Court Opinion

ID: 2891570
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-07 21:43:38.090504+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:31:14.214519
License: Public Domain

NO. 07-04-0348-CV

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                    AT AMARILLO

                                       PANEL E

                                  OCTOBER 31, 2005

                         ______________________________

                   ADVANCED MESSAGING WIRELESS, INC.,
                 NOEL BUNYAN, AND DON NICHOLS, APPELLANTS

                                           V.

                         CAMPUS DESIGN, INC., APPELLEE

                       _________________________________

            FROM THE 72ND DISTRICT COURT OF LUBBOCK COUNTY;

           NO. 2003-520,881; HONORABLE MACKEY HANCOCK, JUDGE

                        _______________________________

Before QUINN, C.J., and REAVIS, J., and BOYD, S.J.1

                                        OPINION

      Advanced Messaging Wireless, Inc., Noel Bunyan, and Don Nichols, (collectively

Advanced Messaging unless otherwise specified), challenge the judgment of the trial court

      1
      John T. Boyd, Chief Justice (Ret.), Seventh Court of Appeals, sitting by
assignment.
following a post-answer default judgment that Campus Design, Inc. recover damages in

the sum of $857,653, plus attorney’s fees in the amount of $33,700 with interest thereon

at the rate of 18 percent. Presenting 12 points of error, Advanced Messaging raises trial

court error in failing to grant its motion for new trial and to set aside the default judgment

for violating the scheduling order and Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, legal and factual

insufficiency to support fraud, improperly estimated damages, satisfaction of the Craddock

v. Sunshine Bus Lines test, legal and factual insufficiency to establish fraud as guarantors,

legal and factual insufficiency to support 18 percent post-judgment interest, and contends

the judgment is void against guarantors in bankruptcy. We reform the judgment, and as

reformed, affirm.

       By written contract dated September 30, 2002, Campus Design, Inc., as seller, sold

its communications business operated under the name of Digicom PCS to Advanced

Messaging for the purchase price of $250,000, plus additional sums to be paid by the

buyer for the inventory, the ACB account,2 and future activation payments. Among other

things, by the contract, the buyer agreed to assume and perform all leases of retail sale

locations in Arkansas, Missouri, New Mexico, Texas, and elsewhere, and agreed to

indemnify the seller, its shareholders, officers, and directors from any losses or damages

for the breach of any agreement or non-performance of any assumed obligations. By

       2
      According to the contract the inventory was stated to be $38,959.65 and the ACB
account was valued at $35,036.35.

                                              2
separate written guaranty agreements, Bunyan and Nichols3 each executed commercial

guaranties by which they guaranteed payment of the promissory note executed by

Advanced Messaging and all other obligations of the buyer to the seller pursuant to the

contract of sale.

       After Advanced Messaging defaulted in payment of rentals to various landlords and

of the promissory note, Campus Design filed suit to recover on the promissory note and

the contract of sale. Campus Design also sought to recover its damages against Bunyan

and Nichols pursuant to the written guaranties. By its answer Advanced Messaging

asserted fraud as an affirmative defense, but did not plead payment. Further, Bunyan and

Nichols did not present any verified pleadings contending they were not liable in the

capacity sued, did not execute the guaranties, asserted no consideration for the contract

or guaranties, nor presented any other matter covered by Rule 93 of the Texas Rules of

Civil Procedure.4 Campus Design filed a motion for partial summary judgment on the

promissory note and a motion to sever the action on the promissory note from the

remainder of the suit on July 22, 2003.5 After granting counsel’s motion to withdraw as

       3
        Two other individuals also executed written guaranties but are not parties to this
action and are not named as defendants in the judgment.
       4
       A copy of the note, contract of sale, and the commercial guaranties were attached
and incorporated into the pleadings.
       5
        On August 1, 2003, the trial court signed an order that Advanced Messaging serve
written answers to interrogatories previously propounded by the plaintiff and pay attorney’s
fees of $750.

                                             3
attorney for Advanced Messaging, on June 6, 2003, the trial court signed a judgment that

Campus Design recover $276,877.22, plus attorney’s fees and interest in the amount of

$9,250, and severed that judgment into a separate cause number on August 25, 2003.6

       On March 17, 2004, Campus Design filed its first amended original petition. A copy

of the note, guaranty, and contract of sale were attached and incorporated into the

amended petition which was served on Advanced Messaging by mail; however, no answer

was filed to the amended pleading.7 No answer having been filed and per the scheduling

order, at a non-jury hearing on March 29, 2004, after taking evidence and examining the

pleadings and evidence, the court rendered judgment for Campus Design. Although

counsel for Advanced Messaging filed a motion for new trial on April 16, 2004, a request

for findings of fact and conclusions of law was not filed.

