Court Opinion

ID: 4705436
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-21 21:15:26.651332+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:21.681211
License: Public Domain

07/21/2021
        IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                                  April 6, 2021 Session

                TABITHA GENTRY v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                  Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
                    No. 13-02671      James M. Lammey, Judge
                      ___________________________________

                           No. W2020-00637-CCA-R3-PC
                       ___________________________________

A Shelby County jury convicted the Petitioner, Tabitha Gentry, of theft of property valued
over $250,000 and aggravated burglary. The trial court imposed an effective sentence of
twenty years. On appeal, this court affirmed the judgments. See State v. Tabitha Gentry,
No. W2015-01745-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 4264266, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson,
Aug. 12, 2016), perm. app. granted (Tenn. Dec. 14, 2016). On appeal to the Tennessee
Supreme Court, the supreme court affirmed. State v. Gentry, 538 S.W.3d 413 (Tenn.
2017). The Petitioner timely filed a post-conviction petition, alleging that she received the
ineffective assistance of counsel. After multiple hearings, the post-conviction court denied
relief, concluding that the Petitioner had not proven that Counsel was deficient or that the
Petitioner was prejudiced by Counsel’s representation. On appeal, the Petitioner maintains
that she received the ineffective assistance of counsel. After review, we affirm the post-
conviction court’s judgment.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOHN EVERETT
WILLIAMS, P.J., and ROBERT L. HOLLOWAY, JR., J., joined.

Kathryn Derossitt, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Tabitha Gentry.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Samantha L. Simpson, Assistant
Attorney General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Leslie Byrd, Assistant
District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION
                                         I. Facts
       A Shelby County grand jury indicted the Petitioner for theft of property valued at
over $250,000 and aggravated burglary. These charges stemmed from the Petitioner’s
seizure and physical occupation of an East Memphis home valued at more than two million
dollars and the filing of documents with the Shelby County Register of Deeds Office
purporting to reflect her ownership of the East Memphis property. After a trial, the jury
convicted the Petitioner of theft of property valued at over $250,000 and aggravated
burglary. The Petitioner appealed her convictions, arguing that Tennessee’s theft statute
did not encompass theft of real property. This court affirmed the Petitioner’s convictions
but remanded to the trial court for resentencing. Gentry, 2016 WL 4264266, at *1. The
Petitioner then filed an application with the Tennessee Supreme Court for permission to
appeal, which was granted. State v. Gentry, 538 S.W.3d 413 (Tenn. 2017). In its opinion,
our supreme court concluded that the Tennessee theft statute applied to theft of real
property by occupation, seizure, and the filing of a deed to the property and that the
evidence was sufficient to support the Petitioner’s convictions. This petition for post-
conviction relief followed.

                                         A. Trial

      Our supreme court summarized the facts presented at trial as follows:

              On August 26, 2011, Renasant Bank (“Bank”) foreclosed on the East
      Memphis home. Gregory Hadaway, an executive vice president at the Bank,
      assigned Greg Paule, the person in charge of managing the Bank’s
      foreclosed homes, to prepare the home for sale. The home, situated on a
      three-and-a-half acre gated property, was described by various witnesses at
      trial as having seventeen rooms, 10,000 square feet of very nicely finished
      interior space, two fireplaces, a well-manicured exterior with expensive
      landscaping and a swimming pool, and a four-car garage. Mr. Paule, acting
      for the Bank, contracted with a real estate agent, John Dickens, to show the
      home and find a buyer. By February of 2013, Mr. Dickens had sold the
      home for $2.4 million dollars and scheduled the closing for later that month.
      The closing was rescheduled to March 29, 2013, to allow the Bank time to
      make repairs called for by a home inspection report.

             Meanwhile, as the Bank worked to finalize the sale, [the Petitioner]
      worked to acquire the property without purchasing it. On February 25,
      2013, [the Petitioner] filed twelve pages of difficult to decipher documents
      with the Shelby County Register of Deeds. The first of these documents is
      a January 14, 2012 letter addressed to the Bank’s executives, including the
      Bank president, Jeff Hudson. The document is an “Affidavit of Fact” and
      “Cover Letter” for a mailing giving notice of [the Petitioner]’s intentions as
                                           -2-
to the East Memphis home, although it is not clear that she ever sent the
letter to Mr. Hudson or the other people listed as recipients. [The Petitioner]
also filed a document titled “quitclaim deed” that purported to transfer title
of the East Memphis home to [the Petitioner], using [the Petitioner]’s
alias—Abka Re Bay. Because the documents [the Petitioner] filed were so
anomalous, the employee receiving them at the Register’s office indexed
them under “miscellaneous” in the computer system and linked them with
[the Petitioner]’s name, rather than indexing them as a genuine transfer of
ownership of the East Memphis home.

        By March 4, 2013, [the Petitioner] had entered the East Memphis
home without the Bank’s consent or knowledge and changed the locks. She
had placed a large chain and padlock on the front gate that was positioned
across the driveway to the property. She also had posted six signs,
advertising “No Trespassing,” “Private Property,” and “Keep Out” on trees
around the property. On at least two of those signs, she hand wrote her
name. In addition to the chain, she also placed on the gate a flag for the
“Moorish National Republic,” apparently with a star in the center like the
Moroccan national flag, and a sign stating, “I Abka Re Bay, seize this land”
for the “Moorish National Trust.”

