Court Opinion

ID: 453445
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-08-23 09:39:46+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:43:37.394668
License: Public Domain

764 F.2d 759
Norris FLOWERS and Loumerrell Flowers, Plaintiffs-Appellants,v.UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 84-3384.
United States Court of Appeals,Eleventh Circuit.
July 1, 1985.

Stanley Bruce Powell, Niceville, Fla., for plaintiffs-appellants.
Michael P. Finney, Asst. U.S. Atty., Pensacola, Fla., for defendant-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida.
Before RONEY and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges, and BROWN*, Senior Circuit Judge.
RONEY, Circuit Judge:

1
Norris Flowers was a sergeant on active duty in the United States Air Force stationed at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.  When driving his civilian automobile home from a personal errand to the grocery store during his off-duty hours, he collided with a United States Air Force bus driven by an Air Force employee who was attempting to make an improper U-turn.  Injured in the accident, Flowers sued the United States for the negligence of an Air Force employee under the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA), 28 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1346(b).  The district court concluded that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Flowers' claim under Feres v. United States, 340 U.S. 135, 71 S. Ct. 153, 95 L. Ed. 152 (1950).  We affirm.

2
The Federal Tort Claims Act permits civil actions against the United States

3
for injury or loss of property, or personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the Government while acting within the scope of his office or employment, under circumstances where the United States, if a private person, would be liable to the claimant in accordance with the law of the place where the act or omission occurred.

4
28 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1346(b).

5
Beginning in 1948, the Supreme Court judicially created an exception, known as the Feres doctrine, precluding FTCA claims brought for injury to a member of the armed forces whose activity at the time of the injury is "incident to military service."   United States v. Brown, 348 U.S. 110, 75 S. Ct. 141, 99 L. Ed. 139 (1954);  Feres v. United States, 340 U.S. 135, 71 S. Ct. 153, 95 L. Ed. 152 (1950);  Brooks v. United States, 337 U.S. 49, 69 S. Ct. 918, 93 L. Ed. 1200 (1948).  The cases that have applied this doctrine are somewhat confusing, particularly as the courts have tried to anchor the doctrine to some dependable rationale.

6
In Parker v. United States, 611 F.2d 1007 (5th Cir.1980), this Court followed what has generally been accepted as the proper factual analysis that should be made in these cases, focusing on three factors that must be weighed to determine whether a serviceman was engaged in activity "incident to military service" at the time he was injured:  the duty status of the service member, the place where the injury occurred, and the activity the serviceman was engaged in at the time of his injury.   Id. at 1013-15.

7
We can decide this case without extended analysis.  A chart of all the cases cited, showing each of these three factors, indicates that in every case where the facts were virtually the same as the case at bar, the court has held the Feres doctrine bars the action.  We are attaching the chart as an appendix to this opinion so that counsel can observe the result of this kind of comparison.

8
In Mason v. United States, 568 F.2d 1135 (5th Cir.1978), Zoula v. United States, 217 F.2d 81 (5th Cir.1954), and Watkins v. United States, 462 F. Supp. 980 (S.D.Ga.1977), aff'd, 587 F.2d 279 (5th Cir.1979), the Feres doctrine was applied to bar the claims of active but off-duty service members who, like Flowers, were injured in collisions with military vehicles on a military reservation while engaged in personal business.

9
Flowers has cited no case with identical factors to his case which held the suit to be maintainable.  In the case before us, the district court found that Flowers was on active duty with the Air Force at the time of his accident, which occurred when he was off duty for the day.  Flowers' duty status was thus identical to that of the servicemen in Mason, Watkins, and Zoula.

10
Flowers' accident occurred at or near the intersection of Florida State Road 85 and Loblolly Road.  State Road 85 is a public highway maintained and policed by the State of Florida but running across federally-owned Eglin Air Force Base reservation property.  Loblolly Road runs from State Road 85 to Government-owned housing on the base.  The intersection of State Road 85 and Loblolly Road, as well as all property within a radius of approximately one-half mile, is owned by the Department of the Air Force.  Although the state and the military have concurrent jurisdiction over the road at that location, the driver of the Air Force bus that collided with Flowers was charged with a state traffic violation rather than a military violation.  The state, however, only has an easement for the road across the federal property, and the Air Force retains a right to exercise complete control over the area if necessary.

11
In Mason, Watkins, and Zoula, the servicemen were injured in automobile accidents on roads within the confines of a military base.  These decisions noted that military personnel are subject to military regulations and available for emergency service or temporary duty while on the military base, facts which add support to a court's determination that the servicemen were acting "incident to military service."   See Mason, 568 F.2d at 1136;  Zoula, 217 F.2d at 84;  Watkins, 462 F. Supp. at 988.  Similarly, Flowers' accident occurred on a road which, although open to the public, was within military reservation property.  Flowers cites no cases which distinguish among roads running across military reservation property on the basis of whether or not the general public has access.

12
Flowers' collision occurred while he was driving home after a personal trip to the grocery store.    Mason, Watkins, and Zoula all barred the claims of servicemen who were engaged in purely personal activities during their off-duty hours when they were injured.  Flowers' activity at the time of his accident, although personal, arose out of his life on the military reservation as did the activities in Mason, Watkins, and Zoula.

13
It would not be useful to discuss the fine distinctions between these three cases and the other Feres doctrine cases.  Stare decisis means that like facts will receive like treatment in a court of law.  This panel may not disregard binding precedent absent an intervening Supreme Court or en banc circuit decision.   Monroe County, Florida v. U.S. Dept. of Labor, 690 F.2d 1359, 1363 (11th Cir.1982).

