Court Opinion

ID: 9824372
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-01 10:43:28.887237+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:39:42.893646
License: Public Domain

OPINION OF THE COURT
Chief Judge DiFiore.
In this Sex Offender Registration Act (SORA) (Correction Law art 6-C) appeal, we are asked to decide whether the SORA court erred in assessing defendant points under risk factors 1, 5, and 9 and abused its discretion in adjudicating defendant a risk level three sex offender. We conclude that the court did not err and did not abuse its discretion.
I.
Defendant was convicted on his plea of guilty of incest in the third degree (Penal Law § 255.25) for engaging in sexual intercourse with a person he knew to be related to him over a period of approximately one month in 2007. He was sentenced to six months’ incarceration followed by 10 years’ probation.
*686Prior to defendant’s release, the Board of Examiners of Sex Offenders prepared a risk assessment instrument (RAI) and assessed defendant 115 points, making him a presumptive risk level three. The Board recommended that defendant be classified as level three, concluding that a departure from the presumptive risk level was not warranted. As relevant here, the Board assessed 10 points under risk factor 1 for use of forcible compulsion in the current incest offense, 20 points under risk factor 5 for the age of the victim being less than 16 in the current incest offense, and 30 points under risk factor 9 for a prior endangering the welfare of a child conviction under Penal Law § 260.10.
At the SORA hearing, defendant argued that it would be inappropriate for the court to assess a collective 30 points under risk factors 1 and 5 for forcible compulsion and age of the victim in the current incest offense. Defendant argued that these points were unwarranted because they were based on the allegations of the victim and were not charged offenses. Defendant also argued that he should only be assessed five points for his prior endangering the welfare of a child conviction under risk factor 9, and not 30 points as the Board had recommended, because it was a misdemeanor that was not sexual in nature. Defendant argued that if the 25 points he claimed were overas-sessed under risk factor 9 were subtracted, defendant would have received a score of 90 and been designated a level two sex offender. Additionally, defendant argued that without those 25 points under risk factor 9 and 30 points under risk factors 1 and 5, he would have received a score of 60 and been classified a level one offender.
The People "vigorously oppose [d]” defendant’s request to be adjudicated a level one sex offender. The People, relying on the victim’s statements, argued that clear and convincing evidence had been presented to support the assessment of points for forcible compulsion and age of the victim under risk factors 1 and 5, respectively. The People further argued that it was appropriate for the court to consider allegations made by the victim of uncharged crimes such as these. As to defendant’s requested point reduction related to the prior endangering the welfare of a child conviction under risk factor 9, the People argued that even if the court granted defendant’s request, which would bring his points from 115 to 90 making him a presumptive risk level two, an upward departure to level three would be warranted given the victim’s allegations of “numerous occasions of forcible sexual intercourse.”
*687The SORA court agreed with the Board and the People and assessed defendant a total of 115 points, a presumptive risk level three. The court in its written decision made factual findings related to the risk factors defendant now challenges: that defendant had a prior endangering the welfare of a child conviction for an offense that involved an assault on his son and was not sexual in nature, that the sexual contact between the victim and defendant involved the use of forcible compulsion, and that the victim was less than 16 when she was first subjected to sexual contact with defendant. The court also found that the sexual contact between the victim and defendant involved multiple acts of sexual intercourse, that the sexual contact between the victim and defendant constituted a continuous course of conduct that covered a period of many years, and that defendant had not accepted responsibility for his conduct.1 Based on its factual findings, the court declined to downwardly depart, finding that “a departure from the presumptive Risk Level 3 is not appropriate.”
The Appellate Division affirmed and found record support for the SORA court to assess defendant points under risk factors 1 and 5 for forcible compulsion and age of the victim in relation to the current incest offense because the People had “presented ‘reliable hearsay evidence, in the form of the victim’s statement’ ” (121 AD3d 1577, 1577 [4th Dept 2014] [citation omitted]). The Appellate Division further held that the SORA court did not abuse its discretion in assessing defendant 30 points under risk factor 9 for the prior endangering the welfare of a child conviction and classifying him a level three sex offender.
This Court granted defendant leave to appeal (24 NY3d 915 [2015]), and we now affirm.
II.
Correction Law § 168-n (3) requires the People to prove facts to support defendant’s SORA risk-level classification by clear and convincing evidence. As relevant here, the SORA Risk Assessment Guidelines and Commentary make clear that, when assessing points related to the current offense, the court is not *688limited to considering defendant’s current conviction — here, incest in the third degree. The court may also assess points for clear and convincing evidence of other criminal acts presented in admissions from the offender, statements from victims, and reports from probation officers, parole officers, corrections counselors, or other reliable sources (Sex Offender Registration Act: Risk Assessment Guidelines and Commentary at 5 [2006] [hereinafter Guidelines]). Moreover, we have held that sworn statements constitute reliable hearsay evidence admissible in SORA proceedings to determine the defendant’s risk level, and that even unsworn statements of the victim are admissible if there is a requisite indicia of reliability (see People v Mingo, 12 NY3d 563, 567, 573, 576-577 [2009]).
