Court Opinion

ID: 4303438
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-08-14 13:12:49.478483+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:37.070487
License: Public Domain

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as State
v. Martin, Slip Opinion No. 2018-Ohio-3226.]

                                           NOTICE
      This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
      advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
      promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
      South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
      formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
      the opinion is published.

                          SLIP OPINION NO. 2018-OHIO-3226
             THE STATE OF OHIO, APPELLEE, v. MARTIN, APPELLANT.
  [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
       may be cited as State v. Martin, Slip Opinion No. 2018-Ohio-3226.]
Juvenile     procedure—R.C.         2152.021(F)(3)—R.C.          2152.021(F)(3)        requires
        appointment of guardian ad litem when a juvenile is a human-trafficking
        victim and is charged with one or more offenses related to the victimization,
        which may include violent offenses—In absence of objection to a juvenile
        court’s failure to consider applicability of R.C. 2152.021(F), criminal
        plain-error standard applies—Appellant failed to present evidence that her
        offenses were related to her victimization and therefore failed to show that
        juvenile court’s failure to consider and apply R.C. 2152.021(F) was plain
        error—Court of appeals’ affirmance of appellant’s convictions and
        sentence affirmed.
   (No. 2016-1891—Submitted January 23, 2018—Decided August 14, 2018.)
               APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Summit County,
                               No. 27789, 2016-Ohio-7764.
                                ______________________
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       FRENCH, J.
       {¶ 1} This appeal concerns a juvenile court’s duty to consider the
applicability of R.C. 2152.021—Ohio’s “safe harbor” law—which benefits certain
human-trafficking victims charged with juvenile delinquency. R.C. 2152.021(F)(3)
requires the court to appoint a guardian ad litem when a juvenile is a human-
trafficking victim and is charged with an offense that is “related to” the
victimization. Appellant, Alexis Martin, asks this court to hold that the juvenile
court’s failure to consider and apply R.C. 2152.021(F)(3) invalidated its
discretionary transfer of her case to adult court.
       {¶ 2} We reject the state’s argument that Ohio’s safe-harbor provisions
apply only to nonviolent offenses. Nevertheless, we hold that when there was no
objection to a juvenile court’s failure to consider the applicability of R.C.
2152.021(F), as in this case, the criminal plain-error standard applies. And here,
Martin cannot carry her burden of demonstrating plain error. Because she cannot
do so, we need not address whether her guilty plea in adult court waived her claim
that the juvenile court erred in failing to consider R.C. 2152.021(F). We affirm the
judgment of the Ninth District Court of Appeals that affirmed Martin’s convictions
and sentence.
                FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
                                    The offenses
       {¶ 3} Martin was 15 years old when she and three adults planned to rob
Angelo Kerney and burglarize his home. On November 7, 2013, Martin and Janae
Jones went to Kerney’s house. They distracted 36-year-old Kerney and 20-year-
old Alecio Samuel with dancing and sex. Jones went upstairs to have sex with
Kerney, and Martin stayed downstairs to have sex with Samuel.
       {¶ 4} Two men, Dashaun Spear and Travaski Jackson, entered the house.
Spear went upstairs and shot Kerney twice in the head, killing him. Samuel was
shot in the head after begging for his life. He survived but sustained serious

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injuries. Samuel saw Martin and her accomplices cleaning up the scene before they
left.
        {¶ 5} Martin was arrested and charged with delinquency counts of
aggravated murder, attempted murder, felonious assault, aggravated robbery,
aggravated burglary, and tampering with evidence.
                   Martin’s childhood and human trafficking
        {¶ 6} Martin faced significant obstacles before she committed the offenses
in this case. Her parents were often absent from her life. Both her parents and her
stepfather were involved with drugs, and her mother was imprisoned for drug
trafficking. Martin’s father physically abused her. She was shuffled between
family members and foster parents, and she changed schools often. A family
member mocked Martin for being biracial. Another family member locked her in
a dark closet as punishment.
        {¶ 7} Martin was diagnosed with depression by age eight. According to
Martin, when she was 10 and 11 years old, a 21-year-old man repeatedly raped her.
At age 12, Martin attempted suicide, and her 16-year-old “boyfriend” raped and
impregnated her. She suffered a miscarriage and had the unborn child’s name
tattooed on her torso.
        {¶ 8} According to Martin, at age 14 or 15, she was kidnapped and forced
into exotic dancing. She reported the kidnapping to her probation officer. There is
also evidence that Kerney trafficked Martin. According to Martin, Kerney had her
perform exotic dances, sell drugs for him, prepare about eight other girls for
prostitution, and collect money from them. Martin used the name Alexis Love and
referred to Kerney as “Dad.”
                               The court proceedings
        {¶ 9} In juvenile court, Martin waived her right to a probable-cause hearing
and the state asked the court to transfer her case to adult court. The juvenile court
conducted an amenability hearing to determine whether Martin should be tried as

