Court Opinion

ID: 4155736
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-27 15:01:00.456981+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:23:45.636526
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 17a0186n.06

                                       Case No. 16-5559

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                                               FILED
                                                                         Mar 27, 2017
RQSI GLOBAL ASSET ALLOCATION                       )                 DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
MASTER FUND, LTD,                                  )
                                                   )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                        )      ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                   )      STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
v.                                                 )      THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
                                                   )      KENTUCKY
APERCU INTERNATIONAL PR LLC and                    )
ALVIN WILKINSON,                                   )
                                                   )
       Defendants-Appellees.                       )

BEFORE: COLE, Chief Judge; BOGGS and SILER, Circuit Judges.

       SILER, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff RQSI Global Asset Allocation (“RQSI”) appeals the

dismissal of its diversity complaint alleging gross negligence, fraud, and breach of contract for

failure to state a claim under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). We REVERSE in part, AFFIRM in part,

and REMAND for further proceedings.

                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       RQSI is an investment fund that entered into a Trading Advisory Agreement (“TAA”)

with Defendant Aperçu International PR LLC (“Aperçu”) in January 2015. Defendant Alvin

Wilkinson is a principal and the controlling manager of Aperçu. The TAA limited any potential

liability of the Defendants to losses stemming from gross negligence or willful misconduct.

Upon signing the TAA, the parties began implementing the agreed-upon trading strategy, with
Case No. 16-5559, RQSI Global Asset Allocation v. Aperçu International PR LLC, et al.

RQSI initially conducting the trading activity and Aperçu serving in an advisory capacity. In

April 2015, Aperçu began managing assets directly and assumed control over investment

decisions.

       The parties’ strategy involved trading stock futures and options on margin. This meant

the portfolio contained a number of options spreads. Each spread involved buying a short-term

option and selling a long-term option for the same commodity or security or vice-versa (selling a

short-term option and buying a long-term option). The goal of the investment strategy was to

profit from the difference between the prices of the short- and long-term options making up each

spread. Trading on margin means an investor uses borrowed money from a custodian bank for a

portion of trading funds. Here, the TAA allocated responsibility for making such a custodial

arrangement to RQSI, and RQSI established a margin trading account with Société Générale

Americas Securities, LLC (“Société Générale”). To maintain a margin account, the equity

investment must always equal a preset percentage of total invested assets. This percentage is

contractually determined between the investor and the custodian bank. If some investment assets

decline in value, the custodian bank may demand that additional equity be placed in the account

to meet the contractual percentage requirement. This demand is a margin call.

       The initial margin limit in the TAA was $1,000,000 and Aperçu was to “make best

efforts to reduce risk and/or execute hedging trades in order to bring the margin below the

Margin Limit within 1 business day” should the $1 million threshold be exceeded. About one

month after the trading strategy was implemented, RQSI informed Wilkinson that additional risk

exposure should not be taken on, that the account would be closed at the end of the calendar

year, and that the margin amount was to be kept in the $600,000-$700,000 range that existed at

that time.

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       Volatility in options markets during late June and early July 2015 triggered a first margin

call by Société Générale which RQSI met. Margin first exceeded the $1 million TAA limit in

mid-July and RQSI sent notice of the breach to Aperçu. At that time Wilkinson allegedly told

RQSI that the increase was temporary and due to volatility in the mark-to-market valuation of

options and additional hedging necessary to preserve gains. On the last day of June, the number

of spreads contained in the portfolio was between 6,000 and 8,000, roughly the same number of

positions contained in the portfolio during April and May. The margin amount briefly dropped

below the $1 million threshold, but then rose back above it and continued to rise during the rest

of July and into August. During this period, RQSI alleges that Aperçu materially altered the

trading strategy to avoid hedging trades and instead doubled down on existing positions. By

August 24, the portfolio contained approximately 25,000 spreads.

       On August 10, the portfolio reached its highest cumulative profit level but was allegedly

much more exposed to a downward shock in equity markets. On August 24, the S&P 500

dropped 5% and the portfolio lost $10 million in value. By August 28, the portfolio had lost an

additional $4 million in value despite a market rebound. The possibility of yet further losses led

Société Générale to issue a second margin call, this time for $42.6 million. This amount was

based on the account’s 5-day 99.8% confidence Value-at-Risk (“VaR”), a statistical technique

measuring risk—a 99.8% VaR means that in 99.8% of 5-day observation periods the portfolio

could be expected to lose no more than that amount. Both 99.8% and 99% VaR levels showed

significant increases through July and experienced a major spike in mid-August. The TAA itself

did not incorporate any VaR requirements but instead only addressed initial margin requirement

(“IMR”), a measure based solely on the total amount of invested funds without incorporating any

projections.   At the time of the second margin call, IMR was almost $4 million.              The

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$42.6 million margin call resulted from RQSI’s agreement with Société Générale requiring RQSI

to post the greater of the VaR or the IMR to maintain the margin trading account. When the

second margin call was made, RQSI terminated Aperçu’s power of attorney, borrowed money in

order to meet the margin call, and began the process of liquidating the portfolio. This lawsuit

then followed.

