Court Opinion

ID: 4416372
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-12 16:00:31.235274+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:51:07.758356
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                                      PUBLISH                                Tenth Circuit

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         July 12, 2019

                                                                         Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                             FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                           Clerk of Court
                         _________________________________

 BILLY F. MAY,

       Plaintiff - Appellant,
                                                             No. 17-1458
 v.

 JUAN SEGOVIA,

       Defendant - Appellee.
                      _________________________________

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of Colorado
                          (D.C. No. 1:15-CV-00405-NYW)
                       _________________________________

Anthony Balkissoon (Amir H. Ali and Joshua Freiman on the briefs), Roderick &
Solange MacArthur Justice Center, Washington, D.C., for Appellant.

Karl L. Schock, Assistant United States Attorney (Robert C. Troyer, United States
Attorney, with him on the brief), Denver, Colorado, for Appellee.
                        _________________________________

Before BRISCOE, HOLMES, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

McHUGH, Circuit Judge.
                    _________________________________

      Billy F. May, a former federal prisoner, brought this action in federal district

court under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). Mr. May

claims he was denied his due process rights as a prisoner when he was quarantined
without a hearing during a scabies infestation at the prison. The magistrate judge

granted Mr. Segovia summary judgment on two issues: first, that the exhaustion

requirement of the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) applies to Mr. May, and

second, that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to the availability of

administrative remedies. Mr. May appealed to contest both conclusions. Mr. Segovia

opposes Mr. May’s appeal and raises two alternative grounds for affirmance that Mr.

Segovia raised below but the magistrate judge did not reach.

      For the reasons stated, we affirm the magistrate judge’s conclusions that the

PLRA exhaustion requirement applies to Mr. May and that there is no genuine issue

of material fact as to whether administrative remedies were available to him. Because

we affirm the judgment below, we need not and do not reach Mr. Segovia’s

alternative arguments.

                                  I.     BACKGROUND

      At the time this action began, Mr. May was a prisoner in the Federal Prison

Camp in Florence, Colorado. The Federal Prison Camp periodically “experienced

chronic outbreaks of scabies, a parasitic infection of the skin caused by scabies

mite[s],” and one such outbreak occurred while Mr. May was imprisoned there.

Appellant’s App. at 16–17 (internal citation omitted). Scabies is a “highly contagious

and communicable disease” that is transmitted by sharing “clothing, bedding, or

towels,” and “through skin-to skin contact.” Id. at 16. Individuals infected with

scabies develop itchy skin as a symptom, but that symptom may not present for as

many as six weeks after the disease is contracted. Due to that delay, it was the

                                            2
prison’s policy to treat both “symptomatic inmates and asymptomatic ‘close

contacts,’ namely cellmates.” See id. Scabies can be treated either orally (with

Ivermectin) or with a skin cream (permethrin cream).

      When scabies broke out at the prison in January 2015, the prison required

every inmate to take Ivermectin or, if they refused for any reason, to be quarantined

in the Special Housing Unit (the “SHU”). Mr. May refused to take the Ivermectin

because “he previously suffered an allergic reaction” to the drug. Appellant’s App. at

17. Due to that refusal, on January 8, 2015, then camp administrator Juan Segovia

ordered Mr. May quarantined in the SHU and treated with permethrin cream “until

medically cleared by FPC medical staff.” Id.

      For an unspecified reason, Mr. May was initially unable to obtain “the

appropriate forms” to file an administrative grievance while confined in the SHU. See

id. at 18, 25. Although it is unclear from the record how long he lacked access to

those forms, the record reflects that Mr. May ultimately filed five grievances before

he was medically cleared to leave the SHU on February 4, 2015. Mr. May filed an

additional twenty-four grievances between the day he left the SHU and his ultimate

release from prison in November 2015. None of the twenty-nine grievances “dealt

with [Mr. May’s] placement in the SHU, conditions in the SHU, or the denial of a

hearing upon his placement in the SHU.” Id. at 18.

      On February 27, 2015, and while still incarcerated, Mr. May filed a pro se

prisoner complaint in federal district court. Among other things, Mr. May alleged

that the prison had not “follow[ed] the due process procedures outlined by the

                                           3
Supreme Court” when, “for disciplinary purposes,” it placed him in the SHU for

refusing to take Ivermectin. See Appellee’s Suppl. App. at 4. On March 16, “[a]t the

[district] court’s direction to refile using the appropriate form,” Mr. May filed his

First Amended Complaint (“FAC”). Appellant’s App. at 14. He made essentially the

same allegations—again asserting that the prison had not provided him with a hearing

and had not followed the “due process procedures outlined by the Supreme Court,”

see Appellee’s Suppl. App. at 16—but now framed them as Bivens claims.1 The

district court dismissed some of Mr. May’s claims not relevant here and referred the

remainder to a magistrate judge.

      In April 2015, Mr. May moved for summary judgment. The government filed

its response in opposition to Mr. May’s summary judgment motion in June. Attached

to that response as Exhibit C was a declaration from Mr. Segovia—who was not yet a

named defendant—that stated Mr. Segovia had “made the decision to place” Mr. May

in the SHU. Id. at 37–38. In July, Mr. May moved to file a second amended

complaint (the “SAC”) to add Mr. Segovia as a defendant. Although Mr. May filed

that motion in July, the court did not grant it until January 19, 2016, two months after

Mr. May had been released from custody.

