Court Opinion

ID: 6634592
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 20:39:17.916228+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:59:02.451016
License: Public Domain

Cooley Oh. J.
On the fifteenth day of February, 1859, the Legislature of this State passed the following act:
“ Sec. 1. The people of the State of Michigan enact: That all companies or corporations formed, or that may be formed, for the purpose of boring for and manufacturing-salt in this State, and any and all individuals engaged or to be engaged in such manufacture shall be entitled to the benefits of the provisions of this act.
Sec. 2. All property, real and personal, used for the purpose mentioned in the first section of this act, shall be exempt from taxation for any purpose.
Sec. 3. There shall be paid from the Treasury of this State, as a bounty to any individual or company or corporation, the sum of ten cents for each and every bushel of salt manufactured by such individual, company or corporation, from water obtained by boring in this State: Provided, That no such bounty shall be paid until such individual, company or corporation, shall have at least five thousand bushels of salt manufactured.”
On the fifteenth day of March, 1861, the foregoing act was amended as follows: The first section, by adding a proviso limiting its benefits to those who should be actually engaged in such manufacture prior to the first day of August, 1861. The second section by limiting the exemption from taxation to five years from the organization of the company or corporation. And the third section,'among other things, by limiting the bounty moneys that should be paid to any one individual, company or corporation, to the sum of one thousand dollars.
The Bast Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Company filed its bill in chancery in January, 1868, setting forth therein that its associates, in the month of April, 1859, became a corporation under the general law of the State authorizing the incorporation of companies for mining and manufacturing purposes; that in June of that year they commenced boring for salt near the Sagiuaw River in the *272County of Saginaw, and continued their operations until early in the year I860, when brine was found, of sufficient strength and purity to warrant the company to proceed in the manufacture of salt; that relying in good faith upon the benefits promised in said act of 1859, the complainant proceeded at once to ■ erect works for such manufacture, and to enter upon that business, and by the ninth day of March, 1861, had actually manufactured from the water of said well six thousand three hundred and forty - eight barrels of salt, each containing five bushels; and that in consequence of the facts above stated, the property of complainant used for the purpose of boring for and manufacturing salt is exempt from taxation, and the right to such exemption is a vested right, which it is not competent for the Legislature to take away without complainant’s assent.
The bill further avers that complainant is still engaged in the manufacture of salt at the place aforesaid, and is employing all its property for the purpose; that it is the owner of certain real estate particularly described in the bill; of the value of $20,000; that such real estate is situate within the city of Bast Saginaw, and that the authorities have levied a tax upon the same for the year 1867, amounting to the sum of eleven hundred and forty-five dollars and four cents, which is a cloud upon the title of complainant, and which the City Marshal threatens to proceed to collect. And the bill prays a perpetual injunction against such city and the City Marshal, to restrain the collection. To this bill there was a demurrer, and the questions before us are those the demurrer presents.
It will be seen from this brief abstract of the bill that it is not claimed by complainant that the particular property on which the tax m question was levied was purchased in reliance upon the act of 1859, or that the same or any part thereof was employed in the manufacture of *273salt, or was owned by complainant previous to the amendatory act of 1861. The claim of the bill appears to be this : The complainant engaged in the manufacture of salt while the act of 1859 was in force, and had produced sufficient to earn a money bounty under that act before its amendment; it thereby acquired a vested right which the Legislature could neither take away nor abridge, to have all the property of this corporation employed in this business perpetually exempt from taxation for any purpose whatsoever. On any claim less broad than this, it is evident the present bill could not be sustained.
It cannot fail to strike the mind when this claim is put forth, that the most serious and alarming consequences may flow from it, should it receive the sanction of the courts. The demand of exemption is made under that clause of the Constitution of the United States which forbids the States to pass any laws violating the obligation of contracts; and the argument is, that the corporation, by accepting the offer which the State made to. those who should engage in the development of its resources, in salt, and by actually obtaining a productive well, has thereby entered into a contract with the State, by which, in consideration of continued manufacture, the State for all time so ties up its hands as to preclude the exercise of the power of taxation in regard to all property which complainant may employ in the business.
Now, it has been too often remarked by the Courts to render it important for us to enlarge upon it here, that the power of taxation is one of the essential powers of sovereignty, which the State must exercise again and again, as often as its needs or its interests may require; and one that cannot in the least be crippled or abridged, without to that extent crippling the State, impairing its vitality, and in some degree endangering its existence. It is upon this ground that it has been so often and so earnestly denied *274by learned and able jurists, that it is within the grant of authority to any legislative body, chosen as representatives of the people, to enter into any contract, by which they bargain away any portion of the power to levy taxes for the needs of government. For the representatives of the people do not receive the powers of government for any purposes of sale or grant, but they take them in trust for a brief period, to be employed for the general welfare, within such limits as the people may have prescribed, and under obligations to transmit them unimpaired to their successors.
