Court Opinion

ID: 9380040
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-17 00:00:28.546397+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:19.146108
License: Public Domain

Case: 22-20364         Document: 00516679659              Page: 1       Date Filed: 03/16/2023

               United States Court of Appeals
                    for the Fifth Circuit                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                             Fifth Circuit

                                                                                           FILED
                                                                                     March 16, 2023
                                         No. 22-20364                                  Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                            Clerk

   Neiman Nix,
                                                                      Plaintiff—Appellant,
                               versus
   Major League Baseball,
   Office of the Commissioner of Baseball;
   Robert D. Manfred, Jr.;
   Major League Baseball Players Association;
   Angels Baseball L.P.;
   Athletics Investment Group L.L.C.,
   also known as Oakland Athletics Baseball Company;
   AZPB Limited Partnership;
   Associated Press, Incorporated; Howie Rumberg;
   ESPN, Incorporated; USA Today, Incorporated;
   NSF International; The Gatorade Company;
   NFI Consumer Products; Cytosport, Incorporated;
   Klean Athlete; Informed Choice;
   Zachary 1 Grant Antero Britton;
   John and Jane Doe (1-10); et al.,

                                                                   Defendants—Appellees.

           1
             In 2019, Britton expressed his desire to be known as “Zack” (derived from his
   birth and legal name, “Zackary”) rather than “Zach” (his professional name up to that
   point). See Associated Press, Yankees Reliever Zack Britton Now Using Legal Spelling of First
   Name, ESPN (Feb. 11, 2019), https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/25974959/
   yankees-reliever-zack-britton-now-using-legal-spelling-first-name. This opinion uses
   Britton’s legal name, “Zackary.”
Case: 22-20364        Document: 00516679659              Page: 2       Date Filed: 03/16/2023

                                         No. 22-20364

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Southern District of Texas
                              USDC No. 4:21-CV-4180

   Before Smith, Clement, and Wilson, Circuit Judges.
   Jerry E. Smith, Circuit Judge:
           This appeal involves the latest in a series of unsuccessful lawsuits 2 by
   Neiman Nix, proceeding pro se, who sued Major League Baseball (“MLB”),
   the MLB Player’s Association (“MLBPA”), and numerous other defendants,
   including media companies and nutritional companies. 3
           Nix strikes out once again. Accordingly, we affirm and grant the defen-
   dants’ motion for sanctions.

           2
             Viz., Nix v. MLB, No. 14-004294-CA-01 (Fla. 11th Cir. Ct. Feb. 18, 2014); Nix v.
   MLB, No. 16-cv-5604 (S.D.N.Y. July 14, 2016); Nix v. MLB, No. 17-cv-1241 (S.D.N.Y. Feb.
   17, 2017); Nix v. MLB, No. 159953/2016 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Nov. 28, 2016); Nix v. Luhnow,
   No. 50-2018-CA-3920 (Fla. 15th Cir. Ct. Apr. 2, 2018); Nix v. ESPN, Inc., No. 18-cv-22208
   (S.D. Fla. June 4, 2018); Nix v. MLB, No. 2019-2611-CA-01 (Fla. 11th Cir. Ct. Jan. 25,
   2019); DNA Sports Performance Lab, Inc. v. MLB, No. 3:20-cv-546-WHA (N.D. Cal. Jan. 23,
   2020).
           3
             The defendants fall into four categories: First, the MLB-related defendants,
   including MLB; MLB Commissioner Robert D. Manfred, Jr.; MLB employee Tim Maxey
   (although the complaint labels him a “Nutritional Defendant”); and thirty MLB Clubs.
   Second, the MLBPA-related defendants, including the MLBPA and MLBPA Executive
   Committee member Zackary Britton. Third, the “Media Defendants,” including the
   Associated Press (“AP”); ESPN; USA Today; and Howie Rumberg, an AP editor during
   the relevant time period. Fourth, the “Nutritional Defendants,” entities that produce, sell,
   or test nutritional products, including the Gatorade Company; CytoSport; NSF Interna-
   tional; HVL LLC; LGC Science; Klean Athlete; and NFI Consumer Products (“Blue-
   Emu”).

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                                    No. 22-20364

                                          I.
                                         A.
          The following core facts are taken from Nix’s complaint except for the
   dispositions of his prior lawsuits, which are subject to judicial notice. Nix is
   a former professional baseball player whose defunct company, DNA Sports
   Performance Lab, Inc., sold and distributed natural animal substances.
          In 2013, MLB and the MLBPA began an investigation into the sale and
   use of performance-enhancing drugs; Nix and his company were among
   those investigated. Since then, Nix has filed a series of lawsuits across the
   country against MLB, the MLBPA, their members and employees, and an
   increasing number of assorted defendants.
          As of 2015, the Joint Drug and Prevention Treatment Program (“Joint
   Drug Agreement”), which defines impermissible drug usage by MLB players,
   has banned insulin-like growth factor (“IGF-1”) as a prohibited substance.
   The natural form of IGF-1 is required for human survival and occurs in detec-
   table quantities in a wide variety of everyday food and drink, including meat
   and milk. The ban, per MLB, includes all-natural, synthetic, and bioidentical
   versions of IGF-1.
          Nix claims that the ban is “fake” and selectively enforced. As the
   complaint interprets the ban, it is absolute: Despite that IGF-1 is necessary
   for survival, any player who consumes anything with even a quantum of IGF-1
   violates the ban. Nix alleges that he is being unfairly targeted because MLB
   has not suspended every player who has consumed any natural or synthetic
   product that contains any “bio-available” level of IGF-1 and has targeted him
   for selling products containing IGF-1.
          In 2016, Nix sued MLB and related defendants in the Southern Dis-
   trict of New York for tortious interference with current and prospective busi-
   ness relationships. Various news agencies, including the Media Defendants,

