Court Opinion

ID: 805663
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-08-01 17:09:44+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:16.870127
License: Public Domain

FOR PUBLICATION
 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
      FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

GURJEET SINGH NIJJAR,                   
                          Petitioner,
                                             No. 07-74054
                 v.
                                             Agency No.
ERIC H. HOLDER   Jr., Attorney               A073-416-442
General,
                         Respondent.
                                        

PARAMJIT KAUR NIJJAR,                   
                          Petitioner,        No. 08-70933
                                        
                 v.                           Agency No.
                                             A075-250-758
ERIC H. HOLDER Jr., Attorney
General,                                       OPINION
                      Respondent.
                                        
        On Petition for Review of an Order of the
             Board of Immigration Appeals

                 Argued and Submitted
       October 11, 2011—San Francisco, California

                      Filed August 1, 2012

    Before: Proctor Hug, Jr., Andrew J. Kleinfeld, and
           William A. Fletcher, Circuit Judges.

                 Opinion by Judge Kleinfeld

                             8511
                       NIJJAR v. HOLDER                  8513

                         COUNSEL

Jaspreet Kalra Singh (argued), New York, New York, Jagdip
Singh Sekhon (briefed), Oakland, California, for the petition-
ers.

Rosanne Perry, Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for
the respondent.

                         OPINION

KLEINFELD, Senior Circuit Judge:

   We address whether the Department of Homeland Security
has authority to terminate an alien’s asylum status, and con-
clude that it does not. The issue arises out of structural
changes to our immigration system made when the Depart-
ment of Homeland Security assumed functions of the Immi-
gration and Naturalization Service.

                              I.

   Petitioners, Gurjeet Singh Nijjar and his wife, Paramjit
Kaur Nijjar, are natives and citizens of India. Mr. Nijjar
applied for asylum in 1995, based on political persecution he
claimed to have suffered in India from 1991 to 1994, on
account of his being a Sikh and a supporter of Khalistan. He
claimed this persecution caused him to flee India in 1994. The
Immigration and Naturalization Service granted his asylum
application in 1996. He brought his wife and son into the
United States as derivative asylees in 1997.
8514                        NIJJAR v. HOLDER
   A few years later, in 2003, our immigration and asylum
system underwent a major restructuring. Prior to 2003, two
agencies within the Department of Justice—the Immigration
and Naturalization Service (INS)1 and the Executive Office of
Immigration Review (EOIR)2—handled asylum applications.
On March 1, 2003, the INS ceased to exist.3 Most of its func-
tions were transferred to a new cabinet-level department, the
Department of Homeland Security.4 Various agencies within
the Department of Homeland Security became responsible for
the immigration functions previously administered by the
INS. One of the new Department of Homeland Security agen-
cies, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
(USCIS),5 administers asylum applications through its asylum
  1
     In 1940, the INS was transferred from the Department of Labor to the
Department of Justice. Reorganization Plan No. V of 1940, 5 Fed. Reg.
2223, ch. 231, § 1 (June 14, 1940), reprinted in 5 U.S.C. app. at 545
(2006), and in 54 Stat. 1238 (1940) (codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1551).
   2
     The EOIR was created as a separate agency within the Department of
Justice, effective February 15, 1983, through an internal reorganization
which combined the Board of Immigration Appeals with the immigration
judges, previously of the INS. Board of Immigration Appeals; Immigra-
tion Review Function; Editorial Amendments, 48 Fed. Reg. 8056-01 (Feb.
25, 1983); see also 8 C.F.R. §§ 1003.0(a)(1) (2011) (“Within the Depart-
ment of Justice, there shall be an Executive Office for Immigration
Review (EOIR), headed by a Director who is appointed by the Attorney
General.”), 1003.1 (Board of Immigration Appeals), 1003.10 (immigration
judges)).
   3
     Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-296, §§ 471, 1502,
116 Stat. 2135, 2205, 2308 (codified at 6 U.S.C. §§ 291, 542); Department
of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan, H.R. Doc. No. 108-16 (2002),
set out as note under 6 U.S.C. § 542.
   4
     Homeland Security Act of 2002 §§ 441, 451, 116 Stat. at 2195 (codi-
fied at 6 U.S.C. §§ 251, 271). Functions under the immigration laws with
respect to the care of unaccompanied alien minors transferred to the
Department of Health and Human Services. Id. at § 462, 116 Stat. at 2202
(codified at 6 U.S.C. § 279).
   5
     Id. at § 451, 116 Stat. at 2195 (codified at 6 U.S.C. § 271). The agency
was originally called the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services
(BCIS). The Department of Homeland Security officially changed the
name of BCIS to USCIS, effective August 23, 2004. Name Change From
the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services to U.S. Citizenship
and Immigration Services, 69 Fed. Reg. 60938-01 (Oct. 13, 2004). Both
acronyms, BCIS and USCIS, continue to be used in the regulations.
                           NIJJAR v. HOLDER                          8515
officers.6 The EOIR, which remains an agency of the Depart-
ment of Justice, also continues to administer asylum applica-
tions, through immigration judges.7

