Court Opinion

ID: 6906682
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-23 22:01:34.849901+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:06:22.487433
License: Public Domain

BENNETT, J.,
Dissenting. — The object of this suit is to recover from the defendants, a firm of attorneys, certain sums, retained by them out of the estate of one Daniel Kunkel, for their fees as attorneys for the executors, and also as attorneys for the chief beneficiary of the estate, whose interests were also represented by the defendants herein.
Daniel Kunkel, in the matter of whose estate the services in question were performed, died in Portland, Oregon, on January 17, 1914,. leaving an estate of the approximate value of $100,000, about $30,000 of which *410was in real property, and the balance in money and secured notes. Mr. Kunkel had resided in Portland for many years. He left no lineal descendants, but was survived by his wife, to whom he had been married about twenty-five years. The latter years of their married life had apparently not been very happy, and when Daniel Kunkel died he left a will by which he bequeathed one third of the real property to his wife, and the balance of the real property and all of the personal property to Samuel Kunkel, a brother living in Germany. The defendants herein had been the attorneys for Daniel Kunkel for several years, and had drawn the will under which Samuel Kunkel claimed. After the death of Daniel Kunkel, the defendants notified his brother Samuel of Daniel’s death, and that Samuel was a beneficiary under the will. Afterwards the executors named in the will were appointed by the court and proceeded to administer the estate. The defendants appeared as attorneys for the executors and also represented the interests of Samuel Kunkel. The widow, naturally, being dissatisfied with the will, threatened and finally actually commenced a contest, in which an answer was filed on behalf of the executors, and on behalf of Samuel Kunkel, by the defendants, but the case never went to trial. A compromise was arranged, to which all parties consented, and by which the wife received the real property absolutely, and also received out of the estate, $1,500 to pay her attorneys’ fees and expenses in the contest proceedings, and the balance of the estate went to Samuel Kunkel under the will. After paying the expenses of administration, some small debts, the inheritance taxes-, attorneys’ fees, etc., there was turned over to' Samuel Kunkel, and to his estate’ after his death, the sum of about $24,089 and an uncollected *411promissory note for $27,500. The defendants did the necessary legal work for the administration of the estate, represented the executors in the contest proceedings, and also negotiated for and. with Samuel Kunkel, and between him and the widow, in arranging the settlement, and they received from the executors, his share of the money and transmitted the same, according to his direction, to him in Germany.
The defendants presented their claim for fees for their services to the executors, in the sum of $3,500, which was allowed by the County Court. They also made a charge directly against Samuel Kunkel for another $3,500 for their services to him. In addition to this, Kunkel, at one time — having received from the defendants an installment on his inheritance,. and being generously minded — authorized them to take out $1,000 from his share of the estate, as a Christmas present for them, which they did. They also employed one Hesse, a German attorney in Portland, to assist them as attorneys, and especially in the translation of German letters and papers, for which they agreed to pay him $1,000. This, they reported to Kunkel and he approved the same.
Kunkel was informed of their charge for $3,500 for their services to him individually, and it is claimed he assented thereto, but he was not informed that they had also charged up and received from the executors another $3,500 for their services to the estate, including the contest; and it is claimed on behalf of respondent that his assent to the payment of the last $3,500 was obtained and procured by the willful suppression of the fact that they had already been paid for these services by the estate.
Before the estate was finally settled Samuel Kunkel also died, and the plaintiff herein brings this proceed*412ing as his administrator, claiming that the fee paid to the defendants, as attorneys for the executors, was exorbitant and should not have exceeded $1,500; that said amount should have covered their entire services, both for the estate and for Samuel Kunkel individually, and also for the services of Hesse; and that the gift from the client to the attorneys of the $1,000, should not be permitted to stand.
The court below allowed the defendants the $3,500 as attorneys for the executors, the $1,000 for the services of Hesse, and the $1,000 as a gift, but refused to allow the $3,500 charged for direct services to Samuel 'Kunkel. From this decree the defendants appeal.
From the opinion of the majority of the court I am compelled to dissent. Measured by the value of the services performed by the appellants for Mr. Kunkel, and for which they were not otherwise recompensed, their charge of $3,500 seems to me exorbitant and unconscionable ; and, as I view it, Mr. Kunkel’s approval of that fee was obtained by such an important and unfair suppression of fact, as to prevent the defendants from gaining any advantage by such alleged approval, under the rule governing the relation of attorney and client, as stated in the majority opinion.
With the rule governing the duty of an attorney toward his client, as stated in that opinion, I am entirely satisfied. I quote again from the language of the opinion, taking the liberty of italicizing the portions which seem to me to have more particularly concrete application to this case.
“The relation between an attorney and client has always been treated as one of special trust and confidence; and for that reason the law requires that the conduct of an attorney, when dealing with his client, shall be characterized by fairness, honesty and good *413faith. Indeed, so strict is the injunction not to take advantage of the client, that when a client challenges the fairness of a contract made with his attorney the latter has the burden of showing not only that he used no undue influence, but also that he gave to his client all the information and advice which it would have been his duty to give if he himself had not been interested, and that the transaction was as beneficial to the client as it would have been if the latter had dealt with a stranger.”
These are brave, strong words, and with every syllable of them I entirely concur. They fix the duty of an attorney toward his client at a high standard — but not too high, when we consider the peculiarly confidential relation which an attorney enjoys; and the fact, that those with whom he deals, are oftentimes helpless from infancy or old age, and are generally ignorant of , the law, and of their legal rights; and practically at the mercy of the lawyer who represents them. Such a declaration of the principles which govern attorneys, will be an inspiration to the lawyer who cares deeply for his profession and for its honor.
