Court Opinion

ID: 3157143
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-23 21:07:32.293428+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:13.223889
License: Public Domain

THIRD DIVISION
                               ELLINGTON, P. J.,
                          DILLARD and MCFADDEN, JJ.

                     NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                     physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                     days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                 http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                   November 18, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A15A1127. ZHONG v. PNC BANK, N.A. et al.

       MCFADDEN, Judge.

       Fei Zhong appeals the grant of summary judgment to PNC Bank, N.A. and

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. in this action arising from the foreclosure of a property.

Zhong argues that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment to PNC on the

basis of an argument it never raised; that the trial court erred by allowing Wells Fargo

to contest liability, even though it was in default; that the trial court erred by entering

a final judgment in the defendants’ favor without addressing her claims for breach of

contract and negligence; and that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment

on the ground that Zhong could seek as damages only the equity in her property, but

she had no equity. We agree with Zhong that the trial court erred by granting the

defendants summary judgment on the ground that Zhong had no equity in the
property. We therefore reverse the grant of the defendants’ motions for summary

judgment and remand for further proceedings. Accordingly, we do not reach Zhong’s

other claims of error.

      1. Facts.

      “Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We review a grant of

summary judgment de novo and the evidence, and all reasonable conclusions and

inferences drawn from it, in the light most favorable to the nonmovant.” Bassett v.

Jasper Banking Co., 278 Ga. App. 698, 699 (629 SE2d 434) (2006) (citations

omitted). Viewed in this light, the evidence showed that Zhong purchased the

property, a house, in 2004 for $600,000. She first lived in the house and then leased

it to tenants. In 2005, PNC bought the loan Zhong used to purchase the property.

      For more than six years, Zhong paid her mortgage without incident. On March

31, 2010, PNC paid Zhong’s delinquent 2009 property taxes, more than $11,000.

Months later, PNC informed Zhong that she had an escrow shortage of $23,310.98

that had to be paid over 12 months. It established an escrow account and informed her

that her monthly payment would be increased to $5,527.06. Zhong’s payment had

been $2,731.11. Zhong immediately called PNC to ask for an explanation and was

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told that PNC would investigate the matter but she should keep making the current

payment.

      In November 2010, Zhong paid $2,731.11, which PNC applied to principal and

interest, but asked Zhong to pay the difference of $2,795.97. In December 2010 and

January 2011, Zhong paid $2,838.92, which PNC applied to the negative escrow

balance. PNC wrote Zhong, notifying her of the insufficiency of the payments, in

letters mailed to the property address. Zhong again contacted PNC, not having

received an explanation from the investigation that PNC earlier had promised, to ask

how PNC determined the amount owed and for an explanation of the escrow account.

      Eventually PNC told Zhong that the increase reflected an increase in her

escrow payment but it did not explain why the increase was necessary. In January

2011, PNC and Zhong agreed that Zhong would make payments of $3,891.98 for the

next five years, retroactive to December 2010, and PNC sent Zhong a coupon book

reflecting payments due in that amount, with the first coupon due February 2011.

      The day after reaching that agreement, on January 28, 2011, Zhong made a

payment of $3,891.98. PNC returned the check, with a letter stating that the payment

did not “meet current acceptance guidelines.” Zhong mailed payments of $3,891.98

in February and March 2011 through an overnight delivery service and using her

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online banking account, but PNC returned the payments. Zhong again contacted PNC

for an explanation, but received none. She hired counsel and instructed PNC to direct

all communication to him.

      In the meantime, on January 20, 2011, PNC sent a letter to Zhong at the

property address that she was in breach and that if she failed to pay a $16,990.96

deficiency by February 19, 2011, it would accelerate the loan. In March 2011, PNC

wrote Zhong that she owed $560,000, that Wells Fargo was the creditor, and that

PNC was the servicer. Zhong called the number listed on the letter, but received no

explanation. Her attorney contacted PNC, and eventually PNC said that it would

forebear foreclosure. Per PNC’s request, Zhong repeatedly submitted a hardship

application and related documents.

      In 2012, Wells Fargo foreclosed on the property. Neither Zhong nor her

counsel received notice of the foreclosure sale, which was sent to the vacant property

address even though Zhong had instructed PNC to direct all communications to

counsel. As a result, Zhong lost the property, her credit was damaged, and she was

“devastat[ed] and embarrass[ed].”

