Court Opinion

ID: 9868179
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-26 18:16:59.048335+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:45:46.822273
License: Public Domain

Opinion by
Mr. Commissioner King.
1. We have given above a synopsis of the pleadings filed, including the orders and decree of the circuit court, extracted from the 300 pages of printed abstract of record, with a view to the proper understanding of the issues upon which the main contentions of the numerous parties to the suit are .based and argued on this appeal. The first point to which our attention is directed is in respect to the order of the court directing that all parties having, or claiming, an interest in the subject-matter of the controversy, be brought into the suit, which order, it is maintained, is not authorized by law, by reason of which it is argued the rights of only the parties to the suit as first filed can be adjudicated, requiring a dismissal thereof as to all others. The statute under which the order was made is as follows:
“The court may determine any controversy between parties before it, when it can be done without prejudice to the rights of others, or by saving their rights; but when a complete determination of the controversy cannot be had without the presence of other parties, the court shall cause them to be brought in”: B. & C. Comp. §§ 41, 394.
The facts presented by the testimony taken in the suit as first instituted, and upon which the order was made, developed a serious controversy as to who was the real party causing the alleged injury. It appears that Silver Creek is a perennial stream with well-defined banks and channels, carrying from 11% second feet during the low-water season to 100 second feet when at its highest water mark, and that the lands of all parties to the suit are dependent upon this stream for irrigation. Hough’s farm is a short distance below that of Porter on the creek, and it is disclosed by the first testimony taken, as well as that taken later, that below Porter’s point of *368diversion George H. Small and others had for a long time diverted a large quantity of water from this stream. Hough claimed 100 inches as the quantity necessary for the proper irrigation of her farm, to which quantity she asserted her right was superior to that of Porter, who, she maintained, was wrongfully interfering with her right to the use thereof. In response thereto, Porter claimed a right as prior appropriator to 100 inches of the waters of Silver Creek and its branches for the irrigation of his lands above the Hough farm, and insisted that, whether his rights were superior to Hough’s rights or not, he at all times permitted not less than 100 inches of water to flow below his point of diversion, which would have reached Hough’s farm but for the wrongful interference of Geo. H. Small, who was not a party to the suit. Others, not parties, but situated upon and in the immediate vicinity of the stream, also appear to have claimed water rights therein, and to have been diverting water in various quantities for irrigation purposes, and that during the months of June, July, August, September and October of each year there was not a sufficient quantity of water to supply the demands of all; the amount during the latter part of the irrigation season consisting of but II14 second feet.
It is manifest that plaintiff, in the first instance, could have made as defendants all persons along the stream and on its tributaries and branches, against whom she might have claimed adversely: B. & C. Comp. § 394. Although some may not have been necessary, all would have been proper parties to the suit: Williams v. Altnow, 51 Or. 275 (95 Pac. 200, 208). But as to the interruptions by Small and those using water through the Small ditches and in connection therewith, it is apparent from the character of the testimony adduced, that in order to properly determine the rights of Hough and Porter, they were necessary and were properly made defendants, for if true, as claimed by Porter, that he let suffi*369dent water pass his premises to supply Hough’s needs and demands, the court could not have determined who was entitled to the use thereof, as between Small and Hough, or between Small and Porter or Porter and Hough, as the case might have been, unless they were parties to the suit. To illustrate: Assume the court had determined the respective rights of Hough and Porter in the first suit under the first amended complaint, and had found there were 460 inches in the stream during the low-water season; that Hough was entitled to the first 100 inches, and, as between them, Porter was awarded the second 100 inches, and had entered a decree to that effect; and that after the entry thereof Porter had diverted water for irrigation purposes, by reason of which he was cited to appear and show cause why he should not be held for contempt of court, but at the hearing should have proved that he used 100 inches only, leaving 360 inches to pass his head gate. Would he then have been in contempt because the water passing his point of diversion did not reach plaintiff? In other words, could he be held for the interference by Small, or others not parties to the suit? This illustration serves to demonstrate the ineffectiveness of a decree entered under such circumstances. Numerous instances occur where the rights between two persons can be, and have been, determined without bringing in others; for example, assume that A. and B. are at the head of a stream, and B., who is below A., has the first right to 100 inches of water. A suit to enjoin A. from a wrongful interference could easily be maintained, where there was no one diverting water from the stream between their respective points of diversion, for a decree in that case favorable to B., it can readily be seen, would be effective, as it would be such that its violation could be punished. Such a decree, it is true, would not bind others not parties to the proceeding, but it would be efficient as between the parties to it, and constitute an *370adjudication of their respective rights, of which either could avail himself in the event both should subsequently be joined with others in litigation over the same stream. Many of the suits where water rights have been adjudicated have been of this class, and the decrees have accordingly been effectual, while a large number, no doubt, have passed through the courts and to final decree as between a few. on the stream, when, to have afforded a complete remedy, and to have avoided a multiplicity of suits, others should have been- made parties, as was done in the case under consideration; but the failure to do so in such cases has been due to the. point not having been raised, nor the court’s attention called to the status of litigants in this respect. It is manifest that in the suit under consideration the rights of any of the three parties named could not have been determined with respect to each other without all being in court, and the same could be said of others along the stream.
We are of the opinion therefore that much discretion must be allowed the trial court in such cases, and that it comes within the reason and spirit of the statute to hold that all who may have an interest, directly or indirectly, in the subject-matter of the suit, may, by order of the court, be made parties thereto, especially where, as in the case before us, the determination of the rights of the litigants before the court could not otherwise have been had with reasonable accuracy, nor the decree, when entered, effectively enforced. The discretion of the court below in this respect was exercised by requiring all persons owning lands adjoining or claiming an interest in the waters of Silver Creek, its tributaries or branches, to be brought in and made parties, either plaintiff or defendant, as their interests appeared, with directions to interplead as to each other, and we think the evidence adduced at the trial confirms the wisdom of the course pursued. It is consonant with public policy, and public interests require, that when in the determination of con*371flicting claims to the right to the use of public streams, for irrigation, manufacturing or other useful purposes, it appears that many suits must eventually be brought to determine the various rights of persons whose property is to be affected by such use, it should be within the sound discretion of the trial court to require all, or any of the persons interested, to be made parties, as was done here, in order that the rights of each may be adjudicated and finally determined in one proceeding. This course should be permitted, and is obviously contemplated by the statute, not only with the view to economy in litigation, but that the respective interests of all affected may be justly, peaceably and permanently ascertained and settled during the lifetime of those cognizant of the facts upon which the adjudications must be had. It is obvious that it is not only impracticable to determine such rights in many instances without adopting such course, but that if left to separate suits to be brought from year to year as disputes may arise, not only will much valuable evidence pass beyond the reach of all, but such course, if pursued, must necessarily result in years of litigation and turmoil, and, in many instances, in a complete denial of justice. We are of the opinion therefore that no error was committed by the court in requiring the appearance of all the defendants.
2. The next point to which our attention is directed is that there is a misjoinder of parties plaintiff and of parties defendant. Some of the defendants having demurred on this ground, and otherwise raised the question, a determination thereof becomes necessary. These points, however, are necessarily disposed of adversely to appellants’ contention under the first question considered. Since this court holds that the persons named as plaintiffs and defendants were necessary to a proper determination of the respective rights of Hough and Porter, they were, accordingly, properly made parties to the suit, and as to who should have been joined as plaintiffs, *372and who should have been made defendants, accordingly depends upon the facts alleged or proved. Since it appears that the diversion or use of the water of Silver Creek, or of its branches or tributaries, by any of the defendants, affects each of the plaintiffs’ alleged rights thereto, then all are interested in the relief demanded, by reason of which they were entitled to join as plaintiffs to secure the required protection: B. & C. Comp. § 394; Stingel v. Nevel, 9 Or. 62, 65; Williams v. Altnow, 51 Or. 275 (95 Pac. 200-208). This also disposes of the question in reference to the alleged misjoinder of the defendants, for the same authorities and reasoning are applicable to their relative positions as to the plaintiffs.
3. Another and more serious point urged is that the complaint, as amended, after the order bringing in the additional parties, does not state sufficient facts to constitute a cause of suit against any of the defendants, except S. A. D. Porter, on which grounds the defendant P. G. Chrisman and others demurred. It is, in effect, conceded that the complaint is sufficient as to Porter, since it alleges sufficient interference by him in the use of the stream to constitute a substantial injury. After averring the facts constituting the injury by Porter, and upon which an injunction against him is sought, the complaint avers: “That all the defendants have, or claim to have, some rights or interest in the waters of Silver Creek, but that the exact nature or extent of said rights or claims of the defendants are to plaintiffs unknown, and the interests, if any, of defendants and each of them are inferior to the rights of plaintiffs in the waters of said stream.” It is to this allegation that the demurrers of various defendants appear to be directed. In the arid states, where the sufficiency of this manner of pleading has been questioned, it has been sustained: Cache L. P. R. Co. v. Water S. & S. Co. 27 Colo. 532 (62 Pac. 420); Harris v. Harrison, 93 Cal. 676 (29 Pac. 325); Wiggins v. Muscupiabe L. & W. Co. 113 Cal. 182 (45 Pac. 160: *37332 L. R. A. 667: 54 Am. St. Rep. 337); Farm Inv. Co. v. Carpenter, 9 Wyo. 110 (61 Pac. 258: 87 Am. St. Rep. 918: 50 L. R. A. 747). Averments to that effect would seem to come within the language and spirit of B. & C. Comp. § 394, which, inter alia, provides: “Any person may be made a defendant who has or claims an interest in the controversy adverse to plaintiff, or who is a necessary party to a complete determination or settlement of the questions involved therein.”
4. In Umatilla Irri. Co. v. Umatilla Imp. Co. 22 Or. 386 (30 Pac. 30), the rights attempted to be maintained, and for the determination of which a decree was sought, were asserted under a special statute governing corporations, wherein a specific manner was provided for acquiring title to water by appropriation; and, when the court there observed that the statute required a strict construction, it evidently had reference to that act. In the consideration of that case, attention is called to the fact that the plaintiff had not perfected a claim to the water rights there asserted, in reference to which the court at page 389 of 22 Or. (page 37 of 30 Pac.), say: “The plaintiff has failed to bring itself within any principle of equity jurisdiction which would enable a court of equity to consider or pass upon the supposed rights alleged in its complaint.” And at page 387 of 22 Or. (page 37 of 30 Pac.) : That the clear logic of the position seemed to be to ask the court “to certify that the plaintiff owns the water which it claims, for the purpose of enabling it to make a sale of its bonds.” The rule there announced can have no application to cases where the defendants, or some of them, may be necessary to a proper determination of the rights between any of the plaintiffs, who may allege facts disclosing an established right, and defendants in a suit based upon acts, real or threatened, sufficient to constitute reasonable grounds for the apprehension of some substantial injury to vested property rights. Section 394, B. & C. Comp., would appear ex*374pressly to give the right, under such circumstances, to make any person a party who has, or claims to have, an interest in the controversy adverse to plaintiffs. But, independent of that section of the statute, the right existed at common law, as a part of the general equity jurisdiction. As observed in Ballou v. Inhabitants, of Hopkinton, 4 Gray (Mass.) 324, 328: “In regulating the rights of mill owners and all others in the use of a stream, wherein ’ numbers of persons are interested, equity is able, by one decree, to regulate their respective rights, to fix the time and manner in which water may be drawn, and within what limits it shall or shall not be drawn by all parties, respectively; and thus it is peculiarly adapted to the relief sought against such alleged nuisance and disturbance, and affords a more complete and adequate remedy than can be afforded by one or many suits at law: Bemis v. Upham, 13 Pick. (Mass.) 169; Bardwell v. Ames, 22 Pick. (Mass.) 333.” Again, since Sections 41 and 394, B. & C. Comp., when-construed together, give to the court, discretionary power to require all persons interested in the subject-matter of the suit to be made parties, these provisions of the statute, by implication, include all such powers essential to the proper carrying of the order into effect.
5. In this connection it is manifest that, as to those persons not actually interfering with plaintiffs’ alleged rights along the stream, no averment, except of similar import to-that set out in the complaint, could well have been made. It is obvious therefore that the allegation that all of the defendants have, or claim to have, an interest in the, distribution of the waters of Silver Creek, the nature of which is unknown to complainants, etc., should be sufficient for the purpose of requiring all to interplead and assert their respective rights, whatever they may be, in the subject-matter of the suit; and this was the course of procedure adopted in respect to all, except as to S. A. D. Porter. While some did not see *375proper to affirmatively assert their rights, the neglect on their part to do so cannot affect the interest of the other parties to the suit, and, at most, could only result in a decree being entered precluding those in default from hereafter asserting any rights against the parties whose interests under the issues as made may here be adjudicated. We are therefore impelled to hold that, whether brought in question by demurrer, or otherwise, the averments of the complaint and procedure adopted are sufficient.
6. The next question for determination relates to the right of defendants to have their interests and claims adjudicated between themselves. It appears that practically all of the defendants who are not in default have filed pleadings in response to the answers of their co-defendants, specifically denying the affirmative averments or counterclaims in the answers of the several defendants. In this respect the case is unlike that of Nevada Ditch Co. v. Bennett, 30 Or. 59, 83 (45 Pac. 472: 60 Am. St. Rep. 777), in which it is held that while each of the defendants therein denied the averments of the complaint and affirmatively set up their rights, and in some instances had alleged their claims to be prior and superior to the rights of all the other defendants, and of those of plaintiff, the procedure there adopted was insufficient to permit the court to adjudicate the quantity and priority of any of the appropriations, except as between the plaintiff therein and the several defendants. Since our statute does not indicate the course to be pursued, the proper'procedure in such cases would seem to be that the general methods of chancery, as modified by the spirit of the Code, must be adopted: Pomeroy, Rem. (3 ed.), § 808; Bliss, Co. Pl. (3 ed.), § 390; Eve v. Louis, 91 Ind. 457, 470; Diamond F. G. Co. v. Boyd,, 30 Ind. App. 485, 488 (66 N. E. 479); Tucker v. St. Louis Life Ins. Co. 63 Mo. 588, 594.
*376In the chancery courts, when a defendant sought relief against a codefendant, as to matters not apparent upon the face of the original bill, he filed his cross-bill, alleging therein the matters upon which he relied for relief, making defendants thereto of such codefendants and others as was proper, and process was necessary to bring them in. B. & C. Comp. § 391, abolishes cross-bills, but provides that in actions at law, where a defendant is entitled to relief, arising out of facts requiring the interposition of a court of equity, and material to his defense, he may, upon filing his answer therein, also as plaintiff file a complaint in equity, in the nature of a cross-bill, upon which the issues may thereafter be tried out as in a suit in equity. This provision implies that, when a suit in equity is brought, the same right would follow, except that the necessity of filing a separate and distinct pleading is obviated, leaving the defendant affirmatively to set up his defense, commonly termed a counterclaim, alleging the facts necessary to relief against all or any of the parties to the suit.
7. This method is applicable, however, only where the cause of suit set up against the codefendants is one arising out of, or having reference to, the subject-matter of the original suit; and such appears to be the status of the defendants in the suit under consideration, as each appears to claim an interest in the main stream involved, and to claim and assert some right in respect thereto as against the other. “No court,” says Mr. Bliss (Section 390), “would deny one’s right, or invent an original mode of proceeding for protecting it, because of an omission in the Code, so long as the common-law or equity practice furnished a remedy.” Here the Code abolishes the form, but leaves the substance, and this court appears to recognize this remedy, as available under it: Nevada Ditch Co. v. Bennett, 30 Or. 59, 83 (45 Pac. 472: 60 Am. St. Rep. 777).
