Court Opinion

ID: 2808859
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-16 19:09:15.952906+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:10.687530
License: Public Domain

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                        IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                          PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

MALIK WOODS

                            Appellant                     No. 734 EDA 2014

           Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence February 25, 2014
             In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0004555-2010;
                            CP-51-CR-0006164-2010

BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., and JENKINS, J.

MEMORANDUM BY GANTMAN, P.J.:                               FILED JUNE 16, 2015

       Appellant, Malik Woods, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, following his jury

trial convictions of second-degree murder, robbery, criminal conspiracy,

firearms not to be carried without a license, carrying firearms in public in

Philadelphia, possessing instruments of crime, criminal solicitation, and

retaliation against a witness.1      We affirm in part and vacate in part.

       In its opinion, the trial court fully and correctly sets forth the relevant

facts and procedural history of this case. Therefore, we have no reason to

____________________________________________

1
  18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2502(b), 3701(a)(1)(i), 903 (3701(a)(1)(i) related),
6106(a)(1), 6108, 907(a), 902(a), and 4953(a), respectively.
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restate them.2

       Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

          IS APPELLANT ENTITLED TO AN ARREST OF JUDGMENT
          WITH RESPECT TO HIS CONVICTIONS UNDER CP-51-CR-
          0004555-2010 FOR MURDER OF THE SECOND DEGREE,
          CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY, ROBBERY, CARRYING A FIREARM
          WITHOUT A LICENSE, CARRYING A FIREARM ON THE
          STREET OR PUBLIC PROPERTY IN PHILADELPHIA AND
          POSSESSING INSTRUMENTS OF CRIME AND UNDER CP-
          51-CR-0006164-2010 FOR SOLICITATION TO COMMIT
          MURDER AND RETALIATION AGAINST A WITNESS SINCE
          THE EVIDENCE IS INSUFFICIENT TO SUSTAIN THE
          VERDICTS OF GUILT AS THE COMMONWEALTH FAILED TO
          SUSTAIN ITS BURDEN OF PROVING APPELLANT’S GUILT
          BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT?

          IS APPELLANT ENTITLED TO A NEW TRIAL…AS A RESULT
          OF THE TRIAL COURT’S RULING THAT ALLOWED THE
          COMMONWEALTH TO PRESENT THE TESTIMONY OF JERRY
          HALEY CONCERNING A NOTE HE ALLEGEDLY RECEIVED
          FROM APPELLANT IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY EVIDENCE
          THAT APPELLANT PREPARED THE NOTE?

          IS APPELLANT ENTITLED TO HAVE HIS SEPARATE
          SENTENCE FOR ROBBERY VACATED SINCE IMPOSITION OF
          A SEPARATE SENTENCE FOR ROBBERY FOLLOWING
          CONVICTION FOR SECOND DEGREE MURDER VIOLATES
          DOUBLE JEOPARDY?

(Appellant’s Brief at 5).

       After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the

applicable law, and the well-reasoned opinion of the Honorable Steven R.

____________________________________________

2
  On pages 8 and 13 of the trial court’s opinion, the court mistakenly refers
to witness, “Robin Gore,” as “Robert Gore.” On pages 9 and 12, the court
refers to co-defendant, “Joseph Kelsey,” as “Derrick Kelsey,” which is an
alias for co-defendant.

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Geroff, we conclude Appellant’s issues one and two merit no relief. 3 The trial

court opinion comprehensively discusses and properly disposes of Appellant’s

first and second issues. (See Trial Court Opinion, filed November 7, 2014,

at 17-21, 23-24) (finding: (1) there was sufficient evidence to convict

Appellant of conspiring with co-defendant to rob victim, William Duval;

witness, Robin Gore, testified purchase of marijuana occurred in his

basement between co-defendant and victim on night of incident, co-

defendant told Mr. Gore that victim had “shorted” co-defendant during

marijuana purchase, Appellant was present when victim was shot, Appellant

fired his gun at victim immediately after co-defendant shot victim, and co-

defendant went into victim’s pockets after shooting; second witness, Lamont

Lester, testified co-defendant told victim, “I thought you had it,” before co-

defendant shot victim; Appellant admitted he was present during murder;

robbery conspiracy may reasonably be inferred from fact that co-defendant

____________________________________________

3
  In his first issue, Appellant fails to provide any argument regarding the
sufficiency of the evidence for his convictions of firearms not to be carried
without a license, carrying firearms in public in Philadelphia, and possessing
instruments of crime. Therefore, these claims are waived. See Pa.R.A.P.
2119(a); Coulter v. Ramsden, 94 A.3d 1080, 1088 (Pa.Super. 2014)
(stating: “Appellate arguments which fail to adhere to these rules may be
considered waived, and arguments which are not appropriately developed
are waived”).      Moreover, in his second issue, Appellant argues the
Commonwealth failed to establish a chain of custody for the note; however,
Appellant failed to raise this claim in his Rule 1925(b) statement. Thus, it is
waived. See Commonwealth v. Castillo, 585 Pa. 395, 403, 888 A.2d 775,
780 (2005) (stating: “Any issues not raised in a [Rule] 1925(b) statement
will be deemed waived”) (citation omitted).

                                           -3-
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went into victim’s pockets and then left with Appellant; sufficient evidence

existed to convict Appellant of robbery; evidence showed Appellant entered

into conspiracy with co-defendant to rob victim, and Appellant inflicted injury

on victim in course of committing robbery, where Mr. Gore testified that

Appellant fired gun at victim after victim had already been shot and then co-

defendant went into victim’s pockets; there was sufficient evidence to

convict Appellant of second-degree murder, where evidence showed either

Appellant or co-defendant could have fired fatal shot at victim; medical

examiner testified manner of death was homicide as there were two bullets

in victim’s body, and cause of death was gunshot wound to neck; Mr. Lester

testified co-defendant pointed his gun approximately four feet from victim’s

face and fired; even if co-defendant fired fatal shot, Appellant was

accomplice in conspiracy to rob victim and was criminally liable for second-

degree murder; there was sufficient evidence to convict Appellant of

retaliation against witness, where Jerry Haley testified that while he and

Appellant were incarcerated together, Appellant told Mr. Haley what had

occurred and gave note to Mr. Haley as contract to kill Mr. Gore, which

contained Mr. Gore’s address, because Mr. Gore testified against Appellant at

preliminary hearing; Mr. Haley identified note in court and testified he knew

Appellant for many years; Mr. Haley also testified he had been part of Black

Mafia criminal organization in Philadelphia; jury could have reasonably

inferred Appellant knew Mr. Haley’s reputation as part of organization, and

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approached him because Appellant believed Mr. Haley had experience and

willingness to assist Appellant in killing Mr. Gore; Mr. Haley testified he went

to his prison counselor one day after receiving note from Appellant; police

detective testified he spoke to Mr. Haley’s counselor three days after

preliminary hearing at which Mr. Gore testified; timing provided jury with

reasonable inference that within days of Mr. Gore’s testimony, Appellant

tried to persuade Mr. Haley to kill Mr. Gore to prevent him from testifying at

trial; Mr. Haley had no reason to know Mr. Gore’s name or address until

Appellant approached Mr. Haley, and was promised nothing in exchange for

his testimony; sufficient evidence existed to convict Appellant of solicitation

to commit murder; Appellant solicited Mr. Haley to commit murder when

Appellant gave Mr. Haley note asking him to murder Mr. Gore; (2) there

was sufficient evidence that Appellant’s note to Mr. Haley was authentic;

