Court Opinion

ID: 4531478
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-04 19:03:22.962456+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:27:41.108325
License: Public Domain

*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

                                                         Electronically Filed
                                                         Supreme Court
                                                         SCWC-XX-XXXXXXX
                                                         04-MAY-2020
                                                         08:02 AM

           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF HAWAIʻI

                               ---oOo---

        REGINALD BOTELHO, Petitioner/Claimant-Appellant,

                                  vs.

    ATLAS RECYCLING CENTER, LLC and HAWAIʻI EMPLOYERS’ MUTUAL
   INSURANCE COMPANY, Respondents/Employer/Insurance Carrier/
                           Appellees,

                                  and

         SPECIAL COMPENSATION FUND, Respondent/Appellee.

                          SCWC-XX-XXXXXXX

         CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS
   (CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX; CASE NO. AB 2009-334(H)(S)(DCD No. 1-06-
                             00818))

                              MAY 4, 2020

 RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, McKENNA, POLLACK, AND WILSON, JJ.

               OPINION OF THE COURT BY McKENNA, J.

                         I.    Introduction

    This case concerns the Labor and Industrial Relations

Appeals Board’s (“LIRAB”) award of attorney’s fees to Stanford
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Masui (“Masui”) for his representation of Reginald Botelho

(“Botelho”) in a workers’ compensation case.          Masui submitted a

request for attorney’s fees to LIRAB requesting an hourly rate

of $325.   LIRAB approved Masui’s request for attorney’s fees,

but it reduced his hourly rate from $325 to $165.           Masui

appealed LIRAB’s order reducing his requested hourly rate to the

Intermediate Court of Appeals (“ICA”), and the ICA affirmed

LIRAB’s order in a summary disposition order (“SDO”).

    Masui’s application for certiorari (“Application”) presents

three questions:

           1. Did the [ICA] gravely err in failing to construe sec.
           386-94 HRS in light of its language and legislative
           history, since the statute does not explicitly grant the
           Labor and Industrial Relations Appeals Board (“LIRAB”) nor
           the Director of Labor and Industrial Relations (“DLIR”)[]
           the power of setting hourly fee rates for attorneys
           providing services under the Workers’ Compensation chapter,
           Chap. 386 HRS, but only allows the LIRAB and DLIR
           (collectively, “agencies”) to “consider” hourly rates of
           attorneys “possessing similar skills and experience?”

           2. Did the ICA gravely err in utilizing the incorrect
           standard of review of whether the LIRAB’s order was “ultra
           vires”, i.e., should the ICA have applied the standard of
           whether the LIRAB’s order was in “violation of
           constitutional or statutory provisions”, and/or “in excess
           of the statutory authority or jurisdiction of the agency”
           instead of only an “abuse of discretion” standard as
           required for statutory interpretation under Sec. 91-14 (g)
           (1), (2), and (6) HRS ?

           3. Did the ICA gravely err by failing to find that the
           LIRAB Order was arbitrary, or capricious, or characterized
           by abuse of discretion or clearly unwarranted exercise of
           discretion since the LIRAB failed to articulate any
           standard to establish hourly fee rate schedules for highly
           specialized secondary workers’ compensation appeals, when
           no standards are stated in the enabling fee statute, 386-94
           HRS, nor any LIRAB Rules of Practice and Procedure, nor any
           other justification for using an outdated hourly fee rate
           from 2009 to 2012 for secondary appellate work.

                                     2
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

     With regard to Masui’s first question on certiorari, we

hold that HRS § 386-94 (Supp. 2005) authorizes LIRAB to amend an

attorney’s requested hourly rate in awarding reasonable

attorney’s fees.    Pursuant to the legislative intent of the 2005

amendment to HRS § 386-94, however, LIRAB is not authorized to

predetermine a workers’ compensation attorney’s “authorized”

hourly rate to be applied to that attorney’s future cases.

Therefore, the ICA erred to the extent it held that HRS § 386-94

authorizes LIRAB to predetermine an attorney’s hourly rate.

     With regard to Masui’s second question, we hold that the

ICA implicitly determined that LIRAB’s order was not in

violation of constitutional or statutory provisions or in excess

of its statutory authority when it held that LIRAB did not abuse

its discretion.    Therefore, the ICA did not err.

     With regard to Masui’s third question, we hold that the ICA

erred in holding that LIRAB provided an adequate explanation for

its reduction of Masui’s requested attorney’s fee as required by

McLaren v. Paradise Inn Hawaiʻi LLC, 132 Hawaiʻi 320, 321 P.3d
671 (2014).    In explaining its reduction of attorney’s fees,

LIRAB must provide more than a recitation of the factors it

considers.    In order to enable review for abuse of discretion,

it must also provide some explanation as to how the factors

affected its determination.

                                  3
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

     We therefore vacate the ICA’s December 6, 2019 judgment on

appeal and LIRAB’s April 20, 2016 attorney’s fee approval and

order and remand to LIRAB for further proceedings consistent

with this opinion.

                          II.    Background

A.   Department of Labor and Industrial Relations Disability
     Compensation Division proceedings

     On May 10, 2005, Botelho injured his wrist while working

for Atlas Recycling (“Atlas”).     On August 8, 2006, Botelho filed

a claim for workers’ compensation benefits with the Department

of Labor and Industrial Relations Disability Compensation

Division (“DCD”), and he was represented by Masui.      On January

30, 2007, DCD issued a decision ordering Atlas and HEMIC,

Atlas’s insurance carrier (collectively “Atlas/HEMIC”), to pay

for Botelho’s medical care.

     On January 31, 2007, Masui sent HEMIC a letter calculating

Botelho’s temporary disability entitlement as $1,386.58.       HEMIC

did not respond, and Botelho received no temporary disability

payments from HEMIC for approximately two years.

     Thereafter, on May 15, 2009, DCD issued a decision ordering

Atlas/HEMIC to pay for Botelho’s medical care and temporary

total disability benefits.      DCD also “assessed attorney’s fees

and costs” against Atlas/HEMIC pursuant to HRS § 386-93(a)

                                   4
    *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

(Supp. 2004) because Atlas/HEMIC “did not have reasonable

grounds to defend the covered issues.”1

B.      LIRAB proceedings

        On June 3, 2009, Atlas/HEMIC appealed DCD’s decision to

LIRAB.      On October 16, 2009, Atlas/HEMIC filed a motion for

partial summary judgment, asserting it was not liable for

Botelho’s attorney’s fees because attorney’s fees were not part

of the “whole costs of the proceedings” under HRS § 386-93(a).

On November 16, 2009, LIRAB granted Atlas/HEMIC’s motion for

partial summary judgment.

        Botelho appealed LIRAB’s decision to the ICA.         On February

28, 2013, the ICA issued a memorandum opinion holding attorney’s

fees were part of the “whole costs of the proceedings” under HRS

§ 386-93(a).      Botelho v. Atlas Recycling Centers, LLC, No.

30226, at 5 (App. Feb. 28, 2013) (mem.).          The ICA vacated

LIRAB’s decision and remanded for further proceedings. Id.

Accordingly, on remand, LIRAB modified its May 15, 2009 decision

and ordered Atlas/HEMIC to pay Botelho’s attorney’s fees on

November 9, 2015.

