Court Opinion

ID: 867946
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-05-15 20:50:37.759831+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:09:49.171095
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/15/13 P. v. Hernandez CA6
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,                                                          H037436
                                                                    (Santa Cruz County
         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   Super. Ct. No. WF00983)

         v.                                                          ORDER MODIFYING OPINION

RENE HERNANDEZ,                                                      [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

         Defendant and Appellant.

BY THE COURT:
         It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on May 9, 2013, be modified in the
following particulars:
         On page 1, the heading “Santa Clara County” is deleted and replaced with “Santa
Cruz County.”
         This modification does not affect a change in the judgment.

                                                         _________________________________
                                                         BAMATTRE-MANOUKIAN, J.

                                                         _________________________________
                                                         ELIA, ACTING P.J.

                                                         _________________________________
                                                         MÁRQUEZ, J.
Filed 5/9/13 (unmodified version)
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE,                                                          H037436
                                                                    (Santa Clara County
         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   Super. Ct. No. WF00983)

         v.

RENE HERNANDEZ,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         Defendant Rene Hernandez appeals after conviction, by jury trial, of rape (Pen.
Code, § 261, subd. (a)(2)),1 penetration with a foreign object (§ 289, subd. (a)(1)), and
assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury (former § 245,
subd. (a)(1)). The jury found true allegations that defendant kidnapped the victim before
committing the rape and penetration. (§ 667.61, subds. (b), (e)(1).) Defendant was
sentenced to consecutive terms of 15 years to life for the rape and penetration, with the
term for the assault stayed pursuant to section 654.
         On appeal, defendant contends: (1) there was insufficient evidence to support the
kidnapping allegations; (2) the trial court failed to instruct the jury that in determining
whether defendant kidnapped the victim, it should consider whether the forcible

         1
             All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
                                                             2
movement was incidental to the commission of the associated offenses; (3) the trial court
erred by allowing the prosecution to admit 10 booking photos of defendant to show his
changed appearance and consciousness of guilt; (4) the trial court failed to instruct the
jury to view defendant’s oral admissions with caution and failed to give a corpus delicti
instruction; (5) the trial court coerced a verdict on the kidnapping allegations by directing
the jury to continue deliberating on those allegations after the jury reported a deadlock on
count 1; (6) the cumulative effect of the errors denied defendant due process and a fair
trial; (7) section 654 barred the trial court from imposing One Strike law sentences for
both the rape and penetration with a foreign object based on the same act of kidnapping;
and (8) this court should order a suppression hearing or find that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to bring a suppression motion, because defendant’s DNA was taken
after arrest on an unrelated felony charge for which he was not convicted, in violation of
the Fourth Amendment.
       As we shall explain, with respect to the kidnapping allegations, we agree that the
trial court should have instructed the jury to consider whether the forcible movement was
incidental to the commission of the associated offenses, and that the error was prejudicial.
We will reverse the judgment and remand for possible retrial of the kidnapping
allegations under section 667.61, subdivisions (b) and (e)(1). We find no prejudicial
error as to defendant’s convictions of rape, penetration with a foreign object, or assault by
means of force likely to produce great bodily injury. We also decline to order a
suppression hearing and find that defendant did not receive ineffective assistance of
counsel.

                                              3
                                     BACKGROUND
       A.     Testimony Regarding the Incident
       On February 11, 2009, Jane Doe2 took care of an elderly couple who lived in
Watsonville. After work, she remained at the house and began drinking alcohol. She had
more than two drinks. Sometime between 8:30 p.m. and 9:30 p.m., Doe decided to walk
to her ex-boyfriend’s home on Dogwood Drive. As she walked, Doe felt safe,
wondering, “Who would touch a 56-year-old woman?”
       Doe’s route took her down the sidewalk along East Lake Avenue. About 10 to
15 minutes into her walk, Doe saw two men approaching her. One of the men was
young, tall, and thin, and he had a pit bull on a leash. The second man – defendant – was
older, shorter, and heavier, with “real short” hair.
       Defendant told the other man to leave. He then pulled Doe by the hair and arm,
moving her about four or five feet off the sidewalk, away from the street. Defendant
pushed Doe’s head into a cement wall, and she ended up on the ground next to some
bushes. Defendant told Doe to “shut up” and said he was going to “fuck [her] to death.”
Doe realized her pants were down around her ankles. Defendant penetrated her vagina
with his finger and then with his penis. After saying “I’m done, bitch,” he left.
       Doe got up and pulled up her pants. She had leaves and other debris all over her.
Her purse was missing. She ran down East Lake Avenue, trying to get help. Several cars
passed without stopping, until Juan Roman noticed her waving and offered his help.
       Doe was upset, smelled of alcohol, and had dirty clothing, but was speaking
clearly. Doe said she needed a ride and that she had been raped. Roman called 911 then
took Doe to meet two deputies.

       2
        Although the information alleged that the offenses were committed against “Jane
Doe,” the jury learned the victim’s true name during trial. We continue to refer to her as
Jane Doe pursuant to our policy of nondisclosure of the names of living victims of sex
crimes. (See Cal. Style Manual (4th ed. 2000) § 5:9.)
                                              4
        B.     Investigation
        Watsonville Police Detective Morgan Chappell spoke to Doe about the incident.
Doe was coherent and alert during the interview. She complained of head pain and had
“weeds and stuff” in her hair. Doe said she had consumed two mixed drinks. She said
her purse had about $20 in it as well as two prescription bottles.
        Detective Chappell then took Doe to the hospital, where she spoke to a Sexual
Assault Response Team (SART) nurse. Doe gave consistent versions of the incident to
the detective and the nurse. During the SART exam, the nurse found debris (bark, twigs,
crushed leaves, and moss) in Doe’s underwear and pants. Debris was also stuck to Doe’s
back and inside the entrance to her vagina. There was a bruise on Doe’s right arm and
abrasions on both of her knees.
        The SART nurse found a laceration at the 6:00 o’clock position in Doe’s vagina.
This injury is commonly found when there has been blunt force trauma, and it is
consistent with the use of “more force” than what would be used for consensual sex. Doe
also had a puncture wound in her anal opening. Live sperm was found on a vaginal
swab.
        At the time of the SART exam, Doe did not seem intoxicated. However, when her
blood was drawn at 2:30 a.m., it had a blood alcohol level of 0.19 percent. According to
toxicologist Judy Stewart, the alcohol would have metabolized at a rate of 0.015 percent
per hour.
        Detective Chappell participated in a search for the crime scene, but neither he nor
the other officers found anything of evidentiary value. It had rained earlier that day and
had begun raining again. Doe had not been able to pinpoint the exact location of the
rape; she had only been able to identify the particular side of the road and the general
location on East Lake Avenue between two cross streets.
        Photographs taken in the general location of the incident were introduced at trial.
They show a street on one side of the sidewalk and an embankment that runs along the

                                              5
other side of the sidewalk. A concrete wall sits at the top of the embankment. As shown
by the photograph and as described by witnesses, various forms of vegetation (ice plant,
bushes, and young trees) grow along the embankment and near the concrete wall.
        Detective Chappell testified that on a dark and rainy night, a passer-by would not
be able to see the shrubs or anything behind them very well. It would be “much easier”
to see someone on the sidewalk than someone in the area between the shrubs and the
wall.
        Watsonville Police Detective Christopher Greene worked with Doe’s description
of her attacker to produce a composite drawing following the rape. The drawing was
circulated in local newspapers. It generated a few leads that “went nowhere.”
        On March 11, 2009, Detective Greene canvassed the neighborhoods along East
Lake Avenue. He went to defendant’s residence because another officer had reported
seeing a pit bull in that neighborhood. He inquired at the residence but did not speak to
defendant. An adult female at the residence said the dog belonged to defendant.
Detective Greene later showed Doe a photograph of the pit bull, but she was unable to
identify it as the one she had seen on the night of the incident.
        DNA from the sperm found during the SART exam was entered into the CODIS
database in March 2009. On January 5, 2010, a “cold hit” occurred in the CODIS
database, matching the DNA evidence to defendant, whose DNA had been taken
following an arrest on an unrelated matter.
        Following the CODIS hit, defendant was arrested for the current offenses on
January 11, 2010. A photograph of defendant, taken in 2008, was included in a
photographic array that was shown to Doe. Doe could not positively identify anyone
from the array, although she spent “a long time” looking at defendant’s photograph and
commented that the photograph “look[ed] like him.”

