Court Opinion

ID: 205430
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-02-24 14:48:29+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:06:19.630611
License: Public Domain

ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2011 FED App. 0003P (6th Cir.)
                             File Name: 11b0003a.06

             BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL OF THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

In re: Steven M. Schafer,                     )
                                              )
                  Debtor.                     )
_____________________________________         )
                                              )
                                              )
Thomas C. Richardson,                         )   No. 10-8030
                                              )
                     Trustee-Appellant,       )
                                              )
        v.                                    )
                                              )
Steven M. Schafer,                            )
                                              )
                     Appellee.                )
                                              )
                                              )
In re: Dorothy Ann Jones,                     )
                                              )
                  Debtor.                     )
_____________________________________         )
                                              )
                                              )
Thomas R. Tibble,                             )   No. 10-8031
                                              )
                     Trustee-Appellant,       )
                                              )
        v.                                    )
                                              )
Dorothy Ann Jones,                            )
                                              )
                     Appellee.                )
                                              )

                                          1
                         Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                              for the Western District of Michigan
                                       Case No. 09-03268
                                       Case No. 09-09415

                                    Argued: November 9, 2010

                              Decided and Filed: February 24, 2011

    Before: FULTON, McIVOR, and SHEA-STONUM, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judges.
                              ____________________

                                            COUNSEL

ARGUED: Nicholas J. Daly, LEWIS REED & ALLEN, P.C., Kalamazoo, Michigan, for
Appellants. Scott P. Zochowski, ZOCHOWSKI LAW, Royal Oak, Michigan, for Appellees.
Heather M.S. Durian, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan,
for Intervenor. ON BRIEF: Nicholas J. Daly, LEWIS REED & ALLEN, P.C., Kalamazoo,
Michigan, for Appellants. Scott P. Zochowski, ZOCHOWSKI LAW, Royal Oak, Michigan, Kerry
D. Hettinger, HETTINGER & HETTINGER, P.C., Portage, Michigan, for Appellees. Heather M.S.
Durian, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan, for Intervenor.

                                    ______________________

                                     AMENDED OPINION
                                    ______________________

       MARCI B. McIVOR, Bankruptcy Appellate Panel Judge. This is a consolidated appeal of
two individual Chapter 7 bankruptcy cases involving two unrelated debtors, Steven M. Schafer and
Dorothy Ann Jones. In these consolidated appeals, the Chapter 7 Trustees, Thomas C. Richardson
and Thomas R. Tibble, appeal the bankruptcy court’s orders denying the Trustees’ motions objecting
to the Debtors’ claim of exemptions under 11 U.S.C. § 522. The bankruptcy court held that
Michigan’s bankruptcy-specific exemption statute (Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5451) is constitutional
under the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution, art. VI, cl.2. For the reasons set forth
below, the Panel REVERSES the bankruptcy court’s orders.

                                                  2
                                     STATEMENT OF ISSUE
        The issue on appeal is whether Michigan’s bankruptcy-specific exemption statute (Mich.
Comp. Laws § 600.5451) is unconstitutional under either the Bankruptcy Clause (art. I, § 8, cl. 4);
or the Supremacy Clause (art. VI, cl. 2) of the United States Constitution.

                       JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
        The Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Sixth Circuit has jurisdiction to decide this appeal.
The United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan has authorized appeals to the
Panel, and none of the parties has timely elected to have these appeals heard by the district court.
28 U.S.C. §§ 158(b)(6), (c)(1). A final order of the bankruptcy court may be appealed as of right
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). For purposes of appeal, an order is final if it “‘ends the litigation
on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment.’” Midland Asphalt
Corp. v. United States, 489 U.S. 794, 798, 109 S. Ct. 1494, 1497 (1989) (citation omitted). A
bankruptcy court’s order denying a claim of exemption is a final, appealable order. Menninger v.
Schramm (In re Schramm), 431 B.R. 397, 399 (B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2010); see also 9 Collier on
Bankruptcy, ¶ 4003.03[2] (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 15th ed. rev. 2009).

        The bankruptcy court’s legal conclusions are reviewed de novo. Therefore, a bankruptcy
court’s decision that relies on or interprets state law and the Bankruptcy Code is reviewed de novo.
In re Schramm, 431 B.R. at 399; Lebovitz v. Hangemeyer (In re Lebovitz), 360 B.R. 612 (B.A.P. 6th
Cir. 2007) (reviewing bankruptcy court’s interpretation of state’s exemption statute de novo because
it involves a question of law). Whether a state statute violates the United States Constitution is also
subject to de novo review. United States v. Sawyers, 409 F.3d 732, 735 (6th Cir. 2005) (citation
omitted). “De novo means that the appellate court determines the law independently of the trial
court’s determination.” Treinish v. Norwest Bank Minn., N.A. (In re Periandri), 266 B.R. 651, 653
(B.A.P. 6th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted).

                                                   3
                                               FACTS

Steven M. Schafer (B.A.P. Case No. 10-8030)
On March 23, 2009, Steven M. Schafer (“Schafer”) filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 7 of the
Bankruptcy Code.

On Schedule C, Schafer claimed an exemption in the equity of his residence totaling $44,695. The
home is estimated to have a fair market value of $160,000. The home is encumbered by two
mortgages and a tax lien totaling $99,305. Schafer claims the state homestead exemption under
Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5451(1)(n). Under Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5451(1)(n), Schafer, a
disabled debtor, may claim a maximum exemption of $51,650 in the value of his home.

Thomas C. Richardson (“Trustee”) was appointed the Chapter 7 Trustee.

On October 30, 2009, the Trustee filed an objection to Schafer’s claim of exemptions and a brief in
support of the Trustee’s objection. The Trustee argued that the Michigan exemption statute violates
the Bankruptcy Clause (art. I, § 8, cl. 4) and the Supremacy Clause (art VI, cl. 2) of the United States
Constitution.

On November 2, 2009, the Trustee filed a Notice of Constitutional Challenge to Schafer’s homestead
exemption, in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 5.1, made applicable in bankruptcy under Fed. R.
Bankr. P. 9005.1. On November 3, 2009, the court clerk filed a certificate under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2403(b), certifying to Michael A. Cox, the Attorney General of the State of Michigan, that the
constitutionality of § 600.5451(l)(n) of the Michigan exemption statute had been challenged. The
Attorney General did not file an appearance in the Schafer case, nor respond to the Trustee’s
objection.

                                                   4
Dorothy Ann Jones (B.A.P. Case No. 10-8031)
On August 7, 2009, Dorothy Ann Jones (“Jones”) filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 7 of the
Bankruptcy Code.

