Court Opinion

ID: 9844519
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-24 03:04:05.919105+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:15:36.668807
License: Public Domain

Dollxver, J.
— Defendant Victor A. LeFaber challenges a trial court instruction as erroneously requiring that the jury find actual danger of imminent harm to accept his claim of self-defense. The court agrees the jury instruction failed to make manifestly clear the law of self-defense and thereby prevented Defendant from obtaining a fair trial. We reverse Defendant’s conviction.
On the night of December 11, 1989, Defendant shot and killed Evan Stephens. See State v. LeFaber, 77 Wn. App. 766, 767-68, 893 P.2d 1140 (1995). Charged with second degree murder, Defendant argued self-defense, asserting Stephens’ drunken belligerence that night and reputation for violence created a credible threat of imminent danger to justify the killing. The trial court gave a single jury instruction, instruction 20, explaining the requirements of self-defense:
It is a defense to a charge of Murder in the Second Degree, Manslaughter in the First Degree, and Manslaughter in the Second Degree that the homicide was justifiable as defined in this instruction.
Homicide is justifiable when committed in the lawful defense of the defendant or any person in the defendant’s *899presence or company when the defendant reasonably believes that the person slain intends to inflict death or great personal injury and there is imminent danger of such harm being accomplished.
The defendant may employ such force and means as a reasonably prudent person would use under the same or similar conditions as they appeared to the defendant taking into consideration all the facts and circumstances known to the defendant at the time and prior to the incident. The force employed may not be more than is necessary.
The State has the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the homicide was not justifiable.
Clerk’s Papers at 36.
The jury found Defendant guilty of first degree manslaughter. The Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction, with Judge Schultheis concurring in part, dissenting in part. LeFaber, 77 Wn. App. at 772. The Supreme Court granted discretionary review.
Defendant primarily complains instruction 20 contained an impermissible ambiguity allowing jurors to misinterpret the elements of self-defense as requiring a finding of actual harm. Defendant also challenges his conviction on the grounds the trial court failed to provide an instruction on the State’s burden of proof in a self-defense claim, erroneously excluded witness testimony regarding the victim’s prior violent acts, and committed cumulative errors. Because we reverse Defendant’s conviction on the basis of the ambiguous self-defense instruction, we need not reach his additional arguments.
The standard for self-defense is well settled. A jury may find self-defense on the basis of the defendant’s subjective, reasonable belief of imminent harm from the victim. State v. Janes, 121 Wn.2d 220, 238-39, 850 P.2d 495, 22 A.L.R.5th 921 (1993); State v. Allery, 101 Wn.2d 591, 594-95, 682 P.2d 312 (1984). A finding of actual imminent harm is unnecessary. State v. Theroff, 95 Wn.2d 385, 390, 622 P.2d 1240 (1980); State v. Miller, 141 Wash. *900104, 105, 250 P. 645 (1926). Rather, the jury should put itself in the shoes of the defendant to determine reasonableness from all the surrounding facts and circumstances as they appeared to the defendant. Janes, 121 Wn.2d at 238-39; Allery, 101 Wn.2d at 594; State v. McCullum, 98 Wn.2d 484, 656 P.2d 1064 (1983); State v. Wanrow, 88 Wn.2d 221, 235-36, 559 P.2d 548 (1977).
 Jury instructions must more than adequately convey the law of self-defense. Allery, 101 Wn.2d at 595. The instructions, read as a whole, must make the relevant legal standard " ' "manifestly apparent to the average juror.” ’ ” Allery, 101 Wn.2d at 595 (quoting State v. Painter, 27 Wn. App. 708, 713, 620 P.2d 1001 (1980), review denied, 95 Wn.2d 1008 (1981)). In Allery, for example, the court disapproved a jury instruction that adequately conveyed the reasonableness standard for self-defense but, by omitting a direction to consider all surrounding circumstances, failed to make that standard manifestly clear. Allery, 101 Wn.2d at 593, 595. A jury instruction misstating the law of self-defense amounts to an error of constitutional magnitude and is presumed prejudicial. See, e.g., McCullum, 98 Wn.2d at 487-88; Wanrow, 88 Wn.2d at 237.
Although this court has approved as constitutional self-defense instructions identical or similar to instruction 20, we have not yet had occasion to address the specific challenge Defendant raises here. See State v. Benn, 120 Wn.2d 631, 658 & n.5, 845 P.2d 289, cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 382, 126 L. Ed. 2d 331 (1993); State v. Jones, 95 Wn.2d 616, 623-24, 628 P.2d 472 (1981); see also State v. Brenner, 53 Wn. App. 367, 375-76, 768 P.2d 509, review denied, 112 Wn.2d 1020 (1989); State v. Negrin, 37 Wn. App. 516, 521-22 n.1, 681 P.2d 1287, review denied, 102 Wn.2d 1002 (1984); State v. Heath, 35 Wn. App. 269, 273, 666 P.2d 922, review denied, 100 Wn.2d 1031 (1983). Defendant objects to the language "there is imminent harm” and its placement in the instruction as permitting two reasonable interpretations, one an accurate statement of the law and one erroneous. Jurors could obtain the proper statement of the *901law by reading the sentence as: "when the defendant reasonably believes that . . . there is imminent danger of such harm being accomplished.” At the same time, jurors could as easily believe actual harm was required by reading the sentence as: "when . . . there is imminent danger of such harm being accomplished.”
