Court Opinion

ID: 73289
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 08:01:32+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:50:33.266569
License: Public Domain

[ PUBLISH]

                   IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                             ________________________

                                    No. 98-8131
                                                                       FILED
                               Non-Argument Calendar           U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                             ________________________            ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                      10/02/98
                            D. C. Docket No. 4:97-cr-38-JRE       THOMAS K. KAHN
                                                                       CLERK

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                         Plaintiff-Appellee,

      versus

WILLIAM J. BICHSEL,
ROY L. BOURGEOIS, et al.,

                                                                     Defendants-Appellants.

                             ________________________

                     Appeals from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Georgia
                           _________________________
                                 (October 2, 1998)

Before ANDERSON, COX and DUBINA, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
       Twenty-two defendants appeal their convictions and sentences for reentering a military

installation after the installation’s commander had ordered them not to reenter, in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 1382. We affirm.

                                            Background

       Fort Benning, Georgia, is home to the United States Army School of the Americas, a U.S.-

funded military training center that caters to Latin American soldiers. Because its alumni include

military men (such as Manuel Noriega) who are believed to be responsible for human rights abuses

in Latin America, the School has long been a focus of protest. Each November protesters march to

commemorate the 1989 murder of six Jesuits in El Salvador, allegedly the victims of School alumni.

The defendants here had participated in such protests before. Three, Edward Kinane, William

Bichsel, and Roy Bourgeois, were convicted of violating § 1382 in 1995; Bourgeois also had

multiple convictions arising from his participation in 1994’s protests. The other nineteen defendants

marched in 1996, and that year the Fort’s commanding officer sent letters barring them from

entering Fort property again. In November 1997, the defendants nonetheless joined a mock funeral

procession on Fort property with about 600 other protesters.

        The defendants were charged by information with violation of § 1382. The relevant part of

the statute prohibits reentry into a military installation “after having been removed therefrom or

ordered not to reenter by any officer or person in command or charge thereof.” 18 U.S.C. § 1382.

The information, however, charged the defendants simply with reentering “after having been ordered

not to reenter by the installation commander.” (R.1-1.)

       The defendants were convicted and sentenced to six months’ imprisonment and a $3,000 fine

each. On appeal, they raise two issues worthy of discussion. First, they argue that the evidence is

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insufficient to convict them because the Government did not prove that they received the letters

containing the Fort commander’s order prohibiting reentry. Second, they challenge the length of

their sentences and the fines imposed on them.1

                                            Discussion

       Sufficiency of the Evidence

       The defendants moved for judgment of acquittal after the Government rested. The court

denied the motion, and the defendants presented evidence. They did not, however, renew their

motion for judgment of acquittal at the close of the evidence. In such circumstances, the defendants

have waived any objection to the sufficiency of the evidence. See United States v. Williams, 144

F.3d 1397, 1402 (11th Cir. 1998). This court will accordingly affirm the convictions unless there

is a manifest miscarriage of justice — if the evidence “on a key element of the offense is so tenuous

that a conviction would be shocking.” Id. (quoting United States v. Tapia, 761 F.2d 1488, 1491-92

(11th Cir. 1985)).

       The asserted lack of evidence here does not qualify as “shocking.” To prove the offense as

charged, the Government was required to show that the defendants received notice that the Fort’s

commander had barred future entry. See 18 U.S.C. § 1382. For three defendants, the evidence was

quite strong. Fort Benning’s commanding officer sent Bichsel and Bourgeois bar letters in 1994 and

       1
                The defendants also raise the issue that their protest was protected First
Amendment activity. They do not, however, brief the issue, relying instead on the briefs in
another case. Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(i) does not permit such adoption by
reference between cases, and the defendants have not separately moved to adopt the briefs. Until
such a motion is made and granted, the briefs from the other case are not readily accessible to
judges of the court. We have not read them for this case. In any event, this court resolved the
First Amendment issue against a group of School of the Americas protesters arrested following
the November 1996 protests. See United States v. Corrigan, 144 F.3d 763, 769 (11th Cir. 1998).
For all that appears, this case is indistinguishable.

