Court Opinion

ID: 4232669
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-12-27 19:21:44.61238+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:09.552107
License: Public Domain

J-A12007-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

MAVERICK STEEL COMPANY L.L.C.                 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                    PENNSYLVANIA
                          Appellant

                     v.

DICK CORPORATION/BARTON MALOW, A
JOINT VENTURE; DICK CORPORATION
AND BARTON MALOW COMPANY

                          Appellees                No. 236 WDA 2016

              Appeal from the Judgment Entered March 9, 2016
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
                    Civil Division at No(s): GD 02-005580

BEFORE: OLSON, J., SOLANO, J., and RANSOM, J.

MEMORANDUM BY SOLANO, J.:                     FILED DECEMBER 27, 2017

      Appellant Maverick Steel Company L.L.C. (“Maverick”), the corporate

successor to Wilhelm & Kruse, Inc. (“W&K”), appeals from the judgment in

favor of Appellees Dick Corporation/Barton Malow, Dick Corporation, and

Barton Malow Company (collectively, “DBM”) that was entered following a

non-jury trial.   W&K was the steel fabricator for construction of the PNC

Stadium in Pittsburgh (“the Stadium Project”).   Maverick claims that DBM

interfered with W&K’s contractual relations with W&K’s bonding company,

United States Fidelity & Guaranty (“USF&G”), causing W&K to suffer financial

ruin and bankruptcy. After a careful review of the record and of Maverick’s

claims, we affirm.

      This is the second time this case has been before us. See Maverick

Steel Co. v. Dick Corp./Barton Malow, 54 A.3d 352 (Pa. Super. 2012),
J-A12007-17

appeal denied, 65 A.3d 415 (Pa. 2013).         We state the facts in a light

favorable to DBM, the verdict-winner. See Nicholas v. Hofmann, 158 A.3d
675, 688 (Pa. Super. 2017).

        On August 2, 1999, W&K entered into a structural steel subcontract

(“the Contract”) with DBM to provide steel for the Stadium Project.       The

Contract required W&K to obtain a performance bond, which USF&G issued

to W&K on August 2, 1999 (“the Performance Bond”). Maverick claims that

prior to the Stadium Project, W&K had “the highest rating which USF&G

gives to its potential contractors.” Maverick’s Brief at 13 (citing N.T. Trial

644).

        W&K was required to provide schedule information to DBM by late

August. It faxed that information on September 30, 1999. There also was a

delay of the date when W&K began erecting steel.         During trial, Jeffrey

Klinefelter, a scheduling expert and consultant retained by USF&G, opined

that the postponements were caused by delays by the piling contractor in

creating the building foundation and by delays and changes to the design

documents. N.T. Trial at 1112-13, 1133-34, 1163. However, John Reich, a

Barton Malow employee and DBM’s project director in charge of daily site

operations for the Stadium Project, testified that W&K never provided any

scheduling analysis to DBM explaining the reasons for its delays and never

submitted any quantification of how many days W&K was allegedly delayed.

Id. at 2575-76.

                                    -2-
J-A12007-17

      W&K had problems fabricating and delivering steel for the Stadium

Project throughout the remainder of 1999 and into 2000. In February 2000,

W&K submitted a “recovery” schedule — that is, a modified schedule which

accelerated the fabrication and erection process in an attempt to offset the

delays that had already occurred. By early March 2000, W&K’s problems —

particularly its fabrication and delivery delays — became a major concern for

DBM’s management team. DBM therefore met numerous times with W&K in

an effort to assist W&K in resolving its problems, wrote to W&K (without

including USF&G) about its concerns, and reminded W&K that “[p]roper

notice and justification must be provided to our office for any deviation from

the dates in your schedule[.]” DBM’s Ex. 214. DBM’s Reich later testified:

“[W]e brought [W&K] in and had a lot of meetings with them to find out

what the issues were and how we could help.” N.T. Trial at 2499. George L.

Harakal, Dick Corporation’s chief operating officer, testified that he arranged

the meetings between USF&G and DBM but that the meetings were not

productive. Id. at 3285.

      On March 3, 2000, DBM faxed W&K a list of the problems that its

engineer had observed at W&K’s facility.         Among other things, DBM

complained that it could not “obtain[] reliable information concerning

deliveries” and that “pieces” were being fabricated and “delivered out of

order” (that is, they were not delivered in accordance with prescribed

sequences for fabrication and assembly). DBM’s Ex. 41.

                                     -3-
J-A12007-17

     DBM was concerned that W&K was failing to adhere to the recovery

schedule and unable to manage its work properly and that W&K’s problems

were negatively impacting the schedule for the entire Stadium Project. See

DBM’s Exs. 74 & 77. In May 2000, DBM sought a meeting with W&K and

USF&G to discuss this issue. A May 17, 2000, letter from DBM to Stephen

Cacali, W&K’s bonding agent and insurance broker, stated:

     [USF&G] is aware that timely construction of PNC Park has been
     threatened by delays to [W&K]’s structural steel work. While
     [W&K] is of the opinion that responsibility for the delay rests
     with the [Stadium] Project[’]s Structural Engineers, please be
     advised that responsibility for the delay has not been finally
     determined or apportioned. It is also important to recognize
     that the financial exposure for late completion of the [Stadium]
     Project is severe with potential liquidated damages running as
     high as $6,000,000.00.

     . . . [I]t is critical that all efforts be made to mitigate delays so
     that the [Stadium] Project can be completed consistent with the
     Contract[’]s requirements. To date, [DBM] has been extremely
     frustrated with [W&K]’s responses to the delay. Our review of
     the facts indicates that [W&K] may not have the proper
     procedures in place to manage a contract of this magnitude.
     Our concern has been heightened by [W&K]’s failure to adhere
     to its own revised Project schedule . . . .

     [DBM] is committed to providing [W&K] with all necessary
     assistance to ensure the timely and satisfactory performance of
     its work. To this end, we request a meeting with authorized
     representatives of USF&G and [W&K] to ensure that both of you
     are equally committed to taking all the necessary steps to
     ensure [W&K]’s satisfactory and timely performance of its
     obligations.  The failure to do so will have grave financial
     consequences for all parties.

     Accordingly, upon receipt of this letter, please confirm that
     authorized representatives of USF&G and [W&K] will attend a
     jobsite meeting scheduled for May 23, 2000.

DBM’s Ex. 76.

                                     -4-
J-A12007-17

      At trial, the court asked Anthony Phillips, an USF&G underwriter, to

clarify whether USF&G “at least temporarily stopped bonding W&K” after

receiving this letter of May 17, 2000. N.T. Trial at 644 (citing DBM’s Ex. 76).

Phillips answered, “Yes, because it was required by the rules and regulations

by USF&G . . . that bonding would have to be temporarily cut off.” Id. He

continued that, “if it became more serious, like a Notice of Default, then

bonding would be permanently cut off.” Id.

      At the meeting on May 23, 2000, DBM told Phillips that “USF&G as

surety possibly need[ed] to step to the table when the funds run out.”