                                            3
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                                    No. 22-20364

   reported on the suits. An article originally published by the AP and repub-
   lished by other Media Defendants stated that in his suit, Nix had admitted
   that his company sold products containing IGF-1.
          Nix then sued the AP, ESPN, and USA Today in the Southern District
   of Florida, claiming that the published statement was defamatory. During
   that lawsuit, Nix was informed that MLB had confirmed to the AP that the
   ban on IGF-1 did not distinguish based on type (i.e., natural versus synthetic).
          The district court dismissed the case. In response to that dismissal,
   an AP sports editor, Howie Rumberg, emailed an MLB employee and said,
   “Not sure you even remember helping me with a few things on a defamation
   case involving PED [i.e., performance-enhancing drug] producer Neiman
   Nix but wanted to let you know his suit was tossed out of court.” Nix alleges
   that statement was defamatory.
          Nix then sued MLB and other defendants in several state and federal
   courts, including New York state court and California federal court. The
   court in California found that Nix failed to state any claim under Rule 12(b)(6)
   but allowed him to amend his complaint. Nix declined and dismissed with
   prejudice. The court then sanctioned Nix and his company; Nix has yet to
   pay the sanctions.
          Throughout the years of litigation, MLB and the MLBPA have either
   continued or started sponsorship and promotional relationships with numer-
   ous Nutritional Defendants. For example, CytoSport advertises its Muscle
   Milk products using the likenesses of numerous MLBPA members and the
   trademarked logos of MLB clubs. Likewise, MLB announced a sponsorship
   agreement with Blue-Emu, which then marketed some of its products as the
   “official” ones of the MLB. Moreover, numerous products were tested and
   labeled “certified for sport” by defendant NSF.
          We come to the lawsuit at issue here, which alleges nine causes of

                                          4
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                                     No. 22-20364

   action: (i) civil RICO claims against all defendants; (ii) fraud claims against
   all defendants; (iii) defamation claims against the AP and Rumberg; (iv) aid-
   ing and abetting claims against ESPN, the AP, USA Today, Tim Maxey,
   Zackary Britton, Muscle Milk, and Klean Athlete; (v) Lanham Act claims
   against Gatorade, NSF, Blue-Emu, Informed Choice, and numerous MLB
   Clubs; (vi) vicarious liability claims against Gatorade, NSF, and Britton;
   (vii) tortious interference claims against MLB and the MLBPA; (viii) unjust
   enrichment claims against all defendants; and (ix) mental anguish claims
   against all defendants.
          Nix’s core legal theory is that the defendants have selectively enforced
   the “fake” IGF-1 ban against him and no one else. Thus, for example, MLB
   and the MLBPA are lying whenever they claim that IGF-1 is banned, and the
   Nutritional Defendants are lying when they claim that their products are
   “certified for sport,” because they contain some amount of IGF-1. Likewise,
   any media statements that he is a “PED producer” or sold banned substances
   are misleading or defamatory.

                                          B.
          The defendants moved to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) in five separate
   motions; MLB and the MLBPA also moved for sanctions. The district court
   dismissed Nix’s claims, denied him leave to amend, and imposed sanctions.
   The sanctions enjoin him from filing any new pleadings, cases, or motions in
   the Southern District of Texas against MLB, the MLBPA, and associated
   defendants without obtaining the permission of the Chief Judge of the South-
   ern District of Texas. They also require him to file a copy of the district court
   opinion with any filing he makes in any other court.

                                          II.
          “We review the grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6)
   de novo, ʻaccepting all well-pleaded facts as true and viewing those facts in the

                                          5
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                                          No. 22-20364

   light most favorable to the plaintiffs.’” Meador v. Apple, Inc., 911 F.3d 260, 264
   (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting Dorsey v. Portfolio Equities, Inc., 540 F.3d 333, 338 (5th
   Cir. 2008)). To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must “plead[] fac-
   tual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the
   defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,
   678 (2009). “[C]onclusory allegations or legal conclusions masquerading as
   factual conclusions will not suffice to prevent a motion to dismiss.” 4 Pro se
   complaints are held to “less stringent standards” than are pleadings drafted
   by lawyers. Miller v. Stanmore, 636 F.2d 986, 988 (5th Cir. Unit A Feb. 1981).
           We review the denial of leave to amend a complaint for abuse of discre-
   tion. Schiller v. Physicians Res. Grp. Inc., 342 F.3d 563, 566 (5th Cir. 2003). “A
   court abuses its discretion when its ruling is based on an erroneous view of
   the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.” Chaves v. M/V
   Medina Star, 47 F.3d 153, 156 (5th Cir. 1995) (citing Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx
   Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 405 (1990)).
           Likewise, we review an order granting an injunction under the abuse
   of discretion standard. Baum v. Blue Moon Ventures, LLC, 513 F.3d 181, 187
   (5th Cir. 2008) (citing Newby v. Enron Corp., 302 F.3d 295, 301 (5th Cir.
   2002)).

                                                III.
           In short, Nix’s claims bat far below the Mendoza line. 5 The court dis-
   missed Nix’s claims (except one) against MLB and the MLBPA as barred by

           4
            Taylor v. Books A Million, Inc., 296 F.3d 376, 378 (5th Cir. 2002) (quoting S. Chris-
   tian Leadership Conf. v. Sup. Ct. of the State of La., 252 F.3d 781, 786 (5th Cir. 2001)).
           5
            See Sambrano v. United Airlines, Inc., No. 21-11159, 2022 U.S. App. LEXIS 4347,
   at *86 n.85 (5th Cir. Feb. 17, 2022) (unpublished) (Smith, J., dissenting) (explaining
   “Mendoza line”).

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                                         No. 22-20364

   claim preclusion and dismissed all his other claims for failure to state a claim.
   We agree.

