Court Opinion

ID: 2769722
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-01-13 23:07:19.574175+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:26:26.189468
License: Public Domain

J. S71039/14

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,               :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                            :          PENNSYLVANIA
                          Appellee          :
                                            :
                    v.                      :
                                            :
                                            :
MARCUS R. MCMILLAN,                         :
                                            :
                          Appellant         :     No. 368 MDA 2014

            Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence October 30, 2013
                 In the Court of Common Pleas of York County
               Criminal Division No(s).: CP-67-CR-0003797-2012

BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., PANELLA, and FITZGERALD,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY FITZGERALD, J.:                      FILED JANUARY 13, 2015

        Appellant, Marcus R. McMillan, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the York County Court of Common Pleas following his jury trial

and convictions for, inter alia, possession with intent to deliver1 (“PWID”).

He challenges whether the Commonwealth had probable cause for the

search warrant, the sufficiency of evidence for his PWID conviction, and

whether his mandatory minimum sentence pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. §

7508(a)(2)(ii) was unconstitutional under Alleyne v. United States, 133 S.

*
    Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
    35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30).
J. S71039/14

Ct. 2151 (2013). We affirm Appellant’s conviction but vacate the judgment

of sentence and remand for resentencing.

      We adopt the facts and procedural history set forth in the trial court’s

opinion. See Trial Ct. Op., 5/27/14, at 1-5. The court sentenced Appellant

to a mandatory minimum sentence of five to ten years’ imprisonment based

on 18 Pa.C.S. § 7508(a)(2)(ii). Appellant timely appealed and timely filed a

court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement.

      Appellant raises the following issues:

         Did the trial court err when it denied [Appellant’s[ motion
         to suppress . . . where the search warrant used to search
         the vehicle Appellant was driving was based on insufficient
         probable cause?

         Whether the evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to
         support the jury’s finding that Appellant committed
         [PWID]?

         Whether the mandatory minimum sentence imposed in
         Appellant’s case, pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 7508(a)(2)(ii)
         (drug trafficking weight), is unconstitutional in light of the
         United States Supreme Court decision in Alleyne v.
         United States, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 186 L. Ed.
2d 314 (2013).

Appellant’s Brief at 5.

      We summarize Appellant’s arguments for his first two issues.         He

suggests the Commonwealth lacked probable cause to obtain a warrant to

search the vehicle he was driving. He contends the court erred by relying on

the contents of the warrant, which according to the notes of testimony of the

suppression hearing, were that the police (1) heard a loud noise in the car,

                                     -2-
J. S71039/14

(2) saw the passenger make furtive movements to the center console, and

(3) located crack cocaine in an empty cigarette pack and guns nearby.

Appellant maintains the jury erred by finding sufficient evidence that he

constructively possessed the crack cocaine found near him in a clean

cigarette pack. We hold Appellant is not entitled to relief.

        Initially, Appellant waived his first issue by failing to include the search

warrant as part of the record. See Commonwealth v. Williams, 715 A.2d
1101, 1105 (Pa. 1998) (holding issue is waived for failure to include in

certified record necessary documents for review); Commonwealth v.

Preston, 904 A.2d 1, 6-7 (Pa. Super. 2006) (en banc) (same). Without the

search warrant, this Court is unable to address Appellant’s first issue. See

Williams, 715 A.2d at 1105; Preston, 904 A.2d at 6-7.

        With respect to Appellant’s second issue, after careful review of the

record, the parties’ briefs, and the decision of the Honorable Michael E.

Bortner, we affirm based on the trial court’s decision. See Trial Ct. Op. at 6-

10 (holding, inter alia, presence of clean cigarette pack near Appellant and

drugs within pack were bundled for sale sufficient to establish PWID).

        Lastly, Appellant challenges the legality of his mandatory sentence.

He asserts that Alleyne2 required that the jury make a determination of the

amount of drugs he possessed before the court imposed the mandatory

2
    Alleyne was issued prior to Appellant’s trial and conviction.

                                        -3-
J. S71039/14

minimum sentence set forth in 18 Pa.C.S. § 7508(a)(2)(ii).          We agree

Appellant is entitled to relief.