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an adult. Court psychologist Dr. Thomas Webb testified that Martin “had a bad
experience in terms of possible kidnap” and was involved with dancing, “something
that she learned possibly under very adverse conditions.” Citing the amenability
report and Dr. Webb’s testimony, the court asked the parties whether Martin’s
status as a human-trafficking victim affected her amenability:

                 My question is: When the State of Ohio looks at the
         amenability report and looks at this juvenile and the very clear
         history of human trafficking, how does the state suggest that the
         court weigh that factor in considering which court should have
         jurisdiction * * * as a result of these acts?

Following the state’s response, the court continued:

                 I would consider the dancing to be sex trafficking. I would
         consider the being kidnap[p]ed and taken to Cincinnati to dance to
         be human trafficking. Quite frankly human trafficking doesn’t have
         to be for sex. I would consider a young girl who’s given drugs and
         told to sell them to be an instance of human trafficking because it’s
         being trafficked for labor and I’m not saying that that’s here or there.

         {¶ 10} In its transfer order, the court listed its findings that favored retaining
jurisdiction under R.C. 2951.12(D). One of those findings was that Martin had
been a human-trafficking victim. But neither the court nor Martin’s counsel nor
the state invoked R.C. 2152.021 before the court transferred Martin’s case to adult
court.
         {¶ 11} In adult court, Martin challenged the court’s jurisdiction and asked
the court to stay the proceedings, vacate the transfer order, and remand the case to

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                                   January Term, 2018

the juvenile court to appoint a guardian ad litem and consider diversion. The court
determined that it had no authority to review the juvenile court’s transfer order or
remand the case.
       {¶ 12} Martin pleaded guilty to one count of aggravated murder with a
three-year firearm specification and one count of felonious assault. She did so with
the understanding that she could challenge the adult court’s jurisdiction on appeal,
and she renewed her objection to the court’s jurisdiction at sentencing.
       {¶ 13} During the sentencing hearing, the court discussed Martin’s
relationship with Kerney: “In fact, the facts in the report indicate that Ms. Martin
was basically, in a certain sense, working for Angelo Kerney, assisting him as he
dealt with young women who were making themselves available in escort work;
which is a polite way of saying prostitution.” The court sentenced Martin to a
prison term of 21 years to life.
       {¶ 14} The Ninth District Court of Appeals affirmed Martin’s convictions
and sentence, holding that the trial court correctly rejected Martin’s argument that
it lacked jurisdiction. 2016-Ohio-7764, ¶ 11. It also held that because Martin
pleaded guilty, she waived her claim that the juvenile court erred in failing to
consider the applicability of R.C. 2152.021(F). Id. at ¶ 12-13.
       {¶ 15} Martin appealed, presenting two propositions of law:

                1.   Once a determination has been made that a juvenile
       defendant was the victim of human trafficking, the trial court must
       appoint a guardian ad litem and conduct a safe harbor hearing prior to
       issuing a bindover decision.
                2.   A juvenile does not waive issues related to a legally
       defective bindover proceeding by pleading guilty in common pleas
       court.

