Court Opinion

ID: 181975
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-12-29 20:52:17+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:25:57.611879
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                     _____________

                          No. 07-1885
                         _____________

                     WILBERT FRANCIS,

                                Appellant

                                v.

           PUEBLO XTRA INTERNATIONAL, INC.;
            XTRA SUPER FOODS CENTERS, INC.
                     _____________

                On Appeal from the District Court
                of the United States Virgin Islands
                 District Court No. 00-cv-00154
        U.S. District Judge: The Honorable James T. Giles

        Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                      December 16, 2010

Before: McKEE, Chief Judge, FUENTES and SMITH, Circuit Judges

                   (Filed: December 29, 2010)

                    _____________________

                           OPINION
                    _____________________

                                1
SMITH, Circuit Judge.

      Wilbert Francis appeals from an order of the District Court of the Virgin

Islands, which granted summary judgment on his Title VII claim in favor of

Francis’s former employer, Xtra Super Foods Centers, Inc., a grocery store.1 The

District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 48 U.S.C. § 1612(a) and 28 U.S.C. §§

1331, 1367. We have jurisdiction to review this final order under 28 U.S.C. §

1291. Our review of an order granting summary judgment is plenary. Shuman ex

rel. Shertzer v. Penn Manor Sch. Dist., 422 F.3d 141, 146 (3d Cir. 2005).

      In 1982, Francis, who was still in high school, was hired as a grocery bagger

at one of Pueblo’s grocery stores in the Virgin Islands. Francis enjoyed several

promotions, working his way up to the position of store manager. In 1994, Francis

was promoted to the position of Assistant General Manager in the Virgin Islands.

      At the time of Francis’s promotion to the position of Assistant General

Manager, Pueblo was experiencing financial difficulties. It closed its grocery

stores in Florida in the mid-1990s. It took major steps to reduce its losses in its

1
   Xtra Super Foods Centers, Inc., was a subsidiary of Pueblo Xtra International, Inc.
Pueblo operated grocery stores in Florida, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Francis
sued both Pueblo and Xtra Super Foods. Thereafter, Pueblo filed a petition for Chapter 11
Bankruptcy on October 28, 2002. The District Court severed Pueblo from this action.
After the District Court granted summary judgment in favor of Xtra Super Foods, Francis
filed a notice of appeal specifically identifying Xtra Super Foods as the Appellee.
Nonetheless, the grocery store was known as Pueblo. Francis refers to the Appellee as
Pueblo. For that reason, we will refer to the Appellee as Pueblo.
                                           2
stores in Puerto Rico, implementing price hikes on numerous products and

terminating the employment of at least 492 employees in January of 1997.

      The stores in the Virgin Islands were also losing money. In January of 1998,

Pueblo focused on improving the economic picture of its Virgin Islands stores.

Although layoffs would reduce the cost of operations, they were viewed at that

time as a last resort. In restructuring its operations in the Virgin Islands, Pueblo

eliminated the position of its General Manager in the Virgin Islands, moving him

to its Puerto Rico offices. Francis’s position as Assistant General Manager was

also eliminated. Pueblo then created two Superstore Directors, one to oversee

stores in St. Thomas, and the other to supervise stores in St. Croix. Pueblo

transferred Francis into the position of Superstore Director for the St. Thomas

stores. On June 1, 1998, after the St. Croix Superstore Director quit, Francis was

promoted to the position of District Manager of the Virgin Islands stores.

      That same month, Pueblo decided to increase prices on approximately 6,000

items. Francis voiced concerns about the legality of the price hike in light of

contracts the store had with the “Women, Infants, and Children” program and

because the hurricane season was approaching. Nonetheless, Pueblo implemented

the price hikes.

      Public opposition mounted, evidenced by formation of a group called

                                           3
Concerned Consumers for Better Food Prices, an inquiry by a Virgin Islands’

legislator, and a public boycott. In response, Pueblo prepared a letter to the

legislator leading the inquiry dated July 24, 1998. The letter advised that during

Pueblo’s thirty years in operation it had “care[d] for its employees, its customers

and the Virgin Islands community as a whole.” It pointed to the contributions it

had made as a taxpayer and to its support of the community at large. It assured the

public that its prices were competitive, stating that “we are re-engineering our

operations to be able to maintain competitive prices, our current level of

employment and to avoid the continued losses experienced during the last five

years in the Virgin Islands in the amount of $5.6 million.”

      The letter to the legislator bore signature lines for Francis, Leon George, the

Virgin Islands based Director of Human Resources, and Donald Harves, the Senior

Director of Operations Services. Francis refused to sign the letter, explaining that

he was unable to “attest that some of the things” in the letter were actually true.

      Pueblo also published excerpts from this letter in a local newspaper. The

final paragraph of the letter stated that the

      undersigned, as the direct and responsible officers for Pueblo in the
      Virgin Islands, are committed to enforce and implement all actions
      and goals above explained. We are committed to Pueblo’s employees,
      customers and the community as a whole. We do not play games or
      politics, we manage Pueblo’s stores to achieve all these goals. We
      proudly count on the assistance of all of our co-workers, and the

                                            4
      Territory can count on us.

Immediately below this paragraph appeared the names of Francis and George. The

newspaper letter, however, did not contain either man’s signature.

