Court Opinion

ID: 60819
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 04:04:10+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:39:02.852569
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
                                                                            May 1, 2008

                                       No. 07-20030                   Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                              Clerk

ERNESTO R HINOJOSA, SR

                                                  Plaintiff–Appellant
v.

GARY L JOHNSON, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF
CRIMINAL JUSTICE; DOUGLAS DRETKE, DIRECTOR, TEXAS
DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, CORRECTIONAL
INSTITUTIONS DIVISION; JOE FERNALD, Warden, Wynne Unit; KATHY
LAUGHLIN, Chief of Classification, Wynne Unit; JAMES SIMPSON, JR,
Captain of Correctional Officers, Wynne Unit; GEORGE WEBSTER, Captain
of Correctional Officers, Wynne Unit; ANGELA MASSIE, Correctional
Officer, Wynne Unit, in their individual capacity

                                                  Defendants–Appellees

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Texas
                             USDC No. 4:05-CV-1886

Before HIGGINBOTHAM, BENAVIDES, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Proceeding pro se, Plaintiff-Appellant Ernesto R. Hinojosa, Sr., Texas
inmate # 586249, filed a verified civil rights complaint alleging that officials of

       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
                                  No. 07-20030

the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (“Defendants”) violated his right to
be free from cruel and unusual punishment by failing to protect him from an
assault by a fellow inmate. On October 20, 2006, the district court granted
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment. Hinojosa now appeals, asserting
that the district court: (1) abused its discretion by simultaneously granting
Defendants’ Motion for a Protective Order and denying Hinojosa’s Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 56(f) motion for a continuance; (2) erroneously granted
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment; and (3) abused its discretion by
denying Hinojosa’s Motion for Appointment of Counsel. For the following
reasons, we AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part, VACATE in part, and
REMAND this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
                                        I.
      Hinojosa was housed in an open dormitory at the Wynne Unit in a state
prison in Huntsville, Texas. On September 24, 2003, inmate Joseph Brown
attacked Hinojosa without provocation in the dormitory, where Brown was also
housed. No guards were present. Brown repeatedly struck Hinojosa in the head
with a plastic toilet brush until the brush broke, at which point Brown
attempted to stab Hinojosa with the brush handle. Another inmate intervened
to stop the attack. As a result of the attack, Hinojosa suffered a head wound
that bled profusely, requiring six stitches. In addition, Hinojosa had several
contusions on his back as a result of Brown’s attempts to stab him with the
broken toilet brush. Hinojosa alleges that, as a result of his injuries, he suffered
pain and has continued to experience headaches and dizziness. Following the
attack, Brown was disciplined and transferred to administrative segregation.
      Hinojosa thereafter filed this civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
against several prison officials, alleging failure to protect in violation of the
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, § 13 of the

                                         2
                                       No. 07-20030

Texas Constitution.1 Hinojosa named as defendants Texas Department of
Criminal Justice (“TDCJ”) Executive Director Gary Johnson; TDCJ Correctional
Institutional Division Director Douglas Dretke; TDCJ Wynne Unit Warden Joe
Fernald; Wynne Unit Chief of Classification Kathy Laughlin; Correctional
Officers Captains James Simpson, Jr. and George Webster; and Correctional
Officer Angela Massie.
       In his complaint, Hinojosa alleged that Brown was a delusional paranoid-
schizophrenic with a propensity towards committing violent acts. He further
alleged that the Wynne Unit was inherently dangerous because: the dorms
where Hinjosa was assaulted were routinely understaffed; the officers assigned
to the dorms routinely neglected their duties to monitor the areas and inmates
in their charge; no audio or video surveillance monitored the dorms; janitorial
tools–such as toilet bowl brushes, mops, and brooms–were readily available in
the open dorm areas, where they can and have been converted into weapons; and
inmates with mental problems and a propensity for violence (such as Brown)
were not segregated and were allowed to live in the open dorms. Furthermore,
Hinojosa asserted that Defendants Fernald, Laughlin, Simpson, Webster, and
Massie had actual knowledge of Wynne Unit’s dangerous prison conditions and
the specific dangers caused by Brown’s presence, and they failed to take
reasonable measures to address this substantial risk of harm. With respect to
Defendants Johnson and Dretke, Hinojosa alleged only that these Defendants
had actual knowledge of the substantial risk of harm created by understaffing.

