Court Opinion

ID: 4506630
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-02-11 21:00:08.71801+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:21:25.308986
License: Public Domain

ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeal of--                                      )
                                                 )
Alutiiq Commercial Enterprises, LLC              )      ASBCA No. 61503
                                                 )
Under Contract No. FA8 l Ol-16-C-0006            )

APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT:                          Stowell B. Holcomb, Esq.
                                                        Mark G. Jackson, Esq.
                                                         Jackson Rosenfield, LLP
                                                         Seattle, WA

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                         Jeffrey P. Hildebrant, Esq.
                                                         Air Force Deputy Chief Trial Attorney
                                                        Colby L. Sullins, Esq.
                                                        Jason R. Smith, Esq.
                                                         Trial Attorneys

               OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE CATES-HARMAN
                  ON CROSS-MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

        This appeal involves Alutiiq Commercial Enterprises, LLC ' s (ACE's) claim for
$1 ,744.330.37 to compensate it for increased costs incurred during the first option period
resulting from a revised Collective Bargaining Agreement. The parties filed
cross-motions for summary judgment. We have jurisdiction pursuant to the Contract
Disputes Act of 1978 (CDA), 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109. For the reasons stated below, we
grant summary judgment in favor of ACE and sustain the appeal.

          STATEMENT OF FACTS (SOF) FOR PURPOSES OF THE MOTIONS 1

The TSS Contract

         1. On November 19, 2007, the Department of the Air Force (Air Force) awarded
to Tinker Support Services, JN (TSS) the base civil engineering (CE) support services
contract, No. FA8101-08-D-0006 (TSS Contract), for Tinker Air Force Base (AFB), OK
(R4, tab 1 at 1). The contract had six options running through January 31, 2016 (id. at 4).

1
    By Air Force letter, on behalf of both parties, dated January 25, 2018, the parties agreed
        that they did not dispute each other's material facts. We therefore use many of the
        parties' statements of undisputed material facts (SUMF).
The TSS Contract incorporated by reference Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR)
52.217-8, OPTION TO EXTEND SERVICES (NOV 1999) (id. at 411), which allowed
for the contract services to be extended up to an additional six months.

     2. On August 26, 2013 , TSS entered into a collective bargaining agreement
(CBA) with the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers,
(IAM&A W or Union) (R4, tab 17 at 650-707). The CBA between TSS and the
IAM&A W was effective from August 26, 2013 to August 21 , 2016 (id. ).

Solicitation No. FA8101 -l 5-R-0007

       3. On October 29, 2013 , the Air Force posted a synopsis for the Tinker AFB CE
Services Operations Management procurement to https://www.fbo.gov (FBO) (R4,
tab 3). The Air Force also posted a draft performance work statement (PWS); a draft
Request for Proposal (RFP), Solicitation No. FA8101-14-R-0002; pertinent Oklahoma
wage determinations; Department of Labor (DOL) Wage Determination No. 2005-2431 ;
and the newly-consummated CBA between TSS and the IAM&A W (R4, tab 3 at 4-5).

       4. The CBA between TSS and the IAM&A W was incorporated into the Option V
period of performance of the TSS Contract (R4, tab 45).

      5. A pre-solicitation conference was held on April 16, 2015 . Questions and
answers were documented. One question relating to the transition period read as follows :

                Q. Does the incumbent have transition out? What
                responsibilities does the new contractor have transitioning in?

                A. The incumbent contractor will be responsible for full
                performance during the transition out period. The incoming
                contractor shall perform during the transition IA W PWS para
                1.6.1 , which includes becoming familiar with the work,
                obtaining security clearances, vehicle registration, training
                etc.

(R4, tab 12 at 2) Contracting Officer (CO) DeLong recalled that prospective offerors
"were repeatedly advised that the CBA between TSS and the IAM&AW would apply to
the contract, but that renegotiation of some terms was necessary. " 2 (DeLong decl. at 2
, 7)

2
    The Board asked the parties to comment on this statement in CO DeLong' s declaration.
         Both parties agreed that the statement was correct in their response to the Board.
         (See the parties' February 5, 2019 letters including CO DeLong' s supplemental
         declaration listing the questions and answers she relied upon)

                                              2
      6. On July 8, 2015, the Air Force posted the RFP, Solicitation No. FA8101-15-R-0007,
to FBO (R4, tab 16 at 3, 6; tab 17). Also posted to FBO, and incorporated into the RFP,
were Wage Determination No. 2005-2431 (R4, tab 17 at 640-49) and the CBA between
TSS and the IAM&A W (id. at 650-707).

        7. On July 14, 2015, the Air Force notified TSS of its intent to exercise its option
to extend the services required by the TSS Contract by up to six months - from
February 1, 2016, until July 31 , 2016 -pursuant to FAR 52.217-8 (R4, tab 47). On
January 29, 2016, the Air Force and TSS bilaterally executed Modification No. P00083
to the TSS Contract extending the contract beginning February 1, 2016 through July 31,
2016 (R4, tab 49 at 1, 5).

FAR Part 22 Provisions

      8. FAR 22.1010, Notification to interested parties under collective bargaining
agreements, requires notice of option exercise dates:

              (a) The contracting officer should determine whether the
              incumbent prime contractor's or its subcontractors' service
              employees performing on the current contract are represented
              by a collective bargaining agent. If there is a collective
              bargaining agent, the contracting officer shall give both the
              incumbent contractor and its employees ' collective
              bargaining agent written notification of-

              (2) The forthcoming contract modification and applicable
              acquisition dates (exercise of option, extension of contract, change
              in scope, or start of performance, as the case may be)

             (b) This written notification must be given at least 30 days in
             advance of the earliest applicable acquisition date or the
             applicable annual or biennial anniversary date in order for the
             time-of-receipt limitations in paragraphs 22.1012-2(a) and (b)
             to apply. The contracting officer shall retain a copy of the
             notification in the contract file.

(Emphasis added)

                                             3
     9. FAR 22.1012-2, Wage Determinations Based on Collective Bargaining
Agreements, provides:

(b) For contractual actions other than sealed bidding, a new or changed collective
bargaining agreement shall not be effective under 41 U.S .C. 6707(c) if notice of the
terms of the new or changed collective bargaining agreement is received by the
contracting agency after award of a successor contract or a modification as specified in
22.1007(b), provided that the contract start of performance is within 30 days of the award
of the contract or of the specified modification. If the contract does not specify a start of
performance date which is within 30 days of the award of the contract or of the specified
modification, or if contract performance does not commence within 30 days of the award
of the contract or of the specified modification, any notice of the terms of a new or
changed collective bargaining agreement received by the agency not less than 10 days
before commencement of the work shall be effective for purposes of the successor
contract under 41 U.S.C. 6707(c) .

              (c) The limitations in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
              subsection shall apply only if timely notification required in
              22.1010 has been given.

