Court Opinion

ID: 4397206
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-05-15 22:00:50.757157+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:13.178012
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    NATAHSA MCINTYRE,
        Plaintiff
        v.
                                                            Civil Action No. 17-2007 (CKK)
    WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA
    TRANSIT AUTHORITY,
        Defendant

                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                       (May 15, 2019)

        This is a disability discrimination and retaliation case brought by an employee of the

Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (“WMATA”).1 Plaintiff Natasha McIntyre

alleges that she was denied an accommodation for her disability and that she was retaliated

against for engaging in protected activity related to her disability. Plaintiff brings this lawsuit

against Defendant under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. 29 U.S.C. § 794.

        Before the Court is Defendant’s [21] Motion for Summary Judgment. Defendant claims

that it is entitled to summary judgment on both of Plaintiff’s claims. Upon consideration of the

pleadings,2 the relevant legal authorities, and the record as a whole, the Court GRANTS

Defendant’s motion. First, the Court finds that summary judgment is appropriate on Plaintiff’s

Count 1 claim for failure to accommodate because Plaintiff’s requested accommodation,

involving a late work arrival and a change in work days, was not reasonable and would impose

1
  Plaintiff also brought a hostile work environment claim. However, in her Opposition to
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, Plaintiff voluntarily agreed to dismiss her hostile
work environment claim. Pl.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 24, 1.
2
  The Court’s consideration has focused on the following documents and their attachments and/or
exhibits: Def.’s Mot. for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 21 (“Def.’s Mot.”); Pl.’s Opp’n to Def.’s
Mot. for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 24 (“Pl.’s Opp’n”); and WMATA’s Reply in Support of its
Mot. for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 25 (“Def.’s Reply”). In an exercise of its discretion, the
Court finds that holding oral argument in this action would not be of assistance in rendering a
decision. See LCvR 7(f).

                                                   1
an undue hardship on Defendant. Second, the Court finds that summary judgment is appropriate

on Plaintiff’s Count 3 retaliation claim as Plaintiff has failed to allege any adverse employment

action that is causally connected to a protected activity.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       Plaintiff was hired by Defendant WMATA as a Special Police Officer in 2008. Def.’s

Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 21, ¶ 1. In 2010, Plaintiff was promoted to the rank of

Sergeant, Special Police. Id. at ¶¶ 2-3. Originally, Plaintiff worked the night shift, but in 2014

Plaintiff selected to work the day shift, which runs from 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. Id. at ¶ 5. Once

on the day shift, Plaintiff reported to Lieutenant Denise Craig. Id. at ¶ 10.

       The parties dispute whether or not Plaintiff selected the day shift as part of a “bona fide

seniority system.” Defendant argues that it has a seniority system to determine the shifts and

days which sergeants work. The most senior sergeants pick their shifts first, with the picks

continuing down the line of sergeants according to seniority. Id. at ¶¶ 6-8. Plaintiff agrees that

“[o]nce a year, the Sergeants choose among themselves based on their seniority as to who gets

what shift.” Pl.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 24, ¶ 2. However, Plaintiff contends that

the seniority system is not “bona fide” as it is not implemented by management and there are

exceptions to the seniority system for issues like overtime and holiday work. Id. at ¶ 1-2.

       Defendant has a drug and alcohol testing policy for employees. Def.’s Statement of

Material Facts, ECF No. 21, ¶ 11. In February 2016, Plaintiff’s drug test revealed the presence of

amphetamines. Id. at ¶ 16. The presence of amphetamines in Plaintiff’s system was caused by the

prescription drug Adderall which had been prescribed by her doctor to treat her Attention

Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Id. at ¶ 18. Defendant found that Plaintiff had failed to

follow the mandatory reporting procedures for prescription drugs. Id. at ¶ 19. Plaintiff disputes

                                                  2
this finding and argues that she reported her prescription drug use according to her supervisor’s

instruction. Pl.’s Response to Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 24, ¶ 19. As a result

of Defendant’s finding that Plaintiff had failed to report her prescription drug use in a

satisfactory manner, Plaintiff was placed on a mandatory Employee Assistance Program

enrollment for approximately fifteen days in March 2016. Def.’s Statement of Material Facts,

ECF No. 21, ¶¶ 21-23.

       Following Defendant’s finding that Plaintiff had failed to report her prescription drug

use, in March 2016, Plaintiff contacted Defendant regarding possible accommodations for her

disability of ADHD. Id. at ¶ 24. Plaintiff met with Ada Posey, the Acting Chair of Defendant’s

Employees with Disabilities Panel. Id. at ¶ 25. In response to her discussions with Ms. Posey,

Plaintiff submitted a letter from her doctor. As accommodations for Plaintiff’s disability, her

doctor recommended: “1) Approval for prescription drug use—Adderall XR [] 2) Flex time—

employee choosing time to start and leave work daily, within limits 3) Short, frequent breaks

throughout workday 4) Advice on breaking down large projects into smaller pieces 5) Written

instructions and email reminders 6) Frequent performance reviews/regular feedback.” Exhibit 5,

ECF No. 21-6.

       On April 7, 2016, the Employees with Disabilities Panel met with Plaintiff to discuss her

request for accommodations. There is some dispute as to what accommodations Plaintiff

requested pertaining to a change in her work schedule. Plaintiff contends that she requested an

accommodation only “for the occasional times that her medication had a negative effect on her

sleep.” Pl.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 24, ¶ 3. Plaintiff explains that she did not

request a permanent schedule change. Defendant contends that Plaintiff requested that her start

time be changed from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. or 9:00 a.m. and that her weekly scheduled work

                                                  3
days be changed from Friday through Tuesday to Monday through Friday. Def.’s Statement of

Material Facts, ECF No. 21, ¶¶ 33-34.

       On May 13, 2016, the Panel issued its decision on Plaintiff’s accommodations request.

Defendant offered its “full support” in accommodating Plaintiff by providing “1) advice on

breaking down large projects into smaller pieces; 2) written instructions and email reminders; 3)

short, frequent breaks throughout the workday; and 4) frequent performance reviews/regular

feedback.” Exhibit 8, ECF No. 21-8. Defendant indicated that it was already providing Plaintiff

with some of these accommodations and that it would continue to do so. Id.

       However, Defendant denied Plaintiff’s request “to change [her] start time from 6:00 am

to 8:00 am or 9:00 am, and [her] weekly scheduled work days from Friday through Tuesday to

Monday through Friday.” Id. Defendant indicated that this would be an unreasonable

accommodation. According to the denial letter “[g]ranting this accommodation would require

[Defendant] to breach the SPO (Special Police Officer) bona fide seniority system; and it would

require a number of changes in work schedules of other staff members to compensate for gaps in

coverage.” Id. Moreover, as Plaintiff had been working the day shift for two years, Defendant

“[w]as confident in [Plaintiff’s] capability to meet this current schedule and further suggested

that if [Plaintiff] wished to change [her] schedule to any of the other standard shift times, [she]

could do so via the ‘picking system’ (the bona fide seniority system…).” Id. Following Plaintiff’s

initial denial for a scheduling accommodation, Plaintiff contacted Ms. Posey regarding an appeal

of the denial. However, in late May 2016, Plaintiff’s request was again denied. Exhibit 5, ECF

No. 24-5.

       The parties disagree on whether or not Plaintiff’s requested scheduling accommodation

was reasonable. The parties agree that Plaintiff’s day shift runs from 6:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.

