Court Opinion

ID: 6800857
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-22 19:01:36.078511+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:43:56.130513
License: Public Domain

Filed 7/22/22Valerie H. v. Robert M. CA4/1

                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

 VALERIE H.,                                                          D078863

           Appellant,

           v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. 18FDV03916N)

 ROBERT M.,

           Respondent.

         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Sharon L. Kalemkiarian, Judge. Affirmed.
         Cage & Miles and John T. Sylvester for Appellant.
         Agape Law Firm and Sarah Redparth for Respondent.

         The applicable standard of review affects virtually every appellate case
and has been described as “the compass that guides the appellate court to its
decision. It defines and limits the course the court follows in arriving at its
destination.” (People v. Jackson (2005) 128 Cal.App.4th 1009, 1018.) In some
instances, it can be dispositive. This is one of those cases.
         Valerie H. appeals from an order denying her request to renew a
domestic violence restraining order (DVRO) against Robert M., her former
spouse. She contends (1) the court applied an incorrect legal standard by
requiring her to prove a probability of future physical violence; and (2) as a
matter of law on this record, the court was required to renew the restraining
order.

         Applying de novo review on the first issue, we agree with Valerie1 that
one sentence in the seven-page statement of decision seemingly misstates the
legal standard. But as we explain, we evaluate the legal principles applied
by the trial court only after assessing the judge’s discussion of the applicable
law as a whole. Here, the court’s comments about the law during trial—in
issuing an oral tentative decision and elsewhere in the written statement of
decision—are consistently correct. The record as a whole convincingly
establishes that the trial court applied the right legal standard.
         Having employed the correct legal rules, the only remaining question is
whether the evidence compelled a finding in Valerie’s favor as a matter of
law. This standard of review—exceedingly deferential to the trial court—
creates an insurmountable burden for Valerie. As a factual matter, the trial
court candidly acknowledged that this was a “close” case. Other judges might
have decided it differently. But as a reviewing court, our role is limited to
ensuring that the trial court got the law right and that there was enough
evidence to reasonably support its ultimate conclusion. Because both
occurred here, we affirm.

1        For clarity, we refer to the parties by first names.
                                            2
               FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Valerie and Robert married in 2011. They have an eight-year-old child
(Son), and Valerie also has an 11-year old daughter from a prior relationship.

A.    The 2018 DVRO
      In August 2018, Valerie filed a request for a DVRO against Robert.
She claimed that earlier that day Robert became “enraged” and in a struggle
over car keys, he grabbed her from behind, lifted her off the ground and was

“flinging [her] around” in the presence of both children.2 She described a
“history of abuse” including “an incident [in 2013] when Robert was arrested
for domestic violence after he pinned [her] to the bathroom wall by [her]
throat while threatening to kill [her] by slitting [her] throat.”
      The court issued a temporary restraining order and scheduled a
hearing. Robert disputed Valerie’s account of the incident. After a hearing in
which both testified, the court (Judge Powazek) found “portions” of Valerie’s
testimony were “different from her pleadings,” concluding that she “initiated
the arguments, and [Robert] reacted.” But the court also disbelieved Robert’s
testimony that no touching occurred. A restraining order was entered
protecting Valerie and the children. The court allowed Robert unsupervised
weekend visitation with Son.
      As the DVRO approached its January 2019 expiration, Valerie asked
that it be extended for two years. She asserted that Robert had not only
repeatedly violated the DVRO, but also was now a “member and follower” of a
“black supremacist[ ]” group, Black Hebrew Israelite. Valerie maintained
that he embraced a “racist, misogynist” world view in which “blond hair is

2     Robert is described as being 6’2” tall and weighing 200 pounds. We
searched the record but were unable to find a physical description of Valerie.
                                        3
unclean” and “a woman must submit to her husband.” 3 She also claimed
that he was “attempting to indoctrinate” Son into this “hateful group” and
“continuously discusses his hatred of white people and woman [sic] with

[Son].”4 The court extended the DVRO for two years.

