Court Opinion

ID: 4688108
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-19 14:00:45.335769+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:45.301866
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 19-12623     Date Filed: 05/19/2021   Page: 1 of 28

                                                                     [PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 19-12623
                       ________________________

                D.C. Docket No. 1:15-cr-00213-ELR-LTW-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                               Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                    versus

CRAIG ALAN CASTANEDA,

                                                           Defendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Northern District of Georgia
                      ________________________

                                (May 19, 2021)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, LUCK, and ED CARNES, Circuit
Judges.

ED CARNES, Circuit Judge:
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      This is another of those cases where a defendant propositions someone on

the internet in an attempt to sexually abuse a child, only to discover too late that

the person on the other end of the conversations is a law enforcement agent. See,

e.g., United States v. Deason, 965 F.3d 1252, 1256 (11th Cir. 2020).

      Craig Castaneda was convicted of attempted enticement of a minor to

engage in unlawful sexual activity and traveling across a state line with the intent

to engage in sexual activity with a person under the age of 12 years. He was

sentenced to 420 months imprisonment. This is his appeal of those convictions

and sentence.

                                           I.

      Castaneda, who lived just south of San Diego, California, saw a Craigslist ad

from someone claiming to live in Atlanta, Georgia. The ad stated that it was

posted by a 37-year-old female with a 9-year-old child who was: “Looking for

someone with experience with REAL Taboo to be a good teacher! If you know

what i’m [sic] talking about reach out. . . . [N]o experience, don’t bother!!!”

      Castaneda reached out. He began communicating with someone going by

the name of “Kandi,” first by email and then by another messaging application.

Castaneda’s first two emails to “Kandi” claimed that he was “experienced in what

you’re looking for,” meaning he had experience in “[i]ncest, pedophilia and

grooming” and “[e]xperience with my friend’s daughter (started at 4), and several

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younger cousins growing up.” He also stated that although he was “currently in

California, [he] could definitely make a visit [to Atlanta] for in person instruction.”

“Kandi” confirmed they were “on the same page,” that she had a 9-year-old

daughter, and that she was “wanting to learn more and looking for someone with

experience like you.”

      Castaneda responded with a lengthy “first lesson” about how to sexually

abuse children; part of that “lesson” was the warning to “[b]e smart about how you

engage in this, the wrong move will lose you your daughter and put you on a sex

offender list, it’ll wreck your life.” He reaffirmed that he was “willing to come to

Atlanta” and asked for more information about “Kandi’s” daughter.

      Castaneda soon began planning to fly from California to Georgia to help

“Kandi” sexually abuse the 9-year-old girl. As part of his planning, he asked

“Kandi” what “activity [the daughter] would love to do,” meaning “[s]omething

she will like, but not get to do often, like the zoo.” Castaneda asked that because

he wanted to build trust and develop a good relationship with the little girl and use

it, in his words, “to break the ice.” He also instructed “Kandi” that her “job with

[the daughter] at this stage is to build [Castaneda] up” and to let her daughter know

that his “visit and everything going well is VERY important to you personally and

you need her to be on her best behavior and do her best to contribute to my visit

being a success.” Another part of Castaneda’s planning was telling “Kandi” that

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on the first visit “there will likely be no penetration” of the child’s vagina because

that might hurt the child and that is “just one of those things they need to be

worked into.” Soon after that, Castaneda bought a plane ticket to Atlanta.

      As it turned out, of course, “Kandi” was not the mother of a 9-year-old girl,

nor was there one. Instead, Castaneda was communicating with an undercover law

enforcement agent who had posted the Craigslist ad and was posing as “Kandi.”

      Castaneda did not know that when he boarded a plane for Atlanta. In fact,

on the day his flight was scheduled he sent “Kandi” a message instructing her

about some items he wanted her to bring to their meeting, which was to take place

in the downtown area near a hotel where Castaneda had booked a room for two

nights. The items he wanted her to bring were “swim clothes and maybe a small

pocket rocket,” which is a sexual vibrator device, an additional sexual vibrator

device that Castaneda requested be “a smaller, smooth, non-phallic vibe,” and

sexual lubrication. He also instructed “Kandi” to wear her “Sunday best sort” of

clothes. When Castaneda got off the plane in Atlanta, he was arrested.