Commonwealth      presented    evidence      at   trial   that   note    was    what

Commonwealth claimed it to be; Mr. Haley was witness with knowledge and

testified that note he was shown at trial was same note Appellant gave to

him;   minimum     requirement   for   admissibility      was    met    with   proper

foundation, and no additional evidence needed to authenticate note; timing

of note is consistent with inference that Appellant tried to hire Mr. Haley to

kill Mr. Gore because Appellant gave note to Mr. Haley two days after Mr.

Gore testified at preliminary hearing; jury found note was authentic). The

record supports the trial court’s decision on issues one and two. Therefore,

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we see no reason to disturb it.4 Accordingly, we affirm Appellant’s first and

second issues on the basis of the trial court’s opinion.

       In his third issue, Appellant argues his separate sentence for the

predicate offense of robbery is impermissible because robbery merges with

second-degree murder for sentencing purposes.                 Appellant maintains a

separate sentence for robbery following a conviction for second-degree

murder violates double jeopardy.               Appellant concludes this Court should

vacate his sentence for robbery. We agree.

       “A claim that crimes should have merged for sentencing purposes

raises a challenge to the legality of the sentence. Therefore, our standard of

review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v.

Quintua, 56 A.3d 399, 400 (Pa.Super. 2012), appeal denied, 620 Pa. 730,

70 A.3d 810 (2013).        “A challenge to the legality of the sentence may be

raised as a matter of right, is non-waivable, and may be entertained so long

as the reviewing court has jurisdiction.” Commonwealth v. Robinson, 931
A.2d 15, 19-20 (Pa.Super. 2007) (en banc).               Whether offenses merge at

sentencing implicates Section 9765 of the Sentencing Code, which provides:

          § 9765. Merger of sentences

          No crimes shall merge for sentencing purposes unless the
          crimes arise from a single criminal act and all of the
____________________________________________

4
  The following errors appear in the cited section of the trial court’s opinion:
page 17, paragraph 2, lines 3 and 5, Id. at 57 and Id. at 83-84,
respectively, refer to (N.T. 02/21/2014) cited throughout the court’s opinion.

                                           -6-
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          statutory elements of one offense are included in the
          statutory elements of the other offense. Where crimes
          merge for sentencing purposes, the court may sentence
          the defendant only on the higher graded offense.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9765 (emphasis added).               In light of our Supreme Court’s

decision in Commonwealth v. Tarver, 493 Pa. 320, 426 A.2d 569 (1981),

a sentencing court has no authority to impose a sentence for felony murder

as well as a sentence for the predicate offense. See also Commonwealth

v. Gillespie, 512 Pa. 349, 516 A.2d 1180 (1986) (restating principle that

imposition of separate sentence for underlying felony in felony murder

conviction violates Double Jeopardy clause); Commonwealth v. Garnett,

485 A.2d 821 (Pa.Super. 1984) (explaining court erred by imposing twenty

to forty years’ imprisonment on convictions for burglary, arson, and related

offenses, in addition to concurrent terms of life imprisonment imposed for

convictions on two counts of second degree murder, where burglary and

arson    convictions       were      constituent    offenses     of   felony   murders);

Commonwealth v. Fortune, 451 A.2d 729 (Pa.Super. 1982) (holding

felony murder and predicate offense merge for sentencing purposes).

        “When    a    defendant      challenges     one    of   several   interdependent

sentences,      he,   in   effect,     challenges    the    entire    sentencing   plan.”

Commonwealth v. Goldhammer, 512 Pa. 587, 593, 517 A.2d 1280, 1283

(1986), cert. denied, 480 U.S. 950, 107 S. Ct. 1613, 94 L. Ed. 2d 798 (1987)

(citation omitted). “Where we determine that a sentence must be corrected,

this Court has the option of amending the sentence directly or remanding it

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to trial court for resentencing. If a correction by this Court may upset the

sentencing scheme envisioned by the trial court, the better practice is to

remand.” Commonwealth v. Dobbs, 682 A.2d 388, 392 (Pa.Super. 1996).

This Court has also held that when the sentences, “run concurrently, we

need not remand for resentencing.       Instead this Court merely vacates

appellant’s sentence….” Commonwealth v. Vazquez, 476 A.2d 466, 469

(Pa.Super. 1984).   See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Turner, 434 A.2d 827

(Pa.Super. 1981) (holding no need to remand for resentencing when

sentences are imposed concurrently); Commonwealth v. Eberts, 422 A.2d
1154 (Pa.Super. 1980) (holding same).

     Instantly, the court sentenced Appellant to life imprisonment for his

second-degree murder conviction as well as a concurrent five (5) to ten (10)

years’ imprisonment for the underlying robbery conviction. The court had no

authority to impose a separate sentence for the robbery conviction, where

the robbery constituted the predicate felony for Appellant’s felony murder

conviction. See Tarver, supra. The Commonwealth concedes we have a

basis to grant relief on Appellant’s third issue.     Therefore, we vacate

Appellant’s judgment of sentence for robbery.        See Vazquez, supra.

Accordingly, we affirm the convictions, vacate the separate sentence for

robbery, and affirm the judgment of sentence in all other respects.

     Judgment of sentence affirmed in part and vacated in part.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/16/2015

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                             IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                        FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
                            TRIAL DIVISION - CRIMINALSECTION

 COMMONWEAL          TH OF PENNSYLVANIA                                               CP-51-CR-0004555-2010
                                                                                      CP-51-CR-0006164-2010

                  vs.