Maverick’s Ex. 229 (e-mail from Phillips, 5/24/00). On May 25, 2000, Cacali

wrote a memorandum to Barbara Henry at Kemper Insurance Company,

which had extended a conditional surety offer to W&K, stating that “[n]either

the Joint Venture [DBM] or Owner were motivated to drive [W&K] out of

business.”     Maverick’s Ex. 118 at 2.        During trial, Cacali attributed this

statement to a Barton Mallow executive, Glenn Little, and explained:

      He says our purpose isn’t to drive [W&K] out of business. I
      mean, we wanted to get this thing back on track. We’re all
      partners. I think it might have been him saying, “We’re all
      partners on this project. Let’s get it back on track.”

N.T. Trial at 753-54.

      On June 2, 2000, DBM sent a letter to Cacali warning that a “financial

review of W&K’s contract and information provided by W&K indicates that

W&K does not, at this time, have sufficient funds available under its contract

to   satisfy   its   contractual   obligations”   and   demanding   that   “USF&G

                                         -5-
J-A12007-17

immediately provide[ DBM], in writing, with adequate assurances that it will

advance [W&K] the necessary funding,” adding that there would be “serious

consequences to the [Stadium] Project and all parties if USF&G and [W&K]

fail to honor their contractual obligations.” Maverick’s Ex. 469. Two days

later, on June 6, 2000, DBM wrote to USF&G:

      [DBM] has serious concerns about [W&K]’s ability to perform its
      contractual obligations in connection with the [Stadium] Project.
      [W&K] has provided us financial information that indicates that
      its cost to complete construction exceeds contract funds.
      Moreover, [W&K] continually fails to deliver steel per the
      delivery dates it has previously provided to [DBM]. It simply
      does not appear to [DBM] that [W&K] has, at this time, the
      necessary resources to complete its contractual obligations. . . .
      [W]e expect USF&G and [W&K] to provide us with the
      assurances requested in our June 2, 2000 letter. Once again, we
      expect USF&G to fund [W&K]’s performance.

Maverick’s Ex. 215.

      On June 8, 2000, DBM sent W&K a notice of default.        Robert Wyatt

and Dino Persichetti, DBM project executives for the Stadium Project, sent

the following letter on to USF&G and W&K:

      Despite repeated warnings from [DBM], . . . [W&K] has failed
      and refused to prosecute its work with the necessary diligence to
      ensure completion of its work within the contract time. . . .

      Accordingly, [DBM] is providing both of you with formal notice
      that [DBM] is terminating [W&K]’s contract for the structural
      steel for default. The termination will be effective five (5) days
      from the date of this letter, or June 13, 2000.

Maverick’s Ex. 452 (“the Default Notice”).       In the letter, DBM sought

coverage from USF&G.      Id.   When asked during trial if he “sign[ed] and

sen[t]” the Default Notice “in an effort to try to put [W&K] out of business,”

                                    -6-
J-A12007-17

Persichetti replied, “Absolutely not.” N.T. Trial at 2782. Persichetti asserted

that there were no conversations “whatsoever” among those participating in

the decision to send the Default Notice that the Notice “might cause [W&K]

to be forced into bankruptcy.” Id. at 2961. He never thought about it and

“guess[ed] no one else did,” because he did not remember a discussion

about it.   Id. at 2962.   According to Persichetti, DBM issued the Default

Notice, because “we were concerned about the performance and getting the

project completed, and we weren’t getting assurances that schedules were

being met.” Id. at 2967. Harakal agreed:

      Q.    Once it became clear to you that USF&G was not going to
      support [W&K], did [DBM] then decide to issue the [Default
      Notice]?

      A.    We looked at that I think as our only option at that point.
      If they weren’t going to come to the table through a relationship
      type of arrangement, discussions, own up to their responsibility
      on their bond, then we’d have no choice but to also follow
      protocol and do exactly what their bond says, and that’s put
      them on notice that we have an issue, put their customer on
      notice that we have an issue, that we intend to default if it’s not
      cleared up.

      It was, to me, the logical next step and, frankly, the only
      leverage that we had, and by contract, what we had to do
      legally. . . .

      Q.    Was there any discussion among the people at [DBM] that
      the Default Notice might cause [W&K] difficulty in obtaining
      future bonding?

      A.    That wasn’t really any of our business. I don’t remember
      ever having that conversation with anybody.

Id. at 3287, 3365.

                                     -7-
J-A12007-17

     In June 2000, following the Default Notice, USF&G hired William

Chapman, a construction consultant, to investigate whether it should

continue to finance W&K or whether it should find another company to

complete the steel erection.      N.T. Trial at 3438-39, 3492, 3523-24.

Chapman explained that, when he reported back to USF&G, he “learned

from the conversations that USF&G said if there’s a default on the project,

they did not want to use [W&K]. They wanted to use an outside source.”

Id. at 3461. He continued:

     [A.] So the question they asked me was: “Can we find another
     fabricator?” . . . I said you can probably find another fabricator,
     but we do have some issues that need to be thought about
     before you make a decision.

     One, as it turned out, the steel had already been shipped to
     some different fabricators. As I understand it, the steel went to
     Texas, it went to Cleveland, and it went to Canada. I’m not sure
     how many different states, but steel had been shipped all over.

     So if you bring another contractor in to fabricate the steel, the
     first thing he’s got to do is find out where it is and determine
     whether he’s going to fabricate it or let them fabricate it.

     So it’s almost like you’re going to where the steel is to haul it out
     from one location to another.

     Q.    The fact that the steel was being fabricated all over the
     place, is that a problem? Did it present problems?

     A.    It would have presented a problem if you had tried to rebid
     it with another contractor, because that particular contractor-
     fabricator would need to — he would need to know where the
     steel was and what was available and start putting everything
     together.

     The real problem is that in my opinion, you would be losing
     probably six months of time, and that’s what I told USF&G; that
     if they got someone else and they went through all of those

                                     -8-
J-A12007-17

      processes, they may lose that much time and they needed to
      understand that.

      Q.       That loss of time would be a significant problem, wouldn’t
      it?

      A.   Well, if there are liquidated damages; for example, you
      have a six-month delay, that’s a problem.

Id. at 3461-62. Based upon Chapman’s advice, USF&G decided to continue

to fund W&K rather than pay for a replacement steel subcontractor.

      On June 12, 2000, on behalf of DBM, Reich wrote what has been

referenced in the case as “the Forbearance Letter,” a letter to USF&G and

W&K with a reference line “PNC Park W&K.” DBM’s Ex. 99. The Forbearance

Letter stated: “Both USF&G and W&K have been on notice for quite some

time that W&K has been in breach of its contract as a result of its failure to

perform consistent with its contractual obligations” and that “DBM had

demanded that USF&G provide adequate assurances that it would ensure

W&K’s performance by advancing W&K the necessary funds, and taking all

other steps to ensure W&K’s performance.”        Id.   The Forbearance Letter

continued: “USF&G has not yet provided DBM with adequate assurances of

W&K’s performance even though W&K is still not performing consistent with

its contractual obligations”; “DBM has nevertheless decided to exercise a

limited forbearance and not terminate W&K at this time in view of certain

statements made to DBM by W&K and USF&G . . . regarding W&K’s future

intentions.”     Id.   The Forbearance Letter concluded:    “USF&G has until

Tuesday, June 20, 2000 to render satisfactory performance of its obligations

                                      -9-
J-A12007-17

. . . if USF&G does not provide us with the performance required under its

bond, USF&G will be in default of its obligations.” Id.