      Castaneda was indicted for one count of attempting to entice a minor to

engage in unlawful sexual activity, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b), and one

count of crossing a state line with the intent to engage in sexual activity with a

person under the age of 12 years, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2241(c). A jury found

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him guilty on both counts. The district court sentenced Castaneda to 420 months

imprisonment.

                                         II.

      Castaneda contends that his indictment should have been dismissed because

the government’s conduct in investigating him was so outrageous that it violated

his Fifth Amendment due process rights.

      The theory behind the outrageous government conduct defense is that if a

defendant can show that the “law enforcement[] techniques [used] violate

‘fundamental fairness, [and are] shocking to the universal sense of justice,

mandated by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment,’” United States v.

Cannon, 987 F.3d 924, 941 (11th Cir. 2021) (quoting United States v. Russell, 411
U.S. 423, 432 (1973)), that ought to “bar the government from invoking judicial

processes to obtain a conviction,” Russell, 411 U.S. at 431–32.

      Outrageous conduct is only a potential defense in this circuit because neither

the Supreme Court nor this Court has ever found it to actually apply and barred the

prosecution of any case based on it. See Cannon, 987 F.3d at 941–42 (noting that

“this defense has never succeeded here or in the Supreme Court” and that some of

our cases “state that because this Court has never actually reversed a conviction

based on outrageous government conduct, any discussion of it is merely dicta”);

United States v. Jayyousi, 657 F.3d 1085, 1111 (11th Cir. 2011) (“We have never

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applied the outrageous government conduct defense and have discussed it only in

dicta.”); United States v. Sanchez, 138 F.3d 1410, 1413 (11th Cir. 1998) (“While

the Supreme Court and this Court have recognized the possibility that government

involvement in a criminal scheme might be so pervasive that it would be a

constitutional violation, that standard has not yet been met in any case either before

the Supreme Court or this Court.”). Like the fabled creature Sasquatch, this

defense has entered the common consciousness and is mentioned from time to

time. Some claim to have caught fleeting glimpses of it in the remote backwoods

of the law, but its actual existence has never been confirmed.

        The invariable way that consideration of an outrageous government conduct

defense has ended in the Supreme Court and in this Court is illustrated by what the

Supreme Court stated in its Russell decision: “While we may some day be

presented with a situation in which the conduct of law enforcement agents is so

outrageous that due process principles would absolutely bar the government from

invoking judicial processes to obtain a conviction, the instant case is distinctly not

of that breed.” Russell, 411 U.S. at 431–32 (citation omitted). And neither is this

case.

        Castaneda contends that the government acted outrageously by exposing him

to child pornography in the course of its sting operation. Here’s how Castaneda

says that he was “exposed” to child pornography. At one point during the

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government’s undercover messaging with him, Castaneda requested a picture of

“Kandi,” the fictional mother of the fictional child he was planning to actually

sexually abuse if he could. The agent communicating with Castaneda responded to

his request for a picture of the mother by providing him with a link to a public

“MeetMe.com” online profile for Katrina Cox. Cox was a previously convicted

child pornographer cooperating with the government by allowing agents to use her

online identity and some of her accounts.

      When he received the link to the profile for Cox, Castaneda decided not just

to look at her picture or communicate with her, but to go further. He decided to

use the information from Cox’s MeetMe.com profile to see what else he could

find. What he managed to find was a different website that listed an email address

similar to the one he had for “Kandi” as well as the password to that other email

address. Castaneda then used that information to log into the email account using

Cox’s password, and on that website he found child pornography. Castaneda made

that discovery while he was at work. He didn’t discard that child pornography but

instead downloaded it to his personal computer when he got home.

      Castaneda moved to dismiss the indictment on outrageous government

conduct grounds. At a hearing on the motion, the government agents involved in

the undercover operation testified that: they had never come across, or heard of, the

email account that Castaneda had hacked into; they had never suggested to

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Castaneda he should hack into that email account or any other account; they had

never provided him with the password to that or any other email account, or with

permission to go into anyone’s email account; and they had not suggested to

Castaneda where he might find child pornography.