 MALIK WOODS
                                                        FILED                         SUPERIOR COURT
                                                                                      NO. 734 EDA 2014
                                                   ·.· ~.N·}OV O 7 2014
                                                                                   CP-51·CR-OC045~-io10 Comm. v. Woods Malik
                                  . Criminal Appeals Unit                        Certificate and Transmittal of Record lo Appel/ate Court

                                 F!!,st Judici~~VB~f PA
                                           •.:..,.,ol

                                                                                      11111 II11111 1111111111111
                                                                                                 7220543091
                                  ......   ,
GEROFF,J.                                  }
                                                                               NOVEMBER 7, 2014

        On February 25, 2014, after a jury trial, the Defendant, Malik Woods, was found guilty of

murder of the second degree, robbery, criminal conspiracy, carrying a firearm without a license,

carrying a firearm on public streets, possessing an instrument of crime, solicitation to commit

murder, and retaliation against a witness. For the conviction of murder of the second degree,

defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. A consecutive sentence of five (5)

to ten (10) years of imprisonment was imposed on the conviction of solicitation to commit

murder. Aconcurrent sentence of five (5) to ten (10) years of imprisonment was imposed on the

conviction of robbery and a concurrentterm                  of five (5) to ten (10) years of imprisonment was

imposed on the conviction of criminal conspiracy. A concurrent sentence oftwo and half (2.5)

to five (5) years of imprisonment was imposed for carrying a firearm without a license. No

further penalty was imposed on the convictions of carrying a firearm on the public streets,

retaliation against a witness, and possessing an instrument of crime.
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THE ISSUES

                                                                         1:
Defendant has raised the following issues verbatim on appeal

       1. The defendant is entitled to an arrest of judgment with respect to his convictions under

           CP-51-CR-00045552010          for murder of the second degree, criminal conspiracy, robbery,

           carrying a firearm without a license, carrying a firearm on the street or public property in

           Philadelphia and possessing instruments of crime and under CP-5l-CR-000164-2010             for

           solicitation to commit murder and retaliation against a witness since the evidence is

           insufficient to sustain the verdicts of guilt as the Commonwealth failed to sustain its

           burden of proving the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. (N.T. 2/25/14 p. 150-

           153). The Commonwealth's         evidence failed to establish that the defendant was

           responsible for the death of the victim, that the defendant robbed or attempted to rob the

           victim, that the defendant possessed an instrument of crime, that the defendant entered

           into the robbery or killing of the victim, that the defendant solicited another to commit

           the crime of murder, that the defendant retaliated against a witness or that defendant

           solicited Jerry Haley to accept any pecuniary or other benefit to intimidate Robin Gore.

      2. The defendant is entitled to a new trial as a result of the trial court's ruling that allowed

          the Commonwealth to present the testimony of Jerry Haley concerning a note he

           allegedly received from the defendant in the absence of any evidence that the defendant

          prepared the note. (N.T. 2/21/14 p. 5-6). As a result of the trial court's ruling, the

           Commonwealth presented testimony from Haley with regard to a note allegedly written

          by the defendant soliciting Haley to kill Commonwealth witness Robin Gore (N.T.

          2/21 /14 p. 14-22). The trial court's ruling denied the defendant a fair trial.

I
    See Def.'s Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on Appeal, pp. 1-2.

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PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        On December 16, 2009, Defendant went to Southwest Detectives and turned himself in to

police. (N.T. 02/24/14, pp. 44-45); Shortly afterwards, Defendant was charged with one count of

aggravated assault, one count of conspiracy, one count of terroristic threats, one count of simple

assault, one count of murder, one count of recklessly endangering another person, one county of

robbery, one count of burglary, one count of firearms not to be carried without a license, one

count of carrying firearms on the public streets, and one count of possessing an instrument of

crime for events which occurred at or near 5530 Willows Avenue in the City and County of

Philadelphia.

        On April 13, 2010, a Preliminary Hearing was held for Defendant and his alleged co-

conspirator, Joseph Kelsey. On April 16, 2010, the Commonwealth, as part of its investigation"

into the murder of victim William Duval, interviewed a witness named Jerry Haley. (N.T.

02/24/14, p. 64). The interview led to additional charges being filed against Defendant. Id. at

66. On April 23, 2010, the Commonwealth filed against Defendant Woods the charges of

solicitation to commit murder, one count of intimidation of a witness, one count of retaliation

against a witness, and one count of obstructing justice.

        On February 25, 2014, sentence was imposed. On February 28, 2014, Defendant filed his

notice of appeal to the Superior Court. A Concise Statement of Matters Complained of on

Appeal pursuant to Pa. R.A.P. 1925(b) was ordered on July 15, 2014. On July 30, 2014, the

Defendant filed the Statement. Defendant's notice of appeal, however, had included only trial

court docket No. CP-51-0004555-2010,      and failed to include trial court docket No. CP-51-

0006164-2010.    On August 20, 2014, the Superior Court issued an order which permitted the

Defendant to amend the notice of appeal to include trial court docket No. CP-51-0006164-2010.

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The order directed Defendant to file within ten ( 10) days of the order an amended notice of

appeal, referencing appeal docket No. 734 EDA 2014 and lower court docket Nos. CP--51-

0004555-2010 and CP-51-0006164.,2010.       On August 25, 2014, the Defendant filed his amended

notice of appeal to the Superior Court. Defendant's amended notice of appeal referenced both

trial court docket Nos. CP-51-000455~2010 and CP-51-0006164-2010.

        The Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for each of his convictions.2

He also alleges that the trial court ruling that allowed Jerry Haley's testimony to be presented at

trial denied him a fair trial.'

THE EVIDENCE

Elizabeth Duval

      · Elizabeth Duval; the motherof the decedent, became aware of his death on December 12,

2009. (N.T. 02/20/2014, p. 57). She last saw her son the day before he was killed. Id

Dr. Sam Gulino

        Dr. Sam Gulino, the chief medical examiner for the City of Philadelphia, testified that he

performed an autopsy on the body of William Duval. (N.T. 02/20/14, p. 65). According to Dr.

Gulino, Duval sustained two gunshot wounds. One of the gunshot wounds was to the front left·

aspect of Duval's neck; the other was to Duval's right wrist. Id. at 67. The x-rays of Duval's

body showed that bullets were still present in the body associated with those two gunshot

wounds. Dr. Gulino also found several scrapes on the body, specifically on the right side of the

forehead, on the front of the chest, on the right forearm, and on the left leg. According to Dr.

Gulino, the scrapes were recent; they showed no sign of healing or scabbing, so they must have

had occurred within 24 hours or so before death. Id.

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       Dr. Gulino set forth in detail for the jury's benefit the nature of the wounds sustained by

the decedent and concluded that the cause of death was a gunshot wound to the neck and that the

manner of death was homicide. (N.T. 02/20/2014, pp. 64-74). He did not observe soot or stipple

on the wounds or on the victim's clothing and concluded that the range of fire was at least two to -

three feet from the victim. Id at 72-79.