1     HRS § 386-93(a) provides: “If the director of labor and industrial
relations, appellate board or any court finds that proceedings under this
chapter have been brought, prosecuted, or defended without reasonable ground
the whole costs of the proceedings may be assessed against the party who has
so brought, prosecuted, or defended the proceedings.”

                                      5
    *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

        Thus, on November 19, 2015, Masui submitted a request to

LIRAB for attorney’s fees for 88.6 hours of services at $325 per

hour rendered before the ICA, and requested a total of

$30,893.64 in fees as well as costs of $702.55.2             Masui’s request

stated he had “approximately 30 year’s [sic] experience in

workers’ compensation cases, participated in over 100 cases

before [DCD] over the last 3 years, and approximately 50 cases

before [LIRAB] over the last 3 years.”

        On April 20, 2016, LIRAB issued an “attorney’s fee approval

and order” in response to Masui’s November 19, 2015 request

(“Order” or “LIRAB’s Order”), but reduced Masui’s hourly rate

from $325 to $165.        LIRAB stated it did “not approve the

requested attorney hourly rate of $325.00,” and that Masui’s

“approved hourly rate for the period 2009 through 2012 was

$165.00 per hour.”        LIRAB listed factors it considered in

reviewing and reducing Masui’s fee request, stating:

              [i]n reviewing the subject fee request, the Board took into
              account the benefits obtained for Claimant in this appeal,
              the novelty and difficulty of issues involved on appeal,
              the amount of fees awarded in similar appeals, and the
              hourly rate customarily awarded workers’ compensation
              attorneys possessing similar skills and experience,
              including Attorney’s years of practice in the field of
              workers’ compensation law, the number of clients
              represented before the Board, as well as Attorney’s
              responsiveness and timeliness.

2     As indicated by LIRAB, it appears the requested costs had been approved
through the first appeal to the ICA and are not at issue in this appeal.

                                        6
    *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

LIRAB noted that Masui had practiced workers’ compensation law

in Hawaiʻi for approximately 30 years and had represented

approximately 100 clients before the DCD and approximately 50

clients before LIRAB in the past three years.             LIRAB stated

“[t]he total amount of $14,720.41 for Attorney’s fees is

reasonable,” and approved that amount.3

C.      ICA Proceedings

        1.    Masui’s arguments

        On April 23, 2016, Masui appealed LIRAB’s Order to the ICA.

On appeal, Masui argued the plain language of HRS § 386-94,

“Attorneys, physicians, other health care providers, and other

fees,” only authorized LIRAB to approve or disapprove attorneys’

fees, not to amend or set them.4            Masui maintained LIRAB did not

3     LIRAB’s Order also reduced Masui’s requested hours.   However, Masui did
not appeal LIRAB’s reduction of his requested hours.
4       HRS § 386-94 provides:

              Claims for services shall not be valid unless approved by
              the director or, if an appeal is had, by the appellate
              board or court deciding the appeal. Any claim so approved
              shall be a lien upon the compensation in the manner and to
              the extent fixed by the director, the appellate board, or
              the court.

              In approving fee requests, the director, appeals board, or
              court may consider factors such as the attorney’s skill and
              experience in state workers’ compensation matters, the
              amount of time and effort required by the complexity of the
              case, the novelty and difficulty of issues involved, the
              amount of fees awarded in similar cases, benefits obtained
              for the claimant, and the hourly rate customarily awarded
              attorneys possessing similar skills and experience. In all
              cases, reasonable attorney’s fees shall be awarded.

                                                              (continued . . .)

                                        7
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

have implied power to amend hourly rates because such power was

“not reasonably necessary to effectuate the express power to

approve fees,” citing TIG Ins. Co. v. Kauhane, 101 Hawaiʻi 311,

67 P.3d 810 (App. 2003).

     Masui also argued the legislative history of HRS § 386-94

indicated the legislature did not intend to give LIRAB the power

to set an attorney’s hourly rates.         In this regard, Masui

pointed out that, in 2005, the Department of Labor and

Industrial Relations (“DLIR”) had proposed amendments to the

workers’ compensation administrative rules that would have

empowered the DLIR Director to “determine the maximum allowable

hourly rate” of attorneys and to “adjust the hourly rate and the

number of hours requested.”       The legislature, however, rejected

this proposal and stated in a standing committee report that the

proposed amendment “represents a usurpation of legislative

authority.”    H. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 1527, in 2005 House

Journal, at 1633.

     Masui contended that, in response to DLIR’s proposed

changes, the legislature introduced Senate Bill (“SB”) 1808,

with the purpose to: “(1) Codif[y] into law the existing HAR

that reflect the purpose and intent of the Legislature in

(continued. . .)
            Any person who receives any fee, other consideration, or
            gratuity on account of services so rendered, without
            approval, in conformity with the preceding paragraph, shall
            be fined by the director not more than $10,000.

                                      8
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

enacting chapter 386, HRS; [and] (2) Assure[] that the

Administration does not usurp the authority of the Legislature

in creating laws by limiting the Director’s rulemaking

authority . . . .” Id.     The legislature further stated that,

while DLIR was allowed to review attorneys’ fees, “[t]hat

review . . . was not unfettered and fees that were reasonable

were to be approved.” Id.    The legislature also expressed

concern that DLIR’s proposed amendments “would result in

claimants being unable to secure attorneys in disputed

compensability cases.” Id.

     Masui asserted that SB 1808 “was subsequently passed into

law and reflects the current language contained in HRS

§ 386-94.”   Masui argued that because the legislature rejected

DLIR’s Hawai‘i Administrative Rules (“HAR”) amendments and

because of the concerns it expressed in doing so, HRS § 386-94

“acknowledge[s] the lack power” to amend requested hourly rates.

Masui also argued that, because LIRAB did not have the power to

amend or set attorneys’ fees, it had engaged in improper

rulemaking pursuant to HRS chapter 91, and its “self-made rule

of setting hourly rates is invalid.”

     Masui additionally asserted that, even if LIRAB had

authority to amend hourly rates, LIRAB did not adequately

explain its decision to amend his hourly rate.        Masui cited

Pickett v. Cheesecake Factory Rests., Inc., CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX, at

                                     9
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

7 (App. Aug. 31, 2016) (mem.), in which the ICA ruled that a

“recitation of factors enumerated in HRS § 386-94 is not an

explanation” for a reduction of an attorney’s hourly rate and

that LIRAB was “required to apply those factors based on

evidence submitted to it so that a reviewing body may adequately

assess whether the LIRAB abused its discretion.”

     Finally, Masui argued LIRAB abused its discretion by

considering factors not expressly enumerated in HRS § 386-94

when it considered the “number of clients represented before the

Board, as well as Attorney’s responsiveness and timeliness.”

     2.   Atlas/HEMIC’s arguments

     Atlas/HEMIC argued that LIRAB “retains the authority to

determine reasonable attorney’s fees and costs,” and that if the

legislature had intended to limit DLIR’s discretion, the

legislature “would have initiated these statutory changes.”

Atlas/HEMIC also contended that courts “should defer to the

agency expertise of LIRAB acting within its area of expertise,”

citing Nakamura v. State, 98 Hawaiʻi 263, 270-71, 47 P.3d 730,

737-38 (2002) and Igawa v. Koa House Rest., 97 Hawaiʻi 402, 409-

10, 38 P.3d 570, 577-78 (2001).

