Court Opinion

ID: 2650276
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-01-22 01:00:31.245582+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:09:40.586548
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ____________

                                      No. 13-2565
                                     ____________

                                     ERICA PLASO,
                                               Appellant

                                            v.

                     IJKG, LLC; IJKG PROPCO, LLC, a/k/a Newco;
                    IJKG OPCO, LLC, d/b/a Bayonne Medical Center
                                   ____________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                                (D.C. No. 2-11-cv-05010)
                       District Judge: Honorable Jose L. Linares
                                      ____________

                       Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   January 16, 2014

       Before: AMBRO, HARDIMAN and GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judges.

                                (Filed: January 21, 2014)
                                     ____________

                                       OPINION
                                     ____________

HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.

      Erica Plaso appeals the District Court’s summary judgment in favor of IJKG, LLC;

IJKG PROPCO, LLC a/k/a Newco; and IJKG OPCO, LLC d/b/a Bayonne Medical

Center (collectively, BMC). We will affirm, essentially for the reasons stated by the
District Court in its thoughtful opinion.

                                             I

       Plaso began working for MCR Martin, LLC, d/b/a Healthcare MCR (Healthcare),

an Ohio-based consulting business, in January 2008. She was hired by Healthcare’s

President and Managing Partner, R. Brent Martin. Plaso’s employment contract, which

governed the terms of her tenure at Healthcare, provided that she would report to Martin,

and that she “shall provide the Services as directed by [Healthcare] and in compliance

with . . . the terms of the Client Engagement to which [she] is assigned.” The contract

obliged Healthcare to pay Plaso’s salary and benefits, and to reimburse her for expenses

incurred when she worked at a client’s site. It also authorized only Healthcare or Plaso to

terminate her employment with the company.

       In February 2008, Martin assigned Plaso to work at Bayonne Medical Center,

where he served as the Chief Restructuring Officer. Plaso worked at BMC five days a

week, and per BMC’s contract with Healthcare, interacted daily with BMC executives

and employees. She received unfettered access to the hospital, and was provided BMC e-

mail and telephone accounts, an access pass that identified her as a Healthcare contractor,

and an office. She also gave assignments to two BMC employees and was asked by BMC

to evaluate them, but on Martin’s instruction did not do so. During Plaso’s time at BMC,

Martin was almost always on site, and she spoke and/or sent e-mails to him every day.

                                             2
Martin established Plaso’s work hours, and she asked him for permission to take leave or

to work from home. Martin was the only individual to formally discipline Plaso while she

worked at BMC.

       At some point, BMC formed a new physicians outreach group, BMC Medical

Associates (BMCMA), and Martin assigned Plaso to serve as the group’s “practice

administrator.” In that role, Plaso represented BMC to physician practices in the

community and trained BMCMA’s future Vice President of Business to perform these

responsibilities.

       While Plaso spent the vast majority of her tenure with Healthcare assigned to

BMC, she also worked for other Healthcare clients, including medical centers in

California, Florida, Michigan, and Montana.

       According to Plaso, Martin began making unwanted sexual advances in 2008.

Specifically, she alleged that he forcibly kissed her in June 2008, sent her sexually

suggestive text messages in May and June 2010, and made inappropriate comments (i.e.,

telling her to wear “skirts only” at a work-related event, encouraging another co-worker

in her presence to have sex with a BMC owner) throughout her time with Healthcare. On

June 24, 2010, Plaso complained to BMC’s Vice President of Human Resources, Jennifer

Dobin, about Martin’s sexual harassment. The same day, she informed Daniel Kane, the

CEO of BMC, that she no longer wanted to work near Martin. Kane then asked her to

                                              3
return home and to avoid Martin while she packed up her office. According to her

deposition, Plaso believed that BMC would offer her employment, but her

communications with Kane quickly ceased.

       Neither Martin nor Healthcare formally terminated Plaso, and she remained on the

company’s payroll until October 2010. In August 2010, Plaso filed charges against

Martin for employment discrimination with the Ohio Civil Rights Commission; she filed

similar charges against Healthcare in October 2010 with the New Jersey Division on Civil

Rights. These claims were settled in October 2010.

