Court Opinion

ID: 1080784
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 20:43:30.820233+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:41:00.722490
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                                                                  FILED
                                AT KNOXVILLE
                                                                  October 6, 1999

                               MAY 1999 SESSION               Cecil Crowson, Jr.
                                                             Appellate Court Clerk

STATE OF TENNESSEE,              *    C.C.A. # 03C01-9808-CR-00271

             Appellee,           *    HAMILTON COUNTY

VS.                              *    Honorable Douglas A. Meyer, Judge

JAMES TYRONE HARBISON,           *    (Aggravated Assault)

             Appellant.          *

FOR THE APPELLANT:                    FOR THE APPELLEE:

ARDENA J. GARTH                       PAUL G. SUMMERS
District Public Defender              Attorney General & Reporter

RICHARD HEINSMAN, JR.                 R. STEPHEN JOBE
Assistant Public Defender             Assistant Attorney General
Suite 300, 701 Cherry Street          425 Fifth Avenue North
Chattanooga, TN 37402                 Nashville, TN 37243

                                      WILLIAM H. COX, III
                                      District Attorney General

                                      C. LELAND DAVIS
                                      Assistant District Attorney General
                                      600 Market Street, Suite 310
                                      Chattanooga, TN 37402

OPINION FILED: _______________

AFFIRMED

JOHN EVERETT WILLIAMS,
Judge
                                     OPINION

       The defendant, James Tyrone Harbison, was convicted in 1997 of

aggravated assault and sentenced as a Range III persistent offender to fourteen

years in the Tennessee Department of Correction. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-

13-102. In this appeal, the defendant presents the following issues: (1) Whether

the evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s finding of “serious bodily injury”

as an aggravating factor of the defendant’s convicted offense; (2) whether the

trial court abused its discretion in permitting testimony that the defendant had

been released from prison immediately preceeding the instant offense; (3)

whether the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on reckless

endangerment as a lesser offense; (4) whether the defendant’s sentence is

excessive; and (5) whether the trial court erred in sentencing the defendant as a

Range III persistent offender. We AFFIRM the judgment from the trial court.

                                   BACKGROUND

       While incarcerated in the Northwest Regional Correctional Facility in the

early 1990s, the defendant obtained the name and address of the victim and

wrote to her. The victim was initially hesitant about corresponding with the

defendant, but she felt her religious conviction obligated her to provide him some

comfort. Thus, the defendant and victim began regular correspondence. The

victim also visited the defendant approximately four times at the Facility.

       At the defendant’s request, the victim agreed to drive him from the

Facility, on his release, to Chattanooga to visit his family. The victim testified

that the defendant began drinking enroute to Chattanooga. They arrived at the

family’s home at approximately 6:00 p.m., and the defendant continued

consuming alcohol. The victim repeatedly requested to leave as time passed,

stating that she was tired. The defendant refused to leave.

                                          -2-
       Eventually, the victim picked up her car keys to leave. The defendant

grabbed her, pushed her backward, took the keys, and stormed from the home.

The victim followed but told the defendant that she would not ride with him

because he had been drinking. Nevertheless, when the defendant cursed at her

and ordered her to enter the car, she complied because she did not want to

abandon the vehicle, borrowed from her sister to transport the defendant. The

defendant then drove around Chattanooga for some time, stopping at the homes

of some of his friends. The victim repeatedly asked the defendant to take her

somewhere to sleep. At one point, she also requested that the defendant stop to

let her use the restroom. The defendant stopped and told her that she could

urinate in the road.

       Sometime in the early morning, the defendant stopped at a park and

asked someone for a “rock.” At that point, the victim attempted to grab the keys

and exit the car. The defendant caught her and wrenched the keys from her. He

then circled to the passenger side of the car and repeatedly struck the victim on

her face and head, while swearing at her and threatening to kill her. As the

beating continued, the defendant grabbed the victim by the hair and jumped into

the car on top of her. Eventually he ceased, and the victim asked to go to the

hospital. The defendant replied that she need not worry about that because he

was going to kill her.

