Court Opinion

ID: 9456419
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-04 19:52:24.48003+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:34:58.347780
License: Public Domain

BYRNE, District Judge:
I respectfully dissent.
Under the regulations of the Selective Service System, registrants classified 1-0 perform, in lieu of induction into the Armed Forces, civilian work which is deemed in “the national health, safety, or interest.” Primary responsibility for *1190determining “appropriate” civilian work is vested in the officials of the Selective Service System. In the instant case, this responsibility has been - seemingly dissipated by the holding of the majority. Here, the registrant classified I-O, sabotaged a legitimate order to report for “appropriate” civilian work because he determined this work to be incompatible with his personal interests. In light of the conspicuous absence of even a hint of supporting authority, this curious result must be labeled as an odd precedent.
Walsh was ordered by his local board to report on March 17, 1969, to Mrs. Gwendolyn Williams to determine his “employability” for “welfare” work at the Nevada State Hospital. Arriving a day late, March 18, he met with Mrs. Williams, a personnel assistant. Mrs. Williams informed Walsh the only position with a vacancy was that of “nursing assistant trainee.” Despite the lack of openings, Walsh insisted upon filling out an application for janitorial work, a position for which there was no vacancy.
In order to secure the only available position for which he was qualified, Walsh was required to take an examination consisting of eighty multiple choice questions. The examination was geared to the minimum qualifications for the nursing assistant trainee position, an eighth grade education, and the ability to read and write. Although Mrs. Williams told Walsh he had two hours to complete the examination, he took only twenty-five minutes. During the examination, Mrs. Williams observed Walsh “flipping the pages of the test booklet.” The hurried manner in which he took the examination, coupled with incorrect answers and unanswered questions, combined to give Walsh, who graduated in the top ten percent of his high school class, a failing score. The trial court was satisfied there was sufficient evidence to support an inference that Walsh had intentionally failed the examination.
With utter disregard for the trial judge’s finding, the majority holds the appellant’s intentional failure to be “irrelevant,” and states that it “is not a federal offense” to deliberately fail an examination. While it is true that deliberate failure of an examination has been spared the odium of “federal offense,” such conduct cannot be considered ipso facto insulated from federal prosecution when it is a part of the corpus delicti of a federal offense. Several circuits, including our own, have held that a Selective Service registrant may be guilty of violating the United States Code even though his particular conduct is not per se a federal offense.
In Callison v. United States, 413 F.2d 133 (9th Cir. 1969) vacated on other grounds, Morico v. United States, 399 U.S. 526, 90 S.Ct. 2230, 26 L.Ed.2d 776 (1970), the defendant, who had been ordered to report for induction, circulated an anti-war petition among the inductees at the induction center. The defendant was brought to the office of the center’s commanding officer, where he was advised by that officer to either cooperate or leave the center. Callison opted to pursue his circulation effort and was arrested. This Court did not find the defendant’s conduct “irrelevant” and affirmed the trial court’s finding of guilty, stating:
“We hold * * * that appellant, by deliberately engaging in conduct that he knew would make induction impossible, was properly charged with refusal to submit to induction.” 413 F.2d at 135.
A similar situation confronted the Second Circuit in United States v. Meyers, 410 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1969), cert. den. 396 U.S. 835, 90 S.Ct. 93, 24 L.Ed.2d 86 (1969). There, a registrant who had been ordered to report for induction arrived at the induction center and proceeded to pass out anti-Vietnam literature in the room where pre-induction orientation is given. The registrant ignored requests by the military police to sit down. A scuffle and obscenities uttered by the registrant accompanied his being seated by the MPs. Finally, the exasperated officials had the registrant *1191escorted from the center. Awaiting the registrant were two friends who patted him on the back. The Second Circuit did not find this conduct “irrelevant,” but on the contrary, sustained the registrant’s conviction, noting that all these facts “taken together, sufficiently indicate that appellant had an intent not to submit to induction.” 410 F.2d at 695, 696. See, Bratcher v. United States, 149 F.2d 742 (4th Cir. 1945), cert. den. 325 U.S. 885, 65 S.Ct. 1580, 89 L.Ed. 2000 (1945), where appellant’s conviction for evading service in the Armed Forces was upheld because he had taken the drug, benze-drine, prior to reporting for induction for the sole purpose of rendering his physical condition abnormal.
In the instant case, the appellant had been ordered to report to the Nevada State Hospital for determination of his employability for welfare work in lieu of induction into the Armed Forces. Upon arriving a day late, he was informed by a personnel assistant that the only position in which there was an opening was that of nursing assistant trainee. The appellant insisted upon filling out an application for a position for which there was no opening, thus hoping to effectively evade any welfare work. This intention was further manifested by his conduct during the taking of the mandatory examination, and again when he urged Mrs. Peebles to tell Mrs. Williams that he was not qualified for the position. Mrs. Peebles refused to stultify her position, and ignored his overtures. As should be readily seen, the calculated nature of the appellant’s conduct is clearly within the thinking expressed in Callison, Meyers, and Bratcher. In sum, I would not so freely assign Walsh’s intentional failure of the said examination to the filing basket of the “irrelevant.”
The majority reverse on the ground that the appellant was ordered to report for a job that he was not qualified to perform. This position is embedded in the theory that under Nevada law, Walsh was required to pass an examination and that when, on the day previous to the date he was ordered to report for work, he deliberately failed to pass the examination, he rendered himself disqualified and was home free. Relying on Nevada’s law, the majority conclude that “the order directing Walsh to report for work * * * is not an order to report for ‘appropriate’ civilian work within the meaning of Section 1660.1(a) (1).”
The view advanced by the majority places unwarranted reliance on the law of Nevada. Walsh was ordered by an agency of the Federal government to report to the Nevada State Hospital on March 19, 1969, for the purpose of performing civilian work in lieu of induction. He disregarded the order and failed to report. Without more, he was guilty of the offense charged in the indictment. Jurisdiction over his Selective Service obligation rested with Federal authorities. In short, the state law of Nevada is irrelevant because Walsh’s duty was to abide by Selective Service’s order to report for civilian work. The question of whether work was available, had Walsh reported, is a matter which is alien to the crime he has been found guilty of committing. Our only concern should be whether the registrant complied with a valid order to report. The issue relating to the law of Nevada is not reached because Walsh did not comply with the order issued by Selective Service.
The district court correctly decided this case, and I would affirm.