Court Opinion

ID: 2730129
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-09-08 21:54:37.942804+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:28:55.735460
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be

                                                             FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,                 Jun 18 2012, 10:20 am
collateral estoppel, or the law of the
case.
                                                                  CLERK
                                                                of the supreme court,
                                                                court of appeals and
                                                                       tax court

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                         ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:

DONALD WRAY                                      GEORGE PLEWS
GLENN BOWMAN                                     KAREN SCHEIDLER
NICHOLAS GAHL                                    Plews Shadley Racher & Braun LLP
Stewart & Irwin, P.C.                            Indianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana

                               IN THE
                    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

FILMCRAFT LABORATORIES, INC.                     )
                                                 )
       Appellant,                                )
                                                 )
              vs.                                )     No. 49A02-1107-CT-676
                                                 )
5200 KEYSTONE LIMITED REALTY, LLC,               )
                                                 )
       Appellee.                                 )

                    APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
                          The Honorable Michael Keele, Judge
                          Cause No. 49D07-0310-CT-003394

                                       June 18, 2012

               MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

DARDEN, Judge
                                STATEMENT OF THE CASE

       Appellant (defendant below) Filmcraft Laboratories, Inc. (“Filmcraft”) files this

interlocutory appeal from the trial court’s order granting summary judgment to Appellee

(plaintiff below) 5200 Keystone Limited Realty, LLC (“KLR”) on its claim against

Filmcraft and denying a cross-motion for summary judgment motion filed by Filmcraft

against KLR.

       We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

                                              ISSUE

       Whether the trial court erred by granting KLR’s motion for summary
       judgment against Filmcraft.

                                              FACTS

       This interlocutory appeal stems from continuing litigation involving real

property—located at 5216 North Keystone Avenue in Marion County (“the Site”)—that

was tested in 2003 and determined to contain environmental contaminants but apparently

has not had any remediation conducted. There are multiple parties that remain in this

litigation; however, this interlocutory appeal involves only two parties: Filmcraft and

KLR.

       The designated evidence contained in the most recent summary judgment motions

filed by KLR and Filmcraft reveals the following.1 The Site contains a 10,000 square

foot building. From 1956 to 1973, the Site was owned by A.C. Demaree, which operated

a dry cleaning facility. From 1973 to 1981, Robert Dellen owned the Site. From 1974 to

1
  This is the second time KLR and Filmcraft have filed summary judgment motions against each other.
The order from the first summary judgment motions between the parties was not appealed, but the facts
relating to it will be discussed in the procedural history below.
                                                 2
1981, Filmcraft leased space at the Site from Dellen. Filmcraft’s business included

photography and photographic film development. Eric J. Spicklemire (“Spicklemire”)

and his father, John Spicklemire, operated and were shareholders and officers in

Filmcraft. Later, upon his father’s death in 1994, Spicklemire became president of

Filmcraft.

          In 1981, Spicklemire and his father purchased the Site from Dellen.2 From 1981

to 2001, Filmcraft leased space at the Site from Spicklemire. While Spicklemire owned

the Site, he also leased space at the Site to various tenants, including Clean Car, Inc. and

The Wax Museum & Auto Sales, Inc., which operated car detailing businesses.

          On May 26, 2000, Spicklemire obtained a loan from Apex Mortgage Corp.

(“Apex”), a subsidiary of Firstrust Bank.                   Spicklemire and Apex entered into a

promissory note, apparently giving Apex a mortgage or security interest in the Site.3

That same day, Filmcraft signed a “Continuing Guaranty” on behalf of Spicklemire.

(App. 11).4        In the Continuing Guaranty, Filmcraft—as guarantor—“unconditionally

guarantee[d] and promise[d] to pay” Apex—as lender—“the monies due under the

Promissory Note of Borrower [Spicklemire]” and “any and all indebtedness” of

Spicklemire to Apex.5 (App. 11).

2
    At that time, Dellen held the property under the name Dellen Realty, Inc.
3
    Neither KLR nor Filmcraft included the promissory note in its designated evidence.
4
 Both Appellant Filmcraft and Appellee KLR filed an Appendix. We will refer to Filmcraft’s Appendix
as “App.” and KLR’s Appendix as “KLR’s App.”
5
  Spicklemire, in his capacity as President of Filmcraft, signed the Continuing Guaranty on behalf of
Filmcraft. Joanna H. Spicklemire, who was secretary of Filmcraft, also signed the Continuing Guaranty
as a guarantor. She is not a party in the underlying lawsuit.
                                                      3
          In July 2001, Filmcraft closed its operations and vacated its space at the Site.

Thereafter, Spicklemire defaulted on his loan with Apex, and in September 2001, Apex

filed a foreclosure action on the Site.6 The trial court issued a foreclosure judgment

decree in April 2002. Following a sheriff’s sale in September 2002, Apex obtained title,

via the sheriff’s deed, to the Site.

