Court Opinion

ID: 5395
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 05:05:31+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:31:01.186851
License: Public Domain

~ORRECTED
                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U,S. COOlm De IeeEAJ!S
                        FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT                        FJ.lED
                                                                   IJAN 14 1993
                              No. 91-5697
                                                            lRlCHARD E lWINDHORST" JR~
                                                                               a:fBKI
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                  versus

WILLIAM MICHAEL CANNON,
                                               Defendant-Appellant.

             Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Western District of Texas

Before WILLIAMS, HIGGINBOTHAM, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:
      Police arrested William Michael Cannon during a search of his
ranch.   Cannon appeals his conviction on charges of possession of

ephedrine,    a proscribed precursor chemical, with the intent to

manufacture      methamphetamine;        conspiracy        to      manufacture

methamphetamine;    maintenance     of   a   place   for    the    purpose    of
manufacturing methamphetamine; and use of a firearm in relation to
a   drug trafficking offense.       After police gave Cannon Miranda
warnings, he requested the assistance of counsel.               We are asked to
pass on the admissibility of statements he gave in response to
later interrogation,     but cannot do so in light of inadequately
developed facts.     We vacate the conviction and remand for fact
findings.
                                                   I

       On the morning of February 19, 1990, state and federal agents

executed a search warrant on a ranch in Bandera County, Texas.                                     The

warrant authorized police to search the entire 140 acre property,
including        a    house        and    barn,    for        evidence       of    methamphetamine
manufacturing.           As officers approached the barn, they saw Cannon
running from it with his pants on fire.                                     They chased Cannon,
tackled him and extinguished the flames.                              When Cannon was tackled,
a loaded .38 caliber pistol flew from his waistband.
       Meanwhile,           police       entered the              house    on   the      property and
arrested Sandra Green.                    Both Cannon and Green were given Miranda
warnings.            Cannon then requested the assistance of counsel, and
Sergeant Land ceased questioning him.                              Cannon was placed under the
supervision of Deputy Johnson while other officers searched the

property.
        Inside the barn, police found burning residue which analysis
later    showed         to     include       methamphetamine.                     They    also    found
implements           usable    to produce methamphetamine.                          These    included
litmus papers, rubber gloves, a scale, and a variety of glassware.
Officers     also        found       a    partial           recipe,       apparently       for   making
methamphetamine from the precursor chemical ephedrine.                                      A shotgun
hung    on   a       wall     of    the    barn.            The    barn     smelled       strongly of
methamphetamine, and police found a small baggie of methamphetamine
powder in a matchbox.
        In a closet of the house, officers found a false circuit box,
which concealed canisters holding marijuana and methamphetamine

                                                       2

powder.    Police also seized a      small amount of methamphetamine

powder from a bedroom dresser drawer.        Later that day, officers

discovered a soda bottle under a rock on the property.        The liquid

in   the   bottle     contained   methamphetamine   in   a   13   percent

concentration.      This liquid solution could have been converted into

ingestible methamphetamine powder.
     Several hours after the search began, Deputy Johnson engaged

Cannon in the conversation which is the principal focus of this

appeal.    The facts regarding the progression of this conversation

are not clearly established.       All agree that Johnson first asked

Cannon about motorcycles located at the ranch.           Their talk then

turned to the manufacture of methamphetamine at the site.          Cannon
did not testify at trial, but contends on appeal that Johnson began
questioning him about       such criminal   activity.    The government

responds that Johnson's testimony shows that Cannon initiated the

discussion of incriminating matters.        Johnson testified that the

conversation turned to "the execution of the search warrant."          He

did not say who turned it to that subject,          and the record is
unclear:

      Q:   What did he initially say when you started talking
      about the search warrant, got off the subject of the
      motorcycles?
      A:   That a friend of his had gotten in trouble and told
      the law about Mr. Cannon to get his self out of trouble
      and that the friend had told Mr. Cannon that there was
      going to be a search warrant on his place . • . .
The use of "you" in the question is ambiguous.           If it meant the
singular it would indicate that Johnson initiated the discussion of
the warrant.

                                     3

      Once the search became their topic, Johnson questioned Cannon

about the manufacture and presence of drugs at the ranch.                     Cannon
gave incriminating answers, including an admission that ephedrine

was present.       Johnson told Land that Cannon wanted to talk to Land.

