Court Opinion

ID: 2692765
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-01 21:52:32.253767+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:33:27.445055
License: Public Domain

[Cite as ITS Fin., L.L.C. v. Gebre, 2014-Ohio-2205.]

                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                              SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 ITS FINANCIAL, LLC                               :
                                                  :     Appellate Case Nos. 25416
           Plaintiff-Appellee                     :     Appellate Case Nos. 25492
                                                  :
 v.                                               :     Trial Court Case No. 11-CV-8852
                                                  :
 GIRMAI GEBRE, et al.                             :     (Civil Appeal from
                                                  :     (Common Pleas Court)
           Defendants-Appellants                  :
                                                  :
                                              ...........
                                              OPINION
                                Rendered on the 23rd day of May, 2014.
                                              ...........

JAMES G. ABERNATHY, Atty. Reg. #0086819, and Todd E. Bryant, Atty. Reg. #0072738, 51
Plum Street, Suite 260, Beavercreek, Ohio 45440
      Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellee, ITS Financial, LLC

THOMAS M. GREEN, Atty. Reg. #0016361, Green & Green, Lawyers, 800 Performance Place,
109 North Main Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellant, Girmai Gebre

GREGORY S. PAGE, Atty. Reg. #0065264, Gregory S. Page Co., LPA, 7501 Paragon Road,
Dayton, Ohio 45459
      Attorney for Defendants-Appellees, Star Tax, LLC and Tedros Gebremedhin

                                              .............

FAIN, J.

       {¶ 1}       Defendant-appellant Girmai Gebre appeals from an order finding him in
                                                                                             2

contempt and awarding sanctions for his violations of a temporary restraining order and a

preliminary injunction.    Gebre contends that the trial court erred in entering the TRO and

preliminary injunction. He also contends that there is no evidence in the record to support either

the finding of contempt or the amount of sanctions.

       {¶ 2}      We conclude that the trial court did not err in entering either the temporary

restraining order or the preliminary injunction. We further conclude that the order finding him

in contempt and awarding sanctions is supported by the evidence in the record. Accordingly, the

order of the trial court is Affirmed.

                   I. ITS Obtains Injunctive Relief to Prevent Gebre from

                Competing in Violation of his Franchise Agreements with ITS

       {¶ 3}      ITS Financial, LLC is an Ohio company doing business as “Instant Tax

Service.”   In 2008, Gebre entered into eight franchise agreements with ITS whereby he

purchased eight franchise territories located in Memphis, Tennessee for the purpose of operating

tax preparation services under the ITS business name of Instant Tax Service.     Section 8 of the

franchise agreements, which are identical except for location, contains a covenant not to compete,

which provides that Gebre will not:

               (i) own, maintain, operate, engage in, franchise or license, or have any

       direct or indirect controlling or non-controlling interest as an owner – whether of

       record, beneficially, or otherwise – in a Competitive Business (defined below),

       wherever located or operating * * *

               (ii) be, or perform services as, a director, officer, manager, employee,
                                                                                                3

       consultant, representative, or agent for a Competitive Business, wherever located

       or opening;

               (iii) divert or attempt to divert any actual or potential business or customer

       of the Franchised Office to a Competitive Business; or

               (iv) engage in any other activity which might injure the good will of the

       Proprietary Marks and Franchised System.

       {¶ 4}        The franchise agreements were terminated by ITS in September 2011.