      The magistrate judge issued a report that expressly found the testimony of

the agents to be credible and recommended that the motion to dismiss the

indictment be denied. As the government points out, Castaneda failed to object to

that part of the report. The district court “conducted a de novo review of those

portions of the [report] to which [Castaneda] object[ed] and [it] reviewed the

remainder of the [report] for plain error.” Under that standard of review, the court

adopted the report and recommendation in its entirety and denied the motion to

dismiss. Even though Castaneda did not object to the magistrate judge’s

conclusions about outrageous government conduct, he did not forfeit his right to

challenge the ruling on appeal because the magistrate judge did not inform him of

the consequences of failing to object to the report’s legal conclusions. See

Harrigan v. Metro Dade Police Dep’t Station #4, 977 F.3d 1185, 1191–92 (11th

Cir. 2020); 11th Cir. R. 3-1. In any event, his challenge fails on the merits.

      “Generally, the district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss an indictment is

reviewed only for an abuse of discretion.” United States v. McPhee, 336 F.3d
1269, 1271 (11th Cir. 2003). But we have said that “[w]e review de novo the

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denial of a motion to dismiss based on outrageous government conduct.” Cannon,
987 F.3d at 941 n.6; see also United States v. Savage, 701 F.2d 867, 868 n.1 (11th

Cir. 1983) (explaining that whether the government’s conduct violated a

defendant’s due process rights “is a question of law”). Any associated

factfindings, however, are reviewed only for clear error. See United States v.

Trainor, 376 F.3d 1325, 1329 (11th Cir. 2004). Credibility findings get

particularly deferential treatment, and we accept them unless no reasonable

factfinder could. United States v. Ramirez-Chilel, 289 F.3d 744, 749 (11th Cir.

2002).

      The district court did not err in denying Castaneda’s motion to dismiss the

indictment. No law enforcement agent instructed or encouraged Castaneda to hack

into any email account, particularly one containing child pornography. No agent

instructed or encouraged Castaneda to download child pornography onto his home

computer. No agent exposed Castaneda to child pornography. He exposed himself

to it. And he put it on his home computer where he could expose himself to it

again and again in the future. As the government aptly argues in its brief:

      Castaneda invokes the inapplicable tort doctrine of “danger invites
      rescue,” originally recognized in Wagner v. Int’l Railway Co., 133 N.E.
437 (N.Y. 1921) (Cardozo, J.), to argue the government forced his hand.
      But another tort doctrine from a Cardozo case, the famous Palsgraf
      decision, is far more instructive: the proximate cause of Castaneda’s
      exposure to child pornography is not any law enforcement officer’s
      action, but his own intervening decision to hack a private email account
      and examine its contents. See Palsgraf v. Long Island R. Co., 162 N.E.
9
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      99, 101 (N.Y. 1928) (Cardozo, C.J.); id. at 103–04 (Andrews, J.,
      dissenting).

Br. of Appellee at 36 n.5. We agree.

      As for law enforcement’s generic sting operation of posting a Craigslist ad

and communicating with Castaneda about his desire to abuse a child, there is no

legal basis for challenging as outrageous those commonplace, and common sense,

tactics. See, e.g., Deason, 965 F.3d at 1256; United States v. Gillis, 938 F.3d 1181,

1187–89 (11th Cir. 2019); United States v. Stahlman, 934 F.3d 1199, 1205–07

(11th Cir. 2019); United States v. Jockisch, 857 F.3d 1122, 1124–25 (11th Cir.

2017).

      Given that the conduct of the government agents in this case was anything

but outrageous, we affirm the denial of Castaneda’s motion to dismiss the

indictment on outrageous conduct grounds. The hunt for Sasquatch will have to

continue in another case.

                                          III.

      Castaneda also contends that evidence of child pornography contained on

five of his computers should have been suppressed. Though Castaneda was not

indicted for or convicted of possession of child pornography, evidence that he

possessed it was used at trial to help prove his intent.

      After Castaneda was arrested, he allowed two of his friends, Yolanda Cooley

and Casey Cousins, to live in his condominium in California. While they were
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living there with Castaneda’s permission, about two months after his arrest,

Cousins inadvertently discovered child pornography on one of Castaneda’s

computers that was in the living room. Cousins discovered it after downloading a

television show to the computer; when he went into the part of the computer

containing downloaded files, he saw a file with “12-year-old” in the title. He

opened that file, a video, saw that it was child pornography, and then he closed the

video, “[t]urned off the computer, unplugged it, set it in the corner, and called Ms.

