Court Opinion

ID: 6496293
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-29 17:07:12.224338+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:48:53.451035
License: Public Domain

State of Maryland v. Michael O. Grafton, No. 1218, Sept. Term 2021. Opinion filed on
June 29, 2022, by Berger, J.

SUPPRESSION OF EVIDENCE - DISCLOSURE OF EVIDENCE BEFORE
CONCLUSION OF TRIAL - DISCLOSURE OF EVIDENCE IN TIME FOR
EFFECTIVE USE AT TRIAL

The circuit court erred in dismissing a criminal case due to the State’s disclosure of
exculpatory evidence on the eve of trial when the circuit court did not know the complete
nature of the evidence or whether there would be a delay in obtaining additional evidence.
Disclosure of exculpatory evidence that is made prior to trial does not automatically mean
that the State violated its obligation to disclose. The relevant inquiry when evidence is
disclosed before trial is whether the defendant is able to effectively use the exculpatory
information.
Circuit Court for Baltimore County
Case No. 03-K-18-002989

                                                                                                  REPORTED

                                                                                    IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                                                               OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                   No. 1218

                                                                                             September Term, 2021
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                           STATE OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                       v.

                                                                                           MICHAEL O. GRAFTON
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                        Berger,
                                                                                        Ripken,
                                                                                        Wright, Alexander, Jr.
                                                                                          (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                                                                     JJ.
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                             Opinion by Berger, J.
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                        Filed: June 29, 2022

 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.

                       2022-06-29 11:49-04:00

Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
       In this appeal, the State of Maryland, appellant, challenges the dismissal of a

criminal information filed against Michael O. Grafton, appellee.1 On July 12, 2018, the

State filed a criminal information against Grafton charging him with various theft crimes.2

Trial was scheduled to begin in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County on September 28,

2021. On September 27, 2021, Grafton filed a motion to dismiss and a request for

sanctions. A hearing was held the following day. At the conclusion of the hearing, the

court granted the motion and dismissed the criminal information in its entirety. This timely

appeal followed.

       The sole issue presented for our consideration is whether the circuit court erred in

dismissing the criminal information. For the reasons set forth below, we shall reverse the

circuit court’s order of dismissal and remand for further proceedings.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The basic facts of this case are not in dispute. In a criminal information filed on July

12, 2018, the State charged Grafton with one count of theft scheme, specifically, a scheme

to “steal U.S. Currency (money) property of” eleven named individuals “having a value of

at least $10,000 but less than $100,000,” and eleven counts of theft by deception of various

amounts of money belonging to each of the same individuals with knowledge that each

       1
         Pursuant to Section 12-302(c)(2) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article of
the Maryland Code, the State “may appeal from a final judgment granting a motion to
dismiss or quashing or dismissing any indictment, information, presentment, or
inquisition.”
       2
        Charges were initially filed in the District Court of Maryland for Baltimore
County, Case No.: 4C00440710, on March 6, 2017. That case was nol prossed.
victim was a vulnerable adult.3 The State alleged that the thefts occurred between July 4,

2014 and November 30, 2018.

       The State alleged that Grafton was employed by Mid-Atlantic Human Services

Corporation (“Mid-Atlantic”) as a residential program manager until he was terminated

from his employment on November 30, 2016. Grafton acknowledged that from 2013 to

2016, he was employed by Mid-Atlantic as a facility coordinator and that he was paid a

salary to oversee day-to-day operations at three different group homes. He worked in an

“‘on-call’ capacity” and travelled to different group homes to address issues with residents

as they arose. The residents of the group homes were disabled adult men. Each resident

received Social Security Disability Income and income from Maryland’s Developmental

Disabilities Administration.    Mid-Atlantic acted as the representative payee for the

residents. Each resident’s disability income was used to pay for rent, groceries, community

outings, clothing, furniture, and other personal needs.

       The State alleged that, as part of his job, Grafton managed personal use funds for

the residents. Each resident had personal use funds, akin to petty cash, that were kept in a

       3
          At the September 28, 2021 hearing on Grafton’s motion to dismiss, the State
claimed that in Count 2 of the criminal information, Grafton was “also charged in reference
to a theft of a computer, in reference to one of the victim[]s” in the case. According to the
prosecutor, Mid-Atlantic Human Services Corporation had a receipt for a computer that
was purchased for a resident using that resident’s personal use funds. A witness for the
State was expected to testify that Grafton took the computer and it was not seen again.
When the witness questioned Grafton about it, Grafton advised that he had taken the
computer to Best Buy because it was not working. The witness would testify that the
computer was never “found again, and the company had to buy a replacement computer.”
The issue of whether Count 2 included a charge for theft of a computer was not addressed
by the trial court.