       Mr. Dickens, who regularly checked on properties he was selling,
discovered the signs, flag, chain, and padlock when he drove by the East
Memphis home on March 4, 2013. Mr. Dickens had not given anyone
permission to place the items on the property, and he had not seen them
there when he had passed by the property only a couple of days earlier.

        Mr. Dickens stopped to investigate and called Mr. Paule to notify him
about what was happening at the home. Mr. Paule called his boss at the
Bank, Mr. Hadaway, because the house was a large asset on the Bank’s
books. At Mr. Hadaway’s direction, Mr. Paule called the police and drove
to the property, where Mr. Dickens was waiting, arriving around 3 p.m.
Shortly after Mr. Paule arrived, both he and Mr. Dickens saw a woman
briefly leave the house and then run back inside. They saw someone peer
from a window and yell something unintelligible as the woman headed
towards the house. A few minutes later, they saw two younger people come
out of the house for only a few seconds and then jump back inside. At about
4 p.m., the Memphis City police arrived, took pictures of the gate, and made
note of the “No Trespassing” signs.

                                     -3-
       By the time the police had spoken with Mr. Dickens and Mr. Paule
and prepared a written report, it was nearly dark, and the police decided not
to approach the house at that time because of safety concerns. The officers
told Mr. Paule to call the police the next morning to discuss the situation.
Mr. Paule spoke with his boss at the Bank and the Memphis City police
again the next day and the police suggested that Mr. Paule also call the FBI,
which he did. The FBI declined to become involved at that time. Later, Mr.
Paule and Mr. Dickens went to the Memphis police station in person. Mr.
Dickens had checked on the house again that morning and noticed a white
car driving up the driveway to the home. The Bank president, Mr. Hudson,
had become interested in the situation and also attended the meeting at the
police station where it was decided that the Bank needed to give the
occupants of the home twenty-four hours’ notice to vacate. Mr. Hudson,
Mr. Dickens, and Mr. Paule went to the house and placed a written notice to
vacate, signed by Mr. Hudson, on the gate, which read:

       March 5, 2013 (2:30) p.m.
       This is your formal notice to vacate this property . . . within 24
       (twenty four) hours from date and time above.

       You must have vacated this property by March 6th, 2013 at
       2:30 p.m.

The next day, March 6th, Mr. Paule planned to go to the home and have the
utilities turned off, but his plans changed after he received information from
an attorney for the City of Memphis. Although the record does not contain
direct testimony about their conversation, a discussion during [the
Petitioner]’s trial between the trial judge and counsel for both parties outside
the presence of the jury suggests that Mr. Paule learned from this attorney
that [the Petitioner] was under FBI investigation because of threats she had
made against the President of the United States. Seemingly as a result of
concerns related to those threats, the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office became
involved and decided to enter the house with a Special Weapons and Tactics
(“SWAT”) team to arrest [the Petitioner] for the home occupation.

       On March 7th, Mr. Paule gave the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office
plans to the house in preparation for an arrest at the house. Late that night
or early the next morning a SWAT team from the Sheriff’s Office
approached the house and waited by a wall on the back side of the property.
As the SWAT team prepared to enter the property, they saw a white car
                                      -4-
       leave through the front gate and radioed a command post that the car was
       leaving the house. Sergeant Richard Almond III, with the Sheriff’s Office,
       received the call, followed the white car, pulled it over, and arrested [the
       Petitioner], pursuant to an arrest warrant, about a quarter mile away from
       the entrance gate to the house. By the time of [the Petitioner]’s arrest, at
       least three camera crews for news outlets were reporting from outside the
       home.

              The SWAT team, believing that others were inside the home, entered
       the property after [the Petitioner] left and attempted to open a door to the
       house with a key they had received from the realtor. Because [the
       Petitioner] had changed the locks, they could not gain entry with the key, so
       the SWAT team used a battering ram to break the door open. Once inside,
       they discovered the house was empty, so the SWAT team left.

              Sergeant Brad Less, with the Sheriff’s Office, searched the house
       pursuant to a warrant on March 7, 2013, and took photographs as he did so.
       He discovered that interior doors had been tied shut with ropes and belts.
       He found clothing, food, a few air mattresses, official documents under the
       name of Tabitha Gentry, and “Moorish sovereign documents” issued to
       “Abka Re Bay,” along with other small personal and miscellaneous items.
       According to the testimony of Mr. Paule, “there was not a great deal of
       damage” to the East Memphis home, although the door the SWAT team had
       battered had to be repaired, locks had to be changed, and the home had to
       be cleaned. Evidence and testimony at trial showed that the home sold for
       over $2 million on March 29, 2013, shortly after [the Petitioner]’s
       occupation of the house, and had been appraised, for county tax purposes,
       at $2.75 million in 2012 and $3 million in 2013.

              [The Petitioner] chose not to testify at trial, at least partly based on
       her belief that she was “not subject to [the] futile jurisdiction” of the trial
       court.

Id. at 413-19.

