Court Opinion

ID: 2662480
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-03 12:22:56.003911+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:59:17.340064
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

CITIZENS FOR RESPONSIBILITY AND
ETHICS IN WASHINGTON,

       Plaintiff,
               v.                                          Civil Action No. 11-1732 (JEB)
U.S. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE
COMMISSION, et al.,

       Defendants.

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

       In the wake of a number of headline-grabbing scandals involving violations of the federal

securities laws, Plaintiff Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington submitted requests

under the Freedom of Information Act to the Securities and Exchange Commission seeking

documents related to that agency’s enforcement efforts. One of these requests, dated

September 14, 2011, sought records explaining the agency’s reasons for not proceeding with a

number of closed preliminary investigations. Before receiving the SEC’s response to its FOIA

request, CREW brought this suit against the Commission and its Chairman, Mary L. Schapiro,

under the Federal Records Act. Plaintiff’s Complaint contends that Defendants failed to comply

with the FRA through 1) the SEC’s improper policy regarding the retention of preliminary

investigative materials and 2) its failure to undertake efforts to recover and restore records

destroyed pursuant to the policy.

       Defendants have now moved to dismiss all claims for lack of justiciability under

Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and certain causes of action for failure to state a claim under

Rule 12(b)(6). Although CREW has sufficiently alleged injury-in-fact to survive Defendants’

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standing challenges, its claims attacking the SEC’s document-retention policy (Counts I, II, and

V) are moot due to the SEC’s abandonment of the challenged policy in July 2010 and its

subsequent efforts to implement a policy that will comply with the FRA. Plaintiff’s remaining

counts (III and IV), however, which concern Defendants’ failure to take action to recover

documents that were unlawfully destroyed, may proceed. The Court, therefore, will grant in part

and deny in part Defendants’ Motion.

I.     Background

       A.      The Federal Records Act

       The Federal Records Act is a collection of statutes governing the creation, management,

and disposal of federal records. 44 U.S.C. §§ 2101 et seq., 3101 et seq., 3301 et seq. The statute

was enacted to ensure, inter alia: (1) “efficient and effective records management”; (2)

“[a]ccurate and complete documentation of the policies and transactions of the Federal

Government”; and (3) “[j]udicious preservation and disposal of records.” 44 U.S.C. § 2902; see

Armstrong v. Bush, 924 F.2d 282, 285 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (providing background on FRA).

       Pursuant to the FRA, heads of federal agencies are required to “make and preserve

records containing adequate and proper documentation of the organization, functions, policies,

decisions, procedures, and essential transactions of the agency….” 44 U.S.C. § 3101. Each

agency head shall also “establish and maintain an active, continuing program for the economical

and efficient management of the records of the agency,” id. § 3102, and “shall establish

safeguards against the removal or loss of records he determines to be necessary and required by

regulations of the Archivist [the head of the National Archives and Records Administration].”

Id. § 3105.

                                                2
       A series of provisions within the FRA sets forth a structure whereby the Archivist and

agency heads are to work together to ensure that documents are not unlawfully destroyed. The

Archivist

       shall notify the head of a Federal agency of any actual, impending, or
       threatened unlawful removal, defacing, alteration, or destruction of
       records in the custody of the agency that shall come to his attention, and
       assist the head of the agency in initiating action through the Attorney
       General for the recovery of records wrongfully removed and for other
       redress provided by law.

Id. § 2905(a); see also id. § 3106 (providing that each agency head shall notify Archivist of any

unlawful removal or destruction of records and shall initiate, through Attorney General, an action

for the recovery of unlawfully destroyed documents). If the agency head does not initiate such

an action, the Archivist “shall request the Attorney General to initiate such action, and shall

notify the Congress when such a request has been made.” Id. § 3106.

       B.      The Current Action

       According to CREW’s Complaint, which the Court must presume true for purposes of

this Motion, it is being denied “present and future access to important documents that would

shed light on the conduct of public officials and the actions and effectiveness of the SEC’s

Enforcement Division” as a result of the SEC’s failure to comply with the FRA. Compl., ¶ 62;

see also id., ¶¶ 42, 51, 56, 69. Plaintiff’s suit does not seek review of an agency’s denial of a

particular FOIA request; instead, its claims challenge Defendants’ failure to comply with their

duties regarding the agency’s retention of documents, as set forth in the FRA. The Complaint

asserts five causes of action: Count I seeks a declaratory judgment that the document-destruction

policy issued and implemented by the SEC violates the FRA; Count II seeks a writ of mandamus

compelling Defendants to comply with their non-discretionary duties under the FRA regarding

document preservation; Count III seeks a declaratory order compelling Defendants to initiate

                                                  3
action to restore destroyed records; Count IV seeks a writ of mandamus compelling Defendants

to recover deleted records; and Count V seeks an order compelling Defendants to obtain

approval of disposition schedules by the NARA for all enforcement-related federal records.

