authority of a state court to issue a warrant, not the state’s jurisdiction

over criminal matters. Claim (2) clearly has nothing to do with jurisdiction. And claims (3)

through (7) relate to the merits of the charges against the Comenouts – the applicable law

regarding the taxation of cigarettes. These claims do not address jurisdiction. Therefore, we

hold that the Comenouts waived their right to assert these additional claims on appeal and we

decline to consider these claims.

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No. 48990-2-II

                                          CONCLUSION

        We affirm the convictions of Robert Comenout Jr., Lee Comenout Sr., Marlene

Comenout, and Robert Comenout Sr.

        A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.

                                                      MAXA, A.C.J.

 We concur:

 JOHANSON, J.

 MELNICK, J.

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