       1
         Hinojosa does not assert or provide any authority for the proposition that the Texas
Constitution’s prohibition against “cruel or unusual punishment” affords any greater protection
than the US Constitution’s prohibition against “cruel and unusual punishment.” Our analysis,
therefore, assumes–as do the parties–that the protections afforded by both constitutions are
the same. See Cantu v. State, 939 S.W.2d 627, 645 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (finding “no
significance in the difference between the Eighth Amendment’s ‘cruel and unusual’ phrasing
and the ‘cruel or unusual’ phrasing of Art. I, Sec. 13 of the Texas Constitution”).

                                              3
                                     No. 07-20030

      After filing his initial complaint, Hinojosa sought discovery. On October
4, 2005, Defendants filed a motion for a protective order on the basis of qualified
immunity. On January 31, 2006, Defendants filed a motion for summary
judgment, also on the basis of qualified immunity, asserting primarily that
Hinojosa could not establish that any Defendant had actual knowledge of a
substantial risk to his safety. Defendants Dretke, Laughlin, Simpson, and
Webster also argued for dismissal pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1997e, asserting that
Hinojosa had not exhausted his administrative remedies against them.
      In response, Hinojosa filed a Rule 56(f) motion for a continuance to allow
discovery before requiring Hinojosa to respond to Defendants’ motion for
summary judgment. Noting that it appeared that Defendants were entitled to
qualified immunity2 and that qualified immunity protects government officials
from unnecessary litigation burdens–including discovery–the district court
granted Defendants protective order and denied Hinojosa’s motion for a
continuance.3
      In its order, the district court also denied Hinojosa’s motion for the district
court to reconsider its decision to deny appointed counsel. The district court
explained that Hinojosa had no constitutional right to appointed counsel and
that, “[d]espite his limitations, Hinojosa has managed to prosecute his claims in
a reasonably effective manner.”
      After Defendants submitted an amended motion for summary judgment
and Hinojosa filed his response, the district court granted summary judgment
in favor of Defendants. The court found that Defendants demonstrated that
there existed no genuine issues of material fact regarding Hinojosa’s claim of a

      2
          Because Defendants’ exhibits in their original motion for summary judgment were
illegible, the court ordered Defendants to submit an amended motion for summary judgment.
      3
         The district court stated: “Hinojosa will not be allowed to conduct any further
discovery until the Defendants have submitted their amended motion for summary judgment
and the court has made a determination of its merits.”

                                           4
                                  No. 07-20030

constitutional violation. Hinojosa now appeals, asserting that the district court:
(1) abused its discretion by granting Defendants’ Motion for a Protective Order
and denying Hinojosa’s Rule 56(f) motion for a continuance; (2) erred in granting
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment; and (3) abused its discretion by
denying Hinojosa’s Motion for Appointment of Counsel.
                                        II.
      Qualified immunity protects government officials from liability in civil
suits unless their conduct violates “clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald,
457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). The qualified immunity doctrine “affords government
officials not just immunity from liability, but immunity from suit,” including the
burdens of discovery. Vander Zee v. Reno, 73 F.3d 1365, 1368 (5th Cir. 1996).
      “The party seeking damages from an official asserting qualified immunity
bears the burden of overcoming that defense.” Bennett v. City of Grand Prairie,
883 F.2d 400, 408 (5th Cir. 1989). To overcome a defendant’s entitlement to
qualified immunity, a plaintiff must: (1) state a claim for violation of a
constitutional right; (2) demonstrate that the constitutional right was
established at the time of the actions at issue; and (3) show that the defendant’s
“conduct was objectively unreasonable in light of the legal rules clearly
established.” Thomas v. City of Dallas, 175 F.3d 358, 363-64 (5th Cir. 1999).
                                       III.
      It is well settled that the Eighth Amendment’s proscription against cruel
and unusual punishment requires prison officials to protect inmates from violent
attacks by other inmates. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994).
However, not every injury “suffered by one prisoner at the hands of another . .
. translates into constitutional liability for prison officials responsible for the
victim’s safety.” Id. at 834.