      The magistrate judge construed the SAC as raising three constitutional claims

and dismissed two of those claims. Mr. May has not appealed those rulings. The

      1
       A Bivens claim is a claim for money damages against federal officials or
employees who participated in unconstitutional conduct. See Bivens v. Six Unknown
Named Agents of Fed. Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 396 (1971).
                                            4
magistrate judge denied the government’s motion to dismiss the Bivens claim based

on procedural due process against Mr. Segovia; Mr. Segovia then moved for

summary judgment. The magistrate judge ultimately granted that motion, concluding

that Mr. May was subject to the PLRA and had not exhausted his administrative

remedies. In doing so, the magistrate judge also determined there was no genuine

issue of material fact that administrative remedies were not “available” to Mr. May.

       Mr. May now appeals both of those rulings, arguing the PLRA does not apply

to him because he was not a prisoner at the time he filed his operative complaint—the

SAC—and even if the PLRA does apply, there is a genuine issue of material fact as

to whether administrative remedies were available to him, rendering summary

judgment improper. Mr. May does not dispute the magistrate judge’s determination

that he did not exhaust available administrative remedies.

       In opposition to Mr. May’s appeal, Mr. Segovia raises two additional issues he

argued below but that the magistrate judge did not reach: first, whether this court

recognizes a Bivens claim based on procedural due process, and second, if it does,

whether Mr. Segovia is entitled to qualified immunity. Because we affirm the

magistrate judge’s decision on the same grounds relied upon by the magistrate judge,

we do not reach Mr. Segovia’s alternative arguments.

                                   II.    DISCUSSION

       The PLRA states: “No action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions

. . . by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such

administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Any

                                             5
prisoner who seeks to bring a claim involving “general circumstances or particular

episodes” of prison life, see Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S. 516, 532 (2002), must first

exhaust the administrative remedies available to him in prison, Jones v. Bock, 549
U.S. 199, 211 (2007) (“There is no question that exhaustion is mandatory under the

PLRA . . . .”). Mr. May argues the PLRA exhaustion requirement does not apply to

him because his Second Amended Complaint was deemed filed in January 2016, two

months after he had been released from prison. Alternatively, he argues that even if

the PLRA does apply, there is a genuine dispute of material fact whether any

administrative remedies were available to him, which renders the grant of summary

judgment improper.

      We first address the applicability of the PLRA and conclude it does apply to

Mr. May. We next review the magistrate judge’s determination that there is no

genuine issue of material fact concerning the availability of administrative remedies

and affirm its decision.

                           A. The Applicability of the PLRA

       Questions of statutory interpretation, like the proper interpretation of the

PLRA, are pure questions of law that we review de novo. See In re Taylor, 899 F.3d
1126, 1129 (10th Cir. 2018). The text of the PLRA establishes a temporal

relationship between the exhaustion requirement and any prisoner’s suit. “No action

shall be brought,” it says, “until such administrative remedies as are available shall

be exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) (emphasis added). Because an action is brought

or “commenced by filing a complaint with the court,” see Fed. R. Civ. P. 3, a plain

                                           6
reading of the PLRA could require exhaustion so long as the plaintiff was a prisoner

when the initial complaint was filed. But the Supreme Court’s decision in Jones v.

Bock offers a more nuanced interpretation of the “no action shall be brought”

language.

1. Jones v. Bock

      In Jones, the Court considered consolidated PLRA cases. See 549 U.S. at

204-11. The Sixth Circuit had interpreted the PLRA to create three somewhat novel

procedural rules: first, that exhaustion was a pleading requirement rather than an

affirmative defense; second, that PLRA exhaustion required full exhaustion of

administrative remedies for “each individual later named in the lawsuit”; and third,

that when unexhausted and exhausted claims are both included in the same suit, a

“total exhaustion” rule applies, requiring the dismissal of the whole action, not just

the unexhausted claims. Id. at 204–06. The Court rejected each of these rules because

“courts should generally not depart from the usual practice under the Federal Rules”

unless the PLRA expressly indicates otherwise. See id. at 212 (explaining that the

PLRA’s “silence” on a procedural issue “is strong evidence that the usual practice”

under the Federal Rules “should be followed”).

      In its discussion of the third issue—the total exhaustion rule—the Court noted

that the “no action shall be brought” language is common in statutes of limitation and

is not used in that context to dismiss whole actions because of the inclusion of an

untimely claim. Id. at 220–21. “As a general matter, if a complaint contains both

good and bad claims, the court proceeds with the good and leaves the bad.” Id. at

                                           7
221. The Supreme Court explained that a total exhaustion rule departs from the usual

practice under the Federal Rules by reading “action” literally, rather than

understanding it in context of normal practice under the Federal Rules. Thus, with the

Supreme Court’s clarifying interpretation, the PLRA’s imperative is properly

understood to apply to claims and not entire actions.

        The question under Jones, then, is when Mr. May’s due-process claim—the

only claim before us—first entered the litigation. If Mr. May brought this claim prior

to his release from prison, the PLRA requires him to exhaust it.

        Accordingly, there are three complaints that could have introduced the claim

into the litigation here. First, because the due process allegations were included in the

initial complaint, we could conclude it is the operative complaint for determining

whether the PLRA applies. Second, Mr. May repackaged his due process allegation

as a Bivens action in the FAC, which might be significant for PLRA purposes. The

third complaint of relevance here is the SAC, which Mr. May contends is the proper

focal point of our inquiry. According to Mr. May, adding Mr. Segovia as a defendant

gives rise to a new claim under the PLRA. We address each of these pleadings in

turn.