                                              6
       C.        Victim Impeachment – Prior Domestic Violence Incident
       On June 18, 2005, Santa Cruz County Sheriff Detective Joe Mata was dispatched
to the Dogwood Drive residence to investigate a possible stabbing. Doe was at the
residence and appeared to be intoxicated. She claimed that she had been stabbed in the
neck, chest, and face. Medics attended to her but did not believe she had been stabbed,
although she did have bruises on her arms and possibly on a knee. Doe was arrested for
domestic violence, but Detective Mata did not believe she was ever prosecuted.
       Doe acknowledged having problems with alcohol and that the police had
responded to a 911 call at her ex-boyfriend’s home. Doe denied telling the police that her
ex-boyfriend had stabbed her, but she admitted that “things were exaggerated.”
       D.        Charges, Trial, and Sentencing
       On July 1, 2010, the District Attorney filed an information alleging that defendant
committed kidnapping for purposes of rape (count 1; § 209, subd. (b)(1)), forcible rape
(count 2; § 261, subd. (a)(2)), penetration with a foreign object (count 3; § 289,
subd. (a)(1)), second degree robbery (count 4; § 211), assault with intent to commit a sex
offense (count 5; § 220, subd. (a)), false imprisonment by violence (count 6; § 236), and
assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury (count 7; former § 245,
subd. (a)(1)).
       The information alleged two One Strike law circumstances in connection with the
charges of rape and penetration with a foreign object. First, it alleged that defendant
kidnapped the victim “and the movement of the victim substantially increased the risk of
harm to the victim over and above that level of risk necessarily inherent in the underlying
offense” (i.e., aggravated kidnapping), which would make the crimes punishable by a
term of 25 years to life. (§ 667.61, subds. (a), (d)(2).) Alternatively, the information
alleged that defendant “kidnapped the victim of the present offense in violation of
Section 207 and or 209 and or 209.5” (i.e., simple kidnapping), which would make the
crimes punishable by a term of 15 years to life. (§ 667.61, subds. (b), (e)(1).)

                                             7
       At trial, defendant did not dispute that he had sexual intercourse with Doe, as that
fact was established by the DNA evidence. He argued that Doe was not credible in
testifying that the intercourse was non-consensual. He also argued there was insufficient
evidence to support guilty verdicts on the other counts and true findings on the special
allegations.
       The jury convicted defendant of three counts: forcible rape (count 2; § 261,
subd. (a)(2)), penetration with a foreign object (count 3; § 289, subd. (a)(1)), and assault
by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury (count 7; former § 245,
subd. (a)(1)). It found defendant not guilty of robbery (count 4; § 211) and not guilty of
the lesser-included offense of petty theft (§ 484). The jury was unable to reach a verdict
on the charge of kidnapping for purposes of rape (count 1; § 209, subd. (b)(1)).
       Because of the guilty verdicts on counts 2 and 3, no verdict was returned for
count 5 (assault with intent to commit a sex offense; § 220, subd. (a)), which was charged
only as a lesser-included offense of counts 2 and 3. Likewise, because the jury was
unable to reach a verdict on count 1, the trial court did not record the jury’s verdict for
count 6 (false imprisonment by violence; § 236), which was charged only as a lesser-
included offense of count 1.
       As to counts 2 and 3 (rape and penetration with a foreign object), the jury found
the aggravated kidnapping allegations not true (§ 667.61, subds. (a), (d)(2)), but it found
the simple kidnapping allegations true (§ 667.61, subds. (b), (e)(1)).
       At the sentencing hearing on August 18, 2011, the trial court imposed consecutive
terms of 15 years to life for the rape and penetration (counts 2 and 3). It imposed the
four-year upper term for the assault (count 7), but stayed that count pursuant to section
654. It imposed a $10,000 restitution fine (§ 1202.4, subd. (b)), imposed but stayed a
$10,000 parole revocation fine (§ 1202.45), imposed $120 in court security fees
(§ 1465.8, subd. (a)(1)), and imposed $90 in criminal conviction assessments (Gov. Code,

                                              8
§ 70373). On the District Attorney’s motion, the trial court dismissed counts 1, 5, and 6
and the aggravated kidnapping allegations.

                                      DISCUSSION
       A.      Sufficiency of the Evidence of Kidnapping
       Defendant contends there was insufficient evidence to support the allegations that
defendant committed the rape and penetration “after kidnap[p]ing the victim in violation
of Penal Code section 207.” (See § 667.61, subd. (e)(1).)
               1.    Standard of Review
       In reviewing a claim of insufficiency of the evidence on appeal, “ ‘the relevant
question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” (People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal. 3d 557, 576, quoting
Jackson v. Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307, 318-319, original italics.) “An appellate court
must view the evidence in the light most favorable to respondent and presume in support
of the judgment the existence of every fact the trier could reasonably deduce from the
evidence.” (People v. Reilly (1970) 3 Cal. 3d 421, 425.)
               2.    Analysis
       In urging this court to strike the kidnapping allegations, defendant contends that
there was insufficient evidence of asportation – that is, movement of the victim that is
“ ‘substantial in character.’ ” (People v. Martinez (1999) 20 Cal. 4th 225, 235
(Martinez).)
       In Martinez, the California Supreme Court set forth the asportation standard for
simple kidnapping in violation of section 207, subdivision (a). Reaffirming that the
movement must be “substantial in character” (Martinez, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 237),
the court overruled precedent that had “made the asportation standard exclusively
dependent on the distance involved” (id. at p. 233). The Martinez court emphasized that

                                             9
“[s]ection 207(a) proscribes kidnapping or forcible movement, not forcible movement for
a specified number of feet or yards.” (Id. at p. 236.)
       The Martinez court held that “factors other than actual distance are relevant to
determining asportation . . . in all cases involving simple kidnapping.” (Martinez, supra,
20 Cal.4th at p. 235.) Thus, “the jury should consider the totality of the circumstances.”
(Id. at p. 237.) Relevant circumstances might include actual distance as well as “such
factors as whether that movement increased the risk of harm above that which existed
prior to the asportation, decreased the likelihood of detection, and increased both the
danger inherent in a victim’s foreseeable attempts to escape and the attacker’s enhanced
opportunity to commit additional crimes.” (Ibid., fn. omitted.) “In addition, in a case
involving an associated crime, the jury should be instructed to consider whether the
distance a victim was moved was incidental to the commission of that crime in
determining the movement’s substantiality.” (Ibid.)
       Although the Martinez court was clear that actual distance was not determinative
of whether a movement was “substantial in character,” it also “emphasize[d] that
contextual factors, whether singly or in combination, will not suffice to establish
asportation if the movement is only a very short distance.” (Martinez, supra, 20 Cal.4th
at p. 237.)
       Defendant asserts that because Martinez stressed that a movement for “only a very
short distance” cannot establish asportation (Martinez, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 237), “there
remains some minimum actual distance requirement.” He argues that the movement of
Doe from the sidewalk to the area near the wall and shrubs – approximately four or five
feet, according to Doe’s estimate – was “only a very short distance” and thus insufficient
to establish asportation despite any contextual factors. (Ibid.) Defendant also asserts that
even with the contextual factors, the movement here was not substantial.
       We do not read Martinez as establishing that a movement of only four or five feet
is so “very short” that it could never be the basis for a simple kidnapping conviction. In