*3778. It is necessary, however, in such cases, that sufficient notice be given the codefendant against whom the relief is sought. In Tucker v. St. Louis Life Ins. Co. 63 Mo. 588, 595, it is remarked that in that state “it has not been the practice to issue process in such cases; but it has always been customary to afford ample time to a codefendant to answer as to the relief sought — a time which is generally fixed by the court’s order to that effect. And if, in the absence of any statutory rule, we are to be governed by parity of reasoning deduced from cases where relief is sought by petition, at least the same time and opportunity to plead should be granted where relief is sought by an answer in the nature of a cross-bill, as when prayed for by petition.” But from Pomeroy, Rem. § 808, cited with approval in Nevada Ditch Co. v. Bennett, at page 83 of 30 Or. (page 472 of 45 Pac: 60 Am. St. Rep. 777), it would appear that service of a notice of some substantial nature would be essential to jurisdiction in such cases. As the notice required in such cases is not pointed out by the Code, it would seem that since there exists the right to affirmatively set up in the answer the matter constituting the cross-complaint, or counterclaim, in place of by an original bill, as in the chancery practice, the defendant in so doing, to all intents and purposes, places himself in the position of a plaintiff in respect to his codefendants, with the result that the issue and service of a summons accompanied by a copy of the answer in a similar manner to that provided for a plaintiff in an original proceeding would be sufficient. In the case at bar, however, the order of the court, a copy of which was directed to, and served upon each, required that all should appear within a time there specified, and plead and interplead with respect to each other as their several interests might appear, which was in effect the same, and served the same purpose, as a summons, and was sufficient to require the appearance and interpleas demanded. In that respect the order hav*378ing directed the interpleas between each, only such proceedings were required after service thereof, in reference to serving copies of answers, etc., as were required by the rules of the district in which the suit was brought.
Without, at this time, determining whether the affirmative defenses constituting the counterclaims, are sufficiently pleaded, or state sufficient facts, etc., we hold that the method of procedure adopted by the court and parties responding thereto was ample, and, if the pleadings state sufficient facts for the purpose, is sufficient to give the court the jurisdiction necessary to determine the rights of each and all who may appear to have been duly and regularly served with the court’s order in reference thereto.
9. Thus far we have disposed of the principal points discussed in the briefs and oral arguments of counsel for the respective parties, the determination of which, it was argued with much force, must result in a dismissal of the suit so far as affects all, except the parties to the original suit. The conclusion reached, however, leaves all in court, making necessary an adjudication of their respective rights so far as practicable under the issues and evidence, which brings us to the merits of the controversy.
As will appear from the issues stated, some of the parties to the proceeding claim as riparian proprietors, while others invoke the doctrine of prior appropriation. Throughout the discussion, oral and otherwise, it has been and is taken for granted that all the lands on the streams involved are riparian thereto for irrigation purposes. If this assumption, as a matter of law, is correct, then, so far as such riparian owners are concerned, the water to which each thereof may be entitled must be distributed on that basis; their rights thereto being subject only to the rights of those who may have appropriated the water prior to the time of the inception of such riparian interests. What, then, must .be the basis of the *379distribution between the riparian owners, if any? During the low-water season, and when most needed, the water flowing in Silver Creek is approximately 460 inches, with about 4,000 acres of riparian lands demanding water rights as such. These lands cover a large territory, and to divide the water proportionately between them — to say nothing of about 7,000 acres of lands of parties hereto claiming as prior appropriates — would result in such scarcity of water that it would seem that none could be very materially benefited under such circumstances. A large portion of this acreage has never been irrigated, yet the owners thereof demand water for this acreage on an equality with lands long since brought into cultivation by irrigation. If the riparian doctrine must prevail, their rights, under the law, appear entitled to the same consideration as those who have diligently applied the water to a beneficial use. It was, in effect, announced, in Jones v. Conn, 39 Or. 30 (64 Pac. 855, 65 Pac. 1068: 54 L. R. A. 630: 87 Am. St. Rep. 634), and in Williams v. Altnow (decided April 28, 1908), 51 Or. 275 (95 Pac. 200), that there is no such thing as prior riparian ownership, so far as distribution of water for irrigation purposes between riparian owners is concerned. In Williams v. Altnow, Mr. Chief Justice Bean says:
"A riparian proprietor has no title to the water flowing over his land, but only the right to use it while it is passing his place, and this right is subordinate to a corresponding right in all the other proprietors. One proprietor cannot- unreasonably detain or give the water another direction or use it in any way to the injury of the others. It necessarily follows, therefore, that the nature and extent of the right of a riparian proprietor to the water of a stream, for irrigation, cannot be measured by any definite or fixed rule, nor can the amount of water to which he is entitled to use for that purpose ordinarily be definitely ascertained or determined, although this may, perhaps, be done in exceptional cases. It is necessarily a varying quantity, depending upon the *380use by other proprietors and whether it is an injury to them.”
10. If, then, the distribution of the water, or of any material portion of it, in the case at bar, is to be made under the so-called modified riparian doctrine, we are confronted with a serious problem as to how it shall, in this case, be accomplished. While the cause has been tried largely on the theory that riparian rights have attached to the lands, the evidence seems to be inadequate for the purpose of making an equitable distribution under that rule. Before the distribution can be made, we must first know the quantity of water in the stream from time to time during the irrigation season, the acreage of each farm in crops, character thereof, the amount required for the proper irrigation of each crop and kind of crop, time for irrigation of each, etc., and all of the lands should be properly surveyed and platted, showing its status in this and various other respects in detail. But the record, although voluminous, discloses but little evidence of a definite nature upon these and other points required. When there is a scarcity of water, and the acreage is large, much and more explicit evidence is required in order to adjust the rights between riparian proprietors than under ordinary conditions. It has been held in California that the distribution among riparian owners, in some instances, may be made under the rotation method, or by periods of time, rather than by a division of its quantity: Wiggins v. M. L. & W. Co. 113 Cal. 182, 190 (45 Pac. 160: 32 L. R. A. 667: 54 Am. St. Rep. 337). In fact, as stated in Jones v. Conn, 39 Or. 30 (64 Pac. 855, 65 Pac. 1068: 54 L. R. A. 630: 87 Am. St. Rep. 634), each case must depend upon the particular facts in it, and no definite rule can be adopted for that purpose. It is clear, therefore, that greater particularity is required in the proof in such cases than where the question of riparian ownership does not arise. But this case appears to have been tried upon the theory that the *381converse is true, and if the riparian doctrine is applicable to the lands owned by the several parties, or by a gre'at number of them, it may become necessary to remand the cause for further light on the points suggested.
The record, however, discloses that none of the lands were settled upon by those subsequently acquiring title thereto, until beginning with about the year 1878, which is subsequent to the passage of the Desert Land Act, and as indicated in Williams v. Altnow, 51 Or. 275 (95 Pac. 200), it is a serious question whether this act does not abolish the common-law rule relative to the doctrine of riparian rights, so far as its interpretation has been applied to irrigation of lands to which title has been acquired since that act became a law: Act March 3, 1877, c. 107, § 1, 19 Stat. 377 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1548), 6 Fed. St. Ann. 393; United States v. Rio Grande Irri. Co. 174 U. S. 690 (19 Sup. Ct. 770: 43 L. Ed. 1136); Farm Inv. Co. v. Carpenter, 9 Wyo. 110, 138 (61 Pac. 258, 265: 50 L. R. A. 747: 87 Am. St. Rep. 918, 935). While this question was neither raised in the court below nor here, it so materially affects rights of the parties to the suit, some of whom are not represented by counsel, that it cannot be passed unnoticed. Nor do we feel disposed to pass upon a question of such vast importance, not only to thé litigants here, but, perhaps, to numerous others throughout the State, without first giving those concerned an opportunity to be heard.
It is therefore deemed proper to continue the cause for further argument, by such as may wish to be heard, upon the points indicated, leaving open for discussion any other points involved and not here determined, among which may be the sufficiency of the pleadings to determine the rights of the several defendants, as well as the respective priorities between the parties claiming as prior appropriators, together with the right to a full discussion of any other points that may arise, with the privilege of" *382filing such other, and additional briefs bearing on the points to be considered as may be desired.
Affirmed in Part: Continued for Further Argument.
Decided January 5, 1909.
Supplemental Opinion.
[98 Pac. 1088.]
Opinion by Mr. Commissioner King.
The principal contention of appellants as first urged was that the court acted without jurisdiction in directing that all persons interested in the lands bordering on Silver Creek, its tributaries and channels, be made parties to the suit, and that such action on the part of the court constituted reversible error. These questions of practice with matters incidental thereto, were determined adversely to counsel’s contention (51 Or. 367: 95 Pac. 732), and the cause was set down for further argument on the main points involved, principal among which is that of riparian rights, as affected by Act. Cong. March 3, 1877, c. 107, 19 Stat. 377 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1548), known as the “Desert Land Act”: 95 Pac. 732. This question and the points formerly determined were fully discussed at the re-argument. After a reconsideration of the questions of practice presented we find no reason to depart from the conclusions announced in our former opinion.
11. We come, then, to a consideration of the Desert Land Act, as to its effect upon the parties hereto owning lands upon the streams involved, the rights of each of whom have attached since the passage of the act. This confronts us with the legal problem as to whether any are riparian owners, and, if so, to what extent and what bearing their claims as such have upon the water rights in question.
*383It has become a matter of history that prior to any laws upon the subject the use of water was exercised under a custom permitting any person to go upon a stream, or other source of water supply upon the public domain, and divert water therefrom wherever and whenever needed, provided the use thereof did not interfere with the prior rights of others. In other words, priority in the diversion and use determined the rights of all conflicting claimants. This procedure was encouraged and acquiesced in by the government for many years throughout the Pacific Coast states, until in recognition thereof Act Cong. July 26, 1866, c. 262, § 9, 14 Stat. 253, 7 Fed. St. Ann. 1090 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1437), was adopted, which provided: “Whenever, by priority of possession, rights to the use of water for mining, agricultural, manufacturing, or other purposes, have vested and accrued, and the same are recognized and acknowledged by the local customs, laws, and the decisions of courts, the possessors and owners of such vested rights shall be maintained and protected in the same; and the right of way for the construction of ditches and canals for the-purposes herein specified is acknowledged and confirmed. * This act constituted a recognition of pre-existing rights rather than a creation of any new one, and accordingly recognized and assented to appropriation of water in contravention to the common-law rule as to continuous flow: Broder v. Water Co. 101 U. S. 274 (25 L. Ed. 790); United States v. Rio Grande Irr. Co. 174 U. S. 690 (19 Sup. Ct. 770: 43 L. Ed. 1136); Gutierres v. Albuquerque Land Co. 188 U. S. 545 (23 Sup. Ct. 338: 47 L. Ed. 588); Davis v. Chamberlain, 51 Or. 304 (98 Pac. 154).
12. Supplemental to the above act, provision was made by congress July 9, 1870, for incorporating a reservation in favor of such rights in all patents when issued, as follows: “All patents granted, or pre-emption or homesteads allowed, shall be subject to any vested and accrued *384water rights or rights to ditches and reservoirs used in connection with such water rights. * *”: Rev. St. § 2340 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1437). This was followed on March 3, 1877, by what is known as the “Desert Land Act,” parts of which, in so far as material to this discussion, are:
“That it shall be lawful for any citizen of the United States, or any person of requisite age ‘who may be entitled to become a citizen, and who has filed his declaration to become such’ and upon payment of twenty-five cents per acre, to file a declaration under oath with the register and the receiver of the land district in which any desert land is situated, that he intends to reclaim a tract of desert land not exceeding one section, by conducting water upon the same, within the period of three years thereafter: Provided, however, that the right to the use of water by the person so conducting the same, on or to any tract of desert land of six hundred and forty acres shall depend upon bona fide prior appropriation; and such right shall not exceed the amount of water actually appropriated, and necessarily used for the "purpose of irrigation and reclamation; and all surplus Iwater over and above such actual appropriation and use, 'together with the water of all lakes, rivers and other Sources of water supply upon the public lands, and not [navigable, shall remain and be held ireeN'or the appropriation and use of the public for irrigation, mining, and manufacturing purposes subject to existing rights * *”: 19 Stat. U. S. 377, 6 Fed. St. Ann. 392 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1548).
The title of the foregoing act reads: “An act to provide for the sale of desert lands in certain states and territories.” Being an act of congress, it is well known that it is not required that the title of the act embrace all its provisions; and, while a different rule prevails in some of the states, it is probably an exception rather than the rule that acts of congress are limited to matters contained in their title. This being the rule which prevailed in congress, we have only to look to the body of the act to ascertain its intention.
*38513. After providing for the reclamation of arid lands and for the procuring of title thereunder, it will be observed that, in this act, as essential to the reclamation of lands, the water right, when located by the person taking the land, shall depend upon bona fide prior appropriation. The reason for this is apparent. The object and purpose of the act was by this method to reclaim, develop, and make productive arid lands or those of a desert character, which as a rule were nonriparian. For many years it was an open question whether lands through which streams flowed in their natural channels were subject to reclamation under this act: Sims v. Phalen, 11 Land Dec. Dep. Int. 206. But it was finally determined that such lands could be reclaimed where clearly shown to be of a desert character: Houck v. Bettelyoun, 7 Land Dec. Dep. Int. 425; Nilson v. Anderson, 23 Land Dec. Dep. Int. 139. Considering this feature with the then long-existing conditions in reference to the public lands throughout the West, the reasons for providing that the water right should be acquired under the doctrine of prior appropriation are obvious.
This first act (1866) refers to priority of possession and local customs, rules, regulations, etc., to which rules of construction were soon applied; the outcome depends ing largely upon whether the decisions were by courts in localities of a strictly arid nature or in the humid states. If in a strictly arid section, the doctrine of prior appropriation prevailed; while, if humid, a middle ground, or what is called the “modified doctrine of riparian rights,” appears to have been the one adhered to and deemed the most conducive to the public welfare. Near the time of the passage of this act conflicts had arisen from the application of the law, as applied to riparian rights, in the arid and semi-arid West. In California the effect thereof on riparian rights was involved in much doubt and not fully determined, while in Nevada *386the noted case of Vansickle v. Haines, 7 Nev. 249, had been decided, adhering to the common-law rule on the subject. This'latter case, however, was subsequently overruled, since which time the doctrine of prior appropriation has there prevailed: Jones v. Adams, 19 Nev. 78 (6 Pac. 442: 3 Am. St. Rep. 788); Reno S. Works v. Stevenson, 20 Nev. 269 (21 Pac. 317: 4 L. R. A. 60: 19 Am. St. Rep. 364); Walsh v. Wallace, 26 Nev. 299 (67 Pac. 914: 99 Am. St. Rep. 692). The act of 1866 had left somewhat in doubt, not only the question of its effect upon riparian rights, but an uncertainty whether it thereby intended to establish a permanent rule upon the subject; and the act of 1870, requiring reservations in all patents issued,” by inserting a statement therein to the effect that the patents were executed subject to vested and accrued water rights, etc., was evidently intended as a precautionary measure to remove doubts then extant as to the legal effect of any patents subsequently issued, so far as applicable to any rights acquired before the date thereof.