Cooley immediately.” Cousins and Cooley decided to inform FBI agents and turn

over to them that computer, along with the four others that were in Castaneda’s

condo. They made that decision out of concern that if they kept the computers,

they might be subject to prosecution for possessing child pornography.

      Cooley, who had been interviewed by FBI Agent Brian Hamilton shortly

after Castaneda’s arrest, still had his contact information and used it arrange a

meeting with him. At that meeting with Hamilton and another FBI agent, Cooley

gave them all but one of the five computers. She had forgotten that one, but

Cousins gave it to Agent Hamilton a few days later. After receiving the five

computers, Agent Hamilton shipped them to FBI agents in Atlanta, who then

obtained a warrant to search all of them, and on two of the computers found

hundreds of images and videos of child pornography.

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      Castaneda moved to suppress that evidence of child pornography. At the

hearing on that motion, Cousins and Cooley both testified that no FBI agents had

ever asked them to search Castaneda’s computers or do anything else to investigate

him. Likewise, Agent Hamilton testified that he had never asked Cooley for

assistance with investigating Castaneda and that he had never spoken to Cousins

before Cousins discovered the child pornography.

      The magistrate judge issued a report recommending that the motion to

suppress be denied. The report recommended the district court find that Castaneda

had abandoned his arguments for suppression by failing to perfect them in post-

hearing briefing. It also recommended that even if the court considered

Castaneda’s “unperfected suppression motion, it would likely fail on the merits.”

That was so, the magistrate judge reasoned, because “[t]he Fourth Amendment

does not prevent unreasonable searches by private citizens,” like Cooley and

Cousins, who had not been encouraged by law enforcement to search the

computers or play any part in doing so. The magistrate judge expressly found that

“Cooley and Cousins credibly testified that they turned over the computers to the

FBI on their own initiative [and] for their own purpose because they were afraid

that they could be vulnerable to prosecution for their continued possession of the

computers in the residence.” And Agent Hamilton “credibly testified that he never

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asked Cooley to search any of [Castaneda’s] electronic devices and never asked for

Cooley’s assistance in the investigation.”

      The magistrate judge’s report also recommended that the district court reject

Castaneda’s argument that there was no probable cause to search the computers,

because “Cousins was an eyewitness as to the illicit contents on [Castaneda’s]

computer and there is no known motivation for [Cousins] to lie about what he

found.” The district court overruled Castaneda’s objections to the report and

recommendation, adopted it, and in that manner denied the motion to suppress.

      Castaneda contends that the district court should have granted his motion to

suppress the evidence of child pornography found on his computers. The

government counters that Castaneda forfeited the suppression issue by not

objecting to that part of the magistrate judge’s report and that, in any event, none

of his arguments for suppression has any merit. As mentioned, Castaneda did not

forfeit the issue because the magistrate judge did not inform him of the

consequences of failing to object to the legal conclusions in the report. See

Harrigan, 977 F.3d at 1191–92; 11th Cir. R. 3-1. But the government is correct

that Castaneda’s arguments have no merit.

      Castaneda’s position is twofold. First, he argues that “[a]ny ‘voluntary’

surrender of Castaneda’s computers by Cousins or Cooley, and any purported

consent [he gave them] to search, was an insufficient basis to permit their search

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and seizure” because Castaneda had “revok[ed] any authority Cousins may have

had to surrender” them because he instructed Cousins not to give the computers to

law enforcement without first talking with Castaneda’s attorney. According to

Castaneda, “[b]ecause [he] held an expectation of privacy in the computers, any

action contrary to his wishes with respect to them lacked effective consent.” He

apparently means that because he did not want the FBI agents to have and search

his computers and never consented to the agents doing so, Cousins and Cooley

violated his constitutional rights when they handed the computers over to the

agents. In other words, he asserts that the evidence should be suppressed because,

based on Cooley’s and Cousins’ actions, the FBI agents unlawfully acquired the

computers in the first place.

      The Fourth Amendment “is wholly inapplicable to a search or seizure, even

an unreasonable one, effected by a private individual not acting as an agent of the

Government or with the participation or knowledge of any governmental official.”