                                               A.
           First, Nix’s claims against MLB and the MLBPA, except his tortious
   interference claim, are barred by claim preclusion. 6 Claim preclusion applies
   when “(1) the parties are identical or in privity; (2) the judgment in the prior
   action was rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction; (3) the prior action
   was concluded by a final judgment on the merits; and (4) the same claim or
   cause of action was involved in both actions.” BVS Constr., Inc. v. Prosperity
   Bank, 18 F.4th 169, 173 (5th Cir. 2021) (quoting Petro-Hunt, L.L.C. v. United
   States, 365 F.3d 385, 395 (5th Cir. 2004)). 7 Nix challenges the fourth prong

           6
              We note the irregular procedural posture of the MLB’s and MLBPA’s claim-
   preclusion argument, which they made only in their motions to dismiss. (No responsive
   pleadings were filed.) Claim preclusion is an affirmative defense that defendants must typi-
   cally plead in responsive pleadings. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)(1); Test Masters Educ. Servs.,
   Inc. v. Singh, 428 F.3d 559, 570 n.2 (5th Cir. 2005). Responsive pleadings include answers
   to complaints but not motions to dismiss. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(a)(2). An exception to
   the procedural rule exists, however, where the elements of claim preclusion are clear on the
   face of the pleadings. Stevens v. St. Tammany Par. Gov’t, 17 F.4th 563, 571 (5th Cir. 2021).
   Because detailed references to Nix’s prior court cases, including his lawsuit in California,
   pervade his complaint, the exception applies, and dismissal is permitted.
           7
             The district court had to answer the threshold question whether to apply federal
   or state preclusion rules. Although the Fifth Circuit has not decided whether federal or
   state claim-preclusion law applies to claims heard under supplemental jurisdiction, the dis-
   trict court concluded that federal common law applied based on analogy to cases heard
   under diversity jurisdiction and persuasive authority from other circuits. See Semtek Int’l
   Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 531 U.S. 497, 508 (2001); cf. Hately v. Watts, 917 F.3d 770,
   777 (4th Cir. 2019).
           Under federal common law, California preclusion law applies to Nix’s state-law
   claims. Cf. Dotson v. Atl. Specialty Ins. Co., 24 F.4th 999, 1002 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,
   143 S. Ct. 102 (2022). The district court nevertheless noted that federal and California
   preclusion law do not differ in any significant way. See Smith v. Bayer Corp., 564 U.S. 299,
   307 n.6 (2011). It therefore used the articulation of the federal standard for convenience.
   Nix does not challenge any of the district court’s reasoning or its ultimate—and correct—

                                                7
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                                         No. 22-20364

   of the test.
           The Fifth Circuit uses a transactional test to determine whether two
   lawsuits involve the same claim or cause of action. Test Masters Educ. Servs.,
   428 F.3d at 571. Under that test, “a prior judgment’s preclusive effect ex-
   tends to all rights of the plaintiff with respect to all or any part of the trans-
   action, or series of connected transactions, out of which the original action
   arose.” Id. (quoting Petro-Hunt, 365 F.3d at 395–96). In other words, we must
   determine whether the claims or causes of action “arise from the same
   nucleus of operative facts.” Davis v. Dall. Area Rapid Transit, 383 F.3d 309,
   313 (5th Cir. 2004).
           Nix’s claims here arise from the same nucleus of operative facts as the
   claims in his California lawsuit. Nix dismissed with prejudice his California
   case against both organizations. 8 It thus has preclusive effect. See Fernandez-
   Montes v. Allied Pilots Ass’n, 987 F.2d 278, 284 n.8 (5th Cir. 1993). Nix’s alle-
   gations in both cases have centered on the continued effort by MLB and the
   MLBPA to enforce the ban on IGF-1 selectively against him. That alleged
   conspiracy forms the basis of Nix’s civil RICO, fraud, unjust enrichment, and
   mental anguish claims. Res judicata does not allow Nix to repackage claims
   founded on the same facts as new legal theories. See Snow Ingredients, Inc. v.
   SnoWizard, Inc., 833 F.3d 512, 522 (5th Cir. 2016).
           Nix’s attempt to avoid claim preclusion by referring to new facts fails.
   Most of the facts are irrelevant to his claims against MLB and the MLBPA. 9

   conclusion that the choice of preclusion law does not affect the outcome.
           8
             See Plaintiffs [sic] Voluntary Dismissal of Entire Action, with Prejudice, Against
   All Parties, DNA Sports Performance Lab, Inc. v. MLB, No. 3:20-CV-546-WHA (N.D. Cal.
   Aug. 4, 2020).
           9
            For example, his opening brief notes that he discovered the allegedly defamatory
   statement by the AP’s Howie Rumberg in 2021. But Nix is not suing MLB or MLBPA for

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                                            No. 22-20364

   Two categories of facts, however, are relevant. The first category forms the
   basis of Nix’s claims of tortious interference against MLB and the MLBPA.
   But the district court specifically found that Nix’s tortious-interference
   claims were not barred by res judicata.
           The second category relates to the MLB’s sponsorship agreement
   with Blue-Emu, which Nix alleges covers products that contain IGF-1. He
   also tacks Blue-Emu onto the list of Nutritional Defendants in his descrip-
   tions of his civil RICO, fraud, unjust enrichment, and mental anguish claims.
           The timeline of the sponsorship agreement, however, dooms Nix’s
   argument. MLB announced the agreement in February 2020. It was there-
   fore announced after Nix filed his California complaint ( January 2020) but
   before he dismissed the suit with prejudice (August 2020). Nix dismissed his
   California suit with prejudice and offered no reason why he was procedurally
   unable to amend his complaint to include allegations related to Blue-Emu. 10
   Moreover, the district court correctly found that those allegations arose out
   of the same nucleus of operative facts. 11
           Finally, Nix’s briefs limply aver that “fraud vitiates everything,”
   including, apparently, claim preclusion. According to Nix, because the defen-

   defamation, and the district court held that res judicata applied only to claims against MLB
   and the MLBPA. Similarly, Nix proffers test results that post-date his California lawsuit.
   But new evidence that relates to the operative facts in a complaint does not defeat res
   judicata if the plaintiff had the opportunity to effectively litigate the underlying matter in
   the first instance. See Hendrick v. Avent, 891 F.2d 583, 587 (5th Cir. 1990).
           10
            Nix was given leave to amend but dismissed his lawsuit instead. See Order Re
   Motion for Sanctions at 10, DNA Sports, No. 3:20-CV-00546-WHA (N.D. Cal. Aug. 1,
   2020).
           11
             Even if claim preclusion did not bar Nix’s claims related to Blue-Emu, the district
   court specifically found, in the alternative, that all of Nix’s claims failed to meet the require-
   ments of Rule 12(b)(6).

