Court Opinion

ID: 3887319
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 09:16:40.284677+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:42:05.252162
License: Public Domain

I do not agree with the conclusions announced in the opinion of the Chief Justice in this case, and propose, respectfully, to state the grounds of my dissent.
The action is for $25,000.00 damages on account of personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff, resulting from a fall in the store of the defendant company, due as alleged to her slipping upon the oiled floor of the store which she had entered as a customer.
Upon the trial before his Honor, Judge Dennis, and a jury, at the close of the plaintiff's testimony the defendants moved for a nonsuit, which was refused; at the close of all of the testimony the defendants moved for a directed verdict, which was also refused. The result of the trial was a verdict of $10,000.00 in favor of the plaintiff. The defendants then moved for a new trial, which was also refused. The three motions were made upon the same ground, substantially that there was no evidence tending to establish negligence on the part of the defendants. The exceptions raise the same question, which is the only question in the appeal.
In the opinion of the Chief Justice it is stated:
"We think the evidence of appellants' witnesses, Martin, Burns, and Lee, was sufficient to carry the case to the jury, *Page 463 
as to whether, where floors are habitually oiled, there is liable to be an accumulation of oil or grease which may be dangerous. The respondent testified as to the actual condition of the floor at the spot she fell. Dr. Lemmon's and Mrs. Flowers', also Mr. Flowers', evidence was sufficient to carry the case to the jury. It was for the jury to say whether the appellant allowed a particular location, where the respondent fell, on the floor, to become dangerous onaccount of an accumulation of oil or grease."
In other words, that there was sufficient evidence tending to establish the fact that by reason of an accumulation of oil, the place occupied by the plaintiff was made unsafe, and that this was the proximate cause of her fall.
I do not agree with this conclusion, which will be discussed at a later point in this opinion; for the moment let it pass.
Upon this hypothesis the learned Chief Justice proceeds to apply to the relation of owner and invitee, the rule applicable to the relation of master and servant; this, to my mind, is the controlling vice in the opinion.
There is no doubt of the correctness of the principle, that as between a servant and his master, the master owes to the servant the duty of exercising ordinary care to provide a reasonably safe place in which the servant is to perform the service required of him; and that in an action by the servant against the master, for an injury resulting from an alleged breach of this duty, if the injury is shown to have resulted from an unsafe place to work, a prima facie
case of negligence is made out against the master, and the burden of exculpating himself is cast upon the master.Bunch v. American Cigar Co., 126 S.C. 324;119 S.E., 828, and the numerous cases cited therein.
But I do not at all agree that this rule is applicable to the relation of owner of the premises and an invitee (the *Page 464 
relation between the plaintiff and the defendant corporation in this case).
The relations of carrier and passenger and master and servant are essentially different from that of owner and invitee. They are both contractual, while the other gives rise to a noncontractual duty. It is not illogical, therefore, that in the first two relations, a presumption of negligence; may arise; in the last, there is no presumption of negligence; it must be proved. "Excepting where contractualrelation exists between the parties, as in the case of carriers of passengers and some others, negligence will not be presumed from the mere happening of the accident and a consequent injury, but the plaintiff must show either actual negligence, or conditions which are so obviously dangerous as to admit of no inference other than that of negligence."Stearns v. Ontario Co., 184 Pa., 519; 39 A., 292; 39 L.R.A. 842; 63 Am. St. Rep., 807. "The mere fact that the plaintiff was injured while lawfully on the premises of the defendant does not raise a presumption of negligence on the part of the latter." Spickernagle v. Woolworth,236 Pa., 496; 84 A., 909; Ann. Cas., 1914-A, 132.
In Diver v. Singer Co., 205 Pa., 170; 54 A., 718, which was a case of the plaintiff slipping upon an oiled floor, the Court said:
"To entitle the plaintiff to recover, it was necessary that she should show some specific act of negligence on the part of the defendant, or the existence of conditions so obviously dangerous as to amount to evidence from which an inference of negligence would arise."
In De Velin v. Swanson (R.I.), 72 A., 388, which was a case of a customer slipping upon a banana peel, the syllabus is:
"A storekeeper is not liable for injuries to plaintiff by slipping on a banana peel in the store, in the absence of evidence that defendant had notice that the peel was on *Page 465 
the floor, or that it had been there so long as to constitute implied notice."
In Garland v. Furst Store, 93 N.J. Law, 127; 107 A., 38; 5 A.L.R., 275, the plaintiff, a customer, fell upon a tiled floor in the defendant's store. It was held that notice of the unsafe condition of the floor must have been brought home to the defendant. The syllabus is as follows:
"Where liability is made to depend at all upon notice to a party, the adversary party must establish [it] before the other is called upon to contest it.