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                                    ANALYSIS
                          The effect of Martin’s guilty plea
       {¶ 16} In Martin’s second proposition of law, she challenges the court of
appeals’ holding that her guilty plea in adult court waived her claim based on the
juvenile court’s failure to consider the safe-harbor law. The court of appeals held
that because Martin pleaded guilty, “Martin’s argument * * *, which pertains to
error on the part of the Juvenile Court, independent from her argument pertaining
to the jurisdiction of the trial court, was waived through her guilty plea.” 2016-
Ohio-7764 at ¶ 13. Martin contends that her safe-harbor claim survived her guilty
plea. The state argues that when a defendant enters a guilty plea in adult court, she
can appeal only the juvenile court’s probable-cause and amenability findings and
that she cannot appeal based on alleged procedural defects that she did not raise in
those proceedings.
       {¶ 17} As we explain below, Martin cannot prevail on the merits of her safe-
harbor claim because she cannot show that plain error occurred in the juvenile
court. So we need not decide whether she waived her safe-harbor claim by pleading
guilty in adult court. See, e.g., State v. Morgan, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2017-Ohio-7565,
__ N.E.3d __, ¶ 12, 51 (requiring a juvenile who pleaded guilty in adult court to
show prejudice in order to obtain relief for juvenile court’s failure to appoint a
guardian ad litem during amenability proceedings). We proceed to the merits of
Martin’s arguments in support of her first proposition of law.
                     R.C. 2152.021(F) is clear and unambiguous
       {¶ 18} In 2012, the General Assembly enacted R.C. 2152.021—Ohio’s
safe-harbor law—because juveniles accused of delinquency are often victims of
human trafficking and because that victimization often leads to delinquent acts. See
2012 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 262, Section 4. R.C. 2152.021(F) states:

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                          January Term, 2018

        (1) At any time after the filing of a complaint alleging that a
child is a delinquent child and before adjudication, the court may
hold a hearing to determine whether to hold the complaint in
abeyance pending the child’s successful completion of actions that
constitute a method to divert the child from the juvenile court system
if the child agrees to the hearing and either of the following applies:
        (a) The    act    charged       would   be   a   violation   of
section 2907.24, 2907.241, or 2907.25 of the Revised Code if the
child were an adult.
        (b) The court has reason to believe that the child is a victim
of a violation of section 2905.32 of the Revised Code, regardless of
whether any person has been convicted of a violation of that section
or of any other section for victimizing the child, and the act charged
is related to the child’s victimization.
        ***
        (3) If either division (F)(1)(a) or (b) of this section applies,
the court shall promptly appoint a guardian ad litem for the child.
The court shall not appoint the child’s attorney as guardian ad litem.
If the court decides to hold the complaint in abeyance, the guardian
ad litem shall make recommendations that are in the best interest of
the child to the court.
        (4) If after a hearing the court decides to hold the complaint
in abeyance, the court may make any orders regarding placement,
services, supervision, diversion actions, and conditions of abeyance,
including, but not limited to, engagement in trauma-based
behavioral health services or education activities, that the court
considers appropriate and in the best interest of the child. The court
may hold the complaint in abeyance for up to ninety days while the

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       child engages in diversion actions.       If the child violates the
       conditions of abeyance or does not complete the diversion actions
       to the court’s satisfaction within ninety days, the court may extend
       the period of abeyance for not more than two additional ninety-day
       periods.
               (5) If the court holds the complaint in abeyance and the child
       complies with the conditions of abeyance and completes the
       diversion actions to the court’s satisfaction, the court shall dismiss
       the complaint and order that the records pertaining to the case be
       expunged immediately. If the child fails to complete the diversion
       actions to the court’s satisfaction, the court shall proceed upon the
       complaint.

       {¶ 19} R.C. 2152.021(F) contains a mix of mandatory and discretionary
language, but it is plain and unambiguous. And when statutory language is
unambiguous, we need not resort to rules of statutory interpretation—we simply
apply the language. Sears v. Weimer, 143 Ohio St. 312, 55 N.E.2d 413 (1944),
paragraph five of the syllabus.
       {¶ 20} R.C. 2152.021(F)(1)(a) and (F)(3) require the juvenile court to
appoint a guardian ad litem to assist a juvenile who has been charged with certain
solicitation or prostitution offenses—namely, violations of R.C. 2907.24
(solicitation), 2907.241 (loitering to engage in solicitation), and 2907.25
(prostitution). R.C. 2152.021(F)(1)(b) and (F)(3) require the same when the court
has reason to believe that the juvenile is a human-trafficking victim and that the
offenses charged are “related to” the victimization.
       {¶ 21} After the court appoints a guardian ad litem, it has discretion to hold
a hearing, consider the guardian ad litem’s recommendations, and hold the
complaint in abeyance for up to 270 days pending the juvenile’s completion of

