Court Opinion

ID: 4201796
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-09-07 18:15:41.268483+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:44.430137
License: Public Domain

J-S46022-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN RE: ADOPTION OF: BABY BOY G.            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: C.M. & A.M.,                    :
                                               :
                      Petitioners              :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 9 MDA 2017

               Appeal from the Order Entered December 16, 2016
                In the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County
                     Orphans’ Court at No(s): 2016-4124

BEFORE:      BOWES, OLSON, JJ., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                            FILED SEPTEMBER 07, 2017

        Appellants, C.A.M. (“Adoptive Father”) and A.L.M., (“Adoptive Mother”)

(collectively, “Adoptive Parents” or “Petitioners”), appeal from the order

entered on December 16, 2016, denying their petition to confirm the

consent to the adoption of Baby Boy G. (“Child”) executed by Child’s birth

mother, J.G., (“Mother”), on January 25, 2016, based on the finding that

Mother timely revoked her consent in writing pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 2711(c) and (d) of the Adoption Act. We affirm.

        The trial court set forth the procedural history of this appeal as follows.

        The first docketed activity in this matter was the [Adoptive
        Parents’] report of intention to adopt, filed on March 4, 2016,
        stating their desire to adopt “Baby Boy [G.],” born to [Mother]
____________________________________________

*
    Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S46022-17

     [in December of 2015]. On March 16, 2016, the [Adoptive
     Parents] filed a petition to confirm consent and a petition for
     adoption. The petition to confirm consent recites that [Mother]
     had signed a consent of biological parent to adoption on January
     25, 2016, and that the identity of the birth father is unknown, as
     set forth in [] Mother’s Affidavit also signed by [Mother] on
     January 25, 2016. Both the consent to adoption and affidavit
     were attached to the petition to confirm consent.

     A scheduling request was filed on behalf of the [Adoptive
     Parents] on March 31, 2016, and the petition to confirm consent
     and petition for adoption were set for hearing on May 24, 2016.
     Given that the birth father was unknown, the court permitted
     service on the birth father by publication by order entered of
     record on March 31, 2016.

     The [Adoptive Parents] and their counsel appeared in court at
     the time of the May 24, 2016 hearing. . . . [Mother] appeared
     as well. [Mother] was not represented by counsel. [Mother] had
     not filed any objections of record, but appeared at the hearing to
     object to the petition to confirm consent. At that time, [Mother]
     alleged she had been coerced and unduly pressured into signing
     the consent to adopt. She appeared to the court to be in a state
     of agitation and distress. Given her allegations and overall
     appearance, and the fact that she was unrepresented, the court
     continued the hearing on the petition to confirm consent to
     permit [Mother] the opportunity to secure legal counsel. The
     court thereafter granted a request by [Mother] for
     court[-]appointed counsel, and appointed Barbara Topinka,
     Esquire, to represent her. A guardian ad litem was appointed to
     represent the best interests of [] [C]hild.

     By Order filed June 16, 2016, the hearing on the petition to
     confirm consent was rescheduled for September 1, 2016, the
     first date the schedules of all involved could accommodate.
     Following a pre-hearing conference on August 29, 2016, the
     hearing was rescheduled for December 8, 2016 at the request of
     counsel for [Mother], (who contemplated withdraw[al] at that
     time), and over objection of the [Adoptive Parents]. In follow-up
     to the discussion at the pre-hearing conference, Attorney
     Topinka filed a motion to withdraw as [Mother’s] counsel on
     September 1, 2016, which was granted by the court. Substitute
     counsel was appointed for [Mother] by order dated September

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      16, 2016 appointing Attorney Charles Kroboth, Esquire, to
      represent her.

      At the hearing on December 8, 2016, [Mother], through her
      counsel, challenged the consent to adoption on two grounds: (1)
      she had timely revoked the consent within the thirty[-]day
      period provided under the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A. [§] 2101,
      et seq.; and, (2) the consent had been secured in the first
      instance through fraud, duress and coercion. As to the latter
      ground for relief, [Mother] made an oral motion asking the court
      to permit her to raise the challenge to the validity of the consent
      nunc pro tunc, as [Mother] conceded that she had not petitioned
      the court within sixty days of signing the consent as required by
      the Adoption Act. The court deferred ruling on the nunc pro tunc
      motion at that time and permitted presentation of evidence on
      all issues.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/30/17, at 1-2 (superfluous capitalization omitted).

      The trial court set forth the factual background of this appeal, as

developed at the hearing on December 8, 2016, as follows.

      . . . Although the evidence was presented on the revocation and
      fraud/duress issues in bifurcated fashion, as will become evident
      from the following discussion, portions of the testimony on the
      fraud and duress issue were also relevant to the issue of whether
      [Mother] timely revoked her consent to adoption.

      In support of their prima facie burden on their petition to confirm
      consent, the [Adoptive Parents] presented their original petition
      to confirm consent and accompanying exhibits, which included a
      consent of biological parent to adoption signed by [Mother] on
      January 25, 2016 (Exh. A), and [] Mother’s Affidavit as to the
      identity of the biological father (Exh. B). The [Adoptive Parents]
      also presented proof of service by publication on the putative
      birth father. Based on this evidence, the [Adoptive Parents]
      requested entry of an order confirming the consent to adoption
      and terminating the parental rights of [] [M]other and father.

      In opposition to the petition to confirm consent, [Mother]
      testified on her own behalf as to the steps she took to revoke
      the consent and the circumstances attendant to these events.
      [Mother] testified that she began to have doubts about her

                                     -3-
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     decision to place [Child] for adoption shortly after signing the
     adoption paperwork at the hospital. (Tr., 12-8-16 Hearing, at
     24). [Child] was born premature and was admitted to the NICU
     for care immediately after birth. [Child] remained in the hospital
     approximately seven or eight weeks, until mid-February of 2016.
     (Id. at 24-26).      [Mother] testified that she had informed
     “everyone," including nurses at the hospital, the [Adoptive
     Parents], and her own lawyer, Denise Bierly, Esquire, that she
     did not want to sign the consent to adoption and other
     paperwork until after [Child] was discharged from the hospital.
     She testified that she was pressured into signing the documents,
     including the consent, and that she knew it was a mistake soon
     after signing. (Id. at 40-41).