On Schedule C, Jones claimed an exemption in the equity of a residence she owns. Jones leases the
real estate on which the residence is located from a local church campground. The home is estimated
to have a fair market value of $30,000. The property is not encumbered by any security interests.
Jones claims the state homestead exemption under Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5451(1)(n). Under
Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5451(1)(n), Jones claims an exemption in the equity of the residence in
the amount of $30,000.

Thomas R. Tibble (“Trustee”) was appointed the Chapter 7 Trustee.

On October 20, 2009, the Trustee filed an objection to the claim of exemptions filed by Jones and
a brief in support of the Trustee’s objection. The Trustee argued that the Michigan exemption statute
violates the Bankruptcy Clause (art. I, § 8, cl. 4) and the Supremacy Clause (art. VI, cl. 2) of the
United States Constitution.

On October 23, 2009, the Trustee filed a Notice of Constitutional Challenge to Jones’ homestead
exemption, in accordance with Fed. R. Civ. P. 5.1, made applicable in bankruptcy by Fed. R. Bankr.
P. 9005.1. On October 23, 2009, the court clerk filed a certificate under 28 U.S.C. § 2403(b),
certifying to Michael A. Cox, the Attorney General of the State of Michigan, that the
constitutionality of § 600.5451(1)(n) of the Michigan exemption statute had been challenged. The
Attorney General did not file an appearance in the Jones case, nor respond to Trustee’s objection.

The bankruptcy court consolidated the hearings in the Schafer and Jones bankruptcy cases for
purposes of argument and decision.

                                                 5
The Trustees filed briefs and Schafer and Jones (hereinafter referred to jointly as “Debtors”) had an
opportunity to respond to the issues raised by the Trustees in their respective cases. On March 11,
2010, a joint hearing was held.

On April 22, 2010, the court entered an opinion and order in each case overruling the Trustees’
objections to the Debtors’ exemptions and concluding that Michigan’s bankruptcy-specific
exemption statute, Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5451(1)(n), is constitutional under the Supremacy
Clause of the United States Constitution.

On May 6, 2010, the Trustees filed their Notices of Appeal.

On July 21, 2010, the State of Michigan filed a motion for leave to intervene as a party under
28 U.S.C. § 2403(b) for the purpose of defending the constitutionality of the Michigan exemption
statute § 600.5451 in the pending appeals. The motion was accompanied by a brief. The Panel
granted the motion to intervene on August 24, 2010.

On July 22, 2010, the National Association of Consumer Bankruptcy Attorneys, National Consumer
Law Center, Legal Services Association of Michigan, Michigan Poverty Law Program, and the
Council of the Consumer Law Section of the State Bar of Michigan filed a joint motion for leave to
file an amicus curiae brief in the pending appeals. The motion was accompanied by a brief. The
Panel granted the motion to file an amicus curiae brief on August 24, 2010.

                                            DISCUSSION

I.     Congressional Power under the Bankruptcy Clause
       Congressional power to enact bankruptcy laws is derived from the Bankruptcy Clause of the
United States Constitution. The Bankruptcy Clause grants Congress the authority to establish

                                                 6
“uniform laws . . . on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States.”1 U.S. Const. art.
I, § 8, cl. 4. The framers of the Constitution drafted the Bankruptcy Clause, in part, in response to
the states’ harsh treatment of debtors. “A debtor could languish in prison for years unless he
indentured himself or a friend or relative redeemed his obligations. Indeed, in England, a debtor
could be put to death.” In re Wallace, 347 B.R. 626, 631 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2006) (citing Cent.
Va. Cmty. Coll. v. Katz, 546 U.S. 356, 364-71, 126 S. Ct. 990, 997-1000 (2006)). In fact, “debtors
often fared worse than common criminals in prison; unfortunate insolvents, unlike criminals, were
forced to provide their own food, fuel, and clothing while behind bars.” Cent. Va. Cmty. Coll., 546
U.S. at 365, 126 S. Ct. at 997 (citing B. Mann, Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of the
American Independence, 78-108 (2002)).

       The Bankruptcy Clause was also adopted in order to resolve the difficulties posed by state-to-
state variations in bankruptcy laws. The American Colonies, and later some States, had their own
distinct laws for discharging debtors. Cent. Va. Cmty. Coll., 546 U.S. at 365, 126 S. Ct. at 997. By
establishing a uniform system, federal discharges in bankruptcy would be enforceable in every state.
James Madison also believed that “[t]he power of establishing uniform laws of bankruptcy is so
intimately connected with the regulation of commerce, and will prevent so many frauds where the
parties or their property may lie or be removed into different States, that the expediency of it seems
not likely to be drawn into question.” The Federalist No. 42 (James Madison) (1788 WL 456).

       The Framers feared that without a uniform system of bankruptcy laws, each state would
“frame a bankruptcy system that ‘best suits its own local interests, and pursuits’ or that was marked
‘by undue domestic preferences and favours’” thereby quashing the interests of nearby states. Hood
v. Tenn. Student Assistance Corp. (In re Hood), 319 F.3d 755, 764 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting 3 Joseph
Story, Commentaries on the Constitution, §§ 1102, 1104 (1833), in The Founders’ Constitution
(Philip B. Kurland & Ralph Lerner eds., 1987)).

       1
           The Bankruptcy Clause is often referred to by courts as the Uniformity Clause.

                                                  7
       The Framers further understood that there could be no uniformity without exclusive
jurisdiction in the federal government. Alexander Hamilton stated that the jurisdiction of the federal
government was exclusive where the Constitution of the United States specifically granted Congress
the power to make uniform laws. “This must necessarily be exclusive; because if each State had
power to prescribe a DISTINCT RULE, there could not be a UNIFORM RULE.” The Federalist No.
32 (Alexander Hamilton) (1788 WL 446). “By granting the power to Congress exclusively, the
Constitution prevented runaway states from defeating bankruptcy’s goals.” Hood, 319 F.3d at 764-
65.

       Courts have debated whether Congress’ power to establish uniform laws on bankruptcy is
“exclusive” or “concurrent” in nature. The earliest case law interpreted Congress’ power as
exclusive. One case noted that “the system[] [is] directed to be uniform, which can only be rendered
so by the exclusive power in one body to form them.” Golden v. Prince, 10 F. Cas. 542, 545 (C.C.D.
Pa. 1814).

