Court Opinion

ID: 5133729
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-09 18:12:09.230922+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:39.599152
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. White, 2021-Ohio-4292.]

             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                             SEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COLUMBIANA COUNTY

                                            STATE OF OHIO,

                                             Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                     v.

                                            ROBERT J. WHITE,

                                        Defendant-Appellant.

                        OPINION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
                                            Case No. 20 CO 0025

                                  Criminal Appeal from the
                      Court of Common Pleas of Columbiana County, Ohio
                                    Case No. 2020 CR 2

                                         BEFORE:
                 David A. D’Apolito, Gene Donofrio, Carol Ann Robb, Judges.

                                            JUDGMENT:
                          Affirmed in part. Reversed and Vacated in part.

 Atty. Vito Abruzzino, Columbiana County Prosecutor, Atty. Tammie M. Jones, and
 Atty. Steven Yacavone, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, Columbiana County
 Prosecutor’s Office, 105 South Market Street, Lisbon, Ohio 44432, for Plaintiff-
 Appellee and

 Atty. Edward Czopur, DeGenova & Yarwood, Ltd., and Atty. Rhys B. Cartwright-Jones,
 42 North Phelps Street, Youngstown, Ohio 44503, for Defendant-Appellant.
                                                                                        –2–

                               Dated: November 24, 2021

 D’APOLITO, J.

      {¶1}    Appellant Robert White appeals his convictions for one count of aggravated
burglary in violation of R.C. 2911.11(A)(2), a felony of the first degree, and one count of
aggravated menacing in violation of R.C. 2903.21(A), a misdemeanor of the first degree
(relating to Tommy Shields), following a trial by jury in the Columbiana Court of Common
Pleas. Appellant was also convicted of resisting arrest in violation of R.C. 2921.33(C)(2),
a felony of the fourth degree, and four additional counts of aggravated menacing,
however, he does not challenge the foregoing convictions in this appeal. However,
Appellant does appeal the trial court’s imposition of consecutive sentences on his
aggravated burglary and resisting arrest convictions.
       {¶2}   Appellant advances five assignments of error. He argues that there is
insufficient evidence in the record to support the two challenged convictions and that they
are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Because his aggregate sentence is less
than the maximum sentence for aggravated burglary, Appellant further argues that the
imposition of consecutive sentences was contrary to law, as there was a single sentence
that could adequately punish him.
       {¶3}   For the following reasons, Appellant’s aggravated burglary conviction is
affirmed. Appellant’s aggravated menacing conviction and sentence relating to Shields
are reversed and vacated, and the state is prohibited from retrial on the charge. Finally,
Appellant’s consecutive sentences on the aggravated burglary and resisting arrest
charges are affirmed.

                                          FACTS

       {¶4}   The following facts are taken from the trial testimony of three of the victims,
Joshua Jackson, Shawn Woods and Dave McGuire, unless otherwise noted. A fourth
victim, Tommy Shields, did not testify.
       {¶5}   Jackson and Woods assembled several days a week at the trailer of
McGuire and Shields at the conclusion of the work day. Although Jackson does not

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imbibe, the others typically consumed a few alcoholic beverages as they all unwound
from the day’s work.
       {¶6}    On the evening of December 23, 2019, at approximately 6:00 p.m., the four
friends were present when Appellant entered the trailer in a very angry mood, with a large
black pistol in his hand and his finger on the trigger hold. Appellant lived in a trailer within
walking distance from the trailer of McGuire and Woods. A fifth man, identified only as
“Strawberry,” had left the trailer shortly before Appellant arrived.
       {¶7}    Appellant had previously been a welcome visitor to the trailer a couple of
times a week in the past. However, McGuire testified that Appellant’s mood, which
McGuire described as distraught and upset, “wasn’t like nothing [he] ever seen [sic]
before.” (Id., p. 165.) According to McGuire, even when Appellant was under the
influence of alcohol, “he never acted like that before.”        (Id., p. 166.)   Woods, who
considered himself to be a good friend of Appellant, concurred that Appellant “was never
like that.” (Id., p. 194.)
       {¶8}    Simultaneous with Appellant’s entry into the trailer, Sonia Reed, who
McGuire believed to be Appellant’s girlfriend, called McGuire on the telephone to
announce that Appellant was on his way. Woods testified that Appellant began ranting
“about we was [sic] taking sides with his old lady – his girlfriend.” (Id., p. 192.)
       {¶9}    According to Jackson, “It wasn’t long before [Appellant] was waving [the
pistol] around getting a little more heated.” (Id., p. 132.) Appellant was yelling at the men
with anger in his voice. He instructed them to “stay out of [his] business.” Jackson testified
that Appellant offered no context for the directive, but, instead, described Appellant as
“just spitting out words.” (Id., p. 133.) McGuire testified that Appellant seemed impaired,
and that “[s]omething wasn’t right.”      (Id., p. 166.)   Later in his testimony, McGuire
described Appellant as being “off his rocker.” (Id., p. 184.)
       {¶10} All of the men were seated at a kitchen island when Appellant entered the
trailer, however, at some point, Woods stood up. Appellant walked over to Woods, put
the pistol to Woods’ head and told him to “sit the fuck back down” or Appellant would
“shoot [Woods] right there.” Appellant further instructed the other three men to remain
seated. (Id., p. 135.)