       RQSI alleges it was harmed by gross negligence, fraudulent representations, fraudulent

omissions, and breaches of contract.      The case reaches us after the district court granted

Defendants’ motion to dismiss all claims under Rule 12(b)(6). Specifically, the district court

held that the amended complaint did not allege the requisite malice needed to meet the standard

for gross negligence so there could be no liability under the terms of the TAA. The district court

separately ruled that any liability for “margin-related payments required to maintain the margin

account” was also waived in the TAA.

                                  STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review a district court’s dismissal of a complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) de

novo. Agema v. City of Allegan, 826 F.3d 326, 331 (6th Cir. 2016). When reviewing a motion to

dismiss, we must accept the plaintiff’s factual allegations as true and construe the complaint in

the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Dubay v. Wells, 506 F.3d 422, 427 (6th Cir. 2007).

To overcome a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff must do more than make conclusory allegations that

the defendant violated the law. 16630 Southfield Ltd. P’ship v. Flagstar Bank, F.S.B., 727 F.3d
502, 504 (6th Cir. 2013). At the motion to dismiss stage, a plaintiff must allege enough facts in

the complaint that the claims for relief are plausible. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,

570 (2007). When a plaintiff asserts a claim for fraud, the plaintiff must plead with particularity

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the circumstances constituting the fraud but may plead malice or intent generally. Fed. R. Civ.

P. 9(b).

                                            DISCUSSION

    I.        Gross Negligence

           Under Kentucky law, a gross negligence claim requires that the defendant acted with

“malice or willfulness or such an utter and wanton disregard of the rights of others as from which

it may be assumed that the act was malicious or willful.” Phelps v. Louisville Water Co., 103
S.W.3d 46, 51-52 (Ky. 2003) (citation omitted). Liability for a gross negligence claim must be

predicated on an extra-contractual duty. See Mims v. W.-S. Agency, Inc., 226 S.W.3d 833, 836

(Ky. Ct. App. 2007).

           As the district court properly analyzed, whether an investment advisor has a fiduciary

duty depends on the nature of the customer’s account and the amount of control exercised by the

advisor. See J.C. Bradford Futures, Inc. v. Dahlonega Mint, Inc., 907 F.2d 150 (6th Cir. 1990)

(unpublished table decision). Here, a fiduciary relationship was created when Aperçu assumed

discretionary control over investing and RQSI approval was no longer required for Aperçu to

trade. This imposed on Aperçu “an affirmative duty of ‘utmost good faith, and full and faithful

disclosure of all material facts,’ as well as an affirmative obligation ‘to employ reasonable care

to avoid misleading’ [RQSI].” SEC v. Blavin, 760 F.2d 706, 711-12 (6th Cir. 1985) (quoting

SEC v. Capital Gains Research Bureau, Inc., 375 U.S. 180, 194 (1963)).

           The district court dismissed the gross negligence claim based on a finding of insufficient

allegations of malice or willfulness given the parties’ fee arrangement. The TAA provided for

no management fees, and Aperçu would receive 20% of any gains while receiving and risking

nothing in the event of losses. Since Aperçu stood to gain financially only if the investment

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strategy succeeded and RQSI also profited, the district court determined that Aperçu’s actions

could not support a finding of malice. The analysis of the existence of malice cannot end with

discussing only the parties’ fee arrangement, however, since RQSI generally averred malice

three times in its amended complaint.

       Malice relates to intent and people can have motivations other than money. To support

its general allegations of malice, RQSI avers facts suggesting Defendants acted out of

vindictiveness. According to the amended complaint, the following occurred: RQSI informed

Wilkinson that it wished to terminate the account by year’s end; Wilkinson ignored RQSI’s

instructions to lower the margin amount and instead increased the amount invested and the

number of spreads in the portfolio; and Wilkinson provided false and misleading justifications

for the rise in margin requirements resulting from his actions. There were spikes in margin

requirements, the amount of trading that was occurring, the vega exposure ( vega is a measure of

the sensitivity of an option’s value based on the volatility of the underlying asset), and VaR at

times corresponding to the allegations. If these changes were in direct response to and in

contravention of RQSI instructions and Defendants knew or did not care that the probable result

was significant capital losses, then a finding of implied malice is plausible. The fact that

Defendants stood to gain financially only by realizing trading profits does not preclude a finding

of implied malice given the asymmetric risk allocation between the parties. Since Aperçu bore

no risk of loss, Defendants had little to lose financially by acting contrary to RQSI’s instructions

and could have retaliated against RQSI’s intention to close the account by guaranteeing losses.

Given this possibility, the district court should not have dismissed the gross negligence claim.

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   II.      Fraudulent Misrepresentation

         When a plaintiff brings a fraud claim, Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) mandates that the plaintiff

“state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake.            Malice, intent,

knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.” If a relevant

claim fails to meet the requirements of Rule 9(b), then it must be dismissed. Republic Bank

& Trust Co. v. Bear Stearns & Co., 683 F.3d 239, 253 (6th Cir. 2012). Under Kentucky law, a

fraudulent misrepresentation claim must establish by clear and convincing evidence:

         (1) that the declarant made a material representation to the plaintiff, (2) that this
         representation was false, (3) that the declarant knew the representation was false or made
         it recklessly, (4) that the declarant induced the plaintiff to act upon the misrepresentation,
         (5) that the plaintiff relied upon the misrepresentation, and (6) that the misrepresentation
         caused injury to the plaintiff.