       The specific documents that CREW claims have been unlawfully destroyed involve

records relating to the preliminary work that the SEC undertakes prior to the commencement of a

formal investigation (including “matters under inquiry (MUIs),” “informal investigations,” and

“preliminary investigations”). Id., ¶¶ 16-17. Plaintiff alleges that the agency has been

destroying these documents pursuant to “a written directive in place at least since 1998

affirmatively mandating the SEC enforcement staff destroy any records created or obtained in

connection with closed MUIs.” Id., ¶ 22.

       CREW, a § 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation, “uses a combination of research, litigation,

and advocacy” to advance its mission of “protecting the right of citizens to be informed about the

activities of government officials” and “ensuring the integrity of government officials.” Id., ¶ 4.

In furtherance of this mission, CREW “frequently uses government records made available to it”

under FOIA. Id., ¶ 5.

       CREW currently has two FOIA requests pending with the SEC, including one request

seeking

       all records explaining or describing in any way the SEC’s reasons for not
       proceeding with any closed preliminary investigations, including but not
       limited to Matters Under Inquiry (“MUI”), of: Bernard L. Madoff;
       Goldman Sachs trading in AIG credit default swaps in 2009; financial
       fraud at Wells Fargo and Bank of America in 2007 and 2008; and insider
       trading at Deutsche Bank, Lehman Brothers, and SAC Capital.

Id., ¶ 5; Opp., Exh. B (September 14, 2011, FOIA Request). In support of this request, CREW

attached a letter from Robert S. Khuzami, Director of the Division of Enforcement at the SEC.

In the letter, Khuzami responds to a series of questions posed by Senator Charles Grassley

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regarding the SEC Enforcement Division’s document-retention policy for “Matters Under

Investigation.” Opp., Exh. B (Khuzami Letter), Exh. C. The Khuzami letter provides

background surrounding the SEC’s use of MUIs and how documents related to such preliminary

investigations are retained. Id. The letter repeatedly asserts that the prior policy providing for

the destruction of such documents was modified in July 2010 with the implementation of new

guidance instructing SEC staff “to treat documents generated in closed MUIs in the same manner

as documents related to investigations.” Id. at 4. In describing the impact of the agency’s prior

policy regarding these materials, the letter acknowledges that given the old MUI retention

guidance, “it is likely that some documents from these closed MUIs were not retained.” Id. at 6.

II.     Legal Standard

          Defendants’ Motion invokes the legal standards for dismissal under Rules 12(b)(1) and

12(b)(6). In evaluating a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1), the Court must “treat the

complaint’s factual allegations as true . . . and must grant plaintiff ‘the benefit of all inferences

that can be derived from the facts alleged.’” Sparrow v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111,

1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (quoting Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C. Cir. 1979))

(internal citation omitted); see also Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253

(D.C. Cir. 2005). The Court need not accept as true, however, “a legal conclusion couched as a

factual allegation,” nor an inference unsupported by the facts set forth in the Complaint.

Trudeau v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 456 F.3d 178, 193 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Papasan v. Allain,

478 U.S. 265, 286 (1986)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

          To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1), Plaintiff bears the burden of

proving that the Court has subject-matter jurisdiction to hear its claims. See Lujan v. Defenders

of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992); U.S. Ecology, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 231 F.3d 20,

                                                   5
24 (D.C. Cir. 2000). A court has an “affirmative obligation to ensure that it is acting within the

scope of its jurisdictional authority.” Grand Lodge of Fraternal Order of Police v. Ashcroft, 185

F. Supp. 2d 9, 13 (D.D.C. 2001). For this reason, “‘the [p]laintiff’s factual allegations in the

complaint . . . will bear closer scrutiny in resolving a 12(b)(1) motion’ than in resolving a

12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim.” Id. at 13-14 (quoting 5A Charles A. Wright &

Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1350 (2d ed. 1987) (alteration in original)).

