Court Opinion

ID: 866468
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-05-02 18:04:22.402398+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:50:13.774395
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/2/13 Hancock v. County of Plumas CA3
                                          NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                       (Plumas)
                                                            ----

KAYE HANCOCK,                                                                           C071084

                   Plaintiff and Appellant,                               (Super. Ct. No. CV09-00255)

         v.

COUNTY OF PLUMAS et al.,

                   Defendants and Respondents.

         According to the trial court’s register of actions, plaintiff Kaye Hancock initiated
this action on October 5, 2009, with a complaint that is not of record. In the April 2010
pleading at issue (the second amended complaint), plaintiff included seven counts1
naming defendant County of Plumas (the County) either singly or together with the

1 The pleading engages in the common loose practice of calling these causes of action
without regard to whether each one actually constitutes a separate invasion of a separate
primary right, as opposed to counts that state alternative theories of liability. (Cullen v.
Corwin (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1074, 1076, fn. 1.)

                                                             1
individual defendants Kelly Stane (now Kelly Murphy), a county employee who oversaw
worker compensation issues; Kathleen Williams, the County’s Clerk-Recorder; and
Melinda Rother, the Assistant Clerk-Recorder.2 The seven counts assert theories of
disability, age, and sex discrimination in violation of the Fair Employment and Housing
Act (FEHA) (Gov. Code, § 12940 et seq.); harassment based on plaintiff’s handicap in
violation of the FEHA; a failure to prevent the harassment in violation of the FEHA;
retaliation against plaintiff in violation of the FEHA for reporting the harassment; and the
unauthorized disclosure of confidential medical records in violation of the Confidentiality
of Medical Information Act (Civ. Code, § 56).

       The trial court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment, finding that
plaintiff had failed to produce necessary evidence either to support her theories or refute
the affirmative defenses of defendants. It accordingly entered judgment for defendants.
Plaintiff filed a timely notice of appeal in pro se.

       In her “Statement of the Case,” plaintiff identifies only the trial court’s rulings in
connection with the motion for summary judgment as the focus of her appeal, and (with
one exception) does not provide any argument in the remainder of her brief about any of
the trial court’s other rulings in this matter. We thus deem any other issues abandoned.
(9 Witkin, Cal. Procedure (5th 3d. 2008) Appeal, § 701, p. 769.) We shall affirm the
judgment.

                                         PREFACE

       A judgment is presumed correct. (Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557,
564.) As a result, it is an appellant’s fundamental burden to overcome this presumption
with an affirmative demonstration of error; an appellant must accordingly provide a

2 An eighth count (violation of Lab. Code, § 1102.5) was subject to a demurrer, which
the trial court sustained without leave to amend in July 2010.

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sufficient record to support claims of error. (Maria P. v. Riles (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1281,
1295-1296; Foust v. San Jose Construction Co., Inc. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 181, 187;
Nielsen v. Gibson (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 318, 324.) Otherwise, the claim of error is
forfeited.

       In addition, an appellant must adequately develop arguments (with supporting
authority) in connection with any claim of error raised on appeal; failure to do so forfeits
a claim of error (Imagistics Internat., Inc. v. Department of General Services (2007)
150 Cal.App.4th 581, 591, fn. 8, 593 (Imagistics Internat.); Craddock v. Kmart Corp.
(2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 1300, 1307; Jones v. Superior Court (1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 92, 99
[issues “do not have a life of their own,” and if not raised or supported by argument or
authority “we consider the issues waived”]) because it is not appropriate for a court to
originate arguments on behalf of an appellant. As part of this duty, an appellant has the
obligation to explain the perceived error in a trial court’s reasoning (Imagistics Internat.,
supra, 150 Cal.App.4th at p. 588), because even where we exercise de novo review the
trial court is not a “ ‘potted plant’ ” to be disregarded (Claudio v. Regents of University
of California (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 224, 230).

       Further, in order to allow an appellate court to evaluate a brief properly without
taxing scarce judicial resources (whether in issue-spotting or responding to petitions for
rehearing that assert overlooked issues), an appellant must organize the argument under
headings that clearly identify the issue raised in each section, forfeiting “ ‘lurking’ ”
arguments that do not have any logical connection with the heading. (Imagistics Internat.,
supra, 150 Cal.App.4th at p. 593, fn. 10; Smith v. City of Napa (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th
194, 202.) There must also be adequate citations to the record of the evidence supporting
a claim of error, or we will deem it to be forfeited. (Duarte v. Chino Community Hospital
(1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 849, 856; McComber v. Wells (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 512, 522)

                                                3
         These standards are not relaxed in the context of an appellant who chooses to appear
in pro se. (Nwosu v. Uba (2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1229, 1246-1247.) It would otherwise be
unfair to the particular opponent, and to the demands of other litigants in this court to our
timely attention to their claims.

