Court Opinion

ID: 8406907
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-31 19:01:38.742312+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:47:21.587856
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/31/22
                       CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

       IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                         FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                 DIVISION TWO

 BRITANI DAVIS,
          Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                             A161961
 v.
 SHIEKH SHOES, LLC,                          (San Francisco County
                                             Super. Ct. No. CGC-19-574762)
          Defendant and Appellant.

       Nineteen months after plaintiff Britani Davis filed suit against her
former employer Shiekh Shoes, LLC (Shiekh), Shiekh moved to compel
arbitration of Davis’s claims. The trial court denied the motion, finding
Shiekh waived its right to invoke arbitration by unreasonably delaying its
arbitration demand and acting inconsistently with an intent to arbitrate. We
affirm.
                                 BACKGROUND
       In August 2018, Shiekh hired Davis as a sales associate. As part of her
“new hire” paperwork, Davis and Shiekh signed an agreement “to resolve any
and all disputes or claims each may have against the other which relate in
any manner whatsoever as to Employee’s employment . . . by binding
arbitration” and to “waive their right to commence, be a party to, or class
member of, any court action.”
       Davis’s employment at Shiekh would prove to be short, however, as she
resigned from the position a mere three months after being hired. According

                                       1
to Davis, she was subjected to ongoing, sexually explicit, and demeaning
comments, unwanted touching, and indecent exposure from her co-worker,
Danilo Ensuncho, as well as other harassing conduct from Shiekh customers.
      On March 25, 2019, Davis filed a complaint against Shiekh and
Ensuncho. The first cause of action asserted violations of the California Fair
Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) (Gov. Code, § 12900 et seq.) based on
(1) sex discrimination; (2) sexual harassment; (3) retaliation; and (4) failure
to take all reasonable steps necessary to prevent discrimination and
harassment. The first FEHA violation was alleged against both Ensuncho
and Shiekh, while the other three FEHA violations were alleged solely
against Shiekh. Davis also asserted three separate causes of action against
Shiekh for negligent hiring, supervision, and retention; wrongful constructive
discharge in violation of public policy; and intentional infliction of emotional
distress.
      On May 12, service of summons was completed.1
      On July 8, Shiekh, represented by counsel, answered Davis’s complaint,
asserting the arbitration agreement as an affirmative defense.
      On July 30, Shiekh filed a case management statement, in which it
requested a non-jury trial, estimated a trial between five to seven days, and
noted that the case would be ready for trial “within 12 months of the date of
the filing of the complaint.” Shiekh also anticipated conducting written
discovery, depositions, and expert discovery, and filing motions. Additionally,
Shiekh noted its willingness to participate in a settlement conference, neutral
evaluation, or binding private arbitration.
      On August 14, the court scheduled a jury trial for July 20, 2020.

      1The proof of service of summons is among the many items that Davis
has requested we augment the record to include, which we did.

                                        2
      One month later, Davis commenced discovery, serving Shiekh with
deposition notices, two sets of form interrogatories, special interrogatories, a
request for admissions, and a request for production of documents. Two
months after that, Shiekh served verified responses to the discovery requests.
Although Shiekh objected on a variety of grounds, it did not assert a right to
arbitrate Davis’s claims.
      In December, Davis and Shiekh engaged in meet-and-confer
discussions regarding Shiekh’s discovery responses, after which Shiekh
supplemented its responses to Davis’s special interrogatories, request for
admissions, and request for production of documents.
      On January 13, 2020, Shiekh filed a substitution of attorney, listing
itself as its new attorney.
      Meanwhile, Davis served written discovery on Ensuncho, who then
moved for a stay of the proceedings and discovery, claiming that any
forthcoming discovery responses concerning Davis’s claims of sexual
misconduct would potentially expose him to criminal liability. Based on this,
Ensuncho sought a stay until the expiration of the statute of limitations for
bringing criminal charges against him or, alternatively, until the resolution
of the criminal proceeding in the event such charges were brought. Shiekh
did not join in the motion or otherwise file a response. Davis opposed the
motion, which the court later denied.
      On June 22, Davis applied ex parte for an order to show cause why
Shiekh’s answer should not be stricken under Code of Civil Procedure
sections 435 and 436. Under those provisions, Davis asserted, Shiekh, a
business entity, could not represent itself in court in propria persona, but
must appear through legal counsel. The court granted the application and
set a hearing on the order to show cause.

