Court Opinion

ID: 4709788
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-06 20:06:31.001446+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:59.336148
License: Public Domain

Filed 8/6/21 Luo v. Rahgoshay CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION THREE

HONGYUN LUO, as represented, etc.,

     Plaintiff and Respondent,                                         G058671

         v.                                                            (Super. Ct. No. 30-2015-00799990)

MOHAMMAD RAHGOSHAY,                                                    OPINION

     Defendant and Appellant.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Glen R.
Salter, Judge. Affirmed.
                   Menke & Menke and James D. Menke for Defendant and Appellant.
                   Law Office of Lisa Fisher and Lisa Fisher for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                             *               *               *
                This appeal is part of ongoing litigation between plaintiff Hongyun Luo and
defendant Mohammed Rahgoshay about the joint purchase of a property at 252 W.
Pebble Creek Lane in Orange (the property or the Pebble Creek property). Rahgoshay
now appeals a $65,000 judgment on special verdict, asserting there is no substantial
evidence to support any award of damages and that Luo’s claims are barred by claim and
issue preclusion. Alternatively, Rahgoshay asserts he is entitled to a new trial due to
“judicial errors and misconduct.” We find these arguments are without merit and affirm
the judgment.

                                              I
                                           FACTS

The Partition Action
                As neither party spends any time discussing the underlying facts, we draw
them from our prior opinion in this case, Rahgoshay v. Luo (Sept. 19, 2019, G056735)
[nonpub. opn.] (Rahgoshay I). “In July 2012, Mohammad Rahgoshay and Hongyun Luo
purchased real property on Pebble Creek Lane in Orange at a real estate auction. They
each provided half of the purchase price. Rahgoshay apparently recorded a deed
identifying 252 W. Pebble Creek Lane Trust as the sole owner of the property, with
himself identified as the trustee. (The trial court would later find that no such trust had
ever existed.) For at least some period of time, Luo lived at the property and collected
rent from its tenants.
                “As the relationship between Rahgoshay and Luo broke down, Rahgoshay
sued Luo for unlawful detainer. The complaint was later amended to add claims for
partition, constructive trust, and an accounting. Following a bench trial, the court found
that Rahgoshay and Luo were each 50 percent owners of the property, and that title
should have been held by them jointly, as tenants in common. Judgment was entered in
August 2015.” (Rahgoshay I, supra, G056735.)

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                The trial court in the partition action eventually appointed David J.
Pasternak as the partition referee. The property sold in 2018 for $575,000. In due
course, the court approved the report Pasternak had submitted and allocated
approximately $66,785.32 in fees to Rahgoshay. (Rahgoshay I, supra, G056735.) Luo
appealed, and this court rejected her various arguments and affirmed the trial court’s
exercise of discretion. (Ibid.)

The Instant Case
                While the partition action was still ongoing, in July 2015, Luo filed the
instant case. The initial complaint is not in the record, but it was apparently filed by an
attorney. It is somewhat unclear what followed, as Rahgoshay answered the initial
complaint, but two amended complaints were also filed, the first by an attorney and the
second by Luo in propria persona. Rahgoshay answered the second amended complaint
and this appears to be the operative complaint thereafter. An attorney substituted into the
case in 2015, but at some point prior to trial Luo began representing herself again.
                The second amended complaint alleged causes of action for breach of
fiduciary duty, fraud, intentional infliction of emotional distress, quiet title and slander of
title, equitable indemnity and contribution, constructive trust, and conspiracy. In addition
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to Rahgoshay, numerous other individuals and entitles were named as defendants. In
essence, Luo alleged that Rahgoshay found her in family court during her divorce, and
learned she would soon have access to cash. He approached her about joint investments.
Although she alleged she paid 50 percent of the purchase price, she later learned that
Rahgoshay failed to include her on the title of the Pebble Creek property.
                After buying the property, Luo and Rahgoshay rented the property and Luo
alleged she essentially acted as manager. She also alleged she incurred various expenses,

