Court Opinion

ID: 4909229
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-08 19:05:48.542018+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:19.605123
License: Public Domain

Filed 9/8/21 Lorta v. Bishop, Inc. CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION THREE

 JACOB LORTA et al.,

      Plaintiffs and Appellants,                                       G059175

           v.                                                          (Super. Ct. No. 30-2018-01006766)

 BISHOP, INC.,                                                         OPINION

      Defendant and Respondent.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Theodore
Howard, Judge. Reversed with instructions.
                   Donahoo & Associates, Richard E. Donahoo; Esner, Chang & Boyer and
Stuart B. Esner for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
                   Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton, Richard J. Simmons, Robert Mussig
and Matthew G. Halgren for Defendant and Respondent.
                                             *               *               *
              Plaintiffs are former employees of defendant Bishop, Inc. (Bishop), who
brought various labor claims, including unpaid wages, overtime violations, and unpaid
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meal and rest breaks. Bishop quickly realized it had, in fact, underpaid plaintiffs, and
sent an aggregate of approximately $112,000 as compensation for unpaid wages and
associated penalties. That payment explicitly did not require a release of any claims.
There were no strings attached. And it only covered unpaid wages, not the meal and rest
break violations. Accordingly, litigation continued on all claims.
              The parties ultimately went to mediation and settled the case. Or so
plaintiffs thought. The parties signed a settlement stipulation that required Bishop to pay
plaintiffs $225,000 in “new money.” Although the settlement contemplated the
preparation of a long form settlement agreement, the stipulation signed during mediation
was explicitly binding and subject to enforcement by the court. The parties negotiated a
long form settlement agreement, including the allocation of how the $225,000 would be
divided between the five plaintiffs, but on the eve of Bishop’s obligation to pay, it
refused to comply with the settlement.
              Plaintiffs filed a motion, pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 664.6,
to enforce the settlement agreement. Bishop opposed the motion. Its principal claimed
he thought “new money” included the $112,000 Bishop had already paid plaintiffs. The
court agreed and, after various writ proceedings, entered judgment in favor of plaintiffs
for $113,000. Plaintiffs appealed.
              We reverse. New money means new money, not old money. The earlier
payment was explicitly no strings attached. It was not part of a settlement agreement; it
was simply Bishop’s calculation of what it owed the plaintiffs. The $225,000 “new
money” payment, on the other hand, was explicitly in exchange for plaintiffs releasing all

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             The individual plaintiffs are Jacob Lorta, Daniel Velasco, Warren Little,
Jorge Lopez and Douglas Boal.

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their claims. Plaintiffs were entitled to a new $225,000 payment under the settlement
agreement.

                                          FACTS

              In July 2018, the five individual plaintiffs filed a complaint against Bishop,
alleging they were employed in various construction capacities on public works projects
for which Bishop was a contractor. They asserted six causes of action: (1) Failure to pay
wages and overtime; (2) failure to pay prevailing wages on public works; (3) failure to
pay wages of terminated or resigned employees; (4) failure to provide or otherwise
compensate for missed meal and rest breaks; (5) recovery under public works bonds; and
(6) unfair competition in violation of Business and Professions Code section 17200 et
seq.
              In November 2018, Bishop wrote a letter to plaintiffs’ counsel stating it had
“discovered an inadvertent shortfall in the payment of wages made to [plaintiffs].” It
enclosed checks for each plaintiff that, in aggregate, amounted to $112,410.66. The
payments were broken down by checks for each plaintiff’s wages (less withholdings) and
penalties and interest (without any withholdings). Bishop claimed in the letter that these
checks fully compensated plaintiffs for back wages, interest, and waiting time penalties.
It stated, “Bishop is providing these payments in good faith based on its discovery of this
inadvertent payroll error in 2016. These payments are not conditioned on any settlement
or release proposal.” (Italics added.) The letter went on to acknowledge that these
payments did not cover meal and rest break violations, which Bishop denied, but it
included a settlement offer pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 998. That offer is
not in our record but was presumably rejected.
              The parties commenced discovery and eventually began informal
settlement negotiations that reached a point where the parties mutually agreed to suspend