     3.   SDO

     On October 8, 2019, the ICA issued its SDO affirming

LIRAB’s Order.   Botelho v. Atlas Recycling Center, LLC, CAAP-16-

0000349 (App. Oct. 8, 2019) (SDO).

                                  10
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

      First, the ICA rejected Masui’s argument that HRS § 386-94

did not authorize LIRAB to amend or set attorneys’ hourly rates.

Botelho, SDO at 5.     The ICA reasoned that the “plain language of

HRS § 386-94” authorized LIRAB to consider a list of factors,

including “those usually and customarily taken into account in

setting an attorney’s hourly billing rate . . . .”      Botelho, SDO

at 6.    The ICA also noted that Masui had previously argued that

LIRAB was not allowed to “set” hourly rates in DeMello v. Gas

Co., CAAP-XX-XXXXXXX (App. Aug. 12, 2016) (mem.), and it cited a

portion of DeMello stating that “[n]othing in HRS § 386-94

precludes [LIRAB] from employing the ‘lodestar method’ of

calculating reasonable attorney’s fees, under which reasonable

attorney’s fees are calculated by [multiplying] the number of

hours reasonably expended by a reasonable hourly rate.”

Botelho, SDO at 6 (quoting DeMello, mem. op. at 3).      Therefore,

the ICA held that HRS § 386-94 gave “LIRAB discretion to vary

the requesting attorney’s hourly billing rate . . . .” Id.

      Second, the ICA determined LIRAB had provided a reasonable

explanation for its decision to reduce Masui’s attorney’s fees.
Id.     The ICA stated that the “burden is on the party seeking

attorneys[’] fees to prove such fees were reasonably and

necessarily incurred,” citing DFS Group L.P. v. Paiea

Properties, 110 Hawaiʻi 217, 226, 131 P.3d 500, 509 (2006) (Moon,

CJ., concurring).    Botelho, SDO at 7.   The ICA noted that

                                  11
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Masui’s fee application did not provide information about his

experience in workers’ compensation secondary appeals, his level

of experience in civil, criminal, family, or administrative

agency appellate practice, the usual or customary hourly billing

rates of Hawaiʻi lawyers who practice workers’ compensation

secondary appeals, or the hourly billing rates of any Hawaiʻi

appellate practitioners. Id.   Therefore, the ICA held LIRAB had

not abused its discretion in reducing Masui’s hourly billing

rate based on the record before it.    Botelho, SDO at 7-8.

     Third, the ICA held LIRAB did not abuse its discretion by

considering factors not expressly enumerated by HRS § 386-94

because the “statute’s use of the phrase ‘such as’” indicated

that the list of factors was not exhaustive.     Botelho, SDO at 8.

     The ICA entered judgment on December 6, 2019.

D.   Application for writ of certiorari

     In his first question on certiorari, Masui argues the ICA

erred in interpreting HRS § 386-94 because the plain language of

the statute only allows LIRAB to “consider” the reasonableness

of attorneys’ hourly rates, not to establish or set attorneys’

hourly rates.   Masui argues that even if the statute is

ambiguous, the legislature “specifically declined to amend the

law to give the DLIR the power to set hourly rates” in 2005.

     In his second question, Masui argues the ICA failed to use

the correct standard of agency review under HRS § 91-14(g)

                                 12
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

(2016), “thus failing to consider if the LIRAB acted ultra

vires.”     Masui contends the proper standard of review is whether

LIRAB’s decision was “in violation of [a] constitutional or

statutory provision” or “in excess of statutory authority or

jurisdiction of the agency,” not the abuse of discretion

standard.     Masui also asserts that LIRAB had relied on a “fee

schedule” and had “been setting hourly rates for all workers’

compensation attorneys for a period of years, (including Masui)

without explanation    . . . .”   Masui argues that this practice

is effectively a “rule” pursuant to HRS § 91-1 (Supp. 2017) and

that LIRAB therefore “engaged in improper rulemaking” by acting

in excess of its statutory powers.

    In his third question, Masui argues the ICA erred by

failing to find LIRAB’s Order was arbitrary, capricious, or

characterized by an abuse of discretion pursuant to HRS

§ 91-14(g).     Masui asserts the ICA’s SDO is “inconsistent with

its other rulings regarding attorneys’ fees awarded” by LIRAB,

and that the “mere recitation of statutory criteria that may be

considered for fee approval” without further explanation of the

fee reduction is an abuse of discretion.

                                  13
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

                       III. Standards of Review

A.   Administrative agency appeals

     “Appellate review of a LIRAB decision is governed by HRS

§ 91-14(g)[.]”    Igawa, 97 Hawaiʻi at 405-06, 38 P.3d at 573-74.

HRS § 91-14(g) provides:

          Upon review of the record the court may affirm the decision
          of the agency or remand the case with instructions for
          further proceedings; or it may reverse or modify the
          decision and order if the substantial rights of the
          petitioners may have been prejudiced because the
          administrative findings, conclusions, decisions, or orders
          are:

                 (1) In violation of constitutional or statutory
                 provisions;
                 (2) In excess of the statutory authority or
                 jurisdiction of the agency;
                 (3) Made upon unlawful procedure;
                 (4) Affected by other error of law;
                 (5) Clearly erroneous in view of the reliable,
                 probative, and substantial evidence on the
                 whole record; or
                 (6) Arbitrary, or capricious, or characterized
                 by abuse of discretion or clearly unwarranted
                 exercise of discretion.

B.   Statutory interpretation

     “The interpretation of a statute is a question of law that

is reviewed de novo.”     Morgan v. Planning Dept., Cty. of Kaua‘i,

104 Hawaiʻi 173, 179, 86 P.3d 982, 988 (2004) (quoting State v.

Mara, 98 Hawai‘i 1, 10, 41 P.3d 157, 166 (2002)).

          When construing a statute, our foremost obligation is to
          ascertain and give effect to the intention of the
          legislature, which is to be obtained primarily from the
          language contained in the statute itself. And we must read
          statutory language in the context of the entire statute and
          construe it in a manner consistent with its purpose.

          When there is doubt, doubleness of meaning, or
          indistinctiveness or uncertainty of an expression used in a
          statute, an ambiguity exists . . . .

                                    14
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

           In construing an ambiguous statute, the meaning of the
           ambiguous words may be sought by examining the context with
           which the ambiguous words, phrases, and sentences may be
           compared, in order to ascertain their true meaning.
           Moreover, the courts may resort to extrinsic aids in
           determining legislative intent. One avenue is the use of
           legislative history as an interpretive tool.

104 Hawaiʻi at 179-80, 86 P.3d at 988-89 (quoting State v.

Sullivan, 97 Hawai‘i 259, 262, 36 P.3d 803, 806 (2001)).

                            IV.   Discussion

A.     The ICA did not fail to utilize the correct standard of
       agency review

       We address Masui’s second question first because it

concerns the applicable standard of agency review.           Masui argues

the ICA erred in “failing to use the correct standard of agency

review” by only applying the abuse of discretion standard to

LIRAB’s Order.    Masui asserts the ICA should have considered

whether LIRAB’s actions were “in violation of constitutional or

statutory provisions” or “in excess of the statutory authority

or jurisdiction of the agency” pursuant to HRS § 91-14(g)(1) and

(2).