In order, therefore, to remove such doubts and to establish a uniform rule throughout the states mentioned in the act, whereby all appropriations made from streams flowing through public lands over which congress had power to legislate, after the provisions specifying the manner in which lands taken under the act could be reclaimed, there was added the clause: “And all surplus water over and above such actual appropriation and use, together with the water of all lakes, rivers, and other sources of water supply upon the public lands, and not navigable, shall remain and be held free for the appropriation and use of the public for irrigation, mining and manufacturing purposes subject to existing rights”: 19 Stat. 377 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, p. 1549). This reservation of water rights for the benefit of the public was clearly not essential to any of the other provisions of the act. The previous statement contained sufficient to de*387fine and protect the rights of those selecting lands under the desert land act; but the added proviso, or something of similar import, was essential to the establishment of a clear and uniform rule upon the subject as regards all appropriations thereafter to be made from streams or other bodies of water upon the public lands and to which such might be riparian. The words “shall remain and be held free for the appropriation and use of the public for irrigation,” etc., are clearly words of reservation and dedication, and obviously so intended. It is insisted, however, that the language quoted is insufficient for either a grant, trust, or dedication; that a grant presupposes a grantee capable of receiving it; that it is not a trust, because all three essentials necessary to constitute a trust — i. e., trustee, trust res, and cestui que trust —are wanting; that it cannot be held to be a dedication/ in that the right there alluded to is not an easement, but is usufructuary only, partaking of the nature of real estate, an incorporeal hereditament, analogous' to a “profit” in land, in that it depletes the riparian right. It is further observed that a dedication is not a grant and cannot arise by grant, since it exists in favor of the entire public, in respect to which it was asserted, as above stated, that it cannot become a grantee.
14. A dedication is defined as being in the nature of a gift, inuring to the benefit of the public as a grant, but differing from a grant in that no grantee in esse is necessary to its validity: 9 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, 21; 13 Cyc. 439. It consists of devotion or giving of property for some proper object and in such a manner as to conclude the owner: State ex rel. Sims v. Otoe County, 6 Neb. 129, 133; Patrick v. Y. M. C. A. 120 Mich. 185, 193 (79 N. W. 208).
15. A “reservation,” as here used, is something taken from the whole thing covered by the general terms making the grant, and cuts down and lessens it (or act, under which title to the res from which the reservation may be *388made) from what it would be except for such reservation: Words & Phrases, p. 6140; Weynand v. Lutz (Tex. Civ. App.), 29 S. W. 1097.
16. The latter term applied here: The national government by its various laws relating to public lands granted to its citizens the privilege of acquiring title thereto. Construing all together as one act, the Desert Land Act by the language used appears to reserve therefrom to the entire public the right of any citizen, after March 3, 1877, to divert, use, and acquire a right in and to the unappropriated waters flowing through, or adjacent to, any lands thereafter patented, such right to be determined by priority. Reservations of this class may be found in Calhoun Gold Min. Co. v. Ajax Gold Min. Co. 27 Colo. 1 (59 Pac. 607, 615: 50 L. R. A. 209: 83 Am. St. Rep. 17); Wilcox v. McConnell, 13 Pet. (U. S.) 498 (10 L. Ed. 264); Wilson v. Higbee (C. C.), 62 Fed. 723.
17. It would not be seriously questioned that such a reservation might be expressly and. effectively made in a deed or other evidence of title: Then, when we take into consideration that to determine the extent of the title received through a conveyance of any kind from the government, whether by grant, patent, or otherwise, we must look into all acts in force in reference to the lands intended thus to be conveyed, to ascertain what interests remain subject to transfer, it becomes manifest that there is no difference in principle between a reservation resulting from an act in force at the time and an express reservation in the instrument itself through which title may be asserted.
18. It would seem, however, that as to what may be the proper term by which any interests thus reserved may be designated, we need not inquire. Nor is it material whether any term has been recognized or established by the courts to cover the privileges and rights reserved or surrendered by the government to the public, or individuals of which the public is composed. Our form of *389government, constitution, and powers reserved to the government, has necessarily given rise to privileges and rights not fully covered by the common law or by the terms in common use under it. The right of the government to dispose of its public lands, and to deal with all rights incident thereto, in such a manner as it may deem best, has long been fully established and recognized by all decisions upon the subject. True, it cannot by legislation determine for any state, after its admission, what the local laws relative to riparian rights shall be (United States v. Rio Grande Irr. Co. 174 U. S. 690, 703: 19 Sup. Ct. 770: 43 L. Ed. 1136); but the general government, in dealing with its public lands, may provide for their transfer as might any other landed proprietor, and make such reservations therefrom by grant, dedication, or otherwise as it may see fit.
19. Riparian rights may become the subject of a grant or dedication, and may be severed from the soil: Coquille Mill & M. Co. v. Johnson (Or.), 98 Pac. 132. This principle is clearly and( concisely stated in an opinion by Knowles, District Judge, in Howell v. Johnson (C. C.), 89 Fed. 556, 558, as follows: “Being the owner of these (public) lands, it has the power to sell or dispose of any estate therein or any part thereof. The water (in question) in an unnavigable stream flowing over the public domain is a part thereof, and the national government can sell or grant the same, or the use thereof, separate from the rest of the estate, under such conditions as may seem to it proper.” Decisions to the above effect are too numerous and too well understood to need extensive ■citation.
By the homestead and other land acts congress granted to the citizens of various states and territories the right, at any time thereafter, to enter upon the public domain and to select a quantity of land, in the manner there specified, and of thereby securing a home, notwithstanding no certain individual was designated to accept and *390receive such title. The effect of these acts was that the grantor of the public lands, the national government, was to hold these lands in trust for the public, to be acquired by any qualified citizen thereof on compliance with the rules prescribed. Numerous grants in praesenti were also made, to be held in trust by states designated in such grants for any company, person, or persons who might construct any wagon or other roads there indicated. For example, a grant was made to the State of Oregon of alternate sections of public lands, designated by odd numbers, three sections per mile, to be selected within six miles of what was, at the time of the passage of the act, an imaginary road between two given points within the State, upon the doing of certain acts thereafter to be performed, thus reserving to the builders, if any there might be, the right to select the odd sections desired: Act July 5, 1866, c. 174, 14 Stat. 89; Cahn v. Barnes (C. C.), 5 Fed. 326; United States v. Dalles Military R. Co. (and seven others), 140 U. S. 599, 11 Sup. Ct. 988, 35 L. Ed. 560; United States v. Willamette V. & C. M. Wagon Road Co. (D. C.), 42 Fed. 351; United States v. Willamette V. & C. M. Wagon Road Co. (C. C.), 55 Fed. 711. Such a road in time became a certainty, and more than 30 years after the passage of the act lands were selected, in reference to which it has been held that upon selection thereof the right thereto relates back to the date of filing the map of definite location of the road, shutting out all intervening claims and settlements, regardless' of patents issued to settlers thereon during the meantime; and this, too, notwithstanding such policy was instrumental in holding in abeyance and. withdrawing from settlement large tracts of the public domain for more than a quarter of a century: Eastern Oregon Land Co. v. Brosnan (C. C.), 147 Fed. 807. Any settlers on such lands are held to have entered thereon with full knowledge of the law, and to have taken them subject to the “contingent interests” in the land, of such *391possible road, of such company as might become the beneficiary of the grant: Altschul v. Gittings (C. C.), 102 Fed. 36, 38.
Another and more apt illustration is that of the policy of the national government respecting its mineral lands, in regard to which any one, acquiring title to any part of the public domain under the homestead or under any other act, takes such land subject to the exception that he does not acquire title to the minerals known to be therein at the time of entry or patent, whether located for minerals at the time of the inception of the rights of its grantee or not: 5 Fed. St. Ann. §§ 2318, 2319 (U. S. Comp. St. 1901, pp. 1423, 1424); Calhoun Gold Min. Co. v. Ajax Gold Min. Co. 27 Colo. 1 (59 Pac. 607: 50 L. R. A. 209: 83 Am. St. Rep. 17).
20. It was in the exercise of a similar prerogative on the part of the government that there was by the act of 1877 given to the public, or to any individual thereof^ the right to appropriate and apply to a beneficial use the waters flowing through its public domain. No limit as to the time in which this right may be exercised is made, except in effect that he who first diverts the water and with due diligence applies it to the uses there enumerated is given the better right thereto. It can make no difference, therefore, whether it be termed a grant, reservation, dedication, trust, or other privilege.
21. This unquestioned power of the owner over the public domain was exercised, and any one entering upon, and acquiring title to, any part of the public domain after the passage of this act, accepted such land and title thereto with full knowledge of the law under which the patent was issued; the import thereof being that this right incident to the soil was reserved by the government, to be held in trust for the public, and that he who first applies the water to a beneficial use shall become the owner of the right thereto, and that the recipient of such title takes it subject to that right, which he, in *392common with others of the public, is privileged to exercise. It is elementary that the grantor can convey no greater title than he has. This rule, as applied to cases of this nature, is clearly and concisely stated in Hume v. Rogue River Packing Co. 51 Or. 237 (92 Pac. 1065, 1067). There the plaintiff was owner of a grant from the State, either directly to himself or by mesne conveyances to others, of all the tide lands bordering upon the river, as well as of all the uplands adjacent to the river above tide water, the title to which was acquired from the United States, and the description of which ran to the meander .lines. In discussing this feature, this court, by Slater, C., says:
“He has no title by express grant from the State to any part of the bed and stream as such; but he does claim title to the entire bed of the stream at the mouth of the river, where, by reason of the shifting of the channel of the river from north to south, and vice versa, and by successive purchases from the State as tide land of the uncovered sands on both sides of the river, his deeds overlap, and apparently, at least, he is, at that point of the river, the owner of the bed of the stream. But this fact, we apprehend, will be of no avail in support of his claim of ownership of the water when flowing over such land, for in any event he could acquire no greater rights thereby than would be given the ordinary and legal effect of such deed by virtue of the statute authorizing its execution and delivery.”
22. It is true that the act of 1870 made it necessary to insert in the patents a reservation of all vested and accrued water rights, rights of way, etc., as well as to make similar reservations in patents respecting minerals; but, as stated, so far as a legal effect of the reservation is concerned, such would have been unnecessary, in that the government could grant no greater right than it had. Acts of this nature, like those requiring patents to be issued for lands acquired under railroad hnd other grants, under which title passes by virtue of the acts granting the lands, are but supplemental legislation. In *393this manner the evidence of title may more conveniently be placed of record, and thereby add to the convenience, in many respects, of the holder of the title, but otherwise adds nothing thereto: Cahn v. Barnes (C. C.), 5 Fed. 326, 331; Pengra v. Munz (C. C.), 29 Fed. 830, 835; Langdeau v. Hanes, 21 Wall. 521 (22 L. Ed. 606); United States v. Dalles Military R. Co. 140 U. S. 599 (11 Sup. Ct. 988: 35 L. Ed. 560); also cases cited in 8 Rose’s Notes (U. S.), 466.
A good illustration of the power of the government or other landed proprietor, at all times and whenever desired by it, to grant, reserve, or dedicate a right to any one at any time to acquire title to all or to any part of its public domain in such manner as it might designate —either to the land itself, or to the incorporeal rights appurtenant thereto, whether an easement over it, the removal of the minerals, of the timber, or of the right to the use of all or any of the waters flowing through or adjacent to such land — may be found in the recent case of the United States v. Winans, 198 U. S. 371 (25 Sup. Ct. 662: 49 L. Ed. 1089). In that case a suit was brought to enjoin the owners of certain lands on the Columbia Eiver from interfering with the exercise by the Indians on the Yakima Indian reservation, in the State of Washington, of fishing rights and privileges over, on and adjacent to lands along the Columbia Eiver, patented to the defendants therein, which rights were claimed under the provisions of a treaty made in 1859 between the Indians and the United States. This treaty reserved to them the exclusive right to fish in all streams running on and within certain lands within prescribed limits, and to fish in common with the citizens of the territory at all accustomed places in the vicinity, and further secured to such Indians the right of way over all lands necessary for carrying such reserved rights into effect, together with the privilege of erecting on any of the then public lands temporary buildings for the curing of fish. Subsequently *394the lands between the Columbia River and the special tract set aside and known as their “reservation” were entered by citizens of that state, ánd patents, without reservations therein of any kind, were issued to them. Grants from the State of Washington to the shore land fronting the patented lands were also procured by the patentees, together with licenses from the state to maintain devices for taking fish, called “fish wheels.” By virtue of these patents, grants and rights thus acquired by the landowners it was maintained that they could preclude the Indians from fishing along the shores and from crossing the patented lands for that purpose, in respect to which it was argued that the Indians, under the rights reserved to them and recognized by the government in the treaty, acquired “merely an executory license or privilege, applying to no certain and defined places, and revocable at will of the United States, to fish, hunt, and build temporary houses upon public lands, in common with white citizens, upon whom the law has conferred no title by occupancy whatever.” These contentions were sustained by the United States Circuit Court in that state (United States v. Winans (C. C.), 73 Fed. 72, 74); Judge Hanford, inter alia, observing: “The theory that lands conveyed by government patents, after being so conveyed and appropriated by individual citizens, still remain subservient to use and occupation by the Indians, for travel over the same, otherwise than by lawfully established public highways, and for camping grounds, finds no support in the provisions of the treaty, nor in the rules for the construction and interpretation of statutes, which must be applied in the interpretation of the treaty and of the public land laws of the United States.” But on appeal to the United States Supreme Court this decision was reversed (198 U. S. 381: 25 Sup. Ct. 662: 49 L. Ed. 1089); the court holding, in substance, that, notwithstanding patents were issued to the lands by the government, the patentees took the same subject *395to the rights reserved to the Indians thereafter to fish along the shores of the Columbia River, including a right to erect temporary structures for that purpose, and to retain such easements as would enable the privileges thus reserved to be exercised. In discussing the effect of the patents the court say: “The reservations were in large-areas of territory, and the negotiations were with the tribe. They reserved rights, however, to every individual Indian, as though named therein. They imposed a servitude upon every piece of land, as though described therein. There was an exclusive right of fishing reserved within certain boundaries. There was a right outside of those boundaries reserved ‘in common with citizens of the territory.’ The land department could grant no exceptions from its provisions. It makes no difference, therefore, that the patents issued by the department are absolute in form. They are subject to the treaty as to the other laws of the land.”
23. It is clear from the foregoing decision (1) that whether the landed proprietor be the government, a tribe of Indians, or other owner, such proprietor may reserve or grant a right or interest in, over, and appurtenant to, or in any manner connected with, its lands, not necessarily to an individual alone, but to a class of individuals in general, as well as in particular, without limit as to time, application, and use, of the rights or privileges thus reserved, dedicated, or granted; (2) and such right or interest in its public lands becomes effective in favor of those for whom it may be reserved, or to whom it may be dedicated, and against those subsequently acquiring title thereto, even though such rights may not be exercised until after the lands shall have been patented to others; (3) and that, in so far as the binding effect thereof is concerned upon such subsequent purchaser, it is immaterial that such reservations, or exceptions, are not specified in the patents or other instruments of conveyance.
