Court Opinion

ID: 4706883
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-27 16:13:45.676326+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:40.338253
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Rengert, 2021-Ohio-2561.]

                                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                    DELAWARE COUNTY, OHIO
                                    FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO                                 :      JUDGES:
                                              :      Hon. John W. Wise, P.J.
        Plaintiff-Appellee                    :      Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
                                              :      Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J.
-vs-                                          :
                                              :
SHALENE RENGERT                               :      Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056
                                              :
        Defendant-Appellant                   :      OPINION

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING:                             Appeal from the Court of Common
                                                     Pleas, Case No. 18 CRI 050287

JUDGMENT:                                            Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                                    July 27, 2021

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee                               For Defendant-Appellant

ELIZABETH MATUNE                                     APRIL F. CAMPBELL
149 North Union Street                               545 Metro Place South
Delaware, OH 43015                                   Suite 100
                                                     Dublin, OH 43017
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                               2

Wise, Earle, J.

        {¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant, Shalene Rengert, appeals her September 23, 2019,

convictions in the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County, Ohio. Plaintiff-Appellee

is the state of Ohio.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        {¶ 2} Appellant and the victim, Thomas Rengert, were married on March 27,

2018.

        {¶ 3} On May 18, 2018, the Delaware County Grand Jury indicted appellant on

one count of felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) (deadly weapon) and one

count of domestic violence in violation of R.C. 2919.25. Said charges arose from an

incident on May 5, 2018, wherein appellant stabbed Thomas in the leg.

        {¶ 4} A jury trial commenced on August 6, 2019. Appellant claimed self-defense.

The jury found appellant guilty as charged. By judgment entry filed September 23, 2019,

the trial court merged the two offenses and sentenced appellant to five years of

community control.

        {¶ 5} Appellant filed an appeal and this matter is now before this court for

consideration. Assignments of error are as follows:

                                            I

        {¶ 6} "THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN EXCLUDING THREE

WITNESSES, REQUIRING REVERSAL OF SHALENE RENGERT'S CONVICTIONS: (1)

DEFENDANT'S REPUTATION FOR DISHONESTY WITNESS; (2) DEFENDANT'S

REPUTATION FOR VIOLENCE WITNESS; AND (3) DEFENDANT'S BATTERED-

WOMEN'S SYNDROME EXPERT."
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                               3

                                           II

     {¶ 7} "THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY ALLOWING THE

STATE TO PUT ON REBUTTAL WITNESSES WHO WERE ONLY GIVEN TO EXPLAIN

THE STATE'S CASE, RATHER THAN EXPLAIN, REFUTE, OR DISPROVE NEW

FACTS INTRODUCED BY SHALENE RENGERT."

                                          III

     {¶ 8} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN INSTRUCTING THE JURY WITH

RESPECT TO TWO ASPECTS OF SELF-DEFENSE: (1) THAT THE EVIDENCE "MAY"

SHOW RATHER THAN "TENDS" TO SHOW THAT SHALENE RENGERT ACTED IN

SELF DEFENSE; AND (2) THAT SHALENE RENGERT HAD A DUTY TO RETREAT."

                                          IV

     {¶ 9} "CUMULATIVE ERROR AT TRIAL DENIED SHALENE RENGERT HER

RIGHT TO A FAIR ONE."

                                           V

     {¶ 10} "THE STATE'S EVIDENCE THAT SHALENE RENGERT DID NOT ACT IN

SELF-DEFENSE WAS LEGALLY INSUFFICIENT AS A MATTER OF LAW."

                                          VI

     {¶ 11} "THE EVIDENCE IN THIS CASE WEIGHED MANIFESTLY AGAINST

CONVICTING SHALENE RENGERT."

     {¶ 12} We will address the assignments of error out of order for ease of discussion.

                                       III, V, VI
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                     4

       {¶ 13} In her third assignment of error, appellant claims the trial court erred in

instructing the jury in two respects: 1) that the evidence "may" show rather than "tends"

to show that appellant acted in self-defense, and 2) that appellant had a duty to retreat.

       {¶ 14} In her fifth assignment of error, appellant claims the evidence was

insufficient to prove that she did not act in self-defense.