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litigation activities while they pursued a settlement. To facilitate those discussions, the
court continued the trial date from July 2019 to January 2020.
              The parties’ settlement negotiations culminated in a mediation on May 28,
2019. At that mediation, the parties executed a three-page stipulation for settlement.
Pursuant to that stipulation, Bishop agreed to pay plaintiffs “the total sum of $225,000 in
‘new money’ in full settlement and compromise of this action and in release and
discharge of any and all claims and causes of action . . . .” The words “in ‘new money’”
were handwritten and inserted by interlineation into the agreement. Although the
stipulation stated that plaintiffs would later provide Bishop with “a standard form of a
Release of all . . . claims,” it was binding, stating “that the settlement and compromise
stated herein is final and conclusive forthwith, and each attorney represents that his/her
client(s) has freely consented to and authorized this agreement.” Elsewhere it stated,
“Any provisions of Evidence Code §§ 1115-1128 notwithstanding, this Stipulation is
binding and, if the parties request the court to retain jurisdiction for purposes of
enforcement, may be enforced by a motion under Code of Civil Procedure § 664.6 . . . .
This Stipulation may also be enforced by any other procedure permitted by law in the
applicable state or federal court.” “Prior to the entry of a Dismissal with Prejudice, the
parties agree to request the court to retain jurisdiction for purposes of enforcing this
Stipulation pursuant to California Code of Civil Procedure § 664.6.” The stipulation
provided that payment pursuant to the settlement was to be made by June 29, 2019.
              Over the ensuing two weeks, the parties’ respective attorneys negotiated a
long form settlement agreement to a point where both sides had agreed on its terms. The
long form settlement agreement provided, without objection from Bishop’s counsel, that
Bishop would pay plaintiffs $225,000 in “new additional money.” It further provided a
breakdown of exactly how the $225,000 would be divided among the plaintiffs. On June
7, 2019, Bishop’s counsel wrote, “we will sign it immediately if you can get the
signatures back to us quickly and, if so, everything should be fine to make the payment

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by June 29.” On June 14, 2019, after plaintiffs forwarded Bishop all of the signatures it
requested, Bishop’s counsel stated, “Thank you, I will get my client’s signatures and start
preparing the checks.”
              As the payment deadline approached without any executed settlement from
Bishop, plaintiffs’ counsel began making inquiries. On June 27, 2019, just two days
before the payment deadline, Bishop’s counsel acknowledged that Bishop was refusing to
sign the agreement. No reason was given other than “buyer’s remorse.” Ultimately,
Bishop did not sign the long form settlement agreement and made no payment under the
stipulation for settlement.
              The following month, plaintiffs filed a motion to enforce the settlement
pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 664.6. Plaintiffs’ motion did not address
whether “new money,” as contemplated by the settlement, included the prior payment of
$112,000 because, up to that point, Bishop had never made that claim.
              In response to the motion, Bishop changed counsel and opposed the
motion. In its opposition, Bishop now took the positions that (1) the settlement was an
unenforceable agreement to agree, and (2) the earlier payment “extinguished some or all”
of plaintiffs’ claims. Bishop’s president provided a declaration in which he stated, “My
understanding was that as part of any final agreement, Bishop would only be required to
pay the difference between the amount stated in the Stipulation—$225,000—and the
amount Bishop had already paid to Plaintiffs to resolve most of the claims in the case—
approximately $112,000. In other words, I understood that if the parties were able to
reach agreement on a Long Form Settlement, Bishop would only be obligated to pay
Plaintiffs an additional $113,000 as part of the deal.” This was the first time Bishop had
ever made this claim.
              The court ultimately rejected Bishop’s claim that the stipulation for
settlement was merely an agreement to agree, but it concluded there had been no meeting
of the minds as to the amount of the settlement. The court was persuaded by Bishop’s

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claim in the letter accompanying the earlier $112,000 payment that the checks were to
fully compensate plaintiffs for the wage claims. The court commented, “The cover letter
would seem to say it all; however, there is one very curious sentence in the letter that now
sits near the heart of the pending dispute. In the letter, defense counsel offered that ‘these
payments are not conditioned on any settlement or release proposal.’ On its face, this just
means that payments were admittedly owed and defendant was offering the money in
good faith without quid pro quo. What the letter should have said was that plaintiffs’
acceptance and deposit of the funds would be treated as an accord and satisfaction for the
aforementioned portion of their lawsuit.” The court also credited Bishop’s president’s
declaration that he believed the settlement amount was for $113,000. It gave plaintiffs
the option to either ratify Bishop’s understanding that the amount was $113,000, or
resume litigation of the claims.
              About a month later, plaintiffs petitioned this court for a writ of mandate.
We summarily denied it. Plaintiffs filed a petition for review in the California Supreme
Court, who granted the petition and transferred the matter back to this court with
directions to vacate the denial and to issue an alternative writ to the trial court. We
complied.
              After further briefing, the trial court modified its order, but essentially
adopted its initial rationale, this time enforcing the settlement agreement, but granting
Bishop a credit of $112,000. Our court discharged the alternative writ and dismissed the
initial writ petition. The trial court entered judgment, and plaintiffs timely appealed.

                                       DISCUSSION

              This appeal presents a relatively straightforward issue of contract
interpretation—what did the parties mean by “new money”? Given the absence of
conflicting extrinsic evidence, we review that issue de novo. (People ex rel. Lockyer v.