1
    The other defendants were dismissed prior to trial.

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including the property taxes and maintenance costs. Rahgoshay thereafter directed the
tenant to pay all rents to him individually. After that tenant ended his lease, Rahgoshay,
the second amended complaint alleged, attempted to lease the property and keep the rents
for himself. In 2014, Rahgoshay listed the property for sale without Luo’s knowledge.
Luo moved into the property and changed the locks, and Rahgoshay filed an unlawful
detainer action, which was eventually reclassified as the partition action. Luo alleged
continued harassment on Rahgoshay’s part, despite the court’s eventual ruling that they
each owned a 50 percent interest in the property.
              The second amended complaint alleged that Rahgoshay breached his
fiduciary duties to Luo by his various actions, including placing title in his own name,
attempting to take rents and profits for himself, by attempting to evict Luo, and by trying
to sell the property without her consent. The same facts, with some additions and
differences, formed the basis for her other causes of action.
              Prior to trial, the court granted a motion in limine by Luo to exclude
mention of the partition case with specified exceptions. The court later directed the
parties to refer to the partition order as an “agreement” to avoid confusing the jury or
giving the impression that Luo lost that case.
              According to Rahgoshay, the trial court tentatively, but did not finally, deny
a motion in limine he filed to exclude claims that were adjudicated in the partition action
(we deem it denied).
              Also prior to trial, the court, on its own motion and out of “an abundance of
caution,” appointed a guardian ad litem, Lisa Fisher, to represent Luo’s interests pursuant
to Code of Civil Procedure section 372.
              The four causes of action submitted to the jury were breach of fiduciary
duty, intentional misrepresentation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and
slander of title. Luo prevailed only on the breach of fiduciary duty claim. The jury
awarded Luo $65,000 in damages, comprised of $5,000 in lost profits, $40,000 for other

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past economic losses, and $20,000 in noneconomic losses, including physical pain and
mental suffering. Rahgoshay filed a motion to vacate the verdict/judgment pursuant to
Code of Civil Procedure sections 663 and 663a. Rahgoshay states in his brief that the
motion was denied, but did not include a transcript or order reflecting this. Judgment was
subsequently entered, and Rahgoshay now appeals.

                                              II
                                       DISCUSSION
Request for Judicial Notice
              Rahgoshay requests this court take judicial notice of various documents
from a related case and appeal. These documents, however, are already part of the record
in this case, and therefore judicial notice is unnecessary. The request is denied.

Substantial Evidence
              “A party who challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
finding must set forth, discuss, and analyze all the evidence on that point, both favorable
and unfavorable.” (Doe v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cashel & Emly (2009) 177
Cal.App.4th 209, 218.) As another court explained, an appellant’s “fundamental
obligation to this court, and a prerequisite to our consideration of their challenge”
(Schmidlin v. City of Palo Alto (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 728, 737-738), is to “set forth the
version of events most favorable to [respondent]” (ibid., italics added).
              Rahgoshay’s statement of facts fails to meet this standard. He repeatedly
cites his own testimony and states the facts in the light most favorable to his own
arguments while ignoring contradictory testimony. At most, he concedes certain facts
were “disputed,” such as whether Luo agreed to hold the property in the name of his trust.
Given the fact that the trial court in the partition action found that the property was held

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                                                           2
individually by both parties, this is not a “disputed” fact. This characterization of the
facts does not meet his duty to set forth the facts in the light most favorable to the
judgment.
              After Luo raised this argument, Rahgoshay addressed it in his reply brief,
which appears to assert that because his substantial evidence argument only relates to
damages, he is apparently only held to this standard in those arguments and not the rest of
the facts. Unsurprisingly, he offers no legal citation for this erroneous proposition. He
claimed his opening brief “cites only to uncontested evidence and argument offered by
Respondent,” but this is clearly not the case, as is evidenced by his repeated citations to
his own testimony without even acknowledging Luo’s contradictory testimony on the
same point. Overall, his statement of the facts leaves the reader with the one-sided
impression that all the facts were in his favor.
              Failure to include a statement of facts that meets the legal requirements
may result in a waiver of any question of the existence of substantial evidence. (Foreman
& Clark Corp. v. Fallon (1971) 3 Cal.3d 875, 881.) “The duty to adhere to appellate
procedural rules grows with the complexity of the record.” (Western Aggregates, Inc. v.
County of Yuba (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 278, 290.) This record has a clerk’s transcript of
684 pages and a reporter’s transcript of 774 pages. It is a posttrial appeal. This is a case
of significant complexity with an underlying case, and therefore, Rahgoshay’s duty to
state the facts fairly was heightened. Further, rather than admit his failings or seek to
amend his brief when this deficit was called to his attention, he simply denied the
problem. Accordingly, we find it appropriate to deem any issue of substantial evidence
waived.