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        {¶11} Woods testified that Appellant’s behavior was so out of character that
Woods initially thought Appellant might be “joking around.” (Id., p. 194.) However, Woods
recognized the seriousness of the situation when Appellant trained the pistol on Woods’
temple and threatened to shoot him in the head. Woods testified that he did not believe
Appellant would shoot him, “but there’s always a chance.” (Id.)
        {¶12} McGuire was similarly concerned about Appellant’s behavior because
McGuire did not know if the pistol was loaded or the safety was engaged. According to
Jackson, the pistol “never stopped moving” as Appellant continued to “rambl[e].” (Id., p.
136.)
        {¶13} McGuire attempted to reason with Appellant, encouraging him to calm
himself and talk with the other men in order to “figure things out.” (Id.)      According to
McGuire, Appellant “just wasn’t calming down.” (Id., p. 168.)
        {¶14} Finally, according to Jackson, McGuire and Shields told Appellant “you
need to just leave.” (Id., p. 137.) McGuire testified that “everyone told him to go,” as no
one wanted Appellant in the trailer “because he was threatening everyone.” (Id., p. 168-
169.)
        {¶15} According to Jackson, Appellant did not immediately comply, but shortly
thereafter, he departed from the trailer, all the while continuing to wave the pistol. McGuire
testified that Appellant remained in the trailer for an estimated ten to fifteen minutes after
he was told to leave. However, McGuire conceded that it was difficult for him to estimate
the amount of time that elapsed because “a minute seemed like ten minutes.” (Id., p. 169.)
McGuire testified that Appellant “just all of a sudden turned around, stormed out, kicked
the screen door, and went out the door.” (Id.)
        {¶16} Jackson locked the door behind Appellant, whose automobile was still in
the driveway with the motor running, despite the fact that Appellant appeared to have left
the scene. Jackson testified that he locked the door because he got a “wrong feeling that
if [Appellant] was coming back in the door things would have been [sic] a different
outcome.” (Id., p. 138.)    McGuire concurred that Jackson locked the door “in case
[Appellant] came back.” (Id., p. 169.)