2. The Initial Complaint

        As previously explained, Mr. May alleged in his original complaint that the

prison had not “follow[ed] the due process procedures outlined by the Supreme

Court” when, “for disciplinary purposes,” it placed him in the SHU for refusing to

take Ivermectin. See Appellee’s Suppl. App. at 4. Because Mr. May was incarcerated

                                           8
when the initial complaint was filed, any claim raised in it must be exhausted under

the PLRA. Because this complaint first introduced the due process claim, exhaustion

is required.

3. The First Amended Complaint

       Mr. May restyled his due process claim as a Bivens claim in his First Amended

Complaint, filed before his release on March 16, 2015. The Bivens claim, however,

contained essentially the same allegations as the initial complaint and, thus, simply

provides a mechanism for the collection of damages for the previously-alleged due

process violation.

       But, even if we assume Mr. May’s repackaging of his allegations under Bivens

created a new claim for purposes of the PLRA exhaustion requirement, the claim was

“brought,” at the latest, in his FAC, eight months before his release. Because

Mr. May initially brought his due-process claim while he was still a prisoner, the

PLRA applies to that claim and requires that it be exhausted before a federal court

may consider it.

       Mr. May contends, however, that the initial complaint and the FAC are no

longer of any relevance because they were superseded by the SAC. To hold

otherwise, Mr. May argues, would impermissibly “‘depart from the usual practice

under the Federal Rules,’” see Appellant’s Br. at 12 (quoting Jones, 549 U.S. at 212)

because “[i]t is well established that when a plaintiff amends his complaint under

[Rule] 15, the amended complaint ‘supersedes the original and renders it of no legal

effect.’” Id. at 13 (quoting Davis v. TXO Prod. Corp., 929 F.2d 1515, 1517 (10th Cir.

                                           9
1991)). According to Mr. May, the SAC superseded his previous complaints when it

was deemed filed in January 2016. Because the filing occurred after his release, he

argues that, for the purposes of the exhaustion requirement, his prisoner status must

be determined at that point. But Mr. May overreads our precedents.

      It cannot be correct that an amended complaint renders the original complaint

“of no legal effect” for all purposes or else Rule 15(c) would be null. That rule states

that “[a]n amendment to a pleading relates back to the date of the original pleading

when . . . the amendment asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the conduct,

transaction or occurrence set out—or attempted to be set out in the original

pleading.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B). Rule 15(c) expressly contemplates an un-

superseded original complaint as to timing for, at the very least, statutes of limitation,

see Rule 15(c)(1)(a), and for determining when an action was commenced or a claim

was brought because nothing in Rule 15(c) indicates that it displaces Rule 3. Instead,

even when a complaint is properly amended and the conditions of Rule 15(c) are met,

the amended complaint must still relate back to the original complaint for some

purposes. The amended complaint, as the operative complaint, supersedes the

original complaint’s allegations but not its timing.

      When amended complaints are so understood, it becomes clear why Mr. May’s

argument that “the plaintiff’s operative complaint controls the analysis for a statutory

exhaustion requirement” is likewise meritless. See Appellant’s Br. at 15. Mr. May

first points to Mathews v. Diaz, 426 U.S. 67 (1976), to support this proposition.

There, the Supreme Court concluded that a supplemental complaint cured a failure to

                                           10
exhaust under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). See Diaz, 426 U.S. at 75. Mr. May argues this case

is particularly helpful to his claims because § 405(g) “makes exhaustion a

nonwaivable condition of jurisdiction,” Appellant’s Br. at 15 (quoting Diaz, 426 U.S.

at 75), while “the PLRA exhaustion requirement is not jurisdictional,” id. at 16

(quoting Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 101 (2006)). But the jurisdictional/non-

jurisdictional distinction cuts against Mr. May because the exhaustion requirement in

§ 405(g), like all jurisdictional exhaustion requirements, includes a pleading

requirement that can be satisfied only by changing the allegations in the complaint.

See Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 328 (1976) (explaining that a “complaint was

found jurisdictionally deficient” for failing to exhaust because “it ‘contain[ed] no

allegations that the[ plaintiffs] had even filed an application with the Secretary’”

(first alteration in original) (quoting Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 95 (1975))).

In contrast, the PLRA exhaustion requirement is an affirmative defense, not a

pleading requirement. See Jones, 549 U.S. at 216. The question under the PLRA is

the timing of the claim alleged, not the sufficiency of the allegations. Because

superseding allegations cannot change the status of the prisoner at the time he

“brought” the relevant unexhausted claim, Diaz cuts against Mr. May’s argument.

      Accordingly, if we consider the initial complaint or the FAC in assessing when

the due process claim was first introduced into the litigation, the PLRA required

Mr. May to exhaust that claim.

                                           11
4. The Second Amended Complaint

      Mr. May next contends that the SAC is the proper focus here because adding

Mr. Segovia as a defendant gave rise to a new claim under the PLRA. Amendments

that add defendants, he argues, “are categorically treated as commencing a new case

as to the added defendants.” Appellant’s Reply Br. at 9 (quoting Prime Care of Ne.

Kan., L.L.C. v. Humana Ins. Co., 447 F.3d 1284, 1286 (10th Cir. 2006)). According

to his argument, by adding “a completely new defendant,” Mr. May “create[d] a new

cause of action.” Id. (quoting Graves v. Gen. Ins. Corp., 412 F.2d 583, 585 (10th Cir.

1969)). But Mr. May mischaracterizes our decision in Prime Care and fails to

account for Jones’s impact on Graves.

