Court Opinion

ID: 9378681
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-12 08:08:58.070705+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:38.689955
License: Public Domain

Affirmed in Part, Reversed and Rendered in Part, and Remanded and
Memorandum Opinion filed March 7, 2023.

                                     In The

                    Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                             NO. 14-21-00285-CV

                       LIL C RANCH, LLC, Appellant
                                       V.

         RIDGEFIELD EAGLE FORD MINERALS, LLC, Appellee

                    On Appeal from the 21st District Court
                         Washington County, Texas
                        Trial Court Cause No. 36584

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

      This case involves a dispute over the ownership of the mineral estate in a
tract of real property in Washington County, Texas. Appellant Lil C Ranch, LLC
(“Lil C”) appeals a summary judgment in favor of appellee Ridgefield Eagle Ford
Minerals, LLC (“Ridgefield”). In three issues which we have reorganized, Lil C
argues: (1) the trial court erred in granting Ridgefield’s traditional motion for
summary judgment on a declaratory-judgment action when Ridgefield did not
plead a claim for declaratory judgment, the judgment exceeded the relief requested
by Ridgefield, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to grant declaratory judgment
vesting title in the mineral estate in Ridgefield, and Ridgefield failed to
conclusively establish all elements of its quiet-title claim; (2) the trial court erred in
denying Lil C’s traditional motion for summary judgment on its claims for trespass
to try title and quiet title; and (3) the trial court erred by granting Ridgefield’s no-
evidence motion for summary judgment because Ridgefield failed to identify
which elements of Lil C’s claims it was challenging. We affirm in part, reverse and
render in part, and remand the case for further proceedings.

                                 I.   BACKGROUND

      On June 25, 1996, the Henry Gardiner Symonds Trust and Thumbs Up Land
Company, Ltd. (“Thumbs Up”) executed a deed (“the Hopper deed”), conveying a
46.209-acre tract of real property in Washington County, Texas, to Robert Bernard
Hopper III and Sherry Angela Hopper. Under the Hopper deed, the grantors
conveyed 100 percent of the surface estate but reserved 100 percent of the oil, gas,
and other liquefiable hydrocarbons and seventy-five percent of the royalties from
the mineral estate for a period of ten years and so long thereafter as production of
any minerals continued uninterrupted in commercially paying quantities. On
September 30, 2014, Lil C acquired ownership of a 36.2-acre tract out of this
46.209-acre tract conveyed by the Hopper deed.

      On September 5, 2018, Lil C filed a petition for declaratory judgment
against Thumbs Up; J. Taft Symonds; Susan Symonds Bodin; Allen Symonds;
David Symonds; Jonathan Symonds, II; Margaret Symonds; Williston H.
Symonds; Allison Symonds; Stacey Symonds; the unknown heirs of Williston B.
Symonds, deceased; the unknown heirs of J.G. Symonds, Jr., deceased; and the
unknown trustee of the Henry Gardiner Symonds testamentary trust whose name

                                            2
and whereabouts are unknown. Lil C sought a declaratory judgment “that
ownership of 100% of the mineral estate, along with 100% of the royalty interest
therefrom, has vested in Lil C Ranch as successor-in-interest to the Grantee under
the Hopper Deed . . . .” On July 8, 2019, Lil C amended its petition and added
Keith R. Symonds, Lorne R. Symonds, Scott Symonds, and Ridgefield as
defendants. Lil C also added a claim for trespass to try title against all defendants
and a claim for suit to quiet title against Ridgefield.

      In its live pleading, Lil C claimed that it owns the surface estate and the
mineral estate of the 36.2-acre tract. Lil C averred that it owned the mineral estate
in the tract in its entirety because as of June 25, 2006—ten years after the
applicable mineral reservation in the Hopper deed—“there was no production
associated with the mineral interest subject to the Mineral Reservation.” As to its
trespass-to-try-title claim, Lil C sought a declaration “that Lil C is the fee simple
owner of 100% of the surface and mineral estate, including 100% of the royalties
regarding the mineral estate” and that “Defendants are attempting to claim superior
title to the mineral estate in the 36.2-Acre Tract contrary to the terms of the
Mineral Reservation.” As to its suit-to-quiet-title claim, Lil C sought “a judgment
from the Court removing the Mineral and Royalty Deeds as a cloud on Lil C
Ranch’s title.” As to its declaratory-judgment claim, Lil C requested “a declaratory
judgment that Lil C Ranch owns 100% of the mineral estate, along with 100% of
the royalty interest therefrom, in the 36.2-Acre Tract as the vested fee simple
owner . . . .” Lil C’s prayer for relief asked the trial court to “issue a judgment
confirming Lil C Ranch as the fee simple owner of the surface and mineral estate
in the 36.2-Acre Tract”; “a judgment decreeing that . . . Ridgefield has no rights or
interest in the 36.2-Acre Tract”; “judgment quieting title to Lil C Ranch and
removing the Mineral and Royalty Deeds as a cloud on Lil C Ranch’s title”; “in the