(Emphasis added)

Contract No. FA8101-16-C-0006

        10. On May 31 , 2016, the Air Force awarded Contract No. FA8101-16-C-0006
("Contract 0006") to ACE' s, in the amount of $229,807.00, to provide base civil
engineering services and operations management at Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma
(R4, tab 32 at 1). The Contract contained a two-month transition period from June 1,
2016 through July 31 , 2016 ("Transition Period") and five one-year option periods (R4,
tab 2 at 548). Option Year I ran from August 1, 2016 to July 31 , 2017 (id. at 2-4).

      11. The Contract contained the following FAR clause: 52.217-9, OPTION TO
EXTEND THE TERM OF THE CONTRACT (MAR 2000); which reads in pertinent
part:

             (a) The government may extend the term of this contract by
             written notice to the contractor within 15 calendar days prior
             to contract expiration; provided that the government gives the
             contractor a preliminary written notice of its intent to extend
             at least 60 days before the contract expires ... .

(R4, tab 32 at 190, 194)

                                             4
    12. The contract also incorporated by reference FAR 52.222-41 , SERVICE
CONTRACT LABOR STANDARDS (MAY 2014) which provides in pertinent part:

             (f) Successor contracts. If this contract succeeds a contract
             subject to the Service Contract Labor Standards statute under
             which substantially the same services were furnished in the
             same locality and service employees were paid wages and
             fringe benefits provided for in a collective bargaining
             agreement, in the absence of the minimum wage attachment
             for this contract setting forth such collectively bargained
             wage rates and fringe benefits, neither the Contractor nor any
             subcontractor under this contract shall pay any service
             employee performing any of the contract work ... less than
             the wages and fringe benefits provided for in such collective
             bargaining agreement, to which such employee would have
             been entitled if employed under the predecessor contract . . ..
             No Contractor or subcontractor under this contract may be
             relieved of the foregoing obligation unless the limitations of
             29 CFR 4.lb(b) apply . ...

(R4, tab 32 at 190)

      13 . Additionally, the contract incorporated FAR 52.222-43, FAIR LABOR
STANDARDSACTANDSERVICECONTRACTLABORSTANDARDS - PRICE
ADJUSTMENT (MULTIPLE YEAR AND OPTION CONTRACTS) (MAY 2014 ),
which provides the following in relevant part:

             (a) This clause applies to both contracts subject to area
             prevailing wage determinations and contracts subject to ...
             collective bargaining agreements.

             (c) The wage determination ... current on the anniversary
             date of a multiple year contract or [at] the beginning of each
             renewal option period, shall apply to this contract. .. .

             (d) The contract price, contract unit price labor rates, or fixed
             hourly labor rates will be adjusted to reflect the Contractor' s
             actual increase or decrease in applicable wages and fringe benefits
             to the extent that the increase is made to comply with . . . :

                                            5
              (1) The Department of Labor wage determination applicable
              .. . at the beginning of the renewal option period.

(Id.)

       14. ACE Contract 0006 incorporated DoL Wage Determination 2005-2431
(Revision 21) and the CBA between TSS and the IAM&AW (R4, tab 32 at 213).

        15. During the transition period, TSS continued to be responsible for full contract
performance under the TSS Contract (R4, tab 12 at 2; tab 14 at 18; DeLong decl. ,r,r 8-9;
See also app. mot. at 4, ASUMF ,r 9). During the transition period, June 1, 2016 through
July 31 , 2016, ACE performed the duties set forth under the Performance Work
Statement (PWS):

               1.6.1 Transition-In. To ensure a smooth transition phase
              between incumbent and incoming Contractors, the incoming
              Contractor shall begin a transition-in work period prior to the
              end of the incumbent Contractor' s performance period.
              Contractor shall submit a Transition-In Plan and phase-in
              schedule to the CO with the initial proposal. Government
              will have opportunity to review and comment on the plan.
              Final Transition-In Plan must be approved by the CO at least
              seven (7) calendar days before start of transition period. The
              transition period shall not exceed 60 calendar days. The
              Contractor shall assume responsibility for all functions
              identified in the PWS on the full contract performance date
              agreed on the contract. The incoming Contractor shall
              become familiar with work during the transition-in period.
              The tasks during the transition-in period shall include but is
              not limited to items such as obtaining security clearances,
              processing vehicle registrations, completing training
              requirements, developing work plans and procedures and
              finalizing quality control plans and procedures. The
              incumbent Contractor is responsible for contract performance
              during the transition-in period.

(R4, tab 17 at 548-49 ,r 1.6.1; Chandler supp. decl. at 2 ,r 10) During this transition
period Ms. Chandler sent out letters to TSS employees offering them jobs with ACE
starting on August 1, 2016 (Chandler supp. decl. at 2 ,r 9 & Exhibit A). Nearly all of the
employees hired by ACE were the same employees that had worked for TSS under the
previous contract (Chandler supp. decl. at 2 ,r 8).

                                             6
         16. Throughout the transition period, CO DeLong was aware that ACE and the
IAM&A W were negotiating over the terms of a new, successor CBA to replace the CBA
between TSS and the IAM&A W that was incorporated into Contract No. 0006 (DeLong
decl. ,r,r 12, 17, 20-21 ; see also R4, tab 64).

       17. CO Delohg was aware that the TSS service employees covered by the CBA
between TSS and the IAM&A W, and represented by the IAM&A W, would not become
ACE employees until Monday, August 1, 2016 since TSS was responsible for full
contract performance (R4, tab 64). (See also compl. ,r 11 ; DeLong decl. 115)

        18. By email dated June 24, 2016, 37 days before the end of the 60-day contract
transition period, the Air Force transmitted a letter, also dated June 24, 2016, providing
ACE the non-binding preliminary notice under FAR 52.217-9 of its intent to exercise
Option I of the Contract. The transmittal email stated, "You can expect the option
modification, with funding for this FY, in the next week or so. If you have any
questions, let me know! " (R4, tab 33 at 1). The letter stated:

              1. Pursuant to contract clause 52.2 17-9, Option to Extend the
              Term of the Contract, the Government hereby gives notice
              that Option I will be exercised by modification extending the
              performance period commencing 1 August 2016 through
              31 July 2017.

              2. This memorandum is a preliminary notice of the
              Government' s intent and is not to be construed as exercising
              the option. Official exercise of the option will be
              accomplished by contract modification, Standard Form 30,
              signed by the Contracting Officer.

(R4, tab 33 at 2) CO DeLong did not send such notice to the IAM&AW (DeLong decl.
at 3 ,r 18). CO DeLong believed at that time that neither ACE nor any of its
subcontractors had service employees that were covered by the CBA between TSS and
the IAM&AW or were represented by the IAM&A W (see SUMF ,r 16) (DeLong decl.
,r,r 15-16). We find that, under the Contract, ACE was the "incumbent prime contractor"
for purposes of FAR 22.1010.