      In Prime Care, we addressed whether and how “pleading amendments” filed

after the enactment of the Class Action Fairness Act affected the “commencement

date” of actions filed prior to its enactment. 447 F.3d at 1285–86. We considered

three possible approaches that had been adopted by other federal courts, the third of

which was that post-enactment pleading amendments did not “affect the

commencement date” of pre-enactment actions “if they d[id] not relate back or if they

add[ed] new defendants to the case.” Id. at 1286. This approach was based on the

view that, per Mr. May’s quoted language, amendments adding defendants “are

categorically treated as commencing a new case as to the added defendants.” Id. Far

from accepting that view, however, we explicitly rejected it and did so on the basis

that “an amendment adding a defendant does not necessarily commence a new action

as to that defendant.” Id. at 1286, 1288.

                                            12
       As to Graves, Mr. May is correct that we concluded that substitution or

addition “of a completely new defendant creates a new cause of action.” 412 F.2d at

585. But there, we were concerned with whether the added or substituted parties had

“notice of the original action.” Id. Mr. Segovia has not alleged that he was not

provided adequate notice, but even if he had, Jones is explicit that notice is not a

concern relevant to the PLRA exhaustion requirement. See 549 U.S. at 218–19. In

Jones, the Supreme Court rejected the Sixth Circuit’s rule requiring prisoners to

identify “each defendant they would later sue[]” in their initial complaint and to

exhaust as to each defendant. Id. The Court acknowledged that the “Sixth Circuit rule

may promote early notice to those who might later be sued, but that has not been

thought to be one of the leading purposes of the exhaustion requirement.” Id. at 219.

Rather, “the primary purpose of a grievance is to alert prison officials to a problem,

not to provide personal notice to a particular official that may be sued.” Id. (quoting

Johnson v. Johnson, 385 F.3d 503, 522 (5th Cir. 2004)). Jones teaches that, although

adding or substituting a defendant may create a new claim for some purposes, it does

not do so for purposes of the PLRA exhaustion requirement.

       Mr. Segovia argues that this reading of Jones is supported by our usual

application of the Federal Rules. As we explained, under Rule 15(c), an amended

complaint related back to a prior complaint for timing purposes when the amended

complaint “asserts a claim . . . that arose out of the conduct, transaction, or

occurrence set out . . . in the [earlier] pleading.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B).

Although Rule 15(c) typically applies in the statute of limitations context, the Eighth

                                            13
Circuit has concluded that relation back is the “the pertinent threshold question”

when addressing the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement as well. See Foulk v. Charrier,

262 F.3d 687, 696 (8th Cir. 2001). Mr. May’s due process claim in the SAC

unquestionably “arose out of the conduct . . . set out” in the initial complaint and the

FAC. Thus, Mr. Segovia would have us conclude, we look not to when the SAC was

filed but “to the date of the original complaint” to determine Mr. May’s status under

the PLRA. Appellee’s Br. at 19.

      Mr. May disagrees and argues that 15(c) does not apply in the exhaustion

context. He first contends that Mr. Segovia cited “no authority in which Rule 15(c)

has been extended to prevent a plaintiff from receiving the ordinary benefits of

amending his complaint. Indeed, allowing a defendant to invoke relation back to tie

plaintiffs to the circumstances at the time of their original complaint would turn the

doctrine’s purpose on its head” because the relation back should “not be applied in a

way that w[ould] produce results inconsistent with its remedial purpose.” Appellant’s

Reply Br. at 9 (quoting 6A Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice & Procedure

§ 1508 (3d ed.)). He also argues that applying 15(c) to an amended complaint that

“add[s] a new defendant” is contrary to our usual practice under the Federal Rules

which permits relation back “only to matters relating to the original parties of the

complaint, or to correct a misnomer or a misdescription of [a] defendant, and not to

add or substitute a new party defendant.” Id. at 9–10 (quoting Graves, 412 F.2d at

585). This is not entirely true.

                                           14
      In certain specified circumstances, Rule 15(c)(1)(C) expressly allows for

relation back for amendments that “change[] the party or the name of the party

against whom a claim is asserted, ” but at a minimum, Mr. Segovia would be

required to show that he had the requisite notice of the action to allow relation

back. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(C). Mr. Segovia has not made a meaningful

argument to this court regarding the satisfaction of the notice requirements of Rule

15(c)(1)(C). For the first time on appeal and in a footnote of his response brief,

Mr. Segovia makes a cursory reference to Rule 15(c)(2), which addresses how the

“notice requirements” of Rule 15(c)(1)(C) “are satisfied” with respect to suits

where a “United States officer . . . is added as a defendant by amendment.” But

Mr. Segovia does not make any arguments as to why that provision would be

applicable in the context of Mr. May’s Bivens claim against him in his individual

capacity. Even if Mr. Segovia had made such meaningful arguments, we need not

decide for the first time on appeal whether he satisfied the notice requirements of

Rule 15(c)(1)(C) to support relation back.2 This is because, even assuming

      2
         Contrary to the suggestion in the concurrence, we did not decline to dispose
of Mr. May’s case under Rule 15(c)(1)(C) because we agreed with Mr. May that to
do so would be “inconsistent with the remedial purposes of Rule 15(c).” Conc. Op. at
5. Instead, we refused to consider the Rule 15(c)(1)(C) argument because it was not
preserved. Mr. Segovia argued only for the application of Rule 15(c)(1)(B) and (c)(2)
and did so for the first time on appeal. His only argument that 15(c)(1)(C) was
satisfied is based on meeting the requirements of 15(c)(2). So, although we are free to
affirm the district court on any ground adequately supported by the record, we
decline to exercise our discretion to adopt an argument wholly unaddressed by the
parties when arguments properly raised will do.
                                          15
Mr. May is correct that adding Mr. Segovia creates a new claim, making the SAC the

operative complaint, he still cannot prevail.