*39624. Reservations of this class are fully and ably discussed by the Supreme Court of Kentucky in Rowan’s Ex’rs v. Town of Portland, 8 B. Mon. 232. The Supreme Court of New Hampshire, in the case of State v. Franklin Falls Co. 49 N. H. 240, 256 (6 Am. Rep. 513), declines either to agree with the reasoning of that court or to follow the rule there enunciated; but the United States Supreme Court, in Morgan v. Railway Co. 96 U.S. (6 Otto 716) (24 L. Ed. 743), clearly adopts the reasoning-applied by the Kentucky court, and observes that the consideration there given those questions is a full, able, and correct exposition of the law on the subject, with which conclusion we concur. In Rowan’s Ex’rs v. Town of Portland, 8 B. Mon. 232, the dedication related to certain streets adjacent to a stream, and included the right of wharfage or right to land boats and other vessels along that part of the street bordering upon the river. The court, in discussing the legal effect thereof, concludes that the grantor, holding title subject to the use to which it was dedicated, held the title thereto in himself as trustee for the public, which his grantee took subject to such trust, and further observes: “Whether the public at large was or could be the immediate grantee or recipient of this right we should consider it fruitless to inquire. The po tential right of use in and by the public was created by the sale and conveyance of the lots, and whether it passed at once to the public, or remained in abeyance, or is the mere result of an estoppel; or vested in the purchasers of lots as a part of the estate conveyed to them, it was in either case alike perfect and beyond the future control of the original proprietor or his alienees of the title on which this right of use was ingrafted.” Again, as stated in Pearsall v. Post, 20 Wend. (N. Y.) 111, 119: “It seems to be well settled by the Supreme Court of the United States, by several courts in the neighboring states, to which we may, perhaps, add the court of chancery in this state, that dedications of land for religious and charitable *397purposes, as well as for public ways, and squares, commons, parks, and other easements in nature of ways, are to be upheld, although there be no person in esse capable of taking as a grantee at the time. It was remarked by Mr. Justice Thompson, in Cincinnati v. White’s Lessee, 6 Pet. 431 436 (8 L. Ed. 452), that ‘the principle, if well founded in law, must have a general application to all appropriations and dedications for public use, where there is no grantee in esse to take the fee.’ He adds: ‘This forms an exception to the rule applicable to private grants, and grows out of the necessity of the case.’ These remarks comprehend every conceivable case where a man has furnished evidence of a clear intent to give up his real estate for the purposes of any legitimate public use.”
Privileges of this class were not unusual, and were recognized as being subject to dedication in the early history of the law on the subject, as disclosed by further remarks therein of the same court, namely: “I pass over the more usual instances of easements, such as ways, commons, and water privileges, etc., enjoyed either by individuals, towns, or other corporations. * * We may also pass over those which are less common, and one put by Mr. Justice Thompson, in 6 Pet. 437 (8 L. Ed. 452), from McConnell v. Lexington, 12 Wheat. 582 (6 L. Ed. 735), the reservation of a spring of water for public use. It was made to a corporation, which might turn the. spring to its own or public purposes. • Thus the user was invoked to establish an individual right. A like case is mentioned in Co. Litt. 56a, a customary watering place in the Inhabitants of Southwarké, for violating which an action was held to lie.” In the spring case alluded to it appears that the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1773, by an act known as the “Land Law,” reserved 640 acres of land, upon which the spring was situated, for the benefit of those who had settled in a village or city, afterwards to be laid out into lots and divided among such settlers. The spring was in common use by the inhabitants of a village *398located on this tract, and afterwards claimed by one of the purported grantees of the lot upon which it was situated. The court, however, in an opinion by Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, held that the use of the spring by the public and the recognition thereof for a long period of time constituted such a dedication, and that, even though the claimant thereof be considered the grantee of the land upon which the spring was situated, its use for the purposes mentioned, although no reservation was made in the deed, must be deemed to have been reserved. It may be said that in that case the entire public exercised the right to the use of the spring thus dedicated, but it must be remembered that the exercise of this right was merely by the individuals constituting the public.
25. In the case at bar the public exercises the right in a somewhat similar manner, except on a larger and more extensive scale, in that an appropriation by any individual or corporation gives it'a right in and to the flow and use of the water appropriated for the purposes for which it is diverted, which right may afterwards be subject to sale and transfer. But it is clear that, if a dedication can be made to the public of a spring or a stream in the manner indicated in the last case quoted,' the owner of any source of water supply may make a like dedication in that or in any other manner determined upon. The manner of making the dedication, as well as its legal effect, must be determined from the act or instrument by which it is made. In the case under consideration it will be observed that the language used is that the surplus waters of the streams and of other sources of water supply designated shall- remain and be held free for the appropriation and use of the public for (1) irrigation, (2) mining, and (3) manufacturing purposes.
The manner of appropriating and using the water for irrigation, manufacturing, and mining purposes was at that time and has been at all times since well understood ; hence the use by the public and manner thereof is specified, meaning, when interpreted in the light of the *399then existing facts, the usual manner of applying it for power purposes and of diverting it by means of ditches and other systems in use for irrigation, including also the usual methods in use by miners.
26. It follows that the rights reserved to the public and dedication of the surplus waters therefor were intended for use in that manner. Construed, then, with the act of 1866 and other provisions of the act of 1877, we are of the opinion that all lands settled upon after the date of the latter act were accepted with the implied understanding that (except as hereinafter stated) the first to appropriate and use the water for the purposes specified in the act should have the superior right thereto. * So far as we are able to determine, the question, as here presented, has not heretofore been squarely before any of the courts. But, while not deemed essential to an adjudication therein, we find the act of 1877 considered to some extent in the following cases: Williams v. Altnow, 51 Or. 275 (95 Pac. 200); Farm Investment Co. v. Carpenter, 9 Wyo. 110 (61 Pac. 258: 50 L. R. A. 747: 87 Am. St. Rep. 918); United States v. Conrad Inv. Co. (C. C.) 156 Fed. 123, 128; United States v. Rio Grande Irr. Co. 174 U. S. 690 (19 Sup. Ct. 770: 43 L. Ed. 1136); Gutierres v. Albuquerque Land Co. 188 U. S. 545 (23 Sup. Ct. 338: 47 L. Ed. 588); Kansas v. Colorado, 206 U. S. 46 (27 Sup. Ct. 655: 51 L. Ed. 956); State ex rel. Liberty Lake Ice Co. v. Superior Court, Spokane County, 47 Wash. 310 (91 Pac. 968).
In the first case mentioned, Altnow, who was the proprietor of the land upon which Warm Springs Creek had its source, claimed both as a prior appropriator and as a riparian owner. To his riparian claim it was maintained as a defense that his lands were settled upon after the date of the desert land act, for' which reason he was not a riparian proprietor in the sense that as such alleged riparian owner he could assert a right in the stream for *400irrigation; and this contention was in that case expressly upheld by the trial court. On this point Mr. Chief Justice Bean observes that Altnow’s claim as riparian proprietor (all other parties therein being in the same position in this respect) could not be upheld for two reasons: (1) That he relied upon his claim as prior appropriator and was bound by it; (2) that the lands having been entered since the year 1877, “it is a serious question whether the desert land act does not abolish the so-called modified doctrine of riparian rights, which gives to riparian proprietors the right to use water for irrigation as to all lands through which nonnavigable streams flow, the title to which has been acquired from the government of the United States since the passage of that act.” And after quoting from the act, he further remarks: “The government of the United States, as the primary owner of the soil, undoubtedly has the right to make such provisions concerning the waters of nonnavigable streams thereon as it deemed proper, and it is at least a debatable question whether, by the language quoted, congress did not intend to recognize and assent to the appropriation of such waters in contravention to the common-law doctrine of riparian rights as to persons subsequently acquiring title.from the United States: United States v. Rio Grande Irr. Co. 174 U. S. 690 (19 Sup. Ct. 770: 43 L. Ed. 1136).”
In Wyoming the doctrine of priority of appropriation for beneficial use in contravention to the common-law rule on the subject prevails. By legislative enactment in 1886 the water of every natural stream in that state was declared to be the property of, and dedicated to the use of, the public. The manner of appropriation and acquirément of such rights are specified, included among which, priority of an appropriation for a beneficial use was declared to give the better right. It is thus evident that without the provisions of the desert land act the court there held and was bound to adhere to that doctrine. *401But in Farm Investment Co. v. Carpenter, 9 Wyo. 110 (61 Pac. 258: 50 L. R. A. 747: 87 Am. St. Rep. 918), Mr. Chief Justice Potter, in discussing the question as to whether an express constitutional or statutory declaration was necessary in the first instance to render the streams and .other natural bodies of water the property of the public, and subject to the control of the laws of the state, without reference to riparian rights, says: “If any consent of the general government was primarily requisite to the inception of the rule of prior appropriation, that consent is to be found in several enactments by congress, beginning with the act of July 26, 1866, and including the desert land act of March 3, 1877. Those acts have been too often quoted and are too well understood to require a restatement at this time at the expense of unduly extending this opinion.”
In New Mexico Territory, where the doctrine of prior appropriation also prevails, a similar question to that in the Wyoming case came before the court in Gutierres v. Albuquerque Land Co. 188 U. S. 545 (23 Sup. Ct. 338: 47 L. Ed. 588). The question there involved the validity of a territorial act permitting the construction of canals and condemning rights of way, etc., in reference to which it was urged that the territorial act was invalid, because it not only assumed to dispose of the property of the United States without its consent, but was in conflict with the legislation of congress and, therefore, void. It was there argued that the waters affected by the statute-were public and exclusively the property of the United States; but the statute alluded to permitted private parties and corporations to acquire the unappropriated waters in violation of the right of the government to control and dispose of its property wherever situated. In considering this feature, Mr. Justice White, speaking for the court (188 U. S. 552: 23 Sup. Ct. 341, 47 L. Ed. 588), in his opinion observes: “Assuming that the appellants are entitled to urge the objection referred to, we think, in *402view of the legislation of congress on the subject of the appropriation of water on the public domain, particularly referred to in the opinion of this court in United States v. Rio Grande Irrigation Co. 174 U. S. 690, 704-708: 19 Sup. Ct. 770 (48 L. Ed. 1136), the objection is devoid of merit. * * By act March 3, 1877, c. 107, 19 Stat. 377, the right to appropriate such an amount of water as might be necessarily used for the purpose of irrigation and reclamation of desert land, part of the public domain, was granted, and it was further provided that ‘all surplus water over and above such actual appropriation and' use, together with the water of all lakes, rivers, and other sources of water supply upon the public lands and not navigable, shall remain and be held free for the appropriation and use of the public for irrigation, mining, and manufacturing purposes subject to existing rights.’ ”
27. In United States v. Rio Grande Irr. Co. the inquiry was into the navigability of the Rio Grande River and as to the effect a proposed dam therein would have on navigation. While it was there unquestioned that the common-law rule was that .every riparian owner was entitled to the continual flow of the stream, and that states and territories had the power to change this rule and to permit the appropriation of the flowing waters for such purposes as they deemed wise, the court states that this power “is limited by the superior power of the general government to secure the uninterrupted navigation of all streams within the limits of the United States.” It was urged in this connection that the desert land act of 1877 also included therein the right to appropriate the waters of any stream, even though the depletion caused thereby should impede navigation. In the opinion the desert land act, together with that of the acts of 1866 and 1891, are referred to, concerning which the court, by Mr. Justice Brewer, at page 706, of 174 U. S., and page 776 of 19 Sup. Ct. (43 L. Ed. 1136), comments as follows: “Obviously by these acts, so far as they extended, congress *403recognized and assented to the appropriation of water in contravention of the eommon:law rule as to continuous flow. To infer therefrom that congress intended to release its control over the navigable streams of the country and to grant in aid of mining industries and the reclamation of arid lands the right to appropriate the waters on the sources of navigable streams to such an extent as to destroy their navigability, is to carry those statutes beyond what their fair import permits. This legislation must be interpreted in the light of existing facts — -that all through this mining region in the west were streams, not navigable, whose waters could safely be appropriated for mining and agricultural industries, without serious interference with the navigability of the rivers into which those waters flow. And in reference to all these cases of purely local interest the obvious purpose of congress was to give its assent, so far as the public lands were concerned, to any system, although in contravention to the common-law rule, which permitted the appropriation of those waters for legitimate industries.”
These appear to be the only cases in which the attention of the court has been called to this act, the plain inference from which is that, in the opinion of the eminent jurists quoted, the act of March 3, 1877, was such a reservation by the national government to and for the public and such dedication thereto of all its rights in and to all the waters flowing through its public lands for irrigation, manufacturing and mining purposes, as to abrogate the modified common-law-rules upon the subject, in so far as applicable to all lands entered after that date. But the effect of the language of the act that “there shall remain and be held free for the appropriation and use of the public for irrigation,” etc., we think, while constituting'words of reservation and dedication, limits the rights thereunder to the deprivation of the riparian lands of the water only in so far as it may be claimed by the riparians for the purposes there enumerated. One of the rights insepara*404ble from the land has always been that the owner of such land was entitled to an adequate supply of water flowing over it for domestic use, together with sufficient for the domestic animals necessary for the proper subsistence and maintenance of the landed proprietor and his family. This necessary use, no doubt, gave rise to the doctrine of riparian rights in the earliest development of the law upon the subject, followed by requirements for navigation, next extended to include the right to its use for power purposes, and later to the production of such garden and grains as was essential to the subsistence of the family of such riparian owner. At first the right of all riparians was evidently restricted to the demands upon the stream for the first purposes named. Lastly, as civilization progressed and extended over the semi-arid sections throughout the different nations, the riparian demands accordingly became more extensive and enlarged to include irrigation, but limited at first, no doubt, to the watering of such garden and other produce reasonably necessary for the riparians’ domestic consumption, and as the strictly arid localities became populated, by reason of the correspondingly increased commercial, agricultural, and mining development, this right was finally extended to include the irrigation, not only for the limited purposes mentioned, but to the watering of large areas in the production of grains and other agricultural products, together with its expansion thereof to include all its present uses.
28. The language used in this act was clearly intended to change the rule respecting the right of riparians to the use of water for irrigation, mining, and power purposes ; but as in the last case cited, it has its limits. It does not go so far as to affect the rights originally giving rise to the doctrine of riparian rights; that is, for domestic use, including the watering of domestic animals and such stock as may be essential to the sustenance of the owners of lands adjacent to the streams or other bodies of water. *405And as held in the last case cited, although abrogating the common-law rule on the subject, the act was not intended to permit appropriators to deplete the flow to such an extent as materially to impair the navigation of the rivers to which such streams directly or indirectly may be tributaries. The reason for this is plain: To permit an interference with navigation would be to deprive the entire public of a valuable right, which at all times has been recognized as paramount to that of the individual desiring such interference; while to permit an appropriation of w;ater depriving the owner of the land through which it may flow of its use for irrigation, affects such person only. So far as the government may be concerned by the depletion of a particular tract of land of such benefit, if any, it is recouped by the reclamation of a like tract for which the diversion causing the injury may be made.
29. However, it cannot be presumed that it was the intention of congress to render the soil absolutely worthless by drying the lands by diversion of the waters flowing through them to nonriparian lands as to leave the soil without the water essential to the owner’s domestic needs. Presumably the best possible results for all concerned were intended, which it is clear could best be obtained by permitting the settler to retain the quantity of water essential to the sustenance of his family and to other natural wants incident thereto, but, if he does not see proper to apply it to any of the uses specified in the act, then to permit the first home builder on other lands to make such use of it as will bring into cultivation the lands not adjacent to the streams, thereby protecting the settlers upon both classes of lands, and at the same time not only encourage home building, but enable the government to dispose of more of its lands, and to enhance its revenues proportionately.
30. It often happens that an owner of lands in arid districts does not want'to farm them, but merely wants a home where he may raise stock or engage in other pur*406suits, requiring only sufficient water supply to meet the natural wants incident thereto, and for which no artificial diversion or application of the stream may become necessary. It will not/therefore, necessarily be presumed that such settler intends to irrigate his lands, or that he will ever demand the water for such purposes, for which reason congress evidently intended by-the language used in the act of 1877 that, if desired for such purposes, some manifestation thereof by diversion or other, sufficient notice should be given, and, if not desired for the reclamation of his lands, that the owner should not be permitted to complain if another shall so apply it. But, as regards the requirements for domestic use, the settlement, or other steps taken looking towards the procurement of title thereto, gives ample notice that the water for all necessary domestic uses is, and will continue to be, demanded as appurtenant to the land entered, as much so as would a diversion of the water for such purposes; while, if intended to be appropriated for irrigation, mining, or power purposes, some affirmative action in that direction is essential, and it is but reasonable to require a clear manifestation of an intent or notice thereof. This requirement is vital to the initiation Of such a right, for the same reason that some notice is exacted for the entry of the land itself. Congress could reasonably presume that, if an appropriation were desired for the purposes mentioned in the act, some steps would be taken manifesting such intent, and that, if the owner is not the first to move in that direction, the person making an application thereof to a beneficial use within a reasonable time ought to be rewarded for his diligence, and he is entitled to have his rights in that respect recognized and protected. For this reason the settler who has acquired title to the land through which any stream may flow, took it subject to the rights of the person who has or who may subsequently make the first use of such stream for the purposes enumerated in the act, excepting only as to the natural wants and needs of such settler.