         We thus note that plaintiff initially failed to designate a record adequate for us to
review her claims of error regarding the ruling on the motion for summary judgment
(omitting, e.g., the operative pleading, most of the points and authorities and supporting
evidence, and the trial court’s ruling on the motion). Defendants, however, cured this
defect in their counterdesignation of the record. Plaintiff also filed an opening brief that
either intentionally or inadvertently elided a section, because a widowed heading at the
bottom of page one (“Statement of Appealability”) is followed with a mid-paragraph leap
into the stream of her first contention, omitting any statement of the underlying facts.
(This first section of her argument presumably lacked a heading identifying the claim of
error, because the other two sections lack such a heading.) Plaintiff otherwise failed to
comply for the most part in her brief with any of the appellant’s duties we summarized
above.

         Given this manner in which plaintiff has presented her issues to us, we do not have
any duty to give plenary consideration to her claims of error. We accordingly circumscribe
our analysis.

                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Standard of Review

         Under the historic paradigm for our de novo review of a motion for summary
judgment, we would first identify the material issues framed in the pleadings. We then
ordinarily determine whether a defendant’s evidence establishes prima facie entitlement
to judgment in the defendant’s favor on these issues, after which we consider whether the
opponent’s evidence creates a factual conflict with respect to any of them. (County of

                                                4
Sacramento v. Superior Court (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 776, 778-779.) However, in the
present case, we can omit these latter two steps because plaintiff’s only argument directly
relating to the ruling on the motion involves a question of law, and she otherwise does
not contend the trial court erred in failing to identify any dispute about material facts.
(Id. at p. 779.)
Pleadings

       Plaintiff started working for the County in July 2001 and eventually attained the
position of Records Management Technician II. She went on an extended medical leave
in mid-2004 as the result of a poisonous spider bite. Though she was preparing to return
to work, the County fired her at the end of August 2005. She prevailed in a grievance
over this action in late 2005, and returned to full-time work in 2006. After her return to
work, defendant Williams “and others” harassed her in actions that included an October
2006 negative performance evaluation and change in office location.

       Plaintiff’s employment “progressed” until a fall at work in July 2008, when she
tripped on a pencil. She underwent many months of medical care, but was able to return
to work while undergoing treatment. She continued to experience unspecified adverse
employment actions “culminating” in an October 2008 meeting, where the individual
defendants were sitting in a room with “numerous medical records” that the County had
received from plaintiff’s physician and made clear to plaintiff that they had reviewed the
confidential medical information in the records.

       In March 2009, plaintiff admitted herself into an unspecified recovery program.
After her return to work in June 2009, the County gave her a 30-day written layoff notice
on September 15, 2009. As earlier noted, this action commenced on October 5, 2009.
Plaintiff alleged that she had exhausted her administrative remedies under the FEHA, and
either had complied (or was excused from complying) with the Government Claims Act
(Gov. Code, § 810 et seq.).

                                              5
       The pleading alleged that there was a course of discrimination against her based
on her ongoing medical disabilities, but specified only the 2009 layoff. With respect to
age and sex discrimination, the pleading averred only that plaintiff was female and over
40. In connection with the harassment based on her physical disability, the pleading
identified the 2005 termination, the October 2006 relocation of her work area and
negative performance evaluation, and the October 2008 meeting where her medical
records were present. Plaintiff asserted the County had violated its duty under the FEHA
to prevent harassment because it did not take any action in response to her complaints,
save to lay her off. Alternately, plaintiff asserted the County had retaliated against her in
violation of the FEHA for complaining on “several” unspecified occasions about
differential treatment; the complaints included her responses to performance evaluations
and grievance procedures, and “disclosing to Gayla Trumbo” (a party not otherwise
identified in the pleadings, but identified in the motion for summary judgment as the head
of the County’s personnel department) “the numerous violations and [the] unlawful
conduct which occurred in October 2008.” The pleadings listed only the change in her
work area, negative performance evaluations, an unspecified failure to promote her, and
the “use” (in some unindicated manner) of her confidential medical information as the
incidents of differential treatment about which she had made complaints.3 The pleading
also asserted the events at the October 2008 meeting were a violation of Civil Code
section 56 et seq., because defendants disclosed and disseminated her confidential
medical records.

