Court Opinion

ID: 860734
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-26 22:58:12.255875+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:11.090818
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
                          NO. 95-CA-00071-SCT
DELSIE BURTON, ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE
ESTATE OF EVIE BURTON, DECEASED
v.
CHOCTAW COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI; CHOCTAW
COUNTY HOSPITAL d/b/a CHOCTAW COUNTY
NURSING HOME; HOMER MACK MARTIN,
DIRECTOR OF SAID NURSING HOME IN HIS
REPRESENTATIVE CAPACITY; THE COLLECTIVE
BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE CHOCTAW COUNTY
HOSPITAL AND THE INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS
THEREOF: R. T. McKNIGHT, JIM CRESAP, SAMMY
WHITMIRE, DON THREADGILL, SAMUEL V.
KENNEDY, FRANK RANDALL, AND SHARON
CASTLE, IN THEIR REPRESENTATIVE
CAPACITIES; AND ROCHELLE MOORE

DATE OF JUDGMENT:               12/31/94
TRIAL JUDGE:                    HON. HENRY ROSS
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:      CHOCTAW COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:         RABUN JONES
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:         J. LAWSON HESTER
                                STEVE WRIGHT
                                HUGH HATHORN
                                GEORGE MITCHELL
NATURE OF THE CASE:             CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                    REVERSED AND REMANDED - 8/7/97
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:     8/21/97
MANDATE ISSUED:                 4/29/99

   BEFORE SULLIVAN, P.J., McRAE AND ROBERTS, JJ.

   McRAE, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. In this appeal, we are asked to determine whether the circuit court committed reversible error in
granting summary judgment on the plaintiff's state law claims on the grounds of sovereign immunity.
Because we find that genuine issues of material fact remained as to whether professional services
were involved in this case, and because the exclusionary clause under review in this case was
ambiguous, we answer in the affirmative. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for trial on the merits.

                                                  I.

¶2. Delsie Burton filed her initial complaint in the Circuit Court of Winston County, Mississippi for
the wrongful death of her mother, Evie Burton, who died on September 1, 1993. According to the
medical examiner's report, Evie died as a result of burns she sustained on August 29, 1993, while she
was being bathed by Rochelle Moore.

¶3. In 1993, Evie Burton was a resident of the Choctaw County Nursing Home located in Ackerman,
Mississippi. On August 29, 1993, as part of her employment as a nurse's aide with the Choctaw
County Nursing Home, Rochelle Moore ran bath-water in a whirlpool to give Evie Burton a bath.
Moore tested the temperature of the water with her bare arm and hand and found it satisfactory.
Burton also tested the water by putting her foot in and demonstrated that the water was okay. Burton
was placed in the lift chair, strapped in, and lifted over the water.

¶4. Maggie Baldwin, another nursing home employee, added the soap to the water, and Burton was
placed inside the tub. After Moore bathed Burton, Moore asked Melissa Reed and Mary Baker to
help get Burton out of the tub. When they got her out, Reed noticed a small spot on Burton's left hip.
Although Burton had no burns on her body prior to being placed in the water, redness of her
extremities was noted over the next thirty minutes with blisters beginning and continuing to form.

¶5. Early on, doctors felt that the burns were of first and second degree over approximately fifty
percent of Burton's body from her mid-back down over the buttocks, perineal area and lower
extremities. Later, however, it was determined that the burns were second and third degree and
covered over sixty percent of Burton's body. Evie Burton was transferred to Hospital, where she died
on September 1, 1993. The medical examiner determined that Burton's burns produced a classic
donut patter injury commonly seen in immersion burns of children when placed in water, inducing a
thermal burn pattern. The examiner also concluded that these burns precipitated Ms. Burton's death.