     [Mother] testified that, within a couple of days after [Child] was
     released from the hospital, she began contacting Attorney Bierly
     by telephone and text message about revoking her consent. In
     mid-February, she ultimately spoke with either Attorney Bierly or
     her assistant, Meshia Calhoun,2 who advised her she would have
     to send a written revocation to the law office to revoke her
     consent. [Mother] testified she was advised by Attorney Bierly’s
     office that, if she sent the revocation to the office, Attorney
     Bierly would contact the [Adoptive Parents’] attorney, Justin
     Miller, Esquire, to advise him of her intent to revoke. (Id. at 25-
     29). This was confirmed by Attorney Bierly, as further noted
     below.

     [Mother] testified that she typed a revocation letter, signed it,
     put it in an envelope and sent it to Attorney Bierly via United
     States mail. (Id. at 28-32). [Mother] did not keep a copy of the
     letter or send the letter by certified mail, trusting that sending
     the letter to her attorney as advised to do would be sufficient.
     (Id.). Although [Mother] could not identify the particular date
     she mailed the revocation letter, she testified that she mailed it
     to Attorney Bierly before expiration of the thirty[-]day revocation
     period. She was certain of this timing because she sent a
     follow-up text message to Attorney Bierly stating she had sent
     her the revocation letter in the mail, and that text message was
     sent before expiration of the thirty days.3 As noted below,
     Attorney Bierly, who was called by the [Adoptive Parents] to
     testify regarding [Mother’s] allegations of fraud and duress,
     acknowledged receiving the text message from [Mother] on
     February 23, 2016. The thirty days to revoke after [Mother]
     signed the consent to adoption expired on February 24, 2016.

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     [Mother] also testified that she had been in communication with
     Ms. Calhoun about the revocation.

     In rebuttal, the [Adoptive Parents] presented testimony from
     Meshia Calhoun to prove the revocation letter was never
     received at Attorney Bierly’s law office. Ms. Calhoun testified to
     the procedures for cataloguing mail at the law office, and
     testified there had never been an occasion when an anticipated
     piece of mail had not reached the office. (Tr. 12-8-16 Hearing,
     at 53-56). Ms. Calhoun also initially testified that she had not
     received any communications from [Mother] about the
     revocation, but later acknowledged an email message shown to
     her on cross examination that clearly showed communication
     from [Mother] to Ms. Calhoun on March 4, 2016[,] in which
     [Mother] states that she sent the revocation “last week.” (Id. at
     57-59). [Mother] also states in the email that she had been
     trying to reach Attorney Bierly, who refused to accept her calls.4
     Ms. Calhoun acknowledged having received the email and
     thought she had forwarded it to Attorney Bierly. She did not
     recall having any discussion of it with Attorney Bierly. Id.
     [Mother] received a letter from Attorney Bierly in early March of
     2016 in which Attorney Bierly informed [Mother] she would no
     longer represent her. The letter was dated March 5, 2016; the
     date of [Mother’s] receipt is not clear. (Id. at 34, 37). Neither
     party admitted the actual letter into evidence.               The
     circumstances involving the withdraw[al] letter are further noted
     below.

     In addition to the above, [Mother] testified she had spoken with
     [Adoptive Father], before she sent the revocation letter to
     Attorney Bierly. She said [Adoptive Father] called her after
     learning from Attorney Miller that she was planning to revoke
     her consent. [Mother] told him yes, but said very little else.
     She testified that she was not on good terms with the [Adoptive
     Parents] as of that point in time.

     [Mother] was questioned regarding why she did not take further
     action when Attorney Bierly stopped communicating with her
     after she mailed the revocation and then withdrew as her
     counsel. [Mother] testified that she was very stressed and felt
     no one was listening to her or hearing her, and she believed she
     had taken all the steps necessary to revoke her consent. She
     testified she did not have money to hire a lawyer for
     representation and did not know what to do. She appeared at

                                   -5-
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     the initial hearing on the petition to confirm consent to bring the
     issue (and the issue regarding her allegations of fraud and
     duress) before the court.5 (Id. at 102).

     The [Adoptive Parents] also presented testimony from Christine
     Millinder, Register of Wills and Clerk of the Centre County
     Orphan[s’] Court. Ms. Millinder testified about receiving a phone
     call from [Mother] on March 4, 2016. She said [Mother] told her
     she would be sending a revocation to the court. (Tr. 12-8-16
     Hearing, at 49-52). [Mother] acknowledges this conversation.
     (Id. at 45-46). It is undisputed that [Mother] did not send a
     revocation letter directly to the court.

     Both parties also presented testimony as to the fraud, duress
     and coercion allegations.6      By way of summary, [Mother]
     testified that she was under substantial pressure due to the
     premature birth of [Child] after unanticipated complications with
     her pregnancy. At birth, [Child] was taken to the NICU. He was
     not discharged from the hospital until approximately seven to
     eight weeks after birth. [Mother] went to the hospital to see
     [Child] every day during this time, and she pumped breast milk
     for [Child]. (Tr. 12-8-16 Hearing at 68-80, 100). She testified
     she made it very clear to hospital nursing staff, to the [Adoptive
     Parents] as the putative adoptive parents, to the adoption
     agency, and to her own lawyer, Attorney Bierly, that she did not
     want to sign the adoption paperwork until [Child] was released
     from the hospital. She testified about comments by nursing staff
     and others that made her feel pressured into proceeding with
     signing the paperwork before she was ready. She said she felt
     unduly pressured by the [Adoptive Parents], and that one of the
     attending nurses was relieved from her assignment because of
     inappropriate involvement in the matter.       (Id[.] at 85-93).
     [Mother] also testified she was taking prescription medications,
     suggesting that she was confused and vulnerable as a result.
     (See id. at 85). She did not present any medical testimony on
     these issues, or corroborating evidence regarding the nurse she
     believes was reassigned. She concedes she met with Attorney
     Bierly and Ms. Calhoun on January 25, 2016, before [Child] was
     released from the hospital, and that she signed the documents
     on that date. As noted above, she testified that she regretted
     her decision fairly immediately.