      Subsection 7508(a)(2)(ii) follows:

         § 7508. Drug trafficking sentencing and penalties

         (a) General rule.—Notwithstanding any other provisions
         of this or any other act to the contrary, the following
         provisions shall apply:

                                   *    *    *

             (2) A person who is convicted of violating section
             13(a)(14), (30) or (37) of The Controlled Substance,
             Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act where the controlled
             substance or a mixture containing it is classified in
             Schedule I or Schedule II under section 4 of that act
             and is a narcotic drug shall, upon conviction, be
             sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of
             imprisonment and a fine as set forth in this subsection:

                                   *    *    *

                (ii) when the aggregate weight of the compound or
                mixture containing the substance involved is at least
                ten grams and less than 100 grams; three years in
                prison and a fine of $15,000 or such larger amount
                as is sufficient to exhaust the assets utilized in and
                the proceeds from the illegal activity; however, if at
                the time of sentencing the defendant has been
                convicted of another drug trafficking offense: five
                years in prison and $30,000 or such larger amount
                as is sufficient to exhaust the assets utilized in and
                the proceeds from the illegal activity; . . .

18 Pa.C.S. § 7508(a)(2)(ii).

      Recently, in a series of cases, this Court has held that mandatory

minimum sentences imposed under certain subsections of 18 Pa.C.S. § 7508

were illegal. See Commonwealth v. Cardwell, ___ A.3d ___, ___, 2014

                                       -4-
J. S71039/14

WL 6656644, *6 (Pa. Super. Nov. 25, 2014) (concluding trial court erred by

imposing mandatory minimum sentence under subsection 7508(a)(4)(i));

Commonwealth v. Fennell, ___ A.3d ___, ___, 2014 WL 6505791, *6

(Pa. Super. Nov. 21, 2014) (vacating mandatory minimum sentence

imposed per subsection 7508(a)(7)(i)); Commonwealth v. Thompson, 93
A.3d 478, 493 (Pa. Super. 2014) (holding mandatory minimum sentence

under subsection 7508(a)(2)(ii) was illegal); see also Commonwealth v.

Valentine, 101 A.3d 801, 812 (Pa. Super. 2014) (declaring mandatory

minimum sentence set forth in 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9712 and 9713 were

unconstitutional); Commonwealth v. Newman, 99 A.3d 86, 103 (Pa.

Super. 2014) (en banc) (holding unconstitutional mandatory minimum

sentence imposed under 42 Pa.C.S. § 9712.1).

     The Thompson Court opined as follows:

        [A]pplication of the mandatory minimum sentence in this
        case constituted an illegal sentence in violation of Alleyne
        v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 186 L.
        Ed. 2d 314 (2013).

        According to the Alleyne Court, a fact that increases the
        sentencing floor is an element of the crime. Thus, it ruled
        that facts that mandatorily increase the range of penalties
        for a defendant must be submitted to a fact-finder and
        proven beyond a reasonable doubt. The Alleyne decision,
        therefore,    renders   those     Pennsylvania    mandatory
        minimum sentencing statutes that do not pertain to prior
        convictions constitutionally infirm insofar as they permit a
        judge to automatically increase a defendant’s sentence
        based on a preponderance of the evidence standard.

        . . . Alleyne necessarily implicated Pennsylvania’s legality
        of sentencing construct since it held that it is improper to

                                   -5-
J. S71039/14

         sentence a person to a mandatory minimum sentence
         absent a jury’s finding of facts that support the mandatory
         sentence. Application of a mandatory minimum sentence
         gives rise to illegal sentence concerns, even where the
         sentence is within the statutory limits.

Thompson, 93 A.3d at 493-94 (citations omitted). The Thompson Court

thus vacated the defendant’s sentence under subsection 7508(a)(2)(ii) as

illegal and remanded for resentencing.        Id. at 494.   Instantly, given the

Thompson Court opined on the exact same subsection invoked to impose

the mandatory minimum sentence on Appellant, we similarly vacate his

sentence and remand for resentencing. See id.