In relation to his current offense, the SORA court properly assessed defendant 10 points under risk factor 1 for use of forcible compulsion and 20 points under risk factor 5 for the age of the victim being less than 16. Neither force nor age is an element of defendant’s current incest conviction (see Penal Law § 255.25). However, the record contains clear and convincing evidence supporting the assignment of points for both of these risk factors in the form of a sworn statement from the victim. Although victims’ statements may be considered even if unsworn, here, the victim’s sworn statement complies with the requirements for such statements set forth in Penal Law § 210.452 (see People v Sullivan, 56 NY2d 378, 380 [1982]). With respect to forcible compulsion, in the sworn statement the victim declared that defendant would take her out of her bedroom and force her to have sexual intercourse with him. She averred that when she refused defendant would “hit” or “throw” her, noting that she had received black eyes from his blows and had a scar on her right knee from a time defendant threw her to the ground. With respect to her age being less than 16, in the sworn statement the victim maintained that defendant first started forcing her to have sexual intercourse with him when she was 13 years old. Therefore, under the Guidelines and Mingo it was not error for the SORA court to *689assess points under risk factor 1 for forcible compulsion and risk factor 5 for the age of the victim being less than 16.
In relation to the assessment of points for defendant’s criminal history under risk factor 9, the Guidelines direct the SORA court to assess defendant 30 points for a prior “violent felony, a misdemeanor sex crime, or endangering the welfare of a child” (Guidelines, factor 9). Additionally, the Guidelines provide that
“[t]he Board decided to treat endangering the welfare of a child as if it were a sex crime because it generally involves sexual misconduct, especially when it is part of a plea bargained disposition. Where a review of the record indicates that there was no such misconduct, a departure may be warranted” (Guidelines at 14 [emphasis added]).
Plainly, pursuant to these Guidelines the SORA court was required to assess 30 points for a prior endangering the welfare of a child conviction without regard to whether the underlying offense involved conduct that is sexual in nature, subject to the court’s authority to grant a downward departure in the exercise of its discretion.3 Here, there is no factual dispute that defendant had a prior endangering the welfare of a child conviction. Therefore, the SORA court’s assessment of 30 points under risk factor 9 was not in error. Thus, the only question of law that remains is whether, due to the nonsexual nature of defendant’s prior endangering conviction, the court abused its discretion in declining to downwardly depart from defendant’s presumptive risk level three.4
As we recently stated, “[i]n determining whether to depart from a presumptive risk level, the hearing court weighs the aggravating or mitigating factors alleged by the departure-requesting party to assess whether, under the totality of the *690circumstances, a departure is warranted” (People v Howard, 27 NY3d 337, 341 [2016], citing People v Gillotti, 23 NY3d 841, 861 [2014]). Here, the only mitigating factor defendant presented to the SORA court was that the prior endangering the welfare of a child conviction was not sexual in nature. Although the SORA court considered this argument when deciding whether to downwardly depart, it certainly was not required to consider the mitigating factor in a vacuum without considering any aggravating factors that would weigh against a downward departure (see Guidelines at 4). In this case, there were numerous aggravating factors not adequately captured by the RAI that countered defendant’s argument for a downward departure. Therefore, the SORA court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the “totality of the circumstances” did not warrant a downward departure because such a departure would have resulted in an “under-assessment of the defendant’s dangerousness and risk of sexual recidivism” (People v Gillotti, 23 NY3d at 861).
The aggravating factors included defendant’s admission before the SORA court that the prior endangering the welfare of a child conviction arose from an allegation of “excessive corporal punishment . . . involving striking his son with some kind of a stick and leaving a bruise.” Moreover, an excerpt from the related child protective report contained in the record stated that defendant beat his son with a two-by-four, resulting in a physical injury of an approximately four-by-five-inch large purple bruise below the son’s buttocks. Additionally, as described above, the victim’s sworn statement indicated that she experienced years of physical abuse as a result of her attempts to refuse defendant’s sexual advances. Moreover, the victim averred in her statement that defendant forced her to have incestuous sexual intercourse with him seven to eight times per month starting two months after she moved in with him until the time she moved out, which was from when she was 13 years old until she was 28 years old. Thus, the victim declared that the sexual intercourse spanned a period of over 15 years. Defendant pleaded guilty to one month of incestuous intercourse and then admitted to probation in the presentence report to having said intercourse with the victim for a period spanning more than eight years, claiming self-servingly that the crimes began when the victim was 18 or 19 years old — a claim that was not credited by the SORA court. Lastly, the victim also reported that, at the time her first child was born, *691she had not had sexual intercourse with anyone except for defendant.
Defendant’s adjudicated risk level is meant to capture his risk of reoffense and danger to the community (see Guidelines at 2-3). Given the enormity of defendant’s uncharged sexual crimes, the facts of which were proved by clear and convincing evidence and not fully accounted for in the RAI, the SORA court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to downwardly depart from the presumptive risk level three. Defendant’s focus in isolation on his nonsexual prior endangering the welfare of a child conviction as a mitigating factor ignores that the violent nature of that prior offense5 and the gravity of the current incest offense are both probative of defendant’s risk of reoffense.
The order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, without costs.