The State asserts instruction 20 adequately conveys the law of self-defense because its language mirrors that of the current pattern jury instruction:
Homicide is justifiable when committed in the lawful defense of [the slayer] when:
(1) the slayer reasonably believed that the person slain intended [to inflict death or great personal injury];
(2) there was imminent danger of such harm being accomplished', and
(3) the slayer employed such force and means as a reasonably prudent person would use under the same or similar conditions as they reasonably appeared to the slayer, taking into consideration all the facts and circumstances as they appeared to [him], at the time of. . . the incident.
(Italics ours.) 11 Washington Practice, Washington Pattern Jury Instructions 196 (2d ed. 1994) (WPIC 16.02). The court has upheld WPIC 16.02 against other attacks on its statement of the law of self-defense. Jones, 95 Wn.2d at 623; State v. Martineau, 38 Wn. App. 891, 895, 691 P.2d 225 (1984), review denied, 103 Wn.2d 1020 (1985); see also Negrin, 37 Wn. App. at 521 & n.1; Heath, 35 Wn. App. at 273.
Because the word "actual” does not appear in either the pattern jury instruction or instruction 20, maintains the State, the jury could not become confused as to the requirements of self-defense. Indeed, instruction 20 also parallels the statutory provision for self-defense:
Homicide is also justifiable when committed either:
(1) In the lawful defense of the slayer . . . when there is reasonable ground to apprehend a design on the part of the *902person slain to commit a felony or to do some great personal injury to the slayer or to any such person, and there is imminent danger of such design being accomplished[.]
(Italics ours.) RCW 9A.16.050(1).
Refusing the State’s reliance on the pattern jury instruction and statute to justify instruction 20, the Court of Appeals conceded to Defendant that the language "there is imminent danger” may confuse a jury depending on the structure of the instruction. LeFaber, 77 Wn. App. at 770-71. The structure of WPIC 16.02 could mislead a jury because the imminent danger requirement is set off by a separate number and thus lacking connection to the reasonable belief qualifier. See LeFaber, 77 Wn. App. at 771. By the same analysis, the statute is equally misleading because the comma preceding the imminent danger phrase signals an independent clause, thereby severing that requirement from the necessary reasonableness qualifier. See RCW 9A.16.050(1). The Court of Appeals distinguished instruction 20, however, determining the conjunction "and” joined the clause "there is imminent danger” to the phrase "reasonably believed” to assure the appropriate statement of the law. LeFaber, 77 Wn. App. at 771.
 The reasoning of the Court of Appeals ignores the ambiguity of the grammatical structure of instruction 20. Rather, we agree with Judge Schultheis’ analysis in his partial dissent. LeFaber, 77 Wn. App. at 774 (Schultheis, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part). Although lacking the glaring structural difficulties of WPIC 16.02 and the statute, instruction 20 still permits an erroneous interpretation of the law as requiring actual danger. The standard for clarity in a jury instruction is higher than for a statute; while we have been able to resolve the ambiguous wording of RCW 9A. 16.050 via statutory construction, a jury lacks such interpretive tools and thus requires a manifestly clear instruction. See Allery, 101 Wn.2d at 595. Although a juror could read instruction 20 to arrive at the proper law, the offending sentence lacks any grammatical signal compelling that interpretation *903over the alternative, conflicting, and erroneous reading. See LeFaber, 77 Wn. App. at 774 & nn.2-5 (Schultheis, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part); see also Allery, 101 Wn.2d at 593, 595. Nor does the instruction as a whole offer any further guidance regarding the imminent harm finding or the reasonableness standard.
We reject the State’s defense of instruction 20 as sufficient by permitting Defendant to argue his theory of the case despite any ambiguity in the jury instructions. A legally erroneous instruction cannot be saved by the test for sufficiency. Wanrow, 88 Wn.2d at 237. Before addressing whether an instruction sufficed to allow a party to argue its theory of the case, the court must first decide the instruction accurately stated the law without misleading the jury. State v. Acosta, 101 Wn.2d 612, 619-20, 683 P.2d 1069 (1984); Wanrow, 88 Wn.2d at 237.
[T]he defense attorney is only required to argue to the jury that the facts fit the law; the attorney should not have to convince the jury what the law is.
Acosta, 101 Wn.2d at 622.
Where a self-defense instruction erroneously limited the jury’s consideration to facts immediate to the crime, this court has refused to salvage the instructions on the basis the defendant could still argue for the jury to consider all surrounding circumstances. Wanrow, 88 Wn.2d at 236-37. Similarly, the court has rejected as erroneous jury instructions that neglected to inform the jury of the State’s burden of proving the absence of self-defense, despite the opportunity for a defendant to so argue. Acosta, 101 Wn.2d at 619-20; see also State v. Despenza, 38 Wn. App. 645, 653, 689 P.2d 87, review denied, 103 Wn.2d 1005 (1984). Defendant here was not required to argue a theory of the sufficiency of reasonable belief to correct an erroneous statement of the law in the jury instructions.
Reversed.
Smith, Johnson, Madsen, and Sanders, JJ., concur.