Court Opinion

ID: 5123622
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-05 07:16:48.287411+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:34.959333
License: Public Domain

In The

                                 Court of Appeals

                     Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

                               ________________
                                NO. 09-19-00416-CR
                               ________________

                   HERBERT WAYNE COLLINS, Appellant

                                          V.

                        THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
________________________________________________________________________

                    On Appeal from the 252nd District Court
                           Jefferson County, Texas
                          Trial Cause No. 18-30649
________________________________________________________________________

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      A jury convicted Herbert Wayne Collins for the murder of Bradison Mims by

shooting him with a firearm. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(1). After Collins

pled true to multiple enhancements, the jury found him to be a habitual offender and

sentenced him to life imprisonment in the Institutional Division of the Texas

Department of Criminal Justice. See id. § 12.32 (prescribing punishment for first

degree felony), § 12.42 (prescribing punishment for habitual offenders), § 19.02(c)

(classifying murder as a first-degree felony). In his first two issues, Collins contends

                                           1
the trial court violated his constitutional rights to due process and due course of law

by failing to ensure the jurors were qualified, and in his third issue, he contends the

court’s punishment charge contained an improper parole instruction. Having

reviewed the record in its entirety, we will affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                    Background

      The following recitation of facts is gleaned from the witnesses’ testimony and

other evidence admitted during trial. At approximately 2:30 p.m. on October 16,

2018, Mims and his girlfriend, C.C., 1 drove to an apartment complex in Beaumont,

Texas known as “The Bricks.” Mims, a known drug dealer, stopped there to sell

drugs. Prior to arriving at The Bricks, Mims learned one of his friends, “K Deuce,”

had been in an altercation with Collins.2 C.C. said when she and Mims drove up to

the apartment complex, they observed Collins running around and behaving

erratically. C.C. believed Collins was under the influence of drugs.

      After Mims completed a sale, they drove to the convenience store nearby.

C.C. testified she and Mims did not exit the vehicle when they arrived at the store

because Mims noticed Collins going into the same store. Instead, they returned to

      1
          To protect the privacy of this eyewitness, who the defendant allegedly
threatened following the shooting, we identify her by using initials. See Tex. Const.
art. I, § 30(a) (granting crime victims “the right to be treated with fairness and with
respect for the victim’s dignity and privacy throughout the criminal justice
process”).
        2
          “K Deuce” also went by the street name “K2.”]
                                          2
the apartment complex, where they remained in the car. Collins walked by their car

and Mims asked Collins about his earlier confrontation with K Deuce. C.C. indicated

neither Mims nor Collins appeared to be angry during this discussion. Collins

walked away to an apartment in the rear of the complex.

       According to C.C., Collins returned a short time later with a long gun and

pointed it through the passenger window, across her, and at Mims. 3 Collins insulted

Mims, who responded by asking Collins why he was “tripping” and tried to tell him

he was “messing up.” C.C. said Collins put the gun down, agreed with Mims, and

said he had been going through a difficult time. C.C. explained that shortly after

Collins put the weapon down, Mims angrily exited the vehicle because he felt

Collins had disrespected him. Mims ripped off his shirt, displaying that he wanted

to fight.

       Another vehicle pulled up on the other side of the street with several people

inside. “Pop” exited this vehicle and attempted to defuse the situation between

Collins and Mims, telling them to let it go. C.C. said that Collins got into the vehicle

with Pop, then Collins returned a short time later with another firearm and began

shooting at Mims. C.C. said when the shooting began, Mims first tried to get back

in the car but then “took off running.” Mims fell to the ground, begging Collins not

       3
        C.C. described it as a “[b]ig black gun with a scope[]” and likened it to “a
military rifle.”
                                           3
to kill him, but Collins appeared to shoot Mims in the head. C.C. explained that as

Collins was shooting Mims, “[Collins] just looked like he wasn’t there, like he was

zoned out. He had no remorse.” Collins then pointed the gun at C.C., told her to

leave, and warned her not to say anything.

      B.R., 4 another eyewitness who lived at The Bricks, also observed the

shooting, and reluctantly testified at trial. B.R. indicated she feared for her life and

was afraid someone would hurt her for testifying. B.R. testified she saw Collins

shoot Mims multiple times, then hop in a car and leave. B.R. also testified that before

Collins left, he stuck the gun in the girl’s face, and B.R. was afraid he was going to

shoot the girl. B.R. testified that the weapon used to kill Mims was driven away in

an identified vehicle.

      B.R. called 9-1-1 and reported the shooting, which the State played for the

jury. In the recording, she told the operator, “a guy by the name of Herb C just killed

somebody . . . with a big ol’ gun” and that “he’s leaving in a blue car.”5 B.R. also

told the operator that Collins shot the victim multiple times.