¶6. While Burton was a resident of the nursing home and during her brief confinement in the
Choctaw County Hospital following her burns, she was under the care of Morris Parsons, M.D. Dr.
Parsons's orders pertaining to Ms. Burton indicated that she "may have a whirlpool bath, tub bath, or
shower two to three times per week." According to him, "this bathing was not classified as treatment,
but instead was for hygienic purposes." As noted by Parsons, Burton was experiencing incontinence
during this time, and the bathing was partly to eliminate the body odor problem associated with that.
In contrast to assertions made by Parsons, Moore testified in an affidavit that she had been giving
nursing treatment to Evie Burton while Burton was living at the Choctaw County Nursing Home.

¶7. At the time of the events complained of by the appellant, Choctaw County, Mississippi was a
subdivision of the State of Mississippi. At the time of the occurrence, Choctaw County was also a
member of the Mississippi Public Entity Property and Liability Pool. This Pool is a self-insurance
fund made of contributions of public funds by approximately twenty-six participating Mississippi
governmental entities.

¶8. Based on an exclusionary clause within the contract between the Pool and Choctaw County, the
Administrator of the Pool notified Choctaw County that no coverage existed under the Pool's
provisions and that the Pool would not afford Choctaw County a defense or coverage to the
appellant's claims. The County then filed its motion to dismiss/for summary judgment. Its theory was
that sovereign immunity protected it from suits of such a nature as brought by Delsie Burton, because
the acts of Rochelle Moore while she was a county employee were excluded under the coverage of
the Pool contract.

                                                  II.

¶9. As a court of appeals, this Court conducts a de novo review of decisions by lower courts to grant
summary judgment. Westbrook v. City of Jackson, 665 So. 2d 833, 836 (Miss. 1995). In conducting
a de novo review, this Court analyzes all affidavits, admissions in pleadings, interrogatory answers,
depositions and other matters of record, and considers all such evidence in the light most favorable to
the party against whom the motion for summary judgment was made. Short v. Columbus Rubber
and Gasket Co., 535 So. 2d 61, 63 (Miss. 1988). If, in this view, the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law, summary judgment should forthwith be entered in his favor. Westbrook,
665 So. 2d at 836. Otherwise, the motion should be denied.

¶10. "All motions for summary judgment should be viewed with great skepticism and if the trial court
is to err, it is better to err on the side of denying the motion." Daniels v. GNB, Inc., 629 So. 2d 595,
599 (Miss. 1993). A motion for summary judgment should be overruled unless the trial court finds,
beyond any reasonable doubt, that the plaintiff would be unable to prove any facts to support his
claim. Id. In order for there to be genuine issues of material fact, the affidavits and other evidence
must be sworn, made upon personal knowledge, and show that the party providing the factual
evidence is competent to testify. Magee v. Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corp., 551 So. 2d 182,
186 (Miss. 1989).

¶11. The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of persuading the trial court that no
genuine issue of material fact exists, and that they are, based on the existing facts, entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Skelton v. Twin County Rural Elec. Ass'n, 611 So. 2d 931, 935 (Miss.
1992). The burden of showing this is one of production and persuasion, not of proof. Ales v. Ales,
650 So. 2d 482, 484 (Miss. 1995). To prevent summary judgment, the non-moving party must
establish a genuine issue of material fact by means allowable under M.R.C.P. 56(c). Id. An issue of
fact may be present where there is more than one reasonable interpretation that may be given
undisputed testimony, where materially differing but nevertheless reasonable inferences may be drawn
from the uncontradicted evidentiary facts, or when the purported establishment of the facts has been
sufficiently incomplete or inadequate that the trial judge cannot say with reasonable confidence that
the full facts of the matter have been disclosed. American Legion Ladnier Post Number 42 v.
Ocean Springs, 562 So. 2d 103, 106 (Miss. 1990); Dennis v. Searle, 457 So. 2d 941, 944 (Miss.
1984).