                                        3
      On June 23, Davis filed an ex parte application to continue trial in light
of Shiekh’s failure to obtain counsel. The court denied the application
because there was no stipulation among the parties for a continuance.
      On June 30, Davis again sought to continue the trial date, this time by
way of noticed motion. Shiekh filed no opposition. The court granted the
motion and continued the trial date to September 28, 2020.
      On July 14, Davis filed a dismissal with prejudice as to Ensuncho.
      On August 24, seven months after being unrepresented by counsel,
Shiekh filed a substitution of attorney designating Marc Cohen as its new
attorney. The court then vacated the order to show cause on whether
Shiekh’s answer should be stricken.
      On September 8, Davis filed another ex parte application to continue
the trial date to May 10, 2021, attaching Davis’s and Shiekh’s stipulation.
The stipulation stated “[Shiekh’s] counsel requires additional time to
complete necessary discovery and prepare for trial” and “the Parties have
agreed to an extension of the trial date and related deadlines in order to
complete discovery in this matter, as well as allow time to address and
resolve any potential disputes.” The court granted the application and
continued the trial date to May 10, 2021.
      On October 5, 2020—about 17 months after Shiekh was served with the
complaint and seven months before the new trial date—Shiekh moved to
compel arbitration and to stay the action pursuant to both the Federal
Arbitration Act (FAA) (9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.) and California Arbitration Act
(CAA) (Code Civ. Proc., § 1280 et seq.) Anticipating an argument from Davis
that Shiekh had waived its right to invoke arbitration, Shiekh asserted its
participation in the lawsuit thus far was de minimis and therefore it did not
act inconsistently with an intent to arbitrate. Shiekh acknowledged it had

                                       4
delayed in filing a motion to compel arbitration, but argued the delay was
excusable, citing its lack of counsel for several months, pandemic-related
disruptions to the court, and “the fact that [Ensuncho] seemed to be the
primary target of [the] complaint, until his dismissal from the action on July
14, 2020.” Shiekh further asserted the absence of prejudice to Davis from its
conduct in the litigation was a factor weighing against finding waiver.
      Davis opposed the petition, disputing Shiekh’s assertions it had not
waived its right to seek arbitration. Davis pointed to Shiekh’s approximately
one-and-a-half-year delay before filing its motion and its active participation
in the lawsuit as evidence supporting waiver. In reply, Shiekh reiterated its
claim that it “did the bare minimum that was necessary to avoid having a
default entered against it.”
      On November 13, the court held the hearing on the motion, beginning
with this: “[L]et me just say, to start, that this issue of waiver comes up at
least once a month in this calendar. And I gotta tell you, . . . [¶] . . . [¶] I’ve
never seen one that’s as long as seventeen months . . . .” Following the
parties’ arguments, the court, by written order, denied the motion. The court
highlighted Shiekh’s delay in moving to compel arbitration and pre-trial
activity in the lawsuit before concluding that Shiekh “fails the waiver test
California’s [S]upreme [C]ourt adopted in St. Agnes Medical Center v.
PacifiCare of California (2003) 31 Cal.4th 1187, 1196: defendant’s actions
were ‘inconsistent with the right to arbitrate’; defendant ‘delayed for a long
period of time’; litigation machinery has been substantially invoked’; ‘judicial
discovery procedures’ took place; and the delay ‘affected, misled, or
prejudiced’ plaintiff.”
      Shiekh appealed.
      After the parties completed briefing, the United States Supreme Court

                                          5
issued its decision in Morgan v. Sundance, Inc. (2022) 142 S.Ct. 1708
(Morgan), holding that under the FAA, courts may not condition a
determination of waiver on prejudice. In light of this, we directed the parties
to submit supplemental briefs on the applicability of the FAA and Morgan, if
any, to the issues raised in the appeal. Both parties submitted briefs
accordingly.
                                  DISCUSSION
      Standard of Review
      We begin with a discussion of the applicable standard of review, a
standard on which the parties disagree. Shiekh seeks to obtain de novo
review of the order denying its motion, claiming the facts are not disputed
and thus we are free to substitute our view for that of the trial court. Davis
contends the facts are disputed, thereby requiring application of the
substantial evidence standard of review. We agree with Davis.
      As set forth in St. Agnes Medical Center v. PacifiCare of California
(2003) 31 Cal.4th 1187 (St. Agnes), “Generally, the determination of waiver is
a question of fact, and the trial court’s finding, if supported by sufficient
evidence, is binding on the appellate court. [Citations.] ‘When, however, the
facts are undisputed and only one inference may reasonably be drawn, the
issue is one of law and the reviewing court is not bound by the trial court’s
ruling.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 1196.)
      Here, the essential facts may not be in dispute, in the sense that no one
doubts that party X did or did not do act Y on date Z. Nevertheless, even if
there is no difference in opinion on such events or non-occurrences, the
inferences to be drawn from the essential facts are conflicting. And where
conflicting inferences may be drawn, the issue is reduced to whether the trial
court’s finding of waiver is supported by substantial evidence. (See Davis v.