          In 2003, Apex hired an agency to conduct environmental testing of the soil and

groundwater at the Site and discovered that the Site contained environmental

contaminants, including chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons. In October

2003, Apex filed suit against Filmcraft, seeking contribution from Filmcraft for future

environmental cleanup costs and alleging that Filmcraft was responsible for these cleanup

costs under: (1) Indiana’s Environmental Legal Action (“ELA”) statute, Indiana Code

section 13-30-9-2,7 because Filmcraft had contributed to the release of hazardous

substances at the Site; and (2) Indiana Code section 13-30-3-13(d)8 (“the illegal dumping

6
  The record on appeal contains very limited information regarding the foreclosure action filed by Apex
against Spicklemire because the parties did not include the foreclosure complaint or any documents
relating to the foreclosure action in their designated evidence on summary judgment.
7
    Indiana Code section 13-30-9-2 provides:

          A person may, regardless of whether the person caused or contributed to the release of a
          hazardous substance or petroleum into the surface or subsurface soil or groundwater that
          poses a risk to human health and the environment, bring an environmental legal action
          against a person that caused or contributed to the release to recover reasonable costs of a
          removal or remedial action involving the hazardous substances or petroleum.
8
    Indiana Code section 13-30-3-13(d) provides:

          A landowner on whose land garbage or other solid waste has been illegally dumped
          without the landowner’s consent may, in addition to any other legal or equitable remedy
          available to the landowner, recover from the person responsible for the illegal dumping:

                                                      4
statute”)9 because Filmcraft had illegally dumped garbage and solid waste at the Site.

           In August 2004, Filmcraft filed a motion for summary judgment against Apex,

arguing that it was not liable under either the ELA statute or the illegal dumping statute.

Around that same time in August 2004, the Marion County Auditor gave Apex a notice

of delinquent taxes. On October 7, 2004, the Site was sold at a tax sale.10 On December

7, 2004, Apex quitclaimed by deed and sold the Site to KLR.11 Thereafter, KLR was

substituted as the plaintiff in the lawsuit against Filmcraft. In January 2005, KLR filed a

cross-motion for summary judgment against Filmcraft, arguing that Filmcraft was liable

for environmental cleanup costs under the ELA statute and the illegal dumping statute.

                   (1) reasonable expenses incurred by the landowner in disposing of the garbage or
                   other so lid waste; and

                   (2) reasonable attorney’s fees.
9
    Indiana Code section 13-30-3-13(d) has also been referred to as the landowner recovery statute.
10
     The record on appeal does not reflect who purchased the Site at the tax sale.
11
  On December 12, 2004, five days after Apex quitclaimed by deed the Site to KLR, Apex and KLR
executed a Real Estate Purchase Agreement. This Purchase Agreement provides that:

           Buyer [KLR] shall be responsible for all real estate taxes . . . due and payable prior to, as
           of and after the Effective Date [December 12, 2004], including without limitation any
           and all taxes, special or other assessments, county costs, statutory redemption amounts,
           administrative fees, and expenses for, relating to or associated with the [Site], including
           without limitation any amounts related to or arising from the October 7, 2004 tax sale or
           subsequent rights of redemption and any monies required in connection therewith . . . .

(App. 328). The Purchase Agreement also indicates that Seller Apex provided Buyer KLR with various
documents, including: the 2003 chemical investigation report for the Site; the complaint Apex filed
against Filmcraft; a “Notice of Violation, dated September 24, 2004, from the City of Indianapolis to
Apex Mortgage Corporation, related to the [Site];” and a “Notice of delinquent taxes, dated August 24,
2004, from the Auditor of Marion County to Apex Mortgage Corporation, together with all documents
and other information associated therewith[.]” While referred to in the Purchase Agreement, neither the
September 2004 notice of violation nor the August 2004 notice of delinquent taxes were included in the
designated evidence.
                                                        5
          In March 2005 and May 2005, KLR amended its complaint to add various other

defendants who previously owned the Site, including Spicklemire, Russ Dellen, Inc., and

A.C. Demaree, as well as defendants who had previously leased space at the Site,

including Clean Car, Inc., The Wax Museum & Auto Sales, Inc., and Portrait America,

Inc.12 In its last amended complaint, KLR sought contribution from all defendants for

future environmental testing and subsequent remediation costs, and KLR also asserted a

claim in which it sought to recover unpaid back property taxes from Spicklemire pursuant

to Indiana Code section 6-1.1-22-13.13 No counterclaims or cross-claims were filed by

any of the defendants.

          At some point in 2005, KLR alleged that it had paid $25,000 to $30,000 in back

property taxes on the Site. The designated evidence does not indicate which tax years

were paid by KLR.14 On May 10, 2005, Apex assigned KLR its rights to the Continuing

Guaranty signed by Filmcraft on behalf of Spicklemire.

          On May 24, 2005, KLR filed a second motion for summary judgment, this time

against both Filmcraft and Spicklemire. In regard to defendant Spicklemire, KLR argued

that Spicklemire was responsible for future cleanup costs under the ELA statute, Indiana

Code section 13-30-9-2, because as the former landowner and landlord of tenants, his

12
     Portrait America, Inc. was owned and operated by Spicklemire.
13
   KLR’s complaint indicates that it sought “the 2002 taxes payable in 2003” owed by Spicklemire,
which “were not due when Apex took title in December of 2002” but “remain a lien on the property.”
(App. 203).
14
  The only designated evidence regarding the payment of back taxes was an affidavit from a “member”
of KLR, who swore under oath that “[KLR has] paid back real estate taxes on [the Site] in the amount of
$25,000 to $30,000[;]” that “[KLR] paid these back taxes in 2005[;]” and that “[t]hese were real estate
taxes owed by Eric J. Spicklemire.” (App. 515).
                                                     6
acts or omissions caused or contributed to the release of hazardous materials at the Site.15