When it becomes generally known, that this is the standard which governs the conduct of attorneys — and that the courts unflinchingly carry the principles so declared into execution — there will be an end of that unjust belief, unfortunately now so general among laymen, that lawyers are mercenary and unscrupulous grafters; and that the courts, being composed of lawyers promoted, look with complacent tolerance, and winking eye, upon the unjust greed and rapacity of their erstwhile associates.
If I would add anything to the words of the majority opinion in this regard, it would be in the language of Mr. Thornton in his excellent new work on Attorneys:
*414“Attorneys, - in entering into contracts of employment with clients, are required.to exercise the highest order of good faith, not only in advising the client, hut also in disclosing all information in their possession, as to facts which would or might influence him, either in entering into or refusing to execute the contract. The failure to ,do so renders -the contract presumptively void. * * The burden is on the attorney to show that the client was advised and informed”: 2 Thornton on Attorneys, § 429, p. 743.
Keeping in view, then, the rule in such cases, let us attempt to apply it in this case, and see whether or not the conduct of the defendants in the case measures up to these high standards. For if it does not, and we, directly or tacitly, approve of their action, and help them to reap the profits of the transaction, then, as it seems to me, our fine words had far better never have been said. They will be “like dead sea apples — pleasant to the sight but ashes to the touch.”
I assume — as there is no appeal by the plaintiff from that part of the decree which favored the defendant — that the only question before us which we can readjudicate, is the claim for the last $3,500 for the services alleged to have been rendered by the appellants to Mr; Kunkel individually. ■ However, it does not follow, that we should not consider the other sums received by the appellants, in so far as they affect the fairness and justice of the charge of the last $3,500, which is before the court — for instance, if the sum of $3,500 received by the appellants from the executors was for the same services, or part of the same services, for which they' are now trying to charge Kunkel individually; then having once received compensation therefor, it would be utterly unjust to permit them, to again collect from Mr. Kunkel, for-the same service. No court of equity would permit so *415unjust a result, and if it would, it would cease then and there, to be a “court of equity.”
The same suggestions apply to the $1,000 collected by the appellants and turned over to Hesse, for assisting in doing whatever was done, in the matter of Mr. KunkePs individual intei'est. If he performed part of the services and was paid by Mr. Kunkel, that reduces the work left to-be done by the defendants, in the same matter; and it would be obviously unjust for them, having induced Kunkel to pay the $1,000 to Hesse, to then charge him again in their own behalf for that part of the work which he had already paid Hesse for doing. It becomes necessary, then, in analyzing the case, and finding out whether this last charge of $3,500 to Mr. Kunkel individually, was just or unjust, to separate the work for which they have already been paid by the executors, and the,part of the work of taking care of Mr. KunkePs interests performed by Hesse, from the remainder of the services performed, so that we can see what services are left, and what, if any, fair relation, they bear to the large sum charged.
In considering this question we must remember constantly that all the amounts received by the appellants, came, directly or indirectly, out of Mr. Kunkel’s pocket. The $3,500 paid to the defendants by the executors was really paid by Mr. Kunkel, for he was the residuary legatee, and everything left from the estate belonged to him. / At the time when these fees were allowed by the executors, it had been agreed exactly what Daniel KunkePs wife was to receive, and the defendants, and everyone else, who had any relation to the case, knew full well, that whatever came out of the estate in the way of executors or attorneys ’ fees, came out of funds otherwise belonging to Samuel *416Kunkel. Indeed there was no longer any real necessity or reason for separating the fees, unless it would be, by this manipulation, “to make two fees grow, where one had grown'before.” %
Of course, in determining the services which the defendants had a right to charge up as an individual charge against Samuel Kunkel, I think it will at once be' conceded, that they had no right to charge for any services in overseeing the final settlement and protecting his interests, in the matter of the executors’ fees and their own attorneys’ fees, for the simple reason that they did nothing, and could do nothing, 'in that regard; for in that, the defendants had put themselves in an impossible and inconsistent position. They were attempting to represent the executors, who were interested in getting the largest possible fees, and they were also interested in getting the maximum fees for themselves. And at the same time, they were supposed to be representing the interests of Mr. Kunkel; whose interests were, to have the executors and attorneys’ fees reduced to the smallest possible margin. The result was, that no one really represented Mr. Kunkel before the County Court at all'. There were no objections whatever filed to the executors’ fees; neither was there any objection made to the fees demanded by the attorneys.
In practice, the arrangement worked out beautifully. The executors and attorneys, apparently, resolved themselves into sort of a mutual approval society. The executors came in and demanded their fees. They demanded the statutory fee, not only on the personal property, which passed through their hands, but also upon the $30,000 worth of real property, for which they did not account at all. And in addition to this, they demanded their fees on the whole estate, as erro*417neously appraised at $108,000, although $10,000 of that was an obvious double appraisement, and the estate really totaled only $98,000. Nevertheless, these fees were, apparently, approved by the defendants. Indeed, we may safely assume that the report of the executors, asking for these executors’ fees, was written by the defendants as their attorneys.
Again the executors, with equal complacence, included in their report a request — in addition to their own fees — for $3,500 for the attorneys, although it appears from the evidence that the fees fixed by the rules of the Bar Association for acting as attorneys in, such an administration, would only have been about $1,000 or $1,100; and to these attorneys’ fees again there was, of course, no objection, and Mr. Kunkel’s interests again were not represented. The County Court, finding that there was no objection whatever •on behalf of Mr. Kunkel’s attorneys, and that the executors’ claim for fees was approved by the attorneys, and that the attorneys’ claim for fees was approved by the executors, allowed each of them the full amount claimed.