2
 Later in his brief, Rahgoshay argues that the court’s decisions in the partition action are
conclusive and subject to principles of preclusion, which makes his failure to accept that
court’s factual findings even more egregious.

                                              6
              Were we to consider this argument, we would find it unavailing in any
event. “When findings of fact are challenged in a civil appeal, we are bound by the
familiar principle that ‘the power of the appellate court begins and ends with a
determination as to whether there is any substantial evidence, contradicted or
uncontradicted,’ to support the findings below. [Citation.] We view the evidence most
favorably to the prevailing party, giving it the benefit of every reasonable inference and
resolving all conflicts in its favor.” (Oregel v. American Isuzu Motors, Inc. (2001) 90
Cal.App.4th 1094, 1100.)
              Rahgoshay’s substantial evidence arguments are short and shallow. His
contentions as to the lost profits award comprises just over one paragraph in his opening
brief and includes no legal argument, only selected excerpts of the facts. Given the jury
found a breach of fiduciary duty and had evidence about all that transpired between the
purchase and sale of the property, there was ample evidence from which it could have
found $5,000 in lost profits.
              With respect to past economic losses of $40,000, he assumes, without
evidence, that the jury connected this to the number Luo mentioned when she was
testifying about attorney fees, which was also $40,000. This misstates the evidence,
however. What Luo actually testified to was $110,000 in total was spent on attorney fees
with $40,000 being a part of that amount.
              Rahgoshay assumes that to reach an award of $40,000, the jury must have
had evidence of exactly that amount for a single item of loss, without explaining why it
singled out that one mention of one part of her attorney fees. Rather, the jury could have
considered the various expenses Luo testified to as past economic loss.
              As to physical and emotional distress, Rahgoshay admits Luo’s husband
testified that she experienced headaches, backaches, and “at times was – would just kind
of be sobbing, really,” due to the ongoing proceedings. Rahgoshay believes it was
somehow relevant that Luo’s husband was not personally involved in the legal

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proceedings. It is not. His testimony about her emotional state as caused by
Rahgoshay’s breach of fiduciary duty constituted substantial evidence.
              Finally, Rahgoshay argues a lack of causation because Luo never
specifically identified at trial what duties he breached. He admits that recording a deed
identifying the trust as the grantee and later evicting her were apparently the claimed
breaches. He then claims that recording the deed did not cause her harm because it did
not prevent her from exercising property rights. But this misses the point entirely. Once
a reasonable person learned that someone who was supposed to be his or her equal
business partner had essentially claimed 100 percent ownership of the only business
property, he or she was inevitably going to spend time, money, and emotional energy
trying to resolve the issue – as Luo has. There was more than sufficient evidence that
Rahgoshay’s acts caused Luo’s harm.
              Again, Rahgoshay’s claims of a lack of substantial evidence were waived
by his inadequate briefing. But even if they were not, we would find them unavailing.

CACI No. 3964
              Rahgoshay next claims he is entitled to reversal because the court did not
give CACI No. 3964, which instructs jurors not to consider attorney fees and court costs.
We review questions of instructional error de novo. (Mansur v. Ford Motor Co. (2011)
197 Cal.App.4th 1365, 1373.) In a civil case, erroneous jury instructions are not
inherently prejudicial. (Rutherford v. Owens-Illinois, Inc. (1997) 16 Cal.4th 953, 983.)
Reversal is only proper “when it appears probable that the improper instruction misled
the jury and affected the verdict.” (Lundquist v. Reusser (1994) 7 Cal.4th 1193, 1213.)
              The use instructions for CACI No. 3964 state that the instruction is not to
be given in cases where attorney fees are a jury issue. Here, attorney fees were an issue
in the slander of title cause of action, and when this was pointed out during a discussion

                                             8
on jury instructions, Rahgoshay’s counsel did not object. We do not find it was error not
to give the instruction.
              Even if we assume the court should have given this instruction, we would
find no reversible error. Rahgoshay’s entire argument is that because there was
testimony about $40,000 in attorney fees, and the jury awarded exactly that amount for
past economic loss, the jury must have been awarding attorney fees. As we pointed out
above, Luo did not testify that her attorney fees were $40,000, but $110,000, and this
same amount was mentioned during closing. He offers no explanation as to why the jury,
or any reasonable jury, would have focused in on this single mention of a portion of her
attorney fees and awarded her that and only that.
              There is simply no evidence to connect the $40,000 mentioned during
Luo’s testimony about attorney fees to the amount awarded; it is pure speculation. The
total amount Luo testified to and mentioned in closing argument is different, and
Rahgoshay is simply connecting the two numbers and assuming the jury must have
recalled that specific testimony. This is not sufficient to find it “probable” that the jury
was misled. We find no error.