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                                         No. 22-20364

   dants allegedly made fraudulent representations to the California court, his
   Texas claims are not precluded. Nix cites no authority for that proposition,
   nor does he explain why recourse does not lie in the court upon which the
   fraud was allegedly perpetrated. His argument is meritless.
            In summary, the district court correctly concluded that Nix’s claims
   against MLB and the MLBPA—except for his tortious interference claim—
   were barred by res judicata. 12

                                               B.
            Nix challenges the dismissal of his fraud and civil RICO claims against
   all defendants for failure to state a claim. 13 Again, his contentions have no
   merit.
            First, fraud. Under Texas law, which the parties agree applies, Nix
   must allege that
            (1) the defendant “made a material representation that was
            false”; (2) the defendant “knew the representation was false or
            made it recklessly as a positive assertion without any knowledge
            of its truth[”];[] (3) the defendant intended to induce the plain-
            tiff to act upon the representation; and (4) the plaintiff actually
            and justifiably relied upon the representation and suffered in-
            jury as a result.[ 14]

            12
             The district court also found that Nix’s vicarious liability claim against Zackary
   Britton was precluded. Nix does not challenge that finding on appeal.
            13
             He does not challenge the dismissal of his unjust-enrichment and mental-anguish
   claims and therefore has forfeited those arguments. United States v. Zuniga, 860 F.3d 276,
   284 n.9 (5th Cir. 2017). Likewise for his aiding-and-abetting claims against numerous
   Media Defendants, Nutritional Defendants, Maxey, and Britton, and his vicarious-liability
   claims against Gatorade and NSF.
            14
            JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Orca Assets G.P., L.L.C., 546 S.W.3d 648, 653 (Tex.
   2018) (quoting Ernst & Young, L.L.P. v. Pac. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 51 S.W.3d 573, 577 (Tex.
   2001)).

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   Although whether reliance is justifiable is usually a question of fact, that
   question is also sometimes a matter of law. JPMorgan Chase Bank, 546 S.W.3d
   at 654 (collecting Texas cases).
          Nix challenges only the finding of no actual reliance. He claims that,
   although he continued to produce and sell a natural supplement containing
   IGF-1, he altered his diet around 2018 to “remove IGF-1-based animal prod-
   ucts” and “got very sick.”
          Even taking that allegation as true, Nix has still failed to plead actual
   reliance. The complaint avers that he “personally sells and consumes” the
   very “natural animal substances” that he claims MLB and the MLBPA pur-
   ported to ban. Elsewhere, he states that an AP employee said, in an email
   dated January 9, 2018, that MLB had confirmed that the ban on IGF-1 applies
   to both natural and synthetic versions. The complaint goes on to say that
   “Nix . . . knew immediately that MLB was simply lying to the AP and media
   in general.” The media outlets, moreover, “refused to correct” the articles
   upon Nix’s request, even after he sent them medical reports showing that
   “milk and meat also contain the same amount of natural IGF-1 as deer.” Nix
   cannot plead actual reliance on a claim that he alleges he knew at the time of
   his purported reliance was false.
          Moreover, even if Nix’s reliance had been actual, it would have been
   unjustifiable as a matter of law. The complaint does not dispute that the drug
   program applied to professional baseball players. Nix was not a professional
   baseball player when he changed his diet. Nor does he claim anywhere that
   he intended to become an MLB player at any point during the existence of the
   purportedly phony rule. Nix could not justifiably rely on a ban that, at the
   time, did not apply to him and would not ever apply to him—especially
   because, even if the ban could conceivably have applied to him in the future,
   he alleges that “[n]o baseball player or related employee . . . has ever been

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   suspended” for using IGF-1.
           On to the civil RICO claims. A successful civil RICO claim alleges
   “(1) the identification of a person, who, (2) through a pattern of racketeering
   activity, (3) uses or invests income derived therefrom to acquire an interest in
   or to operate an enterprise engaged in interstate commerce, or acquires,
   maintains an interest in, or controls such an enterprise.” 15 A “pattern of rack-
   eteering activity” requires “at least two” such acts. 18 U.S.C. § 1961(5). As
   relevant here, “a RICO plaintiff alleging predicate acts of fraud (as Plaintiffs
   do here) must plead the circumstances of that fraud with particularity,” con-
   sistent with Rule 9(b). 16

           Nix’s civil RICO claims fail because he has not adequately pleaded two
   or more acts that constitute “racketeering activity” under 18 U.S.C.
   § 1961(1): He brings only a claim of common-law fraud, which is not a predi-
   cate act, against all defendants. See Tel-Phonic Servs., Inc., 975 F.2d at 1139.
           In his opening brief, for the first time, Nix invites us to cobble together
   scattered paragraphs from his 100-page complaint and organize them into
   causes of action for “at least 41 counts of unlawful predicate acts that the
   Defendants engaged in,” including “wire fraud, mail fraud, extortion, theft,
   computer hacking, obstruction of justice, and witness tampering.” We
   decline to swing at Nix’s less-than-tempting offering. The complaint states
   that “fraud is the underlying cause of action under Civil RICO.” We take that
   statement at face value. Accordingly, the district court did not err in dismiss-

           15
             Torres v. S.G.E. Mgmt., L.L.C., 838 F.3d 629, 636 (5th Cir. 2016) (en banc)
   (quoting Crowe v. Henry, 115 F.3d 294, 296 (5th Cir. 1997)); see also 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a)–(b).
   The statute provides for civil remedies in 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c).
           16 Molina-Aranda v. Black Magic Enters., L.L.C., 983 F.3d 779, 784 n.2 (5th Cir.
   2020) (citing Tel-Phonic Servs., Inc. v. TBS Int’l, Inc., 975 F.2d 1134, 1138 (5th Cir. 1992)).