                                             10
Martinez, the California Supreme Court made it clear that there is no specific actual
distance minimum for simple kidnapping. (Martinez, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 236; see
People v. Corcoran (2006) 143 Cal. App. 4th 272, 280 [“measured distance is not alone
determinative”].) Defendant contends that the specific distance of five feet is, as a matter
of law, never “substantial in character.” (Martinez, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 237.) In light
of Martinez’s overruling of the line of cases setting a minimum distance requirement for
kidnapping, we decline to so hold.
       Prior published cases have held that movements as short as nine feet are not so
“very short” as to preclude a jury finding that the distance was insubstantial. (Martinez,
supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 237.) For instance, in People v. Shadden (2001) 93 Cal. App. 4th
164 (Shadden), the defendant dragged the victim nine feet from the front counter of a
video store to a room in the back of the store. The Shadden court upheld the defendant’s
simple kidnapping conviction, noting that “[w]here movement changes the victim’s
environment, it does not have to be great in distance to be substantial.” (Id. at p. 169.)
The Shadden court explained that because the victim was moved “from an open area to a
closed room,” which changed the victim’s environment, “the jury could reasonably infer
that the distance was substantial.” (Ibid.)
       Here, the movement of Doe from the sidewalk to the area near the wall and
shrubs, while brief, was not so “very short” as to be insubstantial as a matter of law.
(Martinez, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 237.) A reasonable jury could have found that taking
Doe from the sidewalk to the area next to the concrete wall significantly altered her
environment. (See Shadden, supra, 93 Cal.App.4th at p. 169.) The evidence at trial
established that on the sidewalk, even though it was dark out, Doe would have been
visible to cars passing by because the headlights would have illuminated the area. In
contrast, four or five feet away, up the embankment and obscured by the shrubs, Doe
would not have been nearly as visible to passers-by. This change in environment made it
more likely that defendant would avoid detection, reduced Doe’s opportunity to escape,

                                              11
and gave defendant a greater opportunity to commit additional crimes. (See ibid. [“where
a defendant moves a victim from a public area to a place out of public view, the risk of
harm is increased even if the distance is short”].)
       A reasonable juror could also have found that “the movement of the victim was for
a distance beyond that which was incidental to the commission of an associated crime.”
(People v. Bell (2009) 179 Cal. App. 4th 428, 440 (Bell); see Martinez, supra, 20 Cal.4th
at p. 237.) The record supports a finding that the movement of Doe from the sidewalk to
the area near the concrete wall and shrubs was not incidental to the commission of any of
the associated crimes – i.e., rape, penetration, or assault. Defendant could have
committed the assault or sexual assault on Doe while she was on the sidewalk or right
next to the sidewalk, instead of moving her to the area with bushes and the wall. (See
Shadden, supra, 93 Cal.App.4th at p. 169 [movement is not necessary to the commission
of a rape]; People v. Diaz (2000) 78 Cal. App. 4th 243, 248-249 (Diaz) [movement of
victim from sidewalk to immediately adjacent grassy area was incidental to rape, but
further movement to dark area was not].)
       In sum, based on the totality of the circumstances, a jury could reasonably find
that defendant’s movement of Doe was “substantial in character.” (Martinez, supra, 20
Cal.4th at p. 237.) Substantial evidence in the record supports the jury’s findings under
section 667.61, subdivisions (b) and (e)(1).
       B.     Instructional Error
       Defendant contends the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury that in order
to find the kidnapping allegations true, it should consider whether the forcible movement
of Doe was more than “merely incidental” to the commission of an associated offense.
(CALCRIM No. 1215; see Martinez, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 237.)
              1.     Proceedings Below
       The trial court instructed the jury pursuant to CALCRIM No. 3179 that if it found
defendant guilty of the rape and penetration with a foreign object, it had to “decide

                                               12
whether, for each crime, the People have proved the additional allegation that the
defendant kidnapped [Jane Doe].” The trial court explained that “[t]o decide whether the
defendant kidnapped [Jane Doe],” the jury should “refer to the separate instructions that I
will give you on kidnapping.”
       The trial court then instructed the jury pursuant to CALCRIM No. 1215 that to
find defendant committed kidnapping, it had to find that “1. The defendant took, held, or
detained another person by using force or by instilling reasonable fear; [¶] 2. Using that
force or fear, the defendant moved the other person or made the other person move a
substantial distance; [¶] AND [¶] 3. The other person did not consent to the
movement.”
       The trial court gave the following definition of the term “substantial distance”:
“Substantial distance means more than a slight or trivial distance. In deciding whether
the distance was substantial, you must consider all the circumstances relating to the
movement. Thus, in addition to considering the actual distance moved, you may also
consider other factors such as whether the movement increased the risk of harm,
increased the danger of a foreseeable escape attempt, gave the attacker a greater
opportunity to commit additional crimes, or decreased the likelihood of detection.”
(CALCRIM No. 1215.)
       The trial court did not include an optional (bracketed) portion of CALCRIM
No. 1215, which would have instructed the jury that in determining whether the victim
was moved a substantial distance, it could also consider “whether the distance the other
person was moved was beyond that merely incidental to the commission of” an
“associated crime.”
              2.      Analysis
       The California Supreme Court has made it clear that “in a case involving an
associated crime, the jury should be instructed to consider whether the distance a victim
was moved was incidental to the commission of that crime in determining the

                                            13
movement’s substantiality.” (Martinez, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 237.) Citing Martinez and
Bell, supra, 179 Cal. App. 4th 428, the bench notes to CALCRIM No. 1215 state, “The
court must give the bracketed language on movement incidental to an associated crime
when it is supported by the evidence.”
       The Attorney General states that “this issue is close” and acknowledges that “the
trial court should have given the jury the bracketed language regarding incidental
movement in the simple kidnapping ‘one strike’ allegation.” However, the Attorney
General cites People v. Dieguez (2001) 89 Cal. App. 4th 266 at page 276 and asserts that
there is no “ ‘reasonable likelihood’ that the jury misconstrued or misapplied the law.”
The Attorney General notes that the “more than merely incidental” language was
included in the jury instruction on the aggravated kidnapping allegation (CALCRIM No.
3175), and that during closing arguments, defense counsel told the jury that, for the
simple kidnapping allegation, it should consider whether the movement was “merely
incidental to the commission of forcible rape.”
       We do not believe that the instruction on the aggravated kidnapping allegation
adequately informed the jury that, in considering whether the victim was moved a
“substantial distance” for purposes of the simple kidnapping allegation, the jury could
consider “whether the distance a victim was moved was incidental to the commission of
that crime.” (Martinez, supra, 20 Cal.4th at p. 237.) The instruction on the aggravated
kidnapping allegation (CALCRIM No. 3175) told the jury that “substantial distance”
required that the movement was “more than merely incidental to the commission of
forcible rape and/or forcible digital penetration.”3 However, the instruction on the simple