      Reich later testified that after he wrote the Forbearance Letter, W&K

provided “some assurances that caused [him] to believe it would be better

for [DBM] to keep [W&K] on the project” than terminating it: “Specifically, I

think it was just that we could maintain [W&K’s] erection crews and

fabrication and all of the fabrication plans, and that they would assist us in

managing that process”; “[s]o we jumped in and agreed, okay, we’ll do that

jointly together and we’ll keep you under contract.” N.T. Trial at 2533-34.

Reich continued that there were “some conversations with USF&G that they

were going to step in and provide some funding” and that “the project would

be better served at this point in time based on what [he] had heard from

[W&K], to keep [W&K] on the project as opposed to terminating their

contract.” Id. Reich testified that these reassurances were “not just from

[W&K], but from USF&G, who was [W&K’s] surety.” Id. Harakal explained

that after “[t]he Default Notice gets issued,” DBM “look[ed] at how we’re

going to finish the job.   The decision is made not to default, but to work

through the process with [W&K].” Id. at 3389.

      Persichetti confirmed that the Forbearance Letter “was written to

protect our rights on the [Stadium P]roject.”       N.T. Trial at 2769.    He

explained that USF&G “got involved in the project,” and DBM “started

getting some assurances from both [W&K] and [USF&G] that they were

going to step in and . . . complete the project on time.” Id.

                                    - 10 -
J-A12007-17

       When asked if he thought that DBM “was trying to put [W&K] out of

business in June of 2000,” Patrick Carnevale, a W&K employee, answered:

“I don’t think anybody intended to put anybody out of business.” N.T. Trial

at 3079.    Asked if he “anticipate[d] any type of lawsuit having to do with

whether or not [DBM] intended to bankrupt [W&K],” Carnevale answered,

“Not at that time, no.” Id. at 3080.

       Despite    DBM’s      Forbearance       Letter,   W&K’s   financial   problems

deepened. On June 21, 2000, by a letter referencing a “Notice of Defaults

and Demand for Payment,” National City Bank (“NCB”) notified W&K that it

was in default on its bank loans. DBM’s Ex. 104. James T. Moorehead, the

NCB executive who handled the bank’s loans to W&K, testified that, as of

May 31, 2000, W&K was out of compliance by $2,600,000 on its $5,000,000

line of credit and that NCB considered that to be a material violation of

W&K’s loan agreements.           DBM’s Ex. 104; N.T. Trial at 1413.      In addition,

W&K’s financial condition, properties, and business operations had been

materially and adversely affected as a result of the disputes between W&K

and DBM regarding the Stadium Project, as stated in the Default Notice.

DBM’s Ex. 104; N.T. Trial at 1391-94. Moorehead said these were the “main

reasons” for NCB’s notice of default and that he did not believe NCB would

have sent the notice if it were not for these two factors. Id. at 1393-94.1

____________________________________________
1  Moorehead further testified that NCB would have been looking at the
following three defaults, even if it had not received a copy of the Default
Notice: (1) a revolving credit note dated February 28, 1995, in the original
amount of $850,000 executed by W&K; (2) a commercial note dated
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
                                          - 11 -
J-A12007-17

As a result of the various defaults, W&K became liable for immediate

repayment of $15.3 million to NCB., in addition to the $8,500,000 W&K

owed to USF&G.        DBM’S Exs. 99 & 104; Maverick’s Ex. 731; N.T. Trial at

409-13, 423, 427, 552, 1367-68, 1375, 1388-89, 1401-03, 1405, 1413,

1981-82, 1713-17, 2000, 2192-93, 3366-67. W&K’s president and its chief

financial officer testified at trial that W&K was required to disclose these

amounts on its financial statements and thereafter was unable to obtain

credit from another bank or bonding company.         Id. at 416-17, 419-20,

2000-01.

      Between June 23 and July 7, 2000, DBM provided W&K with

$1,648,293.15 to fund W&K’s various debts related to the completion of the

Stadium Project, including payments to W&K’s subcontractors and suppliers

and for union fringe benefits and salaries. Maverick’s Ex. 429. On July 12,

2000, DBM, USF&G, and W&K executed an Interim Funding Agreement

(“IFA”) to fund W&K’s work on the Stadium Project.       Maverick’s Ex. 429.

Under the IFA: DBM “agree[d] to make available funds for the prosecution

and completion of the [Stadium Project] by W&K” of $9,400,000.00, in

addition to the contributions it had made to W&K in June 2000 and earlier in

July 2000, and USF&G agreed to pay $4,700,000.00 towards completion of

(Footnote Continued) _______________________
November 23, 1998, in the original principal amount of $1,290,000, and (3)
a commercial note dated February 8, 1998, in the original amount of
$202,482.69. DBM’s Ex. 104.

                                         - 12 -
J-A12007-17

the Stadium Project.        Id. at 1, 4 ¶¶ 1-2.    DBM agreed to withdraw the

Default Notice. Id. at 4 ¶ 11.2 The IFA also stated, in relevant part:

        12. Except as expressly amended or modified in this [IFA], all
        terms and conditions of the Bond remain in full force and effect
        as written, except to the extent it may have been heretofore
        discharged, and all parties to this [IFA] expressly reserve all of
        their rights, defenses, privileges, remedies, and interests
        pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Bond and pursuant
        to applicable law. DBM maintains its position that nothing has
        heretofore discharged the Bond.         This [IFA] shall neither
        constitute not be interpreted as a waiver by or estoppel against
        any party to assert any such right, defense, privilege, remedy,
        or interest. . . .

        14. The terms of [W&K]’s Contract remain in full force and
        effect. . . .

Id. at 4-5 ¶¶ 12, 14.

        Harakal testified that he signed the IFA on behalf of DBM and

participated in its negotiation; he stated that, ultimately, DBM’s payment to

W&K or its vendors was about $16,000,000.            N.T. Trial at 3302-03.    He
____________________________________________
2   The IFA stated:

        9.     . . . Nothing herein, however, is intended to excuse in any
        way any claimed W&K performance failures prior to the
        execution of this [IFA], or diminish DBM’s position that it was
        justified in default/terminating W&K’s Contract and seeking to
        exercise its rights under the Bond. . . .

        11. DBM       withdraws      its   June    8,   2000     notice   of
        default/termination to W&K; however, DBM does not by doing so
        waive its claims that W&K has failed to perform consistent with
        its contractual obligations and it is agreed that withdrawal of that
        notice is not an admission or an acknowledgement by DBM that
        the [Default N]otice was not properly issued, or that DBM did not
        properly trigger USF&G’s obligations under the Bond, or that
        USF&G’s obligations have heretofore been discharged.

Maverick’s Ex. 429, at 3-4 ¶¶ 9, 11.