It may not be unimportant to examine somewhat more in detail the consequences that may fairly be anticipated from accepting the position which is taken by the complainant in this case. The act of 1859, it will be perceived, is not in express terms made perpetual, nor do we discover in it any words which indicate a legislative intent that it shall be irrepealable. It is perpetual in the same sense m which all statutes are, which prescribe a rule of action without limiting the term of its continuance; but it is neither necessary nor usual to reserve the right of repeal in order that the Legislature may possess full power to do so, and complete authority to. abolish the rule whenever the varying interests of the State shall appear to that body to render such action important. The absence of any express reservation of the right to repeal, or of any limitation in time, is not therefore a fact of any significance in this connection, since in this particular the statute is not unlike the ordinary legislation of the State, in regard to which the idea of contract between the State and the people whose interests it affects is never suggested.
The act of 1859 is clearly, in its nature and purpose, a bounty law and nothing else. For the encouragement of the manufacture of salt, it promises an exemption from taxation, and the payment of a sum of money for each *275bushel of salt produced after the quantity shall have reached a certain prescribed limit. When a bounty is earned, it becomes a vested right, and we fully agree with the former decision of this Court in People v. Board of State Auditors, 9 Mich., 8%7, that the party earning it cannot then be deprived of the right. But when is a bounty earned ? Not, certainly, as soon as the party has made his arrangements for earning it. He may have abandoned some other business with that object in view; he may have made large investments in preparation for accepting the condition of the proffered bounty; the changes he makes in his affairs, in reliance upon the promise of the State, may be so great as to expose him to ruin if the offer be withdrawn, but until the condition is fully performed, no one will pretend that the State may not withdraw the offer, and expose his interests to these serious consequences. Whatever there may be in his case to render the withdrawal inequitable and unjust, may appeal with more or less force to the Legislature against so harsh a measure, but the equity of his case will not constitute a legal impediment to the legislative action. Hike all other citizens who make their arrangements in reliance upon the continued existence of the laws as they are, he takes upon himself the risk of their being changed, aüd the State incurs no responsibility in consequence of the change proving injurious to his private interests.—Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 11 Pet, 420; Turnpike Co. v. State, 3 Wal. 210; Piscataqua Bridge v. New Hampshire Bridge, 7 N. H. 35; Goshen v. Richmond, 4 Allen, 460; Bridgewater v. Plymouth, 97 Mass. 390.
The money bounty on each bushel of salt above the required quantity, was earned when that bushel was made, and not before. The repeal of the bounty law, therefore, absolves the State from all legal obligation to pay the *276bounty upon any that shall be manufactured afterwards. The fact that large investments will thereby be rendered unproductive, cannot preclude the repeal. We are not aware that this position has ever been disputed, though the money bounty was long ago wholly discontinued, and this corporation has ever since been largely interested to dispute the right of the State to stop it, if to do so, could be of any avail.
The bounty that is to be given by way of exemption from taxation does not, so far as we can discover, rest upon any different basis. The State promises not to tax; but this means only that it will not tax so long as the promise is a continuing one, and the condition on which it is made is performed. Those who pursue the manufacture until the promise is recalled, have earned the exemption to that time, but they have earned nothing more. For protection against loss from its recall, they must appeal to the generosity of the Legislature, and its sense of right and justice.
If this be not so, then the early repeal of the bounty law has alone saved the State from having all the property employed in one of its most extensive manufactures forever exempted from all the burdens which every other business must bear in the support of the government and the preservation of public order. But the evil might not stop here and would be very certain not to do so. The people of this State at the present time are being pressed with arguments to demonstrate the necessity of railroad improvements, and the great and urgent importance of individuals and communities lending them their aid. There are not wanting plausible arguments in favor of exempting all such improvements from State and local taxation, in consideration of the benefits they confer upon the State, in extending settlement, enhancing the value of lands, and increasing the facilities for commerce and travel. So great a boon *277as a perpetual exemption from taxation, is one for -which this interest might afford to labor earnestly and persistently, and •if the incidents of an irrepealable contract can be discovered in the law before us, he would be no vain alarmist who should confidently predict the speedy coming of the time, when millions of property of this description would be found forever exempt from taxation, under improvident and hasty legislation, passed under the specious pretense of encouraging struggling enterprise.