                                         5
                                  No. 07-20030

      To establish a failure-to-protect claim, “the inmate must show that he is
incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm” and
that the prison official acted with “deliberate indifference” to the inmate’s health
or safety. Id. A prison official acts with deliberate indifference if he “knows of
and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health or safety”–that is, “the official
must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a
substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.”
Id. at 837. A prisoner alleging an Eighth Amendment violation need not show
that prison officials believed that harm would actually occur–“it is enough that
the official acted or failed to act despite his knowledge of a substantial risk of
serious harm.” Id. at 842. A prison official’s knowledge of the risk “can be
proven through circumstantial evidence, such as by showing that the risk was
so obvious that the official must have known about it.” Johnson v. Johnson, 385
F.3d 503, 524 (5th Cir. 2004). A prison official, however, may avoid liability if
he “responded reasonably to the risk, even if the harm ultimately was not
averted.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 844. Furthermore, the mere negligent failure to
protect a prisoner from assault does not comprise a constitutional violation. See
Davidson v. Cannon, 474 U.S. 344, 347-48 (1986); Oliver v. Collins, 914 F.2d 56,
60 (5th Cir. 1990).
                                        IV.
      Hinojosa asserts that the district court abused its discretion by denying his
Rule 56(f) motion for a continuance of summary judgment and granting
Defendants’ motion for a protective order before Hinojosa could conduct
appropriate discovery. As explained in Section I supra, the district court based
its decision to deny Hinojosa’s motion and grant Defendants’ motion because it

                                         6
                                            No. 07-20030

appeared to the district court that Defendants were entitled to qualified
immunity.4
         We review district court dispositions of Rule 56(f) motions to suspend
summary judgment and motions for protective orders for abuse of discretion.
Stearns Airport Equip. v. FMC Corp., 170 F.3d 518, 534 (5th Cir. 1999) (Rule
56(f) motions); Sanders v. Shell Oil Co., 678 F.2d 614, 618 (5th Cir. 1982)
(protective orders).
         Although Hinojosa was unable to obtain discovery from Defendants, “Rule
56 does not require that any discovery take place before summary judgment can
be granted.” Washington v. Allstate Ins. Co., 901 F.2d 1281, 1285 (5th Cir. 1990).
When a party believes that “it needs more time to obtain discovery to respond
satisfactorily to a motion for summary judgment,” Rule 56(f) is the proper
remedy. Int’l Shortstop, Inc. v. Rally’s, Inc., 939 F.2d 1257, 1266 (5th Cir. 1991).
Rule 56(f) provides:
         If a party opposing the motion shows by affidavit that, for specified
         reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition, the
         court may: (1) deny the motion; (2) order a continuance to enable
         affidavits to be obtained, depositions to be taken, or other discovery
         to be undertaken; or (3) issue any other just order.
Rule 56(f) discovery motions are “broadly favored and should be liberally
granted” because the rule is designed to “safeguard non-moving parties from
summary judgment motions that they cannot adequately oppose.” Culwell v.
City of Fort Worth, 468 F.3d 868, 871 (5th Cir. 2006). To obtain a continuance
of a motion for summary judgment, the non-movant must: “(I) request[] extended
discovery prior to the court’s ruling on summary judgment; (ii) put the trial court
on notice that further discovery pertaining to the summary judgment motion is
being sought; and (iii) demonstrat[e] to the trial court specifically how the

         4
             The district court also vaguely noted that “security” concerns justified the protective
order.

                                                   7
                                      No. 07-20030

requested discovery pertains to the pending motion.”5 Wichita Falls Office
Assocs. v. Banc One Corp., 978 F.2d 915, 919 (5th Cir. 1992).
       The nonmovant “may not simply rely on vague assertions that additional
discovery will produce needed, but unspecified, facts.” SEC v. Spence & Green
Chem. Co., 612 F.2d 896, 901 (5th Cir. 1980). “If it appears that further
discovery will not provide evidence creating a genuine issue of material fact, the
district court may grant summary judgment.” Access Telecom, Inc. v. MCI
Telecomm. Corp., 197 F.3d 694, 720 (5th Cir. 1999); see also Washington, 901
F.2d at 1285 (“This court has long recognized that a plaintiff’s entitlement to
discovery prior to a ruling on a motion for summary judgment is not unlimited,
and may be cut off when the record shows that the requested discovery is not
likely to produce the facts needed by the plaintiff to withstand a motion for
summary judgment.”). However, where a party seeks discovery “germane to the
pending summary judgment motion it is inequitable to pull out the rug from
under [it] by denying such discovery.” Wichita Falls Office Assocs., 978 F.2d at
920.
A. Defendants Fernald, Laughlin, Simpson, Webster, and Massie
       The essence of Hinojosa’s claim against Defendants Fernald, Laughlin,
Simpson, Webster, and Massie is that: (1) their failure to remove Brown–a
mentally unstable inmate with a propensity for violence–from an unsupervised
dormitory with unrestricted access to cleaning tools that can easily be
transformed into weapons created an inherently dangerous situation for all the
inmates living in Brown’s dorm; (2) they knew of this substantial risk to inmate
safety; and (3) they failed to take any reasonable measures in response.