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   ing Nix’s civil RICO claim.

                                                C.
           Nix brings a defamation claim against the AP and its employee Rum-
   berg for referring to Nix as a “PED producer” in an email to the MLB Com-
   missioner’s Office 17 in September 2018. The parties disagree about whether
   New York or Texas law applies to the defamation claim; the district court
   determined that New York law does. The answer is dispositive because Nix’s
   defamation claim would be time-barred under New York law. “We review de
   novo a district court’s choice of law determination.” Cates v. Creamer,
   431 F.3d 456, 462 (5th Cir. 2005).
           We affirm that the district court correctly applied New York law and
   dismissed the defamation claim as time-barred. 18 “To determine the applica-
   ble law, a federal court sitting in diversity applies the choice of law rules of
   the forum,” which is Texas. 19 In the tort context, Texas uses the “most sig-
   nificant relationship” test from the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of
   Laws. See Hughes Wood Prod., Inc. v. Wagner, 18 S.W.3d 202, 205 (Tex. 2000).
   That test requires courts to consider a variety of facts, including (i) where the
   injury occurred; (ii) where the tortious conduct occurred; (iii) where the par-
   ties reside, are domiciled, are incorporated, and conduct business; and
   (iv) where the relationship between the parties is centered. Restatement

           17
             Elsewhere in the complaint, Nix alleges that the email was sent to the MLB’s
   head of public relations.
           18
             Like claim preclusion, the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense. See
   Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)(1). But because all of the elements of the defense are patent in the
   complaint, the district court was permitted to consider them in ruling on the motion to
   dismiss. See supra note 5.
           19
              Benchmark Elecs., Inc. v. J.M. Huber Corp., 343 F.3d 719, 726 (5th Cir.) (citing
   Spence v. Glock, Ges.m.b.H., 227 F.3d 308, 311 (5th Cir. 2000)), modified on denial of reh’g,
   355 F.3d 356 (5th Cir. 2003).

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   (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 145 (Am. L. Inst. 1971); see also
   id. § 6 (general choice-of-law factors).
           As the district court recognized, the factors weigh heavily toward
   applying New York law. The alleged tort occurred in New York, where Rum-
   berg resides and the AP is headquartered. The subject of the statement was
   Nix’s New York lawsuit. The only connection to Texas is Nix’s allegation
   that he was residing in Texas at the time. Such an allegation—even if true—
   does not outweigh all the other factors favoring applying New York law.
   Moreover, Nix pleads reputational harm and an inability to get hired by any
   “Major League Club or baseball entity,” a generalized injury that spans the
   entire country and does not connect to Texas specifically.
           Under New York law, Nix’s claim is time-barred because defamation
   actions must be brought within one year of the defamatory utterance. 20
   There is no discovery rule under New York law. See Teneriello, 641 N.Y.S.2d
   at 483. The complaint alleges that the email was sent in September 2018, but
   Nix filed his complaint in December 2021. The defamation claim comes
   several years too late. 21

           20
             N.Y. C.P.L.R. 215(3) (Consol. 2019); see also Wilson v. Erra, 942 N.Y.S.2d 127,
   129 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep’t 2012) (first citing Gigante v. Arbucci, 823 N.Y.S.2d 539, 540
   (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep’t 2006); and then citing Teneriello v. Travelers Cos., 641 N.Y.S.2d
   482, 483 (N.Y. App. Div. 2d Dep’t 1996)).
           21
            The district court found, in the alternative, that Nix did not state a defamation
   claim. We agree. Nix raises two objections, neither meritorious.
            First, he claims that the district court “erred in assuming Rumberg’s email was
   fully in relation to statements related to a lawsuit.” Insofar as Nix’s defamation claim is
   concerned, the email was fully in relation to a lawsuit: “Not sure you even remember
   helping me with a few things on a defamation case . . . .” (emphasis added). That lawsuit
   provides the relevant context for interpreting the allegedly defamatory term “PED pro-
   ducer.” Whether it alleges some conspiracy between MLB and the AP is irrelevant to Nix’s
   defamation claim.

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                                                D.
           Nix also brings a Lanham Act claim against various Nutritional Defen-
   dants and numerous MLB Clubs. The district court properly dismissed it.
           The Lanham Act prohibits false or misleading descriptions in com-
   mercial advertising and creates civil liability for violations. See 15 U.S.C.
   § 1125(a)(1)(B) (section 43(a) of the Lanham Act). But at the threshold, the
   complaint fails to demonstrate that Nix has standing, and the district court
   lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the claim. In order plausibly to estab-
   lish standing, the complaint needed to allege facts to support a plausible infer-
   ence “(i) that [Nix] suffered an injury in fact that is concrete, particularized,
   and actual or imminent; (ii) that the injury was likely caused by the defendant;
   and (iii) that the injury would likely be redressed by judicial relief.” Trans-
   Union LLC v. Ramirez, 141 S. Ct. 2190, 2203 (2021) (citing Lujan v. Defenders
   of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992)).
           Nix does not plead a concrete injury, let alone one plausibly caused by
   the conduct of the defendants of his Lanham Act claim. The closest the com-
   plaint comes to alleging any injury at all is in his conclusory allegations that
   the defendants satisfied the elements of a Lanham Act claim. In particular,
   he states that he “has been or likely to be [sic] injured as a result of the false
   statement, either by direct diversion of sales from itself [sic] to defendant or
   by a lessening of the goodwill associated with its products.” (emphases