. With regard to defendant’s failure to accept responsibility, the pre-sentence report found that defendant “presented himself as a victim, demonstrated no remorse and accepted very little accountability for his actions.” Moreover, it found that defendant blamed the victim for his own conduct and denied that his sexual intercourse with the victim fell within the definition of “incest.”

. Penal Law § 210.45 provides that
“[a] person is guilty of making a punishable false written statement when he knowingly makes a false statement, which he does not believe to be true, in a written instrument bearing a legally authorized form notice to the effect that false statements made therein are punishable.
“Making a punishable false written statement is a class A misdemeanor.”

. Defendant’s suggestion that the court should have arbitrarily assessed five points, instead of 30 points, under risk factor 9 is misguided, as it is in contravention of the Guidelines. A court may depart from the presumptive risk level, not from points that are properly assigned within a specific risk factor. Furthermore, the People’s apparent concession of error as to the alleged overassessment of points under risk factor 9 in their brief is not binding on this Court. The People never advanced this erroneous legal argument before the SORA court, nor did they raise it at the Appellate Division; accordingly, we need not consider this newfound argument in reviewing the question of law presented herein.

. To the extent that defendant raises a constitutional due process challenge to the Guidelines on appeal, such argument is unpreserved.

. Indeed, the allegations underlying the prior endangering conviction mirror the elements of the violent felony of assault in the second degree, which is assessed 30 points on the RAI (Penal Law §§ 70.02 [1] [c]; 120.05 [2]).