       {¶ 15} In her sixth assignment of error, appellant claims the jury's rejection of her

self-defense claim was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶ 16} "On appeal, a party may not assign as error the giving or the failure to give

any instructions unless the party objects before the jury retires to consider its verdict,

stating specifically the matter objected to and the grounds of the objection." Crim.R. 30.

       {¶ 17} It is not clear in the record whether appellant objected to the word change;

appellant did not object to the inclusion of the duty to retreat instruction. T. at 848-853,

864-865, 907-908.

       {¶ 18} An error not raised in the trial court must be plain error for an appellate court

to reverse. State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978); Crim.R. 52(B). In

order to prevail under a plain error analysis, appellant bears the burden of demonstrating

that substantial rights were affected and the outcome of the trial clearly would have been

different but for the error. Long. Notice of plain error "is to be taken with the utmost

caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of

justice." Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus.

       {¶ 19} The giving of jury instructions is within the sound discretion of the trial court

and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Martens, 90

Ohio App.3d 338, 629 N.E.2d 462 (3d Dist.1993). In order to find an abuse of discretion,
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                 5

we must determine the trial court's decision was unreasonable, arbitrary or

unconscionable and not merely an error of law or judgment. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5

Ohio St.3d 217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). Jury instructions must be reviewed as a whole.

State v. Coleman, 37 Ohio St.3d 286, 525 N.E.2d 792 (1988).

       {¶ 20} Appellant makes a blanket argument that the errors were structural and not

harmless, but does not elaborate on the law of structural error and how the errors

constitute structural error.

       {¶ 21} "Structural error" are those errors that " 'defy analysis by "harmless error"

standards' because they 'affect[ ] the framework within which the trial proceeds, rather

than simply [being] an error in the trial process itself.' " State v. Fisher, 99 Ohio St.3d

127, 2003-Ohio-2761, 789 N.E.2d 222, ¶ 9, quoting Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279,

309-310, 111 S.Ct. 1246, 113 L.Ed.2d 302 (1991). As stated by this court in State v.

Kerens, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 2020 CA 00011, 2021-Ohio-127, ¶ 33:

              In Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 119 S.Ct. 1827, 144 L.Ed.2d

       35 (1999) the United States Supreme Court held that because the failure to

       properly instruct the jury is not in most instances structural error, the

       harmless-error rule of Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17

       L.Ed.2d 705 applies to a failure to properly instruct the jury, for it does not

       necessarily render a trial fundamentally unfair or an unreliable vehicle for

       determining guilt or innocence.
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                    6

       {¶ 22} In reviewing the record, we find the instructions did not render the trial so

fundamentally unfair that it could not be a reliable vehicle for determining appellant's guilt

or innocence. As structural error is not present in this case, we will proceed under an

abuse of discretion and plain error analysis.

       {¶ 23} Effective March 28, 2019, R.C. 2901.05 shifted the burden of self-defense

to the prosecution to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused did not use the

force in self-defense. The offenses in this case occurred on May 5, 2018, prior to the

statute change. This court has repeatedly stated the new version does not apply to

offenses committed prior to the effective date. See State v. Whitman, 5th Dist. Stark No.

2019CA00094, 2019-Ohio-4140; State v. Moore, 5th Dist. Muskingum No. CT2019-0030,

2020-Ohio-342; State v. Brooks, 5th Dist. Richland No. 2019 CA 0104, 2020-Ohio-4123,

appeal accepted, 160 Ohio St.3d 1517, 2020-Ohio-6834, 159 N.E.3d 1182.

Nevertheless, the state in this case elected to carry the burden as mandated under the

new statute, and we will proceed accordingly.

                      WORD CHANGE FROM "TENDS" TO "MAY"

       {¶ 24} The Ohio Jury Instructions on self-defense tracks the following language set

forth in R.C. 2901.05(B)(1):

              A person is allowed to act in self-defense, defense of another, or

       defense of that person's residence. If, at the trial of a person who is accused

       of an offense that involved the person's use of force against another, there

       is evidence presented that tends to support that the accused person used

       the force in self-defense, defense of another, or defense of that person's
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                  7

       residence, the prosecution must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the

       accused person did not use the force in self-defense, defense of another,

       or defense of that person's residence, as the case may be. (Emphasis

       added.)

       {¶ 25} The trial court instructed the jury as follows (T. at 899-900):

              The defense is allowed to use deadly or non-deadly force in self

       defense. Evidence was presented that may support a finding the defendant

       used deadly or non-deadly force in self defense. The State must prove

       beyond a reasonable doubt the defendant did not use deadly or non-deadly

       force in self defense. (Emphasis added.)