Railroads, however, are not the only investments that appeal to the fostering care of our citizens. There are many among us who think all that is necessary to render the State wealthy and prosperous is to introduce extensive manufactures, so that the raw material we produce shall be worked up at our doors. There are others who think that the great need of the State is people to penetrate its forests, and bring its wild lands under cultivation. There are still others who believe the mining interests require special attention and encouragement. It is not too much to suppose that sometimes the one view and sometimes the other will be paramount in the Legislature, and influence the levying of taxes. And if one class after another can secure a perpetual exemption from taxation, on the pretense of necessary encouragement, in the periods of uncertainty and embarrassment, we might at length have the leading interests of the State enjoying the benefits of protection and government, while the other members of community are compelled to bear its burdens.
Nor is it very apparent that the citizen who engages in banking when the law imposes a specific tax on the capital employed in that business, may not with equal reason claim that the State contracts with him never to increase that tax. He makes his arrangements and investments in view of what the law then is, and it may be quite as inequitable, and quite as pregnant of injurious *278consequences, to increase the rate of taxation, so as possibly to render his business unprofitable, as it was to repeal the proffered bounty in the present case. The circumstances may appeal to the justice of the Legislature with equal force. Church organizations and literary institutions and societies, whose property is now exempt from taxation, might claim perpetual exemption in still closer analogy to the present case; for it cannot be disputed that their exemption is granted in order to encourage religion and learning, and has for its object the general welfare, as much as the bounty which was held out as an inducement to the manufacture of salt. Lands are purchased and buildings erected in reliance upon the exemption, and reasonable expectations are disappointed when it is taken away. There are all the circumstances necessary to constitute a contract with the State in such a case, if one can exist in the one before us. In this connection we refer to what it is said in Brainard v. Colchester, 31 Conn, 409, with full approval.
In questioning the act of 1859, in order to determine whether the exemption it promises is perpetual or not, we must not forget that the promise and obligation, whatever it is, is on the side of the State only. Those who accept the bounty promise nothing, and bind themselves to nothing. However much it may be for the interest of the State that they should continue in the manufacture, they are not obliged to do so, but may abandon it at any time. Their acceptance, therefore, is only during their own good pleasure, and while they shall continue to find it for their interest. This fact alone, if this were merely an ordinary contract between man and man, would go far to raise very serious doubts whether it was intended to be an arrangement more permanent than at the will of either party, and whether one had not the same right to terminate it *279at any time, which, was possessed without question, by the other.
Nor, on the question of proper construction, must we fail to bear in mind what the subject of the statute was. It respected the taxing power of the State, and is claimed to constitute an agreement not to employ it in a certain class of cases for all future time. To use the words of Mr. Justice Campbell in Christ Church v. Philadelphia, 24 How., 302, in speaking of a law exempting property from' taxation: It “ belongs to a class of statutes in which the narrowest meaning is to be taken which will fairly carry out the intent of the Legislature. All laws, all political institutions, are dispositions for the future, and their professed object is to afford a steady and permanent security to the interests of society.” But they do not, therefore, as he very clearly points out, become irrepealable laws. Chief Justice Marshall has said, in speaking of the taxing power, that as the whole community is interested in retaining it undiminished, its abandonment ought not to be presumed in a case in which the deliberate purpose to abandon it does not appear. Providence Bank v. Billings, 4 Pet., 561. The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania adopted the same rule of construction when they declared that if such ah exemption from taxation exists, “ it must be the result of a deliberate intention to relinquish this prerogative of sovereignty, distinctly manifested.” Easton Bank v. The Commonwealth, 10 Penn. St., 450. To the same effect are People v. Mayor, etc., of New York, 32 Barb., 113; Illinois and Mich. Canal v. C. & R. I. R. Co., 14 Ill, 321. We also quote from the opinion of Mr. Justice Swayne in the case of Gilman v. Sheboygan, 2 Black, 513. “ The imposition, modification, and removal of taxes,” he says, “ and the exemption of property from such burdens, is an ordinary exercise of the power" of State sovereignty. There is no pledge, expressed or implied, that this power *280should not thereafter be exercised. Admitting that the State could enter into such an engagement, there is no evidence (in the case at bar) that it did. This fact should never be assumed unless the language used be too clear to admit of doubt.” “ Too plain to be mistaken,” are the words of Chief Justice Taney in speaking on the same subject in Ohio L. Ins. & T. Co., v. Debolt, 16 How., 435. Such a rule of construction is eminently wise and reasonable, and if a different rule prevailed, and every careless and every corrupt act of legislation which scheming individuals or powerful interests might secure in their owA favor, were to be instantaneously clothed with the attributes of contracts of an irrepealable character by virtue of the • Constitution of the United States, and thus acquire a force and' permanence which the Parliament of England, with all its boasted omnipotence, could never give to its acts; and if the courts, whether it accorded with their sense of right and justice or not, were then compelled to encourage such legislation by enforcing it, in defiance of the law-making power itself, in favor of those who had been artful enough to secure it; the question might be presented in the most serious and forcible aspect to the American people, whether the clause of their national Constitution inhibiting the violation of the obligation of contracts, was not, as expounded and enforced, productive of more evil, injustice and corruption, than could reasonably be anticipated from leaving the legislatures of the States' as much untrammelled in this particular, as are the legislative bodies of free States generally.