      Collins told officers in his recorded statement that “Pop” gave him a ride to

his girlfriend’s house after the shooting. According to Collins, he got into a fight

      4
        To protect the privacy of this eyewitness, who felt threatened following the
shooting, we identify her by using initials. See Tex. Const. art. I, § 30(a) (granting
crime victims “the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim’s
dignity and privacy throughout the criminal justice process”).
      5
        The record indicated Collins used the nickname “Herb C.”
                                           4
with “K2,” and he ran to the convenient store up the street because K2 left to get a

long gun. He denied killing Mims and told police they had “the wrong guy.” Collins

behaved erratically on the video while giving his statement. One of the interviewing

detectives testified that he believed Collins was under the influence of some drug.

      Despite his denials, two eyewitnesses identified Collins as the shooter and

described him shooting Mims while Mims was on the ground begging for his life.

Additionally, officers recovered twenty-one shell casings at the scene, all the same

caliber and brand. The firearms analyst opined that twenty of these casings were

fired from the same weapon, and while the remaining casing had similar

characteristics, there was not enough to say conclusively it was fired from the same

gun or to exclude it. The only weapon provided to the firearms analyst did not match

the caliber of bullets recovered at the scene. Detectives testified they never located

an AK-47 weapon, the weapon typically associated with the caliber of bullets used.

      When police arrested Collins the evening of the shooting, they performed a

gunshot residue (GSR) test. The analyst testified it was positive for GSR. The

forensic pathologist, Dr. Ami Murphy, testified Mims sustained twelve gunshot

wounds. She explained that several shots to his head and neck could have been fatal

individually, but in this case, some combination of them was responsible for death.

Dr. Murphy opined that “[t]he cause of death was penetrating and perforating

gunshot wounds of the head, neck, torso and extremities.”

                                          5
                    Issues One and Two: Juror Qualifications

      In his first two issues, Collins contends the trial court failed to ensure the jury

panel was qualified during voir dire, violating his due process and due course of law

rights. During voir dire, the trial court advised the jury:

      So, what I’m going to do is go through what those qualifications are.
      As I’m doing that, if you think that any of those qualifications may
      affect your ability to serve, keep that in mind, and at the end of the
      process, I’m going to ask you, by a raise of hand, if there’s something
      you need to let us know either with regard to these qualifications or
      with regard to anything that has been discussed during the process this
      afternoon. So, just kind of keep it in mind, and let us know at the
      appropriate time.

      The first qualification is you must be 18 years of age or older. You must
      live in Jefferson County, Texas. We do not expect this week - - this
      week - - this case to last longer than a week. So, we need you to live
      here for this week. If you moved recently out of Jefferson County, we
      need to know that. If you are displaced because of the Tropical Storm
      Imelda but your primary residence is still here and you’re living
      somewhere else while you’re fixing your house, that’s fine as long as
      your primary address is still in Jefferson County, Texas. You must be
      of sound mind and good moral character. You must be able to read and
      write the English language. If you have served as a juror in the
      preceding six months - - not this process but you were actually selected
      and served as a juror in a case within six months from now, depending
      on the length of time you were on that jury, you may get a pass for this
      week. So, just let us know that at the appropriate time if that applies to
      you. Also, you must not have been convicted of a felony or a theft of
      any level, and you cannot be under legal accusation or indictment for a
      theft or felony of any level.
      ...

      And, again, at the end of this, I will go back and ask if there’s anyone
      who has any of those issues we talked about.

                                           6
      After the parties completed their portion of voir dire, the trial court queried:

      So, is there anyone who I did not call for any reason that has
      information that they feel like they need to give us or wants to come
      back in for any other reason?

      In response, one juror came forward to privately tell the trial court English

was not her first language, she did not feel comfortable, and might have difficulty

understanding. The trial court and parties agreed the juror was disqualified, and the

trial court dismissed her. After the parties exercised their strikes and the trial court

read the jurors’ names, but prior to swearing them in, the trial court asked if the

parties had objections to the jurors seated. Collins responded, “No, Your Honor.”

      Specifically, Collins complains that

      the trial court never asked the prospective jurors about their
      qualifications after approximately sixty pages of voir dire by the parties,
      and the prospective jurors would not have remembered the various
      qualifications without the trial court restating them at the end of voir
      dire even if the judge had asked about their qualifications.

Collins concedes in his brief that he did not to object to the trial court’s failure to

qualify the panel yet argues this was “structural error” not requiring objection. See

Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). We disagree.