Lamont Lester

       Lamont Lester testified that on December 12, 2009, he was at the residence of Robin

Gore located at 5530 Willows Avenue in Philadelphia. Id at 83. He and Gore were sitting

together in the basement drinking beer, and they began watching a movie. Id After a while, the

victim, WilliamDuval.whom Lester.referred to as "Bill.v.cameand joined them in.the ..

basement.   Bill received a phone call and went outside for a minute. Id at 81-84. Mr. Duval

returned with two other males, both of whom were flashing their guns. Id. at 83, 101. An

argument then broke out between Duval and one of the armed males, whom Lester identified as

Joseph Kelsey. Id. at 84. Lester described the other male who returned with Duval as a little

light-skinned guy who was young and short. Id. at 89-90, 98. Lester described him as younger

and lighter-skinned than Kelsey. Id. at 89-90. The light-skinned male began waving his gun

around at both Lester and at Robin Gore as soon as he walked in the door Id. at 90, 101.

       The argument between Duval and Kelsey concerned marijuana; Kelsey said to Duval, "I

thought you had it." Id. at 85. According to Lester, they were arguing over some weed. Id

After Kelsey uttered those words, Kelsey and Duval began "tussling." Id. 85. In court, Lester

described the tussling between Duval and Kelsey by waving his arms in front of his body. Id at

86. The two were fighting; then Kelsey raised his arm, put his gun about four feet away from·

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Duval' s face, and fired the gun. Id. at 85. · Bill then fell to the ground. Id at 87. Lester recalls

hearing only one gunshot. Id.

       When the gun was fired, Lester got up against the wall and crouched down on the floor.

Id at 97. Kelsey then pointed his gun at Robin Gore and told him, "You better not say nothing."

Id at 87. Kelsey and the light-skinned male ran out the door. Id Afterwards, Lester went

home, where he was met by detectives. Id at 88. When Lester made his written statement to

detectives, a detective thenshowed him a photo array. Id. at 92. In the photo array, he identified

Robin Gore and Joseph Kelsey. Id at 92-93. At no point during the photo array did he ever

identify Malik Woods. Id at 98. He was also shown another photo array containing a picture of

Malik Woods, but did not identify Woods. Id. at 98-99.
       . . ~ ., ...
        In his statement to detectives, Lester said that as soon as they came in, one of the guys

said, "I thought you said you had it," and then struck the decedent on the side of the head with a

chrome-plated gun with a black handle. Id at 105. (Ex. C-3~ p. 2). The other male individual

accompanying Lester then ran out the door. However, at trial, Lester said that he did not

previously say that he saw the decedent being struck in the head with a gun. (N.T. 02/20/14, p.

96).

Detective James Crone

        Detective James Crone testified that he went to the crime scene at 5530 Willows Avenue,

where he gathered evidence. Id at 111. When he arrived, he observed the body of the decedent.

According to Detective Crone, the victim's body was in the basement level lying on its back. Id.

at 112. The victim's body was.resting parallel to the stairs leading to the basement. He observed

the decedent to be dead, and observed the gunshot wound to the decedent's upper left-hand side

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of the neck. Id. Detective Crone did not see any indication that the body had been moved, nor

did he see any streaks or trails of blood around the body. Id. at 113.

       Detective Crone searched for ballistic evidence, but found none. Id. He observed an·

entry wound, but no corresponding exit wound, all of which was consistent with the bullet or

projectile still being located inside the victim's body. Id. at 114. Detective Crone testified that

he searched the area in the basement for strike marks, but found none. Id. at 114. However,

Detective Crone did find other evidence at the scene of the crime. He found several beer bottles

located within the proximity of the victim. Id. at 115. On a chair next to the decedent, he found

a jacket with an arm inside out. On the jacket was dirt which was consistent with the dirt on the

bare concrete floor. Id. In the jacket were credentials, which were discovered to be those of the

victim. Detective Crone also found a cellular phone, which was located approximately six feet

from
   .
     the victim's
              . ..
                   body. Id. Marijuana was found underneath
                                                  ....
                                                            the entertainment system in the

basement, a circumstance which Detective Crone stated would explain the strong odor of

marijuana inside the basement. Id. The detective found a box containing what he believed to be

marijuana residue in the rear driveway area. Id at 116.    He observed   blood splatter on both the

east and west walls of the basement, approximately 5 to 6 feet above the ground. Id. at 116, 124.

       Detective Crone testified that he obtained search warrants for 5530 Willows A venue and

5524 Florence Avenue (the Kelsey residence). Id. at 121, 123. Detective Crone testified he

participated in a search of both properties. Id Detective Crone recovered various pieces of

paperwork at 5 524 Florence A venue.

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Jerry Haley

       While testifying at trial, Jerry Haley identified Malik Woods by point of finger and name.

(N.T. 02/21/2014, p. 14). According to Haley, he had known Malik Woods for a while; they

used to talk to each other in the southwest part of the city. (N.T. 02/21/14, p. 15). Haley also

knew Woods because· they shared the same block of prison housing in 2010. Id. According to

Haley, Woods had told Haley about his case while they were incarcerated together in 2010. Id

at 16. Woods explained to Haley that he "shot the guy in the neck, but he didn't really mean to."

Id. Woods then gave Haley a note for a contract, as Haley thought he was going to go out on

bail the next day. Id. Haley explained that the particular contract was to kill a witness, Robert

Gore. Id. at 17. According to Haley, the note contained Gore's name and address. Id. Haley

indicated to Woods that he would consider carrying out the contract. Id. The following day,

Haley told his counselor about the note. Id. at 18. The counselor then informed the District

Attorney's Office, which sent Detective Thorsten Lucke to pick up Haley. Id at 18, 21.        Haley

then gave a statement to Detective Lucke regarding. the note. Id. at 22.

       At trial, Haley identified the note which was projected upon a large screen. Haley

acknowledged that the note was the same note given to him by Malik Woods. Id. Haley then

stated that at the top of the note, he wrote the words, "To me." Id at 20. Haley stated that at the

top of the note, he wrote the words, "To me," Id. at 20. Haley stated that he wrote those words

as a "remembrance."   Id. Haley also testified that the note contained Gore's address. Id. at 17.

        Haley was asked about his statement to Detective Lucke on both direct and cross-

examination. According to Haley, Detective Lucke did not promise Haley anything in return for

his statement, and Detective Lucke did not threaten Haley in any way. Id. at 22. Moreover,

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according to Haley, no one promised or threatened him in order to give the statement. Id at 22.

On cross-examination, Haley stated that when he decided to assist the District Attorney's Office

in the Woods case, he did not believe that the District Attorney would have been able to help him

with his own case. Id. at 39. Haley stated that he told police about the note because he was

being a Christian and because he wanted his conscience cleared. Id. at 3 8, 40 .

