Court Opinion

ID: 2978428
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:25:21.966882+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:12.438099
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                   File Name: 09a0339p.06

               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                 _________________

                                                X
                                                 -
 SHELBY COUNTY HEALTH CARE

                          Plaintiff-Appellee, --
 CORPORATION,

                                                 -
                                                     Nos. 08-6078/6419

                                                 ,
                                                  >
                                                 -
          v.

                                                 -
                                                 -
 THE MAJESTIC STAR CASINO, LLC GROUP
                                                 -
 HEALTH BENEFIT PLAN,
                        Defendant-Appellant. -
                                                N
                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the Western District of Tennessee at Memphis.
                No. 06-02549—Bernice B. Donald, District Judge.
                                  Argued: June 16, 2009
                         Decided and Filed: September 22, 2009
                                                                                    *
        Before: CLAY and ROGERS, Circuit Judges; JORDAN, District Judge.

                                   _________________

                                        COUNSEL
ARGUED: David A. Thornton, BASS, BERRY & SIMS PLC, Memphis, Tennessee,
for Appellant. Curtis Henry Goetsch, McCULLOUGH & McCULLOUGH, PLLC,
Germantown, Tennessee, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: David A. Thornton, Colleen D.
Hitch, BASS, BERRY & SIMS PLC, Memphis, Tennessee, John R. Kirk, BASS,
BERRY & SIMS PLC, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellant. Curtis Henry Goetsch,
McCULLOUGH & McCULLOUGH, PLLC, Germantown, Tennessee, for Appellee.
        CLAY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JORDAN, D. J., joined.
ROGERS, J. (pp. 30-37), delivered a separate opinion concurring in part and concurring
in the judgment.

        *
        The Honorable R. Leon Jordan, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Tennessee, sitting by designation.

                                              1
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                                 _________________

                                      OPINION
                                 _________________

       CLAY, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff, Shelby County Health Care Corporation (“the
Med”), filed this action pursuant to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 29
U.S.C. § 1001, et seq. (“ERISA”), challenging the decision of Majestic Star Casino, LLC
(“Majestic”), the plan administrator of The Majestic Star Casino, LLC Group Health
Benefit Plan (the “Plan”), to deny the Med’s claim for benefits. The Med filed the claim
pursuant to an assignment of benefits by one of Majestic’s employees insured under the
Plan. On the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment on the administrative record,
the district court granted judgment in favor of the Med. The district court determined
that Majestic erroneously denied benefits, and awarded benefits to the Med. Majestic
appeals from that decision, challenging the district court’s decision on several grounds.
In addition, Majestic appeals from the subsequent order of the district court awarding
attorney fees and costs to the Med. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the
judgment of the district court granting benefits and prejudgment interest to the Med, but
REVERSE the district court’s order awarding attorney fees.

                                   BACKGROUND

       Damon Weatherspoon, an employee of Fitzgerald’s Casino, a subsidiary of
Majestic, sustained injuries as a result of a one-car accident on March 13, 2005.
According to the Uniform Crash Report (the “Crash Report”) completed by the
responding Mississippi police officer, Weatherspoon was driving straight on a two-lane
state highway when his car left the road, entered a ditch, and collided with a tree. The
Crash Report indicated that, at the time of the accident, the road was dry, the weather
was clear, and the road was not under construction. Additionally, the police officer
reported that Weatherspoon was not wearing a seatbelt and did not have a driver’s
license or proof of insurance. The police officer also checked a box indicating that
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“driving under the influence” was a “contributing circumstance” to the accident, and
noted that a blood test to determine Weatherspoon’s blood-alcohol level was pending.

        Following the accident, Weatherspoon received treatment for his multiple
injuries at the Regional Medical Center, one of the Med’s medical facilities,
accumulating medical bills totaling over $400,000. On March 14, 2005, Weatherspoon
assigned his insurance benefits to the Med, authorizing the Med to seek and recover all
health insurance and hospitalization benefits available to Weatherspoon under the Plan.
On June 10, 2005, Weatherspoon submitted a claim for medical benefits, again
authorizing the Plan to pay the benefits directly to the Med.

        Weatherspoon filed his claim with Benefit Administrative Systems, Ltd.
(“BAS”), the third-party administrator for the Plan. Under the terms of the Plan, BAS
was “hired as the third party Contract Administrator by the Plan Administrator to
perform claims processing and other specified administrative services in relation to the
Plan.” (ROA vol. 1 at 89.) Importantly, the Plan Summary stated that BAS “is not a
fiduciary of the Plan and does not exercise any of the discretionary authority and
responsibility granted to the Plan Administrator.” (Id.) The Plan documents define
Majestic as “the sole fiduciary of the Plan,” and provide that Majestic “shall have the
sole discretionary authority to determine eligibility for Plan benefits or to construe the
terms of the Plan, and benefits under the Plan will be paid only if the Plan Administrator
decides, in its discretion, that the Participant or beneficiary is entitled to such benefits.”
(ROA vol. 1 at 96.)

        After receiving Weatherspoon’s claim for medical benefits, BAS began its
investigation of the claim. BAS sent a letter to the Mississippi Department of Public
Safety (“DPS”) requesting the Crash Report, Weatherspoon’s motor vehicle records, and
the citation for driving under the influence. However, the DPS informed BAS that it
could not “track” Weatherspoon because it had “no record of him in the system.” (A.R.
180.) The DPS referred BAS to the office of the police officer who completed the Crash
Report. BAS then contacted the Driver Records Department of the DPS, which
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informed BAS that, because Weatherspoon did not have a driver’s license, it could not
determine whether he was convicted of driving under the influence.

        Despite being unable to ascertain whether Weatherspoon was driving under the
influence at the time of the accident, BAS informed the Med that Weatherspoon’s
medical expenses were “ineligible” for coverage because the Plan excludes from
coverage charges related to an illegal act. BAS based its conclusion on an exclusionary
provision of the Plan:

        This Plan does not cover and no benefits shall be paid for any loss caused
        by, incurred for or resulting from . . . . [c]harges for or in connection with
        an injury or illness arising out of the participation in, or in consequence
        of having participated in, a riot, insurrection or civil disturbance or being
        engaged in an illegal occupation or the commission or attempted
        commission of an illegal or criminal act.
(ROA vol. 1 at 77.)

        In a letter dated September 16, 2005, BAS sent counsel for the Med copies of the
Plan Summary, the Crash Report, and the explanation of benefits denying coverage. The
letter noted that “Weatherspoon has not appealed the Plan’s denial by providing proof
of [insurance], a valid driver’s license . . . and a dismissal of the charges brought against
him . . . .” (A.R. 152.) On September 23, 2005, counsel for the Med sent a letter to BAS
requesting an appeal of the denial of its claim for benefits, stating that “an accident
report is not conclusive evidence of the commission of an illegal act.” (A.R. 151.)

        To apprise Majestic of the status of Weatherspoon’s claim, BAS sent an email
to Sally Ramirez, Majestic’s Corporate Director of Compensation and Benefits. BAS
attached the letter it received from the Med’s counsel requesting an appeal of the denial
of benefits, noting that the Med appealed “the claims we denied on Damon
Weatherspoon.” (A.R. 150.) The email from BAS also informed Ramirez that “[w]e
denied the claims based on ‘an illegal act’” and that BAS “will be reviewing this case
. . . and . . . will be contacting you to discuss further.” (Id.)
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        On October 4, 2005, as part of its review of the Med’s appeal, BAS requested
information from the county clerk regarding the status of Weatherspoon’s blood-alcohol
test. In response, on October 5, 2005, the county clerk sent BAS a letter confirming that
“blood was drawn and that the status of the [blood] test given is pending.” (A.R. 133.)
The letter further informed BAS that it could “contact [the clerk’s] office within the next
few months to get an updated status” of the blood test. (Id.) However, BAS did not
obtain the results of the blood test prior to completing its review of the Med’s appeal and
issuing the final decision to deny the benefits claim.

        On October 24, 2005, BAS sent a letter to counsel for the Med noting receipt of
the Med’s appeal. The same day, BAS sent Ramirez a copy of the letter and informed
Ramirez that BAS “has reviewed the appeal” and that BAS was “still in the process of
discovery” and would “update [Majestic] on [BAS’s] final response shortly.” (A.R. 36.)
Subsequently, on November 18, 2005, BAS sent an email to Ramirez requesting that she
“review and approve” the attached denial letter “before [BAS] send[s] it out.” (A.R. 6.)
The record does not contain a response from Ramirez.

        By letter dated November 21, 2005, BAS informed counsel for the Med that it
was denying the benefits claim, stating that “[w]e have conducted a final review of the
Plan’s denial of benefits.” (A.R. 3.) The letter cited the illegal-act provision of the Plan,
and noted that BAS’s “final determination” was based on the Crash Report and BAS’s
independent investigation of whether Weatherspoon had a driver’s license or automobile
insurance. (A.R. 3-4.) Specifically, BAS justified its denial of benefits as follows:

        Mr. Weatherspoon’s charges for driving under the influence are currently
        pending. A pending charge on an accident report is not proof of evidence
        of a commission of an illegal act, however, driving without a license or
        automobile insurance coverage under Mississippi law, is an illegal act;
        neither of which require a conviction to be considered illegal. . . .
(A.R. 4.) Thus, although the denial letter identified three illegal acts potentially
warranting application of the exclusionary provision—driving under the influence,
driving without insurance, and driving without a license—BAS based the denial decision
solely on driving without a license and driving without insurance. Because of the lack
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of evidence, BAS expressly disclaimed reliance on the citation for driving under the
influence as a reason for denying benefits.

