Court Opinion

ID: 8213078
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-11 14:12:48.040881+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:42:18.980292
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges AtLee, Friedman and Raphael
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Lexington, Virginia

              JOSHUA DOUGLAS RHODES
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 1196-21-3                                   JUDGE FRANK K. FRIEDMAN
                                                                                OCTOBER 11, 2022
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                   FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ROANOKE COUNTY
                                               Charles N. Dorsey, Judge

                               John S. Koehler (The Law Office of James Steele, PLLC, on briefs),
                               for appellant.

                               John Beamer, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares,
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     Joshua Douglas Rhodes appeals his three convictions under Code § 54.1-2409.1 for

              continuing to practice chiropractic medicine with a suspended license and one conviction under

              Code § 18.2-178 for accepting payment arising from patients he treated while his license was

              suspended. He argues the evidence was not sufficient to convict him on these charges because

              he relied on advice from counsel, and therefore did not “willfully” practice with a suspended

              license. For the following reasons, we affirm the convictions.

                                                        BACKGROUND

                     “In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, the facts will be stated in the

              light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Gerald v.

              Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 472 (2018) (quoting Scott v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 381

              (2016)). This “prism requires us to ‘discard the evidence of the accused in conflict with that of

                     *
                         Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth

and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.’” Cooper v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 558, 562

(2009) (quoting Parks v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 492, 498 (1980)).

       Rhodes was first licensed to practice chiropractic medicine in Virginia in November

2012. Over the following six-year period, Rhodes was involved in several non-medical incidents

that ultimately resulted in complaints about Rhodes to the Virginia Department of Health

Professions, of which the Virginia Board of Medicine is a part. In May 2018 the Department of

Health Professions informed Rhodes he was the subject of professional complaints and there

would be an informal conference on the matter. At the time, his ability to practice was not

affected by this information. Following the informal conference, the Department of Health

Professions advised Rhodes it was progressing to an administrative hearing before the Board of

Medicine. The Board of Medicine held the hearing on October 19, 2018. Rhodes was

represented by an attorney, Silverman, at this time.

       On October 31, 2018, the Board entered an order suspending Rhodes’ license to practice

until he entered a contract with the Virginia Health Practitioner’s Monitoring Program (HPMP).

The order stated, in relevant part:

       1. The license of Joshua Douglas Rhodes, D.C., to practice chiropractic is

           SUSPENDED.

       2. The suspension shall be STAYED upon proof of Dr. Rhodes’ entry into a Contract

           with [HPMP] within thirty (30) days of the entry of this Order.

       Rhodes, however, continued treating patients immediately after the order was issued.

There is no dispute he treated patients between November 1, 2018, and December 4, 2018.

Rhodes asserts that his counsel, Silverman, advised him that he could continue to treat patients

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following this order so long as he was attempting to enter into a contract with HPMP; Rhodes’

only evidence in support of this contention was his own testimony. Silverman did not testify.

       On November 30, 2018, Rhodes did enter into an agreement with HPMP and the Board

of Medicine was notified of the agreement. The Board sent a letter to Rhodes on December 5,

2018, advising him that the suspension of his license had been lifted “effective this date.”

       Rhodes fell out of compliance with the HPMP shortly after, on January 11, 2019, because

of his failure to comply with mandatory professional assessment. The Department of Health

Professions began another investigation into Rhodes around this time, and medical records

turned over in this investigation revealed Rhodes had continued to treat patients following the

October suspension order and during the suspension period. Initially, Rhodes told a Department

of Health Professions investigator looking into the matter that he “had not seen patients since he

signed his Board order in October of 2018.” Subsequently Rhodes acknowledged that he had, in

fact, treated patients between November 1, 2018, and December 4, 2018.

       Rhodes was indicted for “willfully, unlawfully, and feloniously” practicing medicine

between November 1, 2018, and January 17, 2019. The circuit court later struck evidence with

respect to claims of treatment after December 4, 2018, finding that the license suspension was

stayed at that time. The sole issue during the bench trial was whether Rhodes had “willfully”

treated patients during the period of November 1 to December 4, 2018. He was found guilty on

three felony charges of practicing a health profession with a suspended license and one

misdemeanor count of obtaining money by false pretenses.

       Rhodes testified at trial that he did not think he had restrictions on his license to practice

after the October 31 hearing. The trial judge specifically found Rhodes’ testimony “incredible.”

The court stated that “this notion that you just didn’t think you had any restriction on a license to

practice is almost farcical.”