                                             2
bank account. Once a month, Grafton filled out a form requesting to remove money from

a resident’s bank account. The amount requested was based on the amount of money the

resident had used during the prior month. After receiving the cash, Grafton placed it in a

secure location in the group home to cover that resident’s personal expenses for things such

as activities, food, and clothing. Grafton was responsible for documenting the use of the

personal use funds and reconciling the expenses to receipts provided by him or a live-in

caregiver. At the end of each month, Grafton prepared a spreadsheet showing the date the

funds were used, the store name, a description of the purchase, and the amount of cash

spent. He also provided receipts to support that information. Grafton was responsible for

comparing the amount spent to the amount remaining for each resident. If an expense was

not valid, Grafton was to report the issue to his supervisor. The State alleged that Grafton,

or others aided and abetted by him, submitted receipts to cover up his removal of cash from

residents’ accounts for unauthorized purchases.

A.     Grafton’s Motion to Dismiss

       On the day before trial was set to begin, Grafton, by his defense counsel, filed a

motion to dismiss the criminal information or, in the alternative, for sanctions against

witnesses from Mid-Atlantic. The defense argued that, under Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S.

83 (1963) and its progeny, and Maryland Rule 4-2634, the State had failed “to disclose

       4
         Maryland Rule 4-263 prescribes the discovery obligations of the defendant and the
State. The Rule provides, in pertinent part, that the State’s Attorney, without the necessity
of a request, shall provide to the defense “[a]ll material or information in any form, whether
or not admissible, that tends to exculpate the defendant or negate or mitigate the
defendant’s guilt or punishment as to the offense charged[.]” Md. Rule 4-263(d)(5).

                                              3
exculpatory information, including impeachment information and information not

otherwise admissible at trial that may lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.”

      According to the defense, earlier on the day the motion to dismiss was filed, the

prosecutor had disclosed that during the same time frame that Grafton’s alleged thefts

occurred, another former employee of Mid-Atlantic, Tara Buddenbohn, was caught

stealing money from the accounts of some of the disabled residents, that the company

confronted her, and that she confessed. At the time Buddenbohn embezzled funds, she was

employed as the entitlement benefits coordinator, and was in charge of giving Grafton the

residents’ cash and reconciling the residents’ personal use funds. Buddenbohn’s name

appeared on the cover page of Mid-Atlantic’s Personal Use Funds Procedures Training

Packet.

      The prosecutor disclosed to defense counsel that criminal charges had been filed

against Buddenbohn in Baltimore County and Harford County and she provided defense

counsel with four case numbers and two police reports related to those criminal cases. In

Baltimore County, a nolle prosequi was entered as to the charges, but the Harford County

case proceeded and Buddenbohn pleaded guilty and was ordered to pay restitution.5

      5
       The parties do not dispute the following information about the charges against
Buddenbohn:

                    According to the online Maryland Judiciary Case
             Search, Buddenbohn was charged in the Maryland District
             Court for Harford County on November 22, 2016 in Case No.
             5R00108512, and on January 26, 2017, in Case No.
             6R00107932. She demanded a jury trial in both cases on July
             13, 2017, and they were forwarded to the Circuit Court for

                                            4
      In his motion to dismiss, Grafton alleged:

                    The prosecutor indicated that she was not aware of the
             prosecution against Ms. Buddenbohn until witnesses from the
             company disclosed it to her this morning. She immediately
             contacted counsel realizing this information was exculpatory.
             Unfortunately, the prosecutor had no records from the
             company regarding the details of the embezzlement and was
             only able to pull up information from secured case search. She
             sent counsel an email with four case numbers and two police
             reports attached. Exhibit B. As of the filing of this motion,
             this was the only information available to Counsel regarding
             this exculpatory evidence.

      The defense maintained that Mid-Atlantic had been “aware of this overlapping

incident since first initiating charges against” Grafton and that no witness from the

company “previously disclosed this information in response to defense subpoenas.” On

December 18, 2019, the circuit court had ordered Mid-Atlantic to produce tangible

evidence before trial, including reconciliation records for the residents’ accounts from

2014-2016, “including emails regarding reconciliation and records of accounts approved.”

In response, Mid-Atlantic produced records that the defense argued were incomplete. At

             Harford County and docketed as Case Nos. 12-K-17-001052
             and -1-54. On October 3, 2018, she pleaded guilty to one count
             of theft in each case.

                    The Maryland Judiciary Case Search website does not
             return any Baltimore County criminal cases for Buddenbohn,
             however, the publicly accessible case search through MDEC
             reveals that she was charged with several theft crimes in the
             District Court for Baltimore County (Essex) on November 7,
             2016, in Case No. 2C00441100, and on January 24, 2017, in
             Case No. 4C00443440. The State entered a nolle prosequi as
             to each charge in both cases on March 16, 2017.

                                           5
a September 13, 2021 motions hearing, the prosecutor “proffered that the records disclosed

were only those records that the company thought there were problems with.” The defense

asserted that as of the date of the motion to dismiss, Mid-Atlantic had “failed to comply

with the Court’s order to disclose all reconciliation records pertaining to the disabled

residents during the relevant time frame.”