     The [Adoptive Parents] presented testimony from: (i) Abigail
     Davis, the owner and director of the adoption agency that

                                    -6-
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     facilitated the adoption plan; (ii) Attorney Bierly; and, (iii)
     Patricia Hackman, a counselor recommended to [Mother] in the
     course of these events. The [Adoptive Parents] did not testify.
     Portions of the testimony most pertinent to the issue of
     revocation of [Mother’s] consent to adoption are summarized
     below.

     Ms. Davis appeared by telephone. Her testimony was seemingly
     based on vague recollection and incomplete notes made at some
     point after the underlying events occurred. (See Tr. 12-8-16
     Hearing, at 135, 140, 142). Her testimony was also inconsistent
     with that of other witnesses on several points. For example, Ms.
     Davis stated that she had a three[-]hour telephone conversation
     with [Mother] on February 29, 2016, in which [Mother] told her
     she had threatened to revoke her consent but that she never
     actually wrote or sent the letter. (Id. at 133). [Mother] denied
     ever having a three[-]hour conversation with Ms. Davis, and
     denied ever telling Ms. Davis she had not written or sent the
     revocation. (Id. at 189-90). When pressed on the issue, Ms.
     Davis testified that her notes did not reflect whether the “letter”
     she recalled speaking with [Mother] about was a letter to be sent
     to Attorney Bierly or a letter to be sent directly to the Orphan[s’]
     Court. (Id. at 136-37). Ms. Davis also testified that she had
     arranged for the counselor, Patricia Hackman, to meet with
     [Mother] and that this occurred by the end of December shortly
     after [Child] was born.       (Id. at 138). Testimony of other
     witnesses, including Ms. Hackman and Attorney Bierly, was that
     Attorney Bierly made the arrangements for counseling with Ms.
     Hackman and that this occurred at the end of January. In all,
     the court did not find Ms. Davis’ testimony in this case to be very
     reliable.

     Attorney Bierly’s testimony established that she was retained by
     the adoption agency to represent [Mother] on a flat fee basis,
     which would be paid regardless of the outcome of the adoption.
     (Id. at 155). Attorney Bierly’s first contact with [Mother] was
     after [Child] birth. She first met [Mother] in person on January
     25, 2016, the day the consent to adoption and other papers
     were signed. Attorney Bierly testified that she had waited for
     [Mother] to say she was ready to sign before arranging the
     meeting for January 25. (Id. at 158). Prior to that, she
     arranged counseling with Ms. Hackman in response to what she
     perceived to be typical expressions of concern attendant to
     adoptions. (Id. at 156-57).

                                    -7-
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     On January 25, 2016, the day [Mother] signed the consent to
     adoption, Attorney Bierly reviewed the revocation process from
     the second page of the consent document with her, telling her
     she would need to mail a revocation either to her office or the
     Centre County Orphan[s’] Court clerk within thirty days if she
     wished to revoke her consent.         (Id. at 160-61, 170-71).
     Attorney Bierly went over this with [Mother] on other occasions
     as well, including an occasion in mid-February of 2016 when
     [Mother] called and asked her how to revoke the consent. (Id.
     at 162; 171-72).       According to Attorney Bierly, she again
     advised [Mother] to mail the revocation to her on that occasion,
     and also told her she would immediately inform the [Adoptive
     Parents’] legal counsel of [Mother’s] decision. (Id. at 172).
     Attorney Bierly testified she received a text from [Mother] on
     February 23, 2016 - a day before expiration of the revocation
     period - telling her [Mother] had already sent her the revocation.
     Attorney Bierly also testified that she never received the
     revocation in the mail. (Id. at 162).

     Attorney Bierly sent a letter withdrawing her representation of
     [Mother] on March 5, 2016 due to a breakdown in their
     relationship, including allegations by [Mother] that Attorney
     Bierly had stolen [Child]. (Id. at 162-63). [Attorney] Bierly did
     not provide [Mother] information about any remaining legal
     avenues to challenge the consent to adoption at that time. (Id.
     at 172-73).

     Testimony from Patricia Hackman established that she was
     contacted by Attorney Bierly on January 29, 2016 to offer
     counseling to [Mother].     (Id. at 179).     Ms. Hackman and
     [Mother] met for the first time on January 31, 2016. They
     discussed various concerns [Mother] had, including concerns
     about her son and about finances.       (Id. at 179-81). Ms.
     Hackman testified that [Mother] called her on February 22, 2016
     and told her she wanted to revoke her consent. Ms. Hackman
     had a copy of the consent to adoption signed by [Mother], and
     she and [Mother] together reviewed, over the telephone, the
     paragraph explaining how to revoke.         (Id. at 182, 187).
     [Mother] informed Ms. Hackman she was going to proceed with
     sending the revocation in accordance with the instructions on the
     consent to adoption. (Id. at 184-85).
     ___________________________________________________

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      2
        Ms. Calhoun was also referenced during the course of the
      hearing as Meshia “Barton.”
      3
        Testimony from [Mother] and Attorney Bierly demonstrated
      that text messaging was a typical form of communication
      between the two during their attorney-client relationship. (See
      e.g., Tr. 12-8-16 Hearing, at 29, 172).
      4
        The email actually states that Attorney Bierly hung up on
      [Mother] twice. (Tr. 12-8-16 Hearing, at 58-59). The record is
      unclear as to the level or substance of any conversation that
      occurred. Attorney Bierly’s testimony suggested that friction had
      developed between her and [Mother] sometime between
      mid-February and early March.
      5
       The [Adoptive Parents’] petition to confirm consent was filed on
      March 4, 2016, a day before Attorney Bierly sent the letter
      withdrawing as [Mother’s] counsel.
      6
        As noted above, the court did not rule on those allegations
      after determining that [Mother] had validly revoked her consent
      within thirty days as permitted by the Adoption Act.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/30/17, at 3-8 (footnotes in original; superfluous

capitalization omitted).