"A mere fall of a person on the premises of another, without any evidence to show how the fall was occasioned, raises no presumption of negligence on the part of the owner, * * *"
In Schnatterer v. Bamberger, 81 N.J. Law., 558;79 A., 324; 34 L.R.A. (N.S.), 1077, Ann. Cas. 1912-D, 139, the plaintiff, a customer, in going down steps leading to the basement of defendant's store, caught the heel of her shoe in a brass "nosing," originally attached to the edge of the wooden step to prevent its wear, which was loose, causing her to trip and fall, and it was held that the evidence failed to show that the storekeeper had not used reasonable care in keeping the stairway safe for use, for the reason that it had not been brought to the notice of the storekeeper, or had existed for such a length of time as to charge him with notice of its existence, and that in the absence of proof of one of those conditions, a prima facie case of negligence was not established.
In Huey v. Gahlenbeck, 121 Pa., 238; 15 A., 520; 6 Am. St. Rep., 790, the syllabus is:
"Owner of premises is not liable in damages for injury sustained by another while lawfully thereon, in the absence of any evidence as to the direct cause of the injury, or that it was the result of the owner's negligence."
"The Supreme Court of Indiana, after a careful review of the authorities, deduces the rule that in order that liability *Page 466 
may attach for injury occasioned by something not inherently dangerous and defective, which is found upon the grounds of or in use by one who is under a qualified obligation to the injured person, it must be shown that the defendant either knew, or that by the exercise of such reasonable skill, vigilance, and sagacity as are ordinarily possessed and employed by persons experienced in the particular business to which the thing pertains, he should have known of its dangers and defective condition, and that the actual and probable consequence of its use would be to produce injury to some one." Note, 6 Am. St. Rep., 795.
In Thompson Co. v. Phillips, 22 Colo. App., 428;125 P., 563, it is held that a merchant who invites the public to his premises is not an insurer of the safety of his patrons, and is therefore not liable for injuries caused by some defect in the premises, in the absence of any evidence tending to show that he or his agents knew or should have known, by the exercise of reasonable diligence, of the defect.
In Rosen-Steinsitz v. Wanamaker (Sup.) 154 N.Y.S., 262, it was held that, in the absence of proof of negligence on the defendant's part, no recovery can be had for injuries sustained by a customer by reason of a fall occasioned by slipping on an unfastened rubber mat on the marble floor of the defendant's store.
In Kipp v. Woolworth, 150 App. Div., 283; 134 N Y S., 646, recovery was denied for injuries to a customer who slipped on an oiled spot in the floor, where there was no evidence of negligence on the part of the store owner in permitting the spot to exist.
In Dudley v. Abraham, 122 App. Div., 480; 107 N Y S., 97, it was held that the proprietor of a store was not liable to one who slipped on a wet or slimy spot on a floor near a drinking fountain, in the absence of any evidence that the defendant put it there or that it had been there long enough for him to have seen it and cleaned it up. *Page 467 
In Graham v. Woolworth (Tex.Civ.App.),277 S.W., 223, the plaintiff, a customer, slipped and fell on a wet spot in a passageway leading from the store to the sidewalk. It was held that there could be no recovery in the absence of evidence that the defendant had notice of the liquid on the floor, or that it had been there long enough to charge the defendant with notice of its presence in time to remove it.
In Markman v. Bell, 285 Pa., 378; 132 A., 178; 43 A.L. R., 862, it was held that the mere presence upon the walk at the entrance of a store, of vegetable leaves and meat scraps, when a customer is injured by falling there, does not of itself show negligence which will render a storekeeper liable for the injury. "A storekeeper is not liable to a customer, injured by tripping on a worn carpet, unless he knew, or should have known, of the defective condition in time to have repaired it, or warned the customer, or the general condition was such that he should have anticipated that it would become dangerous, unless repaired or replaced."Kaufman v. Cranston (C.C.A.), 258 F., 917.
In Emerson v. Kresge (C.C.A.), 259 F., 206, a candy counter was placed near the head of a stairway in a store; a bin thereon was filled so high that pieces spilled on the stairway, upon one of which the plaintiff, a customer, slipped and was injured. Held insufficient to establish the defendant's negligence, in the absence of evidence that the employees habitually spilled candy, or that they knew of it in the present instance.