Flegles, Inc. v. TruServ Corp., 289 S.W.3d 544, 549 (Ky. 2009). Mere statements of opinion and

forward-looking recommendations are not actionable, even if misguided or overly optimistic,

unless the opinion “either incorporates falsified past or present facts or is so contrary to the true

current state of affairs that the purported prediction is an obvious sham.”             Id.   While a

sophisticated party cannot benefit from the obvious-sham exception, it can benefit from the

falsified-fact exception. See Republic Bank & Trust Co., 683 F.3d at 250. The falsified-fact

exception is key in analyzing these claims. There is little Kentucky case law demarcating this

exception, but the Kentucky Supreme Court has endorsed an approach requiring objectively false

data for the exception to apply. See Flegles, 289 S.W.3d at 550. RQSI alleges three statements

made by Wilkinson to have been fraudulent, and the district court considered and rejected each.

            a. Statement of No Increased Risk

         The first alleged fraudulent misrepresentation is based on Wilkinson’s statements to the

effect that the rise in the margin requirement beyond the agreed-upon limit and the higher-than-

expected volatility of the portfolio throughout July and August 2015 did not reflect an increase in
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Case No. 16-5559, RQSI Global Asset Allocation v. Aperçu International PR LLC, et al.

risk but was merely a temporary issue caused by volatility in the mark-to-market valuation of options

and additional hedging needs necessary to preserve gains. RQSI alleges that the rise in the margin

requirement and higher market volatility did in fact correspond with higher risk and that the risk

had increased to such an extent after the first margin call that saying there was only an apparent

increase in risk related to volatility was fraud. The district court found the statements to be

subjective opinions unconnected to any concrete factual statement and dismissed the claim.

       RQSI claims that statements about the structure of the market and the nature of the risk

can be actionable misrepresentations. See First Nat’l Monetary Corp. v. Weinberger, 819 F.2d
1334, 1340 (6th Cir. 1987). Weinberger involved an unsophisticated plaintiff and a defendant

who stated that he had never lost money and that the maximum the plaintiff could lose would be

$25,000 out of his $70,000 investment. Id. at 1337-38. The increased risk statement in this case

is not nearly as specific, RQSI is a sophisticated entity, and RQSI knew the investment strategy

was risky as set forth in § 7(f) of the TAA.

       Whether these statements are actionable depends largely on whether risk can be

sufficiently quantified to make it factual and not an opinion about relative risk. The district court

was convinced that risk (here defined as probability of loss) could not be objectively measured

and dismissed the claim. Even granting RQSI all reasonable inferences, the district court was

correct as these statements do not contain a sufficiently definite factual assertion. They read

most naturally as an opinion about relative risk, something which both parties knew was already

high. Even accepting one of the measures used by RQSI to assess risk as probability of loss (i.e.,

VaR), there is no suggestion as to when the magnitude of risk changed sufficiently to make the

statements misrepresentations. The claim was properly dismissed.

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           b. Internal Reports of an “Embedded Tail Hedge”

       The second fraudulent misrepresentation claim in the amended complaint was predicated

upon the statement by Wilkinson that internal Aperçu risk reports supported the claim that the

investment strategy contained an “embedded tail hedge” such that it would be profitable in a

large market downturn. RQSI alleges that Aperçu’s investment strategy did not contain an

“embedded tail hedge” and thus the statement was materially false as to the structure of the

investment strategy. In support of this allegation, RQSI stated that risk reports conducted by

outside analysts concluded that Aperçu’s reports must have been false and on this basis RQSI

seeks the application of Kentucky’s falsified-fact exception. Whether the portfolio contained

positions constituting a tail hedge is sufficiently definite and ascertainable in a way that the other

alleged misrepresentations are not, even if a tail hedge would not incorporate the same positions

in every portfolio.

       The difficulty in assessing this claim is the nature of the statement: it was not a

representation concerning the makeup of the portfolio directly but instead relayed the contents of

internal Aperçu reports. There is no allegation that the reports themselves were misrepresented,

and on this ground the district court ruled the statement not actionable as merely being the

relaying of what turned out to be unsound reports. This analysis is incomplete under the

falsified-fact exception.    It is not, as Defendants assert, a requirement that Wilkinson

misrepresented the reports for this statement to be actionable. If that were the case, it could

incentivize the creation of erroneous nonpublic reports for the purpose of avoiding potential

liability for fraudulent representations therein by phrasing statements as simply relaying the

contents of those reports. The falsified-fact exception was created to prevent exactly those types

of activities. Taking as true the allegation that risk reports by outside experts show that Aperçu’s

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Case No. 16-5559, RQSI Global Asset Allocation v. Aperçu International PR LLC, et al.