United States v. Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 109, 113 (1984) (quotation marks omitted);

accord United States v. Steiger, 318 F.3d 1039, 1045 (11th Cir. 2003) (“A search

by a private person does not implicate the Fourth Amendment unless he acts as an

instrument or agent of the government.”). Law enforcement agents may use in an

application for a search warrant information that is given to them by a private party

even if that private party unlawfully obtained the information. See Steiger, 318

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F.3d at 1041–46 (affirming the denial of a suppression motion when the search

warrant “was based in part on information from an anonymous source who hacked

into [the defendant’s] computer,” found child pornography, and informed law

enforcement); see also Burdeau v. McDowell, 256 U.S. 465, 474–75 (1921);

United States v. Mekjian, 505 F.2d 1320, 1327 (5th Cir. 1975) (“Burdeau . . . has

made it clear that the fourth amendment was intended as a restraint on the activities

of the government and its agents and is not addressed to actions, legal or illegal, of

private parties.”) (emphasis added) (citation omitted).1 Agents also may “seize”

property that a non-owner private party has voluntarily relinquished to them when

probable cause exists to believe that the property contains contraband. See

Jacobsen, 466 U.S. at 120–22 (noting that a “seizure was not unreasonable” when

law enforcement agents asserted “dominion and control over the [defendant’s]

package and its contents” that had been searched by a private party because “it is

well settled that it is constitutionally reasonable for law enforcement officials to

seize ‘effects’ that cannot support a justifiable expectation of privacy without a

warrant, based on probable cause to believe they contain contraband”).

       1
        In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we
adopted as binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before
October 1, 1981.
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      Cooley and Cousins were both “private individual[s] not acting

as . . . agent[s] of the Government or with the participation or knowledge of any

governmental official,” making the Fourth Amendment “wholly inapplicable to a

search or seizure, even an unreasonable one, effected by” them. Id. at 113

(quotation marks omitted). When Cousins inadvertently discovered the child

pornography he was not acting as a government agent but was simply a private

individual trying to watch a TV show. And when Cooley and Cousins took the

computers to Agent Hamilton, they were not acting as government agents but as

private individuals. They turned the evidence over to the government on their own

initiative out of a desire not to be caught up in any of Castaneda’s criminal activity

themselves. The two of them and Agent Hamilton unequivocally testified to these

facts, and the magistrate judge unequivocally credited their testimony. We defer to

those credibility determinations. See Ramirez-Chilel, 289 F.3d at 749.

      Because any actions taken by Cooley and Cousins were done as private

individuals and not as government agents, whether Castaneda consented to those

actions makes no difference. Castaneda’s reliance on “consent” is reliance on a

“Fourth Amendment principle[] governing searches and seizures [that] appl[ies]

only to ‘governmental action,’” not to the private action taken here. United States

v. DiTomasso, 932 F.3d 58, 67 (2d Cir. 2019) (quoting Jacobsen, 466 U.S. at 113).

And even if the FBI agents “seized” the computers when Cooley and Cousins

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voluntarily handed them over, Castaneda’s consent was not needed for that seizure.

See Jacobsen, 466 U.S. 120–22; see also Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S.
443, 487–90 (1971). Nor was Castaneda’s consent needed for the FBI agents to

obtain a search warrant based on information provided by Cousins and Cooley.

See Steiger, 318 F.3d at 1041–46. Castaneda’s consent is irrelevant across the

board.

         Once the FBI agents had the five computers from Castaneda’s

condominium, they obtained a search warrant to search them for child

pornography, and found it on two of them. Castaneda’s second argument in favor

of suppression is that the search warrant was not supported by probable cause. The

affidavit on which the warrant was based recounted, among other facts, Cousins’

detailed firsthand account of finding child pornography on Castaneda’s computer,

including a description of the video he saw. That was enough to provide probable

cause to believe that there was child pornography on that and the other computers

Castaneda had left in his condominium. Cf. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 234

(1983) (“[E]ven if we entertain some doubt as to an informant's motives, his

explicit and detailed description of alleged wrongdoing, along with a statement that

the event was observed firsthand, entitles his tip to greater weight than might

otherwise be the case.”).