       Almost a year after she settled her claims against Martin and his company, Plaso

sued BMC in the District Court, alleging hostile work environment, quid pro quo

discrimination, retaliation, and gender discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights

Act of 1964 (Title VII), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2. She also alleged three similar counts

pursuant to the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (NJLAD), N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:5-

1. These claims stem solely from Martin’s alleged sexual harassment.

       On May 14, 2013, the District Court granted BMC’s motion for summary

judgment, finding that BMC was not Plaso’s “employer” for purposes of liability under

Title VII and the NJLAD. See Plaso v. IJKG, LLC, No. 2-11-cv-05010, 2013 WL
2182233 (D.N.J. May 14, 2013). Plaso contended that BMC had formed an employment

relationship with her in one of three ways: (1) as an employer; (2) as a joint employer; or

                                             4
(3) as an “integrated entity” with her employer, Healthcare. In a persuasive opinion, the

District Court rejected all three of Plaso’s arguments, finding that Healthcare (not BMC)

exercised control over Plaso’s employment and that Plaso offered “only speculation and

conclusory allegations” to the contrary. The District Court also found Plaso’s argument

in the alternative—that BMC would be liable for quid pro quo discrimination, even if she

were only an independent contractor—unavailing.

       Plaso filed this timely appeal.1

                                             II

       Plaso contends that summary judgment was improper because triable issues of

material fact exist regarding her employment status. First, she maintains that the District

Court ignored key pieces of evidence in the record that are material to her status at BMC.

Second, Plaso argues that while the District Court properly identified the standards

outlining the “employment” and “joint employment” relationships, it failed to apply those

tests correctly. Third, Plaso claims that BMC and Healthcare are part of an “integrated

enterprise,” rendering it a single employer, and finally, that she is entitled to NJLAD

       1
        The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1367(a),
and we have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the District Court’s grant of
summary judgment de novo. Horvath v. Keystone Health Plan E., Inc., 333 F.3d 450,
454 (3d Cir. 2003).

                                             5
relief as an independent contractor.2 We address each argument in turn.

                                             A

       Plaso focuses on four facts in the record that she claims were ignored by the

District Court. First, pointing to testimony in Kane’s deposition, she alleges that Martin

“structured” the environment at BMC and controlled how BMC employees interacted.

Plaso thus urges us to draw the favorable inference that she, with whom BMC employees

regularly communicated, was also a BMC employee. The record undermines this

argument, however, as Kane merely stated that Martin “structured” BMC’s interactions

with Healthcare employees. Martin did not control BMC; to the contrary, he supervised

the manner in which Healthcare’s employees—including Plaso—interacted with BMC

and the company’s other clients.

       Second, Plaso notes that she interacted daily with BMC executives and received

assignments from them—indicia, she contends, that they “took part in controlling the

manner and substance of [her] employment.” She points to her increasing responsibility

at BMC—as BMCMA’s “practice administrator” and her “supervision” of two BMC

employees—as further material evidence of her employment. These facts do not bear the

       2
         In her complaint, Plaso alleged claims for quid pro quo discrimination and
retaliation as an independent contractor under both Title VII and NJLAD. Because she
does not discuss the Title VII issue in her opening brief, she has waived that issue on
appeal. See United States v. Pelullo, 399 F.3d 197, 222 (3d Cir. 2005).

                                             6
weight Plaso assigns them; they merely highlight the nature of Healthcare and BMC’s

contractual relationship. Healthcare, as Plaso’s employer, assigned her to perform certain

functions: Martin outlined Plaso’s responsibilities, and BMC provided some direction

within those functions in accordance with its contract. For example, Martin informed

Plaso that she would serve as BMCMA’s practice administrator, and he directed her to

cease performing this function. Similarly, Plaso declined to submit a performance

evaluation for one of BMC’s employees at Martin’s direction. That BMC provided some

direction in the work assigned to Plaso by Healthcare does not raise a dispute of material

fact as to whether she was an employee of BMC.