Thereafter, ITS filed a motion for a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction to

prevent Gebre from engaging in any competitive tax preparation business. A TRO was entered

on December 12, 2011, providing as follows:

               IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that a

       Temporary Restraining Order enjoining Defendant and each of his officers, agents,

       servants, employees, successors or assigns, any person acting on behalf of

       Defendant, and any person in active concert or participation with Defendant,

       directly or indirectly, from:

               1. Opening or operating an Instant Tax Service office location; or

               2.     Diverting customers to any competitive tax preparation business;

       processing tax returns for retail customers; using signage with the Instant Tax

       Service name, brand, website, or trademark; identifying or associating with Instant

       Tax Service in a way that is misleading or deceptive to the public; or otherwise

       competing against Plaintiff as defined by Section 8 of the Franchise Agreements,

       including advertising or marketing such competing businesses;
[Cite as ITS Fin., L.L.C. v. Gebre, 2014-Ohio-2205.]
                 3. Opening or operating any tax preparation business (filing or offering to

        file a federal or state tax return for a customer in exchange for a fee) in the

        following geographic areas:

                 a) Zip codes 38107, 38105, 38127, 38114, 38132, 38131, 38116, 38109,

        38106, 38111, 38152, 72301;

                 b) Within a 10 mile radius of any offices located in the above zip codes;

        and

                 c) Within a 5 mile radius of any Instant Tax Service office in existence as

        of the date of this Order

                 4. Otherwise utilizing the trademark “Instant Tax Service” in signage,

        print material, or advertising.

        {¶ 5}     A hearing on the preliminary injunction was set for December 22.             Gebre

appeared at the hearing without counsel. His request for a continuance was granted, with the

proviso that the TRO would remain in effect during the continuance.

                         II. ITS Claims Gebre Has Violated the TRO, and

                         Later the Preliminary Injunction, and Seeks Relief

        {¶ 6}      On December 27, 2011, ITS filed a motion to show cause seeking an order

holding Gebre in contempt for continuing to operate a tax preparation business in violation of the

TRO.

        {¶ 7}     A hearing on the preliminary injunction was held on January 20, 2012. Gebre

did not appear, but his counsel appeared and submitted Gebre’s affidavit, in which Gebre averred

that he had not taken any steps to compete with ITS and had not violated the terms of Section 8
                                                                                                                                    5

of the Franchise Agreements. The trial court entered a preliminary injunction on January 27,

2012. The injunction was identical to the TRO, except that it did not contain the language

regarding competition in violation of Section 8 of the Franchise. ITS filed a “replevin” bond in

the amount of $100,000 on February 17.

         {¶ 8}        A hearing on the contempt motion was held on March 30, 2012. Gebre was not

present, but his counsel was. By decision and entry dated April 6, the trial court found Gebre in

contempt.

         {¶ 9}        On May 4, 2012, a hearing began on the issue of sanctions for contempt. Due to

outstanding discovery that Gebre had not produced, the hearing was continued to August 23. On

August 23, Gebre did not personally appear. ITS presented its evidence on sanctions and

Gebre’s counsel requested a continuance for the limited purpose of permitting Gebre to testify.

The hearing was continued to September 13, 2012.1 Again, only Gebre’s counsel appeared for

the continued hearing, and another Gebre affidavit was submitted.                                           In the affidavit, Gebre

averred that he “worked as a consultant for bookkeeping for Star Tax Service, LLC (‘Star Tax’)

for the 2011 tax season which occurred in January through April of 2012.” He further averred

that he was not a “member” of Star Tax, but he was “a signatory on its accounts.”

         {¶ 10}        The trial court entered its September 13, 2012 order, finding that Gebre owned

and operated a competitive company named Star Tax, LLC in violation of the TRO and

preliminary injunction. The trial court further found that Star Tax had earned $374,315.07 in

profit as a result of violating the restraining order and injunction. The trial court awarded ITS

            1
               The trial judge noted that she would, reluctantly, cancel her plans to attend a conference, in order to be able to timely
 reschedule the continued hearing around the conflicts of both attorneys.
                                                                                        6

the sum of $300,000 in sanctions.

       {¶ 11} On September 19, the trial court entered an order of default against Gebre and

awarded ITS the sum of $120,990.48 in damages for breach of contract. The September 19

order also entered a permanent injunction against Gebre utilizing the same language as in the

preliminary injunction.