                                    Standard of Review
                                No Findings or Conclusions

       Rule 296 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure authorizes requests for findings of

fact and conclusions of law in a nonjury case. Where, as here, neither party requested

findings of fact and conclusions of law and a reporter’s record has been provided, we

presume the trial court found all fact questions in support of its judgment and must affirm

       6
      The notice of appeal filed by Advanced Messaging does not reference the
judgment on the promissory note.
       7
           The certificate of service shows mailings were made on March 17, 2004.

                                             4
the judgment on any legal theory supported by the pleadings and evidence. Point Lookout

West, Inc. v. Whorton, 742 S.W.2d 277, 278 (Tex. 1987). When a reporter’s record has

been provided the implied findings may be challenged for legal and factual insufficiency

“the same as jury findings or a trial court’s findings of fact.” Roberson v. Robinson, 768
S.W.2d 280, 281 (Tex. 1989).         In that regard, when making a legal sufficiency

determination, we consider only the evidence most favorable to the implied findings of fact

and disregard all contradictory evidence. Burnett v. Motyka, 610 S.W.2d 735, 736 (Tex.

1980). In considering whether the evidence is factually sufficient to support the implied

findings, we consider and weigh all the evidence, including any evidence contrary to the

trial court’s judgment. Id.

       Among other things, the judgment provides in part that the court:

       finds that Defendants are in breach of their contractual agreements with
       Plaintiff and have defrauded Plaintiff. The court finds that Plaintiff has been
       damaged by such acts in the amount of $857,653.

However, the judgment does not allocate the broad form damages finding of $857,653 to

breach of contract or fraud. Moreover, because no findings of fact and conclusions of law

were requested and filed, the damages determination is similar to a finding of damages

submitted by a broad form question to a jury.8

       8
           See Thomas v. Oldham, 895 S.W.2d 352, 359 (Tex. 1995).

                                             5
         We commence our analysis with Advanced Messaging’s fourth point of error and

address the remaining points in a logical rather than sequential manner.

                                             Fraud

         By point four, Advanced Messaging contends there was no evidence or alternatively

insufficient evidence to support the finding that it defrauded Campus Design, and by point

of error ten, it contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to establish that

Bunyan and Nichols defrauded Campus Design in their capacities as guarantors. We

agree.

         The mere breach of contract or failure to perform a contract is not evidence of fraud.

Schindler v. Austwell Farmers Co-op, 841 S.W.2d 853, 854 (Tex. 1992). Citing other

authorities, the Court held:

         [f]ailure to perform, standing alone, is no evidence of the promissor’s intent
         not to perform when the promise was made. However, that fact is a
         circumstance to be considered with other facts to establish intent.

The Court further held there was no evidence that Schindler had no intention of paying for

the goods purchased. Id.

         Campus Design’s president testified as to numerous defaults by Advanced

Messaging. He also testified he believed that the representations of Advanced Messaging

were fraudulent. However, no testimony or documentary evidence was presented to

                                               6
support any implied finding that at the time any representations were made Advanced

Messaging had any intent to deceive or of not performing at the time they were made.

Accordingly, points of error four and ten are sustained.

                                        Damages

         By its multifarious points five, six, and seven and two subpoints, Advanced

Messaging challenges the findings and argument. In summary, it contends:

           5. Insufficient evidence to support finding of “defrauded” or “owes”
      Campus Design $657,653.

           6. Insufficient evidence to support finding of “defrauded” or “owes”
      Campus Design $200,000 on residual payments.

            7. The testimony in the record about fraud was not connected to the
      residual payments or the mall lease damages.

Having sustained Advanced Messaging’s no evidence challenge to fraud findings, we next

focus on the subpoints challenging obligations “owed” connected to the fraud subpoints.

Disagreeing, we overrule points five, six, and seven for the following reasons.

       Advanced Messaging’s failure to challenge the trial court’s findings of breach of

contract is significant and controlling. Further, the points do not take into consideration

the fact that the trial court did not allocate the broad form damages award to any specific

category of damages, i.e., damages for breach of contract or for fraud.