      Mr. May relies on the Ninth Circuit’s opinion in Jackson v. Fong, 870 F.3d
928 (9th Cir. 2017), for the proposition that we look only to the timing of the SAC

when determining the applicability of the PLRA. Fong presents a factual scenario

similar to Mr. May’s. The plaintiff in Fong—Mr. Jackson—was a prisoner in the

midst of his final administrative appeal when he filed his original complaint. Fong,
870 F.3d at 932. Shortly after filing his suit, Mr. Jackson moved to amend his

complaint. But before that motion was granted, as with Mr. May, he was released

from custody. Id. The district court “dismissed [Mr.] Jackson’s First Amended

Complaint with leave to amend,” which Mr. Jackson did, filing a second amended

complaint after he was released from custody. Id. Due to circumstances irrelevant

here, Mr. Jackson eventually filed a third amended complaint. See id.

      The defendants moved for summary judgment, arguing that Mr. Jackson had

not exhausted his administrative remedies, and the district court granted the motion.

Id. The Ninth Circuit reversed, holding that “[t]he exhaustion requirement . . . does

not apply to non-prisoners.” Id. at 933. Relying on Jones and circuit caselaw, the

court determined that to require Mr. Jackson to exhaust would “ignore[] the general

rule” that “a supplemental complaint ‘completely super[s]edes any earlier complaint,

rendering the original complaint non-existent and, thus, its filing date irrelevant.’” Id.

at 934 (quoting Rhodes v. Robinson, 621 F.3d 1002, 1005 (9th Cir. 2010)).

                                           16
       Despite the similar facts, Fong is distinguishable. There, the operative

complaint was “a supplemental complaint within the meaning of Rule 15(d).” See id.

Under Rule 15(d), a plaintiff may amend his complaint to account for “any

transaction, occurrence, or event that happened after the date of the pleading to be

supplemented.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(d). It is axiomatic that a supplemental complaint,

filed after the plaintiff has been released from prison and raising claims that

“happened after the date of the pleadings to be supplemented,” would not be subject

to the exhaustion requirement. Such claims would have been “brought” for purpose

of the PLRA by a non-prisoner. As Jones implies, the district court reviewing an

amended complaint filed under Rule 15(d) would have the responsibility, when the

exhaustion defense is raised, to differentiate between claims that are exhausted—or

to which the exhaustion requirement does not apply because they were first brought

after the plaintiff was released from prison—and claims that are unexhausted,

dismissing the latter and allowing the former to proceed. See 549 U.S. at 221–22. But

that is not this case. The SAC was not filed under Rule 15(d) because Mr. May’s

Bivens claim did not arise from transactions or events that occurred after the First

Amended Complaint. Indeed, it is undisputed that his only claim on appeal was first

raised, at the latest, in the First Amended Complaint, which was filed eight months

prior to his release.

       But even if we were to agree that Fong is on point, Mr. Segovia contends the

PLRA would still require Mr. May to exhaust his administrative remedies. Fong cited

another Ninth Circuit case—Rhodes v. Robinson—approvingly, and there the Ninth

                                           17
Circuit held that new claims were “brought” for purposes of the PLRA exhaustion

requirement when the supplemental complaint was “tendered” to the court for filing,

not when the court deemed it filed. See Rhodes, 621 F.3d at 1005; see also Ford v.

Johnson, 362 F.3d 395, 400 (7th Cir. 2004) (holding that “an action is ‘brought’ for

purposes of [the PLRA exhaustion requirement] when the complaint is tendered to

the district clerk”); Rothman v. Gregor, 220 F.3d 81, 96 (2d Cir. 2000) (holding that

“the date of the filing of the motion to amend constitutes the date the action was

commenced for statute of limitations purposes” when “the plaintiff seeks to add a

new defendant” (quoting Nw. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Alberts, 769 F. Supp. 498, 510

(S.D.N.Y.1991)); Moore v. Indiana, 999 F.2d 1125, 1131 (7th Cir. 1993) (holding

that a motion for leave to amend “tolls the statute of limitations, even though

technically the amended complaint will not be filed until the court rules on the

motion”); Mayes v. AT&T Info. Sys., Inc., 867 F.2d 1172, 1173 (8th Cir. 1989) (per

curium) (adopting the tender rule to determine whether a complaint has been filed for

statutes of limitation purposes). Such an approach is supported by common sense

because “plaintiff[s] ha[ve] no way of controlling or even predicting the time at

which any permission to amend [their complaint] will be granted, and thus no ability

to control the date on which the amended complaint itself may be filed.” See Kane

Cty., Utah v. United States, 934 F. Supp. 2d 1344, 1363 (D. Utah 2013), aff’d in part,

rev’d in part on other grounds and remanded, 772 F.3d 1205 (10th Cir. 2014)

(quoting Nett v. Bellucci, 774 N.E.2d 130, 136 (Mass. 2002)). To permit a prisoner to

avoid the exhaustion requirement simply because the court cannot or does not rule on

                                          18
the prisoner’s motion before he is released undermines the statute, circumventing the

PLRA’s commands through omission.

