Court Opinion

ID: 8488738
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-22 18:08:10.118684+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:50:14.255300
License: Public Domain

J-S20003-22

                               2022 PA Super 200

 ANGELA MARIE BARRETT                    :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                         :        PENNSYLVANIA
                   Appellant             :
                                         :
                                         :
              v.                         :
                                         :
                                         :
 M&B MEDICAL BILLING, INC. AND           :   No. 1442 WDA 2021
 SANDRA CASEY                            :

            Appeal from the Judgment Entered January 18, 2022
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County Civil Division at
                        No(s): No. GD-17-005863

BEFORE: NICHOLS, J., MURRAY, J., and KING, J.

OPINION BY NICHOLS, J.:                       FILED: NOVEMBER 22, 2022

     Appellant Angela Marie Barrett appeals from the judgment awarding her

$1,000 in damages. Appellant argues that the trial court erred by allowing

co-Appellee Sandra Casey (Casey), who is not an attorney, to represent co-

Appellee M&B Medical Billing, Inc. (M&B) at trial and to present evidence that

was not relevant to damages.      Appellant also claims that the trial court’s

damages award is against the weight of the evidence.        We affirm in part,

vacate in part, and remand for a new trial as to damages.

     The trial court summarized the factual and procedural history as follows:

     Appellant . . . filed a complaint against her former employers,
     [M&B and Casey].          The complaint alleges that Appellees
     committed defamation [per se], intentional infliction of emotional
     distress, [tortious] interference with contractual relationships and
     demanded both compensatory and punitive damages. [Appellant]
     claimed that she had been employed as a medical coder for
J-S20003-22

      Appellees until December of 2015. After several of her paychecks
      were late, she tendered her resignation on December 26, 2015.

      [Appellant’s] claim is that . . . [a] prospective employer, UPMC,
      sent a request for information to Appellees concerning
      [Appellant’s] former employment with them, in order to determine
      whether [Appellant] would be a suitable and prospective employee
      of UPMC.

      Appellees returned UPMC’s requested response, which included a
      statement that [Appellant] took proprietary client information with
      her, and disclosed that [information. Also, Appellee stated that]
      contrary to [Appellant’s] representations to UPMC, [Appellant’s]
      position with [Appellees] was merely as a data analyst clerk and
      not a medical coder.

      Thus, [Appellees] filed an answer and new matter and
      counterclaim, denying [Appellant’s] allegations and noting that
      [Appellant] violated her employment contract by her use of
      proprietary information, when she contacted Appellee[s’] clients,
      to solicit them for letters of recommendation for her job search.
      Appellees informed UPMC and answered that [Appellant] was not
      employed as a medical coder by the [Appellees], as her complaint
      represented.

      . . . Counsel for Appellee[s later] withdrew from representing
      [Appellees] and [after that withdrawal, Appellees] failed to
      respond to [Appellant’s] discovery [requests]. The Honorable
      Robert J. Colville awarded [Appellant] $1,000.00, for sanctions
      and granted a default verdict in favor of [Appellant on April 29,
      2019]. Thus, Appellees were prevented from putting on a defense
      at the time of this damages only trial.

Trial Ct. Op., 2/24/22, at 1-2 (unpaginated) (formatting altered).

      The trial court held a non-jury trial limited to damages only on

November 3, 2021.      Casey appeared for trial and stated that she was

representing both herself and M&B.      N.T. Trial at 3.   Appellant’s counsel

objected to Casey’s representation of M&B because a corporation must be

represented by counsel. Id. at 3-4. The trial court replied: “We’ll just start

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the [trial] and see where we go.”1 Id. at 4. At no point during the trial did

the trial court instruct Casey that she could only represent herself and not the

corporation. During the trial, Casey cross-examined Appellant and testified

on her own behalf as part of Appellees’ case. Id. at 25-63, 65-68.

       That same day, the trial court entered a verdict in favor of Appellant in

the amount of $1,000. Appellant filed a timely post-trial motion2 on November

10, 2021, requesting that the trial court reassess the damages or, in the

alternative, award Appellant a new trial. In her post-trial motion, Appellant

argued, among other things, that the trial court erred in allowing Casey to

represent M&B because a corporation may appear in court only through

counsel. On November 18, 2021, the trial court denied Appellant’s post-trial

motion.

       Appellant filed a notice of appeal on December 2, 2021.3       Appellant

subsequently filed a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement and the trial
____________________________________________

1 We note that the trial court asked the parties to attempt to negotiate a
settlement, and the trial commenced after the parties represented to the trial
court that they were unable to settle this matter. N.T. Trial at 4, 12-15.