      According to the defense, from the limited information available from the police

reports provided, Buddenbohn “was caught stealing from at least one of the same residents

who [was] named in the charges against Mr. Grafton.” Further, as the entitlement benefits

coordinator, Buddenbohn “would have been the person who approved the reconciliation

reports each month, and redistributed client money pursuant to the approval.” The defense

argued that had the complete reconciliation records been produced, that information would

have been revealed.

      On September 14, 2021, defense counsel issued subpoenas for witnesses from Mid-

Atlantic. The subpoenas were marked “as subpoenas duces tecum and included a list of

materials previously requested.” On Friday, September 24, 2021, counsel for Mid-Atlantic

advised defense counsel that “he would not provide additional materials in response to the

subpoena because the company did not have time to respond.” In the week prior to

Grafton’s scheduled trial, the State “continued disclosing documents received from the

company that would have been relevant in response to the prior defense motion for tangible

evidence.”

      The defense asserted that throughout the discovery process, Mid-Atlantic “had full

knowledge that there was a concurrent prosecution pertaining to theft from the same

                                             6
disabled residents during the same time period,” that Buddenbohn had confessed to the

theft, and that she later pleaded guilty. The defense stated:

              It appears to the defense that the company deliberately redacted
              material that would have led to this being discovered sooner.
              Counsel had no reason to know of the concurrent prosecution
              of Ms. Buddenbohn. Her departure from the company was not
              explained to the staff, and based on the defense investigation,
              the defense was under the impression that Ms. Buddenbohn
              had left the company after deciding to become a stay at home
              mom.

       The defense argued that although the prosecutor was personally unaware of the

prosecution of Buddenbohn until the day before trial, that did not excuse the State’s

violation of Grafton’s constitutional right to due process under the Fifth and Sixth

Amendments to the United States Constitution, Articles 21 and 24 of the Maryland

Declaration of Rights, Maryland Rule 4-263, Brady, and other state and federal cases. The

defense maintained that knowledge of Buddenbohn’s cases should be imputed to the

prosecutor handling Grafton’s case, including both the case in Baltimore County and the

case in Harford County.

       The defense argued that it did not have time to conduct its own investigation into

the matters disclosed by the prosecutor. The defense further alleged:

                      Defendant has waited three years to be brought to trial
              in this matter. The matter has been delayed due to the COVID
              19 pandemic and during that time Mr. Grafton has been
              prejudiced by the pendency of these allegations which prevent
              him from working in his chosen profession. Mr. Grafton is
              opposed to further postponements in this matter and asks that
              the Court fashion sanctions for the failure of the company to
              comply with court orders to disclose information and the
              failure of the State to disclose relevant exculpatory information

                                              7
              regarding a concurrent prosecution relevant to the allegations
              in this case.

       The defense requested that the court dismiss the case “for egregious discovery

violations that have prejudiced the defendant and prevented him from adequately preparing

for trial.” It also requested that the court issue a show cause order to Mid-Atlantic’s

attorney for contempt in violation of the court’s order granting the motion for tangible

evidence, failure to comply with defense subpoenas, and failure to disclose in a timely

manner the details of Buddenbohn’s prosecution. In addition, the defense requested the

court to limit the testimony of State’s witnesses at trial.

B.     Hearing on the Motion to Dismiss

       A hearing on Grafton’s motion to dismiss was held on September 28, 2021. The

prosecutor reviewed the procedures for handling personal use funds and the roles played

by Buddenbohn and Grafton. She advised the court that each individual resident of a group

home could have no more than $2,000 in his account. All money in excess of that amount

had to be returned to Mid-Atlantic’s office in Vermont, “which housed all of the money.”

When Buddenbohn began maternity leave, another employee took over her job

responsibilities. That person discovered that money Buddenbohn claimed had been sent

back to Vermont and the amount “left in the account” were “not the same.”

       The prosecutor explained that Grafton’s role differed from Buddenbohn’s in that he

filled out a form requesting money for a resident and took it to Buddenbohn, who would

provide him with the cash. Grafton signed a form acknowledging receipt of the cash and

then brought the money back to the group home where it was kept in a secure place.

                                               8
Grafton sent Buddenbohn reconciliation sheets and receipts. Based on those procedures,

it was the State’s position that Buddenbohn did not receive any money from Grafton, that

Grafton received money from her, and that both of them were stealing, but from different

places and at different times.

       The prosecutor advised the court that even though Buddenbohn, as part of her

employment, cosigned forms with Grafton and managed “all of the personal use funds” for

individuals in Maryland, she “was never gonna be a witness” for the State. In addition, not

all of Buddenbohn’s victims were alleged victims of Grafton, although the prosecutor

acknowledged that there was at least one, and possibly two, victims that were identified in

both cases. The prosecutor argued that the appropriate remedy for the failure to disclose

the information about Buddenbohn “would be a postponement.”

