Court Opinion

ID: 71019
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 07:10:57+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:39:11.069768
License: Public Domain

Case: 08-51260       Document: 00511029737          Page: 1    Date Filed: 02/18/2010

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                 FILED
                                                                          February 18, 2010
                                       No. 08-51260
                                                                       Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                               Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

JOSE ALFONSO CHARLES; NADINE GOMEZ CHARLES,

                                                   Defendants-Appellants.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Texas
                                No. 4:08-CR-138-1

Before JONES, Chief Judge, SMITH and ELROD, Circuit Judges.
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:*

       Jose Charles and his wife, Nadine Charles, appeal their jury convictions
of aiding and abetting the possession with intent to distribute 100 kilograms or
more of marihuana. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); 18 U.S.C. § 2. We affirm.

       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
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                                 No. 08-51260

                                        I.
      The trial adduced the following facts: While on patrol near Presidio, Tex-
as, Border Patrol Agent Luis Bustamante stopped a recreational vehicle (“RV”)
near the Rio Grande River. The driver, Rudy Portillo-Lopez, consented to a
search, which revealed no contraband. Later that evening, Border Patrol Agent
Cipriano Amaro, Jr., stopped the RV at the Marfa checkpoint. Portillo-Lopez
and the RV’s passenger, Ignasio Camacho-Orozco, told Amaro that they had
been in Presidio visiting relatives. Portillo-Lopez again consented to a search,
which this time revealed contraband. Amaro testified that the search revealed
approximately 387.10 pounds of marihuana.
      Portillo-Lopez told the jury he had pleaded guilty of possession with intent
to distribute over 100 kilograms of marihuana. He was in need of money, so he
talked to Jose and Nadine about running marihuana. On one occasion, he met
with Jose, Nadine, and Camacho-Orozco at the Charleses’ house in Abilene, Tex-
as, where they discussed an upcoming drug deal. The plan was for Portillo-Lo-
pez to follow Jose and Nadine to the location of the drugs, then load them into
the RV. Jose and Nadine told Portillo-Lopez that the RV was stocked with food
and suggested that he bring along a woman so that he would look less suspi-
cious. In return for his services, Jose offered to pay Portillo-Lopez $3,500.
      Portillo-Lopez further testified that after the discussion, he went with
Jose, Nadine, and Camacho-Orozco in Jose and Nadine’s car to pick up the RV
at an RV park in Tye, Texas. (An employee at the Tye RV Park later testified
that Jose and Nadine signed an agreement to rent a space at the park.) Jose
gave him a piece of paper with phone numbers on it, which was in Portillo-Lo-
pez’s possession when he was arrested. Portillo-Lopez drove the RV to Presidio,
following Jose, Nadine, and Camacho-Orozco, and maintaining contact with
them via cellular phone as he drove.
      The four arrived in Presidio in the evening and slept together in the RV.

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The next day, they had breakfast and “[waited] on phone calls.” Later that day,
Portillo-Lopez and Camacho-Orozco drove the RV west of Presidio and pulled off
the road at a marked spot, where people arrived with backpacks and “unloaded
[the marihuana] twice.”
       With the drugs onboard, Portillo-Lopez drove the RV toward Presidio,
where he was stopped by the Border Patrol. After authorities searched the RV
and found nothing, the men were allowed to proceed. As they approached Marfa,
Texas, Portillo-Lopez saw Jose’s car pass him. The Border Patrol then stopped
the RV again, conducted a successful search, and arrested Portillo-Lopez, who
testified that after he was arrested, he received $100 in an envelope that had the
Charleses’ house as its return address.
       Cellular phone records show that Jose made numerous phone calls in the
Presidio area during the time that the trip took place and that Jose and Portillo-
Lopez exchanged phone calls on those days. In Jose and Nadine’s house, officials
found a trace of cocaine, a small quantity of marihuana, a container filled with
various-sized ziplock bags, and a digital scale. Testimony indicated that the
bags were of a type commonly used to package drugs for resale and that digital
scales are commonly used by drug traffickers.
       Officers also found notebooks, in the office at the Charleses’ residence, con-
taining entries of names, quantities, and monetary amounts. An officer testified
that drug traffickers use such notebooks and ledgers to keep track of amounts
payable and expenses for picking up narcotics. Jose and Nadine unsuccessfully
objected to the admission of the notebooks as not relevant and containing hear-
say.
       DEA Agent Alison YatesSSwho took custody of the marihuana, Portillo-Lo-
pez, and Camacho-OrozcoSStestified that she seized 190 bundles of marihuana.
Yates did not state the weight of the bundles or provide a total weight but did
testify that 387.10 pounds of marihuana is equivalent to 175.6 kilograms. DEA