   On November 25, 2003, Mr. Nijjar was notified that the
INS (although it no longer existed)8 intended to terminate his
asylum status for fraud. He had stated in his asylum applica-
tion (under the name Gurjeet Singh Nijjar) that he was perse-
cuted in India from 1991 to 1994. “INS information, however,
indicate [sic] that you were in the United States continuously
from September 1987 under the name Gurjit Singh.” The let-
ter instructed Mr. Nijjar to attend a termination interview with
an asylum officer of the no longer existing INS on January 5,
2004, to respond to the allegation of fraud.

   At Mr. Nijjar’s request, the interview was rescheduled three
times, but he neither appeared nor offered an excuse for not
appearing. On November 29, 2004, the USCIS, of the Depart-
ment of Homeland Security, sent Nijjar a “Termination
Notice,” informing him that his asylum status had been termi-
nated by the USCIS.9 No reason was given for the termina-
tion. Enclosed with the Termination Notice was a Notice to
Appear, Form I-862, which placed Mr. Nijjar in removal pro-

  6
   8 C.F.R. § 208.9 (2011)
  7
   8 C.F.R. § 1208.2(b) (2011).
  8
    The “Notice of Intent to Terminate Asylum Status” letter purported to
be from the INS, of the Department of Justice, in both the letterhead and
the text of the letter. The INS ceased to exist almost nine months earlier,
on March 1, 2003. A nonexistent federal agency could not have issued the
letter. Perhaps the USCIS, of the Department of Homeland Security, was
using another cabinet department’s old stationery and boilerplate language
from its days as the INS.
  9
   The Termination Notice stated: “The purpose of this letter is to notify
you that US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has termi-
nated your asylum status, effective November 5, 2004.”
8516                        NIJJAR v. HOLDER
ceedings. The Notice to Appear scheduled a hearing before an
immigration judge.10

   The problem that gives rise to this opinion is that Mr. Nij-
jar’s “Termination Notice,” the written notification that his
asylum status had been terminated, came from the USCIS. He
argues that the USCIS, within the Department of Homeland
Security, did not have authority to terminate his asylum sta-
tus, and that only the Attorney General has such authority.
Nijjar moved to terminate the removal proceedings on the
ground that his asylum status had not properly been termi-
nated. The immigration judge concluded that she lacked juris-
diction to review an asylum officer’s termination of asylum
status. Since Nijjar had no right to be in the United States
except as an asylee, and asylum status had been terminated,
she ordered him removed to India. The only basis for his wife
and son being in the United States was as derivative asylees
of Mr. Nijjar, so they were also ordered removed.