2Appellant captioned her motion as a “motion for reconsideration.” However,
a motion captioned as a motion for reconsideration that is filed within the ten-
day period set forth in Pa.R.C.P. 227.1(c) and seeks to modify the trial court’s
decision may be treated as a timely-filed post-trial motion. See Gemini
Equip. Company v. Pennsy Supply, Inc., 595 A.2d 1211, 1214 (Pa. Super.
1991).

3According to the notice of appeal, Appellant purports to appeal from the trial
court’s November 3, 2021 verdict. Additionally, Appellant filed her notice of
appeal prior to the entry of judgment on that verdict. Generally, an appeal to
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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court issued an opinion addressing Appellant’s claims that it erred by

considering evidence related to liability at a trial limited to damages, reducing

Appellant’s damages against M&B, and that its damages award was against

the weight of the evidence. See Trial Ct. Op. at 3-5 (unpaginated).

       Appellant raises the following issues for our review, which we restate as

follows:

       1. Whether the trial court erred by allowing co-Appellee Sandra
          Casey, acting pro se, to represent the interests of co-Appellee
          M&B, at trial?

       2. Whether the trial court erred by allowing co-Appellee Sandra
          Casey to introduce liability evidence at the trial limited to
          damages?

       3. Whether the trial court erred by reducing damages against co-
          Appellee M&B when it was not represented by counsel at trial?

       4. Whether the trial court’s damages award was against the
          weight of properly admitted evidence?

Appellant’s Brief at 5 (formatting altered).

____________________________________________

this Court properly lies from the entry of judgment.     See, e.g., Mackall v.
Fleegle, 801 A.2d 577, 580 (Pa. Super. 2002).             Nevertheless, a final
judgment entered during the pendency of an appeal        is sufficient to perfect
appellate jurisdiction. See Drum v. Shaull Equip.        and Supply Co., 787
A.2d 1050, 1052 n.1 (Pa. Super. 2001).

On January 18, 2018, this Court issued a rule to show cause directing
Appellant’s counsel to enter judgment on the trial court docket and provide a
copy to this Court. Appellant filed a response on February 1, 2022, indicating
that she had complied. Because the trial court entered final judgment on
January 18, 2022, Appellant’s notice of appeal relates forward to January 18,
2022. See Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(5) (stating that a notice of appeal filed after a
court’s determination but before the entry of an appealable order shall be
treated as filed after such entry and on the day thereof). Therefore, we have
jurisdiction to consider the instant appeal.

                                           -4-
J-S20003-22

      In her first issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in allowing

co-Appellee Casey, who is not a licensed attorney, to represent co-Appellee

M&B at trial. Id. at 11-12. Appellant contends that Pennsylvania law prohibits

an officer of a corporation, who is not licensed to practice law, from

representing that corporation in legal proceedings. Id. at 11-12 (citing, inter

alia, Walacavage v. Excell 2000, Inc., 480 A.2d 281, 284-85 (Pa. Super.

1984)).

      In reviewing Appellant’s claim, we are guided by the following principles:

      Our appellate role in cases arising from non-jury trial verdicts is
      to determine whether the findings of the trial court are supported
      by competent evidence and whether the trial court committed
      error in any application of the law. The findings of fact of the trial
      judge must be given the same weight and effect on appeal as the
      verdict of a jury. We consider the evidence in a light most
      favorable to the verdict winner. We will reverse the trial court
      only if its findings of fact are not supported by competent evidence
      in the record or if its findings are premised on an error of law.
      However, where the issue concerns a question of law, our scope
      of review is plenary.

      The trial court’s conclusions of law on appeal originating from a
      non-jury trial are not binding on an appellate court because it is
      the appellate court’s duty to determine if the trial court correctly
      applied the law to the facts of the case.

Bank of N.Y. Mellon v. Bach, 159 A.3d 16, 19 (Pa. Super. 2017) (Bach)

(citation omitted).

      The following standard of review applies to our review of the trial court’s

denial of a motion for a new trial:

      We will reverse a trial court’s decision to deny a motion for a new
      trial only if the trial court abused its discretion. We must review
      the court’s alleged mistake and determine whether the court erred

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J-S20003-22

       and, if so, whether the error resulted in prejudice necessitating a
       new trial. If the alleged mistake concerned an error of law, we
       will scrutinize for legal error. Once we determine whether an error
       occurred, we must then determine whether the trial court abused
       its discretion in ruling on the request for a new trial.