In regard to Filmcraft, KLR argued that Filmcraft was responsible for payment of

Spicklemire’s environmental liability to KLR pursuant to the Continuing Guaranty that

Filmcraft signed when Spicklemire mortgaged the property to Apex in 2000.16

       On June 16, 2005, the trial court issued its order on the first motion for summary

judgment that was pending between Filmcraft and KLR. In that order, the trial court

granted summary judgment to Filmcraft on KLR’s claim of illegal dumping but

determined that there were genuine issues of material fact regarding KLR’s claim that

Filmcraft was liable under the ELA statute, and it denied the parties’ cross-motions for

summary judgment on that claim. Neither party appealed the trial court’s summary

judgment order.

       In August 2005, the parties filed a joint motion to stay briefing on KLR’s second

motion for summary judgment, which the trial court granted.                       Thereafter, for

approximately the next five years, little to no action occurred between the parties in this

case, until the parties filed a joint motion to lift the stay previously granted by the trial

court.17

15
  KLR also argued that it was entitled to summary judgment against Spicklemire under the illegal
dumping statute but later dropped this argument from it summary judgment claims.
16
  KLR did not make any argument in its summary judgment motion regarding its claim for back property
taxes.
17
  The only action that occurred during the pending five years was the trial court’s grant of KLR’s
motions to enter default judgment against A.C. Demaree; Clean Car, Inc.; and The Wax Museum and
Auto Sales, Inc. in August 2008.

                                                 7
         Thereafter, in August 2010, both Filmcraft and Spicklemire filed individual cross-

motions for summary judgment against KLR. Filmcraft argued that it was entitled to

summary judgment against KLR, arguing that the Continuing Guaranty encompassed

only financial liability, not environmental liability. In Spicklemire’s cross-motion for

summary judgment against KLR, he argued that he was not liable under the ELA statute,

nor was he liable to KLR for unpaid property taxes under Indiana Code section 6-1.1-22-

13 because KLR was not a taxing unit.

         In September 2010, KLR filed a reply in support of its summary judgment motion

against Filmcraft and Spicklemire. In its reply, KLR argued that, pursuant to either

unjust enrichment or pursuant to the rights it acquired when it purchased the Site from

Apex, it was entitled to summary judgment against Spicklemire for the payment of back

property taxes that were owed by Spicklemire but paid by KLR. KLR also argued it was

entitled to summary judgment against Filmcraft because, under the Continuing Guaranty,

Filmcraft would be responsible for KLR’s payment of Spicklemire’s unpaid property

taxes.

         On April 13, 2011, the trial court held a summary judgment hearing.18 On May

31, 2011, the trial court issued an order in which it granted KLR’s summary judgment

motion against Filmcraft; denied Filmcraft’s cross-motion for summary judgment against

18
   The summary judgment proceedings were stayed one additional time prior to the summary judgment
hearing. In September 2010, the trial court granted KLR’s motion to vacate the scheduled summary
judgment hearing and KLR’s request to stay any decision on the pending summary judgment motions
until the Court of Appeals issued an opinion in an appeal that involved the interpretation of the ELA
statute and whether a landlord could be liable under the ELA statute. The appeal that was before the
Court of Appeals was Neal v. Cure, 49A04-0908-CV-468, and this court issued an opinion in that case on
November 24, 2010. See Neal v. Cure, 937 N.E.2d 1227 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied.

                                                  8
KLR; granted KLR’s summary judgment motion against Spicklemire; and denied

Spicklemire’s cross-motion for summary judgment against KLR. Specifically, the trial

court determined that: (1) Spicklemire is liable to KLR for environmental cleanup costs

pursuant to the ELA statute; (2) Spicklemire is liable to KLR for back property taxes; and

(3) Filmcraft is responsible for Spicklemire’s environmental and tax liabilities, “if any,”

under the terms of the Continuing Guaranty. (App. 9).19

        Thereafter, Filmcraft sought to have the trial court certify the summary judgment

order for an interlocutory appeal, which the trial court granted. Filmcraft then filed a

motion to accept jurisdiction of an interlocutory appeal with this court. This court

granted Filmcraft’s motion for interlocutory appeal, and Filmcraft timely filed a notice of

appeal. Filmcraft now appeals the trial court’s grant of KLR’s motion for summary

judgment against Filmcraft.20

19
  We note that the trial court’s order is limited only to a determination that Spicklemire and Filmcraft
have potential environmental and tax liability. According to the record before us on appeal, there appear
to be many issues yet to be determined by trial court, including, but not limited to, the cost of
environmental cleanup, the exact amount of property tax liability, the nature and amount of the hazardous
substances released at the Site, and the extent of each party’s potential contribution to the release of
hazardous substances.
20
   Following Filmcraft’s filing of its Appellant’s Brief, co-defendant Spicklemire filed an appellate brief,
titled “Brief of Appellee/Cross-Appellant,” in which he argued—as an Appellee—that the trial court
properly granted KLR’s motion for summary judgment against Filmcraft and argued—as a Cross-
Appellant—that the trial court erred by granting Appellee KLR’s motion for summary judgment against
him. Spicklemire also filed a Cross-Appellant Reply Brief. Filmcraft and KLR filed individual motions
to strike Spicklemire’s Brief and Appendix, and KLR has filed a motion to strike Spicklemire’s Reply
Brief. By separate order, we grant Filmcraft’s and KLR’s motions to strike Spicklemire’s brief and
appendix and grant KLR’s motion to strike Spicklemire’s reply brief. Thus, this interlocutory appeal
involves review of the trial court’s order only as it pertains to KLR’s motion for summary judgment
against Filmcraft. We will not address issues that relate to KLR’s motion for summary judgment against
Spicklemire that he may later raise on appeal.
                                                     9
                                               DECISION