Land gave Cannon another Miranda warning,                and Cannon sought to

bargain for Green's release before providing information.                       Land

could not agree to a deal, but Cannon repeated to Land what he had

told Johnson.       The character of this conversation is disputed, with

the government saying Cannon volunteered information and Cannon

claiming to have responded to police questioning.                     In any event,

Cannon identified persons who had manufactured methamphetamine at

the   ranch,      and   admitted   to   receiving     some    of    the   product   as

payment.          He    also   admitted        to   helping    once       manufacture

methamphetamine.          Later that day, Cannon led officers to a tire in

whose     inner    tube    ephedrine    was    hidden.       Land   testified    that

officers might not have found these chemicals without Cannon's

assistance.

                                          II

        Cannon claims that his statements to Johnson and Land, and
evidence found as a result of them, should not have been admitted

at his trial.       He contends that such statements were obtained after

his invocation of the right to counsel in violation of Edwards v.
Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 101 S. Ct. 1880 (1981).                Before reaching the
merits,    we must        consider whether Cannon waived this               claim by
failing to raise it before trial as required by Fed. R. Crim. P.
12.

                                          4
                                         A

       Rule 12(b)(3) requires that motions to suppress evidence must

be raised before trial.         Rule 12 (f) provides for waiver of argument
for the suppression of evidence not made before trial.                 Cannon
objected to the use of evidence seized at the ranch at a pretrial

hearing.      Although the memorandum submitted with Cannon's motion to

suppress cited Edwards,          it did not allege nor did his counsel

develop at the suppression hearing that Cannon had asserted his
right to counsel.          No witness at the hearing mentioned that Cannon

requested to speak to counsel when first questioned.              No evidence
was sought to determine whether Johnson or Cannon initiated their

incriminating discussion.           Under these circumstances alone,        we

might conclude that Cannon has waived any Edwards claim.

       Rule 12(f), however, states that a court may grant relief from

a waiver for cause shown.         In this case, unusual circumstances lead

the government to agree that the equities weigh against waiver.

The government's response to Cannon's motion to suppress stated

that    "at    no   time    subsequent   to   the   Defendant   receiving   his

'Miranda' rights . . . did he request an attorney or the assistance

of counsel."        Al though Cannon's counsel might have discovered that

this assertion was incorrect,            the government concedes that its

statement may have unwittingly misled counsel.             Any confusion may
have been aggravated when Cannon received new counsel after the
hearing and before trial.         Under these particular circumstances, we
will not construe against Cannon his counsels' failure before trial
to seek suppression of his oral statements on the basis of Edwards.

                                         5

We note that the problems of this case demonstrate the importance

of Rule 12 and its mandate that suppression matters be litigated

before trial.
                                      B

      If Johnson began interrogating Cannon after Cannon invoked his

right to counsel, Johnson violated the prophylactic rule of Edwards

v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 101 S. Ct. 1880 (1981).                   Under Edwards,

once an accused invokes the right to counsel, he is not subject to
further interrogation until counsel is available to him.                        Id. at
484-85, 101 S. Ct. at 1885.        The exception to this rule holds that
the   accused     may    be     questioned       if   he     initiates       further

communications with police.          Id.     at 485,       101 S.    Ct.   at    1885.
Answers Cannon gave to questions after he invoked his right to

counsel would be inadmissible unless (1) Cannon initiated further

discussions with police and (2) Cannon knowingly and intelligently
waived his right to counsel.         Smith v. Illinois, 469 U.S. 91, 95,

105 S. Ct. 490, 493 (1984).

      Cannon    argues   that    neither     requisite       for    admitting      his
statements has been satisfied.        We agree that the first element has
not been established, and do not reach the second.                   The ambiguous

record does not demonstrate that Cannon initiated the discussion of
drugs with Johnson.       Once the topic turned to illegal conduct,
Johnson interrogated Cannon.        The government urges us to infer that

Cannon initiated the conversation.               See United States v. Reyes­
Ruiz, 868 F.2d 698, 701 (5th Cir. 1989)               (holding that facts not
expressly   found   by   trial    court     in   evidentiary        ruling   may    be

                                       6

                      .~

inferred   from    record    to   support   ruling),   overruled   on   other

grounds, 934 F.2d 1349 (5th Cir. 1991).         We do not find sufficient

evidence in the record to warrant such an inference.         The fact that

Cannon had a motive to begin cooperating--he apparently hoped to

benefit Green by doing so--does not alone lead to the conclusion

that Cannon initiated the discussion. l
     The government also argues that these facts do not present a

violation of Edwards, as that holding is construed in this circuit.