   On appeal, the Board of Immigration Appeals agreed that
the immigration judge lacked jurisdiction to review the asy-
lum officer’s termination of Mr. Nijjar’s asylum status. Since
the termination stood, the immigration judge’s order of
removal was affirmed. Gurjeet and Paramjit Nijjar petition for
  10
     Curiously, even though the Termination Notice came from the USCIS
within the Department of Homeland Security, the Notice to Appear
enclosed with the Termination Notice purported to be from the defunct
INS. It ordered Mr. Nijjar to appear before an immigration judge, of the
Department of Justice. The Notice to Appear is signed on behalf of the
defunct INS by a “supervisory asylum officer,” a position in the Depart-
ment of Homeland Security, not the Department of Justice, on the date it
was signed. Evidently the government, like Mr. Nijjar, had difficulty with
consistency in identifying itself by the correct name. All we can figure out
is that no one in the USCIS office thought to get stickers or rubber stamps
correcting the anachronisms in the old stationery and forms, and the same
people working in the same office but under the aegis of a new cabinet
department were proceeding in the accustomed way, using the same
boilerplate language in letters that had been used when they worked for
the INS.
                             NIJJAR v. HOLDER                            8517
review. We have jurisdiction over the Nijjars’ petitions under
8 U.S.C. § 1252.

                                     II.

   The oddities about the government stationery used for the
several letters and forms sent to Mr. Nijjar make the case
something of a morass, if the words in these documents are
taken literally. We assume for purposes of decision that the
forms purporting to come from the defunct INS within the
Department of Justice actually came from the USCIS within
the Department of Homeland Security. We make this assump-
tion because nothing else makes any sense. The communica-
tion that matters, the “Termination Notice” that terminated
Mr. Nijjar’s asylum status, is on the letterhead of an existing
agency, USCIS, Department of Homeland Security.

   There are two regulations addressing the termination of
asylum status, 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.24 and 1208.24. The latter, a
duplication of the former, was promulgated by the Depart-
ment of Justice on February 28, 2003, one day before the INS
ceased to exist, since with the creation of the Department of
Homeland Security, asylum would now be administered by
agencies in two cabinet departments, instead of one.11 The
duplication of regulations was intended to be a “temporary
measure,” “interim in nature.”12 Nearly a decade later, how-
ever, the regulations governing asylum termination have not
been substantively changed, and are identical to the regulation
that existed when asylum was handled by agencies in just one
cabinet department (the INS and EOIR in the Department of
Justice).
  11
      Aliens and Nationality, Homeland Security, Reorganization of Regu-
lations, 68 Fed. Reg. 9824 (Feb. 28, 2003) (codified at 8 C.F.R. pts. I, V).
   12
      Id. at 9825 (stating that the duplication of regulations, and division of
authority, “should be understood as a temporary measure to ensure conti-
nuity,” and that “further division and elimination of a substantial number
of sections is expected in the near future”).
8518                           NIJJAR v. HOLDER
   [1] The regulations provide that authority to terminate asy-
lum is accorded to the same office that granted asylum. The
regulations state: “an asylum officer [of the USCIS] may ter-
minate a grant of asylum . . . if following an interview, the
asylum officer determines that: (1) There is a showing of
fraud in the alien’s application such that he or she was not eli-
gible for asylum at the time it was granted.”13 The regulations
also state that when asylum status is terminated, the USCIS
“shall initiate removal proceedings.”14 And that is what was
done with Mr. Nijjar. The USCIS placed him in removal pro-
ceedings after it terminated his asylum status. So far, all the
procedural steps are in accord with the regulations.