       {¶ 26} In her appellate brief at 16, appellant argues: "By explaining to the jury

through its instructions that the evidence does not tend to support self-defense, it just

'may' support it, the trial court deviated from the legislatures (sic) decision to place the

burden of self-defense on the state." We disagree. The trial court clearly instructed the

jury that the state carried the burden to disprove self-defense and did not deviate from

the intention of the statute.

       {¶ 27} A lengthy discussion was held between the trial court and counsel over the

jury instruction. T. at 848-853. The prosecutor sought to eliminate the first and second

sentences of the instruction and just instruct on the burden of proof. T. at 848, 850. The
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                    8

trial court denied the request, refusing to stray so far from the OJI, but decided to change

"tends to support" to "may support," reasoning the following (T. at 851):

              I had the same thing when I read OJI, the same impression, which is

       when the jury instruction says 'evidence was presented that tends to

       support a finding that the defendant used non-deadly force or deadly force

       in self defense,' the 'tends to support' part could lead the jury to conclude

       that the Court is telling them that - - steering them to that direction. So that's

       my issue.

       {¶ 28} "In a criminal case, it is not mandatory upon a trial court to give requested

instructions to the jury verbatim, but if the requested instructions contain a correct,

pertinent statement of the law and are appropriate to the facts they must be included, at

least in substance, in the court's charge to the jury." State v. Nelson, 36 Ohio St.2d 79,

303 N.E.2d 865 (1973), paragraph one of the syllabus, overruled in part on other grounds,

State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). We do not find the trial court's

word change to be an abuse of discretion or prejudiced appellant in any way. The

instruction was a correct, pertinent statement of the law.

                                    DUTY TO RETREAT

       {¶ 29} In instructing the jury on self-defense, the trial court instructed on both

deadly force and non-deadly force. T. at 900-901. In instructing on deadly force, the trial

court stated the following (T. at 900):
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                  9

              If you find that the defendant acted with deadly force, self defense

     means that, A, the defendant was not at fault in creating the situation giving

     rise to the stabbing of Thomas Rengert, and, B, the defendant had

     reasonable grounds to believe and an honest belief, even if mistaken, that

     she was in imminent or immediate danger of death or great bodily harm,

     and, C, the defendant did not violate any duty to retreat to avoid the danger

     and, D, the defendant used reasonable force.

     {¶ 30} The trial court instructed on "duty to retreat" as follows (T. at 901-902):

              The defendant had a duty to retreat if she, A, was at fault in creating

     the situation giving rise to the stabbing of Thomas Rengert, or, B, did not

     have reasonable grounds to believe and an honest belief that she was in

     imminent or immediate danger of death or great bodily harm or, C, have a

     reasonable means of escape from that danger other than by use of deadly

     force.

              The defendant did not have a duty to retreat if, A, she retreated from

     the situation, a reasonable indicator [of] her intention to retreat from the

     situation and no longer participate in it, and, B, she then had reasonable

     grounds to believe and an honest belief that she was in imminent or

     immediate danger of death or great bodily harm, and, C, the only

     reasonable means of escape from that danger was by use of deadly force,

     even though she was mistaken as to the existence of that danger.
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                   10

       {¶ 31} Appellant argues as a resident of the home, she did not have a duty to

retreat under R.C. 2901.09(B) which states the following:

              For purposes of any section of the Revised Code that sets forth a

       criminal offense, a person who lawfully is in that person's residence has no

       duty to retreat before using force in self-defense, defense of another, or

       defense of that person's residence, and a person who lawfully is an

       occupant of that person's vehicle or who lawfully is an occupant in a vehicle

       owned by an immediate family member of the person has no duty to retreat

       before using force in self-defense or defense of another.

       {¶ 32} Appellant was the victim's wife and together they lived in the home.

Pursuant to R.C. 2901.09(B), otherwise known as the "Castle Doctrine," appellant did not

have a duty to retreat from her home. State v. Thomas, 77 Ohio St.3d 323, 328, 673

N.E.2d 1339 (1997) ("there is no duty to retreat from one's own home before resorting to

lethal force in self-defense against a cohabitant with an equal right to be in the home").