      In August, George and Francis attended a meeting in Puerto Rico and were

tasked with developing a plan to reduce Pueblo’s labor costs in the Virgin Islands.

Their plan called for 53 layoffs. Management, however, determined that it also

had to eliminate a management position as sales continued to drop. Alice

Echevarria, a Puerto Rico-based Human Resources executive with Pueblo,

explained that she believed seniority needed to be a factor in deciding which

executive would be laid off. Pueblo decided to discharge Francis, who had less

seniority than George. On September 10, 1998, at a meeting with management in

Puerto Rico, Francis and George learned that Francis would be laid off, along with

72 other employees. Thereafter, Harves, who was based in Puerto Rico, and

George, who was in the Virgin Islands, managed Pueblo’s Virgin Islands

operations.

      In February of 1999, Pueblo created the position of Virgin Islands Director

of Sales and Marketing. Echevarria explained that this new position was created in

response to criticisms from the corporate office that the Virgin Islands stores

“needed to learn to do things differently in terms of merchandising. They reset all

                                          5
our stores . . . Resetting means . . . changing the order of products, the aisles where

they are placed, the things that you place in the middle of the [aisles].” Echevarria

further explained that Pueblo was seeking “a complete change” as its current

“settings and merchandising and marketing plans were old[,]” belonging “to a

different school of marketing, to the old days[.]” In other words, the new position

was an attempt to inject “new merchandising techniques . . . that were more

effective” in stimulating spontaneous sales. For that reason, Pueblo contacted a

search firm to bring in someone “that was in tune with . . . today’s merchandising

and marketing strategies and settings, new style.” Pueblo hired Larry Hall in

February of 1999. Hall relocated from the continental United States to the Virgin

Islands, and was paid a salary of approximately $20,000 more than Francis had

been paid. Echevarria explained that this position was not comparable to Francis’s

position as District Manager, which made him responsible for only the operation of

the stores. Rather, the Director of Sales and Marketing was “responsible for the

direct implementation of the merchandising program for the Virgin Islands,” for

“oversee[ing] the operations of the stores,” “work[ing] with the budgets,” and

working with senior management in Puerto Rico in formulating strategies.

      In the meantime, in early January of 1999, Francis filed a charge of

employment discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

                                           6
He alleged that he was terminated on the basis that he was an African American

and because of his national origin as a native Virgin Islander. In July of 2000,

Francis filed a complaint against Pueblo, alleging discrimination on the basis of

race, national origin and ethnicity in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

and Virgin Islands local law (Counts I and II), a breach of the implied duty of good

faith and fair dealing (Count III), race discrimination in violation of 42 U.S.C. §§

1981 and 1981a (Counts IV and V), a “false light” invasion of privacy claim,

stemming from Pueblo’s placement of his name placed on the letter that was

published in the local newspaper (Count VI), and wrongful discharge under the

Virgin Islands Wrongful Discharge Act (Count VII).

      Pueblo moved for summary judgment on all counts. The District Court

granted Pueblo’s motion. This timely appeal followed. Francis contends that the

District Court erred by granting summary judgment on his Title VII action, as well

as the state law claims for breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing,

and the false light cause of action. With regard to Francis’s Title VII claim, we

agree with him that he has established a prima facie case of discrimination under

Title VII. See Pivirotto Innovative Sys., Inc., 191 F.3d 344, 354 (3d Cir. 1999).

      Pueblo explained, however, that its economic straits prompted its reduction

in force, which resulted in Francis’s discharge, and that it decided to hire someone

                                           7
in tune with new marketing and merchandising techniques. Francis adduced

nothing that casts doubt upon the financial constraints within which Pueblo had to

operate to remain viable. The fact that it filed for protection under the Bankruptcy

Code confirms the company’s fiscal problems. Furthermore, Pueblo explained that

having decided to discharge one of the two management personnel in the Virgin

Islands, it decided to discharge Francis because he had less seniority than George.

      Francis asserted in the District Court, however, that Pueblo’s articulated

reason for his discharge was dubious. He argued that several months after he was

discharged Pueblo hired Larry Hall as Director of Sales and Marketing for the

Virgin Islands, at a salary in excess of Francis’s salary. According to Francis,

Hall’s position included the duties which Francis had been responsible for until his

termination. The District Court rejected this argument. It noted that the duties of

Francis’s position and Hall’s position differed substantially as Hall had

responsibility for, inter alia, working with senior management in Puerto Rico in

formulating business strategies. Francis’s position, in contrast, had been concerned

only with store operations. The record supports the District Court’s observations.