       19. On July 1, 2016 - one week after CO DeLong notified ACE of her intent to
exercise Option I and 31 days before full performance would commence on August 1,
2016 -the Air Force and ACE bilaterally executed Modification No. POOOOl to the
Contract, exercising Option 1. Modification No. POOOOl stated it was entered into

                                             7
pursuant to the authority of FAR 52.217-9 and DFARS 252.232-7007 3 • Block E was
checked "Contractor is required to sign this document. ... " The purpose of the
modification was: "[T]o exercise option 1 and provide incremental funding." The
Option 1 period of performance was from August 1, 2016 through July 31 , 2017.
CO DeLong signed for the government and Sandra Chandler signed for ACE. (R4,
tab 34 at 1, 63 ; DeLong decl. , 19) The 91 page modification makes no mention of
wages, the Service Contract Act (SCA) 41 U.S.C. §§ 6701 et seq.4, the CBA and contains
no release language.

       20. We find that the CO did not provide the 30-day definitive written notification
required by FAR 22.101 O(b) to the IAM&A W collective bargaining agent (R4, tab 41
at 14, 7; DeLong decl. at 3, 18).

      21. As of Friday, July 22, 2016 - the tenth day before commencement of the work
under Option I - ACE and the IAM&A W had not yet agreed upon the terms of a new
successor CBA to replace the CBA between TSS and the IAM&AW (DeLong decl., 20).

        22. As of Friday, July 29, 2016 - the last business day before the beginning of the
first option period - ACE and the IAM&A W had not yet agreed upon the terms of a
successor CBA to replace the CBA between TSS and the IAM&AW (R4, tab 64 ;
DeLong decl., 21).

       23 . On Monday, August 1, 2016, the Option I period began, requiring full
contract performance by ACE, and the IAM&A W member employees went on strike.
No service employees covered by the CBA between TSS and the IAM&A W or
represented by the IAM&AW reported for work on that day (DeLong decl., 22).
(See also app. mot. at 6, ASUMF, 16; compl., 19)

       24. By email on January 19, 2017, ACE provided the Air Force with an unsigned
copy of a CBA between ACE and the IAM&AW. Another email in the email chain,
from earlier that same day, indicates that subsequent to ACE and the IAM&AW having
reached an agreement, they "update[d] article 9.2," requiring a new signature page (R4,
tab 37).

       25. On January 24, 2017, ACE submitted a request for equitable adjustment
(REA) to the government, requesting, among other things, that the government
incorporate the increased costs payable under the new CBA for the current year (i.e.,
Option Year 1), as well as for all remaining option years covered by the new CBA.
Specifically, ACE's REA requested that the government incorporate into the Contract the

3 DFARS 252.232-7007 Limitation of Government's obligation has to do with
       incremental funding and is not relevant to our decision.
4
  Previously cited as 41 U.S.C. §§ 351 et seq.

                                             8
$1,744,330.37 in increased H&W benefits for the seven months of Option Year I (i.e.,
January 1, 2017 to July 31 , 2017) provided for in the new CBA. (R4, tab 65)

       26. By email on January 27, 2017, ACE provided the Air Force with a signed
copy of the fully-consummated successor CBA between ACE and the IAM&AW,
effective from November 20, 2016 until July 31 , 2019 (R4, tabs 38-39). Despite the
parties' "update" to article 9 .2 of the CBA, discussed in the January 19, 2017 email from
the IAM&AW to ACE (see SUMF 1 26), the signature page of the CBA states that it was
signed on November 20, 2016 (R4, tab 39 at 32-33).

       27. Although the effective date of the new CBA between ACE and the union was
November 20, 2016, the increased H& W benefits for the Union contained therein did not
go into effect, by the terms of the CBA, until January 1, 2017, after five full months of
Option Year I had been performed. (R4, tab 39 at 27).

        28. By letter dated March 30, 2017, the government denied ACE' s REA request
for the Option Year I H& W benefits, stating:

              The CBA was not considered timely IA W FAR 22.1002-3(b ),
              and will be incorporated for the Option Year II period of
              performance effective 01 Aug 17 IA W FAR 52.222-43(c).
              Until that date the new CBA terms are not a part of this
              contract, therefore the Government denies the value that
              addresses this period -- $1 ,744,330.37.

(R4, tab 69 at 4)

      29. On July 24, 2017, the Air Force unilaterally executed Modification
No. P00026 to the Contract, exercising Option II and incorporating the CBA between
ACE and the IAM&AW into the Contract effective August 1, 2017 (R4, tab 40).

        30. On August 21, 2017, in response to the denial of its REA, ACE submitted a
certified claim to the CO seeking $1 ,744.330.37 and requesting a final decision. ACE
argued that the time limitations in FAR 22.1012-2(b) did not apply because the Air Force
failed to provide the notification required by FAR 22.1010 to either ACE or the Union
(R4, tab 41 at 1, 8-12, 14). ·

        31. -On January 22, 2018, the CO issued a final decision (COFD) denying ACE's
claim on the grounds that the Preliminary Notice provided to ACE on June 24, 2016
satisfied the requirements of FAR 22.1010. Additionally, the CO noted:

              Though the notice did not meet the contract's 52.217-9
              requirement for 60 days advance notice of intent to exercise

                                            9
               an option, this merely meant the option could not be
               exercised unilaterally. The contracting officer recognized
               this and executed Option I as a bilateral modification, further
               evidencing Alutiiq' s understanding of, and consent to, a
               delayed incorporation of any new CBA terms.

(R4, tab 44)

      32. On January 23 , 2018, ACE timely filed a notice of appeal with the Board.
The Board docketed the appeal as ASBCA No. 61503 on January 24, 2018 .

                                        DECISION

Legal Standard for Summary Judgment

        We evaluate the cross-motions for summary judgment under the well-settled
standard: Summary judgment is properly granted only where there is no genuine issue of
material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The moving party
bears the burden of establishing the absence of any genuine issue of material fact and all
significant doubt over factual issues must be resolved in favor of the party opposing
summary judgment. Mingus Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 812 F.2d 1387, 1390
(Fed. Cir. 1987) (citations omitted). In the course of the Board' s evaluation of a motion
for summary judgment, our role is not '"to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of
the matter,' but rather to ascertain whether material facts are disputed and whether there
exists any genuine issue for trial." Holmes & Narver Constructors, Inc., ASBCA
Nos. 52429, 52551 , 02-1BCA131 ,849 at 157,393 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986)). A material fact is one which may make a difference in
the outcome of the case. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248. The opposing party must assert
facts sufficient to show a dispute as to a material fact of an element of the argument for
reformation or breach. New Iraq Ahd Co. , ASBCA No. 59304, 15-1BCA135,849
at 17 5,291-92 (citing Mingus , 812 F .2dat 13 90-91) ("To ward off summary judgment, the
non-moving party must do more than make mere allegations; it must assert facts
sufficient to show a dispute of material fact. "); see Lee 's Ford Dock. Inc. , ASBCA
No. 59041 , 16-1BCA136,298 at 177,010.