The trial court failed to so instruct the jury and appellant never requested a Castle Doctrine

instruction and/or never objected to its omission. Under plain error review, did the error

affect appellant's substantial rights and would the outcome of the trial clearly have been

different but for the error?

       {¶ 33} Under recently amended R.C. 2901.05 which appellee elected to follow, the

state was required to disprove self-defense by proving appellant "(1) was at fault in
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                  11

creating the situation giving rise to the affray, OR (2) did not have a bona fide belief that

[s]he was in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm for which the use of deadly

force was [her] only means of escape, OR (3) did violate a duty to retreat or avoid the

danger." State v. Carney, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 19AP-402, 2020-Ohio-2691, ¶ 31.

Accord State v. Staats, 5th Dist. Stark No.2019CA00181, ¶ 28. The state need only

disprove one of the elements of self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt at trial to sustain

its burden. Carney at ¶ 31. Because prong 3 does not apply, we will review prongs 1

and 2.

         {¶ 34} As stated by this court in State v. Williams, 5th Dist. Stark No.

2019CA00188, 2021-Ohio-443, ¶ 19:

                In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence challenge involving self-

         defense, we must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the State,

         and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the State

         disproved at least one of the elements of self-defense beyond a reasonable

         doubt. State v. Davis, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 19AP-521, 2020-Ohio-4202,

         ¶ 27; State v. Smith, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-190507, 2020-Ohio-4976,

         ¶51.

         {¶ 35} On review for manifest weight, a reviewing court is to examine the entire

record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of

witnesses and determine "whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly

lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                12

be reversed and a new trial ordered." State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485

N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). See also State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678 N.E.2d

541 (1997). Self-defense claims are generally an issue of credibility which is determined

by the trier of fact. State v. Jamison, 49 Ohio St.3d 182, 552 N.E.2d 180 (1990).

       {¶ 36} Earlier in the day prior to the incident, appellant testified because she was

suspicious of the suicide shooting death of Thomas's former wife, she obtained a police

report of the incident. T. at 499-502, 504-505, 517.       After reading the report, she

determined Thomas's former wife could not have pulled the trigger herself and he did it

which made her scared for her own life. T. at 520, 686. A detective on the case testified

on rebuttal he reviewed the report and when asked if it seemed reasonable to him that

someone could read the report and conclude that Thomas had killed his former wife, he

responded, "[n]ot at all." T. at 778. We note appellant's fear was coupled with her

knowledge of Thomas tracking her cell phone and vehicle for her whereabouts. T. at 480-

485.

       {¶ 37} After reading the report, appellant started packing her belongings in order

to leave Thomas. T. at 520-521. She called her former boyfriend and current boss, Ben

Lehner, to help "get my stuff out of there." Id. While packing, appellant discovered

weapons in the home which frightened her. T. at 521-523. She called the police who

arrived and removed the weapons at her request. T. at 524-525. She inquired as to

whether she could obtain "a temporary protection, restraining order," but learned she

could not get one that day. T. at 525-526.

       {¶ 38} When Thomas returned home after work, he observed appellant's

belongings in Ben's vehicle. T. at 529. He noticed his shotgun was missing so he asked
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                               13

appellant about its location. T. at 97-98, 528-529. She stated she did not know where it

was. T. at 529. Thereafter, Ben left and Thomas and appellant went to his parents' place

and went fishing and shooting together. T. at 59-60, 532-535, 619. Afterwards, several

family members went out to a sports bar. T. at 64, 535. According to Ben, appellant

called him and asked him to come to the bar; appellant admitted to calling him, but told

him to stay away. T. at 231, 537. Regardless, Ben arrived at the bar. T. at 537-538.

Appellant was asked to leave the bar by management and "is not welcome back at our

establishment." T. at 66, 215-216. She left with Ben who eventually took her back to her

apartment so she could confront Thomas with the police report and question him about

the suicide. T. at 233, 237, 540-544. Thomas agreed to talk, but not in front of Ben, so

appellant asked Ben to leave and he did. T. at 73, 241, 546-547, 625. The couple

talked/argued and Ben returned about a half hour later to check on her. T. at 241-242,

547-550, 629. Appellant and Thomas continued talking/arguing in front of Ben. T. at 243.