                                            3
alternative, a declaratory judgment as requested herein”; and attorney’s fees and
costs.

         On July 10, 2019, Ridgefield filed a petition in intervention, requesting that
the trial court “upon trial enter judgment in favor of Ridgefield and against Lil C.”
Ridgefield asserted in its petition in intervention that it owns 100 percent of the
minerals and seventy-five percent of the royalty interest in the minerals in the
46.029-acre tract conveyed under the Hopper deed, which includes the mineral
estate of the 36.2-acre tract that Lil C argued it owns 100 percent of. Ridgefield
averred that the mineral reservation in the Hopper deed had not expired because
Thumbs Up granted an oil and gas lease to Four Star Resources, LLC covering the
disputed tract as well as two additional tracts; the lease contained a pooling
provision providing that operations and production on the pooled unit are
considered operations or productions on the tracts pooled; and there has been
continuous commercial production of oil and gas through units established through
pooling under the lease.

         Ridgefield’s petition in intervention sought to address the question of
ownership of the mineral estate in the 36.2-acre tract, and requested a judgment in
Ridgefield’s favor “quieting title to 100% of the mineral estate in the Ridgefield
tract and 75% of the royalty attributable to production from the Ridgefield
tract . . . .”1 All defendants other than Ridgefield disclaimed any interest in the
disputed real property.

         1
          Ridgefield specially excepted to Lil C’s original petition, arguing that because Lil C’s
original petition sought a determination of the ownership of the mineral estate, the only cause of
action available to make such a determination is a trespass-to-try-title action, not a declaratory
judgment action. The record does not include a ruling on Ridgefield’s special exception. Failure
to obtain a timely hearing and a ruling on special exceptions waives the exceptions and does not
preserve them for appeal. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); see Davis v. Angleton Indep. Sch. Dist., 582
S.W.3d 474, 481 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, pet. denied).

                                                4
      On March 5, 2021, Ridgefield filed a hybrid traditional and no-evidence
motion for summary judgment, which it later amended. On March 8, 2021, Lil C
filed its own motion for traditional summary judgment, arguing that it was entitled
to summary judgment on its trespass-to-try-title claim, suit-to-quiet-title claim, and
its declaratory-judgment claim. Lil C argued that it was the owner of the entire
mineral estate, including the royalty interest, because the leases executed by
Thumbs Up could not modify the mineral reservation in the Hopper Deed. Lil C
argued that, as a result, it was entitled to judgment in its favor on its trespass-to-
try-title claim and suit-to-quiet-title claim. As to its trespass-to-try-title claim, Lil C
noted that “[a] trespass to try title action is the exclusive remedy by which to
resolve competing claims to property.” As to its suit-to-quiet-title claim, Lil C
requested “an order titling Lil C Ranch as the vested fee simple owner of the
mineral estate, along with the royalty interest therefrom, in the 36.2-Acre Tract.”
Based on the same argument concerning the effect of the leases on the mineral
reservation, Lil C further argued that it is entitled to summary judgment on its
declaratory-judgment claim and a declaration that Lil C is “the vested fee simple
owner of the mineral estate, along with the royalty interest therefrom, in the 36.2-
Acre Tract.”

      On March 11, 2021, Ridgefield amended its hybrid motion for summary
judgment. In its amended motion, Ridgefield argued that Lil C invoked the
Declaratory Judgment Act and requested the trial court award Ridgefield attorney’s
fees and further requested that the trial court “enter a summary declaratory
judgment [in Ridgefield’s favor] vesting title to 75% of the royalty attributable to
the 36.2 acres claimed by” Lil C. Ridgefield argued that the pooling provision in
the leases that included the 36.2-acre tract extended the mineral reservation, even
though the production under the lease was not generated from the 36.2 acres of

                                            5
land owned by Lil C.