      Commonwealth’s application for extension of time to file brief granted.

Judgment    of   sentence    vacated.     Case   remanded    for   resentencing.

Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/13/2015

                                        -6-
                                                                                 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

      IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF YORK COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                          CRIMINAL DIVISION

     COMMONWEALTH

          v.                                                 NO. CP-67-CR-3797-2012

 MARCUS R. McMILLAN                                                                      n
           Defend ant/Appellant                                                          r
                                                                                         rrtD
                                                                                         Ale)
                                                                                         ~z             -~
                                                                                                        -r--..,. ,--.•'.   ~
 COUNSEL OF RECORD:                                                                      0 0            t':'::'cor:
                                                                                         ." 0-)              c) ,
                                                                                                        (J,-,
                 Jennifer M. Smith, Esquire                  Heather A. Reiner, Esquire  g~             ~~~~:
                                                                                                        ~   ...r..   I
                                                                                                                           .

                 Counsel for the Commonwealth                Counsel for Defendant!Appejj.f*
                                                                                          --i
                                                                                         en
                                                                                                  CJl
      OPINION IN SUPPORT OF ORDER PURSUANT TO RULE 1925(a) OF THE
                    RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE

         The Court received a Notice of Appeal, filed on February 21, 2014, that the Defendant appeals to

the Superior Court of Pennsylvania the judgment of sentence, issued by the Court on January 29,2014.

The Court has reviewed the record, and the Defendant's Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal,

docketed on March 17, 2014. This Court now issues this Opinion in support of its judgment of sentence,

dated January 29,2014.

I.      Procedural History

        From August 12 to August 14,2013, the Court held ajury trial for the Defendant in this case. On

August 14, the jury found the Defendant guilty of possession with intent to deliver cocaine, under 35 P.S.

§ 780-113(a)(30) and found the Defendant not guilty of numerous firearm charges. Thejury further found

that the amount of cocaine was more than 10 grams but less than 100 grams. The jury did not find that a

firearm was in close proximity. On October 30,2013, the Defendant returned to court for sentencing in

this matter. Due to the weight of the cocaine found by the jury, the Commonwealth filed notice that they

                                             I     Ir)
                                            I    '·.X '--I
                                                                                 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

  were seeking the mandatory sentence pursuant to 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 7508. The Court sentenced the

  Defendant in accordance with this mandatory, and it imposed a sentence of 5 to 10 years in a state

  cOlTectional institution and a $30,000 fine.

          The Defendant filed a post-sentence motion on November 8, 2013. The Court conducted a

 hearing on the Defendant's motion on January 29,2014, and heard argument from both palties. At the

 conclusion of the hearing, the Court denied the Defendant's post-sentence motion.

          The Defendant filed a notice of appeal on February 21, 2014. The Court issued an order on

 February 25,2014, for the Defendant to file a Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal. On April

 17,2014, the Court received the Defendant's 1925(b) statement.

         The Defendant now challenges four issues on appeal. First, the Defendant argues that the Court

 elTed by denying the Defendant's oral motion to suppress. Second, the Defendant argues that the

 Commonwealth presented insufficient evidence for the jury to find the Defendant guilty ofPWID beyond a

reasonable doubt. Third, the Defendant argues that the jury's verdict with regard to PWID goes against the

weight of the evidence presented at trial. Fourth, the Defendant argues that the Court elTed by imposing

the mandatory minimum sentence under 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 7508 because the statute is unconstitutional.

II.      Facts

        At approximately 12:17 p.m. on the afternoon of April 10, 2012, the York City police received an

anonymous phone call regarding an incident OCCUlTing at 412 East College Avenue. (N,T., Trial 8112-

8/14/2013, pp. 86-87). The caller informed police that three black males were smoking marijuana in a

green truck parked at that location. Id at 87. Officers Meeker and Glatfelter responded to that location

and approached the vehicle in question, which at that point had only two black, male occupants. Jd at 88.