Positions of the Parties

       ACE, relying on Tecom, Inc., ASBCA No. 51591 , 01BCA131 ,156 and Raytheon
Service Co., ASBCA Nos. 28721 , 29668, 86-3 BCA 119,094, contends that even though
its CBA was not finalized until after Option I was exercised, because the Air Force failed
to give the notice required by FAR 22.1010, ACE is entitled to a price adjustment under
FAR 52.222-43 for the first option year (app. mot. at 1-2, 10-13). ACE argues that it was

                                             10
the "incumbent contractor" because it was operating "under the base year" 5 and as such it
was entitled to 30 days advance notice of the exercise of Option Year I. ACE also argues
that the Air Force ignores Tecom and Raytheon. ACE contends that the cases the Air
Force relies upon, COSTAR /IL LLC, ASBCA No. 56479, 11-2 BCA 134,830 and
Guardian Moving & Storage Co. v. Hayden , 421 F.3d 1268 (Fed. Cir 2005), do not
involve the notice issue and are therefore distinguishable. (app. reply at 1, 6-11)

        The Air Force argues that ACE "consummated" its CBA several months after the
first option period began which was too late for it to be incorporated in the first option
period (gov't mot. at 1, 10-12). The Air Force relies upon COSTAR /IL LLC, ASBCA
No. 56479, 11-2 BCA 134,830 and Guardian Moving & Storage Co. v. Hayden ,
421 F.3d 1268 (Fed. Cir 2005) for the proposition that since the CBA was
"consummated" well into the first option period it could not be effective until the second
option period (gov't mot. at 10-12). The Air Force argues that the notice provisions cited
by ACE "concern the prospective application of a CBA consummated during a
predecessor contract to a successor contract, not the retroactive application of a CBA."
(Gov't mot. at 12-13) The Air Force also argues that ACE was the "incumbent prime
contractor" by virtue of the two month transition but since it did not employ "service
employees" during that period of time, the notice requirements did not apply. (Gov't
mot. at 16-17) The Air Force contends that it does not "shy away" from the Board' s
decisions in Tecom and Raytheon because in Guardian the Federal Circuit held that
''wage determinations are not retrospective, regardless of the effective date of the
underlying CBA." (Gov't surreply at 6)

No Material Disputed Facts

        The Air Force contends that there are material disputed facts 6 defeating ACE's
motion. The Air Force argues that whether ACE was the "incumbent contractor" or
whether it employed "service employees" are material disputed facts. (Gov't surreply
at 3-5) We disagree. We found that, for purposes of FAR 22.1010, ACE was indeed the
incumbent contractor with regard to the exercise of the option under its own contract.
(SOF 1 18) Likewise it is undisputed that TSS continued to employ all of its employees
in its performance during the transition period (SOFs 1115, 17). Therefore, that ACE
did not employ TSS ' workforce during the transition period cannot be disputed.
Therefore, for the purpose of the FAR 22.1010 notice requirement, we hold ACE is the
incumbent contractor even though it was only performing transition-in tasks and did not
employ TSS ' service employees until August 1, 2016.

5 ACE was actually operating under a two month transition-in period before performance
        of Option 1 (SOF 110).
6 This is at odds with the Air Force' s letter, on behalf of both parties, dated January 25,

        2018 (see supra footnote 1).

                                             11
The Air Force 's Arguments

        The Air Force argues that the notice requirements only apply if the CBA was
 "consummated" during a predecessor contract. The argument is summed up in the Air
Force's motion as: "The DOL regulations, and their reflections in the FAR, clearly
 establish that the notice requirements discussed in FAR 22.1010 and FAR 22.1012-2
 concern the prospective application of a new or changed CBA, consummated during a
predecessor contract, to a successor contract when the incumbent contractor fails to
timely notify the CO of the new or changed CBA." (Gov't mot. at 13) The problem is,
as ACE points out (app . reply at 1, 6-9), our decision in Tecom conflicts with the Air
Force' s argument. In Tecom the government issued unilateral Modification No. P00031
exercising the first option on September 30, 1997 for the period of October 1, 1997
through September 30, 1998. Tecom , 01-1 BCA, 31 ,156 at 153,896. Tecom was both
the "predecessor (incumbent) contractor and successor contractor." Id. at 153,897. The
contracting officer did not provide Tecom with the 60-day preliminary written notice
required by FAR 52.217-9(a) or the 30-day written definitive notice to either Tecom or
the collective bargaining agent as required by FAR 22.lOlO(a). Id. (SOF ,, 8, 18, 20)
A new CBA was negotiated on September 18 and 19, 1997, but was not completed and
signed until November 17, 1997 (id.). Thus, the CBA was not "consummated" during
the predecessor contract. In Tecom this Board held that absent the mandatory written
30-day notice, Tecom was "entitled to seek a revised wage determination based on its
new CBA for the first option year of the contract and that a contract price adjustment is
appropriate under FAR 52.222-43 " (id. at 153,902-03). Therefore, Tecom obtained relief
even though its new CBA was not "consummated" during a predecessor contract but
rather "consummated" during the first option period. The same was true in Raytheon,
86-3 BCA, 19,094 at 96,524. In this case, the Air Force' s interpretation of FAR
conflicts with our decisions in Tecom and Ray theon and we find it is unreasonable. The
Air Force' s reliance on Guardian Moving & Storage Co., ASBCA Nos. 54248, 54479,
04-2 BCA, 32,753 and COSTAR IIL LLC, ASBCA No. 56479, 11-2 BCA, 34,830
(gov't mot. at 11-12) is misplaced because, as the parties recognize, the notice
requirements were not raised and discussed by either party or the Board in these two
cases.

        Next the Air Force argues that since TSS, not ACE, was performing the
substantive contract duties and ACE did not employ service employees during the
transition-in period, the notice requirements did not apply (gov't mot. at 16-17). To the
contrary, and as we explain in more detail below, the FAR22.1010 notice requirements
do apply to this very unusual situation even though ACE had no service employees.
While TSS was performing the contract duties during the transition period, it was not the
incumbent contractor with respect to the ACE contract. As a result, any attempt by the
CO to provide the FAR 22.1010 notice to TSS would have been a futile exercise. The
CBA between TSS and the union was incorporated into ACE Contract No. 0006
(SOF ,,14, 16). As we found, for the purpose of FAR 22.1010 notice, ACE is the

                                           12
incumbent contractor. (SOF ,r 18) During the transition period, the Air Force
CO DeLong, knew that ACE and TSS ' employees were negotiating employment and that
ACE and the union were negotiating terms of a new CBA. (SOF ,r ,r 2, 15-18) The
knowledge required by FAR 22.1010 to trigger the notice requirement is:

              (a) The contracting officer should determine whether the
              incumbent prime contractor's or its subcontractors' service
              employees performing on the current contract are represented
              by a collective bargaining agent. If there is a collective
              bargaining agent, the contracting officer shall give both the
              incumbent contractor and its employees' collective
              bargaining agent written notification of

              (2) The forthcoming contract modification and applicable
              acquisition dates (exercise of option, extension of contract,
              change in scope, or start of performance, as the case may be)

(SOF ,r 8) It is true, as the Air Force points out, that ACE did not employ service
employees performing the contract because those employees were still employed by TSS
and were performing the contract during transition. However, that circumstance was
caused by the unusual transition period arrangement peculiar to this contract.
Significantly, the notice is to the union not the individual employees so we do not see
how the absence of employees matters. We consider the government's knowledge to be
the essence of FAR 22.lOlO(a), not whether ACE employed service employees
performing the contract. The duties placed upon the contracting officer are substantial
and will not be dismissed hastily.