                                   Genuine Issue of Material Fact

¶12. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment because there remained at least one issue of
material fact, based on the summary judgment evidence. Rochelle Moore swore out an affidavit in
which she stated that she "assisted registered nurses in rendering nursing treatment to the occupants
of the Choctaw County Nursing Home, including Ms. Evie Burton." She repeated in this statement
that she provided "treatment" to Evie Burton, including "nursing care and treatment" and "whirlpool
bath treatment" on August 29, 1993.

¶13. In contrast, Delsie Burton submitted, in opposition to Choctaw County's motion for summary
judgment, an affidavit from Dr. Morris Parsons. Parsons was the attending physician for Evie Burton
while she was a resident of the Choctaw County Nursing Home, including the point at which she
died. He testified that he directed nursing home staff to give Burton a whirlpool bath, tub bath or
shower two to three times per week. He also testified that "[t]his bathing was not classified as
treatment, but instead was for hygienic purposes."

¶14. In this case, Burton was admitted to a nursing home and was given a bath by a nurse's aide,
who, although certified by the State of Mississippi, is not a professional in the ordinary sense of the
word. Further, the bath given was not a part of any treatment, even though the physician
recommended that Burton receive periodic baths. Moore's affidavit asserts, rather presumptively, that
she was engaged in nursing services. However, the affidavit of Dr. Parsons directly contradicts
Moore, in that he asserts that the baths given to Burton were not part of any treatment. They were
given partly to keep her clean, due to her incontinence. This dispute in the proof means that an issue
of fact exists as to whether nursing treatment was given to Ms. Burton.

¶15. These contradictory statements create a clear factual issue as to whether Burton's bath on
August 29, 1993, constituted "nursing treatment." The evidentiary facts presented by Rochelle
Moore are readily controverted by the statement of Dr. Parsons. As Dr. Parsons's statement supports
the appellant's claim, the trial court erred in saying that, beyond a reasonable doubt, Delsie Burton
would not be able to support her claim against Choctaw County and the other defendants. Whether
the bath given by Moore constituted "nursing treatment" under the Pool contract between the Pool
and Choctaw County is a factual dispute that must be resolved by a jury. On this basis alone, the
summary judgment should be reversed and remanded to the lower court.

                                    Contractual Interpretation

¶16. The trial court also erred in ruling that the term "nursing treatment" was unambiguous. By
granting summary judgment to all defendants because it determined that Moore's actions on August
29,1993 were within the definition of "nursing treatment," the trial court necessarily concluded that
this term of the insurance contract was clear and unambiguous. However, as the following discussion
will show, "nursing treatment" as it is used within this contract is so ambiguous as to preclude an
award of summary judgment for the appellees.

¶17. The problematic clause in this case is an exclusionary provision found in a Mississippi Public
Entity Property and Liability Pool contract between the Pool and Choctaw County, Mississippi,
which reads as follows:

     SECTION II - GENERAL LIABILITY (ed. 6/92)

     E. Exclusions Applicable to Comprehensive General Liability.
     This coverage does not apply to any of the following:

     18. Hospital and Health Clinic Professional Liability.

     To Personal Injury to any person arising out of the rendering of or failure to render any of the
     following professional services:

     a. Medical, surgical, dental or nursing treatment to such person or the person inflicting the
     injury including the furnishing of food or beverages in connection therewith;

(emphasis added). The term "nursing treatment" is not defined anywhere within the contract.

¶18. The lower court based its decision to grant summary judgment on the policy's scope. The court
below found that the Mississippi Public Entity Property Pool provided the County general liability
insurance coverage at the time of Evie Burton's injury and subsequent death. However, the trial court
also determined that the Pool afforded the county no coverage, and then determined that sovereign
immunity attached to the county and all other defendants in the case. The court's decision was
grounded in the definitions of "nurse" and "treatment" found in Baillere's Encyclopedic Dictionary
of Nursing and Health Care, to wit:

     . . .a definition of the word nurse is 'to provide services that are essential to or helpful in the
     promotion maintenance and restoration of health and well-being.' Id. at 648. Treatment is
     defined in that publication as 'management and care of a patient or the combating of disease or
     disorder.' Id. at 948.