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      The fact that electronic devices found on Castaneda when he was arrested

did not contain child pornography does nothing to undermine the existence of

probable cause. As the magistrate judge correctly pointed out: “Logically,

[Castaneda] might not want to have contraband on a computer while traveling

because travel often involves the presence of other people and thus, raises the risk

of discovery by others or even law enforcement.”

      Because Cousins’ discovery of the child pornography was enough to

establish probable cause to search the computers, we need not address whether

Castaneda’s offense conduct would be enough by itself to provide probable cause

to believe there would be child pornography in some of the computers he had left

in the condo. The district court did not err in denying Castaneda’s motion to

suppress.

                                          IV.

      Castaneda chose to testify at trial. On direct examination he testified that he

was originally just role playing an online fantasy with “Kandi” and that, once he

came to believe that there was a real child in danger, his intent in traveling to

Atlanta was to rescue the child, not sexually abuse her. On cross-examination, the

government asked Castaneda about his possession of child pornography, and in

response he said that he was invoking the Fifth Amendment. After Castaneda did

that, the district court told the jury that he had no valid Fifth Amendment privilege

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under the circumstances and that because Castaneda chose to testify, he was

subject “to the same rules that apply to any other witness.” That meant, the court

explained, that if Castaneda “has failed to deny or explain acts of an incriminating

nature that the government’s evidence tends to establish against him, [the jury]

may consider that failure with all the other circumstances in assessing [his]

credibility.”

      Castaneda contends that instruction was error because he did have a valid

Fifth Amendment privilege. It was not, and he did not. “It has long been held that

a defendant who takes the stand in his own behalf cannot then claim the privilege

against cross-examination on matters reasonably related to the subject matter of his

direct examination.” Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231, 236 n.3 (1980) (quotation

marks omitted); accord Kansas v. Cheever, 571 U.S. 87, 94 (2013). Castaneda

testified that he was not going to Atlanta with the intent to sexually abuse a child,

but to save her by going to the police there. The government argued exactly to the

contrary. Castaneda’s possession of child pornography on his home computers

was relevant to that disputed issue because it showed that he was sexually attracted

to children and liked to see them being sexually exploited and abused. See United

States v. Lebovitz, 401 F.3d 1263, 1271 (11th Cir. 2005) (noting “the well-

documented link between the possession of child pornography and the sexual

abuse of children”). The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the

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evidence that Castaneda possessed child pornography, in overruling his objection

on Fifth Amendment grounds, or in instructing the jury that it could consider his

refusal to answer questions about his possession of child pornography in assessing

his credibility.

                                          V.

       Castaneda contends that the district court abused its discretion by not

permitting one of his witnesses, Dr. James Herriot, to testify before the jury.

Castaneda put Dr. Herriot forward as an expert in “Computer Mediated

Communication (CMC) on sexual topics” who would testify that statements made

over the internet “cannot be reliability [sic] taken at face value” because people

sometimes create fictitious details on the internet. Dr. Herriot’s report stated that

he offered only “general context, cultural narrative, background, and expertise”

about online communications and that he had made “[n]o analysis or

recommendations regarding the specifics of this case.”

       The district court excluded Dr. Herriot’s testimony because it had “not been

shown to be relevant to this case.” The court explained that: although his “report

indicate[d] that he reviewed material ‘related’ to this case, he goes on to say that he

has not made any findings or drawn any conclusions with respect to the particulars

of this case, nor has he conducted any analysis or made any recommendations

regarding the specifics of this case.” “[A]t most,” the court concluded, “Dr.

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Herriot would only be able to provide general background information on CMC,

without any specific opinion as to whether the defendant in this case acted in

accordance with CMC expectations, and if so, what that means within the context

of the charges in the indictment, as well as any defenses thereto.” For that reason,

the court found that Dr. Herriot’s testimony was not relevant and would not “assist

jurors in deciding the issues in the case.”

      We review only for an “abuse of discretion the district court’s decisions

regarding the admissibility of expert testimony” and we will reverse only if “the

ruling is manifestly erroneous.” United States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1258

(11th Cir. 2004) (en banc) (quotation marks omitted). “[I]t is by now axiomatic

that a district court enjoys ‘considerable leeway’ in making these determinations.”
Id. (quoting Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999)).