*40731. Our attention is called to references in our statute to riparian rights (B. & C. Comp. §§ 4994, 5000), which, it is argued, recognize the doctrine of riparian rights as being in force in this state, regardless of the act of congress under consideration. It could with equal strength be maintained that Section 5002, B. & C. Comp., which provides that “all controversies respecting rights to water under this act shall be determined by the dates of the appropriations as respectively made by the parties,” constitutes a declaration to the effect that the doctrine of prior appropriation shall prevail. The statute does not attempt to define riparian rights, nor to determine the extent or effect of the doctrine as applied to irrigation. It has reference only to such rights as such riparian owner, as the proprietor, may have, whatever they may be; and the question as to what such rights are, and since 1877 have been, is the one under consideration here. Owners of land adjacent to bodies of water have riparian rights other than those presented in this controversy: See Morton v. O. S. L. Ry. Co. 48 Or. 444 (87 Pac. 151, 1046: 7 L. R. A., (N. S.) 5 344: 120 Am. St. Rep. 827); Coquille Mill & M. Co. v. Johnson (Or.), 98 Pac. 132. As hereinbefore held, the act of 1877 only affects riparian rights to lands the title to which has been acquired since that date, and then only in so far as a claim to the use of water may be asserted as riparian owner for the purposes in the act enumerated. And in this connection it will be observed that Section 5000, B. & C. Comp., protects the owner contiguous to the stream, as against those claiming under the act of which that section is a part, in his right to the flow of the stream to the extent required for household, domestic, and other uses incident thereto, with sufficient quantity for irrigation purposes to the extent then actually needed and in use. An exception to that extent is accordingly made in favor of the land owner, as against, and only to the extent of, such rights as may be asserted under the act.
*408Our attention is called to Sturr v. Beck, 133 U. S. 541 (10 Sup. Ct. 350: 33 L. Ed. 761). That was a controversy between a riparian owner and a subsequent, but prior, appropriator, and was submitted on an agreed statement of facts. Based upon these stipulations, the trial court made findings, among which Was that the defendant’s first settlement upon his land through which the stream flowed was in March, 1877, and that he made a homestead filing thereon on the 25th of the same month. These findings were conclusive upon the appellate court. The date alluded to does not disclose whether the settlement was prior or subsequent to March 3, 1877, the date of the desert land act. Owing, therefore, to the uncertainty as to the date of settlement, this decision cannot be held in point. And the further fact that no reference appears as to the exact date clearly indicates that either the settlement was made before that date, or that the question did not occur to the litigants and was accordingly not urged before the court, nor considered by it. But, whatever view may be taken in this respect, its bearing on the question at hand is practically disregarded, if not overruled, by that court in its declaration on the subject through Mr. Justice Brewer in United States v. Rio Grande Irr. Co., above quoted, as well as in the general reference to this act by the same court in an opinion by Mr. Justice White in Gutierres v. Albuquerque Land Co. 188 U. S. 545 (23 Sup. Ct. 338: 47 L. Ed. 588). To the extent, therefore, that Sturr v. Beck may be deemed a precedent as regards riparian rights, its weight is materially lessened, if, indeed, the rule as there and previously enunciated on the subject is not overruled by that court in the recent case of Kansas v. Colorado, 206 U. S. 46 (27 Sup. Ct. 655: 51 L. Ed. 956). In Sturr v. Beck it was, in effect, held that the plaintiff could make no appropriation as against Beck, who was a riparian proprietor and who was entitled to the undiminished flow of the stream. This claim as to the law was asserted and *409the same application thereof insisted upon in Kansas v. Colorado, in which the citizens of Kansas insisted that large quantities of water were being diverted from the Arkansas River by the inhabitants of Colorado, a large number of whom were claiming as prior appropriators and diverting the water to nonriparian lands, as against Kansas, 'a riparian proprietor. In Kansas the modified doctrine of riparian rights prevailed, while in Colorado prior appropriation was and is recognized as the governing doctrine. The court refused injunctive relief and dismissed the bill, stating in substance that if the riparian doctrine should prevail in Kansas as against Colorado and against the nonriparian users whose rights were involved therein, Oklahoma and its citizens lower on the Arkansas River might invoke the same rule in opposition to both the citizens of Kansas and Colorado, to their great injury, which doctrine, it is observed, would be ruinous in its effect. The court, in dismissing the bill, indicated that no injunction would lie until a more substantial injury could be shown, and at the same time found that the interference by a large number of the appropriators above in the State of Colorado materially depleted the flow to the riparian lands of the plaintiff. This opinion was written by Mr. Justice Brewer, who was not a member of the court when the case of Sturr v. Beck was argued and submitted, for which reason, although a member of the court when the opinion in the latter case was filed, he took no part in the decision. The opinion in the Kansas-Colorado case not only brushes aside the rule claimed to have been announced in Sturr v. Beck, regarding riparian rights, but discloses what, in the opinion of the writer, is a strong and commendable tendency on the part of that great court to recognize that the rigid rules of common law, as interpreted and sought to be applied by those insisting upon the “undiminished flow” theory, are inapplicable to the many new and intricate questions necessarily arising under our form of government and through*410out the arid and semi-arid sections. For a specific statement of the facts in this case, disclosing many of the defendants to be using the water on nonriparian lands, see the first opinion, which was on demurrer: Kansas v. Colorado, 185 U. S. 125 (22 Sup. Ct. 552: 46 L. Ed. 838).
32. We come, now, to the adjudications in this state. While it is urged that the decisions of this court have recognized a doctrine inconsistent with that here enunciated, our attention is not directed to any where the question, as here presented, has been before the court or in any manner urged or submitted. Nor have we been able to' find such a case. Numerous suits have arisen where the riparian questions have been urged, considered, and discussed, and in some respects determined; but in none does it appear that the lands were entered after the date of the act under consideration. If, in fact, the titles to lands involved in some of the cases were obtained since the date of the act, the court’s attention was not directed thereto, and it is well settled that no case can be deemed a precedent binding upon the court unless the point in question was there presented or considered.
The first case in this state wherein the doctrine of riparian rights appears to have been considered is that of Taylor v. Welch, 6 Or. 198, which, inter alia, holds in effect that every proprietor of land through which a stream of water may run is entitled to its undiminished flow without obstruction. This opinion was filed in 1876, and no questions of irrigation were involved. The rule there announced was not only unnecessary to a decision, but impliedly modified in a subsequent opinion by Mr. Justice Boise, in Coffman v. Robbins, 8 Or. 278, which holds that the flow may be diminished by the upper riparian proprietor to the extent of the amount needed to supply his domestic wants and a reasonable quantity for irrigation. Since then numerous other opinions have been filed in this court, where directly and indirectly riparian rights as affected by irrigation have been dis*411cussed, and points in reference thereto determined, among which are Shively v. Hume, 10 Or. 76; Shaw v. Oswego Iron Co. 10 Or. 371 (45 Am. Rep. 146); Shook v. Colohan, 12 Or. 239 (6 Pac. 503); Weiss v. Oregon Iron Co. 13 Or. 496 (11 Pac. 255); Kaler v. Campbell, 13 Or. 596 (11 Pac. 301); Faull v. Cooke, 19 Or. 455 (26 Pac. 662: 20 Am. St. Rep. 836); Low v. Schafer, 24 Or. 239 (33 Pac. 678); North Powder Milling Co. v. Coughanour, 34 Or. 9 (54 Pac. 223); Jones v. Conn, 39 Or. 30 (64 Pac. 855, 65 Pac. 1068: 54 L. R. A. 630: 87 Am. St. Rep. 634); Brown v. Baker, 39 Or. 66 (65 Pac. 799, 66 Pac. 193); Mace v. Mace, 40 Or. 586 (67 Pac. 660, 68 Pac. 737); Oregon Const. Co. v. Allen Ditch Co. 41 Or. 209 (69 Pac. 455: 93 Am. St. Rep. 701); Salem Mills v. Lord, 42 Or. 82 (69 Pac. 1033, 70 Pac. 832); Cottel v. Berry, 42 Or. 593 (72 Pac. 584); Harrington v. Demaris, 46 Or. 111 (77 Pac. 603, 82 Pac. 14: 1 L. R. A., (N. S.), 756); Morgan v. Shaw, 47 Or. 333 (83 Pac. 534); Seaweard v. Duncan, 47 Or. 640 (84 Pac. 1043); Parkersville Drainage Dist. v. Wattier, 48 Or. 332 (86 Pac. 775); Williams v. Altnow, 51 Or. 275 (95 Pac. 200); Davis v. Chamberlain, 51 Or. 304 (98 Pac. 154). In some of the foregoing cases it appears that the title passed before the year 1877, while in all of the others the date of the initiation of the title to the lands there alluded to as riparian is not disclosed, and no issue appears to have been made upon that point. In Jones v. Conn the participants claimed as riparian owners only, and the cause was tried out on that issue; the dates of the inception of their rights presumably having no bearing thereon.
In Seaweard v. Duncan the initiation of the contestants’ rights to the land irrigated occurred after the year 1877; but the only issues presented were as to the relative priorities of their appropriations of the water in dispute. Crooked Creek, there involved, flows through the lands of Seaweard, who used but 120 inches of water for irrigation. Duncan was a nonriparian owner, and insisted *412upon having all the water in excess of that amount divided between himself and Seaweard, although his ditch carried but 80 inches, being his full appropriation and sufficient for the irrigation of his nonriparian lands. In this case the court might have passed upon the question here considered, had Seaweard relied upon his claim as riparian proprietor. Likewise in Seaweard v. Pacific L. Co. 49 Or. 157 (88 Pac. 963), the same question might have been determined, had the- company there relied upon that claim. But the issues there, like those in the other case, being as to the relative priorities of their diversions and use of each, only these questions were adjudicated. It is manifest that these Seaweard cases cannot properly be cited in support of the argument that the doctrine of riparian rights was not affected by the desert land act, since the issues were not so framed, nor proof offered thereon, as to entitle the point to be considered, although it were possible to frame issues to that end. But it would be as logical to cite these cases as precedents on the point under consideration as to insist that the other Oregon cases cited should be conclusive. Other illustrations in this state might be given, where the titles to the lands affected by the waters involved were obtained since 1877, and where no reference was made thereto in any opinion filed thereon; but, like the above, and for the reasons given, they are not in point.
33. Considering, then, the effect of the desert land act upon the lands of the parties whose interests are here involved, the question arises as to what lands are riparian and what is the extent thereof. To determine what are riparian channels, a brief examination of the main stream, tributaries, and branches becomes necessary. Silver Creek rises in township 31 S., range 14 E., on the slope immediately north of Cycan marsh, in Lake County, and flows northerly for a distance of about 25 miles into what was formerly Pauline marsh, entering the marsh at a point near the center of section 2 in the township and *413range mentioned, where, until recent years, it spread and its current terminated. Until its bed was reclaimed the marsh covered about ten square miles, through which Silver Creek emptied into Silver Lake, about three miles below. The stream is fed mainly by waters from the slopes south and southwest of Hager Mountain. During the early spring, beginning about March 1st, it usually carries about 100 second feet (sometimes reaching twice that quantity when at its highest stage), to from 40 to 50 second feet during the first week in May, after which it rapidly recedes to about 11 or 12 second feet, thus remaining during the rest of the year. The west branch of Silver Creek rises in township 30 south, range 14 east, and flows into the main channel near the northwest corner of township 29 of the same range, and the two streams together furnish the supply of water mentioned.
Bridge Creek, a tributary of Silver Creek, rises in the Yamsay Mountains, near the dividing line between La'ke and Klamath counties, and runs northeasterly, emptying into Island Branch near the center of section 15, township 28 S., range 14 E., and thence into Silver Creek, and from February 1st until about June 15th furnishes an average flow of about three second feet, after which it diminishes to one second foot, and thus remains throughout the season. The quantity supplied by this stream is not included in the above estimate of the flow of Silver Creek. Beginning near the center of the S. % of - the N. E. 14 of section 21, same township and range, a high-water channel, through which water seldom flows after the 1st of May of any year, leads from the east side of Silver Creek and returns to the stream about one mile below at a point near the southeast corner of the S. W. Vi. of section 15. At this point two channels diverge, one from each side of the creek, which, until artificially opened, were known as “high-water channels,” and through which no water ran at any time after the first week in May. The easterly divergence is known as “Bun-*414yard Branch,” which, at a point near the center of the N. W. *4 of the S. W. 14 of section 14, again divides, from which point both branches, continuing to a point near the center of the W. % of section 13, township 28 S., range 14 E., practically disappear, emptying into what, at the time the channel was opened, was a marsh. The divergence from the west bank is known as “Island Branch,” and flows northerly through section 15, returning to the main stream near the southwest corner of section 11. At a point near the southeast corner of the N. W-14 of the S. W. % of section 11, there divaricates what is known as the “Conley Branch,” being a channel similar to the other branches named, which extends through the S. A. D. Porter onto the Conley lands, and ends near the west line of the C. C. Jackson farm. In the S. E. 14 of the N. W. % of section 11, Silver Creek divides into two channels, each of which continues through the lands of Hough and the Occidental Land & Improvement Co., in section 2, into what was once Pauline marsh. With the exception of the main channels of Silver Creek and its tributaries named, all were high-water channels merely, through which no water flowed after May 10th until improved or enlarged as indicated.
Between the years 1878 and 1882 the heads of Island, Bunyard, and Conley Branches were artificially opened, since which time, when the stream was not depleted by diversion for irrigation purposes, about one-fourth of the water has run through Bunyard Branch, one-half of that remaining through the main channel, and the remainder through Island Branch, all returning above the head of Conley Branch, through which latter channel, when not interfered with, about one-fourth flowed to Conley’s premises; the rest continuing through the main channel. At this time the only residents on the streams were those occupying what are now the premises of Hough, Conley, S. A. D. Porter, J. C. Porter-, and lands now claimed by Geo. H. Small and E. D. Lutz, as well as *415those of Lucinda Egli and Geo. Durand, several miles above. The opening of these channels was acquiesced in by all on the stream, and since the year 1882 the water has naturally run through them in about the proportion indicated. Having flowed in this manner for more than the period prescribed by the statute of limitations, they have become fixed: Cottel v. Berry, 42 Or. 593 (72 Pac. 584); Harrington v. Demaris, 46 Or. 111 (77 Pac. 603, 82 Pac. 14: 1 L. R. A., (N.S.), 756.) Therefore since about the year 1880 each of these branches has been well defined and recognized as a part of Silver Creek, and so far as riparian rights can be applied to the main channel they attach with equal force to the branches named.
