Court Opinion

ID: 2982178
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 20:05:46.820577+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:27.976201
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 14a0016n.06

                                            No. 13-1444
                                                                                           FILED
                                                                                     Jan 13, 2014
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                            DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

THOMAS DAILEY, ET AL.,                         )
                                               )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,                  )
                                               )       ON APPEAL FROM THE
v.                                             )       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                               )       COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                               )       DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
LISA MEDLOCK, ET AL.                           )
                                               )               OPINION
       Defendants-Appellees.                   )

       BEFORE:         COLE and CLAY, Circuit Judges; BERTELSMAN, District Judge.*

       BERTELSMAN, District Judge. Plaintiffs-Appellants, a group of twenty-one individual

and trust investors, appeal the district court’s dismissal of their securities fraud complaint pursuant

to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).

       Because we conclude that the complaint fails to state viable federal claims under the

applicable pleading standards, we affirm in part, but we reverse the dismissal with prejudice of

plaintiffs’ claim for silent fraud under Michigan law.

       *The Honorable William O. Bertelsman, United States District Judge for the Eastern District
of Kentucky, sitting by designation.
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

                                       I. BACKGROUND

A.     The Stock Offering

       On July 16, 2009, Community Central Bank Corporation issued a Private Placement

Memorandum (“PPM”) in order to raise up to $2,500,000 in gross proceeds for its sole asset, the

Community Central Bank.1 The PPM was supplemented on October 19, 2009, and December 16,

2009, in order to increase the amount of the offering to $5,000,000 and to extend the cut-off date for

investors to purchase the “Series B Cumulative Convertible Perpetual Series B Preferred Stock”

being offered.

       This was a private stock offering; the shares were not to be listed on any securities exchange.

Shares were priced at $1,000 with a minimum purchase of 250 shares. Prospective buyers were

required to qualify as “Accredited Investors,” defined in the accompanying Subscription Agreement

as persons or entities meeting certain financial criteria, such as having an individual net worth

exceeding $1,000,000 or an annual income of more than $250,000.

       Between November 2009 and January 2010, Plaintiffs signed Subscription Agreements to

buy varying amounts of the stock, with the actual sales taking place on December 31, 2009 and

January 29, 2010. Plaintiffs’ money was briefly held in escrow by CCB pending completion of

these transactions.

       1
       The Corporation and the Bank are referred to collectively as “CCB.” Docket numbers
(“Doc.”) are those of the district court’s electronic filing system.

                                                  2
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

B.      The Bank's Financial and Regulatory Troubles

        On March 29, 2010, the Michigan Office of Financial and Insurance Regulation (“OFIR”)

issued a “Report of Examination” on the Bank, identifying alleged “violations of law, rules, and

regulations.”

        On March 31, 2010, CCB reported over $10 million in losses for the fourth quarter of 2009.

Approximately $5.9 million of this loss was attributable to a “valuation allowance” on CCB's net

deferred tax assets, described as a “one-time non-cash charge to federal income tax expense.” This

valuation allowance accounted for “approximately 60% of the operating loss for the fourth quarter

[of 2009] and 40% of the loss for 2009.”

        On November 1, 2010, CCB entered into a Consent Order with the FDIC and the Michigan

OFIR. CCB agreed to the Order “without admitting or denying any charges of unsafe or unsound

banking practices relating to weaknesses in asset quality, earnings, and capital and without admitting

or denying any violations of law, rule, or regulation.” CCB agreed, among other things, to retain

“qualified management”; operate the Bank in a “safe and sound manner”; retain an independent third

party to develop a management plan; increase Board participation in the Bank's affairs; adjust its

level of working capital; cease extending loans to certain borrowers; adopt a plan to increase

liquidity; and “eliminate and/or correct all violations of law, rule, and regulations listed in the ROE.”

        In April 2011, the Bank failed and was placed into receivership.

C.      Litigation Ensues

        Plaintiffs filed their complaint in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

Michigan on February 9, 2012, naming as defendants thirteen individual CCB officers and directors.