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       {¶17} Jackson considered Appellant to be a threat to others as well as himself.
According to McGuire, Jackson called the police because Woods was upset. However,
Woods testified that he himself called the police.
       {¶18} Appellant, who was the only witness for the defense, testified that he
needed money for Christmas presents and decided to sell his only possession of value –
a .45 caliber pistol. Appellant did not have contact information for Woods, who he knew
to be an avid gun collector, so Appellant went to McGuire’s trailer, where he had seen
Woods many times.
       {¶19} According to Appellant, when he arrived, McGuire invited Appellant to join
him and Strawberry to “do a line” of what Appellant believed was cocaine. (Id., p. 424-
425.) According to Appellant, when he entered the trailer, the other men “already had a
plate out, so they must have been doing the stuff before [he] got there.” (Id., p. 427.)
       {¶20} Appellant testified that he started feeling “weird” and it “scared [him].” (Id.,
p. 428.) Strawberry offered him some of the substance in exchange for the pistol. Then,
Strawberry instructed Appellant to take the substance because Strawberry intended to
keep the pistol. An argument ensued and Appellant fled from the trailer on foot, leaving
his vehicle running in front of the trailer. Appellant walked home and “passed out for a
little bit.” (Id., p. 429.) He felt paranoid, that is, “that someone was coming after [him].”
He attributed his paranoia to his chemically-altered state. (Id.)
       {¶21} Appellant was apprehended in his trailer after a roughly one-and-a-half hour
standoff with nine law enforcement officers that ended without physical injury to any of
the participants. Appellant did not comply with law enforcement commands during his
surrender and a taser was deployed to subdue him. He testified that he spent the time in
his trailer furiously unloading all of his guns, because he was terrified by his mood.
       {¶22} Appellant was indicted for one count of aggravated burglary in violation of
R.C. 2911.11(A)(2), a felony of the first degree; one count of resisting arrest in violation
of R.C. 2921.33(C)(2), a felony of the fourth degree; one count of using weapons while
intoxicated in violation of 2923.15(A), a misdemeanor of the first degree; one count of
domestic violence in violation of 2919.25(A), a misdemeanor of the first degree; and five
counts of aggravated menacing in violation of 2903.21(A), misdemeanors of the first
degree, with the first four counts relating to the four men in the trailer and the fifth count

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relating to a patrolman from the St. Claire Township Police Department, who Appellant
confronted during the standoff in his trailer.
       {¶23} The state entered a nolle prosequi to the domestic violence charge, due to
Reed’s refusal to testify at trial.   Appellant was ultimately convicted of aggravated
burglary, resisting arrest, and all five counts of aggravated menacing. He was acquitted
of the charge of using weapons while intoxicated.
       {¶24} Appellant was sentenced to a minimum of four and a maximum of six years
for the aggravated burglary conviction, eighteen months on the conviction for resisting
arrest (maximum sentence), and one-hundred-and-eighty days of local incarceration
(maximum sentences) on each of the five convictions for aggravated menacing. The
sentencing entry reads, in pertinent part:

       The Defendant’s indefinite prison term for Count 1, Aggravated Burglary,
       shall be served consecutively to the definite prison term for Count 2,
       Resisting Arrest.      Pursuant to R.C. 2929.14, this Court finds that
       consecutive prison sentences are necessary to punish the offender, to
       protect the public from future crimes, and that consecutive sentences are
       not disproportionate to the seriousness of the Defendant’s conduct and the
       danger he/she poses to the public. This Court further finds that the offenses
       were committed during a single course of conduct and harm was so great
       or unusual that no single prison term adequately reflects the seriousness of
       the offender’s conduct.

(10/2/20 J.E., p. 2.) As a consequence, the trial court imposed an aggregate minimum
sentence of five-and-a-half years to an aggregate maximum sentence of seven-and-a-
half years.
       {¶25} This timely appeal followed.

                            ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1

       THE CONVICTION FOR AGGRAVATED BURGLARY WAS BASED
       UPON INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE AS THE STATE FAILED TO PROVE A
       “TRESPASS” AS REQUIRED BY STATUTE.

Case No. 20 CO 0025
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                             ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2

       THE CONVICTION FOR AGGRAVATED BURGLARY WAS AGAINST
       THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE AS THE STATE FAILED
       TO PROVE A “TRESPASS” AS REQUIRED BY STATUTE.

       {¶26} Whether the evidence is legally sufficient to sustain a conviction is a
question of law dealing with adequacy. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678
N.E.2d 541 (1997). In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, the court views the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution to ascertain whether any rational
juror could have found the elements of the offense proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
State v. Goff, 82 Ohio St.3d 123, 138, 694 N.E.2d 916 (1998). The rational inferences to
be drawn from the evidence are also evaluated in the light most favorable to the state.
See State v. Filiaggi, 86 Ohio St.3d 230, 247, 714 N.E.2d 867 (1999). For a sufficiency
review, the question is merely whether “any” rational juror could have found the contested
element satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Getsy, 84 Ohio St.3d 180, 193,
702 N.E.2d 866 (1998), quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781,
61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).
       {¶27} An evaluation of witness credibility is not involved in a sufficiency review as
the question is whether the evidence is sufficient if it is believed. State v. Yarbrough, 95
Ohio St.3d 227, 2002-Ohio-2126, 767 N.E.2d 216, ¶ 79, 82; State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio
St.3d 516, 543, 747 N.E.2d 765 (2001). In other words, sufficiency involves the state’s
burden of production rather than its burden of persuasion. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at
390 (Cook, J., concurring). If the court finds insufficient evidence supported the
conviction, then a retrial is barred. State v. Brewer, 121 Ohio St.3d 202, 2009-Ohio-593,
903 N.E.2d 284, ¶ 16-20. Even evidence erroneously admitted by the trial court can be
considered in the sufficiency evaluation because the remedy for the erroneous admission
of prejudicial evidence is a new trial. See Id.
       {¶28} Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater amount of
credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other.”
Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. Although the effect of the evidence in inducing belief is
evaluated, weight of the evidence is not a question of mathematics. Id. A weight of the