       Because the issue before the ICA was whether HRS § 386-94

authorized LIRAB to amend or set attorneys’ requested hourly

rates, the proper standard of review under HRS § 91-14(g) was

whether LIRAB acted in excess of its statutory authority.            The

ICA did not specifically discuss this standard.          The ICA

implicitly determined, however, that it was within LIRAB’s

statutory authority to amend Masui’s hourly rate when it held

                                    15
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

that LIRAB did not abuse its discretion in doing so.      The ICA

examined the plain language of HRS § 386-94 and determined that

it authorized LIRAB to consider “the hourly rate customarily

awarded attorneys possessing similar skills and experience,” and

other factors including those “customarily taken into account in

setting an attorney’s hourly billing rate . . . .”      Botelho, SDO

at 6.   Thus, in this regard, the ICA did not err.

B.   The ICA’s statutory interpretation of HRS § 386-94
     1. HRS § 386-94 authorizes LIRAB to adjust attorneys’
        requested hourly rates in awarding reasonable fees

     Masui’s first question on certiorari is whether the ICA

erred in failing to construe HRS § 386-94 in light of the

statute’s legislative history.    The ICA held that HRS § 386-94

authorizes LIRAB to “vary the requesting attorney’s hourly

billing rate to arrive at an award of ‘reasonable attorney’s

fees[.]’”   Botelho, SDO at 6 (brackets in original).     Masui

argues the ICA erred in interpreting HRS § 386-94 because the

plain language of the statute “only allows agencies to ‘examine’

or ‘inspect,’ among other factors, the reasonableness of the

hourly rate that a workers’ compensation attorney may establish

in their fee agreements with their clients.”     Masui contends

that even if the statute’s language is ambiguous, the

legislative history and intent behind HRS § 386-94 “was to

                                 16
    *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

specifically deprive the agencies of the power to set attorneys’

hourly fee rates in workers’ compensation cases.”

        “The interpretation of a statute is a question of law that

is reviewed de novo.”        Morgan, 104 Hawaiʻi at 179, 86 P.3d at

988.     “When construing a statute, our foremost obligation is to

ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature,

which is obtained primarily from the language contained in the

statute itself.” Id. (quoting Sullivan, 97 Hawai‘i at 262, 36
P.3d at 806).       Pursuant to HRS § 91-14(g)(2), courts may reverse

or modify an agency’s decision “if the substantial rights of the

petitioner[] may have been prejudiced because the

administrative . . . order[ is] . . . [i]n excess of the

statutory authority or jurisdiction of the agency[.]”

        HRS § 386-94 provides that “[c]laims for services shall not

be valid unless approved by the director or, if an appeal is

had, by the appellate board or court deciding the appeal.”                  HRS

§ 386-94 additionally provides factors LIRAB may consider “[i]n

approving fee requests,” stating:

              [T]he director,[5] appeals board, or court may consider
              factors such as the attorney’s skill and experience in
              state workers’ compensation matters, the amount of time and
              effort required by the complexity of the case, the novelty
              and difficulty of issues involved, the amount of fees
              awarded in similar cases, benefits obtained for the
              claimant, and the hourly rate customarily awarded attorneys
              possessing similar skills and experience. In all cases,
              reasonable attorney’s fees shall be awarded.

5     HRS § 386-1 (2017) provides that “‘[d]irector’ means the director of
labor and industrial relations” for the purposes of HRS chapter 386.

                                       17
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

(Emphasis added.)

     HRS § 386-94 explicitly allows LIRAB, the director, as well

as the courts, to consider hourly rates customarily awarded to

attorneys possessing similar skills and experience in

determining what constitutes a reasonable attorney’s fee.         Thus,

the statute clearly allows LIRAB to adjust an attorney’s

requested hourly rate in approving reasonable attorney’s fees.

The sentence, “In all cases, reasonable attorney’s fees shall be

awarded[,]” also requires LIRAB to reduce an attorney’s hourly

rate if it is unreasonably high.      Thus, HRS § 386-94 is not

ambiguous.

     Even if HRS § 386-94 was ambiguous, however, an examination

of the statute’s legislative history shows that the

legislature’s intent is consistent with the statute’s plain

language.

     Hawaiʻi’s workers’ compensation law was enacted in 1915, and

the section addressing attorneys’ fees provided, in relevant

part, “Claims of attorneys and of physicians for services under

this Act shall be subject to the approval of the board.”

Revised Laws of Hawaiʻi (“RLH”) Act 221 § 45 (1915).      In 1955,

that section was amended to provide that “[c]laims of attorneys

and physicians . . . shall not be valid unless approved by the

director, or . . . unless approved by such court.”      RLH § 4453

                                 18
    *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

(1955).      When the statute was again amended in 1985, a

conference committee report noted that, “[c]laimant attorney and

witness fees need to be regulated by the Director to protect the

claimant against any excessive charges since such fees are

enforced as a lien against the compensation awarded the

claimant.”      Conf. Comm. Rep. No. 74, in 1985 House Journal, at

946-47 (emphasis added).

        In 2005, DLIR amended HAR § 12-10-69,6 “Attorney’s fees,” by

adding language to allow the DLIR director to “determine the

maximum allowable hourly rate” of attorneys’ fees and “to adjust

the hourly rate and the number of hours requested,” and adding

factors the director may consider in doing so.              Dept. of Labor &

Indus. Relations, Recommendation to the Governor on Proposed

Rules for Workers’ Compensation Reform 2005 120 (2005) (available

at http://dlir.state.hi.us/labor/pdf/wc_recomm.pdf) (hereinafter

“DLIR, Recommendation”).         The amendment to HAR § 12-10-69(b)

read:

              The director shall determine the maximum allowable hourly
              rate of the attorney and reasonable time allowable on each
              workers’ compensation case. In approving attorney’s fee
              requests, the director will consider the approved hourly
              rate of the attorney and the number of hours approved.
              Factors to be considered in determining an attorney’s
              approved hourly rate include the number of years practicing
              as an attorney, the number of cases representing workers’
              compensation claimants during the last three years, and any
              other pertinent factors that should be considered in
              determining the hourly rate. Factors considered in
              determining the number of hours allowable include the time
              and effort required by the complexity of the case, novelty

6       HAR § 12-10-69 implements HRS § 386-94.   See HAR § 12-10-69 (2011).

                                       19
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

            and difficulty of issues, benefits obtained for the injured
            employee, and arguments made by the attorney and injured
            employee. The director reserves the right to adjust the
            hourly rate and the number of hours requested.

(Emphasis added.)

    Prior to DLIR’s 2005 amendments, HAR § 12-10-69(b) had

provided:

            In approving fee requests, the director may consider
            factors such as: the attorney’s skill and experience in
            Hawaii workers’ compensation matters; time and effort
            required by the complexity of the case; novelty and
            difficulty of issues; fees awarded in similar cases;
            benefits obtained for the claimant; hourly rate customarily
            awarded attorneys possessing similar skill and experience;
            and fees awarded in compensation cases usually come out of
            the employee’s award.