internal risk reports could not possibly have been factually accurate, the analysis hinges on the

plausibility of Wilkinson’s knowing the reports to be false yet relaying their contents anyway to

assuage RQSI’s worries about a potential large downturn in equity markets. RQSI makes the

allegation that this was the case, and we must accept that allegation as true for the purposes of

considering the motion to dismiss. RQSI also alleges that had it known the portfolio did not

contain a tail hedge, it would have terminated the trading agreement and avoided the losses

occurring after the statement was made, meeting the other elements necessary to plead a claim

for a fraudulent misrepresentation. This claim should not have been dismissed.

             c. Statement that “Ample Liquidity Existed”

       The third alleged fraudulent misrepresentation was a recurring statement that ample

liquidity existed in the long-volume portion of the portfolio such that the portfolio could be

wound down efficiently within a few weeks. The allegation is that the options in the portfolio

were illiquid to the point of achieving only paper gains which could never be realized. There is

some disagreement as to the meaning of liquid, and the district court based its dismissal of this

claim largely on what it saw as a lack of a clear definition. There is no allegation that these

statements were based on any particular technical measurement of liquidity, and no technical

measure is offered in the amended complaint. There is also no attempt in the complaint to define

what “efficiently” should mean in relation to winding down the portfolio. The allegation is that

instead of there being “ample” liquidity, the options were in fact “extremely” illiquid. The

emphasis RQSI places on these modifiers dooms this claim as they are only matters of degree

and not objective facts that would qualify as representations. The claim was therefore properly

dismissed.

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Case No. 16-5559, RQSI Global Asset Allocation v. Aperçu International PR LLC, et al.

   III.      Fraudulent Omission

          To bring a claim for fraudulent omission under Kentucky law, a plaintiff must show that

“(1) the defendant had a duty to disclose the material fact at issue; (2) the defendant failed to

disclose the fact; (3) the defendant’s failure to disclose the material fact induced the plaintiff to

act; and (4) the plaintiff suffered actual damages as a consequence.” Giddings & Lewis, Inc. v.

Indus. Risk Insurers, 348 S.W.3d 729, 747 (Ky. 2011). The alleged omissions must pertain to

material facts, Mitchell v. General Motors LLC, No. 3:13-cv-498, 2014 WL 1319519, at *12

(W.D. Ky. Mar. 31, 2014), and the plaintiff must comport with the heightened pleading standards

imposed by Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). To comport with Rule 9(b) for a fraudulent omission claim, a

plaintiff must plead: “(1) precisely what was omitted; (2) who should have made a

representation; (3) the content of the alleged omission and the manner in which the omission was

misleading; and (4) what [the fraudfeasor(s)] obtained as a consequence of the alleged fraud.”

Republic Bank & Trust Co., 683 F.3d at 256.

          The district court determined that Aperçu had a duty to disclose based on the existence of

a fiduciary relationship. This is not disputed on appeal. The issue is whether the alleged

omissions pertained to material facts. The district court correctly determined that none of the

allegations involves a fact and did not err when it did not reach the separate question of

materiality.

          The first alleged fraudulent omission concerned the risk profile of the portfolio.

Specifically, RQSI alleges that during July and August Wilkinson was aggressively increasing

the amount of risk contained in the portfolio. The district court properly dismissed the claim

based on its determination that risk (defined here again as the probability of loss) cannot be

sufficiently quantified to constitute a fact. This was always a risky investment strategy, as set

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forth in TAA § 7(f), and RQSI offers no way to clearly demarcate the level of risk at which the

portfolio fundamentally changed so as to be a fact that could have been omitted. RQSI seeks to

avoid the fact/opinion hurdle here by equating risk and margin. If risk here means margin, then

this claim is duplicative of a breach of contract claim, and if risk does not mean margin, then the

alleged omission did not concern an objective fact. Even were we to accept RQSI’s framework,

we would still dismiss this claim.

       The second alleged fraudulent omission was that Wilkinson failed to disclose that he was

amassing excessively large positions in several of his largest holdings as a percentage of open

interest and thereby further increasing the chances that RQSI would face tremendous losses.

This claim presents a closer question than the first because RQSI avers that a single position

constituted 90% of the total market holdings of the portfolio. As a fiduciary, Wilkinson was

under an affirmative duty of good faith and full disclosure. If RQSI was giving instructions to

wind down the portfolio, then Wilkinson’s failure to disclose the fact that Aperçu was doubling

down on existing investments may have been a breach of fiduciary duty.

       As the district court properly held, however, this alleged omission is also insufficiently

concrete to be actionable. There is no proposed objective measure against which a factfinder

could determine whether a position was excessively large. Chart 10 attached to the amended

complaint goes some way toward quantifying this alleged omission by illustrating the relative

allocation of various positions in the portfolio but does not remedy the lack of an objective

measure or baseline. It indicates that certain positions in the portfolio were weighed much more

heavily than others. This alone is insufficient to trigger any duty to notify. If the large positions

were entered into after RQSI’s express instructions to wind down the portfolio as alleged, that

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does not raise a claim for fraud by omission but instead a claim for gross negligence as alleged

elsewhere in the amended complaint.