We are aware that it is not usually a logical mode of argument to endeavor to demonstrate the non-existence of a power by pointing out its liability to abuse; but in questions .relating to sovereign powers, it has often been recognized as both legitimate and cogent. Chief Justice Marshall, in the leading case of McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 *281Wheat., 816, rested his argument against the power of the States to tax the agencies of the general government, to a considerable extent upon the illimitable nature of this power where it existed, and the possibility that the States, if they could tax the agencies of the general government at all, might so exercise that authority as practically to annihilate them, and thus endanger the existence and perpetuity of the Union itself. He wholly repudiated the idea that confidence in the good faith of the State governments must forbid our indulging the anticipation of such consequences. Similar considerations have led the State courts to deny to the General Government the power to tax the instruments through which the State sovereignty is exercised.—Warren v. Paul, 22 Ind. 279; Jones v. Keep's Estate, 19 Wis. 369; Fifield v. Close, 15 Mich. 505; Union Bank v. Hill, 3 Coldw. 325; Smith v. Short, 40 Ala. 385; and we are not aware that the proper authorities of the General Government have ever questioned the correctness of these decisions, and taken the necessary steps to secure their review. In those cases in which the power of a State by contract to abridge or restrict any of the essential powers of sovereignty, has been denied or questioned, stress has been laid upon the great and imminent liability to abuse if the power exists at all.—Brewster v. Hough, 10 N. H. 143; Piscataqua Bridge v. N. H. Bridge, 7 N. H. 69; Backus v. Lebanon, 11 N. H. 24; Mechanics and Trader's Bank v. Debolt, 1 Ohio N. S. 594; Toledo Bank v. Bond, Ibid, 622; Knoup v. Piqua Bank, Ibid, 603; M. & R. Plank Road Co. v. Husted, 3 Ohio N. S. 578; Thorpe v. R. & B. R. R. Co. 27 Vt. 140; Brainard v. Colchester, 31 Conn. 410; Mott v. Penn R. R. Co. 30 Penn. St. 9. Upon the like considerations it is now held that although a State grants a privilege in exclusive terms, it does not thereby bind its hands against such an exercise of the right of eminent *282domain as may annihilate the franchise for the benefit of another which the terms of the first would exclude.—West River Bridge Co. v. Dix, 16 Vt. 446; s. c. in error, 6 How. 507; Enfield Toll Bridge Co. v. Hartford and N. H. R. R. Co. 17 Conn. 40 and 454; Matter of Kerr, 42 Barb. 119. We refer also to the cases in which the right to exercise the police power, has been asserted, notwithstanding grants, inconsistent therewith.—Brick Church v. Mayor, etc., of N. Y. 5 Cow. 538; Vanderbilt v. Adams, 7 Cow. 349; Thorpe v. R. & R. R. R. Co. 27 Vt. 149; Indianapolis, etc., R. R. Co. v. Kercheval, 16 Ind. 84; Ohio, etc., R. R. Co. v. McClelland, 25 Ill. 140; State v. Noyes, 47 Me. 189; Hirn v. State, 1 Ohio N. S. 15; Calder v. Kurby, 5 Gray, 597; Adams v. Hacket, 7 Fost. 294.