It is obvious that the appellants’ supposed representation of the individual interest of Mr. Kunkel was, in this particular, really of no value whatever. They did nothing for him, and in the very nature of things, could do nothing for him. They were trying to perform two inconsistent duties — to ride two horses going in different directions. It goes without saying that attorneys cannot properly act for both parties under such circumstances, even with their consent.
“Even by the consent of the parties, an attorney is not permitted to act on both sides of a cause”: Weeks on Attorneys, § 120.
*418“It is a well-settled general rule that an attorney cannot represent conflicting interests, or undertake the discharge of inconsistent duties”: 1 Thornton- on Attorneys at Law, §174.
“So an attorney for the executors of an estate is disqualified to represent the heirs for the purpose of supervising the proceedings of the executors with reference to distribution”: Id., § 175.
'Now let us see how much of the services performed by the defendants in the whole transaction were paid for by the $3,500 received from Mr. Kunkel’s funds, through the executors, and, therefore, not fairly chargeable to him again, as an individual. That this fee paid through the executors was intended to and did cover, practically the entire services in the matter of the contest, seems entirely plain. Judge Cleeton, who presided in the County Court and allowed the fee, and therefore must be presumed to know, being called by the defendants, testified:
“The matter came up in regular order and in due course of the administration after the settlement had been reached by the attorneys representing the respective contesting parties, and after it had been approved by the court, it came on then for fixing the fees for the attorneys. It came on without a contest and without any objections being filed. Mr. Bernstein presented the claim for attorneys’ fees, and stated the attorneys claimed for their services $3,500 representing the executors of the estate.
“Ordinarily an estate of that size that proceeded without contest and in the usual way, the attorneys’ fees should be something like about $2,500 to $3,000, and I estimated that to represent and' provide a defense against a contest of an estate of that value, it would be worth from $500 to $1,000, and I fixed the fee accordingly at $3,500.”
On cross-examination he testified:
“Q. Mr. Bernstein, himself, asked that the fees *419should be as much as $3,500, did he not, when he presented it to you?
“A. Yes — he made application for his fee as is customary by attorneys.
“Q. That was fixed before the account was filed, was it not? '>
“A. I think he put his claim in — he made an oral statement of the matter to me that he had asked for an attorneys’ fee of $3,500.”
Again in his cross-examination:
“Q. In connection with his application to you to fix the fee, Mr. Bernstein always called attention to the fact that the attorneys, himself and Mr. Cohen, had handled the contest matter and made the compromise, did they not?
“A. Yes, I understood that. I understood that.
“Q. You took that into consideration in fixing the fee?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Do you know what the Bar Association rule is (as to fixing attorneys’ fees for executors)?
“A. No, I think they allow the attorney about one half of what the administrator is supposed to get. * *
“Q. Also in this case, there were no probate sales, were there?
“A. I don’t remember that there were — I think not.
“Q. And there was, I believe, only one account— the final account?
“A. Yes, that would leave only the final account in that case.
‘ ‘ Q. The final account itself, was a very brief document, was it not?
“A. I think, from the nature of the estate, the final account was not a complex or comprehensive document.
“Q. You were taking into consideration the services rendered, I believe you have already said, in connection with the handling of the contest and the compromise of it in fixing those fees?. ■
“A. Yes, sir.”
*420Judge Cake, who was also called as a witness for the defendants, in his deposition testified:
“Well, I didn’t take any part in the matter at all. Mr. Bernstein suggested to the court the work of the attorneys, referring to this case (the contest) and I didn’t remember what the fees were fixed at. The court considered the matter talked over with Mr. Bernstein and asked questions concerning the situation, and it was fixed in the immediate light of the litigation which had just been concluded. * *
“Q. At the time the court made the order allowing the attorneys’ fee of $3,500, the court’s attention was particularly brought to the matter of this litigation, as I understand it?
“A. To the what, you say?
“Q. Was particularly drawn by Mr. Bernstein to the matter of this will contest and the services that had-been rendered in that connection.
“A. That was brought up. I stood there at the end. of the bench and Mr. Bernstein stood m front of the court, and he told him the circumstances under which the litigation had been brought, and the other conditions with which the administration of the estate was affected.
“Q. The allowance of the attorneys’ fees was based upon Mr. Bernstein’s statement that was thus submitted, as I understand?
“A. Why, of course; now I could not tell you about that, but the history of the case and the history of the estate would, of course, be well known to Judge Cleeton.
“Q. Yes, but attention was drawn to the fact that the attorneys for the executors had attended to the %oill contest and also to the settlement that had been made.
“A. Yes, yes.
“Q. These items were brought in for the court’s consideration?
“A. Yes, oh, yes.”
And again the same witness testified:
“A. Yes, about the way I figure that, Mr. Yeazie, *421is this: Even if this suit had not been in there, if there had not been any suit there and had been the administration of the estate, a couple of thousand dollars for the ordinary estate of a hundred thousand dollars should be charged.
“Q. You figure that if there had not been the litigation over the will, $2,000 would have been a fair fee?
“A. If there had not been any litigation at all, yes, $2,000 would have, been a very fair fee for the executors.
“Q. And there ought to have been an allowance of $1,500 more for the conduct of the will contest?
“A. Yes, yes; very, very reasonably so; yery reasonably so.”
Indeed, the large fee of $3,500 for the attorneys in this simple estate, could not possibly have been sustained upon any other theory. Every witness called for the defendants, who testified that the $3,500 was reasonable, based their testimony upon the fact that the contest, and all the work of the contest, was included; and not one of them ventured to say that $3,500 would have been a fair fee for the administration alone; while the witnesses for the plaintiff place the value of the services, including both administration and contest, at a much less sum. It appears that the rules fixed by the Bar Association placed the attorneys’ fees at one half of the amount allowed the executors.