       5
          It is undisputed that Hinojosa’s Rule 56(f) motion was made well in advance of the
district court’s ruling, and the motion and supporting declaration put the district court on
notice that Hinojosa was seeking discovery pertaining to the summary judgment motion.

                                             8
                                     No. 07-20030

      Defendants Fernald, Laughlin, Simpson, Webster, and Massie moved for
summary judgment, contending that Hinojosa failed to demonstrate deliberate
indifference because he did not show that “any of the Defendants possessed
knowledge that [Hinjosa] was in danger prior to September 24, 2003.”
Specifically, the relevant Defendants asserted that there was no evidence that
they had actual knowledge of the threat posed by Brown, especially because
Hinojosa did not tell anyone in the prison that he felt threatened by Brown.
Furthermore, the relevant Defendants argued that there was insufficient
evidence to establish that they had actual knowledge that the availability of
cleaning tools posed a substantial risk of harm to Hinojosa’s safety.
      From the summary judgment evidence produced thus far, it appears that
Brown has serious mental problems. According to Brown’s statement after the
attack, he attacked Hinojosa because he thought that Hinojosa had stolen some
of his commissary items and because Hinojosa “was sticking something [up] my
ass; a finder and/or something like a paper clip.” Brown then stated that
“[Hinojosa] or others was doing that” and that “[i]t seems like everybody know
what was happening but me.” Hinojosa, in his statement after the attack, stated
that Brown had always exhibited “extreme paranoia” and “had most of 6 dorm
living in fear and disrespecting them.”               Furthermore, in an unsworn
declaration,6 Inmate Richard Lopez, who lived in the same dorm as Hinojosa and
Brown, stated that ten days prior to Brown’s attack, he warned Captain Sims (a
non-defendant), via a Form I-60, that “Inmate Brown was always exhibiting

      6
         Lopez’s unsworn declaration constitutes competent summary judgment evidence
because it was made from personal knowledge, set forth admissible facts, showed that he was
competent to testify, and was verified as true under penalty of perjury, thus meeting the
requirements of Rule 56(e)(1) and 28 U.S.C. § 1746.

                                            9
                                         No. 07-20030

delusional behavior,” was recently exhibiting an increased level of strange and
erratic behavior, and “could hurt someone or could end up getting hurt himself.”7
        The summary judgment evidence produced thus far also shows that Brown
had a history of violence but does not reveal any violent incidents in the recent
past. Brown is a convicted murderer8 who has been imprisoned since March
1974. His prison disciplinary record shows disciplinary infractions for: fighting
with a weapon in December 1976 and September 1977; possession of a weapon
in August 1978; and fighting without a weapon in March 1979, January 1982,
and May 1982. There is no evidence of any disciplinary infractions after May
1982.       Hinojosa asserted that at least Defendants Fernald, Laughlin, and
Simpson had first-hand access to his disciplinary record.
        Although this current evidence is insufficient to create a genuine issue of
material fact regarding the seriousness of the threat posed by Brown and
Defendants’ knowledge of such a threat, Hinjosa’s requested discovery may very
well provide enough evidence to overcome Defendants’ summary judgment
motion. Most significantly, Lopez–in his unsworn declaration–states that: “A
few minutes after the incident, while the investigation was going on in the dorm,
I overheard Captain Webster say that he didn’t know what Inmate Brown was
doing living up there because he (Brown) was violent.”                     Although vague,
Defendant Webster’s alleged statement shows that he believed that Brown’s
violent propensities posed a substantial risk of harm to the inmates residing in
the dorms and that Brown should not have resided there. Furthermore, this
statement implicates Defendants Fernald, Laughlin, Simpson, and Massie

        7
          Although Lopez’s complaint implies a dangerous situation, Brown’s reported
behavior–on its face–did not indicate that he posed a substantial threat to anyone in the
dorms. According to Lopez, Brown simply “didn’t like people looking at him,” “was always
accusing people falsely of going into his house/cubicle and taking things,” and “had the habit
of shooting the middle finger at people who looked at him or in his direction.”
        8
            Hinojosa is also a convicted murderer serving a ninety-nine year sentence.