       After receiving the final denial letter from BAS, on August 24, 2006, the Med
filed an action for benefits pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). On the parties’ cross-
motions for summary judgment on the administrative record, the district court found in
favor of the Med, concluding that Majestic improperly denied benefits. In reviewing the
benefits decision, the district court recognized that the Plan documents conferred
discretionary authority on Majestic, which generally would require the court to review
Majestic’s decision under an arbitrary and capricious standard of review. Nonetheless,
the district court found that de novo review was appropriate because Majestic “was
almost totally uninvolved in the decision to deny benefits to Weatherspoon.” (ROA vol.
1 at 253.)

       Reviewing the denial of benefits de novo, the district court determined that the
illegal-act provision did not provide a valid basis for denying Weatherspoon’s claim for
benefits. The district court concluded that there was insufficient evidence to prove that
Weatherspoon was driving under the influence and that the two illegal acts BAS relied
upon to deny the claim—driving without a license and driving without insurance—had
an insufficient “causal link” to Weatherspoon’s injuries. (ROA vol. 1 at 255-56.) In
addition to finding that Weatherspoon’s claim was wrongly denied, the district court
awarded benefits to the Med.

       As noted above, BAS did not obtain the results of Weatherspoon’s blood test
prior to issuing its final denial of Weatherspoon’s claim. However, after the district
court granted the Med’s motion for judgment on the administrative record, Majestic
discovered the existence of an amended crash report that confirmed Weatherspoon’s
blood-alcohol level at the time of the accident was 0.190, more than double Mississippi’s
legal limit of 0.08. Based on this new evidence, Majestic filed a motion to alter or
amend the judgment under Rule 59(e) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The
district court denied Majestic’s motion, noting that Majestic could not expand the
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administrative record with the newly discovered blood-test results. On August 7, 2008,
the Med filed a motion for costs, attorney fees, and prejudgment interest. The district
court granted the motion.

         Majestic filed a timely notice of appeal from each of the district court’s orders,
and we consolidated Majestic’s appeals for review. On appeal, Majestic raises a
number of claims, including whether the district court erred in applying de novo review,
whether the district court should have remanded the case to Majestic for further
consideration, whether the district court abused its discretion in denying Majestic’s Rule
59(e) motion, and whether the district court abused its discretion in awarding attorney
fees and costs to the Med.

                                           DISCUSSION

I.       STANDARD OF REVIEW APPLICABLE TO THE DECISION TO DENY
         BENEFITS
         A.       Standard of Review

         This Court “review[s] a district court’s determination regarding the proper
standard to apply in its review of a plan administrator’s decision de novo.” Haus v.
Bechtel Jacobs Co., 491 F.3d 557, 561 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Hoover v. Provident Life
& Accident Ins. Co., 290 F.3d 801, 807 (6th Cir. 2002)). “Factual findings inherent in
deciding an ERISA claim are reviewed for clear error.” Williams v. Int’l Paper Co., 227
F.3d 706, 714 (6th Cir. 2000); see also Pannebecker v. Liberty Life Assurance Co. of
Boston, 542 F.3d 1213, 1217 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing Abatie v. Alta Health & Life Ins.
Co., 458 F.3d 955, 962 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc)) (noting that an appellate court
“review[s] de novo the district court’s choice and application of the standard of review
to decisions by fiduciaries in ERISA cases . . . [and] review[s] for clear error the
underlying findings of fact”).1 “A district court’s factual findings are clearly erroneous

         1
          Majestic attempts to avoid this standard of review by arguing that, when the district court
reviews only the administrative record, its findings should be reviewed de novo. In support of its
argument, Majestic cites an unpublished decision from this Court stating that, in the ERISA context, this
Court “reviews the district court’s determinations, both factual and legal, under the de novo standard of
review.” Rehab. Inst., Inc. v. Mich. United Food & Commercial Workers Health & Welfare Funds, 178
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if, based on the entire record, we are ‘left with the definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been committed.’” Sanford v. Harvard Indus. Inc., 262 F.3d 590, 595 (6th
Cir. 2001) (quoting Bartling v. Fruehauf Corp., 29 F.3d 1062, 1067 (6th Cir. 1994)).

         B.        Analysis

         As in the district court, the parties dispute the standard of review applicable to
the decision to deny Weatherspoon’s benefits claim. Although ERISA creates a cause
of action for plan participants to challenge a plan administrator’s benefits determination,
it does not specify the judicial standard of review applicable to such actions. The
Supreme Court, however, has established that a denial of benefits “is to be reviewed
under a de novo standard unless the benefit plan gives the administrator or fiduciary
discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the
plan.” Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115 (1989). Following
Firestone, this Court has held that, if a plan expressly grants to the administrator such
discretion, and there is no evidence of a conflict of interest, both the district court and
this Court must review the administrator’s denial of benefits under the highly deferential
arbitrary and capricious standard of review. Moos v. Square D Co., 72 F.3d 39, 41 (6th
Cir. 1995).

         Nonetheless, even when the plan documents confer discretionary authority on the
plan administrator, when the benefits decision “is made by a body other than the one
authorized by the procedures set forth in a benefits plan,” federal courts review the
benefits decision de novo. Sanford, 262 F.3d at 597 (adopting the reasoning of Sharkey
v. Ultramar Energy Ltd., 70 F.3d 226, 229 (2d Cir. 1995)). Where a plan administrator
does not make the benefits decision, the plan administrator has not exercised its

F. App’x 449, 451 (6th Cir. 2006). However, the cases to which the unpublished decision cites do not
support the articulated standard of review. For example, Wilkins establishes that “[w]ith respect to review
of the plan administrator’s denial of benefits, both the district court and this court review de novo the plan
administrator’s denial of ERISA benefits . . . . This de novo standard of review applies to the factual
determinations as well as to the legal conclusions of the plan administrator.” Wilkins v. Baptist Healthcare
Sys., Inc., 150 F.3d 609, 613 (6th Cir. 1998) (emphasis added). In this case, however, the factual finding
at issue on appeal was not made by the plan administrator; instead, the district court made a factual
determination based on its review of the record.
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discretionary authority, and therefore a deferential standard of review is not justified.
See id. at 596-97 (“When an unauthorized body that does not have fiduciary discretion
to determine benefits eligibility renders such a decision, . . . deferential review is not
warranted.”).

       It is undisputed that the Plan documents give Majestic the discretionary authority
to interpret the Plan and make the final determination regarding whether a plan
participant is entitled to benefits. The parties also agree that the Plan explicitly denies
BAS such authority. However, the parties dispute whether Majestic actually exercised
its discretion or whether, as the Med contends, BAS improperly acted as a fiduciary and
exercised the discretionary reserved for Majestic.         Therefore, to determine the
appropriate standard of review applicable to the decision to deny benefits, the district
court was required to resolve the factual issue of “who actually made the benefit
determination.” Sharkey, 70 F.3d at 229. Because the issue of whether Majestic or BAS
made the decision to deny benefits is a factual issue, the district court’s finding is
reviewed for clear error. See Williams, 227 F.3d at 714.

        Examining the administrative record, the district court determined that “Majestic
was almost totally uninvolved in the decision to deny benefits to Weatherspoon. . . .
Because BAS was explicitly not granted discretionary authority to determine eligibility
for benefits and Majestic simply adopted its decision without engaging in any
independent fact-finding, the Court will apply a de novo standard of review.” (ROA vol.
1 at 253.) Thus, the district court made a finding of fact that BAS, not Majestic, made
the decision to deny benefits.

       The record supports the district court’s finding. First, the record shows that BAS
alone investigated Weatherspoon’s claim. All requests for documents appeared on BAS
letterhead and were sent by BAS representatives. The documents in the record also
indicate that BAS was the entity that made the ultimate decision to deny the Med’s
claim. Regarding the initial denial of benefits, for example, BAS’s internal activity
reports state that BAS concluded that the claim should be denied and “called Sally
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Ramirez to inform her of this claim and let her know that it is not covered.” (A.R. 88
(emphasis added).)

        Similarly, Dawn Evanchik, a BAS representative, informed Ramirez in an email
of the Med’s appeal and advised her that “[w]e denied the claims based on ‘an illegal
act.’” (A.R. 150 (emphasis added).) The email further stated that “we will be reviewing
this case . . . and . . . will be contacting you to discuss further.” (Id.) Internal emails at
BAS state that BAS is “working on this” appeal and that “BAS will submit notification
of the results of said appeal” directly to counsel for the Med. (A.R. 147.) Later in the
appeals process, BAS apprised Ramirez that BAS “has reviewed the appeal,” was “still
in the process of discovery,” and would “update [Majestic] on [BAS’s] final response
shortly.” (A.R. 36.)