       {¶ 12} Gebre appealed (CA 25416) from both the September 13 and September 19

orders. He then moved in the trial court for a stay of execution pending appeal, which the trial

court overruled. Gebre then appealed (CA 25492) from the order overruling his motion for a

stay pending appeal. These two appeals were consolidated by decision and entry dated February

25, 2013.

       {¶ 13} On December 12, 2012, Gebre moved in this court for a stay of execution

pending appeal. By order dated December 28, 2012, this court noted that the September 13

sanction order had already been executed upon when Star Tax transferred $300,000 to ITS. We

granted a stay of execution with regard to the September 19 order rendering damages of

$120,99.48, but denied the stay of the permanent injunction.

       {¶ 14} Gebre also moved to remand the default judgment portion of the case – the

September 19, 2012 order. We granted this motion. Subsequently, the trial court vacated the

default judgment. Thus, these consolidated appeals are from the order imposing sanctions and

the trial court’s order denying the motion to stay execution pending appeal.

      III. The Evidence in the Record Supports the TRO and Preliminary Injunction
                                                                                          7

       {¶ 15} Gebre’s First Assignment of Error states as follows:

                THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT GRANTED ITS’S MOTION

       FOR THE TRO AND SUBSEQUENT PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION.

       {¶ 16} Gebre contends that the trial court erred by entering the TRO, because there was

no evidence that ITS would suffer “immediate and irreparable injury, loss or damage * * * before

[Gebre] or his attorney could be heard in opposition.” He further contends that the trial court

erred by entering the preliminary injunction, because ITS failed to show that it has suffered

irreparable harm, that it can succeed on the merits, that it will suffer greater harm without the

injunction, or that it lacks an adequate remedy in the form of money damages.

       {¶ 17}     ITS argues that because Gebre did not timely appeal from either the TRO or the

preliminary injunction, he cannot now contest those orders.       But “[w]here a non-appealable

interlocutory order results in a judgment of contempt, including fine or imprisonment, such a

judgment is a final and appealable order and presents to the appellate court for review the

propriety of the interlocutory order which is the underlying basis for the contempt adjudication.”

Smith v. Chester Tp. Bd. of Trustees, 60 Ohio St.2d 13, 396 N.E.2d 743 (1979), paragraph one of

the syllabus. Thus, we may review the entry of the TRO and the preliminary injunction as part

of our review of the contempt and sanctions orders, from which this appeal is taken.

       {¶ 18} We turn first to the issue of the TRO. Pursuant to Civ.R. 65(A), a temporary

restraining order may be issued when it clearly appears from facts set forth in a verified

complaint or affidavit that the applicant will suffer “immediate and irreparable injury, loss or

damage * * * before the adverse party or his attorney can be heard in opposition.”

       {¶ 19} ITS filed a verified complaint and motion for the TRO on December 12, 2011.
                                                                                           8

Gebre argues that because ITS admitted in its motion “that the tax return filing season would

have started on January 14, 2012[,]” there “was no immediate injury to be prevented at the time

ITS requested the TRO.” He further argues that ITS admitted that it could calculate the amount

of money it would have derived from Gebre.

       {¶ 20} Gebre is correct that the motion notes that tax filing season begins January 14.

However, the motion and complaint went on to state that “tax preparation offices are currently

preparing for the upcoming season, which includes the purchasing of advertising, arrangement of

offices, hiring of employees, local marketing event, and the posting of store displays and signage.