¶19. The lower court also found that Moore, as a nurse's aide, attained a degree of knowledge and
experience that the ordinary layman would not have possessed, including training from a certified
nurse's aid program approved by the state of Mississippi. Also, Moore was supervised by a registered
nurse on the day of the incident. Finally, the court felt that Moore used "specialized knowledge"
when she made the decision regarding the proper water temperature, and the nurse who supervised
Moore's actions had the same "specialized knowledge." The trial court noted:

     This type of specialized knowledge by a nurse, and the decision emanating therefrom, were
     deemed to fall within the purview of a professional service in Bell v. West Harrison Cty. Dist.,
     523 So. 2d 1031 (Miss. 1988), a case cited by the plaintiff.

¶20. The trial court necessarily found the exclusionary clause to be unambiguous, in order to render
its summary judgment. However, its determination that the clause was unambiguous makes the
summary judgment erroneous. Although the trial court took pains to define only "nurse" and
"treatment," it also used Bell to analogize that Rochelle Moore's actions fell within the ambit of
professional services. Unfortunately, the trial court did not follow our well-established rules for
summary judgment, because it resolved an ambiguity in the contractual terms in favor of the party
moving for summary judgment, rather than the non-movant. By doing so, the trial court erred. See
Short v. Columbus Rubber and Gasket Co., 535 So. 2d 61 (Miss. 1988).

¶21. This Court has made one attempt to define "professional services" in relation to liability
insurance policies:
     Although this Court has never considered the scope of "professional services" as they pertain to
     a liability insurance policy, other jurisdictions, in construing such clauses have stated that a
     "professional service" involves the application of special skill, knowledge and education arising
     out of a vocation, calling, occupation or employment. Marx v. Hartford Accident &
     Indemnity Company, 183 Neb. 12, 157 N.W.2d 870 (1968); Maryland Casualty Co. v Crazy
     Water Co., 160 S.W.2d 102, 104 (Tex. Civ. App. 1942); Robertson v. Maher, 177 So. 2d 412,
     417 (La. App. 1965).

Shelton v. American Ins. Co., 507 So. 2d 894, 896 (Miss. 1987). We noted in Shelton that the title,
definitions, and clauses within the policy at issue dealt specifically with the insured's dealings and
negotiations as a life underwriter. Id. We refused to extend coverage to the insured's activities with
prospective employees because the language of the policy only covered "professional" acts or
services. Id.

¶22. "The mere fact that the parties disagree about the meaning of a provision of a contract does not
make the contract ambiguous as a matter of law." Cherry v. Anthony, Gibbs, Sage, 501 So. 2d 416,
419 (Miss. 1987). Since this Court "must effect 'a determination of the meaning of the language used,
not the ascertainment of some possible but unexpressed intent of the parties,'" Id., we must look to
prior case law to help determine the meaning of the terms of the contract.

¶23. The Bell case, relied upon by the trial court, is quite distinguishable in the context of the instant
case. While this Court determined in Bell that a nurse's decision whether or not to raise bed rails was
a professional, medical decision, it also dealt with a specific statute which referred to professional,
licensed nurses. Bell, 523 So.2d at 1032. Here, the nurse's aide is not necessarily a "professional"
worker; therefore, the Bell reasoning is not directly applicable. Apart from Bell, we are without
helpful precedent. Therefore, a review of how this issue has been resolved by other jurisdictions is
appropriate.

¶24. In Shelton, this Court has already cited with approval the decision of the Nebraska Supreme
Court in Marx v. Hartford Accident and Indemnity Co., 157 N.W.2d 870 (Neb. 1968). The Marx
court held that in regards to professional services, "[s]omething more than an act flowing from mere
employment or vocation is essential. The act or service must be such as exacts the use or application
of some special learning or attainments of some kind." Id. at 871. It reasoned that the term
"professional," within the context of the policy provision in question, meant "something more than
mere proficiency in the performance of the task and implies intellectual skill as contrasted with that
used in an occupation for production or sale of commodities." Id. A "professional" act or service is
one arising out of a vocation, calling, occupation, or employment involving specialized knowledge,
labor, or skill, and the labor or skill involved is predominantly mental or intellectual, rather than
physical or manual. Id. at 871-72.