       Defense counsel argued that Mid-Atlantic “acted in bad faith” and put the

prosecutor in “a very unfortunate position[.]” She maintained that the prosecutor had a

duty “to know what’s going on with other prosecutors in her office[,]” and that the decision

to enter a nolle prosequi in Buddenbohn’s case in Baltimore County must have involved

an understanding by a Baltimore County prosecutor that the case was going to proceed in

Harford County. Defense counsel argued that that knowledge should be imputed to the

prosecutor in Grafton’s case.

       In support of her contention that dismissal was the appropriate sanction, defense

counsel argued:

                      The fact Ms. [Buddenbohn’s] name is essentially
              scrubbed from the information that’s provided in Discovery
              that’s provided through the State to me in Discovery and also

                                             9
              provided from the company until the day before trial when I’m
              learning there was a concurrent embezzlement investigation
              involving an employee who was higher up than Mr. Grafton
              whose job it was to give him cash, and this case is allegedly
              theft of that cash that she gave him is directly exculpatory. . . .

                    I have yet to see any real evidence of a theft on behalf
              of Mr. Grafton. Postponements that were requested prior to
              COVID, as the Court knows, were for the purposes of
              Discovery. . . .

                     The company is using civil litigation tactics to play
              games to avoid my subpoenas, to disobey Court orders, and to
              deliberately put the prosecutor in a very awkward position
              where on the eve of trial she is aware of a severe Brady
              violation in this case. Based on that, I think the only
              appropriate sanction would be dismissal.

                     Mr. Grafton has waited a long time for his day in trial.
              He’s been patient for me while I’ve repeatedly sought
              Discovery in this case. Now I’m before the Court knowing that
              a person was prosecuted for stealing cash, and it’s the person
              who was responsible for handing him cash every month, and
              she stole cash. It’s during the same time frame, and there’s an
              overlap in victims.

                     I am not gonna take the company’s word for it that it’s
              different, and I’m not gonna take the company’s name for it
              that, oh, it was just Mr. [M.] and one other person. These
              proffers are not acceptable to the Defense at this late date, so
              we’re asking that the Court dismiss the case.

       Counsel for Mid-Atlantic challenged defense counsel’s assertion that the company

acted in bad faith with regard to document production. He denied that Mid-Atlantic

initiated the criminal proceedings, stating that according to the company’s “licensing

regulations” it was required to file a police report when it found irregularities in its books.

After the police report was filed, the State “decided to take it up on its own.” He also

denied that Mid-Atlantic scrubbed Buddenbohn from the documents. Mid-Atlantic’s

                                              10
counsel testified that the company provided documents as well as statements about what

was being provided in response to January and February 2020 subpoenas. Included among

the items provided in March 2020 was a document signed by Buddenbohn as Grafton’s

supervisor. He stated that the company did not hear from defense counsel in the eighteen

months between March 3, 2020, the date the last response was provided, and the week prior

to the hearing, when four witnesses from Mid-Atlantic were served with subpoenas and an

additional document request. Mid-Atlantic’s counsel denied that the company refused to

produce the documents requested, but stated that they did not have enough time to do so

prior to the start of the trial.

        Mid-Atlantic’s counsel also responded to the trial judge’s inquiry about when

Buddenbohn was fired from her position at Mid-Atlantic. Mid-Atlantic’s counsel stated

that she began maternity leave in July 2016, that the person who handled her job while she

was out discovered that she had been taking funds, and that when she returned to work in

September 2016, she “was immediately fired.” According to Mid-Atlantic’s counsel,

Buddenbohn “handled the funds for all of the individuals,” distributed the funds to the

individuals’ “teams,” and sent excess funds to the corporate office in Vermont.

        During the course of the hearing, the judge inquired about the State’s allegation that

Grafton had stolen a computer and how he “could be on notice that he’s being accused of

stealing a computer[.]” Defense counsel argued that the indictment “specifically says

money as to each count” and “does not say laptop.” The prosecutor pointed to the use of

the words “U.S. Currency (money) property of” in the first count of the criminal

information and argued that Grafton was accused of “stealing the money because he took

                                              11
the laptop. He used the money to purchase the laptop, which he took from” a resident, Mr.

G. In addition, the prosecutor argued that the theft of the computer was included in the

statement of probable cause.

       The State argued that a postponement was the proper remedy. The prosecutor

suggested that she could take a couple of days to “try to pull everything together” and get

Buddenbohn served with a subpoena. Thereafter, defense counsel and the court could

determine what to do. She maintained that although the case had “been around” for a long

time, the court should consider both Grafton and the victims, who would “be victimized

again” if the case was dismissed. She asserted that the court and parties had time to “make

it right” and “provide the information and put Mr. Grafton in a position where he has it and

can proceed to trial.”