                                          - 13 -
J-A12007-17

asserted that the payments made by DBM were subject to a reservation of

rights, that DBM was not admitting that W&K was owed money, and that

DBM had paid the vendors of W&K that DBM “believed were necessary to

keep the steelwork moving [and] necessary to support the project

schedule.” Id. at 3304.

     Harakal stated that the money DBM contributed under the IFA “came

from the contingency account and also from some of our fee[.]” N.T. Trial at

3300. His testimony continued:

     Q.    And did you use some of the fee money that you were paid
     from the owner to fund [W&K]’s work?

     A.    Yes.

     Q.    Did you feel that [W&K] was owed that money?

     A.   No. The [Stadium P]roject needed the money . . . to be
     completed. . . . [T]he contract was $20 million, that’s what I felt
     [W&K] was owed, the $20 million.

     If the[re] were changes, legitimate changes on top of that, then
     the Change Order would have been issued, and he would have
     gotten more money out of it. $20 million, and then add 16 to it,
     and you are $36 million, that’s a lot of money.

     Q.     Was using both money from [DBM]’s contingency, as well
     as fee that it was paid by the owner, one of the ways that you
     felt [DBM] supported [W&K] on the [Stadium Project]?

     A.    Yes.

Id. at 3300-01.     Harakal explained the significance of DBM’s use of

contingency funds as follows:

     Our only access to funds, being [DBM], are the contract funds.
     We used the contingency money and fee money to fund the

                                   - 14 -
J-A12007-17

     remaining structural steel project, and I have to say it wasn’t an
     easy task.

     The [Public Auditorium Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny
     County] did not want us to do that. They were adamant about
     it. John Lloyd [of Pittsburgh Associates, the Pittsburgh Pirates’
     construction representative,] said, “Absolutely not. You are not
     going to use that money for helping a sub that’s in trouble.
     That’s not the intent,” in their opinion.

     We went through a tremendous amount of effort to get them to
     release that money. We’re in the summer, fall of 2000 leading
     into the completion of the project. They finally do relent.

     At no time during that operation, during that discussion that’s
     going on is anybody talking to insurance companies. Nobody is
     talking to about getting this money replenished.

     We’re looking at, okay, it’s contingency money. We got to get
     this job done. That’s what it is there for. Let’s just put it out
     there. Let’s get the job done and see what happens.

     So we’re out the money without any guarantees, any guarantees
     of getting paid back. We’re talking contingency. The job is not
     anywhere near completion. We have a long way to go.

     Typically that contingency money is used towards the end of the
     job for acceleration issues, for change issues, for whatever
     comes up. Whatever unforeseen issue pops up, we reach in that
     pot and pull it out. Hopefully there’s some left at the end of the
     job.

     We’re expending that money earlier than we had planned on
     spending. So we’re in a hot seat.

     . . . Now, if you get to the end of the job, there’s no money left
     in that pot, the job is not done, it’s coming out of our pocket to
     finish it.

     . . . [A]t the time we decide to assist [W&K] to the completion of
     the job, and go into the [IFA] with USF&G, and put all of that
     money at risk, we have no clue there’s going to be a settlement
     on this job.

                                   - 15 -
J-A12007-17

       It appears, from what I’m listening here today, that you’re trying
       to wrap that into it and say, [‘]Well, these guys knew that if they
       were able to default [W&K], the insurance would cover it, they’d
       get their money back, there’s no risk.[’]

       Absolutely not. We were at risk for this money, until the time
       that a check was actually cut to [DBM]. And how that all came
       down then played out over basically ten months.

N.T. Trial at 3389-93.

       By September 2000, W&K had significant accounts receivable and

accounts payable, along with major underbillings and borrowings, as

demonstrated by its end-of-month balance sheets. DBM’s Exs. 116 & 117.

On December 26, 2000, W&K restructured its loans and obtained an

additional $1,200,000 in credit from NCB. DBM’s Ex. 126. As part of the

restructuring agreement, W&K agreed either to provide an acceptable

repayment plan by June 30, 2001 for a portion of its loans totaling

$5,400,000 or to “begin a principal payment of $100,000 per month

beginning 6/30/01.”          Id.    By December 31, 2000, W&K had drawn

$8,360,000 on its lines of credit from NCB. N.T. Trial at 2118. On January

4, 2001, W&K and NCB executed an Amended and Restated Credit

Agreement for seven notes with principal amounts totaling $11,340,147.30.

DBM’s Exs. 131-139; N.T. Trial 1313.

       Despite its financial difficulties, W&K successfully completed the

stadium steel erection sometime during this period.        N.T. Trial at 3352.3

____________________________________________
3  In its brief to this Court, Maverick states that the steel erection was
completed on September 8, 2000, Maverick’s Brief at 12; however, the
citation it provides — N.T. Trial at 3352 — does not give a specific date,
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
                                          - 16 -
J-A12007-17

Indeed, it did so within 21 weeks — ten weeks less than the 31 weeks

originally allowed in the Contract. Id. at 1141-42.

      By the fall of 2001, W&K’s downward financial spiral led to bankruptcy.

On May 1, 2001, NCB debited W&K’s account for failing to pay down its

revolving credit note. N.T. Trial at 2127-28. According to its end-of-month

balance sheet for June 2001, W&K had minimal cash and massive accounts

receivable, accounts payable, and borrowings.        DBM’s Ex. 152. In August

2001, W&K announced a plan to create a new company in its place, DBM’s

Ex. 158; N.T. Trial at 1528-29, and it assigned its claims for costs and

expenses under the Contract to USF&G. DBM’s Ex. 157; N.T. Trial at 446.

On October 30, 2001, five of W&K’s creditors filed a petition under Chapter 7

of the United States Bankruptcy Code for W&K’s dissolution.        Second Am.

Compl., 5/22/03, at 17 ¶ 70.

      On November 21, 2001, Maverick was created and purchased W&K’s

assets.   Maverick’s Ex. 598.       The assets “included all of W&K’s remaining

rights under” the Contract, Second Am. Compl., 5/22/03, at 17 ¶ 71, along

with “W&K’s other claims against [DBM] that were not based on” the

Contract “and were not assigned to USF&G.”            Id. at 17-18 ¶ 71.     In

December 2001, NCB obtained a confessed judgment against W&K in the

amount of $11,253,812.06. DBM’s Ex. 161.

(Footnote Continued) _______________________
stating only that, “[a]fter the Default Notice, [W&K] actually finished the
job.” Id. The stadium was eventually completed in 2001.

                                         - 17 -
J-A12007-17

      On May 22, 2002, Maverick filed this lawsuit against DBM, averring

breach of contract, fraud, conspiracy, trade libel, and intentional interference

with business relationships. Eventually, all of Maverick’s claims other than

contractual interference were dismissed or withdrawn.          The contractual

interference claim averred that “DBM falsely asserted that W&K was in

default [of its structural steel sub-contract with DBM], knowing that it was

not, with the intention of extorting funds from USF&G to cover the extensive

cost overruns for the structural steel on the [Stadium P]roject” and that this

act made W&K unable to obtain future financing and led to its financial

demise. Maverick’s Am. Pretrial Statement at 75-76. The trial court denied

DBM’s pre-trial motions for judgment on the pleadings and summary

judgment with regard to Maverick’s intentional interference count, and that

claim was tried non-jury between November 1 and 8, 2010.

