Court Opinion

ID: 3097613
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 04:45:55.343923+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:06:38.184843
License: Public Domain

Opinion filed May 27, 2010

                                                       In The

    Eleventh Court of Appeals
                                                    __________

                                             No. 11-08-00325-CR
                                                 __________

                            STEVEN FRANCIS GENTRY, Appellant

                                                           V.

                                      STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                                  On Appeal from the 32nd District Court

                                               Nolan County, Texas

                                        Trial Court Cause No. 10596-B

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION

         The jury convicted Steven Francis Gentry of possession with intent to deliver a controlled
substance (psilocin)1 and sentenced him to confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice for a term of forty years. The jury additionally imposed a fine of
$10,000. In a single issue, appellant challenges his conviction on the contention that the trial

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           Psilocin is a Schedule I, Penalty Group 2 hallucinogenic substance obtained from certain mushrooms indigenous to
tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Mexico, and the United States of America. TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE
ANN. §§ 481.032, .103 (Vernon Supp. 2009); see http://www.justice.gov/dea/concern/psilocybin.html.
court erred in denying his requested jury charge on the lesser included offense of simple
possession. We affirm.
                                      Background Facts
       On January 29, 2007, Trooper Steven Gleaton of the Texas Department of Public Safety
observed appellant’s vehicle traveling on Interstate 20 west of Roscoe with the view of the word
“Texas” being obstructed on the vehicle’s rear license plate. Trooper Gleaton stopped the
vehicle based upon this observation and spoke with appellant outside of his vehicle. Upon
noticing that appellant was unusually nervous during the stop, Trooper Gleaton conducted a
protective frisk. Trooper Gleaton discovered a plastic baggie containing marihuana in the pocket
of appellant’s sweater while patting down appellant. A further search of the pocket revealed the
presence of another baggie containing dried mushrooms. William L. Todsen is a DPS forensic
scientist that analyzed the dried mushrooms recovered from appellant. He testified that his lab
analysis of the dried mushrooms revealed that they weighed 5.70 grams and that they contained
psilocin.
       Appellant was indicted for possession with the intent to deliver between four and 400
grams of psilocin. Possessing between four and 400 grams of psilocin with the intent to deliver
constitutes a first degree felony. TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 481.103, .113(d)
(Vernon Supp. 2009). Simple possession of between four and 400 grams of psilocin constitutes
a second degree felony. TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 481.103, .116(d) (Vernon Supp.
2009). The State premised its case for convicting appellant of possession with the intent to
deliver on a comment that he made to Trooper Gleaton when the mushrooms were discovered.
Appellant told Trooper Gleaton that it had been a long time since he had consumed any
mushrooms and that he was taking the mushrooms in his pocket to a friend.
       In cross-examining Trooper Gleaton and Todsen, defense counsel asked them questions
pertaining to the amount of mushrooms obtained from appellant in comparison to the amount
typically consumed by a user. Todsen testified that his office did not analyze mushrooms very
often. With respect to the amount of mushrooms recovered from appellant, Todsen testified that
he did not know how many dosage units it would constitute. Trooper Gleaton initially testified
at trial that the amount of mushrooms recovered from appellant constituted a large amount.
When confronted with his earlier comment that the amount recovered constituted a small