      The trial court explained its decision as follows:

      At the conclusion of the evidence, the court directed the parties
      to submit memoranda outlining their positions and supporting
      legal authority by December 12, 2016. Both parties complied
      with this directive.

      On consideration of the evidence and the arguments of counsel,
      the court entered an Order on December 16, 2016 denying the
      [Adoptive Parents’] petition to confirm consent, having
      concluded [Mother] had timely revoked her consent under the
      Adoption Act. In light of this conclusion, the court did not rule
      on the issues involving [Mother’s] challenge to the validity of the
      consent based on fraud and duress.

                                      -9-
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      The [Adoptive Parents] filed a notice of appeal and statement of
      [errors] complained of on appeal on December 28, 2016,1 raising
      nine bases of alleged error.
       __________________________________________________
      1
        The court also notes that [Adoptive Parents] filed a petition for
      involuntary termination of parental rights [of] Mother on
      December 12, 2016. Prior to [Adoptive Parents’] appeal, the
      petition for involuntary termination was scheduled for hearing on
      April 6, 2017.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/30/17, at 1-3 (footnote in original; superfluous

capitalization omitted).

      In their brief on appeal, Adoptive Parents raise the following issues:

      1. Whether the court erred and abused its discretion in denying
      [Adoptive Parents’] petition to confirm consent?

      2. Whether the court committed an error of law and/or abused
      its discretion by failing to shift the burden to [Mother] after
      [Adoptive Parents] presented overwhelming evidence to rebut
      the presumption that [Mother] had mailed her revocation?

      3. Whether the court erred and abused its discretion by holding
      that [Mother’s] testimony was credible?

      4. Whether the court erred and abused its discretion by
      determining [Mother] properly revoked her consent to adoption
      despite overwhelming evidence and testimony to the contrary?

      5. Whether the court erred and abused its discretion by holding
      that any corroborating evidence or testimony was sufficient to
      support its finding that [Mother] had mailed a written
      revocation of her consent?

      6. Whether the court committed an error and abused its
      discretion in determining the [Mother] met the applicable
      burden of proof to show, absent a physical writing, that she had
      revoked her consent to adoption?

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      7. Whether the court committed an error of law by accepting a
      revocation of consent not executed in accordance with the
      statutory requirements of 23 Pa.C.S.A. §2711?

      8. Whether the court erred and abused its discretion in failing
      to enforce the contract established by the consent to adoption
      executed by [Mother]?

      9. Upon receipt and review of the transcript of the hearing
      [Adoptive Parents] will not pursue the ninth issue raised in their
      [Pa.R.A.P.] 1925(b) Statement.

Adoptive Parents’ Brief, at 6-8.

      Adoptive Parents summarize their argument as follows:

      The Adoption Act provides specific provisions for revoking a
      consent to adoption. 23 Pa.C.S.A. §2711(c). Revocations must
      be in writing. Id. Revocation requires compliance with the
      statute; mere intent to revoke is not sufficient. In the case at
      bar, [Mother] did not establish that she ever put her wish to
      revoke her consent in writing.

      If service of a revocation of consent is attempted via the postal
      system, the Mailbox Rule applies. The presumption of mailing is
      rebuttable. In the case at bar, [Adoptive Parents] presented
      overwhelming evidence that [Mother] did not execute a valid
      revocation of her consent to adoption.

      The plain meaning of the Adoption Act does not allow revocation
      of consent by text message. The trial court’s attempt to create
      new law by finding otherwise is incompatible with the plain
      meaning of the statute and should be reversed.

Id. at 12.

      With regard to our standard of review from a decree of the Orphans’

Court, we have stated:

      When reviewing a decree entered by the Orphans’ Court, this
      Court must determine whether the record is free from legal error
      and the court’s factual findings are supported by the evidence.
      Because the Orphans’ Court sits as the fact-finder, it determines

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      the credibility of the witnesses, and on review, we will not
      reverse its credibility determinations absent an abuse of that
      discretion.

Appeal of: J.T.M., 845 A.2d 861, 863 (Pa. Super. 2004) (internal citation

omitted).

      Regarding the definition of an abuse of discretion, this Court has

stated:

      [a]n abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment; if, in
      reaching a conclusion, the court overrides or misapplies the law,
      or the judgment exercised is shown by the record to be either
      manifestly unreasonable or the product of partiality, prejudice,
      bias or ill will, discretion has been abused.

Bulgarelli v. Bulgarelli, 934 A.2d 107, 111 (Pa. Super. 2007) (quotation

omitted).

      Our Supreme Court has explained that, pursuant to the Adoption Act,

now found at 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711, the consent of a natural parent whose

parental rights have not already been terminated is necessary to effect an

adoption. In the Matter of the Adoption of Christopher P., 389 A.2d 94,

97 (Pa. 1978) citing Singer Adoption Case, 326 A.2d 275, 277-278 (Pa.

1974).      The consent to the adoption must be intelligent, voluntary and

deliberate. Id. Further, the consent must be clear and unequivocal. Id.

      Section 2711 of the Adoption Act provides, in pertinent part, as

follows:

           § 2711. Consents necessary to adoption

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       (a) General rule.—Except as otherwise provided in this
       part, consent to an adoption shall be required of the
       following:

                                  ***

          (3) The parents or surviving parent of an adoptee
          who has not reached the age of 18 years.