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       Rhodes moved for reconsideration, which the circuit court denied during the sentencing

hearing. Rhodes appealed, asserting:

               1. The circuit court erred in finding that the evidence established
               beyond a reasonable doubt that Rhodes knowingly and willfully
               violated Code § 54.1-2409.1(iii) where the evidence failed to show
               that Rhodes had been adequately advised that his license would
               remain suspended after he entered into a contract with the Virginia
               Health Practitioners’ Monitoring Program until the Board formally
               advised Rhodes that the stay had been lifted five days later.

               2. Because the evidence failed to prove that Rhodes was guilty of
               violating Code § 54.1-2409.1(iii), the circuit court erred in
               convicting Rhodes of violating Code § 18.2-178 as Rhodes could
               not have received money by false pretenses if he was not
               knowingly and willfully practicing chiropractic medicine in
               violation of Code § 54.1-2409.1(iii).

               3. The circuit court erred in failing to grant the post-judgment
               motion to set aside the verdict on the grounds that the evidence
               failed to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Rhodes
               knowingly and willfully violated Code § 54.1-2409.1(iii).

                                            ANALYSIS

        I. The Evidence was Sufficient to Prove Rhodes Violated Code § 54.1-2409.1(iii)

       In relevant part, Code § 54.1-2409.1 provides that “[a]ny person who . . . practices a

profession or occupation after having his license . . . or multistate licensure privilege to do so

suspended or revoked shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony.” The statute itself does not require

willfulness or intent. However, the indictments in this case alleged that Rhodes “willfully,

unlawfully, and feloniously practice[d] a profession or occupation after having his license

revoked or suspended.” Both parties agree that where the indictment includes narrowing

language, the prosecution must prove the offense as charged in the indictment. See Purvy v.

Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 260, 269 (2011) (noting that specific narrowing language in the

indictment cannot be considered immaterial surplusage (citing Commonwealth v. Nuckles, 266

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Va. 519, 523 (2003))). Rhodes contends that the Commonwealth failed to establish a “willful”

violation.

             A. Rhodes’ Testimony Did Not Establish an Advice of Counsel Defense

       Rhodes does not challenge the prima facie case against him. As he stated on brief, he

“has never disputed that he treated patients [between November 1, 2018, and December 4,

2018].” However, Rhodes argues that he introduced an “advice of counsel” defense, negating

the “willful” element of the charge, and the Commonwealth failed to rebut it.1

       Rhodes’ “advice of counsel” argument fails here on factual grounds; the circuit court

found his testimony incredible and “almost farcical.” Based on these findings, his “advice of

counsel” defense—which was based entirely on his own rejected testimony—cannot survive.

With respect to the fact finder’s reading of the evidence, “[t]he judgment of a trial court sitting

without a jury is entitled to the same weight as a jury verdict and will not be set aside unless it

appears from the evidence that the judgment is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.”

Martin v. Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438, 443 (1987) (citing Code § 8.01-680). “The

credibility of witnesses, the weight accorded testimony, and the inferences to be drawn from

proven facts are matters solely within the province of the fact finder.” Carter v. Commonwealth,

       1
           Appellant notes several times that he relies on the advice of counsel defense, which
includes an element of good faith. See Nageotte v. Board of Supervisors of King County, 223
Va. 259, 269 (1982) (finding there was no willful violation where the defendant failed to comply
with a statute “while acting in good faith with the advice of counsel”). He also references a
separate “good faith defense,” citing to Miller v. Commonwealth, 25 Va. App. 727 (1997), for
the premise that criminal liability can be negated where the defendant relied upon information
from the government about the legality of his actions and his reliance was reasonable and in
good faith. This “good faith” defense “applies where a defendant has reasonably relied upon
affirmative assurances that certain conduct is lawful, when those assurances are given by a
public officer or body charged by law with responsibility for defining permissible conduct with
respect to the offense at issue.” Miller, 25 Va. App. at 735. Appellant “concedes that in forming
his belief he did not seek an ‘affirmative assurance’ from the Board that his license remained
active during the 30 days that he had to comply with the remedial provisions, as the defendant
had done in Miller.” To the extent appellant relies on this “good faith” defense, his argument
fails, as there is no evidence of reliance on any affirmative assurance from a public body.
                                                 -5-
38 Va. App. 116, 119 (2002). “In its role of judging witness credibility, the fact finder is entitled

to disbelieve the self-serving testimony of the accused and to conclude that the accused is lying

to conceal his guilt.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 388, 414 (2022) (quoting Marable

v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 505, 509-10 (1998)).