   During removal proceedings, the immigration judge held
that she lacked jurisdiction to review the asylum officer’s ter-
mination of asylum status for fraud. That determination was
based on the language in 8 C.F.R. § 208.24, which states that
“an asylum officer may terminate a grant of asylum,” and on
the absence of any regulation providing for review of such a
  13
    8 C.F.R. § 208.24 (2004):
       (a) Termination of asylum by the Service. Except as provided in
       paragraph (e) of this section, an asylum officer may terminate a
       grant of asylum made under the jurisdiction of an asylum officer
       or a district director if following an interview, the asylum officer
       determines that:
       (1) There is a showing of fraud in the alien’s application such that
       he or she was not eligible for asylum at the time it was granted;
       ....
The “Service” is defined by regulation to refer to the INS prior to March
1, 2003 and to USCIS after that date. 8 C.F.R. § 1.1(c) (2004).
   14
      8 C.F.R. § 208.24(e) (2004):
       Removal proceedings. When an alien’s asylum status or with-
       holding of removal or deportation is terminated under this sec-
       tion, the Service shall initiate removal proceedings, as
       appropriate, if the alien is not already in exclusion, deportation,
       or removal proceedings. Removal proceedings may take place in
       conjunction with a termination hearing scheduled under
       § 208.24(f).
                            NIJJAR v. HOLDER                            8519
termination by the immigration judge in removal proceedings
or otherwise. The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed.
The Third Circuit in Bhargava v. Attorney General, held that
this view of jurisdiction was a correct interpretation of the
regulation, because both the regulation and the statute “are
silent with respect to an immigration judge’s jurisdiction to
review a termination of asylum by DHS.”15 The Fifth Circuit
in Qureshi v. Holder,16 following Bhargava, held that
“[n]either the IJ nor the BIA has authority to review USCIS’s
decision to terminate asylum,” though the asylee may obtain
review of questions of law (but not fact) underlying the termina-
tion.17 Qureshi in dictum also says that the alien may make a
new application for asylum.18 Not addressed in Qureshi is that
this hypothetical second asylum application would ordinarily
be time-barred,19 quite aside from whatever negative implica-
tion the fraud determination would have on the applicant’s
credibility in his second attempt to obtain asylum.

   [2] At this point, the answer to the question posed by this
case is to deny the petition, citing Bhargava and Qureshi. But
so far, all we have looked at are the regulations. We also have
to ask where the asylum officer, of the USCIS, of the Depart-
ment of Homeland Security, got its authority to terminate asy-
lum status. And that is where we run into an insuperable
problem. Congress did not confer the authority to terminate
asylum on the Department of Homeland Security. Congress
conferred that authority exclusively on the Department of Jus-
tice.
  15
      Bhargava v. Attorney General of the U.S., 611 F.3d 168, 170 (3d Cir.
2010).
   16
      Qureshi v. Holder, 663 F.3d 778 (5th Cir. 2011).
   17
      Id. at 780.
   18
      Id. at 780-81.
   19
      8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B) (providing that absent materially changed or
extraordinary circumstances, an alien may not apply for asylum “unless
the alien demonstrates by clear and convincing evidence that the applica-
tion has been filed within 1 year after the date of the alien’s arrival in the
United States”).
8520                           NIJJAR v. HOLDER
  [3] Congress expressly provided that “the Secretary of
Homeland Security or the Attorney General may grant asy-
lum . . . .”20 But the subsection governing termination of asy-
lum is not parallel, and does not say that either cabinet
department may terminate asylum. The “termination of asy-
lum” subsection of the statute says that asylum “may be ter-
minated if the Attorney General determines” that any of
several conditions are met.21
  20
      8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A) (emphasis added) (“The Secretary of Home-
land Security or the Attorney General may grant asylum to an alien who
has applied for asylum in accordance with the requirements and proce-
dures established by the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney
General under this section . . . .”).
   21
      8 U.S.C. § 1158(c)(2) states:
       Termination of asylum
       Asylum granted under subsection (b) of this section does not con-
       vey a right to remain permanently in the United States, and may
       be terminated if the Attorney General determines that—
       (A) the alien no longer meets the conditions described in subsec-
       tion (b)(1) of this section owing to a fundamental change in cir-
       cumstances;
       (B) the alien meets a condition described in subsection (b)(2) of
       this section;
       (C) the alien may be removed, pursuant to a bilateral or multilat-
       eral agreement, to a country (other than the country of the alien’s
       nationality or, in the case of an alien having no nationality, the
       country of the alien’s last habitual residence) in which the alien’s
       life or freedom would not be threatened on account of race, reli-
       gion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
       political opinion, and where the alien is eligible to receive asylum
       or equivalent temporary protection;
       (D) the alien has voluntarily availed himself or herself of the pro-
       tection of the alien’s country of nationality or, in the case of an
       alien having no nationality, the alien’s country of last habitual
       residence, by returning to such country with permanent resident
       status or the reasonable possibility of obtaining such status with
       the same rights and obligations pertaining to other permanent res-
       idents of that country; or
       (E) the alien has acquired a new nationality and enjoys the pro-
       tection of the country of his or her new nationality.
                            NIJJAR v. HOLDER                          8521
   [4] Fraud in the application is not mentioned explicitly, but
is one of the “additional limitations . . . under which an alien
shall be ineligible for asylum” that the Attorney General is
authorized to establish by regulation.22 It is difficult to imag-
ine that Congress left cabinet departments free to compete
with each other and grab whatever authority they like. It is
even more difficult to imagine that Congress intended so
important a determination as terminating asylum status for
fraud to be an unreviewable decision, made by an officer
below the level of, and without the independence of, an immi-
gration judge, on the basis of an informal interview.23