                                          6
Continental Airlines, Inc. (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 205, 211; 9 Witkin, Cal. Proc.
(6th ed. 2022) Appeal, § 396.) In conducting that standard of review, “[w]e
infer all necessary findings supported by substantial evidence [citations] and
‘construe any reasonable inference in the manner most favorable to the
[ruling], resolving all ambiguities to support an affirmance’ [citation].”
(Lewis v. Fletcher Jones Motor Cars, Inc. (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 436, 443.)
      Applicability of the FAA
      We next determine whether the FAA or California law governs the
inquiry into whether Shiekh has waived its right to arbitration. The parties
agree, as do we, that the FAA controls.
      The FAA applies to contracts that involve interstate commerce
(9 U.S.C. §§ 1, 2), but since arbitration is a matter of contract, the FAA also
applies if it is so stated in the agreement. (See Victrola 89, LLC v. Jaman
Properties 8 LLC (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 337, 355 [“[T]he presence of
interstate commerce is not the only manner under which the FAA may
apply. . . . [T]he parties may also voluntarily elect to have the FAA govern
enforcement of the Agreement”].) Here, the parties’ arbitration agreement
contains a choice-of-law provision that states, “Company and Employee
expressly agree that the Federal Arbitration Act governs the enforceability of
any and all of the arbitration provisions of this Agreement . . . .” The
language of this provision is unambiguous: the parties specified that the
FAA governs the arbitration agreement. (Cf. Victrola 89, LLC v. Jaman
Properties 8 LLC, supra, at pp. 343, 348 [contracting parties’ explicit
“reference to ‘enforcement’ under the FAA required the court to consider the
[defendants’] motion to compel arbitration under the FAA”].)
      Courts have recognized that where the FAA applies, whether a party
has waived a right to arbitrate is a matter of federal, not state, law.

                                        7
(See Aviation Data, Inc. v. American Express Travel Related Services Co., Inc.
(2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 1522, 1535–1536 [noting that “waiver of the right to
compel arbitration is not viewed as a question of substantive contract law”
and that “ ‘it is federal law, not state, that governs the inquiry into whether a
party has waived its right to arbitration’ ”], citing Sovak v. Chugai
Pharmaceutical Co. (9th Cir. 2002) 280 F.3d 1266, 1270 [citing Mastrobuono
v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc. (1995) 514 U.S. 52, 60]; Danny’s
Construction Co. v. Birdair, Inc. (W.D.N.Y. 2000) 136 F.Supp.2d 134, 142;
Singer v. Jefferies & Co. (1991) 78 N.Y.2d 76, 84.) Accordingly, federal law
supplies the law on waiver in this case.2
      The Law on Waiver
      Section 2 of the FAA provides that arbitration agreements “shall be
valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or
in equity for the revocation of any contract. . . .” (9 U.S.C. § 2.) However, like
any contract right, the right to arbitrate may be waived—either expressly or
by implication. (St. Mary’s Medical Center, Inc. v. Disco Aluminum Products
Co. (7th Cir. 1992) 969 F.2d 585, 587; National Foundation for Cancer
Research v. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc. (D.C. Cir. 1987) 821 F.2d 772, 774
(National Foundation).)
      “The Supreme Court has made clear that the ‘strong federal policy in
favor of enforcing arbitration agreements’ is based upon the enforcement of
contract, rather than a preference for arbitration as an alternative dispute
resolution mechanism. [Citation.] Thus, the question of whether there has
been waiver in the arbitration agreement context should be analyzed in much
the same way as in any other contractual context. The essential question is

      2 The parties’ briefs analyze waiver under both federal and California
decisions.

                                        8
whether, under the totality of the circumstances, the defaulting party has
acted inconsistently with the arbitration right. [Citation.]” (National
Foundation, supra, 821 F.2d at p. 774.)
      In deciding waiver in this case, the trial court applied the multi-factor
test in St. Agnes, which the California Supreme Court had adopted from the
Tenth Circuit opinion in Peterson v. Shearson/American Express, Inc.
(10th Cir. 1988) 849 F.2d 464 (Peterson) (usually referred to herein as the
“Peterson waiver test” or “Peterson factors”). (St. Agnes, supra, 31 Cal.4th at
p. 1196, quoting Sobremonte v. Superior Court (1998) 61 Cal.App.4th 980, 992
[in turn quoting Peterson].) Specifically, Peterson identified the following
factors as relevant to assessing waiver claims: “(1) whether the party’s
actions are inconsistent with the right to arbitrate; (2) whether ‘the litigation
machinery has been substantially invoked’ and the parties ‘were well into
preparation of a lawsuit’ before the party notified the opposing party of an
intent to arbitrate; (3) whether a party either requested arbitration
enforcement close to the trial date or delayed for a long period before seeking
a stay; (4) whether a defendant seeking arbitration filed a counterclaim
without asking for a stay of the proceedings; (5) ‘whether important
intervening steps [e.g., taking advantage of judicial discovery procedures not
available in arbitration] had taken place’; and (6) whether the delay ‘affected,
misled, or prejudiced’ the opposing party.” (Peterson, supra, 849 F.2d at
pp. 467–468; St. Agnes, at p. 1196.) And, this test is substantially similar to
the test adopted by most federal circuit courts. (Zamora v. Lehman (2010)
186 Cal.App.4th 1, 21–22 [citing sources surveying waiver tests used by
federal circuits].)
      The Tenth Circuit, along with eight other circuits including the Eighth
and Ninth, have held that a party can waive its arbitration right by litigating