       Third, Plaso points to Martin’s role as BMC’s Chief Restructuring Officer as

“compelling evidence” the District Court ignored. In fact, the District Court did address

Martin’s role at BMC, finding that Plaso failed to present specific evidence as to how

Martin’s job title would render her a BMC employee. Furthermore, we have held that

“mere nomenclature” is insufficient to demonstrate a supervisory relationship. See

Jensen v. Potter, 435 F.3d 444, 453 n.4 (3d Cir. 2006) (citing Parkins v. Civil

Constructors of Ill., Inc., 163 F.3d 1027, 1033 (7th Cir. 1998)), overruled on other

grounds by Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53 (2006). Although it

sheds light on the significance of his work on behalf of BMC, Martin’s title does not

compel the finding that he was a BMC employee.

                                             7
       Fourth, Plaso alleges that BMC considered her an employee when it demanded in

unrelated litigation that her communications with BMC’s counsel were privileged. This

claim is unsupported by the record, which demonstrates that BMC and Plaso never agreed

upon the basis of such a privilege. Although Plaso’s communications with BMC’s

counsel were ultimately treated as privileged, BMC’s counsel—despite Plaso’s insistence

that she be considered a BMC employee—rejected this characterization.

       For the reasons stated, we reject Plaso’s argument that the District Court failed to

adequately consider the evidence of record. We next consider whether this evidence

raises a genuine dispute of material fact.

                                              B

       In determining whether an entity is an “employer” for purposes of Title VII, we

consider the factors articulated in National Mutual Insurance Co. v. Darden, 503 U.S.
318, 323–24 (1992).3 The essence of the Darden test is whether the hiring party has the

“right to control the manner and means by which the product is accomplished.” Id. at

       3
         The court may consider the following non-exhaustive list of factors: (1) “the
skill required”; (2) “the source of the instrumentalities and tools”; (3) “the location of the
work”; (4) “the duration of the relationship between the parties”; (5) “whether the hiring
party has the right to assign additional projects to the hired party”; (6) “the extent of the
hired party’s discretion over when and how long to work”; (7) “the method of payment”;
(8) “the hired party’s role in hiring and paying assistants”; (9) “whether the work is part
of the regular business of the hiring party”; (10) “whether the hiring party is in business”;
(11) “the provision of employee benefits”; and (12) “the tax treatment of the hired party.”
 Darden, 503 U.S. at 323–24 (citation and internal quotations omitted).

                                              8
323. We have held that courts applying Darden may focus on three indicia of control:

(1) which entity paid plaintiff; (2) who hired and fired plaintiff; and (3) who “had control

over [plaintiff’s] daily employment activities.” Covington v. Int’l Ass’n of Approved

Basketball Officials, 710 F.3d 114, 119 (3d Cir. 2013) (citation and internal quotations

omitted).

       Contrary to our holding in Covington, Plaso claims the District Court erred by

focusing on those three indicia instead of applying all twelve Darden factors, nine of

which she claims are in her favor. We are unpersuaded, for as the Supreme Court stated

in Darden itself: “Since the common-law test contains no shorthand formula or magic

phrase that can be applied to find the answer [of employment], . . . all of the incidents of

the relationship must be assessed and weighed with no one factor being decisive.”

Darden, 503 U.S. at 324 (citation and internal quotations omitted). The District Court

engaged in a detailed, considered discussion of the three Covington indicia and, in a

footnote, acknowledged the relevance of the other nine Darden factors. It found, quite

correctly, that Martin and Healthcare (not BMC) controlled Plaso’s employment and her

daily tasks.