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                                January Term, 2018

approved activities aimed to divert the juvenile from the justice system. R.C.
2152.021(F)(1), (4), and (5). If the juvenile complies with the court’s mandates to
the court’s satisfaction, the court must dismiss the complaint and order that the
records pertaining to the case be expunged. R.C. 2152.021(F)(5).
We reject the state’s argument that R.C. 2152.021(F)(1)(b) cannot be applied to
                                  violent offenses
         {¶ 22} We first    address the state’s broad argument            that   R.C.
2152.021(F)(1)(b) can never be applied to violent offenses.
         {¶ 23} R.C. 2152.021(F)(1)(a) identifies specific offenses that trigger the
requirement that a guardian ad litem be appointed: R.C. 2907.24 (solicitation); R.C.
2907.241 (loitering to engage in solicitation); and R.C. 2907.25 (prostitution). R.C.
2152.021(F)(1)(b) does not specify triggering offenses, but it does impose an
identical requirement to appoint a guardian ad litem if the court has reason to
believe that the juvenile is a human-trafficking victim and that the charged offenses
are related to the victimization. The term “related to” is broad. While it could have
done so, the legislature placed no limitation on the offenses to which R.C.
2152.021(F)(1)(b) applies, let alone a specific exclusion of violent offenses.
         {¶ 24} Further, human-trafficking victims sometimes commit violent
offenses at the direction of their traffickers. While Martin did not present evidence
that her violent offenses were related to her victimization, juveniles in future cases
might be able to present such evidence. R.C. 2152.021(F)(1)(b) is unambiguous.
We decline the state’s invitation to read into the statute a limitation that does not
exist.
  Plain-error analysis applies when, without objection, the juvenile court has
                        failed to consider R.C. 2152.021(F)
         {¶ 25} In State v. Wilson, 73 Ohio St. 3d 40, 652 N.E.2d 196 (1995), this
court held that unless proper bindover proceedings occur, the juvenile court has
exclusive jurisdiction over cases concerning children alleged to be delinquent and

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that jurisdiction cannot be waived, id. at syllabus. But Martin was not deprived of
R.C. 2152.12 bindover proceedings altogether, and she does not argue that the
court’s amenability ruling was erroneous. Rather, she argues that the juvenile
court’s failure to appoint a guardian ad litem and to consider and apply the safe-
harbor law invalidated her transfer to adult court.
       {¶ 26} In Morgan, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2017-Ohio-7565, __ N.E.3d __, this
court faced a similar question. In that case, the juvenile’s parents were deceased at
the time of his amenability hearing, and the trial court did not appoint a guardian
ad litem as R.C. 2151.281(A)(1) required. Id. at ¶ 4-7. This court held that the
juvenile court obviously erred by failing to appoint a guardian ad litem at the
amenability hearing. Id. at ¶ 51. But we rejected the argument that we had to vacate
the bindover; we held that the Crim.R. 52(B) plain-error-review standard applied
and that the juvenile had failed to show that the outcome of his bindover
proceedings would have been different if the juvenile court had appointed a
guardian ad litem—that is, he failed to show prejudice. Id. at ¶ 52-54.
       {¶ 27} Like R.C. 2151.281, R.C. 2152.021(F)(1)(b) and (F)(3) require a
juvenile court to appoint a guardian ad litem under certain circumstances: “If either
division (F)(1)(a) or (b) of this section applies, the court shall promptly appoint a
guardian ad litem for the child.” We must construe “ ‘the word “shall” * * *
as mandatory unless there appears a clear and unequivocal legislative intent that
[it] receive a construction other than [its] ordinary usage.’ ” (Emphasis and
brackets sic.) Morgan at ¶ 22, quoting Dorrian v. Scioto Conservancy Dist., 27
Ohio St. 2d 102, 271 N.E.2d 834 (1971), paragraph one of the syllabus. But R.C.
2152.021’s mandates are not jurisdictional requirements. Rather, under Morgan,
when a juvenile court has failed to consider the applicability of R.C. 2152.021(F)
and no objection was raised in the juvenile court, plain-error analysis applies.