Evidence of the Partition Action
              Rahgoshay next argues it was reversible error for the court to exclude, with
limited exceptions, mention of the partition action. When a party asserts evidentiary
error, its “burden is to demonstrate the court’s ‘discretion was so abused that it resulted in
a manifest miscarriage of justice.’” (Hernandez v. Paicius (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 452,
456, overruled on other grounds in People v. Freeman (2010) 47 Cal.4th 993, 1006, fn.4.)
              Rahgoshay asserts the trial court’s rationale for excluding mention of the
partition action was incorrect. The court wanted to avoid the impression that Luo had
lost that action, which Rahgoshay claims is “wrong.” He admits Luo successfully set

                                              9
aside his unlawful detainer petition, but “lost” because she opposed the complaint for
partition.
              We reject Rahgoshay’s premise. Luo was at least partially successful and
came out of the partition action with a court order that she owned 50 percent of the
interest in the property, the same percentage she had always believed and expected that
she owned. The court did not abuse its discretion in wanting to avoid a misleading
impression before the jury.
              Addressing prior actions is always a matter of discretion and judgment for
the court, balancing many competing considerations. We conclude the court acted
reasonably here in balancing the interests of the parties and did not err in excluding
mention of the partition action. As we find no error, we need not consider Rahgoshay’s
arguments regarding prejudice.

Issue and Claim Preclusion
              Rahgoshay next asserts that Luo’s claims for damages are barred by res
judicata. Res judicata takes two forms: Claim preclusion and issue preclusion
(sometimes referred to as collateral estoppel). (Boeken v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. (2010)
48 Cal.4th 788, 797.) Claim preclusion requires that: “‘“(1) A claim or issue raised in
the present action is identical to a claim or issue litigated in a prior proceeding; (2) the
prior proceeding resulted in a final judgment on the merits; and (3) the party against
whom the doctrine is being asserted was a party or in privity with a party to the prior
proceeding.”’” (Ibid.) “To determine whether two proceedings involve identical causes
of action for purposes of claim preclusion, California courts have ‘consistently applied
the “primary rights” theory.’” (Id. at pp. 797-798.) “Under this theory, ‘[a] cause of
action . . . arises out of an antecedent primary right and corresponding duty and the delict
or breach of such primary right and duty by the person on whom the duty rests. “Of these

                                              10
elements, the primary right and duty and the delict or wrong combined constitute the
cause of action in the legal sense of the term . . . .”’” (Ibid.)
               Rahgoshay claims, without citing to the record, that he asked the court to
apply preclusion doctrines “throughout the trial and after the verdict through [his motion
in limine], objections throughout trial, and a motion seeking to set aside the special
verdict/judgment. The [t]rial [c]ourt denied all of the motions and the objections based
on a conclusion that the Partition Case was not final.” He concedes that trial in this
matter occurred in October 2019 and the remittitur in the partition action was not issued
until November 2019.
               Rahgoshay points to orders from various trial courts dating back to the
original unlawful detainer action in 2014 and claims they were “final.” But all of these
orders (as best we can tell; Rahgoshay does not take the time to explain them), eventually
led to the partition action and appeal, which was not final until the remittitur was issued.
Accordingly, there was no evidence of a “final judgment on the merits” that would
trigger any preclusion doctrine.

Trial Misconduct
               Finally, Rahgoshay asserts reversal is required because Luo and her
guardian ad litem violated the trial court’s order on their own motion in limine
“repeatedly.” He admits there were no objections to many of these alleged violations,
and asserts without argument that such objections would have been “futile.” The failure
to demonstrate this purported futility forecloses this argument.
               Further, some of the purported violations of the court’s order were not
violations at all. And the rest were so minor or trivial that it is unlikely the jury took any
note of them. Rahgoshay’s claims of prejudice were based on pure speculation. Nothing
complained of here rises to the level of misconduct warranting a new trial.

                                               11
                                          III
                                  DISPOSITION
            The judgment is affirmed. Luo is entitled to her costs on appeal.

                                                MOORE, J.

WE CONCUR:

O’LEARY, P. J.

FYBEL, J.

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