¶25. In other cases holding that an exclusionary clause was inapplicable, there have been findings that
no professional services were involved. For example, in Keepes v. Doctors Convalescent Center,
Inc., 231 N.E.2d. 274 (Ill. App. Ct. 1967), the plaintiff was an eighteen-month-old mentally retarded
child who was being kept by the Doctors Convalescent Center. The child was being bathed by a
"nurses aide" who left him unattended for a few minutes. Id. at 275. The child had somehow gotten
against a hot radiator where he suffered burns. Id. The Illinois appellate court held that the
attendant's negligence in leaving the child unattended did not come within the malpractice and
professional services exclusion, which said that the policy at issue did not apply to injury, sickness,
disease, death or destruction due to the rendering or failure to render medical, surgical, dental, x-ray
or nursing service or treatment, or the furnishing of food or beverages in connection therewith. Id.
The Illinois court pointed out that the nurse's aide was not actually a nurse, had received no medical
or nursing training, and did not perform any nursing services. Id. at 276. In Keepes, however, the
attendant's duties were restricted to cleaning rooms, changing bedding and helping to feed and bathe
the children. The court also noted that nothing was being done with the infant that would not have
been done at home. Id.

¶26. The Virginia Supreme Court was faced with a similar question in Granite State Ins. Co. v.
Bottoms, 415 S.E.2d 131 (Va. 1992). The original plaintiff was an 89-year-old resident of the Zion
Baptist Home for the Elderly and was unable to bathe herself, unable to care for her "toileting needs"
unassisted, unable to groom herself, and unable to dress unassisted. Id. at 132. Contending that the
language of the exclusionary clause was plain and unambiguous, the insurer for the Home argued that
the resident was injured, within the terms of the exclusion, when the Home's employee was
"rendering service or treatment conducive to health or of a professional nature." The insurer argued
that it was obvious that bathing an elderly and incompetent resident was a professional service
conducive to her health. However, the Virginia Supreme Court disagreed, concluding that the
"conducive to health" language of the relevant exclusionary clause was ambiguous. Id. at 134. The
court found that manifestly, the language was so broad that it may be construed in many ways. Id.

¶27. In the instant case, the appellant and appellee present two sharply contrasting views as to how to
treat the terms in the exclusionary clause. The appellant points to Shapiro v. Aetna Ins. Co., 208
N.Y.S.2d 83, 84 (1960):

     An ambiguity is present as to what is meant by 'professional nursing' and this prevents summary
     judgment. When the language employed is not free from ambiguity, or when it is equivocal, and
     its interpretation depends upon the sense in which the words were used, in view of the subject
     to which they relate, the relationship of the parties, and the surrounding circumstances properly
     applicable to it, the intent of the parties becomes a matter of inquiry, and the interpretation of
     the language used by them is a mixed question of law and fact.

The appellees point to, inter alia, Ford Hospital v. Fidelity and Casualty Co., 183 N.W. 656 (Neb.
1921). That court held that the term "hospital treatment" applied to and included the bathing of a
newborn infant who was burned when his hand touched a hot appliance. Id. at 658.

