Court Opinion

ID: 9719426
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 07:52:20.02155+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:24:07.153438
License: Public Domain

Melton, Justice.
On July 6, 2009, the trial court in this capital murder case denied both Khahn Dinh Phan’s motion to dismiss the charges against him and his motion asserting a speedy trial violation. As the basis for these motions, Phan maintains that, pursuant to Vermont v. Brillon, _ U. S. __ (III) (C) (129 SC 1283, 173 LE2d 231) (2009), there has been a “systemic breakdown in the public defender system” caused by a lack of funding. In its order denying Phan’s motions, the trial court requests direction from this Court, finding that the law that it must apply is unclear. With this request in mind, we remand this case with direction and vacate the trial court’s order because (1) it fails to fully consider whether, with regard to the individualized facts of this specific case, the entire public defender system has broken down such that no publicly-funded and constitutionally-effective attorney from any source was available to represent Phan, see Weis v. State, 287 Ga. 46 (694 SE2d 350) (2010) and (2) it does not consider Phan’s speedy trial claim within the required parameters of Barker v. Wingo, 407 U. S. 514 (92 SC 2182, 33 LE2d 101) (1972). See Vermont v. Brillon, supra.
In a nutshell, the record shows that, on December 29, 2004, Hung Thai and his two-year-old son were murdered “execution style” by gunshots to the back of the head. Hung’s wife, Hoangoah Thai, was also shot in this manner, but she survived. After waking up from a seven-week coma, Hoangoah left for Vietnam, her family’s native country. When interviewed by Georgia detectives over the *698telephone, Hoangoah identified Phan as the person responsible for the shootings. Phan was arrested on March 16, 2005, and he was indicted by the Gwinnett County grand jury on September 7, 2005. On October 11, 2005, the State filed a notice of intent to seek the death penalty. Because Phan is indigent, the Georgia Public Defender Standards Council (GPDSC) retained attorneys Bruce Harvey and Christopher W Adams to represent Phan. Although Adams has been paid through August 30, 2008, his subsequent bills have not been paid, and Harvey apparently has not been paid for his services. In 2006, defense counsel petitioned the GPDSC for funds to travel to Vietnam to investigate Phan’s case for both facts and mitigation evidence. Phan is a native of Vietnam, and all of his family remains there. The GPDSC has not provided funds for this trip. Based on this lack of funding, Phan filed a motion to dismiss the charges against him, and he also claimed that his right to a speedy trial had been violated. Both motions are based on the notion that budgetary shortfalls and the lack of funding have caused a systemic breakdown of the public defender system.
To adequately address Phan’s contentions, the trial court must first thoroughly assess whether there has been an actual breakdown in the entire public defender system prohibiting Phan from receiving counsel within the framework of the facts of this specific case. The trial court’s assessment should include an analysis of alternative sources of funding and alternative representation if necessary under the circumstances of this particular case. As illustration, in our recent opinion in Weis, supra, similar claims were raised that there had been a systemic breakdown of the public defender system. We found, however, that there had been no such breakdown, as the trial court in that case found alternative publicly-funded representation for the defendant. We explained:
While the constitutional speedy trial provisions primarily safeguard the defendant’s rights, they also recognize the public’s interest — including the interest of crime victims — in the resolution of criminal cases without unnecessary delay, and the prosecutor and the trial court have a responsibility to protect those interests. See Barker v. Wingo, supra, 407 U. S. at 519 (II) (“The right to a speedy trial is generically different from any of the other rights enshrined in the Constitution for the protection of the accused. In addition to the general concern that all accused persons be treated according to decent and fair procedures, there is a societal interest in providing a speedy trial which exists separate from, and at times in opposition to, the interests of the accused”); id. at 527 (III) (“[SJociety has a particular *699interest in bringing swift prosecutions, and society’s representatives are the ones who should protect that interest”). See also Zedner v. United States, 547 U. S. 489 (III) (A) (126 SC 1976, 164 LE2d 749) (2006) (discussing the public interest in a speedy trial in the context of the federal Speedy Trial Act). In this regard, the trial court took appropriate action by appointing . . . public defenders to represent Weis [rather than his originally appointed attorneys].
Id. at 51 (1) (b). Therefore, the trial court in this case must determine whether any alternatives are available to ensure Phan’s constitutionally-effective representation, including, but not limited to, the possibility of appointing alternative counsel. Id. See also Georgia Public Defender Standards Council v. State, 285 Ga. 169 (675 SE2d 25) (2009) (trial court properly ordered GPDSC to fund capital case). The trial court may also want to consider alternatives to travel to Vietnam, such as phone or internet interviews of witnesses. By doing so, the trial court may safeguard both the public interest as well as Phan’s rights. Weis, supra; cf. State v. Lattimore, 287 Ga. 505 (696 SE2d 613) (2010).
If the trial court determines that no alternatives are available and that a systemic breakdown of the entire public defender system has actually occurred, this determination must then be factored into a constitutional speedy trial analysis for the review of such a claim. This requires a consideration of the four-part balancing test outlined in Barker v. Wingo, supra. Under this test, the Court must examine:
(1) the length of the delay; (2) reasons for the delay; (3) defendant’s assertion of the right [to speedy trial]; and (4) the prejudice to the defendant. Standing alone, none of these factors are a necessary, or sufficient condition to a finding of deprivation of the right to a speedy trial, but rather should be considered as part of a balancing test. Washington v. State, 243 Ga. 329, 330 (253 SE2d 719) (1979).
(Citation omitted.) Layman v. State, 284 Ga. 83, 84 (663 SE2d 169) (2008).
Within the Barker parameters, evidence of a systemic breakdown of the public defender system impacting a particular defendant should be considered under the reasons for delay. In Vermont v. Brillon, supra, an opinion focusing on this prong of the Barker test, the United States Supreme Court stated that “[t]he general rule attributing to the defendant delay caused by assigned counsel is not absolute. Delay resulting from a systemic ‘breakdown in the public defender system,’ *700could be charged to the State.” (Citations omitted.) Vermont v. Brillon, supra, _ U. S. at _ (III) (C). The systemic breakdown in the public defender system becomes part of the balance in determining whether a speedy trial violation has occurred. Of course, even in the context of a systemic breakdown, the remaining three Barker factors, the length of delay, assertion of the right, and prejudice to the defendant must also be considered.1
In the current case, the trial court’s order does not fully address options, if any, for Phan’s representation, and it does not employ Barker’s balancing test. Both of these considerations are necessary to address Phan’s claims, and, as a result, this case must be remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.2

Judgment vacated and case remanded with direction.

All the Justices concur, except Hunstein, C. J., Benham and Thompson, JJ., who dissent.

 Although the dissent would affirm the trial court’s finding of a systemic breakdown, it agrees that this systemic breakdown must be considered within the framework of Barker v. Wingo. Therefore, even if the dissent were correct with regard to a systemic breakdown, this case would still have to be remanded to the trial court. A trial court’s decision to deny a motion for discharge based on an alleged speedy trial violation is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Burns v. State, 265 Ga. 763 (462 SE2d 622) (1995). In the present matter, the trial court has not made any findings pursuant to Barker v. Wingo, and, as a result, there is currently no exercise of the trial court’s discretion which this Court may properly review.

 To the extent that Phan raises concerns about the effectiveness of his representation, such claims are premature, and will not be addressed here. See Weis v. State, 287 Ga. 46, 51 (1) (b) (694 SE2d 350) (2010).