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evidence review considers whether the state met its burden of persuasion (as opposed
to the burden of production involved in a sufficiency review). See id. at 390 (Cook, J.,
concurring).
       {¶29} When a defendant claims the conviction is contrary to the manifest weight
of the evidence, the appellate court is to review the entire record, weigh the evidence and
all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and determine whether,
in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such
a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial
ordered. State v. Lang, 129 Ohio St.3d 512, 2011-Ohio-4215, 954 N.E.2d 596, ¶ 220,
citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. “[T]he weight to be given the evidence and the
credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the trier of the facts.” State v. Hunter, 131
Ohio St.3d 67, 2011-Ohio-6524, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶ 118, quoting State v. DeHass, 10
Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. The trier of fact
occupies the best position from which to weigh the evidence and judge the witnesses’
credibility by observing their gestures, voice inflections, and demeanor. Seasons Coal
Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984).
       {¶30} Appellant was convicted of aggravated burglary in violation of R.C.
2911.11(A)(1), which provides, in relevant part:

       No person, by force, stealth, or deception, shall trespass in an occupied
       structure or in a separately secured or separately occupied portion of an
       occupied structure, when another person other than an accomplice of the
       offender is present, with purpose to commit in the structure or in the
       separately secured or separately occupied portion of the structure any
       criminal offense, if * * * [t]he offender, inflicts, or attempts or threatens to
       inflict physical harm on another * * *.

R.C. 2911.11(A)(1).

       {¶31} Appellant contends that none of the men believed Appellant’s threats were
genuine. However, Jackson, McGuire, and Woods each testified to the tense nature of
the confrontation. Woods and McGuire described Appellant’s mood as unrecognizable,

Case No. 20 CO 0025
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as they each testified that they had never seen Appellant in such a state. Although Woods
conceded that he initially thought Appellant was joking, he was immediately disabused of
that belief when Appellant pointed the pistol at Woods’ head and threatened to shoot him.
Further, none of the men attempted to stand after Appellant commanded them to remain
seated.
         {¶32} Adding to the frenzied confusion, the men were unable to ascertain the root
of Appellant’s anger. Jackson testified that he could not organize Appellant’s ramblings,
although Woods gleaned generally that it was “something about [the men] was [sic] taking
sides with his old lady – his girlfriend.” (Id., p. 192.) Efforts to calm Appellant were of no
avail.
         {¶33} When Appellant departed from the trailer, Jackson immediately locked the
door behind Appellant, even though Appellant appeared to have left the scene. Finally,
the men believed that the situation was worthy of intervention by law enforcement officers.
As a consequence, we do not agree that the men did not believe Appellant’s threats.
         {¶34} “Trespass” is defined as knowingly and without privilege entering or
remaining on the premises of another. (Emphasis added) R.C. 2911.21(A)(1). Because
Appellant was a regular guest at the trailer, and he asserts that the testimony of the
victims establishes that he departed immediately after being instructed to leave, Appellant
contends that the state failed to establish the trespass element of the crime of aggravated
burglary.
         {¶35} However, Ohio appellate courts have consistently interpreted the Supreme
Court of Ohio's decision in State v. Steffen, 31 Ohio St.3d 111, 115, 509 N.E.2d 383
(1987), to hold that a violent crime committed in the residence of one other than the
defendant always constitutes aggravated burglary, that is, the commission of the crime
terminates the privilege to remain in the home. See State v. Mitchell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 94287, 2010-Ohio-5775, ¶ 15; accord State v. Trigg, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26757,
2016-Ohio-2752, ¶ 9; State v. Schall, 4th Dist. Vinton No. 14CA695, 2015-Ohio-2962, ¶
37; State v. Kirby, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2019-05-078, 2020-Ohio-4005, ¶ 32, appeal
not allowed, 160 Ohio St.3d 1495, 2020-Ohio-5634, 159 N.E.3d 275, ¶ 32; State v.
Campbell, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-17-1289, 2019-Ohio-5004, ¶ 51.