                                B. Post-Conviction Hearing

       The Petitioner filed a petition for post-conviction relief alleging, as relevant to this
appeal, that her trial counsel (“Counsel”) was ineffective because he failed to formally
request discovery from the State, failed to obtain an expert witness on real estate
conveyances, failed to adequately cross-examine witnesses, and improperly questioned a
                                             -5-
lay witness about adverse possession. At a hearing on the petition, the parties presented
the following evidence: Michael Stingle testified as an expert witness in the field of
criminal defense that he had reviewed the trial transcripts from the Petitioner’s trial to
determine whether Counsel “met the community standards for zealous . . . and effective
representation.” After review, Mr. Stingle believed that Counsel had fallen short of the
community standard with respect to the issue of discovery because Counsel failed to
request discovery even though the record reflected that discovery was made available to
him. Mr. Stingle stated that Counsel did not request discovery at the Petitioner’s
instruction. Mr. Stingle opined that discovery is not one of the areas where a client has
control.

       Mr. Stingle testified that in a situation where an attorney finds their client’s position
“so personally repugnant” that they are unable to zealously advocate for their client, they
are required to seek withdrawal from the case. Mr. Stingle explained that review of
discovery is an important part of effective preparation for trial, noting that the ABA
standards for criminal justice require an attorney to investigate. Mr. Stingle stated that an
“uncooperative client” does not alter an attorney’s duties to investigate and defend at trial.
Mr. Stingle agreed that evidence viewed by the State from one perspective can be used by
the defense to help their client. In his opinion, Counsel’s decision not to request or review
discovery was not a strategic decision and therefore he failed to meet the standard for
representation.

        On cross-examination, Mr. Stingle agreed that he interacted differently with
difficult clients than clients who are more cooperative. He confirmed that, in his opinion,
professional representation was preferable to self-representation. Mr. Stingle admitted that
he only read the trial transcript; he did not read pre-trial hearing transcripts, email
communication between the prosecutor and Counsel, review discovery or the exhibits
presented at trial and did not speak with the Petitioner or any of the attorneys involved in
the trial. Mr. Stingle agreed that there are circumstances where it is advantageous to “allow
a Defendant to believe they are driving the train” in order to better facilitate client
communication.

       After given the opportunity to review the transcript at the hearing, Mr. Stingle
agreed that Counsel never said that he did not review discovery; he only said that he did
not request discovery at the Petitioner’s instruction.

        Gregory Charles Krog, Jr., a Memphis attorney, reviewed the document recorded
with the Shelby County Register of Deed under Instrument Number 13024258, Exhibit 16
at the Petitioner’s trial, portions of the trial transcript, the supreme court opinion related to
this case, and additional records related to the ownership of the property at issue (“Shelby
County Residence”). Mr. Krog opined that the documents the Petitioner filed were
                                              -6-
inadequate to constitute a valid instrument of conveyance, noting all of the deficiencies in
the documents. He testified that because the State requires a transfer of an interest in real
estate by means of a document, one cannot have theft of real property “without some
effective means of asserting dominion over the particular interest involved.” The
documents the Petitioner submitted was not a valid instrument of conveyance therefore, in
his opinion, the Petitioner’s conduct in this case could not be a theft. Mr. Krog stated that
the Register’s Office should have rejected the documents due to their deficiencies. He
asserted that it was “clear from the face” that the Petitioner’s documents should not have
been filed due to the required elements that were lacking. He said that the statute of fraud
was not satisfied in this case.

        As it relates to the Petitioner’s ineffective assistance claim, Mr. Krog opined that it
was “difficult to understand” why Counsel did not place more emphasis on the fact that the
documents the Petitioner filed with the Register’s Office were a nullity as an argument that
the elements of theft were not met. Mr. Krog opined that the Supreme Court opinion for
this case “clearly said the recordation is an element of the offense.” He maintained that
“[f]iling a nullity . . . doesn’t effectively communicate intent.” He asserted that the State
cannot prove an intent to deprive of an interest in a house. According to Mr. Krog, the
Petitioner’s actions did not affect title or actual ownership of the title so there was no
deprivation of that interest. To steal a property, in Mr. Krog’s opinion, one must steal an
interest in the property not merely occupy the property. To the extent the Petitioner
intended to transfer the property, Mr. Krog stated that she failed due to the inept drafting
of the documents. Mr. Krog opined that Counsel should have called an expert to testify
about the documents and his failure to do so was deficient.

        The Petitioner testified that she never told Counsel not to review discovery. The
Petitioner recalled that she spoke with Counsel about the case but “nothing in detail.” She
attributed the absence of discussion about her case to “a lack of effort on [Counsel’s] part.”
She admitted that initially she refused to discuss the case with Counsel but maintained that
there were court appearances where she tried to talk with him “but [they] never got
anywhere.” She agreed that there was “considerable publicity” surrounding her case and
that “pretty much the entire details of the case” were accessible through news media.

        Counsel testified that he had practiced criminal law for over nineteen years,
practiced criminal law in both Tennessee and Arkansas, and was certified by the National
Board of Trial Advocacy as a specialist in criminal advocacy. Additionally, Counsel was
certified to represent defendants in capital punishment cases. Counsel stated that he had
worked on capital cases at trial, on appeal, seeking post-conviction relief, and post-
conviction appeal. He estimated that he tried approximately ten to fifteen cases a year and
had represented clients in over 200 jury trials during his career. Counsel also served as
faculty at the Tennessee Criminal Defense College and Advanced Trial College. Counsel
                                             -7-
had been qualified as an expert in the standards of practice for criminal trial lawyers in
Tennessee. Based upon his work in the field of criminal law, Counsel received the Bob
Ritchie Award for outstanding dedication to the criminal trial practice.