       Ridgefield filed a response to Lil C’s motion for traditional summary
judgment, averring that there was production from the 36.2-acre tract and that Lil
C’s legal authority is inapplicable because the cases Lil C relies on concerned
shut-in gas wells. In its response to Ridgefield’s hybrid motion, Lil C argued that
Ridgefield failed to: conclusively prove that it is entitled to a declaratory judgment
that Ridgefield is the vested owner of seventy-five percent of the royalty interest
attributable to the 36.2-acre tract; allege that it has superior title to 100 percent of
the mineral interest in the 36.2-acre tract; and properly plead any grounds to
support its no-evidence motion for summary judgment. The defendants other than
Ridgefield objected to Lil C’s motion for summary judgment on the basis that their
inclusion as parties was improper and unnecessary because they had disclaimed
any interest in the property.

       On April 23, 2021, the trial court signed a final order, granting Ridgefield’s
traditional motion for summary judgment and denying Lil C’s traditional motion
for summary judgment and dismissing defendants “THUMBS UP LAND
COMPANY, LTD., ET AL.”2 On April 30, 2021, the trial court signed an amended
order, adding that Ridgefield “is vested with title and possession to a term 75%
share of the Royalty, bonus and delay rental attributable to” the 36.2-acre tract, as
well as “a term 100% of the executive rights attributable to the land . . . .”3 This
appeal followed.

       2
        Lil C does not complain on appeal of the trial court’s dismissal of all defendants other
than Ridgefield.
       3
         The trial court stated in its order that it did not rule upon Ridgefield’s motion for no-
evidence summary judgment.

                                                6
                                II.   DISCUSSION

      In three issues, Lil C argues: (1) the trial court erred in granting Ridgefield’s
traditional motion for summary judgment on a declaratory-judgment action when
Ridgefield did not plead a claim for declaratory judgment, the judgment exceeded
the relief requested by Ridgefield, the trial court lacked jurisdiction to grant
declaratory judgment vesting title in the mineral estate in Ridgefield because the
trespass-to-try-title statute is the method for determining title to real property, and
Ridgefield failed to conclusively establish all elements of its quiet-title claim; (2)
the trial court erred in denying Lil C’s traditional motion for summary judgment on
its claims for trespass to try title and quiet title; and (3) the trial court erred by
granting Ridgefield’s no-evidence motion for summary judgment because
Ridgefield failed to identify the challenged elements of Lil C’s claims.

A.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review the trial court’s grant of a summary judgment de novo. Sw. Bell
Tel. L.P. v. Emmett, 459 S.W.3d 578, 583 (Tex. 2015). When the trial court
considers competing summary judgment motions and grants one motion and denies
the other, we consider the summary judgment evidence presented by both sides,
determine all questions presented, and if the trial court erred, render the judgment
the trial court should have rendered. Id.

      Under the traditional standard for summary judgment, the movant has the
burden to show that no genuine issue of material fact exists, and the movant is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); KPMG Peat
Marwick v. Harrison Cnty. Hous. Fin. Corp., 988 S.W.2d 746, 748 (Tex. 1999).
When both parties move for summary judgment on strictly legal questions, each
party “bears the burden of establishing that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Guynes v. Galveston County, 861 S.W.2d 861, 862 (Tex. 1993); Mandell v.
                                            7
Mandell, 214 S.W.3d 682, 687 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.).

      A declaratory judgment rendered by summary judgment is reviewed under
the same standards that govern summary judgments generally. Hourani v. Katzen,
305 S.W.3d 239, 248 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied); Lidawi
v. Progressive Cnty. Mut. Ins., 112 S.W.3d 725, 729 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2003, no pet.). Declaratory judgment is not an appropriate remedy to resolve
a purely factual dispute. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 37.003(a),
37.007; see also Indian Beach Prop. Owners’ Ass’n v. Linden, 222 S.W.3d 682,
699–700 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). Thus, a plaintiff who
moves for summary judgment on a claim for declaratory relief must conclusively
prove no genuine issue of material fact exists, and it is entitled to the requested
declaratory relief as a matter of law. See Schuhardt Consulting Profit Sharing Plan
v. Double Knobs Mountain Ranch, Inc., 468 S.W.3d 557, 565–66 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 2014, pet. denied); Indian Beach Prop. Owners’ Ass’n, 222 S.W.3d at
699–700. Likewise, a defendant is entitled to summary judgment on a plaintiff’s
request for declaratory relief if the defendant disproves the plaintiff’s entitlement
to the declaratory relief as a matter of law. See McCall, 24 S.W.3d at 510–13, 516;
see also Aery v. Hoskins, Inc., 493 S.W.3d 684, 691 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
2016, pet. denied).