       Congress passed the first Bankruptcy Act in 1800. The first Bankruptcy Act permitted
debtors to exempt certain property from the reach of the trustee and creditors in bankruptcy.
Initially, the exemptions provided to debtors under federal bankruptcy law were quite limited. The
Act of 1800 only provided one exemption for “his or her necessary wearing apparel, and the
necessary wearing apparel of the wife and children and necessary beds and bedding of such
bankrupt.” Bankruptcy Act of 1800, ch. 19, 2 Stat. 19, 19 (1800) (repealed by Act of 1803, ch. 6,
2 Stat. 248 (1803)). The repeal of the Act of 1800 in 1803 meant that debtors and creditors had to
rely on state law to resolve any disputes between debtors and creditors.

       In 1819, in the case of Sturges v. Crowninshield, 17 U.S. 122 (1819), the Supreme Court
considered what the Framers intended by the uniformity requirement of the Bankruptcy Clause. At
first blush, this case appears to be a departure from the Framers’ original goal of creating a system
in which the federal government had exclusive power to establish bankruptcy laws. In an opinion
by Chief Justice Marshall, the Sturges Court held that until Congress exercises its power under the

                                                  8
Bankruptcy Clause, “states may . . . pass laws concerning bankrupts.” Id. at 199. While holding that
states could act where Congress had not acted, the Court emphasized that “[w]henever the terms in
which a power is granted to congress, or the nature of the power, require that it should be exercised
exclusively by congress, the subject is as completely taken from the state legislatures, as if they had
been expressly forbidden to act on it.” Id. at 193. Despite what appears to be the Court’s
interpretation that the Bankruptcy Clause, therefore, does not grant Congress “exclusive” power, the
Court’s decision was based on the inaction of Congress, at that time, to enact bankruptcy
legislation.2 As the Sixth Circuit itself has recognized “the Sturges non-exclusivity interpretation
was based less on the original understanding of the Convention than on the necessity of having some
system in place when Congress could not enact bankruptcy legislation.” Hood, 319 F.3d at 765; see
also Wallace, 347 B.R. at 633 (citing to Hood for the proposition that “the exception created by
Sturges was more a necessity of the times than a reinterpretation of how the authority to enact
bankruptcy laws was to be allocated between Congress and the various states.”). In Sturges, the
Court recognized that since Congress had not enacted bankruptcy legislation, the states had to rely
on the systems in place in their own jurisdictions.

       It was not until 1841 that Congress enacted the second bankruptcy act. The Act of 1841
provided more exemptions for debtors than the Act of 1800. This Act “excepted . . . the necessary
household and kitchen furniture, and such other articles and necessaries of such bankrupt . . . but
altogether not to exceed in value, in any case, the sum of three hundred dollars; and also the wearing

       2
         After the adoption of the Bankrutpcy Clause, federal bankruptcy laws were passed and
repealed repeatedly, leaving no comprehensive system of bankruptcy laws in place in the interim.
Throughout the nineteenth century, bankruptcy laws were often enacted to address national economic
crises. The first Bankruptcy Act, the Act of 1800, was repealed in 1803. Congress passed the
second Bankruptcy Act, the Act of 1841, in response to a financial collapse and it was repealed once
the political aim of providing relief to 30,000 debtors had been accomplished. The third Bankruptcy
Act, the Act of 1867, was passed in response to a financial crisis that emerged following the Civil
War. The fourth Bankruptcy Act was passed in 1898 as a partial response to the financial panic of
the 1890s. A federal system of bankruptcy laws has been in place since the Bankruptcy Act of 1898.
Joseph Lamport, The Preemption of Bankruptcy-Only Exemptions, 6 Cardozo L. Rev. 583, 587-88
(1985).

                                                  9
apparel of such bankrupt, and that of his wife and children.” Bankruptcy Act of 1841, ch. 9, § 3, 5
Stat. 440 (1841) (repealed by Act of 1843, ch. 82, 5 Stat. 614 (1843)).

       The Bankruptcy Act of 1867 was still more expansive and allowed debtors to exempt
property under “the laws of the State in which the bankrupt has his domicile at the time of the
commencement of proceedings in bankruptcy, to an amount not exceeding that allowed by such State
exemption laws.” Bankruptcy Act of 1867, ch. 176, § 14, 14 Stat. 517, 522-23 (1867). The
legislation limited federal recognition of state exemptions to those state exemptions enacted as of
1864. Id. (emphasis added). State exemptions enacted after 1864 could be claimed in an action
under state law, but not in bankruptcy.

       The Bankruptcy Act of 1898 did not contain such a limitation and recognized general state
exemption statutes enacted after the federal legislation. Also, the Act of 1898 did not contain
uniform federal exemptions. It provided that the Act would “not affect the allowance to bankrupts
of the exemptions which are prescribed by the State laws in force at the time of the filing of the
petition” where the debtor was domiciled. Bankruptcy Act of 1898, § 6, ch. 541, 30 Stat. 544, 548
(1898) .

       In a landmark decision in 1902, the Supreme Court decided Hanover Nat’l Bank v. Moyses,
186 U.S. 181, 22 S. Ct. 857 (1902), which determined that the exemption provision of the Act of
1898 satisfied the uniformity requirement of the Bankruptcy Clause. The case arose out of a dispute
between a judgment creditor, Hanover National Bank, that sought to enforce a judgment against a
debtor, despite the fact that the debtor had received a discharge in bankruptcy subsequent to the
judgment. The bank argued that the Act of 1898 was unconstitutional because, inter alia, the Act
failed to meet the requirement of uniformity under the Bankruptcy Clause and it was an
unconstitutional delegation of power to the states. The bank based its argument on § 6 of the Act
which permitted debtors to choose “exemptions which are prescribed by the state laws in force at
the time of the filing of the petition . . . .” Hanover, 186 U.S. at 189, 22 S. Ct. at 861. The Supreme
Court rejected the bank’s argument and concluded that “[t]he general operation of the law is uniform

                                                  10
although it may result in certain particulars differently in different states.” Hanover, 186 U.S. at
190, 22 S. Ct. at 861. The Court held that although bankruptcy laws must be uniform throughout
the United States “that uniformity is geographical, and not personal [.]” Hanover, 186 U.S. at 188,
22 S. Ct. at 860 (emphasis added). The Court rejected the concept of true uniformity and determined
that the exemptions of the Act of 1898 met the geographic uniformity test and, as such, were
constitutional.3 The Supreme Court also concluded that “the system is, in the constitutional sense,
uniform throughout the United States, when the trustee takes in each state whatever would have been
available to the creditor if the bankrupt[cy] law had not been passed.” Hanover, 186 U.S. at 190,
22 S. Ct. at 861.