                                                   3
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

On June 1, 2012, defendants filed a motion to dismiss, and plaintiffs then filed the First Amended

Complaint.

       The FAC alleges five causes of action: (1) violation of Section 10(b) of the 1934 Securities

Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b), and Rule 10b-5; (2) violation of Section 20(a) of the Exchange

Act; (3) violation of the Michigan Uniform Securities Act; (4) breach of fiduciary duty under

Michigan law; and (5) silent fraud under Michigan law.

       The FAC alleges generally that the PPM “made statements about the financial condition of

CCB that failed to correctly describe CCB's financial condition as of the fourth quarter of 2009,

when Plaintiffs were deciding whether to purchase CCB Preferred Stock.” Specifically, plaintiffs

allege that CCB represented in the PPM that the Bank was “well capitalized” and that its president

painted a “rosy picture” about the Bank's performance in public statements, but that these statements

were “inaccurate, misleading, or insufficient” due to various alleged material omissions.

       As to the alleged omissions, plaintiffs allege that defendants knew or should have known,

but failed to disclose in the PPM or its supplements, that CCB intended to take the valuation loss

and thus incur large losses for the fourth quarter of 2009; that the Bank was engaged in ongoing

violations of law, rules, or regulations, as well as “risky banking practices”; and that defendants

“failed to adequately disclose CCB's accurate financial condition” in the PPM, its supplements, and

CCB's public filings.

       Defendants then filed a new motion to dismiss.

       On March 30, 2013, the district court entered an Opinion and Order granting defendants'

motion to dismiss. The court organized the misrepresentations or omissions alleged by plaintiffs

                                                 4
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

into nine categories: (1) that the Bank was “well capitalized”; (2) the failure to disclose the valuation

allowance before it was taken; (3) the existence of the OFIR investigation; (4) the ongoing violations

of law and regulations; (5) the ongoing risky banking practices; (6) negative projections for loan

losses and analyses; (7) loan-to-collateral ratio; (8) defendant Widlak's statements; and (9) the

overall financial health of the Bank.

        For each of these nine categories, the district court held that plaintiffs had failed to allege,

with the requisite specificity, facts that would support a finding of falsity; facts that would establish

a duty to disclose the alleged material omissions; or facts that would support a “strong inference”

of scienter as required by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”).

        The district court then held that, absent an adequately pleaded claim for a predicate securities

law violation, plaintiffs could state no claim for control person liability under Section 20(a).

        Third, the court held that plaintiffs had not adequately pleaded a claim under the Michigan

Uniform Securities Act, reasoning that the same analysis applicable to the federal claims controlled

those state claims.

        Fourth, the court held that plaintiffs' claim for breach of fiduciary duty failed because the

facts as pleaded established that defendants fulfilled the only duty owed to plaintiffs: to hold their

money in escrow and then apply it to the purchase of the securities.

        Finally, the district court held that plaintiffs' claim for “silent fraud” under Michigan law was

deficient because plaintiffs had failed to plead any affirmative duty on defendants' part to disclose

the information plaintiffs alleged was improperly omitted. The district court then entered judgment

in defendants' favor.

                                                   5
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

       Plaintiffs timely appealed. (Doc. 40).2

                                 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This court reviews de novo the district court's dismissal of a complaint pursuant to Rule

12(b)(6), construing the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff and accepting all

well-pleaded factual allegations as true. See, e.g., Ashland, Inc. v. Oppenheimer & Co., 648 F.3d
461, 467–68 (6th Cir. 2011).

                                         III. ANALYSIS

A.     Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 Liability

       Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 make it unlawful for any

person, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security, to “make any untrue statement of

a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in

light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.” Matrixx Initiatives, Inc.

v. Siracusano, 131 S. Ct. 1309, 1317 (2011) (citation omitted).