      During trial, when asked if he ever “want[ed] to put [W&K] out of

business,” Reich answered, “No, absolutely not.”          N.T. Trial at 2598.

Persichetti also testified as follows:

      Q.   Now, did you ever direct [W&K]’s vendors or
      subcontractors, did you ever advise them about [W&K]’s
      payment bond in an effort to financially hurt [W&K]?

      A.    No. Only to protect our rights.

      Q.    Did you ever tell [W&K]’s vendors or subcontractors about
      [W&K]’s payment bond in an effort to drive [W&K] out of
      business?

      A.    No, that was never the intent.

                                         - 18 -
J-A12007-17

Id. at 2781-82. Similarly, when Harakal was asked if he “want[ed] to put

[W&K] out of business,” he answered, “Absolutely not.” Id. at 3295.

     Harakal also gave the following testimony:

     Q.  And do you recall [DBM] ever advising the vendors about
     [W&K]’s payment bond?

     A.    I don’t know if that actually happened. That would be the
     normal course of events. . . . [T]hat’s the way the contracts are
     set up. If there’s a payment bond in place, then that vendor
     would have to go through the process, go through that
     subcontract’s payment bond.

     We actually did have an obligation to supply that information.
     It’s a public job, publicly-bid job.

     Q.  Did [DBM] ever tell any W&K vendors about a [W&K]
     payment bond in an effort to try and put financial strain on
     [W&K]?

     A.     I would not say that -- to that extent, no, not to purposely
     put a strain on them, but just the normal course of events, we
     would say there is a payment bond available that you can go
     after.

     Q.  All right. Would you ever advise the vendors about a
     payment bond to try and put [W&K] out of business?

     A.    No.

Id. at 3305-06.

     David Hussey, USF&G’s chief underwriter responsible for the eastern

half of the United States during the Stadium Project, testified that he was

aware of the Default Notice. N.T. Trial at 3210. His testimony continued:

     Q.    And if a new client came into USF&G that had been
     defaulted on a bond issued by another bonding company,
     wouldn’t they be required to report to you, USF&G, that they had
     been defaulted?

                                   - 19 -
J-A12007-17

      A.   . . . It would certainly be in the best interests that the
      agent put that on the table. Not all agents would. . . .

      Q.    Isn’t there an application the contractor has to fill out in
      order to get performance bonds?

      A.     No. There’s a contractor’s questionnaire that is usually
      filled out at some point.

      Q.    Does the contractor’s questionnaire ask if the contractor
      has ever been defaulted?

      A.    Yes, it does.

      Q.    So if a contractor is truthful when he makes his
      application, he does have to tell the new bonding company that
      he had been defaulted. Is that a fair statement?

      A.    That’s a fair statement.

Id. at 3211-12.

      On February 10, 2011, the trial court entered a directed verdict in

favor of DBM on the ground that the gravamen of Maverick’s claim was trade

libel and the claim therefore was barred by a one-year statute of limitations.

Maverick filed a notice of appeal, and, on August 21, 2012, this Court

reversed, holding that the action was not grounded in trade libel and that it

was timely filed within the applicable two-year statute of limitations;    we

remanded for further proceedings. Maverick, 54 A.3d at 354-58.

      On April 8, 2014, the trial court ordered the parties to submit findings

of fact and conclusions of law based on the trial record made in 2010.

Order, 4/8/14.    The parties complied, and on January 25, 2016, the trial

court entered the following verdict:

                                       - 20 -
J-A12007-17

      The evidence introduced at trial . . . failed to convince [the trial
      court] that:

            a)     [DBM] intended to          harm   W&K’s     contractual
            relationship with [USF&G];

            b)    [DBM] acted in bad faith; or

            c)    [DBM’s] conduct caused USF&G to stop bonding W&K
            or forced W&K into bankruptcy.

      Verdict is therefore rendered in favor of [DBM].

Non-Jury Verdict, 1/25/16; see also Trial Ct. Op., 7/27/16, at 3.

      Maverick did not file a post-trial motion.     Instead, on February 15,

2016, Maverick filed a notice of appeal to this Court.       On March 9, 2016,

DBM filed a praecipe for judgment, and the entry of judgment then made the

trial court’s decision appealable.   See Pa.R.A.P. 301.    We treat Maverick’s

appeal as having been filed as of that date. See Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(5).

      Maverick presents the following questions for our consideration:

      1.     Did [Maverick] prove a prima facie case for intentional
      interference with contractual relationships?

      2.    Did the [trial c]ourt commit an error of law in holding that
      an actual intent to harm was a required element for the tort of
      intentional interference with contractual relationships?

      3.     Did the [trial c]ourt commit an error of law in holding that
      bad faith was a required element for the tort of intentional
      interference with contractual relationships?

      4.    Did the [trial c]ourt employ an incorrect legal standard in
      its analysis of the causation issue?

      5.    Were the [trial c]ourt’s findings that DBM’s conduct did not
      result in an interference with W&K’s relationship with its bonding
      company or cause W&K to go out of business contrary to the
      overwhelming and manifest weight of the evidence?

                                     - 21 -
J-A12007-17

Maverick’s Brief at 4 (answers omitted).

     Our standard of review follows:

     Our appellate role in cases arising from non-jury trial verdicts is
     to determine whether the findings of the trial court are
     supported by competent evidence and whether the trial court
     committed error in any application of the law. The findings of
     fact of the trial judge must be given the same weight and effect
     on appeal as the verdict of a jury. We consider the evidence in a
     light most favorable to the verdict winner. We will reverse the
     trial court only if its findings of fact are not supported by
     competent evidence in the record or if its findings are premised
     on an error of law. However, where the issue concerns a
     question of law, our scope of review is plenary.

     The trial court’s conclusions of law on appeal originating from a
     non-jury trial are not binding on an appellate court because it is
     the appellate court’s duty to determine if the trial court correctly
     applied the law to the facts of the case.

Bank of N.Y. Mellon v. Bach, 159 A.3d 16, 19 (Pa. Super.) (citation

omitted), appeal denied, 170 A.3d 1019 (Pa. 2017).

     In our earlier decision in this case, we explained:

     Tortious interference with prospective or existing contractual
     relations consists of the following elements:

        (1) the existence of a contractual, or prospective
        contractual relation between the complainant and a third
        party;

        (2) purposeful action on the part of the defendant,
        specifically intended to harm the existing relation, or to
        prevent a prospective relation from occurring;

        (3) the absence of privilege or justification on the part of
        the defendant; and

        (4) the occasioning of actual legal damage as a result of
        the defendant’s conduct.

                                    - 22 -
J-A12007-17

       In determining whether a particular course of conduct is
       improper for purposes of setting forth a cause of action for
       intentional interference with contractual relationships, or, for
       that matter, potential contractual relationships, the court must
       look to section 767 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts. This
       section provides the following factors for consideration: 1) the
       nature of the actor’s conduct; 2) the actor’s motive; 3) the
       interests of the other with which the actor’s conduct interferes;
       4) the interests sought to be advanced by the actor; 5) the
       proximity or remoteness of the actor’s conduct to interference,
       and 6) the relationship between the parties.