            Second, Nix contends that the district court’s interpretation of the term “PED
   producer” in context fails because it would mean that MLB, MLB Clubs, the MLBPA, and
   all of their members would all be PED (or drug) distributors, promoters, or consumers.
   That turns the district court’s analysis on its head. Allegedly defamatory statements “must
   be construed in the context of the entire statement or publication” in which they are made.
   Aronson v. Wiersma, 65 N.Y.2d 592, 594 (1985). That is exactly what the district court did.
   Nix takes the opposite approach by averring that the district court’s construction of “PED
   producer” in the context of a litigation-related email must also extend to the entire universe
   of baseball organizations and their members and employees in every context.

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   added). The 100-page meandering complaint shows none of this.
           The only other injury that could conceivably implicate the defendants
   on the Lanham Act claim is Nix’s 2018 change in diet. Even under the highly
   generous assumption that that injury is sufficiently concrete for purposes of
   constitutional standing, it is not plausible that the relevant defendants caused
   it. First, the change in diet allegedly occurred because of the “MLB Rules
   and Regulations,” not any advertisements. Second, Nix does not allege that
   he purchased and consumed any products—or forewent purchasing them—
   specifically because of any advertising or representations. The complaint
   refers only to “IGF-1 based animal products,” a class that the complaint does
   not allege contains any of the falsely advertised products at all, let alone
   specific ones. We therefore affirm the dismissal of the Lanham Act claim for
   want of subject-matter jurisdiction. 22

                                                E.
           Nix appeals the dismissal of his tortious-interference claims against
   MLB and the MLBPA. Nix alleges that MLB “threatened” his attorney Paul
   Golden in an email. 23 Nix also avers that the MLBPA and its agents threat-
   ened Nix personally by demanding that he stop speaking with them, inform-
   ing them of the alleged ban on IGF-1 products, or going to “any places
   where” they gathered. These “threats” apparently interfered with his ability
   to enter business relationships with other baseball agents or secure clients

           22
                Even if the complaint did plausibly demonstrate standing, dismissal was
   appropriate under Rule 12(b)(6). As the district court explained, Nix’s complaint fails to
   allege facts related to the second, third, and fifth elements of a Lanham Act claim. Analysis
   of the fifth element largely tracks the injury analysis in the standing context.
           23
              In relevant part, the email stated, “Should any other harassing litigation be filed
   we will also ask the [c]ourt to hold you and your clients accountable to the fullest extent
   under the law.”

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   “who could have used his expertise in baseball, nutrition, fitness, or sports
   science.”
           Like all his other claims, his tortious-interference claim was properly
   dismissed. Texas law distinguishes between tortious interference with exist-
   ing contractual relations (i.e., an ongoing business relationship) and tortious
   interference with business relations (i.e., a prospective business
   relationship). 24
           The elements of tortious interference with existing contractual rela-
   tions are “(1) an existing contract subject to interference, (2) a willful and
   intentional act of interference with the contract, (3) that proximately caused
   the plaintiff’s injury, and (4) caused actual damages or loss.” Prudential,
   29 S.W.3d at 77. The “act of interference” element generally requires dem-
   onstration that the defendant “knowingly induced one of the contracting par-
   ties to breach its obligations under a contract.” Funes v. Villatoro, 352 S.W.3d
   200, 213 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. denied).
           By contrast, a plaintiff bringing a claim of tortious interference with
   business relations must allege that
           (1) there was a reasonable probability that the plaintiff would
           have entered into a business relationship with a third party;
           (2) the defendant either acted with a conscious desire to pre-
           vent the relationship from occurring or knew the interference
           was certain or substantially certain to occur as a result of the
           conduct; (3) the defendant’s conduct was independently torti-
           ous or unlawful; (4) the interference proximately caused the
           plaintiff injury; and (5) the plaintiff suffered actual damage or

           24
             Compare Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Fin. Rev. Servs., Inc., 29 S.W.3d 74, 77 (Tex.
   2000) (tortious interference with existing contractual relations), with Coinmach Corp. v.
   Aspenwood Apartment Corp., 417 S.W.3d 909, 923 (Tex. 2013) (tortious interference with
   prospective business relations).

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           loss as a result.
   Coinmach, 417 S.W.3d at 923 (deriving the elements from collected cases).
   Independently tortious conduct is “conduct [that] would be actionable under
   a recognized tort.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Sturges, 52 S.W.3d 711, 726 (Tex.
   2001). “Conduct that is merely ʻsharp’ or unfair is not actionable and cannot
   be the basis for an action for tortious interference with prospective relations.”
   Id.

           We first address Nix’s allegations regarding his relationship with his
   attorney, Paul Golden. We then turn to his prospective business relationships
   with members of the baseball community.

                                              1.
           The complaint is ambiguous as to whether Nix’s relationship with
   Golden was ongoing or prospective at the time of the alleged interference. 25
   Under either characterization, his claim fails.
           Even generously construing Nix’s relationship with Golden as an
   ongoing business relationship, Nix fails to show a relevant contract existed.
   If anything, he alleges that no relevant contract ever existed because Golden
   had not yet agreed to represent Nix in his California appeal. Even if the com-
   plaint did contain allegations of a contract, Nix does not allege any breach by
   himself or Golden. He therefore fails to state a claim for tortious interference
   with existing contractual relations. 26

           25
             For example, Nix states that he “had a business relationship” with Golden during
   the relevant time but elsewhere says that the alleged threat “happened before Golden was
   signed up to even take on” his California appeal.
           26
              The district court incorrectly stated that independently tortious conduct is
   required for a claim of tortious interference with existing contractual relations and dis-
   missed Nix’s claim related to Golden on that ground. But we may affirm on any basis that
   is supported by the record. Stratta v. Roe, 961 F.3d 340, 364 n.16 (5th Cir. 2020) (citing

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           On the other hand, if Nix’s relationship with Golden was merely pro-
   spective, his claim fails because Nix does not allege any independently torti-
   ous conduct. Telling a lawyer that you will pursue legal remedies against him
   and his clients if he continues to pursue “harassing litigation” is not tortious
   conduct, as the district court noted. And Nix’s argument on appeal—that he
   adequately alleged sufficient interference “with his current and prospective
   relationship” with Golden—is entirely circular. Dismissal was appropriate.