          Additionally, unlike with a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court “may

consider materials outside the pleadings in deciding whether to grant a motion to dismiss for lack

of jurisdiction.” Jerome Stevens, 402 F.3d at 1253; see also Venetian Casino Resort, L.L.C. v.

E.E.O.C., 409 F.3d 359, 366 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (“given the present posture of this case — a

dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) on ripeness grounds — the court may consider materials outside

the pleadings”); Herbert v. Nat’l Academy of Sciences, 974 F.2d 192, 197 (D.C. Cir. 1992).

III.    Analysis

        In seeking to dismiss Plaintiff’s suit, Defendants raise three central arguments. First,

Defendants contend that all of Plaintiff’s claims are not justiciable. Second, Defendants

maintain that, even if they are, Counts III and IV should be dismissed because they improperly

ask the Court to compel Defendants to request legal action by the Attorney General. And third,

Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s counts seeking writs of mandamus (II and IV) must be

dismissed as no basis for such relief exists. The Court will address each in turn.

        A.      Justiciability of Plaintiff’s Claims

        Defendants’ justiciability argument is similarly divisible into three constituent parts: (1)

Plaintiff lacks standing to bring its suit, (2) Plaintiff’s claims challenging a policy that is no

longer in effect are moot, and (3) Plaintiff’s claims seeking injunctive relief regarding policies

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that have not yet been adopted are not ripe for review. Each of Defendants’ challenges to the

justiciability of Plaintiff’s claims is properly brought under Rule 12(b)(1). See Amador Cnty.,

Cal. v. Salazar, 640 F.3d 373 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (standing); Del Monte Fresh Produce Co. v. U.S.,

570 F.3d 316 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (mootness); Venetian Casino, 409 F.3d at 366 (ripeness).

                 1.    Standing

       Defendants attack Plaintiff’s Article III standing on two grounds. First, Defendants

contend that Plaintiff has not suffered an injury-in-fact for any of its claims. See Mot. at 2.

Second, Defendants alternatively argue that even if Plaintiff has pled a cognizable injury, it

cannot show redressability.

       Article III of the Constitution limits the power of the federal judiciary to the resolution of

“Cases” and “Controversies.” U.S. Const. art. III, § 2; see also Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737,

750 (1984) (discussing case-or-controversy requirement). “This limitation is no mere formality:

it ‘defines with respect to the Judicial Branch the idea of separation of powers on which the

Federal Government is founded.’” Dominguez v. UAL Corp., 666 F.3d 1359, 1361 (D.C. Cir.

2012) (quoting Allen, 468 U.S. at 750). Because “standing is an essential and unchanging part of

the case-or-controversy requirement of Article III,” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, finding that a

plaintiff has standing is a necessary “predicate to any exercise of [the Court’s] jurisdiction.” Fla.

Audubon Soc’y v. Bentsen, 94 F.3d 658, 663 (D.C. Cir. 1996). Every plaintiff in federal court

“bears the burden of establishing the three elements that make up the ‘irreducible constitutional

minimum’ of Article III standing: injury-in-fact, causation, and redressability.” Dominguez, 666

F.3d at 1362 (quoting Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560-61). Defendants challenge both the first and third

elements here.

                       a.      Injury-in-fact

                                                  7
       Defendants begin by challenging CREW’s alleged injury – namely, its impaired ability to

access SEC records from preliminary investigations due to the agency’s violation of the FRA –

as insufficient to support standing both because it is not particular to Plaintiff and because it is

only speculative or hypothetical. Mot. at 13-16.

       To establish that it has suffered an actual injury, Plaintiff must point to “an invasion of a

legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, not

conjectural or hypothetical.” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560 (internal citations and quotation marks

omitted). Where a plaintiff seeks injunctive or declaratory relief – as CREW does in Counts I, II,

and V – a plaintiff “must allege a likelihood of future violations of [its] rights . . . not simply

future effects from past violations.” Fair Emp’t Council of Greater Washington, Inc. v. BMC

Mktg. Corp., 28 F.3d 1268, 1273 (D.C. Cir. 1994). “‘Because injunctions regulate future

conduct, a party has standing to seek injunctive relief only if the party alleges, and ultimately

proves, a real and immediate—as opposed to merely conjectural or hypothetical—threat of future

injury.’” Natural Res. Def. Council v. Pena, 147 F.3d 1012, 1022 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (quoting

Church v. City of Huntsville, 30 F.3d 1332, 1337 (11th Cir. 1994)); see also City of Los Angeles

v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 105 (1983).