        Filmcraft argues that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in favor

of KLR on its claim that Filmcraft was responsible, under the terms of the Continuing

Guaranty, for Spicklemire’s environmental and back property tax liabilities. Filmcraft

contends that it is entitled to summary judgment on this claim.                       Resolution of this

interlocutory appeal requires us to interpret the Continuing Guaranty signed by Filmcraft

on behalf of Spicklemire when he obtained a loan from Apex Mortgage.21

        The standard of review of a summary judgment is the same as that used in the trial

court. Kopczynski v. Barger, 887 N.E.2d 928, 930 (Ind. 2008). Summary judgment is

appropriate only where there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.; Ind. Trial Rule 56(C). We consider only the

evidence designated to the trial court, and all facts and reasonable inferences drawn from

those facts are construed in favor of the nonmovant. Mangold ex rel. Mangold v. Ind.

Dep’t of Natural Res., 756 N.E.2d 970, 973 (Ind. 2001). The fact that the parties filed

21
  KLR argues that Filmcraft has waived its appellate arguments relating to the Continuing Guaranty
because Filmcraft has cited cases not cited in its summary judgment motions and has made arguments on
appeal that are more specific than it made on summary judgment. We cannot agree that this issue is
waived. Indeed, our supreme court has noted:

        The rule that parties will be held to trial court theories by the appellate tribunal does not
        mean that no new position may be taken, or that new arguments may not be adduced; all
        it means is that substantive questions independent in character and not within the issues
        or not presented to the trial court shall not be first made on appeal. Questions within the
        issues and before the trial court are before the appellate court, and new arguments and
        authorities may with strict propriety be brought forward.

Wagner v. Yates, 912 N.E.2d 805, 811 n.1 (Ind. 2009) (quoting Dedelow v. Pucalik, 801 N.E.2d 178,
183–84 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003)). Because the issue of whether the Continuing Guaranty encompassed
environmental liabilities was presented at the trial court level on summary judgment, we will review it on
appeal.

                                                     10
cross-motions for summary judgment does not alter our standard of review. Pond v.

McNellis, 845 N.E.2d 1043, 1053 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied. Construction of a

written contract, such as the Continuing Guaranty disputed in this interlocutory appeal, is

generally a question of law and is, therefore, particularly suited for resolution on

summary judgment. TW Gen. Contracting Servs., Inc. v. First Farmers, 904 N.E.2d

1285, 1287-88 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), reh’g denied; Noble Roman’s Inc. v. Ward, 760

N.E.2d 1132, 1137 (Ind. Ct. App. 2002).

       “A guaranty is a conditional promise to answer for a debt or default of another

person.” TW General, 904 N.E.2d at 1288. Three parties are required to execute a

guaranty agreement: (1) an obligor or principal debtor—in this case, Spicklemire; (2) an

obligee or creditor—in this case, Apex Mortgage; and (3) a guarantor or surety—in this

case, Filmcraft. See S–Mart, Inc. v. Sweetwater Coffee Co., 744 N.E.2d 580, 585 (Ind.

Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. A guaranty “is an agreement collateral to the debt itself

and represents a conditional promise whereby the guarantor promises to pay only if the

principal debtor fails.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). A continuing

guaranty is defined as a guaranty that:

       contemplates a future course of dealing encompassing a series of
       transactions. . . . [A] contract is continuing if it contemplates a future
       course of dealing during an indefinite period, or if it is intended to cover a
       series of transactions or succession of credits, or if its purpose is to give to
       the principal debtor a standing credit to be used by him from time to time.
       A continuing guaranty covers all transactions, including those arising in the
       future, which are within the contemplation of the agreement.

Id. (citation and quotations omitted).

                                             11
       The rules governing the interpretation of contracts generally apply to the

interpretation of a guaranty agreement. Id. “Generally, the nature and extent of a

guarantor’s liability depends upon the terms of his contract, and a guarantor cannot be

made liable beyond the terms of the guaranty.” Noble Roman’s, 760 N.E.2d at 1138.

“The terms of a guaranty should neither be so narrowly interpreted as to frustrate the

obvious intent of the parties, nor so loosely interpreted as to relieve the guarantor of a

liability fairly within its terms.” S–Mart, 744 N.E.2d at 585-86. Our court has also

explained that a guaranty “should receive a liberal interpretation, which means that words

should not be forced out of their natural meaning, but that they should receive a fair and

reasonable interpretation so as to attain the objects for which the instrument is designed

and the purposes to which it is applied.” Orange-Co., Inc. v. Brown, 181 Ind. App. 536,

539, 393 N.E.2d 192, 195 (1979) (citations omitted). “[A] guarantor is a favorite in the

law and is not bound beyond the strict terms of the guaranty.” Paul v. Home Bank SB,

953 N.E.2d 497, 503 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). When construing a guaranty, this court must

“give effect to the intentions of the parties, which are to be ascertained from the language

of the contract in light of the surrounding circumstances.” Noble Roman’s, 760 N.E.2d at

1138. “Moreover, a guaranty of a particular debt does not extend to other indebtedness

not within the manifest intention of the parties.” S-Mart, 744 N.E.2d at 586 (citation

omitted).