                                                  4
Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 21, ¶ 40. In addition to Plaintiff, there are generally

four other sergeants assigned to the day shift. Id. at ¶ 45. The next shift runs from 2:00 p.m. to

10:00 p.m., and the night shift runs from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. Id. at ¶¶ 41-42. The parties also

agree that the officers whom Plaintiff supervises on her day shift report at 6:45 a.m. for their 7:00

shifts. Id. at ¶ 43. Once the sergeants report to the station in the morning, approximately 20

officers who are assigned to the 7:00 a.m. shift will call in by phone. Id. at ¶ 47. At the beginning

of the shift, sergeants are responsible for roll call, updating officers about any information they

need to be aware of, debriefing previous officers, and providing assignments for some alternative

officers reporting for duty. Id. at ¶ 48. The parties also agree that the sergeants are not

responsible for preparing only for the officers whom they supervise. Instead, typically two of the

five sergeants on Plaintiff’s shift will perform the initial administrative duties for all of the

officers. Pl.’s Response to Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 24, ¶ 49. The remaining

three officers may provide assistance or complete their own work.

        In addition to denying her request for a scheduling accommodation, Plaintiff further

contends that Defendant retaliated against her for engaging in protected activities relating to her

disability. Plaintiff’s allegations of retaliation center on her supervisor Lieutenant Craig. Plaintiff

first started working for Lieutenant Craig when she transferred to the day shift in March 2014.

Plaintiff contends that she was a “target” of Lieutenant Craig ever since she arrived on the day

shift. Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 21, ¶ 53.

        In November 2016 and February 2017, Plaintiff filed complaints with Defendant’s

internal Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) office alleging that she was being retaliated

against by Lieutenant Craig and others. Plaintiff made many allegations concerning perceived

unfair treatment and favoritism towards certain officers. For example, Plaintiff alleged that

                                                   5
Lieutenant Craig publicly criticized her, called her a “cancer,” disciplined her for tardiness, and

allowed others to treat her negatively. Exhibit 6, ECF No. 24-6. And, Plaintiff further alleged that

Lieutenant Craig had attempted to embarrass another officer by asking him to spell something

aloud. Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 21, ¶¶ 63-64.

        Based on the denial of her requested disability accommodation and the alleged

retaliation, Plaintiff filed a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

(“EEOC”) on May 23, 2017. Exhibit 8, ECF No. 24-8. The EEOC provided Plaintiff with a right

to sue letter on June 13, 2017, and Plaintiff filed this lawsuit within 90 days on September 12,

2017.

        The parties have completed discovery and were unable to resolve the matter through

court-facilitated mediation. See Joint Status Report, ECF No. 18. On October 15, 2018,

Defendant filed a Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiff’s Rehabilitation Act claims for

failure to accommodate, retaliation, and hostile work environment. See generally Def.’s Mot.,

ECF No. 21. In her opposition, Plaintiff agreed to dismiss her hostile work environment claim.

Pl.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 24, 1. Accordingly, the only two issues currently before the Court are

Defendant’s request for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s claims for failure to accommodate and

retaliation.

                                    II. LEGAL STANDARD

        Summary judgment is appropriate where “the movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 56(a). The mere existence of some factual dispute is insufficient on its own to bar

summary judgment; the dispute must pertain to a “material” fact. Id. Accordingly, “[o]nly

disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will

                                                 6
properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 248 (1986). Nor may summary judgment be avoided based on just any disagreement as to

the relevant facts; the dispute must be “genuine,” meaning that there must be sufficient

admissible evidence for a reasonable trier of fact to find for the non-movant. Id.

       In order to establish that a fact is or cannot be genuinely disputed, a party must (a) cite to

specific parts of the record—including deposition testimony, documentary evidence, affidavits or

declarations, or other competent evidence—in support of its position, or (b) demonstrate that the

materials relied upon by the opposing party do not actually establish the absence or presence of a

genuine dispute. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). Conclusory assertions offered without any factual

basis in the record cannot create a genuine dispute sufficient to survive summary judgment. See

Ass’n of Flight Attendants-CWA, AFL-CIO v. Dep’t of Transp., 564 F.3d 462, 465-66 (D.C. Cir.

2009). Moreover, where “a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to properly

address another party’s assertion of fact,” the district court may “consider the fact undisputed for

purposes of the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e).

       When faced with a motion for summary judgment, the district court may not make

credibility determinations or weigh the evidence; instead, the evidence must be analyzed in the

light most favorable to the non-movant, with all justifiable inferences drawn in his favor. Liberty

Lobby, 477 U.S. at 255. If material facts are genuinely in dispute, or undisputed facts are

susceptible to divergent yet justifiable inferences, summary judgment is inappropriate. Moore v.

Hartman, 571 F.3d 62, 66 (D.C. Cir. 2009). In the end, the district court’s task is to determine

“whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or

whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.” Liberty Lobby, 477
U.S. at 251-52. In this regard, the non-movant must “do more than simply show that there is

                                                  7
some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith

Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). “If the evidence is merely colorable, or is not

significantly probative, summary judgment may be granted.” Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 249-50

(internal citations omitted).

       In recognition of the difficulty in uncovering clear evidence of discriminatory or

retaliatory intent, the district court should approach summary judgment in an action for

employment discrimination or retaliation with “special caution.” Aka v. Wash. Hosp. Ctr., 116
F.3d 876, 879-80 (D.C. Cir. 1997), vacated on other grounds, 156 F.3d 1284 (D.C. Cir. 1998)

(en banc). Be that as it may, the plaintiff is not relieved of his burden to support his allegations

with competent evidence. Brown v. Mills, 674 F. Supp. 2d 182, 188 (D.D.C. 2009). As in any

context, where the plaintiff would bear the burden of proof on a dispositive issue at trial, at the

summary judgment stage he bears the burden of production to designate specific facts showing

that there exists a genuine dispute requiring trial. Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557, 586 (2009).

Otherwise, the plaintiff could effectively defeat the “central purpose” of the summary judgment

device—namely, “to weed out those cases insufficiently meritorious to warrant . . . trial”—

simply by way of offering conclusory allegations, speculation, and argument. Greene v. Dalton,

164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999).

                                        III. DISCUSSION

       In her Amended Complaint, Plaintiff brings three claims under the Rehabilitation Act. In

Count 1, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant discriminated against her based on her disability by

wrongfully denying her reasonable accommodation. Am. Compl., ECF No. 13, ¶¶ 38-52. In

Count 2, Plaintiff claims that she faced a hostile work environment on account of her disability.

                                                  8
Id. at ¶¶ 53-64. And, in Count 3, Plaintiff alleges that she was retaliated against for engaging in

protected activities related to her disability. Id. at ¶¶ 65-80.

        Plaintiff has voluntarily agreed to dismiss her Count 2 claim for a hostile work

environment. Pl.’s Opp’n, ECF No. 24, 1. Defendant requests summary judgment on Plaintiff’s

remaining claims for failure to accommodate and retaliation.

        Defendant argues that summary judgment is appropriate on both of Plaintiff’s

Rehabilitation Act claims. As to Plaintiff’s failure to accommodate claim, Defendant contends

that summary judgment should be granted because the statute of limitations has run and because

Plaintiff’s requested accommodation was not reasonable and would impose an undue hardship on

Defendant. And, as to Plaintiff’s retaliation claim, Defendant argues that summary judgment is

appropriate because Plaintiff failed to allege any actionable adverse employment action which is

causally connected to a protected activity.