         The third alleged fraudulent omission was that Wilkinson manipulated the market for

certain options to maintain short-term paper profits without informing RQSI that these profits

could never be realized.     The district court correctly dismissed this claim as being overly

conclusory. Absent an iron-clad guarantee that the options must be sold without realizing the

alleged paper profits, of which there is no allegation in the amended complaint, this claim does

not rise to the level of being a fact that could have been fraudulently omitted. This claim is

supported only by assertions of illiquidity and relative weighting that are individually and in

concert insufficient to state a claim for fraudulent omission.

   IV.      Breach of Contract

         To establish a breach of contract claim under Kentucky law, a plaintiff must show “the

contract, the breach and the facts which show the loss or damage by reason of the breach.”

Shane v. Bunzl Distribution USA, Inc., 200 F. App’x 397, 402 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Fannin v.

Commercial Credit Corp., 249 S.W.2d 826, 827 (Ky. 1952)). The TAA is the governing

contract, and in § 8 it expressly limits Aperçu’s liability to losses caused by gross negligence or

willful misconduct. The district court, relying on its earlier analysis dismissing the stand-alone

gross negligence claim, determined that gross negligence and willful misconduct were alleged in

only conclusory terms for the breach of contract claims and dismissed them. Since the duties

upon which the claims are based are different, it was improper to dismiss the breach of contract

claims solely on this basis even if we agreed with the district court as to the gross negligence

claim. The amended complaint is sufficient to state a claim for breach of contract even taking

into account the contractual limitation on Defendants’ potential liability.

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       a. Margin Requirement Limit

       The first alleged breach is of the IMR limit incorporated into the TAA lasting from July

10 through the cancellation of Aperçu’s power of attorney despite repeated requests by RQSI

that Aperçu achieve compliance. After crossing the $1 million TAA limit on July 10, the IMR

briefly decreased to below the TAA limit, but then began increasing again and continued to rise

during the remainder of the time the agreement was operative. By August 25, the IMR was

nearly $4 million while the TAA limit remained $1 million. Aperçu suggested in its briefing and

at oral argument that the $1 million limit was not intended as a hard cap and that RQSI’s sole

remedy for a breach of this provision was immediate termination of the agreement, but the

contractual language belies these assertions. The specific provision of the TAA setting forth the

margin requirement limit contains only passive language regarding RQSI’s potential remedy:

“[f]ailure by [Aperçu] to maintain margin below the Margin Limit may result in the allocation

being temporarily suspended or permanently terminated by [RQSI].”          RQSI could already

terminate the agreement at will, so this was not even an additional remedy, much less an

exclusive one. And while the TAA contemplated increasing the IMR, there was no requirement

that this occur and the agreement is clear that RQSI maintained control over setting the IMR

amount. Aperçu also contends that any breach of this provision was waived by RQSI, but the

relatively short time period involved in this case and viewed in the light most favorably to the

complaint, RQSI’s claim that it repeatedly instructed Aperçu to comply with the $1 million limit

mean that RQSI did not waive any right to enforce the IMR limit.

       Since the IMR was nearly $4 million when the agreement was terminated, a breach of the

TAA clearly occurred. The more difficult inquiry is whether this breach plausibly rose to the

level of gross negligence or willful misconduct. If, as alleged in the amended complaint, Aperçu

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knowingly engaged in trades to continue to increase the IMR in direct contravention of the

TAA’s provisions and specific repeated instructions from RQSI, whether in retribution for

RQSI’s decision to close the account at year’s end or for some other reason, then this plausibly

rises to the level of gross negligence or willful misconduct required to sustain liability under the

TAA. Therefore, the district court should not have dismissed this claim.

       b. Investment Objectives

       The second alleged breach of contract is of a provision requiring Defendants to perform

“in a manner which, in the reasonable judgment of [Aperçu] is designed to achieve the

investment objectives of [RQSI], and which is consistent with the trading program, policies and

strategies identified in writing to [RQSI].” This provision imposes two requirements: that

Aperçu’s actions be reasonably designed to achieve RQSI’s objectives; and that those actions

comply with the written materials provided to RQSI by Aperçu. The specific allegation is that

Defendants failed to comply with RQSI’s instructions and so failed to fulfill the first requirement

imposed by this provision.

       For this claim to survive the motion to dismiss, there must be sufficient allegations that

Defendants were either not attempting to achieve the investment objectives of RQSI or not

exercising reasonable judgment in doing so. Since RQSI’s instructions must be taken into

consideration under this provision, allegations that Defendants ignored or actively undermined

RQSI goals must be taken as true. If the alleged course of action involving direct contravention

of RQSI’s explicit instructions not to increase the size of the portfolio occurred, then Aperçu did

not exercise its reasonable judgment to achieve RQSI’s goals. It is not enough to dismiss the

claim that Aperçu would not profit financially from such a course of action, as actors can have

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multiple motivations and the amended complaint creates the inference that spite might have been

the primary driver of Defendants’ actions. This claim should not have been dismissed.

       c. Notification of a Change in Strategy

       The third alleged breach of contract is of a provision requiring Aperçu to “promptly

notify [RQSI] . . . of any material changes in the trading approaches or strategies to be utilized in

connection with its management of the Assets.” This obligation is unconditional and RQSI’s

knowledge of any alteration in trading approach is immaterial in analyzing whether a breach

occurred. At this stage, we must accept as true RQSI’s allegations both that there were material

changes in the trading approach and that Aperçu did not notify RQSI when the changes occurred.