       Plaintiff does not provide any analysis of the elements of her FEHA or breach of
medical confidentiality causes of action, and her sole substantive argument does not

3 It also included her layoff in this list, but logically the County could not have retaliated
against her after that point for complaining about the layoff.

                                              6
require us to engage in this process. We thus proceed to the facts presented to the trial
court.
Evidence

         Again, plaintiff does not argue that the trial court erred in failing to identify any
material issue of triable fact. We therefore rely on the parties’ separate statements of
undisputed facts, without delving into the evidentiary underpinnings or reiterating any
arguments about them.

         In December 2002, plaintiff unsuccessfully applied for the position of Assistant
Clerk-Recorder. In March 2003, she unsuccessfully applied for the position of Election
Specialist. (These two occasions were the basis for the allegation above of a failure to
promote).

         When the County fired plaintiff in 2005, it asserted she had failed to provide
timely medical excuses for her handicap leave, and it was also unable to accommodate
any modifications in her job duties for her ongoing handicap. Plaintiff filed a grievance
about her dismissal, but did not assert it had any relation to handicap discrimination.
However, she spoke with the DFEH about her perceived handicap discrimination, and she
also testified to this effect at the arbitration hearing on her grievance over her dismissal.
The County reinstated her in 2006 after plaintiff prevailed in the arbitration.

         In October 2006, the County changed plaintiff’s job site and gave her a negative
performance evaluation. Her response to the evaluation did not assert any claim of
handicap discrimination.

         Defendant Stane initiated a meeting with plaintiff in October 2008 (at which the
other individual defendants were present) in order to have plaintiff review information in
her worker compensation file from plaintiff’s doctor. Defendant Stane had received
information from plaintiff’s doctor about plaintiff’s prescription medications, which was

                                                7
unrelated to plaintiff’s pending worker compensation claim. Defendant Stane wanted to
notify plaintiff about her doctor’s error, and let her know this information would be
destroyed. Plaintiff thought the three defendants smirked at her when she walked in.
Defendant Stane had the file in her lap, and handed it to plaintiff to review. Plaintiff
notified Trumbo about the meeting, without providing any particulars, and stated she
would be taking appropriate action through other avenues. Plaintiff never told Trumbo
that she had any issues about handicap discrimination or harassment. Although plaintiff
speculated that defendant Stane had shared the contents of the medical records with the
other individual defendants present at the meeting, or that the medical information had
also been shared with three other people, all the individuals other than defendant Stane
denied any knowledge of the contents, and plaintiff could not otherwise corroborate her
speculation to the contrary.

        Plaintiff received a negative performance evaluation in July 2009. Her response
did not raise any issue of handicap discrimination.

        In August 2009, the County’s chief budget official wrote a memo to the County’s
Board of Supervisors that identified a budgetary shortfall, and recommended eliminating
all three positions in the records management department (along with two other county
positions). The Board considered these recommendations at its open session, where
defendant Williams asked that at least one position be preserved to allow for maintenance
of the software system and accessing archived documents. On September 15, 2009, the
County enacted a resolution eliminating the two existing Records Management
Technician positions (and the two other county positions), citing the budget shortfall; it
kept the position of Records Management Coordinator, which was the most senior.
Neither the memo nor the resolution identified the affected incumbent employees by
name.

                                              8
       The County gave plaintiff a 30-day notice of layoff on the date of the resolution.
At the same time, plaintiff received a favorable evaluation with a recommendation for a
merit increase.

       Plaintiff filed a tort claim against the County on September 28, 2009. Plaintiff
filed an administrative charge with the Department of Fair Employment and Housing
(DFEH) on October 4, 2009, which identified only the October 2008 meeting about the
medical records, a withholding of unspecified salary increases, and the elimination of
plaintiff’s job position as the bases for her claim. She designated theories of
discrimination on the basis of age and handicap, retaliation, failure to prevent
discrimination or retaliation, and a breach of medical record confidentiality. She did not
mention sex discrimination. The DFEH issued an immediate right-to-sue letter.