       Defense counsel opposed a postponement on the ground that “it should’ve been

done a very long time ago.” She argued that this was “a trial by ambush,” that she had not

received all of the information she had requested, and that she learned on the day before

trial that an admitted thief, Buddenbohn, stole money in the same time frame as the charges

against Grafton, that Buddenbohn took cash from Grafton, and that she managed cash “for

the entire duration of the time frame relevant to” this case. According to defense counsel,

the fact that Grafton’s case was a bench trial did not suspend the obligation of the

prosecutor to comply with Brady and did “not suspend the obligation of the company

through [its] attorney to comply with the Court Order and provide . . . all records of

reconciliation that we now know were managed and approved by an embezzler who was

prosecuted in Harford County.” Defense counsel noted, “I can’t say I’d only just want

                                            12
information relevant to [Buddenbohn] or that I – you know, like let’s subpoena her, let’s

call her as a witness. I like to talk to my witnesses in advance. I like to know my case.

We don’t proceed with trial by ambush because that’s not due process of the law . . . .”

Defense counsel stated:

                     It’s put the State in a very bad position where the State
              has committed an egregious Brady violation by not disclosing
              to me that their office was aware of the prosecution of Ms.
              [Buddenbohn] and was likely aware she was gonna plead
              guilty in Harford County, and that’s why the case did not
              proceed in Baltimore County. That’s been something they
              should’ve known at the outset of this prosecution given the
              time frame.

                                           ***

                       I’m here today finally thinking that I’m ready to begin
              trial in this matter on behalf of my client . . . and instead we’re
              here knowing that there is a deep well of additional records
              relevant to this case that are exculpatory that haven’t been
              provided. So we’re just expected to let people explain that
              under oath and take their word for it, and it’s not acceptable.
              So, I’m asking that the Court dismiss this case.

       Defense counsel also argued, in the alternative, that the court schedule a show cause

hearing to determine exactly what additional records would be relevant to the reconciliation

of the personal use funds and the theft perpetrated by Buddenbohn, as well as information

about the computer which the defense argued was not covered by the criminal information.

C.     The Circuit Court’s Ruling

       The court found that the State was “responsible for the Brady violations here[.]” It

noted that the case was “four years and seven months old,” and held that “[t]his is a Brady

violation. I agree with the defense, I’m gonna dismiss this case.” The court commented

                                              13
that it could not “imagine how the State could prove its case.” The prosecutor responded

that the court had not even heard opening statements and did not see all the documents the

State intended to introduce in evidence. The court clarified that it was “dismissing based

on the Brady violation[,]” and merely noting that there seemed “likely to be huge

problems” with reasonable doubt. The court subsequently stated that “[t]his evidence

coming up at this late date is, I believe, violative of the State’s obligations under Brady.”

The court went on to comment on “the huge age on this case,” stating, “I do think

[Grafton’s] speedy trial rights are being violated” and that “whatever this new information

comes out, I don’t know what that leads to or where we go with that Discovery.”

       The prosecutor argued that “usually the dismissal is appropriate for Brady violation

when it occurs after the case has gone to trial. That’s what a lot of these cases are about.”

She asserted that the violation here “could be remedied because it’s pretrial. So the

appropriate response would be a postponement.” She argued that “[w]e can get it set pretty

quickly, and then we would have a hearing as to whether there was a speedy trial violation.”

The court disagreed, stating “I think by the situation here and what has gone on here with

the Brady violation we have here, I think dismissal is . . . the appropriate result, and that’s

what we’re gonna do.”

                                              14
                                       DISCUSSION

       The State does not dispute that it was required to disclose to the defense the evidence

pertaining to Buddenbohn.6 Instead, it argues that the circuit court erred in finding that it

had committed a Brady violation and dismissing the charges. The State maintains that

Brady applies to the “suppression” of evidence which occurs when the State withholds

material evidence and prevents a defendant from using it at trial. According to the State,

that did not occur in this case because the evidence about Buddenbohn was disclosed prior

to trial. Even if Brady was applicable to the instant case, the State argues that the court’s

analysis was flawed and that it erred in dismissing the case instead of taking a less drastic

approach.

A.     Standard of Review

       Generally, we review a trial court’s decision on a motion to dismiss an indictment

for an abuse of discretion. Kimble v. State, 242 Md. App. 73, 78 (2019) (citing State v.

Lee, 178 Md. App. 478, 484 (2008)). Where the trial court’s decision involves an

interpretation and application of Maryland constitutional, statutory, or case law, we

determine de novo, whether the trial court’s conclusions are legally correct. Id. (quoting

Schisler v. State, 394 Md. 519, 535 (2006)). We review de novo a trial court’s determination

       6
         In its appellate brief, the State expressly acknowledges that it “does not dispute
that it was required to disclose to the defense the evidence pertaining to Buddenbohn.” In
this Opinion, we do not discuss the scope of the required disclosure or whether
responsibility for the timing of the disclosure is attributable to the State, Mid-Atlantic, or
both. Rather, we focus upon the appropriate course of action for the trial court when it was
made aware that evidence about Buddenbohn was disclosed to the defense shortly before
trial.
                                             15
as to the existence vel non of a Brady violation, as it presents a constitutional issue.