Carlini v. Glenn O. Hawbaker, Inc., 219 A.3d 629, 643 (Pa. Super. 2019)

(citation omitted).

       Section 2501 of the Judicial Code guarantees an individual’s right to self-

representation in civil matters. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 2501(a) (stating that “[i]n

all civil matters before any tribunal every litigant shall have a right to be heard,

by himself and his counsel, or by either of them”); see also In re Lawrence

Cty. Tax Claim Bureau, 998 A.2d 675, 680 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2010) (discussing

the right to self-representation).4 However, it well settled that, with certain

exceptions,     non-attorneys      may     not   represent   other   parties   before

Pennsylvania courts. See, e.g., Dauphin Cty. Bar Ass’n v. Mazzacaro, 351

A.2d 229, 233-35 (Pa. 1976) (holding that a public adjuster may not represent

accident victims in settlement negotiations against alleged tort-feasors or

their insurers). Further, the unauthorized practice of law is prohibited and

criminalized in Pennsylvania. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 2524(a).

       Additionally, the Courts of this Commonwealth have held that artificial

entities, such as corporations, may only appear in court through counsel. See,

e.g., Skotnicki v. Ins. Dep’t, 146 A.3d 271, 284 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2016)

____________________________________________

4Although decisions of the Commonwealth Court are not binding on this Court,
they may provide persuasive authority. See Maryland Cas. Co. v. Odyssey
Contracting Corp., 894 A.2d 750, 756 n.2 (Pa. Super. 2006).

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(explaining that “corporations may not act pro se in court, and that non-

attorneys may not represent them, regardless of the individual’s status as the

corporation’s officer, director, shareholder[] or employee” (citations and

footnote omitted)); Walacavage, 480 A.2d at 283-85 (holding that a

corporation may not appear in court and be represented by a corporate officer

and shareholder who is not an attorney); accord Norman for Est. of

Shearlds v. Temple Univ. Health Sys., 208 A.3d 1115, 1121 (Pa. Super.

2019) (concluding that a non-attorney administrator of an estate could not

represent the estate pro se), appeal denied, 223 A.3d 668 (Pa. 2020), cert.

denied, 141 S.Ct. 301 (2020).

       Our Supreme Court recently held that a plaintiff who is not an attorney

may litigate a wrongful death action pro se in their individual capacity, but

that same pro se plaintiff may not represent the estate of the decedent as its

administrator. Bisher v. Lehigh Valley Health Network, 265 A.3d 383 (Pa.

2021).    Additionally, in other jurisdictions, courts have held that while a

corporate officer who has been sued in his or her personal capacity may

proceed pro se, that officer cannot represent the interests of the co-defendant

corporation if he or she is not an attorney.5 See, e.g., Alexander & Baldwin,

LLC v. Armitage, 508 P.3d 832, 843-49 (Haw. 2022) (Armitage) (holding

that an unincorporated entity, like a corporation, may not appear in court
____________________________________________

5This Court may rely on the decisions of other states for persuasive authority.
See Hill v. Slippery Rock Univ., 138 A.3d 673, 679 n.3 (Pa. Super. 2016)
(noting that “the decisions of other states are not binding authority for this
Court, although they may be persuasive” (citation omitted)).

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through non-attorney agents); Flathead Bank of Bigfork v. Masonry by

Muller, Inc., 383 P.3d 215, 219 (Mont. 2016) (Flathead Bank) (affirming

the trial court’s conclusion that corporation’s president “could only represent

himself personally and could not appear on behalf of [the corporation]”);

Office of Attorney Gen., Dep’t of Legal Affairs v. Nationwide Pools,

Inc., 270 So.3d 406, 408 n.1 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2019) (Nationwide Pools)

(noting that “[u]nlike the corporate defendants, an individual may defend

himself or herself without an attorney”).

      Our courts have the authority to sua sponte intervene to prevent the

unauthorized practice of law. Bisher, 265 A.3d at 406; accord Armitage,

508 P.3d at 844. In Bisher, our Supreme Court held that the unauthorized

practice of law is a curable defect. See Bisher, 265 A.3d at 403-07.

      Further, the Bisher Court explained:

      Significantly, we stress that we decide only that the court has the
      discretion to permit a remedy in . . . situations [involving the
      unauthorized practice of law], not that it must do so. The default
      position in such cases should be that the offending party should
      be given a “reasonable opportunity” to cure. But we are not
      convinced that the rule is absolute. . . . [T]here may be cases in
      which the unauthorized practice of law is an attempt to game the
      system.