                                               2.
           Nix has also failed to state a claim of tortious interference with busi-
   ness relations with baseball agents and players. His complaint alleges no inde-
   pendently tortious conduct. Instead, he merely states that MLBPA’s agent
   “demanded” that Nix stop speaking with baseball agents and “threatened”
   Nix not to go to “any places where MLBPA members gather.” But “persua-
   sion of others not to deal with the plaintiff,” if “lawful,” is not independently
   tortious. Wal-Mart, 52 S.W.3d at 726. And Nix does not allege that MLBPA’s
   conduct—even if “sharp” or “unfair”—was unlawful. Id.
           The court properly dismissed the claim.

                                              IV.
           Nix appeals the dismissal of his claims with prejudice, reasoning that
   he should have been given leave to amend. We disagree and conclude that
   the district court did not abuse its discretion.
           A court should “freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires.”
   Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Movants must “give the court at least some
   notice” of what the amendments would be and how those amendments would
   “cure the initial complaint’s defects.” Scott v. U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 16 F.4th

   Zuspann v. Brown, 60 F.3d 1156, 1160 (5th Cir. 1995)).

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   1204, 1209 (5th Cir. 2021) (per curiam), as revised (Nov. 26, 2021). Thus, a
   court may deny leave where “the plaintiff does not provide a copy of the
   amended complaint nor explain how the defects could be cured.” Id. (citing
   McKinney v. Irving Indep. Sch. Dist., 309 F.3d 308, 315 (5th Cir. 2002)). Denial
   is also justified in cases of “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the
   part of the movant, repeated failures to cure deficiencies by amendments
   previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party . . . , and futility of
   the amendment.” Marucci Sports, L.L.C. v. NCAA, 751 F.3d 368, 378 (5th Cir.
   2014) (quoting Jones v. Robinson Prop. Grp., LP, 427 F.3d 987, 994 (5th Cir.
   2005)).
          Denial of leave to amend was appropriate because leave would have
   been futile. Amendments are futile where the proposed amendment fails to
   state a claim, and courts review them under the “same standard of legal suf-
   ficiency as applies under Rule 12(b)(6).” Id. (quoting Stripling v. Jordan Prod.
   Co., LLC, 234 F.3d 863, 873 (5th Cir. 2000)). Nix’s conclusory statement
   that he could adequately amend his complaint is devoid of any factual speci-
   ficity. It does not identify any particular defendant or any specific unlawful
   act. To the contrary, it refers vaguely to thirty-five “unlawful acts associated
   with RICO.”
          More fundamentally, Nix does not explain how any amendment could
   address the deficiency that infects all of his claims. His entire legal argument
   rests on the premise that because IGF-1 is banned, anything containing any
   amount of IGF-1 is also banned. The only justification Nix provides for that
   claim is the lack of a specific IGF-1 quantity threshold in the Joint Agreement.
   But Nix’s complaint fails to allege that MLB or MLBPA views the ban as cov-
   ering anything other than exogenous levels of IGF-1 that detectably alter the
   body’s natural IGF-1 production or that they implement that interpretation

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   selectively. 27
           Instead, in his opening brief on appeal, Nix includes an extended dia-
   tribe against the defendants and proclaims that MLB “should no longer allow
   non-vegans to play.”
           To the extent that Nix requested leave to amend, it was futile, and the
   district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the request.

                                                 V.
           Finally, the issue of sanctions. Nix appeals the imposition of injunc-
   tive sanctions. Independently, the defendants move for monetary and injunc-
   tive sanctions from this court. We conclude that the district court did not
   abuse its discretion in imposing sanctions and that additional sanctions are
   warranted.

                                                 A.
           The district court properly sanctioned Nix. Specifically, the court
   prohibited Nix from filing any suit against MLB (including its defendant
   employees and MLB Clubs) or the MLBPA (including its defendant employ-
   ees) without advance permission from the Chief Judge of the Southern Dis-
   trict of Texas or the delegee thereof. It also required Nix “to file a copy of
   [the district court] opinion with any filing that he makes in any other court”
   against those same defendants. 28

           27
              A contrary interpretation is especially tortured because the complaint concedes
   that every human needs IGF-1 to survive. Nix asks us to interpret the Joint Drug Agree-
   ment in a manner that he acknowledges would mean “humans could not legally play
   baseball.” Such a construction is utterly implausible. It is also immaterial: The district
   court did not dispose of any of Nix’s claims on the basis that IGF-1 was actually banned by
   the Joint Drug Agreement.
           28
                The court did not apply its injunctive relief to the Nutritional or Media Defen-