       Rhodes asserts that his counsel told him he could continue to treat patients following the

October 2018 suspension order. Rhodes did not produce any evidence of this, other than his

own, discredited testimony.2 Rhodes also acknowledged that he had prior misdemeanor

convictions for crimes of moral turpitude.3 See Parr v. Commonwealth, 198 Va. 721, 724 (1957)

(“[P]roof of conviction of a misdemeanor involving moral turpitude is admissible to impeach the

credibility of a witness . . . .”). Rhodes also admitted that he lied to the Board investigator. In its

suspension order, the Board noted that Rhodes’ testimony frequently conflicted with others, and

it “did not find Dr. Rhodes to be believable,” also noting he obfuscated and failed to answer the

Board truthfully in his testimony at times. The circuit court, too, specifically found Rhodes

“incredible,” and his explanations “almost farcical.”

       2
          As a preliminary matter, we note that appellant does not cite any authority to suggest
Virginia applies the advice of counsel defense in a criminal context and acknowledges the
defense “is most often exercised in Virginia in a civil matter involving a tort.” Because Rhodes’
testimony as to the defense was roundly rejected by the fact finder, we find it unnecessary to
reach the question of whether the defense applies to criminal matters in Virginia state courts.
Federal courts have found that the defense can be permissible in a criminal context, where it is
properly established by credible evidence. See, e.g., United States v. Painter, 314 F.2d 939, 943
(4th Cir. 1963) (“If in good faith reliance upon legal advice given him by a lawyer . . . one
engages in a course of conduct later found to be illegal, the trier of fact may in appropriate
circumstances conclude that the conduct was innocent because the ‘guilty mind’ was absent.”);
see United States v. Westbrooks, 780 F.3d 593, 595-96 (4th Cir. 2015) (listing factors
establishing claim).
       3
        Rhodes was convicted of identity theft and obstruction of justice to avoid arrest
following an incident in which Rhodes lied about his identity and gave his brother’s information
when stopped for speeding.
                                             -6-
       These findings regarding Rhodes’ credibility rendered his advice of counsel defense

unsalvageable. Such credibility determinations are entitled to great weight by this Court absent

an abuse of discretion. Given Rhodes’ confessed misstatements to the Board investigator, his

false, initial denials that he treated any patients during the suspension, his credibility lapses, and

past convictions, we cannot say the circuit court abused its discretion here when it rejected his

testimony. See Reed v. Commonwealth, 62 Va. App. 270, 282 (2013). Ultimately, Rhodes

produced no credible evidence to support an advice of counsel defense, and his purported

defense fails.

                 B. Rhodes’ Alleged Interpretation of the Suspension Order Also Fails

       Rhodes asserts “[t]he wording of the Board of Medicine’s order did not provide Rhodes

with adequate notice that he was required to await formal notification of the reinstatement of his

license.” He argues that ambiguities in the order (coupled with the advice of counsel) render the

evidence insufficient to establish that he “willfully” violated the suspension order. We uphold

the circuit court’s finding that the order was not ambiguous. The order bluntly stated that his

license “is SUSPENDED”; the order further explained that Rhodes’ suspension would be stayed

“upon proof of [his] entry into a contract” with HPMP. It did not in any way suggest that mere

discussions with HPMP about a future agreement were sufficient to stay the suspension. The

order clearly states that his license “is SUSPENDED” until a “contract” with HPMP is executed.

       Rhodes attempts to circumvent this language by suggesting, again, that his interpretation

of the order is reasonable given the advice of counsel. However, as noted previously, Rhodes’

only evidence to support the advice of counsel defense is his own uncorroborated testimony

which the circuit court found “incredible” and “almost farcical.” The circuit court’s finding that

Rhodes willfully violated the order was not plainly wrong or without evidence to support it. We

find no error in the circuit court’s convictions under Code § 54.1-2409.1(iii).

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   II. The Evidence was Sufficient to Prove Rhodes Violated Code § 18.2-178 by Receiving
       Money Under False Pretenses

       Rhodes also assigns error to the finding that he willfully received money under false

pretenses—he asserts that because the prosecution failed to establish a willful violation of Code

§ 54.1-2409.1(iii), the false pretenses conviction cannot stand. However, as set out above, the

evidence was sufficient to convict Rhodes for violating Code § 54.1-2409.1(iii) and there is no

error in the circuit court’s conviction under Code § 18.2-178. Rhodes’ explanations for his

conduct were flatly rejected by the fact finder. His credibility was expressly discredited by both

the circuit court and the Board. He offered no corroborating evidence to bolster his advice of

counsel claims. Rhodes provided no legitimate basis for believing he could practice during the

suspension period. Thus, in addition to willfully practicing with a suspended license, he also

improperly received payments for treatment he provided without a valid license.4

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s ruling is affirmed.

                                                                                         Affirmed.

       4
        For the same reasons that the circuit court did not err in convicting Rhodes for violating
Code §§ 54.1-2409.1(iii) and 18.2-178, the court similarly did not err in its denial of Rhodes’
motion to set aside the verdict.
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