After obtaining and running the identification from both the driver (Defendant) and passenger, Officer
                                                   2
                                                                                    Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

  Glatfelter infonned Officer Meeker that the passenger had warrants out for his arrest. Id. at 90. At that

  point, both officers knew they had to take the passenger into custody. Id.

           Officer Meeker re-approached the vehicle on the passenger side and infonned the passenger that

  he had warrants and needed to be taken into custody. Id. at 91. On his approach to the vehicle, Officer

  Meeker testified that he observed the passenger looking over his shoulder and shifting around in his seat.

 Id at 106. He also explained that he heard a very loud, metallic "thunk" on what he thought to be the

 floorboard. Id Officer Meeker testified that he had previously heard similar noises, and his experience as

 a police officer told him that it may be a gun. Id

          Because the thought of a gun raised concern for officer safety in a high crime area, Officer Meeker

 commanded the passenger to show his hands. Id at 107-08. At that time, the passenger's left hand was

 concealed near the center console of the vehicle. Id at 108. Officer Meeker was concerned that the

 passenger was concealing a weapon. Id Officer Meeker then drew his sideann and repeated his command

 for the passenger to show his hands. Id The passenger then started to exit the vehicle; however, Officer

Meeker explained that he continued to keep his left hand concealed between the passenger seat and center

console. Id Officer Meeker then testified that he grabbed the passenger and pulled him out of the vehicle.

 Id

         While attempting to take the passenger into custody, a struggle ensued between both officers and

the passenger. Id at 91. At this point in time, the main attention of both officers was on the passenger and

handcuffing him. Id at 93. Both officers explained that the Defendant (driver) was not their main focus.

Id. Officer Glatfelter testified that the Defendant did walk up to the driver side rear of the vehicle at one

point, and the Defendant complied when Officer Glatfelter commanded him to get back. Id at 93. A shOlt

time later, the Defendant returned on the passenger side of the vehicle, and the Defendant appeared to be
                                                      3
                                                                                     Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

  videotaping the incident with his cell phone. Id at 93. Officer Glatfelter explained that he saw the

  Defendant's hand outstretched in front of him. Id at 94. When asked to get back again, the Defendant

 complied. Id

          Once the passenger was handcuffed and other officers had arrived, Officer Glatfelter informed the

 other officers that the Defendant had been videotaping the incident and that he wanted the phone as

 evidence. Id at 95, 118. Officer Hartman testified that the phone was important because it would show

 the struggle and the assault on the two officers. Id at 118-19. Officer Glatfelter informed the other

 officers that the man with the phone was a black male with dreadlocks and wearing black. Id at 96, 119.

 Officer Hartman began to canvas the area and eventually found the Defendant standing near the breezeway

 between 410 and 412 East College Avenue. Id 121-22. Officer Hartman testified thatthe only people in

 the backyard (location of incident) at that time were the officers, the arrested passenger, the Defendant, and

 a resident of 412 East College. Id at 121.

         After the police retrieved the Defendant's cell phone, the officers told him he was free to leave the

area, and the officers continued to look for the keys to the vehicle. Id. at 122-23. While looking for the

car keys, Officer Aikey found an empty Newport cigarette pack with 9.8 grams of crack cocaine inside it.

Id at 164. The 9.8 grams consisted 00 separate, individual packages. Id at 224. The empty pack was

found near the breezeway entrance to the backyard. Id Officer Kirby testified that when he al1'ived on

scene and came through the breezeway, the Defendant had been standing very near to the location where

the cocaine was found. Id at 172-74. Officer Kirby also realized that the Defendant had removed his vest.

Id Officer Hartman testified that the Newport cigarette pack was not dirty after being retrieved from the

ground. Id at 130. At that time, the Defendant was placed under al1'est. Id at 131.