                                                 21
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           “A district court has jurisdiction to impose a pre-filing injunction to
   deter vexatious, abusive, and harassing litigation.” Baum, 513 F.3d at 187. In
   determining whether a pre-filing injunction is warranted to deter future vexa-
   tious filings, courts consider a variety of factual circumstances, including:
           (1) the party’s history of litigation, in particular whether he has
           filed vexatious, harassing, or duplicative lawsuits; (2) whether
           the party had a good faith basis for pursuing the litigation, or
           simply intended to harass; (3) the extent of the burden on the
           courts and other parties resulting from the party’s filings; and
           (4) the adequacy of alternative sanctions.
   Id. at 189 (quoting Cromer v. Kraft Foods N. Am., Inc., 390 F.3d 812, 818 (4th
   Cir. 2004)). Such injunctions must be tailored to protect the courts and inno-
   cent parties while also protecting the right of the enjoined party to file non-
   frivolous lawsuits. See Farguson v. MBank Hous., N.A., 808 F.2d 358, 360 (5th
   Cir. 1986). Pro se status is no aegis. Id. at 359.
           Nix does not identify any abuse in the court’s discretion or error in its
   reasoning; he merely reiterates that he is right, and the defendants are wrong,
   on the merits of his claims. The district court engaged in a lengthy analysis
   of the four Baum factors and considered Nix’s lengthy history of frivolous
   lawsuits and resulting sanctions, harassing conduct during the course of the
   instant lawsuit, harassing conduct targeting certain defendants before filing
   the instant lawsuit, the undue burden of his suit on the judicial system, and
   the inadequate deterrent effect of monetary sanctions imposed on Nix by
   courts outside this circuit.
           The district court acted firmly within its discretion.

   dants because they did not seek such relief.

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                                           B.
            The defendants seek both monetary sanctions and injunctive relief
   from this court. We address each type in turn and conclude that both are
   appropriate.

                                            1.
            Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 38(a) allows courts of appeals to
   award “just damages and single or double costs to the appellee” upon a
   finding that an appeal is frivolous. Appeals are frivolous where “the result is
   obvious or the arguments of error are wholly without merit.” Coghlan v.
   Starkey, 852 F.2d 806, 811 (5th Cir. 1988) (per curiam) (citing Atwood v. Union
   Carbide Corp., 847 F.2d 278, 280 (5th Cir. 1988)). Frivolousness need not be
   intentional; even inadvertently frivolous appeals are subject to Rule 38 sanc-
   tions. See Sun Coast Res., Inc. v. Conrad, 958 F.3d 396, 398 (5th Cir. 2020).
            Nix’s appeal is entirely frivolous. The district court assessed his
   claims in a thorough forty-eight-page opinion. On appeal, Nix does not raise
   a single colorable argument or explain any specific error. For example, he
   repeatedly alleges that the district court failed to take his pleaded facts as true,
   but he fails to identify a specific example in the district court opinion. He
   contends that his claims against MLB and the MLBPA are not precluded by
   the resolution of his California lawsuit, using the exact reasoning that the dis-
   trict court considered, dissected, and rejected; Nix does not point to any
   specific error. His averments about his other claims are equally devoid of
   merit.
            Aggravating the situation is Nix’s patent bad faith. See Coghlan,
   852 F.2d at 814 (collecting cases). Nix was not only on notice from the district
   court that he was a vexatious litigant and that his lawsuit was frivolous, but
   he was also on notice from two other courts that have imposed sanctions on
   him (a California federal court and a New York state court) that his claims

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                                           No. 22-20364

   have no merit. His briefing on appeal repeatedly accuses the defendants of
   lying to the courts and the public, violating the dictionary definition of “integ-
   rity” and improperly failing to ban the entire human race from playing pro-
   fessional baseball, further evincing the bad-faith nature of his litigation.
   Although Nix may believe that defendants’ and the judicial system’s time and
   energy have as much worth as a “piece of metal” and are unworthy of respect,
   we disagree.
           This court therefore imposes monetary sanctions in the form of rea-
   sonable attorney’s fees and double costs for the appeal, per Rule 38.

                                                 2.
           Injunctive relief is likewise warranted. Circuit courts have the author-
   ity to sanction parties through injunctions, per both inherent and statutory
   authority. See Farguson, 808 F.2d at 360 (describing inherent authority);
   28 U.S.C. § 1651 (conferring statutory authority). Because the defendants
   seek a pre-filing injunction, we consider the same Baum factors that the dis-
   trict court did in imposing its own pre-filing injunction. See supra Part V.A.
           We have little to add to the district court’s analysis of the vexatious
   nature of Nix’s conduct and litigation. His briefing on appeal only confirms
   the need for a broad pre-filing injunction, given that it demonstrates his com-
   mitment to continuing his moral crusade against the defendants. 29 It also
   confirms that Nix’s conception of the conspiracy has expanded and is
   unlikely to shrink.

           29
              For example: “Despite court orders . . . holding that IGF-1 is banned as a matter
   of law, Appellees continue to engage [in their selective enforcement of IGF-1]. Appellees
   need to be reminded that while Baseball is a game, litigation is not. It is the time-honored
   method of seeking the truth, finding the truth, and doing justice.” We find it unlikely that
   Nix will view the total dismissal of his claims as shedding sufficient light on the defendants’
   alleged misdeeds.

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                                     No. 22-20364

          Nix has filed nine lawsuits in four different states. Three courts have
   imposed sanctions. We become the fourth and end Nix’s onslaught of vexa-
   tious and frivolous litigation in this circuit. Nix is enjoined from filing any
   lawsuit or pleading against any of these defendants in any court within the
   jurisdiction of the Fifth Circuit without first obtaining the permission of the
   court in which he seeks to file. He must also attach a copy of this opinion to
   any such request for permission.

                                          VI.
          We AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Nix’s claims, denial of
   leave to amend, and imposition of sanctions. We GRANT the defendant’s
   motion for sanctions.
          It is therefore ORDERED that no pleading or lawsuit in any federal
   court within the jurisdiction of the Fifth Circuit shall be filed by, or on behalf
   of, Neiman Nix, his affiliates, or his related entities against any of the defen-
   dants in this suit without first obtaining the permission of the court in which
   he seeks to file. He must attach a copy of this opinion to any such request for
   permission.
          We REMAND to determine the amount of the monetary sanctions,
   which comprise the attorney’s fees and double costs incurred in this appeal.
   The defendants are ORDERED to submit evidence of those fees to the dis-
   trict court within thirty days.

                                          25