   Chevron and other forms of deference24 to the agency have
no application here, because Congress did not confer discre-
tion on the Department of Homeland Security to issue regula-
tions or interpret the statute insofar as it addresses termination
of asylum. Congress said that termination of asylum is within
the authority of the “Attorney General.” True, the regulations
issued by the Department of Justice say that the asylum offi-
cer may also terminate asylum, but the statute says otherwise.
  22
      8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(2)(C) (“Additional limitations. The Attorney Gen-
eral may by regulation establish additional limitations and conditions, con-
sistent with this section, under which an alien shall be ineligible for
asylum under paragraph (1).”); see also Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural
Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843-44 (1984) (“If Congress has
explicitly left a gap for the agency to fill, there is an express delegation
of authority to the agency to elucidate a specific provision of the statute
by regulation.”).
   23
      See Barahona-Gomez v. Reno, 236 F.3d 1115, 1120-21 (9th Cir.
2001) (explaining significance of procedural distinctions between the
“quasi-prosecutorial” “informal conferences conducted by asylum offi-
cers” and the “quasi-judicial functions” exercised by immigration judges
who preside over hearings in which “[t]estimony of witnesses is taken
under oath at a transcribed hearing”); see also Singh v. Gonzalez, 403 F.3d
1081, 1087-88 (9th Cir. 2005) (explaining that an interview with an asy-
lum officer may be conducted without an oath and without a USCIS-
provided interpreter).
   24
      See, e.g., Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452, 462-63 (1997); Skidmore v.
Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134, 139-40 (1944).
8522                        NIJJAR v. HOLDER
We cannot apply Chevron deference when “Congress has
directly spoken to the precise question at issue.”25 “If the
intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter.”26
Congress spoke directly to the precise question of who can
terminate asylum, making its intent clear: “the Attorney Gener-
al.”27 That is, under Chevron, indeed the end of the matter.
When Congress assigns authority to one cabinet department,
that department is not free to reverse the congressional deter-
mination by assigning it to another.28

   A subsequent amendment of the statute makes congressio-
nal intent especially clear in this case. Congress amended 8
U.S.C. § 1158 in the REAL ID Act, carefully distinguishing
authority for grants from authority for terminations of asylum.29
Before the creation of the Department of Homeland Security,
the statute authorized only the Attorney General to both grant
and terminate asylum status.30 Then, in 2005, effective retro-
actively to March 1, 2003,31 Congress amended 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(1), the provision for granting asylum. The amend-
ment for granting asylum changed “the Attorney General” to
  25
      Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842.
  26
      Id. at 843; see also Wilderness Soc’y v. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv.,
353 F.3d 1051, 1059 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (“Congressional intent may
be determined by traditional tools of statutory construction, and if a court
using these tools ascertains that Congress had a clear intent on the ques-
tion at issue, that intent must be given effect as law.”) (internal quotation
marks omitted), amended by 360 F.3d 1374 (9th Cir. 2004).
   27
      8 U.S.C. § 1158(c)(2).
   28
      Cf. Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 372-73 (1989) (holding
congressional delegation “constitutionally sufficient if Congress clearly
delineates the general policy, the public agency which is to apply it, and
the boundaries of this delegated authority”) (emphasis added) (internal
quotation marks omitted).
   29
      REAL ID Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109-13, 119 Stat. 302, 302-03,
§ 101(a)(1), (2).
   30
      8 U.S.C. §§ 1158(b)(1), (c)(2) (2002).
   31
      REAL ID Act of 2005, § 101(h)(1), 119 Stat. at 305 (“The amend-
ments . . . shall take effect as if enacted on March 1, 2003.”).
                           NIJJAR v. HOLDER                        8523
“The Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney Gener-
al,” ratifying what the Department of Homeland Security had
been doing since 2003.32 Though Congress in this curative
amendment conferred additional authority on the Department
of Homeland Security in several respects, it left authority to
terminate asylum exclusively with the Attorney General. The
new law added the Department of Homeland Security to sub-
section (b)(1), for granting, but not subsection (c)(2), for ter-
minating, asylum. This termination section still confers
authority only on “the Attorney General.”