Judge Cleeton, himself, testified:
“Q. Do you know what the Bar Association rule is (as to fixing attorneys’ fees for executors)?
“A. No, I think they allowed the attorney about one half of what the administrator is supposed to get.”
As the Bar Association is composed entirely of lawyers, I think we may safely assume that the fee fixed *422by them is a reasonable one, and not too low. It is true that some of the attorneys who were .witnesses, were disposed to quarrel with the' schedule fixed by the Bar Association — basing their judgment upon the ground that such a division was unfair, because the attorney generally did all the work. This may be true as between the attorney and the executor, but that is no reason why the estate should suffer a double charge. If the executor puts the work that properly belongs to him on to the attorney, and the attorney does it, the executor should pay for such services out of Ms fees, and not out of the estate. The law allows the executor so much for the performance of his duties; and it would be exceedingly unjust, to permit him to collect the whole amount of his fees for performing such duties, and then turn the work over to an attorney, and let the attorney charge up the estate again therefor. The attorney should only be allowed for merely legal services.
In this case the estate was a very simple one. It was nearly all in money and real estate, except one large note. The real estate was not sold. The note was not sued upon for recovery. Outside of the contest with the widow, there were no complications whatever. There was no more work about the administration than there would be about the ordinary $500 estate. There was nothing that required any particular or special skill or unusual ability. There was no responsibility for the investigation of title or the sale of property. There was only the petitions to draw, and one or two accounts and the final account to prepare, and perhaps a few other incidental services. The entire work of settling the estate, if put together, would not have taken two weeks of the time of any attorney. Under such conditions the fees fixed by the *423Bar Association would seem to be entirely ample, and, as I have said, it seems impossible to have reasonably stretched those small services ' to cover the $3,500 charge, without including the entire services in the contest matter; and, as we have seen from the testimony, as a matter of fact, they were included.
It has been urged that this contest was the individual matter of Mr. Kunkel, and that, therefore, the services of the defendants in that regard, were not properly chargeable to the estate. This seems an exceedingly narrow and technical view, and I do not think it can be sustained. The very right of the executors to be executors at all, was involved in the contest, and as attorneys for the executors, and on behalf of the estate, the attorneys were bound to do everything that could be done and make every exertion in their power, to sustain the will. But in any event, it does not lie in the mouths of the defendants, to say now, that their services in that contest, were not for the estate and properly paid for by the estate. According to the testimony of both Judge Cleeton and Judge Cake, already quoted, they went before the County Court and asked to be allowed this fee for their services as attorneys in the contest, and it was allowed to them upon their own solicitations and representations.
Indeed, it appears that the final report of the executors, which we may assume was prepared by the defendants, contains the following representations in regard to the services which the fee was to cover:
“In addition to which the executors have employed the firm of Bernstein & Cohen as their attorneys, who have acted as such since the probate of the will, and also have given special and additional services in the contest filed by the widow of deceased, and the settlement of the same, for which services they request that the attorneys’ fees be fixed at $3,500.”
*424They ought not now he permitted to come hack and say the fee was not properly allowed in the County Court, and having got it down in their pockets, ask to collect it again, directly from Mr. Kunkel, who has already paid it once indirectly.
The only remaining question then upon this branch of the case is, whether the comparatively small services that were left, after taking out the contest and the estate already paid for, were fairly worth so large a sum as $3,500. No doubt there were some services performed by the defendants for Mr. Kunkel individually and which were not paid for through the executors. Such services were the correspondence, the transmitting of the money and the formal appearance for him in the contest. To say that such services were w'orth so large a sum as $3,500 seems to me so startlingly unjust as to be almost absurd.
Then it must be remembered that even these services are to be divided, because Hesse was employed by the defendants themselves, to perform part, if not all, of the same; and for this they paid him $1,000, not out of their own but out of Mr. Kunkel’s funds. It must be presumed that he performed, at least a part of the work involved in the correspondence, and whatever else there was to do. Mr. Bernstein himself, in one of his letters to Kunkel, says: ‘‘That Hesse was employed to assist in the correspondence and as an attorney in the case,” so that in ascertaining what was the value of the services performed for Mr. Kunkel, we must take out that portion presumably performed by Mr. Hesse. To allow the defendants to collect for the same, services once for Hesse, and again for themselves, would be manifestly unjust. To my mind, therefore, a fee of $3,500 to be collected by the defendants from Kunkel, in addition to the $3,500 *425already received through the executors, and the $1,000 collected by them for Hesse, is clearly unreasonable.
In arriving at this conclusion I have said nothing about the $1,000 gift. That stands a little different from the other matters already considered. Nevertheless, it had some bearing upon the general relations of the parties. No doubt it was intended as in some sense a partial remuneration for the services performed by the defendants. Mr. Kunkel does not seem to have known the defendants at all, and there was no reaáon why he should have given them a thousand dollar Christmas present, except that he had so intended it. The defendants in their letters to him had constantly asserted and protested their unselfish and undying devotion to his-interest.
In the letter of March 3, 1914, Mr. Bernstein saysi
“You can rest assured we shall look after your interest to the best of our ability, and that it shall always be our aim to represent your welfare and interest most energetically.”
In the letter of "March 30th, ensuing, he says again:
“Best assured that we shall look after your interests to the best of our ability, and that we understand your position perfectly.”
In the letter of February 23d:
“You can rest assured that we shall keep you forthwith informed as to all developments in this estate, which concern your personal interests
In the letter of July 2d:
“On account of the intimate friendship always existing between your brother and us for a lifetime, and on account of the exceptional confidence which we enjoyed, it will be to a certain extent our duty to your deceased brother to see to it that his estate is administered, etc.”