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R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. (2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 516, 520.) We conclude that the
words themselves and the circumstances of the case leave but one reasonable
interpretation: “new money” means money not yet paid.
              When interpreting a contract, we begin with the words themselves. (Civ.
Code, § 1639.) If the words are not defined in the contract, we assign the words their
ordinary meaning as understood by a layperson. (Civ. Code, § 1644.) “‘The parties’
undisclosed intent or understanding is irrelevant to contract interpretation.’” (In re
Marriage of Simundza (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 1513, 1518.) Further, we interpret the
words in light of the circumstances of the parties at the time of the contract. (Civ. Code,
§ 1647.)
              Here, the circumstances play an important role in shedding light on “new
money”—in particular, the voluntary $112,000 payment and the accompanying letter.
When Bishop sent that payment, it explicitly stated that the payment was “not
conditioned on any settlement or release proposal.” In other words, no strings attached.
Literally, there was no connection between that payment and any settlement proposal.
Yet both Bishop and the trial court proceeded to treat that payment as though it was
directly connected to a settlement proposal.
              Indeed, the court went even further and took the unusual step of essentially
rewriting that letter for Bishop. Describing the disclaimer as a “curious sentence,” it
went on to prescribe what, in its view, the letter should have said (accord and
satisfaction), and then treated the letter as though it did say that. The trial court adopted
Bishop’s reasoning as follows: “If plaintiffs were agreeing to take $225,000 to resolve
‘all claims and causes of action,’ and plaintiffs already received $112,000 for the wage
claims (1st, 2nd, 3rd and most of 5th and 6th), the only reasonable inference to draw is
that $225,000 was for all six causes of action, leaving $113,000 still to tender for the 4th
and the balance of the 5th and 6th causes of action.”

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              There is a distinct logical and legal fallacy in that reasoning: it treats the
voluntary payment as though it settled plaintiffs’ wage claims. In other words, it treats
Bishop’s letter as though it says what the court thought it should say, which is the
opposite of what it actually says. What seems to have been lost on the court is that the
payment was Bishop’s calculation of unpaid wages, not plaintiffs. Plaintiffs were still
pursuing their wage claims. The subsequent settlement was for all claims, not just the
meal and rest break claims. The cover letter accompanying the voluntary payment
explicitly stated that acceptance of the payment was not connected to any settlement or
release of a claim. That was not a “curious sentence” in that letter—it was the lynchpin!
Absent that sentence, the proffered payments potentially take on a completely different
effect. (See Potter v. Pacific Coast Lumber Co. (1951) 37 Cal.2d 592, 597 [“where a
claim is disputed or unliquidated and the tender of a check or draft in settlement thereof is
of such character as to give the creditor notice that it must be accepted ‘in full discharge
of his claim’ or not at all, the retention and use of such check or draft constitutes an
accord and satisfaction [citation]; and it is immaterial that the ‘creditor protests against
accepting the tender in full payment’ [citation], for in such case ‘the law permits but two
alternatives, either reject or accept in accordance with the condition’”].)
              The other flaw in the court’s reasoning is that it ignores the words of the
settlement. Plaintiffs did not simply agree to release their claims in exchange for
$225,000. It did so in exchange for $225,000 of new money. We conclude that a
layperson would understand those words to unambiguously mean: money not yet paid.
Indeed, given the existence of the prior payment, the only reason to include the words
“new money” is precisely to distinguish the settlement payment from the prior voluntary
payment.
              Bishop claims that “new money” could mean “funds paid outside of what
plaintiffs earned while employed.” We conclude that interpretation, in this context,
stretches the word “new” past its breaking point. Money that was paid six months earlier

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with no strings attached is not, in any sense, new money. Moreover, what a strange
concept to employ in this context. If the parties sought to target a payment six months
ago in addition to future payments, why would they utilize a concept about past wages?
It makes no sense. If the parties had wanted to include a credit for a payment six months
beforehand, just say so. But that is not what they said. The words they actually used
clearly refer to future payments, not past payments.
              Both Bishop and the court put some weight on the use of the word “net” in
the settlement. Handwritten into the agreement was the following provision:
“‘Settlement Payments’ [i.e. the $225,000] shall be delivered to Plaintiffs’ counsel in
amounts to be provided to defense counsel [within] 7 days. 25% of net payments shall be
subject to withholding & W2. 75% of net payments shall not be subject to deduction and
will be 1099’d.” Bishop and the court both posited that “net” might refer to net of the
earlier payment. But that statement refers to payments that “shall be delivered”—future
tense. The parties’ subsequent conduct clarifies what was meant there. In the long form
agreement negotiated between the parties, of the $225,000 in new payments, almost
$100,000 was allocated to attorney fees and costs. The payments to the plaintiffs,
therefore, were net of fees and costs.
              Ultimately, if the parties had meant to settle for $113,000, there would have
been a very easy way to do that: write the numbers $113,000 instead of the numbers
$225,000. Or simply say the $225,000 includes a credit for the prior payment. That is an
important deal point that we would expect to be clearly delineated. Bishop has not
offered any persuasive explanation as to why it would say one thing—$225,000—but
mean something completely different—$113,000. Instead, it is quite plain that $225,000
in “new money” means precisely that: a new payment of $225,000.

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                                      DISPOSITION

              The judgment is reversed. The trial court is instructed to enter a new
judgment in favor of plaintiffs in the amount of $225,000 with no credit for the earlier
payment of approximately $112,000. Plaintiffs shall recover their costs incurred on
appeal.

                                                 THOMPSON, J.

WE CONCUR:

BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

FYBEL, J.

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