      Expert testimony must “help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to

determine a fact in issue.” Fed. R. Evid. 702(a). “This condition goes primarily to

relevance.” Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 591 (1993). The

question “is whether expert testimony proffered in the case is sufficiently tied to

the facts of the case that it will aid the jury in resolving a factual dispute.” Id.

(quotation marks omitted). The requirement that the testimony be helpful

“requires a valid scientific connection to the pertinent inquiry as a precondition to

admissibility.” Id. at 591–92.

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      The district court acted within its discretion in excluding Dr. Herriot’s

testimony because that testimony was not specifically pegged to Castaneda’s

communications but only contained generalized background information that some

people sometimes mix fact with fiction on the internet. No juror needs expert help

understanding that concept. Everyone knows people sometimes lie and that the

internet does not filter out falsehoods.

      A year and a half ago this Court had before it another case in which the

district court had excluded materially identical testimony from Dr. Herriot. See

United States v. Gillis, 938 F.3d 1181 (11th Cir. 2019). The defendant in that case,

similar to Castaneda, had engaged in online communications with an undercover

agent posing as the father of an 11-year-old daughter. Id. at 1187–88. That

defendant’s communications, like those of Castaneda’s, were aimed at having sex

with the young daughter. Id. He, like Castaneda, was convicted for, among other

things, attempting to entice a minor to engage in unlawful sexual activity, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b). Id. at 1189.

      The defendant in the Gillis case, like Castaneda, had sought to introduce

expert opinion testimony of Dr. Herriot “about fantasy and role playing in online

sexual communications.” Id. at 1194. The district court in that case, like the

district court in this one, sustained the government’s objection under Daubert and

Rule 702. Id. at 1193–94; see Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591–93; Fed. R. Evid. 702.

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We noted, with approval, one of the district court’s findings in support of its ruling

was that: “[Dr. Herriot’s] primary conclusion—that not all communications on the

internet are truthful—was within the knowledge of laypersons.” Gillis, 938 F.3d at

1194. We agree and in this case have no trouble reaching the same conclusion that

we did in Gillis. The district court did not abuse its discretion.

                                        VI.

      Finally, Castaneda contends that his sentence of 35 years imprisonment is

substantively unreasonable and that he instead should have been sentenced to the

statutory mandatory minimum of 30 years. In sentencing Castaneda, the court

took “into account everything that has been presented” and concluded that the 35-

year sentence was justified “after considering all of the applicable sentencing

factors pursuant to 18 U.S.C. section 3553(a).”

      “The burden is on [Castaneda] to show that his sentence is unreasonable in

light of the facts of this case and the [18 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors.” United States

v. Isaac, 987 F.3d 980, 994 (11th Cir. 2021). We review the reasonableness of the

sentence only for an abuse of discretion. See Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38,

51 (2007); United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1188–90 (11th Cir. 2010) (en

banc). “A district court abuses its discretion when it (1) fails to afford

consideration to relevant factors that were due significant weight, (2) gives

significant weight to an improper or irrelevant factor, or (3) commits a clear error

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of judgment in considering the proper factors.” Irey, 612 F.3d at 1189 (quotation

marks omitted). “A district court’s sentence need not be the most appropriate one,

it need only be a reasonable one,” id. at 1191, and the abuse of discretion standard

of review “allows a range of choice for the district court,” including reasonable

choices that we must affirm “even though we would have gone the other way had it

been our call,” id. at 1189 (quotation marks omitted). The gist of it is that

“[s]ubstantively unreasonable sentences are rare.” United States v. Kirby, 938
F.3d 1254, 1259 (11th Cir. 2019) (quotation marks omitted).

      The district court did not commit a clear error in judgment in weighing the

§ 3553(a) factors and sentencing Castaneda. To begin with, although we do not

automatically presume that a sentence within the guidelines range is reasonable,

we ordinarily expect it to be. United States v. Hunt, 526 F.3d 739, 746 (11th Cir.

2008). At 35 years, Castaneda’s sentence was within the guidelines range of 30

years to life. Another indication of a reasonable sentence is that it is below the

statutory maximum penalty of life imprisonment. See United States v. Gonzalez,

550 F.3d 1319, 1324 (11th Cir. 2008); see also United States v. Riley, ___ F.3d

___, No. 19-14013, 2021 WL 1653023, at *5 (11th Cir. Apr. 28, 2021) (“That an

upward variance sentence is well below the statutory maximum indicates that it is

reasonable.”) (quotation marks omitted).