*426If Mr. Kunkel had been a reader of our own Shakespeare, he might have thought with old Falstaff, that the defendants “did protest too much,” but as it was, he seems to have been very much impressed by these protestations, and he evidently thought that such unselfish and professed devotion to his interest, deserved some special reward. Perhaps he had read of the old time English law, when an attorney could charge no fee, and intended this $1,000 as a sort of honorarium. Perhaps he thought if he was generous with the defendants, they would at least be fair with him. Perhaps in his innocence he thought he could “bribe” them to do what was fair and right.
At any rate, it is perfectly plain that while he called the $1,000 a gift, he really intended that it should be some sort of a reward for the services which he hoped to receive from the defendants. As I have already said, it seems to me that from any viewpoint, the charge of $3,500 for the small services which the defendants performed individually for Kunkel, and for which they had not been paid, after already receiving $3,500 from the executors, is exorbitant and unfair.
It is urged in the brief by the learned attorneys for appellants, that if this money had been collected and transmitted through the German consulate, the charges for consulate fees and attorney’s fees, would have been as large as those made by the defendants for the same services. It seems a poor .defense to a bad act or an exorbitant fee that someone else would have committed as great a wrong or charged as unjust a fee. But since it throws a sidelight on this transaction, let us inquire. In the brief of appellants a calculation is .made from which it is figured that the charges of 2 per cent by the consul and 5 per cent for attorney’s fee would have amounted to something *427over $3,900, and the result of this calculation seems to have been accepted bodily in the majority opinion.
But this conclusion, as it seems to me, can only be reached by disregarding the evidence, and figuring the percentage on the amount of the promissory note, which was transmitted without collection, as well as the money collected and transmitted. As a matter of fact the evidence shows this would not have been done.
Mr. F. H. Ritters, secretary to the German consulate, testified in regard to the official tariffs for the remittance of money from this country to Germany, as follows:
“Q. Will you kindly state what the official tariff of fees for the remittance of money in the states is at the present and what the preceding tariff was, if there has been a change and to what years it applies?
“A. Since January 1, 1911, we are charging 2 per cent — yes, sir, 2 per cent of the money forwarded to the heirs. That means 2 per cent of the moneys collected, and after the attorneys’ fees are deducted.
“Q. Before that, what was the schedule?
“A. One and two thirds per cent of the first $500 and one third per cent of each additional $100.
“Q. How far back did that schedule apply?
“A. From 1872.”
Mr. Veazie, who was attorney for the German consulate at that time, testified:
“Yes, sir; there are fees charged for the transmittal of money, for the actual money transmitted.
“Q. For the money actually transmitted?
“A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Do you know what that fee is approximately?
“A. Two per cent on the money actually transmitted.
“Q. And the consul, did he get anything out of these estates, or any of them? The consul here?
“A. Not a cent, no, sir. The consul here was an honorary consul, serving absolutely without pay or fees. * *
*428“Q. Would these charges of fees in a case of this hind, for instance, where there was $25 or $26,000 in cash, and $27,000, or such a matter, in securities, toould that fee be charged on the securities as well as on the cash?

“A. No. No fee is charged excepting on the cash actually transmitted.”

And lie testified further in regard to the attorneys’ fees.
“'A. The standard fee charged in cases where we have handled the business of an estate, including attention to it during administration and drawing the necessary proofs and documents in the case, and doing all that is necessary, is 10 per cent on the first $1,000 and 5 per cent on the balance. * * But in cases where there is a will and no proofs are required and no special services are needed, we usually have made a much lower charge than that, varying with the amount of services required.”
This is the only testimony in the case upon this point; so it is perfectly clear that the charges of two per cent for consulate fees, and five per cent for attorney’s fees, would only have been on the cash transmitted, which amounts in this case in round numbers to $28,600, including what was retained by the attorneys. The note was never collected, and there was nothing to be done in regard to it, and nothing could be done, except to receive it from the executors and put it in a letter directed to Samuel Kunkel, and deposit it either in the postoffice or in the express office.
To suppose that either the German consul or the attorneys for him, or any other reputable attorney, would charge 2 per cent or 5 per cent on the amount of a note for $27,500 for the nominal service of taking it to the postoffice, is as contrary to every presumption of honesty and fair dealing, as it is to the posi*429tive testimony in the case. So, as a matter of fact, the maximum charge, if this matter had gone through the hands of the German consul instead of defendants, both for consulate fees and attorney’s fees, would have been figured like this:
Consulate fees of 2% on $27,000............$ 552.00
Attorney’s fees of 10% on first $1,000...... 100.00
Attorney’s fees of 5% on remaining $27,600 1,380.00
Total..............$2,032.00
Even this charge would have seemed an exorbitant one for the services performed. And, indeed as we have seen, Mr. Veazie testified that in cases where there is a will, there was usually a much lower charge. But when we consider that these services would have covered everything the defendants did for Mr. Kunkel, that they were not paid for through the executors, and that it. would also have covered the services for which the defendants paid Hesse $1,000, it is apparent that the defendants’ charge for doing the same work, for themselves and Hesse, was more than double what Mr. Kunkel would have paid, if' the matter had been attended to through the regular official channels. So the comparison stands in round numbers, $4,500 against $2,000.
Also it must be remembered, the attorneys thus acting for Mr. Kunkel, would not have been tied up with the executors and would have (presuming that they were honest), in addition to all the services performed by the defendants, gone before the County Court and objected to the fees charged by the executors on the false appraisement and on the real property that was never sold, and it may fairly be presumed would have succeeded in reducing the charges of the executors by at least $200.