       In response to discovery requests, defendants established that plaintiff’s claim of
handicap discrimination was based on her 2005 termination, the October 2006 negative
performance review and change in job site, the October 2008 meeting, and her 2009
layoff. Her claim of harassment was based solely on the October 2008 meeting. The
sole bases for plaintiff’s claims of age and sex discrimination stemmed from the decision
to lay off plaintiff, a woman over the age of 40. However, all three employees in her
department were women over the age of 40, and the only employee not subject to layoff
was 13 years older than plaintiff. The actions for which she claimed defendants
retaliated against her were her grievance of the 2005 dismissal, the response to the
October 2006 negative performance evaluation, complaints to her union representative
(which did not mention discrimination or harassment), complaints to Trumbo about the
October 2008 meeting (which also did not mention discrimination or harassment), an
attempted grievance of the negative July 2009 performance evaluation, the September
2009 tort claim, and the October 2009 DFEH complaint.

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Ruling

       The trial court concluded plaintiff’s claim of handicap discrimination could not
include anything other than the October 2008 meeting and her layoff, because she had not
included the remainder of the actions in her DFEH complaint and therefore she had not
exhausted her administrative remedies as to them. The October 2008 meeting was not
any sort of adverse action, because it did not affect any of the terms and conditions of her
employment. As for the layoff, the County presented evidence of a legitimate business
reason and plaintiff had failed to produce any evidence from which an inference of
pretext could be drawn.4 The claim of age discrimination foundered on the absence of
any evidence that the County had treated younger employees in a more favorable manner,
and the uncontradicted legitimate business reason for the layoffs. The claim of sex
discrimination was barred for failure to exhaust her administrative remedies (because she
did not include this theory in her DFEH complaint) and, again, because the County had
an uncontradicted legitimate business reason for the layoff.

       In connection with the claim of harassment on the basis of handicap, the trial court
concluded that the statute of limitations barred the inclusion of any acts that antedated
plaintiff’s DFEH complaint by more than one year, which excluded consideration of any
conduct before the October 2008 meeting. The continuing violation exception did not
apply, because the acts overall were infrequent and dissimilar, and each act had a degree
of finality of its own (the court citing Richards v. CH2M Hill, Inc. (2001) 26 Cal.4th 798
(Richards)). The October 2008 meeting, of itself, was insufficiently severe or pervasive
enough to constitute an actionable harassment. As a result, the County could not be
liable for failing to prevent harassment that did not occur.

4 In addition, the court found the County was also entitled to legislative immunity from
liability for discrimination or harassment in enacting the layoff resolution. We do not
express any view on the merits of this aspect of the ruling.

                                             10
       Plaintiff’s claim of retaliation for activity protected under the FEHA was limited
to her filing the tort claim against the County and the complaint with the DFEH, because
none of her other “reports” expressly specified any protected basis under the FEHA. The
tort claim and the DFEH complaint succeeded any adverse action on the part of the
County, and thus could not be the basis of a claim for retaliation. The trial court also
found that plaintiff had failed to exhaust administrative remedies for conduct antedating
October 2008, and the statute of limitations precluded any consideration of it as well.

       Finally, with respect to the claim of a breach of confidentiality, the trial court held
that defendant Stane was entitled to consider plaintiff’s confidential medical information
in connection with her processing of plaintiff’s worker compensation claim. Plaintiff had
otherwise failed to establish that anyone else was ever privy to the records.

                                       DISCUSSION

                            I. Continuing Violation Doctrine

       In the first argument, which as noted commences in midstream, plaintiff asserts
her “view” that defendants’ “2008 violation” of the law (presumably the meeting that
involved her medical records) “was directly attributable to” the 2005 dismissal that she
now characterizes as disability-related, based on her undisputed assertion that she had
“contacted” DFEH and testified to this effect in connection with the arbitration of her
previous dismissal. She then asserts without any analysis that the doctrine of continuing
violation allows her to sue in the present action for the previous dismissal, because there
were unspecified “ongoing, sustained, disputed issues of discrimination and retaliation.”

       This argument is limited to an exception to the statute of limitations that it does
not analyze in light of the facts of the present case, and fails to identify any evidence of
incidents other than the ones to which we have previously referred. We may thus confine
ourselves to observing that each of the earlier specified incidents acquired a sufficient

                                              11
degree of permanence to preclude application of the theory of a continuous violation.
(Richards, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 823.)