       “A private right of action for violations exists where a plaintiff can demonstrate the

following elements: (1) a material misrepresentation or omission by the defendant; (2) scienter; (3)

a connection between the misrepresentation or omission and the purchase or sale of a security; (4)

reliance upon the misrepresentation or omission; (5) economic loss; and (6) loss causation.” Ind.

State Dist. Council of Laborers & HOD Carriers Pension & Welfare Fund v. Omnicare, Inc., 583
F.3d 935, 942 (6th Cir. 2009) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

       2
         Plaintiffs have not appealed the district court’s dismissal of their Michigan statutory
securities claim or their breach of fiduciary duty claim.

                                                  6
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

       “Because § 10(b) claims sound in fraud, the pleading strictures of Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 9(b) apply.” Id. (citing Frank v. Dana, 547 F.3d 564, 569–70 (6th Cir. 2008)). “Thus,

the complaint must (1) specify the statements that the plaintiff contends were fraudulent, (2) identify

the speaker, (3) state where and when the statements were made, and (4) explain why the statements

were fraudulent.” Id. At 942–43 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

       Under the PSLRA, the complaint must also “specify each statement alleged to have been

misleading,” specify “the reason or reasons why the statement is misleading,” and “state with

particularity facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the required state

of mind.” Id. at 943 (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 78u–4(6)(1), (2)).

       “Pleadings falling short of the PSLRA's heightened standard ‘shall’ be dismissed.” Ricker

v. Zoo Entm’t, Inc., — F. App’x —, 2013 WL 4516095, at *4 (6th Cir. Aug. 27, 2013) (quoting 15

U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(3)).

       The requirement that a misleading statement or omission be “material” is satisfied when

there is a “substantial likelihood that the disclosure of the omitted fact would have been viewed by

the reasonable investor as having significantly altered the 'total mix' of information made available.”

Matrixx, 131 S. Ct. at 1318 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

       The Supreme Court recently emphasized that “§ 10(b) and Rule 10b-5(b) do not create an

affirmative duty to disclose any and all material information. Disclosure is required under these

provisions only when necessary to make . . . statements made, in the light of the circumstances under

which they were made, not misleading.” Id. at 1321. “Even with respect to information that a

                                                  7
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

reasonable investor might consider material, companies can control what they have to disclose under

these provisions by controlling what they say to the market.” Id. at 1322.

       To establish liability under § 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, a private plaintiff must prove that the

defendant acted with scienter, that is, “a mental state embracing intent to deceive, manipulate, or

defraud.” Id. at 1323 (quoting Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 319

(2007)).

       “Under the PSLRA, a plaintiff must ‘state with particularity facts giving rise to a strong

inference that the defendant acted with the required state of mind.’” Id. at 1324 (quoting 15 U.S.C.

§ 78u-4(b)(2)(A) (Feb. 2011 Supp.)). “This standard requires courts to take into account ‘plausible

opposing inferences.’” Id. (quoting Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 323).

       A complaint adequately pleads scienter under the PSLRA only if a reasonable person would

deem the inference of scienter “cogent and at least as compelling as any opposing inference one

could draw from the facts.” Id. “In making this determination, the court must review ‘all the

allegations holistically.’” Id. (quoting Tellabs, 551 U.S. at 321).

B.     Application to Plaintiffs' Allegations

       On appeal, plaintiffs pursue only three of the nine categories of alleged misstatements or

omissions identified by the district court.

               1.      Valuation Allowance

       Plaintiffs’ first argument is based on the following statement in the PPM: “We are required

by federal and state regulatory authorities to maintain adequate levels of capital to support our

operations.” Plaintiffs do not allege that this statement is false on its face. Rather, they theorize

                                                 8
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

that the statement “indicates” that CCB was “actually maintaining ‘adequate levels of capital’

throughout 2009.” They then argue that this implication was rendered false and/or misleading

because defendants failed to disclose, in the PPM or its supplements, the valuation allowance3 that

was taken at the end of 2009.

       One cannot disclose an event which has not yet occurred. Plaintiffs' theory is thus really that

defendants knew that the allowance would be taken but they failed to disclose that information.