B.    The Request for An Order Renewing the DVRO
      As the new (2021) expiration date was approaching, Valerie asked the
court to make the DVRO permanent as to herself and extend another five
years for the children. She alleged that Robert had repeatedly violated the
DVRO by seeing Son at his school, giving her gifts, and sending “countless

harassing messages” to her on Talking Parents.5
      At the hearing, Valerie testified about a history of physical violence.
This included the 2018 incident that led to the original DVRO, as well as an
episode in 2013 where Robert was arrested after allegedly striking and

threatening to kill her.6 More recently, she testified, Robert violated rules
established for exchanging physical custody of Son for visitation. In one
instance, he blocked her exit from a parking lot stating, “ ‘Let me see my

3     In his testimony in this case, Robert explained that in the ancient
world blond hair was a symptom of having the plague and, therefore, his
comment that someone with blond hair was “unclean” was not racist when
placed in context of the Hebrew scriptures.
4     In a March 2019 discovery motion, Robert denied affiliation with Black
Hebrew Israelite and stated he was a “Messianic Jew” who “follows the Laws
of Moses” and “believes in Jesus.”
5     Talking Parents is an online coparenting communication tool.
(See Melissa G. v. Raymond M. (2018) 27 Cal.App.5th 360, 364.)
6     The police report tells a somewhat different story—that Valerie slapped
Robert repeatedly and he “did not strangle” her. Robert testified he was in
custody less than a day and no charges were filed.
                                       4
son.’ ” Jacqueline C., who supervises the exchanges, testified that about 30
percent of the time Robert does not comply with a rule that he park at least
one row away from Valerie. And about half the time, he violates the rule
prohibiting contact by yelling to Valerie or her daughter from across the
parking lot.
        At trial, Valerie’s lawyer emphasized still other concerns, stating the
“claim for the renewal is focused primarily” on Robert’s misogyny. According
to Valerie, Robert believes African Americans are “true Israelites” and
everyone else is “destined for Hell.” He referred to Valerie as “Jezebel” and
repeatedly sent her Bible passages stating women should be submissive to

men.7
        On cross-examination, Valerie clarified that Robert was not arrested in
connection with the 2018 incident, and she sustained only a “small pimple-
like mark” on her finger in the struggle. She also conceded the children were
not physically harmed.
        Valerie has not called the police about Robert since the DVRO was first
issued. And although the order allows her to record any violations of the
restraining order, she offered none in evidence. Valerie conceded that since
the DVRO first issued, Robert has not physically harmed her, nor has he
come to her work, contacted her on social media, or sent her mail.
        Robert’s testimony focused on explaining his religious beliefs. He
characterized himself as an “orthodox Jew” who “believe[s] in the Old
Testament” and also that “Christ is the Messiah . . . .” He denied being a
member of Black Hebrew Israelites, and instead claimed affiliation with
Israel United in Christ Church, which he claims “teach[es] “against”

7     Robert concedes calling Valerie “Jezebel,” but maintains he intended
that only to denote her as one who “go[es] against the teachings” of God.
                                         5
misogyny. Robert believes women are equal to men “career wise.” But in
marriage, he believes a wife should “ ‘submit to her husband’ ” based on
certain passages in the Bible.
      Not surprisingly, questions about Robert’s religious beliefs created
tension palpable even from the pages of a cold record. Obviously sensing this,
at the end of the day the court commented:
          “I want to make something very clear because I don’t want
          there to be any misunderstanding. Religious beliefs alone
          are not going to be the basis for a restraining order. There
          are all kinds of people that have religious beliefs that are
          very different from yours, from mine, from everyone
          else’s . . . . [¶]
          “The evaluation I have to make in any situation is whether
          one’s beliefs . . . give rise, as I think that’s the case that
          Valerie is trying to make, that she has a reasonable
          apprehension of fear as to how Robert is going to behave in
          regards to the children or as to her, or whether he’s going to
          disturb her peace . . . . [¶]
          “The existence of the belief in and of itself . . . doesn’t
          necessarily lead to a finding of domestic violence, but it’s
          not irrelevant if it relates to how someone behaves.”