        The Court will address each argument in turn. Ultimately, the Court GRANTS

Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment on both counts. The Court concludes that Defendant

did not discriminate against Plaintiff by denying her requested accommodation because that

accommodation was unreasonable and would place and undue hardship on Defendant.

Additionally, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to allege that Defendant retaliated against

her by subjecting her to an adverse employment action causally connected to her protected

activities.

A. Statute of Limitation

        First, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s failure to accommodate claim under the

Rehabilitation Act must be dismissed as barred by the statute of limitations. The Rehabilitation

Act does not have an express statute of limitations. Accordingly, the Act must “borrow” one from

                                                    9
an analogous state cause of action. See Spiegler v. D.C., 866 F.2d 461, 463-64 (D.C. Cir. 1989)

(explaining that when Congress has not established a statute of limitations for a federal cause of

action, courts should use the limitations period from an analogous state statute). The United

States Circuit Court for the District of Columbia Circuit (“D.C. Circuit”) has not decided on an

analogous state cause of action from which courts should draw a limitations period when

analyzing Rehabilitation Act claims. And, courts have pulled limitations period from both the

District of Columbia Human Rights Act (“DCHRA”), which has a one-year limitations period,

and District of Columbia personal injury laws, which have a three-year limitations period. See,

e.g., Adams v. D.C., 740 F. Supp. 2d 173, 184 (D.D.C. 2010) (borrowing the District of

Columbia's three-year statute of limitations for personal injury claims when analyzing a

Rehabilitation Act claim); Gordon v. D.C., 605 F. Supp. 2d 239, 245 (D.D.C. 2009) (same); but

see Jaiyeola v. D.C., 40 A.3d 356, 368-69 (D.C. 2012) (holding that the DCHRA is more

analogous to the Rehabilitation Act than the District of Columbia’s personal injury laws and

applying the DCHRA's one-year statute of limitations to a Rehabilitation Act claim).

       Defendant asks the Court to apply the one-year limitations period from the DCHRA, and

Plaintiff asks the Court to apply the three-year limitations period from District of Columbia

personal injury laws. The Court need not resolve this issue, because under either limitations

period, Plaintiff’s Rehabilitation Act claim is timely.

       Plaintiff filed her lawsuit on September 12, 2017. See generally Compl., ECF No. 1. This

filing date is well within three years of Defendant’s denial of Plaintiff’s accommodations request

in late May 2016. Accordingly, if the Court applies the limitations period from District of

                                                 10
Columbia personal injury laws, Plaintiff’s claim is timely. Defendant does not appear to dispute

that Plaintiff’s claim would be timely if the three-year statute of limitations applies.

       However, Defendant does dispute the timeliness of Plaintiff’s claim if the one-year

statute of limitations applies. As explained above, Plaintiff filed this lawsuit on September 12,

2017. Id. As such, Defendant’s denial of Plaintiff’s request would have had to occur on or after

September 12, 2016. But, both parties agree that the denial occurred sometime in May 2016. As

such, it would appear that Plaintiff’s claim is untimely under a one-year limitations period.

However, Plaintiff filed a charge with the EEOC on May 23, 2017. Exhibit 8, ECF No. 24-8.

Accordingly, Plaintiff argues that the statute of limitations should be tolled from the filing of her

EEOC charge. Defendant disagrees.

       The District of Columbia Court of Appeals has held that “timely filing a claim with the

[EEOC] … tolls the time for filing a private cause of action under D.C. law.” Estenos v.

PAHO/WHO Fed. Credit Union, 952 A.2d 878, 882 (D.C. 2008). Defendant has two arguments

as to why the DCHRA’s tolling provision does not make Plaintiff’s claims timely.

       First, Defendant argues that the DCHRA’s tolling provision should not apply. Defendant

cites one non-controlling district court case in which the court stated in dicta that “it would not

be appropriate to toll the running of the statute of limitations while [the Plaintiff’s] EEOC charge

was pending because it is optional, not mandatory, to exhaust administrative remedies under the

Rehabilitation Act.” Congress v. D.C., 277 F. Supp. 3d 82, 88-89 (D.D.C. 2017). The Court is

not persuaded.

       The D.C. Circuit has held that “generally when a federal court borrows a limitations

period from state law, that law’s tolling provisions come along as part of the package. That is

because, ‘in virtually all statutes of limitations the chronological length of the limitation period is

                                                  11
interrelated with provisions regarding tolling.’” Alexander v. WMATA, 826 F.3d 544, 551 (D.C.

Cir. 2016) (quoting Johnson v. Ry. Express Agency, Inc., 421 U.S. 454, 464 (1975)). And, the

United States Supreme Court has explained that “[i]n borrowing a state period of limitation for

application to a federal cause of action, a federal court is relying on the State's wisdom in setting

a limit, and exceptions thereto, on the prosecution of a closely analogous claim.” Johnson, 421
U.S. at 464 (refusing to toll the plaintiff’s claim because the analogous state statute did not have

a tolling provision). Here, the District of Columbia set an exception to the DCHRA’s one-year

statute of limitations when the plaintiff files an EEOC charge. The Court will respect that

exception to the one-year limitations period and concludes that “if the one-year statute of

limitations under the DCHRA applies, so does the Act's tolling provisions.” Hatter v. WMATA,

105 F. Supp. 3d 7, 10-11 (D.D.C. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Second, Defendant contends that even if the DCHRA’s tolling provision applies,

Plaintiff’s claim is untimely. As was previously stated, Plaintiff filed her EEOC charge on May

23, 2017. According to Defendant, this was over one year after Defendant issued its Panel letter

denying Plaintiff’s requested accommodation on May 13, 2016. However, the Panel’s initial

denial of accommodation to Plaintiff was not the last act relevant to Plaintiff’s failure to

accommodate claim. Instead, the denial was ongoing. On May 26, 2016, Plaintiff met with Ms.

Posey to appeal the Panel’s denial of accommodation. Exhibit 14, ECF No. 24-14. And, on May

31, 2016, Ms. Posey corresponded with others on the Panel about revisiting Plaintiff’s work

schedule accommodation. Exhibit 5, ECF No. 24-5. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s EEOC charge, filed

on May 23, 2017, was filed within one year of the denial of Plaintiff’s accommodations appeal.

       In its Reply, Defendant does not contest that Plaintiff appealed the denial of

accommodation on May 26, 2016. And, Defendant fails to explain why this ongoing denial

                                                 12
would not be a relevant act within the statute of limitations. Lacking argument from Defendant,

the Court concludes that the denial of Plaintiff’s requested accommodation and the appeal of that

denial occurred within one year of Plaintiff’s EEOC charge. Accordingly, the DCHRA’s statute

of limitations was tolled, and Plaintiff’s claim is timely.

       The Court concludes that under either the one-year statute of limitations for DCHRA

claims or the three-year statute of limitations for personal injury claims, Plaintiff’s Rehabilitation

Act claim is timely. Accordingly, the Court will not grant summary judgment on this ground.

B. Count 1- Failure to Accommodate

       Next, Defendant contends that it should be granted summary judgment on Plaintiff’s

Count 1 failure to accommodate claim because Plaintiff’s requested accommodation was not

reasonable and would impose an undue hardship on Defendant. In order to establish a failure-to-

accommodate disability discrimination claim under the Rehabilitation Act, Plaintiff must

establish that: “(1) [she] was an individual who had a disability within the meaning of the statute;

(2) that [Defendant] had notice of [her] disability; (3) that with a reasonable accommodation

[she] could perform the essential functions of the position; and (4) that [Defendant] refused to

make such accommodations.” Thompson v. Rice, 422 F. Supp. 2d 158, 165-66 (D.D.C. 2006).