                                               2
amount, Trooper Gleaton clarified his answer by characterizing the amount recovered as “more
than just user [amount].”
       Appellant rested at the close of the State’s evidence without offering any evidence. After
the close of evidence, defense counsel requested a jury charge on the lesser included offense of
simple possession. The prosecutor opposed the request on the basis of appellant’s comment to
Trooper Gleaton that he was transporting the mushrooms to a friend. Defense counsel responded
to the prosecutor’s argument by asserting that the jury was free to disbelieve appellant’s
comment and that there was no evidence of packaging materials or other physical evidence
indicating an intent to deliver. The trial court denied appellant’s requested charge for the lesser
included offense.
                                       Standard of Review
   A defendant is entitled to an instruction on a lesser included offense where the proof for the
offense charged includes the proof necessary to establish the lesser included offense and there is
some evidence in the record that would permit a jury rationally to find that if the defendant is
guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser included offense. Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 536 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007); Bignall v. State, 887 S.W.2d 21, 23 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (citing
Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 37.09 (Vernon 2006). Evidence from any source may raise such a defensive issue.
Mendoza v. State, 88 S.W.3d 236, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Anything more than a scintilla
of evidence may be sufficient to entitle a defendant to a charge on the lesser included offense.
Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536. In making our determination, we must review all evidence presented at
trial. Rousseau, 855 S.W.2d at 673. We review the trial court’s decision regarding a lesser
included offense charge under an abuse of discretion standard. Dobbins v. State, 228 S.W.3d
761, 768 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. dism’d, untimely filed).
       The State concedes that simple possession of a controlled substance is a lesser included
offense of possession with intent to deliver. See Upchurch v. State, 23 S.W.3d 536, 538 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d) (Possession of a controlled substance is a lesser
included offense of possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance.). Therefore, we
direct our focus on the second prong of the test to determine if there is some evidence that would
permit a jury rationally to find that, if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser
offense. Rousseau, 855 S.W.2d at 673. We must determine if there is some evidence that

                                                3
appellant possessed the mushrooms for his personal use with no intention of delivering them to
someone else. See Garcia v. State, 218 S.W.3d 756, 760-61 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2007, no pet.); Hanks v. State, 104 S.W.3d 695, 699-700 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2003), aff’d, 137
S.W.3d 668 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
       Appellant directs our attention to the comment that he nervously made to
Trooper Gleaton that he was taking the mushrooms to a friend. He contends that it was within
the jury’s province to disbelieve this comment and thereby find him guilty of simple possession.
He also cites the lack of evidence that the amount of mushrooms that he possessed constituted
more than a single dose. We conclude that these matters do not constitute “some evidence” that
he possessed the mushrooms for personal use with no intent to deliver. In this regard, we note
that appellant additionally stated to Trooper Gleaton that it had been a long time since he had
consumed any mushrooms when stating that he was taking the mushrooms to a friend.
       In determining whether the second prong has been met, it is not enough that the jury may
disbelieve crucial evidence pertaining to the greater offense, but rather, there must be some
evidence directly germane to the lesser included offense for the finder of fact to consider before
an instruction on a lesser included offense is warranted. Hampton v. State, 109 S.W.3d 437,
441 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Skinner v. State, 956 S.W.2d 532, 543 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
Appellant does not rely on evidence that affirmatively rebuts or negates his intent to deliver the
mushrooms. See Schweinle v. State, 915 S.W.2d 17, 19 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Saunders v.
State, 840 S.W.2d 390, 391-92 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).              Instead, he relies on the jury
disbelieving the evidence that he intended to deliver the mushrooms. This is not sufficient to
satisfy the second prong under Hampton and Skinner. Furthermore, the lack of evidence is not
evidence that affirmatively negates or refutes his intent to deliver the mushrooms.
       In his reply brief, appellant cites an alternative basis identified in Saunders for satisfying
the second prong. The court in Saunders noted that there are two ways in which the evidence
may indicate that a defendant is guilty only of the lesser offense. 840 S.W.2d at 391. First, there
may be evidence that refutes or negates other evidence establishing the greater offense. Id.
Second, a defendant may be shown to be guilty only of the lesser offense if the evidence
presented is subject to different interpretations. Id. at 392. Appellant contends that his statement
to Trooper Gleaton satisfies the second prong because it is subject to different interpretations.
We disagree. Other than a credibility determination, appellant’s statement was not subject to

                                                 4
different interpretations. As noted previously, it is not enough that the jury may disbelieve
crucial evidence pertaining to the greater offense to establish the second prong of the test. See
Skinner, 956 S.W.2d at 543. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
denying appellant’s requested charge on the lesser included offense of simple possession.
Appellant’s sole issue is overruled.
                                       This Court’s Ruling
        The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                                             TERRY McCALL
                                                             JUSTICE

May 27, 2010
Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Wright, C.J.,
McCall, J., and Strange, J.

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