       Plaintiff claims that it has alleged sufficient injury, pointing to its outstanding SEC FOIA

requests for documents that cannot be fully satisfied because of the SEC’s admitted destruction

of preliminary investigative documents. Opp. at 14. Plaintiff further alleges that it “plans to file

future FOIA requests with the SEC” and that such requests will also be impaired by Defendants’

conduct. Opp., Exh. A (Decl. of Melanie Sloan), ¶ 8. CREW explains its injury as an “inability

to obtain through the FOIA information necessary to accomplish CREW’s mission,” which is

“traceable directly to the SEC’s policy and practice of unlawfully destroying and failing to

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restore investigative files.” Opp. at 13. Specifically, CREW alleges that Defendants’ actions

are:

           •    “depriving plaintiff of access to Enforcement Division records and
                the ability to make use of those records to educate the public and
                ensure the SEC’s accountability for its actions,” Compl., ¶ 42;

           •    “den[ying plaintiff] present and future access to important
                documents that would shed light on the conduct of public
                officials,” id., ¶¶50, 51; and

           •    “den[ying plaintiff] present and future access to important
                documents that would shed light on the . . . actions and
                effectiveness of the SEC’s Enforcement Division.” Id., ¶¶ 56, 62,
                69.

       CREW states that it “frequently uses government records made available to it under

FOIA” and that it “has filed hundreds of FOIA requests with a wide variety of government

agencies, including the SEC.” Id., ¶ 5; see also Sloan Decl., ¶¶ 3, 5, 7, 9. CREW summarizes

two FOIA requests that are currently pending before the SEC, which seek

       (1) documents sufficient to enable CREW to ascertain whether the SEC’s
       Enforcement Division has made promised reforms that have resulted in the
       Division’s increased effectiveness, and (2) documents sufficient to test the
       accuracy of public statements by SEC Enforcement Chief Robert Khuzami
       that destruction of closed cases has not harmed the SEC’s investigative
       efforts.

Compl., ¶ 5. CREW provides additional details regarding the second request in its Opposition.

See Opp. at 15 & Exh. B (September 14, 2011, FOIA request). The precise language in CREW’s

September request sought

       records explaining or describing in any way the SEC’s reasons for not
       proceeding with any closed preliminary investigations, including but not
       limited to Matters Under Inquiry (“MUI”), of: Bernard L. Madoff;
       Goldman Sachs trading in AIG credit default swaps in 2009; financial
       fraud at Wells Fargo and Bank of America in 2007 and 2008; and insider
       trading at Deutsche Bank, Lehman Brothers, and SAC Capital.

Opp., Exh. B.

                                                 9
       There is some confusion about the requests, and Defendants challenge the September

request as distinct from those CREW refers to in its Complaint. See Reply at 3 n.2. An

examination of the September request, however, demonstrates it is in fact the second request

referenced in the Complaint, as it specifically cites and attaches the September 14, 2011, Robert

Khuzami letter. While Plaintiff could perhaps have more artfully described the pending SEC

FOIA requests in its pleadings, the Complaint and exhibits submitted with its brief make clear

that CREW has at least one pending FOIA request that involves exactly the type of preliminary

investigatory materials that likely have been destroyed.

       Defendants nevertheless argue that there is no basis for concluding that any proper

response to CREW’s September FOIA request would necessarily include records from closed

cases that have been destroyed (and that, in addition, perhaps FOIA exemptions would apply),

see Reply at 3; this argument, however, ignores the agency’s own admission that at least some

documents from the closed MUIs were destroyed and are thus no longer available. See Khuzami

Letter at 4. While it is possible that some preliminary investigatory materials may still be found

in response to CREW’s request, it is hard to understand how the agency’s ability to respond to

CREW’s request will not in some way be impaired. Because Defendants’ search for records in

response to CREW’s request is very likely compromised by the admitted destruction of

documents, the Court finds that Plaintiff has alleged a sufficient injury-in-fact.

       While the D.C. Circuit has not yet addressed the issue of whether a party’s impaired

access to documents sought under FOIA constitutes sufficient injury under the FRA, precedent

from other district courts within this District supports this Court’s determination that Plaintiff has

standing. For example, in Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington v. Executive

Office of the President, 587 F. Supp. 2d 48 (D.D.C. 2008), the court concluded that the plaintiff

                                                 10
had standing to bring FRA claims where it had alleged that it had FOIA requests for e-mails

“currently pending with [the defendant agencies] and intend to file future requests for e-mails.”