                                 ......
       As was previously noted, Haley had testified at trial that Woods had explained to him that

he "shot the guy in the neck, but he didn't really mean to." Id. at 16. On cross-examination,

Haley was shown the statement he had made to police, a statement that was made a day or two

after he had discussed the note with Malik Woods. In the statement, Haley was asked when and

where the homicide took place. Haley replied:

       "I think it was a house. He [Malik] told me that they went into the guy's house. It was two guns.
       He had a gun and the other guy had a gun in the boy's face. He said that that guy shot the guy in
       the neck and then he shot his gun."

Id. at 44-45. After the statement was read, Haley acknowledged that his statement to police

contained differences from his testimony at trial. Id. at 45.

Robin Gore

       Robin Gore testified he had known William Duval almost his entire life, for over 30

years. Id. at 51. Gore testified that in 2009, he was living at 5530 Willows Avenue. Id. Gore

then identified the parties to the incident by pointing out Derrick Kelsey and Malik Woods. Id

at 52. Gore stated that Kelsey is his friend and that Woods was with Kelsey when the incident

took place. Id

       According to Gore, he had known Kelsey for 15 years, and had worked at the restaurant

owned by Kelsey's parents. Id. Gore also partnered with Kelsey in a metal-removal business.

Id.

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        Gore stated he did not know Malik Woods; but acknowledged that he had seen Malik

Woods on occasions prior to the night William Duval was murdered. Id. at 52-53. Gore stated

that Woods would sometimes accompany Kelsey when Kelsey would come over to Gore's

house. Id. at 53. According to Gore, the decedent was a seller of marijuana and that on the night

of the murder, he was selling marijuana in the driveway behind 5530 Willows Avenue. Id. at 55.

        Gore testified that on the night of the murder, he had just gotten off work and went home.

He went to the basement, and was sitting there with the decedent and Lamont Lester. According

to Gore, they were about to watch a movie. Gore's ex-girlfriend, Sharita Mason, and her two

children were also at the residence of 5530 Willows Avenue at the time, but they were upstairs.

Id. at 54.

        Gore was asked when he first encountered either of the defendants on the night of the

murder, and he replied that he encountered Kelsey after he had gotten off work, between 5 and 6

in the evening. Id. at 56. Kelsey called Gore about purchasing marijuana, and Kelsey then came

over to 5530 Willows Avenue to buy marijuana from the decedent. Id. at 57. Kelsey went down

to the basement, where he apparently made the purchase. Id. at 57. Kelsey then left. A short

time later, Kelsey called Gore and asked to see the decedent. Id. at 58. During this phone call,

Kelsey indicated that he wanted to come back to make another transaction. Kelsey also indicated

that something was "short" with his last purchase. Id. at 83-84. Gore told Kelsey thatthe

decedent was still there, and Kelsey returned. Id. at 58.

         When Kelsey returned, he and the decedent went outside. They came back inside

through the driveway door. Id. at 59. At this point, Gore recalls seeing only Kelsey and the

decedent; he did not see Woods until a later time. Id. When Kelsey and the decedent entered the

house, the decedent began taking off his jacket, but almost immediately - before he could even

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finish taking his jacket off- Kelsey pulled out a gun and aimed it at him. Gore recalled that there

was a ten-second pause.: Id. at 59. The decedent began spinning his jacketto defend himself and

keep the gun out of his. face. Id. at 60, 9 5. The gun was fired, and the decedent fell to the

ground. Id. at 60, 96. At the preliminary hearing, Gore had testified that the gun   was pointing   at

the decedent's throat when the shot was fired. (N.T. 04/13/10, p. 33). At the preliminary

hearing, Gore acknowledged that the gunshot sounded muffled. Id. at 33.

       After hearing the first shot and seeing the decedent fall to the ground, Gore saw a second

shot from a louder and more powerful gun breeze by him, and noticed Woods in the room

holding a gun (N.T. 02/21/14, pp. 60, 64, 90). Gore was surprised to see Woods standing there.

Id at 60, 90. Gore bel_ieved that the second shot came from a revolver because of the powerful

way the gunfire came 'out of the gun. Id at 64. Gore identified Kelsey's gun as· an automatic,

because it did not have a tumbler. Id. at 65. Gore said that Woods' gun did not have a tumbler

either and appeared to be a semiautomatic. Id.

       After both shots had been fired, Kelsey pointed his gun at Gore's face and told him not to

say anything about what had just happened. Id. at 61, 95. Kelsey went into the decedent's

pocket(s), probably to take marijuana. Id. at 61, 92, 107. (Gore could not recall whether Kelsey

went into one or both pockets). Id. at 107. According to Gore, the defendants left through the

driveway. Lamont Lester then exited the basement by walking up the steps. Id at 66. Gore then

dialed 9-1-1, and the police arrived within 3 to 5 minutes. Id.

       Gore gave detectives a written statement in which he identified Joseph Kelsey and Malik

Woods as the perpetrators of the crime. Id. at 76, (Ex. C-2). He signed his name at the bottom of

each page of the statement and to photos of all parties involved, including those of both Malik

Woods and Joseph Kelsey. Id. at 77, (Ex. C-2). At the preliminary hearing, Gore identified

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 Kelsey and Woods as the perpetrators of the crimes. (N.T. 04/13/14, pp. 7-8, 21-24, 33}. At

 trial, he testified that he had no doubt that Joseph Kelsey and Malik Woods were the individuals

 who shot the decedent. (N.T. 02/21114, p. 78).

         Gore had told officers at the scene that the assailants were masked men. Id. at 67. At

 trial, Gore explained that he told this story because he loved his friend Derrick, and because he

 feared for his life. Id. at 67-68. According to Gore, he later changed his mind and recanted his

 story about the masked men because he wanted to tell the truth and because he was

 uncomfortable with the "mask story." Id. at 76.

 Stipulations

· · Officer Mark Marchetti ·

         Officer Mark Marchetti would have testified that he and his partner responded to the

 scene at 5530 Willows Avenue on December 12, 2009, at 5:56 p.m. (N.T. 02/24/14, p. 9).

 Officer Marchetti would have testified that he and his partner transported Robin Gore from the

 scene to the Homicide Division. Id.

         Officer Marchetti would have testified that Robin Gore told him and his partner that two

 males wearing ski masks broke in through the back basement door, walked up to the victim and

 shot him. Officer Marchetti would have testified that Gore then added that as the assailants

 approached the victim, the victim threw a jacket at one of the males to block the gun and started

 to wrestle with the males, and one of the assailants then shot the victim. Id.

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 Officer David Girard

        Had Officer David Girard been called to testify, he would have testified that he

 responded to 5530 Willows Avenue on December 12, 2009. He also would have testified that

 when he arrived, the first floor was dark but the second floor was lit. He would have testified

 that he smelled a strong odor of marijuana inside the property. He would have testified that he

 hollered down the basement stairs, but did not get a response; he then observed a black female

 peek her head around the bottom of the stairs. He ordered the female to come up; she did,

 accompanied by a male. Id at 11.