       In 1929, the Supreme Court decided the case of Int’l Shoe Co. v. Pinkus, 278 U.S. 261, 49
S. Ct. 108 (1929). The Court struck down an Arkansas statute that provided an alternative system
governing the distribution of debtor’s property for payment of their debts and providing for the
debtor’s discharge. The court concluded:
       The national purpose to establish uniformity necessarily excludes state regulation.
       It is apparent, without comparison in detail of the provisions of the Bankruptcy Act
       with those of the Arkansas statute, that intolerable inconsistencies and confusion
       would result if that insolvency law be given effect while the national act is in force.
       Congress did not intend to give insolvent debtors seeking discharge, or their creditors
       seeking to collect claims, [a] choice between the relief provided by the Bankruptcy
       Act and that specified in state insolvency laws. States may not pass or enforce laws
       to interfere with or complement the Bankruptcy Act or to provide additional or
       auxiliary regulations.

Pinkus, 278 U.S. at 265, 49 S. Ct. at 110 (citations omitted). The Supreme Court, therefore, held
that the provisions of the state insolvency act are “within the field entered by Congress when it
passed the Bankruptcy Act, and therefore such provisions must be held to have been superseded.”
Pinkus, 278 U.S. at 266, 49 S. Ct. at 110.

       3
        The Supreme Court however did not address the question before this Panel, whether states
could enact bankruptcy-specific exemptions.

                                                 11
       The Bankruptcy Act of 1898 governed bankruptcy law until it was replaced by the
Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978. The Act of 1978 included what is known as the “opt-out” clause,
§ 522(b)(2) of the Bankruptcy Reform Act. Specifically, this opt-out provision allowed states to
affirmatively opt-out of the enumerated federal exemptions completely, thereby restricting
bankruptcy debtors to the particular exemptions available in their state. Bankruptcy Reform Act of
1978, Pub. L. No. 95-598, Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2549 (1978). Congress did not define the scope
of the states’ power when opting out of the federal exemption scheme. See Lipshie v. Bartley (In re
Bartley), 33 B.R. 768, 772 (Bankr. E.D.N.Y. 1983) (noting that “[t]he language of the statute
enunciates no guidelines binding upon the states in their creation of exemption statutes.”).

       The Bankruptcy Code’s opt-out provision giving states the power to “opt-out” of the federal
exemption scheme has survived judicial scrutiny. In Rhodes v. Stewart, 705 F.2d 159 (6th Cir.
1983), the Sixth Circuit upheld the constitutionality of Tennessee’s opt-out statute. See also Storer
v. French (In re Storer), 58 F.3d 1125 (6th Cir. 1995) (relying on Rhodes to conclude that
§ 522(b)(1) was constitutional under the Supremacy Clause and Ohio debtor could not use federal
exemptions after Ohio had opted out of the federal scheme).4

       Under the most recent bankruptcy legislation, the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and
Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA), debtors continue to be able to shield certain property
from the reach of the trustee and creditors in bankruptcy. Under § 522(b)(2), a debtor may elect to
exempt property under federal law or under state law subject to the state’s ability to “opt-out” and
prohibit a debtor from using federal exemptions.5

       4
        11 U.S.C. § 522(b) was amended by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer
Protection Act of 2005. 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(1) is now § 522(b)(2).
       5
        There are currently 35 states that prohibit debtors from electing the federal exemptions
included in § 522(d): Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida,
Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri,
Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and
Wyoming.

                                                 12
II.    Michigan’s Bankruptcy Exemption Statute
       The State of Michigan has not elected to opt-out of the federal exemptions statute provided
under 11 U.S.C. § 522(d).6 Therefore, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(3),7 debtors who reside in
Michigan may choose to take the federal exemptions listed in the Bankruptcy Code at 11 U.S.C.
§ 522(d), or exemptions authorized under state law. Since January 3, 2005, Michigan debtors who
choose to take exemptions enacted by the state legislature have had the choice of two different state
exemption statutes, a statute available to all Michigan residents (Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.6023),
and a statute available only to Michigan residents who have filed for bankruptcy (Mich. Comp. Laws
§ 600.5451). Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5451 (“bankruptcy-specific exemption statute”) states in
relevant part:

       Sec. 5451. (1) A debtor in bankruptcy under the bankruptcy code, 11 U.S.C. 101 to
       1330, may exempt from property of the estate property that is exempt under federal
       law or, under 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(2), the following property:

(emphasis added).

       The homestead exemption for a debtor whose real property is not owned by the entireties is
substantially more liberal under the bankruptcy-specific exemption statute than the exemption

       6
        Other states that also allow debtors to choose between the federal and state exemptions
include: Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New
Mexico, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, Vermont Washington, Wisconsin.
       7
           Section 522(b)(3)(A) states in relevant part:

       (3) Property listed in this paragraph is –

           (A) subject to . . . State or local law that is applicable on the date of the filing of
       the petition at the place in which the debtor’s domicile has been located for the 730
       days immediately preceding the date of the filing of the petition or if the debtor’s
       domicile has not been located at a single State for such 730-day period, the place in
       which the debtor’s domicile was located for 180 days immediately preceding the 730-
       day period or for a longer portion of such 180-day period than in any other place;
       ...

                                                    13
allowed under either the general Michigan exemption statute or the federal exemptions. The
bankruptcy-specific exemption statute provides:

       (n) The interest of the debtor, the codebtor, if any and the debtor’s dependents, not
       to exceed $30,000 in value or, if the debtor or a dependent of the debtor at the time
       of filing of the bankruptcy petition is 65 years of age or older or disabled, not to
       exceed $45,000 in value, in a homestead.

Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5451.8 By comparison, the homestead exemption available to all Michigan
residents is capped at $3,500. Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.6023. The federal homestead exemption
available to the Debtors in this appeal is capped at $20,200. 11 U.S.C. § 522(d)(1).

       The Michigan legislature enacted the bankruptcy-specific exemption statute on January 3,
2005. The legislative history relating to the statute is sparse and does not reveal the Michigan
legislature’s reasons for creating a bankruptcy-specific exemption statute. The genesis of the statute
appears to be a concern that the general exemption statute needed to be amended both as to dollar
amounts and as to the assets individuals could protect.

       In 2001, an Advisory Committee to the Civil Law and Judiciary Subcommittee of the House
Civil and Judiciary Committee (“Advisory Committee”)
       was formed in response to a request by Representative Alexander Lipsey for
       recommendations on possible updates to the states exemption laws. The committee
       [was] comprised [of] attorneys from around the state with backgrounds in
       debtor/creditor and bankruptcy laws. Not surprisingly, members found the current
       exemption thresholds inadequate to enable debtors enough assets to successfully
       begin anew.