                                            12
A. Environmental Liability

      In its summary judgment motion, KLR argued that Filmcraft’s responsibility for

Spicklemire’s environmental liability stemmed from the following provision within the

Continuing Guaranty:

      (1) For valuable consideration and intending to be legally bound, the
      undersigned [Filmcraft] (hereinafter called “Guarantors” whether there be
      more or one), unconditionally guarantees and promises to pay to APEX
      MORTGAGE CORP. a subsidiary of Firstrust Bank (hereinafter called
      “Lender”), on order or demand, in lawful money of the United States, the
      monies due under the Promissory Note of Borrower of even date herewith
      and any and all indebtedness of ERIC J. SPICKLEMIRE (hereinafter called
      “Borrower”) to Lender. The word “indebtedness” is used herein in its most
      comprehensive sense and includes any and all advances, debts, obligations
      and liabilities of Borrower heretofore, now or hereafter made, incurred or
      created, whether voluntary or involuntary and however arising, whether
      direct or acquired by Lender by assignment or succession whether due or
      not due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, determined or
      undetermined, and whether Borrower may be liable individually or jointly
      with others, or whether recovery upon such indebtedness may be or
      hereafter becomes otherwise unenforceable.

(App. 11). When entering its summary judgment order, the trial court concluded the

following as to KLR’s claim against Filmcraft:

             1. The language of the Continuing Guaranty is broad and
      unambiguous. Filmcraft is responsible for payment of Spicklemire’s
      indebtedness including “liability of Borrower [Spicklemire] heretofore,
      now or hereafter made, incurred or created, whether voluntary or
      involuntary and however arising[.]”

             2. Under the unambiguous terms of the Continuing Guaranty,
      Filmcraft is responsible for payment of all Spicklemire’s liabilities,
      including but not limited to Spicklemire’s environmental liabilities and
      back tax liabilities.

             3. KLR is entitled to summary judgment on its Continuing Guaranty
      claim against Filmcraft. Filmcraft’s cross-motion is denied.

                                          13
(App. 8).

       On appeal, Filmcraft argues that the trial court erred by concluding that the

Continuing Guaranty encompassed Spicklemire’s environmental liability. Filmcraft does

not argue that the language of the Continuing Guaranty is ambiguous. Filmcraft contends

that a guaranty, by definition, does not relate to environmental liabilities and instead

encompasses financial obligations relating to the lending of money. Filmcraft also points

out that the Continuing Guaranty contains no mention of environmental liabilities.

Filmcraft asserts that a review of the language of the Continuing Guaranty, as a whole,

reveals that the intent of the parties was for the Continuing Guaranty to encompass the

customary purpose of providing a guaranty for financial transactions and the lending of

money, not a guaranty of environmental liabilities. In support of its argument that the

“theme of this Continuing Guaranty [was] to relate to Filmcraft’s promise to answer for

Mr. Spicklemire’s monetary debt” and not environmental liabilities, Filmcraft’s Br. at 15,

Filmcraft specifically points to the financial-related language contained throughout the

Continuing Guaranty (such as “promise[] to pay . . . monies due[,]” “advances,” “debts,”

“obligations,” “liquidated or unliquidated,” and the allowance of the lender to “increase

or decrease the rate of interest” on the indebtedness) and points out the complete lack of

any reference to terms that would denote an intent to cover environmental liabilities (such

as “claims,” “demands,” or “causes of action”). Filmcraft’s Br. at 15, 22.

       KLR, on the other hand, argues that the trial court correctly determined that the

Continuing Guaranty covered Spicklemire’s environmental liability because the

designated evidence showed that “[a]t the time Spicklemire signed the Guaranty on

                                            14
behalf of Filmcraft, he knew that the Site had environmental impacts[.]” KLR Br. at 14.

KLR contends that this knowledge suggests that Spicklemire intended that the

Continuing Guaranty would include any liability that flowed from those environmental

impacts.

          In regard to KLR’s argument regarding Spicklemire’s awareness of environmental

impacts, Filmcraft contends that “[e]nvironmental liabilities were not known at the

signing of the Continuing Guaranty and had not been the subject of any prior agreement

between the parties.”          Filmcraft Reply Br. at 8.          The designated evidence includes

Spicklemire’s deposition testimony, which reveals that Spicklemire had been told by a

realtor when he tried to sell the Site in 1996 that the Site might be hard to sell because of

the dry cleaners that had previously occupied the Site.