For purposes of its motion for summary judgment only, Defendant does not contest that Plaintiff

is disabled within the meaning of the statute. Def.’s Mot., ECF No. 21, 9. Defendant also does

not dispute that it had notice of her disability and that it refused her request for an

accommodation. Instead, the issue before the Court is whether or not Plaintiff’s accommodation

was reasonable and whether or not it would have created an undue hardship for Defendant.

       Even though “[w]hether a proposed accommodation is reasonable and whether it imposes

undue hardship are separate inquiries,” the D.C. Circuit has explained that “the analyses often

                                                  13
overlap, especially when evaluating as-applied claims of reasonableness.” Taylor v. Rice, 451
F.3d 898, 908 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (internal citation omitted). The overlap occurs where, as here, the

employer’s hardship claim depends on “the particular circumstances of the case,” as does the

employee’s claim of reasonableness. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Furthering the

overlap, “[a]n accommodation is ‘reasonable’ if it allows the employee to fulfill all essential

functions of her job without imposing an undue hardship on the employer.” Graffius v. Shinseki,

672 F. Supp. 2d 119, 126 (D.D.C. 2009). It is the burden of Plaintiff to identify what reasonable

accommodations would have allowed her to perform the essential functions of her employment,

but it is the burden of Defendant to show that the accommodation would pose an undue hardship.

Chinchillo v. Powell, 236 F. Supp. 2d 18, 23-24 (D.D.C. 2003).

       1. Nature of Requested Accommodation

       Prior to analyzing the reasonableness and undue burden of Plaintiff’s accommodation

request, the Court must determine the nature of the accommodation Plaintiff requested. Plaintiff

contends that she did not request a permanent change to her schedule. Instead she requested flex

time “for the occasional times that her medication had a negative effect on her sleep.” Pl.’s

Statement of Material Facts, ECF No. 24, ¶ 3. Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s accommodation

request was not occasional or temporary. Instead, Defendant contends that Plaintiff requested “to

start her shift at 8:00 a.m. or 9:00 a.m. instead of the 6:00 a.m. report time, [and] to change her

days to report to work from Fridays through Tuesdays.” Def.’s Statement of Material Facts, ECF

No. 21, ¶ 33. In support, Defendant cites the Panel’s letter denying Plaintiff’s requested

accommodation. The letter explains that “[o]n April 17, 2016, the Panel met with [Plaintiff] to

discuss [her] request to change [her] start time from 6:00 am to 8:00 am or 9:00 am, and [her]

weekly scheduled work days from Friday through Tuesday to Monday through Friday.” Exhibit

                                                 14
13, ECF No. 25-2, 704; see also Id. at 702 (notes from Plaintiff’s Panel interview indicating a

request for a 8:00 a.m. or 9:00 a.m. start time); Exhibit 12, ECF No. 25-1, 28:1-9 (deposition of

Ms. Posey explaining that Plaintiff had requested to start work daily “after the normal regular

shift started”), 33:11-19 (explaining that the panel discussed with Lieutenant Craig Plaintiff’s

request to arrive at 8:00 a.m. or 9:00 a.m.). The Court agrees with Defendant and finds that

Plaintiff requested an accommodation “to change [her] start time from 6:00 am to 8:00 am or

9:00 am, and [her] weekly scheduled work days from Friday through Tuesday to Monday

through Friday.” Exhibit 13, ECF No. 25-2, 704; see also Exhibit 1, ECF No. 24-1, 131:3-9

(Plaintiff’s response of “[t]hat’s the time frame we requested” when asked “[w]here did the 8:00

or 9:00 come from?”).

       In support for her argument that she requested only occasional scheduling

accommodations, Plaintiff cites to only her own deposition. But, even Plaintiff’s own testimony

fails to contradict Defendant. Plaintiff’s testimony says nothing to support her argument that her

request was temporary or occasional. Instead of addressing the nature of her requested

accommodation, Plaintiff’s testimony primarily discusses her sleep issues. Exhibit 1, ECF No.

24-1, 57:19-22 (“No. It was just the issue of me having issues with my sleep patterns…”), 152:5-

6 (“Yes, because my sleep patterns are thrown off due to my medications at times. So that’s what

it was for.”). Plaintiff’s cited testimony also referred to her requested accommodation as a

request for “flex time.” Id. at 76:1-8 (“…flex time…”), 80:21-81:1 (“Flex time, employee

chooses time to start and leave work daily within limits.”) 66:12-16 (“I requested to change my

schedule and – are you saying the entire accommodation or – I’m reading a portion that mentions

it, that’s all…”). But, use of the term “flex time” does not establish that Plaintiff was requesting

only occasional or temporary accommodations. Instead, based on the record, the Court finds that

                                                 15
“flex time” referred to a request to regularly work on a schedule chosen by Plaintiff which

differed from the schedule assigned by Defendant. As Plaintiff herself noted, her request for flex

time was a request to “choose[] [a] time to start and leave work daily within limits.” Id. at 80:22-

81:1.

        In concluding that Plaintiff’s request was for a consistent and permanent schedule

change, the Court also considers Plaintiff’s own actions. Plaintiff not only requested to change

her arrival time, but she also requested to change her work days from Friday through Tuesday to

Monday through Friday. It is not clear to the Court how a request to switch scheduled work days

with another sergeant could be for only the “occasional” times when her medication negatively

affected her sleep. Additionally, following receipt of the Panel’s letter denying her

accommodation, Plaintiff met with Ms. Posey to discuss an appeal. Plaintiff provided Ms. Posey

with a proposed work chart which appears to show Plaintiff starting each of her work shifts at

9:00 a.m. Exhibit 13, ECF No. 25-2, 703. As such, Plaintiff’s actions in appealing her denial

provide additional evidence that she was requesting a permanent accommodation.

        Plaintiff fails to cite any evidence which contradicts Defendant’s argument or which

would tend to establish that her requested accommodation was either occasional or not

permanent. Accordingly, the Court credits Defendant’s argument, supported by evidence, that

Plaintiff requested an accommodation which would allow her “to change [her] start time from

6:00 am to 8:00 am or 9:00 am, and [her] weekly scheduled work days from Friday through

Tuesday to Monday through Friday.” Id. at 704.

        2. Reasonableness and Hardship on Defendant

        Having established the nature of Plaintiff’s accommodation request, the Court will now

assess its reasonableness and whether or not it would cause Defendant undue hardship.

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“[A]ccommodations are reasonable if they allow the employee to perform the essential functions

of the job without imposing undue hardship on the employer.” Norden v. Samper, 503 F. Supp.
2d 130, 145 (D.D.C. 2007). The Court concludes that Plaintiff’s request to work Monday to

Friday rather than Friday to Tuesday and to move her start time from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 or 9:00

a.m. was not reasonable and would impose an undue hardship on Defendant.

                a. Change of Work days

       First, the Court will address Plaintiff’s request to work Monday through Friday rather

than Friday through Tuesday. The Court finds that a seniority system governs how Plaintiff and

other sergeants pick the days which they work. As Plaintiff’s requested work day change would

require Defendant to violate its seniority system, the Court finds that the request was

unreasonable.

       In her deposition, Lieutenant Craig explained that employees are given two days off per

week. Employees pick the days which they work “by seniority.” Exhibit 9, ECF No. 21-5, 39:1-

40:18. As Lieutenant Craig stated, “[t]he first—whoever has the most seniority is number one all

the way down to number—I think we have about 14 sergeants. So, like if you’re the first

sergeant, you pick the shift, and they offer you one, and you sign your name to that square, okay?