Id. at 60-61; see also Public Citizen v. Carlin, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 1997) (plaintiffs who

had filed FOIA requests in past and intended to make additional requests in future “face[d] a real

risk that records will not be available to them” sufficient to support standing), rev’d on other

grounds, 184 F.3d 900 (D.C. Cir. 1999).

       In the absence of outstanding requests, a court within this District has held that future

injuries, “while certainly plausible—are too speculative and remote at this point to give CREW

standing to seek prospective relief.” Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington v.

United States Dept. of Homeland Security, 527 F. Supp. 2d 101, 106 (D.D.C. 2007). The court

went on to note, “That CREW may one day file another FOIA request with the DHS does not

represent a cognizable, palpable injury which presents a case or controversy for the Court to

consider.” Id. The court in DHS could not discern “when, if ever, CREW will seek access to

[the specific records at the center of the dispute] in the [agency’s] possession. While there is a

reasonable possibility that CREW will seek these records in the future, this presumption is not

enough to establish an imminent, non-speculative injury-in-fact.” Id. at 107.

       As Plaintiff does have currently pending FOIA requests, this case is much closer to EOP

than it is to DHS. As a result, Defendants have not established such uncertainty surrounding

Plaintiff’s pending requests that would lead this Court to find that the alleged injury is too

speculative for purposes of Article III standing. See Am. Historical Ass’n v. Nat’l Archives &

Records Admin, 310 F. Supp. 2d 216 (D.D.C. 2004) (finding future injury not sufficiently

imminent where plaintiffs had no outstanding requests for documents and it was uncertain

whether future requests would be impaired by alleged delays); CREW v. Dept. of Ed., 538 F.

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Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2008) (plaintiff’s allegations of injury-in-fact were too speculative to show

standing where court would have had to accept a number of speculative inferences and

assumptions to ultimately determine whether agency would be unable to process plaintiff’s

request due to challenged conduct).

       Here, a real risk of documents being unavailable exists, as Defendants have

acknowledged that “some documents from these closed MUIs were not retained.” See Khuzami

Letter at 6. Because Plaintiff’s alleged injury includes outstanding FOIA requests that involve

documents that likely will be unavailable due to the challenged policy, this Court need not

determine whether the intent to file future requests alone, see Reply at 4 n.3, provides sufficient

injury for standing purposes. In sum, as the harm to Plaintiff is both particular and non-

speculative, the Court finds it has sufficiently alleged injury.

                       b.      Redressability

       Defendants further challenge Plaintiff’s standing as to Counts III and IV by arguing that

CREW is unable to satisfy the redressability prong because “plaintiff’s relief is dependent on a

third party [the Attorney General] not subject to this suit.” Mot. at 17. This argument, however,

is misguided. Plaintiff’s Complaint does not seek an order from this Court requiring the

Attorney General to undertake a specific action. Instead, Plaintiff seeks an order requiring the

Defendants to ask the Attorney General to initiate legal action. Opp. at 17-18; see EOP,

587 F. Supp. 2d at 62 (finding plaintiffs’ injury-in-fact likely to be redressed as relief sought – an

order requiring Archivist and agency head to ask the Attorney General to initiate legal action –

was “precisely the relief outlined in the FRA…” (relying on Armstrong v. Bush, 924 F.2d 282,

295 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). As discussed below in Section III.B., the FRA authorizes the relief

                                                  12
Plaintiff requests, defeating Defendants’ redressability argument. The Court, accordingly, finds

that CREW has sufficiently satisfied the Article III redressability requirement.

                2.      Mootness

         Defendants next argue that even if Plaintiff has standing to bring suit, its claims are

nonetheless moot as the challenged document-destruction policies are “no longer in effect and

have no likelihood of being reinstated.” Mot. at 18. Defendants do not limit their mootness

argument to specific claims; however, because their discussion focuses only on the agency’s

document-retention policies (Counts I, II, and V) – and makes no argument regarding the

recovery of documents that have already been unlawfully destroyed (Counts III and IV) – the

Court will consider this argument only as it relates to the former counts.

         The mootness doctrine limits federal courts to deciding actual, ongoing controversies.