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forensic chemist Paul Adams provided testimony regarding DEA’s methods of
weighing controlled substances. When the government sought to introduce the
lab report through Adams’s testimony, the defense objected. After deciding that
Yates had not weighed the marihuana herself, the court sustained the objection
and redacted the gross weight from the lab report.
      DEA Agent Chad Lloyd, who assisted in the arrest of Jose and Nadine, tes-
tified that Jose confessed to him that he had traveled to Presidio with persons
named Rudy, Ignasio, and Nina in an attempt to smuggle marihuana. When
Lloyd asked who Nina was, Jose answered that she “was his mistress.” Lloyd
further testified that when Jose was led out of the house, he saw Nadine. Jose
told her not to worry, because he had informed them that she was not with him.
After her arrest, Nadine claimed that she had never been to Presidio. Lloyd fur-
ther testified that when he arrested Nadine, he recognized her because he had
arrested her a few months earlier in connection with a seizure of 48 kilograms
of marihuana in Del Rio, Texas.
      At the conclusion of the government’s case, Jose moved for judgment of ac-
quittal. He argued that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction
because, aside from the statement of an accomplice, there was no evidence to
connect him to the marihuana and that there was insufficient evidence of the
actual weight of the marihuana. Nadine also moved for judgment of acquittal,
contending that the government had failed to set forth evidence that established
the elements of the offense.
      Jose testified that he had no knowledge that a drug transaction was taking
place. He stated that Camacho-Orozco worked at his construction business and
was living at his house. Jose said he was “led to believe” that Camacho-Orozco
owned the RV, and he averred that Camacho-Orozco persuaded him to rent the
space at the RV park on Camacho-Orozco’s behalf. Because business was slow,
Camacho-Orozco indicated that he was moving to Presidio, and Jose asserted

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that he accompanied Camacho-Orozco to be there if the RV broke down. Jose
further stated that Nadine did not go on the trip to Presidio; the woman who ac-
companied them on the trip to Presidio was “a lady friend of Mr. Camacho”
named Angie. Jose later admitted, however, that his wife, Nadine, did in fact ac-
company him on the trip.
      Jose further testified that, contrary to Portillo-Lopez’s testimony, he had
not passed the RV on the road to Presidio, because at that time he was returning
to Abilene. He subsequently acknowledged, however, that his cell phone records
showed that he was near the Presidio tower at that precise time. Jose further
claimed that, contrary to Lloyd’s testimony, he had not admitted to Lloyd that
he had driven to Presidio to smuggle drugs.
      Nadine did not testify. The defendants rested and renewed their motions
for judgments of acquittal, which the district court denied. The jury found Jose
and Nadine guilty as charged. As part of its guilty verdicts, the jury specifically
found that the substance at issue was at least 100 kilograms of marihuana.

                                        II.
      Jose raises three issues on appeal. He contends (1) that his sentence ex-
ceeded the statutory maximum, (2) that allowing the government to introduce
a prior crime was error, and (3) that the evidence is insufficient to support his
conviction.