The next person picks. And then when it gets down to the last sergeant, they pick.” Id. Sergeants

work the days which they are assigned through the seniority system for one year, then sergeants

have a new opportunity to pick different days on which to work. Id.; see also Exhibit 8, ECF No.

21-8 (in the Panel letter denying Plaintiff’s accommodation, explaining that it would require a

breach of the “bona fide seniority system”); Exhibit 14, ECF No. 25-3, ¶ 7 (Affidavit of

Lieutenant Patrice Savoy explaining that “WMATA adheres to [the seniority system] for the

scheduling of the Sergeants’ shift, which include picking both days and hours”).

                                                17
        In United States Airways, Inc. v. Barnett, 535 U.S. 391, 402 (2002), the Supreme Court

explained that, generally, when a requested accommodation would violate the rules of a seniority

system, that accommodation is per se unreasonable. 535 U.S. at 402-03. When a requested

accommodation would violate a seniority system, the Defendant is not required to show “on a

case-by-case basis that [the] seniority system should prevail.” Id. at 403. Instead, the burden is

on the employee to show that “despite the presence of a seniority system …, the requested

‘accommodation’ is ‘reasonable’ on the particular facts.” Id. at 405.

        Here, the Court concludes that Defendant has a seniority system for selecting days on

which employees will work. In order to implement Plaintiff’s requested accommodation and

switch her work days to Monday through Friday, Defendant would have to violate its seniority

system. Plaintiff has provided no special circumstances which would merit the violation of a

seniority system. In fact, it is not clear to the Court how this requested accommodation is

responsive to Plaintiff’s disability. Plaintiff contends that she needs a schedule change due to her

ADHD medication which makes it difficult to sleep. However, Plaintiff fails to explain how

switching work days would accommodate this disability, as Plaintiff’s sleep problems are

sporadic and presumably not limited to certain days of the week. Moreover, it does not appear

that Plaintiff’s doctor requested that she be given new work days as an accommodation for her

disability. See Exhibit 6, ECF No. 21-6 (letter from Plaintiff’s doctor). As such, Plaintiff has

provided no special reason for Defendant to violate its seniority policy by changing her work

days.

        In response, Plaintiff argues that Barnett is not controlling because Defendant does not

have a “bona fide” seniority system. Plaintiff explains that Defendant’s seniority system is not

“bona fide” because Defendant deviates from the system when it comes to assigning overtime,

                                                 18
holiday work, and temporary shift coverage. Additionally, Plaintiff contends that the seniority

system is not “bona fide” because it is not controlled by any collective bargaining agreement or

other formal management decision. The Court is not persuaded by Plaintiff’s arguments.

       First, Plaintiff fails to explain why Defendant’s use of a seniority system for some, but

not all, staffing decisions would affect the Court’s analysis. Plaintiff provides examples of

instances in which the seniority system was not used for issues of overtime, holiday pay, and

temporary shift coverage. But, Plaintiff cites no examples in which the yearly process for

selecting shifts and days to work was controlled by anything other than seniority. And, Plaintiff

concedes that Sergeants select their work schedules “based on their seniority.” Pl.’s Statement of

Facts, ECF No. 24, ¶ 2. The Court concludes that the fact that the seniority system is not used for

some staffing decisions does not negate the fact that the seniority system is used for the yearly

selection of work days.

       Next, Plaintiff contends that the she should not be bound by Defendant’s seniority system

because it is not controlled by a collective bargaining agreement or by another formal

management decision. However, even if the seniority system for selecting work days is not

cemented by contract or written agreement, the seniority system is still an entrenched policy.

And, “[a]n employer is not required to reassign a disabled employee in circumstances when such

a transfer would violate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory policy of the employer.” Aka v.

Washington Hosp. Ctr., 156 F.3d 1284, 1305 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (en banc) (internal quotation

marks omitted); see also Smith v. Midland Brake, Inc., 180 F.3d 1154, 1176 (10th Cir. 1999) (en

banc) (“[A]n industry may have a well entrenched seniority system which, even though not

rooted in a collective bargaining agreement, is so well established that it gives rise to legitimate

                                                 19
expectations by other, more senior employees to a job that the disabled employee might

desire.”).

        Moreover, compliance with Defendant’s well-established seniority system is supported

by Barnett’s reasoning. As Barnett explained, seniority systems create and fulfill “employee

expectations of fair, uniform treatment,” limit unfairness in personnel decisions, and help

employers meet employees’ expectations as they grow throughout their career. Barnett, 535 U.S.

at 404. Defendant’s seniority system, though not formally mandated, is well-established and

fulfills these purposes.

        In summary, even though Defendant’s seniority system is not mandated by a collective

bargaining agreement or by other formal agreement, Defendant “adheres to it for the scheduling

of Sergeants’ shifts, which include picking both days and hours.” Exhibit 14, ECF No. 25-3, ¶ 7

(affidavit of Plaintiff’s current supervisor, Lieutenant Patrice Savoy). Plaintiff has cited no

examples in which Defendant has permanently assigned a Sergeant to a specific shift or to a

specific work day outside of the seniority system. And, Plaintiff acknowledges that Sergeants

select their work schedules “based on their seniority.” Pl.’s Statement of Facts, ECF No. 24, ¶ 2.

Accordingly, the Court finds that the selection of Plaintiff’s work days was controlled by a

seniority system. Plaintiff presents no special circumstances which would warrant a departure

from this seniority system. As such, the Court concludes that Plaintiff’s request to work Monday

through Friday, rather than Friday through Tuesday, was unreasonable as it would have required

a violation of Defendant’s seniority system.

               b. Change of Arrival time

        Next, the Court addresses Plaintiff’s requested accommodation to change her daily start

time from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. or 9:00 a.m. The Court concludes that Plaintiff’s

                                                 20
accommodation was unreasonable as it would prevent her from fulfilling her essential duties.

Additionally, the accommodation would impose an undue hardship on Defendant.

        According to Defendant’s standard operating procedures, sergeants on the day shift begin

their shift at 6:00 a.m. Exhibit 10, ECF No. 21-10. After they arrive, sergeants are required to

“[e]ngage and participate in a debriefing session with the previous shift sergeants to obtain

awareness of ongoing issues which may affect the current or following shift(s). Sergeants will

ensure that they are briefed at the beginning and the end of each shift.” Id. Additionally,

sergeants must “[c]onduct the field roll call an hour past the shift supplying read board

information to field officers prior to conducting field post patrol supervision.” Id. In order to

complete these initial duties, sergeants begin their shift at 6:00 a.m., prior to when officers, who

will be starting their shifts at 7:00 a.m., call in. As Lieutenant Craig testified, “during the

morning time is the critical part of their job.” Exhibit 2, ECF No. 24-2, 36:5-8. If Plaintiff arrived

for her shift between 8:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m., she would not be able to perform these required

tasks. Exhibit 14, ECF No. 25-3, ¶ 6 (explaining that “[i]f Plaintiff were allowed to report at 8:00

a.m. or 9:00 a.m., all of the daily administrative duties of Sergeant would, for the most part,

already have to be finished by that time”).

        Plaintiff seems to acknowledge that, by arriving two to three hours after the start of her

shift, she would not be able to perform many essential duties. In her deposition, Plaintiff

conceded that, at the beginning of her shift, she has time-sensitive administrative responsibilities.