        While plaintiffs make an assertion of such actual knowledge in their appellate brief, the FAC

itself alleges no facts, much less “highly particularized facts,” to support that contention. Plaintiffs

allege only generally that defendants were “aware” of “significant, unreported losses,” but they do

not allege that defendants had decided that the valuation loss would be taken or when, or even that

any projections had been made which would make such a decision probable.

       Indeed, as defendants note, as late as November 13, 2009, when CCB filed its Form 10-Q

for the third quarter, CCB discussed in detail the analysis underlying the decision to take a valuation

allowance, management's application of those factors to CCB's performance through the end of

       3
         A “valuation allowance” should be taken, under accounting standards, when a company
determines that, “based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not (a likelihood
of more than 50 percent) that some portion or all of deferred tax assets will not be realized in the
future.” In re Fannie Mae 2008 Sec. Litig., 742 F. Supp. 2d 382, 409 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (internal
quotation marks omitted). “This is a very subjective standard.” Id.; see also Valuation Allowance,
wikinvest (Nov. 5, 2013, 11:53 AM EDT), http://www.wikinvest.com/wiki/Valuation_Allowance
(“If a company expects there is more than 50% chance it will not be able to realize some of its
deferred tax assets (because its future income won't be large enough to take full advantage of these
tax breaks), it must report a valuation allowance to account for this. . . . A valuation allowance
depends a great deal on management assumptions - who's to say how high a company's future profits
will be, and therefore whether the company will be able to take advantage of its deferred tax
assets?”).

                                                   9
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

September 2009, and the fact that CCB had determined not to take a valuation allowance for that

quarter. CCB also stated, however:

       The deferred tax assets will be analyzed quarterly for changes affecting if the asset
       can be realized, and there can be no guarantee that a valuation allowance will not be
       necessary in future periods. Should a valuation allowance be necessary in future
       periods, it could further adversely affect our financial position and results of
       operations.

This 10-Q was filed approximately one month before plaintiffs began executing the agreements to

purchase CCB stock.

       With no facts alleged to support the contention that defendants had prior knowledge that a

valuation allowance would be taken for the fourth quarter of 2009, plaintiffs make the ipso facto

assertion that the mere fact that it ultimately was taken demonstrates such knowledge. It is hard to

imagine a clearer example of alleging “fraud by hindsight.” See La. Sch. Emps.' Ret. Sys. v. Ernst

& Young, LLP, 622 F.3d 471, 484 (6th Cir. 2010) (“Finding scienter based on such allegations

would be equivalent to ‘the classic fraud by hindsight case where a plaintiff alleges that the fact that

something turned out badly must mean defendant knew earlier that it would turn out badly.’”)

(citation omitted).

       Plaintiffs' reliance on Frank v. Dana Corp., 646 F.3d 954 (6th Cir. 2011), and its predecessor

opinion, does not advance their cause. Plaintiffs string together several quotations from these two

cases, one of which mentions a valuation allowance, and conclude by quoting the court’s statement

that it was “uncontested” that the defendants there made “false statements.” However, the fact that

the company in that case had taken a valuation allowance was mere background – the court did not

                                                  10
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

discuss it in relation to its determination that plaintiffs had adequately pleaded their securities claim

and, more specifically, scienter.

        Further, unlike in this case, the plaintiffs in Frank pleaded specific sources of information

from which defendants would have gained actual knowledge that their public statements concerning

the company's operations were in conflict with the actual facts. Frank, 646 F.3d at 959–61. The

complaint here lacks such factual allegations regarding the valuation allowance.

        Therefore, the district court correctly held that plaintiffs’ allegations concerning the valuation

allowance failed to state a securities fraud claim.