Bisher, 265 A.3d at 409; see also id. at 406 (affirming this Court’s decision

to order the pro se administrator to retain counsel on behalf of the appellant

estate in order to proceed with the appeal).

      Likewise, in Armitage, the Supreme Court of Hawaii reversed a

judgment against an unincorporated entity known as the “Reinstated Hawaiian

                                     -8-
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Nation” because the trial court allowed two non-attorney agents of that entity,

one of whom was a co-defendant sued in his personal capacity, to represent

the entity before the trial court.    Armitage, 508 P.3d at 838-40.         The

Armitage Court explained that

      [a]s an unincorporated entity, the Reinstated Hawaiian Nation
      may only appear in court through an attorney representative.
      [The agents], as non-attorneys, should not have been allowed to
      represent its interests before the [trial] court. The [trial] court
      should have sua sponte exercised its power to prevent the
      unauthorized practice of law by preventing [the agents] from
      representing the Reinstated Hawaiian Nation.

                                  *    *    *

      [W]hen confronted with an attempt by a layperson to represent
      an entity, the court should continue the proceedings to allow the
      entity to obtain counsel; if the entity fails to do so within a
      reasonable period, the court should enter a default or take other
      remedial action.

Armitage, 508 P.3d at 843-44 (citation omitted).

      The Supreme Court of Hawaii also concluded that the unauthorized

practice of law on behalf of an entity is a curable defect in the proceedings.

Id. at 845-48 (citing, inter alia, Bisher, 265 A.3d at 408-10). With respect

to the Reinstated Hawaiian Nation, the Armitage Court concluded that while

the unauthorized practice of law “was apparently unwitting, the pervasiveness

of the representation, and the policy goals behind [the prohibition against the

unauthorized practice of law] require vacatur here.” Id. at 848.

      Here, the trial court did not address Casey’s unauthorized practice of

law on behalf of M&B in its Rule 1925(a) opinion.

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      Based on our review of the record, we conclude that the trial court erred

in allowing Casey to represent M&B. See Bach, 159 A.3d at 19. Although

Casey has the right to proceed pro se with respect to the claims against her

in her individual capacity, she could not represent M&B at trial because she is

not an attorney. See Skotnicki, 146 A.3d at 284; Walacavage, 480 A.2d

at 283-85; accord Armitage, 508 P.3d at 843-49; Flathead Bank, 383 P.3d

at 219; Nationwide Pools, 270 So.3d at 408 n.1.

      Further, we conclude the trial court abused its discretion by denying

Appellant’s motion for a new trial.    See Carlini, 219 A.3d at 643.    Casey

represented M&B throughout the trial, and repeatedly raised liability issues

during a trial limited to damages over objections from Appellant’s counsel.

See N.T. Trial at 11, 12, 28, 29, 31, 54, 65-67.      Further, the trial court

awarded only nominal damages against M&B.          See Trial Ct. Op. at 4-5

(unpaginated).   For this reason, we conclude that Casey’s unauthorized

practice of law resulted in prejudice necessitating a new trial. See Carlini,

219 A.3d at 643; accord Armitage, 508 P.3d at 848 (reversing judgement

against unincorporated entity where unauthorized practice of law by its agents

was pervasive and reversal served the policy goals of prohibiting the

unauthorized practice of law).

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       Therefore, we vacate the judgment entered on the verdict with respect

to damages and remand this matter for a new trial limited to damages. 6 The

trial court shall provide M&B a reasonable time period to obtain counsel. See

Bisher, 265 A.3d at 409; accord Armitage, 508 P.3d at 843-44. However,

if M&B fails to obtain counsel in a reasonable time, the trial court may proceed

to trial in the absence of M&B. See, e.g., Dublin Sportswear v. Charlett,

403 A.2d 568, 571 (Pa. 1979) (holding that pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 218, a trial

may be held in the absence of the defendant if the defendant is absent without

satisfactory excuse); accord Armitage, 508 P.3d at 844 (noting that default

could be entered against a corporation that failed to retain counsel within a

reasonable period).        In light of our disposition, we need not address

Appellant’s remaining issues.

       Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part.      Case remanded for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 11/22/2022
____________________________________________

6 We stress that our ruling is limited to Casey’s representation of the
corporation and nothing in our decision prevents Casey from proceeding pro
se at the new trial if she so chooses. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 2501(a); Lawrence
Cty. Tax Claim Bureau, 998 A.2d at 680.

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