These two allegations, taken together, are sufficient to constitute a breach of the TAA, but that

does not end the inquiry.

       Defendants argue that, even accepting these allegations as true, failure to meet a

notification requirement cannot be gross negligence or willful misconduct. Considered in the

light most favorable to RQSI, the failure to notify was part of a concerted effort on the part of the

Defendants to conceal the nature of their trading activities. Defendants counter by claiming that

RQSI had full access to the information at issue so that gross negligence did not occur. Whether

RQSI had access to the information is not dispositive, however, since the contractual obligation

made no reference to RQSI’s being able to obtain information regarding potential changes to the

investment strategies deployed through some other means and there was no obligation placed on

RQSI to do so. If RQSI can prove at trial that Aperçu’s failure to notify RQSI as required by the

TAA was part of a scheme to conceal improper activities, then RQSI can prevail on this claim.

This claim should therefore not have been dismissed.

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       d. Compliance with Applicable Laws

       The briefing also addresses a newly-alleged breach based on information that came into

existence while this appeal was pending. On June 28, 2016, the Commodity Futures Trading

Commission (“CFTC”) filed suit against Defendant Wilkinson for fraudulent trading activities.

That complaint alleged that Wilkinson willfully or recklessly made misrepresentations

concerning the likelihood of profit and risk in commodity pools and that when investors notified

Wilkinson of their intent to withdraw from the commodity pools, he engaged in delays and lied

saying he was unable to disburse funds. The CFTC complaint is relevant to this case because in

§ 6(f) of the TAA Aperçu warranted that “[i]t and each of its principals [including Wilkinson]

and employees is, and throughout the term of this Agreement will remain, in compliance, in

every material respect, with any and all applicable laws and regulations, including applicable

provisions of the Commodity Exchange Act . . . [and] regulations of the CFTC promulgated

thereunder . . . .” RQSI moved for us to take judicial notice of those judicial proceedings under

Fed. R. Evid. 201, and we grant the motion because the judicial filings in those proceedings are

from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned. In the CFTC proceedings, a

judgment has been entered that Wilkinson violated the Commodity Exchange Act, and the

district court imposed a permanent injunction against Wilkinson’s engaging in commodities

trading. CFTC v. Wilkinson, No. 1:16-cv-06734 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 22, 2016).

       RQSI asserts that it should be granted leave to amend its complaint to assert this new

breach of contract claim on remand. The case cited by Defendants does not squarely address the

issue, as it involved new factual allegations that existed at the time the complaint was filed and

were inconsistent with the original complaint. See Garcia v. City of Oakwood, No. 95-4012,

1996 WL 593602, at *4 (6th Cir. Oct. 15, 1996) (per curiam). The present situation does not

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Case No. 16-5559, RQSI Global Asset Allocation v. Aperçu International PR LLC, et al.

mirror Garcia, as the CFTC complaint was not filed until the district court proceedings ended.

This scenario also does not square entirely with the Bridgestone case briefed by RQSI either

since that case involved forum non conveniens and what turned out to be a false assumption as to

the availability of an alternate forum. See In re Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 420 F.3d 702, 705-

06 (7th Cir. 2005). The Gomez case cited by RQSI is most apropos, as it addressed new

information brought to light after the case left the district court. See Gomez v. Wilson, 477 F.2d
411, 416 (D.C. Cir. 1973). There, the District of Columbia Circuit thought the new information

was sufficient to allow the plaintiff to supplement his claims on remand as a potential predicate

for additional relief in light of the new information. Id. Here, new information has come into

existence suggesting Defendant Wilkinson was in breach of a separate provision of the TAA

after the conclusion of proceedings before the district court.

        The parties further dispute whether any breaches were material and whether the

contractual language applied only to Defendants’ interactions with RQSI or extended to include

all trading conducted by Defendants. We need not adjudicate these disputes for the first time on

appeal. Whether this claim should be allowed should first be considered by the district court as a

motion to amend the complaint under Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2) which provides that district courts

should freely grant leave to amend when justice so requires.

   V.      Damages

        In its amended complaint, RQSI alleges a range of damages, including but not limited to:

        loss of invested funds, adverse impact on profit and loss resulting from the breach
        of the agreed upon margin and VaR constraints, losses resulting from the VaR
        margin call, potential future losses from continued exposure during the process of
        liquidating the Fund’s portfolio, additional trading costs incurred in an attempt to
        mitigate damages, effects of any market impact that Aperçu and Wilkinson’s
        improper trades may have had on pricing, opportunity costs from redeployed
        capital from or to other investments, lost time and resources related to managing

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Case No. 16-5559, RQSI Global Asset Allocation v. Aperçu International PR LLC, et al.

       and liquidating the portfolio after revoking Aperçu’s Power of Attorney, and
       foregone management fees.