It is said, however, that the doctrine of some of these cases is opposed to that declared by the Supreme Court of the United States, which, upon all questions arising under the Constitution of the United States, must be the final and authoritative arbiter. Some of the cases, decided by that court are specially referred to as having finally and in the most conclusive manner settled the questions before us in the case at bar. We have looked into those cases, however, without finding in any of them anything to weaken the positions we have already assumed. It is- not very clear that the Supreme Court of the United States has ever, at any time, expressly declared the right of a State to grant away the sovereign power of taxation. The leading case of New Jersey v. Wilson, 7 Cranch, 164, may well be referred to an excise of the treaty-making power, and therefore rests upon different considerations from those which surround the ordinary exercise of legislative authority. There are indeed several cases in which it has been held that a State may irrevocably limit itself to a particular rate of taxation only.—Gordon v. Appeal Tax Court, 3 How. 133; Piqua Bank v. Knoup, 16 How. 369; Ohio L. & T. Company *283v. Debolt, Ibid, 116; Dodge v. Woolsey, 18 How. 331; M & T. Bank v. Debolt, Ibid, 380; M. & T. Bank v Thomas, Ibid, 384. It is to be observed of all of these oases, however, that the exemption which the Court sustained did not rest upon any mere implication to be derived from an ordinary act of legislation, but was express in its terms, and was embodied in charter contracts so as to be supposed irrevocable under the principles announced in the Dartmouth College case. The counsel for this complainant has expressly disclaimed the suggestion that the act of 1859 can be regarded as an amendment of complainant’s charter, or that the rights of complainant rest upon any other or different basis from those of any individual who may have commenced the manufacture of salt before the bounty law was amended. There is, therefore, no question of the inviolability of charter contracts before us. Moreover, in considering the Bank-tax cases above referred to, it must be borne in mind that the stipulations there involved were not for complete exemption from taxation, but for restriction to a particular mode and rate only. It is easy to perceive that there may be a difference in principle between a complete exemption from a necessary burden of government, and an agreement that the burden shall be laid and borne in a particular manner only. Mr. Justice McLean has hinted at this distinction in Piqua Bank v. Knoup, 16 How. 389. Referring to the argument that the State cannot barter away any part of its sovereignty, he says: “No one ever contended that it could. A State, in granting privileges to a bank, with a view of affording a sound currency, or of advancing any policy connected with the public interest, exercises its sovereignty, and for a public purpose, of which it is the exclusive judge. Under such circumstances a contract made for a specific tax, as in the case before us, is binding. This tax continues, although all other banks should be exempted from taxation. Having *284the power to make the contract, and rights becoming vested under it, it can no more be disregarded nor set aside by a subsequent Legislature than a grant for land. This act, so far from parting with any portion of sovereignty, is an exercise of it. Can any one deny this power to the Legislature ? Has it not a right to select the objects of taxation and determine the amount? To deny either of these is to take away State sovereignty.”
It might not be improper to refer to still more significant remarks by the dissenting judges in the case last referred to, but that we desire to preclude the possibility of our opinion being thought to imply the impugning in any degree the correctness of the views of the majority of the Court in the Bank-tax cases in 16th and 18th Howard. The case before us does not bring them into controversy, and if it did, we should of course accept them as conclusive. The present case stands upon a different footing altogether. There is no charter contract involved here, and no stipulation by way of commutation for a tax. The case, nakedly stated, is one where an offered bounty is sought to be raised by the force of mere implications to the dignity of an irrevocable contract. When the Courts are asked to enforce the offer as a contract, they are asked to give to the legislative act a meaning and a purpose which was never within the contemplation of the men who passed it. We cannot make contracts for persons or for States who never contemplated them themselves. If a State Legislature .possesses the power to implant the seeds of dissolution in the body politic, by granting away the right of taxation by way of bounties, we are not to be astute in discovering an intent to do so in the general language employed in what appears to be an ordinary act of legislation. On this subject we refer further to Herrick v. Randolph, 13 Vt. 531; Commonwealth v. Bird, 12 Mass. 442, and Dale v. The Governor, 3 Stew. *285387, in all of which an exemption from a public burden in general terms like the present was held not to be perpetual, but during the pleasure of the Legislature only. We also refer to what is said in Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 11 Pet. 544.
It may be proper in this connection to notice one other case which is pressed upon us as analogous to the present. In McGee v. Mathis, 4 Wal. 143, it appeared that swamp lands had been granted by the United States to the State of Arkansas, the proceeds of which, by the terms of the grant, were to be applied to the drainage of the lands. The State, in order to promote their drainage and sale, passed an act by way of encouraging purchasers, that the lands should be exempt from taxation for the term of ten years, and issued transferable scrip receivable in payment for them. A repeal of the act so as to affect either the land sold or the scrip previously issued, was held unconstitutional. We do not doubt, in the least, the correctness of this decision. The legislative act was a step in performance of the condition attached to the Congressional grant, and the lands had never become a part of the taxable property of the State except subject to the performance of the condition. To hold that the State could take the lands, sell them as a means of performing the condition, and then claim an indefeasible right to tax them under such circumstances as would amount to a repudiation of the condition, would be to take broader positions than any which have been advanced in any of the cases we have cited. We discover no analogy between that case and the one before us.