We disagree.      The government correctly notes that in Plazinich v.

Lynaugh, 843 F.2d 836 (5th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 488           u.s.   1031
(1989), we stated that Edwards must be applied in a manner which

recognizes that its principal concern was police badgering.             Id. at

838-39; see also United States v. Duggan, 936 F.2d 181, 183 (5th

Cir.), cert. denied, 112 S. Ct. 404 (1991).            In Plazinich--where
Edwards ultimately did not apply because the defendant initiated

further communication with police--the alleged police impropriety

occurred when an officer told the defendant that a codefendant had

attempted suicide.         843 F.2d at 839.     Rather than attempting to

interrogate the defendant,         police merely gave him information.

While Plazinich did not involve conduct which raises concerns about

police overreaching, this case does.          If Cannon's contentions are
true, he was questioned while in custody and after requesting a
lawyer.    The facts of Edwards demonstrate that the resumption of

questioning about crimes, after a request for counsel and before an

     lMoreover, the trial court made no ruling on the Edwards
issue, so we have no indication that the court reached such an
inference sub silentio.

                                       7
attorney has been made available, constitutes overreaching.                 451

u.s.   at 484-85, 101 S. Ct. at 1885.

       The government argues that even if Cannon's statements to

Johnson were inadmissible under Edwards, his later reiteration of

the statement to Land would be admissible.            If so, Land's testimony

would render the        admission of     Johnson's     essentially identical
evidence harmless error.       The government's position overlooks that
Cannon's    statements    to   Land   may     have   resulted   from   improper

questioning by Johnson.         If so,       the second statement would be

inadmissible under United States v. Webb, 755 F.2d 382 (5th Cir.

1985).     In Webb, a suspect invoked his right to counsel before FBI

agents took him to jail, where a jailer asked, "What kind of shit

did you get yourself into?"       The suspect responded by admitting to
his son's murder.       The jailer then asked the suspect if he would

like to talk to the agents who arrested him.               The suspect agreed

and the agents returned, gave him Miranda warnings, and obtained a
signed waiver of rights.       Id. at 386.      The resulting confession to
the FBI was held inadmissible as a violation of Edwards.                 Id. at
390.     Like the FBI agents in Webb,            Land knew that Cannon had
invoked his right to counsel.         Webb shows that even if Land assumed

that     Cannon   had    initiated     further       communication,    Cannon's
statements to him were inadmissible if he was contacted as the
result of an improper interrogation.            Id. at 389.

                                        8

                                               C

          The discovery of ephedrine at the ranch resulted from Cannon's
disclosure of its location inside a tire.                         Cannon argues that if

his statements to Johnson and Land were improperly obtained, the

ephedrine would be inadmissible under the derivative evidence or

II   frui t   of the poisonous tree       II   doctrine.          See United States v.

Namer, 835 F.2d 1084, 1087 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 486 u.S. 1006,

108 S.Ct. 1731, 100 L.Ed.2d 195 91988); Wong Sun v. United States,
371 U.S. 471, 83 S.Ct. 407, 9 L.Ed.2d 441 (1963).                          This doctrine
does not apply to the present case.                        Namer and Wong Sun involved

Fourth Amendment violations.             Cannon alleges that officers violated

the prophylactic rule of Edwards.                   We have held that the derivative
evidence doctrine is not triggered by an Edwards violation.                         United

States v.        Cherry,      794 F.2d 201,         208     (5th Cir.   1986);   see also

United        States   v.    Tedford,    875       F. 2d   446,   451   (5th Cir.    1989)

(holding that doctrine applies only when actual constitutional

violation occurs, and not violation of prophylactic rule); accord

United States v. Bengivenga, 845 F.2d 593, 601 (5th Cir. 1988) (en

banc).        The district court did not err in allowing the admission of

the       ephedrine,        regardless   of        the     admissibility    of   Cannon's

statements. 2

                                               D

          "Determining       who   initiated         the     conversation    after    [the
suspect]        invoked his right to counsel is essential to a                       Fifth

     2We need not rule on the government's contention that the
ephedrine was admissible due to the inevitable discovery doctrine.