      “The failure to make a timely objection waives the right to challenge the jury’s

qualifications.” Collum v. State, 96 S.W.3d 361, 366 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no

pet.) (citing Mayo v. State, 4 S.W.3d 9, 12 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)). Government

Code section 62.102 prescribes jurors’ qualifications. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. §

                                           7
62.102. A juror may be stricken for cause for certain enumerated reasons. See Tex.

Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 35.16. Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 35.19

provides that “[n]o juror shall be impaneled when it appears that he is subject to the

second, third or fourth cause of challenge in Article 35.16, though both parties may

consent.” Id. art. 35.19 (listing absolute disqualifications from service as conviction

of misdemeanor theft or felony, being under indictment or other legal accusation for

misdemeanor theft or felony or being insane).

      As the Court of Criminal Appeals explained, “even if an absolutely

disqualified juror sits on a criminal jury, reversal of the conviction is permitted only

if the defendant timely objected at trial or shows significant harm on appeal.” Mayo,

4 S.W.3d at 12. Collins has done neither. Likewise, statutory authority expressly

addresses this. Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 44.46, provides that

      A conviction in a criminal case may be reversed on appeal on the
      ground that a juror in the case was absolutely disqualified from service
      under Article 35.19 of this code only if:
      (1) the defendant raises the disqualification before the verdict is
      entered; or
      (2) the disqualification was not discovered or brought to the attention
      of the trial court until after the verdict was entered and the defendant
      makes a showing of significant harm by the service of the disqualified
      juror.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.46.

      The trial court specifically asked whether the State or Collins had objections

to the jury, and both indicated they did not. Collins does not argue nor is there any

                                           8
indication in the record that a disqualified juror sat on the jury. Rather, he complains

that the trial court did not properly qualify the panel and focuses on the use of “shall”

in Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Articles 35.10 and 35.21. See Tex. Code Crim.

Proc. arts. 35.10, 35.21. Even if we agreed that the trial court failed to properly

qualify the jury, which we do not, a statute’s use of mandatory language does not

automatically abolish the need to preserve error. See Mayo, 4 S.W.3d at 12.

       With respect to Collins’s argument that the trial court’s failure to properly

qualify the jury violated his due process and due course of law rights, fundamental

error exists only where an “‘appellant can show he was denied a trial by a fair and

impartial jury.’” Jones v. State, 982 S.W.2d 386, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998);

Collum, 96 S.W.3d at 366. “[T]he constitutional right to trial by an impartial jury is

not violated by every error in the selection of a jury.” Jones, 982 S.W.2d at 391.

Here, Collins “was required to object prior to the impaneling and swearing of the

jury[]” to preserve his complaint that the trial court failed to properly qualify the jury

or make a showing of significant harm. See Collum, 96 S.W.3d at 366 (citation

omitted); see also Tex. Code of Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 44.46.

       Because Collins failed to object or show harm, we overrule issues one and

two.

                                            9
                        Issue Three: Punishment Charge

      In his third issue, Collins argues the trial court erroneously instructed the jury

regarding good conduct time. The punishment charge provided as follows:

      Under the law applicable in this case, the defendant, if sentenced to a
      term of imprisonment, may earn time off the period of incarceration
      imposed through the award of good conduct time. Prison authorities
      may award good conduct time to a prisoner who exhibits good
      behavior, diligence in carrying out prison work assignments, and
      attempts at rehabilitation. If a prisoner engages in misconduct, prison
      authorities may also take away all or part of any good conduct time
      earned by the prisoner.

      It is also possible that the length of time for which the defendant will
      be imprisoned might be reduced by the award of parole.

      Under the law applicable in this case, if the defendant is sentenced to a
      term of imprisonment, he will not become eligible for parole until the
      actual time served plus any good conduct time earned equals one-half
      of the sentence imposed or thirty (30) years, whichever is less.
      Eligibility for parole does not guarantee that parole will be granted.

      It cannot accurately be predicted how the parole law and good conduct
      time might be applied to this defendant if he is sentenced to a term of
      imprisonment, because the application of these laws will depend on
      decisions made by prison and parole authorities.

      You may consider the existence of the parole law and good conduct
      time. However, you are not to consider the extent to which good
      conduct time may be awarded to or forfeited by this particular
      defendant. You are not to consider the manner in which the parole law
      may be applied to this particular defendant.

      Collins specifically complains that the charge advised the jury he would be

eligible for parole when his actual time served plus his good conduct time equaled

one-half his sentence. Collins did not object to the charge, but the State concedes
                                          10
this language in the charge was erroneous since the law required the charge to

instruct Collins would be parole eligible when his actual time served alone equaled

one-half his sentence. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07 § 4(a) (noting

proper instruction to be given if an offense is listed in 42A.054(a), listing murder).6,   7

      When, as here, a defendant fails to object to the court’s charge or states he has

no objection to it, we will not reverse for jury-charge error unless the record shows

      6
         We cite to the current statutes, as any amendments do not impact the outcome
of this appeal.
       7
         The proper instruction is as follows:

      The length of time for which a defendant is imprisoned may be reduced
      by the award of parole.