      If the appellate issue raised is based on undisputed and unambiguous facts,
then the appellate court will review the trial court’s award of declaratory relief and
determine its propriety as a matter of law. See Gramercy Ins. v. MRD Invs., Inc.,
47 S.W.3d 721, 724 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. denied) (citing
Comm’rs Ct. of Titus Cnty. v. Agan, 940 S.W.2d 77, 81 (Tex. 1997)). The appellate
court may then either affirm the judgment or reverse and render the judgment the
trial court should have rendered, including one that denies both motions. Gramercy

                                          8
Ins., 47 S.W.3d at 724 (citing Jones v. Strauss, 745 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. 1988)).

B.    APPLICABLE LAW

      “A property owner’s rights are often described as a bundle of rights, or a
bundle of sticks.” Lightning Oil Co. v. Anadarko E & P Onshore, L.L.C., 520
S.W.3d 39, 48 (Tex. 2017). Landowners generally own the right to exploit the
minerals under their land, “the mineral estate.” See Coastal Oil & Gas Corp. v.
Garza Energy Tr., 268 S.W.3d 1, 15 (Tex. 2008); French v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc.,
896 S.W.2d 795, 797 (Tex. 1995). “The mineral estate is comprised of five
severable rights: ‘1) the right to develop, 2) the right to lease, 3) the right to receive
bonus payments, 4) the right to receive delay rentals, and 5) the right to receive
royalty payments.’” Hysaw v. Dawkins, 483 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Tex. 2016) (quoting
French, 896 S.W.2d at 797). The right to develop is a possessory right that gives
the holder the exclusive right to possess, use, and appropriate the minerals in the
real property. Lightning Oil, 520 S.W.3d at 49. The rights to receive bonus
payments, delay rentals, and royalty payments are passive, non-possessory, non-
executive rights to the proceeds from the production of minerals. Hysaw, 483
S.W.3d at 9; see Luckel, 819 S.W.2d at 463.

      A property owner is free to retain all rights in a piece of real estate for
himself or herself, or else sever the sticks from one another and distribute
individual rights in whatever fashion or combination he or she so chooses.
Lightning Oil, 520 S.W.3d at 48. An instrument conveying land in fee simple
transfers both the surface estate and the mineral estate, unless the instrument
contains a reservation or expresses a contrary intention. Hysaw, 483 S.W.3d at 8
(citing Schlittler v. Smith, 101 S.W.2d 543, 544 (Tex. 1937)).

                                            9
C.     TRESPASS TO TRY TITLE

       We will first address the question of whether a declaratory-judgment action
is available to resolve the dispute between the parties. We conclude that it is not.

       “By statute, a trespass-to-try-title action ‘is the method of determining title
to lands.’” Brumley v. McDuff, 616 S.W.3d 826, 831–32 (Tex. 2021) (quoting Tex.
Prop. Code Ann. § 22.001(a)). “Although related claims exist to determine
narrower questions of possession, a cloud on a title, or a non-possessory interest, a
trespass-to-try-title action is the exclusive remedy for resolving overarching claims
to legal title.” Id. at 832 (footnotes omitted).

       In a trespass-to-try-title action, a plaintiff may prove legal title by
       establishing: (1) a regular chain of title conveyances from the
       sovereign to the plaintiff; (2) a superior title to that of the defendant
       out of a common source; (3) title by limitations (i.e., adverse
       possession); or (4) possession that has not been abandoned.
Id. The substance of the plaintiff’s pleadings determines whether a claim sounds in
trespass to try title. Id.; see also Offord v. Carson, No. 01-19-00815-CV, 2021 WL
3358023, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 3, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(“Texas courts consider the substance and not the form of the pleadings to
determine whether an action is properly considered as one for declaratory
judgment, trespass to try title, or to quiet title.”). “A suit that seeks to resolve a title
dispute is, in effect, an action in trespass to try title, whatever its form.” Brumley,
616 S.W.3d at 836.