As set forth in Tecom:

             FAR 22.1010 not only provides for the same 30 days
             notification to the contractor and collective bargaining agent,
             but it also places an affirmative duty on the contracting
             officer to determine whether the service contract employees
             are represented by a union before giving the notification
             (finding 13). FAR 22.1008-3(a) further provides that the
             contracting officer (shall) determine whether Section 4(c) of
             the SCA applies to the option period and (shall) determine

                                           13
               whether there is a predecessor contract and, if so, whether
               there is an existing CBA (finding 20).

Tecom 01 BCA, 31 ,156 at 153,900-901. CO DeLong knew TSS employees were
covered by a CBA and would be covered by a new CBA when employed by ACE
(SOF ,,14 - 17, 20). We hold that CO DeLong had the requisite knowledge required by
the notice requirement of FAR 22 .1010 and we will not ignore that fact simply because
TSS ' employees were not yet employed by ACE. To agree with the Air Force' s
arguments would be inconsistent with the SCA protections built into FAR Part 22.
Accordingly, we decline to adopt the Air Force' s argument.

Bilateral Modification No. POOOO 1

        Before deciding which party prevails in this appeal, we must analyze the impact, if
 any, of bilateral Modification No. POOOOl. On June 24, 2016, the Air Force forwarded
ACE a preliminary notice of the option exercise, and stated that ACE could expect the
modification exercising Option 1, with funding for this fiscal year, "in the next week or
so" (SOF, 18). No other notice was provided by the Air Force. The record reflects that
the CO issued the modification exercising Option I bilaterally because the 60-day
preliminary notice requirement of the contract (FAR 52.217-9) had not been meet.
(SOF, 31). We recognize that once the Air Force failed to provide timely preliminary
notification to ACE, it lost its ability to exercise the option unilaterally, and could only
exercise the option by agreement of the parties. See generally Arko Executive Services,
Inc. v. US., 553 F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2009); Griffin Services, Inc., ASBCA Nos. 52280,
52281 , 02-2 BCA, 31 ,943 ; USD Technologies, Inc., ASBCA No. 31 ,305, 87-2 BCA
, 19,680, aff'd, 845 F.2d 1033 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (Government has the burden to prove that
it timely exercised an option); Star Contracting Co. , ASBCA No. 27848 et al.,89-2 BCA
, 21 ,587 at 108,700 (Government failed to establish timely exercise). It was the
government's recognition of its failure to provide notice as required by FAR 52.217-9(a),
that dictated the contracting officer' s request for a bilateral modification. (SOF, 31)

        While the parties recognize that Modification No. POOOO 1 was bilateral, neither
party appears to have considered whether that fact is of any significance to the question
before us. As a result, the Board asked the parties to comment. In the letter to the Board
dated March 4, 2019, the Air Force simply acknowledged that the bilateral exercise
"constitutes an additional distinction between the facts in the current appeal and those
material to the decisions in" Tecom and Ray theon. ACE provided a more detailed
response. ACE contended, in its letter to the Board dated March 15 , 2019, that the
bilateral exercise is not (material) arguing "neither Raytheon nor Tecom rested on the
unilateral exercise of option years but rather on the Air Force' s failure to comply with the
30-day notification requirement, which is ' strictly enforced. "' ACE correctly notes that
"Modification POOOO 1 had to be issued bilaterally because the Air Force failed to provide
timely preliminary notice under FAR 52.217-9." (ACE' s March 15, 2019 resp.)

                                             14
Although both Tecom and Raytheon involved unilateral option exercises extending the
contract, we hold that the manner of exercising the option is an immaterial distinction.
See Tecom , 01-1 BCA ,r 31 ,156 at 153,896; Raytheon, 86-3 BCA ,r 19,094 at 96,524.
ACE notes further that "By signing the modification, ACE agreed to the option year, not
to relinquish rights sub silento. No authority holds that noncompliance with notice
requirements with respect to options is excused by a bilateral modification; on the
contrary, such requirements ' are strictly enforced."' (ACE' s March 15, 2019 resp.) Our
cases resolutely demand strict enforcement of notice provisions with respect to options.
See generally Tecom, Inc., ASBCA No. 51591 , 01 BCA ,r 31 ,156; Raytheon Service Co. ,
ASBCA Nos. 28721 , 29668, 86-3 BCA ,r 19,094.

        In the simplest terms, Modification No. POOOOl provided for the exercise of
Option Period I and the incremental funding of $39,640,220.00. In the 91 pages that
make up Modification No. POOOOl , the contracting officer set forth in ex cruciating detail
the various CLINs, acceptance/inspection schedules, funding, and revisions of contract
clauses. While the modification includes a reference to FAR 52.217-9 in Block 13-C,
there is no reference to FAR 22.1010. The modification is also silent as to the
incorporation of the CBA and lacks any release language. (SOF ,r 19) In analyzing the
reach of this modification, common sense must dictate.

        As we have observed, "[i]n the realm of Government contracts, absent mistake or
duress not present here, few things signify knowing and intentional conduct more than
does the execution of a bilateral modification." USD Technologies, Inc ., ASBCA
No. 31305, 87-2 BCA if 19,680 at 99,620. In Bell BC! Co. v. United States, 570 F.3d
1337, 1340 - 41 (Fed. Cir. 2009), the Court explained the familiar law of accord and
satisfaction occurs "when some performance is different from that which was claimed as
due is rendered and such substituted performance is accepted by the claimant as full
satisfaction of his claim" (quoting Cmty. Heating & Plumbing Co. v. Kelso, 987 F.2d
1575, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1993)). To prove accord and satisfaction, the government must
show "(1) proper subject matter; (2) competent parties; (3) a meeting of the minds of the
parties; and (4) consideration." O 'Connor v. United States, 308 F.3d 1233, 1240 (Fed.
Cir. 2002). In this opinion we only need to address element three. Critical to the
existence of accord and satisfaction is the intention of the parties. What happens and is
discussed during negotiations of a settlement and payment will operate as an accord and
satisfaction only as to the claims considered. Tri-0, Inc. v. United States, 28 Fed. Cl.
463 , 470-72 (1993).