   About all the government has to say regarding this issue of
authority in its brief is that the regulation clearly authorizes
the asylum officer to terminate asylum. Indeed it does, but the
government offers no reading of the statute that would autho-
rize the Department of Homeland Security to promulgate that
regulation. At oral argument, the government offered two
additional theories: that what the Department of Homeland
Security can grant it implicitly can take away, and that the
congressional failure to include the Department of Homeland
Security in subsection (c)(2) was an “oversight.”

  The first argument—“what we can give, we can take away”
—is euphonious but not logical. Popular songs are full of
euphonious lyrics that make false statements, such as the
Beatles’ lyrics:

       There’s nothing you can know that isn’t known
       Nothing you can see that isn’t shown
       Nowhere you can be that isn’t where you’re meant
       to be33
  32
     REAL ID Act of 2005, § 101(a), (h)(1), 119 Stat. at 303 (codified at
8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)) (emphasis added).
  33
     The Beatles, All You Need is Love, on Magical Mystery Tour
(EMI/Capitol 1967).
8524                        NIJJAR v. HOLDER
We held in Gorbach v. Reno that “[t]here is no general princi-
ple that what one can do, one can undo.”34 There, Congress
conferred authority on the Attorney General to give natural-
ization, but only on the District Court to take it away.35 Here,
Congress conferred authority on both the Attorney General
and the Department of Homeland Security to give asylum, but
only on the Attorney General to take it away.

   The second argument amounts to a claim of scrivener’s
error by Congress, corrected by the regulation. The statutory
language though, looks more like congressional reliance on
our application of expressio unius est exclusio alterius36 than
a mistake. The amendment by the REAL ID Act carefully
delineates exactly where to substitute “the Secretary of Home-
land Security or the Attorney General” for “the Attorney Gen-
eral.” Illogicality can be evidence that congressional intent is
contrary to the apparent plain meaning of the words,37 but
there is no logical problem with assigning power to grant asy-
lum to two departments but the power to take it away to only
one. “[W]e begin with the understanding that Congress ‘says
in a statute what it means and means in a statute what it says
there.’ ”38 “[W]hen ‘the statute’s language is plain, the sole
  34
      Gorbach v. Reno, 219 F.3d 1087, 1095 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc).
  35
      Id.
   36
      See ARC Ecology v. U.S. Dep’t of the Air Force, 411 F.3d 1092,
1099-1100 (9th Cir. 2005) (“[T]he doctrine of expressio unius est exclusio
alterius . . . teaches that omissions are the equivalent of exclusions when
a statute affirmatively designates certain persons, things, or manners of
operation.”); see also 2A Norman J. Singer & J.D. Shambie Singer, Suth-
erland’s Statutes & Statutory Construction § 47:23 (7th ed. 2007)
(“Where a statute creates and regulates, and prescribes the mode and
names the parties granted right to invoke its provisions, that mode must
be followed and none other, and such parties only may act.”).
   37
      U.S. Nat’l Bank of Oregon v. Indep. Ins. Agents of Am., Inc., 508 U.S.
439, 462 (1993); Amalgamated Transit Union Local 1309 v. Laidlaw
Transit Servs., Inc., 435 F.3d 1140, 1146 (9th Cir. 2006), rehearing en
banc denied, 448 F.3d 1092 (9th Cir. 2006).
   38
      Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Union Planters Bank, N.A., 530
U.S. 1, 6 (2000) (quoting Conn. Nat’l Bank v. Germain, 503 U.S. 249, 254
(1992)).
                            NIJJAR v. HOLDER                           8525
function of the courts’—at least where the disposition
required by the text is not absurd—‘is to enforce it according
to its terms.’ ”39 Here, the statute is plain and not absurd.