                                  ***

       (c) Validity of consent.—No consent shall be valid if it
       was executed prior to or within 72 hours after the birth of
       the child. A putative father may execute a consent at any
       time after receiving notice of the expected or actual birth
       of the child.        Any consent given outside this
       Commonwealth shall be valid for purposes of this section if
       it was given in accordance with the laws of the jurisdiction
       where it was executed. A consent to an adoption may
       only be revoked as set forth in this subsection. The
       revocation of a consent shall be in writing and shall be
       served upon the agency or adult to whom the child was
       relinquished. The following apply:

          (1)   Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (3):

                                  ***

                (ii)  For a consent to an adoption executed by a
                birth-mother, the consent is irrevocable more
                than 30 days after the execution of the
                consent.

          (2) An individual may not waive the revocation period
          under paragraph (1).

          (3) Notwithstanding     paragraph   (1),   the   following
          apply:

                (i)   An individual who executed a consent to an
                adoption may challenge the validity of the consent
                only by filing a petition alleging fraud or duress
                within the earlier of the following time frames:

                      (A) Sixty days after the birth of the child
                      or the execution of the consent, whichever
                      occurs later.

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                       (B) Thirty days after the entry of the
                       adoption decree.

                 (ii)   A consent to an adoption may be
                 invalidated only if the alleged fraud or duress
                 under subparagraph (i) is proven by:

                       (A) a preponderance of the evidence in
                       the case of consent by a person 21 years of
                       age or younger; or

                       (B) clear and convincing evidence in all
                       other cases.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711 (a)(3), (c)(1)(ii), (c)(2), and (c)(3) (emphasis added).

     Section 2711(d) sets forth the contents of a parent’s consent to

adoption and for a revocation of the consent as follows:

     (d) Contents of consent.—

     (1) The consent of a parent of an adoptee under 18 years of age
     shall set forth the name, age and marital status of the parent,
     the relationship of the consenter to the child, the name of the
     other parent or parents of the child and the following:

     I hereby voluntarily and unconditionally consent to the adoption
     of the above named child.

     I understand that by signing this consent I indicate my intent to
     permanently give up all rights to this child.

     I understand such child will be placed for adoption.

     I understand I may revoke this consent to permanently
     give up all rights to this child by placing the revocation in
     writing and serving it upon the agency or adult to whom
     the child was relinquished.

                                    ***

     If I am the birth mother of the child, I understand that
     this consent to an adoption is irrevocable unless I revoke
     it within 30 days after executing it by delivering a written

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      revocation to (insert the name and address of the agency
      coordinating the adoption) or (insert the name and
      address of an attorney who represents the individual
      relinquishing parental rights or prospective adoptive
      parent of the child) or (insert the court of the county in
      which the voluntary relinquishment form was or will be
      filed).

      I have read and understand the above and I am signing it as a
      free and voluntary act.

      (2) The consent shall include the date and place of its execution
      and name and addresses and signatures of at least two persons
      who witnessed its execution and their relationship to the
      consenter.

23 Pa.C.S.A. 2711(d) (emphasis added).

      In In re Adoption of J.A.S., 939 A.2d. 403, 408-409 (Pa. Super.

2007), this Court applied the time constraints outlined in Section 2711(c)

strictly and held that a person could not assail the validity of his or her

assent before the trial court unless he or she first satisfied the relevant time

limitations as a threshold matter. Specifically, we reasoned,

      [t]he statute does not explicitly state it is subject to strict
      construction; but it does plainly provide for time constraints to
      revoke and/or challenge the validity of a consent to adoption.
      The practical consequence of the court’s [contrary] interpretation
      effectively permitted [b]irth mother to challenge the validity of
      her consent to adoption at any time, based upon the existence of
      a technical omission in the form of the initial consent. This lack
      of finality is exactly the mischief the legislature intended to
      remedy with the revision to Section 2711 of the Adoption Act in
      2004, the purpose of which was to afford finality to the adoption
      process. Hence[,] the statute renders a consent to adoption
      irrevocable more than thirty (30) days after execution. See 23
      Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(c)(1)(ii). Additionally, the statute precludes a
      challenge to the validity of the consent to adoption after sixty
      (60) days following the birth of the child or the execution of the
      consent, whichever occurs later, and only upon the grounds of

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         fraud or duress. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2711(c)(3)(i)(A). Thus, the
         unambiguous language of the statute required the [trial] court in
         this case to consider the timeliness of [b]irth mother’s petition to
         revoke and/or challenge the validity of her consent before it
         considered the merits of her claim. Contrary to the court’s
         interpretation, the threshold act that triggers these provisions of
         Section 2711 is the timely filing of the petition to revoke and/or
         challenge the validity of the consent to adoption. Whether
         [b]irth mother’s consent to adoption was valid could be
         addressed only if her petition had been timely filed. Essentially,
         the untimeliness of [b]irth mother’s petition precluded the court
         from addressing the issue of validity.

Id. (footnotes omitted). Accordingly, pursuant to In re Adoption of J.A.S.,

the trial court must first review the timeliness of a birth parent’s petition to

revoke a consent to adoption prior to addressing whether the consent is

valid.

         Herein, Mother signed her consent to the adoption of Child on January

25, 2016, thus, pursuant to Section 2711(c)(1)(ii), Mother had an unfettered

ability to revoke this agreement until February 24, 2016.          The trial court

found that Mother revoked her consent, in writing, within the thirty-day

statutory period. Trial Court Opinion, 1/30/17, at 14; see In re Adoption

of J.A.S., 939 A.2d at 408-409.

         Adoptive Parents divide their issues into groups, discussing issues 1, 2,

4, and 5 together, issues 2 and 3 together,1 and issues 6, 7, and 8 together.