        Communications with counsel for the Med further demonstrate that Majestic did
not make the benefits decision. The letters to counsel were on BAS letterhead and
indicated that BAS was responsible for reviewing both the claim and the Med’s appeal
of the denial of benefits. See Anderson v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 414 F. Supp. 2d
1079, 1098 (M.D. Ala. 2006) (finding significant the fact that correspondence to the
claimant instructed her to direct her appeal to the claims administrator).              Most
significantly, BAS issued the final denial letter to the Med on BAS letterhead. The letter
stated that “[w]e have conducted a final review of the Plan’s denial of benefits.” (A.R.
3.) Further, BAS stated that its “decision to deny benefits [was] based on a reasonable
interpretation of the Plan,” indicating that BAS, rather than Majestic, interpreted the
term “illegal act” in the Plan in determining whether Weatherspoon was eligible to
receive benefits. See Culp, Inc. v. Cain, 414 F. Supp. 2d 1118, 1125-27 (M.D. Ala.
2006) (applying de novo review to the benefits decision because although the plan
administrator had discretionary authority to interpret the plan, the plan administrator
made no determination about the meaning of the plan provision at issue).

        Accordingly, there is no evidence that Majestic was involved in BAS’s decision
to deny benefits. Although Ramirez submitted an affidavit stating that she was “in a
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continuing dialogue with BAS regarding whether [the] claim for benefits was payable
pursuant to the terms of the Plan” and that she “approved the form and contents” of the
denial letter before BAS sent the letter to the Med, (ROA vol. 1 at 199), the documents
in the record suggest otherwise. For example, although the investigation into and initial
denial of the Med’s claim occurred in September 2005, Ramirez was unaware of the
claim until at least October 3, 2005. That day, Ramirez sent an email to BAS requesting
that BAS forward all previously sent emails and documents to her business email
account, noting that she “no longer use[d]” the email account to which BAS had sent all
of its correspondence regarding Weatherspoon’s claim. (A.R. 143.) In addition,
although BAS asked Ramirez to “review and approve” the final denial letter, BAS never
requested that Majestic approve its decision to deny benefits. (A.R. 6.) Further, there
is no evidence that Majestic even reviewed the letter, as Majestic did not make any
changes to the denial letter or otherwise respond to BAS.2

         Despite the extensive evidence indicating that Majestic did not make the decision
to deny benefits, Majestic argues that it is entitled to deferential review because it
retained the “sole discretionary authority to determine eligibility for Plan benefits or to
construe the terms of the Plan.” (ROA vol. 1 at 96, 104.) However, whether Majestic
reserved for itself the discretion to determine eligibility under the Plan does not answer
whether, in this particular case, Majestic exercised that discretionary authority. See
Anderson, 414 F. Supp. 2d at 1098 (concluding that, even if the plan documents gave the
plan administrator the discretionary authority to decide benefits claims, the policy’s
terms “simply do not speak to the issue of whether or not [the fiduciary] actually retained
its authority to make claims determinations”). Majestic has failed to meet its burden of

         2
           Also suggesting a lack of review by Majestic is the fact that BAS sent the “review and approve”
email in the afternoon on Friday, November 18, 2005, and sent the denial letter on Monday, November
21, 2005. While that may be sufficient time to proofread a letter, it seems unlikely that Majestic could
review and approve the actual decision to deny coverage during that time.
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proving that deferential review should apply to the decision to deny Weatherspoon’s
claim for medical benefits. See Sharkey, 70 F.3d at 230.3

         The evidence in the record demonstrates that BAS made the decision to deny
coverage, communicated that decision directly to counsel for the Med, and then merely
“informed” Majestic of its decision. Given the substantial evidence in the record
supporting the district court’s finding, we conclude that the district court did not clearly
err in finding that BAS rather than Majestic made the decision to deny Weatherspoon’s
claim for benefits. Because the district court’s underlying factual finding is dispositive
of the standard of review applicable to the benefits decision, we further conclude that the
district court did not err in applying the de novo standard of review. See Sanford, 262
F.3d at 597 (“Having identified no clear error in the district court’s finding that Harvard
did not comply with the plan procedures in rescinding Sanford’s benefits, we also hold
that the court did not err by reviewing Harvard’s decision de novo, rather than under the
more deferential ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard.”).

II.      DENIAL OF BENEFITS

         A.        Standard of Review

         This Court reviews de novo the district court’s judgment on the administrative
record regarding an ERISA denial of benefits. Bennett v. Kemper Nat’l Servs., Inc., 514
F.3d 547, 552 (6th Cir. 2008); Smith v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 450 F.3d 253, 258 (6th Cir.
2006); Sanford, 262 F.3d at 597. “When applying a de novo standard in the ERISA
context, the role of the court reviewing a denial of benefits ‘is to determine whether the
administrator . . . made a correct decision.’ The administrator’s decision is accorded no

         3
           Contrary to Judge Rogers’ concurrence, Geddes v. United Staffing Alliance Employee Medical
Plan, 469 F.3d 919, 927 (10th Cir. 2006) does not apply to this matter because the issue in that case was
whether a plan administrator could only delegate its fiduciary duties to another fiduciary, or whether it
could delegate its fiduciary duties to an independent third party. In Geddes, the court found that the plan
administrator had not forfeited its discretionary authority by delegating fiduciary duties to an independent
third party. Here there is no dispute that Majestic was entitled to delegate fiduciary duties to independent
third party BAS. However, unlike the plan administrator in Geddes, Majestic did forfeit its discretionary
authority by not exercising its final review authority over the decision to deny benefits and thereby violated
the plan.
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deference or presumption of correctness.” Hoover, 290 F.3d at 808-09 (quoting Perry
v. Simplicity Eng’g, 900 F.2d 963, 966-67 (6th Cir. 1990)).

       B.      Analysis

       As discussed above, in denying Weatherspoon’s claim for benefits, BAS relied
on the following exclusionary provision:

       This Plan does not cover and no benefits shall be paid for any loss caused
       by, incurred for or resulting from . . . . [c]harges for or in connection with
       an injury or illness arising out of the participation in, or in consequence
       of having participated in, a riot, insurrection or civil disturbance or being
       engaged in an illegal occupation or the commission or attempted
       commission of an illegal or criminal act.
(ROA vol. 1 at 77.) Majestic argues that Weatherspoon’s medical expenses are excluded
from coverage under this provision because Weatherspoon was engaged in three illegal
acts at the time of his accident: driving under the influence, driving without a license,
and driving without insurance.

       With respect to the DUI charge, Majestic relies on the Crash Report’s indication
that Weatherspoon was driving under the influence at the time of the accident to support
the denial of benefits. Majestic contends that it “deferred to the officer’s conclusion”
set forth in the Crash Report that “driving under the influence” contributed to the
accident, and therefore its denial of coverage was reasonable. Regardless of whether
Majestic could have denied Weatherspoon’s claim solely based on the Crash Report,
BAS and Majestic expressly disclaimed reliance on the DUI allegation as the basis for
denying the claim for benefits in the denial letter.

       The denial letter acknowledges that “an accident report is not conclusive
evidence of the commission of an illegal act.” (A.R. 3.) Discussing the results of the
investigation regarding Weatherspoon’s DUI citation, the denial letter notes that the
“results [of the blood test] are pending.” (A.R. 3.) BAS then provided the reasons for
denying coverage:
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        Mr. Weatherspoon’s charges for driving under the influence are currently
        pending. A pending charge on an accident report is not proof of evidence
        of a commission of an illegal act, however driving without a license or
        automobile insurance coverage under Mississippi law, is an illegal act;
        neither of which require a conviction to be considered illegal.
(A.R. 4 (emphasis added).) The letter demonstrates that BAS disclaimed reliance on the
DUI charge as the basis for denying coverage. The denial letter concedes that BAS
lacked sufficient evidence to conclude that Weatherspoon was under the influence of
alcohol at the time of the accident. Further, BAS’s internal communications show that
it did not rely on driving under the influence as the illegal act warranting denial of
coverage. In an internal memorandum, BAS noted that it “denied claims on this person
[Weatherspoon] because he was performing an illegal act when injured. (Driving w/o
insurance, no driver’s license).” (A.R. 87.)

        Because BAS did not rely on the DUI charge as a reason to deny coverage,
Majestic is precluded from arguing that the decision to deny benefits was correct
because BAS reasonably relied on the Crash Report to conclude that Weatherspoon was
driving under the influence, and that the illegal-act provision therefore applied. See
Kellogg v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 549 F.3d 818, 828-29 (10th Cir. 2008). In Kellogg, the
beneficiary died following a car crash. Id. at 820. A witness to the crash told
responding police officers that it “appeared” that the beneficiary had suffered from a
seizure as he lost control of the car. Id. The claims administrator denied the claim for
death benefits, concluding that losses resulting from physical illness, such as a seizure,
were ineligible for coverage. Id. at 829.

        In the district court, however, the claims administrator argued that the beneficiary
was not entitled to receive benefits because the death was not “accidental.” Id. at 828.
The court of appeals determined that the claims administrator was precluded from
invoking the non-accidental basis for denying coverage because the letter denying the
claim “cannot reasonably be interpreted as denying . . . coverage on the basis” asserted
in the district court. Id. at 829. Similarly, Majestic, though it mentioned the DUI as an
“illegal act,” it relied solely on the illegal acts of driving without a license and driving
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without insurance to deny Weatherspoon’s claim. Like the claims administrator in
Kellogg, Majestic is precluded from asserting a different basis for denial in the judicial
proceedings.