Then, according to appellant, Thomas punched her twice in the face, but Ben did not see

it as he was in the kitchen. T. at 551-553. Appellant did not yell for Ben to help or call

the police or leave, she voluntarily stayed. T. at 634. Ben testified Thomas was always

quiet, he was not yelling. T. at 239. Ben never saw Thomas strike appellant. T. at 243,

258.

       {¶ 39} Again, appellant asked Ben to leave, but not to go far. T. at 246, 556, 635.

The front door was locked and appellant and Thomas went upstairs to their bedroom. T.

at 77, 558, 607-608. Only two people were witness to what happened in the bedroom

prior to the stabbing, appellant and Thomas.
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                  14

       {¶ 40} Thomas testified after they went upstairs, appellant lit a candle, turned off

the lights, and came over to him. T. at 78. As he laid back on the bed, she straddled him,

"[a]nd she took her hand across my groin area * * * [a]nd she was having difficulty getting

my belt off. And then the next thing I know I was - - I got stabbed in the leg." T. at 78-79.

Thomas grabbed her wrist and took the knife. T. at 80. He then jumped up and ran

downstairs out the back door to the neighbor's house and called the police. T. at 81-82.

He denied at any point punching appellant. T. at 82, 812.

       {¶ 41} Appellant testified after she went upstairs, Thomas threw her on the bed

and explained, "[w]e've done things like that before. It wasn't necessarily something to

freak me out." T. at 558. He then got on top of her and punched her and she blacked

out. T. at 559. She then testified to the following (Id.):

              Eventually I asked him if he felt like a fucking man yet. And he said,

       "Yeah" and wanted to make love to me. And at that point, I knew that I

       needed to do something to where I could get easy access out of there if I

       needed it.

              And he reached down and put his hand on my throat, not like

       squeezing or violently, like, choking me. It was just he had his hand on my

       throat. And at that point, he told me - - We reversed. I told him to let me on

       top.

              Q. Why did you do that?
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                15

             A. I wanted access so I'd be able to run. And I asked him if he wanted

      me to do it because of his back. Do I need to go into detail about that

      because I - -

             Q. No.

             A. Thank you. And he said, "You're right. I did kill her, and your next"

      because he had a fist. And I had a kitchen knife, and I grabbed it. I poked

      him in the leg with it and started screaming. And then he got up, and he ran

      out the bedroom door. And that's the last time I saw him.

      {¶ 42} Earlier in the day, appellant had hidden the kitchen knife under the mattress.

T. at 605, 610. She did so because she was "terrified of my husband." T. at 606.

      {¶ 43} Numerous times, Ben asked appellant to leave with him, but she refused.

T. at 225, 228, 237, 546, 614, 636.

      {¶ 44} Appellant testified to being terrified of Thomas, yet she confronted him with

the police report of his former wife's suicide, voluntarily went fishing and shooting with

him, stayed with him against the numerous urgings of Ben to leave with him, asked Ben

to leave on two occasions so she could be alone with Thomas, went upstairs to the

bedroom with Thomas, taunted him after coming to, straddled him, and then reached for

a knife she had previously hidden under the mattress and stabbed him. Thomas was

unarmed while appellant had a knife.

      {¶ 45} In State v. Smith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109221, 2021-Ohio-1185, the

defendant claimed self-defense after stabbing and killing the victim who she had fought

with the evening before. At the time of the killing, the victim was exiting a store and not
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                16

brandishing a weapon. The defendant argued she was not at fault in creating the situation

because the victim injured her in the earlier incident. The Smith court rejected this

argument and stated the following at ¶ 23:

             It is a well-settled rule that, before a person can avail himself of the

      plea of self-defense, the defendant, in the least and consistent with her own

      safety, must avoid creating the situation in which the necessity of taking

      another life arises. If one has reason or belief of an imminent attack in a

      manner that threatens bodily injury or death, the defendant must avoid the

      attack if it is possible to do so, and the right of self-defense does not arise

      unless the defendant is reacting to another's aggression.          In general,

      voluntarily participating in or initiating a confrontation, especially for

      purposes other than protection, cannot justify or excuse the killing of

      another on the basis of self-defense. Smith acted inconsistent with her

      claims of self-defense.