    Based on its concern regarding DLIR’s 2005 amendments to

the workers’ compensation administrative rules, including the

amendment to HAR § 12-10-69(b), in 2005, the legislature passed

SB 1808 amending sections of HRS chapter 386 to “[a]ssure[] that

the Administration does not usurp the authority of the

Legislature in creating laws by limiting the Director’s

rulemaking authority . . . .”        H. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 1527, in

2005 House Journal, at 1634.        In a standing committee report,

the Committee on Finance specified:

            The intent of this measure is to protect the constitutional
            mandate that the Legislature draft the laws to establish
            policies governing the people of Hawaii. Any delegation of
            our legislative powers to the Executive Branch for
            rulemaking is administrative in nature and does not give
            the Executive Branch the power to make or change the laws
            through rulemaking.

H. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 1527, in 2005 House Journal, at 1633.

In another standing committee report, the Committee on Ways and

                                     20
    *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

Means stated, “The purpose of this measure is to invalidate

workers’ compensation rules adopted on or after January 1, 2005”

and to “codif[y] administrative rules that were in effect prior

to January 1, 2005, which fairly and reasonably implemented the

underlying statutes.”        Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 993, in 2005 Senate

Journal, at 1500 (emphasis added).

        The Committee on Finance stated that DLIR’s rule amendments

regarding the payment of attorneys’ fees were “in direct

conflict with existing statutory law, rules, policies and case

law.”      The Committee on Finance appeared to focus, however, on

DLIR’s proposed factors for the director to consider in awarding

fees and a cap on attorneys’ fees that was not actually adopted

in the 2005 HAR amendments,7 stating:

              [t]he Legislature provided for payment of attorney fees
              upon review by the Director. (Section 386-94, HRS.) That
              review, however, was not unfettered and fees that were
              reasonable were to be approved. (See section 386-93(a),
              HRS.) The Administration proposes to impose factors that
              are not relevant in determining if fees are reasonable.
              (See proposed changes to section 12-10-69(b), HAR.)
              Arbitrarily limiting claimant attorney fees to 15 percent
              of the compensation paid would result in no payment if the
              claimant loses on compensability and arbitrarily reduce
              legal payments in other disputed areas of a claim.

H. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 1527, in 2005 House Journal, at 1634.

The Committee on Finance also expressed concern that limitations

7     It appears DLIR initially proposed amending HAR § 12-10-69 to cap “the
maximum allowable attorney’s fees to be no greater than 15% of the benefits
awarded to claimants . . . .” DLIR, Recommendation at 37. However, this
provision was withdrawn from DLIR’s proposed amendment based on testimony
opposing the 15% cap. Id. at 38.

                                       21
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

on attorneys’ fees may discourage attorneys from practicing in

workers’ compensation, stating, “In practicality, the proposed

changes would result in claimants being unable to secure

attorneys in disputed compensability cases . . . .” Id.   None

of the standing committee reports for SB 1808 discussed whether

the power to “approve” reasonable attorneys’ fees included the

power to adjust attorneys’ hourly rates.

     The legislature then amended HRS § 386-72 (Supp. 2005)

(repealed and reenacted 2007) to prevent all of DLIR’s 2005 rule

amendments, including the amendment to HAR § 12-10-69(b), from

having “the force and effect of law.”         Importantly, however, the

legislature also amended HRS § 386-94 by incorporating the pre-

DLIR amendment version of HAR § 12-10-69(b) factors into the

statute.    Before DLIR’s 2005 amendments, HAR § 12-10-69(b)

provided:

            In approving fee requests, the director may consider
            factors such as: the attorney’s skill and experience in
            Hawaii workers’ compensation matters; time and effort
            required by the complexity of the case; novelty and
            difficulty of issues; fees awarded in similar cases;
            benefits obtained for the claimant; hourly rate customarily
            awarded attorneys possessing similar skill and experience;
            and fees awarded in compensation cases usually come out of
            the employee’s award.

SB 1808 amended HRS § 386-94 to include language almost

identical to the pre-DLIR amendment version of HAR

§ 12-10-69(b), outlining factors that may be considered in

approving attorneys’ fees.       The amended HRS § 386-94 added the

following language:

                                     22
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

          In approving fee requests, the director, appeals board, or
          court may consider factors such as the attorney’s skill and
          experience in state workers’ compensation matters, the
          amount of time and effort required by the complexity of the
          case, the novelty and difficulty of issues involved, the
          amount of fees awarded in similar cases, benefits obtained
          for the claimant, and the hourly rate customarily awarded
          attorneys possessing similar skills and experience. In all
          cases, reasonable attorney’s fees shall be awarded.

    Thus, the legislative history of HRS § 386-94 shows that

the legislature intended to give LIRAB the ability to adjust

attorneys’ requested hourly rates.       The 2005 amendment to HRS

§ 386-94 explicitly authorized the director to adjust requested

hourly rates in approving reasonable attorneys’ fees.          The

legislature also adopted most of the pre-2005 amendment HAR

§ 12-10-69 factors when it amended HRS § 386-94 in 2005.             Those

factors permit the director, LIRAB, or a court to consider “the

hourly rate customarily awarded attorneys possessing similar

skills and experience,” indicating an attorney’s requested

hourly rate can be adjusted by the director, LIRAB, or a court

when approving attorneys’ fees.

    Although the legislature nullified DLIR’s 2005 amendments

to HAR § 12-10-69, which explicitly articulated the director’s

power to adjust hourly rates and added new factors to consider

in approving fees, that blanket nullification applied to all of

DLIR’s 2005 rule amendments, not just HAR § 12-10-69.

Additionally, the legislature’s opposition to DLIR’s rule

amendments focused on the addition of “factors that are not

relevant in determining if fees are reasonable” through
                                   23
    *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

rulemaking and arbitrary caps on attorneys’ fees.            Yet, the

legislature included language patterned on the pre-amendment

version of HAR § 12-10-69(b) in amending HRS § 386-94.             The

legislature also stated that its amendments to HRS chapter 386

were meant to codify the pre-2005 amendment version of the

workers’ compensation administrative rules, “which fairly and

reasonably implemented the underlying statutes.”           Stand Comm.

Rep. No. 993, in 2005 Senate Journal, at 1500.           Thus, the

director or LIRAB can adjust attorneys’ requested hourly rates

in approving reasonable attorneys’ fees.

        We also note that HRS § 386-94 provides that courts may

approve attorneys’ fees when “deciding [an] appeal.”            It would

be absurd to interpret HRS § 386-94 as prohibiting courts, which

regularly review attorneys’ fee requests, from adjusting hourly

rates.8     Awarding attorneys’ fees is also a judicial function.

See In re Malone, 886 A.2d 181, 184 (N.J. Supp. Ct. App. Div.

2005) (“Setting an award of counsel fees is, in our opinion, in

the nature of a judicial function.”); see also Hoffert v.

General Motors Corp., 656 F.2d 161, 165 (5th Cir. 1981) (holding

the district court’s review of the reasonableness of attorney’s

fees in approving the terms of a settlement agreement “was

essential to the district court’s disposition of the case

8     This is especially true for this court, which has the authority to
prescribe and enforce rules governing the reasonableness of attorney’s fees.
See Hawai‘i Rules of Professional Conduct Rule 1.5 (2019).