                                            7
       Points of error five, six, and seven concern unspecified and implied awards of

$657,653, $200,000, and “residual payments on the mall leases,” but any such allocation

is totally foreign to the judgment. Advanced Messaging does not cite any authority which

would suggest it can challenge specific “subpoints” without findings of fact and conclusions

of law. To the contrary, these points present a claim similar to the challenge to a broad

form jury verdict of $500,000. See Thomas v. Oldham, 895 S.W.2d 352, 359 (Tex. 1995).

In Thomas, the city challenged the sufficiency of the evidence supporting certain elements

of the verdict upon broad form submission. Holding that the margin notations on the

charge could not constitute separate damage awards for purposes of evidentiary review,

the insufficiency challenge was denied.      In the context of these points, we have the

damage award by the trial court as the trier of fact in a broad form. Advanced Messaging’s

challenges via the subpoints to segregate the damage award is outside the record. No

findings of fact having been presented, following the reasoning in Thomas, we reject the

no evidence and factually insufficient evidence challenge. Id. at 360.

       By its eighth point of error, Advanced Messaging contends the damages awarded

are inaccurate, speculative, and improperly estimated. We disagree. Construing this point

as a sufficiency of the evidence challenge, the issue is controlled by our disposition of

points five, six, and seven. However, even if the challenge is to the admissibility of

evidence, no error is presented. Where, as here, testimony is received based upon

assumptions or summaries without objection at trial, the evidence may be considered by

the factfinder for all purposes. Tex. R. Evid. 105(a); In re K.S., 76 S.W.3d 36, 40 (Tex.

                                             8
App.--Amarillo 2002, no pet.). Although Advanced Messaging argued the evidence was

speculative and based upon assumptions that may never happen and assumed no actual

losses could have been raised as objections at trial, because the evidence was received

without limitation, it could be considered by the factfinder for all purposes. Tex. R. Evid.

105(a); In re K.S., 76 S.W.3d at 40. Moreover, being tried without a jury, we presume that

the trial judge disregards inadmissible testimony unless the record discloses otherwise.

Natural Gas Clearing v. Midgard Energy Co, 113 S.W.2d 400, 410 (Tex.App.--Amarillo

2003, pet. denied). Point of error eight is overruled.

         By point eleven, Advanced Messaging contends the trial court erred in failing to

set aside the judgment because there was no evidence or factually insufficient evidence

to support the award of 18% post-judgment interest.          However, because statutory

construction is a question of law and post-judgment interest is regulated by statute, the

award for interest is not subject to a sufficiency of the evidence analysis. See Columbia

Medical Center v. Bush ex rel. Bush, 122 S.W.3d 835, 865 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2003,

pet. denied). Point of error eleven is overruled.

       By point twelve, Advanced Messaging contends the trial court erred because the

judgment is void as it applies against defendants in bankruptcy. We disagree. The names

of the defendants “in bankruptcy” are not presented in the point of error or the brief.

However, in addition to Bunyan and Nichols, we note that Kelly Magee and Royce Atchison

were named as defendants in the original petition but were not named in the amended

                                             9
petition. Moreover, the judgment does not make any award against Magee or Atchison.

Point of error twelve is overruled as moot.

       By its first point of error, Advanced Messaging contends the trial court erred in failing

to grant a new trial because the judgment was based on the amended petition which was

filed after the date allowed for amendments per the scheduling order, and by its second

point, it contends it did not receive “adequate” notice of the claims of fraud and additional

breach of contract finding. We disagree.

       Advanced Messaging does not contend it did not know the scheduling order set the

case for trial on March 29, 2004, but instead contends the amended pleading was not

timely sent to them. However, service by counsel creates a presumption of timely service.

See Meek v. Bishop Peterson & Sharp, P.C., 919 S.W.2d 805 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th

Dist.] 1996, writ denied).9 Further, Advanced Messaging had notice of the trial date of

March 29, 2004, but failed to appear or engage counsel to appear on its behalf.

       Advanced Messaging also challenges the amended pleading because it was filed

after the date for amended pleadings per the scheduling order. However, Advanced

Messaging did not appear at trial, did not move for a continuance, nor move to strike the

amended pleading. Moreover the action of the trial court in allowing an amended pleading

       9
         See also In Interest of R.D.C., 912 S.W.2d 854, 855 (Tex.App.--Eastland 1995, no
writ) (holding that when a non-answering defendant is served with an amended petition by
Rule 21, Tex. R. Civ. P., an allegation of a new cause of action is not required).