                                        9
only when its conduct has prejudiced the other side.3 Two circuits have
rejected that rule, holding that prejudice is not indispensable to waiver.4
      Just a few months ago, the United States Supreme Court in Morgan,
supra, 142 S.Ct. 1708 resolved that circuit split. In a unanimous decision,
the court sided with the minority of the circuit courts and held that under the
FAA, courts may not “condition a waiver of the right to arbitrate on a
showing of prejudice.” (Id. at p. 1713.) The court reviewed the Eighth
Circuit’s test for deciding waiver, which provided that “a party waives its
contractual right to arbitration if it knew of the right; ‘acted inconsistently
with that right’; and—critical here—‘prejudiced the other party by its
inconsistent actions.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 1711–1712.) The Supreme
Court in Morgan remarked that “outside the arbitration context, a federal
court assessing waiver does not generally ask about prejudice,” and
generally, that “court[s] focus[ ] on the actions of the person who held the
right,” rather than the “effects of those actions on the opposing party.” (Id. at

      3 Joca-Roca Real Estate, LLC v. Brennan (1st Cir. 2014) 772 F.3d 945,
948; O.J. Distributing, Inc. v. Hornell Brewing Co. (6th Cir. 2003) 340 F.3d
345, 355–356; PaineWebber Inc. v. Faragalli (3d Cir. 1995) 61 F.3d 1063,
1068–1069; S & H Contractors, Inc. v. A. J. Taft Coal Co. (11th Cir. 1990)
906 F.2d 1507, 1514; Miller Brewing Co. v. Fort Worth Distributing Co.
(5th Cir. 1986) 781 F.2d 494, 497; ATSA of California, Inc. v. Continental Ins.
Co. (9th Cir. 1983) 702 F.2d 172, 175; Carolina Throwing Co. v. S & E
Novelty Corp. (4th Cir. 1971) 442 F.2d 329, 331 (per curiam); Carcich v.
Rederi A/B Nordie (2d Cir. 1968) 389 F.2d 692, 696 (Carcich).
      4 St. Mary’s Medical Center, Inc. v. Disco Aluminum Prods. Co., supra,
969 F.2d at p. 590 [Seventh Circuit]; National Foundation, supra, 821 F.2d at
p. 774 [D.C. Circuit]. For example, the D.C. Circuit in National Foundation
held that while prejudice is not necessary to establish waiver, “a court may
consider prejudice to the objecting party as a relevant factor among the
circumstances that the court examines in deciding whether the moving party
has taken action inconsistent with the agreement to arbitrate.” (National
Foundation, at p. 777.)

                                        10
p. 1713.) Thus, “in demanding [proof of prejudice] before finding the waiver
of an arbitration right, the Eighth Circuit applies a rule found nowhere else—
consider it a bespoke rule of waiver for arbitration.” (Ibid.)
      The high court then traced the Eighth Circuit’s prejudice requirement
to a “decades-old Second Circuit decision”—Carcich, supra, 389 F.2d 692.
(Morgan, supra, 142 S.Ct. at p. 1713.) In Carcich, the Second Circuit relied
on the “ ‘overriding federal policy favoring arbitration’ ” to conclude that
“waiver of the right to arbitrate ‘is not to be lightly inferred,’ ” such that “
‘mere delay’ in seeking a stay of litigation, ‘without some resultant prejudice’
to the opposing party, ‘cannot carry the day.’ ” (Morgan, at p. 1713, quoting
Carcich, at p. 696.)
      The Supreme Court in Morgan rejected Carcich’s analysis and clarified
that the FAA’s “policy favoring arbitration” centers around treating
arbitration agreements like all other contracts; it does not contain a
preference for arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism.
(Morgan, supra, 142 S.Ct. at pp. 1713–1714.) For this reason, the court held
“the Eighth Circuit was wrong to condition a waiver of the right to arbitrate
on a showing of prejudice,” vacated the judgment, and remanded the case.
(Id. at pp. 1712−1714.) On remand, the court explained, the Eighth Circuit’s
current waiver inquiry, “[s]tripped of its prejudice requirement[,] . . . would
focus on [the defendant’s] conduct,” namely by asking: “Did [the defendant]
knowingly relinquish the right to arbitrate by acting inconsistently with that
right?” (Id. at p. 1714.)5