Exhibit 1, ECF No. 21-1, 132:8-15. She specifically stated that, at the beginning of her shift, she

has responsibility for roll call, figuring out which officers have not reported in, and filling any

potential vacancies. Id. at 132:21-133:7. Plaintiff acknowledged that completing these tasks is an

essential part of her duties. Id. at 133:17-24 (“Yes. That’s considered part of my duties.”).

                                                  21
Plaintiff further conceded that by coming in at 8:00 a.m. or 9:00 a.m., many of those decisions

and tasks would already be completed for sergeants on the 6:00 a.m. shift. Id. at 133:12-16.

       Following her deposition and Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, Plaintiff filed a

Declaration which attempted to backtrack her testimony regarding her essential duties. In her

Declaration, Plaintiff states that “the essential functions of my job are not coordinated with the

reporting time of the officers whom I supervise. The essential functions of my job are spread

throughout my workday.” Exhibit 10, ECF No. 24-10, ¶ 14.

       The Court is not persuaded by Plaintiff’s Declaration. Courts are permitted to “disregard

an offsetting affidavit that is submitted to withstand a motion for summary judgment when the

affidavit contradicts prior deposition testimony without adequate explanation and creates only a

sham issue of material fact.” St. Paul Mercury Ins. Co. v. Capitol Sprinkler Inspection, Inc., 573
F. Supp. 2d 152, 160 (D.D.C. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Galvin v. Eli

Lilly & Co., 488 F.3d 1026, 1030 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (same).

       Here, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s first statement that her essential functions are not

coordinated with the reporting time of the officers whom she supervises directly contradicts her

deposition testimony. In her deposition Plaintiff explained that “essential parts of [her] job”

involved roll call and resolving coverage issues. Exhibit 1, ECF No. 21-1, 132:8-133:24. As

such, Plaintiff acknowledged that she has essential duties which are coordinated with officers

arriving for the 7:00 a.m. shift. Accordingly, the Court disregards Plaintiff’s later-filed

Declaration stating that “the essential functions of [her] job are not coordinated with the

reporting time of the officers whom [she] supervise[s].” Exhibit 10, ECF No. 24-10, ¶ 14.

       In her Declaration, Plaintiff further stated that “[t]he essential functions of [her] job are

spread throughout [her] workday.” Id. The fact that essential functions are spread throughout

                                                 22
Plaintiff’s workday may be true. But, that fact does not negate the existence of essential

functions which Plaintiff must perform prior to 8:00 a.m. or 9:00 a.m. As such, this statement

does not create a material issue of fact as to whether or not there are essential functions which

Plaintiff would not be able to perform if she regularly arrived two to three hours late for her shift.

        Based on both the employer’s description of Plaintiff’s job and Plaintiff’s description of

how her own job operates in practice, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has essential duties

which occur during the beginning of her shift. Holly v. Clairson Indus., LLC, 492 F.3d 1247,

1257 (11th Cir. 2007) (explaining that an employer’s written description is strong evidence of

the essential functions of a job); Solomon v. Vilsack, 763 F.3d 1, 10 (D.C. Cir. 2014)

(recognizing that an employer’s essential functions are determined by the employer’s description

and how the job is performed in practice). And, by arriving two to three hours late, Plaintiff

would not be able to complete these essential duties. Accordingly, because Plaintiff would not be

able to perform some of her essential functions, Plaintiff’s requested accommodation of a later

start time was not reasonable.

        In her Opposition, Plaintiff contends that her accommodation request was reasonable

because each of the sergeants on her shift share the morning duties. As such, in Plaintiff’s

absence, the other sergeants could still perform the morning duties. Generally, five sergeants are

on duty at 6:00 a.m. Two of those sergeants are responsible for performing the morning duties.

The other three sergeants have the opportunity to do other daily work and catch up on

evaluations. Exhibit 2, ECF No. 24-2, 36:2-37:22. Plaintiff contends that, because there are other

sergeants on duty who are able to conduct the morning’s operational business, her request for a

late arrival is reasonable.

                                                 23
           The Court disagrees and finds that consistently requiring the other four sergeants on the

6:00 a.m. shift to complete the morning’s operational tasks absent Plaintiff is an undue hardship.

Lieutenant Craig explained that Defendant requires additional sergeants to be present at the

beginning of the shift in case some sergeants are absent or otherwise engaged. As Lieutenant

Craig testified, “if a sergeant is not there for a long period of time, it will be a stress on the

sergeants.” Exhibit 2, ECF No. 24-2, 36:5-7. Additionally, by taking Plaintiff out of the morning

rotation, the other sergeants will be required to conduct the initial operations more frequently,

giving them less opportunity to work on their own administrative tasks and evaluations. See

Rehrs v. Iams Co., 486 F.3d 353, 357 (8th Cir. 2007) (explaining that “an accommodation that

would cause other employees to work harder, longer, or be deprived of opportunities is not

mandated” (quoting Turco v. Hoechst Celanese Corp., 101 F.3d 1090, 1094 (5th Cir. 1996)));

Peters v. City of Mauston, 311 F.3d 835, 845 (7th Cir. 2002) (finding “unreasonable” an

accommodation that would “require another person to perform an essential function” of the

disabled employee’s job).

           Plaintiff contends that requiring the other four sergeants on the day shift to conduct the

morning operations would not be an undue hardship because Defendant has previously allowed

other officers to have flexible start times. Plaintiff provides three examples. According to

Plaintiff, an officer was allowed to report for duty 15 minutes after the start of his shift for

religious reasons, another officer was given permission to arrive 45 minutes to an hour after the

start of his shift due to a hardship at home, and a lieutenant was permitted to work from 8:00

a.m. to 4:30 p.m. despite being the only individual with this schedule. Exhibit 10, ECF No. 24-

10, ¶ 7.

                                                    24
        These examples are not persuasive to the Court. The first two examples concern officers,

not sergeants. Officers do not have the same essential duties and supervisory roles as sergeants.

The third example concerns a lieutenant, and Plaintiff provides no evidence that lieutenants are

on the same shift schedule as sergeants or that lieutenants have to perform time-sensitive duties.

Defendant filed an Affidavit from Lieutenant Patrice Savoy, Plaintiff’s current supervisor,

stating that she knowns of “no Sergeant allowed to report late to their shift on a regular basis.

People sometimes run late or, get approval in advance to report late for a day or two. No

Sergeant can perform the essential duties of the job by arriving 2 to 3 hours after their shift has

started.” Exhibit 14, ECF No. 25-3, ¶ 9. Moreover, Plaintiff fails to provide any details of these

permitted shift adjustments, such as how long these changes lasted and how frequently they were

used.

        In summary, Plaintiff has admitted that at least some of the essential duties of a sergeant

occur during the initial part of her shift. If Plaintiff arrived two to three hours late, Plaintiff

would not be able to perform these essential duties. In order to maintain its practice of regularly

rotating sergeants to perform the essential early morning tasks, Defendant would be required to

force other sergeants to cover for Plaintiff’s absences or move other sergeants’ schedules.

Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s requested accommodation of arriving for her 6:00

a.m. shift at 8:00 a.m. or 9:00 a.m. was unreasonable and would impose an undue hardship on

Defendant.