       The defendant resumed driving and entered the parking lot of a business

to turn around. The victim noticed lights in the business, and as the car slowed

she rolled out of the passenger door and ran to the business for help. The

defendant stopped and pursued her, stating that she was going with him even if

he had to drag her. A man with a rifle then exited the business and ordered the

defendant to leave. The defendant complied, taking the victim’s vehicle.

                                       -3-
       The evidence shows that the victim suffered a fracture of her right orbital

area and a fractured mandible and that both injuries required surgery. She also

required stitches for lacerations on her right eye and brow, and the defendant’s

ring left indentions in her forehead. The victim testified that after the incident she

was in extreme pain, and she continued to suffer from intermittent pain for two

months. Her injuries required multiple hospital stays for surgery, and she

testified that she still experiences numbness on the side of her face from the

orbital fracture.

                                     ANALYSIS

       The defendant first argues that the evidence was insufficient to support a

finding of “serious bodily injury” as the aggravating factor. When an appellant

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court must determine whether,

after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond

a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); State v.

Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67 (Tenn. 1985); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e). The state is

entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and to all reasonable

inferences that may be drawn therefrom. See State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d
832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).

       The credibility of the witnesses, the weight of their testimony, and the

reconciliation of conflicts in the evidence are matters entrusted exclusively to the

trier of fact. See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984); State v.

Gentry, 881 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). A jury verdict for the state

accredits the testimony of the state’s witnesses and resolves all conflicts in favor

of the state. See State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410 (Tenn. 1983).

Moreover, a guilty verdict removes the presumption of innocence enjoyed by a

defendant at trial and replaces it with a presumption of guilt. See State v. Grace,

                                         -4-
493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 1973). Thus, an appellant challenging the

sufficiency of the evidence carries the burden of illustrating to this Court why the

evidence is insufficient to support the verdict. See State v. Freeman, 943
S.W.2d 25, 29 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1996).

       The defendant does not contest the state’s proof that he intentionally or

knowingly committed assault. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-101. He does

argue, however, that the state’s proof insufficiently establishes the aggravating

factor of “serious bodily injury.” For the purpose of the Code’s assault offenses,

“serious bodily injury” means:

       bodily injury which involves:

       (A)   A substantial risk of death;
       (B)   Protracted unconsciousness;
       (C)   Extreme physical pain;
       (D)   Protracted or obvious disfigurement; or
       (E)   Protracted loss or substantial impairment of a function of a
             bodily member, organ, or mental faculty. . . .

       Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-106(a)(34). “‘Bodily injury’ includes a cut,
       abrasion, bruise, burn or disfigurement; physical pain or temporary
       illness or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ, or
       mental faculty. . . .” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-106(a)(2).

       During the defendant’s brutal and unmerciful attack, he fractured both the

victim’s right orbital area and her lower jaw. The lacerations on her right eye and

brow required stitches. The victim, a nurse, testified that she knew full well that

no pain medication would be administered until the hospital staff completed a

medical assessment. Notwithstanding this knowledge, she felt such extreme

pain that she begged for relief during the assessment. The fracture of her right

orbital area required surgical correction. The fracture of her right lower jaw also

required correction by subsequent surgery. Her treatment required wiring shut

her jaw for approximately two months, during which time she suffered

intermittent pain. In the light most favorable to the state, this and other evidence

of the victim’s injuries sufficiently supported a finding of “serious bodily injury.”

See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-106(a)(34)(C).

                                          -5-
          The defendant next argues that the trial court erroneously allowed

testimony regarding his release from prison. The defendant, contending that

evidence of his recent release was unduly prejudicial, filed a motion in limine

seeking to prevent the admission of any mention of that release. The trial court

denied the motion, finding that such testimony was essential to accurately and

completely represent the circumstances surrounding the defendant’s offense.

Therefore, the probative value of the evidence outweighed any unduly prejudicial

effect.