                                              10
will not be disturbed on appeal unless the record shows a clear abuse of discretion. See

In the Matter of the Marriage of Brown, 870 S.W.2d 600, 603 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1994, writ

denied). Points of error one and two are overruled.

      By its third point of error, Advanced Messaging contends the trial court erred in not

granting its motion for new trial because counsel for Campus Design did not serve a copy

of the proposed judgment as required by Rule 305 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.

We disagree.

      At the conclusion of the evidence counsel indicated he had not prepared a judgment

and the court announced:

      Court is going to grant judgment in the amounts prayed for and proved, and
      grant the attorney’s fees as testified to.

In Henry v. Cullum Companies, Inc., 891 S.W.2d 789, 792 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1993, writ

denied), we held that the announcement in open court is the critical moment when the

judgment becomes effective and that the subsequent signing of the judgment is a

ministerial act. The judgment presented to the trial court was prepared by counsel and

signed by the trial court on the same day after the announcement by the trial court.

      Moreover, Advanced Messaging contends it did not receive a copy of the proposed

judgment. However, exhibits attached to the motion for new trial show a copy of the signed

judgment was sent by facsimilie by the District Clerk on March 30, 2004, to its counsel who

                                            11
then filed a motion for new trial. In order to constitute reversible error, Rule 44.1 of the

Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure requires a showing of harm or prejudice and that the

error was reasonably calculated to cause and probably did cause the rendition of an

improper verdict. New Braunfels Factor Outlet v. IHOP, 872 S.W.2d 303, 310 (Tex.App.--

Austin 1994, no writ). There being no allegation or showing of harm or prejudice, point of

error three is overruled.

       By point nine, Advanced Messaging contends the trial court erred in failing to grant

its motion for new trial because (1) its failure to appear at the March 29, 2004 trial was not

intentional or the result of conscious indifference, but due to mistake or accident, (2) it had

a meritorious defense, and (3) there will be no injury from any delay if a new trial is

granted. We disagree.

       We review the decision of the trial court to deny a motion for new trial for an abuse

of discretion. Cliff v. Huggins, 724 S.W.2d 778, 778 (Tex. 1987). To set aside a post-

answer default judgment, Advanced Messaging must show (1) its failure to appear at trial

was not intentional or the result of conscious indifference, but was due to mistake or

accident, (2) there exists a meritorious defense to the suit, and (3) granting the motion will

not delay or otherwise work an injury to Campus Design. Craddock v. Sunshine Bus

Lines, Inc., 134 Tex. 388, 133 S.W.2d 124,126 (1939). A trial court abuses its discretion

in failing to grant a new trial if all three Craddock elements are met. Old Republic Ins. Co

v. Scott, 873 S.W.2d 381, 382 (Tex. 1994).

                                              12
       Advanced Messaging does not contend it did not know that the case was set for

March 29, 2004, but instead contends it failed to appear because it had reasonable

grounds to believe that a final judgment had been entered against it in August 2003.10

However, the severed action on the promissory note became a different action. See In Re

E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and Co., 92 S.W.3d 517, 523 (Tex. 2003). See also Van Dyke

v. Boswell, O’Toole, Davis & Pickering, 697 S.W.2d 381, 383 (Tex. 1985). Although

Bunyan and Nichols are pro se litigants, they are held to the same standards as licensed

attorneys and must comply with applicable laws and rules of procedure. Holt v. F.F.

Enterprises, 990 S.W.2d 756, 759 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1998, pet. denied); Greenstreet v.

Heiskell, 940 S.W.2d 831, 834-35 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1997, no writ). Regarding the

breach of contract claims, Advanced Messaging does not challenge the implied findings

or the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the damages award on contract theories.

       Because the failure to appear was not caused by accident or mistake, and

Advanced Messaging has not demonstrated a meritorious defense to the breach of

contract claims, we hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling the motion

for new trial. Point of error nine is overruled.

       10
          Apparently, this reference is to the partial summary judgment on the promissory
note which was severed from this action on August 25, 2003, which followed the order of
the trial court dated June 6, 2003, allowing defense counsel to withdraw.

                                              13
       Having held there was no evidence of fraud, the judgment of the trial court will be

reformed to delete any reference to fraud and, as reformed, the judgment of the trial court

is affirmed.

                                                 Don H. Reavis
                                                   Justice

                                            14