                                        A.
      Jose claims that his sentence exceeds the statutory maximum. Specifical-
ly, he argues that the government failed to present admissible evidence regard-
ing the weight of the marihuana. The only discussion of drug weight, he says,
came from Amaro, and “[a]lthough Amaro did indicate that he believed the sub-
stance to be marihuana and that it weighed approximately 387 pounds, the gov-

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                                  No. 08-51260

ernment failed to establish how Amaro came to believe that figure.”
      Jose’s indictment alleged a quantity of “100 kilograms or more.” That alle-
gation thus triggered punishment within the statutory range of § 841(b)(1)-
(B)(vii). See United States v. DeLeon, 247 F.3d 593, 596 (5th Cir. 2001). Jose’s
sentence, at the top of the guidelines range, was based in part on the fact that
there was “387.10 pounds or 175.59 kilograms” of marihuana. Drug quantity
was, then, an element of the offense under Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466,
490 (2000), and the issue of quantity had to be submitted to a jury for a finding
of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Doggett, 230 F.3d 160,
164-65 (5th Cir. 2000).
      That is precisely what happened here. As required, the jury specifically
determined that the substance was at least 100 kilograms of marihuana. Jose
does not argue that his indictment was insufficient under Apprendi or that the
jury did not consider the issue. Thus, although Jose phrases the issue in terms
of the statutory maximum, he is essentially contending that the evidence was in-
sufficient to establish the drug quantity that was set forth in the indictment, be-
cause the only evidence of weight was inadmissible.
      Jose preserved his sufficiency argument by making it at the close of the
government’s case and again at the close of the defense’s. Consequently, our
usual standard for sufficiency review applies to the jury’s drug quantity deter-
mination. See DeLeon, 247 F.3d at 596 n.1. We examine all the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict, and we “affirm the conviction if we determine
that a reasonable trier of fact ‘could have found that the evidence established the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id. at 596 (quoting
United States v. Ortega Reyna, 148 F.3d 540, 543 (5th Cir. 1998)).
      Jose claims that the government’s witnesses did not establish the weight
of the seized marihuana. For instance, Yates and Adams provided general testi-
mony regarding DEA methods of weighing drugs and metric conversion. The

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government attempted to introduce the lab report into evidence through Adams,
but the court ordered that the drug quantity be redacted, based on its determina-
tion that Yates had not actually weighed the marihuana. If that were the only
evidence, Jose’s argument might be sound.
       But that is not the case. Amaro testified that he searched the RV and
found approximately 387.10 pounds of marihuana. Although Jose now says that
Amaro was not involved in weighing the drugs and therefore had no basis for
knowing the weight, he raised no objection when the testimony was elicited.
When cross-examined, Amaro admitted that someone else had weighed the mari-
huana. Defense counsel did not, however, ask questions that established that
Amaro had no basis for knowing the quantity, and counsel did not make a hear-
say objection.
       Amaro’s unrefuted testimony establishes that the offense involved 387.10
pounds, or 175.6 kilograms, of marihuana. Even if that information were hear-
say, where “‘there is no objection to hearsay the jury may consider it for what-
ever value it may have.’” United States v. Hamilton, 694 F.2d 398, 401 (5th Cir.
1982) (quoting United States v. Pearson, 508 F.2d 595, 596 (5th Cir. 1975)). And,
because evidence is to be viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, see
DeLeon, 247 F.3d at 596, Amaro’s testimony is sufficient to support the jury’s
determination that the offense involved more than 100 kilograms of marihuana.1

       1
          This is especially true given that the testimony was bolstered by other government
evidence tending to show that the amount of marihuana exceeded 100kg. For instance, Yates
testified that “190 bundles” of marihuana were seized, and the government introduced a photo-
graph showing bundles of the seized marihuana (along with a sign stating that the marihuana
weighs 387.10 pounds). Although Yates did not testify as to the weight of each bundle, her tes-
timony, in tandem with the photograph, leads to the conclusion that a large amount of mari-
huana was involved. Although those pieces of evidence alone might not have been sufficient
for the government to meet its burden, they helped to confirm Amaro’s testimony.