                2.      “Well Capitalized”

        Plaintiffs’ second argument is based on defendants’ statements in the PPM and three SEC

filings between May 6 and November 10, 2009, that the Bank was “well capitalized.” Plaintiffs

assert that these statements were false or misleading because defendants failed to disclose that they

were engaged in the “risky business practices” that were the subject of the OFIR investigation. This

theory is fundamentally flawed.4

        As the district court noted, the description “well capitalized” is a term of art under applicable

federal banking regulations. See 12 C.F.R. § 325.103. Those regulations establish four financial

classifications based on a bank’s total risk-based capital ratio: “well capitalized,” “adequately

capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” and “significantly undercapitalized.” Id. These labels either apply

        4
         Defendants are also correct when they point out (Appellees’ Brief at 20 n.13) that plaintiffs
did not base their “well capitalized” claim on the OFIR report and “risky business practices” theory
before the district court. Rather, they based it on the allegation that defendants failed to disclose
“massive losses” that the Bank was suffering.

                                                   11
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

or they don't; if the bank meets the regulatory criteria to be “well capitalized,” then it cannot be false

or misleading for it to so describe itself.

        Importantly, plaintiffs do not allege that the Bank did not meet these regulatory criteria at

the time it described itself as “well capitalized.” Rather, they allege that the statement was

misleading given that the Bank was being investigated by the OFIR for allegedly poor business

practices. This argument confuses apples and oranges: such allegedly poor business practices speak

to a general assessment of the integrity of the bank’s operations, a question separate from whether

the Bank's then-current capital profile qualified it as “well capitalized” in the eyes of the

government. In fact, the PPM specifically stated that the term “well capitalized” was being used

pursuant to “applicable regulatory capital guidelines.”

        Moreover, as the district court noted, the statement that the Bank was “well capitalized” was

placed in the context of both its need for additional capital as well as the poor economic forecast:

        The primary purpose of this offering is to strengthen our capital position. While we
        remained “well capitalized” as of March 31, 2009 under applicable regulatory capital
        guidelines, the market outlook for continuing weak economic conditions requires that
        we take all necessary steps to achieve higher capital levels that will position us to
        remain strong throughout the remainder of the current industry crisis.

“The context of statements is often telling.” City of Monroe Emps. Ret. Sys. v. Bridgestone Corp.,

399 F.3d 651, 672 (6th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).

        In fact, it bears noting that eleven of the PPM’s twenty-three pages are devoted to a

discussion of the risks related to CCB’s business and the Bank itself. These are not boilerplate

cautionary statements. Rather, these pages detail adverse business conditions specific to CCB based

on its high-risk loan portfolio; they forecast a continued deterioration in loan delinquencies, credit

                                                   12
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

losses, and profits; they note that a change in the regulatory “capitalization” rating would impair the

Bank’s borrowing position; and they explain in detail that the Series B Preferred Stock offered

through the PPM was junior to all other indebtedness such that its holders would be “last in line”

in the event the Bank went into bankruptcy, liquidation, or wind-up.

       Finally, when the Bank’s capital profile changed such that it qualified only as “adequately

capitalized,” it accurately reported that change in its Fourth Quarter 2009 filings in March 2010.

       The district court thus correctly concluded that this allegedly false or misleading statement

fails to support a Rule 10b-5 claim.

       3.      “Subject to Government Regulations”

       Plaintiffs’ third argument in support of their Rule 10b-5 claim is premised on the statement

in the PPM that the Bank’s operations are “subject to extensive regulation by federal, state and local

governmental authorities and are subject to various laws and judicial and administrative decisions

imposing requirements and restrictions on part or all of our operations.”5

       On its face, this is obviously an accurate statement – banks are indeed subject to a plethora

of laws and regulations. Nonetheless, plaintiffs argue that this statement was “designed to mislead”

them because defendants did not disclose that they were violating laws and regulations and were

under investigation by the OFIR.

       5
        The district court correctly noted that this statement from the PPM was not identified in the
First Amended Complaint as an allegedly false or misleading statement upon which plaintiffs
premised their claims. Instead, plaintiffs appear to have first zeroed in on the statement in their
response in opposition to the motion to dismiss. The district court nonetheless addressed this theory,
so we do likewise on appeal.