       Counsel was appointed to represent the Petitioner and was aware of the case due to
the news coverage “that went on for the 36 to 48 hours before . . . a SWAT team . . . g[o]t
her out of the house.” He said that the Petitioner’s actions received more news coverage
than “most murder cases” in Shelby County. He described it as “wall to wall [c]overage
for a couple of days.”

        Counsel explained that, based upon the Petitioner’s filings, he believed she ascribed
to a Black Moorish nationalism “strain.” This group believed that “the Moorish owned all
of the land at one time and were either ejected from it or were pushed off of it. . . . So, they
have superior rights to property over anyone else regardless of whether or not the
government has provided a system of deeds.” Counsel acquainted himself with this
organization in preparation for meeting the Petitioner. Initially, he felt his conversation
with the Petitioner went well. At some point, however, the Petitioner determined that by
accepting Counsel, who was appointed, she was somehow accepting the government, and
she “totally changed.” From this point forward, communication with the Petitioner was
very difficult.

        Counsel testified that normally he believed trial attorneys were to make strategic
decisions about a case; however, given the Petitioner’s position on government, he
believed, in order to facilitate a meaningful working relationship, he needed to acquiesce
to some of the Petitioner’s requests. The Petitioner kept trying to fire Counsel, but Counsel
believed this would occur with any attorney given the Petitioner’s beliefs about the
government. Counsel assisted the Petitioner in seeking to represent herself, and the
Petitioner became counsel of record. Near the time of trial, however, the Petitioner became
“so combative” with the trial court that the trial court ordered a competency evaluation that
the Petitioner refused. Counsel said that, in his opinion, the Petitioner did not have an
inability to communicate but an unwillingness. At some point, Counsel was again
appointed to represent the Petitioner.

        During the time the Petitioner was representing herself, Counsel explained to
Petitioner that all decisions were hers, however, as elbow counsel, she should have him do
“the ministerial work” such as file motions and file or serve subpoenas. He offered to file
a Rule 16 motion for discovery and obtain the record for her. Counsel said that, “she told
me flat out, don’t do that. I don’t want it. I don’t want anything from the State.” Because
she was representing herself at this point, Counsel could not file the motion. By the time
the Petitioner forfeited her right to represent herself, the trial date was imminent. He agreed
that, prior to trial, the prosecutor provided documents related to the case via email. He said
                                             -8-
that the certified copies of the documents the Petitioner filed were all available on line for
download. Even while Counsel served as elbow counsel, the prosecutor “ke[pt him] in the
loop” in the event Counsel had to “step in” during the trial.

       Counsel testified that, in his opinion, a person could not steal a house because one
cannot transfer the actual ownership interest. He stated that the only way to take property
is through the title or deed; thus, he had argued to the jury that one “cannot steal what you
cannot take.” About the discovery, Counsel testified that he never said he had not reviewed
the discovery, he said that he did not file a Rule 16 request for discovery consistent with
the Petitioner’s instruction. Counsel testified:

       I absolutely complied with [the Petitioner’s request not to file a Rule 16
       motion for discovery] because that’s what my client asked even though I
       didn’t have to. But at the time that I went into trial I absolutely knew
       everything about the case and nothing was a surprise to me in the case.

        Counsel testified about his decision not to hire an expert on real estate transactions.
First, because the Petitioner represented herself, even if he had requested funds for an
expert, he would have been able to do very little in the way of preparation. Secondly, he
did not believe expert testimony would have affected the verdict in the case. Further, the
issue of real estate transactions would have further illuminated the Petitioner’s relationship
with the Moorish nationalism. Counsel believed that juries are often a “little scared” of
people who are different than them and emphasis on Moorish nationalism could cause the
jury to view the Petitioner as less relatable. He stated:

       It’s one thing to say somebody is poor and they just are a squatter in the
       house. That’s something somebody could really look at and have an
       emotional response to and say, that I’m not convicting her of theft. She was
       there five days. She didn’t do any damage. She didn’t steal that house.
       That’s preposterous. . . . Mom with kids. The kids were there. SWAT team
       was just overblown.

Counsel also noted some negative press around the time of the trial about sovereign citizens
and his concern that might weigh against the Petitioner. He explained that it would be
difficult to build sympathy with the jury using real estate law because “It’s complex and
full of archaic terms.” Counsel stated that his decision to not use an expert was a strategic
decision.

      Counsel testified that filing a motion for discovery was not the only way to get
discovery. He identified an email containing seven certified assessor documents that were
admitted at trial as documents that the State had sent to him before trial. He testified that
                                             -9-
he watched all the news coverage at the time of the events, which included the photographs
used at trial. Counsel testified that he viewed a map of the residence on Google that was
used at trial and visited the scene in preparation for trial. With regard to the discovery
Counsel stated, “I know of nothing that I missed. I know of nothing that was not known
[to me]. I know of nothing that was exculpatory that wasn’t turned over to me.” He
explained that his strategy allowed him to still review discovery but also allowed him to
benefit from not filing a formal discovery motion to establish some level of rapport with
the Petitioner.