        We look to the modification as the primary source of the parties ' intentions.
Recognizing that the exercise of an option must be unconditional and set forth terms that
are in accord with the option, any attempt by the government to alter the terms of the
contractor's obligation under an option will render ineffective the purported exercise of
the option. See generally Lear Siegler, Inc. , Mgmt. Servs. Div., 86-3 BCA ,r 19,155
at 96,795 (insertion of Availability of Funds clause); Chem. Tech. , Inc. , ASBCA

                                            15
No. 21863 , 80-2 BCA ,r 14,728 (altering period of performance); General Dynamics
Corp. , ASBCA No. 20882, 77-1 BCA ,r 12,504 (altering delivery schedule). In this case,
an attempt by the government to exercise the option by issuing a unilateral modification
without satisfying the notice requirements of FAR 52.217-9, would have varied the terms
of the option. The purported exercise of Option 1 by unilateral modification would have
been ineffective. Recognizing this, the contracting officer proposed that the exercise take
place by agreement of the parties. Subsumed in that agreement is the acknowledgement
that ACE would waive the preliminary notice requirements set forth in FAR 52.217-9,
that was preventing the government from exercising what would have been an ineffectual
option. By signing Modification No. POOOOl , ACE accepted the exercise of the option
and relinquished its rights to escape performance because of the untimely notice. In that
respect the modification is clear and unambiguous and we give it its plain meaning.
Hughes Commc 'ns Galaxy, Inc. v. United States, 998 F.2d 953 , 958 (Fed. Cir. 1993).

        The question remaining is whether the bilateral modification also resulted in an
unwitting relinquishment of ACE' s rights to a second and distinctly separate notification
requirement set forth in FAR 22.lOlO(a). In other words, does the bilateral modification
exercising the option, without more, prevent ACE from receiving a price adjustment for
increased labor costs incurred under the new CBA during the first option year? The
effect of the bilateral exercise is a question of law that does not preclude summary
judgment. We will not extend the consequences of the bilateral modification to include a
waiver of a distinctly separate notice requirement which, if not given, allows for a price
adjustment under FAR 22.1012-2, without a clear and unequivocal intention to do so in
the document. In the appeal before us, ACE maintains that there was an intention to
agree to the option year, nothing more, and nothing less. ACE maintains, and we agree,
that the failure to issue timely preliminary notice under FAR 52.217-9, which
necessitated a bilateral modification, does not absolve the Air Force of its failure to
provide the mandatory 30-days notice under FAR 22.1010. The Air Force cannot use
one failure to excuse another. Moreover, the June 24, 2016 preliminary notice provided
under FAR 52.217-9 cannot be used to meet the notice requirement of FAR 22.1010.
The notices requirements of FAR 52.217-9 and FAR 22 .1010 are separate and distinct
notices.

       Waiver is "an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or
privilege." Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 (1938); Alvarez & Assocs. Constr. Co. ,
ASBCA No. 49341, 98-1 BCA ,r 29,559 at 146,536. "An intent to waive a contractual
right must be manifest in a party' s failure to object." United Technologies Corp. , Pratt &
Whitney Grp., ASBCA No. 46880 et al. , 95-1 BCA ,r 27,592 at 137,482 (citations
omitted). In answering the question whether the bilateral modification extended to the
mandatory notice requirement of FAR 22.1010, we must give the modification its plain
meaning. In doing that, we find that the clear and unambiguous language of the bilateral
modification does not manifest an unequivocal intention by ACE to relinquish its rights
and/or the rights of the collective bargaining agent to the 30-day definitive notice under

                                             16
FAR 22.1010. We find that the plain language of the modification does not purport to
resolve anything other than the exercise of the option and was never intended to do
anything other than exercise Option I.

         Even if this bilateral modification can be interpreted to include a waiver of the
notice requirements pursuant to FAR 22 .101 O(b ), the contracting officer does not have
the authority to waive requirements imposed by statute. Shawview Cleaners, LLC,
ASBCA No. 56938, 10-2 BCA ,r 34,550 at 170,394 (Government employees, including
contracting officers, have no authority to waive compliance with the SCA,
notwithstanding allegation that agency personnel fraudulently induced the contractor to
enter a contract by misrepresenting the wage determination as non-mandatory);
Inter-Continental Equip., Inc. ASBCA No. 36807, 94-2 BCA ,r 26,708 at 132,862-63 (the
contracting officer, by action or inaction, cannot waive the requirements of the Cargo
Preference Act of 1904, 10 U.S.C. § 2631); LaCoste Builders, Inc. ASBCA No. 29884 et
al. , 88-1 BCA ,r 20,360 at 102,981-82 (contracting officer had no authority to waive Buy
American Act, exceptions not shown). Similarly, in M-R-S Mfg Co. v. United States,
492 F .2d 835, 841 (Ct. Cl. 1974), the plaintiff argued that since the government ignored
the data developed between March 23 and August 17, the contracting officer waived the
contractor' s obligation to furnish accurate, complete, and current data. The Court stated
that " [t]he most basic flaw in this argument is the assumption that the obligation to
furnish proper data can be waived by a government agent. The duty to furnish accurate,
complete, and current data is a duty imposed on Government contractors by a statute,
and, therefore, that duty cannot be waived by a Government agent." Id. (citations
omitted).

        The Service Contract Act (SCA), 41 U.S.C. §§ 6701 et seq. , and implementing
regulations promulgated by the DOL at 29 C.F.R. Part 4 (1993 ed.) and also published in
the FAR at 48 C.F.R. Subpart 22.10 (1990 ed.) is remedial labor legislation which must be
liberally construed. 7 Midwest Maint. & Constr. Co. v. Vela, 621 F.2d 1046, 1050
(10th Cir. 1980). The implementing regulations and contract clauses should be similarly
so construed to effect the purposes of the Act. The SCA was designed to protect wages

7
    SCA provisions will apply to a government contract even where they were left out of
       the solicitation or the contract. Miller's Moving Co., ASBCA No. 43114, 92-1
       BCA ,r 24,707 at 123,325-26. "It is well settled that if a statute requires inclusion
       of a contract provision, such provision will be read into the contract by operation
       of law, and is binding on the parties even if omitted from the contract terms. G.L.
       Christian and Associates v. United States, 312 F.2d 418 (Ct. Cl. 1963) on
       rehearing, 320 F.2d 345, cert. denied, 375 U.S. 954 (1963). Obligatory
       congressional enactments cannot be abrogated by failure of Government officials
       to include necessary provisions in the contract." G .L. Christian, on rehearing,
       supra.

                                              17
and fringe benefits of service workers employed on U.S. Government contracts. 41 U.S .C.
§§ 6703 , 6707. The DOL issues "wage determinations" applicable to fixed-price services
contracts and through a series of contract clauses, contractors are forbidden from paying
less than the wages and fringe benefits contained in a wage determination. See 41 U.S.C.
§§ 6701 et seq. In this way, the SCA prevents contractors from underbidding competitors
by cutting wages or fringe benefits to its service workers and thereby winning government
contracts. See Lear Siegler Servs. , Inc. v. Rumsfeld, 457 F.3d 1262, 1266 (Fed. Cir.
2006); Gov 't. Contracting Res., Inc., ASBCA No. 59162, 15-1 BCA ,r 35,916 at 175,575.
There is a direct statutory obligation imposed by the SCA that the contracting officer
could not waive by bilateral modification or by other means.