MI H.F.A. B. An., H.B. 5763, 2004 Reg. Sess. (May 25, 2004). The cover letter from the Advisory
Committee’s final report and recommendations stated, “the ‘ultimate goal’ of this committee ‘was

       8
        In cases filed on or after April 1, 2008, the threshold exemption amounts for the generally
applicable homestead exemption adjusted from $30,000 to $34,500, and if the debtor or a dependent
of the debtor was over the age of 65 or disabled, the allowable exemption amount adjusted from
$45,000 to $51,650.

                                                 14
to update or redraft exemption statutes that provided stability in the context of today’s times for
those under financial distress, yet be fair to creditor’s [sic] owed legitimate debts.’” Winnifred P.
Boylan & Melanie R. Beyers, The Trek of Michigan Exemptions in the Universe of Bankruptcy,
33 Mich. Real Prop. Rev. 85, 87 (Summer 2006)). After two years, the Advisory Committee issued
a Report and Recommendations (“Advisory Report”) to the Subcommittee suggesting their
recommended changes, including an increase in the exemption amounts.9 In re Pontius, 421 B.R.
814 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2009). The Advisory Report did not however, recommend that the
provisions in § 600.5451 be limited only to debtors in bankruptcy proceedings and there is no
explanation in either the legislative history or the Advisory Committee records as to why the statute
was enacted with that limitation.10 Winnifred P. Boylan & Melanie R. Beyers, The Trek of Michigan
Exemptions in the Universe of Bankruptcy, 22 Mich Real Prop. Rev. at 88.

        In the appeals before this Panel, the Debtors chose the exemptions allowed under the
bankruptcy-specific exemption statute, for the purpose of claiming the homestead exemption allowed
in Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5451(1)(n). The Trustees in Debtors’ respective cases objected to the
Debtors’ exemptions on the grounds that the bankruptcy-specific statute was unconstitutional. The
Bankruptcy Court overruled the Trustees’ objections and held that the bankruptcy-specific statute
is constitutional.

        Two other Michigan bankruptcy courts have addressed the constitutionality of Michigan’s
bankruptcy-specific exemption statute. See In re Pontius, 421 B.R. 814; In re Wallace, 347 B.R. 626
(Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2006). Both courts have concluded that Michigan’s bankruptcy-specific
exemption statute is unconstitutional.

        9
        The Advisory Committee recommended an increase in the generally applicable homestead
exemption from $3,500 (under Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.6023) to $30,000, and if the debtor or a
dependent of the debtor was over the age of 65, the allowable exemption was increased to $45,000.
In re Pontius, 421 B.R. at 817.
        10
         In addition to Michigan, eight other states have adopted exemptions applicable only to
debtors in bankruptcy proceedings. The states are: California, Colorado, Georgia, Indiana, Montana,
New York, Ohio, and West Virginia.

                                                 15
       The case law from other jurisdictions is divided as to whether similar bankruptcy-specific
exemption statutes are constitutional. Some courts have held that such statutes are unconstitutional,
either by determining that the exemption scheme violates the requirement of “uniformity” under the
Bankruptcy Clause of the United States Constitution, art. I, § 8, cl. 4., or violates the Supremacy
Clause of the United States Constitution, art VI, cl. 2. See Kanter v. Moneymaker (In re Kanter),
505 F.2d 228 (9th Cir. 1974) (invalidating, on Supremacy Clause grounds, California law which
precluded trustees and other assignees by operation of law from acquiring an interest in or lien rights
upon a personal injury cause of action); In re Regevig, 389 B.R. 736 (Bankr. N.D. Ariz. 2008)
(holding that California’s alternative exemptions applying only in bankruptcy cases violated the
Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution); In re Cross, 255 B.R. 25 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 2000)
(holding that Indiana’s bankruptcy exemption for entireties property did not violate the “uniformity”
requirement of the Bankruptcy Clause, but was invalid under the Supremacy Clause); In re Mata,
115 B.R. 288, 291 (Bankr. D. Colo. 1990) (Colorado exemption statute establishing a separate state-
created bankruptcy exemption for debtors and another for non-bankruptcy debtors, is an
“impermissible excursion by the State of Colorado into an area reserved to Congress” under the
Bankruptcy Clause); In re Lennen, 71 B.R. 80, 83 (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 1987) (concluding that
bankruptcy-specific exemptions treat debtors who have filed for bankruptcy differently from debtors
who have not and, when measured by the “geographic uniformity test [established in Moyses], the
exemption scheme . . . must fail.”); In re Reynolds, 24 B.R. 344, 347 (Bankr. S.D. Ohio 1982)
(“When a state endeavors to adopt exemptions applicable only in the bankruptcy court, it then
invades an area of law reserved to the federal government, as preempted by the United States
Constitution and statutes enacted pursuant thereto.”).

       Other courts have concluded that bankruptcy-specific exemption statutes are constitutional.
See Sheehan v. Peveich (In re Peveich), 574 F.3d 248 (4th Cir. 2009), aff’g, In re Morrell, 349 B.R.
405 (Bankr. N.D. W. Va. 2008) (reasoning that West Virginia’s bankruptcy-only exemption statute,
which accorded debtors in bankruptcy five times the homestead exemption accorded under federal
law, was consistent with the goal of the “opt-out” provision permitting states to set exemption levels

                                                  16
appropriate to the locale and did not frustrate the purpose of the Bankruptcy Code; therefore, it was
not valid under the Supremacy Clause); Sticka v. Applebaum (In re Applebaum), 422 B.R. 684
(B.A.P. 9th Cir. 2009) (holding that California’s bankruptcy-specific exemption statute is not
preempted by the Bankruptcy Code simply because the state exemptions differ from the federal
exemptions and does not violate the uniformity requirement because the statute applies equally to
all debtors and creditors in bankruptcy); In re Brown, No. 06-30199, 2007 WL 2120380 (Bankr.
N.D.N.Y. July 23, 2007), aff’d, CFCU Cmty. Credit Union v. Brown, No. 07-cv-0856, 2007 WL
4560671 (N.D.N.Y. Dec. 18, 2007) (holding that New York’s bankruptcy specific exemption statute
is not a violation of the Supremacy Clause because it did not conflict with the federal exemptions
in § 522(d)); In re Shumaker, 124 B.R. 820, 826 (Bankr. D. Mont. 1991) (declining to follow Lennen
and Mata in considering the challenge to a Montana statute exempting Individual Retirement
Accounts only for bankruptcy debtors; holding that the bankruptcy-specific statute did not violate
the doctrine of geographic uniformity or equal protection and was not an improper delegation of
power to the states).