        On cross-examination, Counsel testified that, prior to trial, he spoke with a real
estate attorney who was an authority on “evictions and property in Shelby County.” In his
discussion with the real estate attorney, the real estate attorney stated that he could not
provide testimony that would benefit the defense. Counsel agreed that he raised the issue
of adverse possession in opening argument. Although he did not call an expert witness to
testify about adverse possession, he noted that he raised the issue of adverse possession
through the State’s witness, John Dickens, the real estate agent for the East Memphis
property. He recalled that he questioned Mr. Dickens about adverse possession to the
extent the court allowed it. He stated that the trial court allowed some questioning but
ultimately determined that adverse possession was a civil legal theory that would confuse
the jury in a criminal trial.

        Upon further questioning by the post-conviction court, Counsel testified that if he
had attempted to raise legal arguments about the status of the property and whether the
documents the Petitioner filed were valid instruments, the trial court would have ruled that
the issues were not relevant to the issue at trial. Counsel believed that such evidence would
have “mudd[ied] the waters,” but he did not believe the trial court “would have let me get
too far with it.”

       After hearing the evidence, the post-conviction court made the following findings:

              Counsel was not deficient in not calling as an expert witness someone
       qualified as such in civil/real estate law. Much of what is alleged to be
       ineffective was the subject of the ruling of the Tennessee Supreme Court.
       Furthermore, counsel was not deficient for not requesting formal discovery,
       to adhere to petitioner’s desires. That decision was an effort to build rapport
       with petitioner. Counsel was satisfied, as well as this court is satisfied, that
       counsel was able to gather all the necessary information by other means in
       order to mount a viable defense.

                                            - 10 -
             [I]t appears to the court that the Petitioner was the architect of her own
       demise. Petitioner’s absolute refusal to cooperate with counsel, and hostility
       towards him caused all of the present assertions of ineffectiveness.

              As such, Petitioner has failed to carry her burden of proof as to either
       deficient performance or prejudice.

It is from this judgment that the Petitioner appeals.

                                         II. Analysis

        On appeal, the Petitioner maintains that Counsel was ineffective because he: (1)
failed to formally request discovery from the State; (2) failed to obtain an expert witness
on real estate conveyances; (3) failed to adequately cross-examine Renasant Bank
witnesses; and (4) improperly questioned a lay witness about adverse possession. The State
responds that the Petitioner has not met her burden of proving the alleged deficiencies by
clear and convincing evidence or that she was prejudiced by Counsel’s representation;
therefore, the post-conviction court properly denied relief. We agree with the State.

        In order to prevail on a petition for post-conviction relief, a petitioner must prove
all factual allegations by clear and convincing evidence. Jaco v. State, 120 S.W.3d 828,
830 (Tenn. 2003). Post-conviction relief cases often present mixed questions of law and
fact. See Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Tenn. 2001). Appellate courts are bound by
the post-conviction court’s factual findings unless the evidence preponderates against such
findings. Kendrick v. State, 454 S.W.3d 450, 457 (Tenn. 2015). When reviewing the post-
conviction court’s factual findings, this court does not reweigh the evidence or substitute
its own inferences for those drawn by the post-conviction court. Id.; Fields, 40 S.W.3d at
456 (citing Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578 (Tenn. 1997)). Additionally, “questions
concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value to be given their
testimony, and the factual issues raised by the evidence are to be resolved by the [post-
conviction court].” Fields, 40 S.W.3d at 456 (citing Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 579); see also
Kendrick, 454 S.W.3d at 457. The trial court’s conclusions of law and application of the
law to factual findings are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness. Kendrick,
454 S.W.3d at 457.

         The right to effective assistance of counsel is safeguarded by the Constitutions of
both the United States and the State of Tennessee. U.S. Const. amend. VI; Tenn. Const.
art. I, § 9. In order to receive post-conviction relief for ineffective assistance of counsel, a
petitioner must prove two factors: (1) that counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2)
that the deficiency prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984); see State v. Taylor, 968 S.W.2d 900, 905 (Tenn.Crim.App.1997) (stating that the
                                             - 11 -
same standard for ineffective assistance of counsel applies in both federal and Tennessee
cases). Both factors must be proven in order for the court to grant post-conviction relief.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 580; Goad v. State, 938 S.W.2d 363,
370 (Tenn. 1996). Accordingly, if we determine that either factor is not satisfied, there is
no need to consider the other factor. Finch v. State, 226 S.W.3d 307, 316 (Tenn. 2007)
(citing Carpenter v. State, 126 S.W.3d 879, 886 (Tenn. 2004)). Additionally, review of
counsel’s performance “requires that every effort be made to eliminate the distorting
effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s challenged conduct, and
to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at
689; see also Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 579. We will not second-guess a reasonable trial
strategy, and we will not grant relief based on a sound, yet ultimately unsuccessful, tactical
decision. Granderson v. State, 197 S.W.3d 782, 790 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2006).