        After being placed under al1'est, the Defendant was searched, and the officers found $50.00 in
                                                      4
                                                                                  Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

  cash. Id at 134. The car keys were not found; however, the police did obtain a search warrant for the

  vehicle. Id at 135. The vehicle was registered to the Defendant's sister. Id at 147-48. When the vehicle

  was searched, police found an empty Newport cigarette pack and 2.8 grams of unpack aged crack cocaine

  in the center console. Id at 135. Officer Hartman testified that crack cocaine is usually smoked, and no

 use paraphernalia was found either inside or outside of the vehicle.            Id at 150.    At trial, the

 Commonwealth's expert witness on possession with intent to deliver testified that, in his expelt opinion,

 the crack cocaine found was possessed to sell. Id at 213-232.

 III.    Matters Complained of on Appeal

         A.       Suppression Motion

         The Defendant argues that the Court erred by denying his oral suppression motion presented to the

 Court before the start of the trial. Specifically, the Defendant argues that the Court erred when it found

 that sufficient probable cause existed for the officers to search the Defendant's vehicle. We disagree and

conclude that probable cause did exist to search the Defendant's vehicle.

         In order to search the Defendant's vehicle, the officers needed probable cause to obtain a search

warrant. Probable cause is determined by the totality ofthe circumstances. Commonwealth v. Clark, 735
A.2d 1248, 1252 CPa. 1999). Probable cause is governed by an objective standard, and it "must be viewed

from the vantage point of a prudent, reasonable, cautious police officer on the scene at the time of the

arrest guided by his experience and training." Id.

        In this case, after viewing the totality of the circumstances, the Court concludes that the officers

did have probable cause to obtain a search warrant for the Defendant's vehicle. The Court supports its

original ruling on the suppression issue and finds that it was not an abuse of discretion. The Court stated

                                                     5
                                                                                    Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

  its rationale for finding probable cause in the instant case on the record before trial. (See N.T., Trial, pp.

  69-70). The Court defers to its original reasoning and concludes that the officers had probable cause to

  search the Defendant's vehicle after obtaining a search warrant. For this reason, the Court properly

  admitted the evidence seized as a result of that search.

          B.        Sufficiency of the Evidence for Possession with Intent to Deliver

          The Defendant argues that the evidence presented by the Commonwealth at trial was insufficient

 for the jury to find the Defendant guilty ofPWID beyond a reasonable doubt. The Defendant contends

 that the evidence was insufficient to prove either constructive possession of the cocaine or intent to deliver

 it. We disagree.

         Where the challenge is to sufficiency of evidence, the evidence must be reviewed "in the light

 most favorable to the verdict winner giving the prosecution the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be

 drawn fi'om the evidence." Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (pa. 2000); see Commonwealth

 v. Hutchinson, 947 A.2d 800, 805 (Pa. Super. 2008). For the conviction to be upheld, the evidence must

 be sufficient to allow the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. In

proving the crime, the Commonwealth may rely solely on circumstantial evidence, and the fact-finder is

permitted to believe all, part, or none of the evidence. Id. at 806; see also Commonwealth v. Markman,

916 A.2d 586,598 (Pa. 2007). Any doubts about the defendant's guilt are to be resolved by the fact-finder

unless the evidence was so weak and inconclusive that no probability of fact could be drawn from the

evidence. Commonwealth v. Habay, 934 A.2d 732, 735 (Pa. Super. 2007). "The trier of fact bears the

responsibility of assessing the credibility of the witnesses and weighing the evidence presented."

Commonwealth v. Newton, 994 A.2d 1127, 1131 (Pa. Super. 2010) (quoting Commonwealthv. Pruitt, 951
A.2d 307, 313 (Pa. 2008)).
                                                      6
                                                                                  Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

          To satisfy the elements of possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance, the

  Commonwealth must prove that the defendant possessed a controlled substance and intended to deliver

  that same controlled substance. 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30); see also Commonwealth v. Bricker, 882 A.2d
1008 (Pa. Super. 2005). When the defendant was not found with the controlled substance on his person,

  "the Commonwealth [is] required to establish that [defendant] had constructive possession of the seized

  items" or controlled substance. Commonwealth v. Brown, 48 AJd 426, 430 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citing

 Commonwealth v. Kirkland, 831 A.2d 607, 611 (Pa. Super. 2003)). "Constructive possession is a legal

 fiction." Commonwealth v. Johnson, 26 A.3d 1078, 1093 (Pa. 2011)(citations omitted). Pennsylvania

 courts have defined constructive possession "the ability to exercise a conscious dominion over the illegal

 substance:   the power to control the [illegal substance] and the intent to exercise that control."