American Bar Ass’n v. F.T.C., 636 F.3d 641, 645 (D.C. Cir. 2011). “A case is moot when ‘the

challenged conduct ceases such that there is no reasonable expectation that the wrong will be

repeated’ in circumstances where ‘it becomes impossible for the court to grant any effectual

relief whatever to the prevailing party.’” United States v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 566 F.3d

1095, 1135 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (quoting City of Erie v. Pap’s A.M., 529 U.S. 277, 287 (2000)).

The burden of establishing mootness rests with the party seeking dismissal, and this burden is a

heavy one. Honeywell Int’l, Inc. v. Nuclear Regulatory Comm’n, 628 F.3d 568, 576 (D.C. Cir.

2010).

         A case will not be moot, however, where a defendant has voluntarily stopped the

transaction, but may “return to [its] old ways.” United States v. W.T. Grant Co., 345 U.S. 629,

632 (1953) (recognizing voluntary cessation as one exception to mootness doctrine). A party’s

voluntary cessation will be found to moot a case where: “(1) there is no reasonable expectation

                                                  13
. . . that the alleged violation will recur, and (2) interim relief or events have completely and

irrevocably eradicated the effects of the alleged violation.” Larsen v. U.S. Navy, 525 F.3d 1, 4

(D.C. Cir. 2008) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). The “heavy” burden of

persuading the court that the challenged conduct cannot reasonably be expected to resume lies

with the party asserting mootness. Grant, 345 U.S. at 633.

       As Defendants note in their Motion, other Circuits have consistently recognized that

where the defendant is a government actor – and not a private litigant – there is less concern

about the recurrence of objectionable behavior. Mot. at 19-20; see Rio Grande Silvery Minnow

v. Bureau of Reclamation, 601 F.3d 1096, 1116 (10th Cir. 2010) (recognizing that while there is

“heavy burden” surrounding voluntary-cessation exception, government officials who have

discontinued challenged practices are often able to overcome burden); Sossamon v. Lone Star

State of Texas, 560 F.3d 316, 325 (5th Cir. 2009) (“[G]overnment actors in their sovereign

capacity and in the exercise of their official duties are accorded a presumption of good faith

because they are public servants, not self-interested private parties. Without evidence to the

contrary, we assume that formally announced changes to official governmental policy are not

mere litigation posturing.”); Coral Springs St. Sys., Inc. v. City of Sunrise, 371 F.3d 1320, 1328-

29 (11th Cir. 2004) (“[G]overnmental entities and officials have been given considerably more

leeway than private parties in the presumption that they are unlikely to resume illegal

activities.”); Troiano v. Supervisor of Elections in Palm Beach Cnty., Fla., 382 F.3d 1276, 1284

(11th Cir. 2004) (recognizing presumption, but noting that where government actor expresses

intent to reenact offending policy, presumption would not apply); Ragsdale v. Turnock, 841 F.2d

1358, 1365 (7th Cir. 1988) (“[C]essation of the allegedly illegal conduct by government officials

has been treated with more solicitude by the courts than similar action by private parties.”).

                                                  14
        Changed policy need not come in the form of a formal revocation of the previous policy,

as long as the assurance of discontinuation is sufficient to establish that there is no reasonable

expectation that the unauthorized actions will resume. Ragsdale, 841 F.2d at 1365-66 (finding

new policy mooted claims despite fact that state had not acted to remove or amend statute and

regulations, as court was persuaded that conduct had “been discontinued with no real prospect

that it will be repeated”).

        Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s claims concerning the SEC’s preliminary investigative

policy that is no longer in effect are moot, as the agency has abandoned the challenged policy

and is already collaborating with NARA to “develop a new, FRA-compliant policy.” Mot. at 19,

21. Plaintiff, however, adamantly disputes Defendants’ claims that the challenged policy has

been abandoned. Opp. at 19-23. It argues, among other things, that 1) there is a lack of evidence

before the Court regarding the SEC’s new policy; 2) there are questions as to whether the new

policy is in fact being implemented; 3) the claimed “new policy” is an interim, non-final policy;

and 4) there is a reasonable possibility that the previous policy will be reenacted. Id., at 19-22.