       3
         As given, CALCRIM No. 3175 provided: “If you find the defendant guilty of
the crimes charged in Counts two and/or three, you must then decide whether, for each
crime, the People have proved the additional allegation that the defendant kidnapped
[Jane Doe], increasing the risk of harm to her. You must decide whether the People have
proved this allegation for each crime and return a separate finding for each crime.
       “To prove this allegation, the People must prove that: [¶] 1. The defendant took,
held, or detained [Jane Doe] by the use of force or by instilling reasonable fear; [¶]
                                            14
kidnapping allegation omitted this requirement. Nothing in the instructions indicated that
this omission was inadvertent, such that the jury should apply the same definition to both
allegations.
       We also disagree that defense counsel’s argument was sufficient to inform the jury
that the “substantial distance” determination should include a consideration of “whether
the distance . . . was beyond that merely incidental to the commission of” an “associated
crime.” (CALCRIM No. 1215.) We cannot presume the jury applied the legal standards
stated in defense counsel’s argument rather than those provided in the jury instructions,
particularly since the trial court also instructed the jury to “follow the law” as explained
by the court’s instructions, and that the instructions must be followed if the “attorney’s
comments on the law conflict with” them. (CALCRIM No. 200.)
       We also find it significant that the jury asked about the meaning of “merely
incidental” and specified that the question was “[i]n regard to Count One,” the aggravated
kidnapping charge.4 This indicates that the jury was struggling with the term “merely
incidental” and suggests that it did not necessarily understand that the standard applied to
the simple kidnapping allegations.

2. Using that force or fear, the defendant moved [Jane Doe] or made her move a
substantial distance; [¶] 3. The movement of [Jane Doe] substantially increased the risk
of harm to her beyond that necessarily present in the forcible rape and forcible digital
penetration; [¶] AND [¶] 4. [Jane Doe] did not consent to the movement.
        “Substantial distance means more than a slight or trivial distance. The movement
must be more than merely incidental to the commission of forcible rape and/or forcible
digital penetration. In deciding whether the distance was substantial and whether the
movement substantially increased the risk of harm, you must consider all the
circumstances relating to the movement.
        “The People have the burden of proving each allegation beyond a reasonable
doubt. If the People have not met this burden, you must find that the allegation has not
been proved.”
        4
          The jury inquiry stated, “In regard to Count One, we request clarification of what
‘merely incidental’ means? [¶] Are we allowed to be undecided on Count one and move
to Count six?”
                                             15
       On this record, we cannot be confident that the jury understood that, with respect
to the simple kidnapping allegations, the “substantial distance” determination should
include a consideration of “whether the distance . . . was beyond that merely incidental to
the commission of” an “associated crime.” (CALCRIM No. 1215; see Martinez, supra,
20 Cal.4th at p. 237.)
       Having concluded there was instructional error, we must determine if reversal is
required. As defendant points out, at least one published case has held that this error is
subject to harmless-error review under the “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt”
standard of Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 (Chapman), because it
violates the defendant’s “right to a correct jury instruction on all the elements of the
offense of simple kidnapping.” (Bell, supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at p. 439.) The Attorney
General does not advocate for a different harmless error standard, so we will assume that
the Chapman standard applies.
       “In determining whether instructional error was harmless, relevant inquiries are
whether ‘the factual question posed by the omitted instruction necessarily was resolved
adversely to the defendant under other, properly given instructions.’ [Citation.] A
reviewing court considers ‘the specific language challenged, the instructions as a whole[,]
the jury’s findings’ [citation], and counsel’s closing arguments to determine whether the
instructional error ‘would have misled a reasonable jury. . . .’ [Citation.]” (Bell, supra,
179 Cal.App.4th at p. 439.)
       As noted above, we cannot say with confidence that “ ‘the factual question posed
by the omitted instruction necessarily was resolved adversely to the defendant under
other, properly given instructions.’ ” (Bell, supra, 179 Cal.App.4th at p. 439.) Although
the instruction on the aggravated kidnapping allegation (CALCRIM No. 3175) required
the jury to find that the movement was “more than merely incidental to the commission
of forcible rape and/or forcible digital penetration,” the instructions did not inform the
jury that the same definition of “substantial distance” applied with respect to the simple

                                             16
kidnapping allegations. Moreover, the jury found the aggravated kidnapping allegation
not true, suggesting that the jury found the distance was not “more than merely incidental
to the commission of forcible rape and/or forcible digital penetration.”
       The jury’s questions and verdicts do not necessarily reflect that it found the
movement of Doe was more than merely incidental to the commission of an associated
crime. The jury appeared to struggle with the concept of incidental movement when
considering count 1, and it ultimately failed to reach a verdict as to that count. The jury’s
deadlock on count 1 suggests that some of the jurors might not have believed that the
movement of Doe was more than merely incidental to the commission of the rape.
       Finally, as the Attorney General acknowledges, it was a “very close” question
whether the movement here was more than merely incidental to any of the associated
offenses. As discussed above, the jury could have found that the movement of Doe was
more than merely incidental to the assault or sex offenses, since defendant could have
committed those offenses while Doe was on the sidewalk or right next to the sidewalk.
(See Shadden, supra, 93 Cal.App.4th at p. 169; Diaz, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at pp. 248-
249.) However, the jury also could have reached the opposite conclusion – that the
movement of Doe was merely incidental to the associated offenses, particularly the
assault, which defendant committed by hitting Doe’s head against the wall, which was
four or five feet from the sidewalk. (See Cotton v. Superior Court (1961) 56 Cal. 2d 459,
464 [dragging of victim 15 feet was incidental to assault]; People v. Hoard (2002) 103
Cal. App. 4th 599, 607 [movement was merely incidental where it “served only to
facilitate the crime with no other apparent purpose”].)
       On this record, we conclude that a properly instructed jury might have reached a
different result and thus that the error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (See
Chapman, supra, 386 U.S. at p. 24.) If the jury had been instructed that in determining
whether the “distance was substantial” (CALCRIM No. 1215), it could consider whether
the movement was incidental to the associated offenses, it might not have found the

                                             17
kidnapping allegations true. Because the trial court’s omission of the “merely incidental”
language in CALCRIM No. 1215 was not harmless, we shall reverse the simple
kidnapping allegations and remand for a retrial and/or resentencing.5
       C.     Booking Photographs
       Defendant contends the trial court prejudicially erred by allowing the prosecution
to introduce 10 booking photographs of him: six taken during the four years prior to the
Doe incident and four taken afterwards. The photographs were introduced to support the
prosecution’s theory that defendant purposely changed his appearance following the rape,
showing a consciousness of guilt.
       The photographs taken prior to the Doe incident show that defendant kept his hair
very short – his head was almost shaved bald. The photographs taken after the Doe
incident show that defendant’s hair became progressively and significantly longer. His
facial hair changed as well. In the two years prior to the Doe incident, he kept a short
goatee, but after the Doe incident it looked quite different – at one point, he had only a
moustache, and later, he grew the goatee out.
              1.     Proceedings Below
       Defendant moved in limine to exclude the booking photographs pursuant to
Evidence Code section 352. The prosecution opposed the motion, arguing that the
photographs demonstrated that defendant had deliberately changed his physical
appearance following the rape.
       At the hearing on the motion, defendant emphasized that his concern was with the
jury’s discovery that he had a criminal history. He argued that the jury might conclude