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                                January Term, 2018

              Martin cannot meet the criminal plain-error standard
       {¶ 28} “Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed
although they were not brought to the attention of the court.” Crim.R. 52(B). “By
its very terms, [Crim.R. 52(B)] places three limitations on a reviewing court’s
decision to correct an error” that was not raised below. State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio
St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002). First, an error, “i.e., a deviation from a legal
rule,” must have occurred. Id., citing State v. Hill, 92 Ohio St. 3d 191, 200, 749
N.E.2d 274 (2001), citing United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732, 113 S. Ct.
1770, 123 L. Ed. 2d 508 (1993). Second, the error complained of must be plain—
that is, it must be “an ‘obvious’ defect in the * * * proceedings.” Id., quoting State
v. Sanders, 92 Ohio St. 3d 245, 257, 750 N.E.2d 90 (2001), citing State v. Keith, 79
Ohio St. 3d 514, 518, 684 N.E.2d 47 (1997). “Third, the error must have affected
‘substantial rights.’ We have interpreted this * * * to mean that the trial court’s
error must have affected the outcome” of the proceedings. Id.; see also Morgan at
¶ 50-51.
       {¶ 29} Martin argues that under R.C. 2152.021(F)(1)(b), the juvenile court
had “reason to believe” that she was a human-trafficking victim and that her
offenses were “related to” her victimization. Accordingly, Martin contends that the
court was required to appoint a guardian ad litem and exercise discretion regarding
whether to stay the complaint and impose diversion.
       {¶ 30} The state concedes that the juvenile court had reason to believe that
Martin was a human-trafficking victim, though it disputes that Kerney compelled
Martin to commit the offenses against him. We agree with Martin that the juvenile
court had reason to believe that she was a human-trafficking victim. And there was
some evidence that Kerney was her trafficker. The juvenile court specifically
mentioned it at the end of the amenability hearing. As we detailed above, the court
asked Martin’s counsel and the prosecution how the human-trafficking evidence

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should affect the court’s transfer decision and then specifically mentioned the
human-trafficking evidence that prompted that question.
        {¶ 31} The court need only have “reason to believe” that the juvenile is a
human-trafficking victim for R.C. 2152.021(F)(1)(b) to be satisfied. Here, the court
indicated its belief.
        {¶ 32} But even if there was clear, undisputed evidence that Kerney
trafficked Martin, she cannot carry her plain-error burden. The specific facts and
evidence in this case do not show that her offenses were “related to” her
victimization.
        {¶ 33} The term “related to” is used throughout the Revised Code, but it is
not defined in it. Terms that are undefined by the legislature are accorded their
common, everyday meaning. R.C. 1.42. “Related” is defined as “connected by
reason of an established or discoverable relation.” Webster’s Third New
International Dictionary 1916 (2002); see also Morales v. Trans World Airlines,
Inc., 504 U.S. 374, 383-384, 112 S. Ct. 2031, 119 L. Ed. 2d 157 (1992) (discussing
the broad and expansive nature of the phrases “relating to” and “relate to”).
        {¶ 34} Here, Martin participated in a plan to rob Kerney and burglarize his
home. Kerney was murdered, and Samuel was shot in the head. Obviously, neither
Kerney nor Samuel were involved in this plan. There is no evidence that Martin
was compelled or coerced into committing the offenses. There is no evidence that
Martin committed similar offenses against others at the behest of Kerney or Samuel.
And there is no evidence that Martin planned the offenses to free herself from
Kerney. In fact, Martin denied knowing that Kerney and Samuel would be killed.
There is also no evidence that Martin was trafficked by any of her accomplices.
        {¶ 35} Because Martin has not shown that her offenses were related to her
victimization, she has not established plain error.

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                               January Term, 2018

                                 CONCLUSION
       {¶ 36} The General Assembly enacted Ohio’s safe-harbor law because
human-trafficking victimization causes juvenile delinquency.             See 2012
Am.Sub.H.B. No. 262, Section 4. The law gives certain victims the chance to
rebuild their lives and avoid the justice system. Defense counsel, prosecutors, and
the courts must become familiar with this law and follow it when it applies.
       {¶ 37} R.C. 2152.021(F)(1)(b) and (F)(3) require a juvenile court to appoint
a guardian ad litem when the juvenile is a human-trafficking victim and a charged
offense is related to the victimization. The court then has discretion to hold a
hearing, consider the guardian ad litem’s recommendations, and devise a plan to
divert the juvenile from the justice system. But when a juvenile court has failed to
consider the applicability of R.C. 2152.021(F) and there was no objection, plain-
error analysis applies. Here, Martin cannot carry the burden of establishing plain
error. For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.
                                                                Judgment affirmed.
       HALL, FISCHER, and DEWINE, JJ., concur.
       O’CONNOR, C.J., and KENNEDY, J., concur in judgment only.
       O’DONNELL, J., dissents, with an opinion.
       MICHAEL T. HALL, J., of the Second District Court of Appeals, sitting for
O’NEILL, J.
                               _________________
       O’DONNELL, J., dissenting.
       {¶ 38} Respectfully, I dissent.
       {¶ 39} At the time of the incidents leading to this appeal, Alexis Martin,
then age 15, was a human trafficking victim being manipulated by Angelo Kerney.
Because she never had a stable home life due to her mother’s history of drug use
and incarceration, she lived with grandparents, an older sibling, and a friend. At
ages 10 and 11, she was repeatedly raped by a 21 year old male, and at age 12, she

