Court Opinion

ID: 165708
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 08:58:15+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:24:48.157675
License: Public Domain

F I L E D
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          APR 11 2005
                                 TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                        PATRICK FISHER
                                                                              Clerk

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-        Nos. 02-3373 and 02-3383
                Appellant,
          v.                                             (D. of Kan.)
 CHARLES WILLIAM HOPKINS,                     (D.C. No. 00-CR-40024-06-SAC)

                 Defendant-Appellant/
               Cross-Appellee.

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT          *

Before EBEL , BRISCOE , and TYMKOVICH , Circuit Judges.

      A federal jury in Kansas convicted Charles Williams Hopkins for his role in

a tri-state conspiracy to manufacture and distribute methamphetamine, in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. The district court subsequently sentenced Hopkins

to a 121-month prison term.

      On appeal, Hopkins argues that the district court erred in its sentencing

determinations under the United States Sentencing Guidelines (USSG or

      *
        This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of
the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders; nevertheless, an order may be cited under the terms and
conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Guidelines). First, he claims that the court improperly enhanced his sentence for

possession of a dangerous weapon and obstruction of justice. Second, he

contends that the district court erred in calculating his sentence based on a

quantity of drugs in excess of that determined by the jury. See Apprendi v. New

Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000); Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004);

United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). On cross-appeal, the government

also challenges the sentence, claiming that the district court misapplied the

Guidelines by undercounting the quantity of drugs for which it held Hopkins

accountable, and thus sentenced Hopkins at a lower range than the Guidelines

required.

      Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and 28 U.S.C. § 1291,

we find the district court erred in its sentencing determination. We remand for

resentencing consistent with the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Booker, 125

S. Ct. 738.

                                 BACKGROUND

      In late 1998 and early 1999, state and federal agents identified Hopkins’s

co-defendant, Shane Wright, as a manufacturer and distributor of high-grade

methamphetamine. Wright was part of a large scale drug trafficking organization

operating in the tri-state area of southeast Kansas, southwest Missouri, and

northeast Oklahoma. Hopkins’s role in the conspiracy consisted of providing

                                         -2-
precision lab equipment and chemicals to Wright. In exchange, Hopkins received

drugs for personal use.

      On January 26, 2000, police arrested Wright and Hopkins’s brother near

Springfield, Missouri. Hearing of the arrests, Hopkins went to Wright’s home

that evening and removed several guns and PVC pipes. Hopkins believed the

pipes to contain money or drugs. He subsequently buried the pipes but returned

the guns to Wright. Though police never recovered the pipes, co-defendant

Tracey Wright later testified at trial that they contained chemicals used in the

production of methamphetamine.

      Following his arrest in March 2000, a 77-count superseding indictment

charged Hopkins along with 24 co-defendants. Three counts pertained to

Hopkins’s role in the conspiracy. Count 1 alleged a conspiracy to manufacture

and distribute methamphetamine beginning sometime prior to October 29, 1998,

and continuing until March 2000, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. Two other

counts charged Hopkins with using a communication facility to cause or facilitate

the conspiracy offense, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b).

      The jury convicted Hopkins on the conspiracy count, but acquitted him of

the remaining two counts. In anticipation of sentencing, a probation officer

conducted an investigation and prepared a Presentence Investigation Report

(PSR). The PSR calculated Hopkins’s recommended sentence as follows: (1) a

                                         -3-
base offense level of 38 for being responsible for the manufacture of three or

more kilograms of actual methamphetamine, USSG § 2D1.1(c)(1) (1998); (2)

adjusted upward two levels for possession of a firearm in connection with the

conspiracy, USSG § 2D1.1(b)(1); and (3) adjusted upward two levels for

obstruction of justice for his removal of evidence from Wright’s house, USSG §

3C1.1. This calculation yielded a total offense level of 42, criminal history

category I, for a sentencing range of 360 months to life imprisonment. Since the

jury determined the actual drug quantities attributable to Hopkins to be less than

50 grams, 1 however, the statutory maximum for the offense of conviction as

provided by 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(C) was 240 months. The PSR recommended

the statutory maximum since that sentence would still be less than the Guidelines’

minimum.

      The district court did not follow the drug quantity calculation in the PSR.

Instead, the court found Hopkins responsible for 21 of grams of a

methamphetamine mixture he received in exchange for drug-making chemicals

and equipment, plus one additional ounce of actual methamphetamine attributable

to the conspiracy. These quantities translated to a base offense level of 26. The

court added the two level enhancements for possession of a dangerous weapon

      1
       In response to special interrogatories on the verdict form, the jury found
that Hopkins had conspired to manufacture or distribute less than 50 grams of
methamphetamine.

                                         -4-
and obstruction of justice for a total offense level of 30, resulting in a sentencing

range of 97-121 months. The court sentenced Hopkins to the top of the range,

121 months imprisonment.