                                     24
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

presented to it for decision.”); Joseph v. C.C. Oliphant Roofing

Co., 711 A.2d 805, 808 (1997) (holding that “regulation of

attorney’s fees is a judicial function[.]”).     Thus, prohibiting

courts from reviewing the reasonableness of attorneys’ fees and

from adjusting hourly rates would abrogate a judicial function.

Neither the language of HRS § 386-94 nor the statute’s

legislative history indicates any such legislative intent.

    Therefore, the ICA did not err in interpreting HRS § 386-94

as granting “LIRAB discretion to vary the requesting attorney’s

hourly billing rate to arrive at an award of ‘reasonable

attorney’s fees[.]’”   Botelho, SDO at 6.

    2. HRS § 386-94 does not authorize DCD or LIRAB to
       predetermine hourly rates for workers’ compensation
       attorneys
    In his first question on certiorari, Masui also argues the

ICA erred in interpreting HRS § 386-94 because the plain

language of the statute does not allow LIRAB to set attorneys’

hourly rates or establish a “rate schedule,” and LIRAB “acted in

excess of its statutory powers” when it “assumed the power to

set attorneys’ hourly fee rates.”     Masui notes that a “critical

fact” is that LIRAB and the ICA “relied on [LIRAB’s] ‘approved

hourly rate’ schedule (over a period of 2009-2012) for [him].”

Masui contends that this “fee schedule” “clearly discloses that

[LIRAB] has been setting hourly rates for all workers’

compensation attorneys for a period of years, (including Masui)

                                 25
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

without explanation . . . nor any other source of statutory

authority for rate-setting.”

     While Masui argued before the ICA that HRS § 386-94 did

not give LIRAB the power to “amend or set” an attorney’s hourly

rate, the ICA’s holding implies that HRS § 386-94 authorizes

LIRAB to set attorneys’ hourly rates.       In addressing Masui’s

argument that LIRAB did not have the power to “amend or set”

hourly rates, the ICA simply stated, “[w]e disagree.”          Botelho,

SDO at 5 (emphasis added).     The ICA then noted that Masui had

made this argument in DeMello, and quoted the following portion

of that case:

          DeMello argues that the LIRAB is not allowed to set hourly
          rates, and must only consider the hourly rate customarily
          awarded attorneys possessing similar skills and
          experience. Nothing in HRS § 386–94 precludes the LIRAB
          from employing the “lodestar method” of calculating
          reasonable attorney’s fees, under which reasonable
          attorney’s fees are calculated by the number of hours
          reasonably expended by a reasonable hourly rate.

DeMello, mem. op. at 3 (emphasis added).        This quote’s

discussion of the “lodestar method” does not, however, actually

address Masui’s contention that HRS § 386-94 does not authorize

LIRAB to set hourly rates.     The ICA then discussed LIRAB’s

ability to “vary the requesting attorney’s hourly billing rate”

when awarding attorneys’ fees, but it did not otherwise directly

address whether LIRAB had a practice of setting, not just

adjusting, workers’ compensation attorneys’ hourly rates.

Botelho, SDO at 6.

                                   26
    *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

        It appears, however, that DCD and LIRAB have a practice of

predetermining workers’ compensation attorneys’ hourly rates to

be applied to future cases.        A downloadable form titled

“Attorney Hourly Rate Increase Request” currently appears on

DCD’s website under the “Attorney Fee Request” form.9            The form

quotes HRS § 386-94’s factors that the director, LIRAB, or

courts may consider in awarding attorneys’ fees.           The form then

states: “Please complete the information below which will assist

us in determining your authorized hourly rate as required under

section 386-94, HRS.”       The form asks for attorneys to provide

information regarding the date they were licensed, the number of

years they have practiced law in Hawaiʻi, their years of Hawaiʻi

workers’ compensation experience, the number of Hawaiʻi workers’

compensation cases they handled in the last ten years, their

last three workers’ compensation cases, their “current rate,”

and the “rate being requested.”        (Emphasis added.)      The form

also provides space for the attorney’s “approved hourly rate”

and for the signature of the official approving that rate.               DCD

has apparently used some version of this form since at least

2012, as Pickett, a case also involving Masui, makes reference

9     See DCD, Forms, https://labor.hawaii.gov/dcd/forms/ (last visited Mar.
23, 2020) (form available at https://perma.cc/HJ29-8KFA). This form is not
included in the record. However, as the availability of this form on DCD’s
website is “capable of accurate and ready determination by resort to sources
whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned,” this court takes judicial
notice of the form. Hawaiʻi Rules of Evidence Rule 201 (1980).

                                     27
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

to a “DCD document, dated July 25, 2012, approving Masui’s

request for an increase in his hourly rate to $160.”          Pickett,

mem. op. at 3 (emphasis added).

    As discussed in Pickett, mem. op. at 2, the then-DCD

director Dwight Takamine apparently approved Masui’s request for

an increase of his hourly rate from $160 to $210.          However,

LIRAB reduced Masui’s requested hourly rate of $210 to $165.

Masui filed a motion for reconsideration, arguing that the

“artificially low rates” in workers’ compensation cases had

reduced “access to legal representation for injured workers.”

Pickett, mem. op. at 3.     He also asserted that LIRAB’s “past

practice” had followed DCD’s hourly rates by “adding an

additional $5.00 per hour, which is an arbitrary method.” Id.

LIRAB denied Masui’s motion for reconsideration, stating:

          [T]here is no statutory requirement that the [LIRAB] must
          automatically increase attorney hourly rates in tandem with
          DCD rate increases. Furthermore, the [LIRAB] refuses to
          cede its statutory authority to review and approve fee
          requests and attorney hourly rates based on a unilateral
          rate increase by the former Director that was tied solely
          to years of experience.

Pickett, mem. op. at 6.     LIRAB then determined that an hourly

rate of $165 for work before LIRAB was the rate “customarily

awarded attorneys possessing similar skills and experience.”

Pickett, mem. op. at 5.     LIRAB also noted that it “receives

annual or semiannual requests from attorneys seeking to increase

                                   28
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

their hourly rates for legal work on appeal.”     Pickett, mem. op.

at 4 (emphasis added).

    Although LIRAB correctly stated that there is “no statutory

requirement that [LIRAB] must automatically increase attorney

hourly rates in tandem with DCD rate increases,” LIRAB appeared

to rely on a previously set “approved hourly rate of $165.00”

for work before LIRAB in awarding attorney’s fees to Masui.

Pickett, mem. op. at 5-6.    Notably, this approved rate of $165

was $5 above DCD’s pre-increase rate of $160—consistent with

Masui’s assertion that it was LIRAB’s practice to set hourly

rates $5 above DCD’s hourly rates.     See Pickett, mem. op. at 3.

Furthermore, LIRAB acknowledged that it received requests from

attorneys seeking “increases” to their hourly rates, suggesting

LIRAB had a practice of prospectively setting workers’

compensation attorneys’ hourly rates.     Pickett, mem. op. at 4.

    This practice of predetermining hourly rates was also

alluded to in DeMello, in which Masui argued that an hourly rate

of $210 had been “approved by the DCD,” and that “the [LIRAB]

rate” has “historically been $5 to $10 above the DCD rate.”