          The admissibility of evidence is a matter entrusted to the sound discretion

of the trial court, and the trial court’s rulings in that regard will not be reversed on

appeal absent an abuse of that discretion. See State v. Hutchison, 898 S.W.2d
161, 172 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Banks, 564 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tenn. 1978). The

trial court found the contested testimony essential to illustrate the victim’s

relationship with the defendant and to describe how she entered the situation in

which she was assaulted. The court found that the probative value of this

evidence substantially outweighed any unduly prejudicial effect. We agree with

this trial court’s assessment and therefore find no abuse of discretion.

          The defendant next argues that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the

jury on the lesser offense of reckless endangerment. The defendant relies on

the victim’s testimony that she opened the passenger door of the car and rolled

out of the car as she sought escape from the defendant. The defendant

contends that the jury could have concluded that the victim’s hitting her head on

either the door or the ground actually caused her injuries.

          Tennessee law requires a trial judge to instruct the jury regarding lesser

included offenses that are fairly raised by the proof. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-

18-110(a). However, it is well established that the trial court need not instruct on

                                            -6-
a lesser offense that is not fairly raised by the evidence at trial. See State v.

Trusty, 919 S.W.2d 305, 310-11 & n.5 (Tenn. 1996). (“A trial judge . . . need

only instruct on lesser offenses in circumstances in which evidence in the record

would support a conviction for the lesser offenses.”).

       The state argues that the evidence at trial would not have supported a

conviction for reckless endangerment. The offense of reckless endangerment

requires that an individual “recklessly engages in conduct which places or may

place another person in imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury.”

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-103(a). Conversely, the defendant argues that the jury

could have found him guilty of reckless endangerment by concluding that the

victim suffered her injuries when she jumped from the moving car. The state

responds that the defendant’s actions caused her to jump.

       In State v. Williams, 977 S.W.2d 101 (Tenn. 1998), the Tennessee

Supreme Court applied a harmless error analysis and held that a trial court’s

failure to instruct a jury as to a lesser offense was harmless error if the trial court

instructed the jury as to another lesser offense and the jury convicted the

defendant of the greatest charged offense. See id. at 105-06. In Williams, the

jury rejected second degree murder, the immediately lesser offense of the first

degree murder charge, despite jury instruction including second degree murder.

See id. at 106. Because the jury determined the proof sufficient to prove all

elements of the greatest charged offense, failure to charge voluntary

manslaughter was harmless error. See id. In the present case, the trial court

instructed the jury on aggravated assault and the lesser offense of assault, and

the jury convicted on the greatest charged offense. Therefore, following

Williams, any error in failing to charge additional lesser offenses was harmless.

                                          -7-
       The defendant next argues that the trial court erroneously applied certain

enhancement factors and thus imposed an excessive sentence. When an

appellant challenges the length or manner of service of a sentence, it is the duty

of this Court to conduct a de novo review on the record “with a presumption that

the determinations made by the court from which the appeal is taken are

correct.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). This presumption “is conditioned

upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the

sentencing principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby,

823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 1991). The appellant carries the burden of showing

that the sentence is improper. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d) &

sentencing comm’n comments; State v. Jernigan, 929 S.W.2d 391, 395 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1996).

       The trial court found the defendant to be a Range III persistent offender.

Aggravated assault, a Class C felony, carries a Range III sentence of ten to

fifteen years. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-102(d); 40-35-112(c). The

presumptive sentence for a Class C felony is the minimum sentence in the

range, absent enhancement or mitigating factors. See Tenn. Code Ann. 40-35-

210(c). At the defendant’s sentencing hearing, the trial court applied the

following four enhancement factors:

       The defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or
       criminal behavior in addition to those necessary to establish the
       appropriate range; [and]

       The defendant treated or allowed a victim to be treated with
       exceptional cruelty during the commission of the offense; [and]

       The defendant has a previous history of unwillingness to comply
       with the conditions of a sentence involving release in the
       community; [and]

       The defendant had no hesitation about committing a crime when
       the risk to human life was high. . . .