                                   DISCUSSION

      Hopkins argues that the district court committed three discrete errors in

determining his sentence. First, he argues the government failed to submit

adequate proof to support the sentence enhancements. Second, he relies on

Blakely v. Washington, 124 S. Ct. 2531 (2004), to argue his sentence violates his

constitutional rights because the quantity of drugs attributed to him for sentencing

purposes exceeded the amount determined by the jury. Finally, he claims the

district court further erred under Blakely when it imposed the two enhancements

based on facts neither determined by the jury nor admitted by him. 2

      The crux of the cross appeal is the methodology used by the district court to

determine drug quantities attributable to Hopkins. The government asserts the

district court erred in employing a methodology to determine drug quantities that

      2
        After oral argument in this case, the Supreme Court held the constitutional
rule articulated in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and Blakely
applied to the Guidelines. See United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738, 755–56
(2005). To remedy the constitutional infirmity created by using judge-found facts
to enhance prison sentences, the Court severed the portion of the Guidelines that
made their application mandatory. See id. at 756.

                                          -5-
not only violated the Guidelines but was not supported by substantial evidence in

the record.

      We agree with the government that the district court employed an improper

methodology in determining drug quantity and, further, that the drug quantity

determination in this case is not supported by the record.

                                          I.

      This court reviews a district court’s legal interpretation of the Guidelines

de novo. See United States v. Johnson, 42 F.3d 1312, 1320 (10th Cir. 1994).

Factual findings with regard to drug quantities are reviewed for clear error and

are reversed “only if the district court's finding was without factual support in the

record or we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been

made.” United States v. Ryan, 236 F.3d 1268, 1273 (10th Cir. 2001) (quotation

marks and citation omitted).

                                          II.

      Our review starts with the PSR, which correctly identified the Guidelines’

provisions for determining Hopkins’s base offense level, USSG § 2D1.1. The

offense level in turn is linked to the quantity of drugs attributable to the

defendant. As with any drug conspiracy, the quantities attributable to Hopkins

are those amounts that both result from activities by defendant and his

co-conspirators “in furtherance of the jointly undertaken” conspiracy and are

                                          -6-
“reasonably foreseeable in connection with” the conspiracy. See USSG § 1B1.3,

comment. n. 2; United States v. Green, 175 F.3d 822, 837 (10th Cir. 1999). In

deciding the drug amounts attributable to a defendant in a conspiracy case, the

sentencing court must “analyze, and make particularized findings about, the scope

of the specific agreement the individual defendant joined in relation to the

conspiracy as a whole.” United States v. Melton, 131 F.3d 1400, 1404 (10th Cir.

1997) (quotation marks and citations omitted). While the court to some extent

may “rely upon an estimate to establish the defendant’s guideline offense level,”

United States v. Ruiz-Castro, 92 F.3d 1519, 1534 (10th Cir. 1996), the “need to

estimate drug quantities at times is not a license to calculate drug quantities by

guesswork.” United States v. Richards, 27 F.3d 465, 469 (10th Cir. 1994)

(quotation marks and citations omitted).

      Applying the Guidelines’ provisions, the PSR recommended that Hopkins

should be held accountable for 7.25 kilograms of actual methamphetamine. This

amount represented an estimate of the reasonably foreseeable amount of

methamphetamine that Shane Wright produced between (1) the date of his arrest

in January 2000, i.e., the date on which Hopkins furthered the conspiracy by

removing guns and pipes from the Wright home, and (2) the date on which

Hopkins and his co-conspirators were arrested in March 2000. The PSR,

                                           -7-
however, concluded that Hopkins was not responsible for any of the drugs

produced by the conspiracy prior to the January 2000 concealment of evidence.

      Hopkins objected to the PSR’s quantity calculation prior to sentencing. He

argued that he should be held accountable for no more than the amount

determined by the jury. In his written response to Hopkins’s objections, the

probation officer responsible for preparing the PSR further explained the reasons

for the PSR’s quantity determination, namely: (1) there was substantial evidence

that Wright produced two pounds of methamphetamine per week and the officer

believed this level of production continued subsequent to Wright’s January 2000

arrest, and (2) since the PSR held Hopkins accountable for only those drugs

produced after January 2000, the quantity determination was “a conservative

estimate, and errs on the side of the defendant.”

      The district court reviewed the evidence of drug quantities and Hopkins’s

role in the conspiracy and made a series of findings for purposes of sentencing.

Rejecting the PSR’s quantification, the court instead determined that Hopkins was

responsible for 21 grams of a methamphetamine mixture (received for his

personal use) plus an additional “one ounce of actual methamphetamine.” The

latter amount represented the court’s “proportionate estimate of the defendant’s

efforts at preserving the conspiracy” on the night in which he removed guns and

pipes from the Wright home.