      {¶ 46} In the case sub judice, if appellant had reasonable grounds to believe and

an honest belief that she was in imminent or immediate danger of death or great bodily

harm, she could have left the apartment. She voluntarily went upstairs with Thomas and

if her testimony is believed, she taunted him after she blacked out and came to. In

switching positions on the bed, instead of bolting for the door, she got on top of Thomas

and straddled him. At the time of the stabbing, Thomas was not harming her; she did not
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                17

stab him to free herself of his aggression. Her actions were inconsistent with her claims

of self-defense.

       {¶ 47} Although appellant was entitled to a Castle Doctrine instruction, we find

appellant has not demonstrated that any such error affected her substantial rights and the

outcome of the trial clearly would have been different but for the error.

       {¶ 48} Sufficient evidence was presented for the state to prove, beyond a

reasonable doubt, that appellant was at fault in creating the situation giving rise to the

affray and did not have a bona fide belief that she was in imminent danger of death or

great bodily harm for which the use of deadly force was her only means of escape.

       {¶ 49} There is nothing in the record to suggest the jury instruction resulted in a

manifest miscarriage of justice of that the jury lost its way. The jury simply did not find

appellant's claim of self-defense to be credible.

       {¶ 50} Upon review, we do not find an abuse of discretion or plain error in relation

to the complained of jury instructions.     We further do not find the evidence to be

insufficient and the jury's decision to be against the manifest weight of the evidence

regarding the self-defense claim.

       {¶ 51} Assignments of Error III, V, and VI are denied.

                                             I

       {¶ 52} In her first assignment of error, appellant claims the trial court abused its

discretion in excluding three witnesses, one who would have testified to Thomas's

reputation for untruthfulness, one who would have testified to Thomas's reputation for

violence, and her expert on battered woman syndrome. We disagree.
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                18

       {¶ 53} The admission or exclusion of relevant evidence lies in a trial court's sound

discretion. State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 510 N.E.2d 343 (1987); Blakemore, supra.

       {¶ 54} In general, "[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible" and "[e]vidence which is

not relevant is not admissible." Evid.R. 402. "Relevant evidence" "means evidence

having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the

determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the

evidence." Evid.R. 401. Evid.R. 403 states the following:

              (A) Exclusion mandatory. Although relevant, evidence is not

       admissible if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger

       of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the issues, or of misleading the jury.

              (B) Exclusion discretionary. Although relevant, evidence may be

       excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by considerations

       of undue delay, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.

                         REPUTATION FOR UNTRUTHFULNESS

       {¶ 55} Appellant sought to introduce the testimony of Terri Houlton, the sister of

Thomas's former wife, who would testify to his reputation for untruthfulness under Evid.R.

608. Said rule governs evidence of character and conduct of witness and states the

following in pertinent part:

              (A) Opinion and Reputation Evidence of Character. The

       credibility of a witness may be attacked or supported by evidence in the
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                  19

       form of opinion or reputation, but subject to these limitations: (1) the

       evidence may refer only to character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, and

       (2) evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the character of

       the witness for truthfulness has been attacked by opinion or reputation

       evidence or otherwise.

       {¶ 56} Appellant argues the rule does not limit the method of attack. She argues

Thomas's truthfulness was attacked during his cross-examination and through the

testimony of other witnesses who contradicted his statements which falls under

"otherwise," and therefore she should have been permitted to present the testimony of

Ms. Houlton.

       {¶ 57} In not permitting the testimony, the trial court noted Thomas's credibility was

already attacked on cross-examination "and so I think the way the rule reads is that then

it would go back to the State to prove that he's truthful." T. at 184.

       {¶ 58} We agree with the trial court's analysis.          Evid.R. 608(A)(2) is for

rehabilitation purposes once credibility is attacked and is not intended to be used to

present additional testimony on a witness's reputation for untruthfulness.

       {¶ 59} We do not find the trial court abused its discretion in not permitting Ms.

Houlton's testimony.

                             REPUTATION FOR VIOLENCE

       {¶ 60} Appellant sought to introduce the testimony of Chelsea Russell, the

daughter of Thomas's former wife and Thomas's stepdaughter, who would testify to his
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                 20

reputation for violence under Evid.R. 405.        Said rule governs methods of proving

character and states the following in pertinent part:

              (A) Reputation or Opinion. In all cases in which evidence of

       character or a trait of character of a person is admissible, proof may be

       made by testimony as to reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion.

       On cross-examination, inquiry is allowable into relevant specific instances

       of conduct.