       Under the terms of the TAA, RQSI can only recover damages that result from the gross

negligence or willful misconduct of the Defendants. In Kentucky, gross negligence is the

“absence of slight care” and willful or wanton negligence is “the entire absence of care for the

life, person or property of others” and includes “an element of conscious disregard of the rights

or safety of others, which deserves extra punishment in tort.” Cumberland Valley Contractors,

Inc. v. Bell Cty. Coal Corp., 238 S.W.3d 644, 654 n.33 (Ky. 2007) (quoting Donegan v. Beech

Bend Raceway Park, Inc., 984 F.2d 205, 207 (6th Cir. 1990)).

       The district court made a series of rulings on the availability of damages but did not

clarify how such damages related to the categories listed in the amended complaint. It ruled

simply that RQSI waived losses related to the maintenance of the margin account under § 2 of

the TAA. RQSI appeals this ruling, and the parties also dispute its scope—whether it covers

losses resulting from the VaR margin call or also losses from the breach of the agreed-upon

margin and VaR constraints, potential future losses and additional trading costs in liquidating the

portfolio to meet the margin call, and lost time and resources spent liquidating the portfolio. The

district court expressly declined to rule on whether the categories of damages alleged related to

the margin call. The district court also dismissed the damages claim for the “effects of any

market impact that Aperçu and Wilkinson’s improper trades may have had on pricing,” calling

these damages too speculative to be recoverable.

       Under Kentucky contract law, sophisticated parties with similar bargaining power may

include exculpatory provisions that preclude certain claims or damages. See Cumberland Valley

Contractors, 238 S.W.3d at 649-51. When interpreting contractual provisions, more specific

provisions govern over general provisions. See, e.g., Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 203(c)

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Case No. 16-5559, RQSI Global Asset Allocation v. Aperçu International PR LLC, et al.

(1979) (“specific terms and exact terms are given greater weight than general language”). Courts

are obligated to read contractual clauses as parts of an integrated whole and embrace an

interpretation that results in harmony between provisions when possible.                 See Nature

Conservancy, Inc. v. Sims, 680 F.3d 672, 676 (6th Cir. 2012). An interpretation that gives a

reasonable, lawful, and effective meaning to all contractual terms is preferred over a reading that

would nullify a provision. See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 203(a) (1979).

       The TAA includes two provisions that address the availability of damages related to the

margin account. The first is an exculpatory provision found in § 2, entitled “Maintenance of the

Assets,” and reads:

       [Aperçu] shall have no liability to [RQSI] for any loss, damage, cost or expense
       arising out of or related to the use of any such . . . bank as a custodian of the
       Assets, or for the payment of any fees or margin related to such trading or custody
       arrangements, all of which shall be the responsibility of [RQSI].

The other relevant provision is found in § 8, entitled “Liability of the ADVISOR.” It says that

“[a]ll transactions in options and futures . . . shall be for the account and risk of [RQSI]” and:

       Neither [Aperçu] nor any of its officers, employees, affiliates or agents shall be
       liable to [RQSI] for any losses sustained in connection with [transactions in
       options and futures], or for any errors, acts or omissions committed by the
       [futures commission merchants], the Dealers, or other third parties, unless caused
       by the gross negligence or willful misconduct of [Aperçu], its officers, employees,
       affiliates, or agents.

       The parties dispute which provision takes precedence, with the briefing focused on the

general/specific distinction. RQSI posits that § 8 contains a specific carve-out from the general

exculpatory language of § 2, while Aperçu asserts that § 2 is more specific since it enumerates

categories of damages. The district court found the language in § 2 to be the more specific

provision and so held that it governed over the language in § 8. It reasoned that since § 2 deals

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Case No. 16-5559, RQSI Global Asset Allocation v. Aperçu International PR LLC, et al.

with maintenance of the assets and specifically references using a bank as a custodian for the

account, it is controlling.

        The district court correctly held that § 2 is the more specific provision. Looking at the

titles of the two relevant provisions, § 2 is specifically about maintaining the assets and § 8 is

about liability generally. Section 2 allocates to RQSI the responsibility for making the custodial

arrangements with a bank. It makes clear that Aperçu would not be involved in any such

arrangements except that RQSI was required to ensure the third parties would accept Aperçu’s

trading instructions. Section 8 keys in on transactions in options and futures; it is not focused on

the contractual relationships needed to support those trading activities. The net effect of these

provisions is to largely remove the relationship between RQSI and Société Générale from the

scope of the TAA.

