Court Opinion

ID: 2782108
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-02-25 21:01:10.127677+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:57:16.905571
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                 To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

                United States Court of Appeals
                                 For the Seventh Circuit
                                 Chicago, Illinois 60604

                               Submitted February 23, 2015*
                                Decided February 25, 2015

                                          Before

                        DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge

                        ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge

                        DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 14-3191

JEAN A. MONTGOMERY,                               Appeal from the United States District
     Plaintiff-Appellant,                         Court for the Northern District of
                                                  Illinois, Eastern Division.
       v.
                                                  No. 13 C 7137
PATRICK R. DONAHOE, Postmaster
General, United States Postal Service,            James B. Zagel,
      Defendant-Appellee.                         Judge.

                                         ORDER

       Jean Montgomery was fired from her job at the United States Postal Service. She
unsuccessfully challenged her discharge before the Merit Systems Protection Board and
the Federal Circuit. She also brought this action in the district court. Her complaint states
only one claim: that several months before she was fired the Postal Service had engaged
in age discrimination by issuing her a written warning and then suspending her without

       *After examining the briefs and record, we have concluded that oral argument is
unnecessary. Thus the appeal is submitted on the briefs and record. See FED. R. APP. P.
34(a)(2)(C).
No. 14-3191                                                                             Page 2

pay. The district court granted the Postal Service's motion to dismiss, principally
reasoning that Montgomery had not exhausted her administrative remedies and,
moreover, that she appeared to be litigating substantially the same matter in two forums.
Montgomery appeals, focusing only on the first of these reasons. We affirm the
judgment.

        Montgomery was a customer services manager at the Englewood neighborhood
post office in Chicago, Illinois. In October 2011 she received a written warning citing
several instances of misconduct, including not reporting an employee’s accident.
Montgomery could have been suspended for 7 days. The next month she was put on
unpaid suspension for “disrupting day-to-day postal operations,” disregarding Postal
Service safety policies and procedures, and “untimely reporting accidents at Englewood
Station.” This suspension was triggered by an “Emergency Placement in Off-Duty
Status,” see U.S. POSTAL SERVICE, EMPLOYEE AND LABOR RELATIONS MANUAL § 651.4, and
later recast as a change in status to leave without pay. The parties refer to the suspension
as an emergency placement, as do we. In April 2012 the Postal Service sent Montgomery
a “Notice of Proposed Removal” listing similar misconduct.

       Montgomery, who is now 66 years old, first contacted an Equal Employment
Opportunity counselor at the Postal Service in May 2012. The counselor documented
that Montgomery had complained about receiving the written warning, the “Emergency
Placement in Off-Duty Status,” and the notice of proposed removal.1 Montgomery
attributed all of these actions to age discrimination and retaliation for prior EEO activity.
She then submitted a formal EEO complaint that mentions only the notice of proposed
removal and accuses her supervisor of acting in bad faith during an unsuccessful
attempt to mediate this threat of discharge. The formal EEO complaint says nothing

       1 The Postal Service asserts in its appellate brief that this initial contact with an
EEO counselor was untimely as to the written warning and emergency placement in
off-duty status because these allegedly discriminatory actions occurred more than 45
days earlier. See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1); see also Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan,
536 U.S. 101, 113 (2002) (explaining that “discrete discriminatory acts are not actionable
if time barred, even when they are related to acts alleged in timely filed charges”). But
the Postal Service waived this affirmative defense by not raising it in the district court.
See Castro v. Chi. Hous. Auth., 360 F.3d 721, 735 (7th Cir. 2004); Perry v. Sullivan, 207 F.3d
379, 382 (7th Cir. 2000).
No. 14-3191                                                                          Page 3

about the emergency placement in off-duty status and only mentions the earlier written
warning in demanding that Human Resources apologize for mishandling
Montgomery’s objections to that warning. In August 2012, one week after submitting her
formal complaint, Montgomery received a “Letter of Decision” terminating her
employment with the Postal Service. Afterward she did not amend her formal complaint
to protest her discharge.

       The Postal Service rejected Montgomery’s formal EEO complaint with the
explanation that a notice of proposed removal is not a challengeable adverse action and
that comments made during mediation are privileged. The Postal Service noted that
Montgomery had included allegations about the written warning and emergency
placement when she contacted the EEO counselor. But those allegations had been
abandoned, the Postal Service asserted, when Montgomery omitted them from her
formal complaint. In September 2012 Montgomery appealed this decision to the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission.