34. As nearly as can be determined from the evidence, and especially from the general maps and data to be gathered from the history and records of geological surveys of the country, commonly in use throughout the state at that time, and until reclaimed, all of section 2, except the south one-half thereof, and all of section 1, township 28 south, range 14 east, and sections 35 and 36, in township 27 S., range 14 E., and all of section 31, township 27 S., range 15 E., were swamp and overflowed lands constituting a part of Pauline marsh, into which Silver Creek and its channels emptied; and, while the water finally worked its way through the swamp and marsh into Silver Lake below, there was no practical channel over the lands constituting the swamp or marsh until after the settlement of the farms above on Silver Creek, its tributaries, and channels, after which the depletion of the flow caused by the use of the water above for irrigation, together with the artificial channels constructed for drainage, reclaimed the land, since which it may be said channels have been formed, but when they were formed the record does not disclose. When the water spreads with no well-defined current it cannot be deemed a water course, such as will bring it within any rule permitting a claim thereto as riparian owner on the stream. It is not always necessary, however, that the stream flow through *416well-defined banks; but the current and course thereof must be clearly perceptible. On this point, Mr. Farnham, in his work on Waters (Section 458), says: “In order to constitute a water course the water must have a current. It cannot be stagnant, nor spread out so' as to destroy the current. If the water spreads out so that the current becomes imperceptible or is lost, the water becomes a lake or pond, and is no longer a water course.” See, also, Wiel, Water Rights (2 ed.), p. 161; West v. Taylor, 16 Or. 165 (13 Pac. 665).
35. None of the lands claimed in section 2 by the Occidental Land & Improvement Co., or by Kittredge in section 36, or by defendants, McKune, Brown, Jones, Henderson, Jackson, J. M. Small, and B. F. Lane, or those owned by J. C. Porter in sections 23 and 26, township 28 S., range 14 E., are riparian to any of the streams or channels mentioned. McCall’s land was at one time riparian to one of the'lower channels of Silver Creek; but for more than ten years after his settlement,thereon and prior to the commencement of the suit this channel has been closed, from which the water has been diverted into other water courses during the dry season. He has, accordingly, lost such rights as he may have acquired, if any, as riparian owner: Oregon Const. Co. v. Allen Ditch Co. 41 Or. 209 (69 Pac. 455: 93 Am. St. Rep. 701); Harrington v. Demaris, 46 Or. Ill (77 Pac. 603, 82 Pac. 14: 1 L. R. A., (N. S.,) 756).
36. The respective owners of all lands situated on Silver Creek, its tributaries, or branches, are entitled at all times to a sufficient flow of the waters of Silver Creek to supply their domestic needs, including a sufficient quantity for a reasonable number of stock; but no definite quantity for this' purpose can, under the evidence before us, be fixed here, further than to hold that it must be such a reasonable quantity as to furnish an ample supply to all and in such a manner that the stream shall not become stagnant nor in any manner injurious to the health of the inhabitants or their stock depending on the supply.
*41737. The evidence before us being inadequate therefor, the flow necessary for this purpose in each of the channels must therefore be left for determination under this decree to the court below, in the event any question hereafter arises concerning such quantity, with permission to enter a supplemental, decree in reference thereto, upon sufficient showing for that purpose by any of the affected parties: See Morton v. O. S. L. Ry. Co. 48 Or. 444, 452 (87 Pac. 151, 1046: 7 L. R. A., (N. S.), 344: 120 Am. St. Rep. 827).
38. The surplus remaining after such wants and necessities are supplied during any season of the year are subject to appropriation, and rights thereto attached and became vested in the order of time in which the water has been diverted and appropriated.
39. Before considering in detail the rights of each, we shall notice some of the facts and law of general application to the respective rights involved. The quantity required for the proper irrigation of the lands varies from one-fourth of an inch to one inch per acre. The term “inch,” wherever referred to, is estimated on the basis of 40 inches to one “second foot.” See Wiel, Water Rights (2 ed.), 278; Gardner v. Wright, 49 Or. 609, 636 (91 Pac. 286).
40. In determining the “duty of water,” or quantity essential to the irrigation of any given tract of land, we must take into consideration the character, the climatic conditions, the location and altitude of the lands to be irrigated, the kind of crops, period of time irrigated, and necessary manner of irrigation, as well as many other contingencies not arising here.
41. The “head” of water, o1r quantity entering the intake of any canal or ditch, must also be considered. A large body of water, used at one time and upon the same tract, will reclaim a larger quantity of land proportionately than will a small supply; for example, one miner’s inch might prove inadequate in many instances for the *418proper irrigation of more than a small fraction of an acre, while 100 inches, or 2% second feet, if under the control of and used by one person and at one time, might properly irrigate 300 acres of the same kind of land.
42. Applying these principles in the case at hand, where there are no small bodies or tracts involved, we think the water users, by the adoption and use of the more modern and' economical methods now more generally applied and in use, will find that a constant flow of from one-third to two-thirds of an inch per acre will prove adequate for the proper irrigation of the lands. The allowance of from one-third to two-thirds of an inch per acre furnishes sufficient quantity, if permitted to flow continuously for 90 days, to cover the soil 1.5 feet in depth (if the lesser amount), making 1% “acre feet,” or approximately 3 feet in depth (if the larger amount), or 3 acre feet, which is more than allowed by the government reclamation service for the irrigation of lands in Klamath County, where they have about the same altitude, climate, and soil, with similar crops, and where the latest and improved methods of irrigation, as required by the government, are in use. The “duty of water” there allowed by the government under its irrigation project to each of the water users for the entire season is 1% acre feet, being the minimum here awarded: 6 Ann. Rep. of Reclamation Serv. p. 195. In some instances a larger amount than the quantity here permitted was originally diverted; but merely because in the earlier history of the vicinity large quantities were diverted and applied, notwithstanding the ditches first constructed were of sufficient capacity to carry such supply, does not necessarily indicate that such was needed. Again, it has been so often demonstrated as to become a matter of common knowledge that lands after years' of irrigation do not require the amount which, when first applied, was essential to the successful growing of crops thereon. This law of nature, added to the improved methods, greatly reduces *419the quantity now required. See United States v. Conrad Invest. Co. (O. C.) 156 Fed. 123, 130.
43. It is also argued that since, under the old methods in use before the substantial depletion of the flow by subsequent appropriators, Hough and some others, by reason of the excessive water supply, with the aid of a few dams in the channels and sloughs, could irrigate with but little trouble or expense, the recognition by this court of the appropriations made by subsequent locators will thrust upon Hough and others, in order to avail themselves of the quantity awarded them, the necessity of changing their methods of application and use of the water by the construction of ditches, etc., at great expense, all of which would be avoided, were it not for the interference of such subsequent claimants. For this reason it is maintained that the rights of the later settlers and appropriators were acquired subject to the methods in use at the time of the inception of their interests. This feature, however, is similar in principle to that of the farmer who at first may have needed but 100 inches of water and yet constructed ditches carrying three times that quantity, using it in a wasteful manner, and which right he still insists upon by reason of the ditch, when first constructed, being of sufficient capacity to carry the excessive supply. It is well settled that such a claim cannot be successfully maintained: Seaweard v. Pacific L. Co. 49 Or. 157, 161 (88 Pac. 963). It is true, however, that no certain method is necessary to constitute a valid appropriation, so long as the water has been applied to-a beneficial use; and this may be done either by ditches or by other methods of diversion and application, such as the placing of dams in the streams and sloughs, and thereby overflowing the land, or subirrigating it, as the case may be: McCall v. Porter, 42 Or. 49 (70 Pac. 820, 71 Pac. 976).
44. But will it do to say, that because in some cases irrigation was had by damming the sloughs, with but little *420expense and work, causing the large excess of water supply to spread over the premises, the old methods, which had their origin when there was but little demand for water and its supply correspondingly abundant, may be continued? In this arid country such manner of use must necessarily be adopted as will insure the greatest duty possible for the quantity available: Van Camp v. Emery, 13 Idaho, 202 (89 Pac. 752); Anderson v. Bassman (C. C.), 140 Fed. 14, 27. The wasteful methods so common with early settlers can, under the light most favorable to their system of use, be deemed only a privilege permitted merely because it could be exercised without substantial injury to any one; and no right to such methods of use was acquired thereby.
45. Owing to the little demand and large proportionate supply in use by those along Silver Creek and its branches in the early ’80s, together with the lack of general knowledge and experience on the subject throughout the state, wasteful methods at that time were, no doubt, common; but of recent years improved means throughout the West have come into use, and a scarcity of the supply has made a more economic use necessary. The result is that the law has become well settled that beneficial use and needs of the appropriator, and not the capacity of the ditches or quantity first applied, is the measure and limit of the right of such appropriators: Kinney, Irr. 30; Long, Irr. §§ 54, 55; Wiel, Water Rights, p. 263; Seaweard v. Pacific L. Co. 49 Or. 157 (88 Pac. 963); Gardner v. Wright, 49 Or. 609 (91 Pac. 286); Union Mill M. Co. v. Dangberg, (C. C.), 81 Fed. 73, 119; Anderson v. Bassman (C. C.), 140 Fed. 26. During the spring freshets, and prior to May 10th of each year, the quantity flowing in the channels of the stream below the junction of the Main and West forks of Silver Creek is sufficient, when properly distributed and economically used, to irrigate all the lands heretofore farmed in the vicinity; and there appears to be no controversy respecting the use of water earlier *421than about that date. The irrigation season in the vicinity of Silver Creek, as a rule, begins April 1st and usually ends in July. The crops produced consist largely of natural hay, such as blue joint, red top, and other native grasses.
46. A number of the appropriations were made by the parties hereto, or by their predecessors long before the lands were filed upon or title thereto acquired. In this connection it is argued that a right to the use of. water necessarily has its inception only from the date the filing is placed on the land. The right of a person claiming an appropriation of water cannot be tacked to that of a mere squatter, who, while he may have irrigated the land, has abandoned it: Low v. Schaffer, 24 Or. 239 (33 Pac. 678).
47. But a squatter upon public lands may, even by parol, transfer his claim and interest, whatever it may be in this respect, to another, and the rights of the subsequent purchaser and of his successors in interest, if asserted under the doctrine of prior appropriation, relate back to the date of the first appropriation by the person with whom there may be a privity of estate. It is well settled that the entryman need not necessarily have a complete title to the land in order to acquire a water right therefor.
48. A mere claim of right to the land, supplemented by a diversion and “appropriation of the water, is sufficient to entitle him to convey to another such interests as he may have, whether such appropriator be a mere squatter or lessee, or other person in possession: Rowland v. Williams, 23 Or. 515 (32 Pac. 402); Seaweard v. Pacific L. Co. 49 Or. 157 (88 Pac. 963).
49. Another question developed by the facts to follow is that some of the rights acquired were in the irrigation of lands reclaimed as swamp lands, in respect to which it is maintained that the use of water thereon was not essential to their reclamation or irrigation. The legal *422effect of such use depends upon the facts of each particular case. Merely because the land may have been reclaimed as swamp land does not necessarily deprive it of the need of irrigation.
50. The circumstance that it has been reclaimed may-raise a presumption that at a particular time it required no water for irrigation; and testimony to that effect may be admitted in evidence for the purpose of ascertaining the quantity of water essential to its productiveness. But when it appears that the land has in fact been reclaimed sufficiently to entitle its possessor to a deed from the state, if in an arid section, it implies that the land has been deprived of its excessive moisture, and thereby 'restored to the same condition as other agricultural lands in the vicinity, and subject to the same rights in respect to the stream flowing through it, or in an appropriation from any source of water supply for its irrigation.
51. This brings Us to a consideration of the relative priorities of the parties. By stipulation each of the parties is deemed to be the owner of the respective tracts of land alleged to belong to them; but the dates as to when and how the titles were acquired, with the exception of that of the property of the Porters and one or two others, are not disclosed, the testimony being directed only to the dates of the first settlement and to when the water was first diverted. The appropriations, considered in the order of the dates made (the numbers indicating their relative priorities), together with the acreage upon which they applied and number of inches to which each is entitled, are as follows:
(1) Anna C. Hough’s title to the lands described as belonging to her had its inception in May, 1878, and the appropriation for irrigation thereof was initiated June 1, 1878, by means of dams placed in the various channels flowing over the premises, diverting water therefrom for irrigation of the land, since which date its use has been continuous, except when interrupted by adverse claim*423ants. Settlement on the lands and use by this method of the water for irrigation date from 1873; but the privity of estate between the various occupants is not established as to any settlement antedating May, 1878. There were irrigated on the Hough farm not more than 200 acres of land, which were brought under irrigation within a reasonable time after the first use of water thereon as indicated. The lands require not to exceed 100 inches of water, or 2% second feet, for the proper irrigation thereof, as a first right as against all on the stream, except that of John C. Porter, with whom such right is coincident in time.
(la) John C. Porter’s title to the N. y¿ of section 14, township 28 S., range 14 E., relates back to June, 1877, and the first appropriation of water thereon to about June 1, 1878. There was applied to a beneficial use within a reasonable time in the irrigation of 240 acres, 100 inches of water, the right to which dates from June 1, 1878, and is coincident with that of Anna C. Hough. It may be diverted to his premises by either Bunyard Branch or Silver Creek, or by ditches therefrom.
(2) Lucinda Egli’s lands are situated above all of those of the other parties named, except Geo. Durand, and consist of about 400 acres, the title to which relates back to 1879, and the water right for which was located in April, 1882; her rights attaching as of that date, and used in the irrigation of 240 acres, requiring 120 inches.
(3) Marion Conley’s title to his land relates back to the year 1880, of which he irrigates 240 acres. It develops that he made a cut from the main channel of Silver Creek into what has since been known as “Conley Branch,” to drain some swamp land- in the year 1877; and some effort was made at the trial to establish his appropriation of the water as of that date. It is not clear, however, as to where this swamp land is situated. The evidence strongly tends to show that it was on the opposite side of Silver Creek, and that by turning the *424water from above the lands in another direction he was able to reduce its swampy character and thereby to cut some hay crops thereon. It is not shown that this constituted any part of his present 320-acre tract. But it is clearly and satisfactorily established that about May 1, 1880, he made a cut opening up the Conley Branch of Silver Creek, thereby connecting it with the main channel, and diverted the water through it to his premises for irrigation purposes, since which time he has constantly used water through this channel in the irrigation of his lands to the extent mentioned, for which purpose an aggregate of 100 inches of water at the points of diversion from the Conley Branch near his premises is sufficient. To this quantity he is entitled as of the date last named.
52. (4 and 6) Geo. H. Small’s testimony is to the effect that the title to most of his lands relates back to the year 1878, by reason of having settled there at that time, and on account of which he claims a water right from that date. The ownership, however, is averred to have its inception only 10 years prior to the commencement of this suit. He claims to have constructed the first ditch in 1881, which was taken from the stream at a point known as the junction with Silver Creek of Island Branch and Bunyard Branch, and that he constructed the other two ditches in the year 1882. Fifty inches of the water claimed is taken from Bridge Creek. But, after a careful examination of the testimony, we conclude that all except the first diversion was made in the spring of 1884, and made for the purpose of procuring title to about 600 acres under the desert land act. . He has 1,800 acres of land, of which we find 600 consist of what was once his desert claim, filed on in 1884. It does not appear from the record where he finally procured his title to his lands; but one of the exhibits in evidence discloses that all his land in section 15—600 acres of which he claimed for a long time to be the owner, but the title to 240 acres *425of which was finally acquired by Lutz (Small v. Lutz, 41 Or. 570: 67 Pac. 421, 69 Pac. 825) was sold by the State in 1885 to different parties as swamp land, one part of which, the N. W. of the N. W. 14 and the S. E. ]4 of the S. E. 14» was deeded by the State to Small under the swamp land act. It is strongly disputed that Small irrigated any lands, or made any attempt to do so, prior to 1884. The fact that 600 acres thereof were claimed and attempted to be procured under the swamp land act affords strong evidence that no irrigation thereof was made prior to that date. Moreover, it appears that 240 acres of the land which he claims to have irrigated at that time did not belong to him; that he was a trespasser thereon, this land being subsequently procured by the defendant Lutz from the government; and that the irrigation and claim therefor by Small was finally abandoned. The attempt to procure title to the desert land tract, as admitted by Small, discloses that no claim to water could well have been made for the irrigation of that tract prior to 1884, as it was necessary in filing thereon, which is conceded, to make affidavit to the effect that the land had not in any manner been reclaimed prior to that date: Houck v. Bettelyoun, 7 Land Dec. Dep. Int. 425.