      We have not yet adopted this approach in the Tenth Circuit. Mr. Segovia

argues, for the first time on appeal, that we should do so now.3 Mr. May contends

that a combination of Jones and our circuit precedents forecloses adoption of the

tender rule. Recall that Jones prohibits us from departing “from the usual practice

under the Federal Rules” to make PLRA specific rules unless the PLRA expressly

indicates otherwise. See 549 U.S. at 212. Mr. May argues that our usual practice is

captured by our statement in Murray v. Archambo, 132 F.3d 609, 612 (10th Cir.

1998), that an “amendment that has been filed or served without leave of court or

consent of the defendants is without legal effect.” See Appellant’s Reply Br. at 11

(emphasis added). Mr. May contends that because the SAC had not yet been accepted

      3
         Although Mr. May does not raise forfeiture, we note that Mr. Segovia did not
argue for the application of the tender rule to the district court. Generally, we “do[]
not consider an issue not passed upon below.” See Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106,
120 (1976); Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1128 (10th Cir. 2011) (“[I]f
the theory simply wasn’t raised before the district court, we usually hold it
forfeited.”). But we retain discretion to consider such unraised arguments. Singleton,
428 U.S. at 121 (noting that federal appellate courts have discretion to decide “what
questions may be taken up and resolved for the first time on appeal” based on “the
facts of the individual case”); see also Abernathy v. Wandes, 713 F.3d 538, 552 (10th
Cir. 2013) (holding that “the decision regarding what issues are appropriate to
entertain on appeal in instances of lack of preservation is discretionary”). Here, it
was the district court that first raised Fong in its decision dismissing the complaint,
and so Mr. Segovia did not have an opportunity to raise the tender rule in response.
Under these circumstances, we exercise our discretion to reach Mr. Segovia’s
argument and conclude that, assuming arguendo that Fong governs our analysis, the
exhaustion requirement would nonetheless apply to Mr. May per the tender rule.
                                          19
for filing when it was tendered, it had “no legal effect.” Id. But Murray is

distinguishable.

      In Murray, the district court granted a motion to dismiss an entire action

because the plaintiff filed the amended complaint without leave of the court or

consent of the defendants. 132 F.3d at 610–612. The defendants argued that the

dismissal was justified because the “amended complaint st[ood] in place of [the]

original complaint.” Id at 612. We concluded the district court erred because only a

“properly filed” amended complaint could “supersede the original.” Id. Despite the

broad language in Murray, our holding there amounted to no more than that an

improperly filed amended complaint does not have the legal effect of superseding the

allegations in the original complaint for purposes of assessing whether dismissal is

appropriate. Insofar as the phrase “without legal effect” was intended to mean

anything more, it constitutes dicta. Unlike in Murray, Mr. May properly requested

leave to file, but that leave was delayed in coming. And, as discussed above, a

properly filed amended complaint may relate back to the original complaint for some

purposes, including timing generally and statutes of limitation specifically. The

timing of the claims, as opposed to the sufficiency of the allegations, was not before

us in Murray, and our opinion there should not be construed as addressing the timing-

allegation distinction. Thus, Murray does not preclude us from adopting the tender

rule and we do so now.

      Finally, both parties spill substantial ink on policy arguments. Mr. May argues

that requiring a prisoner to dismiss his original complaint and file a new action would

                                           20
create a procedural anomaly and incentivize inefficient use of judicial resources.

Mr. Segovia contends that looking to the plaintiff’s status when he initially filed the

relevant claim would further the PLRA’s policy goal of reducing meritless lawsuits,

thereby enhancing judicial economy. Jones counsels us to disregard such arguments

when they invite us to depart from the “typical” approach under the Federal Rules.

See 549 U.S. at 216, 224–25. In response to similar policy arguments, the Supreme

Court explained that “the judge’s job is to construe the statute—not to make it

better.” See Jones, 549 U.S. at 216. “The judge ‘must not read in by way of creation,’

but instead abide by the ‘duty of restraint, th[e] humility [to] function as merely the

translator of another’s command.’” Id. (first alteration in original) (quoting Felix

Frankfurter, Some Reflections on the Reading of Statutes, 47 Colum. L. Rev. 527,

533–34 (1947)). Even if we agreed that it is inefficient to require released prisoners

to refile unexhausted claims brought while in prison, our agreement would be

irrelevant without “a clear reason to depart from our more typical claim-by-claim

approach” under the Federal Rules. Id. at 224–25.

      In summary, we conclude that Mr. May was a prisoner within the meaning of

the PLRA when he brought his due-process claim, irrespective of which complaint

first introduced his due process claim, and thus, he was required to exhaust any

available administrative remedies as to that claim.

                  B. The Availability of Administrative Remedies

       “We review summary judgment decisions de novo, applying the same legal

standard as the district court.” Tuckel v. Grover, 660 F.3d 1249, 1251 (10th Cir.

                                           21
2011) (quotation marks omitted). “The court shall grant summary judgment if the

movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Once the moving

party has identified a lack of a genuine issue of material fact, the nonmoving party

has the burden to cite to “specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for

trial.” See Schneider v. City of Grand Junction Police Dep’t, 717 F.3d 760, 767 (10th

Cir. 2013) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)).

Those specific facts must be supported by “particular parts of materials in the

record,” see Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A); relying on “mere pleadings” is insufficient,

see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986). We also review de novo the

finding that Mr. May “failed to exhaust his administrative remedies.” Huggins v.

Reilly, 679 F. App’x 679, 681 (10th Cir. 2017) (unpublished) (citing Jernigan v.