      Under the law applicable in this case, if the defendant is sentenced to a
      term of imprisonment, the defendant will not become eligible for parole
      until the actual time served equals one-half of the sentence imposed or
      30 years, whichever is less. If the defendant is sentenced to a term of
      less than four years, the defendant must serve at least two years before
      the defendant is eligible for parole. Eligibility for parole does not
      guarantee that parole will be granted.

      It cannot accurately be predicted how the parole law might be applied
      to this defendant if sentenced to a term of imprisonment, because the
      application of that law will depend on decisions made by parole
      authorities.

      You may consider the existence of the parole law. You are not to
      consider the manner in which the parole law may be applied to this
      particular defendant.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07 § 4(a).

                                           11
“egregious harm” to the defendant. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743-44 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2005); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985).

Pursuant to Almanza’s egregious harm standard, the record must show a defendant

suffered actual, rather than merely theoretical, harm from the charge error. Almanza,

686 S.W.2d at 174. “Errors that result in egregious harm are those that affect ‘the

very basis of the case,’ ‘deprive the defendant of a valuable right,’ or ‘vitally affect

a defensive theory.’” Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 750 (quoting Hutch v. State, 922 S.W.2d

166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)).

      Since the State conceded error in the charge, we address whether the error

constituted egregious harm. In our analysis, “the actual degree of harm must be

assayed in light of the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, including the

contested issues and weight of probative evidence, the argument of counsel and any

other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a whole.” Almanza,

686 S.W.2d at 171; Shavers v. State, 985 S.W.2d 284, 291 (Tex. App.—Beaumont

1999, pet. ref’d). Factors courts consider when assessing egregious harm in the

context of an erroneous parole instruction include: (1) the presumption the jury

followed any mitigating instruction; (2) whether a jury note existed regarding parole

or good-conduct time; (3) the State’s emphasis of the possibility of parole in

argument; and (4) the severity of the defendant’s sentence. See Hooper v. State, 255

S.W.3d 262, 271-72 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. ref’d); see also Igo v. State, 210

                                          12
S.W.3d 645, 647-48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (discussing various factors mitigating

against finding of egregious harm when appellant received maximum sentence).

      Although the jury sentenced Collins to the maximum punishment, several

factors mitigate against a finding of egregious harm. See Igo, 210 S.W.3d at 647.

First, the charge contained a curative instruction admonishing the jury that it could

not consider the extent to which good conduct time could be awarded or forfeited by

this particular defendant. See id. We have explained that absent indications to the

contrary, the presumption the jury followed the trial court’s curative instruction

prevails. See Shavers, 985 S.W.2d at 292. Here, there are no indications the jury did

not follow this instruction. Further, the record does not indicate the jury sent any

notes or had any communications regarding the applicability of good conduct time

or parole. See id. We decline Collins’s invitation to speculate that the jury’s question

about the difference between a 99-year sentence and life constituted such an inquiry,

especially considering the other factors. The State did not mention good conduct or

the possibility of parole in its argument. See id.; see also Igo, 210 S.W.3d at 647.

Finally, the evidence relating to punishment was exceptionally strong. See Igo, 210

S.W.3d 647-48. Collins pled “true” to the enhancements involving multiple prior

felony convictions. Collins testified that despite having “skills” he looked for the

“quick dollar” and had been selling drugs his whole life. The evidence established

that officers recovered twenty casings fired from the same weapon, with twelve

                                          13
rounds hitting the victim. Two eyewitnesses testified that Mims was on the ground

pleading for his life when Collins shot him in the head. One eyewitness testified that

Collins threatened her after the shooting and warned her not to say anything, while

the other told jurors she did not want to testify and was afraid for her life.

      Having determined the erroneous instruction did not result in egregious harm,

we overrule this issue.

                                      Conclusion

      We conclude (1) Collins failed to timely object to the trial court’s purported

failure to properly qualify the jury or failed to show that the jury as constituted

denied him to a fair and impartial trial, and (2) the erroneous good conduct language

in the court’s charge did not result in egregious harm. Accordingly, we affirm the

trial court’s judgment.

      AFFIRMED.

                                                ________________________________
                                                        CHARLES KREGER
                                                              Justice

Submitted on December 1, 2020
Opinion Delivered November 3, 2021
Do Not Publish

Before Kreger, Horton and Johnson, JJ.

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