C.    The Tentative Ruling
      After closing arguments, the court denied Valerie’s request to renew
the DVRO. Finding Robert’s testimony that he had benefitted from
counseling to be “credible,” the court concluded, “I don’t believe that there’s a
reasonable apprehension that [Robert] will physically harm or assault
[Valerie].”
      Turning to claims that Robert was disturbing Valerie’s peace, the court
again credited Robert’s testimony that he has “been in counseling” and “has
learned something.” The judge acknowledged that Robert’s gift-giving was

                                         6
“on the edge” and irritates Valerie, but concluded it did not “rise to an
apprehension of harm that’s reasonable.”
      The court characterized Robert’s religious beliefs as “unusual,” but
recognized there are “many people, including Orthodox Jews all over the
world who share th[ose] beliefs . . . about women.” Elaborating, the court
stated:
          “If they were being exercised to keep women enslaved, to
          keep women in a position of subservience in the family, to
          keep women locked in the house, there one would be
          crossing the line. But there’s nothing in [Robert’s] behavior
          and belief, as he’s expressed it, which leads me to
          think . . . that’s what she’s apprehensive about. [¶]
          “Now, I do think the quoting of the Bible verses . . . come
          close to disturbing her peace. I took some time to think
          about that because she’s asked him to stop. But the Bible
          verse exchanges are related to his comments about the
          parenting of the children because I looked at them back
          and forth. [¶] . . . [¶]
          “The one that gives me the most concern is the one from
          12/25, which is very long . . . . I think that still does not
          give rise to a reasonable apprehension of harm or
          reasonable apprehension that he will disturb her peace.”

D.    The Statement of Decision
      Immediately after the oral decision, Valerie’s attorney requested a
statement of decision. That led to the court deeming its oral ruling a
“tentative, technically.” About two weeks later, a proposed statement of

decision was filed, and later a statement of decision.8

8      Valerie’s attorney timely filed objections to the proposed statement of
decision; however, the court never saw them. The trial was conducted
remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic, which may account for that. In
any event, Robert does not invoke the doctrine of implied findings or claim
forfeiture by a failure to object. Accordingly, the point is moot.
                                         7
      In the statement of decision, the court determined that Robert’s “beliefs
or behavior” were not influenced by a misogynistic worldview that puts
Valerie or the children at risk. Although Robert’s views of “how a woman
moves in the world” are “not ‘modern,’ ” the court nevertheless determined
“these beliefs in and of themselves are not a basis for a protective order.”
Robert had not “acted in a way that restrained” Valerie “from moving in the
world, advancing her career, or wearing what she wanted.” To the contrary,
Robert “supported her during the marriage as she completed her medical
degree and earned her M.D.” and he “cared for the children during the day so
that she could complete her studies, and celebrated her accomplishments.”
      While recognizing that Robert’s use of the term “ ‘Jezebel’ ” was
“insulting” and “harassing,” the court found that it was not “abusive.”
Similarly, the court noted that Robert’s “traditional beliefs” may be
“extremely irritating,” but were “not a reason to issue a protective order.”
And although “concerned” about 300 messages Robert sent Valerie through
Talking Parents, they spanned a two-year period and “when broken down by
week” were “not harassing in volume.” The court found that Robert was
“judgmental in his messages, in the sense that he tried to correct what he
sees as [Valerie’s] incorrect thinking about scripture and parenting,” but that
did not constitute “domestic violence.” On conflicting evidence, the court
found that Robert stopped sending messages after Valerie’s second request
that he cease.
      The court found Robert “testified credibly” about attending counseling
since 2018 “and had learned from that therapy to be a better father and a
better partner.” The court concluded:

                                        8
         “While [Robert’s] religious beliefs may be unusual, and his
         particular branch of Judaism not one well known to most
         people, the question the Court had to consider is whether
         those beliefs alone give rise to a ‘genuine and reasonable’
         fear on the part of [Valerie] that there will be a disturbing
         of her peace in the future.”

                                 DISCUSSION
A.    The Court Applied the Correct Legal Standard
      The Domestic Violence Prevention Act (Act) is designed “to prevent acts
of domestic violence, abuse, and sexual abuse and to provide for a separation
of the persons involved in the domestic violence for a period sufficient to
enable these persons to seek a resolution of the causes of the violence.” (Fam.