 Officer William Hill

        Officer William Hill would have testified that on December 12, 2009, he responded to

- 5530 Willows Avenue. When he responded; he encountered Robert Gore and Sharita Mason.

 He observed the body of the decedent on the basement floor. He observed marijuana inthe

 basement and cocaine on the dining room table. When asked about what happened, Robin Gore

 told Officer Hill that two males attacked the decedent in the driveway and that he, Robin Gore,

 then exited the house, found the decedent bleeding, and dragged him into the house. Id at 10.

 Officer Raymond Andreiczak

        Officer Raymond Andrejczak testified as an expert in the field of firearms identification

 and ballistics. Officer Andrejczak concluded with a reasonable degree of scientific certainty that

 both of the bullets found in the body of the decedent were fired from the same firearm, based on

 the same microscopic markings on the bullets. Id. at 26, 30. In his opinion, the bullets came

 from the .38/.9 mm family of bullets. That family also includes .357 magnum bullets that would

 have been fired from a .357 magnum revolver. Id. at 27-28 .. He also concluded that the bullets

 were fired from a revolver, as the bullets are consistent with revolver bullets.· Id. at 29-30.

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Detective John Rossiter

       Detective John Rossiter testified that on December 16, 2009, Woods was arrested inside

the location of Southwest Detectives at 55th and Pine. Id. at 38-40. Detective Rossiter testified

that on January 19, 2010, he arrested Kelsey at the North American Motor Inn on City Line

Avenue. (N.T. 02/24/2014, pp. 39-41).

Sergeant Kenneth Flaville

       Sergeant Kenneth Flaville testified that on December 16, 2009, he encountered Woods,

who came to Southwest Detectives on 5510 Pine Street asking for Detective Lucke. Id. at 44.

Sergeant Flaville and Detective Kerwin (first name not stated) brought him inside Southwest

Detectives and contacted Detective Lucke. After learning that he was wanted for a homicide,

they transported Woods    to Homicide   Headquarters. Id. at 45. Sergeant Flaville also testified

that while transporting Malik Woods to the Homicide Division, Woods told Flaville that he was

present for the homicide, but that it does not mean that he saw anything. Id at 46.

Detective Thorsten Lucke

       Detective Thorsten Lucke testified that he interviewed Robin Gore on the evening of the

incident. Detective Lucke testified that Gore initially told him that he could not identify the

perpetrators of the incident because they were wearing masks. Id. at 52. During their first

encounter, Gore was very scared and nervous. He also described the person who was killed as a

very good friend of his, a long-time friend. Eventually, Gore was able and willing to identify the

people whom he had witnessed shoot the decedent. Id at 53-54.

       Detective Lucke also testified that on April 16, 2010, a few days afterthe preliminary

hearing in which Detective Lucke was a witness, Detective Lucke became aware of Jerry Haley

when he received a call from a prison counselor who indicated to him that he was counseling a

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   person who had information on an ongoing homicide investigation. Id. at 64. Lucke then

   arranged to meet with Haley. When Haley arrived at Lucke's office, he was interviewed by

   Detective Lucke and Detective Kane (first name not stated). During the interview, Haley

   produced a small.piece of paper from his left sock and began explaining what the paper was.

   Detective Lucke described the piece of paper as a handwritten note on one side and a sick call

   request on the other side. Baed on the information he received from Mr. Haley, Detective Lucke

   conferred with the District Attorney's office to pursue additional charges. Detective Lucke

   prepared an affidavit of probable cause to charge Defendant Woods with intimidation,

   retaliation, obstruction of justice, and solicitation to commit murder. Id. at 66. According to

   Detective Lucke, Haley's demeanor was cooperative and forthcoming. Detective Lucke testified

· · · that at the time he did not make· any promises to Haley regarding his open 'matter and that· at no

   time did he have any involvement with Haley's open matter .. Id. at 67. Detective Lucke did not

    make any threats to Haley to get him to come forward, and only knew of him once the prison

    counselor had called him. Id.

        I.      SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

             In passing upon a motion in arrest of judgment, the sufficiency of the evidence must be

    evaluated upon the entire trial record; all evidence must be read in the light most favorable to the

    Commonwealth, which is entitled to all reasonable inferences arising therefrom; the effect of

    such a motion is to admit all facts which the Commonwealth's evidence tends to prove.

    Commonwealth v. Johnson, 428 Pa. Super. 494; 631 A.2d 639 (1993) citing Commonwealth v.

    Blevins, 453 Pa. 481, 483 309 A.2d 421, 422 (1973). See also, Commonwealth vMeadows, 471
Pa. 201, 369 A.2d 1266 ( 1977). This court must determine whether, viewing the evidence in the

    light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, together with all reasonable

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 inferences therefrom; the trier of fact could have found that each and every element of the crimes

 charged was established beyond reasonable doubt. Commonwealth v. Randall, 758 A.2d 669,

 674 (Pa.Super.2000).

          The Defendant contends that there is insufficient evidence to establish beyond reasonable

 doubt the crimes for which he stands convicted. He argues that, therefore, he is entitled to an

 arrest of judgment.    The court finds the Defendant's claims to be meritless. There was sufficient

 evidence for the jury to find that each and every element of the crimes charged was established

 beyond reasonable doubt.

          Defendant challenges his convictions for conspiracy, robbery, and second-degree murder

 on the grounds that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of any of those crimes. To be

· convicted ofa conspiracy, a person musthave agreed with one or more persons to commit a

 crime; he must have intended to commit the crime; and one or more of them must have

 committed an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 903. A person is guilty

 of robbery if, in the course of committing a theft, he inflicts serious bodily injury upon another.

 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3701. Defendant was convicted of second-degree murder. A criminal homicide

 constitutes murder of the second degree when it is committed while defendant was engaged as a

 principal or an accomplice in the perpetration of.a felony. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502.

          With regard to the murder, conspiracy, and robbery convictions, the evidence is sufficient

 to sustain the convictions.   The evidence, taken in the light most favorable to the

 Commonwealth, and with all reasonable inferences therefrom, is sufficient for the jury to have

 concluded that each and every element of the crimes charged was established beyond reasonable

 doubt.

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            The evidence shows that there was a dispute between Kelsey and the victim over

marijuana; that Woods was with Kelsey in the basement when the murder occurred; that he

entered the basement at about the same time Kelsey did; that both he and Kelsey were armed;

and that at least one of them fired at the victim. The evidence also shows that after the victim

had been shot, Kelsey, Woods' co-conspirator, went into the victim's pockets. Also, Kelsey and

Woods both left 5530 Willows Avenue at approximately the same time. In addition, the

evidence showed that Woods gave Haley a note for a contract to kill a witness, Robin Gore.