We do not deem it necessary for us to go beyond the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States to find authority for sustaining this tax. The case of Christ Church v. Philadelphia, 24 How. 300, is in our opinion entirely analogous in its legal bearings to the present case. It there appeared that the Legislature of Pennsylvania in *2861833 had provided by special act that “The real property, including ground rents, now belonging and payable to Christ Church Hospital in the city of Philadelphia, so long as the same shall continue to belong to the said hospital, shall be and remain free from taxes.” The inducement to this legislation was stated in the same act to be, the corporation “'having for many years afforded an asylum to numerous poor and distressed widows, who would probably else have become a public charge;” and it being represented that “in consequence of the decay of the buildings of the hospital estate and the increasing burden of taxes, its means are curtailed and its usefulness limited.” Notwithstanding the words of perpetuity employed in the act, the Legislature, some eighteen years afterwards, took away the exemption as to some portion of the property, and were sustained by the Supreme Court of the State in so doing. On error to the Supreme Court of the Hnited States, the judgment was affirmed. Mr. Justice Campbell, delivering the opinion of the Court, says: “The inducements that moved the Legislature to concede the favor contained in the act of 1833 are special, and were probably temporary in their operation. The usefulness of the corporation had been curtailed in consequence of the decay of their buildings and the burden of taxes. It may be supposed that in eighteen years the buildings would be renovated, and that the corporation would be able afterwards to sustain some share of the taxation of the State. The act of 1851 embodies the sense of the Legislature to that effect. It is in the nature of such a privilege as the act of 1833 confers, that it exists from bene placitum, and may be revoked at the pleasure of the sovereign.”
Now, although in that case the purpose of the act was not distinctly declared to be to induce the corporation to expend moneys in the way of improvements, yet it is evident that such expenditure was not only within the con tern*287plation of the Legislature, but it was also expected that the public would in the future receive a benefit from the improvements, as it had already from the buildings which had gone to decay. The purpose of the act was therefore to encourage an expenditure for a public purpose; which is all that can be urged in favor of the inviolability of the act now in question. We say here in the language of Mr. Justice Campbell, above quoted, that the inducements to the act of 1859 were special and temporary in their operation ; and it may well be supposed that at 'the expiration of the time limited by the act of 1861, the persons engaged in the manufacture of salt would have surmounted the difficulties attending the establishment of a new business, and become able to sustain some share of the taxation of the State. The act of 1861 embodies the sense of the Legislature to this effect.
This review leads us irresistibly to the conclusion that there is nothing in principle, and nothing in the adjudged cases, which requires us to hold that the act 'of 1859 constituted a contract between the State and those who, before its amendment, accepted the bounty it offered. We are also satisfied that, to form such a contract, was never the legislative intention. And upon formal grounds, also, we think the complainant must fail, because the bill does not affirmatively show that the property upon which the tax wras levied belonged to complainant and was employed in the. manufacture of salt before the promise of bounty was recalled. It is consistent with all its allegations that the corporation may have become the owner of • this property, not only after the act of 1861 was passed, but after the five years specified in that act had expired. And if such were the case it would be idle to pretend that the investment was made in reliance upon the act of 1S59.
The decree of the Court of Chancery we think, was *288erroneous, and it must be reversed, and the bill dismissed, with costs of both courts.
Ohristiancy and Graves JJ. concurred.
Campbell J.
The principal question in this caséis, what was the nature of the promise or offer of the State in regard to exemption from taxes of property invested in the manufacture of salt.
The act in question, passed in 1859, is entitled “An act to encourage the manufacture of salt in the State of Michigan.” It contains two distinct inducements to engage in boring for and manufacturing salt. The first is a stipulation that “ all property real and personal, used for the purposes mentioned in the first section of this act, shall be exempt from taxation for all purposes.” The second is an offer to pay from the treasury a bounty of ten cents per bushel to any individual or company making as much as 5,000 bushels of salt from water obtained by boring in this State. The act of 1861 was an amendment of this act, and changed it, by confining its operations to those who should have been actually engaged in the manufacture prior to August 1861; by confining the tax exemption to five years from the organization of any company or corporation; and by changing the limitations. of quantity and confining bounties to salt manufactured from the salt wells of the makers themselves, the original act not having confined it to that.
Whatever these various offers in 1859 may have meant, there can be no doubt that so long as they remained unrevoked, every acceptance of them formed a contract which could not lawfully be repudiated. It is equally plain that the offers could be lawfully withdrawn at any time without furnishing any ground of complaint to those who had not acted on them.
*289We have already held that so long as the salt bounty was not revoked, every bushel of salt manufactured in accordance with the terms of the law, entitled the maker to his reward; and that the manufacture of each bushel was a several and independent contract whereby the State and the manufacturer became bound together by a valid agreement. People v. State Auditors, 9 Mich. R., 327. The maker could cease to make at his pleasure, and the State could withdraw its offer when it saw fit. In either case there would be no further contracting between those parties.