        3. Engagement in the Interactive Process

        Plaintiff presents a final argument as to why Defendant violated the Rehabilitation Act by

denying her requested accommodation. Plaintiff contends that Defendant violated the

Rehabilitation Act by not engaging in the required “interactive process.” Once an employer is

                                                   25
made aware of an employee’s disability, the employer must make a reasonable effort to

determine an appropriate accommodation. Faison v. Vance-Cooks, 896 F. Supp. 2d 37, 62

(D.D.C. 2012). Although “the interactive process ‘is not an end in itself,’ ‘if a jury [can]

conclude that [an employer] failed to engage in good faith in the interactive process, and that

failure led to [the employer] not according reasonable accommodations to [the employee] in a

timely manner, summary judgment cannot be granted.’” Id. (quoting Pantazes v. Jackson, 366 F.

Supp. 2d 57, 70 (D.D.C. 2005)).

       In reviewing the record in this case, the Court concludes that Defendant engaged in an

interactive process with Plaintiff. Plaintiff first emailed Ms. Posey on March 22, 2016 regarding

accommodations for her disability. Exhibit 13, ECF No. 25-2, 707. The following day, Plaintiff

met with Ms. Posey to discuss possible accommodations. Id. at 701. Following that meeting, Ms.

Posey emailed Plaintiff the accommodations request form and explained the process for formally

requesting an accommodation. Id. at 710. On March 29, 2016, Plaintiff provided her

accommodations documentation to Ms. Posey. Id. at 701. On April 7, 2016, the Employees with

Disabilities Panel met with Plaintiff. During this meeting, the Panel listened to Plaintiff describe

her disability and her requested accommodations, asked questions, and explained the

accommodations process. Exhibit 12, ECF No. 25-1, 30:10-31:7. The Disability Panel next met

with Plaintiff’s supervisor, Lieutenant Craig, to determine whether Plaintiff’s requested

accommodations were feasible. Id. at 31:8-20.

       On May 13, 2016, the Panel issued its letter denying Plaintiff’s request to change her start

time from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. or 9:00 a.m. and to work Monday through Friday rather than

Friday through Tuesday. Exhibit 13, ECF No. 25-2, 704. However, the letter also indicated

Defendant’s “full support” in providing or continuing to provide for Plaintiff’s other four

                                                 26
requested accommodations. Id. Following this denial, Ms. Posey again met with Plaintiff on May

26, 2016 to discuss a reconsideration of the denial of her requested schedule change. Id. at 703.

However, the request was again denied.

       Based on this sequence of events, the Court finds that Defendant engaged in an

interactive process with Plaintiff. Ms. Posey met with Plaintiff, explained the accommodations

request process, discussed her requested accommodations, and considered Plaintiff’s

documentation. The Employees with Disabilities Panel met with Plaintiff to discuss her

accommodations and met with Plaintiff’s supervisor to determine whether the requested

accommodations were feasible. The Panel then made a timely determination, indicating support

for four of Plaintiff’s requested accommodations and denying one. Following this partial denial,

Ms. Posey again met with Plaintiff to discuss a reconsideration of the denial for a schedule

change. Accordingly, the Court concludes that the denial of Plaintiff’s requested accommodation

was not a result of Defendant’s failure to engage in the interactive process.

       4. Summary

       For the above reasons, the Court concludes that Plaintiff’s requested accommodation of

changing her arrival time from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. or 9:00a.m. and changing her work days

from Friday through Tuesday to Monday through Friday was not reasonable and would impose

an undue hardship on Defendant. Changing the days which Plaintiff works would require

Defendant to violate its seniority policy. And, changing Plaintiff’s arrival time would prevent her

from fulfilling her essential duties and cause other employees to conduct additional

administrative tasks. Because Plaintiff’s requested accommodation was unreasonable and would

impose an undue hardship on Defendant, Defendant’s denial of the accommodation did not

                                                27
violate the Rehabilitation Act. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s Motion for

Summary Judgment on Plaintiff’s Count 1 claim for denial of an accommodation.

C. Count 3- Retaliation

        In addition to bringing a claim for failure to accommodate, Plaintiff also brings a claim

for retaliation. Plaintiff contends that Defendant retaliated against her for making an

accommodation request and for filing internal EEO complaints. Defendant contends that it

should be granted summary judgment on this claim because Plaintiff has failed to allege a

materially adverse action and because Plaintiff has failed to establish a causal connection to her

protected activity.

        The Rehabilitation Act not only prohibits federal agencies from discriminating on the

basis of disability, it also prohibits them from retaliating against employees as a form of

employment discrimination. To establish a claim of retaliation under the Rehabilitation Act, the

plaintiff must show that she (1) engaged in a protected activity; (2) was subjected to an adverse

employment action; and (3) there was a causal link between the protected activity and the

adverse action. Woodruff v. Peters, 482 F.3d 521, 529 (D.C. Cir. 2007). Retaliation claims do not

protect an individual “from all retaliation, but from retaliation that produces an injury or harm.”

Burlington N. and Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 67 (2006).

        Defendant does not dispute that Plaintiff engaged in a protected activity when she

requested accommodations for her disability in March 2016, when she appealed the denial of her

request in May 2016, and when she filed internal EEO complaints in November 2016 and

February 2017. Instead, Defendant argues that Plaintiff has failed to establish the last two

elements—that she was subject to an adverse employment action and that there is a causal link to

Plaintiff’s protected activity.

                                                 28
       First, to establish an adverse employment action in the absence of a diminution in pay or

benefits, Plaintiff must show an action which “‘well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker

from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.’” Mogenhan v. Napolitano, 613 F.3d
1162, 1166 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (quoting Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68). When courts assess an alleged

adverse employment action, “the significance of any given act of retaliation will often depend

upon the particular circumstances.” Burlington, 548 U.S. at 69. Because the anti-retaliation

provision protects employees only from retaliation that produces an injury or harm, courts have

to “separate significant from trivial harms” and remember that retaliation provisions do “not set

forth a general civility code for the American workplace.” Id. at 67-68 (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       Plaintiff cites many incidents which she labels as adverse employment actions. For

example, Plaintiff claims that he was ostracized from conversations, told that she should find a

job as a security officer, blamed for various things, and that one of her subordinates was

encouraged to file a grievance against her. Am. Compl., ECF No. 13, ¶ 27. Plaintiff alleges that

her time, attendance, and performance were monitored more closely than other employees.

Plaintiff further claims that Lieutenant Craig read a complaint about Plaintiff aloud to Plaintiff

while laughing, refused to investigate and discipline two other officers for making allegedly false

complaints against Plaintiff, and called her “crazy.” Id. at ¶¶ 29-30; Exhibit 1, ECF No. 24-1,

251:22-252:2. And, Plaintiff claims that Lieutenant Craig took credit for Plaintiff’s initiative to

obtain new radios and unfairly chastised her for an error that she did not make. Id. at ¶¶ 31-32.

Additionally, Plaintiff alleges that Lieutenant Craig failed to support Plaintiff when two officers

asked to be removed from her supervision. Id. at ¶ 33. And, Plaintiff claims that she was required

to make complaints about her treatment within the hearing of other officers. Id. at ¶ 34.

                                                 29
       The Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to establish that any of these alleged actions

constitutes an adverse employment action. Instead, Plaintiff has alleged comments and treatment

which are “at most fleeting and minor annoyances, not materially adverse actions that might

have dissuaded a reasonable worker form making or supporting a charge of discrimination.”

Redding v. Mattis, 327 F. Supp. 3d 136, 145 (D.D.C. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted).

None of the actions alleged by Plaintiff produced an actionable injury or harm. Instead, the

alleged actions constitute minor altercations which do not meet “the requisite level of regularity

or severity to constitute material adversity for purposes of a retaliation claim.” Baloch v.