       5
         In light of our reversal of the simple kidnapping allegations, we need not reach
defendant’s claim that the trial court erred by directing the jury to continue deliberating
on those allegations after the jury reported a deadlock on count 1. Nor do we need to
reach defendant’s claim that section 654 barred the trial court from increasing the
sentences imposed for his convictions of rape and penetration with a foreign object based
on the same act of kidnapping.
                                             18
his convictions were for more serious crimes than his actual criminal history reflected.
He stressed that it would be prejudicial for the jury to learn that he had been arrested ten
times. He suggested the prosecutor obtain photographs from the Department of Motor
Vehicles or just use one photograph from before the rape and one from afterwards.
       The prosecutor advocated for admission of all the photographs. He noted that
defendant had been arrested six times between 2004 and 2008 with no change in his
appearance, but that his appearance progressively changed in the four photographs after
the rape. The prosecutor noted that after the rape, police had circulated a composite
drawing and had even gone to defendant’s home, where defendant’s mother claimed that
“nobody here looks like that.”
       The trial court inquired whether there were any steps that could be taken to reduce
the prejudice. The prosecutor indicated the photographs would be introduced with the
booking information “excised” but acknowledged that the jury would still be aware “that
those are booking photos.” The prosecutor suggested that the jury could be admonished.
       The trial court found that the photographs were relevant, since they showed
defendant’s appearance was consistent from 2004 to 2008, but changed in a “pretty
significant” manner after the rape. The trial court also found that the photographs had
potential for prejudice, but tentatively ruled that they were admissible. The trial court
indicated that if defendant produced alternative photographs, they might be used instead
of the booking photographs.
       Defendant requested the jury be informed of the specific charges and outcomes of
each arrest. The prosecutor suggested that instead, the parties stipulate that none of the
arrests involved sex crimes and that all were for misdemeanors. Defendant agreed.
       During opening statements, the prosecutor noted that defendant’s appearance “was
amazingly stable for more than four years from 2004 to 2008,” but changed after a
composite drawing circulated after the rape.

                                             19
       The prosecution introduced the photographs during Detective Greene’s testimony.
The jury learned the exact dates of each photograph. The jury was read a stipulation
stating that defendant “has no prior sex crimes and no felony convictions. Exhibits 4 and
5 are photographs taken from 2004 to 2010 during police contacts involving allegations
of misdemeanor crimes of a non-sexual nature.”
       During trial, one of the alternate jurors sent a note to the trial court, asking if the
booking photographs were from “seperate [sic] contacts with law enforcement?” In
response, the trial court re-read the stipulation.
              2.      Analysis
       Defendant does not dispute that the booking photographs showed a change in his
appearance following the incident, nor does he dispute that a change in appearance can
show consciousness of guilt. (See People v. Randle (1992) 8 Cal. App. 4th 1023, 1036.)
Defendant contends that it was unnecessary for the prosecution to introduce so many
photographs because the jury thereby learned that he had been arrested on 10 separate
occasions.
       Under Evidence Code section 352, “[t]he court in its discretion may exclude
evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its
admission will (a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger
of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.” In an Evidence
Code section 352 analysis, “ ‘prejudicial’ is not synonymous with ‘damaging,’ but refers
instead to evidence that ‘ “uniquely tends to evoke an emotional bias against defendant” ’
without regard to its relevance on material issues. [Citations.]” (People v. Kipp (2001)
26 Cal. 4th 1100, 1121.)
       “[A]n appellate court applies the abuse of discretion standard of review to any
ruling by a trial court on the admissibility of evidence. [Citations.]” (People v. Waidla
(2000) 22 Cal. 4th 690, 717.) Thus, error in admitting evidence pursuant to Evidence
Code section 352 may be found only “ ‘on a showing that the court exercised its

                                              20
discretion in an arbitrary, capricious or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest
miscarriage of justice. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Rodrigues (1994) 8 Cal. 4th
1060, 1124-1125.)
       Generally, “evidence of mere arrests is inadmissible because it is more prejudicial
than probative,” due to the danger that the jury will find that the defendant “has an
untrustworthy and criminal character.” (People v. Lopez (2005) 129 Cal. App. 4th 1508,
1523.) Thus, booking photographs showing that a defendant has been arrested on
previous occasions should not be admitted unless the photographs have strong probative
value that is not “substantially outweighed” by their prejudicial effect. (Evid. Code,
§ 352.)
       In one case, the trial court erred by admitting multiple booking photographs of the
defendant because they did not all have probative value on the issue for which they were
introduced. In People v. Vindiola (1979) 96 Cal. App. 3d 370 (Vindiola), overruled on
other grounds in People v. Carter (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 1166 at page 1197, the booking
photographs were introduced on the issue of identification. A prosecution witness
testified that the perpetrator wore a heavy moustache, while a defense witness testified
that she had never seen the defendant with a moustache. The prosecutor presented
several booking photographs showing the defendant with a moustache. Since the most
recent booking photograph showed him with a moustache, there was no reason for the
prosecution to introduce the other photographs, which carried “the inevitable implication
that appellant suffered previous arrests and perhaps convictions.” (Vindiola, supra, at
p. 384.)
       In contrast to Vindiola, the trial court here did not abuse its discretion by finding
that all 10 of the photographs had probative value concerning defendant’s consciousness
of guilt, and that their prejudicial effect did not substantially outweigh that probative
value. Since defendant’s identity was established by the DNA evidence, the probative
value of the photographs was their reflection of defendant’s consistent appearance during

                                             21
the four years prior to the Doe incident and his progressive change in appearance
following that incident. Introducing fewer photographs may not have had the same
probative value. As the trial court found, the prejudicial effect of the photographs was
minimized because the booking information was removed and because of the stipulation,
which told the jury that defendant “has no prior sex crimes and no felony convictions”
and that defendant’s prior police contacts were all for “allegations of misdemeanor
crimes of a non-sexual nature.” The trial court reasonably determined that the stipulation
would preclude the jury from speculating that defendant’s criminal history included any
serious offenses and thus minimize any prejudicial impact of the photographs. (See
People v. Little (2012) 206 Cal. App. 4th 1364, 1378 [trial court appropriately dealt with
potential prejudice of prior conviction evidence by giving parties “an opportunity to work
out a stipulation amongst themselves”].)
       Even assuming that the trial court should have admitted fewer booking
photographs, we would find the error harmless, whether we apply the test of People v.
Watson (1956) 46 Cal. 2d 818 (Watson) or – because defendant claims the error
implicates federal due process concerns – the more stringent standard of Chapman,
supra, 386 U.S. 18.
       First, there was little likelihood that the jury would use the booking photographs to
find that defendant had a disposition to commit similar offenses to those charged. During
closing argument, defendant conceded that he had sexual intercourse with Doe as
established by the DNA evidence, so the only disputed issues at trial were whether Doe
consented to the sexual acts, whether defendant assaulted and robbed her, and whether
the movement met the legal standards for kidnapping. The stipulation ensured that the
jury would not speculate that defendant had been arrested for other sex crimes or felony
offenses like those charged and would not conclude that he was probably guilty of the
current offenses based on his criminal history. (See People v. Beagle (1972) 6 Cal. 3d
441, 453 (Beagle) [“ ‘when the prior conviction is for the same or substantially similar

                                            22
conduct for which the accused is on trial,’ ” there is an “ ‘inevitable pressure on lay jurors
to believe “if he did it before he probably did so this time” ’ ”].)
       Second, the verdicts rendered by the jury show that it did not use the booking
photographs in an improper manner – i.e., to find that defendant had a disposition to
commit criminal activity. The jury acquitted defendant on the robbery charge (as well as
the lesser-included offense of theft) and deadlocked on the aggravated kidnapping charge
and allegations, showing that it conscientiously considered the evidence as to each
charged offense. (See People v. Williams (2009) 170 Cal. App. 4th 587, 613 (Williams)
[jury’s acquittal of one charge, finding of lesser-included offense on another charge, and
not-true finding on one gang allegation showed that improper admission of gang evidence
and prior crimes evidence was harmless].)
       Third, the evidence of rape, forcible penetration, and assault was overwhelming.
(See Williams, supra, 170 Cal.app.4th at p. 613 [erroneous admission of evidence shown
where the “admissible evidence overwhelmingly established defendant’s guilt”].) There
was no evidence suggesting a reason why Doe would consent to having sex with
defendant, a stranger, at night on the side of the road. Doe’s injuries were consistent with
the forcible movement, forcible intercourse, and assault she described. The witness
observations of Doe’s demeanor were consistent with someone who had recently been
assaulted.
       In light of the stipulation, the jury’s verdicts, and all of the evidence, it is not
reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the defendant would have been
reached with fewer booking photographs (see Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836) and
any error in admitting all 10 booking photographs was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt (see Chapman, supra, 386 U.S. at p. 24).