         In accordance with FAR 22.101 O(b ), the contracting officer was required to
provide written definitive notice of the exercise of the option to both the incumbent
contractor and the collective bargaining agent. In this case, the written notification was
required to be given "at least 30 days in advance of the earliest applicable acquisition
date 8 in order for the time-of-receipt limitations in paragraphs 22.1012( a) and (b) to
apply." That notification is mandatory to both the incumbent contractor and the union;
providing notice to one will not suffice. See Tecom, 01-1 BCA ,r 31 ,156 at 153,902;
Raytheon, 86-3 BCA,r 19,094 at 96,527. As in Tecom , it is uncontested that the
contracting officer did not comply with these regulatory duties. (SOF ,r 18, 20); See
Tecom 01-1 BCA ,r 31 ,156 at 153,903. FAR 22.101 2-2(c) very clearly sets out that the
"limitations in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this subsection shall apply only if timely
notification required in 22.1010 has been given" ( emphasis added). (SOF ,r 9) Tecom ,
01-1 BCA ,r 31 ,156 at 153 ,902 ; Raytheon, 86-3 BCA ,r 19,094 at 96,528. Accordingly,
the contracting officer cannot reject a price adjustment resulting from a new CBA
executed during the option period when it fails to provide the mandatory notice under
FAR 22.1010. See Tecom, Inc. , 01-1 BCA ,r 31 ,156 at 153,902-3 . We agree with
appellant that there is no material distinction between this case, Raytheon and Tecom.

        We held in Tecom where timely notification is not given to both the contractor and
the collective bargaining agent, the deadlines set forth in FAR 22.1012-2(b) do not apply
and there is "no restriction against incorporation of a new or changed CBA received after
contract award." Tecom, 01-1 BCA ,r 31 ,156 at 153,902. We will not depart from the
results reached in Ray theon and Tecom.

8
    Even though FAR 22.101 O(b) provides that the 30 days advance notice is triggered by
         either the "earliest applicable acquisition date or the applicable annual or biennial
         anniversary date", because of the unusual nature of the ACE contract, there could
         not be an annual anniversary date for the first option. The base contact began
         June 1, 2016 and ended July 31 , 2016. The first of five options, if exercised, was
        August 1, 2016 which would then establish an annual anniversary date for options
        2 through 5.

                                               18
        Having failed to provide the 30-day notice required by FAR 22.lOlO(b) to ACE
and the collective bargaining agent (SOF ,r,r 18, 20), the time-of-receipt limitations set
forth in FAR 22.1012-2 do not apply. Accordingly, we conclude that ACE is entitled to a
price adjustment under FAR 52.222-43 for the increased labor costs associated with the
new CBA executed after the option was exercised.

                                    CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated, the government's motion for summary judgment is denied.
Appellant's cross-motion for summary judgment is granted. The appeal is returned to the
parties for a determination of quantum consistent with this decision.

      Dated: January 9, 2020

                                                 Administrative Judge
                                                 Armed Services Board
                                                 of Contract Appeals

 I concur

 Administrative Judge                            Administrative Judge
 Acting Chairman                                 Vice Chairman
 Armed Services Board                            Armed Services Board
 of Contract Appeals                             of Contract Appeals

I concur

~             "woon1ow
=trative Judge
Armed Services Board
of Contract Appeals

                                           19
         DISSENTING OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE CLARKE

        I was the judge originally assigned to this case and wrote the original decision.
While my colleagues adopted the majority of my facts and some of my analysis, they
disagree with my conclusion. I respectfully dissent, because I do not believe that the
notice requirements that my colleagues rely upon apply to the bilateral option exercise in
this case.

Option 1 was Exercised Bilaterally

       In a June 24, 2016 email to ACE transmitting preliminary notice of option
exercise, the Air Force stated that ACE could expect the modification exercising
Option 1 "next week or so" (SOF ,r 18). No other notice was provided by the Air Force.
When ACE received Modification No. POOOOl , Block E was checked "Contractor is
required to sign this document . ... " (SOF ,r 19). In the majority decision, my colleagues
speculate about the contracting officer' s (CO) motivation in requiring a bilateral exercise:

              It was the government' s recognition of its failure to provide
              notice as required by FAR 52.217-9(a), that dictated the
              contracting officer's request for a bilateral modification.

              The purported exercise of Option 1 by unilateral modification
              would have been ineffective. Recognizing this, the
              contracting officer proposed that the exercise take place by
              agreement of the parties. Subsumed in that agreement is the
              acknowledgement that ACE would waive the preliminary
              notice requirements set forth in FAR 52.217-9, that was
              preventing the government from exercising what would have
              been an ineffectual option.

             ACE maintains, and we agree, that the failure to issue timely
             preliminary notice under FAR 52.217-9, which necessitated a
             bilateral modification, does not absolve the Air Force of its
             failure to provide the mandatory 30-days notice under FAR
             22.1010.

      (Emphasis in original) This speculation is unsupported by evidence.

                                            20
        On July 1, 2016, ACE, Ms. Chandler, and the Air Force, CO DeLong, signed
Modification No. POOOOl bilaterally exercising Option 1 (SOF 119). The effect of the
bilateral exercise is a question of law that does not preclude summary judgment.

The Notice Requirements Apply to Options Exercised Unilaterally
      FAR 2.101 defines option as:

              Option means a unilateral right in a contract by which, for a
              specified time, the Government may elect to purchase
              additional supplies or services called for by the contract, or
              may elect to extend the term of the contract.

(Emphasis added) Based on the FAR definition of option as a unilateral right to extend a
contract, I conclude that the term "option" as used in FAR 22.10 I 0, FAR 52.222-43 and
FAR 52.217-9 means an option exercised unilaterally. Therefore, the notice requirement
in FAR 22.lOlO(b) only applies when the option is exercised unilaterally. To hold
otherwise, as my colleagues do, requires the Board to ignore the definition of "option" in
FAR 2.101. My colleagues simply hold "that the manner of exercising the option is an
immaterial distinction." This is the fundamental disagreement we have that necessitates
my dissent.

       This Board relied on the FAR 2.101 definition of option in Glasgow Investigative
Solutions, Inc., ASBCA No. 58111 , 13 BCA 135,286 where we held:

             Turning to the merits ofGIS ' s assertion, FAR 52.217-8
             provides: "The option provision may be exercised more than
             once, but the total extension of performance hereunder shall
             not exceed 6 months" (SOF 14). GIS ignores the fact that
             the FAR 52.217-8 clause expressly gives the government the
             unilateral right to extend contract performance. FAR 2.101
             defines "Option" as "a unilateral right in a contract by which,
             for a specified time, the Government may elect to ... extend
             the term of the contract." Mod. P00003 bilaterally amended
             the contract to restructure its base contract and option
             performance periods. Because it was a bilateral restructuring
             of the contract, it did not rely on FAR 52.217-8 and modified
             the contract in respects that do not rely on the authority
             provided in FAR 52.217-8 (SOF 15). We hold that
             Mod. P00003 did not exhaust, or use up any of the
             government' s FAR 52.217-8 extension rights. The
             government retained the ability to extend performance for six
             months when it did so

                                            21
              through Mods. P00007 through POOO 11 . Hence, they were
              valid.