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was raped by a 16 year old male, became pregnant, and miscarried three months
later. At age 14 or 15, another adult male took her to Cincinnati and forced her to
perform exotic dancing to repay a $600 drug debt but released her after she repaid
the debt. Martin returned to Akron, where Kerney, her pimp, forced her to perform
exotic dancing and sell drugs. He also used her to recruit, manage, and collect
money from as many as eight other prostitutes he controlled, ranging in age from
14 to 24.
        {¶ 40} At age 15, Martin spent her days smoking marijuana, drinking
alcohol, and preparing girls for prostitution. Some days, she would drive from
Akron to Cleveland to work as an exotic dancer and would not return to Akron until
5:00 a.m., after she collected Kerney’s money from the prostitutes she managed.
        {¶ 41} On November 7, 2013, Martin, Janae Jones (an adult female) and
Dashaun Spear and Travaski Jackson (two adult males) collaborated in the robbery
of Kerney’s Akron home. Martin had sex with Alecio Samuel downstairs, while
Jones went upstairs to have sex with Kerney. Spear and Jackson entered the house
with guns; Spear went upstairs and fatally shot Kerney in the head while he was
having sex with Jones. After begging for his life, Samuel suffered a non-fatal shot
to the head.
        {¶ 42} As a result of Kerney’s killing and Samuel’s shooting, the state
charged Martin with delinquency for acts that if committed by an adult would
constitute counts of aggravated murder, attempted murder, felonious assault,
aggravated robbery, aggravated burglary, and tampering with evidence. The state
then moved to transfer her case to the Summit County Common Pleas Court for
trial as an adult.
        {¶ 43} At the amenability hearing, Martin’s attorney advised the judge that
Kerney’s relationship with Martin was “highly suspicious,” and that Kerney had
been involved in “drugs and I guess sex trafficking.” Sergeant Scott Lietke, the

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lead detective, testified that Martin referred to Kerney as her dad and that she was
known at Kerney’s house as “Alexis Love.”
       {¶ 44} Based on this testimony, the juvenile court found that Martin had
suffered a “very clear history of human trafficking,” and stated:

               My question is: When the State of Ohio looks at the
       amenability report and looks at this juvenile and the very clear
       history of human trafficking, how does the state suggest that the
       court weigh that factor in considering which court should have
       jurisdiction over her consequences as a result of these acts?

       {¶ 45} The state responded that it “only saw one reference that said [Martin
was] possibly being sex trafficked,” but the court stated:

               I would consider the dancing to be sex trafficking. I would
       consider the being kidnap[p]ed and taken to Cincinnati to dance to
       be human trafficking. Quite frankly human trafficking doesn’t have
       to be for sex. I would consider a young girl who’s given drugs and
       told to sell them to be an instance of human trafficking because it’s
       being trafficked for labor and I’m not saying that that’s here or there.

       {¶ 46} Despite its finding that Martin “has been a victim of sexual abuse
and human trafficking in the past,” the juvenile court never made any finding with
respect to whether the charges related to her victimization and did not appoint a
guardian ad litem for her in the juvenile court. It transferred her case to the Summit
County Common Pleas Court where a grand jury indicted her for aggravated
murder, attempted murder, felonious assault, aggravated robbery, aggravated
burglary, kidnapping, and tampering with evidence. Relying on representations