The offer to exempt from taxation was also an offer which could be withdrawn as to everything not done in acceptance of it, but it was, like the bounty offer, binding when accepted according to its terms. The exemption was purchased at the price the State saw fit to put upon it, and the bargain must stand according to its real tenor.
The exemption was offered in favor of ail property used for the purposes of the law. It attached, therefore, to each structure for that purpose as soon as made, and to each parcel of land as soon as so applied. The use purchased the privilege. And we have only to inquire whether that privilege was or was not revocable. It was not for any specific period, and was therefore either permanent or entirely under State control. If revocable at all, it was revo - cable at pleasure. There is no middle ground to be discovered for this promise. It could have been revoked when all the expenditure had been made and before any profitable result had been reached, as well as afterwards. And an agreement to do as one pleases, is no agreement in law whatever. That is no promise, the performance of which is optional. Put in plain English, the law, with this interpretation, is equivalent to a statement to capitalists that if they will invest and use their property in developing the new and important interest referred to, the State will keep *290them free from taxation until it sees fit to tax them. It is idle to call any such delusive proposition a promise" or a contract, and the law was certainly designed to give some valuable reward to enterprise.
The only meaning which can give any effect whatever to this statute, is that which makes this exemption absolute for some time or other. And where it is promised absolutely, and without limitation of time, it can only be made effective by regarding it as permanent until changed by both parties.
There is nothing to prevent a State from discontinuing at any time, such exemptions as are not agreed upon, hut merely gratuitous benefits, not offered on any consideration. Where exemptions are found in tax laws, they are usually nothing more than directions to the tax officers, and not undertakings with anybody. The distinction was referred to in the Ohio Banlc-tax cases and has been often recognized. In the case of Christ Church v. the County of Philadelphia, 24 How., 300, the right of the Legislature to make permanent exemptions from taxation is expressly stated not to have been disputed, but the whole argument of Court and counsel rested on the want of consideration, and the intent to make a spontaneous concession, without any corresponding service. The statute in its preamble, referred entirely to past charities and losses, as the occasion oí its passage.
In the present case, the inducement of exemption to property used for the purposes of the statute, contemplated experiments which must inevitably be costly, and, in case of finding brine, further investments, requiring the occupation of large lots of land, and the preparation of vats and boileries, which would bo useless for any other purpose. It was the clearly expressed opinion of that Legislature that the developement of such an enterprise would add to the wealth of the State enough to balance any imaginary loss from taxes *291which, might never have been earned except for this encouragement. And it is plain that such business could never increase enough to make the property invested assessable at any large sum, without adding quite as much to the assessable value of other property in the State not so invested, and therefore not exempted. If the enterprise failed, the property would cease to be so used, and would become taxable. If it succeeded, the State, by ordinary business experience, would be no loser. And, having the power at any time to withdraw the proffer from any future investments, there was no very serious danger that any considerable section of the state would be expunged from the tax rolls.
Whether they judged rightly or wrongly, therefore, the Legislature of 1859 deliberately fixed their own price for the privileges they offered, and it would be neither just nor reasonable to attribute to them the dishonesty of making a fraudulent offer, or the folly of supposing that any capital would be invested on any inducement, 'short of what was supposed to be a binding promise of some sort.
If they had the power to make this exemption, then there is no more reason to attempt to evade it, than to avoid enforcing any other contract. It no more hampers the sovereign power to make a permanent that a temporary contract of exemption. An exemption of ten years differs only in degree and not in kind from a perpetual exemption. And a permanent exemption to a corporation created under our general laws is only for thirty years at most. And the judicious exemption of property likely to aid the public welfare and increase the general wealth is cheaper and more profitable than the expenditure of public money for such purposes. The money squandered after taxes have been laid and collected, will, unless communities are very fortunate, very much exceed any imaginable loss by exemptions.
*292I think the fears expressed by some Courts that these exemptions will be carried so far as to drain the resources of taxation are not only unfounded, but contrary to all our experience. The largest class of exempt property, which the State can tax, but which hardly any civilized community would venture to tax, includes those outlays for religious, benevolent, and educational purposes, to which we' owe all of our prosperity and enlightenment. These investments return no revenue, and all that would be paid to the State would be diverted from uses which benefit the State. Beyond this there are some qualified, and some absolute exemptions which have been paid for in advance, or which are supposed, and usually with justice, to produce more additions to the taxable property of the community than they withhold; while even that which is withheld is of their own creation, and not subtracted from any previous stock. It is no new thing for a public corporation to act as a private business man would under the same circumstances, and while public enterprises are not always safe, those men and those regions which have risen most surely.in wealth and resources, have often done it by judicious outlays, or reasonable encouragement in reducing the burdens of those who run the risk of costly experiments.