(Id. at 173,176) As seen in the quote above, because FAR2.101 defines "Option" as a
unilateral option, we interpreted the word "option" in FAR 52.217-8 as a unilateral
option exercise. We held that because Modification No. P00003 was bilateral, it did not
rely on the authority provided by FAR 52.217-8. FAR 52.217-8 is in ACE's Contract
No. 0006. (R4, tab 32 at 194) If the "option" in FAR 52.217-8 is interpreted by this
Board as only a unilateral option based on FAR 2.101 , so too should the term "option" in
FAR 22.1010, FAR 52.222-43 and FAR 52.217-9. I believe the language in Glasgow I
rely upon and quoted above is not dicta and is Board precedent that we are obligated to
follow. Advanced Eng 'g & Planning Corp., ASBCA Nos. 54044, 53366, 05-1 BCA
,r 32,935 at 163,127 ("We are bound by our precedent."); PCA Health Plans of Tex., Inc.,
ASBCA No. 48711 , 98-2 BCA ,r 29,900 at 148,014 ("A decision by the Board is deemed
binding precedent in another appeal unless the decision is reversed or otherwise modified
by the Board' s Senior Deciding Group or the court of appeals.")

Notice Requirement Waiver

        My colleagues rely heavily on an argument that nothing in bilateral Modification
No. POOOOl exercising Option 1 waived the 30-day notice requirement in FAR 22.1010.
I guess this means the Air Force was required to provide the FAR 22.lOlO(b) 30-day
notice no later than June 1, 2016 which is 30 days before Option 1 was exercised but
60 days before the Option 1 performance period began on August 1, 2016. This assumes
that the term "option" in FAR 22.1010(a)(2) can be interpreted to include a bilateral
option exercise. As shown above, that is not how this Board defined "option" in
Glasgow. If the notice provisions only apply to unilateral option exercises, as I argue,
there is nothing to waive.

This Board has Recognized the Reciprocal Benefits in FAR Provisions

       Tecom, Inc. , ASBCA No. 51591 , 01-01 BCA ,r 31 ,156 and Raytheon Service Co. ,
ASBCA Nos. 28721 , 29668, 86-3 BCA ,r 19,094, are cases that explain the reasoning
behind the notice requirements. Raytheon teaches us two important lessons. First, that
the FAR provisions providing a cut-off date for the applicability of a new or revised CBA
benefits the government, and provisions requiring mandatory written notice benefit the
contractor: "Like the cut-off date for revised wage determinations benefits the
Government, the 30-day notice benefits the contractor." Raytheon, 86-3 BCA ,r 19,094
at 96,527. Our decision in Tecom recognizes what we held in Raytheon:

             Further, as our decision in Ray theon makes clear, the
             30-days notification requirement is intended to benefit the
             contractor: " Since the [Government] did not provide the

                                           22
              notice, which would have been for [Tecom's] benefit, the
              [Government] cannot at the same time benefit from its failure
              to abide by the regulations by denying [Tecom] the
              opportunity to obtain a revised waged determination based
              upon the new CBA.

Tecom , 01-1 BCA ,r 31 ,156 at 153,902.

       In Ray theon the Board considered the fundamental fairness of the situation:

             But here, because the Air Force was aware that appellant was
             conducting labor negotiations, DAR 12 - 1005.2(b)(2)
             required the Air Force to give notice at least 30 days prior to
             the start of the option period. The need for the 30 - day
             notice is understandable when we consider the precarious
             position of all interested parties when a collective bargaining
             agreement is being negotiated and the Air Force has given
             only preliminary notice that the underlying contract will be
             extended through an option. The contractor and the labor
             representatives are not assured of a continued contract with
             the Government, and the Government cannot determine the
             actual labor costs that will be incurred during the option
             period. Here, the notice should have warned the negotiating
             parties of a deadline. Instead the appellant was lulled into
             complacency.

Ray theon, 86-3 BCA ,r 19,094 at 96,527. ACE and its union could not be "lulled into
complacency" because ACE participated in the exercise of the option 30 days before the
start of the first option year. There was no uncertainty over the fact that the contract
would continue into the first option year. There was no unknown deadline. ACE and its
union knew on July 1, 2016 that they had 30 days to complete negotiation of the new
CBA. For whatever reason, they did not finalize the CBA before ACE started
performing during the first option year (SOF ,r,r 21-23). The new CBA was eventually
agreed to and signed on November 20, 2016. ACE then claimed $1 ,744,330.37 for the
increased costs resulting from the new CBA for January 1, 2017 through the end of the
first option year. (SOF ,r,r 25-27) Under these circumstances, I would not hold the Air
Force liable for ACE' s failure to finalize and sign the new CBA before the start of
performance of the first option year.

ACE Failed to Protect Itself

       When the Air Force asked ACE to sign Modification No. POOOOl bilaterally
exercising Option 1, ACE was in control of the transaction. The preliminary notice was

                                           23
only seven days before Modification No. POOOOl was signed and 37 days before
expiration of the transition period and start of the first option year. (SOF 11 18-19) ACE
knew it was negotiating a new CBA with the union. ACE knew that the costs to the Air
Force would increase under the new CBA. ACE knew it would seek the higher costs
embodied in the new CBA during Option Year 1. ACE could have refused to sign
Modification No. POOOOl until the matter of the new CBA was resolved with the union
and the Air Force. Faced with ACE' s refusal, had the Air Force unilaterally exercised
the option and had ACE accepted the contract extension, ACE was protected by Tecom
and Ray theon because the Air Force clearly failed to provide the notice required by
FAR 22.1010. Since the modification was exercised bilaterally, our decisions in Tecom
and Ray theon simply do not apply. The situation is now closer to COSTAR III, LLC,
ASBCA No. 56479, 11-2 BCA 134,830 and Guardian Moving & Storage Co. v. Hay den ,
421 F.3d 1268 (Fed. Cir. 2005), where the CBA was finalized during the current option
year and we held that it was not effective until the next option year. The same is true in
this case. The CBA was finalized on November 20, 2016, during the first option year. I
would not compel the Air Force to increase its payments to cover the new CBA until the
second option year. This is a reasonable result in this case that balances the reciprocal
benefits in the FAR provisions recognized by this Board.

      For the reasons stated above, I would grant the Air Force' s motion, deny ACE' s
motion and deny ACE' s appeal.

      Dated: January 9, 2020

                                                 Administra ive Judge
                                                 Armed Services Board
                                                 of Contract Appeals

     I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 61503 , Appeal of Alutiiq
Commercial Enterprises, LLC, rendered in conformance with the Board' s Charter.

      Dated:

                                                 PAULLA K. GATES-LEWIS
                                                 Recorder, Armed Services
                                                 Board of Contract Appeals

                                           24