         Consequently, for Majestic’s decision to deny benefits to be upheld, either
driving without insurance or driving without a license must constitute an illegal act and
also have a sufficient causal connection to Weatherspoon’s injuries.

                   1.        Ambiguity of “Illegal Act”

         Weatherspoon was denied coverage pursuant to the illegal-act provision of the
Plan which excludes coverage for injuries resulting from “being engaged in . . . the
commission or attempted commission of an illegal or criminal act.” However, the Plan
does not define the term “illegal.” In denying Weatherspoon’s claim for benefits, BAS
concluded that driving without insurance and driving without a license constituted illegal
acts because they were prohibited by Mississippi law. Therefore, BAS interpreted an
illegal act as encompassing any action that is contrary to law, even if such action is not
criminal. Because we review the decision to deny benefits de novo, this interpretation
is entitled to no deference. See Hoover, 290 F.3d at 809.

         As in the district court, the parties dispute whether the term “illegal act” is
ambiguous.4 Whether the language of an ERISA plan is ambiguous is a question of law
that this Court reviews de novo. Kolkowski v. Goodrich Corp., 448 F.3d 843, 851 (6th
Cir. 2006). The phrase “illegal act” is ambiguous if it is “subject to two reasonable
interpretations.” Zirnhelt v. Mich. Consol. Gas Co., 526 F.3d 282, 287 (6th Cir. 2008)
(quoting Wulf v. Quantum Chem. Corp., 26 F.3d 1368, 1376 (6th Cir. 1994)). However,

         4
            Although the Med did not file a cross-appeal regarding the district court’s determination that the
phrase “illegal acts” was unambiguous, its argument on appeal is in direct response to Majestic’s extended
contention that the plain language of the Plan excludes Weatherspoon from coverage for any of the alleged
illegal acts at issue. This Court has recognized that “an appellee may proffer alternative arguments to
support the district court’s decision without filing a cross-appeal.” United States v. Neal, 93 F.3d 219, 224
(6th Cir. 1996) (quoting United States v. Lieberman, 971 F.2d 989, 997n.5 (3d Cir. 1992)). Thus, the filing
of a notice of cross-appeal is not jurisdictional in this case because the Med’s argument does not “attack
part of a final judgment in order to enlarge [its] rights or reduce those of [its] adversary.” Francis v. Clark
Equip. Co., 993 F.2d 545, 552 (6th Cir. 1993).
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the fact that the parties offer competing interpretations does not dictate a finding that the
provision is ambiguous, because the alternative interpretation offered by a claimant
“must be a plausible one.” Zirnhelt, 526 F.3d at 287; see also Smith v. ABS Indus., Inc.,
890 F.2d 841, 847 n. 1 (6th Cir. 1989) (“[B]oth parties have offered plausible
interpretations of the agreement drawn from the contractual language itself [which]
demonstrates that the provision is ambiguous.” (alterations in original)).

         Majestic argues that the phrase “illegal act” is unambiguous because it plainly
includes any act that is contrary to law. To support this interpretation, Majestic focuses
on the fact that “illegal” appears in a disjunctive clause with “criminal.” According to
Majestic, because coverage may be denied for injuries resulting from an illegal or
criminal act, the term “illegal act” encompasses conduct broader than that included in
the term “criminal act.” Majestic also relies on the dictionary definition of the word
“illegal” as “contrary to or violating a law or rule or regulation or something else . . .
having the force of law.” (Def. Br. 28.)

         However, the Med argues that the term “illegal act” is ambiguous because an
illegal act could be limited to violations that result in a citation or rise to a certain level
of wrongdoing or could encompass all acts contrary to law. We agree. Particularly in
the context of the entire provision, which excludes coverage for injuries resulting from
riots, civil disturbances, illegal occupations, and criminal acts, a reasonable
interpretation of “illegal act” might not include driving without insurance or driving
without a license. See Bekos v. Providence Health Plan, 334 F. Supp. 2d 1248, 1256-57
(D. Or. 2004). Thus, we conclude that the language of the Plan is ambiguous as to what
level of wrongdoing is required to constitute an “illegal act” for purposes of the
exclusionary provision.5

         5
           The hypothetical scenarios posed by the court in Bekos are illustrative of the ambiguity inherent
in the term “illegal:”
          [T]he “other illegal act” phrase arguably would exclude coverage for injuries to
          beneficiaries who: (1) trip on a sidewalk while jaywalking; (2) have their cars hit by a
          semi-truck while driving one mile per hour over the posted speed limit or not wearing
          a seatbelt; (3) are hit by another vehicle while executing a turn without displaying a turn
          signal; (4) fall off a ladder while remodeling a house without all relevant governmental
          permits; (5) are bitten by their dog when they have not yet obtained a dog license; or
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         Celardo v. GNY Auto. Dealers Health & Welfare Trust, 318 F.3d 142 (2d Cir.
2003), cited by Majestic in support of the district court’s conclusion, does not compel
a different result. The claimant in Celardo suffered injuries after violating numerous
provisions of New York’s traffic laws, including driving an unregistered, uninsured
vehicle, crossing a solid, double-yellow line, and using improper dealer license plates.
Id. at 144. The Trustees, vested with discretionary authority under the benefits plan,
concluded that the claimant’s traffic infractions, while “not considered crimes in New
York,” constituted “illegal acts” for purposes of determining coverage under the plan.
Id. at 146-47. Reviewing the Trustees’ decision under an arbitrary and capricious
standard of review, the court of appeals found that “the Trustees’ interpretation of the
phrase ‘illegal acts’ was not unreasonable.” Id. at 146.

         Although Celardo involved an illegal-act provision very similar to the one at
issue in this case, the court of appeals reviewed the Trustees’ interpretation of that
provision under the deferential arbitrary and capricious standard. In contrast, de novo
review governs our review of the decision to deny Weatherspoon’s claim for benefits.
Moreover, the fact that another court has found an interpretation of a similar plan
provision to be “not unreasonable” does not dictate a finding that “illegal act” is an
unambiguous term, or that BAS correctly interpreted “illegal act” as any act that is
“contrary to law.” We therefore conclude that the district court erred in finding that “the
term ‘illegal act’ unambiguously includes any act contrary to law.”6

        (6) fall into a fire while burning yard debris with no burn permit. A reasonably
        intelligent person objectively examining the “other illegal act” phrase in the context of
        the entire exclusion would not expect a denial of coverage for these types of activities.
Bekos, 334 F. Supp. 2d at 1256-57.
         6
            While “any ambiguities in the language of the plan [should] be construed strictly against the
drafter of the plan” Regents of Univ. of Mich. v. Employees of Agency Rent-A-Car, 122 F.3d 336, 340 (6th
Cir. 1997), because we find that the alleged illegal acts at issue did not cause Weatherspoon’s injuries, it
is unnecessary to determine what effect construing the term “illegal act” in favor of Weatherspoon would
have on the ultimate question of whether Weatherspoon was entitled to benefits.
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                 2.       Causality

        The district court concluded that the Plan’s illegal-act provision did not exclude
coverage for Weatherspoon’s injuries because driving without a license and driving
without insurance did not “cause” Weatherspoon’s accident and resulting injuries.
(ROA vol. 1 at 256.) As noted above, the Plan excludes coverage for losses “caused by,
incurred for or resulting from . . . . [c]harges for . . . an injury or illness arising out of . . .
the commission or attempted commission of an illegal or criminal act.” (ROA vol. 1 at
77.) On appeal, Majestic does not dispute that in order to fall within the exclusionary
provision the injury must be “caused by” the illegal act. Instead, Majestic argues that
the district court “failed to acknowledge the strong causal connection . . . between the
illegal act of driving without a license and a motor vehicle crash.” (Def. Br. 33.)

        However, the administrative record provides no support for the assertion that
driving without a license or driving without insurance “caused” Weatherspoon’s accident
and resulting injuries. Instead, the denial letters and other correspondence from BAS
indicate that BAS denied Weatherspoon’s claims simply because Weatherspoon was
“engaged in” an illegal act at the time of the accident. Further, on appeal, Majestic
provides no evidence of a causal connection, alleging merely that “[i]n order to obtain
a license, drivers must first pass a test, ensuring that they have at least certain minimum
driving skills,” making it “highly reasonable that Weatherspoon’s lack of a driver’s
license contributed to his accident.” (Def. Br. 33.)

        Majestic next relies on Celardo to support its argument that the required causal
connection is present in this case. The claimant in Celardo argued that no causal link
existed between his traffic violations and his injuries. Celardo, 318 F.3d at 147. Noting
that the absence of a causal link “may or may not be true,” the court emphasized its
limited role under the arbitrary and capricious standard of review. Id. Suggesting that
it might have agreed with the claimant if it were to review the plan administrator’s
decision de novo, the court observed that the claimant had “a decent argument that his
placing the dealer plates on the unregistered, uninsured, and uninspected Corvette did
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not directly cause his injuries.” Id. In addition to the different standard of review
applicable to the plan administrator’s decision in Celardo, the claimant in that case
committed a traffic violation—crossing a double-yellow line in an attempt to pass
another vehicle causing him to lose control of the vehicle—that arguably was related
directly to the injuries he sustained when his car subsequently struck a tree. Id. In light
of these differences, Celardo does not require a finding of causality in this case. We
agree with the district court that there is an insufficient causal link between
Weatherspoon’s injuries and the act of driving without a license or driving without
insurance.