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       {¶36} Based on the testimony at trial, we find that there was sufficient evidence in
the record to establish that Jackson, Woods, and McGuire believed Appellant’s threats to
be genuine, and that the trespass began shortly after Appellant entered the trailer, when
he began his verbal rant and began waving the pistol at the men. We further conclude
that the jury did not lose its way in crediting the testimony of the three men in the trailer
that evening. Accordingly, we find that Appellant’s first and second assignments of error
have no merit.

                            ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3

       THE CONVICTION FOR AGGRAVATED MENACING, RELATIVE TO MR.
       SHEILDS, WAS BASED UPON INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE AS THERE
       WAS NO TESTIMONY THAT HE WAS EVER IN FEAR OF ANY HARM.

                            ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 4

       THE CONVICTION FOR AGGRAVATED MENACING, RELATIVE TO MR.
       SHEILDS, WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
       AS THERE WAS NO TESTIMONY THAT HE WAS EVER IN FEAR OF
       ANY HARM.

       {¶37} The aggravated menacing statute reads, “No person shall knowingly cause
another to believe that the offender will cause serious physical harm to the person or
property of the other person[.]” R.C. 2903.21(A). “A person acts knowingly, regardless of
purpose, when the person is aware that the person’s conduct will probably cause a certain
result or will probably be of a certain nature.” R.C. 2901.22(B).
       {¶38} For the offense of aggravated menacing, “[i]t is sufficient to prove that the
victim, in the moment, believed the defendant to be in earnest and capable of acting.”
State v. Marcum, 7th Dist. Columbiana No. 10 CO 17, 2011–Ohio–6140, ¶ 37, citing State
v. Collie, 108 Ohio App.3d 580, 582–583, 671 N.E.2d 338 (2d Dist.1996). Although the
state is not required to show that the offender intended to carry out the threat to prove
aggravated menacing, the state is required to show that the victim had a subjective belief
of serious physical harm, which can be proven with circumstantial evidence. State v.

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Clemmons, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2020-01-004, 2020-Ohio-5394, ¶ 33, citing State v.
Landrum, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-150718, 2016-Ohio-5666, ¶ 9.
      {¶39} “Serious physical harm to persons” includes the following:

      (b) Any physical harm that carries a substantial risk of death;

      (c) Any physical harm that involves some permanent incapacity, whether
      partial or total, or that involves some temporary, substantial incapacity;

      (d) Any physical harm that involves some permanent disfigurement or that
      involves some temporary, serious disfigurement;

      (e) Any physical harm that involves acute pain of such duration as to result
      in substantial suffering or that involves any degree of prolonged or
      intractable pain.

R.C. 2901.01(A)(5)(b)-(e).

      {¶40} Shields did not testify at the trial because he moved out of state. (Trial Tr.,
p. 174.) As a consequence, Appellant argues that there was insufficient evidence that
Shields believed Appellant would cause serious physical harm to Shields’ person.
However, Ohio appellate courts that have considered the question have opined that
evidence of a victim’s belief of serious physical harm may be established by circumstantial
evidence. City of Cleveland v. Reynolds, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105546, 2018-Ohio-97,
¶ 6; State v. Landrum, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C–150718, 2016–Ohio–5666, ¶ 9.
      {¶41} For instance, in State v. Crews, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 00AP-1391, 2001
WL 710143, the victim did not specifically testify that he believed Crews would cause him
serious physical harm. Nonetheless, the Tenth District opined:

      In the present case, there was evidence presented by the state indicating
      that Dr. Bowman arrived at his office and discovered that someone had fired
      multiple shots into his office, leaving bullet holes in a rear door, along the
      hallway to the kitchen, and through a kitchen window. Other damage had
      also been done to the office. Dr. Bowman subsequently listened to a

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        telephone message in which the caller threatened to “blow [his] * * * head
        off.” (Tr. at 43.) Dr. Bowman testified that he was very fearful as a result of
        the threatening message. Defendant, who identified herself on the phone
        message, admitted at trial that she left the message and that she had fired
        a weapon at Dr. Bowman's office. Defendant also acknowledged that her
        intent was to scare Dr. Bowman.