       In recent years, the Texas Supreme Court has addressed distinctions between
the various causes of action for settling questions related to title. See Brumley, 616
S.W.3d at 832–33; Lance v. Robinson, 543 S.W.3d 723, 735–37 (Tex. 2018);
Calvert v. Crawley, No. 01-20-00105-CV, 2022 WL 1462799, at *18 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] May 10, 2022, pet. filed) (mem. op.). In Lance, the Court held

                                            10
the claimants could bring a declaratory-judgment action to establish rights to an
easement, as opposed to the trespass-to-try-title statute, noting that an easement is
a nonpossessory interest and the claimants did not assert any ownership or
possessory interest in the disputed area. Lance, 543 S.W.3d at 736–37. The Court
explained that the trespass-to-try-title statute is the proper procedural vehicle
“when the claimant is seeking to establish or obtain the claimant’s ownership or
possessory right in the land at issue.” Id. at 736 (emphasis added); see Brumley,
616 S.W.3d at 832 (noting that the trespass-to-try-title statute “embraces all
character of litigation that affects the title to real estate”).

       1. The Trespass-To-Try-Title Statute Governs the Parties’ Dispute
       Here, Lil C’s live pleading concerned ownership of the entire mineral estate,
not just a nonpossessory right to a nonparticipating royalty interest, as it argues on
appeal. In its live pleading, Lil C averred as to its declaratory-judgment claim that
it sought “a declaratory judgment that Lil C Ranch owns 100% of the mineral
estate, along with 100% of the royalty interest therefrom, in the 36.2-Acre Tract as
the vested fee simple owner . . . .” (emphasis added). Lil C also asserted claims for
trespass to try title and for suit to quiet title, with the substance of its lawsuit being
that it was the owner of the mineral estate, instead of Ridgefield, because the
reservation in the Hopper deed had expired. Lil C’s prayer for relief asked the trial
court to:

       issue a judgment confirming Lil C Ranch as the fee simple owner of
       the surface and mineral estate in the 36.2-Acre Tract; a judgment
       decreeing that Defendant Ridgefield has no rights or interest in the
       36.2-Acre Tract, under the Mineral and Royalty Deeds or otherwise;
       judgment quieting title to Lil C Ranch and removing the Mineral and
       Royalty Deeds as a cloud to Lil C Ranch’s title; in the alternative, a
       declaratory judgment as requested herein, with an award of attorney’s
       fees and costs in Lil C Ranch’s favor under Section 37 of the Texas
       Civil Practice and Remedies Code or other applicable provisions of

                                             11
       Texas law; and award Lil C Ranch all other relief at law or in equity
       to which it may be justly entitled.
       Because Lil C’s lawsuit concerned a dispute over the ownership of the entire
mineral estate, which involves a possessory right, see Lightning Oil, 520 S.W.3d at
49, and Lil C sought to establish itself as the owner of the entire mineral estate, we
conclude that the trespass-to-try-title statute is the sole cause of action available for
that determination. See Jinkins, 522 S.W.3d at 786 (“Although resolution of these
claims required construction of wills, the fact that the [Uniform Declaratory
Judgments Act] might otherwise cover [the plaintiff’s] claims does not mean his
claim may be brought under the [Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act] if it must be
brought as a trespass-to-try-title action.”); see also Calvert, 2022 WL 1462799, at
*18.

       While it is true that Lil C sought a construction of the Hopper Deed, the real
controversy—as alleged in both Lil C’s live pleading and Ridgefield’s petition in
intervention—is the parties’ continued dispute over ownership of the mineral estate
in the 36.2-acre tract. See Calvert, 2022 WL 1462799, at *18. Here, by seeking to
establish the mineral estate ownership, Lil C asserts ownership and a possessory
interest in the disputed real property. Cf. Lance, 543 S.W.3d at 736–37 (“In
seeking to establish alleged easement rights, the Robinsons do not assert any
ownership or possessory interest in the disputed area.”); see id. at 736 (“The
trespass-to-try-title statute . . . only applies when the claimant is seeking to
establish or obtain the claimant’s ownership or possessory right in the land at
issue.”); see also id. at 736-37 (“A claimant who prevails on a claim to establish an
easement cannot prevail on a trespass-to-try-title claim without also establishing
title or a possessory right.”). In substance and effect, Lil C sued for title to the
mineral estate in the 36.2-acre tract, claiming it had superior title out of the
common source (the Hopper deed) to that of Ridgefield. See Brumley, 616 S.W.3d

                                           12
at 834–36. A claim of title by superior title to that of the defendant out of a
common source is a dispute over title to land; thus, the method to resolve it is a
statutory trespass-to-try-title claim. Cf. id.