 These preparations, especially the posting of signage and advertising and local marketing events,

will begin attracting customer attention prior to tax filing season.” Furthermore, the verified

complaint alleged that Gebre was “diverting” Instant Tax customers to a “side business” owned

by Gebre and his family members without the customers’ knowledge that they were not utilizing

Instant Tax. The complaint went on to state that Gebre was availing himself of the “benefits of

ITS’ brand, reputation, customer familiarity, trademarks, and trade secrets, as well as other

confidential and proprietary information.” The complaint alleged that Gebre was using ITS’s

“national advertising campaign without contributing to the cost.”          Further, the complaint

alleged that Gebre’s tactics would “capture nearly all of Instant Tax’s prior year customers, using

data and signage which will mislead the public into thinking ITS endorses, supplies, and supports

Defendants’ stores.    Defendant will then obtain an unfair competitive advantage, which

ultimately will allow them to keep the customers they initially obtained through Instant Tax’s

brand name and advertising.” Thus, we conclude that the verified complaint alleged facts from

which the trial court could reasonably conclude that a TRO was appropriate.
[Cite as ITS Fin., L.L.C. v. Gebre, 2014-Ohio-2205.]
        {¶ 21} Gebre also argues that because the CEO of ITS testified, at the subsequent

hearing on the preliminary injunction, that money damages could be calculated, the TRO was

improper. The first problem with this argument is that the trial court did not have this testimony

before it at the time the TRO was granted. Also, when the CEO was asked whether it is possible

to put a precise number on the amount of damages, he replied “yeah, it’s hard to put a number on

something like that but I think it’s just a system-wide issue.” We conclude that this evidence is

not inconsistent with ITS’s need for an injunction. The evidence indicates that Gebre was using

a software system that allowed him to hide revenue from ITS, which would render it impossible

to calculate the full amount of the royalties that would have been due under the franchise

agreement. Furthermore, the CEO also testified that beyond the amount of monies lost, Gebre’s

actions would result in the loss of trade secrets, goodwill and return customers.

        {¶ 22}      The trial court did not err in granting the TRO.

        {¶ 23} We next turn to the preliminary injunction. In order to grant a preliminary

injunction, a court must determine whether: (1) there is a substantial likelihood that plaintiff

will prevail on the merits; (2) plaintiff will suffer irreparable injury if the injunction is not

granted; (3) any third parties will be unjustifiably harmed if the injunction is granted; and (4)

the public interest will be served by the injunction. Vanguard Transp. Sys., Inc. v. Edwards

Transfer & Storage Co., 109 Ohio App.3d 786, 790, 673 N.E.2d 182 (10th Dist.1996), citing

Valco Cincinnati, Inc. v. N & D Machining Serv., Inc., 24 Ohio St.3d 41, 492 N.E.2d 814 (1986).

 The party seeking the preliminary injunction must establish each of these elements by clear and

convincing evidence. Mead Corp., Diconix, Inc., Successor v. Lane, 54 Ohio App.3d 59, 63,

560 N.E.2d 1319 (4th Dist.1988). “Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of

proof which will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the
                                                                                         10

allegations sought to be established. It is intermediate, being more than a mere preponderance,

but not to the extent of such certainty as is required beyond a reasonable doubt as in criminal

cases. It does not mean clear and unequivocal.” State v. Bluser, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

18856, 2002 WL 191567, * 1 (Feb. 8, 2002), citing Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 477, 120

N.E.2d 118 (1954); State v. Ingram, 82 Ohio App.3d 341, 612 N.E.2d 454 (2d Dist.1992). “An

appellate court will not reverse a trial court's decision to deny or grant a temporary restraining

order or preliminary injunction absent an abuse of discretion.” TGR Enterprises, Inc. v. Kozhev,

167 Ohio App.3d 29, 2006-Ohio-2915, 853 N.E.2d 739, ¶ 11 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 24} Gebre contends that ITS failed to demonstrate the first two elements cited above.

 He also contends that he will suffer greater harm than ITS because of the injunction.

       {¶ 25} With regard to the element of substantial likelihood of prevailing, Gebre argues

that his unrebutted testimony established that ITS had materially breached the franchise

agreements, and was therefore not entitled to enforce them against him. Gebre did not appear at

the preliminary injunction hearing to provide testimony and subject himself to cross-examination.