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1), (5), (8), (10). In mitigation, the trial court

considered that the defendant’s prior felonies were all property crimes and did

                                         -8-
not involve violence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113 (13). Based on these

findings, the trial court sentenced the defendant to fourteen years imprisonment.

      The defendant challenges only the trial court’s application of

enhancement factors (5) and (10). Regarding enhancement factor (5), the

defendant argues that any cruelty inflicted on the victim was comprised by the

injuries she sustained. Since these injuries were the aggravating element of the

defendant’s convicted offense, the defendant argues, this factor is inapplicable.

We disagree. Application of the enhancement factor for exceptional cruelty

requires a finding of cruelty over and above that inherently attendant to the

convicted offense. See State v. Embry, 915 S.W.2d 451, 456 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1995). Further, the enhancement for exceptional cruelty is not limited to physical

cruelty. See State v. Greg Lee Sword, No. 03C01-9203-CR-00074 (Tenn. Crim.

App. filed March 31, 1993, at Knoxville). The defendant repeatedly struck the

victim in the face and repeatedly threatened to kill her. He refused to leave the

victim alone or provide her with medical treatment. The victim testified that the

defendant stated she ”would not need any medical treatment where she was

going.” The defendant completely dominated, controlled, and terrorized the

victim in a manner clearly over and above that inherently attendant to aggravated

assault. We find that the record supports application of this enhancement factor.

      Regarding enhancement factor (10), the defendant cites State v. Hill, 885
S.W.2d 357 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994), for the proposition that the offense of

aggravated assault inherently comprises high risk to human life. See id. at 363.

However, the Hill decision addresses aggravated assault with a deadly weapon,

and the Tennessee Supreme Court has held that enhancement factor (10) is not

inherent in the offense of aggravated assault by serious bodily injury. See State

                                        -9-
v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 602-03 (Tenn. 1994). Following Jones, and because

the record clearly supports application of factor (10), we find no error.

       Finally, the defendant asserts that the trial court erroeously sentenced the

defendant as a Range III offender. He asserts that the state’s notice to seek

enhanced punishment listed only four prior felony convictions and that at pretrial

the trial court noted the defendant’s apparent qualifications as a Range II

offender. The state points out, however, that its notice to seek enhanced

punishment indicated the defendant’s five prior felony convictions. Since two

sets of two convictions each occurred on the same date, the state conceded that

they would likely be counted as less than five for purposes of determining the

defendant’s range. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-106(b)(4); -107(b)(4). Still,

the state introduced evidence at the sentencing hearing that the defendant

actually has seven prior felony convictions. The defendant contests none of

these prior convictions but contends that the state is bound by its original notice.

       “If the district attorney general believes that a defendant should be

sentenced as a multiple, persistent or career offender, the district attorney

general shall file a statement thereof with the court and defense counsel not less

than ten (10) days before trial or acceptance of a guilty plea . . . .” Tenn. Code

Ann. § 40-35-202(a). The state concedes that its notice did not mention all those

prior felony convictions subsequently introduced at the sentencing hearing.

However, the state notes that the defendant did not object to the introduction of

these additional convictions and, in fact, he agreed that he had at least five prior

felony convictions for the purpose of determining his sentencing range.

       The Tennessee Supreme Court has held that if the state substantially

complies with Tennessee Code Annotated § 40-35-202(a), then the defendant

has a duty to inquire about an incomplete notice and, absent the inquiry, must

                                        -10-
show prejudice to obtain relief based on that notice. See State v. Adams, 788
S.W.2d 557, 559 (Tenn. 1990). The defendant did not challenge the state’s

incomplete notice when the additional convictions were introduced at the

sentencing hearing. Moreover, the defendant has not shown prejudice. That the

defendant “was sentenced within the proper range, based upon his prior

convictions, does not establish prejudice.” State v. Gilmore, 823 S.W.2d 566,

571 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

                                CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

                                        _____________________________
                                        JOHN EVERETT W ILLIAMS, Judge

CONCUR:

______________________________
JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., Judge

______________________________
ALAN E. GLENN, Judge

                                      -11-