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                                        B.
      Jose argues that the district court erred by allowing the government to
introduce extrinsic evidence of his 1992 conviction of distribution of cocaine. He
contends that that offense should not have been admitted, because it was too re-
mote in time and was a different type of crime.
      The prior conviction was extrinsic evidence and therefore implicates Fed-
eral Rule of Evidence 404(b). See United States v. Crawley, 533 F.3d 349, 353-54
(5th Cir.), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 522 (2008). We review a decision to admit evi-
dence of prior convictions for abuse of discretion, subject to a harmless-error in-
quiry. See United States v. Morgan, 505 F.3d 332, 339 (5th Cir. 2007). The
abuse-of-discretion standard is heightened where evidence is admitted under
rule 404(b), because “[e]vidence in criminal trials must be strictly relevant to the
particular offense charged.” United States v. Jackson, 339 F.3d 349, 354 (5th
Cir. 2003) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
      The district court determined that by pleading not guilty, Jose placed at
issue his intent to distribute drugs, so proof of the 1992 conviction was relevant
as probative of his state of mind. The court also decided that the probative value
of the evidence outweighed any prejudice. The government introduced the prior
conviction by calling a sheriff’s deputy, who testified that he had arrested Jose
in 1992 for delivery of a controlled substance. The court gave a limiting instruc-
tion when the testimony was elicited and included the same in the final jury in-
structions.
      Rule 404(b) provides that “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not
admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in confor-
mity therewith.” F ED. R. E VID. 404(b). Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts,
however, may “be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, oppor-
tunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or
accident.” Id. To be admissible, extrinsic offense evidence must be “relevant to

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an issue other than the defendant’s character.” Crawley, 533 F.3d at 354; see
United States v. Beechum, 582 F.2d 898, 911 (5th Cir. 1978) (en banc).
       The standard used in the relevancy inquiry is whether the evidence has
“any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the de-
termination of the action more or less probable than it would be without the evi-
dence.” Beechum, 582 F.2d at 911 (quoting F ED. R. E VID. 401). The evidence
must possess “probative value that is not substantially outweighed by its undue
prejudice.” Crawley, 533 F.3d at 354 (quoting F ED. R. E VID. 403). The balancing
of probative value and unfair prejudice requires “a commonsense assessment of
all the circumstances surrounding the extrinsic offense.” Beechum, 582 F.2d at
914. And “[t]he probative value of the evidence, the [g]overnment’s need for the
evidence on the issue of intent, and the court’s limiting instructions are all rele-
vant.” United States v. Booker, 334 F.3d 406, 411 (5th Cir. 2003).
       As the district court observed, Jose pleaded not guilty, so intent and
knowledge, two permissible purposes in rule 404(b), became issues at trial.2
Moreover, “the amount of time that has passed since the previous conviction is
not determinative.” Arnold, 467 F.3d at 885. Jose’s conviction for the extrinsic
offense occurred 16 years before trial. In Arnold, id., we observed that we had
upheld the admission of rule 404(b) evidence where the time period was as much
as 15 and 18 years before the charged offense. The extrinsic offense and the
charged offense do not have to be identical for the extrinsic offense to be rele-
vant. See Beechum, 582 F.2d at 913. In United States v. Chavez, 119 F.3d 342,
347-48 (5th Cir. 1997), we affirmed the use of a prior conviction for distribution
of cocaine as rule 404(b) evidence where the conviction at issue was conspiracy
to possess marihuana.

       2
         See Arnold, 467 F.3d at 885; see also United States v. Pando Franco, 503 F.3d 389, 394
(5th Cir. 2007) (reasoning that the offense of aiding and abetting requires, inter alia, a show-
ing of guilty knowledge and purposeful participation), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 1874 (2008).