DeMello, mem. op. at 1.     Masui also stated that he “continue[d]

to reserve [his] objection to the setting of hourly rates by the

DCD and [LIRAB].”   DeMello, mem. op. at 2 (emphasis added).      In

addressing an argument by the employer in that case, Masui noted

that “[i]f hourly [rates] were freely established such rates

                                  29
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

would also parallel hourly rates customarily charged in the

legal community,” suggesting workers’ compensation attorneys

were not free to set their own hourly rates. Id. (emphasis

added).

    In this case, it appears LIRAB similarly relied on a

predetermined “approved hourly rate,” as it stated in its Order

reducing Masui’s requested hourly rate from $325 to $165 that

“[Masui’s] approved hourly rate for the period 2009 through 2012

was $165.00 per hour,” indicating that LIRAB had set Masui’s

hourly rate at $165 for those four years.

    HRS § 386-94 authorizes DCD and LIRAB to adjust an

attorney’s hourly rate when approving an attorney’s request for

fees.     The plain language of HRS § 386-94 provides factors that

may be considered, such as an attorney’s experience in workers’

compensation and the hourly rate customarily awarded to

attorneys possessing similar skills and experience, “[i]n

approving fee requests.”     The language of the statute does not

state, however, that DCD or LIRAB are authorized to set an

attorney’s hourly rate before a request for attorneys’ fees has

been submitted.

    Even if it could be argued that the statute’s language is

ambiguous in this regard, the legislative history of HRS

§ 386-94 clearly shows that the legislature did not intend to

allow DCD or LIRAB to set an attorney’s hourly rate before a

                                  30
 *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

request for attorneys’ fees has been submitted.           In adopting the

amended version of HRS § 386-94 in 2005, as noted, the

legislature explicitly rejected and abrogated the 2005 amendment

to HAR § 12-10-69(b) stating “The director shall determine the

maximum allowable hourly rate of the attorney and reasonable

time[10] allowable on each workers’ compensation case.”           The

legislature also rejected DLIR’s attempt to impose “arbitrary”

caps on attorneys’ fees out of concern that it would result in

“claimants being unable to secure attorneys” in workers’

compensation cases.      See H. Stand. Comm. Rep. No. 1527, in 2005

House Journal, at 1634.      As expressed by the legislature,

predetermining workers’ compensation attorneys’ hourly rates,

especially at rates lower than those approved in other types of

civil cases, may well discourage attorneys from accepting

workers’ compensation cases.

     Thus, the DCD and LIRAB are not authorized by HRS § 386-94

to predetermine workers’ compensation attorneys’ hourly rates,

and the DCD “Attorney Hourly Rate Increase Request” form’s

statement that HRS § 386-94 “requires” DCD to determine workers’

compensation attorneys’ “authorized” hourly rates is

10    We note that in this case, Masui’s hours were also reduced, but that
Masui has not challenged this basis of his fee reduction.

                                     31
 *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

unauthorized.11    See Haole v. State, 111 Hawai‘i 144, 152, 140
P.3d 377, 385 (2006) (“Administrative rules and regulations

which exceed the scope of the statutory enactment they were

devised to implement are invalid and must be struck down.”)

(citations omitted).

     LIRAB’s Order indicates LIRAB predetermined Masui’s hourly

rate “for the period 2009 through 2012” at $165.           Because it is

not within LIRAB’s statutory authority to predetermine an

attorney’s hourly rate to be applied to future cases, to the

extent LIRAB relied on a predetermined hourly rate for Masui in

reducing his requested hourly rate, it acted beyond its

statutory authority and abused its discretion.

C.   The ICA erred in holding that LIRAB adequately explained
     its reduction of Masui’s attorney’s fees

     Masui’s third question on certiorari is whether the ICA

erred in failing to find that LIRAB’s Order was arbitrary,

capricious, or characterized by an abuse of discretion.             In

order to determine whether LIRAB abused its discretion by

reducing Masui’s requested hourly rate, we must first determine

whether LIRAB’s explanation for its reduction is adequate to

enable judicial review.

11    While the amount awarded to the individual attorney in past cases may
be a relevant consideration in evaluating a fee request, particularly if
their qualifications have not changed, DCD and LIRAB nonetheless must make an
individualized determination of what constitutes “reasonable” fees in a given
case.

                                     32
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

     In its SDO, the ICA held LIRAB’s explanation for its

reduction of Masui’s hourly rate was adequate because “[t]he

burden is on the party seeking attorneys[’] fees to prove such

fees were reasonably and necessarily incurred,” citing a

concurrence in a non-workers’ compensation case.      Botelho, SDO

at 6 (citing DFS Group. L.P., 110 Hawaiʻi at 226, 131 P.3d at 509

(Moon, C.J., concurring)).    The ICA determined that because

Masui’s request for attorneys’ fees did not provide the

customary billing rates of Hawaiʻi lawyers practicing workers’

compensation secondary appeals or the customary billing rates of

any Hawai‘i appellate practitioners, LIRAB’s explanation was

adequate “based on the record before it.”     Botelho, SDO at 7.

     The ICA erred in holding that it was Masui’s burden to

prove that his requested fees were reasonable and by suggesting

that Masui should have submitted information regarding the

hourly rates of Hawaiʻi attorneys practicing workers’

compensation secondary appeals and the customary billing rates

of Hawai‘i appellate practitioners.    Botelho, SDO at 7.    HRS

§ 386-94 does not place a burden on the attorney seeking fees to

prove that such fees were reasonable.     Rather, the statute gives

the director, LIRAB, and courts the power to review fee requests

and provides factors that may be considered in awarding

reasonable attorneys’ fees.    The statute also does not require

                                 33
 *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

attorneys’ fee requests to include information about other

attorneys’ hourly billing rates.

     HAR § 12-10-69(a), which implements HRS § 386-94, similarly

contains no requirement that attorneys’ provide information

about other attorneys’ rates.        HAR § 12-10-69(a) requires

attorneys’ requests for fees to include a “breakdown of the time

expended and cost incurred in each activity up to and including

the date of the decision,” and it notes that the director “may

require additional details and justification of time billed or

costs claims.”     Furthermore, DLIR’s standard “request for

approval of attorney’s fees” form only lists as “required

attorney information” an attorney’s years of experience in

workers’ compensation cases, the number of cases that attorney

participated in before DCD in the last three years, and the

number of cases that attorney participated in before LIRAB in

the last three years.12      These requirements are permitted by

statute, as HRS § 386-94 allows for consideration of an

attorney’s experience in state workers’ compensation matters.

However, neither HAR § 12-10-69 nor DLIR’s “request for approval

of attorney’s fees” form requires attorneys to provide

information about other attorneys’ hourly rates.

12    Masui provided the “required attorney information” in his request for
attorney’s fees. Masui also attached a “breakdown of time expended and cost
incurred in each activity” related to the representation, as required by HAR
§ 12-10-69.

                                     34
 *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

     Therefore, no statute or rule required Masui to provide

information about the customary billing rates of Hawaiʻi lawyers

practicing workers’ compensation secondary appeals or of Hawai‘i

appellate practitioners.       Although HRS § 386-94 explicitly

allows consideration of “the hourly rate customarily awarded

attorneys possessing similar skills and experience” in awarding

attorneys’ fees, it appears it would be the director, LIRAB, and

the courts, and not individual attorneys, that have access to

that information, and attorneys may not know what other

attorneys charge per hour.