For ease of our disposition, we will first address the issues in the order that

____________________________________________

1
  The trial court similarly addressed the issues in groups, but addressed
issue 3 separately.

                                          - 16 -
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the trial court addressed them, and then address Adoptive Parents’

challenges to the resolution of each group of issues.

      Initially, the trial court addressed Adoptive Parents’ issue 3, as follows.

      A. Assertion of Error No. 3 (credibility)

      In paragraph 3 of their concise statement, Petitioners contend
      the [c]ourt erred and abused its discretion in determining that . .
      . [Mother’s] testimony was credible. The [trial court] addresses
      this assertion of error first, as the issue of credibility also
      permeates the majority of the allegations of error raised by
      [Adoptive Parents].       It is well-established that credibility
      determinations are solely within the province of the trier of fact.
      See e.g., In re Adoption of B.G.S., 614 A.2d 1161, 1168 (Pa.
      Super. 1992). Whether to accept all, some, or none of a
      witnesses’ testimony is a question for the factfinder. Id. at
      1169. As the finder of fact in this matter, the [trial court]
      concluded after listening to [Mother’s] testimony, observing her
      conduct and demeanor, and considering all of the evidence
      presented at the December 8[, 2016] hearing, that [Mother’s]
      testimony was credible. The [trial court’s] determination in this
      regard was not an abuse of discretion, and [Adoptive Parents’]
      assertion of error No. 3 lacks merit.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/30/17, at 10.

      The trial court had before it testimony from Mother that she had sent

to Attorney Bierly, via United States mail, a typed revocation letter that she

had signed, and put in an envelope. N.T., 12/8/16, at 28-32.              Mother

testified that she did not keep a copy of the letter or send the letter by

certified mail because she trusted that sending the letter to her attorney, as

she had been advised to do, would be sufficient. Id. The trial court found

that, although Mother could not identify the particular date she mailed the

revocation letter, she testified that she mailed it to Attorney Bierly before

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expiration of the thirty-day revocation period.           Id. at 29; Trial Court

Opinion, 1/30/17, at 4. The trial court was satisfied that Mother was truthful

in her testimony. After a careful review of the record, we find no abuse of

the trial court’s discretion in its credibility determination, as it was within the

trial court’s province to determine which witnesses’ testimony it found

credible.   Appeal of: J.T.M., 845 A.2d at 863.           While Adoptive Parents

argue that the trial court abused its discretion in finding Mother’s testimony

that she properly revoked her consent to the adoption in a written letter sent

to Attorney Bierly, they cannot request this Court to make a factual

determination that reverses the fact-finding of the trial court that was based

on competent testimony of record.

      Next, the trial court addressed Adoptive Parents’ challenges to the

validity of Mother’s revocation as follows:

      B. Assertions of Error No’s. [sic] 1, 2, 4, and 5

      These assertions of error all challenge the court’s conclusion that
      [Mother] validly revoked her consent in accordance with the
      Adoption Act, and challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to
      support that conclusion.       At paragraph 2 of their concise
      statement, the [Adoptive Parents] assert the court erred by
      “failing to shift the burden to [Mother] after [Adoptive Parents]
      presented overwhelming evidence to rebut the presumption that
      [Mother] had mailed her revocation.”         (See Pet’s. Concise
      Statem., at p. 2). In paragraph 5, [Adoptive Parents] assert
      that the court abused its discretion in finding that corroborating
      evidence was sufficient to support its finding that [Mother]
      mailed a written revocation of consent. (Id.).

      As an initial point, the court did not base its conclusion that
      [Mother] mailed a written revocation to Attorney Bierly on a
      presumption; the conclusion was reached after considering the

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     testimony of the witnesses, including [Mother], and the evidence
     introduced at the hearing. [Mother] testified that she wrote a
     letter of revocation, signed it, and sent it to Attorney Bierly’s
     office by United States mail. (Tr. 12-8-16 Hearing, at 28-32).
     She testified that she took these steps before expiration of the
     thirty[-]day revocation period, and that she was certain of the
     timing based on a confirming text message she sent to Attorney
     Bierly. (Id.). She testified that she had various follow-up
     communications in an attempt to further discuss the revocation
     she mailed to Attorney Bierly. (Id. at 25, 32, 48)[.] The court
     found [Mother’s] testimony to be credible.

     [Mother] also testified that she contacted Attorney Bierly’s office
     before sending the written revocation and asked how to go about
     revoking her consent, informing Attorney Bierly she wanted to
     do so. She was advised to send a written revocation to Attorney
     Bierly, and that Attorney Bierly would advise the [Adoptive
     Parents’] counsel of her intent to revoke her consent to
     adoption.     (Id. at 27-28, 171-72).      [Mother] testified she
     believed Attorney Bierly had informed Attorney Miller, who in
     turn advised the [Adoptive Parents], of her intent to revoke; she
     testified that [Adoptive Father] called her and stated he was told
     she intended to revoke the consent to adoption. (Id. at 33-34).
     The court concluded that [Mother’s] testimony on these matters
     was credible.     Furthermore, the court notes that [Adoptive
     Parents] did not present any testimony to rebut the evidence
     that they had actual notice of [Mother’s] intent to revoke her
     consent in the timeframe shortly before she sent the written
     revocation to Attorney Bierly.