Canales-Yanez v. State, 472 Md. 132, 156 (2021) (citing Ware v. State, 348 Md. 19, 48

(1997)).

       In Brady, the Supreme Court held that “the suppression by the prosecution of

evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is

material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the

prosecution.” Brady, 373 U.S. at 87. Under Brady both impeachment and exculpatory

evidence must be disclosed as there is no distinction between the two. Id. at 87-88. See

also Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 153-54 (1972). The State must disclose material

under Brady even in the absence of a specific request by a defendant. United States v.

Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 110-111 (1976); Grandison v. State, 390 Md. 412, 431 (2005).

       A defendant contending that the State committed a Brady violation must establish

that the State withheld evidence that was both favorable to the accused and material.

Williams v. State, 416 Md. 670, 692 (2010); Ware, 348 Md. at 38. The Court of Appeals

has explained:

                      In order to establish that the State has violated his due
              process rights under Brady v. Maryland, [a defendant] must
              establish: “(1) that the prosecutor suppressed or withheld
              evidence that is (2) favorable to the defense – either because it
              is exculpatory, provides a basis for mitigation of sentence, or
              because it provides grounds for impeaching a witness – and
              (3) that the suppressed evidence is material.”

Canales-Yanez, 472 Md. at 158 (quoting Ware, 348 Md. at 38).

       Evidence is material “if there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been

disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Ware,

                                             16
348 Md. at 46 (quotations and citations omitted). Stated otherwise, had the evidence been

known and used by the defense, then it “would truly have made a difference to the outcome

of the case.” Adams v. State, 165 Md. App. 352, 425 (2005).

B.     Preservation

       As a preliminary matter, Grafton contends that the State failed to raise below the

issue of whether the evidence had been suppressed and, as a result, it was not preserved

properly for our consideration. According to Grafton, the State “tacitly conceded that the

evidence was suppressed under Brady and its only contention below concerned the

appropriate remedy.” We disagree.

       Under Maryland Rule 8-131(a), we will not ordinarily decide a non-jurisdictional

issue “unless it plainly appears by the record to have been raised in or decided by the trial

court.” This rule “serves to prevent the unfairness that could arise when a party raises an

issue for the first time on appeal, thus depriving the opposing party from admitting

evidence relating to that issue at trial.” Wilkerson v. State, 420 Md. 573, 597 (2011).

       The hearing below was for the purpose of addressing Grafton’s motion to dismiss

for violations of both Brady and Md. Rule 4-263. The State acknowledged the untimely

disclosure of evidence concerning Buddenbohn, but it never conceded that the evidence

had been suppressed for the purpose of Brady or that there had been discovery violations.

With regard to the asserted Brady violation, the prosecutor specifically argued that “usually

the dismissal is appropriate for [a] Brady violation when it occurs after the case has gone

to trial. That’s what a lot of these cases are about. This could be remedied because it’s

pretrial. So the appropriate response would be a postponement.” The prosecutor requested

                                             17
a postponement of “a couple days” in order “to get all the information we possibly can

together in reference to” Buddenbohn and provide it to the defense. The prosecutor also

advised the court that she could “also get [Buddenbohn] served with a subpoena, we can

get her in here. I believe she’s still a Maryland resident as far as I know.” The circuit court

rejected the prosecutor’s arguments, determined that a Brady violation had occurred, and

dismissed the case. The issue presented was preserved properly for our consideration.

C.     Suppression

       The State does not dispute that it had an obligation to disclose evidence pertaining

to Buddenbohn, but it argues that the circuit court erred in finding a Brady violation, and

dismissing all of the charges, because Grafton failed to establish that the prosecutor

suppressed or withheld evidence. According to the State, the circuit court’s analysis was

flawed because evidence is not suppressed or withheld -- and no Brady violation occurs --

when the prosecutor discloses the evidence prior to trial, even if the evidence is handed

over on the eve of trial. The State further argues that the court erred in dismissing the case

instead of imposing the less drastic remedy of a postponement.

       Grafton counters that evidence pertaining to Buddenbohn had not been disclosed

even on the morning of trial because documents had not been provided and the prosecutor

had conceded at the hearing that she did not “exactly know what still exists.” Grafton

maintains that “[a]lerting the defense to a nondisclosure is not the same as making the

disclosure.” He argues that circumstances surrounding Buddenbohn’s prosecution and

related documentation, including plea agreements, disciplinary records, and statements

made to law enforcement officers remained suppressed. According to Grafton, timeliness

                                              18
for a Brady disclosure does not hinge on whether evidence is provided before or after trial,

but rather whether it was provided in sufficient time for him to make effective use of it.