 His “testimony” consists of the following averment in his affidavit: “ITS failed to comply with

the terms of the franchise agreements.” A trial court is free to credit all, some or none of a

witness’s testimony.    With nothing more in the record than a conclusory statement in an

affidavit, and with no supporting proof, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in giving little or no credit to this argument. This is especially true given that the

testimony of the CEO of ITS was that while Gebre expressed dissatisfaction with the fees and

royalties he was required to pay ITS, he never presented ITS with any claim that it breached the

terms of the Franchise Agreements.
[Cite as ITS Fin., L.L.C. v. Gebre, 2014-Ohio-2205.]
        {¶ 26} Gebre next argues that ITS failed to demonstrate that it will suffer irreparable

harm. In support, he again cites to the testimony of the CEO of ITS, set forth above, which

Gebre claims establishes that money damages can be calculated. But there is a difference

between the ability to calculate the amount of payments that would have been due to ITS from

Gebre’s franchise profits and the unquantifiable damages resulting from loss of customers,

goodwill and trade secrets claimed by ITS. Also there is evidence in the record that Gebre had

used a software system that permitted him to hide monies taken in, which indicates that the

damages from lost royalties would not be completely ascertainable. There is also evidence in the

record that if Gebre were permitted to breach the franchise agreements without consequence it

would be difficult for ITS to sell other franchises within that market area, thereby resulting in lost

revenue. Based upon this evidence, we again reject the argument that ITS would not suffer

irreparable harm if injunctive relief were not available to it.

        {¶ 27} Finally, Gebre contends that ITS would not suffer as great a harm by the denial of

the preliminary injunction as he would suffer by the allowance of the injunction, and that the

injunction is against public policy.       In support, he argues that he will lose customers, which is

contrary to the “general public policy encouraging free and fair business competition.” Gebre is

correct that inhibiting business competition is against general public policy. But as noted in the

case he cites, a non-compete clause is enforceable if it is not injurious to the public, meaning that

the non-compete clause does not limit the public’s access to similar businesses. UZ Engineered

Products Co. v. Midwest Motor Supply Co., Inc., 147 Ohio App.3d 382, 2001-Ohio-8779, 77

N.E.2d 1068, ¶ 39 (10th Dist.). There is nothing in this record to establish that a preliminary

injunction to enforce the ITS non-compete clause will cause injury to the public, because there is

no evidence in the record that there are no other tax preparation businesses located in the
                                                                                         12

Memphis area. And although Gebre will not be able to garner any customers in the Memphis

area covered by the franchise agreements for a period of two years, there is no evidence in the

record to establish that he will suffer undue hardship as a result.

       {¶ 28} Gebre’s First Assignment of Error is overruled.

          IV. The Evidence in the Record Supports the Trial Court’s Conclusion

                 that Gebre Violated the TRO and the Preliminary Injunction

       {¶ 29} Gebre asserts the following for his Second Assignment of Error:

               THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FOUND GEBRE IN

       CONTEMPT BECAUSE ITS FAILED TO PROVE A VIOLATION OF A

       COURT ORDER BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE.

       {¶ 30} Gebre contends that the evidence does not support a finding of contempt.

       {¶ 31} Indirect contempt is conduct that takes place outside the presence of the court.

State v. Chavez-Juarez, 185 Ohio App.3d 189, 2009-Ohio-6130, 923 N.E.2d 670, ¶ 41 (2d Dist.).

 Indirect contempt exists when an individual demonstrates “[d]isobedience of, or resistance to, a

lawful writ, process, order, rule, judgment, or command of a court or an officer.”   R.C. 2705.02.

 “In order to show a contempt, it is necessary to establish a valid court order, knowledge of the

order, and violation of it.” Arthur Young & Co. v. Kelly, 68 Ohio App.3d 287, 295, 588 N.E.2d

233 (10th Dist.1990).      The contempt must be proved by clear and convincing evidence.