         Plaintiff’s concerns, however, are largely speculative, and the Court does not find record

evidence to undermine Defendants’ claim that the SEC has abandoned its previous policy for

preliminary investigative materials and that it is actively developing a new policy that will be

approved by NARA. While Plaintiff argues that the “second-hand representations in the IG

Report” are insufficient to establish that a new policy is in effect, the Khuzami Letter (submitted

by Plaintiff) provides first-hand representations from the SEC regarding the new policy. See

Khuzami Letter at 4. Plaintiff itself relies on the Khuzami Letter throughout its Complaint and

Opposition for other propositions, and it does not question the accuracy of the SEC’s

representations regarding the “new policy” as set forth in the letter. The Court need not take

                                                 15
judicial notice of the contents of the Office of Inspector General report to determine that

Defendants have abandoned the prior policy regarding preliminary investigative materials;

however, the existence of the report provides the Court with additional comfort that the SEC is

taking seriously Plaintiff’s concerns with the prior policy and is undertaking efforts to ensure that

any unlawful destruction is discontinued.

        While Plaintiff’s brief raises concerns about the possible recurrence of unlawful

document destruction, Opp. at 22, there are no facts to suggest any intent by the SEC to abandon

its efforts to comply with the FRA or to suggest that the SEC’s new policy is some sort of “sham

for continuing possibly unlawful conduct,” Sossamon, 560 F.3d at 325, or that the new policy is

somehow not “genuine.” Ragsdale, 1841 F.2d at 1365 (citing 13A Wright, Miller & Cooper,

Federal Practice and Procedure § 3533.7, at 353 (2d ed. 1984)). Although Plaintiff’s

speculations about potential recurrence might be sufficient were Defendants private litigants,

such conjecture is insufficient here, where the SEC is a governmental entity. The Court finds

that the SEC’s abandonment of its prior policy and its efforts to develop a new policy that will

comply with the FRA thus moot Counts I, II, and V of Plaintiff’s Complaint. They will,

accordingly, be dismissed without prejudice so that they may be renewed in the event the SEC

does not follow through on the creation of the new policy.

               3.      Ripeness

       Defendants’ final justiciability argument asserts that Plaintiff’s action is not ripe to “the

extent that plaintiff seeks injunctive relief to ensure that any future SEC policies regarding

disposal of MUI records are in compliance with the FRA.” Mot. at 21 (emphasis in original).

Plaintiff’s brief states that it makes no such claims regarding future policies. Opp. at 23 n.15. In

any event, the only remaining claims (Counts III and IV) deal with the recovery of destroyed

                                                 16
files, not the disposal of MUI records. There is thus no ripeness debate for the Court to

adjudicate.

        B.     Action to Recover and Restore Files

        Even if this Counts III and IV are justiciable, Defendants argue they should be dismissed

for failure to state a claim “to the extent they request the Court to compel defendants to request

legal action by the Attorney General.” Mot. at 22. Each party relies on Armstrong v. Bush, 924

F.2d 282 (D.C. Cir. 1991), as the relevant authority for its argument. Armstrong recognized that

while the FRA’s remedial structure is primarily one of administrative standards and enforcement,

a limited private right of action is permitted where the administrative mechanisms are not

functioning because of inaction by those who are charged with enforcing the FRA. This Circuit

determined that in certain circumstances it would “not be inconsistent” with the FRA to permit

judicial review of the agency head’s refusal to seek the initiation of an enforcement action by the

Attorney General:

        [I]f the agency head or Archivist does nothing while an agency official
        destroys or removes records in contravention of agency guidelines and
        directives, private litigants may bring suit to require the agency head and
        Archivist to fulfill their statutory duty to notify Congress and ask the
        Attorney General to initiate legal action.

Id. at 295.

        While recognizing that private litigants may bring suit to enforce the FRA in limited

circumstances, Armstrong cautioned:

        We do not mean to imply, however, that the Archivist and agency head
        must initially attempt to prevent the unlawful action by seeking the
        initiation of legal action. Instead, the FRA contemplates that the agency
        head and Archivist may proceed first by invoking the agency’s
        “safeguards against the removal or loss of records,” 44 U.S.C. § 3105, and
        taking such intra-agency actions as disciplining the staff involved in the
        unlawful action, increasing oversight by higher agency officials, or
        threatening legal action.

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Id. at 296 n.12.

       Defendants rely on this language in arguing that private litigants can only bring suit

where “no action has been taken by NARA or the agency,” and that here the agency undertook

sufficient measures to fulfill its duties under the FRA. Mot. at 24-25 (emphasis in original).