                                               23
       D.     Failure to Instruct On Defendant’s Oral Admissions
       Defendant asserts that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury to consider
his extrajudicial oral statements with caution (CALCRIM No. 358) and that he could not
be convicted of a crime based solely on his oral admissions (CALCRIM No. 359).
              1.     Instructions at Issue
       CALCRIM No. 358 provides: “You have heard evidence that the defendant made
[an] oral or written statement[s] (before the trial/while the court was not in session). You
must decide whether the defendant made any (such/of these) statement[s], in whole or in
part. If you decide that the defendant made such [a] statement[s], consider the
statement[s], along with all the other evidence, in reaching your verdict. It is up to you to
decide how much importance to give to the statement[s]. [¶] [Consider with caution any
statement made by (the/a) defendant tending to show (his/her) guilt unless the statement
was written or otherwise recorded.]”
       CALCRIM No. 359 provides: “The defendant may not be convicted of any crime
based on (his/her) out-of-court statement[s] alone. You may only rely on the defendant’s
out-of-court statements to convict (him/her) if you conclude that other evidence shows
that the charged crime [or a lesser included offense] was committed. [¶] That other
evidence may be slight and need only be enough to support a reasonable inference that a
crime was committed. [¶] The identity of the person who committed the crime [and the
degree of the crime] may be proved by the defendant’s statement[s] alone. [¶] You may
not convict the defendant unless the People have proved (his/her) guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.”
              2.     Analysis
       Defendant contends that the oral admissions and corpus delicti instructions were
warranted here because there was evidence that he told Doe he was going to “fuck [her]
to death” before the rape and said “I’m done, bitch” after the rape.

                                              24
         The Attorney General acknowledges that defendant’s statements meet the
definition of oral admissions, such that the trial court was required to instruct the jury
pursuant to CALCRIM No. 358, but disputes that the error was prejudicial. Perhaps
because defendant’s argument focuses primarily on CALCRIM No. 358, the Attorney
General does not address the issue of the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury pursuant
to CALCRIM No. 359. We will assume the same argument applies and proceed to
consider whether the trial court’s failure to give both instructions amounted to reversible
error.
         Defendant claims reversal is required under the Watson standard for state law
error, claiming it is reasonably probable that the trial court’s failure to give the
instructions affected the jury’s verdict. Although defendant does not advocate for
application of the Chapman standard, he does claim that the error denied him due process
of law under the federal constitution.
         As our Supreme Court has explained, in analyzing the effect of a trial court’s
failure to instruct pursuant to CALCRIM Nos. 358 and 359, we apply “the normal
standard of review for state law error: whether it is reasonably probable the jury would
have reached a result more favorable to defendant had the instruction been given.
[Citations.] . . . Mere instructional error under state law regarding how the jury should
consider evidence does not violate the United States Constitution. [Citation.] Failure to
give the cautionary instruction is not one of the ‘ “very narrow[ ]” ’ categories of error
that make the trial fundamentally unfair. [Citation.]” (People v. Carpenter (1997) 15
Cal. 4th 312, 393; see also Beagle, supra, 6 Cal.3d at p. 456.)
         Defendant does not explain how failure to give the instructions was prejudicial in
this case. Instead, he simply cites other cases that found prejudice where the court failed
to give the oral statement instruction. In each of the cited cases, the defendant’s oral
statements were a crucial part of the prosecution’s case. (See People v. Ford (1964) 60
Cal. 2d 772, 800 [defendant’s statements were “ ‘vitally important evidence’ ”]; People v.

                                              25
Bemis (1949) 33 Cal. 2d 395, 401 [defendant’s statements were “the only evidence that
connected defendant with the crime”]; People v. Lopez (1975) 47 Cal. App. 3d 8, 14
[defendant’s statements had “vital bearing . . . upon the only substantial issue the jury
was required to resolve”]; People v. Henry (1972) 22 Cal. App. 3d 951, 959 [case turned
on whether defendant had admitted possession of jacket containing marijuana]; Stork v.
State (Alaska 1977) 559 P.2d 99, 103 [evidence of defendant’s statements “was a
substantial factor leading to his conviction”].)
       The cited cases are distinguishable from the instant case, where defendant’s
statements were not critical to the prosecution’s case. Defendant’s statements merely
corroborated the other evidence of the rape, which included Doe’s testimony, the DNA
evidence, the physical evidence of her injuries, testimony about Doe’s appearance and
demeanor, and the evidence of defendant’s change in appearance following the incident.
(See People v. Padilla (1995) 11 Cal. 4th 891, 923 [failure to give cautionary instruction
regarding defendant’s statements was harmless in light of the “comparatively marginal
role defendant’s statement must have played in the totality of the record”], overruled on
other grounds by People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal. 4th 800, 823, fn. 1 (Hill).) Further, there
was no conflict in the evidence about what defendant said, and the prosecutor mentioned
defendant’s statements only briefly during closing argument – primarily when discussing
the robbery, of which defendant was acquitted.6 On this record, applying any standard
for harmless error, the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury to consider defendant’s
statements with caution and to give a corpus delicti instruction was not prejudicial.

       6
         During closing argument, the prosecutor noted that Doe knew defendant had
ejaculated, either because she “felt something” or because he said “ ‘Done, bitch.’ ”
When discussing the robbery count, the prosecutor mentioned the “ ‘Done, bitch’ ”
statement again, saying it would be unreasonable to believe that someone else came and
took the purse. The prosecutor argued that the “ ‘I’m going to fuck you until you die’ ”
statement showed defendant used fear to take Doe’s purse.
                                              26
       E.      Cumulative Error
       Defendant presents a very brief argument that the cumulative effect of the errors
deprived him of a fair trial. He does not specify which errors his argument pertains to, or
how the errors, “though independently harmless,” rose “by accretion to the level of
reversible and prejudicial error.” (Hill, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 844.) “ ‘[A]n appellate
court [is not] required to consider alleged error where the appellant merely complains of
it without pertinent argument. [Citation.]’ ” (Plotnik v. Meihaus (2012) 208 Cal. App. 4th
1590, 1615.)
       In any event, we have determined that reversal of the kidnapping allegations is
required, so the cumulative effect of any errors could only pertain to the rape,
penetration, and assault counts. With respect to those counts, defendant has challenged
the trial court’s admission of the booking photographs and the trial court’s failure to
instruct the jury pursuant to CALCRIM Nos. 358 and 359. As discussed above, the trial
court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the booking photographs, and any error
was harmless. Likewise, the failure to give CALCRIM Nos. 358 and 359 was harmless.
       “A defendant is entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect one.” (People v. Mincey
(1992) 2 Cal. 4th 408, 454.) When a defendant invokes the cumulative error doctrine,
“the litmus test is whether defendant received due process and a fair trial.” (People v.
Kronemyer (1987) 189 Cal. App. 3d 314, 349 (Kronemyer).) Accordingly, any claim
based on cumulative error must be assessed “to see if it is reasonably probable the jury
would have reached a result more favorable to defendant in their absence.” (Ibid.)
       Here, where the few errors concerning the substantive offenses were harmless,
defendant cannot establish that it is reasonably probable he would have a received a more
favorable result in the absence of the errors. In other words, we are convinced that
defendant “received due process and a fair trial.” (Kronemyer, supra, 189 Cal.App.3d at
p. 349.)