         In sum, even if Majestic is correct that driving without a license and driving
without insurance each constitute an “illegal act” for purposes of the exclusionary clause
in the Plan, the district court correctly determined that the benefits for which
Weatherspoon sought payment did not stem from a loss “caused by” those acts. We
therefore affirm the district court’s conclusion that Majestic erred in denying
Weatherspoon’s claim for benefits.

III.     APPROPRIATE REMEDY FOR ERRONEOUS DENIAL OF BENEFITS

         Having concluded that Majestic erroneously denied the claim for benefits, we
must address whether the district court ordered the proper remedy. As a remedy for
Majestic’s improper benefits decision, the district court awarded benefits to the Med.
Majestic argues that, even if this Court affirms the district court’s conclusion that it
erroneously denied benefits, the proper remedy was not to award benefits but to remand
the case to the plan administrator for further proceedings.7 According to Majestic, even

         7
            The Med argues that Majestic has waived its right to request that the case be remanded for
further consideration by failing to raise this argument below. Majestic did not request remand as a form
of relief in its earlier pleadings, instead arguing that the district court should uphold the denial of benefits
because Majestic’s decision was reasonable. (ROA vol. 1 at 16, 115, 149.) However, Majestic raised the
argument for remand in its response to the Med’s cross-motion for judgment on the administrative record:
           Plaintiff’s final argument is that it is entitled to benefits because procedural errors were
           made during the claims review process. However, even taking this allegation as true,
           a plan administrator’s procedural violations of ERISA does not entitle a claimant to an
           award of benefits. Instead, the proper remedy is a remand to the plan administrator.
(ROA vol. 1 at 193-94 (citations omitted).)
           Thus, Majestic did not waive its right to argue that remand is the appropriate remedy. Although
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if the grounds on which Majestic denied the claim were invalid, there is insufficient
evidence in the administrative record for the court to conclude that Weatherspoon was
“clearly entitled” to benefits under the Plan.

         A.        Standard of Review

         An appellate court reviews a district court’s choice of remedy in an ERISA action
for abuse of discretion. See Willcox v. Liberty Life Assurance Co. of Boston, 552 F.3d
693, 703 (8th Cir. 2009) (finding that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
remanding the case to the plan administrator for further administrative review); Zervos
v. Verizon N.Y., Inc., 277 F.3d 635, 648 (2d Cir. 2002) (reviewing the district court’s
choice of remedy for the plan administrator’s violation of ERISA for abuse of
discretion).

         B.        Analysis

         Where a district court determines that the plan administrator erroneously denied
benefits, a district court “may either award benefits to the claimant or remand to the plan
administrator.” Elliott v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 473 F.3d 613, 621 (6th Cir. 2006);
DeGrado v. Jefferson Pilot Fin. Ins. Co., 451 F.3d 1161, 1175 (10th Cir. 2006) (stating
that a district court has two options after determining that a denial of benefits was
improper: “it can either remand the case to the administrator for a renewed evaluation
of the claimant’s case, or it can award a retroactive reinstatement of benefits”) (internal
quotation marks omitted); see also 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B) (establishing the right of
plan participants who bring suit pursuant to ERISA “to recover benefits due to him under
the terms of his plan”).

arguments not raised before the district court, including arguments presented for the first time to a district
court in a reply brief, generally are considered waived on appeal, this Court has not deemed waived
arguments presented for the first time in a response brief. See Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Flowers, 513 F.3d
546, 553 (6th Cir. 2008). The rationale underlying this distinction relates to the other party’s opportunity
to respond. See id. In contrast to response briefs where the other party has an opportunity to respond to
the argument in a reply, a party “ordinarily has no right to respond to the reply brief, at least not until oral
argument.” Id. Because Majestic raised this issue in its response brief, and thus presented it to the district
court in a context in which the Med could have responded, Majestic did not waive its argument that
remand is the appropriate remedy.
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       In Elliott, this Court set forth the principles relevant to the selection of a remedy
for a plan administrator’s erroneous denial of benefits. The court in Elliott explained
that “where the ‘problem is with the integrity of [the plan’s] decision-making process,’
rather than ‘that [a claimant] was denied benefits to which he was clearly entitled,’ the
appropriate remedy generally is remand to the plan administrator.” Elliott, 473 F.3d at
622 (quoting Buffonge v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 426 F.3d 20, 31 (1st Cir. 2005))
(adopting the “flexible approach” of the First Circuit and emphasizing the need for
district courts to have “considerable discretion to craft a remedy after finding a mistake
in the denial of benefits.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Remand therefore is appropriate in a variety of circumstances, particularly where
the plan administrator’s decision suffers from a procedural defect or the administrative
record is factually incomplete.    For example, where the plan administrator fails to
comply with ERISA’s appeal-notice requirements in adjudicating a participant’s claim,
the proper remedy is to remand the case to the plan administrator “so that a ‘full and fair
review’ can be accomplished.” Gagliano v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 547 F.3d
230, 240 (4th Cir. 2008). Courts adopting this position have reasoned that a procedural
violation does not warrant the substantive remedy of awarding benefits. See id. at 241.
Remand also is appropriate where the plan administrator merely “fail[ed] . . . to explain
adequately the grounds of [its] decision.” Caldwell v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 287 F.3d
1276, 1288 (10th Cir. 2002). In addition to procedural irregularities, an incomplete
factual record provides a basis to remand the case to the plan administrator. E.g., Miller
v. United Welfare Fund, 72 F.3d 1066, 1073-74 (2d Cir. 1995) (remanding after
determining that “[t]he present record is incomplete”).

       In contrast, where “there [was] no evidence in the record to support a termination
or denial of benefits,” an award of benefits is appropriate without remand to the plan
administrator. E.g., DeGrado, 451 F.3d at 1176; see Helfman v. GE Group Life
Assurance Co., 573 F.3d 383, 396 (6th Cir. 2009) (ordering remand to the plan
administrator after determining that the record did not “clearly establish[]” that the
claimant was entitled to benefits). Thus, where a plan administrator properly construes
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the plan documents but arrives at the “wrong conclusion” that is “simply contrary to the
facts,” a court should award benefits. Grosz-Salomon v. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co., 237
F.3d 1154, 1163 (9th Cir. 2001). Under such circumstances, “remand is not justified”
to give the plan administrator “a second bite at the apple.” Id.

        In this case, as the district court found, the problem with Majestic’s decision is
not that it used defective procedures to arrive at the result, such as failing to provide the
Med with notice, but that it arrived at the wrong result. Therefore, an award of benefits
is the appropriate remedy in this case. See DeGrado, 451 F.3d at 1176. Nonetheless,
Majestic argues that Weatherspoon is not “clearly entitled” to benefits—and remand is
therefore appropriate—because “no evidence in the Administrative Record supports the
conclusion that Weatherspoon was not intoxicated.” (Def. Br. 41-42.) However, as
discussed above, Majestic is precluded from relying on Weatherspoon’s alleged illegal
act of driving under the influence based on the express statement in the denial letter that
only the illegal acts of driving without insurance and driving without a license provided
a basis for denying the claim. See Kellogg, 549 F.3d at 828-29; compare Huntsinger v.
The Shaw Group, Inc., 268 F. App’x 518, 520 (9th Cir. 2008) (finding no waiver of
reliance on a plan provision because the record did not demonstrate that the plan
administrator “affirmatively relinquished its right to rely on the . . . exclusion as a basis
for denial”). The remaining record evidence related to driving under the influence and
driving without a license shows that Weatherspoon is “clearly entitled” to benefits
because these illegal acts were not the cause of Weatherspoon’s injuries.

        Moreover, because Majestic has disclaimed reliance on the DUI charge as a basis
for denying coverage, on remand, Majestic—as BAS did in the final decision to deny
benefits—could only rely on the acts of driving without a license and driving without
insurance to deny Weatherspoon’s claim for benefits. However, there are no additional
facts to develop or other findings that Majestic as the plan administrator needs to make
regarding these charges. Consequently, remand is an inappropriate remedy in this case.
See Williams, 227 F.3d at 715 (“It is also appropriate to . . . grant . . . benefits without
remanding the case where there are no factual determinations to be made.”). Because
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remanding the case to Majestic would be futile and “would serve no purpose,” the
district court properly awarded benefits to the Med as a remedy for the erroneous denial
of benefits. See Perry, 900 F.2d at 965; Frommert v. Conkright, 535 F.3d 111, 118 (2d
Cir. 2008) (noting that a party is not entitled to administrative remand where remanding
would be futile).