          Even if Spicklemire had knowledge that environmental contaminants from the dry

cleaners were present at the Site at the time Filmcraft signed the Continuing Guaranty in

2000, this would not automatically lead to a conclusion that Filmcraft was responsible to

KLR for Spicklemire’s environmental liabilities.                   Under the Continuing Guaranty,

Filmcraft promised to guaranty Spicklemire’s indebtedness to Apex Mortgage, KLR’s

predecessor-in-interest.         To the extent that Spicklemire had any knowledge of any

environmental contaminants on the Site from the dry cleaners (or even if he had any

potential contribution of contaminants through his operation of Filmcraft or through his

role as landlord to tenants operating on the Site22), any potential resulting environmental

liability—at least at the time the Continuing Guaranty was signed—would not have

22
     We make no determination on these issues, as they remain triable issues.
                                                      15
constituted an indebtedness or would not have been owed to Apex because it did not own

the Site. There is no designated evidence showing that Spicklemire, at the time Filmcraft

signed the Continuing Guaranty, had planned to default on the loan or had planned to

allow Apex to foreclose on the Site and obtain title and ownership of it. Thus, any

argument regarding Spicklemire’s alleged knowledge of environmental contaminants on

the Site at the time of the Continuing Guaranty does not support the trial court’s

determination that the parties intended for the Continuing Guaranty to encompass any

and all of Spicklemire’s environmental liability.

           KLR also argues that Filmcraft is liable for Spicklemire’s environmental liability

because of the “expansive” language used in the Continuing Guaranty, and KLR cites to

TW General in support of its argument.

           In TW General, this court reviewed whether two guarantors, who had signed

guaranties on behalf of a borrower on the borrower’s initial loans from the lender, were

liable to lender for additional loans the lender later made to the borrower.23 In that case,

the guarantors argued that they were not liable for the post-guaranty loans because these

later loans did not reference the guaranties. The language of the guaranties at issue

provided that guaranties were an “absolute, unconditional and continuing guaranty of

payment of the Indebtedness” of the borrower to lender. TW General, 904 N.E.2d at

1289. The guaranties also provided that the guarantors were entering into the guaranties

to “induce” the lender “at any time or from time to time to make loans” to the borrower

and that the guarantors guaranteed to the lender, the payment of “each and every debt,

23
     The later loans included the renewal of one of the initial notes and two separate notes.
                                                       16
liability and obligation of every type and description [that] Borrower may now or any

time hereinafter owe to Lender[.]” Id. at 1288. After reviewing the language of the

entire guaranty, this court held that the guarantors had “entered into unmistakable, very

expansive guaranties to ‘induce’ the Lender to make loans to [the borrower]” and that the

plain language of the guaranties, which this court described as containing “clear,

extremely global language[,]” made the guarantors responsible for the additional loans

that the lender made to the borrower. Id. at 1290.

        Unlike in TW General, here, we are not called upon to determine whether a

guarantor is liable under the terms of a guaranty to a lender for an additional loan or later

monetary debt that a borrower owes to a lender. Instead, we are called upon to determine

whether Filmcraft (as guarantor) is liable under the terms of the Continuing Guaranty to

KLR (as successor-in-interest to lender Apex Mortgage) for the potential environmental

liabilities of Spicklemire (the borrower) for the time that he was owner and landlord of

the Site where environmental contaminants have been discovered.

        As we interpret the Continuing Guaranty at issue, we recall that we must “give

effect to the intentions of the parties,” which we will ascertain from the language of the

guaranty “in light of the surrounding circumstances.” Noble Roman’s, 760 N.E.2d at

1138.    Here, the designated evidence reveals that Filmcraft signed the Continuing

Guaranty on May 26, 2000, when Spicklemire obtained a loan from Apex Mortgage.

Under the Continuing Guaranty, Filmcraft agreed, as guarantor, to pay Apex, as lender,

“the monies due under the Promissory Note of Borrower [Spicklemire]” and “any and all

indebtedness” of Spicklemire to Apex. (App. 11).

                                             17
      We agree that the trial court’s determination that the first paragraph of the

Continuing Guaranty contains “broad” language, (see App. 8), including such terms as

“comprehensive”, “any and all”, and “however arising[.]” (App. 11). Nonetheless, we

cannot rely on this broad language in isolation without referring to the surrounding

language in the paragraph and the remaining language of the Continuing Guaranty when

determining the nature and extent of Filmcraft’s liability as guarantor.        See Noble

Roman’s, 760 N.E.2d at 1138 (explaining that the nature and extent of a guarantor’s

liability depends upon the terms of his contract and that a guarantor cannot be made

liable beyond the terms of the guaranty). Indeed, the language surrounding those broad

terms of that first paragraph are financial-related terms. Furthermore, the Continuing

Guaranty explains that “[t]his is a continuing guaranty relating to indebtedness, including

that arising under successive transactions which shall either continue the indebtedness or

from time to time renew it after it has been satisfied.” (App. 11). Additionally, as

pointed out by Filmcraft, the other paragraphs in the Continuing Guaranty contain

language of a financial nature (such as accelerating, extending, and changing the time for

payment; changing the terms of the indebtedness; having the indebtedness paid in full).

      Reviewing the Continuing Guaranty, as a whole, and the language and terms

contained therein, we cannot agree with the trial court’s determination that the intent of

the parties was for Filmcraft to guarantee Apex’s loan to Spicklemire plus any

environmental liabilities that Spicklemire would later potentially owe to Apex once Apex

obtained ownership of the Site. Instead, the language of the Continuing Guaranty reveals

that the intent of the parties was that Filmcraft was guaranteeing payment of Apex’s loan

                                            18
to Spicklemire and any future loan that Apex would possibly make to Spicklemire.