Specifically, Defendants point to the agency’s suspension of the challenged document-retention

policy, the investigation by SEC’s OIG, and the ongoing collaboration with NARA to develop a

new disposition schedule. Mot. at 24-25. While this may all be true, these efforts concern the

document-retention policy, not any attempt to restore or recover the documents, which is the

issue that underlies Counts III and IV. As CREW notes, “[W]hatever ongoing collaboration is

occurring . . . does not include steps to retrieve and restore the destroyed investigative files.”

Opp. at 24.

       The Court finds that for the purposes of surviving this Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiff raises

sufficient questions regarding the SEC’s failure to undertake actions for the recovery of records

to support a claim by a private litigant. See Armstrong, 924 F.2d at 296 (“On the basis of such

clear statutory language mandating that the agency head and Archivist seek redress for the

unlawful removal or destruction of records, we hold that the agency head’s and Archivist’s

enforcement actions are subject to judicial review.”). The Court will thus not foreclose at this

early stage of the litigation the possibility that such private action may be appropriate. Instead, it

will allow the parties to develop the record as to the efforts undertaken by Defendants, which

may inform the Court’s future decision about whether Plaintiff’s claims can proceed under

Armstrong’s limited private right of action.

       C.      Mandamus

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       Defendants’ final challenge addresses Plaintiff’s mandamus claims (Counts II and IV).

They argue that Plaintiff has failed to establish a duty that Defendants owe to CREW that would

provide a basis for granting such relief. Mot. at 25-27. Plaintiff responds that the mandamus

claims should not be dismissed as CREW lacks any alternative administrative means to

challenge Defendants’ failure to comply with the FRA, and it has alleged the requisite duty under

the FRA to obtain mandamus relief. Opp. at 25-27. Because this Court has already determined

that Count II is moot, it evaluates Defendants’ argument with respect to the only remaining

mandamus claim, Count IV.

       Mandamus is proper only if “(1) the plaintiff has a clear right to relief; (2) the defendant

has a clear duty to act; and (3) there is no other adequate remedy available to plaintiff.” Council

of and for the Blind of Delaware Cnty. Valley v. Regan, 709 F.2d 1521, 1533 (D.C. Cir. 1983)

(en banc). Defendants’ argument here focuses on Plaintiff’s failure to demonstrate the requisite

duty needed under the second prong. See Mot. at 26. The party seeking mandamus has the

“burden of showing that [its] right to issuance of the writ is ‘clear and indisputable.’ ”

Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. v. Mayacamas Corp., 485 U.S. 271, 289 (1988) (citing Bankers Life

& Cas. Co. v. Holland, 346 U.S. 379, 384 (1953)). The threshold for mandamus relief, as

Defendants note, is a high one. Fornaro v. James, 416 F.3d 63, 69 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (“Mandamus

is a ‘drastic’ remedy, ‘to be invoked only in extraordinary circumstances.’”) ( internal citations

omitted).

       This Circuit’s decision in Armstrong, discussed above in Section III.B., articulates the

duty that is the backdrop for Plaintiff’s mandamus claim. As set forth in Armstrong, an agency

head’s initiation of an enforcement action to prevent the destruction of records is not

discretionary:

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       Because the FRA enforcement provisions leave no discretion to determine
       which cases to pursue, the agency head’s [] decisions are not committed to
       agency discretion by law. In contrast to a statute that merely authorizes an
       agency to take enforcement action as it deems necessary, the FRA requires
       the agency head and Archivist to take enforcement action.

Armstrong, 924 F.2d at 295 (emphasis in original); see also EOP, 587 F. Supp. 2d at 62-63

(recognizing Armstrong as source of Defendants’ duties).

       As Plaintiff alleges the requisite duty to support a mandamus claim, it would be

premature for the Court to rule as a matter of law that Plaintiff will not be entitled to this type of

relief. See Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Nat’l Energy Policy Dev. Grp., 219 F. Supp. 2d 20, 44

(D.D.C. 2002) (“At this stage of the case, it would be premature and inappropriate to determine

whether the relief of mandamus will or will not issue. . . . It is sufficient to determine that

plaintiffs have stated a claim for relief under the mandamus statute. Whether or not plaintiffs will

prove that claim remains to be seen.”). Accordingly, the Court declines to dismiss Count IV

pursuant to Defendants’ mandamus argument.

IV. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss as to

Counts I, II, and V, and deny it as to Counts III and IV. A separate Order consistent with this

Opinion will be issued this day.

                                                       /s/ James E. Boasberg
                                                       JAMES E. BOASBERG
                                                       United States District Judge
Date: May 2, 2012

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