14
Mason, Zoula and Watkins are all Fifth Circuit cases which are binding in this court.   Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206 (11th Cir.1981).  There is no principled way to decide that the action here can be maintained in the face of those cases.  The case was properly dismissed as being barred under the Feres doctrine.

15
AFFIRMED.

16
                                   APPENDIX
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Function
                                            Being
                     Duty                 Performed
                    Status                    by
                      of        Place     Plaintiff
                    Service       of       Service      Cause of    Disposition
       CASE         Member      Injury      Member       Injury      of Claim
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current Case        Active   State Road   Personal   Auto Accident
                     (off-     across                  with Air
                     duty)     federal                 Force
                               property                bus
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brooks, 337 U.S.   Furlough  Public       Personal   Auto           Action
------                         Highway               Accident         Maintain-
                                                                      able
  49 (1949)                                            with Army
                                                       truck
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feres, 340 U.S.     Active   1)           1) In      1) Fire        Actions
-----                         Barracks      Quarters 2) Medical       Dismissed
  135 (1950) (3              2) Army      2) Operat- Malpractice
                                            ion
  cases)                       Hospital   3) Operat- 3) Medical
                                            ion        Malpractice
                             3) Army
                               Hospital
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Brown, 348 U.S.    Discharg- Hospital     Operation  Medical        Action
                      ed
-----                                      on Knee   Malpractice    Maintainab-
                                                                      le
  110 (1954)                              Which Was
                                            Injured
                                            While IP
                                            on
                                            Active
                                            Duty
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parker, 611 F.2d     Leave   Road         Personal   Auto           Action
------                        Within                 Accident       Maintainab-
                                                                      le
  1007 (5th Cir.               Military                with
  1980)                        Reservati-              Military
                               on
                                                       Vehicle
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mason, 568, F.2d    Active   Road on      Personal   Auto           Action
-----                (off-     Grounds               Accident         Dismissed
  1135 (5th Cir.     duty)     of Naval                with
  1978)                        Air                     Military
                               Station               Vehicle
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Watkins, 462        Active   Road         Personal   Motorcycle     Action
-------                       within
  F. Supp. 980       (off-     Military                Accident       Dismissed
  (S.D.Ga.1977),     duty)     Post                    with
  aff'd, 587 F.2d                                      Government
  -----                                                bus
  279 (5th Cir.
  1979)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ueaucoudray, 490    Active   On board     Service on Fell           Action
-----------                    Coast        cutter     overboard      Dismissed
  F.2d 86 (5th                 Guard                   and
  Cir. 1974)                   cutter                  drowned
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lowe, 440 F.2d      Active   Army         Elective   Medical        Action
----                           Hospital     Surgery    Malpractice    Dismissed
  452 (5th Cir
  1971)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shults, 421 F.2d     Leave   Navy         Emegency   Medical        Action
------                         Hospital     Surgery    Malpractice    Dismissed
  170 (5th Cir.                             after
                                            being
  1969)                                     struck
                                            by auto
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bankston, 480        Leave   Public       Surgery    Medical        Remanded
--------             Prior     Health       after      Malpractice    for
  F.2d 495 (5th    to Dicha-   Service      being                     determin-
                      rge                                             ation
  Cir.1973)                                 struck                    of plain-
                                                                      tiff's
                               Hospital     by auto                   military
                                                                      status
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zoula, 217 F.2d 81  Active   Road within  Personal   Auto Accident  Action
-----              (perhaps    Military                with           Dismissed
  (5th Cir.1954)   entitled    Reservati-              Military
                               on
                   entitled                            Vehicle
                     to a
                     pass)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Warner, 720 F.2d    Active   Road within  Personal   Motorcycle     Action
------               (off-     Military                Accident       Dismissed
  837 (5th Cir.       duty     Base                    with
  1983)                                                Government
                                                       Vehicle
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thomason, 398       Active   Road within  Personal   Motorcycle     Action
--------
  F.Supp. 500        (off-     Military                Accident       Dismissed
  (D.N.J.1975),      duty)     Post                    with
                                                       Military
  aff'd, 539 F.2d                                      Vehicle
  -----
  955 (3d
  Cir.1976)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thomas, 538         Active?  Air Force    Medical    Medical        Action
------                         Hospital     Treatme-   Malpractice    Dismissed
                                            nt
  F.Supp. 56
  (M.D.Fla.1982)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Presson, 570        Active   Army Post    Psychiatr- Psychiatrist   Action
                                            ic
-------
  F.Supp. 842                               Treatme-   Wilfully       Dismissed
                                            nt
  (N.D.Ga.1983)                                      Administered
                                                     Psychotropic
                                                       Drugs to
                                                       Create
                                                       Basis for
                                                       Discharging
                                                       IP
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hand, 260 F. Supp.   24 Hour  Public       Personal   Auto Accident  Action
----                 Pass      Highway                 with Army      Maintain-
                                                                      able
  38 (M.D.Ga.1966)             across                  Jeep
                               military
                               base
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mills, 499 F.2d    Furlough  Navy-        Personal   Motorcycle     Action
  866
-----                          maintained              Accident;      Maintain-
                                                                      able
  (9th Cir.1974)               road                    Government
                               adjacent
                               to
                               naval                   negligent
                               depot
                               (open to                in
                               public                  maintaining
                               use)                    road

*
 Honorable John R. Brown, United States Circuit Judge for the Fifth Circuit, sitting by designation