                                               10
                                       No. 07-20030

because the statement suggests that Brown was objectively violent and the risk
of harm Brown posed to the inmates living in the dorms was obvious.9 Such
facts may be confirmed by Hinojosa’s requested discovery, which includes: the
deposition of Defendants Fernald, Webster, and Massie; a request for documents
containing complaints about Brown’s threatening behavior; interrogatories
asking about knowledge of prior complaints about Brown’s threatening and
menacing behavior; interrogatories regarding knowledge about Brown’s violent
history, disturbed mental state, and pattern of assaulting prisoners with
weapons; and a request for Brown’s medical records, which may reveal the
extent and seriousness of his psychological condition and the risk that such a
condition would lead him to commit unprovoked violence.
       Given Webster’s alleged statement and given that Hinojosa produced
evidence that the dorms were largely unsupervised10 and that there had been at
least one prior attack with unsecured cleaning tools in the dorms, Hinojosa’s

       9
          A prison official’s knowledge of a substantial risk of harm “can be proven through
circumstantial evidence, such as by showing that the risk was so obvious that the official must
have known about it.” Johnson v. Johnson, 385 F.3d 503, 524 (5th Cir. 2004).
        Contrary to the analysis of the district court, the fact that no Defendant had advance
notification that Brown intended to attack Hinojosa is not dispositive. The Eighth Amendment
does not impose a requirement of “advance notification of a substantial risk of assault posed
by a particular fellow prisoner.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 849 n.10. A prison official may not
“escape liability for deliberate indifference by showing that, while he was aware of an obvious,
substantial risk to inmate safety, he did not know that the complainant was especially likely
to be assaulted by the specific prisoner who eventually committed the assault.” Id. at 843. It
is irrelevant whether a risk comes from “a single source or multiple sources” or whether the
risk is borne by a single prisoner for personal reasons or by all similarly-situated prisoners.
Id.
       10
          In Hinojosa’s verified complaint, he alleges that the dorms were largely unsupervised,
stating “it was not unusual for an officer to supervise two or three dorms at one time,
alternating from one to another.” Furthermore, Hinojosa alleged that there existed no audio
or video surveillance system to provide additional supervision of the dorms. These allegations
came from Hinojosa’s personal knowledge and were attested to in his verified complaint–which
constitutes competent summary judgment evidence. See Huckabay v. Moore, 142 F.3d 233,
240 n.6 (5th Cir. 1998).

                                              11
                                         No. 07-20030

requested discovery could create a genuine issue of material fact regarding a
constitutional violation of clearly established law.11
       We are aware that “the problems that arise in the day-to-day operation of
a corrections facility are not susceptible of easy solutions” and that “[p]rison
administrators . . . should be accorded wide-ranging deference in the adoption
and execution of policies and practices that in their judgment are needed to
preserve internal order and discipline and to maintain institutional security.”
Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 547 (1979). Hinojosa, however, has been denied “a
full and fair opportunity to discover information essential to [his] opposition to
summary judgment,” and this limitation is reversible error. Access Telecom, Inc.
v. MCI Telecomm. Corp., 197 F.3d 694, 720 (5th Cir. 1999). Hinojosa should
have been permitted discovery tailored to uncover “those facts necessary to rule
on the immunity defense,” including discovery into the mental state and violent
tendencies of Brown and Defendants’ knowledge of such.12 Lion Boulos v.
Wilson, 834 F.2d 504, 509 (5th Cir. 1987).
       The district court, therefore, abused its discretion in denying Hinojosa’s
Rule 56(f) motion for a continuance and granting Defendants’ motion for a