        The parties dispute whether reading § 2 to preclude damages related to or arising from

the margin account would render part of § 8 meaningless or whether reading § 8 to govern

renders the waiver in § 2 meaningless. The focus of this dispute is on the provision in § 8 that

allows the recovery of damages caused by “any errors, acts or omissions committed by the

FCMs, the Dealers or other third parties.” This is a separate clause from the one providing for

liability based on the actions of Aperçu itself. RQSI presses the argument that this clause is a

carve-out from the waiver in § 2. The district court, in interpreting § 2 as controlling, held that

this reading did not render any part of § 8 meaningless since that language still covered trading

losses and held this was the only way to give meaning to both sections. Aperçu adds in its

briefing an argument that if it is liable for any damages upon a showing of gross negligence or

willful misconduct, this would nullify the waiver contained in § 2. RQSI’s counter is that the

language in § 2 waived recovery for payments to banks other than those resulting from gross

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Case No. 16-5559, RQSI Global Asset Allocation v. Aperçu International PR LLC, et al.

negligence or willful misconduct. We find that neither proposed interpretation would render the

other section entirely meaningless. Should § 2 control, then the language in § 8 still applies to

actions taken by those third parties in relation to trading activities. If we were instead to hold

that § 8 controls, then the language in § 2 would still preclude recovery of ordinary fees

unrelated to the actions of the Defendants. As a result, this line of argument does not alter the

conclusion that § 2 governs based on its relative specificity.

       The next step is determining which alleged damages are precluded by the TAA waiver.

Kentucky law dictates that any exculpatory clause should be narrowly construed and that the

wording of a release from liability must be unmistakable and clear so that a knowledgeable party

would know what he is contracting away. See Cumberland Valley Contractors, 238 S.W.3d at

649. The district court did not rule on the scope of the waiver, holding the following:

       Neither party provides sufficient argument as to why or why not certain alleged
       damages derive from the relevant margin call. Instead, both offer terse and
       conclusory statements about whether these damages are derivative. This is
       insufficient for the Court to dismiss the claims.

       The parties attempt in some detail to specify categories of damages that may be precluded

by the TAA waiver. RQSI seeks to limit the waiver’s application to losses resulting specifically

“from the VaR margin call” while Aperçu contends that the waiver should also preclude liability

for damages categorized as losses resulting “from breach of the agreed upon margin and VaR

constraints” as it claims those losses also arise out of RQSI’s use of Société Générale as a

custodian bank.

       Kentucky’s requirement that a damages waiver be unmistakable guides our analysis.

Cumberland Valley Contractors illustrates just how clear a waiver must be to preclude damages.

There, the waiver expressly covered destruction due to floods (the case arose when a coal mine

flooded and became unusable). See 238 S.W.3d at 649. The release in § 2 does not explicitly

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Case No. 16-5559, RQSI Global Asset Allocation v. Aperçu International PR LLC, et al.

address losses resulting from a breach of the margin limit incorporated into the TAA, but only

precludes the recovery of losses resulting from RQSI’s separate contract with Société Générale.

Should liability be proven, the district court should assess the amount of damages precluded by

the TAA waiver (e.g., damages from the VaR margin call) and which damages are recoverable

because they stem from another cause. Should the district court find that a particular amount of

damages was a result of both the VaR margin call issued by Société Générale and some other

cause, then Kentucky’s requirement that a damages waiver be clear means that those damages

ought to be recoverable.

       All the other categories of damages alleged in the amended complaint are recoverable.

As for the claim of damages as a result of loss of invested funds, the district court properly

determined that such damages were not waived by any provision in the TAA. While it is true

that RQSI assumed the risk that losses could exceed the amount initially invested, knew that

there were no assurances that profits would be made or losses avoided, and knew that all

transactions were for its account and at its risk, the language in § 8 providing for liability in the

event of gross negligence or willful misconduct clearly applies to trading losses. Section 8 of the

TAA makes clear that RQSI did not assume the risk of gross negligence or willful misconduct

when Aperçu traded on its behalf, so to the extent such actions can be proven and damages

traced to them, those damages are recoverable. As for the damages claims related to opportunity

costs from redeployed capital, lost time and resources related to liquidating the portfolio, and

foregone management fees, the district court properly concluded that these are recoverable. If

gross negligence or willful misconduct forced RQSI to take over active control of the portfolio in

order to liquidate it and minimize losses resulting from Defendants’ trading activities, then the

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Case No. 16-5559, RQSI Global Asset Allocation v. Aperçu International PR LLC, et al.

time and resources spent doing so could not have been spent conducting other business activities

and RQSI should be compensated for this.

       The district court was premature in ruling that damages for the effects of any market

impact that Aperçu and Wilkinson’s improper trades may have had on pricing are too speculative

to be recoverable. RQSI cites cases involving other trading improprieties—an antitrust violation

where the entire market’s prices were manipulated and a securities fraud where damages were

measured as the difference between the price of stock as traded and its value if all information

had been available—that do not squarely address the options trading involved here. Defendants

point to a lack of alleged facts of market manipulation or market effects in the amended

complaint and argue that this renders the damages claim implausible. Defendants key in on the

phrases “any market impact” and “may have had” from the allegation to say there is more than

just an inability to ascertain the extent of damages here but instead an inability to ascertain

whether damages even resulted.      The alleged facts supporting this damages claim are the

illiquidity of options in the long-volume portion of the portfolio and the percentage of invested

funds in those options.    If these positions were as outsized as RQSI alleges, then it is a

reasonable inference that this may have skewed the pricing of options on those

commodities/securities. If those positions were improperly entered into by Aperçu, and if RQSI

suffered damages as a result of their liquidation, then those damages should be recoverable.

       The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and

REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

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