Indeed, “a guaranty of a particular debt does not extend to other indebtedness not within

the manifest intention of the parties.” S-Mart, 744 N.E.2d at 586 (citation omitted).

Because a guarantor cannot be made liable beyond the terms of the guaranty, see Noble

Roman’s, 760 N.E.2d at 1138, we conclude that the trial court erred by determining that

Filmcraft was liable under the Continuing Guaranty for any environmental liabilities that

Spicklemire would potentially owe to Apex or KLR.24 See Orange-Co., 393 N.E.2d at

542 (holding that while the language of the lease and guaranty at issue revealed that the

guarantor had guaranteed the lessee’s rental payments under a lease to the lessor, the

guarantor’s guarantee could not be extended to a subsequent mortgage and note between

the lessee and lessor where there was no evidence that the intent of the parties was for the

scope of the guaranty to include the mortgage and note).                 Accordingly, we reverse the

trial court’s grant of summary judgment to KLR and remand for the trial court to grant

summary judgment to Filmcraft on this issue.25

24
   Although Filmcraft is not liable under the Continuing Guaranty for Spicklemire’s potential
environmental liability under the ELA, there is—as explained by the trial court’s order on Filmcraft’s and
KLR’s first round of summary judgment motions—a genuine issue of material fact regarding Filmcraft’s
own environmental liability under the ELA.
25
  Filmcraft also argued, in the alternative, that Spicklemire did not have any environmental liability under
the ELA; however, Filmcraft acknowledged that this court need not review such arguments if it were to
determine that the Continuing Guaranty did not encompass Spicklemire’s environmental liability.
Because we hold that the Continuing Guaranty did not encompass Spicklemire’s environmental liability,
we will not review Filmcraft’s alternative arguments.
        Again, we emphasize that this interlocutory appeal involves only the summary judgment issue
between Filmcraft and KLR of whether the Continuing Guaranty encompassed Spicklemire’s potential
environmental and property tax liability. Spicklemire’s environmental liability under the ELA, as owner
and landlord of the Site, remains a triable issue and will not be reviewed by this court.

                                                    19
B. Property Tax Liability

        Filmcraft also argues that the trial court erred by concluding that the Continuing

Guaranty encompassed Spicklemire’s property tax liability.26                      In regard to KLR’s

property tax claim, the trial court entered the following findings and conclusions relating

to those taxes:

                                        FINDINGS OF FACT

                                       *****
        16.    On September 30, 2002 KLR’s predecessor-in-interest, Apex
        Mortgage, came into possession of the Site as a result of a foreclosure
        action against Spicklemire[,] which culminated in the issuance of a
        Sheriff’s Deed to Apex Mortgage.[]

        17. On May 26, 2000 Filmcraft signed a Continuing Guaranty in which it
        pledged to guarantee the liabilities of Spicklemire.[] On May 10, 2005,
        KLR was assigned all rights under this Continuing Guaranty.[]

26
    KLR contends that Filmcraft has waived this issue on appeal because it did not make the same
argument to the trial court. Filmcraft acknowledges that it did not brief the property tax liability issue in
its summary judgment response or cross-motion for summary judgment but contends that the issue is not
waived because KLR included a property tax claim in its summary judgment motion, KLR had an
opportunity to litigate it, and the trial court addressed the property tax issue in its summary judgment
order.
         For procedural clarity, we note that KLR did not make any argument in its initial summary
judgment motion regarding back property taxes; it neither argued that Spicklemire was liable for back
property taxes nor that Filmcraft was responsible for Spicklemire’s tax liability pursuant to the
Continuing Guaranty. Instead, KLR included these claims against Spicklemire and Filmcraft in its reply
in support of its summary judgment motion against the two defendants. While we do not have the
transcript from the summary judgment hearing, it seems apparent that KLR argued during the summary
judgment hearing that it was entitled to summary judgment against Filmcraft because, under the
Continuing Guaranty, Filmcraft would be responsible for KLR’s payment of Spicklemire’s unpaid
property taxes. Indeed, the trial court granted summary judgment to KLR on such claim. Because the
issue was raised before the trial court, we will review it on appeal. See Wagner, 912 N.E.2d at 811-12
(finding that an issue was not waived on appeal where the issue was raised in a summary judgment
response and where the trial court granted summary judgment on the issue).
         We specifically note, however, that our review of the property tax issue is limited to whether
Filmcraft is liable under the Continuing Guaranty for any potential amount that Spicklemire may owe to
KLR for KLR’s payment of property taxes on the Site. We will not review the summary judgment issue
between Spicklemire and KLR of whether Spicklemire is liable to KLR for the payment of back property
taxes.
                                                    20
          18. KLR paid back taxes on the Site in the amount of $25,000 to $30,000. .
          . . These back taxes were paid in 2005.

                                     CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

                                                  *****
          C. The Taxes

          1. In 2005, KLR paid real estate taxes owed by Spicklemire in order to
          release a tax lien on the Site. KLR seeks to recover its payment from
          Spicklemire and Filmcraft through the Continuing Guaranty.

          2. KLR’s right to recover also arises from the rights it acquired when it
          acquired the Site -- the quitclaim deed. The Sheriff’s Deed transferred all
          rights, including the right to back taxes, to Apex Mortgage. On December
          12, 2002, [sic27] Apex Mortgage transferred the Site and the rights to back
          taxes to KLR by a Quitclaim Deed. There is nothing in those documents
          that limits KLR’s rights as against Spicklemire.