       The argument also entirely disregards the finding that the October 2008 meeting
was not itself an adverse action (nor was it severe enough to constitute harassment), or
the finding that plaintiff had failed to produce any evidence to rebut the County’s asserted
legitimate business reason for the layoff. We therefore reject plaintiff’s claim of error for
failure to identify prejudicial error in the ruling of the trial court regarding her theories of
discrimination, harassment, and retaliation.

                    II. Denial of Continuance to Conduct Discovery

       Under “Second Cause of Appealability,” plaintiff asserts the trial court denied
“vital additional discovery time” to conduct various depositions (the exact subjects of
which we do not need to identify). The sole factual basis plaintiff provides for this claim
are the court’s minutes at the unreported hearing on the motion, in which her trial counsel
requested leave to file “supplemental pleadings” that are not part of the appellate record.
(Her attorney had also requested at the conclusion of the opposition brief that the trial
court grant leave to conduct additional discovery if the court found it required additional
evidence to rule on any issue.) In this vein, plaintiff asserts that defendants had been
“flouting” discovery requests in violation of various laws, which led her to file a criminal
complaint with the district attorney in April 2012 (a fact for which she does not supply
any citation to the appellate record, and which we accordingly disregard). Out of the
blue, she then cites an inapposite case only by name and docket number (which also does
not appear in her table of authorities) in which (according to plaintiff’s digest of it) a
plaintiff produced evidence of pretext sufficient to establish a triable issue of fact on a
claim of retaliation.

       Plaintiff has failed to identify the factual basis for her claim of error regarding the
supposed denial of a continuance to conduct additional discovery (including any finding

                                               12
that defendants had flouted discovery requests, any actual request for further discovery,
any necessary affidavits in support, or any actual denial of further discovery), or provide
any analysis of the factors relevant to the analysis of whether this supposed ruling was an
abuse of discretion. (Cooksey v. Alexakis (2004) 123 Cal.App.4th 246, 254-259;
FSR Brokerage, Inc. v. Superior Court (1995) 35 Cal.App.4th 69, 75-76.) We therefore
decline to consider this claim of error further under the principles we have set out in the
Preface.

       Plaintiff’s tangential citation to Dawson v. Entek Internat. (9th Cir. 2011) 630 F.3d
928 is a lurking argument unrelated to the main theme of her claim of error, and ignores the
finding that she did not produce any evidence to rebut the County’s claim of a legitimate
business reason for the layoff (which renders the case inapposite). As a result, we do not
need to respond to her citation of the case.

                    III. Failure to Exhaust Administrative Remedies

       Finally, under “Closing Argument,” plaintiff contends the trial court erred in
finding that she had not exhausted her administrative remedies regarding the 2005
dismissal, the 2006 negative performance evaluation, and the 2006 change of office,
citing only the entirety of her opposition to the motion without further specification of the
particular evidence that she had initiated an administrative action in connection with
these events.5 At the end of the section, plaintiff adds a claim that the trial judge erred in
failing to respond to requests for alternative dispute resolution or a settlement conference
(for which she yet again does not provide any citation to the record in support).

5 In this regard, plaintiff proceeds on an extended tangent devoted to the irrelevant
question of whether she had engaged in the protected activity of reporting a purported
DFEH violation to her employer or others, suggesting without authority that they were
obligated to pursue a claim with the DFEH as a result. We reject the suggestion that
prospective FEHA defendants have any such duty to report their own conduct because
this novel proposition lacks any adequate analysis or authority in support.

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       Again, plaintiff has failed to identify evidence adequately in support of her claim
that she exhausted her administrative FEHA remedies in connection with these other
incidents, even if such evidence does exist in the record. Plaintiff has further failed to
provide adequate analysis of the finding that the statute of limitations bars any liability
for these other incidents in any event because the theory of continuous violation does not
apply. We therefore decline to give further consideration to this claim of error.

       Her claim that the trial court erred in failing to honor requests for alternative
dispute resolution or a settlement conference is entirely unrelated to the main thesis of her
claim of error, and lacks proper identification of any evidence in the record to support it.
We therefore decline to give it any further consideration.

                                       DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed. Defendants shall recover their costs on appeal. (Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1), (2).)

                                                                BUTZ                   , J.

We concur:

             HULL                   , Acting P. J.

             HOCH                   , J.

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