        As to the first prong of the Strickland analysis, “counsel’s performance is effective
if the advice given or the services rendered are within the range of competence demanded
of attorneys in criminal cases.” Henley, 960 S.W.2d at 579 (citing Baxter v. Rose, 523
S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn.1975)); see also Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 369. In order to prove that
counsel was deficient, the petitioner must demonstrate “that counsel's acts or omissions
were so serious as to fall below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms.” Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 369 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688); see
also Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 936.

        Even if counsel’s performance is deficient, the deficiency must have resulted in
prejudice to the defense. Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 370. Therefore, under the second prong of
the Strickland analysis, the petitioner “must show that there is a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in
the outcome.” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       In her brief, the Petitioner asserts that this case warrants the application of the
Cronic standard rather than Strickland. We do not agree. Though uncommon, in certain
instances, a different standard is employed in reviewing an ineffective assistance of counsel
claim. In United States v. Cronic, the Supreme Court indicated that there may be
exceptional circumstances “that are so likely to prejudice the accused” that a violation of
the Sixth Amendment right to counsel can be presumed. 466 U.S. 648, 658 (1984). The
presumption of prejudice under Cronic presents “a narrow exception to Strickland’s
holding that a defendant who asserts ineffective assistance of counsel must demonstrate
not only that his attorney’s performance was deficient, but also that the deficiency
prejudiced the defense.” Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175, 190 (2004). While Strickland
applies to most “cases involving mere attorney error,” Cronic applies to those cases in
which there has been an actual or constructive denial of counsel. Roe v. Flores-Ortega,
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528 U.S. 470, 482-83 (2000) (internal quotation omitted); see Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692
(“Actual or constructive denial of the assistance of counsel altogether is legally presumed
to result in prejudice.”).

        In Cronic, the United States Supreme Court described three situations in which
prejudice should be presumed. Those circumstances include: (1) “the complete denial of
counsel”; (2) when “counsel entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful
adversarial testing”; and (3) when circumstances are such that “the likelihood that any
lawyer, even a fully competent one, could provide effective assistance is so small that a
presumption of prejudice is appropriate without inquiry into the actual conduct of the trial.”
Id. at 659-60. In these instances, the process is presumptively unreliable and proof of actual
prejudice is not required.

        In order to establish the constructive denial of counsel, a petitioner must show that
“although counsel [was] present, the performance of counsel [was] so inadequate that, in
effect, no assistance of counsel [was] provided” at all. Cronic, 466 U.S. at 654 n.11. The
United States Supreme Court has clarified counsel’s “failure to test the prosecutor’s case .
. . must be complete” and must have occurred “throughout the . . . proceeding as a whole”
rather than “at specific points.” Bell v. Cone, 535 U.S. 685, 697 (2002). In Cronic itself,
the United States Supreme Court held that prejudice could not be presumed based simply
on counsel’s lack of experience and short amount of time to prepare for trial. 466 U.S. at
663-66 (remanded for reconsideration under Strickland standard). Additionally, an
allegation that counsel failed “to investigate and pursue all avenues of defense” has been
considered more appropriately analyzed under Strickland “rather than as a fundamental
breakdown of the adversarial process such that prejudice is presumed under Cronic.”
Chadwick v. Green, 740 F.2d 897, 901 (11th Cir. 1984); see also Woodard v. Collins, 898
F.2d 1027, 1029 (5th Cir. 1990) (“[A] decision to investigate some issues and not others
or even a decision to conduct virtually no investigation is governed by Strickland and its
progeny.”). Thus, Petitioner has the burden of overcoming the “strong presumption that
counsel provided adequate assistance and used reasonable professional judgment to make
all significant decisions.” Kendrick v. State, 454 S.W.3d 450, 458 (Tenn. 2015).

      The Petitioner’s allegations of Counsel’s supposed failures are not so complete and
so egregious that the Petitioner was functionally without counsel during the trial.
Accordingly, we review the Petitioner’s allegations under the Strickland analysis.

                   A. Failure to File a Rule 16 Motion for Discovery

       The Petitioner contends that Counsel was ineffective when he failed to file a Rule
16 motion requesting discovery from the State. Rule 16(a)(1)(C) of the Tennessee Rules
of Criminal Procedure provides that
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       [u]pon request of the defendant, the [S]tate shall permit the defendant to
       inspect and copy or photograph books, papers, documents, photographs,
       tangible objects, buildings or places, or copies or portions thereof, which are
       within the possession, custody or control of the [S]tate, and which are
       material to the preparation of the defendant’s defense or are intended for use
       by the [S]tate as evidence in chief at the trial, or were obtained from or belong
       to the defendant.

       The Petitioner asserts that Counsel was ineffective because he failed to request
discovery pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 16. We agree that Counsel
had a duty to “conduct appropriate investigations, both factual and legal, to determine what
matters of defense can be developed.” Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 933. “[C]ounsel has a duty
to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular
investigations unnecessary. In any ineffectiveness case, a particular decision not to
investigate must be directly assessed for reasonableness in all the circumstances, applying
a heavy measure of deference to counsel’s judgments.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691; see
also State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 462 (Tenn.1999). However, “when a defendant has
given counsel reason to believe that pursuing certain investigations would be fruitless or
even harmful, counsel’s failure to pursue those investigations may not later be challenged
as unreasonable.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691.