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1991, respectively. In 1995, Bichsel and Bourgeois joined the annual November protest. They were

convicted of violating § 1382 following that protest, and these prior judgments were in evidence in

this case. Because the Government based the charge here on the same 1991 and 1994 letters, the

prior conviction based upon those letters qualifies as more than tenuous evidence that the two

received those letters. Cf. United States v. McCoy, 866 F.2d 826, 828 (6th Cir. 1989) (taking notice

as a foregone conclusion on similar facts). A third defendant, Edward Kinane, received his bar letter

in 1995 by hand-delivery; the officer in charge of maintaining order during the 1995 demonstration

described how all the protesters that year were arrested and handed a bar letter before they were

allowed to leave.

       The remaining defendants’ bar letters were issued in 1996 and mailed to them, return receipt

requested. In each case, the green return-receipt card was returned with a signature appearing to be

the defendant’s. The defendants now make much of the possibility that a letter arrived at the wrong

destination, and that someone forged the defendant’s signature. (The defendants point out that the

record contains two signatures that purport to be defendant Ruth Woodring’s, and they argue that

the two signatures differ.)    It is not impossible that such an event occurred, and that some

defendants never received the letters. But a factfinder may legitimately infer that a defendant

actually received a letter addressed to him or her when the sender received a return receipt bearing

what purports to be the defendant’s signature. This inference is strong enough that the district

court’s reliance on it is hardly “shocking.” We therefore conclude that there has been no manifest

miscarriage of justice.

       Sentencing Issues

                                                 4
       Section 1382 is a Class B misdemeanor because a violation carries a maximum term of

imprisonment of six months. See 18 U.S.C. § 1382; 18 U.S.C. § 3559(a)(7). The Sentencing

Guidelines do not apply to Class B misdemeanors. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.9 (1997). The defendants’

sentences thus may be disturbed on appeal only if they were imposed in violation of law (such as

by exceeding statutory limits) or are “plainly unreasonable.” 18 U.S.C. § 3742(e)(1), (4); id. §

3742(f)(1), (3); see United States v. Underwood, 61 F.3d 306, 308 (5th Cir. 1995); United States v.

Ard, 731 F.2d 718, 727 (11th Cir. 1984). The defendants do not contend that their sentences are

illegal.2 Rather, they seem to argue, for two independent reasons, that the sentences are “plainly

unreasonable.”

        The defendants first contend that the district court improperly failed to individualize their

sentences because some defendants were repeat offenders, and others were not, but they all received

the same six-month sentence. We disagree. Under extra-Guidelines law, the district court is not

bound to respect any difference in criminal histories. Rather, the statute requires the district court

to weigh many factors in its discretion.      The court must consider, for instance, not only the

defendants’ history but also the “need for the sentence imposed . . . to promote respect for the law

[and] to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(A)-(B). Each

defendant here made a defiant political statement at sentencing, effectively promising to break the

law again. It was not unreasonable for the district court to conclude that a six-month sentence was

necessary to serve the statutory objectives, whatever the defendants’ individual criminal histories.

       2
                 The sentences imposed here were six months’ imprisonment and a $3000 fine;
this is within the statutory six-month imprisonment-term limit and under the $5000 maximum
fine. See 18 U.S.C. § 1382; 18 U.S.C. § 3571(b)(6).

                                                  5
       The defendants also complain that the district court imposed fines without a finding as to the

defendants’ ability to pay. Under extra-Guidelines law, however, such a finding is not required.

The district court must, of course, “consider . . . the defendant’s income, earning capacity, and

financial resources.” 18 U.S.C. § 3572(a)(1). There is no suggestion in the record that the court

failed to do so; rather, it seems that the court made a calculated decision to impose the fine —

whatever the defendants’ ability to pay — in hope of dissuading the protesters from future

trespassing. The court offered to remit the fine for each assertedly indigent defendant who would

make a written representation to the court that he or she would not reenter Fort Benning; all the

defendants declined this offer. While this approach may be novel, it is not “plainly unreasonable.”

We therefore conclude that we must affirm the sentences. See 18 U.S.C. § 3742(f)(3).

                                            Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, the defendants’ convictions and sentences are affirmed.

       AFFIRMED.

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