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      Evidence is relevant where it alters the probabilities of a consequential
fact. Here, intent and knowledge were at issue. See Pando Franco, 503 F.3d at
394. And intent and knowledge were also at issue in Jose’s prior conviction. See
T EX. H EALTH & S AFETY C ODE A NN. § 481.112(a) (Vernon 1992); Cooks v. State,
No. 05-92-00318-CR, 1993 WL 164988, at *1 (Tex. App.SSDallas 1993, no writ).
The extrinsic offense is thus relevant to intent and knowledge, because it lessens
the likelihood that Jose committed the charged offense with innocent intent or
lack of knowledge. Cf. Beechum, 582 F.2d at 913.
      Because Jose claimed that he had no knowledge that a drug transaction
was taking place, his prior conviction for drug distribution was also probative of
the fact that he had the requisite intent and knowledge to participate in a drug
trafficking operation. See Booker, 334 F.3d at 411; Beechum, 582 F.2d at 916.
Furthermore, the extrinsic offense was not of such a “heinous nature” that it
would “incite the jury to irrational decision by its force on human emotion.” Bee-
chum, 582 F.2d at 917. The district court minimized the danger of unfair preju-
dice by instructing the jury regarding the limited purposes for which it could
consider the evidence. Cf. Booker, 334 F.3d at 411. The court did not abuse its
discretion.

                                       C.
      In a separate sufficiency-of-the-evidence argument, Jose urges that be-
cause he was not in the RV, did not have access to or control over it, and did not
possess the marihuana, his conviction of aiding and abetting must be reversed.
We disagree.
      Jose was charged with violating § 841(a)(1) and 2. In a prosecution for
possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance under § 841(a)(1), the
government must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant knowing-
ly possessed the substance with intent to distribute it. United States v. Shabazz,

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993 F.2d 431, 441 (5th Cir. 1993). In a prosecution for aiding and abetting under
§ 2, however, the government need not prove that the defendant committed all
elements of the substantive underlying offense if he aided and abetted each ele-
ment. United States v. Aguirre Aguirre, 716 F.2d 293, 298 (5th Cir. 1983). Thus,
Jose’s assertions that he was not in the RV, had no control over the RV, and did
not possess the marihuana are irrelevant.3
       To prove aiding and abetting, the government had to establish that Jose
“(1) associated with the criminal venture; (2) purposefully participated in the
crime; and (3) sought by his actions for it to succeed.” Pando Franco, 503 F.3d
at 394. Because Jose concedes that the evidence was sufficient to establish that
he associated with the criminal venture and purposefully participated in the
crime, the only question is whether the evidence establishes that he sought, by
his actions, the success of the criminal venture.
       The day before the offense, Jose met with Nadine, Portillo-Lopez, and
Camacho-Orozco outside the Charleses’ house, where they discussed a plan by
which Portillo-Lopez would pick up a load of drugs in an RV and Jose would com-
pensate him for doing so. Jose also discussed how Portillo-Lopez should follow
him to the drugs, and he suggested that Portillo-Lopez bring a female passenger
to dispel suspicion. Jose went with Nadine, Portillo-Lopez, and Camacho-Orozco
to pick up the RV, which was at an RV park where Jose and Nadine had leased
a parking space. Jose provided Portillo-Lopez with a cellular phone number so
they could keep in touch.
       Portillo-Lopez, who drove the RV, followed the Charleses’ vehicle, with
Jose, Nadine, and Camacho-Orozco in it, to Presidio. Portillo-Lopez telephoned
them as they drove. They arrived in Presidio in the evening, and the four of

       3
        See, e.g., United States v. Williams, 985 F.2d 749, 753 (5th Cir. 1993) (“[A defendant]
need not have actual or constructive possession of the drugs to be guilty of aiding and abetting
possession with intent to distribute.”).