Id. at *4.

        {¶42} More pointedly, in State v. Shumaker (Feb. 18, 1994), Darke App. No. 1332,
unreported, the victim fled from the scene and could not be identified to testify at the trial.
The state relied instead on the testimony of a bystander, a gas station attendant, to
establish that Shumaker berated a young woman, threatening to “knock her on her ass,”
in order to convince her to move her automobile to another pump. Id. at *2. The attendant
testified that the young woman was shaking, upset, and crying after the encounter. The
Second District affirmed Shumaker’s conviction, opining:

        While it is true that the victim herself did not testify as to her own state of
        mind, which fact is heavily relied upon by counsel for the appellant, there
        was certainly sufficient evidence that she was frightened and terribly upset.
        She was observed to be crying and trembling and she deliberately fled the
        scene as soon as possible, even refusing to remain long enough to give a
        statement to the sheriff's deputy who had already been called and was on
        his way. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the state, as we
        are required to do, we can easily conclude that a reasonable mind could
        determine that the victim was in fear of serious physical harm if she
        remained at the location where the appellant was still present and acting in
        a loud and threatening manner, not just to her but also to the bystander who
        had tried to calm him down.

Id. at *5.

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         {¶43} While we agree that circumstantial evidence of fear has the same weight as
direct evidence, we find that the facts in the foregoing cases are distinguishable from the
facts in this appeal. First, Dr. Bowman testified in Crews, supra, that he feared the
defendant.     Further, unlike the victim in Shumaker, supra, there was no testimony
provided by any witness in this appeal that Shields was visibly shaken or that he
demonstrated any belief that Appellant was going to cause him serious physical harm.
         {¶44} The state cites Woods’ testimony that Woods asked the other victims, “what
the hell just happened?” after Appellant departed from the trailer. Woods further testified,
“that’s basically how we all were.” (Trial Tr., p. 196.) However, this excerpt from the trial
testimony demonstrates incredulousness, not belief that serious physical harm would
occur.
         {¶45} The state further relies on the body camera footage of the victims to
demonstrate Shields’ belief that serious physical harm would occur. Although there is
extensive body camera footage of the standoff, there is roughly a minute of footage of the
victims, who, with the exception of Woods, are not specifically identified. Woods is the
only victim that exits the trailer and engages in a conversation with law enforcement
officers.   The others appear in the trailer in the distance, and, although the law
enforcement officers announce their intent to return to the trailer after they apprehend
Appellant, there is no body camera footage of any subsequent interview.
         {¶46} The essential element of aggravated menacing at issue in this appeal is a
subjective belief that Appellant will cause serious physical harm to the victim. Because
there is no evidence, direct or circumstantial, to establish Shields’ subjective belief, we
find that there is insufficient evidence to establish the aggravated menacing conviction
related to Shields, and that Appellant’s third assignment of error has merit. Accordingly,
we reverse and vacate Appellant’s conviction on the aggravated menacing conviction
relating to Shields, and the state is prohibited from retrying the charge against Appellant.
Further, our conclusion that Appellant’s third assignment of error is meritorious renders
his fourth assignment of error to be moot.

                            ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 5

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       THE CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES IMPOSED AGAINST APPELLANT
       WERE CONTRARY TO LAW AS, BY DEFINITION, THERE WAS A
       SINGLE      SENTENCE         THAT      COULD        ADEQUATELY         PUNISH
       APPELLANT.