                                SUMMARY JUDGMENT ORDER

          . . . Spicklemire is liable to KLR for the back taxes KLR paid. Filmcraft is
          liable for Spicklemire’s liabilities, if any, under the terms of the Continuing
          Guaranty.

(App. 4-5, 9) (footnotes omitted).28

          Filmcraft acknowledges that back property taxes are “more financial in nature than

environmental liabilities” but contends that Filmcraft should not be responsible for any of

27
     Apex quitclaimed the Site by deed in 2004.
28
   We note that while the trial court determined that Spicklemire was liable for back property taxes, the
trial court’s order was nonspecific and did not make a determination of the time period that Spicklemire
was liable for back taxes or the exact amount that Spicklemire owed. From the evidence before us, it
appears that such a determination cannot be made at this point as the only designated evidence regarding
the payment of Spicklemire’s back property taxes was in the form of an affidavit from an officer of KLR,
who generally stated that KLR paid between $25,000 to $30,000 in back taxes in 2005. We reiterate that
our review of the trial court’s order is limited to whether Filmcraft is liable under the Continuing
Guaranty for Spicklemire’s potential back property tax liability. We will not review the trial court’s
determination regarding Spicklemire’s back tax liability and the amount, if any, that Spicklemire might
owe for back taxes.

                                                   21
Spicklemire’s potential property tax liability because such tax liability was beyond the

intent and scope of the Continuing Guaranty. Filmcraft’s Br. at 25.

       On the other hand, KLR contends that tax liabilities are “well known to guarantors

generally and to this particular borrower and guarantor” and that the Continuing Guaranty

should not be construed to exclude such well known possible liability. KLR’s Br. at 14.

       As we construe the Continuing Guaranty, we are mindful that “[t]he terms of a

guaranty should neither be so narrowly interpreted as to frustrate the obvious intent of the

parties, nor so loosely interpreted as to relieve the guarantor of a liability fairly within its

terms.” S–Mart, 744 N.E.2d at 585-86. Indeed, we must “give effect to the intentions of

the parties,” which we will ascertain from the language of the guaranty “in light of the

surrounding circumstances.” Noble Roman’s, 760 N.E.2d at 1138.

       When considering the language of the Continuing Guaranty in light of the

surrounding circumstances, we agree with the trial court’s determination that Filmcraft

would have potential liability under the Continuing Guaranty for Spicklemire’s back

property tax liability. However, as the trial court has yet to determine Spicklmire’s exact

property tax liability, we caution that Filmcraft’s liability under the Continuing Guaranty

would be limited to the amount of property taxes owed by Spicklemire during the time

period that Spicklemire owned the Site.

       The designated evidence reveals that Filmcraft signed the Continuing Guaranty in

May 2000 when Spicklemire obtained a loan from Apex. The plain language of the

Continuing Guaranty reveals that Filmcraft agreed to guarantee the promissory note on

that loan as well as “any and all indebtedness” of Spicklemire to Apex. (App. 11).

                                              22
Neither party provided a copy of the promissory note in their designated evidence, but

they do not dispute the existence of the promissory note nor that the payment of property

taxes goes with the land. In a typical promissory note, failure to pay property taxes can

become part of the indebtedness that a mortgagor owes to a mortgagee.                                Here,

Spicklemire defaulted on its loan with Apex, and Apex, who had a mortgage or security

interest in the Site, filed a foreclosure action and obtained a foreclosure judgment against

Spicklemire in April 2002. Following a sheriff’s sale in September 2002, Apex obtained

a sheriff’s deed and title to the Site. Once Apex obtained title to the Site under the

sheriff’s deed in September 2002, Spicklemire’s rights were extinguished; thus, he no

longer possessed any ownership interest in the Site and was no longer liable for future

property taxes thereafter accruing on the Site.

        Because the Continuing Guaranty generally covers Spicklemire’s indebtedness to

Apex and because Apex had a security interest in the Site, any potential liability that

Spicklemire may owe for back property taxes on the Site—limited to the time period that

Spicklemire was owner of the Site—is guaranteed by Filmcraft and covered within the

scope of the Continuing Guaranty.29 Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s grant of

29
   We pause to remember that this case is before us on an interlocutory appeal and that there are still
issues remaining before the trial court relating to defendant Filmcraft and the other remaining defendants.
Among those issues pending before the trial court will be for it to make a determination regarding the
exact amount, if any, of Spicklemire’s property tax liability. Thus, we note that once the trial court makes
such a determination, our holding that Filmcraft is liable under the Continuing Guaranty for Spicklemire’s
potential back property tax liability does not equate to a holding that Filmcraft will pay such back taxes.
As Filmcraft’s liability stems from the Continuing Guaranty, it will only be required to pay any yet-to-be
determined back tax liability if Spicklemire cannot. See S–Mart, 744 N.E.2d at 585 (explaining that a
guaranty represents a conditional promise whereby the guarantor promises to pay only if the principal
debtor fails to pay).
                                                    23
summary judgment to KLR on this issue of Filmcraft’s liability under the Continuing

Guaranty for Spicklemire’s potential property tax liability.

       Affirmed in part, reverse in part, and remanded.

BAKER, J., and BAILEY, J., concur.

                                            24