       The issue of whether an exemption statute that operates only in the event of a bankruptcy
proceeding is unconstitutional under the Bankruptcy Clause or Supremacy Clause of the United
States Constitution, has also been discussed by legal commentators. See 4 Collier on Bankruptcy
¶ 522.02[4], at 522-20 (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 16th ed rev. 2009); Winnifred P.
Boylan & Melanie R. Beyers, The Trek of Michigan Exemptions in the Universe of Bankruptcy,
22 Mich Real Prop. Rev. 85 (Summer 2006); Edward Stechschulte, The (Un)constitutionality of
State-Enacted Bankruptcy-Specific Exemptions: Using Ohio Revised Code Section 2329.66(A)(18)
as a Mechanism for Analysis, 40 Univ. Tol. L. Rev. 761 (Spring 2009); Joseph Lamport, Note, The
Preemption of Bankruptcy-Only Exemptions, 6 Cardozo L. Rev. 583 (1985).

                                                 17
III.   The Michigan Exemption Statute violates the Bankruptcy Clause of the United States
       Constitution.

       A.      A state exemption statute which applies only to state residents who
               file for bankruptcy violates the Bankruptcy Clause.

       The Bankruptcy Clause grants Congress the authority to “establish uniform laws . . . on the
subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States.” U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 4. The bankruptcy
court concluded that the uniformity requirement of the Bankruptcy Clause does not apply to laws
enacted by a state. The court stated:

       because this court does not regard M.C.L. § 600.5451 as an exercise of federal
       legislative power by the State of Michigan, and because the court does not believe
       the uniformity requirement of the Bankruptcy Clause applies to state enactments, the
       observation in Hanover to the effect that a trustee must take in each state what he
       would take if the bankruptcy law had not been enacted, does not require a different
       result in this case. Contra Pontius, 421 B.R. at 822 (citing Hanover, 186 U.S. at 190,
       22 S. Ct. 857). The Hanover court was considering the constitutionality of the
       federal Bankruptcy Act, not a specific state law, and simply concluded that if trustees
       in different states take property subject to state-created exemptions, that fact does not
       make the Bankruptcy Act non-uniform. The high court was not considering, and
       therefore its opinion does not resolve, the distinct question of bankruptcy-specific
       state exemption statutes.

Jones, 428 B.R. 720, 729 n.9 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2010). The Panel determines that the trial court
erred in concluding that the uniformity requirement of the Bankruptcy Clause “does not apply to
state enactments.” The original purpose of the framers of the Constitution was to replace the
“hodgepodge of bankruptcy relief” with one national system. In re Wallace, 347 B.R. 626, 631
(Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2006). It was hoped that a uniform system would resolve the chaos caused by
state-to-state variations in bankruptcy laws and to prevent states from enacting laws that apply only
to debtors in bankruptcy. The Bankruptcy Clause exists to restrict the power of the states to legislate
in the area of bankruptcy. A state law which applies only to debtors in bankruptcy must be analyzed
under the uniformity requirement of the Bankruptcy Clause.

                                                  18
       B.         When the states adopted the Constitution, including the Bankruptcy
                  Clause, the states ceded their authority to legislate in the area of
                  bankruptcy.

       The Sixth Circuit has ruled that in adopting the Constitution, which included the Bankruptcy
Clause, the states ceded their authority in the area of bankruptcy to the federal government. In Hood
v. Tenn. Student Assist. Corp. (In re Hood), 319 F.3d 755 (6th Cir. 2003), aff’d, 541 U.S. 440, 124
S. Ct. 1905 (2004), the issue was whether the enactment of the Bankruptcy Clause precluded states
from asserting that a state was immune from suit in federal court, notwithstanding the protections
afforded states under the Eleventh Amendment. The court carefully analyzed the Federalist Papers
and the text of the Constitution and concluded that the Bankruptcy Clause and 11 U.S.C.
§ 106(a)(1)11 of the Bankruptcy Code abrogated states’ immunity from suit in federal court. The
court started its analysis by determining whether states had ceded their authority to legislate in the
area of bankruptcy when the Constitution was enacted. The court stated:

       Beginning with the Constitution’s text, Article I gives Congress the power to make
       “uniform” laws over only two issues: bankruptcy and naturalization. Granting the
       federal government the power to make uniform laws is, at least to some extent,
       inconsistent with states retaining the power to make laws over that issue.

Id. at 763 (footnote omitted). Moreover, “the justification for the grant of exclusivity was not a mere
desire to have one system, but a system that rose above individual states’ interests.” Id. at 764. If
states could pass their own laws targeted only to debtors in bankruptcy, “uniformity would be
unattainable[.]” Id. The court concluded that the states had ceded their authority in the area of

       11
            11 U.S.C. § 106(a)(1) states:

       (a) Notwithstanding an assertion of sovereign immunity, sovereign immunity is
       abrogated as to a governmental unit to the extent set forth in this section with respect
       to the following:
               (1) Sections 105, 106, 107, 108, 303, 346, 362, 364, 365, 366, 502,
               503, 505, 506, 510, 522, 523, 524, 525, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547,
               548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 722, 724, 726, 728, 744, 749, 764, 901,
               922, 926, 928, 929, 944, 1107, 1141, 1142, 1143, 1146, 1201, 1203,
               1205, 1206, 1227, 1231, 1301, 1303, 1305, and 1327 of this title.

                                                  19
bankruptcy and abrogated their immunity from suit in federal court. The Court held that the “text of
the Constitution and other evidence of the Framers’ intent demonstrate that under the Bankruptcy
Clause of Article I, section 8, Congress has the power to abrogate state sovereign immunity.” Id. at
762.

       The court in Hood was addressing a different issue than the issue in this appeal, namely
whether the uniformity requirement of the Bankruptcy Clause authorizes Congress to abrogate states’
immunity from suit in federal court. The court nonetheless recognized the states’ loss of legislative
power as a consequence of the Bankruptcy Clause. Id. at 765 (“[I]t is possible that in ceding some
sovereignty with the Bankruptcy Clause, the states ceded their legislative powers but not their
immunity from suit.”). In analyzing the relevant case law, the Hood court further observed that
where it would violate the uniformity requirement of the Bankruptcy Clause, even otherwise valid
state law could not be enforced by a bankruptcy court. Id. at 763-64 (citing Vanston Bondholders
Protective Comm. v. Green, 329 U.S. 156, 67 S. Ct. 237 (1946)). Hood established that the exercise
of state power, whether it is to legislate or to assert immunity from suit, is limited by the uniformity
requirement set forth in the Bankruptcy Clause.