        The evidence does not preponderate against the post-conviction court’s findings on
this issue, which were that Counsel’s decision not to formally file a request for discovery
was “an effort to build rapport with petitioner” and that Counsel gathered “all the necessary
information by other means in order to mount a viable defense.” Counsel testified that the
Petitioner was adamant that he not formally request discovery because it contradicted her
beliefs. In an effort to deal with a client, who wanted to remain independent based upon
her beliefs, Counsel complied with her requests where he believed he could do so and not
compromise her defense. Although Counsel did not formally request discovery, we note
that Counsel visited the crime scene, reviewed documents from the Shelby County Register
of Deeds, viewed aerial views of the property on Google maps, spoke with an attorney
knowledgeable about real estate law, and viewed prospective exhibits the State sent him
prior to trial. Counsel testified that he knew “absolutely [ ] everything about the case and
nothing was a surprise to [him]” at trial.

        We conclude therefore, that the Petitioner failed to demonstrate that Counsel’s
services fell outside the range of competence normally required of attorneys in criminal
trials. See Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 936. Furthermore, the Petitioner does not offer any
information withheld from Counsel that would have changed the outcome of the trial and,
thus, fails to demonstrate how Counsel’s conduct prejudiced her. Strickland, 466 U.S. at
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694. Having failed to demonstrate either prong of the Strickland standard, the Petitioner
has not met her burden of showing she is entitled to post-conviction relief based upon
Counsel’s performance. Id. She is not entitled to relief on this issue.

                          B. Failure to Hire an Expert Witness

        The Petitioner asserts that Counsel’s failure to hire an expert witness to challenge
the validity of the documents the Petitioner filed with the Shelby County Register of Deeds
constitutes deficient performance. The Petitioner claims that the supreme court opinion in
this case indicated the supreme court was “unaware that the document was a total ‘nullity,’
‘frivolous,’ ‘largely incoherent,’ ‘delusional,’ and did not have any technical requirements
for real estate transfers and would not qualify as a forgery or crime against Renasant Bank
in any way.” In addition to what she contends is our supreme court’s lack of understanding
of the case, she argues that Counsel’s failure to educate the jury on the invalidity of these
documents was deficient. The State responds that Counsel made a strategic decision not
to hire an expert witness and this decision did not prejudice the Petitioner. We agree with
the State.

        In its oral ruling following the hearing, the post-conviction court stated that, had
Counsel sought to present an expert in real estate law to explain the doctrine of adverse
possession to the jury, it would not have allowed an expert to testify about adverse
possession because it was a civil matter. The post-conviction court concluded that the civil
legal doctrine of adverse possession was “totally irrelevant to whether or not the State could
prove their case of theft.” The post-conviction court noted that Renasant Bank may have
had civil remedies to the situation but that the civil remedies to the Petitioner’s occupation
of their property was not at issue at the criminal trial of the matter.

        In this case, the State was required to prove that the Petitioner: (1) knowingly
obtained or exercised control over the East Memphis property, (2) “with intent to deprive
the owner” of the property, and (3) without Renasant Bank’s effective consent. T.C.A. §
39-14-103 (2010). The State had to show the Petitioner’s intent to deprive Renasant Bank
of the property, not a valid conveyance of a property interest. As we noted in our analysis
on direct appeal, the Petitioner’s entry to the property without permission, barred the entry
of the lawful owner, and her act of placing signage around the property indicated her intent
to deprive the rightful owner of the property. Tabitha Gentry, 2016 WL 4264266, at *6.
Our supreme court further noted that the documents expressly stating the Petitioner’s intent
to possess the property also demonstrated her intent to deprive Renasant Bank of the
property in support of the jury’s conviction for theft. Gentry, 538 S.W.3d at 427. Because
the criminal statute requires only that the State prove that the Petitioner intended to deprive
the Bank of possession, not that she actually divested the property interest, an expert on

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adverse possession is not relevant to the issue of intent as it relates to the theft statute;
therefore, we cannot conclude that Counsel was deficient in this respect.

        Moreover, Counsel testified that he considered hiring an expert witness but due to
the tenuous and uncertain nature of his representation, he declined to do so because he
could not direct or communicate with the expert while the Petitioner acted pro se. Counsel
testified that he spoke with an expert witness, and the expert indicated that he could not
provide any testimony that would benefit the defense. This court is to give deference to
matters of strategy and tactical choices when the choices are informed ones based upon
adequate preparation. House, 44 S.W.3d at 515 (quoting Goad, 938 S.W.2d at 369). In
our view, Counsel reasonably decided against hiring an expert witness based upon the
specific facts and nuances of this case.

        Accordingly, we conclude that the post-conviction court properly declined to grant
relief on this issue. The Petitioner is not entitled to relief as to this issue.

                  C. Cross-Examination of Renasant Bank Witnesses

       The Petitioner asserts that Counsel failed to adequately interview witnesses “from
Renasant Bank prior to trial.” Her argument, however, does not address this assertion. The
argument in Petitioner’s brief asserts that Counsel failed to “cross examine witnesses from
Renasant Bank as to whether or not Renasant Bank had a house stolen from them.” The
brief then summarizes testimony from Greg Hadaway, Renasant Bank Executive Vice
President and Regional Senior Credit Officer, at trial. A petitioner should present at the
post-conviction hearing any witness he contends trial counsel failed to cross-examine in
support of his defense. See Black v. State, 794 S.W.2d 752, 757-58 (Tenn. Crim. App.
1990). Mr. Hadaway did not testify at the post-conviction hearing, therefore, the Petitioner
has failed to establish her claim as to Mr. Hadaway by clear and convincing evidence.