       About three weeks later, but before the EEOC had reached a decision,
Montgomery challenged her discharge before the Merit Systems Protection Board. By
then Montgomery was represented by counsel, but she did not raise any claim of
discrimination before the MSPB. In February 2013 an administrative judge upheld her
termination as lawful, and at that point Montgomery, now pro se, asked the full MSPB to
review the administrative judge’s decision. In her petition to the MSPB, Montgomery
characterized her emergency placement in off-duty status as evidence of wrongdoing by
the Postal Service. And though she did not explicitly assert age discrimination, she did
claim that she had suffered retaliation after contacting the Office of Inspector General for
the Postal Service and reporting her supervisors’ “illegal activities,” including falsifying
records and nepotism.

       Meanwhile, in July 2013 the EEOC upheld the Postal Service’s rejection of
Montgomery’s formal EEO complaint. The EEOC agreed with the Postal Service that
Montgomery’s formal complaint includes only allegations about the notice of proposed
removal and the employer’s purported failure to engage in good-faith discussion about
that notice. And like the Postal Service, the EEOC concluded that these allegations do not
state an actionable claim. Montgomery then filed this action in federal district court. In
her October 2013 complaint, she claims that the Postal Service discriminated against her
in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act. See 29 U.S.C. § 633a. She also
claims that she was retaliated against for contacting the Inspector General, in violation of
No. 14-3191                                                                            Page 4

the Whistleblower Protection Act. See 5 U.S.C. § 1221. Montgomery attached 70 pages of
documents to her complaint, including the EEOC’s decision.

        Less than a month later the MSPB upheld the administrative judge’s decision. The
MSPB commented that to the extent Montgomery’s “evidence implicates potential
affirmative defenses”—which would include claims of age discrimination and
retaliation for contacting an agency’s Inspector General, see 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(1)(B),
(b)(8)(B)—those defenses came too late because Montgomery had not mentioned them
before the administrative judge. She unsuccessfully appealed the MSPB’s decision to the
Federal Circuit, which, in June 2014, similarly noted that it would not consider defenses
that Montgomery never presented to the administrative judge. See Montgomery v. U.S.
Postal Serv., 566 F. App’x 968, 971 (Fed. Cir. 2014).

        Back in the district court (and before the Federal Circuit had disposed of
Montgomery’s appeal), the Postal Service moved to dismiss Montgomery’s federal
complaint. The Postal Service did not discuss Montgomery’s claim under the
Whistleblower Protection Act, presumably because her recourse for that alleged
violation was exclusively a complaint to the MSPB, not a suit in district court.
See 5 U.S.C. § 1221(e)(1); Richards v. Kiernan, 461 F.3d 880, 885–86 (7th Cir. 2006); Stella v.
Mineta, 284 F.3d 135, 142 (D.C. Cir. 2002); Grisham v. United States, 103 F.3d 24, 27 (5th Cir.
1997). On Montgomery’s claim of age discrimination, the Postal Service argued that her
only exhausted claim—as evidenced by the EEOC’s decision—relates to the notice of
proposed removal. And, the Postal Service continued, the EEOC had correctly
concluded that the notice to Montgomery was not an adverse employment action that
could support her claim of age discrimination. The Postal Service further argued that
Montgomery could not challenge her discharge because she already was doing that in
the Federal Circuit. Montgomery responded that this action in the district court is not
about the notice of proposed removal, as the Postal Service asserted, or the discharge
itself. Her claim of age discrimination, she clarified, concerns the Postal Service’s written
warning and emergency placement in off-duty status, which occurred months before she
received the notice of proposed termination. The Postal Service countered that
Montgomery had not administratively exhausted her challenges to the written warning
and emergency placement and also argued again that she was trying to litigate the same
issues in two forums simultaneously. The district court agreed with the Postal Service on
both grounds, granted the motion to dismiss (also forgoing a discussion of the
whistleblowing claim), and terminated the case. The court’s reasons are set out in its
initial decision dismissing the action as supplemented by an order denying
Montgomery’s motion for reconsideration.
No. 14-3191                                                                            Page 5

        On appeal Montgomery disputes the district court’s conclusion that she never
exhausted her administrative remedies concerning the claim that age discrimination was
the real reason she received the written warning and was placed in emergency off-duty
status before being fired. (Montgomery also discusses her whistleblower claim, but as
we have noted, that claim was not properly before the district court.) A written warning
is not an adverse action, see Griffin v. Potter, 356 F.3d 824, 829 (7th Cir. 2004), so we are
concerned only with the emergency placement.