Because the prosecutor acknowledged at the hearing that she did not know what evidence

“still exists,” Grafton argues that the disclosure was ineffective because it was not made in

time for him to use it effectively in the preparation or presentation of his case.

       The fact that the disclosure of information pertaining to Buddenbohn was made on

the day before trial was set to begin does not, in itself, lead to the conclusion that Brady

was violated. In Adams v. State, 165 Md. App. 352 (2005), we examined suppression in

the context of a Brady violation. Judge Moylan, writing for this Court, examined the

temporal aspect of suppression, which involves when the information at issue ultimately

becomes known to a defendant, and noted that “[i]f the defendant learns of the information

before the conclusion of the trial, to wit, in time to use it, there has been no Brady

suppression.” Adams, 165 Md. App. at 421-22. In reaching that conclusion, Judge Moylan

pointed to our discussion of the timing issue in DeLuca v. State, 78 Md. App. 395 (1989),

in which we wrote:

              There is the further problem of what is suppression and when
              does it occur. Brady and its progeny deal not, as here, with
              discovery sufficiently timely to enable the defense team to
              calibrate more finely its trial tactics but with the very different
              issue of withholding from the knowledge of the jury, right
              through the close of the trial, exculpatory evidence which, had
              the jury known of it, might well have produced a different
              verdict. Suppression contemplates the ultimate concealment
              of evidence from the jury, not the tactical surprise of opposing
              counsel. The Brady sin is hiding something and keeping it
              hidden, not hiding something temporarily in order to surprise
              someone with a sudden revelation. Even if the latter were just
              as sinful, it would be a different sin with a different name.

                                              19
DeLuca, 78 Md. App. at 424.

       In Williams v. State, 416 Md. 670 (2010), the State failed to disclose to the defendant

prior to his first trial a witness’s statement to a detective that she was legally blind. That

information was disclosed to the defendant prior to his second trial. The Court of Appeals

commented on the timing of the disclosure, stating:

                       The cases are legion, however, that “[e]vidence known
              to the defendant or his counsel, that is disclosed, even if during
              trial, is not considered suppressed as that term is used in
              Brady[.]” State v. Rasmussen, 225 Conn. 55, 621 A.2d 728,
              747 (1993); see also United States v. Presser, 844 F.2d 1275,
              1283 (6th Cir. 1988) (stating that “[s]o long as a defendant is
              given impeachment material, even exculpatory impeachment
              material, in time for use at trial, we fail to see how the
              Constitution is violated.”); United States v. Vap, 852 F.2d
              1249, 1256 (10th Cir. 1988) (stating that “Brady is not violated
              when the Brady material is available to [a defendant] during
              trial.”). Thus, Brady offers no relief when the defendant knew
              of the facts before trial. Yearby v. State, 414 Md. 708, 724, 997
              A.2d 144, 153 (2010) (stating “[i]f the defendant has actual or
              constructive knowledge of the allegedly withheld exculpatory
              information, there cannot be a Brady violation.”).

                                            ***

                     In order to establish a Brady violation, petitioner must
              prove that the State suppressed favorable evidence. Here, the
              videotapes were disclosed before the second trial, and hence,
              for purposes of this second trial, the evidence is considered not
              to have been suppressed, even though it should have been
              given to the petitioner earlier.

Williams, 416 Md. at 691-92 (some citations omitted).

       Similarly, in In re Matthew S., 199 Md. App. 436 (2011), in considering the late

disclosure of an immunity agreement, we recognized that “Brady deals with the

                                             20
suppression of evidence by the State, i.e., withholding evidence through the close of trial.”

In re Matthew S., 199 Md. at 459.

       In the instant case, the State disclosed some information about Buddenbohn on the

day prior to trial but did not produce material it acknowledged could be obtained within a

short time frame. Although that late disclosure no doubt amounted to a tactical surprise

for the defense, the State’s transgression did not, in and of itself, constitute “suppression”

under Brady. Rather, the critical issue was whether Grafton could make effective use of

the evidence pertaining to Buddenbohn. In United States v. Smith Grading & Paving, Inc.,

760 F.2d 527 (4th Cir. 1985), the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals recognized that even

assuming evidence is exculpatory, “its belated disclosure does not constitute reversible

error. No due process violation occurs as long as Brady material is disclosed to a defendant

in time for its effective use at trial.” Id. at 532 (citing United States v. Higgs, 713 F.2d 39

(3rd Cir. 1983)). The Court noted that “[w]hen determining the constitutional validity of

a belated Brady disclosure, the relevant inquiry is solely whether the defendant was able to

effectively use the exculpatory information.” Id. at 532 n. 6 (citing United States v.