For that reason, we will affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment on

                                          8
the Title VII claim.2

      Francis also challenges on appeal the District Court’s determination that his

good faith and fair dealing claim failed as a matter of law. According to Francis,

Pueblo breached this duty of good faith by publishing in a newspaper the letter to

the Virgin Islands’ legislator who had been critical of the company. This

publication, according to Francis, constituted bad faith because the letter

misrepresented to the public Pueblo’s intent to maintain employment at its current

level. Francis contends that Pueblo knew as early as January of 1998 that layoffs

were a possibility.

      The Virgin Islands’ Code provides that “[t]he rules of the common law, as

expressed in the restatements of the law approved by the American Law Institute . .

. shall be the rules of decision in the courts of the Virgin Islands in cases to which

they apply, in the absence of local laws to the contrary.” 1 V.I.C. § 4. Section 205

of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts states that “[e]very contract imposes

upon each party a duty of good faith and fair dealing in its performance and its

enforcement.” In Robinson v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 19 V.I. 106 (D. V.I.

2
   In an effort to demonstrate that Pueblo’s reasons were pretextual, Francis cites not
only its creation of the position of Sales and Marketing Director in February of 1999,
which was filled by Larry Hall, but also the hiring of Hall’s successor Julio Pineiro
Torres in 2001. We conclude that the events that transpired in 2001 do not shed light on
whether an illegitimate factor was a motivating cause of Francis’s discharge in September
of 1998.
                                           9
1982), an employee claimed that his employer breached its duty of good faith and

fair dealing when it authorized a negligently conducted polygraph examination and

used the results as the basis for discharging him. The Court acknowledged that the

employee might have to prove fraud, deceit or misrepresentation, but it concluded

that the employee had set forth a prima facie case as there were sufficient facts to

establish that the employer’s actions may have “destroy[ed] or injur[ed] the right

of the other party to receive the fruits of the contract.” Id. at 112 (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). Subsequently, in Alvarez v. Pueblo

International, Inc., 24 V.I. 141 (Terr. Ct. V.I. 1989), the Court acknowledged that

an employee could assert a breach of good faith and fair dealing claim and that an

“essential element of this contract claim is fraud or deceit on the part of the

employer.” Id. at 146.

      Here, the District Court acknowledged this authority and assumed that this

good faith and fair dealing requirement applied to at-will employment. The Court

determined that Pueblo’s statement that it was “re-engineering its operations to be

able to maintain . . . [its] current level of employment” was not fraudulent or

deceitful. We agree. The statement revealed Pueblo’s objective to become

sustainable and to do so, if possible, without a loss of jobs. Accordingly, the

statement was not false at the time it was published.

                                           10
       Furthermore, we note that a claim for the breach of a duty of good faith and

fair dealing requires the plaintiff to demonstrate that a contract existed,

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 205 (specifying that the duty exists in

“[e]very contract”), and that the defendant’s conduct violated the plaintiff’s

“justified expectations” under the contract. Id., cmt. a. Here, the implied contract

arising from Francis’s long-term at-will employment with Pueblo is between

Francis and Pueblo. Yet Francis asserts that Pueblo lied to the Virgin Islands’

legislator and the public. The fact that Pueblo may have acted contrary to the

justified expectations of the legislator and the public does not establish that Pueblo

breached the covenant of good faith and fair dealing in Francis’s implied

employment contract.3

       Francis also takes issue with the District Court’s conclusion that his claim

for false light failed as a matter of law. He asserts that the Court erred because a

false light claim does not require a showing that the defendant disclosed personal

facts about the plaintiff. We agree with Francis that this tort “does not depend

upon making public any facts concerning the private life of the individual.”

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652E, cmt a. Rather, it is “enough that he is given

3
   Because Francis did not demonstrate deceitful or fraudulent conduct on the part of
Pueblo and because the alleged violative conduct does not injure the rights of a party to
the contract, we need not decide whether the covenant of good faith and fair dealing
applies to at-will employment.
                                            11
unreasonable and highly objectionable publicity that attributes to him

characteristics, conduct or beliefs that are false and so is placed before the public in

a false position.” Id., cmt. b. Comment c to the Restatement explains that this

cause of action exists “only when the defendant knows that the plaintiff, as a

reasonable man, would be justified in the eyes of the community in feeling

seriously offended and aggrieved by the publicity. . . . It is only when there is such

a major misrepresentation of his character, history, activities or beliefs that serious

offense may reasonably be expected to be taken by a reasonable man in his

position[.]” Id., cmt. c. We will affirm because there is not a major

misrepresentation in this case to which a reasonable man would take serious

offense.4 We will not disturb the District Court’s order granting summary

judgment in favor of Pueblo on Francis’s false light claim.

       We will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

4
  Francis makes much of the fact that Pueblo’s published letter falsely portrayed that he
had signed it. This inaccuracy, however, does not cast Francis in a false light. The letter
specifically advised the public that Francis was part of Pueblo’s management in the
Virgin Islands which was responsible for “implement[ing] the actions and goals” Pueblo
had explained in the letter. As a result, the letter conveys that the views set forth therein
were Pueblo’s, not Francis’s personal views.
                                             12