         Attempting to avoid this conclusion, Majestic argues that it has new evidence of
Weatherspoon’s blood-alcohol level at the time of the accident. However, this Court is
“limited to reviewing the administrative record at the time the plan administrator made
its final decision to deny benefits. Wilkins, 150 F.3d at 615. Majestic’s “final decision”
to deny benefits occurred in 2005. Throughout the litigation, Majestic continually has
asserted that the decision embodied in the denial letter of November 21, 2005 constituted
its final decision regarding Weatherspoon’s entitlement to benefits. Accordingly,
Majestic cannot now claim that its review is incomplete. See Darland v. Fortis Benefits
Ins. Co., 317 F.3d 516, 530 (6th Cir. 2003), overruled on other grounds by Black &
Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538 U.S. 822 (2003) (noting that equitable principles
“certainly weigh against [a plan administrator] taking . . . inconsistent positions” in
administrative and court proceedings).8 We therefore conclude that the district court
properly awarded benefits to the Med.

IV.      MAJESTIC’S RULE 59(e) MOTION

         A.       Standard of Review

         Although we generally review a denial of a motion to alter or amend a judgment
under Rule 59(e) for abuse of discretion, “when the Rule 59(e) motion seeks review of
a grant of summary judgment, . . . we apply a de novo standard of review.” Wilkins, 150
F.3d at 613. Because Majestic’s Rule 59(e) motion sought review of the district court’s

         8
          Remanding this case also is inappropriate because it would sanction the notion that a plan
administrator may deny claims in a piecemeal fashion, testing each potential basis for denying a claim at
separate points in the proceedings. Such litigation is contrary to one of ERISA’s “primary goal[s],” of
“provid[ing] a method for workers and beneficiaries to resolve disputes over benefits inexpensively and
expeditiously.” See Perry, 900 F.2d at 967.
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decision to grant the Med’s motion for judgment on the administrative record, we review
de novo the district court’s ruling on Majestic’s motion. See id.

        B.       Analysis

        In its motion under Rule 59(e), Majestic argued that the district court’s judgment
was based on clear errors of law and that a failure to find in favor of Majestic would
result in “manifest injustice.” See GenCorp, Inc. v. Am. Int’l Underwriters, 178 F.3d
804, 834 (6th Cir. 1999) (listing clear errors of law and manifest injustice as reasons
supporting the grant of a Rule 59(e) motion). In support of its motion, Majestic
submitted the newly discovered results of the blood-alcohol test administered at the time
of Weatherspoon’s accident. The district court denied the motion, finding that Majestic
could not admit new evidence for the first time during judicial review of the
administrative decision.9 On appeal, Majestic argues that it did not submit the evidence
so that the court could determine whether that evidence supported its denial but, instead,
as further support for its argument that remand was the appropriate remedy.
Specifically, Majestic contends that “[t]he new evidence merely underscored that remand
was the necessary remedy because not only is Plaintiff not ‘clearly entitled’ to benefits,”
but the new evidence provided “probative evidence of Weatherspoon’s state of
intoxication which could be considered on remand.” (Def. Br. 49.)

        While Majestic argues that it did not offer the new evidence to convince the
district court to uphold the denial of benefits, permitting the district court to consider the
new evidence to justify remand to Majestic has the same result—denying
Weatherspoon’s claim for benefits based on evidence outside of the administrative
record. As noted above, review of a decision to deny benefits is “confined to the
administrative record as it existed” at the time Majestic “issue[d] its final decision
upholding the [denial] of benefits.” Moon v. Unum Provident Corp., 405 F.3d 373, 378
(6th Cir. 2005). We therefore conclude that the district court properly disregarded the

        9
           After Judge Breen granted the Med’s motion for summary judgment on the administrative
record, the case was transferred to Judge Anderson, who issued the order denying Majestic’s Rule 59(e)
motion.
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new evidence of Weatherspoon’s blood-alcohol level at the time of the accident.
Because Majestic offers no other reason to grant its motion to alter or amend the
judgment awarding benefits to the Med, we affirm the district court’s decision to deny
Majestic’s Rule 59(e) motion.

V.     PREJUDGMENT INTEREST

       Majestic also challenges the district court’s award of prejudgment interest to the
Med. “Although ERISA does not mandate the award of prejudgment interest to
prevailing plan participants, we have long recognized that the district court may do so
at its discretion in accordance with general equitable principles.” Caffey v. Unum Life
Ins. Co., 302 F.3d 576, 585 (6th Cir. 2002) (internal citations omitted). An award of
prejudgment interest in the ERISA context is “compensatory, not punitive, and a finding
of wrongdoing by the defendant is not a prerequisite to such an award.” Tiemeyer v.
Cmty. Mut. Ins. Co., 8 F.3d 1094, 1102 (6th Cir. 1993) (internal citations omitted).

       Majestic’s sole challenge to the award of prejudgment interest is that because its
decision to withhold benefits “was neither incorrect nor inequitable,” the district court
abused its discretion in awarding prejudgment interest. However, as discussed above,
Majestic erroneously denied Weatherspoon’s claim for benefits. Because Majestic
incorrectly withheld benefits, the district court was within its discretion to grant the
Med’s motion for prejudgment interest. See Wells v. U.S. Steel & Carnegie Pension
Fund, 76 F.3d 731, 737 (6th Cir. 1996) (upholding an award of prejudgment interest
where the plan administrator “wrongly withheld” benefits). We therefore affirm the
district court’s award of prejudgment interest.

VI.    ATTORNEY FEES

       A.      Standard of Review

       This Court reviews a district court’s decision to award attorney fees in an ERISA
action for abuse of discretion. Gaeth v. Hartford Life Ins. Co., 538 F.3d 524, 529 (6th
Cir. 2008). “[A]n abuse of discretion exists only when the court has the definite and
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firm conviction that the district court made a clear error of judgment in its conclusion
upon weighing relevant factors.” Id. (quoting Moon v. Unum Provident Corp., 461 F.3d
639, 643 (6th Cir. 2006) (per curiam)).

         B.       Analysis

         ERISA authorizes a district court, in its discretion, to “allow a reasonable
attorney[] fees and costs of action to either party” in an action by a plan participant. 29
U.S.C. § 1132(g)(1). The Sixth Circuit examines the following five factors to determine
whether a district court properly exercised its discretion in awarding attorney fees under
§ 1132(g)(1):

         (1) the degree of the opposing party’s culpability or bad faith; (2) the
         opposing party’s ability to satisfy an award of attorney’s fees; (3) the
         deterrent effect of an award on other persons under similar
         circumstances; (4) whether the party requesting fees sought to confer a
         common benefit on all participants and beneficiaries of an ERISA plan
         or resolve significant legal questions regarding ERISA; and (5) the
         relative merits of the parties’ positions.
Moon, 461 F.3d at 642; accord Sec’y of Dep’t of Labor v. King, 775 F.2d 666, 669 (6th
Cir. 1985) (establishing the five-factor test). We have emphasized that “[n]o single
factor is determinative, and thus, the district court must consider each factor before
exercising its discretion” on the issue of attorney fees. Moon, 461 F.3d at 642-43.
Further, “[t]his Court has rejected a presumption that attorney[] fees should ordinarily
be awarded to the prevailing plaintiff.” First Trust Corp. v. Bryant, 410 F.3d 842, 851
(6th Cir. 2005).

         The district court in this case awarded attorney fees after examining each of the
five factors, concluding that all five factors weighed in favor of awarding fees to the
Med.10 On appeal, Majestic argues that the district court abused its discretion in
analyzing all but the second factor, conceding that it has the ability to pay an award of
attorney fees. Because no single factor is determinative, “in reviewing the district

         10
          Following the ruling on Majestic’s Rule 59(e) motion, the case again was transferred, this time
to Judge Donald, who heard and ruled on Plaintiff’s motion for attorney fees.
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court’s decision for an abuse of discretion, we must review [its] findings as to each of
the five King factors.” Moon, 461 F.3d at 643.

       With respect to Majestic’s culpability or bad faith, the district court found that
Majestic acted culpably in denying the claim for benefits because Majestic was “almost
entirely uninvolved in the denial . . . .” (ROA vol. 1 at 27.) Challenging this conclusion,
Majestic argues that a “finding of insufficient involvement in a benefits decision is not
a finding of culpability,” and that the purpose of determining whether a plan
administrator exercised its discretion “is to determine the appropriate standard of review,
not to determine culpability.” (Def. Br. 52.)

       Where a plan administrator engages in an inadequate review of the beneficiary’s
claim or otherwise acts improperly in denying benefits, we have found that attorney fees
are appropriate. For example, in Moon, the district court determined that the plan
administrator acted culpably because it engaged in a selective review of the record, and
relied solely on the opinion of its in-house physician who never examined the claimant.
Id. at 463-64; see Hoover v. Provident Life & Accident Ins. Co., 290 F.3d 801, 809-10
(6th Cir. 2002). A plan administrator similarly acts culpably when it “ignore[s]
overwhelming evidence of [a claimant’s] disability” and relies on selective portions of
the claimant’s medical records to justify its denial decision. Heffernan v. UNUM Life
Ins. Co. of Am., 101 F. App’x 99, 109 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoted in Moon, 461 F.3d at 643).