Code,9 § 6220.) Abuse “is not limited to the actual infliction of physical
injury or assault” but also includes placing a person in “reasonable
apprehension of imminent serious bodily injury” and engaging in behavior
that harasses or “disturb[s] the peace of the other party . . . .” (§§ 6203,
6320.) Under the Act, the court “may issue an order ‘to restrain any person
for the purpose of preventing a recurrence of domestic violence and ensuring
a period of separation of the persons involved’ upon ‘reasonable proof of a
past act or acts of abuse.’ ” (Nevarez v. Tonna (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 774,
782; § 6300, subd. (a).)
      An initial restraining order may be “renewed, upon the request of a
party, either for five years or permanently, without a showing of further
abuse since the issuance of the original order . . . .” (§ 6345, subd. (a).) To
support renewal, the court must find “by a preponderance of the evidence

9     Undesignated statutory references are to the Family Code.

                                        9
that the protected party entertains a ‘reasonable apprehension’ of future

abuse.” (Ritchie v. Konrad (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 1275, 1290 (Ritchie).)10
      In applying this standard, the trial judge should consider the findings

that led to the initial DVRO.11 (Ashby v. Ashby (2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 491,
510.) “ ‘Also potentially relevant are any significant changes in the
circumstances surrounding the events justifying the initial protective order.
For instance, have the restrained and protected parties moved on with their
lives so far that the opportunity and likelihood of future abuse has
diminished to the degree they no longer support a renewal of the order? Or
have there been no significant changes or even perhaps changes that enhance
the opportunity and possibility of future abuse?’ ” (Id. at p. 511.)
      In this case, the first page of the statement of decision quotes Ritchie,
supra, 115 Cal.App.4th 1275 for the applicable legal standard—that is,
whether the evidence demonstrated “there is a sufficient risk of future abuse
to find the protected party’s apprehension is genuine and reasonable.” And
once more, immediately before analyzing Valerie’s claim, the court again
correctly stated the issue is “whether [Valerie] met her burden by a
preponderance of the evidence to show a ‘genuine and reasonable’
apprehension of future abuse.”

10    Without citing authority, Robert’s brief incorrectly asserts the
“requisite” standard of proof is “clear and convincing” evidence.
11    In opposing a request for renewal, the restrained party cannot
challenge the truth of that evidence or validity of such findings. (In re
Marriage of Brubaker & Strum (2021) 73 Cal.App.5th 525, 537.)
                                       10
      Under Ritchie, a protected party seeking renewal is not required to
prove that future violence is more likely than not to occur. Rather, the risk of
future abuse need only be such that the party’s apprehension or fear be
genuine and reasonable. (Ritchie, supra, 115 Cal.App.4th at p. 1290.)
      Here, despite correctly summarizing the Ritchie standard early in the
statement of decision, a few pages later the trial court stated:
         “The Court does not find that [Valerie] met her burden to
         show a reasonable apprehension that ‘it is more probable
         than not’ that there is a risk physical violence will recur.”
Based on this, Valerie contends the trial court applied an incorrect legal
standard by requiring her to prove Robert is likely engage in physical
violence unless the DVRO was renewed.
      We agree with Valerie that this sentence is problematic. It has the
correct Ritchie elements: “more probable than not,” “reasonable
apprehension” and “risk of future abuse.” But given the way they are strung
together in the sentence, the most natural reading is that “more probable
than not” modifies “risk.” In other words, the court seems to be stating that
the DVRO should be renewed only if Valerie established she reasonably
believed there was a 51 percent or more risk that Robert would engage in
physical violence absent renewal of the DVRO. But whether phrased in
terms of a court finding or a protected party’s reasonable belief, there is no
requirement that the risk of future physical abuse be greater than 50
percent. (See Ritchie, supra, 115 Cal.App.4th at 1290 [“So there should be no
misunderstanding, this does not mean the court must find it is more likely
than not future abuse will occur if the protective order is not renewed.”].)
      Thus, the crux of this appeal is whether the court applied the right or
wrong legal standard where the statement of decision seemingly recites both.

                                       11
Was the sentence Valerie focuses on just a slip of the pen? Or does it betray
faulty thinking?
      Like we would do when interpreting any other type of writing, we look
to the document as a whole as the surest guide to its meaning. (See Chin v.
Namvar (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 994, 1009.) On page one the court cites and
correctly quotes the controlling Ritchie standard. It does so three more times:
      • “The Court finds that as to [the children], [Valerie] has not
        met her burden to show a reasonable apprehension of
        future abuse by a preponderance of the evidence.”
      • “The findings as to [Valerie] were a ‘closer call’ for this
        Court, as to the question of whether [she] met her burden
        by a preponderance of the evidence to show a ‘genuine and
        reasonable’ apprehension of future abuse.”
      • “[Robert] answered questions to the court’s satisfaction to
        indicated that he is not a racist, and that his beliefs about
        women do not create a reasonable apprehension of risk by
        [Valerie].”