53. Coupled with this circumstance is the testimony of S. A. D. Porter, with other evidence, to the effect that no appropriation was made by Small prior to 1884. However, there in some strong evidence tending to show a diversion and use by him of the water in 1881 or 1882. But we think a clear preponderance of the testimony establishes that, outside of the lands then deemed too swampy for use, and after deducting the 240 acres of Lutz’s land, not more than 300 acres were intended to be irrigated by Small, not including the island property, at the time of completion of his ditch in 1884; nor did he intend to increase his irrigation at any time prior to the year 1895. For this delay no cause is assigned, and, *426the delay in increasing his appropriation being unreasonable, his use is limited to 190 inches as a total allowance for 360 acres, being the water diverted in and prior to the year 1884, which renders subsequent appropriations and applications of the excess of waters by others valid: Seaweard v. Pacific L. Co. 49 Or. 157, 161 (88 Pac. 963). At that time 200 or 250 inches of water may have been deemed necessary, and possibly more than that quantity was then diverted through the ditches at which period claimants were few and water in abundance; but, as before stated, the right to the use of water must be limited to the quantity necessary for the proper care of the land, for the reclamation of which the right was acquired. It appears that no more than one-half inch per acre is actually needed for this purpose, and even less may suffice where the water is used in large quantities. We think, therefore, that 150 inches, limited in its use to 300 acres, is about the quantity actually intended in 1884 to be diverted, and is all that is required for the lands then claimed and, prior to 1895, farmed by Small, and for which no intended or attempted diversion was made prior to 1884.
54. In addition to the above amount 100 inches were diverted by Small in June, 1882, and used for irrigation of the island between Island Branch and the main channel, about half of which was used upon the Lutz tract; and since he lost the Lutz tract, 40 inches of this appropriation are ample for the remaining lands, not exceeding 60 acres, belonging to him on the island, to which quantity he is entitled for the irrigation thereof, dating from June 1, 1882. None of the quantity acquired under this (1882) appropriation can be used elsewhere without prejudicing others’ rights, for which reason he is limited to its use, when needed, to the lands mentioned. There is no satisfactory evidence of any intended use of more than sufficient to irrigate the lands covered by this diversion prior to 1884, when his second ditch was com*427xnenced, which, for the reasons given, we are satisfied was begun on the latter date. The second appropriation (1884), consisting of 150 inches, 50 of which were from Bridge Creek, dates from June 1, 1884; and he is entitled as of this date to 50 inches from Bridge Creek and to 100 inches from Silver Creek or its branches, measured at the point of diversion therefrom, and is limited in its use to the irrigation of 300 acres.
(5) S. A. D. Porter’s title to his lands, consisting of 320 acres, described in the former opinion, relates back to the year 1880. The first diversion for irrigation purposes, for which use thereafter was continuous, was made in May, 1883, and prosecuted to completion until 240 acres were irrigated, for which he requires not to exceed 100 inches for the proper irrigation thereof, the right to which had its inception May 1, 1883. To this quantity he is entitled as of that date.
55. (7) Walter C. Buick, Corinna Buick, Lulu Corum La Brie, Isa Corum, a minor; Jewell D. Corum, and J. M. Small, through their predecessors in interest, are the owners of the lands described as belonging to them, for which they originally acquired a water right through what is known as the “Buick-Corum-Small ditch,” tapping a channel of Silver Creek in the S. E. 1/4 of the N. E. 1,4 of section 21, township 28 S., range 14 E. This channel diverges from Silver Creek near the center of the S. 1/4 of the N. E. % of the section named, and returns to the main stream near the northeast corner of the N. W. 1/4 of section 22, from which point it again diverges, and below which it is known as the “Bunyard Branch.” The construction of this ditch was begun in March, 1885, and completed in the following year within a reasonable time from the commencement thereof. Their rights to the water thus acquired relate back to March, 1885, the date of the commencement of its construction: Nevada Ditch Co. v. Bennett, 30 Or. 59, 86 (45 Pac. 472: 60 Am. St. Rep. 777). The testimony respecting the *428carrying capacity of this ditch varies from an estimate of 229 to 600 inches. Mr. Moore, an engineer testifying in the case, states that he surveyed it at a point where he thought was its smallest carrying capacity, which he estimated at 229 inches; the survey being made by him a short time before taking the testimony. The testimony discloses, however, that the ditch has been neglected for the past five or six years, and the capacity thereby reduced about one-third. This is probably due to the fact, as disclosed by some of the testimony, that the owners of the ditch during recent years have been receiving a large part of their supply through the Bunyard Branches. We feel justified, under the evidence, in fixing the capacity of this ditch and right of the appropriation acquired through it at 300 inches at the intake thereof, which, allowing for evaporation and loss by seepage for a distance of three or four miles before it reaches the Small farm, the last on the ditch, should deliver at the points of use somewhere from 270 to 280 inches, which, if properly distributed and economically used, is ample for the irrigation of all the lands under it.
56. There is irrigated by Walter C. Buick and Corinna Buick, his wife, 120 acres from this canal and 20 acres from Bunyard Creek. Isa M. Corum, a minor, Lulu Corum La Brie, and Jewell D. Corum together irrigate 140 acres; and a like acreage has been irrigated for a number of years by J. M. Small. A part of the'lands of each of these parties appear to be supplied with water from the different branches of Bunyard Creek, including a new ditch taken out of this branch; the quantity used in this manner and acreage on which it is applied not being clear. J. M. Small states that he uses in irrigation about 60 inches from the ditch and 100 inches in all. It is clear, however, that their right has been acquired through this source, and upon it they must rely to determine the quantity to which each of them may be entitled, as well as to fix the date of the inception of their rights, which, *429as stated, began March 1, 1885. They are tenants in common, both as to the ditch and water right: Moss v. Rose, 27 Or. 595 (41 Pac. 666: 50 Am. St. Rep. 743). There is no controversy or issue between them in this suit, and, as all claim through the same ditch and from the same original appropriation, no decree should be entered as to their relative rights.
57. As against the other parties to the suit, Corum and wife are limited in their use to the quantity required to irrigate 140 acres, not to exceed the use of 90 inches of water, as measured from the point of diversion from the ditch or channel of Bunyard Creek, as the case may be. Jewell D. Corum,' Lulu Corum La Brie, and Isa Corum are jointly limited to a like amount and quantity under similar measurement, as is also J. M. Small.
58. It is suggested that the defendants cannot change their use, or any part of it, from the ditch to the channel of the creek, and thereby make use of Silver Créek and Bunyard Creek, and mingle the waters with those of other users on Bunyard Creek, and take water out at some other point; that by so doing they lose their rights to the extent thus attempted to be used and applied. It is settled, however, that any ravine, gulch, or hollow, as well as the natural channel, may be used in transmission of the water to his premises by the appropriator: Simmons v. Winters, 21 Or. 35, 44 (27 Pac. 7: 28 Am. St. Rep. 727).
59. The appropriator can use either the original canal or ditch as constructed, or any other channel, for the purpose of conveying the water to any point of use.
60. If they or either of them elect to use water from Bunyard Branch in lieu of from the ditch, the difficulty of measuring it arises, to obviate which allowance must be made for evaporation and loss by the different methods of diversions and distribution, together with the added distance which the water may have to flow in order to reach their premises through these channels. In order *430to meet these contingencies we think it proper to estimate the difference in the quantity thus used by the acreage upon which it is applied, and, if used through any other source than that of their original canal alluded to, that one inch should be deducted for each acre of land irrigated from the Bunyard or other branches, or ditches leading therefrom, so that in the aggregate the water passing the intake of the channel from which the original ditch was taken and into the head of the Bunyard channel as used by them shall not at any time exceed in the aggregate, so far as their use and appropriation is concerned, 300 inches, when needed by others using the water along the creek or from any of its tributaries or channels.
61. It is urged in respect to their rights that only a part of the lands were entered or in cultivation when the ditch was first dug, and that the rights of each of the parties interested in this ditch are limited to the time when the lands of each were acquired and the irrigation thereof commenced. Whatever may be the rule elsewhere, this question is set at rest in the very clear and able opinion by Mr. Justice Wolverton, in Nevada Ditch Co. v. Bennett, 30 Or. 59 (45 Pac. 472: 60 Am. St. Rep. 777), where this feature was prominent among the many points relied upon. It was there held that a bona fide intention to devote the water to a useful purpose, which is required of an appropriator, may comprehend the use to be made by or through other persons and upon lands and possessions other than those of the appropriator.
62. It is also maintained by counsel for appellants that, since the Buick ditch for some distance runs through the property of the Occidental Land & Improvement Co. and was constructed under a written agreement to the effect that the construction of this canal and continuance thereof on those premises is permissive only, therefore no substantial right was acquired by the appropriation and diversion through this source. This is a *431question, however, with regard to which none but the Occidental Land & Improvement Company are in a position to complain; and no issue is made by the pleadings, nor is any proof offered thereon between this company and the users and claimants of water through this ditch, for which reason these circumstances can have no bearing on the rights of the parties herein.
(8) P. G. Chrisman’s and J. C. Porter’s rights to the lands described in the former opinion as belonging to them (not including any owned by Porter in section 14) were acquired and title to their respective titles are as follows: The S. y> of the N. W. % of section 24, the N. E. y, of section 23, and the S. of the N. W. *4 of section 26, township 28 S., range 14 E., W. M., were entered by Porter under the desert land act in 1884. The W. y2 of the S. E. % and the S. E. 14 of the S. W. yfc and all of the N. E. 14 of the S. W. y, except the part thereof on which the town of Silver Lake is situated, of section 22, township 28 S., range 14 E., was entered by Chrisman in 1884. The water used in the irrigation of these lands was obtained through what is known as the “West-Porter-Martin ditch,” tapping Silver Creek at a point near the center of section 21, township 28 S., range 14 E., which ditch was first begun September 1, 1885, and completed the following year, during and since which time it has been used in the irrigation of the above lands. The quantity of water used upon these lands and to which a right was acquired sufficiently appears from the capacity of the ditch as it is evident that the ditch was used to its full capacity, all of which was needed and applied in the irrigation of the farms mentioned. The ditch has a carrying capacity at the intake of 200 inches, which should be the limit of quantity allowed under their appropriation for irrigation of the lands described to the extent of 300 acres, not to exceed, in the aggregate, 200 inches, when needed, the right to which dates from the time of the commencement of the ditch in September, 1885.
*432It is insisted that this ditch and appropriation therein by Porter and Chrisman was made by what is known as the “Silver Creek Irrigation Company,” an alleged corporation which is not a party to the suit; and it is so found by the court below. The evidence, however, fails to disclose the perfection of the corporation under the laws of the state, nor does it clearly identify this appropriatión as the one intended to be owned by the contemplated corporation. But it is sufficiently established that the ditch was begun in the year 1885 by Chrisman, Porter, and others, its completion and use the following year, and the subsequent acquirement of the rights of all the parties therein by Chrisman and Porter, in respect to which, including the water rights therein, they are tenants in common.
63. (9) C. C. Jackson is the owner of 160 acres of land, which he has irrigated since June, 1886, by means of what is termed “waste and seepage water” from the farms adjoining his premises. While there might be some seepage water flowing to his premises from lands above, there would be no waste water, if those above follow the economical methods required by law. The so-called waste water has evidently been the water diverted by the parties above him in excess of the quantity needed. By the use of this surplus through the Conley Branch and branches over the lands above him, Jackson has, without objection, secured a right to such an amount thereof as, taken together with the seepage mentioned, will properly irrigate the 160 acres named, not to exceed 80 inches of such surplus, the right to which dates from June 1, 1886.
(10) W. H. McCall’s title to the 160 acres described as belonging to him took effect in the year 1887, of which 120 acres have been irrigated by taking water from the high-water channel flowing through his premises, which water naturally flows through there until May 10th of each year. To the use of this water he is, in common with .all others on the stream, entitled until that date, *433and not to exceed 80 inches after May 10th of each year, the right to which dates from April 1, 1887.”
(11)- B. F. Lane’s and Jennie Lane’s rights attached to the land described as belonging to them May 1, 1888, and their rights to the water necessary for the proper irrigation of 160 acres thereof in May of the same year. The lands require 90 inches of water for their proper irrigation, which is taken through Bunyard Branch, and to which they are entitled as of the date named at the point diverted from that branch. .
64. (12) George Durand’s land is. situated on Silver Creek and above all of the other parties. He seems to have initiated a title thereto in 1878, but claims a diversion of the water only for more than 10 years prior to the institution of this suit. A diversion more than 10 years prior thereto (April 1, 1890) and subsequent use is established; but no evidence was offered showing an earlier use. Having established these facts, he made a prima facie showing of adverse user.
65. This having been established, the burden of showing that such user was not a substantial interference with the rights of others was thereby shifted to the parties questioning such claim: Gardner v. Wright, 49 Or. 609, 628 (91 Pac. 286). This want of substantial interference, however, was clearly established by proof to the effect that theré was no material shortage of water among those below, prior to 1895. For this reason neither he nor any of the parties relying on 10 years’ adverse user are in a position to maintain this defense: Bowman v. Bowman, 35 Or. 279 (57 Pac. 546).
66. Eights to the use of water acquired by prior appropriation and adverse possession are not inconsistent: Gardner v. Wright, 49 Or. 609, 632 (91 Pac. 286); Davis v. Chamberlain, 51 Or. 304 (98 Pac. 154).
67. Since, therefore, Durand has pleaded an appropriation and use thereof adversely for more than 10 years prior to the institution of this suit, he has alleged *434the date of his first diversion and continuous use thereafter since April 1, 1890, the proof of which, although not sufficient to establish his title thereto by adverse possession and use, is ampié to fix the date of his appropriation; and such rights as he may have he takes in the order of his priority. As an appropriator his rights are established to the extent of 160 inches, limited to the irrigation of 480 acres, and date from April 1, 1890.
68. (13) The Occidentál Land & Improvement Co. is the owner of 2,200 acres of land. Of this amount 880 acres are in, and adjacent to, section 2, township 28 S., range 14, and have never been irrigated from Silver Creek. Other lands belonging to this company were irrigated from Silver Creek, and are situated upon Bridge Creek, in section 16, township 28 S., range 14 E., not exceeding 120 acres, and require 80 inches of water for the proper irrigation thereof. Two hundred and forty acres can be irrigated from Silver Creek, of which 120 acres were irrigated, as stated, from Silver and Bridge Creeks, from May, 1889, to the year 1893. The right to the use of water by nonuser alone cannot be deemed forfeited short of the period prescribed by the statute of limitations for real actions: Dodge v. Marden, 7 Or. 456.
69. But such right may become extinguished by any act showing an intent to surrender or abandon the right, after which, if the person having the right ceases its use for one year, his interest is lost; but the facts essential to a forfeiture by this company are not established by the proof. The nonuse from 1893 to 1900 is shown; but this alone is insufficient. To constitute an abandonment of a water right, there must be a concurrence of the intention to abandon it and an actual failure in its use: 1 Cyc. 4. This company should be awarded 80 inches, to be taken from either Bridge Creek or Silver Creek, the right to which dates from May 1, 1889.