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made to her that she could challenge the jurisdiction of the common pleas court on
appeal because of the juvenile court’s failure to consider R.C. 2152.021(F), she
pleaded guilty to aggravated murder with a three-year firearm specification and one
count of felonious assault and was sentenced to 21 years to life in prison.
       {¶ 47} The Ninth District Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the
common pleas court, explaining that the common pleas court had correctly rejected
Martin’s argument that it lacked jurisdiction and that by pleading guilty, Martin had
waived her ability to raise the juvenile court’s error in failing to consider R.C.
2152.021(F).
                                Law and Analysis
                                Standard of Review
       {¶ 48} We have held that the plain-error standard that we apply in criminal
proceedings applies when errors that are not preserved arise in juvenile-
delinquency proceedings. State v. Morgan, __ Ohio St.3d __, 2017-Ohio-7565, __
N.E.3d __, ¶ 48. “To establish plain error, a defendant must show that (1) there
was an error or deviation from a legal rule, (2) the error was plain and obvious, and
(3) the error affected the outcome of the trial.” State v. Mohamed, 151 Ohio St. 3d
320, 2017-Ohio-7468, 88 N.E.3d 935, ¶ 26. In the context of an amenability
hearing, the defendant bears the “burden to prove that the error affected the
outcome of the proceeding, that is, that he would not have been bound over to the
adult court.” Morgan at ¶ 51. The plain error doctrine should be applied only “ ‘to
those extremely rare cases where exceptional circumstances require its application
to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.’ ” Id. at ¶ 40, quoting Goldfuss v.
Davidson, 79 Ohio St. 3d 116, 121, 679 N.E.2d 1099 (1997).
                             Ohio’s Safe Harbor Law
       {¶ 49} In 2012, the Ohio General Assembly adopted R.C. 2152.021(F), a
human trafficking safe harbor statute that provides:

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                                 January Term, 2018

               (1) At any time after the filing of a complaint alleging that a
       child is a delinquent child and before adjudication, the court may
       hold a hearing to determine whether to hold the complaint in
       abeyance pending the child’s successful completion of actions that
       constitute a method to divert the child from the juvenile court system
       if the child agrees to the hearing and either of the following applies:
               ***
               (b) The court has reason to believe that the child is a victim
       of a violation of section 2905.32 of the Revised Code, regardless of
       whether any person has been convicted of a violation of that section
       or of any other section for victimizing the child, and the act charged
       is related to the child’s victimization.
               ***
                (3) If either division (F)(1)(a) or (b) of this section applies,
       the court shall promptly appoint a guardian ad litem for the child.
       The court shall not appoint the child’s attorney as guardian ad litem.
       If the court decides to hold the complaint in abeyance, the guardian
       ad litem shall make recommendations that are in the best interest of
       the child to the court.

(Emphasis added.)
       {¶ 50} The majority asserts that “Martin cannot prevail on the merits of her
safe-harbor claim because she cannot show that plain error occurred in the juvenile
court.” Majority opinion at ¶ 17. The majority therefore concludes that it “need
not decide whether [Martin] waived her safe-harbor claim by pleading guilty in
adult court.” Id.
       {¶ 51} But plain error did occur in the juvenile court, and the record
establishes that fact. There is no dispute that the juvenile court had reason to believe

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that Martin was a human trafficking victim because the juvenile court made that
finding. Thus, the first prong of the statute is satisfied.
        {¶ 52} The majority, however, concludes that the acts charged were not
“related to” Martin’s victimization. While acknowledging the broad and expansive
nature of the term “related to,” the majority decries the lack of evidence that the
acts charged were “related to” Martin’s victimization, such as evidence that Martin
was compelled or coerced into committing the offenses, had committed similar
offenses against others at the behest of Kerney or Samuel, planned the offenses to
free herself from Kerney, or had been trafficked by any of her accomplices.
Majority opinion at ¶ 33-34.
        {¶ 53} The majority’s analysis seeks proof of factors not required by the
statute. R.C. 2152.021(F) requires only that the court have reason to believe that
“the act charged is related to the child’s victimization.” It is axiomatic that the
robbery and murder of Kerney, Martin’s sex trafficker, who was trafficking and
exploiting her at the time of the robbery, related to her victimization because he
controlled her at that time and she had a slavish relationship with him.
        {¶ 54} “Related to” is not defined in the statute. Black’s Law Dictionary
defines “related” to mean “[c]onnected in some way; having relationship to or with
something else.”      Black’s Law Dictionary 1479 (10th Ed.2014).          In Tyco
Healthcare Group, L.P. v. Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., the Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit defined “related to” as follows: “In general, ‘related to’ means one
thing has some relationship or connection to another thing.” 587 F.3d 1375, 1378
(Fed.Cir.2009), citing Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary 1626
(1998) (defining “related” to mean “associated, connected” and “allied by nature,
origin, kinship, marriage, etc.”).
        {¶ 55} The evidence established that a relationship existed between Kerney
and Martin and that these crimes related to her victimization because she intended
to make him the victim of her act. The evidence further established that Martin