      To interpret an ambiguity in the statement of decision, we also may
consider the court’s oral tentative decision. (United Pacific Ins. Co. v.
Hanover Ins. Co. (1990) 217 Cal.App.3d 925, 934.) In this case, the tentative
ruling repeatedly invokes the correct legal standard and never articulates an
incorrect one:
      • “I don’t see any evidence . . . that there’s a reasonable
        apprehension that he’s going to harm the children at this
        point.”
      • “The court has to look at under Ritchie and others, does
        [Valerie] still have a reasonable apprehension that [Robert]
        will engage in physical altercations with her or harass her.”
        (Italics added.)
      • “So I don’t believe that there’s a reasonable apprehension
        that [Robert] will physically harm her or assault her.”

                                       12
      • “Now, as to disturbing her peace . . . there were violations
        of the restraining order. . . . [¶] [But] I still need to find
        that reasonable apprehension of harm or reasonable
        apprehension that he is going to disturb her peace.”
      • “I do not believe that the testimony of the monitor was
        established by a preponderance of the evidence that he—
        that there’s a reasonable apprehension that he will disturb
        her peace.”
      • “It’s irritating, but I don’t think it rises to an apprehension
        of harm that’s reasonable.”
      • “But there’s nothing in [Robert’s] behavior and belief, as
        he’s expressed it, which leads me to think that’s what she
        should have an app—that’s what she’s apprehensive
        about.”
      • “I think that that still does not give rise to a reasonable
        apprehension of harm or reasonable apprehension that he
        will disturb to her peace.”
      • “The disturbing of the peace, quoting the Bible scripture,
        may disturb—may irritate her, as I said, and may disturb
        her peace, but I don’t believe that, by a preponderance of
        the evidence, that’s a reasonable apprehension . . . .”

      Last, we consider the court’s statements about the applicable law
during trial. Here too, the court consistently applied the correct legal
standard. For example, ruling on the relevancy of the 2018 incident, the
court stated, “I have to determine whether there’s a reasonable apprehension
going forward.” Later the court allowed questions about Robert’s religious
beliefs “so that I can determine whether her fear is reasonable.” Near the
end, the court suggested that Valerie’s counsel explore on redirect “the nature
of [Valerie’s] fear” arising from Robert’s religious beliefs.
      Based on the record as a whole, we are confident that the trial court
correctly understood the legal standard for renewing a DVRO. (See People v.
Cartier (1960) 54 Cal.2d 300, 313 [“where a judge’s statements as a whole

                                        13
disclose a correct concept of the law and its application, no secondary
remarks should be deemed to have impeached his determination”].)
      In urging the opposite conclusion, Valerie also points to a portion of the
tentative ruling where the court stated there was no evidence showing “a
reasonable apprehension that [Robert is] going to harm the children at this
point.” She maintains this “implies that a renewal for their protection
required evidence [Robert] would commit physical violence towards them”
and claims this “mimics” the trial court’s error in Perez v. Torres-Hernandez
(2016) 1 Cal.App.5th 389 (Perez).
      We understand the court’s remarks differently. “Harm” is not limited
to physical violence. It connotes any type of “abuse” within the meaning of
the Act, including “harassing” and “disturbing the peace of the other party.”
(§§ 6203, subd. (a)(4), 6320, subd. (a).)
      Moreover, Perez does not support Valerie’s argument. The trial court in
that case declined to renew a DVRO based on the misapprehension that
“ ‘abuse must be violence or the infliction of violence on an individual.’ ”
(Perez, supra, 1 Cal.App.5th at p. 395.) The court of appeal reversed because
under the Act, “the definition of abuse . . . is much broader” and includes
“[a]nnoying and harassing an individual.” (Id. at p. 399.) But as just
explained, here the judge did not commit Perez error. To the contrary, she
recognized that not only physical altercations, but also harassment and other
“harm” would support an order renewing a DVRO.
      In a related argument, Valerie contends the court erroneously required
evidence that she feared physical abuse. In advancing this claim, Valerie
selectively chooses sentences from the tentative ruling and statement of
decision where the trial judge determined whether Valerie had a reasonable
apprehension that Robert would engage in “physical altercations” or