       Similarly, Plaso’s reliance on Sibley Memorial Hospital v. Wilson, 488 F.2d 1338

(D.C. Cir. 1973), is misplaced. There, the D.C. Circuit held that a private nurse, who was

retained and compensated by hospital patients, could state a claim under Title VII against

                                              9
the hospital where he worked. Id. at 1344. Sibley sued for gender discrimination because

the hospital would not refer him to patients requesting a private nurse whenever the

patient was female. Id. at 1339–40. Plaso claims that Sibley was an “employee” by

virtue of his physical presence in the hospital building, analogizing his situation to her

case. In fact, Sibley was deemed not an employee of the hospital, although he was

protected by Title VII because the hospital blocked his access to employment. Id. at

1342. This rationale does not apply to Plaso’s suit, as BMC had no authority to affect

Plaso’s employment.

       Nor do we find that the District Court erred, as Plaso contends, in its joint

employment determination. Under Graves v. Lowery, 117 F.3d 723 (3d Cir. 1997), a joint

employment relationship exists when “two entities exercise significant control over the

same employees.” Id. at 727 (citations omitted); see also Nat’l Labor Relations Bd. v.

Browning-Ferris Indus. of Pa., Inc., 691 F.2d 1117, 1123 (3d Cir. 1982). When

determining whether an entity exercises significant control with another employer, district

courts in the Third Circuit have assessed the following factors: (1) the entity’s “authority

to hire and fire employees, promulgate work rules and assignments, and set conditions of

employment, including compensation, benefits, and hours”; (2) its “day-to-day

supervision of employees, including employee discipline”; and (3) its “control of

employee records, including payroll, insurance, taxes and the like.” See, e.g., Abdallah v.

                                             10
Allegheny Valley Sch., No. 10-5054, 2011 WL 344079, *3 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 1, 2011);

Butterbaugh v. Chertoff, 479 F. Supp. 2d 485, 491 (W.D. Pa. 2007); Cella v. Villanova

Univ., No. 01-7181, 2003 WL 329147, *7 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 12, 2003). Here, the District

Court reviewed these three factors, noting that only Healthcare paid Plaso’s salary and

business expenses, maintained employee records for her, and had the authority to

terminate her. In addition, Martin outlined Plaso’s day-to-day responsibilities, controlled

how she could use BMC resources, and told her when to work. On the other hand, as the

District Court aptly found, Kane and other BMC employees exercised only limited

supervision over Plaso, which did not create a joint employment relationship.

       Plaso claims the District Court focused entirely on her employment contract, which

set forth the original terms of her employment at Healthcare, and thus failed to consider

the evolution of her role and her increasing responsibilities at BMC. Again, she

references her duties as program administrator for BMCMA, and she further argues that

Kane “ultimately terminated” her employment.

       As discussed above, however, the record demonstrates that Plaso’s tenure as

program administrator fell within her contractual duties as a Healthcare employee.

Martin assigned her to the position, outlined her responsibilities, and instructed her when

to stop performing that role. When Kane and other employees interacted with Plaso and

offered feedback on her work, they did so within the confines of her assigned functions.

                                            11
The District Court correctly turned to Plaso’s employment contract as a touchstone for its

analysis, but it did not do so to the exclusion of the other evidence in the record. Rather,

the District Court explained how Plaso’s work conditions at BMC—her constant

communication with Martin, the fact that Martin controlled how she used BMC’s

equipment, and Martin’s status as the only person to formally discipline her—comported

entirely with the terms of her contract with Healthcare.

       Similarly, the record does not support the inference that BMC “ultimately

terminated” Plaso. Beyond mere allegations, Plaso offers no specific evidence that she

was terminated, and for that matter, that BMC played a role in terminating her role at the

hospital. Though Plaso stopped working in June 2010, BMC presented evidence that she

remained on Healthcare’s payroll until at least October 2010. Thus, Plaso’s argument that

BMC was her “joint employer” is unconvincing.

       Accordingly, we find no error in the District Court’s detailed consideration of

Darden and Graves, respectively, and affirm its conclusions that BMC constitutes neither

Plaso’s “employer” nor “joint employer” for purposes of Title VII.4

       4
         Because the employment analysis under the NJLAD is substantially similar to
that for Title VII, we also hold there is no genuine issue of material fact supporting
Plaso’s contention that BMC was her employer or joint employer under that law. See
Lehmann v. Toys ‘R’ Us, Inc., 626 A.2d 445, 600 (N.J. 1993) (holding that Title VII
precedent is “a key source of interpretive authority” when construing provisions of the
NJLAD) (citation omitted).