McCrary, 699 F.2d 1308 (11th Cir. 1983)).

       “Whether a delayed disclosure violates Brady depends on the nature of the evidence

and the length of the delay, both of which affect the defendant’s ability to make use of the

evidence at trial.” United States v. Alvin, 30 F.Supp.3d 323, 334-35 (E.D. Pa. 2014) (citing

United States v. Golyansky, 291 F.3d 1245, 1248-50 (10th Cir. 2002) and Leka v.

Portuondo, 257 F.3d 89, 100-01 (2001)). In Miller v. United States, 14 A.3d 1094, 1111

(D.C. 2011), the Court noted, “as we have repeatedly recognized, exculpatory evidence

                                              21
must be disclosed in time for the defense to be able to use it effectively, not only in the

presentation of its case, but also in its trial preparation.” In Miller, the prosecutor failed to

provide exculpatory grand jury testimony of a key witness until the evening before opening

statements. Id. at 1097. In finding that the late disclosure was “not compatible with the

Constitution,” the Court noted:

               In the context of the present appeal, it is important to recognize
               that “the longer the prosecution withholds information, or
               (more particularly) the closer to trial the disclosure is made, the
               less opportunity there is for use.” Leka [v. Portuondo], 257
               F.3d [89] at 100 [2001]. This is so, in part, because “new
               witnesses or developments tend to throw existing strategies
               and preparation into disarray.” Id. at 101. The sequence of
               events in this case, like the record in Leka, “illustrates how
               difficult it can be to assimilate new information, however
               favorable, when a trial already has been prepared on the basis
               of the best opportunities and choices then available.” Id. “The
               defense may be unable to divert resources from other initiatives
               and obligations that are or may seem more pressing,” and
               counsel may not be able, on such short notice, to assimilate the
               information into their case. Id. Further, “[t]he more a piece of
               evidence is valuable and rich with potential leads, the less
               likely it will be that late disclosure provides the defense an
               ‘opportunity for use,’” DiSimone v. Phillips, 461 F.3d 181, 197
               (2d Cir. 2006), i.e., “the opportunity for a responsible lawyer
               to use the information with some degree of forethought.” Leka,
               257 F.3d at 103.

Id. at 1111.

       Grafton argues that dismissal “was the only appropriate remedy to address the

prejudice caused by the State having suppressed exculpatory material for years[.]” That is

not the case. See e.g., Williams, 416 Md. at 693 n.8 (“Even had there been a Brady

violation . . . dismissal of an indictment as a sanction is appropriate only where less drastic

                                               22
alternatives are not available.”). Here, the circuit court did not consider the less drastic

alternative of a brief postponement before proceeding to dismiss the case.

       It appears from the record that the trial was scheduled for two weeks. The

information about Buddenbohn had so recently been disclosed to the prosecutor, that she

did not know what additional information remained to be produced. In addition, the

prosecutor expressed the State’s willingness to assist the defense in obtaining in a short

time frame records pertaining to Buddenbohn. Without knowledge of the nature of the

evidence and the time in which it was ultimately produced by the State, the trial court could

not determine whether Grafton could make effective use of it in preparation for or during

trial. If the State was unable to produce the evidence in a short time frame, or if for some

other reason Grafton ultimately could not make effective use of the evidence disclosed,

then Grafton might have a claim that the delayed disclosure constituted a Brady violation.

       In light of the specific circumstances of this case, however, the court could not, at

the time of the hearing, determine that Grafton was unable to make effective use of the

Buddenbohn evidence because only some material had been produced and the State did not

know exactly what material “still remain[ed]” to be produced. For that reason, the circuit

court erred in not imposing a less drastic alternative of a brief postponement to allow for

the production of evidence by the State. We are not deciding whether dismissal is or is not

an appropriate sanction for a Brady violation. The circuit court, however, needed to know

the nature of the evidence and the length of delay before determining whether Grafton

would be able to make effective use of it in preparation for trial or in the presentation of

his case.

                                             23
       Moreover, disclosure under Brady is distinct from the State’s discovery obligations

under Md. Rule 4-263. The circuit court did not address the discovery violations asserted

in Grafton’s motion to dismiss. That issue may be addressed on remand. Because the

circuit court did not determine whether a discovery violation occurred, we take no position

as to whether a discovery violation did or did not occur. Nor shall we address what remedy,

if any, would be appropriate. We are simply pointing out that the circuit court’s dismissal

was based solely on a Brady violation and the alleged discovery violations were not

addressed. Further, defense counsel advised the court that had the case not been dismissed,

she would have asserted Grafton’s right to a speedy trial. Similarly, the defense is not

precluded from raising that issue on remand.

                                          JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                          FOR BALTIMORE COUNTY REVERSED.
                                          CASE REMANDED FOR FURTHER
                                          PROCEEDINGS. COSTS TO BE PAID BY
                                          APPELLEE.

                                            24