      5 The California Supreme Court has not yet addressed Morgan. Thus,
it has not spoken on whether prejudice remains a “critical” consideration in
the waiver inquiry under California law, as it held prior to Morgan.
(See St. Agnes, supra, 31 Cal.4th at pp. 1203–1204.) (A petition for review
has been granted in Quach v. California Commerce Club, Inc. (2022)

                                         11
      In their supplemental briefs, the parties agree that Morgan is
controlling, prejudice therefore is no longer required to demonstrate a waiver
of one’s right to arbitration, and the waiver inquiry should instead focus on
the actions of the holder of that right. The parties also appear to agree that
the Peterson factors “minus the prejudice requirement” are unaffected by
Morgan and remain proper considerations in the waiver inquiry.
      The Trial Court Properly Denied the Motion to Compel
      Arbitration
      When the trial court ruled on Shiekh’s motion to compel arbitration, it
did not have the benefit of the Supreme Court’s decision in Morgan, which
was issued after the parties completed briefing in this appeal. Consequently,
the trial court considered the factors set forth in the Peterson waiver test,
including prejudice to Davis. In particular, it found Shiekh had waived its
right to invoke arbitration because its actions were “ ‘inconsistent with the
right to arbitrate’ ”; it“ ‘delayed for a long period of time’ ”; the “ ‘litigation
machinery ha[d] been substantially invoked’ ”; “ ‘judicial discovery
procedures’ took place”; and “the delay ‘affected, misled, or prejudiced’
[Davis].”
      To the extent the court conditioned waiver on a showing of prejudice,6
its waiver finding was unauthorized under the FAA, as articulated in
Morgan. (See Morgan, supra, 142 S.Ct. at pp. 1712–1714.) Nonetheless,

78 Cal.App.5th 470, review granted Aug. 24, 2022, S275121, regarding the
effect of Morgan, if any, on St. Agnes.) Davis argues “to the extent California
law imposes a prejudice requirement for arbitration-waiver disputes but does
not impose a prejudice requirement for other contract-waiver disputes, that
law is preempted by the FAA, whose equal-treatment principle prohibits
application of arbitration-specific contract principles.” We need not address
this contention, since federal law directly controls in this case.
      6A finding that we, in any event, would conclude is supported by
substantial evidence for the reasons discussed in footnote 8, post.

                                          12
neither party requests a remand due to the change in the law. Instead, both
parties urge us to review the order in light of other, proper considerations for
determining waiver. In its opening brief, Shiekh presented two principal
arguments, headed as follows: “Shiekh Did Not Engage in Acts Inconsistent
With the Right to Arbitrate” and “Compelling Arbitration Would Not Result
in Unfair Prejudice to Davis.” Later, in its supplemental brief, Shiekh
explains that its argument regarding prejudice is no longer applicable under
Morgan, “but the crux of [its] argument that [it] did not engage in acts
inconsistent with the right to arbitrate is still consistent with Morgan.”
On this basis, Shiekh contends, the court’s waiver determination was not
supported by the record. Davis counters that “[b]ecause the trial court found
all of the traditional elements of contractual waiver analysis had been
satisfied here[,] in addition to prejudice, . . . substantial evidence supports the
trial court’s finding of waiver, and this Court should therefore affirm . . . .”
      As the parties suggest, even if the trial court may have improperly
conditioned its waiver determination on a showing of prejudice, its decision
may still be affirmed so long as any other correct legal reason exists to
sustain it. (See D’Amico v. Board of Medical Examiners (1974) 11 Cal.3d 1,
18–19 [“ ‘No rule of decision is better or more firmly established by authority,
nor one resting upon a sounder basis of reason and propriety, than that a
ruling or decision, itself correct in law, will not be disturbed on appeal merely
because given for a wrong reason. If right upon any theory of the law
applicable to the case, it must be sustained’ ”]; accord, Rappleyea v. Campbell
(1994) 8 Cal.4th 975, 980–981.) Accordingly, we determine whether
substantial evidence supports the court’s ruling in light of the Peterson
factors other than prejudice. Specifically, we focus on whether Shiekh acted
inconsistently with the right to arbitrate, the one factor with which Shiekh