     The court also concluded that [Adoptive Parents’] evidence
     tended to corroborate the testimony of [Mother] that she had
     mailed a written revocation to Attorney Bierly. Specifically, the
     testimony from Ms. Calhoun established that [Mother] sent an
     email to Ms. Calhoun on March 4, 2016 stating that she sent her
     revocation letter in a week before, and that she had repeatedly
     tried to contact Attorney Bierly about it to no avail. The email
     also referenced a text message sent to Attorney Bierly advising
     her that the revocation letter had been sent. (Tr. 12-8-16
     Hearing, at 58-59, and Resp. Exh. 1). Although Ms. Calhoun
     testified that the revocation letter sent by U.S. mail had not
     been received by Attorney Bierly’s office, this testimony does not
     refute the testimony that the revocation letter was written,
     signed, and mailed. Similarly, Ms. Millinder’s testimony about

                                   - 19 -
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     the phone conversation with [Mother] on March 4, 2016 is not
     inconsistent with [Mother’s] testimony about her actions. The
     court concluded that the evidence overall was corroborative of
     [Mother’s] testimony that she timely mailed the revocation letter
     to Attorney Bierly; the court disagrees with [Adoptive Parents]
     that this conclusion constituted an error or abuse of discretion.

     In addition to the above, portions of the evidence presented with
     respect to the issue of fraud and duress are also corroborative of
     [Mother’s] testimony.        In her testimony, Attorney Bierly
     acknowledged that she received [Mother’s] text message stating
     that she already sent the revocation letter to Attorney Bierly.
     According to her testimony, Attorney Bierly received that text
     message on February 23, 2016, the day before the thirty[-]day
     period to revoke the consent to adoption expired. Attorney
     Bierly also testified that [Mother] told her in mid-February of her
     desire to revoke the consent to adoption, and that she informed
     [Mother] to send her the written revocation by mail and that she
     would notify the [Adoptive Parents’] attorney of [Mother’s] plan
     to revoke.      (Id. 161-62, 171-72).       The court found this
     testimony to be consistent with [Mother’s] testimony of the
     events, and with her testimony that she acted in accordance
     with instructions given to her on how to revoke the consent.

     Petitioners also assert, in paragraphs 1 and 4 of their concise
     statement, that the court erred and abused its discretion in
     denying their petition to confirm consent, and determining that
     [Mother] properly revoked her consent to adoption “despite
     overwhelming evidence and testimony to the contrary.” (See
     Pet’s. Concise Statem., ¶¶ 2, 4). The evidentiary challenge
     seems to be the same issue raised by paragraphs 2, 3, and 5,
     addressed above. As to the more broadly phrased issue(s) in
     paragraphs 1 and 4 of [Adoptive Parents’] concise statement,
     the court assumes [Adoptive Parents] take issue with the
     manner in which [Mother] sent the revocation and in which they
     learned of it.     In their memorandum submitted after the
     December 8, 2016 hearing, the [Adoptive Parents] argue that,
     assuming, arguendo, [Mother] actually mailed [Attorney] Bierly
     a written letter of revocation, [Mother] did not serve her written
     revocation on them in the manner required for service of original
     process under Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 403, and,
     therefore, she failed to comply with the statutory requirements
     for a valid revocation. (See Pet’s. Memo., at pp. 2-3).

                                   - 20 -
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     As a threshold matter, the court is not persuaded that the
     requirement in section 2711 of the Adoption Act that a
     revocation of consent be “served” was intended by the General
     Assembly to mean that the party effectuating such service would
     have to comply with the procedural rules pertaining to service of
     original process. The procedural rules governing service of
     process apply to civil actions pending in the courts of common
     pleas.    See Pennsylvania Rules of Civil Proc., Intro. Cmt.,
     (“Adoption of Rules of Civil Procedure.”) The rules governing
     service of original process are intended to ensure that the court
     has jurisdiction over a defendant in a civil action. See Trexler
     v. McDonald’s Corp., 118 A.3d 408, 412 (Pa. Super. 2015).
     Notably, nothing in the Adoption Act requires that a parent
     seeking to revoke a consent to adoption file an action with the
     court.   See 23 Pa.C.S.A. 2711(c)-(d).        Had the legislature
     intended to invoke all of the rules attendant to service of original
     process in civil actions, one would expect, at the very least, that
     the Adoption Act would include express language requiring a
     party seeking to revoke consent to adoption to commence a
     court action. Given that no court action is required, the rules
     governing service of process over a defendant would have no
     application.

     Moreover, section 2711(d)(1) sets forth mandatory language to
     be included in a consent to adoption, which also advises the
     consenting party how to go about revoking a consent to adoption
     within the permissible thirty[-]day window. With respect to birth
     mothers, the statutorily prescribed language is as follows:

           If I am the birth mother of the child, I understand
           that this consent to an adoption is irrevocable unless
           I revoke it within 30 days after executing it by
           delivering a written revocation to (insert the name
           and address of the agency coordinating the
           adoption) or (insert the name and address of an
           attorney who represents the individual relinquishing
           parental rights or prospective adoptive parent of the
           child) or (insert the court of the county in which the
           voluntary relinquishment form was or will be filed).

     Id. This mandatory language provides three acceptable sources
     to which a birth mother may deliver a written revocation.

                                    - 21 -
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     The [c]ourt notes that section 2711(d)(1) also includes language
     that the consenting party understands that he or she “may
     revoke the consent       . . . by placing the revocation in writing
     and serving it upon the agency or adult to whom the child was
     relinquished,” (id.), and that the consent form is required to
     include that language as well. See id. Although this perhaps
     creates some degree of ambiguity, the express directive in the
     statutorily required language to birth mothers wishing to revoke
     is clear: the written revocation must be delivered to one of the
     three acceptable sources, which include the attorney for a birth
     mother relinquishing parental rights. See id.

     In the case at bar, in accordance with the statutory mandate of
     section 2711(d)(1), the consent to adoption signed by [Mother]
     advised her as follows:

           E.      . . . If I am the BIRTH mother of the child, I
           understand that this consent to an adoption is
           irrevocable unless I revoke it within 30 days after
           executing it by delivering a written revocation to
           Denise M. Bierly, Esquire, 486 Nimitz Avenue, State
           College, PA 16801, or The Court of Common Pleas of
           Centre County, Pennsylvania Orphans’ Court
           Division, Bellefonte, PA 16823[.]