                                                  13
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

       The district court properly rejected this theory. First, the above statement merely says that

the Bank is “subject” to laws and regulations; it does not state that the Bank believes it is in

compliance with such laws. Even if it did, this Circuit’s precedent holds that a generic claim of legal

compliance, absent any specifics, does not form the basis for a misrepresentation actionable under

Rule 10b-5 and does not require the disclosure of allegedly illegal activities. See Omnicare, 583
F.3d at 945–47; see also Kushner v. Beverly Enters., Inc., 317 F.3d 820, 826–27 (8th Cir. 2003)

(statement that company was in “substantial compliance” with Medicare regulations did not support

Rule 10b-5 claim where plaintiffs failed to allege particular facts demonstrating that defendants then

knew of scheme which violated those regulations).

       Moreover, while plaintiffs reference the OFIR investigation, they do not plead what, if any,

laws or regulations defendants violated such that a statement of legal compliance (again, which

defendants did not make) would have been false or misleading. Cf. Bridgestone, 399 F.3d at 672–73

(finding statement regarding safety of company’s tires to be actionable where company had actual

knowledge of internal tests regarding tire failures).

       For these reasons, the district court properly held that these allegations did not sufficiently

plead a statement actionable under Rule 10b-5.

C.     Control Person Liability

       Where plaintiffs do not state a claim for a primary securities law violation under Rule 10b-5,

dismissal of a “control person” liability claim under 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a) is also proper. Omnicare,
583 F.3d at 947.

       The district court thus correctly dismissed plaintiffs’ § 20 claim.

                                                  14
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

D.        Michigan Claim for “Silent Fraud”

          “Under Michigan law, ‘in order to prove a claim of silent fraud, a plaintiff must show that

some type of representation that was false or misleading was made and that there was a legal or

equitable duty of disclosure.’” Tocco v. Richman Greer Prof'l Ass’n., 912 F. Supp. 2d 494, 526

(E.D. Mich. 2012) (quoting M&D, Inc. v. W.B. McConkey, 585 N.W.2d 33, 39 (Mich. Ct. App.

1998)).

          “‘Mere silence is not enough to sustain a silent fraud cause of action. Instead, a plaintiff

must establish that the defendant intentionally suppresse[d] material facts [in order] to create a false

impression.’” Id. (citation omitted).

          “Accordingly, the touchstone of liability for misdirection or ‘silent fraud’ is that some form

of representation has been made and that it was or proved to be false.” M&D, 585 N.W.2d at 38

(citation omitted).

          “A legal duty to make a disclosure ‘will arise most commonly in a situation where inquiries

are made by the plaintiff, to which the defendant makes incomplete replies that are truthful in

themselves but omit material information.’” MacDonald v. Thomas M. Cooley Law Sch., 880 F.

Supp. 2d 785, 798 (W.D. Mich. 2012) (alteration omitted) (quoting Hord v. Envtl. Research Inst.

of Mich., 617 N.W.2d 543, 550 (Mich. 2000) (per curiam)).

          Case law does not suggest that the silent fraud analysis under Michigan law mirrors that of

a Rule 10b-5 claim. Nonetheless, the two causes of action undoubtedly share common elements.

          However, it is not clear how the Michigan state courts would treat this claim, if brought

before them.

                                                   15
No 13-1444
Dailey v. Medlock

       The district court dismissed plaintiffs’ silent fraud claim with prejudice. Although the

district court had supplemental jurisdiction over this claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367, that statute

also provides:

       (c) The district courts may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over a claim . . .
       if –
              (1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law, [or] . . .

                 (3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has original jurisdiction.

Both of these criteria apply, and we conclude that the silent fraud claim should be dismissed without

prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). See Experimental Holdings, Inc. v. Farris, 503 F.3d 514,

521–22 (6th Cir. 2007).

                                         IV. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand this case for

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                   16