                                        14
“physically harm her or assault her.” Citing Eneaji v. Ubboe (2014) 229
Cal.App.4th 1457, which held there is no requirement that the party seeking
a DVRO renewal must fear physical abuse, Valerie asserts these passages
show the trial court applied an incorrect legal standard.
      But again, Valerie’s argument hinges on taking isolated fragments of
the decision out of context. It is true, of course, that the trial court addressed
Valerie’s fear or apprehension of future physical violence. But that is
undoubtedly because domestic violence obviously includes, although it is not
limited to, physical harm. Moreover, Valerie’s lawyer argued the case this
way. Reminding the court in closing argument that the initial DVRO was
“granted based upon physical violence,” he asserted, “the same circumstances
exist for the violence today.” Moreover, the court also considered whether
Valerie had a reasonable apprehension that other forms of alleged abuse—
e.g., harassment, unwanted gift-giving, bible-thumping—would disturb her
peace. When read as a whole, as it must be, the statement of decision is not
limited to Valerie’s apprehension of physical violence.

B.    The Evidence Does Not Compel a Finding in Valerie’s Favor
      Valerie contends that if the trial court had applied the correct
standard, it would have had “no choice but to grant the DRVO renewal.” She
claims the “[f]ailure to grant the renewal, based on the facts of this
case . . . would be error as a matter of law.” In considering this argument,
the issue is whether the evidence compels a finding in Valerie’s favor as a
matter of law. “Specifically, the question becomes whether the appellant’s
evidence was (1) ‘uncontradicted and unimpeached,’ and (2) ‘of such a
character and weight as to leave no room for a judicial determination that it
was insufficient to support a finding.’ ” (Shaw v. County of Santa Cruz (2008)
170 Cal.App.4th 229, 279.)

                                        15
    1.         The court considered the 2018 incident
         Asserting that the facts underlying the initial DVRO were “heinous”
and “vicious,” Valerie contends the trial court failed to consider whether that
incident “alone” justified renewal. Citing her own declarations, she contends
the abuse continued for a six year period and Robert “repeatedly physically
attacked her” and “threatened to kill her by slitting her throat.”
         This argument fails for two reasons. First, Valerie’s version of the
events was both contradicted and impeached. In granting the original
DVRO, the court noted that “portions of [Valerie’s] testimony are different
from her pleadings as to chocking [sic]” and she is the one who “initiated the
arguments.” Moreover, the “visible injuries” she claims turn out to be a
“small pimple-like mark” on her finger that did not require medical attention.
According to the police report from the 2013 incident, Robert did not threaten

to kill Valerie, nor did he choke or strangle her.12 Additionally, Robert
disputed Valerie’s account of the 2013 incident. He explained that Valerie
slapped him and he “left and went to the police station to file [his] own
report” and “that’s when [he] was detained because she had called [the police]
ahead.” He was held for six hours, released with no charges filed, and he and
Valerie continued living together.
         Second, the record shows that the trial judge did consider this issue.
Indeed, it is the first substantive issue in the statement of decision, which
states:

12    Valerie told police that after she slapped him twice, Robert slid his
index finger across his neck and said, “If this was three years ago, I would
have cut your throat.” Robert told police that what he actually said was, “If I
was that type of guy I would have cut your throat.”
                                         16
            “In her request for the original restraining order . . .
            [Valerie] outlined physical violence by [Robert] in the
            presence of the children, and violence that she testified had
            occurred over a number of years before. There was at least
            one incident and arrest in 2013 as a result of an altercation
            in the home between these parties.”

         Valerie’s attorney argued that because Robert believes he did nothing
wrong in 2018, that alone represented a risk of future abuse. The court
considered but ultimately rejected the argument, stating “that alone is not a
basis to grant a permanent restraining order.”