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them slept in the RV. The next day, they waited. Once Camacho-Orozco re-
ceived a phone call, Portillo-Lopez and Camacho-Orozco drove west of Presidio,
where the RV was loaded with marihuana. After Portillo-Lopez was stopped by
the Border Patrol in Presidio, and as they were heading toward Marfa, Portillo-
Lopez saw the Charleses’ car pass him, also going eastbound. That testimony
indicates that Jose and Nadine stayed in the Presidio area while the RV was
loaded with marihuana.
       Records of cellular phones used by Jose corroborate Portillo-Lopez’s testi-
monySSthat Jose went to Presidio and stayed overnightSSby indicating that Jose
made numerous phone calls in the Presidio area the night before and day of the
drug bust. Cellular phone records also establish that Jose and Portillo-Lopez
exchanged several calls on those days. That testimony suggests that Jose was
actively monitoring the progress of the drug transaction.
       Jose provided inconsistent accounts of his involvement in the offense. For
example, Lloyd testified that Jose confessed that he traveled to Presidio to smug-
gle marihuana with two other individuals and a female. When Jose testified, he
stated that he had no knowledge that a drug transaction was taking place.
Lloyd also testified that when he interviewed him, Jose stated that his wife did
not accompany him on the trip. Indeed, Jose asserted repeatedly that Nadine
did not accompany him. He subsequently admitted, however, that she went with
him to Presidio. The jury was entitled to rely on such inconsistencies to find im-
plausible Jose’s denial of knowledge of the offense.4 See United States v. Casilla,
20 F.3d 600, 607 (5th Cir. 1994).
       Given all that evidence, it was not irrational for the jury to conclude that
Jose aided and abetted the possession with intent to distribute marihuana. See

       4
        And there is even more: for instance, his 1992 conviction for delivery of a controlled
substanceSSuseful to show knowledge and intentSSand the drug trade paraphernalia and small
quantities of cocaine and marihuana that were found at the Charleses’ house.

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United States v. Lopez-Urbina, 434 F.3d 750, 757 (5th Cir. 2005). The evidence
is sufficient to support the conviction.

                                              III.
       Nadine claims (1) that the evidence is insufficient to support her convic-
tion, (2) that the district court erred by not allowing a witness’s prior conviction
to come in for impeachment, and (3) that drug ledgers were hearsay and should
not have been admitted. We address each contention in turn.

                                              A.
       Unlike Jose, Nadine does not argue that there was insufficient evidence
of drug quantity. Rather, she asserts generally that the evidence was insuffi-
cient to convict her.
       Much of the evidence that supports Jose’s conviction also supports Na-
dine’s. Nadine “associated with the criminal venture,” Pando Franco, 503 F.3d
at 394, when she participated in the organizational meeting with Jose, Portillo-
Lopez, and Camacho-Orozco about acquiring marihuana in Presidio. She sought
by her actions for the venture to succeed, see id., when she leased a space in the
RV Park. She “purposefully participated in the crime,” id., when, after the or-
ganizational meeting, she went with Portillo-Lopez to the RV, then traveled to
Presidio when she knew that the purpose of the trip was to pick up marihuana.5
And, finally, other evidence, such as her recent arrest for marihuana smuggling
and the seizure of drug trade paraphernalia from the Charleses’ house, indicates

       5
         Although Nadine originally told officials that she had never been to Presidio, and Jose
had corroborated that statement, Jose subsequently recanted, stating that Nadine had in fact
accompanied him to Presidio. The jury was free to consider Nadine’s statement that she had
not been to Presidio, which was inconsistent with the testimony of her husband and Portillo-
Lopez, as inherently suspicious and masking an underlying consciousness of guilt. See United
States v. Diaz-Carreon, 915 F.2d 951, 955 (5th Cir. 1990).

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that Nadine was not just a mere spectator but had the requisite knowledge and
intent to make the venture succeed. See Pando Franco, 503 F.3d at 394. Given
all this, it was rational for the jury to conclude that Nadine aided and abetted
the possession with intent to distribute marihuana. Cf. Lopez-Urbina, 434 F.3d
at 757.