     In addition, LIRAB has an obligation to provide an adequate

explanation for its reduction of his rate pursuant to McLaren.13

In McLaren, this court held that DCD was “required to set forth

its reasons for reducing [an] attorney’s fees and costs” in

order to “enable appropriate review for abuse of discretion” in

awarding attorneys’ fees.       132 Hawaiʻi at 330-32, 321 P.3d at

681-82.   McLaren involved DCD’s unexplained reduction of an

attorney’s requested fees by 47%.         132 Hawaiʻi at 331, 321 P.3d

at 683.   This court reasoned that, because LIRAB may review

DCD’s award of attorneys’ fees for an abuse of discretion after

a de novo hearing pursuant to HRS § 386-87 (1993), DCD was

13    Notably, while the ICA determined that Masui’s application for
attorney’s fees did not provide relevant information, LIRAB’s Order did not
cite this lack of information as a reason for its reduction of Masui’s
requested hourly rate.

                                     35
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

required to “set forth its reasons for reducing an attorney’s

fee request for appropriate LIRAB and possible judicial review

of the reduction pursuant to HRS § 91-14.”      132 Hawaiʻi at 331,
321 P.3d at 682.     As HRS § 368-88 (2015) provides for judicial

review of LIRAB decisions, LIRAB must also provide an

explanation “sufficient to enable appropriate review for abuse

of discretion” when it amends an attorney’s requested fees.         132

Hawaiʻi at 331-32, 321 P.3d at 682-83.

     Following our decision in McLaren, the ICA appropriately

held in Pickett that an adequate explanation for a reduction of

fees requires more than a recitation of the factors LIRAB

considered.     Pickett, mem. op. at 9.   In Pickett, a case also

involving Masui, LIRAB reduced Masui’s requested hourly rate of

$210 to $165.     Pickett, mem. op. at 1-2.   While LIRAB provided

some explanation for its reduction, that explanation consisted

of factors LIRAB considered in determining Masui’s attorney’s

fees, a statement of Masui’s experience in workers’ compensation

and the number of clients he had represented before DCD and

LIRAB in the last three years, and a statement that the reduced

hourly rate was reasonable and “consistent with that customarily

awarded to attorneys possessing similar skills and experience

before the [LIRAB].”     Pickett, mem. op. at 2.

     The ICA held that LIRAB’s “recitation of factors enumerated

in HRS § 386-94 is not an explanation” for a decision to reduce

                                  36
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

requested attorneys’ fees, and that “LIRAB must base its

decision to award or reduce [an] attorney’s fees on properly

submitted evidence and its application of relevant factors in

arriving at a reasonable fee, not just conclusory statements or

beliefs about the factors it considers.”     Pickett, mem. op. at

7-8.

       Although Pickett was an unpublished disposition, the ICA’s

reasoning in that regard was sound.     Requiring LIRAB to do more

than recite its considerations and to explain how it applied

those considerations to its decision to reduce an attorney’s

requested hourly rate and fees is consistent with both the

legislature’s intent for DLIR to regulate claimant attorneys’

fees and its concern that arbitrary limitations on attorneys’

fees may result in claimants being unable to procure

representation.    While HRS § 386-94 does not require LIRAB to

consider the factors listed in the statute, judicial review for

an abuse of discretion requires that LIRAB provide reasoning for

how it awarded attorneys’ fees.     We therefore hold that, in

explaining its approval of attorney’s fees, LIRAB must provide

more than a recitation of the factors it considers, and it must

articulate how its considerations affected its ultimate

determination of attorneys’ fees.

       We note that while Pickett held that “LIRAB must base its

decision to award or reduce [an] attorney’s fees on properly

                                  37
 *** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

submitted evidence,” HRS § 386-94 does not limit LIRAB’s

considerations to submitted evidence.         Pickett, mem. op. at 8.

Rather, HRS § 386-94 provides a non-exhaustive list14 of factors

the director, LIRAB, or courts may consider, including “the

amount of fees awarded in similar cases, and “the hourly rate

customarily awarded attorneys possessing similar skills and

experience.”    Therefore, while LIRAB should consider the record

in awarding attorneys’ fees, its considerations are not limited

to the evidence.

     LIRAB’s explanation for its reduction of Masui’s hourly

rate in this case is almost identical to but even less detailed

than its explanation in Pickett, which was held insufficient.

Pickett, mem. op. at 1-2.       In Pickett, LIRAB stated that an

hourly rate of $165 was reasonable and “consistent with that

customarily awarded to attorneys possessing similar skills and

experience before the [LIRAB].”        Pickett, mem. op. at 2.       In

this case, LIRAB reduced Masui’s hourly rate to $165 without any

statement that such a rate was reasonable or consistent with

rates customarily awarded to attorneys of similar skill and

experience.    Instead, LIRAB stated that “[Masui’s] approved

hourly rate for the period 2009 through 2012 was $165.00 per

14    HRS § 386-94 states that DCD, LIRAB, or the court “may consider factors
such as” those listed. Therefore, according to the plain language of HRS
§ 386-94, the factors listed are not exhaustive.

                                     38
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

hour,” making it clear it relied on a predetermined hourly rate

in reducing Masui’s requested hourly rate.

    As in Pickett, LIRAB also recited its considerations in

reviewing Masui’s fee request.      Those factors included:

          [T]he benefits obtained for Claimant in this appeal, the
          novelty and difficulty of issues involved on appeal, the
          amount of fees awarded in similar appeals, and the hourly
          rate customarily awarded workers’ compensation attorneys
          possessing similar skills and experience, including
          Attorney’s years of practice in the field of workers’
          compensation law, the number of clients represented before
          the Board, as well as Attorney’s responsiveness and
          timeliness.

LIRAB also acknowledged that Masui had practiced workers’

compensation law for approximately 30 years and that he had

represented approximately 100 clients before DCD and 50 clients

before LIRAB in the past three years.       LIRAB did not, however,

explain how these considerations affected its decision to reduce

Masui’s requested hourly rate and attorney’s fees.

    Because LIRAB recited factors it considered in reducing

Masui’s requested attorney’s fees without explaining how it

applied these factors, LIRAB’s explanation for its reduction of

Masui’s hourly rate was inadequate.       Therefore, the ICA erred in

holding that LIRAB’s explanation was adequate, and we are unable

to review whether LIRAB abused its discretion in reducing

Masui’s requested hourly rate.

                           V.    Conclusion

    We therefore vacate the ICA’s December 6, 2019 judgment on

appeal and LIRAB’s April 20, 2016 attorney’s fee approval and

                                   39
*** FOR PUBLICATION IN WEST’S HAWAI‘I REPORTS AND PACIFIC REPORTER ***

order.   This case is remanded to LIRAB for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

Stanford H. Masui               /s/ Mark E. Recktenwald
for Petitioner
                                /s/ Paula A. Nakayama
Brian G.S. Choy and
Keith M. Yonamine               /s/ Sabrina S. McKenna
for Respondents
                                /s/ Richard W. Pollack

                                /s/ Michael D. Wilson

                                 40