                                               9

Amendment inquiry."      Bradford v. Whitley, 953 F.2d 1008, 1010 (5th

Cir.), cert. denied,      113 S. Ct.       91   (1992).      In this case, that

determination has not been made.           Due to its unique circumstances,

this case therefore must be remanded for fact findings necessary to

resolve the Edwards issue.       If the district court finds that Cannon

did not initiate further communication with police, his statements

must be ruled inadmissible.
     The   government     argues        that    the   admission       of   Cannon's
statements, if erroneous, constitutes harmless error. 3                We test for

harmless error by asking whether the trier of fact would have found

the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt with the contested

evidence excluded.      United States v. Gomez, 900 F.2d 43, 45 (5th

Cir. 1990); United States v. Roberts, 887 F.2d 534, 536 (5th Cir.

1989).   The indictment against Cannon includes charges that Cannon

possessed ephedrine with the intent to manufacture methamphetamine,

conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine, and maintenance of a

place for manufacturing methamphetamine.                  The physical evidence

demonstrates   the    presence     of    ephedrine     and    small    amounts   of
methamphetamine.     Some items which could have been used to "cook"

along with a partial methamphetamine recipe were discovered.                     On

the other hand, the most probative evidence of these charges was

Cannon's   statements.      Only    those       statements     established     that
methamphetamine had been manufactured at the ranch on more than one

     3A harmless error analysis may be performed to examine the
effect of an Edwards violation. See,~, United States v. Webb,
755 F.2d 382, 392 (5th Cir. 1985); United States v. Wolf, 879 F.2d
1320, 1323 (6th Cir. 1989); cf. Arizona v. Fulminante, 111 S.Ct.
1246, 113 L.Ed.2d 302 (1991).

                                         10

occasion.       Moreover,    those     statements   alone    demonstrated   the

involvement of persons other than Cannon and Green.             We are unable

to say that the admission of Cannon's statements, if improper, was

harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.

                                        III

      Finally, we must address a separate point of error regarding

the   weapons    charge     alone. 4      Cannon    argues   that   there   was

insufficient evidence to convict him of the weapons charge.                 The

jury's verdict will be upheld if evidence, with all inferences
reasonably drawn in favor of the government, could allow a rational
trier of fact to find each element of the crime beyond a reasonable

doubt.    United States v. Robles-pantoja, 887 F.2d 1250, 1257 (5th

Cir. 1989).     Moreover, because Cannon failed to reurge his motion
for acquittal at the close of all evidence, our review is limited

to determining whether there was a manifest miscarriage of justice,
meaning that the record is devoid of evidence pointing to guilt.

Id. at 1254; United States v. Ruiz, 860 F.2d 615, 617 (5th Cir.

1988) .

      Cannon asserts that having a .38 caliber pistol on his person

does not show use of the weapon to facilitate the crime.                    The

government must establish some relationship between the firearm and

the crime.      United States v. Wilson, 884 F.2d 174, 177 (5th Cir.
1989).    Cannon claims that no relationship was shown here, because
his incriminating statements revealed methamphetamine manufacturing

     4We must reach this point in the event that the district court
finds Cannon's statements to have been admissible.
                                        11

                                                       .........

by others but not by himself.          Conviction of this offense does not
require that the defendant use, handle, or brandish the firearm in
an aggressive manner.          United States v. Molinar-Apodaca, 889 F.2d
1417, 1424 (5th Cir. 1989).         A relationship to drug trafficking may
be shown when the weapon was available to provide protection to the
defendant in connection with his engagement in trafficking.               Id.
That relationship has been shown here, as Cannon was carrying the
loaded pistol on his person at the manufacturing site.              A similar
result was reached in United States v. Raborn, 872 F.2d 589 (5th
Cir. 1989), when the conviction of a defendant who had a pistol in
his   truck   as   he   left    a   laboratory site containing precursor
chemicals was upheld.          Id. at 595.   This claim lacks merit.
                                        IV
        We cannot say with certainty that the jury in this case would
have found Cannon guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of these charges
had his statements been excluded.            We vacate the conviction and
remand for a hearing to determine whether Cannon's statements may
be admitted under Edwards v. Arizona.          If the district court finds
either that Cannon did not initiate further communication or did
not waive his right to counsel as required by Edwards and Smith v.
Illinois,     then it shall grant defendant a new trial.               I f the
district court finds that Cannon initiated the communication and
waived his right to counsel the judgment of conviction will be
reinstated.     Cf. United States v. Gomez, 900 F.2d 43, 45 (5th Cir.
1990)    (reversing and remanding for determination of consent to
telephone interception).

                                        12
VACATED and REMANDED.

                        13