*430Again, they probably would have succeeded in reducing the attorney’s fees to some approximation of the standard fixed by the Bar Association. So that Mr. Kunkel, besides the difference of $2,500, in the amount of fees, which he would háve had to pay directly, would also, in all reasonable probability, have saved from $200 to $1,200, by reason of having independent attorneys, who would have represented- him before the County Court in the matter of the final account.
The only remaining question is, whether or not the defendants, having driven a hard bargain with Kunkel, and induced him to tacitly, at least, assent to this charge, can now successfully “demand their pound of flesh,” and insist upon their hard bargain because of that assent. Here we are met by the principle enunciated in the beginning of the majority opinion, and in the quotation from Thornton on Attorneys, already alluded to.
The defendants were attorneys. They were dealing with a client, and a client, who, by reason of age and distance, was more than ordinarily helpless and at their mercy — more than ordinarily dependent upon them for good faith, fair dealing, information and advice. Then, if we are to follow the accepted and announced rule governing the relation of attorney and client, the defendants, in obtaining Kunkel’s assent and approval of their fee and his agreement thereto, should have exercised the utmost fairness and good faith and should, in the language of Judge Thornton, have disclosed “all information in their possession as to facts which would or might influence him.” And if they did not do so, his supposed assent falls to the ground and comes to naught.
*431The question then is: Did they deal with him, with the highest degree of fairness¶ Did they disclose to him fully, all information which was- in their possession, which would- or might influence him? Did they communicate to him all the information which they would and should have communicated to him if they had been strangers to a transaction between him and third parties, and about which he was consulting them. We think the contrary is clear to all. The very day before they wrote to him, asking for his assent to the charge against him individually of $3,500, they had received from funds belonging to him, through the executors another $3,500 for their supposed services in his behalf, through the estate. This matter was then fresh in their minds. They could not have forgotten it. Yet they do not say in their letter to him one word, or inform him in any way, in regard to the previous charge. Neither did they tell him that they had claimed from the executors, and been paid by them, for their services in the contest matter. Why this silenc.e, about a matter so nearly and vitally touching Mr. Kunkel’s interests, and so inseparably related to the fairness of the additional fee they were asking him to agree to? Was it not a matter about which he had a right to know? Was he to be kept in complete ignorance of what had become of so large a sum of his money?
We may find an excuse, perhaps, if we will, for their failure to send him a copy of the different accounts, showing just how the estate stood, and dismiss it as merely ‘imprudent.’ But here was a single large item amounting in one disbursement to thousands of dollars. And it was paid to and received by them. Can anyone excuse their failure to inform their principal in relation to such a charge, under such circum*432stances ? Even if. they had not been asking for another and further fee, it would surely have been their duty, as attorneys and agents of Mr. Kunkel, to give him information of so large a charge against him. And was it not all the more their duty, when they were asking him to agree to a still further fee?
They had solemnly promised in their letter of February 23d,

I ‘You can rest assured that we shall keep you forthwith informed of all developments in this estate which concern your interests.”

'■ Independent of the promise, it was their bounden duty to give the information, or else all our fair words about the duties of an attorney go for naught. "Was it “fair” to Kunkel to get him to agree to another fee of $3,500, without first telling him that they had already received, the 'day before, a big fee of a like amount, paid through the executors and also out of his funds, and that this fee covered their services in the contest with Mrs. Kunkel, and in the' settlement of that contest? "Was there a compliance with the rule announced by this court that “the conduct of an attorney when dealing with his client shall be characterized by fairness,” and that the burden “is on the attorney to show such fairness?” Was this giving him “all the information which it would have been their duty to give, if they themselves had not been interested”?
Was this a compliance with the rule stated by Mr. Thornton already quoted, that attorneys are required in such matters to ‘ ‘ exercise the highest order of good faith in disclosing all information which would or might influence” the client? Can anyone logically say, that it would not and might not have influenced *433old Mr. Kunkel in concluding -whether he would assent to this large fee, if he had been informed that the defendants had already received from his funds another fee equally large? Do not the conditions and circumstances drive one irrésistibly to the conclusion, that the very reason why the appellants did not inform their client of the first $3,500 fee, was because they feared that the old gentleman would take it into consideration, and would not be so willing to gay them the second $3,500, and the $1,000 for Hesse, if he was informed that they had received the first fee?
It must be remembered that the defendants were just as careful, apparently, to not inform the County Court, when they were asking for a fee from it, that they expected another fee from Kunkel, for the same services, or that part of the services were to be performed by Hesse at Kunkel’s expense, as they were not to inform Kunkel of the fee received from the County Court. It must be conceded by everyone that rightly or wrongly, justly or unjustly, legitimately or illegitimately, the appellants had their hands down deep in both Mr. Kunkel’s pockets. "With one hand they were taking $3,500 from one pocket through the executors, and with the' other they were extracting $3,500, yes $4,500, through the individual charge. And they were carefully obeying the biblical injunction, “Do not let thy right hand know what thy left handdoeth.”
It is urged in the brief on behalf of defendants, that the court should assume that these facts were actually known to Kunkel at the time he assented to the $3,500 individual fee, through other sources; but I cannot assent to this view. The burden was upon the defendants to show definitely that Kunkel did know these facts. The evidence tends strongly to show affirma*434tively that he did not have such knowledge. In the letter of December 14,1914, in which he assents to the $3,500, he says:
“With your balance I am completely agreed and satisfied. Have the 'executors been paid, or do both gentlemen live in such good circumstances that they do not request any administrators’ fees?”