 Commonwealth v. Johnson, 26 A.3d 1078, 1093 (Pa. 2011) (citing Commonwealth v. Valette, 613 A.2d

 548,550 (Pa. 1992)). The intent to maintain a conscious dominion can be proved and inferred from the

 totality of the circumstances. Johnson, 26 A.3d at 1094 (quoting Commonwealth v. Macolino, 469 A.2d
132, 134 (Pa. 1983). As such, the Commonwealth may prove constructive possession of a controlled

substance by circumstantial evidence. Id

        The second element the Commonwealth must prove is intent to deliver the controlled substance

possessed by the defendant. Under Pennsylvania law, "the fact-finder may infer intent to deliver drugs

from the facts and circumstances surrounding the case." Commonwealth v. Heater, 899 A.2d 1126, 1131

(Pa. Super. 2006) (citing Commonwealth v. Kirkland, 831 A.2d 607, 611 (Pa. Super. 2003)). Many

relevant factors may be considered when determining if intent to deliver exists in a particular case, and

these factors include: "the manner of packaging, the absence of paraph emalia for drug use, the behavior of

the defendant, the presence of large amounts of cash, and expert opinion testimony." Heater, 899 A.2d at
                                                    7
                                                                                 Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

  1131 (citations omitted).

             As stated previously, the Court must first determine whether the Defendant constructively

  possessed the cocaine seized by police, which includes both the cocaine found in the car and in the empty

  cigarette pack. More specifically, the issue is whether the circumstances show that the Defendant had the

  ability to exercise conscious dominion over the cocaine. See Johnson, supra. The Defendant argues that

 the evidence presented was not sufficient to prove constructive possession beyond a reasonable doubt. We

 disagree.

          The evidence presented at trial revealed that the police located the 9.8 grams of cocaine in the

 cigarette pack very near to where the police saw the Defendant standing. (N. T., Trial 8/12-8/14/2013, pp.

 164, 172-74). The Defendant, the arrested passenger, and the police officers were the only people in the

 backyard area at the time the cocaine was located. Id. at 121. Officer Kirby testified that the Defendant

 had removed his vest after more police had arrived on scene. Id. at 172-74. Officer Kirby further

 explained that the cigarette pack was not dirty when it was found. Id. at 130. These facts provide

sufficient evidence for ajury to find that the 9.8 grams of cocaine packaged in the cigarette pack were

property of the Defendant. Common sense tells the COUli, and most likely the jury, that the Defendant

walked over to the breezeway to get rid of the 9.8 grams of cocaine. The circumstances show that this

cocaine was the Defendant's property. See Johnson, supra. The fact that the cocaine was separated into

three individual packages inside the cigarette pack shows the Defendant's "conscious dominion" over the

9:8 grams of cocaine. See Johnson, supra. The individual packaging and the use of the empty cigarette

pack to disguise the drugs shows the required intent to control the cocaine. As such, the Court concludes

that the Defendant constructively possessed the 9.8 grams of cocaine found by police in the empty

cigarette pack.
                                                    8
                                                                                     Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

          The Court also concludes that the Defendant possessed or constructively possessed the 2.8 grams

  of cocaine in his car. The cocaine was found unpackaged in his center console. This fact alone shows that

  the Defendant had a conscious dominion over the cocaine in his own car. The Court concludes that the

 Defendant constructively possessed both weights of cocaine found by the police, and as such, the Court

 concludes that the evidence was sufficient to establish this element ofPWID beyond a reasonable doubt.

          The Court must next consider whether the Defendant possessed intent to deliver the cocaine found

 in both his car and the empty cigarette pack. To analyze this element, the Court must consider the totality

 of the circumstances and review the applicable factors mentioned previously.