       Thus, notwithstanding that Ridgefield and Lil C sought a declaratory
judgment, their dispute was in the nature of a trespass-to-try-title action and must
be treated as such.4 See Martin v. Amerman, 133 S.W.3d 262, 267–68 (Tex. 2004)
(concluding that boundary dispute was governed by trespass-to-try-title statute);
Calvert, 2022 WL 1462799, at *18 (concluding that dispute over ownership of real
property pursuant to a settlement agreement was meant to determine title to the
disputed properties and therefore the dispute was in the nature of a
trespass-to-try-title action and not a declaratory-judgment action).

       We conclude that the trial court erred when it granted Ridgefield a summary
judgment on its declaratory-judgment claim because the parties’ ownership dispute
over the mineral estate can only be brought under the trespass-to-try-title statute.
See Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 22.001(a); Brumley, 616 S.W.3d at 831–32; Lance,
543 S.W.3d at 736–37. We sustain Lil C’s first issue, which asserts the trial court
erred when it granted summary judgment on the grounds asserted in Ridgefield’s
motion.

E.     Lil C’s Motion For Summary Judgment

       In its second issue, Lil C argues that the trial court erred in denying its
traditional motion for summary judgment on its trespass-to-try-title claim and suit

       4
         Lil C argued in its motion for summary judgment that the trespass-to-try-title action is
the method for determining title to real property and the exclusive remedy by which to resolve
competing claims to property. See Sw. Bell Tel., L.P. v. Emmett, z459 S.W.3d 578, 583 (Tex.
2015).; see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Pioneer Energy Servs. Corp. v. Burlington Ins., No. 14-
18-00879-CV, 2020 WL 6325958, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 29, 2020, pet.
denied) (mem. op.).

                                               13
to quiet title. In its motion for summary judgment and on appeal, Lil C argues that
it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on its trespass-to-try-title claim and its
suit to quiet title because: (1) the lease covering the disputed tract, which includes
a pooling provision, did not modify the reservation in the Hopper Deed; and (2)
“two of the units which Ridgefield relies [on] to perpetuate the Mineral
Reservation by pooled production exceed the pooling acreage limitations in the
March 10, 2001 Leases[,] and the third pooled unit has not had uninterrupted
production as required by the Mineral Reservation.”

       1.      SUIT TO QUIET TITLE

       “Over time, . . . the term ‘quiet title’ has acquired a colloquial meaning
encompassing many kinds of title disputes, including those more aptly named as
trespass-to-try-title actions.” Brumley, 616 S.W.3d at 835. A suit to quiet title and a
trespass-to-try-title claim are both actions to recover possession of land unlawfully
withheld; a quiet-title suit is an equitable remedy whereas a trespass-to-try-title suit
is a legal remedy afforded by statute.5 Lance, 543 S.W.3d at 738–39.

       Both an action of trespass to try title and a suit to quiet title require that a
plaintiff establish superior title as an element of his or her claim. Fricks v.
Hancock, 45 S.W.3d 322 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2001, no pet.); see
Thomson v. Locke, 1 S.W. 112, 115 (Tex. 1886); Purple Martin Land Co., LLC v.
Offord, No. 14-20-00265-CV, 2021 WL 6069272, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] Dec. 23, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.); U.S. Nat’l Bank Ass’n v. Johnson,
No. 01-10-00837-CV, 2011 WL 6938507, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
Dec. 30, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.). A plaintiff’s right to recover in an action in

       5
          A suit to remove a cloud from title is not the same, in substance or effect, as an action
of trespass to try title, because the remedies originated in different ages of the history of the law;
they were enforced in different tribunals and proceeded on widely different principles. Haskins v.
Wallet, 63 Tex. 213, 218–19 (1885).

                                                 14
trespass to try title depends on the strength of his or her own title, not the
weaknesses of the title of his or her adversary. Vernon v. Perrien, 390 S.W.3d 47
(Tex. App.—El Paso 2013, pet. denied). “A suit to quiet title relies on the
invalidity of the defendant’s claim to the property and ‘exists to enable the holder
of the feeblest equity to remove from his way to legal title any unlawful hindrance
having the appearance of better right.’” Ferrera v. Nutt, 555 S.W.3d 227, 239
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, no pet.) (quoting Essex Crane Rental Corp.
v. Carter, 371 S.W.3d 366, 388 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet.
denied)).