ConTex, Inc. v. Consolidated Technologies, Inc., 40 Ohio App.3d 94, 95, 531 N.E.2d 1353 (1st

Dist.1988). An appellate court will not reverse the decision of a lower court in a contempt

proceeding absent an abuse of discretion. State ex rel. Ventrone v. Birkel, 65 Ohio St.2d 10, 11,
                                                                                            13

417 N.E.2d 1249 (1981).

       {¶ 32} ITS presented the testimony of Joseph Rinehart, who testified that he was a

28-year veteran of the FBI and had been working as a private investigator for one year. He

testified that he was hired by ITS to observe three businesses in the Memphis area. He testified

that he first observed the stores on January 4, 2012. One of the businesses, which appeared to be

closed, had the name Instant Tax. The other two appeared to be operating, were in locations that

were formerly ITS stores, and had signage with the name Star Tax Service. Rinehart testified

that he observed the stores on several occasions. He went into one of the Star Tax stores and

was told that the business could prepare his taxes. He also observed customers in the stores.

Rinehart testified that he took photographs of a person he believed to be Gebre and he observed

Gebre in one of the Star Tax stores. He observed Gebre come out of one store, converse with

another individual, and then re-enter the store, continuing to walk around the inside during

business hours. The CEO of ITS identified Gebre in the photographs. Gebre did not appear at

the hearing, relying upon his affidavit submitted January 20, 2012, in which he averred that he

had not used any Instant Tax signage, had “no stores in Memphis, Tennessee, and is not ‘open

and operating.’ ” ITS also presented evidence that Gebre, after the TRO was entered, called

ITS’s lawyer and told the lawyer that he had removed the Instant Tax signage from the

storefronts. ITS introduced Gebre’s answers to interrogatories, in which Gebre stated that he

owned and operated tax preparation stores in the three locations observed by Rinehart, and had

not transferred his business interests, leases or assets of the ITS franchises. The trial court found

that Gebre had violated the court orders.

       {¶ 33} We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion. There is evidence
                                                                                                                                   14

in the record to support the entry of a valid TRO and preliminary injunction. It is clear that

Gebre was aware of the orders. Finally, the evidence demonstrates that Gebre had three Instant

Tax locations, one of which was closed, but still had Instant Tax signage. The other two

locations were former Instant Tax locations that had been operated by Gebre, and were currently

operating as Star Tax stores. Individuals with sandwich boards were observed directing

customers into the Star Tax stores. The incorporation documents for Star Tax indicate that a

person alleged by ITS to be Gebre’s brother is the owner of the businesses, which were

incorporated approximately ten days after the TRO was issued. Gebre did not transfer any portion

of his franchised businesses to any other individual or entity. Gebre was observed at one of the

Star Tax stores. We conclude that there is competent, credible evidence that Gebre was acting in

violation of the TRO and preliminary injunction.2

         {¶ 34} Gebre’s Second Assignment of Error is overruled.

            V. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion in Awarding a Sanction

                          of $300,000, Representing Less than a Full Disgorgement

                            of the Profits Realized from the Violation of its Orders

         {¶ 35} Gebre’s Third Assignment of Error is as follows:

                    THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT AWARDED $300,000 IN

         SANCTIONS.

         {¶ 36} Gebre contends that the evidence in the record does not support the amount the

            2
                Interestingly, as noted above, Gebre’s second affidavit, submitted after the contempt hearing, establishes his violation of the
 TRO; in it he avers that he consulted for Star Tax during the term of the TRO.
                                                                                         15

trial court awarded as a contempt sanction. He also argues that ITS did not post the proper bond

following the issuance of the preliminary injunction.

       {¶ 37} Sanctions for contempt are reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard.

Mitchells Salon & Day Spa, Inc. v. Bustle, 187 Ohio App.3d 336, 2010-Ohio-1880, 931 N.E.2d

1172, ¶ 23 (1st Dist.). “Appropriate sanctions in a civil contempt proceeding are those that (1)

coerce compliance with the court's previous order or (2) compensate the complainant for losses

sustained by the contemnor's disobedience of the order. When, as here, a party violates a

noncompete clause that has, in essence, been incorporated into a court's order, the court may

order the violator to disgorge profits and to establish compliance with the clause.” Id. See also

Miller Medical Sales, Inc. v. Worstell, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 91 AP-610, 1992 WL 31988 (Feb.