      Zhong filed this action against PNC and Wells Fargo, claiming breach of

contract, wrongful foreclosure, and negligence, and seeking damages, punitive

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damages, and attorney fees. Wells Fargo did not timely answer the complaint, and the

trial court entered default against it.

      Wells Fargo and PNC filed separate motions for summary judgment. The trial

court conducted a hearing, received supplemental briefing, and granted the

defendants summary judgment. The court ruled that, in the face of the evidence of

Zhong’s lack of equity, her failure to point to specific evidence that she had equity

in the property entitled the defendants to summary judgment. Although the order did

not specifically address the negligence or breach of contract claims, the trial court

directed the clerk to close the case. Zhong filed this appeal.

      2. The trial court granted summary judgment on an erroneous legal theory.

      The trial court erred by adopting the argument that Zhong’s damages were

limited to equity in the property and that because she had no equity, the defendants

were entitled to summary judgment. Because we hold the lack-of-equity argument to

be without merit, we do not reach Zhong’s argument that PNC’s motion for summary

judgment did not properly raise it.

      A plaintiff in a wrongful foreclosure action may seek damages that are not

directly related to the value of the property, including damages for mental anguish

and for injury to credit standing. See Curl v. First Federal Savings & Loan Assn., 243

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Ga. 842, 843 (2) (257 SE2d 264) (1979); DeGolyer v. Green Tree Servicing, 291 Ga.

App. 444, 449 (4) (662 SE2d 141) (2008). Further, sufficiently culpable conduct may

present a jury issue as to punitive damages. See First Union Natl. Bank v. Cook, 223

Ga. App. 374, 379 (8) (477 SE2d 649) (1996) (defendant pursued foreclosure,

although security deed had been marked paid, in accordance with policy of foreclose

first and ask questions later). Accordingly, Zhong was not limited to recovering only

her lost equity in the property and the trial court erred in holding otherwise.

      The trial court relied on Calhoun First Natl. Bank v. Dickens, 264 Ga. 285 (443

SE2d 837) (1994), as support for the holding that Zhong only could recover the lost

equity she possessed at the time of the foreclosure. But Calhoun First Natl. Bank does

not support that holding. There, our Supreme Court held that a plaintiff in a wrongful

foreclosure action “may not both set aside or cancel the foreclosure and also recover

damages for the value of the property[.]” Id. at 286 (1) (citation and punctuation

omitted; emphasis in original). In other words, the court held that the plaintiff must

elect her remedy. Nothing in the opinion limited wrongful foreclosure damages to

loss of equity. Indeed, in a footnote, the court indicated that a plaintiff may recover

“damages not associated with the value of the property.” Id. at 286 (1) n. 1 (citation

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omitted). Thus, the trial court erred by granting summary judgment to the defendants

on all of Zhong’s claims solely because she lacked equity in the property.

      Wells Fargo argues that the trial court’s error does not require reversal because

Zhong presented no evidence of any other damages. However, a plaintiff has no

burden on summary judgment

      to respond to issues which are not raised in the motion for summary
      judgment or to present its entire case on all allegations in the complaint
      -- even on issues not raised in the defendants’ motion. Indeed, until
      appellees pierced the allegations of [Zhong’s] complaint on a particular
      issue, [s]he was neither required to respond to the motion on that issue
      nor required to produce evidence in support of [her] complaint on that
      issue. The issues that must be rebutted on motion for summary judgment
      are those raised by the motion.

Hodge v. Sada Enterprises, 217 Ga. App. 688, 690 (1) (458 SE2d 876) (1995)

(citations and punctuation omitted). The only damages issues the defendants raised

in their summary judgment motions were that Zhong had no damages because she

lacked equity in the property and that she was not entitled to punitive damages or

attorney fees. Consequently, those were the only damages issues that Zhong was

required to address. Id.

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      As the trial court relied on an erroneous legal theory to grant summary

judgment to the defendants and did not address all of the arguments they advanced

in their motions, we reverse the grant of summary judgment and remand this case for

further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. See City of Gainesville v.

Dodd, 275 Ga. 834 (573 SE2d 369) (2002).

      Judgment reversed and case remanded. Ellington, P. J., and Dillard, J.,

concur.

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