       C.      The existence of concurrent jurisdiction is insufficient to protect
               Michigan’s bankruptcy-specific exemption statute from constitutional
               challenge.

       As discussed supra, the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 included a provision which is
commonly referred to as the “opt-out” clause. 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(2) of the Act allowed states to
affirmatively opt-out of the enumerated federal exemptions completely, thereby restricting debtors
to the particular exemptions available in their state. 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(3) allows debtors in non opt-
out states to choose between the federal exemptions and “State or local law that is applicable on the
date of the filing of the petition.” Because states may control which exemption scheme a state
resident may choose, states are said to have “concurrent” jurisdiction with the federal government
in the area of exemptions.

                                                  20
       The bankruptcy court relied on Rhodes v. Stewart, 705 F.2d 159 (6th Cir. 1983) and Storer
v. French (In re Storer), 58 F.3d 1125 (6th Cir. 1995), for the proposition that 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(1)
was “‘a recognition of the concurrent legislative power of the state legislatures to enact laws
governing bankruptcy exemptions.’” Jones, 428 B.R. at 724 (citations omitted). The general
proposition is correct, but the cases are not persuasive authority on the issue before the Panel.

       In Rhodes, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed a judgment of the Bankruptcy Court
for the Middle District of Tennessee that held as invalid Tennessee’s statute “opting-out” of the
federal bankruptcy exemption scheme. The Sixth Circuit agreed with the Fifth Circuit’s holding
in In re McManus, 681 F.2d 353, 355-56 (5th Cir. 1982), that “states are empowered to create
whatever exemptions they elect,” even if they are more or less restrictive than the federal exemption
scheme. Rhodes, 705 F.2d at 163.

       In Storer, the Sixth Circuit addressed whether Ohio’s opt-out statute, which denied debtors
the right to use the federal exemption scheme, violated the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment, the Supremacy Clause, and the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the
United States, as the debtors had argued. The Court in Storer held that the Rhodes decision was
controlling and therefore, the debtors’ argument that Ohio’s opt-out statute was invalid under the
Supremacy Clause was without merit. Storer, 58 F.3d at 1129.

       Rhodes and Storer both stand for the proposition that the U.S. Constitution permits Congress
to give states the power to prohibit any state resident who files for bankruptcy from using the
exemptions permitted under the Bankruptcy Code. These cases are consistent with the case law in
other jurisdictions which hold that state laws that entirely “opt-out” of the federal exemption
(codified at 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(2)) are constitutional. Rhodes and Storer also correctly conclude that
states have “concurrent” jurisdiction in the area of bankruptcy exemptions. In enacting the “opt-out”
provision, Congress delegated to the states the power to prevent their residents from choosing federal
exemptions. Because Congress has given the states the power to decide which exemption scheme
their residents may choose, states have concurrent jurisdiction. The bankruptcy court’s conclusion

                                                 21
that this concurrent jurisdiction enables states to pass laws that apply only to debtors in bankruptcy
is not supported by the case law. The rulings in Storer and Rhodes do not address the issue of
whether the Bankruptcy Clause limits the scope of that concurrent jurisdiction. In sum, it is settled
law that states are permitted to preclude debtors from using federal exemptions or allow debtors to
choose between a state exemption scheme and the federal exemption scheme. This does not lead
to the conclusion that states are allowed to take the affirmative step of enacting legislation that
applies only to state residents who file for bankruptcy. Neither Storer nor Rhodes addresses this
issue and these cases are therefore not persuasive grounds for upholding the constitutionality of the
bankruptcy-specific exemption statute.

       The 1978 Act unquestionably authorized states to prevent their residents from using federal
exemptions or to allow residents to choose between a state scheme and the federal scheme. The
issue on appeal is whether it also reduced the scope of the Uniformity Clause and ceded power back
to the states to legislate in the area of bankruptcy. Two appellate courts have ruled that the existence
of concurrent jurisdiction authorizes states to enact an exemption scheme that applies only to
residents who file for bankruptcy. See Sticka v. Applebaum (In re Applebaum), 422 B.R. 684 (B.A.P.
9th Cir. 2009); Sheehan v. Peveich (In re Peveich), 574 F.3d 248 (4th Cir. 2009). Courts concluding
that the existence of concurrent jurisdiction allows states unlimited power to legislate the exemptions
available to debtors in bankruptcy frequently cite 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(3)(A) in support of that
position. Section 522(b)(3)(A) allows a debtor to exempt “any property that is exempt under Federal
law . . . or State or local law that is applicable on the date of filing of the petition at the place in
which the debtor’s domicile has been located . . . .” Courts have argued that the language “State or
local law that is applicable on the date of the filing of the petition” authorizes states to pass
bankruptcy-specific laws, which the debtor may then choose.

       This argument conflates two different rights: that is, the debtor’s right to exempt property
under applicable state law, with the states’ right to enact legislation which must satisfy
Constitutional requirements. Certainly a Michigan resident who files for bankruptcy is permitted
under § 522(b)(3) to exempt property under any existing “State or local law,” but that language does

                                                  22
not logically lead to the conclusion that the state has a right to pass a law which violates the United
States Constitution. If it is determined that a state law violates the Constitution, that law will no
longer be available to Michigan residents. Section 522(b)(3) does not delegate to the states the
power to legislate exemptions which apply only to debtors in bankruptcy. The states’ “concurrent
jurisdiction” is limited to “opting-out” or passing laws which apply to all state residents.

       Although Congress allows states to choose whether or not to opt-out of the federal
exemptions under § 522(b)(2), it does not follow that states may enact their own bankruptcy laws.
See 4 Collier on Bankruptcy, ¶ 522.02[4] (Alan R. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer eds., 15th ed rev.
2009). The court’s opinion in In re Cross, 255 B.R. 25 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 2000), correctly concluded
that
       [h]aving been given this ability - the power to forbid - is not the same thing as having
       been given the power to create. Thus, in giving states the ability to opt out of the
       federal bankruptcy exemptions Congress did not give them the authority to create
       bankruptcy exemptions. Instead, what the opt-out represents is a Congressional
       willingness to recognize the generally available exemptions that states have created
       for their own purposes in bankruptcy proceedings.