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      Castaneda argues that his sentence is unreasonable because no child was

actually hurt or endangered. He concedes that factor is not recognized in the

statute but argues it still “would have been reasonable for the court to” rely on it at

sentencing. That misstates the question for us, which is whether it was

unreasonable for the court not to impose a lesser sentence because of that reason.

It wasn’t. After all, Castaneda did everything he could to actually endanger and

hurt a child. And Castaneda’s argument fails to account for the impact his

possession of hundreds of images and videos of child pornography had on the

victims in those images and videos. See, e.g., United States v. Pugh, 515 F.3d
1179, 1194–98 & n.12 (11th Cir. 2008); see also 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1)–(2).

      Castaneda pleads that he will suffer enough without the sentence being five

years above the statutory minimum. He will, he says, because “[p]edophiles are

despised across the board,” which he illustrates with the observation that “the

average person” would likely say a reasonable sentence for Castaneda would be

“torture[], disembowel[ment] then hang[ing].” He stresses that even “other

prisoners despise pedophiles” and, he claims, routinely harass and kill them in

prison. He characterizes an imprisoned pedophile’s life behind bars as “truly a

living hell.” For all those reasons, he thinks his sentence is substantively

unreasonable.

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      The attitude of society in general, or of prisoners in particular, toward child

sex predators is not an 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factor that a sentencing judge must

consider. The low esteem in which pedophiles are held inside and outside prison

walls results from their having sexually abused children. There is no requirement

that a sex predator be given dispensation in sentencing because of what he brings

on himself by choosing to prey on children.

      Additionally, the nature and circumstances of Castaneda’s crime in this case

support the lengthy sentence that was imposed. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). It

wasn’t an impulsive spur-of-the-moment crime. Castaneda trolled the internet

looking for child victim opportunities. While in San Diego he found an ad posted

in a section of Craigslist that was designated for the Atlanta area. He meticulously

planned a trip across the country, some 2,100 miles, for the sole purpose of

sexually abusing a 9-year-old girl. His planning and preparation included

grooming the intended victim to gain her trust and instructing her “mother” how to

assist him in the effort. Not only that, but Castaneda also possessed hundreds of

images and videos of child pornography, which were not even included in the

charges against him.

       His history and characteristics further support the reasonableness of the 35-

year sentence. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1). There was evidence from Castaneda

himself that he had previously abused children. He told the undercover law

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enforcement agent posing as “Kandi” that he had abused children in the past,

including one as young as 4 years old. That four-year-old, he added, was his

friend’s daughter, and he described how he had groomed her and kept her from

telling others. In addition to those statements from Castaneda himself, at the

sentence hearing a law enforcement agent testified that Castaneda had messaged

with a 13-year-old girl on Skype and propositioned her to meet him in person,

telling her he “could make it worth her while” and that she could “mak[e] some

real money.” That agent also testified that Castaneda had offered yet another

young girl, a 14-year-old, $50 for a “cam show” in which he requested that she

would be “fully nude.” The government also submitted to the court exhibits

evidencing those communications.

      There is another circumstance that entered into the district court’s sentence

decision. The court had initially thought that a sentence of the mandatory

minimum 30 years might be sufficient, but Castaneda’s demeanor and continued

excuses for his criminal behavior were troubling enough to change the court’s

mind. The court stated that it couldn’t help but be troubled by the position

Castaneda took throughout the trial and in a letter he wrote to the court before

sentencing claiming that he had not done anything criminal but instead was “just

role-playing.”

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      And then there was his demeanor, which conveyed his attitude. The court

pointed out “the look that you’re giving me now, which you had on your face

throughout the government’s presentation, almost like you’re confused about what

everybody is saying about you here.” There is no wonder that Castaneda’s failure

to accept responsibility and his demeanor were “very puzzling and troubling” to

the court in light of the evidence presented at trial and the jury’s verdict. Cf. Isaac,
987 F.3d at 996 (holding that “[t]he court appropriately considered” that the

defendant may not have understood the severity of his crimes or been remorseful).

      AFFIRMED.

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