                                             27
       F.     DNA Collection
       Beginning January 1, 2009, the DNA and Forensic Identification Database and
Data Bank Act of 1998 (Act) required “any adult person arrested or charged with any
felony offense” to provide a blood sample and buccal swab sample. (§§ 295, subd. (a),
296, subd. (a)(2)(C).) The constitutionality of this part of the Act is now being
considered by the California Supreme Court in People v. Buza (2011) 197 Cal. App. 4th
1424, review granted October 19, 2011, S196200 (Buza). Briefing in Buza has been
deferred pending the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Maryland v. King (2012)
422 Md. 353, cert. granted Nov. 9, 2012, No. 12–207, __ U.S. __ [133 S. Ct. 594, 184
L. Ed. 2d 390], in which the high Court is considering a Fourth Amendment challenge to a
Maryland statute that is similar to the Act.
       Defendant notes that his DNA was taken following a felony arrest for which no
charge was ever filed,7 and that he was connected to the Doe incident only because of
that DNA sample. He contends that if the Act is unconstitutional, his Fourth Amendment
rights were violated and that all evidence obtained as a result should have been
suppressed. He acknowledges that he did not raise this claim below but contends this
court may review the issue for various reasons: (1) because it involves a pure question of
law (see, e.g., People v. Yeoman (2003) 31 Cal. 4th 93, 118), (2) by reviewing the claim
as one involving ineffective assistance of counsel, or (3) by exercising our inherent
discretion (see People v. Williams (1998) 17 Cal. 4th 148, 161, fn. 6).
       The Attorney General argues that we should not consider the merits, pointing out
that an appellate court “is in fact barred” from considering an issue not raised below
“when the issue involves the admission (Evid. Code, § 353) or exclusion (id., § 354) of
evidence.” (People v. Williams, supra, 17 Cal.4th at p. 161.) The Attorney General

       7
          This assertion was made by trial counsel, and not challenged by the prosecutor,
during discussion of the booking photos. Trial counsel indicated that defendant had been
arrested for felony assault but “that was either dismissed or no file.” The probation report
reflects that defendant’s criminal record consists only of misdemeanor convictions.
                                               28
addresses the ineffective assistance argument, asserting that reasonable trial counsel
could have determined there was no basis for bringing a challenge to the Act based on the
state of the law at the time.
       In light of defendant’s failure to raise this issue below, we believe the appropriate
way to examine this claim is through defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel
argument.
              1.      Standard of Review
       “To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant ‘ “must
establish not only deficient performance, i.e., representation below an objective standard
of reasonableness, but also resultant prejudice.” ’ [Citation.] A court must indulge a
strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable
professional assistance. [Citation.] Tactical errors are generally not deemed reversible,
and counsel’s decisionmaking must be evaluated in the context of the available facts.
[Citation.] To the extent the record on appeal fails to disclose why counsel acted or
failed to act in the manner challenged, we will affirm the judgment unless counsel was
asked for an explanation and failed to provide one, or unless there simply could be no
satisfactory explanation. [Citation.] Moreover, prejudice must be affirmatively proved;
the record must demonstrate ‘a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 342, 389 (Maury).)
              2.      Section 296
       In the present case, defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective in failing
to move to suppress the evidence obtained as a result of his DNA sample pursuant to
section 296. We therefore provide a brief overview of that section.
       As noted above, section 296 is part of DNA and Forensic Identification Data Base
and Data Bank Act of 1998. (§ 295 et seq.; see People v. Robinson (2010) 47 Cal. 4th
29
1104, 1113 (Robinson).) “The Act became effective January 1, 1999. (Stats. 1998,
ch. 696, § 4.) It created a databank to assist ‘criminal justice and law enforcement
agencies within and outside California in the expeditious detection and prosecution of
individuals responsible for sex offenses and other violent crimes, the exclusion of
suspects who are being investigated for those crimes, and the identification of missing
and unidentified persons, particularly abducted children.’ ” (Robinson, supra, at
pp. 1116-1117, fn. omitted.)
       The Act has been amended several times. (Robinson, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 1117,
fn. 13.) Most recently, “[t]he voters of this state approved Proposition 69 on November
2, 2004. Proposition 69 made significant amendments to the Act and was an urgent law
that became immediately effective on November 3, 2004.” (Good v. Superior Court
(2008) 158 Cal. App. 4th 1494, 1503 (Good).) Relevant here, “Proposition 69 amended
section 296, subdivision (a) to substantially broaden the scope of DNA sample collection.
The new subdivision (a)(1) requires DNA samples from any adult or juvenile convicted
of any felony offense, not just the listed offenses in the prior law. [Citation.] The new
subdivision (a)(2) requires samples from any adult arrested for or charged with felony
sex offenses requiring registration; murder or voluntary manslaughter or the attempt
thereof; and, beginning in 2009, any felony offense.” (Good, supra, at p. 1503, fn.
omitted.)
       Sections 296 and 296.1 govern the collection of DNA samples from adult felony
arrestees. The current version of section 296, subdivision (a)(2)(C) provides in part:
“The following persons shall provide buccal swab samples, . . . and any blood specimens
or other biological samples required pursuant to this chapter for law enforcement
identification analysis: [¶] . . . [¶] Commencing on January 1 of the fifth year following
enactment of the act that added this subparagraph, as amended, any adult person arrested
or charged with any felony offense.”

                                            30
       Section 296.1, subdivision (a)(1)(A) currently provides: “Each adult person
arrested for a felony offense as specified in subparagraphs (A), (B), and (C) of
paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 296 shall provide the buccal swab samples
and thumb and palm print impressions and any blood or other specimens required
pursuant to this chapter immediately following arrest, or during the booking or intake or
prison reception center process or as soon as administratively practicable after arrest, but,
in any case, prior to release on bail or pending trial or any physical release from
confinement or custody.”
              3.     Case Law Concerning DNA Collection and Section 296
       The California Supreme Court has ruled that the nonconsensual collection of DNA
samples from a convicted felon is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment “as
‘ “ ‘judged by balancing its intrusion on the individual’s Fourth Amendment interests
against its promotion of legitimate government interests.’ ” ’ [Citation.]” (Robinson,
supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 1123; see also In re Calvin S. (2007) 150 Cal. App. 4th 443, 445
[Fourth Amendment does not preclude collection of DNA sample from juvenile
adjudicated under Welf. & Inst. Code, § 602]; Coffey v. Superior Court (2005) 129
Cal. App. 4th 809, 823 [for purposes of the Act, defendant was convicted of a felony when
he pleaded guilty to a wobbler offense as a felony].)
       As noted above, at present, the issue of whether the Fourth Amendment precludes
the nonconsensual collection of DNA samples from a felony arrestee under section 296,
subdivision (a)(2)(C) is pending before the California Supreme Court in Buza, supra, 197
Cal. App. 4th 1424, review granted October 19, 2011, S196200. The First District Court
of Appeal considered the issue and determined that the Act, “to the extent it requires
felony arrestees to submit a DNA sample for law enforcement analysis and inclusion in
the state and federal DNA databases, without independent suspicion, a warrant or even a
judicial or grand jury determination of probable cause, unreasonably intrudes on such