       The Petitioner did submit an affidavit from Greg Paule, a Renasant Bank Real Estate
Sales Officer. As relevant to the Petitioner’s argument, the affidavit contained the
following question and Mr. Paule’s answer:

       Did you report to law enforcement that there was a theft of Property from
       your place of employment, - specifically theft of a piece of real estate –
       related to this unusual event?

       I did not use the terminology of “theft.” I told them that there were people
       living in our Bank’s property and it looked like they intended to stay.

                                           - 16 -
The Petitioner asserts that Counsel failed to adequately cross-examine Mr. Paule at trial
because he failed to ask Mr. Paule if he considered the house at issue “stolen.”

        Lay witnesses may give testimony in the form of an opinion where the testimony is
“(1) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (2) helpful to a clear
understanding of the witness’s testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.” T.R.E.
701(a). The testimony is not objectionable merely because it embraces an ultimate issue
before the jury. T.R.E. 704. However, the admission of lay opinion testimony is limited
to those situations wherein the jury could not readily draw its own conclusions on the
ultimate issue, without the aid of the witness’s opinion testimony. Blackburn v. Murphy,
737 S.W.2d 529, 533 (Tenn. 987). Where “‘the subject of [a non-expert’s] inference [from
the facts is] well within the range of common knowledge,’ then a question calling for a
conclusion of a lay witness or an answer offering an opinion of a lay witness on an ultimate
issue is generally improper.” Id. at 532 (quoting Nat’l Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Follett,
80 S.W.2d 92, 98 (1935)). When the admission or exclusion of opinion evidence is
challenged on appeal, it is reviewable only for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., State v. Gray,
960 S.W.2d 598, 606 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

        The question of whether or not the Petitioner committed theft under the facts
presented by the State was the jury’s role in this trial. Therefore, it is unlikely that the trial
court would have allowed such questioning from a lay witness on an ultimate issue, and
the Petitioner has not shown otherwise. Accordingly, the Petitioner has failed to meet her
burden of proving this allegation by clear and convincing evidence. She is not entitled to
relief.

                           D. Cross-examination of Mr. Dickens

        The Petitioner asserts that Counsel’s cross-examination of Mr. Dickens about his
knowledge of adverse possession was deficient because Mr. Dickens was never qualified
as an expert witness. She further argues that Counsel failed to make an offer of proof once
the trial court limited the cross-examination of Mr. Dickens. The State responds that
Counsel’s decision to question Mr. Dickens about adverse possession was strategic and
reasonable.

       At trial, Counsel asked Mr. Dickens, the real estate agent for the East Memphis
property, about adverse possession. On redirect examination, the State also questioned Mr.
Dickens about adverse possession and Mr. Dickens stated that he believed that adverse
possession was not a defense to theft of property. The trial court then limited Counsel’s
cross-examination of Mr. Dickens about adverse possession due to the possibility of
confusing the jury on a complex civil legal issue. Counsel was, however, allowed to ask
whether Mr. Dickens actually knew whether adverse possession was a defense to theft, and
                                              - 17 -
Mr. Dickens responded that he did not know for certain. Counsel did not request to make
an offer of proof outside the presence of a jury.

       This court has previously held that a petitioner is not entitled to, with the benefit of
hindsight, second-guess an attorney’s reasonably based trial strategy and criticize a sound
but unsuccessful tactic. Dellinger v. State, 279 S.W.3d 282, 295 (Tenn. 2009) (citing
Thompson v. State, 958 S.W.2d 156, 162 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997).

        Based upon our review of the trial record, we conclude that the Petitioner has failed
to demonstrate that Counsel was ineffective in his cross-examination of Mr. Dickens. It
appears that Counsel conducted a competent cross-examination of Mr. Dickens at trial.
Although the Petitioner now complains that Counsel should not have questioned Mr.
Dickens about adverse possession, we note that “cross-examination is a strategic and
tactical decision of trial counsel which is not to be measured by hindsight,” State v. Kerley,
820 S.W.2d 753, 756 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991), and “[a]llegations of ineffective assistance
of counsel relating to matters of trial strategy or tactics do not provide a basis for post-
conviction relief.” Taylor v. State, 814 S.W.2d 374, 378 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991). Having
reviewed the trial record, we agree with the post-conviction court concerning this issue.
We conclude that Counsel conducted an effective cross-examination of Mr. Dickens and
strategically introduced the concept of adverse possession in support of the affirmative
defense of claim of right. Furthermore, even assuming Counsel’s performance with regard
to his cross-examination of Mr. Dickens was ineffective, the Petitioner has failed to
demonstrate prejudice resulting from her attorney’s performance. The Petitioner is not
entitled to relief.

                                      III. Conclusion

       After a thorough review of the record and relevant authorities, we conclude that the
post-conviction court properly denied post-conviction relief. Accordingly, we affirm the
judgment of the post-conviction court.

                                               ____________________________________
                                                    ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE

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