                                        13
primarily takes issue on appeal. And conclude it did.
      To begin with, Shiekh’s lengthy delay in moving to compel arbitration
cannot be squared with an intent to arbitrate. By the time Shiekh filed its
motion, 17 months had elapsed since it was served with the complaint.7 This
length of time, in the court’s view, was significant, as reflected in its
comments at the hearing on Shiekh’s motion: “[T]his issue of waiver comes
up at least once a month in this calendar. And I gotta tell you . . . [¶] . . .
[¶] . . . I’ve never seen [a delay] that’s as long as seventeen months . . . .” As
the litigation progressed for 17 months, Shiekh undertook a number of
responses to the lawsuit, but sat on its hands with regard to its right to
arbitration. This was so, even though Shiekh presumably was aware of its
right to arbitrate when it asserted the parties’ arbitration agreement as an
affirmative defense in its answer to the complaint. In short, Shiekh’s
“extended silence and much delayed demand for arbitration” cuts strongly in
favor of a finding of waiver. (Van Ness Townhouses v. Mar Industries Corp.

      7 Shiekh suggests we should measure the delay from the time it first
appeared in the case (July 2019) until the time its attorney tried to obtain
Davis’s agreement to submit the case to arbitration (August 2020)—a period
of about 14 months. We disagree. Shiekh does not explain why the clock
started to run from its appearance in the case, rather than when the
complaint was filed or served. We are also unpersuaded by Shiekh’s
assertion that the period of delay ended in August 2020, not October 2020
when it filed its motion to compel arbitration. Although Shiekh claims it had
told Davis of its intent to arbitrate in August 2020, that representation was
not placed on the record, and thus not made known to the court, until it filed
the motion in October 2020. “In [a party’s] pre-trial huffery and puffery, [it]
may float all sorts of intentions, serious or not,” but a court deciding waiver
“is properly concerned only with intentions placed upon the record.”
(Zuckerman Spaeder, LLP v. Auffenberg (D.C. Cir. 2011) 646 F.3d 919, 923;
see ibid. [focusing on a party’s filings to determine whether he had waived
the right to arbitrate].) In any event, whether the delay was 14 or 17
months, we would reach the same conclusion.

                                         14
(9th Cir. 1988) 862 F.2d 754, 759; see also Welborn Clinic v. Medquist, Inc.
(7th Cir. 2002) 301 F.3d 634, 637 [“[L]engthy delay can lead to an implicit
waiver of arbitration”].)
      Shiekh, as it did below, attempts to justify its delay on three bases: its
lack of counsel for several months during the case, pandemic-related
reductions in court operations, and the status of its co-defendant Ensuncho as
“the primary target” of Davis’s claims up until his dismissal from the case.
The trial court expressly rejected the first two, stating: “Attempting to
excuse its delay, [Shiekh] says its first counsel ‘substituted out’ in January
2020, but does not explain the preceding months or why it delayed in
retaining new counsel. [Shiekh] also notes that ‘non-essential court
operations’ paused from March 16 to June 1, 2020. However, this case is in
the pre-trial phrase and this court’s law and motion department was deciding
motions throughout, so the court cannot be blamed for [Shiekh’s] delay.”
Shiekh does not dispute the court’s findings.
      Shiekh’s third proffered explanation for its delay in seeking
arbitration—that Ensuncho seemed to be the “primary target” of Davis’s
complaint—is specious. Although the court did not expressly address this
explanation, which Shiekh raised in its motion, we may infer from the court’s
denial of the motion that it rejected the explanation. The court’s implied
finding is supported by the record. Only one claim in the complaint—sexual
harassment in violation of FEHA—is alleged against Ensuncho. Every cause
of action and its subparts, including the sexual harassment claim, is alleged
against Shiekh. It is thus neither supported nor reasonable for Shiekh to
claim that Ensuncho was the “primary target” of Davis’s claims.
      Even accepting Shiekh’s belief that Ensuncho was the primary target of
Davis’s claims, we are not required to draw the inference Shiekh wishes.