                                             31
arrestees’ expectation of privacy and is invalid under the Fourth Amendment . . . .”
(Buza, supra, at p. 1461.)
       The Buza decision was published on August 4, 2011, after trial but before
sentencing in the present case. The California Supreme Court granted review on
October 19, 2011, which had the effect of depublishing the decision. (See People v.
McKee (2010) 47 Cal. 4th 1172, 1218; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(e)(1).)
       Prior to Buza, only one published case had addressed the constitutionality of
section 296, subdivision (a)(2)(C) – Haskell v. Brown (N.D. Cal. 2009) 677 F. Supp. 2d
1187 (Haskell), which found that “California’s DNA searching of arrestees appears
reasonable.” (Id. at p. 1201.)8 In Haskell, the plaintiffs sought to enjoin further DNA
sampling from felony arrestees under section 296. The district court denied the
injunction, finding the plaintiffs were unlikely to prevail on the merits. (Ibid.) In
analyzing the issue, the district court weighed the privacy interests of an individual
arrestee against the government’s interests in identification, solution of past crimes, and
prevention of future crimes. (Id. at pp. 1196-1201.) Ultimately, the district court
concluded that the privacy interests of the individual arrestees did not outweigh “the
government’s compelling interest in identifying arrestees, and its interest in using
arrestees’ DNA to solve past crimes.” (Id. at p. 1201.)
              4.     Analysis
       In addressing defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we first note
that we frequently decline to make such determinations on direct appeal. As our
Supreme Court has explained, “An appellate court should not declare that a police officer
acted unlawfully, suppress relevant evidence, set aside a jury verdict, and brand a defense
attorney incompetent unless it can be truly confident all the relevant facts have been

       8
        A three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court’s Haskell
decision in Haskell v. Harris (9th Cir. 2012) 669 F.3d 1049, but the Ninth Circuit
subsequently granted rehearing en banc. (Haskell v. Harris (9th Cir. 2012) 686 F.3d
1121.)
                                             32
developed and the police and prosecution had a full opportunity to defend the
admissibility of the evidence.” (People v. Mendoza Tello (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 264, 267
(Mendoza Tello).) Thus, in Mendoza Tello, our Supreme Court declined to reach the
merits of the defendant’s claim that defense counsel was ineffective in failing to bring a
motion to suppress evidence under section 1538 .5, finding that because “ ‘the legality of
the search was never challenged or litigated, facts necessary to a determination of that
issue are lacking.’ ” (Id. at p. 266.)
       The Attorney General does not assert that there are any undeveloped facts such
that we should decline to reach the merits of defendant’s claim. Thus, we first consider
whether the record establishes “ ‘ “deficient performance, i.e., representation below an
objective standard of reasonableness.” ’ ” (Maury, supra, 30 Cal.4th at p. 389.)
       Defendant argues that reasonable trial counsel would have brought a Fourth
Amendment challenge to the use of his post-arrest DNA collection, asserting that “extant
U.S. Supreme Court authorities” would have supported such an argument. The Attorney
General argues that while “the best lawyer” might have challenged the DNA collection, a
“reasonable lawyer” was not required to do so.
       With regard to legal research, the general rule is that “constitutionally adequate
assistance requires that the attorney diligently and actively participate in the complete
preparation of the client’s case, and investigate all defenses of law and fact. [Citations.]”
(People v. Roberts (2011) 195 Cal. App. 4th 1106, 1129; People v. Rosales (1984) 153
Cal. App. 3d 353, 361 [“failure to research the law satisfies the first prong of the
incompetence test”].)
       At the time of trial in this case, there was no published case holding that DNA
collection from a felony arrestee under section 296 violated the Fourth Amendment.
There was a 2009 federal district court opinion finding that “California’s DNA searching
of arrestees appears reasonable” (Haskell, supra, 677 F.Supp.2d at p. 1201), but Haskell
was not binding authority on the trial court. (People v. Bradley (1969) 1 Cal. 3d 80, 86

                                             33
(Bradley).) Moreover, there was a Ninth Circuit case that, while not exactly on point,
would have arguably supported a Fourth Amendment challenge to defendant’s DNA
collection. (Friedman v. Boucher (2009) 580 F.3d 847 (Friedman) [forcible DNA
extraction of pretrial detainee in Nevada violated the Fourth Amendment]; see Haskell,
supra, 677 F.Supp.2d at p. 1201 [criticizing Friedman’s analysis].)
       As it is a close question whether reasonable trial counsel would have brought a
motion to suppress at the time of trial, we resolve this issue based on the second prong of
the ineffective assistance test. “[A] court need not determine whether counsel’s
performance was deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant as a
result of the alleged deficiencies. The object of an ineffectiveness claim is not to grade
counsel’s performance. If it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground
of lack of sufficient prejudice, which we expect will often be so, that course should be
followed.” (Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 697 (Strickland); In re Cox
(2003) 30 Cal. 4th 974, 1020.)
       To establish prejudice, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” (Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 694.)
       Under the state of the law at the time defendant could have brought a motion to
suppress, it is not reasonably probable that the trial court would have granted the motion.
Buza had not yet been published. The trial court was not bound by Haskell, despite the
fact that it considered an issue involving the federal constitution, but the district court’s
opinion was nevertheless “persuasive and entitled to great weight. [Citations.]”
(Bradley, supra, 1 Cal.3d at p. 86.) The Friedman case from the Ninth Circuit was not
directly on point because it did not involve DNA extraction under statutory authority, and
it had been criticized in Haskell. (See Friedman, supra, 580 F.3d at p. 853-856; Haskell,
supra, 677 F.Supp.2d at p. 1201.) Had defendant moved to suppress, the prosecution

                                              34
undoubtedly would have cited Haskell, which had essentially upheld section 296.
Without any other case law as closely on point, it is not reasonably probable that the trial
court would have disregarded Haskell and granted the motion to suppress. (See People v.
Camilleri (1990) 220 Cal. App. 3d 1199, 1211 [given “the lack of merit” of new theory for
suppressing evidence under relevant case law, it was “not reasonably probable that the
outcome would have been altered” had defense counsel asserted it].)
       Having determined that defendant suffered no prejudice as a result of trial
counsel’s failure to bring a motion to suppress, we conclude that defendant’s claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel lacks merit. We emphasize that our ruling today is
limited to defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel and we express no
opinion on the constitutionality of section 296, subdivision (a)(2)(C).9

                                      DISPOSITION
       The judgment is reversed, and the matter is remanded for possible retrial of the
kidnapping allegations (§ 667.61, subds. (b), (e)(1).)

                                   ___________________________________________
                                   BAMATTRE-MANOUKIAN, J.

WE CONCUR:

       9
        We also note that our decision does not preclude defendant from seeking relief in
the event that the United States Supreme Court and/or California Supreme Court
decisions in King and Buza are favorable to him. “[A] petitioner may raise an issue in
habeas corpus proceedings if an intervening change in the law has occurred, even if the
issue was raised on direct appeal. [Citation.]” (In re Lucero (2011) 200 Cal. App. 4th 38,
46.)
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__________________________
ELIA, ACTING P.J.

__________________________
MÁRQUEZ, J.

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