      The effect of a suit to quiet title is to declare invalid or ineffective the
defendant’s claim to title. Ferrera v. Nutt, 555 S.W.3d 227, 239 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, no pet.). “A cloud on title exists when an outstanding
claim or encumbrance is shown, which on its face, if valid, would affect or impair
the title of the owner of the property.” Hahn v. Love, 321 S.W.3d 517, 531 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied). Accordingly, the elements of the
cause of action to quiet title are that the plaintiff must show (1) an interest in a
specific property, (2) title to the property is affected by a claim by the defendant,
and (3) the claim, although facially valid, is invalid or unenforceable. Johnson,
2011 WL 6938507, at *3.

      2.     ANALYSIS

      In its live pleading, Lil C averred as to its suit to quiet title that:

      Ridgefield claims an adverse interest in the 36.2-Acre Tract pursuant
      to the invalid Mineral and Royalty Deeds. However, Lil C Ranch is
      the fee simple owner of the 36.2-Acre Tract pursuant to the Hopper
      Deed and the Mineral Reservation contained therein. As
      such, . . . Ridgefield has no right, title, or interest whatsoever in the
      36.2-Acre Tract or any portion thereof.

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Lil C argued that, “[c]onsequently, the invalid Mineral and Royalty Deeds in favor
of . . . Ridgefield constitute a cloud on Lil C’s Ranch’s title to the 36.2-Acre Tract,
and Lil C Ranch seeks a judgment . . . removing the Mineral and Royalty Deeds as
a cloud on Lil C Ranch’s title.” Lil C prayed for “judgment quieting title to Lil C
Ranch and removing the Mineral and Royalty Deeds as a cloud on Lil C Ranch’s
title . . . .”

         However, Lil C did not establish as a matter of law that it is entitled to
judgment on its claim to quiet title or its claim for trespass to try title because Lil C
did not establish as a matter of law that Ridgefield’s claim that it owned the
mineral estate and seventy-five percent of the royalty was unenforceable or invalid
or that the mineral reservation in the Hopper Deed had expired. Lil C argued at the
trial court that the reservation in the Hopper deed could not be extended through
production generated under a lease that contained a pooling provision when
production did not actually occur on the 36.2-acre tract.

                 a. The legal effect of pooling is to treat production as occurring
                    on all tracts pooled.

         Lil C argues that the trial court erred in denying its traditional motion for
summary judgment on its trespass-to-try-title claim and suit to quiet title because
Lil C conclusively proved that the pooling effectuated through the leases did not
extend the mineral reservation in the Hopper Deed.

         Mineral leases of multiple tracts may pool some or all of the tracts by
combining them into a single unit, provided pooling is authorized by the leases.
Key Operating & Equip., Inc. v. Hegar, 435 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex. 2014). The
legal consequence of pooling is that production anywhere on the pooled unit and
operations incidental to that production are regarded as taking place on each
pooled tract. See Key Operating & Equip., 435 S.W.3d at 798; Se. Pipe Line Co. v.

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Tichacek, 997 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tex. 1999).

      When mineral interests are properly pooled, all interest holders in the pool
are entitled to their proportionate share of the pool’s production, regardless of
where the well is drilled. Samson Lone Star, Ltd. P’ship v. Hooks, 389 S.W.3d 409,
431 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012) (op. on reh’g), rev’d in part on other
grounds, 457 S.W.3d 52 (Tex. 2015). Once carved from the mineral estate, a
royalty interest creates in the holder a simple right to payment of royalties derived
from production of oil, gas, and other minerals corresponding to its respective
mineral estate. Plainsman Trading Co. v. Crews, 898 S.W.2d 786, 789–90 (Tex.
1995); see also Benge v. Scharbauer, 259 S.W.2d 166, 167–68 (Tex. 1953)
(enumerating the various attributes of the mineral estate); Arnold v. Ashbel Smith
Land Co., 307 S.W.2d 818, 825 (Tex. App.—Houston 1957, writ ref’d n.r.e.)
(noting non-participating royalty owner has no right to participate in “leases of the
mineral estate to which the royalty is appurtenant”).