18, 1992); Try Hours Inc. v. Swartz, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-06-1077, 2007-Ohio-1328.

       {¶ 38} ITS presented evidence of bank deposits by Star Tax stores operating in the areas

covered by the franchise agreements. ITS also presented the testimony of Patrick Rasey, a

Certified Public Accountant and the Controller for ITS Financial. He testified that he had

reviewed records from Bank of America, including “all the bank statements, signature cards,

cancelled check and disbursements from all the accounts presented” for Star Tax Service, as well

as for an account for Instant Tax Service with Gebre as signatory on those accounts. Rasey

testified regarding both the gross revenues and the net profits realized by the tax businesses

operating in the franchise area. Rasey’s testimony established a net profit of $374,315.07 by the

tax services operating in violation of the court orders. Gebre presented no evidence to rebut this

testimony.

       {¶ 39} The trial court ordered Gebre and Star Tax to pay the sum of $300,000 to ITS,
                                                                                           16

leaving a remaining profit of over $74,000 to Gebre and Star Tax. We conclude that it was not

an abuse of discretion for the trial court to have ordered the disgorgement of profits realized from

the violation of its orders, and not a full disgorgement of those profits at that. We find nothing

unconscionable in the sanction awarded; without the availability of disgorgement of profits as a

potential sanction for violation of a court’s non-compete order, the order might well be toothless.

       {¶ 40} Finally, Gebre contends that it was error for the trial court to award sanctions

because ITS failed to post the appropriate bond, and because there was a gap between the

supersedure of the TRO (which did not require a bond) by the preliminary injunction and the

subsequent posting of the $100,000 bond required for the preliminary injunction. Gebre never

raised either of these bond issues in the trial court; he may not raise them for the first time on

appeal. Furthermore, although the $100,000 bond posted by ITS was incorrectly denominated as

a replevin bond, the condition of the bond was that ITS pay all damages resulting from the

erroneous entry of the preliminary injunction, which satisfied the purpose of the bond. And if

the bond-gap (less than two weeks) had been raised as an issue in the trial court, the trial court

could have taken that into consideration in deciding what sanction to issue. This might even

have resulted in exactly the same sanction being awarded, since the trial court awarded less than a

full disgorgement of the profits realized from the violation of the orders.

       {¶ 41} Gebre’s Third Assignment of Error is overruled.

              VI. Gebre’s Appeal from the Trial Court’s Denial of his Motion

                        for a Stay of Execution Pending Appeal Is Moot

       {¶ 42} Gebre neither assigns error nor otherwise addresses his appeal from the trial
                                                                                          17

court’s denial of his motion for a stay of execution pending appeal. The September 13 order has

already been executed, and we granted a stay as to the money damages awarded by the September

19 order, but denied a stay as to the permanent injunction. Based upon these facts we conclude

that Gebre’s appeal from the trial court’s denial of his motion to stay execution pending appeal is

moot. Gebre’s appeal from that order (CA 25492) is Dismissed.

                                        VII. Conclusion

       {¶ 43} All of Gebre’s assignments of error having been overruled, and for the reasons

previously set forth herein,   the appeal in Case No. 25492 is Dismissed, as moot; and, with

respect to Case No. 25416, the September 13, 2012 order of the trial court holding

defendants-appellants in contempt and awarding sanctions is Affirmed, and the appeal from the

September 19, 2012 judgment of the trial court awarding damages and ordering final injunction is

Dismissed, as moot.

                                         .............

DONOVAN and HALL, JJ., concur.

Copies mailed to:

James G. Abernathy
Todd E. Bryant
Thomas M. Green
Gregory S. Page
Hon. Frances E. McGee