              (B) Specific Instances of Conduct. In cases in which character or

       a trait of character of a person is an essential element of a charge, claim, or

       defense, proof may also be made of specific instances of his conduct.

       {¶ 61} Appellant argues, quoting from State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 24, 759

N.E.2d 1240, "[i]t is undisputed that a defendant can introduce character evidence by

reputation or opinion testimony under Evid.R. 405(A)" and therefore she should have

been permitted to present the testimony of Ms. Russell.

       {¶ 62} The state objected to this testimony on relevancy grounds under Evid.R.

404. Said rule governs character evidence and states the following in pertinent part:

              (A) Character Evidence Generally. Evidence of a person's

       character or a trait of character is not admissible for the purpose of proving

       action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion, subject to the

       following exceptions:
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                    21

              (2) Character of Victim. Evidence of a pertinent trait of character of

       the victim of the crime offered by an accused, or by the prosecution to rebut

       the same, or evidence of a character trait of peacefulness of the victim

       offered by the prosecution in a homicide case to rebut evidence that the

       victim was the first aggressor is admissible; however, in prosecutions for

       rape, gross sexual imposition, and prostitution, the exceptions provided by

       statute enacted by the General Assembly are applicable.

       {¶ 63} The state argued the cited rule focuses on evidence of a "pertinent trait of

character of the victim" and violence is not a pertinent trait relating to appellant's claim of

self-defense; therefore, the testimony was properly excluded. T. at 175-176. In support

of its position, appellee cites the cases of Barnes, supra, State v. Hale, 119 Ohio St.3d

118, 2008-Ohio-3426, and State v. Galloway, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 15 CAC 11 0089,

2016-Ohio-7767. We note these cases focus on Evid.R. 405(B), methods of proving

character, and not relevancy under Evid.R. 404(A). In Barnes at 24, the Supreme Court

of Ohio stated the following:

              Although a victim's violent propensity may be pertinent to proving

       that he acted in a way such that a defendant's responsive conduct satisfied

       the elements of self-defense, no element requires proof of the victim's

       character or character traits. A defendant may successfully assert self-

       defense without resort to proving any aspect of a victim's character.

       (Emphasis sic.)
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                     22

       {¶ 64} The trial court reviewed this language and the cited cases and

acknowledged that although they dealt with specific instances of conduct under Evid.R.

405(B), it agreed with the following argument by the state (T. at 189):

              And it defines the word pertinent as limited by the elements of the

       offenses, for the pertinent defense in that case. So you can't - - general

       character evidence is not pertinent in a self defense case.             General

       character evidence of violence is not pertinent to any of the elements.

       That's what Barnes stands for. So whether it's general or specific instances

       of conduct, it's just not admissible under those rules.

       {¶ 65} Appellant sought to present the testimony "just simply for the fact that he

has a * * * reputation for violence." T. at 180. The testimony was not intended to prove

Thomas was the aggressor or appellant's state of mind, or to rebut testimony of the

peacefulness of the victim.       Although defense counsel stated if her case-in-chief

presented "testimony that suggests that he was actually the first aggressor, then I think -

- then I think it does apply; and at that point, I will be re-asking to bring it in." T. at 191.

The issue was never brought up again except to proffer Ms. Russel's testimony. The

testimony did not go to a "pertinent trait of character of the victim," but was propensity

evidence prohibited by Evid.R. 404(A): "Evidence of a person's character or a trait of

character is not admissible for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a

particular occasion."
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                     23

       {¶ 66} We do not find the trial court abused its discretion in not permitting Ms.

Russell's testimony.

                              BATTERED WOMAN EXPERT

       {¶ 67} Appellant claims the trial court erred in excluding her expert on battered

woman syndrome from testifying without any reference to anything in the record.

       {¶ 68} At the conclusion of appellant's testimony, the prosecutor asked if the expert

on battered woman syndrome could be released because "there's been no evidence that

would support battered woman syndrome testimony in this case with regard to this

incident or, frankly, anything before it." T. at 564. The trial court asked defense counsel,

"What's the evidence of battered woman syndrome?" T. at 565. Defense counsel

answered, "I honestly don't really care about it. I'll go for self defense." Id. The trial court

then released the expert witness and a lunch break was taken. T. at 565-566.