      As in this case, a royalty interest carved from its mineral estate may be
pooled with other royalty interests that derive from other mineral estates. See Aery,
493 S.W.3d at 697–98. When effectuated through a cross-conveyance of interests,
such a pooling results in a significant change in ownership of the respective royalty
interests, as each member gives up full ownership and conveys to the other
members a share of their royalty interests. See Hooks v. Samson Lone Star, L.P.,
457 S.W.3d 52, 62–63 (Tex. 2015); Montgomery v. Rittersbacher, 424 S.W.2d
210, 213 (Tex. 1968). After pooling, each member of the pooling agreement owns
an undivided interest in the entire pooled unit typically in the proportion that each
owner’s contribution bears to the pooled unit. Montgomery, 424 S.W.2d 210;
MCZ, Inc. v. Triolo, 708 S.W.2d 49, 52–53 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1986,
writ ref’d n.r.e.). While the pooling creates in each member an undivided royalty

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interest in the land in the “block,” these undivided interests are property rights that
also can be freely acquired and conveyed. See MCZ, Inc., 708 S.W.2d at 52–53.

       Applying the “primary legal consequence” of pooling to this case—that
production anywhere on a pooled unit is treated as production on every tract in the
unit—we conclude that once pooling occurred, the pooled tracts, including the
disputed 36.2-acre tract, no longer maintained separate identities. See Key
Operating & Equip., Inc., 435 S.W.3d at 799. The legal consequence of production
from the pool in which the disputed 36.2-acre tract is located is that it is also
considered production from the 36.2-acre tract. See Hooks, 457 S.W.3d at 62 (“The
reason a lessor receives royalties under a pooling agreement, even if no production
occurs directly on that lessor’s tract, is because production elsewhere on the pooled
unit is attributed to the lessor’s tract. . . . It follows that a lessor’s royalty on
production from the unit as a whole reflects the lessor’s royalty on production from
its individual tracts in proportion to the size of the tracts relative to the overall
unit.”).

       On appeal, Lil C argues that the pooling provision in the subject lease did
not extend the reservation in the Hopper Deed because the pooling performed
under the lease exceeded the limitations and regulations of the Texas Railroad
Commission. However, Lil C did not raise this argument at the trial court, and
thus, this argument cannot serve as a basis for summary judgment. See Tex. R.
App. P. 33.1; Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c).

       Because there is evidence showing that the tract subject to the dispute was
pooled with other tracts, and there is evidence that production has continuously
occurred in commercially paying quantities from the pooled tracts, we conclude
that Lil C failed to establish as a matter of law that it was the owner of the royalty
interest in the minerals. Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not err by

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denying Lil C’s traditional motion for summary judgment on its trespass-to-try-
title claim and its suit to quiet title. We overrule Lil C’s second issue.

E.    NO-EVIDENCE GROUNDS

      In its third issue, Lil C argues that the trial court erred by “failing to deny”
Ridgefield’s no-evidence summary-judgment motion. In its order, the trial court
did not rule upon Ridgefield’s motion for no-evidence summary judgment.
However, as a prerequisite to presenting a complaint for appellate review, the
record must show that the complaint was made to the trial court by a timely
request, objection, or motion, and that the trial court ruled upon the request,
objection, or motion. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). Here, Lil C did not argue in the trial
court that the trial court erred by failing to deny Ridgefield’s no-evidence
summary-summary judgment motion. Because Lil C failed to preserve this
argument for our review Lil C’s third issue is overruled. See id.; Jones v. Smith,
157 S.W.3d 517, 524 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. denied) (“[T]he failure to
obtain a ruling on the motion for summary judgment has not preserved any error
for our review.”); see also In re Freeport LNG, LLC, No. 01-21-00701-CV, 2022
WL 2251649, *1–2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 23, 2022, orig.
proceeding) (mem. op.) (per curiam) (granting mandamus relief because “trial
court had a legal duty to perform the nondiscretionary act of ruling on the pending
Summary Judgment Motion and it failed or refused to do so within a reasonable
time”).

F.    SUMMARY

      We conclude that neither party established its right to summary judgment as
a matter of law and that the trial court erred when it granted Ridgefield’s summary
judgment motion. We affirm in part the trial court’s judgment denying Lil C’s
motion for summary judgment. We reverse in part the trial court’s judgment
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granting Ridgefield’s traditional motion for summary judgment and render
judgment denying the motion. See Emmett, 459 S.W.3d at 583.

                             III.   CONCLUSION

      Having affirmed the trial court’s judgment in part and reversed and rendered
in part, we remand the case for further proceedings.

                                      /s/    Margaret “Meg” Poissant
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Zimmerer, Spain, and Poissant.

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