            There is sufficient evidence that Kelsey and Woods entered into and carried out a

conspiracy to rob the victim; According to Gore's testimony, there had been a marijuana

purchase in the basement of 5530 Willows Avenue earlier in the evening. Id. at 57. Before
       .-   .,·.   ....   .   .   '.'   .     '          .                              ..   ·•   .
Kelsey came over and shot the victim, Kelsey told Gore that something Was short with the

transaction Kelsey had made earlier in the evening with the decedent. Id at 83-84. Lamont

Lester gave similar testimony; Lester testified that Kelsey, before pointing his gun at the victim

and shooting him, told the victim, "I thought you.had it." (N.T. 02/20/2014, p. 85, 103).

Woods admitted to Sergeant Flaville that he was present for the homicide. (N.T. 02/24/2014, p.

46). Gore also testified that Woods was in the basement. Gore testified that Woods was not only

in the basement with Kelsey, but was armed when the murder happened; Gore also testified that

Woods fired his gun at the victim almost immediately after Kelsey had fired his. (N.T.

02/21/2014, p: 60). Moreover, Gore testified that Kelsey went into the pockets of the victim

after the victim had been shot. Id. at 61, 92. A conspiracy to rob the victim may reasonably be

inferred from the fact that after Kelsey went into the victim's pockets, both defendants left at

about the same time. Id. at 66, (N.T. 02/20/2014, p. 87). Based on the facts presented at trial)

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there was sufficient evidence for the jury to convict Woods of conspiring with Kelsey to rob the

victim.

          There is sufficient evidence to convict Woods of robbery. A person is guilty ofrobbery

if, in the course of committing a theft, he inflicts bodily injury upon another. 18 Pa.C.S.A. §

3701. As already stated, the evidence shows Woods entered into a conspiracy with Kelsey to rob

the victim. In the course of committing the theft, Woods inflicted injury on the victim; Robin

Gore testified that Woods fired a gun at the victim after the victim had already been shot. (N.T.

02/21/2014, p. 60). Gore testified that Kelsey then went into the victim's pockets probably with

the intention   to take marijuana.   Id. at 61, 92, 107.

          There is sufficient evidence to convict Woods of second-degree murder. A criminal

homicide constitutes murder of the second degree when it is committed while defendant was

engaged as a principal or an accomplice in the perpetration of a felony. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502.

The evidence shows that eitherWoods         or Kelsey committed a criminal homicide by delivering·

the fatal shot to the victim's body. Dr. Gulino testified that the manner of death was homicide

and that there were two bullets in the victim's body. (N.T. 02/20/2014, p. 74, 67). Dr. Gulino

also testified that the cause of death was the gunshot wound to the neck. Id. at 73. Even if

Kelsey was the one who fired the fatal shot to the neck, Woods was his accomplice in the

conspiracy to rob the victim. Woods, therefore, is criminally liable for the second-degree murder

of the victim. even if Woods did not actually fire the fatal shot. Lamont Lester testified that

Kelsey raised his arm, put his gun about four feet from the decedent's face, and then fired the

gun. (N.T. 02/20/2014, p. 86). Gore testified that Kelsey pulled his gun out, aimed it at the

decedent, and then fired the gun. (N.T. 02/21/2014, p. 60). Based on the testimony of the

witnesses, there was sufficient evidence for the jury to infer that Kelsey fired the fatal shot to the

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neck. The evidence shows that Kelsey was the one who directly committed the criminal

homicide, and that Woods was his accomplice. There is, therefore, sufficient evidence to convict

Woods of second-degree murder.

       Jerry Haley's testimony belies Woods' claim that the evidence was insufficient. Haley

testified that while he and Woods were incarcerated together, Woods told him what had

happened, and gave him a note for a contract to kill a witness, Robin Gore. Id. at 15-17. The

note contained Gore's address. Id. at 17. Haley's testimony, along with other evidence

presented at trial, was sufficient evidence for the conviction of retaliation against a witness and

also provides evidence of Woods' guilt for the other crimes for which he was convicted.

       A person is guilty of retaliation against a witness if he harms another by any unlawful act

or engages in a course- ofconduct or repeatedly commits acts which threaten another in

retaliation for anything lawfully done in the capacity of witness. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 4953. The

evidence was sufficient to convict Defendant Woods for retaliation against a witness, because the

note Haley was given by Woods was for a contract to kill Robin Gore, a witness who had

lawfully testified as a witness against Woods at the preliminary hearing.

       According to Haley, Woods gave Haley the note and explained to him the situation that

had happened. (N.T. 02/21/2014, p. 16). Haley testified that the note Woods provided him was

for a contract to kill Robin Gore, and that the note had contained Gore's address. Id. at 17.

When shown the note in court, Haley immediately identified it. Id. at 19. Haley identified

Woods in court and testified that he had known Woods for years. Id. at 14, 15. Haley testified

that he had been part of the Black Mafia, a criminal organization with a brutal reputation in

Philadelphia. Id at 23. The jury could have reasonably inferred that Woods was likely to have

known of Haley's reputation as part of the organization; the jury could have also reasonably

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inferred that he approached· Haley because he thought Haley would have the experience and the

willingness to assist him in killing a witness whom he [Woods] had seen just days earlier at the

preliminary hearing. (N.T. 04/13/2014, p. 6).

       Haley testified that he went to his counselor with the note just a day after receiving it

from Woods. (N.T. 02/21/2014, p. 20). In addition, Detective Lucke testified he heard from

Haley's counselor about the note on April 16, 2010, just three days after the preliminary hearing.

(N.T. 02/24/2014, p. 64). The timing, therefore, would have provided the jury with a reasonable

inference that within days of Woods seeing Gore at the preliminary hearing, Woods decided to

try and persuade Haley to kill Gore to prevent him Gore from testifying at trial.

       Moreover, there is no reason Haley would have known the name or address of the witness

· until he was approached by Woods, who told him about Gore and gave him a note containing · ·

Gore's address. Detective Lucke stated at trial that he made no threats or promises to Haley. Id.

at 66-67. Detective Lucke also stated at trial that he had no prior knowledge of Haley's

connection to the case. Id. At trial, Haley corroborated Lucke's testimony about the note by

indicating that no one had threatened or promised him anything in return for his statement. (N.T.

02/21/2014, p. 22).

        Haley's testimony; along with the other evidence presented at trial, provided sufficient

evidence to convict Defendant Woods of solicitation to commit murder. A person is guilty of

solicitation to commit a crime if with the intent of promoting or facilitating its commission he

commands, encourages or requests another person to engage in specific conductwhich would

constitute such crime or an attempt to commit such crime or which would establish his

complicity in its commission or attempted commission. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 902. Woods solicited

Haley to commit murder when he asked Haley to· murder witness Robin Gore by giving Haley

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 the note in question. The evidence presented was sufficient to convict Woods ofsolicitation to

 commit murder.