So it is apparent that Mr. Kunkel did not know at that time that fees had been allowed, even to the executors, and it is not to be supposed that he knew of the $3,500 allowed to the executors for their attorneys, because, had he known, he would certainly have mentioned it in that letter. Under these circumstances it was natural that he should suppose the $3,500, which he was paying, covered the entire services of the defendants, in the absence of any statement from them that they were getting any other pay. I think his assent under these conditions to the payment of the additional $3,500 should be disregarded.
While it is practically admitted that the defendants did not inform Kunkel that a fee of $3,500 had been allowed and paid by the executors, or that this fee covered their services in the contest proceeding; yet it is strongly urged, that because the defendants had, in letters to Kunkel some months before the final settlement, informed him'that there would be a fee from the executors; that that, was a sufficient fulfillment of their duty, to give him full and complete information of everything within their knowledge; and that it was, therefore, unnecessary for them to inform bim that the fee had actually been allowed, or of its large amount, or that it covered the services in the contest and compromise. - ,
But even if we assume that old Mr. Kunkel carried all the details of the voluminous correspondence of *435months before in his mind, and therefore remembered, when he received the letter of November 19th and answered the same,- that a fee as attorneys for the executors had been mentioned, yet it did not give him the slightest knowledge of the important things — the large size of the fee already received, and the fact that it covered defendants’ services in the contest a/nd settle'ment, and therefore made any second charge to him for these matters, a double charge. Allowing for every item of information the defendants had given him, and assuming that he remembered it with the utmost clearness, it would only tell him that the defendants expected to receive some fee from the executors — whether that fee would be $100 or $500, and whether it would be confined to the conventional details of the estate — or would include their services in the contest and settlement, he was in no way informed.
If he had been acquainted with the practice of lawyers in this country and the rules of our Bar Association, he would probably have figured that such a fee in the estate matter would be about $1,000. But he had no knowledge of such things, and if he thought about it at all, he would probably expect it to be a much smaller sum. Certainly he would never imagine it would be so vast a sum as $3,500 in addition to the $3,500 they were charging him directly for services in the same matter. When they had written him the previous letters they did not know and could not state the amount of their fees from the executors, although they might have given an approximation. But when they wrote the letter of November 19th, they knew exactly what they had received' and that it covered the contest and settlement.
Why, then, did they not communicate that information to their client, when they were asking him for this *436other large fee? Was not theirs, at best, a poor and shabby pretense of performance, of the duty, which we have just declared rested upon them as attorneys to fully inform their client of every fact in their possession which might influence his judgment?
If Kunkel and the defendants had been strangers, dealing at arm’s-length, such fragments of information might possibly be accepted as giving Kunkel notice that some fee was to be charged. But here they were not dealing at arm’s-length. They were dealing with an old man thousands of miles away and' he was their client. He was utterly dependent upon their good faith. If that were possible, they had added to their duty as attorneys by frequently protesting their entire devotion to his interests. By their promises and assurances they had won his complete confidence. Under such circumstances, they should not now be permitted to stand upon any technical doctrine of “notice” or upon any half disclosures, which left their client in the dark as to the most important elements.
It is said the defendants told Kunkel three times in the course of their long correspondence, that they would charge him “some fee” through the executors. But they did not tell him once that such fee had been actually received. They did not tell him once that it amounted or would amount to thousands of dollars. They did not tell him once that it covered the contest and settlement.
It is also urged that Mr. Kunkel knew the amount of the estate, and knew the amount he was to receive, and that, therefore, he could figure out in some way,. the things which he had a right to know.; and it is suggested that he was a “schoolmaster,” and therefore must be presumed capable to do this figuring and protect himself. But it must be remembered that *437while he had been a teacher, he was at the time of these events, a superannuated one. He was an old man and apparently childish, as one at such an age would naturally be. He had reached the age of 78 years — had passed the three score and ten allotted to man, and was approaching close to the four score which some men reach “by reason of their great strength.” He was suffering with the troubles and afflictions of such great age. He had lost his wife and was sick himself, during the very happening of these events.
It is true that “schoolmasters” are presumptively intelligent, hut they are not all like Goldsmith’s village teacher, who amazed the gazing rustics “That one small head, could carry all he knew. ’ ’ Generally, they lead simple lives, and come in contact mostly with children and inexperienced youth; generally they know little of business affairs, and especially of lawsuits, and the settlement of estates. Kunkel, in particular, knew nothing of American lawyers, or their charges, or of the methods here of probating estates. In these matters he would have been no even matcher of wits with the defendants, even at his best. At his advanced age he was as helpless in their hands, in such matters, as they would have been, no doubt, in a discussion with him over Greek verbs or Latin translations.
Besides, he would have had to be possessed of the uncanny deductive powers of a Sherlock Holmes, to have reached any conclusion from the information he had as to whether or not the defendants had actually received a fee from the executors, or how much it was if they had received one, or that it covered the services in the contest and settlement. It is true he knew (from others) the appraised assets of the estate, and *438that he might have been able, from the information which had been given him, to figure the total amount that had been disbursed. But' that gave him no light upon the justness or injustice of the fee the defendants were then demanding. He was not informed, and he could not tell, how much of this total disbursement had gone- for taxes, or inheritance taxes, or for other legitimate purposes; or whether any part of it had gone to defendants for a fee.
The defendants, being his attorneys, and having won his confidence by their repeated assurances, he naturally assumed that all of the disbursements were legitimate. He had absolutely no way of calculating that $3,500 of the total disbursements had already gone into the defendants’ pockets, when they were asking him for another fee of like amount, and $1,000 more for Hesse. The language of the defendants in making the charge for the additional fee was indefinite and equivocal.
•, “For the professional services of Messrs. Bernstein & Cohen, which have been rendered for you to date, I charge the sum of $3,500.”