       11
          If Defendants were aware that permitting Brown to remain in the open dormitories
created a substantial risk of serious harm to the other inmates and simply disregarded this
risk, such action was not “objectively reasonable in light of clearly established law at the time
of the conduct in question.” Freeman v. Gore, 483 F.3d 404, 411 (5th Cir. 2007). Such conduct
is tantamount to simply permitting “nature to take its course,” which the Supreme Court in
Farmer found constitutionally impermissible. 511 U.S. at 833.
       12
          Although qualified immunity is immunity from suit, including discovery, discovery
may proceed against a government official where “the plaintiff’s allegations state a claim of
violation of clearly established law,” Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985), as long as
such discovery is “‘narrowly tailored’ to the question of qualified immunity.” Maxey by Maxey
v. Fulton, 890 F.2d 279, 283 (10th Cir. 1989).
        With respect to Hinojosa’s claim against Defendants Fernald, Laughlin, Simpson,
Webster, and Massie, the Defendants do not argue–and the district court did not find–that
Hinojosa failed to state a violation of clearly established law. Furthermore, it is implicit in this
opinion that Hinojosa did in fact state such a claim. As discussed above, Hinojosa is therefore
entitled to limited discovery on the question of Defendants’ qualified immunity.

                                                12
                                      No. 07-20030

protective order.13 We thus REVERSE the district court’s order in this regard
and VACATE the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
Defendants Fernald, Laughlin, Simpson, Webster, and Massie. This is not to say
that these Defendants are not entitled to summary judgment or qualified
immunity but only that Hinojosa must be permitted a fair opportunity for
discovery so that he may properly oppose any such motion for summary
judgment. Because the district court erred in proceeding to rule on the summary
judgment motion as it pertained to Defendants Fernald, Laughlin, Simpson,
Webster, and Massie, and we vacate this ruling, we need not reach the issue of
whether the district court’s actual ruling on such motion was erroneous.
B. Defendants Johnson and Dretke
       Hinojosa’s claim against Johnson and Dretke is that they had actual
knowledge of understaffing in the Texas Prison System and the resulting
substantial risk of harm created.
       Defendants Johnson and Dretke moved for summary judgment,
contending that: (1) Hinojosa did not present any evidence that they participated
in any unconstitutional acts or implemented any unconstitutional policies; (2)
if staffing was inadequate, Hinojosa did not present any evidence that
Defendants could have done anything about it; and (3) Hinojosa did not present
evidence that inadequate staffing caused the attack.
       The district court did not address this separate claim but rather simply
granted summary judgment in favor of all Defendants on the basis that
Defendants had no knowledge that Brown specifically posed a threat to
Hinojosa.      This rationale makes no sense with respect to Hinojosa’s

       13
          The district court also noted without explanation and without any indication of in
camera review that “many of the records cannot be disclosed for reasons of security.” We will
not uphold the district court’s protective order on the basis of such a vague and
unsubstantiated assertion, especially because the entire basis of Defendants’ motion for a
protective order was its alleged entitlement to qualified immunity without any mention of
“security” concerns.

                                             13
                                      No. 07-20030

understaffing claim because Hinojosa did not base his claim on Defendant
Johnson’s and Dretke’s knowledge of the threat posed by Brown.
       Nonetheless, with respect to this claim, the district court correctly denied
discovery and granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants Johnson and
Dretke.14 For a supervisory official to be held liable, they must “affirmatively
participate in acts that cause constitutional deprivation” or “implement
unconstitutional policies that causally result in plaintiff’s injury.” Mouille v.
City of Live Oak, 977 F.2d 924, 929 (5th Cir. 1992). Hinojosa currently has no
evidence that: Defendants affirmatively participated in any unconstitutional acts
or implemented a policy of understaffing; Defendants were aware that any
understaffing produced a substantial risk of harm to inmate safety; and
Defendants failed to take or could take reasonable steps in an attempt to rectify
the problem. In his Rule 56(f) motion, Hinojosa simply does not explain how
discovery will produce any evidence addressing these deficiencies, and, thus, the
district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Hinojosa discovery. See
Access Telecom, Inc., 197 F.3d at 719-20 (finding that where a party fails to
explain how discovery will create a genuine issue of material fact, it is not an
abuse of discretion to deny a Rule 56(f) motion).
       Because the district court properly proceeded to summary judgment on
this claim, and because Hinojosa’s summary judgment evidence failed to create
a genuine issue of material fact, the district court correctly granted summary
judgment on this claim. We thus AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary
judgment in favor of Defendants Johnson and Dretke.
                                             V.