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                                January Term, 2018

collected money from other dancers that Kerney controlled, so she knew that money
would be in the house when she conspired in planning the robbery. Thus, that crime
related to her trafficking. And thus, the elements of the statute triggering the
juvenile court’s obligation to appoint a guardian ad litem have been satisfied. It
failed to do so and instead bound Martin over to common pleas court. She is now
serving a sentence of 21 years to life; although she had expected to be able to
challenge the error of the juvenile court on appeal, she has been denied that
opportunity.
         {¶ 56} Because the juvenile court failed to appoint a guardian ad litem for
her, it never heard any recommendations from a guardian ad litem that would have
been in her best interest. Even after inquiring of the state what consideration it
should give to Martin’s “very clear history of human trafficking,” it never addressed
the relationship between Martin and Kerney or made a statutory finding that the
crimes related to her victimization. That failure denied her right to due process
because it deprived her of the opportunity to present recommendations to the
juvenile court about other dispositional alternatives and recommendations or
treatment alternatives pursuant to R.C. 2152.021(F)(3) and (F)(4) that would be in
her best interest.
         {¶ 57} The record here demonstrates plan error in that the juvenile court
deviated from the statute because it never considered or addressed whether Martin’s
victimization by Kerney related to these crimes (which it did). This is obvious error
because the court on the record inquired of the prosecutor what consideration it
should give to her victimization and the court’s omission precluded its
consideration of alternative dispositions which a guardian ad litem could have made
in Martin’s best interest, instead of her resulting 21 year sentence. This is plain
error.
         {¶ 58} R.C. 2152.021(F) directs that the court shall appoint a guardian ad
litem when the court has reason to believe that the child is a victim of human

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                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

trafficking and the acts charged are related to the child’s victimization. The plain
error committed by the juvenile court resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice,
which can only be corrected by reversing the appellate court’s judgment, vacating
Martin’s guilty plea, and remanding the matter to the juvenile court for compliance
with the statutory requirement to appoint a guardian ad litem for her.
                                    Conclusion
       {¶ 59} Accordingly, I would reverse the judgment of the Ninth District
Court of Appeals, vacate Martin’s guilty plea, and remand this matter to the juvenile
court for the appointment of a guardian ad litem consistent with R.C.
2152.021(F)(3).
                               _________________
       Sherri Bevan Walsh, Summit County Prosecuting Attorney, and C. Richley
Raley Jr., Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.
       Kinsley Law Office and Jennifer M. Kinsley, for appellant.
       Case Western Reserve University Law School, Human Trafficking Law
Clinic, and Maureen Sheridan Kenny, urging reversal for amici curiae Cleveland
Rape Crisis Center, Gracehaven Central Ohio Youth for Christ, Near West Side
Multi Service Corporation, d.b.a. May Dugan Center, Advocating Opportunity,
S.O.A.P. (“Save Our Adolescents from Prostitution”) (Northeast Ohio Chapter),
Harriet Tubman Movement, Welcome House, Renee Jones Empowerment Center,
and Children’s Law Center, Inc.
       Ohio State University Moritz College of Law Clinical Programs, Kimberly
Payne Jordan, Rachel Tallmadge, Paige Weinstein, Kelsey Kornblut, Quinn
Dybdahl, and Kelsey Vice, urging reversal for amici curiae Justice for Children
Project, Advocating Opportunity, Finding Hope, Franklin County Public Defender,
and Mount Carmel Crime and Trauma Assistance Program.

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                            January Term, 2018

      Jones Day, Kenneth M. Grose, Peter J. Mazza, and Ashley E. Goff; and
Brooklyn Law School, Kate Mogulescu, and Cynthia Godsoe, urging reversal for
amicus curiae Human Trafficking Pro Bono Legal Center.
                            _________________

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