In Kelley v. Quimby, 227 Mass. 93; 116 N.E., 409, the syllabus is:
"Evidence that plaintiff [a customer] was injured by glass falling upon her foot from a showcase, and that its fall was due to the defective condition of a bracket, does not sustain a recovery where there was no evidence that defendant knew the bracket's condition, or how long its defective condition had existed." *Page 468 
Supporting the proposition that no presumption of negligence on the part of the proprietor of a store arises from the mere fact that a customer was injured while lawfully upon the premises are the following cases: Norton v. Hudner,213 Mass. 257; 100 N.E., 546; 44 L.R.A. (N.S.), 79;Hathaway v. Chandler, 229 Mass. 92; 118 N.E., 273;Broadston v. Beddeo, 104 Neb. 604; 178 N.W., 190; Garlandv. Furst, 93 N.J. Law, 127; 107 A., 38; 5 A.L.R., 275; Belsky v. Store (Sup.), 121 N.Y.S., 321; Kipp v.Woolworth, 150 App. Div., 283; 134 N.Y.S., 646; Sennertv. Weisbecker, 82 Misc. Rep., 449; 143 N.Y.S., 1039;Schaefer v. De Neergaard, 196 App. Div., 654; 188 N Y S., 159.
In Bennett v. Railroad Co., 102 U.S. 577;26 L.Ed., 235, the Court, by Mr. Justice Harlan, declares the rule thus:
"* * * The owner or occupant of land who, by invitation, express or implied, induces or leads other to come upon his premises, for any lawful purpose, is liable in damages to such persons — they using due care — for injuries occasioned by the unsafe condition of the land or its approaches,if such condition was known to him and not tothem, and was negligently suffered to exist, without timely notice to the public, or to those who were likely to act upon such invitation."
In 20 R.C.L., 56, it is said:
"The law is well settled that an owner or occupant of land who by invitation, express or implied, induces or leads others to go upon premises for any lawful purpose, is liable for injuries occasioned by the unsafe condition of the land or its approaches, if such condition was known to him andnot to them."
"Evidence merely that plaintiff was hurt by slipping on ice on defendant's premises does not show negligence" on the part of the "defendant, it not appearing how long the ice had been there." Bassin v. Butler (Supt.), 94 N.Y.S., 14.
"The owner or occupant of premises who induces others *Page 469 
to come upon it by invitation express or implied, owes to them the duty of using reasonable or ordinary care to keep the premises in a safe and suitable condition, so that they will not be unnecessarily or unreasonably exposed to danger. And hence such persons may recover for injuries received, owing to dangerous condition of the premises known to himand not to them." 29 Cyc., 453.
In the case of Rom v. Huber, 93 N.J. Law, 360;108 A., 361, the plaintiff, a patron, slipped upon soap that had been left upon the floor of a bathroom. The Court held:
"It must appear that the condition which produced the fall had either been in fact brought to the previous notice of the defendant, or, failing in proof of such actual notice, the condition had existed for such a space of time as would have afforded the defendant sufficient opportunity to make proper inspection as to the safety of the place." Affirmed by the Court of Errors, 94 N.J. Law, 258; 109 A., 504.
"The owner or occupant of land is liable to those coming to it using due care, at his invitation or inducement, express or implied, for an injury occasioned by the unsafe condition of the land, or of the access to it, which is known to theowner, and not to those coming upon the premises." AlfreyHeading Co. v. Nichols, 139 Ark. 462; 215 S.W. 712.
In the case of Thompson Grocery Co. v. Phillips,22 Colo. App., 428; 125 P., 563, the plaintiff slipped upon a piece of grease or tallow which was upon the floor of a butcher shop, into which she had gone as a customer. The Court said:
"But assuming that the grease was on the floor and was the cause of plaintiff's fall, before plaintiff can recover there must be some evidence, at least, tending to show that defendant or its agents knew, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known, this fact, before it may be held guilty of negligence."
In O'Leary v. Smith, 255 Mass. 121; 150 N.E., 878, the plaintiff slipped on something that had been spilled on the floor of the vestibule to a restaurant which she was entering *Page 470 
as a customer. The Court directed a verdict for the defendant upon the ground:
"* * * There was no evidence that the substance had been on the floor a sufficient length of time for the defendant to have discovered it in the performance of his duty to see that the place was reasonably safe for his customers."
I think that from these authorities and a host of others to the same effect that could be cited, in a case of this kind, it was incumbent upon the plaintiff to establish a positive act of omission or commission upon the part of the defendant. This could only be shown by evidence tending to show, in the first place, that there was such an accumulation of oil upon the floor as to render it unsafe for the plaintiff; that the defendant was cognizant of the unsafe condition of the floor; that it took no steps to relieve the danger of the situation. Of all of these elements I think that the evidence is totally lacking, as will appear by an examination of the record before us.