       In contrast to the plan administrators in Moon and similar cases, Majestic
erroneously denied benefits to Weatherspoon because the illegal acts it cited in support
of its benefits decision lacked a causal connection to Weatherspoon’s injuries.
Therefore, Majestic’s denial of Weatherspoon’s claim resulted from its misreading of
a Plan provision rather than a selective review of the record or reliance on incompetent
medical evidence. Although the district court found that Majestic “irresponsib[ly]”
abandoned its fiduciary role, that is not the challenged conduct leading to the erroneous
denial of benefits. See Gaeth, 538 F.3d at 530 (focusing on the reasons that the plan
administrator denied benefits in assessing culpability). Majestic erred in denying
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Weatherspoon’s claim for benefits, but its erroneous interpretation of certain terms in
its plan documents does not constitute culpable conduct for purposes of determining
whether to award attorney fees. See Foltice v. Guardsman Prods., Inc., 98 F.3d 933, 937
(6th Cir. 1996). We therefore conclude that, under the unique factual circumstances
presented in this case, the district court erred in weighing the first factor in favor of an
award of attorney fees.

          The unique facts of this case also mean that an award of attorney fees to the Med
would not have a “deterrent effect . . . on other persons under similar circumstances.”
See Moon, 461 F.3d at 642. Awarding attorney fees because Majestic improperly
applied the illegal-act exclusionary provision to the particular facts involved in
Weatherspoon’s claim would not necessarily deter other plan administrators from
incorrectly interpreting a similar provision. Moreover, a “deterrence measure is
arguably more appropriate” where a plan administrator performs a cursory review of a
claim for benefits or bases its denial on unreliable medical evidence. Gaeth, 538 F.3d
at 532.

          The third factor—whether a beneficiary’s claim confers a “common benefit” on
other plan participants—similarly weighs against an attorney-fee award in this case.
Where a claimant seeks benefits only for himself, we generally have found the common-
benefit factor to weigh against an attorney-fee award. See Gaeth, 538 F.3d at 533. Here,
the record does not establish “that any other participant in [Majestic]’s plan was in the
same position as [Weatherspoon] . . . or that any other participant would obtain a
redetermination of a similarly adverse benefits decision as a result of [the Med]’s success
in” obtaining benefits. Gaeth, 538 F.3d at 533. The district court therefore erred in
concluding that the common-benefit factor weighed in favor of awarding attorney fees.

          Finally, the district court found that the relative merits of the parties’ positions
favored an award of attorney fees to the Med because the Med prevailed in its claim
against Majestic. However, because of the numerous closely contested issues involved
in this case, the fact that the Med ultimately prevailed does not weigh in favor of an
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award of attorney fees.         Although some of Majestic’s positions lacked
merit—particularly its claim that it was entitled to arbitrary and capricious review—its
“position appears no more devoid of merit than that of any other losing litigant.”
Armistead v. Vernitron Corp., 944 F.2d 1287, 1304 (6th Cir. 1991). Further, none of
Majestic’s claims appear to have been brought in bad faith. While awarding fees is
justified where a plan administrator attempts to defend a decision that was based either
on an incomplete review of the record or unreliable medical evidence, see Gaeth, 538
F.3d at 532, under the circumstances of this case, awarding fees to the Med is not
warranted.

       Based on our analysis of the five factors, we conclude that the district court
abused its discretion in awarding attorney fees to the Med.

                                   CONCLUSION

       For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district court’s award of
benefits and prejudgment interest to the Med, but REVERSE the award of attorney fees.
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     _______________________________________________________________

      CONCURRING IN PART AND CONCURRING IN THE JUDGMENT
     _______________________________________________________________

        ROGERS, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment. The
district court should have used an arbitrary and capricious standard to review Majestic’s
decision denying the claim at issue; however, Majestic’s decision was arbitrary and
capricious and thus I concur in affirming the district court’s award of benefits and
prejudgment interest to the Med.

I.      Standard for Reviewing ERISA Fiduciaries and Their Agents

        Majestic, as a fiduciary with discretionary authority to construe the terms of the
Plan, is entitled to have its decisions reviewed under an arbitrary and capricious
standard. This court should follow the well-reasoned approach set out by the Tenth
Circuit in Geddes v. United Staffing Alliance Employee Medical Plan, 469 F.3d 919, 927
(10th Cir. 2006), holding that “[i]f a plan administrator has been allotted discretionary
authority in the plan document, the decisions of both it and its agents are entitled to
judicial deference.” Geddes is a sound application of the Supreme Court’s holding in
Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115 (1989), that arbitrary and
capricious review applies where “the benefit plan gives the administrator or fiduciary
discretionary authority . . . to construe the terms of the plan.” It is undisputed that there
was a grant of discretionary authority to Majestic, which generally establishes an
arbitrary and capricious standard of review for Majestic’s decisions.

        Majestic’s use of BAS as an agent in exercising its fiduciary duty does not
change the applicable standard of review. ERISA, the law of trusts, and the plan at issue
here all provide for the use of agents by plan administrators. ERISA provides that “[t]he
instrument under which a plan is maintained may expressly provide for procedures . . .
(B) for named fiduciaries to designate persons other than named fiduciaries to carry out
fiduciary responsibilities . . . under the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1105(c)(1). This same
conclusion is supported by the trust law upon which current ERISA doctrine is based.
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The Supreme Court in Firestone noted that, “[i]n determining the appropriate standard
of review for actions under § 1132(a)(1)(B), we are guided by principles of trust law”
and cited the Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 187 (1959). 489 U.S. at 111. Indeed,
“ERISA is, in its most important dimension, federal trust law.” Geddes, 469 F.3d at 925
(quotation omitted). Trust law can thus provide additional guidance in this context as
to the permissibility, and limits thereto, of hiring agents. The use of agents by Majestic
is supported by the Restatement (Second) of Trusts, which provides that a trustee may
delegate authority, and that such delegation is proper “when it is reasonably intended to
further sound administration of the trust.” Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 171 cmt.
Further, in this case the Plan clearly granted Majestic power to hire agents: the Plan lists,
as a duty of the plan administrator, the duty “[t]o delegate to any person or entity such
powers, duties and responsibilities as it deems appropriate.” Such an explicit grant of
authority to use agents is also supported by the Restatement. Restatement (Second) of
Trusts § 171 cmt. i. Finally, the inclusion of the “as it deems appropriate” language in
this grant suggests that the plan administrator was given discretion in the use of this
power, in accordance with the Restatement rule that “the trust terms may broaden the
degree of the trustee’s discretion in matters of delegation.” Id. Thus any court review
of how Majestic used its delegation authority should apply an arbitrary and capricious
standard.

        Applying that standard, it was not arbitrary and capricious for Majestic to employ
BAS or to rely upon BAS as Majestic did when making the final benefits decision at
issue in this case. Arbitrary and capricious review of a plan administrator’s actions is
“highly deferential.” Yeager v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 88 F.3d 376, 380 (6th
Cir. 1996). Even if, as the district court found, Majestic adopted BAS’s recommendation
to deny coverage “without engaging in any independent fact-finding,” this is not by itself
arbitrary and capricious action. Majestic, under the Plan, could reasonably have
determined that it was “appropriate” for BAS to have primary fact-finding responsibility
for benefits claims and to rely generally on its advice when making final benefit
determinations. Cf. Restatement (Second) of Trusts § 171 cmt. c (regarding trustees
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seeking advice and consultation). This conclusion is also in harmony with that of the
Tenth Circuit in Geddes, which held that arbitrary and capricious review was applicable
so long as “all decisions were made by [the plan administrator] or by its agent,”
regardless of which party undertook any specific duties. Geddes, 469 F.3d at 927 n.3.
Absent any allegation that Majestic was unreasonable in selecting BAS, that Majestic
improperly granted unreviewable authority to BAS, or that Majestic otherwise violated
the terms of the Plan in its employment of BAS as an agent, there is no justification for
condemning Majestic’s use of BAS or for applying a de novo, rather than arbitrary and
capricious, standard of review to its benefits decisions.

       Cases limiting the role that third parties can play in making benefits decisions
under ERISA do not apply to this case. Indeed, each of these cases stands for the
uncontroversial—and presently inapplicable—proposition that plan administrators
cannot violate plan terms and retain the benefits of arbitrary and capricious review.

       Sanford v. Harvard Industries, 262 F.3d 590 (6th Cir. 2001), is not applicable
because Majestic made the final determination in this case. Sanford holds that decisions
made by third parties unrelated to the plan administrator are not entitled to arbitrary and
capricious review. Id. at 596. The company in that case, rather than the plan
administrator, made the decision to deny benefits. Id. Similarly, Sharkey v. Ultramar
Energy Ltd., 70 F.3d 226, 229 (2d Cir. 1995), holds that arbitrary and capricious review
would be inapplicable if company executives, rather than the authorized fiduciary, made
the benefits decision. The rule from these cases is not applicable here, where the issue
is not whether the correct party made the final decision, but whether that party was too
deferential to its agent when making its determination.