                                             12
                                             C

       Plaso also argues that the District Court erred in finding that BMC and Healthcare

were not a single employer under the “integrated enterprise” theory. Whether we should

consider two entities as an integrated enterprise “rests on the degree of operational

entanglement—whether operations of the companies are so united that nominal

employees of one company are treated interchangeably with those of another.” Nesbit v.

Gears Unltd., Inc., 347 F.3d 72, 87 (3d Cir. 2003). Relevant operational factors include:

(1) the unity of ownership, management, and business functions; (2) whether the entities

present themselves as a single entity to third parties; (3) whether the parent company

indemnifies the expenses or losses of its subsidiary; and (4) whether one entity does

business exclusively with the other. Id.

       In our view, the evidence Plaso presents in support of this theory is legally

insufficient. As a threshold matter, Plaso did not allege in her complaint that BMC and

Healthcare constitute a single employer. Further, it is undisputed that BMC and

Healthcare are independent legal entities, and Plaso has not proffered evidence that they

       Plaso contends that the District Court’s succinct treatment of her NJLAD claim
glossed over the multi-factored test for employment set forth by Pukowsky v. Caruso, 711
A.2d 398, 404 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1998). We do not find that a “principled
application” of Pukowsky would yield a different outcome. See id. at 405 (“We cannot
perceive how the standards set forth in the federal cases could have been construed more
broadly to warrant a different result [under the NJLAD].”).

                                             13
are united in ownership, management, or purpose. Although Plaso represented BMC to

third-party physicians in the community in her capacity as BMCMA’s administrator, she

did so as an independent contractor and not as a BMC employee. Similarly, Healthcare

performed its own administrative functions, as it maintained its own employee records,

paid Plaso’s salary, and reimbursed Plaso for her business expenses. Healthcare also

served other clients, and indeed, Plaso was assigned to other medical centers during her

time with the company. Accordingly, Plaso cannot sustain her Title VII and NJLAD

claims under the integrated enterprise theory.

                                             D

       Finally, Plaso maintains that the District Court erred in granting summary

judgment on her claims as an independent contractor under the NJLAD for quid pro quo

discrimination and retaliatory discharge. Perhaps because of the multiplicity of her

claims, Plaso failed to alert the District Court to this NJLAD argument in her

memorandum of law opposing summary judgment, instead discussing her quid pro quo

discrimination and retaliation claims solely “in the context of a suit brought under Title

VII.” Pl.’s Mem. Opp’n Summ. J. 25, Apr. 1, 2013, ECF No. 30. Thus, the District

Court reasonably looked only to Title VII. However, because Plaso “offer[ed] only

citations to the NJLAD and New Jersey case law . . . [and] no support for her conclusion

                                             14
that pertains to Title VII,” it found her Title VII argument unpersuasive.5

       Plaso contends that this omission was a mere “typo” and that her NJLAD claims

should be considered. Even were we to accept this explanation, Plaso’s NJLAD

arguments fail on their merits. NJLAD’s goods and services subsection, N.J. Stat. Ann. §

10:5-12(l), prohibits the quid pro quo sexual harassment of an independent contractor, as

well as her discriminatory termination from a contract. See, e.g., J.T.’s Tire Service, Inc.

v. United Rentals N. Am., Inc., 985 A.2d 211, 215 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2010). But

the alleged sexual harassment at issue here was inflicted only by Martin, and Plaso has

not articulated why BMC should be held liable for Martin’s conduct. Further, as

discussed earlier, Plaso has not offered evidence either that she was terminated or that

BMC instigated the end of her tenure at the hospital. As such, her NJLAD claims for

quid pro quo discrimination and retaliatory discharge must fail.

                                              III

       For the reasons stated, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

       5
           Plaso has waived her claim with respect to Title VII. See supra note 4.

                                              15