Repeating for close inspection the statement in the opinion of the Chief Justice:
"We think the evidence of appellants' witnesses Martin, Burns, and Lee, was sufficient to carry the case to the jury as to whether, where floors are habitually oiled, there is liable to be an accumulation of oil or grease, which may be dangerous."
The question asked of Martin was this:
"Suppose this oil is put on the floor, is not wiped up, the liquid part evaporates and leaves a residue on the floor, put there again in two weeks and evaporates and leaves a residue, won't that leave a greasy place?"
His answer was:
"I imagine it would, if you put oil on the floor; you asked me if it would be greasy.
"Q. Be sleek? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. And if a person were to step in that it would be liable to throw them? A. Yes, sir." *Page 471 
Martin was a witness for the defendant; put up after the process of oiling had been explained by others, showing that after the oil was poured upon the floor it was spread with a mop. An entirely different situation from that hypothetically stated in the question, of which there was not a particle of evidence.
And so with the witness Burns:
"Q. Suppose there was a corner in the store where the oil ran and you didn't mop it up, and dust gets in it, and other applications of oil are put on, and not wiped up; that would get pretty sleek after a while? A. It would be ifit were not swept up."
The witness testifying to a hypothetical condition of which there was no evidence.
The witness Lee testified to conditions in his own store; that after several applications he had noticed "little sleek places" that were greasy; that he did not use the feldspar to absorb it.
It appears to me that the testimony of these witnesses is of no value in suggesting even that under the circumstances of this case there was an accumulation of oil at the place.
Again it is stated:
"The respondent testified as to the actual condition of the floor at the spot she fell."
If this is intended to convey the idea that she testified to an accumulation of oil at the spot where she fell, I do not think that such an inference can be legitimately drawn from her testimony:
"I saw a distinct mark of my heel as though it had passed through some substance. * * * The appearance of the floor was sleek, and I noticed there was a murky substanceas though oil had been placed on the floor: * * * It looked like oil on the floor. It (the mark made by her heel) seemed about * * * 18 * * * or 24 inches * * * about the width of my finger * * * a most distinct mark. *Page 472 
* * * The color of the floor at that case * * * had a darker appearance."
At no place did she testify that there was an accumulation of oil, as alleged in the complaint and the manifest basis of her action, nor does she testify that any of the "accumulated oil" adhered to the heel of her shoe.
Again it is stated:
"Dr. Lemmon's and Mrs. Flowers', and also Mr. Flowers', evidence was sufficient to carry the case to the jury."
Let us see. I find in the testimony of Dr. Lemmon the following; it is all that bears upon the important issue of an accumulation of oil:
"Q. Did you see any mark on the floor? A. Yes, sir. I was told she slipped and I went and looked and I noticed (not the accumulation but) the mark on the floor. * * *I didn't see any surplus of oil; I noticed it was an oiled floor;I didn't see any pool of oil * * * I didn't notice anymore (oil) there than anywhere else. * * *
"Q. Did you slip on the floor? A. No, sir.
"Q. You have an oiled floor at your house? A. Yes, sir. * * *
"Q. The one down there (at the store) is not as slippery as the one at your house, is it? A. I wouldn't think so."
His testimony does not contain a suggestion that there was an accumulation of oil or other greasy substance at the spot; in fact, it shows that there was not, as he was particular to go to the spot and saw only the mark of the plaintiff's shoe heel.
The witness Mrs. Flowers testified:
"I looked on the floor and there was a mark about a half inch wide and about 18 inches long, and the floor was oiled around the corner. * * *
"Q. What did you notice about the color of the floor around the showcase? A. It was a lots darker than any *Page 473 
other place on the floor; lots more oil there than any other place on the floor. * * *
"Q. You didn't notice any pool? A. No, sir; but it was thicker. * * * I am most positive it was oil."
She gives no intimation of such an accumulation of oil or greasy substance as to attract attention as a matter of danger.
The witness A.R. Flowers testified:
"I went into the Woolworth store to look at the floor and I saw that it was oiled. * * * It was darker right near the showcase * * * at the showcase there was more oil than in the middle (where customers walked). * * * It was outside the ordinary track where people walk. * * * I rubbed my foot on it. * * * It would not slip standing flatfooted, but as soon as you turned your foot the least bit it would slip."
This testimony, and it is all that is relied upon, is utterly insufficient as even tending to show that there was such an accumulation of oil (alleged in the complaint), and was calculated to render the place unsafe. But assuming that it was sufficient for that purpose, the plaintiff has only carried half the burden imposed upon her, of not only establishing the unsafety of the place, but that the conditionwas or should have been known to the defendant; of this there is not a particle of evidence. Thus the error of applying the presumption obtaining in cases involving the relation of master and servant to a case involving the relation of owner of the premises and an invitee, I think is demonstrated.