Stuchell, 304 F.3d 1030, 1032 (10th Cir. 2002)).

      The PLRA does not impose an exhaustion requirement unless administrative

remedies are “available.” See Ross v. Blake, 136 S. Ct. 1850, 1856 (2016). Although

a defendant bears the burden of “proving that the plaintiff did not [exhaust his]

administrative remedies,” once the defendant has carried that burden, “the onus falls

on the plaintiff to show that remedies were unavailable to him.” Tuckel, 660 F.3d at

1254. Administrative remedies are deemed unavailable if, among other things,

“prison administrators thwart inmates from taking advantage of a grievance process

through machination, misrepresentation, or intimidation.” Ross, 136 S. Ct. at 1860;

see also Tuckel, 660 F.3d at 1252–53 (“[W]hen a prison official inhibits an inmate

                                           22
from utilizing an administrative process through threats or intimidation, that process

can no longer be said to be ‘available.’”). There is no dispute that Mr. May failed to

exhaust his administrative remedies; the only remaining question is whether those

remedies were available.

         The magistrate judge determined there was no genuine dispute of material fact

as to whether administrative remedies were available to Mr. May because he did not

“provide[] facts sufficient” to show that he “was, in fact, denied access to the

administrative grievance process.” Appellant’s App. at 27. Mr. May argues he has

raised a genuine issue of material fact because he “specifically asserted that” prison

officials “intentionally” “black[ed] out the labels . . . of any outgoing mail scanned

causing such mail to be returned undeliverable.” Appellant’s Br. at 23 (quoting Pl.’s

Resp. to Def. Mot. for Summary Judgment at 2). As the nonmoving party, Mr. May

must produce specific facts that show there is a genuine issue of fact as to whether

(1) “the threat[, machination,] or intimidation actually did deter [him] from lodging a

grievance” and (2) “the threat[, machination,] or intimidation would deter a

reasonable inmate of ordinary firmness and fortitude from lodging a grievance.”

Tuckel, 660 F.3d at 1254. Mr. May has not raised a genuine issue of fact as to either

prong.

         Mr. May’s sole argument is that he has “specifically asserted” that prison

officials intentionally tampered with the mail processing system to render grievances

undeliverable, and that he “made record of that” allegation by including it in response

to Mr. Segovia’s summary judgment motion. See Appellant’s Br. at 23–24. Mr. May

                                            23
provides no evidence to support this allegation beyond the allegation itself. He has

not even alleged that he attempted to file a grievance about his internment in the

SHU and it was returned as undeliverable. While Mr. May was in the SHU, he filed

five grievances; he does not allege that any of them were returned as undeliverable.

He also fails to make any such allegation as to the other twenty-four grievances he

filed after he left the SHU and before he was released from custody, much less

provide evidence to support that potential allegation. Mr. May further fails to offer

any explanation as to how the grievance process was so broken as to dissuade him

from filing his due process grievance but not enough to dissuade him from filing

twenty-nine other grievances in the same time period.

      Because nothing in the record indicates that the administrative process was

unavailable to Mr. May, indeed, because there is evidence to the contrary, we concur

with the magistrate judge’s determination that there is no genuine dispute of material

fact as to the availability of administrative remedies.

                                  III.   CONCLUSION

      For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment below.

                                           24
17-1458, May v. Segovia
BRISCOE, J., concurring.

       I concur in the judgment and join except for Part II.A.4 of the majority’s well-

reasoned opinion. I agree with the majority that the exhaustion requirement in the Prison

Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”), 42 U.S.C. § 1997e, applies to May’s procedural due

process claim. While I would reach the same result, I would apply the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure to decide this case rather than the tender rule adopted by the majority.

       The PLRA provides that “[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison

conditions . . . by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until

such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a).

Under Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199 (2007), as the majority succinctly explains, “the

PLRA’s imperative is properly understood to apply to claims and not entire actions,”

Maj. Op. at 8, and “courts should generally not depart from the usual practice under the

Federal Rules [of Civil Procedure] on the basis of perceived policy concerns” when

applying the PLRA, Jones, 549 U.S. at 212. In this case, as the majority highlights, the

only claim at issue is May’s procedural due process claim. Maj. Op. at 8–9. Therefore,

under Jones, we should determine when May’s procedural due process claim was

“brought” under the PLRA.

       I agree with the majority that May “brought” his procedural due process claim

when he filed his initial complaint because, under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 3, “[a]

civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 3; see

Maj. Op. at 8-9. The next question, then, is whether later amendments to the initial
complaint alter this conclusion. I respectfully disagree with the majority’s approach

which assumes that the Second Amended Complaint introduces a new claim1 and the

majority’s subsequent decision to apply the tender rule—a judge-made equitable

principle found nowhere in the Federal Rules—to conclude that the “new” claim is

subject to the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement. Instead, I would apply the Federal Rules

to determine whether the Second Amended Complaint relates back to the filing of the

initial complaint.

       Before applying the Federal Rules, it is helpful to recall the procedural history of

this case. As is relevant here, the district court ordered May to cure deficiencies in his

initial complaint resulting from his failure to use a standardized prisoner complaint form.

May cured these deficiencies by refiling his initial complaint using the required form (the

“First Amended Complaint”). Both the initial complaint and the First Amended

Complaint named three defendants: George Santini, Frank Cordova, and the Federal

Bureau of Prisons. Both the initial complaint and the First Amended Complaint stated

that Segovia, as the administrator of the Federal Prison Camp, threatened May with

“other action” if he refused to take Ivermectin. App. at 12, 24. Shortly after May filed

the First Amended Complaint, the district court dismissed the Bureau of Prisons as a

defendant, reasoning that suit against the Bureau was barred by sovereign immunity.