In re Cross, 255 B.R. at 34 n.5. This position is more colorfully stated by the court in a Michigan
decision, In re Wallace, in which the bankruptcy court opined:

       [I]t is within Congress’ discretion under the Bankruptcy Clause to decide what is to
       be the set of exemptions available to debtors seeking bankruptcy relief. Congress can
       create its own scheme. It can establish more than one scheme. It can reference state
       law for purposes of defining the scheme it has chosen. For that matter, Congress
       could reference the laws of Kazakstan to define the bankruptcy exemption scheme
       if it were to so choose. What Congress cannot do under the Constitution is delegate
       to Kazakstan, to the states, or to any other entity the power to actually decide what
       is to be the appropriate scheme. That power is reserved under the Constitution for
       the exclusive exercise of Congress.

In re Wallace, 347 B.R. 626, 635 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2006).

                                                  23
        This Panel concludes that the “opt-out” language of 11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(2) and the language
of § 522(b)(3) do not alter the requirements of the Bankruptcy Clause; that is, the states may not pass
legislation which relates only to debtors in bankruptcy.

        D.      The Michigan statute does not comply with the requirements of
                “geographic” uniformity.

        This Panel acknowledges that the existence of concurrent jurisdiction, authorized by
11 U.S.C. § 522(b)(2) and (b)(3), arguably creates an issue about states’ authority to legislate in the
area of bankruptcy. The issue has been resolved however, by a century of case law distinguishing
geographical uniformity from personal uniformity.

         Under Congress’ exclusive power to establish bankruptcy laws, Congress may recognize
state exemption statutes without violating the uniformity requirement. The Supreme Court has held
that the uniformity requirement permits Congress to “give effect to the allowance of exemptions
prescribed by state law without violating the uniformity requirement.” Ry. Labor Execs. Ass’n v.
Gibbons, 455 U.S. 457, 469, 102 S. Ct. 1169, 1176 (1982) (citing Hanover Nat’l Bank v. Moyses,
186 U.S. 181, 189-90, 22 S. Ct. 857, 861 (1902)); see also Stellwagen v. Clum, 245 U.S. 605, 613,
38 S. Ct. 215, 217 (1918) (holding that a bankruptcy law may be uniform and yet “recognize the laws
of the state in certain particulars, although such recognition may lead to different results in different
states.”).

        “True uniformity” is not required by the Constitution. Rather, the Supreme Court in Hanover
Nat’l Bank v. Moyses held that in order to determine whether state laws regarding bankruptcy fall
within the scope of the Bankruptcy Clause, all the Constitution requires is “geographic” uniformity,
rather than “personal” uniformity. Hanover, 186 U.S. at 188, 22 S. Ct. at 860. The Court observed
that “geographic” uniformity is satisfied “when the trustee takes in each state whatever would have
been available to the creditor if the bankrupt[cy] law had not passed.” Hanover, 186 U.S. at 190,
22 S. Ct. at 861. The Court also went on to note that “[t]he general operation of the law is uniform
although it may result in certain particulars differently in different states.” Id.

                                                   24
        The Supreme Court discussed the concept of “uniformity,” in a context other than
exemptions, in Butner v. United States, 440 U.S. 48, 99 S. Ct. 914 (1979). In Butner, the Supreme
Court concluded that bankruptcy courts should look to state law to determine property interests in
the assets of a bankruptcy estate because there was no federal “property law.” Butner, 440 U.S. at
55, 99 S. Ct at 918. The Court recognized that there are instances in the Bankruptcy Code where
Congress incorporated state law into bankruptcy law. The Supreme Court, however, stressed the
importance of uniformity under the Bankruptcy Clause. The Court held that uniformity is critical
and “serves to reduce uncertainty, to discourage forum shopping, and to prevent a party from
receiving a ‘windfall merely by reason of the happenstance of bankruptcy.’” Id. (citation omitted).
While a debtor’s rights in one state may vary from the rights of a debtor in a different state, there is
no authority for a state to differentiate between its own citizens by creating separate property rights
or a separate exemption scheme for only those citizens who file for bankruptcy.

        Michigan’s bankruptcy-specific statute does not meet the uniformity requirement of the
Bankruptcy Clause and is therefore unconstitutional. “Geographic” uniformity requires that within
a state, bankruptcy and non-bankruptcy (judgment) debtors and judgment creditors be treated the
same. The bankruptcy-specific exemption statute fails the “geographic” uniformity test by not
affording a trustee in bankruptcy the same opportunities as a creditor or receiver outside of
bankruptcy. The Supreme Court in Hanover made clear that such a statute is not uniform. Hanover,
186 U.S. at 190, 22 S. Ct. at 861 (a statute is uniform “when the trustee takes in each state whatever
would have been available to the creditor if the bankrupt[cy] law had not been passed.”); see also
Pontius, 421 B.R. 814, 822 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 2009) (Michigan’s statute ensures “that the
bankruptcy trustee does not take whatever property ‘would have been available to a creditor’ outside
of bankruptcy.”) (emphasis omitted).

        The Michigan bankruptcy-specific statute prevents bankruptcy trustees from liquidating
assets that would be available to a creditor seeking to satisfy a judgment against a party not in
bankruptcy. If a debtor has chosen the bankruptcy-specific exemption statute, a bankruptcy trustee
cannot liquidate real property unless the debtor’s equity in the property exceeds $30,000. By

                                                  25
comparison, a judgment creditor may liquidate real property to satisfy a judgment whenever the
debtor’s equity in the property exceeds $3,500.12 A state statute which expressly differentiates
between the rights available to a judgment creditor and those available to a bankruptcy trustee,
violates the uniformity requirements of the Bankruptcy Clause.

       After reviewing the history and text of the Bankruptcy Clause and the case law, the Panel
concludes that Michigan’s bankruptcy-specific exemption statute is unconstitutional under the
Bankruptcy Clause.

IV.    The Panel need not determine whether the bankruptcy-specific exemption statute violates the
       Supremacy Clause.

       As the Panel has determined that the bankruptcy court erred in determining that the
bankruptcy-specific exemption statute did not violate the Bankruptcy Clause of the United States
Constitution, it is unnecessary to address the bankruptcy court’s additional conclusion that the statute
does not violate the Supremacy Clause. See, e.g., Harris v. City of Circleville, 583 F.3d 356, 373-74
(6th Cir. 2009) (declining to reach constitutional questions that were not necessary to resolution of
the appeal); United States v. Elkins, 300 F.3d 638, 647 (6th Cir. 2002) (“Courts should avoid
unnecessary constitutional questions.”) (citations omitted).

                                            CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, the Panel REVERSES the orders of the bankruptcy court.
Michigan’s bankruptcy-specific exemption statute (Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5451) is
unconstitutional under the Bankruptcy Clause of the United States Constitution (art. I, § 8, cl. 4).

        12
             Assuming the property is not held as a tenancy by the entireties.

                                                    26