It may be contended that upon the alleged but totally unsustained theory of an accumulation of oil at the place, even if the defendant had no knowledge of the dangerous condition, reasonable diligence on its part would have discovered it.
Assuming that there was evidence tending to show such accumulation, the evidence for the plaintiff showed that it was up next to the base of the counter, away from the track *Page 474 
ordinarily followed by customers in the store, not at a place where the defendant could reasonably have apprehended danger to its customers.
In view of the absence of any evidence tending to show negligence on the part of the defendant, the defendant was entitled to a directed verdict. This conclusion is strengthened, if it needed strengthening, by the complete showing on behalf of the defendant.
The oil used on the floor was ordinary floor oil purchased from the Standard Oil Company, which is a standard preparation in constant and widespread use. It was applied to the floor with a sprinkling pot and was sprinkled up and down the aisle after which it was rubbed down with a brush made of absorbent fibre, which distributed the oil over the floor. This was done on Saturday night of every other week. Immediately on Monday morning following the oiling, a heavy coat of powdered feldspar was put on the floor. This was done to absorb any oil that might be left on the surface of the floor, and also to take the sleekness out of the floor. The feldspar is left on the floor until about noon on Monday, with people walking over it, and is then swept up. The plaintiff was hurt on a Friday morning, and the oiling day was the Saturday immediately following. The floor was last oiled previous to her accident on the thirteenth dayprior thereto.
This oiling system had been in use in the Sumter store since it had been opened. Approximately 2,000 people each week came in the store, walking over the very place where the plaintiff fell, and, so far as the manager of the store and any of his employees knew, no one had slipped on the floor and no complaint or report of any one slipping or falling on the floor had been made.
The floor was swept at night immediately after which it was inspected, and was again inspected in the morning immediately before the store was opened at about 8 o'clock. There is no evidence that the manager of the store or any *Page 475 
other person caused any oil to be put on the floor on the morning of the accident, or at any time subsequent to the regular oiling day 13 days prior thereto, nor is there any evidence that the manager of the store or any of its employees had any knowledge or notice that any had been placed there.
The purpose in oiling floors is to keep down dust. The system of oiling floors above described is used in all of the stores of the F.W. Woolworth Company, used in the McLellan stores, used in the A.  P. stores and the Kress stores, with the exception that some of these stores did not apply the feldspar, which was regarded by the Woolworth people as an additional safeguard. It also appeared that the same kind of floor oil was used periodically, at various intervals, by W.B. Burns  Sons conducting a hardware store, W.A. McElveen conducting a drug store, Mrs. J.W. Brunson conducting a restaurant, all in Sumter. It appears from the testimony of Mr. Wilkinson, one of the traveling superintendents of the defendant company, that this method of oiling floors had been used by the Woolworth Company for more than 16 years, and is commonly regarded as the best and safest method.
It appears from the undisputed testimony that when this floor oil is first placed on the floor, the floor is wet, greasy, and sleek. It is therefore put down on Saturday night so that it can soak in over Sunday. On Monday morning it is found to be all, or practically all, absorbed in the wood of the floor. The feldspar, which is described by Mr. Wilkinson as being pulverized very fine, is then spread on the floor. It absorbs any surplus oil or any moisture, and is somewhat like pumice. It becomes ground into the surface of the floor and prevents one from slipping.
The plaintiff made no effort whatever to controvert the showing of the defendants that the floor oil and feldspar used were standard preparations, or to show that they were used in an improper way or at an improper interval, or to *Page 476 
show that, generally speaking, they caused a store floor to become slippery or insecure.
I think, too, that the remarks of the presiding Judge upon the motion for a new trial are very persuasive of the correct position of the defendant upon the motion for a directed verdict. He said:
"I am in very grave doubts about whether I should have granted a directed verdict. Now if I don't grant a new trial, and the Supreme Court says I am wrong in not directing a verdict, that will be the end of it. If I should grant a new trial, Mr. Harby, all the influences that were against you in this trial will be against you in the next trial. The jury will give a verdict to a woman where they wouldn't give it to a man, and the amount, you admit, under the circumstances, is not large. * * * I can't go so far as to say that the verdict was contrary to the greater weight of the evidence, and if I set that verdict aside, it would be because the overwhelming weight of the testimony was on the other side. I am nowhere as near convinced of that as I am that I should have directed a verdict. The more I think of the case, the more that feature of it worries me. If I should have and did not, you have your remedy, but I can't go so far as to say that the overwhelming weight of the evidence was against the verdict. I am going to decline a new trial."