¶28. Suffice it to say that jurisdictions are split across the country regarding these issues. Compare
Duke Univ. v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co., 386 S.E.2d 762 (N.C. Ct. App. 1990)(term
"professional services" within exclusionary clause encompasses only those services for which
professional training is a prerequisite--failure to lock casters on dialysis chair not within exclusion);
Robertson v. Maher, 177 So. 2d 412 (La. Ct. App. 1965)(counting of sponges was not act requiring
exercise of particular skill or discretion acquired or developed by special training); and New
Amsterdam Casualty Co. v. Knowles, Fla, 95 So. 2d 413 (Fla. 1957)(despite condition of bed rails
being due to nursing care, insurance company's knowledge that it was insuring a convalescent home
prevented avoidance of liability within professional services exclusion) with Hollingsworth v.
Commercial Union Ins. Co., 256 Cal. Rptr. 357 (Cal. Ct. App. 1989)(injury resulting from ear-
piercing service by an employee of a cosmetics shop was held to be a "professional service" even
though not requiring extensive training or professional skill); Ratliff v. Employers Liab. Assurance
Corp., 515 S.W.2d 225 (Ky. 1974)(determining whether plaintiff was able to return to a bed
unassisted required nurse to exercise professional ability and failure to do so fell within professional
services exclusion); and Mossman v. Albany Medical Ctr. Hosp., 311 N.Y.S.2d 131 (N.Y. App.
Div. 1970)(decision to use bed rails or not to use bed rails requires professional skill). Therefore, we
will apply our previously adopted principles to the particular facts of this case.

¶29. "In determining whether or not a particular act or failure to act is of a professional nature we
should look not to the title or character of the party performing the act but to the act itself." Marx,
157 N.W.2d at 872. Inevitably, every service performed, or every activity engaged in, by a physician,
dentist, nurse, or lawyer is not a "professional" service. Here we are presented not with a nurse but
with a nurse's aide, which the State of Mississippi does not require to be licensed. The State Board of
Nursing only provides a certification process for nurse's aides.

¶30. Simply because a nurse's aide may usually be associated with nurses, and because the aide may
be exposed to certain activities performed by nurses while trained, does not necessarily mean that
bathing is a "nursing treatment" which constitutes a "professional service." The Mississippi State
Department of Health, in its requirements for nurse aide training and competency evaluation
programs, defines a nurse's aide as "any individual providing nursing and nursing-related services to
residents in a facility who is not a licensed health professional, a registered dietitian, or someone who
volunteers to provide such services without pay." Although there is no definition for "nursing and
nursing-related services," the Department of Health designates the areas of training which every
nurse aide course curriculum must provide. The document of requirements lists one category as
"Basic Nursing Skills," which includes taking and recording vital signs, measuring and recording
height and weight, caring for the residents' environment, recognizing abnormal changes in body
functioning and the importance of reporting such changes to a supervisor, and caring for residents
when death is imminent. In a separate category, there is a list of "Personal Care Skills," which
includes bathing, grooming, dressing, toileting, and other activities. Further, Miss. Code Ann. § 43-
11-1 (c) defines "personal care" in reference to a "nursing home" as "assistance rendered by
personnel of the home to aged or infirm residents in performing one or more of the activities of daily
living, which includes, but is not limited to the bathing, walking, excretory functions, feeding,
personal grooming and dressing of such residents."

¶31. Various state guidelines treat bathing as a personal care skill, not as a basic nursing skill. It is
unrealistic to say that the average layperson could not be expected to know personal skills such as
bathing, grooming, dressing, and toileting. Further, in this case, Moore exercised no specialized
knowledge in giving Evie Burton the bath. She had already been advised to give the bath by Dr.
Parsons, so it was only a matter of Moore performing the task. None of the evidence presented in the
pleadings, interrogatories or other court papers indicates that Moore sought the help or advisement
of a nurse that day before she gave Burton the bath. Only after the blisters appeared did Moore seek
the aid of a nurse.

¶32. Further, our jurisprudence requires that the language in insurance contracts, especially
exclusionary clauses, be construed strongly against the drafter. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Garriga,
636 So. 2d 658, 662 (Miss. 1994). In addition, any ambiguities in an insurance contract must be
construed against the insurer and in favor of the insured and a finding of coverage. Id. That means
that the exclusionary clause here must be interpreted in its entire context--professional services,
which include medical, surgical, dental and nursing treatment. In this light, "professional" is a limiting
term, not an expansive one.