       But if we accept Montgomery’s contention, then she is precluded from bringing
her discrimination suit in federal district court. If Montgomery’s formal EEO complaint
is read to include a protest of the emergency placement in off-duty status, then she
would have filed what is known as a “mixed case complaint,” i.e., a complaint asserting
discrimination arising from an employment action appealable to the MSPB. See 29 C.F.R.
§ 1614.302(a)(1), (b). The MSPB has jurisdiction, as relevant here, over a termination of
employment or an unpaid suspension that lasts more than 14 days. See 5 U.S.C.
§ 7512(1), (2). Montgomery was first suspended on November 15, 2011, when she was
placed on emergency off-duty status, which the Postal Service’s Employee Manual says
is without pay. See U.S. POSTAL SERVICE, EMPLOYEE AND LABOR RELATIONS MANUAL
§ 651.4. And Montgomery says that her employment status was changed to leave
without pay by May 2012. Because she was not discharged for another three months, the
emergency placement in off-duty status was an action appealable to the MSPB because it
was an unpaid suspension lasting more than 14 days. See Jennings v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd.,
59 F.3d 159, 160–61 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (discussing emergency placement in off-duty status
of postal employee as a suspension that would invoke MSPB jurisdiction if sufficiently
lengthy).

        When a federal employee first files a mixed case complaint with her employer
(instead of with the MSPB), she has elected to proceed exclusively in that forum.
See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.302(b). If the employer renders an adverse decision, the employee
has two options: She can proceed to the MSPB with a “mixed case appeal” or file a
discrimination suit in the district court. See 5 U.S.C. § 7702(a)(2), (3); 5 C.F.R.
§ 1201.154(b); 29 C.F.R. § 1614.302(d)(3); Kloeckner v. Solis, 133 S. Ct. 596, 601 (2012). The
employee would not have the option, however, of proceeding to the EEOC at this stage.
See 29 C.F.R. § 1614.302(d)(3). Only if she has taken her mixed case appeal to the MSPB
and lost can the employee go to the EEOC, see 5 U.S.C. § 7702(b)(1); 5 C.F.R.
§ 1201.161(a); 29 C.F.R. § 1614.303(a), though she instead could bypass the EEOC and
either file a suit in the district court—encompassing both discrimination claims and the
action appealable to the MSPB—or abandon any claim of discrimination and ask the
No. 14-3191                                                                             Page 6

Federal Circuit to review only the employment action that gave the MSPB jurisdiction.
See 5 U.S.C. §§ 7702(a)(3), 7703; 5 C.F.R. § 1201.157; Kloeckner, 133 S. Ct. at 604; Pueschel v.
Peters, 577 F.3d 558, 563–64 (4th Cir. 2009); Chappell v. Chao, 388 F.3d 1373, 1378 (11th Cir.
2004). Montgomery instead progressed to the EEOC and the MSPB simultaneously after
the Postal Service had issued its adverse decision on her formal complaint. If we accept
that this was a mixed case, which we must for Montgomery’s argument on appeal to
hold, then she should not have been before the EEOC. She should have been before only
the MSPB.

        And in front of the MSPB, Montgomery did not bring any discrimination claim.
She effectively tried to split her theories, arguing unlawful discrimination through one
administrative process and the merits of the adverse employment actions taken against
her through another. This course of action was improper. By designing procedures for
the handling of mixed cases and explicitly requiring the MSPB to decide both appealable
employment actions and allegations of discrimination when presented with a mixed
case appeal, see 5 U.S.C. § 7702(a)(1), Congress recognized that these are “two sides of
the same question and must be considered together.” See Williams v. Dep't of Army, 715
F.2d 1485, 1490 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (quoting legislative history). Because Montgomery did
not raise her discrimination claim before the MSPB, she abandoned it and cannot now
try to raise it in federal district court. See McAdams v. Reno, 64 F.3d 1137, 1142–43 (8th Cir.
1995) (concluding that discrimination claims had been abandoned because they were not
raised during prior action in front of MSPB but arose from facts “overlapping” those
presented to MSPB).

       Montgomery now has challenged in several forums the Postal Service's actions
leading to her dismissal. We caution her that our decision in this appeal closes the book
on the matter.

                                                                                  AFFIRMED.