Kempthorne, 550 F.3d 1191, 1199 (D.C. Cir. 2008). Accordingly, the Court concludes that

Plaintiff’s alleged mistreatment, primarily conducted by Lieutenant Craig, fails to rise to the

level of an adverse employment action. See, e.g., Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1198-99 (finding that the

plaintiff’s allegations that his employer imposed sick leave restrictions, proposed two thirty-day

suspensions, issued a letter of counseling and reprimand, and yelled at him were not materially

adverse); Brokenborough v. D.C., 236 F. Supp. 3d 41, 59 (D.D.C. 2017) (explaining that “single

incidents of verbal taunts and mocking, eye-rolling and cursing, a forged leave request slip, and

an incident in which someone pretending to be [the plaintiff] called in sick” were not materially

adverse); Buie v. Berrien, 85 F. Supp. 3d 161, 178 (D.D.C. 2015) (finding that the plaintiff’s

allegations that she was excluded from assignments, that her supervisor slammed a door in her

face, that her supervisor told other employees that she did not want to supervise plaintiff, that she

was told a fifth grader could do her job, and that she was ignored and yelled at were not

material).

       The only acts alleged by Plaintiff that could constitute adverse actions are the allegations

that she was subjected to a denial of overtime and leave requests as these actions could result in a

                                                 30
harm sufficient to dissuade a reasonable employee from making a charge of discrimination. Pl.’s

Opp’n, ECF No. 24, 35.

        As to Plaintiff’s allegations of denial of overtime, in her Amended Complaint, Plaintiff

states that she was “not notified for overtime opportunities like each of her co-workers, [and] not

given the opportunity for regular or holiday overtime like her co-workers.” Am. Compl., ECF

No. 13, ¶ 27. In her deposition, Plaintiff explained that sometime in late 2017 there were “a lot of

opportunities [for overtime] because [of] … two sergeants that were suspended” and another

sergeant that was absent. Exhibit 1, ECF No. 24-1, 198:15-24. Plaintiff further explained that

during a meeting, Defendant asked who would be interested in working overtime and Plaintiff

indicated her interest. But, “after that meeting it still was not being distributed fairly.” Id. at

199:16-22.

        The Court finds that Plaintiff fails to provide any specific factual details regarding

Defendant’s denial of her opportunities for overtime. Plaintiff provides no evidence explaining

when these denials of overtime occurred, how often they occurred, who was granted overtime in

Plaintiff’s stead, and what made the distribution system “unfair.” Bell v. Gonzales, 398 F. Supp.
2d 78, 96-97 (D.D.C. 2005) (explaining that depending on the circumstances of the denial, a

denial of overtime has the potential to be an adverse action). Plaintiff’s bare allegation that she

was denied overtime opportunities, without any factual development or support, is insufficient to

withstand a motion for summary judgment.

        Similarly, Plaintiff fails to provide any factual details concerning her alleged denials of

leave. The denial of leave requests can constitute an adverse action depending on the

circumstances. Ramsey v. Moniz, 75 F. Supp. 3d 29, 54-55 (D.D.C. 2014). However, here,

Plaintiff fails to explain how often she was denied requests for leave or the amount of days for

                                                   31
which she was denied. Without such information, Plaintiff has failed to allege that the denial of

leave rose above a de minimis amount to constitute an adverse action. Dorns v. Geithner, 692 F.

Supp. 2d 119, 134 (D.D.C. 2010) (“[E]ven assuming that the denial of advanced sick leave is

actionable, the amount in question here is too de minimis to be considered ‘material’ or

‘significant.’”).

        Even if the Court were to assume that Plaintiff’s allegations concerning the denial of

overtime opportunities and leave constituted adverse employment actions, Plaintiff has failed to

causally connect the denials to a protected activity. In order to sustain a retaliation claim under

the Rehabilitation Act, Plaintiff must establish that the adverse action is causally connected to a

protected activity. Temporal proximity can support an inference of causation when the two

events are “very close” in time. Woodruff, 482 F.3d at 29. However, Plaintiff alleges only

generally that there were overtime opportunities in late 2017, and she fails to allege any specific

instances in which she was denied requests for leave. Exhibit 1, ECF No 24-1, 198:15-24; Pl.’s

Opp’n, ECF No. 24, 35 (“after complaining about the retaliatory treatment, she was further

subjected to denial of overtime and leave requests”). Absent any substantive details on when

Plaintiff was denied overtime opportunities and leave requests, Plaintiff cannot rely on temporal

proximity to establish causation. And, Plaintiff provides no argument beyond temporal proximity

as to how her denials for overtime and leave are causally connected to a protected activity.

Moreover, Plaintiff’s own deposition seems to belie any connection between her denials of

overtime and leave and her protected activities.

        As to Plaintiff’s alleged denial of overtime opportunities, Plaintiff states only that “it still

was not being distributed fairly.” Exhibit 1, ECF No 24-1, 199:16-22. Plaintiff does not allege

that overtime opportunities were being denied to her specifically because of her protected

                                                   32
activity. Instead, Plaintiff appears to allege that the system for distributing overtime was

generally unfair to many employees. The general unfairness of the overtime distribution system

is at odds with Plaintiff’s theory that she was targeted on account of her protected activities.

       Plaintiff faces similar issues in discussing her denials of leave. Plaintiff explained that she

“would request certain days to be off. And [Lieutenant Craig] doesn’t want to pay anyone

overtime, so it would be denied more often.” Exhibit 1, ECF No. 24-1, 196:4-6. She further

confirmed that leave would be denied because Defendant was “watching [its] budget very

stringently now.” Id. at 196:7-9. Plaintiff went on to acknowledge that Defendant “was mainly

denying most people their time off but allowing it for some people.” Id. at 196:19-21.

Specifically, Plaintiff explained that another Sergeant, Tangie Payne, was generally the only

person allowed to take leave. Id. at 196:19-197:1. Again, Plaintiff has not alleged that she was

denied leave on account of her protected activity. Instead, based on Plaintiff’s own statements, it

appears that the majority of employees were denied leave based on budgetary decisions. The fact

that one employee was granted leave disproportionately may be evidence of favoritism, but it is

not evidence that Plaintiff was denied leave based on her protected activities.

       Plaintiff has alleged only two acts which could rise to the level of adverse employment

actions—the denial of opportunities for overtime and the denial of requests for leave. However,

Plaintiff has failed to provide any details or evidence establishing that these denials occurred

with sufficient severity and regularity to constitute an adverse action. Moreover, Plaintiff has

failed to establish a causal connection between these denials and any protected activities.

Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Plaintiff’s

Count 3 Rehabilitation Act retaliation claim.

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                                       IV. CONCLUSION

       The Court GRANTS Defendant’s motion for summary judgment. First, as Plaintiff has

voluntarily dismissed her Count 2 claim for hostile work environment, the Court DISMISSES

that claim. Second, the Court GRANTS Defendant summary judgment on Plaintiff’s Count 1

claim for failure to accommodate as Plaintiff’s requested accommodation was unreasonable and

would impose an undue hardship on Defendant. Third, the Court GRANTS Defendant summary

judgment on Plaintiff’s Count 3 claim for retaliation as Plaintiff has failed to allege an adverse

employment action causally connected to a protected activity. As all of Plaintiff’s claims have

been resolved through dismissal or summary judgment, this case is DISMISSED. An appropriate

Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                         /s/
                                                      COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                      United States District Judge

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