Maverick, 54 A.3d at 354–55 (citation omitted).4

       Maverick’s issues require us to determine whether the trial court erred

in concluding that Maverick failed to prove the elements of this claim.

Because the first element — existence of a contractual relation between

W&K and its surety, USF&G — is undisputed, Maverick’s Brief at 26; DBM’s

Brief at 25; Second Am. Compl., 5/22/03, at ¶ 124; Maverick, 54 A.3d at

353, our analysis focuses on the remaining elements. Because we conclude

that the second and third elements of the tort are dispositive here, we do

not reach Maverick’s questions relating to whether DBM’s conduct actually

caused an impairment of W&K’s relationship with USF&G or caused W&K’s

damages.

____________________________________________
4 The trial court’s opinion correctly identified these four elements and the six
factors to consider when determining whether conduct is improper under
Section 767 of the Second Restatement of Torts; it then adopted DBM’s
Proposed Findings of Fact, 5/12/14, at 1-253, 255-398, 423-515 and
Proposed Conclusions of Law, 5/12/14, for the second through fourth
elements of tortious interference. Trial Ct. Op., 7/27/16, at 2-3 (citing
Maverick, 54 A.2d at 353, 355).            The trial court’s opinion made no
additional findings and provided no other analysis. See generally id.

                                          - 23 -
J-A12007-17

            Purposeful Action Specifically Intended to Harm

      The trial court’s decision stated that Maverick failed to prove that DBM

“intended to harm W&K’s contractual relationship with” USF&G.          Non-Jury

Verdict, 1/25/16.    Maverick contends that the trial court erred because

“[a]ctual intent to interfere is not required” to prove tortious interference,

and the trial court misapplied controlling law in holding otherwise.

Maverick’s Brief at 39. Maverick continues:

      [T]he law is clear that the plaintiff need not establish actual
      intent. Rather, it is sufficient that the actor has reason to know
      that his actions will result in interference. The Restatement 2d
      of Torts, Section 766 is directly on point. As stated in Comment
      j:

         It (the rule) applies also to intentional interference, as that
         term is defined in Section 8A, in which the actor does
         not act for the purpose of interfering with the
         contract or desire it, but knows that the interference
         is certain or substantially certain to occur as a result
         of his action.

      . . . Since [the trial court] failed to recognize or apply this
      controlling legal precept, [its] decision is legally erroneous and
      must be reversed.

Maverick’s Brief at 39, 42 (emphasis in original).      Maverick also contends

that even if specific intent were required, the evidence established “specific[]

inten[t] to harm the existing relation” with USF&G. Id. at 26.

      DBM maintains that the trial court “correctly required Maverick to

establish that DBM specifically intended to harm W&K and properly held that

Maverick failed to do so.” DBM’s Brief at 53. DBM argues:

      [The trial court] did not require Maverick to prove actual intent.
      Instead, while [the trial court] held that the evidence had not

                                     - 24 -
J-A12007-17

      convinced [it] that “DBM had intended to harm W&K’s relation
      with USF&G” in [its] Order, [it] issued an Opinion (a) citing the
      interference claim’s four elements from the Prior Opinion and (b)
      adopting    (in   pertinent   part)   DBM’s     legal   argument
      acknowledging that Maverick could have satisfied the claim’s
      second element by introducing evidence establishing that DBM
      knew that the Default Notice was certain or substantially certain
      to interfere with that relationship but failed to introduce any
      such evidence. [Trial Ct. Op., 7/27/16, at 2.]

Id.

      As we observed in our first opinion in this case, we look to Section 767

of the Second Restatement of Torts when assessing a tortious interference

claim. Maverick, 54 A.3d at 355. Comment d to Section 767 states:

      Since interference with contractual relations is an intentional
      tort, it is required that in any action based upon §§ 766
      [intentional interference with performance of contract by third
      person],    766A     [intentional interference  with  another’s
      performance of his own contract] or 766B [intentional
      interference with prospective contractual relation] the injured
      party must show that the interference with his contractual
      relations was either desired by the actor or known by him
      to be a substantially certain result of his conduct.

Id. (emphasis added). Thus, Maverick did not have to establish that DBM

acted for the sole purpose of interfering with its contract with USF&G.     It

needed to establish only that DBM knew or should have known that such

interference would actually occur or had a substantial certainty of occurring

— specifically, that DBM was aware that improperly declaring a default on

this Project would impair W&K’s contractual relationship with USF&G and

lead to significant financial harm to the company.

      The competent evidence of record supports the trial court’s finding

that Maverick failed to meet this burden.    Even applying the definition of

                                    - 25 -
J-A12007-17

intent set forth in the Restatement, Maverick did not establish that DBM

intended to harm W&K or to prevent it from obtaining bonds from USF&G on

projects other than the Stadium Project.

      Harakal testified that he “absolutely” did not want to put W&K out of

business.   N.T. Trial at 3295.   He also testified that, when DBM informed

W&K’s vendors about the Performance Bond, it was “not to purposely put a

[financial] strain on [W&K]” or to “put [W&K] out of business.” Id. at 3305-

06.

      Persichetti testified that he did not advise W&K’s vendors or

subcontractors about W&K’s payment bond in an effort to financially hurt

W&K or to drive W&K out of business. N.T. Trial at 2781-82. When asked if

he “sign[ed] and sen[t]” the Default Notice “in an effort to try to put [W&K]

out of business,” he replied, “Absolutely not.”    Id. at 2782.    Persichetti

further asserted that there were no conversations “whatsoever” among

those who participated in the decision to send the Default Notice about

whether it “might cause [W&K] to be forced into bankruptcy.” Id. at 2961.

He never thought about that question and “guess[ed] no one else did,”

because he did not remember a discussion about it. Id. at 2962.

      When Reich was asked if he “want[ed] to put [W&K] out of business,”

he answered, “No, absolutely not.” N.T. Trial at 2598.

      As the trier of fact, the trial court was free to believe these denials.

The credibility of witnesses is for the trial court, and we will not second-

guess its credibility determinations.   Stamerro v. Stamerro, 889 A.2d

                                    - 26 -
J-A12007-17

1251, 1257–58, 1261 (Pa. Super. 2005); Commonwealth v. A.W. Robl

Transp., 747 A.2d 400, 403 (Pa. Super.), appeal denied, 764 A.2d 1063

(Pa. 2000).

      Moreover, the record shows that W&K’s own people also did not

discern any intent to harm W&K’s existing relationships. Carnevale testified

that he “[did]n’t think anybody intended to put anybody out of business,”

and he did not “anticipate any type of lawsuit having to do with whether or

not [DBM] intended to bankrupt [W&K] . . . at that time.”         N.T. Trial at

3079-80. When explaining a memorandum in which he wrote, “Neither the

Joint Venture [DBM] or Owner were motivated to drive [W&K] out of

business,” Maverick’s Ex. 118, Cacali specifically testified that Little said in

May 2000 that DBM’s “purpose isn’t to drive [W&K] out of business.” N.T.

Trial at 753-54.