        At trial, counsel suggested that Gore was not a credible witness. Although on the

 evening of the incident Gore initially told Detective Lucke that the perpetrators were two men in

 ski masks (N.T. 02/24/2014, p. 52), Gore's explanation for fabricating his original story is

 persuasive. According to Detective Lucke, Gore was visibly shaken by what had just transpired.

 Id at 53. Detective Lucke described him as being very scared and nervous. Id Gore also

 described to Detective Lucke the person who had been killed as a very good friend of his, a long-

 time friend. Id. At trial, Gore explained that initially he had told police the story about the

 masked men because he was afraid for his life. (02/21/2014, p. 67). He also testifeid that he did

· not initially teli the truth about what had 'actually happened because Kelsey was a close friend of

 his. Id. at 67-68. This court finds Gore's explanation for the differing stories to be persuasive.

 Gore was visibly shaken by what had happened, and he was afraid for his own life. Both Kelsey

 and the victim were friends of his, and Gore had just witnessed a violent murder. It was,

 therefore, expectable that initially Gore was not completely forthcoming about what had actually

 happened.

         Defendant Woods also argues that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of

 carrying a firearm without a license, carrying a firearm on the public streets; and possessing an

 instrument of crime.

         To find the defendant guilty of carrying a firearm without a license, three elements must

 be proved beyond reasonable doubt. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106: First, that the defendant carried a

 firearm concealed on or about his person; second, that the defendant was not in his home or place

 of business; and third, that the defendant did not have a valid and lawfully issued license for

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carrying the firearm. Id. . First, there was sufficient evidence Woods carried a firearm concealed

on or about his person. The evidence shows Woods was armed and was present for the

homicide. Woods was in the. basement of 5530 Willows Avenue; he himself admitted that he

was present. (N.T. 02/24/2014, p. 46). Robin Gore saw Woods in his basement with a gun, and

he was surprised to see Woods in his house. (N.T. 02/21/2014, p. 60). Woods was in the

basement with a gun, and he clearly had not been invited. It would have been reasonable,

therefore, for the jury to infer that Woods traveled to 5530 Willows Avenue with his firearm

concealed on or about his person. Second, Woods was not in his home or place of business.

Third, the evidence showed that the defendant did not have a valid and lawfully issued license

for carrying his firearm (N.T. 02/24/2014, p. 95), (Ex. C-40).

  · -- "To find   a defendant   guilty of possessing ah instrument of crime, three elements must be

proved beyond reasonable doubt. 18 Pa.C.S.A § 907: First, that the defendant possessed an item;

second, that the item was an instrument of crime; and third, that the defendant possessed the item

with the intent to employ it criminally. Id According to Gore, Woods fired a gun at the victim

after the victim had already been shot. (N.T. 02/21/2014, p. 60). Woods possessed an item, a

gun, which was an instrument of crime, and which he clearly intended to employ criminally.

There was, therefore, sufficient evidence that Woods possessed an instrument of crime.

       To find the defendant guilty of carrying a firearm on the public streets, each of following

elements must be proved beyond reasonable doubt. 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6108: First, that the

defendant carried a firearm on the public streets of Philadelphia, and second, that the defendant

did not have a valid and lawfully issued license to carry the firearm. Id: The evidence was

clearly sufficient to establish both elements beyond reasonable doubt.

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    II.      ADMISSIBILITY OF THE NOTE

          A document is authenticated by evidence sufficient to support a finding that a matter in

question is what its proponent claims. Pa.R.E. 90l(a). Testimony of a witness with personal

knowledge that a matter is what it is claimed to be may be sufficient to authenticate or identify

the evidence. In re F.P., 878 A.2d 91, 93-94 (Pa. Super.' 2005), See Pa.R.E. 901(b)(l). Another

way is to show distinctive characteristics.   Pa.R.E. 90l(b)(4).   Rule 90l(b)(4) provides for

authentication by appearance, contents, substance, internal patterns, or other distinctive

characteristics taken in conjunction with circumstances. Contrary to what Defendant's counsel

stated at trial, it is not necessary that the matter in question be· authenticatedby evidence as to the

genuineness of handwriting.     Rather, it is sufficient to authenticate the matter in question by

providing simply the testimony of a witness with knowledge, or by showing distinctive

characteristics. Pa.R.E. 90l(b)(l), 90l(b)(4).    Taking the evidence in the light most favorable to

the Commonwealth, the evidence presented is sufficient to support a finding that the note is

authentic.

          At trial, the Commonwealth, through the testimony of its witness Jerry Haley, presented

evidence that the note was what they claimed it to be. When Haley was shown the note at trial,

he said, "That's the note." (N.T. 02/21/2014, p. 19). Haley was a witness with knowledge. He

said that the note he was shown was the same note Woods had given him. The minimum

requirement for admissibility was met; a foundation was laid. Once a foundation is laid, the

question becomes what weight should be assigned to the evidence by the fact finder.

Commonwealth v. Thomas, 522 Pa. 256, 274, 561 A.2d 699, 707 (1989). Defendant's arguments

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here against the admissibility of the note are without merit, because his arguments go to the

weight of the evidence, rather than to the admissibility of the evidence. Once a foundation was

laid, no additional evidence, such as proof of handwriting, was needed to authenticate the note.

           The jury could have found that the note was authentic because of the timing and the

circumstances surrounding the note. When Defendant Woods was at his preliminary hearing on

April 13, 2010, he saw Gore testify. He realized that Gore was going to be a witness against him

at trial. The jury could have found that Woods then decided that in order to prevent Gore from

testifying, he would have to hire Haley, a man with a notorious gang reputation, to kill the

witness.

       The timing and the circumstances strongly suggest that the note is authentic. Haley

testified that afterreceiving the note from   ·w·oods, he went to his counselor the following   day.

(N.T. 02/21/2014, p. 20-21). Detective Lucke testified that heard from Haley's counselor on

April 16, 2010. (N.T. 02/24/2014, p. 64). Haley received the note from Woods just two days

after the preliminary hearing. The timing is consistent with the inference that Defendant Woods

decided to try to hire Haley to kill Gore after the defendant learned at the preliminary hearing

that Gore was going to be a witness against him at trial. Moreover, there is no reason that Haley

would have known the name or address of the witness until he was approached by the defendant.

The timing and circumstances are sufficient to authenticate the note. Pa.RE. 90 I (b )(4 ).

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CONCLUSION

      The arguments made by Defendant lack merit. For the reasons set forth above,

Defendant's judgment of sentence should be affirmed.

                                                        BY THE COURT:

                                             25