          As mentioned before, many relevant factors may be considered when determining if intent to

 deliver exists in a particular case, and these factors include: "the manner of packaging, the absence of

 paraphernalia for drug use, the behavior of the defendant, the presence of large amounts of cash, and

 expert opinion testimony." Heater, 899 A.2d at 1131 (citations omitted). The Commonwealth called

Detective Andrew Shaffer to testifY as an expert witness in the area of possession with intent to deliver. In

this case, the cocaine found in the cigarette pack was individually packaged into three separate baggies.

Officer Shaffer testified that drugs are commonly packaged in items, such as cigarette packs, to disguise its

true identity, and he further explained that each individual package of cocaine in the cigarette pack seemed

split into "eight balls," a common term for a particular weight on the street. (N. T., Trial, 8/12-8/14/2013,

pp. 216-17, 224. The police found no use paraphernalia in this case, and Officer Shaffer testified that

crack cocaine must be smoked in order for a user to feel its effects. Id at 150, 215-16. Officer Shaffer,

after viewing all the factors of this individual case, testified that in his expert opinion, the cocaine found

was possessed with the intent to deliver it. Id at 213-232.

        The Court finds that the testimony presented at trial provides enough circumstances to infer intent
                                                      9
                                                                                      Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

  to deliver cocaine in this case. Since the Commonwealth is entitled to all reasonable inferences, the Court

  concludes the evidence presented was sufficient for ajury to find the element of intent to deliver beyond a

  reasonable doubt. Since the evidence was sufficient to establish both possession and intent to deliver, the

  Court concludes that the jury had sufficient evidence to find the Defendant gUilty of PWID beyond a

 reasonable doubt.

          C.       Weight of the Evidence

          The Defendant argues that the Jury's verdict goes against the weight of the evidence presented

 during trial. Specifically, the Defendant contends that no credible or reliable evidence exists to prove that

 the Defendant committed PWID in this case.

          "The weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder of fact who is free to believe all, palt, or

 none of the evidence and to determine the credibility of the witnesses." Commonwealth v. Champney, 832

 A.2d 403,408 (Pa. 2003) (citing Commonwealth v. Johnson, 668 A.2d 97, 101 (Pa. 1995), cert. denied,

 519 U.S. 827 (1996)). "The trial court should grant a new trial only where the verdict is so contrary to the

evidence as to shock one's sense of justice and not where the evidence is conflicting or where the trial

judge would have reached a different conclusion on the same facts." Lombardo v. DeLeon, 828 A.2d 372,

374 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2003) (citing Davis v. Mullen, 773 A.2d 764, 766 (Pa. 2001)).

         In the instant case, the Commonwealth presented the testimony of numerous officers that were

present before or during the Defendant's arrest. The Commonwealth also presented expert testimony from

Detective Shaffer, who was qualified as an expert in possession with intent to deliver. The jury found this

testimony to be credible, and as the fact-finder, the jUly was free to believe all, part or none of the officers'

testimony. See Champney, supra. The jury's decision to believe the testimony of these officers and give

that testimony enough weight to find each element ofPWID does not shock the Court's sense of justice.
                                                       10
                                                                                    Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

  As such, the Defendant was not entitled to a new trial, and the Court concludes that the jury's verdict does

  not go against the weight of the evidence presented at trial.

            D.       Legality of Mandatory Minimum Sentence

            Lastly, the Defendant argues that the Court committed legal error by imposing the mandatory

  rriinimum sentence pursuant to 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 7S08(a)(2)(ii). Specifically, the Defendant argues that the

 decision in Alleyne v. United States makes this statute unconstitutional, and as such, the statute and

 application ofthe mandatory minimum sentence violated the Defendant's right to trial by jury and right to

 due process. 133 S. Ct. 21S1, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013). We disagree.