       {¶ 69} After the recess, the following discussion was held between the trial court

and defense counsel (T. at 566-567):

              THE COURT: * * * Is there anything we need to talk about before

       they come back?

              MS. CAMPBELL: I'd like to formally preserve the excusing of my

       expert and base that on the motion that's already filed in the record in the

       trial court below. Thank you.

              THE COURT: That's fine. You told me - - I let him go based upon

       the fact that you told me that was fine, that you intend to proceed with a - -

       did not intend to proceed with the battered woman syndrome defense.
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                 24

             MS. CAMPBELL: Judge, I was arguing that he should stay, and you

      said not. And honestly, I was just exhausted. So - -

             THE COURT: Okay.

             MS. CAMPBELL: So I just made that comment. But I do need to

      make - - but I don't want to argue about it.

             THE COURT: Okay.

             MS. CAMPBELL: I have no intention to argue, which is why I was

      asking about the file. I might not be the appellate attorney.

             THE COURT: It's preserved.

      {¶ 70} A review of the discussion held between the trial court and counsel does

not show that the trial court said the expert should not stay. The trial court was in the

middle of entertaining argument on the issue in order to make a decision when defense

counsel abandoned the defense.

      {¶ 71} Appellant cannot object to a ruling after inducing the trial court to make such

ruling. Lester v. Leuck, 142 Ohio St. 91, 50 N.E.2d 145 (1943), paragraph one of the

syllabus. In addition, no evidence was presented of any prior violence between the

parties to justify a battered woman syndrome defense.

      {¶ 72} Upon review, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding

the three witnesses.

                                            II
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                  25

         {¶ 73} In her second assignment of error, appellant claims the trial court abused

its discretion in permitting appellee to put on rebuttal witnesses who did not offer rebuttal

testimony. We disagree.

         {¶ 74} "Rebutting evidence is that given to explain, refute, or disprove new facts

introduced into evidence by the adverse party; it becomes relevant only to challenge the

evidence offered by the opponent, and its scope is limited by such evidence. * * * It is

within the trial court's discretion to determine what evidence is admissible as proper

rebuttal." State v. McNeill, 83 Ohio St.3d 438, 446, 700 N.E.2d 596 (1998). Blakemore,

supra.

         {¶ 75} Appellee presented two rebuttal witnesses, Detective Sean Franks and

Thomas. As to Detective Franks, appellant does not cite to any specific testimony, but

just makes a general argument that he was not "brought to rebut any new fact introduced"

in her case-in-chief. In our review, we find the questions posed to Detective Franks on

rebuttal pertained to issues that arose from appellant's testimony.

         {¶ 76} As to Thomas, appellant argues he was not called to counter a new fact

raised in her case-in-chief, but "to provide an alternative cause" for how she received her

black eye. Appellant argued both Thomas and Ben Lehner testified in the state's case-

in-chief and were not questioned about the origin of the black eye. The reason they were

not questioned about the causation of the black eye was because it was not raised until

appellant testified that Thomas had hit her causing the black eye. In the state's case-in-

chief, Thomas denied ever hitting appellant and Ben stated he never saw Thomas hit

appellant. Thomas's testimony was proper rebuttal.
Delaware County, Case No. 19 CAA 10 0056                                                   26

       {¶ 77} Upon review, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in permitting

the rebuttal testimony.

       {¶ 78} Assignment of Error II is denied.

                                             IV

       {¶ 79} In her fourth assignment of error, appellant claims cumulative errors denied

her right to a fair trial. We disagree.

       {¶ 80} In State v. Brown, 100 Ohio St.3d 51, 2003-Ohio-5059, 796 N.E.2d 506, the

Supreme Court of Ohio recognized the doctrine of cumulative error. However, where we

have found the trial court did not err, cumulative error is inapplicable. State v. Carter, 5th

Dist. Stark No. 2002CA00125, 2003-Ohio-1313, ¶ 37.

       {¶ 81} Other than the lack of a Castle Doctrine instruction which we have

determined not to constitute plain error, we have found no error in appellant's preceding

assignments of error; therefore, the doctrine of cumulative error is inapplicable.

       {¶ 82} Assignment of Error IV is denied.

       {¶ 83} The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County, Ohio is

hereby affirmed.

By Wise, Earle, J.

Wise, John, P.J. and

Baldwin, J. concur.

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