       14
          This Court may “affirm summary judgment on any ground supported by the record,
even if it is different from that relied on by the district court.” Holtzclaw v. DSC Commc'ns
Corp., 255 F.3d 254, 258 (5th Cir. 2001).

                                             14
                                  No. 07-20030

      Defendants Dretke, Laughlin, Simpson, and Webster also argue that the
district court’s grant of summary judgment in their favor should be affirmed
because Hinojosa failed to exhaust his administrative remedies against them.
Hinojosa concedes that he did not specifically name these Defendants in his
administrative grievance. Because we have already determined that summary
judgment in favor of Defendant Dretke should be affirmed, we need not consider
Hinojosa’s failure to exhaust administrative remedies against him.
      42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a), as amended by the Prison Litigation Reform Act
(“PLRA”), provides that “[n]o action shall be brought with respect to prison
conditions under section 1983 of this title, or any other Federal law, by a
prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such
administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.” The PRLA does not,
however, specify who must be named in a prison grievance in order to exhaust
properly the prison grievance system. See Jones v. Bock, – U.S. –, 127 S. Ct. 910,
922-23 (2007). Instead, “it is the prison’s requirements, and not the PRLA, that
define the boundaries of proper exhaustion.” Id. at 923. Defendants do not
argue, and nothing in the record indicates, that the Texas grievance procedures
require the prisoner to specifically name a particular official.
      “[T]he primary purpose of a grievance is to alert prison officials to a
problem, not to provide personal notice to a particular official that he may be
sued; the grievance is not a summons and complaint that initiates adversarial
litigation.” Johnson v. Johnson, 385 F.3d 503, 522 (5th Cir. 2004). However, a
grievance “must provide administrators with a fair opportunity under the
circumstances to address the problem that will later form the basis of the suit,
and for many types of problems this will often require, as a practical matter, that
the prisoner’s grievance identify individuals who are connected with the
problem.” Id.

                                        15
                                        No. 07-20030

       No party, however, has cited to Hinojosa’s administrative grievance and
it is unclear whether it is even part of the record on appeal.15 We thus REMAND
to the district court to determine in the first instance whether Hinojosa’s
administrative grievance “provide[d] administrators with a fair opportunity
under the circumstances to address the problem[s] that . . . later form[ed] the
basis of [Hinojosa’s] suit.” Id.
                                             VI.
       Hinojosa finally argues that the district court abused its discretion in
denying his motion for appointment of counsel. A civil rights plaintiff has no
right to appointment of counsel absent exceptional circumstances. Ulmer v.
Chancellor, 691 F.2d 209, 212 (5th Cir. 1982).                  In ruling on requests for
appointment of counsel, courts should consider:
       (1) the type and complexity of the case; (2) whether the indigent is
       capable of adequately presenting his case; (3) whether the indigent
       is in a position to investigate adequately his case; and (4) whether
       the evidence will consist in large part of conflicting testimony so as
       to require skill in the presentation of evidence and in cross
       examination.
Id. at 213 (citations omitted). Noting that “Hinojosa has managed to prosecute
his claims in a reasonably effective manner,” the district court denied Hinojosa
appointed counsel. Because Hinojosa’s case is not complex and Hinojosa has
heretofore effectively represented himself, we cannot say that the district court
abused its discretion in denying appointed counsel.16

       15
         Defendants Laughlin, Simpson, and Webster argued failure to exhaust administrative
remedies before the district court, but the district court did not reach the issue. No party cited
to Hinojosa’s administrative grievance during the district court proceedings, as well.
       16
          Given that the district court denied counsel after it determined that Hinojosa would
not be allowed to conduct discovery before responding to Defendants’ motion for summary
judgment, the district court may wish to consider anew appointment of counsel, as it may
determine that Hinojosa’s incarcerated status will prevent him from adequately conducting the
discovery to which he is entitled. We offer no view on the appropriate determination if the
district court does in fact reconsider appointment of counsel.

                                               16
                             No. 07-20030

                                 VII.
      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM in part, REVERSE in part,
VACATE in part, and REMAND this case for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.

                                  17