       Anderson v. Unum Life Insurance Co. of America., 414 F. Supp. 2d 1079 (M.D.
Ala. 2006), and like cases do not apply because Majestic retained and exercised its final
review authority and because its delegation of some responsibilities to BAS was in
accordance with, rather than in violation of, the plan Majestic was administering. In
Anderson, the plan administrator entered into agreement with a third party granting that
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party an “exclusive right to exercise discretion and control” and providing that the third
party was “not . . . [an] agent of [the plan administrator].” Id. at 1087 (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted). This delegation of complete authority to the third party
violated the agreements of the plan in that case and thus triggered de novo review. See
id. at 1100. In the present case, by contrast, Majestic retained and exercised its final
review authority, in compliance with the terms of the Plan. Unlike in Anderson, the Plan
provided clearly that BAS “does not exercise any of the discretionary authority and
responsibility granted to [Majestic].” Before sending the final benefits denial letter,
BAS sent the letter to Majestic for approval. That communication indicated Majestic’s
final authority, as the BAS employee stated that BAS “need[ed] [Majestic] to review and
approve before sending [the letter] out.”1 The district court found that Majestic actually
did adopt the recommendation of BAS. Further, the final denial letter sent by BAS
stated that BAS was “responding to [the] appeal on behalf of the Plan Administrator”
and that the decision BAS was reporting was “the Plan Administrator’s final decision.”

         Shane v. Albertson’s Inc. Employees’ Disability Plan, 381 F. Supp. 2d 1196
(C.D. Cal. 2005), and Culp, Inc. v. Cain, 414 F. Supp. 2d 1118 (M.D. Ala. 2006),
similarly involve delegations of final authority to third parties in violation of plan
agreements and are thus similarly not applicable. In Shane, a third party made a final
benefits decision even though the plan administrator had never delegated any authority
to that third party. See 381 F. Supp. 2d at 1203. In Culp, the plan administrator
apparently allowed a third party to make independent decisions, not subject to its own
control or ratification and in violation of the plan terms. See 414 F. Supp. 2d at 1126-27.
The court there refused to infer, “after the fact,” that the plan administrator adopted the
conclusions of the third party. Id. at 1127. This refusal to allow an after-the-fact
adoption was important exactly because a concurrent adoption by the plan administrator,
such as Majestic’s approval in this case, would have meant that the benefits denial was
not in violation of the plan documents. Majestic’s retention of final control ensured that

         1
          Majestic apparently provided the approval of the letter quickly; such quick turnaround was
necessary because, as the email from BAS to Majestic pointed out, “the deadline to send the letter [was]
Tuesday, November 22nd.”
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it was in compliance with the plan it was administering and thus distinguishes this case
from Anderson, Shane, and Culp.

          A fixed allocation of responsibilities between Majestic, the fiduciary, and BAS,
the agent, was not required for Majestic to retain the benefits of arbitrary and capricious
review. ERISA requires that a plan fiduciary retain ultimate control, and ultimate
responsibility for, all final decisions. ERISA does not, however, require any particular
division of fact-finding duties between the fiduciary and its agent. There is an important
difference between a plan administrator who allows an unauthorized third party to make
a decision and an administrator who validly employs an agent to assist it in making
benefit determinations. The former may lose the benefit of arbitrary and capricious
review because the administrator has violated the terms of its plan and committed a
breach of its fiduciary duty; the latter is entitled to deferential review exactly because
the administrator has committed no such breach. Because Majestic is in the second of
these categories, its decision to deny benefits is subject to arbitrary and capricious
review.

II.       Application of Arbitrary and Capricious Review to This Case

          Majestic’s decision to deny coverage on the bases it cited was, however, arbitrary
and capricious because neither driving without a license nor driving without insurance
increases any relevant risks to the driver. The Plan excluded “any loss caused by,
incurred for or resulting from . . . [c]harges for or in connection with an injury . . . arising
out of the participation in, or in consequence of having participated in, . . . an illegal . . .
act.” The losses in this case were certainly incurred for charges in connection with an
injury, so the relevant question is whether the injuries to Weatherspoon arose out of the
participation in, or in consequence of having participated in, an illegal act. Majestic, in
its final review letter, relied upon two illegal activities when denying benefits: driving
without a license and driving without insurance. Neither of these allegations has any
relationship to the valid rationale for illegal activity exclusions. Such exclusions in
insurance contracts are justified because dangerous illegal activities both increase
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insurance costs and have negative social value. See Monticello Ins. Co. v. Ky. River
Cmty. Care, Inc., No. 98-5372, 1999 U.S. App. LEXIS 7487, at *10 (6th Cir. Apr. 14,
1999) (“[I]t is perfectly sensible to exclude coverage for . . . illegal acts to avoid moral
hazard problems.”). Given this rationale, it would be arbitrary and capricious to
conclude, as Majestic in this case apparently did, that any injury occurring while the
insured party was engaged in any illegal activity was not covered, regardless of the risks
of the illegal activity or the connection between the activity and the injury. Any activity
which could fit within even the broadest permissible interpretation of the exclusion
clause would have to increase the relevant risks to the insured; otherwise the injury
would not arise out of the participation in, or in consequence of having participated in,
an illegal act.

        A tort analogy suggests strongly that driving without a license is not the type of
illegal action that can reasonably be read to preclude coverage. Cf. Lennon v. Metro.
Life Ins. Co., 504 F.3d 617, 621 (6th Cir. 2007) (using tort law to inform question of
whether a crash caused by drunk driving was an “accident”). Under the majority rule
of modern tort law, neither driving without insurance nor driving without a license is by
itself even negligent. Fed. R. Evid. 411 (“Evidence that a person was or was not insured
against liability is not admissible upon the issue whether the person acted negligently or
otherwise wrongfully.”); Miss. R. Evid. 411 (same); Waugh v. Suburban Club Ginger
Ale Co., 167 F.2d 758, 759 (D.C. Cir. 1948) (lack of a D.C. driver’s licence is not
relevant to question of negligence); Myrick v. Holifield, 126 So. 2d 508, 511 (Miss.
1961) (holding that the lack of a driver’s license is “totally irrelevant” to the issue of
negligence); R. P. Davis, Lack of Proper Automobile Registration or Operator’s License
as Evidence of Operator’s Negligence, 29 A.L.R. 2d 963 (2009) (“The overwhelming
weight of authority . . . is to the effect that failure to have an operator’s license . . . is not
evidence of negligence . . . .”). Without evidence, I will not presume that Weatherspoon
was not a competent driver simply because he did not have a valid driver’s license. That
being so, it was arbitrary and capricious for Majestic to deny benefits because
Weatherspoon lacked insurance and a license.
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        It is not enough to say that the insured’s participation in the illegal activity was
a “cause” of the injury. The fact that Weatherspoon drove, even though he lacked both
a license and insurance, was a cause of his injuries. To pick a different example, it
would be arbitrary and capricious for an insurance plan to refuse coverage to someone
whose injuries were caused by a tire blowout when his car hit a nail lying on the white
outside line of the road when he—in violation of traffic laws—drifted onto the white
line. See MISS. CODE ANN. § 63-3-603(a) (requiring vehicles on roads with three or
more lanes to be driven “as nearly as practical entirely within a single lane”). Again, the
illegal activity in such a case could as a matter of propositional logic be the cause of the
injuries. But it would still be arbitrary and capricious for a plan to determine that the
injury in this case arose out of the participation in, or in consequence of having
participated in, the illegal driving because the illegal driving did not increase any
relevant risk to the insured. Any sensible reading of an illegal-activity exclusion would
have to exempt such non-negligent illegal activities even where technical causation is
present.

        Denying benefits on the basis that Weatherspoon was driving under the
influence, in contrast, might not have been arbitrary and capricious, because such illegal
activity obviously increases the risk. Majestic cannot rely on this ground, however,
because it affirmatively disclaimed such reliance in its final benefits denial letter.
Drunk driving is, at least in some circumstances, not only negligent but reckless. See
Lennon, 504 F.3d at 621. In this case, however, we need not decide whether negligence
or recklessness is the appropriate standard—or whether the DUI in this case meets those
standards—because Majestic disclaimed reliance on the DUI allegations. In its initial
denial, Majestic relied upon the accident report to conclude that Weatherspoon was
engaged in an illegal activity when he sustained his injuries. The Med argued in its
appeal letter that “an accident report is not conclusive evidence of the commission of an
illegal act.” In its final review determination, Majestic agreed with this contention, but
only with respect to the DUI:
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       A pending [DUI] charge on an accident report is not proof of evidence
       of a commission of an illegal act, however, driving without a license or
       automobile insurance coverage under Mississippi law, is an illegal act;
       neither of which require a conviction to be considered illegal.
I agree with the lead opinion that Majestic is thus precluded from relying upon the DUI
charge to justify its benefits denial. See Kellogg v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 549 F.3d 818,
828 (10th Cir. 2008).

       Finally, one additional issue not presented in this case is whether a plan
administrator can ever avoid plan rules regarding appeal time limits for good cause.
Under the Plan, Majestic was required to respond to the claims appeal in this case within
60 days, and thus it had to respond to the appeal before the blood alcohol level tests were
concluded. This limit thus could have placed Majestic in the predicament of either
having to make a final benefits decision without full evidence or having to violate the
Plan rule mandating a reply within 60 days. It may be that plan administrators deserve
some deference when deciding how to proceed in the face of such a dilemma. Whatever
the correct response is, however, it is certainly not proper to disclaim reliance on the
plausibly appropriate ground for benefits denial while claiming reliance on the clearly
inappropriate ground.

       I thus concur with the conclusion that Majestic’s denial of coverage in this case
cannot withstand judicial scrutiny. I further concur with Parts III, IV, V, and VI of the
majority opinion, and I thus concur in the result.