      Throughout its brief to this Court, Maverick makes sweeping and

unsupported assertions about how DBM’s actions prove an unlawful intent,

but we find those assertions unpersuasive. See Maverick’s Brief at 26-30.

According to Maverick, DBM’s specific intent to harm “began with the

issuance of” the May 17, 2000, letter from DBM to Cacali. Id. (citing DBM’s

Ex. 76), which made claims about “serious problems with [W&K]’s

performance” that Maverick insists were false.     Id. (citing DBM’s Ex. 76).

Maverick then cites the following additional “intentional actions”: (1) DBM’s

June 2, 2000 letter to Cacali about W&K’s performance problems and

contractual obligations; (2) DBM’s June 6, 2000, letter to USF&G reiterating

                                     - 27 -
J-A12007-17

its “serious concerns” about W&K’s performance; (3) DBM’s June 8, 2000

“wrongful” Default Notice; and (4) the July 12, 2000 “forced” entry by

USF&G and W&K into the IFA. Maverick’s Brief at 28-30 (citing Maverick’s

Exs. 469, 215, 452 & 429, respectively). Maverick contends: “[A]lthough

DBM’s primary intent was to extort money from [W&K]’s bonding company

to subsidize the costs of the structural steel cost overruns, DBM had to be

aware (and had to be substantially certain) that its actions would result in

interference with the contractual relationship between [W&K] and USF&G.”

Maverick’s Brief at 40 (emphasis in original).

      We disagree.     The evidence of record established that DBM had

months of dialogue with W&K about its performance problems before

notifying USF&G about them in May 2000 and then meeting with W&K and

USF&G later that month. As early as August 30, 1999, DBM wrote to W&K

about W&K’s failure to provide a contractually-required supply schedule that

reflected the timeline DBM wished to achieve.      DBM’s Exs. 27 & 28.      On

March 3, 2000, DBM faxed W&K a list of the problems that its engineer had

observed at W&K’s facility, including that “[t]he greatest problem at [W&K’s]

site is obtaining reliable information concerning deliveries” and that “pieces”

are fabricated and “delivered out of order,” including “individual sequences

within a sequence.” DBM’s Ex. 41. On June 2, 2000, DBM wrote to Cacali

about DBM’s concerns that W&K would not be able to satisfy its contractual

obligations. Maverick’s Ex. 469. Reich testified that DBM “brought W&K in

                                    - 28 -
J-A12007-17

and had a lot of meetings with them to find out what the issues were and

how we could help.” N.T. Trial at 2499.

       The evidence also established that in taking these actions, DBM

invoked its express rights under the Contract and the Performance Bond

after W&K’s problems and delays jeopardized the timely completion of PNC

Park and exposed DBM, W&K, and USF&G to significant liquidated damages.

See DBM’s Ex. 76; N.T. Trial at 3461-62. Harakal testified that DBM issued

the Default Notice because it was “exactly what their bond says and [that]

put them on notice that we have an issue” and was, “by contract, what we

had to do legally.” Id. at 3287. He further testified that he did not recall

any discussions among DBM’s representatives that the Default Notice might

cause W&K difficulty in obtaining future bonding. Id. at 3365. Persichetti

confirmed that DBM issued the Default Notice because “we were concerned

about the performance and getting the project completed, and we weren’t

getting assurances that schedules were being met.” Id. at 2967.

       Finally, Maverick’s brief highlights two pieces of evidence5 that, it

contends, “make it obvious that DBM was ‘substantially certain’ that its

____________________________________________
5 In its brief, Maverick actually cites to four pieces of evidence. Maverick’s
Brief at 40-42. However, two of these items were inadmissible and cannot
be considered here. One is a deposition given by John Lloyd of Pittsburgh
Associates on February 5, 2004, in another lawsuit, U.S. Fid. & Guar. Co.
v. Dick Corp./Barton Malow (W.D. Pa. Dkt. Nos. 2001-0698 and 2001-
1638); because neither that transcript nor a cited exhibit from it were
admitted into evidence in this action, we disregard them. The other is
testimony by Harakal about a letter that was marked but not admitted as
Maverick’s Ex. 193, but the trial court struck that testimony as hearsay, N.T.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)
                                          - 29 -
J-A12007-17

wrongful acts would result in both an interference as well as substantial

economic harm to” W&K. Maverick’s Brief at 41-42. First, Maverick states:

“David Hussey, the Regional Manager for USF&G, testified that a default on a

project this size would prevent a contractor from getting further bonds in the

future [N.T. Trial at 3120-12].”        Maverick’s Brief at 41.   But Hussey was

from USF&G, and there is no evidence that he discussed this view with DBM.

The other fact emphasized by Maverick is that “Dick Corporation, itself, had

been involved in a similar case where its wrongful actions caused Dick’s

subcontractor to be unable to obtain future bonding.” Id. (citing Allied Fire

& Safety Equip. Co. v. Dick Enters., Inc., 972 F. Supp. 922 (E.D. Pa.

1997)). But there was no testimony at trial that anyone from DBM involved

in the Stadium Project knew about the Allied case. Thus, neither of these

pieces of evidence undermines the trial court’s finding regarding DBM’s lack

of intent.

      Consequently, we hold that the finding of the trial court that there was

no action on DBM’s part specifically intended to harm the existing

relationship between W&K and USF&G is supported by competent evidence.

                        Justification for DBM’s Conduct

      The third requirement of tortious interference is an absence of

privilege or justification on the part of the defendant.      Maverick contends

that the trial court failed to make an appropriate finding regarding this

(Footnote Continued) _______________________
Trial at 3359-61, 3364-65, and Maverick does not challenge the propriety of
that evidentiary ruling on appeal.

                                         - 30 -
J-A12007-17

element because, rather than stating whether DBM's conduct was privileged

or justified, the court’s January 25, 2016 verdict stated, “The evidence

introduced at trial . . . failed to convince [the trial court] that . . . [DBM]

acted in bad faith.”   Non-Jury Verdict, 1/25/16.    Maverick points out that

bad faith “is not a required element of interference.” Maverick’s Brief at 42.

      DBM contends that Maverick may not obtain relief on this issue

because Maverick did not raise it in a post-trial motion. DBM’s Brief at 56.

We disagree.     Following the receipt of evidence and consideration of

Maverick’s post-trial motion in 2011, the trial court entered a directed

verdict for DBM on statute of limitations grounds. In 2012, we reversed that

directed verdict and remanded for further proceedings. Maverick, 54 A.3d

at 354-58.    The trial court then entered its January 25, 2016 non-jury

verdict containing the language about “bad faith,” and Maverick appealed

without filing a second post-trial motion. Rule 227.1(i) of the Rules of Civil

Procedure provides:

      When an appellate court has remanded a case for further
      proceedings, a motion for post-trial relief relating to subsequent
      rulings in the trial court shall not be required unless

         (1) the appellate court has specified that the remand is for a
         complete or partial new trial, or

         (2) the trial court indicates in its order resolving the remand
         issues that a motion for post-trial relief is required pursuant
         to this rule.

Our remand did not call for “a complete or partial new trial,” and the trial

court on remand did not require Maverick to file a new post-trial motion.