    2.         The trial court considered Robert’s violations of the DVRO
         Valerie contends the court “further erred by failing to consider and give
due weight to Robert’s multiple willful violations of the DVRO.” But once
again, the court did consider that evidence. The statement of decision notes
that “after the protective order was in place” Robert “came to [Valerie’s]
previous home and dropped off a car that she had been given the right to
possess.” The judge stated she was “not calling this a ‘technical violation’ or
disregarding it.” Rather, she noted that although it “was a violation of the
restraining order, this alone would not establish a reasonable apprehension of
physical violence.” (Italics added.)
         The court also considered evidence that Robert violated the DVRO by
(1) trying to block Valerie from leaving a parking lot during an unmonitored
exchange; (2) visiting Son at his school; and (3) attempting to reconcile by
giving Valerie gifts. The court was skeptical of the claim that Robert used his

car to prevent Valerie from leaving a parking lot.13 His other behavior was,

13    The court did not find Valerie’s testimony on this point to be “clear or
convincing.” Because the court used the disjunctive “or” rather than “and,”
we do not understand this to be a reference to the requisite standard of proof.
                                         17
in the judge’s view, “irritating”—but insufficient to cause a reasonable
apprehension of harm. While other judges might have reached an opposite
conclusion, the evidence does not compel it as a matter of law and as a
reviewing court, we will not second-guess the trial judge’s credibility

determinations.14

    3.         The court considered changed circumstances
         Valerie contends the court committed “reversible error on its face” by
failing to consider whether there had been a “ ‘significant change of
circumstances’ ” since the DVRO originally issued. But again, the record
belies this claim. The court considered Robert’s religious beliefs, but
concluded he is “not a racist” and “his beliefs about women do not create a
reasonable apprehension of risk.” Moreover, Robert testified that he has
been in counseling since 2018 to address anger management and coparenting
skills. The court found his testimony credible, stating:
            “[Robert] testified credibly that he had been in therapy
            since 2018, which he believed he initiated (although it was
            court ordered), and had learned from that therapy to be a
            better father and a better partner.”
         Valerie further asserts that Robert had “simply failed to move on from
[the] relationship” and sent “strings of harassing messages” on Talking
Parents. She insists that the trial court “failed to give due weight to any of
this evidence.”

To the contrary, throughout the statement of decision the court correctly
states the preponderance-of-the-evidence standard applies.
14    Valerie’s reliance on Lister v. Bowen (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 319 does
not advance her argument. In that case, the issue was whether an order
renewing a DVRO was supported by substantial evidence. Here, the issue is
whether the evidence compels a finding—as a matter of law—opposite the
one reached by the trial court.
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      But Valerie’s argument distorts the record—the evidence was not
nearly so one-sided. Robert denied putting notes on Valerie’s car and
testified he has no interest in reconciling with her. He explained:
           “Counseling has helped a lot in a lot of ways. . . . [¶] I’ve
           learned to grow. I’ve grown to where I wish Valerie the
           best moving forward. I hope she finds someone who she
           can grow old with, and I wish her the best. Counseling has
           really helped me . . . .”
Moreover, the “strings” of messages encompassed more than a two-year
period. The court addressed this too in the statement of decision and
concluded, “[S]o broken down by week the messages are not harassing in
volume.”

      4.      The court considered the relative benefits and burdens of renewal
      Last, Valerie contends the trial court erred by failing to “consider and
acknowledge” that any burden on Robert from renewing the DVRO was
“outweighed by Valerie’s need for protection.”    But as we have discussed, the
court found that Valerie did not need DVRO protection. There was little to
weigh. And in any event, the court did balance benefits and burdens, stating:

           “I went back and forth in my mind, but I weigh against the
           impact of the restraining order on the other party. So it’s
           not like these orders don’t have significance. They’re
           supposed to be significant. They’re supposed to be strong.
           [¶]

           “And in this case, the impact on [Robert] in terms of his
           relationship with the children, when I don’t believe he’s a
           harm to the children. His beliefs may be something
           [Valerie] disagrees with. I get that . . . . [¶]

           “The disturbing of the peace, quoting Bible scripture,
           may . . . irritate her, as I said, and may disturb her peace,
           but I don’t believe that, by a preponderance of the evidence,
           that’s a reasonable apprehension, and that it rises to the

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       level of the restraint that would be needed on [Robert] to
       issue a restraining order, which does make it hard to find
       jobs, which does make it difficult to function in the world,
       and he had expressed that in his testimony.”

                              DISPOSITION
    The order is affirmed. Respondent is entitled to costs on appeal.

                                                                      DATO, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

HUFFMAN, J.

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