       1
       The majority recognizes that the Second Amended Complaint is not a
supplemental complaint within the meaning of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(d).
Maj. Op. at 17.
                                              2
       The record reflects that on May 27, 2015—90 days after May filed his initial

complaint—Juan Segovia executed a sworn declaration in which he declared that he was

responsible for the decision to place May in the Special Housing Unit. See App. at

72-74. In response to this declaration, and presumably the district court’s dismissal of the

Bureau of Prisons as a defendant, May filed the Second Amended Complaint, albeit

without leave of court. The Second Amended Complaint contained nearly identical

allegations as the initial complaint and First Amended Complaint but named only two

defendants: Segovia and Cordova. Given this background, it seems clear that May, a pro

se prisoner, never attempted to add any new claims when he filed his Second Amended

Complaint, but rather sought only to identify the proper defendants as a result of

subsequent developments in the district court.

       Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c) governs the relation back of amendments to

the original pleadings. Under Rule 15(c),

       (1) When an Amendment Relates Back. An amendment to a pleading relates
            back to the date of the original pleading when:
          (A) the law that provides the applicable statute of limitations allows
               relation back;
          (B) the amendment asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the conduct,
               transaction, or occurrence set out—or attempted to be set out—in the
               original pleading; or
          (C) the amendment changes the party or the naming of the party against
               whom a claim is asserted, if Rule 15(c)(1)(B) is satisfied and if, within
               [90 days of the filing of the relevant pleading], the party to be brought
               in by amendment:
             (i) received such notice of the action that it will not be prejudiced in
                   defending on the merits; and
             (ii) knew or should have known that the action would have been
                   brought against it, but for a mistake concerning the proper party’s
                   identity.

                                              3
       (2) Notice to the United States. When the United States or a United States
           officer or agency is added as a defendant by amendment, the notice
           requirements of Rule 15(c)(1)(C)(i) and (ii) are satisfied if, during the
           stated period, process was delivered or mailed to the United States
           attorney or the United States attorney's designee, to the Attorney General
           of the United States, or to the officer or agency.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c). Whether Rule 15(c)(1)(B) is satisfied “depends on the existence of

a common core of operative facts uniting the original and newly asserted claims,” Mayle

v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 659 (2005) (internal quotation marks omitted) (interpreting prior,

but materially analogous, version of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(c)), and we

examine “what the party to be added knew or should have known,” Krupski v. Costa

Crociere S.p.A., 560 U.S. 538, 541 (2010), to determine whether Rule 15(c)(1)(C) is met.

       On appeal, Segovia argues that the Second Amended Complaint relates back to the

initial complaint because the amendments arose out of the same conduct, transaction, or

occurrence set out in the initial complaint and he received adequate notice of the

amendments. Segovia Resp. Br. at 18 & n.6. I agree that “the Second Amended

Complaint asserts the same claims as those contained in the original complaint and is

grounded on the same nucleus of operative facts.” Segovia Resp. Br. at 18 (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). I also agree that Rule 15(c)’s notice requirements

are satisfied, albeit for a different reason than the one advanced by Segovia. While

Segovia briefly states in a footnote that Rule 15(c)’s notice requirements are satisfied in

this case through Rule 15(c)(2), the record reflects that Rule 15(c)(1)(C)’s notice

requirement is clearly satisfied. Based on his sworn declaration, Segovia received actual

notice of the action within 90 days of the filing of the initial complaint, stated that he was

                                              4
the responsible actor behind the decision to move May to the Special Housing Unit, and

after he was named as a defendant he defended the merits of the action, without any

claim or showing of prejudice.2 Therefore, by satisfying all of the requirements of Rule

15(c)(1)(C), the Second Amended Complaint relates back to the filing of the initial

complaint, and thus any claim in the Second Amended Complaint is subject to the

exhaustion requirement in the PLRA. This approach is consistent with both the text of

the PLRA and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Segovia Resp. Br. at 17-20, and

Segovia’s overarching argument on appeal that a prisoner’s status at the time he files the

initial complaint in a civil action determines the applicability of the PLRA’s exhaustion

requirement. I would therefore affirm the district court on this alternative basis.3

       The majority appears to disfavor this course because, as May argued on appeal, it

may be inconsistent with the remedial purposes of the Rule 15(c).4 See Maj. Op. at

14–15. Even if this were the case, the same concerns would apply to the tender rule

which, as the majority explains, has its own origins in tolling the statute of limitations for

plaintiffs. Id. at 18–19 (citing cases where courts tolled the statute of limitations upon the

filing of a motion to amend rather than the operative filing date of the underlying

       2
        Segovia waived any possible affirmative defense based on insufficient service of
process. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(1).
       3
        “This court has discretion to affirm on any ground adequately supported by the
record.” Feinberg v. Comm’r, 916 F.3d 1330, 1334 (10th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation
marks omitted).
       4
        Nothing in the text of Rule 15(c) disfavors application of the relation back
provision in the manner advocated.
                                              5
pleading). Accordingly, I am not convinced the tender rule, a judge-made equitable

device employed to toll the statute of limitations, should be given precedence over the

plain text of Rule 15(c).

       Nonetheless, I agree with the majority that May was required to exhaust his

procedural due process claim and failed to do so. Therefore, for the reasons explained, I

concur.

                                            6