                                    - 31 -
J-A12007-17

Therefore, Maverick was not required to file another post-trial motion after

the remand and Maverick is free to raise the “bad faith” issue now.

      Our review of the record discloses, however, that, although the non-

jury verdict included only the court’s cryptic reference to a failure to prove

bad faith, the court’s decision was broader and made a proper evaluation of

whether DBM’s conduct was privileged or justified.         In its opinion dated

July 28, 2016, the trial court “adopt[ed] sections III.A., III.B. and III.C. of

[DBM’s] Proposed Conclusions of Law” filed May 12, 2014.          Trial Ct. Op.,

7/27/16, at 3 & n.3.    Section III.B. of DBM’s proposed conclusions of law

states that Maverick “failed to establish the absence of privilege or

justification on the part of DBM.” DBM’s Post-Trial Brief, 5/12/14, at 225-

39.   By adopting this section, the trial court clarified that it did find that

Maverick failed to prove the third element of tortious interference with

contractual relations and that its finding was not limited to a finding of a lack

of bad faith.     Thus, any claim by Maverick that the trial court did not

properly make findings regarding all of the elements of tortious interference

with contractual relations is incorrect and merits no relief.

      Maverick also argues that the trial court erred in finding that it failed

to prove that DBM acted without privilege or justification.     See Maverick’s

Brief at 31 (“DBM had absolutely no justification for its bad faith course of

conduct”).      Maverick claims that DBM’s default notice was unjustified

because “the overwhelming weight of the evidence presented at trial

demonstrated that the delays to [W&K]’s structural steel work were caused

                                     - 32 -
J-A12007-17

by factors beyond its control.”   Id.   In support of this assertion, Maverick

relies in part on expert testimony by Klinefelter that “the delay in the piling

work resulted in a ten week delay to [W&K]’s structural steel work.” Id. at

31-32 (citations omitted). Maverick continues:

      Extensive owner design changes took place throughout the
      [Stadium] Project.    A total of 470 design changes were
      experienced by [W&K.] . . . This resulted in the re-fabrication of
      a substantial amount of steel already fabricated by [W&K].

      All of the delays . . . completely destroyed [W&K]’s original plan
      given to DBM which was to subcontract the preponderance of the
      fabrications to three major fabricators and assemble the steel in
      large subassemblies at [W&K]’s . . . facility. . . . Th[e delays]
      substantially increased the labor and cost of the project.

Id. at 33-34 (citations to the record omitted).

      DBM responds:

      [T]his Court has held that the Restatement (Second) of Torts
      §767 makes it clear that “conduct should be permitted without
      liability, despite its effect of harm to another” in certain
      circumstances and a court’s decision on whether conduct was
      improper “depends upon a judgment and choice of values in
      each situation.” Walnut Street Assocs., Inc. v. Brokerage
      Concepts, Inc., 982 A.2d 94 98, 99 (2009) citing Restatement
      (Second) of Torts §772 cmt. B (1979); see e.g., Chicarella v.
      Passannt, 494 A.2d 1109 (Pa. Super. 1985) (investigator’s
      report to insurance company was conditionally privileged).

      [The trial court]’s Findings of Fact and the prior legal arguments
      here establish that DBM issued the Default Notice with a
      privilege and justification under the Contract and Performance
      Bond and did so in good faith under Restatement (Second) of
      Torts §767. . . . First, DBM did not terminate W&K for default
      and instead issued a forbearance letter days after the Default
      Notice based on assurances from W&K and USF&G. [DBM’s Ex.
      99 (the Forbearance Letter); N.T. Trial at 2533-34, 2769.]
      Second, Maverick introduced no evidence that USF&G considered
      the Default Notice to lack justification.     [Id.]    Third, W&K
      finished the Contract only because DBM and USF&G paid W&K or

                                    - 33 -
J-A12007-17

      its subcontractors/suppliers approximately $16 million under the
      IFA    to   overcome    W&K’s     performance   problems     and
      corresponding delays and DBM helped W&[K] finish its work.
      [Id.] Finally, DBM withdrew the Default Notice in the IFA
      slightly more than a month later. [Id.]

DBM’s Brief at 31-33.    DBM thus asserts that Maverick “failed to establish

the absence of privilege or justification on DBM’s part.” Id. at 30.

      We concur with DBM that the evidence supports the trial court’s

finding that Maverick failed to establish an absence of justification on the

part of DBM.    A review of the record reveals that, although the Stadium

Project did experience 470 design changes, the design changes did not all

involve steel or impact W&K. N.T. Trial at 1133-34. Maverick fails to cite

evidence that these changes “completely destroyed” W&K’s original plan,

even if they had some delaying effect.         See Maverick’s Brief at 34.

Moreover, DBM informed W&K that it was willing to “modify” the original

schedule if W&K would submit a new suggested timeline and inform DBM of

the reasons for its delays – both of which W&K failed to do despite DBM’s

prompting.    See DBM’s Ex. 27 (dated 8/30/99; “the original bid package

schedule can be modified with your input”); N.T. Trial at 2575-76 (Reich’s

testimony that W&K never provided DBM with any analysis as to the reasons

for its delays and never quantified how many days it was delayed).

      As DBM points out, it did not terminate W&K for default. DBM’s Ex. 99

(Forbearance Letter stating, “DBM has nevertheless decided to exercise a

limited forbearance and not terminate W&K”). Reich testified that W&K and

USF&G provided some assurances that made him believe that the “project

                                    - 34 -
J-A12007-17

would be better served” by keeping W&K rather than terminating it.        N.T.

Trial at 2533-34. Similarly, Persichetti testified that DBM did not terminate

W&K because DBM “started getting some assurances from both [W&K] and

[USF&G] that they were going to step in and . . . complete the project on

time.” Id. at 2769.

      Chapman’s testimony demonstrated that, contrary to Maverick’s

contention, the reason W&K finished the Contract following the Default

Notice was not that USF&G believed that DBM had issued the Default Notice

without a basis or in bad faith. Rather, USF&G was concerned that it would

be liable for the delays and accompanying liquidated damages that would

result from replacing W&K with a new contractor at that juncture of the

Stadium Project. USF&G made this decision after an investigation in which it

hired Chapman to determine whether it should finance W&K or hire another

contractor to finish the contract.   N.T. Trial at 3438-39, 3461-62, 3492,

3523-24.

      In the end, W&K was able to finish its steel production obligations only

after receiving financial aid from DBM and USF&G.       Harakal testified that

DBM’s used its “contingency account” as the source of that aid and that DBM

took significant risk in doing so. N.T. Trial at 3300-01, 3389-93.

      For all these reasons, we hold that the trial court’s finding that

Maverick failed to establish the absence of privilege or justification on DBM’s

part is supported by competent evidence and that the trial court did not

                                     - 35 -
J-A12007-17

commit an error in any application of the law. See Bank of N.Y., 159 A.3d

at 19; Maverick, 54 A.3d at 355.

      As Maverick failed to establish both the second and third elements of

tortious interference, its entire claim fails.   We therefore affirm the trial

court’s judgment in favor of DBM.

      Judgment affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/27/2017

                                    - 36 -