There was nothing in this language to indicate what services they were charging for, or whether or not they were charging him for the contest and settlement — nothing to distinguish between the services performed for him directly, and those performed for him through the estate. It must be remembered- that everything they did in any capacity (except fixing the fees for themselves and the executors) was “rendered for him,” since he was the only one to benefit, and it was all to be paid for out of his funds.
It did not make the slightest difference to Kunkel, or from his standpoint, whether the fees came in in the shape of one fee or two, provided that the total *439was reasonable and just. He knew that whatever the defendants received would come out of his pocket anyway, whether they were paid directly or through the executors. When he received their bill in this indefinite shape — without any reference to any other charge —he would, naturally, from his standpoint, suppose that their bill had been consolidated, and covered all their services. The large amount of their charge, which must have seemed to him ample to cover their entire services, would naturally strengthen that supposition. That he did so conclude, is plain from his answering letter, in which he says nothing about any other fee to them, but wonders and inquires why the executors are- not charging any fee.
“Do the two gentlemen, Mr. Scheller and Mr. Wagner, live in such good circumstances that they do not claim any executors’ fees?”
The old man had a perfect right to assume that if the defendants had already received a fee — certainly if they had received a large fee — out of funds belonging to him, that they would inform him of the fact; and to infer that they had not, when he received no such information. How easy — and how natural — it would have been, if Mr. Bernstein wanted to be entirely fair, for him to have written instead of the indefinite and equivocal letter he did write — something like this:
“For the professional services of Messrs. Bernstein & Cohen to you individually I charge the sum of $3,500. This does not include our services to the estate nor in the contest and settlement with Mrs. Kunkel, for which we yesterday received through the executors, an additional $3,500.”
If they had done this, or anything similar, they would have been fair — and no more than fair — with their client. Kunkel could then have intelligently as*440sented to or rejected their proposition. They would then have complied with the rule laid down- by this court in the majority opinion, and observed that “high degree of fairness’’ which is said to rest upon attorneys, and under which, before they deal with a client, they must fully disclose every fact which might- enter into his decision.
The services performed by the defendant for Mr. Kunkel individually, and for which the defendants have not' been paid, as I view it, are the transmitting of the money, the correspondence with Kunkel and the formal appearance for him in the contest proceeding. These services were not exceedingly great, and I think $1,000, in addition to the $1,000 received by Hesse, would be full and ample compensation therefor. I think the judgment of the court below should be modified by allowing defendants for the value of such services and as thus modified, affirmed. This is the only conclusion which seems to me possible from a close analysis of the case.
It is suggested that this conclusion would be in the nature of a compromise and therefore should not be entertained, but I do not see that it involves a compromise in any obnoxious sense. The compromise abhorred by the law, as I understand it, is one that attempts to split the difference between right and wrong, and run the line of cleavage halfway between justice and injustice. The line of real justice does not always measure the extreme claim of either party, but lies quite as often, somewhere between the two. And when this is so, and that just line can be ascertained, there is no impropriety in there fixing our decision, even although it may be in some broad sense in the nature of a compromise.
*441Here the defendants are justly entitled to the reasonable value of the services actually performed for Mr. Kunkel, and for which they have not been compensated, but as I view it they are not entitled to a dollar more, on account of the letter of a hard agreement, which they have obtained by suppression, either willful or negligent. When the whole transaction is taken up by the four corners and looked at from a broader view, the injustice of allowing the appellants the entire amount for which they ask, seems to me just as apparent as when closely analyzed. This estate was, as we have seen, a very simple one. There were no sales of real property and no recovery of money throug'h litigation. The estate was in process of settlement for eight or nine months, but could have occupied only a few weeks of actual time. The only money really handled by the defendants was the $41,000 in the bank when Daniel Kunkel died. By the time this reached Samuel Kunkel it had shrunken in one way and another to about $23,000. Of this difference the defendants, and their associate Hesse, have absorbed and are attempting to absorb in one way and another, as compensation for their services, the sum of about $9,000. This is no small sum. It is a moderate fortune. As much as the average attorney earns in years — more than the average layman accumulates in a lifetime. To my mind this great sum is out of all proportion to the small services performed. An attorney ought not to expect to get rich off from one client for so little work and in so simple a transaction. And if he does, his methods in the matter ought to be so fair and open as to be above reproach. It may be true that there is no absolute standard by which we can measure the value of an attorney’s services, as we would a bushel of wheat. But this is true of personal services in all *442walks of life. It is just as true of the services of an architect or a physician or a' mechanic, as it is of a lawyer. Yet we have to measure the value of such services whenever they come up to us. We all have an approximate idea of what is reasonable and what is unreasonable, for an attorney’s services in any given case.
I concur with that portion of the majority opinion which approves the settlement with Mrs. Kunkel and finds that the defendants acted with entire good faith in that matter. I also agree that there is nothing to censure in their general management of the estate, except when it touched the fees of themselves and the executors.
It has been suggested that Mr. Kunkel might have approved of defendants’ proposed fee, even if he had been informed of the previous one. It may possibly be true, that in the old man’s improvident eagerness to secure a portion of his inheritance, he would have consented, even to that. We can never know — he is dead and cannot speak — but it is the fault of the defendants that we do not know. If they had done their duty and informed him of the first fee when they asked' for the second, we would have known what his attitude would have been. It is not in the mouths of the defendants to urge the doubt that results from their own wrong or neglect. Under such circumstances, as we have already seen, the burden is upon them.
There are a number of reasons why I should like to concur in the majority opinion, if I could see my way clear to do so, without violation of just principles, but I cannot, and I therefore dissent.