                                       15
That is, it appears Shiekh asks us to infer that because Ensuncho was the
main defendant in the case, then Shiekh had no reason to, and thus did not,
actively participate in the litigation. However, one could also infer that
Shiekh’s explanation amounts to it saying that it wanted to see how the case
would proceed vis-à-vis Davis and Ensuncho before deciding whether it would
be better off in arbitration. (Cf. Cabinetree of Wisconsin v. Kraftmaid
Cabinetry (7th Cir. 1995) 50 F.3d 388, 391 [defendant’s explanation for delay
of wanting to “ ‘weigh its options’ ” was “the worst possible reason for delay.
It amounts to saying that [it] wanted to see how the case was going in federal
district court before deciding whether it would be better off there or in
arbitration. It wanted to play heads I win, tails you lose”].) But even if the
inference Shiekh asks us to draw were reasonable, it is not one that we could
make: under the applicable standard of review, we must draw all reasonable
inferences in support of the ruling. In short, Shiekh has failed to provide a
reasonable explanation for its delay in demanding arbitration.
      As courts have found, the absence of a reasonable explanation for delay
is a significant factor weighing in favor of finding waiver. (See Smith v. GC
Services Limited Partnership (7th Cir. 2018) 907 F.3d 495, 499–500 [finding
defendant’s “entirely inadequate” explanation for five-month delay was factor
showing defendant acted inconsistently with right to arbitrate]; see also Gray
Holdco, Inc. v. Cassady (3d Cir. 2011) 654 F.3d 444, 455 & fn. 9 [“It is
significant that . . . Gray offered no explanation to the District Court for its
delay in waiting ten months after filing suit . . . and that it certainly has not
offered such an explanation on this appeal”].)
      The record also supports the court’s finding that, on top of Shiekh’s
extended period of unjustified silence, Shiekh’s conduct was inconsistent with
its alleged intent to arbitrate. As the court observed, Shiekh appeared for a

                                        16
case management conference, demanded a trial, gave its own estimate of the
time of trial, and represented it would be participating in written discovery,
depositions, and expert discovery. Then, after the court scheduled a jury
trial, Shiekh engaged in rounds of discovery. It responded to multiple sets of
interrogatories, a request for admissions, and a demand for productions of
documents, met and conferred on those responses, and then supplemented
them. Although Shiekh objected to the discovery on a variety of grounds, it
never once suggested that discovery should be barred because the case had to
be arbitrated.
      Shiekh’s silence persisted in other aspects of the case, as it failed to
respond to or join in Ensuncho’s motion for a stay of proceedings. Shiekh also
did not oppose Davis’s multiple requests to continue trial. In fact, Davis’s
latest request for a trial continuance attached a stipulation between Davis
and Shiekh. That stipulation stated Shiekh’s counsel “require[d] additional
time to complete necessary discovery and prepare for trial” and “the Parties
have agreed to an extension of the trial date and related deadlines in order to
complete discovery in this matter, as well as allow time to address and
resolve any potential disputes.” This was an affirmative averment that
Shiekh intended to proceed to trial on the merits and that the court should
structure the case accordingly. Although it would not have been imprudent
for Shiekh to preserve its right to a jury trial and ability to conduct discovery
in the event its motion proved unsuccessful, it did so without making known
to the court its intent to seek arbitration. The act of preserving its rights to a
jury trial and discovery while remaining silent on arbitration was
inconsistent with a right to arbitrate.
      In light of Shiekh’s nearly one-and-a-half-year delay in moving to
compel arbitration, request for trial, active participation in discovery,

                                          17
acquiescence to the trial and discovery schedule, and court appearances, the
trial court had ample evidence from which to conclude Shiekh’s actions were
inconsistent with an intent to arbitrate. Indeed, other courts have found that
similar, or even shorter, periods of delay, and comparable litigation activity,
were sufficient to justify a waiver of arbitration. (See, e.g., Cabinetree of
Wisconsin v. Kraftmaid Cabinetry, supra, 50 F.3d at pp. 389–391 [trial date
was set and discovery proceeded before defendant “dropped a bombshell into
the proceedings” by moving to stay nine months after lawsuit filed]; United
States for the Use of Duo Metal & Iron Works, Inc. v. S.T.C. Construction Co.
(E.D.Penn. 1979) 472 F.Supp. 1023, 1025 [19-month delay; defendant
answered interrogatories propounded by other parties and produced
documents, conducted a deposition, and attended pretrial conferences].)
      Despite all of this, relying on several Ninth Circuit cases, Shiekh
contends it has never acted inconsistently with its right to arbitrate. None is
availing. For example, Shiekh cites Britton v. Co-op Banking Group (9th Cir.
1990) 916 F.2d 1405 (Britton), in which the Ninth Circuit reversed the
district court’s waiver finding in part because the defendant’s pre-trial
actions—his resistance to discovery requests, pursuit of a court-appointed
attorney, and application for in forma pauperis status—were not inconsistent
with his pursuit of arbitration. (Id. at p. 1413.) Such actions, the appellate
court held, reflected only a “determination to avoid or frustrate the litigation”
rather than a strategic decision to “active[ly] litigat[e].” (Ibid.) Britton does
not assist Shiekh. Shiekh, unlike the defendant in Britton, did not resist the
litigation; it voluntarily acceded to it by, for instance, engaging in rounds of
discovery and requesting a trial.
      Shiekh also cites Newirth v. Aegis Senior Communities, LLC (9th Cir.
2019) 931 F.3d 935 (Newirth), Martin v. Yasuda (9th Cir. 2016) 829 F.3d