¶33. The term "nursing treatment" in this case is also ambiguous. Reasonable people could easily
differ about whether various actions constitute "treatment," and just as easily, they could differ about
whether those "treatments" constitute "professional services." Because the policy did not define these
terms at all, there are many ways the terms could be construed, even in the most basic forms.
Therefore, the exclusionary clause, on its face, is ambiguous. The error in this case occurred when
the trial court determined that the clause was clear and unambiguous. The ambiguity must be clear on
the face of the contract, and in this case, it is. Although "professional services" appears to have a
slightly clearer meaning, "nursing treatment" could mean anything, because there is nothing within the
contract to define it. See Dennis, 457 So. 2d at 945; see also Ford v. Lamar Life Ins. Co., 513 So.
2d 880, 887 (Miss. 1987).

¶34. Although it would be unfair to limit the scope of professional services to just those who practice
in the "learned" disciplines, the service provided by the nurse's aide in this case was not of a
professional nature. This Court has never before recognized the acts of a non-licensed medical
worker as professional. The Mississippi Legislature has been reluctant in the same manner. See, e.g.,
Miss. Code Ann. §§ 15-1-36 (applying statute of limitations to nurses, not aides, for death arising
out of course of medical, surgical, or other professional services). This Pool contract, if interpreted as
the appellees would suggest, would cover just about all employees, without saying so. This would
defeat any incentive that an insurer would have to draft the language in policies and contracts with
specificity.

¶35. The goal of any insurance policy is to protect the insured by providing them coverage; however,
a policy should be drafted to accommodate the average person who will give its terms a general
reading. An insurance policy should be strictly construed against the insurer, and the insurer has the
burden of phrasing the terms in clear language. There is no enabling language, such as "incident to
treatment" or "arising out of business operations," present in the policy under review, so this Court
will not read into the policy something that may or may not have been intended. It can hardly be said
that such an ambiguity defeats the probable intentions of the parties, when the parties could have
simply included all services, rather than qualifying actions of Choctaw County employees as
professional services, and all treatment, not just nursing treatment.

¶36. It cannot be forgotten that the summary judgment evidence must be taken in the light most
favorable to the non-movant, which is in this case, the appellant. Moore stated in her affidavit that
she performed nursing services, but these statements were self-serving and controvertible. Although
the record indicated that her training included exposure to nursing activities, there is no indication
that she actually performed any, especially on the date that Evie Burton was burned. More
specifically, the bathing activities that she performed were not a part of any prescribed treatment, to
which Dr. Parsons swore in his affidavit.

¶37. In summary, then, the term "nursing treatment" within the exclusionary clause is ambiguous. The
trial court erred in finding it unambiguous, and the question of whether Rochelle Moore's actions on
August 29, 1993, constituted "nursing treatment" should have been submitted to a jury in the face of
the ambiguity.

                                                  III.

¶38. A factual dispute exists which precludes summary judgment in this case. Rochelle Moore made
conclusory statements within her affidavit, to the effect that she gave "nursing treatment." This
statement was self-serving, and cannot form the basis of summary judgment evidence. Nevertheless,
Dr. Parsons gave an affidavit which readily controverts Moore's statement. He testified that the bath
that Moore gave Evie Burton was not a part of any therapeutic treatment. This created a factual
dispute that must be resolved by a jury. Further, the trial court's determination that the term "nursing
treatment" was clear and unambiguous was erroneous. It is for these reasons that the order granting
summary judgment on the state claims in favor of all defendants is reversed and remanded. The trial
court is ordered to proceed with a trial on the merits on all issues.

¶39. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

SULLIVAN, P.J., PITTMAN, BANKS, ROBERTS AND SMITH, JJ., CONCUR. LEE, C.J.,
AND PRATHER, P.J., CONCUR IN RESULT ONLY. MILLS, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.