70. (14) E. D. Lutz appears to be the owner, and in possession, of the E. 1/2 of the N. W. and the N. E. (4 *435of section 15 and the N. E. % of section 10, all in township 28 S., range 14 E., the title to which relates back to 1890. During the summer of that year some of the water was applied by him in the irrigation of the lands in section 15; but three years later he was ousted by Geo. H. Small, who took charge of the irrigation of all these lands, claiming ownership thereof as to all except the east 80 acres, then held by J. C. Harrow as a timber culture claim. Lutz remained out of possession until about the time of the hearing herein, when it seems he prevailed in court, again resuming possession. See Small v. Lutz, 41 Or. 570 (67 Pac. 421, 69 Pac. 825). Lutz for a short time irrigated these lands, but was interrupted and prevented from continuing by Small, who, while wrongfully in possession, irrigated the premises and raised crops thereon. The absence of Lutz not having been voluntary, but having been an enforced removal therefrom, he cannot be deemed to have abandoned his rights to the use of the water. An involuntary absence from land does not work a forfeiture of any interest the owner may have therein: Huffman v. Smyth, 47 Or. 573 (84 Pac. 80: 114 Am. St. Rep. 938).
71. To permit Small to change the use of this quantity to other lands would work an injury to Lutz, as well as to others below on the stream, which should not be permitted. While well settled that a change of use and place of use of water by an appropriator may in some instances be permitted, such right is always limited to changes that do not impair the rights of others interested in the water of the stream. It appears that 100 inches of water is sufficient for the proper irrigation of this land, the right to which quantity attached in May, 1890, when first irrigated by Lutz, and is limited in its use to 200 acres.
(15) F. M. Chrisman’s right to the S. E. % of section 12, township 28 S., range 14 E., and water for its irrigation, relates back to May 1, 1891, to which he is entitled to 60 inches for the irrigation of 100 acres. The water *436for this purpose may be received through either Bunyard or the Conley Branch, or through both, if necessary.
(16) Mary C. Brown’s land, consisting of 100 acres, was settled on in November, 1892, and water appropriated for the irrigation thereof, to the extent of 50 inches, May 1, 1893, to which quantity she is entitled; and her right attaches as of that date.
(17) Mary J. Kittredge’s title to her tract of 640 acres is alleged to have been procured from the State; but her interests are not shown to be connected with the State’s title. The testimony discloses it to have been first settled upon in 1885; but the proof does not definitely fix the date.when the first use of water was made for irrigation purposes, evidently relying upon her claim as a riparian owner, which, owing to the fact that until recent years the land was a part of Pauline marsh, was not clearly established. It appears, however, that it has been irrigated since 1894 by means of dams placed in the channels of the stream, spreading the' water over the premises to the extent of 480 acres, which by means of dams and ditches could be properly irrigated with 160 inches of water, which quantity will be allowed her, dating from May 1, 1894. Since the land is low and of a swampy nature, we believe the quantity indicated is ample for its irrigation.
(18) P. W. Jones’ right to the land owned by him began in June, 1893, and appropriation of water for the irrigation thereof in June, 1894; the water right therefor dqting from that time. Fifty acres of his lands are irrigated from the waters of Buck Creek, not involved here, and 160 acres from Silver Creek, for the irrigation of which he is entitled to 80 inches of the waters of Silver Creek.
(19) C. E. McKune’s lands were first acquired in the year 1896, and his right to the use of water for. the’ irrigation of 100 acres thereof, to the extent of 50 inches, began in- May of that year. His rights, therefore, attach as of that date.
*43772. (20) E. K. Henderson’s rights to his lands were acquired through the State of Oregon as swamp land in section 1, township 28 S., range 15 E. None are riparian to Silver Creek, or to any of its branches. No proof is offered respecting the character of his land, as to whether it is susceptible of, or needs irrigation, sufficient oh which to base any decree. Nor does it appear that he claims any rights in any of the controverted waters, or that he was a necessary party to this proceeding, for which reason the suit should be dismissed as to him, without prejudice.
73. Plaintiffs, W. H. Hays, J. M. Hays, John Hays, and A. C. Geyer at the trial took a voluntary nonsuit. Since the court ordered these parties brought in, it had a right to refuse to dismiss as to them, and, in the event they further declined to appear, to enter such decree against them as would have determined their relative rights with those of the other parties. Being dismissed, however, and the proof not disclosing that they are necessary parties hereto, the court acted within its discretion in granting the nonsuit. Their rights will accordingly remain undetermined.
74. As to the defaulting defendants, a decree should be entered in favor of all other parties herein. It is maintained that, as to the parties named who have not appealed, no decree can be entered here respecting their rights more favorable to them than as entered by the trial court. It is the general rule that on appeal it will be presumed that as to those not appealing the decree is satisfactory and will not be disturbed: Seaweard v. Duncan, 47 Or. 640 (84 Pac. 1043). But for the reasons hereinafter given for the inapplicability of the general rule respecting pleadings, in re plaintiffs’ and George H. Small’s interests, the rule suggested by counsel respecting the rights of parties not appealing is not adapted to suits of this kind, and accordingly will not be invoked.
*43875. The parties hereto are each limited, in the application of the water adjudged to them, to the specific tracts upon which it has heretofore been applied, except in such instances as where it may be practicable to change the place of use without substantial injury to others whose rights are here determined; that is to say, if by changing the place of use, when the water is needed by others, the quantity returning to the stream after changing the place of use as compared to its previous application is substantially diminished, or if, by reason of such change, the “run off” reverts to the stream or channel below the point diverted by another, thereby reducing the supply at such point, it must necessarily operate to the injury of the rights of such other party, and the change must not be permitted: Wiel, Water Eights (2 ed.), §47; Williams v. Altnow, 51 Or. 275 (97 Pac. 589).
76. Again, the use of the water by each, for reasons given in the case last cited, must also be limited in its use to the number of acres of land upon which previously applied, except at such times as the water or some part thereof may not be needed by others; and the owner not requiring its use should not be permitted to complain of its application to a beneficial use by others interested. In other words, at all times that the water is not required by one or more, it must be at the disposal of others in the order of their relative rights thereto: Mann v. Parker, 48 Or. 321 (86 Pac. 598); Gardner v. Wright, 49 Or. 609, 637 (91 Pac. 286); Williams v. Altnow, 51 Or. 275 (97 Pac. 539).
It is maintained by counsel for Geo. H. Small that since plaintiffs, in their reply as well as at the trial, admitted that Small is prior in time and superior in right to them to the extent of a constant flow of 500 inches of the water, the decree must recognize his rights accordingly. If this were a contest between the plaintiffs and Small only, and a decree could be entered in that manner without prejudicing the rights of others whose interests are involved, *439this position might be tenable; but Small came into this suit under the order of the court, issued for the purpose of enabling it to adjust the rights of all, with a view, not only to the entry of a decree that will be effective, but that a multiplicity of suits might be obviated. The trial court having this authority (B. & C. Comp, § 41), it follows that this jurisdiction carries with it all the power essential to the making of such order effective.
77. If, then, some of the parties neglect or refuse to file pleadings asserting their rights, or, having done so, have presented them in such manner that an enforceable decree, or one in harmony with the spirit of the order, cannot be entered, and it appears that the cause has been tried and evidence taken and submitted, the court may, in the exercise of its sound discretion, either direct the pleadings to be amended to conform to the proof, or treat them as amended, and enter a decree accordingly. Such discretion is essential to the effective exercise of the equity jurisdiction in this class of cases. Water suits are, in a sense, .sui generis; for the complications and many intricacies developed by litigation of this character, of late years, when all available lands are rapidly becoming settled, resulting in most instances in the demand for water exceeding the supply, necessarily give rise to new questions of practice, not covered by the statute nor aided by precedent. The courts, then, are confronted with the dilemma either of exercising their discretion in such matters or of making an exception to that well-known maxim, which is the foundation of all equitable jurisdiction, that “equity will not suffer a right to be without a remedy.”
A good illustration of the necessity at times of deviating from the usual course in matters of practice, involving controversies of this kind, may be found in Kansas v. Colorado, 185 U. S. 125 (22 Sup. Ct. 552: 46 L. Ed. 888). In that case an attempt was made to state all the facts in the complaint and thereby to secure a determina*440tion of all legal points involved upon demurrer. The defendants, by demurrer, having admitted the facts pleaded, it would seem that the court, if it had followed the usual practice in such cases, would have determined the legal status of the parties without the necessity of taking the testimony. But in considering this phase Mr. Chief Justice Fuller, at page 145 of 185 U. S. (page 559 of 22 Sup. Ct.: 46 L. Ed. 838), in his opinion says: “The general rule is that the truth of material and relevant matters set forth with requisite precision are admitted by demurrer; but in a case of this magnitude, involving questions of so grave and far-reaching importance, it does not seem to us wise to apply that rule, and we must decline to do so.” It thus appears that courts of equity are not necessarily bound in all cases by the rules of practice usually invoked. Now, as heretofore held, the court may direct all parties interested, or claiming any interest in, the subject-matter of litigation, to be brought in and require them to interplead with reference to each other: 51 Or. 367 (95 Pac. 732-749); but it cannot make them plead any certain facts. It must leave it to them to determine the course to be pursued in that respect. But if, in the exercise of such rights under the order, such parties default, or fail properly to plead or to offer proof, they assume the risk thus incurred, and are necessarily .impelled to abide the result to follow; and the court, in the exercise of its. discretion, may either enter a decree affecting their interests, or not, as it may deem just and equitable.
78. We can conceive of no case calling for the exercise of discretion of this character stronger than the one under consideration. It was begun in February, 1900, nearly nine years ago. It was first instituted by Hough against S. A. D. Porter, and the testimony taken disclosed that, owing to the interference in the use of the water by Small and others not parties to the suit, a decree between the contestants there would be futile. For *441this reason the court below, in the exercise of its sound discretion, directed all persons interested in Silver Creek, its tributaries, and branches, to be made parties, with a view to determine their respective rights as speedily as practicable. The complaint was amended accordingly, and all made parties and served with summons, together with a copy of the order of the court. Of those thus served, some defaulted, others neglected to offer any proof respecting their rights, while the pleadings of some are imperfect, and the plaintiffs, as well as some of the defendants, have neglected properly to frame issues between themselves; and added to this is the greater and more difficult problem developed by the plaintiffs, making the admission alluded to respecting Small’s rights, which admission is not only unsupported by the evidence, but it is disclosed that Small is subsequent in time and inferior in right to the plaintiffs Hough and Conley, as well as súbordinate to the right of J. C. Porter, and subsequent in right to 150 inches of water to that of S. A. D. Porter. Now if, because no issues are framed between some of the plaintiffs, the court must necessarily refuse to enter a decree determining their relative rights, it would have been within the power of the litigants, after the entry of the order of the court requiring them to be brought into the suit, to have completely defeated • its purpose by all joining as plaintiffs and making S. A. D. Porter the sole defendant, the absurdity of which is obvious.
Concerning the second point, if on account of plaintiffs’ admissions in aid of Small, a decree must be entered in his favor for 500 inches as a first right against them, and at the same time Hough and Conley must be awarded a prior right as to S. A. D. Porter, and decree that Hough’s rights are coincident in time and equal in equity with those of John C. Porter, as must be done under the evidence," then what follows? - John C. Porter must be decreed a first right as against Geo. H. Small to 100 inches *442and (after Small’s first 40 inches are supplied) S. A. D. Porter must be awarded a superior right as against Small to another 100 inches of the water. Then, pursuing the course urged by Small, on account of plaintiffs’ admissions, it would be decreed that after he received his first 40 inches he must let 200 inches flow down to the Porters, but that as against Hough and Conley he may use 500 inches of what is left; but during the low-water season, when there are not more than 500 inches in the stream, Small would be entitled to 300 inches of this quantity. Then, on turning the remaining 200 inches down to the Porters, as soon as they would begin using it, Hough and Conley, under the decree, would demand, and have, a right to exact, that the Porters let it flow down to them, and as soon as the water would strike 1/ the Hough and Conley farms it would again be rightfully claimed by Small to make his full quota of 500 inches of water allowed. Then, as soon as this request was granted, the Porters would require Small to turn 200 inches loose for them, and so on ad infinitum. Such an anomalous condition might have arisen if all the rights had been determined in separate suits; but it would be ludicrous to accede to such demands under the facts disclosed in a case like this, where all the parties are before the court. No admission by plaintiffs in favor of Small can be recognized when such concession would necessarily work to the material injury of others whose interests are involved. Small can insist upon no greater privilege in this respect than if he were a co-plaintiff; and whether he be treated as a plaintiff or defendant, to recognize the admission in his favor, even if only to the extent of awarding a right prior to Hough and Conley, would, as shown, be inimical to the Porters’ interests, who are not parties to plaintiffs’ concessions.
79. Again, it is pleaded by the Porters, as a defense against plaintiffs and Small, that they are in collusion, in respect to which it is averred that they have entered *443into a conspiracy to enable Small to obtain a decree for 500 inches of water as a first right against all on the stream, in such a manner as to permit the water to flow around the headgate of Porter’s ditches, through the premises of McCall, and onto those of Hough and Kittredge, and thereby secure to them water for irrigation purposes which they might otherwise be unable to receive. There is cogent testimony tending to support these averments, especially when considered in connection with the showing made in the ex parte proceedings in the case of State ex rel. v. Small, 49 Or. 595 (90 Pac. 1110). From the testimony it appears that Small was diverting much more water than, was required for the irrigation of his lands, the surplus of which was flowing onto the lands of the plaintiffs named, thereby depriving the Porters of the use thereof; and the showing made in the ex parte proceedings discloses that this method of diversion and use has been pursued by Small each year since the institution of this suit. But, whether such collusion exists or not, it is clear that to recognize the demands made in plaintiffs’ reply as to Small’s rights, together with an admission to the same effect made at the trial, would have the result which the Porters insist was intended by the alleged conspiracy. The situation as thus developed not only demonstrates the wisdom of the course pursued by the trial court in requiring all persons interested to be made parties, but that much discretion must be allowed the court in applying the facts to the issues intended by the parties, as well as to those contemplated by the court in making the order under which they are before us. Since the cause is tried de novo here, this court necessarily has the same discretionary powers in this respect; and in the exercise of this discretion, therefore, the court may, when all parties are properly before it, deem the pleadings amended to conform to the facts presented by the record.
*44480. But, owing to the difficulties likely to arise in the enforcement of a decree involving such questions as usually develop in a suit .of this class, the court below should, in order to protect the rights of all the parties, or their successors in interest, enter such supplemental decree or decrees as may be necessary for that purpose; and, if at any time deemed necessary by it, the court should require the sheriff, or other officer or person as it may designate for the purpose, including an engineer or other assistant, as may be required, to fix at' the points of diversion or other proper places suitable boxes or head-' gates, with a view to being able, in accordance with the decree, properly to measure, regulate, and distribute the water between' those who, under the decree, may be entitled to the use thereof, the costs for which should be taxed against each in such proportion as the court may deem just and equitable.
81. It is clear, under the evidence, that this suit was made necessary in the first instance by the wrongful interference of Geo. H. Small, who, without right during the low-water season, diverted most of the stream above S. A. D. Porter’s premises and to such an extent that, in order for Porter to receive his quota, it became necessary to deprive plaintiff Hough of the quantity to which she was entitled, thereby precipitating -the suit originally brought. For this reason we think S. A. D. Porter and John C. Porter, as against defendant George H. Small, are entitled to their costs in both courts, for which they should have judgment. The other parties hereto, we think, are sufficiently benefited by the final adjustment of their rights to justify each in paying his own costs.
It follows that the decree of the court below should be modified, and one entered, as between all the parties hereto, whether plaintiffs or defendants, establishing their relative rights in harmony with the views here expressed. Modified.