   In Amalgamated Transit Union, where Congress said an
appeal could be taken “not less than 7 days” after the order
but at any time thereafter, we cured the illogical result caused
by the scrivener’s error by reading “less” to mean “more.”40
Here, if we could think of no reason why Congress might
have meant what it said in assigning authority to terminate
asylum only to the Attorney General, construction of the stat-
ute would present a closer question. But a sensible congres-
sional purpose is obvious. Grants of asylum are presumably
far more frequent than terminations,41 so granting two depart-
ments authority and leeway to structure these grants addresses
a volume problem.42 Terminations of asylum are grave
enough so that Congress might sensibly intend just what it
did, assigning the authority to the Attorney General, where a
neutral arbiter, the immigration judge, rather than an asylum
officer, would make the decision, and where the decision
would be subject to appeal to the Board of Immigration
Appeals, rather than being unappealable. That would be con-
  39
      Id. (quoting United States v. Ron Pair Enters., Inc., 489 U.S. 235, 241
(1989)).
   40
      Amalgamated Transit Union, 435 F.3d at 1145 (emphasis added).
   41
      Cf. Gorbach, 219 F.3d at 1095-96.
   42
      See Rules and Procedures for Adjudication of Applications for Asy-
lum or Withholding of Deportation and for Employment Authorization, 59
Fed. Reg. 62,284-01 (Dec. 5, 1994) (codified at 8 C.F.R. § 208) (amend-
ing regulations to “streamline the asylum adjudications process by making
several principal reforms. First, the role and functions of asylum officers
would change to allow the officers to address a greater volume of applica-
tions and to concentrate their efforts on approving meritorious claims.
Asylum officers would no longer deny applications from persons who are
excludable or deportable, but instead would refer such cases directly to an
immigration judge for adjudication. The original application also would be
forwarded to the immigration judge to form part of the record of proceed-
ings.”).
8526                        NIJJAR v. HOLDER
sistent with the procedure for when an asylum officer denies
an application for asylum status, and must refer the denied
application for asylum to an immigration judge for de novo con-
sideration,43 subject to appeal.44 Reading the statute to mean
what it says makes termination procedure parallel to denial
procedure. Reading the statute as the government urges not
only conflicts with its plain meaning but also creates an unfair
anomaly. We can think of no reason why Congress would
give an alien more procedural protection when his asylum
application is denied in the first instance, than when his asy-
lum status is granted but subsequently taken away.

   [5] Congress has provided one way for asylum status to
terminate: through the Attorney General. There is no statutory
authorization for a second way. The regulations pursuant to
which the Department of Homeland Security terminates asy-
lum status, 8 C.F.R. § 208.24(a) and 8 C.F.R. § 1208.24(a),
are ultra vires because the governing statute, 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(c)(2), confers that authority exclusively on the Attor-
ney General.

   The Nijjars’ petitions for review of the BIA’s orders of
removal are GRANTED, and the case is REMANDED for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

  43
      8 C.F.R. § 208.14(c) (“If the asylum officer does not grant asylum to
an applicant . . . the asylum officer shall deny, refer, or dismiss the appli-
cation, as follows: (1) . . . in the case of an applicant who appears to be
inadmissible or deportable . . . the asylum officer shall refer the applica-
tion to an immigration judge . . . for adjudication in removal proceedings
. . . .”); see also Singh v. Gonzalez, 403 F.3d 1081, 1086 n.2 (9th Cir.
2005) (“Singh’s asylum interview [with the asylum officer] could not have
led to a denial of asylum, but rather resulted in the referral of his applica-
tion to the IJ for a de novo hearing.”).
   44
      8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(b)(9).