                                         B.
      Nadine claims that the district court erred by not allowing her to impeach
the credibility of Portillo-Lopez with a prior conviction. Federal Rule of Evidence
609 allows impeachment of a witness other than an accused by evidence of con-
viction of a crime that was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one
year and the court determines that the probative value of admitting the evidence
outweighs its prejudicial effect. F ED. R. E VID. 609(a)(1). “[E]vidence that any
witness has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted regardless of the punish-
ment, if it readily can be determined that establishing the elements of the crime
required proof or admission of an act of dishonesty or false statement by the wit-
ness.” F ED. R. E VID. 609(a)(2).
      Rule 609(b) imposes what essentially amounts to a time limit: “[T]he pro-
bative value of a conviction over ten years old is outweighed by its prejudicial ef-
fect.” United States v. Estes, 994 F.2d 147, 149 (5th Cir. 1993). “The general
rule is inadmissibility.” Id. The legislative history of rule 609(b) “makes clear
that convictions over 10 years old will be admitted very rarely and only in excep-
tional circumstances.” United States v. Cathey, 591 F.2d 268, 275 (5th Cir. 1979)
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). “Congress intended that trial
judges be extremely cautious in admitting evidence of remote convictions.” Id.
(internal citation omitted). The standard of review governing evidentiary rul-
ings under rule 609(b) is abuse of discretion. Id. at 274 n.11.
      The government argued that Portillo-Lopez had numerous prior convic-

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tions and that all of them had occurred, and the prison terms had been served,
more than ten years earlier. According to the government’s recitation of Portillo-
Lopez’s criminal history, his prior convictions included an aggravated robbery
conviction that took place in 1981 for which he received a term of probation. Al-
though Nadine does not discuss the date of the robbery conviction that she chal-
lenges on appeal, because the discussion in the trial court mentions only the
1981 robbery conviction, and the trial was in 2008, it appears that she is arguing
that the district court abused its discretion by refusing to allow evidence of a
27-year-old conviction.
      Nadine’s contention is premised on incorrect interpretations of rule 609
and cases construing it. First, she asserts that an “old” conviction is admissible
if it can be “readily determined” that the offense elements involved dishonesty
or a false statement. The “readily can be determined” language, however, is not
an exception to the ten-year limit of rule 609(b). Rather, that language is in rule
609(a)(2), which merely indicates that such crimes are admissible regardless of
the punishment that was imposed. See Rule 609(a)(1), (2). Rule 609(b)’s ten-
year limit applies as a separate test of all convictions, even ones where “it readi-
ly can be determined that establishing the elements of the crime required proof
or admission of an act of dishonesty or false statement by the witness.” Rule
609(a)(2).
      Second, Nadine argues that “if a conviction is over ten years old then there
must be a determination by the court whether the probative value is outweighed
by the prejudicial effect.” That is incorrect. The interest-of-justice determina-
tion set forth in rule 609(b), which is made by weighing the probative value of
the evidence against its prejudicial effect, is necessary only where a district court
chooses to admit evidence of a prior conviction that is more than ten years old.
See Estes, 994 F.2d at 149; United States v. Avants, 367 F.3d 433, 448 (5th Cir.
2004). A court thus need not perform the balancing test where it decides to ex-

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                                       No. 08-51260

clude evidence of a conviction that is more than ten years old.6
       Finally, Nadine’s conclusory assertion that robbery involves a crime of
moral turpitude does not challenge the district court’s rationale for excluding the
evidence. And she fails to give any explanation of how “the probative value of
the conviction supported by specific facts and circumstances substantially out-
weighs its prejudicial effect.” See Rule 609(b). The district court did not abuse
its discretion.

                                              C.
       Nadine contends that the district court erred in overruling her hearsay ob-
jection to notebooks that the government introduced.7 We reject her contention.
       District courts have broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence, if some-
what less so in criminal cases. There, we “review[] evidentiary rulings on a
heightened abuse of discretion basis.” United States v. Franklin, 561 F.3d 398,
404 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2848 (2009). A hearsay challenge involves
non-constitutional error, which is “harmless unless it had substantial and injuri-
ous effect or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Id. (citation and inter-
nal quotation marks omitted).
       Officer Koontz testified that in the office of the Charleses’ residence he
found notebooks along with drug trade paraphernalia. He testified that drug
traffickers use such notebooks and ledgers to keep track of amounts payable and

       6
         In any event, the record shows that the court did perform a rule 609(b) balancing test
after considering the defense’s argument that the robbery offense was indicative of deceit. The
court determined that the conviction, which took place “back in the ’80s,” had “little relevance
as to whether or not the Defendant is telling the truth now.”
       7
        Nadine does not contend on appeal that the notebooks lacked proper foundation or au-
thentication. The record shows that she made those additional objections at trial, but her brief
focuses solely on hearsay.