                                        18
1118 (Martin), and Morvant v. P.F. Chang’s China Bistro, Inc. (N.D.Cal.
2012) 870 F.Supp.2d 831 (Morvant). In Newirth the defendant filed a motion
to compel arbitration and a motion to dismiss, but then withdrew those
motions. (Newirth, supra, 931 F.3d at pp. 938–939.) Defendant again moved
to dismiss the second amended complaint and over the next eleven months,
while the motion was pending, the parties engaged in discovery and
settlement negotiations. (Id. at p. 939.) The district court denied the motion
to dismiss, after which the defendant filed a renewed motion to compel
arbitration. (Ibid.) The Ninth Circuit held the defendant acted
inconsistently with its right to arbitration by litigating for two years and
filing a renewed motion to compel arbitration only after an adverse ruling.
(Id. at p. 942.)
      In Martin the Ninth Circuit found the defendants acted inconsistently
with an intent to arbitrate when they spent seventeen months litigating a
case, including “filing a motion to dismiss on a key merits issue,” and had
also indicated to the district court “that they were likely ‘better off’ in federal
court.” (Martin, supra, 829 F.3d at p. 1126.) And in Morvant the district
court granted the defendant’s motion to compel arbitration, rejecting the
plaintiff’s argument that the defendant’s removal of the case prior to
compelling arbitration was “neither uncommon nor inconsistent with the
right to arbitrate.” (Morvant, supra, 870 F.Supp.2d at p. 846.)
      Shiekh seems to suggest that because it did not file any motions
seeking a judicial decision on the merits, it could not have waived its right to
arbitrate. We disagree with such a suggestion. While the cases above
illustrate that the filing of a motion to dismiss or other motion on the merits
may be one factor in determining waiver, none of them declares such factor
dispositive. Rather, as Martin held, “seeking a decision on the merits of an

                                        19
issue may satisfy this element.” (Martin, supra, 829 F.3d at p. 1125, italics
added.) Certainly, the cases do not hold that participating in discovery and
assenting to pretrial orders, rather than filing a dispositive motion, can never
amount to a waiver of arbitration.
      Moreover, the fact that the specific circumstances in this case are not
mirrored in Newirth, Martin, or Morvant does not mean that this case is
devoid of sufficient evidence to support waiver. The cited decisions were
deeply bound up in their individual circumstances; indeed, Newirth cautions
us to examine each case in context. (See Newirth, supra, 931 F.3d at p. 941
[In “determin[ing] whether a party has engaged in acts that are inconsistent
with its right to arbitrate, . . . we consider the totality of the parties’
actions”].) As discussed, Shiekh’s actions demonstrate it may have realized
its arbitration rights too late, or that it sought to resort to arbitration only
upon realizing that the proceedings in court would not be advantageous to it.
Either way, we cannot fault the trial court for characterizing the totality of
Shiekh’s actions as inconsistent with an intent to arbitrate. 8
                                  DISPOSITION
      The order denying the motion to compel arbitration is affirmed. Davis

      8 As noted in footnote 6, ante, even if we were to also consider the
court’s prejudice finding, we would conclude substantial evidence supports it.
Shiekh’s extended, unreasonable delay in moving to compel arbitration not
only forced Davis to incur substantial expenses, but also deprived her of the
advantage of arbitration as a speedy means of dispute resolution. (See
Martin, supra, 829 F.3d at pp. 1127–1128.) In a similar vein, by requesting a
trial and later stipulating to a trial continuance because it needed time to
prepare for trial, Shiekh misled Davis into expecting the parties would
prepare the case for presentation to a jury and not an arbitrator, causing the
preparation to be considerably different. (See Stolt-Nielson S.A. v.
AnimalFeeds International Corp. (2010) 559 U.S. 662, 685 [“In bilateral
arbitration, parties forgo the procedural rigor and appellate review of the
courts in order to realize the benefits of private dispute resolution”].

                                         20
shall recover her costs on appeal.

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                                         _________________________
                                         Richman, Acting P. J.

We concur:

_________________________
Miller, J.

_________________________
Mayfield, J. *

Davis v. Shiekh Shoes, LLC (A161961)

     *Judge of the Mendocino Superior Court,assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

                                    22
Trial Court:                  San Francisco County Superior
                              Court

Trial Judge:                  Honorable Richard Ulmer;
                              Honorable Ethan Schulman

Attorney for Plaintiff and    Matern Law Group, PC, Matthew
Respondent, Britani Davis:    J. Matern; Joshua D. Boxer; Sara
                              B. Tosdal; Kiran Prasad

Attorney for Defendant and    Cohen Law Group, Marc Cohen.
Appellant, Shiekh Shoes LLC

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