                                         -8-
        The court went on to explain its proportionality analysis. In its view,

Hopkins’s role was minimal:

        The more credible evidence at trial establishes that Hopkins’ efforts
        that night and next day were quite limited at best and that after his
        arrest Shane Wright did not continue manufacturing
        methamphetamine at the same or similar levels as before the arrest.
        Combining Hopkins’s limited role and Wright’s curtailed
        manufacturing, the court concludes the defendant should be held
        accountable for one ounce of actual methamphetamine, that is, the
        court’s proportionate estimate of the defendant’s efforts at preserving
        the conspiracy to manufacture methamphetamine.

        The court, however, did not explain what it meant by a “proportionate

estimate” of Hopkins’s involvement in the conspiracy. In fact, it conceded that the

drug quantity was a guess extrapolated from the court’s understanding of the entire

amount of methamphetamine produced by the conspiracy discounted by Hopkins’s

role:

        In the court’s judgment, it seems both unreasonable and unfair in light
        of the evidence at trial and the jury’s verdict to hold the defendant
        accountable for the large sums of methamphetamine manufactured by
        Shane Wright’s extensive manufacturing conspiracy. By calculating
        and estimating relevant conduct as it has, the court has attempted to
        preserve at least the spirit of the jury’s verdict with respect to the
        amount of methamphetamine mixture and to hold the defendant
        accountable for his conduct [in removing items from the Wright
        home], with respect to the estimated amount of actual
        methamphetamine.

        This assessment misses the mark under the Guidelines and our case law in

two regards. First, while the court was understandably concerned about the

relationship between the amounts found by the jury and those contained in the

                                           -9-
PSR, the court’s use of a “proportionality” analysis mixes up Hopkins’s relative

role in the overall conspiracy with the consequences that flowed from his conduct

that helped sustain the conspiracy after January 2000. We do not mean to imply

that consideration of Hopkins’s contributory role as a factor at sentencing is

improper. An analysis of such conduct may well affect the court’s determination

of the scope of Hopkins’s involvement in the conspiracy or may lead the court to

find the sentence should be reduced based on the mitigating role reductions

contained in USSG § 3B1.2. It may also be that Hopkins’s conduct dictates a drug

quantity determination lower than the entire production between January and

March 2000. Our point is, rather, a finding by the court that Hopkins’s role in the

conspiracy was relatively small does not excuse it from making the relevant

conduct inquiries.

      Second, even if we were to sanction the use of proportional involvement

analysis, there is nothing in the record indicating how the court determined that

Hopkins’s role in preserving the conspiracy properly resulted in him being held

accountable for one ounce of methamphetamine. The district court provides no

quantifiable guidance, such as an estimate of the amount of drugs produced after

January 2000, to which we can tether our review. Because we do not know how

the court arrived at this number, we conclude that there is insufficient evidence in

the record to support the drug quantity determination. See United States v.

                                         -10-
Richards, 27 F.3d 465, 469 (10th Cir. 1994) (holding insufficient minimally

reliable evidence in the record to support drug quantity determination).

      We therefore remand for resentencing.

                                          III.

      Having found the district court erred in attributing to Hopkins one ounce of

methamphetamine based on his “proportional involvement” in preserving the

conspiracy, we need not address the government’s other arguments. Similarly, we

need not address Hopkins’s allegations that the government submitted insufficient

evidence to support the sentencing enhancements, 3 nor his Sixth Amendment

arguments regarding the judge’s role in determining the facts on which the

sentence was based. 4

      On remand, resentencing will be governed by the Supreme Court’s recent

decision in United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). After Booker, courts

are no longer constrained by the mandatory application of the Guidelines.

Nonetheless, a sentencing court is required to “consult” the Guidelines and the

factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) before imposing a sentence. See Booker,

      3
          On remand the district court should consider these claims.
      4
       Our case law has applied plain error review to sentences imposed under
the Guidelines prior to United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005). We need
not consider the constitutional dimensions of the sentence in this case since we
are remanding for resentencing under the post-Booker discretionary regime.

                                         -11-
125 S. Ct. at 764–67. Consistent with the Booker remedial scheme, the sentencing

court as fact finder should calculate the range prescribed by the Guidelines. The

court then must review the other relevant factors contained in the Guidelines,

including those in § 3553(a), and impose a reasonable sentence. See id. 5 In

applying the Guidelines’ factors, the court should take care to explain its

reasoning, see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c), especially if it imposes a sentence outside the

Guidelines’ range. While the Guidelines are no longer mandatory, it is clear from

Booker, 125 S. Ct. at 757, that the now-discretionary Guidelines will be a vital

barometer of reasonableness on appellate review.

                                  CONCLUSION

      We remand to the district court with instructions to resentence Hopkins.

                                               Entered for the Court

                                               Timothy M. Tymkovich
                                               Circuit Judge

      5
       We decline to review the sentence imposed on Hopkins for reasonableness
because of the inadequacy of the record discussed above.

                                        -12-