       {¶47} This court reviews felony sentences using the standard of review set forth
in R.C. 2953.08. State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231,
¶ 22. Pursuant to R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), this Court may either increase, reduce, modify, or
vacate a sentence and remand for resentencing where we clearly and convincingly find
that either the record does not support the sentencing court's findings under R.C.
2929.13(B) or (D), 2929.14(B)(2)(e) or (C)(4), or 2929.20(I), or the sentence is otherwise
contrary to law. “Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof which
is more than a mere ‘preponderance of the evidence,’ but not to the extent of such
certainty as is required ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ in criminal cases, and which will
produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to
be established.” Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph
three of the syllabus.
       {¶48} R.C. 2929.14 governs consecutive sentences and states the following:

       (4) If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for convictions of
       multiple offenses, the court may require the offender to serve the prison
       terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is
       necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender
       and that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness
       of the offender's conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public,
       and if the court also finds any of the following:

       (a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses while the
       offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction imposed
       pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised Code, or
       was under post-release control for a prior offense.

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       (b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of one or
       more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the
       multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single
       prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses
       of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender's conduct.

       (c) The offender's history of criminal conduct demonstrates that consecutive
       sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the
       offender.

R.C. 2929.14(C)(4).

       {¶49} “In order to impose consecutive terms of imprisonment, a trial court is
required to make the findings mandated by R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) at the sentencing hearing
and incorporate its findings into its sentencing entry, but it has no obligation to state
reasons to support its findings.” State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177,
16 N.E.3d 659, syllabus. “[A] word-for-word recitation of the language of the statute is not
required, and as long as the reviewing court can discern that the trial court engaged in
the correct analysis and can determine that the record contains evidence to support the
findings, consecutive sentences should be upheld.” Id. at ¶ 29.
       {¶50} Because the maximum sentence for aggravated burglary is eleven years,
and the trial court imposed consecutive sentences for an aggregate maximum term of
seven-and-a-half years, Appellant argues that his sentence is contrary to law because
the aggregate maximum sentence is less than the maximum sentence for aggravated
burglary. The trial court plainly stated that the maximum sentence was appropriate for
the resisting arrest conviction because “the resisting arrest with the standoff * * * is
certainly the worst form of the offense.” (10/1/20 Sent. Hrg, p. 14.) Therefore, inherent
in the trial court’s decision to impose a less-than-statutory-maximum sentence for
aggravated burglary is the recognition that Appellant’s crime at the trailer of McGuire and
Shields does not constitute the worst form of the offense.
       {¶51} Appellant’s interpretation of the statutory language “no single prison term
for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct adequately

Case No. 20 CO 0025
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reflects the seriousness of the offender's conduct” runs counter to the trial court’s
obligation to fashion the sentences for each conviction without regard to the sentences
imposed on the other convictions. It likewise runs afoul of the trial court’s statutory duty
during sentencing to “consider [the applicable factors in R.C. 2929.12] regarding the
offender, the offense, or the victim, and any other relevant factors, as indicating that the
offender’s conduct is more serious than conduct normally constituting the offense.” R.C.
2929.12(B). Accordingly, we find that the consecutive sentences are not contrary to law,
and Appellant’s fifth assignment of error has no merit.

                                      CONCLUSION

       {¶52} In summary, Appellant’s conviction for aggravated burglary is affirmed, as
the threat and trespass elements of the crime were established through testimony that
Appellant began threatening the four men and waving the pistol at them immediately
following his entry into the trailer. Appellant’s aggravated menacing conviction relating to
Shields is reversed and vacated, and the state prohibited from retrial of the charge, as
there is no evidence in the record that Shields believed Appellant would cause serious
physical harm to Shields’ person.       Finally, Appellant’s consecutive sentences are
affirmed.

Donofrio, P.J., concurs.

Robb, J., concurs.

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       For the reasons stated in the Opinion rendered herein, Appellant’s conviction for
aggravated burglary and his consecutive sentences on burglary and resisting arrest
charges from the Court of Common Pleas of Columbiana County, Ohio are affirmed.
Appellant’s aggravated menacing conviction relating to Shields is reversed and
vacated. Costs to be waived.
       A certified copy of this opinion and judgment entry shall constitute the mandate
in this case pursuant to Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. It is ordered that
a certified copy be sent by the clerk to the trial court to carry this judgment into
execution.

                               NOTICE TO COUNSEL

       This document constitutes a final judgment entry.

Case No. 20 CO 0025