But whether this be so, or not, if the matter is in the power of the Legislature, we must be content to abide by their action. And there is nothing in our Constitution to prevent it. It has expressly authorized specific taxes instead of general assessments on the only bodies which can create dangerous combinations and monopolies. And this power has been held by a majority of this Court in Walcott v. People, 17 Mich., 68, to extend to all other business organizations. No kind of exemption has ever been so much criticised in this State, as that which withdraws corporate wealth from contributing- to pay the current expenses of the State, and relieves it entirely from any part of the lo*293cal burdens. But this has been made legal, and has very probably — if we could trace out all its results, — done much to improve the country. The Constitution has also left the Legislature at full liberty to select the objects of taxation, and what it may exempt for charity, it may agree to exempt for supposed advantages. Such a contract was upheld in the case of the People v. The Auditor General, 7 Mich. R., 84, in the matter of the Sault Canal lands. A similar contract in regard to swamp lands in another State was enforced in McGee v. Mathis, 4 Wallace R., 143, whereby purchasers of scrip were entitled to have the lands exempted from general and also from local taxation for ten years. From the decision of the case of Wilson v. New Jersey, 7 Cranch R., 164, to this time, such agreements have been held within the legislative authority; and such exemptions have been held binding whenever they have been claimed under a contract, and have not been purely gratuitous. The earliest case noticed this distinction, and it has always been recognized. And if there could be any difference in the treatment of agreements, the good faith of governments should never be held less sacred than that of individuals.
The law of 1863, as has been seen, withdrew the unqualified offer of exemption, and no protection, therefore, can be claimed for subsequent investments except upon the new conditions. And the real estate of the complainant, if not owned previously, would be taxable. It was suggested that the bill does not show that it was thus held.
The bill is not carefully drawn in this respect, and upon special demurrer would have required amendment. But an answer was put in and replied to, and then was withdrawn by stipulation, and a general demurrer substituted under the same stipulation. This must have been done to present the main issue alone. Under these circumstances *294technical nicety cannot be required. I think it appears sufficiently that the lands are exempt. The bill shows the boring of a well and erection of salt works, — and the manufacture of over 30,000 bushels of salt before the law was changed in 1861, — that all complainant’s property is used for that purpose, and that the manufacture continues where it was first commenced; and declares distinctly that all the land described is and has been in use for that purpose. Upon general demurrer averring only want of equity, and especially when thus substituted for an answer, we cannot require any greater accuracy of allegation than appears here.
It was claimed, however, on the argument, that the law of 1861, whereby this exemption was changed and limited, is valid as an alteration of the laws regulating these companies, which are subject to legislative alteration, amendment and repeal by the Constitution. I think there is no foundation for any such claim, if it can be regarded as seriously urged.
These companies are organized under the general mining and manufacturing law. Their corporate franchises are all derived from that. The Legislature could not lawfully give them except by general act. 'That statute is in effect their charter; and any amendments made to that, whereby their functions became varied, would govern them.
But there is no provision in the Constitution which authorizes the Legislature to take away the property of corporations. And there can be no process whereby an independent statute, in no way creating or referring to corporate franchises, can be construed as an amendment of the corporation act.
The statute of 1859 is an ‘ independent statute for the encouragement of salt manufacturing. It refers to nothing else, and had it done so, it would have been invalid. It makes the same offer to individuals, and corporations. It *295offers them bounties and privileges which relate entirely to property, and have nothing to do with corporate powers. It is in no respect different in principle from what it would have been had there been a money subvention instead of aid by way of exemption. If such a statute can’ be regarded as an amendment of the corporation law, the same would be true of an act which should divest a corporation of all its possessions. Amendments are not made in this way. The Constitution requires them to be manifested by a publication of the parts of the law as amended, so that no one can be misled by any blind provisions. Whatever amendments are made must be amendments of the organic law, and not independent statutes relating to something else.—Art. b §§ 20, 25, Art. 15, § 1. And while corporations may be subject to many of the general laws which regulate the conduct of all persons, the alteration of their corporate privileges cannot be made except in the way the Constitution prescribes. It has never been held that a power to alter a corporation charter involves a power to deprive the corporation of rights which are acquired as possessions, and not as chartered franchises. And the rights which they acquired under the law of 1859 were not granted to them because they were corporations, but because they chose to make salt.
I think, therefore, that complainants made out a case requiring an answer, and, that which was filed having been withdrawn, they are entitled to a decree.