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                                         No. 08-51260

expenses for picking up narcotics.8 Yates later provided testimony regarding a
couple of entries in the notebooks. Nadine objected to the admission of the note-
books, in part, on the basis that they contained hearsay.9
       Her first claim is that the district court did not rule on the hearsay portion
of her objection. The record belies that claim. Although the district court initial-
ly stated only that it found the proffered evidence “relevant,” it soon clarified
that it was overruling the hearsay objection as well.
       As for the substance of her hearsay argument, Nadine claims that before
admitting the notebooks, the government had to establish that the declarant was
unavailable and that the statement was reliable. That argument, however, mis-
understands what is hearsay. Not every statement made outside the courtroom
is hearsay. Aside from the various exceptions and exemptions, hearsay is “a
statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or
hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” F ED. R.
E VID. 801(c) (emphasis added). The notebooks are not hearsay if not offered to
prove the truth of their contents.
       The government’s experts testified that the notebook entries were common
to drug ring operations. That evidence did not depend on whether any of the
particular entries were true. That is to say, it did not matter if what, according
to the witnesses’ expertise, appeared to be standard entries listing quantities of
drugs and the prices for which they were sold were actually sold or sold in that
actual quantity or for that actual price. Rather, it was the existence of the en-
tries that had significance, independent of their veracity. In this sense, the note-
books were not statements subject to the hearsay rule, but rather “tools of the

       8
         The notebooks contained numerous entries containing a name, a number, a pound
sign, and what is most likely a dollar amount. For example, “Ernie 2# paid 800” and “Fat Ass
20# 6,500, 10# 3,250 . . . paid bal. 3250.00.”
       9
           Nadine objected later, as well, during Yates’s testimony.

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                                        No. 08-51260

trade.” 10 “Their significance was the fact that they existed, not the details of
what they showed.” United States v. Nava-Salazar, 30 F.3d 788, 798 (7th Cir.
1994).
       Nadine points out, however, that the government did not merely admit the
notebooks into evidence. During her testimony, Yates referenced particular con-
tents of the notebooks on at least two occasions: once by reading an entry about
the rental of an RV space and again by reading an entry stating that money had
been given to “El Cheapo,”11 which Portillo-Lopez had testified was Camacho-Or-
ozco’s nickname. We need not address this contention, because any error in
reading those particular entries from the admitted notebooks into the record was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
       Even without the specific notebook entries, the jury had Portillo-Lopez’s
testimony linking her to the meeting at which the plan to acquire the marihuana
was hatched, to preparations for the deal in the form of renting the RV, and to
the trip itself. The jury also had the statement of her husband, Jose, that Na-
dine accompanied him to PresidioSSthis after he denied the same multiple times.
And the jury had evidence of Nadine’s recent drug arrest, which tended to show
knowledge and intent. All of that was in addition to the various pieces of physi-
cal evidence from the Charleses’ residence, the admission of which Nadine does
not challenge, and the notebooks themselves to the extent that they were admit-
ted as “tools of the trade” rather than to prove the truth of their contents.
       AFFIRMED.

       10
         See, e.g., United States v. Gonzales, 307 F.3d 906, 909-10 (9th Cir. 2002) (holding that
pay/owe sheets are not hearsay, because they are tools of the trade and not offered to prove
the truth of their contents); cf. United States v. Martinez, 808 F.2d 1050, 1057 (5th Cir. 1987)
(noting that firearms are “tools of the trade” of those engaged in illegal drug activities).
       11
            Pronounced “El Cheapo” but recorded in the notebooks as “El Chipo.”

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