     This directive is consistent with the advice given to [Mother] by
     [Attorney] Bierly when [Mother] contacted her in mid-February
     stating she wanted to exercise her right to revoke her consent.
     (See Tr. 12-8-16 Hearing, at 161-62).

     As discussed above, [Mother] testified that she wrote a
     revocation letter and mailed it to her attorney, [Attorney] Bierly,
     by sending it first class mail, and that she did so before the
     thirty[-]day revocation period expired. She then followed that
     with a text message to Attorney Bierly, sent the day before the
     end of the revocation period, stating that she had sent her the
     revocation. The court found this testimony to be credible and to
     be supported by the other credible evidence. Thus, [Mother]
     took every step required of her to revoke her consent to
     adoption, and she did so within the thirty[-]day time period for
     revoking. In addition, she alerted numerous individuals to the
     fact that she was doing so, and the record establishes that legal
     counsel for the [Adoptive Parents] was so advised, and that at

                                   - 22 -
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       least [Adoptive Father] was actually aware of her intent to
       revoke.

       Under the circumstances of this case, even assuming the mailed
       revocation letter was never received by Attorney Bierly, the
       court cannot conclude that the statutory requirements for
       revocation were not met. The court concludes that mailing the
       written revocation to Attorney Bierly was sufficient.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/30/17, at 10-14 (superfluous capitalization omitted).2

       Thus, the trial court found that Mother properly revoked her consent to

adoption in writing pursuant to section 2711(c) and (d) of the Adoption Act.

Again, we agree with the trial court that Adoptive Parents’ foregoing

arguments depend upon credibility determinations made in the province of

the trial court. After a careful review of the record, we find no abuse of the

trial court’s discretion in its credibility determination.   Appeal of: J.T.M.,
845 A.2d at 863.

____________________________________________

2
  The trial court also stated that it found persuasive the argument raised by
Mother’s counsel that, even if the act of mailing the revocation would not be
sufficient, absent receipt by of the written revocation letter by Attorney
Bierly, the text message admittedly received by Attorney Bierly one day
before expiration of the revocation period, stating that a written revocation
had already been sent to her, would be sufficient for valid written revocation
under the factual circumstances of this case. We agree with the trial court’s
reasoning to the extent that the text message, which Attorney Bierly did not
deny receiving, should have alerted Attorney Bierly to the fact that she was
missing Mother’s letter from her delivered mail. With this finding, we need
not rule on Adoptive Parents’ assertion that the trial court inappropriately
found Mother’s text message to her counsel, itself, was the writing that
conveyed her revocation.

                                          - 23 -
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      Next, we review Adoptive Parents’ challenge to the trial court’s ruling

that Mother did not produce a written revocation of consent at the hearing.

The trial court set forth its analysis of this issue as follows:

      C. Petitioners’ Assertion of Error No. 6-8

      In paragraphs 6 and 7 their concise statement, [Adoptive
      Parents] take issue with the fact that [Mother] did not produce a
      written revocation of consent at the hearing. In paragraph 8,
      [Adoptive Parents] assert that the court abused its discretion by
      failing to enforce the contract established by [Mother’s] executed
      consent to adoption.

      As set forth above, the court concluded, based on all of the
      evidence, that [Mother] did, in fact, send a written revocation
      letter to Attorney Bierly by U.S. mail before expiration of the
      thirty[-]day revocation period. [Adoptive Parents] challenged
      the veracity of that testimony, but did not object to [Mother’s]
      testimony about the contents of the revocation letter at the
      hearing. The court found [Mother’s] testimony and the other
      corroborating evidence discussed above to be credible evidence
      that a written revocation letter had been delivered as required.
      The court believes that these findings were well within the
      court’s discretion, and do not constitute error of law or an abuse
      of discretion.

      [Adoptive Parents’] assertion that the court failed to enforce the
      contract established by [Mother’s] executed consent to adoption
      is novel, in that this was not an argument raised at the time of
      the hearing. The court concludes that this argument is without
      merit, in that the court concludes that [Mother] did follow the
      steps outlined in the consent to adoption document for
      revocation by birth mothers. As noted above, the court also
      finds that [Adoptive Parents] were aware, before expiration of
      the thirty days, that [Mother] intended to revoke her consent.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/30/17, at 14-15 (superfluous capitalization omitted).

      Again, we agree with the trial court that Adoptive Parents’ foregoing

arguments depend upon credibility determinations made in the province of

                                      - 24 -
J-S46022-17

the trial court. After a careful review of the record, we find no abuse of the

trial court’s discretion in its credibility determination.   Appeal of: J.T.M.,
845 A.2d at 863.

      Finally, the trial court stated the reasoning for its decision as follows:

      On a concluding note, although it is regrettable that [Mother’s]
      revocation of consent to adoption was not addressed sooner by
      all involved, all parties were aware, prior to expiration of the
      thirty[-]day revocation period, that [Mother] intended to revoke
      her consent to adoption, and at least [Mother’s] counsel was
      aware that she claimed to have done so. [Mother], at that point
      unrepresented by counsel and without the means to afford an
      attorney, appeared at the first opportunity to object at the
      hearing scheduled on the Adoptive Parents’ petition to confirm
      consent.

      This is not a case in which a birth mother delayed finality in the
      adoption process by belated attempts to revoke a consent to
      adoption. To the contrary, it is a case in which the birth mother
      took the very actions she was instructed to take to revoke her
      consent, and did so in a timely manner, but her actions were
      unacknowledged and, ultimately, ignored.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/30/17, at 15-16 (superfluous capitalization omitted).

      We find that the trial court did not commit any legal error or abuse its

discretion in denying Adoptive Parents’ petition to confirm consent, finding

credible Mother’s testimony that she timely revoked her consent to adoption

by mailing a written letter of revocation to her counsel, in conformance with

Section 2711(c) and (d) of the Adoption Act. Accordingly, we affirm the trial

court order.

      Order affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 9/7/2017

                          - 26 -