           The Court stated its position, in full, during the sentencing hearing, which was held before the

 Court on October 30,2013. The Commonwealth did file its notice that they were seeking the mandatory

 pursuant to § 7S08. At the sentencing hearing, the Court stated the following:

                     THE COURT: We don't need ajudge in this case. There is no role for the
           jUdge ... [TJhe legislature has taken this out of the hands of judges. They have
           decided that they know better. The mandatory penalty is S to 10 years, and the
           Commonwealth is invoking it. We have to follow it and if I were not to, the case
           could come back on appeal and I would be directed to impose the mandatory
           sentence [ ... J
                     THE COURT: Over 10 grams of cocaine. That by itself triggers the
           mandatory which the Commonwealth has filed and invoked. The basis for invoking
           it is the conviction for possession with intent to deliver cocaine, and more
           specifically, that the amount was between 10 and 100 grams.
                    The Court is duty bound to impose the mandatory minimum of S to 10 years.
            We would note that the Defendant does have a prior drug conviction from 2006 [ ... J.

See N.T., Sentence 10/30/2013, pp. 2-3. The Court clearly stated its reasons during the sentencing

hearing, and in fact, the Court has no discretion during sentencing in the instant case. During the hearing

on the Defendant's post-sentence motion, the Court explained the compliance with the Alleyne decision as

follows:
                                                      11
                                                                               Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

                 THE COURT: Well, we note the jury found the Defendant not guilty of
         seven different charges of fireanns, so the jury did a good job of separating these
         things but they did however find, actually eight. They did find him guilty ofPWID
         cocaine. They found it was over ten grams, so that finding was made by the jury.
         They found there was [not] a fireann in close proximity, which would have further
         enhanced it. The Alleyne decision has been complied with.

 See N.T., Post-Sentence Motion 1129/2014, p. 7.

        The Court sentenced the Defendant according to the current state of the law in both Pennsylvania

and the United States. The Court complied with the requirements enunciated in the Alleyne decision. As

such, the Court concludes that the Defendant's sentence was proper and defers to its original ruling and

rationale stated on the record.

IV.     Conclusion

        Based upon the reasons stated above, this Court respectfully urges affinnance the Court's

judgment of sentence, entered on October 31, 2013.

                                                 BY THE COURT,

                                                                                               -
DATED: May      1.-1 r-, 2014                   MICHAEL E. BORTNER, JUDGE

                                                   12
                                                                                                                   Circulated 12/15/2014 03:13 PM

                                                               """ '"' '"
                                                               *   BAT C H

                                                                Defendant-Narne:
                                                          Marcus R. McMillan
                                                                                            *

                                                          '"
                                                          *
                                                                   '" "",","
                                                                A P PEA L

                                                               Case Number
                                                                                             *

                                                                                                                                        OTN:

                                  *
                                                                                                                                 L 700572-5
                                          II ""6 7II -1111C "R -II 0II 0II
                                          p   -
                                                                                       "" II ""2 0"' 1"2, *II
                                                                                       7 9 7 -

   Serviced TO:    BY:   . Mail   CERT
                                   Mail
                                          Inler-
                                          Office
                                                   Hand
                                                   DEL
                                                          FAX       E-
                                                                   MAIL
                                                                           I
                                                                              r------------------,
                                                                              D RE-SCAN needed                                             I
   1.
                                          ~
                                                                           I                                                               I
                                                                           I Reason:
        :')-14                                                             I
   2.                                                                      I                                                                   s:
                                                                                                                                               o
   r/ .;() lilJ(r        ~                                                                                                                     =r
                                                                                                                                               Q)
                                                                                                                                               CD
   3.
                                                                                                                                               m
                                                                                             RETURN TO RECORDS UNIT
                                                                          --------------------
                                                                          I                                                                I

                                                                              I attest and certify that as Deputy Clerk of Courts I have
                                                                              properly Serviced and Docketed the documents related
                                                                               to this case action and have verified the completeness
                                                                                    and image quality of the scanned documents.
             Docketed in CPCMS

 D         Scanned Images OK - Verified / aC'd                                            Signature or Stamp - Deputy Clerk of Courts

                                  Don O'SheJI - York County Clerk of Courts
                                                                          L1
541591                                                                                                       Tuesday, May 27,201404:15:55 PM